Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Associated-Files/archives/HASH0a87.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Associated-Files/archives/HASH0a87.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Associated-Files/archives/HASH0a87.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2219 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Associated-Files/tmp/1395214991/greenstone01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Associated-Files/tmp/1395214991/greenstone01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/greenstone01.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395214991/greenstone01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">greenstone01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">greenstone01.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">greenstone01.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">414720</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">greenstone01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ian H. Witten</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rodger J. McNab</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Stefan J. Boddie</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">David Bainbridge</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="pdf.assoclink">&lt;a href=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/{Or}{[parent(Top):assocfilepath],[assocfilepath]}/greenstone01.pdf&quot;&gt;{If}{_iconpdf_,_iconpdf_,pdf}&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="equivDocLink">&lt;a href='_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/greenstone01.pdf'&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="equivDocIcon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/equivDocLink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="equivlink"> &lt;a href=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/{Or}{[parent(Top):assocfilepath],[assocfilepath]}/greenstone01.pdf&quot;&gt;{If}{_iconpdf_,_iconpdf_,pdf}&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0a87f402e5d107f0d73a2a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0a87.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">greenstone010.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">greenstone011.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">greenstone012.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">greenstone013.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">greenstone014.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">greenstone015.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">greenstone01.pdf::</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Greenstone:  A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.74mm 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Ian H. Witten,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; Rodger J. McNab,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;dagger;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; Stefan J. Boddie,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; David Bainbridge&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;98.51%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;2&quot; rows=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.57%&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Dept of Computer Science
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+University of Waikato, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+E-mail:  {ihw, sjboddie, davidb}@cs.waikato.ac.nz 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;53.43%&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;sup&gt;&amp;dagger; &lt;/sup&gt;Digilib Systems
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+E-mail:  rodger@digilibs.com
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.49mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes the Greenstone digital library software, a comprehensive, open-source system for the construction and presentation of information collections. Collections built with Greenstone offer effective full-text searching and metadata-based browsing facilities that are attractive and easy to use. Moreover, they are easily maintainable and can be augmented and rebuilt entirely automatically. The system is extensible: software &amp;ldquo;plugins&amp;rdquo; accommodate different document and metadata types.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Notwithstanding intense research activity in the digital library field during the second half of the 1990s, comprehensive software systems for creating digital libraries are not widely available. In fact, the usual solution when creating a digital library is also the most obvious&amp;mdash;just put it on the Web. But consider how much effort is involved in constructing a Web site for a digital library. To be effective it needs to be visually attractive and ergonomically easy to use, incorporate convenient and powerful searching capabilities, and offer rich and natural browsing facilities. Above all it must be easy to maintain and augment, which presents a significant challenge if any manual organization is involved. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The alternative is to automate these activities through software tools. But the broad scope of digital library requirements makes this a daunting prospect. Ideally the software should incorporate facilities ranging from multilingual information retrieval to distributed computing protocols, from interoperability to search engine technology, from metadata standards to multiformat document parsing, from multimedia to multiple operating systems, from Web browsers to plug-and-play DVDs. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Digital Library Software from the New Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project tackles this issue by providing a new way of organizing information and making it available over the Internet. A &lt;i&gt;collection&lt;/i&gt; of information comprises several (typically several thousand, or several million) &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, and a uniform interface is provided to all documents in a collection. A library may include many different collections, each organized differently&amp;mdash;though there is a strong family resemblance in how collections are presented.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Making information available using this system is far more than &amp;ldquo;just putting it on the Web.&amp;rdquo; The collection becomes maintainable, searchable, and browsable. Each collection, prior to presentation, undergoes a &amp;ldquo;building&amp;rdquo; process that, once established, is completely automatic. This process creates all the structures that are used at run-time for accessing the collection. Searching is based on various indexes, while browsing is based on various metadata; support structures for both are created during the building operation. When new material appears it can be fully incorporated into the collection by rebuilding.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To address the exceptionally broad demands of digital libraries, the system is public and extensible. It is issued under the Gnu public license and, in the spirit of open-source software, users are invited to contribute modifications and enhancements. Only through an international cooperative effort will digital library software become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the world's needs. Currently the Greenstone software is used at sites in Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Romania, UK, and the US, and collections range from newspaper articles to technical documents, from educational journals to oral history, from visual art to folksongs. The software has been used for collections in many different languages, and for CD-ROMs that have been published by the United Nations and other humanitarian agencies in Belgium, France, Japan, and the US for distribution in developing countries (Humanity Libraries, 1998; PAHO, 1999; UNESCO, 1999; UNU, 1998). Further details can be obtained from &lt;i&gt;www.nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;740&quot; height=&quot;658&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/greenstone010.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Searching the HDL collection&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper sets the scene with a brief discussion of what a digital library is. We then give an overview of the facilities offered by Greenstone and show how end users find information in collections. Next we describe the files and directories involved in a collection, and then discuss the processes of updating existing collections and creating new ones, including extending the software to provide new facilities. We conclude with an overview of related work.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;What is a digital library?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ten definitions of the term &amp;ldquo;digital library&amp;rdquo; have been culled from the literature by Fox (1998), and their spirit is captured in the following brief characterization: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 7.55mm 0.00mm 7.81mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;A collection of digital objects, including text, video, and audio, along with methods for access and retrieval, and for selection, organization and maintenance of the collection&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(Akscyn and Witten, 1998). Lesk (1998) views digital libraries as &amp;ldquo;organized collections of digital information,&amp;rdquo; and wisely recommends that they articulate the principles governing what is included and how the collection is organized.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Digital libraries are generally distinguished from the World-Wide Web, the essential difference being in selection and organization. But they are not generally distinguished from a web &lt;i&gt;site&lt;/i&gt;: indeed, virtually all extant digital libraries manifest themselves as a web site. Hence the obvious question: to make a digital library, why not just put the information on the Web? 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+But we make a distinction between a digital library and a web site that lies at the heart of our software design: one should easily be able to add new material to a library without having to integrate it manually or edit its content in any way. Once added, new material should immediately become a first-class component of the library. And what permits it to be integrated into existing searching and browsing structures without any manual intervention is &lt;i&gt;metadata&lt;/i&gt;. This provides sufficient focus to the concept of &amp;ldquo;digital library&amp;rdquo; to support the development of a construction kit.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Overview of Greenstone&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Information collections built by Greenstone combine extensive full-text search facilities with browsing indexes based on different metadata types. There are several ways for users to find information, although they differ between collections depending on the metadata available and the collection design. Typically you can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text, or within a section of a document, or within a title or section heading. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by title&lt;/i&gt;: just click on the displayed book icon to read it. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by subject&lt;/i&gt;. Subjects are represented by bookshelves: just click on a shelf to see the books. Where appropriate, documents come complete with a table of contents (constructed automatically): you can click on a chapter or subsection to open it, expand the full table of contents, or expand the full document. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An example of searching is shown in Figure 1 where documents in the Global Help Project's Humanity Development Library (HDL) are being searched for chapters matching the word &lt;i&gt;butterfly&lt;/i&gt;. In Figure 2 the same collection is being browsed by subject: by clicking on the bookshelf icons the user has discovered an item under Section 16, Animal Husbandry. Pursuing an interest in butterfly farming, the user selects a book by clicking on its book icon. In Figure 3 the front cover of the book is displayed as a graphic on the left, and the automatically constructed table of contents appears at the start of the document. The current focus, &lt;i&gt;Introduction and Summary&lt;/i&gt;, is shown in bold in the table of contents with its text starting further down the page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In accordance with Lesk's advice, a statement of purpose and coverage accompanies each collection, along with an explanation of how it is organized (Figure 1 shows the start of this). A distinction is made between &lt;i&gt;searching&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;browsing&lt;/i&gt;. Searching is full-text, and&amp;mdash;depending on the collection's design&amp;mdash;the user can choose between indexes built from different parts of the documents, or from different metadata. Some collections have an index of full documents, an index of sections, an index of paragraphs, an index of titles, and an index of section headings, each of which can be searched for particular words or phrases. Browsing involves data structures created from metadata that the user can examine: lists of authors, lists of titles, lists of dates, hierarchical classification structures, and so on. Data structures for both browsing and searching are built according to instructions in a configuration file, which controls both building and serving the collection. Sample configuration files are discussed below.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;740&quot; height=&quot;658&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/greenstone011.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Browsing the HDL collection by subject&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Rich browsing facilities can be provided by manually linking parts of documents together and building explicit indexes and tables of contents. However, manually-created linking becomes difficult to maintain, and often falls into disrepair when a collection expands. The Greenstone software takes a different tack: it facilitates &lt;i&gt;maintainability&lt;/i&gt; by creating all searching and browsing structures automatically from the documents themselves. No links are inserted by hand. This means that when new documents in the same format become available, they can be added automatically. Indeed, for some collections this is done by processes that wake up regularly, scout for new material, and rebuild the indexes&amp;mdash;all without manual intervention.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Collections comprise many documents: thousands, tens of thousands, or even millions. Each document may be hierarchically organized into &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt; (subsections, sub-subsections, and so on). Each section comprises one or more &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;. Metadata such as author, title, date, keywords, and so on, may be associated with documents, or with individual sections of documents. This is the raw material for indexes. It must either be provided explicitly for each document and section (for example, in an accompanying spreadsheet) or be derivable automatically from the source documents. Metadata is converted to Dublin Core and stored with the document for internal use.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In order to accommodate different kinds of source documents, the software is organized so that &amp;ldquo;plugins&amp;rdquo; can be written for new document types. Plugins exist for plain text documents, HTML documents, email documents, and bibliographic formats. Word documents are handled by saving them as HTML; PostScript ones by applying a preprocessor (Nevill-Manning &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1998). Specially written plugins also exist for proprietary formats such as that used by the BBC archives department. A collection may have source documents in different forms: it is just a matter of specifying all the necessary plugins. In order to build browsing indexes from metadata, an analogous scheme of &amp;ldquo;classifiers&amp;rdquo; is used: classifiers create indexes of various kinds based on metadata. Source documents are brought into the Greenstone system through a process called &lt;i&gt;importing&lt;/i&gt;, which uses the plugins and classifiers specified in the collection configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The international Unicode character set is used throughout, so documents&amp;mdash;and interfaces&amp;mdash;can be written in any language. Collections have so far been produced in English, French, Spanish, German, Maori, Chinese, and Arabic. The NZDL Web site provides numerous examples. Collections can contain text, pictures, and even audio and video clips; a text-only version of the interface is also provided to accommodate visually impaired users. Compression technology is used to ensure best use of storage (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1999). Most non-textual material is either linked to textual documents or accompanied by textual descriptions (such as photo captions) to allow full-text searching and browsing. However, the architecture permits the implementation of plugins and classifiers even for non-textual data.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The system includes an &amp;ldquo;administrative&amp;rdquo; function whereby specified users can examine the composition of all collections, protect documents so that they can only be accessed by registered users on presentation of a password, and so on. Logs of user activity are kept that record all queries made to every Greenstone collection (though this facility can be disabled).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Although primarily designed for Internet access over the World-Wide Web, collections can be made available, in precisely the same form, on CD-ROM. In either case they are accessed through any Web browser. Greenstone CD-ROMs operate on a standalone PC under Windows 3.X, 95, 98, and NT, and the interaction is identical to accessing the collection on the Web&amp;mdash;except that response is faster and more predictable. The requirement to operate on early Windows systems is one that plagues the software design, but is crucial for many users&amp;mdash;particularly those in underdeveloped countries seeking access to humanitarian aid collections. If the PC is connected to a network (intranet or Internet), a custom-built Web server provided on each CD makes exactly the same information available to others through their standard Web browser. The use of compression ensures that the greatest possible volume of information can be packed on to a CD-ROM.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The collection-serving software operates under Unix and Windows NT, and works with standard Web servers. A flexible process structure allows different collections to be served by different computers, yet be presented to the user in the same way, on the same Web page, as part of the same digital library, even as part of the same collection (McNab and Witten, 1998). Existing collections can be updated and new ones brought on-line at any time, without bringing the system down; the process responsible for the user interface will notice (through periodic polling) when new collections appear and add them to the list presented to the user. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;760&quot; height=&quot;662&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/greenstone012.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Reading a book in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Finding information &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone digital library systems generally include several separate collections. A home page allows you to select a collection; in addition, each collection has its own &amp;ldquo;about&amp;rdquo; page that gives you information about how the collection is organized and the principles governing what is included.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All icons in the screenshots of Figures 1-4 are clickable. Those icons at the top of the page return to the home page, provide help text, and allow you to set user interface and searching preferences. The navigation bar underneath gives access to the searching and browsing facilities, which differ from one collection to another. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Each of the five buttons provides a different way to find information. You can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text from the &amp;ldquo;search&amp;rdquo; page (or from the &amp;ldquo;about&amp;rdquo; page of Figure 1). This collection contains indexes of chapters, section titles, and entire books. The default search interface is a simple one, suitable for casual users; advanced searching&amp;mdash;which allows full Boolean expressions, phrase searching, case and stemming control&amp;mdash;can be enabled from the &lt;i&gt;Preferences&lt;/i&gt; page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This collection has four browsable metadata indexes. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by subject&lt;/i&gt; by clicking the &lt;i&gt;subjects&lt;/i&gt; button, which brings up a list of subjects, represented by bookshelves (Figure 2). You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by title&lt;/i&gt; by clicking &lt;i&gt;titles a-z&lt;/i&gt; (Figure 4), which brings up a list of books in alphabetic order. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by organization&lt;/i&gt; (i.e. Dublin Core &amp;ldquo;publisher&amp;rdquo;), bringing up a list of organizations. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by &amp;ldquo;how to&amp;rdquo; listing&lt;/i&gt;, yielding a list of hints defined by the collection's editors. We use the Dublin Core as a base and extend it in an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; manner to accommodate the individual requirements of collection designers.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Files in a collection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When a new collection is created or material is added to an existing one, the original source documents are first brought into the system through a process known as &amp;ldquo;importing.&amp;rdquo; This involves converting documents into a simple HTML-like format known as GML (for &amp;ldquo;Greenstone Markup Language&amp;rdquo;), which includes any metadata associated with the document. Documents are assumed to be in the Unicode UTF-8 code (of which the ASCII characters form a subset). 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Files and directories&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There is a separate directory for each collection, which contains five subdirectories: the original raw material (&lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;), the GML files created from this (&lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;), the final collection as it is served to users (&lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;), a directory for use during the building process (&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;), and one for any supporting files (&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;)&amp;mdash;including the configuration file that controls the collection creation procedure. Additional files might be required: for example, building a hierarchy of classifications requires a data file of sub-classifications.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The imported documents&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In order to identify documents internally, a unique object identifier or OID is assigned to each original source document when it is imported (formed by hashing the content, to overcome file duplication effects caused by mirroring) and stored as metadata within that document. It is important that OIDs persist throughout the index-building process&amp;mdash;so that a user's search history is unaffected by rebuilding the collection. OIDs are assigned by hashing the contents of the original source document.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once imported, each document is stored in its own subdirectory of &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, along with any associated files&amp;mdash;for example, images. To ensure compatibility with Windows 3.0, only eight characters are used in directory and file names, which causes annoying but essentially trivial complications.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Inside the documents&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The GML format imposes a limited amount of structure on documents. Documents are divided into paragraphs. They can be split hierarchically into sections and subsections. OIDs are extended to identify these components by appending numbers, separated by periods, to a document's OID. When a book is read, its section hierarchy is visible as the table of contents (Figure 3). Chapters, sections, subsections, and pages are all implemented simply as &amp;ldquo;sections&amp;rdquo; within the document. In some collections documents do not have a hierarchical subsection structure, but are split into pages to permit browsing within a retrieved document.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The document structure is used for searchable indexes. There are three levels of index: &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;, corresponding to the distinctions that GML makes&amp;mdash;the hierarchical structure is flattened for the purposes of creating these indexes. Indexes can be of text, or metadata, or any combination. Thus you can create a searchable index of section titles, and/or authors, and/or document descriptions, as well as the document text.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;698&quot; height=&quot;698&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/greenstone013.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 4&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Browsing titles in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Updating existing collections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Updating an existing collection with new files in the same format is easy. For example, the raw material for the HDL is supplied in the form of HTML files marked up with &amp;lt;&amp;lt;TOC&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to split books into sections and subsections, and &amp;lt;&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to indicate where an image is to be inserted. For each book in the library there is a directory that contains a single HTML file representing the book, and separate files containing the associated images. An accompanying spreadsheet file contains the classification hierarchy; this is converted to a simple file format (using Excel's &lt;i&gt;Save As&lt;/i&gt; command).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Since the collection exists, its directory is already set up with subdirectories &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;, and the &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt; directory will contain a suitable collection configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The updating procedure&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To update a collection, the new raw material is placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, in whatever form it is available. Then the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked, which converts the files into GML using the specified plugins. Old material for which GML files have previously been created is not re-imported. Then the &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked to build the requisite indexes for the collection. Finally, the contents of the &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory are moved into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory, and the new version of the collection automatically becomes live.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This procedure may seem cumbersome. But all the steps are necessary for efficient operation with large collections. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process could be performed on the fly during the building operation&amp;mdash;but because building indexes is a multipass operation, the often lengthy importing would be repeated several times. The &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process can take considerable time&amp;mdash;a day or two, for very large collections. Consequently, the results are placed in the &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory so that, if the collection already exists, it will continue to be served to users in its old form throughout the building operation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Active users of the collection will not be disturbed when the new version becomes live&amp;mdash;they will probably not even notice. The persistent OIDs ensure that interactions remain coherent&amp;mdash;users who are examining the results of a query or browse operation will still retrieve the expected documents&amp;mdash;and if a search is actually in progress when the change takes place the program detects the resulting file-structure inconsistency and automatically and transparently re-executes the query, this time on the new version of the collection. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;How it works&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The original material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory may be in any format, and plugins are required to process each format type. The plugins that a collection uses must be specified in the collection configuration file. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; program reads the list of plugins and passes each document to each plugin in order until it finds one that can process it. When updating an existing collection, all plugins necessary to process new material should already have been specified in the configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The building step creates the indexes for both searching and browsing. The MG software is generally used to do the searching (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999), and the &lt;i&gt;mgbuild&lt;/i&gt; module is automatically invoked to create each of the indexes that is required. For example, the Humanity Development Library has three indexes, one for entire books, one for chapters, and one for section titles. Subdirectories of the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory are created for each of these indexes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;92.93%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;4&quot; rows=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+creator
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+maintainer
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+public
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+True
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+indexes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+defaultindex
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+plugins
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GMLPlug TEXTPlug ArcPlug RecPlug
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+classify
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;generic text collection&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(a)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;label&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;92.93%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;4&quot; rows=&quot;17&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+creator
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+maintainer 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+public 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+True
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+indexes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text document:From
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+defaultindex
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+plugins
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GMLPlug EMAILPlug ArcPlug RecPlug
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+classify
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+classify
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+DateList
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;Email messages&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+.document:From    &amp;quot;email senders&amp;quot; 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+format
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+QueryResults /
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(b)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[link][icon][/link]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Title]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Author]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+17
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;label&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 5: Collection configuration files (a) generic, (b) for an email collection&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+MG also compresses the text of the collection; and the image files are linked into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; subdirectory. Now none of the material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directories is needed to run the collection and can be removed from the file system (though they would be needed if the collection were rebuilt).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Associated with each collection is a database stored in GDBM (Gnu database manager) format. This contains an entry for each document, giving its OID, its internal MG document number, and metadata such as title. Information for each of the browsing indexes, which appear as buttons on the Greenstone search/browse bar, is also extracted during the building process and stored in the database. A &amp;ldquo;classifier&amp;rdquo; program is required for each browsing index to extract the appropriate information from GML documents. Like plugins, classifiers are written on an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; basis for the particular information required, and where possible reused from one collection to another.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The building program creates the indexes based on whatever appears in the &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directory. The first plugin specified by all collections is one that processes GML files, and so if &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; contains imported files they will be processed correctly. If it contains material in the original format, that will be converted using the appropriate plugin. Thus the import process is optional.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GML is designed to be fast and easy to parse, an important requirement when millions of documents are to be processed. Something as simple as requiring tags to be lower-case, for example, yields a substantial speed-up. In certain circumstances, however, it might be preferable to use a standardized format such as XML. This is straightforward to implement_just write an XML plugin_although we have not done so ourselves. Given the transitory nature of the imported data, to date, we have found GML a satisfactory and beneficial format.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Creating new collections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Building new collections from scratch is only slightly different from updating an existing collection. The key new requirement is creating a collection configuration file, and a software utility is provided to help. Two pieces of information are required for this: the name of the directory that the collection will use (into which the source data and other files will eventually be placed), and a contact e-mail address for use if any problems are encountered by the software once the collection is up and running. The utility creates files and directories within the newly-named directory to support a generic collection of plain text documents. With suitable data placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, building the collection at this point will yield a document-level searchable index of all the text and a browsable list of &amp;ldquo;titles&amp;rdquo; (defined in this case to be the document filenames).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To enhance the functionality and presentation&amp;mdash; something anything but the most trivial collection will require&amp;mdash;the configuration file must be edited. For a collection sourced from documents in an already supported data format, presented in a similar fashion to an existing collection, the amount of editing is minimal. Importing new data formats and browsing metadata in ways not currently supported are more complex activities that require programming skills.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;698&quot; height=&quot;698&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/greenstone014.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 6&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Searching bookmarked Web pages&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Modifying the configuration file&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 5b shows simple alterations to the generic configuration file in Figure 5a that was generated by the new-collection utility. &lt;i&gt;TEXTPlug&lt;/i&gt; is replaced with &lt;i&gt;EMAILPlug&lt;/i&gt; (line 7) which reads email files and extracts metadata (&lt;i&gt;From&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;To&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Date&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Subject&lt;/i&gt;) from them. A classifier for dates is added (line 10) to make the collection browsable chronologically. The default presentation of search results is overridden (line 17) to display both the title of the message (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Title&lt;/i&gt;) and its sender (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Author&lt;/i&gt;). Elements in square brackets, such as &lt;i&gt;[Title]&lt;/i&gt;, are replaced by the metadata associated with a particular document. The built-in term &lt;i&gt;[icon]&lt;/i&gt; produces a suitable image that represents the document (such as a book icon or page icon), and the &lt;i&gt;[link]&amp;hellip;[/link]&lt;/i&gt; construct forms a hyperlink to the complete document. Anything else in the format statement, which in this case is solely table-cell tags in HTML, is passed through to the page being displayed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+As this example shows, creating a new collection that stays within the bounds of the library's established capabilities falls within the capability of many computer users&amp;mdash;for instance, computer-trained librarians. Extending Greenstone to handle new document formats and browse metadata in new ways is more challenging.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Writing new plugins and classifiers&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Extensibility  is  obtained through  plugins  and  classifiers.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+These are modules of code that can be slotted into the system to enhance its capabilities. Plugins parse documents, extracting the text and metadata to be indexed. Classifiers control how metadata is brought together to form browsable data structures. Both are specified in an object-oriented framework using inheritance to minimize the amount of code written.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A plugin must specify three things: what file formats it can handle, how they should be parsed, and whether the plugin is recursive. File formats are normally determined using regular expression matching on the filename. For example, the HTML plugin accepts all files that end in &lt;i&gt;.htm&lt;/i&gt;, .&lt;i&gt;html&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;.HTM&lt;/i&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;.HTML&lt;/i&gt;. (It is quite possible, however, to write plugins that &amp;ldquo;look inside&amp;rdquo; the file as well.) For other files, the plugin returns &lt;i&gt;undefined&lt;/i&gt; and the file is passed to the next plugin in the collection's configuration file (e.g. Figure 5 line 7). If it can, the plugin parses the file and returns the number of documents processed. This involves extracting text and metadata and adding it to the library's content through calls to &lt;i&gt;add text&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;add metadata&lt;/i&gt;. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Some plugins (&amp;ldquo;recursive&amp;rdquo; ones) add extra files into the stream of data processed during the building phase by artificially reactivating the list of plugins. This is how directory hierarchies are traversed. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Plugins are small modules of code that are easy to write. We monitored the time it took to develop a new one that was different to any we had produced so far. We chose to make as an example a collection of HTML bookmark files, the motivation being to produce a convenient way of searching and browsing one's bookmarked Web pages. Figure 6 shows a user searching for bookmarked pages about &lt;i&gt;music&lt;/i&gt;. The new plugin took under an hour to write, and was 160 lines long (ignoring blank lines and comments)&amp;mdash;about the average length of existing plugins.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Classifiers are more general than plugins because they work on GML-format data. For example, any plugin that generates date metadata in accordance with the Dublin core can request the collection to be browsable chronologically by specifying the &lt;i&gt;DateList&lt;/i&gt; classifier in the collection's configuration file (Figure 7). Classifiers are more elaborate than most plugins, but new ones are seldom required. The average length of existing classifiers is 230 lines. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Classifiers must specify three things: an initialization routine, how individual documents are classified, and the final browsable data structure. Initialization takes care of any options specified in the configuration file (such as &lt;i&gt;metadata=Title &lt;/i&gt;on line 9 of Figure 5b). Classifying individual documents is an iterative process: for each one, a call to &lt;i&gt;document-classify&lt;/i&gt; is made. On presentation of the document's OID, the necessary metadata is located and used to control where the document is added to the browsable data structure being constructed. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once all documents have been added, a request is made for the completed data structure. Some classifiers return the data structure directly; others transform the data structure before it is returned. For example, the &lt;i&gt;AZList&lt;/i&gt; classifier divides the alphabetically sorted list of metadata into separate pages of about the same size and returns the alphabetic ranges for each one (Figure 4).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;698&quot; height=&quot;698&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/greenstone015.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 7&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Browsing a newspaper collection by date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Overview of related work&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Two projects that provide substantial open source digital library software are Dienst (Lagoze and Fielding, 1998) and Harvest (Bowman &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1994). The origins of Dienst (&lt;i&gt;www.cs.cornell.edu/cdlrg&lt;/i&gt;) stretch back to 1992. The term has come to represent three entities: a conceptual architecture for distributed digital libraries; an open protocol for service communication; and a software system that implements the protocol. To date, five sample digital libraries have been built using this technology. They manifest themselves in two forms: technical reports and primary source documents.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Best known is NCSTRL, the Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library project (&lt;i&gt;www.ncstrl.org&lt;/i&gt;). This collection facilitates searching by title, author and abstract, and browsing by year and author, across a distributed network of document repositories. Documents can (where supported) be delivered in various formats such as PostScript, a thumbnail overview of the pages, and a GIF image of a particular page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The &lt;i&gt;Making of America&lt;/i&gt; resource is an example of a collection based around primary sources_in this case American social history, 1830â1900. It has a different &amp;ldquo;look and feel&amp;rdquo; to NCSTRL, being strongly oriented toward browsing rather than searching. A user navigates their way through a hierarchical structure of hyperlinks to reach a book of interest. The book itself is a series of scanned images: delivery options include going directly to a page number, next and previous page buttons, and displaying a particular page at different resolutions. A text version of the page is also available upon which a searching option is also provided.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Started in 1994, Harvest is also a long-running research project. It provides an efficient means of gathering source data from the Internet and distributing indexing information over the Internet. This is accomplished through five components: &lt;i&gt;gatherer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;broker&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;indexer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;replicator&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;cache&lt;/i&gt;. The first three are central to creating, updating and searching a collection; the last two help to improve performance over the Internet through transparent mirroring and caching techniques.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The system is configurable and customizable. While searching is most commonly implemented using Glimpse (&lt;i&gt;glimpse.cs.arizona.edu&lt;/i&gt;), in principle any search engine that supports incremental updates and Boolean combinations of attribute-based queries can be used. It is possible to control what type of documents are gathered during creation and updating, and how the query interface looks and is laid out.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sample collections cited by the developers include 21,000 computer science technical reports and 7,000 home pages. Other examples include a sizable collection of agriculture-related electronic journals and magazines called &amp;ldquo;tomato-juice&amp;rdquo; (accessed through &lt;i&gt;hegel.lib.ncsu.edu&lt;/i&gt;) and a full-text index of library-related electronic serials (&lt;i&gt;sunsite.berkeley.edu/IndexMorganagus&lt;/i&gt;). Harvest is also often used to index Web sites (for example &lt;i&gt;www.middlebury.edu&lt;/i&gt;).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Comparing Greenstone with Dienst and Harvest, there are both similarities and differences. All provide substantial digital library systems, hence common themes recur, but they are driven by projects with different aims. Harvest, for instance, was not conceived as a digital library project at all, but by virtue of its selective document gathering process it can be classed (and is used) as one. While it provides sophisticated search options, it lacks the complementary service of browsing. Furthermore it adds no structure or order to the documents collected, relying on whatever structures are present in the site that they were gathered from. A proven strength of the design is its flexibility through configuration and customization_an element also present in Greenstone.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Dienst_best exemplified through the NCSTRL work_supports searching and browsing, like Greenstone. Both use open protocols. Differences include a high reliance in Dienst on user-supplied information when a document is added, and a smaller range of document types supported&amp;mdash;although Dienst does include a document model that should, over time, allow this to expand with relative ease.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There are also commercial systems that provide similar digital library services to those described. However, since corporate culture instills proprietary attitudes there is little opportunity for advancement through a shared collaborative effort. Consequently they are not reviewed here.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Conclusions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone is a comprehensive software system for creating digital library collections. It builds data structures for searching and browsing from the material provided, rather than relying on any hand-crafting. The process is controlled by a configuration file, and once a collection exists new material can be added completely automatically. Browsing is based on Dublin Core metadata.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+New collections can be developed easily, particularly if they resemble existing ones. Extensibility is achieved through software &amp;ldquo;plugins&amp;rdquo; that can be written to accommodate documents, and metadata, in different formats. Standard plugins exist for many document types; new ones are easily written. Browsing is controlled by &amp;ldquo;classifiers&amp;rdquo; that process metadata into browsing structures (by date, alphabetical, hierarchical, etc).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+However, the most powerful support for extensibility is achieved not by technical means but by making the source code freely available under the Gnu public license. Only through an international cooperative effort will digital library software become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the world's needs with the richness and flexibility that users deserve.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Acknowledgments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We gratefully acknowledge all those who have worked on the Greenstone software, and all members of the New Zealand Digital Library project for their enthusiasm and ideas.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.49mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Akscyn, R.M. and Witten, I.H. (1998) &amp;ldquo;Report on First Summit on International Cooperation on Digital Libraries.&amp;rdquo; ks.com/idla-wp-oct98.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Bowman, C.M., Danzig, P.B., Manber, U., and Schwartz, M.F. &amp;ldquo;Scalable Internet resource discovery: Research problems and approaches&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;Communications of the ACM,&lt;/i&gt; Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 98â107, 1994.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Fox, E. (1998) &amp;ldquo;Digital library definitions.&amp;rdquo; ei.cs.vt.edu/~fox/dlib/def.html.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Humanity Libraries (1998) &lt;i&gt;Humanity Development Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Global Help Project, Antwerp, Belgium.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lagoze, C. and Fielding, D &amp;ldquo;Defining Collections in Distributed Digital Libraries&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;D-Lib Magazine&lt;/i&gt;, Nov. 1998.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PAHO (1999) &lt;i&gt;Virtual Disaster Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Pan-American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+McNab, R.J., Witten, I.H. and Boddie, S.J. (1998) &amp;ldquo;A distributed digital library architecture incorporating different index styles.&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;Proc IEEE Advances in Digital Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 36-45.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Nevill-Manning, C.G., Reed, T., and Witten, I.H. (1998) &amp;ldquo;Extracting text from PostScript&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;Software&amp;mdash;Practice and Experience&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 481-491; April.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;9&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+UNESCO (1999) &lt;i&gt;SAHEL point DOC: Anthologie du dÃ©veloppement au Sahel&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by UNESCO, Paris, France.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;10&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+UNU (1998) &lt;i&gt;Collection on critical global issues.&lt;/i&gt; CD-ROM produced by the United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;11&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Witten, I.H., Moffat, A. and Bell, T. (1999) &lt;i&gt;Managing Gigabytes: compressing and indexing documents and images&lt;/i&gt;, Morgan Kaufmann, second edition.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Footer&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Associated-Files/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Associated-Files/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Associated-Files/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0a87f402e5d107f0d73a2a</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Associated-Files/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Associated-Files/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Associated-Files/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395214994
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395214991
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;->idx
+indexstem	Associated-Files
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	112313
+numdocs	1
+numsections	1
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Associated-Files/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Associated-Files/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Associated-Files/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0a87f402e5d107f0d73a2a</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 38</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 38</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.TU.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.TU.11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.TU.3&lt;br&gt;91.TU.11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Beach profiles; coastal erosion; &quot;Log of photography for mapping survey and baseline study&quot; of Funafuti, Nui, Nanumaga, Nanumea, Niutao and Vaitupu filed with 153 col. slide set</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Beach profiles; coastal erosion; &quot;Log of photography for mapping survey and baseline study&quot; of Funafuti, Nui, Nanumaga, Nanumea, Niutao and Vaitupu filed with 153 col. slide set</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Rearic, D.M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Rearic, D.M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=262 data=September
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 38
+tag=491 data=91.TU.3%91.TU.11
+tag=500 data=Beach profiles; coastal erosion; &quot;Log of photography for mapping survey and baseline study&quot; of Funafuti, Nui, Nanumaga, Nanumea, Niutao and Vaitupu filed with 153 col. slide set
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Rearic, D.M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;September&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 38&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.TU.3&lt;br&gt;91.TU.11&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Beach profiles; coastal erosion; &quot;Log of photography for mapping survey and baseline study&quot; of Funafuti, Nui, Nanumaga, Nanumea, Niutao and Vaitupu filed with 153 col. slide set&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Rearic, D.M.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May 26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May 26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">4 photos of the Kavachi submarine volcano</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">4 photos of the Kavachi submarine volcano</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=262 data=May 26
+tag=500 data=4 photos of the Kavachi submarine volcano
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May 26&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;4 photos of the Kavachi submarine volcano&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">June 7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">June 7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">90.SI.25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">90.SI.25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">260 col. aerial slides of the Guadalcanal coastal plain, (post-cyclone); and col. photographs of the effects of Cyclone Namu on Ranadi Beach</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">260 col. aerial slides of the Guadalcanal coastal plain, (post-cyclone); and col. photographs of the effects of Cyclone Namu on Ranadi Beach</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Roy, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Roy, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1986
+tag=262 data=June 7
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 61
+tag=491 data=90.SI.25
+tag=500 data=260 col. aerial slides of the Guadalcanal coastal plain, (post-cyclone); and col. photographs of the effects of Cyclone Namu on Ranadi Beach
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Roy, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1986&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;June 7&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 61&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;90.SI.25&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;260 col. aerial slides of the Guadalcanal coastal plain, (post-cyclone); and col. photographs of the effects of Cyclone Namu on Ranadi Beach&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Roy, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s10.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s10.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s10.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Tongatapu beach photographs, negatives and slides, 1979-1982</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Tongatapu beach photographs, negatives and slides, 1979-1982</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=[nd]
+tag=500 data=Tongatapu beach photographs, negatives and slides, 1979-1982
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s10.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;[nd]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Tongatapu beach photographs, negatives and slides, 1979-1982&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s100.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s100.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s100.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Jun-Jul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Jun-Jul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Tarawa. Airphoto - Nippon causeway. See TR 225 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Tarawa. Airphoto - Nippon causeway. See TR 225 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=Jun-Jul
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 225
+tag=500 data=Tarawa. Airphoto - Nippon causeway. See TR 225 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s100.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Jun-Jul&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 225&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Tarawa. Airphoto - Nippon causeway. See TR 225 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s101.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s101.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s101.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">March</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">March</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 226</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 226</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Aitutaki. Flood deltas, airphoto. See TR 226 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Aitutaki. Flood deltas, airphoto. See TR 226 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=March
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 226
+tag=500 data=Aitutaki. Flood deltas, airphoto. See TR 226 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s101.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;March&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 226&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Aitutaki. Flood deltas, airphoto. See TR 226 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s102.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s102.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s102.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Nov-Dec</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Nov-Dec</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical 227, SOPAC Preliminary Report 82</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical 227, SOPAC Preliminary Report 82</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">94.FJ11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">94.FJ11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Nadi Bay. Vibro jet-airlift, hand panning, gold grain sample. See TR 227, LR 82 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Nadi Bay. Vibro jet-airlift, hand panning, gold grain sample. See TR 227, LR 82 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Pratt, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Pratt, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1994
+tag=262 data=Nov-Dec
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical 227, SOPAC Preliminary Report 82
+tag=491 data=94.FJ11
+tag=500 data=Nadi Bay. Vibro jet-airlift, hand panning, gold grain sample. See TR 227, LR 82 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Pratt, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s102.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1994&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Nov-Dec&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical 227, SOPAC Preliminary Report 82&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;94.FJ11&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Nadi Bay. Vibro jet-airlift, hand panning, gold grain sample. See TR 227, LR 82 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Pratt, C.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s103.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Apr-May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Apr-May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 238</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 238</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Nukufetau Atoll. Reef crest rubble, lagoon reef flat, sand disposition. 17 slides, photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Nukufetau Atoll. Reef crest rubble, lagoon reef flat, sand disposition. 17 slides, photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu - Nukufetau</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Nukufetau&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Nukufetau&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=262 data=Apr-May
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 238
+tag=500 data=Nukufetau Atoll. Reef crest rubble, lagoon reef flat, sand disposition. 17 slides, photos and negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Nukufetau&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s103.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Apr-May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 238&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Nukufetau Atoll. Reef crest rubble, lagoon reef flat, sand disposition. 17 slides, photos and negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Nukufetau&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Xue, C.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s104.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s104.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s104.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">104</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">November</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">November</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 229</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 229</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Makin, Butaritari, Abiang. Babai pits, retaining wall, well, roof collection, rainwater catchment, infiltration gallery, elevated tank supply, tap stand. See TR 229 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Makin, Butaritari, Abiang. Babai pits, retaining wall, well, roof collection, rainwater catchment, infiltration gallery, elevated tank supply, tap stand. See TR 229 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Mourits, L.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Mourits, L.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=November
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 229
+tag=500 data=Makin, Butaritari, Abiang. Babai pits, retaining wall, well, roof collection, rainwater catchment, infiltration gallery, elevated tank supply, tap stand. See TR 229 master file
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Mourits, L.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s104</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s104.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;November&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 229&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Makin, Butaritari, Abiang. Babai pits, retaining wall, well, roof collection, rainwater catchment, infiltration gallery, elevated tank supply, tap stand. See TR 229 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Mourits, L.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s105.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s105.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s105.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 242</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 242</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Suva Point, Nasese, Suva Vulnerability study, Rewa Delta, Lami Dump, Walu Bay, negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Suva Point, Nasese, Suva Vulnerability study, Rewa Delta, Lami Dump, Walu Bay, negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Solomon, S.&lt;br&gt;Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 242
+tag=500 data=Suva Point, Nasese, Suva Vulnerability study, Rewa Delta, Lami Dump, Walu Bay, negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Solomon, S.%Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s105.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 242&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Suva Point, Nasese, Suva Vulnerability study, Rewa Delta, Lami Dump, Walu Bay, negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Solomon, S.&lt;br&gt;Kruger, J.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s106.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s106.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s106.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Sample photos, including negatives, Suva Vulnerability Study</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Sample photos, including negatives, Suva Vulnerability Study</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=500 data=Sample photos, including negatives, Suva Vulnerability Study
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s106.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sample photos, including negatives, Suva Vulnerability Study&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Kruger, J.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s107.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s107.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s107.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">sample photos, including negatives, Suva Vulnerability Study</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">sample photos, including negatives, Suva Vulnerability Study</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=500 data=sample photos, including negatives, Suva Vulnerability Study
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s107.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;sample photos, including negatives, Suva Vulnerability Study&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Kruger, J.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s108.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s108.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s108.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Lami dump, Walu Bay, Suva Vulnerability Study</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Lami dump, Walu Bay, Suva Vulnerability Study</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=500 data=Lami dump, Walu Bay, Suva Vulnerability Study
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s108.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Lami dump, Walu Bay, Suva Vulnerability Study&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Kruger, J.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s109.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s109.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s109.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Suva Vulnerability Study</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Suva Vulnerability Study</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=500 data=Suva Vulnerability Study
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s109.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Suva Vulnerability Study&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s11.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s11.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s11.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Government launch; beach photo</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Government launch; beach photo</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Vanuatu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1981
+tag=500 data=Government launch; beach photo
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s11.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1981&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Government launch; beach photo&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s110.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s110.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s110.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Suva. Sample photos, including negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Suva. Sample photos, including negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=500 data=Suva. Sample photos, including negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s110.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Suva. Sample photos, including negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Kruger, J.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s111.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s111.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s111.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Suva Vulnerability Study</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Suva Vulnerability Study</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=500 data=Suva Vulnerability Study
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Kruger, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s111.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Suva Vulnerability Study&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Kruger, J.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s112.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s112.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s112.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">112</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">November</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">November</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Manihiki</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Manihiki</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=262 data=November
+tag=500 data=Manihiki
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s112</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s112.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;November&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Manihiki&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Solomon, S.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s113.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s113.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s113.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">113</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">North Tarawa. Photos of North Tarawa - ocean side</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">North Tarawa. Photos of North Tarawa - ocean side</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=500 data=North Tarawa. Photos of North Tarawa - ocean side
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s113</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s113.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;North Tarawa. Photos of North Tarawa - ocean side&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s114.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s114.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s114.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">114</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">South Tarawa, Bairiki, Bikenibeu. Some photos taken from air</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">South Tarawa, Bairiki, Bikenibeu. Some photos taken from air</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=500 data=South Tarawa, Bairiki, Bikenibeu. Some photos taken from air
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s114</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s114.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;South Tarawa, Bairiki, Bikenibeu. Some photos taken from air&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s115.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s115.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s115.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">115</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Bairiki, South Gilberts. Ground photos of causeway - Bairiki, air photo of South Gilberts and Tuvalu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Bairiki, South Gilberts. Ground photos of causeway - Bairiki, air photo of South Gilberts and Tuvalu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=500 data=Bairiki, South Gilberts. Ground photos of causeway - Bairiki, air photo of South Gilberts and Tuvalu
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s115</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s115.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Bairiki, South Gilberts. Ground photos of causeway - Bairiki, air photo of South Gilberts and Tuvalu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s116.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s116.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s116.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">116</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s116</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s116.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s117.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s117.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s117.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s117.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s118.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s118.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s118.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">118</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Tarawa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Tarawa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=500 data=Tarawa
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s118</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s118.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Tarawa&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s119.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s119.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s119.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">119</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Coral coast. Photos taken from helicopter, coastline photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Coral coast. Photos taken from helicopter, coastline photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=500 data=Coral coast. Photos taken from helicopter, coastline photos
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s119</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s119.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Coral coast. Photos taken from helicopter, coastline photos&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Solomon, S.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s12.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s12.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s12.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Slides of beach on Efate channel</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Slides of beach on Efate channel</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Vanuatu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1981
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=500 data=Slides of beach on Efate channel
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s12.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1981&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Slides of beach on Efate channel&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s120.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s120.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s120.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">120</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">March</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">March</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">report with no number as of June 1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">report with no number as of June 1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=March
+tag=500 data=report with no number as of June 1997
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s120</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s120.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;March&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;report with no number as of June 1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Solomon, S.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s121.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s121.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s121.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">121</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">March</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">March</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">report with no number as of June 1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">report with no number as of June 1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=March
+tag=500 data=report with no number as of June 1997
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s121</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s121.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;March&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;report with no number as of June 1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Solomon, S.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s122.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s122.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s122.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">122</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">March</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">March</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">report with no number as of June 1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">report with no number as of June 1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=March
+tag=500 data=report with no number as of June 1997
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s122</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s122.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;March&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;report with no number as of June 1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Solomon, S.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s123.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s123.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s123.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">November</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">November</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Mourits, L.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Mourits, L.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=November
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Mourits, L.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s123.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;November&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Mourits, L.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s124.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s124.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s124.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">124</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">July</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">July</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Yautalei, plus negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Yautalei, plus negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WORKSHOP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WORKSHOP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Frost, G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Frost, G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=262 data=July
+tag=500 data=Yautalei, plus negatives
+tag=650 data=WORKSHOP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Frost, G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s124</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s124.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;July&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Yautalei, plus negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WORKSHOP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Frost, G.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s125.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">November</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">November</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Dreketi. Handpump investigation</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Dreketi. Handpump investigation</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=November
+tag=500 data=Dreketi. Handpump investigation
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s125.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;November&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Dreketi. Handpump investigation&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Depledge, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s126.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Apia. PWA meeting</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Apia. PWA meeting</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Western Samoa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=June
+tag=500 data=Apia. PWA meeting
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s126.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;June&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Apia. PWA meeting&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Depledge, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s127.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s127.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s127.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">127</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Suva. TIDEA software course</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Suva. TIDEA software course</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=September
+tag=500 data=Suva. TIDEA software course
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s127</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s127.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;September&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Suva. TIDEA software course&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Depledge, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s128.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s128.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s128.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">[1989]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">[1989]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Tarawa. Negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Tarawa. Negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Harper, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Harper, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=[1989]
+tag=500 data=Tarawa. Negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Harper, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s128.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;[1989]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Tarawa. Negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Harper, J.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s129.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s129.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s129.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">129</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">photos from the air, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">photos from the air, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=500 data=photos from the air, with negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s129</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215007</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s129.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;photos from the air, with negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s13.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s13.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s13.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Inshore photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Inshore photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Western Samoa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1981
+tag=500 data=Inshore photos
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s13.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1981&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Inshore photos&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s130.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s130.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s130.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">130</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Aitutaki. Negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Aitutaki. Negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=500 data=Aitutaki. Negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s130</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215007</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s130.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Aitutaki. Negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s131.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s131.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s131.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">131</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Aitutaki. Photos plus negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Aitutaki. Photos plus negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=500 data=Aitutaki. Photos plus negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s131</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215007</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s131.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Aitutaki. Photos plus negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s132.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s132.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s132.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">132</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Aitutaki. Photos plus negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Aitutaki. Photos plus negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=500 data=Aitutaki. Photos plus negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s132</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215007</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s132.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Aitutaki. Photos plus negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s133.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s133.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s133.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">133</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">negatives with Chunting, staff photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">negatives with Chunting, staff photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=500 data=negatives with Chunting, staff photos
+tag=650 data=INFORMATION
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s133</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215007</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s133.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;negatives with Chunting, staff photos&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;INFORMATION&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s134.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">January</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">January</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Moana Wave in Suva, Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Moana Wave in Suva, Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=262 data=January
+tag=500 data=Moana Wave in Suva, Fiji
+tag=650 data=INFORMATION
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215007</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s134.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;January&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Moana Wave in Suva, Fiji&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;INFORMATION&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s135.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">135</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">August</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">August</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">PWA 1996 Meeting in American Samoa, Pago Pago</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">PWA 1996 Meeting in American Samoa, Pago Pago</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=262 data=August
+tag=500 data=PWA 1996 Meeting in American Samoa, Pago Pago
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s135</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215007</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s135.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;August&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;PWA 1996 Meeting in American Samoa, Pago Pago&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s136.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s136.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s136.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">August</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">August</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">SOPAC Workshop - Appropriate and affordable sanitation for small islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">SOPAC Workshop - Appropriate and affordable sanitation for small islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=262 data=August
+tag=500 data=SOPAC Workshop - Appropriate and affordable sanitation for small islands
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215007</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s136.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;August&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Workshop - Appropriate and affordable sanitation for small islands&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Depledge, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s137.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Unveiling of South Pacific Seafloor Atlas</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Unveiling of South Pacific Seafloor Atlas</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=500 data=Unveiling of South Pacific Seafloor Atlas
+tag=650 data=INFORMATION
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215007</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s137.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Unveiling of South Pacific Seafloor Atlas&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;INFORMATION&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s138.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s138.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s138.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">staff photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">staff photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=500 data=staff photos
+tag=650 data=INFORMATION
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215007</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s138.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;staff photos&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;INFORMATION&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s139.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s139.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s139.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">January</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">January</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Information Section reorganising, staff photos, peacesat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Information Section reorganising, staff photos, peacesat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=262 data=January
+tag=500 data=Information Section reorganising, staff photos, peacesat
+tag=650 data=INFORMATION
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215007</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s139.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;January&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Information Section reorganising, staff photos, peacesat&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;INFORMATION&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s14.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s14.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s14.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Air photo slides of Salelologa and Mulifauna harbour/channels</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Air photo slides of Salelologa and Mulifauna harbour/channels</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Western Samoa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1981
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=500 data=Air photo slides of Salelologa and Mulifauna harbour/channels
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s14.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1981&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Air photo slides of Salelologa and Mulifauna harbour/channels&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s140.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s140.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s140.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">5 pictures</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">5 pictures</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=500 data=5 pictures
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s140.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;5 pictures&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s141.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s141.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s141.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">141</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">student photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">student photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=500 data=student photos
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Depledge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s141</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s141.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;student photos&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Depledge, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s142.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s142.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s142.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">March</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">March</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Vaitupu Island, coastal erosion, groynes, sand mining. 70 slides</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Vaitupu Island, coastal erosion, groynes, sand mining. 70 slides</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu - Vaitupu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Vaitupu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Vaitupu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=March
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 243
+tag=500 data=Vaitupu Island, coastal erosion, groynes, sand mining. 70 slides
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Vaitupu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s142.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;March&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 243&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Vaitupu Island, coastal erosion, groynes, sand mining. 70 slides&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Vaitupu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Xue, C.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s143.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s143.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s143.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">143</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Oblique air photo - Akamaru, Porea, coral debri, Akamaru, Tauhunu, Morihiti, see TR 246 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Oblique air photo - Akamaru, Porea, coral debri, Akamaru, Tauhunu, Morihiti, see TR 246 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands - Manihiki</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Manihiki&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Manihiki&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 246
+tag=500 data=Oblique air photo - Akamaru, Porea, coral debri, Akamaru, Tauhunu, Morihiti, see TR 246 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Manihiki&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Solomon, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s143</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s143.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 246&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Oblique air photo - Akamaru, Porea, coral debri, Akamaru, Tauhunu, Morihiti, see TR 246 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Manihiki&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Solomon, S.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s144.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">144</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Sept - Oct</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Sept - Oct</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">25th Anniversary; 26th Annual Session; negatives and contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">25th Anniversary; 26th Annual Session; negatives and contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Nadi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=Sept - Oct
+tag=500 data=25th Anniversary; 26th Annual Session; negatives and contact
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s144</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s144.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sept - Oct&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;25th Anniversary; 26th Annual Session; negatives and contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s145.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s145.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s145.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">145</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Sept - Oct</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Sept - Oct</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">25th Anniversary; 26th Annual Session; negatives and contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">25th Anniversary; 26th Annual Session; negatives and contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Nadi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=Sept - Oct
+tag=500 data=25th Anniversary; 26th Annual Session; negatives and contact
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s145</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s145.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sept - Oct&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;25th Anniversary; 26th Annual Session; negatives and contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s146.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s146.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s146.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">146</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">29 Sept - 5 Oct</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">29 Sept - 5 Oct</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">25th Anniversary; 26th Annual Session; contacts; (Ogitsu's negatives)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">25th Anniversary; 26th Annual Session; contacts; (Ogitsu's negatives)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Nadi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Ogitsu, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Ogitsu, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=29 Sept - 5 Oct
+tag=500 data=25th Anniversary; 26th Annual Session; contacts; (Ogitsu's negatives)
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Ogitsu, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s146</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s146.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;29 Sept - 5 Oct&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;25th Anniversary; 26th Annual Session; contacts; (Ogitsu's negatives)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Ogitsu, T.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s147.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s147.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s147.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">147</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Nov.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Nov.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Vatukoula Gold Mine; contact and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Vatukoula Gold Mine; contact and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Vatukoula</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Vatukoula&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Vatukoula&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">McLeod, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">McLeod, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=Nov.
+tag=500 data=Vatukoula Gold Mine; contact and negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Vatukoula&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=McLeod, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s147</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s147.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Nov.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Vatukoula Gold Mine; contact and negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Vatukoula&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;McLeod, H.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s148.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s148.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s148.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">148</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Mt Kasi and Vatukoula gold mines; negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Mt Kasi and Vatukoula gold mines; negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Vatukoula</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Mt. Kasi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Vatukoula&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Mt. Kasi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Vatukoula&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Mt. Kasi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">McLeod, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">McLeod, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=500 data=Mt Kasi and Vatukoula gold mines; negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Vatukoula&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Mt. Kasi&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=McLeod, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s148</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s148.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Mt Kasi and Vatukoula gold mines; negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Vatukoula&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Mt. Kasi&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;McLeod, H.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s149.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s149.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s149.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">149</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Small Island States Meeting in Manila; negatives with Ed Burke</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Small Island States Meeting in Manila; negatives with Ed Burke</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Burke, E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Burke, E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=500 data=Small Island States Meeting in Manila; negatives with Ed Burke
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=700 data=Burke, E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s149</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s149.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Small Island States Meeting in Manila; negatives with Ed Burke&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Burke, E.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s15.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1985</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1985</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^sub">on loan</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^sub">Kojima</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Sea bottom negatives; manganese nodules sections negatives &amp;lt;on loan&amp;gt; ti &amp;lt;Kojima&amp;gt; 27.04.99</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Sea bottom negatives; manganese nodules sections negatives &amp;lt;on loan&amp;gt; ti &amp;lt;Kojima&amp;gt; 27.04.99</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Metal Mining Agency of Japan</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Metal Mining Agency of Japan</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1985
+tag=500 data=Sea bottom negatives; manganese nodules sections negatives &amp;lt;on loan&amp;gt; ti &amp;lt;Kojima&amp;gt; 27.04.99
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Metal Mining Agency of Japan</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s15.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1985&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sea bottom negatives; manganese nodules sections negatives &amp;lt;on loan&amp;gt; ti &amp;lt;Kojima&amp;gt; 27.04.99&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Metal Mining Agency of Japan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s150.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s150.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s150.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">150</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Sept.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Sept.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">MH 97.02</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">MH 97.02</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Majuro Atoll; aerial Kiribati (channel); slides with Robert; contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Majuro Atoll; aerial Kiribati (channel); slides with Robert; contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Marshall Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=Sept.
+tag=491 data=MH 97.02
+tag=500 data=Majuro Atoll; aerial Kiribati (channel); slides with Robert; contact
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s150</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s150.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sept.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;MH 97.02&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Majuro Atoll; aerial Kiribati (channel); slides with Robert; contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Smith, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s151.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s151.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s151.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">151</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Dec.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Dec.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Christmas Party Photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Christmas Party Photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=262 data=Dec.
+tag=500 data=Christmas Party Photos
+tag=650 data=INFORMATION
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s151</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s151.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Dec.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Christmas Party Photos&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;INFORMATION&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s152.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s152.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s152.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">152</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Inkel, M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Inkel, M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=500 data=negatives
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Inkel, M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s152</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s152.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Inkel, M.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s153.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s153.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s153.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">153</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Mike 21 workshop; contact and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Mike 21 workshop; contact and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Shorten, G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Shorten, G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=500 data=Mike 21 workshop; contact and negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=700 data=Shorten, G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s153</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s153.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Mike 21 workshop; contact and negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Shorten, G.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s154.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s154.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s154.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">154</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">photographs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">photographs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Suva</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=500 data=photographs
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s154</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s154.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;photographs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s155.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s155.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s155.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">155</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">staff photos; negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">staff photos; negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=500 data=staff photos; negatives
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s155</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s155.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;staff photos; negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s156.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s156.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s156.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">156</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">staff photos plus negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">staff photos plus negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=500 data=staff photos plus negatives
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s156</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s156.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;staff photos plus negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s157.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s157.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s157.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">157</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Oct.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Oct.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">contact plus negatives; Diwali photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">contact plus negatives; Diwali photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=Oct.
+tag=500 data=contact plus negatives; Diwali photos
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s157</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s157.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Oct.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;contact plus negatives; Diwali photos&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s158.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s158.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s158.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">158</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Oct.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Oct.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">negatives plus contacts; Diwali photographs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">negatives plus contacts; Diwali photographs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=Oct.
+tag=500 data=negatives plus contacts; Diwali photographs
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s158</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s158.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Oct.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;negatives plus contacts; Diwali photographs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s159.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s159.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s159.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">159</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Sept.-Oct.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Sept.-Oct.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">contact; 25th anniversary; 26th annual session; negatives with Ogitsu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">contact; 25th anniversary; 26th annual session; negatives with Ogitsu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Nadi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Ogitsu, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Ogitsu, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=Sept.-Oct.
+tag=500 data=contact; 25th anniversary; 26th annual session; negatives with Ogitsu
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Ogitsu, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s159</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s159.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sept.-Oct.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;contact; 25th anniversary; 26th annual session; negatives with Ogitsu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Ogitsu, T.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s16.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1985</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1985</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Photographs of ship and staff.  Filed in Oversize Photos drawer</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Photographs of ship and staff.  Filed in Oversize Photos drawer</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Metal Mining Agency of Japan</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Metal Mining Agency of Japan</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1985
+tag=500 data=Photographs of ship and staff.  Filed in Oversize Photos drawer
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Metal Mining Agency of Japan</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s16.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1985&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Photographs of ship and staff.  Filed in Oversize Photos drawer&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Metal Mining Agency of Japan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s160.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s160.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s160.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">160</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Sept.-Oct.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Sept.-Oct.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">contact; 25th anniversary; 26th annual session; negatives with Ogitsu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">contact; 25th anniversary; 26th annual session; negatives with Ogitsu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Nadi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Ogitsu, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Ogitsu, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=Sept.-Oct.
+tag=500 data=contact; 25th anniversary; 26th annual session; negatives with Ogitsu
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Ogitsu, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s160</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s160.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sept.-Oct.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;contact; 25th anniversary; 26th annual session; negatives with Ogitsu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Ogitsu, T.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s161.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s161.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s161.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">161</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Sept.-Oct.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Sept.-Oct.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">negatives with Lala; contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">negatives with Lala; contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Nadi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=Sept.-Oct.
+tag=500 data=negatives with Lala; contact
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s161</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s161.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sept.-Oct.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;negatives with Lala; contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s162.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s162.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s162.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">162</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Sept.-Oct.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Sept.-Oct.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">contact; 25th anniversary; 26th annual session; negatives with Ogitsu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">contact; 25th anniversary; 26th annual session; negatives with Ogitsu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Nadi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Ogitsu, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Ogitsu, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=Sept.-Oct.
+tag=500 data=contact; 25th anniversary; 26th annual session; negatives with Ogitsu
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Ogitsu, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s162</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s162.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sept.-Oct.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;contact; 25th anniversary; 26th annual session; negatives with Ogitsu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Nadi&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Ogitsu, T.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s163.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s163.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s163.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">163</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Nov.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Nov.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Tuvatu; 25th anniversary photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Tuvatu; 25th anniversary photos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">McLeod, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">McLeod, H.&lt;br&gt;Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=Nov.
+tag=500 data=Tuvatu; 25th anniversary photos
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=McLeod, H.%Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s163</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s163.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Nov.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Tuvatu; 25th anniversary photos&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;McLeod, H.&lt;br&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s164.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s164.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s164.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">164</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Mr Muller's farewell at Secretariat photos; negs; contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Mr Muller's farewell at Secretariat photos; negs; contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">SECRETARIAT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=December
+tag=500 data=Mr Muller's farewell at Secretariat photos; negs; contact
+tag=650 data=SECRETARIAT
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s164</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s164.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;December&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Mr Muller's farewell at Secretariat photos; negs; contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SECRETARIAT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s165.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s165.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s165.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">165</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">negatives and contact; Gold Ridge Mine; Groundwater quality issues</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">negatives and contact; Gold Ridge Mine; Groundwater quality issues</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Scott, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Scott, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=December
+tag=500 data=negatives and contact; Gold Ridge Mine; Groundwater quality issues
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Scott, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s165</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s165.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;December&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;negatives and contact; Gold Ridge Mine; Groundwater quality issues&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Scott, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s166.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s166.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s166.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">166</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">negatives and contact; well springs; landslides</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">negatives and contact; well springs; landslides</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Federated States of Micronesia</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Scholzel, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Scholzel, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=December
+tag=500 data=negatives and contact; well springs; landslides
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Scholzel, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s166</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s166.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;December&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;negatives and contact; well springs; landslides&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Scholzel, H.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s167.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s167.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s167.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">167</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">96 slides, photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">96 slides, photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Marshall Islands - Majuro</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Marshall Islands - Majuro&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Marshall Islands - Majuro&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 254
+tag=500 data=96 slides, photos and negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Marshall Islands - Majuro&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s167</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s167.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 254&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;96 slides, photos and negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Marshall Islands - Majuro&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Xue, C.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s168.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s168.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s168.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">168</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">negatives and contact prints</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">negatives and contact prints</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">MINERALS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;MINERALS&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;MINERALS&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Niue</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Niue&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Niue&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">McLeod, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">McLeod, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=500 data=negatives and contact prints
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;MINERALS&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Niue&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=McLeod, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s168</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s168.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;negatives and contact prints&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;MINERALS&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Niue&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;McLeod, H.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s169.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s169.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s169.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">169</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Pacific Water Association, negs and contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Pacific Water Association, negs and contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Burke,  E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Burke,  E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=500 data=Pacific Water Association, negs and contact
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=700 data=Burke,  E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s169</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s169.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Pacific Water Association, negs and contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Burke,  E.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s17.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s17.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s17.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Official photographs, 1990 South Pacific Forum meeting.  Filed in Oversize Photographs drawer</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Official photographs, 1990 South Pacific Forum meeting.  Filed in Oversize Photographs drawer</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Pacific Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990
+tag=500 data=Official photographs, 1990 South Pacific Forum meeting.  Filed in Oversize Photographs drawer
+tag=650 data=INFORMATION
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s17.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Official photographs, 1990 South Pacific Forum meeting.  Filed in Oversize Photographs drawer&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;INFORMATION&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s170.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">170</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Vanuatu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Scholzel, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Scholzel, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=500 data=negatives
+tag=650 data=WASP
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Scholzel, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s170</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s170.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;WASP&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Scholzel, H.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s171.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s171.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s171.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">171</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Earth Science Students certificate, negs and contact prints</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Earth Science Students certificate, negs and contact prints</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Dean, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Dean, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=500 data=Earth Science Students certificate, negs and contact prints
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Dean, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s171</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s171.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Earth Science Students certificate, negs and contact prints&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Dean, A.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s172.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s172.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s172.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">172</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Mike 21 workshop; clearing archive room; negs plus contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Mike 21 workshop; clearing archive room; negs plus contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Suva</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Waradi, L.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Waradi, L.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=500 data=Mike 21 workshop; clearing archive room; negs plus contact
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Waradi, L.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s172</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s172.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Mike 21 workshop; clearing archive room; negs plus contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Waradi, L.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s173.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s173.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s173.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">173</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May-June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May-June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Woodward's farewell; Ah Sam painting; staff photos; negs and contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Woodward's farewell; Ah Sam painting; staff photos; negs and contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Suva</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Butcher, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Dean, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Prasad, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Butcher, A.&lt;br&gt;Dean, A.&lt;br&gt;Prasad, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=May-June
+tag=500 data=Woodward's farewell; Ah Sam painting; staff photos; negs and contact
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Butcher, A.%Dean, A.%Prasad, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s173</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s173.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May-June&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward's farewell; Ah Sam painting; staff photos; negs and contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Butcher, A.&lt;br&gt;Dean, A.&lt;br&gt;Prasad, S.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s174.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s174.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s174.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">174</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">trip to Vanuatu, negs plus contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">trip to Vanuatu, negs plus contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Hazard Assessment Unit</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Hazard Assessment Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Hazard Assessment Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Vanuatu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Schmall, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Shorten, G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Schmall, S.&lt;br&gt;Shorten, G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=June
+tag=500 data=trip to Vanuatu, negs plus contact
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Hazard Assessment Unit&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Schmall, S.%Shorten, G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s174</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s174.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;June&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;trip to Vanuatu, negs plus contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Hazard Assessment Unit&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Schmall, S.&lt;br&gt;Shorten, G.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s175.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">175</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Nov</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Nov</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">gold mine, Philips shaft; negs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">gold mine, Philips shaft; negs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Coastal Unit</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Vatukoula</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Vatukoula&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Vatukoula&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">McLeod, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">McLeod, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=Nov
+tag=500 data=gold mine, Philips shaft; negs
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Vatukoula&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=McLeod, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s175</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s175.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Nov&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;gold mine, Philips shaft; negs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Vatukoula&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;McLeod, H.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s176.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s176.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s176.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Jan</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Jan</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^sub">Scott, D</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">contact; negs with &amp;lt;Scott, D&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">contact; negs with &amp;lt;Scott, D&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Scott, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Scott, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=Jan
+tag=500 data=contact; negs with &amp;lt;Scott, D&amp;gt;
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Scott, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s176.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Jan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;contact; negs with &amp;lt;Scott, D&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Scott, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s177.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s177.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s177.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">177</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Feb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Feb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^sub">Burke, E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Water resources; contact; negs with &amp;lt;Burke, E.&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Water resources; contact; negs with &amp;lt;Burke, E.&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tonga - Eua</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tonga - Eua&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tonga - Eua&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Burke, E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Burke, E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=Feb
+tag=500 data=Water resources; contact; negs with &amp;lt;Burke, E.&amp;gt;
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tonga - Eua&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Burke, E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s177</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s177.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Feb&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Water resources; contact; negs with &amp;lt;Burke, E.&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tonga - Eua&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Burke, E.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s178.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s178.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s178.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">178</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Mar</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Mar</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">CTD equipment, delicattessan, Alf photo, contact plus negs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">CTD equipment, delicattessan, Alf photo, contact plus negs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=Mar
+tag=500 data=CTD equipment, delicattessan, Alf photo, contact plus negs
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s178</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s178.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Mar&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;CTD equipment, delicattessan, Alf photo, contact plus negs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Smith, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s179.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s179.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s179.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">179</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Feb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Feb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">no negatives, water and sanitation; contact print</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">no negatives, water and sanitation; contact print</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu - Funafuti</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Funafuti&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Funafuti&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Burke, E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Burke, E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=Feb
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 269
+tag=500 data=no negatives, water and sanitation; contact print
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Funafuti&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Burke, E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s179</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s179.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Feb&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 269&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;no negatives, water and sanitation; contact print&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Funafuti&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Burke, E.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s18.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s18.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s18.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Official photograph, delegates to 1986 1st Special Session, CCOP/SOPAC.  Filed in Oversize Photographs drawer</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Official photograph, delegates to 1986 1st Special Session, CCOP/SOPAC.  Filed in Oversize Photographs drawer</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Pacific Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1986
+tag=500 data=Official photograph, delegates to 1986 1st Special Session, CCOP/SOPAC.  Filed in Oversize Photographs drawer
+tag=650 data=INFORMATION
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s18.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1986&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Official photograph, delegates to 1986 1st Special Session, CCOP/SOPAC.  Filed in Oversize Photographs drawer&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;INFORMATION&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s180.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s180.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s180.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Feb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Feb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">98/15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">98/15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">beach monitoring; contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">beach monitoring; contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Coastal Unit</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Samoa - Mulinu'u</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Samoa - Mulinu'u&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Samoa - Mulinu'u&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=Feb
+tag=491 data=98/15
+tag=500 data=beach monitoring; contact
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Samoa - Mulinu'u&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s180.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Feb&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;98/15&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;beach monitoring; contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Samoa - Mulinu'u&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s181.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s181.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s181.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">181</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996/97</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996/97</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Kids X-mas; Muller; contact; negs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Kids X-mas; Muller; contact; negs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996/97
+tag=500 data=Kids X-mas; Muller; contact; negs
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s181</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s181.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996/97&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Kids X-mas; Muller; contact; negs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s182.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s182.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s182.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">182</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Mar</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Mar</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">World Water Day; SOPAC Open Day; Umar farewell, staff photos, negs and contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">World Water Day; SOPAC Open Day; Umar farewell, staff photos, negs and contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Suva</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.; Scholz, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.; Scholz, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=Mar
+tag=500 data=World Water Day; SOPAC Open Day; Umar farewell, staff photos, negs and contact
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.; Scholz, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s182</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s182.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Mar&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;World Water Day; SOPAC Open Day; Umar farewell, staff photos, negs and contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Suva&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.; Scholz, H.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s183.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s183.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s183.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">183</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">beach monitoring; negs and contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">beach monitoring; negs and contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Coastal Unit</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Marshall Islands - Majuro</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Marshall Islands - Majuro&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Marshall Islands - Majuro&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=500 data=beach monitoring; negs and contact
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Marshall Islands - Majuro&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s183</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s183.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;beach monitoring; negs and contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Marshall Islands - Majuro&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s184.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s184.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s184.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">184</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">beach monitoring, contact plus negs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">beach monitoring, contact plus negs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Coastal Unit</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodard, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodard, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=500 data=beach monitoring, contact plus negs
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodard, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s184</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s184.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;beach monitoring, contact plus negs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodard, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s185.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s185.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s185.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">185</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">beach monitoring; negs plus contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">beach monitoring; negs plus contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Coastal Unit</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=500 data=beach monitoring; negs plus contact
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s185</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s185.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;beach monitoring; negs plus contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s186.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s186.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s186.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">186</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">beach monitoring; negs plus contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">beach monitoring; negs plus contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Coastal Unit</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Marshall Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=500 data=beach monitoring; negs plus contact
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s186</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s186.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;beach monitoring; negs plus contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s187.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s187.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s187.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">187</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">beach monitoring; negs plus contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">beach monitoring; negs plus contact</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Coastal Unit</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=500 data=beach monitoring; negs plus contact
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s187</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s187.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;beach monitoring; negs plus contact&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Coastal Unit&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s188.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s188.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s188.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">188</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">negs, contact, photos, Phil's farewell lunch, staff photos: Una, Makareta, Russell Maharaj, Lala, Atesh</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">negs, contact, photos, Phil's farewell lunch, staff photos: Una, Makareta, Russell Maharaj, Lala, Atesh</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Prasad, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Prasad, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=500 data=negs, contact, photos, Phil's farewell lunch, staff photos: Una, Makareta, Russell Maharaj, Lala, Atesh
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Prasad, S.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s188</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s188.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;negs, contact, photos, Phil's farewell lunch, staff photos: Una, Makareta, Russell Maharaj, Lala, Atesh&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Prasad, S.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s189.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s189.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s189.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 257</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 257</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">See TR257 master file: no negatives; impact on dredged sites; dredging operations</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">See TR257 master file: no negatives; impact on dredged sites; dredging operations</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Federated States of Micronesia - Pohnpei</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Pohnpei&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Pohnpei&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 257
+tag=500 data=See TR257 master file: no negatives; impact on dredged sites; dredging operations
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Pohnpei&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s189.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 257&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;See TR257 master file: no negatives; impact on dredged sites; dredging operations&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Pohnpei&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s19.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s19.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s19.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1980</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1980</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Slides of maps showing Pacific Islands region, EEZ's, possibly used in slide presentation of R/V Machias cruises</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Slides of maps showing Pacific Islands region, EEZ's, possibly used in slide presentation of R/V Machias cruises</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Pacific Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1980
+tag=500 data=Slides of maps showing Pacific Islands region, EEZ's, possibly used in slide presentation of R/V Machias cruises
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s19.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1980&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Slides of maps showing Pacific Islands region, EEZ's, possibly used in slide presentation of R/V Machias cruises&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s190.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s190.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s190.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">190</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">VU97.12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">VU97.12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">See TR253 master file: no negatives; survey reference points, sampling, seiving</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">See TR253 master file: no negatives; survey reference points, sampling, seiving</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">MINERAL RESOURCES UNIT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">MINERAL RESOURCES UNIT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Vanuatu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 253
+tag=491 data=VU97.12
+tag=500 data=See TR253 master file: no negatives; survey reference points, sampling, seiving
+tag=650 data=MINERAL RESOURCES UNIT
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s190</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s190.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 253&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;VU97.12&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;See TR253 master file: no negatives; survey reference points, sampling, seiving&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;MINERAL RESOURCES UNIT&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s191.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s191.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s191.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">191</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Jul/Aug</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Jul/Aug</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 268</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 268</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">See TR268 master file: no negatives, coastal land loss, erosion, seawall</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">See TR268 master file: no negatives, coastal land loss, erosion, seawall</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Federated States of Micronesia - Pohnpei</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Federated States of Micronesia - Chuuk</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Federated States of Micronesia - Yap</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Pohnpei&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Chuuk&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Yap&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Pohnpei&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Chuuk&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Yap&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Maharaj, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Maharaj, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=Jul/Aug
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 268
+tag=500 data=See TR268 master file: no negatives, coastal land loss, erosion, seawall
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Pohnpei&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Chuuk&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Yap&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Maharaj, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s191</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s191.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Jul/Aug&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 268&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;See TR268 master file: no negatives, coastal land loss, erosion, seawall&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Pohnpei&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Chuuk&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Yap&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Maharaj, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s192.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s192.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s192.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">See TR270 master file: scanned images, erosion and turbidity</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">See TR270 master file: scanned images, erosion and turbidity</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji - Monasavu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji - Monasavu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji - Monasavu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 270
+tag=500 data=See TR270 master file: scanned images, erosion and turbidity
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji - Monasavu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215012</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s192.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 270&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;See TR270 master file: scanned images, erosion and turbidity&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji - Monasavu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s193.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s193.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s193.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">SB 99.03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">SB 99.03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">See TR280 master file: scanned images, battleship, planes (underwater)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">See TR280 master file: scanned images, battleship, planes (underwater)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1999
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 280
+tag=491 data=SB 99.03
+tag=500 data=See TR280 master file: scanned images, battleship, planes (underwater)
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215012</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s193.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1999&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 280&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SB 99.03&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;See TR280 master file: scanned images, battleship, planes (underwater)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s194.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s194.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s194.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">194</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Jul/Aug</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Jul/Aug</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 281</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 281</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">See TR281 master file: scanned images, fresh water spring, shoreline retreat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">See TR281 master file: scanned images, fresh water spring, shoreline retreat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Samoa - Salelonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Samoa - Pu'apu'a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Samoa - Salelonga&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Samoa - Pu'apu'a&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Samoa - Salelonga&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Samoa - Pu'apu'a&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1999
+tag=262 data=Jul/Aug
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 281
+tag=500 data=See TR281 master file: scanned images, fresh water spring, shoreline retreat
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Samoa - Salelonga&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Samoa - Pu'apu'a&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s194</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215012</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s194.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1999&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Jul/Aug&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 281&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;See TR281 master file: scanned images, fresh water spring, shoreline retreat&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Samoa - Salelonga&amp;gt;&amp;lt;Samoa - Pu'apu'a&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s195.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s195.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s195.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">195</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 285</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 285</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">CK 97.14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">CK 97.14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Coastal mapping to assist with development of a strategy for foreshore protection and development, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Photographs in digital format as part of the report.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Coastal mapping to assist with development of a strategy for foreshore protection and development, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Photographs in digital format as part of the report.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;COASTAL&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;COASTAL&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands - Rarotonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Rarotonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Rarotonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">He, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">He, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=December
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 285
+tag=491 data=CK 97.14
+tag=500 data=Coastal mapping to assist with development of a strategy for foreshore protection and development, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Photographs in digital format as part of the report.
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;COASTAL&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Rarotonga&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=He, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s195</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215012</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s195.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;December&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 285&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;CK 97.14&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Coastal mapping to assist with development of a strategy for foreshore protection and development, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Photographs in digital format as part of the report.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;COASTAL&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Rarotonga&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;He, C.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s196.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">196</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">July</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">July</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">negatives and contact print</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">negatives and contact print</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">WASP</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands - Rarotonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Rarotonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Rarotonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Burke, E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Burke, E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=July
+tag=500 data=negatives and contact print
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Rarotonga&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Burke, E.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s196</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215012</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s196.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;July&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;negatives and contact print&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;WASP&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Rarotonga&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Burke, E.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s197.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s197.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s197.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">197</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">photos and negatives with Chao-Xiong</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">photos and negatives with Chao-Xiong</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^sub">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">&amp;lt;COASTAL&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">&amp;lt;COASTAL&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands - Aitutaki</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Aitutaki&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Aitutaki&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Chao-Xiong, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Chao-Xiong, H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1998
+tag=262 data=September
+tag=500 data=photos and negatives with Chao-Xiong
+tag=650 data=&amp;lt;COASTAL&amp;gt;
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Aitutaki&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Chao-Xiong, H.
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s197</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215012</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s197.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1998&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;September&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;photos and negatives with Chao-Xiong&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;COASTAL&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands - Aitutaki&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Chao-Xiong, H.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s20.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s20.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s20.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1980</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1980</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">2 slides: Sigatoka sand dunes; Lautoka sugar mill outfall</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">2 slides: Sigatoka sand dunes; Lautoka sugar mill outfall</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1980
+tag=500 data=2 slides: Sigatoka sand dunes; Lautoka sugar mill outfall
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s20.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1980&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;2 slides: Sigatoka sand dunes; Lautoka sugar mill outfall&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s21.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Slides for presentations on the petroleum potential of the SOPAC region (New Ireland (PNG), Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu), obtained from N.F. Exon</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Slides for presentations on the petroleum potential of the SOPAC region (New Ireland (PNG), Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu), obtained from N.F. Exon</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">HYDROCARBONS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">HYDROCARBONS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Pacific Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Australia. Bureau of Mineral Resources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">United States Geological Survey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Australia. Bureau of Mineral Resources&lt;br&gt;United States Geological Survey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=[nd]
+tag=500 data=Slides for presentations on the petroleum potential of the SOPAC region (New Ireland (PNG), Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu), obtained from N.F. Exon
+tag=650 data=HYDROCARBONS
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Australia. Bureau of Mineral Resources%United States Geological Survey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s21.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;[nd]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Slides for presentations on the petroleum potential of the SOPAC region (New Ireland (PNG), Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu), obtained from N.F. Exon&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;HYDROCARBONS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Australia. Bureau of Mineral Resources&lt;br&gt;United States Geological Survey&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s22.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s22.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s22.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Cruise Report 120</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Cruise Report 120</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">16 col. photographs, with negatives of the 1986 SEAPSO cruise - Leg 5: bathymetry of the Tonga Arc, Tonga Trench and Louisville Ridge</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">16 col. photographs, with negatives of the 1986 SEAPSO cruise - Leg 5: bathymetry of the Tonga Arc, Tonga Trench and Louisville Ridge</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1986
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Cruise Report 120
+tag=500 data=16 col. photographs, with negatives of the 1986 SEAPSO cruise - Leg 5: bathymetry of the Tonga Arc, Tonga Trench and Louisville Ridge
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s22.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1986&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Cruise Report 120&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;16 col. photographs, with negatives of the 1986 SEAPSO cruise - Leg 5: bathymetry of the Tonga Arc, Tonga Trench and Louisville Ridge&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s23.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s23.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s23.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">23</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Photograph of tracklines 12ÃžS - 30ÃžS; 180Ãž-170ÃžW</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Photograph of tracklines 12ÃžS - 30ÃžS; 180Ãž-170ÃžW</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Pacific Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=[nd]
+tag=500 data=Photograph of tracklines 12ÃžS - 30ÃžS; 180Ãž-170ÃžW
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s23</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s23.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;[nd]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Photograph of tracklines 12ÃžS - 30ÃžS; 180Ãž-170ÃžW&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s24.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Col. photograph of CYANA, the CNEXO submersible</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Col. photograph of CYANA, the CNEXO submersible</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">France</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;France&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;France&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=[nd]
+tag=500 data=Col. photograph of CYANA, the CNEXO submersible
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;France&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s24.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;[nd]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Col. photograph of CYANA, the CNEXO submersible&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;France&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s25.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s25.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s25.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">February 17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">February 17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">2 sets of 4 col. photos and negatives of beaches in Nadi Bay</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">2 sets of 4 col. photos and negatives of beaches in Nadi Bay</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1992
+tag=262 data=February 17
+tag=500 data=2 sets of 4 col. photos and negatives of beaches in Nadi Bay
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s25.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1992&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;February 17&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;2 sets of 4 col. photos and negatives of beaches in Nadi Bay&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Holden, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s26.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s26.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s26.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990/91</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990/91</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Dec/Jan</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Dec/Jan</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 26%SOPAC Preliminary Report 30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 26%SOPAC Preliminary Report 30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.CK.4g</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.CK.4j</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.CK.4g&lt;br&gt;91.CK.4j</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">17 col. photos and negatives; and 48 col. slides of coastal erosion/coastal survey in Rarotonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">17 col. photos and negatives; and 48 col. slides of coastal erosion/coastal survey in Rarotonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990/91
+tag=262 data=Dec/Jan
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 26%SOPAC Preliminary Report 30
+tag=491 data=91.CK.4g%91.CK.4j
+tag=500 data=17 col. photos and negatives; and 48 col. slides of coastal erosion/coastal survey in Rarotonga
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s26.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990/91&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Dec/Jan&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 26%SOPAC Preliminary Report 30&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.CK.4g&lt;br&gt;91.CK.4j&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;17 col. photos and negatives; and 48 col. slides of coastal erosion/coastal survey in Rarotonga&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Holden, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s27.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s27.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s27.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">January</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">January</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 30%SOPAC Preliminary Report 31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 30%SOPAC Preliminary Report 31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.CK.8a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.CK.8a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">4 col. photos of waves in Rarotonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">4 col. photos of waves in Rarotonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Gary, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Gary, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=262 data=January
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 30%SOPAC Preliminary Report 31
+tag=491 data=91.CK.8a
+tag=500 data=4 col. photos of waves in Rarotonga
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Gary, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s27.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;January&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 30%SOPAC Preliminary Report 31&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.CK.8a&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;4 col. photos of waves in Rarotonga&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Gary, C.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s28.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s28.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s28.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">28</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">March 13-20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">March 13-20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.CK.4d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.CK.4d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">13 col. photos and negatives; and slides of work done in Avarua-Motutoa using current meters</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">13 col. photos and negatives; and slides of work done in Avarua-Motutoa using current meters</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=262 data=March 13-20
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 31
+tag=491 data=91.CK.4d
+tag=500 data=13 col. photos and negatives; and slides of work done in Avarua-Motutoa using current meters
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s28</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s28.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;March 13-20&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 31&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.CK.4d&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;13 col. photos and negatives; and slides of work done in Avarua-Motutoa using current meters&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Holden, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s29.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s29.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s29.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">9 col. slides and negatives of the construction of the SOPAC Secretariat Technical Information wing</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">9 col. slides and negatives of the construction of the SOPAC Secretariat Technical Information wing</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=500 data=9 col. slides and negatives of the construction of the SOPAC Secretariat Technical Information wing
+tag=650 data=INFORMATION
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s29.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;9 col. slides and negatives of the construction of the SOPAC Secretariat Technical Information wing&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;INFORMATION&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Holden, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s30.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s30.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s30.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 40</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 40</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.VA.6b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.VA.6b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">28 col. photos and negatives of beach inspection (beach erosion, beach mining) along Mele Bay</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">28 col. photos and negatives of beach inspection (beach erosion, beach mining) along Mele Bay</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Vanuatu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=262 data=September
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 40
+tag=491 data=91.VA.6b
+tag=500 data=28 col. photos and negatives of beach inspection (beach erosion, beach mining) along Mele Bay
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s30.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;September&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 40&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.VA.6b&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;28 col. photos and negatives of beach inspection (beach erosion, beach mining) along Mele Bay&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Holden, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s31.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s31.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s31.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 150</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 150</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.VA.6a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.VA.6a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">32 col. photos and negatives of the physical oceanography of Port Havannah and 2 photos of the 20th SOPAC session held in Vila</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">32 col. photos and negatives of the physical oceanography of Port Havannah and 2 photos of the 20th SOPAC session held in Vila</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Vanuatu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=262 data=September
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 150
+tag=491 data=91.VA.6a
+tag=500 data=32 col. photos and negatives of the physical oceanography of Port Havannah and 2 photos of the 20th SOPAC session held in Vila
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s31.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;September&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 150&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.VA.6a&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;32 col. photos and negatives of the physical oceanography of Port Havannah and 2 photos of the 20th SOPAC session held in Vila&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Holden, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s32.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s32.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s32.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">32</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 148</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 148</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">19 col. photos and negatives; and 77 col. slides of post-Cyclone Sina inspection of storm damage along the Fijian Hotel shoreline</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">19 col. photos and negatives; and 77 col. slides of post-Cyclone Sina inspection of storm damage along the Fijian Hotel shoreline</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 148
+tag=500 data=19 col. photos and negatives; and 77 col. slides of post-Cyclone Sina inspection of storm damage along the Fijian Hotel shoreline
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s32</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s32.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 148&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;19 col. photos and negatives; and 77 col. slides of post-Cyclone Sina inspection of storm damage along the Fijian Hotel shoreline&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Holden, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s33.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s33.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s33.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">33</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">April</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">April</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 146</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 146</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">92.FJ.19f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">92.FJ.19f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">26 col. photos of beaches, beach mining, beach rock and embedded black rock; 76 col. slides and some negatives of Oinafa Bay (east end of island) and Hopmafau Bay, Rotuma, and a copy of the field notes and photo log</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">26 col. photos of beaches, beach mining, beach rock and embedded black rock; 76 col. slides and some negatives of Oinafa Bay (east end of island) and Hopmafau Bay, Rotuma, and a copy of the field notes and photo log</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1992
+tag=262 data=April
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 146
+tag=491 data=92.FJ.19f
+tag=500 data=26 col. photos of beaches, beach mining, beach rock and embedded black rock; 76 col. slides and some negatives of Oinafa Bay (east end of island) and Hopmafau Bay, Rotuma, and a copy of the field notes and photo log
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s33</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s33.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1992&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;April&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 146&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;92.FJ.19f&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;26 col. photos of beaches, beach mining, beach rock and embedded black rock; 76 col. slides and some negatives of Oinafa Bay (east end of island) and Hopmafau Bay, Rotuma, and a copy of the field notes and photo log&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Holden, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s34.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s34.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s34.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">34</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.FJ.6a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.FJ.6a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">28 col. photos and negatives; 28 col. slides of waverider buoy deployment in Kadavu, on the Tovuto; SEE ALSO Record 49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">28 col. photos and negatives; 28 col. slides of waverider buoy deployment in Kadavu, on the Tovuto; SEE ALSO Record 49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=262 data=June
+tag=491 data=91.FJ.6a
+tag=500 data=28 col. photos and negatives; 28 col. slides of waverider buoy deployment in Kadavu, on the Tovuto; SEE ALSO Record 49
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s34</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s34.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;June&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.FJ.6a&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;28 col. photos and negatives; 28 col. slides of waverider buoy deployment in Kadavu, on the Tovuto; SEE ALSO Record 49&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Holden, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s35.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">21 col. photos and negatives of Lautoka Wharf, Sheraton, Regent and Fijian Hotels taken during a workshop held in Nadi in September; and one postcard of the Sheraton Hotel</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">21 col. photos and negatives of Lautoka Wharf, Sheraton, Regent and Fijian Hotels taken during a workshop held in Nadi in September; and one postcard of the Sheraton Hotel</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990
+tag=262 data=September
+tag=500 data=21 col. photos and negatives of Lautoka Wharf, Sheraton, Regent and Fijian Hotels taken during a workshop held in Nadi in September; and one postcard of the Sheraton Hotel
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s35.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;September&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;21 col. photos and negatives of Lautoka Wharf, Sheraton, Regent and Fijian Hotels taken during a workshop held in Nadi in September; and one postcard of the Sheraton Hotel&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Holden, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s36.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s36.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s36.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">36</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">April</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">April</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 35%SOPAC Technical Report 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 35%SOPAC Technical Report 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.KI.4e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.KI.4e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">45 col. photos and negatives; and 42 col. slides of beach erosion at Abaiang</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">45 col. photos and negatives; and 42 col. slides of beach erosion at Abaiang</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=262 data=April
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 35%SOPAC Technical Report 136
+tag=491 data=91.KI.4e
+tag=500 data=45 col. photos and negatives; and 42 col. slides of beach erosion at Abaiang
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s36</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s36.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;April&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 35%SOPAC Technical Report 136&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.KI.4e&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;45 col. photos and negatives; and 42 col. slides of beach erosion at Abaiang&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Holden, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s37.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s37.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s37.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">April</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">April</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.CK.4h</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.CK.4h</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">42 col. photos of lagoon and channel floor and &quot;motus&quot; from Ngatangiia Harbour and Muri Lagoon; SEE ALSO Record 47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">42 col. photos of lagoon and channel floor and &quot;motus&quot; from Ngatangiia Harbour and Muri Lagoon; SEE ALSO Record 47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Collins, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Collins, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990
+tag=262 data=April
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 26
+tag=491 data=91.CK.4h
+tag=500 data=42 col. photos of lagoon and channel floor and &quot;motus&quot; from Ngatangiia Harbour and Muri Lagoon; SEE ALSO Record 47
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Collins, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s37.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;April&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 26&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.CK.4h&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;42 col. photos of lagoon and channel floor and &quot;motus&quot; from Ngatangiia Harbour and Muri Lagoon; SEE ALSO Record 47&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Collins, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s38.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s38.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s38.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">38</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">November</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">November</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 28</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 28</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.WS.5b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.WS.5b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">38 col. slides of coastal erosion on Mulinu'u Peninsula and Mulifanua ferry terminal</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">38 col. slides of coastal erosion on Mulinu'u Peninsula and Mulifanua ferry terminal</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Western Samoa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990
+tag=262 data=November
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 28
+tag=491 data=91.WS.5b
+tag=500 data=38 col. slides of coastal erosion on Mulinu'u Peninsula and Mulifanua ferry terminal
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s38</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s38.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;November&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 28&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.WS.5b&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;38 col. slides of coastal erosion on Mulinu'u Peninsula and Mulifanua ferry terminal&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Holden, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s39.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s39.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s39.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">39</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">8 col. photos and negatives of the JOIDES Resolution in Suva</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">8 col. photos and negatives of the JOIDES Resolution in Suva</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990
+tag=500 data=8 col. photos and negatives of the JOIDES Resolution in Suva
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s39</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s39.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;8 col. photos and negatives of the JOIDES Resolution in Suva&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sherwood, A.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1980</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1980</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Cruise Report 42</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Cruise Report 42</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">CCSP-1/CK-1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">CCSP-1/CK-2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">CCSP-1/CK-3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">CCSP-1/CK-4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">CCSP-1/CK-1&lt;br&gt;CCSP-1/CK-2&lt;br&gt;CCSP-1/CK-3&lt;br&gt;CCSP-1/CK-4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Cruise CK 80-2; R/V Machias</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Cruise CK 80-2; R/V Machias</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1980
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Cruise Report 42
+tag=491 data=CCSP-1/CK-1%CCSP-1/CK-2%CCSP-1/CK-3%CCSP-1/CK-4
+tag=500 data=Cruise CK 80-2; R/V Machias
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1980&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Cruise Report 42&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;CCSP-1/CK-1&lt;br&gt;CCSP-1/CK-2&lt;br&gt;CCSP-1/CK-3&lt;br&gt;CCSP-1/CK-4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Cruise CK 80-2; R/V Machias&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s40.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s40.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s40.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">40</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">October</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">October</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.FJ.19f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.FJ.19f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">10 col. slides of pile driving in Levuka</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">10 col. slides of pile driving in Levuka</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990
+tag=262 data=October
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 27
+tag=491 data=91.FJ.19f
+tag=500 data=10 col. slides of pile driving in Levuka
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Holden, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s40</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s40.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;October&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 27&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.FJ.19f&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;10 col. slides of pile driving in Levuka&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Holden, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s41.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">41</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990/91</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990/91</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">18 col. photos and negatives of the signing of the SOPAC Constitution; Kotobalavu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">18 col. photos and negatives of the signing of the SOPAC Constitution; Kotobalavu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990/91
+tag=500 data=18 col. photos and negatives of the signing of the SOPAC Constitution; Kotobalavu
+tag=650 data=INFORMATION
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s41</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s41.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990/91&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;18 col. photos and negatives of the signing of the SOPAC Constitution; Kotobalavu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;INFORMATION&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sherwood, A.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s42.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s42.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s42.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">42</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">July</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">July</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">5 col. photos and negatives of Mn nodules and black smokers</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">5 col. photos and negatives of Mn nodules and black smokers</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Pacific Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=262 data=July
+tag=500 data=5 col. photos and negatives of Mn nodules and black smokers
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s42</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s42.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;July&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;5 col. photos and negatives of Mn nodules and black smokers&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sherwood, A.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s43.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s43.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s43.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1989</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1989</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Cruise Report 130</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Cruise Report 130</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">12 photos and negatives of GLORIA images from the August-September 1989 survey carried out in the region</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">12 photos and negatives of GLORIA images from the August-September 1989 survey carried out in the region</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Pacific Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1989
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Cruise Report 130
+tag=500 data=12 photos and negatives of GLORIA images from the August-September 1989 survey carried out in the region
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s43.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1989&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Cruise Report 130&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;12 photos and negatives of GLORIA images from the August-September 1989 survey carried out in the region&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sherwood, A.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s44.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s44.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s44.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">44</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">12 col. photos and negatives of the filming of SOPAC Training activities for SeaPower documentary</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">12 col. photos and negatives of the filming of SOPAC Training activities for SeaPower documentary</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">TRAINING</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">TRAINING</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1992
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=500 data=12 col. photos and negatives of the filming of SOPAC Training activities for SeaPower documentary
+tag=650 data=TRAINING
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s44</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s44.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1992&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;12 col. photos and negatives of the filming of SOPAC Training activities for SeaPower documentary&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;TRAINING&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sherwood, A.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s45.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s45.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s45.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">October</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">October</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">23 col. photos and negatives of the 19th Annual Session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">23 col. photos and negatives of the 19th Annual Session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990
+tag=262 data=October
+tag=500 data=23 col. photos and negatives of the 19th Annual Session
+tag=650 data=INFORMATION
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s45.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;October&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;23 col. photos and negatives of the 19th Annual Session&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;INFORMATION&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s46.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s46.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s46.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">46</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May 30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May 30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 34</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 34</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">24 col. oblique aerials of Coral Coast, Nadi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">24 col. oblique aerials of Coral Coast, Nadi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=262 data=May 30
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 34
+tag=500 data=24 col. oblique aerials of Coral Coast, Nadi
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s46</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s46.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May 30&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 34&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;24 col. oblique aerials of Coral Coast, Nadi&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Gillie, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s47.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">January</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">January</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.CK.4d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.CK.4g</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.CK.4j</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.CK.8a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.CK.4d&lt;br&gt;91.CK.4g&lt;br&gt;91.CK.4j&lt;br&gt;91.CK.8a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">48 col. photos and negatives of coastal survey in Rarotonga; SEE ALSO Record 37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">48 col. photos and negatives of coastal survey in Rarotonga; SEE ALSO Record 37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Collins, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Collins, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=262 data=January
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 30
+tag=491 data=91.CK.4d%91.CK.4g%91.CK.4j%91.CK.8a
+tag=500 data=48 col. photos and negatives of coastal survey in Rarotonga; SEE ALSO Record 37
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Collins, B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s47.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;January&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 30&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.CK.4d&lt;br&gt;91.CK.4g&lt;br&gt;91.CK.4j&lt;br&gt;91.CK.8a&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;48 col. photos and negatives of coastal survey in Rarotonga; SEE ALSO Record 37&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Collins, B.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s48.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s48.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s48.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">August</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">August</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Trip Report 132</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Trip Report 132</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">92.KI.4d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">92.KI.4d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Col. photos of coastal structures in Tarawa, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Col. photos of coastal structures in Tarawa, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1992
+tag=262 data=August
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Trip Report 132
+tag=491 data=92.KI.4d
+tag=500 data=Col. photos of coastal structures in Tarawa, with negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s48.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1992&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;August&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Trip Report 132&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;92.KI.4d&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Col. photos of coastal structures in Tarawa, with negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sherwood, A.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s49.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s49.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s49.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.FJ.6a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.FJ.6a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">31 col. photos and negatives of the deployment of waverider buoy off Kadavu; SEE ALSO Record 34</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">31 col. photos and negatives of the deployment of waverider buoy off Kadavu; SEE ALSO Record 34</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=262 data=June
+tag=491 data=91.FJ.6a
+tag=500 data=31 col. photos and negatives of the deployment of waverider buoy off Kadavu; SEE ALSO Record 34
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s49.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;June&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.FJ.6a&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;31 col. photos and negatives of the deployment of waverider buoy off Kadavu; SEE ALSO Record 34&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sherwood, A.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Cruise Report 59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Cruise Report 59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">CCSP-1/CK-4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">CCSP-1/CK-4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Nearshore survey of Rarotonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Nearshore survey of Rarotonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1981
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Cruise Report 59
+tag=491 data=CCSP-1/CK-4
+tag=500 data=Nearshore survey of Rarotonga
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1981&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Cruise Report 59&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;CCSP-1/CK-4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Nearshore survey of Rarotonga&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s50.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s50.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s50.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">50</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Oct/Nov</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Oct/Nov</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">90.FJ.19g</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">90.FJ.19g</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">51 col. photos and negatives of the marine geophysical survey of the Yasawa Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">51 col. photos and negatives of the marine geophysical survey of the Yasawa Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990
+tag=262 data=Oct/Nov
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 29
+tag=491 data=90.FJ.19g
+tag=500 data=51 col. photos and negatives of the marine geophysical survey of the Yasawa Islands
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s50</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s50.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Oct/Nov&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 29&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;90.FJ.19g&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;51 col. photos and negatives of the marine geophysical survey of the Yasawa Islands&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Smith, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s51.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s51.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s51.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">March</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">March</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">90.VA.6a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">90.VA.6a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">20 col. photos and negatives of the bathymetric and morphology survey of Mele Bay</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">20 col. photos and negatives of the bathymetric and morphology survey of Mele Bay</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Vanuatu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990
+tag=262 data=March
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 126
+tag=491 data=90.VA.6a
+tag=500 data=20 col. photos and negatives of the bathymetric and morphology survey of Mele Bay
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s51.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;March&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 126&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;90.VA.6a&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;20 col. photos and negatives of the bathymetric and morphology survey of Mele Bay&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Vanuatu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Smith, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s52.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s52.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s52.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">52</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">February</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">February</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">92.WS.11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">92.WS.11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">6 sets of col. photos from the air photo survey of coastal areas in Upolu and Savai'i.  (NB: Set 3 negatives missing)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">6 sets of col. photos from the air photo survey of coastal areas in Upolu and Savai'i.  (NB: Set 3 negatives missing)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Western Samoa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.&lt;br&gt;Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1992
+tag=262 data=February
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 43
+tag=491 data=92.WS.11
+tag=500 data=6 sets of col. photos from the air photo survey of coastal areas in Upolu and Savai'i.  (NB: Set 3 negatives missing)
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.%Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s52</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s52.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1992&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;February&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 43&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;92.WS.11&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;6 sets of col. photos from the air photo survey of coastal areas in Upolu and Savai'i.  (NB: Set 3 negatives missing)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;br&gt;Gillie, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s53.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s53.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s53.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">53</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">[1989]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">[1989]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Our forests in the Solomon Islands / South Pacific Regional Environment Programme.  Noumea: South Pacific Commission.  48 col. slides and one cassette; shelved at AP 102 SPREP [1989]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Our forests in the Solomon Islands / South Pacific Regional Environment Programme.  Noumea: South Pacific Commission.  48 col. slides and one cassette; shelved at AP 102 SPREP [1989]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">GENERAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">GENERAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=[1989]
+tag=500 data=Our forests in the Solomon Islands / South Pacific Regional Environment Programme.  Noumea: South Pacific Commission.  48 col. slides and one cassette; shelved at AP 102 SPREP [1989]
+tag=650 data=GENERAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s53</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s53.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;[1989]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Our forests in the Solomon Islands / South Pacific Regional Environment Programme.  Noumea: South Pacific Commission.  48 col. slides and one cassette; shelved at AP 102 SPREP [1989]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;GENERAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s54.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s54.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s54.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">54</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Film 0395; 12 col. photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Film 0395; 12 col. photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Carter, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Carter, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1986
+tag=500 data=Film 0395; 12 col. photos and negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Carter, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s54</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s54.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1986&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Film 0395; 12 col. photos and negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Carter, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s55.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s55.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s55.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Film 0396; 12 col. photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Film 0396; 12 col. photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Carter, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Carter, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1986
+tag=500 data=Film 0396; 12 col. photos and negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Carter, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s55.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1986&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Film 0396; 12 col. photos and negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Carter, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s56.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s56.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s56.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">56</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Film 0397; 12 col. photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Film 0397; 12 col. photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Carter, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Carter, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1986
+tag=500 data=Film 0397; 12 col. photos and negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Carter, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s56</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s56.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1986&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Film 0397; 12 col. photos and negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Carter, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s57.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1986</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Film 0398; 11 col. photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Film 0398; 11 col. photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Carter, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Carter, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1986
+tag=500 data=Film 0398; 11 col. photos and negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Carter, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s57.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1986&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Film 0398; 11 col. photos and negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Carter, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s58.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">58</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">1 col. slide of Lihir Island; 16 col. slides of the Misima mine; and 29 col. slides of the Porgera mine</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">1 col. slide of Lihir Island; 16 col. slides of the Misima mine; and 29 col. slides of the Porgera mine</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Papua New Guinea</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Papua New Guinea&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Papua New Guinea&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Nagata, I.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Nagata, I.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1994
+tag=262 data=June
+tag=500 data=1 col. slide of Lihir Island; 16 col. slides of the Misima mine; and 29 col. slides of the Porgera mine
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Papua New Guinea&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Nagata, I.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s58</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s58.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1994&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;June&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1 col. slide of Lihir Island; 16 col. slides of the Misima mine; and 29 col. slides of the Porgera mine&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Papua New Guinea&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Nagata, I.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s59.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s59.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s59.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">August</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">August</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 167</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 167</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Films 4220, 4221, 4222, 4238, and 4239; 69 col. slides and col. photographs from the 1992 Coastal erosion survey covering Gilbert Islands, Tabiteueua north and south, Onotoa, Nonouti, Kuria and Abemama, including negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Films 4220, 4221, 4222, 4238, and 4239; 69 col. slides and col. photographs from the 1992 Coastal erosion survey covering Gilbert Islands, Tabiteueua north and south, Onotoa, Nonouti, Kuria and Abemama, including negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1992
+tag=262 data=August
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 167
+tag=500 data=Films 4220, 4221, 4222, 4238, and 4239; 69 col. slides and col. photographs from the 1992 Coastal erosion survey covering Gilbert Islands, Tabiteueua north and south, Onotoa, Nonouti, Kuria and Abemama, including negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s59.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1992&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;August&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 167&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Films 4220, 4221, 4222, 4238, and 4239; 69 col. slides and col. photographs from the 1992 Coastal erosion survey covering Gilbert Islands, Tabiteueua north and south, Onotoa, Nonouti, Kuria and Abemama, including negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Gillie, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1980</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1980</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Cruise Report 36%SOPAC Cruise Report 37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Cruise Report 36%SOPAC Cruise Report 37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">CCSP-1/KI-1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">CCSP-1/KI-2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">CCSP-1/KI-3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">CCSP-1/KI-1&lt;br&gt;CCSP-1/KI-2&lt;br&gt;CCSP-1/KI-3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Cruise KI-80-1, 80-2, 80-3; R/V Machias</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Cruise KI-80-1, 80-2, 80-3; R/V Machias</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1980
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Cruise Report 36%SOPAC Cruise Report 37
+tag=491 data=CCSP-1/KI-1%CCSP-1/KI-2%CCSP-1/KI-3
+tag=500 data=Cruise KI-80-1, 80-2, 80-3; R/V Machias
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s6.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1980&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Cruise Report 36%SOPAC Cruise Report 37&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;CCSP-1/KI-1&lt;br&gt;CCSP-1/KI-2&lt;br&gt;CCSP-1/KI-3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Cruise KI-80-1, 80-2, 80-3; R/V Machias&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s60.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s60.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s60.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">60</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1993</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1993</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">March/April</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">March/April</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 191</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 191</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Films 6284, 6285, 6286, 6287 and 6288; Col. photographs, including negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Films 6284, 6285, 6286, 6287 and 6288; Col. photographs, including negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1993
+tag=262 data=March/April
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 191
+tag=500 data=Films 6284, 6285, 6286, 6287 and 6288; Col. photographs, including negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s60</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s60.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1993&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;March/April&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 191&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Films 6284, 6285, 6286, 6287 and 6288; Col. photographs, including negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Gillie, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s61.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s61.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s61.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Pusher tug and barge construction, Tuvalu Borrow Pit Pilot Project - photographs taken in Suva; Col. photographs and 8 col. slides</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Pusher tug and barge construction, Tuvalu Borrow Pit Pilot Project - photographs taken in Suva; Col. photographs and 8 col. slides</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=500 data=Pusher tug and barge construction, Tuvalu Borrow Pit Pilot Project - photographs taken in Suva; Col. photographs and 8 col. slides
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s61.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Pusher tug and barge construction, Tuvalu Borrow Pit Pilot Project - photographs taken in Suva; Col. photographs and 8 col. slides&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sherwood, A.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s62.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s62.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s62.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">62</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">91.SI.17d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">91.SI.17d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Col. photographs of Ranadi Beach, Solomon Islands with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Col. photographs of Ranadi Beach, Solomon Islands with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=491 data=91.SI.17d
+tag=500 data=Col. photographs of Ranadi Beach, Solomon Islands with negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s62</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s62.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;91.SI.17d&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Col. photographs of Ranadi Beach, Solomon Islands with negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Gillie, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s63.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s63.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s63.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">63</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1992</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">92.KI.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">92.KI.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">South Tarawa air photo survey - oblique col. aerials, with negatives; and 47 col. slides</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">South Tarawa air photo survey - oblique col. aerials, with negatives; and 47 col. slides</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1992
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 136
+tag=491 data=92.KI.4
+tag=500 data=South Tarawa air photo survey - oblique col. aerials, with negatives; and 47 col. slides
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s63</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s63.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1992&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 136&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;92.KI.4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;South Tarawa air photo survey - oblique col. aerials, with negatives; and 47 col. slides&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Gillie, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s64.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">18 col. slides and col. photographs on coastal protection, and storm waves in Taveuni, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">18 col. slides and col. photographs on coastal protection, and storm waves in Taveuni, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=500 data=18 col. slides and col. photographs on coastal protection, and storm waves in Taveuni, with negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s64.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;18 col. slides and col. photographs on coastal protection, and storm waves in Taveuni, with negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sherwood, A.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s65.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s65.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s65.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">65</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1993</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1993</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">April</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">April</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Col. photographs of coastal erosion/protection problem between the Sheraton and Regent resorts, Nadi, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Col. photographs of coastal erosion/protection problem between the Sheraton and Regent resorts, Nadi, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Eade, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Eade, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1993
+tag=262 data=April
+tag=500 data=Col. photographs of coastal erosion/protection problem between the Sheraton and Regent resorts, Nadi, with negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Eade, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s65</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s65.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1993&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;April&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Col. photographs of coastal erosion/protection problem between the Sheraton and Regent resorts, Nadi, with negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Eade, J.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s66.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s66.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s66.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">66</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Col. photographs of coastal protection in the Suva area, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Col. photographs of coastal protection in the Suva area, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1994
+tag=500 data=Col. photographs of coastal protection in the Suva area, with negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Sherwood, A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s66</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s66.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1994&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Col. photographs of coastal protection in the Suva area, with negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sherwood, A.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s67.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s67.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s67.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">April 13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">April 13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Col. photographs from the 1994 APEA Conference, Sydney, Australia</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Col. photographs from the 1994 APEA Conference, Sydney, Australia</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">HYDROCARBONS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">HYDROCARBONS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Pacific Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Butler, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Butler, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1994
+tag=262 data=April 13
+tag=500 data=Col. photographs from the 1994 APEA Conference, Sydney, Australia
+tag=650 data=HYDROCARBONS
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Butler, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s67.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1994&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;April 13&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Col. photographs from the 1994 APEA Conference, Sydney, Australia&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;HYDROCARBONS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Butler, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s68.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s68.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s68.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">68</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1989</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1989</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">August 6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">August 6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">29 col. slides of sand and gravel survey; vibro airlift</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">29 col. slides of sand and gravel survey; vibro airlift</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1989
+tag=262 data=August 6
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 123
+tag=500 data=29 col. slides of sand and gravel survey; vibro airlift
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s68</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s68.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1989&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;August 6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 123&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;29 col. slides of sand and gravel survey; vibro airlift&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Smith, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s69.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s69.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s69.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">69</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Col. photographs of Matepono River mouth gold/heavy mineral sampling</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Col. photographs of Matepono River mouth gold/heavy mineral sampling</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Collins, W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Collins, W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=500 data=Col. photographs of Matepono River mouth gold/heavy mineral sampling
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Collins, W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s69</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s69.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Col. photographs of Matepono River mouth gold/heavy mineral sampling&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Collins, W.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1980</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1980</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">4 col. slides of beach erosion in Tarawa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">4 col. slides of beach erosion in Tarawa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1980
+tag=262 data=December
+tag=500 data=4 col. slides of beach erosion in Tarawa
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s7.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1980&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;December&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;4 col. slides of beach erosion in Tarawa&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s70.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s70.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s70.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">70</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1993</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1993</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">February</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">February</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Col. photographs of Qualimare limestone, Sigatoka Valley, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Col. photographs of Qualimare limestone, Sigatoka Valley, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">HYDROCARBONS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">HYDROCARBONS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Rodd, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Rodd, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1993
+tag=262 data=February
+tag=500 data=Col. photographs of Qualimare limestone, Sigatoka Valley, with negatives
+tag=650 data=HYDROCARBONS
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Rodd, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s70</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s70.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1993&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;February&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Col. photographs of Qualimare limestone, Sigatoka Valley, with negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;HYDROCARBONS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Rodd, J.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s71.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s71.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s71.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">3 col. slides of sampling Pemba formation, west Choiseul, Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">3 col. slides of sampling Pemba formation, west Choiseul, Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">HYDROCARBONS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">HYDROCARBONS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=[nd]
+tag=500 data=3 col. slides of sampling Pemba formation, west Choiseul, Solomon Islands
+tag=650 data=HYDROCARBONS
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s71.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;[nd]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;3 col. slides of sampling Pemba formation, west Choiseul, Solomon Islands&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;HYDROCARBONS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s72.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s72.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s72.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">10 col. slides of hydrocarbon potential of the Southwest Pacific</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">10 col. slides of hydrocarbon potential of the Southwest Pacific</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">HYDROCARBONS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">HYDROCARBONS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Pacific Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Barclay, W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Barclay, W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=[nd]
+tag=500 data=10 col. slides of hydrocarbon potential of the Southwest Pacific
+tag=650 data=HYDROCARBONS
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Barclay, W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s72.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;[nd]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;10 col. slides of hydrocarbon potential of the Southwest Pacific&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;HYDROCARBONS&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Barclay, W.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s73.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s73.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s73.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">73</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Black &amp; white photographs of damage following Cyclone Ofa, including negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Black &amp; white photographs of damage following Cyclone Ofa, including negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Western Samoa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990
+tag=500 data=Black &amp; white photographs of damage following Cyclone Ofa, including negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s73</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s73.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Black &amp; white photographs of damage following Cyclone Ofa, including negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s74.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s74.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s74.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 104</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 104</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Col. photographs of coastal damage after Cyclone Ofa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Col. photographs of coastal damage after Cyclone Ofa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Western Samoa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Rearic, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Rearic, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 104
+tag=500 data=Col. photographs of coastal damage after Cyclone Ofa
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Rearic, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s74.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 104&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Col. photographs of coastal damage after Cyclone Ofa&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Rearic, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s75.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s75.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s75.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">90.CK.10a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">90.CK.10a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Photographs of Muri Lagoon samples</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Photographs of Muri Lagoon samples</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Cook Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Collins, W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Collins, W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990
+tag=491 data=90.CK.10a
+tag=500 data=Photographs of Muri Lagoon samples
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Collins, W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s75.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;90.CK.10a&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Photographs of Muri Lagoon samples&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Cook Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Collins, W.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s76.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s76.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s76.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">76</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1991</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">33 col. slides for Library/Information presentation</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">33 col. slides for Library/Information presentation</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">INFORMATION</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Secretariat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Collins, W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Collins, W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1991
+tag=500 data=33 col. slides for Library/Information presentation
+tag=650 data=INFORMATION
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Collins, W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s76</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s76.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1991&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;33 col. slides for Library/Information presentation&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;INFORMATION&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Secretariat&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Collins, W.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s77.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s77.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s77.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1987</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1987</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 82</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 82</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">87.KI.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">87.KI.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">16 col. photographs of the Nippon Causeway, south Tarawa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">16 col. photographs of the Nippon Causeway, south Tarawa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Harper, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Harper, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1987
+tag=262 data=September
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 82
+tag=491 data=87.KI.4
+tag=500 data=16 col. photographs of the Nippon Causeway, south Tarawa
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Harper, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s77.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1987&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;September&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 82&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;87.KI.4&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;16 col. photographs of the Nippon Causeway, south Tarawa&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Harper, J.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s78.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">78</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">August</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">August</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">90.SI.17f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">90.SI.17f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">7 col. oblique aerials of Honiara; 49 col. slides; and 32 col. photographs of Ranadi Beach, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">7 col. oblique aerials of Honiara; 49 col. slides; and 32 col. photographs of Ranadi Beach, with negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1990
+tag=262 data=August
+tag=491 data=90.SI.17f
+tag=500 data=7 col. oblique aerials of Honiara; 49 col. slides; and 32 col. photographs of Ranadi Beach, with negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Gillie, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s78</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s78.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1990&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;August&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;90.SI.17f&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;7 col. oblique aerials of Honiara; 49 col. slides; and 32 col. photographs of Ranadi Beach, with negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Gillie, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s79.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s79.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s79.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">79</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">1 black &amp; white photography of Kaul Gena (UPNG) and Alex Ortega-Osorio (Univ. of Toronto) preparing CTD for launching to detect hydrothermal plumes in the Manus Basin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">1 black &amp; white photography of Kaul Gena (UPNG) and Alex Ortega-Osorio (Univ. of Toronto) preparing CTD for launching to detect hydrothermal plumes in the Manus Basin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Papua New Guinea</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Papua New Guinea&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Papua New Guinea&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Taylor, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Taylor, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=500 data=1 black &amp; white photography of Kaul Gena (UPNG) and Alex Ortega-Osorio (Univ. of Toronto) preparing CTD for launching to detect hydrothermal plumes in the Manus Basin
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Papua New Guinea&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Taylor, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s79</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s79.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1 black &amp; white photography of Kaul Gena (UPNG) and Alex Ortega-Osorio (Univ. of Toronto) preparing CTD for launching to detect hydrothermal plumes in the Manus Basin&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Papua New Guinea&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Taylor, C.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">[nd]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">1 photo, undated, labelled &quot;chromite survey&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">1 photo, undated, labelled &quot;chromite survey&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">ONSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">ONSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=[nd]
+tag=500 data=1 photo, undated, labelled &quot;chromite survey&quot;
+tag=650 data=ONSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;[nd]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1 photo, undated, labelled &quot;chromite survey&quot;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;ONSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s80.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s80.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s80.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">80</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1976-81</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1976-81</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Cruise Reports 2, 3, 4, 11, 24, 26, 36, 37, 38, 42, 43, and 49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Cruise Reports 2, 3, 4, 11, 24, 26, 36, 37, 38, 42, 43, and 49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Sea bottom photograph file of cruises conducted in the waters of Cook Islands, Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Western Samoa between 1976 and 1981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Sea bottom photograph file of cruises conducted in the waters of Cook Islands, Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Western Samoa between 1976 and 1981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Pacific Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1976-81
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Cruise Reports 2, 3, 4, 11, 24, 26, 36, 37, 38, 42, 43, and 49
+tag=500 data=Sea bottom photograph file of cruises conducted in the waters of Cook Islands, Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Western Samoa between 1976 and 1981
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s80</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s80.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1976-81&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Cruise Reports 2, 3, 4, 11, 24, 26, 36, 37, 38, 42, 43, and 49&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Sea bottom photograph file of cruises conducted in the waters of Cook Islands, Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Western Samoa between 1976 and 1981&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Pacific Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s81.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s81.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s81.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">81</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Filing album. The cooperative study project on the Deepsea Mineral Resources in selected areas of the SOPAC region (Volume I) in the sea area of the Kingdom of Tonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Filing album. The cooperative study project on the Deepsea Mineral Resources in selected areas of the SOPAC region (Volume I) in the sea area of the Kingdom of Tonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">OFFSHORE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=500 data=Filing album. The cooperative study project on the Deepsea Mineral Resources in selected areas of the SOPAC region (Volume I) in the sea area of the Kingdom of Tonga
+tag=650 data=OFFSHORE
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s81</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s81.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Filing album. The cooperative study project on the Deepsea Mineral Resources in selected areas of the SOPAC region (Volume I) in the sea area of the Kingdom of Tonga&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;OFFSHORE&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s82.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s82.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s82.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">82</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 228</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 228</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Kosrae, Pilyuum Channel, Lelu Causeway - airphoto, reef pavement, mangrove. 144 slides, photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Kosrae, Pilyuum Channel, Lelu Causeway - airphoto, reef pavement, mangrove. 144 slides, photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=December
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 228
+tag=500 data=Kosrae, Pilyuum Channel, Lelu Causeway - airphoto, reef pavement, mangrove. 144 slides, photos and negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s82</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s82.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;December&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 228&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Kosrae, Pilyuum Channel, Lelu Causeway - airphoto, reef pavement, mangrove. 144 slides, photos and negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia - Kosrae&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Xue, C.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s83.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s83.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s83.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">83</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 234</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 234</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Amatuku, Funafuti, Causeway, shoreline retreat. 10 slides</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Amatuku, Funafuti, Causeway, shoreline retreat. 10 slides</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu - Amatuku</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Amatuku&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Amatuku&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 234
+tag=500 data=Amatuku, Funafuti, Causeway, shoreline retreat. 10 slides
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Amatuku&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s83</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s83.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 234&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Amatuku, Funafuti, Causeway, shoreline retreat. 10 slides&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Amatuku&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Xue, C.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s84.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s84.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s84.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">84</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 231, SOPAC Preliminary Report 84</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 231, SOPAC Preliminary Report 84</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">FJ 1.1/95</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">FJ 1.1/95</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Tavua, Vibro jet-airlift, HV Babale, stable drilling, hand panning. See TR 231, LR 84 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Tavua, Vibro jet-airlift, HV Babale, stable drilling, hand panning. See TR 231, LR 84 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Pratt, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Pratt, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=December
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 231, SOPAC Preliminary Report 84
+tag=491 data=FJ 1.1/95
+tag=500 data=Tavua, Vibro jet-airlift, HV Babale, stable drilling, hand panning. See TR 231, LR 84 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Pratt, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s84</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s84.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;December&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 231, SOPAC Preliminary Report 84&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;FJ 1.1/95&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Tavua, Vibro jet-airlift, HV Babale, stable drilling, hand panning. See TR 231, LR 84 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Pratt, C.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s85.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s85.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s85.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">February</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">February</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 237, SOPAC Preliminary Report 85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 237, SOPAC Preliminary Report 85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">9601/TO11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">9601/TO11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Vava'u, Koloa Island beach mining, aerial view - Faioa Island - sand pit</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Vava'u, Koloa Island beach mining, aerial view - Faioa Island - sand pit</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=262 data=February
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 237, SOPAC Preliminary Report 85
+tag=491 data=9601/TO11
+tag=500 data=Vava'u, Koloa Island beach mining, aerial view - Faioa Island - sand pit
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s85.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;February&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 237, SOPAC Preliminary Report 85&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;9601/TO11&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Vava'u, Koloa Island beach mining, aerial view - Faioa Island - sand pit&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Smith, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s86.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s86.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s86.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 233</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 233</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Reef platform. See TR 233 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Reef platform. See TR 233 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Niue</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Niue&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Niue&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 233
+tag=500 data=Reef platform. See TR 233 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Niue&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s86.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 233&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Reef platform. See TR 233 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Niue&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s87.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s87.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s87.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">87</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">December</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 76</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 76</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">See LR 76 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">See LR 76 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Western Samoa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1994
+tag=262 data=December
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 76
+tag=500 data=See LR 76 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s87</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215004</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s87.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1994&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;December&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 76&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;See LR 76 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s88.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s88.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s88.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">88</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Jan-Feb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Jan-Feb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 88</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 88</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Majuro. See LR 88 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Majuro. See LR 88 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Marshall Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1997
+tag=262 data=Jan-Feb
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 88
+tag=500 data=Majuro. See LR 88 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s88</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215004</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s88.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1997&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Jan-Feb&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 88&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Majuro. See LR 88 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s89.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s89.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s89.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">89</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1996</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">FM 13/9601</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">FM 13/9601</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Pohnpei. See LR 86 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Pohnpei. See LR 86 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Federated States of Micronesia</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1996
+tag=262 data=June
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 86
+tag=491 data=FM 13/9601
+tag=500 data=Pohnpei. See LR 86 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Woodward, P.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s89</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215004</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s89.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1996&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;June&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 86&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;FM 13/9601&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Pohnpei. See LR 86 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Federated States of Micronesia&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Woodward, P.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1980</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1980</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">September</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Cruise Report 45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Cruise Report 45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">CCSP-1/TG.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">CCSP-1/TG.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Cruise TG-80-2; 1 photo of airlift</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Cruise TG-80-2; 1 photo of airlift</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Gauss, G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Gauss, G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1980
+tag=262 data=September
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Cruise Report 45
+tag=491 data=CCSP-1/TG.6
+tag=500 data=Cruise TG-80-2; 1 photo of airlift
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Gauss, G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395214999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1980&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;September&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Cruise Report 45&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;CCSP-1/TG.6&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Cruise TG-80-2; 1 photo of airlift&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Gauss, G.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s90.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s90.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s90.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">90</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May-June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May-June</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Preliminary Report 83</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Preliminary Report 83</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Natadola beach, coring. See LR 83 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Natadola beach, coring. See LR 83 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Fiji</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=May-June
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Preliminary Report 83
+tag=500 data=Natadola beach, coring. See LR 83 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Forbes, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s90</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215004</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s90.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May-June&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Preliminary Report 83&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Natadola beach, coring. See LR 83 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Fiji&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Forbes, D.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s91.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s91.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s91.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">91</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 212</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 212</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Funafuti. Borrow pits. See TR 212 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Funafuti. Borrow pits. See TR 212 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 212
+tag=500 data=Funafuti. Borrow pits. See TR 212 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s91</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215004</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s91.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 212&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Funafuti. Borrow pits. See TR 212 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Smith, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s92.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s92.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s92.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">92</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 213</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 213</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Matepono River, Tetere Bay, gold panning, magnetite concentration, magnetometer survey. See TR 213 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Matepono River, Tetere Bay, gold panning, magnetite concentration, magnetometer survey. See TR 213 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Lum, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Lum, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1994
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 213
+tag=500 data=Matepono River, Tetere Bay, gold panning, magnetite concentration, magnetometer survey. See TR 213 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Lum, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s92</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215004</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s92.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1994&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 213&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Matepono River, Tetere Bay, gold panning, magnetite concentration, magnetometer survey. See TR 213 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Lum, J.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s93.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s93.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s93.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">93</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Mar-Apr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Mar-Apr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 215</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 215</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Mining aggregate, suction dredging. See TR 215 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Mining aggregate, suction dredging. See TR 215 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Marshall Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1994
+tag=262 data=Mar-Apr
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 215
+tag=500 data=Mining aggregate, suction dredging. See TR 215 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s93</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215004</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s93.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1994&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Mar-Apr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 215&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Mining aggregate, suction dredging. See TR 215 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Marshall Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Smith, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s94.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s94.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s94.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">94</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">[1995]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">[1995]</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 216</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 216</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Funafuti. Pilot dredging. See TR 216 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Funafuti. Pilot dredging. See TR 216 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=[1995]
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 216
+tag=500 data=Funafuti. Pilot dredging. See TR 216 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s94</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215004</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s94.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;[1995]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 216&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Funafuti. Pilot dredging. See TR 216 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Smith, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s95.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s95.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s95.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">95</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1994</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">July</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">July</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 217</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 217</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">KI 9401</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">KI 9401</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Tarawa. Dredging - Fiji Industries. See TR 217 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Tarawa. Dredging - Fiji Industries. See TR 217 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Kiribati</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1994
+tag=262 data=July
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 217
+tag=491 data=KI 9401
+tag=500 data=Tarawa. Dredging - Fiji Industries. See TR 217 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s95</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215004</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s95.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1994&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;July&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 217&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;KI 9401&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Tarawa. Dredging - Fiji Industries. See TR 217 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Kiribati&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Smith, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s96.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s96.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s96.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">96</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Aug-Sept</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Aug-Sept</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 218</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 218</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">TG 13/95.02</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">TG 13/95.02</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Tongatapu. Sokkia set, sand mining, beach erosion. See TR 218 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Tongatapu. Sokkia set, sand mining, beach erosion. See TR 218 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Kitekei'aho, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Kitekei'aho, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=Aug-Sept
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 218
+tag=491 data=TG 13/95.02
+tag=500 data=Tongatapu. Sokkia set, sand mining, beach erosion. See TR 218 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Kitekei'aho, T.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s96</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215004</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s96.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Aug-Sept&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 218&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;TG 13/95.02&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Tongatapu. Sokkia set, sand mining, beach erosion. See TR 218 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tonga&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Kitekei'aho, T.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s97.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s97.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s97.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">97</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Apr-May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Apr-May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 221</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 221</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Fongafale. Funafuti. Beach erosion. 12 slides, photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Fongafale. Funafuti. Beach erosion. 12 slides, photos and negatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Tuvalu - Fongafale</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Fongafale&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Fongafale&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=Apr-May
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 221
+tag=500 data=Fongafale. Funafuti. Beach erosion. 12 slides, photos and negatives
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Fongafale&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Xue, C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s97</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215004</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s97.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Apr-May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 221&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Fongafale. Funafuti. Beach erosion. 12 slides, photos and negatives&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Tuvalu - Fongafale&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Xue, C.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s98.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s98.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s98.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">Mar-Apr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">Mar-Apr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 222, SOPAC Preliminary Report 79</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 222, SOPAC Preliminary Report 79</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">SI 1.1/95</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">SI 1.1/95</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Tetere Bay, magnetometer survey lines, augering, gold samples. See TR 222, LR 79 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Tetere Bay, magnetometer survey lines, augering, gold samples. See TR 222, LR 79 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Solomon Islands</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Lum, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Lum, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=Mar-Apr
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 222, SOPAC Preliminary Report 79
+tag=491 data=SI 1.1/95
+tag=500 data=Tetere Bay, magnetometer survey lines, augering, gold samples. See TR 222, LR 79 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Lum, J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s98.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Mar-Apr&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 222, SOPAC Preliminary Report 79&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SI 1.1/95&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Tetere Bay, magnetometer survey lines, augering, gold samples. See TR 222, LR 79 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Solomon Islands&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Lum, J.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s99.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s99.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s99.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">ascii</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">slide.mst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">99</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ISISPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Year^all">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MonthDate^all">May</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport">SOPAC Technical Report 223</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SOPACReport^all">SOPAC Technical Report 223</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber">95.WS11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="TaskNumber^all">95.WS11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes">Vaiusu Bay. Jet probing, dredging. See TR 223 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Notes^all">Vaiusu Bay. Jet probing, dredging. See TR 223 master file</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Program^all">COASTAL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^sub">Western Samoa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Country^all">&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Photographer^all">Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ISISRawRecord">tag=260 data=1995
+tag=262 data=May
+tag=440 data=SOPAC Technical Report 223
+tag=491 data=95.WS11
+tag=500 data=Vaiusu Bay. Jet probing, dredging. See TR 223 master file
+tag=650 data=COASTAL
+tag=651 data=&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;
+tag=700 data=Smith, R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">CDS/ISIS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s99</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1/674e48d8/14b7ea72/b5c1s99.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Year&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;1995&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Month &amp; Date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;May&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;SOPAC Report #&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;SOPAC Technical Report 223&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Task number&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;95.WS11&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Vaiusu Bay. Jet probing, dredging. See TR 223 master file&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Program&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;COASTAL&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Country&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&amp;lt;Western Samoa&amp;gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;&lt;nobr&gt;&lt;b&gt;Photographer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nobr&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=top&gt;Smith, R.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s10</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s12</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s13</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s16</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s18</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s20</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s22</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s24</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s28</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s29</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s30</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s32</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s33</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s34</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s38</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s39</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s40</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s41</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s44</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s46</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s48</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s49</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s50</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s51</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s52</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s53</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s54</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s56</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s57</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s58</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s59</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s60</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s62</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s64</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s65</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s66</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s68</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s69</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s70</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s71</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s72</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s73</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s74</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s76</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s77</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s78</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s79</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s80</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s81</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s82</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s83</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s87</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s88</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s89</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s91</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s92</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s93</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s94</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s95</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s96</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s97</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s98</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s99</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s100</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s101</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s102</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s103</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s104</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s105</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s106</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s107</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s108</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s109</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s110</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s111</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s112</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s113</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s114</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s115</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s116</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s117</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s118</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s120</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s121</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s122</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s123</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s124</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s125</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s126</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s127</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s128</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s129</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s130</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s131</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s132</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s133</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s134</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s135</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s136</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s137</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s138</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s139</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s140</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s141</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s142</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s143</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s144</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s145</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s146</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s147</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s148</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s149</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s150</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s151</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s152</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s153</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s154</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s155</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s156</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s157</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s158</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s159</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s160</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s161</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s162</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s163</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s164</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s165</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s166</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s167</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s168</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s169</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s170</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s171</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s172</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s173</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s174</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s175</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s176</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s177</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s178</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s179</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s180</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s181</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s182</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s183</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s184</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s185</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s186</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s187</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s188</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s189</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s190</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s191</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s193</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s194</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s195</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s196</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s197</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215014
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395214996
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	Photographer^all->PH	Country^all->CU	Notes^all->NO
+indexfields	text	Photographer^all	Country^all	Notes^all
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	text;Photographer^all;Country^all;Notes^all;->idx
+indexstem	CDS-ISIS
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	121127
+numdocs	197
+numsections	197
+stemindexes	0
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/CDS-ISIS/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s10</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s12</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s13</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s16</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s18</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s20</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s22</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s24</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s28</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s29</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s30</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s32</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s33</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s34</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s38</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s39</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s40</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s41</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s44</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s46</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s48</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s49</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s50</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s51</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s52</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s53</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s54</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s56</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s57</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s58</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s59</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s60</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s62</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s64</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s65</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s66</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s68</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s69</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s70</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s71</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s72</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s73</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s74</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s76</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s77</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s78</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s79</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s80</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s81</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s82</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s83</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s87</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s88</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s89</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s91</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s92</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s93</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s94</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s95</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s96</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s97</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s98</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s99</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s100</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s101</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s102</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s103</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s104</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s105</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s106</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s107</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s108</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s109</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s110</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s111</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s112</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s113</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s114</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s115</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s116</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s117</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s118</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s120</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s121</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s122</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s123</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s124</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s125</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s126</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s127</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s128</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s129</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s130</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s131</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s132</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s133</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s134</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s135</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s136</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s137</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s138</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s139</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s140</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s141</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s142</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s143</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s144</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s145</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s146</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s147</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s148</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s149</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s150</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s151</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s152</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s153</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s154</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s155</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s156</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s157</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s158</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s159</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s160</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s161</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s162</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s163</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s164</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s165</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s166</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s167</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s168</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s169</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s170</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s171</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s172</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s173</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s174</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s175</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s176</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s177</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s178</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s179</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s180</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s181</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s182</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s183</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s184</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s185</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s186</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s187</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s188</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s189</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s190</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s191</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s193</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s194</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s195</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s196</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1674e48d814b7ea72b5c1s197</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">biblio_for_dl_scientometrics.do</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215016_1/pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215016_1/pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215016_1/pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">35935</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">pdf03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, S.J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Applications for Bibliometric Research in the Emerging Digital Libraries</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/import</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:08+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">35935</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">1999:09:27 16:05:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Microsoft Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat PDFWriter 2.0 for Macintosh</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Title">biblio_for_dl_scientometrics.do</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Applications for Bibliometric Research&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;in the Emerging Digital Libraries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Sally Jo Cunningham&lt;br&gt;
+Department of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;
+University of Waikato&lt;br&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+email:  sallyjo@waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Abstract:&lt;/b&gt;  Large numbers of research documents have recently become available on&lt;br&gt;
+the Internet through  âdigital librariesâ, and these collections are seeing high levels of&lt;br&gt;
+use  by  their  related  research  communities.  A  secondary    use  for  these  document&lt;br&gt;
+repositories and indexes is as a platform for bibliometric research.  We examine the&lt;br&gt;
+extent to which the new digital libraries support conventional bibliometric analysis, and&lt;br&gt;
+discuss  shortcomings  in  their  current  forms.    Interestingly,  these  electronic  text&lt;br&gt;
+archives also provide opportunities for new types of studies:  generally the full text of&lt;br&gt;
+documents are available for analysis, giving a finer grain of insight than abstract-only&lt;br&gt;
+online databases;  these repositories often contain technical reports or pre-prints, the&lt;br&gt;
+âgrey  literatureâ  that  has  been  previously  unavailable  for  analysis;  and  document&lt;br&gt;
+âusageâ  can  be  measured  directly  by  recording  user  accesses,  rather  than  studied&lt;br&gt;
+indirectly through document references.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1.  Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+In recent years a number of &amp;quot;digital libraries&amp;quot; have become available through the&lt;br&gt;
+Internet.  While the technology promises in the future to support large, heterogenous&lt;br&gt;
+collections, at present the most widely used of the academically-focussed digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries are generally repositories of one or two types of document (typically technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports, journal articles, pre-prints, or conference proceedings), grouped by discipline.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A distinguishing characteristic of these digital libraries is that the full text of documents&lt;br&gt;
+are often available for retrieval, as well as bibliographic records.The sciences are&lt;br&gt;
+represented much more heavily in the present crop of digital libraries than the social&lt;br&gt;
+sciences, arts, or humanities. They are maintained by professional societies,&lt;br&gt;
+universities, research laboratories, and even private individuals.  Access is generally&lt;br&gt;
+free, both to search and to download documents.&lt;br&gt;
+The emergence of these subject-specific digital libraries is particularly important&lt;br&gt;
+given the pattern of access to materials presently employed by research scientists.&lt;br&gt;
+Informal exchanges of preprints, reprints, and photocopies of papers passed on by&lt;br&gt;
+colleagues currently are major venues for the transmission of scientific information&lt;br&gt;
+between researchers in the sciences.  In one study, the dependence on these sources&lt;br&gt;
+ranges from 12% (for chemistry)  to 39% (for mathematics) of all papers cited in&lt;br&gt;
+researchers' own publications [11]. A qualitative study of study of how computer&lt;br&gt;
+scientists locate and retrieve documents (computing is one of the domains considered&lt;br&gt;
+later in this paper) indicates that for that field, technical reports and research documents&lt;br&gt;
+found in various locations on the Internet are a preferred source of information [6].&lt;br&gt;
+Many of the digital library systems discussed in this paper are repositories for just this&lt;br&gt;
+type of literature.  The documents tend to be of high quality:  primarily  technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports or working papers from research institutions (both academic and commercial),&lt;br&gt;
+as well as advance copies of work accepted for publication in conventional paper&lt;br&gt;
+journals. Moreover, these digital libraries are also coming to include refereed work&lt;br&gt;
+published digitally (in electronic journals).  Anecdotal evidence suggests that in their&lt;br&gt;
+fields, these digital libraries are coming to be the resource of choice for locating cutting&lt;br&gt;
+edge work.&lt;br&gt;
+For specialized subjects such as high energy physics, this dependence on&lt;br&gt;
+informal or extra-library dissemination can be much higher. Ginsparg ([9], [10])&lt;br&gt;
+reports that fields in physics have traditionally relied heavily on preprint exchanges, and&lt;br&gt;
+the digital repositories of physics preprints begun in 1991 (the PHYSICS E-PRINT&lt;br&gt;
+ARCHIVES) have to a large extent supplanted conventional publishing and physical&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=3&gt;&lt;/a&gt;paper mailing of technical reports.  By providing ready access to information sources&lt;br&gt;
+that are already preferentially utilized by scientists, the digital libraries show potential to&lt;br&gt;
+increase access to information that until recently was expensive or difficult to acquire in&lt;br&gt;
+paper form.  Indeed, in some fields (most notably physics) this process has already&lt;br&gt;
+begun, as researchers in less developed countries report access to ongoing research&lt;br&gt;
+through the Internet repositories that their local libraries could not afford to acquire&lt;br&gt;
+through conventional journal subscriptions ([9], [10]).&lt;br&gt;
+The primary use for new bibliographic resources is, of course, for the contents&lt;br&gt;
+of the documents involved.  A secondary use for emerging resources is as a basis for&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric analysis of the subject field.  With the conventionally published scientific&lt;br&gt;
+literature, the sheer difficulty of accumulating statistics discouraged bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+research until the advent of large bibliographic databases in the 1960's. Computerized&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases sparked a significant increase in the number of large-scale&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic studies, as significant portions of the collection and analysis of data could&lt;br&gt;
+be automated ([12], [13]).  The availability of CD-ROM versions of bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+databases has been of particular importance, since they provide a cheaper alternative to&lt;br&gt;
+the online commercial databases [3].&lt;br&gt;
+These computerized bibliographic resources have drawbacks, however.  The&lt;br&gt;
+greatest is that the full text of documents are rarely available, and even abstracts are not&lt;br&gt;
+always present.  This obviously limits the types of bibliometric research that can be&lt;br&gt;
+conducted &lt;i&gt;solely&lt;/i&gt; through these databases.  In addition, these databases are generally&lt;br&gt;
+limited to formally published documents (those appearing in selected books, journals,&lt;br&gt;
+and conference proceedings).  The &amp;quot;grey literature&amp;quot; of technical reports, pre-prints, and&lt;br&gt;
+other works not formally published are largely ignored, and it is this absence of easy&lt;br&gt;
+access to these documents that has hampered the analysis of these important forms of&lt;br&gt;
+scientific communication.&lt;br&gt;
+The digital libraries currently in existence complement the online and CD-ROM&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases.  They are best suited for examinations of the &amp;quot;physical&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+characteristics of documents (for example, document length), analysis based on&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=4&gt;&lt;/a&gt;bibliographic information that can be automatically extracted from the document text or&lt;br&gt;
+the sometimes unevenly formatted bibliographic records (such as obsolescence&lt;br&gt;
+studies),  and usage studies (geographic or institutional origin of users, date/time of&lt;br&gt;
+access, individual patterns of document retrieval, etc.).  Because  references are present&lt;br&gt;
+in the document file but not identified by field, co-citation and bibliographic coupling&lt;br&gt;
+research is not well-supported, and conducting these studies requires considerable&lt;br&gt;
+effort on the part of the researcher.&lt;br&gt;
+The variety of bibliographic repositories in the available digital libraries in itself&lt;br&gt;
+has great potential in conducting bibliometric research.  Sigogneau et al [15] present a&lt;br&gt;
+case study illustrating the ways in which the strengths of different databases can be&lt;br&gt;
+played off each other; they conduct a fine-grained analysis of the emergence of research&lt;br&gt;
+fronts in molecular and cellular biology, and demonstrate that the observations gleaned&lt;br&gt;
+from two complementary bibliographic databases provide greater insight into their&lt;br&gt;
+problem. Similarly, it appears that  the types of bibliographic data that can be gleaned&lt;br&gt;
+from the relatively unstructured digital libraries can be profitably combined with data&lt;br&gt;
+from online databases, CD-ROMS, and other more conventional bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+resources.&lt;br&gt;
+This paper is organized as follows:  Section 2 discusses the types of indexing&lt;br&gt;
+and searching available with current digital libraries; Section 3 gives examples of&lt;br&gt;
+conventional bibliometric techniques applied to Internet-accessible archives; Section 4&lt;br&gt;
+discusses opportunities to directly measure usage of documents and to detect&lt;br&gt;
+information-seeking patterns in researchers; and Section 5 presents our conclusions.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;2.  Indexing and searching in current digital libraries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+At present, the types of indexing fields for most academically-oriented digital&lt;br&gt;
+library systems are limited.  Many schemes index on user-supplied document&lt;br&gt;
+descriptions, abstracts, or similar document surrogates (for example, the PHYSICS E-&lt;br&gt;
+PRINT ARCHIVE [10], a collection of physics pre-prints and technical reports). As will&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=5&gt;&lt;/a&gt;be discussed below, the quality of this user-provided data can be highly variable, and&lt;br&gt;
+may unfavorably impact the usefulness of the index for searching. Alternatively, a&lt;br&gt;
+designated site librarian may maintain a catalog (eg, the WATERS [14] system, now&lt;br&gt;
+subsumed by NCSTRL (http://www.ncstrl.org/), both primarily collections of&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical reports);  in this case the quality of the bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+information may be expedited to be higher, but fewer sites will be likely to support&lt;br&gt;
+such a librarian and therefore fewer documents are likely to be included in the digital&lt;br&gt;
+library. In a âharvestingâ system such as the computer science technical report&lt;br&gt;
+collections supported by HARVEST  [2] or the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical report collection ([16], [17]), documents are indexed from&lt;br&gt;
+passive repositories (that may not even be aware that their documents are being&lt;br&gt;
+included in the digital library). Harvesting systems therefore cannot rely on the&lt;br&gt;
+presence of bibliographic data of any sort.&lt;br&gt;
+Because of the relative paucity of high-quality bibliographic data available to&lt;br&gt;
+many of the current academically- or research-focussed digital library collections, their&lt;br&gt;
+search interfaces tend to be more primitive than those ordinarily found in online&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases or library catalogs.  Systems such as NCSTRL can support&lt;br&gt;
+author, title, and subject searching, but  this more sophisticated search functionality&lt;br&gt;
+comes at the expense of requiring participating repositories to use specific software.  As&lt;br&gt;
+a consequence, these latter systems may provide access to a small number of sites than&lt;br&gt;
+harvesting systems. Harvesters may access a broader range of providers, but at the&lt;br&gt;
+penalty of being limited to unfielded, keyword searches over the raw text of the&lt;br&gt;
+document or document surrogate.&lt;br&gt;
+Specifically, the indexing in existing digital libraries has a variety of shortcomings for&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric applications:&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;lack of fielded indexing:&lt;/i&gt;   As noted above, some large and widely used digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries (such as the computer science technical report collection of the  NEW&lt;br&gt;
+ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY) may lack formal cataloging entirely, and rely on&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=6&gt;&lt;/a&gt;keyword searching over the raw document text. Obviously this  makes  field-&lt;br&gt;
+dependent analysis more difficult (for example, locating documents produced by&lt;br&gt;
+specific authors), and in the worst case my require a manual examination of all&lt;br&gt;
+files in the collection in order to reliably identify a desired document subset.&lt;br&gt;
+However, keyword search techniques that approximate fielded searching results&lt;br&gt;
+may suffice:  for example in the  NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY computer&lt;br&gt;
+science technical report collection,  limiting the keyword search for âJohnsonâ&lt;br&gt;
+to a search of first pages only is likely to retrieve documents written by Johnson&lt;br&gt;
+(since for the  majority  of  computer  science  technical  reports,  the  first  page&lt;br&gt;
+contains little more than author, title, date, and institution details).&lt;br&gt;
+A more principled  approach to extracting bibliographic information is embodied&lt;br&gt;
+in  the  CiteSeer  tool  [1].  This  software  parses  raw,  unfielded  academic&lt;br&gt;
+documents and attempts to identify such indexing information as author, title,&lt;br&gt;
+reference list, etc. Obviously such a tool cannot attain 100% accuracy over a&lt;br&gt;
+heterogenous document collection, but in practice it appears useful in that it can&lt;br&gt;
+make a good first pass in processing a set of documents, providing an initial set&lt;br&gt;
+of parsed documents for analysis. The remaining (presumably much smaller) set&lt;br&gt;
+of unparsable documents can then be dealt with manually.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;lack of consistency in field formatting:&lt;/i&gt;  Current digital libraries usually acquire&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic  information  from  either  the  authors  of  submitted  articles  or&lt;br&gt;
+automatic extraction routines (retrieving bibliographic details from catalog files&lt;br&gt;
+that may or may not be in a given document site, and that may or may not be in&lt;br&gt;
+an  easily  parsable  form).  Neither  of  these  methods  produce  records  with&lt;br&gt;
+standard  formatting,  which  causes  problems  with  automated  bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+analysis.   Consider the following examples selected from entries in the hep-th&lt;br&gt;
+(high energy physics) collection of the PHYSICS E-PRINT ARCHIVES:&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=7&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(i)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: A. Yu. Alekseev, V. Schomerus&lt;br&gt;
+(ii)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: Adel Bilal and Ian. I. Kogan&lt;br&gt;
+(iii)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: Paul S. Aspinwall and David R. Morrison (with an appendix &lt;br&gt;
+by Mark Gross)&lt;br&gt;
+(iv)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: A. H. Chamseddine and Herbi Dreiner (ETH-Zurich)&lt;br&gt;
+In this case, typical for existing digital libraries, there is no standardized format&lt;br&gt;
+for authors' names (here, appearing with full names, initials plus last name, and&lt;br&gt;
+a mixture of  the  two);  no  standard  convention  for  separating  author  names&lt;br&gt;
+(here, either a comma or &amp;quot;and&amp;quot; are  used);  and  parenthetical  information  can&lt;br&gt;
+include a variety of information such as the name of an associate author or the&lt;br&gt;
+institutional affiliations of an author.  Manual processing or specially  crafted&lt;br&gt;
+software would be required to reformat these fields for analysis.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;duplicate entries: &lt;/i&gt; Digital libraries that draw documents from a variety of sources&lt;br&gt;
+may  inadvertently  contain  duplicate  items.    Unfortunately,  the  irregular&lt;br&gt;
+formatting of the bibliographic information makes it difficult to  automatically&lt;br&gt;
+detect these duplicates.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;implicit field tagging:&lt;/i&gt;  In some repositories, items are not explicitly tagged with&lt;br&gt;
+certain  types  of  information  â  most  commonly  the  document's  date  of&lt;br&gt;
+publication or production.  Instead, the date is implicit in the document's title&lt;br&gt;
+(eg, its numeration in a technical report series) or in the location of the document&lt;br&gt;
+in the file structure of the repository  (eg,  separate  directories  exist  for  each&lt;br&gt;
+year).  A second common piece of  implicit  data  is  the  authorsâ  institutional&lt;br&gt;
+affiliations.  This may be contained in the document itself (typically on a cover&lt;br&gt;
+page),  or  may  be  implicit  in  the  documentâs  location  (for  example,  a&lt;br&gt;
+corporationâs technical reports are stored in its ftp repository).  Again, in these&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=8&gt;&lt;/a&gt;cases  special  processing  is  required  to  append  this  field  information  to  a&lt;br&gt;
+document record for bibliometric analysis.  &lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;extraction of document text:&lt;/i&gt;  Few of  the  documents  stored  in  the  research-&lt;br&gt;
+oriented digital libraries discussed in this paper are straight ascii text; instead,&lt;br&gt;
+documents may appear in a variety of file formats, such as LaTeX, PostScript,&lt;br&gt;
+PDF, etc.  If the contents of the documents are to be automatically processed&lt;br&gt;
+(for  example,  to  count  the  words  in  a  document,  or  to  extract  reference&lt;br&gt;
+publication dates for an obsolescence study), then the text must be extracted.&lt;br&gt;
+Utilities are available to convert most common document formats to ascii.&lt;br&gt;
+It is likely that many of these problems will be addressed as the Internet-based&lt;br&gt;
+document indexing systems mature.  Even minor changes can greatly increase the&lt;br&gt;
+useability of a bibliographic database for bibliometric research.  For example, the&lt;br&gt;
+addition of an explicit date tag to many online databases in 1975 sparked new&lt;br&gt;
+applications in time series research [3].&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;3.  Opportunities for applications of bibliometric techniques&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+One type of bibliometric research concentrates on quantifying fundamental,&lt;br&gt;
+structural details about a subject literature:  how many items are published, how many&lt;br&gt;
+authors are publishing, over what time period documents are likely to be used, etc.&lt;br&gt;
+More complex studies analyze the relationships between documents, such as how&lt;br&gt;
+documents cluster into subjects.  The following examples give a flavour of the&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric research that is possible using the emerging digital libraries:&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;examining the âphysicalâ characteristics of archived documents&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+One relatively straightforward type of bibliometric study characterizes the&lt;br&gt;
+formats of different literatures.   For example, Figure 1 presents a the range of the size&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=9&gt;&lt;/a&gt;of computer science technical reports as measured by their length in pages.   Of the&lt;br&gt;
+45,720 documents in the CSTR collection as of April 1998, nearly 1600 did not contain&lt;br&gt;
+page divisions in their files (and hence are excluded from analysis). Note that the&lt;br&gt;
+number of pages in the shorter documents (&amp;lt;50 pages) falls into an approximately&lt;br&gt;
+normal distribution (slightly skewed to the left), while presumably the longer&lt;br&gt;
+documents represent Mastersâ and Doctoral theses. A surprising number of documents&lt;br&gt;
+are very short (between one and 5 pages); these may represent the type of condensed&lt;br&gt;
+results frequently found in the âtechnical notesâ, âshort papersâ, and âposter sessionsâ&lt;br&gt;
+of computing conferences and journals. The average number of pages per document,&lt;br&gt;
+27.5, appears to be slightly longer than the common upper bound for a computing&lt;br&gt;
+journal article, although this observation must be confirmed by a similar study of the&lt;br&gt;
+lengths of formally published computing articles.&lt;br&gt;
+This type of analysis is of particular interest for technical reports, since they&lt;br&gt;
+have not been studied in the same detail as formally published papers.  A comparison of&lt;br&gt;
+the physical characteristics of the formal and informal literature could provide&lt;br&gt;
+supporting evidence for common beliefs about the relationship between the two types&lt;br&gt;
+of documents. For example,  do publishing constraints force journal and proceedings&lt;br&gt;
+articles to be shorter than technical reports, and therefore presumably omit technical&lt;br&gt;
+details of findings?  Do technical reports contain more/less extensive reference sections?&lt;br&gt;
+If reference sections of technical reports are longer than those of published articles, then&lt;br&gt;
+citation links are being ommitted in published works; if technical reports contain fewer&lt;br&gt;
+references, then this may confirm earlier indications that computer scientists tend to&lt;br&gt;
+âresearch firstâ and do literature surveys later [6].&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 1.  Range of sizes of CS technical reports, measured by number of pages&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;obsolescence studies.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+A document is considered obsolete when it is no longer referenced by the&lt;br&gt;
+current literature. Typically, documents receive their greatest number and frequency of&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=10&gt;&lt;/a&gt;citations immediately after publication, and the frequency of citation falls rapidly as time&lt;br&gt;
+passes. One technique for estimating the obsolescence rate of a body of  literatureâ the&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;synchronous&lt;/i&gt; method â  is to find the median date in the references of the documents.&lt;br&gt;
+This median date is subtracted from the year of publication for the documents, yielding&lt;br&gt;
+the &lt;i&gt;median citation age&lt;/i&gt;.  As would be expected, this median varies between the&lt;br&gt;
+disciplines.  Typically the social sciences and arts have a higher median citation age&lt;br&gt;
+than the âhardâ sciences and engineering, indicating that documents obsolesce more&lt;br&gt;
+quickly for the latter fields.&lt;br&gt;
+As noted in Section 2, references are not generally explicitly tagged in existing&lt;br&gt;
+digital repositories.  However, reference dates can usually be extracted from the&lt;br&gt;
+document text by first locating the reference section (usually delimited by a &amp;quot;references&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+or &amp;quot;bibliography&amp;quot; section heading), and then extracting all numbers in the appropriate&lt;br&gt;
+ranges for dates  for the field under study.&lt;br&gt;
+To illustrate this process, 188 technical reports were sampled from Internet-&lt;br&gt;
+accessible repositories1 and used as source documents for a synchronous obsolescence&lt;br&gt;
+study.  Conveniently, the repositories chosen organize technical reports into sub-&lt;br&gt;
+directories by their date of publication.  The reference dates for each technical report&lt;br&gt;
+were automatically extracted by software that scanned the documentâs file for numbers&lt;br&gt;
+of the form 19XX, since previous studies indicate that few if any computing reports&lt;br&gt;
+reference documents published in previous centuries [5].  Table 1 presents the median&lt;br&gt;
+citation age calculated for these documents, broken down by repository and the year of&lt;br&gt;
+publication for the source documents from which the reference dates were extracted:&lt;br&gt;
+Table 1.  Median citation ages for technical report repositories&lt;br&gt;
+The median citation age ranges between 2 and 4 years, which is consistent with&lt;br&gt;
+previous examinations of computing and information systems literature ([5], [4]).&lt;br&gt;
+When graphed, the distribution of reference dates show the exponential curve typically&lt;br&gt;
+found in obsolescence studies, including the final droop due to an âimmediacy effectâ&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=11&gt;&lt;/a&gt;as fewer very new documents are available for citation [7].  These types of results&lt;br&gt;
+provide confirmation that references used in computer science technical reports (the pre-&lt;br&gt;
+eminent âgrey literatureâ of  the computing field) conforms to the same patterns as&lt;br&gt;
+references found in the formally published literature.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;co-citation and bibliographic coupling studies&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The rate at which documents cite each other (co-citation) or cite the same&lt;br&gt;
+documents (bibliographic coupling) can be used to produce &amp;quot;maps&amp;quot; of a subject&lt;br&gt;
+literature.  These techniques rely on analysis of the references of documents, and these&lt;br&gt;
+references must be in a common format.  While digital libraries contain full text of&lt;br&gt;
+documents, their references are not standardized, and indeed are not  even tagged as&lt;br&gt;
+such.  To perform these studies the references must be manually extracted and&lt;br&gt;
+processedâa tedious process that is only worthwhile for documents (such as technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports) that are not included in existing citation databases such as the Science Citation&lt;br&gt;
+Index and Social Science Citation Index.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;detecting cycles or regularities in the rate of production of research&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Analysis of trends in the production of technical reports can give indications&lt;br&gt;
+about working conditions that affect research; for example, is more research produced&lt;br&gt;
+over the summer, when the teaching load is lighter?  or is research steadily produced&lt;br&gt;
+throughout the year?&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 2.  Distribution of the number of documents submitted to hep-th, 1992-1994&lt;br&gt;
+Figures 2 and 3 present statistics on document accumulation in the hep-th (high&lt;br&gt;
+energy physics) e-print server, a part of the PHYSICS E-PRINT ARCHIVE.  This system&lt;br&gt;
+is one of the oldest formal pre-print archives, and has become the primary means for&lt;br&gt;
+information dissemination in its field.  Examination of these figures reveals several&lt;br&gt;
+trends.  Clearly the absolute number of documents deposited in the repository has&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=12&gt;&lt;/a&gt;tended to increase over the time period.  For all three years, research production has its&lt;br&gt;
+lowest point in January and February, increases through May and June, then decreases&lt;br&gt;
+until August and September.  At that point the rate of production steps up, reaching a&lt;br&gt;
+yearly peak in November and December.  This pattern is less clear for 1992, which&lt;br&gt;
+might be expected as the archive was established in mid-1991.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 3.  Distribution of the percentage of documents submitted to hep-th, 1992-1994&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;4.  Analysis of usage data&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The emerging Internet-based digital libraries will permit research on scientific&lt;br&gt;
+information collection and use at a much finer grain than is possible with current paper&lt;br&gt;
+libraries or online bibliographic databases.  Current bibliometric or scientometric&lt;br&gt;
+research of this type must measure information use indirectly â for example,  through&lt;br&gt;
+examination of the list of references appended to published articles.  However, it is well&lt;br&gt;
+known that authors do not necessarily include in the reference list all documents that&lt;br&gt;
+could have been cited, and conversely that not all references listed may have been&lt;br&gt;
+actually âusedâ in performing the research; citation behavior can be affected by a&lt;br&gt;
+number of motivating factors (Garfield lists &lt;i&gt;15&lt;/i&gt; possible reasons in [8]).&lt;br&gt;
+Digital library transaction logs provide a powerful tool for direct analysis of&lt;br&gt;
+document âusageâ: since  digital libraries contain the actual document (rather than only a&lt;br&gt;
+document surrogate), the relative amount of âuseâ that a digital libraryâs clients make of&lt;br&gt;
+a given document sees can be estimated from the number of times the document file is&lt;br&gt;
+downloaded (and, presumably, the document is read). Note that file downloading is a&lt;br&gt;
+much stronger statement on the part of the user than, for example, having a&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic record appear in the query result set for a conventional bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+system; the user downloads only &lt;i&gt;after&lt;/i&gt; the document has been found potentially relevant&lt;br&gt;
+through examination of its document surrogate. Additionally,  downloading is&lt;br&gt;
+frequently time-consuming  and sometimes costly (depending on local pricing for&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=13&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Internet access). Downloaded documents are therefore highly likely at least to be&lt;br&gt;
+scanned, if not read closely.  The transaction logs for a digital library can provide a&lt;br&gt;
+global picture of the use of documents in the collection, since all user interactions with&lt;br&gt;
+the library can be automatically logged  for analysis. By contrast, it is of course&lt;br&gt;
+impossible to track usage of print bibliographies, and very difficult to monitor usage of&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic data available on CD-ROM across more than one or two sites.&lt;br&gt;
+Furthermore, analysis of search requests by geographic location, institution,&lt;br&gt;
+and sometimes even individual user are also possible.  As an example, Table 2 presents&lt;br&gt;
+a portion of the summary of usage statistics (broken down by domain code) for queries&lt;br&gt;
+to the computer science technical collection of the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY.&lt;br&gt;
+Examination of the data indicates that the heaviest use of the collection comes from&lt;br&gt;
+North America, Europe (particularly Germany and Finland), as well as the local New&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand community and nearby Australia.  As expected for such a collection, a large&lt;br&gt;
+proportion of users are from educational (.edu) institutions; surprisingly, however, a&lt;br&gt;
+similar number of queries come from commercial (.com) organizations, indicating&lt;br&gt;
+perhaps that the documents are seeing use in commercial research and development&lt;br&gt;
+units.&lt;br&gt;
+Table 2. Accesses to the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY CS collection  by Domain&lt;br&gt;Code&lt;br&gt;
+Of course, usage levels can also be further broken down by IP number&lt;br&gt;
+(indicating  institutions), and systems requiring users to register may also be able to&lt;br&gt;
+analyze usage on an individual basis. Since the query strings themselves are also&lt;br&gt;
+recorded in the transaction logs, this domain/institution/individual activity could also be&lt;br&gt;
+linked to specific subjects through the query terms.  Summaries of this type could be&lt;br&gt;
+invaluable for studies of geographic diffusion and distribution of research topics.&lt;br&gt;
+Transaction log analysis can also indicate time-related  patterns in the&lt;br&gt;
+information seeking behavior of digital library users.   As a sample of this type of&lt;br&gt;
+analysis,  Paul Ginsparg notes a seven day periodicity in the number of search requests&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=14&gt;&lt;/a&gt;made to the PHYSICS E-PRINT archives (Figure 4, reproduced from [9]).  From this he&lt;br&gt;
+adduces that many physicists do not yet have weekend access to the Internet (an&lt;br&gt;
+alternative, slightly more cynical hypothesis is that even high energy theoretical&lt;br&gt;
+physicists take the weekend off).&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 4.  Summary of search requests to the physics pre-print archives&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;5.  Conclusion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+This study suggests opportunities for conducting bibliometric research on the&lt;br&gt;
+evolving digital libraries.  These repositories are suitable platforms for conventional&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric techniques (such as obsolescence studies, quantification of physical&lt;br&gt;
+characteristics of documents comprising a subject literature, time analysis, etc.).  The&lt;br&gt;
+ability to directly monitor access to documents in digital libraries also enables&lt;br&gt;
+researchers to explicitly quantify document usage, as well as to implicitly measure&lt;br&gt;
+usage through citations.  Additional facilities could aid in the performance of&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic experiments, such as: improved tagging of document fields; provision of&lt;br&gt;
+utilities to strip out titles, authors, etc. from common document formats; and the ability&lt;br&gt;
+to easily eliminate duplicate entries from downloaded library subsets.  Unfortunately,&lt;br&gt;
+the most useful of these additional facilities â those associated with a higher degree of&lt;br&gt;
+cataloging â run counter to the underlying philosophy of many digital libraries:  to&lt;br&gt;
+avoid, if possible,  manual processing and formal cataloging of documents.   While&lt;br&gt;
+adherence to this principle can limit the accuracy of fielded searching (or indeed,&lt;br&gt;
+preclude it altogether), it can also avoid the cataloging bottleneck and permit digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries to provide access to larger numbers of documents.&lt;br&gt;
+The digital libraries complement the information currently available through&lt;br&gt;
+paper, online, and CD-ROM bibliographic resources.  While these latter databases&lt;br&gt;
+generally have the advantage of standardized formatting of bibliographic fields, the&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries are freely accessible, often contain &amp;quot;grey literature&amp;quot; that is otherwise&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=15&gt;&lt;/a&gt;unavailable for analysis, and generally make the full text of documents available.  The&lt;br&gt;
+insights gained from analysis of digital libraries will add to the store of &amp;quot;information&lt;br&gt;
+about information&amp;quot; that we have gained from older types of bibliographic repositories.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+[1] Bollacker, K.D., S. Lawrence, and C.L.Giles, CiteSeer: An Autonomous Web&lt;br&gt;
+Agent for Automatic  Retrieval  and  Identification  of  Interesting  Publications,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the Second International Conference  on  Autonomous  Agents&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+(Minneapolis/St. Paul, May 9-13), 1998.&lt;br&gt;
+[2] Bowman, C.M., P.B. Danzig, U. Manber,  and M.F. Schwartz,  Scalable Internet&lt;br&gt;
+resource discovery:  Research problems and approaches,  &lt;i&gt;Communications of&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;the ACM 37(8)&lt;/i&gt;  (1994)  98-107.&lt;br&gt;
+[3] Burton, Hilary D. , Use of a virtual information system for bibliometric analysis,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Informaton Processing &amp;amp; Management 24(1)&lt;/i&gt;  (1988) 39-44.&lt;br&gt;
+[4] Cunningham, S.J., An empirical investigation of the obsolescence rate for&lt;br&gt;
+information systems literature, &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Research&lt;/i&gt;., 1996, http://library.fgcu.edu/iclc/lisrissu.htm&lt;br&gt;
+ [5]  Cunningham,  S.J.,  and  D.  Bocock,    Obsolescence  of  computing  literature.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt;  &lt;i&gt;34(2) &lt;/i&gt; (1995), pp. 255-262.&lt;br&gt;
+ [6] Cunningham, S.J. and Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Information searching&lt;br&gt;
+preferences and practices of computer science researchers, &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;OZCHI '96&lt;/i&gt; (1996)  294-299.&lt;br&gt;
+[7] de Solla Price, D.J.,  Citation measures of hard science, soft science, technology,&lt;br&gt;
+and nonscience.  In: C.E. Nelson  and  D.K.  Pollock  (eds),  &lt;i&gt;Communication&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;among scientists and engineers&lt;/i&gt;  (Heath Lexington, 1970).&lt;br&gt;
+[8]  Garfield, E., &lt;i&gt;Citation Indexing:  Its theory and application in Science, Technology&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;and Humanities (&lt;/i&gt;Wiley, 1979).&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=16&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[9]  Ginsparg, P.  After dinner remarks:  14 Oct â94 APS meeting at LANL, 1994&lt;br&gt;
+(&amp;lt;URL: http://xxx.lanl.gov/blurb&amp;gt; ).&lt;br&gt;
+[10] Ginsparg, P., First steps towards electronic research communication, &lt;i&gt;Computers&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;in Physics 8(4)&lt;/i&gt; (1994)  390-401.  &lt;br&gt;
+[11] Hallmark,  J., Scientists' access and retrieval of references cited in their recent&lt;br&gt;
+journal articles, &lt;i&gt; College and Research Libraries 55(3)&lt;/i&gt;  (1994) 199-210.&lt;br&gt;
+[12] Hawkins, D.T. , Unconventional uses of on-line information retrieval systems:&lt;br&gt;
+on-line bibliometric studies,  &lt;i&gt;Journal of the American Society for Information&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Science 28&lt;/i&gt;  (1977)  13-18.&lt;br&gt;
+[13] McGhee, P.E. , P.R. Skinner, K. Roberto,  N.J. Ridenour,  and S.M. Larson,&lt;br&gt;
+Using online databases to study current research trends:  an online bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+study, &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science Research 9&lt;/i&gt;  (1987)   285-291.&lt;br&gt;
+[14] Maly, K., E.A. Fox,  J.C. French,  and A.L. Selman,  Wide area technical report&lt;br&gt;
+server    (&lt;i&gt;Technical    Report  ,  &lt;/i&gt;  Dept.  of  Computer  Science,  Old  Dominion&lt;br&gt;
+University, &lt;br&gt;
+1994. &lt;br&gt;
+Also &lt;br&gt;
+available &lt;br&gt;
+at &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;URL:&lt;br&gt;
+http://www.cs.odu.edu/WATERS/WATERS-paper.ps&amp;gt; ).&lt;br&gt;
+[15] Sigogneau, M.J. , S. Bain, J.P. Courtial, and H. Feillet,  Scientific innovation in&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographical databases:  a comparative study of the Science Citation Index&lt;br&gt;
+and the Pascal database,  &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics 22(1)&lt;/i&gt;   (1991)  65-82.&lt;br&gt;
+[16] Witten, I.H., S.J. Cunningham, M. Vallabh,  and T.C. Bell,  A New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+digital library for computer science research,  &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of Digital Libraries&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;'95&lt;/i&gt; (1995) 25-30.&lt;br&gt;
+[17]  Witten, I.H., C. Nevill-Manning, and S.J. Cunningham, A public library based&lt;br&gt;
+on full-text retrieval, &lt;i&gt;Communications of the ACM&lt;/i&gt; 41(4), 1998, p. 71&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=17&gt;&lt;/a&gt;                                    &lt;br&gt;
+1Documents were randomly sampled from the DEC&lt;br&gt;
+(ftp://crl.dec.com/pub/DEC/CRL/tech-reports/), Sony&lt;br&gt;
+(ftp://ftp.csl.sony.co.jp/CSL/CSL-Papers), and Ohio (ftp://archive.cis.ohio-&lt;br&gt;
+state.edu/pub/tech-report/) technical report repositories&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASH0791.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASH0791.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASH0791.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Authorship patterns in Information Systems</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215016_2/rtf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215016_2/rtf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/rtf01.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215016_2/rtf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">rtf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">rtf01.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">rtf01.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">RTFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">144917</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">rtf01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">RTF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconrtf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH079154443e2ecce7bb4208</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0791.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.rtf:application/rtf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;b&gt;Authorship patterns in  Information
+Systems&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Sally Jo Cunningham and Stuart M. Dillon&lt;p&gt;
+Department of Computer Science&lt;p&gt;
+University of Waikato&lt;p&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;p&gt;
+email:  sallyjo@waikato.ac.nz&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Abstract:&lt;/b&gt; This paper examines the patterns of multiple authorship in
+five information systems journals. Specifically, we determine the distribution
+of the number of authors per paper in this field, the proportion of male and
+female authors,  gender composition of research teams, and the incidence of
+collaborative relationships spanning institutional affiliations and across
+different geographic regions.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1.  Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+In his seminal work &lt;i&gt;Little Science, Big Science&lt;/i&gt; [16], Derek J. De Solla
+Price drew attention to the 20th century trend of increasing team work in
+scientific research and co-authorship in publicationÂmaking a
+tongue-in-cheek prediction that &quot;by 1980 the single author paper will be
+extinct&quot;, and that scientific collaboration would continue to increase so that
+scholarly publications would &quot;move steadily toward an infinity of authors per
+paper&quot; (p. 89). &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Since 1963, Price's conjectures have been measured and, to a large extent,
+verified, for a number of domains in the social sciences, arts, and physical
+sciences.  Characteristics of collaboration in research have been examined in a
+number of ways:  for example,  through bibliographic analysis of readily
+quantifiable variables such as the rate of co-authorship and mean number of
+co-authors per document (for an overview of this type of research, see [10]);
+through studies of the social organizations that support collaboration in
+particular and research in general (such as the ground-breaking work of Crane
+[6]); and by ethnographic descriptions of the patterns of behavior employed by
+researchers in finding collaborators, organizing the research tasks, and
+composing the written documentation of the work (for example, the examination
+of the philosophy research process presented in [19]).&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+This paper examines authorship patterns in the field of Information Systems
+(IS).  IS is a relatively young discipline, an interdisciplinary field at the
+conjunction of computer science, management, and the social sciences.  It
+concerns itself primarily managerial, and &quot;people&quot; issues that support
+information management (primarily in an organizational context), and to a
+lesser extent with hardware and software issues. Perhaps because it is an
+emerging, interdisciplinary field, IS has been the focus of few
+bibliometric/scientometric studies. The present work uses bibliometric
+techniques to examine the extent of collaborative authorship in the field, the
+geographic distribution of co-authors, and gender patterns in publication and
+collaboration.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;2.  Methodology&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+The journals and time periods examined for this study are listed in Table 1.
+Journal articles, rather than books or technical reports, were chosen for
+analysis because the journal is the primary source of information in IS, making
+up the bulk of documents cited [7]. Five journals were selected for study,
+based on the criteria that they well known internationally, cover a relatively
+broad set of topics in the IS field,  have author information available, and
+are published in the English language. It should be noted, however, that the
+journals selected tend to the management end of IS.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+Journal title                              abbreviation      years         
+Journal of Systems Management              JSM               1989-1995     
+Information Systems Research               ISR               1990-1995     
+Strategic Information Systems              SIS               1991-1995     
+Management Information Systems Quarterly   MISQ              1989-1995     
+Decision Support Systems                   DSS               1989-1995     
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 1. Journals analyzed in this study&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The following definitions and guidelines were used in gathering data from the
+five journals:&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·author:  All individuals identified as authors in the heading of the
+paper were included, and counted equally.  Some journal volumes apparently
+enforced an alphabetic name ordering on authors, while other journalsÂor
+even other volumes of the same journalÂdid not; for this reason we did not
+attempt to record the rank orderings of authors. Only personal (rather than
+corporate) authors were included in this study.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·article:  All refereed papers from each issue of each journal were
+considered for inclusion in the study. All other articles (book reviews,
+editorials, letters to the editor, reports of conferences, etc.) were excluded.
+While all refereed articles were included in the examination of co-authorship
+rates, some of these papers were omitted from the remainder of the study
+because the gender and/or the affiliation of one or more authors could not be
+determined.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·gender:  Where possible, the gender of an author was determined from
+the author's biography or picture.  If this information was not available or
+was inconclusive, the gender was inferred from the author's personal name(s).
+If any doubt remained for any co-author of an article (that is, if the author
+was listed only by initials or had an ambiguous personal name), then that
+article was omitted from the study of author gender.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·institution:  For co-authored articles, we noted whether or not all
+authors were affiliated with the same institution (generally a university or
+company).  A single institution could have more than one physical location.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·geographic area:  Co-authored articles were examined to determine
+whether all authors' institutions are from the same geographic region. This
+somewhat subjective category was defined as follows:  for highly populated and
+physically large countries such as the United States, authors were considered
+to be from the same region if their institution were located in the same or
+adjacent states; for lightly populated or physically compact countries (such as
+New Zealand or the Netherlands, respectively), the entire country was
+considered to be a single geographic region.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;3.  Results&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+This section discusses the amount of collaboration in publishing, the
+geographic/institutional spread of co-author affiliation, and the gender of
+authors in the IS literature.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;degree of collaborative authorship&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Tables 2Â4 summarize authorship collaboration in IS. Approximately 38% of
+the articles have a single author; the majority of he papers are co-authored,
+with two or three authors (Table 2). The maximum number of authors for a single
+paper was six, found in a vanishingly small minority of the articles (less than
+0.5%).  Viewed strictly in terms of the percentage of co-authored papers (Table
+3), it is readily apparent that co-authorship is the norm for all journals,
+over the entire period of study.  The journal with the smallest degree of
+co-authorship, the &lt;i&gt;Journal of Systems Management&lt;/i&gt; (JSM), saw its
+percentage of collaboratively written articles rise from approximately
+one-third to one-half; the remainder of the journals have a co-authorship rate
+ranging from 40% to 100%. The percentage of co-authored papers has risen
+slightly between 1989 and 1995 in four of the five journalsÂperhaps
+reflecting the trend to increased co-authorship reported in other fields, as
+the subjects matured  [3].&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+number of        number of          percentage     
+authors          articles                          
+1                368                37.74%         
+2                391                40.10%         
+3                171                17.54%         
+4                37                 3.80%          
+5                4                  0.41%          
+6                4                  0.41%          
+Total            975                100.00%        
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 2.  Distribution of number of co-authors per paper&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+            JSM         ISR         SIS         MISQ        DSS         average     
+1989        36%                                 68%         73%         59%         
+1990        29%         75%                     68%         57%         57%         
+1991        39%         92%         60%         77%         71%         68%         
+1992        41%         100%        40%         81%         68%         66%         
+1993        48%         92%         63%         89%         70%         72%         
+1994        46%         90%         67%         82%         70%         71%         
+1995        54%         87%         58%         87%         79%         75%         
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 3. Percentage of co-authored articles&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+          Mean      Variance    Std dev    std error   Number of        
+                                                       articles         
+JSM       1.50      .466        .682       .039        308              
+ISR       2.175     .604        .777       .079        97               
+SIS       1.739     .655        .809       .086        88               
+MISQ      2.251     .954        .977       .075        171              
+DSS       2.071     .866        .931       .053        311              
+Total     1.903     .799        .894       .029        975              
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 4a.  Mean number of co-authors per paper&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/rtf011.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Table 4b. T-test of mean number of co-authors&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The mean number of authors per article ranged from 1.5 (for the Journal of
+Systems Management) to 2.175 (for Information Systems Research), with an
+overall mean of 1.903 (Table 4a). As was noted when considering the
+distribution of numbers of co-authors in Table 2, while collaboration is the
+norm, the size of the research team in IS is relatively small.  Differences in
+mean between the journals was generally not statisticaly significant, with the
+exception of ISR/DSS and ISR/MISQ (Table 4b).&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;institutional affiliation and geographic region&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Table 5 presents the institutional and geographical commonalities found amongst
+co-authors. As noted in Section 2, at this point we use a subset of the
+articles examined in this study:  those papers for which we could identify the
+institutional affiliation and gender of all authors. For nearly half of the
+co-authored articles of this subsetÂ46%Âall authors for an article
+are either affiliated with the same institution &lt;i&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; are resident in the
+same geographic region. Just over half of the multiply authored papers, then,
+involve a collaboration across significant distances.  For nearly one-third
+(32%) of the co-authored papers, all authors are affiliated with the same
+institutionÂagain, indicating a significant degree of collaboration across
+institutional boundaries.  The collaborative relationships of working groups
+are thus surprisingly dispersed, suggesting that IS is a field with a healthy
+&quot;invisible college&quot;.   &lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+                       JSM       ISR       SIS       MISQ      DSS       average     
+                       1989-     1990-     1991-     1989-     1989-                 
+                       1994      1994      1994      1994      1994                  
+Co-authored articles     147       71 80     35 62     128       133       514 861   
+occurrences out of     364 40%   89%       56%       166 77%   189 70%   60%         
+percentage                                                                           
+co-authors from same       95        15        20        48        61        239     
+institution OR same    147 65%   71 21%    35 58%    128 38%   133 46%   514 46%     
+geographical area                                                                    
+occurrences out of                                                                   
+percentage                                                                           
+co-authors from same       34        1         5         11        23        74      
+area,  different       147 23%   71 1%     35 14%    128 9%    133 17%   514 14%     
+institutions                                                                         
+occurrences out of                                                                   
+percentage                                                                           
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 5. Percentage of co-authors from the same institution or geographical
+area&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;gender of authors&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Gender was recorded for &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt; authors for whom it was explicitly stated or
+could be inferred; this could be determined for 861 papers, with 1021 authors.
+As no attempt was made to maintain a list of names, it is unknown how many
+unique individuals are represented in that total.  Approximately four-fifths of
+the authors were male (Table 6), with male authors being in the majority for
+each journal. &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+Gender      Number       Percentage      
+male        804          78.7%           
+female      217          21.3%           
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 6. Gender of authors&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The preponderance of male authors appears to mirror the under-representation of
+women in the Management/IS disciplines of academia, in which opportunities for
+publication and research are more likely than in commercial enterprises ([12],
+[21]).  IS departments are generally located within the business or management
+faculty in universities, where women tend to be over-represented as
+instructors, lecturers, contract researchers, and other untenured staff
+positions.  In the mid-eighties in the US, for example, women held 52% of the
+instructor and lower teaching positions and 36% of the assistant professorships
+in business schools, but accounted for only 6% of the full  [2].  These lower
+level positions provide fewer opportunities for research funding, and generally
+involve a higher teaching load (with proportionally less time for research).&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Next, we examine the question of whether or not males and female have the same
+patterns of collaboration and co-authorship (Table 7). The percentage of male
+authors who published a single-authored paper is 37.31% ([343 male single
+authors] / [804 male authors]); the percentage of female authors who published
+solo is 18.89% ([41 single author females] / [217 female authors]).  The
+percentage of male authors involved in male-only co-authored papers is 42.66%
+([343 / 804]), while the percentage of female authors who published in
+female-only groups is 6.91% (15/217). Clearly, then, a female author is more
+likely to co-publish than a male author, and more likely to publish in mixed
+gender research teams.&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+              single       multiple      single       multiple        multiple          
+              male author  authors,      female       authors,        authors, male     
+                           male only     author       female only     and female        
+number        300          343           41           15              161               
+percentage    34.9%        39.9%         4.8%         1.7%            18.7%             
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 7.  Gender composition of publishing teams&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;4.  Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+The high proportion of multiply-authored papers is characteristic of the
+physical and life sciences rather than the social sciences. In the &quot;hard&quot;
+sciences the percentage of co-authored articles is reported to range from
+two-thirds and up ([5], [13]), with nearly universal co-authorship in fields
+for which research is based on complex, expensive instruments/equipment ([14],
+as reported in [9]).  By way of contrast, the proportion of single-authored
+papers is much higher in the humanities and social sciences: in philosophy, for
+example, collaboration is so unusual that some researchers find it difficult to
+imagine how a joint project could be produced [19]. Even in these disciplines,
+however, sub-fields may vary in their degree of collaboration, often reflecting
+equipment or team needs outside the norm for that discipline (for example,
+biophysical and archaeological anthropology show higher degrees of
+collaboration than sociocultural and linguistic anthropology [4]).  IS, then,
+seems to fit more into the multiply-authored norm of the physical or
+experimental sciences than the humanities/social sciences.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+This point is slightly muddied, however, when comparing the mean number of
+authors in IS with the mean of other fields (Table 8).  IS articles tend to
+have a smaller average number of co-authors than the &quot;hard&quot; sciences, even
+though the rate of co-authorship is high. Two hypotheses present themselves:
+that the experimental team needed to support IS research is smaller than the
+team size necessary for managing the instruments for the physical sciences;
+and/or that the support personnel for IS research may not be acknowledged with
+authorship, as seems to be the case in some of the sciences.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+Discipline             authors/paper      year(s) of study    Reference       
+Library science        1.17               1989-90             [17]            
+Counseling             1.45               1971-1982           [8]             
+Anthropology           1.79               1983                [4]             
+Applied, physical,     2.13               1978-1980           [20]            
+analytical chemistry                                                          
+Chemical engineering   2.13                                   [22]            
+Biomedicine (basic     2.21               1961-1978           [18]            
+life sciences)                                                                
+Biomedicine            2.25               1961-1978           [18]            
+(preclinical basic                                                            
+research)                                                                     
+Biochemistry           2.41               1978-1980           [20]            
+Biomedicine            2.71               1961-1978           [18]            
+(clinical research)                                                           
+Biochemistry           2.72                                   [22]            
+Chemistry              2.82               1974-1975           [11]            
+Schistosomiasis        2.92               1972-1986           [15]            
+Political Science      3.54               1974-1975           [11]            
+Biology                3.97               1974-1975           [11]            
+Psychology             4.58               1974-1975           [11]            
+Astronomy &amp;amp;            7.4                1974                [1]             
+astrophysics                                                                  
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 8.  Average number of authors for a variety of fields&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The degree of collaboration in IS that crosses institutional and geographic
+boundaries is significant, and warrants further attentionÂin particular,
+to investigate the communication techniques that support co-authorship.
+Traditionally, collaboration occurs through face-to-face meetings, telephone,
+and postal correspondence; it is likely that email and other Internet-based
+communication modes also see significant use, given the naturally high degree
+of computer literacy in this field.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+[1]Abt, H. A. (1984) &quot;Citations to single and multiauthored papers&lt;i&gt;,&quot;
+Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific&lt;/i&gt; 96, 746-749.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[2]Aisenberg, N., and Harrington, M.  (1988) &lt;i&gt;Women of Academe&lt;/i&gt;,
+University of Massachusetts Press.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[3]Beaver, D. de B., and Rosen, R. (1979) &quot;Studies in scientific collaboration
+Part III:  Professionalization and the natural history of modern scientific
+co-authorship,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics &lt;/i&gt;1(3), 231-245.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[4]Choi, J.M. (1988) &quot;An analysis of authorship in anthropology journals, 1963
+&amp;amp; 1983&lt;i&gt;,&quot; Behavioral &amp;amp; Social Sciences Librarian&lt;/i&gt; 6(3/4), 85-94.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[5]Clarke, B.L. (1964) &quot;Multiple authorship trends in scientific papers,'
+&lt;i&gt;Science&lt;/i&gt; 143, 882-884.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[6]Crane, D. (1972) &lt;i&gt;Invisible colleges:  Diffusion of Knowledge in
+Scientific communities&lt;/i&gt;,  University of Chicago Press.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[7]Cunningham, S.J. (1996) &quot;An empirical investigation of the obsolescence
+rate for information systems literature.&quot;   &lt;i&gt;Working Paper Series 95/16&lt;/i&gt;,
+Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. To
+appear in &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science Research&lt;/i&gt;..&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[8]Gladding, S. (1984) &quot;Multiple authorship in the &lt;i&gt;Personnel and Guidance
+Journal&lt;/i&gt;:  a 12-year study), &lt;i&gt;Personnel and Guidance Journal&lt;/i&gt;, June,
+628-630.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[9]Gordon, M.D. (1979) &quot;A critical reassessment of inferred relations between
+multiple authorship, scientific collaboration, the production of papers and
+their acceptance for publication,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt; 2(3), 193-201.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[10]Harsanyi, M.A. (1993) &quot;Multiple authors, multiple
+problemsÂBibliometrics and the study of scholarly collaboration:  a
+literature review,&quot; &lt;i&gt;LISR&lt;/i&gt; 15, 325-354.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[11]Heffner, A.G. (1981) &quot;Funded research, multiple authorship and
+subauthorship collaboration in four disciplines,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt; 3,
+231-.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[12]McKeen, C.A., and Bujaki, M.L. (1994) &quot;Taking women into account&quot;,  &lt;i&gt;CA
+Magazine, 127&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(2)&lt;/i&gt;, pp. 29-35.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[13]Meadows, A.J. (1974)  &lt;i&gt;Communication in Science&lt;/i&gt;. London:
+Butterworths.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[14]Meadows, A.J., and O'Connor, J.G. (1971) &quot;A survey in depth of a selected
+information field (astronomy and astrophysics). Astronomy Department,
+University of Leicester.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[15]Pao, M.L. (1992) &quot;Global and local collaborators:  a study of scientific
+collaboration,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Information Processing &amp;amp; Management&lt;/i&gt; 28(1), 99-109.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[16]Price, Derek J. de Solla. (1963) &lt;i&gt;Little science, big science&lt;/i&gt;.  New
+York:  Columbia University Press.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[17]Raptis, P. (1992) &quot;Authorship characteristics in five international
+library science journals,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Libri &lt;/i&gt;42(1), 35-52.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[18]Satyanarayana, K. and Ratnakar, K.V. (1989) &quot;Authorship patterns in life
+sciences, preclinical basic and clinical research papers,&quot;
+&lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt; 17(3-4), 363-371.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[19]Sievert, D., and Sievert, ME.  (1989)  &quot;Philosophical Research:  report
+from the field,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the Humanists at Work symposium&lt;/i&gt; (April,
+Chicago, ILL, USA). Published by the University of Illinois at Chicago.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[20]Stefaniak, B. (1982) &quot;Individual and multiple authorship of papers in
+chemistry and physics,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics &lt;/i&gt;4(4), 331-337.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[21]Still, L.V. (1993) &lt;i&gt;Where to from here?  The managerial woman in
+transition&lt;/i&gt;, Business and Professional Publishing.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[22]Subrahmanyam, K., and Stephens, E.M. (1982) &quot;Research collaboration and
+funding in biochemistry and chemical engineering,&quot; &lt;i&gt;International Forum on
+Information and Documentation&lt;/i&gt; 7, 26-.&lt;p&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASH1a9c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASH1a9c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASH1a9c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software...</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215016/pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215016/pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215016/pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">269487</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">pdf01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bainbridge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Boddie, S.J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McNab, R.J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I.H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/import</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:08+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">269487</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">2000:03:02 15:21:24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Microsoft Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat PDFWriter 4.0 for Power Macintosh</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1a9c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-2_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-3_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-4_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-5_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-7_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-8_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Greenstone:  A Comprehensive Open-Source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Digital Library Software System&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Ian H. Witten,* Rodger J. McNab,â  Stefan J. Boddie,* David Bainbridge*&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+* Dept of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;
+â  Digilib Systems&lt;br&gt;
+University of Waikato, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+E-mail:  {ihw, sjboddie, davidb}@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+E-mail:  rodger@digilibs.com&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+multilingual information retrieval to distributed computing&lt;br&gt;protocols, from interoperability to search engine&lt;br&gt;
+This paper describes the Greenstone digital library&lt;br&gt;
+technology, from metadata standards to multiformat&lt;br&gt;
+software, a comprehensive, open-source system for the&lt;br&gt;
+document parsing, from multimedia to multiple operating&lt;br&gt;
+construction and presentation of information collections.&lt;br&gt;
+systems, from Web browsers to plug-and-play DVDs.&lt;br&gt;
+Collections built with Greenstone offer effective full-text&lt;br&gt;searching and metadata-based browsing facilities that are&lt;br&gt;
+The Greenstone Digital Library Software from the New&lt;br&gt;
+attractive and easy to use. Moreover, they are easily&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project tackles this issue&lt;br&gt;
+maintainable and can be augmented and rebuilt entirely&lt;br&gt;
+by providing a new way of organizing information and&lt;br&gt;
+automatically. The system is extensible: software&lt;br&gt;
+making it available over the Internet. A &lt;i&gt;collection&lt;/i&gt; of&lt;br&gt;
+âpluginsâ accommodate different document and metadata&lt;br&gt;
+information comprises several (typically several thousand,&lt;br&gt;
+types.&lt;br&gt;
+or several million) &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, and a uniform interface is&lt;br&gt;provided to all documents in a collection. A library may&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+include many different collections, each organized&lt;br&gt;differentlyâthough there is a strong family resemblance in&lt;br&gt;
+Notwithstanding intense research activity in the digital&lt;br&gt;
+how collections are presented.&lt;br&gt;
+library field during the second half of the 1990s,&lt;br&gt;comprehensive software systems for creating digital&lt;br&gt;
+Making information available using this system is far more&lt;br&gt;
+libraries are not widely available. In fact, the usual solution&lt;br&gt;
+than âjust putting it on the Web.â The collection becomes&lt;br&gt;
+when creating a digital library is also the most&lt;br&gt;
+maintainable, searchable, and browsable. Each collection,&lt;br&gt;
+obviousâjust put it on the Web. But consider how much&lt;br&gt;
+prior to presentation, undergoes a âbuildingâ process that,&lt;br&gt;
+effort is involved in constructing a Web site for a digital&lt;br&gt;
+once established, is completely automatic. This process&lt;br&gt;
+library. To be effective it needs to be visually attractive&lt;br&gt;
+creates all the structures that are used at run-time for&lt;br&gt;
+and ergonomically easy to use, incorporate convenient and&lt;br&gt;
+accessing the collection. Searching is based on various&lt;br&gt;
+powerful searching capabilities, and offer rich and natural&lt;br&gt;
+indexes, while browsing is based on various metadata;&lt;br&gt;
+browsing facilities. Above all it must be easy to maintain&lt;br&gt;
+support structures for both are created during the building&lt;br&gt;
+and augment, which presents a significant challenge if any&lt;br&gt;
+operation. When new material appears it can be fully&lt;br&gt;
+manual organization is involved.&lt;br&gt;
+incorporated into the collection by rebuilding.&lt;br&gt;
+The alternative is to automate these activities through&lt;br&gt;
+To address the exceptionally broad demands of digital&lt;br&gt;
+software tools. But the broad scope of digital library&lt;br&gt;
+libraries, the system is public and extensible. It is issued&lt;br&gt;
+requirements makes this a daunting prospect. Ideally the&lt;br&gt;
+under the Gnu public license and, in the spirit of open-&lt;br&gt;
+software should incorporate facilities ranging from&lt;br&gt;
+source software, users are invited to contribute&lt;br&gt;modifications and enhancements. Only through an&lt;br&gt;international cooperative effort will digital library software&lt;br&gt;become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the worldâs&lt;br&gt;needs. Currently the Greenstone software is used at sites in&lt;br&gt;Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Romania, UK, and the&lt;br&gt;US, and collections range from newspaper articles to&lt;br&gt;technical documents, from educational journals to oral&lt;br&gt;history, from visual art to folksongs. The software has&lt;br&gt;been used for collections in many different languages, and&lt;br&gt;for CD-ROMs that have been published by the United&lt;br&gt;Nations and other humanitarian agencies in Belgium,&lt;br&gt;France, Japan, and the US for distribution in developing&lt;br&gt;countries (Humanity Libraries, 1998; PAHO, 1999;&lt;br&gt;UNESCO, 1999; UNU, 1998). Further details can be&lt;br&gt;obtained from &lt;i&gt;www.nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-2_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+become a first-class component of the library. And what&lt;br&gt;permits it to be integrated into existing searching and&lt;br&gt;browsing structures without any manual intervention is&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;metadata&lt;/i&gt;. This provides sufficient focus to the concept of&lt;br&gt;âdigital libraryâ to support the development of a&lt;br&gt;construction kit.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;OVERVIEW OF GREENSTONE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Information collections built by Greenstone combine&lt;br&gt;extensive full-text search facilities with browsing indexes&lt;br&gt;based on different metadata types. There are several ways&lt;br&gt;for users to find information, although they differ between&lt;br&gt;collections depending on the metadata available and the&lt;br&gt;collection design. Typically you can &lt;i&gt;search for particular&lt;br&gt;words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text, or within a section of a&lt;br&gt;document, or within a title or section heading. You can&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;browse documents by title&lt;/i&gt;: just click on the displayed book&lt;br&gt;icon to read it. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by subject&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;Subjects are represented by bookshelves: just click on a&lt;br&gt;shelf to see the books. Where appropriate, documents&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 1: Searching the HDL collection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+come complete with a table of contents (constructed&lt;br&gt;automatically): you can click on a chapter or subsection to&lt;br&gt;
+This paper sets the scene with a brief discussion of what a&lt;br&gt;
+open it, expand the full table of contents, or expand the full&lt;br&gt;
+digital library is. We then give an overview of the facilities&lt;br&gt;
+document.&lt;br&gt;
+offered by Greenstone and show how end users find&lt;br&gt;information in collections. Next we describe the files and&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;An example of searching is shown in Figure 1 where&lt;br&gt;
+directories involved in a collection, and then discuss the&lt;br&gt;
+documents in the Global Help Projectâs Humanity&lt;br&gt;
+processes of updating existing collections and creating new&lt;br&gt;
+Development Library (HDL) are being searched for&lt;br&gt;
+ones, including extending the software to provide new&lt;br&gt;
+chapters matching the word &lt;i&gt;butterfly&lt;/i&gt;. In Figure 2 the same&lt;br&gt;
+facilities. We conclude with an overview of related work.&lt;br&gt;
+collection is being browsed by subject: by clicking on the&lt;br&gt;bookshelf icons the user has discovered an item under&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;WHAT IS A DIGITAL LIBRARY?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Section 16, Animal Husbandry. Pursuing an interest in&lt;br&gt;butterfly farming, the user selects a book by clicking on its&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Ten definitions of the term âdigital libraryâ have been&lt;br&gt;
+book icon. In Figure 3 the front cover of the book is&lt;br&gt;
+culled from the literature by Fox (1998), and their spirit is&lt;br&gt;
+displayed as a graphic on the left, and the automatically&lt;br&gt;
+captured in the following brief characterization:&lt;br&gt;
+constructed table of contents appears at the start of the&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+document. The current focus, &lt;i&gt;Introduction and Summary&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;A collection of digital objects, including text,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+is shown in bold in the table of contents with its text&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;video, and audio, along with methods for access&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+starting further down the page.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;and retrieval, and for selection, organization&lt;br&gt;and maintenance of the collection&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In accordance with Leskâs advice, a statement of purpose&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+and coverage accompanies each collection, along with an&lt;br&gt;
+(Akscyn and Witten, 1998). Lesk (1998) views digital&lt;br&gt;
+explanation of how it is organized (Figure 1 shows the&lt;br&gt;
+libraries as âorganized collections of digital information,â&lt;br&gt;
+start of this). A distinction is made between &lt;i&gt;searching&lt;/i&gt; and&lt;br&gt;
+and wisely recommends that they articulate the principles&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;browsing&lt;/i&gt;. Searching is full-text, andâdepending on the&lt;br&gt;
+governing what is included and how the collection is&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs designâthe user can choose between indexes&lt;br&gt;
+organized.&lt;br&gt;
+built from different parts of the documents, or from&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Digital libraries are generally distinguished from the&lt;br&gt;
+different metadata. Some collections have an index of full&lt;br&gt;
+World-Wide Web, the essential difference being in&lt;br&gt;
+documents, an index of sections, an index of paragraphs,&lt;br&gt;
+selection and organization. But they are not generally&lt;br&gt;
+an index of titles, and an index of section headings, each of&lt;br&gt;
+distinguished from a web &lt;i&gt;site&lt;/i&gt;: indeed, virtually all extant&lt;br&gt;
+which can be searched for particular words or phrases.&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries manifest themselves as a web site. Hence&lt;br&gt;
+Browsing involves data structures created from metadata&lt;br&gt;
+the obvious question: to make a digital library, why not&lt;br&gt;
+that the user can examine: lists of authors, lists of titles,&lt;br&gt;
+just put the information on the Web?&lt;br&gt;
+lists of dates, hierarchical classification structures, and so&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+on. Data structures for both browsing and searching are&lt;br&gt;
+But we make a distinction between a digital library and a&lt;br&gt;
+built according to instructions in a configuration file,&lt;br&gt;
+web site that lies at the heart of our software design: one&lt;br&gt;
+which controls both building and serving the collection.&lt;br&gt;
+should easily be able to add new material to a library&lt;br&gt;
+Sample configuration files are discussed below.&lt;br&gt;
+without having to integrate it manually or edit its content&lt;br&gt;in any way. Once added, new material should immediately&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=3&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-3_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+matter of specifying all the necessary plugins. In order to&lt;br&gt;build browsing indexes from metadata, an analogous&lt;br&gt;scheme of âclassifiersâ is used: classifiers create indexes&lt;br&gt;of various kinds based on metadata. Source documents are&lt;br&gt;brought into the Greenstone system through a process&lt;br&gt;called &lt;i&gt;importing&lt;/i&gt;, which uses the plugins and classifiers&lt;br&gt;specified in the collection configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The international Unicode character set is used throughout,&lt;br&gt;so documentsâand interfacesâcan be written in any&lt;br&gt;language. Collections have so far been produced in&lt;br&gt;English, French, Spanish, German, Maori, Chinese, and&lt;br&gt;Arabic. The NZDL Web site provides numerous examples.&lt;br&gt;Collections can contain text, pictures, and even audio and&lt;br&gt;video clips; a text-only version of the interface is also&lt;br&gt;provided to accommodate visually impaired users.&lt;br&gt;Compression technology is used to ensure best use of&lt;br&gt;storage (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al &lt;/i&gt;., 1999). Most non-textual material is&lt;br&gt;either linked to textual documents or accompanied by&lt;br&gt;textual descriptions (such as photo captions) to allow full-&lt;br&gt;text searching and browsing. However, the architecture&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 2: Browsing the HDL collection by subject&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+permits the implementation of plugins and classifiers even&lt;br&gt;for non-textual data.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Rich browsing facilities can be provided by manually&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+linking parts of documents together and building explicit&lt;br&gt;
+The system includes an âadministrativeâ function whereby&lt;br&gt;
+indexes and tables of contents. However, manually-created&lt;br&gt;
+specified users can examine the composition of all&lt;br&gt;
+linking becomes difficult to maintain, and often falls into&lt;br&gt;
+collections, protect documents so that they can only be&lt;br&gt;
+disrepair when a collection expands. The Greenstone&lt;br&gt;
+accessed by registered users on presentation of a password,&lt;br&gt;
+software takes a different tack: it facilitates &lt;i&gt;maintainability&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+and so on. Logs of user activity are kept that record all&lt;br&gt;
+by creating all searching and browsing structures&lt;br&gt;
+queries made to every Greenstone collection (though this&lt;br&gt;
+automatically from the documents themselves. No links&lt;br&gt;
+facility can be disabled).&lt;br&gt;
+are inserted by hand. This means that when new&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Although primarily designed for Internet access over the&lt;br&gt;
+documents in the same format become available, they can&lt;br&gt;
+World-Wide Web, collections can be made available, in&lt;br&gt;
+be added automatically. Indeed, for some collections this is&lt;br&gt;
+precisely the same form, on CD-ROM. In either case they&lt;br&gt;
+done by processes that wake up regularly, scout for new&lt;br&gt;
+are accessed through any Web browser. Greenstone CD-&lt;br&gt;
+material, and rebuild the indexesâall without manual&lt;br&gt;
+ROMs operate on a standalone PC under Windows 3.X,&lt;br&gt;
+intervention.&lt;br&gt;
+95, 98, and NT, and the interaction is identical to accessing&lt;br&gt;
+Collections comprise many documents: thousands, tens of&lt;br&gt;
+the collection on the Webâexcept that response is faster&lt;br&gt;
+thousands, or even millions. Each document may be&lt;br&gt;
+and more predictable. The requirement to operate on early&lt;br&gt;
+hierarchically organized into &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt; (subsections, sub-&lt;br&gt;
+Windows systems is one that plagues the software design,&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and so on). Each section comprises one or&lt;br&gt;
+but is crucial for many usersâparticularly those in&lt;br&gt;
+more &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;. Metadata such as author, title, date,&lt;br&gt;
+underdeveloped countries seeking access to humanitarian&lt;br&gt;
+keywords, and so on, may be associated with documents,&lt;br&gt;
+aid collections. If the PC is connected to a network&lt;br&gt;
+or with individual sections of documents. This is the raw&lt;br&gt;
+(intranet or Internet), a custom-built Web server provided&lt;br&gt;
+material for indexes. It must either be provided explicitly&lt;br&gt;
+on each CD makes exactly the same information available&lt;br&gt;
+for each document and section (for example, in an&lt;br&gt;
+to others through their standard Web browser. The use of&lt;br&gt;
+accompanying spreadsheet) or be derivable automatically&lt;br&gt;
+compression ensures that the greatest possible volume of&lt;br&gt;
+from the source documents. Metadata is converted to&lt;br&gt;
+information can be packed on to a CD-ROM.&lt;br&gt;
+Dublin Core and stored with the document for internal use.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The collection-serving software operates under Unix and&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In order to accommodate different kinds of source&lt;br&gt;
+Windows NT, and works with standard Web servers. A&lt;br&gt;
+documents, the software is organized so that âpluginsâ can&lt;br&gt;
+flexible process structure allows different collections to be&lt;br&gt;
+be written for new document types. Plugins exist for plain&lt;br&gt;
+served by different computers, yet be presented to the user&lt;br&gt;
+text documents, HTML documents, email documents, and&lt;br&gt;
+in the same way, on the same Web page, as part of the&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic formats. Word documents are handled by&lt;br&gt;
+same digital library, even as part of the same collection&lt;br&gt;
+saving them as HTML; PostScript ones by applying a&lt;br&gt;
+(McNab and Witten, 1998). Existing collections can be&lt;br&gt;
+preprocessor (Nevill-Manning &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1998). Specially&lt;br&gt;
+updated and new ones brought on-line at any time, without&lt;br&gt;
+written plugins also exist for proprietary formats such as&lt;br&gt;
+bringing the system down; the process responsible for the&lt;br&gt;
+that used by the BBC archives department. A collection&lt;br&gt;
+user interface will notice (through periodic polling) when&lt;br&gt;
+may have source documents in different forms: it is just a&lt;br&gt;
+new collections appear and add them to the list presented&lt;br&gt;to the user.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=4&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-4_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;FILES IN A COLLECTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;When a new collection is created or material is added to an&lt;br&gt;existing one, the original source documents are first&lt;br&gt;brought into the system through a process known as&lt;br&gt;âimporting.â This involves converting documents into a&lt;br&gt;simple HTML-like format known as GML (for&lt;br&gt;âGreenstone Markup Languageâ), which includes any&lt;br&gt;metadata associated with the document. Documents are&lt;br&gt;assumed to be in the Unicode UTF-8 code (of which the&lt;br&gt;ASCII characters form a subset).&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Files and directories&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;There is a separate directory for each collection, which&lt;br&gt;contains five subdirectories: the original raw material&lt;br&gt;(&lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;), the GML files created from this (&lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;), the&lt;br&gt;final collection as it is served to users (&lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;), a directory&lt;br&gt;for use during the building process (&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;), and one for&lt;br&gt;any supporting files (&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;)âincluding the configuration file&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 3: Reading a book in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+that controls the collection creation procedure. Additional&lt;br&gt;files might be required: for example, building a hierarchy&lt;br&gt;of classifications requires a data file of sub-classifications.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;FINDING INFORMATION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Greenstone digital library systems generally include&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+several separate collections. A home page allows you to&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The imported documents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+select a collection; in addition, each collection has its own&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In order to identify documents internally, a unique object&lt;br&gt;
+âaboutâ page that gives you information about how the&lt;br&gt;
+identifier or OID is assigned to each original source&lt;br&gt;
+collection is organized and the principles governing what&lt;br&gt;
+document when it is imported (formed by hashing the&lt;br&gt;
+is included.&lt;br&gt;
+content, to overcome file duplication effects caused by&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;All icons in the screenshots of Figures 1â4 are clickable.&lt;br&gt;
+mirroring) and stored as metadata within that document. It&lt;br&gt;
+Those icons at the top of the page return to the home page,&lt;br&gt;
+is important that OIDs persist throughout the index-&lt;br&gt;
+provide help text, and allow you to set user interface and&lt;br&gt;
+building processâso that a userâs search history is&lt;br&gt;
+searching preferences. The navigation bar underneath&lt;br&gt;
+unaffected by rebuilding the collection. OIDs are assigned&lt;br&gt;
+gives access to the searching and browsing facilities,&lt;br&gt;
+by hashing the contents of the original source document.&lt;br&gt;
+which differ from one collection to another.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Once imported, each document is stored in its own&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Each of the five buttons provides a different way to find&lt;br&gt;
+subdirectory of &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, along with any associated&lt;br&gt;
+information. You can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that&lt;br&gt;
+filesâfor example, images. To ensure compatibility with&lt;br&gt;
+appear in the text from the âsearchâ page (or from the&lt;br&gt;
+Windows 3.0, only eight characters are used in directory&lt;br&gt;
+âaboutâ page of Figure 1). This collection contains indexes&lt;br&gt;
+and file names, which causes annoying but essentially&lt;br&gt;
+of chapters, section titles, and entire books. The default&lt;br&gt;
+trivial complications.&lt;br&gt;
+search interface is a simple one, suitable for casual users;&lt;br&gt;advanced searchingâwhich allows full Boolean&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Inside the documents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+expressions, phrase searching, case and stemming&lt;br&gt;controlâcan be enabled from the &lt;i&gt;Preferences&lt;/i&gt; page.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The GML format imposes a limited amount of structure on&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+documents. Documents are divided into paragraphs. They&lt;br&gt;
+This collection has four browsable metadata indexes. You&lt;br&gt;
+can be split hierarchically into sections and subsections.&lt;br&gt;
+can &lt;i&gt;access publications by subject&lt;/i&gt; by clicking the &lt;i&gt;subjects&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+OIDs are extended to identify these components by&lt;br&gt;
+button, which brings up a list of subjects, represented by&lt;br&gt;
+appending numbers, separated by periods, to a documentâs&lt;br&gt;
+bookshelves (Figure 2). You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+OID. When a book is read, its section hierarchy is visible&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;title&lt;/i&gt; by clicking &lt;i&gt;titles a-z&lt;/i&gt; (Figure 4), which brings up a list&lt;br&gt;
+as the table of contents (Figure 3). Chapters, sections,&lt;br&gt;
+of books in alphabetic order. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and pages are all implemented simply as&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;by organization&lt;/i&gt; (i.e. Dublin Core âpublisherâ), bringing up&lt;br&gt;
+âsectionsâ within the document. In some collections&lt;br&gt;
+a list of organizations. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+documents do not have a hierarchical subsection structure,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;âhow toâ listing&lt;/i&gt;, yielding a list of hints defined by the&lt;br&gt;
+but are split into pages to permit browsing within a&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs editors. We use the Dublin Core as a base and&lt;br&gt;
+retrieved document.&lt;br&gt;
+extend it in an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; manner to accommodate the&lt;br&gt;individual requirements of collection designers.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The document structure is used for searchable indexes.&lt;br&gt;There are three levels of index: &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=5&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-5_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked, which converts the files into&lt;br&gt;GML using the specified plugins. Old material for which&lt;br&gt;GML files have previously been created is not re-imported.&lt;br&gt;Then the &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked to build the requisite&lt;br&gt;indexes for the collection. Finally, the contents of the&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory are moved into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory, and&lt;br&gt;the new version of the collection automatically becomes&lt;br&gt;live.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;This procedure may seem cumbersome. But all the steps&lt;br&gt;are necessary for efficient operation with large collections.&lt;br&gt;The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process could be performed on the fly during&lt;br&gt;the building operationâbut because building indexes is a&lt;br&gt;multipass operation, the often lengthy importing would be&lt;br&gt;repeated several times. The &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process can take&lt;br&gt;considerable timeâa day or two, for very large&lt;br&gt;collections. Consequently, the results are placed in the&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory so that, if the collection already exists, it&lt;br&gt;will continue to be served to users in its old form&lt;br&gt;throughout the building operation.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Active users of the collection will not be disturbed when&lt;br&gt;the new version becomes liveâthey will probably not&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 4: Browsing titles in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+even notice. The persistent OIDs ensure that interactions&lt;br&gt;remain coherentâusers who are examining the results of a&lt;br&gt;query or browse operation will still retrieve the expected&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;, corresponding to the distinctions that GML&lt;br&gt;
+documentsâand if a search is actually in progress when&lt;br&gt;
+makesâthe hierarchical structure is flattened for the&lt;br&gt;
+the change takes place the program detects the resulting&lt;br&gt;
+purposes of creating these indexes. Indexes can be of text,&lt;br&gt;
+file-structure inconsistency and automatically and&lt;br&gt;
+or metadata, or any combination. Thus you can create a&lt;br&gt;
+transparently re-executes the query, this time on the new&lt;br&gt;
+searchable index of section titles, and/or authors, and/or&lt;br&gt;
+version of the collection.&lt;br&gt;
+document descriptions, as well as the document text.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;UPDATING EXISTING COLLECTIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;How it works&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Updating an existing collection with new files in the same&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The original material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory may be in any&lt;br&gt;
+format is easy. For example, the raw material for the HDL&lt;br&gt;
+format, and plugins are required to process each format&lt;br&gt;
+is supplied in the form of HTML files marked up with&lt;br&gt;
+type. The plugins that a collection uses must be specified&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;&amp;lt;TOC&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to split books into sections and&lt;br&gt;
+in the collection configuration file. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; program&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and &amp;lt;&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to indicate where an image is&lt;br&gt;
+reads the list of plugins and passes each document to each&lt;br&gt;
+to be inserted. For each book in the library there is a&lt;br&gt;
+plugin in order until it finds one that can process it. When&lt;br&gt;
+directory that contains a single HTML file representing the&lt;br&gt;
+updating an existing collection, all plugins necessary to&lt;br&gt;
+book, and separate files containing the associated images.&lt;br&gt;
+process new material should already have been specified in&lt;br&gt;
+An accompanying spreadsheet file contains the&lt;br&gt;
+the configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+classification hierarchy; this is converted to a simple file&lt;br&gt;format (using Excelâs &lt;i&gt;Save As&lt;/i&gt; command).&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The building step creates the indexes for both searching&lt;br&gt;and browsing. The MG software is generally used to do the&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Since the collection exists, its directory is already set up&lt;br&gt;
+searching (Witten  &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999), and the &lt;i&gt;mgbuild&lt;/i&gt; module is&lt;br&gt;
+with subdirectories &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;br&gt;
+automatically invoked to create each of the indexes that is&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;, and the &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt; directory will contain a suitable collection&lt;br&gt;
+required. For example, the Humanity Development Library&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+has three indexes, one for entire books, one for chapters,&lt;br&gt;and one for section titles. Subdirectories of the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+directory are created for each of these indexes.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The updating procedure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;To update a collection, the new raw material is placed in&lt;br&gt;the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, in whatever form it is available. Then&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=6&gt;&lt;/a&gt;creator&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+1&lt;br&gt;
+maintainer&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+public&lt;br&gt;
+True&lt;br&gt;
+3&lt;br&gt;4&lt;br&gt;
+indexes&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+5&lt;br&gt;
+defaultindex&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+6&lt;br&gt;
+plugins&lt;br&gt;
+GMLPlug TEXTPlug ArcPlug RecPlug&lt;br&gt;
+7&lt;br&gt;8&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title&lt;br&gt;
+9&lt;br&gt;10&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;generic text collection&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+11&lt;br&gt;
+(a)&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+12&lt;br&gt;
+creator&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+1&lt;br&gt;
+maintainer&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+public&lt;br&gt;
+True&lt;br&gt;
+3&lt;br&gt;4&lt;br&gt;
+indexes&lt;br&gt;
+document:text document:From&lt;br&gt;
+5&lt;br&gt;
+defaultindex&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+6&lt;br&gt;
+plugins&lt;br&gt;
+GMLPlug EMAILPlug ArcPlug RecPlug&lt;br&gt;
+7&lt;br&gt;8&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title&lt;br&gt;
+9&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+DateList&lt;br&gt;
+10&lt;br&gt;11&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;Email messages&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+12&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+13&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:From    &amp;quot;email senders&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+14&lt;br&gt;15&lt;br&gt;
+format&lt;br&gt;
+QueryResults \\\\&lt;br&gt;
+16&lt;br&gt;
+(b)&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[link][icon][/link]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Title]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Author]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br&gt;
+17&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 5: Collection configuration files (a) generic, (b) for an email collection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;MG also compresses the text of the collection; and the&lt;br&gt;
+certain circumstances, however, it might be preferable to&lt;br&gt;
+image files are linked into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; subdirectory. Now&lt;br&gt;
+use a standardized format such as XML. This is&lt;br&gt;
+none of the material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directories&lt;br&gt;
+straightforward to implementï£§just write an XML&lt;br&gt;
+is needed to run the collection and can be removed from&lt;br&gt;
+pluginï£§although we have not done so ourselves. Given&lt;br&gt;
+the file system (though they would be needed if the&lt;br&gt;
+the transitory nature of the imported data, to date, we have&lt;br&gt;
+collection were rebuilt).&lt;br&gt;
+found GML a satisfactory and beneficial format.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Associated with each collection is a database stored in&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;CREATING NEW COLLECTIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+GDBM (Gnu database manager) format. This contains an&lt;br&gt;entry for each document, giving its OID, its internal MG&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Building new collections from scratch is only slightly&lt;br&gt;
+document number, and metadata such as title. Information&lt;br&gt;
+different from updating an existing collection. The key&lt;br&gt;
+for each of the browsing indexes, which appear as buttons&lt;br&gt;
+new requirement is creating a collection configuration file,&lt;br&gt;
+on the Greenstone search/browse bar, is also extracted&lt;br&gt;
+and a software utility is provided to help. Two pieces of&lt;br&gt;
+during the building process and stored in the database. A&lt;br&gt;
+information are required for this: the name of the directory&lt;br&gt;
+âclassifierâ program is required for each browsing index to&lt;br&gt;
+that the collection will use (into which the source data and&lt;br&gt;
+extract the appropriate information from GML documents.&lt;br&gt;
+other files will eventually be placed), and a contact e-mail&lt;br&gt;
+Like plugins, classifiers are written on an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; basis for&lt;br&gt;
+address for use if any problems are encountered by the&lt;br&gt;
+the particular information required, and where possible&lt;br&gt;
+software once the collection is up and running. The utility&lt;br&gt;
+reused from one collection to another.&lt;br&gt;
+creates files and directories within the newly-named&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+directory to support a generic collection of plain text&lt;br&gt;
+The building program creates the indexes based on&lt;br&gt;
+documents. With suitable data placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+whatever appears in the &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directory. The first plugin&lt;br&gt;
+directory, building the collection at this point will yield a&lt;br&gt;
+specified by all collections is one that processes GML&lt;br&gt;
+document-level searchable index of all the text and a&lt;br&gt;
+files, and so if &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; contains imported files they will be&lt;br&gt;
+browsable list of âtitlesâ (defined in this case to be the&lt;br&gt;
+processed correctly. If it contains material in the original&lt;br&gt;
+document filenames).&lt;br&gt;
+format, that will be converted using the appropriate plugin.&lt;br&gt;Thus the import process is optional.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;To enhance the functionality and presentationâ something&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+anything but the most trivial collection will requireâthe&lt;br&gt;
+GML is designed to be fast and easy to parse, an important&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file must be edited. For a collection sourced&lt;br&gt;
+requirement when millions of documents are to be&lt;br&gt;
+from documents in an already supported data format,&lt;br&gt;
+processed. Something as simple as requiring tags to be&lt;br&gt;
+presented in a similar fashion to an existing collection, the&lt;br&gt;
+lower-case, for example, yields a substantial speed-up. In&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=7&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-7_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;These are modules of code that can be slotted into the&lt;br&gt;system to enhance its capabilities. Plugins parse&lt;br&gt;documents, extracting the text and metadata to be indexed.&lt;br&gt;Classifiers control how metadata is brought together to&lt;br&gt;form browsable data structures. Both are specified in an&lt;br&gt;object-oriented framework using inheritance to minimize&lt;br&gt;the amount of code written.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;A plugin must specify three things: what file formats it can&lt;br&gt;handle, how they should be parsed, and whether the plugin&lt;br&gt;is recursive. File formats are normally determined using&lt;br&gt;regular expression matching on the filename. For example,&lt;br&gt;the HTML plugin accepts all files that end in &lt;i&gt;.htm&lt;/i&gt;, . &lt;i&gt;html&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;.HTM&lt;/i&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;.HTML&lt;/i&gt;. (It is quite possible, however, to write&lt;br&gt;plugins that âlook insideâ the file as well.) For other files,&lt;br&gt;the plugin returns &lt;i&gt;undefined&lt;/i&gt; and the file is passed to the&lt;br&gt;next plugin in the collectionâs configuration file (e.g.&lt;br&gt;Figure 5 line 7). If it can, the plugin parses the file and&lt;br&gt;returns the number of documents processed. This involves&lt;br&gt;extracting text and metadata and adding it to the libraryâs&lt;br&gt;content through calls to &lt;i&gt;add text&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;add metadata&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Some plugins (ârecursiveâ ones) add extra files into the&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 6: Searching bookmarked Web pages&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+stream of data processed during the building phase by&lt;br&gt;artificially reactivating the list of plugins. This is how&lt;br&gt;directory hierarchies are traversed.&lt;br&gt;
+amount of editing is minimal. Importing new data formats&lt;br&gt;and browsing metadata in ways not currently supported are&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Plugins are small modules of code that are easy to write.&lt;br&gt;
+more complex activities that require programming skills.&lt;br&gt;
+We monitored the time it took to develop a new one that&lt;br&gt;was different to any we had produced so far. We chose to&lt;br&gt;make as an example a collection of HTML bookmark files,&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Modifying the configuration file&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the motivation being to produce a convenient way of&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+searching and browsing oneâs bookmarked Web pages.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 5b shows simple alterations to the generic&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 6 shows a user searching for bookmarked pages&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file in Figure 5a that was generated by the&lt;br&gt;
+about &lt;i&gt;music&lt;/i&gt;. The new plugin took under an hour to write,&lt;br&gt;
+new-collection utility. &lt;i&gt;TEXTPlug&lt;/i&gt; is replaced with&lt;br&gt;
+and was 160 lines long (ignoring blank lines and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;EMAILPlug&lt;/i&gt; (line 7) which reads email files and extracts&lt;br&gt;
+comments)âabout the average length of existing plugins.&lt;br&gt;
+metadata (&lt;i&gt;From&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;To&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Date&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Subject&lt;/i&gt;) from them. A classifier&lt;br&gt;for dates is added (line 10) to make the collection&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Classifiers are more general than plugins because they&lt;br&gt;
+browsable chronologically. The default presentation of&lt;br&gt;
+work on GML-format data. For example, any plugin that&lt;br&gt;
+search results is overridden (line 17) to display both the&lt;br&gt;
+generates date metadata in accordance with the Dublin&lt;br&gt;
+title of the message (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Title&lt;/i&gt;) and its sender&lt;br&gt;
+core can request the collection to be browsable&lt;br&gt;
+(i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Author&lt;/i&gt;). Elements in square brackets,&lt;br&gt;
+chronologically by specifying the &lt;i&gt;DateList&lt;/i&gt; classifier in the&lt;br&gt;
+such as &lt;i&gt;[Title]&lt;/i&gt;, are replaced by the metadata associated&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs configuration file (Figure 7). Classifiers are&lt;br&gt;
+with a particular document. The built-in term &lt;i&gt;[icon]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+more elaborate than most plugins, but new ones are seldom&lt;br&gt;
+produces a suitable image that represents the document&lt;br&gt;
+required. The average length of existing classifiers is 230&lt;br&gt;
+(such as a book icon or page icon), and the &lt;i&gt;[link]âŠ[/link]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+lines.&lt;br&gt;
+construct forms a hyperlink to the complete document.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+Anything else in the format statement, which in this case is&lt;br&gt;
+Classifiers must specify three things: an initialization&lt;br&gt;
+solely table-cell tags in HTML, is passed through to the&lt;br&gt;
+routine, how individual documents are classified, and the&lt;br&gt;
+page being displayed.&lt;br&gt;
+final browsable data structure. Initialization takes care of&lt;br&gt;any options specified in the configuration file (such as&lt;br&gt;
+As this example shows, creating a new collection that stays&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;metadata=Title &lt;/i&gt;on line 9 of Figure 5b). Classifying&lt;br&gt;
+within the bounds of the libraryâs established capabilities&lt;br&gt;
+individual documents is an iterative process: for each one,&lt;br&gt;
+falls within the capability of many computer usersâfor&lt;br&gt;
+a call to &lt;i&gt;document-classify&lt;/i&gt; is made. On presentation of the&lt;br&gt;
+instance, computer-trained librarians. Extending&lt;br&gt;
+documentâs OID, the necessary metadata is located and&lt;br&gt;
+Greenstone to handle new document formats and browse&lt;br&gt;
+used to control where the document is added to the&lt;br&gt;
+metadata in new ways is more challenging.&lt;br&gt;
+browsable data structure being constructed.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Once all documents have been added, a request is made for&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writing new plugins and classifiers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the completed data structure. Some classifiers return the&lt;br&gt;data structure directly; others transform the data structure&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Extensibility  is  obtained through  plugins  and  classifiers.&lt;br&gt;
+before it is returned. For example, the &lt;i&gt;AZList&lt;/i&gt; classifier&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=8&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-8_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+a page number, next and previous page buttons, and&lt;br&gt;displaying a particular page at different resolutions. A text&lt;br&gt;version of the page is also available upon which a&lt;br&gt;searching option is also provided.&lt;br&gt;
+Started in 1994, Harvest is also a long-running research&lt;br&gt;project. It provides an efficient means of gathering source&lt;br&gt;data from the Internet and distributing indexing&lt;br&gt;information over the Internet. This is accomplished&lt;br&gt;through five components: &lt;i&gt;gatherer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;broker&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;indexer&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;replicator&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;cache&lt;/i&gt;. The first three are central to creating,&lt;br&gt;updating and searching a collection; the last two help to&lt;br&gt;improve performance over the Internet through transparent&lt;br&gt;mirroring and caching techniques.&lt;br&gt;
+The system is configurable and customizable. While&lt;br&gt;searching is most commonly implemented using Glimpse&lt;br&gt;(&lt;i&gt;glimpse.cs.arizona.edu&lt;/i&gt;), in principle any search engine&lt;br&gt;that supports incremental updates and Boolean&lt;br&gt;combinations of attribute-based queries can be used. It is&lt;br&gt;possible to control what type of documents are gathered&lt;br&gt;during creation and updating, and how the query interface&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 7: Browsing a newspaper collection by date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+looks and is laid out.&lt;br&gt;
+Sample collections cited by the developers include 21,000&lt;br&gt;
+divides the alphabetically sorted list of metadata into&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical reports and 7,000 home pages.&lt;br&gt;
+separate pages of about the same size and returns the&lt;br&gt;
+Other examples include a sizable collection of agriculture-&lt;br&gt;
+alphabetic ranges for each one (Figure 4).&lt;br&gt;
+related electronic journals and magazines called âtomato-&lt;br&gt;juiceâ (accessed through &lt;i&gt;hegel.lib.ncsu.edu&lt;/i&gt;) and a full-text&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;OVERVIEW OF RELATED WORK&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+index of library-related electronic serials&lt;br&gt;
+Two projects that provide substantial open source digital&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;sunsite.berkeley.edu/IndexMorganagus&lt;/i&gt;). Harvest is also&lt;br&gt;
+library software are Dienst (Lagoze and Fielding, 1998)&lt;br&gt;
+often used to index Web sites (for example&lt;br&gt;
+and Harvest (Bowman &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1994). The origins of Dienst&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;www.middlebury.edu&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;www.cs.cornell.edu/cdlrg&lt;/i&gt;) stretch back to 1992. The term&lt;br&gt;
+Comparing Greenstone with Dienst and Harvest, there are&lt;br&gt;
+has come to represent three entities: a conceptual&lt;br&gt;
+both similarities and differences. All provide substantial&lt;br&gt;
+architecture for distributed digital libraries; an open&lt;br&gt;
+digital library systems, hence common themes recur, but&lt;br&gt;
+protocol for service communication; and a software&lt;br&gt;
+they are driven by projects with different aims. Harvest,&lt;br&gt;
+system that implements the protocol. To date, five sample&lt;br&gt;
+for instance, was not conceived as a digital library project&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries have been built using this technology.&lt;br&gt;
+at all, but by virtue of its selective document gathering&lt;br&gt;
+They manifest themselves in two forms: technical reports&lt;br&gt;
+process it can be classed (and is used) as one. While it&lt;br&gt;
+and primary source documents.&lt;br&gt;
+provides sophisticated search options, it lacks the&lt;br&gt;
+Best known is NCSTRL, the Networked Computer&lt;br&gt;
+complementary service of browsing. Furthermore it adds&lt;br&gt;
+Science Technical Reference Library project&lt;br&gt;
+no structure or order to the documents collected, relying&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;www.ncstrl.org&lt;/i&gt;). This collection facilitates searching by&lt;br&gt;
+on whatever structures are present in the site that they&lt;br&gt;
+title, author and abstract, and browsing by year and author,&lt;br&gt;
+were gathered from. A proven strength of the design is its&lt;br&gt;
+across a distributed network of document repositories.&lt;br&gt;
+flexibility through configuration and customizationï£§an&lt;br&gt;
+Documents can (where supported) be delivered in various&lt;br&gt;
+element also present in Greenstone.&lt;br&gt;
+formats such as PostScript, a thumbnail overview of the&lt;br&gt;
+Dienstï£§best exemplified through the NCSTRL&lt;br&gt;
+pages, and a GIF image of a particular page.&lt;br&gt;
+workï£§supports searching and browsing, like Greenstone.&lt;br&gt;
+The &lt;i&gt;Making of America&lt;/i&gt; resource is an example of a&lt;br&gt;
+Both use open protocols. Differences include a high&lt;br&gt;
+collection based around primary sourcesï£§in this case&lt;br&gt;
+reliance in Dienst on user-supplied information when a&lt;br&gt;
+American social history, 1830â1900. It has a different&lt;br&gt;
+document is added, and a smaller range of document types&lt;br&gt;
+âlook and feelâ to NCSTRL, being strongly oriented&lt;br&gt;
+supportedâalthough Dienst does include a document&lt;br&gt;
+toward browsing rather than searching. A user navigates&lt;br&gt;
+model that should, over time, allow this to expand with&lt;br&gt;
+their way through a hierarchical structure of hyperlinks to&lt;br&gt;
+relative ease.&lt;br&gt;
+reach a book of interest. The book itself is a series of&lt;br&gt;
+There are also commercial systems that provide similar&lt;br&gt;
+scanned images: delivery options include going directly to&lt;br&gt;
+digital library services to those described. However, since&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=9&gt;&lt;/a&gt;corporate culture instills proprietary attitudes there is little&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+opportunity for advancement through a shared&lt;br&gt;
+1.  Akscyn, R.M. and Witten, I.H. (1998) âReport on First&lt;br&gt;
+collaborative effort. Consequently they are not reviewed&lt;br&gt;
+Summit on International Cooperation on Digital&lt;br&gt;
+here.&lt;br&gt;
+Libraries.â ks.com/idla-wp-oct98.&lt;br&gt;
+2.  Bowman, C.M., Danzig, P.B., Manber, U., and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Schwartz, M.F. âScalable Internet resource discovery:&lt;br&gt;
+Greenstone is a comprehensive software system for&lt;br&gt;
+Research problems and approachesâ &lt;i&gt;Communications&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+creating digital library collections. It builds data structures&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;of the ACM,&lt;/i&gt; Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 98â107, 1994.&lt;br&gt;
+for searching and browsing from the material provided,&lt;br&gt;
+3.  Fox, E. (1998) âDigital library definitions.â&lt;br&gt;
+rather than relying on any hand-crafting. The process is&lt;br&gt;
+ei.cs.vt.edu/~fox/dlib/def.html.&lt;br&gt;
+controlled by a configuration file, and once a collection&lt;br&gt;exists new material can be added completely&lt;br&gt;
+4.  Humanity Libraries (1998) &lt;i&gt;Humanity Development&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+automatically. Browsing is based on Dublin Core&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Global Help&lt;br&gt;
+metadata.&lt;br&gt;
+Project, Antwerp, Belgium.&lt;br&gt;
+New collections can be developed easily, particularly if&lt;br&gt;
+5.  Lagoze, C. and Fielding, D âDefining Collections in&lt;br&gt;
+they resemble existing ones. Extensibility is achieved&lt;br&gt;
+Distributed Digital Librariesâ &lt;i&gt;D-Lib Magazine&lt;/i&gt;, Nov.&lt;br&gt;
+through software âpluginsâ that can be written to&lt;br&gt;
+1998.&lt;br&gt;
+accommodate documents, and metadata, in different&lt;br&gt;
+6.  PAHO (1999) &lt;i&gt;Virtual Disaster Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM&lt;br&gt;
+formats. Standard plugins exist for many document types;&lt;br&gt;
+produced by the Pan-American Health Organization,&lt;br&gt;
+new ones are easily written. Browsing is controlled by&lt;br&gt;
+Washington DC, USA.&lt;br&gt;
+âclassifiersâ that process metadata into browsing structures&lt;br&gt;
+7.  McNab, R.J., Witten, I.H. and Boddie, S.J. (1998) âA&lt;br&gt;
+(by date, alphabetical, hierarchical, etc).&lt;br&gt;
+distributed digital library architecture incorporating&lt;br&gt;
+However, the most powerful support for extensibility is&lt;br&gt;
+different index styles.â &lt;i&gt;Proc IEEE Advances in Digital&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+achieved not by technical means but by making the source&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 36â45.&lt;br&gt;
+code freely available under the Gnu public license. Only&lt;br&gt;
+8.  Nevill-Manning, C.G., Reed, T., and Witten, I.H.&lt;br&gt;
+through an international cooperative effort will digital&lt;br&gt;
+(1998) âExtracting text from PostScriptâ&lt;br&gt;
+library software become sufficiently comprehensive to&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;SoftwareâPractice and Experience&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp.&lt;br&gt;
+meet the worldâs needs with the richness and flexibility&lt;br&gt;
+481â491; April.&lt;br&gt;
+that users deserve.&lt;br&gt;
+9.  UNESCO (1999) &lt;i&gt;SAHEL point DOC: Anthologie du&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;dÃ©veloppement au Sahel&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by&lt;br&gt;UNESCO, Paris, France.&lt;br&gt;
+We gratefully acknowledge all those who have worked on&lt;br&gt;the Greenstone software, and all members of the New&lt;br&gt;
+10. UNU (1998) &lt;i&gt;Collection on critical global issues.&lt;/i&gt; CD-&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand Digital Library project for their enthusiasm and&lt;br&gt;
+ROM produced by the United Nations University&lt;br&gt;
+ideas.&lt;br&gt;
+Press, Tokyo, Japan.&lt;br&gt;
+11. Witten, I.H., Moffat, A. and Bell, T. (1999) &lt;i&gt;Managing&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Gigabytes: compressing and indexing documents and&lt;br&gt;images&lt;/i&gt;, Morgan Kaufmann, second edition.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASH8bbe.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASH8bbe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASH8bbe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bronwyn; page: 1 of 1 1 Using language models for generic entity extraction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/langmodl.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215015/langmodl.text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">langmodl.text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">langmodl.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">langmodl.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PostScriptPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">16751</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">langmodl</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconps_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH8bbe6da0374b413b1b355c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215015</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH8bbe.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.ps:application/postscript:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+Bronwyn; page: 1 of 1 1 Using language models for generic entity extraction
+Ian H. Witten, Zane Bray, Malika Mahoui, W.J. Teahan Computer ScienceUniversity
+of WaikatoHamilton, New Zealandihw@cs.waikato.ac.nz AbstractThis paper describes
+the use of statisticallanguage modeling techniques, such as arecommonly used
+for text compression, to extractmeaningful, low-level, information about
+thelocation of semantic tokens, or \\322entities,\\323 in text.We begin by
+marking up several different tokentypes in training documents\\321for example,people\\325s
+names, dates and time periods, phonenumbers, and sums of money. We form alanguage
+model for each token type and examinehow accurately it identifies new tokens.
+We thenapply a search algorithm to insert tokenboundaries in a way that maximizes
+compressionof the entire test document. The technique can beapplied to hierarchically-defined
+tokens, leadingto a kind of \\322soft parsing\\323 that will, we believe,be
+able to identify structured items such asreferences and tables in html or
+plain text, basedon nothing more than a few marked-up examplesin training
+documents. 1.   INTRODUCTIONText mining is about looking for patterns in
+text, and maybe defined as the process of analyzing text to extractinformation
+that is useful for particular purposes.Compared with the kind of data stored
+in databases, textis unstructured, amorphous, and difficult to deal with.Nevertheless,
+in modern Western culture, text is the mostcommon vehicle for the formal
+exchange of information.The motivation for trying to extract information
+from it iscompelling\\321even if success is only partial.Text mining is possible
+because you do not have tounderstand text in order to extract useful information
+fromit. Here are four examples. First, if only names could beidentified,
+links could be inserted automatically to otherplaces that mention the same
+name\\321links that are\\322dynamically evaluated\\323 by calling upon a search
+engineto bind them at click time. Second, actions can beassociated with different
+types of data, using eitherexplicit programming or programming-by-demonstrationtechniques.
+A day/time specification appearing anywherewithin one\\325s email could be
+associated with diary actionssuch as updating a personal organizer or creating
+anautomatic reminder, and each mention of a day/time in thetext could raise
+a popup menu of calendar-based actions.Third, text could be mined for data
+in tabular format,allowing databases to be created from formatted tablessuch
+as stock-market information on Web pages. Fourth,an agent could monitor incoming
+newswire stories forcompany names and collect documents that mentionthem\\321an
+automated press clipping service.In all these examples, the key problem is
+to recognizedifferent types of target fragments, which we will calltokens
+or \\322entities\\323. This is really a kind of languagerecognition problem:
+we have a text made up of differentsublanguages {for personal names, company
+names, dates,table entries, and so on} and seek to determine whichparts are
+expressed in which language.The information extraction research community
+{of whichwe were, until recently, unaware} has studied these tasksand reported
+results at annual Message UnderstandingConferences {MUC}. For example, \\322named
+entities\\323 aredefined as proper names and quantities of interest,including
+personal, organization, and location names, aswell as dates, times, percentages,
+and monetary amounts{Chinchor, 1999}.The standard approach to this problem
+is manual:tokenizers and grammars are hand-designed for theparticular data
+being extracted. Looking at currentcommercial state-of-the-art text mining
+software, forexample, IBM\\325s Intelligent Miner for Text {Tkach, 1997}uses
+specific recognition modules carefully programmedfor the different data types,
+while Apple\\325s data detectors{Nardi et al., 1998} uses language grammars.
+The  TextTokenization Tool of Grover et al. {1999} is anotherexample, and
+a demonstration version is available on theWeb. The challenge for machine
+learning is to use
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASHeaa2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASHeaa2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASHeaa2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,4289 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1997-00 Listing of Working Papers</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215016_3/word01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215016_3/word01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/word01.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215016_3/word01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">word01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">word01.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">word01.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">110080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">word01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHeaa2992e081949673150f3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215017</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHeaa2.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Title&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.12mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1997-00 Listing of Working Papers &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Using compression to identify acronyms in text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stuart Yeates, David Bainbridge, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Text mining is about looking for patterns in natural language text, and may be defined as the process of analyzing text to extract information from it for particular purposes.  In previous work, we claimed that compression is a key technology for text mining, and backed this up with a study that showed how particular kinds of lexical tokens&amp;mdash;names, dates, locations, &lt;i&gt;etc.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;mdash;can be identified and located in running text, using compression models to provide the leverage necessary to distinguish different token types (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Text categorization using compression models
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Chang Chui, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Text categorization, or the assignment of natural language texts to predefined categories based on their content, is of growing importance as the volume of information available on the internet continues to overwhelm us.  The use of predefined categories implies a &amp;ldquo;supervised learning&amp;rdquo; approach to categorization, where already-classified articles - which effectively define the categories - are used as &amp;ldquo;training data&amp;rdquo; to build a model that can be used for classifying new articles that comprise the &amp;ldquo;test data&amp;rdquo;.  This contrasts with &amp;ldquo;unsupervised&amp;rdquo; learning, where there is no training data and clusters of like documents are sought amongst the test articles.  With supervised learning, meaningful labels (such as keyphrases) are attached to the training documents, and appropriate labels can be assigned automatically to test documents depending on which category they fall into.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Reserved for Sally Jo
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Interactive machine learning&amp;mdash;letting users build classifiers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Malcolm Ware, Eibe Frank, Geoffrey Holmes, Mark Hall, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+According to standard procedure, building a classifier is a fully automated process that follows data preparation by a domain expert.  In contrast, &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;interactive&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;machine learning engages users in actually generating the classifier themselves.  This offers a natural way of integrating background knowledge into the modeling stage&amp;mdash;so long as interactive tools can be designed that support efficient and effective communication.  This paper shows that appropriate techniques can empower users to create models that compete with classifiers built by state-of-the-art learning algorithms.  It demonstrates that users&amp;mdash;even users who are not domain experts&amp;mdash;can often construct good classifiers, without any help from a learning algorithm, using a simple two-dimensional visual interface.  Experiments demonstrate that, not surprisingly, success hinges on the domain: if a few attributes can support good predictions, users generate accurate classifiers, whereas domains with many high-order attribute interactions favor standard machine learning techniques.  The future challenge is to achieve a symbiosis between human user and machine learning algorithm.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+KEA: Practical automatic keyphrase extraction
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ian H. Witten, Gordon W. Paynter, Eibe Frank, Carl Gutwin, Craig G. Nevill-Manning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Keyphrases provide semantic metadata that summarize and characterize documents.  This paper describes Kea, an algorithm for automatically extracting keyphrases from text.  Kea identifies candidate keyphrases using lexical methods, calculates feature values for each candidate, and uses a machine learning algorithm to predict which candidates are good keyphrases.  The machine learning scheme first builds a prediction model using training documents with known keyphrases, and then uses the model to find keyphrases in new documents.  We use a large test corpus to evaluate Kea's effectiveness in terms of how many author-assigned keyphrases are correctly identified.  The system is simple, robust, and publicly available.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;ÎŒ&lt;/i&gt;-Charts and Z:  hows, whys and wherefores
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greg Reeve, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we show, by a series of examples, how the &lt;i&gt;ÎŒ&lt;/i&gt;-chart formalism can be translated into Z.  We give reasons for why this is an interesting and sensible thing to do and what it might be used for.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+One dimensional non-uniform rational B-splines for animation control
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Abdelaziz Mahoui
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Most 3D animation packages use graphical representations called motion graphs to represent the variation in time of the motion parameters.  Many use two-dimensional B-splines as animation curves because of their power to represent free-form curves.  In this project, we investigate the possibility of using One-dimensional Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) curves for the interactive construction of animation control curves.  One-dimensional NURBS curves present the potential of solving some problems encountered in motion graphs when two-dimensional B-splines are used.  The study focuses on the properties of One-dimensional NURBS mathematical model.  It also investigates the algorithms and shape modification tools devised for two-dimensional curves and their port to the One-dimensional NURBS model.  It also looks at the issues related to the user interface used to interactively modify the shape of the curves.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Correlation-based feature selection of discrete and numeric class machine learning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark A. Hall
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Algorithms for feature selection fall into two broad categories: &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;wrappers&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;that use the learning algorithm itself to evaluate the usefulness of features and &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;filters&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;that evaluate features according to heuristics based on general characteristics of the data.  For application to large databases, filters have proven to be more practical than wrappers because they are much faster.  However, most existing filter algorithms only work with discrete classification problems.  This paper describes a fast, correlation-based filter algorithm that can be applied to continuous and discrete problems.  The algorithm often out-performs the well-known ReliefF attribute estimator when used as a preprocessing step for naÃ¯ve Bayes, instance-based learning, decision trees, locally weighted regression, and model trees.  It performs more feature selection than ReliefF does-reducing the data dimensionality by fifty percent in most cases.  Also, decision and model trees built from the prepocessed data are often significantly smaller.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A development environment for predictive modelling in foods
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+G. Holmes, M.A. Hall
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) is a comprehensive suite of Java class libraries that implement many state-of-the-art machine learning/data mining algorithms.  Non-programmers interact with the software via a user interface component called the Knowledge Explorer.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Applications constructed from the WEKA class libraries can be run on any computer with a web browsing capability, allowing users to apply machine learning techniques to their own data regardless of computer platform.  This paper describes the user interface component of the WEKA system in reference to previous applications in the predictive modeling of foods.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for data mining
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark A. Hall, Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Data engineering is generally considered to be a central issue in the development of data mining applications.  The success of many learning schemes, in their attempts to construct models of data, hinges on the reliable identification of a small set of highly predictive attributes.  The inclusion of irrelevant, redundant and noisy attributes in the model building process phase can result in poor predictive performance and increased computation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Attribute selection generally involves a combination of search and attribute utility estimation plus evaluation with respect to specific learning schemes.  This leads to a large number of possible permutations and has led to a situation where very few benchmark studies have been conducted.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper presents a benchmark comparison of several attribute selection methods.  All the methods produce an attribute ranking, a useful devise of isolating the individual merit of an attribute.  Attribute selection is achieved by cross-validating the rankings with respect to a learning scheme to find the best attributes.  Results are reported for a selection of standard data sets and two learning schemes C4.5 and naÃ¯ve Bayes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Reeves, Greg Reeve
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Malika Mahoui, Sally Jo Cunningham
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Transaction logs are invaluable sources of fine-grained information about users' search behavior.  This paper compares the searching behavior of users across two WWW-accessible digital libraries: the New Zealand Digital Library's Computer Science Technical Reports collection (CSTR), and the Karlsruhe Computer Science Bibliographies (CSBIB) collection.  Since the two collections are designed to support the same type of users-researchers/students in computer science a comparative log analysis is likely to uncover common searching preferences for that user group.  The two collections differ in their content, however; the CSTR indexes a full text collection, while the CSBIB is primarily a bibliographic database.  Differences in searching behavior between the two systems may indicate the effect of differing search facilities and content type.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lexical attraction for text compression
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Joscha Bach, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+New methods of acquiring structural information in text documents may support better compression by identifying an appropriate prediction context for each symbol.  The method of &amp;ldquo;lexical attraction&amp;rdquo; infers syntactic dependency structures from statistical analysis of large corpora.  We describe the generation of a lexical attraction model, discuss its application to text compression, and explore its potential to outperform fixed-context models such as word-level PPM.  Perhaps the most exciting aspect of this work is the prospect of using compression as a metric for structure discovery in text.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Generating rule sets from model trees
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes, Mark Hall, Eibe Frank
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Knowledge discovered in a database must be represented in a form that is easy to understand.  Small, easy to interpret nuggets of knowledge from data are one requirement and the ability to induce them from a variety of data sources is a second.  The literature is abound with classification algorithms, and in recent years with algorithms for time sequence analysis, but relatively little has been published on extracting meaningful information from problems involving continuous classes (regression).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Model trees-decision trees with linear models at the leaf nodes-have recently emerged as an accurate method for numeric prediction that produces understandable models.  However, it is well known that decision lists-ordered sets of If-Then rules-have the potential to be more compact and therefore more understandable than their tree counterparts.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we present an algorithm for inducing simple, yet accurate rule sets from model trees.  The algorithm works by repeatedly building model trees and selecting the best rule at each iteration.  It produces rule sets that are, on the whole, as accurate but smaller than the model tree constructed from the entire dataset.  Experimental results for various heuristics which attempt to find a compromise between rule accuracy and rule coverage are reported.  We also show empirically that our method produces more accurate and smaller rule sets than the commercial state-of-the-art rule learning system Cubist.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A diagnostic tool for tree based supervised classification learning algorithms
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Leonard Trigg, Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The process of developing applications of machine learning and data mining that employ supervised classification algorithms includes the important step of knowledge verification.  Interpretable output is presented to a user so that they can verify that the knowledge contained in the output makes sense for the given application.  As the development of an application is an iterative process it is quite likely that a user would wish to compare models constructed at various times or stages.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+One crucial stage where comparison of models is important is when the accuracy of a model is being estimated, typically using some form of cross-validation.  This stage is used to establish an estimate of how well a model will perform on unseen data.  This is vital information to present to a user, but it is also important to show the degree of variation between models obtained from the entire dataset and models obtained during cross-validation.  In this way it can be verified that the cross-validation models are at least structurally aligned with the model garnered from the entire dataset.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper presents a diagnostic tool for the comparison of tree-based supervised classification models.  The method is adapted from work on approximate tree matching and applied to decision trees.  The tool is described together with experimental results on standard datasets.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine learning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark A. Hall
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Algorithms for feature selection fall into two broad categories: &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;wrappers&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;use the learning algorithm itself to evaluate the usefulness of features, while &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;filters&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;evaluate features according to heuristics based on general characteristics of the data.  For application to large databases, filters have proven to be more practical than wrappers because they are much faster.  However, most existing filter algorithms only work with discrete classification problems.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes a fast, correlation-based filter algorithm that can be applied to continuous and discrete problems.  Experiments using the new method as a preprocessing step for naÃ¯ve Bayes, instance-based learning, decision trees, locally weighted regression, and model trees show it to be an effective feature selector- it reduces the data in dimensionality by more than sixty percent in most cases without negatively affecting accuracy.  Also, decision and model trees built from the pre-processed data are often significantly smaller.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Browsing tree structures
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark Apperley, Robert Spence, Stephen Hodge, Michael Chester
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Graphic representations of tree structures are notoriously difficult to create, display, and interpret, particularly when the volume of information they contain, and hence the number of nodes, is large.  The problem of interactively browsing information held in tree structures is examined, and the implementation of an innovative tree browser described.  This browser is based on distortion-oriented display techniques and intuitive direct manipulation interaction.  The tree layout is automatically generated, but the location and extent of detail shown is controlled by the user.  It is suggested that these techniques could be extended to the browsing of more general networks.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Facilitating multiple copy/past operations
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark Apperley, Jay Baker, Dale Fletcher, Bill Rogers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Copy and paste, or cut and paste, using a clipboard or paste buffer has long been the principle facility provided to users for transferring data between and within GUI applications.  We argue that this mechanism can be clumsy in circumstances where several pieces of information must be moved systematically.  In two situations - extraction of data fields from unstructured data found in a directed search process, and reorganisation of computer program source text - we present alternative, more natural, user interface facilities to make the task less onerous, and to provide improved visual feedback during the operation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+For the data extraction task we introduce the Stretchable Selection Tool, a semi-transparent overlay augmenting the mouse pointer to automate paste operations and provide information to prompt the user.  We describe a prototype implementation that functions in a collaborative software environment, allowing users to cooperate on a multiple copy/paste operation.  For text reorganisation, we present an extension to Emacs, providing similar functionality, but without the collaborative features.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Automating iterative tasks with programming by demonstration: a user evaluation
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Gordon W. Paynter, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Computer users often face iterative tasks that cannot be automated using the tools and aggregation techniques provided by their application program: they end up performing the iteration by hand, repeating user interface actions over and over again.  We have implemented an agent, called Familiar, that can be taught to perform iterative tasks using programming by demonstration (PBD).  Unlike other PBD systems, it is domain independent and works with unmodified, widely-used, applications in a popular operating system.  In a formal evaluation, we found that users quickly learned to use the agent to automate iterative tasks.  Generally, the participants preferred to use multiple selection where possible, but could and did use PBD in situations involving iteration over many commands, or when other techniques were unavailable.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A survey of software requirements specification practices in the New Zealand software industry
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lindsay Groves, Ray Nickson, Greg Reeve, Steve Reeves, Mark Utting
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We report on the software development techniques used in the New Zealand software industry, paying particular attention to requirements gathering.  We surveyed a selection of software companies with a general questionnaire and then conducted in-depth interviews with four companies.  Our results show a wide variety in the kinds of companies undertaking software development, employing a wide range of software development techniques.  Although our data are not sufficiently detailed to draw statistically significant conclusions, it appears that larger software development groups typically have more well-defined software development processes, spend proportionally more time on requirements gathering, and follow more rigorous testing regimes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The LRU*WWW proxy cache document replacement algorithm
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Chung-yi Chang, Tony McGregor, Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Obtaining good performance from WWW proxy caches is critically dependent on the document replacement policy used by the proxy.  This paper validates the work of other authors by reproducing their studies of proxy cache document replacement algorithms.  From this basis a cross-trace study is mounted.  This demonstrates that the performance of most document replacement algorithms is dependent on the type of workload that they are presented with.  Finally we propose a new algorithm, LRU*, that consistently performs well across all our traces.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Reduced-error pruning with significance tests
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When building classification models, it is common practice to prune them to counter spurious effects of the training data: this often improves performance and reduces model size.  &amp;quot;Reduced-error pruning&amp;quot; is a fast pruning procedure for decision trees that is known to produce small and accurate trees.  Apart from the data from which the tree is grown, it uses an independent &amp;quot;pruning&amp;quot; set, and pruning decisions are based on the model's error rate on this fresh data.  Recently it has been observed that reduced-error pruning overfits the pruning data, producing unnecessarily large decision trees.  This paper investigates whether standard statistical significance tests can be used to counter this phenomenon.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The problem of overfitting to the pruning set highlights the need for significance testing.  We investigate two classes of test, &amp;quot;parametric&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;non-parametric.&amp;quot;  The standard chi-squared statistic can be used both in a parametric test and as the basis for a non-parametric permutation test.  In both cases it is necessary to select the significance level at which pruning is applied.  We show empirically that both versions of the chi-squared test perform equally well if their significance levels are adjusted appropriately.  Using a collection of standard datasets, we show that significance testing improves on standard reduced error pruning if the significance level is tailored to the particular dataset at hand using cross-validation, yielding consistently smaller trees that perform at least as well and sometimes better.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Weka: Practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java implementations
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ian H. Witten, Eibe Frank, Len Trigg, Mark Hall, Geoffrey Holmes, Sally Jo Cunningham
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (Weka) is a comprehensive suite of Java class libraries that implement many state-of-the-art machine learning and data mining algorithms.  Weka is freely available on the World-Wide Web and accompanies a new text on data mining [1] which documents and fully explains all the algorithms it contains.  Applications written using the Weka class libraries can be run on any computer with a Web browsing capability; this allows users to apply machine learning techniques to their own data regardless of computer platform.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Pace Regression
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Yong Wang, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper articulates a new method of linear regression, &amp;ldquo;pace regression&amp;rdquo;, that addresses many drawbacks of standard regression reported in the literature&amp;mdash;particularly the subset selection problem.  Pace regression improves on classical ordinary least squares (OLS) regression by evaluating the effect of each variable and using a clustering analysis to improve the statistical basis for estimating their contribution to the overall regression.  As well as outperforming OLS, it also outperforms&amp;mdash;in a remarkably general sense&amp;mdash;other linear modeling techniques in the literature, including subset selection procedures, which seek a reduction in dimensionality that falls out as a natural byproduct of pace regression.  The paper defines six procedures that share the fundamental idea of pace regression, all of which are theoretically justified in terms of asymptotic performance.  Experiments confirm the performance improvement over other techniques.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A compression-based algorithm for Chinese word segmentation
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W.J. Teahan, Yingying Wen, Rodger McNab, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Chinese language is written without using spaces or other word delimiters.  Although a text may be thought of as a corresponding sequence of words, there is considerable ambiguity in the placement of boundaries.  Interpreting a text as a sequence of words is beneficial for some information retrieval and storage tasks: for example, full-text search, word-based compression, and keyphrase extraction.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We describe a scheme that infers appropriate positions for word boundaries using an adaptive language model that is standard in text compression.  It is trained on a corpus of pre-segmented text, and when applied to new text, interpolates word boundaries so as to maximize the compression obtained.  This simple and general method performs well with respect to specialized schemes for Chinese language segmentation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Clustering with finite data from semi-parametric mixture distributions
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Yong Wang, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Existing clustering methods for the semi-parametric mixture distribution perform well as the volume of data increases.  However, they all suffer from a serious drawback in finite-data situations: small outlying groups of data points can be completely ignored in the clusters that are produced, no matter how far away they lie from the major clusters.  This can result in unbounded loss if the loss function is sensitive to the distance between clusters.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper proposes a new distance-based clustering method that overcomes the problem by avoiding global constraints.  Experimental results illustrate its superiority to existing methods when small clusters are present in finite data sets; they also suggest that it is more accurate and stable than other methods even when there are no small clusters.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Niupepa Collection:  Opening the blinds on a window to the past
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham, Mark Apperley
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes the building of a digital library collection of historic newspapers.  The newspapers (&lt;i&gt;Niupepa&lt;/i&gt; in Maori), which were published in New Zealand during the period 1842 to 1933, form a unique historical record of the Maori language, and of events from an historical perspective.  Images of these newspapers have been converted to digital form, electronic text extracted from these, and the collection is now being made available over the Internet as a part of the New Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project at the University of Waikato.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Boosting trees for cost-sensitive classifications
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, Zijian Zheng
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper explores two boosting techniques for cost-sensitive tree classification in the situation where misclassification costs change very often.  Ideally, one would like to have only one induction, and use the induced model for different misclassification costs.  Thus, it demands robustness of the induced model against cost changes.  Combining multiple trees gives robust predictions against this change.  We demonstrate that ordinary boosting combined with the minimum expected cost criterion to select the prediction class is a good solution under this situation.  We also introduce a variant of the ordinary boosting procedure which utilizes the cost information during training.  We show that the proposed technique performs better than the ordinary boosting in terms of misclassification cost.  However, this technique requires to induce a set of new trees every time the cost changes.  Our empirical investigation also reveals some interesting behavior of boosting decision trees for cost-sensitive classification.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Generating accurate rule sets without global optimization 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The two dominant schemes for rule-learning, C4.5 and RIPPER, both operate in two stages.  First they induce an initial rule set and then they refine it using a rather complex optimization stage that discards (C4.5) or adjusts (RIPPER) individual rules to make them work better together.  In contrast, this paper shows how good rule sets can be learned one rule at a time, without any need for global optimization.  We present an algorithm for inferring rules by repeatedly generating partial decision trees, thus combining the two major paradigms for rule generation-creating rules from decision trees and the separate-and-conquer rule-learning technique.  The algorithm is straightforward and elegant: despite this, experiments on standard datasets show that it produces rule sets that are as accurate as and of similar size to those generated by C4.5, and more accurate than RIPPER's.  Moreover, it operates efficiently, and because it avoids postprocessing, does not suffer the extremely slow performance on pathological example sets for which the C4.5 method has been criticized.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+VQuery: a graphical user interface for Boolean query Specification and dynamic result preview
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Textual query languages based on Boolean logic are common amongst the search facilities of on-line information repositories.  However, there is evidence to suggest that the syntactic and semantic demands of such languages lead to user errors and adversely affect the time that it takes users to form queries.  Additionally, users are faced with user interfaces to these repositories which are unresponsive and uninformative, and consequently fail to support effective query refinement.  We suggest that graphical query languages, particularly Venn-like diagrams, provide a natural medium for Boolean query specification which overcomes the problems of textual query languages.  Also, dynamic result previews can be seamlessly integrated with graphical query specification to increase the effectiveness of query refinements.  We describe VQuery, a query interface to the New Zealand Digital Library which exploits querying by Venn diagrams and integrated query result previews.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Revising &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;: semantics and logic
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Martin C. Henson, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We introduce a simple specification logic &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;c comprising a logic and semantics (in &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;ZF&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; set theory).  We then provide an interpretation for (a rational reconstruction of) the specification language &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; within &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;c.  As a result we obtain a sound logic for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;, including the schema calculus.  A consequence of our formalisation is a critique of a number of concepts used in &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;.  We demonstrate that the complications and confusions which these concepts introduce can be avoided without compromising expressibility.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A logic for the schema calculus
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Martin C. Henson, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we introduce and investigate a logic for the schema calculus of &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;.  The schema calculus is arguably the reason for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;'s popularity but so far no true calculus (a sound system of rules for reasoning about schema expressions) has been given.  Presentations thus far have either failed to provide a calculus (e.g. the draft standard [3]) or have fallen back on informal descriptions at a syntactic level (most text books e.g. [7[).  Once the calculus is established we introduce a derived equational logic which enables us to formalise properly the informal notations of schema expression equality to be found in the literature.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+New foundations for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Martin C. Henson, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We provide a constructive and intensional interpretation for the specification language &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; in a theory of operations and kinds &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;.  The motivation is to facilitate the development of an integrated approach to program construction.  We illustrate the new foundations for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; with examples.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Predicting apple bruising relationships using machine learning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+G. Holmes, S.J. Cunningham, B.T. Dela Rue, A.F. Bollen
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many models have been used to describe the influence of internal or external factors on apple bruising.  Few of these have addressed the application of derived relationships to the evaluation of commercial operations.  From an industry perspective, a model must enable fruit to be rejected on the basis of a commercially significant bruise and must also accurately quantify the effects of various combinations of input features (such as cultivar, maturity, size, and so on) on bruise prediction.  Input features must in turn have characteristics which are measurable commercially; for example, the measure of force should be impact energy rather than energy absorbed.  Further, as the commercial criteria for acceptable damage levels change, the model should be versatile enough to regenerate new bruise thresholds from existing data.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Machine learning is a burgeoning technology with a vast range of potential applications particularly in agriculture where large amounts of data can be readily collected [1].  The main advantage of using a machine learning method in an application is that the models built for prediction can be viewed and understood by the owner of the data who is in a position to determine the usefulness of the model, an essential component in a commercial environment.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An evaluation of passage-level indexing strategies for a technical report archive
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Michael Williams
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Past research has shown that using evidence from document passages rather than complete documents is an effective way of improving the precision of full-text database searches.  However, passage-level indexing has yet to be widely adopted for commercial or online databases.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper reports on experiments designed to test the efficacy of passage-level indexing with a particular collection of a full-text online database, the New Zealand Digital Library.  Discourse passages and word-window passages are used for the indexing process.  Both ranked and Boolean searching are used to test the resulting indexes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Overlapping window passages are shown to offer the best retrieval performance with both ranked and Boolean queries.  Modifications may be necessary to the term weighting methodology in order to ensure optimal ranked query performance.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Managing multiple collections, multiple languages, and multiple media in a distributed digital library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ian H. Witten, Rodger McNab, Steve Jones, Sally Jo Cunningham, David Bainbridge, Mark Apperley
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Managing the organizational and software complexity of a comprehensive digital library presents a significant challenge.  Different library collections each have their own distinctive features.  Different presentation languages have structural implications such as left-to-right writing order and text-only interfaces for the visually impaired.  Different media involve different file formats, and-more importantly-radically different search strategies are required for non-textual media.  In a distributed library, new collections can appear asynchronously on servers in different parts of the world.  And as searching interfaces mature from the command-line era exemplified by current Web search engines into the age of reactive visual interfaces, experimental new interfaces must be developed, supported, and tested.  This paper describes our experience, gained from operating a substantial digital library service over several years, in solving these problems by designing an appropriate software architecture.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Experiences with a weighted decision tree learner
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+John G. Cleary, Leonard E. Trigg
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Machine learning algorithms for inferring decision trees typically choose a single &amp;ldquo;best&amp;rdquo; tree to describe the training data.  Recent research has shown that classification performance can be significantly improved by voting predictions of multiple, independently produced decision trees.  This paper describes an algorithm, OB1, that makes a weighted sum over many possible models.  We describe one instance of OB1, that includes &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;all&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; possible decision trees as well as naÃ¯ve Bayesian models.  OB1 is compared with a number of other decision tree and instance based learning alogrithms on some of the data sets from the UCI repository.  Both an information gain and an accuracy measure are used for the comparison.  On the information gain measure OB1 performs significantly better than all the other algorithms.  On the accuracy measure it is significantly better than all the algorithms except naÃ¯ve Bayes which performs comparably to OB1.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An entropy gain measure of numeric prediction performance
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Leonard Trigg
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Categorical classifier performance is typically evaluated with respect to error rate, expressed as a percentage of test instances that were not correctly classified.  When a classifier produces multiple classifications for a test instance, the prediction is counted as incorrect (even if the correct class was one of the predictions).  Although commonly used in the literature, error rate is a coarse measure of classifier performance, as it is based only on a single prediction offered for a test instance.  Since many classifiers can produce a class distribution as a prediction, we should use this to provide a better measure of how much information the classifier is extracting from the domain.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Numeric classifiers are a relatively new development in machine learning, and as such there is no single performance measure that has become standard.  Typically these machine learning schemes predict a single real number for each test instance, and the error between the predicted and actual value is used to calculate a myriad of performance measures such as correlation coefficient, root mean squared error, mean absolute error, relative absolute error, and root relative squared error.  With so many performance measures it is difficult to establish an overall performance evaluation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The next section describes a performance measure for machine learning schemes that attempts to overcome the problems with current measures.  In addition, the same evaluation measure is used for categorical and numeric classifier.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Proceedings of CBISE '98 CaiSE*98 Workshop on Component Based Information Systems Engineering
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Edited by John Grundy
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Component-based information systems development is an area of research and practice of increasing importance.  Information Systems developers have realised that traditional approaches to IS engineering produce monolithic, difficult to maintain, difficult to reuse systems.  In contrast, the use of software components, which embody data, functionality and well-specified and understood interfaces, makes interoperable, distributed and highly reusable IS components feasible.  Component-based approaches to IS engineering can be used at strategic and organisational levels, to model business processes and whole IS architectures, in development methods which utilise component-based models during analysis and design, and in system implementation.  Reusable components can allow end users to compose and configure their own Information Systems, possibly from a range of suppliers, and to more tightly couple their organisational workflows with their IS support.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This workshop proceedings contains a range of papers addressing one or more of the above issues relating to the use of component models for IS development.  All of these papers were refereed by at least two members of an international workshop committee comprising industry and academic researchers and users of component technologies.  Strategic uses of components are addressed in the first three papers, while the following three address uses of components for systems design and workflow management.  Systems development using components, and the provision of environments for component management are addressed in the following group of five papers.  The last three papers in this proceedings address component management and analysis techniques.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All of these papers provide new insights into the many  varied uses of component technology for IS engineering.  I hope you find them as interesting and useful as I have when collating this proceedings and organising the workshop.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An analysis of usage of a digital library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones, Sally Jo Cunningham, Rodger McNab
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+As experimental digital library testbeds gain wider acceptance and develop significant user bases, it becomes important to investigate the ways in which users interact with the systems in practice.  Transaction logs are one source of usage information, and the information on user behaviour can be culled from them both automatically (through calculation of summary statistics) and manually (by examining query strings for semantic clues on search motivations and searching strategy).  We conduct a transaction log analysis on user activity in the Computer Science Technical Reports Collection of the New Zealand Digital Library, and report insights gained and identify resulting search interface design issues.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Measuring ATM traffic: final report for New Zealand Telecom
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+John Cleary, Ian Graham, Murray Pearson, Tony McGregor
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The report describes the development of a low-cost ATM monitoring system, hosted by a standard PC.  The monitor can be used remotely returning information on ATM traffic flows to a central site.  The monitor is interfaces to a GPS timing receiver, which provides an absolute time accuracy of better than 1 usec.  By monitoring the same traffic flow at different points in a network it is possible to measure cell delay and delay variation in real time, and with existing traffic.  The monitoring system characterises cells by a CRC calculated over the cell payload, thus special measurement cells are not required.  Delays in both local area and wide-area networks have been measured using this system.  It is possible to measure delay in a network that is not end-to-end ATM, as long as some cells remain identical at the entry and exit points.  Examples are given of traffic and delay measurements in both wide and local area network systems, including delays measured over the Internet from Canada to New Zealand.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Despite its simplicity, the naÃ¯ve Bayes learning scheme performs well on most classification tasks, and is often significantly more accurate than more sophisticated methods.  Although the probability estimates that it produces can be inaccurate, it often assigns maximum probability to the correct class.  This suggests that its good performance might be restricted to situations where the output is categorical.  It is therefore interesting to see how it performs in domains where the predicted value is numeric, because in this case, predictions are more sensitive to inaccurate probability estimates.&amp;lt;P&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper shows how to apply the naÃ¯ve Bayes methodology to numeric prediction (i.e. regression) tasks, and compares it to linear regression, instance-based learning, and a method that produces &amp;ldquo;model trees&amp;rdquo;-decision trees with linear regression functions at the leaves.  Although we exhibit an artificial dataset for which naÃ¯ve Bayes is the method of choice, on real-world datasets it is almost uniformly worse than model trees.  The comparison with linear regression depends on the error measure: for one measure naÃ¯ve Bayes performs similarly, for another it is worse.  Compared to instance-based learning, it performs similarly with respect to both measures.  These results indicate that the simplistic statistical assumption that naÃ¯ve Bayes makes is indeed more restrictive for regression than for classification.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Link as you type: using key phrases for automated dynamic link generation
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When documents are collected together from diverse sources they are unlikely to contain useful hypertext links to support browsing amongst them.  For large collections of thousands of documents it is prohibitively resource intensive to manually insert links into each document.  Users of such collections may wish to relate documents within them to text that they are themselves generating.  This process, often involving keyword searching, distracts from the authoring process and results in material related to query terms but not necessarily to the author's document.  Query terms that are effective in one collection might not be so in another.  We have developed Phrasier, a system that integrates authoring (of text and hyperlinks), browsing, querying and reading in support of information retrieval activities.  Phrasier exploits key phrases which are automatically extracted from documents in a collection, and uses them as link anchors and to identify candidate destinations for hyperlinks.  This system suggests links into existing collections for purposes of authoring and retrieval of related information, creates links between documents in a collection and provides supportive document and link overviews.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/17
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Melody based tune retrieval over the World Wide Web
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+David Bainbridge, Rodger J. McNab, Lloyd A. Smith
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we describe the steps taken to develop a Web-based version of an existing stand-alone, single-user digital library application for melodical searching of a collection of music.  For the three key components: input, searching, and output, we assess the suitability of various Web-based strategies that deal with the now distributed software architecture and explain the decisions we made.  The resulting melody indexing service, known as MELDEX, has been in operation for one year, and the feed-back we have received has been favorable.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/18
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Making oral history accessible over the World Wide Web
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+David Bainbridge, Sally Jo Cunningham
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We describe a multimedia, WWW-based oral history collection constructed from off-the-shelf or publicly available software.  The source materials for the collection include audio tapes of interviews and summary transcripts of each interview, as well as photographs illustrating episodes mentioned in the tapes.  Sections of the transcripts are manually matched to associated segments of the tapes, and the tapes are digitized.  Users search a full-text retrieval system based on the text transcripts to retrieve relevant transcript sections and their associated audio recordings and photographs.  It is also possible to search for photos by matching text queries against text descriptions of the photos in the collection, where the located photos link back to their respective interview transcript and audio recordings.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1997&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A dynamic and flexible representation of social relationships in CSCW
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones, Steve Marsh
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+CSCW system designers lack effective support in addressing the social issues and interpersonal relationships which are linked with the use of CSCW systems.  We present a formal description of trust to support CSCW system designers in considering the social aspects of group work, embedding those considerations in systems and analysing computer supported group processes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We argue that trust is a critical aspect in group work, and describe what we consider to be the building blocks of trust.  We then present a formal notation for the building blocks, their use in reasoning about social interactions and how they are amended over time.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We then consider how the formalism may be used in practice, and present some insights from initial analysis of the behaviour of the formalism.  This is followed by a description of possible amendments and extensions to the formalism.  We conclude that it is possible to formalise a notion of trust and to model the formalisation by a computational mechanism.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Design issues for World Wide Web navigation visualisation tools
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Andy Cockburn, Steve Jones
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The World Wide Web (WWW) is a successful hypermedia information space used by millions of people, yet it suffers from many deficiencies and problems in support for navigation around its vast information space.  In this paper we identify the origins of these navigation problems, namely WWW browser design, WWW page design, and WWW page description languages.  Regardless of their origins, these problems are eventually represented to the user at the browser's user interface.  To help overcome these problems, many tools are being developed which allow users to visualise WWW subspaces.  We identify five key issues in the design and functionality of these visualisation systems: characteristics of the visual representation, the scope of the subspace representation, the mechanisms for generating the visualisation, the degree of browser independence, and the navigation support facilities.  We provide a critical review of the diverse range of WWW visualisation tools with respect to these issues.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stacked generalization:  when does it work?
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stacked generalization is a general method of using a high-level model to combine lower-level models to achieve greater predictive accuracy.  In this paper we address two crucial issues which have been considered to be a 'black art' in classification tasks ever since the introduction of stacked generalization in 1992 by Wolpert: the type of generalizer that is suitable to derive the higher-level model, and the kind of attributes that should be used as its input. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We demonstrate the effectiveness of stacked generalization for combining three different types of learning algorithms, and also for combining models of the same type derived from a single learning algorithm in a multiple-data-batches scenario.  We also compare the performance of stacked generalization with published results arcing and bagging.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Browsing in digital libraries:  a phrase-based approach
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Craig Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, Gordon W. Paynter
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A key question for digital libraries is this: how should one go about becoming familiar with a digital collection, as opposed to a physical one?  Digital collections generally present an appearance which is extremely opaque-a screen, typically a Web page, with no indication of what, or how much, lies beyond: whether a carefully-selected collection or a morass of worthless ephemera; whether half a dozen documents or many millions.  At least physical collections occupy physical space, present a physical appearance, and exhibit tangible physical organization.  When standing on the threshold of a large library one gains a sense of presence and permanence that reflects the care taken in building and maintaining the collection inside.  No-one could confuse it with a dung-heap!  Yet in the digital world the difference is not so palpable.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A graphical notation for the design of information visualisations
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Matthew C. Humphrey
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Visualisations are coherent, graphical expressions of complex information that enhance people's ability to communicate and reason about that information.  Yet despite the importance of visualisations in helping people to understand and solve a wide variety of problems, there is a dearth of formal tools and methods for discussing, describing and designing them.  Although simple visualisations, such as bar charts and scatterplots, are easily produced by modern interactive software, novel visualisations of multivariate, multirelational data must be expressed in a programming language.  The Relational Visualisation Notation is a new, graphical language for designing such highly expressive visualisations that does not use programming constructs.  Instead, the notation is based on relational algebra, which is widely used in database query languages, and it is supported by a suite of direct manipulation tools.  This article presents the notation and examines the designs of some interesting visualisations.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Applications of machine learning in information retrieval
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sally Jo Cunningham, James Littin, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Information retrieval systems provide access to collections of thousands, or millions, of documents, from which, by providing an appropriate description, users can recover any one.  Typically, users iteratively refine the descriptions they provide to satisfy their needs, and retrieval systems can utilize user feedback on selected documents to indicate the accuracy of the description at any stage.  The style of description required from the user, and the way it is employed to search the document database, are consequences of the indexing method used for the collection.  The index may take different forms, from storing keywords with links to individual documents, to clustering documents under related topics.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Computer concepts without computers:  a first course in computer science
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes, Tony C. Smith, William J. Rogers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+While some institutions seek to make CS1 curricula more enjoyable by incorporating specialised educational software [1] or by setting more enjoyable programming assignments [2], we have joined the growing number of Computer Science departments that seek to improve the quality of the CS1 experience by focusing student attention away from the computer monitor [3,4].  Sophisticated computing concepts usually reserved for senior level courses are presented in a &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;popular science&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; manner, and given equal time alongside the essential introductory programming material.  By exposing students to a broad range of specific computational problems we endeavour to make the introductory course more interesting and enjoyable, and instil in students a sense of vision for areas they might specialise in as computing majors.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A sight-singing tutor
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lloyd A. Smith, Rodger J. McNab
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes a computer program designed to aid its users in learning to sight-sing.  Sight-singing-the ability to sing music from a score without prior study-is an important skill for musicians and holds a central place in most university music curricula.  Its importance to vocalists is obvious; it is also an important skill for instrumentalists and conductors because it develops the aural imagination necessary to judge how the music should sound, when played (Benward and Carr 1991).  Furthermore, it is an important skill for amateur musicians, who can save a great deal of rehearsal time through an ability to sing music at sight.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stacking bagged and dagged models
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, I.H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper, we investigate the method of &lt;i&gt;stacked generalization&lt;/i&gt; in combining models derived from different subsets of a training dataset by a single learning algorithm, as well as different algorithms.  The simplest way to combine predictions from competing models is majority vote, and the effect of the sampling regime used to generate training subsets has already been studied in this context-when bootstrap samples are used the method is called &lt;i&gt;bagging&lt;/i&gt;, and for disjoint samples we call it &lt;i&gt;dagging&lt;/i&gt;.  This paper extends these studies to stacked generalization, where a learning algorithm is employed to combine the models.  This yields new methods dubbed &lt;i&gt;bag-stacking&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;dag-stacking&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We demonstrate that bag-stacking and dag-stacking can be effective for classification tasks even when the training samples cover just a small fraction of the full dataset.  In contrast to earlier bagging results, we show that bagging and bag-stacking work for stable as well as unstable learning algorithms, as do dagging and dag-stacking.  We find that bag-stacking (dag-stacking) almost always has higher predictive accuracy than bagging (dagging), and we also show that bag-stacking models derived using two different algorithms is more effective than bagging.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Extracting text from Postscript
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Craig Nevill-Manning, Todd Reed, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We show how to extract plain text from PostScript files. A textual scan is inadequate because PostScript interpreters can generate characters on the page that do not appear in the source file. Furthermore, word and line breaks are implicit in the graphical rendition, and must be inferred from the positioning of word fragments. We present a robust technique for extracting text and recognizing words and paragraphs. The method uses a standard PostScript interpreter but redefines several PostScript operators, and simple heuristics are employed to locate word and line breaks. The scheme has been used to create a full-text index, and plain-text versions, of 40,000 technical reports (34 Gbyte of PostScript). Other text-extraction systems are reviewed: none offer the same combination of robustness and simplicity.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Gathering and indexing rich fragments of the World Wide Web
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes, William J Rogers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+While the World Wide Web (WWW) is an attractive option as a resource for teaching and research it does have some undesirable features. The cost of allowing students unlimited access can be high-both in money and time; students may become addicted to 'surfing' the web-exploring purely for entertainment-and jeopardise their studies. Students are likely to discover undesirable material because large scale search engines index sites regardless of their merit. Finally, the explosive growth of WWW usage means that servers and networks are often overloaded, to the extent that a student may gain a very negative view of the technology.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We have developed a piece of software which attempts to address these issues by capturing rich fragments of the WWW onto local storage media. It is possible to put a collection onto CD ROM, providing portability and inexpensive storage. This enables the presentation of the WWW to distance learning students, who do not have internet access. The software interfaces to standard, commonly available web browsers, acting as a proxy server to the files stored on the local media, and provides a search engine giving full text searching capability within the collection.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Using model trees for classification
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Yong Wang, Stuart Inglis, Geoffrey Holmes, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Model trees, which are a type of decision tree with linear regression functions at the leaves, form the basis of a recent successful technique for predicting continuous numeric values.  They can be applied to classification problems by employing a standard method of transforming a classification problem into a problem of function approximation.  Surprisingly, using this simple transformation the model tree inducer M5', based on Quinlan's M5, generates more accurate classifiers than the state-of-the-art decision tree learner C5.0, particularly when most of the attributes are numeric.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Discovering inter-attribute relationships
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+It is important to discover relationships between attributes being used to predict a class attribute in supervised learning situations for two reasons.  First, any such relationship will be potentially interesting to the provider of a dataset in its own right.  Second, it would simplify a learning algorithm's search space, and the related irrelevant feature and subset selection problem, if the relationships were removed from datasets ahead of learning.  An algorithm to discover such relationships is presented in this paper.  The algorithm is described and a surprising number of inter-attribute relationships are discovered in datasets from the University of California at Irvine (UCI) repository.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Learning from batched data:  model combination vs data combination
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When presented with multiple batches of data, one can either combine them into a single batch before applying a machine learning procedure or learn from each batch independently and combine the resulting models.  The former procedure, data combination, is straightforward; this paper investigates the latter, model combination.  Given an appropriate combination method, one might expect model combination to prove superior when the data in each batch was obtained under somewhat different conditions or when different learning algorithms were used on the batches.  Empirical results show that model combination often outperforms data combination even when the batches are drawn randomly from a single source of data and the same learning method is used on each.  Moreover, this is not just an artifact of one particular method of combining models: it occurs with several different combination methods.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We relate this phenomenon to the learning curve of the classifiers being used.  Early in the learning process when the learning curve is steep there is much to gain from data combination, but later when it becomes shallow there is less to gain and model combination achieves a greater reduction in variance and hence a lower error rate.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The practical implication of these results is that one should consider using model combination rather than data combination, especially when multiple batches of data for the same task are readily available.  It is often superior even when the batches are drawn randomly from a single sample, and we expect its advantage to increase if genuine statistical differences between the batches exist.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Information seeking retrieval, reading and storing behaviour of library users
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Turner K.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In the interest of digital libraries, it is advisable that designers be aware of the potential behaviour of the users of such a system.  There are two distinct parts under investigation, the interaction between traditional libraries involving the seeking and retrieval of relevant material, and the reading and storage behaviours ensuing. Through this analysis, the findings could be incorporated into digital library facilities. There has been copious amounts of research on information seeking leading to the development of behavioural models to describe the process. Often research on the information seeking practices of individuals is based on the task and field of study. The information seeking model, presented by Ellis et al. (1993), characterises the format of this study where it is used to compare various research on the information seeking practices of groups of people (from academics to professionals). It is found that, although researchers do make use of library facilities, they tend to rely heavily on their own collections and primarily use the library as a source for previously identified information, browsing and interloan. It was found that there are significant differences in user behaviour between the groups analysed. When looking at the reading and storage of material it was hard to draw conclusions, due to the lack of substantial research and information on the topic. However, through the use of reading strategies, a general idea on how readers behave can be developed. Designers of digital libraries can benefit from the guidelines presented here to better understand their audience.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Proceeding of the INTERACT97 Combined Workshop on CSCW in HCI-Worldwide
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Matthias Rauterberg, Lars Oestreicher, John Grundy
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This is the proceedings for the INTERACT97 combined workshop on &amp;ldquo;CSCW in HCI-worldwide&amp;rdquo;.  The position papers in this proceedings are those selected from topics relating to HCI community development worldwide and to CSCW issues.  Originally these were to be two separate INTERACT workshops, but were combined to ensure sufficient participation for a combined workshop to run.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The combined workshop has been split into two separate sessions to run in the morning of July 15&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;, Sydney, Australia.  One to discuss the issues relating to the position papers focusing on general CSCW systems, the other to the development of HCI communities in a worldwide context.  The CSCW session uses as a case study a proposed groupware tool for facilitating the development of an HCI database with a worldwide geographical distribution.  The HCI community session focuses on developing the content for such a database, in order for it to foster the continued development of HCI communities.  The afternoon session of the combined workshop involves a joint discussion of the case study groupware tool, in terms of its content and likely groupware facilities.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The position papers have been grouped into those focusing on HCI communities and hence content issues for a groupware database, and those focusing on CSCW and groupware issues, and hence likely groupware support in the proposed HCI database/collaboration tools.  We hope that you find the position papers in this proceedings offer a wide range of interesting reports of HCI community development worldwide, leading CSCW system research, and that a groupware tool supporting aspects of a worldwide HCI database can draw upon the varied work reported.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/17
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Internationalising a spreadsheet for Pacific Basin languages
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Robert Barbour, Alvin Yeo
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+As people trade and engage in commerce, an economically dominant culture tends to migrate language into other recently contacted cultures.  Information technology (IT) can accelerate enculturation and promote the expansion of western hegemony in IT.  Equally, IT can present a culturally appropriate interface to the user that promotes the preservation of culture and language with very little additional effort.  In this paper a spreadsheet is internationalised to accept languages from the Latin-1 character set such as English, Maori and Bahasa Melayu (Malaysia's national language).  A technique that allows a non-programmer to add a new language to the spreadsheet is described.  The technique could also be used to internationalise other software at the point of design by following the steps we outline.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/18
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Localising a spreadsheet:  an Iban example
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Presently, there is little localisation of software to smaller cultures if it is not economically viable.  We believe software should also be localised to the languages of small cultures in order to sustain and preserve these small cultures.  As an example, we localised a spreadsheet from English to Iban.  The process in which we carried out the localisation can be used as a framework for the localisation of software to languages of small ethnic minorities.  Some problems faced during the localisation process are also discussed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/19
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Strategies of internationalisation and localisation: a postmodernist/s perspective
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many software companies today are developing software not only for local consumption but for the rest of the world.  We introduce the concepts of internationalisation and localisation and discuss some techniques using these processes.  An examination of postmodern critique with respect to the software industry is also reported.  In addition, we also feature our proposed internationalisation technique that was inspired by taking into account the researches of postmodern philosophers and mathematicians.  As illustrated in our prototype, the technique empowers non-programmers to localise their own software.  Further development of the technique and its implications on user interfaces and the future of software internationalisation and localisation are discussed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/20
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Language use in software
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many of the popular software we use today are in English.  Very few software applications are available in minority languages.  Besides economic goals, we justify why software should be made available to smaller cultures.  Furthermore, there is evidence that people learn and progress faster in software in their mother tongue (Griffiths et at, 1994) (Krock, 1996).  We hypothesise that experienced users of English spreadsheet can easily migrate to a spreadsheet in their native tongue i.e. Bahasa Melayu (Malaysia's national language).  Observations made in the study suggest that the native speakers of Bahasa Melayu had difficulties with the Bahasa Melayu interface.  The subjects' main difficulty was their unfamiliarity with computing terminology in Bahasa Melayu.  We present possible strategies to increase the use of Bahasa Melayu in IT.  These strategies may also be used to promote the use of other minority languages in IT.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/21
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Usability testing:  a Malaysian study
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour, Mark Apperley
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An exploratory study of software assessment techniques is conducted in Malaysia.  Subjects in the study comprised staff members of a Malaysian university with a high Information Technology (IT) presence.  The subjects assessed a spreadsheet tool with a Bahasa Melayu (Malaysia's national language) interface.  Software evaluation techniques used include the think aloud method, interviews and the System Usability Scale.  The responses in the various techniques used are reported and initial results indicate idiosyncratic behaviour of Malaysian subjects.  The implications of the findings are also discussed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/22
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Inducing cost-sensitive trees via instance-weighting
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We introduce an instance-weighting method to induce cost-sensitive trees in this paper.  It is a generalization of the standard tree induction process where only the initial instance weights determine the type of tree (i.e., minimum error trees or minimum cost trees) to be induced.  We demonstrate that it can be easily adopted to an existing tree learning algorithm.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Previous research gave insufficient evidence to support the fact that the greedy divide-and-conquer algorithm can effectively induce a truly cost-sensitive tree directly from the training data.  We provide this empirical evidence in this paper.  The algorithm employing the instance-weighting method is found to be comparable to or better than both C4.5 and C5 in terms of total misclassification costs, tree size and the number of high cost errors.  The instance-weighting method is also simpler and more effective in implementation than a method based on altered priors.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/23
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Fast convergence with a greedy tag-phrase dictionary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ross Peeters, Tony C. Smith
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The best general-purpose compression schemes make their gains by estimating a probability distribution over all possible next symbols given the context established by some number of previous symbols.  Such context models typically obtain good compression results for plain text by taking advantage of regularities in character sequences.  Frequent words and syllables can be incorporated into the model quickly and thereafter used for reasonably accurate prediction.  However, the precise context in which frequent patterns emerge is often extremely varied, and each new word or phrase immediately introduces new contexts which can adversely affect the compression rate
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A great deal of the structural regularity in a natural language is given rather more by properties of its grammar than by the orthographic transcription of its phonology.  This implies that access to a grammatical abstraction might lead to good compression.  While grammatical models have been used successfully for compressing computer programs [4], grammar-based compression of plain text has received little attention, primarily because of the difficulties associated with constructing a suitable natural language grammar.  But even without a precise formulation of the syntax of a language, there is a linguistic abstraction which is easily accessed and which demonstrates a high degree of regularity which can be exploited for compression purposes-namely, lexical categories.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/24
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Tag based models of English text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W. J. Teahan, John G. Cleary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The problem of compressing English text is important both because of the ubiquity of English as a target for compression and because of the light that compression can shed on the structure of English.  English text is examined in conjunction with additional information about the parts of speech of each word in the text (these are referred to as &amp;ldquo;tags&amp;rdquo;).  It is shown that the tags plus the text can be compressed more than the text alone.  Essentially the tags can be compressed for nothing or even a small net saving in size.  A comparison is made of a number of different ways of integrating compression of tags and text using an escape mechanism similar to PPM.  These are also compared with standard word based and character based compression programs.  The result is that the tag character and word based schemes always outperform the character based schemes.  Overall, the tag based schemes outperform the word based schemes.  We conclude by conjecturing that tags chosen for compression rather than linguistic purposes would perform even better.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/25
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Musical image compression
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+David Bainbridge, Stuart Inglis
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Optical music recognition aims to convert the vast repositories of sheet music in the world into an on-line digital format [Bai97].  In the near future it will be possible to assimilate music into digital libraries and users will be able to perform searches based on a sung melody in addition to typical text-based searching [MSW+96].  An important requirement for such a system is the ability to reproduce the original score as accurately as possible.  Due to the huge amount of sheet music available, the efficient storage of musical images is an important topic of study.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper investigates whether the &amp;ldquo;knowledge&amp;rdquo; extracted from the optical music recognition (OMR) process can be exploited to gain higher compression than the JBIG international standard for bi-level image compression.  We present a hybrid approach where the primitive shapes of music extracted by the optical music recognition process-note heads, note stems, staff lines and so forth-are fed into a graphical symbol based compression scheme originally designed for images containing mainly printed text.  Using this hybrid approach the average compression rate for a single page is improved by 3.5% over JBIG.  When multiple pages with similar typography are processed in sequence, the file size is decreased by 4-8%.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Section 2 presents the relevant background to both optical music recognition and textual image compression.  Section 3 describes the experiments performed on 66 test images, outlining the combinations of parameters that were examined to give the best results.  The initial results and refinements are presented in Section 4, and we conclude in the last section by summarizing the findings of this work.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/26
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Correcting English text using PPM models
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W. J. Teahan, S. Inglis, J. G. Cleary, G. Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An essential component of many applications in natural language processing is a language modeler able to correct errors in the text being processed.  For optical character recognition (OCR), poor scanning quality or extraneous pixels in the image may cause one or more characters to be mis-recognized; while for spelling correction, two characters may be transposed, or a character may be inadvertently inserted or missed out. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes a method for correcting English text using a PPM model.  A method that segments words in English text is introduced and is shown to be a significant improvement over previously used methods.  A similar technique is also applied as a post-processing stage after pages have been recognized by a state-of-the-art commercial OCR system.  We show that the accuracy of the OCR system can be increased from 95.9% to 96.6%, a decrease of about 10 errors per page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/27
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Constraints on parallelism beyond 10 instructions per cycle
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+John G. Cleary, Richard H. Littin, J. A. David McWha, Murray W. Pearson
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The problem of extracting Instruction Level Parallelism at levels of 10 instructions per clock and higher is considered.  Two different architectures which use speculation on memory accesses to achieve this level of performance are reviewed.  It is pointed out that while this form of speculation gives high potential parallelism it is necessary to retain execution state so that incorrect speculation can be detected and subsequently squashed.  Simulation results show that the space to store such state is a critical resource in obtaining good speedup.  To make good use of the space it is essential that state be stored efficiently and that it be retired as soon as possible.  A number of techniques for extracting the best usage from the available state storage are introduced.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/28
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Effects of re-ordered memory operations on parallelism
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Richard H. Littin, John G. Cleary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The performance effect of permitting different memory operations to be re-ordered is examined.  The available parallelism is computed using a machine code simulator.  A range of possible restrictions on the re-ordering of memory operations is considered: from the purely sequential case where no re-ordering is permitted; to the completely permissive one where memory operations may occur in any order so that the parallelism is restricted only by data dependencies.  A general conclusion is drawn that to reliably obtain parallelism beyond 10 instructions per clock will require an ability to re-order all memory instructions.  A brief description of a feasible architecture capable of this is given.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/29
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+OZCHI'96 Industry Session:  Sixth Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Edited by Chris Phillips, Janis McKauge
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The idea for a specific industry session at OZCHI was first mooted at the 1995 conference in Wollongong, during questions following a session of short papers which happened (serendipitously) to be presented by people from industry.  An animated discussion took place, most of which was about how OZCHI could be made more relevant to people in industry, be it working as usability consultants, or working within organisations either as usability professionals or as `champions of the cause'.  The discussion raised more questions than answers, about the format of such as session, about the challenges of attracting industry participation, and about the best way of publishing the results.  Although no real solutions were arrived at, it was enough to place an industry session on the agenda for OZCHI'96.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/30
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Adaptive models of English text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W. J. Teahan, John G. Cleary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+High quality models of English text with performance approaching that of humans is important for many applications including spelling correction, speech recognition, OCR, and encryption.  A number of different statistical models of English are compared with each other and with previous estimates from human subjects.  It is concluded that the best current models are word based with part of speech tags.  Given sufficient training text, they are able to attain performance comparable to humans.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/31
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A graphical user interface for Boolean query specification
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones, Shona McInnes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+On-line information repositories commonly provide keyword search facilities via textual query languages based on Boolean logic.  However, there is evidence to suggest that the syntactical demands of such languages can lead to user errors and adversely affect the time that it takes users to form queries.  Users also face difficulties because of the conflict in semantics between AND and OR when used in Boolean logic and English language.  We suggest that graphical query languages, in particular Venn-like diagrams, can alleviate the problems that users experience when forming Boolean expressions with textual languages.  We describe Vquery, a Venn-diagram based user interface to the New Zealand Digital Library (NZDL).  The design of Vquery has been partly motivated by analysis of NZDL usage.  We found that few queries contain more than three terms, use of the intersection operator dominates and that query refinement is common.  A study of the utility of Venn diagrams for query specification indicates that with little or no training users can interpret and form Venn-like diagrams which accurately correspond to Boolean expressions.  The utility of Vquery is considered and directions for future work are proposed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASHeaa2/9d2e0811.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASHeaa2/9d2e0811.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASHeaa2/9d2e0811.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2213 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215017/word03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215017/word03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/word03.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215017/word03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">word03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">word03.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">word03.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">414720</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">word03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I.H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McNab, R.J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Boddie, S.J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bainbridge, D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHeaa29d2e081149673150f3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215017</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHeaa2/9d2e0811.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word030.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word031.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word032.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word033.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word034.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word035.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Greenstone:  A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.74mm 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Ian H. Witten,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; Rodger J. McNab,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;dagger;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; Stefan J. Boddie,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; David Bainbridge&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;98.51%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;2&quot; rows=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.57%&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Dept of Computer Science
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+University of Waikato, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+E-mail:  {ihw, sjboddie, davidb}@cs.waikato.ac.nz 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;53.43%&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;sup&gt;&amp;dagger; &lt;/sup&gt;Digilib Systems
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+E-mail:  rodger@digilibs.com
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.49mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes the Greenstone digital library software, a comprehensive, open-source system for the construction and presentation of information collections. Collections built with Greenstone offer effective full-text searching and metadata-based browsing facilities that are attractive and easy to use. Moreover, they are easily maintainable and can be augmented and rebuilt entirely automatically. The system is extensible: software &amp;ldquo;plugins&amp;rdquo; accommodate different document and metadata types.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Notwithstanding intense research activity in the digital library field during the second half of the 1990s, comprehensive software systems for creating digital libraries are not widely available. In fact, the usual solution when creating a digital library is also the most obvious&amp;mdash;just put it on the Web. But consider how much effort is involved in constructing a Web site for a digital library. To be effective it needs to be visually attractive and ergonomically easy to use, incorporate convenient and powerful searching capabilities, and offer rich and natural browsing facilities. Above all it must be easy to maintain and augment, which presents a significant challenge if any manual organization is involved. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The alternative is to automate these activities through software tools. But the broad scope of digital library requirements makes this a daunting prospect. Ideally the software should incorporate facilities ranging from multilingual information retrieval to distributed computing protocols, from interoperability to search engine technology, from metadata standards to multiformat document parsing, from multimedia to multiple operating systems, from Web browsers to plug-and-play DVDs. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Digital Library Software from the New Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project tackles this issue by providing a new way of organizing information and making it available over the Internet. A &lt;i&gt;collection&lt;/i&gt; of information comprises several (typically several thousand, or several million) &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, and a uniform interface is provided to all documents in a collection. A library may include many different collections, each organized differently&amp;mdash;though there is a strong family resemblance in how collections are presented.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Making information available using this system is far more than &amp;ldquo;just putting it on the Web.&amp;rdquo; The collection becomes maintainable, searchable, and browsable. Each collection, prior to presentation, undergoes a &amp;ldquo;building&amp;rdquo; process that, once established, is completely automatic. This process creates all the structures that are used at run-time for accessing the collection. Searching is based on various indexes, while browsing is based on various metadata; support structures for both are created during the building operation. When new material appears it can be fully incorporated into the collection by rebuilding.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To address the exceptionally broad demands of digital libraries, the system is public and extensible. It is issued under the Gnu public license and, in the spirit of open-source software, users are invited to contribute modifications and enhancements. Only through an international cooperative effort will digital library software become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the world's needs. Currently the Greenstone software is used at sites in Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Romania, UK, and the US, and collections range from newspaper articles to technical documents, from educational journals to oral history, from visual art to folksongs. The software has been used for collections in many different languages, and for CD-ROMs that have been published by the United Nations and other humanitarian agencies in Belgium, France, Japan, and the US for distribution in developing countries (Humanity Libraries, 1998; PAHO, 1999; UNESCO, 1999; UNU, 1998). Further details can be obtained from &lt;i&gt;www.nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;740&quot; height=&quot;658&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word030.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Searching the HDL collection&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper sets the scene with a brief discussion of what a digital library is. We then give an overview of the facilities offered by Greenstone and show how end users find information in collections. Next we describe the files and directories involved in a collection, and then discuss the processes of updating existing collections and creating new ones, including extending the software to provide new facilities. We conclude with an overview of related work.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;What is a digital library?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ten definitions of the term &amp;ldquo;digital library&amp;rdquo; have been culled from the literature by Fox (1998), and their spirit is captured in the following brief characterization: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 7.55mm 0.00mm 7.81mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;A collection of digital objects, including text, video, and audio, along with methods for access and retrieval, and for selection, organization and maintenance of the collection&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(Akscyn and Witten, 1998). Lesk (1998) views digital libraries as &amp;ldquo;organized collections of digital information,&amp;rdquo; and wisely recommends that they articulate the principles governing what is included and how the collection is organized.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Digital libraries are generally distinguished from the World-Wide Web, the essential difference being in selection and organization. But they are not generally distinguished from a web &lt;i&gt;site&lt;/i&gt;: indeed, virtually all extant digital libraries manifest themselves as a web site. Hence the obvious question: to make a digital library, why not just put the information on the Web? 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+But we make a distinction between a digital library and a web site that lies at the heart of our software design: one should easily be able to add new material to a library without having to integrate it manually or edit its content in any way. Once added, new material should immediately become a first-class component of the library. And what permits it to be integrated into existing searching and browsing structures without any manual intervention is &lt;i&gt;metadata&lt;/i&gt;. This provides sufficient focus to the concept of &amp;ldquo;digital library&amp;rdquo; to support the development of a construction kit.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Overview of Greenstone&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Information collections built by Greenstone combine extensive full-text search facilities with browsing indexes based on different metadata types. There are several ways for users to find information, although they differ between collections depending on the metadata available and the collection design. Typically you can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text, or within a section of a document, or within a title or section heading. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by title&lt;/i&gt;: just click on the displayed book icon to read it. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by subject&lt;/i&gt;. Subjects are represented by bookshelves: just click on a shelf to see the books. Where appropriate, documents come complete with a table of contents (constructed automatically): you can click on a chapter or subsection to open it, expand the full table of contents, or expand the full document. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An example of searching is shown in Figure 1 where documents in the Global Help Project's Humanity Development Library (HDL) are being searched for chapters matching the word &lt;i&gt;butterfly&lt;/i&gt;. In Figure 2 the same collection is being browsed by subject: by clicking on the bookshelf icons the user has discovered an item under Section 16, Animal Husbandry. Pursuing an interest in butterfly farming, the user selects a book by clicking on its book icon. In Figure 3 the front cover of the book is displayed as a graphic on the left, and the automatically constructed table of contents appears at the start of the document. The current focus, &lt;i&gt;Introduction and Summary&lt;/i&gt;, is shown in bold in the table of contents with its text starting further down the page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In accordance with Lesk's advice, a statement of purpose and coverage accompanies each collection, along with an explanation of how it is organized (Figure 1 shows the start of this). A distinction is made between &lt;i&gt;searching&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;browsing&lt;/i&gt;. Searching is full-text, and&amp;mdash;depending on the collection's design&amp;mdash;the user can choose between indexes built from different parts of the documents, or from different metadata. Some collections have an index of full documents, an index of sections, an index of paragraphs, an index of titles, and an index of section headings, each of which can be searched for particular words or phrases. Browsing involves data structures created from metadata that the user can examine: lists of authors, lists of titles, lists of dates, hierarchical classification structures, and so on. Data structures for both browsing and searching are built according to instructions in a configuration file, which controls both building and serving the collection. Sample configuration files are discussed below.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;740&quot; height=&quot;658&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word031.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Browsing the HDL collection by subject&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Rich browsing facilities can be provided by manually linking parts of documents together and building explicit indexes and tables of contents. However, manually-created linking becomes difficult to maintain, and often falls into disrepair when a collection expands. The Greenstone software takes a different tack: it facilitates &lt;i&gt;maintainability&lt;/i&gt; by creating all searching and browsing structures automatically from the documents themselves. No links are inserted by hand. This means that when new documents in the same format become available, they can be added automatically. Indeed, for some collections this is done by processes that wake up regularly, scout for new material, and rebuild the indexes&amp;mdash;all without manual intervention.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Collections comprise many documents: thousands, tens of thousands, or even millions. Each document may be hierarchically organized into &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt; (subsections, sub-subsections, and so on). Each section comprises one or more &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;. Metadata such as author, title, date, keywords, and so on, may be associated with documents, or with individual sections of documents. This is the raw material for indexes. It must either be provided explicitly for each document and section (for example, in an accompanying spreadsheet) or be derivable automatically from the source documents. Metadata is converted to Dublin Core and stored with the document for internal use.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In order to accommodate different kinds of source documents, the software is organized so that &amp;ldquo;plugins&amp;rdquo; can be written for new document types. Plugins exist for plain text documents, HTML documents, email documents, and bibliographic formats. Word documents are handled by saving them as HTML; PostScript ones by applying a preprocessor (Nevill-Manning &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1998). Specially written plugins also exist for proprietary formats such as that used by the BBC archives department. A collection may have source documents in different forms: it is just a matter of specifying all the necessary plugins. In order to build browsing indexes from metadata, an analogous scheme of &amp;ldquo;classifiers&amp;rdquo; is used: classifiers create indexes of various kinds based on metadata. Source documents are brought into the Greenstone system through a process called &lt;i&gt;importing&lt;/i&gt;, which uses the plugins and classifiers specified in the collection configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The international Unicode character set is used throughout, so documents&amp;mdash;and interfaces&amp;mdash;can be written in any language. Collections have so far been produced in English, French, Spanish, German, Maori, Chinese, and Arabic. The NZDL Web site provides numerous examples. Collections can contain text, pictures, and even audio and video clips; a text-only version of the interface is also provided to accommodate visually impaired users. Compression technology is used to ensure best use of storage (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1999). Most non-textual material is either linked to textual documents or accompanied by textual descriptions (such as photo captions) to allow full-text searching and browsing. However, the architecture permits the implementation of plugins and classifiers even for non-textual data.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The system includes an &amp;ldquo;administrative&amp;rdquo; function whereby specified users can examine the composition of all collections, protect documents so that they can only be accessed by registered users on presentation of a password, and so on. Logs of user activity are kept that record all queries made to every Greenstone collection (though this facility can be disabled).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Although primarily designed for Internet access over the World-Wide Web, collections can be made available, in precisely the same form, on CD-ROM. In either case they are accessed through any Web browser. Greenstone CD-ROMs operate on a standalone PC under Windows 3.X, 95, 98, and NT, and the interaction is identical to accessing the collection on the Web&amp;mdash;except that response is faster and more predictable. The requirement to operate on early Windows systems is one that plagues the software design, but is crucial for many users&amp;mdash;particularly those in underdeveloped countries seeking access to humanitarian aid collections. If the PC is connected to a network (intranet or Internet), a custom-built Web server provided on each CD makes exactly the same information available to others through their standard Web browser. The use of compression ensures that the greatest possible volume of information can be packed on to a CD-ROM.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The collection-serving software operates under Unix and Windows NT, and works with standard Web servers. A flexible process structure allows different collections to be served by different computers, yet be presented to the user in the same way, on the same Web page, as part of the same digital library, even as part of the same collection (McNab and Witten, 1998). Existing collections can be updated and new ones brought on-line at any time, without bringing the system down; the process responsible for the user interface will notice (through periodic polling) when new collections appear and add them to the list presented to the user. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;760&quot; height=&quot;662&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word032.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Reading a book in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Finding information &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone digital library systems generally include several separate collections. A home page allows you to select a collection; in addition, each collection has its own &amp;ldquo;about&amp;rdquo; page that gives you information about how the collection is organized and the principles governing what is included.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All icons in the screenshots of Figures 1-4 are clickable. Those icons at the top of the page return to the home page, provide help text, and allow you to set user interface and searching preferences. The navigation bar underneath gives access to the searching and browsing facilities, which differ from one collection to another. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Each of the five buttons provides a different way to find information. You can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text from the &amp;ldquo;search&amp;rdquo; page (or from the &amp;ldquo;about&amp;rdquo; page of Figure 1). This collection contains indexes of chapters, section titles, and entire books. The default search interface is a simple one, suitable for casual users; advanced searching&amp;mdash;which allows full Boolean expressions, phrase searching, case and stemming control&amp;mdash;can be enabled from the &lt;i&gt;Preferences&lt;/i&gt; page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This collection has four browsable metadata indexes. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by subject&lt;/i&gt; by clicking the &lt;i&gt;subjects&lt;/i&gt; button, which brings up a list of subjects, represented by bookshelves (Figure 2). You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by title&lt;/i&gt; by clicking &lt;i&gt;titles a-z&lt;/i&gt; (Figure 4), which brings up a list of books in alphabetic order. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by organization&lt;/i&gt; (i.e. Dublin Core &amp;ldquo;publisher&amp;rdquo;), bringing up a list of organizations. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by &amp;ldquo;how to&amp;rdquo; listing&lt;/i&gt;, yielding a list of hints defined by the collection's editors. We use the Dublin Core as a base and extend it in an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; manner to accommodate the individual requirements of collection designers.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Files in a collection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When a new collection is created or material is added to an existing one, the original source documents are first brought into the system through a process known as &amp;ldquo;importing.&amp;rdquo; This involves converting documents into a simple HTML-like format known as GML (for &amp;ldquo;Greenstone Markup Language&amp;rdquo;), which includes any metadata associated with the document. Documents are assumed to be in the Unicode UTF-8 code (of which the ASCII characters form a subset). 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Files and directories&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There is a separate directory for each collection, which contains five subdirectories: the original raw material (&lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;), the GML files created from this (&lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;), the final collection as it is served to users (&lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;), a directory for use during the building process (&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;), and one for any supporting files (&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;)&amp;mdash;including the configuration file that controls the collection creation procedure. Additional files might be required: for example, building a hierarchy of classifications requires a data file of sub-classifications.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The imported documents&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In order to identify documents internally, a unique object identifier or OID is assigned to each original source document when it is imported (formed by hashing the content, to overcome file duplication effects caused by mirroring) and stored as metadata within that document. It is important that OIDs persist throughout the index-building process&amp;mdash;so that a user's search history is unaffected by rebuilding the collection. OIDs are assigned by hashing the contents of the original source document.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once imported, each document is stored in its own subdirectory of &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, along with any associated files&amp;mdash;for example, images. To ensure compatibility with Windows 3.0, only eight characters are used in directory and file names, which causes annoying but essentially trivial complications.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Inside the documents&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The GML format imposes a limited amount of structure on documents. Documents are divided into paragraphs. They can be split hierarchically into sections and subsections. OIDs are extended to identify these components by appending numbers, separated by periods, to a document's OID. When a book is read, its section hierarchy is visible as the table of contents (Figure 3). Chapters, sections, subsections, and pages are all implemented simply as &amp;ldquo;sections&amp;rdquo; within the document. In some collections documents do not have a hierarchical subsection structure, but are split into pages to permit browsing within a retrieved document.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The document structure is used for searchable indexes. There are three levels of index: &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;, corresponding to the distinctions that GML makes&amp;mdash;the hierarchical structure is flattened for the purposes of creating these indexes. Indexes can be of text, or metadata, or any combination. Thus you can create a searchable index of section titles, and/or authors, and/or document descriptions, as well as the document text.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;698&quot; height=&quot;698&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word033.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 4&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Browsing titles in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Updating existing collections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Updating an existing collection with new files in the same format is easy. For example, the raw material for the HDL is supplied in the form of HTML files marked up with &amp;lt;&amp;lt;TOC&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to split books into sections and subsections, and &amp;lt;&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to indicate where an image is to be inserted. For each book in the library there is a directory that contains a single HTML file representing the book, and separate files containing the associated images. An accompanying spreadsheet file contains the classification hierarchy; this is converted to a simple file format (using Excel's &lt;i&gt;Save As&lt;/i&gt; command).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Since the collection exists, its directory is already set up with subdirectories &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;, and the &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt; directory will contain a suitable collection configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The updating procedure&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To update a collection, the new raw material is placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, in whatever form it is available. Then the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked, which converts the files into GML using the specified plugins. Old material for which GML files have previously been created is not re-imported. Then the &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked to build the requisite indexes for the collection. Finally, the contents of the &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory are moved into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory, and the new version of the collection automatically becomes live.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This procedure may seem cumbersome. But all the steps are necessary for efficient operation with large collections. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process could be performed on the fly during the building operation&amp;mdash;but because building indexes is a multipass operation, the often lengthy importing would be repeated several times. The &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process can take considerable time&amp;mdash;a day or two, for very large collections. Consequently, the results are placed in the &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory so that, if the collection already exists, it will continue to be served to users in its old form throughout the building operation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Active users of the collection will not be disturbed when the new version becomes live&amp;mdash;they will probably not even notice. The persistent OIDs ensure that interactions remain coherent&amp;mdash;users who are examining the results of a query or browse operation will still retrieve the expected documents&amp;mdash;and if a search is actually in progress when the change takes place the program detects the resulting file-structure inconsistency and automatically and transparently re-executes the query, this time on the new version of the collection. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;How it works&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The original material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory may be in any format, and plugins are required to process each format type. The plugins that a collection uses must be specified in the collection configuration file. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; program reads the list of plugins and passes each document to each plugin in order until it finds one that can process it. When updating an existing collection, all plugins necessary to process new material should already have been specified in the configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The building step creates the indexes for both searching and browsing. The MG software is generally used to do the searching (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999), and the &lt;i&gt;mgbuild&lt;/i&gt; module is automatically invoked to create each of the indexes that is required. For example, the Humanity Development Library has three indexes, one for entire books, one for chapters, and one for section titles. Subdirectories of the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory are created for each of these indexes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;92.93%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;4&quot; rows=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+creator
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+maintainer
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+public
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+True
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+indexes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+defaultindex
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+plugins
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GMLPlug TEXTPlug ArcPlug RecPlug
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+classify
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;generic text collection&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(a)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;label&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;92.93%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;4&quot; rows=&quot;17&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+creator
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+maintainer 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+public 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+True
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+indexes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text document:From
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+defaultindex
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+plugins
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GMLPlug EMAILPlug ArcPlug RecPlug
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+classify
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+classify
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+DateList
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;Email messages&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+.document:From    &amp;quot;email senders&amp;quot; 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+format
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+QueryResults /
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(b)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[link][icon][/link]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Title]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Author]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+17
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;label&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 5: Collection configuration files (a) generic, (b) for an email collection&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+MG also compresses the text of the collection; and the image files are linked into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; subdirectory. Now none of the material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directories is needed to run the collection and can be removed from the file system (though they would be needed if the collection were rebuilt).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Associated with each collection is a database stored in GDBM (Gnu database manager) format. This contains an entry for each document, giving its OID, its internal MG document number, and metadata such as title. Information for each of the browsing indexes, which appear as buttons on the Greenstone search/browse bar, is also extracted during the building process and stored in the database. A &amp;ldquo;classifier&amp;rdquo; program is required for each browsing index to extract the appropriate information from GML documents. Like plugins, classifiers are written on an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; basis for the particular information required, and where possible reused from one collection to another.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The building program creates the indexes based on whatever appears in the &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directory. The first plugin specified by all collections is one that processes GML files, and so if &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; contains imported files they will be processed correctly. If it contains material in the original format, that will be converted using the appropriate plugin. Thus the import process is optional.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GML is designed to be fast and easy to parse, an important requirement when millions of documents are to be processed. Something as simple as requiring tags to be lower-case, for example, yields a substantial speed-up. In certain circumstances, however, it might be preferable to use a standardized format such as XML. This is straightforward to implement_just write an XML plugin_although we have not done so ourselves. Given the transitory nature of the imported data, to date, we have found GML a satisfactory and beneficial format.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Creating new collections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Building new collections from scratch is only slightly different from updating an existing collection. The key new requirement is creating a collection configuration file, and a software utility is provided to help. Two pieces of information are required for this: the name of the directory that the collection will use (into which the source data and other files will eventually be placed), and a contact e-mail address for use if any problems are encountered by the software once the collection is up and running. The utility creates files and directories within the newly-named directory to support a generic collection of plain text documents. With suitable data placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, building the collection at this point will yield a document-level searchable index of all the text and a browsable list of &amp;ldquo;titles&amp;rdquo; (defined in this case to be the document filenames).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To enhance the functionality and presentation&amp;mdash; something anything but the most trivial collection will require&amp;mdash;the configuration file must be edited. For a collection sourced from documents in an already supported data format, presented in a similar fashion to an existing collection, the amount of editing is minimal. Importing new data formats and browsing metadata in ways not currently supported are more complex activities that require programming skills.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;698&quot; height=&quot;698&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word034.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 6&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Searching bookmarked Web pages&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Modifying the configuration file&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 5b shows simple alterations to the generic configuration file in Figure 5a that was generated by the new-collection utility. &lt;i&gt;TEXTPlug&lt;/i&gt; is replaced with &lt;i&gt;EMAILPlug&lt;/i&gt; (line 7) which reads email files and extracts metadata (&lt;i&gt;From&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;To&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Date&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Subject&lt;/i&gt;) from them. A classifier for dates is added (line 10) to make the collection browsable chronologically. The default presentation of search results is overridden (line 17) to display both the title of the message (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Title&lt;/i&gt;) and its sender (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Author&lt;/i&gt;). Elements in square brackets, such as &lt;i&gt;[Title]&lt;/i&gt;, are replaced by the metadata associated with a particular document. The built-in term &lt;i&gt;[icon]&lt;/i&gt; produces a suitable image that represents the document (such as a book icon or page icon), and the &lt;i&gt;[link]&amp;hellip;[/link]&lt;/i&gt; construct forms a hyperlink to the complete document. Anything else in the format statement, which in this case is solely table-cell tags in HTML, is passed through to the page being displayed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+As this example shows, creating a new collection that stays within the bounds of the library's established capabilities falls within the capability of many computer users&amp;mdash;for instance, computer-trained librarians. Extending Greenstone to handle new document formats and browse metadata in new ways is more challenging.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Writing new plugins and classifiers&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Extensibility  is  obtained through  plugins  and  classifiers.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+These are modules of code that can be slotted into the system to enhance its capabilities. Plugins parse documents, extracting the text and metadata to be indexed. Classifiers control how metadata is brought together to form browsable data structures. Both are specified in an object-oriented framework using inheritance to minimize the amount of code written.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A plugin must specify three things: what file formats it can handle, how they should be parsed, and whether the plugin is recursive. File formats are normally determined using regular expression matching on the filename. For example, the HTML plugin accepts all files that end in &lt;i&gt;.htm&lt;/i&gt;, .&lt;i&gt;html&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;.HTM&lt;/i&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;.HTML&lt;/i&gt;. (It is quite possible, however, to write plugins that &amp;ldquo;look inside&amp;rdquo; the file as well.) For other files, the plugin returns &lt;i&gt;undefined&lt;/i&gt; and the file is passed to the next plugin in the collection's configuration file (e.g. Figure 5 line 7). If it can, the plugin parses the file and returns the number of documents processed. This involves extracting text and metadata and adding it to the library's content through calls to &lt;i&gt;add text&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;add metadata&lt;/i&gt;. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Some plugins (&amp;ldquo;recursive&amp;rdquo; ones) add extra files into the stream of data processed during the building phase by artificially reactivating the list of plugins. This is how directory hierarchies are traversed. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Plugins are small modules of code that are easy to write. We monitored the time it took to develop a new one that was different to any we had produced so far. We chose to make as an example a collection of HTML bookmark files, the motivation being to produce a convenient way of searching and browsing one's bookmarked Web pages. Figure 6 shows a user searching for bookmarked pages about &lt;i&gt;music&lt;/i&gt;. The new plugin took under an hour to write, and was 160 lines long (ignoring blank lines and comments)&amp;mdash;about the average length of existing plugins.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Classifiers are more general than plugins because they work on GML-format data. For example, any plugin that generates date metadata in accordance with the Dublin core can request the collection to be browsable chronologically by specifying the &lt;i&gt;DateList&lt;/i&gt; classifier in the collection's configuration file (Figure 7). Classifiers are more elaborate than most plugins, but new ones are seldom required. The average length of existing classifiers is 230 lines. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Classifiers must specify three things: an initialization routine, how individual documents are classified, and the final browsable data structure. Initialization takes care of any options specified in the configuration file (such as &lt;i&gt;metadata=Title &lt;/i&gt;on line 9 of Figure 5b). Classifying individual documents is an iterative process: for each one, a call to &lt;i&gt;document-classify&lt;/i&gt; is made. On presentation of the document's OID, the necessary metadata is located and used to control where the document is added to the browsable data structure being constructed. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once all documents have been added, a request is made for the completed data structure. Some classifiers return the data structure directly; others transform the data structure before it is returned. For example, the &lt;i&gt;AZList&lt;/i&gt; classifier divides the alphabetically sorted list of metadata into separate pages of about the same size and returns the alphabetic ranges for each one (Figure 4).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;698&quot; height=&quot;698&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word035.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 7&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Browsing a newspaper collection by date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Overview of related work&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Two projects that provide substantial open source digital library software are Dienst (Lagoze and Fielding, 1998) and Harvest (Bowman &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1994). The origins of Dienst (&lt;i&gt;www.cs.cornell.edu/cdlrg&lt;/i&gt;) stretch back to 1992. The term has come to represent three entities: a conceptual architecture for distributed digital libraries; an open protocol for service communication; and a software system that implements the protocol. To date, five sample digital libraries have been built using this technology. They manifest themselves in two forms: technical reports and primary source documents.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Best known is NCSTRL, the Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library project (&lt;i&gt;www.ncstrl.org&lt;/i&gt;). This collection facilitates searching by title, author and abstract, and browsing by year and author, across a distributed network of document repositories. Documents can (where supported) be delivered in various formats such as PostScript, a thumbnail overview of the pages, and a GIF image of a particular page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The &lt;i&gt;Making of America&lt;/i&gt; resource is an example of a collection based around primary sources_in this case American social history, 1830â1900. It has a different &amp;ldquo;look and feel&amp;rdquo; to NCSTRL, being strongly oriented toward browsing rather than searching. A user navigates their way through a hierarchical structure of hyperlinks to reach a book of interest. The book itself is a series of scanned images: delivery options include going directly to a page number, next and previous page buttons, and displaying a particular page at different resolutions. A text version of the page is also available upon which a searching option is also provided.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Started in 1994, Harvest is also a long-running research project. It provides an efficient means of gathering source data from the Internet and distributing indexing information over the Internet. This is accomplished through five components: &lt;i&gt;gatherer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;broker&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;indexer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;replicator&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;cache&lt;/i&gt;. The first three are central to creating, updating and searching a collection; the last two help to improve performance over the Internet through transparent mirroring and caching techniques.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The system is configurable and customizable. While searching is most commonly implemented using Glimpse (&lt;i&gt;glimpse.cs.arizona.edu&lt;/i&gt;), in principle any search engine that supports incremental updates and Boolean combinations of attribute-based queries can be used. It is possible to control what type of documents are gathered during creation and updating, and how the query interface looks and is laid out.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sample collections cited by the developers include 21,000 computer science technical reports and 7,000 home pages. Other examples include a sizable collection of agriculture-related electronic journals and magazines called &amp;ldquo;tomato-juice&amp;rdquo; (accessed through &lt;i&gt;hegel.lib.ncsu.edu&lt;/i&gt;) and a full-text index of library-related electronic serials (&lt;i&gt;sunsite.berkeley.edu/IndexMorganagus&lt;/i&gt;). Harvest is also often used to index Web sites (for example &lt;i&gt;www.middlebury.edu&lt;/i&gt;).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Comparing Greenstone with Dienst and Harvest, there are both similarities and differences. All provide substantial digital library systems, hence common themes recur, but they are driven by projects with different aims. Harvest, for instance, was not conceived as a digital library project at all, but by virtue of its selective document gathering process it can be classed (and is used) as one. While it provides sophisticated search options, it lacks the complementary service of browsing. Furthermore it adds no structure or order to the documents collected, relying on whatever structures are present in the site that they were gathered from. A proven strength of the design is its flexibility through configuration and customization_an element also present in Greenstone.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Dienst_best exemplified through the NCSTRL work_supports searching and browsing, like Greenstone. Both use open protocols. Differences include a high reliance in Dienst on user-supplied information when a document is added, and a smaller range of document types supported&amp;mdash;although Dienst does include a document model that should, over time, allow this to expand with relative ease.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There are also commercial systems that provide similar digital library services to those described. However, since corporate culture instills proprietary attitudes there is little opportunity for advancement through a shared collaborative effort. Consequently they are not reviewed here.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Conclusions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone is a comprehensive software system for creating digital library collections. It builds data structures for searching and browsing from the material provided, rather than relying on any hand-crafting. The process is controlled by a configuration file, and once a collection exists new material can be added completely automatically. Browsing is based on Dublin Core metadata.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+New collections can be developed easily, particularly if they resemble existing ones. Extensibility is achieved through software &amp;ldquo;plugins&amp;rdquo; that can be written to accommodate documents, and metadata, in different formats. Standard plugins exist for many document types; new ones are easily written. Browsing is controlled by &amp;ldquo;classifiers&amp;rdquo; that process metadata into browsing structures (by date, alphabetical, hierarchical, etc).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+However, the most powerful support for extensibility is achieved not by technical means but by making the source code freely available under the Gnu public license. Only through an international cooperative effort will digital library software become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the world's needs with the richness and flexibility that users deserve.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Acknowledgments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We gratefully acknowledge all those who have worked on the Greenstone software, and all members of the New Zealand Digital Library project for their enthusiasm and ideas.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.49mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Akscyn, R.M. and Witten, I.H. (1998) &amp;ldquo;Report on First Summit on International Cooperation on Digital Libraries.&amp;rdquo; ks.com/idla-wp-oct98.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Bowman, C.M., Danzig, P.B., Manber, U., and Schwartz, M.F. &amp;ldquo;Scalable Internet resource discovery: Research problems and approaches&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;Communications of the ACM,&lt;/i&gt; Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 98â107, 1994.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Fox, E. (1998) &amp;ldquo;Digital library definitions.&amp;rdquo; ei.cs.vt.edu/~fox/dlib/def.html.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Humanity Libraries (1998) &lt;i&gt;Humanity Development Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Global Help Project, Antwerp, Belgium.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lagoze, C. and Fielding, D &amp;ldquo;Defining Collections in Distributed Digital Libraries&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;D-Lib Magazine&lt;/i&gt;, Nov. 1998.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PAHO (1999) &lt;i&gt;Virtual Disaster Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Pan-American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+McNab, R.J., Witten, I.H. and Boddie, S.J. (1998) &amp;ldquo;A distributed digital library architecture incorporating different index styles.&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;Proc IEEE Advances in Digital Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 36-45.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Nevill-Manning, C.G., Reed, T., and Witten, I.H. (1998) &amp;ldquo;Extracting text from PostScript&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;Software&amp;mdash;Practice and Experience&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 481-491; April.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;9&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+UNESCO (1999) &lt;i&gt;SAHEL point DOC: Anthologie du dÃ©veloppement au Sahel&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by UNESCO, Paris, France.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;10&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+UNU (1998) &lt;i&gt;Collection on critical global issues.&lt;/i&gt; CD-ROM produced by the United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;11&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Witten, I.H., Moffat, A. and Bell, T. (1999) &lt;i&gt;Managing Gigabytes: compressing and indexing documents and images&lt;/i&gt;, Morgan Kaufmann, second edition.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Footer&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASHeaa2/a12e0809.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASHeaa2/a12e0809.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASHeaa2/a12e0809.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,5435 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How to build your own digital library with Greenstone</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215017_1/word05.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215017_1/word05.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/word05.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215017_1/word05.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">word05.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">word05.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">word05.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">488960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">word05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHeaa2a12e080949673150f3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215018</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHeaa2/a12e0809.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word050.wmf:unknown:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word051.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word052.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word053.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word054.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word055.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word056.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word057.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word058.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word059.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 8.33mm 39.06mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGray&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;0x08 graphic&quot; src=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGray&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;GREENSTONE DIGITAL LIBRARY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGray&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;INSTALLER'S GUIDE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ian H. Witten and Stefan Boddie&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Department of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;University of Waikato, New Zealand&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone is a suite of software for building and distributing digital library collections. It provides a new way of organizing information and publishing it on the Internet or on CD-ROM. Greenstone is produced by the New Zealand Digital Library Project at the University of Waikato, and developed and distributed in cooperation with UNESCO and the Human Info NGO. It is open-source software, available from &lt;i&gt;http://greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt; under the terms of the G&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;nu&lt;/span&gt; General Public License.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 51.68mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;We want to ensure that this software works well for you. Please report any problems to &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;greenstone@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;About this manual&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This document explains how to install Greenstone so that you can run it on your own computer. It also describes how to obtain associated software that is freely available&amp;mdash;the Apache Webserver and Perl. We have striven to make the installation procedure as simple as it possibly can be.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The software runs on different platforms, and in different configurations. Consequently there are many issues that affect (or might affect) the installation procedure. Section 1 mentions some questions that you will need to consider before installing Greenstone. Section 2 details the installation procedure for all the different versions; you need only read the part that relates to your operating system. Section 3 describes the demonstration digital library collections that are included in the distribution. Section 4 explains how to set up common webservers, Apache and Microsoft PWS/IIS, to work with Greenstone. Section 5 describes various Greenstone configuration options, and Section 6 shows how to make a personalized home page for your digital library installation. Finally, an Appendix lists pieces of associated software and how to obtain them.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Companion documents&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The complete set of Greenstone documents include five volumes:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library Installer's Guide &lt;i&gt;(this document)&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library User's Guide
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library Developer's Guide
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library: From Paper to Collection
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library: Using the Organizer
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acknowledgements&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone software is a collaborative effort between many people. Rodger McNab and Stefan Boddie are the principal architects and implementors.  Contributions have been made by David Bainbridge, George Buchanan, Hong Chen, Michael Dewsnip, Katherine Don, Elke Duncker, Carl Gutwin, Geoff Holmes, Dana McKay, John McPherson, Craig Nevill-Manning, Dynal Patel, Gordon Paynter, Bernhard Pfahringer, Todd Reed, Bill Rogers, John Thompson, and Stuart Yeates. Other members of the New Zealand Digital Library project provided advice and inspiration in the design of the system: Mark Apperley, Sally Jo Cunningham, Matt Jones, Steve Jones, Te Taka Keegan, Michel Loots, Malika Mahoui, Gary Marsden, Dave Nichols and Lloyd Smith. We would also like to acknowledge all those who have contributed to the GNU-licensed packages included in this distribution: &lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;MG, GDBM, PDFTOHTML, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;PERL, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;WGET, WVWARE &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;and&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt; XLHTML.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOA&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Contents&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;About this manual&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;br&gt;Versions of Greenstone&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone software runs on different platforms, and in different configurations, as summarized in Figure 1.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm -9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: White; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;576&quot; height=&quot;19&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word050.wmf&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img alt=&quot;0x08 graphic&quot; src=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Figure 1  The different options for Windows and Unix versions of Greenstone
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There are many issues that affect (or might affect) the installation procedure. Before reading on, you should consider these questions: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Are you using Windows or Unix? 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If Windows, are you using Windows 3.1/3.11 or a more recent version? Although you can view collections on 3.1/3.11 machines, and serve other computers on the same network, you cannot build new collections. The full Greenstone software runs on 95/98/Me, and NT/2000. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If Unix, are you using Linux or another version of Unix? For Linux, a binary version of the complete system is provided which is easy to install. For other types of Unix you will have to install the source code and compile it. This may require you to install some additional software on your machine. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;9&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If Windows NT/2000 or Unix, can you log in as the system &amp;ldquo;administrator&amp;rdquo; or &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo;? This may be required to configure a webserver appropriately for Greenstone. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;10&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Do you want the source code? If you are using Windows or Linux, you can just install binaries. But you may want the source code as well&amp;mdash;it's in the Greenstone distribution. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;11&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Do you want to build new digital library collections? If so, you need to have Perl, which is freely available for both Windows and Unix. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;12&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Is your computer running a webserver? The Greenstone software comes with a Windows webserver. However, if you are already running a Web server, you may want to stay with it. For Unix, you need to run a webserver. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;13&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Do you know how to reconfigure your webserver? If you don't use the Greenstone webserver, you will have to reconfigure your existing one slightly to recognize the Greenstone software.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;br&gt;The Installation Procedure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Versions of Greenstone are available for both Windows and Unix, as binaries and in source code form. The Greenstone user interface uses a Web browser: Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer (version 4.0 or greater in both cases) are both suitable. In case you don't already have a Web browser, Windows versions of Netscape are provided on the CD-ROM.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.1Windows&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you are a Unix user, please skip ahead to Section 2.2. For Windows users, if you want just a simple, straightforward installation, go through the following &amp;ldquo;simple installation&amp;rdquo; procedure. The Greenstone system occupies about 40 Mb of disk space.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you choose anything other than the default setup, you will have to decide whether you want to install the binary code or the source code. If in doubt, choose the binary code. The installation procedure is the same for both. The following sections tell you more about the options you will be presented with. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When you've finished installation you should skip ahead to Section 2.3.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Simple installation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To install the Windows version from the CD-ROM, insert the disk into the drive (e.g. into &lt;i&gt;D:&lt;/i&gt;). If the installation procedure does not start automatically after about 20 seconds, click on the &lt;i&gt;Start&lt;/i&gt; menu, select &lt;i&gt;Run&lt;/i&gt; and type &lt;i&gt;D:/setup.exe&lt;/i&gt;, where &amp;ldquo;&lt;i&gt;D&lt;/i&gt;&amp;rdquo; is the letter that identifies your CD-ROM drive. For Windows 3.1, select &lt;i&gt;Run&lt;/i&gt; from the &amp;ldquo;File manager&amp;rdquo; and type &lt;i&gt;D:/Windows/win3.1/setup.exe&lt;/i&gt;. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+For the simplest installation, just accept the default at each point by clicking the &lt;i&gt;Next&lt;/i&gt; button. That's all you need to do! Greenstone is installed in the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once installation is complete, to start your Greenstone system click on the &lt;i&gt;Start&lt;/i&gt; button, open the &lt;i&gt;Program &lt;/i&gt;menu, and select &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library&lt;/i&gt;. This brings up a dialogue box: just click &lt;i&gt;Enter Library. &lt;/i&gt;This automatically starts your Internet browser and loads the Greenstone Digital Library home page, which should look something like the example in Figure 2. You enter the Greenstone Demo collection by clicking on its icon. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;2&quot; rows=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 2&lt;br&gt;Your Greenstone home page
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;669&quot; height=&quot;555&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word051.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Windows binaries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There are two separate Windows binary programs on the CD-ROM: the &lt;i&gt;Local Library&lt;/i&gt; and the &lt;i&gt;Web Library&lt;/i&gt;. The default installation described above selects the Local Library version. We strongly recommend that you use this version. The Web Library, which is much harder to set up, is only necessary if you already run a web server and want to use it for Greenstone. Despite its modest name, the Local Library offers a complete, self-contained, web-serving capability.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Local Library.&lt;/b&gt; This enables any Windows computer to serve pre-built Greenstone collections. The Greenstone Demo collection will automatically be installed; you can also install the other collections on the CD-ROM (Section 3). The Local Library software is the same as that used on CD-ROMs produced by the Greenstone system. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Local Library is intended for use on standalone computers or computers that do not already have webserver software. It contains a small built-in webserver so that other computers on the same network can also access the library. (However, the webserver has limited configurability.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Local Library software automatically determines whether your computer has network software installed or is connected to a network. It operates correctly under any combinations of these conditions. However, there are two possible problems that may be encountered. Greenstone may
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;14&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+cause an unwanted telephone dialup operation;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;15&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+fail to run because network software is installed, but installed incorrectly. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A restricted version of the Local Library is supplied which is intended for use in these situations. The restricted version only works with Netscape (not Internet Explorer). When you invoke the Local Library version of Greenstone, the dialogue box contains a button that allows you to use the restricted version instead. Unless the above problems arise, you should always use the standard version. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Web Library&lt;/b&gt;. This enables any computer with an existing webserver to serve pre-built Greenstone collections. As with the Local Library above, the Greenstone Demo collection will automatically be installed. You can also install the other collections on the CD-ROM (see Section 3). 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Web Library differs from the Local Library because it is intended for computers that already have webserver software. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run the Web Library, you also need
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;16&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Webserver software. One possibility is Apache (see Appendix). 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;17&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The Collector&lt;/b&gt;. This component, which is included in both the Local Library and the Web Library, allows you to build collections containing material of your choice.  (You will not be able to use the Collector on a Windows 3.1/3.11 machine.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Windows webserver configuration (Web Library version only)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An advantage of the Local Library version of Greenstone is that it runs &amp;ldquo;out of the box&amp;rdquo; and does not require any special configuration. For the Web Library version, however, you will have to make some adjustments to your webserver setup. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you already have a webserver, some small changes have to be made to its configuration to make your Greenstone installation operate. The install script explains what these are for the Apache webserver&amp;mdash;see Section 4.2 for instructions for configuring the PWS and IIS webservers. You may need help from a system administrator to reconfigure an existing webserver&amp;mdash;they should be able to understand the instructions printed by the install script. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you do not already have a webserver, you will have to install one. (See the Appendix for information on the Apache webserver.) Then you will have to configure it appropriately. Section 4 gives a detailed account of the parts of a webserver installation that affect Greenstone, and how they need to be altered. It comes down to including half a dozen or so lines in a configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Windows source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone source code occupies 50 Mb of disk space, but to compile it you will need about 90 Mb. To compile the source on Windows you need 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;18&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Microsoft Visual C++ compiler. (We are currently sorting out some minor problems in compiling Greenstone with various Windows ports of GNU GCC.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(You do not need GDBM, the Gnu database manager, because it is included in the Greenstone source distribution.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+It is unlikely that you will be able to compile Greenstone on a Windows 3.1/3.11 machine. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In the event that you recompile Greenstone and wish to use the recompiled version to create CD-ROMs, you should note that code produced by recent versions of the Visual C++ compiler does not run under Windows 3.1/3.11, although there is no problem with later Windows systems (95, 98, Me, NT, 2000). If you want your CD-ROMs to operate on early Windows machines, you will need a different version of the compiler. Moreover, Greenstone uses STL, the C++ standard template library, and although these compilers sometimes come with STL, the provided version does not always work properly. Hence to recompile Greenstone in such a way that it produces CD-ROMs that work on early versions of Windows, you need 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Microsoft Visual C++ compiler, Version 4.0 or 4.2. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An external version of STL, the C++ standard template library. STL is packaged with Greenstone for use with these compiler versions.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Note that the Windows installation procedure does not attempt to compile Greenstone for you if you choose to install the source code. For platform- and compiler-specific instructions on compiling Greenstone, see the &lt;i&gt;Install.txt &lt;/i&gt;document which is placed in the top-level Greenstone directory (&lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; by default) during the installation procedure. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.2Unix&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This section is written for Unix users. (Windows users should skip ahead to Section 2.3.) You need to choose whether to install the binary code or the source code. The binary code occupies about 50 Mb of disk space; the source code requires about 160 Mb to compile.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Unix binaries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The binary code requires an Intel x86-based Linux distribution which includes ELF binary support. Distributions that meet these requirements include: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+RedHat 5.1 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+SuSE Linux 6.1 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;23&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Debian 2.1 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Slackware 4.0 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+More recent versions of these distributions should also work. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You will need a webserver: we recommend Apache. We also strongly recommend you to install your webserver &lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt; installing Greenstone&amp;mdash;this will make it much easier to answer the questions that are asked during the Greenstone installation procedure. If you want to build new digital library collections, you will also need Perl if this is not already on your system. To check, open a terminal window, type &lt;i&gt;perl -v&lt;/i&gt;, and see if a message appears specifying, amongst other things, the version number. For most versions of Linux, Perl is installed by default. The Appendix gives information on how to obtain Apache and Perl. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Unix source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The source code is the same for Unix as for Windows. It has been compiled and tested on Linux, Solaris, and Macintosh OS/X; it should be a fairly routine matter to port it to other flavors of Unix. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To compile the Greenstone source code on Unix, you need 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;25&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GCC, the Gnu C++ compiler. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;26&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GDBM, the Gnu database manager. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run the Greenstone software, you also need a Web server and Perl, as described above under &lt;i&gt;Unix binaries&lt;/i&gt;. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Unix installation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To install the Unix version from the CD-ROM, insert the disk into the drive, and type 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.08mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+mount /cdrommount the CD-ROM device (this command may differ from one system to another; for example on OS/X you &lt;i&gt;cd&lt;/i&gt; to the &lt;i&gt;/Volumes&lt;/i&gt; directory and then to the appropriate subdirectory for the CD-ROM) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.44mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.07mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+cd /cdromchange directory to the CD-ROM's top level 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.44mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.07mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+cd Unixchange directory to where the Unix install script resides 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.44mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.07mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+sh Install.shbegin the installation process (an explicit &lt;i&gt;sh&lt;/i&gt; is used because many installations forbid you to execute programs directly from CD-ROM)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The final command begins an interactive dialogue which requests the information that is needed to install Greenstone on your system, and gives detailed feedback on what is happening. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The installation procedure begins by asking you which directory to install Greenstone into. The first file placed there is the &amp;ldquo;uninstall&amp;rdquo; program that cleans up any partial installation, should you encounter problems or terminate the installation prematurely. Next you choose whether you want to install binaries or source code. You are then asked some questions about your webserver setup. You need to have a valid cgi executable directory (normally called &amp;ldquo;cgi-bin&amp;rdquo; on Unix systems); you can either create a new one or use your existing one. If you create a new one, you will need to enter this information in your webserver's configuration file. In either case you need to enter the web address of the cgi directory. The installation dialogue will guide you through all these choices. It is important to set the file permissions correctly on certain directories, and you are prompted for the necessary information. Finally, you are prompted for a password for the &amp;ldquo;administrator&amp;rdquo; user &lt;i&gt;admin&lt;/i&gt;. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+By default, all Greenstone software is installed in the directory &lt;i&gt;/usr/local/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; if it is the root user who is doing the installation, and into the directory ~&lt;i&gt;/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; otherwise (where &amp;ldquo;~&amp;rdquo; is the user's home directory).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Installing the binaries takes just a few minutes, enough time for you to answer the appropriate questions. If you install the source code, the installation script will compile it, which takes from ten minutes to an hour or so, depending on the speed of your processor. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To uninstall the software, type 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.08mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+cd ~/gsdlor &lt;i&gt;/usr/local/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; if it was the root user who installed Greenstone 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.44mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.07mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+sh Uninstall.sh
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+During the installation procedure you will be asked whether you want to install any Greenstone collections. The Greenstone Demo collection is installed automatically; other collections on the CD-ROM are described in Section 3. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Unix webserver configuration&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you already have a webserver, some small changes will have to be made to its configuration to make your Greenstone installation operate. The install script explains what these are. You will probably need help from your system administrator to reconfigure the webserver&amp;mdash;he or she should be able to understand the instructions output by the install script. For your convenience, the output of the install script is written to a file called INSTALL_RECORD in the directory into which you installed Greenstone.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you do not already have a webserver, you will have to install one. The Appendix gives information on Apache. Then you will have to configure it appropriately. Section 4 gives a detailed account of the parts of an Apache webserver installation that affect Greenstone, and how they need to be altered. It comes down to including half a dozen or so lines in a configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You do not need to be the Unix &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; user to go through the installation procedure above. When it comes to configuring an existing Apache server, however, you may need &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; privileges&amp;mdash;it all depends on how Apache is set up. If you install Apache yourself, you can do it as a user without &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; privileges. If you need to work your way around an uncooperative system administrator, you can always install a second Apache webserver on your computer&amp;mdash;even if one exists already.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.3How to find Greenstone&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Local library (Windows only)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you are using the Local Library, simply run the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone&lt;/i&gt; program from the &lt;i&gt;Start&lt;/i&gt; menu. This automatically opens a dialog box that starts your Internet browser and loads the Greenstone Digital Library home page. The Greenstone Demo collection should be accessible from this page.   The dialog box contais a&lt;i&gt; File&lt;/i&gt; menu item that allows you to change the default browser used by Greenstone.  It doesn't matter whether you use Netscape or Internet Explorer, except that if you are running on Windows 2000, we recommend that you use Internet Explorer.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Web library (Windows and Unix)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you are using the Web Library, once you have installed the software and configured the webserver, use this URL to enter your Greenstone system: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -2.47mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Demo collection should be accessible from this page. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Collector&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A link to the Collector is provided on the digital library home page. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Administration&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A link to the Administration pages is provided on the digital library home page. The &amp;ldquo;administrator&amp;rdquo; user is called &lt;i&gt;admin&lt;/i&gt;, with a password that you specified during the installation process. The administrator is authorized to add new users, and to build collections.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.4The Greenstone Librarian Interface (GLI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Librarian Interface (GLI) is a tool to assist you with building digital libraries using Greenstone. It gives you access to Greenstone's collection-building functionality from an easy-to-use &amp;ldquo;point and click&amp;rdquo; interface.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GLI is installed automatically with all distributions of Greenstone. It is placed in the subdirectory &lt;i&gt;gli&lt;/i&gt; of the top-level Greenstone directory (&lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/gli&lt;/i&gt; by default). Note that it runs in conjunction with Greenstone and will not work properly unless it is placed in a subdirectory of your Greenstone installation. If you have downloaded one of the Greenstone distributions, this will be the case.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To use the GLI, your computer needs to have the Java Runtime Environment. If it doesn't, the installer will offer to install a version that is included on the CD-ROM.  On Unix, you will also need to ensure that Perl is installed (for Windows, Perl is already included in the Greenstone software). Please report any problems you have running or using the Librarian Interface to &lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;greenstone@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Running under Windows &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run GLI under Windows, browse to the &lt;i&gt;gli&lt;/i&gt; folder in your Greenstone installation (e.g. using Windows Explorer), and double-click on the file called &lt;i&gt;gli.bat&lt;/i&gt;. This file checks that Greenstone, the Java Runtime Environment, and Perl are all installed, and starts the Greenstone Librarian Interface.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Running under Unix &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run GLI under Unix, change to the &lt;i&gt;gli &lt;/i&gt;directory in your Greenstone installation, then run the &lt;i&gt;gli.sh&lt;/i&gt; script. This script checks that Greenstone, the Java Runtime Environment, and Perl are all installed and on your search path, and starts the Greenstone Librarian Interface.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Getting help&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Librarian Interface has extensive on-line help facilities. You get help by clicking the &lt;i&gt;Help&lt;/i&gt; button at the top right of the screen. This opens up the text to a section that relates to what you are doing&amp;mdash;which of the GLI panels you are on. You can click around the help text to learn what you need to know. Use it.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Compiling the Greenstone Librarian Interface&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you have downloaded the Greenstone source distribution, you will have the Java source code of the Librarian Interface. To compile it, your computer needs to have a &lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Java Development Kit&lt;/font&gt;. The Appendix gives information on how to obtain this. To compile the source code, run the &lt;i&gt;makegli.bat&lt;/i&gt; (Windows) or &lt;i&gt;makegli.sh&lt;/i&gt; (Unix) files. Once compiled, you can run GLI as described above.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.5Testing and troubleshooting&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To test Greenstone, point your Web browser at the Greenstone home page and explore the Demo collection and any other collections that you have installed. Don't worry&amp;mdash;you can't break anything. Click liberally: most images that appear on the screen are clickable. If you hold the mouse stationary over an image, most browsers will soon pop up a message that tells you what will happen if you click. Experiment! Choose common words like &amp;ldquo;the&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;and&amp;rdquo; to search for&amp;mdash;that should evoke some responses, and nothing will break. For more information, see the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library User's Guide&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Troubleshooting &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;3&quot; rows=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Problem&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Try this&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;Local Library (Windows only)&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I start Greenstone my computer asks me to dial up my Internet Service Provider.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Push the &lt;i&gt;Cancel&lt;/i&gt; button in the dialog box. This usually solves the problem.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I start Greenstone my computer &lt;i&gt;still&lt;/i&gt; asks me to dial up my Internet Service Provider.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Choose the &amp;ldquo;Restricted version&amp;rdquo; when you run Greenstone. This version only works with Netscape.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I point my browser at the digital library, it can't find that page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Check your Internet Proxy settings and turn proxies off (use &lt;i&gt;Edit preferences&lt;/i&gt; on Netscape or &lt;i&gt;Internet options&lt;/i&gt; on Explorer).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Collector seems to be working very slowly!
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Are you using Netscape under Windows 2000? If so, try using Internet Explorer instead&amp;mdash;on Windows 2000 (only) there seems to be some incompatibility with Netscape.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;3&quot; rows=&quot;8&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Problem&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Try this&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;Web Library (Windows and Unix)&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I start Apache, it quits immediately.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Add a &lt;i&gt;ServerName localhost&lt;/i&gt; directive to the Apache configuration file (see Section 4.1).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I point my browser at the digital library, it displays garbage&amp;mdash;a binary file.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Check the &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive in the Apache configuration file, making sure it comes before the &lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; directive (see Sections 4.2 and 4.3).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+I get the Greenstone home page (Figure 2), but the Demo collection icon does not appear.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Run the program &lt;i&gt;library&lt;/i&gt; (in the cgi-bin directory) from the DOS (or shell) prompt to generate debugging information that will help you locate the problem.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;Both versions&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I point my browser at the digital library, it can't find that page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Try using 127.0.0.1 in place of &lt;i&gt;localhost&lt;/i&gt;. This reserved IP number is defined to be a &amp;ldquo;loopback&amp;rdquo; to your local computer.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+My browser complains that it can't find &lt;i&gt;main.cfg&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Check that the Greenstone files exist and are world-readable. If you are using the Web library, try running the &lt;i&gt;library&lt;/i&gt; program from the command line. If it runs OK, the problem is with file permissions (see Section 5.1). If not, the &lt;i&gt;gsdlhome&lt;/i&gt; variable is probably set incorrectly in the &lt;i&gt;gsdlsite.cfg&lt;/i&gt; configuration file (see Section 5.2).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+I'm having trouble using the Collector.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Read the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library User's Guide&lt;/i&gt;, Section 3.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+I've added a new user but they can't seem to log in.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Check that the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/etc&lt;/i&gt; and all its contents are globally writeable (see Section 5.1).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.6To learn more&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To learn more about the innards of your Greenstone installation, consult the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library Developer's Guide&lt;/i&gt;. It includes (for example) details of the directory structure that has been created, and information about how to configure your Greenstone site.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;br&gt;Greenstone Collections&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Several demonstration Greenstone collections are included on the CD-ROM. If you have Web access, many others can be downloaded, in either pre-built or unbuilt form, from the New Zealand Digital Library Project website (&lt;i&gt;nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt;). 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Demo collection is a small subset of the Humanity Development Library (HDL), a polished collection. It illustrates that relatively rich browsing capabilities can be provided (so long as suitable metadata is available). It is included automatically when the software is installed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 34.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone also comes with some well-documented example collections whose &amp;ldquo;about&amp;rdquo; page describes how they are constructed. They demonstrate various capabilities of Greenstone. The install dialogue will ask you whether you want to include them in your Greenstone installation; the approximate amount of disk space needed for each collection is shown below. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;3&quot; rows=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;demo&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Demo&lt;br&gt;(7Â Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A small subset of the HDL. If you clone this collection, the full facilities will only appear if your new files provide appropriate metadata information.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;dls-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Development Library Subset collection &lt;br&gt;(150 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Like the Greenstone Demo, this is a subset of the HDL&amp;mdash;but much larger.  It contains 250 publications&amp;mdash;books, reports and magazines&amp;mdash;in various areas of human development (the full HDL contains 1,230 publications). It has the same structure as the Greenstone Demo. It's fairly complex, and if you're just starting out you might prefer to look at some other collections first (e.g. &lt;i&gt;MSWord and PDF demonstration&lt;/i&gt;, the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Archives&lt;/i&gt;, or the &lt;i&gt;Simple image collection&lt;/i&gt;).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;wrdpdf-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+MSWord and PDF demonstration &lt;br&gt;(4 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This contains a few documents in PDF, MSWord, RTF, and Postscript formats, demonstrating the ability to build collections from documents in different formats. The collection configuration file is very simple.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;gsarch-e &lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Archives collection &lt;br&gt;(5 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A collection of email messages from the Greenstone mailing list archives, this uses the Email plugin, which parses files in email formats. The collection configuration file is very simple.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;cltbib-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Bibliography collection &lt;br&gt;(7 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+With about 4,000 bibliography entries, this collection incorporates a form-based search interface that allows fielded searching. It is fairly complex.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;cltext-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Bibliography supplement &lt;br&gt;(1 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This tiny collection of 10 bibliography entries illustrates the &amp;quot;supercollection&amp;quot; facility which searches several collections together, seamlessly. It operates together with the &lt;i&gt;Bibliography&lt;/i&gt; collection, and its configuration file is almost the same.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;MARC-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+MARC example &lt;br&gt;(1 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Based on some MARC records from the Library of Congress, this is a simple collection (and does not allow form-based searching).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;oai-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+OAI demo collection &lt;br&gt;(18 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Using the Open Archive Protocol and the &lt;i&gt;Import-From&lt;/i&gt; feature, this retrieves metadata from an archive and builds a collection from the records. In this case they are images, so both the OAI and Image plugins are used.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;image-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Simple image collection &lt;br&gt;(1 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;figure&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This very basic image collection contains no text and no explicit metadata&amp;mdash;which makes it rather unrealistic. The configuration file is about as simple as you can get.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;authen-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Formatting and authentication demo &lt;br&gt;(8 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+With the same material as the original Greenstone demo collection, this shows off two independent features: non-standard document formatting, and controlled access to the documents via user authentication.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;garish&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Garish version of demo collection &lt;br&gt;(8 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This collection also contains the same material as the Greenstone demo. Its appearance has been altered to show how the pages generated can be set out differently. It relies on a non-standard macro file that is supplied with Greenstone.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;isis-e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+CDS/ISIS example (1 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This collection is built from a CDS/ISIS database of about 150 bibliography entries. It uses the ISISPlug plugin, which reads the standard ISIS .mst and .fdt files and converts them to Greenstone metadata.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4&lt;br&gt;Setting up the Webserver&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this section we describe how to set up your webserver to work with Greenstone. Note that all this is unnecessary when using the Windows Local Library, because this software works &amp;ldquo;out of the box&amp;rdquo; and does not require a webserver.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We discuss both the Apache webserver, which is freely available for both Windows and Unix (see the Appendix for details) and Microsoft's Personal Web Server (PWS) and Internet Information Services (IIS) webserver. PWS is the standard Microsoft server for Windows 95/98; IIS is the standard webserver for Windows 2000 and the forthcoming Windows XP; Windows NT can use either. The Apache description applies equally to the Windows Web Library and Unix versions (though we use Windows-style terminology and pathnames); the PWS/IIS section applies only to the Windows Web Library. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once you have installed your webserver, the next step is to install Greenstone. We will assume that during the install procedure you have taken the default action for each stage by clicking on the &lt;i&gt;Next&lt;/i&gt; button. The result is that the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; is created and the Web Library binary is stored there, along with some supporting files. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All webservers use the special URL &amp;ldquo;localhost&amp;rdquo; to denote the computer that the webserver is running on. Thus when you install a webserver, you can get at your &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; documents by typing the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost&lt;/i&gt; into a browser. If your computer has a domain name set up, this is used instead of localhost to identify your computer from remote sites. Thus on the New Zealand Digital Library's computer, &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;http://localhost&lt;/i&gt; are equivalent. If you type &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt; on your computer you will get the New Zealand Digital Library webserver, whereas if you type &lt;i&gt;http://localhost&lt;/i&gt; you will get your own computer's webserver. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.1The Apache web server&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Apache webserver is usually installed in &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache&lt;/i&gt; and is configured so that the cgi-bin directory is in the subdirectory &lt;i&gt;/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; and the document root is the subdirectory &lt;i&gt;/htdocs&lt;/i&gt;. It is reconfigured by editing the configuration file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/conf/httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;. This is a text file: it's quite easy to read it to see how things are set up. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Depending on how your computer's networking software is set up, you may have to add this line to Apache's &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt; configuration file: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ServerName localhost
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If this line is not included, the system attempts to find your server's name. However, there are bugs in some versions of Windows that cause this to fail. In this case, Apache will exit immediately when you start it up. It does display an error message, but it is immediately erased and you probably can't read it. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Setting up the Greenstone cgi-bin directory&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Cgi-bin is a directory from which the webserver treats documents as executable programs. Apache's &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive is used to create a cgi-bin directory. Note that this directive can make any directory a cgi executable directory&amp;mdash;it doesn't have to be called &amp;ldquo;cgi-bin&amp;rdquo;! Conversely, a directory called &amp;ldquo;cgi-bin&amp;rdquo; isn't special unless &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; has been applied to it. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When installed, Apache has a cgi-bin directory of &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;. This means that if presented with the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/cgi-bin/hello&lt;/i&gt;, the webserver will attempt to execute a file called &lt;i&gt;hello&lt;/i&gt; from within the above directory. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There is one Greenstone program, which is called &amp;ldquo;library.exe&amp;rdquo;, that needs to be executed by the webserver; it in turn reads a file called the Greenstone site configuration file, or &amp;ldquo;gsdlsite.cfg&amp;rdquo;, which needs to be located in the same directory. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The best way of arranging this is to use Apache's &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive to create a new cgi-bin directory. Here's the excerpt from Apache's &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt; configuration file that adds &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; as an additional cgi-bin directory: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ScriptAlias /gsdl/cgi-bin/ &amp;quot;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin/&amp;quot; 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;Directory C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Options None
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  AllowOverride None 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/Directory&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(It's a curious fact that Apache configuration files use forward slashes in place of standard Windows backslashes.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This means that any URLs of the form &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; ... will be sought in the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;, and executed by the web server. For example, if presented with the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/cgi-bin/hello&lt;/i&gt;, the web server will attempt to retrieve the file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin/hello&lt;/i&gt; and execute it. However, the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/cgi-bin/hello&lt;/i&gt; looks in Apache's regular &lt;i&gt;cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; directory for the file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;/hello&lt;/i&gt; and executes it, just as it did before. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The document root directory&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The document root directory is the root of your webserver's directory structure. When installed, Apache has a document root &lt;i&gt;of C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/htdocs&lt;/i&gt;. This means that if presented with the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/hello.html&lt;/i&gt;, the webserver will attempt to retrieve a file called &lt;i&gt;hello.html&lt;/i&gt; from within the above directory. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Several files within Greenstone need to be read by the webserver. The simplest way to arrange this is to use the &lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; directive, which is just like &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; except that it applies to ordinary web pages, not cgi scripts. Insert these lines into your Apache configuration file, after the &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive, to add &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; as an additional place to look for documents.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alias /gsdl/ &amp;quot;C:/Program Files/gsdl/&amp;quot; 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;Directory C:/Program Files/gsdl&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  AllowOverride None
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Order allow,deny
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Allow from all 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/Directory&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This means that any URLs that match the first argument of Alias (gsdl) are sought as files in the place corresponding to the second argument. In other words, URLs of the form &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/&lt;/i&gt; ... will be sought as files in the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;. For example, if presented with the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/hello.html&lt;/i&gt;, the webserver will attempt to retrieve the file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/hello.html&lt;/i&gt;. However, the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/hello.html&lt;/i&gt; looks in the regular &lt;i&gt;htdocs&lt;/i&gt; directory for the file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/htdocs/hello.html&lt;/i&gt;, just as it did before. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Be sure to add the &lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; directive after the &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive. Instructing Apache to alias &lt;i&gt;/gsdl &lt;/i&gt;before&lt;i&gt; /gsdl/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; would match the URL &lt;i&gt;/gsdl/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt; against the Alias directive rather than the ScriptAlias, and it would be interpreted as a request for a document rather than the result of executing a program. The outcome would be to &amp;ldquo;display&amp;rdquo; the binary program file as a page in the Web browser, instead of executing it.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Security&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You should be aware that if the web library version of Greenstone is set up as instructed above, anyone will be allowed to download any file in the &lt;i&gt;gsdl&lt;/i&gt; directory structure. This includes the index files and source documents of any collections you make, the user database, usage logs, etc.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you are concerned about this, you can easily tighten up your webserver configuration to improve security. For the Apache webserver, put these lines into the configuration file instead of those given in the previous subsection:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alias /gsdl/ &amp;quot;C:/Program Files/gsdl/&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;Directory &amp;quot;C:/Program Files/gsdl&amp;quot;&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Order allow,deny
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Deny from all
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  &amp;lt;FilesMatch
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;quot;/.(gif|jpe?g|png|css|mov|mpeg|ps|pdf|doc|rtf|jar|class)$&amp;quot;&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    Order allow,deny
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    Allow from all
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  &amp;lt;/FilesMatch&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/Directory&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This means that only files whose extensions match the regular expression in the &lt;i&gt;FilesMatch&lt;/i&gt; line may be downloaded.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.2The PWS and IIS webservers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Although neither PWS nor IIS is installed by default on current Windows systems, they can easily be installed using the &amp;ldquo;Add/Remove programs&amp;rdquo; control panel. If they are not already on your Windows distribution CD-ROM you will have to download them from the Microsoft web site (&lt;i&gt;www.microsoft.com&lt;/i&gt;).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The setup procedure for Greenstone is identical for both PWS and IIS. Invoke the Personal Web Manager and perform the following actions.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Select &lt;i&gt;Advanced&lt;/i&gt; to get the &lt;i&gt;Advanced Options&lt;/i&gt; screen.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Select &lt;i&gt;Home&lt;/i&gt; and click &lt;i&gt;Add&lt;/i&gt;. Fill out the fields as follows:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Directory&lt;/i&gt; field:&lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; field:&lt;i&gt;gsdl&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Access permissions:&lt;i&gt;Read&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Application permissions:&lt;i&gt;None&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Click &lt;i&gt;OK&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This makes Greenstone files accessible to the webserver. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Back in &lt;i&gt;Advanced Options&lt;/i&gt;, select &lt;i&gt;gsdl&lt;/i&gt; and click &lt;i&gt;Add&lt;/i&gt;. Fill out the fields as follows:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Directory&lt;/i&gt; field:&lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; field:&lt;i&gt;cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Access permissions:&lt;i&gt;None&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Application permissions:&lt;i&gt;Execute&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Click &lt;i&gt;OK&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This allows the Greenstone program &lt;i&gt;library.exe&lt;/i&gt; to be executed by the webserver.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Go to the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Note: you need to specify the &lt;i&gt;.exe&lt;/i&gt; file extension with PWS and IIS.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5&lt;br&gt;Configuring your Site&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+For Greenstone to work properly, access permissions for certain files must be set up appropriately. Also, there is a configuration file associated with each Greenstone site. The install procedure creates a generic configuration file based on your installation choices; however its contents can be tailored to cope with different situations. This section explains both of these issues. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.1File permissions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This section is irrelevant for Windows 95/98, because these systems don't identify the owners of files. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+On Windows NT, 2000 and Unix systems, cgi scripts don't run as normal users, because users can't be identified over the Web. Instead, they run as the user who started up the webserver program (on Windows systems), or as a special user (commonly called &lt;i&gt;nobody &lt;/i&gt;on Unix systems). Because of this, all files and directories within &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; need to be globally readable (or at least readable by the cgi-script user, perhaps &amp;ldquo;&lt;i&gt;nobody&lt;/i&gt;&amp;rdquo;). To test whether file permissions are set up correctly, run the program &lt;i&gt;library.exe&lt;/i&gt; from the command line. If the files are in the right places but the permissions are set incorrectly, it will run from the command line&amp;mdash;that is, when &lt;i&gt;you&lt;/i&gt; execute it&amp;mdash;but not from a browser&amp;mdash;that is, when the &amp;ldquo;&lt;i&gt;nobody&lt;/i&gt;&amp;rdquo; user executes it. Another test is to log in as another user to see if the file permissions are specific to your original user account. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To work through a Web browser, all the Greenstone directories must be globally readable. Also, the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/etc&lt;/i&gt; directory and all its contents must be globally &lt;i&gt;writable&lt;/i&gt;. This is the directory into which the library program writes the usage log, error and initialization logs, and various user databases. If you're reluctant to make this directory globally writable, you can set permissions so that just the files &lt;i&gt;errout.txt&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;initout.txt&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;key.db&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;users.db&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;history.db&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;usage.txt&lt;/i&gt; are writable by the cgi user. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If file permissions are not set up correctly for &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/etc&lt;/i&gt;, you may find that user authentication and search history do not work, and that no usage log (&lt;i&gt;usage.txt&lt;/i&gt;) is generated. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.2The gsdlsite.cfg configuration file&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The install procedure creates a generic Greenstone site configuration file based on your installation choices. For our installation this file is &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin/gsdlsite.cfg&lt;/i&gt; and its content is: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# Site configuration file for Greenstone. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# Lines begining with 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# are comments. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# This file should be placed in the same directory as your library 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# executable file. it should be edited to suit your site.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# points to the GSDLHOME directory 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+gsdlhome  &amp;ldquo;C:/Program Files/gsdl&amp;rdquo;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# this is the http address of GSDLHOME 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# if your webservers DocumentRoot is set to $GSDLHOME 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# then httpprefix can be commented out
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+httpprefix /gsdl
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# this is the http address of the directory which 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# contains the images for the interface. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+httpimg   /gsdl/images
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# should contain the http address of this cgi script. This 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# is not needed if the http server sets the environment variable 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# SCRIPT_NAME 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+#gwcgi    /cgi-bin/library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# maxrequests is the most requests a fastcgi process 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# will serve before it exits. This can be set to a 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# low figure (like 1) while debugging and then set 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# to a high figure (like 10000) when everything is 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# working well. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+#maxrequests 10000
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You can customise your installation by editing this file, although you will probably not need to do so. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The &lt;i&gt;gsdlhome&lt;/i&gt; line simply points to the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; directory. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;httpprefix&lt;/i&gt; is the web address of the directory that Greenstone is installed in. We explained earlier how to create an alias so that URLs of the form &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/&lt;/i&gt; ... are sought in the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; directory. Putting a line &lt;i&gt;httpprefix /gsdl&lt;/i&gt; into the &lt;i&gt;gsdlsite&lt;/i&gt; configuration file establishes the same convention for the Greenstone software. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;httpimg&lt;/i&gt; is the web address of the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/images&lt;/i&gt; directory, which contains all the gif images used in the interface. In any standard Greenstone installation this will always be &lt;i&gt;httpprefix/images&lt;/i&gt;, and the line in the file above is left untouched. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;gwcgi&lt;/i&gt; is the web address of the library cgi program. This is not required by most webservers (including Apache), and should remain commented out. Don't uncomment it unless you're sure you need to, because that may introduce problems. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;maxrequests&lt;/i&gt; is only used by versions of Greenstone that are compiled with the &amp;ldquo;fast-cgi&amp;rdquo; option on. The standard binary distribution does not include this option because not all webservers are configured to support it. Fastcgi speeds up cgi executions by keeping the main executable in memory between invocations of the software, rather than loading it in from disk each time a web page is requested from the Greenstone software. The trade-off is the amount of memory used, which can grow the longer the program remains in memory. Once &lt;i&gt;maxrequests&lt;/i&gt; pages have been generated, the cgi program quits, thereby freeing any accumulated memory. To respond to the next request for a Web page, the cgi program is read in from disk again, and a new cycle of page requests is begun. Most installations use the standard cgi protocol, which means that &lt;i&gt;maxrequests&lt;/i&gt; can be safely ignored. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6&lt;br&gt;Personalizing your Installation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Probably the first thing you will want to do once your Greenstone installation is up and running is personalize the home page. The file that generates the Greenstone home page is called &lt;i&gt;home.dm&lt;/i&gt;, and is located in the &lt;i&gt;macros&lt;/i&gt; subdirectory of the directory into which you installed Greenstone. (The default for Windows systems is &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;.) This is a plain text file that you will have to edit to create a new home page. Instead of editing it, we recommend creating a new file, say &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt;. This will be like &lt;i&gt;home.dm&lt;/i&gt; but will define &amp;ldquo;package home&amp;rdquo;&amp;mdash;which is the bit that does the actual work&amp;mdash;in a different way.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When you make a different home page, there must be some way of linking in to the digital library pages so that you can search and browse the collections on your system. The solution that Greenstone adopts is to use &amp;ldquo;macros&amp;rdquo;. That's why the home-page file is called &amp;ldquo;.dm&amp;rdquo; and not &amp;ldquo;.html&amp;rdquo;&amp;mdash;it's a &amp;ldquo;macro&amp;rdquo; file rather than a regular &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; file. But don't quail: the macro file basically contains just &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt;, sprinkled with a few mystical incantantations which are explained below. The macro language is a powerful facility, and only a small part of it is described below&amp;mdash;see the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library Developer's Guide&lt;/i&gt; for more information.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.1Example&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 3 shows an example of a new digital library home page. Each of the &amp;ldquo;Click here&amp;rdquo; links takes you to the appropriate Greenstone facility. This page was generated by the file called &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; shown in Figure 4.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You can use Figure 4 as a template for creating your own specialized Greenstone home page. Basically, it defines a macro called &lt;i&gt;content&lt;/i&gt;. Inside the curly braces is ordinary &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt;. You could insert additional text, along with any &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; formatting commands, to put the content that you &lt;br&gt;want to see on the page. The text is regular &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt;; if you want you can include hyperlinks and use all the other facilities that &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; provides.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;2&quot; rows=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 3&lt;br&gt;Your own Greenstone home page
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;666&quot; height=&quot;384&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word052.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 4&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; used to create Figure 3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+package home
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+_content_ {
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;Your own Greenstone home page&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;table&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr valign=top&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Search page for the demo collection&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httpquery_&amp;amp;c=demo&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;quot;About&amp;quot; page for the demo collection&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppageabout_&amp;amp;c=demo&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Preferences page for the demo collection&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagepref_&amp;amp;c=demo&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Home page&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagehome_&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Help page&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagehelp_&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Administration page&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagestatus_&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;The Collector&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagecollector_&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+}
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# if you hate the squirly green bar down the left-hand side of the 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# page, uncomment these lines:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# _header_ { 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+#          }
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To make your new home page link in with other digital library pages, you need to use an appropriate magic spell. In this macro language, magic spells are words flanked by underscores. You can see these in Figure 4. For example, &lt;i&gt;_httppagehome_&lt;/i&gt; takes you to the home page, &lt;i&gt;_httppagehelp_&lt;/i&gt; to the help page, and so on. In some cases you need to include a collection name. For example, &lt;i&gt;_httpquery_&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;amp;c=demo&lt;/i&gt; specifies the search page for the demo collection; for other collections you should replace &lt;i&gt;demo&lt;/i&gt; by the appropriate collection name.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The definition of the macro called &lt;i&gt;_content_ &lt;/i&gt;is plain &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt;. Any standard &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; code may be placed within a macro definition. However, the special characters `{`, `}', `/', and `_' must be escaped with a backslash to prevent them from being processed by the macro language interpreter. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Note that the &lt;i&gt;_content_ &lt;/i&gt;macro definition does not contain any &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; header or footer. If you want to change the header or footer of your home page, you should define &lt;i&gt;_header_&lt;/i&gt; and/or &lt;i&gt;_footer_&lt;/i&gt; macros, adding them to the &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; file in the form 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+_macroname_ { 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ ...
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+} 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+For example, the squirly green bar down the left-hand side of Greenstone pages is defined in the &lt;i&gt;_header_ &lt;/i&gt;macro, and making this macro null will remove it, as indicated at the end of Figure 4.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.2How to make it work&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You have to tell Greenstone about the new home page &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt;. The system reads in the macro files that are specified in the main configuration file &lt;i&gt;main.cfg&lt;/i&gt;, so if you create a new one you must include it there. Name clashes are handled sensibly: the most recent definition takes precedence. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Thus to make the Greenstone digital library software use the home page in Figure 3 instead of the default, first put the &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; file in Figure 4 into the &lt;i&gt;macros&lt;/i&gt; directory. Then edit the &lt;i&gt;main.cfg &lt;/i&gt;configuration file to replace &lt;i&gt;home.dm&lt;/i&gt; with &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; in the list of macro files that are loaded at startup. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.3Redirecting a URL to Greenstone&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You may want to redirect a more convenient URL to your Greenstone cgi program. For example, on our system the URL &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt; (which is shorthand for &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org/index.html)&lt;/i&gt; is redirected to &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt;. The Apache webserver accomplishes this with the &lt;i&gt;Redirect&lt;/i&gt; directive. Along with other directives, this goes into the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/conf/httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt; configuration file. To redirect the URL &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com&lt;/i&gt; to &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt;, put this line into &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Redirect /index.html http://www.yourserver.com/cgi-bin/library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Then you will reach your digital library system directly from the URL &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com&lt;/i&gt;. Instead, if you wanted a URL like &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com/greenstone&lt;/i&gt; to be redirected to &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt;, include in the &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt; file 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Redirect /greenstone http://www.yourserver.com/cgi-bin/library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If your computer doesn't have a domain name (like the &amp;ldquo;www.yourserver.com&amp;rdquo; above), just replace &lt;i&gt;www.yourserver.com&lt;/i&gt; by &lt;i&gt;localhost&lt;/i&gt; in the lines above. So long as the browser is running on the same machine as the webserver&amp;mdash;which it surely is if your computer doesn't have a domain name&amp;mdash;this has the same effect as the above redirections. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Instead of putting redirect directives into the file &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;, you can equally well put them into a file called &lt;i&gt;.htaccess&lt;/i&gt; within your server's document root directory. In fact, doing so has two advantages. First, changes to &lt;i&gt;.htaccess&lt;/i&gt; take effect immediately, whereas you have to restart the Apache webserver to see the effect of changes to &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;. Second, on Unix systems you usually have to be logged in as the &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; user to edit &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;, whereas you don't to edit &lt;i&gt;.htaccess&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;AppendixTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Appendix&lt;br&gt;Associated Software&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Here is how to obtain the software packages mentioned above. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.1Apache Webserver&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run any version of Greenstone apart from the Windows Local Library version, you need an external webserver. Many installations, particularly larger ones, will already have a webserver. If you are using Linux, Apache may be on your installation disk but may not have been selected during the installation procedure. The Apache Webserver from &lt;i&gt;www.apache.org&lt;/i&gt; is free, and easy to install. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.2Perl&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone uses the Perl language when building collections. For Windows, Perl is already included in the Greenstone software.  Most Unix systems already have Perl installed, but if not, source code and binaries for a wide range of Unix platforms are freely available at &lt;i&gt;www.perl.com&lt;/i&gt;. Perl version 5.0 or higher is needed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.3GCC&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Unix version of Greenstone compiles under the Gnu C++ compiler, GCC. Greenstone makes extensive use of the C++ standard template library (we've found it to be broken on some older versions of GCC; please tell us if you have STL problems). Note that this version of Greenstone does not compile under GCC 3.0.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.4GDBM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All versions of Greenstone use the Gnu Database Manager, GDBM. It is supplied with all Windows versions of Greenstone and installed automatically during the installation procedure. Linux systems already have GDBM, so we do not provide it for Linux. Most other Unix systems have it, but if necessary you can download it from &lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.gnu.org&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;www.gnu.org&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.5Java runtime environment&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To use the Greenstone Librarian Interface, you need a suitable version of the Java Runtime Environment. If you don't already have this, a suitable version is included on the CD-ROM, or you can download the latest version from &lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fjava.sun.com%2fj2se%2fdownloads.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;http://java.sun.com/j2se/downloads.html&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;. Version 1.4.0 or higher is needed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.6Java compiler&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;To compile the source code of the Greenstone Librarian Interface, you must first install a Java Development Kit. You can download the J2SE Software Development Kit from &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fjava.sun.com%2fj2se%2fdownloads.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;http://java.sun.com/j2se/downloads.html&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;. Version 1.4.0 or higher is needed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ii APPENDIX B&amp;mdash;GLOSSARY OF TERMS
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+APPENDIX B&amp;mdash;GLOSSARY OF TERMS iii
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Footer&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Greenstone gsdl-2.50&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;March&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt; 2004&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Footer&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+iv CONTENTS
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+v
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word053.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Footer&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2 VERSIONS OF GREENSTONE
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word054.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+12 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+INSTALLATION PROCEDURE 13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word055.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+16 GREENSTONE COLLECTIONS
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GREENSTONE COLLECTIONS 15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word056.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+22 SETTING UP THE WEBSERVER
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+SETTING UP THE WEBSERVER 21
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -4.91mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word057.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+26 CONFIGURING YOUR SITE
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+CONFIGURING YOUR SITE 25
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+30 PERSONALIZING YOUR INSTALLATION
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PERSONALIZING YOUR INSTALLATION 29
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word058.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+32 ASSOCIATED SOFTWARE
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PERSONALIZING YOUR INSTALLATION 33
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -4.91mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word059.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 14.06mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -14.06mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 14.06mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -14.06mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Only &amp;ldquo;Administrators&amp;rdquo; can install software
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+NT/2000
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+3.x
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Serves collections but no building
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Binaries available for all versions
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Windows
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Windows or Unix?
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Other
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sun Solaris or Macintosh OS/X
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Linux
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Untested
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Source code tested
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Source code tested, binaries available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+May need &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; login to install
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Unix
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+95/98/Me
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASHeaa2/a32e0805.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASHeaa2/a32e0805.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/HASHeaa2/a32e0805.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1103 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Evolving Tool Support for Digital Librarians</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215018/word06.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Customization/tmp/1395215018/word06.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/word06.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215018/word06.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">word06.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">word06.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">word06.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">65536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">word06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHeaa2a32e080549673150f3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215018</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHeaa2/a32e0805.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Working Paper Series
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ISSN 1170-487X
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;COMPUTATIONAL SENSE: THE ROLE OF&lt;br&gt;TECHNOLOGY IN THE EDUCATION OF DIGITAL LIBRARIANS&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Michael B. Twidale and David M. Nichols&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Working Paper:  10/2006
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+October 2006
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Â© 2006 Michael B. Twidale and David M. Nichols
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Department of Computer Science
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The University of Waikato
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Private Bag 3105
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Table of Contents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm -1.39mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Computational Sense:&lt;br&gt; the role of technology in the education of digital librarians&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Michael B. Twidale&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt; &amp;amp; David M. Nichols&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Graduate School of Library and Information Science &lt;br&gt;University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+twidale@uiuc.edu
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato&lt;br&gt; Hamilton, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+dmn@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;NTRODUCTION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;The rapid progress of digital library technology from research to implementation has created a force for change in the curricula of library schools. The education of future librarians has always had to adapt to new technologies but the pace, complexity and implications of digital libraries pose considerable challenges. In this article we explore how we might successfully blend elements of computer science and library science to produce effective educational experiences for the digital librarians of tomorrow. We first outline the background to current digital librarian education and then propose the concept of &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;computational sense&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; as an appropriate meeting point for these two disciplines.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;DIGITAL LIBRARIANS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;There is an ongoing discussion on what it means to be a digital librarian (Coleman, 2005; Marion, 2001; Mostafa et al, 2006; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Pomerantz et al, 2006)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. It is similar to being a traditional librarian in terms of ethos and applicability of core guiding theories, including access, cataloguing, collection development and teaching people both search skills and general information literacy. It can be viewed as simply integrating one set of digital information resou&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;rces into a set of access servic&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;es provided around a pre-existing set of paper-based resources. However it also requires additional technical skills, extending the librarian's role into new areas. For example, DL creation can be more akin to publishing than collection development, involving aspects of editing, revision and aligning to data and metadata standards.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;The topic of digital librarianship is subject to rapid change (Pomerantz et al, 2006), as it is partially defined by the availability and functionality of appropriate software. The ease of building a digital library or an institutional repository has been radically changed over the past decade by the emergence of software such as Greenstone (W&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;itten &amp;amp; Bainbridge, 2003) and DS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;pace (Tansley et al, 2005). For example, the courses presented in library schools are often based around similar material presented in tutorials at digital library conferences. Education based around digital library software inevitably brings with it techniques and concepts from computer science; especially as most of these courses combine theory and practice (Ma, Clegg, &amp;amp; O'Brien, 2006) Issues that can cause problems for library students vary from the basic (such as selecting the appropriate software version, downloading and installing) to advanced topics involving customization and extensibility (Nichols et al, 2006).&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;COMPUTATIONAL SENSE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;As libraries have become more computerised, librarians have had to learn more and more about computer systems, file formats and web servers. Over time, commodity software can hide away certain levels of complexity as a basic infrastructure is develop&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;ed&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. But innovative computer applications will always require a degree of explicit support and tinkering. For example, the Greenstone software development team has, over several years, developed a variety of tools to abstract away from technical details to simplify the tasks of creating and maintaining digital collections. Despite this work the experiences of using digital library software can still be disconcerting for some students (Nichols et al, 2006). This state of affairs is more a reflection on the state-of-the-art in content management systems than a criticism of any particular software applications.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;From the perspective of software developers the power of digital library software derives from the flexibility of computer programming languages. Indeed, the Greenstone digital library suite embeds programming language constructs into its customization features; providing considerable flexibility for collection design but at the expense of learnability (Nichols et al, 2005). A practical example is the nature of conditional statements in Greenstone macros, which:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;have a unique syntax (rather than re-using an existing language such as JavaScript or PHP)&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;have a different syntax to conditional statements in Greenstone formatting statements&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;have no error checking at design time (such as the red underlining of spell checkers or Visual Studio)&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;have no integrated documentation (such as found in modern programming development environments)&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;At one level it is simple to say that these can be corrected through more software development. The larger question is whether this is the right direction for systems that are to be used in digital librarian education. The resulting system would be very similar to an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) of the sort regularly used by computer science students and programmers the world over. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;This raises the question: should future librarians be forced to become programmers in order to graduate? We believe that digital librarians should not have to become programmers but that they &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;do&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; need to acquire a fluency with information technology beyond &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;that of &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;a traditional MLS degree. We coin the term &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;computational sense&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; to describe this level of fluency. It covers a range of issues that remain in flux and are clearly open for debate. We &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;outline a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; few of them below for illustration.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Comfort and fluency with computational systems&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Of course a digital librarian should be comfortable in using the latest technologies available. However, although necessary we do not believe this is sufficient for librarians to be able to take active roles in exploiting the potential of a rapidly changing set of technologies.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Metacognitive skills in learning about new computational resources&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Possessing training in a technology is insufficient because technologies change so rapidly. New versions of applications contain new functionalities, new interfaces and hence new possibilities for how they might be used. New applications become available to complement or replace existing applications. Online resources and computational services can enhance or disrupt what users expect or want to be able to do with existing resources. Patrons' changing reactions to library catalogues in the light of their experiences with Amazon and Google are just one indicator of this.  Consequently, practising librarians need to be able to learn about the latest versions, applications and new ways of combining applications quickly and maybe without formal training. This can be done, but probably requires the teaching of the metacognitive skills that can facilitate more efficient and effective learning both by individuals and communities within and across organisations.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Fluency in incremental tailoring and combining of applications for evolving needs &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Even if they do not directly program new digital library applications, librarians are likely to be involved directly or indirectly in the installation and use of those applications, which invariably involves tailoring work. Modern applications typically come with a host of options, and the defaults are often less than ideal. Making a resource useful and usable in a particular context typically involves a range of tailoring activities ranging from selecting between options, choosing modules to install, including or linking the application to the resources it will use or provide, integrating the software with other applications or provisions and `skinning' the interface to create an integrated, consistent and coherent look and feel for end users as part of a focus on usability. All these require varying levels of technical expertise. They also require the ability to interact productively with others, both stakeholders with far less technical skill, and also technical experts, lacking local knowledge of use-in-context. Although somewhat daunting-sounding this information intermediary role is one firmly within the bounds of the ethos of traditional librarianship (Erlich and Cash, 1994).&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;A sense of applications as ongoing co-designed artefacts rather than technological givens&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Computational sense &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;should include&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; an understanding and an expectation that digital librarians be involved not just in the selection, analysis, and facilitation of learning and use of computational artefacts, but that they should also be involved in the &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;design&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; of those artefacts. At the very least it should empower digital librarians to take a more direct role in larger-scale design processes. Applications should not be taken as technological givens, to be coped with by them and in their information intermediary role in helping others to learn and use. Rather these applications need to be regarded as provisional, changing and amenable to change by librarians. In many existing cases this still might not actually be feasible, but we believe that it is worth considering what it would take to give more librarians the skills necessary to not merely critique inadequate systems but to get involved in actually improving them. Design does not necessarily require programming. As noted above, tailoring is one aspect of design, but there are others. As well as in-house design, there are various approaches to wider involvement in larger co-design processes, including participatory design (Kyng and Mathiassen, 1997) and the involvement of lead users (von Hippel, 2005) as well as open source software development. Modern systems are frequently in the process of near-continual re-design as new versions and modules are released, which at least raises the possibility of greater involvement by people with appropriate skills&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;A sense of the feasibility of potential design options  &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;To be fully involved in ongoing co-design, it is very helpful to have a good sense of what is feasible in current systems development and what is not. A qualitative sense of the relative costs of different design options is also helpful as the design space is collectively explored. Typically computer science students are expected to acquire these rich qualitative skills just by lots of practice. They are rarely explicitly taught. We speculate that it might be possible to teach these skills of judgement without requiring considerable practical programming experience. If so, it would allow digital librarians to engage in far more productive interactions both with vendors and systems development teams, as advocates for stakeholders and use-in-context as different functionalities and possibilities are uncovered. If you don't have a sense of what it is reasonable to ask for, you are inclined to select just from the options on offer. All design involves trade-offs and compromises, but when these are done in ignorance of whole categories of costs, benefits, and opportunities, truly innovative design possibilities are overlooked.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Spreadsheets as a guiding metaphor&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;To illustrate our vision, we use an example from an earlier round of technological innovation coinciding with the advent of the personal computer in the 1980s. Prior to that time, people who wanted to do mathematical calculations on computers (including scientists and financial experts) would have had to write a program in a language such as FORTRAN, or commission someone else to do it for them. This was for many daunting or &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;prohibitively &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;expensive in terms of money, opportunity cost or effort-risk-reward calculations. With the advent of the early spreadsheet programs on PCs, many people started using them because they were far easier to both learn and use than programming to achieve basic numerical calculations. Although intended for accounting calculations, the ease of learning and use encouraged innovation and appropriation by many others with needs to manipulate numbers. Nevertheless, spreadsheets were not completely trivial to use. One needed basic numeracy to be able to use them productively and not generate nonsense - what we might call a numerical sense. One just did not need to know how to program in FORTRAN. Ability to program certainly helped in avoiding certain classic errors, and was essential for more complex calculations that either the spreadsheet software of the day could not manage or where the programming of macros was needed. But programming ceased to be a &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;prerequisite&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; and the skills of sophisticated spreadsheet use, planning, design and debugging could be taught to people who had not first learned to program. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;In a similar manner, we believe that it is possible to extract some of the skills traditionally acquired (explicitly but more often implicitly) from long experience of programming, and teach these to librarians under the label of computational sense. In so doing we can widen the number of people able to productively engage with information technologies, just as spreadsheets widened the use of computers by numerate people far beyond the range of those willing to invest time in learning FORTRAN. This approach also challenges the developers of digital library software to produce tools as useful and useable as the spreadsheet.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Computational sense extends beyond the notion of programming to encompass an ability to understand the broader notions of the capabilities of software and the socio-technical issues of usability, system deployment and maintenance. In this article we have proposed some characteristics of computational sense and how they might influence the design of the curriculum for digital librarians. In doing so we don't claim to have a complete list but simply to contribute a new perspective to the ongoing debate on the nature of digital librarianship. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;EFERENCES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Coleman, A. (2005) Interdisciplinarity, interactivity, and interoperability for educating the digerati. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Education for Information&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; 23(4) 233-243.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Erlich, K. and Cash, D. (1994) Turning information into knowledge: information finding as a collaborative activity. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of Digital Libraries '94&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. College Station, TX. 119-125.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;von Hippel, E. (2005) &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Democratizing Innovation.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Kyng, M. and Mathiassen, L. (1997) (eds.) &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Computers and Design in Context&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Ma, Y., Clegg, W., and O'Brien, A. (2006) Digital library education: the current status. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL'06)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. ACM Press, New York, NY, 165-174. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Marion, L. (2001). Digital librarian, cybrarian, or librarian with specialized skills: Who will staff digital libraries? In H. Thompson (Ed.), &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Crossing the Divide: Proceedings of the Tenth National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Chicago, IL: American Library Association. 143-149.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Mostafa, J., Brancolini, K., Smith, L.C. and Mischo, W. (2005) Developing a digital library education program. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL'05)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;, 427. ACM Press.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Nichols, D. M., Bainbridge, D., Downie, J. S., and Twidale, M. B. (2006). Learning by building digital libraries. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL'06).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; ACM Press, New York, NY, 185-186 &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Nichols, D. M., Bainbridge, D., Marsden, G., Patel, D., Cunningham, S. J., Thompson, J., Boddie, S. J. and Witten, I. H. (2005) Evolving tool support for digital librarians. Theng, Y.-L. and Foo, S. (eds), In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Design and Usability of Digital Libraries: Case Studies in the Asia Pacific&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;, 171-189. Information Science Publishing, London.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Pomerantz, J., Wildemuth, B. M., Yang, S., and Fox, E. A. (2006) Curriculum development for digital libraries. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL'06).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; ACM Press, New York, NY, 175-184. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Tansley, R., Smith, M. and Walker, J.H. (2005) The DSpace open source digital asset management system: challenges and opportunities. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL 2005)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. LNCS 3652. Springer.242-253.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Witten, I.H. and Bainbridge, D. (2003). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;How to Build a Digital Library&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8bbe6da0374b413b1b355c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applications for Bibliometric Research in the Emerging Digital Libraries</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH079154443e2ecce7bb4208</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2992e081949673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa29d2e081149673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2a12e080949673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2a32e080549673150f3</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215020
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215014
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title->TI	dc.Creator->CR
+indexfields	text	dc.Title	dc.Creator
+indexlevels	Doc	Sec
+indexmap	text;dc.Title;dc.Creator;->idx
+indexstem	Customization
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc	section->Sec
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	717786
+numdocs	8
+numsections	8
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Customization/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8bbe6da0374b413b1b355c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applications for Bibliometric Research in the Emerging Digital Libraries</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH079154443e2ecce7bb4208</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2992e081949673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa29d2e081149673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2a12e080949673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2a32e080549673150f3</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASH0164.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASH0164.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASH0164.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Distributing Digital Libraries on the Web, CD-ROMs, and Intranets: ...</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/DSpace-To-GS/tmp/1395215055/3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/DSpace-To-GS/tmp/1395215055/3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/3/3.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215055/3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">3.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">3.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">218837</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/DSpace-To-GS/import/3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:20+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">3.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">218837</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">1999:09:27 16:06:52</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Microsoft Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat PDFWriter 2.0 for Macintosh</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Contributor">Ian Witten</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Contributor">Sally Jo Cunningham</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Contributor">Bill Rogers</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Contributor">Rodger McNab</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Contributor">Stefan Boddie</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^accessioned">2005-01-10T02:51:09Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^available">2005-01-10T02:51:09Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^issued">2005-01-10T02:51:09Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language^iso">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">Distributing Digital Libraries on the Web, CD-ROMs, and Intranets: Same information, same look-and-feel, different media</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="equivlink"></Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH016449897ef791600b644989</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215055</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0164.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Distributing Digital Libraries on the Web,&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;CD-ROMs, and Intranets:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Same information, same look-and-feel, different media&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Ian Witten, Sally Jo Cunningham, Bill Rogers, Rodger McNab,Stefan Boddie&lt;br&gt;
+Department of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;
+University of Waikato&lt;br&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Abstract:&lt;/b&gt; The Greenstone system from the New Zealand Digital Library provides a&lt;br&gt;new way of making collections of information available in the same form over&lt;br&gt;the World-Wide Web, on CD-ROM, or on local Intranets.  Exactly the same&lt;br&gt;information is available in each case, and exactly the same interface is used to access it.&lt;br&gt;The New Zealand Digital Library is accessible over the Web and offers a wide variety&lt;br&gt;of information collections.  Sub-collections can be written to a CD-ROM, which can be&lt;br&gt;used on a standalone PC by a single user.  A local Web browser suffices to access the&lt;br&gt;information on the disk just as though the PC were connected to the Internet.&lt;br&gt;Simultaneously, if there is a network connection, the same disk acts as a network server&lt;br&gt;to make exactly the same information available to others who need only use their&lt;br&gt;standard Internet browser software.  This technology has great appeal for many users,&lt;br&gt;particularly those in developing nations where non-local Internet access can be&lt;br&gt;precarious or prohibitively expensive.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1. Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The emerging digital library movement is a child of the Internet and the World-Wide&lt;br&gt;Web. Spurred on by visions of an âinformation superhighway,â current digital library&lt;br&gt;projects invariably concentrate on providing access to document collections over the&lt;br&gt;Internet, where documents, users, and catalog may all be distributed widely.  Often the&lt;br&gt;search interface is WWW-based, in contrast to the telnet or phone-in access required by&lt;br&gt;library OPACS and earlier commercial âonlineâ bibliographic databases such as Dialog.&lt;br&gt;Web-based digital libraries have significant advantages over their online predecessors.&lt;br&gt;Users need not obtain and install search software on their own sites. In many areas&lt;br&gt;Internet access incurs minimal charges, or at any rate is significantly cheaper than a&lt;br&gt;direct telephone connection with the retrieval system. Finally, Web browsers provide a&lt;br&gt;simple, standard means of access to a variety of digital library systems.&lt;br&gt;
+However, practical experience in digital library development indicates that in many&lt;br&gt;situations, universal access via the Internet is neither possible nor desirable.  A&lt;br&gt;business, for example, might desire a digital library to make its proprietary documents&lt;br&gt;available to its employees, but only if the companyâs security could be ensured by&lt;br&gt;restricting access with an intranet.  CD-ROM has been identified as the implementation&lt;br&gt;platform of choice for collections targeted at large portions of the Third World; for&lt;br&gt;many developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, Internet connections are&lt;br&gt;still either non-existent, undependable, or prohibitively expensive to use.  Despite its&lt;br&gt;lowly status, the CD-ROM has many advantages. Relatively durable in the face of harsh&lt;br&gt;environmental conditions, it incurs known, fixed costs for purchase and supporting&lt;br&gt;hardware (White, 1992). It makes information accessible on a tangible medium that is&lt;br&gt;under the userâs control and is not subject to capricious decisions by others. A CD-&lt;br&gt;ROM based digital library carries the further advantage of providing full document&lt;br&gt;contentsâa significant drawback to bibliographic systems being that their users in&lt;br&gt;developing countries could locate descriptions of relevant documents, but were then&lt;br&gt;often unable to obtain the documents themselves (El-Hadidy, 1994; Chowdhury,&lt;br&gt;1996). Finally, while a CD-ROM holds a reasonable amount of material in textual form,&lt;br&gt;digital videodisk technology is already available which can store 12 Gb on a single&lt;br&gt;diskâfar larger than most extant textual digital libraries.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;For this reason the Greenstone digital library software developed by the New Zealand&lt;br&gt;Digital Library project allows a collection developer to create a  digital library that is&lt;br&gt;WWW-based, intranet-based, or available on a standalone or networked CD-ROM.  All&lt;br&gt;platforms support exactly the same interface, and the same search and retrieval&lt;br&gt;methods. This standardization reduces the system learning curve for intranet or CD-&lt;br&gt;ROM users who have previous experience with WWW browsers, and conversely&lt;br&gt;allows those users currently without Internet access to more easily progress to Web&lt;br&gt;searching and browsing when it becomes available to them.&lt;br&gt;
+An earlier version of this software has been used in a university-level distance learning&lt;br&gt;course on computer literacy, where selected portions of various WWW sites were&lt;br&gt;stored on CD-ROM for students to surf (Holmes and Rogers, 1997). Here, the primary&lt;br&gt;advantages of avoiding an Internet connection were to smooth out variable page&lt;br&gt;retrieval times, to avoid problems with off-site servers going down or being temporarily&lt;br&gt;unavailable, and to eliminate communication costs.  In secondary or primary school&lt;br&gt;settings, this technique for capturing known portions of the WWW can be used to&lt;br&gt;prevent students wasting lab time exploring sites that irrelevant to the task at hand, or&lt;br&gt;that are inappropriate for their age groups.&lt;br&gt;
+The digital library collection described in this paper is comprised of a set of documents&lt;br&gt;provided by the United Nations University, focusing primarily on food and nutrition.&lt;br&gt;The goal of the United Nations University Press is to disseminate knowledge in the&lt;br&gt;field of the global problems of human survival, development and welfare, in order to&lt;br&gt;increase dynamic interaction in the world-wide community of learning and research.&lt;br&gt;By making their documents available in a variety of formatsâprint, CD-ROM, WWW&lt;br&gt;pagesâthis research and human development information can be distributed more&lt;br&gt;widely, and in a form appropriate to the conditions required by  information users.&lt;br&gt;
+Section 2 describes the software architecture. Multimedia collections are supported, and&lt;br&gt;a single collection may include text, images, audio, and even video clips. Compression&lt;br&gt;technology is used to ensure that the greatest possible volume of information is packed&lt;br&gt;into a limited storage space. The interface software combines easy-to-use browsing&lt;br&gt;with powerful search facilities. As discussed in Section 3, several ways are provided to&lt;br&gt;find information in a collection; a user can conduct keyword searches, access known&lt;br&gt;documents by title, or browse subject âbookshelvesâ.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;2 . System architecture&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+A great advantage of the WWW as a means of presenting and using information is that&lt;br&gt;very little direct user interface programming is required.  A system can generate simple&lt;br&gt;text documents in HTML notation, and leave the task of display, printing, screen&lt;br&gt;navigation, and so forth to a Web browser.  As a result, the browser writer takes most&lt;br&gt;of the burden of system dependence away from the application programmer.  The CD&lt;br&gt;version of the Greenstone library follows this structure:  our software takes the form of&lt;br&gt;a WWW server, communicating with an unmodified browser  using IP networking&lt;br&gt;software.  While the primary goal is to have a system running on a stand-alone&lt;br&gt;machine, the use of IP networking does also mean that the software will function as a&lt;br&gt;WWW server over an external network.  Figure 1 shows the general software&lt;br&gt;organization.  The gray box encloses the software components running on one&lt;br&gt;machine.&lt;br&gt;
+Ideally, the WWW server would be a standard piece of software, and a digital library&lt;br&gt;would take exactly the same form on a single machine as it does on our larger WWW&lt;br&gt;serving equipment.  This did not prove possible for a number of reasonsâmost&lt;br&gt;significant of which was the amount of memory expected to be available on our target&lt;br&gt;machines, which for this project include the older and smaller workstations commonly&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=3&gt;&lt;/a&gt;in use in the Third World.  The full digital library system on our WWW servers does&lt;br&gt;make use of standard Internet server software.  In the WWW version of our digital&lt;br&gt;library architecture, pre and post processing of queries on the library are handled in&lt;br&gt;tasks run via the CGI mechanism, and communicate via request queues with tasks&lt;br&gt;running the MG document indexing and compression software (Witten et al, 1994).&lt;br&gt;Much of the âglueâ software is written in Perl (Wall et al, 1996) and requires the large&lt;br&gt;Perl interpreter and software library to be in memory.&lt;br&gt;
+In contrast, the CD-ROM version of the software is a single integrated piece of software&lt;br&gt;incorporating the Web server, digital library pre/post processing,  and MG.  Only a&lt;br&gt;single index need be in memory at any one time, as a CD-ROM usually only holds a&lt;br&gt;single collection.  All of the software is coded in C and C++ to avoid the significant&lt;br&gt;overhead involved in using a Perl interpreter.  The result is a system which will work&lt;br&gt;satisfactorily on a workstation with 8 or 16 MB of main memory (depending on the&lt;br&gt;memory requirements of the workstationâs operating system).&lt;br&gt;
+A browser is directed to access the server in one of two ways.  The simplest is to use&lt;br&gt;the URL http://127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1 means â local machineâ).  Once the first page is&lt;br&gt;loaded, further pages are referenced relative to the starting page, and so are also&lt;br&gt;obtained from the server.  This is convenient in that it requires no set-up on the&lt;br&gt;browser.  The alternative is to set the browser to use 127.0.0.1 as its âproxyâ.  This&lt;br&gt;means that all page requests are routed to the server.  It functions like a fixed cache,&lt;br&gt;satisfying requests when it can and passing demands that it cannot handle on to an&lt;br&gt;external network (if available).&lt;br&gt;
+external network&lt;br&gt;
+internal network software&lt;br&gt;
+BROWSER&lt;br&gt;
+ SERVER&lt;br&gt;
+Local File Retrieve&lt;br&gt;Local Text Database (MG)&lt;br&gt;Local Non-Text Repository&lt;br&gt;Remote (WWW) access&lt;br&gt;
+CD&lt;br&gt;
+Special Processing&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 1: Browser-Server Interface&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The server handles incoming page/file retrieval requests according to the requested&lt;br&gt;itemâs availability and form of storage.  If a page is not available locally, the request&lt;br&gt;may be passed on to an external network. If  each page or document in a collection is&lt;br&gt;stored in a separate file, then a local file request can access the item on the CD-ROM.&lt;br&gt;However, in general we avoid storing a collectionâs documents in separate files,&lt;br&gt;because large numbers of files use CD-ROM space inefficiently.   Instead, document&lt;br&gt;files containing text are stored (and the extracted text is indexed) in an MG database,&lt;br&gt;and non-text files are stored in a special repository file. The server has an index of the&lt;br&gt;documents held in the MG database and the file repository.  Incoming requests are&lt;br&gt;checked against this index and may be retrieved from MG or the repository as&lt;br&gt;appropriate. Major savings in collection storage requirements are possible by taking&lt;br&gt;advantage of MG for text storage: typically text compresses to 25% of its original size,&lt;br&gt;and the compressed index occupies around 7% of the size of the original text. This&lt;br&gt;leads to a total storage requirement for the indexed collection of approximately one-third&lt;br&gt;of the size of the original text alone. The system can also support a variety  of types of&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=4&gt;&lt;/a&gt;non-text items in the collectionâaudio, images, video clipsâsimply by including&lt;br&gt;appropriate viewing utilities on the CD-ROM. For searching, the non-text items are&lt;br&gt;represented by textual descriptions in the MG index.&lt;br&gt;
+A request which requires some computation on the server, such as the submission of a&lt;br&gt;query from a user, would normally be handled with CGI requests.  On our system,&lt;br&gt;such requests are invoked by URLâs starting      &lt;br&gt;
+http://127.0.0.1/server/   .  These are&lt;br&gt;
+internally routed to handler routines within the server itself â particularly to MG&lt;br&gt;components.&lt;br&gt;
+The major implementation difficulty experienced was with the IP network software, on&lt;br&gt;machines which did not have network cards or modem software.  To avoid installation&lt;br&gt;complexity we chose to implement our own network layer to be used on such&lt;br&gt;machines.  In the absence of networking software the server loads our internal network&lt;br&gt;software and communicates using that.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;3 . Searching and navigating a collection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The primary access method for documents in the United Nations University collection&lt;br&gt;is keyword search (Figure 2a).  The system supports searching over the &lt;i&gt;full&lt;/i&gt; text of the&lt;br&gt;documentânot merely a document surrogate as is common in many commercial&lt;br&gt;retrieval systems.  While other collections we have built support a syntax for full&lt;br&gt;Boolean searching, early user feedback from a similar document set (the Humanitarian&lt;br&gt;Development collection, put together by the Global Help Project) indicated that Boolean&lt;br&gt;searching was more confusing than helpful for the targeted users. Previous research&lt;br&gt;suggests that difficulties with Boolean syntax and semantics are common, and are&lt;br&gt;observed in diverse user groups (Borgman, 1996; Greene et al, 1990). Transaction log&lt;br&gt;analysis over a number of library retrieval systems indicates that the most popular&lt;br&gt;Boolean operator by far is the AND, with the Boolean OR and NOT rarely present in&lt;br&gt;queries (Peters, 1993); we have confirmed this result in another New Zealand Digital&lt;br&gt;Library collection (Jones et al, 1998). For all these reasons, the United Nations&lt;br&gt;University interface default is ranked retrieval. However, to enable users to construct&lt;br&gt;high-precision Boolean AND searches where necessary, selecting âsearchâŠfor ALL&lt;br&gt;the wordsâ in the querying string produces the syntax-free equivalent of an AND query.&lt;br&gt;
+     &lt;br&gt;
+Figure 2:  (a) Initial search screen for the UNU collection and (b)  search preferences&lt;br&gt;
+page&lt;br&gt;
+By default, search terms are stemmed and case differences are ignored.  Most&lt;br&gt;transaction log analysis from library online catalogs, digital libraries, and WWW search&lt;br&gt;engines indicates that users tend to submit extremely brief queries.  For example, the&lt;br&gt;average query length for the New Zealand Digital Libraryâs &lt;i&gt;Computer Science&lt;br&gt;Technical Report&lt;/i&gt; collection is only 2.5 words (Jones et al, 1998), a typical figure&lt;br&gt;mirrored in retrieval studies conducted over two decades (Sandore, 1993).  With such&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=5&gt;&lt;/a&gt;brief queries the major difficulty encountered with search results is low search&lt;br&gt;recallâhence the system automatically expands the query through stemming and case&lt;br&gt;folding.  These defaults can be modified by&lt;br&gt;
+The initial search screen  (Figure 2a) also permits users to specify the âgranularityâ at&lt;br&gt;which their search is done (that is, the size of the text against which the query is&lt;br&gt;matched). Choices include &lt;i&gt;title&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;paragraph&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;same chapter or section&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;book&lt;/i&gt;. By&lt;br&gt;selecting the smaller passage sizes, users can achieve a greater search precision, while&lt;br&gt;selecting the larger ones tends to give a higher recall.  Regardless of granularity, the&lt;br&gt;results are always displayed in terms of a complete book, opened at the appropriate&lt;br&gt;place.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 3:  Query results page&lt;br&gt;
+We support browsing by taking advantage of the fact that the hierarchical structure of&lt;br&gt;United Nations University Press documents is marked up in the document files.  When&lt;br&gt;an item in the âquery resultsâ list is selected (Figure 3), the user is presented with a&lt;br&gt;photograph of the documentâs front cover and a table of contents with an arrow&lt;br&gt;marking the itemâs position in the contents (Figure 4). Folders can be clicked open or&lt;br&gt;closed, allowing the user to travel up and down the documentâs structure (in Figure 5,&lt;br&gt;moving from a report up to the section headings for that issue of the bulletin).  Clicking&lt;br&gt;on âexpand contentsâ will expand out the whole table of contents so that the user can&lt;br&gt;browse the titles of all chapters and subsections to get a detailed view of the entire&lt;br&gt;contents.  âExpand textâ displays the whole text of the current section or book, which is&lt;br&gt;particularly useful when printing a complete work.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 4:  Viewing a selected item in the query results list&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=6&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Figure 5:  Moving up the document structure hierarchy&lt;br&gt;
+Browsing or searching by subject is supported by  clicking the âsubjectsâ button on the&lt;br&gt;menu options bar of any search or results page . This brings up a list of subjects,&lt;br&gt;represented by bookshelves (Figure 6). Users can click on any bookshelf to look at&lt;br&gt;books on that subject, and click on a book to read it. Similarly, clicking on the âtitlesâ&lt;br&gt;button allows the user to browse through an alphabetized list of titles. If the user is&lt;br&gt;currently viewing a document when the âsubjectsâ or âtitlesâ button is clicked, s/he will&lt;br&gt;be taken to the place in the subjects or titles list that corresponds to that book. This&lt;br&gt;supports the user in browsing for books on the same subject, or for books with similar&lt;br&gt;titles.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 6:  Browsing by subject&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;4 . Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Despite near-universal current practice, the World-Wide Web is by no means the only&lt;br&gt;way to deliver digital library services.  Local networks and CD-ROM disks can be a&lt;br&gt;viable alternativeâand a necessary one in many operating environments. The humble&lt;br&gt;CD-ROM can hold a lot of text, and DVD disks will enable easy distribution of very&lt;br&gt;substantial collections&lt;br&gt;
+The challenge is to produce a scheme which can be used for distribution over each of&lt;br&gt;these media, and look just the same to the user. The Greenstone software allows&lt;br&gt;information to be made available in precisely the same form, using precisely the same&lt;br&gt;interface, on a single-user (PC) computer, a local intranet, or the World-Wide Web.&lt;br&gt;One reason for developing this technology was to permit access to important&lt;br&gt;information in the Third World, which runs the risk of falling further behind because of&lt;br&gt;inadequate network access. However, all who find the Internet capricious in terms of&lt;br&gt;remote site availability, and suffer from highly variable and unpredictable network&lt;br&gt;delays, will appreciate the advantages of having digital library information on&lt;br&gt;siteâwhether in single-user or shared mode.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=7&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The United Nations University collection that we have described and illustrated is&lt;br&gt;designed not, as most digital libraries seem to be, for technophiles, but for ordinary&lt;br&gt;people with little or no computer experience. We have again run counter to common&lt;br&gt;practice here to make the interface plain and easy to use. In a quest to improve usability&lt;br&gt;for the ordinary person we have sacrificed featuresâactually deleted them from our&lt;br&gt;softwareâthat, although powerful, we have observed to be rarely employed by real&lt;br&gt;users answering their real information needs.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Borgman, C.L. (1996) Why are online catalogs still hard to use&lt;i&gt;?  Journal of the&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;American Society for Information Science&lt;/i&gt; 47(7), pp. 493-503.&lt;br&gt;
+Chowdhury, G.G. (1996) Developing modern information systems and services:&lt;br&gt;
+Africaâs challenges for the future, &lt;i&gt;Online &amp;amp; CDROM Review&lt;/i&gt; 20(3), pp. 145-&lt;br&gt;146.&lt;br&gt;
+El-Hadidy, B. (1994)  The breakeven point for using CD-ROM versus online:  a case&lt;br&gt;
+study for database access in a developing country, &lt;i&gt;Journal of the American&lt;br&gt;Society for Information Science&lt;/i&gt; 45(4), pp. 273-283.&lt;br&gt;
+Greene, S.L., Devlin, S.J., (1990) Cannata, P.E., and Gomez, L.M. No Ifs, ANDs or&lt;br&gt;
+Ors:  a study of database querying, &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Man-Machine&lt;br&gt;Studies&lt;/i&gt; 32(3), pp. 303-326.&lt;br&gt;
+Holmes, G., and Rogers, W.J. (197) Gathering and indexing rich fragments of the&lt;br&gt;
+World-Wide Web, &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers&lt;br&gt;in Education 1997&lt;/i&gt; (Sarawak, Malaysia, Dec. 2-6), pp. 554-562.&lt;br&gt;
+Jones, S., Cunningham, S.J., and McNab, R. (1998) An analysis of usage of a digital&lt;br&gt;
+library, &lt;i&gt;Working Paper 98/13&lt;/i&gt;, Department of Computer Science, University of&lt;br&gt;Waikato (Hamilton, New Zealand.&lt;br&gt;
+Peters, T. (1993) The history and development of transaction log analysis, &lt;i&gt;Library Hi-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Tech &lt;/i&gt;11(2), pp. 41-66.&lt;br&gt;
+Sandore, B. (1993) Applying the results of transaction log analysis, &lt;i&gt;Library Hi-Tech&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+11(2), pp. 87-97.&lt;br&gt;
+Wall, L., Christiansen, T., and Schwartz, R.L. (1996) &lt;i&gt; Programming Perl.&lt;/i&gt; OâReilly,&lt;br&gt;
+Sebastopol (CA, USA).&lt;br&gt;
+White, W.D. (1992) CD-ROM in developing countries, &lt;i&gt;CD-ROM Professional&lt;/i&gt; (May),&lt;br&gt;
+pp. 32-35.&lt;br&gt;
+Witten, I.H., Moffat, A., and Bell, T.C. (1994) &lt;i&gt;Managing Gigabytes&lt;/i&gt;. Van Nostrand&lt;br&gt;
+Reinhold, New York, New York.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASH01de.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASH01de.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASH01de.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,4296 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1997-00 Listing of Working Papers</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/DSpace-To-GS/tmp/1395215055_1/4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/DSpace-To-GS/tmp/1395215055_1/4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/4/4.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215055_1/4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">4.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">4.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">110080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Contributor">New Zealand Digital Library Project</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^accessioned">2005-01-10T02:52:27Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^available">2005-01-10T02:52:27Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^issued">2005-01-10T02:52:27Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language^iso">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">1997-00 Listing of Working Papers</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="equivlink"></Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01dedba1bb409c7e3bdedba1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215055</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01de.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Title&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.12mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1997-00 Listing of Working Papers &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Using compression to identify acronyms in text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stuart Yeates, David Bainbridge, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Text mining is about looking for patterns in natural language text, and may be defined as the process of analyzing text to extract information from it for particular purposes.  In previous work, we claimed that compression is a key technology for text mining, and backed this up with a study that showed how particular kinds of lexical tokens&amp;mdash;names, dates, locations, &lt;i&gt;etc.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;mdash;can be identified and located in running text, using compression models to provide the leverage necessary to distinguish different token types (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Text categorization using compression models
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Chang Chui, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Text categorization, or the assignment of natural language texts to predefined categories based on their content, is of growing importance as the volume of information available on the internet continues to overwhelm us.  The use of predefined categories implies a &amp;ldquo;supervised learning&amp;rdquo; approach to categorization, where already-classified articles - which effectively define the categories - are used as &amp;ldquo;training data&amp;rdquo; to build a model that can be used for classifying new articles that comprise the &amp;ldquo;test data&amp;rdquo;.  This contrasts with &amp;ldquo;unsupervised&amp;rdquo; learning, where there is no training data and clusters of like documents are sought amongst the test articles.  With supervised learning, meaningful labels (such as keyphrases) are attached to the training documents, and appropriate labels can be assigned automatically to test documents depending on which category they fall into.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Reserved for Sally Jo
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Interactive machine learning&amp;mdash;letting users build classifiers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Malcolm Ware, Eibe Frank, Geoffrey Holmes, Mark Hall, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+According to standard procedure, building a classifier is a fully automated process that follows data preparation by a domain expert.  In contrast, &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;interactive&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;machine learning engages users in actually generating the classifier themselves.  This offers a natural way of integrating background knowledge into the modeling stage&amp;mdash;so long as interactive tools can be designed that support efficient and effective communication.  This paper shows that appropriate techniques can empower users to create models that compete with classifiers built by state-of-the-art learning algorithms.  It demonstrates that users&amp;mdash;even users who are not domain experts&amp;mdash;can often construct good classifiers, without any help from a learning algorithm, using a simple two-dimensional visual interface.  Experiments demonstrate that, not surprisingly, success hinges on the domain: if a few attributes can support good predictions, users generate accurate classifiers, whereas domains with many high-order attribute interactions favor standard machine learning techniques.  The future challenge is to achieve a symbiosis between human user and machine learning algorithm.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+KEA: Practical automatic keyphrase extraction
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ian H. Witten, Gordon W. Paynter, Eibe Frank, Carl Gutwin, Craig G. Nevill-Manning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Keyphrases provide semantic metadata that summarize and characterize documents.  This paper describes Kea, an algorithm for automatically extracting keyphrases from text.  Kea identifies candidate keyphrases using lexical methods, calculates feature values for each candidate, and uses a machine learning algorithm to predict which candidates are good keyphrases.  The machine learning scheme first builds a prediction model using training documents with known keyphrases, and then uses the model to find keyphrases in new documents.  We use a large test corpus to evaluate Kea's effectiveness in terms of how many author-assigned keyphrases are correctly identified.  The system is simple, robust, and publicly available.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;ÎŒ&lt;/i&gt;-Charts and Z:  hows, whys and wherefores
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greg Reeve, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we show, by a series of examples, how the &lt;i&gt;ÎŒ&lt;/i&gt;-chart formalism can be translated into Z.  We give reasons for why this is an interesting and sensible thing to do and what it might be used for.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+One dimensional non-uniform rational B-splines for animation control
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Abdelaziz Mahoui
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Most 3D animation packages use graphical representations called motion graphs to represent the variation in time of the motion parameters.  Many use two-dimensional B-splines as animation curves because of their power to represent free-form curves.  In this project, we investigate the possibility of using One-dimensional Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) curves for the interactive construction of animation control curves.  One-dimensional NURBS curves present the potential of solving some problems encountered in motion graphs when two-dimensional B-splines are used.  The study focuses on the properties of One-dimensional NURBS mathematical model.  It also investigates the algorithms and shape modification tools devised for two-dimensional curves and their port to the One-dimensional NURBS model.  It also looks at the issues related to the user interface used to interactively modify the shape of the curves.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Correlation-based feature selection of discrete and numeric class machine learning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark A. Hall
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Algorithms for feature selection fall into two broad categories: &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;wrappers&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;that use the learning algorithm itself to evaluate the usefulness of features and &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;filters&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;that evaluate features according to heuristics based on general characteristics of the data.  For application to large databases, filters have proven to be more practical than wrappers because they are much faster.  However, most existing filter algorithms only work with discrete classification problems.  This paper describes a fast, correlation-based filter algorithm that can be applied to continuous and discrete problems.  The algorithm often out-performs the well-known ReliefF attribute estimator when used as a preprocessing step for naÃ¯ve Bayes, instance-based learning, decision trees, locally weighted regression, and model trees.  It performs more feature selection than ReliefF does-reducing the data dimensionality by fifty percent in most cases.  Also, decision and model trees built from the prepocessed data are often significantly smaller.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A development environment for predictive modelling in foods
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+G. Holmes, M.A. Hall
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) is a comprehensive suite of Java class libraries that implement many state-of-the-art machine learning/data mining algorithms.  Non-programmers interact with the software via a user interface component called the Knowledge Explorer.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Applications constructed from the WEKA class libraries can be run on any computer with a web browsing capability, allowing users to apply machine learning techniques to their own data regardless of computer platform.  This paper describes the user interface component of the WEKA system in reference to previous applications in the predictive modeling of foods.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for data mining
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark A. Hall, Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Data engineering is generally considered to be a central issue in the development of data mining applications.  The success of many learning schemes, in their attempts to construct models of data, hinges on the reliable identification of a small set of highly predictive attributes.  The inclusion of irrelevant, redundant and noisy attributes in the model building process phase can result in poor predictive performance and increased computation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Attribute selection generally involves a combination of search and attribute utility estimation plus evaluation with respect to specific learning schemes.  This leads to a large number of possible permutations and has led to a situation where very few benchmark studies have been conducted.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper presents a benchmark comparison of several attribute selection methods.  All the methods produce an attribute ranking, a useful devise of isolating the individual merit of an attribute.  Attribute selection is achieved by cross-validating the rankings with respect to a learning scheme to find the best attributes.  Results are reported for a selection of standard data sets and two learning schemes C4.5 and naÃ¯ve Bayes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Reeves, Greg Reeve
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Malika Mahoui, Sally Jo Cunningham
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Transaction logs are invaluable sources of fine-grained information about users' search behavior.  This paper compares the searching behavior of users across two WWW-accessible digital libraries: the New Zealand Digital Library's Computer Science Technical Reports collection (CSTR), and the Karlsruhe Computer Science Bibliographies (CSBIB) collection.  Since the two collections are designed to support the same type of users-researchers/students in computer science a comparative log analysis is likely to uncover common searching preferences for that user group.  The two collections differ in their content, however; the CSTR indexes a full text collection, while the CSBIB is primarily a bibliographic database.  Differences in searching behavior between the two systems may indicate the effect of differing search facilities and content type.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lexical attraction for text compression
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Joscha Bach, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+New methods of acquiring structural information in text documents may support better compression by identifying an appropriate prediction context for each symbol.  The method of &amp;ldquo;lexical attraction&amp;rdquo; infers syntactic dependency structures from statistical analysis of large corpora.  We describe the generation of a lexical attraction model, discuss its application to text compression, and explore its potential to outperform fixed-context models such as word-level PPM.  Perhaps the most exciting aspect of this work is the prospect of using compression as a metric for structure discovery in text.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Generating rule sets from model trees
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes, Mark Hall, Eibe Frank
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Knowledge discovered in a database must be represented in a form that is easy to understand.  Small, easy to interpret nuggets of knowledge from data are one requirement and the ability to induce them from a variety of data sources is a second.  The literature is abound with classification algorithms, and in recent years with algorithms for time sequence analysis, but relatively little has been published on extracting meaningful information from problems involving continuous classes (regression).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Model trees-decision trees with linear models at the leaf nodes-have recently emerged as an accurate method for numeric prediction that produces understandable models.  However, it is well known that decision lists-ordered sets of If-Then rules-have the potential to be more compact and therefore more understandable than their tree counterparts.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we present an algorithm for inducing simple, yet accurate rule sets from model trees.  The algorithm works by repeatedly building model trees and selecting the best rule at each iteration.  It produces rule sets that are, on the whole, as accurate but smaller than the model tree constructed from the entire dataset.  Experimental results for various heuristics which attempt to find a compromise between rule accuracy and rule coverage are reported.  We also show empirically that our method produces more accurate and smaller rule sets than the commercial state-of-the-art rule learning system Cubist.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A diagnostic tool for tree based supervised classification learning algorithms
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Leonard Trigg, Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The process of developing applications of machine learning and data mining that employ supervised classification algorithms includes the important step of knowledge verification.  Interpretable output is presented to a user so that they can verify that the knowledge contained in the output makes sense for the given application.  As the development of an application is an iterative process it is quite likely that a user would wish to compare models constructed at various times or stages.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+One crucial stage where comparison of models is important is when the accuracy of a model is being estimated, typically using some form of cross-validation.  This stage is used to establish an estimate of how well a model will perform on unseen data.  This is vital information to present to a user, but it is also important to show the degree of variation between models obtained from the entire dataset and models obtained during cross-validation.  In this way it can be verified that the cross-validation models are at least structurally aligned with the model garnered from the entire dataset.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper presents a diagnostic tool for the comparison of tree-based supervised classification models.  The method is adapted from work on approximate tree matching and applied to decision trees.  The tool is described together with experimental results on standard datasets.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine learning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark A. Hall
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Algorithms for feature selection fall into two broad categories: &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;wrappers&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;use the learning algorithm itself to evaluate the usefulness of features, while &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;filters&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;evaluate features according to heuristics based on general characteristics of the data.  For application to large databases, filters have proven to be more practical than wrappers because they are much faster.  However, most existing filter algorithms only work with discrete classification problems.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes a fast, correlation-based filter algorithm that can be applied to continuous and discrete problems.  Experiments using the new method as a preprocessing step for naÃ¯ve Bayes, instance-based learning, decision trees, locally weighted regression, and model trees show it to be an effective feature selector- it reduces the data in dimensionality by more than sixty percent in most cases without negatively affecting accuracy.  Also, decision and model trees built from the pre-processed data are often significantly smaller.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Browsing tree structures
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark Apperley, Robert Spence, Stephen Hodge, Michael Chester
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Graphic representations of tree structures are notoriously difficult to create, display, and interpret, particularly when the volume of information they contain, and hence the number of nodes, is large.  The problem of interactively browsing information held in tree structures is examined, and the implementation of an innovative tree browser described.  This browser is based on distortion-oriented display techniques and intuitive direct manipulation interaction.  The tree layout is automatically generated, but the location and extent of detail shown is controlled by the user.  It is suggested that these techniques could be extended to the browsing of more general networks.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Facilitating multiple copy/past operations
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark Apperley, Jay Baker, Dale Fletcher, Bill Rogers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Copy and paste, or cut and paste, using a clipboard or paste buffer has long been the principle facility provided to users for transferring data between and within GUI applications.  We argue that this mechanism can be clumsy in circumstances where several pieces of information must be moved systematically.  In two situations - extraction of data fields from unstructured data found in a directed search process, and reorganisation of computer program source text - we present alternative, more natural, user interface facilities to make the task less onerous, and to provide improved visual feedback during the operation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+For the data extraction task we introduce the Stretchable Selection Tool, a semi-transparent overlay augmenting the mouse pointer to automate paste operations and provide information to prompt the user.  We describe a prototype implementation that functions in a collaborative software environment, allowing users to cooperate on a multiple copy/paste operation.  For text reorganisation, we present an extension to Emacs, providing similar functionality, but without the collaborative features.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Automating iterative tasks with programming by demonstration: a user evaluation
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Gordon W. Paynter, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Computer users often face iterative tasks that cannot be automated using the tools and aggregation techniques provided by their application program: they end up performing the iteration by hand, repeating user interface actions over and over again.  We have implemented an agent, called Familiar, that can be taught to perform iterative tasks using programming by demonstration (PBD).  Unlike other PBD systems, it is domain independent and works with unmodified, widely-used, applications in a popular operating system.  In a formal evaluation, we found that users quickly learned to use the agent to automate iterative tasks.  Generally, the participants preferred to use multiple selection where possible, but could and did use PBD in situations involving iteration over many commands, or when other techniques were unavailable.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A survey of software requirements specification practices in the New Zealand software industry
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lindsay Groves, Ray Nickson, Greg Reeve, Steve Reeves, Mark Utting
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We report on the software development techniques used in the New Zealand software industry, paying particular attention to requirements gathering.  We surveyed a selection of software companies with a general questionnaire and then conducted in-depth interviews with four companies.  Our results show a wide variety in the kinds of companies undertaking software development, employing a wide range of software development techniques.  Although our data are not sufficiently detailed to draw statistically significant conclusions, it appears that larger software development groups typically have more well-defined software development processes, spend proportionally more time on requirements gathering, and follow more rigorous testing regimes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The LRU*WWW proxy cache document replacement algorithm
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Chung-yi Chang, Tony McGregor, Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Obtaining good performance from WWW proxy caches is critically dependent on the document replacement policy used by the proxy.  This paper validates the work of other authors by reproducing their studies of proxy cache document replacement algorithms.  From this basis a cross-trace study is mounted.  This demonstrates that the performance of most document replacement algorithms is dependent on the type of workload that they are presented with.  Finally we propose a new algorithm, LRU*, that consistently performs well across all our traces.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Reduced-error pruning with significance tests
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When building classification models, it is common practice to prune them to counter spurious effects of the training data: this often improves performance and reduces model size.  &amp;quot;Reduced-error pruning&amp;quot; is a fast pruning procedure for decision trees that is known to produce small and accurate trees.  Apart from the data from which the tree is grown, it uses an independent &amp;quot;pruning&amp;quot; set, and pruning decisions are based on the model's error rate on this fresh data.  Recently it has been observed that reduced-error pruning overfits the pruning data, producing unnecessarily large decision trees.  This paper investigates whether standard statistical significance tests can be used to counter this phenomenon.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The problem of overfitting to the pruning set highlights the need for significance testing.  We investigate two classes of test, &amp;quot;parametric&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;non-parametric.&amp;quot;  The standard chi-squared statistic can be used both in a parametric test and as the basis for a non-parametric permutation test.  In both cases it is necessary to select the significance level at which pruning is applied.  We show empirically that both versions of the chi-squared test perform equally well if their significance levels are adjusted appropriately.  Using a collection of standard datasets, we show that significance testing improves on standard reduced error pruning if the significance level is tailored to the particular dataset at hand using cross-validation, yielding consistently smaller trees that perform at least as well and sometimes better.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Weka: Practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java implementations
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ian H. Witten, Eibe Frank, Len Trigg, Mark Hall, Geoffrey Holmes, Sally Jo Cunningham
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (Weka) is a comprehensive suite of Java class libraries that implement many state-of-the-art machine learning and data mining algorithms.  Weka is freely available on the World-Wide Web and accompanies a new text on data mining [1] which documents and fully explains all the algorithms it contains.  Applications written using the Weka class libraries can be run on any computer with a Web browsing capability; this allows users to apply machine learning techniques to their own data regardless of computer platform.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Pace Regression
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Yong Wang, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper articulates a new method of linear regression, &amp;ldquo;pace regression&amp;rdquo;, that addresses many drawbacks of standard regression reported in the literature&amp;mdash;particularly the subset selection problem.  Pace regression improves on classical ordinary least squares (OLS) regression by evaluating the effect of each variable and using a clustering analysis to improve the statistical basis for estimating their contribution to the overall regression.  As well as outperforming OLS, it also outperforms&amp;mdash;in a remarkably general sense&amp;mdash;other linear modeling techniques in the literature, including subset selection procedures, which seek a reduction in dimensionality that falls out as a natural byproduct of pace regression.  The paper defines six procedures that share the fundamental idea of pace regression, all of which are theoretically justified in terms of asymptotic performance.  Experiments confirm the performance improvement over other techniques.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A compression-based algorithm for Chinese word segmentation
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W.J. Teahan, Yingying Wen, Rodger McNab, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Chinese language is written without using spaces or other word delimiters.  Although a text may be thought of as a corresponding sequence of words, there is considerable ambiguity in the placement of boundaries.  Interpreting a text as a sequence of words is beneficial for some information retrieval and storage tasks: for example, full-text search, word-based compression, and keyphrase extraction.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We describe a scheme that infers appropriate positions for word boundaries using an adaptive language model that is standard in text compression.  It is trained on a corpus of pre-segmented text, and when applied to new text, interpolates word boundaries so as to maximize the compression obtained.  This simple and general method performs well with respect to specialized schemes for Chinese language segmentation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Clustering with finite data from semi-parametric mixture distributions
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Yong Wang, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Existing clustering methods for the semi-parametric mixture distribution perform well as the volume of data increases.  However, they all suffer from a serious drawback in finite-data situations: small outlying groups of data points can be completely ignored in the clusters that are produced, no matter how far away they lie from the major clusters.  This can result in unbounded loss if the loss function is sensitive to the distance between clusters.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper proposes a new distance-based clustering method that overcomes the problem by avoiding global constraints.  Experimental results illustrate its superiority to existing methods when small clusters are present in finite data sets; they also suggest that it is more accurate and stable than other methods even when there are no small clusters.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Niupepa Collection:  Opening the blinds on a window to the past
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham, Mark Apperley
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes the building of a digital library collection of historic newspapers.  The newspapers (&lt;i&gt;Niupepa&lt;/i&gt; in Maori), which were published in New Zealand during the period 1842 to 1933, form a unique historical record of the Maori language, and of events from an historical perspective.  Images of these newspapers have been converted to digital form, electronic text extracted from these, and the collection is now being made available over the Internet as a part of the New Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project at the University of Waikato.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Boosting trees for cost-sensitive classifications
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, Zijian Zheng
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper explores two boosting techniques for cost-sensitive tree classification in the situation where misclassification costs change very often.  Ideally, one would like to have only one induction, and use the induced model for different misclassification costs.  Thus, it demands robustness of the induced model against cost changes.  Combining multiple trees gives robust predictions against this change.  We demonstrate that ordinary boosting combined with the minimum expected cost criterion to select the prediction class is a good solution under this situation.  We also introduce a variant of the ordinary boosting procedure which utilizes the cost information during training.  We show that the proposed technique performs better than the ordinary boosting in terms of misclassification cost.  However, this technique requires to induce a set of new trees every time the cost changes.  Our empirical investigation also reveals some interesting behavior of boosting decision trees for cost-sensitive classification.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Generating accurate rule sets without global optimization 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The two dominant schemes for rule-learning, C4.5 and RIPPER, both operate in two stages.  First they induce an initial rule set and then they refine it using a rather complex optimization stage that discards (C4.5) or adjusts (RIPPER) individual rules to make them work better together.  In contrast, this paper shows how good rule sets can be learned one rule at a time, without any need for global optimization.  We present an algorithm for inferring rules by repeatedly generating partial decision trees, thus combining the two major paradigms for rule generation-creating rules from decision trees and the separate-and-conquer rule-learning technique.  The algorithm is straightforward and elegant: despite this, experiments on standard datasets show that it produces rule sets that are as accurate as and of similar size to those generated by C4.5, and more accurate than RIPPER's.  Moreover, it operates efficiently, and because it avoids postprocessing, does not suffer the extremely slow performance on pathological example sets for which the C4.5 method has been criticized.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+VQuery: a graphical user interface for Boolean query Specification and dynamic result preview
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Textual query languages based on Boolean logic are common amongst the search facilities of on-line information repositories.  However, there is evidence to suggest that the syntactic and semantic demands of such languages lead to user errors and adversely affect the time that it takes users to form queries.  Additionally, users are faced with user interfaces to these repositories which are unresponsive and uninformative, and consequently fail to support effective query refinement.  We suggest that graphical query languages, particularly Venn-like diagrams, provide a natural medium for Boolean query specification which overcomes the problems of textual query languages.  Also, dynamic result previews can be seamlessly integrated with graphical query specification to increase the effectiveness of query refinements.  We describe VQuery, a query interface to the New Zealand Digital Library which exploits querying by Venn diagrams and integrated query result previews.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Revising &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;: semantics and logic
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Martin C. Henson, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We introduce a simple specification logic &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;c comprising a logic and semantics (in &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;ZF&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; set theory).  We then provide an interpretation for (a rational reconstruction of) the specification language &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; within &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;c.  As a result we obtain a sound logic for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;, including the schema calculus.  A consequence of our formalisation is a critique of a number of concepts used in &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;.  We demonstrate that the complications and confusions which these concepts introduce can be avoided without compromising expressibility.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A logic for the schema calculus
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Martin C. Henson, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we introduce and investigate a logic for the schema calculus of &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;.  The schema calculus is arguably the reason for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;'s popularity but so far no true calculus (a sound system of rules for reasoning about schema expressions) has been given.  Presentations thus far have either failed to provide a calculus (e.g. the draft standard [3]) or have fallen back on informal descriptions at a syntactic level (most text books e.g. [7[).  Once the calculus is established we introduce a derived equational logic which enables us to formalise properly the informal notations of schema expression equality to be found in the literature.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+New foundations for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Martin C. Henson, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We provide a constructive and intensional interpretation for the specification language &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; in a theory of operations and kinds &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;.  The motivation is to facilitate the development of an integrated approach to program construction.  We illustrate the new foundations for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; with examples.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Predicting apple bruising relationships using machine learning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+G. Holmes, S.J. Cunningham, B.T. Dela Rue, A.F. Bollen
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many models have been used to describe the influence of internal or external factors on apple bruising.  Few of these have addressed the application of derived relationships to the evaluation of commercial operations.  From an industry perspective, a model must enable fruit to be rejected on the basis of a commercially significant bruise and must also accurately quantify the effects of various combinations of input features (such as cultivar, maturity, size, and so on) on bruise prediction.  Input features must in turn have characteristics which are measurable commercially; for example, the measure of force should be impact energy rather than energy absorbed.  Further, as the commercial criteria for acceptable damage levels change, the model should be versatile enough to regenerate new bruise thresholds from existing data.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Machine learning is a burgeoning technology with a vast range of potential applications particularly in agriculture where large amounts of data can be readily collected [1].  The main advantage of using a machine learning method in an application is that the models built for prediction can be viewed and understood by the owner of the data who is in a position to determine the usefulness of the model, an essential component in a commercial environment.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An evaluation of passage-level indexing strategies for a technical report archive
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Michael Williams
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Past research has shown that using evidence from document passages rather than complete documents is an effective way of improving the precision of full-text database searches.  However, passage-level indexing has yet to be widely adopted for commercial or online databases.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper reports on experiments designed to test the efficacy of passage-level indexing with a particular collection of a full-text online database, the New Zealand Digital Library.  Discourse passages and word-window passages are used for the indexing process.  Both ranked and Boolean searching are used to test the resulting indexes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Overlapping window passages are shown to offer the best retrieval performance with both ranked and Boolean queries.  Modifications may be necessary to the term weighting methodology in order to ensure optimal ranked query performance.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Managing multiple collections, multiple languages, and multiple media in a distributed digital library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ian H. Witten, Rodger McNab, Steve Jones, Sally Jo Cunningham, David Bainbridge, Mark Apperley
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Managing the organizational and software complexity of a comprehensive digital library presents a significant challenge.  Different library collections each have their own distinctive features.  Different presentation languages have structural implications such as left-to-right writing order and text-only interfaces for the visually impaired.  Different media involve different file formats, and-more importantly-radically different search strategies are required for non-textual media.  In a distributed library, new collections can appear asynchronously on servers in different parts of the world.  And as searching interfaces mature from the command-line era exemplified by current Web search engines into the age of reactive visual interfaces, experimental new interfaces must be developed, supported, and tested.  This paper describes our experience, gained from operating a substantial digital library service over several years, in solving these problems by designing an appropriate software architecture.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Experiences with a weighted decision tree learner
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+John G. Cleary, Leonard E. Trigg
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Machine learning algorithms for inferring decision trees typically choose a single &amp;ldquo;best&amp;rdquo; tree to describe the training data.  Recent research has shown that classification performance can be significantly improved by voting predictions of multiple, independently produced decision trees.  This paper describes an algorithm, OB1, that makes a weighted sum over many possible models.  We describe one instance of OB1, that includes &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;all&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; possible decision trees as well as naÃ¯ve Bayesian models.  OB1 is compared with a number of other decision tree and instance based learning alogrithms on some of the data sets from the UCI repository.  Both an information gain and an accuracy measure are used for the comparison.  On the information gain measure OB1 performs significantly better than all the other algorithms.  On the accuracy measure it is significantly better than all the algorithms except naÃ¯ve Bayes which performs comparably to OB1.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An entropy gain measure of numeric prediction performance
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Leonard Trigg
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Categorical classifier performance is typically evaluated with respect to error rate, expressed as a percentage of test instances that were not correctly classified.  When a classifier produces multiple classifications for a test instance, the prediction is counted as incorrect (even if the correct class was one of the predictions).  Although commonly used in the literature, error rate is a coarse measure of classifier performance, as it is based only on a single prediction offered for a test instance.  Since many classifiers can produce a class distribution as a prediction, we should use this to provide a better measure of how much information the classifier is extracting from the domain.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Numeric classifiers are a relatively new development in machine learning, and as such there is no single performance measure that has become standard.  Typically these machine learning schemes predict a single real number for each test instance, and the error between the predicted and actual value is used to calculate a myriad of performance measures such as correlation coefficient, root mean squared error, mean absolute error, relative absolute error, and root relative squared error.  With so many performance measures it is difficult to establish an overall performance evaluation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The next section describes a performance measure for machine learning schemes that attempts to overcome the problems with current measures.  In addition, the same evaluation measure is used for categorical and numeric classifier.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Proceedings of CBISE '98 CaiSE*98 Workshop on Component Based Information Systems Engineering
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Edited by John Grundy
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Component-based information systems development is an area of research and practice of increasing importance.  Information Systems developers have realised that traditional approaches to IS engineering produce monolithic, difficult to maintain, difficult to reuse systems.  In contrast, the use of software components, which embody data, functionality and well-specified and understood interfaces, makes interoperable, distributed and highly reusable IS components feasible.  Component-based approaches to IS engineering can be used at strategic and organisational levels, to model business processes and whole IS architectures, in development methods which utilise component-based models during analysis and design, and in system implementation.  Reusable components can allow end users to compose and configure their own Information Systems, possibly from a range of suppliers, and to more tightly couple their organisational workflows with their IS support.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This workshop proceedings contains a range of papers addressing one or more of the above issues relating to the use of component models for IS development.  All of these papers were refereed by at least two members of an international workshop committee comprising industry and academic researchers and users of component technologies.  Strategic uses of components are addressed in the first three papers, while the following three address uses of components for systems design and workflow management.  Systems development using components, and the provision of environments for component management are addressed in the following group of five papers.  The last three papers in this proceedings address component management and analysis techniques.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All of these papers provide new insights into the many  varied uses of component technology for IS engineering.  I hope you find them as interesting and useful as I have when collating this proceedings and organising the workshop.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An analysis of usage of a digital library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones, Sally Jo Cunningham, Rodger McNab
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+As experimental digital library testbeds gain wider acceptance and develop significant user bases, it becomes important to investigate the ways in which users interact with the systems in practice.  Transaction logs are one source of usage information, and the information on user behaviour can be culled from them both automatically (through calculation of summary statistics) and manually (by examining query strings for semantic clues on search motivations and searching strategy).  We conduct a transaction log analysis on user activity in the Computer Science Technical Reports Collection of the New Zealand Digital Library, and report insights gained and identify resulting search interface design issues.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Measuring ATM traffic: final report for New Zealand Telecom
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+John Cleary, Ian Graham, Murray Pearson, Tony McGregor
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The report describes the development of a low-cost ATM monitoring system, hosted by a standard PC.  The monitor can be used remotely returning information on ATM traffic flows to a central site.  The monitor is interfaces to a GPS timing receiver, which provides an absolute time accuracy of better than 1 usec.  By monitoring the same traffic flow at different points in a network it is possible to measure cell delay and delay variation in real time, and with existing traffic.  The monitoring system characterises cells by a CRC calculated over the cell payload, thus special measurement cells are not required.  Delays in both local area and wide-area networks have been measured using this system.  It is possible to measure delay in a network that is not end-to-end ATM, as long as some cells remain identical at the entry and exit points.  Examples are given of traffic and delay measurements in both wide and local area network systems, including delays measured over the Internet from Canada to New Zealand.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Despite its simplicity, the naÃ¯ve Bayes learning scheme performs well on most classification tasks, and is often significantly more accurate than more sophisticated methods.  Although the probability estimates that it produces can be inaccurate, it often assigns maximum probability to the correct class.  This suggests that its good performance might be restricted to situations where the output is categorical.  It is therefore interesting to see how it performs in domains where the predicted value is numeric, because in this case, predictions are more sensitive to inaccurate probability estimates.&amp;lt;P&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper shows how to apply the naÃ¯ve Bayes methodology to numeric prediction (i.e. regression) tasks, and compares it to linear regression, instance-based learning, and a method that produces &amp;ldquo;model trees&amp;rdquo;-decision trees with linear regression functions at the leaves.  Although we exhibit an artificial dataset for which naÃ¯ve Bayes is the method of choice, on real-world datasets it is almost uniformly worse than model trees.  The comparison with linear regression depends on the error measure: for one measure naÃ¯ve Bayes performs similarly, for another it is worse.  Compared to instance-based learning, it performs similarly with respect to both measures.  These results indicate that the simplistic statistical assumption that naÃ¯ve Bayes makes is indeed more restrictive for regression than for classification.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Link as you type: using key phrases for automated dynamic link generation
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When documents are collected together from diverse sources they are unlikely to contain useful hypertext links to support browsing amongst them.  For large collections of thousands of documents it is prohibitively resource intensive to manually insert links into each document.  Users of such collections may wish to relate documents within them to text that they are themselves generating.  This process, often involving keyword searching, distracts from the authoring process and results in material related to query terms but not necessarily to the author's document.  Query terms that are effective in one collection might not be so in another.  We have developed Phrasier, a system that integrates authoring (of text and hyperlinks), browsing, querying and reading in support of information retrieval activities.  Phrasier exploits key phrases which are automatically extracted from documents in a collection, and uses them as link anchors and to identify candidate destinations for hyperlinks.  This system suggests links into existing collections for purposes of authoring and retrieval of related information, creates links between documents in a collection and provides supportive document and link overviews.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/17
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Melody based tune retrieval over the World Wide Web
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+David Bainbridge, Rodger J. McNab, Lloyd A. Smith
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we describe the steps taken to develop a Web-based version of an existing stand-alone, single-user digital library application for melodical searching of a collection of music.  For the three key components: input, searching, and output, we assess the suitability of various Web-based strategies that deal with the now distributed software architecture and explain the decisions we made.  The resulting melody indexing service, known as MELDEX, has been in operation for one year, and the feed-back we have received has been favorable.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/18
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Making oral history accessible over the World Wide Web
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+David Bainbridge, Sally Jo Cunningham
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We describe a multimedia, WWW-based oral history collection constructed from off-the-shelf or publicly available software.  The source materials for the collection include audio tapes of interviews and summary transcripts of each interview, as well as photographs illustrating episodes mentioned in the tapes.  Sections of the transcripts are manually matched to associated segments of the tapes, and the tapes are digitized.  Users search a full-text retrieval system based on the text transcripts to retrieve relevant transcript sections and their associated audio recordings and photographs.  It is also possible to search for photos by matching text queries against text descriptions of the photos in the collection, where the located photos link back to their respective interview transcript and audio recordings.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1997&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A dynamic and flexible representation of social relationships in CSCW
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones, Steve Marsh
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+CSCW system designers lack effective support in addressing the social issues and interpersonal relationships which are linked with the use of CSCW systems.  We present a formal description of trust to support CSCW system designers in considering the social aspects of group work, embedding those considerations in systems and analysing computer supported group processes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We argue that trust is a critical aspect in group work, and describe what we consider to be the building blocks of trust.  We then present a formal notation for the building blocks, their use in reasoning about social interactions and how they are amended over time.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We then consider how the formalism may be used in practice, and present some insights from initial analysis of the behaviour of the formalism.  This is followed by a description of possible amendments and extensions to the formalism.  We conclude that it is possible to formalise a notion of trust and to model the formalisation by a computational mechanism.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Design issues for World Wide Web navigation visualisation tools
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Andy Cockburn, Steve Jones
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The World Wide Web (WWW) is a successful hypermedia information space used by millions of people, yet it suffers from many deficiencies and problems in support for navigation around its vast information space.  In this paper we identify the origins of these navigation problems, namely WWW browser design, WWW page design, and WWW page description languages.  Regardless of their origins, these problems are eventually represented to the user at the browser's user interface.  To help overcome these problems, many tools are being developed which allow users to visualise WWW subspaces.  We identify five key issues in the design and functionality of these visualisation systems: characteristics of the visual representation, the scope of the subspace representation, the mechanisms for generating the visualisation, the degree of browser independence, and the navigation support facilities.  We provide a critical review of the diverse range of WWW visualisation tools with respect to these issues.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stacked generalization:  when does it work?
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stacked generalization is a general method of using a high-level model to combine lower-level models to achieve greater predictive accuracy.  In this paper we address two crucial issues which have been considered to be a 'black art' in classification tasks ever since the introduction of stacked generalization in 1992 by Wolpert: the type of generalizer that is suitable to derive the higher-level model, and the kind of attributes that should be used as its input. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We demonstrate the effectiveness of stacked generalization for combining three different types of learning algorithms, and also for combining models of the same type derived from a single learning algorithm in a multiple-data-batches scenario.  We also compare the performance of stacked generalization with published results arcing and bagging.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Browsing in digital libraries:  a phrase-based approach
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Craig Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, Gordon W. Paynter
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A key question for digital libraries is this: how should one go about becoming familiar with a digital collection, as opposed to a physical one?  Digital collections generally present an appearance which is extremely opaque-a screen, typically a Web page, with no indication of what, or how much, lies beyond: whether a carefully-selected collection or a morass of worthless ephemera; whether half a dozen documents or many millions.  At least physical collections occupy physical space, present a physical appearance, and exhibit tangible physical organization.  When standing on the threshold of a large library one gains a sense of presence and permanence that reflects the care taken in building and maintaining the collection inside.  No-one could confuse it with a dung-heap!  Yet in the digital world the difference is not so palpable.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A graphical notation for the design of information visualisations
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Matthew C. Humphrey
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Visualisations are coherent, graphical expressions of complex information that enhance people's ability to communicate and reason about that information.  Yet despite the importance of visualisations in helping people to understand and solve a wide variety of problems, there is a dearth of formal tools and methods for discussing, describing and designing them.  Although simple visualisations, such as bar charts and scatterplots, are easily produced by modern interactive software, novel visualisations of multivariate, multirelational data must be expressed in a programming language.  The Relational Visualisation Notation is a new, graphical language for designing such highly expressive visualisations that does not use programming constructs.  Instead, the notation is based on relational algebra, which is widely used in database query languages, and it is supported by a suite of direct manipulation tools.  This article presents the notation and examines the designs of some interesting visualisations.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Applications of machine learning in information retrieval
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sally Jo Cunningham, James Littin, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Information retrieval systems provide access to collections of thousands, or millions, of documents, from which, by providing an appropriate description, users can recover any one.  Typically, users iteratively refine the descriptions they provide to satisfy their needs, and retrieval systems can utilize user feedback on selected documents to indicate the accuracy of the description at any stage.  The style of description required from the user, and the way it is employed to search the document database, are consequences of the indexing method used for the collection.  The index may take different forms, from storing keywords with links to individual documents, to clustering documents under related topics.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Computer concepts without computers:  a first course in computer science
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes, Tony C. Smith, William J. Rogers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+While some institutions seek to make CS1 curricula more enjoyable by incorporating specialised educational software [1] or by setting more enjoyable programming assignments [2], we have joined the growing number of Computer Science departments that seek to improve the quality of the CS1 experience by focusing student attention away from the computer monitor [3,4].  Sophisticated computing concepts usually reserved for senior level courses are presented in a &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;popular science&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; manner, and given equal time alongside the essential introductory programming material.  By exposing students to a broad range of specific computational problems we endeavour to make the introductory course more interesting and enjoyable, and instil in students a sense of vision for areas they might specialise in as computing majors.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A sight-singing tutor
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lloyd A. Smith, Rodger J. McNab
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes a computer program designed to aid its users in learning to sight-sing.  Sight-singing-the ability to sing music from a score without prior study-is an important skill for musicians and holds a central place in most university music curricula.  Its importance to vocalists is obvious; it is also an important skill for instrumentalists and conductors because it develops the aural imagination necessary to judge how the music should sound, when played (Benward and Carr 1991).  Furthermore, it is an important skill for amateur musicians, who can save a great deal of rehearsal time through an ability to sing music at sight.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stacking bagged and dagged models
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, I.H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper, we investigate the method of &lt;i&gt;stacked generalization&lt;/i&gt; in combining models derived from different subsets of a training dataset by a single learning algorithm, as well as different algorithms.  The simplest way to combine predictions from competing models is majority vote, and the effect of the sampling regime used to generate training subsets has already been studied in this context-when bootstrap samples are used the method is called &lt;i&gt;bagging&lt;/i&gt;, and for disjoint samples we call it &lt;i&gt;dagging&lt;/i&gt;.  This paper extends these studies to stacked generalization, where a learning algorithm is employed to combine the models.  This yields new methods dubbed &lt;i&gt;bag-stacking&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;dag-stacking&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We demonstrate that bag-stacking and dag-stacking can be effective for classification tasks even when the training samples cover just a small fraction of the full dataset.  In contrast to earlier bagging results, we show that bagging and bag-stacking work for stable as well as unstable learning algorithms, as do dagging and dag-stacking.  We find that bag-stacking (dag-stacking) almost always has higher predictive accuracy than bagging (dagging), and we also show that bag-stacking models derived using two different algorithms is more effective than bagging.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Extracting text from Postscript
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Craig Nevill-Manning, Todd Reed, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We show how to extract plain text from PostScript files. A textual scan is inadequate because PostScript interpreters can generate characters on the page that do not appear in the source file. Furthermore, word and line breaks are implicit in the graphical rendition, and must be inferred from the positioning of word fragments. We present a robust technique for extracting text and recognizing words and paragraphs. The method uses a standard PostScript interpreter but redefines several PostScript operators, and simple heuristics are employed to locate word and line breaks. The scheme has been used to create a full-text index, and plain-text versions, of 40,000 technical reports (34 Gbyte of PostScript). Other text-extraction systems are reviewed: none offer the same combination of robustness and simplicity.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Gathering and indexing rich fragments of the World Wide Web
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes, William J Rogers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+While the World Wide Web (WWW) is an attractive option as a resource for teaching and research it does have some undesirable features. The cost of allowing students unlimited access can be high-both in money and time; students may become addicted to 'surfing' the web-exploring purely for entertainment-and jeopardise their studies. Students are likely to discover undesirable material because large scale search engines index sites regardless of their merit. Finally, the explosive growth of WWW usage means that servers and networks are often overloaded, to the extent that a student may gain a very negative view of the technology.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We have developed a piece of software which attempts to address these issues by capturing rich fragments of the WWW onto local storage media. It is possible to put a collection onto CD ROM, providing portability and inexpensive storage. This enables the presentation of the WWW to distance learning students, who do not have internet access. The software interfaces to standard, commonly available web browsers, acting as a proxy server to the files stored on the local media, and provides a search engine giving full text searching capability within the collection.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Using model trees for classification
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Yong Wang, Stuart Inglis, Geoffrey Holmes, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Model trees, which are a type of decision tree with linear regression functions at the leaves, form the basis of a recent successful technique for predicting continuous numeric values.  They can be applied to classification problems by employing a standard method of transforming a classification problem into a problem of function approximation.  Surprisingly, using this simple transformation the model tree inducer M5', based on Quinlan's M5, generates more accurate classifiers than the state-of-the-art decision tree learner C5.0, particularly when most of the attributes are numeric.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Discovering inter-attribute relationships
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+It is important to discover relationships between attributes being used to predict a class attribute in supervised learning situations for two reasons.  First, any such relationship will be potentially interesting to the provider of a dataset in its own right.  Second, it would simplify a learning algorithm's search space, and the related irrelevant feature and subset selection problem, if the relationships were removed from datasets ahead of learning.  An algorithm to discover such relationships is presented in this paper.  The algorithm is described and a surprising number of inter-attribute relationships are discovered in datasets from the University of California at Irvine (UCI) repository.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Learning from batched data:  model combination vs data combination
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When presented with multiple batches of data, one can either combine them into a single batch before applying a machine learning procedure or learn from each batch independently and combine the resulting models.  The former procedure, data combination, is straightforward; this paper investigates the latter, model combination.  Given an appropriate combination method, one might expect model combination to prove superior when the data in each batch was obtained under somewhat different conditions or when different learning algorithms were used on the batches.  Empirical results show that model combination often outperforms data combination even when the batches are drawn randomly from a single source of data and the same learning method is used on each.  Moreover, this is not just an artifact of one particular method of combining models: it occurs with several different combination methods.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We relate this phenomenon to the learning curve of the classifiers being used.  Early in the learning process when the learning curve is steep there is much to gain from data combination, but later when it becomes shallow there is less to gain and model combination achieves a greater reduction in variance and hence a lower error rate.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The practical implication of these results is that one should consider using model combination rather than data combination, especially when multiple batches of data for the same task are readily available.  It is often superior even when the batches are drawn randomly from a single sample, and we expect its advantage to increase if genuine statistical differences between the batches exist.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Information seeking retrieval, reading and storing behaviour of library users
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Turner K.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In the interest of digital libraries, it is advisable that designers be aware of the potential behaviour of the users of such a system.  There are two distinct parts under investigation, the interaction between traditional libraries involving the seeking and retrieval of relevant material, and the reading and storage behaviours ensuing. Through this analysis, the findings could be incorporated into digital library facilities. There has been copious amounts of research on information seeking leading to the development of behavioural models to describe the process. Often research on the information seeking practices of individuals is based on the task and field of study. The information seeking model, presented by Ellis et al. (1993), characterises the format of this study where it is used to compare various research on the information seeking practices of groups of people (from academics to professionals). It is found that, although researchers do make use of library facilities, they tend to rely heavily on their own collections and primarily use the library as a source for previously identified information, browsing and interloan. It was found that there are significant differences in user behaviour between the groups analysed. When looking at the reading and storage of material it was hard to draw conclusions, due to the lack of substantial research and information on the topic. However, through the use of reading strategies, a general idea on how readers behave can be developed. Designers of digital libraries can benefit from the guidelines presented here to better understand their audience.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Proceeding of the INTERACT97 Combined Workshop on CSCW in HCI-Worldwide
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Matthias Rauterberg, Lars Oestreicher, John Grundy
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This is the proceedings for the INTERACT97 combined workshop on &amp;ldquo;CSCW in HCI-worldwide&amp;rdquo;.  The position papers in this proceedings are those selected from topics relating to HCI community development worldwide and to CSCW issues.  Originally these were to be two separate INTERACT workshops, but were combined to ensure sufficient participation for a combined workshop to run.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The combined workshop has been split into two separate sessions to run in the morning of July 15&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;, Sydney, Australia.  One to discuss the issues relating to the position papers focusing on general CSCW systems, the other to the development of HCI communities in a worldwide context.  The CSCW session uses as a case study a proposed groupware tool for facilitating the development of an HCI database with a worldwide geographical distribution.  The HCI community session focuses on developing the content for such a database, in order for it to foster the continued development of HCI communities.  The afternoon session of the combined workshop involves a joint discussion of the case study groupware tool, in terms of its content and likely groupware facilities.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The position papers have been grouped into those focusing on HCI communities and hence content issues for a groupware database, and those focusing on CSCW and groupware issues, and hence likely groupware support in the proposed HCI database/collaboration tools.  We hope that you find the position papers in this proceedings offer a wide range of interesting reports of HCI community development worldwide, leading CSCW system research, and that a groupware tool supporting aspects of a worldwide HCI database can draw upon the varied work reported.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/17
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Internationalising a spreadsheet for Pacific Basin languages
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Robert Barbour, Alvin Yeo
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+As people trade and engage in commerce, an economically dominant culture tends to migrate language into other recently contacted cultures.  Information technology (IT) can accelerate enculturation and promote the expansion of western hegemony in IT.  Equally, IT can present a culturally appropriate interface to the user that promotes the preservation of culture and language with very little additional effort.  In this paper a spreadsheet is internationalised to accept languages from the Latin-1 character set such as English, Maori and Bahasa Melayu (Malaysia's national language).  A technique that allows a non-programmer to add a new language to the spreadsheet is described.  The technique could also be used to internationalise other software at the point of design by following the steps we outline.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/18
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Localising a spreadsheet:  an Iban example
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Presently, there is little localisation of software to smaller cultures if it is not economically viable.  We believe software should also be localised to the languages of small cultures in order to sustain and preserve these small cultures.  As an example, we localised a spreadsheet from English to Iban.  The process in which we carried out the localisation can be used as a framework for the localisation of software to languages of small ethnic minorities.  Some problems faced during the localisation process are also discussed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/19
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Strategies of internationalisation and localisation: a postmodernist/s perspective
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many software companies today are developing software not only for local consumption but for the rest of the world.  We introduce the concepts of internationalisation and localisation and discuss some techniques using these processes.  An examination of postmodern critique with respect to the software industry is also reported.  In addition, we also feature our proposed internationalisation technique that was inspired by taking into account the researches of postmodern philosophers and mathematicians.  As illustrated in our prototype, the technique empowers non-programmers to localise their own software.  Further development of the technique and its implications on user interfaces and the future of software internationalisation and localisation are discussed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/20
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Language use in software
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many of the popular software we use today are in English.  Very few software applications are available in minority languages.  Besides economic goals, we justify why software should be made available to smaller cultures.  Furthermore, there is evidence that people learn and progress faster in software in their mother tongue (Griffiths et at, 1994) (Krock, 1996).  We hypothesise that experienced users of English spreadsheet can easily migrate to a spreadsheet in their native tongue i.e. Bahasa Melayu (Malaysia's national language).  Observations made in the study suggest that the native speakers of Bahasa Melayu had difficulties with the Bahasa Melayu interface.  The subjects' main difficulty was their unfamiliarity with computing terminology in Bahasa Melayu.  We present possible strategies to increase the use of Bahasa Melayu in IT.  These strategies may also be used to promote the use of other minority languages in IT.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/21
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Usability testing:  a Malaysian study
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour, Mark Apperley
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An exploratory study of software assessment techniques is conducted in Malaysia.  Subjects in the study comprised staff members of a Malaysian university with a high Information Technology (IT) presence.  The subjects assessed a spreadsheet tool with a Bahasa Melayu (Malaysia's national language) interface.  Software evaluation techniques used include the think aloud method, interviews and the System Usability Scale.  The responses in the various techniques used are reported and initial results indicate idiosyncratic behaviour of Malaysian subjects.  The implications of the findings are also discussed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/22
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Inducing cost-sensitive trees via instance-weighting
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We introduce an instance-weighting method to induce cost-sensitive trees in this paper.  It is a generalization of the standard tree induction process where only the initial instance weights determine the type of tree (i.e., minimum error trees or minimum cost trees) to be induced.  We demonstrate that it can be easily adopted to an existing tree learning algorithm.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Previous research gave insufficient evidence to support the fact that the greedy divide-and-conquer algorithm can effectively induce a truly cost-sensitive tree directly from the training data.  We provide this empirical evidence in this paper.  The algorithm employing the instance-weighting method is found to be comparable to or better than both C4.5 and C5 in terms of total misclassification costs, tree size and the number of high cost errors.  The instance-weighting method is also simpler and more effective in implementation than a method based on altered priors.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/23
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Fast convergence with a greedy tag-phrase dictionary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ross Peeters, Tony C. Smith
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The best general-purpose compression schemes make their gains by estimating a probability distribution over all possible next symbols given the context established by some number of previous symbols.  Such context models typically obtain good compression results for plain text by taking advantage of regularities in character sequences.  Frequent words and syllables can be incorporated into the model quickly and thereafter used for reasonably accurate prediction.  However, the precise context in which frequent patterns emerge is often extremely varied, and each new word or phrase immediately introduces new contexts which can adversely affect the compression rate
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A great deal of the structural regularity in a natural language is given rather more by properties of its grammar than by the orthographic transcription of its phonology.  This implies that access to a grammatical abstraction might lead to good compression.  While grammatical models have been used successfully for compressing computer programs [4], grammar-based compression of plain text has received little attention, primarily because of the difficulties associated with constructing a suitable natural language grammar.  But even without a precise formulation of the syntax of a language, there is a linguistic abstraction which is easily accessed and which demonstrates a high degree of regularity which can be exploited for compression purposes-namely, lexical categories.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/24
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Tag based models of English text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W. J. Teahan, John G. Cleary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The problem of compressing English text is important both because of the ubiquity of English as a target for compression and because of the light that compression can shed on the structure of English.  English text is examined in conjunction with additional information about the parts of speech of each word in the text (these are referred to as &amp;ldquo;tags&amp;rdquo;).  It is shown that the tags plus the text can be compressed more than the text alone.  Essentially the tags can be compressed for nothing or even a small net saving in size.  A comparison is made of a number of different ways of integrating compression of tags and text using an escape mechanism similar to PPM.  These are also compared with standard word based and character based compression programs.  The result is that the tag character and word based schemes always outperform the character based schemes.  Overall, the tag based schemes outperform the word based schemes.  We conclude by conjecturing that tags chosen for compression rather than linguistic purposes would perform even better.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/25
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Musical image compression
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+David Bainbridge, Stuart Inglis
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Optical music recognition aims to convert the vast repositories of sheet music in the world into an on-line digital format [Bai97].  In the near future it will be possible to assimilate music into digital libraries and users will be able to perform searches based on a sung melody in addition to typical text-based searching [MSW+96].  An important requirement for such a system is the ability to reproduce the original score as accurately as possible.  Due to the huge amount of sheet music available, the efficient storage of musical images is an important topic of study.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper investigates whether the &amp;ldquo;knowledge&amp;rdquo; extracted from the optical music recognition (OMR) process can be exploited to gain higher compression than the JBIG international standard for bi-level image compression.  We present a hybrid approach where the primitive shapes of music extracted by the optical music recognition process-note heads, note stems, staff lines and so forth-are fed into a graphical symbol based compression scheme originally designed for images containing mainly printed text.  Using this hybrid approach the average compression rate for a single page is improved by 3.5% over JBIG.  When multiple pages with similar typography are processed in sequence, the file size is decreased by 4-8%.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Section 2 presents the relevant background to both optical music recognition and textual image compression.  Section 3 describes the experiments performed on 66 test images, outlining the combinations of parameters that were examined to give the best results.  The initial results and refinements are presented in Section 4, and we conclude in the last section by summarizing the findings of this work.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/26
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Correcting English text using PPM models
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W. J. Teahan, S. Inglis, J. G. Cleary, G. Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An essential component of many applications in natural language processing is a language modeler able to correct errors in the text being processed.  For optical character recognition (OCR), poor scanning quality or extraneous pixels in the image may cause one or more characters to be mis-recognized; while for spelling correction, two characters may be transposed, or a character may be inadvertently inserted or missed out. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes a method for correcting English text using a PPM model.  A method that segments words in English text is introduced and is shown to be a significant improvement over previously used methods.  A similar technique is also applied as a post-processing stage after pages have been recognized by a state-of-the-art commercial OCR system.  We show that the accuracy of the OCR system can be increased from 95.9% to 96.6%, a decrease of about 10 errors per page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/27
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Constraints on parallelism beyond 10 instructions per cycle
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+John G. Cleary, Richard H. Littin, J. A. David McWha, Murray W. Pearson
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The problem of extracting Instruction Level Parallelism at levels of 10 instructions per clock and higher is considered.  Two different architectures which use speculation on memory accesses to achieve this level of performance are reviewed.  It is pointed out that while this form of speculation gives high potential parallelism it is necessary to retain execution state so that incorrect speculation can be detected and subsequently squashed.  Simulation results show that the space to store such state is a critical resource in obtaining good speedup.  To make good use of the space it is essential that state be stored efficiently and that it be retired as soon as possible.  A number of techniques for extracting the best usage from the available state storage are introduced.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/28
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Effects of re-ordered memory operations on parallelism
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Richard H. Littin, John G. Cleary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The performance effect of permitting different memory operations to be re-ordered is examined.  The available parallelism is computed using a machine code simulator.  A range of possible restrictions on the re-ordering of memory operations is considered: from the purely sequential case where no re-ordering is permitted; to the completely permissive one where memory operations may occur in any order so that the parallelism is restricted only by data dependencies.  A general conclusion is drawn that to reliably obtain parallelism beyond 10 instructions per clock will require an ability to re-order all memory instructions.  A brief description of a feasible architecture capable of this is given.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/29
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+OZCHI'96 Industry Session:  Sixth Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Edited by Chris Phillips, Janis McKauge
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The idea for a specific industry session at OZCHI was first mooted at the 1995 conference in Wollongong, during questions following a session of short papers which happened (serendipitously) to be presented by people from industry.  An animated discussion took place, most of which was about how OZCHI could be made more relevant to people in industry, be it working as usability consultants, or working within organisations either as usability professionals or as `champions of the cause'.  The discussion raised more questions than answers, about the format of such as session, about the challenges of attracting industry participation, and about the best way of publishing the results.  Although no real solutions were arrived at, it was enough to place an industry session on the agenda for OZCHI'96.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/30
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Adaptive models of English text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W. J. Teahan, John G. Cleary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+High quality models of English text with performance approaching that of humans is important for many applications including spelling correction, speech recognition, OCR, and encryption.  A number of different statistical models of English are compared with each other and with previous estimates from human subjects.  It is concluded that the best current models are word based with part of speech tags.  Given sufficient training text, they are able to attain performance comparable to humans.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/31
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A graphical user interface for Boolean query specification
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones, Shona McInnes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+On-line information repositories commonly provide keyword search facilities via textual query languages based on Boolean logic.  However, there is evidence to suggest that the syntactical demands of such languages can lead to user errors and adversely affect the time that it takes users to form queries.  Users also face difficulties because of the conflict in semantics between AND and OR when used in Boolean logic and English language.  We suggest that graphical query languages, in particular Venn-like diagrams, can alleviate the problems that users experience when forming Boolean expressions with textual languages.  We describe Vquery, a Venn-diagram based user interface to the New Zealand Digital Library (NZDL).  The design of Vquery has been partly motivated by analysis of NZDL usage.  We found that few queries contain more than three terms, use of the intersection operator dominates and that query refinement is common.  A study of the utility of Venn diagrams for query specification indicates that with little or no training users can interpret and form Venn-like diagrams which accurately correspond to Boolean expressions.  The utility of Vquery is considered and directions for future work are proposed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,740 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software...</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/DSpace-To-GS/tmp/1395215054/1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/DSpace-To-GS/tmp/1395215054/1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/1/1.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215054/1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">1.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">1.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">269487</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/DSpace-To-GS/import/1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:20+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">1.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">269487</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">2000:03:02 15:21:24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Microsoft Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat PDFWriter 4.0 for Power Macintosh</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Contributor">Ian Witten</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Contributor">Rodger McNab</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Contributor">Stefan Boddie</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Contributor">David Bainbridge</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^accessioned">2005-01-10T02:48:06Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^available">2005-01-10T02:48:06Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^issued">2005-01-10T02:48:06Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language^iso">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library System</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="doc.assoclink">&lt;a href=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/{Or}{[parent(Top):assocfilepath],[assocfilepath]}/1.doc&quot;&gt;{If}{_icondoc_,_icondoc_,doc}&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="equivDocLink">&lt;a href='_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/1.doc'&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="equivDocIcon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/equivDocLink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="equivlink"> &lt;a href=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/{Or}{[parent(Top):assocfilepath],[assocfilepath]}/1.doc&quot;&gt;{If}{_icondoc_,_icondoc_,doc}&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01f1dbbbc7c0ac846ff1dbbb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215054</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01f1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1-2_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1-3_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1-4_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1-5_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1-7_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1-8_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Greenstone:  A Comprehensive Open-Source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Digital Library Software System&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Ian H. Witten,* Rodger J. McNab,â  Stefan J. Boddie,* David Bainbridge*&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+* Dept of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;
+â  Digilib Systems&lt;br&gt;
+University of Waikato, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+E-mail:  {ihw, sjboddie, davidb}@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+E-mail:  rodger@digilibs.com&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+multilingual information retrieval to distributed computing&lt;br&gt;protocols, from interoperability to search engine&lt;br&gt;
+This paper describes the Greenstone digital library&lt;br&gt;
+technology, from metadata standards to multiformat&lt;br&gt;
+software, a comprehensive, open-source system for the&lt;br&gt;
+document parsing, from multimedia to multiple operating&lt;br&gt;
+construction and presentation of information collections.&lt;br&gt;
+systems, from Web browsers to plug-and-play DVDs.&lt;br&gt;
+Collections built with Greenstone offer effective full-text&lt;br&gt;searching and metadata-based browsing facilities that are&lt;br&gt;
+The Greenstone Digital Library Software from the New&lt;br&gt;
+attractive and easy to use. Moreover, they are easily&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project tackles this issue&lt;br&gt;
+maintainable and can be augmented and rebuilt entirely&lt;br&gt;
+by providing a new way of organizing information and&lt;br&gt;
+automatically. The system is extensible: software&lt;br&gt;
+making it available over the Internet. A &lt;i&gt;collection&lt;/i&gt; of&lt;br&gt;
+âpluginsâ accommodate different document and metadata&lt;br&gt;
+information comprises several (typically several thousand,&lt;br&gt;
+types.&lt;br&gt;
+or several million) &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, and a uniform interface is&lt;br&gt;provided to all documents in a collection. A library may&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+include many different collections, each organized&lt;br&gt;differentlyâthough there is a strong family resemblance in&lt;br&gt;
+Notwithstanding intense research activity in the digital&lt;br&gt;
+how collections are presented.&lt;br&gt;
+library field during the second half of the 1990s,&lt;br&gt;comprehensive software systems for creating digital&lt;br&gt;
+Making information available using this system is far more&lt;br&gt;
+libraries are not widely available. In fact, the usual solution&lt;br&gt;
+than âjust putting it on the Web.â The collection becomes&lt;br&gt;
+when creating a digital library is also the most&lt;br&gt;
+maintainable, searchable, and browsable. Each collection,&lt;br&gt;
+obviousâjust put it on the Web. But consider how much&lt;br&gt;
+prior to presentation, undergoes a âbuildingâ process that,&lt;br&gt;
+effort is involved in constructing a Web site for a digital&lt;br&gt;
+once established, is completely automatic. This process&lt;br&gt;
+library. To be effective it needs to be visually attractive&lt;br&gt;
+creates all the structures that are used at run-time for&lt;br&gt;
+and ergonomically easy to use, incorporate convenient and&lt;br&gt;
+accessing the collection. Searching is based on various&lt;br&gt;
+powerful searching capabilities, and offer rich and natural&lt;br&gt;
+indexes, while browsing is based on various metadata;&lt;br&gt;
+browsing facilities. Above all it must be easy to maintain&lt;br&gt;
+support structures for both are created during the building&lt;br&gt;
+and augment, which presents a significant challenge if any&lt;br&gt;
+operation. When new material appears it can be fully&lt;br&gt;
+manual organization is involved.&lt;br&gt;
+incorporated into the collection by rebuilding.&lt;br&gt;
+The alternative is to automate these activities through&lt;br&gt;
+To address the exceptionally broad demands of digital&lt;br&gt;
+software tools. But the broad scope of digital library&lt;br&gt;
+libraries, the system is public and extensible. It is issued&lt;br&gt;
+requirements makes this a daunting prospect. Ideally the&lt;br&gt;
+under the Gnu public license and, in the spirit of open-&lt;br&gt;
+software should incorporate facilities ranging from&lt;br&gt;
+source software, users are invited to contribute&lt;br&gt;modifications and enhancements. Only through an&lt;br&gt;international cooperative effort will digital library software&lt;br&gt;become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the worldâs&lt;br&gt;needs. Currently the Greenstone software is used at sites in&lt;br&gt;Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Romania, UK, and the&lt;br&gt;US, and collections range from newspaper articles to&lt;br&gt;technical documents, from educational journals to oral&lt;br&gt;history, from visual art to folksongs. The software has&lt;br&gt;been used for collections in many different languages, and&lt;br&gt;for CD-ROMs that have been published by the United&lt;br&gt;Nations and other humanitarian agencies in Belgium,&lt;br&gt;France, Japan, and the US for distribution in developing&lt;br&gt;countries (Humanity Libraries, 1998; PAHO, 1999;&lt;br&gt;UNESCO, 1999; UNU, 1998). Further details can be&lt;br&gt;obtained from &lt;i&gt;www.nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1-2_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+become a first-class component of the library. And what&lt;br&gt;permits it to be integrated into existing searching and&lt;br&gt;browsing structures without any manual intervention is&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;metadata&lt;/i&gt;. This provides sufficient focus to the concept of&lt;br&gt;âdigital libraryâ to support the development of a&lt;br&gt;construction kit.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;OVERVIEW OF GREENSTONE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Information collections built by Greenstone combine&lt;br&gt;extensive full-text search facilities with browsing indexes&lt;br&gt;based on different metadata types. There are several ways&lt;br&gt;for users to find information, although they differ between&lt;br&gt;collections depending on the metadata available and the&lt;br&gt;collection design. Typically you can &lt;i&gt;search for particular&lt;br&gt;words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text, or within a section of a&lt;br&gt;document, or within a title or section heading. You can&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;browse documents by title&lt;/i&gt;: just click on the displayed book&lt;br&gt;icon to read it. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by subject&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;Subjects are represented by bookshelves: just click on a&lt;br&gt;shelf to see the books. Where appropriate, documents&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 1: Searching the HDL collection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+come complete with a table of contents (constructed&lt;br&gt;automatically): you can click on a chapter or subsection to&lt;br&gt;
+This paper sets the scene with a brief discussion of what a&lt;br&gt;
+open it, expand the full table of contents, or expand the full&lt;br&gt;
+digital library is. We then give an overview of the facilities&lt;br&gt;
+document.&lt;br&gt;
+offered by Greenstone and show how end users find&lt;br&gt;information in collections. Next we describe the files and&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;An example of searching is shown in Figure 1 where&lt;br&gt;
+directories involved in a collection, and then discuss the&lt;br&gt;
+documents in the Global Help Projectâs Humanity&lt;br&gt;
+processes of updating existing collections and creating new&lt;br&gt;
+Development Library (HDL) are being searched for&lt;br&gt;
+ones, including extending the software to provide new&lt;br&gt;
+chapters matching the word &lt;i&gt;butterfly&lt;/i&gt;. In Figure 2 the same&lt;br&gt;
+facilities. We conclude with an overview of related work.&lt;br&gt;
+collection is being browsed by subject: by clicking on the&lt;br&gt;bookshelf icons the user has discovered an item under&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;WHAT IS A DIGITAL LIBRARY?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Section 16, Animal Husbandry. Pursuing an interest in&lt;br&gt;butterfly farming, the user selects a book by clicking on its&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Ten definitions of the term âdigital libraryâ have been&lt;br&gt;
+book icon. In Figure 3 the front cover of the book is&lt;br&gt;
+culled from the literature by Fox (1998), and their spirit is&lt;br&gt;
+displayed as a graphic on the left, and the automatically&lt;br&gt;
+captured in the following brief characterization:&lt;br&gt;
+constructed table of contents appears at the start of the&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+document. The current focus, &lt;i&gt;Introduction and Summary&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;A collection of digital objects, including text,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+is shown in bold in the table of contents with its text&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;video, and audio, along with methods for access&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+starting further down the page.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;and retrieval, and for selection, organization&lt;br&gt;and maintenance of the collection&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In accordance with Leskâs advice, a statement of purpose&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+and coverage accompanies each collection, along with an&lt;br&gt;
+(Akscyn and Witten, 1998). Lesk (1998) views digital&lt;br&gt;
+explanation of how it is organized (Figure 1 shows the&lt;br&gt;
+libraries as âorganized collections of digital information,â&lt;br&gt;
+start of this). A distinction is made between &lt;i&gt;searching&lt;/i&gt; and&lt;br&gt;
+and wisely recommends that they articulate the principles&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;browsing&lt;/i&gt;. Searching is full-text, andâdepending on the&lt;br&gt;
+governing what is included and how the collection is&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs designâthe user can choose between indexes&lt;br&gt;
+organized.&lt;br&gt;
+built from different parts of the documents, or from&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Digital libraries are generally distinguished from the&lt;br&gt;
+different metadata. Some collections have an index of full&lt;br&gt;
+World-Wide Web, the essential difference being in&lt;br&gt;
+documents, an index of sections, an index of paragraphs,&lt;br&gt;
+selection and organization. But they are not generally&lt;br&gt;
+an index of titles, and an index of section headings, each of&lt;br&gt;
+distinguished from a web &lt;i&gt;site&lt;/i&gt;: indeed, virtually all extant&lt;br&gt;
+which can be searched for particular words or phrases.&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries manifest themselves as a web site. Hence&lt;br&gt;
+Browsing involves data structures created from metadata&lt;br&gt;
+the obvious question: to make a digital library, why not&lt;br&gt;
+that the user can examine: lists of authors, lists of titles,&lt;br&gt;
+just put the information on the Web?&lt;br&gt;
+lists of dates, hierarchical classification structures, and so&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+on. Data structures for both browsing and searching are&lt;br&gt;
+But we make a distinction between a digital library and a&lt;br&gt;
+built according to instructions in a configuration file,&lt;br&gt;
+web site that lies at the heart of our software design: one&lt;br&gt;
+which controls both building and serving the collection.&lt;br&gt;
+should easily be able to add new material to a library&lt;br&gt;
+Sample configuration files are discussed below.&lt;br&gt;
+without having to integrate it manually or edit its content&lt;br&gt;in any way. Once added, new material should immediately&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=3&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1-3_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+matter of specifying all the necessary plugins. In order to&lt;br&gt;build browsing indexes from metadata, an analogous&lt;br&gt;scheme of âclassifiersâ is used: classifiers create indexes&lt;br&gt;of various kinds based on metadata. Source documents are&lt;br&gt;brought into the Greenstone system through a process&lt;br&gt;called &lt;i&gt;importing&lt;/i&gt;, which uses the plugins and classifiers&lt;br&gt;specified in the collection configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The international Unicode character set is used throughout,&lt;br&gt;so documentsâand interfacesâcan be written in any&lt;br&gt;language. Collections have so far been produced in&lt;br&gt;English, French, Spanish, German, Maori, Chinese, and&lt;br&gt;Arabic. The NZDL Web site provides numerous examples.&lt;br&gt;Collections can contain text, pictures, and even audio and&lt;br&gt;video clips; a text-only version of the interface is also&lt;br&gt;provided to accommodate visually impaired users.&lt;br&gt;Compression technology is used to ensure best use of&lt;br&gt;storage (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al &lt;/i&gt;., 1999). Most non-textual material is&lt;br&gt;either linked to textual documents or accompanied by&lt;br&gt;textual descriptions (such as photo captions) to allow full-&lt;br&gt;text searching and browsing. However, the architecture&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 2: Browsing the HDL collection by subject&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+permits the implementation of plugins and classifiers even&lt;br&gt;for non-textual data.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Rich browsing facilities can be provided by manually&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+linking parts of documents together and building explicit&lt;br&gt;
+The system includes an âadministrativeâ function whereby&lt;br&gt;
+indexes and tables of contents. However, manually-created&lt;br&gt;
+specified users can examine the composition of all&lt;br&gt;
+linking becomes difficult to maintain, and often falls into&lt;br&gt;
+collections, protect documents so that they can only be&lt;br&gt;
+disrepair when a collection expands. The Greenstone&lt;br&gt;
+accessed by registered users on presentation of a password,&lt;br&gt;
+software takes a different tack: it facilitates &lt;i&gt;maintainability&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+and so on. Logs of user activity are kept that record all&lt;br&gt;
+by creating all searching and browsing structures&lt;br&gt;
+queries made to every Greenstone collection (though this&lt;br&gt;
+automatically from the documents themselves. No links&lt;br&gt;
+facility can be disabled).&lt;br&gt;
+are inserted by hand. This means that when new&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Although primarily designed for Internet access over the&lt;br&gt;
+documents in the same format become available, they can&lt;br&gt;
+World-Wide Web, collections can be made available, in&lt;br&gt;
+be added automatically. Indeed, for some collections this is&lt;br&gt;
+precisely the same form, on CD-ROM. In either case they&lt;br&gt;
+done by processes that wake up regularly, scout for new&lt;br&gt;
+are accessed through any Web browser. Greenstone CD-&lt;br&gt;
+material, and rebuild the indexesâall without manual&lt;br&gt;
+ROMs operate on a standalone PC under Windows 3.X,&lt;br&gt;
+intervention.&lt;br&gt;
+95, 98, and NT, and the interaction is identical to accessing&lt;br&gt;
+Collections comprise many documents: thousands, tens of&lt;br&gt;
+the collection on the Webâexcept that response is faster&lt;br&gt;
+thousands, or even millions. Each document may be&lt;br&gt;
+and more predictable. The requirement to operate on early&lt;br&gt;
+hierarchically organized into &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt; (subsections, sub-&lt;br&gt;
+Windows systems is one that plagues the software design,&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and so on). Each section comprises one or&lt;br&gt;
+but is crucial for many usersâparticularly those in&lt;br&gt;
+more &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;. Metadata such as author, title, date,&lt;br&gt;
+underdeveloped countries seeking access to humanitarian&lt;br&gt;
+keywords, and so on, may be associated with documents,&lt;br&gt;
+aid collections. If the PC is connected to a network&lt;br&gt;
+or with individual sections of documents. This is the raw&lt;br&gt;
+(intranet or Internet), a custom-built Web server provided&lt;br&gt;
+material for indexes. It must either be provided explicitly&lt;br&gt;
+on each CD makes exactly the same information available&lt;br&gt;
+for each document and section (for example, in an&lt;br&gt;
+to others through their standard Web browser. The use of&lt;br&gt;
+accompanying spreadsheet) or be derivable automatically&lt;br&gt;
+compression ensures that the greatest possible volume of&lt;br&gt;
+from the source documents. Metadata is converted to&lt;br&gt;
+information can be packed on to a CD-ROM.&lt;br&gt;
+Dublin Core and stored with the document for internal use.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The collection-serving software operates under Unix and&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In order to accommodate different kinds of source&lt;br&gt;
+Windows NT, and works with standard Web servers. A&lt;br&gt;
+documents, the software is organized so that âpluginsâ can&lt;br&gt;
+flexible process structure allows different collections to be&lt;br&gt;
+be written for new document types. Plugins exist for plain&lt;br&gt;
+served by different computers, yet be presented to the user&lt;br&gt;
+text documents, HTML documents, email documents, and&lt;br&gt;
+in the same way, on the same Web page, as part of the&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic formats. Word documents are handled by&lt;br&gt;
+same digital library, even as part of the same collection&lt;br&gt;
+saving them as HTML; PostScript ones by applying a&lt;br&gt;
+(McNab and Witten, 1998). Existing collections can be&lt;br&gt;
+preprocessor (Nevill-Manning &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1998). Specially&lt;br&gt;
+updated and new ones brought on-line at any time, without&lt;br&gt;
+written plugins also exist for proprietary formats such as&lt;br&gt;
+bringing the system down; the process responsible for the&lt;br&gt;
+that used by the BBC archives department. A collection&lt;br&gt;
+user interface will notice (through periodic polling) when&lt;br&gt;
+may have source documents in different forms: it is just a&lt;br&gt;
+new collections appear and add them to the list presented&lt;br&gt;to the user.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=4&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1-4_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;FILES IN A COLLECTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;When a new collection is created or material is added to an&lt;br&gt;existing one, the original source documents are first&lt;br&gt;brought into the system through a process known as&lt;br&gt;âimporting.â This involves converting documents into a&lt;br&gt;simple HTML-like format known as GML (for&lt;br&gt;âGreenstone Markup Languageâ), which includes any&lt;br&gt;metadata associated with the document. Documents are&lt;br&gt;assumed to be in the Unicode UTF-8 code (of which the&lt;br&gt;ASCII characters form a subset).&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Files and directories&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;There is a separate directory for each collection, which&lt;br&gt;contains five subdirectories: the original raw material&lt;br&gt;(&lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;), the GML files created from this (&lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;), the&lt;br&gt;final collection as it is served to users (&lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;), a directory&lt;br&gt;for use during the building process (&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;), and one for&lt;br&gt;any supporting files (&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;)âincluding the configuration file&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 3: Reading a book in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+that controls the collection creation procedure. Additional&lt;br&gt;files might be required: for example, building a hierarchy&lt;br&gt;of classifications requires a data file of sub-classifications.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;FINDING INFORMATION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Greenstone digital library systems generally include&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+several separate collections. A home page allows you to&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The imported documents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+select a collection; in addition, each collection has its own&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In order to identify documents internally, a unique object&lt;br&gt;
+âaboutâ page that gives you information about how the&lt;br&gt;
+identifier or OID is assigned to each original source&lt;br&gt;
+collection is organized and the principles governing what&lt;br&gt;
+document when it is imported (formed by hashing the&lt;br&gt;
+is included.&lt;br&gt;
+content, to overcome file duplication effects caused by&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;All icons in the screenshots of Figures 1â4 are clickable.&lt;br&gt;
+mirroring) and stored as metadata within that document. It&lt;br&gt;
+Those icons at the top of the page return to the home page,&lt;br&gt;
+is important that OIDs persist throughout the index-&lt;br&gt;
+provide help text, and allow you to set user interface and&lt;br&gt;
+building processâso that a userâs search history is&lt;br&gt;
+searching preferences. The navigation bar underneath&lt;br&gt;
+unaffected by rebuilding the collection. OIDs are assigned&lt;br&gt;
+gives access to the searching and browsing facilities,&lt;br&gt;
+by hashing the contents of the original source document.&lt;br&gt;
+which differ from one collection to another.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Once imported, each document is stored in its own&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Each of the five buttons provides a different way to find&lt;br&gt;
+subdirectory of &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, along with any associated&lt;br&gt;
+information. You can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that&lt;br&gt;
+filesâfor example, images. To ensure compatibility with&lt;br&gt;
+appear in the text from the âsearchâ page (or from the&lt;br&gt;
+Windows 3.0, only eight characters are used in directory&lt;br&gt;
+âaboutâ page of Figure 1). This collection contains indexes&lt;br&gt;
+and file names, which causes annoying but essentially&lt;br&gt;
+of chapters, section titles, and entire books. The default&lt;br&gt;
+trivial complications.&lt;br&gt;
+search interface is a simple one, suitable for casual users;&lt;br&gt;advanced searchingâwhich allows full Boolean&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Inside the documents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+expressions, phrase searching, case and stemming&lt;br&gt;controlâcan be enabled from the &lt;i&gt;Preferences&lt;/i&gt; page.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The GML format imposes a limited amount of structure on&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+documents. Documents are divided into paragraphs. They&lt;br&gt;
+This collection has four browsable metadata indexes. You&lt;br&gt;
+can be split hierarchically into sections and subsections.&lt;br&gt;
+can &lt;i&gt;access publications by subject&lt;/i&gt; by clicking the &lt;i&gt;subjects&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+OIDs are extended to identify these components by&lt;br&gt;
+button, which brings up a list of subjects, represented by&lt;br&gt;
+appending numbers, separated by periods, to a documentâs&lt;br&gt;
+bookshelves (Figure 2). You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+OID. When a book is read, its section hierarchy is visible&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;title&lt;/i&gt; by clicking &lt;i&gt;titles a-z&lt;/i&gt; (Figure 4), which brings up a list&lt;br&gt;
+as the table of contents (Figure 3). Chapters, sections,&lt;br&gt;
+of books in alphabetic order. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and pages are all implemented simply as&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;by organization&lt;/i&gt; (i.e. Dublin Core âpublisherâ), bringing up&lt;br&gt;
+âsectionsâ within the document. In some collections&lt;br&gt;
+a list of organizations. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+documents do not have a hierarchical subsection structure,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;âhow toâ listing&lt;/i&gt;, yielding a list of hints defined by the&lt;br&gt;
+but are split into pages to permit browsing within a&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs editors. We use the Dublin Core as a base and&lt;br&gt;
+retrieved document.&lt;br&gt;
+extend it in an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; manner to accommodate the&lt;br&gt;individual requirements of collection designers.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The document structure is used for searchable indexes.&lt;br&gt;There are three levels of index: &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=5&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1-5_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked, which converts the files into&lt;br&gt;GML using the specified plugins. Old material for which&lt;br&gt;GML files have previously been created is not re-imported.&lt;br&gt;Then the &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked to build the requisite&lt;br&gt;indexes for the collection. Finally, the contents of the&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory are moved into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory, and&lt;br&gt;the new version of the collection automatically becomes&lt;br&gt;live.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;This procedure may seem cumbersome. But all the steps&lt;br&gt;are necessary for efficient operation with large collections.&lt;br&gt;The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process could be performed on the fly during&lt;br&gt;the building operationâbut because building indexes is a&lt;br&gt;multipass operation, the often lengthy importing would be&lt;br&gt;repeated several times. The &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process can take&lt;br&gt;considerable timeâa day or two, for very large&lt;br&gt;collections. Consequently, the results are placed in the&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory so that, if the collection already exists, it&lt;br&gt;will continue to be served to users in its old form&lt;br&gt;throughout the building operation.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Active users of the collection will not be disturbed when&lt;br&gt;the new version becomes liveâthey will probably not&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 4: Browsing titles in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+even notice. The persistent OIDs ensure that interactions&lt;br&gt;remain coherentâusers who are examining the results of a&lt;br&gt;query or browse operation will still retrieve the expected&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;, corresponding to the distinctions that GML&lt;br&gt;
+documentsâand if a search is actually in progress when&lt;br&gt;
+makesâthe hierarchical structure is flattened for the&lt;br&gt;
+the change takes place the program detects the resulting&lt;br&gt;
+purposes of creating these indexes. Indexes can be of text,&lt;br&gt;
+file-structure inconsistency and automatically and&lt;br&gt;
+or metadata, or any combination. Thus you can create a&lt;br&gt;
+transparently re-executes the query, this time on the new&lt;br&gt;
+searchable index of section titles, and/or authors, and/or&lt;br&gt;
+version of the collection.&lt;br&gt;
+document descriptions, as well as the document text.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;UPDATING EXISTING COLLECTIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;How it works&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Updating an existing collection with new files in the same&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The original material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory may be in any&lt;br&gt;
+format is easy. For example, the raw material for the HDL&lt;br&gt;
+format, and plugins are required to process each format&lt;br&gt;
+is supplied in the form of HTML files marked up with&lt;br&gt;
+type. The plugins that a collection uses must be specified&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;&amp;lt;TOC&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to split books into sections and&lt;br&gt;
+in the collection configuration file. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; program&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and &amp;lt;&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to indicate where an image is&lt;br&gt;
+reads the list of plugins and passes each document to each&lt;br&gt;
+to be inserted. For each book in the library there is a&lt;br&gt;
+plugin in order until it finds one that can process it. When&lt;br&gt;
+directory that contains a single HTML file representing the&lt;br&gt;
+updating an existing collection, all plugins necessary to&lt;br&gt;
+book, and separate files containing the associated images.&lt;br&gt;
+process new material should already have been specified in&lt;br&gt;
+An accompanying spreadsheet file contains the&lt;br&gt;
+the configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+classification hierarchy; this is converted to a simple file&lt;br&gt;format (using Excelâs &lt;i&gt;Save As&lt;/i&gt; command).&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The building step creates the indexes for both searching&lt;br&gt;and browsing. The MG software is generally used to do the&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Since the collection exists, its directory is already set up&lt;br&gt;
+searching (Witten  &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999), and the &lt;i&gt;mgbuild&lt;/i&gt; module is&lt;br&gt;
+with subdirectories &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;br&gt;
+automatically invoked to create each of the indexes that is&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;, and the &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt; directory will contain a suitable collection&lt;br&gt;
+required. For example, the Humanity Development Library&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+has three indexes, one for entire books, one for chapters,&lt;br&gt;and one for section titles. Subdirectories of the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+directory are created for each of these indexes.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The updating procedure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;To update a collection, the new raw material is placed in&lt;br&gt;the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, in whatever form it is available. Then&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=6&gt;&lt;/a&gt;creator&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+1&lt;br&gt;
+maintainer&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+public&lt;br&gt;
+True&lt;br&gt;
+3&lt;br&gt;4&lt;br&gt;
+indexes&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+5&lt;br&gt;
+defaultindex&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+6&lt;br&gt;
+plugins&lt;br&gt;
+GMLPlug TEXTPlug ArcPlug RecPlug&lt;br&gt;
+7&lt;br&gt;8&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title&lt;br&gt;
+9&lt;br&gt;10&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;generic text collection&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+11&lt;br&gt;
+(a)&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+12&lt;br&gt;
+creator&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+1&lt;br&gt;
+maintainer&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+public&lt;br&gt;
+True&lt;br&gt;
+3&lt;br&gt;4&lt;br&gt;
+indexes&lt;br&gt;
+document:text document:From&lt;br&gt;
+5&lt;br&gt;
+defaultindex&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+6&lt;br&gt;
+plugins&lt;br&gt;
+GMLPlug EMAILPlug ArcPlug RecPlug&lt;br&gt;
+7&lt;br&gt;8&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title&lt;br&gt;
+9&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+DateList&lt;br&gt;
+10&lt;br&gt;11&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;Email messages&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+12&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+13&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:From    &amp;quot;email senders&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+14&lt;br&gt;15&lt;br&gt;
+format&lt;br&gt;
+QueryResults \\\\&lt;br&gt;
+16&lt;br&gt;
+(b)&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[link][icon][/link]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Title]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Author]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br&gt;
+17&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 5: Collection configuration files (a) generic, (b) for an email collection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;MG also compresses the text of the collection; and the&lt;br&gt;
+certain circumstances, however, it might be preferable to&lt;br&gt;
+image files are linked into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; subdirectory. Now&lt;br&gt;
+use a standardized format such as XML. This is&lt;br&gt;
+none of the material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directories&lt;br&gt;
+straightforward to implementï£§just write an XML&lt;br&gt;
+is needed to run the collection and can be removed from&lt;br&gt;
+pluginï£§although we have not done so ourselves. Given&lt;br&gt;
+the file system (though they would be needed if the&lt;br&gt;
+the transitory nature of the imported data, to date, we have&lt;br&gt;
+collection were rebuilt).&lt;br&gt;
+found GML a satisfactory and beneficial format.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Associated with each collection is a database stored in&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;CREATING NEW COLLECTIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+GDBM (Gnu database manager) format. This contains an&lt;br&gt;entry for each document, giving its OID, its internal MG&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Building new collections from scratch is only slightly&lt;br&gt;
+document number, and metadata such as title. Information&lt;br&gt;
+different from updating an existing collection. The key&lt;br&gt;
+for each of the browsing indexes, which appear as buttons&lt;br&gt;
+new requirement is creating a collection configuration file,&lt;br&gt;
+on the Greenstone search/browse bar, is also extracted&lt;br&gt;
+and a software utility is provided to help. Two pieces of&lt;br&gt;
+during the building process and stored in the database. A&lt;br&gt;
+information are required for this: the name of the directory&lt;br&gt;
+âclassifierâ program is required for each browsing index to&lt;br&gt;
+that the collection will use (into which the source data and&lt;br&gt;
+extract the appropriate information from GML documents.&lt;br&gt;
+other files will eventually be placed), and a contact e-mail&lt;br&gt;
+Like plugins, classifiers are written on an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; basis for&lt;br&gt;
+address for use if any problems are encountered by the&lt;br&gt;
+the particular information required, and where possible&lt;br&gt;
+software once the collection is up and running. The utility&lt;br&gt;
+reused from one collection to another.&lt;br&gt;
+creates files and directories within the newly-named&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+directory to support a generic collection of plain text&lt;br&gt;
+The building program creates the indexes based on&lt;br&gt;
+documents. With suitable data placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+whatever appears in the &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directory. The first plugin&lt;br&gt;
+directory, building the collection at this point will yield a&lt;br&gt;
+specified by all collections is one that processes GML&lt;br&gt;
+document-level searchable index of all the text and a&lt;br&gt;
+files, and so if &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; contains imported files they will be&lt;br&gt;
+browsable list of âtitlesâ (defined in this case to be the&lt;br&gt;
+processed correctly. If it contains material in the original&lt;br&gt;
+document filenames).&lt;br&gt;
+format, that will be converted using the appropriate plugin.&lt;br&gt;Thus the import process is optional.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;To enhance the functionality and presentationâ something&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+anything but the most trivial collection will requireâthe&lt;br&gt;
+GML is designed to be fast and easy to parse, an important&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file must be edited. For a collection sourced&lt;br&gt;
+requirement when millions of documents are to be&lt;br&gt;
+from documents in an already supported data format,&lt;br&gt;
+processed. Something as simple as requiring tags to be&lt;br&gt;
+presented in a similar fashion to an existing collection, the&lt;br&gt;
+lower-case, for example, yields a substantial speed-up. In&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=7&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1-7_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;These are modules of code that can be slotted into the&lt;br&gt;system to enhance its capabilities. Plugins parse&lt;br&gt;documents, extracting the text and metadata to be indexed.&lt;br&gt;Classifiers control how metadata is brought together to&lt;br&gt;form browsable data structures. Both are specified in an&lt;br&gt;object-oriented framework using inheritance to minimize&lt;br&gt;the amount of code written.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;A plugin must specify three things: what file formats it can&lt;br&gt;handle, how they should be parsed, and whether the plugin&lt;br&gt;is recursive. File formats are normally determined using&lt;br&gt;regular expression matching on the filename. For example,&lt;br&gt;the HTML plugin accepts all files that end in &lt;i&gt;.htm&lt;/i&gt;, . &lt;i&gt;html&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;.HTM&lt;/i&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;.HTML&lt;/i&gt;. (It is quite possible, however, to write&lt;br&gt;plugins that âlook insideâ the file as well.) For other files,&lt;br&gt;the plugin returns &lt;i&gt;undefined&lt;/i&gt; and the file is passed to the&lt;br&gt;next plugin in the collectionâs configuration file (e.g.&lt;br&gt;Figure 5 line 7). If it can, the plugin parses the file and&lt;br&gt;returns the number of documents processed. This involves&lt;br&gt;extracting text and metadata and adding it to the libraryâs&lt;br&gt;content through calls to &lt;i&gt;add text&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;add metadata&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Some plugins (ârecursiveâ ones) add extra files into the&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 6: Searching bookmarked Web pages&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+stream of data processed during the building phase by&lt;br&gt;artificially reactivating the list of plugins. This is how&lt;br&gt;directory hierarchies are traversed.&lt;br&gt;
+amount of editing is minimal. Importing new data formats&lt;br&gt;and browsing metadata in ways not currently supported are&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Plugins are small modules of code that are easy to write.&lt;br&gt;
+more complex activities that require programming skills.&lt;br&gt;
+We monitored the time it took to develop a new one that&lt;br&gt;was different to any we had produced so far. We chose to&lt;br&gt;make as an example a collection of HTML bookmark files,&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Modifying the configuration file&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the motivation being to produce a convenient way of&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+searching and browsing oneâs bookmarked Web pages.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 5b shows simple alterations to the generic&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 6 shows a user searching for bookmarked pages&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file in Figure 5a that was generated by the&lt;br&gt;
+about &lt;i&gt;music&lt;/i&gt;. The new plugin took under an hour to write,&lt;br&gt;
+new-collection utility. &lt;i&gt;TEXTPlug&lt;/i&gt; is replaced with&lt;br&gt;
+and was 160 lines long (ignoring blank lines and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;EMAILPlug&lt;/i&gt; (line 7) which reads email files and extracts&lt;br&gt;
+comments)âabout the average length of existing plugins.&lt;br&gt;
+metadata (&lt;i&gt;From&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;To&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Date&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Subject&lt;/i&gt;) from them. A classifier&lt;br&gt;for dates is added (line 10) to make the collection&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Classifiers are more general than plugins because they&lt;br&gt;
+browsable chronologically. The default presentation of&lt;br&gt;
+work on GML-format data. For example, any plugin that&lt;br&gt;
+search results is overridden (line 17) to display both the&lt;br&gt;
+generates date metadata in accordance with the Dublin&lt;br&gt;
+title of the message (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Title&lt;/i&gt;) and its sender&lt;br&gt;
+core can request the collection to be browsable&lt;br&gt;
+(i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Author&lt;/i&gt;). Elements in square brackets,&lt;br&gt;
+chronologically by specifying the &lt;i&gt;DateList&lt;/i&gt; classifier in the&lt;br&gt;
+such as &lt;i&gt;[Title]&lt;/i&gt;, are replaced by the metadata associated&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs configuration file (Figure 7). Classifiers are&lt;br&gt;
+with a particular document. The built-in term &lt;i&gt;[icon]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+more elaborate than most plugins, but new ones are seldom&lt;br&gt;
+produces a suitable image that represents the document&lt;br&gt;
+required. The average length of existing classifiers is 230&lt;br&gt;
+(such as a book icon or page icon), and the &lt;i&gt;[link]âŠ[/link]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+lines.&lt;br&gt;
+construct forms a hyperlink to the complete document.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+Anything else in the format statement, which in this case is&lt;br&gt;
+Classifiers must specify three things: an initialization&lt;br&gt;
+solely table-cell tags in HTML, is passed through to the&lt;br&gt;
+routine, how individual documents are classified, and the&lt;br&gt;
+page being displayed.&lt;br&gt;
+final browsable data structure. Initialization takes care of&lt;br&gt;any options specified in the configuration file (such as&lt;br&gt;
+As this example shows, creating a new collection that stays&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;metadata=Title &lt;/i&gt;on line 9 of Figure 5b). Classifying&lt;br&gt;
+within the bounds of the libraryâs established capabilities&lt;br&gt;
+individual documents is an iterative process: for each one,&lt;br&gt;
+falls within the capability of many computer usersâfor&lt;br&gt;
+a call to &lt;i&gt;document-classify&lt;/i&gt; is made. On presentation of the&lt;br&gt;
+instance, computer-trained librarians. Extending&lt;br&gt;
+documentâs OID, the necessary metadata is located and&lt;br&gt;
+Greenstone to handle new document formats and browse&lt;br&gt;
+used to control where the document is added to the&lt;br&gt;
+metadata in new ways is more challenging.&lt;br&gt;
+browsable data structure being constructed.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Once all documents have been added, a request is made for&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writing new plugins and classifiers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the completed data structure. Some classifiers return the&lt;br&gt;data structure directly; others transform the data structure&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Extensibility  is  obtained through  plugins  and  classifiers.&lt;br&gt;
+before it is returned. For example, the &lt;i&gt;AZList&lt;/i&gt; classifier&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=8&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1-8_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+a page number, next and previous page buttons, and&lt;br&gt;displaying a particular page at different resolutions. A text&lt;br&gt;version of the page is also available upon which a&lt;br&gt;searching option is also provided.&lt;br&gt;
+Started in 1994, Harvest is also a long-running research&lt;br&gt;project. It provides an efficient means of gathering source&lt;br&gt;data from the Internet and distributing indexing&lt;br&gt;information over the Internet. This is accomplished&lt;br&gt;through five components: &lt;i&gt;gatherer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;broker&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;indexer&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;replicator&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;cache&lt;/i&gt;. The first three are central to creating,&lt;br&gt;updating and searching a collection; the last two help to&lt;br&gt;improve performance over the Internet through transparent&lt;br&gt;mirroring and caching techniques.&lt;br&gt;
+The system is configurable and customizable. While&lt;br&gt;searching is most commonly implemented using Glimpse&lt;br&gt;(&lt;i&gt;glimpse.cs.arizona.edu&lt;/i&gt;), in principle any search engine&lt;br&gt;that supports incremental updates and Boolean&lt;br&gt;combinations of attribute-based queries can be used. It is&lt;br&gt;possible to control what type of documents are gathered&lt;br&gt;during creation and updating, and how the query interface&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 7: Browsing a newspaper collection by date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+looks and is laid out.&lt;br&gt;
+Sample collections cited by the developers include 21,000&lt;br&gt;
+divides the alphabetically sorted list of metadata into&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical reports and 7,000 home pages.&lt;br&gt;
+separate pages of about the same size and returns the&lt;br&gt;
+Other examples include a sizable collection of agriculture-&lt;br&gt;
+alphabetic ranges for each one (Figure 4).&lt;br&gt;
+related electronic journals and magazines called âtomato-&lt;br&gt;juiceâ (accessed through &lt;i&gt;hegel.lib.ncsu.edu&lt;/i&gt;) and a full-text&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;OVERVIEW OF RELATED WORK&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+index of library-related electronic serials&lt;br&gt;
+Two projects that provide substantial open source digital&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;sunsite.berkeley.edu/IndexMorganagus&lt;/i&gt;). Harvest is also&lt;br&gt;
+library software are Dienst (Lagoze and Fielding, 1998)&lt;br&gt;
+often used to index Web sites (for example&lt;br&gt;
+and Harvest (Bowman &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1994). The origins of Dienst&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;www.middlebury.edu&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;www.cs.cornell.edu/cdlrg&lt;/i&gt;) stretch back to 1992. The term&lt;br&gt;
+Comparing Greenstone with Dienst and Harvest, there are&lt;br&gt;
+has come to represent three entities: a conceptual&lt;br&gt;
+both similarities and differences. All provide substantial&lt;br&gt;
+architecture for distributed digital libraries; an open&lt;br&gt;
+digital library systems, hence common themes recur, but&lt;br&gt;
+protocol for service communication; and a software&lt;br&gt;
+they are driven by projects with different aims. Harvest,&lt;br&gt;
+system that implements the protocol. To date, five sample&lt;br&gt;
+for instance, was not conceived as a digital library project&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries have been built using this technology.&lt;br&gt;
+at all, but by virtue of its selective document gathering&lt;br&gt;
+They manifest themselves in two forms: technical reports&lt;br&gt;
+process it can be classed (and is used) as one. While it&lt;br&gt;
+and primary source documents.&lt;br&gt;
+provides sophisticated search options, it lacks the&lt;br&gt;
+Best known is NCSTRL, the Networked Computer&lt;br&gt;
+complementary service of browsing. Furthermore it adds&lt;br&gt;
+Science Technical Reference Library project&lt;br&gt;
+no structure or order to the documents collected, relying&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;www.ncstrl.org&lt;/i&gt;). This collection facilitates searching by&lt;br&gt;
+on whatever structures are present in the site that they&lt;br&gt;
+title, author and abstract, and browsing by year and author,&lt;br&gt;
+were gathered from. A proven strength of the design is its&lt;br&gt;
+across a distributed network of document repositories.&lt;br&gt;
+flexibility through configuration and customizationï£§an&lt;br&gt;
+Documents can (where supported) be delivered in various&lt;br&gt;
+element also present in Greenstone.&lt;br&gt;
+formats such as PostScript, a thumbnail overview of the&lt;br&gt;
+Dienstï£§best exemplified through the NCSTRL&lt;br&gt;
+pages, and a GIF image of a particular page.&lt;br&gt;
+workï£§supports searching and browsing, like Greenstone.&lt;br&gt;
+The &lt;i&gt;Making of America&lt;/i&gt; resource is an example of a&lt;br&gt;
+Both use open protocols. Differences include a high&lt;br&gt;
+collection based around primary sourcesï£§in this case&lt;br&gt;
+reliance in Dienst on user-supplied information when a&lt;br&gt;
+American social history, 1830â1900. It has a different&lt;br&gt;
+document is added, and a smaller range of document types&lt;br&gt;
+âlook and feelâ to NCSTRL, being strongly oriented&lt;br&gt;
+supportedâalthough Dienst does include a document&lt;br&gt;
+toward browsing rather than searching. A user navigates&lt;br&gt;
+model that should, over time, allow this to expand with&lt;br&gt;
+their way through a hierarchical structure of hyperlinks to&lt;br&gt;
+relative ease.&lt;br&gt;
+reach a book of interest. The book itself is a series of&lt;br&gt;
+There are also commercial systems that provide similar&lt;br&gt;
+scanned images: delivery options include going directly to&lt;br&gt;
+digital library services to those described. However, since&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=9&gt;&lt;/a&gt;corporate culture instills proprietary attitudes there is little&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+opportunity for advancement through a shared&lt;br&gt;
+1.  Akscyn, R.M. and Witten, I.H. (1998) âReport on First&lt;br&gt;
+collaborative effort. Consequently they are not reviewed&lt;br&gt;
+Summit on International Cooperation on Digital&lt;br&gt;
+here.&lt;br&gt;
+Libraries.â ks.com/idla-wp-oct98.&lt;br&gt;
+2.  Bowman, C.M., Danzig, P.B., Manber, U., and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Schwartz, M.F. âScalable Internet resource discovery:&lt;br&gt;
+Greenstone is a comprehensive software system for&lt;br&gt;
+Research problems and approachesâ &lt;i&gt;Communications&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+creating digital library collections. It builds data structures&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;of the ACM,&lt;/i&gt; Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 98â107, 1994.&lt;br&gt;
+for searching and browsing from the material provided,&lt;br&gt;
+3.  Fox, E. (1998) âDigital library definitions.â&lt;br&gt;
+rather than relying on any hand-crafting. The process is&lt;br&gt;
+ei.cs.vt.edu/~fox/dlib/def.html.&lt;br&gt;
+controlled by a configuration file, and once a collection&lt;br&gt;exists new material can be added completely&lt;br&gt;
+4.  Humanity Libraries (1998) &lt;i&gt;Humanity Development&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+automatically. Browsing is based on Dublin Core&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Global Help&lt;br&gt;
+metadata.&lt;br&gt;
+Project, Antwerp, Belgium.&lt;br&gt;
+New collections can be developed easily, particularly if&lt;br&gt;
+5.  Lagoze, C. and Fielding, D âDefining Collections in&lt;br&gt;
+they resemble existing ones. Extensibility is achieved&lt;br&gt;
+Distributed Digital Librariesâ &lt;i&gt;D-Lib Magazine&lt;/i&gt;, Nov.&lt;br&gt;
+through software âpluginsâ that can be written to&lt;br&gt;
+1998.&lt;br&gt;
+accommodate documents, and metadata, in different&lt;br&gt;
+6.  PAHO (1999) &lt;i&gt;Virtual Disaster Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM&lt;br&gt;
+formats. Standard plugins exist for many document types;&lt;br&gt;
+produced by the Pan-American Health Organization,&lt;br&gt;
+new ones are easily written. Browsing is controlled by&lt;br&gt;
+Washington DC, USA.&lt;br&gt;
+âclassifiersâ that process metadata into browsing structures&lt;br&gt;
+7.  McNab, R.J., Witten, I.H. and Boddie, S.J. (1998) âA&lt;br&gt;
+(by date, alphabetical, hierarchical, etc).&lt;br&gt;
+distributed digital library architecture incorporating&lt;br&gt;
+However, the most powerful support for extensibility is&lt;br&gt;
+different index styles.â &lt;i&gt;Proc IEEE Advances in Digital&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+achieved not by technical means but by making the source&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 36â45.&lt;br&gt;
+code freely available under the Gnu public license. Only&lt;br&gt;
+8.  Nevill-Manning, C.G., Reed, T., and Witten, I.H.&lt;br&gt;
+through an international cooperative effort will digital&lt;br&gt;
+(1998) âExtracting text from PostScriptâ&lt;br&gt;
+library software become sufficiently comprehensive to&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;SoftwareâPractice and Experience&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp.&lt;br&gt;
+meet the worldâs needs with the richness and flexibility&lt;br&gt;
+481â491; April.&lt;br&gt;
+that users deserve.&lt;br&gt;
+9.  UNESCO (1999) &lt;i&gt;SAHEL point DOC: Anthologie du&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;dÃ©veloppement au Sahel&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by&lt;br&gt;UNESCO, Paris, France.&lt;br&gt;
+We gratefully acknowledge all those who have worked on&lt;br&gt;the Greenstone software, and all members of the New&lt;br&gt;
+10. UNU (1998) &lt;i&gt;Collection on critical global issues.&lt;/i&gt; CD-&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand Digital Library project for their enthusiasm and&lt;br&gt;
+ROM produced by the United Nations University&lt;br&gt;
+ideas.&lt;br&gt;
+Press, Tokyo, Japan.&lt;br&gt;
+11. Witten, I.H., Moffat, A. and Bell, T. (1999) &lt;i&gt;Managing&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Gigabytes: compressing and indexing documents and&lt;br&gt;images&lt;/i&gt;, Morgan Kaufmann, second edition.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASHd1f7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASHd1f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASHd1f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Authorship patterns in Information Systems</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/DSpace-To-GS/tmp/1395215054_1/2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/DSpace-To-GS/tmp/1395215054_1/2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/2/2.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215054_1/2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">2.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">2.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">RTFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">144917</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">RTF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconrtf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Contributor">Sally Jo Cunningham</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Contributor">Stuart M. Dillon</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^accessioned">2005-01-10T02:49:40Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^available">2005-01-10T02:49:40Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^issued">2005-01-10T02:49:40Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language^iso">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">Authorship Patterns in Information Systems</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="equivlink"></Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd1f77e36ce8cbbf4d1f77e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215055</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd1f7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.rtf:application/rtf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;b&gt;Authorship patterns in  Information
+Systems&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Sally Jo Cunningham and Stuart M. Dillon&lt;p&gt;
+Department of Computer Science&lt;p&gt;
+University of Waikato&lt;p&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;p&gt;
+email:  sallyjo@waikato.ac.nz&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Abstract:&lt;/b&gt; This paper examines the patterns of multiple authorship in
+five information systems journals. Specifically, we determine the distribution
+of the number of authors per paper in this field, the proportion of male and
+female authors,  gender composition of research teams, and the incidence of
+collaborative relationships spanning institutional affiliations and across
+different geographic regions.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1.  Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+In his seminal work &lt;i&gt;Little Science, Big Science&lt;/i&gt; [16], Derek J. De Solla
+Price drew attention to the 20th century trend of increasing team work in
+scientific research and co-authorship in publicationÂmaking a
+tongue-in-cheek prediction that &quot;by 1980 the single author paper will be
+extinct&quot;, and that scientific collaboration would continue to increase so that
+scholarly publications would &quot;move steadily toward an infinity of authors per
+paper&quot; (p. 89). &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Since 1963, Price's conjectures have been measured and, to a large extent,
+verified, for a number of domains in the social sciences, arts, and physical
+sciences.  Characteristics of collaboration in research have been examined in a
+number of ways:  for example,  through bibliographic analysis of readily
+quantifiable variables such as the rate of co-authorship and mean number of
+co-authors per document (for an overview of this type of research, see [10]);
+through studies of the social organizations that support collaboration in
+particular and research in general (such as the ground-breaking work of Crane
+[6]); and by ethnographic descriptions of the patterns of behavior employed by
+researchers in finding collaborators, organizing the research tasks, and
+composing the written documentation of the work (for example, the examination
+of the philosophy research process presented in [19]).&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+This paper examines authorship patterns in the field of Information Systems
+(IS).  IS is a relatively young discipline, an interdisciplinary field at the
+conjunction of computer science, management, and the social sciences.  It
+concerns itself primarily managerial, and &quot;people&quot; issues that support
+information management (primarily in an organizational context), and to a
+lesser extent with hardware and software issues. Perhaps because it is an
+emerging, interdisciplinary field, IS has been the focus of few
+bibliometric/scientometric studies. The present work uses bibliometric
+techniques to examine the extent of collaborative authorship in the field, the
+geographic distribution of co-authors, and gender patterns in publication and
+collaboration.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;2.  Methodology&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+The journals and time periods examined for this study are listed in Table 1.
+Journal articles, rather than books or technical reports, were chosen for
+analysis because the journal is the primary source of information in IS, making
+up the bulk of documents cited [7]. Five journals were selected for study,
+based on the criteria that they well known internationally, cover a relatively
+broad set of topics in the IS field,  have author information available, and
+are published in the English language. It should be noted, however, that the
+journals selected tend to the management end of IS.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+Journal title                              abbreviation      years         
+Journal of Systems Management              JSM               1989-1995     
+Information Systems Research               ISR               1990-1995     
+Strategic Information Systems              SIS               1991-1995     
+Management Information Systems Quarterly   MISQ              1989-1995     
+Decision Support Systems                   DSS               1989-1995     
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 1. Journals analyzed in this study&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The following definitions and guidelines were used in gathering data from the
+five journals:&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·author:  All individuals identified as authors in the heading of the
+paper were included, and counted equally.  Some journal volumes apparently
+enforced an alphabetic name ordering on authors, while other journalsÂor
+even other volumes of the same journalÂdid not; for this reason we did not
+attempt to record the rank orderings of authors. Only personal (rather than
+corporate) authors were included in this study.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·article:  All refereed papers from each issue of each journal were
+considered for inclusion in the study. All other articles (book reviews,
+editorials, letters to the editor, reports of conferences, etc.) were excluded.
+While all refereed articles were included in the examination of co-authorship
+rates, some of these papers were omitted from the remainder of the study
+because the gender and/or the affiliation of one or more authors could not be
+determined.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·gender:  Where possible, the gender of an author was determined from
+the author's biography or picture.  If this information was not available or
+was inconclusive, the gender was inferred from the author's personal name(s).
+If any doubt remained for any co-author of an article (that is, if the author
+was listed only by initials or had an ambiguous personal name), then that
+article was omitted from the study of author gender.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·institution:  For co-authored articles, we noted whether or not all
+authors were affiliated with the same institution (generally a university or
+company).  A single institution could have more than one physical location.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·geographic area:  Co-authored articles were examined to determine
+whether all authors' institutions are from the same geographic region. This
+somewhat subjective category was defined as follows:  for highly populated and
+physically large countries such as the United States, authors were considered
+to be from the same region if their institution were located in the same or
+adjacent states; for lightly populated or physically compact countries (such as
+New Zealand or the Netherlands, respectively), the entire country was
+considered to be a single geographic region.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;3.  Results&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+This section discusses the amount of collaboration in publishing, the
+geographic/institutional spread of co-author affiliation, and the gender of
+authors in the IS literature.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;degree of collaborative authorship&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Tables 2Â4 summarize authorship collaboration in IS. Approximately 38% of
+the articles have a single author; the majority of he papers are co-authored,
+with two or three authors (Table 2). The maximum number of authors for a single
+paper was six, found in a vanishingly small minority of the articles (less than
+0.5%).  Viewed strictly in terms of the percentage of co-authored papers (Table
+3), it is readily apparent that co-authorship is the norm for all journals,
+over the entire period of study.  The journal with the smallest degree of
+co-authorship, the &lt;i&gt;Journal of Systems Management&lt;/i&gt; (JSM), saw its
+percentage of collaboratively written articles rise from approximately
+one-third to one-half; the remainder of the journals have a co-authorship rate
+ranging from 40% to 100%. The percentage of co-authored papers has risen
+slightly between 1989 and 1995 in four of the five journalsÂperhaps
+reflecting the trend to increased co-authorship reported in other fields, as
+the subjects matured  [3].&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+number of        number of          percentage     
+authors          articles                          
+1                368                37.74%         
+2                391                40.10%         
+3                171                17.54%         
+4                37                 3.80%          
+5                4                  0.41%          
+6                4                  0.41%          
+Total            975                100.00%        
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 2.  Distribution of number of co-authors per paper&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+            JSM         ISR         SIS         MISQ        DSS         average     
+1989        36%                                 68%         73%         59%         
+1990        29%         75%                     68%         57%         57%         
+1991        39%         92%         60%         77%         71%         68%         
+1992        41%         100%        40%         81%         68%         66%         
+1993        48%         92%         63%         89%         70%         72%         
+1994        46%         90%         67%         82%         70%         71%         
+1995        54%         87%         58%         87%         79%         75%         
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 3. Percentage of co-authored articles&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+          Mean      Variance    Std dev    std error   Number of        
+                                                       articles         
+JSM       1.50      .466        .682       .039        308              
+ISR       2.175     .604        .777       .079        97               
+SIS       1.739     .655        .809       .086        88               
+MISQ      2.251     .954        .977       .075        171              
+DSS       2.071     .866        .931       .053        311              
+Total     1.903     .799        .894       .029        975              
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 4a.  Mean number of co-authors per paper&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/21.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Table 4b. T-test of mean number of co-authors&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The mean number of authors per article ranged from 1.5 (for the Journal of
+Systems Management) to 2.175 (for Information Systems Research), with an
+overall mean of 1.903 (Table 4a). As was noted when considering the
+distribution of numbers of co-authors in Table 2, while collaboration is the
+norm, the size of the research team in IS is relatively small.  Differences in
+mean between the journals was generally not statisticaly significant, with the
+exception of ISR/DSS and ISR/MISQ (Table 4b).&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;institutional affiliation and geographic region&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Table 5 presents the institutional and geographical commonalities found amongst
+co-authors. As noted in Section 2, at this point we use a subset of the
+articles examined in this study:  those papers for which we could identify the
+institutional affiliation and gender of all authors. For nearly half of the
+co-authored articles of this subsetÂ46%Âall authors for an article
+are either affiliated with the same institution &lt;i&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; are resident in the
+same geographic region. Just over half of the multiply authored papers, then,
+involve a collaboration across significant distances.  For nearly one-third
+(32%) of the co-authored papers, all authors are affiliated with the same
+institutionÂagain, indicating a significant degree of collaboration across
+institutional boundaries.  The collaborative relationships of working groups
+are thus surprisingly dispersed, suggesting that IS is a field with a healthy
+&quot;invisible college&quot;.   &lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+                       JSM       ISR       SIS       MISQ      DSS       average     
+                       1989-     1990-     1991-     1989-     1989-                 
+                       1994      1994      1994      1994      1994                  
+Co-authored articles     147       71 80     35 62     128       133       514 861   
+occurrences out of     364 40%   89%       56%       166 77%   189 70%   60%         
+percentage                                                                           
+co-authors from same       95        15        20        48        61        239     
+institution OR same    147 65%   71 21%    35 58%    128 38%   133 46%   514 46%     
+geographical area                                                                    
+occurrences out of                                                                   
+percentage                                                                           
+co-authors from same       34        1         5         11        23        74      
+area,  different       147 23%   71 1%     35 14%    128 9%    133 17%   514 14%     
+institutions                                                                         
+occurrences out of                                                                   
+percentage                                                                           
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 5. Percentage of co-authors from the same institution or geographical
+area&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;gender of authors&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Gender was recorded for &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt; authors for whom it was explicitly stated or
+could be inferred; this could be determined for 861 papers, with 1021 authors.
+As no attempt was made to maintain a list of names, it is unknown how many
+unique individuals are represented in that total.  Approximately four-fifths of
+the authors were male (Table 6), with male authors being in the majority for
+each journal. &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+Gender      Number       Percentage      
+male        804          78.7%           
+female      217          21.3%           
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 6. Gender of authors&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The preponderance of male authors appears to mirror the under-representation of
+women in the Management/IS disciplines of academia, in which opportunities for
+publication and research are more likely than in commercial enterprises ([12],
+[21]).  IS departments are generally located within the business or management
+faculty in universities, where women tend to be over-represented as
+instructors, lecturers, contract researchers, and other untenured staff
+positions.  In the mid-eighties in the US, for example, women held 52% of the
+instructor and lower teaching positions and 36% of the assistant professorships
+in business schools, but accounted for only 6% of the full  [2].  These lower
+level positions provide fewer opportunities for research funding, and generally
+involve a higher teaching load (with proportionally less time for research).&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Next, we examine the question of whether or not males and female have the same
+patterns of collaboration and co-authorship (Table 7). The percentage of male
+authors who published a single-authored paper is 37.31% ([343 male single
+authors] / [804 male authors]); the percentage of female authors who published
+solo is 18.89% ([41 single author females] / [217 female authors]).  The
+percentage of male authors involved in male-only co-authored papers is 42.66%
+([343 / 804]), while the percentage of female authors who published in
+female-only groups is 6.91% (15/217). Clearly, then, a female author is more
+likely to co-publish than a male author, and more likely to publish in mixed
+gender research teams.&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+              single       multiple      single       multiple        multiple          
+              male author  authors,      female       authors,        authors, male     
+                           male only     author       female only     and female        
+number        300          343           41           15              161               
+percentage    34.9%        39.9%         4.8%         1.7%            18.7%             
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 7.  Gender composition of publishing teams&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;4.  Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+The high proportion of multiply-authored papers is characteristic of the
+physical and life sciences rather than the social sciences. In the &quot;hard&quot;
+sciences the percentage of co-authored articles is reported to range from
+two-thirds and up ([5], [13]), with nearly universal co-authorship in fields
+for which research is based on complex, expensive instruments/equipment ([14],
+as reported in [9]).  By way of contrast, the proportion of single-authored
+papers is much higher in the humanities and social sciences: in philosophy, for
+example, collaboration is so unusual that some researchers find it difficult to
+imagine how a joint project could be produced [19]. Even in these disciplines,
+however, sub-fields may vary in their degree of collaboration, often reflecting
+equipment or team needs outside the norm for that discipline (for example,
+biophysical and archaeological anthropology show higher degrees of
+collaboration than sociocultural and linguistic anthropology [4]).  IS, then,
+seems to fit more into the multiply-authored norm of the physical or
+experimental sciences than the humanities/social sciences.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+This point is slightly muddied, however, when comparing the mean number of
+authors in IS with the mean of other fields (Table 8).  IS articles tend to
+have a smaller average number of co-authors than the &quot;hard&quot; sciences, even
+though the rate of co-authorship is high. Two hypotheses present themselves:
+that the experimental team needed to support IS research is smaller than the
+team size necessary for managing the instruments for the physical sciences;
+and/or that the support personnel for IS research may not be acknowledged with
+authorship, as seems to be the case in some of the sciences.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+Discipline             authors/paper      year(s) of study    Reference       
+Library science        1.17               1989-90             [17]            
+Counseling             1.45               1971-1982           [8]             
+Anthropology           1.79               1983                [4]             
+Applied, physical,     2.13               1978-1980           [20]            
+analytical chemistry                                                          
+Chemical engineering   2.13                                   [22]            
+Biomedicine (basic     2.21               1961-1978           [18]            
+life sciences)                                                                
+Biomedicine            2.25               1961-1978           [18]            
+(preclinical basic                                                            
+research)                                                                     
+Biochemistry           2.41               1978-1980           [20]            
+Biomedicine            2.71               1961-1978           [18]            
+(clinical research)                                                           
+Biochemistry           2.72                                   [22]            
+Chemistry              2.82               1974-1975           [11]            
+Schistosomiasis        2.92               1972-1986           [15]            
+Political Science      3.54               1974-1975           [11]            
+Biology                3.97               1974-1975           [11]            
+Psychology             4.58               1974-1975           [11]            
+Astronomy &amp;amp;            7.4                1974                [1]             
+astrophysics                                                                  
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 8.  Average number of authors for a variety of fields&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The degree of collaboration in IS that crosses institutional and geographic
+boundaries is significant, and warrants further attentionÂin particular,
+to investigate the communication techniques that support co-authorship.
+Traditionally, collaboration occurs through face-to-face meetings, telephone,
+and postal correspondence; it is likely that email and other Internet-based
+communication modes also see significant use, given the naturally high degree
+of computer literacy in this field.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+[1]Abt, H. A. (1984) &quot;Citations to single and multiauthored papers&lt;i&gt;,&quot;
+Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific&lt;/i&gt; 96, 746-749.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[2]Aisenberg, N., and Harrington, M.  (1988) &lt;i&gt;Women of Academe&lt;/i&gt;,
+University of Massachusetts Press.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[3]Beaver, D. de B., and Rosen, R. (1979) &quot;Studies in scientific collaboration
+Part III:  Professionalization and the natural history of modern scientific
+co-authorship,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics &lt;/i&gt;1(3), 231-245.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[4]Choi, J.M. (1988) &quot;An analysis of authorship in anthropology journals, 1963
+&amp;amp; 1983&lt;i&gt;,&quot; Behavioral &amp;amp; Social Sciences Librarian&lt;/i&gt; 6(3/4), 85-94.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[5]Clarke, B.L. (1964) &quot;Multiple authorship trends in scientific papers,'
+&lt;i&gt;Science&lt;/i&gt; 143, 882-884.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[6]Crane, D. (1972) &lt;i&gt;Invisible colleges:  Diffusion of Knowledge in
+Scientific communities&lt;/i&gt;,  University of Chicago Press.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[7]Cunningham, S.J. (1996) &quot;An empirical investigation of the obsolescence
+rate for information systems literature.&quot;   &lt;i&gt;Working Paper Series 95/16&lt;/i&gt;,
+Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. To
+appear in &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science Research&lt;/i&gt;..&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[8]Gladding, S. (1984) &quot;Multiple authorship in the &lt;i&gt;Personnel and Guidance
+Journal&lt;/i&gt;:  a 12-year study), &lt;i&gt;Personnel and Guidance Journal&lt;/i&gt;, June,
+628-630.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[9]Gordon, M.D. (1979) &quot;A critical reassessment of inferred relations between
+multiple authorship, scientific collaboration, the production of papers and
+their acceptance for publication,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt; 2(3), 193-201.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[10]Harsanyi, M.A. (1993) &quot;Multiple authors, multiple
+problemsÂBibliometrics and the study of scholarly collaboration:  a
+literature review,&quot; &lt;i&gt;LISR&lt;/i&gt; 15, 325-354.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[11]Heffner, A.G. (1981) &quot;Funded research, multiple authorship and
+subauthorship collaboration in four disciplines,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt; 3,
+231-.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[12]McKeen, C.A., and Bujaki, M.L. (1994) &quot;Taking women into account&quot;,  &lt;i&gt;CA
+Magazine, 127&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(2)&lt;/i&gt;, pp. 29-35.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[13]Meadows, A.J. (1974)  &lt;i&gt;Communication in Science&lt;/i&gt;. London:
+Butterworths.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[14]Meadows, A.J., and O'Connor, J.G. (1971) &quot;A survey in depth of a selected
+information field (astronomy and astrophysics). Astronomy Department,
+University of Leicester.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[15]Pao, M.L. (1992) &quot;Global and local collaborators:  a study of scientific
+collaboration,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Information Processing &amp;amp; Management&lt;/i&gt; 28(1), 99-109.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[16]Price, Derek J. de Solla. (1963) &lt;i&gt;Little science, big science&lt;/i&gt;.  New
+York:  Columbia University Press.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[17]Raptis, P. (1992) &quot;Authorship characteristics in five international
+library science journals,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Libri &lt;/i&gt;42(1), 35-52.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[18]Satyanarayana, K. and Ratnakar, K.V. (1989) &quot;Authorship patterns in life
+sciences, preclinical basic and clinical research papers,&quot;
+&lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt; 17(3-4), 363-371.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[19]Sievert, D., and Sievert, ME.  (1989)  &quot;Philosophical Research:  report
+from the field,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the Humanists at Work symposium&lt;/i&gt; (April,
+Chicago, ILL, USA). Published by the University of Illinois at Chicago.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[20]Stefaniak, B. (1982) &quot;Individual and multiple authorship of papers in
+chemistry and physics,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics &lt;/i&gt;4(4), 331-337.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[21]Still, L.V. (1993) &lt;i&gt;Where to from here?  The managerial woman in
+transition&lt;/i&gt;, Business and Professional Publishing.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[22]Subrahmanyam, K., and Stephens, E.M. (1982) &quot;Research collaboration and
+funding in biochemistry and chemical engineering,&quot; &lt;i&gt;International Forum on
+Information and Documentation&lt;/i&gt; 7, 26-.&lt;p&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASHd6b7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASHd6b7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/HASHd6b7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Kristine Turner</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Information Seeking, Retrieving, Reading, and Storing Behaviour of Library Users.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/DSpace-To-GS/tmp/1395215056/5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/DSpace-To-GS/tmp/1395215056/5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/5/5.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215056/5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">5.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">5.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">220303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">28</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/DSpace-To-GS/import/5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:20+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">5.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">220303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">mdewsnip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">2006:05:30 14:50:53+12:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.ModifyDate">2006:05:30 14:50:53+12:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">28</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat Distiller 7.0.5 &amp;#40;Windows&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Title">Information Seeking&amp;#44; Retrieving&amp;#44; Reading&amp;#44; and Storing Behaviour of LIbrary-Users.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.CreateDate">2006:05:30 14:50:53+12:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Creator">PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.CreatorTool">PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.DocumentID">uuid:5bfa2f58-a06e-4ba1-97a7-89f2153cd2af</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Format">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.InstanceID">uuid:9179f25d-0de5-4e72-a113-e79857787e94</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.MetadataDate">2006:05:30 14:58:55+12:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.ModifyDate">2006:05:30 14:50:53+12:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Producer">Acrobat Distiller 7.0.5 &amp;#40;Windows&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Title">Information Seeking&amp;#44; Retrieving&amp;#44; Reading&amp;#44; and Storing Behaviour of LIbrary-Users.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.XMPToolkit">3.1-702</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Contributor">Kristine Turner</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^accessioned">2005-01-10T02:46:14Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^available">2005-01-10T02:46:14Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date^issued">2005-01-10T02:46:14Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language^iso">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">Information Seeking, Retrieving, Reading, and Storing Behaviour of Library Users</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="doc.assoclink">&lt;a href=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/{Or}{[parent(Top):assocfilepath],[assocfilepath]}/5.doc&quot;&gt;{If}{_icondoc_,_icondoc_,doc}&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="equivDocLink">&lt;a href='_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/5.doc'&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="equivDocIcon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/equivDocLink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="equivlink"> &lt;a href=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/{Or}{[parent(Top):assocfilepath],[assocfilepath]}/5.doc&quot;&gt;{If}{_icondoc_,_icondoc_,doc}&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd6b757362e763ba6d6b757</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215056</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd6b7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">5.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Information Seeking, Retrieving, Reading, and Storing Behaviour of &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Library-Users. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Kristine Turner &lt;br&gt;
+email:  kristine@clear.net.nz &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;In the interest of digital libraries, it is advisable that designers be aware of the &lt;br&gt;potential behaviour of the users of such a system.  There are two distinct parts under &lt;br&gt;investigation, the interaction between traditional libraries involving the seeking and &lt;br&gt;retrieval of relevant material, and the reading and storage behaviours ensuing.  &lt;br&gt;Through this analysis, the findings could be incorporated into digital library facilities.  &lt;br&gt;There has been copious amounts of research on information seeking leading to the &lt;br&gt;development of behavioural models to describe the process.  Often research on the &lt;br&gt;information seeking practices of individuals is based on the task and field of study.  &lt;br&gt;The information seeking model, presented by Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993), characterises the &lt;br&gt;format of this study where it is used to compare various research on the information &lt;br&gt;seeking practices of groups of people (from academics to professionals).  It is found &lt;br&gt;that, although researchers do make use of library facilities, they tend to rely heavily &lt;br&gt;on their own collections and primarily use the library as a source for previously &lt;br&gt;identified information, browsing and interloan.  It was found that there are significant &lt;br&gt;differences in user behaviour between the groups analysed.  When looking at the &lt;br&gt;reading and storage of material it was hard to draw conclusions, due to the lack of &lt;br&gt;substantial research and information on the topic.  However, through the use of &lt;br&gt;reading strategies, a general idea on how readers behave can be developed.  Designers &lt;br&gt;of digital libraries can benefit from the guidelines presented here to better understand &lt;br&gt;their audience. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;âThe migration of information from paper to electronic media promises to change the &lt;br&gt;whole nature of researchâ (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1995).  Through the advent of office &lt;br&gt;computers and the transformation of media, the popularity and usage of digital &lt;br&gt;libraries has increased.  Researchers can benefit from the search, retrieval, reading &lt;br&gt;and storage facilities available to them from the comfort and convenience of their own &lt;br&gt;chair.  An important issue in this day of human-computer interaction is that not only &lt;br&gt;the information needs of these researchers are meet, but user requirements also. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;To cater for researchers, it is in the interest of digital library designers to investigate &lt;br&gt;and understand user behaviour.  Ignorance in understanding how human behaviours &lt;br&gt;influence digital libraries can lead to a potential risk of design inadequacies.  A &lt;br&gt;consequence is that digital libraries may not satisfy the requirements of users.  To &lt;br&gt;rectify this problem, an investigation and summary of the main research surrounding &lt;br&gt;user behaviour of traditional libraries is presented here.  By studying the user &lt;br&gt;behaviour in traditional libraries and how they seek, retrieve, read and store selected &lt;br&gt;materials, one can begin to understand how these attributes can be used to enhance the &lt;br&gt;search and delivery facilities of a digital library.   &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=2&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;There are specifically two components that are addressed which are distinct in nature &lt;br&gt;and shed light on the behaviour of library users:  library-user interaction, and &lt;br&gt;information use and storage.  Library-user behaviour covers the information seeking &lt;br&gt;process â from acknowledging a need of specific information to the delivery of the &lt;br&gt;relevant material required to resolve the need.  This paper looks at this process and the &lt;br&gt;activities involved in relation to traditional libraries.  When looking into the usage and &lt;br&gt;storage of information, the reading behaviours involved in extracting information &lt;br&gt;from retrieved material was investigated.  This focussed primarily on conventional &lt;br&gt;reading environments and methods, and document presentation and storage.  The goal &lt;br&gt;is to begin to understand how researchers find and use information based on the &lt;br&gt;findings of previous studies. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Library-User Interaction &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Information Seeking and Retrieval &lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Different search techniques are undertaken by library users to search and locate &lt;br&gt;relevant information.  To understand how users of libraries search and locate relevant &lt;br&gt;documents we need to understand the search techniques and what resources and &lt;br&gt;sources of information they generally use. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;There are many ways of looking at the information seeking process.  Of the research &lt;br&gt;viewed, each one had its own ideals and factors that shed new light on the activities &lt;br&gt;conducted.  Ford (1973) offers a conceptual model for researching information needs &lt;br&gt;and uses on the basis of information communication.  The model has six components &lt;br&gt;â sources or originators, methods or activities, messages, channels or media, &lt;br&gt;recipients, and information.  It is presented as: &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; (SOURCE)  (METHOD) &lt;br&gt;
+(MESSAGES) &lt;br&gt;
+âThe source / writes or speaks / ideas, research results, etc. / which are trans- &lt;br&gt;
+   (CHANNEL)  (RECIPIENT) (METHOD) &lt;br&gt;mitted by / journal, meeting, etc, etc. / to the recipient, who reads or hears /  &lt;br&gt;the message and is thus informed.  At this point the message is converted  &lt;br&gt;into INFORMATIONâ (Ford 1973, p. 85). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;This view of information flow can aid in researching information seeking and &lt;br&gt;retrieval practices by providing a basis to analyse interactions. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;In contrast, Kuhlthau (1993) offers an uncertainty principle as a framework for &lt;br&gt;understanding how individuals conduct information seeking.  The article looks at the &lt;br&gt;feelings, thoughts and actions associated with information seeking as a person &lt;br&gt;âmove[s] from ambiguity to specificity, or ... uncertainty to understandingâ (Kuhlthau &lt;br&gt;1993, p. 340), and argues that information seeking cannot be based on certainty and &lt;br&gt;order as these are variables which fluctuate and need to be considered.  The &lt;br&gt;information seeking tasks identified by Kuhlthau (1993) are:  initiation, an awareness &lt;br&gt;of an information need; selection, the identification or selection of an approach or &lt;br&gt;subject to explore; exploration, the investigation of information to gain understanding; &lt;br&gt;formulation, where the person gains a perspective or point of view on the problem; &lt;br&gt;collection, the gathering of the relevant information; and presentation, to fulfil the &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=3&gt;&lt;/a&gt;information need and  conclude the search.  Through these stages of information &lt;br&gt;seeking, the individual is subject to feelings of uncertainty, optimism, confusion, &lt;br&gt;frustration, doubt, clarity, sense of direction, confidence, and satisfaction or &lt;br&gt;disappointment.  Actions move from exploration to the documentation stage; thoughts &lt;br&gt;move from being vague in the earlier stages to being focussed as interest increases &lt;br&gt;(Kuhlthau 1993, p. 343, figure 1). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Often research on information seeking practices is characterised by an individualâs &lt;br&gt;task or problem (Mick &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1980; Belkin &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1982; Ingwersen 1992 found in &lt;br&gt;Bystrom and Jarvelin 1995).  These studies investigate the relationship between a &lt;br&gt;personâs task (for example, in sciences, social sciences, humanities) and their &lt;br&gt;information seeking behaviour.  Bystrom and Jarvelin (1995) acknowledges that &lt;br&gt;peopleâs information seeking depends on their task and it looks at how task &lt;br&gt;complexity can be used to model information needs, seeking, channels and sources.  &lt;br&gt;However, other research shows that task alone may not be specific enough to analyse &lt;br&gt;the behaviour of information seekers and users.  They argue that other factors other &lt;br&gt;then tasks may contribute to information seeking behaviours (Kuhlthau 1993). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Those papers that characterise information seeking practices based on tasks, surveyed &lt;br&gt;scholars and professionals in particular fields to determine similarities and &lt;br&gt;generalisations within and between these groups of people.  These determine an &lt;br&gt;overall way in which certain groups of people search for information and their needs &lt;br&gt;and uses of it. Studies reviewed looked at the scientific community (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993; &lt;br&gt;Hallmark 1994; Seggern 1995), computer sciences (Cunningham and Connaway), &lt;br&gt;social sciences (Folster 1995), humanities (Broadbent 1986; Wiberley and Jones &lt;br&gt;1989), and professionals (Leckie &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1996).  There are other more specific studies, &lt;br&gt;such as anthropology (Hartmann 1995), philosophy (Sievert and Sievert 1989), and &lt;br&gt;engineering (Pinelli 1991; Holland and Powell 1995).  This classification of people &lt;br&gt;means that in general it is easy to determine the type of behaviour expected from an &lt;br&gt;individual based on their task or field of interest. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;This paper makes utilises these communities of people to describe information &lt;br&gt;seeking and retrieval activities.  However, it has to be noted that, although &lt;br&gt;categorising provides good generalisations of information seeking behaviour there are &lt;br&gt;often conflicts.  This is demonstrated in the study by Pinelli (1991), where the &lt;br&gt;information seeking practices of scientists and engineers are compared.  In the past &lt;br&gt;these two groups of people have been studied synonymously.  It has now been &lt;br&gt;determined that the differences in their behaviour is quite distinct.  For instance, &lt;br&gt;engineers make more use of unpublished technical material than their academic &lt;br&gt;counterparts.  This shows that even with similar or related communities, there may be &lt;br&gt;considerable differences in information seeking behaviour (Pinelli 1991). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Research generally agrees on how people go about searching for information.  Ellis &lt;i&gt;et &lt;br&gt;al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993) discusses interviews conducted on information and diffusion activities, &lt;br&gt;focussing specifically on the information seeking habits of physicists and chemists.  It &lt;br&gt;offers characteristics of the information gathering activities for these scientists, in &lt;br&gt;comparison to social scientists, and presents a behaviour model.  While these &lt;br&gt;activities are associated with a particular group of people, they can be generalised to &lt;br&gt;encompass scholars, researchers and professionals.  Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993) realises that &lt;br&gt;information seeking behaviour is comparable and is very similar in different fields, &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=4&gt;&lt;/a&gt;the difference generally comes in the emphasis.  There are six main activities &lt;br&gt;identified by Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993) â starting, chaining, browsing, differentiating, &lt;br&gt;monitoring and extracting. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Starting&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;In the starting stage of the information seeking process the researcher is beginning a &lt;br&gt;new or unfamiliar project.  This initial familiarisation involves â... activities &lt;br&gt;characteristic of the initial search for informationâ (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993, p. 359) and &lt;br&gt;includes obtaining starting references and information.  The idea is to identify the &lt;br&gt;topic and begin a search for relevant information.  In starting a research project there &lt;br&gt;are many informal and formal resources one could use.  Informal resources can &lt;br&gt;include personal contacts or colleagues, browsing through catalogue systems or the &lt;br&gt;Internet.  Formal resources are such things as printed indexes, formal bibliographies, &lt;br&gt;research guides, and abstracts.  &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;In the field of Science, the most common way of gaining the initial information &lt;br&gt;needed to begin a project is through personal contacts (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993; Hallmark &lt;br&gt;1994; Seggern 1995).  Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993) explains that is because there are usually &lt;br&gt;contactable fellow scientists who are familiar with information regarding this new &lt;br&gt;topic, or for those scientists who are doing PhD research, the initial references are &lt;br&gt;usually provided by their supervisors.  Another source of starting information for &lt;br&gt;scientists comes from keeping up to date with reviews, prominent authors and articles &lt;br&gt;in fields of interest and knowing where to locate these introductory references (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et &lt;br&gt;al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993; Hallmark 1994).  Computer scientists also rely heavily on the above &lt;br&gt;informal sources and less on the formal sources.  However, computer scientists also &lt;br&gt;include the use of the Internet to view authorsâ sites and the World Wide Web (in &lt;br&gt;conjunction with search engines) to locate initial information (Cunningham and &lt;br&gt;Connaway).  In the same flavour, social scientists also rely on personal contacts (Ellis &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993).  However, social scientists also use such formal sources as abstracts and &lt;br&gt;indexes, bibliographies, catalogues and book reviews (Folster 1995; Hartmann 1995).  &lt;br&gt;In contrast to scientists, people in the field of humanities tend to use formal resources &lt;br&gt;more.  They mainly use printed primary sources, abstracting and indexing sources, &lt;br&gt;catalogues, research guides, and formal bibliographies (Broadbent 1986; Sievert and &lt;br&gt;Sievert 1989; Wiberley and Jones 1989).  Non-academic professionals, on the other &lt;br&gt;hand, have a different outlook on the initial resources used.  They generally use &lt;br&gt;informal sources, including colleagues, trade publications and unpublished reports &lt;br&gt;(Pinelli 1991; Holland and Powell 1995; Leckie &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1996).  Leckie &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1996) &lt;br&gt;notes that professionals rely more heavily on their personal files, knowledge and &lt;br&gt;experience.  âShuchman (1981) reports that engineers first consult their personal store &lt;br&gt;of technical information, followed in order by informal discussions with colleagues, &lt;br&gt;discussions with supervisors, use of internal technical reports, and contact with a &lt;br&gt;âkeyâ person in the organization who usually knows where the needed information &lt;br&gt;may be locatedâ (Pinelli 1991, p. 19). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Nearly all researchers use personal contacts or colleagues for initial information &lt;br&gt;sources, but there is a noticeable difference in the use of formal resources between &lt;br&gt;fields of study.  There are two principle factors which determine the use of particular &lt;br&gt;sources for information:  accessibility and quality (Ford 1973).  Accessibility is based &lt;br&gt;on the perceived cost of attaining the source of information.  For example, it could be &lt;br&gt;based on the distance to travel or the time delay waiting to retrieve the resource.  &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=5&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Accessibility is seen as one of the strongest predictors of use.  Quality âgoverns the &lt;br&gt;acceptability of the information retrievedâ (Ford 1973, p. 88).  Studies note that &lt;br&gt;researchers generally do not rely on libraries for providing the information required in &lt;br&gt;the starting phase of the information gathering process (Folster 1995).  Libraries or &lt;br&gt;librarians are seen as sources for acquiring material previously identified as relevant, &lt;br&gt;rather than as a primary source for identifying relevant information.  They do not play &lt;br&gt;an important part in the initial search process for sources (Folster 1995).  However, &lt;br&gt;academics in humanities read, on average, more than people in other fields of study.  &lt;br&gt;A consequence of this is that they tend to know where to find information required to &lt;br&gt;start a new project, and generally make more use of the library and its facilities &lt;br&gt;(Wiberley and Jones 1989). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Chaining&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;The chaining or chasing stage is â...following chains of citations or other forms of &lt;br&gt;referential connection between materialâ (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993, p. 359).  Chaining involves &lt;br&gt;locating references to further work by using relevant material already retrieved.  Ellis &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993) categorises chaining as being either forward or backward chaining.  &lt;br&gt;Backward chaining looks at the references within an article to locate other relevant &lt;br&gt;printed articles written in the past.  Forward chaining makes use of citation indexes to &lt;br&gt;find out which articles have cited the relevant article you possess (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993).  &lt;br&gt;Another method of chaining is using catalogue systems to locate work with the same &lt;br&gt;author, subject, topic or classification. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Most studies regarding information seeking did not state the way in which &lt;br&gt;information is located once the initial relevant references were found.  However, &lt;br&gt;Hallmark (1994) remarks that most scientists use references from their literature to &lt;br&gt;chain both backwards and forwards.  It is also seen that they make use of the online &lt;br&gt;databases and library facilities.  Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993) finds that for scientists and social &lt;br&gt;scientists âBackward chaining [is] ... identified as the principle means employed to &lt;br&gt;chase referencesâ and that forward chaining is less widely used and understood.  Most &lt;br&gt;scientists know about and utilise citation indexes (generally the &lt;i&gt;Science Citation &lt;br&gt;Index&lt;/i&gt;).  This is unlike the social scientists Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993) studied who had very &lt;br&gt;little or no knowledge of citation indexes and did not know of the existence of the &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Social Science Citation Index&lt;/i&gt;.  Social scientists are more likely to use reference lists &lt;br&gt;in books and journals to locate information sources.  They also use CD-ROM and &lt;br&gt;online databases (Hartmann 1995).  Computer scientists use reference lists to initiate &lt;br&gt;trials (Cunningham and Connaway).  They also make use of on-line keyword search &lt;br&gt;techniques.  Individuals in the humanities use bibliographical tracings and subject and &lt;br&gt;publisherâs catalogues (Broadbent 1986; Sievert and Sievert 1989; Wiberley and &lt;br&gt;Jones 1989).  In the research on information seeking behaviour of professionals, &lt;br&gt;Pinelli (1991), Holland and Powell (1995) and Leckie &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1996), did not indicate &lt;br&gt;how people in professional situations locate further information after gaining initial &lt;br&gt;references. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;The library services used in the chaining stage of information seeking is limited &lt;br&gt;mainly to online bibliographic and catalogue services.  Even then, most of those that &lt;br&gt;acknowledge the use of these facilities prefer, when possible, to use these facilities &lt;br&gt;from the comfort of their own personal computers (Cunningham and Connaway). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=6&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;Browsing &lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Browsing is a â... planned or unplanned examination of sources, journals, books, or &lt;br&gt;other media in the hope of discovering unspecified new, but useful informationâ &lt;br&gt;(Apted and Choo 1971, p. 228).  It is concerned with searching from where to what &lt;br&gt;rather than from what to where (Chang and Rice 1993).  However, is must be noted &lt;br&gt;that there are two main types of browsing, across-document browsing and within-&lt;br&gt;document browsing (Marchionini 1995).  Across-document browsing is often &lt;br&gt;identified with card catalogue systems or bookshelves and it is when records or books &lt;br&gt;are surveyed to find items to examine more closely.  These items could be on a &lt;br&gt;specific topic or to keep up to date.  Within-document browsing is mainly used during &lt;br&gt;the differentiation stage of the search process to determine if the material retrieved is &lt;br&gt;relevant or to gain an overview (this is explored further below).  Browsing can be &lt;br&gt;seen as either a specific stage in the information seeking process or an activity carried &lt;br&gt;out during phases of the process; for example, during the starting stage one may &lt;br&gt;browse library bookshelves for initial sources of information. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Research into different types, the meaning, and evaluation of browsing is discussed by &lt;br&gt;Apted and Choo (1971).  This research also finds that there seems to be a contrast &lt;br&gt;between browsing methods used by people in different disciplines.  Scientists, for &lt;br&gt;example, tend to browse current material and make a deliberate attempt to include this &lt;br&gt;activity in their information seeking behaviour.  It is usually conducted haphazardly &lt;br&gt;and is mainly for maintaining awareness in the current literature.  This point is &lt;br&gt;emphasised by Hallmark (1994) who states that â[m]ost scientists argue that browsing &lt;br&gt;in library and personal journal issues is of critical importance in keeping up with the &lt;br&gt;literatureâ (Hallmark 1994, p. 203-204).  The methods of browsing for scientists &lt;br&gt;include browsing in journals, &lt;i&gt;Current Contents&lt;/i&gt;, abstracts, along shelves in the library &lt;br&gt;or in bookshops, and displays at conferences (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993).  Most computer &lt;br&gt;scientists know the primary journals in their field and browsing them is an activity &lt;br&gt;that is performed regularly.  It is also recognised that computer scientists browse their &lt;br&gt;personal bookshelves and use the Internet when looking for information sources &lt;br&gt;(Cunningham and Connaway).  In contrast, social scientists rank browsing low down &lt;br&gt;in their information seeking tasks, after reference lists, bibliographies, and reviews for &lt;br&gt;use in locating sources of information (Hartmann 1995).  This may be due to the &lt;br&gt;structure of the library for providing a useful browsing environment for social &lt;br&gt;scientists.  â[Browsing] ... is an approach to information seeking that is informal and &lt;br&gt;opportunistic and depends heavily on the information environmentâ (Marchionini &lt;br&gt;1995, p. 100).  Because of the many topic areas studied by social scientists the books &lt;br&gt;and journals used are vast and wide spread through out the library, making it difficult &lt;br&gt;to browse all the relevant publications.  Thus, since the environment is not ideal for a &lt;br&gt;social scientist, browsing can often be unrewarding.  For humanities scholars, as in &lt;br&gt;social sciences, browsing is not ranked highly as an information seeking activity.  &lt;br&gt;Sievert and Sievert (1989) remarks that browsing for humanists is not a regular habit &lt;br&gt;and that âonly a few, a very few had any pattern of browsing anywhereâ (Sievert and &lt;br&gt;Sievert 1989, p. 92).  When they do browse, however, it is usually a wider base, using &lt;br&gt;both old and new material and material on almost any topic.  It also is seen as a less &lt;br&gt;deliberate act, than that of the sciences.  In the studies perused, there is little mention &lt;br&gt;on the browsing behaviour of non-academic professionals.  Leckie &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. (1996) say &lt;br&gt;that engineers monitor or browse journals.  This is perhaps a characteristic of all non-&lt;br&gt;academic professionals. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=7&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Browsing can be a rewarding task because  âBrowsing is a natural and effective &lt;br&gt;approach to many types of information-seeking problems.  It is natural because it &lt;br&gt;coordinates human physical, emotive, and cognitive resources in the same way that &lt;br&gt;humans monitor the physical world and search for physical objects.  It can be &lt;br&gt;effective because the environment and particularly human-created environments are &lt;br&gt;generally organised and highly redundantâ (Marchionini 1995, p. 100).  The library is &lt;br&gt;an organised environment classified to invite browsing by topic area, yet there are &lt;br&gt;some disciplines in which their subject can include many topics scattered through out &lt;br&gt;the classification scheme.  This may be a reason why most individuals prefer to &lt;br&gt;browse their own collections rather than browse library bookshelves for relevant &lt;br&gt;information.  Apted and Choo (1971) lists a few ideas that could improve library &lt;br&gt;browsing, one being the use of small sections of material, continually refreshed with &lt;br&gt;information of high interest and potential.  However, there are arguments for and &lt;br&gt;against such structuring (Apted and Choo 1971; Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Differentiating&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;Ellis  &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993) define differentiating as â... an activity which uses differences &lt;br&gt;between sources as a filter on the nature and quality of the material examinedâ (Ellis &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993, p. 362).  Differentiating is based on human judgement to determine the &lt;br&gt;relevance of the information retrieved.  Schamber (1994) addresses relevance and the &lt;br&gt;problems surrounding an accurate definition.  The term ârelevanceâ, when discussed &lt;br&gt;here, pertains to the situational view where it ârefers to a relationship between &lt;br&gt;information and the userâs information problem situationâ (Schamber 1994, p. 8).  &lt;br&gt;The selection of material based on some predefined criteria defines the usefulness or &lt;br&gt;satisfaction of the information retrieved.  This criteria can be based on the actual &lt;br&gt;information contained in the publication, or guidelines such as cost saving, precision, &lt;br&gt;completeness, credibility, and convenience of location (Gluck 1996), or it could be &lt;br&gt;based on the perceived relevance of specific authors, journals, institutions, etc.   &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;To determine relevance on the basis of subject, individuals often read the material &lt;br&gt;specifically to gain an overview to form an opinion on its content.  Browsing can be &lt;br&gt;used to ascertain this.  âFor example, by scanning the title page, table of contents, &lt;br&gt;section headings, index, and reference list of a book, we gain a sense of the contentâs &lt;br&gt;scope, depth of coverage, and the authorâs organizational perspective and thereby can &lt;br&gt;decide quickly whether to invest time reading it.  It is important to note that in the &lt;br&gt;case of books, those attributes that we browse first are well-established standards to &lt;br&gt;aid browsingâ (Marchionini 1995, p. 102).  Marchionini (1995) calls this within-&lt;br&gt;document browsing.   &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;It was found that research did not specifically comment on selection behaviours of &lt;br&gt;specific disciplines.  But the research did reveal that most scholars differentiate &lt;br&gt;between sources of information on the basis of the materialâs subject.  Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;(1993) state that scientists and social scientists tend to use factors such as topic, &lt;br&gt;author, and journal source.  The source of information was also analysed for the &lt;br&gt;quality, level and type to decide relevance.  From these factors, a list of core journals &lt;br&gt;is often determined which can also be used to identify material.  Researchers in &lt;br&gt;humanities also have a high regard for authors and also works (Sievert and Sievert &lt;br&gt;1989).  As with the other disciplines, studies on professionals did not cover how they &lt;br&gt;determine information relevance. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=8&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Determining the relevance of a document or source is solely an individualâs &lt;br&gt;perspective, so the library or librarian is not a determining factor in differentiating &lt;br&gt;sources.  It would, however, be advantageous for a library to know and have the &lt;br&gt;relevant material available for use.  Traditionally, librarians have sort to provide &lt;br&gt;relevant material.  However, due to the rising cost of documents, they have had to be &lt;br&gt;more selective in their acquisitions.  In response, positions such as special librarians &lt;br&gt;were created.  A special librarian is usually engaged to determine and purchase &lt;br&gt;relevant material for an associated subject area (Folster 1995).  This service is &lt;br&gt;advantageous to both novices and experts in a particular subject area.  These librarians &lt;br&gt;can direct novices to their area of interest, knowing where relevant material might be &lt;br&gt;located.  Experts benefit from this system because their subject area has been &lt;br&gt;investigated so that relevant and frequently used information is easily accessed. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Monitoring&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;Monitoring âis the activity of maintaining awareness of developments in an area &lt;br&gt;through regularly following particular sourcesâ (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993, p. 362).  As &lt;br&gt;previously noted, a large part of monitoring is conducted using browsing techniques.  &lt;br&gt;However, browsing is also a major information gathering technique in its own right.  &lt;br&gt;In monitoring the individual must determine a select range of sources to look at so as &lt;br&gt;not to get overwhelmed.  These sources are usually the predominant sources used in &lt;br&gt;the particular field.  There may be different sources of information used in each &lt;br&gt;discipline for monitoring, but the overall nature and form of the activity is the same &lt;br&gt;(Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;For scientists, monitoring often means constantly surveying their small number of &lt;br&gt;core sources, mainly personal contacts and journals.  Other sources can include &lt;br&gt;conferences, conference proceedings, magazines, abstracts, books, newspapers, &lt;br&gt;television and computer search updates (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993).  Scientists also maintain an &lt;br&gt;often concise personal collection of information which is used for monitoring their &lt;br&gt;fields of interest.  Seggern (1995) notes that this behaviour is due to the convenience &lt;br&gt;of having the journals on-hand.  In comparison, where scientists place a lot of &lt;br&gt;emphasis on journals for maintaining awareness, social scientists use core books and &lt;br&gt;journals equally.  They also use newspapers and published catalogues (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;1993; Hartmann 1995).  Studies on humanists and professionals had no direct &lt;br&gt;references to their monitoring behaviours.  Sievert and Sievert (1989) did say that in &lt;br&gt;the humanities they do a lot of reading but they are not concerned with keeping up to &lt;br&gt;date with the most recent publications.  Also, Leckie &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1996) does say that &lt;br&gt;engineers monitor journals for opportunities and threats and to see âwhatâs out thereâ.  &lt;br&gt;This may be generalisable to all professionals, but more formal study is required.  In &lt;br&gt;an ever changing environment (especially areas like health care and law) professional &lt;br&gt;individuals must keep up with what is happening.   &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;From the information gathered on the topic of information seeking patterns of &lt;br&gt;academic disciplines, Folster (1995) concludes that high on the list of priorities for &lt;br&gt;services implemented by libraries should be current awareness services.  One such &lt;br&gt;service is &lt;i&gt;Current Contents&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;i&gt;Current Contents&lt;/i&gt; provides an alternative to scanning &lt;br&gt;journals, but it is not frequently used by academics.  Other facilities include printed &lt;br&gt;and electronic abstracts and indexes such as OCLC FirstSearch, UNCOVER, reviews, &lt;br&gt;guides, and citation indexes.   &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=9&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;Extracting&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;Extracting is defined by Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993) as the behaviour involved in systematically &lt;br&gt;going through a specific source and identifying material to locate or follow up on.  &lt;br&gt;Formal sources are more frequently used for systematic analysis, although informal &lt;br&gt;sources may also be used in extracting.  This is a task which is primarily carried out &lt;br&gt;during the starting or initial familiarisation phase of the information seeking process &lt;br&gt;to produce a concise list of references to begin searching with.  Folster (1995) also &lt;br&gt;includes the reading of material to decide what information will be a part of a final &lt;br&gt;report as an extracting activity.  This will be discussed further in a following section &lt;br&gt;on the reading behaviours of people and how they go about extracting information &lt;br&gt;from publications. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Research into extracting generally only reveals the sources used.  Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993) is &lt;br&gt;the only study found that discloses the actual use of sources.  However, Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;(1993) only discusses the significance of the activity and reveals the stages of the &lt;br&gt;information seeking process in which extraction of source material is most likely to &lt;br&gt;happen.  For most scientists, extracting for further information is a minimal activity &lt;br&gt;that generally only happens in the starting and monitoring stages.  In the case of &lt;br&gt;physicists, after initially familiarising oneself with a project, they tend not to seek &lt;br&gt;further.  Physicists also tend to use extraction during current awareness activities.  &lt;br&gt;Likewise, chemists are inclined to use this activity in writing reviews, forcing them to &lt;br&gt;maintain awareness.  The sources used in extracting for scientists are usually journals, &lt;br&gt;monographs, indexes, abstracts, bibliographies and computer databases (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;1993).  Sources of information that are mainly used by computer scientists are &lt;br&gt;journals and computer databases, specifically the Internet.  Online catalogues and CD-&lt;br&gt;ROMs are used infrequently.  Computer scientists locate information via the World &lt;br&gt;Wide Web and investigate the home pages of researchers and research institutions.  &lt;br&gt;This sort of activity is not an extensive one for computer scientists and they tend to &lt;br&gt;base their own contributions on only one or a few documents.  One computer scientist &lt;br&gt;who was surveyed said that âI know people who know the literature too well and &lt;br&gt;never get any research done ... [t]he referees will tell me if I have missed some &lt;br&gt;important reference (Cunningham and Connaway).  In a comparison between &lt;br&gt;scientists and social scientists, Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993) remarks that social scientists use &lt;br&gt;extracting mainly during monitoring.  For this group of people, books, journals, book &lt;br&gt;reviews, and bibliographies are the main sources used (Hartmann 1995).  Humanities &lt;br&gt;use these sources and also include subject catalogues, printed indexes and research &lt;br&gt;guides (Broadbent 1986; Sievert and Sievert 1989).  In studies discussing the &lt;br&gt;information seeking activities of professionals, sources are generally not mentioned.  &lt;br&gt;Leckie &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1996) notes that professionals make use of trade journals, books, printed &lt;br&gt;catalogues and internal sources. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;For most users, the library is seen as a reservoir of information, so it is expected to &lt;br&gt;provide easy access to formal sources used to extract information.  When extracting is &lt;br&gt;used to maintain current awareness, access is particularly important for browsing and &lt;br&gt;reading the most recent core journals in the respective fields.  The material must also &lt;br&gt;be current and relevant.  An ideal is again the use of special librarians who know the &lt;br&gt;particular sources which are reliable and applicable for specific fields of study. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=10&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;Verification and Ending&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;Verification and ending are information gathering activities used during the verifying &lt;br&gt;and ending phases of researching.  In verifying, the information and sources used to &lt;br&gt;produce their own material are checked for information accuracy and errors.  The &lt;br&gt;sorts of problems that come to light include typographical, numerical, equation, and &lt;br&gt;citation errors.  Verification for most only involves knowing and using reliable &lt;br&gt;sources.  To take it further, âone chemist did a spot check on everything, as well as &lt;br&gt;checking obvious errors and material from sources he regarded as unreliable; another &lt;br&gt;did a spot check on new textbooksâ (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993, p. 365).  This sort of activity is &lt;br&gt;seen as minor and is usually subsumed under other activities; for example, social &lt;br&gt;scientists tend to include it under chaining (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Ending is the assembly and dissemination of information or the actual drawing &lt;br&gt;together of material for publication.  It covers the information seeking activities &lt;br&gt;concerned with finishing a topic or project (Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993; Folster 1995).  Most &lt;br&gt;scholars do their major information gathering activities at the start of a project for &lt;br&gt;initial familiarisation, and some also perform literature and information searches &lt;br&gt;during the lifetime of the project.  However, Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993) notes that some &lt;br&gt;chemists returned to the literature at the writing up stage of the project to discuss their &lt;br&gt;contribution in light of the reviewed literature.  Two of these chemists minimally &lt;br&gt;collated information in the starting stage of the project and performed a thorough &lt;br&gt;information search at the end.  âBoth were aware of dangers with this type of &lt;br&gt;approach in finding material at the end which would have led them to modify the &lt;br&gt;work they carried out or in finding that the work had already been undertakenâ (Ellis &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993, p. 365).   &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Location and Delivery of Material&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;In regard to researching behaviour, there are other aspects that need to be considered &lt;br&gt;that are not discussed by Ellis &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993).  These are the location and delivery of &lt;br&gt;material and the implications of the decisions made in these areas.  Locating a known &lt;br&gt;document or publication reference is often by using an individualâs own collection, &lt;br&gt;the library, or the interlibrary loan system (interloan). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;The majority of the people surveyed in the articles examined stated that they &lt;br&gt;maintained and extensively used personal collections of journals, documents and/or &lt;br&gt;books.  It is not surprising that a personal collection is kept, as the core material &lt;br&gt;related to their field of interest is often known by researchers.  Sievert and Sievert &lt;br&gt;(1989) had respondents who âcommented that once they [humanists] knew an item &lt;br&gt;was likely to be of importance to them, they tended to purchase itâ (Sievert and &lt;br&gt;Sievert 1989, p. 85).  A preference for their own collections is mainly due to &lt;br&gt;convenience.  For scientists, this reason was mentioned most often by the researchers &lt;br&gt;surveyed (Seggern 1995).  This is because they preferred their own classification &lt;br&gt;systems and their own environments.  They did not like the barrier experienced in &lt;br&gt;libraries such as temporary unavailability due to binding or use by others.  Other &lt;br&gt;reasons for having a personal collection are:  researchers can annotate the text for &lt;br&gt;their own purposes (Sievert and Sievert 1989); local libraries no longer carried the &lt;br&gt;essential journals for the researcherâs discipline; the problems with obtaining journals &lt;br&gt;that are now stored in storage due of lack of shelf space; loss, theft, negligence of &lt;br&gt;material; missing and mutilated journals; and general accessibility (Hallmark 1994).  &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=11&gt;&lt;/a&gt;It has been found that researchers rely more on the items they have on hand rather &lt;br&gt;than relying on library services (Folster 1995). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;If researchers do not have the required reference or information in their own &lt;br&gt;collection, they will often resort to using their local library collections.  The library is &lt;br&gt;seen as a repository for information and a mechanism for document delivery for those &lt;br&gt;items not owned.  Librarians are rarely consulted by researchers when looking for &lt;br&gt;information.  Some researchers surveyed commented that the library is a &lt;br&gt;supplementary source rather than a primary source of information.  It is seen as a &lt;br&gt;place to get information from once a reference has been found, or a place that &lt;br&gt;provides document delivery services (Ford 1973; Sievert and Sievert 1989; Folster &lt;br&gt;1995).  Some find that the library system is pleasing and easy to obtain the necessary &lt;br&gt;material from the shelves, but others lack an appreciation for the library classification &lt;br&gt;system, believing it to be difficult to navigate (Hallmark 1994). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Researchers can generally agree on two things, that their local library services are &lt;br&gt;usually adequate for locating material and that they make extensive use of interloan &lt;br&gt;facilities.  The material that is not readily available elsewhere can be retrieved via &lt;br&gt;interloan, which is usually done through the local library.  The unavailability of &lt;br&gt;material at the local library most often results in an interloan request (Hallmark 1994; &lt;br&gt;Hartmann 1995).  However, for computer scientists, interloan was found to be only &lt;br&gt;used when the material could not be located at the library or on the World Wide Web &lt;br&gt;(Cunningham and Connaway).  The only problem with interloan is the time delay &lt;br&gt;from the request for information to actually receiving it.  Hallmark (1994) concludes &lt;br&gt;that âThey [researchers] do expect and need fast, efficient, and inexpensive document &lt;br&gt;delivery for material not owned and not available electronicallyâ (Hallmark 1994, p. &lt;br&gt;208) and says that at present there is an unacceptable wait.  It points out that requests &lt;br&gt;that have taken too long are no longer of interest.  For professionals, at least, it seems &lt;br&gt;that accessibility is a major issue when requiring information.  Pinelli (1991) and &lt;br&gt;Leckie  &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1996) state that accessibility appears to be a criteria used most often &lt;br&gt;when selecting an information source even if that source proved to be the least useful &lt;br&gt;or not of high quality.  Another issue that is stipulated is timeliness.  Information that &lt;br&gt;can be obtained immediately or in a reasonable amount of time is more likely to be &lt;br&gt;used.  The usefulness and impact of the retrieved information will decrease as time &lt;br&gt;proceeds (Leckie &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1996).  So, the relevance of a document is often based on &lt;br&gt;accessibility and timeliness, two of the down sides to using interloan.  â[The biggest &lt;br&gt;problem] is being able to obtain the article easily and rapidly...in such cases &lt;br&gt;interlibrary loan can be too slow and require too much time and effort to be &lt;br&gt;worthwhileâ (Hallmark 1994, p. 206). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Summary&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;From looking at how researchers in the academic and professional roles conduct &lt;br&gt;information seeking and retrieval, it is interesting to note that the library is mostly &lt;br&gt;used as a source for previously identified material, to browse bookshelves (mainly for &lt;br&gt;current awareness), and for the interloan facilities.  This definition of library usage is &lt;br&gt;very different from what libraries provide and researchers are recommended to use.  &lt;br&gt;To further strengthen the argument, Folster (1995) suggests that improvements to &lt;br&gt;services mean that libraries must focus on document delivery services, current &lt;br&gt;awareness services, and customised search services, as these are the most utilised &lt;br&gt;facilities.  The article also advises training in new technologies. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=12&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;In most cases, the way in which researchers of different disciplines conduct &lt;br&gt;information seeking and retrieval is very similar.  Often the difference between &lt;br&gt;disciplines is in the sources used and the importance attached to the activity.  The &lt;br&gt;actual act is the same across the fields.  When looking at the differences in the use of &lt;br&gt;libraries by researchers, they are significant.  Humanists and social scientists boast &lt;br&gt;that they use the library a lot more frequently than scientists and computer scientists.  &lt;br&gt;Professionals, on the other hand, use the library rarely.  Most people overall may use &lt;br&gt;the library to retrieve information at some time, but a lot do not know about or use &lt;br&gt;other facilities offered by the library.  Holland and Powell (1995) describes a survey &lt;br&gt;performed on a sample of engineers who took a specific course at university.  This &lt;br&gt;course involved formal training on conducting information research.  The responses to &lt;br&gt;that survey and to a survey conducted on another sample engineers, who did not take &lt;br&gt;this course, were compared.  A result of the comparison was that both groups of &lt;br&gt;people showed similar information gathering preferences, but those that took the &lt;br&gt;above course showed more awareness of library services.  Increasing the exposure of &lt;br&gt;the library leads to an increase in the use of materials and services (Ford 1973).  &lt;br&gt;These trends discussed here are replicated in Broadbent (1986), where it is noted that &lt;br&gt;inexperience is the cause of the limited knowledge of library services.  This lack of &lt;br&gt;formal training among researchers is not uncommon; for example, all the computer &lt;br&gt;scientists in Cunningham and Connaway had received no instruction in conducting a &lt;br&gt;literature search or in using the common indices.  The result of this is that users of the &lt;br&gt;library do not make the most of services available to them, and the library is not seen &lt;br&gt;as anything more than an information repository.   &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Information Use and Storage &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;Once relevant material has been located and retrieved, information is then extracted &lt;br&gt;for use.  How individuals read can be analysed for insight into their behaviour during &lt;br&gt;this activity.  Most research into reading concentrates on either identifying letters, &lt;br&gt;words, and sentences when learning to read, or on the cognitive processes involved, or &lt;br&gt;on strategies for reading better or more efficiently.  There is very little documented &lt;br&gt;research found on how readers actually behave when confronted with material â &lt;br&gt;where and when reading occurs, what is read, and how information is extracted from &lt;br&gt;relevant material.  Research on the utilisation of materials â the what-where-when-&lt;br&gt;how-and-why of material use â in the library yields similar results due to the &lt;br&gt;difficulty to record such activities (Ford 1973).  &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Reading Environment&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;An integral part of reading behaviour is the effect of the environment on the reader.  &lt;br&gt;The environment can influence concentration and reading ability.  Preferences for &lt;br&gt;reading environments are subject to the self-defined factors of users.  Factors for &lt;br&gt;choosing a particular reading area can include noise or distractions (or the lack there &lt;br&gt;of), the presence of other people, privacy, seating arrangements, and the availability &lt;br&gt;of other materials (Sommer 1966; Gifford and Sommer 1968; Sommer 1968; Fishman &lt;br&gt;and Walitt 1972).  An assumption cannot be made that there is one optimal reading &lt;br&gt;environment that will meet the needs of all individuals (Gifford and Sommer 1968; &lt;br&gt;Sommer 1968) so it is recommended that in designing reading areas, there needs to be &lt;br&gt;a variety of reading spaces for everyone.  In this way individuals can choose the most &lt;br&gt;suitable place according to their reading preferences. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=13&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;Reading, primarily for research, can be done in such places as the library, in study &lt;br&gt;rooms, offices, etc.  Most research is inclined to look at the library when discussing &lt;br&gt;reading environments.  Contradicting this, most studies reviewed indicated that &lt;br&gt;researcher do not spend much time in the library.  Thus, there is a requirement to &lt;br&gt;know what researchers do and need in the place that they actually read.  However, &lt;br&gt;Ford (1973) looks at the study environment in the library.  The requirements of library &lt;br&gt;patrons include personal needs such as â[c]onditions of work â heating, lighting, &lt;br&gt;draughts, sound-proofing, ease of entry/exit â turnstiles, porters etc. ... [a]menities â &lt;br&gt;location of lavatories, smoking rooms, food, drinkâ (Ford 1973, p. 88).  It is also &lt;br&gt;noted that these and other needs of people are variable and that it is important for the &lt;br&gt;library to cater for all.   &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;The reading environment also includes how material is presented.  This affects not &lt;br&gt;only the readability but can also influence the processing of information.  Duchastel &lt;br&gt;(1982) investigates text processing and finds that the presentation of material is &lt;br&gt;particular to its purpose.  For example, â[d]ictionaries ... are used for looking up the &lt;br&gt;meaning of words, reference books for finding out specific information about a &lt;br&gt;subject, novels for entertainment [and] ... [t]extbooks are used primarily for learningâ &lt;br&gt;(Duchastel 1982, p. 170).  The use of these materials are considerably different and so &lt;br&gt;the display techniques to aid information processing is therefore specific to the &lt;br&gt;materialâs purpose.  Such techniques include labelling, highlighting and illustrating.   &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;The presentation medium of reading material is generally either printed or electronic.  &lt;br&gt;There is a lot of research into the effects of reading from a screen and comparing this &lt;br&gt;to reading from a paper copy (Askwall 1985; Mills and Weldon 1987; Oborne and &lt;br&gt;Holton 1988; Muter and Maurutto 1991; De Bruijn &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1992).  It has been found &lt;br&gt;that today, due to computers being more advanced, comparatively faster, and more &lt;br&gt;reliable, and owing to increased exposure to the computing environment, there is little &lt;br&gt;evidence that there is a difference in reading speed or comprehension when material is &lt;br&gt;presented on a screen or hard copy (Askwall 1985; Oborne and Holton 1988; Muter &lt;br&gt;and Maurutto 1991).  Therefore, if these are the only two factors considered of &lt;br&gt;significance when determining readability, then the reading medium is dependent on &lt;br&gt;the readers preference.  However, reading and comprehension are only two of many &lt;br&gt;factors which dictate the use of paper versus computers when reading (Oborne and &lt;br&gt;Holton 1988).   &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Paper copies are widely used because paper is permanent; it can be recalled without &lt;br&gt;recourse to high technology; it is convenient; and easily transportable (Showstack &lt;br&gt;1982; Oborne and Holton 1988).  âPaper ... is still the most popular method of &lt;br&gt;communications and is likely to remain soâ (Plume 1988 quoted in Muter 1991, p. &lt;br&gt;257).  In comparison to computer screens, paper appears to be easier and faster to &lt;br&gt;read, but the size of the effect depends on the quality of both the paper and the screen &lt;br&gt;presentation (Mills and Weldon 1987).  Use of computer screens for reading &lt;br&gt;electronic copies is often dependent on the textual display.  Advances in technology &lt;br&gt;have increased the legibility of computer screens through better resolution, clearer and &lt;br&gt;more varied fonts, negative contrast capability (dark characters on a light background) &lt;br&gt;and a higher refresh rate, to name a few.  This provides flexibility in textual &lt;br&gt;presentation of information (Muter and Maurutto 1991).  Merrill (1982), Mills and &lt;br&gt;Weldon (1987), and Muter and Maurutto (1991) list several factors concerning how to &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=14&gt;&lt;/a&gt;display information on computer screens to get optimum readability.  Readers may &lt;br&gt;prefer computer screens, even though usersâ performance may not be as good with &lt;br&gt;computer screens as with paper (Mills and Weldon 1987).  Both paper and electronic &lt;br&gt;copies have their advantages and disadvantages.  Perhaps readability is dependent on &lt;br&gt;reader preference where the reader determines which of the mediums disadvantages &lt;br&gt;them the least. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;When looking at researchers who were surveyed, there are mixed responses to their &lt;br&gt;preference for reading medium.  Computer scientists preferred to use paper copies.  &lt;br&gt;Documents that were retrieved in electronic format were printed and in most cases &lt;br&gt;only the printed documents were retained.  The electronic copy might be kept while it &lt;br&gt;was of immediate use (Cunningham and Connaway).  In contrast, Holland and Powell &lt;br&gt;(1995) found that engineers preferred to receive information in electronic form and &lt;br&gt;would prefer to receive less paper in the future.  Scientists also expressed the &lt;br&gt;usefulness of the retrieval of full text online documents, then âfiles could then be &lt;br&gt;viewed on the scientistâs screen and printed on the local laser printed if desired &lt;br&gt;(Hallmark 1994, p. 206).  These preferences for electronic documents were mainly &lt;br&gt;due to the convenience of retrieval.  Research was not found to confirm that these &lt;br&gt;electronic documents were then read online. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Reading for Information Use &lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;âIn simple terms, information has only one use â ie. the assistance of problem &lt;br&gt;solvingâ (Ford 1973, p. 88).  One main technique for extracting information is by &lt;br&gt;reading.  Alternative techniques are listening and viewing an oral discussion, &lt;br&gt;presentation, demonstration, etc.  When looking at reading as an activity for &lt;br&gt;extracting information to use, there are positives and negatives associated with &lt;br&gt;reading as an activity for extracting (Norman 1993).  Positive aspects of reading are &lt;br&gt;that the individual has control over which portion of text is read, which is skipped, &lt;br&gt;which is repeated, and at any moment they can stop reading.  Moreover, it gives them &lt;br&gt;the chance to reflect on what has been read, so that they can contemplate, question, &lt;br&gt;ponder and agree or disagree.  On the other side, reading can be comparatively slow &lt;br&gt;and difficult in comparison to other mediums of information.  It takes training and &lt;br&gt;practice and â[r]eading ... requires relatively greater effort and thoughtâ (Showstack &lt;br&gt;1982,  p371).  Reading takes mental effort, mental demands, concentration, and &lt;br&gt;requires a focus of attention on the material.  âWritten material tends to be &lt;br&gt;information-rich, so that considerable mental activity is needed to decode the authorâs &lt;br&gt;messageâ (Norman 1993, p. 244).   &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;There are many research and study guides that instruct readers on the benefits of using &lt;br&gt;reading methods to increase reading speed and comprehension.  One such strategy for &lt;br&gt;scanning documents to determine the material of relevance is recorded in Booth &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;(1995) where speedier reading is achieved through five steps.  Booth &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1995) &lt;br&gt;acknowledges that this is only used to identify and understand the work and states that &lt;br&gt;the important sources require careful reading.  More thorough strategies for critical &lt;br&gt;reading was developed by Hardcastle (1996) from a variety of sources.  This proposes &lt;br&gt;that these strategies can make reading more satisfying and productive.  The seven &lt;br&gt;strategies include:  previewing, learning about a text before actually reading it; &lt;br&gt;contextualising, placing a text in its historical, biographical, and cultural context; &lt;br&gt;questioning to understand and remember, asking questions about the content; &lt;br&gt;reflecting on challenges to your beliefs and values, examining you personal responses; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=15&gt;&lt;/a&gt;outlining and summarising, identifying the main ideas and restating them in your own &lt;br&gt;words; evaluating an argument; testing the logic of a text as well as its credibility and &lt;br&gt;emotional impact; and comparing and contrasting related readings, exploring &lt;br&gt;likenesses and differences between texts to understand them better (Hardcastle 1996).  &lt;br&gt;Another reading method is examined in Sweet &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; (1993) for use within a teaching &lt;br&gt;and learning environment. These reading strategies can be used to extract information, &lt;br&gt;but in doing so ideas, arguments and conclusions are also formed. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Strategic reading usually insists on the use of annotations and notes to guide &lt;br&gt;information extraction.  Hardcastleâs (1996) critical reading strategies, reviewed &lt;br&gt;above, state that annotating directly on the page is fundamental to these techniques.  &lt;br&gt;Annotations can include, âunderlining key words, phrases, or sentences; writing &lt;br&gt;comments or questions in the margins; bracketing important sections of the text; &lt;br&gt;constructing ideas with lines or arrows; numbering related points in sequence; and &lt;br&gt;making note of anything that strikes you as interesting, important, or questionableâ &lt;br&gt;(Hardcastle 1996).  Annotations are usually written directly on a paper copy to refer &lt;br&gt;directly to specific parts of the text for reading clarity, proof-reading, or refereeing.  &lt;br&gt;â[U]sers often show a strong preference for the âhard-copyâ medium of document &lt;br&gt;presentation when it comes to reading activities such as those that involve proof-&lt;br&gt;reading or refereeing the documentâ (Tucker and Jones 1993), even though the use of &lt;br&gt;computers for displaying documents is increasing.  When using electronic copies of &lt;br&gt;documents, some editors provide annotating facilities.  These can be awkward to use, &lt;br&gt;often requiring specific file formats and dictating how the user must annotate.  This is &lt;br&gt;discussed further by Tucker and Jones (1993) with respect to the use of written, typed &lt;br&gt;or spoken annotations.  Annotating is an individual task that enhances and establishes &lt;br&gt;the authorâs message as the reader interprets it.  Differences in annotation marks when &lt;br&gt;comparing the same document that has been annotated by two people are linked to &lt;br&gt;personal understanding and preferences (Showstack 1982) and it has been found that &lt;br&gt;â[m]ost readers annotate in layers, adding further annotations on second and third &lt;br&gt;readings.  Annotations can be light or heavy, depending on the readerâs purpose and &lt;br&gt;the difficulty of the materialâ (Hardcastle 1996). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;It is recommended that in addition to annotating that the reader should take notes to &lt;br&gt;reflect the âquality of thinkingâ at the time (Booth &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1995).   Specific information &lt;br&gt;that should be recorded include, bibliographical data, key words, summaries and &lt;br&gt;thoughts, and a call number (if applicable).  Making notes can enhance reading by &lt;br&gt;focussing the readerâs concentration, increasing the readerâs understanding of the text, &lt;br&gt;and enforcing an evaluation of the quality of the source document.  It is used to gather &lt;br&gt;information and create links between what you know and what you have read from &lt;br&gt;different sources.  This gives you a broader perspective and the ability to draw &lt;br&gt;conclusions.  It also records information that can be stored for later use (LDC 1996). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Although the strategies above dictate how one &lt;i&gt;should&lt;/i&gt; read, it is not known how &lt;br&gt;individuals  &lt;i&gt;actually&lt;/i&gt; read.  In particular, frequency and quality are characteristics of &lt;br&gt;reading which are often unknown and hard to measure.  Reading for information can &lt;br&gt;be a specific, casual or a subliminal activity.  With the amount of information &lt;br&gt;propelled upon individuals, how much does a person read and process?  One way of &lt;br&gt;measuring reading frequency for researchers is by determining the utilisation of &lt;br&gt;library materials.  It has been found that even though the materials that are on loan are &lt;br&gt;often retained until the due date, the use made of the materials is small relative to the &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=16&gt;&lt;/a&gt;length of time they are on loan (Ford 1973).  The quality of use during this period is &lt;br&gt;not known.  By looking at the time allocation of researchers to the activity of reading, &lt;br&gt;one may be able to determine not only how often reading occurs, but the quality and &lt;br&gt;quantity of information read. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Information Storage &lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;During the research period and afterwards it would be of interest to know what &lt;br&gt;happens to the material, information, and notes collected?  Also, what sort of format &lt;br&gt;are they kept in?  These questions may be answered by looking at the preferences for &lt;br&gt;reading environments.  Examples include, a partiality for paper or electronic copy, the &lt;br&gt;original or a photocopy, borrowed or own copy of material.  In general, from the &lt;br&gt;research seen, most scholars prefer to have their own hard copy (be it the original or a &lt;br&gt;photocopy).  Most, if not all, information is retained and filed for possible use the &lt;br&gt;future.  It has already been noted that researchers prefer their own collections; one &lt;br&gt;reason given by scientists is that they then can apply their own classification systems &lt;br&gt;when filing materials (Seggern 1995).  Such schemes are personalised and can be &lt;br&gt;quite elaborate.  Sievert and Sievert (1989) describes the organisation of research &lt;br&gt;materials by the humanists surveyed.  Most scholars have some sort of informal &lt;br&gt;classification scheme for filing which may include index cards, notebooks or some &lt;br&gt;combination of books, photocopied articles or a log of some sort.  Documents can be &lt;br&gt;arranged by the traditional Dewy Decimal, alphanumeric, or Library of Congress &lt;br&gt;classification numbers, or more likely grouped by author or subject.  Cunningham and &lt;br&gt;Connaway captures the essence of scholarly filing:  âpiles, generally not by project ... &lt;br&gt;boxes of reprints, folders of notes, folders in the filing cabinet, pigeonholes with &lt;br&gt;papers and drafts for recent papers ... basically itâs chaos.  Usually I manage to find &lt;br&gt;the most important stuffâ (Cunningham and Connaway). &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Summary &lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Ford (1973) gives a good summation of reading behaviour in libraries in that there is a &lt;br&gt;large gap in our knowledge when it comes to the utilisation of materials.  One can &lt;br&gt;only assume that the accuracy of the reading strategies available has been investigated &lt;br&gt;as to their worth and practicality and that they are characteristic of reading behaviour.  &lt;br&gt;These strategies and directions for reading give an overall impression on how readers &lt;br&gt;should read.  Most readers obviously apply some or all of the guidelines.  &lt;br&gt;Consequently, all of these strategies can be included as reader behaviour, although &lt;br&gt;some are more characteristic than others.   &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;By gaining a fuller understanding of how users of traditional libraries behave and the &lt;br&gt;reading styles of individuals, the knowledge can be applied to enhance a digital &lt;br&gt;library environment.  It can be used to create an inviting and familiar surrounding that &lt;br&gt;caters for the majority of users.  Research into library-user interaction is quite &lt;br&gt;thorough in contrast to the research on the behaviour involved in information use and &lt;br&gt;storage.  Ford (1973) discovered a gap in knowledge on the what-where-when-how-&lt;br&gt;and-why of material use in libraries.  There is also a lack of information on the actual &lt;br&gt;reading methods used, the frequency and quality of material use, and the storage of &lt;br&gt;documents.  Further research is required to extend our knowledge on these &lt;br&gt;behaviours.  In light of the research found on traditional library interactions, it would &lt;br&gt;be interesting to know if the patrons of this library environment have the same &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=17&gt;&lt;/a&gt;requirements as the digital library patrons.  It would be beneficial for designers of &lt;br&gt;digital libraries to understand the behaviours of the people they are intended for.  &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;References &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;Apted, E., and Choo, C. W. (1971). General purposive browsing. &lt;i&gt;Library Association &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Record&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;73&lt;/b&gt;, 228-230. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Askwall, S. (1985). Computer supported reading vs reading text on paper: a &lt;br&gt;
+comparison of two reading situations. &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Man-Machine &lt;br&gt;Studies&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;22&lt;/b&gt;, 425-439. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Booth, W. C., Colomb, G. G., and Williams, J. M., (1995). &lt;i&gt;The craft of research&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+University of Chicago. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Broadbent, E. (1986). A study of humanities faculty library information seeking &lt;br&gt;
+behaviour. &lt;i&gt;Cataloging  &amp;amp; Classification Quarterly&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;6&lt;/b&gt;, 23-37. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Bystrom, K., and Jarvelin, K. (1995). Task complexity affects information seeking &lt;br&gt;
+and use. &lt;i&gt;Information Processing &amp;amp; Management&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;13&lt;/b&gt;, 191-213. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Chang, S. J., and Rice R. E. (1993). Browsing: a multi-dimensional framework. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Annual Review of Information Science and Technology&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;28&lt;/b&gt;, 231-276. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Cunningham, S. J., and Connaway, L. S. (). Information searching preferences and &lt;br&gt;
+practices of computer science researchers. Working paper. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;De Bruijn, D., De Mul, S., and Van Oostendorp, H. (1992). The influence of screen &lt;br&gt;
+size and text layout on the study of text. &lt;i&gt;Behaviour &amp;amp; Information Technology&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;11&lt;/b&gt;, 71-78. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Duchastel, P. C. (1982). Textual display techniques. In &lt;i&gt;The technology of text&lt;/i&gt;, (ed. D. &lt;br&gt;
+H. Jonassen), pp. 167-192. Educational Technology Publications, New Jersey. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Ellis, D., Cox, D., and Hall, K. (1993). A comparison of the information seeking &lt;br&gt;
+patterns of researchers in the physical and social sciences. &lt;i&gt;Journal of &lt;br&gt;Documentation&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;49&lt;/b&gt;, 356-369. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Fishman, D., and Walitt, R. (1972). Seating and area preferences in a college reserve &lt;br&gt;
+room. &lt;i&gt;College &amp;amp; Research Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt; 33&lt;/b&gt;, 284-297. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Folster, M. B. (1995). Information seeking patterns: social sciences. In &lt;i&gt;Library users &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;and reference services&lt;/i&gt;, (ed. J. B. Whitlatch), pp. 83-93. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Ford, G. (1973). Progress in documentation: research in user behaviour in university &lt;br&gt;
+libraries. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Documentation&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;29&lt;/b&gt;, 85-106. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Gifford, R., and Sommer, R. (1968). The desk or the bed? &lt;i&gt;Personnel &amp;amp; Guidance &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Journal&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;46&lt;/b&gt;, 876-878. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=18&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Gluck, M. (1996). Exploring the relationship between user satisfaction and relevance &lt;br&gt;
+in information systems. &lt;i&gt;Information Processing &amp;amp; Management&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;32&lt;/b&gt;, 89-104. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Hallmark, J. (1994). Scientistsâ access and retrieval of references cited in their recent &lt;br&gt;
+journal articles. &lt;i&gt;College &amp;amp; Research Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;55&lt;/b&gt;, 199-209. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Hardcastle, V. (1996). &lt;i&gt;Critical reading strategies&lt;/i&gt;. Found at &lt;br&gt;
+http://mind.phil.vt.edu/www/1204.html, on 6 December 1996. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Hartmann, J. (1995). Information needs of anthropologists. &lt;i&gt;Behavioural &amp;amp; Social &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Sciences Librarian&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;13&lt;/b&gt;, 13-24. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Holland, M. P., and Powell, C. K. (1995). A longitudinal survey of the information &lt;br&gt;
+seeking and use habits of some engineers. &lt;i&gt;College and Research Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;56&lt;/b&gt;, 7-&lt;br&gt;15. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Kuhlthau, C. C. (1993). A principle of uncertainty for information seeking. &lt;i&gt;Journal of &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Documentation&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;49&lt;/b&gt;, 339-355. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;LDC (Learning and Development Centre). (1996). &lt;i&gt;Reading and Notemaking&lt;/i&gt;. Found &lt;br&gt;
+at http://www.macarther.uws.edu.au/ssd/ldc/Readnote.html, on 21 January 1997. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Leckie, G. L., Pettigrew, K. E., and Sylvain, C. (1996). Modeling the information &lt;br&gt;
+seeking of professionals: a general model derived from research on engineers, &lt;br&gt;health professionals, and lawyers. &lt;i&gt;The Library Quarterly&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;66&lt;/b&gt;, 161-193. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Marchionini, G. (1995). &lt;i&gt;Information seeking in electronic environments&lt;/i&gt;. Cambridge &lt;br&gt;
+University Press, New York. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Merrill, P. F. (1982). Displaying text on microcomputers. In &lt;i&gt;The technology of text&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;br&gt;
+(ed. D. H. Jonassen), pp. 401-414. Educational Technology Publications, New &lt;br&gt;Jersey. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Mills, C. B., and Weldon L. J. (1987). Reading text from computer screens. &lt;i&gt;ACM &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Computing Surveys&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;19&lt;/b&gt;, 329-358. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Muter, P., and Maurutto, P. (1991). Reading and skimming from computer screens &lt;br&gt;
+and books: the paperless office revisited? &lt;i&gt;Behaviour &amp;amp; Information Technology&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;10&lt;/b&gt;, 257-266. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Norman, D. A. (1993). &lt;i&gt;Things that make us smart: defending human attributes in the &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;age of the machine&lt;/i&gt;. Addison-Wesley, Massachusetts. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Oborne, D. J., and Holton, D. (1988). Reading from screen versus paper: there is no &lt;br&gt;
+difference. &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Man-Machine Studies&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;28&lt;/b&gt;, 1-9. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Pinelli, T. E. (1991). The information-seeking habits and practices of engineers. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Science and Technology Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;12&lt;/b&gt;, 5-16. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=19&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Schamber,  L. (1994). Relevance and information behavior. &lt;i&gt;Annual Review of &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Information Science and Technology&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;29&lt;/b&gt;, 3-48. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Seggern, M. V. (1995). Scientists, information seeking and reference services. In &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Library users and reference services&lt;/i&gt;, (ed. J. B. Whitlatch), pp. 95-104. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Showstack, R. (1982). Printing: the next stage: discourse punctuation. In &lt;i&gt;The &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;technology of text&lt;/i&gt;, (ed. D. H. Jonassen), pp. 369-376. Educational Technology &lt;br&gt;Publications, New Jersey. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Sievert, D., and Sievert, M. E. (1989). Philosophical research: report from the field. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the Humanists at Work symposium&lt;/i&gt; (April, Chicago), pp. 79-94. &lt;br&gt;University of Illinois at Chicago. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Sommer, R. (1966). The ecology of privacy. &lt;i&gt;Library Quarterly&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;36&lt;/b&gt;, 234-248. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Sommer, R. (1968). Reading ares in college libraries. &lt;i&gt;Library Quarterly&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;38&lt;/b&gt;, 249-260. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Sweet, A. P., Riley, R. W., Robinson, S. P., and Conaty, J. C. (1993). &lt;i&gt;State of the art: &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;transforming ideas for teaching and learning to read&lt;/i&gt;. Found at &lt;br&gt;http://www.ed.gov/pubs/StateArt/covpg.html, on 21 January 1997.&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Tucker, P., and Jones, D. M. (1993). Document annotation: to write, type or speak? &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;International Journal of Man-Machine Studies&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;39&lt;/b&gt;, 885-900. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Wiberley, S., and Jones, W. G. (1989). Patterns of information seeking in the &lt;br&gt;
+humanities. &lt;i&gt;College &amp;amp; Research Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;50&lt;/b&gt;, 638-645. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Witten, I. H., Cunningham, S. J., Vallabh, M., and Bell, T. C. (1995). A New Zealand &lt;br&gt;
+digital library for computer science research. &lt;i&gt;Proc Digital Libraries â95&lt;/i&gt; (April, &lt;br&gt;Texas), pp. 25-30. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=20&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bibliography &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;Apted, E., and Choo, C. W. (1971). General purposive browsing. &lt;i&gt;Library Association &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Record&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;73&lt;/b&gt;, 228-230.    &lt;br&gt;A good overall article on across-document browsing. It researches different types, &lt;br&gt;the meaning of, and evaluating browsing.  It also looks at general browsing in the &lt;br&gt;library environment.  Light and easy reading. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Arnold, K. (1994). &lt;i&gt;The electronic librarian is a verb / the electronic library is not a &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;sentence&lt;/i&gt;. Found at http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/works/arnold.eleclib.html, on &lt;br&gt;9 December 1996. &lt;br&gt;A presentation to a conference on the place of libraries and librarians in todayâs &lt;br&gt;information society.  The author also discusses the challenges of the library in an &lt;br&gt;electronic, user-pays system.  Light conversational reading. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Askwall, S. (1985). Computer supported reading vs reading text on paper: a &lt;br&gt;
+comparison of two reading situations. &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Man-Machine &lt;br&gt;Studies&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;22&lt;/b&gt;, 425-439. &lt;br&gt;Compares the use of computers and paper for reading, skimming and &lt;br&gt;comprehension.  Contains a good set of references. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Booth, W. C., Colomb, G. G., and Williams, J. M., (1995). &lt;i&gt;The craft of research&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+University of Chicago. &lt;br&gt;Contains strategies that can be used when reading for information.  The methods &lt;br&gt;of research discussed are practical and realistic.  A very good book to use for &lt;br&gt;researching and writing papers. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Broadbent, E. (1986). A study of humanities faculty library information seeking &lt;br&gt;
+behaviour. &lt;i&gt;Cataloging  &amp;amp; Classification Quarterly&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;6&lt;/b&gt;, 23-37. &lt;br&gt;An insight into what library sources humanities faculty use.  It has views on the &lt;br&gt;kind of information catalogue facilities they would prefer.  It also looks at how &lt;br&gt;faculty prefer to search, indicating electronic services required to cater for this. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Bystrom, K., and Jarvelin, K. (1995). Task complexity affects information seeking &lt;br&gt;
+and use. &lt;i&gt;Information Processing &amp;amp; Management&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;13&lt;/b&gt;, 191-213. &lt;br&gt;The article argues that task alone is not specific enough to analyse information &lt;br&gt;seeking and use behaviour.  It provides an information seeking model and a &lt;br&gt;method to look at how the level of task complexity affects the information needs, &lt;br&gt;seeking, channels, and sources. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Chang, S. J., and Rice R. E. (1993). Browsing: a multi-dimensional framework. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Annual Review of Information Science and Technology&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;28&lt;/b&gt;, 231-276. &lt;br&gt;A good review of the literature published on browsing.  This article has a specific &lt;br&gt;section on browsing in a library.  Easy to understand. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Cunningham, S. J., and Connaway, L. S. (). Information searching preferences and &lt;br&gt;
+practices of computer science researchers. Working paper. &lt;br&gt;Looks at how and where, under research situations, computer scientists locate &lt;br&gt;information.  It covers the information seeking process from seeking to the &lt;br&gt;storage of relevant documents. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=21&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;De Bruijn, D., De Mul, S., and Van Oostendorp, H. (1992). The influence of screen &lt;br&gt;
+size and text layout on the study of text. &lt;i&gt;Behaviour &amp;amp; Information Technology&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;11&lt;/b&gt;, 71-78. &lt;br&gt;This article looks at how changes to the presentation of text on a screen can &lt;br&gt;influence the readability.  Two factors discussed is the screen size and text layout.  &lt;br&gt;It does not directly look at the reading behaviours of the computer users. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Duchastel, P. C. (1982). Textual display techniques. In &lt;i&gt;The technology of text&lt;/i&gt;, (ed. D. &lt;br&gt;
+H. Jonassen), pp. 167-192. Educational Technology Publications, New Jersey. &lt;br&gt;Looks at the display of text in books and how this affects or enhances readability.  &lt;br&gt;It offers techniques that can be used to create a more attractive product.  This &lt;br&gt;chapter of the book includes a section on how humans process text. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Ellis, D., Cox, D., and Hall, K. (1993). A comparison of the information seeking &lt;br&gt;
+patterns of researchers in the physical and social sciences. &lt;i&gt;Journal of &lt;br&gt;Documentation&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;49&lt;/b&gt;, 356-369. &lt;br&gt;Presents a comparison between physical, chemical and social scientists in the way &lt;br&gt;they go about searching for information.  The article develops a very good &lt;br&gt;general model for the information seeking process (it does not specifically relate &lt;br&gt;the activities to the library environment).  Thorough and worth while reading. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;England, M., Shaffer, M. (1995). &lt;i&gt;Librarians in the digital library&lt;/i&gt;. Found at &lt;br&gt;
+http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/DL94/poistion/england.html, on 9 December 1996. &lt;br&gt;This article discusses the roles that a librarian has an opportunity to fulfil in an &lt;br&gt;electronic library environment.  It discusses the librarians role as a researcher, &lt;br&gt;organiser and publisher, member of the digital library design team, and as a &lt;br&gt;teacher and consultant. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Fishman, D., and Walitt, R. (1972). Seating and area preferences in a college reserve &lt;br&gt;
+room. &lt;i&gt;College &amp;amp; Research Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt; 33&lt;/b&gt;, 284-297. &lt;br&gt;A study into a specific reading area of one library.  It discusses factors of seating &lt;br&gt;preferences (front versus back, the seating position, etc.) and their relevance to &lt;br&gt;users of a college reserve room.  The research does not extend to the reading &lt;br&gt;behaviours during the users stay. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Folster, M. B. (1995). Information seeking patterns: social sciences. In &lt;i&gt;Library users &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;and reference services&lt;/i&gt;, (ed. J. B. Whitlatch), pp. 83-93. &lt;br&gt;A look at the information seeking behaviour of social scientists over the last three &lt;br&gt;decades determining trends that library services can be based on.  Not very &lt;br&gt;thorough; it covered everything briefly and did not draw many conclusions from &lt;br&gt;the findings. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Ford, G. (1973). Progress in documentation: research in user behaviour in university &lt;br&gt;
+libraries. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Documentation&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;29&lt;/b&gt;, 85-106. &lt;br&gt;A practical look into understanding the interaction between the library and its &lt;br&gt;users and how these findings can be applied to increase library usage.  Very &lt;br&gt;relevant and worth while reading. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=22&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Furuta, K. (1995). &lt;i&gt;Librarianship in the digital library&lt;/i&gt;. Found at &lt;br&gt;
+http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/DL94/position/kfuruta.html, on 9 December 1996. &lt;br&gt;Looks at the role of the librarian in the traditional library and what they can offer &lt;br&gt;a digital library.  Also what experience the librarian has that can be used in &lt;br&gt;designing digital libraries. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Gessesse, K. (1994). Science communication, electronic access and documentation &lt;br&gt;
+delivery: the new challenge to the science/engineering reference librarian. &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;International Information &amp;amp;Library Review&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;26&lt;/b&gt;, 341-349. &lt;br&gt;Describes the relevance of technology in the information seeking and retrieval &lt;br&gt;process and is a call to reference librarians to embrace it.  It looks briefly at the &lt;br&gt;information needs and seeking behaviour of scientists then describes how the &lt;br&gt;reference librarian can assist the scientist in obtaining the material. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Gifford, R., and Sommer, R. (1968). The desk or the bed? &lt;i&gt;Personnel &amp;amp; Guidance &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Journal&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;46&lt;/b&gt;, 876-878. &lt;br&gt;Looks at the preferences of study environments for students and whether there is &lt;br&gt;any substantial evidence confirming students study better at a desk.  Does not &lt;br&gt;discuss reading behaviour, but does look at environment preferences. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Gluck, M. (1996). Exploring the relationship between user satisfaction and relevance &lt;br&gt;
+in information systems. &lt;i&gt;Information Processing &amp;amp; Management&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;32&lt;/b&gt;, 89-104. &lt;br&gt;Discusses the relevance and user-satisfaction in regard to determining and &lt;br&gt;comparing qualities for information systems.  Good definitions and reference to &lt;br&gt;other material regarding relevance and information behaviour. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Grogan, D. (1992). &lt;i&gt;Practical reference work&lt;/i&gt;. Library Association Publishing, &lt;br&gt;
+London. &lt;br&gt;Looks at the role of reference librarians in answering library-user enquires &lt;br&gt;sufficiently and accurately.  It gives examples of the sort of queries that might be &lt;br&gt;asked by library users. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Hallmark, J. (1994). Scientistsâ access and retrieval of references cited in their recent &lt;br&gt;
+journal articles. &lt;i&gt;College &amp;amp; Research Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;55&lt;/b&gt;, 199-209. &lt;br&gt;A good concise article which discusses how scientists from different fields of &lt;br&gt;interest become aware of relevant information and how they eventually retrieve &lt;br&gt;it.  It is opinionated as it draws on the views of the scientists studied indicating &lt;br&gt;their positive and negative perspectives on literature seeking and retrieval.  The &lt;br&gt;article discusses the pitfalls of library interaction. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Hardcastle, V. (1996). &lt;i&gt;Critical reading strategies&lt;/i&gt;. Found at &lt;br&gt;
+http://mind.phil.vt.edu/www/1204.html, on 6 December 1996. &lt;br&gt;Introduces reading strategies to better understand the material being read.  It is a &lt;br&gt;concoction of ideas âculled over the years from various and sundry sourcesâ.  &lt;br&gt;Worthwhile looking at when considering reading behaviours. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Hartmann, J. (1995). Information needs of anthropologists. &lt;i&gt;Behavioural &amp;amp; Social &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Sciences Librarian&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;13&lt;/b&gt;, 13-24. &lt;br&gt;Covers the information sources and resources of anthropologists in comparison &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=23&gt;&lt;/a&gt;with other social scientists.  It looks at the library use and attitudes of &lt;br&gt;anthropologists. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Holland, M. P., and Powell, C. K. (1995). A longitudinal survey of the information &lt;br&gt;
+seeking and use habits of some engineers. &lt;i&gt;College and Research Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;56&lt;/b&gt;, 7-&lt;br&gt;15. &lt;br&gt;A comparison of graduated engineers who had and had not taken a paper which &lt;br&gt;included formal training on conducting information research.  This study shows &lt;br&gt;that those who had done the paper were more aware of library resources. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Kuhlthau, C. C. (1991). Inside the search process: information seeking from the userâs &lt;br&gt;
+perspective. &lt;i&gt;Journal of the American Society for Information Science&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;42&lt;/b&gt;, 361-&lt;br&gt;371. &lt;br&gt;A theoretical approach to information seeking practices.  It discusses the &lt;br&gt;behaviour involved in information seeking and builds a model based on past &lt;br&gt;research and a survey conducted. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Kuhlthau, C. C. (1993). A principle of uncertainty for information seeking. &lt;i&gt;Journal of &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Documentation&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;49&lt;/b&gt;, 339-355. &lt;br&gt;Develops a high level model of feelings, thoughts, and actions associated with &lt;br&gt;information seeking.  Does not look at the physical activities involved or the &lt;br&gt;library. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;LDC (Learning and Development Centre). (1996). &lt;i&gt;Reading and Notemaking&lt;/i&gt;. Found &lt;br&gt;
+at http://www.macarther.uws.edu.au/ssd/ldc/Readnote.html, on 21 January 1997. &lt;br&gt;Strategies on how to read to gain a better understanding of the material and how &lt;br&gt;making notes can assist this process.  A good practical article that is aimed at &lt;br&gt;students. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Leckie, G. L., Pettigrew, K. E., and Sylvain, C. (1996). Modeling the information &lt;br&gt;
+seeking of professionals: a general model derived from research on engineers, &lt;br&gt;health professionals, and lawyers. &lt;i&gt;The Library Quarterly&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;66&lt;/b&gt;, 161-193. &lt;br&gt;A literature review of the needs, uses, location and relevance of information for &lt;br&gt;professions in the fields of engineering, health services and law.  An overall &lt;br&gt;model for all professionals, based on this review, is developed and justified.  Not &lt;br&gt;a lot of information on the actual search process undertaken by professionals is &lt;br&gt;conveyed.  Quite vague. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Marchionini, G. (1992). Interfaces for end-user information seeking. &lt;i&gt;Journal of the &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;American Society for Information Science&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;43&lt;/b&gt;, 156-163. &lt;br&gt;The process for information seeking is explained and then the best way to solve it &lt;br&gt;via electronic medium is discussed.  It covers from defining a problem through to &lt;br&gt;the extraction of information. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Marchionini, G. (1995). &lt;i&gt;Information seeking in electronic environments&lt;/i&gt;. Cambridge &lt;br&gt;
+University Press, New York. &lt;br&gt;Looks at the information seeking process in conventional and electronic &lt;br&gt;environments.  It includes a very good section on browsing and has a complete &lt;br&gt;set of references. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=24&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Marchionini, G. (1996). &lt;i&gt;ASIS presentation on browsing&lt;/i&gt;. Found at &lt;br&gt;
+http://www.glue.umd.edu/~march/tea1.html, on 7 January 1996. &lt;br&gt;Slides used by the author to present information on browsing to a conference.  &lt;br&gt;The information presented is also found in Marchionini (1995).&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Marchionini, G., Dwiggins, S. S., and Katz, A. (1993). Information seeking in full-&lt;br&gt;
+text end-user-oriented search systems: the roles of domain and search expertise. &lt;i&gt; &lt;br&gt;Library and Information Science Research&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;15&lt;/b&gt;, 35-69. &lt;br&gt;A look at electronic settings for information searching and compares experts in &lt;br&gt;the domain (for example, scholars) and experts in searching (for example, &lt;br&gt;librarians).  Does not discuss the library interaction. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Merrill, P. F. (1982). Displaying text on microcomputers. In &lt;i&gt;The technology of text&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;br&gt;
+(ed. D. H. Jonassen), pp. 401-414. Educational Technology Publications, New &lt;br&gt;Jersey. &lt;br&gt;This chapter of the book looks at how text can be displayed on a computer screen &lt;br&gt;that will benefit the reader.  It includes a good summary section on the principle &lt;br&gt;of displaying text on a computer. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Mills, C. B., and Weldon L. J. (1987). Reading text from computer screens. &lt;i&gt;ACM &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Computing Surveys&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;19&lt;/b&gt;, 329-358. &lt;br&gt;Looks at the characteristics of reading from a screen and how, by altering them, &lt;br&gt;readability can increase or decrease.  It has a good section that compares reading &lt;br&gt;from a paper copy versus reading from a screen. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Morse, P. M. (1970). Search theory and browsing. &lt;i&gt;The Library Quarterly&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;40&lt;/b&gt;, 391-&lt;br&gt;
+408. &lt;br&gt;Discusses and evaluates an optimal procedure for browsing using previously &lt;br&gt;developed search theories.  It then looks at how this can be implemented in a &lt;br&gt;library situation so as to produce high interest browsing.  The article includes a &lt;br&gt;lot of numerical analysis and use of theoretical equations to evaluate browsing. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Muter, P., and Maurutto, P. (1991). Reading and skimming from computer screens &lt;br&gt;
+and books: the paperless office revisited? &lt;i&gt;Behaviour &amp;amp; Information Technology&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;10&lt;/b&gt;, 257-266. &lt;br&gt;An article that is not directly related to reading behaviour although it does give an &lt;br&gt;insight into the implications on online reading and skimming of documents. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Norman, D. A. (1993). &lt;i&gt;Things that make us smart: defending human attributes in the &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;age of the machine&lt;/i&gt;. Addison-Wesley, Massachusetts. &lt;br&gt;This book reassures readers that the computer is not as intelligent as them.  A fun &lt;br&gt;and easy book to read but only mildly relevant to the topic.  It does include a &lt;br&gt;small bit on the positives and negatives of reading medium. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Oborne, D. J., and Holton, D. (1988). Reading from screen versus paper: there is no &lt;br&gt;
+difference. &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Man-Machine Studies&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;28&lt;/b&gt;, 1-9. &lt;br&gt;Uses reading and comprehension to compare reading from a computer screen to &lt;br&gt;reading off a paper copy.  It indicates that these two factors are not the only &lt;br&gt;factors that need to be considered.  Includes a good set of references on this topic. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=25&gt;&lt;/a&gt;PITCR (Panel on Information Technology and the Conduct of Research). (1989). &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Information technology and the conduct of research: the users view&lt;/i&gt;. National &lt;br&gt;Academy Press, Washington D.C. &lt;br&gt;Discusses the conduct of research under electronic media.  It gives an insight into &lt;br&gt;the opportunities and problems that are associated with each area of research &lt;br&gt;when it is conducted electronically.  An enlightening book which includes small &lt;br&gt;anecdotes throughout.&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Pinelli, T. E. (1991). The information-seeking habits and practices of engineers. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Science and Technology Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;12&lt;/b&gt;, 5-16. &lt;br&gt;Distinguishes scientists and engineers by their information needs and then &lt;br&gt;proceeds to describe the information needs of engineers in more depth.  It is a &lt;br&gt;concise literature review that includes more information about the practices of &lt;br&gt;engineers than their behaviour. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Reneker, M. H. (1993). A qualitative study of information seeking among members of &lt;br&gt;
+an academic community: methodology issues and problems. &lt;i&gt;The Library &lt;br&gt;Quarterly&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;63&lt;/b&gt;, 487-507. &lt;br&gt;Outlines the advantages of doing a qualitative study into information seeking &lt;br&gt;behaviours.  It compares the benefits of qualitative and quantitative studies.  &lt;br&gt;Unfortunately, no results were concluded that relate to the topic under &lt;br&gt;consideration. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Sandstrom, P. E. (1994). An optimal foraging approach to information seeking and &lt;br&gt;
+use. &lt;i&gt;The Library Quarterly&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;64&lt;/b&gt;, 414-449. &lt;br&gt;An argument putting forward the theory of the optimal forging approach to model &lt;br&gt;information seeking behaviour.  Difficult reading with a lot of deductions. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Savolainen, R. (1995). Everyday life information seeking: approaching information &lt;br&gt;
+seeking in the context of âway of lifeâ. &lt;i&gt;Library &amp;amp; Information Science Research&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;17&lt;/b&gt;, 259-294. &lt;br&gt;Indicates that it discusses the information seeking practices of individuals, &lt;br&gt;however, it includes a lot of definitions and theories that needs to be waded &lt;br&gt;through.  It delves into a whole lot of theory on âthe way of lifeâ (order of things) &lt;br&gt;and âmastery of lifeâ (keeping things in order). &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Schamber,  L. (1994). Relevance and information behaviour. &lt;i&gt;Annual Review of &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Information Science and Technology&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;29&lt;/b&gt;, 3-48. &lt;br&gt;A long article on how individuals determine relevance of retrieved material.  It &lt;br&gt;defines relevance and the problems with its use in research.  Has a good &lt;br&gt;background section on past research into human information behaviour.   &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Seggern, M. V. (1995). Scientists, information seeking and reference services. In &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Library users and reference services&lt;/i&gt;, (ed. J. B. Whitlatch), pp. 95-104. &lt;br&gt;Discusses the information needs and sources for scientists and the implications it &lt;br&gt;has towards library reference services.  It includes a summary of works on &lt;br&gt;scientistsâ information seeking habits and conclusions and recommendations &lt;br&gt;drawn from them in relation to the library. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=26&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Showstack, R. (1982). Printing: the next stage: discourse punctuation. In &lt;i&gt;The &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;technology of text&lt;/i&gt;, (ed. D. H. Jonassen), pp. 369-376. Educational Technology &lt;br&gt;Publications, New Jersey. &lt;br&gt;It compares the two-dimensional structure of text compared to ideas which are &lt;br&gt;multi-dimensional.  The article calls to publishers to use discourse punctuation to &lt;br&gt;improve reader understandability, speed, and efficiency.  Also it can be used to &lt;br&gt;convey the authorâs message more clearly. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Sievert, D., and Sievert, M. E. (1989). Philosophical research: report from the field. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the Humanists at Work symposium&lt;/i&gt; (April, Chicago), pp. 79-94. &lt;br&gt;University of Illinois at Chicago. &lt;br&gt;A commentary about the work âcurrentlyâ undertaken to determine now &lt;br&gt;philosophers go about researching - the seeking, retrieval and use of relevant &lt;br&gt;information.  Easy, light reading, filled with small anecdotes. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Snavley, L, and Clark, K. (1996). What users really think: how they see and find &lt;br&gt;
+serials in the arts and sciences. &lt;i&gt;Library Resources &amp;amp; Technical Services&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;40&lt;/b&gt;, 49-&lt;br&gt;58. &lt;br&gt;The experience of the two authors is presented on how people find and locate &lt;br&gt;serials.  It discusses some solutions to problems identified through working as &lt;br&gt;reference librarians.  The article calls to librarians to be aware of these problems. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Sommer, R. (1966). The ecology of privacy. &lt;i&gt;Library Quarterly&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;36&lt;/b&gt;, 234-248. &lt;br&gt;
+Discusses the connection between privacy of readers in the library and the &lt;br&gt;physical environment.  It covers now people choose their seating position in a &lt;br&gt;library with regard to the current seating arrangement.  Interesting reading about &lt;br&gt;reader behaviour in the library, not the behaviour when reading. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Sommer, R. (1968). Reading ares in college libraries. &lt;i&gt;Library Quarterly&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;38&lt;/b&gt;, 249-260. &lt;br&gt;
+Examines the adequacy of reading areas in college libraries as study places.  The &lt;br&gt;article looks at the environmental needs and preferences of studiers in libraries &lt;br&gt;and the implications. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Sweet, A. P., Riley, R. W., Robinson, S. P., and Conaty, J. C. (1993). &lt;i&gt;State of the art: &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;transforming ideas for teaching and learning to read&lt;/i&gt;. Found at &lt;br&gt;http://www.ed.gov/pubs/StateArt/covpg.html, on 21 January 1997. &lt;br&gt;A series of ten ideas on how to teach and learn to read.  Based in an educational &lt;br&gt;environment, this article offers strategies for reading.  Idea eight looks at how &lt;br&gt;expert readers have strategies that they use to construct meaning and is helpful &lt;br&gt;when looking at reading behaviour.&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Tucker, P., and Jones, D. M. (1993). Document annotation: to write, type or speak? &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;International Journal of Man-Machine Studies&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;39&lt;/b&gt;, 885-900. &lt;br&gt;It tries to decide on an acceptable medium for annotating documents online.  The &lt;br&gt;article compares written, typed and spoken annotations when proof-reading and &lt;br&gt;refereeing. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Wiberley, S., and Jones, W. G. (1989). Patterns of information seeking in the &lt;br&gt;
+humanities. &lt;i&gt;College &amp;amp; Research Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;50&lt;/b&gt;, 638-645. &lt;br&gt;An in depth discussion into how humanities scholars go about locating &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=27&gt;&lt;/a&gt;information.  It mainly looks at the resources that the scholars use and the &lt;br&gt;implications it has for librarians and libraries.  The article does not discuss library &lt;br&gt;behaviour but does have how humanities see libraries. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Wilson, T. (1995). &lt;i&gt;Information-seeking behaviour: designing information systems to &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;meet out clientsâ needs&lt;/i&gt;. Found at &lt;br&gt;http://www2.shef.ac.uk/info_studies/public_html/public_html/lecturer/acuril.html&lt;br&gt;, on 6 December 1996. &lt;br&gt;Defines information needs with respect to information seeking behaviour and &lt;br&gt;how this can be implemented in services.  A good article that is easy to read. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Witten, I. H., Cunningham, S. J., Vallabh, M., and Bell, T. C. (1995). A New Zealand &lt;br&gt;
+digital library for computer science research. &lt;i&gt;Proc Digital Libraries â95&lt;/i&gt; (April, &lt;br&gt;Texas), pp. 25-30. &lt;br&gt;Gives an overview to the New Zealand Digital Library.  Relevant to look at when &lt;br&gt;discussing research behaviour with respect to implications for digital libraries. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;References to material not sighted&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Barzun, J., and Graff, H. F. (1977). &lt;i&gt;The modern researcher&lt;/i&gt;, (3rd edn). Harcourt Brace &lt;br&gt;
+Jovanocich, New York. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Bates, M. (1989). The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online &lt;br&gt;
+search interface. &lt;i&gt;Online Review&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;13&lt;/b&gt;, 220-228. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Bell, W. J. (1991). &lt;i&gt;Searching behaviour: the behavioural ecology of finding &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;resources&lt;/i&gt;. Chapman and Hall, London. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Cooper, W. (1971). A definition of relevance for information retrieval. &lt;i&gt;Information &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;storage and retrieval&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;7&lt;/b&gt;, 19-37. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;De Mul, S., and Oostendorp, H. (1990). Het bestuderen van teksten en het maken van &lt;br&gt;
+aantekeningen op do computer (studying texts and making notes on the &lt;br&gt;computer). &lt;i&gt;Onderwijsresearchaagen&lt;/i&gt;. Technologie en Methodologie, ITS, &lt;br&gt;Nijmegen. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Dillon, A. (1994). &lt;i&gt;Designing usable electronic text; ergonomic aspects of human &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;information usage&lt;/i&gt;. Taylor and Francis, Bristol, PA. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Gorman, G. E. (1989). Patterns of information seeking and library use by theologians &lt;br&gt;
+in seven Adelaide theological colleges. &lt;i&gt;Australian Academic &amp;amp; Research &lt;br&gt;Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;50&lt;/b&gt;, 638-645. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Gould, C. C., Pearce, K. (1991). &lt;i&gt;Information needs in the sciences: an assessment&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+Research Libraries Group, Mountain View California. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Hurd, J. M., Weller A. C., and Karen, L. (1992). Information seeking behaviour of &lt;br&gt;
+faculty: use of indexes and abstracts by scientists and engineers. &lt;i&gt;American &lt;br&gt;Society of Information Science 55th Annual Meeting&lt;/i&gt;, (Pittsburgh). &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=28&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Hyman, R. J. (1972). &lt;i&gt;Access to library collections: an inquiry into the validity of the &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;direct shelf approach, with special reference to browsing&lt;/i&gt;. Scarecrow Press, New &lt;br&gt;Jersey. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Lancester, F. W., and Warner, A. (1985). Electronic publication and its impact on the &lt;br&gt;
+presentation of information. In &lt;i&gt;The technology of text: principles for structuring, &lt;br&gt;designing, and displaying text&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 2, (ed. D. H. Jonasssen), pp. 292-309. &lt;br&gt;Educational Technology Publications, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Markey, K. (1984). &lt;i&gt;Subject searching in library catalogues before and after the &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;introduction of online catalogues&lt;/i&gt;. OCLC, Online Computer Library Centre, &lt;br&gt;Dublin, Ohio. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;McGregor, J. H. (1994). Information seeking and use: studentsâ thinking and their &lt;br&gt;
+mental models. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Youth Services in Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt;, 69-76. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Mosenthal, P. B. (1996). Understanding the strategies of document literacy and their &lt;br&gt;
+conditions of use. &lt;i&gt;Journal of Educational psychology&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;88&lt;/b&gt;, 314-332. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Paris, S. G., Wasik, B. A., and Turner, J. C. (1991). The development of reading &lt;br&gt;
+strategies. In &lt;i&gt;Handbook of research in the english language arts&lt;/i&gt;, (ed. J. Flood, J. &lt;br&gt;M. Jensen, D. Lapp, and J Squire), pp. 609-635, Macmillan, New York. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Odini, C. (1993). Trends in information needs and use research. &lt;i&gt;Library Review&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;42&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;br&gt;
+29-37. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Radecki, T. (1988). Trends in research on information retrieval - the potential for &lt;br&gt;
+improvements in conventional boolean retrieval systems. &lt;i&gt;Information Processing &lt;br&gt;&amp;amp; Management&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;24&lt;/b&gt;, 219-227. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Saracevic, T. (1975). Relevance: a review of a framework for thinking on the notion &lt;br&gt;
+of information science. &lt;i&gt;Journal of the American Society for Information Science&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;26&lt;/b&gt;, 178-194. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Saracevic, T., Kantor, P., Chamis, A. Y., and Trivison, D. (1988). A study of &lt;br&gt;
+information seeking and retrieving. &lt;i&gt;Journal of the American Society for &lt;br&gt;Information Science&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;39&lt;/b&gt;, 161-216. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Steinke, C. A. (ed.) (1991). &lt;i&gt;Information seeking and communicating behaviour of &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;scientists and engineers&lt;/i&gt;. Haworth Press, United States. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Van Leunen, M. (1986). &lt;i&gt;A Handbook for scholars&lt;/i&gt;. Alfred A Knopf, New York. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt;Wettler, M. (1996). Information processing in information retrieval from the &lt;br&gt;
+viewpoint of associanist and cognitive psychology. &lt;i&gt;Review of Information &lt;br&gt;Science&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f1dbbbc7c0ac846ff1dbbb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd1f77e36ce8cbbf4d1f77e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016449897ef791600b644989</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01dedba1bb409c7e3bdedba1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd6b757362e763ba6d6b757</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215058
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215054
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI	ex.dc.Contributor->DC
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title	ex.dc.Contributor
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;ex.dc.Contributor;->idx
+indexstem	DSpace-To-GS
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	396671
+numdocs	5
+numsections	5
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/DSpace-To-GS/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f1dbbbc7c0ac846ff1dbbb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd1f77e36ce8cbbf4d1f77e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016449897ef791600b644989</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01dedba1bb409c7e3bdedba1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd6b757362e763ba6d6b757</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH0167.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH0167.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH0167.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,705 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/fb34fe/fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">31723</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://fb34fe/fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://fb34fe/fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Farming snails 2: Choosing snails; Care and harvesting; Further improvement</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Agriculture and Food Processing|Better Farming series of FAO and INADES - 46 booklets</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Settlements, Housing, Building - Infrastructure Construction (Roads etc)|Settlements and housing: general works incl. low- cost housing, planning techniques, surveying, etc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Farming snails 2: Choosing snails; Care and harvesting; Further improvement (fb34fe)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">farm snails</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">FAO Better Farming series</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0167.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p093a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p094a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p094b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p095a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p095b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p095c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p096a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p096b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p096c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p097a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p097b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p098a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p099a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p099b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p101a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p101b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p102a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p103a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p103b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p104a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p104b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p105a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p105b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p105c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p106a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p106b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p106c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p106d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p107a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p107b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p107c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p108a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p108b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p109a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p109b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p110a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p110b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p111a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p111b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rome 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P-69&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ISBN 92-5-102397-2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â© FAO 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first twenty- six volumes in FAO's Better Farming Series were based on the Cours d'apprentissage agricole prepared in CÃŽte d'Ivoire by the Institut africain de dÃ©veloppement Ã©conomique et social for use by extension workers. Later volumes, beginning with No. 27, have been prepared by FAO for use in agricultural development at the farm and family level. The approach has deliberately been a general one, the intention being to constitute basic prototype outlines to be modified or expanded in each area according to local conditions of agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the booklets deal with specific crops and techniques, while others are intended to give the farmer more general information which can help him to understand why he does what he does, so that he will be able to do it better. Booklets No. 33 and 34 were added to the series owing to a growing interest in small- scale snail farming for food and profit in many countries where FAO's Better Farming Series is widely used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adaptations of the series, or of individual volumes in it, have been published in Amharic, Arabic, Bengali, Creole, Hindi, Igala, Indonesian, Kiswahili, Malagasy, SiSwati, Thai and Turkish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Requests for permission to issue this manual in other languages and to adapt it according to local climatic and ecological conditions are welcomed. They should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Choosing your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;123. All of the snails that you choose for your pen must be of the same kind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p093a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ All of the snails that you farm must be the same kind&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;124. You may have found one of the kinds of snails shown on pages 8 to 11 in the last booklet living in your area. You may also have found a different kind of snail.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;125. Now you must learn to choose the beat of the kinds of snails that you have found. When you first begin you will need fully grown snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;126. Remember, that all snails are both male and female and all snails lay eggs. So, when you are looking for snails, you can choose any one that is fully grown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;127. You can tell that a snail is fully grown because it has a lip on the mouth of its shell. The drawings below show two fully grown snails with lips.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p094a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails which fill and which does not fill their cells&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;128. Look at the drawings again. Notice that although both snails are fully grown, one of them fills its shell and one of them does not.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;129. The snail that does not fill its shell may be sick or it may have lost its water because of dry weather. This snail may not grow well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;130. Choose only snails that fill their shells. Snails that fill their shells will usually grow well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;131. Choose snails that have good, strong shells. Strong shells protect snails from their enemies, and snails with strong shells sell better at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;132. Choose the largest of the fully grown snails that you can find from the kind of snail that you are going to farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p094b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Choose the largest snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;133. The larger snails of any kind of snail will be better and healthier and lay more eggs than a snail that is smaller.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;134. In addition, the eggs of large, healthy snails hatch better and the baby snails grow bigger and faster.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;135. Later, when you have more experience in choosing snails, you will learn just how large a fully grown snail should be. You will also learn the different colours of the kind of snail that you are farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;136. Then you can choose snails that are the same size and colour that you want your baby snails to be.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As you collect your snails, handle them very gently and put them carefully into a container such as a basket so that you can carry them to the pen without hurting them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p095a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Handle your snails carefully&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Putting your snails in the pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;137. Just before you put your snails in the pen, take out all the grass, the creeping grass and the weeds that may have grown while the food and shelter plants were growing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p095b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take out all grass, creeping grass and weeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;138. Never put snails in a pen in the morning or during the day when the sun is hot. Always put them in the evening when it is cool. This is when they begin to move about and to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p095c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Always put snacks in the pen in the evening&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;139. If there is no dew and leaves of the plants and the ground are dry, wet them. Items 160 to 165 in this booklet will tell you how.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p096a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wet the plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;140. When you put snails in the pen, put an equal number of them in four different places.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;141. In the last booklet you were told that for a 5 x 5 metre pen you would need 150 snails if you use the small kind, and 25 snails if you use the large kind. So, if you need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 150 snails, put 35 to 40 snails in four places&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 25 snails, put 6 snails in three places and 7 snails in one place.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;142. The arrows in the drawing at the top of the next page will show you where to put snails in a 5 x 5 metre pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p096b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Where to put the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When you put snails in a pen, never put them near the fence or in a corner of the fence. If you put them near the fence it is easier for them to get out than it is if you put them near the centre of the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p096c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Do not put snails in the corner or near the fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;143. The morning after you have put your snails in the pen, look to see that they have all moved. If any of them have not moved, put them under shelter plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;144. If any snails die, take them out and put in the same number of new snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p097a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take out the dead snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;145. At first your snails will try to crawl out of the pen. During this time, go around the pen each morning and put them back.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;146. After about two weeks your snails will become used to their new home and most of them will not try to crawl out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;147. However, it is a good idea, even after the first two weeks, to check from time to time and put back any of the snails that may have got out of the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When to take out the fully grown snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;148. When you see a lot of baby snails in your pen, you will no longer need to keep the fully grown snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;149. So, take out all of the fully grown snails that you first put into your pen. You can either eat them or sell them at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p097b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take out all fully grown snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;150. Now, with only the baby snails left, the food plants in the pen will be more likely to last until the baby snails are big enough to harvest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;151. Later in this booklet, you will be told when the baby snails are big enough to harvest and how to harvest them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Taking care of your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;152. After you have put your snails in their pen, watch them carefully to see that they are eating well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;153. If you have given them enough of the right kinds of food plants, they will eat a lot and you will have very little to do for them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;154. However, here are some things that you must do&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ wet the plants and moisten the ground&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ take care of the plants&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ take away the weeds and the creeping grass&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Wet the food and shelter plants and moisten the ground</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;155. You have already been told that the leaves of the food and shelter plants must be wet and clean and that the ground must be moist (see Items 52 to 58 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;156. If there is too lime dew and not enough rainfall during the time when the plants and the snails are growing, you will have to water the plants and the ground yourself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;157. If it is dry, you should water the plants and the ground at least every second day. However, if it is very dry, you may have to water them every day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;158. Never water in the morning or during the day when the sun is hot. Always water in the evening at about sunset.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;159. If you water when the sun is hot, the snails will begin to move away from the shelter plants and the hot sun may kill them before they can find shelter again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;160. An easy way to wet the plants and moisten the ground is by hand. First fill a bucket with water and wrap a piece of cloth around your hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p098a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wrap a cloth around your hand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;161. Then, dip your hand with the cloth into the bucket of water and gently splash the plants and the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p099a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Gently splash plants and ground&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;162. Continue to splash the plants and the ground gently until you have watered the whole pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;163. When you have finished, the leaves of the plants should be wet and the ground should be moist.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;164. You can tell when the plants are wet enough and the ground is moist enough when you can see your snails moving about easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p099b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails move about easily&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;165. Remember: the soil must be moist and not wet in order for snail eggs to hatch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You have already been told that if you live in a place that has a dry season when the plants do not grow, snails dig into the ground to rest. Never water at this time or your snails may come out of the ground when they should not.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tend the food and shelter plants</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;166. Watch all of your plants to see that they are growing well and that they do not get too tall or too thick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;167. Plants that are too tall or thick stop the dew from reaching the leaves and stop the rain from washing away the dust and the dirt that snails leave when they move about.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;168. If you see that the plants are not being wet or washed by dew or rain, cut them back.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p101a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cut back the plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Take away the weeds and creeping grass</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;169. After your snails are in their pen you must be sure to take away all weeds and especially creeping grass as soon as you see them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;170. Creeping grass grows very fast and so thick that it can kill the food and shelter plants. If this happens, your snails will have no food and no place to find shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;171. Taking away weeds and creeping grass when snails are in the pen is very difficult. So, you must be very careful not to hurt them or step on them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;172. If the weeds and creeping grass get too thick, it may be better to move the snails before you take weeds and creeping grass away (see Item 183 in this booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;173. Keep the path around the pen clear of weeds, grass and creeping grass. This will help to keep weed seeds and unwanted plants out of the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p101b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Keep the path clean&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;174. If the path is clean, insects will be less likely to cross it to get into the pen and you will be able to see signs of mice, rats and shrews.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Feeding your snails other kinds of food</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;175. There are a number of reasons for giving your snails other kinds of food. Here are a few&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when you have not planted the right kinds of food plants&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when you have too many snails for the number of food plants that you have planted&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when most of the food plants in the pen have been eaten by the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;176. If you decide for any of these reasons that you must give your snails other kinds of food, here are some foods that snails like to eat&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the outside leaves of vegetables such as cabbage or cauliflower&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the tops of vegetables such as carrots or beets&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ ripe banana fruit&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ most waste fruit and vegetables&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ cut- up papaya, melon or squash&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p102a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Food snails eat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;177. There are many other foods that snails like to eat. If you have some food that you think might be good, try it with your snails and see if they like it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;178. If your snails are not eating their food plants well, you also can try some others. Cut pieces from the plant that you want to try and put them in the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;179. If you see that your snails like the new food plants better, you can use these plants when you build the second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Building the second pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;180. In the last booklet you were told that to farm snails you will need at least two pens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p103a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Two pens needed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;181 . With two pens you can move your snails from one pen to the other to get rid of any enemies that may have got in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;182. You can also move your snails to dig the ground and work the soil so that they can dig into the soil to rest and can lay their eggs easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;183. With two pens you can move your snails from one pen to the other if the weeds and creeping grass get too thick to take away with snails in the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;184. You can also plant new food plants when the old ones have been eaten. When you are moving the snails, you can get rid of any of them that have not grown well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When to build the second pen and how to build it</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;185. Build your second pen a little before the growing season and exactly one year after you built the first pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;186. Begin just as you did before, by cleaning and preparing the ground (see Items 86 to 96 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;187. However, if you put your second pen near your first pen, be very careful when you burn the plant material not to burn your first pen or harm the snails in it.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;188. For this reason it is best to leave an open space of at least 3 metres between your first and second pens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p103b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Be very carefull when you burn the plant material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;189. Now you are ready to build the second 5 x 5 metre pen and to plant the food and shelter plants (see Items 97 to 117 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Putting snails in your second pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;190. When the plants in your second pen have grown big enough to provide food and shelter, you can put in the snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p104a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ When the plants are grown, you can bring the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;191. If the snails in your first pen have grown well, you can use some of them for your second pen. So, collect the right number of the biggest and best snails from your first pen to put in your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;192. If the snails in your first pen have not grown well, you will have to begin again with new fully grown snails for your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;193. Remember, with your first pen you put in 150 snails if you used the small kind and 25 snails if you used the large kind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;194. However, different snails lay different amounts of eggs. So with your second pen you may want to change the number of snails that you put in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;195. If there were too many baby snails for the food plants in your first pen, put fewer fully grown snails in your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;196. If there were too few baby snails for the food plants in your first pen, put more fully grown snails in your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;197. If you are not sure how many snails to use, it is best to continue to put in 150 if you use small snails and 25 if you use large snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p104b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 25 Large snails; 150 small snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;198. Later, when you have learned more about the kind of snails that you are using and how many baby snails they have, you will be better able to judge just how many fully grown snails that you should use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Do not forget to take out all of the fully grown snails that you have put in after you see a lot of baby snails in your second pen (see Items 148 to 151 in this booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Harvesting your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When to harvest your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;199. If your snails have grown well, some of them will be big enough to harvest about one year after you have first put snails in the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;200. If you need any snails to put in another pen, collect them first. So, choose the right number (see Items 193 to 198 in this booklet) of the biggest and best snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;201. Carefully put these snails into a container so that you can carry them to the other pen without hurting them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p105a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put snails into a container&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;202. Now you are ready to harvest the rest of your biggest snails. Remember, the best way to harvest is a few snails at a time when you want some to eat or to sell at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;203. However, harvest all of the snails by the end of the second year so that you can plant the pen in time for the next growing season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How to harvest your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;204. Harvesting snails is done by hand. It is often hard work to find them because they may be hiding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p105b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Harvesting snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;205. The easiest time to find the snails is when the plants are wet, after it has rained or at night when there is dew and they are moving about or eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;206. You can also put out some of the food that snails like and when they come to eat it, you can collect them easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p105c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put out some food&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;207. When you are harvesting, handle your snails carefully and put them into a container such as a box or basket or a net sack. However, do not put more than 10 kilograms in a container or you may hurt them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put snails in a container&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">What to do with the snails you harvest</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;208. If you are going to sell the snails, you can carry them to the market in containers like the ones above. However, you must be very careful not to hurt them or break their shells.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;209. Remember, snails with clean shells and well- cared- for snails will sell better at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;210. If you want to keep the snails for you and your family to eat later, you can store them alive in containers filled with material such as sawdust or chopped maize husks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;211. That way you can keep them for as long as six to eight weeks before you use them. The drawings below show you how to store snails this way.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 a box is a good container to store snails in&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ A box&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 cover the bottom of the box with about 5 cm of sawdust or chopped maize husks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cover the bottom of the box with sawdust&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 carefully put in a layer of snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 cover the snails with about 3 cm of sawdust or chopped maize husks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cover the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 continue to do this until the box is full&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note: be sure that the top layer of snails is covered&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preparing snails for cooking</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;212. Before snails can be used you must be sure that there is no food in them. They must be clean inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;213. Snails that have been stored in a container (see Items 210 and 211 in this booklet) for more than four days will have no food left in them. They are clean inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;214. However, snails which have just been taken from the pen have been eating and are usually full of food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;215. So, before you can use them you must wait for them to become clean inside. To do this you need only to keep them from eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;216. Put them in a container where they can get no food but plenty of air. You can use a covered basket or a net sack.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p107a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Use a covered basket or a net sack&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;217. Put the basket or sack in a cool place away from the sun. After four days the snails will be clean inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p107b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put the container away from sun&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;218. All snails must be washed and boiled just before cooking them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;219. First, put them in clean, cool water with a little salt and vinegar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p107c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put them in clean water&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;220. After a short time the water will begin 10 turn white and you will know that the snails are being washed inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;221. When the water is very white, take the snails out and empty out the old water. Then put them again in clean, cool water with a little salt and vinegar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p108a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Empty out dirty water; wash snails again&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;222. Continue to wash them this way until the water no longer turns white. Then you will know that the snails are completely washed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;223. Now put the snails in boiling water, again with salt and vinegar, and boil them at least five minutes. The snails are now ready to be cooked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p108b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Boil snails with salt and vinegar for five minutes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Snail meat can be cooked like any meat or it can be cut into pieces and added to a stew or vegetables. If snails are eaten where you live, there will be many ways to cook them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Further improvement</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;224. After you have been farming snails using two pens for some time, you may find that you and your family could eat or sell more snails if you had them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;225. You can raise more snails by building another pen. You can either build another 5 x 5 metre pen or you can build a still bigger pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;226. You can also raise more snails by taking better care of the snails that you have. If you take better care of your snails, year after year they will become bigger, healthier and stronger and produce more baby snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Building the third pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;227. Perhaps the most important thing that you can do to improve your snail farm is to build a third pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p109a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Build a third pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;228. Up until now, using only two pens, you have had to use both of them all of the time so that you could take fully grown snails from one after you had harvested the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p109b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Using two pens&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;229. Today, farmers know that it is not good to grow the same crops in the same place all of the time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;230. This is also true if you grow the same food and shelter plants in the same pen all of the time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;231. However, if you plant vegetables in one of your three pens for a year, the vegetables will grow well because of the snail manure in the soil. Afterwards, your food and shelter plants will also grow better because the soil has had a rest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;232. Also, if you raise snails in the same place all of the time, the sicknesses that they may get would do more harm year after year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;233. So, if you plant something else for a year or two and then start with snails again, they will be less likely to get sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;234. The diagram below shows you how to improve a snail farm by planting a vegetable garden in each pen from to time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p110a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Diagram&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Building a bigger pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;235. You may want to build a still bigger pen for your third pen so you can grow many more snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;236. If you build a 5 x 10 metre pen, you can grow two times as many snails. If you build a 10 x 10 metre pen, you can grow four times as many snails as you did in a 5 x 5 metre pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p110b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Pens&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;237. However, building a bigger pen is a lot more work and you will need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more land&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more materials to build it&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more food and shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more fully grown snails to begin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;238. You must also be sure that you and your family have enough time to take care of a bigger pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;239. If you do decide to build a bigger pen, build it exactly the same way that you built your first 5 x 5 metre pen (see pages 43 to 46 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p111a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Building a bigger pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Taking better care of your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;240. The better you understand the snails that you are farming, the better you can take care of them. So, you should always watch them and learn as much as you can.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;241. When you have learned the exact kinds of food plants that your snails like to eat, you will see that they grow well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;242. Then, if you always choose the biggest and best snails each time you begin, you will improve the quality of the snails that you are farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;243. So, with bigger and better snails and with more pens or bigger pens, you will be able to raise many more snails to eat or to sell and you arid your family will be able to live better.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p111b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Your family will be able to live better&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2956 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b18ase/b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">231099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b18ase/b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b18ase/b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Little Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Little Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future (b18ase)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">introduce little-known Asian farm animals with a promising future</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215021</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH016d.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p00.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p06.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p09.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p13.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p23.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p26.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p29.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p33.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p40.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p43.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p45.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p48.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p52.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p55.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p58.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p61.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p63.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p66.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p68.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p70.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p73.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p77.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p79.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p82.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p84.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p87.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p88.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p91.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p93.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p94.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p101.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation Board on Science and Technology for International Development Office of International Affairs National Research Council &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Washington, D.C. 1983&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the Committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropiate balance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes topical reviews of technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Program costs for the study were provided by the Office of Technical Resources, Bureau for Asia, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. ASB-0249-SS-00-1026-00 and the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. DAN/ 5538-G-SS-1023-00.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Funding for this printing was provided by the Office of Agriculture, Bureau for Science and Technology, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., under Grant No. DAN 1406-G-SS-4001-00.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First Printing, June 1983&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second Printing, July 1984&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-061909&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Participants in the Study&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributors &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AMBAR ROESYAT, Research Institute for Animal Husbandry, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. B. ARKA, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. S. F. BARKER, Professor of Animal Sciences and Head of Department, The University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT BENIRSCHKE, Research Department, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEN BERESKIN, Research Geneticist, Nonruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Animal Science Institute, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALEIGH A. BLOUCH, World Wildlife Fund, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. BONGERS, Nature Conservation Department, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. BONNEMAIRE, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, Dijon, France &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. BOSMA, Vakgroep Funktionele Morfologie, Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. BUTCHER, Assistant Director, Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. S. CHILD, Wildlife and Parks Management Officer, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. ROSS COCKRILL, International Animal Consultant, Almansil, Algarve, Portugal &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PAUL CONRY, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, Department of Agriculture, Guam &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD J. COOLIDGE, Former President, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Beverly, Massachusetts, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. P. CROWCROFT, General Director, Metropolitan Zoo, Toronto, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, Dean Emeritus, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. DEPPNER, Tropical Livestock Consultant, Washington, D.C., USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. DEVENDRA, Head, Feed Resources and Animal Nutrition Branch, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Selangor, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. M. DOLAN, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California, USA DUKUT SULARSASA, Department of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. EPSTEIN, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Israel (retired) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. FINNIE, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. FISCHER, Director, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, JustusLiebig-Universitat, Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IAN FLETCHER, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANNIE P. GRAY, Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Edinburgh, Scotland (retired) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. B. GRIFFITHS, Director, Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. R. GRiMWOOD, Nairobi, Kenya &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COLIN P. GROVES, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ULRICH HALDER, Swiss League for Nature Conservation, Basel, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES G. HICKMAN, Livestock Consultant, A. Mithat Efendi Sokak No. 36/11, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. HOFFMAN, Veterinarian, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. H. G. HOLMES, Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. HUITEMA, Veterinarian, Osterbeek, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. H. HUTASOIT, Director-General, Livestock Services, Jakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BENT JORGENSEN, Director, Copenhagen Zoo, Copenhagen, Denmark &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAT KlEFFER, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Director and Professor, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GRAHAM W. M. KIRBY, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Production, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HEINZ-GEORG KLOS, Director, Zoologischer Garten, Berlin, West Germany &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KUSMAT TANUDIMADJA, Professor of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institut Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN K. LOOSLI, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. LUKAS, White Oak Plantation, Yulee, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. MACDONALD, Vakgroep Funktionele Morfologie, Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN MACKINNON, Representative, World Wildlife Fund, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT E. McDOWELL, Professor, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEFFREY A. McNEELY, Executive Officer, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADRIAN G. MARSHALL, Honorary Secretary, Institute of South-east Asian Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;[AN L. MASON, Animal Breeding Consultant, Edinburgh, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEERT MONTSMA, Vakgroepen Veefokkerij, Veehouderij, Tropische Veehouderij, Wageningen, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. MORAN, Senior Research Officer, Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute, Kyabram, Victoria, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. MILLER, Chief, Milk Secretion and Mastitis Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAN NARI, Director, Central Research Institute for Animal Science, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARVEY NEESE, President, Agri-Food Systems International, Inc., Troy, Idaho, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. M. NITIS, Department of Animal Nutrition and Tropical Pasture Production, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM L. R. OLIVER, Chairman, lUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN PAYNE, Wildlife Section, Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. PAYNE, Tropical Animal Breeding Consultant, London, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. PHILLIPS, Arlington, Virginia, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Scientific Advisor, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C., USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID W. ROBINSON, Associate Dean, International Programs, University of California, Davis, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PATRICK J. ROBINSON, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. H. L. ROLLINSON, Animal Production Officer, Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLIVE ROOTS, Director, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. A. SAYER, Nature Conservation and National Parks Project, FAO, Rangoon, Burma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. E. SATTER, Nature Conservation and National Parks Project, FAO, Rangoon, Burma &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORCE B. SCHALLER, New York Zoological Society, New York, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN SCHOTTLER, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Industry, Lae, Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE SEIFERT, CSIRO, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROGER V. SHORT, Professor of Reproductive Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. C. SINHA, Outdoor Recreation and Wildlife Research Division, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK J. SIMOONS, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Davis, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. D. SIMPSON, Senior Extension Specialist, Department of Agricultural, Technical and Extension Services, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. SITORUS, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. J. SMITH, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. J. STOLP-DIEPEVEEN, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUBANDRlYO, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. SUMADI, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. M. TALBOT, World Wildlife Fund International, Gland, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WARREN D. THOMAS, Director, Los Angeles Zoo, Los Angeles, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. L. THROP, Director, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALLEN D. TILLMAN, Private Consultant in Animal Production, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD G. TULLOCH, Division of Wildlife Research, CSIRO, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HELEN NEWTON TURNER, Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. VAN PUIJENBROECK, Curator of Mammals, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. J. WARWICK, Visiting Professor, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WARTOMO HARDJOSUBROTO, Lecturer in Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. H. WHARTON, Chief Research Scientist, CSIRO, Long Pocket Laboratories, Brisbane, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. L. WHEELER, Project Manager, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.H. WOODFORD, Wildlife Veterinarian, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.A.YOUNG, Department of Animal Science, the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.ZULBARDI, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Asian Animals Study Director &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council Staff&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE RECKS, Administrative Secretary &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is high time that the world was made aware of the valuable, large ruminant genetic resources of Southeast Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. MORAN Livestock Specialist Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute Kyabram, Victoria, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Without utilization preservation is doomed to failure. Local breeds able to perform well in difficult habitats, such as in sparse vegetation, mountainous terrain, or the tropics, should be used for their agricultural potential. Breeds that demonstrate hybrid vigor on crossing with improved or exotic breeds also merit utilization. Genetically unique breeds should be retained for scientific studies of genetics, evolution, and biochemistry. And aesthetically attractive and historically important breeds should be maintained in parks and preserves for their educational and cultural values.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. L. MASON Animal Breeding Consultant Edinburgh. Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p00.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ YAK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report began as a brief examination of the domesticated banteng, a little studied bovine that is an important livestock resource in eastern Indonesia. But the study expanded to include other possibly useful but obscure bovines of Asia: the madura (a hybrid between banteng and cattle), gaur, mithan, kouprey, anoa, tamaraw, yak, and yakowsâhybrids formed by crossing yaks with cattle. Four pig species were also included (the bearded pig, the Sulawesi warty pig, the Javan warty pig, and the pygmy hog) that are important traditional resources in parts of Asia, as well as the babirusaâa piglike, wild animal of Sulawesi that may have a rudimentary rumen. (Asia also has some interesting, little-known breeds of cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, and the common pig, but in this report we have chosen to highlight unconventional species only.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are unfamiliar to international animal science. This report aims to kindle awareness of their possible promise and to stimulate their introduction into projects in the world's animal research facilities. Only through active investigation will the potential of these species - most of which are now familiar only to a small number of wildlife specialists - become clear. Many are threatened with extinction; their genetic merits should be assessed before it is too late.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development agencies and governments in the tropics should regard local species, such as those described in this report, as important genetic material for bolstering the long-term success of domestic livestock breeding programs. These indigenous resources can probably be improved genetically to compare favorably with imported livestock, particularly in difficult tropical environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report was prepared after Hugh Popenoe, Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI), and Noel Vietmeyer of the ACT! staff visited banteng researchers in Indonesia, northern Australia, and Papua New Guinea in May 1981. More than 90 researchers (see contributor's list) provided information to the report through correspondence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACTI is a committee of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council. It assesses unconventional resources and technologies that might prove especially applicable to problems of developing countries. Current titles in the ACTI series Managing Tropical Animal Resources are: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (1981)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (1983). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The production of these books has been supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Program costs for this study were sponsored by AID'S Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which also made possible the free distribution of this report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is an exploratory volume. It will, perhaps, lead in a few years' time to a more complete book on indigenous Asian animals - and perhaps also to similar books on little-known animals of Africa and Latin America. If you have material to contribute to the future edition, please send it to Noel Vietmeyer, JH213, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20418, USA, who will contact you when any new publication on this subject is planned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asia has several domesticated animals about which little is known. Among them are the banteng (&quot;Bali cattle&quot;) of Indonesia, the yak of Central Asia's high country, and the mithan of the border region of India, Burma, and Bangladesh.( *The promise of another Asian animal, the water buffalo, is described in companion report no 32. ) Some Asian farmers use domesticated bovine hybrids: the madura (banteng-cattle hybrid) in Indonesia and the yakow (yak-cattle hybrid) in Central Asia. In addition, domesticated forms of at least two Asian pig species (the Indonesian wild boar and the Sulawesi warty pig) are important husbandry animals in parts of Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among Asia's undomesticated animals are five interesting and potentially valuable species of wild bovines: the kouprey in Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea; the gaur in India and much of Southeast Asia; two species of anoas in Indonesia; and the tamaraw in the Philippines. There are also three species of undomesticated Asian pigs: the bearded pig, the Javan warty pig and pigmy hog. Perhaps the strangest Asian animal of all is the babirusa, a piglike species of eastern Indonesia that may be a rudimentary ruminant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of these animals are either threatened or endangered species, and some will soon be extinct unless scientists, governments, and resource managers take forceful action to preserve them. Scientific management and a better understanding of the animals themselves is required.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important need is to investigate their potential as livestock resources. All seem to be disease resistant and well adapted to difficult natural conditions. Some will interbreed with conventional livestock and might thereby pass on important characters to hybrid progeny. A few of the wild species are ancestors of domestic livestock and could be important genetic reservoirs for maintaining or improving the quality of their domestic descendants. Others may make useful new domesticates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appreciation of their potential in the long-term for the world's agricultural development could create a momentum for the protection, preservation, and greater use of these little-known animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Imported Livestock&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, many thought that the best way to raise animal productivity in tropical developing countries was to introduce high-performing breeds from temperate industrialized areas. The fact that the exotic animals were much more productive than local stock made this seem very appealing. But many such importations ended in failure when the animals either quickly died or their growth or reproduction rates declined so drastically that the herds dwindled away or became uneconomic. These introductions had been made without adequate consideration of the local environment that was expected to support the imported animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More recently, some animal scientists have decried the idea of wholesale importing of temperate-zone livestock into tropical countries without also evaluating the indigenous livestock. In many cases the local animals' apparent poor performance results not from their lack of genetic potential, but from inadequate feeding, breeding, selection, management, and health care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indigenous Animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until an objective evaluation of particular indigenous breeds is undertaken, governments should regard local animals as vitally important for the long-term development of their domestic livestock industries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To achieve an agriculture that is compatible with nature, we should try to raise an animal as much as possible within its own natural environment. Indigenous species are necessarily well adapted to their surroundings and have survival qualities that imported livestock often lack. They generally select food, either graze or browse, better than foreign species and can therefore exploit the habitat more efficiently and live within it more harmoniously.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But most of the livestock species the world depends on today are best adapted to temperate conditions. This is because Stone Age peoples in what today are Europe, the Middle East, and eastern China domesticated the prototypes of agricultural animals that were available in those places. The world's best-known breeds of cattle, wool sheep, and horses, for example, usually perform well in temperate regions and poorly in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The species described in this report offer promise as new and important alternative livestock resources for tropical regions. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Embryo Transplants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems likely that modern technology will substantially improve our ability to use new species and breeds of livestock. One of the most encouraging of the new biotechnology techniques is embryo transplantation. In this process multiple eggs (produced by hormonally stimulating female animals) are fertilized and transplanted to other female animals. The hormonal cycles of the donor and receiving animals are synchronized so that a pregnancy results.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This technique is widely used to transfer embryos between cattle, but researchers are now exploring transfers between different species and even between different genera. In 1981, for example, animal scientists at the New York Zoological Garden transplanted a fertilized gaur ovum into a Holstein cow, which carried the gaur calf to term. Now veterinarians at the University of Florida are attempting to transplant water buffalo embryos into both zebu and Holstein-Friesian cattle, and vice versa. If such pioneering work can become everyday practice, it will open possibilities of using common livestock to raise rare animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, because embryos are thought to be free of many diseases, their shipment between nations may soon be permitted without elaborate quarantine precautions. Methods for freezing embryos have been worked out so that the tiny bundles of cells can be air freighted inexpensively in small, insulated containers. This may make animals such as those discussed in this report available to Africans, Latin Americans, North Americans, and Europeans. It may vastly simplify the worldwide exchange of animal genetic material and become the animal counterpart of exchanging seeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An additional benefit of embryo transplants is that the surrogate mother's placental blood supply provides the fetus with natural immunity to some local diseases, thus perhaps reducing one of the most serious causes of failure when exotic animals are introduced to new environments. And at Utah State University it has been noted that raising wildsheep embryos in domestic ewes produces lambs that are more docile than if they were raised by their biological mothers. Embryo transplants may be a small step toward domesticating new animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With these possibilities on the horizon, it becomes even more important that all countries preserve their indigenous animals. The rest of this report suggests and discusses Asian species for protection and study. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part I : Domesticated Bovine Species</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems probable that two of our widely used livestock species were domesticated in the Asian tropics: the zebu or humped cattle in India and the water buffalo in the humid marshlands of northeastern India or Southeast Asia. (Both the chicken and some races of pig may also have a tropical Asian origin, but the exact sites of their earliest domestication is unclear.) There are, however, other, much more localized, domesticated bovines in Asia. These are not well studied and deserve greatly increased recognition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This section highlights:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Domesticated banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Banteng-cattle hybrids&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Mithan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yak&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yakows. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is time for the world's scientific community to study the genetics, evolution, and biochemical parameters of the unique animal resources, that are found in Southeast Asia. ALLEN D. TILLMAN Animal Consultant Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Though well adapted for survival in their own harsh tropical environments, many domestic livestock breeds are being neglected in the race to achieve temperate zone levels of productivity. CHARLES HICKMAN Department of Dairy Cattle Breeding Ottawa, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies should be made of the present and potential role, productivity and efficiency of all domestic animals and birds, large and small, before they are replaced by imported types. Many wild species also could make important contributions to human welfare with proper management. J. K. LOOSLI Department of Animal Science University of Florida .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The conservation of endangered genetic resources represents a genuine and welcome synthesis of the concerns of the agriculturalist and the wildlife enthusiast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN TINKER British Journalist&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p06.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ MITHAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Domesticated Banteng</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng (*Bos javanicus is now the accepted name, but Bos sondaicus, Bibos banteng, and other synonyms have been used in the past. (See Hooijer, 1956.) The name &quot;banteng&quot; has traditionally referred to the wild form of Bos javanicus; the name &quot;Bali cattle&quot; to the domesticated form. This chapter describes the domesticated form, but we retain the name banteng to reinforce the fact that the animal is not a breed of cattle, but a distinct species. Despite a cattle-like appearance, the animals are at least as genetically remote from cattle as is the bison. Both produce sterile males when hybridized with European cattle. Australia. (N.D. Vietmeyer)) is a bovine that resembles a small cow. It is, however, an entirely different species from either European cattle (Bos taurus) or zebus (Bos indicus). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These docile animals thrive under hot, humid conditions and, like the water buffalo, have high resistance to ticks and tick-borne diseases. In parts of Southeast Asia they have proved acceptable for draft power and meat production, and they may have potential for many other regions of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng are remarkably uniform in type and have changed little from their wild ancestors (see chapter 6). Bulls stand from 1.3 to 1.5 m high at the shoulders, while cows are about 1.2 m high. They have the general conformation of beef cattle. The skin is tight, the neck short, and the dewlap inconspicuous. The face is narrow and is carried horizontally with the large ears pointing forward. There is no hump, but the male possesses a distinctive crest over the thorax because the spines of the thoracic vertebrae are unusually elongated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On both sexes a striking white oval patch covers the rump and all four legs have white stockings. Calves and females are usually light brown with a thin black line along the middle of the back. Bulls are brown when young but usually turn near-black at maturity, unless castrated. Thus, in a herd the sexes - black males and brown females - are strikingly apparent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male horns grow sideways, upward, and outward from a horny mass on the forehead. Females lack this horny shield and their horns usually grow upward and back, eventually curving down again toward the head. Polled animals have not been reported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mature banteng bulls can weigh from 450 to 500 kg. Under exceptional conditions they may reach 550 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly all the world's domesticated banteng are found in Indonesia. They are particularly important on the islands of Bali, Kalimantan, Lombok, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, and Timor. On Bali and Sumbawa, they are virtually uncontaminated by crossbreeding with other cattle and are thought to have been domesticated there in prehistoric times. Since 1913 government officials have enforced a law that prohibits crossbreeding so as to maintain the purity of the breed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small numbers of banteng have been introduced to Sumatra, Malaysia, and northern Australia, and there are experimental herds in Texas, USA, and New South Wales, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p09.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ DISTRIBUTION OF DOMESTICATED BANTEG&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated banteng account for about 20 percent of Indonesia's total population of &quot;cattle.&quot; The banteng population increased from 1.1 million in 1967 to 1.4 million in 1975 and is now estimated to be more than 1.5 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng are found mainly in lowland areas on Indonesian islands straddling the equator. The environment is monsoonal with mean annual temperatures ranging from 23Â° to 31Â°C. Most of the region receives heavy rainfall throughout the year, but dry spells as long as five months occur at some locations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng normally have high conception rates. In northern Australia they regularly achieve 80-90 percent conception, as compared with the 50-60 percent of Brahman-Shorthorn crossbred cattle. Similar conception rates have been recorded in Sulawesi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little basic information on the banteng's reproductive physiology has been reported. However, it appears that this differs little from that of cattle. Sexual maturity has been observed as early as 13 months and mating at 16 months.* The gestation period is about one week longer than that of cattle and twinning is not common. At birth, males weigh about 16-17 kg and females about 14-15 kg (about half the size of Brahman-Shorthorn calves). Calves are not weaned at any specific time, and dams may continue suckling a calf until the next birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng will crossbreed with domestic cattle, producing hybrids with notable vigor and heat tolerance (see chapter 2).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has been reported that banteng have the ability to drink water with high salinity,&quot; and in northern Australia they have even been seen grazing seaweed on coral reefs at low tide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On high-quality diets, feed-conversion ratios approach those of other bovine species. For example, banteng bulls on high-concentrate diets have shown daily growth rates of 0.7 kg, compared with 0.7 kg in water buffalo, 0.8 kg in zebu cattle, and 0.9 kg in British cattle bulls.:&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the banteng matures, its weight remains lower than that of cattle of similar age. However, relative to mature liveweight, this disadvantage is only about 8 percent.Â§&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behaviour&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng cannot be handled as roughly as domestic cattle. Cows and calves are timid and easily upset. When stressed they may run into fences and walls, incurring head and spinal injuries. They also easily get into a state of shock. Special squeeze chutes and other special facilities, along with much care in handling the animals, are essential. However, despite their lively temperament banteng are docile if reared, as in Indonesia, with frequent human contact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are promising beef producers. Gourmets consider banteng cuts among the finest of meats, and Indonesia cannot export enough to satisfy the demand in Hong Kong and Japan alone. The meat's outstanding characteristics are its tenderness and leanness. When the animals are maintained and finished under traditional village management, total fat content of the meat (both on a liveweight and carcass basis) is usually less than 4 percent. Little of the fat is deposited among the meat fibers (marbling); about two-thirds of it is mesenteric and the remainder is subcutaneous, laid down in small globules. The carcasses have a high dressing-out percentage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng have proved to be useful as draft animals for the farm but are reportedly less suitable than zebus for hauling carts on roads. Traditionally, both male and female animals are worked, but Balinese farmers normally use females for cultivating light soils only. Banteng are trained when they are about 2 years old and are reportedly easier to train than zebus.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like water buffaloes banteng can utilize low-quality feeds; they are similar in that they can live off forage unpalatable to cattle. It is rare to see banteng in poor condition. Animals of all ages appear to have an ability to maintain weight and body condition even when pasture quality is poor. In this respect, they have been noted to outperform cattle in Australia's Northern Territory. Moreover, due to their lower milk production banteng cows lose less weight and condition during lactation than, for example, Brahman-Shorthorn cows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In comparison with cattle (European breeds) kept under similar circumstances in Australia, banteng are less infested with external parasites. Their hair is short and their hide tough, which helps them resist ticks. Under field conditions few adult cattle ticks (Boophilus microplus) are observed on the animals, except on malnourished individuals, and the incidence of tick-borne disease is said to be very low. Sarcoptic mange is known to affect the animals, but it has a low incidence as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng also appear to tolerate several internal parasites. Liver fluke is probably the most prevalent. Although the animals themselves appear healthy at slaughter, some 80 percent or more of carcasses are found to have partially infected livers. In addition, intestinal worms are often present.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are only slightly affected by Asian trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma evansi). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are poor milkers; their udders are almost invisible. The lactation varies from 6 to 10 months and milk production is only 0.9-2.8 kg per day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To keep from reverting to the wild state, banteng may need close contact with humans or regular handling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An unidentified banteng disease first appeared on Bali in 1964. Known locally as &quot;jembrana,&quot; it spread rapidly, causing mortalities from 10 to 60 percent in certain localities. It was originally thought to be rinderpest; it is now believed to be caused by a rickettsia transmitted by cattle ticks. Outbreaks have occurred with decreasing intensity and virulence since the original outbreak. The disease is under intensive investigation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Bali ziekte,&quot; a disease affecting only banteng, has also been noted. It is characterized by dry eczema, followed by severe necrosis of the skin and exposed mucous membrances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their high susceptibility to bovine malignant catarrhal fever, banteng must not be brought in contact with sheep and some other animals. This virus is widely disseminated in sheep and several domestic and wild hoofed mammals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There have been few scientific studies of banteng and no coordinated attempt to improve their performance. They deserve more recognition and they merit testing in tropical locations outside their traditional home in Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The herds in northern Australia (descendants of animals remaining from an abortive colonization attempt in the 1820s) are in a relatively disease-free zone, and although they are feral, they can potentially provide animals for breeding and use in other nations. Although these few hundred banteng are a valuable resource, they are vulnerable to destruction if adverse environmental conditions arise or exotic diseases break out in Australia. Representatives of the herd should therefore be distributed and viable breeding stock established at several new locations. (Their genes and gene combinations may even prove valuable for the indigenous herds in Indonesia, and banteng research and development would make a valuable topic for cooperative research between Australia and Indonesia.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is particularly needed to identify the reasons for the banteng's apparent ability to maintain weight and body condition on poor-quality grazing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problems of bovine malignant catarrhal fever, Bali ziekte, and jembrana need increased attention, particularly directed toward prevention and control. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p13.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Banteng Cattle Hybrids</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng and cattle have the same number of chromosomes, and they will interbreed. Few scientific details on the hybrid progeny are available, but on the Indonesian island of Madura they are a &quot;stabilized crossbreed&quot; because they seem to be genetically uniform. This hybridization took place some 1,500 years ago, when Indian invaders brought zebus of the Sinhala, or Ceylonese, type to Madura and crossed them with the banteng.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These madurasâ  reportedly show better growth rate than the pure banteng species itself. They are thrifty, hardy, and able to perform well under extremes of heat and poor nutrition. Though a hybrid in origin, both sexes of the madura are fully fertile. â¡&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For more than 15 centuries the winners of the bull races (&quot;kerapan sap)&quot;) have been the herd sires of Madurese villages. This long breeding history has led to an animal with the following characteristics:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Long legs and small feet&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Elongated muscles of the rear legs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Heavy muscling over the back, loin, and shoulder&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Quick reactions and nervous temperament&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Great heat tolerance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The ability to perform well as a work animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng-cattle hybrids vary in appearance, depending on whether European or zebu cattle are used in the cross as well as on the amount of backcrossing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maduras (banteng x zebu) are graceful animals. Their bodies are neat, compact, and deep, with well developed forequarters. The cows attain an average weight of about 210 kg and bulls range from 350 to 375 kg at maturity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Superficially, maduras are like Jersey cattle, except for having a much smaller udder. In most of them the banteng dominates the body structure and coat color. Bulls have a well-developed hump; females have almost none. There is no distinct dewlap. Horns are medium sized and curve upwards and slightly backwards. Ears are medium length and horizontal. Breeders on Madura accept only red-brown animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, crossbreeds of banteng and zebu are distributed throughout Indonesia. On the other hand, hybrids between banteng and European cattle have been made only in small programs in the United States and Australia. For example, researchers in central Texas are producing a cross that is one-eighth banteng/seven-eighths Charolais. They believe this will result in a beef animal able to grow well in warm, humid conditions. In the Northern Territory of Australia, no problems have been encountered in mating banteng bulls to Brahman-Shorthorn cows. Calves that are one-fourth banteng/three-fourths Brahman-Shorthorn have since been produced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Virtually all of the 575,000 &quot;cattle&quot; on the Indonesian island of Madura are hybrid animals resulting from crossing indigenous domesticated banteng with zebus. More than 200 head of banteng/Charolais hybrids are found near Easterly, Texas, and a score or so banteng/ Brahman-Shorthorn hybrids are on a research station near Darwin, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The environment in Madura, where most of these hybrids occur, is monsoonal, with mean average temperatures as high as 31Â°C in the hot season, and dry spells as long as 5 months. It seems likely that judicious selection of the cattle breed could result in hybrids suitable for many other environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the animals on Madura are bred to be raced. They are probably the fastest running bovines. From a standing start, a yoked pair pulling a sled can reach 50 kph by the end of the 130-meter course. An unencumbered individual can approach the speed of a horse (about 68 kph).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When compared with other bovine genotypes in Indonesia, the performance of these hybrids is more closely related to the banteng than the zebu ancestry.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the cross between banteng and European cattle all F1 bulls are sterile; their sperm development ceases at the secondary spermatocyte stage.â¡ Infertility also exists in most one-fourth banteng (although some sperm are present) and in all three-fourths banteng bulls. The fertility of the F1 cows, on the other hand, is high - 90 percent as compared with 70 percent for Brahman-Shorthorn cows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hybrids have a lively temperament. However, when they are reared with other domestic cattle or handled on a regular basis, they are almost as docile as cattle. For instance, they remain calm even in Madura's extremely crowded towns. Nevertheless, personal contact probably must be maintained to keep them accustomed to human management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cows are very protective of their calves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several reports from the livestock service of the former Dutch colonial government, as well as several books on the East Indies, state that meat from the madura is the tenderest of any known breed. In addition, the hides are pliable and superior to those of cattle and are used in the highest quality leather goods. They command a price about 20 percent higher than zebu hides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The breed is reportedly one of the best draft animals for its size in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maduras have several desirable traits, including those outlined below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Feed efficiency. With grain rations, yearling bulls can gain 1 kg on less than 7 kg of ration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Thriftiness. The breed can maintain its body condition on low quality forages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Heat tolerance. The madura has a high rate of cutaneous evaporation and is therefore well adapted to the tropical monsoonal climate. Teams of madura can plow or cultivate land for more than 6 hours, even at high temperatures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Carcass quality. The madura fattens readily on a high-quality diet and  produces carcasses with high dressing percentages, a large rib-eye area, and  high yields of lean meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· External fat thickness. A well-finished madura normally has only a slight  covering of fat over ribs and lower round. Maximum thickness (over the top  round) is less than 1.5 cm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Intelligence. These animals are responsive and easily trained. The famous  dancing cattle of Madura, for instance, are actually these banteng-cattle  hybrids.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Parasite resistance. Despite often high levels of fluke infections, the  animals continue to work, reproduce, and maintain body condition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maduras have been bred for one thing - speed. Some of their genetic  limitations are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Low birth weight. The calves begin small, weighing 12-14 kg at birth, and  they continue to be slow weight gainers. [Feeding trials with yearling bulls  have shown daily gains of over 600 g for 180 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Poor lactation. Milk production is normally less than 1.5 lifers per day and lactation ends after about 4 months. The cows often fail to produce milk. Much of this is probably caused by poor nutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the important features of the madura is that its genetic variation has been largely removed during 1,500 years of continuous breeding; with study much valuable information could be obtained that is beneficial to all bovine breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following topics need further study:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Fertility levels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crossbreeding to test the effect of using a wider range of cattle breeds*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Assessment of the hybrid's advantages over the pure banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Performance under a wide range of environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 Mithan</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan (Bos frontalis) is believed to be a domesticated form of gaur (see chapter 6).t (However, it resembles the banteng and some authors have proposed that it is a gaur-cattle cross, others a gaur-banteng cross.) The mithan is a domestic animal indigenous to parts of India, Burma, and Bangladesh. Because of large size and the high butterfat content of its milk it is widely used to crossbreed with cattle in Bhutan. It deserves greater recognition both in Asia and elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan is a handsome animal. Bulls may occasionally exceed 1.7 m at the shoulder and weigh 1,000 kg, but the average bull is about 1.5 m tall and weighs 540 kg. Cows are shorter and weigh less.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal has a dorsal ridge on the crest of the shoulders, a small but pronounced dewlap, and a generally flat forehead. Mithan horns are often of unusual girth; they are straight or gently curving, and many have an enormous base that practically covers the top of the skull.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most calves and females are brown, but adult males are generally black with white stockings on all four legs. Some, however, are light brown, white, or piebald.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the hill ranges of Assam, where gaur are still plentiful and interbreeding between mithan and gaur frequently occurs, the mithans are massive and gaurlike. But in the Chin Hills, where gaur are scarce, the mithans have lost their bulky proportions, probably by interbreeding with cattle. With them, the high dorsal ridge on the shoulder (which lends so much to the imposing stature of the gaur) has disappeared, the horns are cowlike, and the varied coloring of the domestic cow begins to appear.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithan are kept in a domesticated condition by the hill tribes of northeastern India (Mishmis, Mizo, Nagas), the Chittagong Hill tracts, and some Burmese hill ranges (Arakan and Chin Hills). It is the main domestic animal of the Nagas of Nagaland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In India feral herds totalling some 50,000 head roam the jungles of Arunachal Pradesh. Recently the Royal Government of Bhutan has established two herds by purchasing animals from Arunachal Pradesh. Bhutanese farmers have some 60,000 head of animals that are hybrids of mithan and the local breed of cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Bhutan is breeding mithans on government farms and distributing males to private breeders to improve the genetic base.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan is a grazing animal, but in some areas herds are allowed to browse freely in the woods; some return to the villages for protection at night, while others remain largely in the forests. The villagers keep the forest mithans nearby by providing salt, for which the animals have an insatiable craving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feral mithan live in the same habitat as gaurs and are said to move equally skillfully in mountainous terrain. Usually they are found at elevations from 600 to 3,000 m. However, in the Chittagong Hill tracts and the Mishmi country they descend to 300 m and lower, while in Bhutan they have been reported grazing in summer at altitudes as high as 3,300 m, for example around Thimphu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p23.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mithan distribution. (after Simoons and Simoons, 1968)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithans are fully fertile amongst themselves. Also, they interbreed freely with the gaur, banteng, yak, and cattle of both the taurus and zebu types. Naga owners encourage the interbreeding with gaur, regarding it as an improvement of the race. (They arrange this by placing salt licks in the forest. After gaur bulls have formed a habit of coming to the licks, mithan cows are left there and in due course mating takes place.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The crosses between mithan and zebu are also encouraged in certain districts. Unlike most crosses between bovine species, those between mithan and cattle result in fertile male and female offspring (although some owners indicate that the F1 male is not a reliable breeder).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is an unusually gentle animal with a quiet disposition, as revealed in the Chin tribe's expression &quot;gentle as a mithan.&quot; Normally even a stranger is safe to approach one; if he gives it a bit of salt, it will usually follow him about. Thus, mithans are easily managed in a regular cattlerearing operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many mithans are not domesticated in the strict sense. Their herds live in a semi-tame state near jungle villages and come to settlements only in the evening to lick salt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some regions of northern India, mithans are used for field work and as draft animals. They are also important as a meat supply. The Bhutanese government is establishing a national dairy-mithan breeding program, which could result in a valuable dairy animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To many tribes of northeast India and Burma, mithans serve mainly as sacrificial animals. The Nagas use them as a kind of &quot;currency&quot; to pay for goods, to buy brides, and to pay penalties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids resulting from backcrossing mithan with common cattle are also used as work animals. For at least a century, Bhutanese livestock breeders, particularly those in the eastern section, have mated mithan bulls to siri cows (Bos taurus) from India. This produces very profitable hybrid offspring that have high milk production. The milk is rich in total solids and produces exceptional yields of cheese and butter.* The male of the cross (called &quot;jatsha&quot;) is a powerful draft animal, and the female (&quot;jatshum&quot;) is a prized milk cow. To this day, extensive crossing continues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan is potentially an animal that can be used in difficult terrain where most domestic cattle breeds do not perform well. Mithans are superior when it comes to feeding on steep slopes and cliffs and for grazing native grass and the leaves of local fodder trees. They are also adapted to tropical and subtropical environments. And they are able to maintain themselves in small herds (6-10 head) in dense jungle.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan could prove valuable in other parts of the world, and it could be important particularly for the genetic improvement of cattle in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If they are disturbed, mature mithans can be temperamental. They can be difficult to hold with normal fences or chutes, because of their size. When given injections or otherwise subjected to pain, they are liable to bolt to the jungle and not return.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The productivity of these animals needs to be better characterized and defined. Attention should be given to their grazing efficiency as compared with that of cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The two farms the Bhutan government has established for breeding mithans provide an opportunity to gather genetic information on the species and to have experimental matings take place to establish the most suitable animal for various conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The genetic relationship of mithan to gayal, gaur, and cattle needs to be clarified. Although it is believed that the mithan and gayal are the same animal, one of this report's reviewers points out that the mithan of Bhutan are strikingly different in color, body shape, and horn structure from gayals seen in zoos in Europe and India. Although the mithan is now considered a domesticated gaur, many in the past have claimed it as a gaur-cattle hybrid. Physiological research could remove lingering doubts. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p26.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Yak</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yak (Bos grunniens), is a grazing animal that is accustomed to traveling great distances in a harsh environment. Nothing is known about when it was first domesticated, but there has probably been a close association between man and yaks ever since the first humans migrated into the high mountains of Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated yaks are about the size of ordinary cattle and rarely exceed heights of 1.3 m at the shoulder. Their liveweight is generally 250-550 kg for the males and 180-350 kg for the females. They differ little from wild yaks except that they are smaller, have shorter and thinner horns, and may be rusty brown, black, silver grey, or piebald instead of black.â  Often they have whitish spots on their faces.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yak's hair is long, especially on the flanks, where it forms a shaggy fringe that often reaches the ground. This, together with an underlying layer of thick, fine wool, protects the animal from the bitter cold of its native region. The yak has an enormous tail with a brush of long hair coming from its root, which is rare in bovines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Long extensions of the thoracic vertebrae give the yak shoulders that look like a hump, but this is different from the boneless hump in zebus. The body is long, short-legged, and compact, with particularly large forequarters because, like the bison, the yak has 14 or 15 pairs of ribs instead of the 13 of domestic cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The horns spread outward and upward, and the head is held low, like that of the bison. While no hornless domestic yaks have been reported in Nepal, more than 90 percent of those found in Mongolia lack horns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most yaks are found especially in the mountains and plateaus of Tibet and western China, however they occur from northern Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Bhutan to Mongolia, and the Soviet Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are more than one million domestic yaks in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Himalayas the domestic yak is almost always found above 2,000 m elevation. Males are sometimes brought as low as 1,700 m for mating with cattle (see chapter 6), but they do not fare well at such altitudes. In Mongolia and Buryatiya (U.S.S.R.), however, they are found as low as 1,500 m elevation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p29.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Yak distribution. (after J. Bonnemaire, 1976)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild yak lives in desolate mountain areas at altitudes of 4,000-6,000 m. Its habitat is the alpine tundra and the cold desert regions of the northern part of the Tibetan plateau. These barren mountain regions are remote and at higher elevations than the zones of human habitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks look ungainly, partly because they are covered with long hair, but they are agile climbers and can maneuver narrow mountain paths. Their long hair is one adaptation to the cold climate. Other adaptations are the small, compact scrotum of the male and udder of the female, the small teats (only 2-3 cm long) and covering of hair over the udder, and the covering of short hair over the muzzle, except just around the nostrils.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In early summer yaks graze the lush grass in valley bottoms, but for much of the year they live on dry, coarse mountain grass and for long periods obtain water by eating snow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gestation length is 258 days - slightly shorter than that of cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic yaks are docile and easily managed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks are especially useful as riding and pack animals; they can manage loads of more than 150 kg. At altitudes up to 6,000 m they may carry a pack or a person at a steady pace for days and still remain in good condition. In some regions they are the only feasible pack animal. Yak bulls (generally castrated) are also used for plowing and for threshing grain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Occasionally the yak is slaughtered for meat. The meat is particularly important in parts of the USSR and in Mongolia, where in the cold, high-altitude environments it reportedly costs only half as much to produce as beef.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas milk production is an essential aspect of yak husbandry. Yields vary considerably according to management and nutrition, but they average about 600 kg and can be more than 1,000 kg per lactation. Yak milk is golden colored. It is much richer than cow's milk; a typical analysis is: total dry matter, 17.35 percent; fat, 6.5 percent; protein, 5.3 percent; and sugars, 4.6 percent. The fat globules are much larger than those in cow's milk. People of Tibetan stock use yak butter as a food staple and as a lighting fuel.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yak hide, though apparently not as good as that of cattle, is used for many purposes. It makes outstanding saddles. Yak hair is used for making ropes, saddle blankets (purportedly the best in the world), grainstorage bags, and tents. The fine wool that occurs beneath the long hair is used for making felt. The annual yield of adult females and males is about 750 g and 1,600 g of hair and about 350 g and 600 g of wool, respectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because yaks are often found above the timberline their dung is an important fuel in many areas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks can live and work hard in a cold climate. They are the only bovines to thrive at high altitudes. In cold, high areas they can work and produce meat and milk more efficiently and cheaply than cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks are not well able to eliminate surplus heat because their heavy coat reduces their ability to sweat. In warm climates their respiration rate and body temperature increase and they become exhausted and susceptible to infections. At low altitudes in Nepal yaks die of a variety of diseases. Apparently not even yak-cattle hybrid animals (see next chapter) can successfully live below 700 m in that part of the world. This is probably due to overheating, since during the first half of this century yaks grew successfully in trials at low altitudes in Alaska and northern Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yak improvement programs are much needed. It seems probable that the genetic potential of the species is far from realized because Buddhist beliefs oppose the deliberate killing of stock. Techniques for deep freezing yak semen have been successfully developed at Regents Park Zoo, London and should prove invaluable for improving the breed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· As a result of uncontrolled hunting the wild yak is endangered and is now restricted to remote barrens on upland plateaus and highlands in northern Tibet and Chinghai, inhospitable even to domestic yaks. The numbers of wild yak are unknown. They require total protection throughout their range and the establishment of adequately protected reserves with good pasture. To preserve their genetic purity, it is important to isolate wild yaks from domestic yaks and thus keep them pure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A primary need is to catalog the numbers and locations of purebred yaks. Today we have little idea of the total breeding population. Gathering such information is difficult, owing to the geographical isolation of the communities involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It is also important to catalog the movement of yaks between different areas to see if enough genetic exchange occurs to prevent inbreeding of the population. Exchanges between local pastoralists were much more frequent in the past (for example, between Tibet and Nepal), but this is now more difficult because of border restrictions and because many yak &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;herders that used to move herds long distances have become sedentary farmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Breeding strategies, herd management, product processing, and herd hygiene in Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, northern India, and northern Pakistan, Tibet, Mongolia, and the Soviet Union all differ greatly. It is important to get an overall perspective so that the strengths of the different systems can be judged and the weaknesses reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· There are clearly different domestic yak &quot;breeds&quot; in terms of their appearance, and these need to be identified and compared systematically. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p33.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5 Yakows</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks and cattle have the same diploid number of chromosomes (60). And in the regions where yaks are found, they are often interbred with cattle, either the humpless cattle (Bos taurus) of Tibet and Mongolia or the zebu (Bos indicus) of South Asia. As with mules, the hybrid offspring of cattle and yak surpass their parents in strength and vigor. Yakows* grow faster than their parents, and they suffer less from high temperatures than yaks. The hybrid cow reaches sexual maturity earlier and yields larger quantities of milk than the yak cow. The males, however, are sterile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yakow's appearance varies with the type of cattle used in the cross. But because of the phenomenon of hybrid vigor (heterosis), the hybrids are considerably bigger than the mean size of their parents. (For instance, in one test the liveweight was approximately 18 percent higher than the average weight of the parents.) The hybrids also excel in hardiness, working ability, growth rate, and milk production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, their appearance and performance is closer to that of the mother than of the father. Because of this, the yakows can be &quot;custom designed&quot; for various altitude zones. For example, the farmer at lower altitudes may produce cattle-like yakows by breeding yak bulls to domestic cows, while farmers at higher altitudes would use the reverse cross.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yakows have shorter hair and a much less downy undercoat than purebred yaks. They are similar in color to yaks. (In Nepal, black is most frequent, but brown shades and even white may occur.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yakows are found in parts of northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, northeast and northwest India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Tibet, western China, Mongolia, and southeastern Russia. They are found notably in the Himalayan region of Nepal, where they are bred by people of Tibetan culture and language. Sherpas, for instance, supply hybrid cows and heifers to dairy farmers throughout northeastern Nepal. Hybrids are also much bred in Ladakh (northern Pakistan) and Mongolia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whereas farmers in Nepal tend to use zebus to cross with yak, the inhabitants of the Tibetan plateau generally use Bos taurus cattle. People in some areas favor mating yak bulls to cows, while those in other areas prefer the reverse. But even within one village there can be a degree of specialization by different families, depending on wealth and the location of traditional grazing grounds. Generally, however, the crosses between domestic cattle bulls and yak cows are the predominant ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of yak-cattle hybrids in the world is unknown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the yak, the hybrid can live in cold, barren, upland terrain, but it has the advantage of being able to adapt to lower altitudes. In winter, caravans of hybrids may come down as low as 1,600 m in some parts of Nepal, and hybrid herds (especially those resulting from crossing yak bulls with zebu cows) can spend several weeks grazing at altitudes as low as about 1,700 m in winter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female hybrids are fertile when mated with either parent stock. Male hybrids, however, are sterile. Although they have fully developed secondary sexual characters and show libido, their testes do not produce spermatozoa because the seminiferous tubules are poorly developed and the spermatogonia and their nuclei are degenerate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few normal or motile spermatozoa may be found in the semen of backcrosses of the F1 hybrids to either parent, but as a rule the spermatozoa are normal and dead.* Backcrossing is reportedly not common, however, as the progeny do not retain hybrid vigor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibetan farmers prefer the hybrids for plowing because of their docile temperament. The yak is said to be more stubborn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hybrids are valued as beasts of burden and draft, and are often preferred over yaks. Male hybrids are generally castrated at about 3 years of age so as to increase their strength and size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where pastures occur over areas of greatly varying altitude, the use of hybrid livestock is likely to be more efficient, in biological terms, than the use of yaks or cattle. By judiciously selecting cattle, yaks, or hybrids all altitudes from sea level to above 5,000 m can be utilized with best efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hybrid's milk is intermediate in composition between that of its parents. However, hybrids yield up to 7 kg of milk per day against the yak's 3 kg. (It seems that the hybrid derived from cattle bull and female yak produces considerably more milk, with a higher fat content than that derived from yak bull x cattle female.) Also the female hybrids produce larger quantities of milk than Nepalese zebu cows on the same hill pastures. They also produce a calf each year, while under normal herd management yaks tend to produce a calf every 2 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids do not tolerate extremes of altitude or cold as well as purebred yaks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The normal gestation period for yaks is about 1 month shorter than that of cattle, and the gestation period for a hybrid is intermediate between that of the parents - hence there may be problems at calving when a female yak is sired by a bull from a large cattle breed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed to identify differences in altitude tolerance between various hybrids. This should include measurements of hemoglobin count, respiration rate, and pulse rates at different altitudes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies are also needed on all production characteristics, particularly on the meat and milk production potentials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cataloging the breeding strategies of different areas where hybrids occur would be useful, along with a historical perspective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research to determine the most productive hybrids by crossing different yak and cattle &quot;breeds&quot; in areas with different environmental conditions could be extremely useful. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part II : Wild Bovine Species</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In various parts of Southeast Asia there exist little-known relatives of cattle and water buffaloes. Many of these wild animals are close to extinction, and attention is drawn to them in hope their populations will be preserved. All of them survive in tropical regions subject to environmental extremes - flooding annual rains, searing droughts, and swarming pests and parasites. These are conditions to which conventional livestock are poorly adapted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None of Africa's bovines is threatened with extinction, and both the European and American forms of bison are being preserved by governments and individuals. In Asia, however, there has been an alarming drop in the numbers of wild water buffalo, wild yak, wild banteng, kouprey, gaur, and tamaraw in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This section describes:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Wild banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Gaur&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Tamaraw&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If not molested, many of these animals can thrive side by side with human settlements. They may therefore have an important future role in the development of the tropics. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is little point in conservation for conservation's sake, but loss of irreplaceable resources through ignorance, greed, or thoughtlessness should be avoided. It may be that these Asian animals have little merit other than their uniqueness, but at the very least, sufficient numbers should be conserved until we have time to find out. A. J. SMITH Royal School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rapid human increase and relative poverty deny hope that any land can lie idle when so many would be robbed of an opportunity simply to exist. For wildlife to survive, let alone at its breathtaking best, we must think of new and better ways to justify its future, preferably by having it contribute to the welfare of those hard-pressed humans who inevitably are further disadvantaged by the creation of national parks. DAVID WESTERN New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is an urgency to conserve and study nontraditional animal species, especially for use in the environmentally challenging tropical areas of the world. The philosophy plant scientists apply to exploring the potential of the plant kingdom needs to be more enthusiastically adopted for the world's animal species. G. W. M. KIRBY, Principal Animal Production Officer Department of Primary Production Darwin, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p40.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ GAUR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6 Wild Banteng</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild banteng (Bos javanicus)* are the most cowlike of all the wild bovines and are the parent stock of the 1.5 million domesticated banteng in Indonesia (see chapter 1). They have a scattered distribution throughout Southeast Asia, and three subspecies are recognized:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Java banteng Bos javanicus javanicus (Java and Bali)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Borneo banteng Bos javanicus lowi (Borneo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Burma banteng Bos javanicus birmanicus (Burma, Thailand, Indochina).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng have been called the most beautiful of all wild relatives of cattle. The cows are usually a vibrant reddish brown, while adult bulls are mostly blackish-brown and sometimes even blue-black (although in Burma and Indochina bulls remain golden brown like the cows, and in Thailand a few banteng have been recorded with white, deerlike spots on their brown coats). Both sexes have white &quot;stockings&quot; and a large white patch on their rumps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng are larger than their domesticated counterparts. Average-sized bulls of the Java and Burma subspecies stand 1.6 m high and weigh 635 kg, but bulls as large as 1.9 m and 825 kg have been recorded. Cows average 1.4 m in height and weigh 400 kg. The Borneo subspecies is smaller.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The horns of banteng bulls are angular, turning out and then up, with inward-pointing tips and reaching a spread of 60-75 cm. The horns of cows are short and crescent shaped. There is a patch of thick, naked skin between the horns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are found in restricted localities scattered over an area ranging from the northeastern edge of India, through Burma, Thailand, the northern Malay Peninsula, central and southern Indochina, and the islands of Borneo, Java, and Bali.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only a few thousand wild banteng survive, and their numbers are decreasing. Most populations are endangered because their habitats are being encroached upon by the growing human population. In Sabah, Malaysia, for example, the areas where an estimated 300-550 banteng (the last remaining herds) occur are scheduled for conversion to permanent agriculture. The animals are being forced to use smaller and smaller habitats, thus increasing losses caused by malnutrition, diseases, and parasites. In addition, throughout much of the animal's range, hunting, military operations, and perhaps interbreeding with domestic cattle are further reducing the original stocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p43.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of wild banteng. (courtesy of C.H. Wharton)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng's general distribution lies in the zone of deciduous monsoon forest in Southeast Asia. Habitats vary between the extremes of dry wooded parkland with large grassy plains to tropical rain forest with small clearings. The animals prefer flat or undulating terrain. In northern Kampuchea and eastern Java, they inhabit grassland savannas. In western Thailand, they live in a belt of grass and bamboo thickets along upper slopes of dry mountains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng inhabit sites from sea level to around 2,000 m elevation. They avoid large human settlements and plantations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas there are no pronounced hot or cold seasons, but dry seasons can be long.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng prefer feeding on grass, but are fond of herbs, leaves, fruits and blossoms, as well as the sprouts of trees, brush, and young bamboo. Under favorable conditions they drink daily, preferring standing water. During droughts, they seem able to survive several days without water. In coastal areas where there are no mineral licks they can meet their need for salt by occasionally drinking seawater. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sex ratio at birth is 140 males to 100 females, but mortality of bulls is heavy and the adult ratio is about three cows for every bull.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calves are suckled until they are 14-16 months old.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In undisturbed conditions, the banteng's daily activity has a more or less fixed rhythm. During daytime, the animals alternate active and resting periods of 2-3 hours each. The active periods predominantly involve feeding, drinking, and social interactions. While resting, the animals commonly ruminate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a reaction to heavy rains or human disturbances, the animals retreat into dense vegetation. In regions with frequent human disturbance they generally appear in the open only at night. However, where they find particularly suitable localities they become somewhat accustomed to human presence and will venture out in daylight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng live alone or in small groups of up to eight members. Males separate from their mothers at an age of 2-3 years. Sometimes female calves continue living with their mother even beyond maturity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cows and dominant bulls command the best pastures, and young and weaker bulls roam widely, rarely leaving the protection of the thick forest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng bull has a reputation for extraordinary savagery, but stories of its lightning attack have been exaggerated. Wildlife biologists in Indonesia have not been able to document any such attacks and have no qualms about walking in banteng habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng show important promise for improving domesticated banteng (see chapter 1) or for interbreeding with cattle (chapter 2). Almost 170 years ago Sir Stamford Raffles, founder of Singapore, noted that in Java &quot;The degenerate domestic cows are sometimes driven into the forest to couple with the wild benteng, for the sake of improving that breed.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tourism could be developed in areas where these magnificent animals occur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng are large, robust animals fully at home both in the heat and humidity of the wet season and in the hot dry season. Their genetic &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;endowment for such tolerance could be of significant value fin improving domestic stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Possible Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng may prove to have a special susceptibility to diseases of domestic animals. Blackleg (Clostridium chauvoli) and mucosal disease have caused heavy losses in banteng in European zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capture of wild banteng may prove difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research on the physiology, production potential, and possible uses of wild banteng is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hunting and destruction of its habitats menace the wild banteng over all of its range. The only promising means for conservation is creation of nature reserves where hunting and forest destruction are forbidden. Conservation efforts should particularly include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Supporting government of Thailand efforts to conserve banteng in western Thailand and the Petchabun Range;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cooperating with the Burmese government in surveys to locate the best banteng habitats;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cooperating with the governments of Kampuchea and Laos to identify banteng habitats and establish appropriate protective measures; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Carrying out research in Java's nature reserves (Ujung Kulon National Park and Baluran Reserve) to ascertain the genetic distinctiveness of the banteng, its status, and its characteristics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Sabah and other areas of Southeast Asia there are cattle breeding projects that use imported stock exclusively. Experimental crossbreeding of local banteng with this stock should be encouraged. There are some feral and domestic banteng, as well as hybrids between wild banteng and feral cattle, that should also be tested.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p45.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7 Gaur</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gaur (Bos gaurus) would seem to be an ideal meat-producing animal. It is a large bovine with massive muscular development, and it has already been domesticated (see mithan, chapter 3). Gaurs, which are threatened with extinction, deserve much greater attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two subspecies of gaurs are recognized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Bos gaurus gaurus (India, Nepal) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Bos gaurus laosiensis (Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Kampuchea, West Malaysia). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With its huge head, massive body, and sturdy limbs, the gaur is the embodiment of vigor and strength. It is among the biggest of bovines. Bulls weigh 600-940 kg and stand 1.6-1.9 m tall at the shoulder, but a record bull of 2.2 m and 1,225 kg has been recorded. Cows are only about 10 cm shorter in height, but they are more lightly built and weigh 150 kg less.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On their shoulders gaur bulls have a striking muscular ridge that slopes down to the middle of the back, where it ends in an abrupt dip. The horns are crescent shaped, creamy yellow, and taper to a sharp point, which is usually tipped in black.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newborns are a light golden yellow, but soon darken to coffee or reddish brown, the color of young bulls and cows. Old bulls are jet black, their bodies almost hairless. Gaurs have light colored forehead and yellowish or white stockings. Their eyes are brown but in certain lights, because of reflection, they appear blue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs excrete an oily, aromatic sweat, unique to this species and to the mithan. It gives the animals a strong bovine smell and may be an adaptation for keeping away insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once common throughout South and Southeast Asia, gaurs now survive only in scattered remnant herds of up to 30 animals in the hill forests of India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Kampuchea, Vietnam, and the Malay Peninsula.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p48.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Gaur distribution. (courtesy of C.H. Wharton)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Historically, the largest concentrations have coexisted with farmers in areas of shifting cultivation. The animals adjust to disturbed land, and they also adapt to man's presence if not unduly harassed. For example, gaurs will feed in agricultural fields, along roadsides, and near occupied houses. Herds in national parks feed peacefully while tourists stand by. Gaurs in zoos also become quite tame and manageable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Populations not protected in parks and reserves are in immediate danger of extinction. Even in the remotest hill forests gaurs are harassed by hunting, exposed to the diseases of domestic cattle, and driven from their natural habitat by human invasion. Most herds outside of parks or wildlife reserves are threatened by agricultural development, hydroelectric dam projects, human settlement, or extensive logging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In India, large populations still exist in the larger sanctuaries such as &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mudumalai and Kanha Park. In Thailand diseases carried by domestic animals, poaching, and habitat destruction have reduced total gaur numbers to fewer than 500. In Malaysia, the population is estimated to be only 400 animals. â &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs typically live on gentle, undulating terrain with natural mineral licks. They inhabit gaps in the forest, such as abandoned clearings, where they can find grasses and shrubs. In the northern portions of their range, they inhabit deciduous and semideciduous hill and mountain forests with light brush and many grassy clearings. In the lowlands they live in open bamboo jungles, grassy plains near forests, or dense forests broken by glades or open meadows. (In the forest they probably depend to some extent on the slash and burn agriculture of hill people.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals appear to be adapting to increased human presence. They make use of such man-modified habitats as logged forests and fringe areas of agricultural estates that abound with grasses and early secondgrowth vegetation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs are combination grazers and browsers. They feed on the grasses of forest openings as well as on the young leaves, fruits, twigs, and bark of shrubs and juvenile trees. In one study in Malaysia, grasses comprised 41 percent of their diet, fortes 23 percent, and woody browse 36 percent.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs develop large muscular bodies and maintain excellent condition on relatively low-quality feed. In the Malaysian study, crude protein content of grass species varied from 7.0 to 7.6 percent and phosphorus content varied from 0.11 to 0.17 percent; yet calves reached weights of 300 kg or more during their first year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Birth and survival rates of up to 100 percent have been reported for wild gaur populations. Calves are born at any time of the year. The gestation period is 270 days, a little shorter than for banteng or domestic cattle and longer than for yak or kouprey.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Captive gaurs calve first at 2.5 years of age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gaur interbreeds with the mithan, and both have a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 58.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By nature gaurs are shy and timid. As with most wild bovines, their hearing and eyesight seem comparatively poor. Their defense lies in their massive size and acute sense of smell. When a herd with juveniles is threatened by a predator, the adults form a protective circle around the young. Although individuals retreat from danger if they can, they have a unique form of threat: they approach their opponents broadside instead of head on, displaying the huge muscular body and dorsal ridge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In common with other wild bovids, gaurs habitually visit mineral licks, which appear to be necessary to their habitat and influence the herd's movements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike water buffaloes, gaurs do not wallow. They take cover in the forest during the heat of the day and may feed at night and in the early morning during hot weather. In populated areas such as near agricultural estates, they may feed only at night to avoid people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, gaurs associated in loose herds of up to 400 animals, but today groups of only 5 to 12 animals are normally found. The herds, which are of more stable composition than those of banteng, are separated by sex for most of the year; however, during the rut stronger bulls form a series of &quot;tending bonds&quot; with estrous cows.â &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs are thought to be interfertile with domestic cattle. If so, their attributes of size, massive muscular development, tolerance of heat and humidity, and resistance to diseases and parasites can contribute to beef production in the tropics. A gaur-cattle hybrid might also have immunity to some cattle diseases; if it retained the mild temperament of the domesticated parent, an extremely powerful beast of burden could be produced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gaur is a truly majestic animal. Its habit of using grassy forest clearings and salt licks makes it a likely tourist attraction in parks and reserves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a climate and environment where domestic cattle are susceptible to heat stress and parasite infestation, gaur thrive and maintain body condition. Further, they are able to develop large muscular bodies and maintain excellent body conditions on relatively low-quality forage by feeding on a variety of woody browse, grasses, and fortes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Retaining its wild instincts for survival, the gaur is better able to withstand predator attacks them domestic cattle. This could be an advantage when animals graze in remote areas. Adult gaurs are strong enough to defend themselves against a predator as powerful as a tiger. In addition, they are also very protective of their young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs have little immunity to some cattle diseases. In many regions of India, cattle driven into the forests to graze infect gaur herds with rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, cattle plague, and other contagious diseases. Severe losses occur. Gaurs also appear very susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaur numbers are declining throughout their range. If this trend is not reversed, it could effectively prohibit the use of gaur for domestication or crossbreeding purposes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs are shy and excitable, making them difficult to catch, but once in captivity the animals calm down. Second generation zoo populations are easily worked and handled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs on occasion damage cultivated crops such as young rubber trees and cassava. They require sturdy and well-kept fences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Southeast Asia there is special need to support the efforts of the governments of Malaysia and Thailand to conserve this species and to identify important gaur populations. Similar protective measures are needed in Burma, Laos, Kampuchea, and Vietnam.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed to establish and manage new gaur herds in forest reserves and build up the gaur population in the world's zoos. Techniques have been developed to capture and release wild gaur safely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fertilized gaur ova have been successfully transferred into a foster Holstein cow. The cow carried the gaur fetus to a successful delivery. This could be the forerunner of an important means of rapidly expanding captive herds by transferring gaur embryos into cattle in different parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is also needed on the basic physiology and production potential of gaur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossbreeding experiments should be started immediately to establish the degree of interfertility between the gaur and other bovine species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p52.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8 Kouprey</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey (Bos sauveli) is the most primitive of living cattle. Its features are typical of some forms that existed in the Pleistocene era, 600,000 years ago. Discovered by Western scientists only in 1937,â  the kouprey was the last large mammal to enter the biology books. It is perhaps the most primitive of living cattle and is closely allied to Bos namadicus, the wild ancestor of zebu cattle. In 1964 it was declared Cambodia's national animal. It is now perilously close to extinction, and for a decade no koupreys have been observed close enough for a positive identification by a specialist. In 1982, however, five of the animals were believed sighted in Thailand, near the border with Kampuchea. Thus there are hopes that the kouprey still exists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey is large. Males stand 1.5-2 m high at the shoulder and may weigh 900 kg. Females are approximately three-quarters the height and weight of the males. The body is slender and long-legged. The hump from the withers to the center of the back is smaller than that of the gaur, but larger than that of the banteng. There is a well-developed dewlap from the throat to the mid-chest, which in old animals is sometimes so pendulous that it drags through the grass in front of the forelegs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young bulls are gray, with black on the head and dewlap. Old bulls are entirely black and cows are mouse gray or dullish light brown. As in the gaur and the banteng, the lower parts of the legs have white stockings, but kouprey stockings have a streak of dark hair down the front.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey. (P. Pfeffer)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey horns are among the longest and widest of any bovine. The tips of the adult male horns are surrounded by rough, frayed tissue caused by the animals' habit of digging in the soil with their horns. The females have slender, lyre-shaped horns that corkscrew upwards, unlike those of any other wild or domesticated cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey are said to have a grace more reminiscent of deer than cattle. They move at a light trot, as fast as 32 kph.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey's prevalence in ancient times is evidenced by prehistoric cave-paintings in Kampuchea. The animal was also a favorite of the ancient Khmers, who carved kouprey statues and featured the animal in bas-reliefs on temples, including the monuments of Angkor Wat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, whatever kouprey exist are restricted to an area along both sides of the Mekong River in northern Kampuchea, the Dangrek Range, and other parts of eastern Thailand to the far south of Laos, and to the westernmost part of Vietnam. Although one or two small herds may still exist in remote pockets of Laos and Vietnam, the bulk of the population has always been centered in Kampuchea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are no koupreys in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their large size, gregarious behavior, comparatively low reproductive rate, and preference for open areas, kouprey are vulnerable to hunting. The impressive horns and other tissues are valued as trophies and as medicinals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1964 it was estimated there were about 500 kouprey in Kampuchea, but by 1970 fewer than 70 were left. The subsequent fate of the species is unknown because of the years of warfare in the area. (Early in 1970, the three nominal kouprey reserves of Kampuchea were overrun by military forces.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p55.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ KOUPREY DISTRIBUTION. (AFTER C.H. WHARTON )&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1975 the kouprey stocks in Laos and Thailand were estimated at only 50 and 20 animals, respectively. By now, hunting and habitat destruction probably have all but eliminated the kouprey from Thailand. However, a reported sighting of five animals that had strayed across the border from Kampuchea was made in July 1982. (By the time Thai zoologists arrived to investigate, the herd apparently had crossed back into Kampuchea.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the banteng, the kouprey inhabits open sites such as light savannas, woodland meadows, and scattered glades in the monsoon forests. It is adapted to dry country. This type of habitat is not widespread in Indochina, and the range of the kouprey is consequently limited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey spend most of the year among low rolling hills in open areas where grazing and visibility are good. These open areas are a fire climax mosaic of dry dipterocarp savannas and patches of dense forest. Fires occur each dry season, most of them deliberately set by man. Kouprey capitalize on the young growth in burned-over areas. They feed primarily on grasses, sedges, and tree leaves. They also require salt licks and a supply of water in the dry season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gestation period is thought to be about 8.5 months. Cows leave the herd before parturition and return with their calves after about a month. They nurse their calves for about 6 months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey are said to be even more shy than banteng and gaur. They feed in erratic patterns and are always alert and nervous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loose herds of 20 or more have been reported. These were of mixed composition, often with more than one adult male, and were usually led by an old female. Adult bulls sometimes form bachelor herds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey utilize some of the same feeds as wild banteng, and the two animals often live in a loose association. They graze together, and, especially after the mating season, solitary kouprey bulls often associate with banteng herds. The two species do not, however, interbreed in the wild. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey is a candidate for domestication and has important potential as breeding stock. It is a wild animal, but it may have been domesticated temporarily during the Khmer culture, 400-800 years ago.* Both Vietnam and Laos have cattle breeds that resemble kouprey, and a kouprey bull, reputed to be a domestic animal of the Stieng tribe, was exhibited in the Paris Menagerie in the mid-nineteenth century. It may be that kouprey are domestic even today in parts of Indochina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey survival has worldwide significance. The animals could be important for studies of bovine evolution and as a genetic resource for crossbreeding to improve disease resistance and other characteristics of domesticated bovines. For instance, the kouprey is thought to be resistant to rinderpest, a killer disease of domestic cattle. Also, kouprey bulls are distinctive for their long dewlap, and they probably have more skin area for their weight than other bovines and are therefore better able to eliminate body heat. This genetic trait may help large cattle breeds survive in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey's potential may be moot - there may be none left in the world. It is feared that the warfare of recent years may have caused its extinction. However, if enough animals survive and can be protected, the kouprey could probably recover its numbers, as a higher calf-to-cow ratio (1:3) was reported for this species than for either banteng (1:4) or gaur (1:10).*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If wild kouprey are found, their capture is likely to be difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a long-term sequence of research needs for the kouprey, which includes the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;.  Working with the governments of Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea to identify any remaining pockets of this species and to establish conservation programs;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establishing one or more captive breeding herds (because there is little chance of the animal surviving in the wild owing to the fighting and turmoil in the area);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Studying the animal's basic physiology and production potential;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Exploring its possible commercial utilization; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Investigating the kouprey's genetic relationship to zebu cattle and the transferability of genetic characters through interbreeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p58.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9 Tamaraw</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) is related to the water buffalo, one of Asia's most important animal resources, but it has never been domesticated or studied and is threatened with extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw looks rather like a miniature water buffalo of the swamp type that is found in Southeast Asia. It reaches about I m in height and 300 kg in weight. It is much more stockily built and is blacker than the swamp buffalo. The tamaraw has white marks on the fetlocks, instead of completely white lower legs like the banteng, gaur, and kouprey. It has short (35-50 cm), very stout horns that curve out and back slightly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Endemic to the Philippine island of Mindoro the tamaraw is now virtually restricted to three small areas (Mount Iglet/Mount Baco, Mount Calavita, and Sablayon) in Mindoro Occidental.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its limited distribution, the tamaraw's future is of concern to conservationists. Until World War II, hunting was carefully regulated in its native region and no serious concern was felt for the animal's safety. Since then, however, increases in human population, lumbering, and ranching have restricted the tamaraw's habitat, and the availability of rifles and automatic weapons has seriously threatened its numbers. In 1971, research teams counted 148 head, consisting of 116 adults and 32 calves. The latest estimate is 150-200 head.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these last remaining animals, about 80 are located at Mount Iglit, a game refuge established in 1961 primarily to protect the tamaraw. Recently an active tamaraw conservation program has been started in a 400-hectare enclosed area on the refuge. Stockade traps have been built and tamaraw are beginning to move into them. The goal is to establish a small, semicaptive population that can be properly guarded, studied, and managed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p61.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Tamaraw distribution. (courtesy Wildlife magazine)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The habitat requirements of the tamaraw appear to be fairly flexible, and present habitat use reflects human pressures rather than the animal's preferences. In the past, tamaraw were found in virtually all parts of Mindoro, from sea level to mountain tops. They occupied open grasslands or glades, but hunting pressure and habitat change have forced it to retreat into forest environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present the tamaraw is found primarily in remote areas that have been partly cleared, largely by fire, so that only small pockets of trees remain among coarse grasses such as Imperata cylindrica (a widespread, unpalatable tropical weed commonly called cogon, kunai, alang alang, lalang, or blady grass), and &quot;tahalib&quot; (Saccharum spontaneum). The tamaraw uses the forest pockets for rest and retreat and the open land for grazing. It must have a supply of water for wallowing and drinking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to cattlemen, tamaraw eat both Imperata grass and tehalib but only when these are short and green. During the wet season when most forages are tall and unpalatable, the animals are known to feed on bamboo shoots.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy is about 20 years. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraw are reputed to be nocturnal, ferocious, and retiring. However, in earlier times they were reportedly relatively tame, diurnal animals of open areas. It was the continual hunting that made them increasingly nocturnal and secretive, and like other wild bovids they can become aggressive and dangerous when harassed or wounded. Given effective protection they doubtless would revert to placid, diurnal behavior.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw appears to be a possible livestock animal. Its meat and hides were highly regarded by local peoples, cattlemen, and visiting hunters. Because of its close relationship to the water buffalo, it may be able to provide genetic material for improving the health and hardiness of that valuable animal resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is renowned for hardiness and resilience to heat, humidity, and poor forage, as well as its capability to thrive in a variety of environmental conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraws have only once produced offspring in a zoo and may prove difficult to raise in captivity. However, they have been kept in captivity so seldom that the prospects are unclear. Experiences with other wild bovids suggests that captivity and captive breeding should be no problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw must be protected and preserved. There is urgent need, for example, to establish more secure parks in the Philippines to rebuild the wild population to safe levels. Other conservation measures should include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establishing and maintaining more reserves in natural habitats containing breeding populations, and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Building up breeding populations in suitable zoos and livestock research centers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed on the tamaraw's physiology, production characteristics, behavior, and genetic relationship to the water buffalo. None of these is well understood. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p63.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10 Anoas</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and the mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi)* are small bovines that are related to the water buffalo but that are scarcely bigger than goats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with other bovines, the anoa is tiny. It stands only 0.75-1 m tall at the shoulder. The mountain anoa is smaller than its lowland counterpart. The limbs are short, the body plump, and the neck thick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoa horns are short and straight, reaching a maximum length of about 380 mm; they are ringed and triangular in cross section at the base in lowland species and simple and conical in cross section in mountain species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the young are thickly covered with yellowish-brown woolly hair, the mountain anoa adults tend to have curly hair, while lowland anoa have straight hair or are hairless. Adults vary from dark brown to black, with frequent blotches of white on the face, nape, throat, and lower limbs. In mountain anoas the entire lower limbs are creamy white. The underbody parts are usually light brown. Males are generally darker than females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hide is exceptionally thick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas are native to dense, mature forests of Sulawesi in eastern Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species are abundant and well distributed on Sulawesi. Most of the northern, eastern, and southeastern peninsulas and the central area of Sulawesi are still forested and have anoa populations, and there are several large nature reserves to protect them. *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several of the world's zoos have anoa collections (see Research Contacts).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The climate of Sulawesi is hot, but tempered by sea winds; annual rainfall varies from 500 mm to 4,000 mm. The eastern and southeastern peninsulas have a sparse population and a scattering of subsistence agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lowland species is found in forests and was once common along the coasts. The mountain anoa is found in primary forests at high altitudes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p66.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ DISTRIBUTION OF ANOA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas have a wide-ranging diet that includes grasses, ferns, saplings, palm, ginger, and fallen fruit, especially figs. It is of particular interest that the animals can live on a diet that contains no grass.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas have a high requirement for minerals. They visit mineral-rich hot springs and salt licks, and they even drink from the sea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The San Diego Zoo in the United States and Surabaya Zoo in Indonesia have successfully bred and reared the animals in captivity. The gestation period is 276-315 days, and there is generally only a single birth. The life expectancy is about 20-25 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas are shy animals, but they can be aggressive. The sideways and upwards stab of their straight, sharp horns can be dangerous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except when the cows are about to give birth, anoas apparently associate in pairs rather than in herds. They enjoy water and frequently wallow in mud. Their gait is a trot, but a times they make clumsy leaps. During the morning they feed alone. In the heat of the afternoon they seek refuge under shade trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On Sulawesi anoas are prized for their hide, horns, and meat. The flesh, especially that of calves, is tender and well flavored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although somewhat aggressive and pugnacious, anoas might make a suitable livestock animal. They grow and reproduce well in captivity and are adaptable and intelligent. Their small size makes them easier to handle than many other wild bovines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about the habits of these animals because of their wary nature, secluded environment, and restricted range. They can be tamed enough to obey commands (&quot;lie down,&quot; for example) but they remain nervous and likely to butt strangers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surveys are needed throughout Sulawesi to determine the distribution and taxonomy of possible races of the two species, with a view to establishing a protected-area system that will ensure the survival of the genetic diversity of this group.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is also needed on social organization and tameability, as well as on the anoa's biological relationship to the tamaraw and water buffalo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One target should be to build up the zoo populations of both species. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p68.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part IlI : Pig and Piglike Species</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In parts of Asia wild and feral pigs are often the most abundant source of meat. These animals are predominantly variants of the domestic pig, Sus scrofa, or of its ancestor, the Eurasian wild boar. Also contributing to the pig population are five Asian species:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Bearded pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Sulawesi warty pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Javan warty pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Pigmy hog&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Babirusa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Southeast Asia hybridization between these species and common pigs has resulted in a confusing diversity of forms and interrelationships. Because of their value, these pigs have been spread since prehistoric times by traders and migrating peoples, creating odd and unpredictable distribution patterns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The species listed represent a gene pool of potential importance for the further development of one of man's most important sources of food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many areas of the world, one must start with the native animals adapted to that environment. In many cases, they are the only animals the native human population can afford to begin with. And it is amazing the increased animal production that can result from the use of better production practices with them. TONY J. CUNHA, Dean Emeritus California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitting the animal to the vegetation might be a better approach than trying to fit the vegetation to the animal, especially on ranges that have been changed or degraded by man. JAMES TEER, Director Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is now widespread realization that breed importation is not necessarily the quickest route to increased animal production. Indigenous, adapted breeds should be examined more closely and, where necessary, steps should be taken to ensure conservation of at least some of them. HELEN NEWTON TURNER Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maximizing the animal harvest, essentially of animal protein, assumes in concept that all animals will be fully exploited in efficient and economic production systems. C.DEVENDRA Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Selangor, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p70.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11 The Bearded Pig</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it apparently has never been domesticated, the bearded pig (Sus barbatus) has a long history as an important resource in Southeast Asia. Human remains from the Niah Caves in Sarawak are accompanied by large numbers of its bones and teeth, indicating that 40,000 years ago it was the most commonly eaten large animal. Today in Sarawak and some other areas the bearded pig is still probably the most sought after source of wild meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bearded pigs are large. Boars measure 1-1.6 m in length (crown to rump), up to 1 m in height, and may weigh as much as 150 kg. Sows are smaller. Adult males have small facial warts (infraocular and preocular) and a bushy tuft of hair on the cheek. Both sexes vary in color from pale red-brown to yellow-brown or black. They have elongated skulls with longer, more flexible snouts than the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five subspecies are recognized. They range through the Philippines (Balabac, Palawan and offshore islands, Calamianes, Luzon, Mainit, Mindanao, Jolo, Mindoro, and Cebu) to Borneo, Bangka, Sumatra, the Riau Archipelago, and the Malay Peninsula.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Borneo subspecies (Sus barbatus barbatus) is still abundant in some parts of Sabah, Sarawak (including several wildlife reserves), and &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kalimantan. It remains an important food resource for some hill tribes, although with the spread of Islam, attitudes toward pork are changing in some areas. The Malayan subspecies (Sus barbatus of) is now rare in the Malay Peninsula. It is also becoming rare in Sumatra as the lowland forests are logged and broken up by commercial interests and as the human population expands. The status of the three Philippine subspecies is currently unknown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The bearded pig is most commonly found in both primary and secondary evergreen forests. However, it seems to have wide adaptability, and in Sarawak bearded pigs are found in virtually all habitats from the beaches to the upland rain forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No biological research has yet been conducted on bearded pigs, but naturalists have made several observations. The pigs eat the seeds of trees (for example, those of species of Dipterocarpaceae and Fageceae), fallen fruits (of Moraceae, Bombacaceae, and other plant families), roots, stems of wild bananas, herbs, and probably earthworms, and along the coast they dig up and eat turtle eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Births occur throughout the year in Sabah, but the peak coincides with the fruiting season of forest trees, usually August-September. The litter size is from 3 to 11 piglets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p73.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No behavioral studies have been conducted, but observations suggest that bearded pigs are generally sedentary animals, although in some areas they congregate into large groups that may travel long distances together.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The species might be used (alone or together with other pig species) as a local source of meat, or even as the foundation of a meat industry. The bearded pig is accustomed to living in groups, which may make it suitable for husbandry or game management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is evidence that the bearded pig will interbreed with the common pig, producing young in which both sexes are fertile.* The progeny might have considerable hybrid vigor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The bearded pig may have tolerance (if not actual resistance) to tropical diseases and conditions that affect the common pig. The species survives in areas of Southeast Asia where feral herds of common pigs are not common, apparently owing to their inability to cope with disease or other environmental challenges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No negative qualities have been reported, but the animal's biology, behavior, management, and potential uses are so far virtually unstudied.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aspects of the animal's general biology that should be investigated include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Chromosome type and variability, and chromosomal differences between the bearded pig and other wild and domesticated pig species&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Reproductive physiology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nutritional physiology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To assist in the selective capture of young bearded pigs in the wild, external features that characterize the species at an early age need to be identified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To assess the bearded pig's potential for contributing hybrid vigor, crossbreeding with other pig species should be attempted under controlled conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">12 The Sulawesi Warty Pig</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Sulawesi warty pig (Sus celebensis) is one of the world's few domesticated animals. It is maintained as a village or household animal in a few areas of Southeast Asia, such as on the Indonesian island of Roti. The common pigs of New Guinea and parts of the Moluccas group are hybrids between this species and the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sulawesi warty pigs are medium sized, averaging about 60 cm high and 40-70 kg. Boars are larger than females and have longer (10 cm) tusks on both jaws. Boars have three pairs of prominent facial warts: on the snout, the cheek, and on the angle of the jaw. In sows these warts are small or absent entirely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are usually red-brown with sharply marked white and yellow undersides; older animals have a round white spot (about 3 cm in diameter) on each side of the upper cheek. Piglets have horizontal stripes on the body, which disappear as they mature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The body is covered with scanty coarse hair, but stiff bristles, which become erect when the animal is alarmed, occur along the mid-dorsal line of the body. The longest and stiffest occur on the head and nape.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native to mainland Sulawesi and certain surrounding islands, the Sulawesi warty pig has been introduced to the Lesser Sunda Islands (Flores, Sumba, Roti, Semau, and Timor), the Moluccas (Malmahera and Buru), and Simaleue, a small island west of Sumatra. In some parts of the Philippines (for instance, Naujan and Mindoro Oriental) the animal either occur naturally or has been introduced. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids between the Sulawesi warty pig and the common domestic pig occur on New Guinea, Ternate, Morotai, Bacan, Amron, Seram, Kei island, Aru island, and Sulawatti.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many islands of eastern Indonesia, this species is widespread and common. In a few places it is extremely abundant, particularly at higher altitudes; in others, it has been greatly reduced by overhunting, deforestation, and expanding human settlement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Overall, however, Sulawesi warty pig populations are declining, probably due to increased hunting and to human alterations of the animal's habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This pig inhabits varied environments, including rain forest, mountain forest, grasslands, and agricultural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p77.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the common pig, the Sulawesi warty pig has broad dietary preferences. It feeds on roots, fallen fruit, leaves, and young shoots. The bulk of its food consists of vegetable materials, but it also feeds on earthworms, insects, aquatic invertebrates, rats, birds, and even carrion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The uterus and placenta are anatomically indistinguishable from those of the common pig. The litter size is from 2 to 8 piglets, with an average of 5.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sows can give birth throughout the year, but usually have their young in April or May. The gestation period is about 4 months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding and farrowing occur in the forest and in open Imperata cylindrica grasslands. The pregnant female makes a nest of grasses, leaves, twigs, and branches, which she collects and places over a hole (approximately 2 m long) that she has previously dug. Here she gives birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Foraging is the main activity of the day and usually takes up several hours, mainly in the early morning and evening. In the wild the pigs travel in small groups, the young always traveling with an adult female. On the move, warty pigs feed and rest intermittently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a source of meat the Sulawesi warty pig has been recognized and exploited by local populations since prehistoric times. The presence of feral specimens far outside the pigs' natural range indicates that traders or migrants have long carried it with them on voyages, either as domestic stock or as wild specimens to be released for later capture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tusks, which can be carved like ivory, are a resource for local artisans. Wild specimens are suitable for sport hunting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a body of unrecorded indigenous experience with this animal as a domesticate, but the information needs to be collected and appraised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Sulawesi warty pig may be expected to possess resistance or tolerance to the many diseases prevalent in its native habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is promising potential for hybridization between this species and domestic pigs, which might lead to the improvement of common pigs in tropical regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from the unwritten knowledge of the indigenous people who raise the species, very little information is available on the characteristics and management of this animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The genetic variability within the species, as well as the karyotypic differences with common pigs and other Sus species, should be defined. Further, the hybrid vigor resulting from crossbreeding with other Sus species should be- quantified under controlled conditions. Apart from producing potentially important heat-tolerant livestock, crossbreeding may shed important light on the origins of the common pig in Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal's nutritional requirements and reproductive biology also need study. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p79.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">13 Javan Warty Pig</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Javan warty pig (Sus verrucosus) apparently has never been domesticated, but it has been a resource for hunting peoples for centuries. Now, however, the human population in its native region is predominantly Moslem, and all pigs are widely regarded as agricultural pests. Increasing numbers of them are poisoned each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Javan warty pig can be up to 1.35 m long and 0.9 m tall. Mature males usually weigh between 80 and 120 kg; females are only half that weight - an unusually dramatic example of sexual dimorphism. The animal has a markedly elongated face with large warts, particularly the infraorbital wart and the smaller preorbital and mandibular warts. Body hairs can be black, red, or yellow, with black tips.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is found only on the Indonesian islands of Java and Bawean. It was formerly found on Madura as well, but because of deforestation it is now thought to be extinct there. Two extant subspecies are recognized. The nominate one, Sus verrucosus verrucosus, occurs on mainland Java. The second, Sus verrucosus blouchi, a smaller animal, has recently been described on Bawean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For years it was thought that the Javan warty pig was extinct in the wild, but in October 1981 a herd was found in a small area on Mount Penanggungan in East Java. This population may prove to be substantial, and there is reason to hope that other populations can be found. Overall, however, it is clear that the Javan warty pig is endangered and declining in numbers. In many areas the animals are subjected to uncontrolled poisoning and hunting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five new reserves have recently been proposed to protect the animal in a variety of habitats because it is not found in appreciable numbers in any of Java's nature reserves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Bawean subspecies is believed to be relatively secure since the establishment of a large reserve.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A breeding colony of 12 Javan warty pigs at the Surabaya Zoo includes 5 young ones born in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitats of the Javan warty pig appear to be confined to elevations below about 800 m. The animals prefer relatively large expanses of grassland or secondary vegetation, where human population is sparse. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p82.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The piglets can be born throughout the year; in one study of 8 sows the litter size ranged from 2 to 8, with a mean of 5.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The (diploid) chromosome number has been found to be 38, the same as that of the common pig. Hybridization between these species is thought to occur in the wild, but apparently not with enough frequency to contaminate the Javan warty pig gene pool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unreported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are omnivorous, adaptable animals that might make useful domesticates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The small size of the sows could make this species particularly appropriate for households or smallholder farms. The animal's genetic &quot;distance&quot; from the domestic pig may make it a useful generator of hybrid vigor in crossbreeds. It could have particular value because its meat is much leaner than pork from the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The numbers in the wild are now too few to permit any cropping.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efforts should be directed towards locating and breeding up the Javan warty pig populations that still exist. An immediate need is to isolate pure populations in reserves because it is essential to protect the animal from crossbreeding with other species. In addition, current specimens in zoos should be cataloged and a breeding program established. Other captive breeding colonies should also be started.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to determine the genetic differences between the Javan warty pig and the common pig, as well as the levels of existing hybridization between them. It is also necessary to determine what variation in karyotype may exist within the populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Basic ecological and behavioral studies are needed, as well as studies of the dietary requirements, growth rates, and nutritional physiology of captive specimens. The reproductive biology of the animal should be studied, and the possibility of crossbreeding it with other Sus species should be examined under controlled conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Javan warty pig's potential for local meat production should be evaluated. The benefit to rural people of converting an agricultural pest into a profitable source of income should be explored within the local religious context. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p84.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">14 Pigmy Hog</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog (Sus salvanius), a shy and very small pig of northeastern India, is close to extinction because of hunters and the destruction of its habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog is only about 60 cm long, with a shoulder height of about 25 cm and a body weight of less than 10 kg. The hair is medium brown on the sides, darkening to blackish brown along the mid-dorsal line. A facial band of short, dark hair extends from the bridge of the nose to below the eye. The tiny tail is only 3 cm long.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal was once widely found along the southern foothills of the Himalayas; today, it is definitely known to occur in only one area, the Manas National Park in Assam.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy hogs are seriously endangered; in the wild they are close to extinction. Captive animals are now reduced to a single male in the Assam State Zoo and four male siblings in the Zurich Zoo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The few remaining pigmy hogs mainly inhabit tall-grass savannas, but it seems likely that they could adapt to other environments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy hog. (W.L.R. Oliver)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is omnivorous and consumes roots, tubers, grass, leaves, insects, earthworms, eggs, and carrion. While foraging, it undoubtedly consumes large quantities of earth as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chromosome number, 38, is the same as that of the common pig. The karyotype is similar to that the common pig, but small, significant differences have been demonstrated using chromosome banding techniques.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The age at puberty, time of weaning, length of gestation and estrous cycle, and season of breeding are not yet known with certainty. However, the animal is known to have a single well-defined birth peak (April/May) that coincides with the onset of the rainy season when the food supply increases. The uterus and placenta are anatomically similar to those of the common pig. The litter size varies from 2 to 6. It is not known if the animal can be crossbred with the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p87.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of pigmy hog. (W.L.R. Oliver)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are shy, but can be tamed. They tend to forage and run in groups. Nest building is carried out by both males and females and is not restricted to pre-farrowing periods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is no evidence that the pigmy hog has ever been domesticated; it has, however, been extensively hunted and trapped, and recently it was still being sold for human consumption. There would probably be no inherent difficulty in maintaining this species in husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog's small size may make it useful in studies of the physiology of pigs and like mammals. In particular, a study of the uterine capacity may contribute to our understanding of the maternal factors that influence the number and size of mammalian young at birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is unknown if the animal carries genetic resistance to diseases of the domestic pig, but given its habitat, such resistance seems likely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The small numbers of surviving pigmy hogs obviate any consideration of its use in husbandry at the present time. Moreover, its nervous temperament might restrict its potential as a domesticate. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is essential to ensure the survival of this animal. Efforts should be directed towards locating and breeding up the populations that still exist. If its habitat could be protected by preventing the annual dry-season burning of grasses, it is possible that substantial populations could be established. Attempts should also be made to acquire two or more females as mates for the male pigmy hogs at the Assam and Zurich zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also an urgent need to ensure that the animals breed successfully in captivity, and the wealth of international expertise in pig reproduction should be applied to that end. For example, the reproductive biology of the animal could be studied by swine experts; the age at puberty, the length of the estrous cycle, the season of breeding (and whether it is influenced by light or temperature), the length of gestation, and time of weaning all need to be determined.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is an omnivore, but the physiology of its digestion has not been studied. Thus, its nutritive requirements are not well enough known to ensure its survival in captivity or reserves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiments should be made to determine if pigmy hog embryos can be brought to term in the uterus of the common pig. If so, such embryo transfers could be used to distribute embryos and set up new herds, lessening the risk of this species&quot; extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p88.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Adult male of the common pig (wild boar Sus scrofa) and pigmy hog drawn to the same scale. (W.L.R. Oliver) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">15 The Babirusa</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) is a piglike animal whose closest relative appears to be an ancestral animal that lived in Europe 35 million years ago. It is easily tamed, and in its native area there is an ancient tradition of raising young babirusa for meat and for the males' unique tusks. The animal appears to reproduce well in captivity, and with good management techniques it might gain wide use in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male babirusa can be up to 110 cm long and 80 cm tall and weigh up to 100 kg; females are smaller. The male has large upper canines that grow upwards, piercing right through the flesh of the snout and curving back and downwards towards the forehead without ever entering the mouth. The female may sometimes have small upper canines projecting through the skin of the upper lip.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is more slender than a pig of similar size. It has a gray or brown-grey skin color, although one subspecies, Babyrousa babyrussa babyrussa, has light body hair that is fawn colored or black.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa is unique to a few islands of eastern Indonesia: north, central, and southeast Sulawesi, the Togian Islands, and the Sula (Taliabu and Sulabesi) and Buru Islands. On Sula and Buru it is probably not native but was introduced in prehistoric times.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On Sulawesi the babirusa remains abundant, despite hunting and the widespread clearing of the forest. Nevertheless, disturbances created by wood and rattan collectors, hunters, loggers, and farmers threaten the babirusa's survival. Throughout the rest of its range, it is also vulnerable to extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biologists are particularly concerned about some of the babirusa subspecies. The one from the north of mainland Sulawesi, Babyrousa babyrussa celebensis, is still relatively abundant in places and is probably in no immediate danger. The Togian Islands' subspecies, Babyrousa babyrussa togeanensis, is abundant in small islands but is threatened by Indonesia's settlement programs and deforestation. The Buru and Sula Islands subspecies, Babyrousa babyrussa babyrussa, may already be extinct; there have been no confirmed sightings in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1981, there were 26 male and 27 female babirusa held in six zoo collections; 22 of these animals are in the Surabaya Zoo in Indonesia, where they breed well. Most, if not all, are believed to belong to the mainland Sulawesi race.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals mainly inhabit moist forests at low altitudes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p91.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Precise details of babirusa biology are unknown, but the stomach has an extra sac, suggesting that the animals may have some ability to break down cellulose. Indeed, they browse leaves, a behavior more often found in a deer than in a pig, and have been referred to as &quot;ruminant pigs.&quot; Babirusa also live on roots, berries, and grubs, making them true omnivores. Compared to other pigs, they do little rooting, and in captivity their enclosures remain quite grassy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Babirusa are said to be sexually mature at 5-10 months, but this depends on nutrition. Gestation length is about 158 days. One or two young are produced although there are some reports of litters of three.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One specimen was kept for 24 years in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa is a social animal that moves in groups. A retiring native of the dense jungle, it is a fast runner and swims readily. Mating behavior in captivity generally resembles that of domestic pig. Evidence from zoo animals suggests that the male must be removed from the young at birth but that by the time they are a month old the young are safe from paternal attack.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When captured young or reared in captivity, the babirusa is easily tamed. It has potential as a domesticated species, and with appropriate management may provide a useful source of meat. The meat is tasty and of good quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its unique tusks, the skull of the male finds ready markets. This could provide additional income to farmers raising babirusa for meat. The ivory of the tusks could also be a resource for local artisans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the anatomy of the stomach suggests that the babirusa may be able to make more efficient use of fibrous foodstuffs than other pigs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa produces only one or two young after a gestation period of just over five months; it may therefore take considerable time to build up herds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the babirusa is easily tamed, it is not known whether it can be husbanded in large groups. Also, present lack of knowledge of the animal's nutrition may restrict its husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of animals in the wild is decreasing, and attempts should be made to determine their exact status. Particular attention should be paid to the subspecies Babyrousa babyrussa togeanensis and Babyrousa babyrussa babyrussa. Captive breeding programs for these subspecies should be started.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p93.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ When seen in longitudinal section, the stomach of babirusa presents striking similarities  to that of a relatively simple ruminant such as the domestic sheep. Every part except the  omasum, even including a rudimentary reticulum, is represented and occupies the same  relative position. The babirusa stomach differs from that of the domestic pig chiefly in  the enormous size of the diverticulum ventriculi, the prominence of the constrictions  that delimit its three main divisions, and in the size and complexity of the cardia. Regions  corresponding to parts of the ruminant stomach are labeled in brackets. (Information  from Davis, 1940; diagram courtesy Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild populations should be maintained in several regions to ensure that  the species&quot; genetic base is retained. Advantage could be taken of the large  number of islands in eastern Indonesia to establish reserves for the different  babirusa subspecies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currently, little is known about the biology of the animal in the wildâ its  diet, social behavior, or reproductive performance are almost unstudied. In  view of the relatively small number of babirusa in zoos and the scarcity of  information about the animal's growth rate and general biology, coordinated  studies between zoos could provide much basic information. It has been  suggested that a studbook be initiated for this species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear from chromosome analysis that this pig differs markedly in  its karyotype from that of other pigs. However, more anatomical and  biochemical knowledge is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Basic parameters of the animal's reproductive physiology are not known.  Questions to be answered include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can the babirusa be induced to reproduce twice per year?&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can babirusa embryos be developed to term in the uterus of the domestic  pig? If so, can the number of babirusas be rapidly multiplied in this way?&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Does the babirusa genotypic and gestation-length difference with the  common pig prevent the two from successfully crossbreeding? And if  crossbreeding can be achieved, will the progeny be fertile?  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p94.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part IV : Recommendations and General Research Needs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Asian animals described in this report are a natural resource whose  potential is barely glimpsed. They are virtually unknown to established  livestock interests and there has been little thought to developing them as  livestock. As a result, the research and trials that could lead to further use of  these animals is scattered, small scale, and conducted outside the mainstream  of livestock science, mainly by wildlife conservationists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet these animals seem worth considering for use in husbandry in many  tropical regions, especially where poor grazing and harsh environments limit  the performance of conventional livestock. There is a pressing need for  research to develop these species and to explore their potential. Only through  rapid action can many of them be kept available for study and possible  inclusion in agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One suggestion is that funds be provided to establish an Asian  native-livestock research-support team. Its primary purpose would be to  assist in the funding of research projects and to coordinate research being  done in various Asian countries. The team's goal would be to establish a  network of animal scientists based at institutions in Asia and elsewhere to  work cooperatively on the region's little-known bovines and pigs. In this  manner, relatively small sums of money could be used to stimulate and  coordinate Asia-wide research on indigenous animals.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Basic Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The time has come for basic studies on each of the 15 animals discussed in  this book. For each species, the following areas should be investigated:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Physiology&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Reproductive requirements and fertility&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nutritional requirements (such as food preferences, feeding strategies, and food utilization)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Growth&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Adaptability and environmental tolerance (for instance, water balance, sweat rate, and shade-seeking habits, as well as temperature, pulse, and respiration rates, both under normal conditions and heat stress)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Diseases&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;. Management (including stocking rates and other production characteristics&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Genetic selection for calm temperament, quick growth, and other desirable qualities&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crossbreeding to take advantage of hybrid vigor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Social structure (for example population density and distribution, social organization, leadership, herding potential, aggressiveness of bulls)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Habitat characteristics (behavior-habitat interactions and herd dynamics, for instance).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies are also needed on better utilization of products, such as milk, meat, hides, horn, and hair, from these animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experimental transfer of fertilized eggs of all of these animals into domestic species should be explored with a view to establishing herds in secure and disease-free areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efforts specific to domesticated and wild species, and to hybrids of these species, are discussed below. The report concludes with brief discussions of a few promising species not taken up in the body of the text.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated Species Improving Performance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little data is available on the performance of the domesticated animals discussed in this report. Yet the main value of these species lies in the new and superior genes and gene combinations that can be adapted to animal production in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies need to be conducted with the indigenous species and strains in their native countries to determine if they will respond to improved conditions with improved performance. These projects could provide opportunities for geneticists and animal breeders to improve livestock production while conducting challenging basic research. It would be helpful to establish studbooks of captive specimens and to select and breed for desirable genetic qualities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetic improvement must be directed towards remedying production deficiencies. Methods include selection of superior breeding animals, crossbreeding, and combinations of selection and crossbreeding. Different genetic improvement techniques will be required for each species. Progress should be regularly monitored against the unselected animals and the domestic livestock breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Introductions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical countries should import breeding stock to evaluate the performance of some of these Asian animals in the local environment. Strict quarantine procedures must, of course, be observed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Special emphasis should be placed on the domesticated banteng of eastern Indonesia. These animals are already an important source of human food and they may have considerable potential for increasing production elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild Animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild animals contribute extensively to the welfare of people and economies of developing countries. In many areas they supply much of the animal protein consumed. But the contributions they make are largely unrecorded, and local officials and aid agencies seldom regard wildlife as an economic resource. As a result, few developing countries have analyzed how their people use indigenous animals for subsistence, and few nutritional studies recognize &quot;bushmeat,&quot; although large numbers of people eat it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife's contribution justifies more detailed and precise evaluations. In many tropical regions few people even know what species are present, let alone in what numbers. Ecologists and animal scientists should be employed to identify and collect data on the fauna of the tropical forests and how it is used by local people. Their work will provide baseline information on the species present and on the potential utility of the undisturbed natural ecosystems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initial Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All wildlife utilization must be based on a thorough knowledge of the resource, its numbers, the animals' condition, annual recruitment in the &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;various populations, and the seasonal movements of the herds. In addition, it is important to understand the interactions of the species with its habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thus, the immediate need is for action to assure the preservation of populations of these animals until research studies can be conducted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard, priority actions include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establishing adequate preserves&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Providing total protection for remaining animals&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Preventing poaching.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With few exceptions, the wild species described in this report are under the pressures of agricultural and human expansion. Without efforts to preserve their habitats it will be difficult for these species to survive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing Wildlife Resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments cannot stop hungry people from hunting game, but they can use this impetus to help protect some indigenous animals as well as forest and woodland habitats. Fostering the production and supply of wild animals such as those described in this book could open up a new: source of meat and other products, particularly for subsistence farmers in remote areas. In the last analysis, this may be the only way of protecting and maintaining these animals and developing local awareness of their value.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International economic development organizations have traditionally shown little interest in wildlife or wildlife habitats. Yet maintaining these animals and their habitats is crucial to the continuing supply of many indigenous food animals, the most important of which are often the smaller ones that flourish in secondary growth. And the forests that support wildlife also protect some of the huge investments that AID, the World Bank, and other other agencies have made to help developing countries. The forest is the sponge that absorbs the water from tropical rains. Without trees covering the watersheds, heavy rains cause rushing water that erodes the land, despoils highways, silts up dams and reservoirs, knocks out bridges, and inundates towns, villages, and farm fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In principle, the farming of tropical wildlife could become a force in preventing clear-felling of the tropical forests. Rational utilization of tropical animals offers productive alternative use of the land. In some cases, the farming of indigenous animals can fit smoothly into tropical habitats and into traditional village life, because the livestock and its needs are usually familiar to local people and are often ingrained in their traditions.( For successful examples see companion reports nos. 44 and 45, Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea and Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrid Animals)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybridization may offer new prospects for using underexploited tropical animal resources. This is a speculative notion, but it deserves serious attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossbreeding between the animals mentioned in this report holds exciting possibilities for expanding livestock options in the tropics. Some of the crosses, known or envisaged, are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· gaur x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· banteng x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· kouprey x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· yak x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· yak x banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· anoa x water buffalo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· tamaraw x water buffalo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· domestic pig x warty pigs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· warty pigs x bearded pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Care must be taken, however, to guard against the dilution of wild genes by the escape of hybrid or interbreeding domestic species, or the establishment of feral hybrid populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Exchange of Pig Germ Plasm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Present veterinary restrictions effectively prevent the movement of pigs between most countries. Relatively few species of wild pigs are therefore maintained in zoos outside their countries of origin. This stifles the promising potential for the species described in Part III, as well as for captive-breeding safeguards and research on the endangered species. It is important that attempts be made to identify channels for the future establishment of viable captive stocks both within Asia and elsewhere. Transfer of embryos should be verified as a means of permitting disease-free movement across frontiers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species Not Covered in this Report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This project, which began as a short report on banteng, quickly developed momentum as it brought in suggestion after suggestion of further species. Through pressures of time and budget, it was not possible to take up all of these interesting animals. Some of the omitted ones are listed below. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Takin (Budorcas taxicolor).* A heavily built, Southeast Asian hoofed mammal of the family Bovidae, the takin lives in small herds in the mountains, often above timberline. Though robust and short-legged, it can move about quickly and easily over difficult slopes. It stands up to about 1 m at the shoulder and has a shaggy yellowish- to blackish-brown coat. Both sexes have heavy horns that turn outward from the center of the forehead and then curve up and backward.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goral (Naemorhedus goral).* This small Asian goatlike bovine has slightly backward curving cylindrical horns and a coarse brownish-grey coat. It is related to the chamois and serow (see below) but is distinguished from them by peculiarities in skull form, as well as by smaller size, shorter horns, and the absence of face glands. Gorals are native to a vast area, ranging from the Himalayas to eastern Siberia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serow (Capricorhis sumatrensis). The serow has been called a &quot;goatantelope.&quot; Found in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Vietnam, Thailand, Burma, the eastern Himalayas, and China, it lives on forest-clad slopes, such as the mountains of southern China that are the home of the giant panda. Serows have coarse black hair, long pointed ears, a distinct mane, and short, backward pointing horns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native species of goats are also valuable genetic resources of Asia and examples include ibex (Capra ibex), markhor (Capra falconeri), and bharal (Pseudois nayaur). There are also various species of sheep, including the various races of argalis (Ovis ammon), which form small herds in the mountains, often above timberline. Although robust and short-legged, these animals can move about quickly and easily over difficult slopes. Soviet animal breeders apparently are exploring some of the possibilities of using argalis in animal husbandry. They are crossing domestic sheep with arkhar (Ovis ammon karelini) to produce a commercially viable hybrid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The marketable size of lamb might be increased appreciably to provide larger, leaner cuts of meat by crossing domestic sheep with the Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii), which is as big as deer and has a mature body weight of 400-500 pounds. Marco Polo sheep meat is reported to have none of the &quot;mutton&quot; favor of domestic sheep. Thus, crosses might enhance consumer acceptance of sheep meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asia also has several species of deer that could have been included.Â§ The musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) is now domesticated in China for musk production and is a resource with a promising future. Also, sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), Asia's largest deer, may prove useful in husbandry. Several deer species are being farmed in New Zealand and ruse deer (Cervus rusa), which are native to South and Southeast Asia, are being farmed in Mauritius, Australia, and Papua New Guinea for meat and medicinal by-products. Two small, goat-sized Asian deer, the hog deer (Cervus porcinus) and the barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), may also be worth considering. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p101.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ KOUPREY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Selected Readings</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bohlken, H. 1961. Haustiere und Zoologische Systematik. Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie76:107-113.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul, and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum of Natural History, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gray, A. P. 1972. Mammalian Hybrids: A Check-List with Bibliography. Commonwealth Technical Communication No. 10 (Rev.). Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Edinburgh, Scotland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honacki, J. H., K. E. Kinman, and J. W. Koeppl. 1982. Mammal Species of the World. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. 694 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mochi, U. and T. D. Carter. 1953. Hoofed Mammals of the World. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Payne, W. J. A. 1970. Cattle Production in the Tropics. Longman, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robbins, C. T. In Press. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, New York, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Walker, E. P. 1975. Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wharton, C. H. 1969. Man, fire and wild cattle in Southeast Asia. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 8: 107-167.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated and Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appleton, D. C., G. Dryden, and A. C. Kondos. 1976. A comparison of the digestive efficiency of the water buffalo and Brahman and Banteng cattle. In Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 11.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Budiarso, I. T., and S. Hardjosworo. 1976. Jembrana disease in Bali cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal 52(2):97.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copland, R. S. 1974. Observations on banteng cattle in Sabah. Tropical Animal Health and Production 6(2):89-94.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Darmadja, D., and P. Sutedja. 1975. Gestation period and calving interval in Bali cattle. Majalah Ilmiah Universitas Udayana 9:61 -65.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Darmadja, D., and P. Sutedja. 1976. Masa kebuntingan den interval beranak padas sapi Bali. In Proceedings, Seminar Reproduksi den Performance Sapi Bali, April 5-6, 1976. Dinas Peternakan Daerah Ternak Institute, Bali, Indonesia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C., T. Lee Kok Choc, and M. Pathmasingam. 1973. The productivity of Bali cattle in Malaysia. Malaysian Agricultural Journal 49(2):183-197.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holmes, J. H. C., J. H. Schottler, and T. F. Leche. 1977. Southeast Asian cattle, buffalo, and beef in Papua New Guinea. In Agriculture in the Tropics, B. A. C. Enyi and T. H. Varghese, eds. University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoogerwerf, A. 1970. Udjung Kulan, The Land of the Last Javan Rhinoceros. E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hooijer, D. A. 1956. The valid name of the banteng Bibos javanicus d'Alton. Zoologische Mededelingenuitgegeven door het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden 34:223-226.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jellinek, P. J., J. Avenell, A. Thahar, and P. Sitorus. 1980. Infertility associated with crossbreeding of Bali cattle. In Proceedings, 2nd Ruminant Seminar, Ciawi, Indonesia. 79 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jenkinson, D. M., and T. Nay. 1975. The sweat glands and hair follicles of different species of Bovidae. Australian Journal of Biological Science 28:55-68.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kirby, G. W. M. 1979. Bali cattle in Australia. World Animal Review 31 :24-29.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, 1. L. In Press. Evolution of Domesticated Animals. Longman, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meijer, W. C. P. 1962. Das Balirind (Balinese Cattle). Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei, No. 303, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Federal Republic of Germany. (Translated from the Dutch by E. Mohr.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1973a. Liveweight changes of Brahman cross, Shorthorn, Banteng and buffalo steers grazing improved pastures at Darwin, Northern Territory. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 39:68-9.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1973b. Heat tolerance of Brahman cross, buffalo Banteng and Shorthorn steers during exposure to sun and as a result of exercise. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 24:775-782.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1978. Digestibility and water metabolism in Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers fed roughage diets. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 44: 57-59.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1980. The prediction of chemical content of the whole carcass from the physically-dissected rib in cattle and buffaloes. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 13:503.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1981. Beef and buffalo production by smallholders in Indonesia. World Review of Animal Production 17:55-64.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1982. The performance of Indonesian beef breeds under traditional and improved management systems. Pp. 347-351 in Animal Production and Health in the Tropics, M. R. Jainudeen and A. R. Omar, eds. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B., B. W. Norton, and J. V. Nolan. 1979. The intake, digestibility and utilization of a low quality roughage by Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 30:333-340.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Namikawa, T., and W. Widodo. 1978. Electrophoretic variations of hemoglobin and serum albumin in the Indonesian cattle including Bali cattle (Bos banteng). Japanese Journal of Zootechnical Science 49(11):817-827.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M., K. Rika, M. Supardjata, K. D. Nurbudhi, and L. R. Humphreys. 1976. Productivity of improved pastures grazed by Bali cattle under coconuts: a preliminary report. Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. 18 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M., and K. Rika. 1978. Bali cattle grazing improved pasture under coconuts. 1. Effects of stocking rate on steer performance and coconut yield. In Seminar on Integration of Animals with Plantation Crops, April 13-15. Preprint No. 10. Penang, Indonesia. 8 pp&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M. 1979a. Effects of replacing 30 percent of the green roughage with concentrate on the performance of Bali steer. Progress report to the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Centre file:3-P77-0087. 25 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M. 1979b. Performance of Bali cattle fed grass supplemented with stylosanthes. Progress report to the International Foundation for Science, Sweden. Project No. RR 76. 15 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M., K. Lana, 1. B. Sudana, N. Sutji, and 1. C. N. Sarka. I980. Persediaan den kebutuhan hijauan ternak di Bali (Roughage supply and requirement of livestock in &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bali). Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan den Peternakan, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. 218 pp. (Report series mimeograph.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Norton, B. W., J. B. Moran, and J. V. Nolan. 1979. Nitrogen metabolism in Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers fed on low quality roughage. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 30:341.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nursamad, M. 1972. Berat lahir den petumbuhan anak sapi Bali selama 4 bulan di kecamatan Watang Pulu, kabupaten Sidenreng, Sulawesi Selatan. Laporan, Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Hasanuddin yang berafinasi dengan Fakultas Peternakan Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pastika, M., and D. Darmadja. 1976. Performance reproduksi sapi Bali. In Proceedings, Seminar Reproduksi den Performance Sapi Bali, April 5-6, 1976. Dinas Peternakan Daerah Ternak Institut, Bali, lndonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Payne, W. J. A., and D. H. L. Rollinson. 1973. Bali cattle. World Animal Review 7: 13-21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pulungan, H., and K. Ma'sum. 1977. Performance sapi Bali den hasil persilangannya dengan sapi Hereford den Shorthorn. Laporan Khusus Lembaga Penelitian Peternakan, Cabang Grati 1977 (Abstract).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977. Livestock in Indonesia. Research Report No. 1. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Siebert, B. D., and W. V. MacFarlane. 1969. Body water content and water turnover of tropical Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bibos banteng, and Bos bubalus bubalis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20:613-622.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Siregar, M. G., and 1. M. Suparjata. 1975. A half century existence of Bali cattle in South Sulawesi. Majalah llmiah Universitas Udayana 9: 13-21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Subandriyo, P. Sitorus, M. Zulbardi, and A. Roesyat. 1979. Performance of Bali cattle, as work animals and milk and beef producers. Indonesian Agricultural Research and Development Journal 1(1/2):9-10, 24.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sutedja, P., M. Kota, 1. B. Mantra, and D. Darmadja. 1976. Progress report beberapa performance pada sapi Bali. In Proceedings, Seminar Reproduksi den Performance Sapi Bali, April 5-6, 1976. Dinas Peternakan Daerah Ternak Institut, Bali, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thahar, A., J. B. Moran, and J. T. Wood. In press. Studies on the haemotology of Indonesian large ruminants. Tropical Animal Health and Production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thahar, A., J. B. Moran, and R. E. Soerifpo. In press. Observations on the hair and skin of Indonesian large ruminants and their relationships to heat tolerance. SABRAO Journal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vercoe, J. E., and J. E. Frisch. 1977. The importance of voluntary feed intake and metabolic rate to production in different genotypes of cattle in different environments. Pp. I(c)-42 in Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of the Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researchers in Asia and Oceania, Canberra, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yeates, N. T. M., and P. J. Schmidt. 1974. Beef Cattle Production. Butterworths Pty Ltd., Chatswood, Sydney, Australia. 323 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng Cattle Hybrids&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Payne, W. J. A., and D. H. L. Rollinson. 1976. Madura cattle. Zeitschrift fur Tiezuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie 93:89-100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simoons, F. J., and E. S. Simoons. 1968. A Ceremonial Ox of India: The Mithan in Nature, Culture, and History. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, 1. L. In Press. Evolution of Domesticated Animals. Longman, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scheurmann, E. 1975. Observations on the behaviour of the mithan (Bibos frontalis Lambert 1837) in captivity. Applied Animal Ethology I :321 -355. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yak and Yakow&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Accolas, J. P., and J. P. Deffontaines. 1970. Quelques donnees sur l'elevage du Yak en Republique Populaire de Mongolie. Pp. 133-141 in The Yak: Its Role in the Economic and Cultural Life of Breeders in Central Asia. Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, 25 Boulevard Arago, 75013 Paris, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bonadonna, T. 1970. Nuove possibilita per la Zootechnia dei tropic). Zootecnica e Veterinaria 25:202-221.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bonnemaire, J. 1976. Le Yak domestique et son hybridation. Pp. 46-77 in The Yak: Its Role in the Economic and Cultural Life of Breeders in Central Asia. Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, Paris, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dor, R. 1976. Note sur le Yak au Pamir. Pp. 126-131 in The Yak: Its Role in the Economic and Cultural Life of Breeders in Central Asia. Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, Paris, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ekvall, R. B. 1968. Fields on the Hoof: Nexus of Tibetan Nomadic Pastoralism. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. 1974. Yak and chauri. World Animal Review 9:8-12.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. 1977. Yak and Yak-cattle hybrids. Chapter 3 in Domestic Animals of Nepal. Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., New York, USA, and London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivanova, V. V. 1938. K voprosu izucenija plodovitosti samvoc gibridov jaka s rogatym skotom (On the fertility of male yak x cattle hybrids). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Biologicheskaya 883-884.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R. W., R. G. Johnson, and R. T. Moyer. 1945. The livestock of China. Pp. 67-76 in United States Department of State Publication No. 2249; Far Eastern Series 9.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R. W., I. A. Tolstoy, and R. G. Johnson. 1946. Yaks and Yak-cattle hybrids in Asia. The Journal of Heredity 37(6): 162-170; 37(7):206-215.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schley, P. 1967. Der Yak und seine Kreuzung mit dem Rind in der Sowjetunion. Giessener Abhandlungen zur Agrar- und Wirtschaftsforschung des Europaischen Ostens, Vol. 44. Otto Harassowitz, Weisbaden, Federal Republic of Germany. 131 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shahrani, M. Nazif Mohib. 1979. The Kirghiz and Wakki of Afghanistan. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, USA. 264 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vlasov, P., S. Gersenzon, and A. Poljakov. 1932. Gibridizacija mezdu jakom i krupnym rogatym skotom (Hybrids between yak and cattle). Problemy Zhivotnovodstva (1):48-57.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;White, W. T., R. W. Phillips, and E. C. Elting. 1946. Yaks and Yak-cattle hybrids in Alaska. Journal of Heredity 37:355-358.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zawadowsky, M. M. 1931. Zebu-Yak hybrids. Journal of Heredity 22:297.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zuitin, A. I. 1938. New data on the chromosome number in yak (Poephagus grunniens L.). Doklady Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR 19:201-202.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A unique, interesting film showing wild banteng, gaur and kouprey in Cambodia in 1951&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;is available for hire from The Coolidge Foundation, 38 Standley Street, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H., and E. Scheurmann. 1977. Cytogenetic investigations on domestic and wild animal populations in South and Southeast Asia. Animal Research and Development 6:63-71.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Halder, U. 1975. Okologie und Verhalten des banteng (Bos javanicus) in Java. Eine Feldstudie. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. 124 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoogerwerf, A. 1974. Report on a Visit to Wildlife Reserves in East Java. Mededelingen No. 21. Nederlandsche Commissie voor Internationale Natuurbescherming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McNeely, J. A. 1975. Wildlife and national parks in the Lower Mekong Basin. Unpub&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;lished report to the Committee for the Coordination of Investigations of the Lower  Mekong Basin, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, Bangkok, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sumardja, E. A. 1976. The relationships between banteng Bos javanicus (d'Alton) and  vegetation at the Pananjung-Pangandaran Nature Reserve. Research Grant No. 1237/  TF/VI/74. Preliminary Study Internal Report Biotrop. Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wind, J., and H. Amir. 1977. Distribution of banteng (Bos javanicus) in Java and Bali,  Indonesia. Unpublished ms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wind, J., and H. Amir. 1977. Management Plan Baluran Reserve FAO INS/73/013.  Nature Conservation and Wildlife Management Project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaur&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul. 1965. The gaur. (Bos gaurus). Conservation News of South East  Asia 5:7-10.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the  Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conry, P. J. 1980. The impact of development and the behavioural response of the  Malaysian seladang. Pp. 279-286 in Tropical Ecology and Development, Proceedings  Fifth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology. International Society of Tropical  Ecology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conry, P. J. 1981. Habitat selection and use, movements, and home range of Malayan  gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki) in Central Pahang, Malaysia. M.S. thesis. University of  Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA. 120 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conry, P. J. (In press) Immobilizing Malayan gaur with etorphine. Journal of Wildlife  Management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H. 1975. The water buffalo and related species as important genetic resources:  their conservation, evaluation and utilization. In The Asiatic Water Buffalo.  Proceedings of an International Symposium, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Food and Fertilizer  Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H. 1980. Hybrids between Gaur and Gayal and between Gayal and Banteng as  zoological rarities in Thailand. Animal Research and Development 12:116-119.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fradrich, H., and H. G. Klos. 1976. Zur Haltung und Zucht des Gaurs, Bos gaurus.  Zoologische Garten 46(6):417-425.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hussain, M. Khader. 1969. The southern Asiatic gaur or Indian bison (Bos gaurus  gaurus H. Smith). Cheetal 12(1):29-47.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Krishnan, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India.  Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69:322-349.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Medway, Lord. 1978. The Wild Mammals of Malaya and Singapore. 2nd Edition. Oxford  University Press, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 128 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Momin Khan, M. K. bin 1973. Studies on the seladang (Bos gaurus) in the State of  Perak. Malaysian Nature Journal 26:163-169.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahai, R. C. 1972. Distribution, composition and herd size of Gaur (Bos gaurus) in  Palamau, Bihar. Cheetal 15:60-66.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schaller, G. B. 1967. The Deer and the Tiger. Chicago University Press, Chicago, USA.  370 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Weigun, L. E. 1971. The last refuge. Malaysian Nature Journal 24:132-137.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Weigun, L. E. 1972. The problems in the preservation of the seladang in the Malaysian  National Park. M.S. thesis. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.  55 pp&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the  Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coolidge, H. J. 1940. The Indo-Chinese Forest Ox or Kouprey. Memoirs, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 54(6):421-431.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coolidge, H. J. 1955. The Forest Ox or Kouprey of South East Asia. P. 109 in Breeding Beef Cattle for Unfavorable Environments, A. O. Rhoad, ed. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Neese, H.C. 1976. Kouprey along the Laos/Cambodia border area. Unpublished report to the New York Zoological Society, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pfeffer, P., and O. Kim-San. 1967. Le kouprey, Bos(Bibos) sauvelli, Urbain, 1937: discussion systematique et status actuel. Hypothese sur l'origine du zebu (Bos indicus). Mammalia 31(4):521-536.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pfeffer, P. 1969. Considerations sur l'ecologie des forets claires du Cambodge oriental. Terre et Vie 23(1):3-24.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wharton, C. H. 1957. An Ecological Study of the Kouprey. Novibos sauveli (Urbain). Monograph No. 5. Institute of Science and Technology, Manila, Philippines. 111 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dolan, J. M. 1965. Breeding of the lowland anoa in the San Diego Zoological Garden. Zeitschrift Saugetierekunde 30(4):241-248.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duplaix-Hall, N., ed. 1975. International Zoo Yearbook 15. Zoological Society of London&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fradrich, H. 1973. Einige Bemerkungen uber den Anoa. Zeitschrift des Kolner Zoo 16(3):101-105.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H., and H. Hohn. 1976. Der Karyotyp eines weiblichen Tamarau (Anea mindorensis) [The Karyotype of a Female Tamaraw (Anoa mindorensis)]. Giessener Beitrage zur Erbpathologie und Zuchthygiene 6:173.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1969. Systematics of the anoa (Mammalia, Bovidae) Beaufortia 17(223): 1-12.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Koulischer, L., J. Tyskens, and J. Mortelsmanns. 1972. The chromosomes of a male specimen of Anoa depressicornis quarlesi. Acta Pathologica, Antwerp 56:21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scheurmann, E., H. Hohn, and H. Fischer. 1977. The karyotype of a male Bubalus (Anoa) depressicornis quarlesi Ouwens 1911. In Symposium, Domesticated Animal Cytogenetics, Jouy en Josas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraw&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alvarez, J. B., Jr. 1970. Philippines tamaraw, here to stay. IUCN Publication, New Series 18:46-51.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grimwood, l. R. 1975. National Parks and Wildlife Conservation in the Philippines. FAO: PHI/72/006. UNDP/FAO, Rome, Italy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harrisson, T. 1969. The tamaraw and its survival. Conservation News of South East Asia 8:60-61, 70.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kuchn, D. 1975. Tamaraw at Mt. Iglit Came Refuge, Philippines. Tigerpaper 2(3):26.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sitwell, N. 1975. On the track of the tamaraw. Wildlife 17:428-430.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Talbot, L. M., and M. H. Talbot. 1966. The tamaraw, Bubalus mindorensis (Heude). Observations and recommendations. Mammalia 30(1): 1 - 12.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bearded &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Allen, E. F. 1948. The bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 3(2):98-99.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cranbrook, Earl of. 1979. A review of domestic pig remains from archaeological sites in &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diong, C. H. 1973. Studies of the Malayan wild pig in Perak and Johore. Malaysian Nature Journal26(2):120-151.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Croves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Cenus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hertwig, P. 1936. Artbastarde bei Tieren. Handbuch Vererb Wissenschaften 2B:21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hislop, J. A. 1949. Field notes on the bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 4(2):62-64.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hislop, J. A. 1952. More about the bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 7:22-23.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 1972. Red Data Book 1: Mammalia. IUCN, Cland, Switzerland. (This is a loose-leaf binder that is updated from time to time.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kempe, J. E. 1948. The riddle of the bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 3(1):36-42.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lotsy, J. P. 1922. Die Aufarbeitung des kuhn'schen kreuzungsmaterials im Institut fur Tierzucht der Universitat Halle. Cenetica 4:32-61.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Medway, Lord. 1978. The Wild Mammals of Malaya and Singapore, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohr, E. 1960. Wilde Schweine. Die Neue Brehm-Biicherei, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Federal Republic of Cermany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. First written report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist group. Unpublished report. 14 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pfeffer, P. 1959. Bologie et migrations du sanglier de Borneo (Sus barbatus Muller 1869). Mammalia 23:277-303.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sulawesi Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appelman, F. J. 1955. Uber Sus celebensis Muller und Schlegel. Der Zoologische Garten 21:152-156.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Catibog-Sinha, C. S. 1981. The quantity and quality of wild food plants and the depredation of wild pigs in the Philippines. Ph.D. thesis. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Croves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Cenus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hooijer, D. A. 1968. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. 8. Sus celebensis Muller and Schlegel, 1845. Beaufortia 16:215-218.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Croup. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohr, E. 1960. Wilde Schweine. Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Federal Republic of Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. Interim report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 14, pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Javan Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blouch, R. A. 1979. Proposed Bawean Island Wildlife Reserve Management Plan. World Wildlife Fund, Report to Directorate of Nature Conservation, Indonesia. Unpublished report. 63 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blouch, R. A. 1981. Results of a preliminary search for Sus verrucosus in the Mt. Arjuna area. World Wildlife Fund, Meru Betiri Project 1024. Unpublished report. 4 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoogerwerf, A. 1970. Udjung Kulonâthe Land of the Last Javan Rhinoceros. E. J. Brill, I.eiden. The Netherlands. Pp. 330-349. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. First written report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 14 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy Hog&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bosma, A. A., W. L. R. Oliver, and A. A. MacDonald. In press. The karyotype, including g- and c- banding patterns, of the pigmy hog Sus (Porcula) salvanius (Suidae, Mammalia).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. T. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1980. The Pigmy Hog: The Biology and Conservation of the Pigmy Hog Sus (Porcula) salvanius, and the Hispid Hare, Caprolagus hispidus. Special Scientific Report No. I. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. 93 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. Pigmy hog and hispid hare: further observations of the continuing decline (or, a lament for Barnadi and a good cause for skepticism). The Dodo, Journal of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust 18:10-20.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Babirus a&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bosma, A. A., 1980. The karyotype of the babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa); karyotype evolution in the Suidae. Fourth European Colloquium Cytogenetics Domestic Animals 1980:238-241.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bosma, A. A., and De Haan, N. A. 1981. The karyotype of Babrousa babyrussa (Suidae, Mammalia) Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 76: 17-27.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Davis, D. D. 1940. Notes on the anatomy of the babirusa. Field Museum of Natural History-Zoology 22(5):363-411.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fradich, H. 1974. A comparison of behaviour in the suidae. Pp. 133-144 in The Behaviour of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management. V. Ceist and F. Walther, eds. IUCN Publication No. 24.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin, No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Croves, C. P. 1980. Notes on the systematics of Babyrousa (Artiodactyla, Suidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Deel 55(3):29-46.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The structure and function of the tusks of babirusa. Mammal Review 1 1(1):37-40.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. First written report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 14 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selmier, V. J. 1978. Only in Indonesia: the babirusa. Unpublished report to Directorate of Nature Conservation (P.P.A.), Bogor, Indonesia. 40 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Research Contacts</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because Asia contains many livestock breeds about which little is known, an expert committee on Animal Genetic Resources has been recently formed by the Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researchers in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO). Its chairman is Professor J. S. F. Barker of the University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Species Survival Commission of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature has a Wild Cattle Specialist Group that concerns itself with wild banteng, gaur, and kouprey. Its chairman is Mr. Mohd. Khan bin Momin Khan, Director-General, Wildlife and National Parks, West Malaysia, Kompleks Pejabat-Pejabat Kerajaan, Block K-20, Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following have particular knowledge of the animals described in this book, have contributed to the various chapters, and (in most cases) have agreed to provide advice to bona fide researchers wishing to study further the animals in this report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ida Bagus Arka, Faculty for Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Jalan Sudirman Sanglah, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia J. S. F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Bongers, Department of Nature Conservation, Wageningen Agricultural University, Ritzema Bosweg 32a, 6703AZ Wageningen, The Netherlands David Butcher, Western Plains Zoo, Box 813, Dubbo, New South Wales&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2830, Australia (Banteng are available for research projects and zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quarantine for shipments between Australia and most countries are&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;straightforward)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. K. Camoens, Livestock Specialist, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila, Philippines 2800&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Deppner, 1603 Dayton Road, Hyattsville, Maryland 20783, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.-M. Duplan, Institut Technique de l'Elevage Bovin, Section Amelioration Genetique, Maison Nationale des Eleveurs, 149, rue de Bercy F, 75595 Paris Cedex 12, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. I. Furtado, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 22-11, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Hodges, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Huitema, Overzicht 60, 6862 CT, Oosterbeek, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham W. M. Kirby, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Production, P.O. Box 4160, Darwin, Northern Territory 5790, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moh. Zain Katoe, P.T. United Livestock, Jalan Bau Massepe 472, ParePare, South Sulawesi, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. -G. Klos, Director, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Hardenbergplatz 8 , 1000 Berlin 30, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. Kusmat, Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Oto Iskandardinata, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ian L. Mason, 8 Ramsay Garden, Edinburgh, EH1 1NA, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert E. McDowell, Department of Animal Science, Frank B. Morrison Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Montsma, Department of Animal Production, Wageningen Agricultural University, Ritzema Bosweg 32a, 6703 AZ Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. Moran, Senior Research Officer, Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute, Kyabram, Victoria 3620, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jan Nari, Director of Central Research Institute for Animal Science, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. M. Nitis, Department of Animal Nutrition and Tropical Pasture Production, Udayana University, Jalan Sudirman Sanglah, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. J. A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donald L. Plucknett, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, 1818 H Street, Washington, D.C. 20433, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Institute for Animal Production, P.O. Box 123, Bogor, Indonesia (Amber Roesyat, Ian Fletcher, Dennis Hoffmann, P. Sitorus, Subandriyo, M. Zulbardi)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David W. Robinson, International Programs, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. H. L. Rollinson, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Seifert, CSIRO, Tropical Cattle Research Centre, P.O. Box 5545, Rockhampton Mail Centre, N. Rockhampton, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. David Simpson, Senior Extension Specialist, Veld, Pastures and Wildlife, Agritex Box 363, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. J. Smith, Tropical Animal Health, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, EH9 1QH Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dukut Sularsasa, Department of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Syamsul Arifin, Jalan Amin Jakfar 41, Pamekasan Madura, Jatim, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taronga Zoo, P.O. Box 20, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia (T. Finnie and J. L. Throp)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frank M. Thompson, Wild Animal Brokers, 15605 S. R. #64, Bradenton, Florida 33508, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Allen D. Tillman, 523 West Harned Place, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Don Tulloch, P.O. Box 38841, Winnellie, Northern Territory 5789, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Helen Newton Turner, P.O. Box 184, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antoon de Vos, P.O. Box 34, Whitford, Auckland, New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert Warren, Department or Range and Wildlife Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Everett J. Warwick, The Rockefeller Foundation, P.O. Box 63, Yogyakarta, D.I.Y., Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Woodward, 35AI, Sultan Hasanudin, Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Domesticated Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Askaniya-Nova, USSR (Zoologicheskii Park Askaniya-Nova)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park; banteng-mithan hybrid)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, German Democratic Republic (Tierpark Berlin)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark (Zoologisk Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia (Western Plains Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kiev, USSR (Kievskii Zoologicheskii Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madrid, Spain (Zoo de la Casa de Campo; mithan-banteng hybrid)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pretoria, South Africa (National Zoological Gardens of South Africa) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rome, Italy (Giardino Zoologico e Museo de Zoologia del Comune de Rome and Zoorama)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde; 2 male, 2 female, may be wild form)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng-Cattle Hybrids&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abubakar Aldjufri, Secretary, Asian Livestock Business Club, Kebun Pala I/79B Tanah Abang, Jakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saleh Aldjufri, Jalan Jakarta 42, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Deppner, 1603 Dayton Rd., Hyattsville, Maryland 20783, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Huitema, Overzicht 60, 6862 CT, Oosterbeek, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham W. M. Kirby, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Production, P.O. Box 4160, Darwin, Northern Territory 5790, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. Moran, Senior Research Officer, Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute, Kyabram, Victoria 3620, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. J. A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David W. Robinson, International Programs, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. H. L. Rollinson, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Wheeler, 1000 Shady Lane, College Station, Texas 77840, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaichana Satrulee, Dusit Zoological Park, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. von Furer Haimendorf, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London WC1, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles G. Hickman, Livestock Consultant, A. Mithat Efendi Sokak No. 36/11, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frederick J. Simoons, 140 Bartlett Ave., Woodland, California 95695, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Mithan (Gayal)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aalborg, Denmark (Aalborg Zoologiske Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijk Zoologisch) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arnhem, The Netherlands (Burgers' Zoo and Safari)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, German Democratic Republic (Tierpark Berlin)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calcutta, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany (Aktiengesellschaft Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany (Tiergarten Heidelberg)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kolmarden, Sweden (Koemardens Djurpark)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madrid, Spain (Zoo de la Casa de Campo; mithan-banteng hybrid)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabat, Morocco (Pare Zoologique National)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vienna, Austria (Schonbrunn Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tallin, USSR (Tallinna Loomaaed)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yak&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joseph Bonnemaire, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, 26, Bd. Docteur Petitjean, 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corneille Jest, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1, Place Artistide-Briand, 92190 Meudon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. A. Kazarova, Director, Riga Zoological Garden, Meza prospekt 1, Riga 14 226014, Latvian SSR, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. K. Panday, Swiss Association for Technical Assistance (SATA), Box 113, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralph W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Patrick J. Robinson, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;George B. Schaller, New York Zoological Society, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. B. Singh, Director General, Department of Livestock, HMG, Harihar Bhawan, Pulchowk, Laitpur, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, 25, Boulevard Arago, 75013 Paris, France (R. Laurans)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Yak&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arnhem, The Netherlands (Burgers' Zoo and Safari)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baltimore, Maryland, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bronx, New York, USA (New York Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicago, Illinois, USA (Brookfield Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Denver, Colorado, USA (Denver Zoological Gardens)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Detroit, Michigan, USA (Detroit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evansville, Indiana, USA (Meeker Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Granby, Quebec, Canada (Societe Zoologique de Granby, Inc.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA (John Ball Zoological Gardens)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kansas City, Missouri, USA (Kansas City Zoological Gardens)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Knoxville, Tennessee, USA (Knoxville Municipal Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rochester, New York, USA (Seneca Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Wild Animal Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA (Great Plains Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Bend, Indiana, USA (Potawatomi Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Syracuse, New York, USA (Burnet Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Metro Toronto Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Utica, New York, USA (Utica Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wichita, Kansas, USA (Sedgwick County Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West Orange, New Jersey, USA (Turtleback Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (Assiniboine Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yakows&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joseph Bonnemaire, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, 26, Bd. Docteur Petitjean, 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Agriculture, Hari Har Bhawan, Pulchok, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Kathmandu, Nepal (Tewari and Burathoky)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Livestock Development, Peking, China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Professor Karl Fredge, Department of Genetics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Division, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Sheep and Yak Development Project, Dechhen Pelrithang, P.O. Bumthang, Bhutan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralph W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Patrick J. Robinson, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whipsnade Zoo, Whipsnade, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bruce A. Young, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TOG 2P5, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Amir, c/o Ministry of Development Supervision and the Environment, JalanMirdekaBarat 15, Jakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. H. Blower, National Parks Project, c/o UNDP, Box 650, Rangoon, Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bonsong Lekagul, Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, No. 4 Customhouse Road, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaichana Satrulee, Dusit Zoological Park, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z. Coto, Tropical Forest Biology, SEAMEO-BIOTROP, P.O. Box 17, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia (Patrick Andau, Assistant Chief Game Warden)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. R. Grimwood, P.O. Box 45079, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;U. Halder, Swiss League for Nature Conservation, P.O. Box 73, CH4020 Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Huitema, Overzicht 60, 6862 CT, Oosterbeek, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Wayne King, Director and Professor, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lembaga Biologi Nasional (LBN-LIPI), Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John A. Lukas, White Oak Plantation, Rt. 3 Box 224, Yulee, Florida 32097, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffrey A. McNeely, Executive Officer, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Payne, Wildlife Section, Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somtob Norapuckprutikorn, Captive Propagation Section, Wildlife Conservation Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkhen, Bangkok 9, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Wheeler, 1000 Shady Lane, College Station, Texas 77840, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Albuquerque, USA (Rio Grande Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijk Zoologisch)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicago, Illinois, USA (Brookfield Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany (Aktiengesellschaft Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark (Zoologisk Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany (Vivarium Darmstadt)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dortmund, Federal Republic of Germany (Tierpark Dortmund)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dresden, German Democratic Republic (Zoologischer Garten Dresden)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;St. Louis, Missouri, USA (St. Louis Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yulee, Florida, USA (White Oak Plantation)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaur&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Aspinal, Howlett's Wildlife Park, near Canterbury, Kent, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul, Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, No. 4 Customhouse Road, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paul Conry, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 23367, GMF Guam 96921, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. R. Grimwood, P.O. Box45079, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohd Khan bin Momin Khan, Director-General, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, P.O. Box 611, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. A. Kazarova, Director, Riga Zoological Garden, Meza prospekt 1, Riga 14 226014, Latvian SSR, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.-G. Klos, Director, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Hardenbergplatz 8, 1000 Berlin 30, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adrian G. Marshall, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;George B. Schaller, New York Zoological Society, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lee Simmons, Omaha Zoo, Omaha, Nebraska 68108, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Janet Stover, Bronx Zoo, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frank M. Thompson, Wild Animal Brokers, 15605 S. R. #64, Bradenton, Florida 33508, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Guar &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Berlin Zoo was assigned by the IUCN in cooperation with the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;lUDZG to keep the guar studbook records. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bronx, New York, USA (New York Zoological Park; 7 male, 3 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brownsville, Texas, USA (Gladys Porter Zoo; 5 male, 10 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark (Zoologisk Have; 1 male, 2 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holiday Island, Eureka Springs, Arkansas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India (Nehru Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivey, Wilburton, Oklahoma, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kansas City, Missouri, USA (Kansas City Zoological Gardens; I male)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kings Mill, Ohio, USA (Wild Animal Safari,; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Los Angeles, California, USA (The Los Angeles Zoo; I male, 3 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Memphis, Tennessee, USA (Memphis Zoo and Aquarium; I male, 2 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Munich, Federal Republic of Germany (Munchener Tierpark Hellabrunn Ag)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mysore, Karnataka, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA (Oklahoma City Zoo; 7 male, 7 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Omaha, Nebraska, USA (Henry Doorly Zoological Gardens; 7 male, 15 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Riga, Latvian SSR, USSR (Riga Zoological Garden)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Wild Animal Park; 6 male, 6 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Bend, Indiana, USA (Potawatomi Park Zoo; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;St. Louis, Missouri, USA (St. Louis Zoological Park; 1 male, 2 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Metro Toronto Zoo; 3 male, 1 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vienna, Austria (Schonbrunn Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul, Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, No. 4 Customhouse Road, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harold Coolidge, 38 Standley Street, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffrey A. McNeely, Executive Officer, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harvey C. Neese, P.O. Box 332, Troy, Idaho 83871, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Anthony Parkinson, White House, San Roque 1, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pierre Pfeffer, Zoologie, Mammiferes et Oiseaux Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 55, rue de Buffon 75005 Paris, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Kelly Shelton, 211-A North Cordova, Burbank, California 91505, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Henry Stoddard, Branford Veterinary Clinics, Inc., P.O. Box 548, Branford, Florida 32008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles H. Wharton, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA (Rt. 2, Clayton, Georgia 30525)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;World Conservation Centre, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH 1196 Gland, Switzerland (David Mitchell, Elizabeth Kemf)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. M. Dolan, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California 92112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp; mountain anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten; mountain anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;London, England (lowland anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leipzig, German Democratic Republic (Zoologischer Garten Leipzig; mountain anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde; 1 male, 3 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Zoological Garden; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Wild Animal Park; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Taronga Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraw&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Natural Resources, Quezon City, Manila, Philippines (J. B. Alvarez, Jr., Assistant Director)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. R. Grimwood, P.O. Box 45079, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Natural Resources Conservation Office, Ministry of Natural Resources, Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Anthony Parkinson, White House, San Roque 1, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ian Player, P.O. Box 192, Howick 3290, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Sitwell, c/o WWF(UK), 11-13 Ockford Rd., Godalming, Surrey GU7 lQU, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. M. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna 3720, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bearded Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Julian Oliver Caldecott, Sub-Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The AustralianNationalUniversity, P.O. Box4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 10H, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Parks and Wildlife Office, Sarawak Forest Department, Jalan Gartak, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (Kron Aken, David Labang, Mike Kavanagh)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Payne, Wildlife Section, Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Bearded Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sulawesi Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Catibog-Sinha, Outdoor Recreation and Wildlife Research Division, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna 3720, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The AustralianNationalUniversity, P.O. Box4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 10H, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Mackinnon, WWF/TUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, ChanneL Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Sulawesi Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Javan Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raleigh A. Blouch, 2125 Forest Glen, Lansing, Michigan 48906, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. Bosma, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, State University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80157, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Directorate of Nature Conservation (PPA), Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 9, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lembaga Biologi Nasional (LBN-LIPl), Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 10EI, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Werner Pauwels, Pfeffingerstrasse 48, CM-053, Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perum Perhutani, Forest State Corporation, Jalan Jendral Gatot Subroto 17-18, Post Box 111, Jakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Javan Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy Hog&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. Bosma, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, State University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80157, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. C. Gogoi, Adviser Forests, (Wildlife and Environmental Planning), Meghalaya, P.O. Shillong 793 001, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The AustralianNationalUniversity, P.O. Box4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 lOH, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Deb Roy, Manas National Park, P.O. Barpeta Road, Kamrup 781 315, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Pigmy Hog&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gauhati, India (Assam State Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Babirusa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. Bosma, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, State University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80157, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 lOH, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Victoria Selmier, 353 10th Street, San Francisco, California 94103, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Babirusa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, W. de Meurichy)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bandung, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark, (Zoologisk Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia, (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nuremberg, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poznan, Poland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia, (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (member through 1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOlS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (member through 1982) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Board on Science and Technology for International Development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGElARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAMUEL P. ASPER, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEONARD BERRY, Professor, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST.J. BRISKEY, Dean, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON S. BROWN, Director, Resources Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Associate Professor, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND J. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM A. W. KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE I. LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANICE E. PERLMAN, Executive Director, Committee for a New New York, New York City Partnership, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Assistant Dean for International Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN G. HURLEY, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL P. GREENE. Associate Director/Research Grants &lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH017a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH017a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH017a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,7614 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b17mie/b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">834716</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b17mie/b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b17mie/b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future (b17mie)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">introduce small animals and micro-livestock in your farm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215021</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH017a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g001a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p9a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g002a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g003a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g004a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p24a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p39a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g005a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g006a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g007a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g008a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p81a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g009a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p96a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g010a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p112a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g011a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p117a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g012a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p129a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g013a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p138a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g014a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p149a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g015a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p159a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g016a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g017a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g018a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g019a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g020a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p203a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g021a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p210a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g022a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p219a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p227a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g023a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p236a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g024a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p243a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g025a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p252a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g026a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p260a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p265a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g027a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p274a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g028a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g029a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p292a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p293a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g030a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p301a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p309a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g031a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g032a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g033a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g034a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p323a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g035a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g036a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g037a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g038a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p349a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g039a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p357a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g040a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Tecnology for International Development &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competence and with regard for appropriate balance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Their is president of the Institute of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report was prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Staff support was funded by the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. DAN-5538-G-SS-1023-00. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PANEL ON MICROLIVESTOCK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. PHILLIPS, Deputy Director General (Retired), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Senior Advisor to the President, African Development Bank, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BONNIE V. BEAVER, Professor of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT BENIRSCHKE, Professor of Pathology and Reproductive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROY D. CRAWFORD, Professor of Animal and Poultry Genetics, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus, University of Florida, Gainesville, and Dean Emeritus, School of Agriculture, California Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID E. DEPPNER, Director, New Forest Project, International Center, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH L. HENSON, Executive Director, American Minor Breeds Conservancy, Pittsboro, North Carolina, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. HUSS, Menard, Texas, USA (Formerly Regional Animal Production Officer, FAO, Santiago, Chile)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID R. LINCICOME, Guest Scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS E. LOVEJOY, Assistant Secretary for External Affairs, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARNE W. NORDSKOG, Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LINDA M. PANEPINTO, Director, Miniature Swine Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT J. PETERS, Professor of Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, West Germany, and Director of Research, International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. PINO, Senior Fellow, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Program in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL H. ROBINSON, Director, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSON, James B. Duke Professor of Physiology, Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALBERT E. SOLLOD, Associate Professor and Head, Section of International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEE M. TALBOT, Visiting Fellow, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAIR E. TERRILL, Sheep and Goat Scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHRISTEN M. WEMMER, Assistant Director for Conservation, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DANNY C. WHARTON, Associate Curator Animal Departments, New York Zoological Park, Bronx Zoo, The Bronx, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES A. WOODS, Professor and Curator, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS M. YUILL, Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Training, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;* * *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID), National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Microlivestock Study Director and Scientific Editor &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARK DAFFORN, Technical Writer&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH MOUZON, Senior Secretary&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN VREYENS, MUCIA Intern&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONTRIBUTORS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following individuals have made general contributions to the development of this book. All of the persons listed as research contacts in Appendix B also contributed - usually on one or two species that are their scientific specialty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ASHIQ AHMAD, Wildlife Management Specialist, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGEL C. ALCALA, Division Research, Extension and Development, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARTI AMMANN, Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PATRICK ANDAU, Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.P. ARORA, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. AYYAPPAN, CIFRI, Kausabyaganga, Bhubaneswar Orissa, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER BAKHUIS, Caribbean Marine Biological Institute, Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES R. BARBORAK, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PUSHKAR NATH BHAT, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STEVE BENNETT, Curepe, Trinidad, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. BLAND, Department of Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MELVIN BOLTON, Yeppoon, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOSEPH BONNEMAIRE, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D.S. BRANCKRAERT, Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques, Universite du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER BRAZAITIS, Herpetology, New York Zoological Society, The Bronx, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. DE LA BRETONNE, JR., Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. BRINCK, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LESLIE BROWNRIGG, CIAT, Cali, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. HOMER BUCK, Illinois Natural History Survey, Kinmundy, Illinois, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GERARDO BUDOWSKI, Natural Renewable Resources Programme, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BUTCHER, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JULIAN O. CALDECOTT, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GARY CALLIS, Texline, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. CAMOENS, Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. CHRISTOPHER CARMICHAEL, The Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. CHABRECK, School of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.M. CHAGULA, Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARAN CHANTALAKHANA, Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart  University, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER R. CHEEKE, Rabbit Research Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis,  Oregon, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.S. CHILD, Forest Resources Division, FAO, Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.S. CHOPRA, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation,  New Delhi, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Ross COCKRILL 29 Downs Park West, Bristol, England, BS6 7QH&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CRISOSTOMO CORTES, Dairy Promotion and Extension Section, Dairy Development  Division, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WYLAND CRIPE, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,  Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. BEN DAVID, Holon, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. DEVENDRA, International Development Research Centre, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODNEY DILLINGER, International Agency for Apiculture Development, Rockford,  Illinois, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DIRECTOR, Natal Parks Board, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLLANDE DUMONT, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques  Appliquees, Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.G. EHIOBU, Department of Agricultural Sciences, College of Education, Agbor,  Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD FARNER, Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle,  Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. FERGUSON, Overseas Development Administration, Eland House, London,  England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ABELARDO FERRER D., Quinta Nueva Exparta, San Bernardino, Caracas,  Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LYNWOOD A. FIEDLER, Section of International Programs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife  Service, Denver Wildlife Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. FISCHER, Tropical Science Centre, Division of Tropical Veterinary Medicine,  Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, West Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. FURTADO, Commonwealth Science Council, London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANK GOLLEY, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. GONZALES J., Instituto de Produccion Animal, Universidad Central de Venezuela,  El Limon-Maracay, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GRAHAM GOUDIE, Mainland Holdings, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALISTAIR GRAHAM, Tanglewood, Crowborough, East Sussex, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GORDON GRIGG, Zoology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.R. DE GUMAN, JR., Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COLIN P. GROVES, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian  National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. HARDOUIN, Institut de Medicine Tropicale &quot;Prince Leopold,&quot; Antwerp, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEOFFREY HAWTIN, International Development Research Centre, University of  British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GORDON HAVORD, Technical Advisory Division, UNDP, New York, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TIN HLA, Veterinary Department, Director General's Office, Rangoon, Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES HENTGES, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. HOLLANDER, Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RENE E. HONEGGER, Herpetology, Zurich Zoo, Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JACK HOWARTH, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUANG CHU-CHIEN, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGUS HUTTON, Gympie, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. JASIOROWSKI, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MUHAMMAD YAQUB JAVAID, Directorate of Fisheries, Government of the Punjab, Punjab, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MANGALARAJ JOHNSON, Nudumalai Sanctuary, Vannarpet, Udagamandalani, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MATI KAAL, Tallinn Zoo, ESSR Tallinn, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STELLAN KARLSSON, Simontorp Aquaculture AB, Blentarp, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JACKSON A. KATEGILE, International Development Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT E. KENWARD, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook Research Station, Wareham, Dorset, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES M. KEARNEY, Miami, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.-G. KLOS Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Berlin, West Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NELS M. KONNERUP, Boom International, Stanwood, Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAVU KWAPENA, Office of Environment and Conservation, Boroko, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS E. LACHER, Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN K. LOOSLI, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER LUTZ, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CRAIG MACFARLAND, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE M. MCCORKLE, Department of Rural Sociology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT E. MCDOWELL, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEFFREY A. MCNEELY, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADRIAN G. MARSHALL, Institute of South-East Asian Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RICHARD R. MARSHALL, Veterinary Medicine, Sutter Hospitals Medical Research Foundation, Sacramento, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.H.G. MARTIN, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University College, Nairobi, Kenya &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IAN L. MASON, Edinburgh, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN C. MASON, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MAYO MARTIN, Fish Farming Experimental Station, Stuttgart, Arkansas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;YOLANDA MATAMOROS, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBIN MCKERGON, Livestock Development Corporation, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MGHENI, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. MONGIN, Station de Recherches Avicoles, INRA-Centre de Tours, Nouzilly, Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOSE ROBERTO DE ALENCAR MOREIRA, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Belem, Para, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.L.R. OLIVER, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WERNER PAUWELS, Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. PAYNE, Worcester, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IAN PLAYER, Wilderness Leadership School, Bellair, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES H. POWELL, JR., Plainview, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM R. PRITCHARD, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HECTOR HUGO LI PUN, International Development Research Centre, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VICENTE T. QUIRANTE, Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Project, Bureau of Animal Industry, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAN RATTNER, The Institute of Animal Research, Kibbutz Lahav, D.N. Negev, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. REDDY, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RHOEHEIT, Institute of Applied Science and Technology, University Campus, Turkeyen, Guyana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES T. ROBBINS, Department of Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARMEN MA. ROJAS G., CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.H.L. ROLLINSON, Sardinia, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JULIO E. SANCHEZ P., Museo Nacional, San Jose, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEFF SAYER, World Conservation Centre, Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. SEIFERT, Tropical Cattle Research Centre, CSIRO, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANDRES ELOY SEIJAS, Servicio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, Maracay, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. SHAH, Institute of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SIEH CHENXIA, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural College, Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.P. SINGH, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Chandra Sekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. CATIBOG SINHA, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. SMITH, Tropical Animal Health, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, Great Britain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. MITHAT EFENDI, Ankara, Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HENRY STODDARD, Shamrock Veterinary Clinic and Fisheries, Cross City, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUKUT SULARSASA, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjalu Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. SUTTON, Agricultural Research and Education Center, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NICHOLAS SMYTHE, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. SZUMIEC, Polish Academy of Sciences, Experimental Fish Culture Station, Chybie, Poland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. TABUNAKAWAI, Ministry of Primary Industries, Suva, Fiji&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANK M. THOMPSON, Wild Animal Brokers, Bradenton, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALLEN D. TILLMAN, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DON TULLOCH, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONRADO A. VALDEZ, Dairy Development Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LUIS VARONA, Havana, Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PRAN VOHRA, Department of Avian Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTOON DE VOS Whitford, Auckland, New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GRAHAME WEBB, Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAGMAR WERNER, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GARY WETTERBERG, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES H. WHARTON, Clayton, Georgia, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.W. BERT WHEELER, College Station, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROMULUS WHITAKER, Madras Crocodile Bank, Perur, Tamil Nadu, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILDLIFE CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL, New York Zoological Society, The Bronx, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.R. YEO, USDA-ARS, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BRUCE A. YOUNG, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHAROON YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm and Zoo, Samutprakan, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS M. YUILL School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. ZEILLER, Miami Seaquarium, Miami, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The purpose of this report is to raise awareness of the potential of small livestock species and to stimulate their introduction into animal research and economic development programs. It is geared particularly towards benefiting developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Microlivestock&quot; is a term we have coined for species that are inherently small, such as rabbits and poultry, as well as for breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs that are less than about half the size of the most common breeds. These miniature animals are seldom considered in the broad picture of livestock development, but they seem to have a promising future. Wherever land is scarce it seems reasonable to assume that, things being equal, small animals would be more attractive than large ones. And land for livestock is becoming increasingly scarce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this report we have emphasized multipurpose species with promise for small  holders. In some species, the promise is immediate; in others, it is long term, and much research must be undertaken before that promise can be realized or even understood.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We have included wild species that seem to have potential as future livestock. Some are threatened with extinction but are described here because their economic merits may be the key to acquiring support for their protection. Also we have highlighted rare breeds of domesticated species because the current tendency has been to concentrate on a small number of large breeds, and many potentially valuable breeds are becoming extinct through neglect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The book was prepared after an intensive survey of more than 300 animal scientists in 80 countries. They suggested more than 150 species for inclusion. The staff then drafted chapters on about 40 species and these drafts were reviewed by more than 400 researchers worldwide. The thousands of resulting comments, corrections, and additions were integrated into the drafts. The panel then met to review the product, to select the most promising species, and to rework the chapters based on their own experiences and joint conclusions. The result is the current 35 chapters. Most of the case studies and accounts of innovations highlighted in the various sidebars were developed by the staff study director. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collectively, this study covers many species, but it by no means exhausts all the microlivestock possibilities. Lack of space and time precludes discussion of creatures such as edible insects, snails, worms, turtles, and bats, which in some regions are highly regarded foods. Similarly, we have not included aquatic life. These decisions were arbitrary; perhaps invertebrates and aquatic species can be included in future volumes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report is addressed to government administrators, technical assistance personnel, and researchers in agriculture, nutrition, and related disciplines who are concerned with helping developing countries achieve a more efficient and balanced exploitation of their biological resources. Hence, we deal with the animals in a general way and do not cover details of biology, husbandry, or economics. A selection of readings that contains such technical information is cited in Appendix A.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further goal of this project has been to explore the common ground between the disparate arms of animal science: to show that specialists in wildlife, zoology, and livestock science have much to learn from one another's field of expertise; to show that &quot;fanciers&quot; of pigeons, pheasants, chinchillas, iguanas, and other species may have much to offer livestock breeders - including germplasm; and that those who raise &quot;obsolete&quot; breeds are not only playing a vital role in the protection of rare genes but can offer the benefit of their experience to commercial livestock producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout this report, the scientific names of mammals follow those in: Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 1982. J.H. Honacki, K.E. Kinman, and J.W. Koeppl, editors. Published by Allen Press, Inc.; and the Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. All dollar figures are in U.S. dollars; all ton figures are in metric tons.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been produced under the auspices of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council. ACTI was mandated to assess innovative scientific and technological advances, with particular emphasis on those appropriate for developing countries. In this spirit, therefore, the current report includes some extremely unusual species. Whether these will eventually prove practical for widespread use is uncertain, but we present them here for researchers and others who look forward to challenges and enjoy the satisfaction of successful pioneering. The domestication of new poultry, as well as the management of rodents, iguanas, and small deer and antelope, should be viewed in this spirit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Current titles in the ACTI series on managing tropical animal resources are: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The production of these books has been supported largely by the Office of the Science Advisor of the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), which also made this report possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WARNING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If misunderstood, this book is potentially dangerous. Because of the severity of the food crisis, the panel has selected some animals - mainly in the rodent section - that are highly adaptable and grow quickly. These seem appropriate for raising only in areas where they already exist, which are clearly identified in those chapters. Such potentially invasive animals should not be introduced to other environments because they could become serious pests. In any trials, local species should always be given priority.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How to cite this report:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council. 1991. Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cover Design by David Bennett &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the developing countries, there are over 100 million farms of less than five hectares, supporting about 700 million people, who represent about 17 percent of the world population. Even more significant is the fact that about 50 million farms have less than one hectare of land. C. Devendra and Marcia Burns Goat Production in the Tropics We may now be in the wind down stage of bigger is better animal selection trend and it has certainly been a wild ride.... the lesson now being learned is that the bigger breeding animals . . . cost more to maintain, are often slower to reproduce, and may even have a shorter lifespan.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kelly Klober&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small Farmer's Journal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g001a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like computers, livestock for use in developing countries should be getting smaller and becoming more &quot;personal.&quot; Conventional &quot;mainframes,&quot; such as cattle, are too large for the world's poorest people; they require too much space and expense. &quot;Miniframes,&quot; such as the conventional breeds of sheep and goats, have an increasingly important role to play. But tiny, &quot;user-friendly&quot; species for home use are the ones highlighted in this report. We have called them &quot;microlivestock.&quot;'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two types of microlivestock. One consists of extremely small forms of conventional livestock - such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. The other consists of species that are inherently smallâ poultry, rabbits, and rodents, for instance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock are important because the developing world's animal production is only a fraction of what it should be. Throughout Latin America, Asia, and Africa, the poor eat almost no meat, milk, or eggs - the most nutritious foods. It is estimated, for example, that in Mexico 25 million campesinos cannot afford meat. In poor countries, even the middle class eats less meat in a year than the populations of North America and Europe eat in a month. Malnutrition is common and its effects, especially on children, can be debilitating. It is one of mankind's most serious imbalances - and most pressing problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural families in the Third World usually subsist mainly on the products from their homes or farms. Thus, if we are to help their livestock production, more attention must be given to animals that are sized for their situations. Examples discussed in the report are summarized here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microbreeds Small breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs are common in the developing world. Because they are often raised for subsistence rather than for commerce, the national and global contribution that they make is often overlooked. These small, hardy animals deserve much greater recognition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Later chapters highlight dozens of promising microbreeds. All are less than half average size; some are far smaller than that. The &quot;miniBrahman&quot; cow of Mexico is only 60 cm tall and weighs 140 kg; the southern Sudan dwarf sheep of eastern Africa can weigh as little as 11 kg; the Terai goat of Nepal weighs less than 12 kg; and the cuing pig of Mexico weighs merely 10 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry The widespread use of poultry in Third World villages demonstrates the importance of small, easily managed, household livestock. Small size, the ability to forage for themselves, and a natural desire to stay around the house put chickens, ducks, guinea fowl, and other birds among the most vital resources of rural Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Scratching a living out of the dirt, dust, ditches, and debris, these often-scrawny creatures are a resource to be taken seriously. For the most poverty stricken, a bony bird may be the only source of meat during much of a lifetime. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among poultry, there are many underrated, but highly promising, species, including:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Pigeon. These birds forage widely but return home, thereby providing the farmers with squab, one of the tastiest of all meats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Quail. Small and efficient, they, too, are suited to home rearing, and in Japan and a few other countries, large numbers are raised commercially in very small space. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Muscovy. A native of South American rainforests, this bird is a major poultry resource of France, Taiwan, and a few other countries. Tame, tolerant, and tough, it deserves greater recognition everywhere. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Guinea Fowl. One of the most self-reliant of all domestic birds, this native of Africa is raised in huge numbers in Europe - notably France. Its potential for increased production elsewhere is exceptional. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Turkey. The traditional turkey of Mexico still exists as a scavenger bird in villages and household backyards. Unlike the highly selected modern breeds, it is self-reliant, robust, and disease-resistant. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits Like chickens, rabbits exemplify the vast possibilities that microlivestock offer for increasing meat production in the most poverty-stricken parts of the world. Captive rabbits have been popular as food at least since the time of the Romans. Rabbit rearing has been well established in Europe and China, and now national rabbit projects have begun in many developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents Some 7,000 years ago, guinea pigs were domesticated as a source of food for the high Andes; even today in the uplands of Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador, most Indians raise them inside their homes and regard them as an essential part of life. For many Indians, these indoor livestock are the main source of meat. Prolific, tractable, and easy to feed, house, and handle, guinea pigs are even kept in downtown apartment buildings - often in boxes under the bed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other rodents might also be suited to domestication; for instance, the potentially tamable, clean-living species of South American fields and woodlands - agouti, capybara, hutia, mare, coypu, pace, and vizcacha. Two remarkable domestication programs have been started in Africa: the grasscutter in West Africa and the giant rat in Nigeria. Both animals provide popular &quot;bushmeat&quot; and researchers are now learning to raise them in captivity. (Because of its tangy taste, Ghanaians actually pay three times more for grasscutter meat than for beef!)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antelope Another wild African mammal with potential for &quot;household animal husbandry,&quot; the blue duiker, is a rabbit-sized antelope. In some areas of Central and Southern Africa the demand is so great that its population is declining at an alarming rate. Duiker rearing, if it can be made successful, might provide both food and an economic alternative to slaughtering the wild populations. It is reported that duikers are easy to maintain and they reproduce well in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat of several other tiny antelope species is also much sought in many African countries, and these animals are also suitably sized to feed the average family at one meal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer Several species of tiny deer - smaller than many dogs - might make useful microlivestock, although much research is needed before their true potential can be judged. Normal-sized deer were once considered too easily frightened to be reared as domestic livestock, but several species are now raised on thousands of deer farms in New Zealand as well as in at least a dozen other countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer and musk deer (which, strictly speaking, are not true deer at all) are of microlivestock size and are also possible future livestock. The musk deer produces one of the most valuable materials in the animal kingdom - more valuable, in fact, than gold. The musk from the male's glands is used in oriental medicines as well as in European perfumes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguanas Over much of the Caribbean and Latin America, iguanas are a traditional source of food. Indeed, the meat of these large herbivorous lizards is so delicious they are being hunted to extinction throughout their wide range. Their eggs are much enjoyed also. Programs in Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Curacao, and Argentina have developed simple methods to hatch and rear three iguana species. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bees Honey bees are present almost everywhere, and honey and wax are high-value products that demand little processing and can be stored and transported easily. Innovations in equipment and technique have made beekeeping successful in the tropics without requiring sophisticated hives or elaborate training. Raising bees can also benefit the many crops that require pollination.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE MICROLIVESTOCK ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although animal science has traditionally emphasized bigness, smallness has its advantages. Some of these are summarized below.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock lend themselves to economic niches that are not easily filled by large livestock. Much of their potential is for subsistence production. They are promising for the many peasants who, being outside the cash economy, are now unable to purchase meat, milk, cheese, or eggs. These people can afford only animals that can be raised within the home or backyard under ambient climatic conditions and on feeds that are cheap and easily available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A subsistence farmer is likely to benefit more from small species than from large because of several factors:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The animals are less expensive to buy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They are less of a financial risk to maintain. (A farmer with several small animals is less vulnerable to loss than a farmer with a single large animal, a feature that is particularly important in subsistence farming where success determines whether the family will survive.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They give a faster return on investment. (Small size generally signifies high reproductive capacity and a fast turnover.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They provide flexibility. (Farmers can more easily change the size of their herd or flock to match the amount of feed available at a given time. Also, they can sell animals according to the family's fluctuating needs for cash or food.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They provide a steadier source of income.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They increase the chances of successful breeding because greater numbers are usually kept. (This also means that breeding stock is more likely to be retained in times of scarcity.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They are more easily transported. (Who hasn't traveled in a Third World bus or train without chickens, ducks, or guinea pigs as fellow passengers?)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- In some cases they are more efficient converters of food energy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are also a number of other benefits to small species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reduced Spoilage. A portion of meat that comes in a &quot;package&quot; of a size that can be readily consumed by a family is important in areas where refrigeration is unavailable or uneconomic. A family can eat the meat produced by most microlivestock in one meal or in one day to minimize the risk of spoilage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Efficient Use of Space. The space required for handling and feeding microlivestock is proportionately less than that required for large animals. Low space requirements make many microlivestock (such as guinea pigs, rabbits, pigeons, and quail) available to landless rural inhabitants who have no room for a cow. This is particularly important with respect to feed production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Cheaper Facilities. Facilities and equipment required for microlivestock are, by and large, smaller and simpler than those required for large animals. They often can be made from local products or scrap material or both.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Ease of Management. Farmers and villagers can manage small animals more easily than large, which is an advantage in the many places where women and children are the main keepers of livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Increased Productivity. Small animals tend to fit well into existing farming systems, thereby expanding the resource base and recycling nutrients. Some - for example bees, ducks, and geese - can feed themselves by scavenging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- By-Products. Many species have fur, feathers, skins, and other by-products that are often more valuable than their meat, milk, or eggs. Examples include the feet and tails of rabbits, musk from musk deer, and pelts from rodents such as coypu. Processing such byproducts creates diversification for the farmer and perhaps jobs for the village.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RATIONALE FOR LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many have argued that livestock raising should be discouraged, that it is a primary cause of desertification through overgrazing and that it is an inefficient converter of basic material and energy into human food. &quot;Grow more pulses, grow more grains,&quot; these people cry. Their arguments can be valid where the land has high potential for permanent cultivation. Much of the world's surface, however, does not fit into that category, and it is in these areas and for those people who have no access to arable lands that a convincing case for livestock can most easily tee mace. As W.J.A. Payne has written:*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Livestock, particularly ruminants, can process forage and waste crop materials inedible by man into nutritionally desirable food products, many of high protein, mineral and vitamin content and including some of high caloric value. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Approximately 40 percent of total land available in developing countries can be used only for some form of forage production and a further 30 percent is classified as forest with some potential for the production of forage. Some 12 percent of the world's total population live in areas where people depend almost entirely on the products obtained from ruminant livestock. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Livestock provide a range of extremely valuable by-products. Dung is not only a fertilizer and soil-stabilizer but also a fuel of often considerably greater value than the fodder consumed in its production. Other byproducts, especially hides and wool form the bases of rural enterprises that may provide significant incomes to the poorest members of society. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Animal plant and human life are ecologically interdependent. The establishment of agricultural systems in which livestock are integrated with crops, forestry and aquaculture is essential for the improvement of overall productivity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock produce food that adds to the nutritional quality and variety of human diets. Although it is possible for humans to exist without them, these foods are relished and sought after by the majority of humanity. These foods include meat, eggs and processed products such as biltong and cheese. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general, small species tend to expand the food base by using a wider array of resources than do major livestock such as cattle. Many can be raised on feeds that people discard: fibrous residues, industry by-products, or kitchen wastes. Some collect minute feeds that otherwise go unused. For example, chickens and pigeons gather scattered seeds, turkeys gobble up insects, geese graze water weeds, iguanas feed in the tops of trees, and bees collect nectar and pollen from flowers that may be miles away.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even some grazing microlivestock prefer different forages from those preferred by cattle. Antelope and deer, for instance, browse tree leaves; capybara and grasscutters eat reeds. Combining microlivestock with conventional livestock results in a more complete utilization of forage resources and greater animal production per hectare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under conditions of abundance, small size may be of no advantage in mammals, but if feed is limited, it is of great help. A small animal (or its keeper) needs to cover less area to fulfill its daily requirements, so that microlivestock may grow fat in areas where the forage is too sparse to support a larger animal. This is particularly vital when there are seasonal bottlenecks. For example, feed may be plentiful enough for most of the year to supply many large animals; however, the dry season may greatly restrict the numbers that can be kept.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although small animals generally require proportionately higher inputs of feed, they also grow proportionately faster (see sidebar opposite). In addition, species such as rabbits, guinea pigs, and grasscutters digest fibrous matter with surprising efficiency, even though they are not true ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many small animals have high reproductive capacity with short gestation periods, large numbers of offspring, and rapid juvenile growth. They tend to reach sexual maturity at a younger age than large animals, and the interval between the generations can be very short. Thus, meat or other products can be produced more rapidly and more evenly throughout the year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cows, for example, produce a maximum of one calf per year. A pig, on the other hand, may produce 7 or more young; a rabbit, 30 or more; a chicken, more than 100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adaptability and Hardiness&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The survival rates and manageability of many small breeds and species can be outstanding. Smallness is often an adaptation to harsh environment. Indeed, a major promise for microlivestock is in special environmental niches. Where cold, heat, temperature fluctuations, aridity, or humidity are extreme, microlivestock are likely to show their greatest advantage. Chickens, guinea fowl, goats, and many other small species already live in villages, homes, and backyards in harsh and disease-prone climates, and are usually given no care and sometimes no food: they have to scavenge for their sustenance and survive as best they can. Such selection pressures result in animals of remarkable adaptability, tolerance, and robustness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microlivestock can produce under conditions where conventional species die. The capybara, for instance, is at home in the Latin American lowlands, where the climate is hot and humid and floods cause seasonal inundations. Cattle, by contrast, die because of malnutrition, foot rot, or drowning. Other microlivestock species with a wide tolerance to ecological extremes include the turkey, pigeon, and bee. And some dwarf breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs show surprising tolerance to trypanosomes, the parasites that make conventional breeds impossible to maintain throughout much of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some small species can be raised in cities, where poverty and malnutrition are often worse than in rural areas. It is estimated, for instance, that one million livestock exist in Cairo, not counting the pigeons that are raised on countless rooftops. Goats and cattle are common in urban India, and many Third World cities have far more chickens than people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p9a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Food utilization versus body size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICROLIVESTOCK LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raising microlivestock is not a panacea for the Third World's food problems. Efforts to develop them will not be without difficulties. Some likely problems are noted here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High Energy Requirements&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smaller animals tend to have a higher feed requirement per unit of body weight than large animals. Anatomical and physiological constraints prevent them from meeting their relatively high energy requirements simply by increasing the rate of food ingestion. Therefore, for optimum production, some small animals, particularly nonruminants, require feed that is higher in protein and lower in fiber than large animals. This is particularly true when the small animals are compared with ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increased Labor Requirements&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The advantages of low investment, fast return on capital, flexibility, and efficient resource utilization are offset by higher demands for labor. Keeping small animals often requires considerable effort, and its economic viability may depend on the availability of cheap and willing labor. Many small animals are raised at home by family members, such as children, the elderly, and the handicapped, who have time available and whose labor costs are nominally zero.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diseases&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some potential microlivestock are undomesticated, and resistance to diseases and parasites is one justification for their consideration. However, the general healthiness of a species when it is free-ranging can be a misleading guide for its husbandry. Confining any animal in high density invariably increases the potential for the spread of infectious diseases and parasites. Moreover, mismanagement can foster respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases (such as salmonella or coccidiosis) that are rare among scattered populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microlivestock are potential reservoirs for diseases that affect not only local animals but people as well. This may limit their successful development in some areas. Although the dangers are often exaggerated, controls may be needed, particularly of rinderpest, tickborne diseases, and those diseases communicable to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Predation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small size makes microlivestock easy prey.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Techniques to manage some microlivestock species are not yet well established. The development of appropriate husbandry techniques, as well as a better understanding of the animals' particular biological and behavioral characteristics, will be needed before major progress can be made. These species (for instance rodents, deer, and iguanas) may require collection of different genotypes, as well as studies of diseases, nutrition, and management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Complex Logistics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is complicated and expensive to reach millions of widely scattered peasants, each having only a handful of small animals. Even though total production may far exceed that of commercial farms raising large animals, the smallholdings are often dispersed, their animals are often used for subsistence rather than commerce, and their managers are often ill-trained and illiterate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legislative Restrictions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The use of some microlivestock species may be restricted by legislation. For instance, some countries have meat and veterinary laws that work against the development of species other than cattle. Others have laws to protect wildlife, which could be important in the case of species such as antelope, deer, pace, and iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of Markets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock need not be just for home or local consumption; they can also be raised for market. But some commercial programs, including some with rabbits and guinea pigs, have failed because no public demand was developed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resistance to New Species&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People have close associations with livestock, and in most cultures they do not easily accept animals or animal foods that are radically different from their traditional ones. In general, the ties between certain ethnic groups and a particular species or breed is very strong (one reason, for example, why European colonists introduced their own large breeds of cattle and sheep to Africa and Asia, paying little attention to small indigenous breeds). Moreover, people who are used to bringing the animal to the feed rather than the feed to the animal may resist a small animal that has to be penned up and fed by hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Opposition to Smallness&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, there seems to be an innate human trait that considers bigger to be better, especially among the common livestock. For example, because many tropical cattle are small, there is strong inclination on the part of those responsible for livestock improvement to dismiss them or to increase their size by crossing them with large breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FUTURE OF MICROLIVESTOCK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small animals are likely to become increasingly important. As human populations increase, the space available for growing forage decreases, and this phenomenon favors small animals. Many villagers already have little or no pastureland. Some live in areas (the rice-growing areas of Southeast Asia, for instance) where crops are grown on almost every square meter almost every month of the year. Microlivestock are potentially important for urban areas of developing countries as well. There, too, land is at a premium and is usually inadequate for raising conventional livestock. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, however, microlivestock have been largely ignored. Compared with cattle, they have been accorded little scientific effort. In the drive towards larger animals, stimulated by experience in the temperate zone, the virtually unstudied gene pool of small species and breeds has been mostly bypassed. There have been few attempts to assess or improve their farm productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is unfortunate, and it is perhaps due to the fact that small animals may be less efficient at digesting certain foods and therefore technically less attractive than large, &quot;modern&quot; breeds. But to Third World peasants, an animal's efficiency is far less important than its survivability and manageability. If an animal cannot be raised under village conditions, its feed-use efficiency or milk yield is irrelevant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock production should be integrated into most ruraldevelopment projects. Small animals offer a way to improve the lives of people who are hard to reach by other methods. Only by expanding research on the husbandry, hygiene, nutrition, reproduction, physiology, and breeding can the promise of animals sized for small farms and villages be fulfilled. Moreover, the costs will be small compared with those of programs for large animals.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Specifically, experiment stations should produce and promote methods and materials for use in rearing microlivestock. Donors and development institutions, planners, and policymakers should note the potentials of microlivestock and the benefits that can be derived from them. Teaching manuals and materials are needed, and classes in microlivestock husbandry should be included in rural school curricula.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raising personal livestock on weeds and table scraps in cages beside the house or boxes under the bed will, in many instances, get quality protein to the most poverty stricken more effectively than raising large livestock on pastures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although small size confers many advantages, the question is not whether the large or small animal is &quot;best,&quot; but rather how well each can meet a person's varying requirements. In a given situation, livestock can be too small or too large. But the fact remains that not everyone who wants meat or money has the resources to acquire, keep, manage, or utilize a large animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key is balance. Both microlivestock and traditional livestock deserve serious attention. Indeed, it seems likely that the two will seldom compete. Most microlivestock complement traditional livestock because of unique physical, physiological, behavioral, or economic characteristics. They increase the range of options for the millions of poor for whom the choice may not even be between large and small livestock, but between microlivestock and no livestock at all. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It's an unfortunate fact that small animals don't have the prestige among Third World farmers that large animals do (perhaps this arose because children can look after goats and sheep but it takes men to look after cattle). Even sheep and goats are not accorded the same stature as cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hugh Popenoe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeds and varieties were created from mutant genes and thus haste become living reservoirs of these genes, holding them for use in future generations of mankind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g002a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part I : Microbreeds</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g003a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs supply millions of people around the world with the bulk of their cash and animal products. Yet scores of breeds - especially in the tropics - are left out of livestock development projects merely because they are considered too small. These &quot;microbreeds&quot;' have sometimes been considered genetic dead ends because they appear undersized and puny. Many of these traditional animals - some in local use for thousands of years - are disappearing, and even the small ancestors of large modern breeds are becoming extinct.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These small breeds deserve to be studied and developed in their own right. Throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America, these usually hardy animals are especially adapted to traditional husbandry practices and harsh local conditions. Some have remarkable qualities and are well adapted to resist hostile weather, ravaging pestilence, and poor diets. In remote places and in areas of extreme climate, they are often vitally important for basic subsistence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, because of stress or disease, or insufficient forage, land, or money, microbreeds may be the only practical livestock in many settings. Their individual output may be low, but it can be efficient considering the lack of care and poor feeds they are given. Their availability and the growing number of small-sized farms in the developing world make them increasingly worthy of consideration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following chapters in this section describe microcattle, microgoats, microsheep, and micropigs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Microcattle</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g004a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the purposes of this report, &quot;microcattle&quot; are considered to be small breeds of cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) with a mature weight of about 300 kg or less. In many areas of the developing world, these are actually the animals most widely held by farmers and pastoralists. They are often treasured because of their resilience and simple requirements. Many survive and produce under harsh conditions, grow rapidly, calve easily, show good maternal ability, yield lean meat, or have other advantages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle have generally been ignored in the push towards larger animals, but they seem inherently suitable for traditional and small-farm husbandry. As rural people in developing countries improve their own productivity, as they become more aware of nutritional needs, and as they depend more upon cash economies, microcattle could become vital means for improving personal, dietary, and economic status.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle have been classified in many ways, but they are generally designated as humped or humpless types. However, clear distinctions among them are sometimes difficult or impossible to make because they have intermingled for thousands of years. Representative microcattle types are listed at the end of the chapter. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than two-thirds of the world's 1.3 billion cattle are found in the developing world; one-third is in the tropics. As noted, a considerable number of these could be called &quot;microcattle.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many strains of microcattle are threatened with extinction because of replacement or crossbreeding with larger types. This is in some respects shortsighted because promoting just a few breeds contributes to narrowing of the genetic base, and valuable traits may be lost when selection is done to conform to any preconceived standard, including large size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle are adapted to a wide variety of habitats. Many types thrive - even with little or no attention - in climates that are hot, humid, arid, or beset by diseases and parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle are ruminants and digest fiber well, although they are selective foragers and prefer tender grasses and low-growing legumes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with other tropical cattle, microbreeds generally reach physical and sexual maturity in 2 or 3 years. Many can breed year-round when conditions are favorable (gestation lasts about 9 months). Cows may remain fertile 10 years or more, and can live more than 20 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle usually graze from as few as four hours to as many as eight hours a day. If feed is of poor quality, they must forage (and ruminate) longer to receive adequate nutrition. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle are commonly docile and undemanding animals, and many small breeds are surprisingly responsive to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like conventional breeds, microcattle produce the same well-known products: meat, milk, manure, hides, horn, blood, and bone. They are also used for traction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small cattle often produce only modest amounts of milk and meat per animal. However, given higher stocking rates, a herd of microcattle is often able to outyield larger, genetically improved animals on a per hectare basis, especially under stressful conditions. When their ability to survive adversity and poor management is taken into account, they may often be far and away the most efficient cattle for traditional husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surprisingly, there is a place even for small draft animals. They tend to be active, thrifty (efficient), and more maneuverable in tight spaces, and so are adapted for use in the small fields, terraces, and paddies that are becoming increasingly common. The small hill cattle of Nepal, for instance, are valued because they can negotiate steep slopes and narrow terraces on Himalayan mountainsides. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle are handled like their larger counterparts, but herding, tethering, fencing, and hobbling are generally easier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle are familiar animals that are accepted in nearly all cultures; their meat, milk, manure, and leather are in demand almost everywhere. In many societies, beef is preferred over other meats, even by those who can rarely afford it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas, organized breeding, production, and marketing associations are already in place. Microcattle can also integrate well into traditional forms of husbandry, whether in pastoral herds of hundreds or as solitary backyard milk cows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under humid and hot conditions, microcattle probably suffer less than larger breeds because their greater ratio of skin area to body mass enhances their ability to shed heat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of cattle that can be kept on a given parcel of land may be increased, sometimes even doubled, with smaller animals. Microcattle can also be penned and fed cut-and-carry forage more easily than can larger cattle, and more of them can be maintained on the same amount of feed. This permits more continuous production and less financial hardship when an animal perishes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small cattle may require less labor because they are generally easier to handle, herd, confine, and transport. They usually have few problems with calving, and as a rule require little or no assistance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microcattle have unusual tolerances to disease. In Africa, for instance, there are breeds that tolerate or resist trypanosomiasis, a parasitic disease that makes large areas of that continent uninhabitable for most other cattle breeds. Others seem more tolerant of internal or external parasites, theileriosis (east coast fever), rinderpest, or other afflictions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle often lack the prestige of larger breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When given quality forage and supplemental feeding, small unimproved cattle may not match the overall productivity of the large, highly developed breeds. Their greatest potential may prove to be for traditional husbandry and for grazing marginal areas where survival is more important than feed efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BONSAI BRAHMAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mexico, researchers are deliberately creating microcattle. Since 1970, Juan Manuel Berruecos Villalobos, former director of the Veterinary Medicine school at the National Autonomous University, has directed this enterprise. He and his colleagues have miniaturized cows by selecting the smallest specimens out of a herd of normal-sized Brahman cattle and breeding them with one another. After five generations, adult females average 15-180 kg adult males 20-220 kg. A few of the smallest cows are now only 60 cm tall and 140 kg in weight. Merely one-fifth of normal weight, they are shorter than the turkeys that share the barnyard with them. Indeed, they even get lost in the grassy pastures so that the farmers cannot see them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This program seems to have yielded a productive animal that can be cheaply and easily maintained in a small space. Berruecos has demonstrated that the tiny cows can be stocked on one-third the area needed to support one normal-sized cow. He reports that they are giving remarkable amounts of milk: up to four lifers a day, compared with six lifers from their full-sized counterparts. On a feed-intake to weight-gain basis, the tiny cattle are no less efficient than their normal-sized counterparts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although 17 years have gone into the selection of what Berruecos calls his &quot;bonsai cattle,&quot; the process is not yet finished. Future goals include testing embryo transplants to see if one normal-sized cow can support multiple &quot;microfetuses&quot; (possibly as many as eight). This would help to rapidly increase the numbers of the miniature form, which weigh merely 4-5 kg at birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All in all, the Mexican researchers see miniaturization as a new option for governments and farmers increasingly squeezed by shrinking farm land and rising production costs. Small livestock they say, are a way to produce more food on less land faster. For example, a campesino with almost no land can have one or two bonsais, but could never maintain a standard-sized cow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their adaptability and robustness make microcattle worthy of preservation, study, and greater use, and they should be incorporated into many ongoing programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selective breeding, although infrequently attempted, can probably improve productivity significantly. Records of breed history should be established, and unusual or special characteristics noted and the information disseminated. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p24a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Original distribution of wild cattle and banteng (Based on Mason , 1984)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In areas where small, indigenous breeds are being replaced, representative populations should be maintained and studied to increase understanding of their adaptive diversity and to retain a genetic storehouse for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROCATTLE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dwarf West African Shorthorn&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African coastal forests, and inland. Female 125 kg; male 150 kg. Adaptation to harsh, humid climates and good resistance to trypanosomiasis and other diseases allow these small animals to exist where other cattle die. They are perhaps the smallest cattle of all (often weighing less than 100 kg). In the areas of worst disease and highest rainfall, this hardy animal is often found thriving, but half wild. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muturu Nigeria. Female 160 kg; male 210 kg. This notable subtype is slightly larger. It is the most trypanotolerant of all cattle, showing no symptoms or loss of vitality. It is widely kept, mostly as a village scavenger and often as a pet, and yields a high percentage of meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N'Dama&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West Africa. 200-400 kg. These active, stocky animals utilize low-quality forage, produce good beef, and are used as light draft oxen. Milk production, though poor, improves with feeding level. N'Dama mature early and are exceptionally fertile, and they have already become important in breeding programs. They are resistant to trypanosomiasis, and can exist where temperatures average 30Ã C with 1,500 mm annual rainfall. In the least hospitable areas, N'Damas ranging down to 200 kg are often the only cattle that can remain productive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodope&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southeastern Europe. Female 200 kg; male 350 kg. A humpless multipurpose breed - draft, milk, and beef - that is exceptionally hardy. The milk is high in butterfat. Possibly adaptable to the subtropics. It is rapidly being lost to crossbreeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zebu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zebus are among the most important tropical domestic animals. However, the dwarfs are not well known, although in many areas they are preferred, especially as draft animals. Zebus use less water, even though their sweat glands are larger and more numerous than those of most other cattle. All have a low basal metabolism and resist heat well. In general, they also have high resistance to ticks and other parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan Black Taiwan. Female 250 kg; male 250 kg. Well adapted to poor tropical conditions, these work animals are also used for meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kedah-Kelantan Malaysia. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. Hardy, well adapted cattle with exceptional fertility on a poor diet, both sexes are used as draft animals as well as sources of meat and cash. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sinhala (Dwarf Zebu) Sri Lanka. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. An ancient type of zebu, preferred for its handiness in cultivating small paddies and terraced fields. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nuba Dwarf Sudan. 180-220 kg. These work animals are well proportioned but are not slaughtered for meat, and milk production is low. Although tolerant to trypanosomiasis, their numbers have dwindled because of crossbreeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small Zebu Somalia. 160-230 kg. These small native cattle are used for beef, milk, and for work. They are well adapted to poor feed in a desolate environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abyssinian Shorthorn Zebu (Showa) Central highlands of Ethiopia. Female 225 kg; male 305 kg. These widespread, small-humped cattle are very hardy. They produce beef and are generally milked, with surplus production about 2-4 kg daily. Resistant to many parasites, they also have a gentle disposition and make good work animals. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dwarf Zebu (Mongalla) Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. Female 150 kg; male 250 kg. A highly variable, long-entrenched, small, East-African zebu with some nonzebu blood. Pastoralists favor it because of its hardiness. Although slow-maturing, it is well-fleshed, can yield excellent beef, and some types are milked. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mashona Zimbabwe. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. This hardy zebusanga type (see below) is widespread in drier areas and has a high resistance to disease and parasites. Since the 1940s, it has been bred for beef production and selected animals now weigh more than 500 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mini-Brahman Mexico. 135 kg. Downsized from 450-kg Brazilian zebus through selective breeding by Mexican researchers, these gentle animals are reported to yield two-thirds as much milk (3-4 liters daily) as the parent stock. Because of much higher stocking rates on grass, production per hectare is reportedly greater than with full-sized animals (see sidebar, page 22). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central and South America. Descendants of Spanish and Portuguese  cattle imported over 400 years ago, &quot;criollo&quot; cattle have adapted to a  wide range of harsh climates. Many varieties are small: mature females  often weigh 200-300 kg or less. They sometimes produce little beef or  milk under traditional conditions and management, but they are  extremely hardy and survive when other cattle perish. Through  importation and crossbreeding, many local types have been lost or are  threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chinampo Baja California, Mexico. 200-350 kg. Extremely tolerant of  wild desert conditions, these docile criollo cattle exist largely on scrub  and cactus. They get most of their water from succulent plants, have a  low metabolic rate and body temperature, and are mostly active at night. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Florida Scrub Florida, USA. 225-300 kg. Genetically isolated for more  than 300 years, the Florida Scrub is very hardy in harsh, subtropical  conditions. It has good resistance to ticks and screwworm, and can  subsist on forage with a high roughage content. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sanga&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This type - an ancient cross between longhorns or shorthorns and  humped animals - is found throughout eastern and southern Africa. It  weighs from 150 to 500 kg or more. Some types have been selectively  bred or crossed with European cattle and are quite productive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bavenda Transvaal, South Africa. 240-290 kg. This hardy and  disease tolerant tropical variety is small and prolific. It is generally used  for draft, barter, and beef. However, it has been crossbred with larger  animals so frequently that the smaller types are almost extinct; most  &quot;Bavendas&quot; now weigh more than 300 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ovambo' Northeastern Namibia. Female 160 kg; male 225 kg. A calm  and docile animal with a small hump, it is used by seasonal pastoralists  for beef and milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nilotic Sudan. 180-300 kg. These cattle of southern Sudan show great variation in size, partly due to environmental factors. They are generally resistant to local parasites and worms, have good potential for increased beef production, and their milk is very important locally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chadian &quot;Native&quot; and Dwarf Black Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad. Female 225 kg; male 275 kg. These two types are small, humped meat animals that graze the sparse savanna and are very drought resistant. Little scientific information exists about them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Arab Cattle&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East. Small types (female 225 kg; male 300 kg) are used for meat and some milk, especially in Lebanon. There are many local forms with variable appearance, but all have small humps. Well adapted to grazing sparse vegetation on rough land, they are becoming rare due to crossbreeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hill Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal. Female 160 kg; male 200 kg. A widespread type often recrossed with Indian zebu animals, they are bred to be small. They are thrifty creatures that maintain themselves well on poor forage. Bulls make sure-footed draft animals on rough ground and slopes, and the cows are milked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibetan Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibet. Less than 250 kg. These humpless cattle are used as pack animals and can tolerate poor forage and high altitudes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yellow Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southwest and south China. Female 220 kg; male 380 kg. In the subtropics and tropics, small multipurpose types of Yellow Cattle withstand high temperature and humidity. They are used mainly for work and meat, and seem well adapted to poor feed, harsh conditions, and rugged terrain. The Chowpei (190-380 kg) is a hardy working breed of more temperate areas in Hubei Province.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheju Hanwoo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Korea. Female 230 kg; male 280 kg. A yellowish-brown Cheju Island native that has almost no calving difficulty, it is well adapted to poor grazing conditions in harsh environments and is docile and obedient.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madura&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia. Female 220 kg; male 300 kg. An ancient cross between humped cattle and the banteng (see sidebar), these heat- and disease resistant hybrids also have good grazing and mothering ability, and are kept in the most extreme humid tropical environments. Breeding for fighting and racing has given them a poor disposition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dexter Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ireland and North America. 220-360 kg. This breed can be traced back to eighteenth-century Ireland and is believed to have been developed by peasant farmers living on rough land. It is exceptionally hardy and produces both milk and meat. In North America, it has become popular among city folk who acquire country property, as this microbreed is particularly well suited to their usually tiny farms. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BANTENG: THE CUTEST COW&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng (Bos Javanicus) is a small Southeast Asian bovine with a promising future.* It is a different species from cattle. The two will interbreed, but the hybrid offspring are normally sterile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although almost entirely neglected by the animal science community, the banteng is remarkable for an ability to thrive under hot, humid, and disease-ridden conditions where cattle often grow poorly. The sexes are easily distinguished: males are jet black, females are golden brown. Both have bright white socks and rumps as if they had been freshly whitewashed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng are found in remote areas of countries from Burma to Indonesia. But only Indonesia has used it as a farm animal so far. It has more than 1.5 million domesticated banteng - some 20 percent of the country's total &quot;cattle&quot; population. Indonesian farmers value the animal's agility, which allows them to cultivate Relds too narrow for cattle to turn the prow. In addition, gourmets consider banteng meat the tastiest of all. Indonesia appreciates the banteng so much that it has established a genetic sanctuary on the island of Bali - banning cattle in order to maintain the banteng's genetic purity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside Indonesia, only a few scientists have studied this animal, but it seems clear that it is particularly useful under tropical conditions. In heat and humidity, it thrives; even when cattle are starving, one rarely sees a skinny banteng. And demand for its meat is never ending.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Microgoats</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than 90 percent of the world's nearly half billion goats (Capra hircus) are found in developing countries; many weigh less than 35 kg fully grown.` Such &quot;microgoats&quot; are noted for their high reproductive rates, rapid growth, early maturity, tasty meat, and rich milk' as well as for their robust constitution, ease of handling, and tolerance of climatic stress and poor feeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To many people - especially where pigs and poultry are not common - meat and milk from microgoats are the primary animal proteins consumed during a lifetime. Perhaps the world's best foragers, goats eat practically anything made of cellulose, and are not dependent on grass. Because of their unselective feeding behavior, they are capable of living where the feeds - tree leaves, shrubs, and weeds - are too poor to support other types of livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such microgoats deserve wider recognition, for they are often the poor person's only source of milk, meat, and cash income. They are cheap to acquire and easy to maintain, even by people with little property and scarce resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, especially in arid and semiarid climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats generally have a long snout and an upright tail, by which they can be distinguished from most sheep. The mouth is unusual in having a mobile upper lip and a grasping tongue, which permits the animal to nibble even tiny leaves on spiny species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Common commercial goat breeds generally weigh between 60 and 100 kg, with some weighing more than 200 kg. Microgoats may weigh less than 15 kg. Representative examples are listed at the end of the chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, with half in Asia and one-third in Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The FAO projects that world numbers may nearly double by the turn of the century. Goats are thus not endangered, but in some areas select populations of feral goats are being deliberately eradicated, with the consequent loss of potentially valuable genes. Some small breeds are also threatened by excessive crossbreeding with larger types.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most adaptable of all livestock, goats can persist in conditions from arid to humid, and from sea level to high altitude. They are especially well adapted to hot, semiarid climates and to rocky, barren terrain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These ruminants can subsist on many feedstuffs that would otherwise be left to waste. Although selective browsers, they often prefer coarse leaves (including palm fronds) and shrubbery to palatable forage grass.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most microgoats mature quickly, and in the tropics they can generally breed year-round. Their reproductive potential has often been underestimated; kidding is rarely difficult, and many types produce twins and sometimes even triplets or quadruplets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In hot, dry areas, goats require less attention than other livestock, and smaller goats have the added advantage of better heat dissipation. Some microgoats may also show disease resistance. For example, tolerance to trypanosomiasis makes them an important livestock in many regions of Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are generally gentle, but can be easily frightened. They may become stubborn and aggressive when threatened or thwarted, and can prove hard to confine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If their feed smells of other animals - particularly of other goats -  they usually shun it unless nothing else is available. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoats mainly produce meat and form an important part of the diet in southern Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America, especially the Caribbean. Goat is sometimes a preferred meat, and there are few social or religious prohibitions against eating it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microgoats are good milkers, and under stressful conditions they may keep producing when other livestock are dry. Goat milk is a valuable dietary supplement: it is nutritious, easily digestible, and usually commands premium prices. It makes excellent cheese and yogurt and can be used by people allergic to cow's milk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoats produce some of the finest and most valuable fibers in the world. Angora and Cashmere goats often weigh less than 30 kg fully grown, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats produce a fine-textured, durable leather that finds extensive uses both locally and internationally. Horns, hooves, blood, and bone meal also have commercial value. Manure is another important product, and comes in fairly dry pellets that are easy to collect, store, and distribute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats perform important functions in land management. Seeds of many trees (Acacia and Prosopis, for example) are &quot;scarified&quot; by passing through the goats' digestive system, fostering germination and natural revegetation. With care, goats can also be used to clear land of weeds and brush.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are often allowed to roam and scavenge for their own food. They form strong territorial attachments and can be trained to stay within a designated area. However, they cannot be kept from investigating - and quite probably devouring - anything within that territory. They are persistent browsers, so it is essential to prevent overstocking as well as raids on crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Variety of diet is important, and goats show much individuality in feed preferences. They are often raised on crop residue and kitchen refuse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats can be run with other livestock without creating serious competition. The goats browse weedy shrubs, whereas the sheep and cattle graze more on grasses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although perhaps the hardiest of all livestock, most breeds benefit when they are provided shelter from rain and high-noon sun. Abrupt chilling and poor ventilation can cause severe respiratory problems. They are also susceptible to various maladies, such as internal parasites, especially when confined. The highest mortality, however, is caused when very young kids are not supplied with adequate feed and clean, dry shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most developing countries goats are already prominent in rural life. Common almost everywhere in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, they are dependable multi-use animals. They are particularly important in providing ready cash, such as for school fees, taxes, marriages, or funerals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats integrate well in mixed agriculture, for example, by consuming leafy wastes, clearing land, and contributing fertilizer. In many places they are raised almost exclusively by women and children. If confined, goats require only simple, inexpensive shelters or pens, which makes them especially important as subsistence animals. In many situations, they may be the most efficient and economic producers for smallholders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals have a relatively fast rate of growth and early reproductive age, even under harsh conditions. They can graze rougher terrain than cattle and most sheep, can go for longer periods without water, and forage well in wooded areas where grass is lacking. They can derive most or all of their diet from roughage unusable by humans; high-energy feeds, such as protein supplements or carbohydrate supplements, are usually not needed even to fatten them for slaughter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are generally healthy and are not affected by many of the parasites and diseases that ravage other livestock. Some resistance to mange, internal parasites, foot-and-mouth disease, and other livestock scourges has been reported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some places (notably, in industrialized nations) there is a strong prejudice against goats and goat meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smallness makes microgoats targets for predators and thieves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many small goats are poor milkers, especially under hardship conditions; however, even small amounts of milk can often fulfill a child's daily nutritional requirement or reinforce a nursing mother's diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are independent and may wander away if not watched, and they can be difficult to pen. They may also have an unpleasant odor when kept confined (males are particularly malodorous during rutting season). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are often disparaged for degrading land and destroying vegetation because they continue to survive on overutilized lands often laid waste by mismanagement of sheep or cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRESH GENES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A rare wild animal with spectacular horns, the bezoar (Capra aegagrus) is the goat's wild ancestor. People domesticated it before 7000 B.C., probably in the mountains along the Iran/ Iraq border. Until recent times, it remained widely scattered across the vast region between Greece and Pakistan, but it now exists only in pockets and is threatened with extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This would be a tragedy because the bezoar is a resilient wild species that crosses readily with domestic goats, and it could pass on its genetic inheritance for heat, drought, and cold tolerance: disease resistance; and other survival qualities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p39a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of the bezoar. The arrow indicates the area where it was probably first domesticated, resulting in the goat as we know it (From Mason 1984)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fascinating science and valuable results probably await those willing to study this hardy, handsome creature and to explore the reharnessing of its genetic endowment. Today the bezoar is considered merely a trophy for hunters. The power of its genes to refresh - perhaps even revolutionize - the world's 500 million goats has been lost to sight. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The microgoat's potential has hardly been realized. More research on performance and husbandry is needed to preserve and restore small breeds. Selective breeding for prolificacy, viability, and rapid growth, as well as more selective on-site culling, could greatly improve both meat and milk yields and quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management systems that exploit smallness, stabilize production, and preserve the environment should be introduced and publicized in appropriate goat-rearing areas. Careful assessments of indigenous management methods should be made, particularly emphasizing their desirable characteristics. Improving hygiene in the wet season and supplemental feeding in the dry season are also important, as are disease- and parasite-control measures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The undomesticated ibex and markhor could possibly be major contributors in the development of new, useful breeds for tropical and arid regions (see sidebar, page 42). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE BREEDS OF MICROGOATS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African Dwarf (Djallon)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West and Central Africa. Female 20 kg; male 30 kg. Adapted to humid lowlands, this widespread goat is particularly valuable for meat and skin production. Generally, it is bred for meat, but milk is sometimes an important secondary product. Sexual maturity is very early (3-6 months), and quadruplets occasionally occur (most goat breeds normally produce only single births). Related types go by the names &quot;Cameroon Dwarf,&quot; &quot;Dirdi,&quot; and &quot;Nigerian Dwarf.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nubian Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States. 35-40 kg (often less). A stable miniature variety of the milking Nubian, this microgoat has been developed recently in the United States by crossing standard-sized Nubians with the West African Dwarf. It combines a good milk output with high levels of butterfat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;American Pygmy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States. 15-25 kg. Derived from the West African Dwarf, it is noted for its hardiness and good nature, good milk production, and adaptability to various climates. There are several varieties, some for milking, others for meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudanese Nubian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Sudan. 25-30 kg. Widespread milk goats of riverain and urban areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudanese Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Sudan. 11-25 kg. A very hardy desert goat similar to the West African Dwarf, it averages 15 kg, but some mature individuals may weigh as little as 11 kg. Used for meat and hides, it produces little milk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small East African&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania. 20-30 kg. A widely neglected meat and hide animal found over a wide range, it is fast growing (sexual maturity at four months) and extremely hardy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritius. 25-30 kg. A prolific, year-round breeder raised for meat production, it is often confined in simple shelters from birth to slaughter. Perhaps because of this isolation, mortality is less than 10 percent, even with little or no veterinary care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latin America. &quot;Criollo&quot; is a name given to several breeds of ancient Iberian blood with local adaptations to many unfavorable conditions. They are often small and hardy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Creole Caribbean. Females 20 kg; males 25 kg. Robust meat goats of Spanish or West African origin that are kept throughout the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crioulo Brazil. 30-35 kg. A meat and skin goat derived from Portuguese ancestors, it is hardy, prolific, undemanding, and adapted to harsh environments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chapper&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan. Female 20 kg; male 24 kg. Originating in dry regions, this meat and milk goat is a nonseasonal breeder with outstanding potential.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barbari&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan, India. Females 20-25 kg; males 20-40 kg. A prolific, fastgrowing &quot;urban&quot; goat with high twinning and low mortality. Often kept inside houses, they adapt well to confinement and are important for both milk and meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaddi (White Himalaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hill districts of northern India. 25-30 kg. Kept for meat and their long, lustrous white hair, they are pure-breeding and healthy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Changthangi (Ladakh)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kashmir, India. Male 20 kg. A pashmina (cashmere) goat of India, it is adapted to a high altitude, high humidity climate with extremes of temperature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Terai&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal. 8-12 kg. A very small, hardy animal of the southern lowlands, it kids year-round (sometimes twice), and often produces twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Hill Goat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal. 12-16 kg. A small, mid-altitude goat resembling the Terai. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Bengal (Teddy, Bangladesh Dwarf)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eastern India and Pakistan. Female 10 kg; male 14 kg. A widespread, humid-area, meat goat that is early maturing and very prolific. It kids twice a year, and produces 60 percent twins and 10 percent triplets. It produces a superior leather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katjang&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southeast Asia, China, and Pacific Islands. In places, less than 20 kg. A widespread, highly variable, hardy goat adapted to humid conditions, it usually has twins or triplets. Used for meat and skins, with exceptional females being milked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chinese Dwarf (Tibetan, Jining, Fuyang, or Chengdu Grey)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China. 20-40 kg. Well adapted to the humid tropics, it normally twins and is a good meat producer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heuk Yumso&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Korea. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. A prolific cold-climate goat with a year-round breeding season. The meat is highly prized, and often sells at a premium due to its supposed health-giving effects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hejazi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East. Female 20 kg; male 20 kg. A meat goat, usually black, for harsh desert conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sinai (Black Bedouin)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sinai, Egypt and Negev Desert, Israel. Female 20 kg; male 50 kg. Native to dry, hot deserts, this milk and meat goat matures at 5-8 months and has a twinning rate over 50 percent. A most important characteristic is its drought tolerance. The female, for instance, can drink only once a day - at a pinch, once every other day - without losing appetite or reducing milk flow. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILD RELATIVES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several wild relatives will cross with the goat. Surprisingly, they have the same chromosome number (2n=60), and the offspring are frequently fertile. Although essentially unknown to agricultural science, these hybrids may offer a new gene pool for creating new farm animals and for improving the world's goats. They seem to combine the self-reliance of wild species with the usefulness of domestic ones. Artificial insemination and other modern techniques could make them easier to produce today than ever before.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ibex*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A project in Israel has already produced a cross between the goat and the Nubian ibex (Capra ibex). The Sinai Desert goat, the breed that was used, ranks next to the camel in its ability to go without water - it often drinks only twice a week - but its meat has such a strong flavor that most people consider it dreadful. On the other hand, the ibex is compact and muscular and produces tender, mild meat that steak lovers find delicious. The product from crossbreeding the two is a creature seemingly able to endure extreme temperatures and drought, make use of poor pasture, and produce wonderful steaks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A herd of several hundred of these hybrids (dubbed 'ya-ez&quot;) has been created at Kibbutz Lahav in the northern Negev Desert area. Both sexes are fertile, and they can be bred with each other or with either parent. The meat is already in demand on the menus of elegant Tel Aviv hotels. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Markhor**&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Pakistan's northern uplands, it is not uncommon to find hybrids between domestic goats and the mountain goat known as &quot;markhor&quot; (Capra falconeri). Each year in Chitral and Gilgit, they can be found in the goat markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Markhors inhabit high elevations in rugged mountains and thrive on diets so meager as to be useless to goats. The hybrids are produced when markhor males - perhaps ousted by more dominant males - come in contact with feral domestic goats. However, some farmers raise young markhor and goats together (to overcome mutual resistance) and produce their own hybrids,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For a single hybrid animal local goatherds pay up to 5,000 rupees, a princely sum in this impoverished region. Traditionally, villagers have kept them as stud animals. They appreciate the animal's genetic endowment. Markhors tolerate extremes of cold and snow, are nimble and skilled at escaping predators, and survive on scanty fodder, Moreover, they have a high reproduction potential because they generally produce twins. As a result, they also tend to give more milk and it is rich in nutritive value. Instead of long body hairs, markhors possess insulating underfur - a soft and valuable raw material for the famous Kashmiri shawls.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apparently, the hybrids can possess many of these qualities together with a calm disposition. Thus they could be useful in themselves and as conduits for passing such traits on to goats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 Microsheep</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the hundreds of breeds of sheep (Ovis aries) in the world, those weighing less than 35 kg when mature have been largely ignored. Although these are common, the impression lingers that they are too small to be useful. Yet this virtually untapped gene pool is esnecially well adapted to traditional Third World animal husbandry. Given attention, these &quot;microsheep&quot; could boost meat, milk, skin, wool, and pelt production in many villages and small farms of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many microsheep thrive in environments that tax the ability of larger breeds to survive. They are adapted to poor feeds and can be grazed in uncultivated wastelands unsuited to any other livestock except goats or camels. Because of their size, microsheep can fatten in areas where forage is so scattered and sparse that larger animals cannot cover enough ground to fill their bellies each day. In addition, their foraging complements that of other livestock. For example, sheep can graze rough grasses and weeds that cattle find unpalatable. Some survive even the stress of extreme aridity and for this reason are the predominant livestock in North Africa and the Middle East.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many small breeds can be disease resistant. Some, for example, are widespread in the zones of Africa where trypanosomiasis is prevalent. They are generally less adversely affected by foot-and-mouth disease than are cattle, and some small native sheep seem to have fewer problems with insects and parasites than do most other livestock, including temperate-area sheep.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giving more attention to the management and improvement of microsheep could pay back abundantly in the form of food, income, and improved land utilization in many parts of the developing world. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, but notably in drier regions of the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An average weight for temperate sheep breeds is about 70 kg,' but the smallest microsheep weigh less than 20 kg fully grown. Many tropical microsheep are &quot;hairless,&quot; and have little or no wool. These are often difficult to distinguish from goats, but (like all sheep) they generally have blunter snouts, more fat, and hanging tails. Some have greatly enlarged rumps or tails that store fat. Unlike goats, sheep have no odor-producing glands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some representative microsheep are described at the end of this chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than one billion sheep occur worldwide, and they occupy every climatic zone in which people live. At least half are in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although more than 1,000 breeds are recognized, only a handful dominate the world's sheep industries. Lesser-known breeds are rapidly becoming extinct (especially in developed countries, although scattered efforts are being made to preserve them). Elsewhere, genetic resources have not been properly evaluated, and potentially valuable stock is being lost before it is even understood.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep are among the most adaptable animals. Various types are kept in areas of extreme heat, cold, altitude, aridity, humidity, and rainfall. They are especially widespread in hot, dry climates, but some breeds also thrive in humid areas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep make efficient use of a wide variety of fodder: tree leaves, fortes, grasses, crop residues, and agricultural by-products, for instance. They often survive privation by calling on their reserves of body fat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the tropics, sheep reach sexual maturity in about a year. Many breeds lamb year-round, which allows for a continuous production of premium meat. Gestation takes about five months, and lambing is usually timed to occur when feed is most abundant and nutritious. Microsheep often bear two or more young and, under good management, may produce lambs annually for more than five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These shy animals flock together and, in general, are managed with little effort. They are easily panicked, however, and rams can become aggressive during rutting or when threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE LITTLE SHEEP THAT COULD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dozens of the world's neglected breeds of tiny sheep should be preserved from extinction, for many will undoubtedely prove to have outstanding qualities. Current efforts to save the Navajo sheep in the United States exemplify what can be achieved&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Navajo is a microsheep, and is perhaps the oldest breed of sheep in the United States. It may have been introduced to North America in 1540 by the Spanish explorer Francisco Vazquez de Coronado, who was seeking the mythical Seven Golden Cities of Cibola in the region that is now Arizona and New Mexico. Smaller than many dogs, a full-grown Navajo sheep may weigh only 30 kg, but it became a big part of the culture of the Southwest. Although the Navajos and other local Indians had never seen sheep before the 1500s, they soon became shepherds and weavers, and their rugs made from the unique wool of this wiry little animal remain famous even today.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navajo sheep have white or brown wool hanging in ringlets around their bodies. The fleece is a double coat: long, coarse guard hairs on the outside and short wool on the inside. It yields warm, waterproof, and long-lasting products. Many of the sheep have four horns because the Indians believed that this trait was sacred, and they favored four-horned rams for breeding purposes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of Navajo sheep was reduced sharply between 1950 and 1950 because of severe overgrazing and replacement by improved wool breeds. In recent times there has been so little commercial and scientific interest in this microsheep that by the 1970s only a handful of purebred specimens survived. Since the late 1970s, however, Lyle McNeal, a Utah State University professor, has been working to save it from extinction. By 1988 he had a burgeoning flock at the university and was learning that this supposedly obsolete dwarf is amazingly useful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The breed originated in the arid south of Spain (where it is called the &quot;churro&quot;), and it thrives in the hot, dry climate. Unlike normal breeds, it can exist in the desert without supplementary food and with little water. As McNeal has pointed out, any sheep that can survive and raise a lamb in the aridity and searing heat of the American Southwest has to be superior. He has found that the ewes have a strong maternal instinct, which is vital for protecting lambs against the coyotes that are common in the region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thanks to the efforts of McNeal and his colleagues, Indians are beginning to use Navajo sheep again; by 1988 there were more than 400 on the Navajo reservation, with their wool fetching premium prices. This tough little sheep could prove valuable not only for American Indians but for poor people in many other dry regions as well. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microsheep are mainly kept for meat production, but - especially in arid regions - for milk as well. Their meat is usually lean with little &quot;muttony&quot; taste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wool or hair is taken from many breeds, although the yield is often small. Skins from hair sheep' thinner than cowhide, are widely used and are in international demand. In some places, manure is considered an important product. In Nepal, thousands of small sheep are used as pack animals, especially to carry salt into mountain valleys.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most sheep are maintained in free-ranging flocks. Many are grazed (often tethered) over a small area during the day and confined in a &quot;fold&quot; at night. Others are penned or kept as village scavengers. These are usually fed supplements of household scraps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep form an integral part of a mixed farming economy; for example, they may graze pastures during the wet season, and survive on crop residues and field weeds during the dry season. They have excellent foraging capabilities and are often kept alongside goats. This broadens the variety of forages utilized and often increases total production from a single piece of land, for sheep and goats have complementary feeding habits and male goats help protect the sheep from some predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In spite of the heavy toll that predators (such as feral dogs) can take on lambs and ewes, the largest proportion of sheep in the tropics are lost through lack of basic care. Modest supplemental feeding of lambs and inexpensive preventive medicines can do much to lower mortality and boost production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep are multipurpose animals, and almost everywhere they produce several products. The rich milk is often preferred to that of cows or goats, especially for making cheese and yogurt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lambs form an important part of the household economy for much of the rural world, and only rarely is social or religious stigma attached to keeping or eating them. Indeed, sheep are the traditional feast animals of several religions, and in some places sheep meat is preferred to beef and sells at a premium.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By and large, all sheep products can be processed, utilized, or marketed by the producer. In addition, sheep marketing and transportation systems exist in most countries, at least to some degree.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep are efficient producers and can provide a quick turnover for food and cash. On the brush and coarse grasses of marginal lands, they may be more productive than cattle, and on grass they may outproduce goats. As long as they are not overstocked, sheep do not degrade vegetation; unless starving they will not debark trees. Small breeds cause little erosion, even on steep slopes, heavily traveled paths, or near water holes.2 In South Asia, they have been continuously stocked on the same ground for thousands of years without causing apparent harm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because sheep have a natural tendency to accumulate fat, they &quot;finish&quot; well on grazing and usually do not require a high-energy finishing diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their general healthiness, sheep are affected by many internal parasites and diseases, a few of which are communicable to man. They are especially susceptible to infectious conjunctivitis (pinkeye).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Predators and thieves can be greater threats than sickness. Labor inputs can be high because of the almost continual protection sheep need.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some mutton has a strong taste that many find unappealing. However, the taste is carried mainly by the fat, and the generally lean microsheep are often commended for their fine-textured, sweet meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The numerous breeds of small sheep should be investigated. Assessments should be made for the animals' ability to thrive under adverse conditions and for resistance to particular diseases and parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, even minimal extension services and veterinary support for sheep could greatly decrease mortality, especially among lambs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving microbreeds without increasing their size is one of the most interesting challenges facing sheep scientists today. While efforts should be made to conserve and select within types, research should also be conducted on hybrid vigor. Efforts to improve the pelt and fleece of microsheep should also be encouraged.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More studies on the interactions between sheep and cropping systems are needed. Sheep (and the manure they produce) could become important components of forestry (see sidebar), crop rotation, alley cropping, and other forms of sustainable agriculture. For instance, sheep are especially effective for weed control in plantation crops such as oil palm and rubber as well as in forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SMALL SHEEP IN THE FOREST&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even in countries with long traditions of raising large sheep, there are opportunities for using small, agile, hardy breeds. The following is an example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seeking safer methods for stopping brush from smothering newly planted trees, U.S. government foresters have turned from chemical defoliants to flocks of sheep. Court decisions in 1983 and 1984 barred the use of herbicides along Oregon's Pacific Coast. Various alternatives were tried, and the animals proved the most successful. Sheep are now the favored method for controlling unwanted vegetation. Indeed, they have changed the foresters' whore approach to managing reforestation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Formerly, the U.S. Forest Service allowed the brush to grow on logged-over sites and then sprayed it down before planting tree seedlings. Now it plants grass to suppress brush and reduce erosion. The sites are later fertilized, tree seedlings are planted, and within a year sheep are brought in to graze. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, in the district around Alsea, Oregon sheep nimbly skirt old stumps to graze on the lush vegetation. Three times each summer since 1984, about 2,000 sheep have been guided across the replanted areas by a herder and a range conservationist. The sheep eat both the grass and the new buds on brush, but they leave most fir-tree seedlings untouched. The key, according to Rick Breckle, a forester, is to have enough sheep to graze an area evenly and to keep them moving so they don't resort to nibbling the young trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Previously, chemical brush treatments had annually cost $135-$353 per hectare. Now, sowing grass and grazing sheep costs about $300 per hectare. And there is a product to sell: the adult sheep don't fatten well, but the lambs bring a useful income at the end of the summer. What is more, Breckle reports that the trees seem to be growing faster - probably because of the manurings they receive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This method seems likely to be effective elsewhere - at least with trees that are unpalatable or too tall for their growing points to be nibbled. Malaysia, for instance, doubled its sheep population between 1986 and 1989, in part because it has begun raising sheep between the trees in rubber plantations. With the use of agroforestry increasing worldwide, small sheep could find a whole new application.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROSHEEP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Senegal to Nigeria, and south to Angola. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. Well adapted to warm, humid conditions. Prolific, and good disease resistance. Major meat producer in West Africa. Fast growing: by six months of age they approach adult weight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Landim (Small East African)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;East and Central Africa. 23-40 kg. Prolific, adaptable, long fat-tailed type. Large litter size for a sheep. In one recent test, ewes averaged more than 1.4 lambs.3 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berber&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Atlas Mountains. 25-41 kg. Needing little feed and remaining constantly outdoors, these extremely hardy sheep are exploited for meat and their coarse, hairy wool. They fatten easily when well fed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arab&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;North Africa. 40-50 kg. This thin-tailed sheep is exceptionally robust, and is resistant to extremes of temperature, drought, and poor nutrition. Primarily a meat producer, its wool is used for coarse cloths and carpets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Sudan Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the many small breeds of eastern and southern Africa, its weight ranges from 15 to 25 kg, but it may weigh as little as 11 kg. Yielding a fine, short fleece, this hardy, frugal sheep is often run with cattle to maximize grazing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hejazi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deserts of Arabia. 32 kg. A popular and ancient fat-tailed meat producer that is highly acclimatized to drought and privation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zel (Iranian Thin-Tailed)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caspian region of northern Iran. Female 30-32 kg. Well adapted to subtropical regions, they produce coarse wool, milk, and excellent meat that lacks the &quot;mutton taste&quot; and odor of some sheep meats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greek Zackel&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mountain and island types. Female 30 kg; male 40 kg. These common sheep are active, hardy, and resistant to extremes of climate and disease. Primarily a milking sheep, their wool is used locally and lambs are slaughtered for special occasions. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sitia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crete. Female 25 kg; male 30 kg. Another of the hardy, screwhorned &quot;zackel&quot; sheep common to the Balkans, they are adapted to poor pasturage and extensive herding. Quick maturing and highly fertile, they can be exploited for milk as well as for meat and coarse wool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Common Albanian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. Similar to the Greek Zackel, they are used as triple-purpose animals: meat, milk, and wool. They survive in low, marshy areas where parasites are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zeta Yellow&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yugoslavia. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. A small, hardy sheep used for milk and some meat, its primary product is wool. Often unshorn for several years, the long fibers are woven into expensive carpets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pag&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yugoslavia. Female 20-30 kg; male 25-35 kg. These wool, milk, and meat sheep are frugal and well adapted to scant vegetation and rocky terrain. Although they have a low birth rate and carcass yield, their milk and wool are commercially exploitable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roccia (Steinschaf)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Italy, Austria. Female 30 kg; Male 30-35 kg. These &quot;stone sheep&quot; resemble a goat in their ability to exploit the poor pastures of high, steep, rocky mountains. Although not highly productive, they are hardy and frugal and commonly produce twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corsican&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corsica (France). 25-30 kg. A hardy native breed that is well adapted to rather sparse feed conditions. Coarse wool, both white and black, is well suited for hand processing. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Entre Douro e Minho&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Portugal. Female 15-18 kg; Male 20-25 kg. These independent sheep yield a good wool in mountainous terrain that would otherwise be nonproductive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Churra do Campo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Portugal. Female 20 kg; male 30 kg. A coarse-woofed sheep extensively kept in Portugal's dry interior for milk and wool. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Galician&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Spain. Female 18 kg; male 25 kg. A milking breed that survives on  poor pasture, it also produces a marketable wool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scotland. Female 25 kg; male 30 kg. Adapted to wide temperature  variations. Possibly the most primitive domesticated sheep of Europe,  probably unchanged from Viking times. Immune to foot rot. A wool  sheep with short brown fleece that is shed annually.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;North Ronaldsay (Orkney)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Scotland. 27-32 kg. Surviving year-round on seaweed,  this rare breed is adapted to high salt intake and the associated digestive  problems. Yield 1-2 kg medium-coarse wool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latin America. Derived from ''native'' Spanish Churro and Merino  sheep. Many are small and very hardy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navajo-Churro Southwestern United States. Female 45 kg; male 70  kg. Maternal, and very resistant to internal parasites and hoof rot.  Although the Navajo subsists and reproduces on little feed and scarce  water in desert regions, it was widely replaced by improved breeds  earlier in this century. Because of its hardiness, however, and the use of  its wool in traditional weaving, its numbers are rebounding (see sidebar,  page 50). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Florida Native Southeastern United States. Females 35-45 kg;  males 45-6O kg. This long-isolated and highly variable sheep is  adapted to harsh subtropical climates and is known for its ability to  forage. A medium-wool breed, it is very resistant to intestinal parasites.  Verging on extinction due to neglect and uncontrolled crossbreeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Virgin Islands White Hair (St. Croix)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean. Female 35-45 kg; male 45-55 kg. Hair sheep with  some wool in young animals. Well adapted to warm humid conditions, it has fairly good disease and parasite resistance and produces good meat. Prolific, it breeds most of the year and commonly has twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Magra (Chokhla)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northwest India, Pakistan.4 20-25 kg. Adapted to hot, dry areas, the extremely white and shiny fleece is valued for carpet wool. Slowmaturing and low fertility (lambing at 45 percent) plus extensive crossbreeding have led to serious declines in population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marwari&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northwest India. 25-30 kg. A widespread, white-fleeced sheep that has a high resistance to disease and worms, good fertility, and low mortality. They do well in large flocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mandya (Bandur)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southwest India. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. An outstanding meat breed with good mutton quality, it adapts well to mixed farming and has unusually low lamb mortality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hu (Huyang, Lake Sheep)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China. Female 35 kg; male 45 kg. These fat-tailed sheep have a six month lambing interval and are very prolific. They are used under intensive management to produce meat, wool, and a valuable lambskin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Javanese Thin-Tail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia. 25-40 kg. Widely held as a &quot;bank account,&quot; these meat, manure, and skin sheep are well known for being prolific. Although single lambs are not uncommon, litters of six have also been recorded. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILD AND WOOLLY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Considering that dozens of countries depend on the productivity of more than a billion domesticated sheep, it is remarkable that their wild ancestor is accorded no attention. This fast-declining animal is now little more than a trophy for hunters, a fact that should be of vital intemational concern.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep were domesticated in the Middle East and Central Asia in the Stone Age era between 8,000 and 11,000 years ago.* Their wild ancestor was almost certainly the mouflon (Outs orientalis). However, domestication may have occurred in more than one place, and two other wild creatures, the urial (Outs vignei) and the argali (Outs ammon), also possibly provided genes to some sheep breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mouflon, urial, and argali still exist in the mountains of Central Asia, and a European subspecies of mouflon is also found in the Mediterranean, but only on Corsica, Cyprus, and Sardinia.** Because they live in remote, rugged, upland areas, these wild sheep are usually undisturbed, but the numbers are decreasing everywhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This may be a serious loss because these animals could be extremely valuable. They are capable of crossing with domestic sheep, and the offspring are viable and fully fertile.*** For developing new meat-producing breeds, their potential seems almost limitless.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the thousands of years that sheep have been protected by humans, their wild ancestors have continued to face predators, parasites, disease, extreme cold and seasonal starvation. Their genetic endowment, forged and tempered in unforgiving harshness, could be a benefit for all future sheep generations. These animals appear to resist various diseases. Their meat is reported to be of excellent quality, notably lacking the strong mutton flavor that many people find objectionable. They have relatively short, thin tails - a feature that might eliminate the need for docking (tail removal) in the domestic flock. Some (for instance, the Asian mouflon and the urial) have rates of effective reproduction up to 1.6 lambs per ewe, more than twice the average of most domestic types, especially under the conditions where these wild creatures live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That mouflon and other wild sheep could have practical utility is suggested by research at Utah State University. Scientists there have mated mouflon with farm sheep to create sheep better able to defend themselves against coyotes and other natural dangers. Half-wild, half-tame sheep hybrids have existed on a ranch in southern Utah for the past decade. Also, in Cyprus similar mouflon x sheep hybrids have shown considerable promise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the very least, this wiry little mountain sheep could be a model for educating students and the public. It is a living reminder of the fantastic changes that can be induced in animals by selection for various traits. Also, it is a &quot;map&quot; to the history of sheep domestication. Studies of mouflon genes, blood immunology, morphology, physiology, horn structure, skeleton, fleece, temperament, and a host of other features would help unravel the ancestry. These studies and various biochemical analyses would be a fascinating contribution to agriculture, science, history, and the public perception of the origins of our natural resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genes from wild sheep are not likely to quickly benefit wool production. Lack of fleece is one reason why these creatures have been neglected but throughout most of Asia and in North Africa, sheep are bred primarily for meat and milk, and there is a growing worldwide interest in the use of hair sheep. All of this brings new possibilities for the use of this old resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Micropigs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g005a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most breeds of swine (Sus scrofa) are too large to be considered microlivestock, but there are some whose mature weight is less than 70 kg. These micropigs are particularly common in West Africa, South Asia, the East Indies, Latin America, and oceanic islands around the world. At least one, the Mexican Cuino, may weigh a mere 12 kg full-grown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many miniature swine have been developed for use in medical research, but their agricultural potential has been largely ignored. This is unfortunate, for micropigs of all types - native, feral, and laboratory - deserve investigation. Swine provide more meat worldwide than any other animal, and micropigs are potentially important sources of food and income for poor people in many parts of the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smallness makes for nimble and self-sufficient pigs, in contrast to large, lethargic breeds. Small breeds are easier to manage and cheaper to maintain; the threat of injury from angry or frightened animals is lessened; and the sows are less likely to crush newborn piglets, often a major cause of mortality in large breeds. Some micropigs - particularly those from hot regions or wild populations - also have a higher resistance to heat, thirst, starvation, and some diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs adapt to a wide variety of management conditions, from scavenging to total confinement; some are even kept indoors.2 They gain weight quickly, mature rapidly, and help complement grazing livestock because they relish many otherwise unused wastes from kitchens, farms, and food industries, as well as other foods such as small roots, leafy trash, or bitter fruits that are not consumed by humans or ruminants. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For these reasons, micropigs could become useful household and village livestock in the developing world, and they deserve greater attention than they now receive. Although their growth may not be as rapid as that of improved breeds raised under intensive commercial production, with modest care and minimum investment, backyard micropigs can produce sizable yields of meat and other products, as well as improved income for rural and even urban populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, especially in warm, humid areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like full-sized breeds, micropigs are stout-bodied, short-legged animals with small tails and flexible snouts ending in flat discs. Examples of some micropigs are listed at the end of the chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic pigs are found all over the world, but their concentrations vary greatly. Africa has the fewest per capita, but in recent years they have gained increasing favor in the sub-Saharan regions. In Latin America, pigs have long been a major component of backyard agriculture. In the Middle East, an early center of domestication, pigs are not widely kept today because of religious dietary restrictions. In the Ear East, they are the major meat source, and China has more pigs than any other country. And in the Pacific region, pigs and chickens are often the only meat available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are becoming more popular: their worldwide numbers increased by about 20 percent in the 1970s. However, in most countries commercial pig production has focused on a mere handful of breeds, and much genetic diversity is unstudied or even threatened with extinction. Some microbreeds have already been lost, and others are dwindling in numbers.3 Many European breeds have been completely lost. The Cuino and some other Latin American criollo types are threatened, as are most of Africa's traditional breeds. China, however, has made notable efforts to preserve its native types. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although, as previously noted, pigs are found all over the world, they are in general adapted to warm, humid climates where many other livestock species are more susceptible to diseases and environmental stresses. They are also raised at high altitudes, such as in the Andes and Tibet. Although there are few climatic limitations to pig production, only about 20 percent of the world's pigs are currently kept in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are omnivores, willing and able to eat almost anything.4 Unlike most other livestock, they eat their fill and sleep as the food digests, allowing humans to establish a convenient eating and sleeping schedule.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are prolific; a few Chinese breeds routinely have litters of 20 or more. Micropigs are no exception; litters of 6-10 are common. Piglets gain weight rapidly and can be weaned after a few weeks. Sexual maturity is sometimes attained as early as 4-6 months, depending on breed and environment. Pigs are usually slaughtered at 67 months of age, allowing them to be produced on an annual cycle. They can live 10-20 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their smaller size, micropigs have a relatively greater skin-to-weight ratio than today's commercial breeds, and therefore they probably shed heat more effectively. Certainly they seem to perform better in tropical heat and humidity, which normally keep the heavier types from reaching their maximum productivity. Studies have suggested that an optimal size for some tropical environments - because of metabolic and feed efficiency - may be less than 65 kg.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are social animals; they enjoy companionship and ferociously defend their young and sometimes even the humans who care for them. They are employed as guard animals in some areas and have been used extensively in behavioral research.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contrary to common belief, pigs are clean and tidy if provided adequate space. Larger breeds, however, wallow in mud to stay cool in hot weather and require a wallow or shade (except for some Latin American types, which seem less susceptible to heat). Some lightcolored pigs sunburn easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs will dig up earth with their mobile snouts; some breeds do it constantly. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fresh pork is the major pig product in tropical areas. It usually fetches premium prices, and in many places (such as the Pacific Islands and China) it is the most important red meat available to rural people. Nutritious and tasty, it is one of the easiest meats to preserve, needing only salt or melted fat. Processed products such as bacon and sausages can be important for both home consumption and cash sales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig fat (lard) is a good source of food energy, and can substitute for cooking fats and oils. It is easily melted and clarified, is widely used to make soap, and is a valuable commercial product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig skin, once degreased, is easily tanned into leathers that are popular for garments, shoes, and other products demanding soft, light, and flexible leathers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig manure is a good fertilizer. Because the animals are often kept in confinement, it can be easily collected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many places, pigs are kept as free-roaming scavengers. They can be trained (by coaxing with feed, salt, or affection) to keep close to home, thereby helping to minimize destructive scavenging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herding is a higher level of management that requires more effort, but it allows pigs to be integrated into other types of agriculture while utilizing feeds that otherwise go to waste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because their exercise needs are minimal and dominance is quickly established within litters, pigs are the easiest hoofed livestock to raise in small enclosures (sties). However, fencing must be secure, and if sties are small, the animals must be moved frequently to prevent diseases and parasites from building up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are well-known, often traditional, animals in many areas, and people usually do not have to be taught how to manage and use them. Efficient scavengers, they can live, grow, and reproduce with a minimum of investment or specialized care. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are highly efficient converters of feed to meat. They can provide the greatest return for the least investment of any hoofed livestock because of their fecundity, low management costs, broad food preferences, and rapid growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs normally accumulate fat during adolescent growth (making ''finishing&quot; feeds less necessary). Some micropigs (especially those from feral ancestors) have the ability to quickly mobilize and store these body-fat reserves; in times of extreme scarcity, it aids their survival.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs work well in multiple-cropping schemes. They are often used to help clear small plots by uprooting weeds, shrubs, and even small trees. In Southeast Asia, they are frequently raised in conjunction with aquaculture, their manure providing food for the fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If improperly managed or maintained in filthy conditions, pigs may quickly succumb to disease and parasite epidemics. Most diseases are communicated only among pigs, but some can be transmitted to humans. For this reason, pork should always be fully cooked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some cultures never eat pork. Others do, but nonetheless accord pigs and their keepers low status.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young pigs are vulnerable to many predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major survey of small pig breeds is needed. They have the potential to be valuable producers in their own right, as well as to improve other pig breeds. For instance, they represent a little-known reservoir of disease resistance and climatic adaptation. Governments, research stations, universities, and individuals should make special efforts to preserve types that have outstanding or unusual qualities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When it is necessary to eradicate feral pig populations (as is common on Pacific islands), representative stocks should be preserved. These rugged animals have been genetically isolated for decades or even centuries and are likely to carry valuable traits for survival under adversity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large breeds may be promising candidates for genetic &quot;downsizing,&quot; which has already produced the many types of miniature pigs that are used in medical research. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE LITTLEST PIG&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although this chapter highlights the world's smallest breeds, there exists a pig that is even smaller. It is, however, an entirely different species and it is on the brink of extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog (Sus salvanius) is a shy and retiring wild creature of northeastern India. It is merely 60 cm long with a shoulder height of 25 cm, and weighs less than 10 kg. It was once found widely along the southern foothills of the Himalayas. Today, however, it apparently occurs in only one area, the Manas National Park in Assam. Despite this protection and the fact that it is listed among the 12 most endangered species on earth, it still falls victim to hunters and to habitat destruction - especially illegal grass fires.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If saved from extinction, this minute species - barely reaching a person's calf - might become useful throughout the world. Its chromosome number is the same as that of the common pig and its physiological processes are probably also similar. Therefore, were its numbers to be built up, it might become a valued and well-known resource for laboratories and small farms. Its daily food intake and its space requirements are only a fraction of a normal pig's. It probably has exceptional tolerance to heat, humidity, and disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not a domesticated species, and there is therefore much to learn before its usefulness can be clearly seen. Indeed, whether it can be reared in captivity is uncertain. Some attempts have ended in disaster, but this seems to have been the result of mismanagement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before there is any possibility of developing it, however, the pigmy hog must be preserved from ultimate loss. The last specimen could go into a villager's pot at any time now. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g006a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Adult male of the common pig (wild boar) and pigmy hog draw to same scale. (W.L.R. OLIVER)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROPIGS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African Dwarf (Nigerian Black, Ashanti)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West Africa. Mature weights of 25-45 kg are reported. In the humid lowland forests of West Africa this breed has long been kept by villagers, often as a scavenger. Indigenous to the hot, humid tsetse zones of West Africa, it seems resistant to trypanosomiasis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chinese Dwarfs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China (and Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam) has long had small pigs - often characterized by numerous teats and large litters - associated with traditional intensive agriculture as well as scavenging conditions. Some Chinese pigs weighing less than 70 kg are adapted to tropical and subtropical conditions, but the smallest (20-35 kg) live in the cold climates and high altitudes of Gansu, Sichuan, and Tibet. Small black Chinese pigs were crossed with European types in the early 1800s and produced the foundation stock of many modern Western breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are a number of &quot;native&quot; breeds throughout Latin America commonly known as &quot;criollo.&quot; Many are quite small. Although, apparently, they are slow to mature and bear small litters, they adapt well to environmental extremes and are widely kept by rural inhabitants for food and income. Criollos are little studied and are being replaced by imported breeds before their possibly outstanding qualities can be quantified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cuino This micropig from the highlands of central Mexico may be descended from small Chinese types and is the smallest domestic pig, weighing as little as 10-12 kg fully grown. Hardy and an efficient scavenger, it can grow quickly when feed - especially corn - is abundant. A century ago the cuing was a widespread household animal and was used for a time for experimental work in central Mexico. It is now little known and could be threatened with extinction. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Hairless (felon, Tubasqueno, Birish) These small pigs of central and northern South America survive in hot, humid, adverse climates. They are adapted to bulkier feeds than most pigs and can thrive on fruit wastes. Many local types exist. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nilo (Macao, Tatu, Canastrinha) This small, widespread, black, hairless pig of Brazil is often kept inside the house. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yucatan Miniature Swine A subtype of the black hairless from Mexico's hot, arid Yucatan Peninsula, it was imported into the United States in 1960. It has been downsized for laboratory use in the United States and is known as the Yucatan Micropig (registered). Weight at sexual maturity has been lowered through selective breeding from 75 kg to, currently, between 30 and 50 kg, with an ultimate goal of 20-25 kg. There is no evidence of &quot;dwarfism,&quot; stunting, or loss of reproductive performance, and it appears to hold notable promise as microlivestock for developing countries. The parent stock, used for meat and lard production in Yucatan, is renowned for gentleness, intelligence, resistance to disease, and relative lack of odor. Exceptional docility, even in older boars and sows with litters, makes them easy to handle without the need for specialized housing or equipment.7 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Laboratory Breeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other miniature laboratory pigs have potential for tropical use. These include the Goettingen, Hanford, Kangaroo Island, Ohmini, Pitman-Moore, and Sinclair (Hormel). In general they weigh 30-50 kg when ready for slaughter and mature at less than 70 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ossabaw&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States. 20-30 kg. Feral on Ossabaw Island, South Carolina, for more than 300 years, this pig is well adapted to environmental extremes. Unlike most domestic animals, it can maintain itself in coastal salt marshes. It has perhaps the highest percentage of fat of any pig. The piglets are very precocious, self-reliant, and robust.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kunekune (Pua'a, Poaka)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Zealand. Female 40 kg; male 50 kg. Perhaps of Chinese origin, these black-and-white spotted pigs are docile, slow, and easy to contain. Although late maturing, they can fatten on grass alone. Like other native breeds throughout the Pacific region (for example, the Pauta of Hawaii), stock is being lost through crossbreeding, displacement by other breeds, and eradication efforts. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To find certain disease-resistant genes in poultry it may be necessary to go looking in the backyard chicken flocks in Latin America, Africa, or Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kelly Klober&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small Farmer's Journal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;. . . Policies are needed to encourage development of a labor-intensive small-scale livestock sector, which would increase employment and provide a major market for surplus cereals. This sector, however, is particularly restrained by poor technology, poor public support services, and poor marketing channels. Third World livestock production of this type could provide a natural focus for foreign assistance that earlier seemed inappropriate because of concerns about global food scarcity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John W. Mellor International Food Policy Research Institute&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Successful development of agriculture often requires an intimate understanding of the society within which it is to take place - of its systems of values, of its customary restraints.... It has been necessary to understand what incentives the farmer needs to change, what practical difficulties he encounters introducing change, what his traditional pattern of land use is and how this pattern or system can be upset by thoughtless innovation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John de Wilde&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experience with Agricultural Development in Tropical Africa &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part II : Poultry</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g007a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens, ducks, muscovies, geese, guinea fowl, quail, pigeons, and turkeys epitomize the concept of microlivestock. Throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America they are (collectively) the most common of all farm stock. In many - perhaps most - tropical countries, practically every family, settled or nomadic, owns some kind of poultry. In the countryside, in villages, even in cities, one or another species is seen almost everywhere; in some places, several may be seen together. Although raised in all levels of husbandry, these birds occur most often in scattered household flocks that scavenge for their food and survive with little care or management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their size bestows microlivestock advantages, including low capital cost, low food requirements, and little or no labor requirements. They are also &quot;family sized&quot;: easily killed and dressed, with little waste or spoilage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These poultry species help meet the protein needs of the poorest people in the world. Some are raised even in areas where domestic cattle cannot survive because of afflictions such as trypanosomiasis and foot-and-mouth disease. Some are maintained under conditions of intensive confinement - provided a source of feed is available - and can be produced in areas with insufficient land for other meat-producing animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, these birds grow quickly and mature rapidly. (For instance, a chicken can, under proper conditions, reach maturity in 26 months.) They adapt readily to being fenced or penned much, or all, of the time. And, compared with the major farm livestock, their life cycles are short and their production of offspring is high. Thus, farmers can synchronize production to match seasonal changes in the availability of feed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although poultry contribute substantially to human nutrition in the tropics, it is a small fraction of what it could be. The meat is widely consumed and is in constant demand. An excellent source of protein, it also provides minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and iron, as well as the B-complex vitamins riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin. Nutritionally as complete as red meat, it is much lower in cholesterol and saturated fats. Poultry eggs are also important sources of nutrients. They are a renewable resource, easy to prepare, and are among the best sources of quality protein and vitamins (except vitamin C).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In spite of their numbers and potential, poultry are rarely accorded primary consideration in economic development activities. All in all, these small birds lack the appeal of large, four-legged livestock. Indeed, most countries have little knowledge of the contribution household birds actually make to the well-being and diets of their peoples. In some countries - even those where birds are widely kept - there is little or no poultry research or extension. And where such programs do exist they usually focus almost exclusively on the production of chickens under &quot;industrial&quot; conditions near cities (see sidebar, page 75).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most developing countries now have these intensive chicken industries, in which birds are kept in complete confinement. However, these commercial operations provide food for people in the cash economy, not for subsistence farmers. Moreover, grain is sometimes diverted or imported to maintain these operations, perhaps causing food shortages, higher prices, or depleted foreign exchange. Thus, in this section we focus on other, neglected, aspects of poultry production.,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The neglect of poultry that scavenge around the rural farmhouses and in village yards is understandable. The birds are scattered across the countryside where extension programs are difficult to implement. Their presence is often so ingrained in traditional village life that they are taken for granted and ignored by the authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet village poultry deserve greater attention. As converters of vegetation into animal protein, poultry can be outstanding. In fact, it is estimated that, in terms of feed conversion, eggs rank with cow's milk as the most economically produced animal protein, and that poultry meat ranks above that of other domestic animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most Third World poultry flocks live a wary, half-wild existence, scrounging for insects, earthworms, snails, seeds, leaves, and leftovers from the human diet. From dung and refuse piles they salvage undigested grains, as well as insects and other invertebrates. Often the persons who care for them are women or children. Some keep the birds around the house, penning them at night for protection from predators and thieves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This almost zero-cost production has, in spite of high losses, a remarkable rate of return. Any improvements that require the purchase of supplies cut severely into the profitability. The first step in improving the production of free-ranging poultry is vaccination against diseases (especially Newcastle disease, fowl pox, and Marek's disease) and a modest, supplemental feeding during times of seasonal scarcity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE INDUSTRIAL CHICKEN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout modem livestock farming the trend is toward more intensive methods, and poultry specialists have set the pace. In many countries, since the 1920s, barnyard fowl have given way to egg and broiler factories. The old-fashioned chicken reared outside on corn stubbles for 5 or 6 months has been replaced by the broiler, mass-produced in controlled environment houses in 7 - 10 weeks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a result of this revolution in poultry raising, small farmers who once made a comfortable living from a few laying hens have been forced out of business. These economic changes have also forced poultry men to have larger and larger flocks to survive. The largest broiler-chicken companies even control their own breed development, feed production, house construction, slaughtering, and freezing, many even have wholesale outlets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rapid changes in poultry farming methods can be attributed to the application of advanced technology. The development of the incubator to replace the mother hen sitting her seasonal clutch of eggs was the first mayor step toward intensive poultry farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, chickens were the first livestock to receive serious attention from geneticists. Before World War II, it was discovered that crossbreeding selected pure and inbred lines could result in dramatic increases in production. Hybrids tailor-made for egg or meat production quickly ousted the old pure breeds such as the Rhode Island Red White and Brown Leghorns, Light Sussex, and the various crosses among them. Chicken broilers made by crosses involving parents derived from Cornish and Plymouth Rock have supplanted all others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This situation now prevails in most industrialized countries. The breeding of commercial stocks is in the hands of a few corporations for each commodity (white eggs, brown eggs, chicken broilers, turkeys) and each has national or even global distribution of its hybrid stocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A BREAKTHROUGH IN POULTRY HEALTH&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newcastle disease is endemic in developing countries and is a constant threat to poultry. Farmers dread this virus, first identified half a century ago in northern England that brings diarrhea, paralysis, and death to most poultry. It is severe, highly contagious, and can cause 100 percent mortality. When it strikes an area, farmers must kill all chickens - even healthy ones - to stop it from spreading.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only Australia, New Zealand, Northern Ireland and some Pacific islands are unaffected. But, although the disease is not found in Australia, certain strains of the virus are present in Australian chickens. These strains are completely harmless, but Australian researchers have found that they induce antibodies that are effective against Newcastle disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a joint project (funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research), scientists from Malaysia's University of Agriculture and Australia's University of Queensland* have put this to good use. They have produced a live culture of the harmless virus that farmers can spray onto feed pellets to vaccinate their birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Field tests of the new vaccine, carried out in Southeast Asia, have been extremely promising. Simply coating feeds with the virus seems to be enough to immunize some chickens, which then pass the immunity on to the others in the flock as well as to new hatchlings. In Malaysia, which has 49 million chickens and a population willing to pay a premium for tasty village poultry meat, one economist estimates that the vaccine might increase rural incomes by 25 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conventional vaccines must be stored under refrigerated conditions, which most villages lack. But the Malaysian workers made the Newcastle disease vaccine tolerant of heat. By selective breeding, they now have strains that resist 56ÃC for at least 2 hours. Thus, even in the tropics, the vaccine remains effective for several weeks without refrigeration. The researchers have also devised methods for coating the vaccine onto pelleted feeds. Because the virus can withstand heat, they use a machine designed for coating pharmaceutical tablets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At this stage, the project is showing every promise of producing a cheap means of reducing Newcastle disease losses among chickens throughout much of the world. Already inquiries have come from other Asian countries and from Africa, and it is hoped that the vaccine may eventually benefit many countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5 Chicken</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g008a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens (Gallus gallus or Gallus domesticus)1 are the world's  major source of eggs and are a meat source that supports a food  industry in virtually every country. There may be as many as 6.5 billion  chickens, the equivalent of 1.4 birds for every person on earth.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No other domesticated animal has enjoyed such universal acceptance,  and these birds are the prime example of the importance of  microlivestock. Kept throughout the Third World, they are one of the  least expensive and most efficient producers of animal protein.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To the world's poor, chickens are probably the most nutritionally  important livestock species. For instance, in Mauritius and Nigeria more  than 70 percent of rural households keep scavenger chickens. In  Swaziland, more than 95 percent of rural households own chickens,  most of them scavengers. In Thailand, where commercial poultry  production is highly developed, 80-90 percent of rural households still  keep chickens in backyards and under houses. And in other developing  countries from Pakistan to Peru, a similar situation prevails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clearly, these chickens should be given far more attention. They  represent an animal and a production system with remarkable qualities;  they compete little with humans for food; they produce meat at low  cost; and they provide a critical nutritional resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scavenger chickens are usually self-reliant, hardy birds capable of  withstanding the abuses of harsh climate, minimal management, and inadequate nutrition. They live largely on weed seeds, insects, and feeds that would otherwise go to waste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, however, quantitative information about the backyard chicken is hard to obtain. Few countries have any knowledge of its actual contribution to the well-being and diet of their people. Notably lacking is an understanding of the factors limiting egg production, which is markedly low and perhaps could be raised dramatically with modest effort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are so well known and ubiquitous that they need no further description. Varying in color from white through many shades of brown to black, they range in size from small bantams of less than 1 kg to giant breeds weighing 5 kg or more. Scavenger chickens tend to weigh about I kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The indigenous chickens of Asia are probably descended directly from the wild junglefowl. Those of West Africa are believed descended from European birds brought by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century; those of Latin America probably descend from Spanish birds introduced soon after the time of Columbus.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p81a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All countries have chickens in large numbers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are not endangered, but industrial stocks are replacing traditional breeds to such an extent that much potentially valuable genetic heritage is disappearing. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although chickens derive from tropical species, they adapt to a wide  variety of environments. The modern Leghorn, for example, is found  from the hot plains of India to the frozen tundra of Siberia, and from  sea level to altitudes above 4,000 m in the Andes. (There are, however,  hatching problems at such high altitudes because of oxygen deficiency.)  They also occur in desert countries such as Saudi Arabia, which has a  vast poultry industry and even exports broilers. (However, the birds  need shade and a lot of water where it is hot and dry.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are omnivorous, living on seeds, insects, worms, leaves,  green grass, and kitchen scraps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A commercial bird may produce 280 eggs annually, but a scavenger  may produce close to none. Commonly, a farmyard hen lays a dozen  eggs, takes three weeks to hatch out a brood of chicks, stays with the  chicks six weeks or more, and only then starts laying again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Egg production depends on daylength. For the highest production  rate, at least 12 hours of daylight are needed. The incubation period is  21 days. A hen can begin laying at 5 months of age or even earlier, but  in scavengers it may be much later. The average weight of the eggs is  approximately 55 g from industrial layers and approximately 40 g from  scavengers. Hatching success from breeder flocks often exceeds 90  percent. Industrial broilers can be marketed as early as 6 weeks, when  they are called &quot;Cornish hens.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These passive, gregarious birds have a pronounced social (pecking)  order. If acclimated, they remain on the premises and are unlikely to go  feral. If given a little evening meal of &quot;scratch,&quot; they learn to come  home to roost at night.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens have multiple uses. They were probably first used for cock  fighting; later they were used in religious rituals, and only much later  were raised for eggs and meat. Today, chickens can provide a family  with eggs, meat, feathers, and sometimes cash.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In different parts of the world, people keep scavenging chickens in  different ways. The managers are often women and children because  they have more time to spend at home to feed the birds and repel  predators. Some people leave the birds entirely to their own devices.  Many house them at night. Others take the birds each day to the fields,  where they may find much more food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are many ingenious local practices. In Ghana, for example,  farmers &quot;culture&quot; termites for poultry by placing a moist piece of cow  dung (under a tin) over a known termite nest. The termites burrow into  the dung, and some can then be fed to the chickens each day. Because  termites digest cellulose, this system converts waste vegetation into  meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A ratio of 1 male to 10-15 females is adequate for barnyard flocks.  Hens will lay eggs in the absence of a rooster - but of course the rooster  is needed if fertile eggs are wanted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Removing chicks stimulates the hen to lay more eggs. This results in  more chicks being hatched, but it requires that the chicks be nurtured  and fed until they are old enough to fend for themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are everywhere; every culture knows them and how to  husband them. They have been utilized for so many centuries that in  most societies their use is ingrained. Unlike the case with pork and beef,  there are few strictures against eating chicken meat or eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat is high in quality protein, low in fat, and easily prepared. In  many countries, the village chicken's meat is preferred to that of  commercial broilers because it has better texture and stronger flavor.  Even in countries with vast poultry industries there is a growing demand  for the tasty, &quot;organically grown,&quot; free-ranging chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are more suited to &quot;urban farming&quot; than most types of  livestock and can be raised in many city situations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds are conveniently sized, easily transported alive, and, by and  large, do not transmit diseases to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the problems of village  chickens are mainly those discussed below.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High Hatching Mortality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commonly, a hatch of eight or nine village chicks results in only two  or three live birds after a few days. A survey in Nigeria, for instance,  showed that 80 percent died before the age of eight weeks. Losses  elsewhere are known to be similar. This is mostly because of starvation,  cold, dehydration, predators (hawks, kites, snakes, dogs, and cats, for  example), diseases, parasites, accidents, and simply getting lost - all of  which can be prevented without great effort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chronic and Acute Disease&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry diseases can become epidemic in the villages because there  are few if any veterinarians. Newcastle disease, fowlpox, pullorum  disease, and coccidiosis, for example - all of which are endemic in the  Third World - can destroy the entire chicken population over large  areas. Lice and other parasites are also prevalent. Scavengers and  industrial birds seem to show no differences in their tolerance for such  diseases and parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Low Egg Production&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey in Nigeria showed that the annual production per hen was  merely 20 eggs. Such low production is common throughout the Third  World and is caused by a combination of low genetic potential,  inadequate nutrition, and poor management. Villagers rarely provide nest  boxes or laying areas, so that some eggs are just not found. Some birds  have high levels of broodiness, and eggs accumulating in a nest  stimulates this. There are indications, however, that some village  chickens (for example, some in China) have quite substantial egg-laying  potential when provided with adequate feed.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Low Egg Consumption&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the tropics, many people choose not to eat eggs. Often this is  because eggs are the source of the next generation of chickens;  sometimes it is because of superstition. Further, eggs do not keep well  because most are fertile and, exposed to constant tropical heat, undergo  rapid embryo development.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crop Damage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often necessary to confine the birds to protect young crops or  vegetable gardens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike the situation with small cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs, there are  few named and recognized breeds of Third World chickens. Yet, nearly  every country has at least one kind of village chicken. These have  survived there for centuries and are highly adapted to local conditions.  In village projects, these unnamed chickens deserve priority attention  before other types are sought from elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Generally speaking, improving the production of scavenging poultry  does not require sophisticated research. Instead, simple precautions are  sufficient. These are discussed below.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Disease Control&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At a national or regional level, the initial approach to increasing  chicken production in tropical areas should be disease control. There are  several outstanding instances of success in this endeavor. For example,  the spectacular rise of poultry production in Singapore (from 250,000  birds in 1949 to 20 million in 1957) followed the control of Ranikhet  disease. Village flock-health programs, carried out regularly by visiting  veterinarians (&quot;barefoot veterinarians&quot;), might be the answer to some of  the routine health problems. Today, a prime target should be Newcastle  disease, for which there are good chances for success (see page 76).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first step in chicken production at the farm level is improved  management. With more care and attention, mortality can be greatly  reduced. Because incubating and brooding hens must spend the night on  the ground, they are extremely vulnerable. Even modest predator  controls can be highly beneficial. Building crude and inexpensive nest  boxes and constructing a simple holding area around them can  substantially raise production by ensuring that more chicks survive.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE CHICKEN'S WILD ANCESTOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although little known to most people, the red junglefowl has  contributed more to every nation than any other wild bird. It is  the ancestor of the chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given its descendants importance worldwide, the neglect of  this bird is baffling. If the cow's wild ancestor, the aurochs, had  not become extinct in the 1600s, it would now be worth millions  of dollars as the ultimate source of cattle genetic diversity. Yet  the world's chicken industry remains virtually unaware of the  origin of its source of livelihood.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the aurochs, the red junglefowl has a wealth of wild  genes, and it deserves more recognition and protection. For one  thing the modern chicken - selectively bred in the temperate  zone - is highly susceptible to heat and humidity; the junglefowl,  on the other hand, is not. It inhabits the warmest and most humid  parts of Asia: Sri Lanka, India, Burma, Thailand, and most of  Southeast Asia. It may also be resistant to various chicken  diseases and pests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not a rare species. Throughout the wide crescent  stretching from Pakistan to Indonesia, junglefowls are still seen  in the wild, especially in forest clearings and lowland scrub.  Although they are a prized bag for hunters, they survive by fast  running and agile flying. They are sometimes sold in village  markets, but can easily be mistaken for domesticated chickens,  which in this region are often very similar. The wild junglefowl,  however, has feathered legs, a down-curving tail, and an overall  scragginess.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Junglefowls should be under intensive study. They are easy to  rear in captivity and do well in pens, even small ones, as long as  they are sheltered from rain and wind. One drawback is their  craze for scratching unless provided plenty of space they  promptly tear up all grass and dirt. Another is that junglecocks  are violent fighters and must be kept apart. (Cockfighting is  probably a major reason why they were initially selected, and  thus their aggressiveness is perhaps the reason we have the  chicken today.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These highly adaptable creatures live in a variety of habitats,  from sea level to 2,000 m. Most, however, are found in and  around damp forests, secondary growth, dry scrub, bamboo  groves, and small woods near farms and villages. They are  amazingly clever at evading capture and thrive wherever there is  some cover.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other junglefowl species might also provide useful poultry.  They, too, can be raised in captivity with comparative ease, as  long as the cocks are kept apart. Perhaps they might be tamed with imprinting and could prove useful as domestic fowl,  especially in marginal habitats. They are everywhere considered  culinary luxuries and their meat commands premium prices.  Moreover, several have colorful feathers, giving them additional  commercial value. These other species are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- La Fayette's Junglefowl (Gallus lafayettei). Avery attractive  bird of Sri Lanka, it is little known in captivity, and only in the  United States are there any number in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gray or Sonnerat's Junglefowl (Gallus sonnerati). A native  of India, this colorful bird produces feathers that are used in  tying the most prized trout and salmon flies. Demand is so great  that certain populations have declined, and since 1968 India has  banned all export of birds or feathers. Nonetheless, there are  several hundred in captivity in various countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Green Junglefowl (Gallus varius). This is yet another striking  bird. The cock has metallic, greenish-black feathering set off by  a comb that merges from brilliant green at the base to bright  purple and red at the top. Native to Java, Bali, and the  neighboring Indonesian islands as far out as Timor, it is found  particularly near rice paddies and rocky coasts. This species, too,  can be raised without great difficulty, and there are at least 90 in  captivity in various parts of the world.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nutrition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving poultry nutrition is also of prime importance. There are no quantitative data on the quality of a scavenging chicken's diet. Surveys are badly needed so that appropriate, low-cost supplements can be devised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chances are that the diet for chicks of scavenging poultry is almost always deficient in available energy. Minimal supplementation in the form of cereals or energy-rich by-products can greatly improve both egg and meat production. However, caution must always be exercised and the supplements given only to chicks. Overfed adults will give up scavenging and stay around the owner's house, without really producing much more meat or eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetic Improvement&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it seems attractive to replace the scrawny village chicken with bigger, faster-growing imported breeds, it is a process fraught with difficulty. Exotic breeds lack the ability to tolerate the rigors of mismanagement and environmental stress. Many cannot avoid predators, as a result either of being overweight or of having a poor conformation for flight. The local birds, however, probably have a genetic potential that is much higher than can be expressed in the constraining environment. Thus, the environmental constraints should be tackled first.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, the village birds may have a feed-conversion efficiency that is far less than ideal because they are adapted to a scavenging existence. Modern breeds imported into Ghana, for instance, showed a feed-conversion efficiency of less that 3.5:1 (weight of food eaten: growth and eggs), but the local birds had efficiencies of 11:1.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need for preserving genetic variability is greater in poultry, especially in chickens, than in any other form of domestic animal. North America, for instance, which years ago had 50 or more common breeds, now relies on only 2 for meat production, and the others have been largely lost. Conservation of germplasm has become a matter of serious concern, and the saving of rare breeds in domestic fowl should not be delayed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE SOUTH AMERICAN CHICKEN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Early European explorers of South America were surprised to discover an abundance of unusual chickens that laid colored eggs and had feathers resembling earrings on the side of the head. While the origin of this bird - commonly called the araucanian chicken and classified as Gallus inauris - is debatable, scientists generally agree that it is pre-Columbian. There is archeological evidence that this bird is native to the Americas. It is reported to have occurred in Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Easter Island. It still occurs in the wild in southern Chile and on Easter Island.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The araucanian has been called the &quot;Easter-egg chicken&quot; because it lays light green, light blue, and olive colored eggs. It lays well and has a delicious meat. In areas such as southern Chile the eggs are preferred over those of normal chickens because of their flavor and dark yellow yolk. This unusual bird has a high degree of variability; however, specimens of similar genetic background have been grouped to create &quot;breeds&quot; such as the White Araucanian, Black Araucanian, and Barred Araucanian. These are homozygotes and breed true.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The araucanian has been the subject of much public interest,. clubs dedicated to its preservation have been formed in the United States, Great Britain, and Chile. Its possible exploitation as a backyard microlivestock deserves serious consideration. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6 Ducks</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g009a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)1 are well known, but still have much unrealized promise for subsistence-level production. Although a major resource of Asia, where there is approximately one duck per 20 inhabitants, they are not so intensively used elsewhere. On a worldwide basis, for instance, they are of minor importance compared with chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is unfortunate because ducks are easy to keep, adapt readily to a wide range of conditions (including small-farm culture), and require little investment. They are also easily managed under village conditions, particularly if a waterway is nearby, and appear to be more resistant to diseases and more adept at foraging than chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, the products from ducks are in constant demand. Some breeds yield more eggs than the domestic chicken. And duck meat always sells at premium. A few recently created breeds (notably some in Taiwan) have much lower levels of fat than the traditional farm duck. This development could open up vast new markets for duck meat, especially in wealthy countries, where consumers are both concerned over fat in their diet and eager for alternatives to chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks are also efficient at converting waste resources - insects, weeds, aquatic plants, and fallen seeds, for instance - into meat and eggs. Indeed, they are among the most efficient of all food producers. Raised in confinement, ducks can convert 2.4-2.6 kg of concentrated feed into I kg of weight gain. The only domestic animal that has better feed conversion is the broiler chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raised as village birds and allowed to forage for themselves, ducks become less productive but become even more cost effective because much of the food they scavenge has no monetary value. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several distinctive types have been developed in various regions. Most have lost the ability to fly any distance, but they retain a characteristic boatlike posture and a labored, waddling walk. The Indian Runner, however, has an almost erect stance that permits it to walk and run with apparent ease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic ducks range in body size from the diminutive Call, weighing less than I kg, to the largest meat strains (Pekin, Rouen, and Aylesbury, for example) weighing as much as 4.5 kg. For intensive conditions, the Pekin is the most popular meat breed around the world. In confinement it grows rapidly - weighing 2.5-3 kg at a market age of 78 weeks. In addition, it is hardy, does not fly, lays well, and produces good quality (but somewhat fatty) meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Khaki Campbell breed is an outstanding egg producer, some individuals laying more than 300 eggs per bird per year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Taiwan Tsaiya (layer duck) is also a particularly efficient breed. It weighs 1.2 kg at maturity, starts laying at 120-140 days, and can produce 260-290 eggs a year. Its small body size, large egg weight, and phenomenal egg production make Brown Tsaiya the main breed for egg consumption in Taiwan. More than 2.5 million Brown Tsaiya ducks are raised annually for egg production.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domestic duck is distributed throughout the world; however, its greatest economic importance is in Southeast Asia, particularly in the wetland-rice areas. For example, about 28 percent of Taiwan's poultry are- ducks. In parts of Asia, some domestic flocks have as many as 20,000 birds. One farm near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, rears 40,000 ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although ducks are abundant, some Western breeds are becoming rare. Indigenous types are little known outside their home countries and have received little study, so their status is uncertain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These adaptable creatures thrive in hot, humid climates. However, during torrid weather they must have access to shade, drinking water, and bathing water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks are well adapted to rivers, canals, lakes, ponds, marshes, and other aquatic locations. Moreover, they can be raised successfully in estuarine areas. Most ocean bays and inlets teem with plant and animal life that ducks relish, but (unlike wild sea ducks) domestic breeds have a low physiological tolerance for salt and must be supplied with fresh drinking water. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks search for food underwater, sieve organic matter from mud, root out morsels underground, and sometimes catch insects in the air. Their natural diet is normally about 90 percent vegetable matter (seeds, berries, fruits, nuts, bulbs, roots, succulent leaves, and grasses) and 10 percent animal matter (insects, snails, slugs, leeches, worms, eels, crustacea, and an occasional small fish or tadpole). They have little ability to utilize dietary fiber. Although they eat considerable quantities of tender grass, they are not true grazers (like geese), and don't eat coarse grasses and weeds at all. Sand and gravel is swallowed to serve as &quot;grindstones&quot; in the gizzard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When protected from accidents and predation, ducks live a surprisingly long time. It is not unusual for one to continue reproducing for up to 8 years, and there are reports of exceptional birds living more than 20 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite large differences in size, color, and appearance, all domestic breeds interbreed freely. Eggs normally take 28 days to incubate, brooding and rearing is performed solely by the female.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Depending on breed, a female may reach sexual maturity at about 20 weeks of age. Most begin laying at 20-26 weeks, but the best egg- laying varieties come into production at 16-18 weeks and lay profitably for 2 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is generally well known that ducks are shy, nervous, and seldom aggressive towards each other or humans. Skilled and enthusiastic swimmers from the day they hatch, they spend many hours each day bathing and frolicking in any available water. However, most breeds can be raised successfully without swimming water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although wild ducks normally pair off, domestic drakes will mate indiscriminately with any females in a flock. In intensively raised flocks, I male to 6 females, and in village flocks, 1 male for up to 25 females, results in good fertility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most domestic ducks, particularly the egg-laying strains, have little instinct to brood. If not confined, they will lay eggs wherever they happen to be - occasionally even while swimming. To facilitate egg collection, some keepers confine ducks until noon. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p96a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a meat source, ducks have major advantages. Their growth rate is phenomenal during the first few weeks. (Acceptable market weights can be attained under intensive management with birds as young as 6-7 weeks of age.) Yet, even in older birds, the meat remains tender and palatable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eggs from many breeds are typically 20-35 percent larger than chicken eggs, weighing on average about 73 g. They are nutritious, have more fat and protein, and contain less water than hen's eggs. They are often used in cooking and make excellent custards and ice cream. Eggs incubated until just before the embryos form feathers produce a delicacy known as balut in the Philippines. Salted eggs are popular in China and Southeast Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feathers and down (an insulating undercoat of fine, fluffy feathers) are valuable by-products. Down is particularly sought as a filler for pillows, comforters, and winter clothing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks have a special fondness for mosquito and beetle larvae, grasshoppers, snails, slugs, and crustaceans, and therefore are effective pest control agents. China, in particular, uses ducks to reduce pests in rice fields.3 Its farmers also keep ducks to clear fields of scattered grain, to clear rice paddy banks of burrowing crabs, and to clear aquatic weeds and algae out of small lakes, ponds, and canals. This not only improves the conditions for aquaculture and agriculture, it also fattens the ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Southeast Asia, droving is a traditional form of duck husbandry, much as it was in medieval Europe. The birds are herded along slowly, foraging in fields or riverbanks as they march to market. The journey might cover hundreds of kilometers and take as long as six months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This process, however, is generally declining, and most ducks are raised under farm conditions where they scavenge for much of their feed. Throughout Southeast Asia, ducks have been integrated with aquaculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks can be raised on almost any kitchen wastes: vegetable trimmings, table scraps, garden leftovers, canning refuse, stale produce, and stale (but not moldy) baked goods. However, for top yields and quickest growth, protein-rich feeds are the key. Commercial duck farms rely on such things as fish scraps, grains, soybean meal, or coconut cake. Agricultural wastes such as sago chips, palm-kernel cake, and palm-oil sludge are being used in Malaysia.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks have a very high requirement for niacin (a B vitamin). If chicken rations are used, a plentiful supply of fresh greens must be provided to avoid &quot;cowboy legs,&quot; a symptom of niacin deficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of all domestic animals, ducks are among the most versatile and useful and have multiple advantages, including:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Withstanding poor conditions;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Producing food efficiently;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Utilizing foodstuffs that normally go unharvested;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Helping to control pests; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Helping to fertilize the soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also, they are readily herded (for instance, by children).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Excellent foragers, they usually can find all their own food, getting by on only a minimum of supplements, if any. Raising them requires little work, and they provide farmers with food or an income from the sale of eggs, meat, and down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks can grow faster than broiler chickens if they have adequate nutrients. Like guinea fowl and geese, they are relatively resistant to disease. They also have a good tolerance to cold and, in most climates, don't need artificial heat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING NEW DUCKS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many species of ducks adapt readily to captivity; it is surprising, therefore, that only the mallard and the muscovy have been domesticated so far. Several wild tropical species seem especially worth exploring for possible future use in Third World farms, Because of the year-round tropical warmth, their instinct to migrate is either absent or unpronounced, and the heavy layer of fat (a feature of temperate-climate ducks that consumers in many countries consider a drawback) is lacking. Moreover, because of uniform daylength, they are ready to breed at any time of the year. Candidates for domestication as tropical ducks include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Whistling ducks (Dendrocygna species). These large, colorful, gooselike birds are noted for their beautiful, cheerful whistle.* They are long-necked perching ducks that are found throughout the tropics. By and large, they are gregarious, sedentary, vegetarian, and less arboreal than the muscovy - all positive traits for a poultry species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The black-bellied whistling duck (D. auturunalis) seems especially promising. It is common throughout tropical America (southwestern United States to northwestern Argentina) and is sometimes kept in semicaptivity. Occasionally, in the highlands of Guatemala, for instance, Indians sell young ones they have reared as pets. When hand reared, the birds can become very tame. * * They eat grain and other vegetation, require no swimming water, and will voluntarily use nest boxes. In the wild, they &quot;dump&quot; large numbers of eggs so that even if substantial numbers were removed for artificial hatching, the wild populations should not be affected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Greater wood ducks (Cairina species). The muscovy (C. moschata) was domesticated by South American Indians long before Europeans arrived (see page 124). Its counterparts in the forests of Southeast Asia and tropical Africa are, however, untried as domesticates. The white-winged wood duck (C. scutulata) is found from eastern India to Java. Hartlaub's duck (C. hartlaubi) occurs in forests and wooded savannas from Sierra Leone to Zaire. Both are rare in captivity, but might well prove to be future tropical resources. Both are strikingly similar to muscovies in size and habits, being large, phlegmatic, sedentary, and omnivorous. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Predators are the most important cause of losses in farm flocks. Ducks are almost incapable of defending themselves, and losses from dogs and poachers can be high. Locking them in at night both protects the birds and prevents eggs from being wastefully laid outside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks do suffer from some diseases, mainly those traceable to mismanagement such as poor diet, stagnant drinking water, moldy feed or bedding, or overcrowded and filthy conditions. Of all poultry, they are the most sensitive to aflatoxin, which usually comes from eating moldy feed. They are also susceptible to cholera (pasteurellosis) and botulism, either of which may wipe out entire flocks. Duck virus enteritis (duck plague) and duck virus hepatitis also can cause severe losses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If not carefully managed, ducks can become pests to some crops, especially cereals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, ducks tend to be extremely poor mothers and can be helped by using broody chicken hens or female muscovies as surrogate mothers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Major limitations to large-scale, intensive production are mud, smell, and noise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Defeathering ducks is much more difficult than defeathering chickens because of an abundance of small pinfeathers and down feathers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds already function so well that no fundamental research needs to be done. Nonetheless, there are a number of topics that could improve their production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, different types of low-cost systems need to be explored and developed. These must be low-input systems since cash is a limiting factor for most subsistence farmers. One possibility is the integration of duck and fish farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of all breeds is needed to determine their status and likelihood of extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One need in countries that already have ducks is to encourage the consumption of duck meat. Indonesia, for instance, has 25 million egg-producing ducks, but little duck meat is consumed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research on economically significant diseases is needed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7 Geese</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g010a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Brown Chinese Geese&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although geese (Anser spp.) were one of the first domesticated animals, they have yet to receive the level of commercial or industrial exploitation of chickens or even ducks. Thus, their global potential is far greater than is generally recognized today.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic geese are easily managed and well suited to small-farm production; they are among the fastest growing avian species commonly raised for meat, and they have immediate application in many developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are especially appropriate for providing farmers a supplemental income. With little extra work they supply nutritious meat, huge eggs, and rich fat for cooking, as well as soft down and feathers for bedding and clothing. Moreover, their strident voices sound the alarm when strangers or predators approach. They are especially well suited to aquatic areas and marshy lands and are completely at home in warm shallow waterways. Nevertheless, they can thrive away from water. In fact, wherever pasture is available geese readily adapt to captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are grazers, and can be raised almost exclusively on pasture. They are excellent foragers, and on succulent grass can find most or all of their own food. With their powerful bills they pull up grasses and underwater plants and probe soil and water for roots, bulbs, and aquatic animals. Their long necks make them adept at gleaning weeds from hard-to-reach places - such as fence rows, ditches, and swampy areas that baffle larger livestock. They will also feast on vegetable trimmings, garden and table leftovers, canning refuse, and stale baked goods. Like other poultry, they pick up shattered grains of rice, wheat, barley, and other crops, which can reduce the bothersome problem of weeds volunteering in subsequent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are available worldwide. In most climates, they require little or no housing. Given reasonable care and protection from predators, mortality can be extremely low. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic geese come in an assortment of colors, sizes, and shapes. There are two main types, however. Descendants of the wild greylag goose (Anser anser) make up the domestic breeds common in North America and Europe, including the Embden, Toulouse, Pilgrim, American Buff, Pomeranian, Sebastopol, and Tufted Roman breeds. These are generally best suited to temperate climates. On the other hand, descendants of the wild &quot;swan goose&quot; (Anser cygnoides) make up the geese of Asia, including the Chinese and &quot;African&quot; types. These breeds seem better suited to hot climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to these, many European and Asian countries have their own local breeds and types, and there are even several wild species that show some potential for captive production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With their long legs and webbed toes, geese are equally at home walking or swimming. Avid walkers, they march long distances to find forage, but return home at dusk. Accomplished and graceful swimmers, geese are able to take to water soon after they hatch. Despite their large size, some domestic breeds - especially the leaner ones - have retained the ability to fly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are found worldwide, but goose farming is nationally important only in Asia and Central Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic geese are not threatened, although much local variation among the breeds is being lost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most geese adapt well to hot climates - as long as some shade is available. Their waterproof feathers help them adapt well to high rainfall regions. They also tolerate extreme cold. (For instance, in Canada, geese are wintered outdoors in subfreezing temperatures, with merely 'e simple shelter from wind.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For tropical developing countries, the Chinese type, which is widely kept in Southeast Asia, is especially promising. Smaller than most geese (although ganders can weigh over 5 kg), they are the best layers, the most active foragers (making them economical and useful as weeders), the most alert and &quot;talkative,&quot; and they produce the leanest meat. Some European breeds, such as Embden and Toulouse, have also been used in the tropics with notable success. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING GEESE&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Temperate Zones)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today's domestic geese are descended from two species: the greylag (Anser anser) and the swan goose (Anser cygnoides). These were domesticated in Europe and China, respectively. Their domestication occurred in ancient times, long before people knew about genetics, microorganisms, veterinary science, or behavior modifications such as imprinting. Today, armed with such knowledge, more geese may be amenable to domestication. Most of the 15 other wild species adapt to captivity. Compared to most birds, geese spend much time walking and swimming and are less inconvenienced by pinioning (removing the tip of the wing). Thus, they can be kept outdoors rather than in cages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both of the ancestors of today's domestic geese are native to the northern temperate zone. Two more wild species that might make useful domesticates are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Canada goose (Branta canadensis). North America. People feeding these birds in city parks and wildlife refuges are causing many local flocks to develop. These birds no longer migrate. They are increasing in numbers each year and are well on the way to de facto domestication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- American swan goose (Coscoroba coscoroba). Southern South America. Although most closely allied to swans in shape and physiology, this bird resembles a muscovy (see page 124) in size and behavior. Its calm disposition, as well as its attractive red feet and bill that accent its white plumage, have made it much sought as an ornament for parks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In its diet, the goose utilizes large quantities of tender forage. It can break down plant-cell walls and digest the contents. Although it has no crop for storing food, there is an enlargement at the end of the gullet that serves as a temporary storage organ. Sand and small gravel are swallowed to aid the gizzard in grinding hard seeds and fibrous grasses. Research has shown that geese can digest 15-20 percent of the fiber in their diet, which is 3-4 times the amount that other poultry species can digest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The natural diet consists of grasses, seeds, roots, bulbs, berries, and fruits, normally supplemented with a little animal matter (mainly insects and snails) picked up incidentally. Most feeding takes place on land. They characteristically feed for prolonged periods, even at night.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females may lay for 10 years or more. It is generally believed that reproduction is best in the second year and that it remains good until the fifth year. Geese outlive other types of poultry; life spans of 1520 years are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The eggs incubate in 27-31 days. The incubation time is more variable than in most poultry species, perhaps because geese have not been subjected to the selection pressure that is imposed by artificial incubators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most intelligent birds, the goose has a good memory and does not quickly forget people, animals, or situations that have frightened it. While personalities and habits vary among individual specimens, there are common behavioral patterns, such as the pecking order, that allow individuals to live peaceably together.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless conditions are crowded or there are too many males, geese normally live harmoniously both with themselves and with other creatures. The bond between male and female is strong. Changing mates is difficult, although most geese will eventually accept a new mate after a period of &quot;mourning.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese nest on the ground and prefer the water's edge, but they adapt readily to man-made nesting boxes. The gander usually stands guard while the goose incubates the eggs. He then assists in rearing the goslings. Most geese become irritated if intruders approach their nest or goslings, and will even attack people and large dogs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As previously noted, these birds provide meat, eggs, fat, and down. The meat is lean, flavorful, and of outstanding quality. The fat accumulates between the skin and the flesh and can be rendered into a long-lasting oil. The eggs are large and taste much like chicken eggs. The &quot;down&quot; (the small, fluffy feathers that lie next to the body of adult birds) is the finest natural insulating material for clothing and bedding, and can fetch a premium price. Worldwide markets exist for both down and other goose feathers. In France, in particular, some geese are raised for their livers (foie gras).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese can control many types of aquatic weeds in shallow water as well as grass and some types of palatable broad-leaf weeds on the banks of lakes, ponds, and canals. They can also be used as ''lawn mowers&quot; and &quot;weeders&quot; among cotton, fruit trees, and other crops (see sidebar).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Elongated necks not only allow geese to reach many different foods, they also help them keep a watchful eye on the surroundings. With their exceptional eyesight they can see great distances, and the position of the eyes gives them a wide field of vision. Geese are among the most alert of all animals, and strangers cannot calm them into silence. In the high Andes, in Southeast Asia, and in many other locations, they replace guard dogs. In Europe, they are used to guard whiskey warehouses and sensitive military installations (see page 111).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Methods of caring for adult geese vary according to climate, breed, and people's experiences and needs. Overall, however, the birds cause little trouble and require little expense. They range freely without restriction, feeding themselves and returning home of their own accord. They have strong flocking instincts and can readily be herded from one area to another.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like all young poultry, goslings are fragile. The highest mortality is caused by predators. Until the goslings are 6-10 weeks old, it is prudent to confine the parents and their young at night in a secure pen or building.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are the only domestic fowl that can live and reproduce on a diet of grass. They cannot remain healthy on coarse dry fodder, but when grass is succulent they need little else other than drinking water. Many legumes also make excellent goose forage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the tropics, eggs can be laid year-round. The production seldom exceeds 40 eggs per year, although with feed supplement and simple management, the Chinese breed may yield more than 100 eggs. Geese go broody quickly. To break up broodiness, the goose can be confined for 4 6 days away from, but in sight of, the ganders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goslings grow rapidly and can reach market size as early as 10-12 weeks; most geese, however, are marketed at 20-30 weeks of age, when they may weigh from 5 to 7 kg, depending on type and breed. Some young birds (also called green or junior geese), force-fed for rapid growth, are marketed at 4-6 kg when they are 8-10 weeks old.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If fed a good diet to maximize growth and if slaughtered at, say, 10 weeks, the Embden, Chinese, or African will have a carcass low in fat. However, the carcass normally has much more fat than other poultry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese must have a constant supply of reasonably clean drinking water during daylight hours. Although swimming water is not necessary, it promotes cleaner and healthier birds because they find it easier to care for their plumage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING GEESE&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Tropics)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese of the tropics have seldom if ever been considered for domestication, but they might provide poultry of considerable value. Presumably they are more heat tolerant and lack the layers of subcutaneous fat (which the ancestors of today's geese needed for warmth in the Arctic). They might thus produce lean birds that would fetch premium prices because excessive fat is the major drawback of today's commercial geese. Examples of tropical species that might be domesticable are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Egyptian goose (AIopochen aegyptiacus). Found throughout the African tropics, this bird is already partly domesticated. However, it is bad tempered and quarrelsome and, so far, this has limited its utility. It has therefore been kept only under semidomestication, without intensive breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nene (Branta sandvicensis). A native of the Hawaiian Islands, this is one of the most endangered species on earth. So few specimens are in existence that farming enterprises cannot now be envisaged. Yet, should this bird prove amenable and suitable, the possibility of an economic future could boost efforts to build up its now meager populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus). India and Central Asia. These smallish geese are handsome, dainty, and have a musical horn-like call. They have distinct black bars across the nape, which gives them their popular name. Hand-reared specimens breed well in captivity. Despite heavy hunting they are still abundant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Northern spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis gambensis). Tropical Africa (Senegal to Zimbabwe). This large bird is a ground nester, but it has long bony spurs on the wings that enable it to easily protect its eggs and young from predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Semipalmated (magpie) goose (Anseranas semipalmata). Australia and New Guinea. One of the most aberrant and primitive of all waterfowl, this long-legged sturdy-billed bird has only partially webbed feet. It perches high in trees and has a loud ungooselike whistling call. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE WADDLING WORK FORCE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because geese relish grasses and shun most broad-leafed plants, some enterprising U.S. farmers in the 1950s began using them to rid cotton fields of grassy weeds, which are difficult to kill with herbicides. The geese were put into the fields as soon as the crop came up. A brace of birds kept an acre of cotton weeded; a gaggle of 12 would gobble as many weeds as a hard-working man could clear with a hoe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This method of clearing fields was so effective that by 1960 more than 175,000 geese honked their way across the carefully tended farmland, mainly in the Southwest. Seven days a week, rain or shine, the feathered field hands slaved uncomplainingly from daybreak to dusk, even putting in overtime on moonlit nights. Many toiled so diligently that they worked themselves out of a job.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The geese cleared the fields more cheaply than hoe hands. They left the crop untouched and ate only the succulent young weeds. They did not damage crop roots (as hoes or tractors can), and they were safe and selective, unlike many herbicides. On top of all that they spread fertilizer for the farmer, and ultimately provided him meat for the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eventually, farmers found that geese could be used to weed nearly all broad-leafed crops: asparagus, potatoes, berry fruits, tobacco, mint, grapes, beets, beans, hops, onions, and strawberries, for example. Geese were used in vineyards and fruit orchards to eat both weeds and the fallen fruits that could otherwise harbor damaging insects. They were employed in fields producing trees for the forest industry and flowers for florists shops. Some growers turned goslings loose in cornfields to consume the &quot;suckers&quot; (cone, after all, is a grass) as well as the grain left on the ground. This eliminated the problem of corn as a weed when different crops were later planted in those fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the 1970s when cotton acreage dropped and herbicides selective for the troublesome grasses were developed, the use of geese declined. But today, some organic farmers are returning to the practice. From February to June in the Pacific Northwest, fields are resounding once more to the old-fashioned racket of White Chinese geese. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mature geese are independent creatures. When kept in small flocks and allowed to roam the farmyard or field, they require less attention than any other domestic bird with the possible exception of guinea fowl. In areas where grass is green for much of the year, they can be raised on less grain or concentrated feed than any other domestic fowl.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Durability is one of their most attractive features. Along with ducks, geese seem to be the most resistant of all poultry to disease, parasites, and cold or wet weather. They also do well in hot climates as long as drinking water and deep shade are available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Growth is not only rapid, it is also efficient. If managed properly, goslings can produce I kg of body weight for every 2.25-3.5 kg of concentrated feed consumed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are not usually thought of as prolific layers. However, as noted, some strains of the Chinese breed will yield well over 100 eggs per goose per year. At 140-170 g per egg, that compares favorably with the output of laying chickens. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p112a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are messy and their loud trumpeting is often irritating. However, unless they have been teased or mistreated or if they are nesting or brooding young, they are not aggressive. But kilo for kilo, they are stronger than most animals, and a harassed or angry adult can express its displeasure effectively with powerful bill and pounding wings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Excessive concentrations of geese on ponds or along creeks encourages unsanitary conditions, muddies water, hastens bank erosion, and destroys plant life. Where sanitation is poor, salmonellosis can devastate geese and be transmitted, via meat and eggs, to humans. Coccidiosis and gizzard worm are other infections.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Defeathering geese is more difficult than plucking chickens because there are two coats (feathers and down) to remove.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some situations, geese may need a diet supplement (such as grain) if they are grazing vegetation exclusively. A balance must be struck: too much supplement and they will quit foraging and become too fat; too little and they grow slowly and may suffer malnutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are not fully mature until two years of age. Their overall reproductive rate, therefore, is lower than that of other poultry. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry researchers worldwide should begin studies to clarify the role that geese could play in helping to feed Third World nations. Studies might include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Management practices for tropical areas;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Breeding and management for increased egg production;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Incubation techniques;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutrition supplementation (for example, vitamins, minerals, energy, specific amino acids) needed by grazing geese;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Physiology of digestion and reproduction;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Clarifying the inheritance of various traits;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Genetic selection for specific meat, eggs, growth factors, or disease resistance;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Comparative studies of the relative efficiency (especially of feed utilization) of the various types and breeds for specific climates in underdeveloped countries;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Weeding tropical crops with geese; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Studying diseases and cross-infection with other birds. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8 Guinea Fowl</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g011a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Third World villages, the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) could become much more valuable than it is today. The bird thrives under semi-intensive conditions, forages well, and requires little attention. It retains many of its wild ancestor's survival characteristics: it grows, reproduces, and yields well in both cool and hot conditions; it is relatively disease free; it requires little water or attention; it is almost as easily raised as chickens and turkeys; and it is a most useful all-round farm bird.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea fowl's potential to increase meat production among hungry countries should be given greater recognition. The birds are widely known in Africa and occur in a few areas of Asia, but they show promise for use throughout all of Asia and Latin America and for increased use in Africa itself. Strains newly created for egg and meat production in Europe - notably in France - show excellent characteristics for industrial-scale production. Also, many semidomestic types in Africa deserve increased scientific assessment as scavenger birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meat from domestic guinea fowl is dark and delicate, the flavor resembling that of game birds. It is a special delicacy, served in some of the world's finest restaurants. Several European countries eat vast amounts. Annual consumption in France, for example, is about 0.8 kg per capita.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl also produce substantial numbers of eggs. In Africa, these are often sold hard-boiled in local markets. In the Soviet Union, they are produced in large commercial operations. In France, guinea fowl strains have been developed that not only grow quickly but lay as many as 190 eggs a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside Europe, virtually all guinea fowl are raised as free-ranging birds. These find most of their feed by scratching around villages and farmyards. Their cost of production is small, and they yield food for subsistence farmers. In Europe, on the other hand, most are raised in confinement, with artificial insemination, artificial lighting, and special feeding. In the main, this is to produce meat for luxury markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl production is beginning to increase all over the world. During the last 20 years, for example, many of Europe's chicken farmers and breeders, wishing to diversify, have switched to this bird. The United States is now studying ways to establish industrial production, and both Japan and Australia are increasing their flocks. Nonetheless, there is still a vast untapped future for this bird.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide. This species is robust and resilient and adapts to many climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are somewhat larger than average scavenger-type chickens: adults weigh up to 2.5 kilograms. They have dark-grey feathers with small white spots. Their heads are bare with a bony ridge (helmet) on top, which makes them look something like vultures. The short tail feathers usually slope downwards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chicks, known as &quot;keels,&quot; resemble young quail. They are brown striped with red beaks and legs. The sexes are indistinguishable until eight weeks of age. After that, the males' larger helmets and wattles and the cries of the different sexes can be identified. Both sexes give a one-syllable shriek, but females also have a two-syllable call.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the chicken, the guinea fowl is a gallinaceous species and possesses the characteristic sternum with posterior notches and a raised &quot;thumb.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among domestic types are pearl, white, royal purple, and lavender. Pearl is the most common, and is probably the type first developed from the wild West African birds. Its handsome feathers are often used for ornamental purposes. The white is entirely white from the time of hatching and has a lighter skin. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p117a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe dominates industrial production. France, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Hungary all raise millions of guinea fowl under intensive conditions, just as they raise chickens. Elsewhere, guinea fowl have become established as a semidomesticated species on small family farms. Native flocks are found about villages and homes in parts of East and West Africa, and free-ranging flocks can be seen in many parts of India, notably Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Madhya Pradesh. During the slavery era, they were introduced from Africa to the Americas to be used for food. In Jamaica, Central America, and Malaysia, the birds have reverted to the wild state and are treated as game.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are abundant; in most places even wild populations are not threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are native to the grasslands and woodlands of most of Africa south of the Sahara where they occupy all habitats except dense forests and treeless deserts. Being native also to temperate South Africa, they appear to have an inherent adaptability to both heat and cold. However, in cool climates, regardless of daylength, they will not begin egg production until temperatures exceed 15ÃC. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl accept many foods: grains, leaves, ant eggs (for which they will tear anthills open), and even carrion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, they lay their first egg at about 18 weeks of age. Unlike many wild birds, which produce a single clutch a year, guinea hens lay continuously until adverse weather sets in.2 Free-range &quot;domestic&quot; guinea hens lay up to 60 eggs a season. And well-managed birds under intensive management lay close to 200. The eggs weigh approximately 40 g. Shells are stronger than those of chickens and are usually brown, but can be white or tinted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea hen goes broody after laying, which can be overcome by removing most of the eggs. A clutch of 15-20 is common. The incubation period is 27 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds never become &quot;tame,&quot; but neither do they leave the premises. Although they stray farther than chickens do, they always return. They like to hide their eggs in a bushy corner, often in hollows scratched in the ground. They can fly, although even in the wild they do not fly far. They prefer to roost on high branches and (unless pinioned) can be hard to catch during the day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although wild guinea fowl live in groups, they are monogamous by nature and tend to bond in pairs. However, in domestication a single male may serve four or more females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, guinea fowl are valuable sources of both meat and eggs. They can also be used to control insect pests on vegetable crops.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are good &quot;watch animals&quot;; they have fantastic eyesight, a harsh cry, and will shriek at the slightest provocation. Their agitation on sighting dogs, foxes, hawks, or other predators have saved the lives of many a chicken, duck, and turkey. They are brave and will attack even large animals that threaten them.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl can be kept in confinement using the methods for raising battery chickens. In this system, breeding stock are housed in cages and artificially inseminated. It gives the best egg production and fertility but requires housing, equipment, and skilled labor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds can also be kept in a semidomestic state in and around the farmyard. In such cases they are penned until they are 12 weeks old. Unaccustomed to foraging for natural food, they constantly return to their artificial food supply. Eventually, however, they learn to subsist by scavenging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds have been called &quot;the worst parents in the world,&quot; and are almost incapable of looking after their keets.5 Because the females are such indifferent mothers, the eggs are best hatched in incubators or under other birds, to avoid the keets' being lost by their natural mothers. In many African countries, eggs are hatched under chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Keets are often kept indoors until they are 3-4 weeks old to protect them from predators and wet weather. Sexual maturity can be delayed to as late as 32 weeks of age by holding the birds in windowless housing and controlling the lighting. This improves egg size and hatchability and reduces early mortality. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GUINEA FOWL AND THE ANCIENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The earliest reference to guinea fowl can be found in murals in the Pyramid of Wenis at Saqqara in Egypt, painted about 2400 B.C. Aviaries were quite fashionable at the time, and wealthy landowners maintained guinea fowl within their walled gardens. A thousand years later, by the time of Queen Hatshepsut (about 1475 B.C.), the junglefowl (the ancestor of the chicken) had arrived, and from then on it was raised on a substantial scale. Records of this period refer to &quot;walk-in&quot; incubators, constructed of mud bricks and heated by cameldung fires. The largest could hold up to 90,000 eggs (mainly from junglefowl but some from guinea fowl) and hatching rates of up to 70 percent were claimed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 400 B.C., guinea fowl were well established on farms in Greece. Later, they rose to importance in ancient Rome. Pliny the elder (in his Natural History, published 77 A.D.) stated that they were the last bird to be added to the Roman menu and that they were in great demand, both eggs and flesh being considered great delicacies. The emperor Caligula offered them as sacrifices to himself when he assumed the title of deity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea fowl then died out in Europe but was reintroduced by the Portuguese navigators returning from their African explorations in the late 1400s. They gave it the name pintada or &quot;painted chicken&quot; and this changed to pintade in French, while the name &quot;Guinea fowl&quot; (fowl from Africa) stayed in English, and gallina de Guinea in Spanish. Coincidentally, guinea fowl and turkeys were both introduced to England between 1530 and 1550, and the English, smitten with the original French misnomers, were left sorting out &quot;Ginny birds&quot; and &quot;Turkey birds&quot; for the remainder of the century. Both birds were adopted with great enthusiasm, and within 150 years they had utterly displaced the peafowl and swan as the major table birds for festive occasions.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adapted from R.H.H. Belshaw, 1985 Guinea Fowl of the World&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with the farmyard chicken the guinea fowl's advantages are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Low production costs;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Premium quality meat;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Greater capacity to utilize green feeds;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Better ability to scavenge for insects and grains;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Better ability to protect itself against predators; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Better resistance to common poultry parasites and diseases (for example, Newcastle disease and fowlpox).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surprisingly, this semidomestic bird, which has been farmed for centuries, retains the characteristics (feather morphology, hardiness, social behavior) of its wild ancestor - even when subjected to the most modern intensive-rearing methods employing battery cages and artificial insemination. Thus, it thrives under semicaptive conditions and needs little special care. The birds forage well for themselves and do not require much attention; their meat is tasty and they produce substantial numbers of eggs. Unlike chickens, they don't scratch to get insects out of the soil, so they are less destructive to the garden.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In backyard production the guinea fowl is supreme, but when produced intensively it costs more to raise than chickens. In Europe, for instance, day-old keets cost about twice as much as day-old broiler chicks. (The major reason is that guinea fowl produce fewer hatching eggs and require a longer feeding period.) Guinea fowl are also more expensive to feed. Their feed conversion (for meat production at the marketing age) is about 3.3-3.6 as compared with a broiler's feed conversion of 1.8-1.9. Moreover, guinea fowl take about twice as long to reach marketable size: they are marketed for meat at age 12-14 weeks, compared with 7-8 weeks for the broilers. Therefore, the selling price of guinea fowl in the Western world is up to twice that of broilers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are nervous and stupid. They can be difficult to catch' and when panicking they can easily suffocate their keets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are susceptible to some of the common diseases of chickens and turkeys. Salmonella is the most prevalent, but others are pullorum disease, staphylococcus, and Marek's disease. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE GUINEA FOWL'S WILD COUSINS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domesticated guinea fowl is descended from just one subspecies of the family's seven known species and numerous subspecies. Some of the others may also have promise as poultry. They, too, generally occur in flocks in bushy grasslands and open forests in Africa. All feed on vegetable matter such as seeds, berries, and tender shoots, and on invertebrates such as slugs. They rarely fly except to roost. They acclimatize well are easy to maintain in captivity, and can survive long periods away from water.** Their disposition is tame and nonaggressive, and they mix well with other birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild subspecies closely related to the domestic guinea fowl that might make future poultry in their own right include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gray-breasted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata). This subspecies is the principal ancestor of domestic guinea fowls. It is found throughout West Africa and probably has many valuable genetic traits. There is much variation in the size and other characteristics among the various individuals. People along the Gambia, Volta, and Niger rivers have long traditions of breeding these birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Tufted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris meleagris). This subspecies is quite large and has black plumage thickly spotted with white dots. It is the probable ancestor of the birds reared in ancient Egypt and in the Roman empire (see page 120). Hill farmers in the southern Sudan sometimes breed them in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Mitred guinea fowl (Numida meleagris mitrata). Probably the most popular game bird in East Africa, this type has a bright blue-green head and red wattles. It was once a common sight in the wild but it has now been decimated by overhunting. It is now most numerous in the Masai lands of Kenya and Tanzania. It has been kept in a semidomesticated form in Zanzibar for several centuries. Zoos and aviaries around the world have imported it, and it has bred well for them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild guinea fowl that are different species from the domestic one but that are still worth considering as potential poultry include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Black guinea fowl (Phasidus niger or Agelastes niger). This bird of the tropical rainforests of West and Central Africa is the size of a small chicken. It has sooty black plumage, a naked head, and a pink or yellow neck. It is seldom hunted because the meat tastes dreadful but this is probably because of a particularly pungent fungus they eat in the forest. Raised on fungus-free forages, these birds are probably very palatable. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Crested guinea hen (Guttera spp.). Three species. These strange-looking birds have a thick mop of inky black feathers above their black, naked faces. Widely distributed in the thickly forested areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Unlike the other species, they prefer the rainforest. They have a musical trumpeting call. At least one species has bred well in Europe. For example, a flourishing colony has been established in the Walsrode Bird Park in Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Vulturine guinea fowl (Acryllium vulturinum). The largest of all guinea fowl, this species is found in parts of Ethiopia, Somalia, and East Africa. One of the most striking looking of all birds, its head is bare and blue, its body black with white spots, and its breast bears long bright cobalt-blue patches on either side. This has been reared as an aviary bird in both Europe and America and might make a useful domesticate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agencies involved in international economic development should undertake guinea fowl assessment trials, evaluations, and coordinated introductions to stimulate programs for small farmers and for industries in dozens of countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeders have been working to improve guinea fowl only since the 1950s. There is a need for more information on growth rate, health, egg production, feed conversion, body weight, carcass yield, laying intensity, fertility, hatchability, and egg weight - especially under free-ranging conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husbandry research should also be directed towards feeds and feeding systems for growing and breeding stock. Other efforts are needed to increase the hatchability of eggs under natural conditions (under guinea hens or surrogate mothers), and to identify the best lighting regimes (both sexual maturity and rate of lay are influenced by changes in daylength).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea fowl that has become an important domesticated bird throughout the civilized world is descended from just one of seven known species in the family. These birds generally occur in flocks in bushy grasslands and open forest in Africa and Madagascar, and some of the others may also have promise as poultry (see sidebar opposite). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9 Muscovy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g012a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy (Cairina moschata), a unique ducklike species of the South American rainforest, belongs to a small group of waterfowl that perch in trees. In poultry science, however, it is normally grouped with domestic ducks for lack of a better classification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except in France, Italy and Taiwan muscovies have received little modern research. But their promise can be judged from the fact that they account for 50 percent of the duck meat consumed in France - about 60,000 tons per year - and they are often consumed in Italy and Taiwan as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Third World subsistence farming, muscovies have excellent possibilities. There is probably no better choice for a meat bird that requires minimal care and feed. Tame, quiet, and able to forage for much of their keep, they are inherently hardy, vigorous, and robust. They have heavily fleshed breasts and are highly prized for their meat, which is dark, more flavorful, and less fatty than that of common ducks. An average muscovy gives more meat than a chicken of the same age, and it also survives hot, wet environments better. In addition, muscovies are better parents than the domestic duck. Females are probably the best natural mothers of any poultry species, as measured by their success at incubating their eggs and caring for their young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All in all, this bird deserves more attention than it has received so far in Third World livestock projects. Dispersed around the warm and hot regions of the world, muscovies already exist in small numbers in backyards and villages, much like the domestic chicken in previous centuries. Despite a lack of research, the present unimproved stocks are already impressive meat yielders. Used more widely and more intensively, they could contribute much to poor people's meat supplies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossing the muscovy with the common duck produces a hybrid that combines many of the advantages of both. This cross, known as &quot;mulard,&quot; or &quot;mule duck&quot; in English, is raised in France for its liver and meat and is produced in quantity in Taiwan (see sidebar, page 132). It, too, has a major future role.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies are suitable for use almost anywhere that chickens can be kept. Moreover, their tropical ancestry and inherent robustness give them an advantage in hot and humid climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although a muscovy somewhat resembles a goose, it is one of the greater wood ducks of tropical South America. It was domesticated in pre-Columbian times, most likely in the rainforests of Colombia. Related wild types, looking very much like the muscovy, still occur in South American wetlands, particularly mangrove swamps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males have mature live weights of 5 kg and females about 2.5 kg. Both have broad and rounded wings. The adults have patches of bare skin around the eyes, rather than feathers. Much of this is covered in &quot;caruncles,&quot; which superficially resemble warty outgrowths. The feet have sharp claws. Both sexes raise a crest of feathers when alarmed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is much color variation among the various muscovy populations including types that are called white, colored, black, blue, chocolate, silver, buff, and pied.2 The most common types (they are not considered breeds) are the white and the colored. The white produces a cleaner looking carcass, but the colored is the most popular meat type in France. Its plumage is an iridescent greenish black, except for white forewings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The native range of the muscovy's probable wild ancestor covers much of Central America and northern South America. The domestic form also occurs over most of Latin America - from southern Chile to the northern limits of traditional culture in lowland Mexico - including the Caribbean, where it was present shortly after Columbus landed.3 The birds can be observed among the domestic fowl in the high Andes, for example, and are feral in southern coastal areas of the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carried across the Atlantic, probably in the early 1500s, the domesticated muscovy spread quickly in Europe, and thence to North America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Today, it finds favor with the food-loving French as &quot;canard de Barbarie,&quot; and France has the greatest concentration of muscovies in Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Down the centuries the muscovy became popular in tropical Asia (especially the Philippines and Indonesia) and in China and Taiwan. Throughout Indonesia (where it is known as &quot;entok&quot;) it is popular with villagers for incubating eggs from ducks, geese, and chickens. It is now spreading into Oceania, and has recently gained particular favor in the Solomon Islands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies are also known in Africa and can be found in many villages, especially in West Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not endangered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild muscovies occur mainly along tropical jungle streams, but domestic muscovies are found in many environments from the heat of Central America to the cold of Central Europe. They also tolerate dry conditions, but they thrive best where climates are both hot and wet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies utilize high-fiber feeds better than chickens and common ducks, and eat larger quantities of grass. They also consume other green vegetation and readily snap up any insects they can find. If quality forage is available, only a small daily ration of grain or pellets is required for them to reach peak production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy females normally hatch and raise large broods efficiently. It is not unusual to see them with a dozen or more fragile ducklings in tow - many of them adopted from other species. They bravely protect their young and have been known to beat off cats, dogs, foxes, and other marauders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, muscovies are healthy and live and breed for many years. They suffer few diseases, especially when free ranging. However, they seem to be more susceptible to duck virus enteritis (duck plague) than common ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p129a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While appearing to be slow and lethargic, muscovies can be quick and agile when one tries to catch them. Females are strong fliers and readily clear a standard fence. Males frequently become so ponderous that they cannot get airborne without an elevated perch or the aid of a strong wind. Although they forage over a larger area than chickens, they generally neither decamp nor wander as far as common ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated muscovies are either solitary or live together in small family groups, but sometimes in winter they flock together on bodies of water. They swim and dive well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds seldom make loud noises. A drake's voice resembles a muffled &quot;puff&quot;; females are almost mute. However, both can hiss or make a soft sound not unlike that of sleigh bells.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is polygamous (a young male will try to mate with almost any fowl, including chickens). Mating can occur on land or in water. Males are pugnacious and tolerate no opposition. Because of this, they do not do well in close confinement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A BETTER FLY TRAP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is a voracious omnivore that is particularly fond of insects. For years, some Canadian farmers have sworn that a few muscovies took care of all fly problems on their farms. In 1989, Ontario biologists Gordon Surgeoner and Barry Glofcheskie (see Research Contacts) decided to put this to the test.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting with laboratory trials, the entomologists first put a hungry five-week-old muscovy into a screened cage with 400 living houseflies. Within an hour it had eaten 326. Later, they placed four muscovies in separate cages containing 100 flies each. Within 30 minutes over 90 percent of the insects were gone. It took flypaper, fly traps, and bait cards anywhere from 15 to 86 hours to suppress the populations that much.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moving to fleld tests, the researchers placed pairs of twoyear-old muscovies on several Ontario farms. Videotapes showed the birds snapping at houseflies and biting flies about every 30 seconds and being successful on 70 percent of their attempts. With that efficiency, they achieved 80-90 percent fly control in enclosures such as calf rooms or piggeries. The birds were given only water and had to scavenge for all their food. Females seemed to eat about 10 percent more flies than males, and individuals of any age between eight days and two years were equally effective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds fit the practical needs for farmyard fly control. They stayed close to piglets and calves, to which flies are particularly attracted. They even snatched flies off the hides of resting animals without waking them up. On one farm, the birds huddled between sleeping piglets and were accepted by the sow lying beside them. This was noteworthy because most fly-catching devices (chemical, electrical, or mechanical) must be kept far from animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To the Canadians, the economic advantages are clear. A 35-cow dairy needs $150-$590 worth of chemicals for controlling flies during the fly season; muscovy chicks, on the other hand, cost less than $2 each, eat for free, and can be sold for a profit of 200-400 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The researchers point out that employing muscovies does not eliminate all need for insecticides, but it reduces the amounts required. And muscovies are biodegradable, will not cause a buildup of genetic resistance, and taste better than flypaper. Indeed, their meat is excellent, and the naturally mute birds seldom make any noise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reportedly, muscovies are kept in some houses in South America to control not only flies, but also roaches and other insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is generally raised only for its meat, which is of excellent quality and taste. In stews it is hard to distinguish from pork; cured and smoked it is similar to lean ham.4 The fat content is low.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy eggs are as tasty as other duck eggs, and a muscovy female can supply a large number if she is kept from sitting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are useful for clearing both terrestrial and aquatic weeds.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Down feathers are used, like those of other ducks, in clothing and comforters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies may be raised like common ducks. An ideal grouping is one male to five or six females. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except in Taiwan, France, Hungary, and a few other European countries, they exist predominantly in small flocks in farmyards and village ponds. However, they can be reared under intensive conditions in a shed or pen that is well lighted and equipped with low roosts and bedding. Under such conditions, they may be fed diets recommended for rearing common ducks or given coarse feeds, including whole grain. If chicken rations are used, fresh greens must be provided to avoid &quot;cowboy&quot; legs, a symptom of niacin deficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they thrive in areas where there is abundant water, they do not require access to swimming water. They prefer to nest under cover and will use nesting boxes. A normal clutch size is 9-14 eggs; however, clutches of up to 28 can occur. There may be 4 clutches annually, and (when the hen does not have to brood the ducklings) some muscovies have laid 100 eggs in a year.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The egg weight, which increases with the female's age, ranges from 65 to 85 g. The eggs require 33-35 days to hatch, a week longer than the common duck's. Hatching success of 75 percent or more is common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with domestic ducks early growth is slow, which is perhaps why muscovies have not enjoyed wider industrial use. However, after the slow period they grow rapidly and, because they forage on a broader range of vegetation than common ducks, they can scavenge a large proportion of their diet at little or no cost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When raised intensively, females average 2 kg and males 4 kg at 11-12 weeks of age. Females may reach sexual maturity by 28 weeks of age; males require a month more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE MULE DUCK OF TAIWAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In parts of Europe, hybrids between muscovies and common ducks are reared for fattening. However, Taiwan has made the most outstanding use of this &quot;mule duck.&quot; Thanks in part to this muscovy hybrid, Taiwan's duck industry has grown rapidly in the last decade. The total value of duck products now exceeds $346 million per year. Much of the boom in duck production is due to improved feeding disease control and management systems, but much is also due to the performance of the mule duck. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This hybrid is now Taiwan's major meat-duck breed, and about 30 million are consumed each year. Indeed, the duck industry has been so successful that Taiwan is increasingly exporting frozen duck breast and drumstick meat to Japan. It now provides 24 percent of the duck meat eaten in Japanâ most of it coming from mule ducks. Also, Taiwan is exporting partially incubated mule-duck eggs throughout Southeast Asia. And mule ducks supply most of the raw material for Taiwan's large feather industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan farmers have been producing mule ducks for 250 years, but the recent jump in production is due to the use of artificial insemination to overcome the natural reticence of the different species to mate. Fortunately, artificial insemination is well developed and is a standard part of farming practice in Taiwan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mule ducks are successful because they have less fat than a broiler chicken and they grow faster. Indeed, they can reach a market weight of 2.8 kg at 65 - 75 days of age, depending upon the weather, season, and management. In part, this fast growth is because they are sterile and waste no energy in preparing for a sexual existence or in laying eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The usual cross employs a muscovy male and a domesticduck female. The domestic breeds most employed for muleduck production are White Kaiya (Pekin male x White Tsaiya female), Large White Kaiya (Pekin male x White Kaiya female) and colored Kaiya. Both sexes of the hybrid offspring weigh about the same.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crosses between a muscovy hen and a domestic drake are much rarer (traditionally, this was because of the different mating behavior of the two species, but even with artificial insemination available they are not much used) and the males of these hybrids are much heavier than the females. Females of this cross do lay eggs, but the eggs are small (about 40 g) and their embryos do not develop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are almost 300 duck-breeding farms in Taiwan, annually producing more than 600,000 female domestic ducks for use in producing mule ducks. Some farmers combine duck raising with fish farming. The excrete of 4,000 ducks on one hectare of pond can provide 30,000 tilapia with 20 percent of their feed. It helps the farmer get rid of waste as well as giving him fresh fish to sell. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the muscovy is an extremely good forager and thrives under free-ranging conditions. Unlike other ducks, it grazes on grass and leaves and will maintain itself on pasture. Apparently, it can digest bran and other fibrous feeds better than common ducks can.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The males are larger than all but the largest strains of table duck. They have exceptionally broad, well-muscled breasts and provide one of the leanest meats of any waterfowl.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is apparently more resistant to diseases that regularly decimate other poultry. This is one reason why villagers favored them: when chickens die, muscovies often survive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The female's strong parental qualities help assure the survival of ducklings with a minimum of human intervention. Her ability to incubate and hatch most other poultry eggs is an added advantage to small farmers who have neither the capital to buy, nor the knowledge to operate, artificial incubators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike other ducks, muscovies are not easily alarmed, and fright does not affect their egg production and laying. Indeed, they are so phlegmatic that automobiles can be major causes of death.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they are a tropical species, these birds are much less tolerant of cold than common ducks and require more protection from freezing weather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy's feed conversion is not as good as the chicken's. Also, compared with some other meat-duck breeds, muscovies have a slower rate of growth and require about 4 6 weeks longer to attain maximum development of breast muscles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies can be difficult to handle. If their legs are free, the handler may be badly lacerated by the claws.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although adults have a fair homing ability, muscovies may wander away when local forage is sparse, and young birds may be carried long distances downstream, never to return.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they feed on greenery, they can devastate gardens if the plants are very young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies can be unsuspected carriers of poultry diseases, so that healthy-looking muscovies may infect the other species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry scientists should unite in efforts to advance technical knowledge and public appreciation of this bird. Governments and researchers should begin evaluations of local varieties and their uses and performances. The experiences of France, Italy, Eastern Europe, and Taiwan should be gathered and made available for a worldwide readership.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important that the many muscovy varieties within the countries of Latin America - where the bird has a centuries-long history of domestication - be maintained and studied. Many superior varieties and specimens may be awaiting discovery.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy's nutritional requirements, range and confined systems of management, and disease vulnerability are poorly understood and need study. Especially needed are ways to increase growth rate. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10 Pigeon</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g013a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons (Columba livia)1 are durable birds that can be raised with little effort. Able to survive in inhospitable climates, they fend for themselves - often ranging over many square kilometers to locate seeds and edible scraps. They have been raised for centuries, especially in North Africa and the Middle East. In parts of North America and Europe, they are produced as a delicacy for the gourmet market. But raising pigeons for food is not nearly as widespread as it could be; indeed, in modern times its potential has hardly been touched. Farmed pigeons are particularly promising as urban microlivestock because they require little space and thrive in cities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young pigeons (squab) grow at a rapid rate. Their meat is finely textured, has an attractive flavor, and is often used in place of game fowl. Tender and easily digested, it commands premium market prices. In many areas, the continuing demand is unfilled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are traditionally raised in dovecotes - &quot;houses&quot; that protect the birds from the elements and from predators. This system allows free-ranging flight and requires almost no human intervention. Dovecotes are a good source of both squab and garden manure, and they continue to be used, especially in Egypt. On the other hand, pigeons can also be raised in confinement - usually in enclosed yards - with all their needs supplied by the farmer. There are, for example, pigeon farms in the United States with up to 35,000 pairs of breeding birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeon production may never rise enough to compete with commercial poultry as a major source of food, but for Third World villages these birds could become a significant addition to the diet as well as a source for substantial supplemental income. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons have small heads, plump, full-breasted bodies, and soft, dense plumage. They weigh from about 0.5 to nearly I kg. A few large breeds (Runts, for instance, which commonly weigh 1.4 kg) are the size of small domestic chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many breeds have been developed for meat production. They produce squab that grow quicker and have larger breasts than unselected birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild ancestor of the common pigeon - domestic, wild, or feral -  is thought to be the rock pigeon or rock dove of Europe and Asia. Today its domestic descendants are bred in virtually every country, and those that have gone feral (reverted to the wild) occur in most of the world's cities and towns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are abundant. However, as with most other domestic species there is concern over the decline and loss of certain breeds. Societies have been organized (notably in the United Kingdom) to preserve rare types.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p138a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Natural habitat of the rock dove ancestor of the domestic pigeon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domestic pigeon can be raised equally well in temperate and tropical zones. Indeed, this adaptable species can be kept anywhere that wild pigeons exist, including arid and humid regions. It should be noted, however, that cold climates do not favor squab production and hot climates promote vermin and disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigeon's natural diet consists mostly of seeds, but includes fruits, leaves, and some invertebrates. Feral pigeons consume a wide array of materials, including insects, bread, meat scraps, weed seeds, and many kinds of spilled grains at mills, wharves, railway yards, grain elevators, and farm fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the first four or five days of life, the young are fed &quot;crop milk.&quot; This substance, common to pigeons and doves,2 is composed of cells from the lining of the crop and is very high in fats and nutritional energy. The phenomenal growth rate of young squab has been attributed to crop milk and to its early replacement (within 8-10 days) with concentrated foods, regurgitated by both parents. The parents feed the squab for about four weeks before pushing it out of the nest to prepare for the next clutch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In domestic birds, sexual maturity (as measured by age at first egg) is reached at 120-150 days. Life span can be 15 years, although growth and egg production decline rapidly after the third year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild pigeons often nest on cliff sides. Domestic pigeons prefer to nest around buildings, in nooks and shelves and under the eaves - that is, in &quot;pigeonholes.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In domestic varieties, the pair-bond often lasts until severe illness or death. Sometimes, however, a vigorous male will &quot;invade&quot; a nest and mate with the females there. Both sexes take nearly equal part in nest building, incubation, and caring for the young. Typically, there are two eggs to a clutch. Eight clutches a year is not uncommon for a breeding pair. The incubation period is 17-19 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike most birds, pigeons drink by inserting their beaks into water and sucking up a continuous draft. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Courtship is characterized by cooing, prancing, and displays of spread, lowered tail feathers. &quot;Bow and coo&quot; exhibitions are unique to pigeons and doves and differ among species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are usually raised exclusively for meat. The squab are harvested just before full feather development and before the youngster has started to fly, usually at 21-30 days of age. At this time the ratio of flesh to inedible parts is highest; once flying begins, the meat becomes tougher. Weight depends upon breed, nutrition, and other factors, but usually ranges from 340 to 680 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are extensively used for scientific research, notably in physiology and psychology. They are also widely kept as pets for plumage and for racing. The pigeon's unique homing ability was recognized in Roman times, and the birds have been trained to return to the dovecote from as far away as 700 km. Even today, homing pigeons are used to carry messages, especially during war.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are easily trained to recognize &quot;home.&quot; The wing feathers are clipped and the birds are fed close to the dovecote; by the time they refledge, their homing instinct has been developed. Alternatively, newly captured pigeons may be trained by confining them to the dovecote for at least one week. At first, a little grain is provided in the morning (this is to ensure the birds will return to the coop). The birds can obtain the rest themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any waterproof house that is easy to clean is suitable for keeping pigeons. Many traditional dovecotes are built of earthenware pots. In Asia and Europe, wooden pigeon towers are generally used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike chickens, pigeons do not prefer communal roosts. Instead, they prefer nesting shelves, of which there should be two for each breeding pair. The shelves are usually placed in dark corners and are fitted with low walls to keep eggs from rolling out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grit is important in the diet, both to provide minerals and to allow the birds to grind feed in their gizzards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commercial squab breeds are often kept permanently in pens, a process that requires care and experience. Growers expect an average of 12-14 squab per pair per year, although much depends on environment and management. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds need fresh water daily and water for bathing at least weekly. Since they feed their young by regurgitation, the adults must have a continuous supply of clean drinking water. Orphan squab can be fed egg yolk until old enough to consume adult feeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like all poultry, confined pigeons must be provided enough supplemental feed to ensure a balanced diet. A mixture of whole grains can be fed for maximum production. It is important that grains be dry and free of mold (pigeons will not thrive on mash). Peas, beans, or similar pulses make good supplements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARRIER PIGEONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most people consider message-carrying pigeons to be a quaint anachronism. But in a few countries (both developed and developing) carrier pigeons are making a comeback, and in the future they may be used routinely once again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New techniques are making this process far more practical than before. For example, in the past the pigeons would be flown in one direction only. They were transported away from home and at the appropriate time released to find their way back. That was very limiting. But it has since been found that pigeons can be trained to carry messages in two directions: flying from one point to another and then back again. They will do it twice a day, and with almost perfect reliability. The key is to place the feeding station at one end and the nest at the other. This limits the pigeon's range, but they still can handle round-trip distances up to 160 km.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a little ingenuity, there is no need for a person to monitor the stations to receive the messages as the bird arrives. One simple technique is to arrange the station with one-way doors - one opening inwards, the other outwards. Placing a bar across the outward door means that the bird cannot get out until someone releases it. Thus the message can always be retrieved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This system has been employed in Puerto Rico and Guatemala, but it could be used almost anywhere. In many parts of the Third World, in particular, there are remote areas with no phones and with hilly, rough terrain where delivering messages can take hours of strenuous travel. Some locations are subject to unexpected isolation by natural calamities or military or terrorist actions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Puerto Rico, for instance, we kept pigeons in a village 32 km from the capital. The pigeons could get downtown in 20-30 minutes. It took us 1.5-2 hours each way by road. What was easy for the birds was a major trip for us. Pigeons carried the villagers' requests for certain foods and medicines. Our contact in the city then sent up the supplies by bus. The birds never let us down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carrier pigeons are useful for more than just flying far and fast. They have been bred for racing and their large pectoral muscles make them excellent meat producers - much better than the common pigeons normally raised for food. A pair of carriers typically will raise 12 - 16 young each year, and those not needed for message carrying can be butchered at 28 days of age - yielding meat that is nutritious and considered a delicacy in many countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Holderread&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Every day on the northwest coast of France, Petit Gendamme, a black and white carrier pigeon, flies on average 23 km between hospitals on his blood delivery route. Trussed in tiny hand-sewn harnesses, he and a flock of carrier pigeons set out (except during the hunting season) with little red tubes of blood secured to their breasts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;It's a simple, effective, and cost-saving transport system,&quot; said Yves Le Henaff, head of the Avranches Hospital laboratory, Cotentin, France, a central blood-testing center that serves a number of isolated medical centers along the coast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The service becomes particularly valuable during the summer tourist rush, when travellers flock to the seashore to visit nearby Mont Saint Michel, crowding the small country roads and increasing the risk of traffic accidents.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds' average flight time between the hospitals of Avranches and Granville, for example, a distance of about 27 km, is 20 minutes, including the time for harnessing up. And with a favorable western wind their best time can reach 11 minutes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While gasoline costs the equivalent of $0. 75 a lifer in France, hospital officials say that a few grains of corn is all it takes to run this operation. According to Le Henaff, who supervises the carrier pigeon operation, the hospital is saving up to $46 a day on gas and auto maintenance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 40-year-old Le Henaff got the idea five years ago from an article in a scientific journal describing a similar experiment in Britain. A year later, he and an associate called on the local seamstress to design a light harness that could hold a tube, which, when filled, weighs approximately 39 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The flock now consists of 40 veteran fliers and 20 carrier pigeons in training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And what if the winged creatures stray en route? Le Henaff has devised a fall-back option: two pigeons carry two different test tubes containing the same blood sample.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds fly every day of the year with the exception of the three-month autumn hunting season. Since the beginning of the experiment four years ago, there have been two casualties. Le Henaff believes the birds probably met their fate in some Normand's oven.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sometimes weather is a factor, and heavy fog can keep the delivery team grounded.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, the new job seems to benefit the pigeons, too. Unlike sickly city pigeons, whose average life span is about four years, well-cared-for carrier pigeons can live up to 15 years, Le Henaff said. &quot;And how many people do you know who are willing to stay with the same outfit for that long?&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sabine Maubouche&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;December 2, 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under extensive conditions - where the birds are released each day to feed themselves - almost no land is needed. Under intensive conditions, where the birds spend their lives in confinement, a mere half hectare can be enough space to raise 2,000 pairs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free-ranging pigeons forage over a wider area than most domestic fowl because they fly out to find their feed. Nutrient requirements3 are similar to those of chickens and other fowl (making allowance for the energy needed for flying), so commercial feed and other supplements - if needed at all - are generally available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In dovecote culture, pigeons require little or no handling. They brood the young with little intervention. Although not continuous, the production of meat from these fast-growing, rapidly reproducing birds is more sustained than with most livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost nowhere are there taboos against consuming pigeon meat. Prices received for squab are normally high, and in most places the demand is constant. The only limitation in some areas is the absence of an effective market, which is usually easy to create.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Squab contains a larger proportion of soluble protein and a smaller proportion of connective tissue than most meats and is therefore good for invalids and people with digestive disorders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As many hobbyists can testify, raising pigeons can be gratifying.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are subject to few diseases. However, worms, lice, diarrhea (coccidiosis), canker (trichomoniasis), and salmonella (paratyphoid) occur at some time in most domestic breeds. Salmonella exists in low levels in most flocks and will flare up if birds are stressed. Treatments recommended for domestic chickens are usually suitable for pigeons. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By flying over a wide area and eating grains and other foods, pigeons can cause conflicts with farmers. Indeed, in the 13th century the aristocracy's pigeons became a major grievance of the peasants who saw their seed devoured. On the other hand, &quot;croppers&quot; (breeds with large crops) were developed to steal grain from the lord's fields. The pigeon returned home and his crop was emptied of the grain, which was used by the peasant to make bread.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds can become nuisances. They leave droppings in annoying places, some people find them too noisy, and a few people are severely allergic to &quot;pigeon dust.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Every conceivable type of predator can be expected; therefore, precautions must be taken. The dovecote must be well protected against rats, which are the principal enemy of the eggs and the squabs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nesting birds need a high-protein diet to raise squab at the high rates of gain that are possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry researchers should study the increased role pigeons might play in Third World economic development. Nothing comparable to the sophisticated selection employed with the domestic chicken has so far been attempted. Given such attention the gains could be great.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among pressing research needs are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Breeding. This needs to be better understood. For example, the effects of hybridization and inbreeding need clarification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Environmental limits. Little work has been done outside the temperate regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Diseases. These deserve increased attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also the potential of &quot;dovecotes&quot; for wild pigeons. Numerous local species are well adapted to local conditions, and these deserve to be tested for &quot;domestication.&quot;4 Many wild species quickly lose their fear of man, and in time they can even become too fat to fly. Wild pigeons are already found throughout the humid tropics and are trapped for meat and rearing in New Guinea and other places. They are already an important food source for many subsistence farmers and shifting cultivators, and with some dovecote management could provide a greater, more dependable source of food and income. The potential for domesticating local pigeon species, especially those suited to the tropics, deserves exploration. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11 Quail</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g014a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native to Asia and Europe, quail' (Coturnix coturnix2) have been farmed since ancient times, especially in the Far East. They reproduce rapidly and their rate of egg production is remarkable. They are also robust, disease resistant, and easy to keep, requiring only simple cages and equipment and little space. Yet they are not well known around the world and deserve wider testing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are so precocious that they can lay eggs when hardly more than 5 weeks old. It is said that about 20 of them are sufficient to keep an average family in eggs year-round. Quail eggs are very popular in Japan, where they are packed in thin plastic cases and sold fresh in many food stores. They are also boiled, shelled, and either canned or boxed like chicken eggs. Quail eggs are excellent as hors d'oeuvres and they also are used to make mayonnaise, cakes, and other prepared foods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In France, Italy, the United States, and some countries in Latin America (Brazil and Chile, for example) as well as throughout Asia, it is the meat that is consumed. It is particularly delicious when charcoal broiled. One company in Spain annually processes 20 million quail for meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the domesticated strains seem to have originated in China, and migrating Chinese carried them throughout Asia. Today, millions of domestic quail are reared in Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indochina, Philippines, and Malaysia, as well as in Brazil and Chile. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commercial production is carried out, as in the chicken industry, in specialized units involving hatcheries, farms, and factories that process eggs and meat. However, quail have outstanding potential for village and &quot;backyard&quot; production as well. It is this aspect that deserves greater attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail come in various sizes. The smaller types are used for egg production, whereas the larger ones are better for meat. Adult females of improved meat strains may weigh up to 500 g. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several color varieties. However, mature females are characterized by a tan-colored throat and breast, with black spots on the breast. Mature males, which are slightly smaller than females, have rusty-brown throats and breasts. All mature males have a bulbous structure, known as the foam gland, located at the upper edge of the vent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the United States, the Pharaoh strain is the bird of choice for commercial production. Other available strains tend to be bred more for fancy than for food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail eggs are mottled brown, but some strains have been selected for white shells. These eggs are often preferred by consumers and are easier to candle (the process of holding eggs up to a light to check for interior quality and stage of incubation). An average egg weighs 10 g - about 8 percent of the female's body weight. (By comparison, a chicken egg weighs about 3 percent of the hen's body weight.) Quail chicks weigh merely 5-6 g when hatched and are normally covered in yellowish down with brown stripes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ancestral wild species is widely distributed over much of Europe and Asia as well as parts of North Africa. Although domestic quail are now available almost everywhere, Japan is probably the world leader in commercial production; quail farms are common throughout its central and southern regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not endangered. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p149a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are hardy birds that, within reasonable limits, can adapt to many different environments. However, they prefer temperate climates; the northern limit of their winter habitat is around 38ÃN.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A quail's diet in the wild consists of insects, grain, and various other seeds. To thrive and reproduce efficiently in captivity, it needs feeds that are relatively high in protein.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The females mature at about 5-6 weeks of age and usually come into full egg production by the age of 50 days. With proper care, they will lay 200-300 eggs per year, but at that rate they age quickly. The life span under domestic conditions can be up to 5 years. However, second-year egg production is normally less than half the first year's, and fertility and hatchability fall sharply after birds reach 6 months of age, even though egg and sperm production continue. Thus, the commercial life is only about a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crosses between the wild and domestic stocks produce fertile hybrids. Repeated backcrossing to either wild quail or domestic quail is successful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only females hatch the eggs and raise the chicks. Males go off and court other females when their partners begin the nesting process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail eggs taste like chicken eggs. They are often served hard boiled, pickled, fried, or scrambled. Because of their size they make attractive snacks or salad ingredients. They provide an alternative for some people who are allergic to chicken eggs. On frying, the yolk hardens before the albumen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail meat is dark and can be prepared in all of the many ways used for chicken. The two meats are similar in taste, although quail is slightly gamier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its hardiness, small size, and short life cycle, quail are now commonly used as an experimental animal for biological research and for producing vaccines - especially the vaccine for Newcastle disease, to which quail are resistant. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many fanciers and hobbyists have also become interested in raising this adaptable species as a pet. Science teachers find it an excellent subject for classroom projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;QUAIL IN JAPAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some areas of Japan, quail are widely raised for their eggs and meat. However, Japanese originally valued the quail as a songbird. Tradition has it that about 600 years ago people began to enjoy its rhythmic call. In the feudal age, raising song quail became particularly popular among Samurai warriors. Contests were held to identify the most beautiful quail song and birds with the best voices were interbred in closed colonies. Even photostimulation was practiced to induce singing in winter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Around 1910, enthusiastic breeders produced the present domestic Japanese quail from the song quail. It was created as a food source and became a part of Japanese cuisine. During World War II it was almost exterminated, but Japanese quail breeders restored it from the few survivors and from birds imported from China. The original song quail, however, were lost. In the 1960s, commercial quail flocks rapidly recovered and Japan's quail population again reached its prewar level of about 2 million birds. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A QUAIL IN EVERY POT: AN OLD DELICACY FINDS A NEW PUBLIC&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For centuries, quail were considered a great delicacy: a dish that only eminent chefs would cook and diners with an appreciative palate could enjoy. These small migratory birds, which are found in one variety or another throughout the world, were available until recently almost exclusively to hunters in the wild.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But now quail are in danger: in danger of becoming commonplace.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the last few years, quail have gone from being rarefied to a supermarket specialty item. They are on menus in the most elegant restaurants and the most casual cafes and bistros.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Why so much interest?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are now available semi-boneless, which makes them faster and easier to cook, and easier to eat as well. The breastbones are removed by hand before the birds are packaged and shipped to stores. The bones in the wings and legs remain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A stainless-steel V-shaped pin - invented and patented by a restaurant chef who wanted a way to keep quail flat for grillingâ is inserted into the breast. The pin can be left there throughout cooking and removed just before serving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While whole quail might require 45 minutes to cook, the semi-boneless variety can be grilled in less than 10 minutes, or pan-roasted, braised or sauteed in less than 20 minutes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The flavor of farm-raised quail has also helped bring them into the mainstream. Most farm-raised quail have tender meat like the dark meat of chicken, whose flavor is enjoyed by many people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And at a time when people are searching for foods, specifically animal protein, with low fat and cholesterol, quail fills the bill. The Agriculture Department says that quail skin has about 7 percent fat, about the same as dark meat of roasted chicken without the skin.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Judith Banrett Adapted from The New York Times &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;June 21, 1989&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is necessary to keep quail in battery cages on wire floors because males secrete a sticky foam (from the foam gland) with their feces; on a solid floor, this adheres to the feet and collects dung, leading to crippling and breakage of eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult quail can live and produce successfully if they are allowed 80 cm2 of floor space per bird. However, for reproduction about twice that is needed to allow for mating rituals.3 If properly mated, high fertility rates and good egg hatchability can be expected. To obtain fertile eggs, one male is needed for roughly six females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eggs hatch in about 17 days. Chicks require careful attention. Brooding temperatures of between 31 C and 35 C  are needed for the first week and above 21 C for the second week. From the second week on, chicks can survive at room temperature. (These temperatures are similar to those required for common chickens.) In cold climates, supplemental heat may be needed as well as protection from cool drafts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clean water must be provided at all times, with care taken to prevent the chicks from drowning in their water troughs. Shallow trays, jar lids, or pans filled with marbles or stones may be used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail production can be started with little money. These easy-care birds can be housed in small, simple, inexpensive cages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, they are resistant to Newcastle disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SIX OF ONE, HALF A DOZEN OF THE OTHER&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that chickens can be crossed with quail has been known for some time, but there has been little attempt to develop the fertile hybrids. Now Malaysia has begun a project aimed at producing a new poultry bird - a cross between a cockerel and a hen quail. Zainal Abidin bin Mohd Noor, of the Department of Veterinary Services in Kuala Lumpur, is creating a strain that produces eggs of good quality and meat with the flavor of both parents. The new bird is intermediate in size between chicken and quail which is convenient because it is about right for an individual helping.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The crossbreeding is done through artificial insemination. The progeny exhibit a range of appearances, sizes, and plumage colors, depending on the strains of cockerel and quail hens used. In the Malaysian research, cockerels have been local Ayam Kampung Bantam, Hybro, and Golden Comet hybrids. The quails have been local inbred Japanese quail (IJQ) and imported meat strain quail (IMSQ).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The trials show that the hybrids derived from the IMSQ flocks grew faster and bigger than those from the IJQ cross. The best have been the Hybro x IMSQ crosses, which weigh 475 g at 10 weeks of age. The best of the IJQ group weighed 290 g during the same period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This type of &quot;tropical game hen&quot; might be a way to introduce hybrid vigor into poultry production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The researchers who developed the hybrid have named it the &quot;yamyuh.&quot; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although generally disease resistant, quail are affected by several common poultry diseases, including salmonella, cholera, blackhead, and lice. They also suffer epidemic mortality from &quot;quail disease&quot; (ulcerative enteritis), which can, however, be controlled with antibiotics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail seem to require more protein than chickens, and produce best when given feed that is fairly high in protein.4 However, they also perform satisfactorily when fed rations designed for turkeys. They have high requirements for vitamin A, which they do not store.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are not suitable as free-ranging &quot;scavengers.&quot; They must be kept confined, which is a major constraint. Unlike chickens or pigeons, they have no homing instinct and will not remain on a given site; if released, they will be lost. In addition, since they nest on the ground, they are highly susceptible to predation; they must be protected, especially where certain animals, the mongoose for example, are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Artificial incubation is essential. Natural incubation using the female is futile; the females do not go broody and rarely incubate their eggs. The shells are extremely thin, but the eggs can be incubated under a small chicken hen, such as a bantam.5 The eggs are also subject to minute fractures. However, the shell membrane is extremely tough and unfertilized eggs are generally unaffected, but the cracks cause fertilized embryos to dehydrate and die. This is a serious limitation. Whenever quail husbandry is introduced, artificial incubation should be included.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail deserve to be included in all poultry research aimed at helping the Third World. Through its international scientific program, Japan, in particular, could apply to developing nations its vast experience with quail farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiences with quail in the tropics (for example, Japanese farmers in the Amazon Basin) and in tropical highlands (for instance, in India, Nepal, or Central Africa) should be collected and assessed to improve understanding of the environmental limits to Third World quail farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cooperation between commercial and laboratory quail breeders should be encouraged. Mutants found at the commercial level would be useful for laboratory work. Conversely, introducing new stocks could help the farmer. In both cases, more genetic diversity might also lead to the production of hybrid vigor, and genetic variability would be conserved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sex-linked genes, if they can be found, would be useful to the commercial quail breeder for the rapid sexing of newly hatched chicks. This could lead to more efficient production techniques, like those in the chicken industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although virtually all work to date has been on the Japanese quail, other species and subspecies warrant research and testing. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">12 Turkey</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g015a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is well-known in North America and Europe, but in the rest of the world, especially in developing countries, its potential has been largely overlooked. Partly, this is because chickens are so familiar and grow so well that there seems no reason to consider any other poultry. Partly, it is because modern turkeys have been so highly bred for intensive production that the resulting birds are inappropriate for home production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, there is a much wider potential role for turkeys in the future. There are types that thrive as village birds or as scavengers, but these are little known even to turkey specialists. These primitive types are probably the least studied of all domestic fowl; little effort has been directed at increasing their productivity under free-ranging conditions. However, they retain their ancestral self-reliance and are widely used by farmers in Mexico. That they are unrecognized elsewhere is a serious oversight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native to North America, the turkey was domesticated by Indians about 400 BC, and today's Mexican birds seem to be direct descendants.' Unlike the large-breasted, modern commercial varieties, they mate naturally and they retain colored feathers and a narrow breast configuration. Their persistence in Mexico after 500 years of competition with other poultry highlights their adaptability, ruggedness, and usefulness to people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds complement chicken production. They are able to thrive under more arid conditions, they tolerate heat better, they range farther, and they have higher quality meat. Also, the percentage of edible meat is much greater than that from a chicken. Turkey meat is so low in fat that in the United States, at least, it is making strong inroads into markets that previously used chicken exclusively. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkeys are natural foragers and can be kept as scavengers. Indeed, they thrive best where they can rove about, feeding on seeds, fresh grass, other herbage, and insects. As long as drinking water is available, they will return to their roost in the evening.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appreciation for the turkey could rise rapidly. Interest already has been shown by several African nations. A French company has created a strain of self-reliant farm turkeys and is exporting them to developing countries.2 Researchers in Mexico are displaying increased interest in their national resource. And as knowledge and breeding stock continue to be developed, it is likely that village turkeys will become increasingly popular around the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modern turkey breeding has been so dominated by selection for increased size and muscling that commercial turkeys have leg problems and cannot mate naturally (they are inseminated artificially). These highly bred birds are adapted for large-volume intensive production, and must be raised with care. As noted, this chapter emphasizes the more self-reliant, less highly selected turkeys found in Mexico and a few other Latin American countries. They do not require artificial insemination, and with little attention can care for themselves and their young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fully grown &quot;criollo&quot; turkeys of Mexico are less than half the size of some improved strains. Males weigh between 5 and 8 kg; females, between 3 and 4 kg.3 They vary in color from white, through splashed or mottled, to black. The skin of the neck and head is bare, rough, warty, and blue and red in color. A soft fleshy protuberance at the forehead (the snood) resembles a finger. In males it swells during courtship. The front of the neck is a pendant wattle. A bundle of long, coarse bristles (the beard) stands out prominently from the center of the breast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The unimproved domestic turkey is essentially limited to central Mexico and scattered locations throughout nearby Latin American countries. Some village birds are also kept in India, Egypt, and other areas, but these are descended from semi-improved strains exported from North America and Europe in earlier times. Generally speaking, few turkeys are found in tropical countries outside Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated turkeys are not endangered; there are estimated to be about 124 million in the world. However, the wild Mexican varieties, ancestors to the first domesticated turkeys sent to Europe, may now be endangered since their distribution in southwestern Mexico has been greatly reduced. Certainly, some primitive domestic strains in the uplands of central Mexico are also being depleted. A separate type, independently domesticated by the Pueblo Indians of the southwestern United States, seems to have disappeared entirely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkeys can be reared virtually anywhere. Their natural habitat is open forest and wooded areas of the North American continent, but in Mexico they are raised from sea level to over 2,000 m altitude, from  rainforest to desert, and from near-temperate climates to the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p159a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The original distribution of the turkey and the occellated&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The range of diet is broad. Turkeys eat greens, fruits, seeds, nuts,  grasses, berries, roots, insects (locusts, cicadas, crickets, and  grasshoppers, for example), worms, slugs, and snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction is generally seasonal and is stimulated by increasing  daylength. (A minimum daylength of 12 hours is required.) The birds  can reach sexual maturity at six months of age and may start breeding at  this time. Ten days after first mating, the hen searches out a nest and  commences laying. Industrial birds in temperate climates lay, on  average, 90 eggs a year. The nondescript type of turkey in the tropics  seldom lays more than 20 small eggs (weighing about 60 am) before  going broody.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic turkeys walk rather than fly, and find almost all their food  on the ground. They can, however, fly short distances to avoid  predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The commercial birds have lost many abilities for survival in the wild;  they can no longer exist without human care. However, village types  can do well with little management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkeys prefer to make their own nests but can be induced to lay in a  convenient spot if provided with nest boxes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are raised almost exclusively for meat. In many countries,  they are a treat for holidays, birthdays, and weddings. In their native  range of Mexico and Central America, the &quot;unimproved&quot; birds are  usually produced as a cash crop for market. They receive little care or  feed, and thus they are almost all profit - providing a significant income  supplement to many rural homes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The principles of turkey management (nutrition, housing, rearing' and prevention of disease, for example) are basically the same as those for other poultry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mexico, turkeys are usually kept under free-ranging conditions around houses and villages. Some shelter and kitchen scraps are occasionally provided. A number of them, however, are confined in backyards as protection from marauders and for shelter against rain and wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One male can service up to 12 females. Roomy nests are needed. (As a rule, turkeys require three times the space occupied by chickens.) Most range turkeys are corralled when they begin to lay, so as to protect them from predators. Eggs may be gathered to prevent broodiness and thereby increase production. The eggs may be kept for several days (cool, but not refrigerated) if turned daily, and then may be placed under a chicken hen. (A setting chicken can be used this way to hatch up to nine eggs at a time.) Hatching takes 28 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As in other birds, newly hatched turkeys (poults) must be kept warm during the first weeks of life. Until they begin foraging and have full access to pasture they are usually fed broken grain or fine mash, as well as finely chopped, tender green feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although free-ranging turkeys are simple to raise, confined turkeys require more complex management. The birds need uncrowded, well ventilated conditions and should be on a wire or slatted floor to reduce parasitic infections. Any feeds recommended for chicks are suitable, but the protein content should be somewhat higher; that is, about 27 percent. They can be fed mixed grains, corn, and chopped legume hay. It may be necessary to provide vitamin supplements and antibiotics and take steps to prevent coccidiosis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;AN INCOMPARABLY FINER BIRD&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The turkey was domesticated in Mexico some time before the Conquest. It is the one and only important domestic animal of North American origin. When the Spanish arrived, they found barnyard turkeys in the possession of Indians in all parts of Mexico and even in Central America. However, the Aztecs and the Tarascans, originating in west-central Mexico, seemed to have achieved the highest development of turkey culture, and it is probable that turkeys were domesticated in the western highlands, perhaps in Michoacan. Wild turkeys of that region are morphologically very similar to the primitive domestic bronze type. Both the Aztecs and Tarascans kept great numbers of the birds, including even white ones. They paid royal tribute to their respective kings in turkeys, according to the Relacion de Michoacan. The Tarascan king fed turkeys to the hawks and eagles in his zoo. The economy of some highland tribes was based on the cultivation of corn and the raising of turkeys.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Starker Leopold&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE INDUSTRIAL TURKEY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The modern domesticated turkey is thought to be descended from two differing wild subspecies, one found in Mexico and Central America and the other in the United States. The southern type is small, whereas the U.S. native is larger and has a characteristic bronze plumage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexican turkeys were exported to Europe soon after the Conquest, and spread rapidly. In the 17th century, some were returned to North America, where they interbred with the eastern subspecies of wild turkey, producing a heavier bird, which was then re-exported to Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These types underwent little change until this century, when the Englishman Jesse Throssel bred them for meat quality. In the 1920s, he brought his improved birds to Canada, where their large size and broad breasts quickly made them foundation breeding stock. Crossed with the narrow-breasted North American types, these heavily muscled meat birds quickly supplanted other varieties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;About the same time, the U.S. Department of Agriculture began the scientific development of a smaller meat turkey derived from a more diverse genetic base. By the 1950s, the Beltsville Small Whites predominated in the home consumption market in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds are efficient and generally take care of themselves. They tolerate dry, hot, or cold climates and forage farther than chickens. They are large, fast growing, highly marketable, low in fat, and tasty. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE TURKEY'S TROPICAL COUSIN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ocellated turkey (Agriocharis ocellata) occurs in Yucatan, Guatemala, and Belize. It is much like the common turkey in size, form, and behavior: however, unlike the common turkey, which in Mexico lives in the high mountain pine and oak forests, the ocellated turkey inhabits bushy, semiforested lowlands. This splendid bird lacks the kind of beard sported by the common turkey gobbler, is generally more metallic in appearance, and has brighter coppery colors. The chief character is a neck and head that are bare, blue, and profusely covered with coral-colored pimples. It also has a yellow-tipped protuberance growing on the crown between the eyes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is worthy of investigation by poultry researchers because it might prove to be domesticable. It was possibly domesticated by the Mayas, whose ruins often include appropriately sized stone enclosures whose soil has elevated levels of phosphorus and potassium. Even today, in the rural Peten area of Guatemala, ocellated turkeys are sometimes kept around houses as scavengers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young birds are readily affected by temperature changes and must be protected from the sun as well as from sudden chills, such as may occur at night. They are particularly susceptible to dampness, especially if associated with cold. One peculiarity is the turkey's aversion to any change in feeding routine or the nature of the food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young turkeys are susceptible to parasitic infestation as well as to the same type of bacterial and virus diseases as chickens (for example, fowlpox and coccidiosis). Blackhead, a devastating disease of young turkeys, is carried by a common parasitic nematode, and can be contracted from chickens. Medicines are available to prevent or treat most disease and pest problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkey development is almost nonexistent in the Third World (and much of the rest of the world, too). Although commercial turkeys are highly developed in some countries, little or no research has been conducted on the criollo turkey. Research on physiology, disease, and husbandry of the criollo turkey should be given high priority.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need for conservation of genetic variability is perhaps more critical in this species than in almost any other domesticated animal. The unimproved types in Mexico should be collected and assessed, and a program to conserve the stocks should be initiated. An analysis should also be made of the traditional management and performance of these birds. In addition, the four or five recognized turkey subspecies should be evaluated for their potential as seed stock for Third World countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">13 Potential New Poultry</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g016a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several preceding chapters have discussed the possibilities of domesticating certain wild birds.l Here, briefly, are highlighted other wild species with qualities that might make them suitable for sustained production. It should be understood that their practical use in the long run is pure speculation; they are included here merely to guide those interested in exploring the farthest frontiers of livestock science.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collectively, poultry have become the most useful of all livestockâ and the most widespread. Yet only a handful of species are employed. Of the 9,000 bird species, only a few (for instance, chickens, ducks, geese, muscovies, pigeons, and turkeys) have been domesticated for farm use. Strictly speaking, all birds are edible - at least none have poisonous flesh - so it seems illogical to conclude that these are the only likely candidates. Perhaps they are not even the best.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At first sight there may seem to be little need for new species, but poultry meat is in ever increasing demand and there are many niches where the main species are stricken by disease, or are afflicted by heat, humidity, altitude problems, or other hazards. For these areas, a new species might become a vital future resource. Perhaps some could even become globally important. The modern guinea fowl, for example, is a relative newcomer as a worldwide resource (see page 120).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds now used as poultry were domesticated centuries ago by people unaware of behavior modification, nutrition, genetics, microbiology, disease control, and the other basics of domestication. Today we can tame species that they couldn't. In particular, the new understanding of &quot;imprinting&quot; may make the domestication of birds easier today than ever before. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this highly speculative concept, the birds described on the following pages are worth considering. They all eat vegetation and tend to live in flocks, which makes them likely to be easy to feed and to keep in crowded conditions. Most are sedentary, nonmigratory, and poor fliers. All but three (tinamous, sand grouse, and trumpeters) are gallinaceous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gallinaceous birds are already the most important to people. The best known are chickens, turkeys, quail, and guinea fowl. But there are about 240 other species. Most are chickenlike: heavy bodied with short, rounded wings, and adapted for life on the ground. Although some are solitary, many are sociable. Basically vegetarian, they also eat insects, worms, and other invertebrates. The young birds are extremely precocious, walking and feeding within hours of hatching. All of these are advantageous traits for domestication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Game birds are also emphasized here. Many today are considered gourmet delights, and this should give them a head start in the marketplace. Indeed, some are already being raised in a small way on game farms and are at least partly on the way to domestication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHACHALACAS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These brownish birds (Ortalis vetula and nine other species) are found throughout Central and South America, and, given research, could possibly be raised on a large scale. A sort of &quot;tropical chicken,&quot; they tame easily, live together in dense populations, and protect their chicks extremely well. They commonly scavenge around houses and people often put out scraps to feed them.2 The chicks are easily hatched, grow fast, and can be fed standard chicken rations.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is already considerable demand for these birds. Everywhere they are found, they are prized as food. In some areas they constitute the single most important game species, and are heavily hunted to supply local communities. Although they have less meat than a chicken, it is tastier and darker.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chachalacas are very adaptable. They occur mainly around forest edges and thrive in the thickets that appear after tropical forests have been felled. They do well close to humans, and their populations are not threatened, despite much hunting. Indeed, they seem well adapted to existence around villages and towns. Although not strong fliers, they are one of the few tree-roosting gallinaceous species. Primarily fruit eaters, they also consume tender leaves, twigs, and buds, and they scratch up the ground, presumably for insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although excitable and noisy, chachalacas become remarkably tame when fed by people. In a few cases, full domestication has almost been reached. Farmers like to have chachalacas around and have even used them to guard domestic chickens. These very raucous and fearless birds will take on all potential threats, even weasels.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GUANS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Close relatives of the chachalacas, guans5 are glossy black birds about the size of small geese. They are highly gregarious and perhaps could be raised in larger numbers. They commonly live around houses, farms, and settlements in their native region of tropical America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike most game birds, guans are chiefly tree dwellers, but they also feed on the ground. Some 12 species are known. All are relentlessly hunted for food and sport - their tameness and inability to fly far or fast making them easy targets. The rapid destruction of tropical forests threatens their populations in some parts of their range. Conservation projects and specific plans of action are being proposed for the most threatened species. Perhaps for the other species, game-ranching projects or even outright domestication might provide just the right incentive for their protection and multiplication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CURASSOWS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Curassows are also relatives of guans and chachalacas, but they are even larger - up to 1 m tall and 5 kg in weight. At least seven species are found over the vast area from northern Mexico to southern South America.6 Among them are Latin America's finest game birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It might be possible to produce curassows in organized farming or ranching. They are commonly called &quot;tropical turkeys&quot; because they look like and run like turkeys. Indeed, Latin Americans normally refer to them as &quot;pavos&quot; or &quot;pavones,&quot; as if they were the real thing. Their plumage ranges from deep blue to black, invariably with a purple gloss, and all have rather curly crests on their heads. They are not good fliers and spend most of their time on the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Curassows are increasingly hunted; their tropical forest habitat is shrinking, and the subsequent loss of populations is a calamity. They are special targets, not only because they are large but also because their light-colored flesh makes exceptional eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is hope that these large wild fowls can be raised and managed in organized programs. Even now, people commonly keep them around their farms and villages. For example, on a number of Venezuelan ranches, yellow-raped curassows can be seen wandering around the cattle yards as if they were chickens.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOREST BIRD RANCHING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has intentionally focused on intensive farming - the type where people bring feed to animals in captivity. However, where this normal type of farming is of marginal value, `'ranching'' free-ranging birds may often be a more effective option. In this, the farmer simply monitors and improves the condition of the range and devises methods to harvest the birds on a sustainable basis. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Bird ranching&quot; may today have outstanding merit, particularly in tropical rainforests. Hence, in this chapter we emphasize birds of the jungle. These might help make standing rainforests profitable producers of income, and thereby provide economic incentives to stop felling trees for cow pastures. Indeed, forest birds might become part of a whole new &quot;salvation farming'' that makes forests more valuable than fields. It is a technique that may contribute to preserving both bird life and its vitally valuable habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MEGAPODES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Megapodes (family Megapodiidae) include some of the world's most interesting birds. They have temperature-sensitive beaks and employ nature's own heat sources as incubators. The best-known species build piles of leaves and use the heat of decomposition to incubate their eggs. The species of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, however, take advantage of sun-warmed sand or even geothermal activity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People have long revered these birds. Aborigines in Australia, Melanesians in New Guinea, and many Micronesians all protect the bizarre nesting sites, and &quot;farm&quot; them for eggs. Local people consider the large eggs special delicacies, and sometimes the egg-laying sites are owned and exploited for generations without a single bird being killed for food.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Programs that provide sustainable supplies of eggs have been established in Papua New Guinea. One is near Mt. Tovarvar, a simmering volcano on the island of New Britain. Here, megapodes gather in large numbers to lay eggs in the hot sands. They dig until they locate sand that is exactly 32.7ÃC, before laying their huge (more than 10 cm long and 6 cm wide) pink eggs. Each year the villagers dig up some 2O,OOO eggs, which are an important source of protein and cash income. The government now regulates the harvest in a way that protects the bird population while supplying a nourishing food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Megapodes are found in only a few parts of the world, but projects such as those in Papua New Guinea provide hope and guidance not only for the sustainable &quot;ranching&quot; of megapodes, but also for other species elsewhere. Many wild birds yield locally important productsâ down, colored feathers, eggs, meat, and skins, and they make excellent songbirds and pets, for example. Their management on a sustainable basis may in certain cases be the key to turning local people into the most dedicated conservationists of all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PARTRIDGES AND FRANCOLINS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Partridges include many small game birds native to the Old World. They are robust, precocious, and larger than quails. Some lay many eggs - the European partridge, for example, lays up to 26 in a clutch. Newly hatched chicks are soon able to feed themselves and can fly within a few weeks, sometimes even within the first few days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species that may make useful poultry include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The European (or gray) partridge (Perdix perdix); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The rock partridge (Alectoris), bantamlike birds of Africa; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The chukar (A. graeca). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A native of the vast area from southeastern Europe to India and Manchuria, the chukar is stocked as a game bird in many countries. It is now produced routinely under poultrylike husbandry in many parts of the United States, not only for hunting clubs, but also for expensive food markets. The birds are generally raised on turkey rations and dress out at about 500 g after 18 weeks. They sell for more than broiler chickens and are a profitable sideline for increasing numbers of poultry farmers.9&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A group of closely related birds are the francolins (genus Francolinus), of which there are 34 species in Africa and 5 in West and South Asia. These adaptable birds are sturdy, live in a variety of habitats, and tend to be rather noisy. Basically, they are partridges with leg spurs. They are highly regarded as a food source and are hunted and trapped wherever they are found.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Francolins are much like quail, but are several times larger. Arabs introduced one of the most beautiful species (Francolinus francolinus) into southern Spain, Sicily, and Greece during the Middle Ages. However, it was hunted so heavily that it soon became extinct in Europe. More recently, francolins have been introduced to the Soviet Union.'Ã&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Francolins inhabit steppes, savannas, primeval forests, and mountains. They thrive in cultivated land with much cover. The clutch consists of 6-8 hard, thick-shelled eggs. In recent times at least one program to domesticate them for food has been started in Africa.11&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MALAYSIA'S MOBILE MOUSETRAP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the report emphasizes microlivestock as food suppliers, it should be realized that small animals - even wild ones - can have other important uses as welt The following interesting example, with possible worldwide implications, comes from recent experiences in Malaysia. *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Certain rodents are major pests on farms and plantations. Now, however, Malaysian zoologists are finding that owls, particularly barn owls (Tyto alba), can help control them. An owl pair and its chicks annually consume 1,500 or more rodents. This is not new knowledge; indeed, on farms throughout the world the barn owl has always been a welcome guest. What is new is that Malaysians are showing how outstandingly effective this process is, and they have initiated major projects to attract and maintain these feathered friends. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barn owls are found in many parts of the world, but were formerly almost unknown in Peninsular Malaysia. In 1969, however, a pair began nesting in an oil-palm plantation in Johore State. Since then, these birds have steadily increased in numbers and have spread throughout most of the peninsula. Today, the population is increasing remarkably quickly as more and more managers erect nest boxes for the owls to live in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The owls are proving to be a good way to remove rats and are notably effective in plantations of oil palm. They perch on fronds and fly under and between the rows of trees. A cost of $1 - $2 per hectare per year is all that is required to install nest boxes, a negligible outlay for the control of such a serious and expensive problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is believed that the barn owls hunt mainly in plantations and other agricultural areas and not in the rainforest. Barn owls are, after all primarily adapted to open spaces and not dense forest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps this experience can be replicated and adopted in other locations and with other crops. Grain crops - notably rice - are particularly prone to the ravages of rodents, and one trial has commenced in Selangor State in a rice area. The concept of using owls for rodent control is also catching on in the United States. Indeed owl nest boxes are being erected in Central Park in the heart of New York City.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PHEASANTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One pheasant, the red junglefowl, gave the world the chicken (see page 86). The other 48 species may have some potential, too. These are rarely seen forest birds; all but one are confined to Asia.13 Because they are prolific they can sustain heavy predation, and many species, notably the ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), are constantly hunted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People in several countries have learned to exploit pheasants on farms and estates. As a result, there is a vast amount of information on how to rear and manage these birds. So far, however, it has been applied only to sport hunting in wealthy societies; the potential of raising pheasants for the mass market should now be seriously addressed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most dramatic-looking pheasant, the peacock (Pavo cristatus), is raised as a poultry species in Vietnam. The meat of the young birds is considered outstanding. In fine restaurants in New York, a peacock dinner is reputed to cost $150. Common peafowls are considered sacred in many parts of India, where they have become so tame that they are essentially domesticated. They also control snakes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;QUAIL&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic quail have been previously described (page 146)J but dozens of wild quail species and subspecies occupy many different habitats and ecological niches in almost all parts of the world. Out of all this genetic wealth only one species - the Japanese quail - is widely used. Yet many other species seem easy to raise, becoming exceedingly tame after about the sixth generation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The management and even perhaps intensive production of these various local quails might provide long-term benefits for many developing nations. Quail meat ranks among the finest.14 Some of these lesser-studied birds are more meaty than the Japanese quail or have other possibly useful traits. Much is known about rearing a few of them because they are used in sport hunting or laboratory research. The possibility of domestication, therefore, is not farfetched.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Particular quail that might be considered for domestication are the lesser-known subspecies of Coturnix coturnix. These subspecies are found in various places, including the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Europe (C. c. coturnix breeds in the area ranging from northern Russia to North Africa and from the British Isles to Siberia. In winter it migrates to tropical Africa, Asia, and southern India.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Azores (C. c. conturbans) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands (C. c. confisa) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Cape Verde Islands (C. c. inopinata) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- East Africa (C. c. erlangeri) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Tropical Africa, southern Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius (C. c. africana) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Japan (C. c. japonica, the most probable ancestor of the domesticated quail)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- China (C. c. ussuriensis, a possible ancestor of the domesticated Japanese quail)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TINAMOUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tinamous are quail-like birds of Central and South America's forests and grasslands. They are, however, much larger than quail and resemble small chickens, with plump bodies and no visible tail. There are more than 40 species, and all are much sought for food because their meat is tender and flavorful. The breast is surprisingly large, and its flesh is pale and translucent. One species, the great tinamou (Tinamus major), has been called &quot;the most perfect of birds for culinary purposes.&quot; Frozen tinamous from Argentina were formerly sold in the United States under the name &quot;South American quail.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tinamous are found mainly in tropical areas, but are also widely distributed in Argentina and Chile. They dwell in varied habitats: rainforests, thickets, bushlands, savannas, and grasslands up to 5,000 m altitude in the Andes. Some species sleep in trees, others on the ground. They spend their days creeping about in heavy cover, flying only when forced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At least some species tame readily. Indeed, during the nesting period males become so tractable that they can be picked up off the nest. At the turn of the century, many tinamous were raised as game birds in France, England, Germany, and Hungary. However, for reasons unknown, subsequent attempts to settle them in Europe have failed. Tinamous have been raised in Canada without undue difficulty; they showed little or no stress under captivity and there were few losses.15&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tinamous may also prove suitable for egg production. They lay clutches of 16-20 spectacular-looking shiny eggs that seem to be made of sky-blue and bright-green ceramic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAND GROUSE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sand grouse (mainly Pterocles species) are highly adapted to life in arid regions - desert, dry grasslands, arid savanna, and bushveld. Their entire body (including most of the bill and feet) is covered with dense down, which in the desert insulates them from the burning heat of midday and the freezing cold of night. It also protects the nostrils against blowing sand and dust.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These pigeonlike birds are found throughout the drier regions of Africa and Asia - for instance, the Sahara, Kalahari, Namib, Arabian, and Thar deserts. They live mainly on small seeds, and sometimes flocks of thousands may be seen at waterholes, flying in for a drink from up to 80 km away. For peoples of the driest spots on earth, these birds may make a useful food species: for one thing, they are not endangered. Indeed, they are proliferating as drought and overgrazing is increasing the amount of dry, desolate rangeland that they prefer. The bore holes provided for livestock have both boosted their populations and afforded a place where these wide-ranging birds can be easily captured. When nesting, sand grouse are highly vulnerable to foxes, jackals, mongooses, and other predators. Protection of the nesting sites may be the key to maintaining their populations if harvesting schemes are introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TRUMPETERS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trumpeters (Psophia species) might prove to be a useful species for sustainable production within tropical forests. As &quot;tree poultry,&quot; these relatives of cranes could help provide meat without destroying the trees, as is now done to raise cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These chicken-sized birds inhabit South America's jungles.16 They are nonmigrating, ground-dwelling, and are often kept as pets, notably by Amerindians. Under human protection, trumpeters become very tame. They recognize strangers and challenge them with a loud cackle. 17 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fully adapted to the forest environment, they can run fast, but fly poorly. In the wild, this makes them easy targets for hunters. Because of this and the fact that they make excellent eating, they are approaching extinction in some areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No attempts have been made to rear these birds in numbers, but this should be tried. They feed mainly on plant materials, particularly berries of all kinds. They also relish grasshoppers, spiders, and centipedes, and are particularly fond of termites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trumpeters require trees; they completely avoid cultivated land. Thus, as the destruction of forests in South America continues, their habitat is shrinking. Although their existence is not as yet threatened, the long-term prognosis is bleak. If managed in &quot;forest-ranching&quot; programs, however, they might be saved from extinction and thriving populations built up. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interest in rabbits continues to increase. It is now widely recognized that the raising of small animals in developing countries has great potential as a means of improving human nutrition and economic security. The famines in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia starkly illuminate the need for maximum efficiency in food production to maintain the quality of human life. Rabbit raising contributes to meeting these needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, N.M. Patton, S.D. Lukefahr, and J.I. McNitt Rabbit Production &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are especially well adapted to backyard rearing systems in which capital and fodder resources are usually limiting factors in animal production. When rabbits are reared according to the techniques appropriate to the environment they can do much to improve the family diet of many of the most needy rural families, while at the same time supplying them with a source of income. With more advanced technology rabbit production can also help to supply big city meat markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food and Agriculture Organization The Rabbit: Husbandry, Health, and Production &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g017a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part III : Rabbits</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contrary to popular opinion, the domestic rabbit is a substantial part of the world's meat supply. Annual production of rabbit meat is estimated to be one million metric tons, and the total number of rabbits is approximately 708 million.' However, rabbits are now intensively raised for food only in temperate, mostly industrialized, nations. France, Italy, and Spain, for example, have long consumed rabbit meat; West German production was 20,000 tons each year; Hungary raises rabbits in large numbers (two of its commercial rabbitries have more than 10,000 does each); and the United States raises almost 8.5 million rabbits each year for consumption in homes and restaurants.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most developing countries, on the other hand, rabbits are not well known - at least compared with other livestock. But they have great promise there, and in recent years there has been a dramatic increase in interest. For those developing countries where information is available, rabbit meat production almost doubled between 1966 and 1980. For instance, several African countries - among them Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Zambia - now have national rabbit-raising programs. A number of Asian countries - such as the Philippines, Indonesia, India, and Vietnam - are also encouraging rabbit farming. And some Latin American countries - Mexico, Costa Rica, and El Salvador, for instance - are actively promoting rabbits for subsistence farmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana is also extensively promoting rabbit farming. Although able to produce all the cereals its population needs, it cannot produce enough meat to satisfy demand. In response, the government organized &quot;Operation Feed Yourself.&quot; The National Rabbit Project was created &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hares&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The common hare (Lepus europus) has not been domesticated, but it is nevertheless a major cash crop of several countries. In Argentina, for example, there is a booming, million-dollar enterprise that exports hundreds of thousands of carcasses, mainly to Germany where they are sold as game meat. For Argentine campesinos, many of whom have few sources of livelihood, trapping hares provides a vital income. In New Zealand, too, hare has become an export item.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A closely related species (Lepus capensis) is native to Africa, and perhaps could be &quot;ranched in the same fashion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rainforest Rabbit&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The forest rabbit, or tapeti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis), is commonly eaten in its native habitat, which extends from southern Mexico to southern Brazil. It occurs in various hot and humid areas of Central and South America and probably within the Amazon Basin itself. Thus, this creature seems a possible candidate for a &quot;tropical rabbit&quot; that can be raised under sweltering conditions, perhaps even in rainforest regions. Although it seems to be heat resistant, it has an especially fine fur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is now known about the tapeti. It is rather secretive and its natural history and even its range are still uncertain. However, its populations appear stable and it is not threatened with extinction. It produces litters of 1 - 5 young after a 44-day gestation, and may bear 4 litters a year. This may seem a lot, but compared with other wild rabbits, the litter size is small and the gestation period long. under this program to provide farmers with breeding stock and practical information on rearing rabbits. (To qualify for the purchase of new breeding stock, would-be rabbit raisers are required to take an intensive three-day course in rabbit husbandry, which is provided at no charge.) With both official and popular support, the rabbit's potential for Ghana has been enhanced through media campaigns complete with radio jingles (examples: &quot;Get the bunny money!&quot; &quot;Grow rabbits - grow children.&quot; &quot;Get into the rabbit habit!&quot;), television spots, and large posters. Already, rabbit breeding is included in school curricula and rabbit meat is available in school lunches.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other countries have mounted similar campaigns. In Mexico, for instance, teachers raise rabbits in rural schools as a way of training students; scores of government officials have taken to breeding rabbits in their homes; and several army units are raising rabbits as mess-hall substitutes for costly beef, pork, and chicken. In Nigeria, farmers can now acquire rabbits from 18 government rabbit-breeding centers, which distribute thousands of animals each year. In Costa Rica, the government has similarly established a series of breeding, distribution, and rabbit-farming training centers. And in El Salvador, the technology of rabbit production is being transferred to farmers via the army.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although rabbits are ideal microlivestock in a general sense, rabbit rearing has many problems and limitations. Poor management is a common difficulty. Unlike the traditional method of keeping scavenger animals, rabbits have to be contained and cannot be left to find their own food. Raising rabbits requires more skills, more time, and much more effort than raising barnyard chickens or other familiar scavengers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For all that, rabbits produce more food than scavenging animals; they are less likely to damage crops because they are kept confined; they live exclusively on forage, which tends to grow vigorously in tropical zones; and they generally produce a more valuable product. The rabbit's potential is far from exploited, and rabbit farming will have to increase enormously before its promise for the small farms of the world is realized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is, however, an increasing concern over a recent outbreak of an exceptionally virulent viral rabbit disease - hemorrhagic tracheopneumonis, which attacks the lungs and lung tissue, killing 48 hours after the onset of symptoms. The virus, which has ravaged the animals in parts of Asia and Europe, was identified in China five years ago in Angora rabbits imported from Germany. It spread to Korea in 1986, and in early 1988 moved through southern and eastern Europe and spread as far as Egypt. It has also been identified in Mexico. Vaccination may become a future prerequisite of rabbit rearing in many countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAST FOOD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The order Lagomorpha includes more than 60 small quickmaturing, and rapidly reproducing species. It seems illogical to think that only one is useful as microlivestock. In principle, any rabbit, hare, or pike could be raised in captivity. All are clean, fast growing and rapid breeding. They are opportunistic feeders and can digest fibrous vegetation. Their meat tastes better than chicken and does not carry the stigma of rodent. The animals are small inoffensive, efficient at foraging, and generally tolerant of difficult environments. In theory, at least, they could be raised on vegetation not used by people or by many domesticated livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species worthy of exploratory research include the following.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">14 Domestic Rabbit</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g018a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)1 is suited to small-scale production and backyard farming. It is easily maintained, requires scant space, makes minimal demands on the family budget, and thrives on plant materials that are usually disdained by humans. It utilizes forage efficiently. even coarse vegetation that is high in fiber, and under ideal conditions it can grow so rapidly that its rate is only slightly lower than that of broiler chickens.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rabbit's capacity for reproduction is legendary. In theory, a single male and four females can produce as many as 3,000 offspring a year, representing some 1,450 kg of meat - as much as an average sized cow.3 The meat is pink, delicately flavored, and is usually considered a premium product that provides variety in the diet. It has more protein and less fat and calories per gram than beef, pork, lamb, or chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some breeds are raised for their wool. The long-haired Angora, for instance, yields a luxury fiber that makes a soft, lustrous fabric. It sells at high prices and makes these animals very valuable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbit pelts also bring cash. They are used in fur coats and other luxury garments. In addition, rabbit feet and tails are used in good luck charms and many curios.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are well known for their long ears, fluffy tails, and long hind legs. Many commercial breeds are white, although colored types are sometimes chosen because of special qualities in their meat or pelts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are many breeds and much genetic diversity within and between breeds. (Almost 160 varieties are recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association.) However, in both North America and Europe, the New Zealand White has traditionally displaced most other breeds for commercial meat production. This medium-weight breed bears large litters, is a good milk producer, and has good mothering ability. It reproduces best under intensive farming and, among purebreds, yields the most meat. A full-grown New Zealand White weighs 4-5 kg, giving about 2 kg of meat at 8-10 weeks of age. Large breeds include the Flemish Giant or the Checkered Giant, which weigh more than 6 kg at maturity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids are rapidly replacing purebreds in Europe for commercial production. Specific crosses of breeds have been shown experimentally to be more productive overall compared with purebred New Zealand Whites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Different meat breeds are preferred in various countries. For example, in Ghana the most popular are Flemish Giants, New Zealand Whites, Yellow Silvers, and Checkered Giants; in Tanzania and Nigeria, New Zealand Whites and Dutch are preferred; in China, Chinchillas and Japanese Large Whites are the most widely consumed. Some smaller breeds - for instance, the Polish - are also valuable for husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some Third World strains have already evolved. They show high tolerance to local conditions (for example, the Baladi - the main strain of the Sudan and the Near East - and the Criollo of Mexico). The Baladi has a small body and relatively low production, but it is hardy and tolerates harsh conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Specialized breeds have been developed for wool, fur, and laboratory research. The Angora wool breed has already been mentioned. The Rex breed produces a high-quality pelt used in furs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild ancestor of the domestic rabbit was originally restricted to Spain and Portugal. Today, its descendants are found worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Plentiful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic rabbits are best suited to temperate climates, but they do well in tropical and subtropical conditions if hutches are constructed and sited to take advantage of shade and cooling breezes. Ventilation is important (but care must be taken to avoid direct exposure to cold drafts). Prolonged exposure to temperatures higher than 30ÃC reduces both fertility and growth. Apparently, all breeds tolerate heat equally well. However, heat is shed through the ears, and the longer the ear, the more heat a rabbit will tolerate. Lop-eared varieties withstand heat poorly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits eat fibrous vegetation. In addition to normal feces, they produce special droppings called cecotropes. Softer and smaller than the regular fecal pellets, they are excreted in clusters and are swallowed as soon as they are eliminated. Cecotropes are rich in bacterial protein, and this double digestion (coprophagy) enables the animals to utilize the fermentation products formed in the cecum. This process is rather like that of ruminants, and rabbits are sometimes called pseudoruminants.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding begins at 4-6 months of age and may continue up to age 4, occasionally to age 6. Gestation takes 28-32 days. Females can conceive within 24 hours after giving birth and can produce a second litter merely 4 weeks later. With good feed and early rebreeding, 9 or more litters a year are possible. (Such a rate is only achievable under exceptional management, however.) Litter size depends on breed and body weight. Small breeds average 4 young per litter; large breeds 810. Births occur at any time of the year, but production slackens when the weather is exceptionally cold or hot, when feed is scarce, or when days are short. Extremes of heat or cold can also affect the survival of the young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits raised under subsistence conditions are likely to produce 4 or 5 litters a year, with an average of 5-8 young per litter' depending on management and feed quality.5 Annual production of about 20 weaned offspring per female per year under tropical and subtropical conditions is common. The young remain in the nest until they are 2-3 weeks old. Their eyes open at approximately 10 days of age. About 4 months are required to produce a 2-kg market rabbit under subsistence conditions. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits that receive human handling are very gentle and can be trained to live inside people's houses and even use a &quot;litter box.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are multipurpose animals yielding the following products:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Meat. Delicious hot or cold, fancy or plain, it can be breaded and fried, broiled, baked, or barbecued.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Wool. The fineness of rabbit hair is an asset in the production of wool, which is the plucked or shaved hair of the long-haired Angora breed. It is usually mixed with fine Merino sheep wool to give more substance and to improve its wearing quality. An average Angora rabbit produces about 850 g of wool each year. (Some specimens produce as much as 1,000 g.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Fur. The fur is dense.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Leather or vellum. Rabbit hide has the tension and strength required for tiny drive-belts in tape recorders and other delicate machines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Fertilizer. Rabbit manure often contains high proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash, and it comes in convenient drypellet form.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Tourist charms. In many societies, rabbits are connected with good luck. Feet and tails are used for car decorations, key chains, charms, and mementos that appeal to tourists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are also used in biochemical and physiological research.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits can be housed in hutches ranging from sophisticated commercial cages to simple packing crates with a few ventilation holes and rough troughs for food and water. In all cases, watertight roofing is essential. A floor space of only 0.25 mÃ is sufficient for one rabbit, but about 1 mÃ is recommended for a female and her young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting small-scale rabbit production is generally inexpensive. An almost infinite variety of backyard feeding and drinking equipment can be made from various scrap items, such as old bottles. The main criteria are that cleaning should be easy and spillage minimized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In practice, diets can be based largely on herbage: grass, leaves, legumes, crop residues, and kitchen scraps. However, the diet must be wholesome, and caged rabbits fed on forage usually need some grain or agricultural by-products (rice bran, for instance) as a dietary supplement. Supplementation is particularly important for newborns and lactating females, whose diet must contain about 16 percent protein and at least 18 percent fiber. When &quot;noncommercial&quot; feeds are used, salt must be added to prevent salt deficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of higher protein content, legumes (for instance, alfalfa, cowpea, vetch, or pea) are better than grass. Alfalfa is particularly valuable, and in the Sudan and Mozambique it is already grown extensively for feeding rabbits. On diets consisting of alfalfa and rye grass, weaned New Zealand Whites have demonstrated growth rates of 38-39 g per day in animals weighing up to 2 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits, as mentioned, can utilize almost any type of edible vegetation. Also, despite their diminutive size, they can collectively produce as much meat per unit of forage as large livestock, or even more (see page 183).6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is much genetic diversity. Differences in growth rate, fertility, maternal ability, milk production, disease resistance, heat resistance, and other features have been noted. This is useful, since a wide genetic base enhances the likelihood of success of selection programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are easy to handle and can be raised under primitive conditions. They require little financial investment and their husbandry is easily accomplished in the home by women and children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal's rapid reproduction is a big advantage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical conditions produce special problems. There, rabbits must be protected from heat and rain. Stress brought on by high temperatures, high humidity, and wet conditions can lead to respiratory disorders and even sudden death.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most diseases are caused by poor management. Dirty or wet cages lead to diarrhea, sores, mites, and ringworm, all of which can cause serious losses. Enteritis (diarrhea) often kills 20 percent or more of all rabbits before they attain market age and weight. A major disease problem in most countries is coccidiosis, which is particularly harmful to young rabbits. Again, damp and unsanitary conditions increase the susceptibility; better management can control it. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some countries - notably Australia and New Zealand - escaping rabbits have become a serious menace and have destroyed crops and grazing lands. Because of this threat, it is illegal to import rabbits into some countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, many people are unaccustomed to eating rabbit. Indeed, where commercial ventures have been established in areas with an otherwise plentiful meat supply, there have been financial failures. However, where rabbit meat is familiar, there is usually great demand for it. Also, in poorer areas where animal protein is in short supply, the tasty pink meat is widely appreciated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HOW RABBITS WERE DOMESTICATED&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For 30 or 40 million years the wild species Oryctolagus Cuniculus lived only in the area that today is Spain. Caves there contain Stone Age drawings of it. Phoenician traders landing on the Iberian Peninsula in about 1100 B.C. found huge numbers of these wild rabbits. The little animals were unknown to them and they mistook them for the hyraxes they had seen in Africa. (Although small and rabbitlike, the hyrax is actually related to elephants.) Since the Semitic name for hyrax was shaphan (&quot;one who hides&quot;), the Phoenicians named the peninsula l-shepan-im, from which the Latin name Hispania developed. Thus, &quot;Spain&quot; actually means &quot;island of hyraxes,&quot; even though these African animals have never occurred there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the rabbit's reproductive powers and adaptability it is surprising that it hadn't spread beyond Spain, but dense forests covered most of Europe after the last Ice Age. The rabbit, which is suited to open country, only spread rapidly after man had cleared most of the trees. Even then, the natural spread was slowed by the Pyrenees mountains blocking the way into the rest of Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ancient Romans became acquainted with rabbits after they invaded Spain, and they eagerly added wild rabbit meat to their banquets. The meat was so popular that around 1 A.D. Roman voyagers released a pair of rabbits onto the Balearic Islands. In time, these produced so many offspring that the islanders had to appeal to the Roman emperor for help. They even asked to be moved to another country if the emperor could not get rid of the plague of rabbits!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eventually, Romans in Italy, France, and other parts of the European mainland began raising rabbits for meat. They kept them in special cages called leporaria. Their rabbits were probably not truly domesticated; instead they were netted in the wild and caged for fattening before being prepared for the table. The Romans had little incentive to domesticate an animal that could be so easily captured.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tne rabbit was the last farm animal to be domesticated. It seems likely that this did not begin until the Christian era when monks in French monasteries began taming rabbits. In those days, rabbit embryos and newborn young were considered delicacies, called &quot;laurices.&quot; In 600 A.D. the Pope declared that laurices were &quot;not meatp,&quot; and permitted them to be eaten during fasts and in monasteries of strict discipline where meat was forbidden. Within a few years, the animal was domesticated, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government-sponsored rabbit-research stations and programs are found in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbit husbandry is well known, but much basic research is needed; for example, specific nutrient requirements, breed comparisons, disease control, reproductive management, and efficient housing and equipment. There is a particular need to reduce the labor required for feeding, breeding, caging, and cleaning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the increasing number of rabbit programs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, there is a need to share information and ideas among the various countries. The exchange of experiences with rabbit breeding, health and nutrition, and the practical experiences and field studies could be of great value.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further research in rabbit nutrition is necessary to identify nutrient requirements more precisely. Moreover, links between nutrition and disease should be clarified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further research into the cause and prevention of enteritis is needed. (At present, this condition is prevented by maintaining a fiber level in the diet of at least 18 percent and keeping the energy level relatively low.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legume shrubs could be an answer to the feed problems in the dry season. Deep-rooted shrubby legumes, such as gliricidia or leucaena, remain green well into the dry season and have high protein contents. Rabbits find the leaves of leucaena palatable (see companion report Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crop for the Tropics. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. 1984), and they are fairly resistant to mimosine (a sometimes toxic amino acid found in leucaena foliage). More research on this promising approach is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted earlier (page 181), a killer virus has recently appeared. Studies into its epidemiology and control are most important. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outsiders who hope to improve conditions in underdeveloped areas, sometimes . . . introduce new food avoidances to the communities they came to help [if outsiders] show repugnance toward consuming goats, . . . rats, . . . crows, insects, intestines and blood, then the people they are educating may likewise give up those . . . foods and lose valuable proteins.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calvin W. Schwabe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unmentionable Cuisine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You can count on the fingers of one hand the domestic animals that produce virtually all of mankind's meat and milk - a selection made more than 10,000 years ago by our Neolithic ancestors. Yet the earth teems with thousands of species of animals; why limit ourselves to cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep? Given the world's shortages of energy and water and arable land, why not try to domesticate wild animals? The effort would save many species from extinction, provide the world with more food, and introduce gentle farming to fragile environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.D. Vietmeyer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g019a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part IV : Rodents</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents are the world's most widespread, adaptable, and prolific group of mammals. They reproduce well, grow fast, learn quickly, and adapt to a wide variety of local conditions. Many convert vegetation into meat efficiently, digesting some fiber, even though their stomach, like man's, is a simple one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems probable, therefore, that some species would make suitable microlivestock - a notion supported by the previous domestication of the guinea pig, laboratory rat and mouse, gerbil, and hamster. Indeed, &quot;ranching&quot; rodents might be an effective way to increase food supplies in remote areas. It could also be a mechanism to ensure the survival of rare rodents whose natural habitats are being rapidly destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODENTS AS FOOD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents are already common foods in many countries and are valued items of commerce. It has been estimated that 42 of 383 cultures eat rodents.! But the fact that they are a major meat source is almost unrecognized. This is due in part to cultural misunderstanding. Rodents suitable for human food or other products do not live in filth, like common rats. They are clean and vegetarian. Like rabbits, they eat grass and grains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some regions of the world, cooked rodent meat is regarded as the epitome of dining. In many countries, local rodent species are the most eagerly sought meats. City markets in different parts of Latin America carry guinea pig, pace, capybara, and vizcacha. Markets in Asia may carry rice rats, cloud rats, and bandicoot rats. Those of rural Africa are filled with &quot;bushmeats&quot; - usually including grasscutters, giant rats, and several other rodent species. These are often preferred to the meat of domestic stock and fetch higher prices than beef. And the amounts of rodent bushmeat available are not minor. In one year, for example, hunters in Botswana have brought to market 3.3 million kg of meat of the rodent called springhare (see page 278).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fondness for rodent meat is not restricted to the tropics. In the United States, squirrel was once a much sought treat. Fat, nut-fed grey squirrels went into Brunswick stew, which has been called the most famous dish to emerge from the campfires and cabins of Colonial America. Thomas Jefferson liked it. Today, squirrel is the country's number two game animal (after deer), and many are still eaten.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ancient Romans kept fat dormice in captivity, serving them as a delicacy. &quot;The fat dormice are fattened up in barrel-like pots like those in country houses,&quot; wrote Varro (116-27 BC). &quot;One feeds these animals large amounts of acorns, chestnuts, or other nuts.&quot;2 This small rodent remains a prized food in Europe and still appears on tables in certain areas. The meat is regarded as a delicacy because it tastes of almonds and other nuts. Often it is roasted, broiled, and cooked with its cracklings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents have seldom been included in livestock programs or economic development plans. Yet human appetite has actually caused the extinction of a number of species. Caribbean Indians ate several endemic rodents (one of which was as big as a bear), and may have caused several species to become extinct just before the time of Columbus. Others may soon follow the same dismal route, including the beautiful cloud rat of the Philippines, the hare-like mare of Argentina, the vizcacha of southern South America, and the gentle hutias of the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea pig is described in a later chapter, but as it is the epitome of a rodent microlivestock species, some historical background is given here. It was domesticated for food use at least 7,000 years ago, probably in what is now the central highlands of Peru and Bolivia. With only llama and deer available, the prehistoric Andean peoples had few readily available sources of meat. They adopted wild cavies, and found that these rangeland rodents (which are more closely related to porcupines than to rats or mice) were gentle, manageable, and easy to rear. By the time the Spaniards arrived in the 1500s, the &quot;cuy&quot;  (pronounced &quot;coo-ee,&quot; like the faint cry it makes) was a major food from  Argentina to the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This impressed the conquistadores, who introduced cuys into Europe,  where they also became a delicacy.3 Within a century, these easily  transported animals began to appear on tables in many parts of the  Spanish empire. Guinea pigs are now reared in campesino huts in the  mountains of central Mexico, in the Philippines, and in several African  nations, along with other areas of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Elsewhere, guinea pigs came to be used only as house pets and  laboratory animals. Although during World War II Mussolini's  government urged Italians to keep them to supplement their meager  meat rations, their use as food was largely ignored in most parts of the  world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The idea of domesticating rodents may seem radical, but  domestication projects are already under way with capybara in  Venezuela (see page 206), pace in Panama (see next page and page  262), giant rat in Nigeria (see page 224), and the grasscutter in Ghana  (see page 232). Rodent husbandry is not complicated and the animals'  environmental requirements seem relatively simple and easy to satisfy.  Moreover, rodents are not usually fastidious feeders, and being  essentially vegetarian will readily accept a wide variety of commonly  available foodstuffs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with most animals with which man is in close contact, rodents can  transmit human diseases.4 With care, however, managed rodents need  not be any more dangerous to care for or to eat than pigs or  horses - both of which are worldwide food resources.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING RODENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To domesticate the pace (see page 262) would seem to be impossible. These large rodents of Central and South America are nocturnal and fiercely territorial; they have low fecundity and take 10 months to reach weaning, and they have tender skin that is easily damaged Most researchers have written them off as candidates for domestication. But at least two have undertaken to beat the odds. We present the findings of one of them here to show that, using modem techniques, even species that normally fight each other to the death on sight are potential farm animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through years of studying paces in Panama, Smithsonian biologist Nicholas Smythe has found that with care and planning the aggressive behavior can be so radically altered that the animals become calm. Indeed, some become almost loving. Newborns, Smythe found, undergo &quot;imprinting&quot; and when he places them with docile adults or with humans, the fierce territoriality never develops. He nurses newborns on &quot;surrogate&quot; mothers that have been imprinted on people. The youngsters then welcome human company and, if fumed out of the cage, return there voluntarily. &quot;It's difficult to imagine a more manageable animal,&quot; Smythe said. &quot;Technically speaking they are behaviorally indistinguishable from traditional domestic animals.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As of this writing, Smythe has three generations totalling about 50 individuals, and has several &quot;families&quot; of gentle paces living together in harmony. He has observed that they lose their nocturnal habit and, although they live mainly on fruits in the wild, they readily eat leafy vegetables and other foods in captivity. His captive specimens have recently begun to breed. The offspring remain docile, but they have so far averaged only a little more than two young per female per year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;If we can just double the reproduction rate, then raising paces can compete economically with raising cattle,&quot; Smythe explained. &quot;The potential for a bigger brood is all in the animal's anatomy, and if successful, paces in the wet tropics could produce as much protein as cattle.&quot;*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas need the shade and protection of the forest. Thus, pace raising might provide an alternative to cutting down rainforests for cattle raising. Instead of toppling trees and planting pastures, people could farm paces in the forest, and perhaps make as much or more money at the same time. In tropical America, the ready acceptance of pace meat is a near guarantee that all they produce will be snapped up at premium prices. In the past, many territorial and aggressive species have been dismissed as being impossible to domesticate or manage. But Smythe has demonstrated that with imprinting and other methods of behavior modification, these need be dismissed no longer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, the pace may already be becoming a new domesticated species. In the first stage of his experiments, Smythe had to train his captive-born paces to be social and nonaggressive. Subsequent generations, however, need no training adopt the new behavior patterns of the parents, and do not revert to aggressive asocial behavior. By the third generation, they have become as accepting of, and indifferent to, people as cattle or sheep. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">15 Agouti</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g020a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the best known of all animals of the American tropics, agoutis (Dasyprocta species)' are prolific rabbit- or hare-sized rodents that are probably easily farmed. They are valued for food and are hunted throughout most of their range. Indeed, agouti meat, once common in Latin markets. is now difficult to find because of indiscriminate killing. Agouti hunting is already prohibited in Brazil; restaurants in Belem, for example, once offered a variety of &quot;cotta&quot; (agouti) dishes at prices equivalent to those of choice filet mignon, but since the early 1970s they have been banned from serving it. Other countries will probably have to institute similar bans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis are active, long-legged, and high-strung. They flee in panic at the slightest alarm. They do not climb but they do burrow occasionally, being essentially specialized ground-dwellers that live in tropical forest regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There have been no organized scientific attempts to raise these swift, shy animals in captivity, but Latin Americans sometimes keep them as &quot;domestics,&quot; especially in parks and large gardens. (Agoutis are well known, for instance at the Goeldi Museum in Belem, Brazil.) These animals seem to tame easily, and could perhaps be mass produced on a large scale like rabbits or guinea pigs. They make affectionate pets, sometimes refusing to return to the wild. A research project on captive breeding of two local agouti species (Dasyprocta mexicana and D. punctata) for food is already under way in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of lowland, tropical Latin America and the Caribbean. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis are delicately built, graceful, nimble, and beautifully proportioned. They have slender bodies, short ears, and look somewhat like a rabbit that has been &quot;jacked up&quot; in back. Generally, adults are 40-60 cm long and weigh 2-5 kg. Some are even bigger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They run well and are good jumpers. From a standing start an agouti reportedly can leap as high as 2 m or as far as 6 m; however, as long as they are well fed, there is little problem keeping them behind a wall only 1 m high.2 Reportedly, they sometimes climb easy-sloping trees to collect green fruits, but researchers studying Central American agoutis report that they are strictly terrestrial.3 They swim well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The body hair is thick, coarse, and glossy: pale orange to black on the back, and white to yellow on the belly. Some species have faint stripes, and some have a rump that contrasts with the rest of the back. The short tail is partially concealed under the long body hair.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis occur over a vast area from southern Mexico to Paraguay, including many islands in the Caribbean.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they occasionally damage sugarcane plantings and because the meat is particularly tasty, people hunt agoutis relentlessly, especially near cities and towns. Now, in the l990s, they are becoming rare because of excessive hunting and habitat destruction. Many Latin Americans have never heard of them. In Mexico, for instance, there are few places where agoutis survive, and Dasyprocta mexicana may become extinct if habitat destruction and overhunting continue in its restricted range. In Costa Rica and Panama, agoutis occur only where there is little or no hunting or human interference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From sea level to elevations of at least 2,500 m, the adaptable agouti lives in many habitats: moist lowland forests, dry upland forests, thick brush, and savannas. However, although they thrive in secondary growth areas, they are mainly forest dwellers. Nonetheless, they often enter fields to forage, and young animals occasionally are seen in open areas such as grassy stream banks and cultivated fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis shelter in hollows among boulders, in riverbanks, or under tree roots. They also hide in heavy brush and sometimes in holes dug out by other species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These herbivores eat seeds, fruit, stalks, leaves, roots, and other succulent plant parts, as well as occasional insects and fungi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They seem to mate twice each year. The estrous cycle is variable, but is only about 34 days long. The young are born after a gestation period of 3.5-4 months. Usually, there are twins; however, single births and triplets have been recorded. Newborns are fully developed and are able to run around within hours. They start feeding on solids within a few days. Puberty occurs at about 9 months of age. Life expectancy is 10 years or more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild, agoutis are shy and retiring. Every sense seems constantly triggered for instantaneous action and sometimes they become hysterical. If danger threatens, they usually &quot;freeze,&quot; but when discovered they stamp their feet as an alarm signal and dash away, nimbly dodging obstacles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite excessive timidity, they can be violent among themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In undisturbed forests, agoutis are diurnal and are often seen. But around villages they become nocturnal, as a means of self-preservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the most part, these rodents live in loosely formed pairs, with previous litters living around their territory as &quot;satellites.&quot; There is some &quot;bigamy,&quot; some &quot;philandering,&quot; and some &quot;divorce.&quot;5.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their long claws, they display much finger dexterity. To eat, they usually sit erect, crouching on their haunches and holding the food in their forepaws. If it has a skin' they carefully peel it before starting their meal. They save some nonperishable foods (nuts, for instance) by digging holes in scattered locations, dropping each one in a separate location, stamping it down, and covering it over. This behavior helps disperse the seeds of many species of trees so that agoutis benefit tropical forests and reforestation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p203a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, agoutis are popular game animals. They are often hunted with dogs that even follow them into the burrows. Agouti meat is tasty, although it is usually said to fall short of the meat of the pace (see page 262) because it is leaner and gamier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis adapt well to captivity. With appropriate care they can be bred without difficulty.6 The nervousness that is pronounced in nature is quickly lost in captivity. The young become tame pets. They can be fed on foods such as leafy vegetables, fruit, potatoes, and bread scraps. Although many wild specimens have become nocturnal, captives readily readapt to daylight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Being entirely terrestrial, agoutis require no trees, but they do need space. Given enough area, they get on well (with each other and with different species), and they breed freely. To avoid fighting, it seems necessary to separate females from males at puberty. Probably removing progeny from breeding pens at weaning could also help avoid most of the interpersonal aggression. In large areas with plenty of cover (banana plants, for instance), groups can be kept, but breeding may be disappointing. Husbandry may be most appropriate in large enclosures (50-100 agoutis) with some animals then removed to small cages 0.5-1 mÃ for selective feeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACOUCHIES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Close relatives, the green and red acouchies (Myoprocta acouchy and Myoprocta exilis) also deserve study. These are smaller animals with longer tails, bearing a little plume of white hairs. Although even more delicate and hypersensitive than agoutis, they can be kept in captivity and breed well. They then become less nervous and are easily handled. Acouchies. show remarkable intelligence and even some affection for those they trust. They frequent rainforests, but are rare or even absent in disturbed areas. Adults weigh up to 1.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The general biology (diet, reproduction, activity rhythm), is almost the same as that of the agouti, but they live in smaller home ranges (0.6-1.2 hectares versus 2.5 hectares for the agouti) and travel singly, although belonging to a well-established family unit. Adult males tolerate the juvenile males. They occur only in Colombia, the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farming methods would probably be the same as for the agoutis, but acouchies always need plant cover.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis are appropriately sized: a dressed carcass can weigh 1-3 kg. The meat is good, and large commercial undertakings in urban centers could profit from the ready market that already exists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are prolific: females can produce up to two litters a year, each litter averaging two offspring. In protected areas, populations may grow fast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These forest dwellers might provide a source of meat and income without destroying the forests in favor of cattle pastures. Also, they thrive in disturbed areas as long as there is some cover. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiments in Brazil show that agoutis are highly susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals might become pests: they eat the roots, leaves, and fruit of agricultural crops and occasionally damage sugarcane and banana plants. However, current experience suggests that if they escape captivity they are quickly caught by hunters and do not reach pest levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Live agoutis have strong-smelling anal glands that may be offensive to breeders or could contaminate the meat if the animals are carelessly handled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where the rainforest is destroyed, the agouti population is destroyed. The animals were once well known throughout Latin America, but not anymore. In some areas, therefore, wild breeding stock may not be locally available. Moreover, people may have become sufficiently unfamiliar with them that their value may no longer be appreciated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, they can be the prey of large birds such as eagles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The taxonomy of agouti species needs clarification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husbandry experiments are required, including studies on topics such as:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutrition;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Growth rate;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Shelters and enclosures;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reproduction; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Techniques for catching, moving, marketing, and managing the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One area where agoutis might profitably be raised is in enclosures in palm plantations. Palms such as the babassu provide food, shade, and shelter, while fallen and rotten logs offer secure retreats from predators. This deserves investigation.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instead of clearing vast areas of rainforest for cattle pasture, as is being done in much of Latin America, people might well &quot;farm&quot; agouties in the forests. Few of the settlers flooding into such regions can afford, let alone raise, beef. Small-scale agouti farming offers a promising and inexpensive alternative that would be gentle on the fragile land. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">16 Capybara</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g021a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the world's largest rodent, can be as big as a sheep and weigh as much as a small person. Its natural habitat is the environs of South America's rivers, marshlands, and swamps, where it feeds on the grasses and reeds that grow near water.1&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its size, tasty meat, valuable leather, and rapid reproduction, the capybara is a candidate for both ranching and intensive husbandry throughout the hot and humid lowland tropical regions of Latin America. It seems easy to handle. It is commonly raised in zoos or occasionally as a pet, and has, in at least one instance, been proven successful in large commercial herds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In floodplain ecosystems, capybaras complement cattle because they prefer to graze swamp grasses rather than the dryland grasses on which cattle feed. They have simple stomachs, but are one of the more efficient herbivores. Although they are &quot;selective feeders&quot; that eat lush waterside grasses &quot;preserved in quality&quot; by the water, they also graze pasture, usually selecting new growth that is often too short and scattered for cattle, with their large muzzles, to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The floodplains of the South American subtropics and tropics where the animal is indigenous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they have blunt, horselike heads, capybaras look like gigantic guinea pigs. They are ponderous, barrel shaped, and have a tail too small to be seen from a distance. Their skin is tough and covered by sparse, bristlelike hairs: the color above is reddish brown to gray; beneath, it is yellowish brown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The front legs are shorter than the back. Slightly webbed toes - four on the front feet and three on the back - make them good swimmers. They dive with ease and can stay underwater for up to five minutes. They also move nimbly on land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara is extremely large for a rodent. In size and color, it looks much like a pig. Often more than 100 cm long and 50 cm high at the shoulder, it can exceed 50 kg liveweight. Indeed, specimens weighing up to 90 kg have been reported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before livestock were introduced, the capybara grazed widely over riverine regions throughout South and Central America. Today, it is found in the flooded grasslands from Panama to Paraguay. Mainly, it occurs in the watersheds of the Orinoco, Amazon, Paraguay, and Parana rivers. High population densities exist in the Pantanal of western Brazil and on the Llanos floodplains of Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are few precise population counts, but capybaras can occur in large numbers.2 However, in many areas they appear to be on the verge of extinction, being deliberately eradicated by farmers who think they compete with cattle and transmit diseases. Also, in some areas illegal hunting goes on year-round and great numbers are killed. The animals are particularly vulnerable during the dry season, when they concentrate around the diminished river channels and water holes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, most capybaras live in swampy or grassy areas bordering rivers. However, some are found in other habitats, ranging from open plains to tropical rainforests. But even here they stay near ponds, lakes, streams, and swamps, and never venture much more than 500 m from water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p210a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The capybaraâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara, like all rodents, is a simple-stomached animal, but it is a true herbivore. Its digestive system is especially adapted for fibrous materials. The large cecum - the site of enzymatic digestionâ serves a function like that of the rumen of sheep, cattle, and goats. It has a digestive capacity similar to that of a sheep's rumen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like rabbits and all the rodents, capybaras are coprophagous. That is, during the morning hours when they are resting, soft feces from the cecum are passed a second time through the digestive system.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributing to the animal's digestive ability is its efficient mastication. It chews its forage seemingly incessantly, reducing it to extremely small particles before it is swallowed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under natural conditions, the females annually bear 1 or 2 litters, each averaging from 4 to 6 offspring. Birth weight is between 1 and 2 kg, depending on litter size and sex. Both males and females reach sexual maturity when they reach a liveweight of 30 kg or moreâ usually between the first and second year of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras are intelligent, shy, inoffensive, and harmless. In undisturbed ecosystems, they are gregarious and live in family groups of up to 30. The young follow the mother about for many months after birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike most rodents, they do not construct dens, but the groups have specific resting areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are both diurnal and nocturnal and, like many herbivores, they graze at daybreak and dusk, and perhaps also at midnight. They spend the morning resting in weeds on riverbanks, and at noon they cool off by bathing for an hour or so before grazing. They may feed belly deep in water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras wallow in mud, allowing it to dry on their skin before bathing again. Mange can develop in captivity when they cannot take a mud bath.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When startled, a capybara barks loudly and dashes away, but after running 200 m or so it tires, slows down, and may lapse into hyperthermia. At that point a hunter can easily catch it. However, if the animal reaches water, it usually eludes the pursuer because it swims so well - especially underwater.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybara meat is white and has qualities and properties (such as high emulsification) that might allow it to compete with pork and other meats in the food industry. Spanish-style sausages, Italian-style mortadellas, frankfurters, and German-style smoked chops have been produced experimentally.4 However, at present, the meat is mainly consumed only in the dried and salted form. It is particularly popular in Venezuela, where more than 400 tons are sold every year, especially during Easter festivities.5 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara's hide is one of the best for glove making. This luxury product, known in international commerce as carpincho leather, fetches high prices on European markets because it is more heat resistant than most leathers and because it stretches in only one direction. This one way grain allows gloves to stretch sideways without lengthening and looking sloppy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara appears suitable for raising as a livestock animal. Amerindians traditionally collected capybara orphans during the hunting season and raised them until needed for food. Capybara breeding was reported in Brazil as early as 1565.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modern attempts have been made towards domestication. Researchers at the Institute of Animal Production in Venezuela, for instance, started a breeding program in the 1970s using 20 females and 5 males. Since that time they have continuously kept capybaras in confinement. Through selection and management, they have improved the reproduction of captive animals. The current aim is to get 16 offspring per mother per year. Newborns are weaned after 5 weeks and the mother is returned to the breeding pen.6 In Colombia, similar work is in progress, and guidelines for raising capybaras on breeding farms have been published.7 In Brazil, research has been carried out to study capybara nutrition, genetics, management, reproduction, and social behavior in total confinement.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout South America, the price of beef has increased greatly within the last few years, thereby providing a new incentive for capybara husbandry. It has also forced many campesinos to eat more wildlife, which adds another incentive for producing capybara meat on farms and thereby perhaps helping to relieve pressure on the wild stocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When tame, the animals are amenable to handling without physical restraint. They are so tractable that in Surinam a blind man once used one as a guide animal. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras can be raised on a variety of readily available vegetation: leaves, roots, fruits, and vegetables. They thrive in coarse grasses, if given opportunity to select nutritious parts. Their large incisors allow them to bite off short grasses that many herbivores cannot use. For instance, they eat &quot;capybara grass&quot; (Paspalum fasciculatum) that is abundant on river edges in Venezuela and is normally too short for cattle to graze. This makes for low-cost feeding and utilization of a resource that is otherwise unused.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras are at home in hot, humid environments and are fully adapted to life on the tropical floodplains and seasonally flooded savannas. They thrive in extreme climates where cattle struggle, such as in the parts of the lower Paraguayan Chaco where summer temperatures reach 45ÃC.9 An ecological benefit to raising capybaras is that there is no need to alter habitats by introducing exotic forage plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They reproduce quickly. Age at first conception for females is about 1.5 years, and the time between parturitions is generally shorter than that of goats or sheep in the tropics. Young capybaras grow so fast that in 18 months they can reach a liveweight of more than 40 kg. In their natural conditions, they are more disease resistant than cattle. The annual productivity is said to exceed that of cattle in many parts of its range.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is already so widely eaten in South America that the meat from farmed animals should be readily acceptable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras occasionally raid fields and can harm sugarcane, rice, bananas, sweet potatoes, cassava, corn, and other crops. In many parts of Brazil, they are considered agricultural pests and are shot.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Confining these animals in high density may create serious problems. Infectious diseases and parasite outbreaks seem to be worse than those that occur with conventional livestock. Aggression might prove a limitation to capybara husbandry: it is almost impossible to cage two adult males together or to introduce new animals to an existing group.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals may transmit disease to people and livestock. They can harbor foot-and-mouth disease and are known to be susceptible to brucellosis. They also carry a form of trypanosome, Trypanosoma evansi. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with cattle, capybara use only a small proportion of the total plant biomass. They are largely selective feeders, and for satisfactory performance must have sufficient area to select the plants they need. If placed in a paddock of only coarse grass, most will eventually die. Like goats and gazelles, capybara probably select a diet that is at least 15 percent richer in crude protein than a typical cattle diet.'Ã&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High mortality has never been observed in Venezuela, but keeping the animals alive on a farm in some areas may not be easy. In one trial, more than half (55 percent) of the capybara died of disease, and a few of septicemia (the result of wounds incurred during fights), but most apparently of trypanosomiasis. Other losses were caused by speeding vehicles (29 percent), poaching (6 percent), and predation, mainly by jaguars (12 percent).&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important for researchers to undertake the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gather specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Assess experiences of zoos and farms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Undertake nutritional trials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Initiate captive breeding trials - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, feed needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Characterize the animal's productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Study the capybara's basic physiology and production potentials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Investigate biological factors, such as reproductive physiology, and social behavior (both in the wild and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine the factors influencing capybara reproduction, growth, and development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine the animal's adaptability and economic merit in various farming systems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Study the influence of environment on reproduction rate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine their complementarily with water buffalo or other ruminants that normally use swampy habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine relative causes of mortality (such as diseases specific to capybaras) and predation (especially of the young) by spectacled caiman, crested caracayes, black vultures, and others. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">17 Coypu</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g022a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu' (Myocastor coypus) is an aquatic rodent native to South America. It has been called the &quot;South American beaver,&quot; but its size is actually closer to that of a small dog or an agouti. It seems suited to be a microlivestock species because, compared with most rodents' it has a large body size and a relatively high reproduction rate. Moreover, it is easy to manage, and there is much literature on how to raise it in captivity.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fur is the main item of commercial value. In the late 19th century, it was in such high demand that the animal was nearly exterminated. However, in 1922 Argentineans began raising coypu in captivity and this practice spread through South America and to other regions. In many European countries and in various locations in the United States some specimens escaped or were released, and coypu have become established in the waterways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu meat is tasty and is consumed in many regions of South America as well as in parts of Europe. Because of the absence of musk glands, the meat is free of the &quot;gamy&quot; flavor found in squirrels and rabbits. It is moist, fine &quot;rained, medium light in color, and firm. It is one of the mildest and tenderest of wild meats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal has been widely distributed, but its area of safest use is within its natural range in South America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu is adapted to a semiaquatic existence and has webbed feet, valvular nostrils that can be closed to keep water out, and underfur that remains dry even under water. Its long, powerful claws on the forefeet are used for grooming, excavating burrows, and digging up and holding food. The tail is slender; the extremely large incisor teeth are orange-red.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An adult is 40-65 cm long and weighs 7-10 kg. Some occasionally weigh up to 17 kg. Males are larger than females. The pelage is thick, with coarse guard hairs overlying the underfur. The soft dense underfur (the commercially valuable pelt called &quot;nutria&quot;) is about 2 cm long on the belly, and 2-5 cm long and less dense on the back. The color is yellowish to reddish brown on the back and pale yellow on the belly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu is distributed through southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. It has been widely introduced in North America, Europe, northern Asia, and eastern Africa. As a result of escapes and releases from fur farms, the animals are now feral in Europe, North America, northern Asia, Japan, and East Africa. In the United States, they are abundant in Louisiana, Oregon, Florida, and the Chesapeake Bay region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In various countries, the animal's status ranges from that of a rarity to that of a pest. Wild coypu are protected by law in Argentina because of overhunting, but there are about 100 producers of farmed coypu.3 Elsewhere the animals are destroyed en masse to reduce the threat of damage to irrigation ditches, dams, and agricultural crops. In England a decade-long program has eradicated them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu mainly inhabit the banks of fresh or brackish waterways.4 They live in temperate zones and are highly sensitive to freezing conditions. Also, their heat tolerance is poor; lowland tropical regions may be too hot for them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p219a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu feeds mainly at night. The diet consists chiefly of plants, particularly water plants and reeds. Large amounts of fibrous vegetation is decomposed in the cecum, where bacteria break down cellulose particles. Mussels, snails, and other small organisms are also often eaten.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals burrow into soft soil or construct nests out of vegetation above ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu are relatively fast breeding. Females first give birth at ages ranging from 6 to 15 months. From then on, they produce 2 or 3 litters a year. They are able to mate and give birth at any time of the year, although more young are born during certain seasons. The gestation period is between 128 and 140 days. There are 5 or 6 (sometimes up to 12) young in each litter. Newborns are well developed, able to see, and fully covered with hair at birth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The female's four or five pairs of mammae are located on the side of the body, an adaptation that permits the young to nurse while floating with their mothers in the water. In captivity, young are nursed for two months, but can survive if weaned at five days. The mean body weight at birth is about 225 g, but growth is rapid during the first five months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu have a potential life span of more than six years. However, they seldom survive more than three years, and in the wild probably no animals are older than five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are passive creatures, usually entirely lacking in aggression. They are shy and fearful; the slightest disturbance will send them scurrying to the shelter of water, a burrow, or other hiding place. With their large incisors they can bite viciously, but in captivity they tame down, even to where they can be carried around by hand. Compared with domestic animals, they are very sanitary in their feeding and living habits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In hot climates they are nocturnal, in cooler climates crepuscular, and in cold weather they become diurnal. Captive animals become conditioned to diurnal activity if fed during daylight hours. Most of the active period is spent feeding, grooming, and swimming. Grooming is done by scratching and &quot;nibbling&quot; the fur, and an oily secretion from glands located near the mouth and anus lubricates the pelage. Secretions from the anal glands are also employed for marking out territory.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Excellent swimmers, coypu spend most of their time in the water. They can remain submerged for five minutes or more. On land, they lumber about with awkward, clumsy movements; however, when the need arises they can run fast and jump short distances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they usually live together in pairs, coypu will form large colonies. They tend to remain in one area throughout their lives: their daily &quot;cruising range&quot; has been measured at less than 45 m.5 However, drought or freezing weather can induce mass migrations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The burrows, which are dug in sloping banks, are usually short with no branching tunnels and generally end in a simple chamber. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In South America, the coypu has a long history of use. Nutria fur was in such high demand and the animal was hunted so avidly at the beginning of the last century that it became rare and had to be protected by government decree. As a result, populations increased dramatically. Nowadays, coypu are protected in many areas, but widespread poaching has reduced their numbers and range.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many thousands are killed each year just for the guard hairs, which are used in making felt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu are used in marsh management to reduce infestations of aquatic weeds and to keep waterways open.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas where it is found, the coypu is trapped by commercial hunters. However, as noted, several countries have coypu farms. In Germany, the animals have been raised on diets consisting chiefly of potatoes supplemented with oats, clover, corn, hay, green forage, legumes, turnips, or cabbage. Elsewhere, feeds generally include such materials as hay, corn, crushed oats, greens, root vegetables, apples, bread, and rabbit feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To confine coypu, a wall of stone or concrete or a fence of stout wire netting is necessary. It must be set 1 m deep into the ground and rise 1-1.5 m above ground. Water must be available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where selected strains of animals are kept, it is usual to house each female in separate small compartments, complete with pools and shelter boxes. Each is then paired with a male, which is removed after mating to leave the female to rear her brood in seclusion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fur is particularly valuable because the female's nipples are so high that the soft belly fur is unbroken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This herbivore is much cheaper to feed than the furbearing carnivores such as mink. Furs of coypu raised in captivity fetch a price about three times greater than furs from wild animals.6 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wherever the coypu has escaped it has damaged embankments and stream banks. The burrows sometimes weaken dikes that protect low lying areas from flooding. In northern Europe and eastern England, for example, it is considered a serious pest. In rice paddies, coypu could become particularly devastating. They can also damage crops and natural plant communities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu can carry viruses that result in toxoplasmosis, papillomatosis, rabies, and equine encephalomyelitis; bacteria that cause salmonellosis, paratyphoid, and leptospirosis; protozoans that produce sarcosporidiosis and coccidiosis; and rickettsia. Common diseases of captive specimens are bacterial pneumonia, hepatitis-nephritis, Strongyloides infection, and neoplasms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European winters often cause the coypu's tail (which is hairless) to freeze, but the animal hardly seems to notice. A more dangerous situation arises when lakes, streams, or rivers freeze over; beneath the ice, coypu cannot find their way as easily as beavers, and often drown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little research needs to be done. There is massive literature on farming coypu. Nonetheless, the animal's behavior is little studied, and there are few reliable published observations on its social organization. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">18 Giant Rat</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant rat, also known as the pouched rat, is one of Africa's largest rodents.! Two species have been distinguished: Cricetomys gambianus, which lives chiefly in savannas and around the edges of forests and human settlements; and Cricetomys emini, which occurs mainly in rainforests. Both are highly prized as food &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are solitary, but they are easy to handle, have a gentle nature, and make good pets. Researchers at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria have been developing techniques for managing them in captivity. Breeding stocks were established in 1973, and since then so many generations have been bred that this small population is considered domesticated. Commercial-scale giant rat farming is now being established in southern Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is a promising development because giant rats are a common &quot;bushmeat&quot; throughout much of Africa. Since these herbivores are well known there, and are acceptable as food, they may have as much or more potential as meat animals than the introduced rabbits that are getting considerable attention (see page 178).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The intertropical zone of Africa from the southern Sahara to the northern Transvaal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is among the most striking of all African rodents. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its large size, it often causes amazement - even alarm -  when seen for the first time. The body measures as much as 40 cm, and, on average, weighs about 1-1.5 kg. The record for a hand-reared specimen is 1.6 kg 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from its size, the best known species (Cricetomys gambianus) is noted for the dark hair around its eyes, a nose that is sharply divided into dark upper and pale lower regions, and a tail that has a dark (proximal) section and pale (distal) section. The overall body color is a dusky gray.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lesser known species (Cricetomys emini) has short, thin, and relatively sleek fur. Its upper parts are pale brown; the belly is white.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant rats are commonly found from Senegal to Sudan, and as far south as the northern region of South Africa. The main species is mostly found in moist savannas, patches of forests, and rainforests. However, it can also be found in all West African vegetation zones from the semiarid Sahel to the coast. It also exists at high altitudesâ up to about 2,OOO m in West Africa and 3,000 m in eastern Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rainforest species occurs in the great equatorial forest belts of Zaire and neighboring Central African countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are probably not threatened with extinction. However, they have been exterminated in some areas (such as in parts of eastern Zaire) where the human population is dense, the land fully cultivated, and the wildlife overhunted. Although common, they are not as well known as one might suppose from their bulk and from the fact that they are sometimes found around, and even inside, houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant rats occur largely in lightly wooded dryland regions or in forested humid regions. They cannot tolerate high temperatures or truly arid conditions. They often live in farm areas and in gardens. Their burrows are commonly found inside deserted termite mounds and at the base of trees. Some have also been found in the middle of cassava fields. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p227a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The giant ratâs distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are herbivores with a tendency to omnivory. They prefer fruits, but also subsist on tubers, grains, vegetables, leaves, legume pods, and wastes (such as banana peels). However, they are not grasseaters. Giant rats also kill and eat mice, insects (caterpillars, cockroaches, and locusts, for example), and probably many other small animals.3 They are particularly fond of mollusks (such as snails).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction is prolific and year-round. The female attains puberty at 20-23 weeks and the gestation period is about 20-42 days. The young are weaned at 21-26 days of age but stay with their mother until 2-3 months of age. So far, the record for the most litters has been 5 in 9 months. It thus seems possible that a female can reproduce 6 times a year. Litter size ranges between I and 5, but 4 is most common. Thus, in 1 year a single female could produce 24 or more young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These strictly nocturnal animals usually lead solitary lives and forage alone. Mostly, they occupy a burrow by themselves, except when the &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;young are being raised. The burrows can be complex. Below the entrances are vertical shafts leading to a system of galleries and chambers for storing food, depositing droppings, sleeping, or breeding. The home range is individual and limited (1-6 hectares). In the wild, one male &quot;supervises&quot; the home ranges of several females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, the animals are often seen sitting up and ramming large amounts of food into their spacious cheek pouches. With full cheeks, they return to their burrows and disgorge the food into a &quot;larder.&quot; Food (chiefly hard nuts) is stored there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They swim and climb well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A study carried out in Nigeria showed that the giant rat produces about the same amount of meat as the domestic rabbit.4 The meat's nutritional value compares favorably with that of domestic livestock, and African villagers know how to preserve it by smoking or by salting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant rat has recently attracted attention as a potential laboratory animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farmers in Nigeria have traditionally trapped the juveniles and fattened them for slaughter. They usually keep the animals in wire cages and feed them daily with food gathered in the wild as well as with scraps from the household.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the program at the University of Ibadan indicates that the giant rat can be domesticated. Already, specimens are being bred and reared in an intensive program. They adapt to captivity after about a month. They are subsequently transferred into breeding cages, which are wooden boxes with a rectangular wire-mesh &quot;playroom.&quot; Each cage holds a breeding pair or a nursing female with its young. Experimental feeding cages have also been designed.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food-preference trials show that palm fruits and root crops (especially sweet potato) are preferred to grains and vegetables. Nutritional studies show that the animals can tolerate up to 7 percent crude fiber in their rations. Although largely vegetarian, they eagerly consume dry and canned dog food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals have several advantages:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They are well known and much sought after for food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They have adapted to life in lowland tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They are able to live on locally available plant materials, including vegetable waste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They reproduce rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They are more tolerant of captivity than the grasscutter (see next chapter). This is largely because omnivorous feeding makes them easier to feed than the grasscutter and other strict herbivores.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species could easily become a pest. It is recommended for rearing only in areas where it already exists. The crops it damages include cacao, root crops, peanuts, maize, sorghum, vegetables, and stored grains and foods. There is also the possibility that this rodent may transmit diseases to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A project at the University of Kinshasa in Zaire reports problems in getting giant rats to reproduce in captivity. When two specimens were paired they sometimes fought so viciously that copulation was impossible.6 Special management may be required, such as housing animals in adjacent cages before actually introducing them to each other. Moreover, selection for docility may also be necessary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ratlike appearance is not attractive, and a few African tribes have taboos against consuming the meat of these animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout Africa south of the Sahara, giant rat domestication deserves experimentation and trials. Success would open up the potential for supplemental meat supplies in rural and urban areas where meat is now scarce. Tests are needed to determine the factors that favor breeding: temperature, aeration, light, privacy, and size and form of cages. Moreover, diets that are cheap and easy to make from local feedstuffs must be identified. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further research on the domestication of the giant rat might include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Identifying husbandry techniques that are applicable at low cost in rural areas;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Studying food digestibility and setting up various diets;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Illuminating social behavior: pairing of animals, the best moment for pairing, duration of pairing, age of partners;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Outlining the basics of husbandry (for instance, capital costs, food conversion ratios, growth rates) and making simple and cheap cages;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Studying biology (anatomy, physiology, birth records, growth rate); and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Testing the practical likelihood that this rodent may transmit diseases to people and other animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant rat has an interesting commensal relationship with Hemimerus, an insect that feeds on secretions in the skin. It seems to cause no irritation or damage, and may even benefit the host by helping to keep the skin clean. Caging these animals results in the general loss of the insect, but attempts should be made to maintain them and to determine their role and life cycle.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The potential of this species as a laboratory animal in nutritional, clinical, and pharmacological research also deserves exploration. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">19 Grasscutter</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g023a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus and Thryonomys gregorianus) is found in many forests and savannas of Africa. Its meat, said to resemble suckling pig, often sells for more per kilogram than chicken, beef, pork, or lamb. It is the preferred, and perhaps most expensive meat in West Africa. Indeed. in Ivory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coast it sells for about $9 per kg. With prices like that, grasscutter is a culinary luxury that only the wealthy can afford.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If domestication of this wild species were successful in providing meat at a price similar to that of poultry (the second most popular meat), markets would be unlimited.2 However, as production costs are high, long-term research will be required before grasscutter production can be profitable to the small farmer. This research should now be undertaken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an effort to capitalize on the markets for this delicacy, agricultural extension services of Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Togo, and particularly Benin are already encouraging farmers to rear grasscutters as backyard livestock. They furnish breeding stock and information, and maintain central offices for records. In addition, a bilateral cooperation project in Benin has started experimental work on improved breeding methods combined with the study of animal responses under domestication.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In future, this vegetarian animal might become the African equivalent of South America's guinea pig, playing an important role in reducing Africa's chronic protein shortage. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Humid and subhumid Africa south of the Sahara.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters are robust animals with short tails, small ears, and stocky bodies. Taxonomically, they are more closely related to porcupines than to common rats or mice.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although many varieties have been described, there are probably only two species. The larger (Thryonomys swinderianus) weighs 9 kg or more and has a head-and-body length of up to 60 cm. The smaller species (Thryonomys gregorianus) may occasionally reach 8 kg and a body length of 50 cm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species have yellow-brown to gray-brown bodies, with whitish bellies. The fur is extremely coarse, firm, and bristly - reflecting the animal's kinship to the porcupine. The tail is scaly and has short, sparse hairs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species have thick, heavy claws and enormous orange incisors that can chew through even the toughest vegetation. (Grasscutters have been known to tear holes in corrugated iron fences.) Nevertheless, they do not bite when handled, although their claws sometimes cause injuries.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters occur in grassland or in wooded savanna throughout the humid and subhumid areas of Africa south of the Sahara. They often live in forest-savanna habitats where grass is present. They do not inhabit rainforest, dry scrub, or desert, but they have colonized the road borders in forest regions. Distribution is determined by availability of adequate or preferred grass species for food. Specifically, Thryonomys swinderianus occurs in virtually all countries of west, east, and southern Africa. Thryonomys gregorianus occurs in savannas in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Zaire, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite heavy hunting, these animals are not threatened with extinction. Nonetheless, many individual populations are well below carrying capacity, or are extinct because of local overexploitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The larger grasscutter (T. swinderianus) generally lives in swampy, low-lying areas, especially along river banks and the borders of lakes and streams. Occasionally, it is found on higher ground among bushes and rocks, living where savanna grasses are dense and tangled enough to afford good cover. In Ivory Coast and southern Guinea, for instance, grasscutters are found (and hunted) throughout the savanna zones. And they can occur in close proximity to farmlands and people (for example, in southwest Nigeria).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the precise diet in the wild has not been determined, grasscutters are vegetarian. They consume nuts, bark, and the soft parts of grasses and shrubs. They particularly favor elephant grass and sweet potatoes. They commonly &quot;raid&quot; cassava and yam plantations, and are considered local pests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters reproduce year-round, although the births seem to peak at certain times of the year, correlated with weather conditions.5 Probably one male takes several females, and the family group possibly has more than one generation of young. The gestation is about 152 days. Apparently, litters normally contain between 2 and 4 young, but in Benin and Togo some litters of up to 11 or 12 are reported.6 Newborns are fully developed, their eyes are open, they weigh approximately 80 g, have thick fur, and quickly become accomplished runners.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p236a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they commonly forage in groups, grasscutters are generally solitary. They are nocturnal, and they travel at night through trails in reeds and grass, often to water. Most specimens seen in markets are males, possibly because males lead the groups and are thus most prone to being trapped.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When alarmed, these animals stamp their hind feet and give a strange booming grunt. When fleeing, they can run very fast and, given a chance, will take to water. They swim with ease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For shelter, grasscutters usually weave nests of matted vegetation or scoop out shallow burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a broad geographic band across sub-Saharan Africa, cattle raising is severely limited by trypanosomiasis. There, other sources of animal protein, including rodents, are traditionally used. Thus, grasscutter meat constitutes an important food for many Africans. The animals are mostly caught and eaten by families for their own use, but some are sold in markets and especially in roadside stalls. Many families depend exclusively on selling bushmeat, particularly that of grasscutters. In Accra, Ghana, during one year, 73 tons of grasscutter meat were sold in the local market. This represented more than 15,000 animals. In southern Africa, too, people find that these rodents make tasty food, although they may cut off the tail to make the carcass look less ratlike.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat is usually eaten smoked, and is so much in demand that grasscutters are hunted in organized drives with spears, dogs, and sometimes fire. It is considered excellent, especially when cooked in soups and stews or barbecued.7 It has been described as resembling venison in flavor, but it is dark like the meat of wild duck.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the savanna area of West Africa, people have traditionally captured wild grasscutters and raised them at home. As an extension of this, organized grasscutter husbandry has been initiated in West Africa. The animals are provided with marshy, tightly fenced areas with plenty of plant cover. The young are harvested from these areas and raised separately.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghanaian researcher Emanuel Asibey, a pioneer of this research, reports success at getting such captive stocks to reproduce. To this end, farmers are provided with breeding boxes and foundation grass cutter colonies. They are taught how to rear and feed the animals for home consumption or for cash income. Basically, the farmers make available large sheds where the animals can move freely. To prevent escape, the walls may be reinforced with cement plaster. The farmers also provide piles of grass, sugarcane, and other foods. A grasscutter reportedly takes about a month to adjust to such confinement. High mortality can occur in this period. The average weight of a mature, home-raised grasscutter is 4-7 kg. The average killing-out (dressed carcass) is 64 percent.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Wildlife Domestication Unit of Ibadan University in Nigeria, another pioneer of rodent domestication, has also reported the potential of domesticated grasscutter colonies.9&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research on grasscutter breeding, husbandry, and feeding is similarly being implemented by the Ministry for Rural Development in Benin and at the Lacena in Ivory Coast (see Research Contacts).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The demand for grasscutter meat is so large that it is not being met. Markets for it already exist over much of Africa,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters can devastate such crops as rice, sugarcane, soybeans, peanuts, yams, cassava, sweet potatoes, oil-palm seedlings, maize, young rubber, sorghum, and wheat. Therefore, as with most rodents, they should be reared only in areas where they already exist.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In past years, captive animals in Benin have suffered fatal Clostridium infections during September and October. In 1986, a broad-spectrum antibiotic was given with outstanding results. During this season, the animals also suffered from ascarid worms, which were also successfully treated with standard drugs.10&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed in the following areas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Digestive physiology, feeding habits, feed preferences, feed conversion and growth rate; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Diseases (pathogens and parasites);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Captive breeding and management (growth rates, space requirements, feed needs, etc);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Performance under different environments;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Productivity; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Basic biology (for example, chromosome type, reproductive physiology, and social behavior both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, specimens should be gathered from different regions for comparative evaluation. A particular need is to select and breed docile specimens because today, even after several generations in captivity, the animal must still be handled with caution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although domestication of the grasscutter is encouraged, wild populations might also be managed to maximize and sustain production through habitat manipulation. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">20 Guinea Pig</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g024a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are promising microlivestock because they require little capital or labor; provide an inexpensive, readily available, palatable meat; have no odor, and are suitable for keeping indoors. In the highlands of the Andes, many Indians raise them to supplement diets based on grains  and vegetables. Families eat them mostly on special occasions such as weddings and first communions, or they sell them to restaurants or peddle them in village markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The low cost of these small animals makes them available even to many landless peasants. For both the small farmer and apartment dweller, the guinea pig is a possible food reserve. It converts kitchen scraps and marginal wastelands into meat. According to estimates, 20 females and 2 males may produce enough meat year-round to provide an adequate meat diet for a family of 6.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since husbandry practices are simple and cheap, the guinea pig is an excellent source of supplementary income. An FAO study at Ibarra, Ecuador, showed that on small mountain farms the guinea pig provided more profit than either pigs or dairy cows, partly because its meat fetched high prices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although domesticated guinea pigs are mainly a food resource of Latin America, their use has also spread to parts of Africa and Asia. They are raised, for instance, in Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Zaire. In southern Nigeria, at least 10 percent of all households raise guinea pigs for food, with colonies of up to 30 animals per household. Guinea pigs are also raised in small cages or cardboard boxes by small farmers in the Philippines.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The feeding efficiency is high: studies have shown that it takes between 3.2 and 5.7 kg of forage to produce 1 kg of growth. This makes guinea pigs more efficient than most farm mammals. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs seem especially adapted to the climate and forages of high-altitude zones, but the fact that they are being raised in Central and West Africa indicates that they are also adapted to the lowland tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p243a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The native distribution of the guinea pigâs wild ancestor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs have stocky bodies, fairly short hind legs, and short, unfurred ears. Adults can weigh up to 2 kg, but an average-sized specimen is about 0.5 kg. They are 20-40 cm long (average 28 cm) and have no tail. In domesticated forms, the pelage may be smooth or coarse, short or long, and in some types the hairs form rosettes.4 Domesticated types come in colors ranging from white to dark brown, as well as piebald.5 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The original home of the wild guinea pig is believed to have been the central highlands of Peru and Bolivia. Its domesticated descendants are important as meat animals mainly in that same area, but, as noted, they are also important in certain African and Asian countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few strains are distributed worldwide as laboratory animals and pets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated guinea pigs, as a whole, are in no danger of extinction, although some rare strains are threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These extremely adaptable animals are found in temperate zones and in the highland tropics, but they are usually kept indoors and protected from the extremes of weather. In Lambayeque and other departments of Peru, they are reared at elevations from sea level to more than 4,000 m. In areas where they are raised, daily temperatures fluctuate as much as 30ÃC. In the Bolivian or Peruvian puna region, for instance, day temperatures can be 22ÃC, while night temperatures are -7ÃC. However, they cannot survive freezing temperatures and they may not perform well when exposed to the full tropical heat and sunlight. Many people of the Peruvian highlands keep the animals in darkness (for example, in wood boxes with little or no light).6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal's original wild habitat is believed to have been an area of grasslands, forest edges, swamps, and rocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These herbivores can be raised on kitchen scraps, garden wastes, and weedy vegetation plucked from backyards or roadsides. Andean peasants mainly feed them potato peels, scraps of cabbage, lettuce, carrot, wild grasses, corn stalks, and the foliage of miscellaneous wild plants. Some barley and alfalfa is grown specifically for guinea pigs; it is cut green and sold in small bundles in the markets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs mate throughout the year except when climate is excessively adverse. Domestic breeds average 2-3 young per litter, although larger litters sometimes occur. The gestation period is 65-70 days with an average of 67. Females come into estrus every 13-24 days, and there is a fertile postpartum estrus.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females can become pregnant when merely 3 months old, and many produce 4 litters every year from then on. In principle, a farmer starting with 1 male and 10 females could see his herd grow to 3,000 animals in one year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newborns are so large that the female's pubic bones must separate for the birth. They emerge fully developed, with fur and open eyes. They look like miniature adults, and they start eating grass and other feedstuffs within hours. (For this reason, babies orphaned at birth have been known to survive.) Weaning may be reached as early as 21 days of age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The life span in captivity is as long as 8 years, but animals used for breeding usually live only 3.5 years. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUPER GUINEA PIGS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even in their native region, guinea pigs have traditionally received little research attention. However, that began changing in the 1970s with the onset of meat shortages in Peru. (For a time the government restricted beef sales to only 15 days a month.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For instance, in 1972 Peru began a guinea pig improvement project. Researchers from i a Molina National Agrarian University traveled throughout Peru gathering many kinds of guinea pigs short haired long haired black, white, yellow, brown, and even purple. Practically all the guinea pigs eaten in Peru are home grown, and researchers observed that the bigger ones were generally winding up in the stew, leaving the smaller ones for breeding. The people inadvertently were making the animals smaller. (This is a common phenomenon for many animals.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To overcome it, the university research workers compared the mature size and growth rates of all the different guinea pigs. They selected and cross-bred the biggest, meatiest, and fastest-growing ones. This program, later taken over by Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Promocion Agropecuaria (INIPA), produced remarkable results. The starting animals averaged little more than 0.5 kg, the resulting ones averaged almost 2 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru's &quot;super guinea pigs&quot; are now getting international recognition. They have been introduced into the highlands of Honduras, where the animal is also part of the Indian cuisine. The FAO has shipped some to the Dominican Republic. In addition, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia have all begun their own guinea pig improvement programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within Peru the government has established 11 breeding stations to encourage the farming of guinea pigs for food. The goal is to provide better stud males to the people so that future animals will grow more quickly and reach a greater weight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs generally congregate in small groups, normally made up of 5-10 adults. In favorable areas, however, such groups may coalesce into large colonies. The animals communicate incessantly among themselves, emitting a variety of squeaks and other noises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males, although good-natured with other species, often fight fiercely among themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs are raised mainly for meat. Peru has about 20 million, which annually provide 16-17,000 tons of meat (only 4,000 tons less than Peru's sheep meat production).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs are used worldwide for studies on disease, nutrition, heredity, and toxicology, as well as for the development of serums and other biomedical research. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs require so little space that a small cage or pit can house up to 10 females and 1 male. They can be raised in cages with wire floors of small mesh as well. The labor required is low. A colony of 1,000 females reportedly can be properly cared for by one person. A layer of wood shavings, shredded paper, straw, and dried corncobs is usually recommended for bedding. The droppings are odorless, so the bedding does not need changing as often as with other animals. When the diet mainly consists of greens, much urine is produced, and then the beds have to be changed frequently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When grown for meat, the young are weaned at 3-4 weeks and are ready for market in a matter of 10-13 weeks. Weight gain is rapid for the first 4-6 weeks, and then decreases. The carcasses normally dress out at about 65 percent, including the skin and legs. The meat's protein content is approximately 21 percent.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a few regions of Peru, guinea pigs are &quot;herded&quot; on the open range and retired at night into small adobe coops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This small, inoffensive animal rarely bites, is easy to manage, and has no smell. It is an excellent supplemental meat supply. The improved breeds cannot climb or jump so that they are easy to contain. (Primitive &quot;criollo&quot; types, however, can jump.) If kept dry and given green vegetation, grain, and water, it survives in many environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major constraint is consumer reluctance. Even in Latin America, attempts to promote guinea pig consumption outside the Indian communities have failed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When raised in a clean environment and under normal feeding conditions, guinea pigs thrive and reproduce and do not need routine vaccinations or antibiotics that cattle, sheep, and pigs often require. However, guinea pigs can be carriers of Chagas' disease and salmonella. Further, they are susceptible to pneumonia if temperatures change abruptly when conditions are wet. Coccidiosis and internal and external parasites are also common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green forages and surplus fruits or by-products are critical to provide vitamin C, which the animal is unable to synthesize for itself. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the greatest concentration of guinea pigs is found in the Andes, particular efforts should be directed towards this region. Already, research on guinea pigs has begun in some universities and government research stations in Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia, but more work is needed on matters such as:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Breeding &quot;elite&quot; stock for distribution;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Feeding and nutritional-requirement trials, especially for creating alternate feeds that peasants and commercial producers can use during seasons when conventional feeds are hard to get;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Diseases and parasites that may limit production in small farming systems;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Management practices concerning reproduction, housing, herd size, and feeding; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The genetic basis for weight gain and productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some research should be directed towards developing rations or introducing drought-resistant forages for the dry season because green forage is needed year-round. A range of practical and economical diets needs to be created.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal geneticists in Latin American countries should establish &quot;elite&quot; populations that can provide superior stock throughout the world. It can be anticipated that applying modern breeding methods to existing improved strains will result in great advances in a relatively short period and at little cost (see sidebar).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three species of wild cavies (Cavia aperea, C. fulgida, and C. tschudii), close relatives of the guinea pig, are native to South America and are declining drastically. Research to preserve them is urgently needed. C. aperea is a widely used item of food in rural Brazil and other parts of South America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">21 Hutia</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g025a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Hispaniolan Hutia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first meat Christopher Columbus tasted in the New World was probably hutia, a rodent avidly hunted by the Carib Indians. Hutia bones have been unearthed from kitchen middens of pre-Columbian inhabitants of all the Greater Antilles. Indians carried live hutias on voyages possibly in a semidomestic state as a source of food. On some islands, hutias were so eagerly sought that their populations were destroyed long before Europeans arrived. Slaves in the cane fields also hunted hutias for food. The surviving species later suffered when forests were cleared and cats, dogs, mongooses, and other predators were introduced. Consequently, the majority of hutia species died out, and today most surviving members of the family (Capromyidae) are facing extinction. Human predation continues in some areas (for instance, in Jamaica) where the tradition of &quot;coneyhunting&quot; still endures in a few regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias should be tested as possible microlivestock: success could create the incentive for their complete protection. The animals seem to take well to captivity. The Jamaican hutia is already overproducing in zoos, causing a local glut of animals. And hutias are, or were until recently, kept in barns by some people in Cuba, who fed them on banana and other vegetable waste and ate them regularly.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POTENTIAL AREA OF USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias are broad-headed, short-legged, robust animals with small eyes and ears. The various species are from 20 to 60 cm long and weigh from 1 to 9 kg - a size range from that of a guinea pig to that of a small dog. They walk with a slow, waddling motion, but can hop quickly if frightened or pursued. They also climb well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 10 1iving species are all big enough to be candidates for microlivestock. The best known and easiest species to keep in captivity are the Cuban hutia (Capromys pilorides) and Jamaican hutia (Geocapromys brownii). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Cuban hutia (also called hutia conga) is about 60 cm long, with coarse fur, a raccoon-shaped body, and a thick tail covered with sparse bristles. A forest dweller, it weighs up to 7 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The short-tailed Jamaican hutia is smaller: it is 33-45 cm long and weighs up to 2.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p252a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The hutiaâs native range .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias are found only in the Caribbean (Greater Antilles and Bahamas). Most species are confined to a single island, where they represent the only remaining indigenous land mammals. The Cuban hutia is found only in Cuba. The Jamaican hutia is found only in Jamaica, although a close relative occurs on East Plana Cay, Bahamas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This once widely distributed and plentiful family is now failing. Of the 30 or so known recent taxa, more than half are already extinct, and the remainder all suffer from habitat alteration, predation by introduced animals, and hunting by man. With the exception of the Cuban hutia, all species are included on the list of the world's threatened mammals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia ranges have been so reduced that these animals survive only in the most inaccessible forests and rocky drylands. Both the Cuban and the Jamaican hutias occur in a variety of habitats from montane cloud forests to arid coastal semideserts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most species are terrestrial, but some live in trees. The Cuban and Jamaican species are terrestrial, but they can climb trees if circumstances demand. They maneuver well on trunks and larger branches, descending head first like squirrels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias are primarily vegetarian, their diets consisting of leaves, bark, fruits, and twigs, as well as incidental catches of small animals such as lizards and invertebrates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias seem to breed year-round, generally giving birth to litters of 1-4 offspring after a gestation period of 16-20 weeks. The young are well developed at birth, fully haired, open eyed, and capable of most adult movements. After 10 days they begin taking solid food, although they are not fully weaned for at least a month and a half (5 months for the Cuban hutia). Sexual maturity is at 10 months; life expectancy is 8-11 years in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Jamaican hutia has one of the highest diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 88) of any mammal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most hutias are wary and secretive and are easily displaced by human encroachment. They live like rabbits, hiding among tangled vegetation, in holes, and among rocks - communicating by voice and scent markings. They build shelters mainly in rock crevices, but also in the base of thick bushes or in natural cavities in trees. The Cuban hutia is often diurnal, whereas the Jamaican hutia is largely nocturnal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HISPANIOLAN HUTIA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Hispaniolan hutia, or zagouti (Plagiodontia aedium) as it is known in Haiti is smaller than the two Capromyids discussed here, weighing just 1.2 kg. It is difficult to breed in captivity and has a lower reproductive rate than either the Jamaican or Cuban hutia. It is therefore less suitable as an economic or food source.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, there is a significant need for supplemental protein sources in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It might be possible to develop a special captive-breeding program for this animal, but it should be done with great care. It is important that a hunting tradition for this animal not be reestablished in rural areas of Haiti or the Dominican Republic, and that local organizations not be misled into believing that there will be a rapid increase in the numbers of this species in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia meat is relished, especially in Jamaica. The animals are still hunted, often by using dogs that smell them out and retrieve them from a hole or hold them at bay in treetops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiences of zoos suggest that the Cuban and Jamaican hutias will thrive in captivity. The animals are generally long-lived and have survived up to 17 years. They are often friendly with their keepers and, when tame, can be held and carried about without any particular danger. However, if angered they can inflict deep bites and should normally be handled with considerable caution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are already much in demand. Their meat has an excellent flavor and they are big enough to provide a worthwhile quantity. If husbandry could be developed on a sustainable basis, it could be used as a mechanism for both economic development and for saving the remnant populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild populations are threatened. Any captive population must be built up without endangering them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All hutias are susceptible to predation by domestic cats, mongooses, dogs, and human poachers, so care must be taken to design predator-proof breeding facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are carriers of eastern equine encephalomyelitis, a serious disease of horses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias deserve urgent conservation attention. In particular, the following steps should be taken:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Establish reserves in natural habitats containing breeding populations to ensure the survival of the genetic diversity of these animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Build up breeding populations in suitable zoos and livestock research centers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gather specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Investigate hutia biology, including chromosome type, reproductive physiology, nutrition, and diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Assess experiences of zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Perform captive breeding trials, measuring growth rates, space requirements, food needs, and social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Study the social organization and tameability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colonies of some species could be established on uninhabited islands, as has been done with the Bahamian hutia Geocapromys ingrahami. Even this rare species might eventually be raised to yield meat for local inhabitants, as it is well adapted to dry and barren environments and was a regular food of the pre-Columbian Indians. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">22 Mara</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g026a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many wild relatives of the guinea pig are native to South America. Some, such as the guinea pig itself, are small; others, such as the mare, are much bigger. Maras1 (Dolichotis patagonum) are as tall as terriers and, at first glance, look like dwarf antelopes or huge hares They have large ears and eyes, long legs, and short tails. They generally behave like hares or wild rabbits, but, like deer, they run with a stiff-legged gait when pursued by predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These strange-looking creatures are found in temperate regions in the southern half of South America. They are dry-country animals, living on the thorn-scrub, desert plains of Argentina and the stony wastes of Patagonia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although exceedingly shy, restless, and watchful, mares tame easily, make good pets, and are much favored by the local populace. They were introduced to France last century, and in Victorian times Europeans sometimes bred them. These big, handsome rodents, grazing in little herds, were considered an attractive addition to the lawns of country estates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POTENTIAL AREA OF USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras are best kept in their native region of southern South America. With care, however, they could be used in other areas because they are slow breeders and their population growth is easy to control.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At first sight, these large rodents look like some weird hybrid. They have the long ears of a hare and the tidy body and spindly legs of a small antelope. Although related to guinea pigs, they are long legged. The tail is short; the ears are long and erect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Average-size mares weigh about 8 kg, but large ones can be 1 m long and weigh up to 16 kg.2 Females are larger than males. The coat is light in color, with grey upper parts and whitish underparts. The limbs and feet are tinged a yellowish brown. The pelage is dense, with individual hairs standing at nearly right angles to the skin. This gives a harsh texture, even though the hairs are soft and fine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals can hop, walk, gallop, or run. They are extremely swift and can reach 45 km per hour over long distances. They are also accomplished jumpers, often leaping 2 m high from a standing start. The feet are compact and rather hooflike, but with sharp claws. The hind foot has three digits; the front foot has four.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mare's range in the thorn-scrub desert and Patagonian steppe of Argentina extends from about 28ÃS to 50ÃS.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Endangered. These animals, once plentiful, are now threatened because of the introduction of the European hare, which is more successful at competing for food. In many of the eastern parts of its distribution (see map) it is now extinct.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras inhabit open, dry plains and other treeless semidesert areas of coarse grass or scattered shrubs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras are pure vegetarians. They feed on short grasses and herbs that are sparsely distributed between patches of dry desert scrub. Usually, they are satisfied with a few coarse weeds and the shoots of bushes. However, their overall diet consists of any available vegetation: leaves, roots, fruits, and stems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female mares become sexually receptive within a few hours after giving birth. The estrous cycle is 35 days, plus or minus 5 days.3 The gestation period is 77 days. Each female gives birth to 1-3 young at the mouth of the den; the pups crawl inside to safety. Newborns are well developed, and within a few hours they begin grazing vegetation. They remain in the vicinity of the den for up to 4 months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially, at least, the young are nervous and easily frightened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras shelter in a burrow that they either construct for themselves or &quot;borrow&quot; from another animal that has abandoned it. They are active during the day and spend considerable time basking in the sun. They are always alert for danger. When alarmed, they flee at high speed. The white rump patch flashes a warning to the others, who then follow this &quot;flag.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A fundamental element of their social system is the monogamous pair bond. Certainly in captivity, and probably in the wild as well, the bond between a pair lasts for life. When breeding, 20 or more pairs may band together temporarily to share a single den for the pups.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals stand on straight legs, sit on bent haunches with the forepart of the body resting on the fully extended front legs, or recline in a catlike position with the front legs folded under the chest, an unusual position for a rodent. They travel in single file, with the female usually leading. Members of a pair maintain contact by means of a low grumble. Although the long legs can quickly carry it to safety, a mare usually stops every 20-30 m and turns to peer at its pursuer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals clean themselves by licking their sides and apparently by &quot;combing&quot; their fur with their teeth. They wipe their faces as cats do, with the inside of a foreleg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p260a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The maraâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the light-colored meat is said to be dry and flavorless, it is widely consumed in South America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras have been successfully raised and bred in many zoos, and, as noted, have been kept as pets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adults make little use of any shelter; they seem fond of being out and about in all weather. As long as they have a protected burrow for the use of the pups, mare populations can thrive in severe climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In zoos, diets include straw, vegetables, and crushed oats. Drinking water is supplied, although the animals rarely take it if they are feeding on fresh plant materials. They like to have salt blocks, however.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In South America, one mare lived in captivity for almost 14 years; most specimens do not live beyond 10 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras are a good size for microlivestock. They have a short gestation period, and they are social and easy to maintain in groups. They can be successfully kept in pens and can be fed relatively low-quality forage. Colonies can grow to be quite large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals can easily dig under the edges of cages and escape. Extra-deep foundations are needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following heavy rains, care must be taken to keep them from drowning in their subterranean burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If suddenly disturbed, mares can become hysterical, leaping away regardless of anything in the way, and often seriously injuring or even killing themselves as a result. They fear bodily contact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mare's monogamous nature in the wild is a likely limitation. But perhaps, like chinchillas, the animal will become polygamous in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are sensitive to tuberculosis when kept in humid conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research needs to increase understanding of the mare include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutritional trials;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Husbandry experiments - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, feed needs;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Productivity tests;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Grazing-efficiency measurements;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Exploration of commercial details; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determination of diseases and parasites. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">23 Paca</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas (Agouti paca)1,2 are large, white-spotted, almost tailless rodents with the potential to become a source of protein for the American tropics. They are found in lowlands from Mexico to northern Argentina. The meat is white and is considered the best of all Latin American game meat. It is common in local markets and restaurants. Tasting like a combination of pork and chicken, it sells at higher prices than beef and is a regular item of diet in some areas. In Costa Rica, pace is served on special occasions such as weddings or baptisms. It has a higher fat content than the lean meat of agoutis, rabbits, and chickens, and has no gamy taste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paca has promise as a microlivestock. In several countries, Belize and Mexico for example, people already keep them in cages beside their homes and fatten them on kitchen scraps. In Costa Rica, some are bred on farms, under houses, and even in apartments. Research on raising paces in captivity is under way at the Universidad Nacional in Heredia, Costa Rica; at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Balboa, Panama (see page 196); and at the Instituto de Historia Natural in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico. In Turrialba, Costa Rica, an entrepreneur is already breeding and raising pace commercially.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the pace has potential as a food source, many problems still must be resolved before it can be recommended for mass rearing. If solved, however, this species would become an attractive microlivestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pace has potential for use throughout its vast geographical range in Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general appearance, paces are somewhat like giant guinea pigs. The legs are short, the forefeet have four &quot;fingers,&quot; and the hindfeet have five small, hooflike &quot;toes.&quot; The feet are partially webbed and are adapted both for digging and for swimming. Pacas burrow with all four feet as well as their teeth; even large roots are no obstacle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adults weigh 6-14 kg, males being somewhat larger than females. Although they may become bulbously fat, paces remain &quot;one of the fastest things on four feet. &quot; From a standing start, even a fat specimen can jump at least 1 m off the ground. Pacas are also agile. However, their skin's epidermal layer is thin and fragile, and large strips may be ripped off as they rush headlong through spiky undergrowth. However, such wounds heal astonishingly fast - frequently within days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas are chocolate brown in colon The head is somewhat lighter in shade than the body, and the underparts are whitish or buff colored. There are usually four longitudinal rows of white spots that may merge into stripes along each side of the body. The fur is coarse, spiny, and slippery, and has no underwool. Each hair is stiff, relatively sharp, and very smooth, which makes paces extremely difficult for predators to hang on to.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parts of the cheekbones are enlarged, and the cheeks can open to form special pouches. This is more developed in adult males than in females - indeed, adults can be readily sexed by head shape. The pouches are outside of the mouth and are fully haired. The animals use them mainly to create a resonating chamber for their booming bark and noisy tooth grinding. These enlarged cheeks push the large bulging eyes toward the top of the skull. The eyes are suited for nocturnal conditions, the senses of smell and hearing are uncannily acute, and there is an array of long whiskers that is used when maneuvering at night.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lowland paces are found throughout most of Latin America from east central Mexico to northern Paraguay, Argentina, and Minas Gerais, Brazil. This includes all of Central America and most of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and the Guianas. The animal has also been introduced into Cuba.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p265a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The pacaâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burgeoning human populations are severely reducing many of Latin America's native animal resources, and the pace is one of the most persecuted. It has been exterminated within hunting range of virtually all cities, towns, and villages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several governments, recognizing the pace's plight, have passed laws prohibiting the hunting and marketing of its meat. Nevertheless, people continue to take it, usually at night, using trail dogs and headlights.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas thrive in a variety of tropical habitats but are most common in forests, swamps, and partly cleared grazing lands. They inhabit most types of forests from deciduous woodland to rainforest. Usually, they stay near streams or rivers, but they often live where there is no permanent water. They are abundant only in little-disturbed forest areas. Although preferring low, dense tree cover, paces sometimes inhabit open rocky areas and farmland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These herbivores feed mainly on fruits, young seedlings, and some seeds. However, when fruits are scarce they may switch to browsing leaves and roots. They probably sometimes eat large insects, and, on rare occasion, may perhaps eat small vertebrates. Captive paces, like many other &quot;frugivores,&quot; seem to develop a protein deficiency and will eagerly eat meat scraps on occasion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The young are usually born singly after a gestation period of 146 days. There are probably 2 births a year. Females have an estrous period that begins shortly after giving birth. If mating does not take place at this time, the female becomes unreceptive until after the 3-month (sometimes 4- to 6-month) lactation is over. The length of the estrous cycle is 30 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During daylight hours, paces seclude themselves in brushy cover, in or under fallen logs, or in extensive underground burrows. The burrows, which may be several meters long, are dug in moist soil or taken over from other animals; they are often in river banks, on slopes, among tree roots, or under rocks. Usually, several exits are provided, often being plugged with leaves as a disguise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild, paces dig large holes and rummage about the forest floor at night, gnawing on fruits. Pairs inhabit a defended area, sometimes living together in the same burrow, sometimes not. Also, they usually travel alone, following paths that lead to feeding grounds and water. Individual home ranges are small (1-3 hectares).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although paces are terrestrial, they enter water freely, they swim well, they copulate in water, and, when alarmed, they generally attempt to escape by swimming. They are also lively and playful; however, they can be exceedingly obstinate. Sometimes fighting among themselves becomes very savage. When angered they growl, sometimes noisily, and they can suddenly jump on aggressors, real or imagined, delivering frightful wounds with their chisel-like front teeth thrust forward like a spear. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, pace meat is tasty and brings high prices in the markets. It is considered a delicacy in fine restaurants and was served to Queen Elizabeth during her October 1985 visit to Belize. In Mexico, paces, like pigs, are usually boiled unskinned. Even the skin is then edible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If treated appropriately when young, paces become manageable. They undergo &quot;imprinting,&quot; a characteristic of most species that have been domesticated. An imprinted pace becomes so tame that it seeks out human company, follows people around like an amiable dog and, if turned out of its cage, returns voluntarily. (To achieve this degree of tameness it is necessary to remove the animal from its mother at an early age.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although wild paces are almost entirely nocturnal, tame paces are more active during daylight hours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young or partly grown paces are commonly exhibited in zoos. They eat prodigious quantities of almost any vegetation and have been called, &quot;a good substitute for a large garbage pail.&quot; Diets can include rolled oats, raw vegetables, bananas, apples, and bread. They probably need additional protein occasionally, and seem to appreciate some fat in their diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If husbandry can be developed, the clamor for pace meat throughout tropical America would be a big economic incentive for farming these animals. The excellence and wide acceptance of the meat is an indication that pace farming would be taken up both in rural and urban areas and by many levels of society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas can harbor human diseases, including leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from the project in Panama (see page 194), paces have bred only sporadically in captivity, with few offspring surviving. However, successes have been recorded in zoos in London, San Diego, and Washington, D.C., and in a research project in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico. In Costa Rica, they are also reportedly breeding well, with a survival rate of 90 percent since 1982, and 80 percent of the females are reproducing.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All adult paces can be aggressive and dangerous. Their powerful incisors can inflict serious wounds. (They can even rip through planks.) Intraspecific aggression is one of the most serious impediments to captive breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike the capybara, the pace not only has a long gestation but usually bears a single young. Thus, the output of a single breeding female may be, at best, two offspring per year (at least this is the expected production in the wild). This &quot;slow&quot; breeding is a limitation. In captivity, however, there is a possibility that it can be speeded up.4 The fact that paces bond together in pairs is a limitation. If every female has to be accompanied by a male, then many (otherwise unnecessary) males have to be fed and maintained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male paces are considered difficult to keep as household pets because they spray females (or human substitutes) with a mixture of urine and glandular secretions. This can occur several times a day. In addition, they have anal glands that produce a musky odor that some people find objectionable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although paces are common in some areas over the vast region from Mexico to Argentina, they are little understood, even by zoologists. In fact, most data concerning this animal have come from interviews with local hunters. Intensive field work is needed to develop an understanding of the pace's biology, status, and habitat requirements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The popularity of pace meat makes it urgent to start this work as well as to begin breeding paces on an organized basis. Such projects would lay the groundwork for preserving the species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Particular research needs concern the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Age structure and reproductive performance;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Growth rates and feeding habits;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Behavioral patterns in captivity;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutritional requirements;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Meat quality;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Helminth and arthropod parasites;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Role in transmitting or perpetuating diseases;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reproduction (such as external manifestations of estrus in females); and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Genetic variations that would allow the selection of animals adapted to captivity and females that produce multiple offspring - twins, triplets, or more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ways must be found to introduce more than one female to each male without inciting aggression. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">24 Vizcacha</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g027a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas (Lagostomus maximus) are soft-furred South American rodents that look like long-tailed guinea pigs. They can weigh as much as 8 kg and are resilient animals, inhabiting dry pampas and shrub lands in northern Argentina and neighboring countries. They seem to have promise for producing meat and hides in marginal zones whithin their native habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like chinchillas (page 277), these rodents provide a prized furry pelt. They also provide meat that reportedly tastes &quot;as good as hare,&quot; which in Europe is considered the epitome of dining. They are easily trapped alive in cheap, homemade, multiple-catch, funnel traps. And they are thought to be suitable for farming on a large scale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, vizcachas are currently considered pests because they take grazing from cattle and sheep and because they build large burrows that undermine the land. Government campaigns have eradicated them in the richer agricultural areas of Argentina, but the animals are still common in marginal zones. There is evidence that they become more abundant when domestic livestock overgraze the land. In improverished marginal sites, where other livestock enterprises are unsuitable, the potential exists for game-ranching vizcachas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the potential hazard to new areas, vizcachas can be used only in the pampas regions of southern South America where they are already widespread.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas have short front legs, long, muscular hind legs, and round eyes and ears. Their heads seem oversized in proportion to their bodies. Males weigh 5-8 kg, females 2-4.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members of the same rodent subfamily as the chinchilla, they have a thick, soft, valuable fur that is grey or brown above, whitish or greyish below. They are, however, much larger than chinchillas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although basically running animals, vizcachas often jump bipedally (like kangaroos), and they sit erect while eating or grooming. The forefeet have four long flexible digits used to grasp food. Their soles and palms are naked and have fleshy pads (pallipes).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas once swarmed widely over the savannas of southern Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina, but they are being systematically exterminated. Today they inhabit isolated areas of north, central, and western Argentina and southern Paraguay.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1907, these animals have been mercilessly hunted. The governments of the Argentine provinces where they are mostly found, reward hunters for killing this &quot;pest.&quot; However, the numbers are so reduced that now there is no need for a bounty system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas live in flat, dry, steppelike plains; in dry woodland (Chaco), and in low mountains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that these rodents eat their own droppings (coprophagy) augments their ability to utilize natural forages, and allows them to abound in degraded zones. They feed on any plant materials they can find near their colonies, particularly grasses. In feeding trials, their daily dry matter intake was 2-5 percent of the body weight. The metabolic efficiency (dry matter per kg) was 33-56 percent; the digestive efficiency was 50-60 percent.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male vizcachas become sexually mature at about seven months of age and remain fertile throughout the year. The gestation period is long: 154 days. Litters contain one or two young. Newborns are well developed, fully furred, and open eyed, although they cannot fend for themselves for at least three weeks. In the wild, one or two litters are reared each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas are nocturnal and are active year-round. They inhabit underground burrows, living in colonies often containing many individuals. They collect a variety of materials (for example, bones, sticks, and stones), and heap them in piles above the entrances to their burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their hearing and sense of smell are acute. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p274a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Vizcachaâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas have long been hunted for food as well as for their fur. Their meat is often consumed in pickled form in southern South America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The skins are fabricated into table runners, rugs, bedspreads, slippers, and belts. The skins are also popular for overcoats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas can be kept in captivity without major difficulty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In zoos, vizcachas are fed the typical diets furnished for vegetarian rodents: rolled oats, green vegetables, bananas, apples, and bread. They are usually kept indoors in wire-fronted cages, about 1 x 2 m in size, and provided with sleeping boxes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about vizcacha husbandry, but in one trial, weight rose most rapidly in males until age 18 months (the average size was then 5.3 kg) and subsequently slowed. The heaviest male was 7.3 kg at 30-32 months. The female's weight gain was greatest until 16-18 months (average size 3.3 kg).3 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals seem well adapted to harsh sites where the climate and forage make raising conventional livestock difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat is white and has a good nutritive value because of its high digestibility, low levels of saturated fats, and high levels of proteins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In marginal zones of the pampas, these rodents appear far more productive than traditional livestock.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas may do considerable damage by foraging in cultivated crops. As noted, ranchers claim that they take grazing away from domestic animals, 10 vizcachas eating as much as a sheep. In addition, they claim, vizcachas destroy pasture with their acidic urine. And the large burrow systems sometimes create a hazard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because their reproductive rate is low and their growth rate is only moderate, their commercial breeding might not be profitable except in well-designed projects with clear markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas require sturdy pens, which implies a high initial cost for materials such as concrete and brick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas can be aggressive to one another, especially in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several possible research projects, including:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gathering specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation of characters such as biology, chromosome type, reproductive physiology, social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Attempting captive rearing and small-scale husbandry;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Assessing performance under various environments; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Quantifying productivity and population dynamics in relation to rangeland use and improvement practices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A rational cropping program based on wild stocks is perhaps more viable than captive breeding. This could be organized so as to keep vizcacha numbers in check while sustaining a small chain of processing plants by providing a constant supply of meat and skins. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">25 Other Rodents</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 10 previous chapters have described some rodent species that show promise as microlivestock. Rodentia, however, is one of the largest families of mammals, and the species highlighted by no means exhaust the possibilities. In this chapter we briefly mention others that deserve consideration and exploratory research. These might prove to be potential resources, at least in localized situations. Several are fast nearing extinction and they deserve protection and immediate attention from animal scientists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHINCHILLAS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the high Andes of South America are found the short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla brevicaudata) and the long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). These plump little rodents have fur that is possibly the thickest, softest, and warmest of any animal's.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the surface they would seem to be ideal candidates for microlivestock in Third World regions. Indeed, in recent years chinchilla-rearing has been successfully carried out in northern India. However, raising these animals for commercial markets is a highly specialized and costly business because only rare and expensive breeding stock produces top-quality pelts, and all other pelts are worthless in today's marketplace.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These guinea-pig-sized animals have round ears, a bushy tail, and range from 25 to 50 cm long. Adult males rarely weigh more than 500 g, but females may weigh up to 800 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PACARANA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pacarana (Dinomys branickii) is the third-largest living rodentâ only capybaras and some beavers are larger. But little is known about this seldom-encountered, forest-dwelling species. Nevertheless, pacaranas appear to be likely candidates for domestication. They are amazingly even-tempered and peaceful, and become surprisingly tame.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because these animals are endangered they are unlikely candidates for microlivestock in the short run, but their large size and good meat could be the stimulus for an international effort to study, protect, and rear them in large numbers before it is too late.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacaranas are found along the eastern foothills of the Andes, including parts of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Their area of potential use is in Latin America and the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It would be advantageous for livestock scientists to investigate this species in captivity. Studies are needed of the animal's general biology, including its nutritional requirements, reproductive capacity, behavior, and physiology. For wildlife specialists, there is a compelling need to protect this species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SPRINGHARE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scattered through the dry lands of eastern and southern Africa - on numerous grasslands, plains, fossil lake beds, hill slopes, and floodplains - is the springhare (or springhaas). With its powerful hind legs, tiny forelegs, upright stance, and hopping gait, it looks something like a tiny kangaroo. It is commonly seen at night, eyes glowing a characteristic red in the headlights.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal is an important source of food and skins for rural peoples throughout southern Africa. In Botswana, it is the principal bushmeat in the human diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Springhares are 35-40 cm long and weigh 3-4 kg. There is one species (Pedetes capensis) and two subspecies: the East African springhare and the Cape springhare (formerly Pedetes cafer). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROCK CAVY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) is closely related to the guinea pig and occurs in the impoverished semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. It is large and lean and has a face somewhat resembling a dog's. It is hunted extensively and is an important source of meat for country people, who consider it a delicacy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This creature might be suitable as a microlivestock. It consumes leaves and bark, and breeds well in captivity. Famine is a serious periodic problem in the often-drought-stricken area, and protein deficiency is common. The rock cavy, like the guinea pig, may be amenable to domestication and may be able to provide the people with better nutrition. However, it is difficult to keep in a cage because it moves fast, climbs well, and easily slips out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because these rodents occur in rare and patchily distributed habitats, they are in desperate need of protection, whether or not they prove to have any long-term utility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SALT-DESERT CAVY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A smaller relative of the mare (page 256), the salt-desert cavy (Dolichotis salinicola) is rabbitlike in appearance and behavior. It has large ears and eyes, long legs, and a short tail. It lacks the mare's white rump patch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal inhabits dry, salty areas of the Chaco desert, particularly areas of dry, woody brush. Specifically, it is found in the saline western Chaco of Paraguay and northwestern Argentina, as well as in the extreme south of Bolivia. It is about 45 cm long and weighs up to 4 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it might make a useful microlivestock in its native habitat, the salt-desert cavy breeds rapidly and can cause much devastation; it should never be introduced to new regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The salt-desert cavy's life in the wild is largely unknown; however, some have been successfully raised and bred in zoos. Exploratory research on keeping and managing these little creatures is warranted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;OTHERS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted earlier (page 193), it has been estimated that 42 peoples of various cultures eat rodents. Most of these eat locally available species, some of which are listed below. Whether any have long-term usefulness is uncertain, but study of them in the wild and in captivity could result in some interesting and valuable scientific discoveries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Solomon Islands Rodents&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Solomon Islands in the southwest Pacific are home to a collection of six rare giant rodents that live in the rainforest canopy. At one time they were important food items. Archeologists have dug up tens of thousands of rodent bones on sites where people lived as long as 30,000 years ago. These mysterious animals were classified last century, but most have not been seen by biologists for decades. However, one, the thinking rat (Solomys sapientis), was rediscovered in 1987 - the first time it had been reported seen since 1901. The others may also be inhabiting the dense and undisturbed forests.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The thinking rat was located on the island of Santa Isabel. It proved to be gentle, unafraid, and friendly. It lives in the forest canopy, weighs up to 1 kg, and feeds on nuts and fruits. Efforts to build up the population are urgently needed. The other species should also be sought.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such animals could be a resource for rainforest production (perhaps in the manner of butterfly farming in Papua New Guinea2). They may never be plentiful enough to be food sources again, but they could nonetheless become valuable. Zoos the world over are likely first customers for these scientific curiosities if production can be boosted and the populations secured.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant New Guinea Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant New Guinea rat (Mallomys rothschildi) is often eaten in New Guinea. It is little known to science but is odorless and easily tamed. It grows so fast that it becomes as big as a guinea pig even before it is weaned. It feeds on a wide variety of tubers and vegetable products. An attractive species native to mountain forests, it has a long heavy tail and black fur with white ticking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Porcupines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Porcupines, brush-tailed porcupines, and their relatives are distantly related to guinea pigs and are widely consumed as food in tropical regions. Examples are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) and other species of South Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Cape porcupine (H. africaeaustralis) of southern Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Prehensile-tailed porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), which inhabits Central and South America. These nocturnal creatures live in the thick, leafy crowns of trees or in hollow trees or holes in the ground. Although often belligerent among themselves, they can be very friendly and tame toward humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kiore&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kiore (Rattus exulans) was formerly an important component of  the diet of most Polynesians, including the Maoris of New Zealand. It  has been successfully reared in captivity in recent times. Unlike many  other rodents, this animal is normally not a scavenger; it is a clean,  even fastidious feeder that is basically a vegetarian (flowers, berries,  nuts, and seeds) and is reckoned remarkably good eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soft-Furred Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The soft-furred rat (Praomys) is relatively large and slender and is  found in the tropical forests of Africa from sea level to more than  3,000 m. Among the most common rodents of the African jungle, it is  trapped almost everywhere. It feeds largely on plants, but eats large  quantities of ants and other insects. It has been raised successfully in  captivity and is eaten by villagers in Malawi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant Squirrels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) occurs throughout Indonesia,  Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. It is the largest squirrel on earth, almost the  size of a cat. A related species, the palm squirrel (Funambulus), also  gets very large. It can crop nuts in the very high treetops that are  inaccessible to people. It is widely used as food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Squirrels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Squirrels of the genus Callosciurus (notably C. notatus and C.  prevostii) are significant pests on cocoa, oil palm, and mixed fruit  plantations in Southeast Asia. They can be reared and bred on a diet of  most types of fruit as long as a little protein, in the form of insects or  cooked wheat, is available. The systematic use of this animal may  offer a chance to turn a pest to advantage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cloud Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two species of slender-tailed cloud rats (Phlocomys spp.) are found  only in southeastern Asia. They live in tree cavities, climb well, and  are well adapted to tree life.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of these (P. cumingi) lives in the northeastern part of Luzon in the Philippines, where it appears to be thriving. It has a large body and long tail and is the largest member of the mouse subfamily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other (Crateromys schadenbergi) has long, thick hair and a thick, bushy tail. It lives in the mountainous areas of northern Luzon. A nocturnal animal, it feeds on buds, bark, and fruits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both are attractive, even fascinating, creatures that are relentlessly hunted for food. They might make useful livestock in forest situations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Spiny Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Cayenne spiny rat (Proechimys guyannensis) is found throughout most of South America. It is tasty, easily kept in captivity, and is popularly used in Colombia for food. A nocturnal animal, it is one of the most common mammals in many areas. It has been raised in captivity on bananas, sweet corn, coconut, grain, and various seeds.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bamboo Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The bamboo rat (Rhyzomys spp.) is the largest rodent on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia; it weighs 2-4 kg and the body can be as long as 45 cm. It prefers to live in bamboo thickets and is hunted and eaten by many local peoples.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a need - in considering any sort of game farming - to relate the animal's &quot;preferred&quot; conditions (range, feed, temperature, etc.) to the varying land and climate types not being effectively utilized. In other words, rather than looking at animals that might be farmed, it might be necessary to consider the terrain and climate and then seek animals that would &quot;do&quot; well under those conditions. One major fault with traditional farming has been the tendency to force traditional livestock onto unsuitable land. This has given rise to numerous serious problems. In many cases the most suitable use of an area is provided by several species grazing together to mutual benefit (e.g., goats and sheep on New Zealand hill country improve grazing for each other if ratios are right).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Yerex&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g028a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part V : Deer and Antelope</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several types of tropical deer' and antelope are no bigger than an average-size dog. These &quot;microdeer&quot; and &quot;microantelope&quot;2 are the smallest of all ruminants. Although there is considerable experience with rearing and utilizing the larger species, little is known about these miniature ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given research, mouse deer, muntjac, musk deer, pudu, brocket, huemul, and water deer, as well as half a dozen small antelope, might prove to have considerable potential. Collectively, they come from diverse habitats, ranging from equatorial to subarctic and from moist rainforest to arid savanna. They are adapted to some environmental conditions that are only marginal for production of conventional livestock because of drought, heat, diseases, altitude, or other constraints.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEER FARMING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer appear to be unlikely candidates for livestock, but reindeer were probably among the first domesticated animals and have been draft animals for perhaps 2O,OOO years. Even today, tens of thousands of reindeer pull sleighs in the European arctic. On military expeditions, the ancient Romans took along herds of fallow deer as a source of meat, and more than 1,000 years ago deer were annually herded off the Scottish Highlands for winter meat supplies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, there have been breakthroughs in the &quot;domestication&quot; of deer. Species already being [armed are: red deer (New Zealand, Australia, Taiwan, Korea, Russia, China, Scotland, the United States), elk (New Zealand, Canada, the United States), fallow deer (New Zealand, Australia, England, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Germany, the United States), ruse deer (Australia, Mauritius, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea), sika deer (Taiwan, New Zealand), musk deer (China, India), and PFre David's deer (New Zealand). Although not truly domesticated, even the moose has been tamed in Scandinavia and the Soviet Union, the calves being bottle-raised from three days of age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Zealand has made particular progress in domesticating large deer (see sidebar). It seems probable, therefore, that similar success with small deer could be achieved. For those seeking interesting, pioneering research, microdeer are good candidates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTELOPE RANCHING AND FARMING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The worldwide experiences in domesticating various deer species suggest that the organized production of small antelope should also be considered. Several large species have already been studied and are used in game farming in eastern and southern Africa. Similar research on the smaller species, which so far have received little or no attention, is one of the more speculative ideas in this report. We put it forward only for consideration by researchers, but if exploratory studies prove successful, this is a topic deserving international support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some parts of Africa there are large expanses of uninhabited lands, and producing any sort of livestock there is limited by aridity and by the presence of tsetse flies. But in this habitat live tiny antelope such as dikdik, suni, and klipspringer. In the rainforests and secondary forests are found duikers and the royal antelope. All these creatures have advantages that justify their consideration as microlivestock: they have a more rapid turnover than the big species, and they produce a high yield of quality meat. In addition, compared with cattle, these native ungulates make better use of the habitat. Cattle select a limited number of grass species; antelopes choose a wider range, and also include fortes, bushes, and trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More important perhaps is their resistance to many diseases. Most, if not all, are resistant to trypanosomiasis, the disease carried by the tsetse fly. They are not immune to this and other tropical diseases, but they are less susceptible than cattle. However, part of this may be owing to their ability to roam widely; if confined and treated like domestic animals, they may also require some protection against parasites and diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antelopes are also more productive than cattle; that is, they produce a given quantity of meat more quickly because they breed better in the African hinterlands and grow more rapidly on its existing forages. On the other hand, they generally require a richer diet than cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, in their favor, antelopes affect the habitat less than the same density of cattle does; they spread out more while feeding and thereby cause less erosion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two ways of exploiting this potential. One is by &quot;cropping&quot;âtaking a controlled offtake from free-ranging populations without depressing the overall population. Several methods for producing meat this way from large antelope have been attempted in countries such as Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. Few have persisted. Often this has been due to opposition from the vested interests of the cattle industry and from stringent veterinary requirements. Nonetheless, game ranching offers a means by which marginal lands could produce food of a high nutritional quality on a sustained basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other method is by farming - that is, domesticating or partially domesticating the animals, keeping them in pens or herding them like cattle. Experiments in farming antelopes have been less common than game ranching, but one of the most interesting is that conducted on the Galana Ranch in Kenya. Three wild species - buffalo, eland, and oryx - were selected for comparison with cattle. Half-grown animals were preferred for capture, and it was found that if they were kept in the dark for the first week after capture, and then gradually provided with more and more space while they became familiar with people, after about six weeks they could be released into the open and herded from place to place. Grazing during the day under the eye of a herdsman, they allowed themselves to be herded back to a pen at night in the traditional African manner, where they would sleep around the campfire. This was a promising advance in behavior modification leading toward domestication. The oryx, for example, gained weight on grazing that would not even sustain cattle, and it required only a quarter of the amount of water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At bottom, the question is not what contribution antelopes can make to the African larder, for they already make a significant contribution through (largely illegal) hunting. The question is whether farming could make them a sustainable asset rather than their being senselessly squandered, as is the case at present. Although its potential has yet to be realized, antelope farming is not a panacea for Africa's food problems, and certainly not the world's, but it might pave the way to a new and more gentle way to make savannas useful. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TAME GAME&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the 1970s, deer have taken the place of sheep on many New Zealand pastures, and today the country has more than 5, 000 deer farms carrying over one million head, mainly red deer. It is now common along country roads to see tall fences surrounding graceful deer quietly grazing ryegrass and clover. And there are all the appurtenances for deer that exist for cattle and sheep. Auctions and shows are held regularly. Deer farmers have a professional association and produce their own glossy magazine. Government scientists publish pamphlets on the care and management of deer. There are recognized stud stags, computerized recording schemes for breed improvement, and even veterinary services specifically for deer. Hybridization between wapiti and red deer, and PFre David's deer and red deer, is accepted practice. The animals are moved by use of dogs (which command by mere presence rather than by bark or bite), and herds of up to 80 are shifted by truck. Slaughter facilities specifically for deer are in operation throughout the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This transformation of a nervous, jumpy, and retiring wild species into a farm animal is a remarkable achievement. Once accustomed to people, many specimens become gentle, even affectionate, and will come at a farmer's call. Males are generally as easy to handle as females, except during the rutting season when they become aggressive and cannot be handled at all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, even at the best of times the farmed deer must be handled gingerly. If the causes of stress are not quickly suppressed, hysteria can erupt throughout a herd; in an instant, quiet animals can be leaping suicidally in all directions, disoriented, diving head-on into fences, charging gates. Chronic stress, the causes of which are not always obvious, can result in illness or death, although this trait diminishes in subsequent generations of farm-born stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A deer farm has to be laid out to certain special specifications. To prevent escapes, the boundary fences must be 2 m high with netting of 15- or 30-cm mesh. Inner fences need only be 1.5 m high. Water troughs are placed in the middle of the fields, and nothing is allowed to jut inwards from the fences because the animals tend to walk fencelines and take comfort from the illusion of openness. Because deer like to wallow in hot weather, some farmers also provide shallow waterholes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer yards can be of any design, but the sides of the passageways and holding pens should be solid, as deer do not see fences very well, particularly when under pressure, and may injure themselves in a leap towards what appear to be wide open space. (New Zealanders usually make the sides of plywood.) Also, the holding pens should be roofed, as semidarkness has a calming effect. Animals that in the sunlight become hysterical on seeing a person in the distance, can, in the relative darkness of a roofed shed, be touched and even given injections.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the special facilities, however, handling deer takes time and care and experience. The most successful farmers spend much time among the deer so that the animals become accustomed to human presence. This helps to make yard work easier. Also, new arrivals are allowed to wander through the yards on their own to become familiar with them. In addition, special tame deer are used as leads or decoys to encourage the rest of the herd to follow. Using such simple techniques, a formerly intractable species has become almost fully domesticated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">26 Mouse Deer</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g029a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Lesser Malayan Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer1 (Tragulus spp. and Hyemoschus aquaticus) are among the smallest ruminants known. The lesser mouse deer of Southeast Asia is probably the smallest; an adult stands only 20 cm high and weighs a merc 1-2.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they look vaguely like tiny deer, mouse deer differ in several particulars. The stomach is simpler and (like the camel's) has three instead of four effective compartments. Rumination occurs, but mouse deer are the most primitive of all ruminants. Indeed, they share a number of characteristics with nonruminants, including lack of horns or antlers; continually growing, tusklike upper canines in males; sharp-crowned premolars; and four fully developed toes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Virtually unchanged in 25 million years of evolution, these are solitary, nocturnal, retiring animals that have seldom received detailed research. Whether they might make suitable microlivestock is unknown. However, they seem to be tractable, and people in Southeast Asia (Sarawak, for instance) have traditionally kept at least one of the species as backyard pets. Moreover, mouse deer are indigenous to tropical lowland regions and withstand the heat and humidity that are stressful to most conventional livestock species. They probably also are resistant to many diseases of those torrid regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the United States, mouse deer are being raised as laboratory animals for basic research on ungulates. This is because the animals are easier to handle than large deer or goats.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are graceful, lithe, and look somewhat like large rodents. The Asian species are the shape and size of an agouti (see page 198); the African species is more like the pace (see page 262). All have short legs, a small head, and a pointed snout. Adults weigh from 1 to 5 kg, depending on species. The head and body are only 04-1 m long, and the shoulder height is merely 20-36 cm. Males are generally smaller than females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most species the body is a rich brown with white spots and stripes. The belly is usually white. The animals stand on the middle toes, so that the lateral ones do not touch the ground. Neither sex bears antlers. In males the upper canines form long tusks that may extend outside the lips and even to below the line of the jaw.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty-five million years ago, early forms of mouse deer existed throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe. Today's species are restricted to tropical forests and mangrove thickets of Southeast Asia and Central Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the three Asian species, the Indian mouse deer occurs in southern India and Sri Lanka; the larger Malayan mouse deer occurs on the mainland of Southeast Asia and the lesser Malayan mouse deer occurs on Java as well. The water chevrotain, a related African animal, is found from eastern Zaire to the Atlantic coast. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p292a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p293a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Range of water chevrotain .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, human encroachment into the forest has caused the destruction of the mouse deer habitats and has put various mouse deer species under a pressure that is causing their populations to decline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals inhabit equatorial forests and mixed secondary tropical forest. They generally live among undergrowth on the edges of dense lowland rainforests. They especially haunt rivers and swampy bush areas, seeking escape by water when in danger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little about these animals is recorded. Essentially vegetarians, they feed chiefly on fruits, supplemented by leaves. They also eat insects (for instance, ants), if available. They do not seem to eat grass.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The premolars of the mouse deer are designed for piercing and chopping food rather than for chewing. As noted, the stomach consists of three functional compartments: the rumen, the reticulum, and the abomasum. (The omasum of ruminants is represented only by a rudimentary area.) The stomach occupies almost the whole of the abdominal cavity, extending from the diaphragm to the pelvic inlet, which provides this small animal with large food-storage capacity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The blood has a very high erythrocyte (red blood corpuscle) count as well as the smallest erythrocyte size of any mammal. The flesh is &quot;white&quot; and the muscles contain little myoglobin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mature females reproduce almost continuously, and usually regardless of season. In the female larger Malayan mouse deer, mating occurs within 2 days of giving birth. In the African species, many births are synchronized with the rainy seasons, when fruits are plentiful. The gestation period is about 5-6 months, depending on the species. There is only one young per birth. Weaning normally occurs at 2-3 months, but can occur as early as 3 weeks, with sexual maturity achieved at 4-5 months (Asian species) and 10 months (African species). The young stay alone, hidden in vegetation during the first month or two.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are shy, keeping to dense jungle and depending on concealment for protection. Although often present in large numbers, they are seldom seen. Preferring to be near lakes, rivers, or streams, they can nevertheless wander I km or more from water. They feed mostly at dusk or at night, sheltering in undisturbed areas or under shady bushes during the day. They utter weak, bleating sounds, and when frightened, jump a meter or more in the air.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Communication is by scent and calls. The African species possess anal and preputial glands, with which, along with urine and feces, they mark their home ranges. Males of both Asian and African species possess a chin gland to mark either the vegetation or their mates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are among the most excitable, nervous, and jumpy animals. One must tread softly in their presence for fear of causing absolute pandemonium and mishap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are widely sought by native people for food, and their meat is highly regarded. Dressed carcasses have a high proportion of muscle (84 percent in Asian species), low proportion of bone (15 percent), and an insignificant amount of fat. The ratio of muscle to bone is large - 5.6:1. The mean dressing percentage of 62.1 percent is greater than that reported for cattle, water buffalo, or goat.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adults are wild, generally intractable, and &quot;flighty,&quot; but young animals (at least of the Asian species) tame readily and make good pets. Nevertheless, these are delicate creatures and must always be handled gently. Individuals caught in the wild tend to bash against the sides of cages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite an unpromising temperament, Asian mouse deer are regularly bred in zoos, including those in Amsterdam, New York, and Zurich. They also have been reared successfully in small enclosures at several research institutes, such as the I.R.E.T. Institute, Makokou, Gabon; the Institute of Medical Research in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and at Fort Detrick in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps the best way to breed this animal is by using the battery system of small units comprising one male and two females per cage. The costs are mostly for obtaining suitable enclosures and for feeding and watering troughs.6 The cages must be covered with mesh because the mouse deer can jump. However, the covering must be sufficiently high to allow the male to stand with its body vertical during copulation.7 They can be fed a variety of foods and grow well on stems of bean plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, these are small, seemingly tractable creatures that are at home in the heat, humidity, and diseases of tropical lowlands. They might play a particularly important role as livestock for tropical rainforests; the forests could be left standing while the animal still produces meat. Today, in a widely condemned process, tropical rainforests are being felled in order to raise cattle for meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small size makes mouse deer easy prey for various predators. In the wild, snakes, crocodiles, eagles, and forest cats feed on them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are among the most excitable, nervous, and jumpy animals. One must tread softly in their presence for fear of causing absolute pandemonium and mishap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The different species are solitary, and it is difficult to keep many individuals (especially males) in a restricted space. They must be kept in a quiet enclosure, with cover or good shelters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The survival of these four &quot;living fossils&quot; depends on conserving their rainforest habitat and restricting hunting, especially night hunting. But studies of their propagation and management are also imperative.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In particular, research is warranted on various aspects of their husbandry, such as enclosure design, space requirements, and health. A special research need is to understand the animal's nutritional requirements and to develop diets for use in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">27 Muntjac</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g030a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac, or barking deer (Muntiacus species), are among the most widespread but least known of all Asian animals.1 They are almost the size of an average dog and they bark, but they are true deer. These little animals adapt well to captivity and have been introduced to zoos and wildlife collections throughout the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years one species, the Reeves' muntjac, has become established in England, and a few specimens have settled into semicaptivity - staying behind fences, accepting human presence, and even eating out of people's hands. In Sarawak, villagers have also been known to keep muntjac, feeding them a diet of rice with some leafy matter occasionally added.2 Such experiences show that these small, shy deer can be calm and adaptable. It also shows that they can be raised on practical, artificial diets and that they are not strictly browsers. This creates the possibility (admittedly highly speculative) that they might make future microlivestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac produce lean, palatable venison and perhaps could be farmed on an organized basis. They are native to severe environments where heat, humidity, and endemic diseases make raising conventional livestock difficult. In future, given research, muntjac might become widespread contributors to Asian economic development. The lessons learned in captive breeding could also be important for conserving endangered muntjac species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One species, the Indian muntjac, has an incredibly low chromosome number (2n=7 in males; 2n=6 in females), which makes them particularly promising candidates for mammalian genetic studies. This species has regularly bred well in both zoos and research institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are small and slender. Reeves' muntjac, the smallest, has a shoulder height of 45-60 cm. Fully grown, it weighs less than 20 kg; commonly it is merely 10-12 kg. The Java subspecies of the Indian muntjac is the biggest, with a shoulder height of 58 cm and a mature weight of 43 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antlers on the males usually include a main prong as well as a much shorter brow tine. Even the main prong is no larger than a finger, but its pointed tip is hooked and must be treated with caution. There are also two tusklike canine teeth that protrude from the mouth. These have sharp points and a knifelike posterior edge, capable of cutting to the bone a person's finger or another muntjac's rump.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coloration varies from deep brown to yellowish or greyish brown with cream or whitish markings, depending on the species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are native to a vast region from eastern China to Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost a century ago, Indian and Reeves' muntjac were introduced to a deer park in southeast England. Some escaped, and (as noted) the Reeves' muntjac has adapted, spread, and settled down to life in the countryside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the five muntjac species, the Reeves' and the Indian are well known and in no danger. For instance, recent estimates of annual game production have shown that there are about 650,000 Reeves' muntjac in China. The other three are threatened with extinction. Black, Roosevelt's, and Fea's muntjacs are virtually untried in captivity, but the success of raising Reeves' muntjac in English country gardens suggests that perhaps their populations could be saved through captive breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In their native habitats, these small deer are usually found in dense vegetation on hilly ranges at elevations up to at least 3,000 m.3 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p301a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The native ranges of the various muntjacs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac seem to be primarily browsers. However, in captivity they eat fresh grass, alfalfa hay, and feed pellets. They also readily eat root crops such as potatoes, carrots, and parsnips. They are &quot;concentrate selectors,&quot; preferring foods low in fiber and rich in protein and nutrients. Captive specimens reportedly need; a supply of cut browse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding may occur year-round, but in practice it is synchronized with certain seasons. The first conception can occur as early as 6 months of age. One, occasionally two, young are born after a gestation of about 200 days. They weigh around I kg at birth, and the fawns usually remain hidden until they can move about with the mother. The females mate within a few days of giving birth. Life spans up to 16 years have been recorded.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the Indian muntjac is a species of great cytogenetic interest. It has the lowest diploid chromosome numbers yet found in a mammal.4 The large, easily distinguishable chromosomes are a great advantage in tissue culture, and many laboratories now have muntjac cell lines. The karyotypes of the different species' chromosomes are very different; the Indian and Reeves' muntjac can hybridize, but the offspring are infertile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are dainty and have a captivating charm. Always on the alert, they are active both day and night. Often they will bark for an hour or more, but typically they bark for only a minute or two. When panicked, captive muntjac may rush into fences or walls. They can easily leap barriers 1.5 m high.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males are highly territorial and defend their territories vigorously. Adult females also inhabit a specific territory, which they defend against strange individuals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males mark the ground at intervals by lowering the head and rubbing the frontal glands on the ground and by scraping their hooves against the ground. They mark trees by scraping the bark with the lower incisors and rubbing the base of their antlers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Asia, muntjac are hunted for meat, skins, and antlers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac thrive and, at least under ideal conditions, breed freely in captivity. However, they may stop breeding if they are crowded.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In England, zoos and private collections keep as many as six muntjac in an area of 40 x 20 m. Plenty of cover is provided for the animals to hide in. Fences almost 2 m high are used. (Lower fences are reportedly adequate where there is no risk of the deer being panicked by dogs or people.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like other deer, muntjac produce extremely lean meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They seem to be healthy animals. In Britain, wild and captive muntjac have few gastrointestinal worms, and ectoparasites such as ticks and lice are not a problem. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MUNTJAC&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In England, far from Asia's forests and mountains, the Reeves' muntjac is the subject of a peculiar chapter in the otherwise unhappy history of introduced species. Charmed by the deer's odd characteristics, the British have welcomed its invasion into gardens around the country. Now, there are tens of thousands of muntjacs on the loose, and some people have even adopted them as pets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although other alien species have wreaked havoc on native plants and animals, muntjacs appear to be a merciful exception. At least over the short term, muntjacs &quot;have proven to be an almost innocuous asset to the countryside. They give pleasure to thousands and pain to few. Eating mostly ivy, grass, leaves, and prickly bushes, they rarely feed in one place long enough to do much damage except to an occasional suburban garden.&quot; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life for many muntjacs is made soft by homeowners who find the deer's large, dewy eyes and tiny antlers irresistible. The kind-hearted suburbanites put out salt licks, water, and kitchen scraps, and they built snug little shelters against the cold north wind. &quot;All our adult deer will take food from the hand,&quot; says Walter Buckingham, who has kept muntjacs for five years in his garden in the county of &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hertfordshire, just north of London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The adaptable immigrant is colonizing new areas so rapidly, say biologists, that soon there may be more in England than in Asia. &quot;In time,&quot; predicts muntjac-researcher Oliver Dansie (pictured opposite), &quot;it may eventually establish itself as our most widely distributed deer species.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild these animals are not gregarious and are generally found alone or in pairs. Because of their strong territorial instincts, large males may not be able to be kept together without fighting. The upper canine teeth can inflict serious wounds. Some females are intolerant of each other as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are fragile; they cannot be held by the legs, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some infectious diseases may prove to be of epizootic importance: foot-and-mouth disease, mucosal disease, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, rinderpest, and tuberculosis (all three types). This may be a problem, especially when people are raising the animals by hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To ensure a better understanding of their potential as microlivestock, muntjac deserve research and recognition from animal scientists and conservationists from Nepal to China. The English experience shows how populations of the endangered species might be built up. At present, however, none are receiving any husbandry research; only the two most common species can generally be found in zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals deserve investigation into physiology, reproductive requirements, fertility, nutrition (for example, food preferences, feeding strategies, and food utilization), growth, adaptability and environmental tolerance, diseases, management, social structure, and selection for calm temperament. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">28 Musk Deer</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The musk deer (Moschus species)1 is so small that (like other ungulates in this section) it is only as large as an average-size dog. A gland in males produces musk, a thick, oily secretion that is one of the most valuable substances in the animal kingdom. Musk is used in Oriental Medicine as well as in Europeans perfumes, and in recent year it has sometimes sold for as much as three times the price of gold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk is traditionally obtained by killing these deer and removing their glands. The dried glands, called pods, contain a reddish brown musk powder that has been a commodity in international commerce for more than 1,000 years. Despite bans in India (1972) and Nepal (1973), musk continues to be illegally exported, mainly via Hong Kong, for use in Japan and Europe. In Japan, for example, it is an ingredient in more than 200 different medicines.2 In Europe, musk goes into some of the most famous perfumes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international trade in Himalayan musk, originating from both northern and southern sides of the Himalayan divide, amounts to 200 kg per year, representing an annual slaughter of 20,000-32,000 male deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The commercial value of the animal makes it highly attractive for development as a livestock species. The economic force causing its slide toward extinction could be employed to protect and restore both the species and its habitat. Ranching these deer might put musk production on a sustainable footing. It might also encourage habitat protection, because in the harsh climate of the high Himalayas, rearing musk deer could be much more profitable to villagers than raising crops or cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer are already being farmed under primitive conditions in China, where techniques for extracting musk without killing the animal have been developed. In India, small collections of musk deer have been established by the forest departments of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. For several years authorities in Nepal have successfully extracted musk from an adult male at the Kathmandu Zoo' without apparent harm to the animal.3 These experiences suggest that musk might become a farmed product. So far, however, success has been limited. The Chinese animals, for example, have a high mortality rate and the musk is said to be of poor quality. Nonetheless, these examples are valuable pioneering case studies that deserve recognition, support, and further development.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With their long ears, arched back, and bounding gait, these diminutive deer remind one of large hares. The pointed face and large ears make their heads strikingly reminiscent of kangaroos. The coarse hair gives them a stocky appearance. The color varies according to species (and subspecies) from rich reddish brown to dark grey or black. The peculiarly brittle and wavy hair probably has good insulating properties, as it consists of air-filled cells arranged like a honeycomb.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer have an average mature weight of about 6-11 kg and a body length of 50-90 cm. They stand 50 60 cm high at the shoulder and 5 cm higher at the rump because the hind legs are longer than the forelegs. Some dwarf types are only 40-46 cm high. The tail is short, and in males it is naked, except for a terminal tuft of hair, because they mark their territories by constantly rubbing the caudal gland, which is located near the tail, onto objects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All four toes are flexible, which, compared to the rigid hoof of other ungulates, gives a firmer grip on precipitous slopes. The dew claws are enlarged and, together with the central digits, splay out, to minimize sinking in soft snow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Neither sex possesses antlers, but males have long upper canine teeth that project well below the lips. The lower front teeth have a spatulate form that probably helps the animals scrape lichens from the surfaces of rocks and trees in winter, when most vegetation is snow covered. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p309a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The musk deerâs native range.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The genus is distributed patchily throughout the forested mountainous parts of most of Asia. One population extends from just north of the Arctic Circle southward to the northern edge of Mongolia and Korea. Others occur in China, northern Vietnam, and the Himalayan region including Bhutan, Assam, Tibet, the Indian Himalayas, Nepal, and northern Pakistan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During this century, the musk deer has rapidly declined throughout its former regions. In many parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and probably Tibet, it is already regarded as rare, with a distribution that is becoming increasingly localized. Possible exceptions are Bhutan and most of China, where its population is thought to be stable. In southern China, a recent estimate puts the musk deer population at 100,000 head. In western and northwestern China, the population is estimated at 200,000-300,000 head.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is the uncontrolled hunt for musk that in most places is driving this animal toward extinction, but its habitat is also being increasingly destroyed by livestock and woodcutters. Part of the loss to hunters is owing to the mindless way in which the animals are caught. Most are snared in traps or nets or killed by poisoned stakes set on trails. This kills all the animals indiscriminately, even females and fawns, which produce no musk. This waste of reproductive animals is extremely destructive to the populations and is senselessly hastening the musk deer's extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer mainly occur in upland woodland and scrub areas. They prefer remote, dense vegetation, especially birch-rhododendron forests in mountainous terrain. They are seldom found in treeless regions or areas thickly populated by people. In the Himalayas, the upper limit coincides approximately with the tree line, which is as high as 4,600 m at the eastern end.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite its economic importance and wide distribution, little is known of the musk deer's biology. Nonetheless, it is known that musk deer have a gall bladder, a bovid feature that distinguishes it from the true deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are browsers, relying on young leaves, buds, fruits, and flowers. During the winter, as snow deepens, they depend more on lichens growing above the snow on rocks or tree bark, although in shallow snow they scrape for vegetation with their hooves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The male's musk sac is unique among deer. Situated between the umbilicus and penis, it contains the gelatinous, odoriferous oil. The amount varies with the season and the age of the animal, but pods of adult males usually weigh about 30 g; occasionally up to 45 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males also have a caudal gland under the tail, which secretes a viscous yellow substance with a goaty smell. They mark vegetation with this secretion by rubbing their hindquarters against stems and branches.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males become sexually mature at about 18 months, but females seem capable of reproducing in their first year. The estrous cycle is 18-25 days; the receptive period lasts 36 60 hours. Gestation varies from 178 to 192 days. Each female usually bears one or two fawns, rarely three. The fawn is precocious - able to stand and move within 15 minutes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer are shy, furtive animals with keen senses of hearing, smell, and sight. They are normally solitary and are most active at dawn and dusk. Only under cover of darkness do they frequent the more open spaces. Except in the rutting season, more than two animals are seldom seen together; groups usually consist only of a female and her young. The alarm call, a loud hiss, is often accompanied by a highstepping, springy gait.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild, musk deer lead &quot;orderly&quot; lives. They use well established trails connecting well-established feeding places, resting places, and &quot;latrines&quot; where they deposit their droppings. Migration is uncommon.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Remarkably sure footed, musk deer climb cliffs and even the trunks of leaning trees. Being small and solitary, they rely on camouflage to avoid predators but flee through established escape routes when disturbed. If cornered, males defend themselves by slashing with their tusks, often inflicting deep cuts and severe injuries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The strong-smelling, reddish-brown musk is obtainable only from this animal.7 It is used as a fixative in expensive perfumes to increase the retention of the fragrance on the skin. In Oriental medicines it is used in stimulants, sedatives, and other products. Some medicinal properties appear to be genuine.8 Recently, highly purified musk has been selling for as much as $27 a gram.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade in the Himalayan musk deer or its products is banned by all countries that are parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). However, products from musk deer in the Soviet Union and China can be traded legally under license. It seems likely that if formal, self-sufficient, musk-deer farming projects can be established elsewhere, with safeguards to minimize poaching, a wider trade would be officially sanctioned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since at least 1919, Chinese scientists have been experimenting with the extraction of musk without killing the males. When the sexual activity is at its peak, the males are caught and musk removed from the pod with a runcible spoon (curved fork) inserted into the sac's aperture. The procedure takes only minutes. There are records of up to 9 g being recovered at a time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, China established formal musk deer farms in 1958. They are clustered in the Maerkang, Miyalo, and Manchuan areas of Sichuan Province; the Zhenping county of Shanxi Province; and the Fuziling area of Anhui Province. Despite heavy initial losses of animals, mainly during transportation and acclimatization, the Chinese now breed musk deer in considerable numbers. However, juvenile mortality is still high and longevity relatively short. Zoos in other parts of the world have also had difficulties maintaining the animals.9&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, musk deer readily accept many foods: lettuce, carrots, potatoes, apples, rolled oats, hay, alfalfa, bananas, some grass, bamboo leaves, and pumpkins, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The musk deer's social system may represent an impediment to its successful reproduction in captivity. It is irascible and scares easily. In close confinement, males fight and may have to be isolated from each other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is an inherent danger in any captive-breeding scheme in the Himalayas: resumption of legal trade in natural musk could damage the remaining populations by stimulating the market and providing an outlet for illicit musk from poached animals. Some biologists (notably in India) consider that a total ban on the trade in natural musk from all sources is essential.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, removing the musk without damaging the animals has not proved commercially successful because of market resistance. Most purchasers require the entire pod in order to be certain that they are receiving the genuine product. Given a regularized farming program, however, it seems likely that mutual trust would circumvent this lack of confidence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To protect this species will not be easy. It occurs in vast, remote areas that are difficult to patrol. The local people are poor and traditionally have used it as a source of income and food. The value of musk is so high that smuggling is already well organized and will be difficult to eradicate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is imperative that the status of existing musk deer populations be established. This is especially important in Nepal. The total population may be not more than 500 in the wild.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No matter what is achieved in farming, pressure on populations will only be reduced by protecting the wild specimens. Thus, the dietary requirements and behavior of musk deer should also be evaluated with a view to building up the wild populations directly. If the techniques of breeding and handling can be improved, farming the animal may also indirectly help wild populations by reducing the pressure to harvest them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An alternative to captive breeding might be ranching the wild animals. In this process, males would be caught periodically and the musk extracted before releasing them. The organized, sustainable harvesting is particularly attractive if developed at the rural level with revenue going directly to local people; it would provide them incentive to conserve not only &quot;their&quot; musk deer but also its habitat. For this purpose, today's musk deer hunters could be trained to extract musk from live animals, releasing and recapturing them on a controlled basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another alternative could be controlled culling at a sustainable level, as is now done in the Soviet Union, where about 5 percent of the population is harvested each year. However, elsewhere annual culls at any level would not be feasible for at least 10 years because the populations are now so low. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g031a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">29 South America's Microdeer</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g032a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Pudu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South America contains three types of tiny, indigenous deer. None are well known to science, yet they are of microlivestock size, and if given research attention at least two might respond to rearing in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PUDU&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pudu (pronounced &quot;poo-doo&quot;) is native to temperate forests of the Andean region. It is among the smallest of all true deer, adult males being merely the size of small terriers and the females being smaller still. It is very shy and retiring and is endangered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All things considered, this animal would appear to be an unlikely candidate for microlivestock. But wherever it is found, the pudu is mercilessly hunted, and captive rearing might be the only way to save its populations from extinction. Indeed, it is already being raised in experimental herds in Chile and Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pudus (also called the Andean dwarf deer) once ranged widely through the foothills, valleys, and lowlands of the Andes. They prefer the dark, dank underbrush of the cool rainforest, particularly thick bamboo stands. There are two species: Pudu pudu is distributed in parts of southern Bolivia and throughout much of southern Chile nearly to the Straits of Magellan. It is also found on islands off the Chilean coast. Pudu mephistophiles is distributed throughout the highlands of Ecuador, where it occurs only in cool areas at great height.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With their short legs, stocky bodies, and compact heads, pudus do not look much like deer - more like small antelopes with foxlike faces and spiky antlers. Full grown, they are only 40 cm tall and weigh less than 12 kg. They have thick fur ranging from reddish brown to pale gray.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the pudu's small size, shy and secretive nature, and forbidding habitat, few people have ever even seen one. Nonetheless, these animals tame easily and reportedly were once kept by South American Indians. Several generations were also once bred in a Paris apartment and were treated exactly like domestic dogs, which most people who saw them for the first time thought they were.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, habitat destruction has greatly reduced the range and numbers of these attractive and fascinating little creatures. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature already lists them as vulnerable to extinction. Pudu studies are highly recommended, and raising pudus promises to be an interesting and valuable activity that may one day lead to one of the most intriguing microlivestock of all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BROCKET&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brockets (Mazama spp.) are small deer that occupy the place in South America's environment that duikers occupy in Africa (see page 326). They typically reside in thick brush. They occur widely throughout South America and are found in every country except Chile and Uruguay. They also occur in Central America, the West Indies, and Mexico.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are four species:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Red brocket (Mazama americana), the most common and widespread, is found from Mexico to Argentina. It is also the largest species, with a mature weight of about 20 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gray (brown) brocket (Mazama gouazoubira) is also found throughout Latin America. It is slightly smaller, weighing about 17 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Lesser brocket (Mazama rufina)2 resides in small and scattered locations in Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. It weighs 10-20 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Dwarf brocket (Mazama chunyi) is found only in pockets of forest and brush on certain mountainsides in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru. The smallest brocket, it weighs only 8-12 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except for their size and color, all brockets look alike. The head,  neck, and tail are short; the ears are wide. The lumbar region is higher  than the shoulders, and this, together with an arched back, gives them a  hunched appearance not unlike a duiker's. The antlers are simple  spikes, never longer than a person's hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The different species are similar in behavior, too.3 They generally  wander around singly or in pairs. Although frequenting dense cover  during the day, they emerge at night to feed in open areas. Little is  known of their food preferences. But farmers know only too well how  fond they are of melons, beans, peppers, and corn. Doubtless, wild  forest fruits dominate their native diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although extensively hunted, brockets are so adept at dodging into  dense brush that relatively few get caught. However, small size makes  them vulnerable to many other predators: puma, jaguar, ocelot, and  eagles and other large birds of prey. Near villages the domestic dog is  probably their worst enemy. (Infuriated vegetable growers commonly  set their dogs on them.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although at first sight these retiring, nervous, and agile creatures  seem unlikely to be even potential microlivestock, young brockets are  sometimes caught and raised by people. It is not uncommon to find  them as pets on farms and in gardens. They seem to become very  tame and might therefore make useful livestock at some future time.  At least one species, the grey brocket, adjusts particularly well to life in  and around human settlements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUEMUL&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third type of South American microdeer, the huemul,4 is a much  less likely candidate. It is very rare, very shy, and has so far shown  little likelihood of settling into captivity. However, huemul conservation  is critical: without urgent attention, the animal will become extinct.  Although totally protected by law, it is declining owing to poaching,  farm dogs, habitat loss and diseases transmitted by cattle and other  livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two species:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Chilean huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus)5 occurs in high altitude forests, thickets, and grasslands in the Andes of southern Chile and Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Peruvian huemul, or taruca (H. antisepsis), occurs in parts of the Andes of southern Peru and Bolivia as well as of northern Chile and Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species live in small herds above the tree line. They are very shy, and even though the Chilean national seal bears the depiction of a huemul, almost no Chilean (or anyone else, for that matter) has ever seen a live one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At less than 85 cm tall and probably weighing under 15 kg, huemuls are sized to be microlivestock. However, previous attempts at rearing them in Chile have met with little success. Nevertheless, huemuls have been kept in zoos in Germany, and such experiences - together with the increasing knowledge of how to raise red deer and other species - may eventually provide the keys to their continued existence. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g033a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">30 Water Deer</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g034a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about the water deer' (Hydropotes inermis), but it should be considered along with mouse deer, muntjacs, musk deer, and others as a possible species for microlivestock development. It is comparable in size, and it is unusual among deer for producing large litters: births of triplets or more are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with the other species in this section, this is a highly speculative notion; however, there is some justification for it. The Zoological Society of London has successfully established breeding colonies, and other zoos have also bred the animal in captivity. The water deer has the advantage of rapid growth, early maturity, and high fecundity. Indeed, given protection, its populations have been known to increase rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal has a graceful and delicate appearance, its best known characteristic being the male's long tusks. Both sexes are about the same size, standing 45-55 cm at the shoulder and weighing up to 19 kg. Body length is up to about I m, and the tail is so tiny that it is barely noticeable. The round-tipped ears are characteristically held erect above the head.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water deer are somewhat like muntjacs, but they are longer in the leg and lighter in build. Their forelegs are shorter than their hindlegs so that they stand slightly higher at the haunches than at the shoulders. This gives them a hunched appearance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hair is generally thick and coarse, longest on the flanks and rump. The backs and sides are usually yellowish brown, finely stippled with black. In winter, the coat is thick and variable in color; pale fawn and peppery gray-brown are common shades. In summer, the coat is sleek and reddish. Fawns are white spotted at birth, but this dappling soon fades.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Neither sex has antlers. The upper canine teeth, especially in the males, are enlarged, forming curved tusks 7 cm long. These are much bigger than those in muntjacs and can protrude well below the jawline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In both sexes there is a small inguinal gland present between the hind legs, the only instance among deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In China the water deer has a wide distribution range. It is mainly found in the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, and Fujian, the mid and lower Yangtze River Basin, and coastal areas and islands in central and eastern China. It is also found in Guilin, southern Sichuan Province, Guangxi Province, and Guangdong Province in the south.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Korea, the animal lives along the lower reaches of most rivers, except those in the extreme northeast. Its northern limit of distribution is probably about latitude 43ÃN.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At Woburn Park in England, a few escaped from a herd early this century and have increased and become established in a number of counties, particularly Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, and Norfolk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In China, owing to increasing reclamation and cultivation of wetlands, the habitat of the water deer is gradually shrinking. At present the animal is protected by the government, which designates appropriate hunting seasons. It is estimated that about 10,000 are killed each year by hunters. In Korea the water deer is still plentiful. As noted, in England it is maintaining itself and is thriving in some protected parks. It is also reported to be present in France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In its home range, the water deer is usually found among reeds and rushes in swampy areas. It also frequents the tall grasses and sparse shrubs of mountainsides and cultivated fields. In England it has adapted to a variety of habitats, including woodlands. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p323a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Native range of the water deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer is chiefly a grazer. It feeds mainly on reeds, coarse grasses, and some tree leaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As previously mentioned, this is the most prolific species of deer. Up to seven fetuses have been observed in a single pregnant female, although the normal litters are two or three. The gestation period is about 176 days. Fawns are born in late spring or early summer, and weigh only about 0.5 kg at birth. Within 4 days the newborns can live almost exclusively on grasses. Usually, however, they are fully weaned after 4 8 weeks, but remain socially attached to the mother. They appear to become independent after about 4 months. Males become sexually mature at about 5-6 months; females at about 7-8 months.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water deer are generally seen alone. Even where abundant, they seldom congregate in herds. Females are sometimes intolerant of each other, as are adult males or young males. However, in captivity, several females can graze and rest in loose aggregations. The peak period of grazing activity occurs around dusk. Feeding sessions are interspersed with periods of passive cud-chewing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water deer &quot;bark&quot; at intruders. During the rut, males are especially noisy and aggressive, and defend their territories with vigor. Fighting involves striking their tusks into the shoulder or back of their opponents. 3 Information from Lu Houji. These are extremely excitable little animals. When upset, they often &quot;hump&quot; their backs and bound away like rabbits. They are also good swimmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In China the water deer are hunted for their meat and skins, and newly born fawns are killed to obtain the mother's colostrum for medicinal purposes. In a few localities in England, the species has become a game animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer is not yet known on &quot;farms.&quot; However, it seems to be easily kept, has bred well in zoos, and has thrived in many British wildlife parks. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The assets of early maturity and high fecundity mean that the potential exists for rapid population expansion. Such an event occurred at Britain's Whipsnade Zoo. In 1929 and 1930, 32 deer were released into undeveloped pasture; by 1937, 120 fawns had been raised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they are relatively small, and because in the wild state they aggregate only under exceptional conditions, water deer are unlikely to have any appreciable impact on vegetation in forests, farms, or gardens. Nonetheless, they can damage crops, and Chinese farmers, who consider them pests, often illegally kill them out of season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are swift and adept at escaping captivity. It is possible that because of territoriality only a single pair will live in a given area. Moreover, males are aggressive and must be kept apart.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They seem able to withstand chilly weather well, but a combination of wet and cold is harmful. Their heavy winter coat, essential to survival in the Far East, renders the animal susceptible to dehydration and heat exhaustion in comparatively mild climates, such as England's.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At birth, the tiny fawns are extremely vulnerable to a variety of predators, both birds and mammals. The species may need areas of dense cover or some shelter from wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer has been successfully kept in semicaptivity for many years; however, for it to reach a level of domestication suitable for use as microlivestock, research is needed in the following areas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reproduction;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Performance under a range of environments;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Grazing efficiency;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Basic physiology;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Captive breeding and domestication - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, and feed needs; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Modifying behavior to overcome territoriality - for instance, imprinting on humans, selection of docile specimens, hand rearing, and castration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer is not an endangered species; however, efforts should be made to preserve the populations in their native ranges and habitats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">31 Duikers</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g035a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Red Duiker&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers (Cephalophus and Sylvicapra species) are small African antelopes. Although they are ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats, some are hardly bigger than hares or rabbits. One, the blue duiker, is less than 40 cm high and usually weighs a mere 4-6 kg. It and some of the slightly larger duikers might be suitable for household husbandry because their meat is an extremely popular food throughout much of Africa. In West Africa, for example, it is one of the most common meats sold in both rural and urban markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This idea, however, is highly speculative because, despite their popularity, little is known about these tiny animals. Their husbandry has been attempted only a few times, but the results were encouraging, and rearing duikers deserves further investigation. They are already being raised in captivity in the United States,' Zimbabwe,2 Togo,3 and Gabon. Researchers in Nigeria have bred blue duikers to the fourth generation and found that, if the animals were first handled by people while young, they remained docile.4 Even blue duikers caught in the wild tame quickly if they are very young, but by the time they reach 3.5 months, they become barely tolerant of man's presence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If duiker husbandry can be developed, it might provide not only a more regular source of meat, but also a lessening of the hunting pressures, thereby giving the wild populations a better chance of survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These antelopes are suitable for testing as microlivestock only in their native region, sub-Saharan Africa. Eventually, they might prove to have wider applicability. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duiker species vary from about the size of a small dog to that of a small donkey. Most are similar in shape and are characterized by short front legs, arched back, and pointed hoofs. The tail is stubby, often with a terminal tuft. The coat varies from reddish brown to nearly black, although a few species are blue-grey and one is zebra striped.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females are slightly larger than males, but the sexes look alike. In most species, both sexes bear small straight horns that project backward from the skull, frequently hidden in a long tuft of hair.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers inhabit virtually all regions of Africa below the Saharaâ from Gambia in the west to Ethiopia in the east, and all countries as far south as South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are so shy that they are rarely encountered by people. But almost anywhere in Africa (other than North Africa), the observant traveler may glimpse them ducking into forests or thickets. Although there are still countless numbers, people are eating so many that in some localized areas the populations are fast heading toward extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All but one species are found in rainforests or dense woodlands. The grey duiker, however, is found in savannas. If the vegetation is juicy, only a few of the species need a separate water source, so they can thrive in very dry sites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main foods are fruits and seeds supplemented by leaves and shoots. Fruits, which they eat to a much greater degree than other antelopes, are an important part of their diet. Some rare species (for example, the red-flanked duiker, C. rufilatus) can graze. Occasionally (especially in captivity), duikers are also omnivorous, eating fish, crabs, insects, snails, frogs, small animals, or carrion; they also readily accept chopped meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers reach sexual maturity at 9-15 months; gestation lasts about 7-8 months. In some species, females conceive a few days after calving on a 3- to 5-day postpartum estrus. Apparently one calf per birth is normal. A newborn blue duiker weighs between 0.4 and 0.7 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before one year of age, young duikers leave their parents to find their own mates and territories. Life expectancy is more than 10 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In spite of habitat differences, most duikers behave alike. In the wild they are nervous, shy, and retiring. When alarmed, they plunge into the protection of dense vegetation - hence the origin of the name duiker, which means &quot;diver.&quot; Nonetheless, their behavior allows them to be easily netted. An experienced hunter can imitate duiker sounds and call the male out of the bush. Also, a startled animal freezes, thereby facilitating its capture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moving easily through dense vegetation, the head carried low, these tiny animals use regular runs. Forest duiker species are largely diurnal, although a few, such as the bay duiker, are nocturnal. Bush duikers are mainly nocturnal, feeding from early evening until morning. Such nocturnal species shelter during the day in holes (presumably dug by other animals) or inside fallen trees; the diurnal ones lie directly on the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blue duikers are the best-known species and are probably the most likely candidates for microlivestock (see page 332). They seem to be monogamous and apparently mate for life. Unlike most antelopes, their population densities can be high. The pairs reside in territories of 2-4 hectares, which both male and female stoutly defend against rivals. Other species appear to be polygamous and live in large territories (up to 80 hectares).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, the animals are generally calm. However, both males and females can be aggressive toward unfamiliar individuals of their own species. In an enclosure, one male can serve several females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large glands, located beneath each eye, exude a scent that is rubbed onto fences, trees, and other objects as territorial marking. In another form of marking the horns are rubbed against tree trunks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, duiker meat is much sought in many African countries, and the animals are regularly hunted. The meat is lean with little or no intramuscular fat (marbling). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers also have promise as experimental animals. They are true ruminants, with four-part stomachs, and they produce cud. Some are only rabbit size, they need far less room or feed than sheep, and thus are potentially an efficient test animal for determining the nutritional value of forages. Blue duikers, for instance, have a digestion efficiency comparable to that of sheep, but, because of their small size, a test needs only four rabbit cages and 5-10 kg of feed. Sheep, by comparison, require much more spacious facilities and 150 kg of feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Nigeria, blue duiker pelts are used in making karosses, a traditional dress. A single garment may contain up to 60 pelts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost nothing is known about rearing duikers, but they seem to tame easily and perhaps may be kept in backyards like goats. Indeed, they reportedly make good house pets when hand raised. They are attractive, and from the day of capture young ones can be handled and petted.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Nigerian researchers who bred blue duikers to the fourth generation bottle-fed young specimens five times a day. Older animals were given feeds that included banana, plantain, and papaya; leaves of hibiscus, cassava, and banana; and dried corn. Variety seemed to be important, and the researchers could not predict the quantity of particular foods the animals would choose on any given day. In addition to varied vegetables, a small dish of salt or a salt lick was sometimes required.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are unlikely to run away, except when startled. However, providing an enclosure is worthwhile. It enables them to establish a territory by marking poles, bushes, and fences. Although needing space in which to run, as little as 10 mÃ is reportedly sufficient for 24 animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Satisfactory shelters include an open-ended oil drum laid on its side, a lean-to made of palm frond, or a small hut made of local matting. Apart from providing shade and protection, shelters should be built so that excited animals can run through them. When cornered, duikers tend to either flee for shelter or jump upwards; a run-through shelter can prevent a frightened one from accidentally leaping over the fence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Based on their own experiences, researchers at Pennsylvania State University in the United States report that blue duikers raised in captivity are easy to maintain, reproduce well, and are not fussy about environmental conditions. In fact, they say, blue duikers seem to enjoy living in cages.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In order to raise duikers successfully, post-pubertal males must be separated. A female should be bred with the same male throughout her productive life span.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE BLUE DUIKER&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In one sense, the blue duiker is the most important animal in Africa. It is the only one found throughout the continent south of the Sahara. It occurs at a greater range of altitudes than most - as low as sea level in many places to almost 5,000 m elevation in Kenya. It occurs in habitats from dense rainforests to dryland savannas. And, in sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, the blue duiker is eaten more than any other animal (although in West Africa it is generally called Maxwell's duiker).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This very small antelope, caught by snare or net, can be found in the meat markets of villages, towns, and cities in all countries from Senegal to Madagascar. It is a source of food for tens of millions. Bushmen, Pygmies, Dinkas, and Mandingos, thousands of miles apart; all share the same fondness for duiker meat and for duiker-skin clothes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, scientifically speaking, this is one of the world's least-known animals. And its numbers are diminishing rapidly. Areas that used to have plenty now have few or none. Overhunting and destruction of the rainforests are jointly contributing to their decline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the losses, people are snaring as many as they can, and there is no sense of concern - not even among most conservationists. However, in many locations there is already evidence that the animals won't be around much longer. Unless something is done - and soon - people will lose their major source of animal protein. If that happens, it is likely that they will move on to larger animals, such as gorillas, which would be an even worse disaster.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The best long-term solution is to organize duiker husbandry. Learning to rear duikers would benefit people throughout Africa. The blue duiker is the most suitable species; it is the most common and the most important. Also, it inhabits the edges of the forest and could therefore become a suitable species for ranching without denuding the forest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blue duikers are easy to maintain in captivity. They tame readily and like to shelter and sleep In boxes or cages. They are good converters of vegetation and produce top-quality lean meat. In addition, they are neither affected by tsetse flies nor are very susceptible to diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key now is to learn how to keep these very timid creatures under different conditions. We need to know their foods (especially foods that might be harvested from forests) and reproductive biology. We need to know the right numbers to house together. Most of all, we need projects aimed at rearing and breeding them in captivity under village conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vivian J. Wilson&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many African countries already have a ready market for duiker meat. It is somewhat similar to goat meat, but most people agree that it is superior.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal can live on fibrous vegetation. Unlike conventional ruminant livestock, it is suitable for feeding an average family at one meal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ability to forage in undergrowth where other domestic livestock do not thrive makes duikers potential livestock for tropical forest and bushland regions. They can be raised for meat without cutting the trees or bushes to create pastures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are easy prey for predators: eagles, pythons, wildcats, and people, among others. Thus, they probably require more sophisticated management than common livestock such as goats. However, the quality of their meat could more than compensate for the extra effort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some species are territorial, which means that they may do poorly in captivity, unless their social organization can be altered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under good conditions, the ideal slaughtering age reportedly occurs at 8-10 months, when the blue duiker can weigh 4 kg. Compared to rabbits and guinea pigs, production is relatively slow because of long gestation and lack of multiple births.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are resistant to trypanosomiasis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One general problem is that duikers have short, sharp horns designed specifically for jabbing. This could be a potential danger, especially since the males of some species become aggressive when their females are receptive. However, the horns can easily be clipped and taped to limit the danger. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the duikers' secluded lifestyle, much has still to be learned about their habits. Specific information on behavior and breeding is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal scientists in Africa should gather small herds for comparative studies. This will provide insights into whether duiker temperaments facilitate or hinder their utilization. In addition, assessments of diet, growth rates, behavior in captivity, reproductive rate, adaptability, and future potential can be made. Management considerations include clipping horns, trimming hooves, and controlling lice and fleas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research of particular value would be chemical analysis of duiker milk and of other characteristic glandular secretions. The latter lend themselves especially to a study of animal communication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parming duikers might help rescue the wild populations by relieving hunting pressures. Programs in this area are recommended for locations where overhunting is occurring. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g036a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">32 Other Small Antelope</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g037a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Klipspringer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The least known and most obscure of all antelope are the delicate African creatures called dikdik, suni, royal antelope, pygmy antelope, and klipspringer. The smallest is a West African form of the royal antelope that stands a mere 25 cm high and weighs less than 2 kg. The four-horned antelope of South Asia is a similarly tough, tractable animal that is also the size of a small dog.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None of these has previously been seriously considered for use as livestock, but they are possibly amenable to rearing in captivity and they provide some of the finest game meat in the world. Given New Zealand's experience with various deer species (see page 288) and Africa's experience with large antelopes, basic research to test out the possibility of organized dwarf-antelope production could prove to be rewarding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The areas where these antelopes might be used are sub-Saharan Africa for the African species and South Asia for the four-horned antelope.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these animals, some, such as the pygmy antelopes, have a crouched appearance with an arched back and short neck; others have a more upright posture with a long neck and a raised head. In all species, the males are smaller than the females and bear tiny spikelike horns. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collectively, these antelopes have native ranges covering huge areas of Africa and part of Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dikdik: Six species occur in two discontinuous distributions - one from Somalia and Ethiopia southward through Kenya and Tanzania, the other in Namibia and Angola. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sunis: Eastern Africa, from Kenya to South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Royal antelope: West African forests. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pygmy antelope: Central Africa from southeastern Nigeria to Zaire. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Klipspringer: Ethiopia to the Cape of Good Hope. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four-horned antelope: India. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many forms are protected by local laws, but none of the species is on the international endangered-species list.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals occupy habitats from dense, moist forests to dry, rocky outcrops and even to deserts. Their ranges have almost certainly been affected by humans - sometimes for the better, since many prefer the secondary growth that invades disturbed areas, notably after overgrazing or slash-and-burn agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although dikdik and klipspringer usually frequent dry areas with scattered brush, the other dwarf antelopes normally stay in dense vegetation. All seem to live in definite areas and do not migrate. For instance:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Dikdik live near streambanks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Sunis inhabit dry country with thick bush, but they can also be found in reed scrub along rivers and in forests up to 3,000 m elevation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Klipspringers live on stony mountain slopes, rocky outcrops' or the sides of steep gorges at altitudes from sea level to 4,000 m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Four-horned antelopes live in undulating or hill country and shelter in tall grass and open jungle, a terrain more common to deer than to antelope. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of these antelope browse on shrubs. They are &quot;concentrate selectors,&quot; taking easily digested vegetation such as buds, fruit, and succulent young leaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also, most obtain much of their water requirement from dew and the vegetation they consume. Klipspringers, for example, are able to live for months without drinking. Sunis and four-horned antelope, on the other hand, drink regularly and seldom live far from water sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known of the reproduction and general performance of these animals. Females become sexually mature at about 6 months in the smaller species and 10 months in the larger. Males become sexually mature at about 14 months. The young are born throughout the year, but births peak with the vegetation flush following the first rains. Where there are two rainy seasons a year, two birth peaks occur. Usually a single calf is born. Dikdik is the only one whose reproduction has been studied in detail. Its pregnancy lasts 172 days, one young is born at a time, and the birth weight is 600-800 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their longevity is unknown but is probably in the range of 10-12 years.l&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These tiny creatures have some of the habits of deer. They are shy and elusive and generally rely on concealment to escape detection. Their first response to a predator is to freeze, and then to flee like hares - dashing off in a series of erratic, zigzag leaps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They live alone, in pairs, or in small family groups, but sometimes congregate in larger groups in thorn thickets. The species that have been studied most (dikdik and klipspringer) are strongly pair bonded. (A male, a female, and one or two young is typical, and a klipspringer rarely moves more than 5 m from its mate.) However, the royal and pygmy antelopes and the suni are more solitary in their behavior. Four-horned antelope are usually seen alone or in pairs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals feed mostly in the early morning and late afternoon Some species deposit dung and urine on particular sites. And they repeatedly daub secretions from glands in front of the eyes onto plant stems, where a sticky mass accumulates. Glands near the hooves mark the ground along frequently traveled pathways. Males also mark females with the scent, thus reinforcing the bond. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The four-horned antelope has a whistling call, which helps keep the family group together. Males repeat it frequently in hot weather. Gestation is 8-8.5 months. If taken young, they reportedly tame easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Much more research needs to be done before attempts are made to convince anyone to domesticate these antelope. There are likely to be considerable difficulties. Guinea pigs, rabbits, and giant rats can successfully be kept in cages or small enclosures, but most antelope probably cannot. Larger enclosures will be needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The food habits and general behavior of these small animals must be studied closely. They are strictly monogamous, and it may be necessary to keep them in pairs. Reproduction, growth, and general performance must become understood under different environmental and nutritional conditions. Mixing species is another aspect to be examined - whether these antelope can be kept with other species in the same enclosure (typical of livestock farming in most poor nations) is not known.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To settle such questions, representative species of microantelope should be gathered for comparative assessment. Researchers should focus on the animals' social structure, on husbandry methods for maintaining them over generations, and on how best to breed them. If the findings are promising, then a campaign to domesticate these antelope could be mounted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout most of their ranges these animals are highly sought &quot;bushmeats.&quot; The meat is lean and of extremely high quality. In Zaire's Ituri Forest, for example, pygmies net and kill large numbers of pygmy antelope, hanging the carcasses on sticks by the roadside for sale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their small size, these species might make good laboratory animals for ruminant studies. The dikdik, for instance, becomes a fully functioning ruminant at a body weight of about only 1.5 kg.2 However, their digestive physiology is quite different from that of cattle, sheep, and goats, which makes them atypical ruminants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given organized production, it is likely that dwarf-antelope pelts could become commercially important. North Africa exports the hides of medium-size antelopes to Europe for use in fine sueded leathers. Hides of the small species would almost certainly be in demand as well if a steady supply could be obtained as a by-product of meat production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microantelope provide some of the finest game meat. They are small and perhaps tractable. Most are already widely eaten and are being eliminated over broad areas of their range. Turning them into a sustainable, economic food source could provide motivation for their conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These antelope can digest, and are adapted to, the indigenous forage over vast areas of Africa and South Asia. They are native to tropical habitats, where cattle and other livestock often grow poorly. They also appear to be resistant to trypanosomiasis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some African peoples (for example, the Kalahari Bushmen) have superstitions or social injunctions that prohibit the eating of some of these species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small antelope are probably not as efficient as larger ruminants in digesting fiber: the retention time in the rumen may be too short. On the other hand, quickly digestible cell walls of lush green plants can be used efficiently.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The territorial behavior of most of these species may limit their rearing in large numbers under captive conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, preliminary research on dwarf antelope husbandry is required. Specifically, studies should be conducted to assess:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Growth rates, feed efficiency, and reproductive rate;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Carcass quality;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Economics and the likely cost of production per animal unit; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Studies of digestion.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The few statistics available today on the use of wildlife as food are probably much below actual consumption. Most food consumption surveys record food obtained by hunting or trapping under the indiscriminate heading of &quot;Bushmeat&quot; and neglect to include the many small animals that are normally collected by children. In Africa, an amazing variety of wildlife is eaten, including all wild ungulates, primates, all cats, and many species of birds and reptiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food and Agriculture Organization Ceres magazine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All the world's people must begin to overcome in themselves - and even more so in their children - senseless taboos about what is edible and what is not. Only then can we stop today's universal animal-protein wastage. How ironic it would be, in this scientific age, for mankind to starve largely because of a bunch of old wives' tales, irational beliefs, silly associations, and the lack of a sufficient spirit of culinary and gustatory adventure.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calvin W. Schwabe Unmentionable Cuisine &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguana is really good, a thousand times better than chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Omero Asinto, waiter Pochote Bar and Restaurant&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barranca, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part VI : Lizards</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large lizards have been important foods since prehistoric times and are still commonly hunted in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.1 Some (such as the monitor lizards seen in markets in Indochina) are carnivorous species that may be difficult to feed and raise economically. However, the iguanas of the Americas offer promise as microlivestock. They are herbivorous and feed primarily on leaves, flowers, and fruits, including many that are too high in the trees to be gathered by man or by other livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguana meat is popular throughout much of Latin America, where consumers willingly pay more for it than for fish, poultry, pork, or beef. To fill the demand, several iguana species are hunted by rifle, slingshot, trap, and noose; they are even run down by trained dogs. Villagers (often small children) catch them for food for the family; professional hunters snare and sell them to vendors. Iguanas are hauled around in gunny sacks and wicker baskets by car, boat, horseback, and people on foot. In parts of El Salvador they have been known to arrive at the market by the truckload.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a result of this indiscriminate hunting, iguanas are now steadily becoming more scarce, and the destruction of their habitat makes the situation even worse. At present, many parts of Latin America's tropical forests are being cleared. The green iguana in particular depends on trees, and as forests disappear its populations are destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, iguanas are forest-edge species: they will grow well on ranches and farms as long as patches of trees are left standing. This offers the hope that they can be raised as microlivestock. They reproduce so prolifically that, in principle, populations can build up exponentially. Mature females, for example, may produce 30 or more eggs a year for up to 10 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past few years, a notable research program in Panama and Costa Rica (see page 351) has laid the practical foundation for iguana farming. It has artificially incubated and raised thousands of green iguana hatchlings. With less than half a square meter of living space per animal, the hatchlings have grown as fast or faster than their wild counterparts. Unlike their kin in the wild - which in their first year of life suffer 95 percent mortality from birds, snakes, and other predatorsâ the captive-raised iguanas show almost 100 percent survival. This research project demonstrates that ranching iguanas both for food or for repopulating depleted habitats is feasible. In addition, experimental projects for farming green iguanas have begun in Curacao and El Salvador.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As livestock, lizards have advantages. Being cold-blooded they do not carry human diseases (except for those such as salmonella that result from gross mismanagement). They can be kept in captivity in fairly high densities without diseases breaking out. Although often aggressive in the wild, they coexist in dense populations with few problems as long as they are well fed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is an important conservation component as well. Farming these lizards may help check and may even reverse the downward trends of their populations by allowing large numbers to be released back to the wild at a size that inhibits predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are three alternatives for utilizing iguanas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- To manage wild stocks as game animals;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- To raise iguanas on farms, like chickens and pigs; or&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- To raise young iguanas in captivity and then release them into the wild where they can grow to full size and later be harvested on a sustainable basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the green iguana has so far received the most attention, two other Latin American species are in farming trials. Black iguanas (garrobos) are being raised experimentally in El Salvador and Costa Rica. And the omnivorous tegu lizard, which produces a valuable leather, is beginning to be farmed in Argentina and is briefly described opposite. Both iguana species are described in the following chapters. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TEGU&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tegus (Tupinambis rufescens and T. teguixin) are large lizards of South America. They are highly prized for their skins, which are made into leather for handbags and similar items. Tegus are heavily exploited; on average, Argentina exports over one million skins a year - about $15 million worth. The 50-year-old tegu industry is estimated to support as many as 30,000 people, including tannery employees and people in rural areas who hunt the lizards full- or part-time. Poor agricultural conditions make farming difficult in the Chaco, and sale of a single tegu skin is worth more than a day's wages for a farmband. Some families also eat the tegu meat and use the fat for medicinal purposes. In many areas, the populations have already been driven to the verge of extinction. Husbandry, therefore, could be beneficial. Traders are hoping that captive operations run by families can eventually replace hunting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although usually associated with the arid regions of northern Argentina and Paraguay, the tegu's range actually covers much of South America - as far north as Colombia, including Trinidad and the Amazon basin. One species (T. rufescens) normally occurs in a dryland habitat, such as Argentina's Chaco region. It can occur in great numbers in pastures, probably because of the insects associated with cattle. But it also occurs in areas that are unsuitable for cattle. Some places where tegus are common are so dry that they can carry only a single cow in 10 hectares. There, farmers might find it profitable to raise tegus. This would maintain the native biological diversity while perhaps reducing the soil degradation that cattle cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other species (T. tegubixin) occurs in wet forests, such as those found in Argentina's Formosa Province.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tegus are scientifically interesting. Little is known about their biology, and basic studies are needed. They are not much eaten, but in some areas the tail is considered a delicacy. Indeed, deteriorating economic conditions are already making them more important as a food resource. Convincing campesinos that they can increase their cash income and their meat production by rationally exploiting these large lizards should not be difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sustainable exploitation could also benefit tegu conservation. Large populations still exist in some areas in Argentina and Paraguay, but, overall, the species are declining. A welldesigned management project could ensure the maintenance and reestablishment of large populations where numbers have drastically decreased. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">33 Green Iguana</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g038a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the green iguana (Iguana iguana) is consumed throughout Central America. It is already subject to heavy commercialization and its populations are plummeting. This is not likely to change: as human population increases, so does demand for iguana meat and eggs as well as for live iguanas, thousands of which are kept as house pets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its herbivorous diet, inoffensive nature, and high reproductive potential, this reptile is a prime species for intensive management. Alert, curious, and social, it is easily tamed from birth. Given minimal protection during the reproductive season, large populations can build up, and animals can be maintained in simple facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, although iguanas can be maintained as microlivestock, they may require three years to reach market size. Raising them to maturity entirely under captive conditions is thus probably uneconomic at present, when specimens can still be inexpensively (albeit often illegally) harvested from the wild. However, it has been found that if released into the wild, most will remain in nearby trees, especially if people erect simple feeding stations and keep them stocked with table scraps or weedy vegetation. This makes for very low-cost production during the years of waiting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given such findings, iguana farming has a promising future. With research, growth rates can undoubtedly be increased and maintenance costs reduced. Also, iguanas are becoming more valuable each year. Even now, farming them could be economic in some areas where wild iguanas are scarce, especially if the young are released into forested sites when they have grown to a size where mortality is low.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although green iguanas will happily graze pastures, they need trees. Iguana farming, therefore, provides a way to keep tropical forests standing while still providing people with meat and income. By growing lizards, farmers don't have to fell the forests to create space for growing food crops or cattle. Iguana farming thus gives an economic incentive to preserve the beleaguered tracts of remaining trees. It may even render reforestation economically attractive. And it may promote the use of shelterbelts and contour strips of trees in cattle-ranching areas. Today's researchers estimate that 200-300 kg of meat can be produced per year per hectare from iguanas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The green iguana can grow to more than 2 m long, but more than half of that length is in its whiplike tail. Adults of breeding size generally weigh 2-4 kg. The scaly skin is green, yellowish, or golden brown with dark markings; color is a function of age and reproductive stage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This large lizard is indigenous to a vast region stretching from Mexico to northern Brazil and Peru, including a number of Caribbean islands. In Mexico, it occurs in tropical forests along both coasts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green iguanas were formerly abundant throughout Central America, but no longer. In the mangrove forests along Mexico's Pacific coast, for instance, only 5 percent of the former population remains. In Guatemala's Pacific lowlands, mere remnants are left. In El Salvador's jungles, the animals have declined to 1 percent of their former density. And in both Panama and Costa Rica, the species is now officially classified as endangered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The green iguana usually lives near water in tropical lowland forests. It thrives only as long as some trees remain. The forests may be either humid or seasonally dry. The animal normally inhabits the treetops, feeding on tender shoots and fruits in the canopy; few other herbivores can convert such forest foliage into food for humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like cattle and other herbivorous mammals, iguanas have a specialized digestive system with an enlarged fermentation chamber in which bacteria break down plant cells. Vegetation is converted into meat about as effectively as in cattle, but not as quickly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After reaching sexual maturity, at 2 or 3 years of age, females lay one clutch of 10 85 eggs each year. (For most specimens the average is probably about 35.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p349a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Native habitat of the green iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are generally slow moving and lethargic when cold, but during the heat of the day they become extremely alert and can run, swim, and climb with speed and agility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They have a complex social structure and a defined annual reproductive cycle. Hatchlings adapt easily to captivity both when artificially incubated and when captured in the wild. However, captured adults, used to living free, are hard to keep in small enclosures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green iguanas are used mainly for food. The meat tastes somewhat like chicken and in Latin America is typically cooked in a spicy stew. The eggs are also consumed. Small and leathery shelled, they are considered special delicacies and are said to cure various ailments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a sizable demand for live iguanas in the international pet trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exploitation has been mainly for the flesh; the skins are wasted in most cases. However, given organized production, green iguana skin could perhaps become a farm by-product. It sells in the international reptile-leather market under the trade name &quot;chameleon lizard.&quot; The hide is typically up to 20 cm wide. Thin and relatively fragile, it is glued to a fabric or cowhide backing to prevent it from tearing. The prime uses are for ladies' accessories, belts, wallets, and shoes. It is inappropriate for uses that involve flexure because the scales overlap and repeated flexing causes them to separate. The skin then becomes rough to the touch and loses its glossy finish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IGUANA MAMA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The program that now offers hope for raising green iguanas as microlivestock is the brainchild of zoologist Dagmar Werner. She began in 1983 by collecting 700 iguana eggs and then learning what to do with them &quot;on the job.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through a combination of luck and intuition, coupled with determination, she discovered appropriate conditions for incubating the eggs on the first try - no less surprising because her incubators (dirt-filled wooden boxes warmed with light bulbs) were in an apartment in a high-rise building in Panama City. Nonetheless, most of the eggs hatched and the several hundred squirming young lizards were quickly trucked to a forest park near the Panama Canal. Here, for five years, assisted by a steady stream of enthusiastic Panamanian biology students, Wemer experimented with cages, feeds, facilities, breeding genetic selection, and the myriad aspects of management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These dedicated researchers eventually devised what might be considered a production line, and they hatched and raised tens of thousands of green iguanas, reduced the animals' infant mortality rate, and created the basic underpinnings for economic production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1988, administration for the project was shifted to neighboring Costa Rica, where Werner established another research farm as well as a fund-raising foundation. From there, she hopes to catalyze all Central America to take up iguana production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Her immediate goal is, paradoxically, to preserve the lizards by putting an iguana in every pot. That will help reduce the indiscriminate hunting that is taking these animals toward extinction in the wild.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Her system is based on setting up feeding stations in the woods and releasing iguanas at seven months, an age at which they are virtually immune to predators. Iguanas need trees, and her ultimate goal is to help save the vanishing rainforests. With profitable iguana farming, she hopes to persuade farmers to save the trees as homes for iguanas, rather than clearing them for crops and cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Iguana management and an international marketing system will protect, rather than exterminate, the iguana,&quot; Werner says. &quot;I don't think iguana farming will stop deforestation. But I do think it will contribute a great deal.&quot; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The iguana farming project in Panama and Costa Rica (see sidebar) provides a model for what might be done elsewhere. In its first five years of operation, the project raised more than 10,000 green iguanas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To create the farms, enclosures are constructed with sheet-metal wails sunk 30 cm in the ground.' Inside, the animals sleep in shelters made of bamboo and vegetation. Each shelter has an adjustable entrance slit through which young lizards can slither, but predators, which usually are larger, cannot. Most are set on stilts and food is served in the shade underneath. With this system, from 20 to 60 young iguanas are kept in an area of 10 mÃ (0.5-0.17 mÃ of land area per individual). In another &quot;high-intensity&quot; design, 30 hatchlings are kept in cages I mÃ in size (only 0.05 mÃ per individual).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The iguana farms also include an artificial nest consisting of a &quot;tunnel&quot; leading to a sand-filled egg-laying chamber. (Both tunnel and chamber are made of concrete blocks or other predator-safe material.) Female iguanas (at least in captivity) prefer this to digging their own tunnels, and it is an important advance in iguana breeding because it produces a hatching success of close to 100 percent. Recent versions require no human intervention: the eggs incubate and hatch by themselves and the hatchlings climb out of the nest through a hollow bamboo &quot;pipe&quot; and fall into plastic bags, which can be easily emptied twice a day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The iguanas are fed mixtures of broken rice meal, meat meal, bone meal, fish meal, papayas, bananas, mangos, avocados, and a variety of leaves and flowers. Each day they receive fresh-cut leaves from plants such as beans, mustard, or hibiscus. Hatchlings are raised to an age of 6-10 months, when they are big enough to be released into forests, farmland with scattered trees, or into village backyards with almost no vulnerability to predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With each female producing an average of 35 eggs annually, these animals have inherently high reproductive potential. And if the young are protected from predators during their first few months, populations can build up rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguanas adapt well to second-growth forest and to backyard conditions and can feed on the leaves of fruit trees or timber trees while the farmer can harvest the fruits or wood. Unless grossly overstocked, they are unlikely to affect the productivity of the trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These lizards may take three years to reach marketable size,2 and the cost of raising them to usable size entirely in captivity is currently greater than their market value as food. Less-expensive methods of raising the animals must be found if large-scale commercial iguana farming is to become economically feasible. The main problem is the high cost of the enclosures, not the cost of food. The food costs no more than that for raising a chicken to marketable size, but iguanas do not grow as fast as chickens. For smallholders the only cost of raising them is labor, and that is often unimportant. Free-ranging herbivorous lizards can damage home gardens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For conservation purposes, the main need is to educate people throughout Latin America to the iguana's plight. For example, in Central America people catch pregnant females and cut out the eggs for food. (There is a widespread misconception that the females survive this brutality.) This is devastating to the iguana populations, yet by installing artificial nests, farmers could let the females live and still harvest the eggs. Moreover, people could eat half the eggs and incubate the other half to repopulate the trees around their farms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also important to develop an understanding of iguana reproduction in the wild. At present, the longevity, growth rate, and age of sexual maturity are not well known. Such information would provide baseline data for creating conservation measures to reverse the depletion of this natural resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further husbandry research is needed. Costs must be reduced. The effectiveness of artificial nests must be tested in village practice. Survival rates of captive-raised young after release must be studied. And harvesting and recruitment schemes should be developed to secure optimum exploitation of the repopulated forests. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">34 Black Iguana</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g039a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work on green iguana husbandry may apply also to the black iguanas' (Ctenosaura similis, C. acanthura, C. hemilopha, and C. pectinata). These are similar lizards that live in dry habitats throughout Central America &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exploitation of wild black iguanas for food began in ancient times and has continued in most places over hundreds of years without much harm to the natural populations. Until the 1970s, Latin Americans could obtain the meat and eggs with little effort, and the animals sold cheaply in city markets. In recent years, however, the lizards have become scarce and prices have risen sharply. For instance, in 1976 the central market of San Salvador was selling large specimens for the equivalent of 80 cents, but by 1979 prices were generally from three to six times as much. Today, black iguana meat costs more than fish, poultry, pork, or beef.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eating small game animals is deeply rooted in the traditions of Central America and cannot readily be changed by legislation or education. Despite official edicts, campesinos on a subsistence diet will not willingly forego the little meat they get by capturing and eating lizards. Moreover, legislation is seldom effective because there are too few enforcement officials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with the green iguana, it seems likely that when the factors causing hatchling mortality are reduced, a large harvestable annual surplus can be produced. Black iguanas efficiently convert vegetation into high-grade protein suitable for human consumption. Young ones, however, are insectivorous and carnivorous rather than purely herbivorous, and during their first weeks of life may require a more expensive diet (perhaps meat scraps) than green iguanas require. Moreover, most insectivorous lizards require moving prey. They may or may not accept meat scraps as food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black iguanas are smaller and more stocky than green iguanas, but weigh up to 3 kg. Their tails are spiny and short. The scales on the tail are enlarged, grow in spirals, and are sharp-pointed. Other than that (apart from being generally greyish black in color), the two animals are similar in appearance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The different black iguana species range from northern Mexico along both coasts of Central America to Panama and Colombia's Caribbean islands. Most tolerate moderate human presence well, often thriving around town garbage dumps and cemeteries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As recently as 1981, black iguanas were shipped to markets by the truckload. Today, they are generally limited or even absent over much of their original range. Nevertheless, they are still the major game animals across extensive areas of Central America. Many of those taken are gravid females, which is disastrous for the populations. Excessive insecticide spraying is also thought to be reducing their populations in some areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black iguanas thrive in dry, open woodland. They particularly like rocky hillsides, for they depend for shelter on crevices, rock piles, or soft soil in which they dig burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These omnivores feed on foliage, flowers, and fruits, but also on insects and small vertebrates. Adults spend some of their time climbing trees, but they are much less arboreal than green iguanas. Hatchlings are initially terrestrial but have a mostly arboreal stage in their early weeks of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females lay one clutch of 20-90 eggs each year. The eggs are much smaller than those of the green iguana and therefore are not as popular a food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p357a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of the black iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These lizards live in burrows or in holes in trees. A typical burrow has several entrances and is 1-2 m long. Several females may combine efforts to form a complex communal burrow with several individual nest chambers. They are such diligent diggers that many are caught while absorbed in the task of adding a new room.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some places, even where they are not common, black iguanas are still intensively hunted. Because their meat is valuable, the reward justifies the considerable effort involved in finding and killing them. Hence, where populations are so depleted that organized hunting is unprofitable, the animals are still subjected to relentless destruction by individuals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farming black iguanas is a novel idea. However, it is not a foolish one. In 1981 the Centro de Recursos Naturales (CENREN) in El &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Salvador started a black iguana farming project. Since then, its researchers have collected data on growth rates, feeding patterns, and the maintenance and reproduction of captive adults. The program offers some promise of maintaining breeding stock in large outdoor enclosures, of producing large numbers of hatchlings, and of restocking depleted areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;OTHER IGUANAS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other iguanas that deserve consideration for husbandry include the rock (rhinoceros) iguana (Cyclura cornuta), a herbivorous lizard of the Antillean region. This has been raised in considerable numbers at the National Zoo of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Captive-bred specimens have reproduced at the age of 32 months, average clutch size has been about 15, and the average incubation time has been 82 days (at 31ÃC). The innate tameness of these island iguanas renders them better adapted for captive rearing than either the green or the black iguana, and their greater size is an advantage as well. On the other hand, the length of time required to reach maturity, and the relatively small egg clutch (about half that of the green iguana and one-third that of the black iguana) are definite disadvantages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A related species, Iguana delicatissima, also deserves research and conservation attention. It occurs in the Leeward Islands and Martinique, and (as its specific name implies) is even better eating than the green iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latins believe that various ailments are cured or benefited by the flesh of these lizards, so they willingly pay much more for their meat than they would for equivalent amounts of other meats. In most places where the two occur together, the black iguana is preferred over the green iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with green iguana, the black iguana reproduces readily in captivity and has an even higher reproductive potential (averaging 43 eggs per clutch). It has the additional advantage that it thrives in deforested and altered habitats. It can survive near human settlements despite the attacks of dogs and cats, and it attains dense populations in suburban lots or open spaces. (It survives even downtown in cities such as Managua, but not in dense populations because dogs, cats, and humans take so many.) Hence, even in towns and cities, there are habitats capable of supporting it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black iguanas will feed on weedy vegetation or garbage, and adults seem easier to maintain in captivity than their green iguana counterparts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The long delay (probably at least two years) before the animals reach marketable size might make it difficult for the grower to compete with common meats such as poultry or fish. Certain parasitic worms can make the flesh inedible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although smaller than green iguanas, black iguanas are much more aggressive and will defend what they perceive to be their territory. They can inflict a painful bite. They also tend to escape from captivity more readily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, these omnivores depend on animal matter during part of their life cycle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biology of the black iguana deserves much more study.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management techniques developed for the green iguana should be tested for their applicability for black iguana species. Harvesting and recruitment schemes must be developed to create sustainable populations in the wild. The specific needs for feeding the young also need to be addressed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I am convinced that in the Third World, it is only when poor people are assured of their livelihood that they will help us to safeguard their natural environments. So long as people remain hungry, it is very difficult to talk to them about conservation. As a result, I believe that development and conservation are inseparable. Only when conservation takes on a dimension of helping the poor, the downtrodden, the destitute, will it have an enduring impact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.S. Swaminathan International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I suspect that wildness is an inherited characteristic as was found for the turkey by Starker Leopold. So in attempting domestication one should expect to have difficulty until there are enough animals that you can select breeding stock for quietness and tractability.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ian McTaggart Cowan Emeritus Professor of Zoology&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of British Columbia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle will never be extinct for the simple reason that man eats cattle. The best way to preserve wild species is by demonstrating that they, too, can be a valuable resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ernie Matteram&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New York Times Magazine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife utilization should be considered a legitimate form of land use, just as much as livestock husbandry. In fact, what has happened in the past is that Man has domesticated a limited number of animals, mainly in the temperate zones, while overlooking a considerable potential of other animals, which could be domesticated or used with equal validity.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antoon De Vos &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part VII Others</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted in the preface, this report by no means exhausts all the microlivestock possibilities. Lack of space and time precludes discussion of creatures such as edible insects, snails, worms, frogs, turtles, and bats, which in some regions are highly regarded foods. Similarly, we have not included fish, shrimp, and other aquatic life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not to say that these are less worthy of consideration. The decision to leave them out was arbitrary, but with several recent breakthroughs in tropical beekeeping it seems prudent to include bees. Accordingly, the final chapter of this book describes the smallest livestock of all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bees are one of the most promising microlivestock. They forage on flowers that are otherwise little utilized and produce honey, wax, and other products of high value. They are important as plant pollinators and can greatly increase the production of some crops. Bees can be kept virtually anywhere with little disruption of other activities, and they are easily available. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">35 Bees</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g040a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of all the livestock reviewed in this publication, bees are the smallest, the least demanding of space, probably the most familiar, and perhaps the most easily adapted to worldwide rural development efforts. For all that, however, they are an often forgotten component in agricultural programs. This is unfortunate because bees can be particularly valuable to tropical countries, providing pollination of crops, useful products, and a premium source of income.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost every village in every tropical country traditionally has had a beekeeper or two. Most use &quot;seat-of-the-pants&quot; methods and &quot;rustic&quot; hives, and this generally leads to low yields and inefficiencies. Today, numerous innovative methods and appropriate equipment are coming available. Many are still not widely known; however, their importance is slowly being recognized. Indeed, some developing countries are already turning bees into a valued natural resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, in less than 10 years Kenya has become self-sufficient in honey production and - despite increased local consumption - is now exporting. In seven years, Papua New Guinea has met its local honey requirements and now also exports its surplus. In only four years, Thailand increased yearly production from practically nothing to more than 1,000 tons. In Brazil, beekeeping is more widespread and production greater than before the outbreak of the African honey bee. These achievements can be largely attributed to the promotion of innovative equipment, modern beekeeping techniques, and extension support for small-scale beekeepers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees are generally easily recognized and need no description here. The major species and subspecies are all roughly similar in appearance and size. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among several hundred species of bees that store honey and pollen in harvestable amounts, only two &quot;social&quot; species, Apis mellifera and Apis cerana, produce multiple combs and can be kept in hives.' Given adequate forage and proper management, they can build up a honey surplus that can be harvested without harming their colonies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apis mellifera, the most widely distributed and exploited honey bee, comes from Europe and Africa. The subspecies from Europe (especially the Italian type, A. mellifera ligustica) is normally preferred because of its docility and high honey yields. It is now the predominant honey bee throughout the temperate zones of Europe, North America, Australasia, and China. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the many subspecies in Africa, A. mellifera adansonii and A. mellifera scutellata have the widest native ranges. The latter was accidently released in Brazil in 1957. It has become naturalized and has dominated the European bees formerly kept by beekeepers. By l990, it had spread northwards to the southernmost areas of the United States and southwards deep into Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The docile Asian hive bee, A. cerana, is found in Asia from the Middle East to Japan and as far south as Indonesia. Although it produces much less honey per hive than A. mellifera, its overall production in many Southeast Asian countries may be greater.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees do not face extinction. However, genetic diversity is disappearing due to loss of habitat, insecticides, displacement by massproduced, genetically uniform queens and exotic breeds, destructive harvesting, and the spread of diseases and pests such as protozoans, bacteria, insects, and mites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees can exist in locations from deserts to rainforests and from near the Arctic to the tropics. They occur wherever there is nectar, pollen, tree resin (for nest building), shelter, and a little water. Heat, drought, and especially rain and humidity may curtail their activities, but a well-managed colony can survive periods of extreme adversity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees live in rigidly hierarchical colonies. Normally there is a  single queen. After mating, she begins laying hundreds of eggs a day.  Those that are fertilized become sterile females, called workers; those  that remain unfertilized develop into males (drones), whose only role is  to fertilize future queens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After two or three years the queen, worn-out, starts laying fewer  and fewer eggs, and the colony may replace her. At that time a few  female larvae are raised on royal jelly, a nutritious, little-understood  secretion that causes them to develop into queens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Workers perform different tasks as they mature. Young ones tend  the queen, guard the hive, and raise the larvae. Older ones, comprising  the vast majority of a colony's population, gather pollen and nectar and  water. Pollen provides the protein and fats, and the nectar, converted  into honey in the bee's body, provides carbohydrates to feed the colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bee activities are dictated by weather, availability of food,  genetics, and the overall strength of the colony. They are mediated by  chemical interactions between the queen and the workers that control  almost all behavior.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the Asian and European hive bees are relatively docile, most  of the African subspecies are unpredictable and may defend their  colonies in great numbers and with great persistence. The threat of  &quot;killer bees&quot; has been greatly exaggerated, however. Africans have  provided them nests and hives - and harvested their honey - for  thousands of years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Occasionally, large numbers of the bees in a colony split off from  their nest or hive. They usually cluster on a nearby tree or building,  calmly waiting for &quot;scouts&quot; to find a suitable new home. These  homeless swarms can be captured and will readily move into a hiveâ  the simplest and cheapest way for beekeepers to acquire a colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey and beeswax are two of nature's best known and most  valuable products. Honey can be employed in hundreds of foods. It is  widely used in baking because, in addition to its flavor, it retains  moisture better than sugar or syrup, and the product keeps longer. Honey-based alcoholic beverages are popular in many parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beeswax also is used in many products, including candles, lubricants, polish, waterproofings, soaps, cosmetics, and electronics. Beeswax can be locally important for `'lost-wax&quot; metal-casting and sculptures as well as batik-dyed clothing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both bee pollen and royal jelly are used in cosmetics and can be eaten. Bee venom is used medicinally, particularly in Europe and the developing world. Bee larvae are eaten raw or fried in many parts of Asia and Africa and are considered a delicacy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Keeping bees means managing a colony so that it produces surplus honey or wax. Specifically this requires:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Providing a suitable hive;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Obtaining bees by collecting a swarm, transferring a wild colony, or purchasing a colony complete with an active queen;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Maintaining the colony free from natural enemies in an area that allows it to produce excess honey; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Harvesting the excess honey without weakening the colony or causing it to flee (abscond).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Few other livestock enterprises require less capital, less space, or less attention. Moreover, scarcely any other provides higher quality, more marketable products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beekeeping is a respected and traditional activity in most areas of the world. It promotes self-reliance and requires little, if any, land or money. It is an easy-entry cottage industry that can be started with minimal equipment or training. It can be done by any member of a family as it requires no special strength or size. It is especially appropriate for increasing women's income in the many areas where men are away working.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beekeeping is suited to remote areas where many agricultural enterprises are at a competitive disadvantage because their products are bulky and far from the markets. Honey, wax, pollen, and other bee products can all be sold far from their point of origin, have high monetary value for their weight, and generally find a ready market. Local honeys often command premium prices (in part because many of them are considered medicinal). In addition, beekeeping encourages people to remain in rural areas rather than move to the city in search of an income.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pollination increases the productivity of many crops, and therefore a few hives can boost local food production. By rotating hives among farmers' fields and orchards, a beekeeper performs a valuable service.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beekeeping is also an important adjunct to reforestation and desert reclamation projects. It can provide income during the long wait for the trees to reach marketable size. Many forests are potential reservoirs of honey and other products. In some cases, the bees also enhance the fruitfulness and standing value of forests. They also increase pollination in tree-seed orchards and tree nurseries. And in newly established forests, bees improve reseeding potential. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BETTER BEEHIVES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So many hives have been developed in recent years that a design now exists for almost any level of expertise. One of the most important for Third World beekeeping is the top-bar hive. This crate-like box, derived from an ancient Greek design, incorporates modern beekeeping principles but adds the innovation of sloping sides. Beneath its lid are removable boards (top bars) from which the bees hang the combs (because the sides are sloping the bees do not attach the edges of the comb to them). By lifting a top bar, the comb can be inspected and handled - and the honey harvested - with little disturbance to the colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This simple hive can make beekeeping accessible to even the poorest people. It is easy to build and use, and can be locally constructed from scrap lumber. It is well suited for raising most types of honey bees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More elaborate and productive is the African long hive. In addition to having top bars, this square-sided box has removable frames within which the bees build their comb.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most elaborate is the Langstroth hive - the type most common in temperate zones.* These yield the most honey. They can be made only where there are facilities for precise carpentry, where durable, nonwarping parts are available, and where there are good extension services to aid and assist beekeepers. Although traditional Langstroth hives are demanding to build and maintain, simplified designs have been created for use in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STINGLESS BEES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By far the most common bees in the tropics, perhaps in the  world, are bees that cannot sting. Their stingers are so akophied  as to be essentially nonexistent (but some can deliver a pretty  fierce bite). They live in colonies and store their honey in wax  pots, some as large as egg cups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stingless bees can be abundant. In a two-block area in  downtown Panama City, 150 nests have been counted. However,  many species depend on trees and their populations are  plummeting as more and more tropical forests are felled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like honey bees, stingless bees have been &quot;domesticated.&quot; For  thousands of years in the tropical Americas, Indians have raised  them in special hives made out of logs, gourds, clay pots, and  other simple containers. Cortes reported in 1519 that Indians on  the island of Cozumel, the now popular tourist spot off the east  coast of Yucatan, practiced beekeeping. That was almost 300 years  before the European honeybee was introduced. A popular Mayan  drink was honey wine, and Mayan beekeepers carved stone  earplugs to keep these bees out of their ears.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey from stingless bees has less sugar than normal honey.  However, it is usually more tasty. It is used throughout the  tropics: the Americas, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia, for  instance. Normally, the nests are just robbed, which devastates  the bees because the queen cannot fly, and when she is disturbed  the colony dies. In some areas people open a little hole in the nest.  By putting in a plug, they can then harvest honey a couple of  times a year without destroying the colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, a few scientists are reconsidering stingless beekeeping.  In the state of Maranhao in Brazil, an area of crushing poverty,  biologist Warwick Kerr is harnessing stingless bees. He began  after learning that peasants were spending a third of their meager  incomes buying sugar. As part of his experiments, he keeps 60  hives stacked in his garage on the outskirts of the city of San Luis.  (A notable feature of these bees is that there is no prohibition  against keeping them in populated areas.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kerr has found that stingless bees can be made to produce well.  After years of experimenting with different-sized boxes, he can  now obtain more than 4.5 lifers of honey per hive per year. He  reports that the stingless bees are easy to maintain, and can be  raised by poor peoole without land or equipment.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared to raising four-footed livestock, beekeeping is inexpensive and fairly trouble free, but it is not without problems. Many things can go wrong, and include, for example:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Losses. Bees are susceptible to various predators, pests, and diseases. Although ways to avoid or control most afflictions are available, once a colony becomes infested it may have to be destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Theft. Hives or combs - usually kept in secluded areas - that are full of honey are tempting targets and may be stolen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Swarming and absconding. Some or all of the bees may leave a hive and start a new nest, taking even the honey with them.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Bad management. Beekeeping requires certain skills and knowledge, and sometimes frequent attention (such as when the colony is stressed, diseased, or swarming).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Lack of equipment. Beekeepers need hives, smokers (to quiet and repel the bees), hive tools, and - advisable but not absolutely necessary - gloves and a veil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Inadequate storage. Some areas lack the knowledge or the bottles in which to store liquid honey.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Pesticides and herbicides. Nectar- and pollen-collecting bees are vulnerable to insecticides, which farmers may apply (often inappropriately) at the time their crops are flowering. Herbicides can destroy important sources of bee forage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Neighborhood concerns. Bees can sting people and livestock. Although wild bees (and other insects) are the principal culprits, the beekeeper is often blamed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Stressful conditions. When rainfall, aridity, heat, or cold are excessive, bees often cannot produce surplus honey.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surprisingly, much remains to be learned about the natural science of bees. Although some of the research requires sophisticated equipment and facilities, much can (or must) be performed locally by beekeepers because many factors - such as colony behavior, foraging habits, and microclimatic adaptation - depend on the local conditions. This research may include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Adaptation. The provision of locally adapted bee varieties is an important basis for developing advanced beekeeping. This can be done by selecting an appropriate local queen. Further, local breeding of queens and workers lessens the probability of importing exotic diseases and pests. Recent developments promise to move the mass production of queens and workers from the realm of high technology to common practice.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Integration. Continued developments in beekeeping cannot succeed without research, promotion, education, training, and extension services. These are essential for integrating beekeeping with agriculture and reforestation efforts. Thus, descriptions of agronomic plants should always include pollination requirements as well as nectar and pollen potentials. Planting nectar- and pollen-producing firewood species would increase the number of bees, which would in turn help ensure forest survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Bee plants. There is still much to be understood about the relative qualities that different plants bring to beekeeping. Recently, many valuable bee-forage plants have been identified.5 These deserve special consideration in any reforestation or beautification projects. Broad introduction of these plants may also encourage beekeeping that could produce high-value &quot;specialty&quot; honeys or ensure more continuous production of honey. There may also be a place for &quot;bee farms,&quot; where every plant is bee forage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- New bee species. Nontraditional species of Apis as well as other members of the bee family (such as Anthophora, Bombus, Megachilae, Nomia, Osmia, Xylocopa, and especially Trigona and Melipona, which are stingless) should be studied to determine their role in pollination and - for some species - their further exploitation for honey. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A Selected Readings</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A small selection follows of books and articles that are not too  difficult to locate and that will help readers explore each topic further. Obscure documents are accompanied by an address from which readers can obtain a reprint or photocopy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GENERAL&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grzimek, B. 1975. Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 1-13. Van Nostrand Reinhold  Company, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robbins, C.T. 1983. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICROBREEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1988. A World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties.  Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. Microcattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barnard, J.P. and J.P. Venter. 1983. Indigenous and Exotic Beef Cattle in South West  Africa - A Progress Report. Available from Department of Agriculture and Nature  Conservation, PB 13184, Windhoek 9000, Namibia. (Sanga)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health  Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett, eds. 1974. Animal Agriculture. 2nd edition. W.H. Freeman  and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. and l.L. Mason. 1984. Cattle. Pages 6-27 in Evolution of Domesticated  Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Felius, M. 1985. Genus Bos: Cattle Breeds of the World. MSD-AGVET, Merck and Co.,  Rahway, New Jersey. 234 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gryseels, G. 1980. Improving Livestock and Farm Production in the Ethiopian Highlands:  Initial Results. ILCA study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa,  Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, General Study.  International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joshi, N.R. and R.W. Phillips. 1953. Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan. FAO Agricultural  Study No. 19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 297 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joshi, N.R., E.A. McLaughlin, and R.W. Phillips. 1957. Types and Breeds of African  Cattle. FAO Agricultural Study No. 37. Food and Agriculture Organization of the  United Nations, Rome. 297 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Koger, M., T.J. Cunha, and A.C. Warnick, eds. 1973. Crossbreeding Beef Cattle. Series 2. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Martinez Balboa, A. 1980. La Ganaderia en Baja California Sur. Vol. 1. Editorial J.B. La Paz, BCS: Mexico. 229 pp. (Criollo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maule, J.P. 1989. The Cattle of the Tropics. Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, L.R., ed. 1985. Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm Climates. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, R.E. 1972. Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, R.E. 1983. Strategy for Improving Beef and Dairy Cattle in the Tropics. Cornell International Agricultural mimeo. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miller, W.J. 1979. Dairy Cattle Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council. 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council. 1981. Effect of Environment on Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perry, T.W. 1980. Beef Cattle Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rollinson, D.H.L. 1984. Bali cattle. Pages 28-34 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1970. World Cattle. Vol. 1, Cattle of Europe, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1970. World Cattle. Vol. 2, Cattle of Africa and Asia. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1973. World Cattle. Vol.3, Cattle of North America. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1977. The Criollo-Spanish Cattle in the Americas. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA. 303 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shirley, R.L. 1986. Nitrogen and Energy Nutrition of Ruminants. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thrower, W.R. 1954. The Dexter Cow. Revised third impression, 1980. The Spaulding Press, Bethel, Vermont, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Acharya, R.M. 1982. Sheep and Goat Breeds of India. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 30. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ademosun, A.A. 1985. Capra spp.: The Emblem of Anarchy - The King-Pin of Man's Pastoral Life. Ife Lectures No. 3. University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copland, J.W. 1985. Goat Production and Research in the Tropics. Proceedings of a workshop held at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, February 6-8, 1984. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Proceedings Series No. 7, 118 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and M. Burns. 1983. Goat Production in the Tropics. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. 83 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and G.L. McLeroy. 1983. Goat and Sheep Production in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and J.E. Owen. 1983. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of meat production from goats. World Animal Review (FAO) 47:19-29.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fielding, D. Goat-keeping in Mauritius. Sonderdruck aus Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie. Vol 97(1)(1980):21-27.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gall, C., ed. 1981. Goat Production. Academic Press, London. 619 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haenlein, G.F.W. and D.L. Ace. 1983. Goat Extension Handbook. University of Delaware Cooperative Extension Service, Newark, Delaware, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husnain, H.V. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Pakistan. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Small Ruminant Production Systems in South and Southeast Asia, C. Devendra, ed. Proceedings of a workshop held in Bogor, Indonesia, October 6-10, 1986, cosponsored by the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1983. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Sheep and Goats, D.H. Hill, ed. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, September 24-26, 1980. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Humid West Africa. Proceedings of the International Workshop held in Ibadan, Nigeria, January 23-26, 1984. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, General Study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;King, J.W.B., ed. 1988. Directory of Research on Sheep and Goats. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International, Wallingford, Oxford, UK. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1981. Breeds. Pages 57-110 in Goat Production, C. Gall, ed. Academic Press, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1984. Goat. Pages 85-99 in Evolution of the Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council, 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.T. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Goat Production and Disease. January 10-15, 1982, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Copies can be obtained from Kent Leach, Dairy Goat Journal, P.O. Box 1808, Scottsdale, Arizona 85252, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilson, R.T., T. Murayi, and A. Rocha. 1989. Indigenous African small ruminant strains with potentially high reproductive performance. Small Ruminant Research 2: 107-117.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Winrock International, 1984. Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries. Winrock International Technical Paper. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Acharya, R.M. 1982. Sheep and Goat Breeds of lndia. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 30. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carles, A.B. 1983. Sheep Production in the Tropics. Oxford University Press, London. 213 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp. Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Francisco, Calffornia, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and G.L. McLeroy. 1983. Goat and Sheep Production in the Tropics. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Longman, London. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitzhugh, H.A. and G.E. Bradford, eds. 1983. Hair Sheep of Western Africa and the Americas. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husnain, H.V. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Pakistan. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. International Development Research Centre (IDRC). 1987. Small Ruminant Production Systems in South and Southeast Asia, C. Devendra, ed. Proceedings of a workshop held in Bogor, Indonesia, October 6-10, 1986, cosponsored by the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. IDRC, Ottawa, Canada. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1983. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Sheep and Goats, D.H. Hill, ed. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, September 24-26, 1980. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Humid West Africa. Proceedings of the International Workshop held in Ibadan, Nigeria, January 23-26, 1984. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, Ceneral &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;King, J.W.B., ed. 1988. Directory of Research on Sheep and Goats. Commonwealth&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agricultural Bureaux International, Wallingford, Oxford, UK. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1980. Prolific Tropical Sheep. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 17. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, l.L.1967. Sheep Breeds of the Mediterranean. Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. Phillips, R.W., R.C. Johnson, and R.T. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ponting, K. 1980. Sheep of the World. Blandford Press, Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ryder, M.L. 1984. Sheep. Pages 63-85 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ryder, M.L. 1983. Sheep and hIan. Monograph. Duckworth, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Terrill, C.E. 1970. Sheep breeds of the world. (505 breeds). USDA mimeo. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 163 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whitehurst, V.E., R.M. Crown, R.W. Phillips, and D.A. Spencer. 1947. Productivity of Columbia sheep in Florida and their use for crossing with native sheep. Florida Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 429. 34 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduotion to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilson, R.T., T. Murayi, and A. Rocha. 1989. Indigenous African small ruminant strains with potentially high reproductive performance. Small Ruminant Research 2: 107-117. Winrock International. 1984. Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries. Winrock International Technical Paper. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaltin, B.C. 1979. The Sheep Breeds of Afghanistan, lran, and Turkey. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Micropig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clutton-Brock, J. 1981. Domesticated Animals from Early Times. British Museum (Natural History), London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, Calffornia, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cunha, T.J. 1977. Swine Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. and M. Bichard. 1984. Pigs. Pages 145-162 in Evolution of Domesticated &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Krider, J.L., J.H. Conrad, and W.E. Carroll. 1982. Swine Production. McGraw-Hill Company, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. National Research Council. 1983. Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panepinto, L.M. 1986. Miniature swine in biomedical research. LabAnimal 15(8)(November/December 1986):21-27.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panepinto, L.M., R.W. Phillips, L.R. Wheeler, and D.H. Will. 1978. The Yucatan miniature pig as a laboratory animal. Laboratory Animal Science 28(3):308-313.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W. and T.Y. Hou. 1944. Chinese swine and their performance compared with modern and crosses between Chinese and modern breeds. Journal of Heredity 35:365-79.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pond, W.G. and J.H. Maner. 1984. Swine Production and Nutrition. AVI Publishing Company, Westport, Connecticut, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POULTRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World's Poultry Science Journal is published 3 times a year by the World's Poultry Science Association, (c/o Institut f-r Kleintierzucht, Dornbergstrasse 25/27, Postfach 280, C-3100 Celle, Germany). It has also published a multilingual poultry dictionary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry, an international journal on poultry, is published by Misset International, a department of Uitgeversmaatschappij, C. Misset b.v., Doetinchem-The Netherlands. (Address: Misset International, P.O. Box 4, 7000 BA Doetinchem, Netherlands.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry Science is published monthly by the Poultry Science Association, Inc., 309 West Clark Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA. British Poultry Science, a quarterly, is available c/o Longman Group Ltd., Subscriptions (Journals) Department, Fourth Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM195AA, UK. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicken&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attfield, H.H.D. 1990. Raising Chickens and Ducks. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Arlington, Virginia, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crawford, R.D. 1984. Domestic fowl. Pages 298-311 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ensminger, M.E.1971. Poultry Science. Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc., Danville, Illinois, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fielding, D. 1984. The silent scavengers. African Farming September/October 1984: 11-13.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Howman, K.C. 1980. Pheasants: Their Breeding and Management. K&amp;amp;R Books, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Huchzermeyer, F.W. 1973. Free ranging hybrid chickens under African tribal conditions. Rhodesian Agricultural Journal 70:73-75.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latif, M.A. 1985. In-Depth Analysis on the Successful Experience of Poultry Production in Bangladesh. Report submitted to FAO-APHC Regional Animal Production and Health Office. FAD/UN, Bangkok, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savannah and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. M.Sc. thesis, University of Reading, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MTrat, P. 1986. Potential usefulness of the Na (Naked Neck) gene in poultry production. [Vorld's Poultry Science Journal 42:124-142.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nesheim, M.C., R.E. Austic, and L.E. Card. 1979. Poultry Production. 12th edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.C. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scott, M.L., M.C. Nesheim, and R.J. Young. 1982. Nutrition of the Chicken. M.L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smith, A.J. nd. Supplementation for scavenging animals. Unpublished paper. Copies available from A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somes, R. 1984. International Registry of Poultry Genetic Stocks. BuDetin 469, University of Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Araucanian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilhelm, G.O.E. 1965-1966. La Gallina Araucana (Gallus inauris castelloi 1914). Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile, Boletia de Concepcion 40:5-26.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duck&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A film, Duck Farmingâan Indonesian Tradition, is available from the CSIRO Film and Video Unit, 314 Albert Street, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia. Soundtrack is in English or Indonesian and it is available in 16 mm or VHS/Beta Video.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attfield, H.H.D. 1990. Raising Chickens and Ducks. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Arlington, Virginia, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clayton, G.A. 1984. Common duck. Pages 334-339 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farrell, D. and P. Stapleton, eds. 1986. Duck Production, Science and World Practice. Proceedingsofaduckproductionworkshop, November 18-22, 1985, Bogor, Indonesia. Central Research Institute for Animal Science. Available from Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. 430 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holderread, D. 1978. The Home Duck Flock. The Hen House, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kingston, D.K., D. Kosasih, and I. Ardi. 1979. The Rearing of Alabio Dt~cklings -nd Management of the Laying Duck Flocks in the Swamps of South Kalimantan. Report No. 9. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Ciawi, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Petheram, R.J. and A. Thahar. 1983. Duck egg production systems in West Java. Agricultural Systems 2:75-86.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scott, M.L. and W.F. Dean. 1991. Nutrition and Management of Ducks. M.L. Scott of Ithaca, Publisher (P.O. Box 4464, Ithaca, New York 14852, USA)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Warren, A.G. 1972. Ducks and geese in the tropics. World Animal Review 3:35-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yi Yung and Yu-Ping Zhon. 1980. The Pekin duck in China. World Animal Review 34:11-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crawford, R.D. 1984. Goose. Pages 345-349 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1983. The Goose and its Possible Use for Controlling Weeds. Small Animals for Small Farms. GAN-I. FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Casilla 10095, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holderread, D. 1981. The Book of Geeseâa Complete Guide to Raising the Home Flock. Hen House Publications, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soames, B. 1980. Keeping Domestic Geese. Blandford, London. 159 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USDA Extension Service. 1983. Raising Geese. Farmer's Bulletin No. 2251. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Warren, A.G. 1972. Ducks and geese in the tropics. World Animal Review 3:35-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Fowl&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many research papers have been published in French, Italian, Spanish, and Russian, but few in English.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ayeni, J.S.O. 1983. Studies of Grey Breasted Helmet Guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) in Nigeria. World's Poultry Science Journal 39(2):143-151.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Belshaw, R.H.H. 1985. Guinea Fowl of the World. Nimrod Book Services, P.O. Box No. 1, Liss, Hampshire, UK. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blum, J.C., J. Guillaume, and B. Leclercq. 1975. Studies of the energy and protein requirements of the growing guinea-fowl. Br-ish Poultry Science 16:157-168.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cauchard, J.C. 1971. La Pintade. Henri Peladan, UzFs, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chemillier, J. 1984. L'Alimentation de la Pintade. F. Hoffmann-La Roche and Cie, 52, Boulevard du Parc, 92521 Neuilly-sur-Seine, Cedex, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. 1968. Guinea Fowl Breeding and Managernent. Annotated Bibliography No. 85. The Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, King's Buildings, Edinburgh 9, Scotland, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leclercq, B. 1982. Alimentation des Futurs Reproducteurs Pintades. Pages 101-111 in FertilitT et Alimentation des Volailles. I.N.R.A. Edit.7 Versailles, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leclercq, R. and B. Sauveur. 1982. L'alimentation des reproducteurs pintades. Pages 113-135 in FertilitT et Alimentation des Volailles, I.N.R.A. edit., Versailles, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lukefahr, S. Raising guinea fowl. Paper available from author, c/o International Small Livestock Research Center, Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University. P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1985. Small-scale guinea-few! production. Pamphlet 934. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Publications), Lion House, Alnwick, Northumberland NE66 2PF, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mongin, P. and M. Plouzeau. 1984. Guinea-fowl. Pages 322-324 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I . L. Mason, ed. Longman, London .&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USDA. 1970. Raising Cuinea Fowl. Leaflet No. 519. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clayton, G.A. 1984. Muscovy duck. Pages 340-344 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;De Corville, H. 1972. La Production du Canard de Barbarie. Copies available from Institut nacional de la recherce agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farrell, D. and P. Stapleton, eds. 1986. Duck Production, Science and World Practice. Proceedings of a duck production workshop, November 18-22, 1985, Bogor, Indonesia. Central Research Institute for Animal Science. Copies available from D. Farrell, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffreys, M.D.W. 1956. The Muscovy duck. The Nigerian Field21(3):108-11.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kingston, D.J., D. Kosasih, and I. Ardi. 1978. The Use of the Muscovy Drrck for Hatching of Alabio Duck Ãggs in the Swamplands of Kalimantan. Centre Report No. 7. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Richet, M. 1985. La production du canard de Barbarie. Techniques Agricoles 3770.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abs, M., ed. 1983. Pltysiology and Behavior of the Pigeon. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hawes, R.O. 1984. Pigeons. Pages 351-356 in Evolution of Domesticated Anirnals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hollander, W.F. and W.J. Miller. 1981. Hereditary variants of behavior and vision in the pigeon. Iowa State Journal of Research 55(4):323-331.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Levi, W.M. 1965. Encyclopedia of Pigeon Breeds. T.F.H. Publications, Jersey City, New Jersey, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Levi, W.M. 1981. The Pigeon. 2nd edition revised. Levi Publishing, Sumter, South Carolina, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murton, R.K., R.P.J. Thearle, and J. Thompson. 1972. Ecological studies of the feral pigeon (Columba livia). 1. Population, breeding biology and methods of control. II. Flock behaviour and social organisation. Ecology 9:835-889.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Wisconsin. 1977. Pigeons. Bulletin 4-H 135. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USDA. 1963. Squab Raising. Farmers Bulletin No. 684. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bourquin, O. 1980. Biology of rhe Quail (Coturnix coturnix Linnaeus 1758). Ph.D. thesis, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Republic of South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katoh, H. and N. Wakasugi. 1980. Studies on the blood groups in the Japanese quail: detection of three antigens and their inheritance. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 4:99-110.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kawahara, T. 1973. Comparative study of quantitative traits between wild and domestic Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Experimental Animals 22(supplement): 138-50.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marsh, A. Quail Manual. Marsh Farms, 7171 Patterson Drive, Garden Grove, Calffornia 92641, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Academy of Sciences. 1969. Coturnix (Coturnix coturnix japonica): Standards and Guidelines for the Breeding, Care, and Management of Laboratory' Animals. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail Production Technology. Leaflet No. 13/1982. Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somes, R.G., Jr. 1981. International Registry of Poultry Genetic Stocks. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Varghese, S.K. 1981. Coturnix Internationalâat home and in the Caribbean. Poultry Science 60:1747.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Varghese, S.K. 1982. Coturnix production proves to be a profitable business. Poultry Science 61:1560.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Varghese, S.K. 1983. Processing and yield of coturnix (Japanese quail). Poultry Science 62:1517&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wakasugi, N. and K. Kondo. 1973. Breeding methods for maintenance of mutant genes and establishment of strains in the Japanese quail. Experimental Animals 22(Supplement): I 51 -9.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Woodard, A.E., A. Abplanalp, W.O. Wilson, and P. Vohra. 1973. Japanese Quail Husbandry in the Laboratory. Department of Avian Sciences, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berg, R. and D. Halvorson. 1985. Turkey Management Guide. Minnesota Turkey Growers Association, 678 Transfer Road, St. Paul, Minnesota 55114, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crawford, R.D. 1984. Turkey. Pages 325-334 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ensminger, M.E. 1971. PoultryScience. InterstatePrintersandPublishers, Inc., Danville,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Illinois, USA. Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RABBITS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Rabbit Research Center has been established at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA. It publishes the Journal of Applied Rabbit Research, whose purpose is to convey current research information to those with an interest in commercial rabbit production. The journal describes research conducted at the center and reviews rabbit research results reported in the world's scientific literature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Founded in 1976 in Paris, the World Rabbit Science Association (Typing House, Shurdington, Cheltenhem, Gloucestershire, GL51 SXF, UK) publishes a newsletter of coming events and chronicles the progress of rabbit farming in most countries of the world. Its aims are to facilitate the advancement of the various branches of the rabbit industry, disseminate knowledge, and study problems of production and marketing. Its members represent individuals and associations in 20 countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The American Rabbit Breeder's Association (1925 South Main Street, Bloomington, Illinois 61701, USA) has published a book, Guide to Producing Better Rabbits, which contains an abundance of information concerning management and diseases of the domestic rabbit. The organization also publishes a bimonthly magazine, Domestic Rabbit, that includes a great deal of updated information on rabbit raising.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asociacion Espanola de Cunicultura (Spanish Rabbit Science Association), Now, 23 08785 Ballbona d'Anoia, Barcelona, Spain, has a set of slides for training, covering breeds, handling, pathology, and commercialization.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Report of the Workshop on Rabbit Husbandry. Copies of this report are available free of charge from the International Foundation for Science, Sibyllegatan 47, S-114 42 Stockholm, Sweden. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A Working Rabbit Literature Resources File. This materia, is directed at scientists working on some aspect of domestic rabbit research. It lists methods of computer searching for scientific reports in the world's scientific literature, various types of computer literature searches, including commerciaHy available ones, and government services. It a,so includes a list of prepared abstracts. The address is D.D. Caveny and H. L. Enos, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic Rabbit&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ministry of Livestock Development. 1981. Rabbit Production. Kenya Ministry of Livestock Development. Copies can be obtained from the Agricultural Information Centre, P.O. Box 14733, Nairobi, Kenya.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attfield, H.H.D. 1977. Rabbit Raising. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, 1815 Lynn&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209, USA. 90 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bennett, R. 1975. Raising Rabbits the Modern Way. Garden Way Publishing, Charlotte, Vermont 05445, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheeke, P.R. 1987. Rabbit Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheeke, P.R., N.M. Patton, S.D. Lukefahr, and J.I. McNitt. 1986. Rabbit Production. Sixth edition. The Interstate, Danville, Illinois, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1986. Cooking Rabbits. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,  Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1986. Self-Teaching Manual on Backyard Rabb- Rearing. Food and Agriculture  Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Latin America and the  Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1986. Backyard Rabbit Rearing: Some Basic Husbandry Practices. Small Animals  for Small Farms. GAN-16. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,  Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schlolaut, W., ed. 1985. A Compendium of Rabbit Production. Gesellschaft f-r  Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Publication No. 169. TZ-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH,  Postfach 36, D6101 Rossdorf, Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sicivaten, J. and D. Stahl. 1982. A Complete Handbook on Backyard and Commercial  Rabbit Production. CARE/Philippines.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vogt, D.W. 1982. Raising Rabbits in Hawaii. Circular 499, Cooperative Extension  Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at  Manoa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agouti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A report summarizing preliminary results in a captive-breeding project in Mexico is available from A. D. Cuaron (see Research Contacts for address).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deutsch, L.A., and G. Santos. 1984. Contribuitao pare o conhecimento do gOnero  Dasyproctaâreprodutao de cutiasâentre cruzamente das espTcies Dasyprocta aguti,  Dasyprocta azarae e Dasyprocta fuliginosa. Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, II,  BelTm, 1984. Resumos. . .BelTm, SBZ/UFPalMPEC, p. 383-4/(Resumos 390). Copies  available from the authors, see Research Contacts.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clark, M.M. and B.G. Galef, Jr. 1977. Patterns of agonistic interaction and space  utilization by agoutis, Dasyprocta punctata. Behavioral Biology 20:135-140.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leopold, A.S. 1959. Pages 388-393 in Wildlife of Mexico. University of California Press,  Berkeley and Los Angeles.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meritt, D.A., Jr. 1982. Bibliography of Dasyprocta (Rodentia). Brenesia 19/20:595-612.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meritt, D.A., Jr. 1983. Preliminary observations on reproduction in the Central  American agouti, Dasyprocta punctata. Zoo Biology 2:127-131.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Morris, D. 1962. The behaviour of the green acouchi (Myoprocta pratti) with special  reference to scatter hoarding. Proceedings Zoological Society of London 139:701732.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smith N. 1974. Agouti and babassu. Oryx 12(5):581-582.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smythe, N. 1978. The Natural History of the Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta  punctata). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 257. Smithsonian Institution,  Washington, D.C., USA. 52 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tribe, C.J., R. Leher, M.C.O. Doglio, M.I.L. Rebello, D.S. Mello, and E.M.M. Guimar es.  1985. Uma tentative de esclarecimento do uso de espato e estrutura social na cutia  Dasyprocta a. aguti (Rodentia). Pages 296-7 in Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, 12,  Campinas, 1985. Resumos. . .Campinas, SBZ/UNICAMP, 1985. (Resumo 614.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A capybara bibliography, Bibliograf a sobre Chiguires (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), is available from E. Gonzalez-Jimenez and JosT Roberto de Alencar Moreira (see Research Contacts for addresses).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1979. Produccion de Cuyes. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Puno.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baldizan, A., R.M. Dixon, and R. Parra. 1983. Digestion in the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). South African Journal of Animal Science 13(1):27-28.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1977a. The capybara, an indigenous source of meat in tropical America. World Animal Review', 21:24-30.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1977b. Digestive physiology and feeding of capybaras. Pages 167177 in Handbook Series in Nutrition and Food. Section G, Diets, Culture Media and Food Supplements, M. Rechcigl, ed. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. and R. Parra. 1975. The capybara, a meat-producing animal for the flooded areas of the tropics. Pages 81-86 in Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Animal Production, R.L. Reid, ed. Sydney University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1984. Capybara. Pages 258-259 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Macdonald, D.W., K. Krantz, and R.T. Aplin. 1984. Behavioural, anatomical and chemical aspects of scent marking amongst Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) (Rodentia:Caviomorpha). Journal of Zoology (London) 202:341-360.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mones, A. and J. Ojasti. 1986. Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. Mammalian Species 264: 1-7.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ojasti, J. 1968. Notes on the mating behavior of the capybara. Journal of Mammalogy 49:345-374.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ojasti, J. 1973. Estudio Biologico del Chiguire o Capybara. Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuaria, Caracas, Republica de Venezuela. 27 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zara, J.L. 1973. Breeding and husbandry of the capybara at Evansville Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 13:137-139.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Christen, M.F. 1978. Evaluacion nutritive de cuatro dietas mono especificas en la alimentacion del coipo (Myocastor coypus Molina 1782). Tesis. Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deems, E.F., Jr., and D. Pursley. 1978. North American Fur bearers. Maryland Wildlife Administration, Department of Natural Resources, Cheltenham, Maryland, USA. pp. 155.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CORFO. n.d. Pieles fieas. Especie coipos. Tomo 1, I! and III. Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murua, R., O. Newman, and J. Propelmann. 1981. Food habits of Myocastor coypus (Molina) in Chile. Pages 544-558 in Proceedings of rhe Worldwide Furbearer Conference, J.A. Chapman and D. Pursley, eds. Vol. 1. Worldwide Furbearer Conference, Inc., Frostburg, Maryland, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Willner, G.R. 1982. Nutria; Myocastor coypu. Pages 1059-1076 in Wild Mammals of NorthAmerica, J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer, eds. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ajayi, S.S. 1975. Domestication of the African Giant Rat. Department of Forest Resources, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faturoti, E.O., O.O. Tewe, and S.S. Ajayi. 1982. Crude fibre tolerance by the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) (Potential sources of protein, Nigeria.) African Journal of Ecology 20(4):289-292.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faturoti, E.O., O.O. Tewe, and S.S. Ajayi. 1983. Effect of varying dietary oil levels on the performance of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse). Nutrition Reports International 27(3):525-530.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Den Hartog, A.P. and A. de Vos. 1973. The use of rodents as food in tropical Africa. Nutrition Newsletter (FAO) 11 (2):1-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Halcrow, J.G. 1958. The giant rat of East Africa. Nature (London) 181:649-650.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savanna and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. Development Studies 24. Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Reading, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tewe, O.O., S.S. Ajayi, and E.O. Faturoti. 1984. Giant rat and cane rat. Pages 291-293 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutter&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asibey, E.O.A. 1979. Some problems encountered in the field study of the grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) population in Ghana. Pages 214-7 in Wildlife Management in Savannah Woodland, S.S. Ajayi and L. B. Halstead, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baptist, R. and G.A. Mensah. 1986. The Cane-RatâFarm animal of the future? [Vorld Animal Review 60:2-6.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savanna and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. Development Study 24. Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Reading, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pich, S. and K.J. Peters. 1985. Possibilities of using the cane cutter for meat production in Africa. Unpublished manuscript. Copies available from K.J. Peters, Institute of Animal Breeding, Gottingen, Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tewe, O.O., S.S. Ajayi, and E.O. Faturoti. 1984. Giant rat and cane rat. Pages 291-293 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Let's Raise Guinea Pigs,&quot; a filmstrip on guinea pig farming, is available from World Neighbors International Headquarters, 5116 North Portland Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma73112, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1979. Produccion de Cuyes. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Huancayo, Peru. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1983. improvement of Guinea Pig Breeding as a Means of Increasing the Productivity and Production of Meat for Consumption oy the Rural Population in Peru. National University of Central Peru, Huancayo, Peru.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bolton, R. 1979. Guinea pigs, protein, and ritual. Ethnology 18(3):229-252.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Huss, D.L. 1982. Small animals for small farms in Latin America. World Animal Ret~iew (FAO) 43:24-29.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1982. The Guinea Pig and a Hypothetical Development Centre. Small Animals for Small Farms. FAO, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loetz, E. and C. Novoa. 1983. Meat from the guinea pig. Span 26(2):84-86.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muller-Haye, B. 1984. Guinea-pig or cuy. Pages 252-257 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stansfield, S.K., C.L. Scribner, R.M. Kaminski, T. Cairns, J.B. McCormick, and K.M. Johnson. 1982. Antibody to ebola virus in guinea pigs: Tandala, Zaire. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 146(4):483-486.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anderson, S., C.A. Woods, G.S. Morgan, and W.L.R. Oliver. 1983. Geocaprornys brownii. Mammalian Species 201:1-5.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Canet, R.S. and V. Berovides Alvares. 1984. Ecomorfologia y rendimiento de la jutia conga (Capromys pilorides Say). Poeyana 279:1-19.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Canet, R.S. and V. Berovides Alvares. 1984. Reproduccion y ecolog~a de la jutia conga (Capromys pilorides Say). Poeyana 220:1-20.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Howe, R., and G.C. Clough. 1971. The Bahamian hutia Geocapromys ingrahami in captivity. international Zoo Yearbook 11:89-93.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Johnson, M.L., R.H. Taylor, and N.W. Winnick. 1975. The breeding and exhibition of capromyd rodents at Tacoma Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 15:53-56.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W.L.R. 1977. The hutias (Capromyidae) of the West Indies. International Zoo Yearbook 17:14-20.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W.L.R. 1985. The Jamaican hutia or Indian Coney (Geocapromys brownii). A model programme for captive breeding and reintroduction? Symposium of the Association of British Wild Animal Keepers, 10:35-52. (Copies available from author, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rowlands, I.W., and B.J. Weir, eds. 1974. The Biology of Hystricomorph Rodents. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 34:1-482.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. and H. Genest. 1974. Le comportement social d'une colonide mares, Dolichotis patagonum Z. dans le Parc de BranfTrT. Zeitschrift fin Tierpsychologie 35:225-302.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taber, A.B. and D.W. Macdonald. 1984. Scent dispensing papillae and associated behaviour of the mare, Dolichotis patagonum (Rodentia: Caviomorpha). Journal of Zoology (London) 203:298-302. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paca&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A report summarizing progress in the captive-breeding project in Panama is available from Nicholas Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2071, Balboa, Panama. A report summarizing preliminary results in the captive-breeding project in Mexico is available from Alfredo D. Cuaron, (see Research Contacts).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collett, S.F. 1981. Population characteristics of Agouti paca (Rodentia) in Colombia. Michigan State University, Publications of the Museum, Biological Series 5(7): 485-602.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matamoros, Y. 1982. Investigaciones preliminares sobre la reproduccion, comportamiento, alimentacion y manego del tepezcuinte (Cuniculus paca, Brisson) en cautiverio. Pages 961-992 in Zoologia Neotropical, Actas del VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoologia, P.J. Salinas, ed. (Copies available from Y. Matamores, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcacha&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jackson, J.E. nd. Growth rates in vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus) in San Luis, Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, San Luis, Argentina. (Copies available from author, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Llanos, A.C., and J.A. Crespo. 1952. Ecologia de la vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus Blainv.) en el nordeste de la provincia de Entre Rios. Revista de Investigaciones Agricolas (Buenos Aires) 6:289-378.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Rodents&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. 1973. Lffe history and economic value of the springhare (Pedetes capensis Forster) in Botswana. Botswana Notes Record 5:209-213.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. 1979. Reproductive ecology of the springhaas Pedetes capensis in Botswana. Journal of Zoology 189:221-232.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. 1984. Nocturnal ecology of the springhare, Pedetes capensis, in Botswana. African Journal of Ecology 22:7-22.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. and R. Mattingly. 1979. Burrow structure and fossorial ecology of the springhare Pedetes capensis in Botswana. African Journal of Ecology 17:205-215.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kofron, C.P. 1987. Seasonal reproduction of the springhare, Pedetes capensis, in southeastern Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 25.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rosenthal, M.A., and D.A. Meritt. 1973. Hand-rearing springhaas at Lincoln Park Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 18:206-208.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smithers, R.H.N. 1983. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Velte, F.F. 1978. Hand-rearing springhaas Pedetes capensis at Rochester Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 18:206-208. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEER AND ANTELOPE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Deer Farmer, a quarterly magazine, is published by the New Zealand Deer Farmers' Association, P.O. Box 2678, Wellington, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer Farming is the quarterly magazine of the British Deer Farmers Association (22 Levat Road, Inverness IV2 3NS, Scotland, UK).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoffman, R.R. 1985. Digestion and feeding in deer: their morphophysiological adaptation. In Proceedings International Conference on Deer Biology and Production, eds. P.F. Fennessy and K.R. Drew. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 22, Wellington, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fennessy, P.F. and K.R. Drew, eds. 1985. Biology of Deer Production. Proceedings of an international conference held February 13-18, 1983, Dunedin, New Zealand. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 22, Wellington, New Zealand. Available from Royal Society of New Zealand, Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wemmer C., ed. 1987. The Biology and Management of the Cervidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yerex, D. 1982. The Farming of Deer. Agricultural Publishing, Box 176, Carterton, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kay, R.N.B. 1987. The comparative anatomy and physiology of digestion in tragulids and cervids and its relation to food intake. In The Biology and Management of the Cenvidae, C. Wemmer, ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1975. Le comportement du chevrotain africain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia). Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 37:403-501.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1978. Un apertu sur l'Tcologie du chevrotain africain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby, Artiodactyle Tragulide. Mammalia 42:1-62.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralls, K., C. Barasch, and K. Minkowski. 1975. Behaviour of captive mouse deer, Tragulus napu. Zeitschrift Tierpsychology 37:356-378.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robin, K.P. 1979. Zum Verhalten des Kleinkantschils (Tragulus javanicus). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Zurich. (Copies available from K.P. Robin, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vidyadaran, M.K., M. Hilmi, and R.A. Sirimane. 1982. The gross morphology of the stomach of the Malaysian lesser mousedeer (Tragrrlus javanicus). Pertanika 5(1): 34-38.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vidyadran, M.K., S. Vellayan, and R. Karuppiah. 1983. Muscle weight distribution of the Malaysian lesser mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus). Pertanika 6(2):63-69. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wharton, D.C. 1987. Captive Management of Tragulids at New York Zoological Park. In Biology and Management of the Cervidae, C. Wemmer, ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anderson, J. 1981. Studies on digestion in Muntiacus reeves). M.Phil. thesis. Cambridge University. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barrette, C. 1977. The social behavior of captive muntjac Muntiacus reeves) (Ogilby  1839). Zeitschrift f-r Tierpsychologie 43: 188-213.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chapman, D.I., N.G. Chapman, J.G. Mathews, and D.H. Wurster-Hill. 1983. Chromosome  studies of feral muntjac (Muntiacus sp.) in England. Journal of Zoology, London  201:557-559.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dansie, O. 1970. Muntjac. British Deer Society, Welwyn Garden City, England. 22 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1970. L'organisation spatiale et sociale de Muntiacus reeves) Ogilby 1839 en  semi-liberte. Mammalia 34:331-355.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1971. Observations Tthologiques sur le muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak  Zimmermann 1780 et Muntiacus reeves) Ogilby 1839) en captivitT et semi-libertT.  Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 28:387-427.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jackson, J.E., D.I. Chapman, and O. Dansie. 1977. A note on the food of muntjac deer  (Muntiacus reeves)). Journal of Zoology (London) 183:546-548.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Ho-gee and Sheng He-lin. 1984. Status of the black muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons, in  eastern China. Mammal Review 14(1):29-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oli, Madan K. 1986. Studies on stereotyped behavior of barking deer (Muntiacus  muntjak). M.S. dissertation, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhauvan  University, Kathmandu, Nepal. 84 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shi Liming, Ye Yingying, and Duan Xinsheng. 1980. Comparative cytogenetic studies on  the red muntjac, Chinese muntjac, and their Fl hybrids. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics  26:22-7.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yonzon, Pralad B. 1978. Ecological studies on Muntaicus muntjack. Journal of Natural  History Museum (Nepal) 2(2):91-100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1974. Feeding musk deer in captivity and collecting musk from the live  animal. Dongwuxue Zhazi, China 2:11-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1975. Preliminary experience in raising the survival rate of musk deer.  Dongwuxue Zhazi, China 1 :17-19.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bannikov, A.G., S.K. Ustinov, and P.N. Lobanov. 1980. The musk deer Moschus  moschiferus in the USSR. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural  Resources (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bi, S.Z., Y.H. Yan, Z.X. Qing, P.T. Sheng, Y.M. Wu, C.F. Chen, G.K. Yang, T.B. Yin,  and Y.J. Lu. 1980. Dissection and analysis of the musk gland of M. moschiferus and a  preliminary investigation into its histology. The Protection and Use of Wild Animals  (China) 1: 14-19.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green, M.J.B. 1978. Himalayan musk deer (Moschus moschiferus moschiferus). Pages  56-64 in Threatened Deer. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural  Resources (IUCN), Morges, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green, M.J.B. 1985. The musk trade, with particular reference to its impact on the  Himalayan population of Moschus chrysogaster. In Conservation in Developir~g  Countries. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green, M.J.B. 1985. Aspects of the Ecology of the Himalayan Musk Deer. Ph.D.  dissertation, University of Cambridge, U.K. 280 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C.P. 1978. The taxonomy of Moschus, with particular reference to the Indian  Region. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 72:662-676.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holloway, C.W. 1973. Threatened deer of the world: conservation status. Biological  Conservation 5(4).  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IUCN. 1974. Red Data Book: Mammalia. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Morges.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jamwal, P.S. 1972. Collection of deer musk in Nepal. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 69(3):647-649.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seth, S.D., A. Muktiopadtiyay, K. Raghunatham, and R.B. Arora. 1975. Pharmodymamics of Musk. Central Council for Research on Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy, New Delhi, India.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zhang B. 1983. Musk-deer. Their capture, domestication and care according to Chinese experience and methods. Unasylva 35(139):16-24.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zhang, B.L., F.M. Dang, and B.S. Li. 1979. The Farming of Musk Deer. Agricultural Publishing Company, Peking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cooke, A. and L. Farrell. 1983. Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis). British Deer Society Publication No. 2. Elvy and Gibbs, Canterbury, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feer, F. 1982. Quelques observations Tthologiques sur l'Hydropote de chine, Hydropotes inennis (Swinhoe, 1870) en captivitT. Zeitschrift fitr Saeugetierkunde 47: 175-185.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheng Helin and L. Housl. 1984. A preliminary study on the river deer (Hydropotes inermis) population of Shoushau Island (China) and adjacent islets. Acta Theriologica Sinica 4:161-166.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dittrich, L. 1972. Beobachtungen bei der Haltung von Cephalophus-Arten sowie zur Fortpflanzung und Jugendentwicklung von C. dorsalis und C. rufilatus in gefangenschaft. Zoologische Garten Lpz (N.F.) 42:1-16.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1980. L'Tcologie et la vie sociale du cTphalophe bleu (Cephalophus monticola Thunberg), petit ruminant forestier africain. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 54: 205-266.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R.l.M. and E.P. Dunbar. 1979. Observations on the social organisation of common duiker in Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology 17:249-252.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R.I.M. and E.P. Dunbar. 1980. Animal Behaviour 28:219.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ketelhodt, H.F. Von. 1977. The lambing interval of the blue duiker, Cephalophus monticola Gray in captivity, with observations on its breeding and care. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 7:41-43.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralls, K. 1975. Agonistic behavior in Maxwell's duiker, Cephalophus max~elli. Marnrnalia 39:241-249.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schweers, S. 1984. The reproductive biology of the banded duiker Cephalophus zebra in comparison with other species of Cephalophus. Zeitschrift fur Saeugetierkunde 49(1):21-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whittle, C. and P. Whittle. 1977. Domestication and breeding of Maxwell's duiker. The Nigerian Field 42(4):13-21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antelope&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Spinage, C.A. 1986. The Natural History of Antelopes. Christopher Helm, UK. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Klipspringer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R. and P. Dunbar. 1974. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 35:481-493.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R.I.M. 1979. Energetics, thermoregulation and the behavioural ecology of klipspringer. African Journal of Ecology 17:217-230.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R. I . M . and E. P. Dunbar. 1 980 . The pairbond in klipspringer. A nimal Beha vior 28:219-229.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dikdik&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hendricks, H. 1975. Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 38:55-69.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feer, F. 1979. Observations Tcologiques sur le neotrague de Bates (Neltragus bates) de Winton, 1903, Artiodactyle, ruminant, Bovide) du nord-est du gabon. Terre et vie 33: 159-239.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1975. Acta Physiol. Scand. 95, 9A.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P. P. 1 976 . Tritiated water turnover in Kirk' s dikdik, Madoqua (Rhynchotragus) kirk), Gunther, 1880. Zeischrift far Sadgetierkunde, Mitt. 24:318-319.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1977. How to survive heat and aridity: ecophysiology of the dikdik antelope. Veterinary Medical Review 1:77-86.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1977. Comparison of voluntary food and water intake and digestion in Kirk's dik-dik and suni. East African Wildlife Journal 15:41-48.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1977. Rumen fermentation and body weight in African ruminants. Pages 141-150 in Proceedings 13th International Congress of Game Biologists, T.J. Peterle, ed. Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C., USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P. 1984. Strategies of digestion in African herbivores. Pages 222-243 in Herbivore Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics. F.M.C. Gilchrist and R.I. Machie, eds. The Science Press, South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hungate, R.E., G.D. Phillips, A. McGregor, D.P. Hungate, and H.K. Buechner. 1959. Microbial fermentation in certain mammals. Science 130:1192-1194.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Morat, P. and M. Nording. 1978. Maximum food intake and passage of markers in the alimentary tract of the lesser mouse-deer. Malaysian Applied Biology 7:11-17.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yalden, D.W., M.J. Largen, and D. Kock. 1984. Catalogue of the mammals of Ethiopia. 5. Artiodactyla. Monitore Zoologico Italiano Supplemento 19:67-221.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIZARDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burghardt, G.M. and A.S. Rand, eds. 1982. Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitch, H.S. and R.W. Henderson. 1977. Age and Sex Differences, Reproduction and Conservation of Iguana iguana. Milwaukee Public Museum Press. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hirth, H.F. 1963. Some aspects of the natural history of Iguana iguana on a tropical strand. Ecology 44:613-615.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Klein, E.H. 1982. Reproduction of the green iguana (Iguana iguna L.) in the tropical dry forest of southern Honduras. Brenesia 19/20:301-310. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lazell, J.D., Jr. 1973. The lizard genus Iguana in the Lesser Antilles. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 145(1):1-28.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamsitt, J.R. and D. Valdivieso. 1963. The herpetofauna of the Caribbean Islands San Andres and Providencia. Revista de Biologfa Tropical 11(2): 131- 139. (Copies available from C. LardT, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Van Devender, R.W. 1982. Growth and ecology of spiny-tailed and green iguanas in Costa Rica. with comments on the evolution of herbivory and large body size. Pages 162-183 in Iguanas of the World. Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Werner, D. and T. Miller. 1984. Artificial nests for female green iguanas. Herpetological Review 15(2):57-58.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Werner, D. 1986. Iguana management in Central America. BOSTID Developments 6(1). 4 pp. (Available from BOSTID Publications, HA 476, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burghardt, G.M. and A.S. Rand, eds. 1982. Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitch, H.S. and R.W. Henderson. 1978. Ecology and exploitation of Ctenosaura similis. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 51 :483-500. (Copies available from the authors, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitch, H.S., R.W. Henderson, and D.M. Hillis. 1982. Exploitation of Iguanas in Central America. In Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Consen~ation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iverson, J.B. 1979. Behavior and ecology of the rock iguana, Cyclura carinata. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Science 24(3):175-358.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Martinez, M.G. 1986. Habitos alimenticios de iguanas y garrobos. La Prensa Grafica, San Salvador, May 5:55. (Copies available from G. LardT, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sanchez, S.A. 1985. El garrobo. El Diario de Hoy, San Salvador June 18:36. (Copies available from G. LardT, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tegu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donadio, O.K. and J.M. Gallardo. 1984. Biologia y Conservacion de las Especies del GTnero Tupinambis (Squamata, Sauria Teiidae) en la Republica Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia&quot; Zoologia, 13(11):117-127. Agosto.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Revision Bibliografica de algunos aspectos de la Biologfa conservacion y explotacion de los lagartos del gTnero topinambis (Daudin, 1803) by Laura Venturino, Dr. Thesis, Universidad de la Republic (Uruguay) 1983).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report to World Wildlife Fund, USA, Biologia y aprovechamiento de una poblacion de Tupinambis references, by Claudio Blanco and Leohor Pessina (1985).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the publications listed, many countries run beekeeping programs, and have literature and extension services available based on local experiences. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The International Bee Research Association (IBRA) publishes a Newsletter for Beekeepers in Tropical and Subtropical Countries twice each year. Its purpose is to provide a forum for exchange of information about beekeeping. The Newsletter is funded by the United Kingdom Overseas Development Agency (ODA) and is distributed free of charge to those in developing countries involved with beekeeping. Write to the International Bee Research Association, 18 North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, United Kingdom, for subscription information. The IBRA can also provide information on forthcoming conferences, grant programs, and the names of other beekeepers in your country. The International Agency for Apiculture Development (IAAD) publishes a quarterly newsletter called Cornucopia that contains articles from beekeepers around the world, especially from the developing world. It provides information on producing, selling, and manufacturing hive products on a local level and discusses agroforestry and the pest and pesticide problems of honeybees. Write to Cornucopia, c/o M. Coleman, 6N 909 Roosevelt Avenue, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA, for a free sample. Subscriptions are $12 a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adjare, S. 1984. The Golden Insect: a Handbook on Beekeeping for Beginners. Technology Consultancy Centre, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, in association with Intermediate Technology Publications, Ltd., 9 King Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2 E8HN, UK. 103 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anderson, R.H., B. Buys, and M.F. Johannsmeier. 1983. Beekeeping in South Africa. Department of Agriculture BuHetin No. 394. Pretoria, South Africa. 207 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bradbear, N. and D. De Jong. 1985. The management of africanized honeybees. IBRA Leaflet No. 2. International Bee Research Association (IBRA). Available in English or Spanish from Hill House, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire SL9 ONR, UK. 4 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clauss, B. 1982. A Beekeeping Handbook. Agricultural Information Service, Gaborne, Botswana. 65 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crane, E., P. Walker, and R. Day. 1984. Honey plants of the world. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1984. Proceedings of the expert consultation on beekeeping with Apis mellifera in tropical and sub-tropical Asia. 9-14 April, 1984. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Tropical Region, Paliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gentry, C. 1984. Small Scale Beekeeping. Manual M-17. Peace Corps, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1976. Apiculture in Tropical Climates. E. Crane, ed. Full report of the First Conference. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1982. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. New Delhi, 1980. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1985. Proceedings of the Third international Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. Nairobi, Kenya, November 5-9, 1984. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1988. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. Cairo, Egypt, November 1988. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kigatiira, K.I. 1974. Hive Designs for Beekeeping in Kenya. Proceedings Entomological Society of Ontario 105:118-128.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McGregor, S.E. 1976. Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 496. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 411 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Razafindrakoto, C. 1972. Beekeeping in Madagascar. UniversitT Paul-Sabaier de Toulouse, France. 123 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sammataro, D. 1985. Beekeeping in the Philippines. 2nd edition. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sammataro, D. and A. Avitabile. 1986. Beekeepers Handbook. 2nd edition. Collier Books' MacMillan Co., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saubolle, B.R, and A. Bachmann. 1979. Beekeeping: an Introduction to Modern Beekeeping in Nepal. Sahayogi Prahashan, Tripureshwar, Kathmandu, Nepal.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Silberrad, Roger E.M. n.d. Beekeeping in Zambia. Apimondia. Available through the International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, S. 1964. Beekeeping in India. Silver Jubilee Publication of the Entomological Society of India. Entomological Society of India, New Delhi.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smith, Francis G. 1960. Beekeeping in the Tropics. Western Printing Service, Bristol UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Townsend, G.F. 1978. Preparation of Honey for Market. Ministry of Agriculture and Food Publication 544. Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ontario, Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Townsend, G.F. 1976. Transitional hives for use with the tropical African bee Apis mellifera adansonii. Pages 181-189 in Apiculture in Tropical Climates. E. Crane, ed. Full report of the First Conference. International Bee Research Association, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">B Research Contacts</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This section includes the names and addresses of individuals and institutions who are familiar with the animal listed. Each person has agreed to answer requests for information and advice. This personal follow-through is the main way this book can stimulate the development of microlivestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICROBREEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Ahunu, Animal Science Department, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 25, Legon, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Andres Poli, EEA San Luis INTA, CC 17, 5730 Mercedes (SL), Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.B. Bareeba, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Bennett, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Berruecos V., School of Veterinary Medicine and Zoology, Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de MTxico, Ciudad Universitaria, Alvaro Obreg6n, 04510, Mexico D.F., Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cai Li, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Southwest College of Minority Nationalities, Chengdu, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.L. Chan, B4-5 Nanyang Mansion, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Cheneau, Institut d'Elevage et de MTdecine VTtTrinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Laboratoire de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djamena, Chad&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.R. Cockrill, 29 Downs Park West, Bristol BS6 7QH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.H. Conrad, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, La Verne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.E. Deppner, Trees for the Future, 11306 Estona Drive, Silver Spring, Maryland 20902, USA (breeds of the Himalayas, East Indies)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.l. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, Agriculture and Forestry, PB 13184, Windhoek 9000, Namibia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.M.S. Duarte, Instituto de Investigatao Veterinaria, C.P. 7, Huambo, Angola&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Felius, Kerkhoflaan 47C, 3034 TA Rotterdam, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fleharty, American Dexter Cattle Association, R.R. #1, Box 378, Concordia, Missouri 64020. USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Garcia Lagombra, Animal Husbandry Department, Universidad Nacional &quot;Pedro Henriquez Urena,&quot; Decanato Ciencias Agropecuarias, Km 5~/z Aut. Duarte, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Gebreab, College of Veterinary Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z.B. Jensen, Animal and Dairy Science Research Institute, PB X02, Irene, Transvaal 1675, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jin Xizhen, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Southwest College of Minority Nationalities, Chengdu, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Kitsopanidis, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.E. Kodituwakku, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.M. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.Y.L. Li, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, South China Agricultural College, Ghangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Lwoga, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3000, Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Martinez Balboa, Legaspy 1025, Apartado Postal 43, 23000, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Masam, Livestock Training Institute, Tengeru, P.O. Box 3101, Arusha, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.P. Maule, Hannahfield Quarry House, 578 Lanark Road West, Balerno, Midlothian EH 14 7BN, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Mazid, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.R. McDowell, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Morgan, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Juba, P.O. Box 82, Juba, Sudan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.B. Mpiri, Livestock Production Research Institute, Private Bag, Mpwapwa, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ni Shicheng, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Nikolov, Institute of Cattle and Sheep Breeding, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Olson, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.W. Perry, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Pirchner, Technical University of Munich, D-8050 Munich-Weihenstephan, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animai Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3732, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sie Cheuxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.D. Tillman, 523 West Harned Place, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.C.M. Trail, Livestock Productivity and Trypanotolerance Group, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.C. Warnick, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.A. Adebowale, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, University of Ife, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.A. Adeloye, Faculty of Agriculture, Adeyemi College of Education, Onjo, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.A. Ademosun, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, lle-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.F. Adu, N.A.P.R.I., Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Akinsoyinu, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Akonji, Institut de Recherches Zootechniques, Office National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (ONAREST), B.P. 65, Yaounde, Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baik Dong Hoon, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Jeonbug National University, JEONJU, 520, Republic of Korea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S.F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, University of the Virgin Islands, Box L, Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.E. Bradford, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.S. Browne, Nutrition Consulting Services, P.O. Box 788, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00801, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.D. Bunch, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.C. Cartwright, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Fitzhugh, Winrock International, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.C. Foote, Utah State University International Sheep and Goat Institute, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.R. Gerona, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Essa Haid, Essa International, Inc., 2550 M Street, Suite 405, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA (small East African)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Harding, Agrarian Society, Palazzo de la Salle, Valletta, Malta&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Hasnath, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, P.O. Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.S. Hoversland, Division of Research Grants, National Institutes of Health, 5333 Westbard Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20205, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Hulse, National Pygmy Goat Association, RFD #1, Fern Avenue, Amesbury, Massachusetts 01913, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.P. Husband, Department of Natural Resource Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA (bezoar, agrimi) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Hutchins, 2535 Halsted Road, Apartment 1, Rockford, Illinois 61103, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Iba+ez Herrera, Paraguay 160-Urbanizacion, Apartado 315, El Recreo, Trujillo, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Karam Shah, Livestock Experimental Station Rakh Khairewala, District Muzaffergarh, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Katongole, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Kiwuwa, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.Y.L. Li, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, South China Agricultural College, Ghangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.R. Lincicome, Animal Parasitology Institute, U.S. Department of AgricÂ£lture, Building 1180, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Chengxiang, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Guang^ dong Agricultural Academy, Guangdong, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Mahyuddin Dahan, Department of Animal Sciences, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C.H. Mandari, Livestock Research Centre, West Kilimanjaro, P.O. Box 103, Hai, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Mann, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Giessen, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Martinez Balboa, Legaspy 1025, Apartado Postal 43, 23000, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Mecha, Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Metcalf, School of Medicine, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Khusahry Mohd Yusuff, Malaysian Agricultural and Research Institute (MARDI), G.P.O. Box 12301, Kuala Lumpur 01-02, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Monsi, Departments of Animal Science/Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Montsma, Klomperweg 79, 6741 PD, Lunteren, Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Moore, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.M. Munyabuntu, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 7062, Makerere University' Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Th. Murayi, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, P.O. Box 138, Butare, Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.N.M. Mwenya, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Nivyobizi, FacultT des Sciences Agronomiques, UniversitT du Burundi, BP 2940, Bujumbura, Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Norman, Tropical Development Research Institute, 56/62 Gray's Inn Road, London WCIX 8LU, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Okello-Lapenga, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ramahefarison, DTpartement de Recherches Zootechniques et VTtTrinaires tCENRADERU), BP 904, Amatobe, Antananarivo, Madagascar&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.K. Rastogi, Department of Livestock Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Rasul, District Forest Officer &amp;amp; Wildlffe Warden, P.O. Box 501, Gilgit (northern area), Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Rattner, Institute of Animal Research, Kibbutz Lahav, Israel (Sinai goat, ya-ez hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Repollo, Jr., Palawan National Agricultural College, Aborlan, Palawan, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Pbilippines, Los Banos, Laguna 3732, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Rocha, Instituto de Reprodutao e Melhoramento Animal, C.P. 25, Matola, Mozambique&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Rodriguez, Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), Autopista Duarte Km 24, Apartado 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Nasim Siddiqi, Zoology Department, University of Peshawar, N.W.F.P., Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Shelton, Texas A &amp;amp; M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA (criollo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Shkolnik, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.C. Simpson, Cameroon Road, Prairie View A&amp;amp;M University, Prairie View, Texas 77445, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sie Chenxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of Cbina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Watts, Animal Science Department, Natural Resources Development College, Lusaka, Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Wood, Highland Game Farm, Route 4, Box 450, Alexandria, Indiana 46001, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.P. Husband, Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microsheep&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.A. Adebowale, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, University of Ife, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.F. Adu, N.A.P.R.I., Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Akinsoyinu, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Amin, Jammu and Kashmis State Sheep and Shearing Products Development Board, Nowshera, Srinigar, Kashmir 190 011, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ahmad Mustaffa B. HJ. Babjee, Veterinary Services Department, Ibu Pejabat Perkhidmatan Haiwan, Kementerian Pertanian, Malaysia, Jalan Mahameru, Kuala Lumpur 10-02, Malaysia (grazing in rubber plantations)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S.F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia (Indonesian breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, College of the Virgin Islands, Box L, Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.E. Bradford, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Breckle, U.S. Forest Service, Alsea, Oregon 97324, USA (grazing sheep in forests)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Bunch, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA (Iranian thin-tailed, Navajo, wild-sheep hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Carpio P., Departamento de Produccion Animal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apartado 456, La Molina, Lima, Peru &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Cottrell, Pippin Farm, 3081 Goshen Road, Bellingham, Washington 98226, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Courtney, Veterinary Faculty, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Deller, Virgin Islands Department of Agriculture, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00820, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Dettmers, 5620 Longwood Avenue, Port Charlotte, Florida 33953, USA (West African dwarf)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agricultural Food and Nutrition Sciences Division International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.l. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Drew, Invermay Agricultural Research Centre, Private Bag, Mosgiel, New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. El Amin, Department of Animal Husandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gholam-Hossein Erabi, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51664, Iran&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Fitzhugh, Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Foote, Animal' Dairy, and Veterinary Science Department, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA (Virgin Islands white hair, wild-sheep hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.-H. Gueye, Centre de Recherches Zootechniques de Kolda, Institut SenTgalais de Recherches Agricoles, (ISRA), B.P. 53, Kolda, Senegal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Garcia Lagombra, Animal Husbandry Department, Universidad Nacional &quot;Pedro Henriquez Urena,&quot; Decanato Ciencias Agropecuarias, Km 5 1/2 Aut. Duarte, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Henson, Bemborough, Guiting Power, Cheltenham, Gloucester, UK (rare breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Ibanez Herrera, Paraguay 160 - Urbanizacion, Apartado 315, El Recreo, Trujillo, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Jewell, Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 ITN, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jones Sheep Farm, RR 2 Box 185-55, Peabody, Kansas 66866, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.E. Loggins, Animal Science Department, 108-D Suite, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C.H. Mandari, Livestock Research Centre, West Kilimanjaro, P.O. Box 103, Hai, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.P. Maule, Hannahfield Quarry House, 578 Lanark Road West, Balerno, Midlothian EH14 7BN, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.K. McNeal, Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Department, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Mecha, Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Monsi, Department of Animal Science, Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.M. Munyabuntu, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Th. Murayi, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, P.O. Box 138, Butare, Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.N.M. Mwenya, School of Agriculture Sciences, University of Zambia, Box 32379, Lusaka,  Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Ngendahayo, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, B.P. 138, Butare, Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Njwe, DTpartement des Sciences Animales, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure Agronomique, Centre  Universitaire de Dschang, B.P. 138, YaoundT, United Republic of Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington,  Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.V. Raghavan, Animal Science Department, College of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh  Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, Andhra Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University,  Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.K. Rastogi, Department of Livestock Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine,  Trinidad, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry,  Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos,  College, Laguna 3732, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Rocha, Instituto de Reprodutao e Melhoramento Animal, C.P. 25, Matola, Mozambique&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Ryder, c/o H.F.R.O., Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK (Barbados blackbelly, wool)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sie Chenxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's  Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. David Simpson, Range and Wildlife Department, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 4349,  Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.E. Terrill, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705,  USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.N. Turner, Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, P.O. Box 184, North Ryde, New South  Wales 2113, Australia (Indonesian breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Vaccaro, Universidad Nacional Agraria, La Molina, P.O. Box 456, Lima, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Wildeus, College of the Virgin Islands, Agricultural Experiment Station, R.R. 2, Box 10051  Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wu Jitang, Animal and Veterinary Science, Jiangsu Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences,  Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Yenikoye, FacultT d'Agronomie, UniversitT de Niamey, B.P. 10662, Niamey, Niger&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Micropig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,  University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Andrews, Mesoamerican Ecology Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA (Yucatan pig)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Ashton-Peach, Box 17, Ohaeawai, Bay of Islands, New Zealand (kunekune)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Berruecos V. Muz, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico D.F., Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Blakely, Sedgwick County Zoo, Wichita, Kansas 67203, USA (Ossabaw)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, University of the Virgin Islands, Box L., Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.L. Brisbin, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA (Ossabaw)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Bustad, Veterinary School, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99163, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Catibog-Sinha, Forest Products Research and Development Institute, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887-0630, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.H. Conrad, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, PO Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Dederer, 712 Brown Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19123, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Dettmers, 5620 Longwood Avenue, Port Charlotte, Florida 33953, USA (miniature pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Edgar, Greenhill, I R.D., Balfour, Southland, New Zealand (kunekune)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Hendricks, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.J. Hepburn, Swine Program, Charles River Laboratories, 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887-0630, USA (laboratory pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Holbrook, Aria Road' via Te Kuiti, New Zealand (kunekune)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.R. Hook, Jr., Sinclair Medical Research Farm, University of Missouri, Route 3, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA (laboratory pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.O. Ilori, Faculty of Agriculture, University of If e, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. E. Kodituwakku, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street' Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.H. Maner, Winrock International, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J. Mayer, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA (Ossabaw)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Monsi, Departments of Animal Science/Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 508O, Port Harcourt, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Mtimuni, Livestock Production Department, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.G. Mugisa, c/o Insure Consult, P.O. Box 30002, Nakivubo, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mull, 2834 Hamner Avenue #208, Norco, California 91760, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.L.R. Oliver, Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, Jersey Wildlife Prescrvation Trust, Les AugrFs Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, UK (pigmy hog) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Panepinto, Redstone Canyon, P.O. Box 105, Masonville, Colorado 80541, USA (miniature pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.C. Perdomo, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Suinos e Aves, BR 153, km 110, CP D-3, 89700 Concordia, SC, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA (Chinese breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.G. Pond, Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Box 166, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Popenoe, International Programs in Agriculture, 3028 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (New Guinea pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.S. Reddi, CoHege of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Avendano Reyes, Instituto Nacional de las Investigaciones sobre los Recursos BiotTcnicos, (INIREB), Apartado Postal 97, MTrida, Yucatan, Mexico (Yucatan)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Robinson, Robinson's Racing Pigs, 5809 20th Avenue South, Tampa, Florida 336195457, USA (miniature pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Arellano Sota, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Casillo 10095, Santiago, Chile (Cuing)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Sriramamurty, College of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.M. Swindle, Comparative Medicine/Lab Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA (laboratory pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Tilakaratne, Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wu Jitang, Animal and Veterinary Science, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yong Shen Lee, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POULTRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Information on poultry can generally be obtained from local ministries of agriculture or veterinary and livestock services. However, another source is the World's Poultry Science Association (c/o Institut fur Kleintierzucht, Dornbergstrasse 25/27, Postfach 280, C-3100 Celle, Germany). It has over 5,000 members from 40 national groups. Its objectives are (1) to advance poultry science and the poultry industry, (2) to disseminate and facilitate the exchange of knowledge pertaining to all branches of the poultry industry, (3) to encourage the promotion of world poultry congresses and regional conferences, and (4) to cooperate with other international organizations. It maintains working groups to explore and assess research work on tropical poultry problems. The World's Poultry Science Journal is published 3 times a year. It has also published a multilingual poultry dictionary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicken&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ben-David, Poultry Production Specialist, 5, Azar Street, Holon 58291, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.L. Brisbin, Jr., Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Senior Livestock Specialist, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. Couch, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Crawford, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Cuca G., Institucion de Ensenanza e Investigacion en Ciencias Agricolas, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.O. Hawes, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifih Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.H. Ketelaars, Department of Tropical Husbandry, P.O. Box 338, 6700 A.H. Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.T. Moran, Jr., Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-4291, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Parks, Route 1, Box 47-C, Brookshire, Texas 77423, USA (Araucanian chicken)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apt.810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramakrishman, Center for Advanced Studies in Poultry Science, Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy 680 651, Kerala, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Sexton, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 262, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Sunde, Poultry Science Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duck&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.E. Abdelsamie, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ahmed, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Bande, PATI, Popondetta Agricultural College, Box 131, Popondetta, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.S. Bird, Cherry Valley Farms Ltd., Rothwell, Lincoln LN7 6BR, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.D. Bulbule, Central Duck Breeding Farm, Government of India, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore 560 088, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Dean, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Edwards, Agricultural and Food Engineering Division, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Fishelson, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-ave, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Floresca, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte 7127, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Godoy, Ingeniero Agronomio, Simon Bolivar 2397, Santiago, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Hardjosworo, Fakultas Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Henry, Cherry Valley Farms Limited, Divisional Offices, North Kelsey Moor, Lincoln LN7 6HH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, lowa 5001O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Hoffmann, Canning, Nova Scotia BOP IHO, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifth Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Ibanez H., Bolivar 451, Trujillo, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z. Jungkaro, Research Institute for Inland Fisheries, Jalan Sempur No. 1, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.H. Ketelaars, Department of Tropical Husbandry, P.O. Box 338, 6700 A.H. Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.P. Kompiang, BaliPenelitianTernak, P.O. Box 123, Bogor 16001, WestJava, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380 Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.T. Moran, Jr., Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-4291, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl-Marx-Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Poernomo, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Jalan R.E. Martadinata 32, P.O. Box 52, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramakrishman, Center for Advanced Studies in Poultry Science' Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy 680 651, Kerala, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 49450 Roussay, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.S. Sandhu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Tai, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, 112 Farm Road Shin-hua, Tainan, Taiwan 71210&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Tangendjaja, Bali Penelitian Ternak, P.O. Box 123, Bogor 16001, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tian Fuh Shen, Department of Animal Husbandry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10764, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.S. Tsai, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, National Pintung Institute of Agriculture, Pintung, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Romero Villanueva, Centro Tropical de Capacitaci6n Agropecuaria y Forestal, Apartado Postal #4S, Macuspana 86700 Tabasco, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yeong Shue Woh, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), G.P.O. No. 12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cha Tak Yimp, Poultry and Swine Unit, Department of Veterinary Services, Jalan Mahameru, 50630 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many universities have a department of animal or poultry science that should know about the culture and management of these birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Bande, PATI, Popondetta Agricultural College, Box 131, Popondetta, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.D. Chesterley, 4502 Loomis Trail, Blaine, Washington 98230, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Crawford, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.l. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Jackson, P.O. Box 3, Creenbank, Washington 98253, USA (weeder geese)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Fuan, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, l.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380, Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.R. Wilson, Poultry Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Fowl&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;American Guinea Club, c/o Angie Papp, 620 Payne Road, New Albany, Indiana 47150, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S.O. Ayeni, Kainji Lake Research Institute, P.M.B. 666, New Bussa, Kwara State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ben-David, 5, Azar Street, Holon 58291, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.S. Brah, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;X. Colonna C., 14 Cotham Road, Bristol BS6 6DR, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Dumont, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure des Sciences Agronomiques AppliquTes, 26, boulevard Docteur Petitjean 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Etches, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.F. Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie MS: 115, Queensland 4570, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.N. Johnson, Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board, P.O. Box 661, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;:M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Michie, Poultry Husbandry Division, North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Parkhead, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SX, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly, 37380 Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. Okaeme, Wildlife/Range Division, Kainji Lake Research Institute, P.M.B. 666, New Bussa, Kwara State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S. Sandhu, Poultry Breeder, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.E. Abdelsamie, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.P. Bilong, Department of Primary Industry, Monogastric Research Centre, P.O. Box 73, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. de Carville, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Centre de Tours, Nouzilly 37380, Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.D. Chesterley, 4502 Loomis Trail, Blaine, Washington 98230, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;X. Colonna C., 14 Cotham Road, Bristol BS6 6DR, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Dumont, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure des Sciences Agronomiques AppliquTes, 26, boulevard Docteur Petitjean 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.R. Gerona, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barry Glofcheskie, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada (fly control)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread' P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Hoffmann, Canning, Nova Scotia BOP IH0, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifth Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan (mule duck)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Michie, Poultry Husbandry Division, North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Parkhead, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SX, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donald E. Mock, Department of Extension Entomology, 239 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4004, USA (fly control)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380 Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl Marx Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 494S0 Roussay, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Romboli, Le Quericole, Universita Delgi Studi di Pisa 56010 S. Piero A Grado, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.S. Sandhu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Surgeoner, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada (fly control)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Tai, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, 112 Farm Road Shin-hua. Tainan, Taiwan 71210&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Dillinger, 3201 Huffman Boulevard, Rockford, Illinois 61103, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, FacultyofAgriculture, AhmaduBello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.O. Hawes, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, U.S.A.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA (carrier pigeons) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, lowa 5001O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Le HTnaff, Laboratoire de l'H(pital Avranches, Avranches, Cotentin, France (carrier pigeons)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J. Miller, Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Owen, 6520 Wiscasset Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20816, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Pena PTrez, Apartado Postal 23, La Nucia, Alicante, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.D. Roush, Green Valley Squab Farm, 1348 Green Valley Road, Folsom, California 9563O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.S. Sandbu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S. Sim, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TOG 2P5, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many people raise Japanese quail. Probably the best way to locate a local source is to consult local pet stores, the county farm advisor's office, university faculty of agriculture, game-bird fanciers, and the like. Finding people with local research experience is usually most useful to beginners. Coturnix International, Inc., is a nonprofit organization with primary interests in promoting small domesticated food animal production for both youth training and improved nutrition. The use of coturnix (Japanese quail) for these purposes is already well established in a number of Michigan schools and in the Dominican Republic, with special emphasis on science projects, especially where nutritional inadequacies exist. The address is Coturnix International Inc., International Headquarters, 1111 Michigan Avenue, Box 250O, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA. Avian Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.E. Deppner, Trees for the Future, 11306 Estona Drive, Silver Spring, Maryland 20902, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Science and Animal Industries, Alabama AOcM University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Marks, Genetics Unit, Room 107 Livestock-Poultry Building, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Marsh, Marsh Farms, 7171 Patterson Drive, Garden Grove, California 92641, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z. Abidin bin Mohd Noor, Department of Veterinary Services, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, 50630 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (chicken-quail hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.K. Pani, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl Marx Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Polin, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodale Research Center, RD #1, Box 323, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 006, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Tempest, Heifer Project International, P.O. Box 808, Little Rock, Arkansas 72203, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. K. Varghese, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1225, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Wakasugi, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusaku, Nagoya, Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.R. Wilson, Poultry Science Department, Archer Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Berruecos V. Muz, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico D.F., Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Crawford, Department of Animaland Poultry Science, UniversityofSaskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Cuca G., Institucion de Ensenanza e Investigacion en Ciencias Agricolas, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.E. Nestor, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl-Marx-Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.J. Sexton, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 262, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences. Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential New Poultry&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Duckett, P.O. Box 12378, 50776 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (barn owls)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.R. Marion, Department of Wildlife and Range Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (chachalaca)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Smal, Wildlife Service, Sidmonton Place, Bray County, Wicklow, Ireland (barn owls) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RABBITS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic Rabbit&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University,  P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Baselga, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agronomos, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. de Blas, Departamento Alimentacion Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agronomos, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Castell6, Real Escuela Oficial y Superior de Avicultura (REOSA), Calle Plana Parafso, s/n  Arenys de Mar, Barcelona, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.B. Chawan, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and  Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University,  Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Fekete, University of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Nutrition, Budapest, Pf.2,  H-1400 Hungary&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Fernandez C., Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agronomos, Universidad PolitTcnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Cervera Fras, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad PolitTcnica de Valencia, Apartado  22012, Valencia, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.J. Harris, Pel-Freez Rabbit Meat, Inc., P.O. Box 68, Rogers, Arkansas 72756, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A.B. Hundleby, Ciskei Agricultural Corporation Ltd., P.O. Box 59, Bisho, Ciskei, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. de Jong, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Marykeweg 40, 6709 P.G. Wageningen,  The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.A. Kamwanja, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe,  Malawi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Leyun, Instituto TTcnico Gesti6n Porcino (ITGP), Seccion Conejos, Ctra. del Sadar, s/n 31006  Pamplona (Navarra), Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Loliger, Lisztstrasse 20, 3100 Celle, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and  Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.P.E. Makhambera, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe,  Malawi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.I. McNitt, Center for Small Farm Research, Southern University, P.O. Box 11170, Baton Rouge,  Louisana 70813-1170, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Mgheni, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Animal Science and Production Department, P.O.  Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Norman, Tropical Products Institute, Culham, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.N. Odonker, P.O. Box 11, Tsito-Awudome, Volta Region, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.C. Onwudike, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.G. Partridge, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.M. Patton, Rabbit Research Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.J. Paya, Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. PTrez, Departamento de Reproduccion Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Ramchurn, School of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, RTduit, Mauritius&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.E. Reed, Box 98, Markle, Indiana 46770, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Respaldiza, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Departamento de Higiene y Sanidad Animal, Calle Embajadores, 68, 28012 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 49450 Roussay, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Rodriguez, Departamento Microbiologia e Inmunologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Rodriguez de L., &quot;Conejos&quot; Centro de Investigacion Cientifica del Estado de MTxico A.C., Camino a Huexotla No. 5, San Miguel Coatlinchan, 56170 Texcoco, Estado de MTxico, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Schlolaut, Hessen Institute for Animal Production, Neu-Ulrichstein, 6313 Homberg, West Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.D. Semuguruka, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3018, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Sierra, Departamento Produccion Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Valls, Institut de Recerce i Tecnologia Agroalimentaria (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Zaragoza, Departamento de Genetica y Mejora, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agouti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brazilia, DF, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.H. Baker, 302 North Strickland Street, Eagle Lake, Texas 77434-1841, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, BogotG, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.D. Cuaron O., Instituto de Historia Natural, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas 29000, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.A. Deutsch, Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo, SGo Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratorie d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Escajadillo, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, P.O. Box 935, APO Miami, Florida 340020012, USA OR Avenida Justo Arosemena 34-30, Apartado 6991, Panama 5, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Hallwachs, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Hislop, Wildlife Section, Forest Division, Ministry of Food Production, Port-ofSpain, Trinidad and Tobago&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ingrand, I.N.R.A., Campus agronomique, B.P. 709, 97387 Kourou Cedex, French Guiana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.H. Janzen, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.A. Meritt, Jr., 2200 North Cannon Drive, Chicago, IHinois 60614, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencar Moreira, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.Ma. Rojas G., CATIE, 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Santos, Fundatao Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O. Sousa, Department of Microbiology, Cinuad Universitaria &quot;Dr Octavio MTndez Pereira,&quot; El Cangregio, Apartado Estafeta Universitaria, Panama City, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brasilia, DF, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. Bland, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.F. Eisenberg, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Golley, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30601, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Gonzalez-Jimenez, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Hemmer, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Anemonenweg 18, D-6500 Mainz-Ebersheim, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ingrand, I.N.R.A., Campus agronomique, B.P. 709, 97387 Kourou Cedex, French Guiana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Lord, Biology Department, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. MacDonald, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencare Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Caixa Postal 48&quot; BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Muller-Haye, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Room F524, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Ojasti, Institute of Tropical Zoology, Apartado 47058, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.L. Rondon, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidada Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiaba-MT, 78000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.E. Sollod, Section of International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Sunquist, Route 1, Box 1434, Melrose, Florida 32666, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.D. Thelen, FAO Regional Of fice for Latin America and the Caribbean, CasiHa 10095, Santiago, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.C. Carmichael, The Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1045, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Chapman, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Contreras, Universidad Cat61ica de Valpariso, Avenida Brasi. 295O, Casilla 4059, Valparaiso, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.-G. Klos, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Aktiengesellschaft, Hardenbergplatz, 1000 Berlin 30, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Lutz, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Biology and Living Resources, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencar Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, ParG, 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Szumiec, Experimental Fish Culture Station, Polish Academy of Sciences, Golysz 43-422 Chybie, Poland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 20, Achimota, Chana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. Bland, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Brinck, Ecology Building, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, S223 62 Lund, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratorie d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.C.D. Happold, Department of Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.C. Heymans, BP 1910, Cotonou, Benin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag, Freetown, Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.H. Knight, Kalahari Gemsbok Park, Private Bag X5890, Upington 8800, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Malekani, DTpartement de Biologie, FacultT des Sciences, UniversitT de Kinshasa, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School for Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutter&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Alexander, Department of Biology, Natal University, King George V Avenue, Durban 4001, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.O.A. Asibey, Department of Game and Wildlife, Ministry Post Office, Accra, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.S. Ayensu, African Development Bank, 01 B.P. No. 1837, Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Baptist, Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim (480), P.O. Box 700562, D-7000 Stuttgart 70, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.Y. Bimpong-Buta, Council for Law Reporting, P.O. Box M165, Accra, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Brinck, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, Ecology Building, S223 62, Lund, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Dosso, Institut d'Ecologie Tropicale, Abidjan, Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.C.D. Happold, Department of Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Hardouin, Institut de Medicine Tropicale &quot;Prince Leopold,&quot; Nationalestraat 155, B2000 Antwerp, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.C. Heymans, BP 1910, Cotonou, Benin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie MS:115, Queensland 4570, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag, Freetown, Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Laboratoire Centrale de Nutrition Animale (LACENA), B.P. 353, Abidjan 06, Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.-P. Mack, Projet BTnino-Allemand Conseiller Technique auprTs du MDRAC, BP 504, Cotonou, Benin &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.H.G. Martin, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University College, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Mensah, Responsable PBAA (Projet BTnino-Allemand d'Aulacodiculture), P.B. 2359, Cotonou, Benin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.A. Omole, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, Ile-lfe, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.J. Peters, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Petter, MammifFres et Oiseaux, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Zoologie, 55 rue de Buffon 75005, Paris, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Schr(der, Institute of Animal Breeding, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 3400 Gottingen, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. Thomas, Department of Biology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec JIK 2RI, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;St. von Korn, Institute of Animal Breeding, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 3400 G(ttingen, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Walder, Presbyterian Rural Training Centre, P.O. Box 72, Bamenda, NW Province, Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.P. Bilong, Department of Pimary Industry, Monogastric Research Centre, P.O. Box 73, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. Bland, Department of Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Bolton, Department of Anthropology, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Del Carpio R., Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional &quot;Pedro Ruiz Gallo,&quot; Calle Atahualpa No. 179, Apartado 48, Lambayeque, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Descailleux, Laboratorio GenTtica Humana, C.P. 11010, Lima 14, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ferguson, Overseas Development Administration, Eland House, Stug Place, London, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RC, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Hardouin, Institut de MTdecine Tropicale &quot;Prince Leopold,&quot; Nationalestraat IS5, B2000 Antwerpen, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.E. Honegger, Zurich Zoo, Zurichbergstrasse 221, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Jenkins, PNG Institute Medical Research, P.O. Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. de Jong, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Marykeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag Freetown, Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.J. Kohun, Department of Agriculture, PNG University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.M. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.E. Lacher, Jr., Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Feed Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.C. Malik, Department of Agriculture, PNG University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.R. Moreno, Departamento de Produccion Animal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apartado 456, La Molina, Lima, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Muller-Haye, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Room F524, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V. Purizaga A., Alcalde del Concejo Provincial de Pacasmayo, Dos de Mayo 360, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.T. Quirante, Bureau of Animal Industry, Research Center, Alabang 3124, Metro Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.W. Robinson, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7621 Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7621, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.C. Allen, Hope Zoo, Kingston, Jamacia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.S. Canet, Instituto de Zoologla, Academia Ciencias de Cuba, Calle 214, esq. a Avenida 19, No. 17A 09, Reparto Atabey, Havana 16, Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Jordan, Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.L.R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les AugrFs Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional (ZOODOM), Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.T. Blankenship, Animal Resources Center, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4354, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Agentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. MacDonald, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.H. Pryor, Jr., School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4354, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paca&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencar Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brasilia, DF, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.H. Baker, 302 North Strickland Street, Eagle Lake, Texas 77434-1841, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.D. Cuardn O., Instituto de Historia Natural, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas 29000, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. de Escalante, Zool6gico Nacional, Direccion del Patrimonio Natural y Cultural, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Hallwachs, Ecology and Systematics, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Hislop, Wildlife Section, Forest Division, Ministry of Food Production, Port-ofSpain, Trinidad and Tobago&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.H. Janzen, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Matamoros, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado 86, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Meritt, Jr., 2200 North Cannon Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.Ma. Rojas G., CATIE, 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O. Rosado, Ministry of Industry and Natural Resources, Belmopan, Belize&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V. Solis, Union Internacional pare la Conservacion de la Naturaleza y de los Recursos Naturales, Oficina Regional pare Centro AmTrica, Apartado Postal 91-1009-FECOSA, San JosT, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. VaidTs, Centro Universitario del Norte Carrera ZootTcnica, Coban, A.V., Ciudad Guatemala 16001, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcacha&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.L. Marmillon, Estancias del Conlara S.A., Casilla de Correo 451, 5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.D. Thelen, FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Casilla 10095, Santiago, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Rodents&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.M. Butynski, Impenetrable Forest Conservation Project, Zoology Department, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Flannery, Australian Museum, 6-8 College Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia (Solomon Island rodents)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources, Maendeleo House, Monrovia Street, POB 30786, Nairobi, Kenya (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Jacobsen, Nature Conservation Division, Private Bag X209, Pretoria 0001, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.P. Kofron, Museum of Zoology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70893, USA (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Leary, Ministry of Natural Resources, Honiara, Solomon Islands (Solomon Island rodents)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. McLaughlin, San Diego Zoo, San Diego 92112, California, USA (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.P. Millar, Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.D. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern African Wildlife Management Association, POB 413, Pretoria, South Africa ( s p ring hare )&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chitton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Van der Merwe, University of Pretoria, Mammal Research Institute, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife Society of Zimbabwe, POB 3497, Harare, Zimbabwe (springhare) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEER AND ANTELOPE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.O. Caldecott, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, 7 Jalan Ridgeway, 93200 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Chaplin, Burnhouse, Fountainhall, Galashiels, Selkirk TDI 2RX, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.W.H. Davison, Zoology Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Ruiqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Muul, Integrated Conservation Research, P.O. Box 920, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Nordin, Bureau of Research and Consultancy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Pathak, Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4220, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Robin, Tierpark Dahlholzli Bern, Dalmaziquai 149, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.R. Schmidt, Zoological Garden, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.A. Sirimanne, Singapore Zooological Gardens, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore 2572&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.K. Vidyadaran, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wang Yingxiang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Whittow, Department of Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Barrette, DTpartement de Biologie, FacultT des Sciences et de GTnie, UniversitT Laval, QuTbec, GIK 7P4, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Benirschke, 8457 Prestwick Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The British Deer Society, Church Farm, Lower Basildon, Reading, Berkshire RG8 9NH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.O. Caldecott, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, 7 Jalan Ridgeway, 933200 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Chapman, Larkmead, Barton Mills, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6AA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Coe, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O. Dansie, The Chapel, 2 Hobbs Hall, Welwyn, Hertsfordshire, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. Dhungal, Department of Parks and Wildlffe, P.O. Box 860, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.J. Goss, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.P. Harding, Animal Ecology Research Group, Zoology Department, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Harris, Department of Zoology, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 JUG, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Heck, CatskiH Game Farm, Inc., RD #1, Box 133, Catskill, New York 12414, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Jacobson, Fish and Wildlffe Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Ruiqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.J.A. Manton, Zoological Society of London, Whipsnade Park, Dunstable, Bedfordshire LU6 2LF, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Miura, Department of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo-ken 663, Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Muul, Integrated Conservation Research, P.O. Box 920, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Pathak, Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik, DDR-1136 Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shi Liming, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Soma, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical College Hospital, 1-7, Nishishinjuku 6, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Stadler, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Bielefeld, 4800 Bielefeld, Universitatsstrasse 25, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Company, The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wang Yingziang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Wemmer, Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia 22630, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. Wurster-HiH, Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.H. Yahner, 320 Forest Resources Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Chaplin, Burnhouse, Fountainhall, Galashiels, Selkirk TDI 2RX, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. Dhungel, Department of Parks and Wildlife, P.O. Box 860, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Gaston, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa KIA OE7, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.J.B. Green, IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219C Huntingdon Road, Carnbridge CB3 ODL, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Hunter, Jr., Wildlife Department, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Jacobson, Fish and Wildlife Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Kattel, P.O. Box 3070, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Riqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. McNeely, Program and Policy Division, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH1196 Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.W. O'Gara, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4220, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik, DDR-1136 Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shi Liming, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Co., The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wang Yingxiang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Cooke, Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI I UA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Farrell, Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI IUA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Crubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Riuqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica. Kunming Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.J.A. Manton, Zoological Society of London, Whipsnade Park, Dunstable, Bedfordshire LU6 2LF, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik DDR-1136, Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R Smith, Department of Zoology, Whiteknights Park, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 2AH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Stadler, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Bielefeld, 4800 Bielefeld, Universitats strasse 25, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Company, The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Wemmer, Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 2263O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South American Microdeer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Sampath, Trinidad and Tobago Wildlffe Breeders and Farmers Association, c/o 5 3/4 Mile Mark, Penal Rock Road, Penal, Trinidad, West Indies (red brocket)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA (pudu)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Chardonnet, Projet Petits Ruminants, B.P. 65, Atakpame, Togo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.L. Cowan, 324 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RI.M. Dunbar, Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.R. Kranz, Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Lumpkin, Department of Zoological Research, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Player, Wilderness Leadership School, P.O. Box 15036, BeHair 4006, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Pond, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7621, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Schweers, Bahnhofstrasse 29, D-6744 Kandee, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.D. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.E. SoHod, International Veterinary Medicine, Tufis University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafion, Massachusetts 01536, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.C. Udell, 14934 VaHey Vista Blouvard, Sherman Oaks, Calffornia 91403, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Varga, Department of Dairy and Animal Science, 225B Borland Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.J. Wilson, Duiker Research and Breeding Centre, Chipangali Wildlife Trust, P.O. Box 1057, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Small Antelope&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Asibey, Department of Game and Wildlife, Ministry Post Office, Accra, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.I. Boshe, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, P.O. Box 3031, Moshi, Tanzania (dikdik)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Chardonnet, Project Petits Ruminants, BP 65, Atakpame, Togo (oribi)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. Dhungel, Department of National Parks and Wildife, Conservation, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal (four-horned antelope)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.I.M. Dunbar, Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK (dikdik, klipspringer)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.M. Goebel, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.P. Hoppe, Am Hauenstein 13, 6706 Wachenheim, Germany (dikdik, suni)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.R. Kranz, Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA (royal antelope, beira, dikdik, klipspringer, suni, four-horned antelope)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Player, Wilderness Leadership School, P.O. Box 15036, Bellair 4006, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.N.W. Oppong, UNDP/FGN/FAO Livestock Project, P.O. Box 6603, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.R. Pritchard, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (otibi, steinbok)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.E. Sollod, International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA (dikdik, klipspringer)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA (dikdik, klipspringer, four-horned antelope)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIZARDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Benirschke, 8457 Prestwick Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.M. Burghardt, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ferreira, Parque Zoologico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.S. Fitch, Route #3, Box 142, Lawrence, Kansas 66044, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Hemley, World Wildlife Fund, 1255 23rd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA (for trade information)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Henderson, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Higginson, Voluntaria del Cuerpo de Paz, #156 6a Avenida 1-46, Zona 2 Guatemala, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.B. Iverson, Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374, USA S.R. Kellert, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.W. King, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Larde, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia Planes de Renderos, Km. 10 Col. Los Angeles 13, CP 01196 San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Marcellini, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Mora, 200 m sur Pulperia la Uni6n, Cinco Esquinas, Carrieal, Alajuela, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J. Perez, Condominio Su. Antonio 7, C. San Antonio Abad, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Phillips, Research Department, San Diego Zoo, Box 551, San Diego, Calffornia 92112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apa,-tado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.S. Fitch, Route #3, Box 142, Lawrence, Kansas 66044, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Henderson, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Higginson, Voluntaria del Cuerpo de Paz, #156 6a Avenida 1-46, Zona 2 Guatemala, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. Hillis, Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Larde, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Planes de Renderos Km. 10 Col. Los Angeles 13, CP 01196, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Marcellini, National Zoologica, Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Mora, 200 m sur Pulperita La Union, Cinco Esquinas, Carrieal, Alajuela, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J. Perez, Condominio Su. Antonio 7, C. San Antonio Abad, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Phillips, Research Department, San Diego Zoo, Box 551, San Diego, Calffornia 92112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apartado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rock Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Auffenberg, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Auth, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cullen, Cullen Vivarium, 3401 South 16th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215 USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ferreira, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Henderson, Mi]waukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.B. Iverson, Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.A. Wiewandt, Wild Horizons, Inc., P.O. Box 5118, Tucson, Arizona 85703, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tegu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. Blanco, Direccion Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, Avenida Paseo Colon 922 2Ãpiso, (1063) Buenos Aires, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.K. Donadio, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, CC 220, Avenida Angel Gallardo 470, Suc. 5, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Gallardo, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, CC 220, Avenida Angel Gallardo 470, Suc. 5, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Hemley, World Wildlife Fund, 1255 23rd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Marcellini, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.L. Marmillon, Casilla de Correo 451, 5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apartado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Local Agriculture Extension Services and beekeepers are often the best source of information for beginning beekeeping. In addition, the following organizations can provide information: International Bee Research Association, 16/18 North Road, Cardiff CF1 3DY, UK; International Agency for Apiculture Development, 6N 909 Roosevelt, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Abt, Centre for International Agricultural Development Cooperation, Tel Aviv, Israel M. Adey. International Bee Research Association, 16/18 North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.O. Adjare, Technology Consultancy Centre, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All India Beekeepers' Association, 817 Sadashiv Peth, Poono 411 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K.N. Atuahene, Forest Product Research Institute (Ghana Forestry Commission), University P.O. Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.S. Brar, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Bradbear, International Bee Research Association, North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. Caron, Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.S. Chahal, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Clauss, Beekeeping Survey, Kabompo, Zambia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.P. Coleman, International Agency for Apiculture Development, 6N 909 Roosevelt, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, or Resident Bee Specialist, Apiary Studies, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. DeJong, Departamento de Genetica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade Sao Paulo, 14.049âRibeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Dutton, Centre for Overseas Research and Development (CORD), University of Durham, South Road, Durham DHI 3LE, UK (Apisflorea) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.H. Erickson, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de GenTtica, 14100âRibeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Fell, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Flottum, Gleanings in Bee Culture, 623 West Liberty Street, P.O. Box 706, Medina, Ohio 44258-0706, USA (editor)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Free, Rothamstead Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire L5 2JQ, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wolde-Semait Gebre-Wold, P.O. Box 7505, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.B. Habarugira, AHO (Apiary), Mbara Stockfarm, Beekeeping Section, P.O. Box 4, Mbarara, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.A.M. Hassan, Njiro Wildlife (Beekeeping) Research Centre, P.O. Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Hoopingarner, Department of Entomology, University of Michigan, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1115, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.E. Kerr, Departamento de Biolgia, Universidade Federal de UberlGndia, 38400 UberlGndia, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.G. Kevan, or Resident Bee Specialist, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.K. Kigatiia, Beekeeping Branch, Ministry of Agriculture c~ Livestock Development, P.O. Box 30028, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.C. Killins, 163 Trowbridge Avenue, London, Ontario N6J 3M2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.M. Kiwuwa, AHL (Apiary), Department of Veterinary Services, Headquarters, Beekeeping Section, P.O. Box 7141, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Lanarolle, Apiculture Project, Bindunuwewa, Bandarawela, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Lensky, Triwaks Bee Research Center, Hebrew University Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot 76-100, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.D. Levin, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Singh Limbu, Godavari Ashram, GPO Box 50, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Mann, 14 Millimani Road, Box 20360, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.J. McGinley, Department of Entomology, NHB-105, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA (Apoidea, except Apis) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. McKay, Peace Corps, American Embassy, Asunci6n, Paraguay&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.D. Michener, Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.A. Morse, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Morton, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Box 248204, Coral Gables, Florida 37724, USA (bee plants)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.G. Mugisa, c/o Insure Consult, P.O. Box 30002, Nakiuubo, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Bin Muid, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.C. Mulzac, International Agency for Apiculture Development, 393 Decatur Street, Brooklyn, New York 11233, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.S. Najar, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.E. Nightingale, Box 23, Njoro, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Patty, Foreign Agriculture Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 6095 South Building, Washington, D.C. 20250, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.M. Phiri, Office of Chief Beekeeping Officer, P/BAC Mwekera, Kitwe, Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Pickard, Zoology Department, University College, P.O. Box 78, Cardiff CFI IXL, South Wales, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.W. Robins, GPO Box 50, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Roubik, Stop 105, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA (stingless bees)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Sammataro, 7011 Spieth Road, Medina, Ohio 44256, USA (editor, Cornucopia) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Schechtel, Cnel. Bogado/Itapua, Paraguay&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Shimanuki, Beneficial Insects Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, B-476 BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.R. Taylor, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Tew, Agricultural Technical Institute, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Tomasko, Pennsylvania State University, 106 Patterson Building, University Park7 Pennsylvania 16802, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Torchio, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bee Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5310, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Wadlow, 8381 San Mateo, Ft. Myers, Florida 33907, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. Whitehead, International Agency for Apiculture Development, c/o 1000 Connecticut Avenue NW, #707, Washington, D.C. 20036, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Siriwat Wongsiri, Department of Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok7 Thailand (Apis cerana) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wu Yan-ru, Department of Insect Taxonomy and Faunistics, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 7 Zhongguancun Lu, Haitien, Beijing, People's Republic of China &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">C BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF PANEL MEMBERS</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. PHILLIPS retired in 1982 from the post of deputy director general of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, a post he held for four years. Among his earlier posts were that of professor and head, Animal Husbandry Department, Utah State University; senior animal husbandman in charge, Genetic Investigations, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); chief, Animal Production Branch and deputy director, Agriculture Division, FAO; and executive director, International Organization Affairs, USDA. Among his special assignments were: serving as consultant on animal breeding to the governments of China and India for the U.S. Department of State in 1943-44; and as scientific secretary for agriculture of the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for the Benefit of Developing Countries, in Ceneva, Switzerland, 1962-63. Dr. Phillips holds a B.S. degree in agriculture from Berea College (1930), M.A. (1931) and Ph.D. (1934) degrees from the University of Missouri, and Honorary D.Sc. degrees from Berea College and West Virginia University. He has been awarded the Berea College Distinguished Alumnus Award and the USDA's Distinguished Service Award. He is author or coauthor of some 240 scientific papers, review papers, chapters in books, and books on various aspects of physiology of reproduction, genetics, livestock production, and international agriculture. In his research, writings, and international activities, Dr. Phillips has given particular attention to breeding in relation to the environment and to the identification and conservation of valuable animal genetic resources. He is also the author of a definitive history of FAO entitled FAO: Its Origins, Formation and Evolution, 19451981 and an autobiography, The World Was My Barnyard. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU is currently senior advisor to the president of the African Development Bank. He is also president of ESA Associates, Washington, D.C., and former director of the Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. A citizen of Ghana, he received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests cover many areas of tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries, he has also published extensively on tropical plants. Dr. Ayensu chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BONNIE V. BEAVER, professor of small animal medicine and surgery, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, is a specialist in animal behavior and problem behaviors, especially in domestic and laboratory animals. She received her B.S. and D.V.M. from the University of Minnesota and her M.S. from Texas A&amp;amp;M. In addition to being a popular speaker at scientific meetings, she is the author of five books and numerous book chapters and articles. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT BENIRSCHKE, professor of pathology and reproductive medicine, University of California at San Diego, received his M.D. from the University of Hamburg, Germany, in 1948. He served on the faculties of Harvard and Dartmouth medical schools before coming to San Diego in 1970. At the San Diego Zoo he initiated a research department to advance knowledge in endangered species and now serves as a trustee of that organization. He has written on comparative mammalian cytogenetics, vanishing species, and human reproductive pathology. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROY D. CRAWFORD is professor of animal and poultry genetics at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. He received his B.S.A. from the University of Saskatchewan in 1955, his M.S. in animal genetics from Cornell University in 1957, and his Ph.D. in poultry genetics from the University of Massachusetts in 1963. He was employed as a scientist with the Research Branch of Agriculture Canada from 1957 to 1964 in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. He joined the faculty of the University of Saskatchewan in 1964. He was made a fellow of the Agricultural Institute of Canada in 1986 in recognition of his teaching and research work. His research interests include single gene genetics of poultry, and conservation of genetic resources in poultry and livestock. He has discovered and studied many mutants in chickens; some of them have biomedical importance, including one shown to be an animal genetic model of human grand mal epilepsy; some of them are potentially useful in food production, including an albinism mutant that is being developed for autosexing of commercial chicken broilers. He maintains a very large conservation collection of poultry genetic resources at the University of Saskatchewan and has prepared an inventory and assessment of Canada's poultry and livestock genetic resources. Dr. Crawford is a member of the Expert Panel on Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Management, FAO/UNEP, Rome, and is a member of the Animal Resources Committee, Canadian Council on Animal Care, Ottawa. He serves on the International Scientific Committee for the French journal GTnTtique, STlection, +volution. He is a member of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (UK) and is a board member of the American Minor Breeds Conservancy (USA). &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, distinguished service professor emeritus, University of Florida, Gainesville, and dean emeritus, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, received his Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin in 1944. He has given more than 100 lectures in livestock feeding and nutrition in 40 foreign countries. He served as chairman of the Animal Nutrition Committee of the National Academy of Sciences and as a member of the NAS-NRC Board of Agriculture and Renewable Resources, Latin American Science Board, and as chairman of the livestock committee of two world food studies by NAS-NRC. He served as a member of the organizing committee for the first two World Conferences on Animal Production in Rome (1963) and Washington, D.C. (1968). He served as a member of the Title XII Board of International Food and Agricultural Joint Committee on Research and as chairman of its research priorities committee 1977-1981. He is author, editor, coeditor, or contributor to 30 books and author of more than 1,423 scientific and professional articles. He is a winner of 42 campus, state, national, and international honors and awards. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID E. DEPPNER, director of Trees for the Future in Silver Spring, Maryland, has been a consultant for international development projects involving livestock and poultry management and marketing for the past 14 years. He has served in 17 countries of Asia, Africa, and Central America. He has written on processing livestock rations under tropical conditions and about the Madurese breed of cattle found in East Java, Indonesia, where he spent two years studying this ancient breed. He is currently providing technical assistance to projects in several countries for the development of improved forage production as an answer to destruction of natural resources of tropical uplands caused by overgrazing. He received his B.Sc. in animal science from Ohio State University in 1954 and M.Sc. in livestock economics from Araneta University, the Philippines, in 1977. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH L. HENSON is the director of the American Minor Breeds Conservancy, based in Pittsboro, North Carolina. She received an M.A. in zoology from Oxford University in 1980 and an M.Sc. in domestic animal breeding from Edinburgh University in 1981. Her primary interests are in the conservation of rare and endangered breeds and varieties of domestic livestock as a genetic resource for changing agricultural needs. She represented Britain at the first international conference on domestic animal conservation in Hungary in 1982, and was a member of the Office of Technology Assessment Committee on grassroots strategies to maintain genetic diversity in 1985. She is executive secretary for four British breed associations and is a member of the British Rare Breeds Survival Trust Technical Panel. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. HUSS was regional animal production officer of the FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile, before his retirement. He received a B.S. in 1949, an M.A. in 1954, and a Ph.D. in 1959, all at Texas A&amp;amp;M University. He was assistant professor of range management at Texas A&amp;amp;M before joining the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 1967. He founded the FAO Regional Office's Small Animals for Small Farms programme in 1980. Professional assignments and travels in Latin America, the Caribbean' Near and Middle East, and Africa have contributed to his knowledge and experience in microlivestock development. Dr. Huss was recognized by Texas A&amp;amp;M University by being chosen as the recipient of the Memorial Student Center Appreciation and Distinguished Service Awards in 1958 and 196O, respectively, and Honour Professor in the College of Agriculture in 1966 67. He also received the Society for Range Management's Outstanding Service and Achievement Award in 1975 and its Fellow Award in 1978. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID RICHARD LINCICOME has been a guest scientist with the Animal Parasitology Institute, United States Department of Agriculture Experiment Station, Beltsville, Maryland, since 1978, having retired as professor of parasitology, Howard University, Washington, D.C., in 1970. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees cum laude simultaneously in 1937 from the University of Illinois and a Ph.D. in tropical medicine from the Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1941. His principal research interests have centered around morphologic studies on Acanthocephala, molecular exchanges of dependent cells and their environments, and diagnosis of parasitic diseases. He has been a breeder of Nubian and American pygmy goats for the past 20 years. Dr. Lincicome is currently a member of the Board of Directors of the American Dairy Goat Association and is past president of the National Pygmy Goat Association. He was founder and long time trustee of the American Dairy Goat Association Research Foundation. He is also past president of the Helminthological Society and currently serves the society as archivist. He received the Helminthological Society's Anniversary Award in 1975. He was founder and, for 27 years, editor of the journal Experimental Parasitology, and is the author and editor of more than 180 scientific contributions. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS E. LOVEJOY is a tropical biologist and ornithologist. He is assistant secretary for external affairs, Smithsonian Institution' Washington, D.C. He was formerly executive vice president for the World Wildlife Fund-U.S., chairman of the Wildlife Preservation Trust International, and a member of two commissions of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resources. At present, Dr. Lovejoy is a principal investigator of the world's largest controlled ecological experiment, which is attempting to determine the optimum size for parks and reserves. This project, conceived and designed by Dr. Lovejoy, is called &quot;the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems&quot; and is a joint program of World Wildlife Fund-U. S. and Brazil's National Institute for Amazon Research. Dr. Lovejoy is also the principal advisor for NATURE (WNET/THIRTEEN, New York), a series that he started in 1980. As principal advisor, he recommends program content and oversees the factual accuracy of the program scripts. A member of 11 scientific societies, Dr. Lovejoy has received grants from 16 foundations and institutions and written more than 100 articles for various national and International publications. He has published three books, Key Environments, Pergamon Press, Oxford; Nearctic Avian Migrants in the Neotropics, a Department of the Interior publication; and Conservation of Tropical Forest Birds, an ICPB publication. He is currently working on The Magnificent Exception, a book on people and the biosphere.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARNE W. NORDSKOG is professor emeritus, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Minnesota between 1937 and 1943. His training and principal area of research has been in quantitative genetics, but by about 1960 his interests shifted to immunogenetics and more recently to molecular genetics. He has traveled widely, spending two years as an instructor in agriculture at the University of Alaska (1937-39), and has been an NSF Research Fellow at Cal Tech (1960), a visiting professor at the University of Minnesota (1966), an FAO lecturer at the Indian Veterinary Institute (1973), and an FAO-sponsored lecturer on poultry breeding in China (1979). He has acted as a consultant to a commercial breeder in Japan for 20 years. He has been the major professor at Iowa State for more than 60 M.S. and Ph.D. candidates and has published more than 150 scientific papers. Dr. Nordskog is an honorary member of the Norwegian Poultry Breeding Association, a fellow of the Poultry Science Association, and a fellow of the AAAS. In 1972, he was the recipient of the Poultry Science Distinguished Service Research Award. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LINDA M. PANEPINTO, swine research consultant, was director of the Colorado State University Swine Laboratory through 1988. She earned her B.S. in animal sciences at Colorado State University in 1972. In 1973 she joined the research team developing Yucatan miniature swine at Colorado State University, where she was given primary responsibility for colony management, protocol development, and genetic selection programs. In 1977, she designed an experimental research program for the development of a line of Yucatan pigs with a genetic propensity for exceptionally small size. She has continued her work in that area and has developed the Yucatan Micropig, described elsewhere in this publication. Her other major professional area of interest has been the design of facilities and equipment for swine with emphasis on animal comfort and minimizing stress. Her invention, known as the Panepinto Sling, has been widely adopted as the primary restraint method for numerous medical schools and research facilities using swine in the laboratory. She has published extensively in the field.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT J. PETERS is professor of animal breeding and husbandry in the tropics and subtropics, University of Gottingen, and is currently director of research at the International Livestock Centre for Africa. He received his Dr. Agr. degree from the Technical University of Berlin in 1975. He has undertaken research in livestock production development in Southeast Asia and Africa. The major focus of his research has been small animals, with special attention given to the potential of unconventional animals. Early in 1985 he assumed his present position directing research at the International Livestock Centre for Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. PINO is a senior fellow of the National Research Council, Board on Agriculture, and is currently the project director of the study &quot;Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives.&quot; He received his B.S. in agriculture in 1944-47 and Ph.D. in zoology in 1951 from Rutgers University. As an associate professor he taught and did research in the Department of Poultry Science at Rutgers until 1955 when he accepted a position with the Rockefeller Foundation as animal scientist with the Mexican Agricultural Program, becoming the associate director of that program in 1960. In 1965 he was transferred to the Rockefeller headquarters in New York and became director of the Agricultural Science Program in 1970. Most of his career has been in international agricultural development. He retired from the Foundation in 1983 and went to Washington to become agricultural science advisor at the InterAmerican Development Bank until July 1986 when he accepted his present position. Dr. Pino has been a member of the Board on Agriculture since 1983 and previously from 1973 to 1977. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE is professor of soils, agronomy, botany, and geography, and director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California at Davis in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this system. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. His current interests include improving indigenous agricultural systems of small landholders, particularly with the integration of livestock and crops. He was chairman of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development (under whose aegis this report is presented). He chaired the BOSTID report panels on water buffalo and little-known Asian animals. Currently, he is on the International Advisory Committee of the National Science Foundation and serves as U.S. Board Member for the International Foundation of Science.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL HILL ROBINSON, director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Zoological Park, is an animal behaviorist and a tropical biologist. Before his appointment to the National Zoo, Dr. Robinson served as deputy director of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, which he joined in 1966 as a tropical biologist. He received his Ph.D. from Oxford University after being awarded his B.S., summa cum laude, from the University of Wales. His scientific interests include predator-prey interactions, evolution of adaptations, tropical biology, courtship and mating behavior, phenology of arthropods, and freshwater biology. In the course of his studies, Dr. Robinson has done research in the United States and throughout the developing world. Recent publications include articles on predator-prey interactions, tropical forest conservation, reproductive behavior in spiders, and the function and purpose of zoos in relation to education and conservation. Dr. Robinson's favorite animals are cats, of all kinds. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSON, J.B. Duke Professor of Physiology in the Department of Zoology at Duke University, has studied animal responses to extreme environmental conditions. His major emphasis has been on life in hot deserts, and he is widely recognized for his studies of camels and other desert animals. His research has involved field studies in North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Dr. Schmidt-Nielson has written several books, which have been translated into more than a dozen languages, and he has published several hundred research papers. He has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, the French Academie des Sciences, and several other academies. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALBERT E. SOLLOD, is associate professor and head of the international veterinary medicine section at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine. He is currently stationed in Niger as chief of party of the integrated livestock project and policy advisor in the Ministry of Animal Resources. He has consulted in 15 countries in Africa and Asia, and his research interests include interdisciplinary systems analysis, indigenous pastoral technologies, monitoring change in agricultural production systems, and monitoring and assessing drought impact.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEE M. TALBOT received his Ph.D. in geography and ecology from the University of California at Berkeley in 1963 and has worked on environmental and natural resource ecology and management in over 110 countries. At present he is visiting fellow at the World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., and senior environmental consultant to the World Bank. He carried out pioneering research in Africa and elsewhere on the use of wild animals for food production. He has written more than 180 scientific and technical publications, including ten books and monographs. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAIR E. TERRILL, animal scientist, collaborator, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, Maryland, received his Ph.D. from the University of Missouri in 1936, served briefly at the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, and joined the USDA at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, Idaho, in the same year. His research concerned genetics and reproduction of sheep, leading to national and international responsibility regarding research and production of sheep, goats, and other animals, with primary emphasis on increasing efficiency of production of meat, wool, and other products. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHRISTIAN M. WEMMER is assistant director for conservation and captive breeding programs at the National Zoological Park and is also in charge of the zoo's 3,100 acre Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. He is vice chairman of the IUCN Deer Specialist Group and a member of the Mustelid and Viverrid Specialist Group of the same organization. His interest in evolutionary and conservation biology has been motivated by frequent travel to South Asia and his role as scientific coordinator of the Smithsonian Nepal Terai Ecology Project. For the past 12 years he has coordinated the development of facilities and programs at the Conservation and Research Center and with Dr. R. Rudran has promoted conservation training and wildlife research in developing nations. He has published over 50 papers on various aspects of mammalian biology and conservation and has co-edited with Benjamin Beck one book on PFre David's deer. His edited volume &quot;The Biology and Management of the Cervidae&quot; was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DANNY C. WHARTON is associate curator, Animal Departments, at New York Zoological Park, Bronx, New York. He received a B.S. from the College of Idaho and an M.Sc. in 1975 from the School for International Training in Brattleboro, Vermont. His Ph.D. in biology was earned at Fordham University. Dr. Wharton was a Peace Corps volunteer to Ecuador 1969-71 and a Fulbright scholar to Germany 1976-77. His research interests have been in the genetic and demographic management of small populations. He works on several committees including the IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group, Species Survival Plan Committee of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and is species chairman for the North American Propagation Group for the Snow Leopard.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES A. WOODS IS curator of mammals at the Florida State Museum and a professor of zoology at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. in zoology from the University of Denver and his Ph.D. in zoology from the University of Massachusetts. He worked at the University of Vermont from 1970 to 1979 when he assumed his present position at the University of Florida. His principle research interests have been in the areas of mammalian ecology (Rodentia) and systematics and evolution and he is especially concerned with island biology. He has spent many years working in the West Indies on a variety of projects and has worked closely with the government of Haiti in establishing a plan for the National Parks of Haiti and in completing a biogeophysical inventory of the natural resources of Hispaniola. He is the ecological consultant for the Institut de Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National in Haiti. He is the author of a number of scientific articles on the fauna of the Antilles including a multivolume series on the fauna of the mountains of Haiti. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS M. YUILL is associate dean for research and graduate training of the School of Veterinary Medicine, assistant director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, and professor of pathobiology and of veterinary science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He received his B.S. in wildlife management from Utah State University in 1959 and his Ph.D. jointly in veterinary science and wildlife ecology in 1964 from the University of Wisconsin. His principal research interests are animal health and diseases of wildlife, including those transmissible to domestic animals and to man. He worked in Thailand for two years and has had active research programs in Colombia for 17 years, and Costa Rica for 5 years. He has recently become involved in animal health and production development in the Gambia, West Africa. Dr. Yuill is an executive committee member and immediate past president of the Organization for Tropical Studies and currently serves as president of the Wildlife Disease Association. He completed a five-year term as Chairman of the U.S. Virus Diseases Panel of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Biomedical Sciences Program. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID)</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALEXANDER SHAKOW, Director, Strategic Planning and Review,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank, Washington, D.C., Chairman&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PATRICIA BARNES-MCCONNELL, Director, Bean/Cowpea CRSP, East Lansing, Michigan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JORDAN J. BARUCH, President, Jordan Baruch Associates, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER D. BELL, President, The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, New York, New York&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BARRY BLOOM, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANE BORTNTCK, Assistant Chief, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE T. CURLIN, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DTRK FRANKENBERG, Director, Marine Sciences Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HARDY, Boyce-Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK HORNE, Dean, College of Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELLEN MESSER, Allan Shaw Feinstein World Hunger Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLEs C. MUSCOPLAT, Executive Vice President, Molecular Genetics, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES QUINN, Amos Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VERNON RUTTAN, Regents Professor, Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics, Saint Paul, Minnesota&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTHONY SAN PIETRO, Professor of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Bloomington, Indiana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST SMERDON, College of Engineering and Mines, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GERARD P. DINEEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., ex officio &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES B. WYNGAARDEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., ex officio &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development Publications and Information Services (H A-476E)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of International Affairs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Washington, D.C. 20418 U SA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2783 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/ec158e/ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">467899</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://ec158e/ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://ec158e/ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courier - NÂ°158 - July - August 1996 Dossier Communication and the media - Country report Cape Verde</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Communication, Information and Documentation|Communication, telecommunication, mass communication, mass media, film-making</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Development Periodicals and Magazines|The Courier ACP 1990 - 1996 Africa-Caribbean-Pacific - European Union</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Courier - NÂ°158 - July - August 1996 Dossier Communication and the media - Country report Cape Verde (ec158e)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">EC Courier</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215023</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p07a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p32a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p95a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AFRICA-CARIBBEAN-PACIFIC - EUROPEAN UNION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dossier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Communication and the media&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Press freedom, regarded as a fundamental human right, is also a key component in the democratization process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the help of experts in the field, we look at what various organizations are doing to combat censorship and promote a free press in ACP countries and elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We also highlight the new trend of donor support for projects aimed at promoting press freedom. These include, notably, provisions for the training of journalists. And as new means of communication, such as the World Wide Web, develop, we consider what is being done to prevent the opening up of a new divide - this time between the 'information rich' end the 'information poor'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the least-developed countries, Cape Verde is seen as a model of good governance and stable democracy. It is also admired for its perseverance in the struggle against the exigencies of history and climate. The country suffers from almost permanent drought and has virtually no regular supplies of fresh water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Its history has been punctuated by serious famines and while the people are no longer hungry, they still face formidable economic difficulties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde produces just 10% of what it consumes and its exports are one fifteenth of its imports. The one bright spot is in services, where it enjoys a positive trade balance. This sector (in particular, international transport and tourism), together with the country's cultural industries, offer the best hope for future development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Meeting point</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Robert MÃ©nard, Director of 'Reporters sans frontiÃšres'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Combating attacks on press freedom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Reporters sans frontiÃšres' was founded in June 1985 in Montpellier where Robert MÃ©nard was working as a journalist with Radio France. Now based in Paris, RSF has two main policy areas. In the first place it alerts international public opinion and the media to situations involving violations of press freedom (via publications such as 'RSF News letter' the Annual Report and specific books and reports). Secondly, RSF actively intervenes by sending letters of protest to official bodies and assisting victims. Last year RSF dealt with more than 350 cases involving the press throughout the world. The organisation's ambition, according to Mr MÃ©nard, is to be a kind of Amnesty International in the press field. The interview began with Mr MÃ©nard giving a detailed description of RSF's work.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We do two things - we report violations of press freedom and help journalists who are the victims of such violations. Take the former Yugoslavia, for example. It would have been unthinkable to monitor what was going on in that war-torn country without, at the same time, helping the media who were victims of the repression. So we sent over lawyers to help in trials involving the press, helped the families of imprisoned journalists and gave general assistance to the media. In the case of Oslabodenje, the Sarajevo daily, this went on for four years. We did similar work in Rwanda where RSF helped the media to get back on its feet after the genocide. In Algeria at the moment we are involved in aiding  journalists who are obstructed when doing their work. We also give help in Europe - currently to refugee journalists in Belgium, France, Spain, Switzarland and Germany. That's basically what we do; reporting violations of press freedom and helping those who are the victims of it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you work with other organisations, for example the United Nations ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We work with various types of organisations. We have daily contact with other NGOs specialising in press freedom, such as Article 19 in London and the Committee for the Protection of Journalists in New York, to give just two examples. We also have contacts with NGOs involved in human rights issues in general and, above all, with Amnesty International.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then there are our links with international organisations and, first and foremost, with the UN system. RSF has submitted reports in response to requests from various organisations, ranging from the UN Committee for Human Rights to UNESCO. We also work with the Council of Europe and the Organisation of African Unity. But our closest  relationship is with the European Union, or two reasons; firstly because it is RSF's main financial backer and secondly Because the EU enables us to do three things. It has helped us set up and has Financed a vast network of correspondents in 130 different countries and, to my mind, this is the most important thing in terms of defending human rights and press freedom. We also publish reports, which we write in response to EU requests, on press freedom in one country or another and which are made available to the EU and European Parliament. Our third \\ink comes in the form of assistance. We manage an aid fund to help where the press is in difficulties, and the money is provided by the Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-You have mentioned a network of correspondents which has been set up. How does it operate ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is a network of people who are in daily contact with RSF and who tip us off when a situation requiring our attention arises. Whenever there is a violation of press freedom in a country where the network operates, our correspondent lets us know - that's the first priority. Then, they make enquiries at our request. The third stage is to set up events. For example May 3 was World Press Freedom Day and, on that day, in about 20 countries in Africa, our correspondents organised events on the theme of press freedom. A fourth aspect of our correspondents' work is that they are often responsible on the ground for helping journalists in difficulty. They also help the media in general because we give them documents and supply them with information which they distribute in their particular country. Their task, therefore, is to alert us to a situation, meet our requirements for information and, on our behalf, physically to assist people on the ground, set up events and disseminate information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Are the correspondents all nationals of the countries in which they work ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. Also, about 90% of them are joumalists and they are all paid for what they do. Their relationship with us is clear-cut. It is very important for them to be paid because this means that   we can ask certain things of them. If you   work as a volunteer no-one can give you  a deadline to produce such and such a   document. In our case, we pay them to   do this work for RSF.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you choose countries where the situation is already problematic ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Unfortunately, problems exist in many countries. Less than half the countries in the world show any degree of respect for press freedom and that means we have a great deal of work. In addition, information arriving at RSF from the correspondents is distributed to other organisations. We have set up a system called Infex which is an electronic mailbox.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All RSF's information is put on a computerised system and immediately disseminated to all the organisations involved in the defence of human rights, and press freedom in particular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So the technological revolution is a positive thing as far as you are concerned ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Absolutely. Both the Imais and Internet systems are unbelievably useful tools which have completely revolutionised our work. For example, RSF might protest about the situation in some country or other. Take China, for example - we regularly lodge protests against the lack of press freedom there. There are 17 journalists in jail, no freedom for the press and a great many problems. However, people in China are not aware of what we do and in order to get information they have to listen to international radio stations. On the Internet, RSF's services are available in French, English and Spanish and it is consulted by people the world over. It is thus one of their sources of information. Another example would be a case where we set up an operation and inundate a number of people in a particular country with faxes, in order to pass on the information. Modern technology enables us to break down the fortresses which totalitarian or dictatorial regimes attempt to construct around themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- RSF has just published its 1996 Report. What do you have to say regarding the current position of press freedom ? Has progress been made ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I would say two things. In the long term, the situation is improving. If you remember, 25 years ago, the regimes in half the countries in Latin America were dictatorships, communism dominated half of Europe and nearly all of Africa had single-party systems. Even in Europe, there were dictatorships - in Spain, Portugal and Greece. So we cannot deny that there has been progress. The problem is that, for three or four years now, there has been a noticeable rise in new threats to press freedom, and this is a great source of concern to us. Here I am thinking of the rise in power of fundamentalist movements, particularly religious fundamentalism. In a number of countries nowadays - the best example, or perhaps I should say the worst example, is Algeria - journalists are not only threatened by the state but are being killed by armed Islamic groups. The rise in religious fundamentalism is indeed a real danger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second type of threat confronting the press is the increased influence of mafia-type criminals. You will, of course, have heard about drug trafficking in places like Colombia or Peru. Nowadays, in some countries where communism has been overthrown, the big threat comes from these criminal gangs. Not so long ago in Russia, the star presenter on the main TV channel was killed because he got in the way of 'Mafia' interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third threat comes from uncontrolled actions by groups fighting for autonomy or independence, like the Kurdish movement in Turkey (the PKK), and a number of separatist groups in India. The EU is no stranger to this either&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ETA poses a continual threat to the press, as do members of the FLNC in Corsica. It is only a few months since members of the latter group machine gunned a journalist's house. A fourth and new kind of threat, particularly in countries with a democratic system, comes from the rise of the extreme right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lastly, a point I draw particular attention to in our recent report is, in fact, a dual phenomenon. On the one hand there are states which pass laws under which any criticism is a crime and may lead to prosecution. An example of this is Egypt where the government has enacted a law which has led to charges being brought against some 60 journalists since summer 1995. On the other hand, there are states where justice simply does not operate and there is no will to make it function.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Last year, 51 journalists were killed and a number of others were attacked, but there has not been a single trial or conviction. It is a real culture of impunity. In some countries, the justice system either does not operate, or it is not independent. In such places, the authorities are reluctant to identify and prosecute those responsible for attacks on journalists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· RSFcurrently has project running in Rwanda, in collaboration with the EU. Could you tell us something about this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The EU is helping us to meet a wide range of needs in Rwanda, as well as in Burundi, where sadly, the situation is rather similar. In Rwanda, there are those who governed the country before the genocide and those in power at the moment. There was a specific problem there in that nearly half of Rwanda's journalists were killed during the genocide - 49 out of about 100. We had virtually to reconstruct the press system and the EU gave us the means to do this.The press currently has difficulties vis-Ã -vis the authorities but it is attempting to do its job.  in Burundi, where our work is of a more conventional type, we see continuing attacks on press freedom. There, RSF is trying to resist the pressure, again supported by the EU. In fact, thanks to the EU, we are helping a   number of countries' media to survive despite difficult conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another quite new problem is that before and during the genocide in Rwanda, the media were used as vehicles for disseminating hatred. They issued calls for people to kill their compatriots, in this instance the Tutsis, and the language they used was unbelievably violent. On Radio Mille Collines, presenters would say - and I quote; 'The graves are not full yet'. They would give out the addresses of people who had to be killed and when the murders had been carried out they would actually say, 'You killed them too quickly - you should have killed them more slowly to make them suffer more', or, 'You didn't kill the children, go back and kill the childreni. We actually have recordings of statements like this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In such a situation, journalists must be made to answer for what they have done and be brought to justice.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has helped us conduct a number of surveys which will enable the international criminal court in The Hague to charge Rwandan journalists with complicity or incitement to genocide. We expect this to take place in the very near future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course in Rwanda, all that is in the past but the same thing is happening today in Burundi where there is a radio station called 'Radio Democracy' - what a joke! A number of journalists there are issuing calls for people to be killed and we have a copy of one of their newspapers whose front page offers a cash reward to anyone who kills such and such a person. This is not journalism. RSF has lodged complaints against these people and one of these 'journalists' has just been charged.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We are doing three things in Rwanda and Burundi: denouncing violations of press freedom by the authorities, helping media victims and - something new - reporting what has come to be known as 'the media of hatred'. Unfortunately, this type of media is not restricted to Rwanda and Burundi. it is a phenomenon that we see in a number of African countries, in the former Yugoslavia, the Caucasus and the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East. Perhaps you are aware that the 50th anniversary of the Nuremberg trials has just passed ? But did you know that there were two journalists among the accused? The press has forgotten that journalists played a part in the rise of Nazism. RSF is pointing out that the same thing is happening today in many countries and we have to fight it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; 'The EU is a  perfect partner&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Given what you have just said, should restrictions be placed on press freedom ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - This is a very complex subject. You have to remember that international texts, particularly the convention on civil and political rights, place restrictions on press freedom. Article 19, which defines press freedom, stipulates that there are certain limits to this and Article 20 forbids any dissemination of racist or antisemitic ideas and any incitements to violence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RSF has two things to say. First, governments which have signed the agreements must ensure they are observed. These set limits. Journalists are not above the law and they must be punished when they say certain things. So states must face up to their responsibilities and apply the treaties they have signed. Second, I feel that the international community, and Europe in particular - when it signs agreements or gives aid to third countries - should demand that they respect press freedom but clamp down on the media of hatred.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· RSF has just published a draft model legislation governing the press. In preparing this, were you influenced by your experience of the extremist media ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Perhaps we were influenced too much. I am my own worst critic. We sent a mission to Rwanda before the genocide but did not appreciate the full effects of the evil disseminated by the media of hatred, particularly Radio Mille &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collines. We underestimated the situation and are concerned at what is happening. We believe there must be express limits on press freedom and this draft framework law is one way of formulating such restrictions. It is not necessarily the best way of going about things, but our profession has to ask itself questions regarding the definition of press freedom and the limits we must not exceed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Are you satisfied with what the EU is doing in this area ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The EU is a perfect partner and has never exerted any pressure. With the Union, we are able to do things that would not be possible with individual Member-State government because the latter conduct foreign policy in defence of certain interests. Each country has its own cultural history linguistic links or links arising out of former colonial times which prevent it financing RSF's studies unconditionally. As far as our missions are concerned, RSF decides what it wants to do and we send our reports to the EU. They have also granted us a budget enabling us to give immediate aid to people in difficulty. This is the most positive action possible If the EU were not there, there would unfortunately be no-one else to finance an organisation like ours. 60% of our budget comes from the Union, 20%from various companies. We generate the remaining 20% ourselves through sales of books and contributions. Because the EU is a grouping of governments, the Commission has some room for manoeuvre. This is the only possible kind of support for organisations like RSF and, if it were not there, it would be the end for the people whom RSF supports.  interview by Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ACP</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The economy of Cameroon: Better prospects but still a long way to go</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is an astonishing sight to behold during the rainy season. As you drive along the road from YaoundÃ© to Bamenda, you come to a point where human habitation starts - and it then continues unbroken for more than 100 kiLomÃ©tres. Just before Bafoussam, and as far as the eye can see, every patch of land is cultivated. Bananas, oranges, mangoes, sugarcane, cassava, palm trees, groundnuts and maize grow luxuriantly in open fields and in the front and back gardens of many houses. This route, of course, takes you mainly through the western part of Cameroon, home to the BamilelrÃ©s, recognised as one of the country's most enterprising and industrious ethnic groups. The population density here is 200 per km2 as opposed to 1 per km2 in the East.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The impact of this widespread farming, carried out by a large number of smallholders, is visible in the local markets, whether in Bafoussam, Mbouda or Bamenda. There, the stalls overflow with fruits and vegetables and prices are very low - a virtual paradise for the middlemen whose unmistakable presence is signalled by the significant number of trucks loading the produce for distribution throughout the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These scenes come as no surprise to the long-time observer of Cameroon's economy. The country achieved virtual self-sufficiency in food over 15 years ago. It is one of the few African countries to have been able to do this, thanks both to its physical  endowments and an early recognition of its agricultural vocation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon is often described as a microcosm of Africa, not just in terms of its make-up of English- and French speaking communities, but because it enjoys almost all the continent's climatic conditions. The south is equatorial, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons of equal duration, the centre is Savannah country with one rainy season and one dry season, while the extreme north (part of the Sahel) is hot and dry. The country has a very good supply of rainfall - from 5000 mm annually in the southwest to around 600 mm near Lake Chad.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such varied climates favour the cultivation of a variety of crops. Timber is  produced mainly in the southern provinces while palm oil, tea, cocoa, coffee, rubber, timber and foodcrops are produced in the southwestern and western areas. The central and north provinces specialise in cattle and cotton production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Concentration on agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon has, not surprisingly, concentrated on agriculture. Indeed the government has given top priority to the sector in all its development plans   since independence in 1960. It has been involved in the marketing of the main export crops and has provided subsidies to farmers in the form of low-priced fertilisers and pesticides for their cocoa, coffee, rubber, palm oil, etc. Almost three-quarters of the working population (the majority of whom are smallholders) are engaged in farming. And despite a low level of mechanisation, they are very efficient. The rate of growth in food outstrips the rate of population growth. Only a few largescale farmers or firms are involved in the production of cash crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until the early 1980s, when oil came into the picture, these large scalefarmers and firms amounted for more than 70% of export earnings, 40% of state revenue and 32% of the Gross Domestic Product. The plan initially was to use oil revenues to further boost and transform agriculture. However, the dramatic increase in the country's oil production, combined with much higher world petroleum prices during the first half of the 1980s, made the sector not only Cameroon's biggest export earner, but also, in a certain sense, a 'spoiler' for agriculture. Increased revenues enabled the government to maintain the level of prices paid to farmers, even though world prices had slumped to disastrous levels. This created distortions in the market. (Later, when the oil price slumped, and revenues dropped sharply, producer prices were also reduced, bringing them closer into line with international prices.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture's contribution to GDP declined steadily to around 21 % in 1985, rose to 27% in 1989 and has hovered around 30% ever since. The sector's share of export earnings has also fallen to about 40% of total exports by value.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite this, Cameroon's agriculture remains, comparatively, in a much better shape than that of most African countries. Indeed, it contributed in large measure to the country's reputation as one of Africa's economic successes in the 1980s. During that decade, growth averaged 8% per annum. However, the period was also marked by dramatic increases in oil revenues which induced  significant policy changes as well as leading to maladministration. The government paid less attention to taxation and customs duties as sources of income and turned a virtual blind eye to smuggling which harmed the manufacturing sector. The civil service, on the other hand, expanded beyond reason, a phenomenon that some have attributed to patronage by the ruling single party.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boom in public expenditure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Protected somewhat against fluctuations in earnings from export crops, by a strong but overvalued CFA franc, the government embarked on a wide range of capital expenditure and imports. Then, in 1987, international oil prices fell as dramatically as they had risen earlier in the decade. At the time, public spending was running at CFAF 8 billion - well above the CFAF 5.6bn the country actually earned. Revenues from oil continued their downward slide to CFAF4.5 bn in 1988, CFAF 2.8 bn in 1991 and CFAF 2.5 bn in 1994. 1995 saw a modest rise to CFAF 3 bn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1987 thus marked the beginning of a rapid deterioration in Cameroon's financial situation. In the period which followed, civil servants' salaries were unpaid for months, several of the country's foreign missions were left without resources and both domestic and foreign debts worsened. In 1993, the government owed commercial banks around CFAF 3.3bn. Its external debt stood at around $7.5bn with a service ratio of more than 25% of foreign exchange earnings. The devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 improved the internal debt situation significantly. In February, the government signed a letter of intent with the IMF after agreeing to a series of reforms which included, among other things, rationalising the banking and insurance sectors, raising revenue from non-oil sources, bringing inflation down and reducing the budget deficit. In return the IMF provided a stand-by loan equivalent to CFAF 1.4bn. However, the agreement was suspended just a few months later when the Fund reached the conclusion that the government lacked the will to carry the reforms through. The 1994/95 budget foresaw a deficit of 4.5% of GDP - well above the IMF's guideline of 1.5%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meanwhile the country's financial situation had become so critical that it could no longer service its debts, most notably, those it owed to the World Bank. France, which had traditionally been ready to come to the rescue, refused to bail Cameroon out and it finally dawned on the authorities that structural adjustment was unavoidable. When, in September 1995, talks resumed with the IMF, the commitment to adjustment was no longer in doubt. The government agreed, in addition to fiscal reforms, to liberalise trade in cocoa, coffee and timber, to prune the civil service and to privatise state enterprises which dominate the industrial sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commitment to reforms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since then the reform process has been in full swing. The first and most important task has been to improve the government's financial position. The civil service, which employs more than 175000 people, is gradually being reduced and salaries have been cut. Trade is also being liberalised and subsidies are being removed. The 1995/96 budget, unveiled in June last year, was welcomed by the IMF. It included, for the first time in a long while, increases in income tax and a widening of tax bands. A series of measures have also been introduced to combat tax evasion and fraud. External signs of wealth, water and electricity consumption, and telephone bills are now being used as means of assessing income tax.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Responsibility for the collection of customs duties has been removed from the Customs Department which was often accused in the past of corruption and inefficiency. The task has been given instead to a Swiss-based preshipment inspection company. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The donor community has responded positively. With French assistance, the government has been able to clear its outstanding debt to the World Bank. The IMF has provided a stand-by credit facility of $101 million in support of the adjustment programme for 1995/ 96 and debts to the Paris Club covering the same period have been rescheduled. In addition, now that Cameroon has been reclassified as a poor country, it is entitled to benefit from the terms of the Naples Agreement, which allow for up to 67% of debts to western govemments to be written off. A number of creditor nations have either forgiven the country its debts or have reduced them substantially. More loans have come from France and a number of other donors, including the World Bank and the European Community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EC is financing a series of projects within the framework of the adjustment programme, including the restructuring of the civil service and preparation of the ground for privatisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lately though, the donor community has been showing signs of disenchantment, following allegations of misuse of funds and perhaps even outright embezzlement. Last March, an IMF mission to YaoundÃ© failed to obtain an adequate explanation concerning the allocation of certain sums. The result, at the time The Courier went to press, was that an IMF loan for settlement of Cameroon's debt to the African Development Bank was being held up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dealing with the negative social impact&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p07a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sudden devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 halved Cameroon's purchasing power overnight. The government has since cut wages twice. The average salary of a top civil servant, which stood at around CFAF 300 000 before devaluation, is now less than CFAF 180 000 while the lowest paid government employees receive just CFAF 30 000. At the same time, prices, particularly of imported manufactured goods and inputs, have risen sharply. Increases of up to 150% have been  recorded. By way of example, the price of a baguette (french bread), which was only CFAF 80 in January 1994 had risen to CFAF 130 by March 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there is considerable hardship, Cameroonians are a great deal more fortunate than fellow Africans in many other countries undergoing a similar adjustment process. Staple food remains cheap and affordable to the vast majority, thanks to the continuing strength of agriculture. As a result, there are few, if any, cases of malnutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of donors, including China, Belgium and the EC, are concentrating on health and education with the specific aim of reducing the negative social impact of adjustment. The EC, for example, has a project designed to strengthen health provision at the grassroots. This entails rehabilitating  infrastructures (health centres and district hospitals in particular) and establishing medical supply centres in areas that are not covered by other donors. The project is governed by the principle of cost-recovery to ensure viability and sustainability. But one area where the donors cannot do much is in the field of job creation. There is growing unemployment and job prospects in the formal sector, at least in the short term, are not good.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In macro-economic terms, things are locking up slightly for Cameroon. After recording economic growth of 3% in 1994/95, the hope is for a 5% increase in 1995/96. However, Cameroon's main economic operators, grouped under the umbrella of GICAM (Groupement inter-patronal du Cameroun), expressed fears late last year   that the country would not achieve this level of growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon exports a variety of primary commodities, most of whose prices have recovered in recent years, and devaluation has had a positive impact on the country's balance of trade. Specifically, it has helped make exports more competitive and in 1994/ 95 the trade surplus was a healthy CFAF 349bn, almost double the CFAF 128bn recorded in the previous year. There was a noticeable slowdown in the export of timber in the latter half of last year and the qualities of coffee and cocoa being sold were not up to the usual standard, a situation that led to both crops being shunned in the world market. Bananas exported to France were also meeting stiffer competition from French Caribbean bananas. However, the fact that rubber production has risen by more than 10%, while aluminium output and sales have increased, should help Cameroon to record another positive trade balance when the figures are next published.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The forestry sector, which has huge foreign-exchange earning and employment potential, is being rationalised as part of the current structural adjustment programme. The Canadian Agency for International Development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(CAID) has a five-year project to conserve and regenerate some 30 000 hectares. In fact, half of Cameroon is covered by forest and less than 500 000 ha is currently being exploited. The objective is to ensure that forest resources are exploited in the future at a sustainable level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The private sector&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industry, which is still in its infancy, has been developed by the government since independence largely with a view to import-substitution, although with some gearing towards the regional market. It accounts for about 14% of GDP and is currently dominated by aluminium smelting. Although devaluation has lately improved the competitiveness of those enterprises that add value to locally available raw materials, the manufacturing sector as a whole faces two major challenges now that the government has accepted the idea that the economy is best driven by the private sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first relates to private investments, which have been sluggish  over the past ten years; a clear illustration of a lack of confidence in the economy. This was amply demonstrated when Cameroonians with funds abroad failed to repatriate them to take advantage of the CFAF devaluation as was widely expected. This phenomenon puts the whole privatisation exercise in jeopardy as it means that the government is more likely to have to rely on foreign entrepreneurs. The best the authorities can therefore expect in the short term, some observers say, is to convert those state enterprises that are not already joint-ventures into ones where private investors become the majority shareholders. Complete divestment will then take place gradually over a longer timescale. Overall, 150 state enterprises have been earmarked for sale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to AndrÃ© Siaka, director of Cameroon's Brewery, who is also Chairman of GICAM, another reason for the lack of investment was high interest rates. These hovered around 20% for many years. Even now, after the reform of the banking sector, interest rates remain very high and there are no borrowers, he told The Courier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donors again have been conscious of this and some of their interventions have reflected this concern. For example, Canada is providing funds for the establishment in Douala (the commercial capital) of a centre for the development of private enterprises. Meanwhile, the Chinese have promised to provide CFAF 7bn to enable a line of credit to be opened for small and medium sized enterprises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government itself is puting in place a number of incentives, according to Minister of Trade and Industry Eloundou Mani Pierre. The liberalisation of the economy and the reform of the customs regime in collaboration with UDEAC, to which Cameroon belongs, are part of these. Mr Mani told The Courier that with a population of under 12 million, Cameroun's most important market was Central Africa. He also, perhaps surprisingly, has high hopes for the new World Trade Aareement. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon meanwhile is reviewing its plan for the establishment of export processing zones with the help of its main donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also looking at other ways of attracting foreign investment, particularly in 'value-added' enterprises involved in the processing of locally available raw materials such as cotton, cocoa, coffee and timber.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social and political peace&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second, and by far the more serious challenge facing manufacturing, is the problem of large-scale smuggling by petty traders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evidence of this abounds in the booming central market of Douala, where goods of all kinds can be found at very reasonable prices. Ironically the measures which were being taken and judged to be relatively effective against smuggling in recent years have had to be abandoned under structural adjustment rules imposed on the government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As Mr Siaka pointed out, petty traders dealing in smuggled goods put pressure on enterprises, 'because they do not pay tax', and threaten to render domestic manufacturing uncompetitive. It is also widely acknowledged, however, that the small-scale traders, who dominate the informal sector, provide job opportunities to Cameroonians, which is important at a time of economic austerity. Indeed petty trading has arguably been the safety-valve, helping to ease the social pressures brought about by structural adjustment, and thus preventing civil unrest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the extent to which that safety-valve can withstand the emerging political pressures is a different matter. Democratisation, understandably, was one of the conditions imposed by donors for assistance to Cameroon. After a series of elections - presidential, legislative and municipal - which were marred by violence and deaths, there are still doubts about the health of democracy in the country. Indeed, there are signs that tension is  mounting. And few would dispute that if Cameroon is to succeed economically, it needs both social peace and political stability. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Jacques Santer commends regional initiative</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Alex Kremer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission President's visit to West Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union's commitment to regional development in sub-Saharan Africa is as strong as ever, but sustainable development can only come from Africa's own initiative. This was the message delivered by Jacques Santer, President of the European Commission, in his address to African heads of state at the UEMOA (Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa) summit in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, on May 10.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'I wish to emphasise from the start,' Mr Santer declared to the Presidents of Benin, Burkina Faso, CÃŽte d'lvoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo, 'that the European Commission and the European Parliament are both determined to make our partnership even more dynamic and in tune with today's rapidly changing world.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The presence of the Commission President at the UEMOA summit marks a milestone in the European Community's support for regional integration in the developing world. With its own Commission, Council of Ministers and Court of Justice, the UEMOA appears to be consciously  following the supranational model of regional integration pioneered by the European Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sequencing of UEMOA integration, however, is almost the reverse of the European model. Already linked by a single currency in the CFA franc, the West African Union's member states are now pressing ahead with plans for integration of their 'real' economies. The implementation timetable agreed in Ouagadougou covers freedom of establishment, free movement of capital, mutual macroeconomic monitoring and the first steps to customs union with the harmonisation of external tariffs and the lowering or removal of intra-regional barriers to trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President Santer indicated that the European Commission is keen to discuss how the European Development Fund (EDF) can support these initiatives. Such aid could take the form of technical assistance and training as well as direct budgetary support to mitigate the short-term costs of customs union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UEMOA is not, however, an aid project. Its member states have designed it to stand on its own feet financially from the start. A 'community solidarity levy' was due to come into effect on 1 July 1996. The money will be used for a structural fund programme beginning in late 1997, as well as to finance the Union's operating costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meeting with the President of Burkina Faso, Blaise CompaorÃ©, Mr Santer said that it was particularly significant that his first official visit to Africa as President of the European&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission was to Ouagadougou. Not only was it a reaffirmation of the partnership between Africa and the EU, and a statement of the EU's willingness to support regional integration in the developing world. It was also a tribute to the determination of the people of Burkina Faso and other African countries to promote their own development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community is Burkina Faso's second largest donor, contributing 10% of total aid payments in 1994. Since 1991, the EC has committed an average of ECU 45 million each year to development cooperation with this country, rising to a peak of ECU 100m in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Santer visited the EDF-financed road improvement site at Tougan, close to the frontier with Mali, and noted that intra-regional transport links were an essential complement to the legislative programme of the UEMOA. He concluded his tour of regional cooperation projects with a visit to a photovoltaic pumping system financed by the EC under its West African solar energy programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, on a more personal note, the Commission President was able to drop in on a project managed by the charity ChrÃ©tiens pour le Sahel. Mr Santer worked for this Luxembourg-based organisation before starting his career in politics and he was visibly pleased to see that it was still going strong - supporting home-grown African initiatives with a little financial help from the European Community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.K. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA - moving with the times</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) was inaugurated 11 years ago in Ede, Prince Claus of the Netherlands - whose interest in development issues is well-known - attestded as guest of honour. On 19 April, he returned to take part in the official opening of the CTA's new building in neigh bouring Wageningen in the Dutch province of Gelderland. The siting of the purpose built premises is significant. The town of Wageningen has long been an important European centre for agricultural research and the Dutch, of course, are renowned for their commitment to cooperation with developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CTA may only have moved a short distance from its previous headquarters, but the Centre's 38-strong staff are also aware of the need to move with the times when it comes to fulfilling  their role in the field of agricultural information. This point was particularly emphasised by CTA Director, Dr. R.D. Cooke in his presentation at the opening ceremony. Recalling the Centre's main tasks (see box) Dr Cooke spoke of the 'changing horizons and challenges' which they faced, and he focused on four specific aspects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first of these is the big change taking place in national agricultural systems, with the state withdrawing more and more in favour of the private sector and NGOs. This is being accompanied by a trend towards decentralisation with the result that the CTA has many more potential partners to cater for and work with.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Global liberalisation has also had an effect on the kind of information being sought by the CTA's 'customers'. In the past, demand was almost exclusively for scientific or technical information, notably aimed at increasing productivity. Dr Cooke reported that while this remained important, there was now  an increasing interest in marketing and socio-economic aspects to facilitate decision-taking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It came as no surprise to hear the Director highlight the challenge posed by new technologies such as electronic networking and digital storage. The key point here, he stressed, was to find ways of adapting these to ACP needs and realities. 'In the next century,' he argued, 'the haves and the heve-nots will be defined by their access to information.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, Dr Cooke referred to the growing significance of regional linkages. He indicated that the CTA was locking at ways in which it could help its partners to devise regional development programmes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The declaration signalling the official opening of the building was made in the preceding presentation by E.F.C. Niehe who is Deputy DirectorGeneral for European Cooperation at the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In his speech, Mr Niehe emphasised the relevance of the CTA, pointing out that while the world food situation had improved, 'we are now on the threshold of structural food insecurity'. He also spoke in more general terms about the future of ACP-EU cooperation and acknowledged that 'partnership, sovereignty and equality had been somewhat neglected' by donors. However, he suggested that these concepts were now 'coming back'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the ACP side, the Swaziland ambassador, CS. Mamba,who is co-President of the Committee of Ambassadors, took up the theme of food shortages in sub-Saharan Africa and identified some of the difficulties encountered by African producers, particularly in respect of new technologies and marketing. He also referred to the environmental challenges facing ACP countries, especially in the Caribbean and Pacific. He was keen, however, to stress that the picture was 'not entirely negative'. Thus, for example, new technologies and methods had had a positive impact on grain production in Zimbabwe, horticulture in Kenya, and cocoa and coffee in West Africa. Mr Mamba echoed Dr Cooke in stressing the advantages of regional markets, and concluded with a firm statement of support for continuing ACP-EU cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'History,' he said, 'will show that the LomÃ© Convention played a central role in the momentum of development.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The final speaker was Steffen Smidt, Director-General for Development at the European Commission, who suggested that the CTA had played a pioneering role in developing a sectoral  approach at a time when the focus of development cooperation tended to be on individual projects. 'The Centre', he said, 'has become a well-respected international institution in the field of agricultural information.' The Director General focused on the need for ACP countries to develop their own capacities and on the gap that exists 'between potential and reality', because of capacity limitations. The Centre, he believed, could 'help bridge this gap.' Mr Smidt also reiterated a point made earlier that the information flow should not just be in one direction. 'Information from South to North is vital,' he argued, to ensure better targeting of programmes in future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After the speeches, guests had an opportunity to learn more about the CTA's work by speaking to the Centre's personnel and visiting a special exhibition illustrating the nature and purpose of the Centre's activities. _&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer About the CTA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CIA's tasks are: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - to develop and provide services which improve access to information for agricultural and rural development ; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - to strengthen the Opacity of ACP countries to produce, acquire, exchange and utilise information in these areas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Programmes are organised around three principal themes: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strengthening information centres - designing strategies for improving agricultural information services; - promoting use of new information technologies; - providing training; - donating books. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Promoting contact and exchange of: experience among CTA's partners in rural development - seminars; - study visits. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Providing information on demand - publication s; - radio and audiovisual materials; - literature services for researchers; - Question and answer service. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(The address of the Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural cooperation can be found in the CTA section towards the end of the white pages in   this issue.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bananas, Hamlet and the Windward IsIands</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Martin Dihm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What do the Windward Islands' banana industry and Hamlet have in common ? Both are intrigued by the same question: 'To be or not to be.' But unlike Hamlet, whose fete was decided rather quickly and tragically, the future of Windward Canibbean banana production is still open. And what is more, Windward producers have a distinct advantage over Hamlet. They can hire consultants to analyse their problem and come up with fresh solutions. That is what has happened. But before turning to the solutions, what have the problems been ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The four Windward Islands; Dominica, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenada, have long enjoyed preferential market access to the UK. This first permitted the creation of the industry and then secured its survival, even with production costs that are much higher than those of other producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A traumatic moment came when the European Community had to decide on a common market regime for bananas. Coming into effect in mid 1993 the regime maintained the principle of preferential access for traditional ACP producers. Nevertheless, it introduced a move towards greater market liberalisation. Fierce attacks on the regime by certain of the EU's trading partners have raised doubts about its viability. The system is due, in any case, to expire in 2002 when even further liberalisation seems likely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this could cause great difficulties for the Windward Islands which still depend substantially on banana exports to the EU. A decline in prices since mid-1993 and the appearance of new competitors in the previously protected UK market have further underlined the need for the Windwards to compete in a more liberal arena. The Islands commissioned a study, funded by the UK and the EC, into the competitiveness of their industry and on ways of improving its position. It was not the first study of this type, but earlier ones had had no real impact on the industry which had always been sufficiently protected to avoid swallowing the bitter pill of adjustment. This time, it was clear from the outset that action would have to be taken if the industry were to master the new situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The study provided a wealth of interesting insights and recommendations. The first big surprise - at least for outsiders - was the discovery that the industry was wasting considerable amounts each year through certain deficiencies in governance, management and production methods. The second theme of the study was the poor banana quality resulting from an inappropriate pricing system. In effect, price differences paid to farmers were not sufficient to reward extra attention to quality aspects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The study's recommendations pertaining to management, production and quality were all agreed in a meeting on 29 September 1995, which brought together the Prime Ministers, the EC and other donors. Prime Minister Mitchell of St Vincent labelled this chance for the industry to get its business right as 'the last train to San Fernando'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What has happened since then ? After some hesitation, the industry has indeed begun to 'take up arms against its sea of troubles' (to return to the Hamlet analogy). The EC, for its part, has taken the part of Horatio, the faithful friend. Its role is a delicate one though - for the EC has a lot of money available. Take, for example, the ECU 25m allocated to St Vincent in the 1994 STABEX exercise (roughly five times that  country's national indicative programme). How are such funds to be injected reasonably into the islands without undermining their own strength and sense of purpose in pursuing the right strategy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To answer this, one has to look at the actual requirements. Streamlining the banana industry is less a question of big infrastructure projects than of providing expertise to guide the necessary structural changes. It also means fewer people will be employed in the sector. Aid should, therefore, focus on technical assistance, promoting diversification, and social 'cushioning'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge, of course, remains considerable and the outcome will not be known for some time. But it is clear that the Windwards have taken bold steps in the right direction and that further steps are on the agenda. There is also little doubt that the islands small, sweet bananas can only be competitive in their market segment if they are produced and marketed professionally, and with dedication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So what could Hamlet have learnt from this experience ? In short - get sound analysis and fresh advice from outside - and then boldly implement. And stick close to your good old friend, Horatio! &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.D.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">British beef overshadows Development Council</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most recent meeting of the EC`s Development Council was one of the first to be hit by the non-cooperation policy adopted by the UK in protest at the export ban on British beef. The Overseas Development Minister, Linda Chalker, announced at the outset to her fellow ministers: 'I will not be able to agree today to the adoption of those texts... on which unanimity is required'. Britain is seeking agreement 'for a step-by-step lifting of the export ban', which was imposed after scientific evidence suggested a link between Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) - and its human 'equivalent', Creuzfeld Jakob Disease. Cases of BSE have been recorded across Europe, but the vast majority have been in the UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Texts which were approved included a regulation on refugees in non-LomÃ© developing countries. This makes available ECU 240 million over a four-year period (19961999) for longer term assistance to refugees and displaced persons - mainly in Asia and Latin America. Also agreed were two three-year programmes covering Aids control and environmental projects respectively. They will cover the period 1997-1999, and each has been allocated the sum of ECU 45m. In addition, ministers confirmed a regulation on the criteria for disbursing humanitarian aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the British stance meant that a number of important resolutions were blocked, including a text on mounting projects which link emergency, rehabilitation and longer-term aid. Rino Serri, Italy's Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs who presided the Council meeting, said that once adopted, this approach would represent a 'qualitative leap for the EU's development policy.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other resolutions awaiting approval relate to the strengthening of coordination between Member States, evaluation of the environmental impact of development policies, decentralised cooperation, and migration and development. Since good headway was made on these subjects despite the British attitude, the texts are expected  to be speedily agreed once the UK lifts its veto. Ministers also had an initial discussion on a paper presented by Commissioner Pinheiro on preventing conflicts in Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As is customary at these biannual meetings, several delegations raised points of particular national concern. Belgium, for example, is worried about the Commission's proposal which would finally establish the single market in chocolate products while leaving Member States the choice of adapting their legislation to allow a vegetable oil content of up to 5% in chocolate. Belgium feels that this approach could ultimately prove harmful to cacoa-producing countries and claims that it will be difficult to control the exact percentage of oil used. Sweden, meanwhile, wants action to reform the UN institutions while Italy is keen to increase public awareness of development policies. Finland emphasised the need for better coordination between the European Community and its Member States on environmentally sustainable projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Great Lakes region&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was backing for the June Round Table meeting on Rwanda organised by the UNDP, as well for the various diplomatic initiatives aimed at bringing stability to the Great Lakes region. On 27 May, the ministers dined  with Emma Bonino, the European Commissioner responsible for humanitarian issues, and with former US President, Jimmy Carter, who has played a major role in the search to find a solution to the region's problems. Others active in this effort include South Africa's Archbishop Tutu, and former Presidents Nyerere and TourÃ© of Tanzania and Mali respectively. Ministers also commended the efforts of the UN and the OAU.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Serri said there was a 'desperate need for a ceasefire' in Burundi and called for a 'speeding up of the peace process and full deployment of available humanitarian and development aid.' He told journalists it was vital for the EU to make special efforts to strengthen the judicial systems in Rwanda and Burundi - 'so that the justice system can work properly and identify those responsible for the genocide.' He pledged that 'substantial resources' would be made available once peace is secured. Ministers also called for a control of arms sales to the region, although they have no power to legislate in this area, which remains the preserve of the Member States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside the meeting place, Senegalese fishermen and NGOs joined forces to mount a protests against the effects of traditional EU fisheries agreements. These provide financial compensation to governments in exchange for access to their waters for EU vessels, but the protesters claim that they harm local fishing industries and disrupt food supplies. A significant number of agreements are due to come up for renewal later this year. NGOs are lobbying for a new and 'fairer' type of accord which provides for catch reductions, more selective fishing methods and the employment of locally-hired fishermen on EU boats. These proposals are all set out in a paper entitled 'The Fight for Fish: Towards Fair Fisheries Agreements,' published by Eurostep, a Brussels-based NGO. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Country report</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Cape Verde</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Making the best of history</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde has been shaped by the harmattan, the hot dry wind which blows from Africa, strong ocean currents and five hundred years of Portuguese colonialisation. Portugal has been a constant presence in the archipelago's history since the fifteenth century, when it granted the colonists who were to settle on the islands of Cape Verde a monopoly over the slave trade. The country became an interface between Africa, Europe and the Americas, at the centre of the triangle of trade in slaves, hardware and gold. The intermingling of black populations of every origin who  passed through the islands meant that the country was unable to present a united face against the colonialist culture. The colonists were therefore able to impose their own culture, with their fervent and proselytzing Catholicism becoming the principal ingredientin the mixture that is Cape Verde. Strong, scorching winds from the desert have shaped the islands' landscape and inhospitable ocean currents mean that approaches to the islands are difficult, their rocky cliff faces plunging into the sea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mythical Portuguese colonial oasis&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Up to the eighteenth century, Cape Verde was no more than a commercial centre for Portugal, its population at the end of that century barely exceeding 50,000, to be halved by the great drought between 1773-75. Other periods of drought regularly decimated the population and the arrival of new colonists and slaves did not offset such losses or compensate for the massive exodus which began in the early nineteenth century with the arrival of American whalers in search of crew members for their ships. Seven hundred thousand Cape Verdians currently live abroad, half of these in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only four hundred thousand  have stayed in their own country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the beginning of the twentieth century, a period which signalled a turning point in the country's history, the population still numbered no more than 150 000. At the time, major sea voyages were being undertaken and Cape Verde's geographical location was highly valued. Mindelo, on the island of SÃ£o Vicente in the north of the archipelago, developed as a coal-and-watersupply port for English vessels plying the route between India and the Americas, and England helped construct this port. However, Portugal's policy towards Cape Verde was double-edged. On the one hand, the islands were regarded as a natural extension of the home country, but as a competitor in terms of port activities. This led to Mindelo's slow development, although the trade in  skins, fishery produce, coffee and salt  could have made it a thriving centre. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mixing of races in Cape Verde has often been held up as, so-to-speak, 'humane colonisation', but this opinion is not corroborated by the under-developed state of the country at the time of independence and the fact that Portugal implemented food security measures to combat the ravages of catastrophic famines only when under pressure from public opinion, at the end of the first half of the twentieth century. The island's colonists had always used slave labour to produce food or fabrics which enabled them to purchase more slaves and it was only when the slave based economy began to decline, which   resulted in the impoverishment of the colonists, that a major grouping of free Blacks and rebel or emancipated slaves came into being. That is when the intermixing of races began. Therefore, before the abolition of slavery (18641869-1878), the vast majority of the black population of the island was free; both unmarried and married colonists would generally emancipate their children born of a secret relationship with female slaves. The aristocracy and white upper-middle classes continued to live a cloistered, aloof life and did not mix with other races. A second factor which would suggest that Portuguese colonisation of Cape Verde was sympathetic in outlook is the reputation of this small country's intellectuals; although colonisation created only a small intellectual elite which was the product of a single institution, the Mindelo College, opened in 1917. In a quote by Michel Lesourd, Deirdre Meintel refers to this phenomenon as the mythical 'cultural oasis'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A nation born of a middle class in tatters&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through its contradictions, it was this black, mulatto and 'petty white' middle class which was to forge the mixed-race culture and national identity, caught between its own privileges and its aspirations of aristocracy, between its rejection of African culture (they sought a 'lusotropical' culture) and the need to find allies amongst the lower classes who retained African cultural values. In order to acquire the wealth and attributes of power, this middle class was to take over the lands vacated by the decline of the slavebased economy and which were often much improved by the former slaves (renamed 'tenant farmers' without a major change in their living conditions) preventing a major economic upheaval which could have put an end to this iniquitous system. Their wholesale appropriation of land explains why, today, there is a very high proportion of landless farmers in Cape Verde, seasonal agricultural workers who survive only thanks to the State's welfare system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This petty bourgeoisie was to give birth to growing awareness which would lead to calls for independence. Officially, Cape Verde was not a colony but a province, and its inhabitants in theory had the same rights or lack of rights as Portuguese citizens in Salazar's 'New State', where the right to vote depended on social and cultural status. In other Portuguese territories, members of the petty bourgeoisie held the rank of colonial administrators and, from their ranks, the pro-independence movements emerged. Such was the case of the PAIGC (Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde pro-lndependence Party), created by Amilcar Cabral, a symbolic figure in Africa's striuggles for independence and Cape Verde's national hero. He was assassinated in mysterious circumstances in Guinea-Conakry in 1973. His brother, Luiz Cabral, was to become president of Guinea-Bissau, and Aristides Pereira his successor as Party leader and Cape Verde's first president.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's uneventful transition to independence in July 1975 mirrored Portugalts Carnation Revolution and was quite unlike the fierce war entered into by Portugal in Mozambique and Angola. There was a clandestine struggle during which a number of combatants were imprisoned, but there was never any real guerilla warfare. The Portuguese governor remained at his post until he was replaced by an ambassador. The PAIGC was to govern both Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde until the coup d'Ã©tat against Luiz Cabral in Guinea-Bissau in 1980, when it adopted the name of PAICV in Cape Verde, thereby signalling the end to any dream of a union between the two countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diplomatic ventures&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new state pursued an even-handed diplomatic approach and accomplished the considerable diplomatic feat of remaining equidistant between the Cold wer's principal adversaries, adapting over time to all the changes which occurred on the world  scene. Post-independence, embassies were opened by the United States, China and the Soviet Union. Cape Verde, with its marxist leanings, maintained the former links created with apartheid South Africa by Portugal. The arrival in power of a liberal party had no effect on this diplomatic tightrope-walking act. It was South Africa which was to provide aid to build the international airport at Sal. Ironically, after the establishment of democracy in South Africa, it was at this very airport that President Mandela was to stress his desire for strengthened links with the archipelago. Latterly, Cape Verde has demonstrated this flexible in its recent decision to Join the group of, French-speaking countries whilst still regarding itself as a mouthpiece for the Portuguese-speaking world, enjoying a privileged relationship with Portugal, the Azores, Brazil and African countries where the official language is Portuguese. It is also a very active member of the CEDAO (Community of West-African States) and its President is currently chairman of the CILSS (Inter  national Commitee to Combat Drought). Cape Verde receives as much aid from China as from the US, from Russia and Sweden as from Cuba and Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This diplomacy is in keeping with the atypical 'Marxist' Party which first initiated it. With its interventionist approach to economics, its highly developed social policy which gives priority to education, health and combating unemployment through public welfare, this party could be regarded as a socialist party, yet it opted decisively for a market economy. Its single-party structure mirrored the example of would-be popular democracies, but it never set up a system of repression and terror: only one opposition member's death is said to have taken place in suspicious circumstances on the island of Santo Antao. The population was able to discuss politics at popular assemblies and held no fear of openly criticising the government and, in the case of the well-off, of displaying its wealth. A mudanÃ§a (change) was implemented calmly and collectedly by the PAICV when it was in power, sowing the seeds of its own downfall. With no pressure from street demonstrations and no insistent demands from political classes, the government of President Aristides Pereira and Prime Minister Pedro Pires adapted to the new situation created by the fall of the Berlin Wall. In early 1990, the PAICV gave up its privileged position as the single party and, one year later, at the legislative elections in January 1991 and presidential elections in February 1991, Africa witnessed the first democratic overthrow of a single-party government which had achieved independence. After the legislative elections, the PAICV, which had placed too great a reliance on being credited for its good governance, was silenced. The desire for change was too great and the position adopted by the Catholic church, anxious to punish a party which had dared to opt for a referendum on abortion, did the rest. President Aristides Pereira's personal prestige stood for little in the full face of this onslaught.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What change?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister Carlos Veiga, who had founded the MPD only eight months before his overwhelming success in the 1991 elections, became the new figurehead in Cape Verde politics. His power sharing with Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro was again successful at the most recent elections (December 1995 and January 1996). Shortly before the poll, the MPD experienced a near-fatal split, but the new party which emerged, the PCD, had only one representative as against 50 (an absolute majority) for the MPD and 21 for the PAICV, which continued to exist. Three other parties taking part in the elections fell by the wayside and the polarisation of Cape Verde's politics into two camps locks set to continue. This is the second time that the MPD has surprised its opponents - this time, the political adversaries had attacked the MPD's attempt to curry favour, but the majority of the electorate, concentrated on the island of Santiago, continued to show their appreciation of the visible signs of modernisation in their lives and also the government's seductive politics, particularly in the ran-up to the elections. The country had also had a good harvest and, although this was unconnected with the MPD, that party could only benefit from it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite what MPD leaders might say, there has been no real ideological split, any political reorientation having been instigated in 1990 by the previous regime when it threw off its socialist trappings. Diplomacy remains  pragmatic and the new government's liberal rhetoric and social policy, particularly in the areas of education and health, has essentially been maintained. Suspension of the State's collective works programme, the symbol of the State's interventionist social policy, is only temporary, according to statements issued by the Prime Minister, counter to several rumours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More visible changes have taken place in the economy: partial liberalisation of the banking system; legislation relating to foreign investment; suspension of the requirement for preliminary import authorisation; despite the government's backtracking as regards certain basic products; privatisation of State assets, particularly in the hotel business, etc. Here, too, the PAICV government engineered the changes, but it can surely not be criticised for maintaining a delicate balance between the new demands of the global village and the social practices of a country which is very poor, but which is succeeding in putting an end to its poverty and creating a modest quality of life, but a secure one. Given its bleak geographical location, Cape Verde is simply  continuing to make the best of history. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The economy: too weak to worsen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The arrival in Praia on 30 April of a throng of IMF officials cannot have failed to cause the government some concern, despite its air of calm. Ministers repeated publicly that Cape Verde had already carried out its own programme of structural adjustments, that they were on the same wavelength as the Bretton Woods institutions, and that they could not, therefore, see any reason why any further adjustments  should be imposed upon them. Nevertheless, the fact that the Cape Verde escudo has had rather a bumpy ride since last year's elections, trading sometimes by as much as 15% under its official rate on the parallel market, caused a certain degree of anxiety within financial circles, with the banks taking action by freezing certain credit facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government insists that this situation has by no means arisen because of a sudden anxiety raised by opposition parties as to the effects of possible devaluation The truth is that there is a genuine structural imbalance caused by the trade deficit, a disequilibrium which is only being partially offset by official development assistance and the transfer of currency by Cape Verde emigres. As a percentage of the GDP, the overall budgetary deficit has tripled between 1993 and 1994 (increasing from 3.3% to 13.6%). For a country which could always be relied upon to pay its debts promptly, Cape Verde is now, for the first time, in arrears with its payments (see the 1995 report of the Bank of Portugal). The servicing of external debts represents 25.7% of goods and services exported - although these are relatvely small compared with neighbouring countries - the country's total outstanding debt is now nearing $200 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although Cape Verde is one of the LDCs (least developed countries) with a total GNP of approximately $850 per capita, out of a total of 174 States, it actually ranks 123 in the Human Development Indicator Tables, which take into account various factors such as life expectancy, education, etc. Its position near the middle of these tables clearly shows that, although the country is poor, its affairs are nevertheless being managed fairly efficiently. Boasting an adult literacy rate of 66% and a life expectancy of 64.7 years, Cape Verde is well ahead of those countries at the bottom of the list, which include a number of its Sahelian neighbours. Efficient administration of the State and the absence of rampant corruption are further feathers in the nation's cap. These achievements have earned Cape Verde much esteem from its sponsors, which goes to explain the prudence of the Bretton Woods institutions and their relative sympathies towards the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unkind Mother Nature&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's history has been punctuated by great famines. Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries the country suffered no less than 30 famines, with this century seeing some of the cruellest: 16 000 people died in 1903-1904, the death toll in 1921 was 17000, in 1941-43 it was 25000 and between 1946-48 famine claimed 20 000 lives - a figure which at the time represented 20% of the total population of the archipelago. After the last famine, the colonial authorities, under pressure from international opinion, adopted food programmes which made the country more able to cope with the consequences of subsequent droughts. The last great famine ended 50 years ago. The nation may no longer be hungry, but the factors which make its inhabitants' lives so difficult remain. The  main reason lies in the country's geography. Cape Verde has virtually no permanent springs and the topography of most of the islands, which are very mountainous, means that heavy rain simply runs down to the sea, the parched soil being unable to absorb it sufficiently. What is more, these downpours simultaneously wash away the little arable land that do&quot; exist, thereby aggravating erosion. The whole situation is further worsened by the fact that the winter in this Sahelian region is very short. Despite huge efforts by successive governments, barely half the population has access to drinking water, with this figure barely reaching 25% in rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a population of less than 400 000, there are just not enough people to pull off the miracle of making such an unforgiving soil bear fruit. Hence, although providing 50% of all jobs, agriculture represents only 17% of the nation's gross domestic product and produces only 10% of food consumed locally. The mountainous islands that make up Cape Verde are like teeth jutting out of the sea, and with virtually no continental shelf to speak of, small scale fishing is extremely difficult. Even with industrial equipment such as that installed on board large trawlers, catches are small - so small in fact that the country's fisheries agreement with the European Commission brings it only one million ECU over three years, one tenth of the proportional amount earned by neighbouring Senegal. Fishing thus represents less than 4% of the GDP.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mere survival - a&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herculean task&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Transport difficulties are another handicap for the economy. The sheer force of the harmattan, the strong ocean currents and the fog which often covers the region, make journeying by boat between the islands frequently hazardous. In addition, the volcanic relief of the islands makes them difficult to reach and means that there are very few locations that make suitable har  bours. construction is both complex and costly due to the steep rocky barriers that seal off deep valleys. Those roads which have been built under the FAIMO scheme (Highly Labour-lntensive Projects) have sometimes turned into real labours of Hercules, and many areas, especially those on sparsely-populated islands, remain completely cut-off. The use of aeroplanes only partly solves the problem. Although competitive, the prices charged by the national airline, TAICV, are still too high for the average inhabitant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not only does the soil on Cape Verde contain very little water, it has virtually no natural resources: a few stones, lime, pozzolana and a little salt. Within the manufacturing sector (which makes up less than 20% of the GDP), only the construction and civil engineering industries, representing more than 10% of the GDP, contribute in any significant way to the economy, thanks partly to the transfer of currency from emigres who invest in the construction  sector and works with wide public interest. These works, known as FAIMO schemes, have to some extent given this impoverished country a gloss that masks its poverty. Launched after Cape Verde gained its independence, they employ more than 25 000 people for up to ten months of the year in the construction of paved roads or in reafforestation projects, and ensure the survival of one hundred thousand people - over one quarter of the population. The workers are on the whole recruited from among farm labourers, with another large section of the workforce being made up of 'Solteiras' or 'single women', numerous in a country where the male population is constantly emigrating. Unfortunately, the liberal option adopted by the present government has cast some doubt as to whether these projects will continue and this year, for the first time, work ceased in April - three months ahead of the usual termination date. Yet the poor wages which these seasonal jobs pay (ECU 2 per day) are sometimes the only source of income for some families.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only the tertiary sector shows a healthy balance of trade, accounting for  more than 60% of the country's gross domestic production, with the biggest slice of the sector going to the hotel industry, followed by the transport industry. Although, overall, Cape Verde's balance of trade records a large deficit, the balance of trade for the services sector generally shows a profit, with the transport services provided by the international airport, Amilcar Cabral de Sal, alone accounting for 13% of exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; Barely 10% of commercial goods are domestically produced and this has at times fallen below 5%. Cape Verde is therefore genuinely dependent upon foreign aid. Official development assistance represents 27.8% of the GNP (1989 figures), having risen from 17.7% to 27.2% of the GNP between 1980 and 1986. Cape Verde also relies on a second source of income - its emigrant population. In 1990 the currency transfers of its emigres represented nearly 20% of the GNP. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The colonial heritage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributing too to the country's poverty are relatively low educational standards. In this area too, successive governments have continued their predecessors' efforts to improve standards of education. However, at the time the country achieved independence, it was in a deplorable state. The reputation of a small intellectual elite of Cape Verdians had, over several decades, led the world to believe that Portuguese colonial rule had been 'enlightened'. This was a mere illusion. It was not until 1917, when the Mindelo grammar school was founded, that the country was able to claim an educational establishment of any cultural sophistication. The Mindelo school was the first state school in the country and it was to provide the nation with its first batch of 'home-grown' intellectuals. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the Church, which was in charge of all matters educational, had provided basic primary education; then, at the end of the last century, it opened two secondary schools with the purpose of training students for positions in government and the civil service.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even so, the Mindelo school remained an exception until the middle of this century. In 1950, no more than 5000 children received primary education and no more than 400 went to secondary school. Thirty years earlier, the figure was slightly higher, but Salazar, with his retrograde ideologies, saw education as dangerous and threatening and trimmed the number of schools on the islands from 150 to 60. True, Cape Verde was undoubtedly in a better state than other Portuguese colonies, but, with an illiteracy rate of 80% at the beginning of the 1960s, its position was nevertheless far from enviable. It was not until independence that any real progress was made, with 60% of children attending primary school in 1989 (the average for LDCs is 54%). However, this figure is still well below the average for developing countries, which stands at 90%, and even now, only 13 % of children have access to secondary education. As for higher education, this is virtually only available abroad; in Europe, Brazil, USA and Cuba, in particular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serious health problems still exist, exacerbated in particular by the scarcity of water. The cholera epidemic which has struck several African countries over the last two years has killed over 150 people in Cape Verde. The prevalence of AIDS exceeds the average for sub-Saharan Africa, with more than 2000 people being HIV positive and with some one hundred having developed the full-blown disease. According to official figures, 70 have died of the disease. The cholera epidemic which, unlike previous epidemics has affected towns much more than rural areas, is a sign of the deterioration of sanitary conditions in towns - particularly in Praia - affected by a lack of water, a dilapidated sewerage system and overcrowding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anchoring the country's economy in its culture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet, through all the doom and gloom, a small miracle is taking place in Cape Verde. Despite such a heavy burden of poverty, the country has, since gaining independence 20 years ago, managed to clamber up the league tables notably in the essential areas of health and education. Life expectancy at birth, which was only 52 years in 1950,  had increased in 1992 to 64.7 years, better than the average for developing countries and 13 years more than the average for sub-Saharan Africa. The infant mortality rate which stood at 110 per thousand in 1960, had dropped drastically to 50 per thousand by 1992, while virtually all children now receive essential vaccinations. Malaria is also now rare. In 1988 the GDP of Cape Verde amounted to only C.V.Esc 20 billion ($289 million), in other words, 6.9% of the GDP of Trinidad and Tobago, and 16.6% of that of Mauritius. But it is growing steadily. From 1980 to 1988, it grew by 6% per annum, compared with 3% per annum for the Sahel, and since 1980 the GDP per capita has doubled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The solution the nation's leaders should be seeking is greater integration in the global economy context by encouraging foreign investment. They do not need to create free zones but free enterprise, such as the shoe manufacturing concerns which, over the last two years, have contributed to achieving a considerable increase in exports. Various steps have been taken to attract investors, such as the adoption of the principle of tacit acceptance of applications for investment within 30 days. The Prime Minister, Carlos Veiga, and the 'Super-Minister' for Economic Coordination, Antonio Guelberto do Rosario, have highlighted the service, tourism and fishing industries as top government priorities. In order to develop these areas they intend to invest in infrastructures, with the aid, of course, of foreign backers. The modernisation of the port of SÃ£o Vicente and of the international airport of Sal are currently underway, and the telecommunications project to link the islands by cable has also already been launched. The government's short-term plans also include the development of industries connected with the islands' culture. In the words of Mr Veiga: 'We in Cape Verde should develop our culture and use it as our anchor, to prevent our country drifting into oblivion. That way, our tiny country, which is fortunate enough to have a strong cultural identity, will be a Nation rather than a just a State'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.G. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with President Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A wealth of culture and a realistic approach to diplomacy: Cape Verde's two major assets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- How the current government differ from the former administration which had Marxist leanings ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The two eras are distinct from each other in that, since 1990, the Cape Verde people have been able to choose a life of freedom and democracy. Before that, for the   first fifteen years after independence, there was a single-party system. So it is also valid to speak of a break - a break with the way in which institutions used to function at a political level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The single-party era does not seem to have been as strict as in other countries and the current regime appears to be continuing along the same lines in some areas. Was the former administration not, to some extent, responsible for initiating the change which has taken place ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No, that's something else entirely. I often say that we had a civilised single party, and I assume that is what you are referring to. However, it is not possible to speak of continuity when formerly we had a single party and now we have moved on to a system where there is freedom of expression and new parties can be set up. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Admittedly, the single party did initiate a change when it created the conditions necessary for the advent of democracy. It removed the infamous Article 4 from the constitution, which seates that the PAICV was the guiding force of society and the state. In fact, it was the PAICV which drew up the country's first electoral laws whereby we were elected. When I say 'we', I mean the party which is in power and also myself, President of the Republic. The single party thus opened the way to  democracy here: that much is undeniable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Am I also right in thinking that many of those who are in power today received their training in that single party ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - You are quite correct. When a change such as this comes about, one has to appreciate, and I do not wish to be elitist here, that it is the higher echelons of a party which lead the move towards change. Such people were there, working in the administration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Since politics gives direction to economic affairs, has there been a total turnaround in this sector, with a clear decision to opt for liberalisation and privatisation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Before 1990, we had a staterun economy. After that, the country's economy was opened up with a number of privatisations, fewer import restrictions, and so on. The word 'break' is also applicable in this area in that we now have a market economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Do you feel that the economy has really shaken off state control given that the govemment still manages important sectors, such as the price of raw materials ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That is necessary a market economy does not mean that the state is entirely absent. I am in favour of a market economy, but with state monitoring. As far as possible, the state has to correct the injustices which are necessarily generated by competition. This is not, as some would have it, ultraliberalism. The government is still entitled to monitor the economy, but the change has been greatest in terms of attitude, in terms of the way things are done.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Do you, like many leaders of developing countries, believe that the requirements set by international institutions as regards structure/ adjustment are too great ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We are not subject to compulsory adjustment - it is on a voluntary basis here. However, I do feel that adjustment, as implemented in Africa, sometimes has regrettable aspects. On occasion, it is asking a little too much to impose the same requirements on countries whose actual situations are very different. What is applicable to Nigeria is not necessarily suitable for SÃ£o Tome.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The 1992 constitution switched Cape Verde over from a presidential system to a parliamentary system. As President of the Republic, do you fee/ trapped by this constitution ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Cape Verde's constitution was never a presidential one. The system under which I was elected is effectively 'semi-presidential'. Admittedly, the constitution which was approved by Parliament in 1992 reduced the powers of the &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President, particularly as regards the right to dissolve Parliament - which was unrestricted in the 1980 text. The revision was made to permit democratisation and ensure the proper functioning of the institutions, and it was therefore fairly wide-ranging. Now, in order to dissolve Parliament, the President has to have the support of the Council of the Republic, which means that his hands are tied to some extent. Previously, the President could also dismiss the government, without too many restrictions. I would say that the President's prerogatives have undergone a substantial reduction in comparison with those exceptional powers. As for the rest, things are as they were. In a semi-presidential regime as that envisaged by the 1980 constitution, the President has no executive role.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You seem to have chosen to play the role of 'wise man' Some observers think you give the Prime Minister too much leeway.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - They are wrong. The Prime Minister's post is conferred on him by the constitution. He is Head of Government and it is he who governs. I cannot govern in his place. What is true is that there is a great deal of ignorance - people do not restrict themselves to their own fields and attempt to teach lessons in subjects they are unfamiliar with. Germany has a parliamentary  regime like we do - what is the position of the President of the Republic in Germany? If you were to ask a Cape Verde intellectual for the name of the President of Germany, he would be unable to answer you. The parliamentary regime does not give the President of the Republic any powers to run the country. I do not know what the Prime Minister can have taken away from me because I have no power for him to take over. However, I would say that, here, the President of the Republic does have a fairly high profile, in spite of his reduced powers, because all the country's citizens know him. In terms of foreign policy, he plays a significant role in that he represents the country abroad. I attend international conferences like the Rio Summit, go to meetings of the OAU and sign international undertakings on behalf of my country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The President is also the guarantor of the new democracy, which observers seem to regard as well-established. But there still seem to be some bad habits. For instance, I have heard criticism of MPD power and of the fact that state  resources are made available to one party at election time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Look, this is criticism from the government's opponents - it is a normal state of affairs and happens everywhere. Any party, in any country, which has a parliamentary majority, can govern easily. This is possible, even when the majority is very small - and even in Europe. Look at Portugal when Cavaquo Silva was Prime Minister. There were people who said it was a PSD State. You will be familiar with France when Pompidou and even de Gaulle were in power, and Francis Mitterrand used to speak of a Gaullist state. As far as the election campaign is concerned, I am not aware of the government here having monopolised state resources and I don't believe this has happened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Another important factor involved in democracy is the press. Several journalists from the private media sector are awaiting a decision from you on a number of points - for example the lack of pubic support for the private press - in contrast to thestate-run press which has access to all that it needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - What decision are they waiting for ? Do they want me to decide in favour of resourcess being given to the private media ? I have already done that on a number of occasions. Recently, I had a meeting with the Prime Minister and I brought this matter up. He told me that it was something that was currently being considered. Sometimes, however, I get the impression that some of my critics want me to do the work of an opposition leader and to oppose the Government. That is not my job. I think that the President of the Republic, in a regime such as ours, ought to be a unifying force and not someone who foments political tension and instability. That is something I have always tried to avoid, but I do have sufficient courage to tell the government and the Prime Minister exactly what I think and I have actually dared to criticise them publicly several times. I am sole judge of the criticism I make, and I decide if it is appropriate and also when the time is right. Sometimes, people would have   me criticise the government according to a timetable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A number of journalists in the private sector are currently being prosecuted and these actions nearly all originate from sources close to the government Surely if they were actually acting unprofessionally, we would see legal actions from parts of society, such as business, and not just from the political class.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The reason for this is very simple. It is the political class that they vilify. I myself have been insulted on a number of occasions and, despite having put up with it for five years, I have not instigated any lawsuits. There was one case which was taken seriously by the Attorney General's office and there  were other cases when the Prime Minister was called a thief. I would ask you, is this a normal state of affairs ? Does freedom of the press mean that it can call a Minister or the Mayor of Praia a thief? Is that what is meant by democracy ? You have to be aware of the background to these court cases - and there are a good many of them, some dating from 1991. They are not designed to 'get at' any particular newspaper. The reason many of these cases have been brought is because serious insults of the kind we are talking about are a crime. That is true of even the most advanced democracies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In economic terms, Cape Verde does not appear too badly off. But some economic indicators do give rise to concern, notably the big gap between the export and import figures. How do you see your country's future when it no longer relies so much on international aid ? Do you believe in the dream of many of your fellow countrymen, that Cape Verde will be Africa's 'little dragon'?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Unlike some people, I have never spoken of becoming a dragon. I don't like this expression. I do believe that, despite our enormous problems - Cape Verde has few resources and we have been in the grip of drought for many years - it does have a number of assets. We are capable of making progress and I believe that there are a number of promising areas which have already been identified: for example, fisheries, tourism and even 'foreign' investment. We have to be optimistic about Cape Verde's future. We are in a difficult situation, everyone knows that, but we are a hard-working and courageous people and our prospects are good. The country will be able to forge ahead.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-On the diplomatic front, Cape Verde appears something of an expert at maintaining good relations with different regimes: for instance, with both Israel and the Arab countries, with China, and with South Africa before and after apartheid. How do you manage this ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - There is no magic formula. Since independence, Cape Verde has tried to adopt a realistic and pragmatic foreign policy. We are a small country with no great influence on the international scene and we have to be on good terms with everyone. That is the principle on which we base our foreign policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau used to be fairly close - do you foresee any future rapprochement, perhaps in some form of federation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is difficult to say. I feel that there is already a degree of rapprochement in progress, particularly in economic terms. Recently, we signed a civil aviation cooperation agreement, and there are opportunities for similar achievements in the fisheries and shipping sectors as well. Relations between the Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau governments are excellent but, to my mind, the idea of our forming a federation is out of date. It would not be in our interests nor in those of Guinea Bissau. We do, however, intend to develop a closer economic relationship and our political relations are very good indeed. I would wager that our partners in Guinea Bissau would give you a similar analysis of the situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-In cultural terms, can it be said that your country has succeeded in becoming a multi-ethnic state ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The important thing is that the Cape Verde people should have their own identity; that there should be a specific Cape Verde culture. What I would say is that all the citizens of Cape Verde are proud of their culture and citizenship. This constitutes a great source of strength for a country such as ours which has major challenges to overcome. Our culture is also an asset in our country's development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview with Aristides Lima, leader of the Opposition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'The government owes its victory to abuse of the electoral system'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· As main leader of the Opposition, what are your views on the fact that the governing party has recently been reelected ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I believe the country's economy is in crisis. Growth rates are not very high, just like in the 1980s, for example, and there is a high level of structural imbalance. Unemployment has increased: in 1990, unemployment stood at approximately 25% and now it is 30%. There used to be 25 000 people who worked in what we call the high intensity labour sector and who had a job for about 10 months of the year. They were recently laid off early. Such jobs were part of a social programme which, amongst other things, enabled us to build roads. The prices of staple products, such as sugar, maize and rice, which were stable, have just gone up, and the price of cement, which was also controlled to promote economic growth, is no longer subject to the same control and I can foresee this giving rise to many problems in areas outside the towns and cities. In Praia, a 50-kg bag of cement used to cost 440 escudos and, although that price will stay more or less the same, on islands like Fogo, it will go up to about 660 escudos. This will generate problems for economic growth and a number of major projects in the tourism sector, for example, will suffer. The balance between exports and imports has also been adversely affected in that the level of coverage of imports by exports has fallen, despite announcements to the contrary made by the government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· From 1993 to 1995, exports tripled in volume, if the government is to be believed. What are your thoughts on that ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The problem is that, in this country, some exports rely on the import of considerable amounts of raw materials. For example, in SÃ£o Vicente, there is a shoe-manufacturing plant which gets its supplies of raw materials from abroad. The same applies to fishing and a number of fisheries products, such as anchovies, which are still canned in SÃ£o Vicente but which have to be imported from Chile or elsewhere. This causes great problems when it comes to managing the country's foreign currency reserves, which have fallen markedly. In 1990, reserves provided over 6 months' coverage for imports, but now we have to operate in terms of weeks or even days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nevertheless, the government could say that it is not responsible for the economic picture you have just painted because the world economic situation is hitting all small countries harder.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No, the government is responsible, because it has been unable to implement the appropriate liberalization policy. For example, this should have been applied gradually to the trade sector, but the government rushed in and has now had to backtrack on goods which needed import authorization. What happened was that it lifted this authorization requirement but has now  had to bring it in once again. And another thing, the policy of liberalization has not been accompanied by very high levels of foreign investment and, in addition, the country's skilled workers feel marginalised, all of which goes to make the situation worse. As for structural adjustment, the government has always supported the idea of 'less State equals a better State', but, in practice, we have seen spending on the State's everyday activities go up and up. Civil service staff levels have now risen to about 12 000, compared with the former 10 000. However, increased spending is also a result of a not always equitable wages policy - the difference between the highest and lowest salaries is huge and, in some public bodies, one worker might be earning 15 times as much as another.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· According to the Minister for Economic Coordination, the currency is under pressure as a result of the Opposition's irresponsible scare tactics of announcing a future devaluation, leading to the stock-piling of currency and goods, a kind of artificial speculation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's a very good way of offloading one's responsibilities - the Opposition did no more than criticise the government's policy and point to the   facts of the situation. It was members of the government themselves who acknowledged the low levels of currency reserves and the State bank which suspended transfers abroad. The Minister would have people believe that the Opposition lacks any credibility so how could this same Opposition have any influence on peoples' behaviour? The problem is actually extremely basic: economic operators, society and foreigners are not really au fait with the country's real economic situation because the government does not issue information, which is one of our basic criticisms. Parliamentary representatives and political parties no longer receive the figures they need and the latter are sometimes forced to consult foreign sources or to rely on their personal links with people who are close to sources of information. I myself criticised the Prime Minister for adopting this attitude of regarding information as subversive. I asked the Prime Minister for a copy of the study on Cape Verde's economy by a Portuguese professor, which had been paid for with tax payers' money. I never received it. For our part, we hope that Cape Verde's partners will be able to recognise the true situation and persuade the government to act in a more equitable manner.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nonetheless the people cannot be too disappointed, because they reelected the government for another term.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That could be explained in many ways - the government controls information and therefore holds the reins of power. It controls television, radio, part of the print media, and the private-press sector is fairly weak, so it has been able to manipulate information and give people the idea that the country is on the right track. The government did do things to change peoples' lives, but it exaggerated its achievements using the State social communication means available to it. In fact, it did not achieve the major objectives it set itself: firstly its fight against unemployment - a failure. Balancing foreign economic relations - another failure. Balancing the domestic  economic situation: differences between our various islands have become more acute. In matters of health, Cape Verde made major advances when our party was in power and, although, to all intents and purposes, the health sector is just as good when compared with other African countries, it has, in fact, deteriorated. Diseases which had been eradicated from the country are returning, like malaria, for example, cholera, etc. Health services are concentrated in the capital city, Praia, and there is no decentralisation, which has negative effects on even links between carers and patients. Humanism shows the effects of a situation such as this, and it applies not only to health: there is an unfair distribution of State financial resources between the central government and local government. The State has been unable to reform local finances and has politicised transfers of funds to those districts which are closest to it. The government has also profited from the structural problems encountered in the working of our democracy. One of these structural problems is Parliament's weakness: it sits only three times a year and the representatives do not work full-time - they are sometimes employed by the administration which they are supposed to monitor. Democracy has a price and although savings can be made in other spheres, when one is  seeking good governance, one of the conditions for which is a strong, functional and effective Parliament, this is not possible. The weakness of the private-press sector is yet another problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-And are you continuing to work in the administration ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I am a 'full-time' parliamentary representative. There are now about 10 out of 79 representatives who work on a full-time basis. They are members of Parliament's office, chairmen of committees and parliamentary leaders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The government says that it inherited a serious state of affairs when it took over power from the PAICV.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is simply not true that the good life began with this government's accession to power. Here's a little history lesson: think back to colonial times. Admittedly, there were negative aspects to our time in power but you must remember that the PAICV did, in fact, leave in place the subjective.  physical basis for the new policy direction. When we achieved independence, Cape Verde had no ports or airports, apart from small-scale port facilities at SÃ£o Vicente. We built the port at Praia, the port at Sal, the port at SÃ£o Nicolau and a number of airports. The telecommunications system was also set up by the PAICV government and we implemented the initial educational reforms. In the 1980s, the GDP growth rate was 7%and the per capita income was one of the highest in Africa, more than $820.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The party in power describes the PAICV as marxist and non-democratic claiming that it was they, not the PAICV, who introduced democracy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That is nothing more than rhetoric, because all of the current governing party's members were in the PAICV - they were radicals, more marxist than anyone. Everyone knows that here, in Cape Verde, we had a pragmatic party, not a marxist party, although marxism was a source of ideas for many people. The idea was not to build socialism here. In those days, we had an open, not a centralised economy and all trade was private. We always had a market economy and to describe us as non-democratic is idle rhetoric. The PAICV's ideology has always been one of national liberation based on political and economic independence, with power vested in the people. This was a normal state of affairs during a national liberation struggle and, although it would be true to say that we were influenced by a certain single-party model which had gained widespread acceptance in Africa, the single party here could not be compared with any other. Both the PAIGC and later the PAICV attempted to force people into taking part in citizens' assemblies in order to put forward suggestions to the candidates. The current Prime Minister, Mr Veiga, for example, was put forward by a militants' assembly - he was on the PAICV's lists and they used to sit one beside the other on the benches in Parliament. The regime was, I suppose, slightly paternalistic but it was the people themselves who were really responsible for national liberation, it was they who had an idea of justice, patriotism, of being African, which explains the total commitment of Cape Verde's people to our party in the struggle for independence and also the good results we achieved when in power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Why, then, were you not re-elected ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The party had been in power for a long time, with the same president, the same prime minister, the same president of the national assembly and virtually all the same ministers. People were hungry for change because the ruling elite had been in place for so long. The international scene, also, did not favour the old single-party system. Another element, too, was the Church, which fought us over the question of abortion. Perhaps I should point out that, from the very beginning, a section of the Catholic church was not in favour of independence, but younger members of the clergy, with more sympathetic feelings towards the population, supported us and, thus, we changed peoples' attitudes. The Church in Africa is a phenomenon worthy of greater analysis, particularly in Cape Verde, where, I feel, the current government was able to take advantage of the Cape Verde peoples) essentially religious nature to criticise us and present us as an anticlerical party. In fact, the situation is quite different: most PAICV leaders and militants are Roman Catholics and some church&quot; were damaged by opponents in an attempt to discredit the party. Another example of abuse of the electoral system, apart from taking advantage of the peoples' religious nature, is the country's poverty. During election campaigns, the government make it easier for people to obtain food, and it also creates more jobs, en masse, but these disappear again after the elections - precisely as is happening at the moment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· As it is governed at the moment, Cape Verde is regarded by other countries as a 'star pupil'. Surely this is another success for the government ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Cape Verde has always been regarded as a star pupil because, here, our society is fairly homogeneous and there are no major social or ethnic imbalances. However, in my opinion, the future depends on changes at a structural level and such changes cannot take place unless we have a functioning parliament and a strong private press. I cannot deny that the government has had some successes, but I also believe that the people will have an opportunity to judge how it keeps its promises.  interview by Hegei Gouger&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A portrait of towns and cities with atmosphere</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It suffices for an unruly little bird to escape&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For, suddenly, Fire to spark, Night to dissolve&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The walls of every prison to cave in&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the tidal-wave battering&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amassed, in its untamed heart,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By a tiny breathless bird.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Mario Fonseca in 'La Mer a tous les coupe')&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most cities in the Third World devote all their energy to mere survival and there are few imbued with the same atmosphere as Mindelo - the very air  appears to brim over with art and good taste, beauty and sensuality. Our guide to the city speaks slowly, measuring his words, his delivery not an indication that he is searching for a translation, although it could be interpreted as an affectation, but matching the modulation of the language which is closest to his heart: 'I believe the air in this city is imbued with hedonism. Here, we mix work and pleasure - today is a holiday, but I am working. However, my day is not so rigidly timetabled that I cannot do some work and, since you have invited me out for a drink, take some time off to accept'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antonio Firmino, director of the Craft Centre, continues to tell us about his favourite city in the same steady language, a dreamy look in his eyes and wearing a Che Guevara-style beret. The tale he tells is the story of a tiny country which has fallen in love with culture: the actual building housing the Craft Centre used to be a school, the 'Mindelo Technical College', founded in 1917, the first secular educational institution. It was to transform the city into a cultural haven. The story goes that a certain senator named Vera Cruz, who represented the island of SÃ£o Vicente in the Portuguese Senate, wanted to establish Cape Verde's first college. His peers objected, arguing that Mindelo had no building worthy of housing an institution of such a high standing but&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vera Cruz straight away replied: 'So, why not use mine?'. Thus, he casually handed over his private residence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Art even in the fish market&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How many inhabitants are there in Mindelo? According to Antonio Firmino, 'Just me and my friends'. How right he is. It would be impossible not to become part of such a captivating place. And so a long journey began, which included the creation of Claridade, a review (and cultural movement) established in 1938 by Balthasar Lopes, a writer and essayist of world renown who was born in SÃ£o Nicolau but taught in Mindelo, and other great artists who were to make up the country's literary and artistic roll of honour. Claridade was to be followed by Certeza which was also to influence the cultural elite. Although historians and other commentators feel that Claridade did no more than praise Cape Verde's 'latinity', rejecting its African side, artists are unanimous in regarding it as the cradle of Cape Verdian intellectual culture and the soil which was to nurture Mindelo and make it such an extraordinary little town. The impression is that everyone here is interested in art - the local authorities encourage and help sculptors in their creative activities all over the town, making it a living museum: here, there is a painting by Antonio ConceiÃ§Ã€o and, over there, a huge flat sculpture of couples in languorous embraces, by Ro and Anildo, an illustration of the marvellous hedonism evoked by our host.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The same assured but delicate touch of these two artists can be seen in the lobby of Fishpackers, an anchovy- and tunapacking company, this time in the form of a celebration of fishermen. One of the finest examples of this type of art, which can be seen everywhere in the streets and public places, is the sequence of four huge decorative-tile frescoes in the fish market. When Bela Duarte showed them to us, it was such a delight to see how much at ease this famous artist was in the company of the staliholders, to whom both she and her work seemed so familiar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over and above this hedonistic atmosphere, there is, in Mindelo, an eclecticism which can be detected just as widely in other towns and cities, which means that you can talk about painting with the President of the Republic, dancing with a factory manager and decorative tiles with the man in the street. And the latter is literally 'in the street' - the inhabitants of SÃ£o Vicente, the capital, derive immense pleasure from strolling in its squares and narrow streets, and around the port. A little stall, looking like a sugar loaf in the middle of one of the city's many squares, opposite a grand hotel, opens up in the early evening just like a flower, attracting hundreds of people to it who come to quench their thirst, to converse or woo, and to dance to the music escaping from the terrace of the Porto Grande Hotel, which has just reopened after being privatised and modernised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is as if a dress ball were taking place on two different levels, one in front of the other, dancing to the same music and with equal pleasure: above, in an enormous gallery open to the sky, elegant guests (who include a small gathering of government officials and pretty Brazilian actresses who are here to film television soaps) and, down in the square, the dancing promenaders, full of admiration, almost stimulating those above.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verdian nights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like all the island's intellectuals, Antonio Firmino has a number of different jobs. In addition to running the &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Craft Centre, he teaches 'nautical' English to would-be sailors, is an amateur painter and musician (he plays and composes for his wife, who is a singer). His spare time is devoted to writing a column. The Craft Centre exhibits, amongst other things, a large number of tapestries, an art form much prized in Cape Verde. These admirable examples are by JuÃ€n Fortes, Juamo Pento, and a good many others, in particular Bela Duarte, TchalÃª Figueira, Lucia Queiros and Miguel Figueira, Mindelo's top artistic foursome who appear to be  involved in everything, including the frescoes at the fish market. Bela, who showed us her studio, her house and the fish market, does not conceal the joy she derives from colour and allusion in her pictures, tapestries or decorative tiles, ranging from the most distant abstraction to an anecdotal figuration, using her native land with its doleful nuances, soft cries and romantic strength as raw  material. Above all, there is convivial artistic writing: 'Resistencia', which is at first sight a tapestry and then a patchwork of colour and sinuous lines. Scarcely has the artist begun to explain her work than everything becomes clear: this is a story, in threads and colours, about drought, representing roots, energy, space and struggle, all part of the Cape Verdian soul. She is also paying homage to those weavers of traditional African loincloth (badiu) from Cape Verde from whom today's artists inherited their technique.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So, where to meet Antonio's friends? To find them, look no further than the Cape Verdian nights (noite caboverdiana), those gatherings which take place everywhere and resemble both a nightclub and an artistic association, all those present sharing a fondness for Cape Verde mingled with nostalgia and yearning. One such place is the Piano Bar, which was closed on account of the departure of its owner Chico Serra, another notable in local society, who was accompanying a friend, CÃ©saria Evora, in her attempt to conquer new lands. Mission accomplished, Chico Serra is back and will soon be open for business again, his club's atmosphere just as intimate and warm as before - just enough room for his piano, his musician friends and others who come to sample grog and music.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa nonetheless&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mario Fonseca also adores Mindelo but he would not agree that that wind-blown city has a monopoly on art and culture. He is from an island in the lee of the wind, from Praia, capital of the island of Santiago and of the country. In his opinion, it is the whole of Cape Verde which is bubbling with creativity and he will enchant you with his tales of Praia and its old colonial district, the 'Plateau', which still retains much of the nostalgic character to be seen in the now yellowing photographs taken 50 years ago when the city was not so sprawling and the ambience of Sucupira market was almost tangible. He will also tell you everything about the island of Santiago, with Cidade Velha, the ancient capital  which was too difficult to defend against repeated pirate attacks. It bowed to Praia's supremacy and, today, has an old-fashioned feeling, nestling within a cove around the ruins of its castle, and dominated by the fort which perches above a cliff face. The architecture owes much of its charm to the predominant Creole style which is vaguely reminiscent of Portugal, in every pastel shade. Cidade Velha's central square is caressed by a gentle breeze and groups of young people can always be seen lazing around the monument to the slaves. Time seems to stand still. The pretty little white church whose walls are decorated with sheaves of bougainvillaea, Santa Maria do Rosario, is the oldest on the island and, indeed, along the entire West African coast. It was built in 1460 and the white marble paving in the central nave conceals the final resting place of grandees from colonial times, their epitaphs erased over five hundred years by the soles and knees of penitents.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The director of the INAC (National Cultural Institute), responsible for Praia National Museum (which is soon to open its doors), is Mario Alberto de Almeida Fonseca, who once taught French in Portugal; he is a former administrator who has worked in Mauritania and Turkey, a translator and also a former regional manager of the national airline. In addition he is a poet whose works have been translated into several languages, including Serbo-Croat and Russian. Above all, he is an amateur connoisseur of the art and artists of his country. As the INAC's director, he is responsible for cultural events, exhibitions, shows, publishing and also the compilation of an oral record of the country's history and the preparation of  a Creole dictionary. The INAC's work also involves a major history of Cape Verde, the first volume of which has already been published. He will show you the future National Museum's collection, moving from one painting to another, from an old photograph to an antique cimboa, a type of locally-manufactured violin from the 1 9th century, or to an old Massachusetts galleon, testament to the past explorations of his people. You will first of all discover the works of artists from Praia such as Mito and Kiki Lima, not on account of Fonseca's chauvinism but because he feels he has to 'convert' the visitor who may have left Mindelo with the impression that that city is Cape Verde's premier cultural centre. There is also the music from the island of Santiago - the funana, the batuque, the finaÃ§o - all more African than the languid style so influenced by the Portuguese fado of this island's musical groups (FinaÃ§on, Bulimundo, Tuvaroes, KodÃ© di Dona or the great traditional style singer Nha Inacia Gomes). Gomes is a 'women of the people' whose musical heritage consists of no more than local tradition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was she who 'reinvented' jazz and whom Alberto Fonseca admires a great deal. Cesaria Evora, moreover, is not the first musician to publicise Cape Verdian music abroad: FinaÃ§on or KodÃ© di Dona, for example, have captivated many music-lovers, particularly musicians, in Europe and America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Chamber and the stage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Daniel Brito is not from Mindelo either. He is from Sal but confesses to having to pay regular visits to Mindelo, to immerse himself in that city's hedonistic atmosphere. For three years he has been director of the National Cinematographic Institute which was established in 1967 and is currently exhibiting newfound dynamism on account of the 'production tax' (4% of the filming budget, paid to the Institute and generally converted into a holding, which the State supplements to make the sum up to slightly more than 10% in co-productions). There is also an agreement with Portugal which encourages co-productions between the two countries, thereby enabling Cape Verdian technicians to receive their training. Brito is working on a local video-film-production project (TV viewers are very fond of such things) and wants to set up a major production centre to be made available to lusophone African countries and, perhaps, others. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Daniel Spencer Brito is also Sal's parliamentary representative (10 000 inhabitants), musician, writer/composer and guitarist in his own group, Madrugada. His talents include the composition of morna and coladeira pieces, as well as jazz-rock. At the end of May, the MP was due to appear in his own production at the Cirque d'Hiver in Paris, as part of the lusophone music festival. You could say that he divides his time between the Institute, the Chamber and the stage; however, he is also involved in research into copyright protection in Cape Verde. Daniel (it would never occur to you to call him anything else, even five minutes after making his acquaintance) always gives the same advice to anyone wishing to discover Cape Verde, namely to get to know the atmosphere of a tocatinha, spontaneous jam sessions which take place at one location or another, usually even more intimate than the 'Cape Verdian nights'. By the way, I almost forgot - by training, Brito is a vet, having studied in Romania. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Cape Verd-EU Cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sponsors are delighted at the full use of aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's physical characteristics - its small size, the fact that its territory is scattered over a number of islands and islets, its Sahelian climate (continually rendering it vulnerable to drought), the arid nature of the soil and its low population (under five hundred  thousand inhabitants) - might explain its high levels of poverty and mean that, in order to survive and develop, it requires considerable amounts of foreign aid. However, it is the effort made by this small country to stabilise its economy and to gain maximum profit from foreign aid which has attracted special attention from sponsors. Last year the European Commission decided to increase its contribution to Cape Verde's National Indicative Programme, within the framework of the LomÃ© Convention (tome IV, first protocol 199-95, seventh EDF) by 7%, i.e. an extra ECU 1.7 million. Cape Verde had already put virtually all the ECU 23 million allocated to it to good use, an indication of the government's desire to use the aid granted to the full.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When realism is a luxury&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is difficult to imagine an island inhabited by 160 000 people - the island of SÃ£o Vicente, where the country's second largest city, Mindelo, with its population of 70 000, is located - having no source of drinking water. In former times, water was shipped in from the neighbouring island of Santo Antao, but Mindelo now has a number of seawater desalination plants, most of these provided by Israel, which meet 100% of its supply needs. The supply of both water and electricity is managed by&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Electra, a publicly-owned company, which, within the framework of the EDF (European Development Fund), has received European Commission aid to increase its electricity-generating capacity. It has set up three wind pumps, of Danish manufacture, which alone supply 13% of the island's non-industrial requirements. Elsewhere, such solutions as sea-water desalination and wind pumps might appear to be unrealistic but, for 160 000 people with no indigenous supply, realism is sometimes a luxury.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the island of Santiago, which is home to Praia, the capital city, does have some natural water sources, these are far from sufficient for its needs. One of the projects recently financed by the European Union concerned improvements to water-distribution systems, water purity and rainwater drainage. Amongst other things, this work involves the recycling of waste water which the island cannot afford to let drain away. Cape Verde's Achilles' heel is definitely its lack of water, its strong point unquestionably the dynamic outlook of its population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has an office on Cape Verde where the work done at Praia (water distribution and purity, support for poorer districts of the capital threatened with overpopulation) is regarded as symbolic of the EU's desire to take account of both weaknesses and strengths and represents the overall intention behind Community aid to this country. Generally speaking, such aid is geared towards infrastructures (water and electricity production and distribution, urban development) on the one hand and education and health on the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Praia's historic old town, the 'Plateau', with its wealth of fine colonial and neo-classical architecture, risks losing many of its buildings which have been abandoned by their owners who lack the means to maintain them. Community aid has also been provided to help save this part of the country's heritage. Funds are insufficient to finance a complete restoration of the 'Plateau', but, following the example of the Cape Verde government, which has maintained administrative buildings in good condition, the Commission will probably assume responsibility for renovation of a superb nineteenth-century building, the 'Case Cor-de-Rosa'. The purpose of this project is two-fold; not only will the building be restored, but also it will become the core of a more general project to train professionals in building techniques and restoration and it will serve as an example to motivate future purchasers, institutions, businesses and individuals to preserve the historic old town.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Community has also funded a study into the preservation of the capital's historic old town, which has been used as a basis by Praia Town Council. A project is currently underway, costing 1 million ECU, to restore an islet. The principal aim of this project is to train Cape Verdian technicians. Other work in the field of training has induded the building of the Praia Technical College. The next phase of this project, worth almost ECU 1 million, will fund the supply of equipment and teacher training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Still within the context of the overall project to develop Praia city, an EDF programme worth ECU 1.3 million has been created for the development of a designated area as an industrial site. A rural electrification project in the area around Praia was, at the end of 1995, granted a budget of ECU 1.5 million and will benefit a population of 7500 people living in the three most densely populated rural centres on the island of Santiago. The technical side of the works will be entrusted to Electra, with the private sector being responsible for supplying equipment and monitoring the works. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's 'essence' as a resource&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's leaders regularly point to the richness, which they term the 'essence', of Cape Verde, contrasting this with the fact that their country is so poor. Indeed, despite limited resources, this country devotes a great deal of energy and ingenuity to 'cultivating' its culture. Two projects, financed within the framework of the National Indicative Programme and amounting to ECU 500 000, concern two feature-length films and will play a part in lessening the island's isolation by publicising its culture and people abroad. The first film, made during 1995 and entitled 'llhÃ©u de Contenda', is the first fiction-based feature film to be made in Cape Verde and is the work of Leao Lopes, a director who has drawn his inspiration from the work of another Cape Verdian citizen, Teixeira de Sousa, and which centres on the history of Cape Verde and the birth of its national identity. The EDF contribution (approximately ECU 250 thousand) amounts to 14% of the total production cost. The film is currently being shown in a number of European countries. Virtually the same amount of  money has been set aside to fund another production, this time by a Portuguese director, Francisco Manso, based on a novel by a Cape Verdian author, Germano de Almeida, and entitled 'O Testamento do Sr. Napuceno', which was being filmed on the island of SÃ£o Vicente at the time of our visit. 50% of the finance for this film comes from Portuguese producers, the other co-producers being French and Belgian.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Others EDF projects recently completed or being completed include one for improving roads on the islands of Santiago, SÃ£o Nicolau and Maio (ECU 3 million) and a micro-project programme (ECU 1 million). In addition to funds from the EDF, Cape Verde has received further finance under the LomÃ© Convention, including ECU 700 000 within the context of the Stabex transfer schemes to offset loses in the banana-production sector during 1994.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Design a micro climate&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Extemal food aid is essential in a country which cannot meet its own requirements and the Commission's most recent food-aid-budget contribution amounted to nearly ECU 2 million. Other special budget lines include funds provided under 'Human Rights and Democratisation in Developing Countries'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To an attentive foreign visitor, one of Cape Verde's most interesting achievements is the progress it has made in reforesting such an infertile soil. One of these reforested areas, covering 5000 hectares (1990-94) forms the basis of a regional project to disseminate knowhow accumulated in this sphere in Cape Verde. Training course. have enabled technicians and others involved in the reformtation of the Sahel countries to gain experience in methods which have proved succesful here. The production and distribution of teaching tools (books, posters, films, etc.) supplement the project. Since independence, Cape Verde has achieved a tenfold increase in the amount of land which is forested - admittedly there was little to start with, but since climatic conditions are so hostile this result can be regarded as a major accomplishment. There is even a hope that a micro-climate might form. On the island of Santiago, in some of these new green areas, wild duck which had long since disappeared have returned. It is nice to dream but the country cannot afford to rest on its laurels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 4 033 km2 Population: 390 000 (1990) Population density: 97 per km2 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population growth rate: 2.8 % (forecast for the period 19922000) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Praia (pop. 75 000)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other main town: Mindelo (pop. 65 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Languages: Portuguese, Creole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currency: Cape Verde Escudo (CVE). In May 1996,1 ECU was worth CVE 104 ($1 = CVE 83 approx.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government: Mixed presidential/parliamentary system. The President is not the head of the executive but he represents the country and is guarantor of national unity and the Constitution. Unicameral Parliament. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President: Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro (elected in 1991 and reselected at the beginning of this year) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Carlos Veiga (since 1991) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Political parties represented in Parliament:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Movimento pare a Democracia (MPD)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Partido Africano pare a Independencia de Cabo Verde (PAICV)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Partido da Convergencia Democratica (PCD) - formed as a result of a break away from the MPD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Party representation in Parliament: MPD 50, PAICV 21, PCD 1 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1992 figures)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP: CVE 23.9 billion&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP per capita: US $840&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Origin of GDP by sector: agriculture 13%, industry 17%, services 70% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Real GDP growth (estimate 1995): 4% Balance of payments: deficit of CVE 11.9 billion &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main trade partners: Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, Brazil. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual inflation rate: 9.1%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth: 64.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Infant mortality per 1000 live births: 56 Adult literacy: 66.4% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education (primary, secondary and tertiary): 59% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.536 (123rd out of 174) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: UNDP Human Development Report, 1995; Economic Intelligence Unit 1995; 'Etat et sociÃ©tÃ© aux iles du Cap Vert, by Michel Lesourd. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p32a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Europe</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The LomÃ© Convention in focus</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poll results and new brochure launched in Brussels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new poll of Europeans high lights a deficit of information about the European Community's development policies. A brochure just published on the LomÃ© Convention, available in all EU languages, seeks to fill some of the gaps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At a press conference on May 21, Development Commissioner, Joso de Deus Pinheiro, unveiled the findings of a survey commissioned from the Brussels consultancy, International Research Associates (INRA). The aim of the exercise was to sound out how Europeans perceive developing countries. The sample was 16 346 people, of 15 years and upwards, who were polled in the 15 Member States during December 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The survey shows that since 1991, helping the poor in the developing countries has slipped in the 'league' of issues of most concern to Europeans. The subject now ranks eighth in a table topped by the fight against unemployment. But the better news is that Europeans believe development of these regions should be the fourth most important priority for joint actions between Member States. This comes just below combating terrorism, environmental questions and defending Europe's economic interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While 82% of Europeans are favourable to development cooperation, 12% are against. The degree of support varies, as one would expect, from one EU country to another. Interestingly, the survey shows that Member States facing an economic squeeze are the most reticent, irrespective of their past track record in development aid. In Belgium, only 65% are in favour while in&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Austria and France, the figures are 69% and 72% respectively. At the other end of the scale, Greece comes out top with 97% just ahead of Spain on 96% and Ireland on 91%. INRA's explanation for this variation is that it reflects the economic problems which are increasingly being felt in northern states of the Community. It is also worth pointing out that nations on EU's southern flank may be more convinced of the effectiveness of aid since they themselves are recipients of EC structural funds allocated to modernise the Union's disadvantaged regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But INRA's report also reveals some misconceptions about European development aid. These, says Commissioner Pinheiro, may be attributed to the lack of visibility of the relevant development policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57% of those questioned believe that the bulk of the Community's assistance consists of emergency aid, rather than longer-term project support. The reverse is actually true. More people answer 'no' then 'yes' to the question: 'Does aid contribute to reducing poverty in developing countries'? And most consider that United Nations agencies (UNICEF, UNESCO etc.) do more in the  field of helping developing countries than the EC. Non-governmental organisations also have a high profile, with the EU Member States and Bretton Woods institutions (IMF and World Bank) trailing behind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other key findings from the poll - which Professor Pinheiro says will provide much food for thought in the coming months as thoughts turn to cooperation after LomÃ© IV - are highlighted in the box.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mid-term review and beyond&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Professor Pinheiro feels that some of results, which signal the need to tighten up on the management of development aid, have already been addressed in the mid-term review of the LomÃ© Convention which will come on stream from the beginning of 1997. The programming of the eighth European Development Fund (EDF) is already well under way and, with a view to increasing the effectiveness of aid, just 70% of resources earmarked for each ACP state will be allocated at the outset (for a three year period). An analysis of how the remainder should be spent will take place at the end of the three years. In addition, Professor Pinheiro indicated that a 'strategic' document was being drawn up on each of the 70 ACP states prior to allocation of funds. This was being done in 'permanent consultation with Member States and Commission delegations, in the interests of achieving a real synergy between the two.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More sweeping changes to the relationship are likely after the current&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some key findings from the INRA report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Aid must reach its intended destination and arrive where it is needed 93.2%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Aid must meet the needs of the local people&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90.7%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The beneficiary state must raspect human rights&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;85.1%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Transparency, effective public management and the fight against  corruption are essential&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The beneficiary state must respect an overall development plan put forward by an  international aid organisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;78.3%  plan  put  forward&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by an  internati onal  aid  organisa tion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Aid must be used to fund action by local NGOs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The beneficiary state must have a democratic system of government&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;59.3%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;56.0%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Convention expires at the turn of the century. Professor Pinheiro indicated that a first draft (green paper) on the possible shape of the ACP-KU relationship after 2000 will be published by the Commission by the end of the year. This, however, is likely to offer more questions than answers about future cooperation. 'I am not sure if we should keep the LomÃ© structure for every country, in the third millennium,' the Commissioner told the assembled journalists, highlighting the different levels of development now apparent between LomÃ© nations. Mauritius, now well on the way to becoming the 'Singapore' of Africa, was a case in point. He also pointed out the small island states of the Caribbean are at a very different stage of development from countries such as the Central African Republic or Burundi. He added that, in deciding what to do in future it would also be necessary to take stock of regional developments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Questions about LomÃ© answered&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the meantime, efforts are under way to boost the image of Community aid. With this in mind, the Information Unit of the Development Directorate-General has just published a brochure entitled 20 Questions and Answers about the LomÃ© Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Besides explaining in a nutshell what the Convention is, it answers some of the questions most frequently asked by sceptics about the benefits of development aid and trade preferences, highlighting the positive aspects for developing and developed economies alike. It points out, for example, that for every ECU 100 spent on aid, the Community recovers ECU 48 in the form of projects, supplies and technical assistance purchased from European companies!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The brochure provides a succinct explanation of how the Commission monitors aid to stop embezzlement and corruption. It highlights the right of the European Court of Auditors to check accounts of projects and fund transfers - and to investigate documents in the LomÃ© states, without the permission of the country concerned. Another precaution is that once a project is under way, financing is by banker's transfer. This involves a paper specifying that the holder of contract X, whose bank account number is Y. should be credited with Z amount of money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An explanation is given as to why the European Commission is involved in development aid when the Member States have their own bilateral development policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The brochure explains the advantages of EC assistance over bilateral arrangements and details how the LomÃ© system has been evolving in line with the increasing globalisation of the economy, in particular since the fall of the Berlin Wall.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It also contains some pocket statistics on official development assistance (ODA) flows which help to underline the message that the European Union (Community plus Member States) digs deeper into its pocket than its industrialised competitors in providing development aid. In 1994, the Community and its then 12 member states (excluding Austria, Sweden and Finland), contributed an average of 0.40% of their gross national product in ODA. The individual percentages varied from 1.03% in the case of Denmark to 0.20% in Italy. This compared with figures of 0.29% and 0.15% for Japan and the United States respectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, total ODA from the Twelve reached $26.59 billion. Of this, $4.83 billion came from the European Community in its own right. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The content of chocolate</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Months of heated debate in the EU over the maximum allowable content of vegetable fats in chocolate have culminated in a Commission proposal for a revised Directive which, claim officials, should be to the taste of most interested parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has proposed that the 'subsidiatity' principle should apply to the content of chocolate. This means leaving it to individual Member States to decide whether they will allow the use of vegetable oil - up to a maximum of 5% by weight - in their chocolate-making. The eight EU countries where this practice is currently prohibited  are free to modify their laws to take account of this 5% rule. The other cocoa butter and dry cocoa contents specified in the Directive - 18% and 35% respectively - may not be reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The addition of up to 5% vegetable fats was authorised under Directive 73/241 for the UK, Ireland and Denmark when they first joined the EC. Other Member States who acceded later - Austria, Finland, Portugal and Sweden - also use these oils in chocolate production. The remaining EU countries have continued to prohibit the use of vegetable fats - and the sale of chocolate containing such fats. The result has been a partitioning of the EU market, in direct conflict with the Single Market principle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the proposal is approved by the Council and the Parliament, all 15 Member States will be free to decide whether vegetable oil can be used in making chocolate. Whatever their individual decisions, however, the barriers will come down, thus opening up the 'pure' chocolate markets to competition from less expensive varieties containing vegetable oil. Stricter labelling rules will also be introduced, with the precise nature of any substitute oils being clearly indicated. The simple mention 'vegetable oil' will no longer suffice. Martin Bangemann, the Commissioner responsible for industry, stressed the significance of revising the Directive in allowing  chocolate products to circulate freely throughout the KU. This, he argued, would be in the interests of consumers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Winners and losers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Traditional cocoa producers such as Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon are fearful that the proposal may prompt some of Europe's 'pure' chocolate countries to change their laws - and that they will lose trade as a result. On the other hand, sheanut exporters in Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana, Togo and Benin are hoping for higher sales if the 5% rule is adopted by more EU countries. Sheanuts account for 20% of Burkinabe exports and 98% of these are used to make vegetable oil substitute for chocolate products. The sheanut price is just 10% of the cocoa bean price. The Commission calculates that the maximum saving a manufacturer could expect by substituting vegetable fat for cocoa butter is around 1.5% of the ax-factory price.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In weighing up what to do, the Commission also considered the objectives of the International Cocoa Organisation (ICCO). These include taking 'all practical measures to increase the cocoa consumption in their countries by eliminating or reducing all obstacles to the growth of consumption in cocoa.' The ICCO estimates that if the 5% rule is applied in the remaining eight states - Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain - it will lead to a reduction in cocoa butter usage of 36 000-50 000 tonnes, which amounts to a drop in demand for cocoa beans of between 88000 and 125000 tonnes. This represents between 9-12% of current consumption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some producers suggest that these estimates are too high since they assume that manufacturers will go for  almost full substitution, which is not necessarily seen as inevitable. In addition, there is a belief that overall demand for chocolate products may grow as a result of the legal change.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was not the view taken by NGOs who reacted promptly - and critically - to the Commission text. The Brussels NGO Liaison Committee issued a statement claiming that it would lead to a drop of between 6.25% and 12.5% in the main exporting countries' cocoa receipts - and an additional burden on the European Community's Stabex fund. But chocolate producers and others argue that this is speculative. The impact, they say, will depend on the legal response of the eight Member States, as well as on the reaction of manufacturers. There are signs that the latter may well stick to their traditional and distinctive methods. A spokesperson for the Belgian-based Cote d'Or/ Suchard, pointed out that the proposal had a long way to go before it was approved, and stressed that his company had no intention of changing their 'winning recipes which had served them well since 1883. At the same time, he admitted, vegetable oil could be useful in a more diversified range of chocolate products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The vegetable oil 'lobby' argues that the addition of vegetable fat makes chocolate easier to mould and less likely to melt in warm climates. And for those who fear the elimination of 'pure' chocolate from the market, they point to manufacturers in Britain, where vegetable oil has traditionally been used, who still exclude such fats from some of their brands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The proposal must now be debated by the Council and it is clear that the arguing is not over yet. But it is beginning to look as if the consumers may be the final arbiters. Through their purchasing habits, they are likely to be the ones who finally determine the winners and losers in the great chocolate debate. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Minority businesses in the UK</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In no country in Europe are ethnic minorities more organised than in the United Kingdom - though they are still not adequately organised, in the opinion of many, to pool their considerable resources together and overcome stereotypes, racism and unenployment. But this may  change if the morale engendered by a recent exhibition of minority businesses in the UK is anything to go by.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The statistics speak for themselves. There are 3.3 million Asians, Africans and Afro-Caribbeans in Britain, about 5% of the population (and the figure is projected to double in the next 25 years). They have six elected Members of Parliament - five Labour and one Conservative - as well as numerous personalities in the world of sports and the media. According to the 1994 Labour Force Survey, 48% of ethnic minorities are graduates or are in full time studies and 55% earn salaries well over &amp;amp;15 000 (ECU 18 000) annually. They have a combined gross annual income estimated at f42 billion and an annual spending power of at least f26 ten.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past 15 years, ethnic minority-owned businesses have grown considerably. In the last two years alone, they were responsible for more than 30 000 new business concerns throughout the country, according to the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE). Although many are in the retail trade, the 10% or so involved in production or manufacturing are extremely dynamic,  particularly those connected with the clothing industry or operating franchises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are considerable differences between Asians on the one hand and Africans and Afro-Caribbeans on the other. The former are more business oriented and account for well over 80% of all ethnic enterprises. This success in business is often attributed to Asians' industriousness, but there is another crucial and often neglected factor: Asians have a stronger sense of group solidarity and patronage than Africans and Afro-Caribbeans. Whereas the former spend virtually all their earnings within their community, the latter (who are mainly Christians and are known to make greater efforts at integration into the British society) spend theirs in the society at large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unemployment among the black population in general is 19% compared to 8% for whites (in London it is three times higher). They are much more likely to be turned down by employers even when they have better qualifications than their white counterparts. Often self-employment is the only way out. This explains why there has been a boom in business start-ups by ethnic minorities over the past two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although several black profffsional associations have come into being in recent years, it has been clear for some time to black leaders that the community's energies are dispersed and that these needed to be harnessed for the benefit of ethnic minorities as a whole. Blacks clearly have political and business clout to be exploited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The idea for an exhibition of black businesses in the United Kingdom was mooted by a black business couple who, were influenced by a similar event  held annually in the United States called 'Black Expo USA'. But the impetus came from the 'Race for Opportunity Campaign' launched in October last year by the Conservative Government through the Department of Trade and Industry. The campaign has so far seen more than 20 big British companies pledge to do business with ethnic minority enterprises. These include British Airways, British Gas, British Telecom, British Aerospace and several high-street banks and finance houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Held at the Barbican Centre in London on 4 and 5 May, the exhibition was aimed at creating awareness among ethnic minorities of their potentialities, showing the opportunities available to them not only in the UK but also in Europe, and at promoting networking amongst their businessmen and women. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cross-party support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The exhibition, which had a cross-party support, could not have come at a more favourable time. Both the Tory government and opposition Labour Party have expressed support for policies favourable to small and medium-sized enterprises, which means that there should be continuity in this area if Labour comes to power in the next general election.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was borne out by the enthusiasm with which the shadow minister for small business, Mrs Barbara Roche greeted the exhibition. To her, the event should be seen in the context of Labour's overall policy on small businesses. Speaking at one of the seminars which was run alongside the exhibition to discuss various aspects of minority business problems, Mrs Roche explained that there were three important reasons why her party was promoting small enterprises, especially those involved in exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first was that large companies were downsizing, and job-creation towards the end of this century and into the next would be largely by small and medium-sized enterprises. The second was that small businesses were efficient distributors of wealth and the third was that they were good at innovation and using new technologies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because a large number of small businesses are folding, or are struggling to survive in the UK today (often as a result of late payment of bills by large companies), Mrs Roche said a Labour government would introduce a statutory limit of 30 days for the settlement of bills by large companies. The latter would then have to pay interest to small businesses for any late payments. Ethnic minority businesses, she also said, were part and parcel of Labour's strategy for economic growth and jobs in Britain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Barbican exhibition attracted more than 80 exhibitors mainly in retailing, finance, telecommunications, consultancy, arts and crafts, publishing, electronics and education. There were  very few exhibitors from the manufacturing sector (a disappointment considering the number of Asians in the clothing industry) and virtually none in engineering. Some of the big companies connected with the 'Race for Opportunity Campaign' like British Airways and British Gas, as well as the newly created government-backed Business Link, the Customs and Excise department, the Inland Revenue, the Army and the Metropolitan Police were there. Also present was Louis Farrakan's 'Nations of Islam', (not necessarily on a recruitment drive, though that must have been part of the game), but as a reminder of its campaign for greater self-reliance by the black community which culminated late last year in the 'Million-Man' march on Washington DC. Video tapes of the march and speeches by Farrakan and other black leaders in the United States were on sale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Difficulties&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The seminar run concurrently with the exhibition attracted many notable speakers, among them Members of Parliament, Keith Vaz, Bernie Grant and Barbara Roche and Commissioner Dr Zaka Khan of the Commission for Racial Equality. Jessie Boseman, vice-president of 'Black Expo USA, who was also scheduled to speak, did not turn up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was general agreement on the main factors inhibiting the growth of ethnic minority businesses, the most obvious being racism and  discimination. Ethnic businesspeople not only have difficulties obtaining public contracts, but they are often denied access to finance, market and even premises. Furthermore, they suffer from lack of management skills, networks and feedback. Dr Khan of the Commission for Racial Equality highlighted mounting racist attacks, mostly against Asianowned shops, which have claimed a number of lives in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Integration into mainstream economy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is no longer a hidden fact that banks discriminate against black businesses. Surveys carried out by the NatWest and Midland banks have confirmed that fact. The latter though, it must be acknowledged, has a laudable Fellowship Programme, designed to encourage ethnic minority university students to take up careers in the Midland Bank on graduation. Lack of access to the market has effectively meant that black businesses have been left out of the mainstream of the British economy. Everyone agreed that it makes good economic sense to see them integrated into it. This was particularly   the position of both Barbara Roche and Zaka Khan. The question was: would it be possible ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some of the issues raised on the floor by businesspeople revealed that many were sceptical that racism and discrimination could be overcome in multiracial Britain. The Commission for Racial Equality symbolises the fight against these two evils and Dr Khan had a hard time defending its role. The CRE was criticised for constantly quoting statistics on improvements in the living conditions of ethnic minorities which, it was argued, were totally removed from reality. Despite this, Dr Khan remained upbeat. To him the future promises great things for ethnic minorities. He promised to look into the grievances aired by some businespeopie during the seminar. Barbara Roche, for her part, promised that a Labour government would encourage the banks to offer packages of assistance to small enterprises, in particular, black-owned ones. They would also ensure that local councils offered minority enterprises a share of local government contracts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greater self-reliance and global trade&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In view of the problems black businesspeople have had to contend with over the years, Bernie Grant, the Member of Parliament for Tottenham in North London, did not devote much time to the idea of integrating them into mainstream British economy. He felt that racism and discrimination were so prevalent that there was little chance of that happening. For him, the future for black businesspeople in Britain lay in greater self-reliance and entry into international trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a speech entitled 'political responsibility, and black import and export business', the M.P. set the Barbican exhibition in the context of the global economic situation - one where he said, 'the countries of the North are exploiting those of the South, in particular African countries.' Africa's heavy debts to the West should in fact be the other way round. He argued that the new world trade agreement, which  opens up the developing countries to competition, was unfair. 'This means that countries where minorities in the UK came from are going to have problems, and it is the duty of thee minorities to ensure that their countries have a fair deal,' he said. Mr Grant cited, by way of example, the EU's banana protocol under the LomÃ© Convention which gives preferential treatment to small Caribbean island producers and which is currently being 'unfairly' challenged by South American producers under the WTO rules. The role of multinationals, which are effectively acting es 'middleman', was, he believed, pernicious for developing countries. There was a need for black businessmen to step in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Minority enterprises in the UK do not exist in isolation from the rest of the world, he elaborated. They should seek to engage in international trade and take advantage of their connection with their countries of origin. To facilitate this, Mr Grant said that a group under his chairmanship had set up a Global Trade Centre in his constituency in North London with the aim of helping black and minority enterprises establish direct trade links with Africa, the Caribbean and black America. The Centre was already in contact with a number of African countries which have expressed interest in the idea. Such a link would not only ensure a better deal for African producers but also favour the growth of minority businesses across the world. This was, he confessed, 'a political agenda' designed to reduce the excessive profits of multinationals, if not put an end to their 'outright exploitation' of Africa and the Caribbean. Mrs Roche expressed support for the Centre for the role it could play in boosting British exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UK minorities and the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European Union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A self-confessed Eurosceptic, who would have preferred the UK to strengthen economic ties with the Commonwealth rather than with Europe, Mr Grant displayed an extraordinary understanding of the European&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Union's affairs. What worried him most about greater European integration, he said, was racism and the fact the UK job market, where black and ethnic minorities are already heavily disadvantaged, will be exposed to further competition from other Europeans most of whom speak several languages. However, he had no alternative but to support the Labour Party's line on Europe and work to secure the best advantage of British membership for ethnic minorities. He contrasted Tory 'divisions' on Europe with Labour's 'united' policy and condemned the British Government's attitude generally towards the Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development of the Union, Mr Grant said, was of great significance to black people. He was sure the Government's Immigration and Asylum bill, which had come up against strong opposition in the House of Lords, was aimed at harmonising immigration laws with other countries in the Union. The bill, if passed, will change the UK's visa regime and have serious implications for ethnic minorities and their businesses in Britain. He revealed that, with the support of ethnic minority members of the British Parliament, Bill Morris, the black General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union (the second biggest trade union in the UK) and other European trade union leaders, the Intergovernmental Conference was being lobbied for the inclusion of a stronger clause against racism in the Treaty of Rome. The aim, ultimately, is to see measures in line with the UK's laws against racism and discrimination enacted at the Union level. This would include the establishment of a European equivalent of the Commission for Racial Equality - with similar powers - so as to establish a level-playing field for ethnic minorities in competition for jobs and in business throughout Europe. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dossier</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Communication and the media</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Dossier coordinated by Debra Percival)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Press freedom is widely acknowledged as the cornerstone of democracy with a clamp-down anywhere in the world frequently interpreted as a sign of government repression. The rash of multi-party elections in African nations at the beginning of the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1990s brought new publications to news-stands. Many of these have since folded - often because of a lack of funds and sometimes because of government censorship.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many organisations are campaigning vigorously in the public eye for a free press in developing nations. These include Reporters Sans Frontieres, Article 19 and the International Federation of Joumalists - all of which are featured in this Dossier. The US-based Freedom House has also been monitoring the state of press freedom worldwide since 1979. In its recently published 1996 survey, it says that even today, only 22% of the world's population live in countries with a free press. 38% have a press sector that is 'partly free' while the description 'not free' is applied to the remaining 40%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are also regional organisations such as The Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA), which are playing a part in keeping media issues to the fore. David Nthengwe, a researcher with MISA, highlights the fact that democratisation does not necessarily guarantee a free media or free expression more generally. He also draws attention to the difficulties faced by private and community organisations in obtaining adequate finance. These are  typical of the problems facing the media in many countries, both in the ACP group and elsewhere in the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In seeking to tackle these issues, donors are showing increasing interest in backing media programmes with development finance (linked to democratisation and human rights). The European Union, UNESCO and a number of bilateral donors have expanded their activities in this area with a variety of projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One big change has been the rapid growth of the 'Information Superhighway'. This has prompted fears that the developing countries may fall further behind, although donors have indicated a willingness to help ensure this does not happen. One NGO closely monitoring the development of the Internet for the South is the PANOS Institute. Meanwhile, multilateral donors (notably the World Bank, through its INFODEV programme) are also becoming involved. A number of EU personalities lent their support to the development of the information society in the developing world, at a major conference staged in South Africa in May on the initiative of the country's Vice President, Thabo Mbeki. A work programme of projects was drawn up with the aim of making sure, in the words of European Commissioner, Martin Bangemann, that there is no divide between the 'information-poor' end the 'information-rich'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, although the world is undergoing an information revolution, the more traditional media (the press and above all, radio) will, for the foreseeable future, continue to have a central part in informing, educating and entertaining people in many developing  countries. It is important that those of us who increasingly communicate via our computer screens do not lose sight of this essential fact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this Dossier, we examine a number of the key issues affecting the media and highlight some innovative projects in this area - with the help of a series of experts. The subject has clearly moved higher up the development agenda, but there is still a long way to go, as the figures cited above show. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Aidan White of the IFJ</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Confronting the age-old problem&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the chance, 'governments would like to run and manipulate the media'. This is the view of Aidan White, General Secretary of the Brusselsbased International Federation of Journalists (IFJ), who says it is an 'ageold problem'. And the Federation, which has member organizations in 93 countries, works to prevent it from happening. It also provides a range of services to journalists throughout the world. We recently spoke to Mr White, who used to write for the British daily, The Guardian. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He began by outlining to us the Federation's key areas  of activity which include, in particular, the professional conditions in which journalists work and the defence of human rights. On the first of these, Mr White focused on the problem of economic pressures and difficult social conditions. 'We take a strong view that you can't have press freedom if journalists work in conditions of poverty or technical deprivation. It is a nonsense,' he stressed, 'to talk about a free press in a situation where journalists aren't paid, or if they are unable to function properly.' In seeking to tackle this, he spoke, in particular, of the 'need for independent organisations of journalists defending professional and social interests.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards human rights, the IFJ is active in the international community, working with bodies such as UNESCO and the UN Human Rights Commission. 'We are very interested in issues such as the legal environment in which journalists and the media operate, and are extremely active in the defence of physical safety.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr White went on to give more detailed information about the IFJ's work in Algeria, where many journalists have been killed in recent years. This country clearly has a bad international reputation and the General Secretary was anxious to offer a more balanced picture of the situation. 'In my view, there is a real malformation of Alaeria's  image in Europe and elsewhere. The view we get is of a paralysed society where nothing can function properly - a kind of international basket case. It is not like that. In Algeria, life continues. There is a form of democracy. There are a dozen newspapers which appear every day. The streets are full of traffic and people walking about. The reality is that there is a particularly horrifying and barbaric form of terrorism which is targeted against intellectuals including journalists. This means that the media has a terrible problem.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aidan White explained the strategy of the IFJ in seeking to confront this. 'We began by going to Algeria to investigate what was going on. Then we established an international office on the spot. This is a direct contact point of solidarity for local journalists and the local media. So we don't report Algeria through Paris. We don't see the need to go through some sort of middleman in order to find out what's going on in the country or have contact with Algerian journalists.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'And then we have two specific programmes which are very important', he continued. One involves providing humanitarian assistance to journalists and their families. The other is a series of practical activities in Algeria. Thus, for example, we are organising a round table on terrorism and information.' He pointed out that the Algerian government had resorted to the traditional method of press censorship in the face of ,the terrorist threat and stressed the 'need to counter this. 'We are also organising a practical seminar on personal safety, as well as one on professional social rights, the need for ethical standards and better social conditions.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The point, he emphasised was that events were being organised on the spot. Algeria may pose terrible difficulties 'but it doesn't mean we walk away from it.' The IFJ's emphasis was firmly on being a 'functional organisation working directly with the people who need help.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Funding and the EU link&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tuming to the issue of the IFJ's funding, Mr White explained how the core activities - his own salary and administrative costs - are paid for by the subscriptions of member organisations, which amount to roughly $1 million. On top of that, the Federation carries out projects with the EU and other donors. They also distribute funds, offering their expertise as a representative body to help other organisations that want to undertake work.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asked in what way the EU could do more, the General Secretary stressed the political dimension. 'It should intervene,' he argued, 'to establish certain standards in international relations. We say, for instance, that political, economic and military cooperation with any state outside the Union should be based on a commitment to and respect for freedom of expression and opinion.' He underlined the 'responsibility' of the EU to take a stand against countries that locked up journalists, implicitly criticising those who argued that freedom of expression was very important but who then shelved the issue when economic relations were involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He also urged a more proactive approach 'moving away from the strategy of counting bodies, complaining, and making reports about how bad the situation is' towards one based on comprehensive programmes of assistance. He described the IFJ's Media for Democracy programme in Africa as a 'first attempt' in that direction. Mr &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;White highlighted what he saw as a difficulty with existing projects. 'The problem is that the EU is confronted by all sorts of different NGOs who come and say: 'we have got this good project - give us support for it'. This is fine but it inevitably means that resources are spread very diffusely and often to no effect.' A lot of activities, he suggested, such as one-off seminars and conferences, were 'like fireworks in the night sky: they glow bright for a brief period and then they disappear.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He went on to plead for an integrated, comprehensive strategy. 'Until that exists, you will not be able to solve the fundamental problems facing journalists.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Training and status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The discussion moved on to the subject of training. Perhaps surprisingly, Aidan White did not see this as an important priority in itself. As he explained: 'It's no use training journalists to be very high quality if they go off to work in a country where the legal environment does not allow them to function properly. And it's no use training them to be ethical if they go somewhere that is steeped in political or financial corruption, and where there is no culture which appreciates the media's role in democratic society.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With this in mind, he believes that training should be directly related to the strategic approach he referred to earlier. 'Yes, we need professional, well trained journalists, but it should be part of a range of programmes. And professional training is not just important for journalists. It should also be provided for managers, editors, advertisers... and perhaps even for politicians!'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The General Secretary noted that the status of journalists in most countries was quite high. They are seen as a filter for information 'coming from the government to the governed'. This was important, he thought, but 'tine real question is how the filter functions. On the one hand journalists have a relatively high status, and what they do is extremely important, but they work close to the political elites, which means they  are subject to pressure. They must retain their independent role, scrutinising and investigating what governments are doing.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the subject of access to information in developing countries, Aidan White observed that the situation is now better than it was ten years ago but pointed to the 'age-old problem of people in power wanting to control the media.' He gave the example of journalists in Indonesia, 'who really want to speak independently of the government, but who are being killed because they represent independent strands of opinion.' Overall, however, he believes the situation has been improving. 'This is partly due to changes in information technology. A government can no longer simply take a journalist out and beat him up. There are half a dozen press freedom organisations around the world watching for and reporting on such events.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a tendency in Europe to assume that 'everything in the garden is rosy' in terms of press freedom, and we were interested to hear what the Secretary General thought of this proposition. He was quick to offer a less complacent view. 'We have just issued a very strong statement against the EU about their secrecy policy,' he pointed out. 'You cannot claim the moral high ground for democracy in Africa or elsewhere if you have a system of secrecy in Europe which operates at the highest political level and which denies citizens access to information.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He was also concerned about the concentration of the media in enormous congLomÃ©rates. This trend, he argued, 'is actually profoundly damaging to the culture of information.' He cited, in this context, the action of the Murdoch organisation 'in banning all news from his cable channels going into China.' Mr White continued: 'They banned the BBC and they banned news coverage in the Chinese language in order to make a business arrangement with the Beijing government. That sort of activity, in our view, is direct censorship from the heart of western democracy.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, Aidan White gave some more detailed information about the Media for Democracy programme in Africa which he described as 'ground-breaking.' The Federation has used it to develop key themes, including the coverage of elections. 'The real test of press freedom,' he continued, 'is at an election, because that is when the political pressure is toughest and the professional quality of journalism is exposed. For Africa, we developed a manual on election reporting and, interestingly, it has become the source document worldwide for election reporting.' He explained how it formed the basis for developing a text which is universal. This has been translated into various European languages, and Arabic, and has been employed in Poland, Romania, Albania and Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the first phase of the Media for Democracy programme, the Federation held a serf. of seminars and conferences on how the media covered elections. As Mr White stressed, this was a crucial time in Africa. Political change was taking place, multi-party democracy was being introduced and there was a need to clarify how elections operated and how they should be reported. 'People didn't have the experience. They wanted the information, and to discuss how things should be done.' The seminars covered aspects such as financial corruption, the organisation of journalists and the role of ethics. And what the IFJ found was that the same kind of things happen in Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa - and indeed across the world. In the words of the Secretary General, 'they have an echo everywhere because, at its root, the problem is the same - those in power want to manipulate the media and use whatever pressures they can.' The lesson learnt from the IFJ's experience in Africa is that common solutions are also valid. Or as Aidan White put it, 'there is no part of the world that can't teach the rest of the world something.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. &amp;amp; S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Freedom of expression: the first freedom</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Frances d'Souza&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frances d'Souza who is Executive Director of AROSE 19, a nom governmental organization which campaigns against censorship globally, explains why Freedom of Expression is for her the most important human right&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the absence of freedom of expression, it is almost impossible to protect other rights, including the right to life. Once governments can draw a cloak of secrecy round their actions and remain unaccountable, massive human rights violations can, and do, take place. For this reason alone, the right to free expression, specifically protected in international human rights treaties, must be considered a primary right. It is significant that one of the first indications of a government's intention to depart from democratic principles is when it increases its control over information, usually by gagging the media. At the one end of the spectrum, supposedly minor infringements of this fundamental right occur daily in western democracies; for example the abuse of national security laws to prevent publication of information which might embarrass the authorities. At the other end of the scale are regimes of terror which brutally suppress opposition, information and even the freedom to exercise religious beliefs. Without free speech and an independent media, it is easier for governments to employ propaganda to promote ethnic conflict, war and genocide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right to freedom of expression is formally protected in major international treaties including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;* This text is an abridged version of a submission made by the author to a public hearing hosted by the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defence and the Sub-Committee on Human Rights and the Committee on Culture, Youth, Education and the Media, April 25, 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Political Rights (Article 19), and the European Convention on Human Rights (Article 10). It is also enshrined in many national constitutions, although this does not always guarantee its protection. Freedom of expression is something which applies even in countries which have not ratified the relevant international treaties. This is because the Universal Declaration is so widely accepted that its provisions now form part of customary international law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While it is generally agreed that freedom of expression is the cornerstone of democracy, international treaties permit certain restrictions. Unlike the American First Amendment rights which allow few, if any, checks on free speech, the international treaties aim for a balance between competing rights. Thus, for example, free speech may be limited where it impinges on the individual's right to privacy, or where it involves incitement to violence or hatred. Given that the permitted restrictions are necessarily broad, the limits of free speech are constantly being tested in national courts and in regional tribunals such as the European Commission and Court of Human Rights. In recent years, several landmark cases have helped define what restrictions may be imposed by governments and under what circumstances. In particular, it has been emphasised by the European Court that any restriction should 'pass' a threepart test; it should be prescribed by law (and thus not be arbitrarily imposed), it should be proportionate to the legitimate aims pursued, and it should be demonstrably necessary in a democratic society in order to protect the individual and/or the state.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Who censors what?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the rules governing restrictions on free speech, many justifications are still invoked by governments in suppressing information which may be inimical to their policies or interests. These include arguments in defence of national security or the 'public interest'. The mechanisms used to restrict the free flow of information range from subtle economic pressures, and devious methods of undermining political opponents and the independent media, to the enactment of restrictive press laws and rules for licensing journalists. In extreme cases, they may involve the illegal detention, torture and disappearance of journalists and others associated with the expression of independent views.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right of free speech may appear less important than, for example, freedom from torture or extrajudicial killing. It is also sometimes difficult to persuade the public that censorship, generally associated with banning obscene materials, is a bad thing! It requires a recognition of some of the fundamental principles of democracy to understand why censorship is so dangerous. Democracy implies that people can make choices about the issues that affect their lives, including what they wish to see, read, hear or discuss. While this may seem a luxurious freedom, mainly preoccupying the wealthy West, it is a comparatively short distance between state censorship of an offensive book to the silencing of political dissidents. And the distance between this and the use of violence to suppress opposition is even shorter. Censorship tends to grow rapidly from small beginnings. Allowing a government the power to deny people information, however trivial, not only leads to laws and procedures which can and will be used by those in authority against those with less authority. It also denies people the information they need to render their governments accountable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There have been some terrible examples of the role of censorship in recent years. We have seen it in the republics of the former Yugoslavia   where the media were manipulated for propaganda purposes. We have seen it in Rwanda where the government associated radio incited citizens to kill each other in the name of ethnic supremacy. And we have seen it in Iran which maintains the threat of murder against a citizen of another country because he wrote a book which displeased the authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are clear links between access to information (or rather the lack of it), and war. Democracy empowers people by increasing participation in decision-making at all levels. The poor, who are denied access to information on decisions which deeply affect their lives, are powerless and have no voice. They cannot influence the ruling elites whose interest in consolidating their own power and position may be served by initiating conflict.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is significant that of the 126 developing countries listed in the 1993 Human Development Report, wars were being waged in 30 and a further 33 were suffering severe civil conflicts. 55 of these 63 countries were to be found at the lower end of the Human Development Index which is an indicator of poverty. It is reasonably safe to assume that most people never welcome war. They may be coerced into supporting 'their' side in a conflict by their governments, using propaganda designed to whip up fear and extreme nationalist sentiment. If the majority had a democratic voice, they would undoubtedly object to war. But voices are silenced. Thus, the freedom to express one's views, to challenge government decisions and to insist upon political rather than violent solutions, are necessary aspects of democracy which can, and do, avert war.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;State-sponsored propaganda in Rwanda, as in the former Yugoslavia, succeeded because there were no ways of challenging it. One can conclude that it is impossible for a country to wage war in the absence of a compliant media willing to indulge in government propaganda. Governments needs civilians to fight wars for them and the media is needed to reinforce government policies and intentions at every turn. In a  totalitarian state where the expression of political views, let alone the possibility of political organisation is suppressed, one has to ask what other possibilities are open to a genuine political movement intent on introducing justice. All too often, terrorism and violence are the only perceived options available to communicate the need for change.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What NGOs can do&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work of human rights organizations has to become much more proactive and should be concerned with providing early warning and preventive action. Monitoring freedom of exprmsion, especially freedom of the press, offers an excellent context because it is widely recognised that would-be dictators always seek to silence people's voices through banning newspapers or other methods of censorship. One has to assume that when censorship begins in earnest, worse human rights abuses will follow and this should be the point for action. Had there been a greater international lobby for an independent media, for access to information and for participation in decision-making in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Nigeria, Burma and many other countries, some of the gross violations which continue to occur, could have been prevented.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Censorship is the first instrument of a government intent on departing from democratic procedures. In this sense it is an early warning signal and at ARTICLE 19, we believe we have a special responsibility to understand better how democracy is destroyed through censorship and how we can alert the international community to act to prevent it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By way of conclusion, anything which can build strong and sound media infrastructures, at the earliest to pportunity, in transitional democracies, is both a gift and a great investment. A crusading press, prepared to separate fact from opinion and to verify its sources, can create a level playing field in which all sectors of society have a voice. This would preclude political control and manipulation for nationalistic power purposes. There is also a need to strengthen local monitoring groups which have the capacity to verify information. International organisations should amplify the voices of local organisations and bring them to the attention of the international community. It is only where there is a strong human rights culture in a given country, whether it has achieved democracy or not, that political changes can be seized upon and shaped into the democratic process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To achieve these objectives, NGOS need to work with governments which are obliged by international law to uphold fundamental rights. We need organisations such as the KU, the UN, ASEAN, and others, to insist on respect for human rights in their dealings with third countries. We also need the general public to be aware of what fundamental rights are, what are the consequences of infringement, and how they can, as individuals, successfully challenge restrictionss imposed on them by their governments. Above all, NGOS need to work with multilateral organisations to determine where slender resources can most fruitfully be targeted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.d'S.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Commission support for democratisation through the media</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Mark Leysen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amongst the many cooperation activities in which it is involved, the LomÃ© Convention covers cultural cooperation, which includes information and communication, yet European Development Fund support for the media in ACP countries is negligible. Although considerable and increasing amounts of aid are granted for the cinema in such countries, EU support for TV, radio and the printed media is small.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, for some years now, the Commission has provided considerable aid to the printed media and radio in ACP countries under its 'Support for democratisation and respect for human rights' budget, which heralds a new approach to media questions. The EDF does not participate in the vast majority of big communications projects in Africa, namely PANA (Panafrican News Agency), URTNA (African National Television and Radio Union, the African equivalent of the European Broadcasting Union), the Programme Exchange Centre, Afrovision, Cierro, etc. The reluctance of EU and ACP partners to embark on such media projects can be explained both by EDF procedures and by the worldwide political context including the situation in most African countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until recently, the media was a matter for the State in Africa. The 'New World Information and Communications Order', announced in the 1 970s, foresaw the participation of not only African citizens, but also of their governments in the world information highway. However, the democratic credentials of such governments were open to question - they controlled the printed media, radio, television and press agencies and any support for such media amounted to a strengthening of the State monopoly and this is why the EDF did not take part.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, aid to the independent media was impossible because such entities did not exist in most African countries and the authorities were not prepared to back a request for aid to the press which they regarded as contrary to their country's interests. If support for the media did exist, it was indirect and restricted to backing of means of communication servicing development projects: literacy campaigns, the fight against AIDS, increasing awareness of ecological problems, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was not until the advent of the democratisation movement and the support that Europe decided to grant to it that a media-aid strategy was to take root. As a kind of 'Fourth Estate', the media monitor executive power and report any abuse of it. In parallel, they play a key role in strengthening civil society by providing information (if not objective information, then at least information from many sources) on current political, social, economic and cultural issues and by providing a medium which offers an opportunity to speak out on matters of importance to society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Commission focuses its media support in five areas in agreement with representatives of African press and specialist European . organisations in this area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Freedom of expression It provides direct aid to national, regional and international organizations to defend freedom of expression, specifically financing monitoring, surveys and the reporting of any violation of press freedom (censorship, intimidation, arrests and arbitrary trials, etc.), and direct assistance to the media and any journalists who are victims of such attacks on press freedom. This direct aid is channelled to, inter alia, the activities of Reporters sans frontieres (see 'Interview with Mr Robert Menard', in this issue), 'Article XIX' and Index on Censorship, all organisations which operate like an Amnesty International for the press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new independent press is often run by journalists who have had no journalistic training and the former State media often require being updated after many years of professional 'distortion' responding to 'his master's voice'. The Commission hence finances programmes offering training in basic journalistic techniques, election coverage; professional codes of ethics, etc. In this area, it is working with a number of European and African organizations, giving priority to long-term actions which are likely to spawn others and to programmes aimed at achieving a higher level of professionalism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid for vocational organizations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vocational organizations for journalists have a role to play in improving the profession's social standing, in strengthening its cohesion in the face of political division, in defending its interests and in coming to the aid of journalists who have been victims of repression. The Commission finances a vast 'Media for Democracy' programme conducted by the International Federation of Journalists and its affiliated regional and national organisations (see interview with Aidan White, in this issue). The programme aims to strengthen or create national and regional associations of journalists, but is also involved in more general actions to   increase the professional standing of the media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Access to sources of information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A credible and responsible press requires sources of information which the new and financially precarious press cannot allow itself. The Commission supports the creation or updating of documentation centres, North/South  and South/South exchanges between publications and radio stations, access to international press agencies or photographic libraries, etc., being shared between several media bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legislative framework and code of ethics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not enough merely to guarantee freedom of expression in the   constitution. This principle must be embodied in all legislative and regulatory texts to prevent a journalist being prosecuted arbitrarily for 'defamation' or 'a breach of State security'. Moreover, to appear credible, the profession must observe a code of ethics. The Commission backs the drafting of press codes, codes of ethics and regulations to govern the air waves. It also backs the creation of press and air wave regulatory bodies as well as the provision of training in journalistic ethics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is obvious that the 'Democracy and Human Rights' budget cannot alone meet the needs of Africa's multi-faceted media scene. Moreover, although the media are a key element in any democratisation process, they are also much more than that - as a means of information and recreation, they have a role to play in the human development of society; as an instrument to create greater awareness, they can contribute to the strengthening of a civil society which is gradually taking charge; and as an economic sector in the full throes of development, they can make a contribution to the GDP and create jobs. All the more reason for national sponsors and the EDF to take more of an interest. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National television, victim of  democracy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than the other media, television in Africa is controlled by the State and serves, first and   fore most, to disse minat e news about the leade r and his govern ment. The state of equip ment depen ds on when it was suppl ied by a friend ly count ry from the North, and as it was almos t certai nly offere d to the count ry's leade rs 'as a perso nal gift', it usual ly consi sts of oversi zed equip ment which the nation al televis ion statio n canno t maint ain correc tly owing to a lack of resou rces. Whils t Europ e is movin g over to digita l Betac am and 1619 forma t, many Africa n TV statio ns are still opera ting with Umat ic and with mach ines that are impos sible to maint ain. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With such deriso ry mean s, nation al TV statio ns have to conte nd with unfair comp etition from the intern ationa l statio ns which, from their satell ites, are inund ating the contin ent with their broad casts . The worldbroad castin g chann els of Europ ean statio ns are receiv ed clearl y (CFI, TV5 Afriqu e, BBC World Telev ision, Deut sche Welle, etc.). The numb er of religio us statio ns (gene rally Islam ic) contin ues to increa se and comm ercial televi sion is develo ping apace - CN N, MTV, Cana l Horizo ns, M-Ne t and others can be picke d up just about every where and can thus cream off the best of a comm ercial mark et which is still virtual ly non-e xisten t and awaiti ng better days . &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The URTN A is unabl e to defen d the intere sts of its memb ers, prope rly and its initiat ives (which are, nevert heles s, lauda ble) are stagn ating: the -progr amme rexch ange centre in Nairob i does not excha nge very much at all and Afrovi sion, . the syste m for excha nging news betw een   nation al TV statio ns via satell ite, is strugg ling to Get off the aroun d. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Never theles s, Africa n TV statio ns do not lack talent or motiva tion and many of them are capab le of produ dng more qualit y progra mmes . What can be done to help them ? Firstly, a decis ion has to be made regar ding who is to be helpe d. Certa inly not intern ationa l TV statio ns' be they private or public, which have their own strate gy (comm ercial or politic al and produ ce televis ion progra mmes for impor t which make only a very margi nal contri bution to the expre ssion of Africa n talent . It would also be wrong to rely or, privati sation and comm ercial statio ns in order to obtain quali ty televis ion - t his much has been demo nstrat ed by the Europ ean exper ience . As for direct aid to nation al televis ion, this would mere ly reinfo rce the State mono poly over inform ation. Wha t is requir ed is greate r suppo rt for the transi tion of State televi sion into a genui ne public servic e. with the benef it of an indep enden t statut e and also true editor ial indep enden ce. Conse quent ly, as things curre ntly stand, aid for trainin g teievis ion' profes siona ls, suppo rt for qualit y progra mme produ ction and any aid aimed at draftin g a public -servic e televis ion Statu te, are usefu l forms of suppo rt which are neutra l with regard to State -medi a contro l. Any direct aid to nation al &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; televis ion statio ns in the form of   hardw are and equip ment shoul d be &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; subje ct to their conve rsion into an auton omou s public servic e. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Images of Africa in the Western media</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Geoff Mungham&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems difficult to find an African leader or African journalist who has not, at some time, been either fiercely critical or quietly despairing of the way in which the continent is depicted by the western media. Their grievances have come to form part of a now familiar litany. Claims are made that the reporting of Africa is now almost entirely in terms of what has been called a'coup, crisis and famine syndrome', and that the western media focus only on 'bad news' out of Africa and ignore the 'positive' achievements of many African countries. These criticisms go hand-in-hand with accusations that Africa cannot ' tell its own story, in its own way', because the global news market is dominated by powerful, westerr-owned corporations, who have their own agenda for reporting Africa. For many Africans, their continent is becoming increasingly invisible in the trade in global news. For them, Rupert Murdoch's cynical remark that 'the Third World sells no newspapers' would appear to have been uttered with Africa specifically in mind. Finally there are those Africans who are concerned about 'western cultural imperialism' undermining traditional African values and culture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How true are these claims? Is Africa becoming once again a dark continent; one largely excluded from the glare of western media coverage? Are some of the correctives suggested by different African leaders worse than the problems they are complaining about? And if Africa is in danger of becoming a 'disappearing world' for news, to what extent are many African countries themselves to blame?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To begin with, there is no doubt that African critics have a case. First and most obvious, is the undeniable brute fact that global news and information flows are dominated by a small number of multinational operators, nearly all of whom - especially since the end of the Cold War - are western owned and controlled. This is true of the great international news agencies, whether the traditional wire services like Reuters or Agence France-Press, or the newer global television news services represented by WTN and CNN, among others. The major clients for their output are western news organizations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, most African countries are in no position to mount a challenge to this world news order. The continent has recently been described as one of the 'least dynamic regions in the global economy, where buying power of consumers is low' and in which many countries are burdened with crippling debt payments. In the same vein, a 1991 World Bank report not only pointed to the increasing 'communications gap' between Africa and the developed world, but went on to suggest that most of the continent offered poor prospects for those wanting to invest in telecommunications projects. These are among the reasons why Africa scores so poorly in terms of putting in place viable national communications infrastructures, let alone being able to take on the global market leaders in securing a higher profile for Africa in the world's news rooms. The same factors also help explain why most African countries remain so dependent on western-controlled news sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This dependency is not simply a question of the easy availability of copy or other material from the western news agencies. Puri (a Tanzanian journalist and Managing Editor of Newslink Africa)  presents other reasons why African editors are interested in what's happening in the West. These include the links between many African countries and their former colonial rulers, the realities of global and economic relations and his claim that African editors often have little interest in other parts of the continent. As he puts it, '...a newspaper reader in Botswana, for example, is not much interested in reading detailed reports from Morocco.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, there is plenty of evidence to support the criticisms of the 'coup, crisis, famine' coverage. Examples are too numerous to cite here, but the following small selection is fairly representative of the broader picture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Introducing the findings of a 'Global News Agenda Survey', Malik and Anderson noted: 'For the rest of the world, Africa means coupe, and largescale killings (covered usually only in the first few days), almost ritualistic famine relief... and the occasional travelogues in the guise of saving something or other'. Similar claims were made by Okigho when he wrote that while CNN and other satellite organisations have 'revolutionised international news coverage', the most common images of Africa still depict internecine warfare (in Angola, Liberia, Somalia), pogroms in Rwanda, political violence in Sierra Leone and ethnic conflicts in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa. In contrast, says Okigho, the 'many positive developments' are routinely ignored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A limited review that I made of wire service copy from the main international news agencies during the week of 13-20 May 1996, produced findings that seemed to echo some of these complaints. In this period, hard news stories were concentrated on a handful of the 50 plus countries of Africa; Burundi, the Central African Republic (C.A.R.), Egypt, Liberia, Somalia, Sudan and South Africa - together with stories of alleged financial irregularities in the World Health Organisation in Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copy about Burundi dealt with ethnic violence and attacks inside Zaire   on Burundi by Hutu 'rebels'. Reports from the C.A.R. focused on an army mutiny, street battles and looting, but were angled on the mediating role of French troops (the C.A.R is a former French colony) and the fate of 100 Americans trapped in the capital, Bangui. Egypt was featured after its government accused Sudan of harbouring a 'vipers' nest of terrorists'. Out of Liberia came a torrent of wire copy about fighting in Monrovia along with assorted atrocity stories, but pinning the emphasis on the plight of foreign nationals (especially Britons and Americans) and the role being played by the USS Guam in air-lifting them to safety. Somalia rated a mention because of the release of two foreign aid workers (British and German) held by an unidentified 'rebel faction'. On South Africa, the wire services were fixed on further violence and killings in KwaZuluNatal, the result of ongoing struggles between rival supporters of the A.N.C and the Inkatha Freedom Party.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'agenda for Africa' sent out by the wire agencies, was replicated by  the menu offered by Reuters TV and APTV. For instance, on one day during the study period, the former was offering ten picture feeds; only one was from Africa (on the C.A.R.) while the rest included such compelling visuals as the British Queen's visit to the Chelsea Flower Show. For the fifteen picture feeds being touted by the APTV on a single day, one featured Africa ('news pictures to offer on the airlift by US marines'), which competed for the attention of western news rooms alongside visuals of a US woman who collected hubcaps (140 000 of them, no less!), Hugh Grant arriving by boat at the Cannes Film Festival, footage of the Monaco Grand Prix and a 'fun run' in Sarajevo (whether or not pictures are available, the idea of a 'fun-run' in Bosnia still seems a difficult concept to grasp) But what these studies show is not the whole picture about Africa which circulates in the West. Nor should they necessarily be used to support the usual criticisms about the performance of the western media in relation to the continent. In the first place, not all news  out of Africa fits into the syndrome the critics complain about. For example, a great deal of the coverage of South Africa has been 'positive' (if we trace the reporting of that country's transition to majority rule). So, too, have the moves towards multi-party politics in African states like Zimbabwe. Similarly, there is plenty of reporting of Africa's sporting successes (such as South Africa's Rugby World Cup triumph). Nor is the West unaware of the work of certain African musicians and film makers - indeed, it has been influenced by them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And even if 'positive' coverage is sometimes hard to find, the critics may still be missing some key points. The first is to do with western 'news values' or rather a failure to appreciate how they work - whether in relation to Africa or anywhere else. The staple diet of much of the global news flow is about 'bad news' and, in this respect, Africa prob  ably fares no worse or better than other parts of the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, a more 'systematic' reporting of much of Africa is still difficult. My point here is about a lack of efficient and developed communication infrastructures, but also a reluctance by many African leaders to tolerate - let alone actively encourage - free and honest open reporting. Too many African journalists have been, and are being, harassed, imprisoned or killed by their own governments. Much of the media in Africa - especially the broadcast media - remains under state control. Newspapers that show a 'lack respect' for the ruling party are frequently shut down. These realities help explain why some of the maligned western media are turned to by those Africans who want something more than state propaganda from their newspapers or broadcasters. This is why the BBC World Service has come to enjoy such a high reputation in many parts of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Third, the attempts made by the African states to try and take on western dominance of global news and information flows, have been misjudged. Two failed initiatives in particular are worth mentioning in this context; the launch in 1983 of the Pan African News Agency (PANA) and the long-time obsession with setting up a 'New World Information Order' (NWIO).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the start, PANA has been dogged by financial and management problems. African governments owe $18 million, journalists have gone unpaid, lines have been disconnected and in 1992 a UNESCO-funded audit found evidence of financial mismanagement. The main source of information PANA traded in was material from the domestic news agencies of OAU member states. Since most of these are state-controlled, the 'news' they were offering was never likely to attract many western users. To try and give PANA a new lease of life, UNESCO are backing a rescue package, which would allow for private investors to be shareholders along with state-owned African national news agencies. But the pro  posed partnership funding is unlikely to work, especially in one-party states where the ruling groups have always been suspicious of any media not under their direct ownership.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The NWIO project has chased even more impossible dreams. Any attempt fundamentally to change the global news order was always going to be beyond countries with severe national communication 'deficits'. Most African countries, with weak and undercapitalised information infrastructures were never in a position to take on the market leaders in the global news business. In pursuit of the NWIO idea, endless international conferences were held, declarations passed and ritual attacks made on ' western media dominance'. Nothing came of it all. If the sense of frustration which kept the concept alive was understandable, less easy to grasp was why African leaders focused on the NWIO idea, while their own grassroots communication systems remained impoverished and under-resourced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most recent attempt to develop 'top-down' communications facilities in parts of Africa comes with the attempts to push satellite-delivered payTV on the continent. Among the 'players' here are Multi-Choice (which will be offered to subscribers in over 30 countries in sub-Saharan Africa), Canal Horizons (targeted on North Africa and Francophone West Africa) and Panafnet (also aimed at buyers in Francophone West Africa). Because these enterprises are subscription-based there will be a clear bias in take-up towards upperincome groups; and - certainly in the case of Multi-Choice - the output will have a 'strong UK/USA programming flavour'. It is hard to see how these initiatives will ever meet the real news and information needs of the vast majority of African consumers, who have limited spending power and are often deprived of the most basic communication tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As Hans Dieter Klee (former Head of the Africa Service of Deutsche Welle) has rightly argued, what Africa urgently needs is large-scale international media aid to help strengthen its own media. This aid should not be targeted at projects designed somehow to allow Africa to 'compete' with Western media congLomÃ©rates. It should, instead, be aimed at building up diverse, viable and professional local and national media enterprises in African countries themselves. In this, the EU can play a leading role, working through the links established under the LomÃ© Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robust national communication structures in Africa will not, of course, alter the balance of global media power. They will be able to do little to stop the international news agencies reporting Africa in the way they have done in the past. And it will be a long time before most Africans becomes travellers on the 'information superhighway', since this, in essence, is an extension of existing computer and telephonic communications, which the continent lacks. But a vigorous local and national media, Africa-wide, would be good for Africa and the best barrier for resisting outside media influences. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6.M.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;References&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Okigho: 'National Images in the Age of the Information Super Highway &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African Perspectives', African Media Review, vol. 9,1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Malik and K. Anderson: 'TV: The Global New Agenda Survey', intermedia, January-February 1992. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Hicks 'North of the Limpopo', Cable and Satellite Europe, April 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A message of hope on the Burundi airwaves</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Parliament may seem an unlikely launch pad for a radio station, but two members of this elected body, who are committed to a free and fair press as one of the cornerstones of democracy, have set up Radio Espoir (Radio Hope) in Burundi with backing of the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parliamentarians, Pierre Pradier (ERA-F) and Bernard Kouchner (PSE-F) are co-founders of Radio Espoir (Radio Umwizero, in Kirundi) which brings together a French association and a local Burundi radio station. Three expatriates are working on the Bujumbura-based project; an editor, a radio technician and an administrator. They have teamed up with local journalists who, for the moment, are providing their services free of charge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The station, which broadcasts in Kirundi, is targeted at an audience in the 15-25 age group. In a country with an 80% illiteracy rate, radio is the only way of reaching the population. 'The idea came to us in 1994, with Rwanda and Radio Libre des Mille Collines' says Pierre Pradier. 'If so much harm could be done with radio, then why equally could good not be achieved.' RLMC was the radio set up in July 1993 on the eve of the genocide in Rwanda. It became a mouthpiece  for the Akazu, a clan of Hutu extremists grouped around the then President's wife, Agathe Habyarimana, and it undermined the Arusha agreements by whipping up ethnic conflict in Rwanda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Pradier explains that Radio Hope journalists intentionally avoid speaking about Hutus and Tutsis. He also highlights the problems encountered in providing news coverage when local conditions are so difficult. As he points out; 'When you speak about the situation of a woman who has lost her husband in Burundi, you are talking politics.' Security considerations are important too while the MEP stresses that a proper analysis of events can only come with time: 'At the moment we are limited to reporting the facts. And it is only when the facts are verified that one can begin to interpret them.' The news items broadcast by the station rely on agency dispatches confirmed by a network of local people who call in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of such sensitivities and in an effort to find as much common ground as possible, the radio station gives music top billing. This has the added advantage of helping to attract listeners. It also offers general programmes on African roots, sport, culture and educational themes, in addition to its news items. It is currently broadcasting for six hours a day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pierre Pradier says he would like to see an end to the 'navel gazing' of Burundi's population. 'We want to show that peace is possible, by showing how it is progressing elsewhere: in Haiti, for example, where there is a legitimate President now, and amongst the Chiapas in Mexico.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But, like many fledgling stations, finding enough funds from donors to guarantee its future is a worry. The station's current ECHO grant runs out in September 1996. Indeed, the project, classified under emergency aid, was atypical for the humanitarian aid office. But Mr Pradier is hoping that continued support will come from one of the EU's budget lines. He believes that the Union is a particularly suitable donor because it tends to be less 'colonialistic' than some others. He also raises the possibility of seeking funds from private donors such as the Fondation de France. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking to the future of the station, Pierre Pradier argues that they cannot let the project 'drop' and hopes eventually to see it being handed over to local broadcasters, assuming 'they are people we can depend on'. The signs so far are encouraging. He would also like to see Radio Hope's programme content broadened to include game shows, with radios offered as prizes for the winners. As far as he is concerned, the more people who tune in, the better! _&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joint Assembly resolution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ACP/Ku Joint Assembly is pushing for EC institutions and LomÃ© signatories to be more supportive of media issues. A resolution on the role of communications media in the development and consolidation of democracy in ACP states. passed by the Assembly in March, contained the following points:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - freedom of expression and free communications and media are vital to the development of a democratic society;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - more ACP countries should give opposition parties access to the media' notably where this is controlled by the state;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - all candidates and political parties should be given access to the media in a 'balanced and fair manner'; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - laws which restrict press freedom and the electoral process should be repealed;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - any threat of physical attack against media organisations or their employees should be investigated by the authorities, with those responsible being brought to justice;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the media should be impartial, providing accurate information during elections, helping to educate the electorate, explaining the importance of elections, giving information on where, when and how to vote, and explaining the secret ballot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - EU assistance for free and a fair elections - and a free media sector in ACP countries - should be increased. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Catholic radio in Southern Africa</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Antonio Pacheco&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this abridged article, the author, who is a Portuguese journalist, gives details of two church-supported local radio projects in Southern Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the end of the 1980s, the Social Communication Department of IMBISA, the conference of Catholic bishops in Southern Africa (a kind of SADC for Roman Catholics) embarked on a local radio project. It had a two-pronged approach. First, it involved setting up a network of small community radio stations. The local population were involved, sharing responsibility for making programmes and broadcasting information and news about everyday life in the remotest places. In some cases, the programme content was retransmitted at a provincial or even national level. The second aspect was that it was supplemented by the creation of flexible and independent associations of journalists/presenters. They formed information agencies operating as a network to link up local radio stations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At that time, the main concern in Southern Africa was to rid South Africa of apartheid. There was also a desire to promote freedom of expression in Angola and Mozambique. Given that radio was (and still is) the most important means of communication in the region, the idea was to set up a regional network capable of overcoming all the constraints ranging from legal bans and restrictions on broadcasting to widespread illiteracy. The ultimate objective was to set up a Catholic radio station based in Swaziland. This project did not go ahead, however, because it was too expensive to finance and, above all, because it was dependent on the regional Catholic hierarchy. It proved difficult to reconcile the various ideological views and sensitivities of bishops in the various countries of the region. There was also a growing feeling amongst the Christian communities that the underlying need was not for a radio station which would be a vehicle for bishops' views, but rather a media system that served the people, offering recreation, training and information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio Pax&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another local radio project of interest, which is now up and running, involved reviving Radio Pax, the private Catholic radio station which made a significant contribution during the 1 960s to the struggle for a free Mozambique. The operation closed down in 1977 but the experience was not forgotten and 16 years later, the decision was made to bring the station back on air. Those behind the new project took advantage of the trend towards greater political openness in the country. Their aim was to offer a credible and informative alternative, which, they hoped, would be up and running in time for the elections scheduled for October 1994. A course was run between July and September 1994 which brought together young presenters chosen by small communities on the outskirts of Beira, Chimoio, Nampula, Quelimane and Maputo. The course involved honing the participants' presentation skills and providing practical training in technical subjects, and programme and information preparation. This was how the first association of young independent Christian journalists came into being.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For various reasons, including red-tape and customs regulations, the  new Radio Pax was unable to broadcast in the run-up to the general election. However, the young journalists, who received their training at various locations, were able to act as important independent sources of information. This was channelled to Maputo and used as backup for a number of international press officials and observers. The information relayed by the young presenters in the provinces made it possible to publish a newsletter which was circulated throughout the country, using fax, religious channels and a variety of other means.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio Pax is now in operation, although it faces major technical problems. It is based in a community centre in Inhamizua, 20 km from Beira. The station has already done important work in gathering information about local traditions, and has broadcast programmes aimed particularly at women and young people in suburban areas. The network also incorporates Mozambique's Radio Encontro, which broadcasts from Nampula in conjunction with the Anchilo training centre. There are plans for further local radio stations in Maputo in the south, Quelimane and Chimolo in the centre and Pemba in the north.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio Pax is managed entirely by the Association of Independent Young Christian Journalists in Beira. In terms of training, the current preoccupation is to teach the young people involved how to manage the small radio stations which have been made available to them, and to set up local self financing systems. Although equipment is important, what really counts in this project is the training of the presenters. Working in close collaboration with the community, it is they who are in the front lineâpromoting the inalienable right of free expression.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Voice of the Disabled in Chad!</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Mand RyaÃ¯ra Ngarara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Support Group for the Disabled in Chad (AEHPT) was set up in 1987 with the assistance of the International Christian Service for Peace (EIRENE), which has its headquarters in Germany. By coming together to form a group, disabled people hoped to take charge of their lives and break down the wall of silence that surrounds them. However, despite setting up various workshops (welding workshops, small printing works, musical groups) and publishing an information newsletter, entitled 'Perspectives'. the AEHPT has been unable to improve the image of disabled people within Chad society and has failed to  raise awareness that the work done by the disabled is not only of value, but deserves due recognition. From this status quo sprang the idea of broadcasting a national weekly radio programme called 'The Voice of the Disabled'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two reasons why radio was chosen as the communication medium: firstly, the very strong oral tradition of the country, together with the population's weak purchasing power, which make access to newspapers difficult, means that radio remains the most appropriate medium for reaching a wide audience; and secondly, radio programmes are not difficult to produce, since they do not require vast technical, financial or human resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Letting the disabled have their say&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially launched by the AEHPT, The Voice of the Disabled is now jointly produced and broadcast by four associations actively involved in defending the interests of those with disabilities. It is broadcast nationwide every Monday at peak listening times.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The programme is not, however, aimed solely at those with disabilities but, on the contrary, seeks to increase awareness in Chad society as a whole. It also acts as a platform from which to urge the authorities to take concrete measures to help this section of the population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, more than a year after its launch, The Voice of the Disabled is enjoying tremendous success, with ever larger numbers of people, from all walks of life, tuning in. For the disabled themselves it provides a vast source of information, explaining the facts behind the causes of their disabilities and giving advice on how to prevent such disabilities and what can be done to treat them, and it keeps people informed about  what is happening within the various associations for the disabled, giving information about the activities, projects and special events that are taking place. As far as the rest of the population is concerned, The Voice of the Disabled has helped to raise the profile of disabled people in Chad. Slowly but surely, people's preconceptions are beginning to change and one of the programme's greatest achievements has been to eradicate gradually the negative image which people used to have of disabilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, the lamentable fact remains that this programme is broadcast solely in French, and this is why plans are now in the pipeline to broadcast The Voice of the Disabled in both Arabic and Sara - Chad's two national languages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.R.N. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">TV documentaries and development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Africa Express experiment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Richard Synge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'Africa Express' documentory series mounted by Channel4, an independent British TV station, has done more than just put a new slant on news provided by state-run African channels. it has also created jobs for African producers and reporters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Television viewers in Africa will soon get the chance to see documentaries on African current affairs and development topics which have hitherto only been seen on British TV sets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Channel Four's Africa Express programme has recently concluded its third series to much critical acclaim in Britain. it included items on a surprisingly diverse range of topics. One film showed how a cash-strapped Congolese prison saves money by sending its prisoners home one day in every month, and included lively interviews with the governor and the prisoners themselves as well as footage of the grim prison conditions. Others focused on the flourishing free currency market in Zaire, the spread of South Africa's 'shebeen' culture into the country's upmarket suburbs, political battles in Namibia over the rights to manage historic tourist sites and the Nigerian military government's blatant attempts to censor television reporting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The latest series supplemented the work of British film crews by incorporating several documentaries that were made entirely by African production teams. Special funding for this element of the Africa Express project came from the environmental television distribution agency TVE. As a result, Africa Express hired four African directors and used African-based crews to film half of the 24 films in the series.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other innovative part of the project was that the programmes are now becoming available to viewers in Africa at the lowest possible cost. To promote this concept of 'media feedback', TVE has been actively marketing the series to non-governmental organisations and facilitating arrangements for the distribution of the cassettes to African broadcasting stations, both state-owned and private.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'It is a way forward for us, because nothing like this has been done before,' says Raphael Tuju, a Kenyan film producer who runs a video resource centre in Nairobi, marketing documentaries to local broadcasting stations and the educational sector. 'There are too few opportunities for producers in African countries to break into the international networks. The subjects we cover are rarely of interest to the distribution companies, the differences in technology are too wide and getting wider, and there are not enough African producers who have reached the professional level to compete with their counterparts abroad.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peter Gill, who edited Africa Express for Channel Four, welcomed the opportunity to help promote the independent film industry in Africa. 'It was thoroughly stimulating,' he says, adding that one of the constant challenges was 'finding ways to bridge the gap between what is technically possible in Africa and the standards required for a European television production.' The four African directors hired for the series were two South Africans, Eddie Mbalo and Teddy Mattera, a Zimbabwean, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Albert Chimedza, and a Namibian, Bridget Pickering. They all worked directly under Peter Gill's management and in contact with a producer in the field. Gill was impressed with the level of journalistic and technical expertise available in Africa and the dedication of the teams working in difficult situations. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even where the production teams were British, all the 24 films in the latest Africa Express series used African journalists and presenters. They researched and organised most of the films in advance of the actual shoot by the visiting film crews. Cameroonian journalist, Emmanual Wotany, played a prominent role in the films on Congo and Zaire. Kenyan reporter Joseph Warungu proposed and presented a film on the hazards of skin-bleaching in The Gambia. The presenter of the programme on Nigeria, Toyin Fane-Kayode, bravely challenged the censorship of the country's military regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An all-African camera and sound team led by Lawrence Mbada and Mandla Mlambo was responsible for the four films in the series that were shot by the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC). In the extremely difficult conditions of Angola and Namibia, an experienced SABC cameraman was used. Here there was a need to ensure that the less experienced directors were not further challenged by having to work with an inexperienced crew.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For TVE's Robert Lamb, one of the main breakthroughs made by Africa Express was in the agreement of Channel Four to collaborate both with the SABC and with TVE itself, which insisted on the involvement and participation of African journalists, film-makers and technicians. He was impressed by the results and hopes that thee could be 'an even greater African involvement in another series, if one is commissioned.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The latest series was a success, being regularly watched by up to two million viewers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Channel Four granted broadcasting rights for the series in lowincome countries to TVE and Worldview International Foundation as well as the non-broadcast rights to TVE and its partners in the third world. These   agreements allow TVE to provide the tapes at nominal cost to a network of video resource centres, similar to that run by Raphael Tuju in Nairobi. Such centres seek to get development-oriented documentary films shown by the local broadcasting stations but survive by supplying the needs of schools, colleges, non-governmental organisations and other categories of 'multipliers'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most successful documentary centres is the Film Resource Unit (FRU) in Johannesburg. From its origins as a way of sharing bootlegged foreign films and TV programmes during the political repression of the 1980s, FRU is now a major distributor of educational and documentary films.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To overcome the inexperience of state-owned African broadcasting networks in showing programmes of developmental relevance to their societies, video resource centres have to provide their own sponsorship. 'It is difficult for us to compete with the likes of Coca Cola, which will sponsor programmes like soap operas,' says Raphael Tuju, 'but one way round this obstacle is to sponsor a programme and at the same time advertise our services. The business we generate this way usually means that we can at least break even.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Film-making capacity in Africa has been severely limited by most governments' domination of the broadcasting media and a deep and institutional reluctance to encourage independent local productions. The mainly government-owned television stations rarely have a policy to buy in locallymade programmes and tend to look to Britain, France or the US for outside material, which is often dumped on the market at low prices, making it an even harder challenge for local producers to generate the funds to make their own programmes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decline of the once-active film industry in Nigeria, in particular, means that in English-speaking Africa, the field is now dominated by South Africa and Zimbabwe. In French-speaking Africa, the continuation of subsidies  has kept an 'art house' tradition alive, especially in Senegal and Burkina Faso. In most of the continent, however, the only development-oriented programmes shown to the public tend to be made by the governments' own propaganda departments rather than by independent film-makers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where there is a lack of access  to local broadcasting media, African film-makers continue to experiment with making their own dramas and documentaries, showing their work on video in village halls and schools. 'At the grassroots, African film-making can be stimulated simply by consumer demand,' says Russel Honeyman, who publishes the African Film and TV Yearbook in Harare. 'But local products do not usually translate into international products. Film and television is a global industry and film-makers should not insist on being too parochial. There is room for greater international collaboration.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Based on the experience of the latest Africa Express series, TVE now plans to build on its achievements. In May 1996, it exhibited the series to the directors of African television stations at a conference in Windhoek, Namibia, and discussed arrangements for distribution of the cassettes. It is also planning to  participate in a workshop for French speaking West African nations in Senegal under a grant from the European Union's human rights division. The consultative process will continue with a meeting of the African video resource centre network at the end of 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TVE's Robert Lamb hopes that the success of Africa Express might encourage international funding agencies in Europe to take up the challenge of funding films made in Africa for African consumption. He doubts that Channel Four on its own would take such a risk. Constraints are, perhaps inevitably, imposed on TVE's concept by the fact that programmes produced for European audiences use a production and editorial structure that requires 'post production' in European capitals. 'Although we came out owning the rights to the programmes in Africa, Channel Four still had 80% of the control over the production and editorial decisions,' he acknowledges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert Lamb is fully aware of the challenges that lie ahead. 'National broadcasters are in a parlous financial position and are still, for the most part, stifled by government controls,' he notes. 'Africans who have received formal training rarely find the funds to apply their newly-acquired skills.' But Mr Lamb and his TVE organisation are convinced that there will be increasing demand for more programmes like Africa Express, as much from Africa itself as from European audiences. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.S. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Internet and the South</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Renaud de la Brosse&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, who works at the Panos Institute in Paris, reflects on the pros and cons of new information technology for countries in the South and on their chances of success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Internet has become such a craze amongst users in Third-World countries (researchers, teachers, businesses,, liberal professions, etc.) that it amply demonstrates that a real and genuine need is being met, despite adverse comments from its detractors. The rapid increase in the number of connections to the network in the North is mirrored by an exponential growth in the South. Africa is a good example of the possibilities offered by access to the global network whilst at the same time revealing the technical and financial restrictions facing countries in the South.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost all of Africa's 55 countries are today connected to the network, from South Africa, which has over 800.000 computers, to Uganda, which has just a few thousand. The importance of the Internet in Africa must be viewed less in terms of the number of computers (means of access to the Internet) and more in terms of the constant increase it represents in numbers of subscribers to the network. In the last six months alone, the number of subscribers increased by over 50%, whilst the increase in France, for example, was only 20%. Another telling figure is the number of host computers per 1.000 inhabitants, which rose by 147% in South Africa between 1994 and 1995 whereas the increase for Taiwan and Australia was 83% and 50%, respectively!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because it is under-supplied in communications equipment, Africa is starting out with a disadvantage compared with other continents. However, the recent G7 Conference on Information and Development, which took place in mid-May in Midrand in South Africa, brought together 40 countries and 18 intergovernmental organizations and made it possible 'to build a bridge between developed countries and developing countries' so that the latter are not excluded from the world of new information technologies. The benefit to be gained from the Net for the Black Continent lies in the fact that African surfers are anxious to break free  from their scientific, cultural or economic isolation which comes not only from relationships between Africa and the rest of the world, but often from relationships between regions and countries on the African continent itself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Precursors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As in Europe and the United States, scientists and researchers in Africa are the first to have understood the importance of the Net and there are now - in French speaking Africa - networks such as the Intertropical Computer Network, which groups together approximately 3000 surfers in 11 countries. The importance of the Internet for these researchers is manifold; in most countries, the education system is in grave crisis, essentially because of diminishing budget resources which for years, on account of structural adjustment measures, have been melting away. This explains the absence of libraries or documentation centres. The Internet is therefore becoming a stopgap measure, offering access to all current scientific production and giving African researchers the chance to publicise and gain recognition for their work outside their own continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interesting experiments in North/South cooperation are also being set up, with the French-speaking Agency for Higher Education and Research currently establishing what it calls a 'virtual French-speaking campus', a kind of vast library to which affiliated universities will be connected. The project is also justified in economic terms since, through the medium of electronic mail (e-mail), which goes hand in hand with the Internet, exchanges of information will be cheaper than by fax, for example, which costs at least five times as much for the same amount of information transmitted. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside the academic community, heads of African businesses are also launching themselves into cyberspace, particularly in the case of several hundred of them who have grouped together within a West-African Business Network. Internet's financial viability in the South is dependent on membership of African businesses and multinational companies established in Africa. The cost of subscription is still beyond the means of private individuals and only 'institutional' subscribers are currently able to guarantee payment in the short term.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A useful tool&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the possibilities on offer remain to be explored, so the Internet can therefore be an important medium for promoting African culture - Niger has set up a Web via which it is possible to visit its archaeological sites and Benin has just set up a server dedicated to voodoo. In general terms, there is the challenge of mastering content, in other words the African suffers should not restrict themselves to a  passive use (sleeking information from the North) but should, on the contrary, move progressively as players providing content and information. For the countries of the South, it is a matter of mastering information and preserving their culture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The range of possibilities offered by the Net is limitless. Its development in Africa or in the South in general does, however, run up against a number of obstacles, including those of both a technical and financial nature. The importance of the Internet lies in being able to transmit greater quantities of information more cheaply than by using other communications techniques. However, the required technology is expensive and therein lies the principal difference between the North and the South.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The infrastructure which would permit rapid, longterm expansion of the Internet is nowhere near being installed in Africa, just as in the other developing countries. The continent is still under-equipped in terms of telephone lines; according to a survey by the BDT (Telecommunications Development Office), the number of main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants is less than 0.5 in sub-Saharan Africa, and in terms of equipment providing access to the Net (computer, modem, etc.). In real terms, this makes access to the network much more expensive for a user in the South than for one in the North. All these imported electronic goods are much more expensive than in the West, and this is without taking account of the additional cost, in most African countries, imposed by tariff barriers on IT goods, which are regarded with great suspicion by the authorities who perceive them as a potential danger more than as essential development tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fear is that the remote transmission of data might pose a threat to less than democratic regimes. Under the pretext of 'the control of information-based wealth', a State may decide to interfere with the 'consent' or even 'suppress' a site for producing and exchanging information deemed contrary to its interests. Once more, the question of freedom of expression arises in different terms in the South and North. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Panos Institute&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Panos Institute is a non-profit-making association set up in 1988. Together with its counterparts in London and Washington, the Paris Panos Institute founded Panos International The Institute's aim is to strengthen, particularly in Africa, local expression and information capabilities. Within the context of sustainable and  better-shared development, it aims to promote the emergence of a more democratic culture and of more democratic debate. To this end, the Panos Institute runs two main programmes in west Africa from Paris and its branch offices (Senegal, Mali, Chad and Ghana).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The programme to support pluralism in matters of information, which has four major objectives: - to expand and consolidate the legal, institutional and statutory framework of pluralist-type information - to increase professionalism in the media - to give institutional support to authors in west Africa who promote pluralism in information - to contribute to the production and circulation of more diversified and more qualified information on certain priority topics such as the environment, human rights, management and prevention of conflict, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The migration and cooperation programme seeks to enhance the value of the contribution made by citizens from Third World countries residing in the rich nations to development in their countries of origin. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union, UNESCO and the ACCT, American foundations (Ford, Rockefeller) or German foundations, and bilateral cooperation agreements (Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Germany, France) support the actions of the Panos Institute. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The press in Africa as a tool in the democratic process</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Florence WinÃ©ry&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although radio is 'king of the media' in Africa, the press is increasingly becoming an active player in the democratic process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This has been seen particularly over the last six years in the French-speaking African states where a burgeoning of political parties has been matched by the appearance of an unusually large number of  newspapers. In these countries, the press still requires rudimentary political stability - in contrast to English-speaking countries, where it has a much longer tradition and can nowadays be generally regarded as the 'Fourth Estate'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria is a good illustration of this. One need only cite the press campaigns mounted there to protest against the Federation's membership of the Islamic Conference Organisation in 1986, and more recently, the support given to Moshood Abiola. The vitality of the Nigerian press is something that deserves to be emphasised. Despite a series of measures over the years aimed at suppressing it (not exclusively by the military authorities) it is still much in evidence. There are demonstrations to support it, and it has 'gone underground' at times, continuing to publish clandestinely. The journalists' struggle intensified in June 1993, when it was recommended that they should exercise 'discretion and self-regulation'. In spite of the problems, the Nigerian press endeavours to remain a source of pressure in Nigeria's political and social arena.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Returning to the French-speaking media, we see that the pace of expansion varies considerably from one country to another. In Benin, for example, current discussions are centred  strongly on opening up the country's airwaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Is a private press a partisan press?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is debatable whether the private press is truly independent. In the political sphere, it is often highly partisan while 'economic' independence - in the sense of access to the materials needed to produce a newspaper - is not always possible. Printing and distribution are often subject to monopolies which may constitute a form of disguised censorship for the publishers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initiatives aimed at setting up press associations in one form or another have been launched in an attempt to overcome these problems. This helps explain why the SEP (publishers' Society) was established. This group, which hopes to extend its activities throughout the region, is based in Benin where the democratisation process (and the proliferation of press titles) first begun. In many countries, media associations have already been formed covering specific areas such as radio, the press and publishing. There are plans for similar organisations in the field of television. Sometimes, they have printing facilities which are available to other private publications.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The principal challenge facing a general information-based newspaper is that it should appear regularly and on time. The next stage, ideally, is for it to be able to increase its distribution. Initially, a number of newspapers only came out monthly or even every two months. After appearing regularly for several months - and thereby achieving  relative financial stability - they then moved to weekly publication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most countries, a new legal framework was also adopted, although the application of the legislation has often proved laborious. This is particularly true of the setting up of regulatory authorities. In Senegal, where the media was previously governed by a law passed in 1979 (and amended in 1986), new legislation was enacted at the beginning of 1996. The measure was prompted by concerns over ethical standards, a demand for a more 'responsible' approach, a desire to prevent monopolies developing, and fears of excessive foreign involvement. This year has also seen the implementation of media law amendments in Cote d'lvoire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The focus of the work of many newly-formed organisations has been the drawing up of a professional code of ethics, with a view to defining the basis of the journalist's profession. In Cote d'lvoire, the OLPED (Press Freedom and Professional Ethics Monitor) was created in September 1995 in Yamoussoukro at a seminar on journalists' responsibilities during elections. The OLPED is made up of 13 members representing publishers, civil society and the nation's journalists. Although the 'Monitor' has only moral authority, it has had considerable influence on journalists' professional consciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The OLPED held weekly working sessions up to March 1996 and now meets every two months. One of its main achievements has been to define the criteria whereby a responsible attitude can be guaranteed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vigilance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The press can expect to be subject to rigorous supervision during an election campaign - as happened recently in Benin. Indeed, Benin's press has attracted special attention from various national institutions including, most notably, the NGO community. This interest resulted In the organisation of seminars on journalism during an election period, designed to avoid incitements to violence. The HAAC (Audi  ovisual and Communications High Authority), responsible for statutory control of the media in the run-up to and during the campaign, took part in these meetings which were aimed at increasing awareness and highlighting the heavy responsibility carried by the media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite a number of incidents during the campaign (which were immediately reported) and although the situation threatened to get out of hand while the country was obliged to wait for the publication of the results of the second round, the press conducted itself in a fairly moderate manner. It should be recalled that there was a great deal of apprehension in Benin before the results were announced with a widespread fear that violence might break out. These fears were given extensive coverage by the media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The HAAC proved to be central to the electoral process and, ultimately, the press was congratulated by most political leaders in Benin, and by those from abroad who were involved in organising and observing the poll, for the role that it played in the process. By and large, it concentrated on portraying popular expectations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During an election period, the print media is an essential vehicle of opinion and power, justifying the creation of special titles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, the private press is playing an increasingly important role in the democratic process and the question of its survival appears to have attracted more serious attention from the authorities. In Senegal, a subsidy has been granted to a number of newspapers, subject to certain conditions, and Mali set an example this year by establishing a private press aid fund, with Cote d'lvoire about to follow suit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The political context which has favoured this flourishing of the private press has had a marked influence on the way it has developed and on the editorial content of most journals - which is strongly focused on politics and 'national' issues. The press has barely had a chance to find its feet on the media scene and in the political process, and it has had to contend with huge  economic constraints. Low circulation figures are one key reason for its precarious position - newspapers are read only by an educated, urban minority. However, the press is now embarking on a new course, attempting to establish a loyal readership with a view to guaranteeing its long-term survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Independence and integrity ought, of course, to be the hallmark of journalism, although currently it is not  possible to say that the profession is dissociated entirely from political militancy. In the past, the press has played  a part in undermining the national consensus by promoting division and, on occasion, fomenting exclusion and confrontation. The issue today is whether the sector can now take its place in states governed by the rule of law, representing public opinion and helping to bring about a rapprochement of ideas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.M. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Benin's press on parole?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Richard Lawson TÃšvi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When President Mathieu KÃ©rekou of Benin granted permission to set up private newspapers in his country, the result was an upsurge of new titles. The following article is written by a journalist who works on  one of these publications ('Tam-Tam Express'). He offers an assessment of the way the private press has developed in Benin, and in particular of the ethical and economic challenges it needs to overcome in the new democratic order.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1988, President KÃ©rÃ©kou's revolutionary regime authorised the setting-up of private newspapers in Benin. At the beginning, only a limited degree of freedom was granted to new publications but things have evolved quickly. 'La Gazette du Golfe' and 'Tam-Tam Express', the first independent weeklies to be set up (two years prior to the 1990 national conference), went beyond what the Marxist regime had in mind and effectively achieved press freedom in the face of opposition from the Ministry of Information and Propaganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalists took advantage of their initial limited freedom to publish reports about political and financial scandals and this, not surprisingly, gave a new lease of life to the media more generally in Benin. In particular, journalists from the national radio and television  channels were quick to switch their style of reporting, dispensing with the stereotyped formal language which had previously characterised the public-service media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meanwhile, several politically oriented publications came into being ('L'Opinion', 'La Recade', 'Le Canard du Golfe'). This development gave newfound dynamism to the emergence of a free and independent press in the crucial period prior to Benin's national conference, which was held in February 1990.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To date, 170 titles have been registered with the Ministry of the Interior, although barely half of these have been published more than five times. Some appeared only once and many have existed in name only. Publications which have had only a sporadic existence are legion and, in the years between 1991 and 1996, when political power alternated between Presidents Soglo and Kerekou, independent privatepress titles flourished. Unfortunately, they faced a number of problems - such as prohibitive paper and printing costs and poor distribution networks. The result was that many operators were financially ruined as a result of their decision to venture into this area of publication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currently, the Benin market has only 20 or so titles which appear on a   reasonably regular basis. For the most part, these are two-weekly and monthly publications which concentrate their activities in Cotonou. The audiovisual media are conspicuous by their absence, despite the provisions of the Constitution adopted in December 1990, which gave special powers to the HAAC (Audiovisual and Communications High Authority), particularly as regards guaranteeing 'press freedom' and 'opening up the audiovisual sector'. No one knows when this law will actually be implemented, but it does appear that the Benin Parliament, which sits in Porto Novo, has been giving more attention to this issue since General KÃ©rÃ©kou's accession to power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The relationship between the press and the state&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governmen/press relationships are not particularly healthy at the moment. The usual reflex of authorities in any country is to control or manipulate the press wherever possible. At the ORTB (Benin Broadcasting and Television Office), a branch of the public sector, journalists often complain of the pressures they face in processing information. The same is said at the national daily, 'La Nation'. Fortunately, such pressures have not always shaken the resolve of the professional journalists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The private press has a different problem. In this case, it is the newspaper proprietors who look to collaborate with the political parties. As one publishing editor has said, 'Our problem is more one of allegiance than of harassment'. Virtually all publications are political vehicles for one or other group - which makes nonsense of the code of ethics that is supposed to govern the profession. This phenomenon was most marked during the election period. All the titles that had been in 'hibernation' came to life again and new titles were born, only to disappear once the poll was over. This is also a reflection of the very meagre resources available to most private publishers. Those who do have sufficient means are usually quick to offer allegiance - for example to particular businesses - in order to position themselves more favourably from an economic  standpoint. Thus, some of the press rather overtly promotes particular economic interests. Others assiduously woo politicians and, in some cases, use blatant blackmailing techniques. In the latter situation, the 'market' operates on the basis that a file (sometimes assembled from a number of documents) will not be published if an endorsement is given or - what is worse - in return for hard cash. The justification for this shameful practice is that the market is highly restricted, sales of newspapers bring in very little income and advertising is non-existent but the newspaper has to keep going nonetheless. This situation also explains why defamation actions are frequently settled 'out of court' by the parties to the dispute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A profession fraught with difficulties&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another explanation for the existence of blackmail is the lack of training. The majority of journalists working for private publications come into the profession for want of something better to do, after they have finished their university courses. One experienced journalist refers to these people as mere 'hirelings'. It is only once they have entered the profession that they learn the basics through joining journalists' associations and by receiving support from some of the bilateral-cooperation missions and foundations that are operating in Benin. The country does not, itself, have any colleges of journalism to speak of. Only recently, the national daily newspaper inaugurated a course for young journalists receiving their training on the country's various publications. This course will be spread over one year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young journalists working at the national agency, the Benin Press Agency, are trained by WANAD (the West-African National Agencies Development) centre, under the auspices of UNESCO, which is subregional in vocation. The 20 or so trainees have no clear idea of what awaits them when they finish their course - whether all, or just some of them, will be taken on full-time by the agency. Those who are not kept on at the end of their training period are likely to  swell the ranks of the 'hirelings' - who seem fated to remain at that level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new administration will have to tackle the more general question of aid to the press in order to give a fresh boost to the private sector. This has been facing a real struggle since the devaluation of the CFA franc. The effect of the devaluation was to increase the cost of all the inputs needed for publishing newspapers. A new initiative of the part of the authorities would make it possible to offer more work to journalists and to improve considerably the quality of work they produce. To quote the publisher of a private newspaper: 'The influence of money must be curbed. To do this, the state must grant genuine aid to the press so that the profession can be genuinely free and objective and thereby fulfil the important role it has to play in the consolidation of democracy'. R.L.T. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Current media in the English-speaking Caribbean</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Dr Marjan de Bruin&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this abridged article, who leaches et the Caribbean institute of Media and Communication (CARIMAC) at the Mona (Jamaica) Campus of the University of the West Indies, focuses on some of the peculiarities of press and media development in small island Caribbean states.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The English-speaking&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean comprises thirteen independent nations that are members of Caricom (the Caribbean Community) and a few  remaining small dependent territories. The total population is about six million. In most of these countries, the majority of the population is of African descent although in Trinidad and Guyana, about half the people are of Asian (Indian) origin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sea, whose name unites the islands, is a serious barrier to communication and social interchange between them. it takes as long to go by plane from Barbados to Jamaica (1200 miles direct, but 2000 miles via Miami) as it takes to cross the Atlantic from Paris to New York (3600 miles) - and the latter journey is usually cheaper! And until fairly recently, telephone calls from neighbouring Caribbean countries without a common language were routed through London, Paris or Miami.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The distances make communications difficult. Mail can take weeks, telephone circuits are often overloaded and, in some countries, unscheduled power cuts often disrupt computer systems at the most inopportune moments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Communication and the media&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Caribbean has a strong oral tradition. This, together with poverty and an estimated general literacy rate of about 80%, makes radio the most popular medium. Recent studies show,  for instance, that 99% of Jamaican households reported having at least one radio at home. In Jamaica alone, three large national radio stations between them broadcast nine hours of prime time call-in radio.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In all Caribbean countries, alongside the mass media, 'alternative' medias play an important role in communication for social change. In some countries, the term simply connotes non mainstream operations. In others it refers to alternative formats which are found in the mainstream media. The term also represents the use of other communication behaviour - popular theatre, dance, music, oral history, story telling. It has been suggested that the increased use of alternative media and alternative uses of mainstream media are an indication of the audience's dissatisfaction with the mainstream mass media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most English-speaking Caribbean countries, the government owns some of the major mass media, especially electronic. Only recently has the private sector developed its own strongholds in radio and television. Print has always been an area of mainly private ownership. Only the larger countries have daily newspapers; morning or evening papers - although usually not more than two or three. In the smaller countries the press consists of weeklies, or bi-weeklies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government ownership&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ownership or control of media houses by governments is recognised as  a serious obstacle to true investigative journalism.The economies of all Caribbean countries are heavily dependent on tourism. Stories on environmental hazards and crises which might affect this essential source of income are subject to explicit or implicit (selfl censorship.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government ownership in some instances means policy discontinuity over time; each new regime imports its own set of administrators and sometimes even entire newsroom staffs. In other instances, where the same party has ruled for a long time, positions within the media are very stable because they are tied to political loyalty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Private ownership, however, does not mean an absence of potential pressure or political influences. In Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago, the country's oldest daily - The Trinidad Guardian - recently lost its Managing Director, its editor and six of its top editorial executives, after the owners - a supermarket chain - pressurised the editor to moderate criticisms of the country's new administration. The owners also tried to convince the managing director and editor to dismiss a columnist who was a disaffected and now hostile former member of the new ruling party. In apparent justification, the owners produced a document which suggested that it was the policy of the Guardian not to endanger the commercial prospects of its owners by injudicious criticism of the powers that be. Caribbean journalists attacked the Guardian ownership for what some saw as an attempt to turn a respected newspaper into the public relations arm of a commercial congLomÃ©rate. Despite the protests, the Guardian's new editor, a veteran of forty years in journalism, argued that the proprietors had good reason to interfere with his predecessors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The region's oldest daily, The Jamaica Gleaner (established in 1834) went even further. In an editorial it said: 'In our view the owners have a right to oppose the way in which the judgment of the Editor and others is exercised. The right of the Guardian Board to query content cannot be questioned. It is impossible for a newspaper to be run   without the input of the Board of Governors.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small markets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most English-speaking Caribbean countries are relatively small in population as well as area. The number of media organizations is limited. The limited size of the market has important implications for the financial basis of the media, especially the part that is privately-owned. It limits the horizontal mobility of media workers - there are simply not that many options - and it makes the relationship between media and sources extremely vulnerable. There are not that many sources either. It also means that most Caribbean media houses have very limited resources. Many reporters have to cover a wide range of topics. Specialised reporting for instance on the environment, or health, is usually not feasible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the major problems in the Caribbean media is the high proportion of imported television programming. The region is geographically close to the United States and satellite broad  casting makes access to the Northern networks even easier. In the ten years from 1976 to 1986, the imported content of four large television stations in the region moved from an average of 78.5% to 87%. When the amount of imported content carried by the smaller stations was included, the average increased to 90% of all material televised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Privatisation and new technologies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several of the larger Caribbean countries have seen an explosive growth in the electronic media. Jamaica, which has a population of about 2.5 million living in some 620 000 households, and per capita GDP of $1563, has seen the number of radio stations grow from three to nine and TV stations from one two, in a period of just five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago, with 1.2 million inhabitants in 300 000 households, and per capita GDP of $4049, went through a similar process, with seven new radio stations and two new, privately-owned TV stations being set up over the last five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barbados, with a population of 260000 living in about 50000 households has long supported two daily newspapers. There are also two TV stations on the island, while viewers can receive television signals from neighbouring islands. This country has the highest per capita GDP in the region ($5562) after The Bahamas ($10,308).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One positive effect of this intensive growth is certainly to be found in the increased employment opportunities for broadcasters. In the past, journalists risked their careers if they disagreed with their employers. Now people have more options. However, increased competition in a relatively small market also enlarges the risk of commercialisation and a lowering of standards. One does not need to undertake in-depth research to discover that locally-produced television is scarce and not always of the highest standard. It is cheaper to buy foreign programming than to produce original content. Some   of the graduates of the Caribbean Institute of Media and Communication, who performed above average during their training and education in print journalism, can be seen sliding down the standards scale once they enter the mass media as working journalists. Similarly, the standards of newsrooms are not always high. In fairness to the professionals, it must be said that the decline in standards is partly due to the lack of resources in editorial departments. The major newsrooms in radio and television in Jamaica, still depend on typewriters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development of new technologies has contributed to two almost opposite movements. On the one hand, greater access to worldwide networks has widened horizons. On the other, the introduction of cable TV offers, at least in principle, the possibility for small-scale communication initiatives, such as community radio stations either for geographical communities or communities of interest (for example, people or groups interested in the environment).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Satellite dishes, VCRs and computers are breaking down traditional communication borders. In the Jamaican capital, Kingston, 28% of households have a dish and 21% a computer. The picture is very different just 20 miles away, in the neighbouring but rural parish of St Thomas, where the figures are just 1% and 2% respectively. New technologies are affordable for the happy few and are increasing the gap between the 'haves' and 'have-nots' of information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In all of these societies, computers sit uneasily in otherwise nondigital environments. The information that one works with is usually not computerised. Many records are still handwritten, with data kept on index cards. Computerisation is a costly process for which there is rarely a budget.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once the hardware is available, it is easy to retrieve data from non Caribbean sources. At the same time, it is barely possible - at least at the moment - to tap into Caribbean data sources. There is no commercial Caribbean software. Page make-up and layout programmes, for instance, rely on  non-Caribbean electronic clip-art-images and symbols. It may simply be a matter of time before local products develop, but currently, the main constraints are to do with lack of funds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalism&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How is journalism faring in this environment ? The Caribbean context gives journalism a special professional profile. The small size of Caribbean societies has implications for the use of sources. Access is easier, but it also creates sharper dilemmas where loyalty is concerned: most sources are people you know personally and who know you. Anonymity is almost impossible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because the societies are so small, you will meet many of the same people in different roles on different occasions. The small scale of the market makes all enterprises in media and journalism very vulnerable to market forces: the withdrawal of one or two major advertisers would endanger the chances of survival of some media houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The situation of the press is most marginal in the smaller countries. In Antigua (population 66000), radio and television are controlled either by the Government or by people with close links to those in power. One opposition paper, a trade union publication, has survived several legal assaults by the authorities over the years. The other, little more than a newsletter, has managed to survive into its second year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Grenada (population 91000), journalists complain about police harassment of reporters on duty, and in most of the smaller countries, journalists are uneasily aware of the continuing hostility of long-ruling political parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The working environment of journalists in Caribbean media organisations is usually more modest compared to that of journalists in rich countries. There is less technology, smaller staffs and lower salaries. In the smaller Caribbean countries, it is not unusual for journalists to have to combine two jobs. Journalism alone cannot pay the bills.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a sharp difference between rich and poor in most developing countries. For large sections of the population, the big decisions will have nothing to do with buying a second or a third television set.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is more likely to be a simple matter of whether there is food on the table tonight. These different priorities obviously influence a journalist's agenda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In developing economies, this can create serious dilemmas for the journalists: if you know your story is likely to hurt the tourist industry - which happens to be the main national income earner of your country - will pursuing it be a waste of valuable time ? And how do you decide on the relevance of a scoop when people - some of whom are your friends - could lose their jobs ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.d.B.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; Sources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hilary Brown (1995): American Media Impact on Jamaican Youth: The Cultural Dependency Thesis in 'Globalization, Communications and Caribbean identity', Edited by Hopeton S. Dunn, Kingston, Jamaica, lan Randle Publishers. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aggrey Brown and Roderick Sanatan !1987). Talking With Whom ? A Report a the State of the Media in the Caribbean. Caribbean Institute of Media and Communication (Carimac), Kingston, Jamaica. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aggrey Brown (1995). Caribbean Cultures and Mass Communication Technology: Re-examining the Cultural/ Dependency Thesis, in 'Globalization, Communications and Caribbean Identity'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Doctoring' the image</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With modern computer technology, it is now very easy for publishers (and film-makers) to dabble with reality. Whereas in the past, you could be reasonably sure that what you saw was a fair representation of what actually happened, today there is no such guarantee.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recently in the United Kingdom, one of the country's regional newspapers came in for criticism when it published a 'doctored' photograph of a well-known opposition politician. He was captured on  film at a social function sitting at a table with a glass of beer in front of him. By the time the paper's computer experts had finished with the photo, it looked as if he was drinking champagne ! When the story broke, the journal thought it expedient to issue an immediate apology. For while  this kind of misrepresentation may appear trivial, in the modern age, image is crucial for those who are involved in public life. Put simply, voters' are more likely to look kindly on beer-drinking politicians than on those whose favourite tipple is champagne.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was a similar case involving an advertisement issued by a well-known car manufacturer. For their publicity in Britain, the company used a landscape photo portraying a selection of their employees. In Poland, the same picture was used but black and Asian workers were no longer to be seen. Their places in the line-up were miraculously taken by people of Caucasian appearance. The advertisers' rather surprising explanation was that this had been a 'mistake'!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other recent victims of 'doctored' pictures or socalled 'photo collages' have included members of the European Parliament and a senior EC official, although these particular misrepresentations received very little publicity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Should consumers of printed or broadcast material be entitled to assume that images are never tampered with ? And if some doctoring is acceptable, where do you draw the line ? The answer to the first question is clearly no. There are certain situations where photo or film enhancement techniques are unobjectionable. We sometimes use them on The Courier cover pages to remove blemishes or fill in gaps which may detract from the main image. In fashion  advertising, it is common for the 'look' of the model to be altered. The aim here is to draw the reader's eye to the page so that their attention can then be focused on the product. More dramatic alterations may even be acceptable if it is evident to the reader that a change has been made. Satirical articles, for example, can sometimes be amusingly illustrated with obviously altered images.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where the practice is reprehensible is where the picture has been changed in a way that leads the reader to draw false conclusions about what he or she is observing. The  classic example of this is where the image of a person captured in one setting is placed against a different backdrop, without the reader being informed. This may be done to give either a more positive or a more negative impression (the latter approach is more usual) but in either case, it is dishonest. If a politician allows himself to be photographed on a Caribbean beach while on mission at the taxpayers' expense, even if he was only there during the lunch break for a quick dip, then he can't really complain. But if the picture was actually taken when he was on holiday in Majorca, and superimposed against a more exotic back  ground, then both the 'victim' and the reader are being cheated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There will always be borderline cases, but in principle, it ought to be possible to draw a reasonably clear distinction between 'right' and 'wrong' in this area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nonetheless, it is likely that distorted images will continue to be presented to us in the future. In pluralist societies, newspapers and broadcasters operate in a fiercely competitive environment and in theory, this should provide a deterrent. If one media organisation is found to have doctored images in a dishonest way, there will always be plenty of others willing to expose the misbehaviour.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In practice, however, the only real deterrent is the likelihood of a drop in circulation, or lower viewing figures. And while consumers may say they disapprove of journalistic dishonesty (whether in photographs or the written word), there is little evidence to suggest that they react by taking their custom elsewhere. Indeed, in some developed countries, the closer a journal sails to the wind, the more likely it is to enjoy a high circulation!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It used to be said that 'the camera never lies'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nowadays, we can't be so certain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Analysis</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Broadening the debate</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In issue 156 of The Courier, we announced the launch of a programme by the European Centre for Development Policy Management on the future of KU-ACP relations beyond LomÃ© IV. Here, we publish an abridged text supplied by the ECDPM reporting on progress.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After 20 years, the LomÃ© Convention is thought by some not to have lived up to expectations and now that East West rivalry is no longer an issue, many doubt its continued relevance. Questioning, as such, is no bad thing, provided it takes place in a fair and unbiased manner and is not used as a pretext to abandon the acquis  of more than 20 years of cooperation. This is the rationale behind a number of private and official initiatives to redefine KU-ACP cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Consultations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ECDPM's post-tome IV exercise has now been up and running for more than a year. Consultations have been held in more than 20 ACP countries, involving representatives from the private and non-governmental sectors, officials in the National Authorising Offices, EC delegations, regional organisations and research centres. A number of strong impressions have emerged from these interviews. In the first place, the initial comment of many NGOs and private sector representativ  was essentially 'what is in it for us ?'. This points to a lack of knowledge of the Convention in non-governmental circles and suggests that this complicated instrument is not entirely 'user-friendly'. Its government to government character was also criticised. There were calls for ACP-KU relations to be opened up to the private sector and civil society. In this context, experience with decentralised cooperation was seen as encouraging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, the benefits of the LomÃ© trade provisions were highlighted with fears being expressed about what would happen after the year 2000. It was felt that at a time when many ACPs  are undergoing structural adjustment, and the private sector is getting its act together, a clearer European commitment in this area would benefit both sides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Various actors from the private, NGO and research communities indicated a willingness to engage in debate on redefining mutual ACP-KU interests and on the design of a new cooperation contract. Some of them had an opportunity to present their views at an ECDPM conference on the future of KU-ACP relations held on 12-14 June.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear that the process of reflection is now firmly under way. At the institutional level, the Joint Assembly began as far back as February 1995, when it launched an action plan to revitalise KU-ACP cooperation. This year, it asked Senator Jean-Louis Firmin of Haiti to draw up a report on the future of the LomÃ© Convention. It also requested the Social Partners to tackle the issue at their next annual meeting in November 1996. On the European side, the Commission will present a Green Paper later this year while the ACPs are also studying the question. Last November, the ACP Council resolved that Heads of State should meet before the end of 1997 to agree on a joint position.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Obstacles&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this activity suggests a real awareness of what is at stake. Many obstacles have to be overcome, however, if a new type of partnership is to emerge. The main pillars of Europe's commitment to the ACP countries - aid and trade - both appear under threat. It will be necessary to redefine mutual interests - beyond the negative interdependencies - so that they can serve as a basis for a more modern and effective partnership. Greater creativity  will also be required to find new forms of EU support on ACP trade issues that are compatible with World Trade Organisation obligations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An in-depth rethink of ACP-KU cooperation will significantly benefit from inputs by actors traditionally excluded from the discussions - who are anxious to participate in redefining cooperation ties. For instance, in Namibia, NGOs called for formal consultation mechanisms for non-governmental actors. Similarly, economic operators meeting in Trinidad in November called for a new Europe-Caribbean partnership. There should also be a role for applied research conducted in ACP centres. There is already a joint research project on the future of West Africa Europe relations and similar initiatives are being formulated elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The plea for a debate that is open to the key ACP actors should be taken on board by decision-makers and negotiators - and thus far, they have proved receptive. However, two conditions are needed to maintain this fruitful exchange. First, ACP stakeholders need to be able to base their views on full knowledge of the facts and issues. It is essential that the Convention's authors make a major effort to provide more and better information. The ECDPM is willing to play a part in this. Initiatives already under way include the development of EUFORIC - a Forum on the Internet for specialised information on European development cooperation - and the preparation of practical guides to the LomÃ© Convention. Enhanced access to information can help all partners move towards a real dialogue. Second, forms and channels for dialogue. need to be devised to ensure that an open debate is sustained beyond the initial reflections taking place within the EU and ACP groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ECDPM&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Re-compromising' development aid for the future</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Jos Jonckers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this article offers an academy critique of *e challenges facing the global system of development cooperation in the post-cold War era. He argues that the old compromises that have shaped development assistance since the Second World War have broken down and pleads for a radical re-think of the strategy in order to 'enable' fess affluent societies to gain from the advent of global 'free market democracy'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let us face it. International development early 50 years, the developed world has taken aid for granted. It no longer does. In real terms, it has started to give less. The expected 'peace dividend' has not materialised and scepticism is rising. Aid and solidarity are considered old-fashioned concepts. Progress and development, it is increasingly argued, must come from cooperation based on mutual interest and a businesslike approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid scepticism is at its highest in the USA. A conservative majority in Congress promotes radical 'winner' recipes and aid has been slashed. Slowly but surely, America is getting out of the development business. Lacking domestic support, the Clinton administration seeks to 'rescue' the country's aid programme by seeking more cooperation with other donors - particularly the KU, whose solidarity horizons do not yet stop at its own borders. But even here, horizons are shrinking. European aid to its immediate neighbours in the East and the southern Mediterranean basin has risen. Happy and prosperous neighbours suddenly seem more important than distant friends in need.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Has the end of the cold war marked the beginning of a cold world - where international solidarity is being dismantled together with the nuclear warheads ? Or could we be experiencing the beginning of a fundamental reshaping of international solidarity and aid between nations?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond altruism - self interest&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International aid has always involved a compromise within affluent society. People and nations are not normally disposed to give something away unless they receive something in return. Any attempt at understanding and reshaping the future of development aid must therefore start from the premise that those providing development aid do so as a result of a complex and evolving compromise between altruism and self-interest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Affluent countries are usually only interested in assisting poorer ones when the effect is to strengthen their international leadership, and in some way to enhance their security and material wellbeing. Looked at in this context, we must recognise that development aid, whatever its altruistic aims, will only exist if it also serves the legitimate, albeit more selfish agenda of the donor. It also means that the compromise which gives aid its rationale in affluent society changes over time: aid is regularly 'recompromised'. In secure and prosperous times, donors are  more inclined to forego self-interest and to cooperate in the interest of less affluent countries. In times of insecurity, the altruistic dimension is likely to diminish in importance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In colonial times, systematic aid flows first emerged as a result of a compromise between expansionist Northern governments and Christian society with its own 'colonizing' clergy. Decolonisation had the effect of increasing insecurity in most former colonial powers. In an attempt to safeguard the capital they had 'invested' in their overseas territories, following the latter's independence, they increasingly shaped aid with a view to 'buying' goodwill from the new rulers. This process, which 'recompromised' aid from a colonial into a neocolonial form, resulted in the secular, institutionalised arrangement now known as 'bilateral aid'. In addition, during the Cold War, Western aid was used increasingly as a device to stop the Third World joining the Second World (the communist bloc). The result was an aid system which was both more internationalised and more politicised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The next stage came with the end of the Cold War. Communism had joined colonialism and fascism in the dustbin of history. Affluent Western society had emerged as the winner. With it came the Western vision for stability, peace and progress: a world of sovereign nations, organised on the basis of democratic and capitalist market principles and committed to respect for each other's territory and for basic human rights. Today, capitalism has become the norm in most nation states. Long-time sceptics such as India, and even convinced opponents such as China and Vietnam, have embraced it. Democracy has not yet achieved the same coverage, but it is sailing forward under favourable conditions. Political pluralism is steadily being consolidated in much of East and Central Europe, while dictatorial regimes in Africa, Asia and Latin America are now the exception.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The effect of all of this has been a speedy erosion of the terms of the compromise on which development aid thrived for so long. In a rapidly globalis  ing,multi-polar world, the old approaches appear increasingly redundant. From this perspective, the current aid crisis is not surprising and is not necesarily a bad thing. Western affluent society is essentially trying to come to terms with the demystification of its development aid, as part of a process of reshaping it for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three 'recompromising' strategies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As in the past, the recompromising process is influenced by both self-interest and altruism in affluent society. Three trends can be identified.. The first, which is the most idealistic, involves restoring altruism. This approach seeks to 'purge' aid of the perverse political and economic compromises and contradictions caused by decades of neocolonial and Cold-War self-interest. It has impacted on aid in several ways. First, it has given a significant boost to humanitarian aid - the most altruistic form - at the expense of development assistance. Second, it has led to a 'decentralisation' of aid - with more assistance being channelled through organisations such as NGOs, that have an 'uncompromised' altruistic profile. Third, it has led to a 'deconstruction' of development aid along idealistic-altruistic lines. 'Women in development', 'child health', 'environment'and 'poverty alleviation' are all examples of deconstructed labels around which aid is increasingly being structured and justified. Finally, it has prompted an 'intellectualisation' of development aid with the particular purpose of tightening its altruistic aims. For example, the Logical Framework Approach, the concept of 'sustainable development', the UNDP's Human Development Index and various experiments with more 'accountable' project management systems, have all essentially been devised as ways of encapsulating and supporting the altruistic intentions that lie behind aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second recompromising strategy, which may be summed up in the expression be businesslike, approaches development cooperation  much more skeptically. Aid, it is argued, only makes sense if it leads to real progress and development - and the prevailing view is that this is not happening. The approach is fueled by the obsession of trying to measure progress with the help of business tools such as 'output', 'impact', 'efficiency', 'rates of return' and so on. This has led to burgeoning aid 'evaluation'. It has also probably contributed to the discovery of aid failures which, in turn, has prompted growing criticism of aid agencies and operators. The businesslike strategy has gained further ground because of the failure of many countries to achieve any real progress in recent decades. Its advocates argue that the compromises which undermined aid's development impact in the past are inherently linked with its altruistic nature. The conclusion is that altruistic aid will seldom or never work. The strategy has impacted on aid in a number of ways being, for example, the major cause of so-called 'aid fatigue'. It has also prompted a search for ways to enhance cooperation for mutual benefit, indeed transforming the narrow, pre Cold War trade cooperation link with developing countries into a much broader and rapidly growing economic cooperation approach. Finally, it has sought to enhance aid's impact on the economic conditions and growth prospects of developing countries through more ambitious, structural-oriented forms of aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regionalism, the third major strategy, is linked to globalisation. Rooted in human survival psychology, this approach prompts nations in close proximity to form 'strategic' coalitions. In the post-Cold War era, development aid is one of the instruments used by affluent regions to strengthen their position in a 'globalising' environment. The strategy entails promoting 'open' regionalism elsewhere in the world and capitalising on this to create linkages and interactions which enhance their own influence or hegemony. From the point of view of the international political economy, this makes perfect sense. Having succeeded in making the 'world of nations' accept capitalism and democracy, it is through the consolidation   process of free market democracy in other countries and regions that powerful affluent nations will seek to gain maximum advantage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Need for a vision&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With this improved insight into the dynamics that have been reshaping development aid, is it now possible to go further and develop a more political vision of relations between affluent and less affluent nations in future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free market democracy, having endured the 'crises' of decolonisation, fascism and communism, has succeeded in promoting stability and peace within and between nations. Its main strength has probably been its crucial enabling function, with an increasing number of people and nations now in a position to 'earn' a better future. It appears that the model has the capacity to generate fairly equitable growth and progress, which is presumably why more and more countries are turning to it. As is so often the case, however, the strength of the system also contains the seeds of its weakness. Conceived as an 'enabling' mechanism, it results in the categorisation of those who fail to 'be enabled' as 'unable'. Marginalised because they cannot participate and perform in the   system, the excluded (whether individuals or states) are dubbed 'losers'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are seen as a burden and a threat by the 'winners'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The result is disparity in society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experience in most affluent nations suggests that despite the enabling environment created by free market democracy, up to a quarter of the population finds itself unable to perform effectively, and is marginalised as a result. Moreover, there seems to be an upward trend in the numbers affected by unemployment, underemployment and poverty. Disparity never occurs without some cost to society, which is a good reason why it ought to be minimised. The costs come mainly in the form of internal transfers earned (but foregone) by the active, 'winning' section of society. In more sociallyinspired, free market democracies, it is accepted that marginalisation resulting from the model's shortcomings must be minimised and/or adequately compensated for. In more conservative free market democracies, exclusion is seen more as a weakness of individuals than of the system. Compensatory transfers are generally kept to a minimum to induce people to 'break out' of their situation. But while such societies may save on 'empathetic' transfers, they will generally need to spend much more of their wealth defending against threats posed by growing disparity, such as crime, drug-trafficking and political extremism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The costs of disparity are political as well as financial. Genuine democracy is based on the participation of a representative majority of citizens. In affluent societies, however, a growing minority no longer participates. The real danger stems from the fact that this is highly skewed. It is the same, growing, marginalised minority that is 'unable' to participate which is also withdrawing from democratic involvement. The result is alienation from the political system and an erosion of democracy to the extent that its very survival may be threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is really at stake &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having conquered most of the world's nations, free market capitalism is now set to conquer the world of nations, helped by technological advances in communications, transport and computer technology. Economists have amply shown that the interdependence resulting from free international competition need not be detrimental. Indeed, because global capitalism ensures that ideas, initiatives and resources can be 'put to work' anywhere in the world - wherever they generate most profit - interdependence is usually seen as mutually beneficial. In essence, it confirms what might be called the global enabling effect of free-market capitalism. The basic thesis is that the adoption by less affluent nations of free market democracy should 'enable' many more of them to improve the lives of their people in the coming decades. The boost engendered by this 'enabling effect' will, in turn, help to sustain progress in the more affluent countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If this is the aim, then a new vision should progressively inspire future cooperation between the affluent and less affluent countries. The first concern should be to define 'purpose' and 'interest' much more in terms of system and process, than of output. What really matters is the 'enabling potential' of free market democracy in the specific context of the less affluent countries. How something is achieved and by whom should take precedence over what is achieved. The ultimate aim must be to ensure that free-market democracy 'takes root' in less affluent nations and is able to determine who does what and how.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A second major concern should be to maximise the 'enabling potential' of free market democracy for the most vulnerable sections of individual populations. As mentioned earlier, up to a quarter of the people in affluent societies are excluded. In poorer countries, the figure is much higher. If free market democracy fails to enable a significant proportion of this marginalised group, then it will not take root. And if the poor cannot be mobilised, the  growth that does occur will be highly skewed, leading to growing disparity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A third point is to ensure that the 'global enabling' effect of free market capitalism does not become the exclusive preserve of deregulated capital and the 'winners' who control it, leading to new forms of exploitation and disparity. The concern must be to find a way of directing the combined forces of 'capitalism without borders' and 'democracy within borders' in such a way that it leads to a genuinely better world in which the number of 'losers' is dropping and disparities are diminishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A historic perspective&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is useful at this stage to take a look at the history of capitalism. Freemarket democracy delivered affluence to about a third of the global population over the last century mainly because of the 'accommodation' between labour and capital in an enabling environment created by 'Fordist' mass-production and consumption. A similar accommodation is now needed to enable global free market democracy to extend material wellbeing to the remaining two thirds of the (continually growing) world population, while at the same time sustaining it among the existing affluent third. It is no longer an accommodation between capitalists and workers that is required, however, but one between the affluent and the less affluent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fordism basically transformed the 'interdependent' stake of capital and labour in the economic pie, into a 'joint stake' - leading to the production of a larger pie. By analogy, what is needed today is to ensure that affluent and less affluent societies develop a joint stake in the production of a larger 'global pie' as a result of new technologies and more efficient, globalised modes of production. Attracting and sustaining capitalist investment in such modes will increasingly depend on demand and consumption structures which guarantee that poorer societies share with affluent ones the benefits of such global production systems. In the same way that a larger 'mess-produced pie' was dependent on higher and more   equitable mass consumption, so will a larger 'globally-produced pie' depend increasingly on higher and more equitable global consumption. In this context, the principal policy aim of development cooperation should be to ensure that growth resulting from globalisationis both enabling and disparity-reducing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The disabling effect of&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'poor' competition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Driven by the powerful motive of capital accumulation, globalisation has the tendency to promote competition. In principle, this should be a good thing, but left unchanneled, it can have negative effects. One might draw an analogy between the conquering of the global market and the spread of water during a flood. The water always takes the easiest route, entering the most vulnerable areas first where it causes the most damage. Likewise, globalization, fueled by 'deregulated' capital, often tends to promote competition where it is easiest, but where it is not necessarily beneficial. This is the case, for example, in less affluent countries, where poverty is exploited to achieve what might be dubbed a 'poor' competitive advantage - in the sense that it is based on disparity, but also in that, far from 'enabling', it may actually have the opposite effect. Child labour, sex tourism, environmentally destructive tourism, tropical forms logging, the export of industrial pollution and misuse of intellectual property are all examples of 'disabling' competition resulting from global disparity. In a rapidly globalising world this is ultimately damaging to all concerned, which is why both affluent and less affluent nations have an interest in reducing the gap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All of this points to the need for a major redefinition of society's role in general and of aid in particular. During the colonial and Cold War periods, development cooperation was progressively uprooted and alienated from society. Serving an increasingly complex and non-transparent agenda, it became more and more a 'cockpit' affair, piloted by a small specialised crew - and it  found itself flying higher and higher above society. In short, affluent society lost touch with development cooperation and aid. Occasionally, the media intervened to 're-establish contact' but the result was that development aid usually only attracted mainstream public attention when things had gone terribly wrong.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning vision into action&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the aim is to have affluent and less affluent society working together to ensure that the latter adopts 'free market democracy'- and can adapt it in a way which benefits both - it is vital that the former be reconnected to the business of development cooperation. The affluent must be challenged to help transform their less affluent partners, in the interested and creative manner of a minority stakeholder. They must be ready to share the wealth of knowledge and experience generated in their own process of development. Representatives of all walks of affluent life should therefore be provided with greater opportunity for dialogue and cooperation with their less affluent counterparts. Increasingly easy and cheap communications and transport should facilitate this. This new form of stakeholdership will not happen, however, unless affluent society can be imbued with the new vision.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donors should actively support the process. Instead of spending most of their time and resources determining the scope and content of development cooperation, they should step down from their cockpit. Their new role should be as brokers and facilitators of cooperation. An initial priority must be to extol the vision itself. As this gathers momentum, they should then turn to 'brokering' it in practice - acting as a catalyst between the affluent and less affluent in order to facilitate 'enabling' cooperation between them. The development of an effective brokerage profile and methodology will probably entail important changes in the way that donors work. They need to move much closer to their  constituency, and to be made democratically accountable again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As mentioned earlier, the concept of enabling cooperation concentrates on who does what, and how. Essentially, therefore, it should be seeking to mobilise democratic and free market forces in less affluent societies. The advantage of working this way is that change and progress will be determined primarily from within the society in question - with cooperation as a source of encouragement. Such an approach also entails acceptance of the fact that the pace of progrms must be left much more to the enabling forces of the maturing democracies and free markets, however weak and imperfect these may still appear. Indeed, the central purpose of cooperation should be to help these fore&quot; become stronger. To achieve this, cooperation will need to move away from an emphasis on engineering outputs to one which involves 'messaging' the system and process. And it is not just methodologies that need to be altered; there must also be a radical change in cooperation mentality. Thus, for example, donors should attempt to broker cooperation which is 'small but smart'. Advancing 'best practice' might be another creative way to pursue cooperation which is enabling. And while some output-related decision techniques can still be used, these must be creatively reshaped to support a more 'enabling' approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, this enabling vision entails an awareness of the imperfections of free-market democracy, combined with a conviction that it offers enormous potential for the less affluent countries of the world. 'Recompromising' development aid for the future will mean reshaping it to support a process of adoption and adaptation of free market democracy in less affluent countries which is highly 'enabling'. The result should be a system of international solidarity which is working for free-market democracy, rather than as a substitute for it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The effects of corruption on development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Dieter Frisch&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corruption - defined as 'the abuse of public power for personal ends' - has always existed. During recent decades, however, it has grown both in terms of geographic extent and intensity. Since the mid 1970s, it has infiltrated virtually every country in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was hoped that the easing of political and economic restrictions that characterised the 1990s after the end of the Cold War would have gone some way to reducing this phenomenon. Through increased openness resulting from political pluralism and the freedom of the press, the process of democratisation should, under normal circumstances, mobilise efforts to overcome corruption. However, emergent democracies are still fragile and seem to find the task of tackling established self interests a formidable one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By reducing state intervention and therefore the opportunities for corruption, economic liberalisation should improve matters. In the short term, however, the opposite would appear to be true. Weakened state structures, a lack of appropriate legislation, powerlessness on the part of the judicial system to combat corruption, the pursuit of easy money - mistakenly perceived by some as being equivalent to a market economy - all these factors together contribute to aggravating the phenomenon, at least in the transitional stages. Such a state of affairs cannot fail to have some effect on those who are involved in and concerned by development issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Needless to say, corruption and its effects can be seen from a multitude of viewpoints. There is always the ethical angle - but how can we possibly presume to preach to countries of the South and East when bribery is just as rife in the North and when, as far as corruption within international economic relations is concerned, it is in fact, virtually by definition, the North who is the corrupter and the South and East who are the corrupted ? The only possible reply to such an argument - and one which is morally disputable even though economically valid - would be that the rich North can afford the luxury of wasting some of its wealth whereas in the case of developing countries, their sparse financial resources need to be used in the best way possible! Other lines of reasoning emphasise the distortions that corruption causes in the fair application of conditions of competition by penalising successful, yet honest, undertakings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major obstacle in the path of development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In my opinion, corruption should be approached from the point of view of the effects it has on development. I say this because long professional experience has taught me that corruption is one of the major obstacles to progress, and that its effects on development are disastrous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some people would no doubt counter this assertion with the 'cultural' argument whereby they would have us believe that, in certain cultures, corruption is quite normal and morally acceptable. Well I do not know of a single place on earth where growing rich through taking bribes is considered lawful or morally acceptable! I should like to quote Olusegun Obansanjo,  former President of Nigeria, on the subject: 'In the African concept of appreciation and hospitality, a gift is a token. It is not demanded. The value is in the spirit of the giving, not the material worth. The gift is made in the open for all to see, never in secret. Where the gift is excessive, it becomes an embarrassment, and is returned. If anything, corruption has perverted the positive aspects of this age-old tradition'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then there are the cynics - including renowned professors - who claim that corruption oils the wheels of progress and enables development to take place. In this respect again, and putting all ethical aspects aside, it would be worthwhile distinguishing between the small baksheesh which 'helps' certain administrative procedures along ('acceleration fees') and large-scale corruption which perverts the course of de  velopment. This does not of course mean that we should underestimate the destructive effects that even small-scale corruption can have on society!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet others have simply resigned themselves to the situation. For them, corruption is intrinsically linked to underdevelopment. As long as a person's normal income does not provide him with a decent living, the door will always be open to bribes. It is, therefore, through development that we should be attempting to eradicate corruption. Yet this argument is reminiscent of the debate on the population explosion. It is only through development, some say, that the problems of population growth will be resolved. But by then, the planet will be inexorably overpopulated! In my opinion, the same argument is just as valid as far as corruption is concerned. We simply cannot wait for it to be stamped out through development. (In any case, development is hardly a miracle cure: true, we have the examples of Singapore and Hong Kong where corruption is extremely uncommon, but we could also mention Italy, where it was precisely at the height of the country's development that corruption became the norm). We must act therefore, and without delay, focusing our efforts on eradicating large-scale corruption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If we analyse some of the effects that corruption has on development, the first thing we notice is that it increases the cost of goods and services, and not insignificantly either. Although a 5% reduction in the profit margin might, at a pinch, be absorbed by the supplier, corruption levels of 10% to 20%, which have become commonplace, will inevitably be reflected in the price and will, consequently, be paid for through the national or foreign (in the case of foreign aid) resources of a country. It is therefore the national economy that ultimately suffers the consequences of an unjustified surcharge on the goods or services, with the difference being pocketed by some government official or politician who has abused his power for his own personal gain. Given that such operations are generally financed by bank  loans or, in the case of foreign aid, by concessional loans, these surcharges inevitably bring about a proportionate increase in that country's debts. In fact it is now assumed that the exchange value of sums paid out in backhanders makes up a considerable proportion of the foreign debts of developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, the damaging effects of such practices do not stop there. The corrupt decision-maker may well be tempted to accept a substandard quality of service which will make his personal profit all the greater. Thus, with a road building project for example, complicity between government departments and contractors may result in corner-cutting with regard to agreed standards of quality so that the savings made may be shared out between the two parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At their very worst, the disastrous effects of corruption mean that the conception of a project, and ultimately its very choice, are determined by corruption. As far as conception is concerned, a good example would be the purchase of a technology which is wholly unsuited to the particular needs of a country or the choice of a capital intensive project - more lucrative in terms of corruption - rather than a labour-intensive one which would nevertheless be far more beneficial to that nation's development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The absolute peak of perversion, however, is when the very choice of priorities - and therefore of projects - is determined by corruption. What we are referring to here are those situations in which the real development priorities of a country are neglected in favour of operations which generate the greatest personal gain for the decision-makers. At this point I would like to quote RÃ©mi Godeau, writing in Jeune Afrique: 'These currency-guzzling abortive projects have become a graveyard of white elephants. Africa is littered with vast deserted motorways which are being eroded by the Savannah, with fully functional but empty factories which have been left to fall into ruin only a few years after they were opened, with railway lines which are now impassable  through a lack of maintenance, and with hydroelectric dams abandoned because they cost too much to run'. Let us pick up on the point about empty factories. These 'follies of development' are to be found in many developing countries and in Africa in particular. Some have never produced, others have failed to reach full production capacity while others still face such prohibitive costs that big state subsidies are needed to keep them going. If we follow the thread right back to the beginning we find, more often than not, that factories have been sold without ensuring real competition between suppliers. Admittedly, such projects usually have only private-sector backing (they are rarely financed through official aid), but the funding is nonetheless backed by state-controlled bodies. The existence of corruption in such cases must be more than mere presumption - what other reason could there be for making decisions which run so counter to the interests of development ? In his work 'Grand Corruption in Third World Development', George Moody-Stuart identified those areas which are especially vulnerable to corruption. These are most notably, the procurement of military and other   technically sophisticated equipment, and large-scale works (in other words, any major, capital-intensive project and any scheme where objective valuation and comparison is hampered because of the technical sophistication involved).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is worthwhile mentioning at this point that a country which borrows money to finance projects that do not satisfy its real needs, and which may indeed be considered economically futile or absurd, will see its debt burden increase - and not simply by the 10% to 20% that is used to fund 'backhanders'. The loss will ultimately be 100% if one views it in terms of the cost of the unproductive investment to the national economy. Discussions about the debts of developing countries rarely focus on the mechanisms which have produced these debts. Yet in most cases, they have become unserviceable on account of the ineffective use of overseas aid - the sort of bad management to which corruption contributes considerably.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is more, by deflecting the sparse resources which do exist towards non-priority or low-priority areas, corruption contributes to a large extent to ensuring that fundamental needs such as food, health and education, are not met. It is therefore one of the causes of under development and of poverty in general. Needless to say, official aid is often called upon to make good the deficit left by the irresponsible management of otherwise available resources. Is it any surprise if, in the long run, public opinion in the countries of the North begins to grow weary of bridging gaps which efficient management of resources should never have allowed to appear in the first place ? How are we to convince European taxpayers that it is they who need to provide the money to fund bush clinics in countries which put their funds in prestige projects, if not directly into Swiss bank accounts?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A vicious circle that must be broken&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effectively, we find ourselves in a 'catch-22'situation. Corruption is one of the causes of under development and poverty, yet poverty is in part responsible for its continuation. If a person cannot earn an honest living for himself and his family, then he is more or less forced into earning it by less honest means. Hence corruption is both the cause and the consequence of under development. In order to break the pattern we must therefore combat large-scale corruption inasmuch as it is a significant cause of underdevelopment and we must work gradually to eradicate the reasons for its propagation in society, and in particular to remedy the notorious lack of adequate income to ensure a decent standard of living.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general terms, we can say that corruption also kills off the spirit of development. Nothing is more destructive to a society than the pursuit of 'a fast and easy buck' which makes honest people who work hard appear naive or foolish. That is why, in the context of economic reforms under the heading of 'structural adjustment', it is vital that the model advocated be one of a market economy based on a sound framework of legislation and on an efficient state. It should not allow free rein to the sort of ruthless capitalism which is aimed at immediate profit at all costs. The example of certain transition countries in the East, where a market economy has become synonymous with the law of the jungle, the Mafia and corruption, really should make us stop and think.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the final analysis, an economy undermined by corruption has the effect of discouraging potential foreign investors and public donors. Yet if development is to succeed, countries have to be able to attract a flow of capital. As Serge Michailof put it: 'Success attracts money. Waste, failure and chaos drive it away'. And although investors are very keen to do business, with the exception of a few opportunists, they all look for host countries that have a stable and predictable climate. Entrepreneurs have been known to withdraw from certain African countries - which are nevertheless rich in resources - because of the constraints imposed on them by corruption on a scale which they considered to be unacceptable. As for public donors, they are increasingly reluctant to offer financial aid to those countries that manage their own resources poorly. It is precisely this failing which is one of the causes of what we now refer to as 'aid fatigue'. Financial aid institutions should go as far as suspending their cooperation in blatant cases of corruption and bad management, just as they do in cases of serious violation of human rights. Conversely, 'good governance' should be the determining factor when allocating aid, and it would appear that Article 5 of the revised LomÃ© IV Convention does in fact foresee such an approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, far from reserving the foregoing criticisms for countries of the South, I believe that the partners of the North have their part to play in the ravages wrought by corruption, be it only as a result of the inconsistencies between their development cooperation policies and their export promotion policies. Basing our assumptions on the principle that cooperation efforts are genuinely motivated by concerns for development - and I can attest that this is precisely the motivation behind the policies of the European Union, which I have served for a great many years - we should not forget that Western countries have a tendency to promote exports, by other means, without any consideration for the effects this has in terms of development. They thus contribute to the dishonest practices which we have been discussing. The fact that they tolerate, or even go as far as to encourage corruption as a means of promoting exports - restricting the application of the criminal law to acts committed on their own territory and allowing corruption to be taxdeductible under the heading of 'necessary expenses' - seems to me to be absolutely scandalous. In the AlortR too, the battle against the canker of international corruption is a formidable one. But it is a fight to which we are committed in the context of 'Transparency International' This NGO, which was created in 1993, makes its services available to any country which genuinely wishes to eradicate the scourge of corruption. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; D.F. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Close-up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">National park restoration in Chad: luxury or necessity ?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Phllippe Dejace&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Terms like 'democracy' and 'sustainable development' are increasingly used to keep donors happy, and to present new development projects in the most favourable possible light. With this in mind, it is interesting to look at an example from 'the field' to see how genuine the commitment actually is. Adherence to these concepts has undoubtedly made a positive contribution to environmental protection, but there is also a negative side&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1989, the Zakouma National Park in south-east Chad has been undergoing restoration in a   programme supported by the KU. Devastated by a decade of conflict, this wildlife sanctuary of nearly 3000 square kiLomÃ©tres was little more than a huge graveyard in 1986 when Pierre Pfeffer of the Paris Natural History Museum visited it and decided to campaign for its restoration. Today, this is recognised to have been a sensible decision. It is acknowledged that wildlife are better off when they have a reasonably large area in which to live, away from human activity. Aerial counts made in 1986, 1991 and 1995 confirm that animal numbers are on the increase in the park and that irreversible destruction has been averted. Currently, Zakouma is the only area effectively being protected in Chad. The other designated sites (one park and seven reservations) remain impoverished and in a state of near devastation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recognising the challenge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One should not be lulled into complacency. Even when a process involving local village communities is initiated, the low standard of living of the inhabitants, their educational level, and the progressive deterioration of vegetation around protected areas in  variably make the latter a tempting 'target'. In these circumstances, it is very hard to preserve their integrity. At Zakouma, a busy time lies ahead. The local people must be educated and informed as quickly as possible. This presents us with the first hurdle given the inadequacy of the education sector. The Ministry of Education is underfunded and with growing numbers of pupils in the system, it is virtually impossible to plan special programmes aimed at increasing awareness of this particular problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are other reasons why there should be short-term investment in this sector. There are good arguments for preserving a few control sites while the awareness programme is under way, since these will one day serve to illustrate what can be achieved. It is also much less difficult to preserve an area than to try to reconstitute it, once desertification has set in. The site is part of the national heritage whose value can only increase. Moreover, in most cases, the protected areas ensure the survival of fish stocks in lakes and rivers downstream and act as a reservoir for game: many of the animals which breed there provide food for the people living at the zone's edges. Even frequent wholesale slaughter of wildlife, as happens during a war, is reversible if the vegetation remains intact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the park is cut off from human activity (the area is flooded and therefore closed, to all intents and purpose, for four months of the year), it has an uncertain future. It faces pressure  from itinerant herdsmen and poachers, the latter tracking giraffe right up to the outskirts of Zakouma village, which is in the middle of the park. Although located in a wildlife reserve of 20 000 km2 - which is supposed to be a buffer zone - the park is not truly protected because human activity inside the reserve is not controlled. In the dry season, the park teems with wildlife. A clear density gradient has been identified with the animal population dropping as you move from the centre to the periphery. Indeed, only about a third of the 3000 km2 is intensively exploited by the wildlife which lives there - and even this area is relatively insecure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enclosure would give those who are keen to defend the park a grace period in which to set up long-term awareness strategies. Ironically, one danger results from the striking democratisation that has taken place in Chad. To win votes, some politicians have called for the bans applying to the park to be lifted. This approach has the potential to succeed because, owing to shortfalls in the education system, the electorate is insufficiently mature in political terms. Another factor is that traditional leaders, seeing their power progressively diminish, are inclined to 'revolt'. Thus, they may fail to intervene when stockmen deliberately invade the park, encouraged by demagogues in search of votes. When the grasslands are invaded by cattle, few wild animals can compete and they are forced to retreat to the central area of the park. Against this background of a need for urgent action, the Zakouma Park team is concentrating its awareness-raising efforts on traditional leaders and the administrative authorities - rather than on teaching schoolchildren about environmental protection (although such a campaign is also envisaged).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Participation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some argue that setting up a 'sustainable and participation-based development' strategy would make it possible to avoid the situation that now exists in Zakouma. The idea behind such a strategy - which clearly has its   attractions - is that man is perfectly capable of managing his native territory. All that is needed is for him to be granted land and to receive support for his initiatives. Many who espouse this approach continue to despatch teams to demonstrate that this is the ideal response. Unfortunately, in the particularly complicated case of managing the environment on the fringes of a national park, the local people are usually reluctant to make the investment. The more normal inclination is to reap a short-term profit from resources that are within reach. The inhabitants are also tired of the lectures they get from specialists who visit for just a few hours. The scope of the problem is such that expertise needs to be available on an ongoing basis. Considerable resources are also needed to ensure.that the effort is sustained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not easy to halt environmental destruction in a market economy which has overturned traditional values and gives priority to increasing personal wealth and consumption. A natural environment's potential for exploitation is always limited. Yet stock-rearing involves the use of animals 'selected' over thousands of years to take maximum advantage of the least scrap of vegetation. By contrast, a wild animal is much more selective and never ruins the environment it exploits. It may even be able to adapt its reproductive cycle to the available food resources! We are nowhere near this situation in domestic stockbreeding!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is where 'sustainable development', which sounds highly reassuring, appears at odds with reality. Beyond a certain threshold, one cannot avoid depleting the resource. If one is to adopt an approach that involves the population actively, one must acknowledge that their response may fall short of what is needed. Indeed, they may do things which provoke migration, and are thus damaging. Thus, for example, the opening-up of a water source may attract more nomadic herdsman, thereby undermining rather than enhancing the surrounding area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Awareness programme&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The single most significant step towards protecting the park would be to ease population pressure, but progress in this area is very limited. We can only wait for the birthrate to decrease; something which invariably happens as a country develops. But what will become of the national parks in the meantime ? In Zakouma, an eco-development team is currently listening to the villagers' claims. As elsewhere, an attempt is being made to gain time. Unfortunately, the current climate of transparency in Chad, which is one of the positive aspects of democratisation and should be a major asset, has not had much impact in this area. The awareness programme suffers from a serious lack of trained workers and when meetings are held, they usually turn into interminable discussions, simply increasing the level of frustration. On the other hand, a convincing discussion-leader can advance matters considerably and discussion is surely the right approach to adopt. Furthermore, the process must lead to concrete results. Otherwise, decisions taken may end up being postponed indefinitely because they conflict with the interests of political decision-makers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the difficulties, the Zakouma team is placing heavy reliance on this desire for transparency. Although the project's initial aims have essentially been to restore infrastructures and thereby promote an increase in wildlife, the addition of an ecodevelopment aspect and ecological monitoring has made it possible to create an important 'reservoir' of knowledge. A computerized map of the vegetation has been produced with the help of a microlight equipped with a GPS (satellite positioning) system. There have also been aerial inventories tracking the seasonal density and distribution of wildlife, as well as in-depth sociological surveys in the villages most hostile to the park's existence. This major database makes it possible to organise meetings, conferences and discussions to demonstrate that the park's contribution is greater than it seems. One big frustration for local people living on the  park's fringes concerns the redistribution of the income it generates. Looking first at tourism, Chad hardly qualifies as a major holiday destination and those who do visit the park are too few to make a significant contribution (the income raised barely covers the cost of replacing their bedlinen !)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One interesting conclusion has been drawn from studies of the animal distribution in the different seasons. It appears that when pressure from nomadic herdsman is at its strongest, during the dry season, the wildlife take refuge in the park and numbers multiply in safety. When the stockmen return northward, the wild animals then go beyond the park boundaries where they are hunted and eaten by villagers. This is surely a form of income redistribution! Moreover, many young fish in the park's only river (the bahr Salamat), take advantage of the flooding of the area during the rains. This releases huge volumes of nutrients back into the ecosystem. In the park, the fish are safe from the fishermen who work downstream and they can swim back to their spawning grounds. This guarantees the renewal of stocks depleted during the dry season. The level of fish stocks in Lake Iro - and probably in the River Chari as well - is thus linked to the existence of the Zakouma Park! When this version of income redistribution is explained, it often helps to convince traditional leaders who then use their influence to limit incursions by stockmen or poachers. However, a lot remains to be done because demographic pressure and standards of living both make it more difficult to get the message across.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We know that excessive human activity always results in environmental deterioration. Zakouma, although under pressure, has been 'spared' to some extent, and as such, it represents an important resource. But some see it as a luxury and it faces a suspended death sentence. If people stop regarding its conservation as something that is necessary, the sentence will end up being carried out. In my opinion, the most reliable way of guaranteeing its preservation would be to enclose it completely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.H.D. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Developing World</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">European NGOs look ahead at annual meeting in Brussels</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Agostino Ambrogetti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 22nd annual General Assembly of European Development Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), and a thematic conference entitled 'A Europe open to the world', were held in Brussels from 18 - 20 April. Representatives of more than 800 NGOs attended, with the Assembly adopting 14 resolutions as well as issuing specific appeals on the European Union's Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) and on Lebanon. The Assembly renewed its approval of the development NGOs' 'Strategic Priorities', adopted the Work Plan for the 1996-98 period, and looked at the overall impact of the LomÃ© Convention with an eye to likely future developments. The subsequent Conference focused, among other things, on the issue of coherence between the EU's development cooperation and its other policies (notably trade and agriculture). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A general impression that emerged from the two events was that the NGO movement was attaching increasing importance to its role as advocate for the developing countries. A fundamental aspect of this is the ongoing dialogue that NGOs have with the European institutions, and the lobbying they carry out on policy issues. Commission representatives who spoke at the Assembly indicated their understanding and appreciation of this. For example, Development Commissioner, Jao de Deus Pinheiro, referred warmly to 'the very active role played by the NGO community in the debate on the mid-term revision of the LomÃ© Convention,' and acknowledged that the NGOs had mounted an 'important political lobby' in favour of increased funding for the next five-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commissioner was keen to emphasise the complementarily that existed between the European Commission and the NGO movement in support of emerging societies in the South. He also urged his audience to continue in their task of challenging the general apathy towards development cooperation. This, he said, entailed appealing directly to public opinion in order to influence political leaders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A similar tone was adopted by Bernard Ryelandt, who heads the unit responsible for cofinancing NGO projects in the Commission's development directorate-general (DG VIII) He spoke of the 'decisive' action of European NGOs in balancing other lobbies such as the agricultural one. This, he believed, had the effect of improving the coherence of EU policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Delegates from a number of countries set out their views on the advocacy issue, and what they saw as the growing NGO role in this area. Andy Rutherford from the United Kingdom said that he saw increased lobbying as necessary, complementing the work carried out in the field through development projects. He pointed out that Southern NGOs had themselves requested their Northern partners to pressurise European governments in the hope that the latter would adopt external policies more favourable to the developing world. Mr Rutherford also raised the thorny question of structural adjustment. The view that adjustment policies were not succeeding in eradicating poverty, had, he said, been acknowledged by the EU's Development Council in its resolution adopted in June 1995. With this in mind, the NGOs would be raising the issue with the World Bank and the IMF - where the EU Member States are among the most substantial contributors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guido Barbera, who headed the Italian delegation to the Assembly, took up this point, calling for more pressure to be exerted on the Bretton Woods institutions by European NGOs and indeed, by the European Commission itself. This was necessary, he believed, to promote coherent macroeconomic policies favouring the development of economic relationships with the less-developed countries. In more general terms, Mr Barbera applauded the growing NGO participation in the political arena, stating that this was both 'positive' and fundamental'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evaluation of the Liaison&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Committee's work&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A document was presented to the Conference by the NGDO-EU Liaison Committee containing an evaluation of its activities. The aim, in drawing up the document, was to 'review and critically assess the work and organization of the Committee, and evaluate whether it meets the expectations of its stake holders.' In order to do this, NGO members were consulted through questionnaires.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The evaluation revealed that support for the Liaison Committee as the representative umbrella organization of European NGOs remains strong, although there is widespread uncertainty about the future. This is reflected in the perception that the Committee has   gradually been losing momentum. There were also some doubts expressed about its representativeness. Large NGOs, it was noted, were able to spread their efforts across different networks. The fact that small NGOs tended not to be involved in the Committee emerged as one of the critical issues for discussion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attention was also focused on the alleged weakness of many national platforms (the documents containing proposals drawn up by the various national NGO assemblies) in representing the aspirations of their member organizations. This issue, and the question of voting on resolutions without debating the documents in question gave rise to controversy. Some delegates boycotted the vote while others submitted a written protest and there is clearly some demand for reforms designed to make the Assembly's procedures more democratic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General conditions of cm  financing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another highly topical subject on the Assembly's agenda was the proposed revision of the General Conditions for the Co-financing of NGO &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Projects in Developing Countries. Commission speakers who touched on this subject included Professor Pinheiro and Jacob Houtman who is a Director in DG VIII Both referred to the revision process that was currently under way, and emphasised the higher priority that would be attached to capacity building for Southern NGOs. This involves providing support to strengthen the organisational structure of the bodies in question, and to improve the skills of their staff in managing and implementing projects. Such an approach is now recognised as essential for the long-term sustainability of NGO activities. As Mr Houtman was keen to stress, the principles underpinning the KU-NGO relationship (recognition of NGO independence and specificity, freedom of initiative for European NGOs in cooperation with their Southern partners) would be safeguarded in the revised conditions. Other priorities to be set out in the conditions would include the promotion &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Notice at the site of a non governmental organisation in&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe devoted to improving agricultural productivity&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Crucial to provide more institutional support for Southem&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NGOs' of democracy and human rights through reinforced structures of civil society, and a greater emphasis on the fight against poverty, income-generating activities and social development programmes. With these objectives in mind, it was all the more crucial to provide more institutional support for Southern NGOs. They, unlike their Northern partners, had a permanent presence in society in the developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The revised general conditions would also reflect the new orientation which favours a long-term programme approach over the traditional project by-project method. This should lead to a reduced administrative burden, and benefit long-standing NGO partners who have demonstrated viable approaches in working with their Southern counterparts, as well as good management and accountability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'A Europe open to the world'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Conference which took place following the NGO General Assembly focused on assessing the coherence of different EU policies and on ways of achieving coherence where it might be lacking. As the title of the Conference suggests, the question which was never far from participants' minds was 'what sort of Europe is being created.' Is it a Europe which stands in solidarity with the South (and East), or is it one which retreats into its fortress, concerned only with its own prosperity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the outset, EU policy - or rather its mode of implementation - came in for criticism. It was claimed, on the bask of the experience of both European and Southern NGOs, that the principles of development cooperation set out in the Maastricht Treaty (Title XVII) were not being applied universally and consistently. These principles include the sustainable economic and social development of developing countries, their integration into the world economy, the fight against poverty, and the development and consolidation of democracy, human rights and the rule of law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this connection, three specific discussion topics were selected: the EU's common foreign and security policy (CFSP), its common commercial and agriculture policies (CCP and CAP) and its immigration and asylum policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regarding the first of these, it was suggested that the EU's definition of 'security' tended to be viewed solely in terms of common defence, and that the concept of 'human security' drawn up by the UNDP had been neglected. The latter seeks to define the concept on a broader basis including aspects such as equitable and sustainable development, as well as human rights and democracy. The view was also expressed that a more firm and coordinated CFSP was needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the second topic - trade and agriculture - there was a strong feeling that the policies of the EU (and the USA) were heavily weighted in favour of 'home' producers and that this had the effect of undermining local production and food security in the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing countries. The Union was urged to remove the policy 'contradictions' that allowed this situation to arise bearing in mind the specificity and sensitivity of the food trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, several speakers were highly critical of what they viewed as negative trends in the approach to immigration and asylum adopted by the EU and its Member States, with increasingly strict rules being implemented. There were also calls for measures designed to integrate resident migrants into society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, integration may well be seen as the key message to have emerged from the NGOs' gathering. The call was for the people and governments of the European Union, acting in the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC), to integrate the needs of the rest of the world's people into their actions and programmes. The talk was of common values of human rights and solidarity, in both internal and external polices. And it was clear from the commitment of those who attended that the NGOs are determined to maintain and strengthen their role - as active partners in the development of the South, as advocates for the developing countries and perhaps indeed as keepers of the European conscience.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.A.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Workshops&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As part of the proceedings of the NGO General Assembly, three workshops were organised dealing with specific themes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Workshop 1 was entitled Beyond LomÃ© IV. There was a general consensus among those taking part that the Convention's underlying philosophy helped to protect developing countries in today's global commercial environment. Without the LomÃ© system, it was felt that the ACP countries would have suffered even more from the deterioration in their terms of trade. With this in mind, the World Trade Organisation came in for criticism for its stance against regional preferential agreements (even if this does not apply to the least developed countries).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The major finding of Workshop 2, which dealt with Poverty in the North and the South, was that  poverty is the result of interactions at a global level - and is not 'nation specific'. It was therefore important to adopt a global approach in  seeking to tackle the causes of poverty, and to develop further North-South exchanges of experience for the benefit of both sides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third workshop was devoted to making the most of EU Presidencies. Here, the aim was to evaluate past experience of lobbying undertaken by the NGO community in those countries holding the EC Council Presidency, during the six-month period in question. The main recommendation to emerge was that more needed to be done in establishing contacts and exchanging information between the relevant national NGO communities. Such exchanges, it was felt, were needed before, during and after the six month Presidency period, in order to facilitate continuity of lobbying on key themes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resolutions &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Resolutions adopted by the NGO General Assembly, considerable emphasis was placed on human rights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; issues, with texts being agreed on Nigeria, the peoples of the Western&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahara and the child sex 'industry'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade (in the widest sense of the word) also featured prominently. In addition to a general resolution on world trade, representatives passed motions on the arms trade, traffic in landmines and the production of the drug coca.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also adopted were resolutions on preventive diplomacy, cooperation with Cuba, the Euro-Mediterranean partnership and the 'deterioration' of the situation in the Great Lakes region of Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Africans seek bigger share of tourist dollar</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Godfrey Karoro&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe's government is under pressure to encourage greater African involvement in the predominantly white-run tourism industry, which is facing intense competition from neighbouring South Africa. 'Black participation in all sectors of tourism is a priority,' says Environment and Tourism Minister Chen Chimutengwende. 'Blacks have waited in the wings long enough,' he adds, 'and their entry on to centre stage is inevitable. The solution lies in nurturing black entrepreneurship and giving it the material and technical backup to ensure its growth.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only 38 of the country's 436 tour operators are indigenous, and most focus on provision of goods and services, particularly transport. African interest in the business was kindled last year when the government identified tourism as one of the sectors which could benefit from an international $74 million credit facility. This prompted enquiries from  about 500 potential entrepreneurs. Interest was heightened during the election campaign earlier this year, when President Mugabe's government made an issue of the continuing economic domination of the white community which constitutes  less than 1% of the country's 11 million population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Chimutengwende pledged support for greater black participation, but the government itself is under fire for not doing enough. 'We have a time-bomb and the government should do something about it quickly before it explodes,' says Colin Blythe-Wood, managing director of a tour company and chairman of the Zimbabwe Association of Tour and Safari Operators (ZATSO), referring to the black-white imbalance in the whole economy. 'We are indeed fortunate that this industry, which has perhaps the greatest potential in our economy, is still in its infancy,' he says. He argues that the government holds the trump card, through its ownership of vast tracts of land in national parks, forests and communal areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 1994 Zatso report identified more than 100 sites on state-owned land suitable for development by African tourism ventures. At least half, says Mr Blythe-Wood, were in areas of abundant wildlife, including the 'big five' - elephant, lion, rhinoceros, hippopotamus and buffalo. Other opportunities could be provided he suggests, if the National Park service got out of the accommodation business and concentrated on flora and fauna conservation. 'The government cannot be a referee and a player at the same time. It should sell off its shares in the Rainbow Tourism Group' - a wholly-owned government company which is the third largest operator in the tourism sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the industry's problems is that South Africa, too, has found tourism to be an unexpectedly good economic performer. Arrivals there rose by 50% in 1995, and a new government discussion document suggests that tourism could double its foreign exchange earnings by the year 2000 and triple its contribution to national income. South Africa's parks and beaches are well developed, but entrepreneurs are also fostering attractions such as Boer War battle sites and 'Road to Freedom' tours in which visitors have breakfast with former freedom fighters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fear is that South Africa will be the regional hub for visitors, siphonino off  most of the earnings, with&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe merely getting the overspill from short side-trips.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zatso chief executive, Elias Nyakuni, points out that South&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa is already using Zimbabwe's top attraction to lure visitors, urging them 'to come to South Africa to see the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Victoria Falls'! Efficient train, luxury bus and air services connect several South African cities to the Falls, which are on the Zimbabwe-Zambia border. Mr Nyakuni says that Zimbabwe  could also lose out if things go wrong in their southern neighbour. 'Violence in South Africa could deter people from coming to Zimbabwe.' He accuses the government of not taking marketing in Europe and North America sufficiently seriously. 'The 4-5% annual growth is, in essence, through word of mouth. We need to investt more in marketing.' He says that the Zimbabwe Council for Tourism is underfunded and that it operates 'without brochures or pamphlets.' Neverthelms,  with 1.25 million visitors last year spending $252m (up from 1.04m spending $203m in 1994) - tourism is a growth area in which black people could take a bigger share - and not just, as at present, as guides, drivers, mechanics and cooks.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lovemore Chihota, who runs a booming Victoria Falls safari business, has shown the way. He admits that there is a lot of money to be made from tourism, but warns that careful preparation is needed, as well as determination, commitment and, a realisation that there are no quick returns. He also points to the need to have some equity. 'The promoter,' he stresses, 'must put his money where his mouth is.'&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; G.K.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Culture and society</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dak'Art 96</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most important exhibitions of African art, the Biennial Festival of Conternporary African Art, opened its doors to the public in Dakar, Senegal, on 8 May 1996. The 'Pan-African Art Exhibition', as it is still called, was being staged for the third time although it almost failed to take place at all, having been postponed several times over the last four years. All those who participated - from the artists who exhibited to the directors of art galleries and cultural  institions - were pleasantly surprised. The next edition of me Courier will include a more comprehensive account of the exhibition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President Abdou Diouf of Senegal inaugurated the event at the Daniel Sorano National Theatre in the company of a number of VlPs, including BartoLomÃ© Amat Armengol who represented the European Commission. The Commission was Dak'Art 96's main financial partner providing support to the tune of CFAF 200 million (ECU 300 000 approx). The Biennial Festival aims to be a showcase for African artists allowing them to break into the international plastic arts market. Hitherto, this has remained relatively closed to them despite the general recognition that Africa has a contribution to make to the art world in this area. Mr Ousmane Sow Huchard, chairman of the Festival's scientific board, stressed that success lay first in stimulating the art market in Africa itself. He gave the example of his own country which had voted the so-called '1 % law', which stipulated the proportion of works of art that should be used to decorate all new public buildings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Festival's main exhibition, at the Ifan Museum of African Arts, was devoted to major trends in African sculpture. 42 artists selected by an international panel took part and, despite some criticism, their choice was a  judicious one. The same cannot be said, unfortunately, of the second major exhibition, at the National Art Gallery. This was devoted to contemporary Senegalese art and the skill involved in producing the exhibits was not of a consistently high standard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were also five individual exhibitions featuring artists chosen by internationally famous judges. These might be expected to have a dynamic effect in setting standards on the market. Zeribun Yempeta of Ethiopia offered a quite original style, working on a support of leather straps fastened to a trellis of fine strips of wood. He draws his inspiration from a combination of African design, Coptic and Greek influences, and ancient Egyptian art. Ethiopian painting was one of the major revelations of the 'Africa 95' exhibition in London last year and the Festival gave a further opportunity for such art to be displayed. Another display presented work by the Moroccan painter, Mohamed Kacimi, whose pictures have been hung in various exhibitions - although the term 'pictures' is not always appropriate to this artist's work. It is perhaps more fitting to say that he 'occupies space'. In Dakar, he covered three walls of a large room with 'rolling art'. His skill, particularly in monumental works, is to offer excitement and calm simultaneously, through the use of animated forms and soft, rhythmic harmonies. Ezrom Legae of South Africa, Moustapha Dime of Senegal and Pascale Martine Tayou of Cameroon were the three other artists granted individual exhibitions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the trends which came to the fore at Dak'Art was the use of alternative media and recycled material. The latter, in a sense, is the man in the street's legacy to art. Initially, recycling was used predominantly in the informal sector to produce utilitarian objects. The 'Biennial Festival Village' was set aside for informal sculptors, and in an open area beside the Village, both inside a marquee and outdoors, one of the most individually striking exhibitions was presented. This combined a variety of artistic forms ranging from painting to video, not to mention Adeagbo's unusual montages, including 'African artists and AIDS'. This had already been exhibited in a number of countries and was staged by the Revue Noire team in parallel with its 'AIDS' issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Festival included dozens of on-site exhibitions as well as all the 'fringe' presentations. The AIDS exhibition was one of the boldest but the display entitled 'Love' offered the greatest degree of unity and uniformity of design. Dak'Art 96 also made an attempt to integrate other forms of creativity such as dance, design and fashion. The latter two, for example, were presented at the Espace Vema, a fine metal structure where the creations of the Senegalese designer Claire Kane were in perfect harmony with the highly original furnishings. The European Union's prize for creativity, one of the Festival's four major prizes, was awarded to Vincent Namien, a designer from Cote d'lvoire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hege'Goueier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">On creativity... in Africa and elsewhere</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Alain Nicolas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this article is head curator and director of the Museum of African, Oceanic and Amerindian Arts in Marseilles. Here he offers his thoughts on the (partially unconscious) reluctance of the 'official' art world in the West - museums, critics and art historians - to accept contemporary African artists. Even now, they tend to be relegated to the sphere of 'alternative' art. However, he believes that the abundance of creative Africans, and the pressure they are exerting on the art world and market will, sooner or later, generate a 'new revolution' in the museums. This iswhat happened in the early20th century when traditional African art first arrived in the West. This article is linked to the dossier on African creativity published in our previous issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When I was asked to make this small contribution on African creativity, I was happy to oblige since, as a non-specialist, I am able to content myself with a few generalisations. I believe that there are still barriers, sometime not very visible, but nonetheless real, which have to be broken down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, writing just a few lines on creativity is a difficult exercise given the amount of literature on the subject and so many divergent opinions. So, what line should I adopt? About 15 years ago - in the wake of hordes of specialists in the humanities from sociology, psychology, ethnology, anthropology and so on - a rational approach, known as 'the anthropology of art', was at last proposed. The term 'rational' should be seen here in the context of the distinction between exact or 'hard' sciences such as mathematics, physics and astronomy, and the humanities, which are essentially inexact or 'soft' disciplines. And in brief, the West tends to take a scientific approach, relying on empirical evidence, even when it seeks to study such subjects as human creativity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Creativity obviously is to be found in many different spheres. It is needed in technology, it is fundamental to story-telling, it underpins all forms of social organisation and has a part to play in religion. Similarly, what we term 'art'  is one of the spheres of creative endeavour. The anthropology of art seeks to document artistic creativity and to analyse the conditions surrounding its expression in various cultures. This is a laudable enterprise insofar as art is regarded as another means of expression, used in one form or another by all human groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The creative function is universal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The basic postulate is that any society - and any individual - possesses creative potential which may be expressed in any way. The first thing to examine, therefore, is the context of choice. There are various modes of artistic expression ranging from music, poetry, prose and dance to architecture, painting and fashion. Some individuals or societies may have no choice, perhaps because of socio-economic constraints. Others may favour a particular mode of expression while nonetheless dabbling in more than one area. The expression of creativity is, therefore, like an identifying mark, claimed by the group or by the individual. The concept of 'style' now comes into play. The expression of one group is different from that of another and no two can ever be the same. Fundamental elements are at work in this materialisation of creativity. Some  are due to the natural environment. Thus, for example, a society located in a place where wood is abundant may favour sculpture. Others come from the group or individual themselves. And in the final analysis, it is the groups or individuals that decide what to portray (or not) on the basis of their own social norms and what they want to express.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These few limited thoughts should be supplemented by the observation that sculpture or the plastic arts more generally can also be examined from at least two angles: as a means of conveying information, and as a form of linguistic expression.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards the former, some have proposed analysing any work of art, from whatever culture, as a message. Analysis of the work therefore includes an examination of the conditions surrounding the production and transmission of the message. What message is broadcast ? How does it function ? What does the addressee gain from it? This approach is fine in hypothetical terms but does not allow one to go beyond theoretical and formal data, teaching us nothing about the content of the message under study. It refers back to the originator who holds the keys to the way in which it was sent and thus to its form and meaning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linguistically speaking, we assume that all expression through sculpture is a language and that the techniques for studying language can therefore be applied to the work of art. This approach is more rewarding because it brings us closer both to the sources and to the function of communication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Be that as it may, all methods involve knowledge of the group or of the individual (but also of the relationships between them) and thus of any organised knowledge. Art cannot be separated from perception. This is the position of the majority of scientists. Yet we are not completely certain of this. Briefly, we are led to imagine that art could be irreducible at a certain level. When we look at a sculpture or listen to a piece of music, aside from the emotional content which is at least   partly quantifiable, what are we able to understand about the culture which produced them ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having travelled widely throughout the world and kept my eyes open, without having become the 'observer-participant' which the ethnologist should be, I am certain that the same creative function can be seen everywhere, and it is not difficult to identify.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frequent visits to the world's museums and, perhaps above all, to their vaults, further reinforces the impression that constants do exist and are worthy of more and better investigation. Art, and more particularly the art of others, from other continents, is still the domain of a happy few.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are usually highly literate people, and are seldom activists expounding a cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contemporary African art must find its niche&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The above statements relate as much to contemporary art as to what we term 'traditional' art. How many of the world's museums really show contemporary art from Africa ? It is as if this sector were cut off from current cultural reality. This is despite the fact that each week, new artists, musicians, designers, painters, sculptors, dancers, film-makers, stylists and photographers emerge from Africa, to be 'recognised' in the West (if anyone knows what 'recognition' really means!). The museums are, in fact, confused by this burgeoning of talent because they have no idea how to manage it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has been said that contemporary African art is an urban phenomenon aimed at those living in towns and cities - and that it rebels against essentially rural, traditional art.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The argument is that the usual methods for analysing traditional art cannot be fully mobilised because 'urban civilisation' conforms to a set of universal norms (more or less), which are distinct from those studied by ethnologists. It would, therefore, be more appropriate to consider contemporary art in the context of sociology and aesthetics. This may be true, but it still comes down to a matter of observation. Confusion reigns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When we staged an exhibition in Marseilles by the Senegalese sculptor, Ousmane Sow, the first individual showing of his works came as a major shock to many people, including the specialists. I can remember the reactions of at least   two colleagues from museums of contemporary art. What they said was almost identical, and was along the following lines:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What's the name of this sculptor ? I am not familiar with him...&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. Do you like his work ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, I do, but what's his name ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. Ousmane Sow &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I don't know him. Astonishing! Where's he from ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. Senegal - he lives in Dakar. Are you interested in his sculptures ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but..&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. You can buy one of his works - he's not very expensive yet and it would be good for your museum. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The problem is he's African.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AN. I see... &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· His works are more your sphere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. But they don't have anything to do with traditional art which is what I have in my museum. Ousmane Sow is a contemporary artist, isn't he ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but he's African, and your museum is a museum of African art.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. You're correct, I would love to buy one of his works. But it would be the only example of contemporary art in my museum and would represent a change of policy for me. You wouldn't have anything by Ousmane Sow. And we would then be rivals! &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Critics, artists and art historians have begun discussing contemporary African art, more and more good reviews of it are being published, talks are being given and some major exhibitions have been mounted. There are pioneers and supporters in France, Germany and elsewhere, and there is even a great museum - Washington's Smithsonian - which took it on board several years  ago - but we still seem to be a long way from a commitment from most institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I hope this statement will soon be proved wrong. Institutions do not like taking risks. Either they create 'ghettos' ('let's set up a museum of contemporary African art'), or they set up committees to consider the subject. It is up to us to set our houses in order, but we must not be too naive. This is the art market, after&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although we tend to cling to this somewhat short-sighted administrative view that there should be different institutions depending on whether we are dealing with heritage or contemporary creativity, museums of contemporary art must integrate all the world's sculptural expression. If not, they will be in conflict with the above; postulate which claims that creative  potential is the same everywhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for so-called museums of anthropology and also a few rare museums such as the Museum of African, Oceanic and Amerindian Art in Marseilles, the systematic exhibition of contemporary art does generate a number of problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When I have wanted to do this in the past, I have been reminded of the 'museographic landscape' and advised to consult the authorities, to organise a major debate on the topic: who, what, where ? That is the rational approach, we are told. There is no great hurry!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, the recent arrival of African artists comes at a moment in our history when we are questioning the existence of our museums. When I say 'we', I mean the West in general.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So, what might happen ? Traditional African art caused an explosion in Western art and traditional art history at the very beginning of the 20th century, with the cubists and their research which led them to develop a passion for African sculpture. We are all aware of what we owe to Africa and its traditional artists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contemporary art from Africa is knocking on the closed door of Western museums, but the arrival of contemporary African artists and the pressure they exert on the art world and  market might trigger a new revolution in the museums, which are also the archives. Certainly, all the usual followers are ready to take up the cause, and that is how it should be. Let's be optimistic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The works of Ainsley Yearwood: Bombarded with colour</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Claude Smets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ainsley Yearwood is a Trinity dadian artist based in London. me Courier had the opportunity to meet him recently when an exhibition of his works was staged at his country's embassy in Brussels. Brought up in Trinidad, he moved to London to study fine arts at the Chelsea Art School. Feeling unable to express himself fully in this discipline, he ended up taking a degree in graphic design. Mr Yearwood is still based in the UK capital where, in addition to his work as a painter, he also designs costumes for the Notting Hill Carnival, a cousin of the famous Trinidad Carnival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The artist is fortunate to be able to live from his work. Besides the present exhibition which is touring Europe (Manchester, Brussels, Geneva and London), he has other works currently on show at three galleries in the US. He finds that the reaction of the American public is different from the European one. Americans, he believes, are more spontaneous and openminded. 'Europeans tend to stick more to things they already know; to which they are more accustomed.' The titles he gives to his art pieces are for him 'a basis for artistic conversation' with his audience. They express his emotions, feelings, and thoughts, but do not try to impose a specific interpretation of the painting on the viewer. Ainslie Yearwood dislikes the idea of being labelled or categorised - or as he describes it, 'to  be put into a box'. As such, he rebels against people who try to make him conform.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A world citizen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although Ainsley Yearwood recognises his African roots within Trinidadian society, he sees himself as 'a world citizen'. The influences in his paintings are many and varied - deriving from the multicultural background of Trinidad and Tobago, European art and graphic design, the memories of his own childhood and his recent experiences. 'I am like a sponge', he says. 'Everything influences me in my work... people, places and all that I see around me. They help me to view things from a different perspective.' These all then flow together to be visualised through his 'inner eye' (expressed, for example, by two blue dots in his work In the Company of Nature which represents the Grand Canyon). By paying particular attention to what he sees, his 'visual view' is transformed into an 'emotional view'. Thus, for example, his painting Evolution appears to be a landscape. A :loser look reveals that the rocks are in the shape of hands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The artist also uses symbols in dome of his work, as a personal means 'or him to express life. The butterfly :rapped in a jar, for example, in Love lost, is a symbol of the fragility of life. The glass of water in Soul of a Mother symbolises the way a child looks at the world as something exciting and new. he also draws strongly on the imagery of candles, inner eyes and doorways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strong colours, strong emotions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What unifies Mr. Yearwood's work, is his use of colours. As he says, they are 'strong colours to express strong emotions'. In this, he has been inspired by his childhood in Trinidad which, in his own words, 'was an environment that constantly bombarded you with colour - from crystal to aquamarine, sapphire and emerald - a perpetual rainbow of red, yellow, green and blue'. One painting where colour is used to striking effect is Carnival Bacchanal. This depicts Trinidad's Carnival and reflects both the island's multicultural society and its vividness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ainsley Yearwood has also produced more surrealist and psycho-biographical works, under the influence of artists such as Salvador Dali and Francis Bacon. Emotions are revealed through the use of darker though still vivid colours. These works (such as Evolution, &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Translucent State and Suspended in Limbo) show a fragmented self, stuck between past, present and future, looking for a way forward. They come in stark contrast to the brighter mood of paintings of island scenes - which are in a more African style - or of jazz musicians (such as Soul of a City or The Musician). According to the artist, this is being realistic. If he wants to paint life, he must show the different and contrasting emotions a human being experiences. 'You get up in the morning and you are feeling a little bit happy. You come home in the evening and you are feeling a little bit down. So emotions are continuously changing. If I said that I was always happy, that wouldn't be true.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As mentioned above, a number of Ainsley Yearwood's pieces portray jazz players. He enjoys going to New Orleans to listen to jazz bands and in Soul of a City he portrays one of the musicians. The title underlaines the importance of performers in a place like New Orleans - where indeed, they form an integral part of city life. In A Musical Love affair, the painter uses techniques learned as a graphic designer to help him express his feelings. By drawing graphic lines, the cello player and the instrument flow into one another. He explains: 'The cello player was not just playing the instrument. She was actually part of it. It is as if she were making love to the cello.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear from the foregoing that Mr. Yearwood's art is primarily visual. The onlooker is bombarded with strong colours - which are used, together with abstraction and symbolism, to express both optimistic and pessimistic feelings. The artist uses his multicultural background to great effect, drawing on influences from Trinidad, Africa and Europe, to create different modes of expression. These are the essential factors which make his paintings interesting and refreshing to look at.  c.s. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA-Bulletin</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fairness on the livestock field of play</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Sarah Reynolds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the town of Thies one of Senegal's regional capitals, there is an abattoir where nothing goes to waste. Even the horns of cattle are sold for making carvings for sale to tourists while the tips of the horns are exported to Japan. In a rural area of Chad, small-scale livestock farmers are preserving meat by the age-old process of cutting it into strips and drying it in the sun. Careful attention to hygiene and quality control has resulted in a product so consistently good that it has found an export market as far away as Gabon. Livestock producers in sub-Saharan Africa are responding to market opportunities, not because they recognise the need to improve national food requirements, but in pursuit of profit. Therein lies the best chance for stimulating the livestock sector's production capacity. The challenge is to design policies that protect consumers without crushing entrepreneurial potential for producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than half the population of sub-Saharan Africa is likely to be living in a town or city within the next 30 years. These city dwellers will have neither the skill, the time nor the space to raise livestock. There are indications on present trends that their demand for food of animal origin will increase. Where will they get it from ? Imported meat is more expensive than it used to be, largely as a result of the change in policies of the European Union. These have also affected the supply of low-cost milk powder and butter oil. Imports from countries outside the continent will  undoubtedly continue but intra-African   trade and local production will become   far more significant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has been estimated that the production of animal products in sub-Saharan Africa would have to increase by 4% per year to ensure an adequate supply of animal protein for the region's growing population, and to end the need for imports. This presents a major challenge to policy-makers. Already, the current pressure on land resources is causing conflict in some areas and the prospect of more people, more animals, and more strain on already inadequate resources, is perturbing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Information vacuum  in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of value&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Decisions on how to achieve sustainable and yet more productive land-use, while at the same time ensuring fair access to resources for other interested users, cannot be soundly based if made in an information vacuum. It was in recognition of the lack of information about the livestock sector that the CTA organised and sponsored a seminar on Livestock development policies in the humid and sub-humid zones of sub-Saharan Africa. This was held in Abidjan, Cote d'lvoire on 5-9 February 1996. It was attended by participants from 17 countries within the region and by representatives from international institutions and from Europe. The objective was to contribute to the ongoing debate on policies aimed at bringing about sustainable livestock development while respecting natural resources in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of value&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effective planning of government action on issues such as import policy, provision of inputs and services, marketing and research priorities requires quantitative information on livestock production systems. Why is this information lacking when it is estimated that livestock products contribute about 25% of total agricultural GDP in subSaharan Africa? The livestock sector is too important to ignore and yet it is consistently undervalued. The reason is that economists and statisticians like to deal with a tangible unit that can be counted. Ideally, this should be a monetary unit but, failing that, it should at least be a unit that can be easily converted to money, such as the number of animals potentially available to the market. But if animals are used to sustain a traditional way of life, for people who do not have to pay before they can eat, it is difficult to put a monetary value on the food they consume. Similarly, if a herd of animals is sustained by forage that has no other use, on land that can be used for no other purpose, the cost of feeding cannot easily be measured in financial terms. Indeed producers have little to gain from allowing government   departments to acquire information about their assets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock owners have their own objectives when deciding whether and how to increase production. Livestock provide energy in the form of draught power, and dung for fuel or biogas. Their manure restores structure and fertility to the soil. Social prestige may be measured in the quantity and quality of the animals one possesses. For some livestock owners, their animals are their 'barking' system. They represent a deposit account for accumulated wealth and a current account when an animal is sold to raise cash. Indeed it may be impossible to obtain credit from an orthodox bank. There is an added advantage in that there are no interest charges to pay when you raise cash by selling your own animals as opposed to taking out a loan from a bank. It may be difficult to measure real production when animals are treated as a capital reserve. For example, an increase in meat prices, perhaps as a response to a change in economic policy, may result in a short-term reduction rather than increase, in the number of animals being marketed. This is because producers are able to maintain their income by selling fewer animals and can simultaneously  increase their breeding herds. Alternatively, there may be little incentive to producers to sell more animals if they have no use for the extra money they earn. It is of course true that more people are joining the cash economy as they become aware of the desirability of consumer goods, or of services such as schooling. Governments may aspire to design policies which will develop the livestock sector for the economic welfare of society as a whole, but if these policies ignore the objectives of livestock owners, they will fail.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fair play&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a football match, the referee is there to see fair play. In the livestock sector, governments have to ensure fair play between the 'demand team' and the 'supply team', in other words the -consumers and the producers. Governments often make two mistakes. Either they help one team at the expense of the other, or else they join in the game themselves. The role of the authorities should be to make the rules that protect both teams from unfair or unsafe practices. For example, health and hygiene regulations must be in place, and  enforced, but not be so onerous that illegal and totally unregulated marketing channels are established.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Private traders have considerable power to manipulate markets if they collude to form cartels and prevent outsiders from entering their ring. Governments should ensure that this is not allowed to happen, that markets are open and that traders are free to operate provided that they observe health and hygiene regulations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Veterinary services&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most countries are no longer able to supply even minimum standards of veterinary support to their livestock producers. The efforts that have been made in recent years have been largely in the form of donor-funded projects where continuity is rarely guaranteed. The only viable alternative seems to be to transfer activities of this kind to service providers in the private sector. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work that they do under contract to the government, for example relating to the control of epidemic diseases, must be funded by government or other central agencies since cost-recovery from individual livestock owners is not feasible when participation has to be compulsory. The work that they do on behalf of individuals, or associations of livestock owners, should, however, be paid for by those who benefit directly from the increased productivity that should result - the farmers. The greatest difficulty lies in managing what will be a long and difficult transition period. The success of ventures to privatise veterinary services depends on whether the profession can deliver a decent living in the private sector, particularly in rural areas where the need is undoubtedly greatest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is in the rural areas that livestock production needs to be intensified. On the outskirts of Africa's major cities, intensive pig and poultry production is already being supported by commercial, joint venture capital. Dairy units, in which exotic, high performance cattle breeds are managed in a controlled environment, are producing fresh milk for cash-paying consumers in nearby towns and cities. Urban areas create the demand but it is the rural areas that need the development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal products are seasonal and prices fluctuate accordingly. However, consumers are more likely to develop the habit of using products that are consistently available at stable prices. Government intervention to stabilise  prices risks favouring the consumer at the expense of the producer. For example, if imports are used to counter temporarily high prices during periods of drought, then producers will receive less for their reduced output at the very time when they need support. The most effective policy of price stabilization is to encourage the adoption of production systems that are less vulnerable to seasonal changes. Processing achieves this to some degree and brings benefits to both producers and consumers. Furthermore, because animal products are perishable, and dangerous to human health when they deteriorate, processing extends storage life, and may even have an effect in improving food security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most countries, the time of greatest food shortage is at the beginning of the rainy season. This is also the time when milk production soars because cattle have good feed; and yet much of that milk is wasted because there is more than required for home consumption. If that surplus milk can be fumed into cheese, potential customers in more distant markets may be reached. Provided that the product is acceptable to the consumer, cheese-making reduces wastage, diversifies the producer's source of income and may also provide employment, and therefore income, to those brought in to help with the production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A technology that has been exhaustively tested by FAO for its suitability for use in Africa is lactoperoxydase. This is an enzyme which extends by three hours the length of time before milk begins to curdle and clot. This effectively doubles the time available for milk to reach the cooling centre, and thereby extends the catchment areas for producers wishing to supply fresh milk to urban markets. The trials that have been conducted show that it is entirely safe. When milk is brought to rural collecting points, it is the responsibility of the cooling centre employee, not the farmer, to add the enzyme at the prescribed rate as the milk is transferred into cans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On current trends, it seems probable that there will be more than 20 capital cities in Africa that have a population of 10 million people by the year 2010. How many other cities and towns will have developed by that time ? There are so many people migrating to the urban areas, and they are doing so because the type of activities that ought to be taking place in the countryside do not exist. If the livestock industry, both primary production and processing, can be encouraged in rural areas, and if the infrastructure is in place to ensure that animal products, in whatever form, can reach urban markets, rural dwellers will find it more comfortable to stay where they are rather than going to the cities to look for jobs that do not exist.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge for policy-makers is to deal even-handedly, not only in the interests of the livestock sector, but in the interests of other farmers, consumers, the national economy and the long-term sustainability of the nation's natural resources. For this task, reliable information, which is accessible to all countries within the region, is essential. The database structure of this information should be standardised so that it can form the basis of regional cooperation on trade and the sustainable use of land resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.R. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courierâs Mailbag</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WCL seeks a wider  expression views&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We refer to the article published by The Courier in issue no 156 (March-April 1996) entitled The changing face of trade unionism in Africa, which reflects the views of the ICFTU (AFRO) and OATUU.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We are surprised that you have not taken pains to solicit the views of the World Confederation of Labour (WCL) and its regional organisation, the Democratic Organisation of African Workers Trade Unions (DOAWTU) - which participated on the same footing as the two other trade union organisations at the ACP-KU Social Partners meeting in December last year. We strongly believe this omission on your part should be corrected in future in order to allow a wider expression of the views and stands of all representative trade unions in Africa on such important issues as structural adjustment programmes, the social clause, labour standards and working conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carlos L. Custer, Secretary-General, World Confederation of Labour, Brussels, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linked destinies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The continuing dialogue between the ACP and EC Groups has exposed many mutual concerns about world affairs and has promoted a more complete understanding of the problems of both advanced and developing  nations. I am confident that in the future, we shall see further progress in our efforts to create a favourable financial climate for the resolution of our economic problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Global political and economic events have brought home to all of us how inextricably our social and economic destinies are linked. This is true of a whole range of subjects from human rights and political reform to economic development, conservation, health education and industrial promotion. None of these subjects can be put into independent boxes. We must seek more effective integration of our social and economic policies - both internally and internationally - if we are to serve the welfare of the people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I rejoice in your initiative in publishing The Courier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Teddyiniovo, International institute for Global Cooperation, Benin City, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scope for energy selfsufficiency&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;May I congratulate you on the new layout of The Courier, which is a great deal clearer and which you have instituted as a result of comments made by a number of your readers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I am surprised to discover that you have not said anything about the question of energy dependence in the LomÃ© Convention countries. Energy self sufficiency is an extremely important issue. ACP countries face a famine in this area which is rarely mentioned. Most are majors exporters of petroleum, which is  costly and absorbs a significant proportion of their foreign exchange earnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Practically all the LomÃ© countries are in a position to produce alcohol from crops such as sugar cane and manioc without any negative impact on their food resources. These crops could be distilled to produce big-ethanol which is an excellent fuel. All that is needed - and it is a major challenge admittedly - is for production to be organised in each country, and for the required national and international financing to be set up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also required is the political will in these countries to overcome the various obstacles, including those lobbies who oppose this kind of production because they want petrol imports to be maintained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pierre Mariotte Consultant, Paris, France &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bibliography</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jean Monnet - 1888-1979  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Eric Roussel. Published by Fayard, Paris. 1996. 1004 pages. FFR 198.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jean Monnet was almost 91 years old when he died and, despite the fact that he had no higher education qualifications and at times did not hold any official post, his public role was legendary. From the very first page of his book, Eric Roussel stresses the fact that, from the moment Jean Monnet met the Prime Minister, Rene Viviani, in September 1914 until 9 May 1975, the day the Action Committee for a United States of Europe was dissolved, he worked constantly for the European cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He applied the same tireless enthusiasm to all his duties, in whatever sphere of activity he was involved - and these were many and varied. Despite his provincial origins, Jean Monnet was, among other things, a cognac merchant, an advocate of the Allied coordination effort during the First World War, Deputy Secretary General of the League of Nations (for a short time), a banker in America and China during the 1930s and in charge of the Victory Program in the USA in 1941. From 1947 to 1952, he was the first Commissioner-General of the Economic Plan in France. He and Robert Schuman were the architects of the famous Declaration of 9 May 1950 which was to form the basis of European construction. He went on to become the first President of the ECSC's High Authority and, until 1975, he was the driving force behind the Action Committee for a United States of Europe. And that is just to highlight his renowned roles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, Jean Monnet was both a visionary and a pragmatist, who was to become adviser to some of the greatest names of his day. General de Gaulle, another great visionary, albeit with a very different ideology, called him 'the inspiration' behind European integration, although such an accolade was not completely devoid of irony given that the two men could hardly be said to see eye to eye.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jean Monnet was a purveyor of new ideas, but also an eternal realist who never failed to recognise the importance of the status quo. Indeed, he could have stepped right out of the pages of a Paul Morand novel. And yet, despite the fact that he was held in the highest esteem by world political heavyweights (Clemenceau, Roosevelt, Churchill, Adenauer, de Gasperi, Brandt, Pompidou, John Kennedy, Henry Kissinger, Heath and Giscard d'Estaing, to name but a few), in his private life he was a simple man, of modest disposition - in fact a bourgeois in the best sense of the word.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 'workaholic', like many great men, Jean Monnet defied categorization. He has recently been described as 'a man of fringe ideologies who was nevertheless always at the centre of things'. During the latter part of his life, he settled comfortably into his role as 'rather' of Europe. His fundamental thoughts on that topic could be summed up in one line from the Declaration of 9 May 1950, (now a public holiday in the European institutions). 'Europe will not be built in a day, nor as a single structure, but will come about through concrete actions which, first and foremost, create a de facto solidarity'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Monnet, nationalism meant only war and, from 1942 onwards, he set his sights on preparing for the future, surrounding himself with a team of extraordinary talent - people such as Etienne Hirsch, Herve Alphand, Rene Mayer and Robert Marjolin. These men strove to find ways to avoid war between the countries of Western Europe, to define the objectives of European unification and to establish European institutions which would be equal to such a task.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eric Roussel is a journalist with an arts degree and a doctorate in law, and this is an outstanding work on the 'pragmatic visionary' that was Jean&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Monnet. The book is comprehensive, extremely well-written and impressively documented. Most notably, the author had access, for the first time, to the famous journal kept by Jean Monnet in which he recorded his countlles conversations with the key players and set out his own thoughts. Today, his dream of 'a united Europe complemented by a partnership with the United States' is still one of the big issues. And as the arguments rage, we should perhaps recall some other famous words from Jean Monnet's Memoires: 'We do not seek to form a coalition of States, we seek to unite men . &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alain Lacroix &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Le Choix de l'Europe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Opting for Europe)  by Laurent Cohen-Tanugi. Pub/ished by Fayard, Paris. 225 pages. FFR 110 - BFR 748.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Laurent Cohen-Tanugi successfully reminds us of the modernity of the European project; that there are aspects of it that are essential to our independence and our prosperity, to preserving our model of society and maintaining our influence on the international stage. By urging Europeans and European leaders to look to the future so as to be better able to manage the risks and seize the opportunities that it offers and, ultimately, to be in a better position to change things, he brings us all hope'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was how Jacques Delors described this book, and, basically, there you have it in a nutshell. It would, however, be worthwhile adding that 'opting for Europe' is not quite as simple as it sounds - a fact which has not escaped the attention of the author, who is a graduate of France's elite Ecole normale superieure and of the Harvard Law School. He is also a barrister and member of a renowned firm of international lawyers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the Treaty of Rome, European progress has very often come about because Member States have set themselves deadlines for achieving particular objectives. 1996 sees the opening of the Intergovernmental Conference, an event of major importance, which is expected to continue at least until the spring of 1997 (with parliamentary elections planned in several Member States in 1997 and 1998). Among the items on the agenda for the IGC is the need to adapt the European institutions - which in essence have hardly changed since 1958 - and to open up the way for the third phase of Economic and Monetary Union in 1999 for those States which have fulfilled the economic convergence criteria set out in the Maastricht Treaty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, besides the technical and financial problems involved, there are also differences between certain Member States about the political future of Europe. The author rightly stresses, in this respect, that the situation has become even more complex since the demise of the Soviet Union. In particular, some politicians support an expansion of the EU towards Central and Eastern Europe, so as to avoid strengthening European integration. The author believes that, broadly speaking, there are two distinct positions. On the one hand, there is the United Kingdom, which would be happy with a large free trade area guided by a 'Secretariat-Commission'and with flexible and relatively loose inter-State cooperation structures at a political level. On the other hand, there is Germany, which wants expansion of the Union towards the East as well, but also wants a swift and concrete consolidation of a common monetary and political 'hard core'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In his book, the author expresses his view that France will play a vital role in maintaining and advancing the essential elements that form the basis of the European enterprise. And he nails his own colours firmly to the mast as someone who hopes to see the continent moving towards some form of federal structure. As one observer commenting   on the work has noted, 'This little Bible, brimming with faith in the concept of a unified Europe, will be invaluable - even to the doubting Thomases among us'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publications received&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Et.... qu'en pensent les villageois? Projets de developpement durable et be veins de base bÃ©nÃ©ficiaires&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(But... what do the villagers think about it ? Sustainable development projects and basic needs of aid recipients)  by Myriam Bacquelaine. Published by Ured (Research, Education and Development Unit) of the K.U. Brussels (17, avenue de la Liberte, B- 1080 Brussels). 1995. 3Z2 pages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Les problemes du monde rural vus par les habitants - Portraits de villages de Haute-Guinee&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(me problems of rural life as seen by the inhabitants - Profiles of villages in Upper Guinea)  by Myriam Bacquelaine. Published by Ured (Research, Education and Development Unit) of the KU. Brussels (17, avenue de la Liberte, B- 1080 Brussels). 1995. 222 pages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, who has a PhD in educational sciences and is a researcher at Ured, has written these two works on the basis of a study she carried out on behalf of the European Commission in Guinea (Conakr,v). This aimed at identifying the most urgent priorities of village communities within the context of an environment restoration project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The conclusion of the first book underlines research results which point to the adoption of a different approach to development at local level: one which respects the wishes of the recipients and which finally breaks free from western ethnocentrism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the second volume, the author presents the results of the survey conducted in the villages of Upper Guinea. Six villages with varying characteristics in terms of size, geographical location and administrative status are featured in more detail. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Informations pour le Developpement: Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Information on development: Agriculture)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Published by Ibiscus (ibis, rue du Havre, F-75008 Paris) and by the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation. 1995. 271 pages. FFR 150.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than just an index, this publication is a useful working tool for anyone seeking reliable information about development in the agricultural sector. It includes a list of the main organisations specialising in agriculture in 40 French-speaking countries and a list of the principal places and means from which to obtain information (documentation centres, data banks, optical discs, CDs and on-line data services). There is also a selection of periodicals, a bibliographic section (with more than 300 references, including abstracts) and contributions by specialists relating to major topics connected with rural development: landownership systems, links between cash crops and food crops, agricultural funding, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda - Trois jour qui ont fait basculer l'histoire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Rwanda - Three days that shook history)  by Filip Reyntjens. Published by L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole-Polytechnique, F75005 Paris). Cahiers africains no. /6! 1995. 148 pages FFR 9O. ISBN 2-738437044.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although much has been written about the tragic events in Rwanda, this work examines an aspect of the story which is still largely a mystery: the brief period which began on 6 April with the missile attack on the presidential jet and ended on 9 April, when the 'caretaker government' was swam into office. According to the author, these 72 hours were of critical importance since it was during  this time that the country's killing machine was set in motion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Essentially based on eye-witnffs accounts, it is a tale which is far from complete. The book, however, does provide some hitherto undocumented information which allow us to delve deeper in search of the truth behind one of the darkest pages of recent human history.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Les refugies rwandais a Bukavu au Zaire - De nouveaux Palestiniens?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(The Rwandan refugees in Bukavu, Zaire - the new Palestinians ?)  by Philippe de Dorlodot Published by L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole-Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris) and by the Jeremie Group. 1995. 253 pages. FM 150. ISBN 2-7384-3698-6.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author has brought together various stories, appeals, communiques, analyses and thoughts to write this book about the crisis facing the Rwandan refugees. The accounts cover the period from April 1994 to October 1995 and relate to the situation in South Kivu, Zaire, where an already volatile position has been greatly exacerbated by the arrival of the refugees. The people living in the regional centres of Goma and Bukavu are having to live with the tragedy of gross overcrowding and all its consequences - environmental deterioration, price increases, general insecurity and the threat of war on the border between Rwanda and Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire now wants the refugees to leave as quickly as possible, but their return to Rwanda is still problematic. Rejected at every turn, are these Rwandan refugees set to become the new Palestinians? In the postscript to the work, Filip Reyntjens (the author of the book reviewed previously) states that 'These new refugees will not accept eternal exile. H voluntary repatriation is not possible, and if forced repatriation is unacceptable, the only way left open to them may be armed repatriation... The civil society of South Kivu... is well aware of this, and the international community would do well to listen to their cries of alarm... If  it does not, the tragic events of the past year will have been merely a prelude, with the worst still to come'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;La tragedie rwandaise - Historique et Perspectives&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(The Rwandan tragedy - historical background and future prospects)  by Emmanuel Nkunzumwami. Published by L'Harmaffan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1995. 480 pages. FFR 250. ISBN 2-7384-3697-8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, a teiecommunications engineer and economist, was born and raised in Rwanda. He now lives in France and has had several articles about the situation in his country published. In this work, he seeks to Reconstruct the machine of central Rwandan power which first appeared in the eleventh century, seeking answers to questions such as: Who ruled the country and how? What alliances were forged and according to what criteria? What kinds of social structure existed and what forms did conflict take? He then goes on to describe the trauma of colonial rule which 'deliberately' fanned the flames of socio-ethnic conflict so that the people could be more easily controlled. From there, he takes us through the era of an 'independent' Rwanda under a dictatorial regime. Its power was progressively stripped away, initially under the pressure of internal calls for democracy, and then by the demands of Western aid donors. Finally, he recounts the events since April 1994.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having given the historical background, the author examines the country's future prospects. He believes that the 'siege mentality' of the new government does nothing to induce the return of the 2 million refugees who shuffle back and forth across the border and who find themselves stuck between a 'rock and a hard place'. Finally, the author poses a straightforward question - but one which has yet to be answered: How can we rebuild a country that has witnessed genocide on such a scale ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">News round-up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In brief&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNCTAD Report on the least-developed countries (LDCs)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to the annual report of UNCTAD (The UN Conference on Trade and Development), the 48 least developed countries of the planet, after several years of stagnation - and indeed, decline in some cases - enjoyed an average growth rate of 3% in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1994-95. The figure was 4.6% for LDCs in Asia and 2.2% for those in Africa (33 out 48).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNCTAD says that the renewed grovvth rate for Africa's least developed nations is due to an increase in commodity prices, to improved political and social stability in certain countries and to economic reforms which have been implemented. If these favourable conditions are maintained, further modest progress can be anticipated for 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the positive impact of these factors on the development of countries, notably in Asia, UNCTAD believes that there is still a short-term danger that the world's weakest economies will suffer further marginalisation. It is pointed out, in this context, that the LDCs' share of total world trade - which stood at 1.7% in 1970 - had fallen to 0.4% for exports and 0.7% for imports, by 1994.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the longer term it is thought that the LDCs, with their reliance on basic commodities for export receipts, may benefit from the globalization of their economies. This should happen notably through the regional trade agreements to which they are parties, alongside other developing countries. These regional markets, which are more attractive for investors, offer an opportunity for LDCs to try out their products and can, in time, help improve their competitiveness. In the  meantime, however, UNCTAD has noted that the immediate effects of the Uruguay Round have tended to be more negative, with reductions in the preferences enjoyed by LDCs in export markets and increases in the price of foodstuffs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, because they are dependent on official development aid (ODA) to finance investment, and even for their national budgets, LDCs are faced with possible further marginalisation as such aid flows are reduced. The figures show that, in terms of total resource flows, the amount of ODA provided by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD fell to 23% in 1994 from a figure of 27% a decade previously.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Likewise, the amount of aid, expressed as a proportion of the GDP of the donor countries, has been falling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNCTAD suggests a bolder policy as regards external debt - which, in 1994, amounted to 73% of the entire Gross Domestic Product of the LDCs. The organisation believes that the establishment of a new mechanism with sufficient resources to reduce multilateral indebtedness, combined with the expansion of existing mechanisms, could have the effect of reducing the overall debt burden to a more reasonable level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the subject of globalisation, UNCTAD argues that the international community should work to ensure that the LDCs' export markets do not become blocked by protectionist measures. It also believes that extensions to regional trade agreements, taking in the main industrialised countries, should not be allowed to have a damaging effect on the commercial interests of the LDCs. It points out that these countries have only limited scope for pursuing independent, national economic policies and that&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No agreement over banning landmines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Humanitarian organisations have expressed disappointment over the outcome of a recent United Nations conference, convened in Geneva to draw up a convention on 'Inhumane weapons). Both NGOs, and public agencies such as UNICEF, are particularly unhappy that state representatives at the meeting were unable to agree to an immediate and comprehensive ban on anti-personnel mines. These devices, which often lie hidden in the soil for many years, kill and maim thousands of civilians in current (and former) conflict areas across the globe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diplomats attending the Geneva conference were keen to emphasise what had been achieved. So-called 'dumb' mines, which do not self-destruct after a certain time will eventually be phased out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seif-destructing devices, which are still permitted under international law, will be subject to strict new standards, designed notably to ensure that they can be detected. And there will be new rules to ensure that minefieids are properly marked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Critics point out that signatories to the Convention will not be obliged to phase out 'dumb' mines immediately and that their use will remain legal for a further nine years after the agreement enters into force.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also an exception to the rule about marking the location of mines, 'where direct military action makes its impossible to comply' - a not uncommon circumstance in conflict situations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the Geneva Conference, a number of countries, including the United States, have announced their intention to reduce their stockpiles of mines. Few nations, however, seem willing to renounce their use altogether. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.  their governments have little choice but to adopt the prevailing market oriented approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Long-term food security&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A seminar on 'Long-Term Food Security Policies' was held in Brussels on 1-3 April at the initiative of the European Commission. The meeting, which was opened by Professor Pinheiro, Commissioner with responsibility for relations with the ACP countries, brought together about a hundred participants representing Member States, third countries, international organisations and major cooperation agencies. It was also attended by experts and researchers in the field of food security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fulfilling a promise made by the Commission, the aim of the seminar was to clarify the long term strategic issues and take a closer look at food security policies with a view to preparing a European position for the World Food Summit scheduled for Rome in November under the auspices of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community and its Member States are the world's main donors of food aid having spent ECU 1.089 billion on this in 1994. This amounted to 53% of the global total with the United States providing 44% and Japan 3%. Despite the large amounts being given, the FAO, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the World Bank are all predicting that unless global food donations are boosted significantly, certain Asian and African countries will face an alarming food deficit by the beginning of the next century.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Between 600 million and 800 million people are likely to be facing hunger by the year 2010 and the cereal needs  of the developing countries could well double between now and then.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This projected scenario coincides with a period of market difficulty. World stocks are low and grain prices have risen by 40% in just one year. Whether or not this is a portent of future food shortage, it has given rise to renewed debate on the ability of certain countries and regions of the world to supply themselves and the extent to which they will have to have recourse to the international markets. Closer attention is also being paid to the wider strategies that need to be implemented to ensure food security in the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If one looks at the issue solely in terms of increasing supply, the projections are gloomy. Experience shows that the 'right' of access to a sufficient food supply for each of the planet's inhabitants cannot be guaranteed whether through world economic growth, food self-sufficiency at the national level, or the international markets and trade liberalisation. There is, therefore, a need for food security policies, in the developing countries in particular, which act on the conditions of demand as well as supply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In his presentation opening the seminar, Commissioner Pinheiro stressed the fact that of the ECU 7 billion allocated by the EU for development cooperation last year, ECU 1 billion was in the form of food aid. He also noted that this aid 'category' had evolved over the last decade in the context of the search for food security and explained how the Commission, in revising the policy towards the end of 1994, had set out three essential aspects:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the use of food aid as a policy instrument designed to achieve longterm food security with the emphasis on local purchases and 'triangular' operations - thereby encouraging the growth of the agricultural sector in the developing countries: this entailed developing a new aid instrument in which funds are available to import basic food products (as a way of encouraging the private sector to  take a more active part in the economic life of those countries facing a structural food deficit);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the integration of aid instruments into the actual development efforts of the beneficiary countries;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - improved access for the people who suffer most from food shortages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Professor Pinheiro indicated that the Commission would shortly be presenting a communication on the strengthening of the link between development aid on the one hand and emergency, rehabilitation and food aid on the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He stressed the important role that food aid operations could play in preventing conflicts and easing social tensions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to the Commissioner, the challenge in this area have been clearly identified but he believes that additional thinking is needed, notably on the impact of events in China and the countries of the former Soviet Union, and on the effect of US and EC agricultural policies on the world markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, Professor Pinheiro expressed the view that food security was, above all, a national responsibility with all civil society actors having a role to play.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Citing the rise in the price of cereals during the second half of 1995 - which had prompted concerns about the availability of food aid and its impact on the balance of payments (notably in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian sub-continent) - he gave an assurance that the Commission would remain vigilant about this. At the same time, he was concerned not to see a return to situations where aid in the form of straightforward transfers of food increased. These, he observed,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· had at least partly contributed to food costs, the destabilisation of local production and constraints on intra-regional trade. As such, they had set   back or undermined the reforms in this sector in the countries concerned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean rice exporters fear changes in OCT . rules&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guyana and Suriname, together with a number of Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs), have expressed concern over the European Commission's recently announced intention to change the shape of its relations with the OCTs. In particular, they are worried that proposed new rules could harm their rice sales to the 15 European Union nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guyana currently exports 180 000 tonnes of rice (80% of its exports) to the KU. This is shipped initially to the Netherlands Antilles (CuraÃ§ao, Aruba and Bonaire) to be partially milled. It then enters the EU market duty-free by virtue of the Union's existing trade rules with the OCTs. But Caribbean exporters fear that this 'OCT route' could soon be blocked by changes currently being considered in Brussels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As already announced in issue no 157 of The Courier (May-June 1996), in the context of the mid-term review of the association with the OCTs, the Commission published a text on February 14 proposing some fine tuning to the trade preferences it grants to these territories. This has now gone forward to the Council of Ministers for decision. The Commission proposal is that while agricultural produce may continue being processed in the OCTs - and hence still benefit from the more relaxed rules - this should happen in future on a case-by-case basis, and only if priority is given to the least developed OCTs and the operations are economically justified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, preferential arrangements do apply to direct rice exports from Guyana and Suriname to the KU, but it is argued that the levies are still too high to make the trade viable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to Yesu Persaud, who is Chairman of Guyana's Institute of Private Enterprise; 'it is only via the OCTs that we can export to the European Union.' Mr Persaud was speaking to journalists during a lobby visit to Brussels on April 16. He was accompanied by Charles P Kennard, Chairman of the Guyana Rice Development Board and David Jessop, director of the London-based Caribbean Council for Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Justifying the need for derange, some EU officials point to evidence that non-tome developing countries are 'abusing' the OCT rice route. Rice is a sensitive product for some EU nations such as Spain and Italy, who grow their own.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Persaud said that Guyana and Suriname were lobbying either for their own duty-free quota under the LomÃ© trade rules, or for 'a more reasonable levy'. At the same time, however, he indicated that the Caribbean rice growers were keen on keeping the route open via the Dutch and other OCTs (such as Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos) where major investments have been made on the  strength of the existing arrangements. A representative of the Turks and Caicos told reporters that his country earned half a million dollars a year from the trade, and that a new jetty had been built with British government support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guyana's rice exports have climbed from less than 39 000 tonnes in 1986 to more than 200 000 tonnes in 1995. And as Mr Persaud also stressed, the trade has done so well that Guyana is now investing in high-yielding varieties. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fight against locusts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fipronil, a recently developed pesticide, is said to be 10 times more effective than other products on the market in the control of locusts, according to representatives of the pharmaceutical giant, Rhone-Poulenc who organised a seminar on locust control &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Links between emergency, rehabilitation and development aid &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European commission has recently approved a communication &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; (COM(96) 153) which was due to be presented to the Development Council on 28 May. The document seeks to respond tO the challenge of I maintaining and improving the effectiveness of emergency aid  rehabilitation assistance and development cooperation with third countries - in the face of a wide variety of political, economic and social circumstances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Communication suggests ways of strengthening the links between the three types of aid within a strategic planning framework which includes intensified dialogue and political cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This initiative follows extensive consultations, both within the Commission (i_ service groups) and with representatives of numerous outside bodies (Member State experts, USAID, UN agencies, NGOs, academic institutions etc.). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the key phrase in the Communication may be 'strategy and global planning', emphasis is also placed on 'coordination' end 'opportunity'. This underlines a commitment to adapting procedures, where necessary, so that measures can be taken at the right time and the transition from emergency aid, to rehabilitation and subsequently to development cooperation can take place in the best possible conditions.  with the 70-member African, Caribbean and Pacific group. The event took place in Brussels in April.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new product, claims the company, fills a big gap that was left in the war against locust infestation when DDT was banned in 1986 (toxic residues from the chemical having been found to enter the food chain and damage the ecosystem).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is stated that Fipronil causes 99% mortality among locusts and gives complete protection for up to three weeks when applied in doses of six grammes per hectare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Its developers claim that it is three times cheaper than any other form of anti-locust pesticide used between 1987-1995, a calculation which includes the logistical costs involved in distributing the pesticide. It is said to be very effective in preventing locust infestations in countries in the Sahel that are particularly at risk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Sahel has some 250 acridian species. Of these, about 15, are known regularly to attack crops in large numbers, according to Michel Launois, who heads the French agricultural research body, CIRAD-GERDAT-PRIFAS.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the Brussels seminar, emphasis was placed on the need for donors to set aside more funds for the prevention of locust infestations. It was also stressed that locust control must be at a regional level because of the migratory nature of the species, and the link between locust control and food security was underlined.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CIRAD-GERDAT-PRIFAS has just published an educational cartoon strip entitled 'Les Dents du Ciel 11' (available from Cirad-Gerdat-Prifas, B.P. 5035, F34032 Montpellier Cedex 1). This is intended to explain to a wide audience the need for an integrated approach to locust control.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I New fishing agreement between Angola and the EU&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new fisheries agreement between Angola and the EU was initialled on 2 May. It is due to run for three years (as opposed to two years for the previous one) and should ensure greater stability and better programming of the Community fleet's fishing activities in Angolan waters. The EU will pay Angola the sum of ECU 13.35 million per annum in exchange for improved fishing rights for European fishermen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is worth noting that the agreement contains certain innovations. These concern, for example, the legal status of catches (which are given Community origin). This should help to avoid the kind of dispute that has arisen in the recent past. There is also the possibility of imposing an annual biological 'rest-period' for shrimp fishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I African conference on consumer protection&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first African conference on consumer protection was held in Harare, Zimbabwe from 28 April to 2 May. This resulted from a joint initiative by the organization Consumers international and the United Nations, and it was supported financially by the European Commission. The latter was represented at the event by Mrs Emma Bonino, the Commissioner responsible for Consumer Policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The aim of the conference was to lay down the basis for a genuine consumer policy in Africa. Representatives of 45 African governments attended, together with officials from various regional and sub-regional organizations and delegates from a large number of&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African consumer bodies. Coinciding with the tenth anniversary of the adoption by the UN of the guiding principles for the protection of consumers, the Conference offered an opportunity to track progress on the application of these principles in African countries. It also saw the adoption of 'model' legislation setting out the essential rights which should be guaranteed to consumers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In her speech, Mrs Bonino stressed the Commission's commitment to supporting the efforts of African governments and consumer organisations in seeking to establish, in a clear and pragmatic way, the link between consumption and development. Evidence of this commitment, she pointed out, was to be seen in her very presence at the conference. She also lent her support to the broad application of the UN's guiding principles in Africa. This would ensure that the health, security and economic rights of African consumers could be protected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the European Commissioner stressed that legislation, while important, was not enough in itself to tackle the fundamental problem - which was the satisfaction of basic needs. She appealed for global action in Africa deigned to break the vicious circle of poverty - based on voluntary action at all levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mrs Bonino added that the Commission would seek ways of supporting projects, in particular in the fields of food and health. This should assist citizens to meet their essential needs - with the opportunity to consume products which were different, 'local' and of better quality, and with risks to health and security minimised. The approach should avoid the exhaustion of scarce resources and respect nature. She indicated that an action plan would be drawn up by the Commission in collaboration with Consumers International. This, it was hoped, would allow financing of pilot programmes under a separate budget line which would be sought from the European Parliament for 1997. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE INSTITUTIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AT WORK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COMMON FOREIGN&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; AND SECURITY POLICY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the European Union has recently issued a number of statements, details of which are set out below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Towards national reconciliation in Angola&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 4 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Troika of the European Union Ambassadors in Luanda made a formal demarche with both the Government of Angola and UNITA in order to welcome the positive outcome of the Libreville Summit between the President of Angola, Jose Eduardo dos Santos, and the President of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, and in particular their commitment to establish an integrated national army by June and the creation of an appropriate institutional structure, including the formation of a government of unity and national reconciliation by June/July. The Government and UNITA were encouraged to continue to refrain from military activity and hostile propaganda and to provide for free circulation of persons and goods as soon as possible. The EU Ambassadors underlined also the importance of securing human rights as well as transparency in financial management, economic stabilisation and reforms. Having recalled the terms of reference of the EU Joint Position adopted on 2 October, 1995, the Ambassadors underlined that the Union will continue to monitor, with the greatest attention, the development of the situation particularly as regards respect for the implementation of the calendar agreed in Libreville. Welcoming the recent steps taken by UNITA, the EU expressed concern at the slow pace of the quartering and disarming of UNITA troops and urged UNITA to proceed with its commitments, in full cooperation with UNAVEM ill. The EU encouraged the Government to continue the quartering of the rapid intervention police and the disengagement and pulling back of the FAA to the nearest barracks. The importance of disarming the civilian population was also emphasised. The EU also reiterated their call to the Government and UNITA to refrain from acquiring lethal material and to cooperate fully with the de-mining process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has reiterated its full support to the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General, Maitre Blondin Beye, to the Joint Commission and to the United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia and Malta align themselves with this declaration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free elections in Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 4 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union welcomes the fact that presidential and parliamentary elections took place in Sierra Leone in a free and fair atmosphere and in fulfilment of the established timetable for the return to democracy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The results reflect the will of the people of Sierra Leone to achieve a democratically elected civilian government despite attempts at intimidation by armed elements and the ongoing fighting in various parts of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU welcomes the peace talks between the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and the Freetown authorities as well as the intention expressed by President Kabbah to meet Mr Sankoh at the earliest possible opportunity. The EU calls on all the parties to work for peace and national reconciliation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serious threat to peace process in Liberia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 11 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses its deep concern at the outbreak of fighting in Monrovia, which represents a serious threat to the peace process in Liberia. The EU is firmly convinced that the AbuJa agreement provides the right framework for resolving the crisis and calls upon the Council of State, the Liberian national transitional government and the Liberian factions to implement it, and to put the peace process back on track, in order to avoid further deterioration of the situation, and the violation of human rights. The EU condemns the loss of human life and the harassment of the civilian population and humanitarian workers. All parties concerned should prove their willingness to re-establish and maintain the ceasefire which represents the necessary prerequisite to disarmament and demobilization. The relevant measures and the necessary preparations can no longer be delayed. The EU asks the factions to return all weapons seized during the fighting to ECOMOG. The EU will base its attitude to Liberia on the concrete steps taken by all parties concerned to implement the Abuja agreement and bring the conflict to an end.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Treaty of Pelindaba on a nuclear weapon-free zone in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 12 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union welcomes the signature in Cairo on 11 April 1996 of the Pelindaba Treaty establishing the African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone. The Treaty is in line with the Decision on Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament issued by the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference which   recognised that the creation of Nuclear Weapon Free Zones enhances global and regional peace and security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU considers that Nuclear Weapon Free Zones are welcome complementary instruments to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the universality of which the EU continues to promote.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Central and Eastern European countries associated with the EU and the associated countries Cyprus and Malta align themselves with this declaration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appeal for the 'boat people' of Liberia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 14 May 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses its deep concern at the grave humanitarian situation caused by the ongoing fighting in Monrovia and condemns the violence against the civilian population and the harassment of aid operations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While recognising the enormous efforts already made by neighbouring countries to assist the hundreds of thousands of existing Liberian refugees, the Council deplores the fact that the thousands of people crammed in precarious conditions on ships in the area are still in search of a friendly port.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It appeals on humanitarian grounds to the neighbouring countries to give at least temporary shelter to these victims of the fighting and affirms its own willingness to give humanitarian aid to cover their most urgent needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Council calls on all the Liberian factions to stop the fighting immediately and put the peace process back on track in order to avoid further suffering.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VISITS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Prime Minister of Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Prime Minister of Rwanda, Pierre Celestin Rwigema, visited Brussels from 26 to 29 March in the course of a tour aimed at informing the main donors about the work undertaken by his government in recent months and about the policies which would be implemented in the future. He was accompanied by the Minister of Planning and the Minister for Rehabilitation. The Prime Minister was received by Commissioner Pinheiro, who is responsible for relations with the ACP countries and by Mrs Bonino, the Commission member in charge of humanitarian actions. He also spoke at meetings of the External Relations and Development Committees of the European Parliament. Professor Pinheiro took the opportunity to highlight to the Prime Minister his concerns about the current situation in Rwanda, reiterating the Commission's commitment to the country and its people. He also spoke of the need for the authorities to pursue policies and implement measures leading to the restoration of normality. He said it was essential to have a dialogue with the Rwandan refugees in neighbouring countries (there are now about 1.7 million) and to pursue the pacification process under the auspices of the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity, with the involvement of all the heads of government in the Great Lakes region. Mr Rwigema's visit came at a crucial time for Rwanda. Even if the immediate crisis had passed, there was still a dire need for rehabilitation and development assistance, on top of the existing emergency aid programmes. The political situation remained delicate and the future was by no means secure, notwithstanding some encouraging signs of a progressive improvement as exemplified by the Tunis summit. The recent nomination of&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aldo Ajello as the EU's special envoy to the Great Lakes region underlined the political and moral dimension of the EU's commitment to the peace process in this troubled part of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUPPORT FOR HUMAN&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RIGHTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently decided to provide the following financing for projects under the budget line 'Support for. democratisation and human rights'. Non-ACP countries &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central America: ECU 180.000 to support seven national and one regional fore aimed at providing training in the field of human rights for instructors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central America: ECU 100.000 for a democracy consolidation training programme for 30 teams from various organisations in Nicaragua, Guatemala and El Salvador. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central America/Colombia: ECU 263.000 for a series of actions, notably in Colombia, involving the provision of information on human and citizens' rights. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil: ECU 190.000 for a project designed to boost the civil rights of black people in the country, through the training of judicial personnel and the strengthening of legislation against race discrimination. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil: ECU 145.000 for a training programme for magistrates, prosecutors and the police aimed at facilitating the uniform application of the law in the State of SÃ£o Paulo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil: ECU 290.000 for a training programme in the sphere of democratic municipal management, in the cities of Recife, Porto Alegre, Santos and Fortaleza. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala: ECU 308.000 for a project to collect and make available the case law of the Constitutional Court, and  to train officials and members of civil society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honduras: ECU 326.000 to support the National Human Rights Commission with a view to promoting such rights in the Departments of Comayagua and Olancho. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honduras: ECU 131.000 for an education programme dealing with civic and electoral issues and the rights of children. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexico: ECU 20.000 to support an initial Latin-American colloquium on the subject of the Ombudsman (in the face of the objectives and challenges of the region). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua: ECU 285.000 to support the social rehabilitation of minors in custody. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panama: ECU 125.000 for a training action in the field of the defence of human rights. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panama: ECU 250.000 to support a communication campaign designed to strengthen the image of the 'people's ombudsman'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela: ECU 160.000 to strengthen the institution of Justices of the Peace in the country's municipalities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela: ECU 100.000 ECU for a training and promotion action in the field of human rights and the strengthening of civil society. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EUROPEAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEVELOPMENT FUND&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic and social infrastructure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon: ECU 7.3 million for a programme aimed at protecting the urban boundary of the city of Kousseri from the encroachments of the Logone river, to improve sanitation and for the upgrading of an urban access route towards Chad. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 54 million for a transport infrastructure programme aimed at facilitating the social and economic development of the people living in the recisions in question (Western region, Brong Afaho, the Ashanti region). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 3.8 million for a human resource development programme designed to achieve better planning, management and implementation of development projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 1.9 million for a project to support the development of tourism. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 385 000 to extend the water supply system in the town of Mantola &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 13.5 million to upgrade the Ere-Kelo road &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade promotion/ structural adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benin-Cameroon CÃŽte-d'lvoire-GhanaGuinea-Togo: ECU 1.99 million for a regional programme of trade activities and training with a view to relaunching the pineapple business in West and Central Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burkina Faso: ECU 180 000 for the construction of an 'export and creativity' pavilion at the Salon international de l'artisanat in Ouagadougou. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua-New Guinea: ECU 5.3 million for the fourth structural adjustment support programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madagascar: ECU 1.9 million for a rice irrigation project. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enterpris&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana: ECU 33.7 million from the Sysmin fund, to support the work of the BCL, Tati and FEB mining companies in the SelebiPhikwe region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominican Republic: ECU 1.3 million to support the STD-HIV-AIDS prevention programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Education&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madagascar: ECU 1.9 million for a decentralised training project in favour of regional tourism operators. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tuvalu: ECU 300 000 for the rehabilitation of primary schools on the islands of Nukutetau and Nanumea. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Africa (Cameroon-Central African Republic-Congo-GabonEquatorial Guinea): ECU 16 million for phase 2 of the ECOFAC project (Conservation and rational utilisation of forest ecosystems in Central Africa). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Institutional support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi: ECU 1 million towards a study aimed at allowing the government to implement its land reform policy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea: ECU 4.5 million for a study aimed at allowing the government to undertake proper planning in the area of water resources and irrigation. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacific region: ECU 4.9 million for a project designed to improve the efficiency and security at certain airports. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUMANITARIAN AID&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali: ECU 1 million towards the reintegration of some 200 000 Malians who fled to Algeria and Mauritania during the rebellions of the 1980s. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 317 000 for victims of the severe floods that struck the centre and south of the country recently. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria: ECU 850 000 to help fight the meningitis epidemic affecting seven provinces of the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sierra Leone: ECU 700 000 in urgent food and medical assistance for some 250 000 refugees who fled to the areas around the towns of Bo and Kemena following the fighting. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 200 000 to help fight the meningitis epidemic. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 145 000 to help victims of the cholera epidemic and to assist in preventing its further spread (following the course of the Zaire river). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non-ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia: ECU 60 000 to help fight cholera in the municipality of Silvia, where some 40 000 are under threat due to a lack of drinking water and deficiencies in basic hygiene. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala: ECU 1.52 million to provide food aid and basic essentials to returnees from other parts of the country, and from Mexico, following years of civil war. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Armenia/Azerbaijan: ECU 11.57 million (ECU 4.07m for Armenia and ECU 7.5m for Azerbaijan), for food and medical assistance, targeted at the most vulnerable sections of the population, and for the provision of agricultural materials with a view to reducing progressively the dependence of the refugees, who are victims of the conflict in Nagomo-Karabakh.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caucasus-Georgia-Tadilkistan: ECU 3.2 million for food aid to be targeted at the most vulnerable sections of the population. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Georgia: ECU 7.43 million for victims of the internal conflict in this country where the loss of the Russian market has seriously undermined the rural economy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lebanon: ECU 600 000 for displaced people, to allow for the purchase of basic essentials including food, medicines, shelter and blankets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Afghanistan: ECU 600 000 for health infrastructures in the refugee camps   around Jalalabad, and for medical aid to refugees in the town of Herat. Indonesia: ECU 120 000 for toots and materials to construct shelters for the victims of the earthquake that struck in February. China (Tibetan nomads): ECU 550 000 for food aid, medicines and blankets for some 72 000 people living in the mountainous regions who have been badly hit by severe weather and a food shortage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AID &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p95a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The Commission has recently taken decisions to finance food aid as set out in the chart which follows: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Aknowlegments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Address: Postal address (mail only) 'The ACP-KU Courier' Commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 Brussels Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier office address (visitors) First floor Astrid Building 1, rue de Geneve Evere - Brussels Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publisher Steffen Smide commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 - BRUSSELS (Belgium) Tel. 00-32-2-299 11 11 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Publications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assistant editors&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeanne Remade&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associate assistant  editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joumalist:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Production Manager:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secretariat:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carmela Peters&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fax: 299-30~02&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Circulation:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Margriet Mahy-van der Werf&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1862 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b21wae/b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">195074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b21wae/b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b21wae/b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Water Buffalo: New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal (1984)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Cattle</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Water Buffalo: New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal (1984) (b21wae)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">utilize the Water Buffalo more effectively</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215022</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01cf.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p04to05.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p27.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p31.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p32.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p59.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p68to69.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p98.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Original editon 1981&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second printing 1984&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission on International Relations&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Panel on Water Buffalo</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of  Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STEVE P. BENNETT, Bennett's Animal Clinic, Port of Spain, Trinidad, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARAN CHANTALAKHANA, Dean, Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart  University, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD D. CHARLES, Senior Lecturer, Meat Production, Department of Animal  Husbandry, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. ROSS COCKRILL, Livestock Expert, Food and Agriculture Organization (retired),  Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WYLAND CRIPE, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, Dean, School of Agriculture, California Polytechnic University,  Pomona, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. JOHN DE BOER, Winrock International Livestock Research and Training Center,  Morrilton, Arkansas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MAARTEN DROST, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MOHAMED ALI EL-ASHRY, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of  Agriculture, Shoubra el Khiema, Cairo, Egypt &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ABELARDO FERRERD ., Former Director, Breeding Administration Centers,  Animal Sciences Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Caracas, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEAN K. GARDNER, Former Chief, Logistics Division USAID/Philippines, Jackson,  Mississippi, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES F. HENTGES, Department of Animal Science,University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JACK HOWARTH, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis,  California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NELS M. KONNERUP, Livestock Expert, Agency for International Development  (retired), Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. P LEONARDS, Water buffalo breeder, Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN K. LOOSLI, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville,  Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOSEPH MADAMBA, Director, Asian Institute of Aquaculture, Iloilo, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CRISTO NASCIMENTO,Director, Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation  (EMBRAPA), Agriculture Research Center for Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem,  Para, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural  Research, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM R. PRITCHARD, Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. THOMAS REID, (deceased), Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN H. SCHOTTLER, Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Industries, Lae, Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DALBIR SINGH DEV, Dean, Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture, Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT W. TOUCHBERRY, Dean, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD G. TULLOCH, Division of Wildlife Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Winnellie, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Staff Study Director &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Staff Associate &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is an animal resource whose potential seems to have been barely recognized or examined outside of Asia. Throughout the world there are proponents and enthusiasts for the various breeds of cattle; the water buffalo, however, is not a cow and it has been neglected. Nevertheless, this symbol of Asian life and endurance has performed notably well in recent trials in such diverse places as the United States, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Trinidad, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Brazil. In Italy and Egypt as well as Bulgaria and other Balkan states the water buffalo has been an important part of animal husbandry for centuries. In each of these places certain herds of water buffalo appear to have equaled or surpassed the local cattle in growth, environmental tolerance, health, and the production of meat and calves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although these are empirical observations lacking painstaking, detailed experimentation, they do seem to indicate that the water buffalo could become an important resource in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate zones in developing and developed countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If this is the case, then it is clear that many countries should begin water buffalo research. Serious attention by scientists could help dispel the misperceptions and uncertainties surrounding the animal and encourage its true qualities to emerge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report describes the water buffalo's attributes as perceived by several animal scientists. It is designed to present the apparent strengths of buffaloes compared with those of cattle, to introduce researchers and administrators to the animal's potential, and to identify priorities for buffalo research and testing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel that produced this report met at Gainesville, Florida, in July 1979. It was composed of leading water buffalo experts (particularly those from outside Asia who have directed the beginnings of water buffalo industries in their countries) and leading American animal scientists, many of whom are also familiar with the animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report complements The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. Ross Cockrill and published in 1974 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Cockrill's 933-page book is a &quot;bible&quot; of water buffalo knowledge and provides details of breeds, world distribution, physiology, and an extensive bibliography.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The present report is an introduction to the water buffalo and its potential. It is written particularly for decision makers, as well as scholars or students, in the hope that it will stimulate their interest in the animal and thereby increase the appreciation of, and funding for, buffalo research. The report includes much empirical observation, largely from the panel members. Some of these observations may, in the long run, prove not to be universally applicable. Much benchmark information needs to be obtained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since its creation in 1971, the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) has investigated innovative ways to use current technology and resources to help developing countries. Often this has meant taking a fresh look at some neglected and unappreciated plant or animal species. The committee assembles ad hoc panels of experts (usually incorporating both skeptics and proponents) to scrutinize the topics selected. The panel reports serve to draw attention to neglected, but promising, technologies and resources. (For a list of ACTI reports, see page 115.) ACTI reports are provided free to developing countries under funding by the Agency for International Development (AID).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Program costs for this study were provided by AID'S Office of Agriculture, Development Support Bureau, and staff support was provided by the Office of Science and Technology, Development Support Bureau.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The final draft of this report was edited and prepared for publication by F. R. Ruskin. Bibliographic editing was by Wendy D. White. Cover art was by Deborah Hanson.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domesticated water buffalo Bubalus bubalis numbers at least 130 million-one-ninth the number of cattle in the world. It is estimated that between 1961 and 1981 the world's buffalo population increased by 11 percent, keeping pace with the percentage increase in the cattle population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there are some pedigreed water buffaloes, most are nondescript animals that have not been selected or bred for productivity. There are two general types-the Swamp buffalo and the River buffalo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swamp buffaloes are slate gray, droopy necked, and ox-like, with massive backswept horns that make them favorite subjects for postcards and wooden statuettes in the Far East. They are found from the Philippines to as far west as India. They wallow in any water or mud puddle they can find or make. Primarily employed as a work animal, the Swamp buffalo is also used for meat but almost never for milk production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;River buffaloes are found farther west, from India to Egypt and Europe. Usually black or dark gray, with tightly coiled or drooping straight horns, they prefer to wallow in clean water. River buffaloes produce much more milk than Swamp buffaloes. They are the dairy type of water buffalo. In India, River buffaloes play an important role in the rural economy as suppliers of milk and draft power. River buffaloes make up about 35 percent of India's milk animals (other than goats) but produce almost 70 percent of its milk. Buffalo butterfat is the major source of cooking oil (ghee) in some Asian countries, including India and Pakistan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although water buffaloes are bovine creatures that somewhat resemble cattle, they are genetically further removed from cattle than are the North American bison (improperly called buffalo) whose massive forequarters, shaggy mane, and small hindquarters are unlike those of cattle. While bison can be bred with cattle to produce hybrids,( This is not, however, very successful, the male progeny (at least of the F 1 generation) are sterile).there is no well-documented case of a mating between water buffalo and cattle that has produced progeny.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parts of Asia and even Europe have depended on water buffaloes for centuries. Their crescent horns, coarse skin, wide muzzles, and low-carried heads are represented on seals struck 5,000 years ago in the Indus Valley, suggesting that the animal had already been domesticated in the area that is now India and Pakistan. Although buffaloes were in use in China 4,000 years ago, they are not mentioned in the literature or seen in the art of the ancient Egyptians, Romans, or Greeks, to whom they were apparently unknown. It was not until about 600 A.D. that Arabs brought the animal from Mesopotamia and began moving it westward into the Near East (modern Syria, Israel, and Turkey). Water buffaloes were later introduced to Europe by pilgrims and crusaders returning from the Holy Land in the Middle Ages. In Italy buffaloes adapted to the area of the Pontine Marshes southeast of Rome and the area south of Naples. They also became established in Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Bulgaria and have remained there ever since.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Villagers in medieval Egypt adopted the water buffalo, which has since become the most important domestic animal in modern Egypt. Indeed, during the last 50 years, their buffalo population has doubled to over 2 million head. The animals now supply Egypt with more meat-much of it in the form of tender &quot;veal&quot;-than any other domestic animal. They also provide milk, cooking oil, and cheese.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other areas have capitalized on the water buffalo's promise only in very recent times. For instance, small lots of the animals brought to Brazil (from Italy, India, and elsewhere) during the last 84 years have reproduced so well that they now total about 400,000 head and are still increasing, especially in the lower Amazon region. Buffalo meat and milk are now sold widely in Amazon towns and villages; the meat sells for the same price as beef. Nearby countries have also become familiar with the water buffalo. Trinidad imported several breeds from India between 1905 and 1908, while Venezuela, Colombia, and Guyana have been importing them in recent decades. During the 1970s Costa Rica, Ecuador, Cayenne, Panama, Suriname, and Guyana introduced small herds. By 1979 the buffalo in Venezuela numbered more than 7,000 head.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Across the Pacific, the new nation of Papua New Guinea has found the water buffalo well suited to its difficult environment. For 9 years the government has attempted to run cattle on the Sepik and Ramu Plains on Papua New Guinea's north coast, where the temperatures are high and the forage of poor quality. But the cattle remain thin and underweight. In the 1960s animal scientists began evaluating water buffaloes already living in Papua New Guinea and, encouraged by the results, introduced additional buffaloes from Australia. These have performed remarkably well, producing greater numbers of calves and much more meat than the cattle in the region. The buffaloes appear to maintain appetite despite the heat and humidity, whereas cattle do not. The government of Papua New Guinea has since imported more water buffaloes and today has thriving herds totaling almost 3,500 head. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The United States has been slow to recognize the water buffalo's potential, but the first herd (50 head) ever imported for commercial farming arrived in February 1978.(Air-freighted from the wilds of Guam, the U.S. island possession on the western Pacific, by panel member Tony Leonards. Prior to that time (in 1974), four head of water buffalo were imported to the Department of Animal science' university of Florida, for study. The only other water buffaloes in North America were a few animals in zoos.) The humble water buffalo, normally considered fit only for the steamy rice fields of Asia, is now proving itself on farm fields in Florida and Louisiana. As a result, interest in the animal is on the rise in U.S. university and farm circles.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From experience accumulated in Asia, Egypt, South America, Papua New Guinea, Australia, the United States, and elsewhere, animal scientists now perceive that many general impressions about the water buffalo are incorrect.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, it is widely believed that the water buffalo is mean and vicious. Encyclopedias reinforce this perception, and in the Western world it is the prevalent impression of the animal. The truth is, however, that unless wounded or severely stressed, the domesticated water buffalo is one of the gentlest of all farm animals. Despite an intimidating appearance, it is more like a household pet-sociable, gentle, and serene. In rural Asia the care of water buffaloes is often fumed over to small boys and girls aged about four to nine. The children spend their days with their family's gentle buffalo, riding it to water, washing it down, waiting while it rolls and wallows, and then riding it to some source of forage, perhaps a grassy field or thicket. It is not uncommon to see a buffalo patiently feeding, with a young friend stretched prone on its broad gray back, asleep.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps the notion about the viciousness of water buffaloes stems from confusing them with the mean-tempered African buffalo Syncerus caffer, actually a distant relative with which they will not interbreed and which is classified in a different genus.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ferocity is the most blatant misconception concerning the water buffalo, although other fallacies are widely reported as well.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One generally held belief is that water buffaloes can be raised only near water. Actually, buffaloes love to wallow, but they grow and reproduce normally without it, although in hot climates they must have shade available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another belief is that the water buffalo is exclusively a tropical animal. River-type buffaloes, however, have been used to pull snow plows during Bulgarian winters. They are found in Italy (over 100,000 head), Albania, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, the Georgia and Azerbaijan areas of the Soviet Union (almost 500,000 head) and other temperate-zone regions as well. They are also found in cold, mountainous areas of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p04to05.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ World Distribution of Water Buffaloes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet another misconception is that the water buffalo is just a poor man's beast of burden. In addition to providing fine lean meat, buffaloes in fact provide rich milk. Mozzarella cheese, one of the most popular in Europe, comes from the buffaloes in Italy. Buffalo milk has a higher content of both butterfat and nonfat solids than cow's milk does. It therefore often brings higher prices than cow's milk. Throughout much of India it is in such demand that cow's milk is sometimes hard to sell.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the misconceptions generally held about buffaloes are based on little data and much prejudice. For instance, it is widely believed that water buffalo meat is tough and less desirable than beef. However, when the animals are raised for meat, buffalo steaks are lean, as tender as beef, and in appearance it is difficult to distinguish the two. In taste-preference tests at the University of Queensland, buffalo steaks were preferred over those from Angus and Hereford cattle. Tests conducted in Trinidad, Venezuela, the United States, and Malaysia produced similar results.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia has shipped water buffalo meat to Hong Kong, the United States, Germany, and Scandinavia. Buffalo meat is now available in stores in Australia's Northern Territory, where demand exceeds supply. It sells at competitive prices and is particularly sought for barbecues and the famous Australian meat pie. In the Philippines, two-thirds of the meat consumed in homes and restaurants is actually water buffalo, a fact that many Filipinos do not realize.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with cattle,waterbuffaloes apparently have an efficient digestive system, one which extracts nourishment from forage so coarse and poor that cattle do not thrive on it. Thin cattle are commonly seen in Asia and northern Australia, for example, but it's rare to see a protruding rib on a buffalo, even though it uses the same source of feed.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, water buffaloes live on coarse vegetation on the marginal land traditionally left to the peasants. They help make human survival possible. An old Chinese woman in Taiwan once told panelist W. Ross Cockrill: &quot;To my family the buffalo is more important than I am. When I die, they'll weep for me; but if our buffalo dies, they may starve.&quot;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A better understanding of the water buffalo could be invaluable to many developing nations. In particular, improved production of water buffalo meat offers hope for helping feed India, the second most populous nation on earth. Although India for religious reasons forbids the slaughter of cows, it has no prohibitions regarding slaughter of water buffaloes or the consumption of buffalo meat.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most developing countries are in the tropics, and the water buffalo is inherently a tropical animal. It is comfortable in hot, humid environments. In the Amazon, for example, buffaloes are now common on the landscape and may even replace cattle completely.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical countries have more serious disease problems than temperate countries do. Although susceptible to most cattle diseases, the water buffalo seems to resist ticks and often appears to be more resistant to some of the most devastating plagues that make cattle raising risky, difficult, and sometimes impossible in the tropics. Several researchers report that when water buffaloes are allowed to wallow, their mud-coated skin seems to deter insect and tick ectoparasites and they consequently require greatly reduced treatment with insecticides. Although the buffalo fly (Siphona exigua) affects the animals, other pests such as the warble fly and the screwworm, for example, seldom affect healthy buffaloes. AIso, despite their inclination for living in swamps, Avers, and ponds, diseases of the feet such as foot rot and foot abscesses are rare.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another benefit to developing countries is the water buffalo's legendary strength. A large part of the total farm power available in South China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, the Indochina states, India, and Pakistan comes from this &quot;living tractor.&quot; Dependable and docile, the animals pull plows, harrows, and carts with loads that weigh several tons. In the Amazon buffalo teams pull boats laden with cargo and tourists through shallows and swamps.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The petroleum crisis has forced many farmers to reconsider animal power even in some of the technically advanced countries. Buffaloes are not only extraordinarily strong, they can also work in deep mud that may bog down a tractor. Even up to their bellies they forge on, dragging both plow and driver through the mud. Although its average walking speed is only about 3 kilometers per hour, the buffalo, unlike its mechanical competition, doesn't need gasoline or spare parts and its working life is often 20 years or more.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As already noted, the major genetic divisions of the water buffalo are the Swamp buffalo of the eastern half of Asia, which has swept-back horns, and the River buffalo of the western half of Asia, which usually has curled horns. There is also the Mediterranean buffalo, which is of the River type but has been isolated for so long that it has developed some unique characteristics. (Records of the buffalo in Italy date back 1,000 years, during which there have been no reported imports.) Mediterranean buffaloes are stocky, high yielding animals that combine both beef and dairy characteristics.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there is only one breed of Swamp buffalo, certain subgroups seem to have specific inherited characteristics. For example, the buffaloes of Thailand are noted for their large size, averaging 450-550 kg, and weights of up to 1,000 kg have been observed. Elsewhere, Swamp buffaloes range from 250 kg for some small animals in China to 300 kg in Burma and 500-600 kg in Laos.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only in India and Pakistan are there well-defined breeds with standard qualities. There are eighteen River buffalo breeds in South Asia, which are further classified into five major groups designated as the Murrah, Gujarat, Uttar  Pradesh, Central Indian, and South Indian breeds. These are the five groups and  main breeds:  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=484&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Group&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeds&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murrah&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murrah, Nili/Ravi, Kundi&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gujarat&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surti, Mehsana, Jafarabadi&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uttar Pradesh&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhadawari, Tarai&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Indian&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nagpuri, Pandharpun, Manda, Jerangi, Kalahandi, Sambalpur&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Indian&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toda,  South Kanara&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The best-known breeds are Murrah, Nili/Ravl, Jafarabadi, Surti, Mehsana, and  Nagpuri. Most of the buffaloes of the Indian subcontinent belong to a nondescript  group known as the Desi buffalo. There is no controlled breeding among these  animals and most are quite small, yield little milk, and are variable in color.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Swamp buffalo has 48 chromosomes, the River buffalo, 50. The chromosomal  material is, however, similar in the two types and they crossbreed to produce fertile  hybrid progeny. Cattle, however, have 60 chromosomes and although mating  between cattle and buffaloes is common, hybrids from the union are unlikely to  occur.( In 1965 a reputed hybrid was born at Askaniya Nova Zoopark in the Soviet Union  (see Gray, A., 1971. Mammalian Hybrids, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux,  Slough, England, p. 126). Hybrids have also been reported from China (Van  Fu-Czao 1959, Gibridy buivolc i krupnogo  i rogatogo skota(buffalo and  cattlehybrids)Zhivotnovodstro, Mosk., 21:92). Both of these reports seem doubtful  because despite many attempts, no other hybrids have ever been claimed to have  been produced). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Individual buffaloes show large variation in milk yield, conformation, horn shape,  color, meat production, temperament, growth rate, and other characteristics.  Selection for survival under adverse conditions has occurred naturally (those that  could not stand adversity died early) and farmers have probably tended to select  animals of gentle temperament. But systematic genetic improvement has almost  never been attempted. It seems likely that further selection could quickly improve  their productivity.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, the large bulls that would be best for breeding purposes are often  being selected as draft animals and castrated, or sent to slaughter, or (as with  some feral animals in northern Australia and on the Amazon island of Marajo) shot  by hunters. The result is that the buffalo's overall size in countries such as Thailand  and Indonesia has been decreasing as the genes for large size and fast growth are  lost.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo is still largely an animal of the village, and many of its reported  limitations are caused more by its environment than by the animal itself. Moreover,  much of the animal's genetic potential is obscured by environmental influences. For  example, for many breeds and types the genetic variations in milk yield and growth  cannot be accurately determined because they are overwhelmed by the effects of  inadequate nutrition and management.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, some inherent limitations of buffaloes can be identified. For instance,  buffaloes suffer if forced to remain, even for a few hours, in direct sunlight. They  have only one-tenth the density of sweat glands of cattle and their coating of hair is  correspondingly sparse, providing little protection from the sun. Accordingly,  buffaloes must not be driven over long distances in the heat of the day. They must  be allowed time for watering and, if possible, for wallowing. Driving under a hot sun  for long hours will cause heat exhaustion and possibly death; losses can be very  high and can occur suddenly. Young calves are particularly affected by heat.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are also sensitive to extreme cold and seem less able than cattle to  adapt to truly cold climates(A rule of thumb is that buffaloes don't do well where the sun is inadequate to ripen,  say, cotton, grapes, or Ace. Kaleff, B., 1942. Der Hausbuffel und seine  Zuchtungsbiologie im Vergleich zum Rind. Zeitschsift Tierzucht Biologze,  51:131-178). Sudden drops in temperature and chill winds may lead  to pneumonia and death.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is usually found m areas where there is ready access to a wallow  or shower. This is not a necessity, but when temperatures are high the availability of  water is important for maintaining buffalo health and productivity. It seems clear,  then, that the buffalo is not suitable for arid lands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing buffalo productivity through breed improvement is just now beginning.  Throughout Asia buffalo mating is almost completely haphazard, and so the animal  lacks the quality improvement through breeding that most cattle have had.  Therefore, most buffaloes are of nondescript heritage and genetic potential.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On poor quality feed water buffalo grow at least as well as cattle, but under intensive  conditions they probably won't grow as fast as the best breeds of cattle. In feedlots,  therefore, the buffalo is likely to be less productive than improved cattle. Weight  gains of about 1 kg per day have been recorded, some exceptional cattle may gain  at almost twice that rate.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo has long been considered a poor breeder-slow to mature sexually,  and slow to rebreed after calving. Accumulated experience now shows, however,  that this is mainly a result of poor management and nutrition. Buffaloes are not  sluggish breeders. Nevertheless, their gestation period is about a month longer  than that of cows, buffalo estrus is difficult to detect, and many matings occur~at  night so that~ farmers are likely to encounter more problems breeding buffaloes  than cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are gentle creatures, but if roughly or inexpertly handled they can, through fear or pain, become completely unmanageable. Buffalo behavior sometimes differs from that of cattle. For example, most buffaloes are not trained to be driven. Instead, the herdsman must walk alongside or ahead of them; they then instinctively follow. Also, because of their innate attachment to an individual site or herd it is more difficult to move buffaloes to new locations or herds. In addition, buffaloes respect fences less than cattle do and when they have the desire to move they are harder to contain. (Electric fences, however, will stop them.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their general good health, buffaloes are probably as susceptible as cattle to most infections. However, the buffalo seems to be peculiarly sensitive to a few cattle diseases and resistant to a few others (see chapter 7). Reactions to some diseases seem to vary with region, environment, and breed, and the differences are not well understood.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Destruction of the environment is sometimes attributed to buffalo wallowing. This danger seems to have been overstated, except in cases where stocking rates were unreasonably high.(An ongoing study in Northern Australia of environmental degradation widely attributed to buffalo has now shown that the effects are caused by man and climatic changes and only very slightly by buffaloes. (information supplied by D. G. Tulloch.) ) However, buffaloes rub against trees more often than cattle do, and they sometimes de-bark the trees, causing them to die.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, some of the best genetic stocks of water buffaloes exist in areas where certain infections and viral and other diseases sometimes occur. Thus, many countries are reluctant to permit importation of water buffaloes, despite the fact that modern quarantine procedures under conditions of maximum security can essentially eliminate the risk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, it must be emphasized that because buffalo research has been largely neglected, most results reported in this and other buffalo writings cover small numbers of animals and short periods of time. Many are merely empirical observations that have not been subjected to independent confirmation.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1972.Buffalo at the crossroads. World Farming 14(n:l0-l3.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asian and Pacific Council. 1979. Priorities in buffalo research identified.ASPAC News letter No. 43.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bowman, J. c. 1977. Animals for Man. Edward Arnold Publishers, Ltd., London, United Kingdom.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo Bulletin. Newsletter published by the Buffalo Research Committee of Kasetsart University, Bangkok' Thailand. (In English and Thai.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo World. Newsletter published by the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chantalakhana, C. 1975. The buffaloes of Thailand-their potential, utilization and conservation. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chantalakhana, C., and Na Phuket, S. R. 1979. The role of swamp buffalo in small farm development and the need for breeding improvement in Southeast Asia. Extension Bulletin No. 125. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1967. The water buffalo. Scientific American 217:118.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R., ed. 1974. The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill W. R. 1975. The domestic buffalo. Blue Book for the Veterinary Profession No. 25. Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1976. The Buffaloes of China. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R., ed. 1977. The Water Buffalo. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1977. The water buffalo: domestic animal of the future. Bovine Practitioner 12:92-98.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1978. Domestic water buffaloes. In: The Care and Management of Farm Animals, edited by W. N. Scott. Bailliere TindaU, London, United Kingdom.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1980. The ascendant water buffalo-key domestic animal. World Animal Review 33:2-13.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DeBoer, A. J. 1972. Technical and economic constraints on bovine production in three villages in Thailand. Dissertation Abstracts International 33(5):1935.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DeBoer, A. J. 1975. Livestock and Poultry Industry in Selected Asian Countries. Report of Survey on Diversification of Agriculture: Livestock and Poultry Production. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;de Guzman, M. R., Jr. 1979. An overview of recent developments in buffalo research and management in Asia. Extension Bulletin No. 124. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Documentation Center on Water Buffalo. 1978. Abstract Bibliography on Water Buffalo, 1971-1975. Documentation Center on Water Buffalo, University of the Philippines at Los Banos Library, College, Laguna 3720, Philippines.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fahimuddin, M. 1975. Domestic Water Buffalo. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi, India  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H. 1975. The water buffalo and related species as important genetic resources: their conservation, evaluation and utilization. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6  1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ford, B. D., and Tulloch, D. G. 1977. The Australian buffalo-a collection of papers. Technical Bulletin No.18. Department of the Northern Territory, Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gupta, H. C. 1977. Possibilities and realities of developing buffalo's performance, breeding and feeding. Indian Dairyman 29(6):337-346.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kartha, K. P. R.1965. Buffalo. In: An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics edited by G. Williamson and W. J. A. Payne. Longman, London, United Kingdom.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McKnight, T. L. 1971. Australia's buffalo dilemma. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 61(4):759-773.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madamba, J. C., and Eusebio, A. N. 1979. Developments in the strengthening of buffalo research in Asia. Buffalo Bulletin 2(3):7-16.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mahadevan, P. 1978. Water buffalo research-possible future trends. World Animal Review 25: 2-7.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oloufa, M. M. 1979. Buffaloes as producers of meat and milk. Egyptian Journal of AnimalProduction 19:1-10. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pant, H. C., and Roy, A. 1972. The water buffalo and its future. In: Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates, edited by R. E McDowell. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research. 1978. The Philippines Recommends for Caraboo Production, PCARR, Los Banos, Laguna 3732, Philippines.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ranjhan, S. K., and Pathak, N. N. 1981. Management and Feeding of Buffaloes. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, India  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977a. Livestock in Indonesia. Research Report No. 1. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia. (In English and Indonesian.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977b. Preliminary Observations on the Productivity of Porking Buffalo in Indonesia. Research Report No. 2. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia. (In English and Indonesian.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sundaresan, D. 1979. The role of improved buffaloes in rural development. Indian Dairyman 31(2):73-78.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1978. The water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, in Australia: grouping and home range.Australian Wildlife Research 5:327-34.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wahid, A. 1973. Pakistani buffaloes. World Animal Review 7:22~28. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Meat</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo offers promise as a major source of meat, and the production of buffaloes solely for meat is now expanding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because buffaloes have been used as draft animals for centuries, they have evolved with exceptional muscular development, some weigh 1,000 kg or more. Until recently, however, little thought was given to using them exclusively for meat production. Most buffalo meat was, and still is, derived from old animals slaughtered at the end of their productive life as work or milk animals. As a result, much of the buffalo meat sold is of poor quality. But when buffaloes are properly reared and fed, their meat is tender and palatable.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are exported for slaughter from India and Pakistan to the Middle East and from Thailand and Australia to Hong Kong. Demand for meat is so great that Thailand's buffalo population has dropped from 7 million to 5.7 million head in the last 20 years, a period in which the human population has more than doubled.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carcass Characteristics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All buffalo breeds-even the milking ones-produce heavy animals whose carcass characteristics are similar to those of cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite heavier hide and head, the amount of useful meat (dressing percentage) from buffaloes is almost the same as in cattle. Mediterranean type buffalo and Zebu cattle steers in Brazil yielded dressing percentages of 55.5 and 56.6 percent respectively. Swamp buffalo dressing percentages have been measured in Australia at 53 percent. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are lean animals. Although a layer of subcutaneous fat covers the carcass, it is usually thinner than that on comparably fed cattle. Even animals that appear to be fat prove to be largely muscle. Australian research on Swamp buffaloes reveals that buffaloes with more than 25 percent fat are difficult to produce, whereas average choice-grade beef carcasses may contain  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general, the buffalo carcass has rounder ribs, a higher proportion of muscle, and a lower proportion of bone and fat than beef has.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo hide is so thick that it can be sliced into two or three layers before tanning into leather.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meat Quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo meat and beef are basically similar. The muscle pH (5.4), shrinkage on chilling (2 percent), moisture (76.6 percent), protein (19 percent), and ash (1 percent) are all about the same in buffalo meat and beef. Buffalo fat, however, is always white and buffalo meat is darker in color than beef because of more pigmentation or less intramuscular fat (2-3 percent &quot;marbling,&quot; compared with the 3-4 percent in beef).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eating Quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taste-panel tests and tenderness measurements conducted by research teams in a number of countries have shown that the meat of the water buffalo is as acceptable as that of cattle. Buffalo steaks have rated higher than beefsteaks in some taste tests in Australia, Malaysia, Venezuela, and Trinidad.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In taste-panel studies in Trinidad, cooked joints from three carcasses Trinidad buffalo, a crossbred steer (Jamaica-Red/Sahiwal), and an imported carcass of a top-grade European beef steer-were served. The 28 diners all had experience in beef production, butchery, or catering and were not told the sources of the various joints. All the carcasses were held in cold storage for one week before cooking. The buffalo meat was rated highest by 14 judges; 7 chose the European beef; 5 thought the crossbred beef the best; and 2 said that the buffalo and crossbred were equal to or better than the European beef. The buffalo meat received most points for color (both meat and fat), taste, and general acceptability. There was little difference noted in texture.( Information supplied by P. N. Wilson.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo veal is considered a delicacy. Calves are usually slaughtered for veal between 3 and 4 weeks of age; dressed weight is 59-66 percent of live weight.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is some evidence that buffaloes may retain meat tenderness to a more advanced age than cattle because the connective tissue hardens at a later age or because the diameter of muscle fibers in the buffalo increases more slowly than in cattle(Joksimonc, 1979) In one test the tenderness (measured by shearing force) of muscle samples from carcasses of buffalo steers 16-30 months old was the same as that from feedlot Angus, Hereford, and Friesian steers 12-18 months old. This gives farmers more flexibility in meeting fluctuating markets while still providing tender meat.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1976. Livestock Production in Asian Context of Agricultural Diversification. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arganosa, F. C., Sanchez, P. C., Ibarra, P. I., Gerpacio, A. L., Castillo, L. S., and Arganosa, V. G. 1973. Evaluation of carabeef as a potential substitute for beef. Philippine Journal of Nutrition 26(2).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arganosa, F. C., Arganosa, V. G., and Ibarra, P. I. 1975. Carcass evaluation and utilization of carabeef. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bennett, S. P. 1973. The &quot;buffalypso&quot;-an evaluation of a beef type of water buffalo in Trinidad, West Indies. Paper presented at the Third World Conference on Animal Production, Melbourne, Australia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Borghese, A., Gigli, S., Romita, A., Di Giacomo, A., and Mormile, M. 1978. Fatty acid composition of fat in water buffalo calves and bovine calves slaughtered at 20, 28, and 36 weeks of age. In: Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle: A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, held at Ghent, October 11-13,1977. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles, D. D., and Johnson, E. R. 1972. Carcass composition of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 23:905-911.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles, D. D., and Johnson, E. R. 1975. Live weight gains and carcass composition of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) steers on four feeding regimes. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 26:407-413.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1975. Alternative livestock: with particular reference to the wafer buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). In: Meat. Proceedings of the 21st Easter School in Agricultural Science, University of Nottingham, edited by D. J. A. Cole and R. A. Lawrie. Butterworth, London, England.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El-Ashry, M. A., Mogawer, H. H., and Kishin, S. S. 1972. Comparative study of meat production from cattle and buffalo male calves. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production 12:99-107.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El-Koussy, H. A., Afifi, Y. A., Dessouki, T. A., and El-Ashry, M. A. 1977. Some chemical and physical changes of buffalo meat after slaughter. Agriculture Research Review 55:1-7.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Johnson, E. R., and Charles, D. D. 1975. Comparison of live weight gain and changes in carcass composition between buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and Bos taurus steers. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 26:415- 422.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joksimovic, J. 1979. Physical, chemical and structural characteristics of buffalo meat. Arhiv za Polloprivredne Nauke 22:110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joksimovic, J., and Ognjanovic, A. 1977. A comparison of carcass yield, carcass composition, and quality characteristics of buffalo meat and beef Meat Science 1:105 -110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mai, S. C., and Wu, T. H. 1974. TSC's intensive feed-lot system for cow-calf and beef production program. Taiwan Sugar 21(6):198-211.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matassino, D., Romita, A., Cosentino, E., Girolami, A., and Cloatruglio, P. 1978. Myorheological, ohemical, and colour characteristics of meat in water buffalo and bovine calves slaughtered at 20, 28 and 36 weeks. In: Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle: A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, held at Chent, October 11-13, 1977. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mogawer, H. H., El-Ashry, M. A., and Mahmoud, S. A. 1976. Comparative study of meat production from cattle and buffalo male calves. II. Effect of different roughage concentrate ratios in ration on carcass traits. Journal of Agriculture Research {Tanta University) 2:6-12.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ognjanovic, A. 1974. Meat and meat production. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. CockrilL Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rastogi, R., Youssef, F. G., and Gonzalez, F. D. 1978. Beef type water buffalo of Trinidad-Beefalypso. World Review of Animal Production 14(2) :49 -56.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Romita, A., Borghese, A., Gigli, S., and Di Giacomo, A. 1978. Growth rate and carcass composition of water buffalo calves and bovine calves slaughtered at 20, 28 and 36 weeks. In: Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle: A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, Held at Chent, October 11-13, 1977. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilson, P. N. 1961. Palatability of water buffalo meat. Journal of the Agricultural Society of Trinidad 61:457, 459-460. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 Milk</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than 5 percent of the world's milk comes from water buffaloes. Buffalo milk is  used in much the same way as cow's milk. It is high in fat and total solids, which  gives it a rich flavor. Many people prefer it to cow's milk and are willing to pay more  for it. In Egypt, for example, the severe mortality rate among buffalo calves is due in  part to the sale of buffalo milk, which is in high demand, thus depriving calves of  proper nourishment. This also occurs in India, where in the Bombay area alone an  estimated 10,000 newborn calves starve to death each year through lack of milk.  The demand for buffalo milk in India (about 60 percent of the milk consumed; over  80 percent in some states) is reflected in the prices paid for a liter of milk: about  130 paisa for cow's milk compared with about 200 paisa for buffalo milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twelve of the 18 major breeds of water buffalo are kept primarily for milk production  (although males may be used for traction and all animals are eventually used for  meat). The main milk breeds of India and Pakistan are the Murrah, Nili/Ravi, Surti,  Mehsana, Nagpuri, and Jafarabadi. The buffaloes of Egypt, Eastern Europe  (Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, and the USSR), and Italy are used for milk  production and there are also herds used principally for this purpose in Iran, Iraq,  and Turkey.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Composition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk contains less water, more total solids, more fat, slightly more lactose,  and more protein than cow's milk. It seems thicker than cow's milk because it  generally contains more than 16 percent total solids compared with 12-14 percent  for cow's milk. In addition, its fat content is usually 50-60 percent higher (or more)  than that of cow's milk. Although the butterfat content is usually 6-8 percent,( An analysis of 7,770 records of Nili/Ravi buffaloes in herds at the Pakistan  Research Institute showed that average butterfat content was 6.40 (a mean based  on 10 tests over 10 months). of all the samples tested, 77 percent ranged between  5 and 8 percent butterfat and 12 percent were below 5 percent butterfat.  -information supplied by R. E. McDowell.)  it can  go much higher in the milk of some well fed dairy buffaloes and in the milk of  Swamp buffaloes (which are not normally used for milking). Cow's milk butterfat content is usually between 3 and 5 percent.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its high butterfat content, buffalo milk has considerably higher energy value than cow's milk. Phospholipids are lower but cholesterol and saturated fatty acids are higher in buffalo milk. Studies have shown that digestibility is not adversely affected by this. Because of the high fat content, the buffalo's total fat yield per lactation compares favorably with that of improved breeds of dairy cattle; it is much higher than that of indigenous cows.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally the protein in buffalo milk contains more casein and slightly more albumin and globulin than cow's milk. Several researchers have claimed that the biological value of buffalo milk protein is higher than that of cow's milk, but this has not yet been proved conclusively.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p27.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Tables 1 and 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mineral content of buffalo milk is nearly the same as that of cow's milk except for phosphorus, which occurs in roughly twice the amount in buffalo milk. Buffalo milk tends to be lower in salt.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk lacks the yellow pigment carotene, precursor for vitamin A, and its whiteness is frequently used to differentiate it from cow's milk in the market. Despite the absence of carotene, the vitamin A content in buffalo milk is almost as high as that of cow's milk. (Apparently the buffalo converts the carotene in its diet to vitamin A. The two milks are similar in B complex vitamins and vitamin C, but buffalo milk tends to be lower in riboflavin.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Milk Products&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk, like cow's milk, can provide a wide variety of products: butter, butter oil (clarified butter or ghee), soft and hard cheeses, condensed or evaporated milks, ice cream,yogurt, and buttermilk. It is of great economic importance in India in preparing &quot;toned&quot; milk-a mixture of buffalo milk and milk made by reconstituting skim milk powder.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The richness of buffalo milk makes it highly suitable for processing. To produce 1 kg of cheese, a cheese maker requires 8 kg of cow's milk but only 5 kg of buffalo milk. To produce 1 kg of butter requires 14 kg of cow's milk but only 10 kg of buffalo milk. Because of these high yields, processors appreciate the value of buffalo milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo cheese is pure white. It many countries it is among the most desirable cheeses (mozzarella and ricotta in Italy, gemir in Iraq, the salty cheeses of Egypt, and pecorino in Bulgaria, for example). In Venezuela all the cheese produced from the small La Guanota milking herd in the Apure River basin (about 100 kg a day) is bought by the Hilton Hotel and sells for 15 bolivars per kg compared with 8 bolivars per kg for cheese made from cow's milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although much in demand for making soft cheese, buffalo milk is less desirable for making hard cheeses such as cheddar or gouda. During cheesemaking it produces acid more slowly than cow's milk, retains more water in the curd, and loses more fat in the whey.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheeses are becoming increasingly popular throughout the world. Demand is rising at a rate that is among the highest for any food product. Cheese offers particular benefit to areas where refrigeration is not widely available, where transporting high-protein foods to remote areas is difficult, and where seasonal fluctuations affect milk supplies. Buffalo milk may make cheesemaking profitable on an even smaller scale than conventional dairying; it is more concentrated than cow's milk and requires relatively less energy to transport and process (an increasingly important factor where fuels are limited).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p31.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 3 Highest Milk Yield (kg per Day) Recorded in the All India Milk Yield&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yield&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In countries like India and Egypt, the milk yield of buffaloes is generally higher  (680-800 kg) than for local cattle (360-500 kg). However, since selection for  exceptional milk production is not conducted systematically, large variations in yield  occur between individual animals, and milk production of dairy buffaloes falls short  of its potential.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nonetheless, some outstanding yields have been recorded. On Indian government  farms, average yields for milking buffaloes range from 4 to 7 kg per day in  lactations averaging 285 days. Daily yields of 12 kg have been reported for some  Bulgarian buffalo cows and a daily production of over 20 kg has been reported for  some remarkable animals in India. A peak milk yield of 31.5 kg in a day has been  recorded from a champion Murrah buffalo in the All India Milk Yield Competition  conducted by the Government of India (see Table 3).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At Caserta, Italy, a herd of 1,600 machine-milked, pedigreed dairy buffaloes has  produced average yields of 1,500 kg during lactations of 270 days. In Pakistan an  analysis of over 6,000 lactations of Nili/Ravi buffalo cows showed an average yield  of 1,925 kg during lactations averaging 282 days(Average adjusted for year and  season and calving. Cady et al., in press.) . In India the average milks yield of  Murrah buffaloes in established herds is also reported to be about  1,800kg(*&quot;Williamson and Payne, 1965.)Table 4 lists some outstanding lactation  yields reported from different parts of the world. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with cattle, the percentages of fat, protein, and total solids decrease as the milks yield increases.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Swamp buffaloes of Southeast Asia are usually considered poor milk producers. They are used mainly as draft animals, but it may be that their milk potential has been underestimated. In the Philippines Swamp buffalo cows with nursing calves have produced 300-800 kg of milk during lactation periods of 180-300 days(*Philippines Council for Agriculture and Resources Research (PCARR). 1978. The Philippines Recommends for Caraboo Production, PCARR, Los Banos, Philippines)In Thailand Swamp buffaloes selected and reared for milk production have yielded 3-5 kg per day during 305-day lactations.(Information supplied by Charan Chantalakhana.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p32.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 4 Milk Production of Some Outstading Buffalo Cows and Dairy Herds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Nanning Livestock Research Institute and Farm in Kwangsi Province,which is representative of many others in South China, is upgrading the native  Swamp buffaloes (or Shui Niu) by selective breeding for size and weight and by  crossbreeding with dairy breeds such as the Murrah and Nili/Ravi. The crossbreeds  that are milked yield 4-5 kg daily.(*CockriH, W. R. 1976. The Buffaloes of China.  FAO, Rome.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dairy Management&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The characteristics of the dairy buffalo so closely approximate those of the dairy cow that successful methods of breeding, husbandry, and feeding for  milks production for the cow can be applied equally to the dairy buffalo. Buffaloes,  however, have not been bred for uniform udders and it is more difficult to milk them  by machine.(Some thousands of buffaloes are machine milked in Bulgaria and Italy, however. At  Ain Shams University in Egypt, buffaloes have adapted to machine milking. The  calves are separated from their dams immediately after birth and no problems of  milk letdown have been observed. -information supplied by M. El Ashry.)Also, some buffaloes have more of a problem with milks letdown than  dairy cows (although not as much of a problem as some native cattle breeds in the  tropics). Frequently, a calf is kept with the cow and is tied to her foreleg at milking  time. In India, Burma, and other countries a dummy calf may be provided; playing  music seems to work, too.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Addeo, F., Mercier, J. C., and Ribadeau-Dumas, B. 1977. The caseins of buffalo  milk. Journal of Dairy Research 44(3):455-468.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agarwala, O. P. 1962. Certain factors of reproduction and production in a water  buffalo herd. Indian Joumal of Dairy Science 15(2):45-51.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Albourco, F., Mincione, B., Addeo, F., and Ameno, M. 1969. Buffaloes' milk. II.  Variations in composition during lactation of milk produced without change in  feeding. Industrie Agraria 7(5):210-219.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associazione Italiana Tecnici del Latter. 1970. Buffaloes' milk and cheese. Scienza  e Tecnica 21(3):175-196.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhatnagar, V. K., Lohia, K. L., and Monga, O. P. 1961. Effect of the month of  calving on milk yield, lactation length and calving interval in Murrah buffaloes. Indian  Journal of Dairy Science 14(3): 102-108.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhasin N. R., and Desai, R. N. 1967. Effect of age at first calving and first lactation  yield on life time production in Hariana cattle. Indian Veterinary Journal 44:684694.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cady, R. A., Shah, S. K., Schermerhorn, E. C., and McDowell, R. E. In Press.  Factors affecting performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes in Pakistan. Journal of Dairy  Science.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Castillo, L. S. 1975. Production, characteristics and processing of buffalo milk. In:  The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at  Khon Kahn, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology  Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dassat, P. M., de Paolis, P., and Sartore, G. 1966. Environmental effects on milks  yield in Italian buffalo.Acta Medica Veterinaria 12(6):587-593.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dave, B. K., and Taylor, C. M. 1975. A study on relationship of persistency with other first production traits in Indian water buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Health 14(1) :77-80.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deshmukh, S. N., and Choudhury, P. N. R. 1971. Repeatability estimates of some economic characteristics in Italian buffaloes. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaer-medizen 18:104-107.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ganguli, N. C. 1979. Buffalo milk technology. World Animal Review 30:2-10.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gomez, I. V. 1977. The manufacture of semihard cheese (Danish type) from carabao milk. Philippine Agriculturalist 61(3/4) :78-86.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gurnani, M., and Nagarcenkar, R. 1971. Evaluation of breeding performance of buffaloes and estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters. Annual Report of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katpatal, B. G. 1977. Dairy cattle crossbreeding in India. I. Growth and development of crossbreeding. World Animal Review 22: 15-21.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kay, H. D. 1974. Milk and milk production. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kohli, M. L., and Malik, D. D. 1960. Effect of service period on total milk production and lactation length in Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 13(3): 105-111.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nascimento, C. N. B., Moura Carvalho, L. O. D., and Lourenco, J. B. 1979. Irnportancia do Bufalo para a Pecuarfa Brasileira. Agricultural Research Center for Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem, Para, Brazil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raafat, M. A., El-Sayed, Abou-Hussein, Abou-Raya, A. K., and El-Shirbiny A. 1974. Some nutritional studies of colostrum and milk of cows and buffaloes E:gyptian Journal of Animal Production 14(1) :137-148.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ragab, M. T., Asker, A. A., and Kamal, T. H. 1958. The effect of age and seasonal calving on the composition of Egyptian buffalo milk. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 11(1):18-28.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saudi Arabia Standards Institution. 1978. Raw milk. Saudi Arabia Standard 98.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sebastian, J., Panthulu, P. C, and Bhimasena, M. 1971. Composition of Surti buffalo milk. Annual Report of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sekhon, G. S., and Gehlon, M. S. 1966. Repeatability estimates of some economic traits in the Murrah buffalo. Ceylon Veterinary Journal 14:18-22.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, B. B., and Singh, B. P. 1971. Comparative study of lifetime economics of Hariana versus Murrah buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 48:485-489.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, R. P. 1966. A study of production up to ten years of age in buffaloes maintained at military farms. Indian Veterinary Journal 43:986-992.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, S. B., and Desai, R. N. 1962. Production character of Bhadawari buffalo cow. Indian Veterinary journal 39:332-343.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venkayya, D., and Anantakrishnan, C. P. 1957. Influence of age at first calving on the performance of Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 10(1):20-24.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G., and Payne, W. J. A. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. Longman, London, United Kingdom. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Work</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is the classic work animal of Asia, an integral part of that  continent's traditional village farming structure. Probably the most adaptable and  versatile of all work animals, it is widely used to plow; level land; plant crops; puddle  rice fields; cultivate field crops; pump water; haul carts, sleds, and shallow-draft  boats; carry people; thresh grain; press sugar cane; haul logs; and much more.  Even today, water buffaloes provide 20-30 percent of the farm power in South  China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indochina(Figures provided by A. J. de veer. In India water buffaloes contribute much less to  farm power (6-12 percent); bullocks are more commonly used. In Pakistan  buffaloes are little used for farm power (1-2 percent) but provide much of the road  haulage. Papua New Guinea has no tradition of using any work animal, but villagers  are increasingly using buffaloes for farm work and the government is employing  Fillipinos to train them) . Millions of  peasants in the Far East, Middle East, and Near East have a draft buffalo. For them  it is often the only method of farming food crops.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As fuel becomes scarce and expensive in these countries, the buffalo is being used  more frequently as a draft animal. ln 1979 water buffalo prices soared in rural  Thailand because of the increased demand.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although Asian farms have increasingly mechanized in the last 20 years, it has  often proved difficult to persuade the farmer to replace his buffalo with a tractor  since the buffalo produces free fertilizer and does not require diesel fuel. Now there  is renewed official interest in draft power. Sri Lanka has recently opened up large  new tracts of farmland in the Mahawali Valley, creating such a demand for work  animals that buffalo shortages have become a national development problem.  Indonesia's transmigration schemes are also handicapped by shortages of animal  power.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For many small farmers the buffalo represents capital. It is often the major  investment they have. Buffalo energy increases their productivity and allows them to  diversify. Even small farms have work animals that, like the farmer himself, subsist  off the farm. Tractors usually require at least four hectares for economical operation,  which precludes their use on most peasant farms. Further, the infrastructure to  maintain machinery is often not readily available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are also used for hauling. Buffalo-drawn carts carry goods between  villages where road surfaces are unfit for trucks. The animals easily traverse  ravines, streams, paddies, and narrow and rocky trails. In the cities carts can  compete economically with trucks where the road surface is unprepared, where  loading or unloading takes longer than the journey itself, or where the loads are too  small and distances too short to make trucking economical. For road haulage  buffaloes are generally shod: the shoes are flat plates fitted to each hoof.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capacity for Work&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is a sturdy draft animal Its body structure, especially the  distribution of body weight over the feet and legs, is an important advantage. Its  large boxy hooves allow it to move in the soft mud of rice fields. Moreover, the  buffalo has very flexible pastern and fetlock joints in the lower leg so that it can bend  back its hooves and step over obstacles more easily than cattle. This water-loving  animal is particularly well adapted to paddy farming because its legs withstand  continual wet conditions better than mules or oxen(Australian animal scientists working in Bogor, Indonesia, found that the puddling  effect of buffalo hooves on the soil was critical for rice cultivation in the local soils.  Tractors produced fields so porous that they drained dry. (Information supplied by  A. F. GurnettSmith.) On one research station near Darwin, Australia, buffaloes were  used to prevent water draining from a dam. (Information supplied by D. G. Tulloch.). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although buffaloes are preferred by farmers in the wet, often muddy lowlands of  Asia, mules, horses, and cattle move more rapidly and are preferred in the dryer  areas.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes do not work quickly. They plod along at about 3 km per hour. In  most parts of Southeast Asia they are worked about 5 hours a day and they may  take 6-10 days to plow, harrow, and grade one hectare of rice field. Their stamina  and drawing power increase with body weight.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they have difficulty keeping cool in hot, humid weather (see next chapter),  it is necessary to let working buffaloes cool off, preferably in a wallow, every 2 hours  or so. Without this their body temperatures may rise to dangerous levels.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A pair of 3-year-old buffaloes costs about the same as a small tractor in Thailand.  But many farmers raise their own calves and there is no investment beyond labor.  The &quot;fuel&quot; for the animals comes mainly from village pastures and farm wastes such  as crop stubble and sugarcane tops. Buffaloes have an average working life of  about 11 years, but some work to age 20.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harness&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yoke used on working buffalo in Asia has changed very little in the last 1,500 years. It is doubtful that a working buffalo can exert its full power with it. The hard wooden yoke presses on a very small area on top of the animal's neck, producing severe calluses, galls, and obvious discomfort. The harness tends to choke the animal as the straps under the neck tighten into the windpipe. Since the traditional hitch is usually higher than the buffalo's low center of gravity, the animal cannot pull efficiently. Considerably more pulling power and endurance can be obtained by improving the harness. The situation is not unlike that in Western agriculture in the twelfth century when the horse collar-one of the most important inventions of the Middle Ages first appeared. Before that, horses were yoked like buffalo and the harness passed across their windpipes and choked them as they pulled. Use of the horse collar improved pulling efficiency and speeded the development of transportation and trade.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The curved yoke now universally used on water buffalo contacts an area of the neck that is only about 200 cm2 (little more than half the size of this page). The entire load is pulled on this small area and causes the wood to dig into the flesh.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A horse collar is a padded leather device that encircles the animal's neck. One modified in Thailand for use on water buffalo (see page 43) had a contact area of 650 cm2, more than three times that of the yoke it replaced. The collar's padding pressed against the animal's shoulders, not its neck, and  therefore did not choke it. Attached to the collar were wooden hames with the traces for hitching the animal to a wagon or plow. In trials a buffalo pulled loads 24 percent heavier with the collar than with the yoke, and the horsepower it developed increased by 48 percent(These trials were conducted by J. K. Garner in Thailand in 1958. In the maximum-load test the yoked buffalo failed to move a load of 570 kg, but it moved a load of 640 kg when fitted with the horse collar. In an endurance test the yoked animal took 35 minutes to pull a load 550 m, but harnessed with the collar it took only 21 minutes). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another potentially valuable harness is the breast strap, a set of broad leather straps that pass over the animal's neck and back. One breast strap modified for water buffalo use had a contact area of 620 cm2, almost as much as that of the horse collar, and in trials the buffalo pulled a load 12 percent heavier than with a yoke and the horsepower it developed increased by almost 70 percent( The same animal used in the horse collar trials pulled 700 kg with the breast strap, in the endurance test it took 18.5 minutes to travel the 550-m distance). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These seem very good innovations. In the humid tropics, however, leather collars and breast straps may decay rapidly. To make them widely practical may require experimentation with, or development of, special leather treatments or more durable materials.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1974. The working buffalo. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domes tic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1976. The Buffaloes of China. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;de Guzman, M. R., Jr. 1975. The water buffalo-Asia's beast of burden and key to progress. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Garner, J. K. 1958 (Reprint 1980) Increasing the Work Efficiency of the Water Buffalo Through Use of Improved Harness. (Copies available from Office of Agriculture, Development Support Bureau, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. 20523)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kamal, T. H., Shehata, O., and Elbanna, I. M. 1972. Isotope Studies on the Physiology of Domestic Animals. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977. Preliminary Observations on the Productivity of Working Buffalo in Indonesia. Research Report No. 2, Center for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vaugh, M. 1945. Report on a detailed study of methods of yoking bullocks for agricultural work. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 15:186-198.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ward, G. M., Sutherland, T. M., and Sutherland, J. M. 1980. Animals as an energy source in Third World agriculture. Science 208:570. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5 Adaptability and Environmental Tolerance</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heat Tolerance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the buffalo is remarkably versatile, it has less physiological adaptation to extremes of heat and cold than the various breeds of cattle. Body temperatures of buffaloes are actually lower than those of cattle, but buffalo skin is usually black and heat absorbent and only sparsely protected by hair. Also, buffalo skin has one-sixth the density of sweat glands that cattle skin has, so buffaloes dissipate heat poorly by sweating. If worked or  driven excessively in the hot sun, a buffalo's body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and general discomfort increase more quickly than those of cattle(Failure to appreciate this has caused many buffalo deaths in northern Australia when the animals were herded long distances through the heat of the day as if they were cattle).. This is particularly true of young calves and pregnant females. During one trial in Egypt 2 hours' exposure to sun caused temperatures of buffalo to rise 1.3Â°C, whereas temperatures of cattle rose only 0.2-0.3Â°C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes prefer to cool off in a wallow rather than seek shade. They may wallow for up to 5 hours a day when temperatures and humidity are high. Immersed in water or mud, chewing with half-closed eyes, buffaloes are a picture of bliss.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In shade or in a wallow buffaloes cool off quickly, perhaps because a black skin rich in blood vessels conducts and radiates heat efficiently (Tests at the University of Florida have shown that buffaloes in the shade cool off more quickly than cattle. -Robey, 1976).  Nonetheless, wallowing is not essential. Experience in Australia, Trinidad, Florida, Malaysia, and elsewhere has shown that buffaloes grow normally without wallowing as long as adequate shade is available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cold Tolerance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although generally associated with the humid tropics, buffaloes, as already noted, have been reared for centuries in temperate countries such as Italy, Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and in the Azerbaijan and Georgian republics of the USSR. In 1807 Napoleon brought Italian buffaloes to the Landes region of southwest France and released them near Mont-deMarsan. They became feral and multiplied prodigiously in the woods and dunes of the littoral, but unfortunately the local peasants found them easy targets, and with the fall of Napoleon the whole herd was killed for meat(In the twelfth century Benedictine monks introduced buffaloes from their possessions in the Orient to work the lands of their abbey at Auge in northeastern France. In the thirteenth century a herd was introduced to England by the Earl of Cornwall, the brother of Henry III. Nothing is known about how well either herd survived). Buffaloes are also maintained on the high, snowy plateaus of Turkey as well as in Afghanistan and the northern mountains of Pakistan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo has greater tolerance of cold weather than is commonly supposed. The current range of the buffalo extends as far north as 45Â° latitude in Romania and the sizable herds in Italy and the Soviet Union range over 40Â° N latitude(Philadelphia and Peking are at comparable latitudes. In the Southern Hemisphere the 40Â° line of latitude easily encompasses Cape Town, Buenos Aires, Melbourne, and most of New Zealand's North Island).  Cold winds and rapid drops in temperatures, however, appear to have caused illness, pneumonia, and sometimes death. Most of the animals in Europe are of the Mediterranean breed, but other River-type buffaloes (mainly Murrahs from India) have been introduced to Bulgaria and the Soviet Union, which indicates that River breeds, at least, have some cold tolerance.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Altitude&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although water buffaloes are generally reared at low elevations, a herd of Swamp buffaloes is thriving at Kandep in Papua New Guinea, 2,500 m above sea level. And in Nepal, River buffaloes are routinely found at or above 2,800 m altitude.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wetlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are well adapted to swamps and to areas subject to flooding. They are at home in the marshes of southern Iraq and of the Amazon, the tidal plains near Darwin, Australia, the Pontine Marshes in south-central Italy, the Orinoco Basin of Venezuela, and other areas.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Amazon, buffaloes (Mediterranean and Swamp breeds) are demonstrating their exceptional adaptability to flood areas. Buffalo productivity outstrips that of cattle, with males reaching 400 kg in 30 months on a diet of native grasses( Information supplied by C. Nascimento). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The advantage of water buffaloes over Holstein, Brown Swiss, and Criollo cattle was demonstrated in a test at Delta Amacuro, Venezuela, when the cattle developed serious foot rot In the wet conditions of the Orinoco Delta and had to be withdrawn from the test. The area of Venezuela is flooded 6 months of the year and creates constant problems for cattle, yet the buffalo seems to adapt well(*Information supplied by A. Ferrer). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High humidities seem to affect buffaloes less than cattle. In fact, if shade or wallows are available, buffaloes may be superior to cattle in humid areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In southern Brazil, trials comparing buffalo and cattle on subtropical riverine plains have favored the buffalo also. This work is being carried out on native pastures, mostly in  the State of Sao Paulo.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hafez, E. S. E., Badreldin, A. L., and Shafei,M. M. 1955. Skin structure of Egyptian buffaloes and cattle with particular reference to sweat glands. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 46:19-30.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katyega, P. M. J., Masoud, A. J., and Kobo, E. 1980. Information on body and carcass characteristics of Egyptian water buffalo and Mpwapwa x Friesian steers raised in central Tanzania. Tanzania Veterinary Bulletin 2:86-90.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I. L. 1974. Environmental physiology. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1973. Heat tolerance of Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers during exposure to sun and as a result of exercise. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 24(5) :775 -782.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nair, P. G., and Benjamin, B. R. 1963. Studies on sweat glands in the Indian water buffalo. 1. Standardization of techniques and preliminary observations. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 33:102.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pandey, M. D., and Roy, A. 1969a. Studies on the adaptability of buffaloes to tropical climate. I. Seasonal changes in the water and electrolyte status of buffalo cows. Indian Journal of Animal Science 39:367.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pandey, M. D., and Roy, A. 1969b. Studies on the adaptability of buffaloes to tropical climate. II. Seasonal changes in the body temperature, cardio-respiratory and hematological attributes in buffalo cows. Indian Journal of Animal Science 39:378.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prusty, J. N. 1973. Role of the sweat glands in heat regulation in the Indian water buffalo. Indian Journal of Animal Health 12(1):33-37.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robey, C. A., Jr. 1976. Physiological Responses of Water Buffalo to the Florida Environment. M.S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6 Nutrition</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most buffaloes are located in countries where land, cultivated forage crops, and pastures  are limited. Livestock must feed on poor-quality forages, sometimes supplemented with  a little green fodder or byproducts from food, grain, and oil seed processing. Usually  feedstuffs are in such short supply that few animals have a balanced diet, but the buffalo  seems to perform fairly well under such adverse conditions.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Growth Rate&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insufficient measurements have been taken to allow unequivocal state. meets about the  relative growth rates of cattle and buffaloes. However, many observations made in  various parts of the world indicate that the buffalo's growth is seldom inferior to that of  cattle breeds found in the same environments. Some observations are given below.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Trials in Trinidad in the early 1960s involved buffaloes grazing pangola grass (Digitaria  decumbens) together with Brahman and Jamaican Red cattle. Over a period of 20  months the buffaloes gained an average of 0.72 kg per day, whereas the cattle on a  comparable nearby pasture gained 0.63 per day(Experiments performed by P. N. Wilson. -Information supplied by S. P. Bennett.).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the Orinoco Delta of Venezuela unselected Criollo/Zebu crossbred cattle gained  0-0.2 kg per day on Paspalum fasciculatum, whereas the water buffaloes with them  gained 0.25-0.4 kg per day(Cunha  et al., 1975).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the Apure Valley of Venezuela, 100 buffalo steers studied in 1979 reached an  average weight of 508 kg in 30 months, whereas the 30-month old Zebu steers tested  with them weighed 320 kg. The feed consumed was a blend of native grasses (25  percent of the diet) and improved grasses (such as pangola, pare, and guinea grass)( Information supplied by A. Ferrer). In  the same valley 200 buffalo heifers (air freighted from Australia) produced weight gains  averaging 0.5 kg per day over a 2-year period (and 72 percent of them calved). Government statistics for the area record average weight gains in crossbreeds between Zebu and Criollo cattle as 0.28 kg per day (with 40 percent calving).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the Philippines, buffaloes showed weight gains of 0.75-1.25 kg per day, the same as those of cattle. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Daily weight gains of over 1 kg have been recorded for buffaloes in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Liveweight gains of 0.80 kg per day have been recorded for buffaloes in Papua New Guinea. In a very humid, swampy area of the Sepik River coastal plains liveweight gains by males averaged 0.47 kg per day and females 0.43 kg per day for more than a year. The average weight of 30 4-year-old female buffaloes was 375 kg, while the average weight of 4-year-old female Brahman/ Shorthorn crossbred cattle was 320 kg.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· At the research station near Belem in the Brazilian Amazon weaned Murrah buffaloes, pastured continuously on Echinochloa pyramidalis (a nutritious grass), gained 0.8 kg daily and reached 450 kg in about 18 months. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Liveweight gains of 0.74-l.i kg per day have been obtained in Australia. Buffalo steers grew as fast or faster than crossbred Brahman cattle on several improved pastures near Darwin, but on one very poor pasture, 40-year-old buffaloes each weighed only 400 kg, whereas the Brahman crossbred steers reared with them weighed 500 kg. The reason for this is not clear.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efficiency of Digestion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian animal nutritionists have investigated water buffaloes intensively over the past two decades. Many have reported that buffaloes digest feeds more efficiently than do cattle, particularly when feeds are of poor quality and are high in cellulose.One trial revealed that the digestibility of wheat straw cellulose was 24.3 percent for cattle and 30.7 percent for buffalo. The figures for berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) cellulose were 34.6 percent for cattle and 52.2 percent for buffalo. In another trial the digestion of straw fiber was 64.7 percent in cattle, 79.8 percent in buffalo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other nutrients reported to be more highly digested in buffaloes than in cattle (Zebu) are crude fat, calcium and phosphorus, and nonprotein nitrogen.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recent experiments in India suggest that buffaloes also are able to utilize nitrogen more efficiently than cattle. Buffaloes digested less crude protein than cattle in one trial but increased their body nitrogen more (and they were being fed only 40 percent of the recommended daily intake of crude protein).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ability of buffaloes to digest fiber efficiently may be partly due to the microorganisms in their rumen. Several Indian research teams have published data indicating that the microbes in the buffalo rumen convert feed into energy more efficiently than do those in cattle (as measured by the rate of production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also, in laboratory studies samples of buffalo rumen contents produced volatile fatty acids more quickly from a variety of animal feedstuffs than did samples from the rumen of cattle  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No single reason alone explains the buffalo's success in using poor quality forages. Rather, it is a combination of reasons that differ with the breed and conditions used. Studies by other researchers suggest that additional causes might include:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Higher dry matter intake; &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Longer retention of feed in digestive tract;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Ruminal characteristics more favorable to ammonia-nitrogen utilization;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Less depression of cellulose digestion by soluble carbohydrates (e.g., starch or molasses);  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Superior ability to handle stressful environment; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A wider range of grazing preferences.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calf Growth Rates&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the buffalo's gestation period is more than a month longer than that of cattle, the calves are born weighing 35-40 kg, or about the same as that of a newborn Holstein calf. But because buffalo milk has about twice the butterfat of cow's milk, the calves grow very quickly. They also suffer more shock at weaning and have to be slowly changed to their new feeding program. Buffaloes can be marketed as full-grown animals for beef at the age of 2-3 years, sometimes even earlier.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p59.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 5 Some Coarse Grasses and Forages Palatable to Buffaloes but Less Readily&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, in Indonesia it has been found that buffalo steers can be marketed 6 months before Zebu steers because they may be 100 kg heavier. In Egypt some buffalo calves given feed supplemented with concentrates weighed 360 kg at 1 year of age. At Ain Shams University near Cairo, buffalo calves weaned at 7-14 days of age gained 0.7 kg per day from weaning to slaughter at 18 months of age and weighed 400 kg. Rice straw comprised 50 percent of the finishing diet.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes on Italian farms have reached 350 kg in 15-18 months and some year-old calves weighed 320 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grazing trials on native pasture (with mineral supplementation) in the Brazilian Amazon indicate that buffalo calves grew faster than cattle. At 2 years of age Mediterranean-type buffaloes averaged 369 kg, Swamp type, 322 kg, and Jafarabadi type, 308 kg. The Zebu cattle tested with them averaged 265 kg and the crossbred Zebu/Charolais, 282 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feed Preferences&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes graze a wider range of plants than cattle. During floods near Manaus in the  Brazilian Amazon when cattle become marooned on small patches of high ground,  many suffer from foot rot and many starve to death. Their buffalo companions on the  other hand-bodies sleek and full-swim out to islands of floating aquatic plants and eat  them, treading water. Also, they dive almost 2 m to graze beneath the floodwaters. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Florida buffaloes in a lakefront voluntarily consumed vines, sedges, rushes, floating aquatic weeds, and the leaves and shoots of willows and other  trees along the water's edge. Few of these plants are voluntarily grazed by cattle. In  northern Australia water buffaloes graze the very pickily leaves of pandanus; they also  graze sedges, reeds, floating grass, and aquatic weeds. Hungry buffaloes will eat bark,  twigs, and other unpalatable vegetation.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the variety of their tastes they have been used in northern Queensland,  Australia, to clear pastures of woody weeds left untouched by cattle. In some countries  cattle are used to graze the palatable tops of pasture plants and are followed by  buffaloes to graze the less desirable lower parts.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Afifi, Y. A., El-Koussy, H. A., El-Khishen, S. S., and El-Ashry, M. A. 1977. Production of  meat from Egyptian buffaloes. I. The effect of using different sources of roughages on  rate of gain, gross and net efficiency during the growth and finishing periods. Egyptian  Journal of Animal Production 17(2).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appleton, D. c., Dryden, G., and Kondos, A. C. 1976. A comparison of the digestive  efficiency of the water buffalo and the Brahman and Banteng cattle. Proceedings of the  Australian Society of Animal Production 11.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhatia, L S. 1967. The Study of Factors Affecting the Utilization of Low Grade  Roughages and Production of Volatile Fatty Acids in the Rumen of Indian Cattle. Punjab  Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chalmers, M. 1.1974. Nutrition. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo  edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome,  Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles, D. D., and Johnson, E. R. 1975. Live weight gains and carcass composition of  buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) steers on four feeding regimes. Australian Journal of  Agricultural Research 26:407-413.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaturvedi, M. L, Singh, u. B., and Ranjhan, 5. K 1973. Comparative studies on the  efficiency of feed unitization in cattle and buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Science  43(12):1034.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chutikul, K. 1975. Ruminant (Buffalo) nutrition. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kacn, Thailand, March 31April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cunha, E., Alvarez, F., Larez, O., and Bryan, W. B. 1975. Pasture and Livestock Investigations in the Humid Tropics: Orinoco Delta, Venezuela. 4. Beef Cattle and Water Buffalo Grazing Trials with Native and Introduced Grasses. IRI Research Institute, New York, New York, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Davendra, C. 1979. The potential value of grasses and crop by-products for feeding buffaloes in Asia. Extension Bulletin No. 126. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;de Guzman, M. R., Jr. 1975. A summary of research into buffalo feeding in the Philippines. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunkel, R. 1981. Animal production using nutrient-deficient fodders in the tropics and subtropics. Animal Research and Development 13:32-39.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El-Ashry, M. A., Mogawer, H. H., and Kishin, S. S. 1972. Comparative study of meat production from cattle and buffalo male calves. I. Effect of roughage: concentrate ratio in ration for rate of gain and feed efficiency of native cattle, Friesian and buffalo calves. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production 12(2) :99 -107.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grant, R. J., Van Soest, P. J., McDowell, R. E., and Perez, C. B. 1974. Intake, digestibility and metabolic loss of Napier grass by cattle and buffaloes when fed wilted, chopped and whole. Journal of Animal Science 39(2):423.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ibrovic, M., Cvetkovic, A., Smrcek, A., and Janevski, K. 1972. A contribution to the knowledge of metabolism of carotene and seasonal dynamics of vitamin A in the buffalo. Veterinaria 21(4) :511.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., Sidhu, G. S., and Moxin, A. L. 1962. Cellulose digestion in water buffaloes and Zebu cattle. Journal of Animal Science 21:1001.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1966. Effect of urea on the voluntary intake of wheat skew in Zebu cattle and the buffalo. Indian Veterinary Journal 43:880-886.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1969. Biochemical processes in the rumen. 111. Effect of different carbobydrates on in vitro digestion of cellulose and utilization of urea nikogen by rumen micro-organisms from zebu and buffalo. Indian Journal of Animal Science 39 :27-32.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1971a. Studies on the biochemical process in the rumen. Vl. In vivo digestion of cellulose in buffalo and cattle. Indian Veterinary Journal 48:267-271.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1971b. Studies on the biochemical process in the rumen. VII. In vitro digestion of cellulose in cattle and buffalo. Indian Veterinary Journal 48:583-586.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1972. Studies on the biochemical processes in the rumen. VIIL The significance of molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids in the rumen on the growth rate of buffalo and Zebu. Indian Veterinary Journal 49:995-1000.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Gill, R. S., Makkar, G. S., and Ranjan, S. K. 1977. Work done on buffalo nutrition in India-a review. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 30(3): 173-191.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Langar, P. N., Sidhu, G. S., and Bhatia, I. S. 1969. Utilization of nitrogen and production of volatile fatty acids in the rumina of buffalo (Bos bubalis) and zebu (Bos indicus) at different time intervals, under a feeding regimen deficient in carbohydrates. Indian Veterinary Journal 46:593-598.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ludri, R. S., and Razdan, M. N. 1975. Effect of level and source of dietary nitrogen on water metabolism in cows and buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 28:107109.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ludri, R. S., and Razdan, M. N. 1980. Efficiency of nitrogen utilization by Zebu cows and buffaloes. I. Nutrient utilization and nitrogen balances on preformed protein diets. TropicalAgriculture (Trinidad) 57:83-90. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1964. The fractionation of carbohydrates in Indian feedstuffs and the digestion of different fractions in the rumina of cattle and buffalo. Journal of Research, Ludhiana 1:56-66.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Misra, R. K., and Ranhoka, G. S. 1969. Influence of energy levels on the utilization of peanut protein-urea nikogen by cattle and buffalo. Journal of Animal Science 28: 107-109.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mullick, D. N. 1964. Review of the investigations on the physiology of Indian buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Saience 17:45-50.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Naga, M. A., El-Shazly, K., Deif, H. I., Abaza, M. A., and El-Faham, R. H. 1975. Relationship between nitrogen balance, digested nitrogen and dry matter digestibility in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 40(2):366-373.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nangia, O. P., Aggarwal, V. K., and Singh, A. 1972. Studies on the utilization of dietary protein in cattle and buffaloes. Indian Joumal of Dairy &amp;amp;ience 25: 1-5.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nascimento C. N. B., Moura Carvalho, L. O. D., and Lourenco, J. B. 1979. Importdneia do Bufaio para a Pecubria Brasileira. Agricultural Research Center for Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem, Para, Brazil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nascimento, C. N. B., and Velga, J. B. 1973. Weight gains in stabled buffaloes of the Mediterranean breed. Boletim Tecnico do Instituto de Pesqutsas e Experimentacao Agropecuarias do Norte 58:24-72.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ponnappa, G. G., Nooruddin, M. D., and Raghavan, G. V. 1971. Rate of the passage of food and its relation to digestibility of nutrients in Murrah buffaloes and Hariana cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Science 41:1026-1030.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Punj, M. L., Kochar, A. S., Bhatia, I. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1968. In vitro studies on the cellulolytic activity and production of volatile fatty acids by the inocula obtained from the rumen of Zebu cattle and Murrah buffalo on different feeding regimens. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 38 :325-332.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raghavan, G. V., Kakkar, B., Rao, M. V. N., and Mullick, D. N. 1963. Effects of air temperature and humidity on the metabolism of food nutrients in cattle and buffalo bulls. Annals of Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine 23 :23-28.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ray, S. N., and Mudgal, V. D. 1962. Rumen metabolism studies in cattle and buffalo. Proceedings of the 16th International Dairy Congress, Copenhagen. A:105-l11.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahai, L., Johri, P. N., and Kehar, N. D. 1955. Effect of feeding alkali and water-treated cereal straws on milk yield. Indfan Journal of Veterinary Science 25:201-212.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saini, B. S., and Ray, S. N. 1964. Comparative utilization of coarse fodders in cattle and buffalo. Annual Report of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schottler, J. H., Boromana, A., and Williams, W. T. 1977. Comparative performance of cattle and buffalo on the Sepik Plains, Papua New Guinea.AustralianJournal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 17(87) :550 -554. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sebastian, L., Mudgal, V. D., and Nair, P. G. 1970. Comparative efficiency of milk production by Sahiwal cattle and Murrah buffalo. Joumal of Animal Science 30:253256.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, C. B., and Mugdal, V. D. 1966. Studies on the lignin and cellulose contents of fedder crops and effect of lignification of cellulose digestion. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 19:100.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sidbu, G. S., Kochar, A. S., and Makkar, G. S. 1967. Effect of supplementing Bajra stalks with lucerne and concentrates and their part replacement by urea on the production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of cows and buffaloes. Journal of Research, Ludhiana 4:104-110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, B. K., and Mudgal, V. D. 1967. The comparative utilization of feed nutrients from lucerne hay in buffalo and crossbred zebu heifers. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 20: 142-145.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tandon, R. N.' Sharma, D. D., and Mugdal, V. D. 1972. Effect of feeding urea with different levels of energy on the biochemical changes in the rumen of cows and buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Science 42: 174-179  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Upadhyaya, R. S., Singh, U. B., and Ranjhan, S. K. 19i3. Digestibilit of nutrients and VFA concentation in zebu cattle and buffalo calves fed on green cowpea and maize. Indian Journal of Animal Science 43 :5 83-s 88.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Verma, M. L., Sidhu, G. S., and Kochar, A. S. 1968. Effect of frequency on the production of VFA in the rumen by zebu cattle and buffalo. Journal of Research, Ludhiana 5(3) :1 -6.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Verma, M. L., Singh, N., Sidhu, G. S., Kochar, A. S., and Bhatia, I. S. 1970. The in vitro cellulose digestion and VFA production from some of the common Indian feeds using rumen inocula from Zebu cattle and buffalo. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 23:155 -160. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7 Health</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When compared with other domestic livestock, the water buffalo generally is a healthy animal. This is particularly impressive because most of them live in hot, humid regions that are conducive to disease, and the buffalo is a bovine susceptible to most diseases and parasites that afflict cattle. Although the reasons are not specifically known, the effect of disease on the buffalo and its productivity is often less deleterious than on cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antibiotics and vaccines developed for cattle work equally well on buffaloes. As a result, treatments are available for most of the serious diseases of buffaloes, although some are not very effective for either animal.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The greatest buffalo losses are often among calves. Newborn buffalo calves, like bovine calves, can succumb in large numbers to viruses, bacteria, and poor nutrition. This is largely due to poor management during the calf's frst 2 months of life. For example, as noted previously, villagers in some countries often sell the valuable buffalo milk, thus depriving the calves.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo calf losses are often similar to those of the cattle around them, but the animal's proclivity for wallowing exposes calves to waterborne diseases. Further, a young one occasionally drowns when an adult rolls on top of it.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reactions to some specific diseases and parasites are discussed below.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pasteurellosis- Probably the water buffalo's most serious disease, pasteurellosis, or hemorrhagic septicemia, is caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida (P. septica). Buffaloes are more susceptible to it than cattle and die in large numbers where pasteurellosis occurs. A vaccine against pasteurellosis is effective in protecting both buffaloes and cattle; it is cheap and easily made.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tuberculosis- Despite some claims to the contrary, the water buffalo is susceptible to the bovine strain of tuberculosis (Alycobacterium bovis). Scattered reports from different parts of India indicate no difference in the incidence of infection between cattle and buffaloes(Information supplied by S. K. Misra, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India).  Other strains of mycobacteria have been isolated from feral buffaloes and cattle in northern Australia but seem to have little effect on the animals. Tuberculosis occurs among the buffalo herds of the world only because most are kept under unsanitary conditions(In 1905 buffaloes were introduced to Trinidad because the cattle herds (Zebu and srahman breeds) were infected with tuberculosis and, in those days, it was thought that buffaloes were resistant to the disease. Most were housed in muddy, ill-kept pens and forced to eat sugarcane tops off the ground; consequently, in 1949 over 30 percent of the buffaloes reacted to the tuberculin test. (The cattle herds had 80 percent reactors.) Tuberculosis was eliminated in Trinidad's buffaloes by improving the sanitary conditions: installing concrete floors and mangers and cleaning the pens regularly. This, together with regular tuberculin testing and removal of reactors, led to such a dramatic improvement that buffalo tuberculosis is now virtually unknown. -Information supplied by S. K. Bennett.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brucellosis-Buffaloes and cattle are equally susceptible to brucellosis. Although seldom reported as a problem elsewhere, brucellosis in Venezuela is increasing more rapidly among buffaloes than among cattle. In India the disease is no more prevalent among buffaloes than among cattle.  As many as 57 percent of some Venezuelan herds are infected with the disease. It is a frequent cause of abortion in buffaloes. Serologic procedures and measures developed for the control of the disease in cattle are also effective means of curbing this infection in buffaloes. (Consumption of raw milk or contact with aborted fetuses may cause undulant fever in humans.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mastitis- Among milking buffaloes mastitis is a problem as it is in dairy cows, but to a lesser extent. It is likely to increase, however, as the milk production per individual buffalo is increased. The bacteria that cause mastitis in the buffalo are similar to those in cattle. Treatment and control programs used for cattle are equally effective for buffaloes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Diseases -Among the epizootic diseases, rinderpest and piroplasmosis seem to affect buffaloes as much as cattle. Foot-and-mouth disease also affects buffaloes, but to a lesser degree than cattle, producing smaller lesions and having a lower incidence. In northern Australia buffaloes deliberately infected with bovine pleuropneumonia bacteria exhibited slight fever, but the disease never appeared. No naturally occurring eases have been reported in buffaloes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ticks -Buffaloes are notably resistant, although not immune, to ticks. In a tick-infested area of northern Australia only 2 engorged female ticks were found on 13 adult buffaloes during a 2-year test. Accordingly, healthy buffaloes are not commonly affected by diseases borne by ticks nor are the hides damaged by their bites. Since ticks are rarely found on buffaloes, anaplasmosis, theileriasis, and babesiosis, which are tick-borne, have little effect on buffaloes in the field. (Buffaloes and cattle are equally susceptible, however, if inoculated with East Coast fever, a form of theileriasis.) This is important because tick infestations in cattle are particularly troublesome in the tropics and the pesticides used to control them are becoming ineffective as the ticks develop resistance. The pesticides are also becoming expensive.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The basis of the buffalo's tick resistance is not known, but wallowing and rubbing may play a role in it; animals kept in experimental concrete pens in Australia have developed heavy tick infestation. (rials carried out on Magnetic Island by R. H. V/harton, Commonwealth Scientiflc and Industrial Research Organisation, Townsville, Queensland, Australia). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p68to69.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 6 Some Infections and Parasites of Buffalo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Screwworm- Larvae of the screwworm fly (Callitroge species), a major pest of livestock in Central and South America and some other tropical areas, do not affect adult water buffalo. In Venezuelan areas where cattle (Zebu type) are severely infested, adult water buffaloes are virtually free of screwworm larvae and the umbilicus of newborn calves seldom if ever becomes infected. ( Information supplied by A. Ferrer). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The same is true in Papua New Guinea. It is thought that the mud plaster produced by wallowing suffocates the larvae, but in India screwworms do not affect water buffaloes either, and there they wallow in fairly clear water and the farmer usually washes them off. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roundworm- The heavy losses of young buffalo calves throughout the world are caused, in large measure, by the roundworm Toxocara vitulorum. The calves seem more susceptible than mature animals and they become infected before birth or within 24 hours after birth through the mother's colostrum. The roundworm is the most serious buffalo parasite and in untreated calves the small intestine can get packed with worms to the point of complete occlusion. Although huge numbers of calves die each year, anthelmintic drugs that control roundworms are highly effective and widely available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The adult water buffalo appears to have a high degree of resistance to strongyloid nematodes. Being such excellent converters of rough fodders they do not suffer the nutritional deficiency and the resulting liability to these roundworms experienced seasonally by cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liver Fluke- During wallowing, water buffaloes can easily become infected with the waterborne infective stages of liver fluke (Fasciola gigantica). Although the number of flukes in a buffalo may be phenomenally high, no clinical signs of the disease are usually evident. It seems likely that the resulting liver damage reduces the growth and the work and milk production of buffaloes more than is generally appreciated.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trypanosomiasis- The water buffalo is susceptible to trypanosomiasis and is reportedly more susceptible than cattle to Trypanosoma evansi.Experience with the animal in Africa is limited, but trypanosomiasis may be the reason why Egypt is the only African country that has traditionally employed water buffalo.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Parasites- The wallow and its resulting mud cake seem to protect water buffalo from many biting flies, but the main ectoparasite in Australia and Southeast Asia is the buffalo fly (Siphona spp.). Pediculosis, caused by the sucking louse (Hematopinus tuberculatus), occurs widely among buffalo, and sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. bubalus) is a serious disease, especially among calves and during dry seasons when wallowing opportunities are restricted. The lung worm Dictyocaulus ririparus thrives in warm, humid areas and sometimes infects buffaloes heavily, although its outward manifestations are rare.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barlow, J. N. 1977. Toxicology and safety evaluation of Phosvel to Egyptian water buffalo. Pages 517-522 in: Pesticide Management and Insecticide Resistance, edited by D. L. Watson and A. W. A. Brown. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhowmik, M. K., and Iyer, P. K. R. 1977. Studies on the pathology of chronic lesions in the mammary glands of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). 1. Actinomycosis, nocardiosis and lesions simulating tuberculosis. Indian Veterinary Journal 54(5):342-346.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhowmik, M. K., Singh, S. P., and Iyer, P. K. R. 1977. Studies on chronic mastisis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). lndian Journal of Animal Health 16(2) :157-160.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1974. Aspects of disease. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dhar, S., Bhattacharyulu, Y., and Gautam, O. P. 1973. Susceptibility of Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) to Theileria annulata infection. Haryana Agricultural University Journal of Research 3(1):27-30.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dwivedi, S. K., Mallick, K. P., and Malhotra, M. N. 1979. Babesiosis: clinical cases in Indian water buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 56(4):333-335.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Griffiths, R. B. 1974. Parasites and parasitic diseases. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hafez, S. M., and Krauss, H. 1979. Detection of antibodies against some respiratory pathogens in the sera of domestic animals in Egypt. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 27(3):209-214.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ho, T. M. 1976. Animal disease control program in Republic of China for better animal production. Korean Journal of Animal Science 18(4):317-321.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iannelli, D. 1978. Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Arnee) allotypes: identification of a multiple allelic system. Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics 9(2):105113.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kapur, M. P., and Singh, R. P. 1977. Diagnosis of mastitis: a comparative study of four indirect tests.Haryana Veterinarian 16(2):69-73.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leue, A. 1971. Buffaloes in Nepal. Tierartliche Umschau 26(4):173-178.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohan, R. N. 1968. Diseases and parasites of buffaloes. I. Viral, mycoplasmal, and rickettsial diseases. II. Bacterial and fungal diseases. III. Parasitic and miscellaneous diseases. Veterinary Bulletin 38:567-576, 647-659, 735-756.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murthy, D. K., and Sharma, S. K. 1974. Studies on reactivity and immunogenecity of cell-culture rinderpest vaccine in different species of ruminants. Indian Journal of Animal Science 44(6):359-365.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Agustin, F. 1973. Important diseases and parasites of Carabaos. Philippine Journal of Nutrition 26(2):68-79.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schneider, C. R., Kitikoon, V., Sornmani, S., and Thiachantra, S. 1975. Mekong schistosomiasis. III. A parasitological survey of domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) on Khong Island, Laos. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 69(2):227-232.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, K. N. S., Jain, D. K,, and Noble, D. 1975. Calf mortality in pure and crossbred Zebu cattle and Murrah buffaloes reared artificially from birth. Animal Production 20(2):207-211.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, S. K., Banegee, D. P., and Gautam, O. P. 1978. Anaplasma marginale infection in Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Indian Journal of Animal Health 17(2): 105-110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shaw, J. J., and Lainson, R. 1972. Trypanosoma vivax in Brazil. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 66(1):25-32.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shukla, R. R., and Singh, G. 1972. Studies on tuberculosis amongst Indian buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 49(2):119-123.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soni, J. L. 1978. Suitability of different serological tests for diagnosis of brucellosis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Indian Journal of Animal Science 48(12) :873-881. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tantawi, H. H., Fayed, A. A., Shalaby, M. A., and Skalinsky, E. I. 1979. Isolation, cultivation and characterization of poxviruses from Egyptian water buffaloes .Journal of the Egyptian Veterinary Medical Association 37(4):15-23.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thomson, D. 1977. Diseases of water buffalo in the Northern Territory of Australia. Australian Veterinary Practioner 7(1):50-52.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young, P. L. 1979. Infection of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with bovine ephemeral fever virus. Australian Veterinary Journal 55(7):349-350. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8 Reproduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo has a reputation for being a sluggish breeder, but the average animal is so poorly fed that its reproductive performance is unrepresentative of its capabilities. Without reasonable nutrition the animals cannot reach puberty as early in life or reproduce as regularly as their physiology or genetic capability would normally allow.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Actually, adequately nourished buffaloes reach puberty at about the same age as cattle, as early as 18 months of age in buffalo bulls. In northern Australia Swamp females have conceived even as early as 14 months of age and feral buffaloes routinely conceive at 16 months of age. In the herd at Punjab Agricultural University in Ludhiana, India, 11 River buffalo heifers showed estrus at ages less than 18.5 months and a few came into heat when less than 15 months old. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo also can calve at an age comparable to that of cattle. At the Ain Shams University in Egypt a well-fed Egyptian buffalo herd of several hundred animals has an average age at first calving of 27 months, 22 days(Information supplied by M. El Ashry. Because of nutritional uncertainties, El Ashry and his colleagues believe that body weight is a better indicator of sexual preparedness than age is. These researchers at Ain Shams University recommend mating heifers when they weigh 365 kg no matter what their age. Research at Punjab Agricultural University shows that buffalo heifers can be bred when they weigh over 270 kg and manifest estrus).Most animals in the Punjab Agricultural University River buffalo herd calved before 35 months, one at 28.3 months.! In one Venezuelan herd almost all heifers 20-24 months old were pregnant; virtually all calved before age 38 months, most by 30 months, and one at age 23 months. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In trials in Queensland, Australia, and in Papua New Guinea buffaloes produced more calves over a 3-year period than the cattle tested with them. In the hot, humid Sepik Plains in northern Papua New Guinea it was noticed that female buffaloes (Swamp breed) came into estrus even while they were losing weight because of inadequate nutrition, whereas cattle did not. Under these stressful conditions the buffalo calves also reached sexual maturity earlier and the buffaloes had a higher calving percentage and a shorter calving interval because they came back into estrus more quickly than cattle(Information supplied by J. Schottler. The age at first calving of more than 60 nutritionally poor buffaloes was 38 months in one herd and 45 months for Brahman cross cattle) . Similar observations have been made in Florida, Trinidad, the Brazilian Amazon, Venezuela, and elsewhere. Although these are exceptions to the normal observations in Asia, where buffaloes seem to breed more slowly than cattle, they do demonstrate the buffalo's potential for improved breeding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Estrus in buffalo cows usually lasts about 24 hours, but duration varies and may range from 11 to 72 hours. It occurs on an average 21-day cycle. Determination of when a cow is in estrus is difficult because often the animal shows few outward signs of &quot;heat.&quot; This increases the chances of missing a cycle, especially for artificial insemination. Unclean surroundings, poor nutrition, and poor management, cause a high death rate among calves; this also contributes to the buffalo's often low reproductive rate.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many areas, calving is seasonal. This seems to be largely due to changes in nutrition. It may also be caused by heat stress, in either males or females, which results in a low breeding rate during the hot season. However, when buffalo cows are well fed, they come into estrus and will breed in any season.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many matings take place at night and are therefore unobserved. In one set of pregnancy diagnoses in northern Australia, the buffalo's conception rate (81 percent) was higher than that of the Brahman crossbreeds (70 percent) they were with. In India, artificial insemination of water buffaloes began in the late 1950s. Deep-frozen semen is now available and its use is spreading. Overall conception rates of 70-80 percent are obtained. It is estimated that some 100,000 buffaloes are now being artificially inseminated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo's gestation period is about one month longer and is more variable than that of cattle. Whereas cattle give birth after about 280 days (Angus, 279, Holstein, 279-280, Brown Swiss, 286), buffaloes take 300334 days (average 310) or roughly 10 months and 10 days (differences between breeds are unknown). In Punjab, India, River buffaloes have been observed to come into estrus as early as 40 days after calving. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nonetheless, only under uncommon circumstances can a buffalo cow produce a calf each year. In one herd of 800 cows in Venezuela the average female buffalo over age 4 produces 2 calves every 3 years. In response to a recent questionnaire, the majority of Indonesian farmers estimated that the calving rate was between 3 and 4 calves in 5 years. A few claimed a calf a year, some only 1 or 2 calves In 5 years. In Florida it has been noted that some buffalo cows having just calved became pregnant more quickly than cattle, so that a calf may indeed be produced each year. Regular yearly breeding has been noted also in northern Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The incidence of abortion, dystocia, retained placenta, and other parturition problems in buffaloes is similar to that in cattle. Twinning is very rare; probably no more than 0.01 percent of buffalo pregnancies produce twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Preliminary results in northern Australia indicate that weaning can be carried out as late as 12 months of age without any effect on conception time of the buffalo dam.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhattacharya, P. 1974. Reproduction. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chauhan, F. S., Singh, N., and Singh, M. 1977. Involution of uterus and cervix in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 30(4):286-291.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eusibio, A. N. 1975. Breeding, management and feeding practices of buffaloes in the Philippines. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. 1979. Buffalo Reproduction and Artificial Insemination. Proceedings of the Seminar Sponsored by FAO/SIDA/Government of India, held at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001-India, December 4-15, 1978. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghanem, Y. S. 1955a. Environmental causes of variation in the length of gestation of buffaloes. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 25 :301-311.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghanem, Y. S. 1955b. Genetic causes of variation in the length of gestation of buffaloes. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 25:307-311.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health, E., and Gupta, R. 1976. Ultrastructure of water buffalo (Bos bubalis) spermatozoa. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaerrnedizin 23(2):106-120.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu, C. H. 1978. The preliminary results of crossbreeding of buffaloes in China. Research Institute for Animal Science of Kwangsi, People's Republic of China.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matharoo, J. S., and Singh, M. 1980. Revivability of buffalo spermatozoa after deepfreezing the semen using various extenders. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaermedizin 27(5): 385-391.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rao, A. V. N., Murthy, T. S., and Dutt, K. L. 1979. Effect of lunar cyclicity on oestrus rhythmicity in the Indian water buffalo. Livestock Advisor 4(7):29-30.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rawal, C. V. S. 1978. A study on correlations of weight of pituitary gland and reproductive organs in males of Indian water buffalo. Indian Journal of Heredity 10(3):11-12.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977. Livestock in Indonesia. Research Report No. 1. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia. (In English and Indonesian.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roy, A. 1974. Observations on the physiology of reproduction. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. CockrilL Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahai, R., and Singhal, R. A. 1977. The sex chromatin profile of water buffaloes of Murrah breed. Indian Journal of Animal &amp;amp;Science 11(2):63-67.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, A. 1978. Studies on the process of spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm reserve in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Thesis Abstracts, Haryana Agricultural University 4(4):331.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, M., Matharoo, J. S., and Chauhan, F. S. 1980. Preliminary fertility results with frozen buffalo semen in Tris extender. Theriogenology 13(3):191-194.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, N., Chauhan, F. S., and Singh, M. 1979. Postpartum ovarian activity and fertility in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Sefence 32(2): 134-139.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sunkaporn Ratanadilok Na Puket. 1975. The improvement of buffalo production through breeding and management under Thailand conditions. In: Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Takkar, P. O., Chauhan, F. S., Tiwana, M. S., and Singh, M. 1979. Breeding behaviour of buffalo cows. Indian Veterinary Journal 56: 168-172.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toelihere, M. R. 1975. Physiology of reproduction and artificial insemination of water buffaloes. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1968. Incidence of calving and birth weights of domesticated buffalo in the Northern Territory. Proceedings of the Australian Society for Animal Productlon 7: 144-147.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1979. The water buffalo in Australia: reproductive and parent-offspring behaviour of buffalo. Australian Wildlife Research 6:265-287. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9 Management</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are adaptable and are managed in many ways. In general, they are raised like cattle. But in some operations they must be handled differently. This chapter highlights these differences.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Millions of water buffaloes are managed in &quot;backyards&quot; in Asia. They exist on the resources of small holdings. Management and expenditures are minimal. Care of the family buffalo is usually entrusted to children, old people, or women not engaged in other farm duties; the buffalo allows them to be useful and productive.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo fits the resources available on the farm, but it is also an urban animal. Thousands of herds of 2-20 buffaloes may be found in the cities and towns of India, Pakistan, and Egypt-all fed, managed, and milked in the streets.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, the buffalo has important qualities as a feedlot animal; it can be herded and handled with relative ease because of its placid nature. The Anand Cooperative in India's Gujarat State, which daily contributes thousands of gallons of milk to Operation Flood (the world's largest nutrition project), involves more than 150,000 Surti buffaloes that are fed, managed, and milked by their owners under feedlot-like conditions in their villages. Many of Italy's 100,000 buffaloes are maintained under similar conditions.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes can also be managed on rangelands. In Brazil, Venezuela, Trinidad, the United States, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and elsewhere there is rising interest in raising buffalo beef on the range. The production practices for raising them are similar to those used for range cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes in the humid tropics must be able to cool off. Shade trees are desirable, and although a wallow is not essential, it is probably the most effective way the animal has of coping with heat. Alternatively, water showers may be provided to wet down the animals 3-5 times during the hottest part of the day.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are intelligent animals. Young ones learn patterns quickly and often are reluctant to change their habits. Feral animals-even those born in the wild-tame down after a week or two in a fenced enclosure to the point where many can be handled, haltered, and hand fed(In one example, loo feral buffalo were captured in Northern Territory, Australia. With in 14 days all the animals-males and females, young and old-had become docile and amenable to handling. -Information supplied by D. G. Tulloch) . Among feral herds of northern Australia it has been observed that buffaloes have clans and families. A female calf seems to remain with its family and mother for many years (possibly for life). A male calf stays until it is about 2 years old, when it is driven from the group by an adult bull. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has also been noted in northern Australia that free-ranging buffaloes instinctively select clean water areas to drink from, other areas to wallow in, and still others as &quot;toilet areas.&quot; In addition, China's buffaloes reportedly are being &quot;toilet trained&quot; to defecate only at specific sites to avoid contaminating waterways with schistosome eggs.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another interesting observation from northern Australia is that most buffalo dams readily adopt a calf that has been orphaned by the death of its mother. In fact, females will allow several calves to nurse (including calves of other mothers and sometimes even adults).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are also self-reliant. For several months each year in Vietnam and Malaysia, for instance, they are turned loose in the forests to fend for themselves.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Provision of adequate fencing is one of the great problems of buffalo management. The  animals have strong survival instincts and if feed runs short, such as in the dry season,  they will break through fences that would deter cattle who would remain and starve. They  will also break through fences if their family unit is split up. Barriers must be stronger  than those used for cattle and the wires closer together and lower to the ground because  buffaloes lift fences up with their horns rather than trample them down. In northern  Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Costa Rica it has been found that buffaloes are  particularly sensitive to electric fences (a single wire is all that is needed), and in Brazil a  special suspension fence has been devised(Moura Carvalho et al., 1979). Both of these  seem to be cheap and efficient answers to the fencing problem.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are easily handled from horseback and easily worked through a corral.  Actually, because of their docility they can be mustered on foot, even on ranges where  cattle require horses. Unless they come from different areas they tend to herd together  and can be mustered like sheep.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the major management adjustments to be made by cattlemen is understanding  and capitalizing on the buffalo's placid nature. Buffaloes are naturally timid and startle  easily; they must be handled quietly and calmly. Rough handling, wild riding, and loud  shouting make handling them more difficult and training them much harder.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Village buffaloes are led and managed by a ring threaded through the septum between  the nostrils. The technique is frequently applied crudely and cruelly, often resulting in a  ripped septum.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The identification of individual buffaloes is difficult. Fire brands do not remain legible on  the skin for long. Cryobranding (freeze branding) is more durable. Most types of ear tags  are not very successful; the numbers wear off and mud covers up the tag's color. In  northern Australia ear tattooing has been the most successful identification technique,  with tattoos remaining legible for at least 8 years(Between 1958 and 1962 hundreds of  Australian buffalo were shipped on the hoof to the meat markets in Hong Kong without  trouble, despite crowded shipboard conditions and the long sea voyage. But in 1962 one  roughly treated bull went berserk in Hong Kong and killed a handler, and the Hong Kong  authorities stopped the trade as a result, although the problem was really one of  mismanagement. Buffalo have since been sent by air from Australia to Venezuela,  Nigeria, and Papua New Guinea and by barge to Papua New Guinea. No handling  problems have been experienced en route).  When they pasture together, cattle and  buffaloes coexist satisfactorily. They segregate themselves into their own groups and do  not interfere with one another. The buffaloes, however, usually dominate the cattle and  tend to monopolize the areas with the best feed supply.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feed troughs and mineral boxes used for cattle are suitable for buffaloes, but chutes and  crushes must be widened to accommodate the buffalo's broader body and, when  necessary, the Swamp buffalo's greater horn spread. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are powerful  swimmers. In Brazil they have been known to escape by swimming down the Amazon River. An unusual management difficulty is caused by piranha in the rivers and swamps of Venezuela. In one herd of 100 heifer buffaloes, 40 have lost all or part of a teat to these voracious fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The horns of water buffaloes are seldom removed or prevented from growing, a  testament to the animal's docility. (When questioned, one Thai villager said that he wouldn't  allow it because it would be a disgrace to the buffalo.) However, the animals can be  dehorned as calves in the same manner as cattle. They are then easier to handle In  chutes and cause less accidental injury to neighboring animals, handlers, walls, and  trees.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benya, E. G. 1972. Cattle and buffalo production in Vietnam. Dairy Science Mimeo  Report, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1974. Management, conservation and use. In: The Husbandry and Health  of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of  the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;De Boer, A. J. 1976. A further report on the Taiwan livestock industry: general policy  conclusions and further research needs. Journal of Agricultural Economics 19:116129.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lin, C. H. 1975. The breeding, management and feeding of water buffaloes in Taiwan. In:  The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon  Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei,  Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, R. E. 1972. Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates. W. H.  Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moura Carvalho, L. O. D., LouIenco, J. B., Nascimento, C. N. B., and Costa, N. A. 1979.  Cerca de Contencao pare Bubalinos e Bovinos. Comunicado Tecnico No. 28,  Agricultural Research Center for the Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem, Para, Brazil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rufener, W. H. 1975. Management and productive performance of water buffalo in  northeast Thailand. In: The Asiatic TVater Buffalo. Proceedings of an International  Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer  Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1978. The water buffalo in Australia: grouping and home range. Australian  Wildlife Research 5:327-354.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1979. Redomestication of water buffaloes in the Northern Territory of  Australia. Animal Regulation Studies 2(1):5-20.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10 Environmental Effects</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The grazing and wallowing habits of water buffaloes may have unexpected consequences when the animals are introduced to new, perhaps fragile environments. The presence of several thousand feral buffaloes on the coastal plains of northern Australia, for example, has become a very emotional issue among Australian environmentalists, some of whom foretell the complete destruction of the environment if the uncontrolled feral herds are not destroyed( It is not at all clear, however, that the buffaloes (which have existed in the area for 150 years) are causing the observed environmental degradation. Other possibilities include: fire, climatic stress, overgrazing, and a variety of farming, hunting, and other human activities, especially the use of four-wheel-drive vehicles. Thousands of wild pigs also share the area, along with crayfish that burrow into and weaken the levees that keep out the sea, something for which the buffaloes have been blamed). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soil Compaction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes have larger hooves than cattle of comparable size and thus they compact the soil less. But buffaloes often live in damp, boggy areas where their feet may compact soft soils. Also, buffaloes are creatures of habit and, when able, they set up fixed points for drinking, feeding, defecating, wallowing, and sleeping. Between the points they wear sharply defined trails in the vegetation and soil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wallowing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Possibly the water buffalo's greatest environmental limitation is its propensity to build wallows. In hot climates every buffalo will wallow at some time during the heat of the day if water is available. When they can, buffaloes will make their own wallows, enlarging a mud puddle by rolling in it or even using their heads to flip water out of a drinking trough and muddying the ground nearby.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pasture in the immediate area of the wallow is usually damaged by trampling and waterholes may become fouled, but buffaloes return to the same wallow day after day and do not build new ones indiscriminately. Thus, the muddied area is not a large proportion of the location in which they graze unless a large number of animals are confined in a small space(At Gainesville, Florida (possibly because of its subtropical but not hot climate), a herd of 52 buffaloes concentrated in a one-hectare field did not attempt to build a wallow at ale -Information supplied by H. Popenoe.) . In addition, man-made wallows can be dug at safe sites and the animals will use them. The problem of wallowing is therefore not generally a serious one.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Damage to Waterways&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because buffaloes often live near and enter water freely, they may cause erosion in ditches, river banks, canals, and levees. Also, their wallowing muddies the water, which may adversely affect some fish species and reduce the growth of algae. Buffaloes commonly urinate and defecate in the water, possibly creating a pollution hazard, although in most situations this contamination is likely to be minor.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The presence of this herbivore in natural waterways may reduce the number of water plants. Some plants are trampled, some eaten, and some underwater species are suppressed because the muddied water transmits less light. This (and several other of the buffalo's environmental effects) can be turned to advantage (see picture page 85) when, as often occurs, aquatic plants grow out of control and become obnoxious weeds.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Damage to Pastures&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes have very strong jaws, and when forage is sparse they graze it close to the ground; this overgrazing can destroy a pasture. In addition, they eat virtually all available plant material (including many species that cattle shun), so that a densely stocked pasture can become completely defoliated. In northern Australia it has been found that, with time, buffaloes become accustomed to a given pasture, and unless fences are strong they will instinctively return to it until the forage has been depleted.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo's inclination to eat many plants can be used to improve the environment and suppress growth of coarse weedy species of plants. On the Sepik Plains in Papua New Guinea buffaloes are being used to graze and suppress sedges (Cyperus species), as a result, the more desirable Paspalum species are beginning to appear. At Mount Bundy in northern Australia native pastures are being improved on a commercial scale by overstocking them with buffaloes. The animals reduce or completely eliminate spear grass and other weeds-even those with thorns-and thus foster the survival and growth of introduced forage legumes such as stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis). In Sri Lanka buffaloes have been used to graze out the vigorous tropical grass Imperata cylindrica.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Damage to Trees&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes instinctively rub against trees (and walls and fences), eagerly browse leaves, and sometimes nibble bark, so they damage trees more so than cattle. In northern Australia it has been noted that each &quot;family herd&quot; of feral buffaloes selects one or two trees for rubbing against so that the rubbing damage is confined to them. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rajapske, G., 1950. Death of illuk. Ceylon Coconut Quarterly, 1:7-9.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1969. Home range in feral water buffalo. Australian Journal of Zoology 17:143-152.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1970. Seasonal movement and distribution of the sexes in the water buffaloes in the Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Zoology 18:399-414.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1975. Buffalo in the northern swamplands. Proceedings III of the World Conference on Animal Production. Theme 1, Paper 7.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1977. Some aspects of the ecology of the water buffalo in the Northern Territory. In: The Australian buffalo-a collection of papers, edited by B. D. Ford and D. G. Tulloch. Technical Bulletin No. 18, Department of the Northern Territory, Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra, Australia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11 Recommendations and Research Needs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has outlined the water buffalo's apparent merits, but most of the statements made about the animal are based on empirical observations. Many of its most exciting and potentially valuable features have not been subjected to the careful scrutiny needed to confirm their validity.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the fact that there are 130 million or more water buffalo in the world, research on the animal is scanty and limited to only a few situations and sites. Quantitative information (especially for the various breeds), tests, trials, and comparison studies are needed.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The research to be done on the water buffalo offers scientific challenges that can be undertaken in laboratories and experiment stations in most parts of the world and in many disciplines: breeding, physiology, microbiology, veterinary science, nutrition, food science, dairy science, and other fields. Water buffalo research is an area worthy of financial support by philanthropic institutions and international development agencies concerned with problems of food and resource shortages. The dominant role of the buffalo in the rural economies of Egypt and Asian countries offers the opportunity for buffalo research that can bring improvements quickly and easily to the rural poor. For other countries the water buffalo is an untapped resource, and they should test its productivity on native pasturelands, marshy lowlands, hot and humid areas where cattle do not thrive, and on areas prone to cattle diseases and parasites that are difficult to control.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Specific recommendations follow.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Comparison with Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal scientists worldwide should undertake trials to compare growth rate, feeding, nutrition, breeding, and other aspects of buffalo and cattle performance.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle and water buffaloes are obviously different animals. Each has its own limitations and advantages, and each deserves to be studied in its own right. Perhaps the quickest way for animal scientists to experience for themselves the merits of the water buffalo is to conduct their own comparative trials with buffaloes and cattle in their areas. The results will provide local guidance and will help extend recognition of the buffalo's value, especially under difficult conditions where it may exceed cattle in productivity and profitability.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Germ Plasm Preservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Urgent action is needed, especially in Southeast Asia, to preserve and protect outstanding buffalo specimens.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some countries (Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, for example) buffalo populations are decreasing dramatically. High demands for meat are causing slaughter at younger and younger ages. Much of the meat is exported to restaurants and markets in Singapore and Hong Kong. Unfortunately, the largest and quickest growing animals are often selected for slaughter. This results in the loss of a major genetic resource, which is compounded by the practice of castrating the largest males to make them more tractable as work animals. Ten years ago in Thailand it was common to find buffalo weighing 1,000 kg; now it is hard to find 750-kg specimens. A similar situation exists in the Philippines where there is no dearth of good breeding stock, but butchers are paying such high prices that farmers are selling even quality animals for slaughter. In northern Australia, where some of the bulls weigh almost 1,200 kg, the largest animals are being shot for meat, hides, pet food, or sportsmen's trophies,  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A large number of high-yielding buffaloes are taken each year to big cities in India (for example, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras) for milking. At the end of lactation many are returned to the villages, but many others are slaughtered, rather than being fed and retired. This creates a huge loss of valuable germ plasm. In many locations most of the largest animals have already been lost. Only urgent action will protect those remaining.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Shipment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo quarantine stations should be organized in &quot;disease-free&quot; areas to develop buffalo germ plasm pools for international exchange.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The importation of buffaloes presents difficulties for any government, researcher, or farmer wishing to obtain the animals for the first time or for breeding purposes. Quarantine laws make it extremely difficult and expensive to exchange genetic resources.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia is one of the few nations where there are large numbers of water buffalo in an area free of the major animal diseases. Papua New Guinea, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria, Colombia, Venezuela, and other nations have taken advantage of this and have  imported Australian buffaloes. But Australian herds are all Swamp buffaloes(The island  of Guam is also a safe source of Swamp animals, although the feral herds there are  depleted, only 300 or 400 animals were left on Guam in 1978) and so breeding centers  should be set up also (in Sri Lanka and Italy perhaps) where importers can obtain  River-type (including Mediterranean) buffaloes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetic Improvement&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide efforts should be made to select superior buffalo bulls and cows for breeding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Performance testing, leading to the mass selection of superior animals, deserves high  priority. Virtually all buffalo breeding is haphazard and unplanned. Village animals graze  together and matings are usually not con&quot; trolled, observed, or recorded. Thus, the full  genetic potential of the water buffalo is not being realized.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A massive selection program is needed to bring about genetic progress. For each breed,  bulls and cows with the potential for improving production of meat and milk and  increasing draft power should be identified and used for breed improvement. However,  the wide variations between the characteristics of individual animals may make  exceptional genetic advances difficult to achieve quickly.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Important traits for culling and selection include behavior, temperament, reproduction  rate, easy milk letdown, average daily gain in weight or weight at a given age, carcass  quality (for example, large hindquarters), and milk production, as well as strength and  endurance for work.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossbreeding of Swamp and River buffaloes is a potentially important route to genetic  improvement. The progeny reportedly show hybrid vigor (heterosis) in milking ability,  fertility, meat production, and working ability. Infusing genes for high milk production into  the Swamp buffalo, now used mainly for meat and work, creates the potential for a  triple-purpose animal.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The use of artificial insemination and deep-frozen semen should be a major help in  upgrading the buffalo. Moreover, the transport of live embryos (rather than neonatal  animals) for implantation in the uterus of surrogate mothers could be important for water  buffalo. It seems unlikely, however, that buffalo embryos can be implanted in cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most genetic selections should be made in Asia where 97 percent of the world's water  buffaloes are located. The improvements will depend on how accurately bulls can be  identified, selected, and mated. Performance and  progeny testing is sorely needed at research stations as well as &quot;on the farm.&quot; Governments should also institute bull-loan or artificial-insemination programs as a means for upgrading the village herds.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Comparison of Breeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The relative merits of the various buffalo breeds should be determined,  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little or no information is available on the comparative performance of the different buffalo breeds in various environments, especially the 17 or so River breeds in the Subcontinent and the Egyptian and Mediterranean breeds. Comparison trials of the breeds and breed-crosses are needed in a wide range of climates from the humid tropical to the temperate. In addition, the cytogenetic, immunogenetic, and inheritance relationships of breeds should be clarified.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel encourages countries such as India and Pakistan that have a number of buffalo breeds (for example, Murrah, Surti, Jafarabadi, Mehsana, and Nili/Ravi) to set up experimental farms for scientific reproduction of superior specimens. Substantial research benefits as well as profitable economic returns from using and exporting some of them would be realized.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meat and Milk Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and demonstration is needed to foster the widespread consumption of buffalo meat and milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk, cheese, and other dairy products are considered outstanding foods in all locations where they are produced. Taste tests so far have indicated that buffalo meat is similar or slightly superior to beef produced under the same conditions.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A specific need is to feed the male calves and use them for meat. Many are now slaughtered at a young age and light weight. Research that provides either a partial or complete milk substitute for feeding calves would have a major impact on meat supplies and farmer income. Diets being developed for calves in Egypt incorporate such ingredients as whey, soybean meal, corn flour (corn starch), and yeast.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other research topics include:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The effect of climate, thermoregulation, and wallowing on meat and milk production;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The meat characteristics of each of the breeds and the differences between them,  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Milk production and quality for each of the breeds;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Adapting buffaloes to machine milking by genetic selection or by designing new milking  machinery;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Developing new or improved milk products (such as yogurt, cottage cheese, and hard  cheese); and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Banking genetically superior germ plasm for later use.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Work Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel recommends research on new harnesses to replace the omnipresent yoke.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As already noted, the wooden yoke, which has not changed in 1,500 years or more, is an  inefficient harness. Research is needed to adapt horse collars, hames, breast straps,  and other devices for the buffalo. Because much of the farm power in Asia comes from  buffaloes, the impact of improved harness could be dramatic, widespread, and of  enormous value to millions of small farmers there. If the experiments in Thailand  described earlier are an indication, the farm power in Asia could be increased by 25  percent overnight with the adoption of an improved harness. The buffalo will continue to  be the small farmer's &quot;tractor,&quot; so the benefits from improved harnesses are likely to  continue for a long time.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are 13 million buffalo and bullock carts in India and 20 million Indians are engaged  in the business of road haulage. Application of appropriate technology would eliminate  the archaic wooden wheels, axles, and heavy carts and substitute lightweight carts,  perhaps with such features as metal wheels, pneumatic tires, ball bearings, and fixed  axles. With such improvements, loads might be increased and hauled over longer  distances at greater speed and with less work.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trials in New Areas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Testing of water buffalo production is needed in many areas where the animal is not  known.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A seemingly adaptable animal, the water buffalo should be productive throughout the  earth's warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical zones. Different breeds may adapt  differently to extremes of heat, humidity, and cold, and this needs further study.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The United States, the Mediterranean Basin of Europe, and some of the more temperate  European areas like southern England are worth considering for water buffalo trials. In the Southern Hemisphere River buffaloes are already found as far south as 25Â° latitude in Brazil's Sao Paulo State (where large herds are raised); an experimental herd of Swamp buffaloes has performed outstandingly in Brisbane, Australia (27Â°S); and there are a few Swamp buffalo in South Australia and Victoria (35Â°S or more). There is good reason to believe that water buffaloes may be productive in all of the states in Australia, New Zealand's North Island, South Africa, Argentina, and other warm temperate areas of the Southern Hemisphere.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biggest void in the water buffalo map is virtually the entire continent of Africa. It seems a paradox that the buffalo-Egypt's most important domestic animal-is not farmed commercially in any other African country. Experimental herds have been introduced to Nigeria, Uganda, Mozambique, Tanzania, and other countries in the past, and the initial success of three of them is described in Appendix A.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo, with its tolerance for heat, disease, poor-quality feed, and mismanagement, appears to have outstanding promise for African nations such as Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco, Senegal, and The Gambia as well as all nations south of the Sahara (Nambia perhaps being an exception).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More specific aspects of environmental tolerance deserving research attention are:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The physiology of the buffalo's response to heat, cold, humidity, and other environmental factors;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The effect of climate on growth, reproduction, milk production, health, respiration rate, behavior, and carcass quality; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Measurement of the calorific efficiency and chemical composition of all breeds of buffaloes and cattle to determine the environments best suited to each breed.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nutrition Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite observations of the buffalo's ability to utilize poor quality forage, research is needed to learn how the animal does it.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This research should:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establish the buffalo's nutrient requirements by breed, sex, age, and weight for maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation, and work;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Determine voluntary forage consumption and the nutrient utilization of different forages in various stages of maturity;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Examine rumen microbiology and fermentation, the rate of digestion, production, and absorption of volatile fatty acids produced in the rumen, and utilization of energy, nitrogen, vitamins, and minerals; &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Develop milk replacements for early~weaned calves;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Observe the current village-level feeding of low~uality forages to learn their nutrient requirements, nutrient deficiency diseases, and nutrient supplementation needed;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Study the utilization of concentrated, high-energy feeds (especially byproduct feeds) to determine the upper limits of buffalo growth and productivity (milk, meat, and work) and carcass quality;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Compare various breeds of water buffaloes and other ruminants to determine possible differences in nutritional requirements and performance; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Apply economic research to production practices, including night feeding of cut forage and the use of improved pastures.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research to improve management practices could benefit small farmers, ranchers, and feedlot feeders alike.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about the farm management factors that influence water buffalo productivity. Studies and extension literature for farmers are needed on subjects such as:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Proper fencing;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Procedures for dehorning and for preventing horn growth in calves;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Grazing management methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Preservation of forages;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Methods and effect of castration;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Methods and effect of spaying;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Breeding methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Milking methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Artificial insemination, methodology and use;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Methods of handling animals under grazing conditions or in feedlots;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Age for weaning under different conditions;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Mineral and protein supplementation methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Semen freezing;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Ova transplantation methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cryobranding and other methods of animal identification;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Control of internal parasites; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Disease prevention and treatments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed in areas where uncertainties about buffalo diseases are hindering  the animals' use.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The research should:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Develop control and management practices to prevent specific infections and parasites  for buffalo groups such as calves, yearlings, heifers, pregnant cows, newly calved cows,  and bulls;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Elucidate the factors (genetic, nutritional,management, disease) causing losses of  newly born calves;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Prevent and control the major diseases and parasites of the buffalo: hemorrhagic  septicemia, brucellosis, tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease, sarcoptic mange,  fascioliasis, nematode parasites, rinderpest and &quot;rinderpestlike&quot; diseases, nephritis, and  conjunctivitis;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Develop herd-health programs and specific disease-control programs for the various  production systems;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Determine the level of susceptibility to trypanosomiasis, a disease that might mitigate  against introducing the animal widely to Africa; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Define the buffalo's role in malarial ecology.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed to improve water buffalo reproduction.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research topics should include:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Physiology and deep-freezing of buffalo semen. (Although it is possible to freeze the  buffalo semen now, further improvements are needed to achieve higher conception  rates.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Incidence of sub-estrus and anestrus. This is fairly high in buffaloes. Work is needed to  determine the factors contributing to this problem and find solutions applicable in the  field. A simple, inexpensive test for the routine diagnosis of estrus is needed. It could  ensure that buffaloes are inseminated at the optimal time and could lead to the possible  synchronizing of estrus in groups of animals as well as the elimination of seasonal  breeding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Seasonality of breeding. Investigations are needed into seasonal effects on the intensity  and deviation of estrus in buffaloes. Most of the buffaloes in northern India and Pakistan,  for example, calve between July and December, causing scarcity of milk in the summer  season and a flush of production in the winter months (this phenomenon causes serious  marketing problems).  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Low libido and low semen yield in buffalo bulls. Semen yield in buffalo bulls is less than half of the yield from cattle bulls.  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Effect of season and other factors on semen quality.  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Variation in the freezability of semen from different bulls.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dissemination of Information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel recommends that two water buffalo publications be produced.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These should be:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· An international water buffalo newsletter. It is important to maintain communication among researchers working with the water buffalo in far flung research stations, universities, missions, and villages. Research findings may not be widely shared if technical animal science journals and the one or two national newsletters now available remain the only source of water buffalo information. A newsletter would bring together results from different parts of the world. It would provide rapid exchange of information as well as a forum for informal opinions, observations, and preliminary experimental data that are usually not accepted by journals.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A formal journal of water buffalo research.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, other methods for disseminating water buffalo information are to be encouraged. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix A</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water Buffalo in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the water buffalo, Africa is the unknown continent. Apart from Egypt, where the  &quot;gamoosa&quot; is a major livestock resource, there have been few recorded experiences  with the animal in Africa. While this may be attributed to disease, chances are it is  because of historical oversight.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small herds of buffaloes were recently introduced to Uganda, Tanzania, and Nigeria, but  because there were so few animals no firm conclusions can be drawn. Initial  observations, however, suggest that the water buffalo could have an important future role  in Africa, south of the Sahara. There seems little reason to believe that they won't thrive  there as they have done elsewhere in the tropics.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following statements were provided by researchers involved in the enterprises.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Uganda imported a herd of 12 buffalo cows and one bull in 1969. Grazed on poor-quality  unimproved pasture they received neither supplementary feeding nor any preferential  treatment over the East African zebus kept with them. The herd stayed 7 years at  Entebbe before being moved to another part of the country. They proved to be very  efficient converters of the low protein, high-fber fodder. During this time the herd grew to  40 adult cows and 2 bulls (all other steers were slaughtered). The cows calved every  year. The calves matured at 2 to 21/2 years; the zebu calves took at least 3 years to  mature. Buffalo calves were much heavier than the zebus of comparable age.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;The buffalo cows averaged 7 liters of milk per milking. In taste it was preferred to zebu  milk. Also, the quality of the meat after slaughter was much better than that of the zebus.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;A major advantage the buffaloes had over the cattle was that they were remarkably  unaffected by diseases endemic to the area. Apart from a few calves that died of  diseases that also killed cattle on the farm at Entebbe, the buffaloes resisted tick-borne  diseases, the biggest killers of cattle in Uganda, and were unaffected by the virulent  strains of East Coast Fever (Theileriosis), Uganda's most serious endemic animal  disease.&quot;(Information supplied by G. L. Corry, Director, Veterinary Research Services, Entebbe  Uganda)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Early in 1976, 194 buffaloes aged 6-9 months were imported from the environs of Darwin in Australia's Northern Territory. The animals settled down quite well, and by the end of 1978 the stock population had risen to about 320, the adults weighing about 400 kg with about 80 percent fertility. The animals were in excellent health when an outbreak of streptothricosis occurred early in 1979. Because of the intractable nature of this rare disease of cattle, sheep, and pigs, the apparent spread of the disease in the confined area of the ranch, and the persistence of the organism, the animals were slaughtered(nformation supplied by Dr. J. E. Erhiaganoma, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Benin City, Bendel State of Nigeria)..  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania introduced 21 buffalo heifers and 2 buffalo bulls from Egypt in 1968 and 1970. By 1977 the herd had grown to 150 animals. They were kept at the Livestock Production Research Institute at Mpwapwa, a site representative of central Tanzania(Mpwapwa is located at an elevation of 1,000 m. It receives an annual rainfall of 700 mm during a single season between late November and early May. Mean minimum temperatures of 13Â°C occur in June, and mean maximum temperatures of 26Â°C occur in November). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over a period of 10 years the buffalo were studied and compared with crossbreeds of local Mpwapwa cows and Friesian steers. On average, the buffaloes conceived and calved 4 months earlier than the cattle, their mean calving intervals were about a month shorter, their birth and weaning weights were 1.5 times higher, and their daily weight gain was about double that of the crossbred cattle. The milk yield from the buffaloes was only about two thirds that of the crossbred cattle, but their rnilk's high butterfat content meant that the overall butterfat production was higher in buffaloes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Figures reported are shown below:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p98.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a second study (Shoo, R A. 1980. A study of the performance of Egyptian water buffaloes. Student project, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine, University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania.), 30 buffaloes and 34 Mpwapwa cattle (not the crossbreeds) were compared(Mpwapwa cattle are a Tanzanian breed with 55 percent Asian, 35 percent African, and 10 percent European blood). The calving intervals were 396 + 126 days for buffaloes and 437 + 109 days for cattle. The buffaloes first conceived at mean ages of 23-25 months (matings occurred in both wet and dry seasons), the cattle at 27-36 months. The buffaloes calved at 35 months, the cattle at 46 months.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On farms at Ruvu and Mabuki the calving rate was 63 percent, and the mortality rate 1.2-6.9 percent(Rakha, A. 1980. water buffalo Production, Tanzania. Report of the technical Cooperation Program TCP/URT/9002, Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Rome, Italy). The buffalo's overall milk yields averaged 1,237 kg in 225 days, or 5.5 kg per day.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The results of the introduction of buffalo to Tanzania are considered &quot;quite encouraging and the future of buffaloes in Tanzania will be bright.&quot; (Oloufa, M. M. 1981. The future of water buffaloes in Tanzania Paper presented at the Tanzania Society of Animal Production Eighth Scientific Conference, Arusha, Tanzania May 26-29, 1981.) Future plans call for increasing the herd to about 200 animals with a view toward establishing another buffalo herd. In addition, 5 buffalo sires have been selected in Egypt for shipment to Tanzania.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix B</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Contacts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A directory of names in buffalo studies and research is available from the International Buffalo Information Center, Kasetsart University Library, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Industry Branch, Department of Primary Production, P.O. Box 5160, Darwin, Northern Territory 5790 (D.R. Thomson, B. Ford)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berrimah Agricultural Research Station, Darwin, Northern Territory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coastal Plains Research Station, near Darwin, Northern Territory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. G. Tulloch, P.O. Box 38841, Winnellie 5789, Northern Territory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Queensland, Department of Animal Husbandry, St. Lucia, Queensland (D.D. Charles)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associacao de Criadores de Bufalos do Brasil, Cx Postal 832, Sao Paulo (President, Dr. Paulo Joaquim Monteiro da Silva)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Tropico Umido (Agricultural Reseach Center of the Humid Tropics), Caixa Postal, 48, Belem, Para, 66000  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnology), Universidade Estadual &quot;Julio de Mesquita Filho,&quot; Campus de Botucatu, Estado de Sao Paulo  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto de Zootecnia (Institute of Zootechnology), Nova Odessa, Sao Paulo (Prof. Alberto Alves Santiago)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr. Geraldo Mosse, Rua Apinages 716-CEP, 05017, Sao Paulo, S.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr. Walmore Muller Lacort, Ministerio de agriculture Explanada des Ministerios, Bloco 8-50 Andar Sala 518, 70.000 Brasilia, D.F.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bulgaria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sofia (P. Ivanov, Z. Zahariev)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo Basis, Livestock Breeding Research Institute, Shumen (Dr. D. St. Polikhronov, Director; Dr. A. Alexis)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nanking Agricultural College, Nanking (Professor Sieh Chen-Hsia)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kwangsi Agriculture College, Nanning, Kwangsi (Professor Wang Pei Chien&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Farm, Lu Hsu, Pinyang County, Kwasngsi Chang Autonomous Region&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Institute for Animal Science, Nanning, Kwangsi (Dr. Chou Chi-Sheng)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singchow Dairy Farm, Kwangtung Province&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jose Luis Pacheco, Director, Dept Formento, 8502 JAPDEVA, Puerto Limon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ain Shams University, Kasr-EI-Zaafran, Abbasiyah, Cairo (M.A. El-Ashry, A.M. El-Serafy)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo (Dr. M.T. Ragab)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Alexandria, 22 Al-Gueish Avenue, Shatby, Alexandria (K. El-Shazly)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr. R. Dunkel, Herzeleidstrasse 39, 5330 Konigswinter 41, Bonn&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. Dr. H. Fischer, Insitut fur Tropische Veterinarmedizin, Wilhelmstr. 15, 6300 Giessen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gesellschaft fur Agrarentwicklung (GAE), Meckenheimer Allee 113, 5300 Bonn 1&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hungary&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Kovacs, Department of Animal Husbandry, Agricultural University, Deak F. -u16, 8361Keszthely  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Hyderabad, A.P. (Director of Research)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Husbandry Commissioner, Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Sciences, Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Buffalo Breeding Farm, Sambalpua, PO: Sunbeda, Distt. Kerapur, Orissa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Frozen Semen Bank, Hessarghatta, Bangalore, Kamataka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Murrah Breeding Farm, Almadi, Tamil Nadu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Surti Buffalo Farm, Dhamrod, Gujarat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chief Superintendent, Govenment Livestock Farm, Hissar, Haryana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Chandra Sekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Mathura Campus, Mathura, U.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Co-ordinator, All India Buffalo Improvement Project, Natioal Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, (Dr. V. N. Tripathi)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, Military Dairy Farm, Army Headquarters, Quatermaster, General Branch, DHQ PO New Delhi 11  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government Livestock Farm, Anjora Distt: Durg, Madhya Pradesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gujarat Agricultural University, Reproductive Biology Research Unit, PO Anand Agricultural Institute, Anand, Gujarat  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haryana Agricultural University , Hissar, Haryana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Barcilly, V.P. (Dr. S.K. Ranjan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, 482004, M.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd., Anand, Gujarat (Dr. V. Kurien, Chairman)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Dairy Development Board, Anand, Gujarat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Dairy Research Institute (ICAR), Karnal 132002, Haryana (S.P. Arora, Dr. D. Sundaresan, Director)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab (Dr. J.S. Ichhponani, Dr. S.K. Misra)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwar Campus, Dharwar, Karnataka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Udaipur, Udaipur, Rajasthan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balai Inseminasi Buatan Lembang, Jawa Barat (Dr. R.D. Simangunsong)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agriculture, Jl Salemba Raya 16, Jakarta (Dr. Jaman Zailani)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pusat Penelitian den Pengambangan Ternak (Centre for Animal Research and Development), Bogor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iraq&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Rearing Station, Abu Ghraib, Baghdad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Production and Health Division, FAO,00100 Rome&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associazione Provinciale Allevatori, via Redentare, Caserta (Professore de Franciscis,Presidente)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto de Ricerche soll'Adattamento Bovini e dei Bufali, Ponticelli, Napoli (Director: ProÂ£ Lino Ferrara)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnica, via Onofrio Panvino, Rome (Prof. A. Pilla)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnice di Roma, via Salaria 31, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (Dr. Augusto Romita)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ugo Jemma, Torre Lupara, 81050 Pastorano, near Caserta&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Shimuzu, The University of Tsukuba, Sakura-mura niihar gun ibaraki-ken 300-311&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Animal Husbandry Station, Kluang&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University Pertanian, Serdang, Selangor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Serdang, Selangor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Artificial Insemination Project, Tfipureshwar, Kathmandu (Dr. A.C. Gupta)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Division, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Kathmandu (Dr. N.D. Joshi)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;College of Animal Husbandry, Lahore (Dr. Mohammad Shafi Chaudhry)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Reproduction, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Dr. Rashid Ahmad Chaudhary)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadurnagar District, Sahiwat, Punjab (Dr. S.K. Shah, Director)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Punjab Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore 13&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hugo Giraoud, Apartado 60-2745, El Dorado&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Primary Industry, ERAP, P.O. Box. 348, Lae (John H. Schottler)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sepik Plains Livestock Station, Ufimo via Wewak, E.S.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Science Department, Central Luzon State University, Muiloz, Nueva Ecija&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Systems, Diliman, Quezon City Dairy Development Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Sta. Mesa, Metro Manila (Dr. Conrado A. Valdez)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3720  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Science, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3720 (Dr. V. C. Momongon)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Documentation Center on Water Buffalo, University of the Philippines at Los Banos Library, College, Laguna 3720  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research, Livestock Research Division, Los Banos, Laguna 3732 (Dr. Alfonso N. Eusebio)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Portugal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Ross CockriII, 591 Vale do Lobo, Almansil, Algrave 8100&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Production and Health, Peradeniya (Dr. K. Balachandran)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;School of Veterinary Science, University of Sri Lanka, Peradenlya Dr. B.M.A.O. Perrera)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, P.O. Box 22-149, Taipei City&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro (M.L. Kyomo)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAFCO Farm, Ruvu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, Livestock Development Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Dar es Salaam&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.M.J. Katyega, Director, Livestock Production Research Institute, Private Bag, Mpwapwa M.M. Oloufa, FAO, Morogoro  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kasetsart University, Department of Animal Science, Bangkok (Dr. Charan Chantalakhana) Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Street, Bangkok 5 (Dr. Maneewan Kamonpatana)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Bangkok 10500  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO Regional Office, Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 2 (Dr. B. K. Soni)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of Livestock Development Project, Tha Phra, Khon Kaen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Buffalo Research and Training Center, Surin&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trinidad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Steve Bennett, 61 Mucurapo Road, Port-of-Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. L. Corry, Director, Veterinary Research Services, P.O. Box 24, Entebbe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Mugerwa, Faculty of Agriculture, MaKerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. B. Begg, Resident Veterinary Surgeon, Howletts and Port Lympne Estates, Ltd., Port Lympne, Lympne, Kent CT21 4PD  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. N. Wilson, BOCM Silcock Ltd., Basing View, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2EQ&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wyland Cripe, Asst. Dean for Public Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Box J-125, JHMHC, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Harrington, IRI Research Institute, Inc. One Rockefeller Plaza, New York, New York 10020 James Hentges, Department of Animal Science, Room 2104 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jack Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nels M. Konnerup, 609 East Iverson Road, Camano Island, Washington 98292&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. P. Leonards, P.O. Box 1094, Lake Charles, Louisiana 70602&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John K. Loosli, Department of Animal Science, Room 2103 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert E. McDowell, Department of Animal Science, Frank B. Morrison Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hugh Popenoe, International Programs in Agriculture, 3028 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;William R. Pritchard, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abelardo Ferrer D., Quinta Nueva Exparta, Avenida Jose Felix Rivas, San Bernardino, Caracas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix C</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANDREW HAY, President, Calvert-Peat, Inc., New York, New York (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Institute of Land Rehabilitation, Utah State University, Logan, Utah  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PEDRO BARBOSA, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FLETCHER L. BYROM, Chairman, Koppers Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON BROWN, Director, Resource Systems Institute, The East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DORIS GALLOWAY, Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY E. CARTER, Associate Administrator, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH COLSON, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, California  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BREWSTER C. DENNY, Dean, Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND I. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, ex-officio  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HERBERT I. FUSFELD, Director, Center for Science and Technology Policy, Graduate School of Public Administration, New York University, New York, New York (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARTIN GOLAND, President, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LINCOLN GORDON, Senior Fellow, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. (member through September 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES P. GRANT, President, Overseas Development Council, Washington, D.C. (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, ax-officio  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE R. HERBERT, President, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM N. HUBBARD, JR., President, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT N. KREIDLER, Private Foundation Consultant, New York, New York  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RICHARD LASTER, Executive Vice President, General Foods Corporation, White Plains, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN LISTON, Director, Institute for Food Science &amp;amp; Technology, College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS F. MALONE, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, ex-officio  FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODNEY W. NICHOLS, Executive Vice President, Rockefeller University, New York, New York (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DANIEL A. OKUN, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. RAY PARISER, Senior Research Scientist, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAMES BRIAN QUINN, Amos Tuck School of Business Administration, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PRISCILLA C. REINING, Director, Project on Desertification, International Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. RICHARDSON, JR., Department of Horticulture, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, Rockefeller University, New York, New York  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. GUYFORD STEVER, Consultant, Washington, D.C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Program Officer, Africa and the Middle East, International Agricultural Development Service, New York, New York  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VICTOR RABINOWITCH, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Deputy Director  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN G. HURLEY, Deputy Director&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1883 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/wb34te/wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">193002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://wb34te/wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://wb34te/wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Development in practice: Toward Gender Equality</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Women, gender and development, women's organizations</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Development in practice: Toward Gender Equality (wb34te)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">achieve gender equality</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">World Bank</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01d8.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p16.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p17.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p18.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p19.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p20.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p23.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p24.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p28.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p29a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p29b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Role of Public Policy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;@ 1995 The Intentional Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing July 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Development in Practice series publishes reviews of the World Bank's activities in different regions and sectors. It lays particular emphasis on the progress that is being made and on the policies and practices that hold the most promise of success in the effort to reduce poverty in the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This book is a product of the staff of the World Bank. and the judgments made herein, do not necessarily reflect the views of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Photo credits: Maurice Asseo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Library of Congers Cataloging-in-Publication Data&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toward gender equality: the role of public policy.  p. cm-(Development in practice)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Includes bibliographer references (p. 70)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-8213-3337-2&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Women-Government policy. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2. Women's rights. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3. Sex discrimination against women. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4. Economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Series:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development in practice (Washington. D.C.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HQ 1 236.T68; 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;305.4-dc20 95-631&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CIP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Foreword</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TWENTY years ago in Mexico the First World Conference on Women inspired a movement that has helped to reduce gender inequality worldwide. Illiteracy among women is declining, maternal mortality and total fertility rates are beginning to fall. and more women are participating in the labor force than ever before. However. much remains to be done.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In low-income countries women are often denied health care and basic education. Worldwide. women face limited access to financial services, technology. and infrastructure. They are locked into relatively low-productivity work. In addition to performing household tasks and child-rearing duties, women work longer hours for lower pay than most men. And. most discouraging of all. hundreds of thousands of women each year are subject to gender-related violence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Persistent inequality between women and men constrains a society's productivity and, ultimately slows its rate of economic growth. Although this problem has been generally recognized evidence on the need for corrective action is more controlling today than ever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report written for the Fourth World Conference on Women is intended as a reference to strategies for promoting gender equality and. consequently enhancing economic efficiency. It pulls together evidence, including case studies, that demonstrates the need for governor action to improve the economic status of women. It points out how public policy can and should support services and infrastructure that provide the highest social returns and that are most heavily used by women. The report also aims to stimulate creative solutions to the problem of gender inequality by high lilting innovative and sometimes not obvious strategies that have proved successful. A study in Morocco, for instance, shows that paving public roads to schools increases by 40 percent the probability that local girls will attend classes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy reform that provides an enabling environment for economic growth goes hand in hand with investing in people. The success of one strategy draws on the success of the other. No efforts at gender equality. however, can be successful without the participation of women themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the international community gathers in Beijing for the Fourth World Conference on Women, the World Bank stands ready to assist client governments in response to the challenges ahead. The Bank believes that by advancing gender equality, governments can greatly enhance the future well-being and prosperity of their people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Armeane M. Choksi Vice President Human Capital Development and Operations Policy The World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THIS REPORT was prepared by a team led by Kei Kawabata and comprising Alison Evans, Zafiris Tzannatos. Tara Vishwanath, and Rekha Menon. The work was carried out under the direction of Minh Chau Nguyen and the overall guidance of K. Y. Amoako. Valuable contributions were made by Joyce Cacho, Lionel Demery, Shahid Khandker, and Kalanidhi Subbarao.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Background papers for the report were prepared by team members and by Anjana Bhushan; Lynn Brown and Lawrence Haddad; Florencia Castro-Leal, with Ignacio Tavares and Ramon Lopez; Roberta Cohen; Monica Fong: Roger Key, with Beverly Mullings; Andrew Mason; and Veena Siddharth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An external review group and a Bankwide advisory committee provided valuable guidance at all stages of the report's preparation. Kalpana Bardhan. Pranab Bardhan, Nancy Folbre. and T. Paul Schultz were the external reviewers. Harold Aldennan, Jean-Jacques Dethier, Louise Fox, Sunita Gandhi, Chris Grootaert, Jeffrey Hammer, Tariq Husahl, Elizabeth King, Augusta Molnar, Helena Ribe, and Paula Valad made up the advisory committee. The report was edited by Jo Bischoff, Richard M. Crum, and Fiona Mackintosh; Benjamin Crow provided word-processing and graphics support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report also reflects the contributions of the participants in consultations held with nongovenamental organizations on March 1S, 1995, in New York. Data supplied by the United Nations and its agencies. particularly the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Statistical Office, and the World Health Organization, were invaluable for the preparation of the report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The production of the report was made possible by the assistance of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which has given unwavering support to the protnotion of gender equality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Definitions and Data Notes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Definitions</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Expected number of years of formal schooling The total number of years of schooling that a child of a certain age can expect to receive if current enrollment patterns remain unchanged.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Literacy rate. The proportion of the adult population that can read or write. This indicator is not always accurate because it is self-reported and represents past investments in schooling. It is often defined only with respect to selected languages and may not take into account the progress being made in many countries through literacy campaigns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy AT BIRTH The number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of birth were to remain unchanged throughout the child's life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maternal mortality ratio. The number of women who die in pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 live births: A measure of the risk that women face of dying from pregnancy-related causes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Data Notes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless otherwise specified, dollar amounts are current U.S. dollars. A billion is a thousand million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The data used in this report cover a range of time periods and are from more than 100 countries (both developing and industrial).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless otherwise specified, geographic regions are those used by the World Bank in its analytical and operational work and are defined as follows:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;sub-Saharan  Africa countries south of the Sahara except Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;East Asia and the Pacific: low- and middle-income economies of East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe and Central Asia. middle-income European countries and the countries that formed the former Soviet Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latin America anti the Caribbean all American and Caribbean economies south of the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East and North Africa all the economies of North Africa and the Middle East.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India. Myantnar, Nepal, Pakistan. and Sri Lanka.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Summary</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THREE messages echo throughout this document:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ The causes of gender inequality are complex, linked as they are to the intrahousehold decisionmaking process. However the decisions are made. the intrahousehold allocation of resources is influenced by market signals and institutional norms that do not capture the full benefits to society of investing in women. Low levels of education and training. poor health and nutritional status, and limited access to resources depress women's quality of life and hinder economic efficiency and growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ It is therefore essential that public policies work to compensate for market failures in the area of gender equality. These policies should equalize opportunities between women and men and redirect resources to those investments with the highest social returns. Of these investments. female education, particularly at the primary and lower-secondary level, is the most important, as it is the catalyst that increases the impact of other investments in health, nutrition, family planning, agriculture, industry, and infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Women themselves are agents for change because they play a key role in shaping the welfare of future generations. Public policies cannot be effective without the participation of the target group-in this case. women, who make up more than half the world's people. Their views need to be incorporated into policy formulation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Progress to Date</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two decades considerable progress has been made in reducing the gender gap world wide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ In 1960. for every 100 boys enrolled in primary school. there were 65 girls. In 1990 the ratio had risen to 85.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ In 1980 an average six-year-old girl in a developing country could expect to attend school for 7.3 years. By 1990 this figure had Increased to 8.4 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Since the 1950s the female labor force has grown twice as last as the male labor force. Worldwide, more than 40 percent of women over 15 years of age are now in the labor force; in developing countries women account for 30 percent of the labor force (These figures. it should be noted, do not fully reflect women's participation in the informal sector as unpaid family members in agriculture.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless. inequalities between men and women persist in many important areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Despite women s biological advantage, their mortality and morbidity rates frequently exceed those of men, particularly during childhood and the reproductive years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Traditionally women are employed in lower-pay jobs and in a narrower range of occupations than are men. Women's wages are typically only 60-70 percent of wages earned by men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Whether in private sector employment or public sector decisionmaking, women are less likely to be in positions of responsibility than are men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Why Do Gender Inequalities Persist?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The causes of the persistent inequality between men and women are only partially understood. In recent years attention has focused on inequalities in the allocation of resources at the household level. as seen in the higher share of education, health. and food expenditures boys receive in comparison with girls. The decisionmaking process within households is complex and is influenced by social and cultural norms market opportunities, and institutional factors. There is considerable proof that the intrahousehold allocation of resources is a key factor in determining the levels of schooling. health. and nutrition accorded household members.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inequalities in the allocation of household resources matter because education, health. and nutrition are strongly [hiked to well-being, economic efficiency. and growth. Low levels of educational attainment and poor health and nutrition aggravate poor living conditions and reduce an individual's capacity to work productively. Such economic inefficiency represents a significant loss to society and hampers future economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social returns to investments in women's education and health  a? e significantly greater than for similar investment in men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The social and economic losses are greatest when women are denied access to basic education and health care. Data from around the world show that private returns to investments in education are the same for women as for men and may even be marginally higher (Psacharopoulos 1994). More importantly. social returns (that is, total benefits to society) to investment in women's education and health are significantly greater than for similar investments in men, largely because of the strong correlation between women's education, health, nutritional status. and fertility levels and the education. health, and productivity of future generations. These correlation are even stronger when women have control over the way resources are allocated within the household.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wage differentials between women and men in the market are closely linked to educational levels and work experience. since on average. women earn 30-40 percent less than teen' it is not surprising that fewer women than men participate in the labor force. This wage disparity, reinforced by discriminality institutional norms, in turn influences the intrahousehold division of resources. A vicious circle ensues as households invest less in daughters than in sons in the belief that investment in girls yields fewer benefits. As a result. many women are unable to work outside the household because they lack the education or experience that men have.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decision not to participate in the labor force does not necessarily reflect a woman's own choice, no' does it always correspond to the optimum use of household resources. Furthermore. the market wage does not take into account the social benefits of educating and hiring women. Discrimination in households and in the market carries not only private costs for individuals and households but social costs for society as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public policies for reducing gender inequalities are therefore essential for counteracting market failure and improving the well-being of all members of society. Investing in women's education and health expands their choices in labor markets and other income-generating activities and increases the rate of return on a household's most valuable asset-its labor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decision to allocate women's time to the type of non wage work women typically carry out within the household. such as child care. food preparation, and, in low-income countries especially, subsistence farming and the collection of fuel wood and water, has less to do with economics than with social conventions and norms. These nones can have a strong influence on the household division of labor, even in industrial economies, where women's levels of human capital are equal to-and some times higher than those of most men&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The economy pays to this inequality in reduced labour productivity today and diminished national output tomorrow&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whether this division of labor is appropriate is, essentially, for society to decide. However. there is no doubt that women's entry into the labor market and other spheres of the economy is directly affected by the extensive amounts of time they traditionally devote to household maintenance and family care. Most men do not make similar allocations of time in the home. Such inequality constrains women's employment choices and can limit girls' enrollment in schools. The economy pays for this inequality in reduced labor productivity today and diminished national output tomorrow. Public policy can address inequalities in the household division of labor by supporting initiatives that reduce the amount of time women spend doing unpaid work. Examples of such interventions include improved water and sanitation services, rural electrification, and batter transport infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Constraints on female employment opportunities arising from the household division of labor are compounded by institutional norms operating within the labor market. Although overt wage discrimination is illegal in many countries, employers frequently segregate jobs or offer less training to women workers. Employers often perceive the returns to investing in women workers as lower than those for men mainly because of women's primary role in childbearing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of access to financial services, to land, and to intonation and technology compounds the unequal treatment of women. Requirements for collateral, high transaction costs, and limited mobility and education contribute to women s inability to obtain credit. When women do have access to credit, the effect on household and individual well-being is striking. Bon-owing by women is linked to increased holdings of non-land assets, to improve in the health status of female children, and to an increased probability that girls will enroll in school. Independent access to land is associated with higher productivity and. in some cases, with greater investments by women in land conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Strategies for the Future</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the benefits from investing in girls and women are so great and can be quantified. why do households and employers underinvest in women? The main reason is that. as discussed above. markets fail to capture the full benefit to society of' investing in women and girls. Where the market fails or is absent. government must take the lead Public policy can contribute directly and indirectly. to reducing gender inequalities by, for example:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Modifying the legal and regulatory framework to ensure a opportunities &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Ensuring macroeconomic stability and improving, microeconomic incentives&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Redirecting public policies and public expenditures to those investments with the highest social returns&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Adopting targeted interventions that correct for gender inequalities at the micro-level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modifying the law to eliminate gender discrimination and equalize opportunities for women and men is an important first step. However. legal reform by itself does not ensure equal treatment. Further public action is required to make sure that gender-neutral laws are enforced at the national and local levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sound economic policies and well-functioning markets are essential for growth, employment generation, and the creation of an environment in which the returns to divesting in women and owls can he fully realized. Economic instability and price distortions can hinder the process. Consequently. sound macroeconomic management is critical. In general. two sets of policies are necessary: one emphasizing macroeconomic stability and the elimination of price distortions. the other focusing on labor-demanding growth and a reorientation in public spending toward basic services with high social returns- such as education. health care and water supply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender inequalities in the distribution of the benefits of public spending frequently arise because of a bias within households that limits women's access to publicly provided services. In addition, the services provided by public spending often are of less benefit to women than to men. Public policy can help remedy this problem by rearranging expenditure priorities among sectors and within the social sectors. It can ensure support for those services and types of infrastructure that offer the highest social returns to public spending and that are most heavily used by women and children. such as water supply anti sanitation services and rural electrification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally general policy interventions may not be enough. and programs that specifically target women and girls may be required. Targeting is justified. Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women gable on two grounds. First. because women are disproportionately represented among the poor. targeting women can be an effective strategy for reducing poverty (broadly defined to include limited access to services. re sources, and other capability-enhancing factors). Second. where gender differences are wide, targeting-for example. the provision of stipends so that girls can attend school-they be needed to capture social gains and increase  internal efficiency&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Conclusion</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women. The evidence on the high private and social returns to investments in women and girls cannot be ignored. By directing public resources toward policies and projects that reduce gender inequality. policymakers not only promote equality but also lay the groundwork for slower population growth, greater labor productivity, a higher rate of human capital formation, and stronger economic growth However, none of these developments can be sustained without the participial of women themselves. Governments and collaborating institutions must listen more carefully to the voices of individual women. including policymakers. and to women's groups. By working with others to identity and implement policies that promote gender equality, governments can make a real difference to the future well-being and prosperity of their people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Chapter one</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Gender Inequalities Persist</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALTHOUGH the gap between opportunities for men and women is narrowing. inequalities persist, especially in certain regions. This report examines four major development indicators: educational attainment, maternal mortality. life expectancy. and economic participation outside the household. All four are closely related to each other and in turn are closely correlated with individual well-being. These indicators provide a broad picture of trends in gender inequality and their impact on the relative well-being of women and of men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Education</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the progress in raising educational enrollment rates for both males and females across all regions in the past three decades, growth in educational opportunities at all levels for females lags behind that for males (figure 1.1). In 1990 an average six-year-old girl in a developing country could expect to attend school for 8.4 years. The figure had increased from 7.3 years in 1980-but an average boy of the same age in a developing country could expect to attend school for 9.7 years The gender gap in expected years of schooling is widest in some countries in South Asia, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa (see figure 1.2). Gender differences in access to education are usually worse in minority populations such as refugees and internally displaced persons. of which only a few children go to school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p16.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ School enrollment ratios in developing countries &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The latest available figures show that 77 million girls of primary school age (6-11 years) are not in school, compared with 52 million boys (figure 1.3). Moreover, even these gross enrollment rates often mask high absenteeism and high dropout rates. Dropout rates are notably high in low-income countries but vary by gender worldwide and within regions. The rates for girls tend to be linked to age, peaking at about grade 5 and remaining high at the secondary level (Herz and others 1991) Cultural factors, early marriage, pregnancy, and household responsibilities affect the likelihood that girls will remain in school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the gross enrollment rate is an acceptable indicator of progress in education, most studies use literacy rates as an indicator of well-being. Overall illiteracy rates have decreased among adults in low- and middle-income countries, but the percentage of illiterate women in the world is still higher than the percentage of illiterate men. Older women constitute the largest share of the illiterates in the world today, a consequence of past inequalities in access to education. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia more than 70 percent of women age 25 and older are illiterate (United Nations 1991).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At post-secondary levels. where the gap in enrollment between women and men is wider, there is implicit &quot;gender streaming,&quot; or sex segregation, by field of study, even in areas with snore female than male enrollees. Gender streaming. which is widespread in both developing and industrial countries, prevents women from acquiring training in agriculture, forestry, fishing, &quot;hard&quot; sciences, and engineering (figure 1.4).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p17.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Expected years of schooling &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Health</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two decades life expectancy at birth has increased for both men and women in all regions of the world. In industrial countries women tend to outlive men by six to eight years on average: in low-income countries gender differences are much narrower (two to three years). Despite women's biological advantage, female mortality and morbidity rates frequently exceed those of men, particularly during early childhood and the reproductive years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the reproductive period the most Important causes of morbidity and mortality among women are high fertility and abortion rates, vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases (STDS), genital mutilation. and gender violence. Each year, about 500,000 women worldwide die from the complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal mortality ratios for developing and industrial countries vary greatly: the rates in parts of South Asia are among the world's highest, in some cases exceeding 1,500 per 100.000 live births. In Sub-Saharan Africa where the ratio is 700 maternal deaths per 100.000 live births, a woman runs a 1 in 22 lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes, but in northern Europe the risk falls to 10 in 100,000 (United Nations 1993). In the transition economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, the rates are around 40 to 50 per 100,000 live births&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p18.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.3 children not in school 1990 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major cause of maternal deaths is complications from unsafe abortions. Abortion-related deaths are highest in South and Southeast Asia. followed by Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean. Lack of access to contraceptives can mean that abortion, is used as a form of birth control. For example, in parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia abortions are more numerous than live births (World Bank 1994b), and abortion rates were as high as 1.76 per live birth in Russia prior to the transition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As increasing numbers of women become aware of and learn to use contraceptives, total fertility rates are falling worldwide. The exception is Sub-Saharan Africa where the total fertility rate averaged 6.4 between 1985 have been infected by HIV. The World Health organization (WHO 1994) estimates that more than 13 million women will have been infected by HIV by 2000 and that about 4 million of that number will have died (figure 1.5 In Atrica, where 10 million adults are infected with the virus, ode-half of all newly infected adults are women, and more than 5 million are women of childbearing age. In Asia almost half of all adults newly infected with the virus are women, compared with less than 25 percent just six years ago.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p19.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.4 fields of study&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p20.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+  Figure 1.5 HIV infected women 1995 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mortality risk for females is high during the reproductive years. but it is even higher during infancy and early childhood. Between 1962 and 1992 INFANT mortality in the developing world decreased by 50 percent (UNICEF 1993 However, in seventeen of the twenty-nine developing countries for which recent survey data are available, female children age 1-4 were found to have higher mortality rates than male children. despite girls? biological advantage (World Bank 1994b). In many of these countries the underlying cause of high mortality among girls is the parents' bias toward boys, who receive the best food and medical care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genital mutilation, prevalent in twenty-eight countries, is performed on 2 million young girls yearly. The practice leads to long-term morbidity, complications during childbirth, mental trauma, and even death. Table 1.1 summarizes the best available statistics on this practice for selected countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Employment Work</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The time women spend on paid and unpaid work is typically greater than the time men spend in the labor market (see table 1.2 for an example). Unpaid family work is rarely recorded in official statistics. It manifests itself only indirectly in the labor market in the form of gender differences in labor force participation rates. sector of employment, hours of work, and wage level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the whole. labor force participation rates for women are lower than those for men (figure 1.6). However. these differences are often exaggerated because the definition of the participation rate fails to capture many aspects of women's work, particularly time spent on childbearing, childbearing. and other household tasks. Men are usually in the labor force throughout the prime working years (age 20-60), and their participation rates are typically more than 90 percent in virtually every country. Female participation rates vary widely across countries. In 1990, for every ten men in the labor force there were two women in the Middle East and North Africa, three in South Asia. six in Sub-Saharan Africa, and seven in Southeast Asia (United Nations 1991). Worldwide, 41 percent of women age 15 years or over are in the labor force, but in developing countries the corresponding figure is 31 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These numbers are deceptive, however, because they do not take into account the agricultural work for which women in developing countries are responsible within the family For example, the Dominican census of 1981 reported that only 21 percent of rural women participated in the labor force, but just three years later a special study suggested a figure of 81 percent. The census had omitted such activities as cultivating gardens and caring for domestic animals In India different definitions of what constitutes &quot;work&quot; have resulted in estimated participation rates as low as 13 percent and as high as 88 percent (Beneria 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tens of Millions of Women Suffer Female Genital Mutilation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 1.1 female genital mutilation&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=468&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Estimated prevalence (percent)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Estimated number of women affected (millions)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djibouti&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;98&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Egypt&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;13.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;22.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6.3&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;29.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sierra Leone&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudan&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;89&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;118&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Sri Lanka's Dry Zone, Women Work Longer Hours than Men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 1.2 distribution of monthly work hours per month)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=451&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;31%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peal. Season&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;29%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Slack season&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Activity &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agricultural production&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;298&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;299&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;245&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;235&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Household tasks&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;199&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;220&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fetching water and firewood&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;30&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;:30&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social and religious duties&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;12&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;15&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;15&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Total work hours&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;426&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;560&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;350&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;530&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leisure and sleep&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;294&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;160&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;370&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;190&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are usually employed in different sectors than men. Most of women's nonagricultural employment is in the service sector. but in developing countries female employment in manufacturing has been increasing and is catching up with female employment in services (ILO/ INSTRAW 1985). Women in manufacturing tend to be concentrated in only a few sub sectors: more than two-thirds of the global labor force in garment production is female. and this subsector absorbs almost one-fifth of the female labor force in manufacturing (UNIDO 1993). Men's employment is more evenly distributed across other sectors such as mining manufacturing, construction, utilities, and transport.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over their lifetime, women change their employment status more often than do men. They are also more likely to be self-employed or employed in occupations with flexible house such as subcontracted home work. Regardless of the sector in which they are employed, women tend to work in a narrow range of occupations. Only a few women are in high-paying jobs or in positions with significant responsibility. Nearly two-thirds of the women in manufacturing ate laborers, machine operators. and production workers; only 5 percent ate professional and technical workers and only 2 percent are administrators and managers (UNIDO 1993). However. there are regional differences: women occupy nearly 60 percent of clerical, sales. and service jobs in Latin America and the Caribbean but fewer than 20 percent of similar positions in South Asia North Africa. and the Middle East (figure 1.7).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p23.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.6 rates of participation in the labor force by gender&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wages paid to women are typically about 60-70 percent of those paid to men. About one-quarter of the gender wage gap is explained by differences in educational levels, labor market experience, and other human capital'' characteristics (Psacharopoulos and Tzannatos 1992 Horton 1994). The gender wage gap can also be explained in part by women's lower participation in the labor market-a consequence of domestic and other demands on their time and, possibly, of discriminatory employment practices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Significant changes in the global economy have affected patterns of employment and working conditions for men and women worldwide. &quot;Globalization&quot; is associated with the deregulation of product and labor markets, with regionalization. and with the liberalization of international trade. In turn. these processes at-e associated with increased female participation in the labor force and with the at-owing &quot;casualization'' of employment, as seen in the growth of part-time work in industrial economies. However, the net effect of globalization on women workers is not yet clear. Growth in the international traded service sector (for example, banking and telecommunications) seems to have offered women in developing countries greater employment opportunities. In addition, the participation rate of women in manufacturing jobs has increased faster than that of men. Women's average participation in the manufacturing labor force is now around 30 percent for both developing and industrial countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p24.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.7 types of jobs held by women &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, the number of women employed in export manufacturing has been increasing rapidly, even though this sector employs only a small fraction of all women workers. In Mexico, for example, the number of women employed in export manufacturing rose by nearly 15 percent a year in the 1980s (Jurisman and Moreno 1990). However, employment in this sector has been increasing more rapidly for men than for women, partly because of&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;technological upgrading over time and partly; because women are less educated and tend to remain in low-skill occupations (Baden 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women now account for a growing share ret wage employment they tend to stay longer in the labor force than ever before&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite persistent gender inequalities in the labor market. some recent trends  are encouraging. Increasing educational opportunities and decreasing fertility  rates have fed to an increase in the number of women entering the labor market. since the 1950s the female labor force has expanded twice as fast as the male  labor force. Women now account for a growing share of wage employment. and they tend to stay longer in the labor force than ever before The narrowing of the gender gap in labor force participation is enabling women to accumulate the work experience necessary tot- improving their job opportunities and increasing their amines. In the formal sector more and more women are working in occupations and sectors once dominated by men. and in many countries women s wages relative to men s have increased over time&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The data in this chapter illustrate some aggregate trends but they cannot tell US anything about the processes behind the persistence of gender inequality. For a more detailed look at these processes. We turn in the next chapter to a growing body of empirical evidence generated at the household and enterprise level. These studies provide a telling insight into the way in which gender inequalities are being challenged particularly by women At the same time these inequalities are reinforced by economic, legal. and cultural incentive systems that discriminate against women Discrimination continues despite compelling evidence showing that less inequality especially within the household. is associated with heftier welfare outcomes for children and better economic outcomes for the household as a v hole.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Chapter two</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Gender Inequalities Hamper Growth</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inequality women and men limits productivity ultimately slows economic growth. early empirical studies (for example, Kuznets 1955) suggested that income inequality would increase with economic growth during the initial phases of development. This chapter, however. starts with the hypothesis that there is not necessarily a tradeoff between inequality and growth and. indeed that high inequality especially as it affects human capital. hampers growth (Fields 1992: Birdsall and Sabot 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both theory and empirical evidence point to the importance of human capital in creating the necessary conditions for productivity growth and in reducing aggregate inequality in the future. In addition. women s human capital generates benefits for society in the form of lower child mortality.  higher educational attainment improved nutrition. and reduced population growth. Inequalities in the accumulation and use of human capital at-e related to lower economic and social well-being for all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Household and Intrahousehold Resource Allocation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, attempts to explain persistent gender inequalities in the accumulation and use of human capital have focused on the key role of household decisionmaking and tile process of resource allocation within household Households do not make decisions in isolation. however: their decision are linked to market prices and incentives and are influenced by cultural legal and state institutions. These institutions indirectly affect not only the returns on household investment but also access to productive resources and employment outside the house hold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Household decisions about the allocation of resources have a profound effect on the schooling, health care, and nutrition children receive. The mechanisms used to make these decisions and the effect of the decisions on the well-being of individual household members are not fully understood. Two frameworks for thinking about household decisions are the unitary household model and the collective household model (see box 3.1)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BOX 2.1 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two models of household members having their own prefer decisionmaking encase. Decisions on allocating resources reflect market rates of return. The unitary household model assumes but they also mirror the relative bar that household members pool regaining power of household members sources and allocate them according within the collective (Manser and to a common set of objectives and Brown 1980: McElroy and Homey goals. Households maximize the joint 1981). Bargaining power is a function welfare of their members by allocating of social and cultural norms. as well income and other resources to the in as of such external factors as opposed individuals and enterprises that promise &quot;unities for paid work, laws governing the highest rate of return as reflected inheritance, and control over producing prices and wages. An increase initiative assets and property rights. These household income increases the well factors influence the terms governing being of all household members.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy interventions based on the sources and decisions about how unitary household model aim to in those resources are used within the crease household welfare, but they household. Thus, an increase in do not necessarily affect all household income may benefit some hold members in the same way. Some household members but leave others household members may be worse unaffected or worse off. The outcome off, for example, if they lose control depends on a member's ability to exover certain resources; others may excise control over resources both in be better off. in which case house-side and outside the household, and it hold welfare is not maximized. cannot be assumed that individual well&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the collective household being increases as household income model. the welfare of individual house-rises. (Collective household models do hold members is not synonymous with not exclude the possibility that the universal household welfare. Resources unitary model may be the best approximate not necessarily pooled, and the motion of household decisionmaking household acts as a collective, with in some contexts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The collective household model helps explain why gender inequalities persist even though household becomes increase over time The next sections adopt a collective household framework to explain how these inequalities exact costs in forgone productivity, seduced welfare for individuals and households, encl. ultimately. slower economic growth.(fender Inequalities in Human Capital )&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are strong complementaires between education. health. and nutrition on the one hand, and increased well-being, labor productivity, and growth. On the other. Inequalities in resource allocation that limit household members' educational opportunities. access to health care, or nutrition are costly to individuals, households, and the economy as a whole.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Linkages between Education Health, and Nutritious</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the household level. gender differences in access to education are closely related to inequalities in the shares of household education expenditures allocated to boys and to girls This finding stands even though private returns to girls' schooling are similar to or marginally higher than. those to boys' schooling (figure 2.1; see also Schultz 1988: Mwabu 1994). In this case. parental choice reflects the relatively greater restrictions on educational opportunities and employment choices for girls. in comparison with boys. and cultural norms on the appropriate role for girls within the household.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p28.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 2.1 private returns to education&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p29a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 2.2 education, fertility. and child mortality (a)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p29b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 2.2 education, fertility. and child mortality (b)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More importantly. the social externalities linked to female education are crucial. Evidence from a large number of countries shows that female education is linked with better health for women and their children and with lower levels (figure 2.2). This link stems from the direct effect of education on the value of a woman's time and consequently. on private returns to her labor. It also stems from the indirect effect of education on the average age at which women marry on their knowledge of basic health care and nutrition, and on reproductive choices (Rosenzweig and Schultz 1982, 1987).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Educating girls and women reduces maternal mortality and fertility rates and increases the demand for health services. A simulation study of seventy two developing countries shows that, with all other factors held constant, a doubling of female secondary school enrollments in 1975 would have reduced tile average fertility rate in 1985 from 5.3 to 3.9 children per household and would have lowered the number of births by 29 percent (Subbarao and Raney 1992. Studies for individual countries have found that one additional year of female schooling can reduce the fertility rate. on average, between 5 and 1 (i) percent (Summers 1994)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are more vulnerable than men to micronutrient deficiencies that aggravate poor health (World Batik 1994b). Poor health and nutrition reduce productivity and the chances of reaping gains from investment in education. Intrahousehold inequalities in consumption and nutritional allocations can therefore be a signal of inefficiency Recent estimates suggest that the com effects on morbidity and mortality of just three types of deficiency-in vitamin A, iodine. and iron-could waste as much as 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), yet correcting these deficiencies would cost less than 0.3 percent of low-income countries' GDP (World Bank 1994c, pp. 50-51). Studies of women tea producers in Sri Lanka and of women workers in Chinese cotton mills document the reduction in productivity associated with iron deficiencies and the positive effects of in-on supplementation on work and output (Edgerton and others 1979). A study of six villages in Andhra Pradesh, India, found that disabling conditions caused by malnutrition and the prevalence of diseases reduced female labor force participation by 22 percent (Chatterjee 1991).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Physical anti mental abuse can also have deleterious effects on the well-being and productivity of women (table 2.1). Violence against women is widespread in all cultures and cuts across all age and income groups Its consequences. include unwanted pregnancy. infection with STDs, miscarriage partial or permanent disability. and psychological problems such as depression anti low self-esteem. Recent World Bank estimates indicate that in both industrial and developing countries domestic violence and rape cause women of reproductive age to lose a significant percentage of really days. Domestic violence appears to be an example of how the relatively weaker bargaining power of women and the paucity of options for them outside the home can affect the intrahousehold distribution of welfare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Violence against Women Starts in the Womb and Continues  trough Life&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.1 Violence against women through the life cycle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phase&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Type of violence&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pre birth&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Battering during pregnancy (emotional and physical effects on the ottoman) effects on birth outcome&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Infancy&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female infanticide: emotional and physical abuse&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Girl hood&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sexual abuse by family members and strangers: forced child prostitution&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adolescence&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dating and courtship violence: economically coerced sex: sexual abuse in the workplace: rape: farce prostitution and trafficking in women&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproductive&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coerced pregnancy: rape: abuse of women by male partners: down abuse and murder partner homicide psychological abuse sexual abuse of unmarried and childless women: abuse of women with disabilities&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Source: Heise 1993 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prospects for gainful employment. as well as the availability of basic social services such as water supply and sanitation. also influence women's well-being. The survival chances of female children in India appear to increase as the employment rate for women rises and the earnings differential between men and women decreases Battilan 1988 Dowry and marriage practices. along with household ownership of land are closely linked to women's chances of survival The effect of such practices cannot be over late. Sen's (1990) comparison of female-male mortality rates in China. India. and Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that more than 100 million women are &quot;missing&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public spending on social services affects the ability of individuals and households to benefit from their own private spending on human capital. In most industrial countries mortality rates decreased even before modern medical care became widely available, mainly because of improved water supplies and sanitation. The same is likely to hold for the developing world. Public interventions that address market under provision of water and sanitation facilities and shortages of health set-vices such as immunization and family planning-have a significant effect. and one that is probably greater for women than for men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of data makes it difficult to evaluate the effects of public spending on the educational attainment and health of women and men Very little empirical evidence in this area exists, but there is some indication that the proportion of public subsidies for education that benefits females is lower than the proportion that benefits males. In Kenya in 1992-93. for example. public spending on education amounted to the equivalent of an annual subsidy of 605 Kenyan shillings per capita: males received. on average. 670 shillings and females only 543 shillings. In Mexico the gender difference in public education subsidies was somewhat less: in Pakistan males received almost twice the female subsidy. Gender inequalities in the distribution of subsidies are greater at high than at primary levels. In Pakistan girls receive, on average. only 96 rupees a year for secondary school bag. compared with 58 rupees for boys. Box 2.2 explains how these figures are calculated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Supply-side differences are partly a function of poorly targeted resources (as. for example, when more is spent on tertiary than on primary schooling). More importantly. they reflect differences in household demand for education for girls and boys. If more girls attended anti stayed in school. the proportion of public subsidy going to girls would he greater.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In health care assessing the incidence of public spending by gender is particularly difficult because of the marked differences in the health needs of women and men. These differences are related to different biological re&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main advantage of this type of analysis is that it measures how well public  services are targeted to certain groups in the population, including women, the  poor, and residents of regions of interest.  Requirements anti to women's reproductive and childbearing roles. Some evidence suggests that because of these differences. per capita health cat-e subsidies to women are the same as and sometimes larger than those to men What is clearer is that women are less likely than men to seek health care. including in many countries. hospital care when it is netted and ate mote likely to consult a non medical health cat-e worker (lather than a qualified medical practitioner). Education tends to increase the likelihood that women will seek health care. whether public or  ace the likelihood that women will seek health care. whether public or private (World Bank 1994b). &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The importance of private and public investments in education and health services that will improve women's well-being is cleat. These services at-e also important for another season: these is important evidence that increases in women's well-being yield important intergenerational benefits and productivity gains in the future World Bank Living Standards Measure Study (LSMS) surveys car-tried out in Nicaragua (1993 Viet Nam 1993) Pakistan (1991), and Cote (1988) suggest that the probability of children being enrolled in school increases with their mother's educational level and that (controlling, for income and household size) girls. particularly those in non poor households. are mote likely to attend school if their mothers attended school. Other studies show that households with educated mothers lend to provide children with greater quantities of mote nutritious food often at a lower cost. than households with poorly educated mothers (Thomas 1990b)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Data from Brazil show that giving women more control over nonlabor income has a larger impact on child measures, nutritional intakes, and the proportion of the household budget devoted to human capital inputs than if men had control of this income (Thomas 1993) Other studies indicate that women spend proportionately mote of the income they control on health care for children than do men. Women also spend more on food products (as opposed to such goods as alcohol and tobacco) than men do (Duraiswamy 1992: Hoddinot and Haddad 1992) But fathers education is also important especially in interaction with mothers' education (Thomas 1990a) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other studies have shown that children's educational attainment is lowest in households whet-e the male head has no schooling In Ghana the impact of a mother's education on her children's schooling is reduced when  their father has no schooling. even after controlling for income and household size (Lavy 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Material health (which is linked to education) also has important intergenerational effects. Children of mothers who are malnourished or sickly or receive inadequate prenatal and delivery cat-e face a greater risk of disease and premature death. Iodine-deficient mothers run a greater risk of giving birth to infants with severe mental retardation and other congenital abnormalities than do healthy mothers. Reduced fertility and improved health for women can increase individual productivity and improve family well-being. When good health is combined with education and access to jobs. the result is higher rates of economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Household and Labor Market Linkages</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The link between the household and the labor market is particularly important. Specialization of labor within the household-whether individually chosen. socially determined. or legally induced-can accentuate gender inequalities in the formal and informal labor markets by leaving most of the unpaid work to women. This situation arises from convention rather than  from comparative advantage Inadequate public and community services.  transport. and housing also often have an uneven effect on the way men and women spend their time and can increase the demand for goods produced at home using unpaid labor (Moser 1994) Thus women may spend its much (or more time on unpaid work as on market work. In some countries this unpaid work contributes as much as one-third to the economy recorded GDP-and even mote to the welfare of poor families.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The amount of time women contribute to household production and maintenance, direct income generation. and family care combined is widely held to exceed that of men Analysis of data from Bangladesh. Botswana. Ghana. Kenya. Pakistan. the Philippines. and Zambia on how rural women spend their time confirms that, although use of time by women, and by different generations of women varies according to location. available technology. household characteristics. and cultural norms. gender bias in time use is widespread.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are generally responsible for collecting fuelwood and carrying water. Girls and alder women often do most of this work, although cultural norms in some countries affect women s mobility. The amount of time allocated to these activities is influenced by seasonal patterns of agricultural activity. the availability of substitute goods and services. and environmental changes. A study in Nepal, for instance, found that deforestation associated with a 75 percent rise in the time per trip would increase the time spent gathering fuelwood by 45 percent for all adults and by 50-60 percent for women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to fuel and water collection, child care is another activity that dominates women s time-although. considering the importance of children to future household welfare, the amount of direct time spent with children is limited. The seven-country study suggests that more time is spent on child cat-e in female-headed households. Female-headed households tend to have high dependency ratios and relatively large numbers of children, Implying more child-care time overall, but not necessarily on a per child basis. (Kumar and Hotchkiss 1988).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When a large proportion of women's use of time goes unrecorded the design of projects and policies can yield false evaluations of costs and benefits. For example, women's unpaid work may be assumed to have zero value. As a result, women's response to changing incentives may be predicted as being higher than their time constraints actually allow. Project benefits-such as the time saved by locating piped water close to homes or by expanding rural electrification-may also be undervalued. Conversely, the benefits of treeing up time may be far more significant than might have been thought. A study in Tanzania, for example. shows that relieving certain time constraints in a community of smallholder coffee and banana growers increases household cash incomes by 10 percent, labor productivity by 15 percent, and capital productivity by 44 percent (Tibaijuka 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Formal Sector Employment</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unpaid work and family responsibilities. as well as lack of investment in women's education. are strongly associated with women's relatively low rates of participation and their limited earnings in formal sector labor. Women's participation rates usually dip in the childbearing years, and earnings tend to decline following an interruption in employment. Younger on average, work more hours than older women, and married women with young children tend to work less than childless women and mothers of grown children. The correlation of marriage and childbearing with labor market outcomes can be seen even in industrial countries, where wage differences between married women and men are larger than those between single women and men Similarly, in some developing countries relative earnings decline with age (table 2.2) Children are not the only treason for interruptions in women's labor force participation; caring for ill or aged family members is often a womanâs responsibility. A study from Hungary estimates that half of all absenteeism by women workers is the direct result of the need to care for sick relatives (Einhorn 1993).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Countries, Single Women Earn More Than Married Women and Younger Women More Than Older Women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.2 female-male earnings (adjusted for hours worked) by marital status and age (percent)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=345&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female-male&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Earnings ratio&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By marital status&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Married &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Single&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;69&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;91&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Austria&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;66&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;97&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Germany&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;103&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Norway&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;72&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;92&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sweden&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;72&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Switzerland&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;58&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;95&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;59&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;96&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Age&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 25 &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B 45&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;75&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;63&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;81&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;82&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;61&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;92&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: Blau and Kahn 1992 Sedlacek Gutierrez. and Mohindra 1993 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thus. women s labor market outcomes can be substantially poorer than those of men because women's employment opportunities are constrained by social arrangements at the family or household level. These social demands are reinforced by legal conventions. Within the labor market itself, social or employer discrimination can affect women and men differently. and these differences are reflected in the resource allocation decisions taken within the household. Although wage discrimination is illegal in many countries, employers may respond to an increase in the supply of workers by segregating jobs by gender or offering less training to women who they perceive as being temporarily attached to the labor force (even if in fact most women never drop out). For example, women in the former Soviet Union are fairly well educated and have high labor force participation. but they are concentrated in occupations requiring fewer skills and less vocational training than men, and, on average. they earn less than men (Fong 1993).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female Wages Are Lower than Male Wages, but This Is Changing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.3 female-male earnings ratio over time Female-male earning 1 ratio (percent) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=496&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First observation&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;25%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second observation&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A v Average annual percentage change&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1981) &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;51.6&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1990)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;67.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1984)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70 2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1990)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CÃŽte d'Ivoire&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;75.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1985)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;81.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1988)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;55.6&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1986)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1997)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.3&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70.9&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1978)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;80.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1988)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;73.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1980)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;79.8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1990)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note: Monthly earnings for Indonesia and Thailand rural and urban: for all others urban only&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Source: Tzanntors 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women's earnings relative to men's tend to increase over time. A study of six developing countries shows that female earnings relative to male earnings increased by 1 percent a year in the 1980s (table 2.3). There were two reasons for this increase: over the years women entered higher-paying sectors. and within sectors, their pay increased in relation to that of men. This gain would have been even greater had it not been for the effect on wages of increased female participation in the labor force. However, the most visible dimension of gender inequality in the formal labor sector remains the wage difference between men and women. Women's wages are. on average lower those of men by about 30 to 40 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social or employer discrimination can affect women and men difference and these difference are reflected i/? the resource allocation decisions taken within the household&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A recent study of the gender wage gap in Russia shows that after controlling for education differences, the ratio of women's to men's average hourly earnings stands at just over 71 percent: it has remained at that level since the 1960s. Part of the reason for women s lower hourly earnings in Russia and many other countries lies in patterns of occupational segmentation by ,gender. Some analysts argue that women-who do most of the household work in Russian households and also have high participation in the formal labor market cope with the burdens imposed on them by taking less demanding work and devoting less time to advancing their careers (Newell and Reilly 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Informal Sector</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One difficulty analysts face in interpreting trends in women's labor force participation and employment in developing economies is the large number of women engaged in informal sector activities, many of which overlap with subsistence - orientated household or community-based activities. Informal sector employment in most developing countries. whether in microentreprises or in casual work, is an important source of livelihood for women and their households.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The L competitiveness of women's informal sector activities is  constrained by women's limited mobility and lack of access to financial and public sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A recent study in Mexico estimates that 41 percent of the work force in Mexico's major-cities is employed in the informal sector (World Bank 1995c). Data from a 1989 survey show that 60 percent of men working in the sector are salaried workers' compared with only 18 percent of women. By contrast. 80 percent of women working in the sector are unpaid family members, as against 27 percent of men. By far the most common activity in the informal sector is commerce (fixed-location or itinerant), followed by repair works food preparation. and sales, and small-scale manufacturing. The sectoral distribution of informal employment reflects the hey role informal workers play in supplying goods and services to low-income consumers. Women tend to be concentrated in commerce and men in services and manufacturing, although the percentage differences are relatively small. Two generalizations can be made on the basis of this study: informal sector workers earn less than workers in large firms and women earn less than men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another recent study of tour communities in Lusaka. Guayaquil (Ecuador), Metro Manila, and Budapest shows that informal sector activities ate especially important for during periods of economic reform Although the numbers both of men and of women in the labor force tend to increase during these times women rely more on the informal sector than men clot The competitiveness of womenâs informal sector activities is informal by women's limited mobility and lack of access to financial and public services. Women also tend to specialize in non traded goods and services that show relatively low average returns to labor. Across the tour cities in the study, women earn between 46 and 68 percent of men's wages (Moser 1994)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ability of informal sector workers to increase their returns depends on access to physical and human capital and their relationship to the institutional and regulatory environment. Contrary to the common belief, many microenterprises face considerable costs associated with the regulatory environment, including registration and licensing fees, as well as outlays for contracts with public authorities concerning zoning regulations and use of public utilities. In Argentina regulatory costs are estimated to absorb as much as 21 percent of the average microfirm's operational expenses. In some sectors, such as manufacturing and construction, the costs of regulation are about 44 percent (World Bank 1994d). In Mexico real regulatory costs. including the costs of compliance and evasion, are about 20 percent of total costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regulatory costs also inhibit Job creation in the informal sector. In Argentina across-the-board deregulation could generate as many as 170,000 jobs in small-scale manufacturing alone. Furthermore. poor workers in family-based firms or micro enterprises and particularly women entrepreneurs-often lack access to such basics as water and power. Targeting infrastructure investments to the poor, which takes account of the needs of women entrepreneurs s. can significantly enhance their productivity and earnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In rural area where formal markets often are not well developed. informal employment activities play a vital role. In Asia the proportion of female rural wage laborers increased sharply in the 1960s and 1970s. In India women make up a larger proportion of rural wage laborers than of the entire labor force, probably because of growing landlines and poverty among rural households. Rural household labor accounts for a disproportionately large share of employment among the poor and an even larger share among women. Furthermore, a larger proportion of female than male laborers are hired on a casual basis, largely because family arrangements, especially lack of control over property, limit women's ability to work (Hart 1986: Bardhan 1993). Low status in the labor market is also linked to low female indicators in education, health, and nutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Providing credit directly to women has a positive effect on  household and individual welfare and improved gender equality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social norms affecting decisions within the family about occupational choices or migration can also lead to differential patterns of male and female earnings in informal markets (Bhiswanger and Rosenzweig 1984). Family responsibilities hinder women's geographic mobility, constraining their ability to command high wages and limiting them to certain areas or industries. The concentration of women in certain sectors, especially nontraded goods and set-vices. intensifies competition between women entrepreneurs and wage workers and lowers the returns to female labor. These effects are compounded by women's lack of access to credit. training, and technology.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(fender Inequality in Access to Assets and Services )&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Access to Financial Markets</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The availability of financial services and access to them are considered important for several reasons. First. savings provide a kind of self-insurance. Second, credit helps households maintain a certain level of consumption at those times when their income fluctuates temporarily. Third, credit can be used to fund investments in capital or other inputs that will yield relatively high returns to production. if households cannot finance such investments from their own savings. A fourth and no less important reason is the role of savings and credit in increasing household members' options outside the home.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inequalities between women and men in access to financial services- particularly credit--are widely documented. Collateral requirements, high transaction costs. limited mobility and education, and other social and cultural barriers contribute to women's inability to obtain credit (Holt and Ribe 1991). The implications tot household efficiency and individual well-being differ, however, depending on whether the household pools its financial resources. If, as the unitary household model assumes. a household pools its resources the characteristics of individual borrowers are less important than if there is little or no pooling. In the first case. credit resources will be used to meet household needs that have been jointly determined, regardless of who the borrower is. In the second case, the use credit is put to and the needs it then satisfies depend on which household member is borrowing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A recent study of credit programs in Bangladesh sponsored by the World Bank shows that providing credit directly to women has a positive effect on variables typically associated with household and individual welfare and improved gender equality (Pitt and Khandker 1995). The study looks at three programs in Bangladesh: the Grameen Bank. the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), and the Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB). in 1992, women accounted for 94 percent of Grameen Bank members. 82 percent of BRAC members. and 68 percent of BRDB members (Khandker and Khalily 1995; Khandker, Lavy, and Filmer 1994). Only the results for the Grameen Bank are presented here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.4 presents the impact of credit obtained by women and men on a variety of social and economic indicators. The results show a clear and positive impact of both male and female borrowing on all indicators of Toward gender equality family welfare especially through an increase in per capita expenditures increases in both boys' and girls schooling, anti a reduction in fertility. Females borrowing has a greater effect on girls' schooling anti per capita expenditure than does male loot-rowing: male borrowing has a greater effect on boys' schooling and fertility than does female borrowing. Interestingly. female borrowing also results in mote female ownership of nonoland assets and an increased supply of female labor to cash - income -earning activities (Pitt and Khandker 1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loans to Women and Men Have Important Welfare Implications.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2 4 welfare effects of Grameen Bank loans (percentage increase)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=545&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Welfare e change&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effect of male borrowing&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effect female borrowing&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in boys' schooling&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6.1&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in girls schooling&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in per capital expenditure&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4.3&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reduction in recent fertility&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in women's labor supply to cash-income earning activities&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;10.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in women nonland assents&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;19.9 &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The introduction of programs such as the Grameen Bank in a village has a positive effect on agricultural and nonagricultural production (Khatidketati Chowdhuty 1994: Rahman and Khandke 1994 The probability that women will be self-employed rather than work for wages increases by 52 percent. The latter finding is important because much of the wage employment open to women in rural areas is very poorly remunerated and can be quite exploitative. Self employment can bring the opportunity of higher returns for women, plus the freedom to integrate their earning activities into other work as they see fit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Access to financial services alone cannot reduce gender inequalities in the allocation of household resources. A qualitative study reviewing several targeted credit programs in Bangladesh cautions against overgeneralizing about the benefits of giving women access to credit. The study finds that it is difficult to infer that increased borrowing alone improves women's bargaining power because in many rural Bangladesh households the question of who controls the resources is quite complex (Goetz and Sen Gupta 1994). Nevertheless. the possibility of receiving credit (or similarly of working for wages) may give women greater bargaining power within the household. This bargaining power can be used to improve child health and nutrition and may increase the likelihood that children will attend school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Access to Lund and Property</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ownership of land and the distributions of land rights influence the productivity of labor and capital resources and the incentive to invest in resource management Private property rights. in particular. are associated with increased access to product and factor markets. especially credit markets. and to public services such as public utilities and agricultural extension. However. relatively little direct evidence exists to link independent owner of land by women with increased access and productivity. One obstacle to empirical work is that women s access to land and property is often mediated trough marriage (A married woman land rights are frequently limited to use rather than ownership.) Future more. complex systems of land tenure make it difficult to generalize about the effects of owner ship on productivity. None some evidence suggests that independent land rights for women could enhance both the efficiency with which resources are used and the well-being of women and their households: (Agarwal 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The possibility of receiving credit may give e women   greater bargaining power within the  household which  can be used to improve child health and nutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While independent land rights may increase efficiency and household welfare, lack of secure land  appears to be associated with low investments by women in land conservation. In Zimbabwe's communal areas, land that a women acquires is often allocated to her only temporarily: for example, the location of land allotment received from husbands or borrowed from neighbors is usually subject to periodic change (Jackson 1993). The same is true in parts of West Africa (David 1992 Jackson 1994). Uncertainly about the permanence of their control over the land means that women may be reluctant to invest in improvements that will benefit the landowner rather than the user.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A significant trend in recent decades in developing countries has been the move toward private ownership In some countries this trend has been encoulagecl by reforms dealing with land redistribution tenancy or land titling Such reforms are considered important for promoting long-term investments and the adoption of the latest technology They also provide the collateral people need to gain access to credit and other factor markets Ironically, evidence also suggests that perform inequalities in male and female land rights are reinforced by land reform programs For example, in Latin America most reforms are based on the premise that the man of the household its the household head. This presumption means that women (except for widows  and ownership. Even where women and men benefit equally from land reform differences exist between nominal and real land rights (see box 2.3).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the central part of European Russia and in Moldova the lands and assets of state and collective farms are being parceled out in allotments as part of wider economic reforms. Every person who lived and worked on a collective farm receives a share of the land Data show that although on average, women have received a slightly higher proportion of land shares than men, the nonland capital assets of the old farms ale being distributed as property shares on the basis of a formula heavily weighted toward an individual's wage rate and years of employment. Such criteria favor men over women and give men more valuable property chares. Dividends paid on these property shares also tend to be higher than those paid 011 land shares Holt 1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Land reform programs that fail to account for gender differences in rights&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 2.3 who gets access to land? Honduras and Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honduras' Agrarian Modernization Law of 1974 includes a provision giving men age 16 or older the right to access to land, independent of any other qualification. For women. however, this right is restricted to unmarried mothers or widows with dependent children. Furthermore. if a male beneficiary dies or becomes incapacitated. the law gives preference in inheritance rights to a male child over the child's legally married mother. Some 30 percent of rural Honduran households are headed by women at least part time because of the seasonal migration of men to look for work (Saito and Spurling 1992). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the northwest and southwest provinces of Cameroon. an estimated 50 percent or more of those who claimed land within the first ten years of land registration (1974-85) were classified as public servants. Over 32 percent of all the remaining land titles went to businesses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women make up more than 51 percent of Cameroon s population and do more than 75 percent of the agricultural work. but they are virtually absent from land registers. Only 3.2 percent of all land titles issued in the Northwest Province were given to women; in the Southwest Province the figure was 7.2 percent. For the country as a whole. it is estimated that women obtained under 10 percent of all land certificates (World Bank 1995a).  to own. use, and transfer land may actually exacerbate the insecurity of women's land claims and. as a result, harm household welfare. For example, there is evidence that land titling focused on male household heads has adversely affected women's ability to farm independently. Moreover. intrahousehold inequalities in income and decisionmaking have increased (FAO 1993) In Africa some titling programs have allowed men to take advantage of their control over land to redesignate land formerly cultivated by women as household land. This switch provided the opportunity for men to increase the amount of work they expect from women on household plots. In other cases women have received smaller and less fertile plots than they had before for their personal crops (FAO 1993).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recognizing women's independent claims to land is therefore an important issue in property reform. In poor households. having rights to land could alleviate both women's own poverty and the household's risk of remaining poor. The season is mainly that women s access to economic resources has a positive effect on household welfare (Agarwal 1994). From the point of view of efficiency, secret land tenure increases the incentive to manage resources efficiently and expands access to formal credit markets. Because secure land tenure can mean greater productivity, it may also increase the household's incentives to invest in women's human capital.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Access to Extension Services</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agricultural extension services provide information training and technology to agricultural producers. Extension services have always been regarded as necessary for agricultural modernization. Given the importance of women's labor to agriculture in most regions, providing women with access to agricultural extension services is essential for current and future productivity. Types of agricultural extension services vary, hut in most countries publicly provided services dominate. Evidence suggests that women have not benefited as much as men have from publicly provided extension services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the importance of women's labor to agriculture it is in most regions providing women with access to agricultural extension services is essential for current  and future of productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A review of five African countries shows that extension agents are most likely to visit male farmers than female farmers (table 2.5) The impact of this inequity on female productivity depends in part on whether women and men within households pool information. There is, however. little evidence to suggest that this happens (see box 2.4). It is important to ensure that extension services reach omen directly, not only to redress gender inequalities but also to maximize productive efficiency. omen play a critical role in production of food and cash crops for the household. in postharvest activities. and in livestock care Men and omen perform different tasks they can substitute for one another only to a limited extent. and this imitation creates different demands for extension information Also, as men leave farms in search of paid employment ill urban areas. women are increasingly managing and operating farms on a regular and full-time basis. Hence. omen are becoming a constituency for extension and research services in their own right (World Bank 1994e)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.5 visits by agricultural extension agents (percentage of households visited)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=439&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country and year&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Households with female head&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Households with male head&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya. 1989&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;112&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi, 1989&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;58&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria 1989&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;37&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;22&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania, 1984&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;40&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;20&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;4%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;33%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1982&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;29&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;4%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;33%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1986&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;19&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 2.4 do women farmers learn from their husbands?&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of women farmers in Burkina Faso found that 40 percent had some knowledge of modern crop and livestock production technologies. For most of these women, relatives and friends were the source of information; nearly one-third had acquired their knowledge from the extension service, and only 1 percent had heard of the technologies from their husbands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Men are less likely to pass information on to their wives when crops and tasks are gender specific. In Malawi women claimed that their husbands rarely passed on advice to them: if their husbands did tell them something. the women did not find it relevant to their needs. In India women learned from friends, relatives. neighbors. and sometimes from their husbands. but this second-hand information seldom changed their production patterns (Saito and Spurling 1992). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The expansion of agricultural services beyond the public sector is a growing phenomenon in developing economies. The inadequacies of public funding plus the need to provide snore client-oriented services, suggest that the private sector has an important role to play However, women's limited access to land and credit put the many potential benefits offered by extension services out of reach. For example in Kenya's Meru and Maranga areas more than half the women surveyed cited a shortage of cash as their reason for not adopting, technologies that would maximize their output and increase their efficiency. The amount of education omen receive and the efficiency with which they run their farms are also closely linked This tie is particularly significant in light of the fact that one purpose of extension services is to advise farmers on use of modern technology.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three studies of Kenya found that the gender of the farm manager was, by itself. an insignification factor in output per hectare but that the manager's educational level had a significant effect on farm productivity (Moock 1976: Saito and Spurling 1992: Bindlish and Evenson 1993). Simulations based on these studies suggest that significant gains could accrue to increased investment in women's physical and human capital. As the data in table 2.6 show, if women and men shared the same educational characteristics and input levels. farm-specific yields would increase between 7 and 22 percent. Giving women primary schooling, by itself. would increase yields by 24 percent. Thus under investment in women's education limits growth of agricultural productivity. Well-targeted extension services can help to narrow the differences in productivity that arise from educational inequalities (Schultz 1988)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing Human Capital and Input Levels Would Increase tile Yield for Women Farmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.6 effects of increasing women farmers' human capital and input levels Increase  yields&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy experiment &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(percent)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maize farmers Kenya, 1976&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving female farmers sample mean characteristics and input levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving female farmer s men's education and input levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving women primary schooling&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;24&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food maize (maize beans and cow pears) farmers&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving female farmer men's education and input levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of increasing land area to male farmers' levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;10.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of increasing fertilizer to male farmers' levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.6&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Conclusion</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Analysts must look beyond market outcomes to identity the sources of persistent inequality between women and men. The search must focus on the household and its role in the formation of present and future human capital and on institutions beyond the household that reinforce and perpetuate gender inequalities. Gender inequalities within the household affect market outcomes, and these feed back; into household decisionmaking. This process is reinforced by inequalities in access to assets and services beyond the household. Improving the relative status of women within the household and increasing their access to assets and services will increase the returns to investment in human resources and improve the prospects for sustainable economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We must look for that which we have been trained not to see  Ann Scales, Yale Law Journal 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Chapter three</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Public Policies Matter</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As CHAPTER 2 has shown underivesting in girls and women is inefficient for society as a whole. Correcting for past underinvestment will require a &quot;genders&quot; approach to public policy. How this can be concretely achieved is the topic of this chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Equalizing Opportunities by Modifying, the Legal Framework</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Laws form tile functional framework of the economy and of civil society. Equality in the legal treatment of men and women creates the legitimacy policymakers need to seek change. Legal and regulatory provisions that discriminate against women-that. for example bar married women from seeking employment or prevent women from holding legal title to land-perpetuate gender inequalities and severely restrict women's ability to participate fully in social and economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modifying the legal framework to  eliminate discrimination and equalize opportunities for women and men is an important goal for public policy at the national and international levels. A supportive legal environment is also vital for other aspects of public policy that have a direct bearing on the opportunities available to women. such as regulations affecting the formal and informal sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four areas of the law are particularly important for equalizing the opportunities available to men and women: land and property rights; labor market policies and employment law: family law: and financial laws and regulations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Land and Property Rights</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policymakers should ensure that women and men are treated equally in the public allocation of land. Eligibility for land reform programs, for example. should not discriminate against women's perform claims whether the women are heads of households or members of households headed by men. When communities have been resettled or when a project allocates land to participating producers, women should have the same rights to land as men For refugee and displaced women returning to their homelands. often as de facto heads of households. need fair and equal treatment to allow them to establish a Farming or enterprise base as soon as possible. Whet-e land is in short supply, it may be necessary to recognize the land rights of certain groups, as well as their individual rights. The Indian National Sericulture Project is an example; it has leased land to women's groups and promoted women's access to land under state land-grant schemes (Quisumbilig 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some countries have enacted legislation to ensure gender equality in property and contractual rights. Under China's Law of Succession, for example males and females have equal rights to inheritance. Complementary measures are needed to ensure that women know their rights. Such measures include legal programs and campaigns to make judges and administrators sensitive to gender issues in the area of property rights (see box 2.1)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Labor Market Policies and Employment Law</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Discriminatory labor market policies and employment laws are widespread: examples are bans on hiring married women and restrictions on the type of work pregnant women may pet-form. Labor laws may also restrict female participation in jobs and deny women access to work settings. Even legislation that seeks to promote equal opportunity can have outcomes tot women workers. For example, generous maternity and child-care benefits tot women workers may make hiring women relatively mote costly than hiring men. perpetuating the gender wage gap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main issue for public policy its to ensure that fair and equal employment laws exist and are enforced.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.1 some NGO efforts to promote women's legal literacy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schuler and Kadirgamar - Rajasingham (1992) describe innovative approaches by  non governmental organizations to provide women with useful legal knowledge and tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action (CAFRA) has launched &quot;women and the law&quot; projects in five English-speaking Caribbean countries. Using a participatory methodology. the projects aim to create awareness of the law. provide women with legal information that will be useful to them in their daily lives, identify specific areas for action, and influence overall legislative policy. The projects develop educational materials for legal literacy and offer topic specific paralegal training for women's organizations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The legal literacy program of the Ugandan Women Lawyers' Association (FDA-Uganda) conducts legal literacy campaigns on specified dates each month in different districts. Pairs of FIDA volunteers conduct sessions, using role playing and discussions, on legal topics of relevance to women's lives and provide advice on contacting the FIDA legal clinic for advice and representation. In addition, FIDA and Action for Development broadcast regular radio and television programs on women and the law and publish pamphlets on legal issues of interest to women. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In India the Self - Employed Women's Association (SEWA) holds worker education meetings to provide members with legal information and offers one day training sessions on specialized legal information for community leaders. Members of SEWA paralegal staff research cases, prepare briefs, and argue all cases in labor courts for members. SEWA'S legal literacy efforts are part of its overall strategy of action for supporting self-employed women and women in the informal sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard. the main issue for public policy is to ensure that fair and equal employment laws exist and are enforced. Such laws should cover employment and employment-related benefits and should not be applied in a way that restricts women's access to the labor market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many countries women are protected by special standards in the workplace. These safeguards are of two types. The first includes measures intended to end discrimination in the labor market by requiring equal pay for work of equal value or by prohibiting the exclusion of workers from certain jobs because of gender. The second type protects women in their role as mottles by requiring employers to pay the full cost of maternity leave and provide childcare facilities. restricting night work, and limiting work categorized as dangerous or hazardous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first type of labor standard is often difficult to enforce. although nearly 120 countries have enacted equal opportunity laws. In most cases the law is in place but is not enforced. Furthermore. it often applies only to the formal sector of the labor market. leaving large number of women in the informal sector with little protection. More concerted public and private action is required to devise appropriate for enforcement. In additions complementary measures are needed to increase womenâs chances of entering the labor force. Such measures would include mote met-it-based hiring of women in the public sector and the creation of an appropriate regulatory framework that encourages the establishment of day-care centers private nursery schools. and kindergartens for the children of workers in both the formal and informal sectors. (Box 3.2 describes a day-care projects in Bolivia)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many countries have laws that limit night work. over theme and the use of heavy machinery by women. While well intentioned. these laws. too. can reduce women's employment options by raising the employer's cost of hiring women and perpetuating the notion that women workers are less flexible than male workers. This adverse result occurs because women already tend to have lower levels of capital than men and are limited by traditional notions of what womenâs work. Devising effective protective legislation for women is thus a difficult balancing act.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effective laws to protect women must honor the fine line between ensuring sate working conditions for all workers, including women in the informal sector. and providing equal opportunities for all workers seeking employment. Standards relating to maternity leave and child-care benefits are common in the formal sector. To ensure that such standards do not raise the costs of female labor unnecessarily employment legislation should avoid having employers pay benefits directly. Maternity benefits should be funded through general revenue taxes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.2 day-care center in Bolivia to enhance the status of women by increasing their employment opportunities in other Latin American countries, and their knowledge of women in Bolivia are over represented , health, and nutrition. The project among the poor, and many live in will establish day-care centers to proficult circumstances. They are twice vice non formal,  home-based, integrals likely as men to be illiterate, their child development for children unaccess to child care is limited, they the age of 6 in thirty-four poor subject to discrimination in hiring ban and purebred areas. Women and wages, and they are restricted benefit from the project either as by law from engaging in certain procure givers employed at the minimum ductive activities. wage or as clients of the centers. The Integrated Child Development children in day care gives women Project, financed by a credit from the more time to search for jobs or to in World Bank's International Development their current situations (Winkler opponent Association designed and Guedes 1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Or social security systems rather than by direct contributions from individual employers. In Eastern Europe and Latin America, however, this method of funding benefits has imposed a significant cost on the treasury, raising the question of how much should be paid and for how long.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One way of addressing this issue is for governments to encourage women and men to share the responsibility for childrearing by adopting legislation allowing either parent to qualify for the leave and benefits associated with having a child (Folbre 1994). Such legislation can be supported by changes in the tax system to ensure equal treatment of workers within the household and a margin tax rate on the earnings of additional workers in the household low enough to avoid creating a disincentive to women's participation in the labor force (Mac Donald 1994). These tax changes can be complemented by legislation that encourages absent to pay child support. Such laws are in place in many Latin American and Caribbean countries. but none systematically monitors transfers (Folbre 1994). Greater efforts to enforce the law are needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Family Law</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender inequality in family law can worsen women's bargaining position within and outside the household and affect household welfare and efficiency. As noted in chapter women's bargaining position in relation to Household resource allocation is often a key factor in determining the wellbeing of household members. particularly children. Reforms of family law can enhance women's economic and social opportunities while still respecting cultural norms. For instance the minim age of marriage for women  should be set high enough so that girls can complete secondary schooling: this would help lower fertility rates. (Allowing for exceptions such as parent consent negates the potential fertility benefit.) Marriage contracts should include stipulations guaranteeing the wife's rights. especially on separation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Women's bargaining position in relation to household</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legal and policy measures can have a direct bearing on the health of women. The law and its enforcement are essential for combating domestic violence against women. If the laws on violence against women are to be enforced, women need to be made aware of the legal recourse available to them and the judiciary and police need to be sensitized to the existence and&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.3 innovative approaches to combating gender violence&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil's women-only police stations are an innovative approach to the problem of violence against women. They have been so successful that other countries-including Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Peru, and Uruguay-have emulated them. The police stations have made it easier for women to report gender based crimes of violence, and, with that experience, women are now demanding more support from the police, such as legal counseling and advice. Despite the program's success, the number of convictions for gender-based crimes has not increased, largely because similar innovations have not been made in the  judicial system (Heise, Pitanguy, and Germain 1994). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Zimbabwe the Mussasa project provides support and counseling to abused women and sensitizes police and prosecutors to the issues of domestic violence and rape. To ensure the credibility and acceptability of the training, legal professionals are involved in the program. One branch of the criminal justice system-the police department, for example-often hosts training for another, such as prosecutors (Stewart 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Costa Rica El Instituto Legal de las Naciones Unidas y Desarrollo runs gender sensitization training for prosecutors, judges, lawyers, and other professionals who deal with crimes of violence against women (Heise, Pitanguy, and Germain 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Implication of violence against women. Affirmative action policies can increase the number of women police officers lawyers, and judges. Trading police, lawyers, and judges can increase their gender sensitivity. making the legal system more responsive to women's needs. Legal literacy efforts can make women aware of their rights and show them how to use these rights to mobilize for change. Some approaches to dealing with domestic violence are illustrated in box 3.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Financial Laws and Regulations</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Access to credit is vital for women, allowing them to manage fluctuations in income and expenditures and to expand their businesses. As we saw in the preceding chapters, credit can be an important source of economic empowerment for women within the household. But in many countries. underdeveloped financial markets, controlled interest rates, and overly rigid backings regulations have led to systems of credit that tend to shut out the pool. many of whom are women If financial institutions are to lend to those unable to obtain credit in the current environment. interest rates must be liberalized. Positive interest rates have important effects on informational money markets, which tend to be more exploitative when formal sector credit is rationed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Changes in the laws governing access to credit are also vital because women's business profiles often differ from men's. Compared with men. women are more likely to work in low-risk small, and home-based businesses (Rhyne and Holt 1994). This situation creates a demand for small loans that can be obtained without formal, legally secured collateral and that offer relatively flexible repayment terms. Legislation that encourages broad access to financial institutions can increase the availability of these types of loans. but legal changes may also be needed to extend the range of acceptable collateral.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many countries the regulatory framework contains provisions that are especially punitive to small firms. This adds an additional constraint on women, whose businesses are concentrated at the small end of the size The deregulation of the microentreprise sector would remove implicit disincentives to small-film activity and would relieve some of these Such action would enhance women entrepreneurs' prospects of benefiting from training or credit programs targeted to the microentreprise sector (World Bank 1994d. 1995c).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Redirecting Public Policies and Expenditure to Promote (tender Equality)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is unlikely that legal reform by itself will be sufficient to ensure that women and men ate treated equally. Further public action may be required to guarantee that gentler-neutral laws are enforced at both national and local levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Macroeconomic: Policies</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many developing countries are implementing important policy and institutional reforms to address changing economic conditions on both the domestic and international fronts. These reforms are often supported by international financial institutions and bilateral donors. The pace of reform has varied across countries Those countries that have implemented reforms early on, carried them out consistently, and received adequate financial support have generally enjoyed faster and stronger economic growth than count ties that have undertaken reforms too slowly, too intermittently, or not at all. Where implementation has been slow or the government's commitment weak, economic distortions have tended to multiply and economic trowels to slow. limiting the government's ability to invest in physical and human capital for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often the poorest groups in society that stand to lose the most from economic distortions. High and rising inflation places a disproportionate tax burden on the poor including low-paid wage workers and those with fixed incomes. For this and other reasons, inflation tends to hit women harder than men. An overvalued currency is also regressive; it keeps the price of goods artificially low. crowding out many locally produced goods. Women's businesses. which ate often concentrated in the informal sector, can be particularly vulnerable to competitions from cheap snorts. An overvalued currency reduces international competitiveness. limiting the availability of foreign exchange for domestic entrepreneurs and constraining business expansion and employment creation. A firm commitment to policy refortify is therefore essential to economic growth and sustainable initiatives for alleviating poverty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Inflation tends to hit women harder than men.</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such reforms generally include two kinds of necessary policies. The first emphasizes macroeconomic stability and the removal of price distortions: the second promotes labor-demanding growth in agriculture and industry and better. mote accessible basic social services. mightily in education, health care and water supply. Macroeconomic stability can be achieved by reducing large current account and government budget deficits and by curtailing excessive money and credit expansion. Correct pricing of foreign exchange and of domestic goods and services facilitates trade and investment and promotes growth Reforms of trade and price incentives encourage job creation and higher earnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In shots. broadly based economic reforms benefit the poor, as the experiences of diverse countries have shown. Data from the LSMS and similar studies confirm that in Costa Rica, Ethiopia. Than Indonesia, Peru, the Philippines, and Tanzania, declines in poverty rates have accompanied economic reforms. Because of underlying gender inequalities, reductions in poverty do not necessarily improve the economic status of women. Nonetheless. although empirical evidence on changes in women's welfare following reforms is scarce, data from the Philippines suggest that for women. economic reform is by improvements in social indicators and important employment gains (box 3.4). An analysis of household data from Peru indicates that reforms there have not only led to renewed growth and reduced poverty but have also improved the status of female-headed households (box 3.5).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their seminal role in encouraging sustainable. long-term growth. some economic reforms involve transitional costs. for two reasons: the need to implement radical shifts in government policy, and the lag. perhaps of years, between acceleration of economic growth and the realization of the âŠ&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.4 social progress and labor force gains for women in the Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Philippines began implementing economic reforms in the early 1980s. While political turmoil and some policy slippage have weakened GDP growth over the period and led to the need for further reforms, quality of life indicators have improved during adjustment. For example, by 1990 the incidence of absolute poverty had declined by about one-third (to approximately 20 percent of the population). Maternal and infant mortality rates also declined over the period: in 1980 the infant mortality rate was 52 per 1,000 live births, but by 1990 it had fallen to 41 per 1,000 births (Johansen 1993). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The percentage of the population with access to safe drinking water increased between 1980 and 1990, from 65 to 93 percent of the urban population and from 43 to 72 percent of the rural population. The figures for sanitation services showed the same increase, climbing from 81 percent with access in 1980 to 98 per  cent in 1990 among urban dwellers and from 67 to 85 percent among those in rural areas. Secondary school enrollment rates for boys and girls also showed gains. Girls and boys have traditionally reached similar educational levels in the Philippines, a trend that contributed to women's gains in the labor market during adjustment in the 1980s. While labor force participation rates for men rose only slightly, the rates for women increased dramatically, from 23 to 37 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, women's wages as a percentage of men's grew from 71 to 80 percent between 1978 and 1988 (Tzannatos 1995). A recent study of a low-income community in Manila found that in some private sector jobs women earn more than men, reflecting in part the high educational level among women in the sector. Earnings in the informal sector are generally low for both women and men. although some women have been so successful in their informal sector businesses that their spouses have opted to leave low-paying jobs in the formal sector to participate in their wives enterprises (Moser 1994).  benefits of growth by large segments of the population. The short-term costs can include increases in food prices as subsidies are removed temporary restrictions on credit to control monetary expansion, and cuts in public spending as governments attempt to control budget deficits and reorient spending toward the most important public services. Moreover, inequalities in access to and control over resources and in entry into markets hamper some groups in taking advantage of the opportunities created by economic reform For example, people who are unable to acquire new skills may remain for some thee. Gender inequalities in access to and control over land in rural areas can keep women farmers from taking advantage of changes in the relative prices of tradable and non tradable crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.5 macroeconomic reform and improved living standards in Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Between 1985 and 1990 Peru's economic regime was marked by expansionary monetary and fiscal policies and high levels of government intervention in most areas of the economy. Although these policies led to an initial period of growth, the approach proved unsustainable: by late 1987 growth had given way to hyperinflation and deep recession. During 1988-90 real GDP dropped by an average of 8 percent a year. Real wages and consumption expenditure also fell sharply as inflation soared to 7,600 percent a year in 1990.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1990 the new government of President Alberto Fujimori introduced macroeconomic reform measures designed to stabilize the economy, reduce fiscal deficits and inflation, increase market efficiency, and improve the country's competitiveness. Under this reform program inflation declined dramatically, falling to 57 percent in 1992 and to 17 percent in 1994. Real GDP grew by about 20 percent between 1991 and 1994, while real per capita consumption expenditure grew by more than 18.5 percent. LSMS data show that poverty declined by 11 percent-from 55 percent of the population in 1991 to 49 percent in 1994. Although the country experienced a brief contractionary period following the introduction of reform measures, household data from Lima for 1990, 1991, and 1994 indicate that in 1994 per capita expenditure was well above, and the incidence of poverty well below, 1990 levels. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improvements in living standards have been widespread, and the largest gains have been made in some of the country's poorest regions, such as the urban and rural sierra (mountain areas). In most parts of the country, increases in per capita expenditure among households headed by women have been above the national average. In the urban and rural sierra, for example. consumption expenditure by these households increased by 47.7 and 44.8 percent. respectively-figures that compare favorably with increases in per capita expenditure among households headed by men (35 and 28 percent for the same regions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although both women and men are expected to gain from economic reform in the long run. gender inequalities at the household and market levels can mean that the benefits of reform reach women, especially poor women. only slowly. Reforms must incorporate measures aimed at counter acting shot-term transitional costs. Among the most important are safety nets specifically targeted to vulnerable groups. For example, in fiscal 1994 seventeen of the twenty-three reform programs supported by the World Bank included components aimed specifically at reducing poverty: fourteen of them targeted programs or safety net measures such as labor-intensive public works projects. targeted and social assistance programs, and unemployment and social security schemes (see box 3.6).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.6 food coupons improve nutrition in Honduras&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The food coupon program in Honduras, part of a social safety net supported by the World Bank and financed by IDA and other donors, was put in place in 1990 to protect the country's most vulnerable people during economic reforms. Starting with about 182,000 participants, by 1994 the program had expanded its coverage to 345.000 of the estimated 430,000 children at risk of malnutrition. The effort also supports nutrition education for health workers, community groups, and mothers. Because coupons are used instead of food. the government saves some 30 percent over traditional food distribution costs, and the beneficiaries are able to choose the food  they will consume. Beginning in 1995, an adjustment for inflation will maintain the value of the coupons, enabling participants to satisfy a constant proportion of their food needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project also supports the development and implementation of a long-term nutrition assistance strategy for Honduras. Although attempting to measure changes in malnutrition is difficult in the short term, there have already been noticeable benefits. Between 1990 and 1993 the number of first-graders with severe or moderate malnutrition dropped by 4 percent. Organizers are now trying to graduate women participants from the program by offering training in basic skills such as food processing and helping them find assembly work in local factories (World Bank 1995b). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, safety nets are not a substitute for a mote integrated approach to economic and social policy that includes appropriate levels of harvest in social services and infrastructure. Recognizing this fact, governments and donors are increasingly incorporating into their reform packages antipoverty initiatives and measures to reduce gender inequality. In Pakistan, for example, the FIDA-financed Public Sector Adjustment. Program provides much needed the financial support for the balance of payments account and reinforces the emphasis on government investment in the social sectors. The program promotes increased access to and improvements in basic education. health. and water supply services that benefit girls and rural areas. It also supports a shift it government education and health spending toward the primary level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fiscal 1994 twelve of twenty-three World Bank economic reform pro emphasized the restructuring public expenditure, primarily to and increase spending on education. health care, and other areas important to poverty reduction such as water supply and sanitation. The Burkina Faso reform program is typical; it supports an increase in the total budgeted amounts for primary education and health services, which are particularly beneficial to the poor and to women. Uganda s program seeks to protect and enhance public expenditures for basic social services. including water supply primary health care and primary education. In the long term, the reform of public spending-especially in the social sectors, physical infrastructure and agricultural research and extension-promises significant benefits) trot women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Sectoral Investments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In principle. public expenditures on social services and infrastructure are allocated on a gender-neutral basis; in practice men and women use these services differently. The resulting inequalities frequently perpetuate gender based differences in the accumulation and distribution of human capital within households. Public policy can address this problem by public expenditure priorities between secrets and within social sectors. Further it can support services and types of infrastructure that provide the highest social returns to public spending and are most heavily used by women  and children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDUCATION. Estimations of the private returns to education for a number of countries (Psachatopoulos 1994) show that returns are at least equal for girls anti boys and are often higher for girls. Moreover, these rates do not capture the externalities generated by providing education to girls. The combination of private and social returns provides a clear signal for restructuring the allocations of public resources so as to support female education. Yet incidence analysis for a number of countries for which the necessary data are available reveals that educational subsidies per capita are higher for males than for females This difference is partly a result of the bias in allocation of subsidies toward higher levels of education, where female enrolled is lowest. Distortions in the allocation of public resources, such as the provision of mote money foe male-dominated tertiary institutions than for education that benefits girls, should be corrected by reallocating spending toward basic (primary and lower-secondary) schooling. Targeting these educational levels will have the maximum effect on girls' education and will yield higher social returns for society as a whole. In countries where universal basic education has been achieved and capital markets are unable to help households finance higher education, continuing subsidize higher education may be warranted. The rationale for the subsidy would be the productivity gains associated with a better-trained labor force.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To correct the bias against enrollment of girls more targeted interventions are need to influence household (see decisionmaking)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However reallocating public spending toward primary education and later toward higher levels is not sufficient to erase the gender gap in education The bias against enrolling girls in school is evident in both poor and no poor households and applies even at the primary level. To correct this bias, more targeted interventions are needed to influence household decision making&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HEALTH. Correcting the gender bias in the public financing of health care IS a more complex process than correcting the bias in education. for two main reasons: the marked differences between the health needs of men and women, and the unreliability of household data on demand for health services in comparison with the data on demand tot education). However it is cleat that targeting health services to women implies provision of adequate funding for prenatal care. infant immunization, and mother and child health services. Because of the significant social benefits of providing women with appropriate health care, governments should make basic services ices that benefit women a top priority among, public health care expenditures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a critical link between the public provision of health care and women's access to educational opportunities. A mother educated to seek preventive care and early treatment of illness for herself and her children (particularly girls) will reduce the cost of health care and in many cases. prevent premature death. Most of these highly cost-effective services can be supplied in rural clinics and health centers. Public spending should be so allocated as to ensure sufficient funding for these primary health facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES. Agricultural extension and research services are widely considered vital to increasing and sustaining agricultural productivity. Many of these services are being provided by the private sector. but in some countries private services need public support, either because certain markets have not yet been developed or because the infrastructure is poorly developed. However. women farmers and small holders are often not served as effectively by public agricultural extension systems as ate and male farmers (FAO 1993). This disparity stems paltry from expend priorities within agricultural extension services. which concentrate resources on the crops and the technology controlled primarily by male commercial farmers. Reallocating public spending on agricultural extension and research services toward crops and technology raised by or used by small holders and women farmers could yield high social returns to public investment and could increase private returns by improving the skills and productivity of small agricultural producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reallocating public spending on agricultural extension  and research services toward crops and technology &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Techniques for small holders and women farmers should take into account the need for quality and cost-effectiveness in public services, Economies of scale can be achieved if extension agents deal with groups of farmers instead of with individuals. This approach also provides a valuable forum for exchanging information. fostering peer learning. sharing expensive equipment. and pooling resources for- credit. Mobile trailing units and flexible hours that fit the crowded schedules of women farmers should also be considered. and more female extension agents should be trained to deal directly with female farmers. Such measures can be introduced without large additional resources if existing expenditures are carefully reallocated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;INFRASTRUCTURE, Public investment in economic and social infrastructure is vital in facilitated individual and household investment in physical and human capital. However, public expenditures on roads, water supply, and sanitation infrastructure frequently do not meet the needs of those who use the services most heavily. Women are the main users of water services, and it is essential to involve them in designing and implementing water projects. For example. in areas where transport is inadequate and water collection is a daily burden for women and children, the population tends to use the closest available facility rather than the safest one. In such cases. projects that ensure a safe water supply and take into account the specific needs and constraints of the users often have a significant effect on users' health. In two villages in Zaire where a piped water network was installed to provide safe drinking water, the median incidence of diarrhea was halved among children in households located less than a five-minute walk from a public standpipe. Spending allocations that favor public water supply and sanitation improve the general health of the population, save time for women and children. and increase school attendance. A study from Morocco chows that access to tap and well water instead of pond or river water raised school enrollment for both boys and girls (Khandker, Lavy, and Filer 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are the main users of water services and it is essential  to involve them in designing and implementing water projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public spending on roads and energy-related facilities (for instance electrification or energy conservation) or other infrastructure is usually assumed to be gander neutral. Yet women and men use these facilities differently The Morocco study cited above found that the availability of electricity increased the rate for girls substantially more than for boys. The study also showed that the presence of a paved road increased by 40 percent the probability that girls would attend school and reduced by 5 percent their probability of dropping out. Overall, improved road conditions increased the probability of school attendance for girls by 32 percent and for boys by 20 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural electrification can also ease the time constraints on women who must balance household and productive work. Lack of time is often a primary season for women's weak response to economic incentives. especially in rural areas. The case for making public investments in infrastructure would be stronger if gender differences in the use of projects and services, as well as the potential effect of such investment on productivity and social development. were taken into account.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Using Targeting Measures to Narrow the Gender</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As we have seen. policies that specifically target women or girls can address the needs or this group more efficiently and with greater cost-effectiveness than general policy measures. Female household members tend to allocate resources more directly to children. while men tend to allocate more resources to adults. In households in which resources are not pooled. targeting programs to the household as a where will not necessarily benefit all members equally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Targeting women directly is justifiable on two grounds. First, to the extent that gender inequalities prevent an economy from realizing its full potential. targeting to women can be an effective strategy for increasing productivity and output Second, where gender differences are wide, targeting may be needed to capture social gains and to increase internal efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Targeting women is especially when doing so contributes directly to reducing poverty; or when women have particular needs-for example. when maternal mortality is very high. The exceptionally high gender gap in educational enrollments in some countries can be reduced only by policies (including subsidies) that target girls. An obvious example would be policies that affect the private costs of schooling. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female household members tend to allocate resources more  directly to children it while men&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reducing these direct costs to households Will mean setting new public spending priorities. For example. education institutions for girls especially at the primary level, might be exempted from cost recovery measures. thus increasing the implied public spending subsidy to girls. Similarly. a far; number of publicly funded scholarships can be provided for girls' as has been done in and Guatemala.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Opportunity and travel costs can discourage parents from enrolling especially daughters in school. Some counties have tried to overcome the constraints imposed by opportunity costs by introducing flexible school hours and calendar years and providing child care for younger siblings (box 3.7). In some cases girls who are responsible for looking after their younger brothels and sisters ate allowed to bring them to school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In countries where cultural values may prevent girls from traveling alone to school. measures are needed that will increase access to safe transport.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.8 economic reforms and gender targeting in Mongolia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since Mongolia began its transition to a market economy in 1990, the living conditions of the population have deteriorated dramatically. According to the government's estimates, a quarter of all Mongolians are now living below the poverty line. Single women with young children are among the &quot;new&quot; vulnerable groups that have emerged in the wake of the transition. As of December 1993 nearly 72 percent of households headed by single persons, usually women, were estimated to have incomes below the poverty line. (About 28 percent of all households in Mongolia are headed by women). The Mongolian Women's Federation reports that the divorce rate is rising among jobless low-income couples, increasing the number of single-parent households. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Along with job loss women are affected by the decline in services such as day care and maternity homes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mothers now have to look after their children at home, which restricts their ability to participate in the labor market and, ironically, increases their dependence on welfare. When herds were privatized, priority was given to people who, according to the government, could take better care of the animals. Unfortunately, this policy adversely affected female-headed households.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The maternal mortality rate has doubled over the past three years. in part because many more babies are being delivered at home. Other factors that have contributed to the rising maternal mortality rate include a decrease in the number of ambulances and the need for patients to pay for the food they consume while they are hospitalized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mongolia, targeting female-headed households, pregnant women, and children is essential for reducing poverty. Social assistance, health care. education, and help in finding employment are particularly important (Subbarao and Ezemenari forthcoming).  change the geographic distribution of primary schools, of provide more boarding facilities. Projects in Pakistan are using school mapping techniques to establish criteria for placing new schools in currently underserved areas. Such programs benefit both girls and boys.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It may be necessary to target women when economic reforms of systemic transitions are occurring. For example, in Mongolia, as well as in other countries making the transition from a socialist to a market economy, women are disproportionately represented among the unemployed and otherwise disadvantaged (box 3.8). Thus, in designing safety nets to mitigate the short negative effects or economic transitions. policymakers need to recognize and evaluate the specific adverse effects on women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not always necessary to restrict a particular program of benefit exclusively to women: the objective can sometimes be achieved indirectly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Techniques based on self-selection appear to be particularly efficient. In Zambia. where men have a strong preference for cash wages, offering wages in kind (food) attracted more women workers than men to public works programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the financial sector. women entrepreneurs are enabled to borrow at market rates of interest when banking institutions adopt innovate collateral requirements, reduce transaction costs, and offer small loans at repeated intervals The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and Badan Kredit Kecaman in Indonesia do not reserve loans for women specifically: instead. they adopt innovative lending policies the result of which is that women snake up the majority of participants-is 96 percent in a new branch of the Grameen Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Involving Beneficiaries in Public Policy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until recently. the absence of input from beneficiaries often let's ignorant about how the costs and benefits of policy changes would be distributed among the population Today the views and needs of potential beneficiaries are being taken into account at both the macroeconomic and sectoral levels. This trend should make it possible to determine who benefits. who does not, and why. A good example of a situation in which a beneficiary's point of view can make a significant difference is in public expenditure reviews. Governments with unsustainable budget deficits must make difficult decisions about the allocation of public resources. Their task can of ten be facilitated by suggestions from the potential beneficiaries themselves, since one of the key questions policymakers face is whether investments as presently allocated are reaching the intended populations efficiently and effectively&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three broad approaches can be used to guarantee that the views of women and other intended beneficiaries are adequately reflected in policy and project formulation. First. surveys and other methods of collecting statistical data can be designed to ensure that gender-desegregated data are properly collected and analyzed. Second, beneficiary assessments, which use a range of qualitative research methods such as direct observation. selected individual of group interviews. and case studies. can be used to ensure that the views of all groups are adequately represented.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A third approach involves a range of participatory planning and management techniques that reflect a significant transfer of control to the community and local levels. Participatory evaluations use innovative research that allow illiterate and otherwise voiceless groups to express their concerns and priorities. Small grants and credits managed at the local level by NGOs or governments agencies permit a community to choose the projects that best reflect its OWN priorities. Social funds. whereby resources are channeled to demand-driven projects, are one such mechanism While these participatory approaches have been implemented primarily at the local level, they are also beginning to be used to involve the community in regional and national planning. Participatory methods, by helping to create local capacity. ensure the sustainability of projects and programs. They also help establish rational criteria for making public investment choices that incorporate both social and efficiency objectives.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Generating and Analyzing Gender-Desegregated Data</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender-desegregated data and the capacity to analyze these data provide public policymakers with essential information and enhance the dialogue with agents outside government. One of the most valuable instruments for collecting desegregated data is the household survey. which can provide detailed information that is invaluable in policymaking. Obtaining full gender information in many instances entails only a small increase in costs. since the desegregation itself involves little extra work. However additional resources ate often needed to analyze the data and make it useful to policymakers. Public statistical agencies might analyze gender-desegregated information in partnership with private and academic institutions in order to share the costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several important steps in collecting useful and accurate data. First. in places where gender -desegregated household data have not yet been collected. special efforts should be made to obtain them. At a minimum data on how individuals use health and educational services should be collected routinely as part of national consumption and expenditure surveys. If household consumption. income or production surveys have already been carried out but little or no gender--desegregated data have been collected, the marginal cost of collection is likely to be quite modest-perhaps on the order of 10 percent of total costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Participatory methods help establish rational criteria  for making public investment choose that incorporate  both social and efficiency objectives. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second. in places where basic gender-desegregated data have already been collected, it is important to gather more data from individuals on consumption and. as much as possible. on income and the ownership of assets. Such data ate vital for developing a deeper understanding of how access to and allocation and control of resources are determined within households. More data on men's and women's access to credit and information services, such as agricultural extension programs, are needed for an understanding of women's limited access to important production inputs. The data also indicate the effectiveness of projects and programs in providing such services to women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Third, there should be an increased emphasis on collecting panel data (thee series) to facilitate snore detailed analyses of changes in household behavior over time. Because full panel surveys are costly, it may be necessary to adopt less-expensive panel methods and combine them with flexible data collection. Anthropological and participatory research methods can be used to enhance the quality and relevance of formal survey questions, as well as to provide a &quot;reality check&quot; on formal survey responses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, greater priority needs to be given to gender-disaggregated analysis of existing data sets. This analysis should be carried out not only in social sectors such as health and education but also on such issues as the intrahousehold allocation of time and labor and access to and use of productive resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Working in Collaboration</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments' ability to identify and implement policies that promote gender equality is greatly enhanced by the active participation of other players from the development community and civil society. These agents include individual women and men, community-based groups, private-for-profit firms, trade unions, non governmental organizations, and multilateral and bilateral agencies. Interaction between public institutions and other actors provides the basis for a more informed policy dialogue on gender issues. It also lays the foundation for operational collaboration and for broadly based support for public policy measures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past several decades NGOs have become major players in international development. NGOs are by no means homogenous. In the field of development, they range from large volunteer and charity organizations, many of them based in industrial countries, to community-based self-help groups. They also include research institutes, volunteer-sending agencies, religious organizations, professional associations, and lobbying groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NGOs concerned with gender issues have had a particularly important role in designing and implementing gender programs, especially at the grassroots level, and in advocating policy change at the national level NGOs have been effective in providing information and education to women and in helping community-based women's organizations lobby for change. In many countries collaboration between NGOs and governments is still relatively new. Nonetheless, it is growing rapidly-most visibly in the delivery of social and financial services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, in Peru a proposed basic health and nutrition project aims to improve the quality and accessibility of health and nutritional services, with an emphasis on poor women and children. NGOs are expected to play a major role in implementing the project and will be responsible for 75 percent of training and research, 40 percent of education, and 20 percent of service delivery (World Bank 1994g). In Africa many HIV/AIDS support programs are managed by NGOs with assistance from governments and funds from international donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the long run choices made by private sector agents are profoundly important for the persistence  or reduction of gender inequalities &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the financial services sector NGOs have found innovative ways of overcoming barriers that women face in access to credit and savings facilities. Among the better-know programs are the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, ACCION International in Latin America, and the NGO consortium ACCORD in Africa. NGOs have been very successful in organizing village banks and mobile banking systems to reach the rural poor. These credit programs provide women not only with the funds to finance income-generating activities but also with opportunities to acquire basic business skills and to assume leadership positions within their peer groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments also seek to collaborate with a range of institutions from the private sector. In the long run the choices made by private sector agents- whether households, firms, or trade unions-are profoundly important for the persistence or seduction of gender inequalities. Joint public-private sector initiatives can be vital in changing peoples perceptions about the benefits of investing in or hiring women. The private sector has a comparative advantage in providing certain kinds of services to women-for example, vocational education and training. Collaboration with the private sector- often means that public resources can be reallocated to those investments that offer the highest rate of social return. such as basic education and health care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Strengthening International Policies to Meet New Challenges</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not all issues that bear on gender equality can be effectively addressed by individual nations. For example, refugee and displaced women and children account for up to 80 percent of the 50 million refugees and displaced persons worldwide. The sheer numbers of refugee and displaced women and children highlight the urgent need to devise international strategies for dealing with this problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sheer numbers of refugee and displaced women and  children (estimated at 4 million) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The constraints that refugee and displaced women lace are similar to those faced by other women, only magnified many times. They lack access to health services, even though their health risks are high. Girls often have less access to basic education than in their home countries. With little access to family planning, women s fertility rates may be extraordinarily high at a time when the burden of additional children hinders the chances of survival for both mothers and infants. In the absence of professional abortion services, women may rely on self-induced and unsafe abortions. The proportion of female-headed households is highest in refugee situations, yet the women's income-generating activities and skills are minimal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international response to this type of crisis is usually limited to emergency relief measures. Although vital, these measures often fail to recognize the long-term economic and social costs involved in restructuring the lives of displaced women when they return to their home countries. International public policy has an important role in preparing refugee and displaced women for their future role in rebuilding their societies. Long-term repatriation and development on a regional basis along the lines of the International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREFCA) in Central America is one approach to involving governments, NGOs and development agencies in a coordinated response to refugee problems. Governments and agencies must make every effort to collaborate in making repatriation viable by establishing development programs that explicitly take account of refugees' needs. Otherwise, chances are high that people will once again be forced to leave their countries. putting at risk national reconciliation efforts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another area that demands an international response is the establishment of legal conventions for the enforcement of social justice and human rights. Equality under the law creates the legitimacy policymakers and private individuals need to seek change that will increase well-being and encourage economic opportunity. In certain instances, legitimacy needs to be established at the international level. For this reason it is vitally important that governments ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. This convention. adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979, provides a framework for action by countries to reduce discrimination against women in political and public life, law and education, employment, health care. commerce. and domestic relations. International conventions of this type provide an important policy lever for women's organizations and other groups in civil society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Conclusions</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This chapter has presented the rationale for public interventions to promote gender equality. Such interventions are needed because of market failures and social externalities that extend beyond the individual household to affect society in general. For resources to be allocated efficiently, public spending should focus on those investments with the highest social returns. Given the evidence of high social and private returns to investments in women's human capital, public expenditures should give priority to the investments that have the largest impact on the welfare of girls and women, especially in basic education and reproductive and other health care services. Policymakers also need to identify areas in which actions can be taken that would have gender neutral outcomes, including sectoral programs addressing transport and infrastructure, water supply. and sanitation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BY directing  public resource toward policies and projects  that reduce gender inequality policy markers are promoting  not only equality today but also higher labor productivity &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women. The evidence on private and social returns to investments in women and girls cannot be ignored. By directing public resources toward policies and projects that reduce gender inequality, policy makers are promoted not only equality today but also higher labor productivity, a higher rate of human capital formation, slower population growth. and stronger economic growth tomorrows However, none of these goals can be reached without the participation of women  themselves. Governments and collaborating institutions must listen carefully to the voices of individual women, to women s groups, and to woman policymakers By working with others to identify and implement policies for greater gander equality, governments can take actions that will make a real difference to the future well-being and prosperity of their people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Notes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Birdsall and Sabot (1994) use earlier findings by Barro (1991) to test the relationship between inequality and growth. They find that in Latin America unequal distribution of education. in terms of both quality and quantity, constrained economic growth in the region by reducing opportunities for increasing labor productivity. In East Asia open and relatively equal access to high-quality basic education led to a virtuous circle of high educational performance that stimulated growth and reduced inequality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2. Subbarao and Raney (1993) estimate that a doubling of family planning services in 1982 would have reduced the fertility rate from 5.5 to 5 0 and the number of births by 3.5 percent&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3. The Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) is a series of multitopic surveys designed to study multiple aspects of household welfare&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4. Deforestation is represented by the time required to collect a standard load of fuelwood&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5. It would be more illuminating to compare wage differences across three categories of women workers: women without children: women with children but with no interruption in employment except for statutory maternity leave: and women with children and with interrupted employment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6. Among women workers. 53 percent are in commerce. compared with 33 percent of men. In manufacturing. 16 percent of the workers are men. compared with 14 percent for women. In services, 37 percent are men anti 33 percent are women (World Bank 1995c)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7. In Bolivia informal moneylenders require borrowers to write postdated checks. If borrowers tail to make timely repayments, these checks are deposited and, as the lender knows will bounce for lack of funds A bounced check is a criminal offense in Bolivia. and the lender can have the borrower arrested The World Bank estimates that about 20 percent of all Bolivian prison inmates-and 40 percent of female inmates imprisoned for 'bouncing' checks and for other collateral-related crimes. In many cases children must live in prison with their mothers (winkler and Guedes, 1995)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8. The International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREECA) was held in Guatemala City in May 1989 A total of 126 projects in seven countries were introduced. with an overall investment of $365 million Areas with high densities of returnees were targeted. and special attention was given to projects to support displaced women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">References</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agarwal. Bina. 1994. &quot;Gender and Command Over Property: A Critical Gap in Economic Analysis and Policy in South Asia.&quot; World/Development 22(10) 22(10): 145578.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baden. Sally. 1993. &quot;The Impact of Recession and Structural Adjustment on Women's Work in Developing and Developed Countries.&quot; Working paper. International Labour Office. Geneva&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bardhan, Kalpana 1993. &quot;Women and Rural Poverty: Some Asian Cases&quot; In M G Quibria, ea., Rural Poverty in Asia Priority Issues and Policy Options. New York: Oxford University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bardhan, Pranab. 1988. &quot;Sex Disparity in Child Survival in Rural India In T. Srinivasan and Pranab Bardhan. eds., Rural Poverty in South Asia. New York: Columbia University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barro. Robert 1991 &quot;Economic Growth in a Cross-section of Countries' Journal of Economics 106 (May):407 43.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beneria. Lourdes. 1992. 'Accounting for Women's Work: The Progress of Two Decades.'' World Id Development 20(11): 1547-60.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bindlish. Vishva. and Robert Evenson. 1993. Evaluation of the Performance of T and V Extension it? Kenya. World Bank Technical Paper 208. Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Binswanger. Hans, and Mark R. Rosenzweig, eds. 1984 Contractual Arrangements Employment and Wages in Rural Labor Markets m Asia. New Haven. Conn.: Yale University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Birdsall, Nancy, and Richard Sabot 1994 ''Inequality as a Constraint on Growth Working Paper. Manila: Asian Development Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blau. Francine. and Lawrence N. Kahn. 1992 &quot; The Gender Earnings Gap: Learning from International Comparisons&quot; America Economic Review 82 (2):533-38.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bouis Howarth E., and Eileen T. Kennedy. 1989. &quot;Traditional Cash Crop Schemes' Effects on Production, Consumption and Nutrition: Sugarcane in the Philippines and Kenya.&quot; Prepared for IFPRI-INCAP Policy Workshop. Antigua. Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chatterjee. Meera 1991. Indication Women Their Health and Productivity World Bank Discussion Paper 109. Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David, Rosalind 1992 The Effects of Male Out-migration on Women's Management of the Natural Resource Base of the Sahel. SOs International, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donors to African Education. 1994. A Statistical Profile of Education in Sub Saharan Africa in the 1980s. Paris.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duraiswamy. P. 1992. &quot;Child Survival. Preventive Health Care and Schooling in Rural Households of Tamil Nadu: India.&quot; Yale University, New Haven, Conn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Edgerton, V. R. G. W Gardner, Y Ohira. K. A Gunarwardena, and B. Senewiratne 1979 'lron Deficiency Anaemia and Its Effects on Worker Productivity and Activity Patterns' British Medical Journal 2:1546-49.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Einhorn. Barbara. 1993 Citizenship. Gender and Women's Movements in East Cent/al Europe London: Verso&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) 1993 Rural Poverty Alleviation Polices and Trends Economic and Social Development Paper 113 Rome&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fields, Gary S. 1992 ''Changing Poverty and Inequality in Latin America&quot; Public Finance 47 (Supplement): 59-76.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Folbre. Nancy. 1994. Who Pays for the Kids:' Gender and the Structures of Constraint. London: Routledge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fong, Monica 1993. The Role of Women in Rebuilding the Russian Economy. Studies of Economics in Transformation 10 Washington, D.C.: World Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goetz. Anne Marie. and Rina Sen Gupta. 1994 'Who Takes the Credit'? Gender. Power and Control over Loan Use in Rural Credit Programmes in Bangladesh.&quot; Draft University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies. Brighton, U.K.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hart, Gillian 1986 Power Labor and Livelihood: Processes of Change in Rural Java San Francisco: University of Berkeley Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heise, Lori. 1993 ''Violence Against Women: The Missing Agenda.&quot; In Marge Koblinsky. Judith Timyan. and Jill Gay. eds.. The Health of Women A Global&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perspective Boulder. Colo: Westview&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heise. Lori. Jacqueline Pitanguy, and Adrienne German. 1994 Violence Against Women The Hidden Health Burden World Bank Discussion Paper 255. Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herz, Barbara. and Shahidur Khandker. 1991 Women Work Education and Welfare in Peru. World Bank Discussion Paper 116. Washington. D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herz Barbara, K Subbarao, Masooma Habib. and Laura Raney 1991 Letting Girls Lea/n. Promising Education. World Bank Discussion Paper 1. Washington, D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoddinot, John, and Lawrence Haddad 1992. Does Female Income Insentience Household Expenditures  Evidence from CÃŽte d'Ivoire Trinity College. Oxford University, Oxford. U K&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holt, Sharon. 1995 Gender and Property Rights: Women and Agrarian Reform in Russia and Moldova.' World Bank, Europe and Central Asia Region, Washington, D C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Horton, Susan 1994. &quot;Women and Industrialization in Asia&quot; University of Toronto. Institute for Policy Analysis&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hosken, Fran P., ed 1992. Women's International Network News 18(4).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILO/INSTRAW. 1985. Women in Economic Activity: A Global Statistical Survey 1950-2000 Geneva&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jackson. Cecile 1993 &quot;Doing What Comes Naturally? Women and Environment in Development.&quot; World Development 21 (12): 1947-63.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Johansen. Frida 1993 Poverty Reduction in East Asia. World Bank Discussion Paper 203. Washington. D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jurisman. Clara, and Araceli Moreno. 1990. ''Women, Labour and Crisis: Mexico.&quot; Prepared for International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) project on Weathering Economic Crises: Women's Economic Responses to Recession in Latin America and the Caribbean. ICRW, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kalima Rose. 1992. Where Women are Leaders The Sewa Movement in India. London Zed Press&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker. Shahidur R. and Osman H. Chowdhury 1994 &quot;Targeted Credit Programs and Rural Poverty in Bangladesh.&quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department. Washington, D.C. and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker, Shahidur R. and Baqui Khalily. 1995. &quot;Designing a Sustainable Poverty Alleviation Program: The BRAC Strategy in Bangladesh.&quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department. Washington, D.C., and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker, Shahidur R. Baqui Khalily. and Zahed Khan 1993 ''Sustainability of Grameen Bank: What Do We Know ? World Bank. Education and Social Policy Department. Washington. D C, and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker, Shahidur R., Victor Lavy, and D Filmer. 1994. Schooling and Cognitive in World Bank Discussion Paper 264. Washington. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kumar, Shubh K. and David Hotchkiss. 1988 Consequences of Deforestation for Women's Time Allocation Agricultural Production and Nutrition in Hill Areas of Nepal International Food Policy Research Institute Research Report 69 Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kuzoets. Simon. 1955 Economic Growth and Income Inequalities.&quot; American Economic Review 45 (March): 1-28.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lavy, Victor. 1992. Investment in Human Capital Schooling Supply in Rural Ghana Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper 93 Washington, D C: World Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacDonald, Martha. 1994. 'Panel Presentation at the Gender Symposium&quot; World Bank. Poverty and Social Policy Department, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Manser Marilyn, and Murray Brown 1980 &quot;Marriage and Household Decision making: A Bargaining Analysis &quot; International Economic Review 21:11 44&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McElroy, Marjorie, and Mary Jean Homey. 1981. &quot;Nash-bargained Household Decisions: Towards a Generalisation of the Theory of Demand&quot; International&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic Review 22 (June):333 49&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moock, Peter R 1976 &quot;The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya.&quot; American an Journal of Agricultural Economic 58(5):831-35.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moser, Caroline O. 1992 &quot;Adjustment from Below: Low-income Women, Time and the Triple Role in Guayaquil. Ecuador&quot; In Haleh Ashar and Carolynne Dennis, eds., Women and Adjustment Policies in the Third World. New York: St. Martin Press&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1994. &quot;Urban Poverty and Social Policy in the Context of Adjustment&quot; World Bank, Urban Development Division, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mwabu, Germano. 1994 &quot;Household Composition and Expenditures on Human Capital Inputs in Kenya&quot; Presented at Northeast Universities Development Conference, Economic Growth Center Yale University, New Haven, Conn&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newell, Andrew and Barry Reilly 1994. &quot;Pine Gender Wage Gap in Russia. ' World Bank, Europe and Central Asia Country Department 3, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pitt, Mark, and Shahidur Khandker. 1995 &quot;Household and Intrahousehold Impacts of the Grameen Bank and Similar Targeted Credited Programs in Bangladesh &quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population Reference Bureau 1994. The Wood'. Youth 1994 A Special Focus on Reproductive Health Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Psacharopoulos George 1994. &quot;Returns to Investment in Education: A Global Up-date ' World Development 22(9):1325 43&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Psacharopoulos. George, and Zafiris Tzannatos. 1992 Women's Employment and PUN in Latin America Overview and Methodology. A World Bank Regional and Sectoral Study Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agnes. 1994. ''Improving Women's Agricultural Productivity as Farmers and Workers.&quot; Education and Social Policy Department Discussion Paper 37. World Bank, Washington. D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rahrnan. Rushidan I. and Shahidur Khandker 1994 &quot;Role of Targeted Credit Programs in Promoting Employment and Productivity of the Poor in Bangladesh.&quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department. Washington, D.C. and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. Dhaka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rhyne, Elisabeth. and Sharon Holt 1994 ''Women in Finance and Enterprise Development'' Education and Social Policy Department Discussion Paper 40. World Bank. Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rosenzweig, Mark. and T. Paul Schultz. 1982 'Market Opportunities. Genetic Endowments, and Intrafamily Resource Distribution: Child Survival in Rural India'' American an Economic Review 72:4:803-15.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;. 1987. 'Fertility and Investments in Human Capital: Estimates of the Consequences of Imperfect Fertility Control in Malaysia.' Journal of Econometrics 36: 163-84&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saito, Katrine, and Daphne Spurlirio 1992 Developing Agricultural Extension to/ Women Farmers World Bank Discussion Paper 156 Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scales, Ann 1986 &quot;The Emergence of Feminist Jurisprudence'' Yale Law Journal 95(7): 1373-1403.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schuler, Margaret, ed. 1986 Empowerment and the Law Strategies of Third World Women  Washington, D.C.: OEF&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schuler, Margaret. and Sakuntala Kadirgamar-Rajasingilam. eds 1992 Legal Literary. A TOOL for Women's Empowerment New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schultz. T. Paul 1988 ''Education Investments and Returns'' In Hollis Chenery and T.R. Srinivasan. eds. Handbook of Development Economics Amsterdam: North land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sedlacek, Guilhemie, Leah Gutierrez, and Amit Mohindra 1993. &quot;Women in the Labor Market&quot; World Bank. Education and Social Policy Department Washington, D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sen, Amartya 1990 'More Than One Hundred Million Women Are Missing: Women's Survival as a Development Problem.&quot; New York Review of Books (December 20):61-66.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sivard, R L 1985. Women: A World Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Priorities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stewart, Sheelagh. 1992. ''Working the System: Sensitizing the Police to the Plight of Women &quot; In Margaret Schuler. ed. Freedom from Violence e: Women Strategies from around the World. New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Subbarao Kalanidlli. and Kene l Ezemenari Forthcoming &quot;Transition. Poverty and Social Assistance in Mongolia.'' World Bank. Education and Social Policy Department Washington, D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Subbarao Kalanidhi. and Laura Raney 1993 Social Gains from Female Education: A Cross-National Stud!. World Bank Discussion Paper 194. Washington! D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Summers, Lawrence H. 1994 Investing in All the People Education Women in Developing Countries ED' Seminar Paper 45 Washington, D.C: World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thomas, Duncan 1990a &quot;Household Resources and Child Health in Zimbabwe.&quot; Working Paper. Yale University, Economic Grow Center, New Haven, Conn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1990b Intrahousehold Resource Allocation: An Inferential Approach of Human Resources 25(4):635-64.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1991 Gender Differences in household Resource Allocation. Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper 79 Washington. D C: World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1993. &quot;The Distribution of Income and Expenditure within the Household.&quot; A Annals of Economics and Statistic 29: 109-35.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibaijuka, Anna 1994 ''Cost of Differential Gender Roles in African Agriculture: A Case Study of Smallholder Banana-Coffee Fames in the Kagera Region, Tanzania.&quot; Journal of Agricultural Economics (U K) 45(1):69-81&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toubia, Nahid 1993. Female Genital Mutilation: A Call for Global Action. New York: United Nations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tzannatos, Zafiris 1995. &quot;Growths, Adjustment, and the Labor Market: Effects on Women Workers.&quot; World Bank, Poverty and Social Policy Department, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization). 1991. 1991. Paris&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1993b Trends and Projections of Enrollment by Level of Education by Age and Sex, 1960-2025. Paris&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund! 1993. The Progress of Nations. New York&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization). 1993 11 Women in Manu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Recent Development in Practice Books&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Priorities and Strategies for Education: A World Bank Review (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Better Urban Services: Finding the Right Incentives (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strengthening the Effectiveness of Aid: Lessons for Donors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enriching Lives: Overcoming Vitamin and Mineral Malnutrition in Developing Countries (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A New Agenda for Women's Health and Nutrition (also available in French)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population and Development: Implications for the World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;East Asia's Trade and Investment: Regional and Global Gains from Liberalization&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governance: The World Bank's Experience&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Higher Education: The Lessons of Experience (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Better Health in Africa: Experience and Lessons Learned (also available in French)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Argentina's Privatization Program: Experience, Issues, and Lessons Sustaining Rapid Development in East Asia and the Pacific&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE WORLD BANK A partner in strengthening economies and expanding markets to improve the quality of life for people everywhere, especially the poorest&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender equality is not only a matter of social justice but also good economics. It is of foremost importance to women's wellbeing and development. Discrimination means losses in productivity and lower welfare of women, their families, and society at large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the gender gap is narrowing in education, health, and many other areas, women are still less educated than men, work more hours, and are paid less. The reasons why gender disparities persist are complex, having to do with social and institutional norms, relationships within households, and even lack of information about the benefits of educating and employing women. Despite the weight of social and cultural factors, public policy can influence women's status and well-being. Governments have a leading role in widening the opportunities available to women and extending the services that are vitally important to them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report outlines what governments and development agencies can do to work toward greater gender equality- one of the best investments a society can make. Public policy can affect investments in health, education, and infrastructure through laws and regulations. It can also affect land ownership, financial services, and access to employment. Not least important, public  policies can affect macroeconomic performance and create a favorable climate for economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH1726.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH1726.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH1726.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2684 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/ec160e/ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">432133</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://ec160e/ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://ec160e/ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courier - NÂ°160 - Nov - Dec 1996 - Dossier Habitat - Country reports: Fiji , Tonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Settlements, Housing, Building - Infrastructure Construction (Roads etc)|Settlements and housing: general works incl. low- cost housing, planning techniques, surveying, etc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Development Periodicals and Magazines|The Courier ACP 1990 - 1996 Africa-Caribbean-Pacific - European Union</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Courier - NÂ°160 - Nov - Dec 1996 - Dossier Habitat - Country reports: Fiji , Tonga (ec160e)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">EC Courier</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1726.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p15.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p32.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p48.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p90.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country reports&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji is home to people of a variety of cultures but it would not be accurate to describe this Pacific island country as a 'melting pot'. Politics here are dominated by the difficult relationship between indigenous Fijians and the descendants of indentured Indian labourers brought in to work the sugar cane fields. We look at how this situation affects the economy -  which everyone acknowledges has considerable potential, and examine the prospects for ethnic rapprochement as the nation begins a 'great debase' on the future shape of its Constitution. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga appears like a haven of tranquility in a turbulent world. A society which respects hierarchies and is strongly attached to 'traditional values', it is also one of the few remaining places with a hereditary ruler who wields substantial power. But outside influences cannot be ignored altogether and nations everywhere are having to adapt to living in the 'global village'. Our report focuses on the possible consequences of this for the 'Friendly Islands' as the new millenium approaches. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dossier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of 'habitat' conjures up different things to different people - from the right to a roof over one's head to the way in which we manage the flora and fauna of the planet. In our dossier, we consider the legacy of the United Nations 'Habitat' Conference held in Istanbul earlier this year. We also highlight some of the initiatives being taken to improve the quality of people's living environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgements</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier: Africa  - Caribbean - Pacific - European union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Address: Postal address (mail only) 'The ACP-EU Courier' Commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 Brussels Belgium &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier office address (visitors) First floor Astrid Building 1, rue de Geneve Evere- Brussels Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publisher Steffen Smidt commission of the European communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 - Brussels (Belgium) Tel. 00-32-2-299 1111 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Publications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assistant editors&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeanne Remacle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associate assistant editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalist:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Production Manager:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secretariat:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carmela Peters&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fax: 299-30-02&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Circulation:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Margriet Mahy-van der Werf (299-30-1 2)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Meeting point</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Jacques Bugnicourt, Executive Secretary of Enda Tiers Monde</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main development battle must be fought in the towns and cities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Founded in 1972, Enda Tiers Monde ('Enda' stands for 'environment and development') is one of the few large international NGOs to be based in a developing country. It has a presence in a number of states in Africa, Latin America and Asia and has been concentrating its efforts on towns and cities, in the belief that this is where deprived populations can be best assisted. Jacques Bugnicourt, who is Enda's Executive Secretary, has some strong views about what needs to be done to tackle the problem of urban deprivation. When we interviewed him at the Enda headquarters in Dakar, Senegal, we began by asking him about the history of the organisation that he heads.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - When we launched Enda, I am not sure that we had any particular goal in mind. You would have to go back to the end of the 1950s, with the war in Indochina, the approaching conflict in Algeria, the independence of countries in Africa and the last-ditch struggles of the colonial powers, notably France. It was in Paris that links were forged between activists from many Third-World countries - in particular, we all took part in the street demonstrations mounted by people from the French colonies. There were some very strong groupings like the Federation of Students from Black Africa, and its equivalents set up by students from the Maghreb, Latin America and Asia. Ten years later, in the 1970s, we could see that the independence experiment was turning sour and the hopes we vested in the actions of determined and brilliant people had come to nothing. The United Nations was becoming increasingly bureaucratic. Some of our friends and colleagues who had government posts had their hands tied, while others were in prison and were equally powerless. In addition, the communists were disappointed at not being able to apply their doctrine to local conditions. Some did, in fact, manage to achieve small-scale results locally when working at the grass-roots, but by and large, their efforts were not successful. I came to Dakar, where I taught in a United Nations institute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A lot of people had theories. But you cannot take up the battle for the poor without the poor themselves, or for those under the yoke of colonial rule without the participation of the subjugated population. To begin with, you have to appreciate the diversity of the various peoples in developing countries, and be aware of their daily life and struggle. Cesaire wrote that you had to ask questions about the soil, about cities, about men and about the sun. Later, once you have done this, you can act.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We need to dismantle the barriers. There can be no agronomy without economics, and no economics without sociology. If you are talking about jobs in Senegal, you also must talk about jobs in Mali and Guinea - treat Africa as a whole. Another thing is that you have to stand up for yourself and not allow yourself to be manipulated by people from the developed countries. One of the major problems we have noticed is that part of Africa's elite is out of touch with the general population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are the underlying reasons for the foundation of Enda. Nowadays, it is a non-profit-making international organisation working with various communities - an 'INGO', if you like, with the 'I' standing for 'international'. We have bases almost everywhere in the Third World, from Ho Chi Minh City to La Paz.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is each section of Enda independent, then ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. We took the view that there was a danger of becoming too centralised and acting like a small-scale UNICEF or UNESCO, so we decided to guard our independence very carefully. We opted for the widest-ranging autonomy possible. This has its drawbacks of course, but these are far outweighed by the advantages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mention drawbacks. Would it be true to say that the original enthusiasm which greeted the creation of Enda has fallen off somewhat ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's something we are always concerned about. It is not structures which maintain cohesion, but the sharing of goals and the channelling of our actions towards the common good.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the various sections get together, we find that we have a great many things in common. But there is no good reason why those of us in Dakar should try to influence the way people work in working-class districts in Santo Domingo, for example, where they are trying to tackle problems like AIDS and unemployment. We simply tell them what we are doing here and vice versa. If you want to serve the people, you have to have a decentralised set-up. It would be wrong to deal with a problem centrally, and to do so would be against our instincts. Most of us have no particular liking for institutions. An institution must be of service in the battle, not the other way round.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How do you guarantee cohesion in practice ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It costs a great deal to travel of course, but we do have a lot of joint programmes. For example, the cities programme includes people from Bogota, Santo Domingo, Rabat, Dakar, Ho Chi Minh City and Bombay, all working together. They meet from time to time and, when they do, it is to get down to practical work. Together, their work is, say, three-quarters practical and one quarter reflective. Nevertheless, there is ongoing tension, particularly in the relationship between overall policy and local demands. Another conflict arises between grass-roots action and reflection.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The impression one gets is that you yourself are the 'cement' between the various groups which make up Enda. Could this not be seen as a weakness which may make things difficult in the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's what other people say, not what I think. I try to make my presence useful and those who come after me will do the same. What really holds us together is our belief in what we are doing. It is not a question of adhering to some kind of 'monolithic' faith. We simply believe that we can be of use, recognising that there are many limitations. Let me give you a practical example. If someone involved in recycling in Bogota were to meet up with someone from a poor district in Dakar who works at the rubbish tip, they would have a great deal in common and would find it useful to compare their problems and consider practical ways of solving them together.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are your most important activities in Senegal ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - By far the most important is the one covering the city of Dakar. As well as being a focus for the country itself, Dakar is a metropolitan centre for the entire sub-region, with influence over Bamako, Conakry, Bissau and perhaps even Praia in Cape Verde and Nouakchott in Mauritania. What happens here has repercussions in all those cities. I do not want to sound too dramatic, but the decisive factor in our destiny will be the fate of young people and the poor in the major cities. Two-thirds of these people are facing chronic problems. Those under twenty make up more than half the population and their lives are continuing to spiral down into poverty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enda should obviously be operating in those areas where it can be of most use. And in the context of towns and cities, we have completely reviewed our strategy. For some years we gave priority to the countryside. For a long time, in fact, we believed that rural development would permit a much improved urbanisation process. There was even the view that people in developed countries would not object to paying a little more for agricultural produce, because they could be certain that the money was going to those who actually grew the cotton, groundnuts, cocoa or whatever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the last fifteen years or so, though, we have come round to the view that our actions must be directed principally at towns and cities. We found initially that there were some interesting projects involving small groups - working to improve the position of children or banding together in cooperative savings ventures. It was good, long-term work which gave results. But that is all out of date now. We have to speak in terms of much larger numbers  -  tens of thousands and not tens or hundreds. Otherwise, there is no chance of making a real difference. That is why we have considerably altered our strategy. Three years ago, approximately two thousand children were able to go to holiday camps. Most of these holidays were paid for by companies, but fewer than 10% of the beneficiaries were genuinely poor. Last year, no fewer than 10 000 children were sent away on five days' holiday -  to the coast near Dakar. Enda was involved in this programme working with 200 local cultural and sports associations. The idea was to give the children the chance to splash about in the sea, but also to use African resources to help them become full citizens and learn that our diversity is the source of our wealth. There are at least 100 000 children living in misery and many of them could end up joining the ranks of the street children. If you can give these youngsters five days holiday plus a bit of follow-up, you allow friendships to be built. It offers a brief escape from everyday reality. It may not be paradise, but it is something tangible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another example is the tontines that have been formed into a federation. We currently have nineteen thousand women participating in these and if you bear the large family sizes in mind - there are perhaps ten people in every family - that represents a lot of people. The women pay into the tontines and the money is used, not just for the security of their immediate family, but also to help young people set themselves up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then there is rubbish collection. Enda runs its own scheme but there are also a number of groups that have turned rubbish collection into a profession. The young people collect the rubbish and recycle it. There are about 50 000 people in the biggest district where we are involved in rubbish collection. There are also some young people in that district who are engaged in water recycling and although it only involves supplying about a hundred people at the moment, I believe this scheme will grow. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We also organise schools and are currently involved in making films for schools on the subjects of the environment, hygiene and solidarity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Enda has just opened an 'eco-centre'. If I understand it correctly, this is a showcase to promote a horizontal link between Enda's various activities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That is right. We want it to be a place of passage, meeting, exhibition, permeation and redistribution. We hope people will feel comfortable there, and that it will be a tool symbolising a new way of working. So the centre offers an experience, but we also want it to be used to promote activity. A variety of events have been organised there simultaneously - recently for example, a meeting of shoe-shiners, a gathering of teachers from a long-standing educational centre, an exhibition for the Biennial Festival of Contemporary African Art, and a local-community meeting about setting up a small production facility. Two days earlier, there was a preliminary holiday-camp meeting where the instructors got together to look at the best available teaching methods designed to make children more aware of the importance of solidarity. We believe that solidarity is essential in tackling problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So the centre has a multitude of uses, all of which contribute to the vitality of the local economy. You have to understand the crucial importance of the local economy. It responds to all the basic needs of the poorest people, who want to live their lives just like the rest of us.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You talk of depending on the local (what some would call the informal) economy to live - or at least survive. But this sector is not viewed with enthusiasm by the international authorities ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Their policy is based on domination and fear: fear of those who accumulate assets. To see these hordes of people in the developing countries frightens them. It's a bit like the horror of the wealthy classes at the end of the nineteenth century when faced with a working class which dared to aspire to wealth. They will give to charity but are not prepared to make a long-term investment. The lack of support for the local economy stems from the fact that foreign aid is geared, first and foremost, towards major projects or emergency aid. Four or five years ago, the UN conducted a survey in 10 towns and cities in West Africa, but the results were not published because they showed that the average rate of growth of the local economy was 7.5%. So, you see, we are far from just muddling along. Great things could be achieved if only there were a change in attitude. It also requires a change of terminology. How can one justify the use of the word 'informal' and, worse still, treat the work of the poorest people and fraudulent activities under the same heading. Fraud may be formal or informal. Knowing African society as I do, I am aware that fraud is statistically more widespread amongst the prosperous and highly respected. So we must not cast stones at the little man selling socks who has no trading licence because he cannot afford one, or at the woman who sets up a stall at a school entrance without complying with the law which requires a recent certificate stating that she does not have tuberculosis. What is the bottom line here ? Must we respect the law or the people who want to live without being thieves, beggars or prostitutes ? It is unacceptable for force to lie with the law and for the majority to be cast into wretchedness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Senegal, there used to be fixed prices for milk. The World Bank protested, declaring that this was a restriction on free competition. Now we have to pay much more and many people can no longer afford to give their children-milk every day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To put it in perspective, Senegal's economy is about the same size as that of the city of Bordeaux. So we must use all the available potential. Highly qualified managers should do their job looking after the high-tech sectors. But, at the same time, we should not be driving out the poor people who are just trying to eke out a living. The informal sector creates services for a very small investment, and people also require services. Economic policy must allow society to walk on two legs, not just one. What that means is that we need a great deal of flexibility, and perhaps a complete review of the law. Contraceptive implants have to be licensed so that there are no more back-street abortions. And it must be possible for girls to attend school even if they do not have a proper birth certificate - why should they be excluded from education for want of a piece of paper. It should be possible to trade with a simple one-day ticket which people should be able to buy in post offices or cinemas. What would be wrong with that? And we should have a moratorium on a number of regulations. We need to wage war on the destitution that we are suffering and that means taking decisive measure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ACP</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Joint Assembly begins discussions on future ACP-EU relations</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the agenda was, as usual, heavily laden with a variety of long-standing issues ranging from regional cooperation, fisheries, the cocoa content of chocolate and bananas to the situation in several ACP states (in particular Rwanda and Burundi), the future of ACP-EU relations was at the forefront of discussions at the ACP-EU Joint Assembly, which was held in Luxembourg from 23-26 September 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Opened in the presence of the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, the Assembly's general attitude was not one of speculation as to whether or not the European Union would abandon the ACP states when the LomÃ© IV Convention expires in the year 2000 - a feeling that was rife shortly after the signing of the revised version in Mauritius in November 1995. Instead, it was one of positive thinking and of exploring the kind of agreement that would succeed it. 'There is no question of the European Union getting out of a relationship which took decades to build', Luxembourg's Prime Minister Jean-Claude Junker, told participants in his welcoming address.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As pessimism gives way to guarded optimism, ACP-EU parliamentarians have taken an important initiative, even before the Commission's Green Paper is published, in what is bound to be a long and passionate debate. A special summit of ACP Heads of State is planned for Gabon later in 1997 to discuss the issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Options for the future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A general report, introduced by Mr Firmin Jean-Louis (Haiti), provided the main platform for the Joint Assembly's deliberation. Although presented too late for representatives to have the opportunity to examine it in detail, the exchange of views on the floor was wide-ranging and reflected the report's content to a considerable degree.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report encapsulates all the ideas that have emerged so far in various fore. It analyses framework options for future ACP-EU relations  -  bilateral, regional and multilateral - and raises pertinent questions and concerns. Noting that international cooperation is increasingly dictated by economic and security considerations, and that North-South solidarity is, as a result, being pushed to the background, it regrets the fact that certain EU member states appear to indicate a preference for bilateral over multilateral cooperation. The author of the report warns that this trend would not only diminish the credibility of the Union but also its international influence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any instrument of cooperation, the report says, should take into account the different levels of development among ACP states as well as the regional vocation of many others. Its objective must be poverty eradication, sustainable economic and social development, and the harmonious integration of the ACP states into the global economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It recognises the need to secure the support of European public opinion which is largely unconvinced that EU aid to ACP states has been effective over the past 20 years. Not enough publicity; it says, has been given to its positive aspects. The report goes on to warn that solidarity and development are at stake and that the debate on the future of ACP-EU relations should not be left to politicians and technocrats. It should also involve wider civil society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Joint Assembly debate, the commitment of EU political leaders to the development of the ACP states was often called into question. Francis Wurtz (EUL-F) summed it up when he said there were worrying signs that the EU intends to downgrade its relationship with the ACP states - signs which go back to the negotiations on the LomÃ© IV second financial protocol, when several countries refused to increase their contributions to the 8th EDF. The EU draft budget for 1997, which he said revealed a substantial reduction in the funds allocated to the developing countries outside the Mediterranean region, provided further evidence of this. 'We must be vigilant,' he told his colleagues, 'and must not allow the LomÃ© Convention to be revised downwards.' Mr Wurtz agreed that greater efforts were needed to create awareness and mobilise European opinion in favour of development. The European public should know that EU development policy was not based on charity but on self-interest. 'Without Africa developing, Europe has little chance of maintaining growth in the long run.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lord Plumb (EPP-UK), the European Co-President of the Joint Assembly, admitted that it would not be easy to influence European public opinion. 'One of the roles of the Joint Assemby,' he said, however, 'must be to ensure that the peoples of Europe have confidence in the progress being made by the countries of the South. We must all help in this task of confidence-building.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Glenys Kinnock (PES-UK) urged that there should be as much participation as possible in the ongoing dialogue over future ACP-EU relations in order to bridge what she saw as 'the gap between rhetoric and reality.' Equity, she argued, should be the main objective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP Co-President, Sir John Kaputin (Papua New Guinea), said there was no doubt that the EU was forging closer ties with the former Eastern bloc countries at the expense of the ACPs. He pointed out, however, that the LomÃ© Convention had always encouraged a 'forward-looking' approach and argued that whatever succeeded the current ACP-EU relationship should be 'the most important' agreement ever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The representative from Barbados, Dr Richard Cheltenham, was of the opinion that whatever the outcome of the discussions, efforts were needed to avoid 'chaos'. There should, for example, be no immediate abandonment of the trade preferences that ACP states had acquired. Transformation must be gradual to enable them to adjust and restructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European Commissioner, Professor Pinheiro, chose, first of all, to underline the importance of the role of 'the state and civil society' in development. He indicated that he saw this as growing more and more in importance. This was reflected in the agreement signed in Mauritius -  an agreement which seeks to encourage the consolidation of democracy, the rule of law, good governance and transparency, and which emphasises decentralised cooperation and the role of the private sector. the Commissioner spoke about the current programming exercise, reminding the Assembly that resources were being allocated in two tranches in accordance with the provisions of the revised Convention, to take account of each ACP state's development strategy and the objectives and priorities of the Community's development policy. He revealed that only 16 ACP countries and two EU Member States had ratified the revised Convention and urged those that have not done so to accelerate the process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He welcomed the Joint Assembly's initiative in debating future ACP-EU relations. The Commission's Green Paper, he told representatives, will be published in November. He was, therefore, not in a position to enter into detailed discussions with members on the subject at this stage. He stressed, nonetheless, that the document 'will not be a blueprint for future EU strategy towards the ACP countries. It will be a discussion paper.' there were a number of key questions that needed to be addressed regarding strategy, the scope of future relations and the use of the traditional instruments of aid and trade. 'This is not to say that we should start afresh', he argued. 'We should build on what has been achieved so far, and adapt where necessary.' Professor Pinheiro was certain that whatever the outcome of the discussions, there were a number of 'unchallengeable principles' on which ACP-EU relations should continue to be based. These were: partnership, ownership by ACP countries of their development policies, security in terms of EU support and predictability of relations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New areas of concern&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This session of the Joint Assembly saw the emergence of two new areas of concern: urban development, and the effects of climate change on small island states. An initial report on the former was presented by the rapporteur, Daby Diagne (Senegal). It did not give rise to much debate. The report emphasises the pivotal role towns play in economic development and urges the Community to adopt an integrated policy on urban development (See our interview with Mr Daigne in the Dossier). The latter was the subject of a full morning hearing, involving a panel of ACP-EU experts who are closely involved with the problem. They warned of the threat posed by global warming to the survival, and even existence, of many islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The emission of greenhouse gases, the Assembly was told, has reached levels never before experienced (see the article which follows). Representatives agreed on the need to integrate climate change considerations into sustainable development strategies. A Working Group on the issue was set up with Karin Junker (PES-G) as general rapporteur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cocoa and babanas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was no avoiding the intractable problems of cocoa and bananas. On cocoa, opinions were divided as usual. There were those who felt that the Commission's proposed new directive allowing chocolate to contain vegetable oils (up to 5% of total volume) in place of cocoa butter, was reasonable. The proposal also involves a labelling system to ensure that the exact contents of the product are clearly indicated Advocates of this strategy argued that it would not only widen consumer choice but would also promote the export of shea-butter and other vegetable oils which a number of ACP countries produce. Opponents were worried that if implemented, the directive could lead to a big fall in cocoa exports and a commensurate loss of earnings for ACP cocoa producers. Magda Aelvoet (Greens-B) argued in favour of maintaining the status quo, saying that this was preferable to what was being put forward in the draft directive. She warned that the Commission propose' would almost certainly result in everyone (cocoa producers, shea-butter producers and consumers) losing out. There was no guarantee that menu facturers would choose shea-butter given that they would be free to use whatever vegetable oils they liked She was certain they would go for the cheapest substitute or even for synthetic products. Accordingly, Mrs Aelvoet proposed a 'freeze' on all proposals. This view was reflected in the resolution passed by the Assembly, which called on the Council to reject the proposed directive. It also requested the sever member countries which currently authorise the use of vegetable oil to comply gradually with the existing directive  -  which bans their use altogether.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banana issue proved even thornier. There is a dispute at the World Trade Organisation, where the LomÃ© Protocol is being challenged by the United States and Latin American banana producers. Mrs Kinnock expressed anger at the fact that the arbitration panel set up by the WTO is made UP of three countries known to advocate free trade. The panel, she said, is chaired by Hong Kong - which the Organisation told her was representing the 'developing countries!' The general feeling among representatives was that the odds were stacked against the European Union and the ACPs. The Assembly passed a resolution asking the Union to stand firm in defence of the banana regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Democracy, human rights, peace and security&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty-seven questions were addressed to the Council of Ministers and a further 28 to the Commission. More than a third of these dealt with issues relating to emergency relief operations, democracy, human rights, peace and security  -  recurring themes throughout the four-day meeting. The emphasis, in this context, was on Burundi, Rwanda, Liberia and Nigeria, all of which were considered individually under the agenda item 'the situation in ACP states'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the detailed answers given by Commissioner Pinheiro to questions on Burundi and Rwanda, the Assembly had a long session with Aldo Ajello, the EU's Special Representative to the Great Lakes. The discussion focused on efforts to restore democracy and legitimate government in Burundi, national reconciliation, and the repatriation of refugees from neighbouring countries to both Burundi and Rwanda. Mr Ajello gave members a comprehensive picture of the complex political and humanitarian situation in the region. He spoke of the sanctions imposed on Burundi by neighbouring countries and the efforts of the former Tanzania President, Julius Nyerere, to bring about dialogue and a just political settlement in Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria was again in the dock. Its representative, Dada Olisa, acting Charge d'affaires at the Embassy in Brussels, gave an account of what he considered was the progress made by the Abacha regime on human rights and democracy since the Joint Assembly met in Windhoek last March. He mentioned the repeal of the decree under which Ken Saro-Wiwa and other minority activists were executed, the release of detainees and the transitional programme for a return to democracy by 1998. He pleaded for the Assembly's understanding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;His explanation cut no ice with any of the seven political groupings in the European Parliament, who came together to present a compromise draft resolution on Nigeria. They wish to see all political prisoners released immediately, and the restoration of civil and political rights, as well as a democratically elected civilian government, by the end of 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution on Nigeria was again passed by secret ballot - the very last act of the session. It calls, among other things, for a total arms embargo (preventing the trade in future but also covering existing supply agreements) and for the financial assets of the Nigerian government and of members of the country's ruling councils (and of their families), to be frozen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution does not differ very much from the previous one. Mrs Junker, Johanna Maij-Weggen (EPP-NL) and Mrs Kinnock all expressed disappointment that the EU Council had failed to implement this fully. However, by repeating the demand for sanctions, they said, the Assembly was sending a very strong message to the Council that it was determined to see Nigeria return to democracy as quickly as possible. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Alarm bells sound on small island states</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Climate change&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A morning session of the ACP-EU Joint Assembly was devoted to a public hearing on the effects of climate change on small island states. It was appropriate that the issue should be brought to the attention of the Assembly by Maartje van Putten (PESNL). Representing a country much of which lies below sea-level. she is familiar with the devastating effects of sea flooding. At the hearing, which was very well attended, a panel of invited ACP-EU experts was on hand to enlighten the audience on the extent of the problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although global warning has been on the international agenda for more than 10 years, the seriousness of the threat it poses to the survival of small island states is only now beginning to be taken seriously - and it might already be too late, if some of the most apocalyptic scientific predictions are to be believed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is now growing evidence that global warming is taking place. In recent years, we have experienced more extreme weather conditions - heatwaves, floods and increasingly destructive tropical storms - while there are signs that icecaps are melting and sea levels rising. The increasing incidence of malaria in Africa has been linked to these changes. And it is all happening because of the influence our style of living is having on the planet - in particular the huge emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, from our factories, vehicles and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That the public hearing attracted a large audience was not only a reflection of the interest the problem is now commanding. It also symbolised the mounting international pressure for reductions in CO2 levels in the atmosphere, and for the adoption of more realistic strategies of sustainable development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel of experts comprised Dr Leonard Nurse, Manager of the Coastal Conservation Project in Barbados, Donald Stewart, Acting Director of the South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP), Dr Robert Watson, Senior Scientific Adviser at the Environment Department of the World Bank and Chairman of the second Working Group of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and Neroni Slade, Vice-Chairman of the Association of Small Island States (AOSIS) and AOSIS Coordinator on Climate Change. A separate workshop on climate change was also organised on the same afternoon outside the formal Joint Assembly setting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to Dr Nurse, current estimates based on most reliable models, suggest sea level is rising at the rate of 5mm a year (the 'range of uncertainty' is between 2mm and 9mm). This is two to five times the rate experienced in the last 100 years. This rise is expected to continue beyond the year 2100 even if greenhouse gases are stabilised. The implications for small island states, particularly the low-lying ones, would be severe. 'Atolls such as Tokelau, Marshall Islands, Tuvalu and the Maldives could possibly disappear', he said. 'Major population displacement would be experienced in Micronesia, Palau, Nauru, French Polynesia, the Cook Islands and Tonga.' Meanwhile, small islands with extensive coastal plains and limited upland areas such as Barbados, the Bahamas and Antigua, 'would be highly vulnerable to social and economic disruptions', as major cities, ports and tourist facilities, industries, freshwater sources, fertile agricultural lands and even coral reefs are destroyed by typhoons and cyclones, or washed away in floods. 'Given the limitations of climate models,' Dr Nurse said, 'it is not possible to state with certainty at this stage whether there will be a change in the behaviour of tropical storms and hurricanes. However, it is highly probable that an increase in the frequency and intensity of these phenomena could occur in a 'warmer world'. One study, he claims, predicts tropical storms would have a potential destructive force at least twice what they have today.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr Watson, similarly, struck a pessimistic note when he said that the potential for irreversible damage was great. He agreed with Dr Nurse that even if we took measures now to reduce CO2 emissions, stabilisation of the situation will take centuries. He pleaded for climate change to be taken into consideration 'in our everyday decisions.' Governments must not wait for cause and effect to be established before taking action. 'It is,' he said, 'economically feasible to reduce CO2' by introducing appropriate policy measures: looking at supply of and demand for energy, resorting to new and renewable energy sources, nuclear power, etc. and ensuring more efficient land management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The question of 'burden-sharing' in the reduction of emissions between the industrialised world and the developing countries was debated at length. It was noted, for example, that small islands states are responsible for a very small proportion of the emissions, yet they bear the brunt of the consequences. There was a general consensus that burden-sharing should be based on equity and justice.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It should be noted that the Alliance of Small Island States (which was formed during the Second World Climate Conference in 1990) has called on the industrialised world to achieve a 20% reduction in their greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2005 (The 'Toronto objective'). This, it hopes, would bring CO2 in the atmosphere down to 1990 levels. Whether this is realistic is debatable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, a number of strategy options are being closely examined by the European Commision and the Council with a view to adopting Community-wide measures to reduce emissions significantly by 2005-2010. Member States have made phasing-out proposals with targets of 5-10% by 2005, 15-20% by 2020 and 50% by 2030. This works out at an average reduction of 196 2% annually from the year 2000.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several parliamentarians wanted to know what the Commission, in particular, had done and will do to help small ACP island states overcome the effects of climate change. It was soon discovered during the discussion that a number of African countries were equally concerned. A Commission representative referred the Assembly to the provisions in the Convention which covered global warming and the special problems of island states. Although there is no specific reference to climate change, the Commission had dealt and would continue to deal with the issue in the broader context of its environmental action. Studies, projects and programmes are being implemented in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean in particular. Furthermore, DG VIII has drawn up internal briefing papers aimed at making departments aware of the issues of climate change and the environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Country reports</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fiji</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Political stability is the key to economic success</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most of the ACP states featured in our Country Reports, the vital issues are usually economic and social ones. How is a nation with a poor natural resource base to achieve lasting development ? What can be done to improve the skills of the people? How can a vibrant private sector be created ? Can better health care be delivered and how should it be paid for? Some of these questions might well be valid for Fiji but the visiting journalist soon discovers that they are all secondary issues. For this is a country whose political system itself dominates the agenda. The fundamental issue here is the relationship between the indigenous people of Fiji and the descendants of indentured Indian labourers brought in by the British between 1879 and 1916 to work in the sugar cane fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji, in fact, is home to people of a variety of cultures. On the indigenous side, the majority are Melanesians but there are also some Polynesians (living on the island of Rotuma). The country even plays host to Banabans, from Kiribati, who were displaced from their homes on Ocean Island to make way for the phosphate diggers. They hold a freehold to the island of Rabi and enjoy a special self-governing status. And while the Indians form the bulk of the non-indigenous population, there are also small Chinese and European communities as well as a number of inhabitants of mixed race.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite this diversity, it would be inappropriate to describe Fiji as a melting pot. Ever since the rapid expansion of the Indian population, official policy has tended to accentuate the divisions. In the early days, it was the British who were responsible for this, although one has to be careful to avoid value judgments. The colonial administrators, it seems, were aware of the tensions that would arise by bringing in large numbers of people of a different culture, language and religion. Their eventual response was to provide guarantees for the local population, notably as regards land rights. The effect was to preserve the traditional land tenure system which was based on villages and families. At the time, it seemed a logical thing to do, but several generations on, the country now has a settled population of Indian origin (43% of the total) who have limited opportunities to own land - even though many of them work on it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the economy has developed, each of the two main communities has found itself 'specialising' in different fields. For example, cane farmers and retailers tend to be of Indian origin while the public service has traditionally attracted more native Fijians. Significantly, the army is almost exclusively filled by indigenous people - a crucial factor in the 1987 military coup.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the political front, as Fiji moved towards independence, the idea of providing separate representation for each ethnic group also took hold. The independence constitution of 1970 reflected this with the two main communities being given parity (22 seats each) in the House of Representatives.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shattered illusion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there was no real assimilation between 1970 and 1987, Fiji was seen by many as a model of a successful multiracial society. It was only when the country got its first Indian-dominated administration (sustained in power by a smaller native Fijian party) that this illusion was shattered. There was a military coup led by Lieutenant-Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka, who is now the elected Prime Minister,. Shortly thereafter, Fiji became a republic (Queen Elizabeth was formerly Head of State) and in 1990, a new Constitution was adopted giving political primacy to the indigenous Fijians. Needless to say, it was a time of greatly heightened communal tension.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1987 coup and the events that followed have been well covered elsewhere (including our previous Country Report which was published in 1991). It suffices to say here that while the last few years have been a lot less turbulent, tensions remain. In 1997, the country must adopt a new set of constitutional proposals and a big debate is currently under way about the shape of the system of government for the 21st century. This subject is covered in a later article and also features prominently in our interviews with the Prime Minister and Opposition Leader.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main focus of this article is therefore on economic and social aspects although, as one soon discovers, this frequently leads us back to the ethnic question. This is particularly the case when one considers the overall economic performance of the country. Fiji is not poor by developing nation standards and it has enjoyed modest growth during 1995 and 1996, but there is a widespread view that it could be doing a great deal better were it not for the political uncertainties. The problem is summed up by the Economic Intelligence Unit in its Fiji Country Report for the first quarter of 1996: 'Political instability will continue to deter investment, other than that on highly favourable tax terms.' In other words, Fiji is paying a high economic price for its internal difficulties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General unease about the future and, in particular, the outcome of the constitutional review process is compounded by specific concerns over land tenure. The long-term leases granted to (mainly Indian) farmers are approaching their end and the government must soon decide what it should do next. Will any of the sugar cane farmers be evicted and if so, how many ? What alternative arrangements will be made for them? These questions remained to be answered when The Courier visited Fiji in July although, as our keynote interviews show, the subject was clearly exercising the minds of the politicians.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A long-term strategy for agriculture?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The way in which the land question is dealt with will have a crucial impact on the sugar industry - still the country's most important product in terms of its contribution to GDP and the jobs that it generates (see the article entitled 'Sugar definitely has a future'). With other uncertainties facing this sector - in particular, the process of global liberalisation - there is a growing recognition of the need for a long-term strategy. The government has a two-pronged approach  -  improving efficiency within the sector and diversifying into other agricultural products. To learn more about this, we spoke to Luke Ratuvuki, who is the Permanent Secretary for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Ratuvuki began by stressing the scope for increasing the sugar yield per hectare by as much as 75% (and by even more with irrigation). If productivity could be boosted on this scale, Fiji sugar would be in a much better position to compete in open world markets. He admitted, however, that the country would still face a struggle in maintaining market share and, looking ahead ten years, foresaw a slimmed down industry providing high quality sugar with more of a focus on niche markets. This inevitably meant looking at other agricultural products as possible long-term substitutes. The coconut (or as the Permanent Secretary dubbed it, 'the tree of life') is traditionally grown here and seems poised to enjoy a new lease of life following a period of decline. Fiji has also picked up the taro trade at the expense of Western Samoa, which is affected by taro blight, while there are significant exports of ginger to Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Europe. Mr Ratuvuki spoke enthusiastically about branching out into other areas such as pawpaws, mangoes, bananas and aubergines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji has potential for growth in a range of non-agricultural sectors, but farming is sure to play a vital part in the economy for many years to come. Currently, sugar represents almost three quarters of all crops by value (excluding subsistence growing) and the Fijians are only too aware that this makes the country particularly vulnerable to external shocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other primary sectors are all present in Fiji, albeit on a more modest scale. There is some deep-sea fishing backed by Asian investors. This provides useful employment although perhaps not the best possible financial return to the country. As one would expect in a nation of three hundred islands, there is also extensive artisanal and subsistence fishing in the inshore areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The forestry sector divides into two parts: artificial softwood plantations which are said to be managed sustainably and the naturally growing hardwoods. As regards the latter, the EU is helping with a mapping project. Although Asian loggers do not operate in Fiji, there is considerable land clearance taking place, leading to problems of erosion and silting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prospects for mining&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gold is the main mineral being exploited with important deposits around Vatukoula. The sector has had its ups and downs but the Emperor Gold Mining Company has now embarked on an expansion project aimed at raising production from the current level of about 4000 kilos per annum to 6000 kilos by the year 2000. A huge copper and gold mine is also planned for Namosi, some 35 km from Suva. Other minerals discovered but not exploited include bauxite, iron, lead, zinc, phosphates and marble. Mining currently makes a modest contribution to overall GDP but represents an important component in the export earnings figures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With one key exception, manufacturing is on a fairly small scale with an emphasis on staple items (butter, beer, soft drinks, paint, soap etc.) for the local market. The exception is the garment industry which provides some 20% of the country's export income and a considerable amount of employment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The investments in garment manufacturing and mining have been important in jobs terms and in improving the trade figures, but there are those who criticise the fact that the government appears to derive little revenue from the operations. The exact fiscal benefits are not easy to determine, prompting some observers to suggest that official secrecy should be eased (see the article on the Constitutional Review later in this Country Report).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the service sector, long-term growth is foreseen in the key area of tourism. The number of holidaymakers choosing Fiji dipped sharply at the time of the coup, illustrating the importance of political stability in attracting visitors. Tourist arrivals bounced back once Fiji's internal difficulties had receded from the international headlines. The politicians must be hoping that nothing will occur during the current period of constitutional discussion and negotiation to put Fiji back on the front pages. It is worth mentioning here that Fiji's national carrier, Air Pacific, is an example of a relatively rare bird - an airline that makes money ! According to journalist Avin Rahish, writing in the July 1996 issue of The Review (the news and business magazine of Fiji): 'It is one of the few government investments that is profitable on its own.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If tourism is a success story, there is something of a shadow over the financial services sector, which is more extensive here than in most developing countries. The reason is the collapse last year of the National Bank of Fiji with losses of US$ 142m (equivalent to 10% of the annual GDP). The authorities were accused of a failure in supervision and the taxpayers have had to pick up some of the bill. More serious, however, is the undermining of confidence in the system and it will take time for this to be restored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social challenges&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a middle-income country, Fiji has relatively favourable social indicators in the areas of health and education. Medical facilities are provided by the government but it is said that the public health system is not as good as it once was. This is attributed, among other things, to the emigration of highly qualified staff in the aftermath of the events of 1987. Nonetheless, the country does have 27 hospitals and one doctor for approximately every 1900 people. At 72 years, life expectancy is high compared to the ACP average.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The education sector is well-developed with more than 800 primary and secondary schools (for a population of less than 800 000) and 41 technical or vocational institutions. As a result, primary school enrolment is close to 100% while the 1986 census revealed that 60% of 15-year olds were still in education. On the other hand, there are concerns over the proportion of teachers lacking qualifications, notably in the primary school system. In practice, there is considerable racial segregation at both primary and secondary levels, although there is no official policy to this effect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Educationally, the jewel in the crown is almost certainly the University of the South Pacific whose main campus is in Suva. This regional institution, which has departments in a number of other countries of the South Pacific, draws students from various island nations. Dr Vijay Naidu, who is the USP's Pro-Vice Chancellor, outlined some of the special features of this unique university which has to cater for a highly dispersed population. Like traditional tertiary institutions, it provides a wide range of degree programmes on campus, catering for 3500 students. It has a further 9000 who are being educated using the 'distance mode'. Distance learning is organised through centres in each of the participating countries. Students can attend these centres from time to time but much of their work is done through radio and telephone linkages and, increasingly nowadays, by e-mail and satellite communications. The University, Dr Naidu stressed, also provides continuing education at non-degree level 'in everything from computing to basket-weaving'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the health sector, the USP suffered a loss of highly qualified staff after 1987  -  and not just among employees of Indian origin. As the Pro-Vice Chancellor pointed out, the coup created 'a new sense of insecurity' all round and teachers who decided to emigrate were quickly accepted in Australia and New Zealand. The loss has been particularly serious in the scientific disciplines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90% of the USP's recurrent expenditure is covered by member government contributions with the remainder coming from Australia and New Zealand. For capital investments, there is heavy reliance on external donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In both of Fiji's main ethnic communities, a strong commitment to the family ensures that there is relatively little absolute poverty although things may be changing as the country become more urbanised. It is rare to see beggars in the streets in the South Pacific but Suva, sadly, has a number of these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall picture is of a country with very considerable potential in both human and natural resource terms which needs to overcome a number of challenges to secure a more prosperous future. Some of these challenges - adapting to the world of free markets, tackling bureaucratic impediments, bringing development to rural villages, improving the infrastructure, and so on - are familiar to all developing countries. The single most important constraint, however, is the big ethnic divide, and the political uncertainty which flows from this. And this is something which can only be solved by the people of Fiji themselves. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'The last ten years have been very educational for me'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is almost ten years since Sitiveni Rabuka led the military coup which toppled the newly-electerl coalition government The stormy events of 1987 are long gast end Fiji has returned to more peaceful ways, but the country is arguably not yet at peace with itself. Major-General Rabuka is now the erected Prime Minister, having led the SVT to victory at the polls in 1992 and 1994. But the gulf between the native Fijians end citizens of Indian descent remains -  indeed, it is institutionalised in a political system which ensures a parliamentary majority for the former. A constitutional review is currently under way end a new text must tee adopted by July 1997. For both sides, the stakes are high. In this interview, Prime Minister Rabuka speaks frankly about the crucial issues facing Fiji as the nation gears up for the great constitutional debate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji also faces some formidable economic challenges and we began by asking the Prime Minister about these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The main challenge is the one that everybody faces: achieving an acceptable rate of growth to ensure job creation and address the unemployment problem. We also want to improve the standard of living of the people, to upgrade our infrastructure, and to develop both the urban and rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What sectors do you see as offering the best hope for future growth ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  We are looking particularly at tourism and the agro-based industries. In the international sphere, we are aiming to boost trade, particularly with our traditional trading partners, Australia and New Zealand, and with new partners that we are trying to cultivate in Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We are very grateful for the LomÃ© Convention and the various arrangements associated with it - particularly as regards access to the EU market for our sugar products. Although it would be desirable for us not to have to rely on preferential pricing for sugar, for the moment, there is no alternative. And while we are looking for alternatives and seeking to diversify our economy, we will need that system to remain in place. We would like to continue the dialogue to ensure that this happens. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the area of trade, as I say, our focus is on Australia and New Zealand, and the regional trade agreement that the Pacific island territories have with them. This agreement is currently under review. One important aspect is the clause governing the rules of origin. If we can convince Australia and New Zealand to reduce the local input requirement from 50% to 35%, then we won't need any aid from them. The effect will be to secure existing jobs and, indeed, to increase employment, particularly in the garment industry. At the moment, most of the textiles we import for further processing come from Australia. Because of the market we have to sell to, it is very good quality material. This means the costs are high, in comparison with the local input needed to turn it into finished products, and this makes it difficult for us to get up to the required 50%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If we don't get that reduction, things could go in the opposite direction. Manufacturers might relocate and we could be facing jobs losses. You have to remember that we are competing with Asian producers who have very low wage costs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is this proposal for a reduction in the local input requirement on the agenda with the Australians and New Zealanders ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The review actually excludes the clause on the rules of origin. Having said this, we have effectively raised the calculation of our local input in negotiations on a series of other points. On paper, the 50% figure is unchanged but in fact, there has been a reduction of about 5%, thus giving us a little margin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· On the sugar issue you said you were hopeful that some form of preferential access to the EU market would be maintained. Isn't there a concern that this may not last beyond the year 2000, particularly given the increasingly liberal world trading system ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, and we are looking at that. We should be gearing ourselves up for what happens at the end of the current LomÃ© agreement. It remains to be seen whether, with the WTO and the new trends, the curtain will suddenly be brought down on 1 January 2000, or whether there will be a grace period in which we are given time to consolidate our diversification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The other big issue in the sugar sector concerns the impending expiry of the land leases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That is a local issue and a very important one. It has high priority on our government agenda. We are currently talking to the landowners and lessees, explaining what will happen. The legislation (the Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act) makes no provision for further extensions to the leases, which are now nearing their end. Do we need a new act or should we amend the present law to allow extensions beyond the 50 years originally allowed for ? And if we are to do that, what happens to the compensation provisions? At the moment, these are viewed in a rather one-sided way. The emphasis is on the situation where the landlord compensates the tenant for improvements made to the land. But the rules also provide for compensation in the other direction where the value has been reduced. This may be due to constant cultivation over 50 years. What if the owner wants to return the land to its original use, planting taro, yams or cassava, as his father may have done fifty years ago, and finds he can no longer do so ? There has to be a balancing act here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hopefully, most of the land will be leased again under a new agreement or under an amendment to the existing law - because we will need to continue sugar production. It is also worth noting that some sugar farmers are beginning to diversify into other crops, both subsistence and commercial.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What arrangements do you envisage for those farmers who do not have their leases renewed ? Will they be relocated ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Right now, we are looking at the use of state land. There are two basic categories here - what used to be known as 'Crown Land under Schedule A' and 'Crown Land under Schedule B'. Schedule A covers the land not claimed by anybody during the Commission that was set up to determine the ownership of land in the very early colonial years. Schedule B is land that belonged to a community or landholding unit that has since died out: in other words, where there is no surviving member of the land-owning unit. So we have those parcels of land available. My party's policy is to restore land to the traditional owners where possible, but in those cases where you cannot identify the original owners, there will be land available for resettlement - although resettlement is perhaps not a very good term to use. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It is somewhat emotive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It implies taking a person, family or community from somewhere and planting them somewhere else -  and I hope we can avoid that. On the other hand, if you look at what people are doing nowadays, everybody's relocating. People are always resettling, moving away from home and setting up elsewhere. In this case it is perhaps a necessity, in the sense that the legislation has caught up with us. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can I turn now to the sensitive issue of the constitution. This is another area where decision day is looming. You currently have a constitutional review under way with the Commission's report due out soon. What do you think will emerge from this process over the next 12-18 months ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I don't feel that the constitutional issue is a sensitive one and do not think anyone should feel restrained in asking questions about it. It reflects the reality of the situation in Fiji. There is a requirement that the 1990 Constitution be reviewed and we have a Review Commission chaired by Sir Paul Reeves. He is a very capable man who is a former Governor-General of New Zealand and a very eminent constitutional lawyer. Assisting him, we have two party nominees - one from the main Fijian party and one nominated jointly by the Indian parties in Parliament. I have total confidence in that Commission. I believe they will come up with very objective observations and recommendations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let me explain the timetable to you. The report is expected by the end of August. It will be presented first to the President and then to me for submission to Cabinet. I envisage it being tabled in Parliament towards the end of September. We cannot debate it until three months have elapsed from the date it was tabled - which takes us to the end of the year. A lot of work will be needed during the first half of 1997. The Joint Parliamentary Select Committee, made up of members of both the upper and lower houses, will have to work on the report and try and build consensus on the various issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given that the house is racially divided, and the possibility that a premature discussion on the floor of the house may raise the temperature, I would prefer not to have a full parliamentary sitting in the early part of next year. Instead, we should go into committee and deal with it there. And then when we are satisfied that the issues can be brought out into the open, we will debate them fully in Parliament. As soon as we start talking next year, the legislative craftsmen should begin their work. On the basis of this programme, I believe we can meet the deadline to the day, promulgating a new Constitution which has been accepted by both houses on 25 July 1997. So I am very hopeful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Without prejudging the final outcome, do you envisage a move away from strict communal separation ? I am thinking here, in particular, of the separate voting lists ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think there may be provision for some cross-communal voting. There was something like this in the 1970 Constitution which had both communal and national rolls.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about the longer term. Do you foresee a political system developing in Fiji where ethnic origin is irrelevant -  perhaps a 'right-left' divide, if that is still a meaningful concept ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I am not bold enough to say that that will happen. I have seen the darkest side of Fijian nationalism. I have seen the fear that was in the Indian population in 1987. But if we move too quickly to remove the racial safeguards that are in the Constitution, we may run the risk of prolonging the bad relationship between the races that we now have. So I would say we should proceed very cautiously and let the natural healing process take its course. We also need to look beyond the Constitution at aspects such as our education system and enhancing the ability of the Fijians to compete.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I believe the education system is also very divided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Some schools are reserved for Fijians although, slowly, there are Indians from families close to the schools who are beginning to enter them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think that this is a promising sign for the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think so. I went to a purely Fijian school and when I came out of that, everything was Fijian for me. I went straight into the army which is another Fijian-dominated institution. It was not planned that way. It is just the way it happened. My tolerance level of other races was very low. But you cannot expect somebody who gets to this level of leadership to have a low racial tolerance level. I must admit that the last ten years have been very, very educational for me - very good for my own being. I consider what I used to think before and the way I used to feel before. I have never been threatened by an Indian, but I had always been in Fijian 'safe' areas - a Fijian school and then in the army. But since coming out of that sort of cocoon, I have managed very well to accept that I have to compete with them, I have to look after them, and I have to devise policies and programmes that will be good for them as well as being good for us.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· One final question. Do you envisage Fiji seeking to rejoin the Commonwealth in the near future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think seeking is the wrong word. We will do what we feel is good for Fiji and its people. The people of Fiji are those who are here now but it will include some of those who have moved on looking for greener pastures and who are willing to come back. We were not expelled from the Commonwealth; our membership lapsed. It is up to the Commonwealth to say whether they are prepared to reconsider our member ship. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 18 272 kmÂ². Fiji has two main islands (Viti Levu and Vanua Levu) and about 300 smaller ones. It has an Exclusive Economic Zone of approximately 1.3 million kmÂ²). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 790 000&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 43 per kilometreÂ² &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Suva (situated on the island of Viti Levu) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main languaqes: English, Bauan &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(main Fijian language)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currency: Fiji dollar (F$). In June 1996, 1 ECU was worth approximately F$ 1.80. (US$1 = F$ 1.40) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p15.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Fiji&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;System of government: A bicameral parliamentary system consisting of an appointed Senate and an elected House of Representatives. The President is a non-executive head of state chosen by the Great Council of Chiefs. The President appoints the Prime Minister. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the Constitution, adopted in 1990, the Parliament is divided along racial lines. The Senate has 34 members, 24 of whom are indigenous Fijians. In the 70-member House of Representatives, 37 seats are reserved for native Fijians, 27 for Indo-Fijians, 5 for 'general voters' (other ethnic groups) and 1 for Rotuma Island (whose inhabitants are Polynesian). The 1990 Constitution provides for a review within seven years and discussions are currently under way with a view to amending the Constitution by the 1997 deadline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President: Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Major General Sitiveni Rabuka &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main political parties: Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (SVT - Fijian), National Federation Party (NFP  -  Indian), Fiji Labour Party (FLP - Indian),  Fijian Association (FA - Fijian), General Voters Party (GVP).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Party representation in Parliament (1994 election result): SVT 31, NFP 20, FLP 7, FA 5, GVP 4, Others 3. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP: (1995) F$ 2.85 billion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual GDP per capita: approx US$ 2600 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP growth rate (1995): 2.2% (2.9% predicted for 1996) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Principal exports (1994): Sugar (US$ 182m), Garments (US$ 96m), Gold (US$ 43m), Fish (US$ 38m), Timber (US$ 21 m) Main trading partners (in order of importance):&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exports - Australia, UK, USA, Japan, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Imports - Australia, New Zealand, USA, Japan, Singapore.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade balance (1994): exports - US$ 547m, imports - US$ 826, deficit - US$ 279m. The current account figures also usually reveal a deficit but this is much smaller due to tourism earnings and official transfers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inflation rate (1995): 2.2%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government budget (1996): revenue -  F$ 759m, expenditure  -  F$ 851 m, deficit - F$92 (about 3.5% of GDP) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forma/sector employment: 98 112 (out of a total economically active population of about 265 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth (1993): 71.6 years &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult literacy (1993): 90.6%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education: all levels from age 6-23: 79% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.853 (47th out of 174) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: Economic Intelligence Unit, UNDP Human Development Report, 1996, EC Commission. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">An interview with opposition leader Jai Ram Reddy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'We need to move to a more racially neutral system'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji is not unique in having a political system that is heavily influenced by racial or communel issues In places as diverse as Northern Ireland, Belgium, Guyana and Trinidad - not to mention many parts of Africa - people vote for parties which claim to represent the particular ethnic, religious or linguistic group to which they belong. Where Fiji is different, however, is in having a Constitution that gives primacy to one particular community. Since the 1987 coup, native Fijians have held the upper hand with a guaranteed majority in Parliament and a firm grip on the levers or power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1990 Constitution, adopted when communal feelings were still running high, contained a requirement for a constitutional review within seven years. When The Courier visited Fiji (July 19961 the work of a three-member Commission appointed to carry out the review and make recormmendations was nearing completion. All sides seem to accept the need for reforms designed to help bridge the sharp racial divide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The big question is how radical these reforms are likely to be. We sought the views of Jai Ram Reddy, the leader of the opposition National Federation Party (NFP) which has the support of most of the country's Indian (Indo-Fijian) community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You are the first opposition leader I have met who cannot, constitutionally, become Prime Minister. How do you feel about that ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is something that rankles with me - the mere thought that I am not equal with my fellow citizens of other races. I think that's generally the way the Indians feel here. All the constraints and limitations, the denial of basic human rights, are the source of a great deal of unhappiness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You talk about basic human rights. Obviously, the political aspects are very important but I get the impression that, in other respects, this is a fairly free and easy society: there is free expression, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, but free expression is only one aspect of human rights. The fact is that discrimination based on race is widespread and institutionalised. About 45% of the population is Indo-Fijian but you will find they are not fairly represented in the higher levels of the public service. At the Permanent Secretary level, there is definitely a government policy to have a limited number of Indians - and there are hardly any in the more crucial ministries. The same is true of managerial positions throughout the public sector. In the statutory bodies and major public undertakings, there is a deliberate policy of excluding Indians. So we are very much a marginalised community in the public sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Wouldn't it be true to say that Indians have quite a lot of economic power ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No, I don't agree. There is a tendency for people who come here, end for some people in Fiji, to project this image of Indians controlling the economy. It is a fallacy. It all boils down to how you define economic power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let's take natural resources. The land, and therefore the forests, are almost exclusively owned and controlled by native Fijians. Even in the corporate sector, the largest business undertaking is the manufacture of sugar, and 80% of the shares are owned by the government. The Indians don't own this industry. They are the small sugar cane producers working on ten-acre plots. And who controls banking and insurance ? Certainly not the Indians. Most of the financial services companies are foreign-owned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The area where the Indians are most visible is in the retail sector. But those little shops you see in the towns are small family businesses. The shopkeepers work up to 15 hours a day, and you will discover that many of them do not even own their premises; they are tenants. So the idea that Indians control the economy is a bit of a myth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Constitution, and in particular the system of racial differentiation for voting and holding certain offices, is obviously a key issue for you. With the Constitution currently under review, what is your party's policy in this area ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The first elections under the current Constitution took place in 1992 and we took part in them under protest. We made clear that our participation should not be construed as acceptance of the system. Indeed, the sole issue on which we campaigned was our rejection of the Constitution. But we accepted the fact that we needed to get into the system as it was, and to try and create an environment where there would be widespread appreciation that it had to change. The 1990 text, in fact, laid down that it had to be reviewed by the seventh anniversary of its promulgation. I think the architects of the Constitution realised themselves that it was deficient. And we laid great emphasis on the need for dialogue; a general recognition that the country would be much better off with everybody working together and that there was nothing to be gained by oppressing or marginalising a community. And that is the kind of environment we have tried to create.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Constitutional review will shortly be published. What do you hope will come out of that exercise ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I am reasonably optimistic. I think the environment is more favourable now and there is a general recognition that the system has to change. I am sure you will get confirmation of this when you talk to the government side. We need to move away from this very polarised, compartmentalised political system to a more racially neutral one. I think views may diverge as to how far we should go. That will be the contentious issue. But I believe we will make progress.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I certainly think we will get a good report from the Constitutional Review Commission. One of our fears, when we started on this journey, was whether it would be independent and be given fair terms of reference. Largely because of the cooperative and accommodating attitude that we ourselves adopted, and to which the government responded, we were able to get a Commission that was well-balanced. We are very fortunate to have Sir Paul Reeves, a former Governor-General of New Zealand. His independence is taken for granted. The Commission also has one nominee from the indigenous side and one from the Indo-Fijian side. So we certainly expect a good report. There is already a kind of acceptance I think on all sides that political parties need to prepare themselves for a more multiracial approach to governance in the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· On this point, I see that the SVT (the governing party) is looking at the idea of opening up its membership to other groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think there will be many nonnative Fijians interested in joining ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Not straight away but at least it is a beginning. It is an acceptance that they can't remain racially exclusive. If, for example, the Commission recommends a move toward a racially neutral system - at least for a certain number of seats - then it would be important for the SVT to have non-Fijians in their party.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can I turn to economic issues, which I presume cannot be divorced altogether from political ones ? There is a lot of discussion about the future of the sugar industry which is tied in with the question of renewing the land leases This is an issue which is due to be resolved soon. How concerned are you about the impending decision on the leases ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - This is something that concerns us very deeply. As you correctly observe, you can't separate the political and economic aspects. The two are very closely interlinked here - perhaps more so than in other countries - because of the land situation. The bulk of Indian peasant farmers, both within and outside the sugar industry, are on leases that will begin to expire next year. If these are not renewed, the problem will not just be an economic one but an enormous human one. What do we do with these people who all belong to a particular racial group. It really boils down to our very survival. Despite the growth in the towns, the bulk of the people are still rurally based. They are small subsistence farmers, living in the country areas with no more than 10 or 12 acres to cultivate. So the social implications of non-renewal in terms of poverty, dispossession and hardship are enormous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· But how real is the concern ? Surely, the overwhelming economic logic is for the leases to be renewed. After all the land is being put to productive use at the moment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Yes, but unfortunately, when you have a communal dimension to the problem, logic does not always prevail. If you think about it, there was no logic in the events of 1987. The trouble is that every issue here has a racial twist. After the coup, communal sentiments were aroused and sharpened. There was a prolonged period of anti-lndian propaganda and in that environment of anger, a highly racial constitution was adopted. There were people in positions of influence openly advocating non-renewal, threatening to take all the land back. Now they need to undo all this and it will not be easy, given the enormous strength of feeling that has been aroused. Having said this, I believe that we are now in the process of restoring sanity to our public life. It is also beginning to dawn on everybody that the sugar industry is vital for Fiji and it will continue to be so for some years to come.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I have heard that view expressed on all sides, but I wonder if people are sufficiently aware of the implications of global liberalisation. It has been suggested that this will make sugar increasingly unviable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think a lot of people are unaware of the implications, because there has been very little public education in this field. But amongst those 'in the know', there is certainly an appreciation. I am a member of the Parliamentary Select Committee on Sugar and we were recently addressed by the head of the marketing company and the head of the Sugar Commission. At that level, there is an awareness, but if you speak to the average farmer who has been growing and selling sugar for many years, he will probably assume that life will just go on as before.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Isn't it true to say that sugar depends heavily on the LomÃ© Convention arrangement with the European Community ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Very much so. In my view, the sugar industry is run so inefficiently that but for the huge subsidy we get from the European Community, it would not be viable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Presumably, this means that measures must be taken to improve efficiency ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, absolutely. But the first issue to resolve is the land question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is no point talking to the farmers about efficiency  -  asking them to improve their husbandry and focus on sugar content rather than the quantity of cane produced - when they don't know if they will have land to cultivate after next year. So you see all other issues have become completely subsidiary to the tenure question. At the moment, we are in a limbo. The government and the people urgently need to resolve this problem. Then we can put it behind us and address the other concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Are there any other economic sectors which you feel offer promise for the future of the country ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Any growth outside of tourism will, I think, have to be centred on the agricultural sector. We need more agro-based industries and more diversification. We could grow a lot of other crops here - mangoes for example. We also need to improve extension services to farmers, and make an aggressive effort to identify markets. The farmers will grow the crops but they must be sure that somebody will buy them. Every year, for example, we have a glut of tomatoes - so many that they can't even give them away in the markets. This kind of problem kills the incentive to produce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is obviously heavy state involvement in the running of agriculture. Do you see scope for more privatisation or 'corporatisation' in line with global trends ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think that growth, even in the agricultural sector has to be private-sector driven. At the same time, you have got to create the right environment and infrastructure for this to happen. Unfortunately, it keeps coming back to this question of land. If big investors, for instance, want to come here and invest in agriculture, they need to know what sort of tenure they are going to get and whether they can buy the freehold. I am sure there are people, particularly now from the Asian region, who would be interested in investing in agriculture, but the land problem is a big constraint.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Do you think Fiji will rejoin the Commonwealth at any point ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Well, we hope so. You know we are all very strongly in favour of rejoining. One of the things that I personally feel very strongly about is the unfortunate severance of our link with the Queen. I don't know, constitutionally, whether it can be restored. Obviously, there are difficulties in that area, but I think a large majority of ordinary people in this country would like at least to see Fiji back in the Commonwealth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Seeking a lasting constitutional settlement</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When The Courier visited Fiji in July, the report of the Constitutional Review Commission headed by Sir Paul Reeves (former Governor-General of New Zealand) had not yet been completed  -  and what it would contain was a major topic of speculation. As readers will see from the interview we publish with the Prime Minister and Opposition Leader, the impartiality of the three-member Commission was not in question  -  at least within the political mainstream on both the native Fijian and Indian sides. Nonetheless, there were doubts about whether a consensus could be found. For the Indo-Fijians, a scaling down of the 'racial' features in the Constitution was seen as a prerequisite. Yet the ruling SVT, in its own submissions to the Commission, had effectively supported the status quo. In view of this apparently unbridgeable gulf, could the compilers of the Report come up with recommendations capable of forming the basis for a lasting constitutional settlement ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The long-awaited Report was formally transmitted to President Ratu Mara on 6 September and a few days later, it was tabled to a joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It now falls to a joint select committee of the two Houses to thrash out a new set of constitutional proposals. These will be presented to Parliament for debate and decision in the first half of next year with a view to meeting the July 1997 deadline foreseen in the 1990 Constitution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Report of the Review Commission is lengthy (almost 800 pages) and contains no fewer than 697 separate recommendations. The key ones, however, relate to the system for electing members of the House of Representatives. Currently, separate electoral lists based on race are used to fill all 70 seats (37 native Fijians, 27 Indo-Fijians, 1 Rotuman and 5 'General Electors', covering all other races). It was widely expected that the Commission would propose a mixture of 'reserve' seats and 'open' ones, with the latter, as their name implies, being chosen by the whole electorate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;45 'open' seats proposed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is precisely what they have done - but the suggested breakdown may have come as a surprise to some. The proposal is for 45 open seats (15 three-member constituencies) and 25 single-member 'reserve seats (12 native Fijian, 10 Indo-Fijian, 1 Rotuman and 2 'General Electors'). If adopted, the new system would no longer legally guarantee a majority for people of Fijian origin in the country's legislature. What would happen in practice would depend on a number of factors including the nature of the voting system in the three member open constituencies, the willingness of people to cast their ballots across the ethnic divide and the actual turnout of voters from the different communities. It should be pointed out, however, that native Fijians now constitute half the population, large numbers of Indians having emigrated over the past nine years. So long as communal voting patterns persist, this will presumably be reflected in the Parliamentary arithmetic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also proposed that the bulk of the 35-member Senate (Bose e Cake) should be made up of elected representatives of Fiji's provinces. In the field of local government, it is suggested that the present system based on villages and provinces, which applies only to native Fijians, might be replaced by an arrangement applicable to all races. In this context, the rote of the Council of Chiefs (Bose Levu Vakaturaga) would be reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the sections of the Report relating to representation are bound to attract most attention, the Commission also put forward a series of other proposals aimed at improving the governance of Fiji. One idea, which appears designed to alter the political culture, is for the 'Official Secrets Act' to be replaced by a 'Freedom of Information Act'. The presumption of secrecy would be replaced by a rule that official information should be accessible to the public except where there is good reason to withhold it. In a similar vein, the Report recommends an 'integrity code' to govern the behaviour of holders of public office.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initial reactions to the outcome of the Commission's work were mixed. Key players, including the President, Prime Minister and opposition spokespersons broadly welcomed the Report but more nationalistic elements were quick to reject it and one group even mounted a ceremonial burning of the document.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is obvious that a great many more words will be exchanged - and some of them will no doubt be heated  - in the coming months. It is difficult to see how everyone can be 'brought on board' but the hope must be that a compromise can be crafted that is acceptable to the majority on both sides of the communal divide. The people of this Pacific island nation are well aware that prosperity and stability go hand in hand. The single most important achievement in ensuring stability for the longer term would be to secure a satisfactory settlement of the constitutional issue. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Sugar definitely has a future'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was the key sentiment expressed by Isimeli Bose, Fiji's Trade Minister, when he spoke to The Courier earlier this year. Mr Bose insisted that 'no matter what anybody says, sugar will be the backbone of this country's economy for years to come.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When we discussed Fiji's current economic situation and future prospects with the Minister, it was not surprising that sugar should have featured so prominently. The sector faces a difficult future for both internal and external reasons. At home, the long-term leases granted to the farmers (mainly Fiji Indians) under the Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act are due to expire over the next few years. No provision was made for their renewal and the resulting uncertainty has provoked widespread concern, not least among the leaseholders themselves. The external 'threat' comes from new international trade rules administered by the World Trade Organisation. At present, Fiji's sugar industry is heavily dependent on the preferential access to the EU market which was granted under the LomÃ© Sugar Protocol. No one is quite sure what will happen when LomÃ© IV expires at the turn of the century but it is clear that the stakes are high.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Bose was quick to acknowledge the importance of ending the uncertainty facing the sugar farmers. 'But the real challenge', he said, 'is to ensure the maintenance of our markets for sugar.' He was aware of the encroachment of global trade liberalisation but stressed that the industry's leaders and the government were 'doing the work now and planning for the future.' At the same time, the authorities are clearly hoping that the European Union will be able to continue with some form of preferential arrangement after the year 2000, if only to buy time so that the industry can adapt and farmers can diversify.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the subject of trade diversification, Mr Bose pointed out that 'the field is very limited'. He continued; 'However, since 1988, we have seen garment production picking up from very humble beginnings. By 1995, we had about F$185 million-worth of exports in this area.' He also spoke enthusiastically about the government policy of encouraging manufacturing in tax-free factories and zones. 'This developed well between 1989 and 1992 and then there was something of a slowdown.' Tax-free factories have been established in a number of locations and the first real tax-free zone is now being set up in Kalabo. Mr Bose indicated that EU assistance was being provided in this area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Privatisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Our conversation then turned to the changing economic role of governments - throughout the world, they are withdrawing from active involvement in industrial and commercial operations. We asked how far this process had occurred in Fiji and, in particular, whether there was a privatisation policy. The Minister replied in the affirmative, pointing out that government departments 'do not usually make very good businesspeople.' The policy, therefore, was to 'corporatise' and 'privatise', although the process is still in its early stages. The Trade and Commerce Ministry has a public enterprise unit which is responsible for drawing up a policy framework for the government. In 1995, Mr Bose explained, a public enterprise bill was presented to Parliament, 'but there were so many concerns expressed to the previous Minister that it was referred to a select committee -  which, in fact was chaired by me before I took up my present poet.' The committee had now completed its work and the Minister indicated that the issue would go back to Parliament in September.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the legislative delay, Mr Bose was keen to stress that his department was already working on individual programmes. The post and telecoms business, for example, had just gone through another stage towards privatisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is, of course, an important distinction between 'corporatisation' and 'privatisation' - the former implies staying within the state sector but at arms-length from the administration. This point was acknowledged by our interviewee who explained that the approach was a step-by-step one. The first stage was to reorganise a department along commercial lines. Corporatisation came next 'and then finally you have privatisation by disposing of shares.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He stressed that the most important aim was to ensure an element of competition wherever possible. 'There is no point simply moving from a government monopoly to a private monopoly', he insisted, 'although obviously, there are utilities like water, electricity and even telephones where this may not be easy.' The minister concluded; 'Where they are natural monopolies, we will regulate them.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Our final topic of discussion was the possibility of regional integration in the Pacific.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How far had the South Pacific countries gone in this direction and did the Minister think there was a need for closer economic cooperation? Mr Bose replied that he thought economic integration was a good thing. He pointed to a document on his desk containing a draft proposal for a bilateral trade agreement with Papua New Guinea. 'We will soon be holding negotiations with them, and have also just signed an agreement with Tonga.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The focus on bilateral trade arrangements at this stage suggests that the region still has some way to go on the regional integration path.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the Minister nonetheless insisted that it was something 'that can and will happen'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Our daily bread - courtesy of a remarkable Fijian businesswoman</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How can a businesswomen succeed in Fiji's patriarchal society? Mere Samisoni, the entrepreneur behind the 'Hotbread Kitchen' gave us an appropriate answer when she said 'I roll with it', although the pun was probably unintentional In fact, it is difficult to imagine this dynamic lady being pushed around. Anybody who manages to build up a chain of bakeries from scratch, capturing 35% of the country's urban consumer market in the process, must have a lot of determination. At the same time, Mrs Samisoni displays a strong sense of social commitment. She believes in community values, advocates group decision-making and consensus, and even describes the tax system as 'reasonably fair'. In short, she contradicts the widely-held view propagated by lurid American TV series, that a dogeat-dog attitude is needed for business success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, Mrs Samisoni started out with the idea of working with one of the caring professions. Trained in nursing administration in Australia and New Zealand, she returned to Fiji only to find that there were no openings available. That was when she decided to go into the private sector, establishing 'Samisoni Enterprises'. And over the years, she has succeeded in building up one of the largest bread-making operations in the country. The Hotbread Kitchen operation is highly decentralised with the bread being baked in different locations for sale through the company's local outlets. Her business is also the first Fijian one to franchise out its operations. And having already won a big chunk of the urban market, she is now looking to expand operations in the rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Samisoni Enterprises, of course, is not simply a bread-making operation. The company now offers a line of 62 separate bakery products, with some local adaptations to suit varying tastes. It employs some 275 staff with perhaps another 50 working in the related franchise operations. And the business had an important breakthrough when it won the contract for 'MacDonalds' in Nadi. With branches of the famous hamburger chain likely to open in other parts of Fiji, this could be the start of something big. In fact, there is even a suggestion that Fiji could be used to source Macdonalds' operations in New Zealand, the rolls (or buns, as the Americans like to call them) being exported frozen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Constant quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Mrs Samisoni, the key to a successful and profitable operation is 'constant quality' and unfailing attention to customer service. As she puts its, 'if you let quality slip just once, you can end up losing customers for a very long time.' Baking is a labour-intensive business and she is keen to stress the importance of developing people's abilities - in particular, the human relaitons skills of those who deal direct with the customer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As if running a business wasn't enough, Mere Samisoni is also busy completing a Masters in Business Administration (MBA) at the University of the South Pacific, with a thesis on indigenous business. From what we discovered, speaking to this remarkable Fijian entrepreneur, she should have been helping to teach the course! &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Viti Levu - island of contrasts</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anyone from overseas who is travelling to the Fijian capital, Suva, will soon discover that the country's largest island is a very diverse place. Roughly circular in shape, Viti Levu provides more than half of Fiji's total land area and is home to about three-quarters of the population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The journey to Suva on the south-east coast will almost certainly involve transiting through Nadi International Airport (pronounced Nandi) which is situated in the west. This is the country's only major international gateway and while it is ideal for tourists heading for the resort hotels, it is less convenient for business travellers whose destination is Suva. Their journey has to be completed either by road (which takes several hours) or on one of the small commuter planes which ply regularly between Nadi and Nausori (itself a half-hour drive from the capital).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biggest surprise to those who are unfamiliar with the country is that the west and the south-east have very different weather patterns. When your aircraft lands at Nadi, the chances are high that the sun will be shining. On reaching Suva, you are more likely to encounter rain. This part of the country enjoys - if that is the correct term - a micro-climate which is good for tropical vegetation but less appealing to human beings. The 'blame' for locating the Fijian capital in such a spot is said (not too seriously) to lie with the country's former colonial rulers. According to the story, a British envoy visited Suva on one of its rare sunny days and, on the strength of this, designated it as the seat of administration. The British can hardly deny their involvement since it was in 1882, during the early years of colonial rule, that the capital moved from Levuka (situated on the much smaller island of Ovalau). But the key reason was almost certainly the fact that Suva, with its large bay, could be developed as a port. Whatever the explanation, one must have some sympathy with the foreign diplomats who keep a raincoat or umbrella to hand at all times, and yet are viewed with envy back home because they have a 'paradise' posting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To be fair, Suva has attributes other than its weather which make it an interesting place. It has, for example, some very attractive architecture, both local and colonial. The views across the bay can be dramatic - and, in this respect, the rolling cloud formations may actually enhance the picture. And the centre of the city buzzes with activity (except on Sunday because of the Sabbatarian influence).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The population of the greater Suva area is about 160 000. This may not be enormous, but it is the largest concentration of humanity to be found between Hawaii and Australia. In some ways, it is the 'capital' of the South Pacific - a point which is underlined by the fact that the Forum Secretariat is based here. It is also the site of the University of the South Pacific's main campus. The local population is mainly ethnic Fijian but there are Indo-Fijians as well as citizens of Chinese and European extraction. Add to this the diplomatic corps, foreign businesspeople and students from other parts of the region, and you get a very cosmopolitan mix. This is reflected in the variety of cuisines available in the local restaurants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The western part of Viti Levu is also cosmopolitan but in a very different way, with a stronger Indian influence and, of course, a constantly changing tourist population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of the island's inhabitants live a relatively short distance from the sea. Thus, in demographic terms, Viti Levu is like a doughnut with a thick layer of humanity around the edge and a hole in the middle. The analogy may not be entirely apt since the 'hole' is, in fact, a spectacular mountainous area. This makes the road that runs round the island a key arterial route. Meanwhile, those who choose to fly from Nadi to Suva, assuming they are not of a nervous disosition, can enjoy the experience of travelling below the height of the surrounding peaks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The few people who do occupy the central region live in traditional Fijian villages and have a lifestyle far removed from either the town dwellers or the sugar cane farmers. Its size may be little more than ten thousand square kiLomÃ©tres but Viti Levu is truly an island of contrasts. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fiji-EU cooperation: comprehensive package</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Ernst Kroner&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji was a signatory of the first LomÃ© Convention in 1975 and, to date, the country has been allocated some ECU 190m in EU development cooperation funds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting with a relatively modest ECU 9.9m under LomÃ© I, the national indicative programme rose to ECU 13m under the following Convention. Without neglecting rural development (feeder roads in Vanua Levu), under LomÃ© I most of the resources were devoted to transport infrastructure (a main road on Vanua Levu). Under LomÃ© 11, cooperation concentrated clearly on agriculture and rural development, in particular by means of the funding of microprojects, with infrastructural programmes (the extension of the Vanua Levu road, social infrastructure) taking second place. Under this Convention, a new field of action was also addressed: trade development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tax free zone&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade development was addressed further under LomÃ© III (6th EDF, ECU 20m, of which ECU 5m in special loans), with support given to an Investment and Trade Development Programme. The longer-term objective of the project was to widen the economic base of Fiji and to create employment. The more immediate objective was the i establishment of a Tax Free Zone near Suva. In order to promote this scheme and to secure markets for exporting the goods which would eventually be produced, the project included a programme of trade and investment promotion to be implemented by the Fiji Trade and Investment Board. Due to problems linked with identifying an appropriate site, the project, which had been given the go-ahead in 1990, only came on stream in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural and agricultural development continued to be one of the main sectors of cooperation, with the funding of three major projects. The first was a coconut rehabilitation and development project, situated on the island of Taveuni, which aimed at improving the productivity of coconut plantations through the introduction and multiplication of high yield hybrids. The project also provided for the establishment of a 30 hectare coconut nursery centre, which was expected to finance itself through the sales of seedlings. EC support for this project ended in 1992, since when the scheme has been taken over by the Government. A second project (a large-scale microprogramme divided into two sub-programmes) aimed on the one hand at the construction of access roads to facilitate the development of cocoa plantations, and on the other at the introduction and development of pineapple plantations in Vanua Levu. The first component was closed after disappointing results. The second component, however, produced very interesting and promising results, which will, however, need private and governmental support in order to become sustainable. A rural electrification project involving 28 rural electrification schemes and the supply and installation of a small power plant is still ongoing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing human resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under LomÃ© III, the formerly prominent transport infrastructure sector lost some importance. The Kubulau Peninsula road project on Vanua Levu brought to an end the work started under previous Conventions. This road, which filled the last gap in the circuminsular road, was opened on in July 1994. LomÃ© III also saw the beginning of human resources development as a new theme of cooperation, with Technical Assistance funded for the logging school. This area, embodying strong links with forestry and environmental issues, has been further developed under LomÃ© IV with the reconstruction of the school burnt down in 1993, and the enlargement of the training and education provided to what now constitutes a Forest Training Centre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The national indicative programme relating to the first protocol of LomÃ© IV (7th EDF, ECU 22m in grant aid) identifies rural development and social infrastructure as the sectors of concentration to which 65% of resources are to be devoted. The remaining 35% will be used for non-focal activities, including trade and services, tourism, cultural cooperation, training and technical cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Building bridges&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, it was only following the very destructive cyclone Kina in January 1993 that cooperation activities could start in the form of the rebuilding of four bridges either severely damaged or completely destroyed by the post-cyclone floods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Work on two smaller bridges of major importance to Viti Levu (Korovou and Vunidawa, ECU 1.135m) was started in 1994 by the Public Works Department and completed in January 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Financing Agreement for the two major bridges (ECU 10.24m) was signed in June 1994 and provides for the rebuilding of the bridges of Ba and Sigatoka. These form part of the main road around the island of Viti Levu and are therefore vital for the movement of people and goods on Fiji's main island. The new bridges, 190 and 182 metres long respectively, will be two-lane, and will provide for footpaths and utilities. To enable the traffic to by-pass the often congested towns of Ba and Sigatoka, new sites for both bridges have been chosen, which also call for the building of new approach roads. Building works were under way in early 1996 and completion is expected by April 1997.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non programmable aid for Fiji has been considerable over the years. While Stabex transfers for losses on coconut oil (totalling ECU 5.4m under LomÃ© I - LomÃ© III) came to a halt under LomÃ© IV (because levels of exports fell below the required dependency threshold), emergency aid (total ECU 9.5m) has continued, unfortunately, to be needed. Time and again the islands have been hit by cyclones (the most recent occasion being in January 1993, when the EU made available ECU 1 m for food rations following cyclone Kina).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, a significant feature of EU-Fiji cooperation was the credits provided by the European Investment Bank. It was very active under LomÃ© I to LomÃ© III, providing loans from its own resources to a total value of ECU 87.5m with a further ECU 6.1 m allocated in risk capital. Loans went to the energy sector (hydropower scheme), industry (wood processing) and services (telecommunications, sea and air transport). Considerable interest rate subsidies (totalling ECU 14.1m) have also been made available under the various EDFs in support of these loans. More recently, the EIB has financed an aircraft maintenance centre (1991) and a telecommunications project (1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over and above financial cooperation, Fiji benefits from the second largest quota (165348 tonnes per annum) under the Sugar Protocol annexed to the LomÃ© Conventions. This covers some 45% of its total sugar exports. The yearly benefit from this provision is estimated at between ECU 45m and ECU 55m - in other words, only slightly less than the total of all programme aid granted since LomÃ© I (ECU 64.9m). About two-thirds of these benefits reach the farmers, so that the EU subsidises every sugar smallholder, on average, to the extent of some ECU 1500 a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recently, Fiji's quota under the Sugar Protocol was increased by 881 tonnes, as a result of the reallocation of the shortfall of deliveries by Barbados. Furthermore, Fiji benefits from an annual special tariff quota to the tune of some 30 000 tonnes up to the year 2001.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industrial development and external trade have been supported by the relaxation of the rules of origin for exports to the EU of canned tuna to the extent of 500 tonnes a year from 1993 to 1996. A similar arrangement, applicable for certain quantities of garments up the end of 1993 was recently extended to the end of 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji's main exports to the EU (sugar, fish and garments) - and the resulting surplus in its trade relations with the EU - are consequently highly dependent upon the continuity of these preferences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Support for tourism&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the field of services, and specifically in tourism, the EU - through its support of the Tourism Council of the South Pacific - has contributed to the fact that every sixth tourist or so arriving in Fiji comes from a member country of the Union. Tourism being by far Fiji's most important source of foreign exchange earnings, receipts from European tourists amount at present to some ECU 30m, and are greater than those from the export of fish and fish products&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taking the Sugar Protocol into consideration, the EU is by far the most important of Fiji's development partners, followed by Australia. The country also benefits from bilateral cooperation arrangements with EU Member States (UK, France, Germany). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tonga</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Hoping to maintain harmony</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'None of the most civilised nations have ever exceeded these islanders in the great order and regularity maintained on every occasion, in ready and submissive compliance with the commands of their chiefs, and the perfect harmony that subsists among all ranks.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These were the words of Captain Cook who visited the Tonga archipelago several times on his voyages around the world in the eighteenth century. The famous explorer was obviously impressed by the social organisation of this island nation and, although it is more than two centuries since he undertook his Pacific voyages, many of his observations hold true today. Talk of submissive compliance may no longer be appropriate, but in contrast to the turbulence of much of the outside world, Tonga certainly ranks as a peaceful society, which is respectful of hierarchies and strongly attached to 'traditional values'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The reference to harmony is particularly apposite, as The Courier discovered when we visited Tonga earlier this year. It was fortunate that our trip coincided with the King's birthday celebrations and we had the opportunity to enjoy the superb choral music which plays a central part in many important ceremonies here. Like their Polynesian cousins in Western Samoa (featured in our last issue), the Tongans seem to have a natural flair for music and a talent for spontaneous harmony. The question is whether these 'Friendly Islands' - a name they certainly deserve  -  can maintain their reputation for social harmony into the third millenium.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In order to answer this, one has to identify where discordant notes could creep in. The biggest challenge appears to come from the process of globalisation. New technologies, particularly in the field of communications, are rapidly breaking down barriers. The tide of the international economic system, with its emphasis on mass production, con sumerism and free trade, is lapping at the islands' shores And political systems everywhere are under pressure to con form to a 'democratic' model which some would argue places the individual above the community. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course, external influences can be both positive and negative Cultural exchanges can be enriching, and new ideas and techniques may offer opportunities for improving the quality of life. The key is to adapt without undermining the social fabric. And in Tonga, as in other countries, a harmonious future will ultimately depend on the way the country evolves both politically and economically.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking first at the current political set-up in Tonga, one cannot fault the use of the term constitutional monarchy which is the preferred description locally. It is important, however, to recognise that the constitution - which dates back to 1875 - gives considerable power to the monarchy. There is a measure of democracy in that all adults over 21 have a vote, but they only elect nine of the 30 Members of Parliament A further nine are chosen by the country's 30+ nobles while the twelve Cabinet Ministers, who sit in the House ex officio are nominated by the King. Tonga may' be small (it has fewer than 100 000 inhabitants) but it nonetheless attract: the interest of political scientists as one of the few remaining states with a hereditary ruler who wields substantial power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Critics of the system view it as an anachronism, although their emphasis is on reform rather than revolutionary change. Defenders argue that the arrangement works well in a small, homogenous nation which values its unique culture and traditions (even if the constitution contains many 'British' elements). The latter also point, with some justification, to the attitude of the population. There are dissenting voices but the majority appears to be happy with the existing set-up, thereby lending it democratic legitimacy  -  at least indirectly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There may not, at present, be any overwhelming demand for constitutional reform but things can change. In particular, a people's view of their political system and how it might evolve is likely to be influenced by the prevailing economic conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic outlook&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga's economy is not exactly booming with the most recent estimates suggesting a 2% GDP drop in 1995-96. Several of the traditional problems faced by developing countries are to be found writ large here. The local market is not just small but tiny by global standards, and this makes it exceptionally difficult to achieve economies of scale. There is heavy demand for imported manufactured items and few viable export opportunities to balance the equation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The education system compares favourably with those of other developing nations but the pool is so small that Tonga inevitably suffers from human resource shortages. This is exacerbated by a steady 'brain drain'. Qualified Tongans, who may already have experienced life abroad at college or university, are tempted by a range of attractions including higher salaries, better housing and more extensive career prospects. The skills shortage is particularly severe in the medical profession. In a recent issue of Matangi Tonga (the 'national news magazine'), it was reported that the country would only have one anaesthetist by 1997 - with a local doctor observing wryly that there was no need for one since the main hospital's only specialist surgeon had recently left to take up a post abroad.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it would be better for Tonga to retain its qualified people, the fact that the country 'exports' labour does have its positive side. Tongans have a strong sense of family and community, and overseas workers send significant amounts of money back home. This injection of 'foreign' funds boosts the local economy and reduces the overall balance of payments deficit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture is by far the most important economic sector, with most crops being grown for local consumption. The islands benefit from a fertile soil and a tropical climate, allowing the cultivation of a wide variety of fruit and vegetables. All land is vested in the Crown, with estates allocated to the nobles. By law, each adult male is also supposed to be allotted three hectares although there is not enough land to go round. Despite this difficulty, which means that some people do not receive their allocation, the result is that most Tongans are involved in farming. The advantage of the arrangement is that it guarantees a living for the bulk of the population even if their cash income is low. On the other hand, it is obviously a feudal system which favours the upper echelons of Tongan society. In addition, it tends to hinder the development of larger units which could benefit from economies of scale. While anxious to make farming more efficient (and export-oriented), the government currently has no plans to introduce land reform.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In export terms, the main crop is squash (pumpkins). Production increased dramatically in the early 1990s when a market niche was identified in Japan and it soon became the country's biggest foreign exchange-earner. More recently, income has been depressed, with overproduction in 1994 leading to a drop in prices, and poor rainfall the following year reducing yields. The November export figures for the last three years (November is the month when squash deliveries peak) illustrate the extent of Tonga's reliance on this single product. In November 1993, the country's overall export income was T$15m - more than half of the annual total. Twelve months later, the figure had dropped to T$9m and last year, it fell below T$6m. When The Courier visited Tonga, the authorities were talking about limiting the amount of squash exported to Japan this year to 15 000 tonnes, in the hope of maintaining premium prices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government is also acutely aware of the risks of mono-dependence and is looking for other outlets for its agricultural produce. Demand for copra, Tonga's traditional export, has apparently been reviving, but the price has not been high enough to attract local farmers back into the market. Other crops sold abroad include vanilla, cocoa, coffee, black pepper and ginger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One farmer who is doing his bit in the quest for export diversification is Masao Soakai, a former general manager of the Copra Board. He is now the managing director of a company that specialises in the import and export of produce. This energetic 73 year-old gave us a guided tour of the plots he had rented. He cultivates an astonishing range of different crops which include potatoes (for Fiji), cassava, taro, yams, carrots, broccoli, cauliflowers, strawberries, bananas and capsicums. He also rears cattle and pigs (a Tongan tradition). Masao Soakai stresses the importance of rotation in maintaining yields and believes strongly in planting for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other sectors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wherever you happen to be in Tonga, the Pacific Ocean is never far away. Evidence of the country's maritime tradition can be found in accounts of the appropriately named William Mariner (see box article on this page). But while, in the past, Tongan vessels sailed far and wide, and the country has a huge exclusive economic zone (EEZ), the fishing industry is relatively undeveloped. The sector generates about 5% of GDP. A project sponsored jointly by the FAO and the UNDP revealed that there was considerable scope for expansion, both in the inshore and reef zones and in the deep sea area. The main species which could be exploited commercially are albacore, skipjack and yellowfin tuna. Tonga has received assistance to develop its fisheries from the USA and Japan, and the government has offered tax advantages in the hope of promoting investment, but there is still a long way to go before the country realises its full potential in this area. Hitherto, the country has not licensed foreign vessels to fish in its waters but there is talk of this policy changing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tourism could also generate a lot more income although it currently faces a number of infrastructural and practical constraints. The government is committed to expanding the sector but Mrs Papiloa Bloomlield Foliaki, the owner and manager of Nuku'alofa's third largest hotel (the 'Friendly Islander') feels that a lot more could be done. She pointed out to The Courier that a healthy tourist sector would provide employment as well as stimulating new business for food producers, builders and craft industries. She focused, in particular, on deficiencies in training and marketing, and suggested that some of the resources allocated to agriculture might be better spent in tackling these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga's natural assets make it a 'dream' location for visitors looking for a complete change of scene - particularly if they happen to be keen on sailing, snorkelling or scuba diving. The problem is that the country is so far off the beaten track that it is expensive to get to (some would see this as an advantage in deterring mass tourism). Nothing much can be done to change this but it does mean that they have to aim at the upper end of the market. This requires top quality accommodation  -  of which there is a distinct shortage at the moment. As regards marketing, Mrs Foliaki was hopeful that the recent formation of a hotel association would enable the Tongan tourist industry to raise its profile abroad. Despite her optimism - echoed by all those we spoke to in official circles - the latest figures for visitor arrivals show a downturn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the manufacturing sector, the story is, sadly, one of long term decline. Clothing production ceased in 1994 and the output of leather items has been falling. There are very few industrial activities in which Tonga has a comparative advantage (whether actual, or potential) and this is something which is recognised locally. There may be some scope for adding value to agricultural products through processing but it is unlikely that industry will take off in a big way in the foreseeable future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sale of passports (see the interview with Prime Minister Baron Vaea) is an issue which attracted publicity - not all of it favourable - some years ago, when the government launched the TPPP (Tonga Protected Person's Passport). This was designed to be a travel document which did not confer the right of residence in the country. The authorities adopted the scheme with an eye firmly on Hong Kong, a British colony which is due to be transferred to China in 1997. Some passports were sold but the project never really took off as the immigration authorities of other countries refused to accept the document. Now there are suggestions that the idea may be revived, although this time involving normal passports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The foregoing survey of Tonga's economy does not paint a particularly happy picture but it should be stressed that there is very little real poverty in the islands. In many ways, the informal economy is more important, and subsistence agriculture and fishing ensure that people do not go hungry. With their traditional family structures and strong attachment to the Christian faith, the Tongans have not yet encountered many of the social problems associated with more consumption-oriented societies. But to paraphrase a famous saying, 'no nation is an island' nowadays - even if it happens to be surrounded by water! In an era of increasing globalisation, the key question is how to manage change. Let us hope that the people of Tonga can find the right answer. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview, Prime Minister Baron Vaea</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Constrained by our geography'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No-one can accuse Tonga's Prime Minister of being a starry-yed optimist. As the following interview reveals, Baron Vaea, who heads a twelve-member ministerial team, is refreshingly honest about the economic difficulties facing his small island country. The Courier interviewed him in July, at his office in Nuku'alofa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have suffered a GDP drop and a general slowdown of activity in recent years. What is the government doing to restore the situation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is true that the economy has been declining. The main cause is the excessive demand from the private sector for imports from New Zealand and Australia, combined with diminishing exports. Our exports fell when the price of copra dropped. Another problem is New Zealand's quarantine rules. New Zealand is very particular on quarantine against insects, notably fruit flies, which may damage their own export trade. We have endeavoured to balance this out by selling squash to Japan and indeed, it has been a saviour as far as our economy is concerned. Squash is something our farmers know how to grow. Of course, the market goes up and down. Recently, we made the mistake of over-producing and quite a lot of the crop could not be sold abroad. I think our farmers are now realising this, and that they have to plant according to the quota that we ourselves have imposed. Tourism is another important area although levels of room occupancy are very dependent&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;on the economic situation in other countries. Then there are passport sales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is this something you are still doing ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, but it has been hit by technical difficulties. A number of Hong Kong Chinese bought our Tongan Protected Persons Passport (TPPP) in the hope that they could travel. The immigration authorities in other countries decided they would not accept the document so this source of income dried up. We have changed to national passports which people can use to travel. We are hoping to revive this in order to suit the conditions of the Hong Kong people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is this being done on the assumption that the people who purchase such a passport would not ultimately settle here ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. The main reason people in Hong Kong want a passport is to keep open the option of leaving after the changeover.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Has this policy prompted any criticism from other countries ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No. The main problem is the Chinese themselves who are due to take over Hong Kong next year. It is possible that they will not recognise these passports. We are planning to have discussions with the Chinese on this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Going back to the agricultural sector, are you not putting too many eggs in one basket in focusing so heavily on squash. What efforts are you making to diversify ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We have just signed a trade agreement with Fiji. They are such a close neighbour yet we have had virtually no trade with them. This should change with the agreement, to the benefit of our economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What products are we talking about here ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Mainly vegetables, particularly those that are favoured by the Indian community, such as chills and spices. A trade mission has just returned from Fiji where they picked up a number of orders. The representative of a group of growers also recently returned from Japan. He took a sample of dried pawpaw, a crop which is popular with the Japanese, and apparently received an excellent response. This is an area which is promising.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key issue, however, is the amount of space available in the aeroplane. You can't ask everyone to grow pawpaw when the airline tells us that they can only take eight tonnes at a time. Only a limited number of farmers can be involved, so that we can continue to supply the tonnage that the airline can handle. We will encourage the rest of the farmers to concentrate on other products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is your policy regarding foreign investment ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We encourage overseas investors to engage in activities that local people are not involved in. Land leases are available for anything they want to do which fits in with this policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga has an extremely limited manufacturing sector and there appears to have been a long-term decline. What prospects are there for reversing this trend ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - For many years, the policy of the government has been to encourage exports. We have had entrepreneurs here who have exported things like woollen garments, small boats, horse saddles and so on - but it didn't last. The sad fact is that hardy anything is exported from Tonga. The main reason is that we are constrained by our geography. We are so far away from the main markets. The raw materials have to be brought in and by the time the article is finished, there is no way that it can compete in price terms. This has always been our problem. We are always looking for new markets but it is not easy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A second limitation is the private sector in Tonga. This is weak in terms of technology, marketing and product quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about further processing of local products - perhaps value-added agricultural activity ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, this is something that we would hope to do, though the same kinds of problem arise. People don't set up the processing plant because they say there isn't enough local cultivation to make it worthwhile. And the farmers don't grow the crop because they say there is no market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So it is 'chicken and egg' situation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. The result is that people only grow for home consumption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I should mention here that there are other resources we have yet to exploit, notably in our waters. We have reserved these for ourselves and do not allow foreign fishing vessels. So we are trying to recover resources from the sea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also the possibility of drilling for oil. Research ships operating in the Pacific have found a limited number of locations where it would be worth looking for oil reserves and two of them are in our waters. We have been publicising this with a view to encouraging further exploration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· This would presumably involve drilling licences for oil multinationals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. Some companies have done this in the past although only on a small scale. The answer we got from the oil companies is that they are interested in exploitation - but not now because of the low oil price. When the price goes up, I think we may attract interest again but that is clearly only a long term possibility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A lot of young Tongans leave the islands to work overseas. What is the explanation for this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is true that a high percentage of our population migrates. These are people in search of a better life, who seek to reap the benefits of their abilities by working overseas. They can have a nice house and get a good education for their children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I should stress that we have a good education system here but there is a heavy emphasis on gaining qualifications in order to get into the civil service. Where we are lacking is in the field of technical education. We have some facilities of course - an Institute of Science and Technology and a Marine Institute to train people to go to sea. This is very much in its infancy and we hope it will help for the future. But even some who have gone through this system end up looking for jobs overseas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Turning to political issues, you have a monarchy here which is still very powerful. Do you anticipate any changes in the system ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - There has been some public pressure for change. I don't think people want a radical upheaval but there is a feeling in certain quarters that the present system could be improved upon. As you probably know, Parliament has nine members elected by the people and a further nine selected by the 28 nobles from among their own number. The third component is the government -  12 ministers who are appointed by the King. It has been suggested that qualified people who don't presently sit in Parliament should be there to help deal with the economy. One idea is to change the Constitution so that whole population elects 30 members. The King would then choose his ministers from these 30.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Has this idea made any headway ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  No, not so far. We are maintaining the old system. The proposal has been aired but it hasn't been passed in the House. There are a lot of people, I think, who prefer the present system because they feel the monarchy works for the benefit of all the people. Would a new team necessarily stick to this principle? There must be a danger that they would tend to favour just one section of the population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can you comment, finally, on Tonga' relations with its partners in development cooperation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - As you know, we have good relations with the EU through the LomÃ© Convention. We also have strong bilateral links with Australia and New Zealand which have been giving us assistance. But I think we have to face up to the fact that the aid cannot continue. The UK, for example, used to provide us with our judges. That has been taken over by Australia and New Zealand -  but for how long ? I think it is bound to be phased out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So we will continue to have relations with our partners, but we need to recognise that they are concentrating their efforts now and adapt accordingly. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 669 kmÂ². Tonga has about 170 small islands and four main island groups (Tongatapu, Ha'apai, Vava'u and the Niuas). It has an Exclusive Economic Zone of approximately 700 000 km,). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Nuku'alofa (situated on Tongatapu) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 99 000 (1994 census) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 149 per kilometreÂ² &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth (1992): 68 years Official languages: Tongan and English Currency: Pa'anga (T$) made up of 100 seniti. The currency is pegged to the Australian dollar. In September 1996, 1 ECU was worth T$ 1.57 (US$1 T$ 1.22)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p32.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Tonga&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Polities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;System of government: Constitutional monarchy based on the Constitution promulgated in 1875. Considerable powers remain vested in the King. The Parliament has 31 members  -  the Speaker, 12 ministers (including the Governors of Vava'u and Ha'apai) who are appointed by the King, 9 nobles chosen by the 33 members of the nobility and 9 People's Representatives elected by universal suffrage. There are no political parties although there has been talk of setting up a 'people's Party'. The twelve cabinet ministers hold office until they reach retirement age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Head of State: King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Baron Vaea of Houma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy (estimated 1995 figures unless otherwise stated) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual GDP per capita: approx US $1900&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP growth rate: -2% (1995/96)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Principal exports: squash, vanilla, manufactured goods and fish. In the early 1990s, squash accounted for more than half the country's total export income. In 1995, however, the harvest was affected by drought and exports dropped significantly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balance of payments: A trade deficit of US $38.8m (exports  -  US $18.3m, imports  -  US $57.1 m). The current account deficit is much smaller thanks to 'invisible' earnings, notably from tourism and remittances from Tongans living overseas. Inflation rate (April 1995): 4.5%. Total external debt: T$ 44m (1993)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: Tonga in Profile (on the Internet -  http: 11l www. netstorage. com/kami/ tonga) Economic Intelligence Unit Country Report 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with peopleâs representative, Teisina Fuko</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'There is much more political awareness'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People's representative, Teisina Fuko offers an alternative view&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While Tonga has no political parties, and the main levers of power remain in the hands of the monarch, it would be a mistake to conclude that there is no questioning of the status quo in this small Pacific kingdom. As The Courier discovered on its recent visit, Tongans are happy to speak openly about their political system and to criticise (or praise) aspects of it me local media may not be particularly extensive but it nonetheless allowe for different viewpoints to be expressed, including criticism of the authorities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Those who advocate political reforms in Tonga face something of an uphill struggle. There is no overwhelming demand for change and although the lever of popular support for the current system is not easy to judge, there appears to be widespread acquiescence  -  which effectively amounts to the same thing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, the focus of 'opposition' has tended to be within the ranks of the people's representatives who sit in Parliament We spoke to one of these elected members, Teisina Fuko, who comes from the Ha'apai island group and began by asking how democratic the thought the system was.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I would say about 50%. Up until the 1970s, the system was very traditional but we now seem to be westernising quite quickly. People are returning from overseas with different ideas and this is having an impact on the way we are governed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think you will ultimately have a Parliament whose members are all elected by universal franchise ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I would say it is more certain now than ever before. There is much more political awareness. We see it in the schools, where children are being taught to think independently. There are also the new economic trends -  commercialisation and the focus on foreign earnings which imply the need for modernisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You sound quite enthusiastic about the 'westernisation' process. Are you not concerned about the possible negative aspects in terms of the survival of your traditional culture ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think we have to strike a balance. We mustn't go to extremes. Our culture and traditions are important but there are new things we need to take on board and some old habits we should drop. Take business opportunities: we have to be more democratic in this area. If one group has all the power then they will tend to favour their friends which isn't necessarily efficient. What it boils down to is a lack of checks and balances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the present economic difficulties, I also think we need to move quite quickly. I recently wrote an article arguing that the King should transfer his power to appoint ministers to the people. Ministers should be elected so that they can be accountable to the taxpayer. We are a close-knit family here and there is no question of getting rid of the monarchy. But we need to sit down and hammer out a compromise which will allow us to improve our economy and make it more competitive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let me give you a practical example. Defence is now third on our list of priorities. That doesn't make sense to me. We would be better spending the money on economic development. We also need to boost the private sector so it can create jobs, instead of tying its hands. At present, 50% of our revenue goes on paying civil servants. What for 7 It may create employment, but it is not productive. So the government has to be minimised. Having said this, there are some positive signs. I am glad, for example, to see new blood being brought into the ministerial team.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Parliament is currently composed of three groups - twelve ministers, nine nobles and nine people's representatives. On paper, that suggests that no group can dominate ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Yes, but the ministers and nobles often work together and we are  outvoted. It is difficult to imagine the nobles saying 'no' to the King although, to be fair, they do sometimes abstain and some of them recognise the need for certain reforms to the system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Turning to the economy, which areas do you think offer the best development prospects ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-  Tonga's potential lies in fishing. We are an island nation that has always depended on the resources of the sea and we have the necessary labour force. What the people need is the know-how  -  advanced technologies to develop this sector. We also have to set up credit programmes so that people can invest in boats and equipment. I believe we should spend a lot more on fishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately the government does not take the same view. It has put a lot of resources into small industries, airlines and so on. Yet the reality is that these sectors are in decline. Manufacturing has fallen and so have agricultural exports. Fishing is the only sector that is expanding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about the prospects for agriculture ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think we have reached the limit in this sector. There is very little scope for expansion. I also believe we should be concentrating on what we can produce to use locally. There is very little more we can do in terms of commercial exploitation. Tonga is somewhat overcrowded and we cannot use too many chemicals because the water table is so low.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· One local issue, which presumably has economic implications, concerns the possible expulsion of foreigners who have been here for a certain amount of time. Apparently, the decision has been taken not to renew certain residence permits. What is your view on this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think Tonga should encourage skilled people who are here to stay. We should use make use of their skills, particularly where they have expertise that is lacking locally. At the same time, there are some people here who just came for a visit and ended up staying without doing anything very productive. There are also a number who came after the coup in Fiji and I think we should give them some leeway.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the whole, I don't think it is a big problem. Tonga has traditionally been very liberal in the application of its immigration law. We have never been colonised so we tend not to have a suspicion of foreigners. And whatever we do must be in accordance with the law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Could you sum up your vision for the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  You only need to look around you to see that we have a youthful population here: a lot of young people who need to be catered for. We are investing heavily in education which I think is good but we need to do more to adapt to the changing world. We were peaceful in the past because most Tongans were on roughly the same level in terms of wealth. Now the poor are getting poorer while the rich get richer. This could lead to an increase in social tensions. With a more democratic system, we should be able to close the gap and work for a peaceful and more prosperous future. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Seeking business overseas</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Minister outlines economic strategy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the policy of appointing Ministers for life - or at least until retirement age - is maintained, then Dr Giulio Masasso Tu'ikolongahau Paunga can look forward to a long career in the Tonga Cabinet. At just 32, he has recently been been given the job of Minister for Labour, Commerce and Industries (with responsibility also for tourism). He may be relatively young, but the new minister has impressive academic credentials. He took a master's degree in Japan (in Japanese) and as we soon discovered, he has some new ideas about how to achieve economic development in his country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr Masasso's portfolio covers a wide range of economic activities and we began by asking what he thought the main focus of his work would be. He identified three areas  -  agriculture, which is the single most important sector; fisheries which has potential for growth; and tourism. He would also like to see more manufacturing, particularly for export, but acknowledged that the current prospects in this area were very limited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking first at agricultural production for export, we noted that a significant change had taken place over the last decade. Coconut-related products had been largely replaced by squash, a 'gap' in the Japanese market having been identified when other sources of supply were not available. Tonga may have been the first to spot the opportunity but was there not a danger that other countries might 'muscle in'? The government was 'very aware of this danger', said the Minister and was trying very hard to diversify its export products. He mentioned vanilla, papaya, beans and, in particular, carrots. The last-mentioned crop grows well in the islands and there is apparently a growing taste for carrot juice in Japan. A list of products with export potential, which could be grown successfully in Tonga, had been drawn up in cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture, and Dr Masasso's department would be actively seeking new business overseas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government is obviously interested in developing trade with Japan and other countries in Asia, but the Minister felt that New Zealand and Australia were likely to remain the principal markets for Tongan farm products in the future. He was looking forward to easier access to New Zealand once new quarantine facilities had been set up at the international airport on Tongatapu. This, he said, should allow for a larger throughput of export crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efficiency, of course, is the key to winning and keeping overseas customers. With this in mind, our discussion turned to the land tenure system. The allocation (at least in theory) of parcels of land to all male Tongans discourages the development of larger farms or plantations. Was this the most effective way of exploiting the country's fertile lands? Dr Masasso acknowledged that the system hampered efficiency but stressed that the question was a very sensitive one. The right to cultivate a plot of land is deeply rooted in Tongan culture, and radical changes to the property laws are not on the agenda. As the Minister put it; 'We are trying to maximise our efficiency under the present system of land tenure.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning to tourism, Dr Masasso observed that 'this has been the most stable industry over the past ten years,' bringing an average of T$ 12 million into the country every year. In looking at possible growth, however, he stressed the need to take account of the environmental and cultural impact. 'Tonga is a very small country, and it would not be right to build too many hotels and related facilities. It might be possible, but the long-term effects would be a little too much for the country.' Dr Masasso said he favoured tourism which has 'e closer relationship with people -  a cultural exchange, targeting people who really wish to understand our country.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fishing is a sector which appears to have huge potential given the size of Tonga's exclusive economic zone. Dr Masasso explained how Japanese assistance was being used in a boat building scheme designed to produce vessels that local people could afford. He also spoke enthusiastically of the research that had been carried out to determine the nature and size of the fish stocks. He recognised, however, that while most of Tonga's fishing was inshore, there was scope for a great deal more revenue from deep-sea fishing. In this connection, negotiations were underway with the United States, Taiwan and Japan, to allow vessels from these nations to fish in Tongan waters. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The conversation then moved on to the more general issue of entrepreneurship and the role of the state in the economy. The Minister indicated that the government believed in privatisation but stressed that this was not simply 'because other countries are doing ft.' The main issue at this stage, he said, was to create a sufficiently large pool of well-trained people to take over activities currently run by the authorities. 'The government wishes it didn't need to get involved but we are a small developing nation, and to get things started, you need capital and know-how  - which locals sometimes don't have access to.' In these circumstances, the state had to activate projects which could later be privatised once the necessary skills had been built up. Another 'major strategy' was to develop a much closer relationship between the Ministry and the private sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This led us into a discussion about Tonga's attitude to foreign investors who might also be in a position to supply capital and know-how. The authorities had recently threatened that a number of residence permits would not be renewed. Was this not a disincentive to potential overseas investors ? Dr Masasso was keen to offer clarification. 'The media makes it look as if Tonga doesn't like investors but they have misinterpeted the situation. He insisted; 'we want the foreign investment here and are encouraging it in those areas where locals cannot get involved.' Defending the actions of the immigration authorities, the Minister stressed that what they were doing was normal practice. 'Those who stay here illegally and do not extend their visa have to be deported.' The action, he argued, was not directed against foreign investors and indeed, the latter should be encouraged by the government's commitment to upholding the law.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tonga-EU cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing the Vava'u islands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Myfanwy van de Velde&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EC-Tonga cooperation began in 1975 with the first LomÃ© Convention, soon after Tonga gained full independence in 1970. Grant aid totalling ECU 19.8m (LomÃ© I - LomÃ© IV) has been allocated to the country during its 20-year membership of the Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under LomÃ© I, funds were directed principally towards two main projects: the construction of the wharf at Neiafu, Vava'u, and funding for the Ministry of Works to procure road maintenance equipment and build schools, rural health centres and small wharves at Ha'apai and Vava'u. Remaining funds were used to finance studies involving dredging, trade promotion and designs for Vava'u and Faua fisheries harbours. The EIB also financed a line of credit of ECU 130 000, under LomÃ© I, to the Tonga Development Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LomÃ© II funds focused on the fisheries sector, and on initiating works relating to the upgrading of the Vava'u airport. There were also projects in the fisheries sector, aimed at encouraging fishermen to undertake commercial fishing to meet local demand. To this end, the Faua Fisheries Harbour for small boats was built, and marketing and cold storage facilities were provided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By the time LomÃ© III funds came on stream, Tonga had adopted a regional development approach with regard to its various island groups. The aim was to have a coherent development programme taking account of the specific constraints and potential of each. The Vava'u group of islands became identified as the focal area for the use of EC assistance, and LomÃ© III resources (ECU 6.5m in grants and ECU 0.5m in the form of risk capital to be managed by the EIB) as well as LomÃ© IV funds (ECU 6m and ECU 1 m respectively) have duly focused on its development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Located in the north of the Kingdom, Vava'u is the second group of islands both in terms of population (16 000) and land area. With an abundance of natural resources, the group is thought to have greater potential for agriculture and tourism than other parts of the Kingdom. However, this potential was largely untapped at the time LomÃ© III was initiated. This was due to a variety of constraining factors including relatively low productivity, undeveloped marketing infrastructures, substantial import levels and poor distribution of utilities and other public services. One particular constraint preventing the development of tourism was limited access caused by a lack of transport infrastructures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two main projects aimed at addressing these problems have been implemented. The first, costing ECU 1.24m, involved completing the upgrading of the local airport at Lupepau'u (begun under LomÃ© II). In addition to runway improvements, a new terminal building was provided, complete with safety and navigational equipment. Passengers began using the new facilities in early 1995. The second project, entitled the 'Vava'u Development Programme', was allocated the sum of ECU 5m. This money is being used to pay for a series of activities including road upgrading, the provision of photovoltaic equipment for household energy needs and the supply of equipment for vocational training colleges. New buildings being funded include health clinics, a market and an agricultural quarantine building. The funds also cover the cost of establishing the Vava'u Development Unit as the monitoring and implementing agency for the programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Programme continues under LomÃ© IV, with about 85% of programmable resources for Tonga (approximately ECU 5m) set aside for activities in the focal area. Funds will be directed towards developing the Neiafu urban area, in recognition of the need to upgrade access and services in the commercial centre of Vava'u. The projects envisaged include upgrading the town centre and urban roads, port improvements, and measures to increase the capacity and improve the distribution of piped and rain water to households. In addition, a multi-annual micro-projects programme will lead to the construction of jetties on the inhabited outer islands of Vava'u, thereby improving access to Neiafu which is the main centre of the archipelago.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the above grant aid, Tonga has received funds in the form of Stabex transfers for losses in export earnings in respect of coconut products, bananas and vanilla. It also received emergency aid in 1977, following an earthquake, and in 1982 following Hurricane Isaac.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EIB interventions have contributed to the share capital of the Tonga Development Bank and have increased the Bank's lending capacity to small and medium-sized enterprises. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Switching on the Iights</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uelingatoni Tevita Vaea (known as 'T' to his friends), proved to be a mine of information for The Courier, when we visited the Vava'u island group in northern Tonga recently. 'T' is a Tongan engineer who returned to his native land from Australia to work as assistant project manager in the Vava'u Development Unit. His help was particularly useful during the highlight of our visit - a traditional celebratory feast laid on by the villagers of Nuapapu. This is one of Vava'u's inhabited outer islands and the celebration was staged to mark the installation of solar powered lighting, courtesy of LomÃ© Convention funds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nuapapu is one of a number of outlying villages to receive solar installations under the Vava'u Development Programme. In all, some 350 homes have been wired up. Units attached to individual buildings collect the power and convert it into electricity which is stored in a battery. When night falls, the lights can then be switched on. Although the bulk of the installation costs are covered by the project, each participating household is required to pay a lump sum to have a unit fitted. They are also contracted to pay a modest amount each month towards maintenance of the system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It may all seem rather prosaic to those of us accustomed to electrical power at the flick of a switch, but for the people of the villages in the Vava'u group, the project is little short of revolutionary. For centuries, their daily rhythm has been governed largely by the rising and setting of the sun. The only 'artificial' light available after darkness came from fuel-burning (and more recently, battery) torches or lamps  - enough perhaps to reveal a path or highlight the position of an object, but certainly not to read or do intricate work with one's hands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The formal 'switching on' ceremony was performed by the Dutch Ambassador, Mr van Thessen and Jonathan Rodwell, who is the European Commission's resident advisor in Tonga. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was preceded by a courtesy visit to the village chief and the above-mentioned feast, which gave the European visitors an authentic and memorable taste of traditional Tongan hospitality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The food was brought from all quarters of the village on long rectangular trays covered with leaves. Each was laden with food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fare was predominantly local: the famous roast pigs featured prominently along with fish, chicken, bananas, coconuts and a variety of root and tuber vegetables.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were also some 'imported' items: the corned beef which is so popular here, some packets of crisps to add colour to the guest 'table' and boiled sweets woven into garlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The trays were laid end to end, stretching perhaps 20 metres and woven mats were placed all around. Having received our garlands of flowers, we were invited to sit down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The feast was interspersed by various speeches and 'T' helped out with a translation and explanation of the proceedings. We began with a prayer in Tongan, delivered by the local minister. This was followed by a speech of welcome and thanks by the matapule (spokesman) of the village chief.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High ranking people in Tonga always have a matapule to speak on their behalf on such occasions. Ambassador van Thessen and Mr Rodwell then replied on behalf of the guests, (in English, with consecutive translation provided).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They expressed thanks to the people of Nuapapu for their hospitality and wished them success with their new electric lighting. There was then a short discourse by the District Officer followed by a closing prayer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;References to all this speechmaking could leave a false impression that this was a formal and stilted affair.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact the reverse was very much the case: the mood was relaxed throughout and there is no doubt that the villagers know how to enjoy themselves. Music was supplied by a group of men playing a variety of instruments and the women joined in the festivities with what appeared to be spontaneous bursts of dancing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were also special solo dances performed by two young ladies whose bodies had been smeared with coconut oil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As tradition dictates, once their performances (involving highly expressive hand and finger movements) were complete, the audience expressed their appreciation by slapping banknotes on the oily exposed surfaces of the dancers' bodies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The light was fading as the feast ended and we moved to the brief 'lighting up' ceremony, carried out to the accompaniment of applause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guests (including the staff of the Vava'u Development Unit who have guided the project through its various stages) then took their leave of this hospitable community and set off by boat on the return journey to Neiafu. As the vessel drew away from the shore, we were able to look up and see, for the first time, the twinkling lights of Nuapapu. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dossier</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Habitat</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Livable cities and rural rights</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Dossier coordinated by Debra Percival and  Claude Smets)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The United Nations Conference, Habitat 11, on human settlements (Istanbul, June 3-14 1996) exposed the Herculean task of addressing the problems of ever-growing cities and called for 'shelter for all.' The special contribution of civil society in making cities more liveable was acknowledged at the conference - but the big question is, who will foot the bill ? The meeting also spoke of improving dwellings in rural areas to keep people on the land and halt the mass exodus to the cities. But the right to remain and prosper from one's habitat can be at odds with outside pressures for environmental conservation. The dossier looks at some of the issues raised by the conference, and the wider significance of 'Habitat II' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second UN gathering on the theme of 'habitat', staged two decades after the first conference in Vancouver, took place against a backdrop of rapid and alarming urban growth. In 1900, one person in ten lived in a city. By 1948, the ratio was three in ten and by the year 2000 half the world's population are expected to be urban dwellers. 25 years after that, the figure is expected to have climbed to 60%. Africa is the region that currently has the highest rate of urban growth. In 1950, it had only one city with a population of one million. By the end of this decade there could be 60 cities of this size, according to UN figures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The focus on human settlements and liveable cities inevitably meant that Habitat II covered some of the same ground as other UN conferences convened during the 1990s to explore the big issues facing mankind: the 1992 'Earth Summit' on environmental matters in Rio de Janeiro, the 1994 Population Conference in Cairo, the 1995 Social Summit in Copenhagen and the 1995 Women's Conference in Beijing. Issues common to all the agendas included rapid population growth, environmental degradation, access to clean water, poor sanitation, lack of infrastructures, and women's issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rallying calls of Habitat II, set out in the Conference's conclusions, were 'shelter for all' and 'sustainable human settlements in an urbanising world.' The Nairobi-based Centre for Human Settlements is to be the focus for the follow-up. But as delegates dispersed, one of the pressing questions was where the money will come from to meet the host of agreed objectives -  which include clean water with improved technology, conservation and protection of the environment, and better health and education. In this dossier, European Commission officials from the Development Directorate General, who attended the conference, reflect on Istanbul and its likely followup.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whereas in the past, cities were associated with economic development, innovation and the diffusion of new ideas, nowadays they conjure up the vision of urban poverty, environmental degradation, poor sanitation and a host of health hazards. Urbanisation is the direct consequence of rapid population growth, according to the 1993 Human Development Report. In 1965, agriculture provided 77% of employment in developing countries and represented more than 41 % of Gross Domestic Product. By 1985, this sector was contributing a lot less to GDP but was still providing 72% of all employment. So a large number of people continue to depend on agriculture although its share of the global economy is declining. In these circumstances, it not surprising that many of the world's poorest people are migrating to cities - the annual estimate is 20-30 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The dossier looks, in particular, at the environmental cost of rampant urbanisation and at the problems of city living for more vulnerable groups such as women. They are often among the poorest urban dwellers and can fall victim to exploitation and crime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paradoxically, poor people in cities are becoming even poorer as economies improve. Additional pressures on these marginalised groups living in cities are neatly summed up by Jeremy Seabrook, author of 'In the Cities of the South.' In a recent article for Gemini news agency: 'Tougher Struggle for Survival in the Concrete Jungle,' he writes; 'As the pace of development quickens, with high economic growth and increased migration to urban areas, land price in most big cities have soared. Poor people are being increasingly removed from their hoary&quot; - by mysterious fires, explosions and 'accidents'. Meanwhile, the urban poor's ability to mobilise and achieve has been used against them. The capacity of people to create homes and secure local communities has been used as a justification for the withdrawal of government services.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He continues: 'As inequalities become more glaring, enclaves of prosperity are sealed off from the slums by checkpoints, guards and fences - like frontiers to another country. Despite this, people are still flocking to the city  -  often refugees from intensifying, industrialised agriculture and.. megaprojects in the countryside...' Mr Seabrook points out that without decent jobs, they fall prey to sub-contractors, who exploit them, offering them low pay and demanding that they work long hours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Civil society&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the cities of many developing nations, 'civil society' is taking a lead, with projects to bridge the gap between the 'haves' end the 'have note'. Numerous participants at the Istanbul conference applauded the urban programmes undertaken by various elements of civil society, which include NGOs, community groups and individuals. Their significance was recognised in Istanbul, where their voice came through loud and clear. Nigerian journalist, Paul Okunlola, writing in this dossier notes a move towards 'bottom up' projects in Lagos as a result of the tough times.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agostinho Jardim GonÃ§alves, the President of the NGO-EU Liaison Committee, was particularly pleased at the input of civil society to the conference's committees and conclusions. The debate, he said, had not just been about the macroeconomic aspects. Instead, it had come 'within the reach of the populations themselves.' The people, he argued, were both victims of the anomalies of inhumane settlement and the key players in efforts to construct a humane, dignified habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeremy Seabrook describes some of the inspiring international initiatives undertaken by civil society. Examples include the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC) in Bombay, which works with pavement dwellers; the Association of Basic Needs (ARBAN), and 'Health for All' in Dhaka; the Eddie Guazon Foundation in Manila, which seeks to protect the poor against private interests; and the Foundation for Women, which is trying to tackle the trafficking of girls for Bangkok's brothels. But Mr Seabrook also warns against overestimating the strengths of popular organisation. As he points out: 'They require an enabling and positive framework, which the free market can never provide. Government intervention, of a more benign and positive kind than hitherto, is vital if people are to help themselves. As it is, too often they are forced to struggle against the people elected to govern them.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chair of the Habitat Conference, Wally N'Dow, emphasised local solutions. The conference, he said, 'recognised the changing global patterns of life' and that solutions must be found at the local level. 'National governments and international agencies', he argued, were not in a position to solve massive urban problems or to pay to put them right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were a number of donor pledges at the conference. The European Union countries, for example, reiterated their long-standing commitment to provide 0.7% of GNP for development by the year 2000  -  though many of the 15 member states are still well short of this target.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One scheme which has attracted the particular interest of donors is South Africa's Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). To a considerable extent, the success of President Mandela's government is likely to be judged on the success of this programme. It aims, among other things, to improve health, education, housing and sanitation and as such, it mirrors many of the 'Habitat II' goals. Launched in 1994, it is the centrepiece of the South African government's efforts to create a more democratic, prosperous, non-racial and non-sexist society. In the dossier, we look at the RDP's objectives, how it is faring and what sort of support the EU is giving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural rights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond the city, the dossier looks at what is happening to some rural dwellers who have not taken flight to the city. Although, largely focused on the city, Habitat II acknowledged the importance of urban and rural linkages in its conclusions: 'Rural and urban settlements are interdependent... governments must work to extend adequate infrastructure and opportunities to rural areas to increase their attractiveness and thereby minimise... migration.' There was mention too of the need for more jobs and housing for rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But in some rural areas, the inhabitants have found themselves in dispute with conservationists. The latter seek to protect wildlife and the rural habitat by setting up national parks - a solution which is not necessarily in the interests of local people struggling to maintain their livelihood. We take a look at such dilemmas and the possible solutions being developed so that rural dwellers can continue to make the most of their habitat. This rural struggle, where solutions are also being called for at a local level, is not unlike the battle being waged for a better quality of life in the cities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Towards a global concept of urban development - an interview with Daby Diagne</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deputy mayor of the city of Louga, Daby Diagne is also President of the Finance Committee of Senegal's National Assembly, General Secretary of the Association of Mayors of Senegal and President of the World Federation of United Cities. He is the ACP-EU Joint Assembly's General Rapporteur on urban development and The Courier had the opportunity to interview him in September at the Assembly's meeting in Luxembourg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have just submitted an initial report on urban development to the Joint Assembly. In it, you recommend that the Community adopt a specific and consistent global policy in this field, notwithstanding the fact that successive LomÃ© Conventions have contained a number of significant provisions relating to the subject. What is the reasoning behind your recommendation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - There are several reasons. First, there is the fact that, in the past, cities were often viewed solely in terms of infrastructures and sectors. Experience shows that this approach is not effective. Specialists are increasingly opting for a more global 'city' concept. The Commission must therefore adapt itself to the new situation. It is true that it has financed infrastructures and launched health and clean-up programmes, but the problem is that this has been done in a somewhat unsystematic way without being linked to long-term regional development or a zonal policy. There is now an increasing need for an integrated regional development approach. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think ACP countries are aware of the importance of cities ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That's another question altogether. Obviously, the ACP countries are in the process of changing their views on this subject and a number have appointed ministers to look after urban affairs. The reality of city life has to be taken into account. The rate of urban growth in the ACPs far exceeds that in other parts of the world and it is in the towns and cities that one sees the most glaring instances of poverty and under-development. People have therefore been forced to take the 'city' phenomenon into account in the ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The political will must exist for a policy to be successful. Do the ACP countries have a genuine will to implement an urban policy ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I don't think it is possible to speak of a uniform trend in all ACP states. However, in certain regions - for example in West Africa, which I know well - a municipal culture is beginning to take shape. There is a growing political will, which is illustrated by the discussions on decentralisation, and people are increasingly recognising that central government cannot do everything by itself. One can find regional development and planning policies designed to create the fabric of mediumsized cities. Not everyone has them but it is something we are seeing more and more of.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· ACP countries face complex challenges and there are people who say that the actions of the European Community are too dispersed owing to the number of sectors it is involved in. Doesn't your recommendation simply add to this problem ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - On the contrary. I regard my recommendation as being pro-integration and therefore pro-globalisation  - which is not the complete opposite of a sectoral, diversified approach. I believe it would allow the Union's activities in certain fields to be better interlinked. I am thinking here of water, health, clean-up operations and infrastructures  - all of which are major problems for society. Naturally, a more global concept will require greater dedication, and if there are additional resources, so much the better, but, in my view, the situation could be improved even with what we currently have available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The rate of urbanisation in Africa is higher than elsewhere and the living conditions of city dwellers - particularly those in the shanty towns  -  are becoming increasingly difficult in terms of health, education, environment and so on. What, in your opinion, would be the optimum strategy for reversing the decline, at least in the short-term ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - First of all, I think we have to make a distinction here. Let's take the actual rate of urbanisation. Contrary to what is generally thought, this is lower than in the rest of the world. In other words, Africa has fewer towns and cities than the rest of the world. It is the rate of growth in the urban population that is higher. Populations are becoming increasingly concentrated in the cities, with the drift of people from the countryside. In addition, the phenomenon is being fed by demographic trends. You ask me if there is anything we can do to halt this. There are actions that can be taken to restore some balance. For example, we could make investments in the rural environment to keep people in the countryside, and we could implement suitable agricultural policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But we must not labour under too many illusions, because life in towns and cities will be an inevitable characteristic of the next century. Economists and urban planners have been considering the phenomenon for a long time now - perhaps 30 or 40 years. It is  something that cannot be halted, because it is a fact of civilisation. So, what should we do? Above all, we should devote our efforts to regional development, achieving a balanced distribution of human resources, and a more equitable exploitation of natural resources. Power has to be decentralised so that people do not abandon their roots but face up to local challenges. And we have to implement urban policies which are satisfactory in terms of investment, management and popular participation. In simple terms, urbanisation has to be managed. We cannot hope to reverse the trend overnight, particularly in the case of a continent like Africa where everything happens quickly. Africa is enormous and its population has not yet reached its maximum levels. We have to take all this into account.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We must acknowledge that scientific progress and improvements in the field of health have contributed to population growth, and a reduction in mortality rates. This means that urban civilisation is a reality that we have to manage. There is a risk of uncontrolled growth in urban centres. When infrastructures are lacking, when there is no water, when hygiene cannot be guaranteed and when there is no work, a country's security is threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have mentioned democracy end the decentralisation of government This also requires adequate financial resources. Where do you think the ACP countries will find the money to implement decentralisation strategies ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Democracy involves a search for freedom - freedom of opinion and expression, independent of material or financial problems. The problem with decentralisation lies in administrative method. It is not purely a matter of money. In the first instance, it is a question of choosing the right approach. It has been demonstrated that without any extra resources, one can still act differently by delegating and decentralising. And success is much more likely because the people are involved in the process. Admittedly, it requires an internal reallocation of resources. A proportion of everything that was formerly centralised has to be allocated to development and to basic needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To answer your question more directly, there is a great deal of talk of this alternative method of governing. It is inspiring new hope and a thirst for something better. It is even being viewed as an 'ideal' solution - which it cannot be entirely. However, by decentralising human and economic resources, and by allowing people to participate, hope can be inspired at local level. This should make for better administration and support, which is an improvement in itself. Of course, this may make people more demanding. Will it satisfy their requirements? As I have already said, internal resources will have to be reallocated, but resources must also come from outside. One cannot make an allout effort for decentralisation without doing something to improve international cooperation. This cooperation, however, must be adaptable, and the state must retain its pre-eminent position and its role as guarantor and arbiter. But in addition, local communities should have access to international cooperation either directly or indirectly through their organisations, municipal structures and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In this context, what role do you see for international organisations - not just in terms of financial resources, but also of human resources ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think what we now need to do is build up a pool of skills in each municipal area. The developed countries have experience in this field. We have to take their processes as a model without necessarily copying their experience. This is something which will be discussed. Secondly, in the context of relationships between towns and cities, I believe it is possible to make access to experts more flexible and that this can take place very quickly, with the provision of training and fairly basic technology transfers. General training is also extremely important. In order to build up a pool of skills in towns and cities, local government must form a dynamic, management-oriented team. The approach has to be one of business-like management and objectives have to be targeted using private-sector methods, although public-service requirements always have to be borne in mind. A great deal, therefore, can be done at international level, in terms of support for networks of associations and committees of locally elected representatives, enabling them to discuss matters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We could, for example, carry out a comparative study of legislation in a particular area, thereby gaining access to other types of experience. Internationally, aid can be given to associations to help them buy equipment and attain a degree of freedom of manoeuvre vis-Ã -vis the authorities. In the field of decentralised cooperation, the international community can help elected representatives to implement their projects through partnerships, conducting studies, and providing personnel. Cooperation is possible in all spheres -  implementation, management, financing and so on. I believe that a new type of cooperation will gradually come into being. It is not a question of creating 'white elephants', but rather small and medium-scale projects which are of genuine use to the population. And I am not talking here about acts of charity, such as the donation of medicines, but sustainable projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Habitat II: taking stock</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Christian Cure'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future of towns and cities is not what it was. In the 20 years between the first United Nations conference on human settlements (1976) and Habitat II which took place in Istanbul in June 1996, the situation has changed a good deal. The significance of urbanisation  - and its irreversible nature -  are now acknowledged, as is the powerlessness of the authorities to deal single handedly with the complex phenomena which result The author of this article points out that civil society has suddenly broken into a field hitherto the preserve of official agencies and qualified experts, claiming a 'right to the city' based on research into more equitable development models.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vancouver to Istanbul: two symbols for two eras&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vancouver was the 1976 host of the first conference on human settlements organised by the United Nations. At that time, the UN was celebrating 30 years of existence and Vancouver, a model of urban development and modernity, provided inspiration for the developers and experts needed to plan the cities of the future. 'Appropriate technologies' heralded the possibility of mass-produced, cheap housing for everyone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty years later, the UN chose Istanbul as the host city for the Habitat II conference on human settlements, forcing us to face up to a quite different situation: uncontrollable urban growth (400 000 migrants arrive there every year), social and environmental problems, and intercultural and political tensions (amply illustrated by the Turkish politicians' inability to form a government at the very time the Conference was taking place). In brief, Istanbul presents us with the usual list of problems facing most of the world's major cities - and those of developing countries in particular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Against this backdrop, the international community  -  180 countries, 500 local dignitaries, a few thousand professionals and even some ordinary citizens - came together from 3 to 14 June to discuss a 'settlement action plan'. This document, which had been in preparation for two years, contains 183 articles. It sets out a series of goals, principles and undertakings as well as providing an action plan for cities, the initial results of which should begin to be seen by the year 2001.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The preparatory committee selected two basic topics for discussion: securing adequate shelter for all, a basic but nonetheless controversial theme; and sustainable urban development The latter encompasses housing, demographic factors, infrastructure, services, the environment, transport, energy, social and economic development, the future of underprivileged groups and combating exclusion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cycle initiated at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 (followed by the Copenhagen, Beijing and Cairo meetings) was continued by Habitat II. Two major handicaps had to be overcome - 'conference fatigue' (with the resulting fact that there were fewer delegates than anticipated) and ensuring that what had been accomplished at earlier conferences was not undermined. Given that the subject of the meeting was human settlements, it was inevitable that sensitive issues already debated at previous summits, relating to the environment and social aspects, would keep recurring.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Civil society as an active force&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of conclusions arose from the official sessions (hearings, dialogues and various forums) which took place over the two weeks of the conference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First, Habitat II represented a recognition of the fact of urbanisation. In the past, there was a tendency on the part of the international community to play down, or even ignore, the phenomenon of urban growth and this was reflected in the meagre resources allocated to this area by donors. Today, the issue is better understood than it was 10 or 20 years ago, and it is acknowledged that the growth trend is unstoppable. Statistical studies and a set of 'urban indicators' drawn up for Habitat II confirm the scale of the problem. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, the Istanbul summit was a lesson in modesty. The obvious powerlessness of public authorities to deal single-handedly with the challenge of burgeoning towns and cities is recognised. The result was an understanding that a more pragmatic view is needed -  one which pays more attention to the complexities of urbanisation, to the wide variety of possible responses and, above all, to the multi-faceted nature of the players involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Conference therefore became a genuine forum for debate. One of its most significant aspects was the emergence of 'civil society' as an active force. Hitherto, the field has largely been the preserve of official agencies and qualified experts. For the first time in a UN forum, local authorities, community leaders, private sector representatives and other dynamic forces in civil society were invited to give their views and take part in discussion groups. Whereas in the past, the debate was dominated by macroeconomic and technical questions, in Istanbul, the political and social aspects were given prominence as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The effect of this was to improve the quality of the debate. The outlines of a new relationship between governments and civil society (NGOs, ordinary citizens and popular urban groups) were defined - with the local authorities slotting in somewhere in the middle. And there was a particular focus on the question of dimension or scale: what should be the basis for urban democracy and citizenship. Both of these are seen as essential if one is to have successful and sustainable urban development policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A right to the city?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first stage of the analysis is to look at urban life from a macroeconomic standpoint. Urban growth is determined by the evolution of the world economic system and, in particular, by the globalisation of markets. This has generated increased competition, including competition between cities themselves. Since the end of the 1980s, cities have been responsible for between 50% and 80% of the GDP of most countries. In other words, they represent more than mere links in the global economy; they are, in fact, pivotal points.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hence the principles which broadly underpin the Habitat 11 programme. In fundamental terms, public policies must promote the capital, housing, property and employment markets, with a view to improving the efficiency of urban management (living conditions, infrastructures, services, environment, etc.). This is not just desirable in human terms but also essential if urban productivity is to be improved. Many decision-makers at the meeting agreed that privatisation of services, partnerships involving the authorities, the community and the private sector, and decentralisation were all part and parcel of a new standard for good local governance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Representatives of 'social' interests, on the other hand, were successful in focusing the debate on fundamental rights and principles, including individual and social rights. Indeed, these issues dominated the Conference and gave rise to the most difficult negotiations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were prolonged talks, for example, on the central issue of the right to a roof over one's head. The outcome was a commitment by governments to promote 'the full and progressive acceptance of the right to adequate shelter'. The NGOs had been hoping for a more clear-cut undertaking. Questions relating to the status of vulnerable groups, women's rights and their equal access to land, and protection against eviction, were also the subject of heated exchanges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps the most important step forward, however, was the success of civil society representatives in sowing the seeds of a new idea - the 'right to the city'. This concept has been devised on the basis of research into more equitable and soundly-based development models to which local authorities are increasingly giving practical support. Thousands of individual experiences and issues were highlighted in Istanbul by NGOs and community groups. Thus, there is a mass of evidence that populations are capable of responding through local initiatives and of taking responsibility for improving their living and housing conditions. If this 'resource' is to be exploited to the full, urban politicians must develop a deeper understanding of the scale of micro-territories and local societies within cities. They also need to promote and coordinate their decision-making in a way which involves consulting and involving the local populations. In the modern era, this is the key to ensuring social cohesion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond Istanbul&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There may have been a lot of new thinking on the basic principles, but there was no reference to financial undertakings in the Habitat 11 programme. On the latter issue, the international community was highly circumspect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank took the initiative, announcing the launch of an 'urban compact', involving an additional $15 billion in loans for urban projects over the next five years. It also revealed that it would triple its aid to NGOs involved in the urban environment. Recent World Bank estimates suggest that just 0.2% to 0.5% of a country's GDP would need to be set aside for the poor to gain access to basic urban services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards monitoring, the NGOs and local authorities won the right to sit on the Human Settlements Committee which will be responsible for implementing the habitat programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most important points to emerge from Istanbul, however, were that local authorities were given both formal recognition, and a major practical role - in keeping with their current responsibilities. The habitat programme is, in fact, a powerful call for decentralisation and increased local autonomy, its action plan being built on the implicit principles of 'subsidiarily' and 'proximity'. To a large extent, the successful implementation of the programme will depend on the mobilisation of municipal politicians and officials - and on the policies they adopt at local level. The agenda for cities in the 21 st century that was adopted at the Rio Summit must now be fleshed out and become the future reference for action by local authorities, NGOs and citizens' associations. Finally, the importance of decentralised cooperation and the role of local councils in international cooperation have been reconfirmed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Local authorities and their international organisations decided to form a worldwide coordinating group to continue structured dialogue with the international community and to guarantee that the Istanbul resolutions are followed up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some people predicted that Habitat 11 would be 'the revenge of the cities'. To quote P. Maragall, chairman of the Committee of the Regions, the conference at least provided the opportunity to build, and to give a wider audience to 'the voice of the United Cities within the United Nations'. That itself is a major step forward. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'A house to call my own'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tackling violence against women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Rosemary Okello&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this article is a journalist with the Nairobi-based Women's Feature Service (WFS) She contends that the Habitat 11 conference skirted around some of the issues affecting women city dwellers in Africa, such es violence and sexual abuse. Improving their lives, she argues, starts with a roof over their heads&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lofty ideals set during this year's UN Conference on Human Settlements in Istanbul meant little to African women like Catherine Kaberu. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As she recalls the misery of living on the streets of Nairobi, she is just happy now to have a safe, secure room for her family. 'I thought by running away from home and coming to Nairobi, I would find a better life&quot; says Ms Kaberu. Instead, the streets became her home and her life was defined by the fear of violence against her. Her two children were born during that difficult period, following rapes. She cannot identify their father. There are an estimated 30 000 street people in Nairobi and Catherine Kaberu says that all street women and girls are regularly abused.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Every day we had to look for a place to sleep and we bribed the watchmen to guard us.' Often it was the same watchmen, employed to guard office blocks in the city's central district, who took advantage of the women's desperate situation. Not even age could protect them says 63-year old Felista Nyambura, herself a veteran of the streets. 'I suffered all manner of humiliation,' she states, referring to ten years spent on the streets with her seven children. 'The watchmen would rape me if I refused to give in to them - after they had offered me a place to sleep for the night with my children. I am just so happy to be off the streets. I will never go back,' she states firmly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The confidence of the two women comes from their new security as owners of simple one-roomed houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Having a house to call my own is the most important thing that ever happened to me,' says Ms Nyambura as she explains how she ended up on the street after the piece of land her husband left in their rural home was taken over by her in-laws.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The two women are part of a group of 114 who have benefited from the Urban Destitute Programme, a project of the African Housing Fund which is involved in participatory community development with the homeless women of Nairobi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Catalina Trujillo, the 'Women in Development' coordinator for the Habitat conference stresses: 'If a woman's place is in the house, we had better make sure she owns it.' These sentiments were supported in Istanbul by the conference Secretary General, Wally N'Dow: He stated: 'By conviction, by analysis and even by instinct, women's rights to ownership and inheritance of property is right. If Habitat II... does not also contribute to social progress by addressing some of the issues like property rights for women, then it will have failed.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the women of-Africa in particular, the most important thing that should have come out of Istanbul was an affirmation of their right to own and inherit property, and to security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These issues affect most African women regardless of their status and they were presented to ministers concerned with shelter and settlements when they met in Johannesburg last year to prepare an African agenda for the Istanbul meeting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most African countries accept the theoretical premise that women must have access to land, credit and inheritance, and recognise that certain types of violence are targeted primarily at women. South Africa's President Mandela affirmed: 'When we talk about people-centred development, we should understand that the involvement of women is often the difference between success and failure.' Yet in reality, customary law and insensitivity to gender concerns continue to predominate. Unfortunately, when the African ministers adopted their declaration, the point on the &quot;unencumbered access of women to credit and land ownership' appeared in only 20th place. And while forced evictions were highlighted in Istanbul, violence against women did not feature at all among the 'key priorities'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet in parts of Africa these are major concerns affecting women every day. 'In South Africa, a women is raped every 83 seconds and in some areas, a girl can expect to be raped four times in her life,' says Emelda Boikanyo of the Johannesburg-based Women's Health Project. Idah Matou remembers how one Sunday morning in 1992, five men stormed into her shop in Alexandria township. They seized the day's earnings and anything else they could carry away before raping her 1 5-year old daughter. A few weeks earlier, they had called to demand protection money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Violence in the home is also a growing problem. Mmatshilo Motsei, Director of Agisanang Domestic Abuse Prevention and Training, an NGO based in Alexandria, South Africa, says the problem is so pervasive, 'it must be raised as a national concern.' Habitat II turned a deaf ear on these women's concerns. This was not their forum. Shawna Tropp of the NGO Women's Caucus criticised those attending the conference who claimed that it was not about women but cities. 'Women live in cities,' she says and adds: 'By and large, human settlements are still very much seen in terms of bricks and mortar'. She calls for greater understanding of the role played by women, usually in an unpaid capacity, in the management of communities. 'Everything begins with having a house in a secure neighbourhood where the dignity of women is protected.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Megacities</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The megacity personifies human misery for many in developing nations. As agglomerations proliferate in the twenty-first century, the United Nations Population Fund's 1996 report - The State of the World Population  -  considers how one might go about remedying the ills of city dwelling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNFPA's figures for urban growth make worrying reading. Over half the world's people will live in cities within ten years (3.3 billion out of a total of 6.59 billion). Between 1970 and 2020, the urban population will have risen by more than two billion - and 93% of these will be in developing nations. These increases will add to the strain of an estimated 600 million people already living in urban areas of developing nations without the resources to meet their basic housing and health needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Back in 1950, New York was the only city with more than 10 million inhabitants. Today, there are 14 in this category. Tokyo, which is home to 26.5 million people, is the largest. And by 2015, many others are expected to join the megacity 'club'  -  Djakarta (Indonesia), Karachi (Pakistan), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Delhi (India), Tianjin (China), Manila (Philippines), Cairo (Egypt), Istanbul (Turkey), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Lahore (Pakistan), Hyderabad (India), Bangkok (Thailand), Lima (Peru), Teheran (Iran) and Kinshasa (Zaire).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the majority of the world's people will be living in cities by 2005, it will take a little longer for the 50% threshold to be crossed in the less developed regions. However, this is expected to happen before 2015. Looking specifically at Africa, the current estimates reveal significant regional variations. In Southern Africa the rate of urbanisation is 48%. The figures for North, West, Central and East Africa are 45%, 36%, 33% and 21 % respectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Expanding populations are likely to add to the widely reported list of horrors emanating from cities that are bursting at their seams. Problems include the collapse of basic services such as water and waste management, escalating social conflict, millions of urban children open to labour exploitation, sexual exploitation, environmental degradation, traffic congestion and environmental hazards such as increased air pollution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, the UNFPA report acknowledges that cities are also 'concentrations of human creativity and the highest form of social organisation'. It continues: 'Cities provide capital, labour and markets for entrepreneurs and innovators at all levels of economic activity'. Indeed, between 60% and 80% of developing countries' GNP is generated by their major conurbations. Social transformation occurs at a faster pace in urban areas. Thus, health indicators tend to be better, literacy is higher and there is more social mobility. And there are more opportunities for women. The city presents fewer obstacles for women's education and female city dwellers are less likely to be constrained by traditions which may stifle their creativity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But harnessing this potential is no easy task. The final chapter of the UNFPA report, entitled 'Policies, strategies and issues for improving cities', argues that urban dwellers in developing nations have been badly affected by structural adjustment policies. These have resulted in the elimination of subsidies on food and other commodities, increases in school fees and job losses in the public sector. Cities will also be required to adapt to the 'mass global experience in decentralisation' involving the shifting of local decisions from central government to municipal authorities, parastatal bodies and the private sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p48.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Regional distribution of urban population&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women - a priority&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report stresses the importance of improving education and health, with a particular focus on women. As Dr Nafis Sadik, who is Executive Director of the UNFPA, observes; 'If urban centres are to be made liveable, and the quality of life of the poorer members of society is to be improved, women should be given the chance to play their role in the process.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report reiterates the specific targets for improving the lives of women that were drawn up by the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the field of education, these include 100% primary school enrolment (for both girls and boys) by 2015, improving access for girls and women to secondary, tertiary and vocational education, and closing the gender gap in the primary and secondary sectors by 2005.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other goals include a progressive reduction in infant and maternal mortality, making reproductive health services accessible to all through the primary health care system by 2015, greatly improved provision for family planning (allowing couples to make free and informed decisions on the number, spacing and timing of births) and providing better protection against sexually transmitted diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The State of the World Population Report concludes: 'A successful urban future depends, as much as anything else, on engaging all members of the community - especially women and the poor  -  in a constructive political process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There will have to be partnerships struck between governments, nongovernmental organisations, the private sector, and local and community organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And global urbanisation will require that the international community  -  governments, NGOs and international institutions - act to exploit the potential of cities to improve the lives of the world's people and to establish the foundations of sustainable development in the 21st century.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Lagos under stress</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Paul Okunlola&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a present population of some 7.5 million, the new millenium will propel Lagos to megacity status. The United Nations Population Fund predicts that 24 million people will live in the city by 2015, making it the third most populous conurbation on the globe. Whilst the donor community has supported urban projects in the past, tough times mean more reliance on 'bottom up' schemes backed by N60s and community-based groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When it began to rain in the small hours of Thursday 18 July 1996, residents of Lagos -  Nigeria's largest city and economic nerve centre -  merely stirred in their slumber. The gentle, but persistent showers, didn't rank among the heaviest downpours experienced by this coastal city, which gets rain on average for eight months in every year. Nor are Lagosians unfamiliar with spells of rain lasting up to seven days without break.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But by the time of the early morning 'rush hour', the traffic-laden streets of metropolitan Lagos were being swept with rampaging floods. Until well after noon, the city's social and economic life was at a standstill. Already difficult road conditions were rendered impossible for motorists, marooned at the wheel for hours. Exhausted school children eventually made it back home after spending the better part of the day in traffic. Crowds of commuters waited interminably at bus-stops for vehicles that never came.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The economic toll was expected to be heavy, with offices in both government and the private sector remaining empty all day. Commercial activities were put on hold as shops remained shuttered until well after noon. The communications network and electricity supply to key areas of the city were shut down for hours, to protect equipment. One state government official commented: 'It has never been so bad.' By the time the water receded and life had returned to normal, both government engineers and private sector consultants were in agreement: the main reasons for the flooding were illegal development along the natural courses of inner-city waterways, and the reduced drainage capacity of the overdeveloped metropolitan area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exploding metropolis&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both the flood itself, and the acknowledgement of the human limitations of the city officials, illustrate the frustrations that have attended the management of this exploding metropolis over the last three decades. In the months leading up to the July flooding, a major controversy erupted over plans to landfill the inland Kuramo lake in the highbrow Victoria Island district and develop it as a housing estate. This pitted state government officials and a firm of developers on the one hand, against a motley band of citizens groups, non-governmental organisations and concerned environmentalists on the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The unusual strength of local feeling against the project reflects growing fears that the island itself could be submerged. Five years ago, this was thought to be a remote prospect but today it is seen as a real threat, given the increasing frequency of flooding incidents and ocean surges along the coastal area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More and more people are arguing that there is a correlation between the growing frequency of flooding incidents and the massive sandfilling activity that has taken place over the years. The Kuramo issue remains contentious but it is just one example of the wider dilemma facing the city's development planners. They have the daunting task of providing for legions of migrants to Lagos - whose swelling numbers are placing great stress on the failing infrastructure. The problem may be particularly acute in the Nigeria's largest city, but it reflects a wider trend of urbanisation in the country over the past half century, as the overall population has increased.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1921, Nigeria had just 18.7 million inhabitants. Current estimates put the population in the region of 103.5 million. And the growth in the proportion of urban dwellers has been equally dramatic. In 1931, fewer than 7% of the people lived in urban centres. The figure had risen to 10% by 1952,19% by 1963, 33% by 1984, and 42% at the last count, in 1991. Current figures suggest that there are now seven Nigerian cities with more than a million inhabitants and no fewer than 78 whose population exceeds 100 000.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The changing structure of the country's human settlement profile has been linked to broader economic and social changes. The situation has been exacerbated by the economic depression of the last two decades. Analysts have noted a trend of declining primary production in such areas as agriculture, mining, quarrying and exploitation of natural resources. This has resulted in greater attention being paid to secondary and tertiary economic activities -  which are generally city-based. The figures illustrate the dramatic nature of the change that has taken place. In 1952, the ratio of primary to secondary/ tertiary economic activity, as measured in Nigeria's GDP, was 68:32. Four decades later, the ratio was 38:62.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to World Bank consultant, Prof. Akin Mabogunje, the trend is exemplified by the expansion of a whole range of activities located in urban centres -  large, medium and small-scale enterprises in manufacturing and construction, utilities, transport and communications systems, wholesale and retail outlets, hotels, restaurants, finance and insurance companies, and estate agencies. Then there is the whole range of government activity. Until 1991, Nigeria's huge federal bureaucracy was located in Lagos, operating alongside a state administration and some 15 local authorities. Add to this the major docks and airports of Lagos, and you get an urbanisation phenomenon which has, to say the least, been intimidating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lagos, which only occupies 0.4% of the country's land area, gains an extra 300 000 inhabitants every year on top of its natural growth rate. That the city is a 'pole of attraction' is hardly surprising. It is clearly the economic nucleus of the country, reputed to account for about 57% of total value added in manufacturing and about 40% of the nation's most highly skilled manpower.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Urban toll&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The costs have also been high. Professor Poju Onibokun, a human settlements expert, enumerates these: grossly inadequate housing and infrastructure with millions dwelling in slums; social amenities under enormous pressure with a shortage of schools and poor health facilities; endemic crime and juvenile delinquency; the breakdown of traditional values, family cohesiveness and community spirit. The capacity of law enforcement institutions is also increasingly hampered by technological and resource limitations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these ills, the shortage of housing and lack of infrastructure are seen as the most acute. This is borne out by a recent World Bank study which notes that:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the quality of life and living conditions have deteriorated;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - economic production has plunged;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the inadequate provision of infrastructural services has negatively affected the operations of most private sector investors, who now need to spend between 22% and 25% of their capital outlay on providing their own infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over 90% of the city's housing is provided by the private sector. But this has been handicapped in recent times by spiralling development costs and a general shortage of funds. New private housing has consisted largely of thousands of individual units, built mainly in areas of existing large scale developments. The authorities have made their own efforts to plug the gap and over the last 15 years, no fewer than 6000 hectares of marshland have been sandfilled and reclaimed in six separate development schemes (some of which have proved controversial). The Land Use Act of 1978 vested all urban land in the state authorities, although the administration of the legislation has not always proved satisfactory.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public transport is another problem for Lagos residents. There is no integrated system of mass transport and the sector is essentially made up of hundreds of privately operated buses and a dwindling taxi fleet. Massive currency devaluations have meant that the purchase price of new vehicles has rocketed. Maintenance costs for the increasingly dilapidated fleet have also spiralled. As a result, the system is stretched to beyond its capacity and it is the commuters who bear the brunt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public sector spending obviously has an important part to play in maintaining urban structures. The downturn in international aid flows has, therefore, had a visible impact with decline in infrastructure provision and maintenance, leading to a less favourable operating environment for private investors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, Lagos has been a notable beneficiary of urban support programmes with multi-million dollar schemes for water supply, storm water drainage, and infrastructure. Most of these have been World Bank-led but the support of the European Union and its Member States in this area is also considered crucial.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the positive side, adversity has proved a catalyst for greater community-based and NGO activity in environmental and human settlement issues over the last decade. This is a fresh approach, based on 'bottom-up' strategies, which should open up muchneeded new avenues to urban management in Nigeria more generally and in Lagos in particular. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A Eurocrat in Istanbul</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Gilles Fontaine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, a specialist in urban development, offers us his thoughts on the Istanbul conference. This event, he believes, was a landmark in the collective process of raising awareness which was begun at the Rio Conference on the environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;14 June 1996 - last day of Habitat II&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Night fell a long time ago. A feeling of hope permeates the hall. Most of the work is completed but there are still disputes over a few paragraphs of the text of the Habitat 11 Agenda. Some delegates have not slept for two days and they can be seen standing around, afraid they might fall asleep. The sense of fatigue increases further when, at midnight, the symbolic 'stopping of the clocks' (to permit a successful outcome of the final negotiations) is announced over the PA system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At two in the morning, the wait has become almost unreal. It is virtually unimaginable that the Conference should come to nothing, after two years of intense work. Since Wednesday evening, the general atmosphere has been almost euphoric. Agreement has been reached on all the essential points within the allotted time and the Conference is already being heralded as another success story. All that remains to be done is to finalise the 'Istanbul Declaration', a four-page policy text broadly summarising the work of the Conference. The Conference would finally close about two hours later, amid general relief - but why the impasse?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breaking new ground... and remaining steadfast&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some problems arose where they were least expected! To everyone's surprise, 'informal' working sub-groups had to be set up to discuss nuclear testing and anti-personnel mines! These themes were a far cry from the Habitat Agenda, but this sort of thing inevitably happens at major international conferences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other stumbling blocks appeared without any real warning, when some delegates attempted to renegotiate the conclusions of the Beijing and Cairo conferences. The negotiators had to stand firm on two counts. The hard-won recognition of women's rights needed to be defended all over again. And, more importantly, the attempt in Istanbul to reopen the debate on everything that had been gained at previous conferences had to be avoided. The European Union's negotiators took an aggressive stance on both these issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that so much negotiating effort is expended is a good illustration of the political significance governments attach to the topics debated on such occasions. A conference may be seen as resembling the proverbial half-bottle of water  - some regard it as half empty and others as half full. One's viewpoint depends on one's expectations  -  and much disappointment is caused by a misunderstanding of how such conferences operate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meeting the delegates&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although I am no anthropologist, I think I was able to identify three major groups of participants. First, there were the 'negotiators', who have built up a common language from conference to conference. I was surprised at the extent to which reference was constantly made, in the negotiating groups, to the 'Languages' of Rio, Copenhagen or Beijing. This is not just a question of vocabulary or syntax, but represents a genuine revolution in thought at international level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second group, to which I myself belonged, was made up of national and international officials. These are the people who, to a greater or lesser extent, prepare the conference. They then attend it and, ideally, write a mission report on returning to their offices (bemoaning the fact that few people will read their words of wisdom !)'These delegates tend to offer the harshest judgments. A common refrain is: 'We have long argument about words in parenthesis in a huge document that no one will ever read!'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third group, which nowadays is the largest, consists of representatives of so-called civil society. Since Rio, every United Nations conference has seen the parallel organisation of an NGO Forum, and the latter's influence has constantly increased. At Beijing, the authorities banished the NGO Forum to a site 60 km from the capital, but Istanbul welcomed it with open arms on the same footing as the 'Cities Summit' and the meetings of researchers and industrialists. A more fundamental development was the invitation to NGOs and local authorities to take an active part in the working groups and at meetings. This was a 'first' in international conference history and I was struck by the motivation and competence of many of the participants, as well as by the ease with which they have adapted to the information society. Gone are the days when addresses are exchanged on scraps of paper, accompanied by the ritual 'We must keep in touch!'. These days, your business card must include your Internet Email address. Contacts are organised through networks connected to databases, and people swap CD ROMs with each other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What did Habitat II achieve?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'official' end most visible result of the Conference was obviously the adoption of the Habitat Agenda - the final fruit of long hours of work within the national committees set up for the occasion. This document, over a hundred pages in length, contains a 'World Action Plan', accompanied by the 'Istanbul Declaration'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is not so well-publicised is the fact that many countries  -  including a number of ACPs  -  took the opportunity to publish their own national reports containing individual action plans. The amount of preparation that went into these reports revealed a high degree of motivation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having looked at them more closely since, I have gained a somewhat better understanding of the months of work put in tens of thousands of people across the world. This reassures me that the majority of state participants will monitor the Habitat 11 follow-up very closely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One has to recognise that the mere adoption of a text, however significant it may be, cannot be regarded as a magic formula which will change the face of the world overnight. To the impatient among us who want everything straight away, and to unrepentant sceptics, I would say this. In environmental matters there are two major periods in our recent history - the period before Rio and the period after Rio. The Rio meeting, and each subsequent conference, have been milestones in a long, coherent process of collective reflection and growing awareness. Istanbul did, in fact, keep its promises: the right to adequate shelter is now recognised internationally as the fundamental right of every human being.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The exploding city</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Stephane Yerasimos&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Istanbul. Ten million inhabitants - with double that number expected in 20 years time. Financial irregularities, a chaotic house-building sector, a lack of infrastructure and rampant speculation. One needed to look no further than the host city to find the key issues facing the Habitat Conference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Istanbul is a city steeped in history. It is also one of the Third World's biggest conurbations. Over the last 16 centuries, it has been the capital of two great empires - the Byzantine and the Ottoman - resulting in a rich legacy of monuments and a historic centre on a par with that of Rome. From the Middle Ages to the beginning of the modern era, it was regarded as Europe's largest city. On the eve of the Second World War, it had a population of one million, but that figure has now multiplied tenfold. Almost half of its ten million inhabitants are living on a knife edge, and many are in 'illegal' housing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first big transformation of the city came in the middle of the 19th century when the Ottoman authorities opted for westernisation and embarked on an extensive management programme. By the time the Empire collapsed in 1922, much of the ancient fabric - and traditional housing -  of the city had already been lost. Under the new republic, the capital was transferred to Ankara, and the authorities stepped up their efforts at modernisation. In 1937, Ataturk gave Frenchman Henri Prost, a city planner who had helped preserve the old centres of a number of Moroccan towns, the job of devising major public works in the heart of the old city. The infrastructure was also updated and taken together, these works (which were completed during the 1950s) transformed the old walled city and its ancient suburbs (Galata and Uskudar) into a modern aggLomÃ©ration, interspersed with ancient monuments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mass immigration&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike the colonial powers who attempted to preserve the traditional character of old city centres around the Mediterranean rim and in the rest of the Islamic world, the desire of successive Turkish governments to modernise the country resulted in the disappearance of most of Istanbul's ancient fabric, and the city no longer has a compact area of old districts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The transformation of the city centre was matched, after the Second World War, by an explosion of building on the outskirts - a phenomenon characteristic of Third World countries. Improved sanitation and hygiene standards led to a natural population increase of between 2.5% and 3% per year. Meanwhile, the modernisation of agricultural practices caused a mass rural exodus. Marginalised in both economic and social terms. the people who flooded into Istanbul soon over whelmed the resident population. Today, the bulk of the people living in the city have rural origins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new residents began by occupying the edges of the old quarters and taking over the open spaces which remained after the ravages of an earlier fire. They then began to settle in ever-increasing circles around Istanbul, establishing the first gecekondu districts (groups of huts constructed overnight). These have been incorrectly described as shanty towns. In fact, most buildings are permanent structures and they rapidly develop into multi-storey dwellings. Most of the land on which these illegal buildings have sprung up was originally privately owned. But the elected multi-party government in power at the time was quick to spot the electoral possibilities in these areas. Each district was a reservoir of potential voters and, on the eve of each election, the parties in power would distribute property titles to the illegal occupants. They, in turn hastened to consolidate and increase their assets. This explains the emergence of increasingly densely populated districts without infrastructure during the 1950s and early 1960s&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industrialisation, and the arrival in the city of people who used to be rural landowners (driven out by the new market economy) later created a demand for housing which the normal market was unable to meet. This has given rise to a new phenomenon of urban marginalisation, involving the illegal division of land into plots. The system involves the purchase of agricultural properties by developers and speculative builders. These are divided into small plots and resold, quite legally, to purchasers  -  who then build unauthorised structures in contravention of the normal planning rules. Often, benefiting from political alliances, the developers take control of these districts and 'convert' the votes of the people living there into cash, in return for urban investments. This enables them to consolidate their power and increase the value of their remaining stock of plots.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An uncontrolled population increase&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, a third phenomenon, linked to the growth of a middle class, began to occur in the mid-1980s, when building cooperatives came into being. Their predecessors were the corporate associations which grouped together public officials (beginning with the army and the police). These developed into ad-hoc associations enabling a group of developers to tap people's savings, thereby dispensing with the need for loans in a country where chronic inflation makes credit prohibitive. Several thousands of dwellings are often constructed at the same time, in the form of tightly packed, multiple-occupancy blocks. The requirements of multi-storey construction mean that these buildings are of acceptable quality, but the related infrastructures are sorely lacking. Entire districts are built 'in the wilds' without any infrastructural investment by the developers or local authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The city is continuing to expand, without reference to any development plan. The fifteen or so major urban schemes drawn up since the 1950s have all remained in desk drawers and the only significant construction work has been on roads (notably bridges and ring roads). These generate further uncontrolled population increases on the outskirts of the city.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the natural rate of demographic growth is slowly declining - it has just dropped to under 2% per year -  the most recent census (in 1990) reveals that Turkey now has more people living in its cities than in its rural areas. Yet the statistics also show that half of the country's people are still involved in agriculture. Given the continuing natural growth, and the fact that in semi-industrialised countries, the rural population tends to settle at around a third or even just a quarter of the total, we can assume that the drift to towns and cities will continue for the next 30 or 40 years. This trend will affect all Turkish towns and cities, be they large, small or medium-sized. But Greater Istanbul, where the majority of the country's economic and social activity is concentrated, is set to experience a doubling of its population within the next twenty-five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dilemma for urban planners&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem caused by demographic changes is exacerbated by economic constraints. For a number of years now, Turkey has suffered a high (albeit stable) inflation rate of about 70% per year. This situation discourages investment in industry, and makes people take refuge in ownership of land that they can build on. Land has thus become the target of speculation by people in all social classes. Against this background, it is virtually impossible to regulate the use of land  - something which must be at the heart of any urban-development programme. An alternative is to discuss the possibility of developing a social consensus involving a more liberal approach to property speculation, recgnising that land is a source of revenue at all levels. This might entail releasing central and local authorities from any responsibility to provide services or other infrastructural investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the present circumstances, however, any scheme to redevelop Istanbul effectively would seem doomed to failure. The only intervention which might succeed would be at the 'cleaning-up' stage - coming in after the construction of the dwellings under the conditions described above. It is only once the new inhabitants' dream of having a roof over their heads is realised that they come face to face with the harsh daily realities of living in a self-built city of nearly ten million people. They may then be prepared to make some sacrifices in order to improve their living conditions. The moment when harsh reality replaces emotion, is the only time the urban planner has the slightest chance of being listened to. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Adequate housing in the EU: rights and realities</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Misia Coghlan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are 2.7 million homeless people in the European Union and many millions more are badly housed. But the EU is said to be lagging in taking measures to provide adequate housing - one of the internationally recognised human rights. An expert from a leading campaign group for the homeless explains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the weeks and months leading up to the Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), much argument and debate centred around the existence of the right to adequate housing. The legal basis of this right was challenged by a handful of delegates and the arguments continued right through the Conference itself. The outcome is that the final Declaration includes a reaffirmation of states to a 'commitment to the full and progressive realisation of the right to adequate housing as provided for in the international instruments.' (see first box)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The political impact of Habitat II as the culmination of the recent series of UN Conferences has been disappointing. The Istanbul Conference was originally heralded with the catch-phrase 'housing for all'. In the course of the preparatory process, this was watered-down to become 'shelter for all' and, as has been seen, the wording of the final Declaration simply refers to existing international commitments and allows for the 'full and progressive realisation of the right.' This of course begs the question of how such a right was ever supposed to have been achieved other than 'progressively' and how meaningful such a commitment can be in the absence of parallel undertakings as to implementation and enforcement. In short, very little has been achieved in progressing international commitment to the realisation of the right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right to adequate housing has in fact been recognised for some time now by the Member States of the European Union, all of whom have ratified the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the most important legal basis of housing rights found in international law). Under article 11(1), the parties to the Covenant recognise, 'the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing...'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of 'adequacy', it is generally acknowledged, is determined at least in part by social, economic, cultural and climatic factors. Adequate housing can be understood as including the following components: legal security of tenure, affordability, habitability, accessibility, location and availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It hardly needs pointing out that commitments in international law, whether legally binding or not, remain statements of intent and are of limited practical use unless accompanied by a comprehensive legislative framework in domestic law which will secure both the access to the right as well as providing enforcement mechanisms. What, then, is the reality ? Has the right to adequate housing been enacted into national legislation and, most importantly, is the right actually being respected across the European Union?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Realities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FEANTSA, the European Federation of National Associations Working with the Homeless, has been conducting the European Observatory on Homelessness with the support of the European Commission since 1991. FEANTSA's research findings have increasingly demonstrated both the extent and the gravity of the housing crisis in Europe: in what is one of the wealthiest subregions of the world, a large and growing group of the population is being excluded from adequate housing. (see box on next page)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, FEANTSA's 1995 transnational research report (Home/essness in the European Union) has found that the right to housing does not exist in any Member State as a legally enforceable claim. Although the right is recognised in the constitution of several Member States, this remains a statement of intent and does not create any entitlement. Other Member States have adopted a different approach - housing legislation in the United Kingdom, for example, does create an obligation on the local authorities to provide housing for those homeless people assessed to be in priority need and found to be unintentionally homeless. There is no sign of convergence in the ways EU Member States address the right to housing and housing exclusion in their national legislation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right to housing is not addressed in EU legislation as a legal principle and Member States have exclusive competence to deal with housing issues themselves. There is thus no overall European housing policy, nor is there yet any European policy on homelessness. FEANTSA has, however, identified common trends throughout Europe which have contributed to the escalation of homelessness and the lack of adequate housing provision.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall European trend has been an increased reliance on the competitive market to meet all housing needs, with an unwillingness on the part of government to commit public resources to assist lower income groups, who are therefore confronted with the limited choice available to them on the open housing market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The supply of housing has been undergoing change throughout Europe. In all countries, owner-occupation is on the increase, with tax relief generally being offered as an incentive. The private rented sector, on the other hand, has continued to decline. Social housing has generally suffered from cuts in funding. The result is that there is a shortfall in the supply of affordable housing for rent and rents have become correspondingly higher. It is clear that the competitive housing market cannot and will not meet the needs of the increasing numbers of people without the resources to afford market rents.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The type of housing required has also changed: demographic trends have meant that households are getting smaller but more numerous - thus, there is a need for more but smaller dwellings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem has been exacerbated by the lack of an overall strategy either at European level or, indeed, often at national level, to meet the realities of structural changes on the labour market. Indeed, in some countries, the increase in long-term unemployment has been accompanied by an erosion of social protection systems. Faced with escalating demand for longterm welfare assistance, the authorities have often responded by tightening up on eligibility criteria in an attempt to cut or limit benefit payments, with shortterm palliative measures to deal with emergency cases. Thus, increasing numbers of people living on or under the poverty threshold, coupled with the deregulation of the housing market, have led to severe housing stress and increased vulnerability to homelessness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finland sets an example&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finland is one EU country tackling the housing problem. In 1987, the International Year of the Homeless, the Finnish government announced its intention to eliminate homelessness. At that time, the number of homeless people was put at close to 20 000. The programme for the development of housing set the objective of making 18 000 homes available for the homeless over a period of five years. Special funds were set aside in the national budget to permit the local authorities and other organisations to purchase housing for the homeless. State loans for the construction of housing for rent were made available to municipalities with a large homeless population. In under ten years, the number of homeless people in Finland has been reduced to half what it was in the mid-1980s. Finland now enjoys a comprehensive system of carefully targeted housing supply, housing subsidies, benefits and allowances and housing is seen as an integral part of a multi-dimensional strategy to combat poverty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For one in twenty citizens of the European Union, the criteria which, as a whole, constitute adequate housing remain inaccessible. Yet at Istanbul, the EU voiced its determination to make an important and constructive contribution to the implementation of the Habitat objectives. This included an acknowledgement that increased attention should be paid to people living in poverty and that appropriate action should be taken by governments at all levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European housing ministers were due to meet informally in Dublin, on 24 and 25 October of this year, specifically to tackle the question of 'housing for socially excluded people'. The time has come to devise and implement coherent strategies to prevent housing exclusion for low income groups. The market has neither the ethics nor the long-term planning capacity to do this; it remains the responsibility of the state. It can only be hoped that the housing ministers will recognise this and agree on the necessity of protecting housing as a product and as a service from the competitive market, at least for vulnerable groups. The housing ministers have been holding informal meetings since 1989. This year's meeting provides the opportunity, particularly in the light of the Habitat II debate, to exchange information on effective measures to help low income groups access and maintain a home. The result should be the drafting of a number of concrete goals to be achieved within a realistic time-scale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Homelessness in Europe is not on the scale seen in other regions of the world - with the development and reinforcement of effective preventive policies, based on proven and cost-effective welfare models existing in some Member States, the housing crisis can still be contained. In short, where there is a political will, there is a way. Europe has the potential to serve as a model of good practice to the rest of the world and should do so, more especially in the light of all that was - and wasn't  - achieved at Istanbul. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;References&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Is the European Union Housing its Poor ? Dragana Avramov, Catherine Parmentier and Brian Harvey, FEANTSA, Brussels 1995 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Homelessness in the European Union, Dragana Avramov, FEANTSA, Brussels 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Invisible Hand of the Housing Market, Dragana Avramov, FEANTSA, Brussels 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Cities of the Third World</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Francis Cass&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In ten or so years' time, more than half the world's population will be living in built-up areas and, according to UN figures, by 2025 nearly two thirds of us will live in towns and cities. This is not a complete surprise -  over the last few decades, the ratio of city dwellers to rural people has consistently moved in 'favour' of the former. In 1950, 29% of people were city dwellers. Since 1985, the urban population has exceeded 40% of the global total.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, we are witnessing an acceleration in demographic growth, especially in developing countries. Of the 2.6 billion people who currently live in towns, 1.6 billion live in the world's least developed regions. By 2025, the urban population of the Third World will have risen to 3.2 billion, out of a global urban population of just over 4 billion. On the basis of these figures, it is estimated that the number of urban dwellers in developing countries is increasing by approximately 150 000 people each day! In Cape Town in South Africa, for example, as in many towns and cities of the Third World, this demographic explosion can actually be seen happening. All you need to do is drive regularly along the N2 motor way  - which passes through the shanty towns of Khayelitsha and Guguletu -  to see how, week by week, the makeshift dwellings are spreading - gradually expanding to every available plot of land. The same scene is repeated in all of Africa's large towns. In CotÃ© d'lvoire, the population of Abidjan rises by 400 inhabitants a day on average. In Gabarone, the capital of Botswana, whose population was barely 3000 at the time of independence in the 1960s, the population is increasing by 18% each year and today 160 000 people live there. Such growth is often accompanied by widespread indifference on the part of local authorities. Such indifference is due, in particular, to a shortage of financial resources, but it also reflects an absence of political will to do anything to tackle the problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Demography and poverty&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The demographic explosion which has taken place in the urban areas of developing countries is due to three main factors: natural population growth, rural emigration to towns and cities, and (less importantly) the redefinition of the administrative boundaries of built-up areas. The first two factors are equally to 'blame' but in future, it is predicted that rural depopulation in Africa will become the single most important element in urban population growth. This will be especially true of countries where there is rampant rural poverty. In this context, we need to recognise other circumstances, such as famine, desertification, a shortage of cultivable land and conflicts, which serve to exacerbate the phenomenon. If people living in the countryside decide to migrate to towns, it is because they are looking for a better life and hope to improve their standard of living. Few succeed. According to a World Bank study, 50% of people in abject poverty will be living in urban areas by the year 2000.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The effects that urban poverty has on the environment are often dramatic. The reverse is also true. A damaged environment constitutes a daily hazard for town and city dwellers, in particular the most destitute. The precarious nature of their living conditions means that only in extremely rare cases are these people able to guard against the degeneration of their immediate surroundings. Driven to the outer limits of the towns - where even basic infrastructures such as sewers and the collection of household waste are often lacking, the poorest sections of society are left to fend for themselves. Local authorities have neither the means nor (often) the inclination to do anything to help them. Even those who are comfortably off and who can afford to give part of their income to safeguard their immediate environment (thereby protecting themselves to some extent) cannot escape the consequences of more general ecological problems such as air pollution and the contamination of water supplies. Living in a modern house in a well-to-do district is simply not enough. It is not possible to shield oneself completely from the problems created by environmental destruction. For example, even an unofficial rubbish tip, located several kilometres away from a residential area, can have disastrous effects on groundwater - meaning that sooner or later, the quality of the drinking water will suffer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Towns gasping for water...&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, the vast majority of Third World towns are facing a series of ecological problems which directly or indirectly, affect the lives of their inhabitants. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 220 million city dwellers have no access to drinking water and 420 million have no latrines. It does not take much to imagine the potentially catastrophic health consequences of such a situation - in which people are forced to drink and irrigate their land with water from contaminated sources. The WHO has estimated that three million children died during 1993 as a direct result of diarrhoea, and that nearly two million of these victims had consumed drinking water contaminated with faecal matter. In developing countries, 90% of waste water is poured, completely untreated, into rivers, lakes and coastal waters. Again, one can easily imagine the impact on marine flora and fauna, and on the health of those who eat the products fished from these waters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;...and gasp for breath&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As far as air quality is concerned, the WHO intimates that more than a billion city dwellers throughout the world breathe highly polluted air. For the most part, this pollution is generated by industry and motor vehicles. A small improvement has been recorded in the urban areas of developed countries, but air quality in the towns and cities of the South has deteriorated considerably during recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are many reasons for this. First, there has been an increase in industrial activity, mainly concentrated around towns and cities. This is a result of economic development, but also of the fact that many factories - including some with the worst pollution records  - have relocated from the North to the South, where legislation governing emissions is less stringent. Second, in contrast to the trends seen in developed countries - where cars are usually well-maintained, (running on unleaded petrol and rarely more than five years old) motor vehicles in the Third World -  whose numbers are increasing significantly  -  are frequently old, badly maintained and run on leaded fuel. According to the World Bank, 95% of the lead polluting the air in the towns and cities of developing countries comes from vehicles which run on leaded petrol and studies carried out on the subject have revealed concentrations of up to 1.5 microgrammes of lead per cubic metre of air. In North America and Europe the concentration varies between 0.2 and 0.8 microgrammes per cubic metre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another problem facing towns and cities in the southern hemisphere arises from the enormous amounts of waste they produce and from the fact that they have few treatment facilities. In many cases, the rubbish is not even collected and is left to accumulate into the piles which can often be seen on the edges of shanty towns. This accumulation of refuse encourages the proliferation of certain diseases and poses a real threat to the health of residents both nearby and further away. In addition to this ordinary, everyday waste, the countries of the Third World have to deal with problems generated by toxic waste  - not just their own, but also that which is 'exported' there by industrialised countries. Needless to say, the towns which actually have the means and facilities needed to treat this highly polluting waste are few and far between.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linking development with environmental protection&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While environmental problems have a direct impact on human health and on the natural world, they also entail huge economic costs. The effect of pollution on human health translates into ever-increasing health costs and a decline in productivity. And it is not only city dwellers who suffer the consequences of a deteriorating urban environment. Depending on their size, the degree of industrial activity and population concentration, towns and cities pollute and destroy areas well beyond their own administrative boundaries. They swallow up enormous amounts of natural resources, suck their hinterlands dry and spit out 'what is left'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nowadays, there is an increasing global consensus over the need to tackle these growing problems rapidly. This was seen clearly at the Habitat II Conference in Istanbul. Most cities of the southern hemisphere urgently need to get to grips with their numerous ecological problems - the alternative is to sink further into chaos. In a similar vein, it has become obvious that some sort of balance must be found between economic development and safeguarding the environment - and that considerable investments are needed to achieve this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Solutions do exist. Recycling projects, for example, could provide jobs for large numbers of town and city dwellers, as well as cleaning up the environment. Governments of industrialised nations should take the necessary steps to ensure that their toxic waste does not end up in the rubbish dumps of the countries of the South. Authorities in urban areas in the Third World should set aside more of their budgets to help the most underprivileged sections of their populations, so that they can manage their own environment. Local authorities should also respond more efficiently to the basic needs of impoverished districts, not least by building roads and sewer systems, by ensuring that rubbish is collected and by guaranteeing all people access to drinking water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Last but not least, a concerted effort - especially a concerted financial effort - should be made by decision-makers at the local, national and international levels. We need to recognise that environmental damage is a phenomenon which rarely confines itself to the local level. Sooner or later, it becomes a problem for all of us. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When conservation is at odds with the local population</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Hendrik Smets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The clash between the interests of people living on the edges of the Zakouma National Park in Chad and the authorities' attempts at conservation illustrates the situation facing many other nature reserves in Africa. This article argues in favour of a form of eco-development to suit everyone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the Zakouma National Park (PNZ) WAS officially set up in 1963 (it had been at the planning stage since 1956), the area it covered meant that local people had to be moved -  but the promised compensation was never paid. During the second phase of the PNZ's relaunch, financed by the European Development Fund (EDF), a perimeter path following the 1963 boundaries was marked out, but local villagers opposed this, regarding it as an extension of the Park's area. Subsequently, they rejected a move to build a dispensary in a village located at the edge of the park on the pretext that such a structure would again constitute an extension to the reserve's land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conflict between the itinerant stockbreeders of the region and the authorities has simmered for many years. The latter have shrunk from enforcing the 1963 law on transhumance corridors which applies to the fringes of the national park. Under this law, it is prohibited (in principle) to gather wood, hunt for game, fish, or gather honey and other natural produce. The result is a tendency among locals to view the PNZ as an adversary rather than a potential partner in development. Safari tourism is developing too slowly and is not leading to sufficient benefits for example, from a craft industry, or more general redevelopment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the second phase of the project was at the planning stage, its organisers recognised that, in order to guarantee the park's future, support had to be given to the people living on its edges. A high-level 'cooperation committee' was therefore proposed. The membership of this committee, which would sit in N'Djamena, was to include ministers, directors-general, park authorities and Commission representatives. Unfortunately it has not yet been brought into operation. By contrast, the local authorities and park management have been able to set up their own committee which met for the first time in January 1996. This body has helped to tackle some of the most sensitive problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second phase also saw the implementation of a series of microprojects. - school renovations, a dispensary, a bridge, the sinking of wells, a dam, a mill and a nursery. But these were set up without preliminary study, and no arrangements were made to sound out the views of the local people, or the form of development they would like promoted. Understandably, local hostility was encountered and the projects cannot, in any real sense, be viewed as offshoots of the wider PNZ scheme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project has not been extended to a third phase. Because of this, there is a risk that the capital invested -  and the positive results that have been achieved - could be lost altogether. Should any donor choose to 'pick up the baton' in future, they will need to recognise the key imperative of creating a symbiotic relationship between the park and the local population. To do this, there must be an awareness-raising effort, undertaken in parallel with any eco-development programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the first instance, a higher profile should be given to institutional issues. In particular, the cooperation committee in N'Djamena must be able to act, where necessary, as an appeal or arbitration chamber to deal with any disputes which cannot be resolved by the local authorities' committee. The latter, of course, would continue to meet on a regular basis to discuss any problems encountered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, there should be campaigns to disseminate information and train local people who are in daily contact with the park's environment. The aim here would be to make them progressively more accountable for conservation and the exploitation of natural resources (cutting wood, gathering produce, hunting, fishing, and so on). They must also gain a better understanding of the effects of poaching and desertification. Above all, such campaigns should seek to convince the people of the benefits they stand to gain from the park, if they continue to respect its integrity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this context, some lessons might be drawn from a regional project dating from April 1987 (which was never fully implemented). This was aimed at halting the advance of the desert in the northern Central African Republic and southern Chad. The component of the project which is of interest to the present discussion was its programme to increase public awareness  -  which involved training organisers, preparing and disseminating information (posters, videos, films), organising information tours and giving support to the Training and Environmental Information Programme of the CILSS (Inter-State Committee to Combat Drought in the Sahel), of which Chad is a member.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One could also learn something from the approach adopted by the Manda National Park which is situated 270 km from Zakouma. This has 'volunteer villagers' appointed by the chiefs of the four cantons making up the park zone, who know the territory well. The volunteers take part in information, awareness and monitoring operations alongside national park and animal reserve employees. Dressed in pale olivegreen uniforms, they cycle between the villages and encampments, providing a link between the villagers and officials in N'Djamena. They have an invaluable role in convincing village people of the advantages of cooperating in the development of the park and its surrounding areas. And the cost of a volunteer is just CFAF 5 000 (ECU 7.5) per month.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eco-development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Returning to the PNZ, it is true that a small proportion of the population already benefits from the park's existence. Wages are paid to the patrols, and the permanent and seasonal workforce, while micro-projects have been set up. The park pays traders, artisans, farmers and stockbreeders for certain services and there are some tourists. But the bulk of the population does not see these advantages having been largely excluded up to now.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any future eco-development programme should therefore aim at reducing pressure on the park in order to guarantee its long-term integrity. This would obviously need to be preceded by a clear definition of the action to be undertaken, but in the meantime, it might be useful to offer a few guidelines. The programme should include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - a series of flanking or support activities providing infrastructure and equipment, such as a dispensary, a school, paths, wells and carts;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - a food-security programme providing for the conservation of agricultural areas, as well as measures to prevent erosion and safeguard harvests (cereal banks, stores, gardens, agro-forestry systems and pest control);&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- a project to promote natural resources such as fisheries, gum arable, honey, and straw fodder;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- a wood/energy management programme providing improved hearths and brick ovens, and the organised gathering and use of supplies;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- development of the craft industry and training of tourist guides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If, in a third phase, an awareness and eco-development programme could be successfully implemented, the Zakouma National Park should be able to look forward to a brighter future. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A new 'eco-centre' in West Africa: Two Presidents amid the dust</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In April, on the eve of the International Conference on Human Settlements, the first West-African eco-centre ('Ecopole`) was opened in Dakar. It was set up by Enda, one of the few international non-governmental organisations of significant size based in a developing country. The 'eco' refers to two things - the economic life of the ordinary people and the ecological aspect of the centre. One of the most memorable images of the opening ceremonies was the sight of two Presidents  -  Abdou Diouf of Senegal and his Malian counterpart, Alpha Oumar Konare  -  striding through the dust in a working-class district of the Senegalese capital. For supporters of the 'Ecopole', the event epitomised the fight back of the popular urban economy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The dust which settled on the Presidents' fine clothes was that of the Rail district, so called on account of the railway which cut through it in former times. Built in an old, disused factory, the airy, clean 'eco-complex' adds a touch of style to this semi-industrial, semi-shanty town district. The old buildings were redeveloped with the help of members of some two hundred cultural and sports associations, working in partnership with the NGO. They used recycling techniques of which they are past masters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The complex had, in fact, been in operation for some time prior to its formal inauguration, but the ceremony  -  which attracted the interest of international press agencies - provided an opportunity to publicise the venture. Since its formation in 1972, Enda has been working to give a higher profile to the 'popular' economy (they eschew the term 'informal') in Senegal and elsewhere. The NGO has focused, in particular, on trying to encourage those involved in the popular economy to collaborate more closely and integrate their activities, as well as on boosting awareness of what is happening in similar communities elsewhere. The opening of the 'Ecopole' provided a showcase for the achievements of the popular economy in West Africa, as well as a forum for dialogue. And it now has the seal of approval of two Heads of State, not to mention other VlPs who made supportive statements at the opening.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The popular economy fights back&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the inaugural ceremony, the former sheds - now converted into airy vaults clustered around a central structure - hosted a major presentation of the popular economy in a series of exhibitions. It is a kind of 'eco-museum' with pride of place going to recycling. Exhibits ranged from 'fabrics' made of old plastic bags crocheted together, to toy sports cars fashioned from wire and tin cans. And the reaction to the exhibition went beyond the usual, somewhat condescending appreciation of 'the skill of these people'. There were, of course, some curios of interest to tourists such as the aforementioned children's toys, small metal suitcases and papier-mache boxes. But there were also works of art, masks and sculptures, which captured something of the nature of this 'recycling culture'. Indeed, international art critics at the Biennal Festival of Contemporary African Art, taking place in Dakar, were talking of a new artistic trend, also seen in the work of artists from other regions, based on reclamation. This, of course, begs the question: 'Has art not always been based on reclamation?'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interesting though the subject may be, the artistic and aesthetic qualities of the fruits of recycling are of only secondary importance when one is dealing with everyday objects. The important thing is for deprived populations to use what means they have to survive and to improve the quality of their lives. Tourists may choose to buy decorative and unusual objects on the reclamation market, but more significantly, families can obtain essential items such as kitchen utensils, ploughing implements, carpentry tools and stoves  - all cast from vehicle wheels and bits of scrap metal. They are made using small forges and furnaces the size of a large saucepan, or cut from otherwise unusable pieces of metal sheet. The craftsmen can also supply somewhat more sophisticated equipment: ploughs, brick-moulding machines or soldering irons. One of the exhibitions staged at the 'eco-centre' was a co-production with the Quebec Museum of Civilisation and the Canadian Embassy in Senegal, which had previously toured Canada and four African countries. Entitled 'Africa's ingenuity', it covered a wide variety of styles, ranging from the utilitarian to the artistic. It will, in due course, form the eco-museum's centrepiece. Another temporary exhibition was called 'Antuka: Kinshasa, the art of living in the city', and this paid homage to the Zairean capital - a place which, of necessity, has become one of the 'capitals' of resourcefulness. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jet engines and donkeys&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One hopes that the two Heads of State found time to admire the jet engine constructed by a young Zairean from nothing but reclaimed materials: parts taken from cars, mopeds and unwanted metal sheet. And it works -  not on an aircraft, naturally, but on the bench. This engine is now a legend. Its constructor has apparently already been spotted by a European head-hunting company and offered a job in France. This is part of the 'fight-back' referred to by Enda officials, in which some recognition is finally being given to the economies of the world's poorest populations. During his visit, the President of Senegal issued a plea for greater integration of the informal sector into the overall economic fabric. His remarks were revealing: the West-African 'Ecopole', as its name implies, covers an entire region, and assumption of responsibility by the local people for the shanty towns and poorer districts has lifted a significant burden from central government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another example of this trend is found in the Malian capital, Bamako, where a hundred or so local community associations have banded together to take over full responsibility for the collection of domestic waste. This organisation, whose initial efforts were ridiculed, is now fully operational. One wonders whether the authorities in other cities have heard about Bamako's scheme. What about Port-au-Prince in Haiti, for example, where they are struggling with mountains of rubbish which they cannot deal with owing to a lack of resources ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since their inception, economic interest groupings (ElGs) such as the one in Bamako have helped bridge the gap between the 'formal' and 'informal' economies. They rely on collaboration and their enterprise is exemplary. At the outset, the inhabitants of poor districts, acting on the initiative of the ElGs, expressed the desire to improve their neighbourhoods by organising refuse collection. They used whatever means were available - which in most cases meant donkeys and carts. In more central districts, delivery tricycles were employed for collection. Specially constructed, tipper-style carts, each costing CFAF 200 000 (ECU 300) have since been brought into service. The price of a donkey, by contrast, is about CFAF 50 000 (ECU 75). The animals and equipment belong to the ElGs and are looked after and maintained by them, with carters receiving a monthly income and social security benefits. A number of groups were set up eight years ago, promoted by young technicians, academics, architects and economists. Those who benefit are known as 'subscribers', with each family paying a contribution towards the service. Managing equipment and collecting contributions both require a well-structured administrative department, but the administrators are not confined to their offices. As employees of the business, they see nothing wrong in lending a hand and assisting the carters. In short, it is an enterprise based on a whole new approach. The contribution made by families varies according to the EIG and the district in question, but it is generally set at around CFAF 750 (ECU 1.2) per family per month. The price of the service may be up to twice this sum in the so called 'quartier des Blancs' (the 'white' district). In theory, the state ought to be subsidising the ElGs, but in practice, this does not happen. The authorities do not even fulfil the task allocated to them under agreements signed with the ElGs, which is to transport the refuse from temporary dumps to a final site. According to local people, the problem is not that the local authorities do not have the trucks available for the task. The vehicles, they allege, are used instead for the officials' own private purposes. The ElGs are forced to plug the gap as far as possible. At present, they appear to be the only ones taking any interest in waste recycling, aware as they are of the risk to the environment posed by permanent dumping grounds, and of the specific danger that the water table will be polluted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A modern concept of the 'informal' economy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'informal' economy is increasingly becoming the norm. According to an Enda survey, 90% of businesspeople in Senegal started out in the informal sector. The conclusion would seem to be that the necessary training for dealing with current conditions is not to be found in the formal education system. The popular economy is not out of step with the modern economy as some would claim. Indeed, one could argue that it is the modern economy, as adapted to today's conditions. The increasing involvement of ordinary people in the economic circuit, which they enter via parallel routes, should also guarantee the continuation of Africa's experiment with democracy. We have seen attempts by former dictators to backtrack in this respect. They cite as evidence, the failure of technicians trained abroad - the 'darlings' of the West who, they claim, are at the beck and call of international institutions. But a return to the past, as exemplified by the regime of Nicephore Soglo, strikes fear into many people. Their response is to generate productivity, social cohesion and political stability through the popular economy, by way of compensation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is suggested that small-scale traders, who distribute hardware from south-east Asia, constitute an obstacle to the development of local production. But there is a confusion here between cause and effect. In fact, the popular economy appears more as a response to the lack of consumer goods. The problem lies with the so-called 'major' local entrepreneurs who favour the import/ export business over production, and with the banks that prefer to focus on larger businesses (influenced by anonymous officials or major economic interests) and have no time for small-scale operators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Rail district in Dakar has a long history. It is overpopulated, having been settled by workers and artisans, and their influx made it the most expensive poor district. It is a place where the rents, for even the humblest hut without water or electricity, accounted for most of the inhabitants' meagre income. This situation led to the appearance of squatters who built their own shacks on waste ground. For these people, the threat of eviction loomed constantly like a sword of Damocles. The district is also home to a large number of maids and other household employees. Two thousand of these people (from Rail and other parts of the city) set up their own friendly society to which they pay regular contributions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is a world which has always teemed with good ideas: artisans recycling materials, blacksmiths working at the forge and so on. In this sense, nothing much has changed, but the big difference now is that the people have organised themselves. In so doing, they have been able to provide training for adults and children in makeshift schools, and to purchase and renovate old huts  - having extracted a guarantee from officials that such moves would not be opposed. Nowadays, those who live in the district no longer pay rent. However, it will only be possible to measure the true success of the Rail district when there is no longer a need for an organisation like Enda to ensure that it operates effectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some years ago, a former sailor, who always dreamed of being a teacher, set up his own school in the main street which runs through the district. He worked on the pavement and in the car park in front of a furniture store, teaching children in the morning before the offices opened and adults in the evening after they had closed. Enda recently offered him a few pieces of furniture, but for many years, he received no help other than a few pieces of chalk, worn-down pencils and the remains of exercise books from his 'colleagues' in regular education. This is a man who has to supply his pupils not just with teaching materials but also sometimes with food. This year, with his voice catching in his throat, he told us that one of his former 'street pupils' is going to college. How can the learned economists calculate the value of this devoted 'academic'? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The RDP challenge</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Professor Willie Esterhuyse&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cornerstone of South Africa's Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) announced by President Nelson Mandela on May 24 1994, shortly after taking office, is people-centred development with an accent on modern infrastructure, health, education, housing and sanitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lessons have already been learnt from teething troubles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The RDP is the government's response to the massive socio-economic needs of the bulk of the South African population. It is foremost a strategic framework aimed at human development and restructuring the country's economy. It involves housing projects and programmes to improve the socioeconomic infrastructure covering clean water, electricity, public works, schools, urban renewal and primary health care. Empowerment programmes have been developed, for example; micro and small businesses, support for emergent farmers and skills training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the main achievements of the RDP has been to sensitise South Africans to the plight of the poor. Apartheid, amongst other things, succeeded in keeping this out of sight, effectively locking the poor out of the system. A veil of ignorance prevailed among the privileged class. The RDP tore away the veil and has led to a willingness to participate in development and reconstruction programmes, especially in private sector circles. It is succeeding in prioritising South Africa's socio-economic challenges, as well as mobilising funding and organising a common and sustainable approach. Its most important achievement to date is probably the idea of partnerships in development between the state, private sector institutions and non-governmental organisations. Through the RDP, South Africans have accepted that they will have to 'run with the development ball'. They are also aware that the state cannot go it alone, nor should it act as a 'super' development agency. Thus, a very high premium is put on involving the private sector and other actors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Problems&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But many problems have already been encountered. Unfortunately, the RDP was seen by some as a quick-fix solution to South Africa's socio-economic difficulties. Expectations over delivery were too high. Red tape and a growing bureaucracy stifled the initiative early on. Frustrations among the poor quickly surfaced. Many of those who wanted to participate, and applied for RDP funding, were unable to develop viable business plans - a strict requirement to get funds. The launch of projects was further complicated by the absence, at one stage, of legitimate local and governmental structures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But important lessons were learnt from the initial phases, in particular the need to involve people on the ground from day one - starting with the identification of needs, the design of a specific project and its execution. It was accepted that process is more decisive than the product. A second lesson was that a separate RDP office, with its own Ministry, complicated matters as far as delivery was concerned, tending to centralise development. This led to the announcement by President Mandela on March 28 1996 that the RDP office would be closed down. RDP programmes were thereafter integrated into the main budget administered by functional government agencies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another very important lesson was that socio-economic development and reconstruction had to go hand in hand with a dynamic macro-economic strategy - made public earlier this year. It was realised that one cannot have good projects in a bad policy environment - to quote a World Bank report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, it is generally accepted that the RDP, on its own, cannot launch South Africa on a road to sustainable and vigorous economic growth. We needed a twin-track approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Progress&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The RDP has notched up a number of successes. The provision of clean water to rural and urban communities has gone a long way under the leadership of Minister Kadar Asmal -  highlighting the fact that leadership strengthened by solid management, does make a difference. The electrification programme for low-income households, involving the parastatal, Eskom (Electricity Supply Commission), is another success story. The same goes for the Presidential projects, such as free health care for expectant mothers and infants, and some of the nutrition programmes. But the provision of housing for low-income groups has been less successful than anticipated. Rent and services boycotts, as well as unemployment, are some of the reasons for slow progress. Job creation is another problem area. It is envisaged that visible progress in these areas will emerge in the course of next year. Establishing a culture of learning is another great challenge. A restructuring of the educational system is underway, but progress is restricted by severe financial constraints.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Implementation of the RDP, the best strategic framework for socioeconomic development South Africa has ever had, will be a long process. Courage and sustainability are key issues. How to lead and manage expectations, without undermining hope, is a great challenge. The meaningful involvement of donors is another issue. Joint ventures between donors, the private sector, government agencies and communities are happening. Most of these, having been carefully negotiated and executed, are already making a significant difference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But spectacular progress should not be expected. Development, reconstruction, and growth of the kind that South Africa needs, will take time. However, the lessons and achievements of the past two years have put South Africa in an excellent position to change the country's socio-economic environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Targeting South Africa's poor</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Christine Thompson&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The provision of basic amenities for the urban and rural poor rank high on the agenda of the EU's aid policy towards South Africa. In this respect, European cooperation has been tailored to fit with the government's own Reconstruction and Development Programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Programme for Reconstruction and Development (EPRD) is the name of the current EU development assistance package to South Africa and it seeks to help improve living conditions for all South Africans. The programme earmarks ECU 125 million a year until 1999. It has evolved from the so-called 'positive measures' programme launched in 1985 to help counter the negative effects of sanctions and to help the victims of apartheid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under a Declaration of Intent drawn up with Minister Jay Naidoo, then at the helm of South Africa's Reconstruction and Development Programme, it was decided that EU aid should be channelled to the key sectors of education and training, health, rural development, water supply, urban development, economic cooperation, trade and investment promotion, and the promotion of good governance and democracy. In each of these areas, the EU actively encourages a partnership effort between governmental structures and NGOs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.5 million homes wanted&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over 60% of South Africa's population is urbanised. The apartheid government's restrictions on home ownership in urban areas for the past four decades resulted in a housing backlog estimated at 2.5 million units, with demand growing by 200 000 units per year. Estimates vary, but approximately seven million people are believed to be living in informal settlements throughout South Africa on land occupied both legally and illegally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improved housing and sanitation are seen as priority areas in urban and rural development. Between 1991 and 1996, the EU has funded 18 projects in the urban development sector valued at approximately R303.1 m (ECU 52m). The Urban Sector Network (USN) and the Cato Manor Development Programme are typical.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is providing the USN with a total of R26.2m (ECU 4.5m) between 1995 and 1998. The USN is a national network of nine affiliate NGOs, and its aim is to improve living conditions for the urban poor. The beneficiaries of the programme are city dwellers earning less than R2000 (ECU 344) a month and there is a particular emphasis on households with monthly incomes of under R800 (ECU 137) a month.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through integrated, community-based development, the USN and its affiliates provide technical support and service provision to urban development projects, focusing on housing, local government transformation, skills transfer, project planning, facilitation, information dissemination, education and training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Cato Manor Development Programme received funding in 1995, also for a three year period. The EU has contributed R117.6m (ECU 20.2m) to the project. Cato Manor, an area in Natal near Durban, was the location of the largest forced resettlement scheme implemented under apartheid. Today, it is the first area targeted for integrated housing in a former white township.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall objective of the programme is to improve living conditions through a policy that strengthens the delivery system for infrastructure and housing. The programme anticipates providing the community with primary and secondary schools, sports fields, community halls, libraries and a community health centre. Access to housing finance will be improved and opportunities for income generation provided through a vocational training centre and small-scale industry workshops. In addition, provision is being made to improve management and general policy-making capabilities. By continuing to fund such projects, the EU is working with the South African government to improve the living conditions of the urban and rural poor. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Guardians of Eden'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Theatre for Africa, a performing group from Southern Africa, went on tour this autumn to put across the message that the exploitation of Africa's fauna should remain in the hands of rural communities. They did this with a powerful mix of words, dance, mime and song, in a play entitled Guardians of Eden '. The Courier met the author and cast on the Brussels leg of their tour. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The setting for the Brussels' performance was the 'Grand Place' (Grote Markt). With its ornate mediaeval architecture, this famous square in the centre of the Belgian capital could hardly have been more removed from the theme of the play - which is about conservation and development problems in Africa and empowering rural people to manage, use and benefit from the wildlife around them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The play was commissioned by the Southern Africa Sustainable Use Specialist Group (SASUSG) and the idea was that it should reach as many people as possible in the run-up to the World Conservation Congress planned for Montreal in October 1996. South African writer and former economist, Nicolas Ellenbogen, travelled throughout Southern Africa to recruit the all-African cast. Many examples of cultural imperialism leading to the destruction of habitat, highlighted in the production, were actually encountered by Mr Ellenbogen as he travelled through the region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The play opens with a spirit medium summoning representatives from villages in several African countries to discuss the threat to their survival. The actors display their athletic skills performing mimes of the abundant wildlife with simple props, as the history of Africa is recalled from the dinosaurs to the present day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A parable is then told. An old chief informs his three sons that to prosper in the 21st century, the village must change. He instructs them to return a year later with ideas for prosperity, which will be discussed in an indaba (debate). Each chooses a different path. The wheeling and dealing first son seeks out quick fix schemes with NGOs and various city authorities. The second son learns from the difficulties of city life and comes up with a blend of simple wisdom and new ideas. The third spends his time in beer halls -  and his revelry provokes roars of laughter throughout the performance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arriving back in his village after almost a year has elapsed, the second son finds that his older brother returned several months earlier to implement his money raising projects. Enjoying the cash benefits of the scheme, the men of the village do not want to hold an indaba. They are forced to do so by the women and Midzimu - the old chief. The audience is then asked to vote and there is a unanimous show of hands for the second son who symbolises the sustainable use of natural resources. The dissolute third son, meanwhile, is eaten by a crocodile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivory ban fury&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the message goes out to developers and donors to respect rural autonomy, the play also raises serious questions for Europe's politicians. The frequent appearance of the destructive elephant, in the course of the play, allows Mr Ellenbogen to vent his anger at the ivory import ban imposed by many European states. 'I am furious about the ban', be told The Courier, 'as it is having a profound effect on the daily needs of the people.' He rejects the argument that it helps conservation, insisting that; 'with a stroke of a pen, you reduced the value of the elephant.' The playwrite argues that local people need to see wildlife as economically and socially valuable. Otherwise, they will adopt new forms of land use which will result in the extinction of the species. He also draws attention to the growing black market in ivory in Southern Africa since the ban was introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'token' South African - symbolically played by the only woman in the cast - is given a 'rough time as the baby of Africa', says Ellenbogen. The play also contains numerous swipes at the donor community which frequently gives grants, without, it is said, any respect for local traditions. The Swiss doctoral student researching the potential for producing goat's cheese in Africa exits the stage squealing after asking a goat herder what he does with his animals. 'We slit their throats', is his reply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guardians of Eden was first launched at the Grahamstown Arts Festival in South Africa in July. It was performed in Zimbabwe and Kenya, and won a prize at the Edinburgh Festival 'Fringe' in August. From there, it moved to Frankfurt and Geneva before reaching Brussels. It was due to be performed in Antwerp, London and several American cities before a final staging at the Montreal Congress in October.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The play is in English and the languages of Southern Africa, but Nicolas Ellenbogen believes it can be readily understood by his multinational audiences. For him, the message - that local people must have the power to manage their own wildlife on their own land - needs no translating. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Analysis</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Europeans and development cooperation: there are opportunities too!</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Stelios Christopoulos&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If politicians in Europe see jobs as their primary concern, it is probably because the citizens regard unemployment as their most serious problem. In the Europe of the Fifteen, the average unemployment rate was about 10% in 1985 dropping to 7.5% in 1990. By 1994, it had risen to a record high of more than 11%. By contrast, unemployment in the United States fell below 6.5% in 1994 and the figures for 1995 reveal a continuing downward trend. In Japan, the proportion of people without work remained below 3% in 1994. Assuming there is no change in current trends, the most recent demographic projections suggest that there will be 70 million people over the age of 65 in the EU by the year 2020, out of a total population of 348 million. This is 18 million more than there are today. The proportion of over-65s is, thus, projected to rise from 15% at present to 20% in less than 25 years. These two elements  -  an ageing population and ongoing structural unemployment - clearly reveal that European society lacks a degree of dynamism compared with its competitors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an attempt to address this problem, albeit partially, the President of the European Commission, Jacques Santer, launched a European employment pact in April 1996. There are three underlying reasons for this initiative -  Europe's endemic unemployment, the need to reestablish a climate of confidence as a prerequisite for renewed investment and consumption, and the need to fit the creation of the single currency into an overall economic strategy aimed at increasing growth, competitiveness and employment in Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'I'm young, help me find a job', is the heartfelt plea of many of young Europeans. But what chance is there that their cry for help will be answered in a difficult global environment?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We have seen the globalisation of strategic relationships in a range of key areas including the environment, the management of energy resources, health, demography and security. The trend has been accelerated by rapid technical progress in the fields of transport and telecommunications. This process has not taken the big multinational companies by surprise - they were already free of the constraints of sovereignty or space, and were quick to globalise their structures. These enterprises have become more competitive by taking advantage, wherever possible, of the most favourable production conditions, particularly regarding raw materials and employment conditions. More spectacular still has been the growth of international trade: in 1990, the volume of world trade was 11.5 times as great as it had been 40 years earlier. During the same period, global production only increased fivefold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What this means nowadays is that employment in the EU Member States is directly affected (and some would say threatened) by the world situation. Productivity and growth conditions in Europe are no longer sufficient to ensure full employment. Competition from developing countries, with their low wage bills and undervalued currencies, is too great for countries in the EU. Their position is not the same as that of the multinational companies. They do not have the structures to deal with swiftly evolving events, nor are they capable of controlling the process of globalisation. This is demonstrated, inter alia, by their inability to respond to the financial speculation which turns capital away from productive investment. Today, for example, for every US dollar in circulation, there are at least 30 dollars which are the product of financial speculation. This is not money from productive work by any particular person, but money which is the product of a financial 'virtual reality' and which is usually reinvested in financial speculation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Countries are beginning to realise the need to pool their national skills and cooperate at a regional level, in order to enhance their business competitiveness and take on the challenges of the globalised trading system. But the level of integration implied by this strategic choice must be sufficiently comprehensive if it is to make up for the reduced capability of countries to respond on an individual basis. This process of regionalisation may well be a prerequisite for regulating the world economy in such areas as exchange parities and financial speculation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And what of Europe in particular? Despite having a head-start on other regional groupings (such Asean, Nafta and Mercosur), the situation is not too rosy. Owing to the lack of a full internal market, Europe is unable to compete on equal terms with the United States or Japan. The internal market still comes up against blocks in important areas, as evidenced by problems over the European employment pact. And there are a number of other defects which make the internal market insufficiently competitive in the context of globalisation. It is true that a more coherent environment has been created for European companies, with common regulations and rules of competition enabling them to distribute their goods and services among the EU's consumers. But despite the appearance of a domestic, or single, market, it is one which is devoid of a genuine internal policy in keeping with its size. This is what distinguishes it from the internal markets of the United States or Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The explanation for the disparity may lie in the fact that the most recent moves towards the single market, through 'Single Act', date from 1987. This was before the upheavals which so decisively signalled the globalisation trend. Despite the criticisms sometimes levelled at it, it is a genuine single market which is largely open to the outside world (with only a few exceptions, notably as regards the Common Agricultural Policy, where it is recognised that there is a need for progressive adaptation). But there is still no single currency, nor is there a genuine common commercial and economic policy. The EU is unable to react to change at world level in the same way as its competitors. The common customs tariff, together with protective measures such as the anti-dumping regulations, are still not sufficient to solve all the Union's problems. What is needed on top of this is an active common policy component.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet, as the European employment pact makes clear, the EU holds a trump card in an increasingly interdependent world. The proviso is that it must speak with one voice, enforce multilateral rules and open up new markets for itself, because, as the document points out 'exports create jobs...'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, the developing world received 37% of global direct foreign investment ($84 billion) as against less than 20% at the beginning of the 1980s (the flow of foreign exchange is regarded nowadays as the principal factor influencing development). This is a spectacular increase but the resources are not 'fairly' distributed from the point of view of either the investing countries or the recipients. For example, southeast Asia is currently the world's most dynamic region. Yet, not to put too fine a point on it, it is virtually ignored by European investors. Only 3% of European overseas investment is directed towards this zone. Likewise, Europe's market share in the region is no more than 5%. The US has invested between two and three times more in south-east Asia while Japanese investment is four times higher.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, sub-Saharan Africa attracted just 0.8% of direct foreign investment ($1.8 billion). And there is no evidence that Europeans have invested more than the Japanese or Americans in this region. This is despite the highly optimistic outlook for the situation in Africa offered by the late Ron Brown, the former US Trade Secretary. On returning from a tour of Africa with American businesspeople in February 1994, he remarked that major opportunities were opening up in that continent, with spectacular returns on investments  - at the time, the best in the world. His regret was that so few people were aware of the situation. Undoubtedly more significant still was the declaration made in Washington before his departure for Africa to the effect that the United States would no longer leave African markets exclusively to the former colonial powers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So although others are beginning to explore the possibilities offered by Africa, Europe is still sceptical. A similar scepticism prevailed during the 1960s when it was assumed that the lot of south-east Asia would be famine, and few development prospects. Given the historical links between Europe and Africa, the geographical proximity of the two continents, and the pressing problems faced by the 'old' continent vis-Ã -vis its competitors, such an attitude appears difficult to explain. In the years since the former European colonies in Africa gained independence - and despite the creation of an institutional cooperation framework (the LomÃ© Convention, which many regard as a model of development cooperation)  -  many Europeans clearly no longer wish to be involved in Africa. The explanation for this lack of interest may be the difficult conditions within African countries -  obstacles preventing access to markets, the lack of liberalisation or political instability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But this analysis in not entirely convincing. More ACP countries are democracies than ever before in the post-independence era. As for Africa - a much-debated ACP region  -  it is wrong to talk purely in terms of internal conflict, famines or the AIDS epidemic. There are countries in this continent with growth rates of between 5% and 6%, and several examples of where European companies have successfully penetrated local markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need to highlight the existence of genuine business opportunities in ACP countries and to make the European public aware of development aid success stories, were among the main conclusions to come out of the first meeting of a television delegates' network, organised by the European Commission's Development Directorate-General on 31 January 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any European company chairman interested in expanding into an ACP country - thereby enlarging the company's market and enhancing its competitiveness - is likely to acknowledge the possibilities, if offered back-up from the EU or from national governments. But they will then probably point to the complications which remain -  and with some justification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With this in mind, it is worth reiterating the fact that specialised institutions exist for facilitating contact with the ACP countries. In 1995, for example, the Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) was involved in 367 projects, assisting, free of charge, in the expansion or rehabilitation of industrial companies in ACP countries, in partnership with European business. Although the number of such projects is constantly increasing (190 in 1993,229 in 1994), it is still a long way short of what is needed. But it should be stressed that the CDl's approach, which involves promoting the creation of networks, appears to work. The establishment OF ACP contact networks in ACP countries makes it easier to identify potential areas for involvement and to prepare better for European institutional and sectoral networks. There are several successful projects which have led to the creation or safeguarding of jobs in Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also in 1995, the European Investment Bank (EIB) granted ECU 430 million in loans to businesses in various sectors in 29 ACP countries. This includes an increase in the Bank's activity in Africa over previous years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What, then, of the effect of Europe's development cooperation policies on the European market ? According to the most conservative estimates, for every ECU 100 granted in aid, the Community 'gets back' ECU 48 in the form of jobs, supplies and technical assistance. This figure does not take account of additional 'secondary' business generated by, for example, the supply of spare parts or the provision of technical advice. This business can be quite significant given the degree of penetration achieved by European companies in the markets of many developing countries. Nor does the estimate include any new business opportunities directly arising from the links established between the companies involved in aid projects and the recipient countries. Thus, it is clear that when a project is set up, it may well have extra beneficial effects for Europe through additional flows of goods and services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'return' on aid is even greater in Member States' individual bilateral programmes. For example, tied aid from countries such as Belgium, Italy and the United Kingdom leads to a payback of more than 70%. Another point is that as Europe's industrial rules are harmonised, the success of a single European company in penetrating a particular developing country market may pave the way for companies in other EU Member States, thus benefiting the Union as a whole. Tied aid creates favourable conditions for setting up European companies and for placing European goods and services in other markets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the return on aid may be described as satisfactory, the same is not true of the number of companies that benefit or of the actual turnover involved. One wonders whether this weakness is due to a lack of information about existing resources and facilities, or whether there still a lack of confidence about countries which, despite the progress they have made, are still politically unstable and therefore unpredictable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One might also wonder whether the time is right for investment. Our answer would be that, even though financial speculation is currently governed by global economic considerations, which prevent productive targeting of capital, this situation cannot last. There is a worldwide move to rectify the situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We all need to be aware that time is no longer on our side. In many sectors, European companies still have a competitive edge over businesses from third countries, owing to their degree of specialisation and technological expertise. But if they are to survive, they must take on a worldwide dimension. In particular, they should pay attention to the comparative advantage that they have in the ACP countries on account of their special skills, historic links, geographical location and, above all, the institutional connections between these developing nations and the 'old' continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although problems do exist and although both European and ACP bureaucracy can sometimes discourage private operators from exploring the potential of the developing world (and more particularly the ACP region), they should not give up. Europe's challenge is to help them to exploit this potential whilst not raising false hopes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nothing can take the place of the shared experience and confidence which arises spontaneously in full knowledge of the facts. In this regard, we feel, there is still much to be done. In both Europe and the ACP countries, one way to succeed is to increase the number of networks representing industrial, economic and financial interests at various levels, and to assist them in identifying opportunities more effectively. This would help to create a new dynamism and renewed vigour in Europe. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Close - up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Eritrea: the start of a renaissance ?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Courier's issue of July-August 1994, we published a country report on Eritrea. This country became independent in 1993 after almost 30 years of fighting which had bled the county white. Loss of human life, displaced persons, socio-economic disruption and environmental damage have been Eritrea's sad fate in recent times. However, there has now been peace for three years and the Eritrean people are attempting to pick up the threads. Alfonso Artico, a freelance journalist who recently travelled to Eritrea, now offers us a few on-the-spot impressions of his trip, focusing on some current projects which offer hope to this sorely afflicted people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fisheries at Massawa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The port of Massawa is located on the Red Sea, whose blue waters are teeming with fish. In 1986, the European Union suggested that it would be a suitable place for fisheries development. At the time, the city was a maze of back streets, baking in the sun. Few could have predicted the fate that would befall it five years later. For in 1991, war came to Massawa and 80% of the city was destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Italians, it is said, have 'always' been here, and they once had great plans for the city. Together with Assab, further to the south, Massawa was to be a key point of access to the sea, and a potential launch pad for the, country's struggling economy. The colonial days are long past but, when the Eritrean Popular Liberation Army took over the country after the recent war, the Italians came back to help tackle an immense task. The city, by then, was little more than a pile of rubble.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Help also came from somewhat further afield, in the shape of Professor Seichi Etoh, a Japanese specialist in marine biology. He had made a study of the city in 1989 and he chose to return in 1992 to help in fisheries development. At the outset, his working methods disconcerted the Eritreans who were used to a slightly more relaxed attitude to labour, under the hot sun and eternally blue sky.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Armed with the experience of working in Kenya and a number of other developing countries, Professor Etoh arrived in Massawa and installed himself in a house looking over the sea. After a period of adaptation, to gain his bearings, he took up his new challenge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge in question is a fisheries project whose main funders are the UNDP, Japan, Italy and the African Development Bank. A total of $7 million has been committed with payments spread over a five-year period. The project began operating in January 1993.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main problem at the outset was one of skills and qualifications. Important posts were often filled by high-ranking former solders, whose administrative skills were less than satisfactory. Conversely, those with the right qualifications - some of whom were criticised for spending the war years in the lecture theatres of European universities  -  had problems finding work. This was particularly true in the closed and conservative world of the fisherman. After a few teething troubles, Etoh was able to announce that he had the confidence of the government, and his efforts rapidly bore fruit thereafter. He set about reorganising the fishermen's cooperative - a task which entailed overcoming the reluctance of members to adopt new practices. He also arranged for the construction of jetties where vessels could take on supplies. Fish were to be unloaded at one spot, and their diesel tanks would be refilled at a different location. The cost of diesel is 1.41 birr (ECU 0.17) per litre. The fishermen's cooperative, which has 440 members, has 35 000 birr (ECU 4000) in its funds. It is also making repayments on a 1.8 million-birr (ECU 200 000) loan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'In the beginning, there was frenzied activity, which some regarded as chaos', Seichi Etoh recalls. However, in less than two years, the jetties have been completed and the ice plants -  essential for preserving the fish - are running flat out. Now they are producing eight tonnes of ice a day. The daily catch is about two tonnes of fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The real revolution occurred when Seichi Etoh decided to try and organise cooperatives for women, who represent 25% of the workforce in the production chain. He followed up with an even more radical scheme, offering them paid work in the relatively unrewarding but essential field of ship maintainance and repair. This freed the fishermen, most of whom had no remunerative activity outside the fishing season (November to March), to seek work elsewhere during the other seven months of the year. Eritrea, a country where women's potential has not traditionally been acknowledged (or tapped) had never seen the like before. Nowadays, of the 200 who fish out of Massawa, 50 are women who have formed their own organisation - and they generate a considerable profit. They have even opened up a fish restaurant!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall standard of living has increased considerably. This year, fisheries-related production has risen 120% compared with 1995. And the port is doing reasonably well in quality terms. Using the international scale, which ranks the catches from 0 to 10, the quality of fish landings by the Massawa fishermen is rated 6 overall - as against 8 for Japan. 5 for China and 6.5 for Europe. The local market has expanded as a result of efforts to modify local eating habits. People have been taught to grill fish instead of frying it in expensive (and somewhat unhealthy) oil. The message - 'eat grilled fish' - is going out daily on national radio, and women are going into the schools and villages to teach this 'latest' cooking technique.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The local market may be important, but the main target for the increased production is Ethiopia. With the purchase of four refrigerated lorries, it is now possible to transport fish products over long distances. Another important customer is Italy, which currently takes about a third of the total production. Seichi Etoh is hopeful that, following this example, new markets can be found in other parts of Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The success of the Massawa project has exceeded all expectations and, although he downplays the achievement with typical oriental modesty, it is clear that Etoh's bet has paid off. The fishermen have come to understand the advantages to be gained in reorganisation and maintaining their 'tools' of production. And as anticipated, the bulk of the profit from the project is going back to the fishermen. The government has taken care not to cream off too much for itself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other projects are now under way. Etoh is attempting to persuade the fishermen to give up their wooden craft in favour of ferro-cement vessels but after centuries of doing things in a certain way, it will take more than a few months for the new plans to be adopted. The monthly meetings with representatives from the cooperatives are stormy and animated. However, two vessels are already being built, on the assumption that a practical demonstration is worth far more than a long speech. The 60 people working directly on the project are awaiting the outcome.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This change has become necessary owing to the cost of wood - which is one of the reasons why the fishermen have grown progressively poorer. Timber prices have been rising sharply for some years, particularly in Dubia, the regional centre of the wood trade. The war, in the meantime, sent incomes spiralling downwards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Overall, the Eritrean fishing fleet has 500 vessels, all made of wood, of which 250 have Massawa as their home port. In previous years, the wood (known as tengi in Eritrean) came from Ethiopia. But this country is facing ecological problems and fishermen have been forced to search elsewhere for building and maintenance materials for their unstable and costly vessels (a 13-metre boat requires 8 mÂ³ of wood). Etoh explains that the new boats, while slower, glide more easily over the water on account of their stability. However, the first attempts at change have not been easy. Indeed, things got so bad that Etoh went on holiday 'for longer than expected', he said, though he took advantage of the break to visit Singapore and buy Chinese tricycles  -  which can now be seen in the streets of Massawa. The reign of the bicycle with a simple wicker basket which could carry just 20 kilos is over. Now, each tricycle can deliver 100 kg of fresh fish, packed in ice. All in all, the programme is running smoothly. Etoh has only to check it from time to time. After all this labour, will the smiling Japanese professor be taking a well-earned rest? 'Probably not,' he says, adding 'I am currently thinking about a chain of restaurants. Fish restaurants of course !'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An unusual 'bank'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The road leading to Gersteti village is so beautiful that it takes your breath away. Multicoloured birds fly lazily above the vehicle carrying the journalists and humanitarian aid workers - who are deep in discussion about the kind of world they wish to create. However, there is a switch in the conversation once they reach the Seraye plateaux. Their attention is drawn to the fields which stretch as far as the eye can see. It doesn't take long to discover that demand for land here far outweighs supply. The situation, which is already critical, has not been helped by the influx of refugees returning from neighbouring countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the war ended in 1991, everyone's prime concern was to relaunch an agricultural sector ruined by 28 years of combat. Farmers and farming communities, the lifeblood of the countryside, had been mobilised to fight on the front line. In 1990, agricultural production was at such a low level that the word 'negligible' featured prominently in the Ministry of Agriculture's statistics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oxfam, which first came to Eritrea in 1978, has been running an unusual project on the Seraye plateaux. Located to the south of Asmara, the capital, this region is the second most densely populated part of the country. Five districts containing 65 villages and 17000 families, were chosen for the project  -  on account of their low rainfall and the fact that it is difficult, and in some cases, impossible, to cultivate the exhausted soil. Local communities, village leaders and politicians all understood that only full-scale collaboration could prevent a food-supply disaster in the province. An organisation was therefore created: the villagers elected 13 representatives (12 men and one woman) and began by setting up a seed bank. There was a severe shortage of seed materials in this devastated country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project got off the ground in November 1995 and is set to run for three years. Its objective is simple: to guarantee self-sufficiency in seeds and to provide a reserve during hard times. The 'Seed Bank Committee' has also given training to 40 farmers in seed conservation, terracing and basic agricultural economics. Two wells have been sunk, but these are insufficient for the 40 square kiLomÃ©tres that require irrigation. Oxfam is putting up the money for the various initiatives while the local community is providing the labour force. It is worth noting that a bag of averagequality cement costs 35 birrs (ECU4), equivalent to one third of a worker's monthly wage. Fourteen different varieties of seed have been stored in sheds - which the locals visit to obtain their supplies. The purchase of 230 quintals of local seeds and the donation of 70 quintals from elsewhere have started the programme off. Next year, Individual farmers will have to repay this 'loan' in kind, with a 10% 'interest payment', also in the form of seeds. The surplus generated will be retained by the bank as a resource to be drawn upon, if necessary, when times are hard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The local community was quick to understand the advantages to be gained from this system. They were all too aware of the low productivity of their land and up to then, were powerless to resolve the situation. The possibility of falling back on traditional resources to offset production difficulties no longer existed. And the skills they had acquired over the generations were now insufficient, given the poor condition of the soil. In these circumstances, one can well understand their enthusiasm when they saw that 100 kg of seeds per hectare yielded a harvest six times larger than previously. Other elements which contributed to a progressive improvement in conditions were the sinking of new wells, a reduced influx of refugees from Sudan, and a slow but appreciable improvement in the country's general economic situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As well as being involved in this project, Oxfam is an active member of Acord, an NGO association which extends cash loans at rates much lower than those demanded by the banks. (Acord's rate is 12% per annum with a minimum repayment of 5 birrs per month). Targeted mainly at the most deprived sections of the population, the loans enable the poor to set up small businesses or, more commonly, to purchase agricultural implements, repair irrigation channels and buy cattle. Once again, a village committee manages the transactions. The scheme has brought renewed hope to the most deprived groups. Individual loans have been available since 1994 and the association currently has 163 clients. The total amount lent so far is 878 000 birrs (ECU 110 000).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The combined effects of these programmes - seed banks and preferential loans - are already visible. It would take months to visit all the farms and fields, workshops and stores, where men and women have invested their energies and hopes. Seraye province now produces a third of Eritrea's cereals, a telling illustration of the fact that one does not need billions of dollars for development and humanitarian aid for the work to be effective. In the final analysis, a country's wealth lies in its citizens. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An up-to-date printing plant&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As one strolls down Liberation Avenue, which cuts the city of Asmara in two, one might be forgiven for thinking that 28 years of war have already been forgotten. Surveying the multi-coloured neon signs of the shops, it certainly appears as if the country has turned the corner and the wounds are healing rapidly. One building whose restrained frontage stands outs in sharp contrast is the Adulis printing-works. Adulis was the name of a semi-mythical city founded by the Greeks on the Red Sea in the third millennium before Christ. 'But there is nothing insubstantial about this place', comments Mohamad Shiffa Osman, with a smile. He is one of three expert typesetters who went on a training course in Belgium earlier this year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; The Adulis printing works has its own particular memories of the Eritrean people's struggle for independence. As far back as the 1960s, when the first shots were being fired, the resistance recognised that their fighters and the civil population both had to have access to information. However, it was not until the 1980s that a true propaganda structure came into being. During the war, the Eritrean People's Liberation Army ran a clandestine ministry of information. In Eritrea and elsewhere, this became the channel for conveying practical information, and providing the latest news from the front. It was also used to transmit personal messages, which were delivered to the heart of areas occupied by the Ethiopian Army. 'Our presses were hidden in caves, up in the mountains, and everything was run on generators', Mohamed remembers. The initial amateur approach was quickly replaced by a more professional one. 'We did have professional printers working for us, but it was mainly self-taught comrades'. On-the job apprenticeships had to be fitted in between bouts of fighting!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'At the time of liberation, in 1991, we set about restoring this printing works, which was founded in 1896 by the Italians', Mohamed explained as he gave us a guided tour of the works. The effort put into relaunching this essential activity soon bore fruit. Within the year, the printing operation was running at a profit - indeed it had a virtual monopoly of printing in the country. The presses were brought down from the mountains on the backs of camels and then taken to Asmara by truck. 'You see this Aurelia 48?', asks Mohamed, pointing to a machine. 'Well, it was up in the north, hidden away in a village'. Throughout our visit, Mohamed draws attention to equipment from an earlier age  -  candidates for the museum which are still in operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some items have their own story to tell, like the press donated years ago by Oxfam which still churns out thousands of sheets every day. During the war, it was taken from cave to cave, following the army's advance as it conquered new terrain. Most of the Adulis machines, however, were already there, when the decision was taken to restart the operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The initial budget for the works was a tidy five million birr (ECU 620 000). Today, Adulis has an annual turnover of 20 million birr. Monthly salaries range from 400 birr (ECU 50) for maintenance staff to 1800 birr (ECU 225) for the director, Michael G. Bakhli. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The printing works also acts as a testing ground for workers' social progress. According to Mohamed and the director, the 350 or so people employed at the works benefit from exceptional social cover. If a worker falls ill, his wage is guaranteed for one month, then it drops to 50% in the second month and stops altogether at the end of the third. if a woman is pregnant, she has to take a month's statutory leave and is granted a further two months on full pay. In the event of dismissal, an employee receives two months' wages, although this latter arrangement is gradually changing to one month's wages for each year of service.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Far from resting on the laurels of their success, the Adulis works' directors have appealed for assistance. In order to be at the cutting edge of technology and to have the resources to break into new markets, they need to supplement their knowledge. Therefore, three 'volunteers' spent the three months from January to March this year working in Belgian companies, to the satisfaction of everyone, both hosts and visitors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under Mohamed's gaze, the walls of the workshop have been brightened up with posters which provide a splash of colour. Although the noise from the presses often drowns out conversation, you cannot escape the feeling of hope here. It is like a breath of fresh air, and one leaves with the strong impression of a country that is rising from the ashes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Developing world</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ECHO fine-tunes disaster preparedness strategy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Eva Kaluzynska&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When a cyclone strikes in the Caribbean, beware of giant flying razorblades - airborne sheets of corrugated iron that kill and maim unsuspecting victims every time. 'The use of galvanised iron sheeting for roofing is extremely dangerous in cyclone-prone areas,' says Professor Debarati Guha-Sapir, Director of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) at the Universite Catholique de Louvain. 'We know this, and we need to encourage the use of lighter materials, such as thatching, which doesn't kill if it flies off in a gale,' she adds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That is the kind of issue facing people exposed to unavoidable natural disasters  -  in the Caribbean's case, every year. In 1995, there were 27 tropical storms in the region. CRED has been in the vanguard of monitoring natural disasters and in coming up with solutions to the problems they create since it was set up in 1973. Now it is assisting the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) in developing its new Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness Programme (DIPECHO) to cover the next two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1994, ECHO has spent almost ECU 7 million on 50 disaster prevention operations, at both national and regional levels. Now, instead of just responding to requests for funding from non-governmental organisations, international organisations and governments, ECHO has decided to fine-tune its strategy. It will concentrate its efforts on specific regions known to be particularly vulnerable and prone to natural disasters. We may not know exactly when disasters will strike, but we certainly know where to expect them. The regions selected at present are: the Caribbean, Central America, South East Asia and Bangladesh.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All of them are exposed to repeated emergencies. All of them have a struggle to develop when their efforts are disrupted so frequently. They cannot just pick up where they left off. Loss of life and property is just the most visible aspect of what happens when disaster strikes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The infrastructure, such as it is, takes a hammering. Road and rail links are severed. Communications, electricity and water supplies break down. Add loss of health care and sanitation, and you get populations exceedingly vulnerable to epidemics. Add loss of education facilites, and a vicious spiral of poverty sets in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An expert in emergency aid cites the sad example of the Aetas, a tribal group that used to live a secluded life on the remote slopes of Mount Pinatubo, the volcano that erupted spectacularly in 1991 in the Philippines. Though the volcano was known to be menacingly active, the Aetas were not evacuated and resettled in time. They fled in panic as disaster struck, to the plains, where they faced a deadly, invisible enemy: measles, a disease to which they had never been exposed. Measles claimed more victims than the volcano itself did in the months that followed. They could have been resettled earlier. And they could have been immunised years before, but weren't.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It's easy to be wise after the event. DlPECHO aims to encourage action before it's too late. The idea behind ECHO's new policy is to take each region, and to identify its hazards and capacity for dealing with disasters. This will help to pinpoint the gaps. Then it will draw up Action Plans that slot into the wider picture of potential development in each case.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DIPECHO projects will involve training personnel in the regions affected to handle disasters, and to strengthen the institutions that can contribute to effective prevention, preparedness and mitigation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some of the solutions are ingenious, low-cost, low-tech ideas. Take, for instance, the use of light, widely-available, inexpensive materials for roofing in earthquake or cyclone-prone zones - an idea poorer countries could adapt from wealthy Japan's experience. Or the construction of safe, raised 'islands' that will stay above the waterline amid flooding in Bangladesh to offer shelter. Or adapting drainage, and changing cropping patterns in Andhra Pradesh, India, to mitigate the effects of cyclones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In earthquake-prone Central America, protecting roads and bridges, or building schools less prone to collapse is very important. Using the radio or even neighbourhood watch systems to sound the alarm when disaster is imminent can make a big difference to its impact in terms of injuries. Drilling all at risk, from school-age up, to know what to expect and to know what to do is vital.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DIPECHO did not include Africa in its first selection of regions for Action Plans. This is not to underestimate the gravity or scale of the disasters experienced there, says Professor Guha-Sapir: 'Floods, drought and famine are very frequent events there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are often killers.' Overexploitation of scarce resources and political turmoil compound situations that lead to disasters which seem less dramatic than a volcano eruption, but are no less far-reaching in impact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The instability in many of the areas worst affected means that African countries lack the institutions needed to prepare for disasters in an organised way, she says. 'There are limits on ECHO's ability to intervene. It's unrealistic to expect the kind of grassroots, technical preparedness we are talking about in the current situation.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ECHO's Jean-Claude Heyraud sums up the new policy: 'As far as preventing, mitigating and preparing for catastrophes goes, the new proactive approach reflects the importance ECHO attaches to this type of action. The DIPECHO programme meets the growing need to evaluate risks in order to reduce loss of life and damage to property. If and when emergency aid is needed, preparation and prevention can help to reduce the scale and cost of such actions.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Culture and society</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">African reflections</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Seydou Sarr&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third Festival of African Cinema was held in Brussels on 15-22 June. For one week, film-goers in the Belgian capital filled the auditoria of the Palais des Beaux-Arts, where they discovered new images of an alternative Africa. And as always, when the time came to assess how the Festival had gone, professionals and organisers alike were left pondering the problems facing the African film industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Organised for the first time in 1994, on the initiative of Diaspora Productions, the Festival had a number of objectives, including that of bringing Africa's finest films to wider public notice. The initiative stemmed from two observations. In the first place, the European public's opinion of Africa is based on what it sees on television -  and that image is of a continent so ravaged by famine, misery and strife that it is incapable of progress. Second, from a professional standpoint, there is no effective distribution network in Belgium for African films. Samba Traore by Burkina Faso's Idrissa Ouedraogo and Hyenes by the Senegalese Djibril Diop Mambety were two rare exceptions in succeeding in getting on to the circuit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A forum for reflection&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In setting up film-industry meetings, the organisers of the Brussels Festival wanted the event to be a forum for reflection on the problems facing African cinema. In the 40 years it has existed, there has undoubtedly been some progress. It is even possible to speak of genuine mastery of images and cinematographic language. But there are also many problems -  involving production and distribution, a lack of official support, a shortage of private capital and limited access to international markets. At home, meanwhile, African firms face fierce competition from multi-million dollar productions coming out of the USA, Europe and Asia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe has traditionally offered the only feasible route for those seeking technical and financial resources. The principal donors are the European Union, the ACCT (Cultural and Technical Corporation Agency) and the French Ministry of Cooperation. There are, of course, many instances of African directors producing films without taking this route, but these ventures usually have smaller budgets, and insufficient funds to devote to promotion (press releases, trailers etc). As regards distribution in Belgium, directors face an additional difficulty - they have to take the language issue into account (particularly when films are shown in Flanders).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African professionals are looking at various ways of solving these problems, including the possibility of coproduction with European operators. For some years now, public and private bodies have also been considering the idea of establishing combined co-production teams in a form of partnership, as a way of supporting African cinema. This topic has been on the agenda of other African film festivals (notably in Amiens) and it came up for discussion in Brussels as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A colloquium on the subject of ACP/Europe co-production was staged on the fringe of the Brussels event. This served to highlight a number of successful experiments in North/South collaboration. One example was the Cape Verdian film Ilheu de Contenda, by Leao Lopes which was made with support from a Belgian production company, Saga Films. This film was screened at the Festival. It also gave an opportunity to discuss a range of other topics. African journalists accredited to the Festival were given the task of drafting a resolution whose conclusions will be submitted to various contributors including FEPACI (the Pan-African Federation of Film-Makers), the European Union, producers and other donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was general agreement that a coherent legal framework for organising relationships between directors and producers, on the basis of mutual trust, was badly needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Positive results&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is worth making a brief assessment of the efforts made by the organisers of the Brussels Festival to offer an improved programme. The showing of shorts at the beginning of a performance is undoubtedly a formula they should employ again. These works are a specialised genre which give young directors the chance to present their first work. The bulk of the shorts that were screened this year were in the form of 'documentaries' based on fiction - but with one foot in the real world. They dealt with people's lives, their daily concerns, and a variety of social phenomena. Thus, we were presented with films dealing with Aids, urban delinquency, the role of women in society and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another positive point the organisers should concentrate on is the space resewed for English and Portuguese-language films. There were eight performances in this category including four feature films in English and two in Portuguese. A further worthwhile element was the space allocated to African women (from Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Burkina Faso) who have chosen to use the cinema as a means of expression.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diaspora Productions' managers are said to be reasonably satisfied with the way the Festival went. They hope it can continue to be held at the Palais des Beaux-Arts, since they see this as one way of liberating African cultural events from the Afro-Brussels 'ghetto' where they have often been held. They are also keen, in future years, for African films to be shown in Brussels cinemas while the Festival is under way. If this happens, film-goers in Brussels will have the pleasure, from next year, of seeing quality works in their usual cinemas. The timing is appropriate since the 1997 Brussels event will follow the Ouagadougou Festival (Fespaco) which traditionally sees the launch of a number of new films.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Family meeting&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The organisers chose to close the 1996 Festival with a fashion parade which gave Pathe 'O, the designer from CotÃ© d'Ivoire, the chance to present his collection to the Brussels audience.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the fringes of the Festival, there was also a musical offering in the shape of the Toure Kunda brothers who came to lend their support to filmmakers and other African artistes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are those who would argue that the Brussels Festival has now entered the category of a 'not-to-bemissed' event. Every year, it attracts significant numbers of film-makers from Africa and the diaspora, even when they have no current projects or films to present. There was a real family atmosphere in the corridors of the Palais des Beaux-Arts, due in no doubt to the absence of competition. From the outset, the Diaspora Productions team chose to stage an event at which prizes were not awarded, thereby promoting reflection and contact with the public. It is generally agreed that the Brussels Festival offers a rare opportunity for film-makers to meet and discuss their productions and projects in a relaxed atmosphere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The credit for this, in the view of many of the participants, lies with Pape Mbaye Sene, one of the guiding lights of the event, who has also been dubbed the 'high priest' of African cinema. It has, in fact, been suggested tongue-in-cheek that 'in Brussels, they award a Pape, not an Oscar'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'We make films... but we do not exist!' - interview with Souleymane Cisse</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future of African cinema seen through the eyes of the Malian film maker, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In April, The Courier had the opportunity of meeting Souleymane Cisse, one of Africa's most celebrated film-makers, who has won several awards at major international film festivals. His films, such as Yeelen, which was awarded the Prix du Jury in Cannes in 1987 (the first African film to receive such a prestigious accolade), Waati, which was entered at the same festival, and Finye, have already become classics. Cisse is not just a director, he also produces his own films. In 1972, he impressed international critics by single-handedly producing a short film of exceptionally high quality Cinq jours d'une vie -  which won an award at the Carthage Film Festival. By relying, above all, on his own limited resources, combined with a powerful determination to develop and promote Africa's film industry, Souleymane Cisse has an implied but powerful message for the entire African continent. When he went on stage at the Palais des Festivals in 1987 to receive his award for Yeelen, he said that he was accepting it on behalf of all those who did not have the opportunity to speak for themselves. In particular, he dedicated the film to all the South African technicians who had worked together with him on the project. His has made spirited efforts to boost the African film industry and it was in this context that he helped set up the 'Union of African cinema and audiovisual producers and entrepreneurs' last March. This organisation aims to encourage African countries (especially in West Africa), to take the necessary political decisions to ensure the survival and grouwth of African cinema. When we spoke to Souleymane Cisse, our discussion ranged far and wide. We began by asking the film director whether African art gets the recognition it deserves in Europe? He seemed surprised at the question but then, without hesitation, proceeded to explain his own approach - with the emphasis on the political rather than the aesthetic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The recognition that African art gets in the West has more to do with politics than aesthetic discernment. Such recognition evolves from the spirit of Africa's relations with the other continents, a spirit which is often devoid of all honesty. We stand at the threshold of the 21st century. We should be looking to develop ways of communicating with each other and finding common ground. We should be able to look each other in the eye. When, for example, people in France debate whether or not the Louvre should have a gallery of African art, it begs the question, 'who is asking for what ?'. When some people wonder whether or not African art really is art, they are asking themselves a pointless question. African art is. Nothing more, nothing less. In any case, the West has some highly contradictory views as far as the whole idea of art in Africa is concerned. On the one hand they dispute the fact that the culture of the Ancient Egyptians was, in essence, an African one, and yet on the other hand the characters of Ancient Egypt - in films for example - are always portrayed as dark-skinned. African art is the 'in' thing at the moment, despite the current tendency to belittle Africa. They think that today's Black Americans and Afro-Caribbeans can be made to forget their African roots, but that just will not happen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Generally speaking, do you think that African politicians should devote time and energy to this battle to defend African culture when their countries face such insurmountable material problems ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Once they have gained power, the obsessive preoccupation of our politicians has been to concentrate on economic policies, neglecting their countries' cultural needs. But without a deeply-rooted culture, you cannot discuss matters on equal terms with representatives of other nations. In their heart of hearts, they will not respect you fully. There have been two or three countries which have tried to combine economic development with cultural development - I'm thinking of Guinea under Sekou Toure, Mali under Modibo Keita and Ghana under Kwame Nkrumah, but in one way or another, all three have been thwarted, for their perceptiveness. I am not now commenting on, or necessarily agreeing with, their domestic policies, but rather with the broad vision they shared for Africa as a whole. The fact that Europe is currently in the process of forging the European Union will be an instrumental force in the opening up of other regions of the globe. It was Europe, after all, which divided much of the world into English speakers, French speakers, Portuguese speakers, Spanish speakers and so on. Now that Europeans are themselves seeking to unite their countries, how could they possibly object to a similar union in Africa - for the sake of its cultural identity. This idea of a United Europe is, therefore, a welcome one. What is more, I believe that the issue has already been tackled within relations between the European Union and ACP countries. Not only is Africa the continent closest to Europe; it is in helping to develop the African continent that Europe has most to gain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The cultural aspect has already been incorporated into LomÃ© IV, but it seems that ACP countries do not attach as much importance as they should to such matters when drawing up their lists of priorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Many of the politicians in charge of these countries themselves lack any sort of culture. Alternatively, stripped of their own culture, they flaunt that of a foreign land. They say that health care is a priority, that food is a priority, but cultural needs do not figure on their list. Yet culture forms part of an urgent need. You'll see - as soon as any sort of cultural development takes place in a country, or wherever a country already has a viable, thriving culture, its economy will also flourish; of that there is no doubt. A nation which has a highly developed culture will always be able to stand on its own two feet economically. Take, for example, the nations of the former Soviet Union  - their economies may be unstable at the moment. It's only natural that they have to start from scratch, but as long as they manage to hold on to their cultures, they will pull through. These countries will not lag behind as Africa has done.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It costs money to operate a film industry. Have you found that your reputation as a director has made the financial side of things any easier for you ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I don't honestly think much has changed in the way we finance our films. Perhaps I should only speak for myself, but I do not believe it is any easier for me than it is for young filmmakers. Mali has no film production facilities, so we are all in the same boat. That is why we organised a colloquium in March this year, aimed at getting a picture of the exact state of West Africa's film industry. What we learned was that it is in pretty bad state. We make films but, in a certain sense, we don't really exist as a film industry. I would dearly like my works to be screened, for example, in Mali, Guinea and Senegal, but that is not possible because the distribution and screening networks are no longer there. Even the most liberal Western countries have passed laws to promote and protect their local film industries, so why don't we do the same ? I cannot make films in the United States without first going through various unions and other professional associations. In France, I cannot distribute my films the way I want, and if I want to make a film, I have to make it through French producers. If people come to work here, they should have to use national producers. The relevant laws were drawn up three or four years ago, but they still haven't been passed. We want all those involved in the film industry to have the opportunity to be true professionals. There should be assistance available to modernise projection rooms and theatres. We are currently in the process of setting up the 'Union of African cinema and audiovisual producers and entrepreneurs' which should help to persuade governments to take our requests into account.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Isn't African cinema also a victim of television ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The problem in Mali is a very simple one. We live in a country where people like to get out and about. The cinema is somewhere they can do that quite easily. So people use it as a place where they can meet up in the evening, just as they like to congregate around the fire to sing and dance. So why are our cinemas empty ? Because when people do go to the cinema, they cannot see the screen properly or they cannot hear the soundtrack, or they are uncomfortable sitting on broken and rickety chairs. If you can provide a suitable and comfortable environment for them, people will start going to the cinema again. That doesn't mean that television doesn't have its place, but people like to go out. This is especially the case with our open air cinemas, which are the perfect places for people to come together, have a chat, enjoy each other's company and relax. A nice auditorium, a good film, and you'll see how the queues will form. All we need to do is upgrade the auditoria, re-equip the projection rooms, overhaul the sound systems, put new chairs in - just a few basic comforts. When people go out to the cinema, it's because they want to escape from their humdrum routine for a while, to dream and unwind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African governments should do what they can to enable people to relax and enjoy themselves like this. Going to the cinema is like going to school. People go there to learn something - whether consciously or subconsciously - and to see something different. We really must get rid of this purely commercial vision of the cinema, especially in Africa. It should, first and foremost, be a cultural experience, and only subsequently a commercial exercise. But we also need to be realistic. When helping those involved in promoting the film industry, the government should lay down a precise set of conditions, specifying how and when the loans should be repaid and requiring something in return for their subsidies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So you think that if the Ministries of Culture in African countries were given greater powers, they would be in a position to carry out this task ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is not something solely for the Ministry of Culture. This is the type of approach which should be adopted by the state as a whole, in each country. For example, the government should provide a support fund for the film industry and certain other branches of the arts. Even if they were increased substantially, the meagre budgets allocated to the Ministry of Culture in our countries would still represent paltry sums. In Africa, the department of culture is at the bottom of everybody's list.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· But if you look at the number of African films that have been shown in recent years at Cannes and other international festivals, surely one can afford to be a little more optimistic than you are ? More and more young African filmmakers are releasing films.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - True, but as I said earlier, no progress has been made as far as film production is concerned. In that respect, contrary to what people may think, we are still at square one. Young filmmakers are put off and, as more and more avenues are closed to them, they gradually lose their fighting spirit. A film director has no choice but to be his own producer, his own manager - to do everything himself in fact. The result is that he becomes a jack of all trades and a master of none. During our recent colloquium, we decided to set up smallscale facilities which will deal solely with film production and where young people can go and use their services, thus leaving them free to channel their energies into actually directing their films. In the same way, we intend to set up other structures which will deal exclusively with other aspects of the cinema industry. The goal we have set ourselves is that of fostering professionalism in the West African film industry. Maybe then our governments will listen to us.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think there is any difference between African countries as far as opportunities are concerned ? For example, Burkina Faso would appear to be the cinema capital of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, and no. More often than not, it is African film-makers who have chosen Burkina Faso to stage events connected with the cinema industry because it is a landlocked country. This is what has made it the film capital of Africa, not any deliberate move on the part of the politicians. Having said this, the government in Burkina Faso is also making great efforts, despite its limited resources. But each country has its own potential. We must stop trying to tear this continent apart.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mentioned the former President of your own country, Modibo Keita, as one of those far-sighted enough to appreciate the importance of nurturing African culture. Where does Mali stand at the moment in terms of strengthening its own cultural heritage identity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - After independence, in the years from 1960 to 1968, there was a time when young people would get together and become involved in various biennial art festivals. We had a series of events which encouraged a kind of a 'cultural vision' nationwide. They were so successful that other countries were soon following our example. After the coup in 1968, however, everything fell apart. In the following 23 years there was a total cultural vacuum, in which young people felt completely disorientated, despite superficial attempts to relaunch the festivals. We are now only just trying to rediscover our cultural roots after a long period of upheaval. What we in Mali do have working in our favour, is the fact that our country is a harmonious patchwork of different peoples, all living together without the slightest trace of bitterness or hatred. We are lucky here because our rulers rarely tried to manipulate our ethnic loyalties to set one group against another. A Malian, irrespective of his roots, will always rejoice in the success of his fellow countrymen, whatever tribe they happen to belong to. We owe our good fortune to a heritage in which our peoples have always respected one another - even when they have faced each other as enemies. It is only as a result of this historic mutual respect that we can now speak of a Malian culture where each individual group of people has its own idiosyncrasies, its own customs, is sensitive towards other cultures and actually rejoices in their differences. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA Bulletin</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA and the promotion of rural development through book distribution</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of CTA's tasks is to provide information on request to researchers, extension workers, planners, farmers' organisations, trainers and information specialists involved in agricultural development in ACP states. In addition to requested publications, CTA also distributes publications on its own initiative to its target groups. These publications, some 550 titles, are also supplied free of charge and consist of books published by CTA, co-published, or purchased specially because of their relevance. In 1995, almost 65 000 books were posted to ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The people who receive the publications to some extent select themselves, because they write to CTA with requests for information. They find out about its existence through attending CTA seminars held in ACP countries or in Europe, or through seeing copies of Spore (CTA's bi-monthly bulletin in English, French and Portuguese which goes to around 50 000 addresses and is seen by many more), or by word of mouth. Over the years, CTA has built up a mailing list of 42 500 addresses of people and organisations active in some way in agriculture and rural development. Of the total, 37 800 are in ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But there are questions. Are our books getting to those who need them and is the targeting accurate enough? And, most importantly, is this the best way of doing things ? For CTA does not - and cannot - satisfy the total demand for books on agriculture and rural development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is the best way?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the number of addresses on the mailing list, many more people could in theory still be added. Should CTA even try to satisfy this demand ? The publications are free and, if CTA increased its coverage of the demand, it might in some countries hold back the development of local bookselling with a consequent detrimental effect on local publishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The majority of those now on the mailing list are 'individuals' rather than institutions, libraries, documentation centres, associations, organisations, etc. On the face of it, more people could be reached by sending CTA publications to groups rather than to individuals, but it's not always clear who is an individual in the sense of information not being shared with others. Some individuals are teachers, some are extension agents, some receive publications on behalf of a cooperative, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the importance of information - the driving force behind development  -  CTA has been investigating and giving support to technical publishing and book distribution in Africa over the last few years and is currently examining its own policy on book distribution over the ACP countries as a whole. Part of the context for this policy re-appraisal is the state of bookselling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Difficulty of book distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Everyone involved in the books business in and for the ACP countries knows that getting books where you want them to go, book distribution, is not straightforward. The reasons for the difficulty are not straightforward either. One development officer remarked of Papua New Guinea that the lack of books outside the capital, Port Moresby, couldn't simply be explained by lack of roads, because in the most out of the way places you could be sure of finding Coca Cola. Is it, then, that the Coca Cola company has superior marketing and distribution arrangements ? Probably so, but it is the nature of the two products which also determines how far they get. Traders will more readily take goods which they know they will be able to sell easily and the immediate satisfaction given by cigarettes or Coca Cola tends to put them before books in the list of priorities for purchase.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the ACP countries where CTA sends books and information, many have under-developed road and rail networks while the postal facilities provide a reliable service only to a relatively small part of the country. The local book publishing and bookselling industries are often themselves developing. Potential readers often cannot afford to buy the books and consequently book distribution is the weak link in the chain from writing and publishing a book to selling it. If books can't be sold, new ones can't be published, for the investment finance for a new publishing project has to come from somewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Africa, the lack of a strong local book sector was attributed in part to the traditional oral culture of the continent which left little need for reading. The majority of students would read in order to pass their exams, after which they hardly sought books again to buy or to read.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main books distributed were therefore textbooks for schools, colleges and for higher education. As long as these were distributed through booksellers, a forum still existed for displaying and raising interest in other books.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Booksellers could also function as sources and conduits of information about the variety of books in print and of their interest to particular groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This development was stunted because of the low purchasing power of many people, lack of foreign exchange (except in the CFA franc states), high cost of importing (either books or the raw materials, print machinery and spare parts to manufacture books) and, consequentially, shortage and lack of variety of locally-published books.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, in some countries the state intervened in school book publishing and supply (for example in Tanzania), so that the bread and butter of the bookselling business disappeared.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Booksellers then either diversified their stock so that they became bookseller-stationers or worse - books came after groceries, footballs, hats, etc., or the booksellers ceased trading in books or closed down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The publishing-distribution chain in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Book distribution is part of a chain of activities in the book sector which depend on each other and support each other. The chain starts with an idea for a book which may come from an author or from potential readers who make known their needs and it ends with the published books being bought. The lack of a good book distribution infrastructure in Africa is linked to the lack of a wide variety of books from a good number of publishers and the lack of a market for the books.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At least until South Africa became a democracy, Nigeria probably had the most active publishing industry in Africa with a high level of publishing professionalism. In such a huge country this may not be surprising: there is a large market, state administrations with urban headquarters, and a variety of arrangements for publishing and distributing books. But publishers suffer from a scarcity of investment funds, with high costs of borrowing, which affects their ability to keep books in print and to start new publishing projects. Relatively few technical books are published locally because of the risks when compared with, for example, publishing school textbooks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In such a vast country, the state of book distribution varies from place to place, with cities and large towns obviously having a greater variety of books available for sale than small towns and rural areas. Small traders carry books to the latter; they do not take orders and the books they carry are those that they can get hold of which they think will sell. Would-be readers are frustrated unless they or their friends visit a city. Mail order is not a possibility because the domestic postal service is not trusted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the urban areas, where there are booksellers, an indeterminate number of potential readers cannot afford to buy books, especially those that have been imported. Book piracy is a consequence of this. Booksellers' sales have declined, their turnover has been reduced as has their ability to stay in business. Some institutions in the country buy direct from publishers or from overseas suppliers rather than from booksellers, which further damages them. Booksellers buy books from publishers in small quantities for a fast turn-round which affects publishers' ability to build up investment funds for the next publishing project or for a large reprint with its possibility of reducing unit book costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not to say that technical books are totally unavailable from Nigerian booksellers, but it is clear that only specialised outlets which know their book-buying customers well can risk stocking some of them. Rural dwellers have no chance of buying them without making a big effort in time and money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In contrast, Senegal has a less developed publishing and bookselling industry than Nigeria, with about a dozen professional publishers and a small network of booksellers, mostly in Dakar and the larger towns in the regions. The most important publishing opportunities in Senegal are in the field of primary school textbooks - where there is competition both within the country, with publishers from other developing states, and from the North. Senegal being a lot smaller than Nigeria, there is only room for one textbook, and primary school book production is not therefore the mainstay of local publishers. The publisher which used to supply all primary and secondary school textbooks for the Ministry of National Education is an exception and is still probably dependent upon educational publishing for its turnover. Few technical books are published; as with books for higher education, they are imported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The network of booksellers has been decreasing and it is difficult to make a living just by selling books without the back-up of other products to sell. Thus there are bookseller-stationers, bookseller-grocers, kiosks and street sellers, especially of secondhand books. Booksellers tend to order titles in small quantities because they cannot risk being left with unsold stock which ties up their capital. They order little and often. Most school textbooks are distributed through the Ministry of National Education, but booksellers still sell a variety of textbooks, some official and approved and some not. Before the devaluation of the CFA franc, booksellers ordered more from abroad. These books have now doubled in price, making them unaffordable, with a consequent opportunity opened for local publishers to fill a gap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from the professional publishers, various sorts of publications are being produced and distributed by literacy and post-literacy organisations and a delegated literacy ministry. Some organisations promote literacy for its own sake, while others use the attainment of literacy as the means through which development can spread in rural areas. The publications concern rural development, agriculture, health and nutrition, and rural democracy, amongst others. There is a good variety of different titles and a good supply of cheap and affordable books. Some are sold through booksellers, but most people buy them when they take their literacy courses, while small traders carry them up-country to sell and buy more copies from the publishers with the proceeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Book aid schemes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A whole literature exists on book aid schemes. Briefly, book aid comes in two forms, one using the local book sector and the other not to any great extent. The British Government's Educational Low Prices Books Scheme (sadly scheduled to end, at least in its present form, in April 1997) and the French Government's Programme Plus both use the local bookselling industry to make available standard tertiary textbooks and others at subsidised rates. Not all students could afford to buy them, but the two schemes nonetheless promote bookselling and commercial life within ACP countries and beyond. To some extent they safeguard the continuation of fore where up-to-date books can be seen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CTA's books aid scheme does not use the local book sector in terms of book distribution, although cooperation in co-publishing is beginning. The FAO, in distributing publications to ACP and other developing countries, is similar. Books supplied under multilateral and bilateral agencies' projects have tended to sidestep the local book sector, although this has been changing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with food aid, the question to be answered is whether continuing the aid prolongs the condition ? Or does the analogy with food aid break down in certain circumstances because books are different ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving book distribution in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Various efforts are being made to improve book markets for African publishers. For example, the African Books Collective, based in Oxford, UK, markets and sells both anglophone and francophone African publishers' selected books in the North and also to other African countries. It is often easier for publishers in the North to sell their books in Africa than it is for African publishers to sell their books across frontiers and in the continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publishers Associations have been formed in about a dozen countries with APNET, the African Publishers' Network, celebrating its fourth year as a continental association. CTA supported APNET in the production of the first catalogue of agricultural books published by African publishers. Very recently, an Africa-wide booksellers association has been created.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CTA and future book distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since CTA started distributing books on agriculture and rural development, publishing and bookselling activities in many ACP countries have multiplied and the context has changed somewhat. As noted at CTA's Montpellier conference in 1995, there is now much information and many documents going from North to South, suited to the planners, research workers and extension agents who process the information and pass it down to the small-scale farmers. Rather, a two-way information route would be more efficient, between farmers who have information to offer as well as information needs and information providers. The growth in requests to CTA for publications from co-operatives and farmer associations and from non-academic libraries and documentation units is evidence that the publications distribution service is fulfilling a need. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courierâs mailbag</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Earthen architecture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I read your article on 'Earthen Architecture', published by the CTA Bulletin in the September-October 1996 issue of The Courier (nÂ° 159) with a great deal of interest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The article presents such traditional products as rammed earth and adobe which have been used by man since time immemorial as witnessed by constructions and monuments to be found in the countries cited by the authors of the article, as well as industrial products such as the compressed earth block (CEB), which have provoked much interest in many parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The authors also demonstrate that the use of the compressed earth block has a distinct advantage in that it valorises local raw materials, encourages the setting up of local enterprises and creates employment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard, I would particularly wish to inform you that the Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) has, for the last ten years, been working on the industrial development of the CEB sector through support to ACP promoters at various levels:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - diagnostic studies of projects and setting-up of production units;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - search for EU technical partners who have economically advantageous technologies and are ready to transfer their know-how;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- training of enterprise personnel in CEB production and in the utilisation of this product;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- support in the manufacturing of brick presses such as is currently the case in Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some 100 small and mediumsized enterprises and non-governmental organisations in ACP countries involved in the CEB sector have benefited from direct CDI assistance. This assistance has, notably, led to the improved technical and economic performance of these enterprises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond support to projects, the CDI in collaboration with CRATerre actively participates in the industrial promotion of this technology. The Centre recently disseminated 2000 copies of a technical guide entitled 'CEB: Production Equipment' throughout the ACP countries. An exhibition on the compressed earth block and its application took place during the Industrial Mining Forum held in Lusaka, Zambia, in December 1994. Similar exhibitions were held during the Matconstruct Forum (Libreville, Gabon, October 1995) and at the Industrial Partnership event (Bordeaux, France, February 1995). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The standardisation of the compressed earth block is a prerequisite for the development of this sector. The Centre therefore organised a workshop on this topic in Yaounde in 1996 as a follow-up to the Matconstruct Forum. This seminar brought together some 40 ACP and EU participants to discuss the 'CEB: Standardisation' guide currently being prepared by CRATerre for publication in December 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main objective of the guide is to encourage ACP promoters to manufacture products in conformity with accepted norms and thus facilitate CEB integration in the industrial construction market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efforts made by the CDI, in collaboration with CRATerre, to develop the CEB sector deserve to be better known. We would therefore look forward to an opportunity to present the Centre's activities in this sector in a future issue of me Courier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surendra Sharma, Director, Centre for the Development of Industry,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brussels, Belgium.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Map insets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thank-you for your informative magazine. I wish you all the best in your endeavours to improve me Courier further. May I suggest that in the Country Report profiles, you include an inset map of the region highlighting the country in question for those readers who may not be familiar with the area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Andrew Frederick Meya, Kampala, Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of readers have raised this point with us since we have rearranged the cover pages and transferred the ACP and Europe 'regional' maps to the inside back cover. In future, we will endeavour to ensure that there is a cross-reference to this page in the Country Report profile. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bibliography</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publications received&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;La politique etrangere du Cameroun (Cameroon's foreign policy) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Narcisse Mouelle Kombi. Pub. L'Harmattan, Collection Â«Points de vueÂ» (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1996. 238 pp. ISBN 2-73843701-X.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon belongs to the zone formerly called the 'Third World' which is nowadays labelled the 'South'. This region of great diversity currently faces major socio-economic and political conflict, and receives 'multiform' and 'tied' aid from the developed countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This does not, however, prevent it from having a degree of freedom of action in diplomatic terms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, who is a specialist in international law, believes that as a player on the world scene, Cameroon puts its foreign-policy skills to good advantage and has acquired a certain respect in international relations and in global institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He argues that Yaounde is attempting to implement a realistic and pragmatic foreign policy, reflecting its own sovereign status and the imperatives of development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, the country is endeavouring to implement the changes forced upon it by modern circumstances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Le developpement institutionnel - Les organisations a l'epreuve de la specificite et de la concurrence (Institutional development - Organisations based on specificity and competition) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Arturo Israel. Translated from the English by Alain Claisse. Pub. L'Harmattan (5-7, me de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1996. 235 pp. 140 FF. ISBN 2-73844322-2.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A graduate of the University of Chile and the London School of Economics, the author has devoted most of his career (particularly within the World Bank) to examining the problems of economic and social development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He has been one of the pioneers of institutional development, a field which is nowadays seen as essential to all development strategies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He argues that institutional development requires not bureaucratisation but the promotion and recognition of two principles in both public and private organisations. These are competition and specificity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The former induces those involved to improve the quality of their work, whilst forcing them to listen to the 'consumer'. The latter involves qualifications, specialisation and a precise definition of objectives, tasks, resources and results.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After a critical review of assessment reports produced over a 15-year period by the World Bank in the field of institutional development, Arturo Israel tells us why such development is one of the keys to success in development projects. He demonstrates that a good project being implemented in an unfavourable institutional environment has little chance of achieving positive long-term effects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;La justice internationale face au drame rwandais (International justice confronted by the Rwandan crisis) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the direction of Jean-FranÃ§oise Dupaquier, with William Bourdon, Pierre-Serge Heger, Frederic Mutagwera, Fran,cois-Xavier Nsanzuwera, Rakiya Omaar, William A. Schabas and Anne-Marie Swartenbroekx. Pub. Karthala (22-24, boulevard Arago, F-75013, Paris). 1996. 248 pp. FF 130. BF. 715. ISBN 2-86537-662-1.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is two years since the genocide and political massacres which resulted in the death of a million people in Rwanda. In this work, the authors describe and analyse the progress made in various legal proceedings in Rwanda itself, in the international arena and in the jurisdictions of Belgium, France, Canada and Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some countries have been slow and apparently reluctant to fulfil their international obligations and this has resulted in disappointment and impatience on the part of the victims' families, jurists and human rights activists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the example of the Nuremberg trials, the authors suggest there are good grounds for concluding that international human rights have become less important over the last 50 years. This work allows one to reach a considered opinion. Modern legal instruments provide for the punishment of those responsible for the appalling tragedy in Rwanda. These instruments could be seen as a significant advance in the recognition of human rights by the international community. But what is missing at the moment is the political will (and public pressure) to implement them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Methodologies d'analyse de la mortalite des enfants - Applications au Cameroun (Analytical methodologies in child mortality as applied to Cameroon) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Amadou Noumbissi. Pub. Braylant-Academia (25, Grand Rue, B-134B Louvainla-Neuve) and L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1996. 305 pp. ISBN 2-87209389-3 (Academia-Braylant) and ISBN 2-7384-3722-2 (L'Harmattan).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Child mortality, always very high in sub-Saharan Africa, varies according to social class, habitat and region. The identification of the social, economic and cultural factors which influence the survival of children depends on the quality of data, and on the relevance of the indicators and statistical models used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the aid of specific examples, this work attempts to demonstrate the origin of a number of sources of bias in so-called classical approaches and the distortion of the truth which a poor choice or detrimental manipulation of statistical models can give rise to.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A teacher and researcher at the Demographic Institute of the Catholic University of Louvain (Belgium), the author proposes methods to take account of the interdependence and synergy which exist between the factors which affect the risk of mortality. He applies these methods to the data gained in two national surveys which were carried out in Cameroon in 1978 and 1991.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Revue Region et Developpement (Region and Development Journal)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pub. L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F75005 Paris). 1995. 238 pp. ISBN 2-7384-4125-4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This half-yearly journal, first launched in 1995, deals with the various socio-economic aspects of regional development. The second issue contains articles which may be of interest to our readers, including: 'Regionalisation, globalisation and polarisation of the world economy: is there room for developing countries?', and 'Housing models in developing countries'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Structural adjustment and ethnicity in Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Eghosa E. Osaghae. Pub. The Nordic Africa Institute (P.O. Box 1703, S-751 47 Uppsala, Sweden). 1995. 66 pp. ISBN 91-7106373-0.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author is a lecturer who heads the politics department at the University of Transkei in South Africa. A significant conclusion from his study, undertaken at the Nordic Africa Institute, is that from the ethnic standpoint, the implementation of structural adjustment (with its corollary of reduced state involvement in public life), has had positive effects in Nigeria. This contrasts with the usual perception of the structural adjustment process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The migration experience in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collection prepared under the direction of Jonathan Baker and Tade Akin Aina. Pub. The Nordic Africa Institute (P.O. Box 1703, S-751 47 Uppsala, Sweden). 1995. 353 pp. ISBN-91-7106366-8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This volume aims to take stock of migration in Africa. The causes of the phenomenon are varied and complex, and the authors have chosen an approach which illustrates the diversity of the theories, and methodological and analytical trends involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The book offers an empirical assessment of migration in contemporary Africa, focusing particularly on the problem of women migrants. Migration is an important element in the wider development equation and this work fills a gap in the literature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Challenges to the Nation-State in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collection prepared under the direction of Adebayo O. Olukoshi and Liisa Laakso. Pub. The Nordic Africa Institute (P.O. Box 1703, S-751 47 Uppsala, Sweden) in collaboration with the Institute of Development Studies, University of Helsinki. 1996. 213 pp. ISBN 91-7106381-1.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge confronting the nation state in contemporary Africa are of great interest to specialists attempting to understand how deconstruction and recomposition of the political identity of populations affects the post-colonial unitarian project. The studies offered in this volume show that this process has often taken ethno-regionalist, religious or separatist forms -  reinforced by economic crisis and the negative effects of structural adjustment, not to mention the legacy of years of political authoritarianism and exclusion dating from the colonial period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The authors believe that in order to promote national unity and a sense of citizenship in Africa, priority should be given, inter alia, to more representative forms of government, power-sharing and decentralisation, multi-party elections, the reinvention of the post-colonial social contract and cultural autonomy for minority groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agenda for Africa's economic renewal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collection prepared under the direction of Benno Ndulu and Nicolas van de Walle. Pub. Overseas Department Council (1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 1012, Washington, DC 20009, USA). 1996. 246 pp. ISBN 1-56000900-4.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For 20 years, sub-Saharan Africa has been experiencing a severe economic crisis. Growth has been stagnant and the result has been reduced living standards for much of the population, and ever-increasing pressure on the continent's political structures. Structural adjustment, advocated by international organisations in an attempt to restore growth in Africa, has not had the anticipated results and has given rise to a number of disputes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this book, 10 African, US and European experts attempt to look beyond the immediate horizon and identify strategies which could be implemented to give renewed vigour to the African economy. They analyse the choices which should be made in key areas such as agriculture, trade and industry, the role of the state and the social sectors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">News round - up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">In brief</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;World congress against the sexual exploitation of children&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first international congress dealing with the problem of the sexual exploitation of children for profit was held in Stockholm from 27 to 31 August. The initiative for the meeting came from ECPAT (End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism), working in collaboration with the Swedish government, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and a group of NGOs supporting the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The congress was attended by government representatives from most of the UN countries, participants from various international and regional organisations (including the UN Centre for Human Rights, the International Labour Organisation, the World Health Organisation, UNESCO, UNHCR and Interpol), NGOs, health professionals and media representatives from across the globe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The aim of the congress was to draw the international community's attention to the issue of the sexual exploitation of children and to promote the development of national plans to tackle all forms of abuse in this area. It focused particularly on three aspects: child prostitution, the 'trade' in children for sexual purposes, and child pornography.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there are a number of legal instruments which refer to these problems, the key one for the purposes of the Stockholm meeting was the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In Article 34 of this multilateral treaty, which has been ratified by 186 countries, the signatory states commit themselves to protect children against all forms of exploitation and violence of a sexual nature. For the purposes of the Convention, a child is defined as any human being less than 18 years old, except where the age of majority is lower than 18 in the relevant local legislation (Article 1).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The committee that was responsible for planning the Congress drew up documents on a number of themes including: the revision and application of laws; psycho-social prevention; tourism and child prostitution; those who engage in abuse; hygiene and health; the role of the media; child pornography; education; and human values. These subjects were all examined by working groups during the two-day session.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The congress was addressed by Anita Gradin, Member of the European Commission with responsibility for internal and judicial affairs, and matters relating to immigration. She took the opportunity to underline the point that the traffic in women and children was international. Organised crime, she said, lay at the heart of the 'trade' and it was closely linked to a whole range of other criminal activities. She cited, in this context, kidnapping, forging of documents, 'false' marriages and adoptions, clandestine immigration, violence and forced labour. these, in turn were associated with the drug trade, extortion and murder. The conclusion was that a global action plan and more international cooperation were needed. Ms Gradin acknowledged that existing arrangements had been successful in exposing the existence of paedophile networks but she was convinced that international cooperation should be strengthened further, and that organisations such as Interpol and Europol would be called upon to play a bigger part in the future. The European Commissioner went on to declare that a commitment to the protection of children ought to be a priority. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child - which is now eight years old -  should not merely tee 'adopted' by all countries. It should, rather, be applied in full and integrated into the legislation of every nation. There was no point, she suggested, in enacting new laws, if the existing ones were not being implemented and the financial resources had not been provided. Ms Gradin reaffirmed the European Commission's commitment to the fight against the exploitation of children. This would be reflected in communications to be drawn up by the Commission for presentation to the Council of Ministers and European Parliament, on the following subjects:  - the treatment of women (on the basis of the recommendations made by the Vienna Conference on this subject, which was held in June 1996);  - sex tourism, notably in certain countries in Asia and Latin America;  - actions designed to eliminate paedophile rings and child pornography networks which make use of new information technologies such as the Internet. During the congress, the Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs announced that his country would be launching an initiative at the EC's Justice and Internal Affairs Council meeting scheduled for 26 and 27 September. They would be proposing common action designed to strengthen police and judicial cooperation in the fight against the sexual exploitation of children for profit. He believed that it should be possible to take measures both within the framework of the Europol Convention, and by means of new and specific cooperation instruments. The culmination of the Stockholm congress was the adoption of a declaration and an action plan. These foresee strengthened cooperation and coordination among local and national authorities, and a series of measures to protect children, prevent abuse and provide rehabilitation. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1997: European year against racism &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a resolution adopted on 23 July, the Council of Ministers formally designated 1997 as the European year against racism. The aims, set out in the resolution, include:  - highlighting the threat posed by racism, xenophobia and antisemitism, in terms of both respect for fundamental rights, and in ensuring the economic and social cohesion of the European Community;  - encouraging reflection and discussion of the measures needed to tackle racism, xenophobia and antisemitism in Europe;  - promoting a sharing of experiences, best practice, and effective strategies drawn up at the local, national and European levels;  - disseminating information on the aforementioned best practice and strategies amongst those most closely involved in the fight against racism, xenophobia and antisemitism, with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of their actions in this area;  - highlighting the advantages of integration policies implemented at the national level, in particular in the fields of employment, education, training and housing;  - taking account, wherever possible, of the experiences of victims of racism, xenophobia and antisemitism, and promoting the participation of these people in society. ECU 6 million will be spent on a series of activities designed to help achieve these objectives during the 'year against racism'. A logo and slogan will be devised, and seminars and conferences will be staged with the aim of strengthening international cooperation (themes will include the role of education in eliminating racism, ways of establishing dialogue, and establishing mutual respect between different communities living in towns and cities). Documents and audiovisual material will be distributed, and an effort will be made to get the message across in the media. There will also be action to encourage information exchanges on best practice, and to increase public awareness of the issue. Prizes will be awarded to media organisations which safeguard the quality of the information they put out and which seek to promote tolerance. A specific effort will be made to counter the racist propaganda now appearing on the Internet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WTO banana challenge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union has set out its legal defence of duty-free preferences for African and Caribbean banana producing countries that are members of the Fourth LomÃ© Convention. This took place in September at an initial hearing of a World Trade Organisation (WTO) panel  - convened at the request of a number of competing banana producer nations. African and Caribbean states were permitted to voice their opinion as third part)&quot; in the case, despite an objection from the United States. The EU's banana market arrangements  - notably Protocol 5 of the LomÃ© Convention, which sanctions duty-free access  - have twice before come under attack in the Geneva body. Two earlier hearings in the WTO's forerunner, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), concerned the EU's previous state-to-state regime, and the new single market arrangements which have been in operation since July 1993. The present panel was set up at the request of four Latin American banana producer nations - Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico and Guatemala - together with the United States which is arguing that its domestic banana companies are losing out. The complainants jointly claim that the tariff quota for Latin American nations, the core of regulation 404/93 establishing the EU regime, discriminates against them. They also challenge the licensing arrangements of the so-called 'framework agreement' made under the GATT framework in 1994 with four Latin American nations (Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Venezuela). In return for a bigger share of the EU market, these four agreed to refrain from further challenges in the WTO against the EU's banana arrangements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel is expected to give its verdict in March 1997. The hearings are taking place behind closed doors, but it is understood that EU and ACP nations can count on the support of Japan - which currently imposes its own quotas on imports of other items and does not want to be challenged for these - and that of India which wants to show solidarity with the ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Speaking in Geneva, CotÃ© d'lvoire's Commodities Minister, Alain Gauze, stressed the heavy dependence of many African and Caribbean states on banana growing. 90% of Dominica's commodity exports are bananas and the crop accounts for 70% of its export receipts and 25% of its Gross Domestic Product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One ACP representative in Brussels described the task ahead es 'convincing them (the panel) that the banana regime and regulation 404/93 are required to fulfil the obligations of the EU under the LomÃ© Convention and the subsequent waiver.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The waiver to which he referred was accorded by GATT to the LomÃ© Convention's various non-reciprocal trade preferences in 1994, but it is up for renewal at the end of the year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has already put in a request for its extension until February 29, 2000, coinciding with the expiry date of LomÃ© IV.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The WTO was expected to rule on the renewal of the waiver in mid-October ahead of the panel's decision. If the renewal of the waiver were to be disallowed, the EU and ACP 'defendants' at the panel could find themselves on shaky legal ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the meantime, the EU has fixed its 1996 tariff quota, allowing a maximum of 2.553 million tonnes of Latin American bananas to be imported into the Union with a tariff of ECU 75 per tonne.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further quota of 72 440 tonnes has been allocated to this region following tropical storms Iris, Luis et Marilyn. The damage caused by these storms led to the suspension of supplies of bananas from several Caribbean islands. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EU banana production is expected to reach 750 000 tonnes in 1996, while preferential imports from the African and Caribbean members of the ACP group have been fixed at 680 000 tonnes. According to latest predictions, the total consumption of this fruit in the European Union in 1996 will be 4030440 tonnes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade and labour standards&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ahead of the first ministerial meeting of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to be held in December in Singapore, the European Commission has published a discussion paper (COM (96) 402 final) on whether labour standards should be linked to trade - which could mean sanctions for nations which do not comply with globally recognised labour clauses. What is at stake is to draw up globally recognised criteria and implement them without accusations of protectionism from some developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At an informal meeting of EU trade ministers in Dublin on September 18, EC Trade Commissioner, Sir Leon Brittan, said that, in supporting an international code, the European Union had no intention of damaging the competitive advantage of developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many Asian countries, who view the move of the EU and of other industrialised nations as veiled protectionism, do not even want the subject broached at the Singapore meeting. However, mention was made of the link between trade and internationally recognised labour standards in the conclusions of the Uruguay Round of GATT in Marrakesh in 1994, which requested that the WTO do more work on this issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The recent Commission paper advances the reasons for an international code: 'Workers in certain sectors in particular perceive that their jobs are under threat from imports from countries which allow unfair or unacceptable working practices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These concerns cannot be ignored and should be addressed by the world trading system. Otherwise the perception will be - wrongly - that trade liberalisation is the problem and not the solution to the challenge to all societies to create a higher standard of living for all their citizens.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It further makes the point that such a policy is in line with others such as the promotion of democracy, respect for human rights and adherence to the rule of law. The EU has always upheld the view that there is a positive correlation between social progress, economic growth and trade liberalisation. According to the paper: 'There is no question of imposing on developing countries the higher wage levels and better working conditions which pertain in the industrialised world. Nor is this an action designed to re-erect new barriers to trade under cover of a social agenda.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU and international bodies are already looking at the kind of global criteria that might be adopted. A report of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), published in 1994, as well as the conclusions of the 1995 World Social Summit in Copenhagen, both suggest that freedom of association, collective bargaining, prohibition of forced labour and the elimination of child labour are top of the list.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A report entitled: 'Trade, Employment and Labour Standards - a study of core workers' rights and international trade', produced this year by the Paris-based Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), looks at the options in depth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeff Atkinson, trade policy advisor for the NGO, Oxfam UK, suggests that initial negotiations should be limited to matters covered in ILO Conventions 87 and 98. The former deals with freedom of association and protection of the right to organise, while the latter is on the right to organise and collective bargaining. He argues that other Conventions, covering such matters as the right to equal renumeration for men and women workers, freedom from discrimination and the abolition of forced labour, depend on the first two. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A notable omission from Jeff Atkinson's list is ILO Convention 138 on child labour. He does not feel that this Convention adequately addresses the issue. While international concern has focused on the most abusive forms of child labour such as slavery and prostitution, he points out not all child labour is so grossly abusive. Some forms can bring in money for food and shelter, which would otherwise not be available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He argues that if conditions are right, employment (say on a family farm or business) can contribute positively to a child's development, by providing an informal learning environment in which social and physical skills can develop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'To tackle the symptoms, for example by banning child labour, without addressing the underlying cause is likely to be counterproductive', says Mr Atkinson. He argues that it might induce children to seek illegal work in order to survive, or alternatively that they may end up becoming destitute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some bodies are already trying to enforce improved standards. Although the ILO cannot implement sanctions, if an ILO member fails to comply with Conventions, a dialogue can be instituted with the defaulting country. It is also running an extensive public campaign against child labour and is assisting the development of social labelling for goods produced which fully respect ILO Conventions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under its new Generalised System of Preferences (GSP), the EU can remove some trade preferences if goods imported from non-LomÃ© developing nations are found to have been made with forced or slave labour. And from January 1, 1998, extra preferences can be given to countries which so request and comply with Conventions 87, 98 and 138. But if the enforcement of a socalled 'Social Clause' does reach the WTO level, some voices are already calling for joint monitoring involving the WTO and that long-time champion of human rights, the ILO. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1996 UNCTAD Report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A slow world growth rate is revealed in this year's annual report of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), published in September. The global economy expanded by only 2.4% in 1995 compared with a 2.8% increase in 1994. And production is below what it could be, says the report. On the whole, developing nations achieved higher growth rates than their industrialised counterparts in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1996, world growth is expected to slow further although there will still be 'star performers' in some regions, and particularly slow movers in others. Asia is the continent currently doing best and China has the fastest expanding economy - despite this having slackened in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1995, Africa recorded higher growth than Latin America, according to the Rubens Ricupero, UNCTAD Secretary General. It also managed the first real increase in average per capita income for a long time. This was partly due to commodity prices picking up - they rose 10% on average.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But not such good news for the continent was a drop in private capital flows, notably direct investment. And the growth rate was highly variable across Africa. In some countries it was above 5% but in others, the economic situation was hit badly by political and armed conflicts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meanwhile, drought led to lower production in the Sahel. The prospects for 1996 are uncertain according to the report. It noted that even countries whose economies have expanded during 1995 and 1996 will need another ten concurrent years of good economic results to get back to the per capita income they enjoyed 20 years ago.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report highlights the tremendous difficulties facing many of the heavily-indebted, least developed nations. This is despite the fact that a number of donors have recently written off substantial amounts of some countries' public debts while the Paris Club has rescheduled repayments from other nations. Even if the new arrangements are followed through, UNCTAD is predicting that debt will remain a major burden for many countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One worrying factor is the weight of their multilateral debt and bilateral obligations to creditors other than the Paris Club. Multilateral institutions have implemented a number of measures, but these are of very limited scope. The UNCTAD Secretary General is encouraging multilateral creditors in particular, to put more muscle behind their debt relief plans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The authors of the report are also recommending the establishment of an agency, within UNCTAD itself, to help developing nations achieve trade diversification and industrialisation strategies for economic growth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seminar on NGOs and government relations in humanitarian emergencies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The British Council is organising an international seminar on the above subject in Oxford, UK, from 12-17 December 1996. The main themes to be covered at the meeting will include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the actors in humanitarian assistance;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - funder and donor policy;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- government sovereignty;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- rights and obligations of intervention;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- the role of the beneficiary;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- conflicts of interest and areas of cooperation between donor NGOs and host governments, and;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- accountability and evaluation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further information can be obtained from the Marketing Manager, International Seminars, The British Council, 1 Beaumont Place, GB-Oxford, OX1 2PJ.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. (44) 1B65 316 636, Fax. (44) 1865 57368.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E-mail: International. Seminar@britcoun.org &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The institutions at work</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the European Union has recently issued a number of statements, details of which are set out below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: condemnation of the massacre on 19 July&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 23 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses grave concern at the deteriorating situation in Burundi especially at the killing of civilians and other gross violations of human rights which continue to be perpetrated in that country. It vehemently condemns the massacre of civilians in the Bugendana camp for displaced persons on 19 July last and deplores the expulsions of Rwandan refugees against their will. This massacre, following as it does those at Gishubi, Kivyuka, Teza, Mutoyi, Songa and Kamenge, represents a new stage in the vortex of violence, action and reaction putting Burundi at risk of being drawn ever further into a full civil war, the effects of which would be catastrophic for the people of Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU calls on all Burundians to turn away from violence and move singlemindedly along the road to a peaceful and negotiated solution of their problems. It would point to the undertakings given on 25 June 1996 at Arusha during the Summit of Heads of State of the region in favour of dialogue open to all sectors of Burundi's population together with provision of the security measures needed to create the conditions for such dialogue. It would also point out that these undertakings were given formal backing by the Heads of State and Government of the entire continent of Africa when they met from 8 to 10 July at Yaounde under the aegis of the Organisation for African Unity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU believes that only compliance with the undertakings given at Arusha and their swift implementation can restore a climate of confidence and prevent Burundi becoming embroiled in a generalised conflict. As it has already stressed in the Council's statement of 15 and 16 July, the EU reiterates that it is prepared to assist in pursuit of the Arusha objectives in order to restore peace and security in Burundi and it supports the efforts of former President Nyerere and the countries of the region to achieve this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: appeal for reconciliation following the coup d'Etat &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 26 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union shares the deep concern of the Secretary General of the United Nations, and others, about yesterday's military coup in Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU urges all sides to avoid recourse to violence and to take all steps to resolve the crisis by exclusively peaceful means.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU believes that the main immediate priority is the humanitarian situation. There must be no further loss of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An immediate beginning of a national debate is essential, leading to a real process of national reconciliation, founded on democracy and security for all sections of society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard, the EU commends the efforts of former President Nyerere and regional leaders to broker an all-inclusive, negotiated settlement in Burundi, in peaceful conditions, and urges them to examine the possibility of continuing their efforts in this respect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reiterates its firm commitment to the re-establishment of peace in Burundi. The Union is following developments in the country closely, in active consultation with partners in the UN, with the OAU and others, towards the goal of restoring peace and security in Burundi. The EU Special Envoy, Mr Ajello, who is in the region, is actively assisting in this process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: doubts about the first round election results&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 1 August 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses deep concern about the way in which the first round of the presidential elections in Niger on 7-8 July was conducted. In particular, it deplores the decision taken by the Niger authorities to dissolve the independent national electoral commission during the voting process and to replace it with an alternative body. It is the view of the EU that this decision, by the Niger authorities, casts serious doubts on the credibility of the election results. It requests the Niger authorities to explain this decision and why observers found it impossible to assist in gathering and collating the election results.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU urges the Niger authorities, in dealing with the critical situation which has resulted from their decision, to respect fully the fundamental freedoms of movement, expression and association of the Niger people. It attaches great importance to the restoration of all civil rights.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU will examine, in the light of recent developments, its policies of economic and development cooperation with the Niger authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU calls for the full restoration of democratic civilian government in Niger through transparent processes. Free and fair elections will be crucial in this respect. The EU will continue to follow the situation in Niger closely and in particular the preparation, holding and transparency of the forthcoming legislative elections on 22 September. Iceland, the Central European countries associated with the EU and the associated countries Cyprus and Malta align themselves with this declaration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swaziland: revision of the Constitution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 6 August 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union welcomes the announcement by King Mswati III of the names of the new Prime Minister of Swaziland and of the Constitutional Review Commission and is pleased that its membership represents all shades of political opinion in Swaziland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU wishes to encourage all members of the Constitutional Review Commission to participate fully in its work and expresses confidence that their endeavours will bring about the adoption of a draft democratic constitution acceptable to the people of Swaziland as a whole. It hopes that the Commission will pursue its task energetically and is ready to offer appropriate assistance to the Commission if it so wishes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: appeal for talks and reconciliation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 19 August 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recalling its declarations of 25 June and 5, 15, 23 and 26 July 1996, the European Union reiterates its deep concern about the situation in Burundi. It urges all sides to refrain from violence and to commit themselves to, and work actively towards, a negotiated and peaceful resolution of the crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU wishes to express its support for the regional leaders, the Organisation of African Unity and the former President of Tanzania, Mr Julius Nyerere, in the efforts which they have been making to assist Burundi to overcome peacefully the grave crisis which it is experiencing, and encourages them to continue their efforts to facilitate the search for a political solution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU considers it essential for a dialogue to be organised without delay, bringing together all of Burundi's political forces without exception, including representatives of civil society, in order to negotiate a democratic, institutional consensus ensuring security for all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is convinced that national reconciliation and civil peace in Burundi can be restored on a lasting basis only through the participation of all sections of society in the principal institutions and bodies of the State.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU urges all sides in Burundi to call an immediate halt to the violence and respect the safety of all Burundians.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It reaffirms its willingness to support Burundi's recovery efforts, once the necessary national reconciliation is embarked upon with all the resolve required.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AID FOR REHABILITATION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of the 'European Programme for Reconstruction and Development in South Africa', the Commission has recently decided on financing for the following ten projects:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 19.2 million for a development programme covering the management of the public service;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 17.2 million for technical assistance to the Ministry of Education;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 16 million for a support programme for Parliament;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 15 million for the electrification of rural schools;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 9 million to support the reform process in the police services of the Eastern Cape province;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 8.9 million for a financing and investment development programme for SMEs;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 5 million for a programme of rural water supply and sanitation projects to be implemented &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by the NGO Mvula Trust; &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 4.3 million to support the trade union movement;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 2.3 million for the 'Soul City 1996' project designed to make full use of the mass media to promote health and development issues;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 1.9 million to support the 'Truth and National Reconciliation Commission'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENT FUND&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic and social infrastructure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burkina Faso: ECU 4.125 million for studies relating to certain road infrastructures. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritius: ECU 9 million for an irrigation programme in the northern plains. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominica: ECU 1.65 million towards the establishment of refuse treatments systems.  Trade promotion/ structural adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CotÃ© d'lvoire: ECU 25.5 million to , support the structural adjustment programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lesotho: ECU 8.6 million for the fourth structural adjustment programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture/rural development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia-Kenya-Uganda: ECU 20 million for a programme to coordinate national activities aimed at achieving sustainable rural development in the region (notably involving the fight against the Tsetse fly)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Education/training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean region: ECU 5.9 million towards a post-secondary education training programme in the countries of the OECS (Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States - Antigua &amp;amp; Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St Kitts &amp;amp; Nevis, St Lucia, St. Vincent &amp;amp; the Grenadines). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi: ECU 4.4 million for a social/ participatory programme in the forestry sector as part of the implementation of a national forestry policy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Institutional support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SADC member states: ECU 1.7 million to support the SADC (Southern African Development Community) secretariat in order to strengthen the SADC-EU regional programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UEMOA (West Africa Economic and Monetary Union): ECU 12 million to support the regional integration process in the member states (Benin, Burkina Faso, CotÃ© d'lvoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 1.5 million for a support programme for the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EUROPEAN INVESTMENT  BANK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the first half of 1996, the Bank has provided the following loans from its own resources or in the form of risk capital:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa/Madagascar: ECU 30 million for ASECNA (I'Agence pour la securite de la navigation aerienne en Afrique et a Madagascar) for the renewal and modernisation of air safety equipment. Botswana: ECU 6.6 million to the Botswana Power Corporation to help increase electricity-generating capacity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burkina Faso: ECU 6 million to SOFITEX (Societe burkinabe des fibres textiles) for the renewal and extension of its cotton ginneries facility. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali: ECU 5.3 million to the Societe Energie du Mali for the financing of the Balingue thermal power station. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritania: ECU 2 million to SNIM (Societe rationale industrielle et miniere) for the setting up and operation of a mechanical workshop. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritania: ECU 1.4 million to the Societe arabe du fer et de l'acier (Arab iron and steel company) for the construction of a foundry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 500 000 to Grafites de Ancuabe for the exploitation of a graphite mine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 2 million to the Zambia Venture Capital Fund, set up to subscribe for minority equity stakes in SMEs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jamaica: ECU 40 million to Telecommunications of Jamaica Ltd for expansion and modernisation of the domestic and international telecommunications network. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;British Virgin Islands: ECU 600 000 to the government for the design and feasibility study of the main airport at Beef Island, Tortola. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga: ECU 3.7 million to the Tonga Telecommunications Commission for the development of the country's domestic telecommunications network.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUMANITARIAN AID&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 5 million for the purchase and distribution of vegetable oils and cereals to refugees living in the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 420 000 for emergency medical assistance in the fight against cholera in the Mandera region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 1.9 million for emergency food aid to the victims of the continuing factional fighting. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudan: ECU 2.5 million for the purchase and distribution of maize in a transit camp close to the capital (154 000 people) and in the south of the country (1 million people), and for the distribution of sorghum to Ethiopian and Eritrean refugees in the east (200 000 people). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 150 000 to help tackle the cholera epidemic. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 10 million for a programme to counter malnutrition and improve basic health care, in particular for women and children in isolated locations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Montserrat: ECU 380 000 to help evacuees in the wake of the recent volcanic eruption. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non-ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia: ECU 1 million for people displaced as a result of drug terrorism and the fighting that has been taking peace between government forces and guerillas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Costa Rica: ECU 400 000 for the victims of Hurricane Cesar. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala: ECU 220 000 to train teachers in order to improve education among repatriated communities in the department of Alta Verapaz. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua: ECU 440 000 to improve conditions for the social and economic reintegration of uprooted populations (people who have been repatriated, displaced or demobilised) in the department of Rio San Juan. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Caucasus: ECU 4.18 million for civilian victims of the war in Chechnya and for refugees in Ossetia and Dagestan. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iraq: ECU 9 million for food aid, medical provisions, rehabilitation of drinking water systems, sanitary equipment and educational material to assist 3 million people in the north and centre of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yemen: ECU 150 000 for flood victims. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cambodia: ECU 290 000 for a programme to construct and distribute artificial limbs to land-mine victims. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand (Burmese refugees): ECU 220 000 for 'Mon' refugees from Burma (Myanmar) who have fled the violence in their country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand (Burmese refugees): ECU 500 000 for medical aid in favour of 'Karen' refugees from Burma (Myanmar). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AID&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently decided to allocate the following aid: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p90.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Table&lt;/P&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH4f74.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH4f74.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH4f74.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,968 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/fb33fe/fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41404</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://fb33fe/fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://fb33fe/fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Agriculture and Food Processing|Better Farming series of FAO and INADES - 46 booklets</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Settlements, Housing, Building - Infrastructure Construction (Roads etc)|Settlements and housing: general works incl. low- cost housing, planning techniques, surveying, etc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants (fb33fe)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">FAO Better Farming series</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH4f74.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p60a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p61a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p61b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p61c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p61d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p62a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p62b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p63a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p63b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p64a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p64b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p64c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p64d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p65a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p65b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p65c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p65d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p66a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p66b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p66c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p67a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p67b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p68a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p68b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p68c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p68d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p69a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p69b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p69c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p70a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p70b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p70c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p71a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p71b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p71c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p72a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p72b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p73a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p73b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p74a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p74b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p75a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p75b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p75c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p76a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p76b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p76c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p77a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p77b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p77c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p78a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p78b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p79a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p79b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p79c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p79d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p80a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p80b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p81a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p81b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p82a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p82b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p82c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p82d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p83a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p84a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p84b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p84c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p84d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p85a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p85b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p85c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p86a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p86b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p86c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p87a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p87b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p87c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p88a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rome 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P-69&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ISBN 92-5-102396-4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â© FAO 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+ 
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Snails are good to eat.</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content> 
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Did you know that many kinds of snails are good to eat?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2. Snail meat tastes good and it is also good for you. If you have snail meat to eat, it will help to keep you and your family strong and healthy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p60a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Family kept strong and healthy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3. If you want to have snails to eat you can get them in different ways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4. Many people gather wild snails that live nearby. Sometimes you can buy snails at the market or from people who gather them to sell to others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5. You can also raise your own snails. This is called snail farming. Today, a great many people all over the world farm snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6. If you farm your own snails, you will always have a supply of fresh snail meat whenever you want it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7. Then, if your family is not too big and you grow more snails than you need to eat, you can sell what you do not use to your neighbours or at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Selling snails at the market&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8. With more food to eat and the money you get by selling snails, you and your family can live better.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9. However, if your family is big you will need to grow many more snails if you are going to have enough to eat and to sell at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ You need to grow more snails if your family is big&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">What do you need to start?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You will need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ enough snails to start your snail farm&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ a place near your house with the right kind of soil and the right amount of water for snails to live and grow&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ A place near your house&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the kinds of plants that snails need for food and shelter&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the materials to build a pen for the snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p62a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plants that snails need; The materials to build a pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;10. If you have or can get all of these things, you can raise snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Learning about snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;11. To farm snails is not hard; however, it is quite different from keeping chickens or ducks or from growing crops such as maize, rice, cassava or groundnuts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;12. Since farming snails is so different from other kinds of farming, you will have to learn a lot of new things.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;13. One way to learn about snails so that you will be able to farm them is to watch the wild snails that live near you.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p62b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Watch the wild snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;14. Try to see how they live, how they move and where they go, what plants they like best and what they eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;15. You can learn many things by watching wild snails that will help you later if you decide to start a snail farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p63a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wild snail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;16. Another way to learn about snails is to ask an older farmer who knows a lot about your area. If there are people near you who gather snails to sell to others, they may be able to help you.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;17. In the next part of this booklet, you will begin to learn some things that you need to know to farm snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">What kind of snails can you farm?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;18. The kind of snails that you can farm are snails that live on land, and there are many kinds of land snails that are good to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;19. However, some kinds of land snails are not good to eat and they may even make you very, very sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;20. So, you must be very careful when you choose snails to farm. If you are not sure that a snail is good to eat, do not use it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p63b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Do not use snail unless you are sure it is good to eat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;21. Now look at the drawings on pages 8 to 11 and you will see four kinds of good snails that live in different places.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;22. You may be able to find one of these kinds of snails where you live. Notice that two of them are small and two of them are large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;23. The smaller kinds of snails, shown on pages 8 and 9, can often be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;24. The larger kinds of snails, shown on pages 10 and 11, can often be found in places where it is warm all year round.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix pomatia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of small snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 15 to 25 grams and measures from 40 to 50 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a strong shell which is pale brown and off- white&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in two to three years if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from 30 to 50 eggs each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix Pomatia - 30 to 50 small eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix aspersa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of small snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can often be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 4 to 20 grams and measures from 30 to 45 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a weak shell with broken stripes which are light brown to black&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in one year if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from 40 to 170 eggs one to three times each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix aspersa - 40 to 170 small eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Achatina achatina&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of large snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can often be found in places where it is warm all year round&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 150 to 200 grams or more and measures from 90 to 130 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a very strong brown shell&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in two years if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from 100 to 300 eggs one to two times each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Achatina achatina - 100 to 300 small eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Archchatina marginata&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of large snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can often be found in places where it is warm all year round&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 150 to 200 grams or more and measures from 90 to 130 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a very strong brown shell&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in two years if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from five to ten eggs four to eight times each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Archchatina marginata - five to ten large eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;25. If you cannot get one of these snails, you may be able to get others very much like them where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;26. There are many other kinds of good snails. There may even be several kinds of good snails that are eaten where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;27. If snails are eaten where you live, you can farm one of these. Then you will be sure that it is good to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Where can you get snails?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;28. When you are ready to get snails, perhaps you can get them by gathering wild snails that live near you.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p66a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Gathering wild snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;29. Perhaps you can buy them from people who gather wild snails to sell to others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p66b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Buying from one who gathers wild snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;30. You may even be able to buy them from another snail farmer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p66c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Buying from another snail farmer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Never term snails that you buy at the market. Snails at the market may have been washed, kept too cold or hurt and they may die soon.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Where can you farm snails?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;31. A good place for a snail farm is one where there already are snails. If there already are snails, you will know that the soil and the water in the soil are right for snails to live and grow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;32. However, if there are no snails near where you live it does not mean that you cannot raise snails there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;33. If you have the right kind of soil with the right amount of water, you can bring good snails from another place to start your snail farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The soil and the water in the soil</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;34. Soil is important for snails. Part of the time they live on the soil and part of the time they live in the soil, and to live well, snails need good soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p67a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail on the soil; Snail in the soil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;35. When snails are not on the soil or in the soil, they are on plants which grow in the soil. So, the soil must also be good for the kinds of plants that snails need.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p67b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail on plant&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;36. When snails are in the soil, they are resting or laying their eggs. If the soil has the right amount of water, snails will live well, the eggs they lay will hatch well and the baby snails will come out of the soil easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;37. Snails cannot live in hard soil such as heavy clay soils. When heavy clay soil is too dry, snails cannot dig into it to rest and lay their eggs. When heavy clay is too wet, snails and the eggs they lay may die.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;38. Snails cannot live in loose soil such as soils that have a lot of sand. Sandy soils do not hold enough water for snail eggs to hatch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;39. The drawings on the next page show how a snail digs a hole, lays its eggs, closes the hole and how the baby snails come out when they have hatched.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;40. Snails need calcium from the soil to make their shells. All snails grow better and have stronger shells when there is a lot of calcium in the soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;41. So, if you are going to farm snails, you must have a good medium soil that has neither too much clay nor too much sand. It must also have enough calcium and the right amount of water for your snails to live and grow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If you have a garden, you can easily tell if your soll is good for snails. If your green leafy vegetables grow well, snails will also grow well in the same kind of soil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails will grow well in a garden&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 snail digging a hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 1 snail digging a hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 laying the eggs and closing the hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail laying eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 baby snails hatching and coming out of the hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Baby snails hatching and coming out of the hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Plants for food and plants for shelter</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;42. Snails need plants for both food and sheller. Most kinds of snails use several kinds for food and several other kinds for shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p69a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plants for food and plants for shelter&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;43. They may also use different plants for food and shelter at different times of the year. Sometimes during the growing season snails eat and find shelter on the same plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;44. Snails usually hide on shelter plants during the day when it is dry and move to food plants to eat at night or early in the morning when they are wet with dew. However, sometimes snails do eat during the day after it has rained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;45. If you live in a place which has a season when plants do not grow, snails will dig into the soil to rest and they do not eat then.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;46. During the growing season snails will eat a lot and grow very fast if they have food plants that they like.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;47. So, before you begin you will have to find out exactly what plants they like to eat. To do this you will have to watch snails at night when they eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p69b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ See what snails eat at night&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;48. You can tell that snails are eating when you see their heads moving as they scrape food into their mouths. You can also tell when a snail has been eating by the holes it makes in the leaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p69c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail on leaf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;49. You will also have to find out what plants they like for shelter. To do this you will have to watch snails during the day when they rest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p70a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ See where snails rest during the day&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50. It is often difficult to find snails on shelter plants because they are hiding. So, you will have to look very carefully.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p70b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails are hiding on shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;51. In addition to the food plants, there are many other kinds of foods that you can put into a pen for your snails to eat. You will learn about these foods and when you should use them in the next booklet in this series.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dew and rain</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;52. Dew at night in the growing season helps the plants to grow and makes the leaves and the ground wet so that snails can move about.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;53. Rain in the growing season also helps the plants to grow and it cleans the plants of dust and the dirt that snails leave when they move about. The dirt that snails leave may make them sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;54. So, it is very important that the food and shelter plants are wet and clean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;55. When the leaves are wet, snails move easily, eat more and grow well. When the leaves are dry, snails move very little, or not at all, and they grow poorly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p70c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wet leaves are good for snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;56. When it rains and the plants are clean, the snails will be healthy. When it does not rain and the plants are dirty, the snails may get sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57. Dew and rain also keep the ground moist so that the snails can move easily and dig into it to rest and to lay their eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;58. In the next booklet, you will be told how to wet the leaves of plants and moisten the ground when it is too dry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Land that is wet</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;59. Land that is very wet, low land that does not drain well or land that floods in the rainy season is not good for snail farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p71a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Low, wet land is bad for snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Wind</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60. Wind during the growing season is bad because it dries the dew and dries out the snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p71b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wind is bad for snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;61. If you decide to farm snails, try to keep them in a place that is protected from the wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p71c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails should be farmed in a place protected from the wind&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Where do you keep snails when you farm them?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;62. If you decide to farm snails you must keep them in a pen. Snails kept in a well- built pen will not get away easily and you can watch them and take care of them well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;63. After the first year you will need at least two pens. If you decide to farm more snails you may want even more pens. You will learn how to use two or more pens in the next booklet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p72a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Two pens the second year&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;64. In each pen you can give your snails the right kinds of plants for them to eat and to use as shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;65. In each pen you can put the food and shelter plants near each other so that the snails can move easily from one to the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;66. Each pen you build must also keep the snails safe from their enemies. Snails have many enemies. You must be careful to protect them from&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ mice and rats&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ shrews and moles&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ walking insects that live on the ground such as ants and beetles&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ slugs and other snails that eat snail meat&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ birds that eat snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ frogs and toads&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ thieves&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p72b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Protect them fromâŠ&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;67. A snail pen can be small or large depending on how many snails you want to raise. However, when you first begin, start with a small pen. You will need fewer materials. It will be easier to take care of.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;68. In addition, with a small pen you will need fewer snails to begin. When you know more about raising snails, you can build a bigger pen and get more snails to raise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;69. A good size for a pen is 5 x 5 metres. Later in this booklet you will learn how to build a small pen of this size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How many snails will you need when you first begin?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70. If you are using small snails like those you have seen on pages 8 and 9 in this booklet, you will need more snails to begin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;71. If you are using large snails like those you have seen on pages 10 and 11 in this booklet, you will need fewer snails to begin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;72. With a pen of 5 x 5 metres (25 square metres) you will need&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 150 snails if you use the small kind (6 for each square metre)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 25 snails if you use the large kind (1 for each square metre).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p73a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 150 small snails; 25 large snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How much snail meat can you expect to get?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;73. The amount of snail meat that you will get from small snails will be about the same as what you would get from large snails. This is because you will use many more small snails than large snails and the meat will be about equal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;74. With one 5 x 5 metre pen you will get 12 to 13 kilograms of snail meat each year and with two 5 x 5 metre pens you will get 24 to 26 kilograms each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p73b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 12 to 13 kilograms each year; 24 to 26 kilograms each year&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Now you must decide</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;75. In the first part of this booklet you have learned many things about snails and farming snails. You have learned&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ why it is good to farm snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ what you need to farm snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ what kinds of snails you can farm&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to find plants near you that are good for food and shelter&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ what kind of soil and how much water in the soil snails need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ where to keep snails and how many you need to start&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;76. You may also have been able to learn a lot about snails by watching the wild snails near where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;77. An old farmer may have told you what he knows about snails. Someone who gathers snails to sell to others or another snail farmer may have helped you to learn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;78. So, now that you know a lot about snails it is time to decide if you would like to start your own snail farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;79. If you would like to begin you will learn exactly what to do in the rest of this booklet and in the next booklet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How to begin</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Choose a place on your land to put your snail farm</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;80. Try to choose a place that is close to your house. That way you will be able to watch your snails, protect them from their enemies and take care of them easily&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p74a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Close to your house&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;81. In Items 34 to 41 you were told that to farm snails you must have the right kind of soil with the right amount of water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;82. Remember, if green leafy vegetables grow well in your soil, snails will also grow well in the same kind of soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p74b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ If your garden grows well, so will your snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;83. In Items 59 to 61 you were told that low, wet land and wind are bad for snails. So, avoid low, wet places and try to put your snail farm where it is protected from the wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p75a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Avoid low, wet land; Find a place protected from wind&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;84. In Item 63 you were told that after the first year you will need at least two pens and later you may want even more. In Item 69 you were told that it is best to start with a small pen of 5 x 5 metres.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;85. So, try to find a place where you can put at least two or three 5 x 5 metre pens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p75b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ two or three 5 x 5 metre pens&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Clean the site and prepare the ground</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;86. Clean the site and prepare the ground a little before the growing season so that you can build the pen in time to plant the food and shelter plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;87. First, mark out a square of 8 x 8 metres on the place that you have chosen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p75c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark and clear the 8 x 8 metre square&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;88. That way, with a pen of 5 x 5 metres in the centre of the square, you will have a path of 1.5 metres all the way around it (see Item 92). If you have enough land, the path can be even wider.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;89. Clear the square of trees, bushes grass, creeping grass and weeds. Take away all of the roots and the big stones that you can.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p76a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take away roots and big stones&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90. Spread the plant material that you have cleaned evenly on the ground and cover the whole square. If there is not enough, bring more plant material from another place.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p76b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cover the square with plant materials&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;91. When the plant material is dry, burn it. This will kill the insects, the weed seeds and the roots of creeping grass, and rid the ground of mice, rats and shrews.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p76c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Burn the plant materials&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insecticides and poisons can also be used to rid your pen of insects, mice, rats and other enemies of snails. However, if you use them, do not use them by yourself because they are very dangerous. Ask someone who knows how to use them, such as your extension agent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;92. Now mark out a smaller square of 5 x 5 metres inside the big square. This is for your first snail pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p77a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark the 5 x 5 metre square&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;93. Dig the ground in the smaller square to a depth of 20 centimetres and turn it over well. As you dig, remove any rubbish or roots that you find.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p77b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Dig in the ground&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94. While you are digging, if you see any more insects or any of the enemies of snails, bring more dry plant material and burn the ground again. To farm snails, the area must be free of insects, mice, rats and other enemies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;95. When you have finished digging, the ground in the 5 x 5 metre square should be as smooth and well worked as it would be if you were planting a vegetable garden.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p77c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The 5 x 5 metre square should be smooth&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;96. However, do not use any fertilizer, animal manure or compost as you might with a vegetable garden. Fertilizers may burn the snails and animal manure or compost may bring in insects and weed seeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Building a pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;97. Build a pen for your snails as soon as you can after you have burned the plant material. This is to keep other insects, mice, rats or shrews from getting into your pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;98. A snail pen is a simple fenced- in area and you can build a fence using&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ woven plant material&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ woven plant material with chicken wire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p78a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Materials for fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Using corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;99. A fence of corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets makes the best pen for snails because it keeps out their enemies very well. However, sheet metal or plastic costs a lot of money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p78b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ A fence of corrugated sheet metal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;100. If you are going to build a pen using corrugated metal or plastic, you must build it in such a way that the enemies of snails cannot get in between the sheets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Using woven plant material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;101. To save money, you can build a fence of woven plant material such as split bamboo. If the woven material is tight, it will keep out enough of enemies for you to farm snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Using woven plant material with chicken wire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;102. If you can get fine- mesh chicken wire, you can improve a fence that is made of woven material.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Chicken wire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;103. To do this, first make the fence of chicken wire and then cover it with woven material.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ First use chicken wire then cover it with woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;104. The chicken wire will keep out rats and other small animals. The woven plant material will keep most of the insects out and keep the snails in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Keep out small animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With any kind of pen animals such as rats may get in, and this is especially true with pens made only of woven plant material. So, you must always watch for rats and other animals and keep them out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How to build the fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;105. Build the fence as you would any fence, by driving posts into the ground. Use posts 1.40 metres long. When the posts are in place they should be 1.00 metre above and 0.40 metre below the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p80a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Drive posts into the ground&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;106. Whatever material you use for the fence of your pen, it should be buried 0.40 metre below the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;107. If you are using woven material you will have to change the bottom of the fence when it rots.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;108. This can be done more easily by making the woven material in two parts, one for the top and one for the bottom. When the bottom part rots, you can change it without having to change the whole fence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p80b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Attach top parts first; attach bottom parts second&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Keeping your snails in the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;109. Many of your snails may crawl over the fence and get out of the pen. If you build a flap on the inside at the top of the fence, it will be more difficult for your snails to get out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;110. However, even with a flap some snails may get out, and for this reason many snail farmers put two flaps on their fence. With two flaps they find that fewer snails get out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p81a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ With two flaps, your snails will not easily crawl out of the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If you make your pen using galvanized sheet metal, you will not need flaps. Snails will not crawl on galvanized sheet metal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;111. The drawings show you how to build a 5 x 5 metre pen using woven plant material, with and without chicken wire and how to build flaps to keep your snails in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p81b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ How to build a 5 x 5 metre small pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 if you are using woven material only, attach it as you were told to do in Item 108&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Attach woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 If you are using chicken wire and woven material, attach the chicken wire first and then the woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Attach the chicken material first&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 be sure that the fence cover goes all the way to the bottom of the 0.40- m trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 0.40- m trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6 fill in the trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Fill in the trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7 attach the flaps to the inside of the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note: use woven material 0.25 m wide for the flaps&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8 first attach the bottom flap using heavy cord&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p83a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Use heavy cord&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9 then attach the top flap&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Plant the food and shelter plants</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;112. You have already been told that you should clean and prepare the site and build your snail pen in time for the planting season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;113. If it has been only a short time since you dug the ground and worked the soil in your pen, you can begin to plant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;114. If it has been a long time, dig and work the soil again before you plant. However, as you were told in Item 96, do not use fertilizer, animal manure or compost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;115. Now you can begin to plant the food and shelter plants. Remember that you should use&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ plants that grow well where you live&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ plants that last a long time&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ plants that snails like&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;116. The drawings, show you two ways to plant food and shelter plants in a 5 x 5 metre pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;117. On pages 50 to 55 you will see some food and shelter plants that snails are known to like. Look at them carefully. Perhaps you can find some of them where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two ways plant food and shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 if your shelter plants are small, plant your pen like this&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark three places for small shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 plant the shelter plants first and then plant the food plants all around the shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ First plant the shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 if your shelter plants are large, plant your pen like this&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark only one place for large shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 plant the shelter plants first and then plant the food plants all around the shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Leave a path inside the fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RAMPE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p85a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Some plants for food&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rape is one of many kinds of smooth- leaved cabbage. It grows from seed and lasts a number of months. Rape is the best food plant for Helix snails (see pages 8 and 9 in this booklet). Many of the other kinds of smooth- leaved cabbage also make good food plants for snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p85b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Rape&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AFRICAN SPINACH (Amaranthus)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This green leafy vegetable is a good food plant for young Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, if you plant African spinach for your snails, they will need other kinds of food plants as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p85c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ African spinach&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PAPAYA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You have already been told that snails can be given food to eat other than the food plants that you have planted in the pen (see also Items 175 to 179 in the next booklet). The tender green leaves and cut- up fruit of the papaya tree are very good for Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, the papaya should not be planted inside the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p86a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Papaya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HORSE- RADISH&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Horse- radish is a good food and shelter plant for young Helix snails. However, when they are older they will need other kinds of food plants as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p86b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Horse- Radish&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEAF BEET&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leaf beet grows well from seed and lives for one year. It can be used with He/ix snails for both food and for shelter. As a food plant alone it is not the best and you will have to give your snails other food plants as well. However, as a shelter plant it is very good for Helix snails. These snails lay eggs under the beet plants and find shelter around the roots in cold weather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p86c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Leaf Beet&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BURDOCK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burdock grows from seed and lives for more than a year. It grows very slowly and you should plant it as soon as you can so that it can grow big enough for your snails. However, once it has grown it makes a good food and shelter plant for almost any kind of snail.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p87a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Burdock&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BANANA and LOOFAH&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banana and loofah plants together provide both food and shelter for Achatina and Archachatina snails. Ripe bananas can be cut up and fed to the snails and they can use the loofah plant for food and for shelter. However, your snails will need other food plants as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p87b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Banana and Loofah&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PLANTAGO&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Plantago grows well from seed and lasts about two years. It is the best shelter plant for Helix snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p87c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plantago&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ASPARAGUS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asparagus lives for many years and it is a good shelter plant for young Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, it is not good for older snails because they are too heavy for asparagus plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When are the plants big enough for food and for shelter?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;118. The food plants must be big enough to feed your snails and the shelter plants tall enough to cover them and to protect them from the sun.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;119. Depending on the kind of snails that you are raising, most plants will be big enough after they have been growing for about five to six weeks or when they have reached a height of 10 to 20 centimetres.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p88a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plants will grow to a height of 10 to 20 cm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;120. When you are sure that the plants are big enough to provide food and shelter, you can begin to collect the snails and put them into the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;121. In Booklet No. 34, Farming snails 2, you will learn&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to choose good snails and how to put them in the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to take care of your snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when and how to harvest snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to prepare snails for cooking&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;122. You will also be told some things that you can do to improve your snail farm so that later when you have more experience you can raise more and better snails.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH7ef9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH7ef9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASH7ef9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1149 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b20cre/b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">125734</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b20cre/b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b20cre/b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Managing Tropical Animal Resources - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Managing Tropical Animal Resources - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (b20cre)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215022</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7ef9.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">b20a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of International Affairs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Cooperation with the Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Washington, D.C. 1983&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development(BOSTID) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panel on Crocodile Farming&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HOWARD W. CAMPBELL (deceased) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, Jr., Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Director, Florida Museum, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS, Furzebrook Research Station, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Wareham, Dorset, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT M. PYLE, Species Conservation Monitoring Unit, Cambridge, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS, Representative, The Asia Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CAROL GABARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WASSAM GABARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KAROL KISOKAU, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Waigani &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAVU KWAPENA, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MIRO LAUFA, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GREG MITCHELL, Crocodile Farm, Lae &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEO NING, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Wewak &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MIGUEE AEVAREZE DEE TORO, Instituto de Historia Natural, Departamento de Zoologia, Chiapas, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGUS D'A.BELLAIRS, Department of Anatomy, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, University of London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER BRAZAITIS, Department of Herpetology, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H.CHABRECK, Louisiana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MAX C.DOWNES, The Game Conservation Centre, Melbourne, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KARLHEINZ FUCHS, hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAIRE HACEN, Reptile Products Association, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RENEE.HONEGGER, Zurich Zoo, Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TED JOANEN, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Chenier, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN LEVER, Koorana Crocodile Farm, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM MAGNUSSON, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonia, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRY MESSEE, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRED PARKER, Kirwan Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTHONY POOLEY, St. Lucia Estuary, Zululand, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES A.ROSS, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.B.SALE, UNDP/FAO Crocodile Breeding and Management Project, Hyderabad, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LUISVARONA, La Habana, Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHAROON YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm, Samutprakan, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UTAl YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm, Samutprakan, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MYRNA WATANABE, Co-editor of ICUN Newsleter, Brooklyn, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROMULUS WHITAKER, Guindy Deer Park, Madras, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Crocodile Study Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council Staff&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY lANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE REGES, Administrative Secretary&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This publication is dedicated to the memory of panel member Howard W. &quot;Duke&quot; Campbell who devoted most of his professional life to the conservation of crocodilians. Dr. Campbell was Chairman of the Crocodilian Specialist Group of the Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources at the time of his death in 1981.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel that produced this report met in Papua New Guinea in May 1981. Its purpose was to consider the principles of the Papua New Guinea crocodile farming program and their implications for economic development and for the management and survival of crocodilians elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles are an integral part of the tropical fauna; they are ecologically important, biologically interesting, and, potentially, a renewable natural resource of considerable economic value. The panel hopes that through this report the possibility of saving and managing this animal throughout the tropics can be better assessed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members of the panel consulted officials of the Ministry of Wildlife and Conservation in Port Moresby and visited crocodile farms in Moitaka, Popondetta, and Lae. The panel is grateful to Karol Kisokau, Navu Kwapena, and Miro Laufa of the Division of Wildlife for arranging its itinerary and visits in Papua New Guinea. It also wishes to thank Yano Belo, Minister of Environment, for hosting an evening social at the Moitaka crocodile farm; Greg Mitchell and his wife Judy, who entertained the panel at their home in Lae and conducted a tour of their company's crocodile farm; and Wassam and Carol Gabara who acted as guides and hosts in Popondetta.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, is assessing scientific and technological advances that might prove especially applicable to problems of developing countries. This report is one of a series that explores promising areas of science previously unknown, neglected, or overlooked. Current titles in the ACT! series on Managing Tropical Animal Resources include:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These activities are supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Program costs for this study were sponsored by AID'S Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which also made possible the free distribution of this report. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials ( Present-day crocodilians are grouped into three families: crocodiles, alligators and caimans, and gavials (gharials). The animals differ from one another only in minor characters such as shape of snout, arrangement of scutes, and dental features. This report focuses mainly on crocodile species, but its conclusions are generally applicable to alligators, caimans, and gavials.) have existed for some 200 million years - much longer than mammals - but they are now disappearing at alarming rates. Of the 21 or so species of crocodilians distributed in the warm waters of the world, at least 18 are threatened with extinction in most of the countries where they are found.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although some species, such as the American alligator, appear to be out of danger because of strict conservation measures, many of the others survive mostly in national parks, protected preserves, or a few breeding stations. This is true for the slender-spouted crocodiles of Africa and Asia, the saltwater crocodile of Australia and Southeast Asia, the black caiman and Orinoco crocodile of South America, the Chinese alligator, the Siamese crocodile, and other species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat destruction is a major contributor to crocodilian decline; each year more breeding areas are disturbed as swamps and marshlands are drained, rivers dammed, estuaries reclaimed, and riverine forests denuded. However, illegal poaching by tribal people with their simple but effective traps, snares, and set hooks, as well as professional hunters operating with power boats, spotlights, and modern firearms are also decimating the animals over most of their ranges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To a large extent these animals are being destroyed because of their market value. Crocodile is regarded as the costliest and most fashionable leather in western markets. Since World War II, demand for crocodile leather shoes, handbags, luggage, wallets, watchbands, and other expensive luxury articles has far exceeded supply. Even small items such as purses and handbags sell for many hundreds of dollars each. For instance, a ladies' purse or handbag made from crocodile skin can command prices as high as $4,000. A pair of men's shoes may cost from $500 to $900, and a wallet from $150 to $250.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The crocodile trade peaked in the mid-1960s, when world markets absorbed more than 2 million crocodile skins each year. Today it is still large. In 1979, for instance, 1,000,000 caiman hides and 300,000 true crocodile hides entered international commerce. In 1981 the United States itself imported 100,000 hides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International markets for reptile hides and leathers are centered in France, Italy, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Japan. France, the single largest buyer of raw crocodilian hides, uses an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 skins a year. The major buyers of finished crocodile leather products are Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand, Singapore, and the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unrestricted hunting and poaching for hides are wiping out the large breeding animals. Excessive hunting has a devastating effect on crocodile populations because their age distribution is like a pyramid: a small number of breeding animals dominates a large number of juveniles and hatchlings, most of which never survive to maturity. Such societies, in which the size of future populations depends on only a few animals, are highly vulnerable to extinction; once some of the mature members are killed the population can crash. And it takes a long time for a crocodilian population to rebuild because for most large species the females do not begin breeding until they are at least 8 years old.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rearing Crocodiles&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there may seem to be no future for many crocodile populations, the situation is not hopeless. With intelligent intervention and under good conditions they can recover rapidly. Mature crocodiles have no enemies other than man, and, given some care and protection, a small number of breeders can produce a huge number of progeny each year. Mature females of the various crocodilian species usually lay between 30 and 70 eggs each year, and under normal conditions most of these eggs hatch successfully. The key to conserving the population is to protect the few mature animals and their habitats. Then, because of their fecundity, crocodilians can rapidly build up large numbers of young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This has been exemplified by the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Ten years ago its future seemed doubtful, but the legal protection of the populations has brought a remarkable recovery. Numbers are now so high that two states have lifted the ban on harvesting alligators, and between lo,ooo and 20,000 American alligator hides now enter commerce each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The past few decades have seen several other examples of successful crocodile-rearing projects. Later chapters of this book highlight the national program in Papua New Guinea. In addition, three successful government-operated farms exist in India (where all the progeny is returned to the wild because current Indian law prohibits commercial crocodile farms). A remarkable farm with more than 3,000 breeding animals operates on the outskirts of Bangkok, Thailand. Australia has four crocodile farms, and a few African countries now have crocodile farms that are already beginning to supply hides internationally. For example, in 1982 Zambia had two such farms, Zimbabwe, five, South Africa, four (with five more planned or under construction), and Kenya, one. Appendix A lists these and other countries that are initiating farms for various crocodilian species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The early technical success of these projects offers the expectation that with an appropriate framework of safeguards and research, crocodiles might become a thriving resource for tropical nations. If such experiences can be replicated, crocodilians and their habitats may come to be considered as resources to be managed and treasured. This will require considerable investment, strict legislation and law enforcement, and international cooperation and research, as well as careful monitoring of the traffic in farmed hides. But national crocodile industries are a possibility, and they could result in thriving natural populations that are free from the danger of extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such prospects may also provide economic incentives for preserving the often-fragile ecosystem in which wild crocodilians live. Crocodile farming could play a part by slowing the uncontrolled draining of swamps and other wetlands that cover large areas of the lowland humid tropics of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles as a managed resource could economically benefit remote areas of the lowland tropics. Villagers there often have few alternative sources of income and possibilities for economic development are limited. Because the human population is relatively sparse, few opportunities exist for local trading; even where fish are abundant the problems of marketing are formidable. Indeed, in some areas crocodiles may constitute the only readily salvable resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles as Farm Animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Well-fed crocodiles grow quickly. Under ideal conditions they may reach lengths of 1 m or more in a year and 1.5 m in 2 years. They are normally harvested in the third year when they reach about 2 m in length. In this time their value may have risen from about $5 to as much as $200.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles have acquired a reputation as voracious feeders; investigations reveal this to be false. The animals actually have modest food requirements. Many hatchling animals have a food conversion rate of about 50 percent; that is, the crocodile adds 1 kg of weight for every 2 kg of food it consumes. Cattle, sheep, and pigs would have to eat 3-5 times as much food to achieve the same weight increase. After 2 years the crocodile's growth rate begins to slow down. During the third year the conversion falls to about 25 or 30 percent, which is still a high figure, and makes crocodiles probably the most nutritionally efficient land animal for commercial husbandry. Only the growth of some fish is comparable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The high food conversion efficiency is due to the fact that crocodiles have low metabolic rates and are normally extremely lethargic. They are active only in short bursts, spend hours immobile, and move only about one-third as much as mammals. Moreover, being reptiles, they spend almost no food energy maintaining body temperature. They bask in the sun to keep warm and seek shade or water to cool off. For these reasons crocodilians can thrive in marginal habitats unsuitable for mammals or birds (Investigations on the Nile crocodile showed that a pelican takes 3 days to consume food equal to its own weight, whereas a crocodile takes 125-160 days - Cott, 1961.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming is also space efficient. As long as they are sorted by size, hundreds of juveniles or dozens of larger animals can be penned together in a small area. Indeed crocodiles often choose to pile up on top of one another in stacks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about disease in reptiles. However, as farm animals, crocodiles have a major advantage: they produce antibodies readily and have few problems with external infections. In the wild it is common to find crocodiles missing limbs or tips of tails, with eyes gouged out, or enormous scars on the body. But the wounds heal readily, with little sign of infection (The American alligator is being used at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine as a model for studies on antibody formation.). This minimizes the need for veterinary services, a distinct benefit in remote village farms. Nevertheless, internal bacterial diseases, such as salmonella, can get out of hand and destroy a program by reducing growth rates, lowering hide quality, or killing the animals outright.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile Hides&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is the belly skin that is the valuable part of a crocodile, and the worth of a hide is determined by the size of the belly skin, the smallness of its scales, and the hide's general condition. (Holes, cuts, scars, and rot drastically reduce its value.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although international markets utilize any crocodile skin from 0.3 m to 6 m long, the most sought-after hides are not the biggest but the moderate-sized ones from animals about 1.5-2 m long. These hides are approximately 25-50 cm in belly width.( A crocodile's total length is approximately 4-4.5 times the width of its belly). Large hides, for example those more than 3 or 4 m in length, are suitable only for luggage and briefcases because their scales are large. Smaller hides, on the other hand, are suitable both for items such as shoes, handbags, and wallets and for larger items.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Internationally, the most desirable hides come from the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). It has proportionally the smallest belly scales of any crocodile, it lacks osteoderms,(Osteoderms are deposits of calcium carbonate under the skin. They are undesirable because they dissolve away during the tanning process, leaving a pitted surface),and on the side of its body the scales are uniformly small. The next most valuable hides probably come from Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii), the American alligator, the Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis), and the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rest of this report highlights the program in Papua New Guinea, where during the last 10 years the government has made crocodile rearing an organized industry, much as poultry farming is elsewhere. This program, which is beginning to establish crocodiles as a significant natural asset, is designed both to protect the wild populations and to integrate traditional uses of these reptiles into a scientifically managed hide industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Papua New Guinea crocodile farming (In the official terminology of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Papua New Guinea program is &quot;ranching&quot; rather than &quot;farming&quot; because the young livestock are mostly culled from wild populations and are not bred on the farm) has become the cornerstone for the economic improvement of some of the world's poorest people. It offers a means for bringing the rural poor into the process of economic development, and it can be blended into a traditional village structure where land and resources may be communally owned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The projects are small and many have had operational difficulties, but they suggest that conservation and economic development can be not only compatible, but also mutually reinforcing. The innovative idea is not that crocodiles can bring in money, but that sound conservation can be blended with marketing crocodile skins, meat, and by-products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important aspect of this approach to crocodile conservation is that it is based on protecting the existing landscape and resources. It provides a tool for conserving the species in their own wild habitats so that survival will not depend on a few captive specimens living under artificial conditions. It requires none of the bush clearing, fencing, forage planting or pesticide spraying that domestic animals often demand ,important advantages in an economic development project in a fragile tropical swamp or rain forest ecosystem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Papua New Guinea approach, then, provides an economic incentive for wildlife protection. Everyone ,from the villager to the minister of trade ,has a stake in keeping the wild populations healthy. Out of self-interest, in addition to natural respect, large numbers of people become the guardians of the resource and the habitat needed to keep it surviving and productive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The world's major conservation organizations have given Papua New Guinea's crocodile program their stamp of approval. In 1976 a team of scientists representing the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, one of the most prestigious conservation organizations in the world, inspected the program. As a result, Papua New Guinea was given special dispensation, and its crocodile skins can be legally traded internationally. For example, because of its endangered status the saltwater crocodile is banned from trade by the Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). An exemption, however, is granted to Papua New Guinea in recognition of the fact that its crocodiles now are sufficiently well managed to sustain a skin industry without seriously damaging the wild stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This program serves as a model for nations of the Americas, Asia, and Africa where crocodilian resources are still unmanaged or managed poorly. Crocodiles are being destroyed so fast that within about five years Papua New Guinea and other countries that have organized crocodile farming operations may be the only ones supplying significant numbers of skins to the international market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the principles developed in Papua New Guinea deserve international attention, the recipe will not be a cure-all for problems of rural development or crocodile conservation. Instead, the Papua New Guinea experience suggests that local social, political, economic, and conservation goals can become the impetus for a successful blend of village improvement and wildlife protection.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Crocodile Farming in Papua New Guinea</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As recently as the l950s, crocodiles were abundant in Papua New Guinea. Hunting was a major occupation and was unrestricted. Some Australians and Europeans made fortunes by shooting thousands of crocodiles a year to make shoes and handbags in Europe and North America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it was obvious that wild populations could not sustain such wholesale slaughter, the destruction continued. By 1967 both the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and the freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae) were threatened with extinction. By 1968, despite increased hunting, the yield of skins had dropped in half; along the easily accessible river systems, crocodile populations had been wiped out. By 1969 the saltwater crocodile had disappeared from much of its range throughout the country, and wildlife officers estimated that without protection most specimens of breeding size would be eliminated within five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But how could crocodiles be protected? Papua New Guinea is divided by mountain ranges, ravines, torrential rivers, forests, seas, malarial swamps, and more than 700 languages. It would take hundreds of trained wildlife officers to enforce a ban on crocodile hunting, particularly in the face of opposition from tribesmen who have traditionally harvested crocodiles for food, decorative items, and implements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge was given to the officers of the Wildlife Division. Under the leadership of Max C. Downes, these officials concluded that the best way to protect crocodile populations was to halt the slaughter of the large breeding adults and build up a new hide industry based on the increased numbers of young that would result.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Few young crocodiles ever reach breeding age in the wild. The tiny, virtually defenseless hatchlings are easy prey for large fish, birds, or other crocodiles. Almost all of them are killed by predators or by other natural causes, such as floods..&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main areas of crocodile distribution in Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What was needed, the wildlife officers concluded, were incentives to make these smaller animals economically attractive, incentives to encourage local people to raise small crocodiles to commercial size. If that could be accomplished, hundreds of hatchlings that would normally perish could be utilized without endangering the wild populations' future. Villagers could benefit by selling skins while the vital breeding-sized animals were being left alone to provide more hatchlings. The system could benefit both the villagers and the vulnerable crocodile populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/b20a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Main areas of crocodile distribution in Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The idea was viable partly because many Papua New Guineans - particularly those of the Sepik and Fly Rivers - have ancient spiritual and cultural attachments to crocodiles. To them, the idea of handling and managing the animals is not unusual. Crocodile motifs are common in their art and they live in harmony with the big beasts and do not consider them dangerous pests to be eliminated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legislation passed by the Papua New Guinea government in 1969 capitalized on this tradition by making the villagers themselves the real force in crocodile protection. The law did not ban crocodile hunting, but instead banned the possession, sale, and export of skins larger than 20 inches (51 cm) wide. In this way, it protected breeding-sized animals while allowing for the harvest of juveniles. It also allowed a person to kill a crocodile if attacked (but barred the selling of the skin, if it were oversized).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1980, the legislation was supplemented by a law banning the export of small skins. Together, the bans on possessing large skins and exporting small skins have created a stimulus for gathering small crocodiles from the wild and rearing them to moderate size on farms. The legislation has been the impetus for crocodile farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming officially started in Papua New Guinea in 1972. In the late 1970s, it was extensively supported by a UNDP/FAO assistance program that provided personnel and funds for technical support and program management. Today there are about 300 small village farms (The numbers vary, since some villagers go in and out of production depending on their need for income, seasonal variation in river levels, the cost of fuel, and the availability of government extension agents) supplying a number of larger business groups that rear crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife officers now teach crocodile farming, not crocodile conservation per se. They have introduced crocodile-rearing techniques to villagers all over Papua New Guinea. They help build pens and teach tribesmen how to care for the young reptiles, which are so vulnerable and timid that they can literally die of fright.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government loans of up to US$10,000, along with matching development bank loans, are available to help a farmer enter the crocodile farming business. The funds pay for pumps for changing the water in the pens and sometimes for an outboard motor used in gathering young crocodiles. Everything else a villager needs can be obtained from the forest, including materials for pen construction; a small farm can therefore be established inexpensively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Three Types of Farms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government's crocodile management program recognizes three levels of operation: village farms (up to 300 crocodiles), small-business farms (up to 1,000 crocodiles), and large-business farms (more than 1,000 crocodiles).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A village crocodile farm consists of a small pen fenced with posts lashed together with vines. This stockade fence is about 1.5 m high and is sunk about 60 cm in the ground so the crocodiles cannot burrow out. Much of the enclosure is planted with grass, cassava, and banana trees to provide secluded areas where the animals, which regulate their body temperature by the warmth of the sun, can find shade. A shallow pool is excavated in the center.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These village farms are usually run by only one or two people. Many are little more than pens scattered in the remote bush for holding young crocodiles until a buyer from a larger farm comes around. Small crocodiles bring less money than medium-sized animals, but the villager avoids having to feed and care for them for a long period.(Because of operational difficulties, many village farms were abandoned in 1982. Lack of proper husbandy - despite government efforts - were the main reason for these difficulties. Most villagers now collect and hold young only until buyers from commercial farms arrive. However, they are still earning money from crocodiles, and the concept of fully functioning village farms remains valid for the future in Papua New Guinea, as well as for appropriate sites elsewhere). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The small-business farm usually consists of a group of enclosures (each about 6 m x 6 m) constructed of bush materials. It is typically located near an airstrip. It buys crocodiles from the village farmer and, in turn, supplies them to the larger farms, which sometimes dispatch aircraft to pick the animals up (Special cardboard shipping containers have been devised. They can be folded to make cylinders of various diameters to fit crocodiles of different sizes). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large-scale crocodile farms accommodate as many as 20,000 crocodiles and require a large investment. They serve to regulate the export of skins and are the major purchasers of live crocodiles from the smaller farms. During periods of drought, flooding, or diminished food supplies, the large-scale farms also act as emergency buyers. On the outskirts of Lae on Papua New Guinea's northern coast, there is a 100-hectare farm with nearly 8,000 crocodiles. It is associated with a poultry company, and the crocodiles are raised on the offal from the slaughterhouse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government Research and Extension&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Wildlife Division has constructed four demonstration farms across the country and one large research farm at Moitaka near Port Moresby, the capital city. After training at one of these, a tribesman can start his own farm alone or can call on the government for further assistance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moitaka is also the site of short courses in crocodile farming. Prospective farmers are brought in for several weeks' training. They learn how to build pens, to feed and care for crocodiles, to kill and skin them, and to prepare the hides for market. They also learn about the crocodile laws and the reason they were enacted. A farm at Lake Murray, in a remote and swampy area of the Western Province, serves the same purpose. It is built entirely from bush materials (see picture, pp. 6-7).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Wildlife Division provides instruction books, profusely illustrated for the illiterate. The books include vivid descriptions of all phases of farming the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic Gains&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 10 years, crocodile rearing has expanded remarkably in Papua New Guinea. It has already become the main source of income for the people of some swamp and river areas. The Ambunti area, for example, produces coffee and rice, but crocodile skins now bring in much of the area's income. By 1981 the farms nationwide contained a total of 30,000 crocodiles, ensuring a sustained production of at least 10,000 skins a year worth approximately US$ 1-2 million on the international market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because crocodiles are a familiar resource, villagers take to the program quickly. By contrast, introducing cattle or western-style crop raising requires massive education and training, in addition to some social and environmental disruption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On government farms in Papua New Guinea, fish-fed crocodiles have increased their belly width by 25 cm per year and are ready for slaughter in 2-3 years when the width approaches 50 cm. The selling price of the skin is then between $100 and $200, depending on species, flaws, and size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But skins are not the only product. A crocodile with a skin big enough to market can provide 20 kg of meat. The meat is white and is low in fat. Papua New Guinea is a net importer of meat, and crocodile farming is now augmenting local supplies. The large farm at Lae already sells frozen crocodile meat (including front and hind legs, tail steaks, ribs, and chops) both locally and on foreign markets. Some orders have come in from dealers in Paris who supply expensive French restaurants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 Conclusions</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benefits of Crocodile Farming&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming seems to be singularly appropriate for rural, isolated, lowland communities in the tropics. The land there is often unsuitable for conventional agriculture, and the people lead a tenuous existence or drift to the cities looking for work. In such areas, there are few opportunities for people to earn cash without drastic and expensive modifications to the environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming has many advantages over hunting the animal in the wild. For instance, crocodiles farms can:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Permit government monitoring of the crocodile industry. (Hunters are more difficult to regulate since they work in remote areas, often undetected and crossing borders at will.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yield a regular harvest of a specific number of animals of a selected size.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Produce a standardized, premium product that better serves the needs of the international hide industry, making skins poached from the wild less desirable. (They may provide, for instance, a standard first grade 1-1.5 m long hide rather than hides of mixed size and quality.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Reduce the wasteful losses of hides from improper handling, the fate of a high proportion of skins now brought in from the wild.(*In remote areas, salt may become scarce late in the season as it is used for hides. This often results in insufficient salt being used when the supply runs out and hides subsequently rot or &quot;slip&quot;. In some isolated areas, as much as 25 percent of the hides are lost or downgraded because of improper curing for lack of salt. However, skins produced on farms, especially near urban areas or large villages, are usually properly salted; if salt becomes scarce, killing of the animals can be delayed) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Educate the public about crocodile ecology and the animal's importance to the habitat and the local economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Provide sites for scientific studies on crocodilians. Studies conducted on alligators at the Rockefeller Refuge in Louisiana, USA, for example, have provided reproductive, nutritional, and growth data directed specifically towards developing efficient farming techniques.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For some farms the earnings from hides, meat, and by-products may be supplemented by tourism (through gate admissions and the sale of curios), as well as by selling eggs and young to other farms for breeding stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A long-term program of wise utilization of crocodiles can benefit governments by providing revenue from hides, curios, craftwork, and manufactured articles, as well as from export duties. Furthermore, in their natural state in parks and preserves, crocodiles are an important tourist attraction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an effort to preserve crocodile habitats, the Papua New Guinea program has encouraged the collection of eggs or young from the wild and has discouraged the breeding of crocodiles in captivity. This is because a reliance on the wild creates economic incentives to conserve crocodile habitats; if the habitats are drained for human settlement or conventional agriculture the farmers lose the source of their stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contrary to popular impression, preliminary observations indicate that crocodiles benefit commercial fisheries. The animals are important links in the ecosystems of rivers and lakes and are often the largest inhabitants of the freshwater wetlands. Their movements inhibit the growth of aquatic plants in the waterways, and, in areas with prolonged dry seasons, some species maintain residual waterholes that benefit small aquatic organisms that would otherwise perish. In estuaries and lakes, crocodiles enrich the nutrient content of the water by converting terrestrial prey into feces that in turn feed invertebrates and fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where crocodiles have been eliminated, reductions in the tonnage of fish caught for human consumption can usually be demonstrated. For example, in Brazil, Kenya, and India, a decline in the fishermen's catch has paralleled the decline in crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations of Crocodile Farming&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments and individuals seeking rapid returns on investments should realize that a crocodile farming industry is not a get-rich-quick scheme. To build a stable national industry may require 10 years and an investment of at least $500,000 before it is biologically and economically successful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, an organized industry is vital. A village crocodile-rearing pond is only profitable if there is someone to buy, grade, package, and ship the product with all its documentation. Services will be needed at all levels to advise on disease control, nutrition, skinning, and preserving the hides. In many parts of the world crocodile farms have been financial and conservation failures not just because of poor husbandry management, but also because of fiscal shortsightedness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selection of a suitable farm site is basic to the economics of the entire operation. Farms demand a steady supply of meat or fish to feed the crocodiles, and are most successful when located near a reliable source of inexpensive food. Some farms take advantage of offal from nearby chicken or cattle abattoirs; others use the fish by-catch from shrimping operations. In the absence of an inexpensive animal protein feed, the farm will have to raise its own food (tilapia is frequently used) or harvest it from the wild, both of which can be expensive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farms also require a steady year-round supply of clean water for the holding ponds and tanks. If this cannot be supplied by gravity flow from nearby sources, it must be pumped from wells or from nearby lakes or ponds. This, too, is likely to be expensive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the general hardiness of crocodiles, the farms must have access to veterinary care. Most disease problems stem from poor sanitation, low water temperatures, and poor diet, all of which can be easily corrected. But with large numbers of animals crowded together, disease problems, if not quickly diagnosed and treated, can wipe out the young captive animals in epidemic proportions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capturing and transporting large crocodilians is dangerous and difficult. Dealing with a large captive population of crocodiles of different age groups and sizes requires a great deal of experience.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although crocodilians are common in zoos, successful breeding of these reptiles in captivity is so far a rare and remarkable event. However, researchers are now coming to understand the behavioral requirements for success. For instance, gravid females must have access to appropriate nesting sites, males must have ample space when they are penned in with other males, and juveniles and hatchlings must be separated from their parents and housed by size and feeding preferences. That prolific breeding can be achieved, however, is illustrated by the Samutprakan crocodile farm near Bangkok, Thailand, which reportedly has reared tens of thousands of its own animals and now aims for a population of 100,000 crocodiles by 1987.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The worldwide shortage of crocodile leather is becoming more acute each year, and it will be many years before any output from farms can significantly reduce pressure on wild populations. Thus, farming should be only one aspect of an overall conservation program that includes total protection of some populations in national parks and sanctuaries. In addition, the conservation of natural wetlands is an important part of overall economic planning. If wetlands are lost, many wild species in addition to crocodiles will be affected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Australia, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, many crocodilian populations are poorly protected because governments lack the manpower or the will to enforce conservation laws rigorously, especially in the remote areas where the last remaining crocodiles reside. Because most wildlife departments in the tropics are short staffed and have vast areas to police, their efforts at wildlife protection are frequently ineffective. Moreover, some countries have been slow to introduce protective legislation for an animal that does not engender public sympathy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea's program offers one of the best hopes for saving all endangered crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials. The methods developed there serve as a model for other nations. By providing an alternative, Papua New Guinea gives villagers the incentive to protect wild crocodiles that are breeding nearby so as to assure themselves of future supplies. The people themselves become the conservators of the local animals and habitats. In turn, watersheds, soils, and conventional agricultural development (including natural and forest products) can all benefit. The habitat is also preserved for many other wildlife species that share it, and genetic diversity can be maintained. Conversely, without a special incentive to conserve them, all these resources are normally degraded as a region develops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Regulations, Safeguards, and Research Needs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Papua New Guinea experience provides a model for other nations, but to implement such a program requires a foundation of legislation, government support, and legal safeguards. Prerequisites of any crocodile farming program are an overhaul of legislation, strict law enforcement, and reciprocal laws with neighboring countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The enforcement of wildlife regulations is so inadequate in most countries that crocodile farming is open to abuse. Farms can front for illegal poaching operations, and hides taken from the wild can be intermingled with hides produced on the ranch or farm unless government enforcement is stringent and inspection frequent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, the stimulation of world trade in crocodile hides through the sale of farmed hides might lead to increased poaching of wild crocodiles or eggs. Poachers have fewer operating expenses than farmers, and unscrupulous hunters and dealers can harvest hides, steal crocodile eggs or young, and subsequently sell them through countries that lack enforcement capabilities. This practice could be disastrous for countries where crocodile populations have almost disappeared.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government Regulations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before any farming scheme is attempted, protective legislation should be in operation throughout the country. This should make it unlawful to kill, capture by any means whatsoever, disturb willfully, or pursue any crocodiles, or to collect or gather any crocodile eggs without a permit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No crocodile eggs should be allowed to be imported or exported with out a permit. No persons should possess, sell, buy, donate, receive consequent upon a donation, convey, keep in captivity, or display any live crocodiles without being the holder of a permit. And no person should be allowed to import or export any crocodile, dead or alive, or any portion of a crocodile, processed or not, from any country without a permit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before granting a license for a commercial farm, the government should investigate the applicant's land tenure and financial resources, particularly since the farm will have to operate for three to four years before producing crocodiles suitable for culling. The applicant's ability and experience in rearing crocodiles should be determined. A plan of the proposed farm, including details of water and food supply and the proposed methods of harvesting food, should be examined.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is suggested that:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· No permit for egg harvesting should be issued until adequate rearing facilities have been prepared. The permit should state the name of the holder or his authorized representative, the annual total number of eggs allocated for harvesting, and the area where collection is permitted.(In some cases it is also important to specify a harvest time. Often it is best to take eggs laid early in the season because the female will then lay another clutch.) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Permits should be issued on a year-by-year basis. The applicant should understand that the department may refuse to renew or issue further permits if the farm is not managed satisfactorily or if permit conditions have not been observed.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The applicant should understand that the farm and all production records should be available for inspection by an official of the conservation department.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The farmer should be required to submit periodic reports detailing the total number of nests raided and eggs harvested, the egg mortality, and the number of eggs hatched. Thereafter, the number of animals held in captivity, the rate of mortality and its causes, if known, and the number of animals sold or culled should be included in each report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Furthermore, it is recommended that the permit holder release 5 percent of his annual crop of hatchlings in order to restock the natural habitat. In addition, a further 5 percent of the hatchling crop should be reared to a length of 1 m before being released, bringing the total release of young crocodilians to 10 percent of the annual crop of hatchlings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The distribution of hatchlings and young reared animals should be supervised by the conservation department.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless government agencies monitor the wild populations of crocodilians being harvested for hides, eggs, or young, the farms themselves could become a major drain on those populations, leading to their extinction. Therefore, before any farming program is started, a survey of the breeding grounds should be undertaken to determine the number of nests available and those from which eggs can be taken with least danger to the wild population (for example, from nests on grounds likely to be flooded).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These breeding grounds should be fully protected; tourists on foot, in vehicles, or in launches should not be allowed to visit or disturb crocodiles during the breeding season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Safeguards and Cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international traffic in millions of unmarked crocodilian hides and products poses one of the greatest obstacles to enforcement of national and international endangered species regulations. Hides and skins frequently cannot be traced to their source or country of origin. Legally harvested or farmed animals cannot readily be distinguished from those exported in secret from illegal sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need for internationally acceptable methods of marking individual hides and products is critical. Traffic in illegal crocodilian hides and products will continue as long as law enforcement agencies lack the means to detect them easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the United States a system has been developed in some states that enables conservation, police, and customs officials to monitor traffic in alligator hides. A conservation authority issues an official tag for each animal allowed by the license. All hides exported are tagged with a serially numbered plastic tag that cannot be removed without breaking it. The serial number is recorded on the export permit and with details of the buyer's and seller's name and address. This tag remains on the hide, right through the tanning process, until the hide reaches the manufacturer. Each tannery maintains a register of purchases that is available for inspection. This system also is being implemented in Zimbabwe and is worthy of trial in other countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tagging of all hides and products for individual identification is an important safeguard. Other safeguards include:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The use of engraved stamps or seals to authenticate legal licenses and export permits and make it more difficult for documents to be forged.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Internationally accessible data and a retrieval system that allows law enforcement personnel to corroborate the authenticity of documentation and the origin of hides and products;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Monitoring agencies to record and publish market statistics, traffic, and trends;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Laws limiting the sale of hides only to nations that cooperate in an internationally sanctioned program of safeguards; and&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Research funding to monitor populations and develop new marking and identification techniques. (For instance, the use of dyes, roll marking, and infusion of detectable chemical tracers has yet to be fully explored.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is urgent need for tannery owners, manufacturers, and conservation authorities to jointly work out the rational exploitation of crocodile populations. Commercial interests have reaped a rich reward over many years, and if the crocodile industry is to continue, its entrepreneurs must invest in management and conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clearly, research to improve farming techniques will be a wise investment for both commercial operators and the countries concerned. Surveys to determine population numbers and size as well as the structure of breeding stocks and recruitment rates are essential. Such surveys may indicate the need to establish sanctuaries to protect breeding stock and nesting grounds, or perhaps to ban hunting to allow populations to recover. A rearing program and restocking of suitable habitats might be necessary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix A: Crocodile Farming Around the World</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiences with crocodile farming in Papua New Guinea, the main subject of this report, are described in chapter 2. Here we summarize the status of similar efforts in other countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four crocodile farms have been established in Australia, one in the Northern Territory and three in Queensland. To date, only the Edward River farm, operated by the government as an aboriginal development project, has developed a successful breeding program. There, seven-yearold saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) hatched on the farm from wild eggs are now breeding and laying fertile eggs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A farm for Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) has been established at Xuancheng, Anhui Province. Its purpose is to breed alligators for conservation, although the hide of this species is not in great demand because it has many osteoderms in the belly scales. Recently the government has expressed interest in establishing a farm for saltwater crocodiles in southern China. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan has one crocodile farm or rearing station, but it is too far north to breed its own stock, except in heated indoor enclosures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several buyers in the Philippines who maintain pens of crocodiles for short periods. None of these is a farm. A new experimental farm for the Philippine freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae mindorensis) was established by Silliman University in an attempt to preserve that endangered species and to promote an economic interest in crocodile conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Micronesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A farm for saltwater crocodiles has been established on Palau, where a small population of these crocodiles occurs in a brackish interior swamp. In the past, the government hired a hunter to reduce the population whenever the local people felt it had become sufficiently large to present a danger, about once a decade. Presumably the nuisance crocodiles will now end up in the farm. The farm, which has been in existence only for a year or two, earns money from tourist admissions as well as hide production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few crocodile-rearing stations have operated for several decades in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. These have been stocked with eggs and young animals collected from the wild in Sumatra and Kalimantan. In the early 1970s, three such operations in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, closed down for lack of wild stock. At least one operation in Jakarta, Java, continues to survive, but with virtually no output of stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of Irian Jaya (Indonesian New Guinea) in 1980 indicated a number of ranches in that region as well, but revealed that some were having difficulty obtaining stock because of overharvest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore has a famous crocodile farm that figures prominently in tourism. It breeds some of its stock, but also obtains wild stock from all over Southeast Asia. Singapore has a thriving crocodile hide trade. Many buyers and several tanneries are located there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore is not a member of CITES and openly trades in any and all species of crocodilians.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several crocodile farms in West Malaysia (at Penang, for example) and at least one in East Malaysia (near Sandakan, Sabah). These started out as rearing stations relying on wild young, but have moved slowly toward breeding their own stock. The Penang farm depends on tourism to pay many of its expenses. The Sandakan farm is operated in conjunction with a duck and pig farm that supplies it with offal. Its stock consists of saltwater crocodiles. Until at least 1980, it had very little production from captive animals, but the owner is hoping to broaden his stock from them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sarawak (East Malaysia) also used to have several rearing farms. The present status of these operations is unknown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm was started in 1950 with 20 wild crocodiles and an investment of US$500. Today it is reported to be the world's largest crocodile farm, with about 30,000 individuals. About 3,700 of these animals, placed in eight separate breeding ponds, are used for breeding stock, and there are plans for a population of 100,000 by 1987. The Samutprakan farm opened to the public 12 years ago and now receives about one million visitors annually.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of the farm's crocodiles are from the two species native to Thailand, the saltwater crocodile and the Siamese freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis). It also has hybrids of the two, as well as the indigenous false gavial (Tomistoma schlegelii) and five exotic species: South American caiman (Caiman crocodilus), New Guinea freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae), Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis), broad-spouted caiman (Caiman latirostris), and dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus). The farm has succeeded in breeding South American caiman (Caiman crocodilus); the other species are approaching maturity and it is hoped they will breed in the near future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The farm sells crocodile meat locally, mostly to restaurants as a delicacy (for US$5 per kg).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The commercial and biological success of the farm is largely due to favorable conditions at Samutprakan. The temperature and humidity are high year-round, and low costs of labor and building materials permit the physical plant to be profitably established and maintained. The main cost is for food; approximately 4,000-5,000 kg of by-catch fish are needed daily at a cost of US 20 cents per kg. If the supply of fish is inadequate, the diet is supplemented with chicken wings, legs, and necks from a slaughterhouse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Rangoon there are some crocodile-holding pens operated by hide buyers. It is not clear whether breeding or farming of crocodiles occurs in them or whether the operation simply acts as a clearing center for wild hides. The government has expressed interest in establishing farms in the mangrove areas near the mouth of the Irrawaddy River. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1974 an FAO report on India's crocodiles noted that the Indian gavial (Gavialis gangeticus) was on the verge of extinction, the saltwater crocodile was extremely rare, and the Indian mugger (Crocodylus palustris was a depleted, although not threatened, species).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government, with United Nations assistance, then initiated a project for the conservation and management of all three species. This program aimed to protect and restock habitats. Animals for restocking were obtained by collecting eggs laid in the wild, incubating them under controlled conditions, raising the resulting hatchlings, and returning juveniles to specially selected sanctuaries when they reached about 1.2 m in length,at which time they are free from predation other than by man.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project has resulted in the comeback of the gavial. By March 1979, 200 gavials had been restored to the wild. The wild population now exceeds 1,000 animals of more than 2 m length, and the number is expected to increase rapidly through natural reproduction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project has also carried out extensive research on crocodiles, and since its founding in 1978 the Central Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute, located in Hyderabad, has trained many wildlife officers in crocodile protection. Crocodile-rearing facilities are also located near Madras, Lucknow, and Cuttack. All have had success in raising the animals and restocking their habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Indian crocodile project has been a notable success and it coincided with (and perhaps helped create) a wave of local interest in India's wildlife and its conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A farm stocked with American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) was established at a popular hotwater spring resort area, using animals supplied by a Florida farm. The Israeli program will earn money from tourist admissions and from future production of hides. The first successful hatching of captive-bred alligators was reported in 1982.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Near Mombasa a farm for the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) has been set up to produce hides from captive-bred stock. The farm is a demonstration project of a large cement factory that is attempting to return its limestone-mined areas to productive agriculture. Some sophisticated experiments are under way on crocodile nutrition, with food for the animals produced in an intensive aquaculture project using tilapia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia is planning a series of farms patterned after those in Zimbabwe (described below).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe has made great strides in captive breeding. In 1979, 87 captive females at two farms produced 1,906 eggs, and a third farm has set aside 30 captive females for breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four of the country's five crocodile farms are on the shores of Lake Kariba and the other is at Victoria Falls. The government allows each farm an annual allotment of wild eggs (averaging 2,000 to 2,500 eggs) for stocking its rearing programs. Each farm is also striving to become self sufficient in egg production by developing successful breeding programs. The government is considering reducing each farm's allotment by the number of eggs produced annually in the farm so that each will eventually become independent of the wild populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe farmers operate on a system that obliges them to return a small percentage of live animals to the wild if the government requires it. At present, this requirement is being waived because the wild population is increasing on its own.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe has built its crocodile conservation program on a broad base. Crocodiles are protected throughout the country, as game animals in the country at large and as totally protected species in parks and sanctuaries. Populations have increased dramatically, from endangered status in the l950s to over 50,000 individuals today. In the 1950s a survey of the Zambesi River and Lake Kariba revealed no crocodiles; today thousands are seen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe's Department of National Parks and Wildlife is striving to ensure that its legitimate international trade in farm-raised hides does not provide illegal operators in other countries with the opportunity to sell poached hides (for example, forging papers that claim their hides originated on legitimate Zimbabwe farms). To make poaching difficult, Zimbabwe, taking a clue from the state of Louisiana, plans to use serially numbered nonremovable plastic tags to mark legitimate hides. Numbers of the tags will be noted on export permits. In addition, every export permit will be validated by the government with an engraved security stamp that is difficult to forge and that shows ink damage if any erasures or modifications are attempted. The use of such stamps is recommended by CITES, and Zimbabwe is the first nation to put them into use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa has four crocodile farms, and another five are planned or under construction. Apart from the Natal Parks Board Crocodile Research Station at St. Lucia Estuary, which breeds Nile crocodiles for restocking and conservation purposes, all farms are for tourism and hide production. So far only one farm, outside Pretoria, is reported to produce many offspring. Only the provinces of Transvaal and Natal have wild crocodiles, and neither allows eggs, young, or adults to be collected for stocking farms. Both provinces, however, permit the killing of nuisance crocodiles on private land. Transvaal will allow one or two nuisance crocodiles to be taken captive by farmers, but it refuses permission for removing larger numbers of nuisance animals,presumably for fear that this would generate a flood of spurious nuisance complaints. Natal will not permit the removal of any wild crocodiles to farms, nor will it supply offspring from the St. Lucia station to farmers. This makes the Pretoria farm the only source of crocodiles in South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following the example of Zimbabwe, the South African farmers (present and potential) formed a crocodile farming association in 1982.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several farms patterned after those in Zimbabwe are planned for the Okavango area. Petitions for approval are currently before the Botswana government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1960s French businessmen established a farm for Nile crocodiles near Lake Chad. It collapsed after only a few years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Ivory Coast has obtained assistance from Zimbabwe to establish a conservation program for its three native crocodiles: the Nile crocodile, African slender-spouted crocodile (Crocodylus cataphractus), and Congo dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis). Recommendations were made for conserving the wild populations as well as for establishing farms. Field studies are under way.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A commercial farm for the South American caiman (Caiman crocodilus) was established in southern Italy in the late 1970s. Stock was obtained from Colombia. The animals, numbering in the thousands, arrived in Rome in winter and were transported south to the farm in an open truck. Most died from cold. Later shipments fared no better, and the few animals that survived died from poor husbandry. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Americas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are between 15 and 20 successful alligator farms in the United States. Most are located in Florida and Louisiana, and there is at least one in California. All earn a portion of their money from tourist admissions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the 1960s the Cuban government established at least two farms for crocodiles. One is located in the Zapata Peninsula National Park; the other is near Cienfuegos. The purpose of these farms is to breed crocodiles whose wetland habitat has been converted to sugar cane fields. Eventually, the farms will also produce a cash crop of hides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, what started out as an admirable effort created several conservation problems because the farm managers did not realize there were two crocodiles in Cuba ,the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in brackish waters, and the Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) in freshwater areas. The two were mixed in the farms and hybridization resulted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Mexican government has established several farms for Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) in Chiapas and Veracruz. The purpose is to breed the species in captivity to relieve hunting pressure on the wild population and prevent its extinction. Original funding was provided by the World Wildlife Fund. At least one of these farms still exists. Breeding has been achieved, but there have been problems of survival in hatchlings. The cause of the deaths has not been discovered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years several businessmen in Mexico have expressed interest in starting one or more crocodile farms, but none has yet materialized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1960s, the Louisiana Game and Fisheries Commission supplied specimens of the American alligator to a cattle rancher in El Salvador for the purpose of establishing an experimental farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Louisiana was interested in studying growth rates of American alligators in a tropical nation where the animals did not have to undergo winter hibernation. The husbandry on the farm followed methods worked out in Louisiana. The animals grew fast and presumably have started breeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A captive breeding program for the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) was established in Venezuela in the late 1970s on the ranch of Tomas Blohm. The operation is not commercial; its purpose is to prevent extinction of the species. The offspring may be used for restocking wild habitats in the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under Venezuelan law there can be no commercial export of any crocodilians. In addition, the Orinoco crocodile and the various caimans are protected. However, the reptiles are everywhere killed as vermin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru has proposed harvesting certain wild populations of caimans (Caiman crocodilus) to supply animals to a ranching operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BraziI&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Brazil is interested in establishing farms for several species of caiman, including the yacare (Caiman crocodilusyacare). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Latin American Nations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the past two years, other Central and South American nations that have indicated their intention to set up farms for crocodiles or caimans are Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, and Uruguay. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix B: Practical Crocodile Farming</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This appendix is adapted from a paper by A. Pooley that detailed the lessons learned from farming crocodiles to restock depleted habitats in Natal, South Africa. The information is presented here not as a blueprint for setting up a farm, but to show prospective farmers some of the points that they must first consider before attempting to rear crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farm Location&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reliable supplies of good water and suitable food are the most important considerations for establishment of a crocodile farm; the area selected must have both. Village farms also need to be close enough to wild crocodile populations for the animals to be obtained easily. Larger farms can be located farther from the source.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For small farms, a natural supply of food should also be readily available in the wild. Areas that have a fishing industry are ideal locations. For large farms, sites near slaughterhouses or fish-processing facilities are ideal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other considerations also include the volume of water available throughout the year, the distance over which water must be piped to the ponds, and pumping costs. The quality of the water should be established, with samples tested for salinity and acidity and, where the supply comes from mineral springs, analyzed for harmful chemicals. Chlorinated water must be tested regularly to ensure that the chlorine content is not too high, and the nature of any factory effluents present should be determined. It is important to establish whether fish, frogs, crabs, mollusks, or aquatic insects survive in the water intended for use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bacterial analysis is advisable where the water is drawn from a river that drains an area densely populated by humans and livestock. If the water is found to be contaminated, the stagnant pond rearing pen system should not be used, particularly when Salmonella spp. are present in high concentrations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A filter system has advantages if water is pumped straight from a river carrying a heavy silt load. Apart from enabling farmers to see the animals in the pools, filtered water makes the pools and pipes easier to clean. Filtration can be achieved by drawing water from a deep pit close to the river so that the water collected seeps through sand or mud.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A reservoir or a series of supply tanks is useful as an additional method of filtering water. In the event that pumping equipment fails, such a reserve supply may prove vital to the health and survival of the crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ponds should receive as much sun as possible, particularly during the winter months. A series of winter air temperature recordings would be useful in choosing the site of rearing pens, since valley temperatures are often several degrees lower than the temperatures some 50 to 100 m uphill. Preference should be given to the warmer locations, taking into account the direction of local winds and heavy rains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soil types are the next consideration. If soils are sandy and porous, earth ponds are impractical and a concrete lining is required to retain water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Drainage of the ponds must be carefully considered. Drainage is far easier if the ponds are built on a slight rise. Water from the ponds must not be allowed to stagnate nearby; the drainage system must be efficient. It is recommended that pens be spaced at least 8 m apart and that their drainpipes lead underground at least 10 m before emptying.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pen Construction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pens with rounded corners are the most successful. Crocodiles frequently choose to lie together in a pile. Square corners allow them to pile up against the angle, smothering those on the bottom and sometimes allowing animals to climb over the fence. With rounded corners, the pile cannot grow very high before the crocodiles slide sideways and the heap collapses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiments in South Africa indicate that natural pools containing rooted vegetation are less prone to become sources of disease than are concrete pools. The surface of the concrete seems to become impregnated with liquid and debris from food and to become a breeding ground for bacteria. For hatchlings and very small juvenile crocodiles, concrete has an added disadvantage; its rough surface can abrade the belly skin when the animals slide in and out of the water, which can foster infection. In 5 or 10 years, even smooth concrete will erode sufficiently to become a problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Researchers elsewhere, however, report better results with concrete lined ponds, which they find easier to clean. Concrete pools are useful for summer because they can be scrubbed clean and because the volume of water used is small. Normally they need only be emptied, cleaned, and refilled every third day, and there is no wastage through seepage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pools are best built as channels. This provides more bank for basking and enables the pools to accommodate more crocodiles. Because the larger males become belligerent only when they can see each other, floating logs, patches of grass, or channel corners are visual barriers that reduce interactions. The channel system also gives more water edge, and this appears to satisfy the territorial instinct.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles are famous for basking in the sun, but they die surprisingly easily of heat prostration. At least one-third of the land area of a farm pen should be shaded with vegetation. The amount of space around each pool is calculated to allow ample basking room for each animal, and an area of shade must likewise be provided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On land, crocodiles often seek contact with each other (thigmotaxis) and frequently lie piled on top of each other, but this should be a matter of choice rather than of overcrowding. There should be few enough animals in the enclosure to allow every crocodile to get out of the water if it chooses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ideally, only half the available number of pools should be occupied at a time, so that they can be used in rotation. In this system, the animals can be moved to fresh pools every two months (or as necessary), leaving the &quot;used&quot; pools to be drained and dried out to bake in the sun. After two months, the pools will then be clean and ready for use again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important requirement is that the pools be at least 60 cm in depth; otherwise, the water becomes too hot in summer. The pool floor should be sloped towards the drain outlet to facilitate cleaning and flushing away uneaten food. Also, the outlet pipe should be 10 cm in diameter, with a stopcock outside the enclosure, so that the pool can be cleaned and emptied efficiently. It is essential to place a screen in the drainpipe to prevent small crocodiles from escaping or being sucked out of the pool during cleaning. After some time, stagnant ponds may become difficult to clean because of the heavy growth of algae on their sides. Hard-bristle scrubbing brushes are needed to dislodge this growth. Small amounts of copper sulfate in the water will help control algae if used regularly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The entire pond and surrounding apron must be smoothly plastered to facilitate cleaning. It helps to have a water source close to each pool from which a hose pipe can be led to pressure spray and clean the pool and its apron.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important part of the design is a partly submerged, gently sloping ledge, some 45 cm in width, around the perimeter of the pool. This provides a shallow resting zone for the crocodiles and gives them easy access to the water. The crocodiles rest there when feeding, and the ledge prevents them from scraping their bellies and damaging their claws when they enter or leave the pool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For small crocodiles it is advisable to roof over the entire pen with wire netting or cries-crossed strands of wire. This protects against predators. Further, young crocodiles can climb vertical wire netting with ease and will escape unless the enclosure is either roofed or has side walls that slope inwards. A skirting board (planking, sheet iron, tin, or plastic sheeting) placed against the wire netting can also prevent this. If wire netting is used for the sides of the pens it should have mesh no larger than 1 cm so that hatchlings will not injure themselves by trying to climb through. While these pools are being cleaned, care must be exercised to prevent crocodiles from falling into the empty pool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water can be passed continuously through the pools. The advantage of this is that during hot summer weather, when crocodiles are feeding at their maximum rate, small uneaten food particles, feces, and urine are carried away. Constant dilution of the pond's water also ensures a low bacteria level. However, the pool must be drained and scrubbed clean at least weekly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Earthen pools are easy and cheap to build and are a &quot;natural&quot; habitat where vegetation can be planted and small live fish introduced; insects, frogs, and other creatures attracted to the dams will be an important addition to the diet and health of the crocodiles. Earthen pools are ideal in climates where low winter temperatures are likely to cause respiratory illness in the young animals. During cold weather the crocodiles burrow into the mudbanks and survive nights of heavy frost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the animal's burrowing capabilities, it is important to provide a strip of land 4 m wide between the pool's edge and the boundary fence. Otherwise, crocodiles may tunnel beyond the fence line. Fences must be buried at least 1 m deep to intercept the burrows and to prevent predators from burrowing in. Burrowing, however, can be hazardous, because the burrows can collapse and suffocate the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In areas where the soil is porous or sandy, the floor of an earth dam can be sealed with concrete or plastic irrigation sheets. A layer of earth can be used to conceal this artificial floor. The disadvantages of earth pools are that, because of seepage, they require more water than concrete ones and that they require more maintenance because they cannot be efficiently cleaned. Even if the pools are provided with constantly circulating water, they eventually become fouled, particularly during hot weather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Removing crocodiles from an earth pond can prove difficult, since most will take refuge in their burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capturing Crocodiles&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles are located at night, usually from a boat, by shining a light along the edges of rivers and lagoons. Because of a reflective tapetum, the eyes of crocodiles glow reddish or orange and are visible for a hundred meters or more. If the population has not become exposed to hunting and become wary of people, the animals will not submerge when the light strikes them. Dazzled by the beam, they tolerate a stealthy approach, and small animals can simply be grabbed by hand or scooped up in a net. They can then be transported in sacks to the rearing pens. Larger animals may be noosed or baited into cylindrical screen traps at places they frequent along the water's edge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Managing a Crocodile Farm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is a problem to sort the young crocodiles. From one clutch of eggs, some individuals will be aggressive and others may be shy or extremely timid; growth may vary from rapid to very slow, with a few individuals classed as runts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Larger animals can be so dominant that smaller individuals will not even attempt to feed. If sorting is not done, the smaller, less-aggressive individuals do not get a fair share of the food; they grow slowly and get bitten and harassed by the larger animals. At feeding time, some will flee to the opposite side of the pen and stop feeding altogether. Keeping the young animals sorted into classes of the same size avoids many of these problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nutrition and Feeding&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the crocodilian's reputation as a man-eater, small wild crocodiles live mainly on invertebrates and larger ones live mainly on fish. Papua New Guinea's farmers feed a varied diet of locally caught fish, crab, shrimp, frogs, snails, grasshoppers, beetles, and slaughterhouse waste. Whole animals minced up should be used, if necessary, because crocodiles require a diet of bone, intestine, scales, and other tissues to provide calcium and minerals. Bones in chopped fish must be minced thoroughly for hatchlings or very young crocodiles, or they should be fed very small fish supplemented by tadpoles or insects. One village in Papua New Guinea has shown remarkable success in rearing hatchlings on a diet of chopped fish and live freshwater shrimp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fish is an excellent food for the bulk feeding of a large captive population. Whole fish chopped into pieces, including the livers and hearts, forms a balanced diet that may be supplemented by meat, if available, to make up bulk. Small whole fish are particularly suitable; the crocodiles derive calcium from the bones and scales, plus roughage to facilitate digestion, while the flesh, liver, and heart are rich in nutrients and protein The main difficulty usually lies in harvesting enough fish to meet the crocodiles' demands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any method of supplementing the diet with live creatures is recommended. For instance, a light can be left burning in each pen about 15 cm above the water for attracting insects. Various types of insect traps may also be used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles also can be fed on a variety of wastes such as offal or noncommercial fish. Ideally, a large-scale farm should be located near a poultry slaughterhouse. (Cattle offal is also satisfactory, but it is not nutritionally adequate as a sole ration for crocodiles.) Even crocodile offal itself can be fed back to crocodiles. However, the use of offal will necessitate dietary supplements to assure sufficient phosphorus and calcium. These minerals are generally provided by feeding bones to the crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles usually consume their food in the water, but they can also be fed on land. They will eat daily, but are able to remain active for weeks without food. If they are fed in the water of a farm pen, the water will become polluted unless there is considerable flow to carry away the debris. In extreme cases, the pools become septic. To ensure the health of the growing animals, constantly flowing water is far superior to standing water. (The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm in Thailand feeds some of its animals in water, but the small feeding pools are separate from the large regular breeding pools and at a lower level to prevent their overflowing into the breeding pools.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to feed pieces of food small enough to be swallowed without difficulty. Large fish should be cut into elongated rather than square pieces, since the bones can cause damage during swallowing. Similarly, whole live fish should not be so large that the dorsal fin may cause damage to the reptile's throat and gullet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to know the amount of food that each group of animals will consume at each meal. By feeding at the same time each day, it is easy to calculate how much is required. Moreover, the crocodiles become accustomed to a routine and the food is consumed while it is still fresh. In the hot summer months the animals will devour a full meal every 24 hours, but the feeding rate slackens with the onset of colder weather. It is then wise to start reducing frequency and quantities until food is required only every second or third day, depending on the climate. Generally, young crocodiles will refuse food when the air or water temperature falls below 60Â°F (15.6Â°C). Even in midsummer sudden cold spells may occur; at such times, it is usually futile to feed the animals or try to coax them to eat until the weather warms up again. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During hot weather conditions it is preferable to feed late in the afternoon or evenings, mainly to avoid placing the food on a hot cement surface. The food should be spread out around the edge of the pool under the shaded area so that the animals do not have to climb over one another to reach it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In cemented pens the area where the food is laid out should be cleaned and scrubbed two hours after feeding time and any uneaten food removed from the water with a hand net. In earthen pools, the food should be placed at a different spot along the bank at each feeding. A useful aid to hygiene is keeping a few predacious fish, such as barbel (Clarias spp.), in each pool to clean up scraps of uneaten food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population Density&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty-five crocodiles are considered the maximum manageable number per unit; staying within this limit reduces competition for food, bullying and fighting, and the number of injuries. A low stocking rate also results in a more even average growth rate. Most important is the fact that the overall health of the crocodiles is better than in a more crowded pen; disease problems are fewer and the symptoms easier to detect in a small group. If the units are spaced 8 m apart, there is also less danger of infectious disease spreading to other pens. The cleaning of pens is facilitated, and the disturbance caused by capturing crocodiles to be moved to other units is minimized. Housing 500 crocodiles in groups of 25 will require 20 separate pens, and an additional two pens should be provided to allow for intensive care of sick, injured, and weaker animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the first year, when animals are graded frequently, they will often be moved from one pen to another. Recording the number of animals housed in each pen will make it possible to keep track of numbers and movements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction is impossible when crocodiles are kept in large groups composed of different species and sizes and in more or less unnatural enclosures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Healthy, sexually mature pairs of crocodiles are usually not enough to start a breeding program. Genetic diversity to maintain a long-term breeding group must be considered, and certain environmental factors are vital for success. The distinct size and age classes of a free-living population must also be taken into consideration. Optimal sex ratios for breeding in enclosed compounds must be determined and adhered to. If a breeding unit is not based on regard for the animals' basic needs for space, nesting sites, and retreats, the larger specimens will disturb, injure, and often kill smaller specimens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diseases and Parasites&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Disease symptoms may be easily overlooked if the observer is not familiar with the behavior of crocodiles under a variety of conditions. It is essential to know how they normally walk, swim, sleep, feed, and bask in relation to the time of day, the air and water temperatures, and the amount of sunlight or rain, by day, by night, and at different seasons of the year. Caretakers should notice the appearance of feces from healthy animals to be able to detect evidence of diarrhea, and to identify misaligned teeth and weakened limbs to detect nutritional deficiencies. Eggs are critically dependent on specific temperature and moisture requirements if the embryos are to develop normally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often difficult to determine the cause of illness or death, and even if the ailment has been correctly diagnosed, it is not easy to capture and administer drugs to large numbers of sick animals. Some animals may be injured during the handling process. Emphasis on preventing disease, rather than curing it, is the best way of ensuring a healthy crop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost inevitably, the water in the pools will harbor concentrations of bacteria such as salmonella. If strict hygiene is observed, however, the bacterial level will not be harmful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is recommended that whenever possible animals found newly dead should be dissected and vital organs such as the brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and stomach removed for veterinary research. Blood slides should also be taken and feces samples collected. The various specimens must be carefully labeled, frozen as quickly as possible, and packed on ice in a vacuum flask for immediate dispatch to the nearest veterinary research institute or pathologist. Alternatively, dying animals may be sent live for research purposes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is helpful for the handler to become thoroughly acquainted with the animal's internal anatomy, in order to distinguish between healthy and diseased organs. This knowledge, coupled with the symptoms noted before the animal dies, and the veterinary report, will be useful in future diagnosis and treatment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One problem for the crocodile farmer is a roundworm (nematode) parasite that burrows into the belly skin. When the burrow collapses it produces an undulating track across the belly and throat scales that ruins the hide. These parasites have been found in crocodiles from Latin America, Africa, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Asia. They seem more prevalent in some areas and some farms than in others. The organism has been identified, but no treatment or control has been discovered. It is, however, believed that damp, muddy conditions foster the nematode, and that to reduce it pens should have areas of dry land where the animals can bask.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Killing, Skinning, and Tanning&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some farmers kill the crocodiles themselves, but many rear the animals and then sell them to a larger concern that is better equipped to deal with the skins. Killing is done most quickly and humanely by catching the crocodile with a noose and severing the spinal cord just behind the skull.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many hides are ruined or severely damaged during skinning. Even a single hole resulting from a slip of the skinning knife may reduce a hide's value by 25 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After skinning, the hides are normally coated with about 0.5 cm of coarse salt and rolled up. Within 48 hours they are unrolled and resalted. If the hide is not sufficiently salted, it may become infected with bacteria or fungi that cause the epidermis of the scales to decay or slip. Although this layer is removed during tannage, scale slip is a symptom of rot and usually causes damage to the finished hide product. If the decay is intense, the salted hides may become reddish or brown in color. This is called &quot;red heat.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although salt remains the universally used preservative for raw hides, the reptile leather industry has developed chemical fixatives that are used in addition to salt for preserving hides for tanning. Most of these pretannage fixatives are liquid and require soaking the hide in a vat, which may not be feasible in remote areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A pretanned hide is called a crust. It is green-gray (chrome tanned) or tan (vegetable tanned) and is stiff. The hide is dyed and glazed to its final finish. To increase the workability and to remove as many of the osteoderms as possible (if they are present), the underside of the hide is shaved to an even thickness. The shaving is done by craftsmen. If they shaved too much, the hide will be thin and weak, especially over the suture between the scales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix C: Selected Readings</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information on the management and status of crocodiles can be found in the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IUCN/Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter. Available from the editors, Peter Brazaitis and Myrna Watanabe, c/o New York Zoological Park, Bronx Zoo, The Bronx, New York 10460, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A Field Guide of Captive Rearing and Management of Crocodiles in India is available from Mr. R. K. Rao, Director, Central Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute (Government of India), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blake, D. K. 1974. The rearing of crocodiles for commercial and conservation purposes in Rhodesia. The Rhodesia Science News 8(10):315-324.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blake, D. K., and J. P. Loveridge. 1975. The role of commercial crocodile farming in crocodile conservation. Biological Conservation 8(4): 261-272.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bolton, M. 1981. Crocodile Husbandry in Papua New Guinea. Field Document 4. FO: DP/ PNG/74/029. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 103 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bolton, M., and M. Laufa. 1982. The crocodile project in Papua New Guinea. Biological Conservation 22:169-179.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazaitis, P. (In press) Problems in the Identification of Commercial Crocodilian Hides and the Effect on Law Enforcement. Proceedings of the IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group meeting in Zimbabwe September-October, 1982. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazaitis, P. 1973. The identification of living crocodiles. Zoologica 58(3-4):59-101.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cott, H. B. 1954. Ecology and economic status of the crocodile in Uganda. Record of the Symposium on African Hydrobiology and Inland Fisheries, Committee on Technical Cooperation for Africa South of the Sahara 6:119-122.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cott, H. B. 1961. Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29(4):211-337.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Downes, M. C. 1978. An explanation of the National Policy for the Crocodile Programme. Wildlife Division, Department of Lands, Surveys and Environment, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fuchs, K., nd. Die Krokodilhaut Eduard Roether Verlag Darmstadt, Frankfurt, West Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham, A., 1981. Mapping the pattern of crocodile nesting activity in Papua New Guinea. Field Document No. 3, FO: DP/PNG/74/029. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 50 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joanen, T., and L. McNease. 1975. Notes on the Reproductive Biology and Captive Propagation of the American Alligator. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 29:407-415. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joanen, T., and L. McNease. 1979. Culture of the American alligator. International Zoo Yearbook 19:61-66.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;King, F. W., and P. Brazaitis. 1971. Species identification of commercial crocodile skins. Zoologica 56(2): 15-72.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loveridge, J. P. ed. 1982. The Zimbabwe Science News 16(9):196-219. Causeway, Zimbabwe. (Contains five articles on crocodilian research and conservation; from Zimbabwe, Australia the United States, and lndia.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Millichamp, N. J. ;980. Medical aspects of disease in reptile collections. In The Care and Breeding of Captive Reptiles, The British Herpetological Society, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parker, F. 1981. New Crocodile Laws for Papua New Guinea. Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea. 50 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1969. Some observations on the rearing of crocodiles. Lammergeyer 10:45-59.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1971. Crocodile rearing and restocking. Pp. 104-130 in Crocodiles, IUCN Publications New Series Supplementary Paper 32. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1110 Gland, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1973. Conservation and Management of Crocodiles in Africa. Journal of the South African Wildlife Management Association 3(2):101-103.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1977. A report on Crocodile Farming. Papua New Guinea. Wildlife leaflet No. 77/27. pp. 1-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1981. Disappearing African Crocodiles. Oryx 16(1):38-40.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. (In press). The status of crocodiles in Africa. Paper Presented at 5th Meeting IUCN Survival Service Commission's Crocodile Specialist Group. Gainesville Florida, USA. September 1980.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C., and C. Gans. 1976. The Nile crocodile. Scientific American 234(4): 114-124.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wallis, B. E. 1980. Market prospects for reptile leathers. Report number ITC/DIP/12, International Trade Commission, Geneva, Switzerland. 50 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wermuth, Von H., and K. Fuchs. 1978. Bestimmen von Krokodilen und ihrer Haute. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whitaker, R. 1982. Export prospects from commercial crocodile farms in Bangladesh. ITC/UNCTAD, Geneva, Switzerland. 47 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whitaker, R., and M. Kemp. 1981. The crocodile industry in Papua New Guinea: Commercial Aspects. Field Document No. 2. FO:DP/PNC/74/029. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 35 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix D: Research Contacts</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following individuals are involved in crocodilian research. Most are biologists concerned with the conservation or natural history of the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Applied Ecology Crocodile Farm, Edward River, Queensland 4870&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shelley Burgin, Total Environment Center, 18 Argyle Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2000&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Melvin Bolton, Woodbury Farm, Woodbury Road, M.S. 142, Via Yeppoon, Queensland 4703&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Max C. Downes, The Game Conservation Center, 24 Queens Parade, North Fitzroy, Victoria 3068&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alistair Graham, P.O. Box41266, Darwin, Northern Territory 5792&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gordon Grigg, Zoology A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Lever, Koorana Crocodile Farm, M.S.F. 76, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harry Messel, Head, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fred Parker, 717 Ross River Road, Kirwan, Queensland 4814&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grahame Webb, School of Zoology, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2033&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohd. Reza Khan, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Dacca, Dacca 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;William Magnusson, Depto de Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Caixa Postal 478, 69000, Manaus, Amazonia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ko Ko Gyi, Professor of Zoology, Rangoon Arts and Sciences University, Rangoon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nyan Taw, Research Officer, People's Pearl and Fishery Corporation, Myakhwanyo Street, Thaketa, Rangoon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Huang Chu-Chien, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Swatow Prefecture Crocodile Farm, Shantou, Guang Dong Province&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federico Medem, Instituto Roberto Franco, Apartado Aereo 2261, Villavicencio (Meta)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gerado Budowski, Head, Natural Renewable Resources Programme, CATIE, Turrialba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Luis Varona, Norte 29, Nuevo Vedado, La Habana 6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jose Alberto Ottenwalder, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Plaza de la Cultura, Santo Domingo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Karlheinz Fuchs, Schillerstrasse 2, 6257 Hunfelder 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jaime Tres 1., Centro de Estudias Conservacionistas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Avenida de la Reforma 0-63, Zona IO, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. C. Choudhury and Lala A. K. Singh, Central Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute, 19-4-319, Lake Dale, Rajendranagar Road, Hyderabad 500 264, Andhra Pradesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian Board for Wildlife, c/o Department of Environment, Bikaner House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi 110 011&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Sale, UNDP/FAO Crocodile Breeding and Management Project, 19-4-319, Lake Dale, Rajendranagar Road Hyderabad 500 264, Andhra Pradesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Shanmugunathan, Chief Wildlife Warden, Vivekananda Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudhakar Kar, Saltwater Crocodile Research and Conservation Unit, Danginal 754 220 Via Rejkanika, District Cuttack, Orissa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Romulus Whitaker, Madras Snake Park Trust, Guindy Deer Park, Madras, Tamil Nadu, 600 002&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. S. Child, Wildlife and Parks Management Of ficer FAO, Rome&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wataru Kimura, Proprietor, Atagawa Tropical and Alligator Garden, Atagawa Higashi Zlu Town, Shizuoka Prefecture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Haller , Bamburi Portland Cement Co. ,Ltd., P.O. Box 90202 ,Mombasa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paul R. Wycherley, President, Malayan Nature Society, P.O. Box 150, Kuala Lumpur&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miguel Alvarez del Toro, Director, Instituto de Historia Natural, Departamento de Zoologia, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtle Gutierrez, Chiapas, 29000&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marco Antonio Lascano B., INIREB, Apdo. No 281, Merida&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tirtha Maskey, National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Office, Thapathali, P.O. Box 107, Kathmandu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antoon de Vos, Box 34, Whitford, Auckland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Milton G. Camacho B., Instituto Nicaraguense de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente (IRENA), Depto. de Fauna Silvestre, Kim 12 1/2 Carreterra Norte, Managua.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ashiq Ahmad, Wildlife Management Specialist, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abdul Latif Rao, Conservator of Wildlife, National Council for Conservation of Wildlife, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, U.G. St. 51, Sector F 6/4, Islamabad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miro Laufa, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, P.O. Box 2585, Konedobu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Karol Kisokau, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Central Government Offices, Waigani&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navu Kwapena, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham Goudie, Crocodile Farm, Lae&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Martin Hollands, Monitoring Ecologist, National Crocodile Project, P.O. Box 2585 Konedobu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pedro Vasques Ruesta, Departamento de Manejo Forestal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apdo. 456, La Molina&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angel C. Alcala, Division Research, Extension and Development, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, 6501, Negros&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;School of Agriculture, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, 6501, Negros.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. B. Anthony, The Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board, Box 662, Pietermaritzburg, Natal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antony Pooley, P.O. Box 42, St. Lucia Estuary, 3936 Zululand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rene E. Honegger, Curator, Zurich Zoo, Zurichbergstrasse 221, 8044 Zurich&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;U. Srisomboon, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok Utai Youngprapakorn and Charoon Youngprapakorn, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm and Zoo Co., Ltd., Talban Road, Samutprakan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angus d'A. Bellairs, Department of Anatomy, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School University of London, Paddington, London W2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Robert Bustard, Isle of Man&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Behler, New York Zoological Society, 185th Street &amp;amp; Southern Blvd., The Bronx, New York 10460&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peter Brazaitis, New York Zoological Society, 185th Street &amp;amp; Southern Blvd., The Bronx New York 10460&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gary Callis, Rt. I, Box 360, Clayton, New Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert H. Chabreck, Louisiana State University, School of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Michael Davenport, Department of Herpetology, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20008&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Claire Hagen, Representative, Reptile Products Association, 120 Cabrini Blvd., New York, New York 10033&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fred Hauptfuhrer, Director of Planning and Development, World Wildlife Fund, Inc., 910 17th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20006&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Howard Hunt, Atlanta Zoological Park, 518 Atlanta Ave. S.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30315&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ted Joanen, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Route 1, Box 20-B, Grand Chenier, Louisiana 70643&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Wayne King, Director, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida 32611&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffrey W. Lang, Biology Department, University of North Dakota, University Station, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles J. Lankester, UNDP, I United Nations Plaza, New York, New York 10017&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;James H. Powell, 1110 Kokomo Street, Plainview, Texas 79072&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles A. Ross, Division of Reptiles and Amphibians, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Myrna Watanabe, 141 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, New York 11201&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uruguay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federico Achaval, Departamento de Zoologia (Vertebrados), Universidad de la Republic Cerrito73, Montevideo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tomas Blohm, Apartado 69, Caracas 1010-A&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Andres Seijas Y., Servicio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, MARNR, Apartado 184, Maracay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. K. Blake, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management, P.O. Box 8365, Causeway, Harare&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Loveridge, Zoology Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kevin van Jaarsveldt, Crocodile Farmers Association of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 2569, Harare &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix E: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director of the Office of Biological Secretary General Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., is currently the Secretary General of the International Union of Biological Sciences. He received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests are in comparative anatomy and phylogeny of flowering plants, commercial timbers, histology of monocotyledons, economic botany, and tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on tropical plants, he has published extensively in these areas and on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries. Dr. Ayensu was co-chairman of the Panel on Underexploited Tropical Plants of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, JR., is Graduate Research Professor in the Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville. As Technical Director of the Caribbean Conservation Corporation, he has directed a seasonal research program at the breeding ground of the green turtle at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, since 1952, with continuous grants from the National Science Foundation from 1955 to 1980, and has carried out investigations of marine turtle ecology and navigation in various parts of the world. The author of numerous papers, articles, and books, he received the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal of the National Academy of Sciences for Handbook of Turtles and the John Burroughs Medal for The Windward Road. He is Research Associate of the American Museum of Natural History; Affiliate Curator of Natural Sciences, Florida State Museum; Chairman of the Marine Turtle Specialist Group of the Survival Service Commission, International Union for the Conservation of Nature; Honorary Consultant of the World Wildlife Fund; Fellow of the Linnean Society of London; Fellow of the American Fisheries Society; and a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi.In 1973 he was awarded a gold medal from the World Wildlife Fund for the application of scientific findings to the conservation of marine turtles. In 1975 he received the Edward W. Browning Award for achievement in biological conservation. In 1978 Dr. Carr was awarded the Gold Medal of the New York Zoological Society for contributions to natural science and conservation; in 1978 he became Officer of the Order of the Golden Ark (The Netherlands).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING is the Director of the Florida State Museum, Gainesville. He received a B.S. in 1957 and an M.S. in 1961 from the University of Florida and a Ph.D. from 1966 from the University of Miami. His research interests are in wildlife conservation and habitat preservation, impact of international trade on wildlife populations, and ecology and behavior of reptile populations. He worked at the New York Zoological Society from 1967 to 1975. As an international wildlife consultant, Dr. King has received honors from the Dominican Republic, the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and from H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands. He has served on committees advising the State Department and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources on policies regarding the trade of crocodile skins, turtle products, and other wildlife materials. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry and Professor of Forest Genetics, Yale University, was Dean of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale from 1965 to 1975. He received a B.A. from Luxembourg College and a B.Sc.F. from the University of New Brunswick in 1950, an M.F. in ecology in 1951, and a Ph.D. in forest genetics from Yale in 1954. He is especially knowledgeable about francophone Africa and was chairman of the Sahel program of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development and a member of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation. From 1960 to 1965 he was research collaborator at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1966 he was the recipient of the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Biological Research from the Society of American Foresters and in 1975 was Distinguished Professor (Fulbright-Hays Program) in Yugoslavia. Before joining the Yale faculty, he served as project leader in forest genetics for the U.S. Forest Service in Florida. He has served as a consultant to FAO, various foreign governments, and private forestry companies, and he has traveled extensively in the tropical countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS is head of the Furzebrook Research Station of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (National Environment Research Council, U.K.). He received a B.A. in natural sciences (zoology) at the University of Cambridge of 1958, M.A. in 1962, and received his Ph.D. from London University in research on the integrated control of orchard pests. Dr. Morris worked at Monks Wood Experimental Station on the effects of grassland management on populations of invertebrates and developed a strong interest in community and applied ecology, particularly the conservation of insect populations. Recently he has become involved with problems of butterfly conservation and resource utilization. He is Secretary of the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects, a Vice-Chairman of the Lepidoptera Specialist Group of lUCN'S Survival Commission, and Chairman of the Habitat and Species Protection Committee of SEL (Societal Europaea Lepidoptero-Logica). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH L. POPENOE is Professor of Soils, Agronomy, Botany, and Geography and Director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California at Davis in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this system. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. He is past Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Escuela Agricola Panamericana in Honduras, Visiting Lecturer on Tropical Public Health at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Agronomy, the America Geographical Society, and the International Soils Science Society. He is Chairman of the Advisory Committee for Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT MICHAEL PYLE, a writer and consulting lepidopterist based in Gray's River, Washington, has served since 1979 as Co-Compiler of the lUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. In this capacity he is consultant to the Conservation Monitoring Center in Cambridge, England. After receiving his B.S. and M.S. at the University of Washington, he took his Ph.D. through the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University in 1976. He worked for the Government of Papua New Guinea on the conservation and utilization of insect resources and then with the Nature Conservancy as Northwest Land Steward. A former Fulbright Scholar to the United Kingdom, Dr. Pyle subsequently founded the Xerces Society for conservation of beneficial insects and their habitats. He has been chairman of IUCN'S Lepidoptera Specialist Group (Species Survival Commission) since 1976. His publications include the Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies. A comprehensive book on insect conservation in his next project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1977 in natural resources management. He has worked on various wildlife research projects in Asia since 1964 and is representative for the Asia Foundation in Taiwan. He has published articles on butterfly conservation and wildlife industries in Taiwan, where he has been studying the butterfly and wildlife farming projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, staff officer for this study, is Professional Associate of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science that are important for developing countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (member through 1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (member through 1982) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Board on Science and Technology for International Development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAMUEL P. ASPER, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEONARD BERRY, Professor, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST I. BRISKEY, Dean, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON S. BROWN, Director, Resources Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Associate Professor, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND J. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM A. W. KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE I. LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANICE E. PERLMAN, Executive Director, Committee for a New New York, New York City Partnership, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Assistant Dean for International Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN G. HURLEY, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL P. GREENE, Associate Director/Research Grants &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASHe0e6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASHe0e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASHe0e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2883 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/ec159e/ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">495767</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://ec159e/ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://ec159e/ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courier - NÂ°159 - Sept- Oct 1996 Dossier Investing in People Country Reports: Mali ; Western Samoa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Society, Culture, Community, Woman, Youth, Population|Social sciences, sociology (works comprising several subgroups) incl. participatory research and training</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Development Periodicals and Magazines|The Courier ACP 1990 - 1996 Africa-Caribbean-Pacific - European Union</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Courier - NÂ°159 - Sept- Oct 1996 Dossier Investing in People Country Reports: Mali ; Western Samoa (ec159e)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">EC Courier</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215023</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe0e6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p021.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p038.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p043.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p094.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AFRICA-CARIBBEAN-PACIFIC - EUROPEAN-UNION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali, which used to be the centre of great appears hemmed in by its frontiers, colonisation having culminated in the break-up of the old 'French Sudan'. Following the marxist regime of Modibo Keita (the 'founder' of the nation) and the dictatorship of Mousse TraorÃ©, Mali has discovered democracy. It is still one of the world's poorest countries but recent macro-economic trends are highly encouraging and there is a new dynamism. It seems that the ending of the Tuareg conflict has provoked a surge of optimism- even among ordinary citizens whose wallets have yet to feel the effects of an improving national economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacific island nations have a reputation for idyllic scenery and rich cultural traditions. Western Samoa has both of these assets in abundance, but it also faces many development challenges. With a population of just 165 000, the country has a limited local market, and it is a very long way from potential overseas customers. It is also susceptible to destructive tropical storms. Despite these constraints, there have been some promising signs of economic progress in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dossier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Investing in people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To say that investing in people makes economic sense is to state the obvious. But to what extent are the implications of this statement fully understood in the developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, in these days of constantly shifting development theories? We look at this subject in our Dossier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acnowledgements</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Address: Postal address (mail only) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'The ACP-EU Courier' Commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1049 Brussels &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Belgium &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier office address (visitors) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First floor Astrid Building 1, rue de GenÃšve &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evere - Brussels &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publisher Steffen Smidt &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission of the European communities &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;200, rue de la Loi &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1049 - BRUSSELS &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Belgium) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. 00-32-2-299 11 11 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Publications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assistant editors&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeanne Remacle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associate assistant editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalist:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Production Manager:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secretariat:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carmela Peters&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fax: 299-30-02&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Circulation:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Margriet Mahy-van der Werf&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(299-30-12)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cower page:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cover photo by&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John and Penny Hubley&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Meeting points</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Ieremiah Tabai, Secretary General of the Forum Secretariat</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Pacific Forum: 'responding to the needs of the Member States'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although an accountant by training, leremiah Tabai has never had the opportunity to practise his profession, having pursued a successful political career instead since 1974. In 1978, he was annointed head of government in Kiribati and a year later he became his country's first President, when it achieved independence. He held this position for 12 years. In 1991, he took up the top post in one of the South Pacific's key regional bodies, the Forum Secretariat, which is based in Suva, Fiji. During a recent Courier visit to the region, we had the opportunity to interview the Secretary General. Our discussion was wide-ranging, covering issues such as the Forum Secretariat's role, the economic challenges facing the South Pacific, and the development of regional links with Australia, New Zealand and Asia. We began by asking Mr Tabai to outline the objectives of the organisation that he heads.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Like many other organisations in the region, the Forum was established essentially to try and assist the development process of the Member States. At the time it was set up, there was already an organisation in existence - the South Pacific Commission - which dates back to 1947. But there was a feeling that we needed an organisation that was not just restricted to economic issues; that could talk about other matters with a bearing on the development of the region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the early years, when the organisation was called the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation (SPEC), the focus was heavily on trying to assist the trade and economic development of the member countries. Later, the name was changed to the Forum Secretariat and its role evolved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In what way ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It has evolved in seeking to respond to the needs of the Member States. It started as a very small bureau essentially dealing, as I said, with trade and economic issues. Subsequently, it moved into areas like energy, civil aviation, maritime questions and telecommunications. It also became more involved in political issues. We have a division which deals specifically with these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1995 was a very important year in the history of the Forum. We had a review of the organisation, looking at ways we could perform better and taking account of the changes in the region and the world at large. The fundamental recommendation in the report which came out of that review was that the Secretariat should focus mainly in future on poliy-related issues, in the areas of trade and investment, economics and international relations. This report was discussed and endorsed at the last Forum in Madang, Papua New Guinea. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Does this mean, in practice, a withdrawal from project activity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It may. The essential focus of the work will be providing policy advice to countries. Having said this, there should still be some project work. For instance, we will be engaged in a programme to provide assistance for importers, particularly in the small island countries. The idea is to help people- who may not be familiar with all the legal requirements-to learn how to get into the business. This will involve running a workshop and inviting people with expertise to pass on their knowledge. So even though the focus will be on policy issues, there will still be room for project-type activities where needed -so long as these fit in with the policy priorities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mentioned the fact that the Forum now deals with political questions. Although the issue may now be seen as 'water under the bridge' to what extent was the Forum Secretariat involved in the diplomatic disagreement over French nuclear testing ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- We were very much involved from the beginning. In 1991, when the French testing was not underground but atmospheric, the region, at a Forum meeting, came out strongly in opposition to the tests. Right up to our last meeting in Madang, the subject was always a major item on the agenda, and we left France in no doubt as to the resolve of our region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the new President took the decision to resume testing after a gap of several years, I was in the group from the South Pacific that went to France to express our views to French ministers, face-to-face. Our team was led by the then Australian Foreign Minister, Gareth Evans, who was President of the Forum. And when the tests began again, the Chairman took a decision suspending the dialogue and partner status of France with the Forum. So, as you see, we have been heavily involved in the issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What resources does the Forum have at its disposal and where does the money come from ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- An important source of funds is our members' contributions. These tend to be used to cover the operational costs of the organisation. Then of course, there are the funds made available by our donors. The main ones are obviously Australia and New Zealand but there are many other countries and international organisations who provide assistance. The EU, of course, is an important partner. There was also a private donor who funded our conference centre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How many people are employed in the Secretariat ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Around 80, all based here in Suva. Most of these are support staff.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is the current state of relations between the Forum Secretariat and the main donors ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I would say our relations are good. We have an extensive mechanism for consultation with the donors. Every two years, we invite them here for a dialogue. We talk about the key issues and discuss ways in which they can assist us. There is also usually a dialogue associated with the Forum (ministerial) meetings. In September this year, after the Forum meeting, we will have more discussions with our main partners such as the EU, Canada, France, Japan and the UK. I should mention too the close links we have with international organisations like the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and the IMF.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I think it is fair to say that the Forum Secretariat is seen as a particularly important organisation in the region. That is why donors are quite keen to be seen assisting us in what we do.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are the key development issues facing the South Pacific nations ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Development is quite a difficult process for our region. There are various international reports (particularly from the World Bank) - that describe how we have fared over the last few years. If you compare our performance with the Caribbean countries, for example, you find that we have not done nearly so well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We face a number of problems. First, there is the fact that we are so small. Small communities find it much more difficult than large ones to achieve development. You need to have the market and the critical mass to do all the things that are needed and we lack these. A second, related point is that our countries are very isolated from the rest of the world. It is true that here in Fiji, there are quite good connections, but if you go to Tuvalu, Kiribati or Niue, you will soon discover how difficult it is to get out. And if you are so isolated in terms of communication, how can you hope to increase your exports ? How can you airfreight your fish to Japan when there is no aircraft available-or the one that is available is not fast enough to ensure that the product is still fresh when it arrives?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On this question, one of the things we are increasingly realising is the need to do more in terms of human resource development. We all recognise that, without an educated population and workforce, it is very hard to achieve the development that we are aiming for. To be fair, if you compare the literacy rates here with those of many other countries, say in Africa, they are not at all bad. Our literacy levels are quite high. But I think we have a long way to go in acquiring problem-solving skills of the type needed to compete internationally. We are now talking with the EU about how we can utilise funding from the second protocol of LomÃ© IV. And I suspect that human resource development will remain high on the agenda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is that view shared by the European side ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think so. l have a feeling that they will support it because it is so obvious. If you develop human skills, you are better placed when it comes to problem-solving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Going back to the key development issues, another point is the lack of natural resources. This is less of a difficulty for countries like Fiji or Papua New Guinea, but it certainly affects the small island states. It hardly needs saying that if you don't have the resources in the first place, it is much harder to develop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, I think there is a question of how the Pacific region can get a better return on the resources it does have. This theme of 'managing our resources' was discussed by the Forum in Brisbane two years ago. Fisheries is probably the most important area here. The question is how we can earn more from this than we are currently doing- and there is no easy answer. Likewise in the forestry sector. We have to ensure that logging is done on a sustainable basis. But we must also recognise that leaders of the Pacific nations are under pressure. On the one hand, they are trying to take a lona-term view. but they are also striving to tackle the immediate problems. In an ideal world, our region would obtain a far better return on our resources, and that is something that we have to work on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having said all this, I don't think one should be too pessimistic. This region is still a very good place to live in. That is clearly reflected in the number of visitors we get. The 'South Seas' still have a special connotation that draws people here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You effectively have two 'genera/' regional organisations, with overlapping memberships, covering the South Pacific -the Forum, and the South Pacifc Commission (SPC). Do you think there is room for bath ? Do you complement each other or is there a rivalry ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We have more than two regional organisations. We also have SPREP (South Pacifc Regional Environment Programme), the FFA (Forum Fisheries Agency)....&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but these are specialist bodies with distinct sectoral responsibilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, that's true. In answer to your question, my view is that we have no problem with things as they stand. I was very involved in the debate some years back on the question of what we called an SRO - a single regional organisation. There was a strong push to try and achieve an SRO. The subject was debated for a few years and, in the end, it was possible to resolve the question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mean it was resolved by the idea being abandoned ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I suppose it depends on the way you look at it. The outcome was a decision to leave the regional organisations as they are but with the establishment of a mechanism to ensure they work together more effectively. This mechanism is called SPOCC-the South Pacific Organisations Coordinating Committee. It is a meeting of heads of regional organisations which happens at least once a year. We talk about the issues that are common to our mandate and work out ways of doing things better. SPOCC has been operating for six or seven years now and I think it works fairly well. There is, after all, no conflict in our underlying objectives. So my answer here is no, I don't see any problem. I don't see any rivalry between us. It is a question of seeing how we can work together to achieve the goals that we share.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the European Union, the fundamental goal, set out in the Treaty, is to move towards 'ever-closer union' We have been doing this in fits and starts over the past 35 years. Do you see the Forum perhaps taking on a similar role here-as the focus for economic, and perhaps ultimately, political integration in the South Pacifc ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- I think it is too early to speculate. We already have a number of sub-groups in the region like the MSG, the Melanesian Spearhead Group, whose members are the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Fiji (admitted last year). Further north, we have the Micronesian grouping which brings together Nauru, Tuvalu, the Marshall Islands and Kiribati. These groups meet outside the Forum framework and they essentially have a common aim which is to work more closely together. I think they feel it is easier to do it at this level because they are closer to each other and have more in common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for the Forum Secretariat, you can never tell what may come in the future. On balance, however, I think at the moment that integration is a long way off. Having said this, you do sometimes hear people putting the idea forward. There is, for example, something called the CER system, which stands for 'closer economic relations' between Australia and New Zealand. There have been suggestions that it might be possible to enlarge this grouping.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking at closer economic cooperation, and the general dismantling of trade barriers, we also need to recognise the growing importance of APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) for the region. We are trying strengthen our links with the APEC countries and in October, we will be establishing a trade office in Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mean a Forum Secretariat office ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, in Tokyo. We are also talking with the Chinese and will probably end up with an office in Beijing. This is all part of our attempt to integrate ourselves with the Asean region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mission statement of the Forum Secretariat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mission of the Forum Secretariat is to enhance the economic and social well being of the people of the South Pacific, in support of the efforts of the national governments. The Secretariat has particular responsibility to facilitate, develop and maintain cooperation and consultation between member governments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Secretariat must pursue its mission in accordance with the directives of the Forum and within its mandated areas of operation. it undertakes political and economic activities, regional in nature and complementary to the activities of the member governments. Its role requires it to act as the secretariat to the Forum and to disseminate the Forum's views, to coordinate activities with other regional institutions in particular through the SPOCC process, and to represent the Forum's interests intemationally, as required. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ACP</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Investment symposium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A success story for African mining</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency) symposium was held in Montreal from 22-24 May. It brought together some 40 African mining ministers, most of the important donor agencies and representatives of around 25 mining companies. MIGA, which is a specialised agency of the World Bank, promotes the flow of private investment to developing countries. It provides insurance against political risks and assists member countries in attracting foreign investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The purpose of the symposium was to attract investors from all over the world in order to exploit the rich mining possibilities offered by many African states. Several of the countries that attended went to considerable effort to present themselves well, and it was evident that some are quickly learning what it takes to attract foreign investors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The climate for mining investment in most African states has improved tremendously over the last two to three years. Most countries have introduced new mining codes, clearly defining the rights and obligations of foreign investors. State-owned companies are also being privatised, taxation has been made more reasonable and institutions in the mining sector, such as geological surveys, are becoming more efficient.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this has led to a big increase in exploration for new deposits and a substantial increase in investment. At present, the activity is particularly heavy in West Africa, where many countries have very good gold potential. The European Community is contributing to this development in several ways. The biggest success so far has been the exploration campaign in Mali, funded under that country's LomÃ© National Indicative Programme (NIP), which led to the discovery of the Sadiola gold deposit. A world-class gold mine will be built here, bringing substantial benefits to the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank has also supported many African countries in their efforts to reform the legal and administrative framework for the mining industry. An important element, however, in attracting mining companies is the availability of good geological data. This is a very expensive activity, which does not bring immediate returns, if at all. So it is not appropriate to finance this through bank loans. The NlPs and SYSMIN Fund, on the other hand, are instruments that are well-suited to this kind of work. The Community has already financed a series of airborne geophysical surveys in Botswana and Namibia -to mention just two examples-and a new Sysmin project is currently being prepared for Burkina Faso.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission Unit responsible for Mining Cooperation and Sysmin (VIIIl.B.5) was represented at the symposium. Its main purpose for being there was to present the functioning of Sysmin and the Community's cooperation in the field of mining to ACP ministers, mining companies and other donor agencies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Current state of the mining sector&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mining sector is currently very active. Exploration in West Africa doubled between 1993 and 1995 and new mines are being opened all the time. A lot of this new activity is to be found in the gold sector. This is mainly due to the development of cheaper production methods combined with a much more positive investment climate in many African countries. A gold mine takes less time to reach the production stage than, for example, a copper mine, with the former being far less dependent on good infrastructure. Outside the gold sector, activity is much more subdued. While base-metal prices are at a reasonable level, the pay-back period is much longer and the lack of suitable infrastructure kills many projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For many countries, mining is a key area in the growth of the private sector. State-ownad mines are being privatised and the new mines that are being opened have little or no state participation. Foreign investors are bringing in the most up-to-date mining technologies and business methods, and they are faced with the need to train local people in technical and business skills. Supporting the mining sector is clearly an efficient way of supporting private sector development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SYSMIN's future role&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given that most metals are currently fetching quite high prices, it is probable that relatively few ACP countries will be eligible for SYSMIN assistance over the next two to three years. The viability of most existing mines is not thought to be under threat and they should continue to be profitable. Thus, countries that are heavily dependent on mining should not experience severe losses in export income, which in turn means that relatively few SYSMIN requests are expected during the period of LomÃ© IV's second financial protocol. At the same time, the financial allocation for SYSMIN has been increased from ECU 48Om to ECU 575m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When trying to attract new mining investors, it is essential for a country to have good geological information. Private companies are normally unwilling to undertake much general prospect ion, such as airborne geophysical surveys, because it is very expensive and, if they do, it is usually limited to very small areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, companies are tending to restrict their activities to areas for which general information is already available. These points were raised by several of the mining companies that attended the symposium.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the present mining boom is not going to last for ever. Metal prices are volatile and, with the next downturn in the business cycle, a decline in metal prices will surely follow. So it is essential to prepare the basis for future mining activities by collecting general data. Given that a significant part of the SYSMIN allocation may remain unused because of a lack of requests, it would be worthwhile to consider whether a part could be reallocated to prepare general geological data for mining activities in the next century. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. B.-H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Joint Assembly to consider climate problem</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Hans van de Veen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Can the EU-ACP relationship be used to strengthen the dialogue between Europe and the main victims of climate change ? And can the LomÃ© Convention be one of the tools to promote climate protection measures, as well as the implementation of the Climate&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Treaty? These questions will be considered in depth at a hearing on climate derange scheduled for the next ACP-EU Joint Assembly, to be held in the last week of September 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Periods of heavy rain have always been part of normal life in Fiji. But the latest rains were different, says counsellor Taina Tudau of the Fiji Embassy in Brussels. 'They were much more extreme than what we were used to, and caused heavy damage. Normally it took several days of heavy rain before the floods came up. This time, the water flooded the islands almost immediately the rain began to fall.' Mrs Tudau sees two main causes for the recent flooding. First, there is heavy deforestation on the islands, causing widespread erosion. But she is sure there was another reason for the recent damage: 'In the Pacific we know the local climate is changing. We see that the sea is rising. We are experiencing more extreme weather events. There can be no doubt that global warming is already going on.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji is a prominent member of the Alliance of Small Island States (Aosis), the group of 36 nations which feel particularly threatened by global warming. At the first Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, held in Berlin in March 1995, Aosis called for industrialised nations to reduce their C02 emissions by 20% by 2005 (based on 1990 levels). At the end of the conference, the 150 national delegations agreed to begin negotiations on targets for industrialised nations to cut emissions in the early years of the next century.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So intentions may be good, but in practice not much has been done yet. The EU, for its part, risks losing credibility if firm action is not taken soon. According to a recent Commission White Paper on energy policy, the use of energy within the Union will increase by 1% a year up to 2020. Failing 'any strong policy interventions', the paper says, emissions of carbon dioxide are likely to show a 'substantial increase' during this period. Says Fiji-counsellor Tudau: 'As small island states we know what's at stake, but there seems to be no feeling of urgency in the rest of the world. We really wonder how long it will take before there is a definite move towards reduction of greenhouse gases.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EU-ACP cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the Berlin conference, the ACP countries-led by Aosis but with support from most of the African states -took a constructive and moderate position in the G77. The position adopted by the EU could also be described as moderate, certainly compared to that of other OECD countries. Several observers have pointed to the fact that these two moderate approaches by important blocks within the Climate Convention negotiations offer possibilities for some form of cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'No doubt the EU represents the most progressive group of countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;within the OECD, although its position is far from sufficient', says Sible Schone, a representative of the World Wide Fund for Nature. 'Besides that, the EU has a special relationship with a large group of developing countries. Quite obviously it will be significant to get a dialogue started between the EU and the ACPs on the subject of climate change.' Currently, there is no such dialogue. 'At the moment we are not in a dialogue with ACP countries on climate change', says Bertil Heerink of the European Commission's Environment Directorate-General who is a member of the EU delegation to the climate negotiations. 'I'm convinced this will happen some day, but first we have to agree on our own goals and measures. I am sure developing countries want us to give priority to this too.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The special ACP subcommittee to deal with tropical timber, the environment and fisheries, formed after the signing of the revised LomÃ© IV, only recently started its work. With respect to the global warming issue, it is waiting for the Joint Assembly hearing, according to ambassador Michael King of Barbados, who is a committee member. 'The specific interests of the different regions have to be articulated there, and then some kind of sustained effort has to be initiated.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The unit for Sustainable Development and Natural Resources in the Development Directorate-General of the Commission (DG VIII) not at present dealing with the subject of climate change. Says Head of Unit, Amos Tincani: 'We have worked on biodiversity and desertification, and we want to do more on the specific environmental problems of small island states. But we have done nothing similar on climate change. This is partly because it is so much a global problem, but the main reason is we simply lack the people and the time to go into it.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assembly hearing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At its meeting in Windhoek in March this year, the Joint Assembly adopted a resolution which had been proposed by representatives of 13 small island states. This urged the EU to take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof. More specifically, the Commission is being asked to update its climate change strategy for the period post-2000 and to achieve significant reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases over the coming decade and thereafter. The resolution riches on to call for extra assistance to ACP countries in the Caribbean, Pacific and Indian Ocean to help them improve their disaster preparedness. The Commission is also urged to accelerate the transfer of appropriate technologies and practices, to enable ACP states to develop coastal zone management strategies and to rehabilitate and protect areas stricken by drought and desertification as well as by hurricanes and floods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two representatives of the European Parliament, Maartje van Putter (PES) and Peter Liege (EPP), have been active on the situation of the small island states and climate change for several years. According to Mrs Van Putten, the main effect of the coming Assembly hearing should be to put extra pressure on the Commission to take its responsibility seriously. 'Talking about climate change,' she says, 'one should never forget who is to blame and who, therefore, must take decisive action. A European tax on energy or carbon dioxide would be an important first step, but no more than that.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Besides influencing the Commission's energy policy, Mrs Van Putten hopes the Assembly hearing will raise public awareness on the climate problem in those ACP countries which are not in the 'small island' category. 'If you are talking about rising sea levels, the African states with low-lying coastal zones face the same problems as the small island countries,' she points out. 'And they also face the problem of desertification and declining food production.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Integrating the climate dimension&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a recent briefing paperto the Commission, the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) concluded that, hitherto, the aid community (including the EU) had not incorporated measures on global warming into their strategic thinking on sustainable development. 'Indeed, the possibility of climate change has been considered of minor importance in comparison to other environmental concerns.' This is hardly surprising, says the London-based institute, as the climate issue has only recently been placed on the international agenda. Moreover, the long-term threat of global warming raises some difficult questions regarding priorities in circumstances where resources are limited. In other words: who wants to spend scarce funds on problems the full effects of which will probably not be felt for another 25 to 50 years? The best way forward, suggests the IIED, is to tackle the apparent conflict between shortterm development priorities and longterm climate protection, by 'integrating the climate dimension' rather than considering climate change as an issue in isolation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Technology transfer could be a central point, according to WWF's Sible Schone. 'Developing countries see technology transfer as a central theme in the Climate Convention, but the industrialised countries don't give enough weight to these There are a lot of paragraphs about technology transfer in the Convention as well as in LomÃ©. Now it's time to fill in these commitments.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strangely, there are hardly any LomÃ© projects currently under way in the field of energy efficiency. It is strange because experts have pointed to the large potential in developing countries for cost-effective energy improvement and energy conservation. Improved management could save at least 25% of the energy now being consumed. Quick realisation of this potential would significantly contribute to alleviating environmental Ã nd development problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Henri Martin, energy specialist in DG VIII, agrees a lot more could be done in this field, but he points out: 'We are dependent on requests. If you look at the wording of the Convention, everything has already been said. There are chapters on energy and technology transfer. The problem is that we don't get enough signals back from the ACP countries that these items are a priority for them. I'm afraid sustainable energy or energy efficiency is not high on the agenda of most countries.' Taina Tudau disagrees strongly: 'Our experience is that the projects that could make a difference and contribute to sustainable development, protection of the environment and local sustainable energy production, are found to be too small. It is the donor that sets the conditions for the projects, not us, the small island states.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New funding?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Can the EU build a credible policy linking climate and development cooperation, without reserving extra money? Not surprisingly, there is disagreement on this question. In Brussels, officials are inclined to point to possibilities that are already there but not being used. Amos Tincani, for instance, observes that 'there are budgets for this kind of problem under LomÃ©. We have provisions specially targeted for the islands'. He mentions regional budgets in particular: 'A lot can be started at the regional level which then trickles down to the national level. But after producing fine resolutions, everybody seems to forget the work still needs to be done. The idea is: 'oh yes, we can do it, provided it is with fresh money'. We say: a lot more can be done with existing budgets and instruments.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maartje van Putten, from the Parliament, says the discussion should not be 'dominated by southern demands for additional money'. She agrees that ACP countries could make better use of existing funds and possibilities, such as, for instance, the funds for intra ACP cooperation. But counsellor Tudau points to the fact that the Climate Convention urges industrialised countries to support the response of developing countries to climate problems through 'new and additional' money, besides the transfer of environmentally sound technologies and expertise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a financial mechanism built into the Climate Convention, which is administered by the Global Environmental Facility, to cover additional costs of appropriate measures. But much more could be done by the aid community, including the EU, according to Mrs Tudau. 'Most European countries will not succeed in stabilising, let alone reducing, their emissions. In reaction to this, as ACP countries we should say: European Union, you are not fulfilling your obligations. You have to try harder and you have to set extra money aside to compensate for the damage this is doing to us. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.v.d.V.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ACP-EU Council in Apia</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were no real surprises or unexpected developments at the ACP-EU Council meeting which took place in Apia, Western Samoa, on 27 and 28 June, 1996. The session was preceded by an ACP Council, which saw the adoption of three important decisions. The first of these was the appointment of a new ACP Secretary-6eneral, Mr Ng'andu P. Magande of Zambia. The post had been vacant for some time, following deadlock within the ACP Group over a successor to Berhane Ghebray (see issue 155 of The Courier, p.6). The ministers also agreed to hold a summit of ACP heads of government in Libreville, Gabon, during the second half of 1997. This meeting is expected to focus heavily on the future of ACPEU relations once the present LomÃ© Convention has expired.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the substantive area, the ACP Council adopted a resolution deploring the suspension of cooperation with Equatorial Guinea. Ministers urged the European Union to make use of the procedure in Article 366a of the revised LomÃ© Convention, and to set in train the consultation procedure envisaged in this provision.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This issue was raised again by the ACP side at the subsequent ACP-EU Council. This meeting, which was presided over by Mrs Toya (Italian Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs) and Mr Syamujaye (Zambia's Trade Minister) had a relatively light agenda. There was a discussion about the Commission proposal for a directive on the use of vegetable fats, other than cocoa fat, in chocolate (see issue 158 of The Courier, p.35). Somalia also featured in the debate, with representatives agreeing on the need to find ways of allowing this country to benefit from LomÃ© Convention provisions. The civil conflict in Somalia, and the absence of an effective central administration have prevented the deployment of regular development aid for many years, although significant amounts of emergency assistance have been and are still being provided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, the ACP-EU Council approved two reports drawn up by the development finance cooperation subcommittee and commodities sub-committee respectively. Representatives were able to reach a compromise on two outstanding points of contention in the resolution on development finance relating to tenders and the dissemination of the user's guide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note was taken of the number of countries that have so far lodged instruments of ratification for the revisad LomÃ© Convention (Mauritius agreement). At the time of the Apia meeting, only nine countries had ratified: seven on the ACP side (Barbados, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, Jamaica, Malawi, Mauritius and Solomon Islands) and two EU Member States (Denmark and Sweden). Appeals were made for the contracting parties to speed up their ratification procedures so that the Eighth European Development Fund can come on stream as speedily as possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The next ACP-EU Council meeting will take place in Luxembourg on 24 and 25 April 1997.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Western Samoa deserves a special mention for the warmth of their hospitality and the efficient way in which they organised the Council meeting. Delegates from all sides were keen to express their appreciation of the host country's efforts, which ensured the smooth running of the various meetings and gave the visitors a real taste of this Pacific country's unique culture. ed. S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New ACP Secretary-General&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ng`andu Peter Magande, is no stranger to the challenge of development at the grassroots. The new Secretary-General of the ACP Group, who was born in 1947, began his working career as a provincial development officer, planning and supervising projects in the Southern Province of his native Zambia. He is an economics graduate of the University of Zambia and also holds a master's degree in agricultural economics from Makerere university, Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From working in the field, he moved into government administration, rising to the position of Permanent Secretary-a post which he held in a number of ministries. Since the mid-1980s, he has had key jobs in a number of Zambian enterprises (including Managing Director of the Zambia National Commercial Bank) His most recent work has been on a project to develop private sector participation in agricultural input and produce marketing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Kenya's economy in the 1990s</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Elisabeth Pape&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya has enjoyed rare political stability since independence in 1963. It is one of the most famous holiday destinations in Africa, with abundant wildlife, fine beaches and stunning scenery. But despite having the most advanced economy in East Africa, it is still one of the world's poorest countries. Over 11 million Kenyans live below the poverty line. But better times may be ahead. The Government has embarked on an ambitious reform programme which promises to lay the foundations for strong growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The early 1990s marked the worst time in Kenyan history, in economic development terms. Real GDP growth dropped from 4.3% in 1990 to 2.1% in 1991 and was almost zero in 1992 and 1993. This poor performance was due to drought, structural rigidities, lack of monetary discipline, non-enforcement of banking regulations, and reduced donor assistance. While Kenya was used to receiving substantial foreign aid inflows, the present decade began with growing tensions between Government and donors. In the new post-Cold War atmosphere, the latter wanted to see political and economic reforms, and in November 1991 they decided to halt guick-disbursing aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Multi-party elections in December 1992 did not immediately restore relations with the donors, in particular as they were accompanied by a lack of fiscal and monetary discipline whose effects threatened economic ruin. Monetary expansion was fuelled, among other things, by discretionary exemptions to Banking Act provisions, which enabled over-borrowing by certain 'political' banks from the Central Bank. In early 1993, things came to a head. Foreign currency reserves were down to just a few weeks of imports, the banking system was on the verge of collapse, and consumer prices had shot up. Against this background, the Government went for a comprehensive, IMF-supported structural adjustment programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of far-reaching reforms were implemented with unprecedented speed. Exchange restrictions were removed, import licensing was ended, import procedures were made easier and tariffs were reduced. The export license requirement was also lifted and price controls were abolished. In March 1993, the Central Bank (CBK) began to tighten monetary policy. By issuing large amounts of treasury bills, it soaked up most of the excess liquidity which had been injected the previous year. There was also stricter bank supervision and a number of weak financial institutions were closed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Structural reforms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Government began structural reforms aimed at reducing its own role in the economy in favour of the private sector. The privatisation programme, begun in 1991, was accelerated. By the end of 1995, the authorities had divested more than half of the 211 non-strategic parastatals-though critics complained the process often lacked transparency. The Government also substantially reduced its fiscal deficit through, above all, an improved revenue policy. The deficit fell from 11.4% of GDP in 1992/93 to 2.5% in 1994/95. The number of civil servants was reduced, mainly through voluntary early retirement, so that, by the end of 1995, the service had been trimmed by more than 30 000 (10% of the payroll).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1995, the reform programme lost momentum as proponents of the old and the new systems locked horns. Vested interests stood in the way of more radical reforms. Temporary import bans on maize and sugar were reimposed, key parastatal reforms were delayed and expensive but economically dubious projects were approved outside normal budgetary procedures. These included an international airport in Eldoret, a presidential jet and an identity card project. These further delayed the resumption of balance of payments support by the Bretton Woods Institutions and contributed to the frustration of efforts to improve relations with donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The economic crisis peaked in early 1993 and the shilling was sharply devalued. The official rate went from about KSh 36 to the dollar at the end of 1992 to KSh 60 in April 1993. On the market, the currency was being traded at a premium of more than 30% and that continued until July-i.e. about two months after the removal of exchange restrictions. The market premium then started to decline and the two rates converged in mid-October when the shilling stood at 69 to the dollar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The high interest rate on treasury bills under the liberalised foreign exchange regime was the main reason behind strong currency inflows which began in October 1993. Other factors, whose exact impact is difficult to gauge, included capital flight from neighbouring crisis-torn countries, the international money laundering one normally finds in places with newly liberalised foreign exchange regimes, and a surplus in the current account position. The shilling then started to rise, despite the CBK's massive currency purchases which led to a build up of reserves to the equivalent of six months of imports. The appreciation continued up to October 1994: indeed, at one point, the shilling reached a high of 35 to the dollar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That was the turning point. Strong import demand, fuelled in particular by a surge in oil imports in the wake of petroleum market liberalisation, and an outflow of portfolio investments due to lower interest rates, weakened the currency. By mid-1995, after two sharp falls, it reached a rate of 56 to the dollar. Since then, it has been relatively stable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic recovery&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Real GDP grew by 3% in 1994 and an estimated 5% in 1995. Good weather certainly helped, but the economy also benefited from the Government's reforms. Agriculture, the mainstay, grew by 2.8% in 1994 and by more than 5% in 1995. This compares with negative growth rates in 1992-93, when the sector was hard hit by bad weather. Elsewhere, the trends were more mixed. Many producers for the local market were affected by trade liberalisation and, in 1994, by the strong shilling. The former created a highly competitive environment almost overnight-after years of cosy protectionism. For cloth manufacturers, the liberalisation of imports of second-hand clothing further aggravated the problem. In 1994, the clothing sector's output dropped 35%. Tourism, the main foreign exchange earner, fared quite well in volume terms in 1994 despite the strong shilling. But while turnover may have gone up, it is likely that many operators did not earn enough extra to cover their increased local currency costs. In 1995, visitor arrivals fell by 20% to the lowest figure since 1988. In consequence, tourism earnings fell by a quarter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As intended, liberalisation led to higher trade volumes. In 1994, exports ( + 16%) rose by more than imports ( + 13%) in value terms, but the position was reversed in 1995 when the latter jumped by 35% while the former were 14% lower. One good sign was that the highest import growth was in industrial supplies and machinery (60% up) but the fact that the deficit almost doubled to reach record levels was obviously a cause for concern.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major revolution has also taken place in trade flows. In 1994, for the first time, Uganda overtook the UK as the biggest importer of Kenyan goods. In the same year, the value of Kenya's exports to African countries moved ahead of its combined exports to Europe and North America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During 1994, the Nairobi Stock Exchange proved to be one of the worid's best-performing stock markets, the value of shares rising by 80%.1995 was disappointing, however. Although foreigners were allowed to invest for the first time, the index nonetheless fell by 25%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fighting inflation has been the CBK's main objective since 1993 and a tight monetary policy has brought the problem under control. Inflation dropped from 46% in 1993 to 29% in 1994 and to below 2% in 1995. Recently, however, an upward trend has bean observed. This follows a money supply increase far in excess of the expansion of economic activity, and is mainly due to a substitution of treasury bills for borrowing from the Central Bank since the end of 1994. If inflation is to remain within the 5% target for 1996-which already seemed highly unlikely by the middle of the year - the trend needs to be speedily reversed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially, the main way of mopping up excess liquidity was through the sale of treasury bills. When the sales began in March 1993, there was a huge liquidity overhang and high interest rates had to be offered to take money out of the market quickly. The rate earned on 90-day bills-which became the lead interest rate in the economy- rose from 17% to 80% between March and July 1993. It then declined steadily, reaching 18% at the end of 1994. This prompted an outflow of short-term capital, leading to currency depreciation and lower foreign reserves. Since mid 1995, treasury bill rates have been back above 20% and this seems to have stabilised the foreign exchange situation. It is generally believed that the high prevailing real interest rates are a major obstacle to investment and economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interest on domestic debt is still a big item in the state budget, although, the situation is much improved, thanks to the reduction in the stock of treasury bills and lower interest rates. In fiscal year 1993/94, interest payments on domestic debt alone swallowed one third of total gavernnnent expenditure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agriculture sector employs 70% of the total labour force and generates more than a quarter of Kenya's GDP. Much of industry is linked to agricultural processing, and tea, coffee and horticultural products are Kenya's major foreign exchange earners after tourism. The marketing of key farm products is dominated by large parastatals and cooperatives which are often run like parastatals. Most marketing organisations have been hard hit by the liberalisation, which brought both inefficiency and corruption to light. Tea growers have complained about improprieties at the Kenya Tea Development Authority. Imported sugar flooded the local market, often without paying import duties, leaving the mills with huge stocks. This, in turn, created severe cash flow problems. Most sugar farmers have not been paid for months. Kenya Cooperative Creameries was not able to pay farmers for milk deliveries for up to half a year, and could only start servicing the arrears when the Government came to its rescue with KSh 800 million in January 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Formidable challenges&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya's labour force, around 12.5 million in 1996, is growing at more than 4% a year. This means that at least half a million people enter the job market annually. The challenge of absorbing the new workers is formidable. Studies show that any strategy to deal with this must be based on three pillars: smallholder agriculture (to absorb most of the growth in the rural labour force), continuing substantial job creation in the informal sector, and high real GDP growth (+8% per year is needed to ensure that the modem sector absorbs a significant number of workers).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Informal sector employment has risen rapidly (up by 15-20% a year since 1991). By 1994, for the first time, there were more people working here than in the modern economy. The informal sector covers semi-organised and unregulated activities largely under taken by self-employed people or employers with just a few workers. Typically, they do not comply fully with tax, registration, and licensing rules, and this sometimes leads to conflict with the authorities. Workers are often paid below the minimum wage and have no social security. For many, the informal sector is, therefore, an 'employer' of last resort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is estimated that almost 50% of rural people and 30% of urban residents live in absolute poverty- unable to meet their minimum requirements for food and essential non-food items. While the percentage has remained fairly stable in recent decades, the increase in the number of 'absolute' poor is alarming. So too is the extent of the poverty: the gap between these people's minimum needs and their actual disposable income has reportedly increased over the last ten years. The bulk of the poor live in the central and western parts of the country, which have the best agricultural potential, the rich soils having always attracted settlers. For decades there was enough land to go around, but demographic trends have finally started to take their toll. The size of landholding has declined continuously, in many cases reaching levels which are no longer capable of sustaining a family.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There has been some progress in restructuring parastatals, but much remains to be done. The performance of key parastatals has been unsatisfactory by international standards and this has constrained growth. At Mombasa port, which is managed by the Kenya Ports Authority, handling charges are 50% higher than the global average, while container turnover is three times slower. Rail transport is unreliable, slow and more expensive than road haulage. The Kenya Power and Lighting Company has a shortage of generating capacity which means periodic power cuts. And intervention in the maize market by the National Cereals and Produce Board- at above-market prices-has prevented private sector involvement as well as placing a heavy burden on government finances. The Board has posted annual operating losses of between KSh 1.8bn and KSh 2.5bn each fiscal year since 1992/93.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corruption, misuse of funds, and the politics of patronage remain endemic and these clearly distort development. Elimination of corruption has been an aim of most reform programmes but it seems that the effect so far has only been to change its form. Trade liberalisation has killed cash cows such as import and foreign exchange licences, and the commercialisation of parastatals has stopped them from doing deals with cronies which were profitable only for the latter. But other forms of non-acceptable wealth accumulation have emerged. In the early 1990s, alleged exports of gold and diamonds are thought to have resulted in a loss of KSh 7 billion of public funds. Land grabbing has also become widespread. This either involves land being sold to individuals or companies with well-established political connections at well below market prices, or the purchase of land by public institutions from the same individuals or companies at inflated prices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After delays because of political differences, cooperation between the three states of the former East African Community (Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya) was revived in early 1996. The EAC Secretariat, based in Arusha, is headed by a Kenyan, Francis Muthaura, a former ambassador in Brussels. For the three countries, the new cooperation aims at facilitating movements of people, capital and trade within the region, and harmonisation of external tariffs and investment regulations. Currencies will be fully convertible. This revived cooperation is expected to have a major growth impact. The Nairobi Stock Exchange is currently assisting Kampala and Dar es Salaam to set up their own exchanges. And the NSE Chairman, Jimnah Mbaru, sees the future not only in a cross-listing of companies in the three places, but in a regional stock exchange.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy framework&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Policy Framework Paper (PFP) for 1996-1998, which was published in February ahead of the donors' Consultative Group (CG) Meeting, was highly applauded for both its content and form. The programme, which the media has dubbed 'the big push', promises finally to crack most of the 'hard nuts' of previous reform agendas, in particular in the parastatal and public sector. It also lays down measures aimed at supporting fiscal and monetary discipline through the next elections. These include cutting the budget deficit to 1.5 % of GDP by 1997/98, a tight monetary policy, and more autonomy for the Central Bank. In addition, it tackles some areas'that have emerged as avenues of corruption in recent years, such as the National Social Security Fund. While previous PFPs were highly confidential, this one was published, and the President appointed a Commission chaired by himself to oversee its implementation. These are seen as important steps in bridging the credibility gap which threatened to open up again in 1995. Donors are prepared to support the reform agenda and are eager to see it implemented speedily. Shortly after the positive outcome of the CG meeting, the IMF approved a three-year Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility programme for a total of $220m. The World Bank is expected to follow suit with a credit of $85m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An increasing number of donors, however, have pointed to the link between democratic governance/ human rights issues on the one hand, and aid and investment flows on the other. If Kenya is to meet its ambitious targets and turn into a newly-industrialising country by 2010, foreign inflows will be vital. The point was succinctly put by a delegate to the CG meeting. 'If its (the Government's) economic successes are matched by a commitment to democracy and human rights, Kenya may yet prove that surging economic growth is not just for Asian tigers, but for African lions, too.' The period leading up to the next general election will be the acid test. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.P. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Country report</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mali : An omnipresent sense of history</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some countries have a strong folk memory. Despite its size, Mali appears hemmed in by its frontiers. For more than a thousand years, this state was a splendid empire, constantly spreading outward and reflecting the history of the African continent with its conquests and alliances, reversals of fortune and moments of glory. At its height, it extended from the Atlantic to the Sudanese border, from the south of Morocco to the north of Nigeria. Mali's history rests in the minds of its people rather than in any structures inherited from the past. This acts as an antidote to the 'amnesia' often brought on by colonisation, which has the effect of paralysing the future. Although poor, the country has a well-established sense of its place in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A racial melting pot&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;`&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the eve of colonisation, Mali was known es 'west Sudan'. In 1924, the territory then known as 'French Sudan' was split up and small portions of the Malian nation were incorporated into the seven states bordering it-a move certainly not calculated to have a cohesive effect on the remnants of the old empire. Mali has long been a melting pot of races, ethnic groups and cultures. They have learned to live together- intermingling, sometimes forming unexpected alliances, and occasionally fighting one another. The result today is a potpourri where true racial or ethnic confrontation is difficult to imagine. The interplay of history and the mixing of ethnic groups, families and individuals, has created what one intellectual de scribed to us as 'the anti Rwanda vaccine'. Historical mythology offers, perhaps, further evidence of the fusion of cultures in this country. As in ancient Greece or Rome, to take European examples, each ethnic group and each Malian empire, was 'backed' by a host of gods, spirits and totems. In this nebulous world, where dreams beget history and where vastly differing ethnic groups can trace themselves back to a common ancestor, the result was a multiplicity of interrelationships. Under various names, the python totem belongs to many different peoples, including the Peal, Ma/inke and Sarakolle. A study of the migrations of the peoples who make up Mali also reveals a great many relationships - for example, between the Dogon, who are black, and the Shongoi; who are more half-caste. They regard one another as cousins, originating from Aswan in Egypt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malians appear to share a genuine sense of belonging in keeping with their shared culture. The 'people' of Mali came into being long before the state of the same name. The guerilla war fought in recent years by the Tuaregs (this is the English plural, Tuareg already being the plural form of Targul) against the Malian army, is often viewed abroad as a struggle between whites (or Arabs) and blacks. But this is an illusion. Although the Tuaregs are probably the only 'white' minority in the country, they are an integral ingredient in the melting pot. They are also known as 'Kel-Tamasheq' - those who speak Tamashek, which was originally the language of their Bella slaves. Like all the country's ethnic groups, they have dominated and have in turn been dominated. They have forged alliances with one another, and, more commonly, have united against Arab or Berber invasions. The relative absence of bitterness overall is probably due to the fact that each of Mali's peoples has had its era of glory and imperial dominance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali is lucky to have such knowledge of its history. For centuries, the most precise details have been collected by the griots. The same role has also been played by the many secret societies which have initiation periods lasting, in some cases, up to 50 years. They were, and sometimes still are, repositories for the secrets of history, magic, astrology and science, and also for the symbols of power-the religious objects and artefacts of the former emperors. There are written sources as well, something which is quite rare in Africa. These have been transcribed since the beginning of the millennium and, in recent decades, close collaboration between historians, griots and members of traditional societies has enabled a deeper knowledge to be gained of Mali's history.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A rich empire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asselar Man, discovered near Timbuktu in the centre of Mali, was a contemporary of Cro Magnon Man. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cave paintings from five thousand B.C. reveal similarities with those in Egypt and are probably the work of migrant populations from the east, who moved into Mali as the Sahara Desert expanded. Less reliable sources state that interbred populations of Jews and Egyptians under the command of an officer of the Pharaoh Dinga created the Soninke dynasty (originating from Aswan). These people probably laid the found ations of the first great Malian empire, that of Ouagadou. Other sources, equally unreliable, report that they were probably Judaeo-Syrians who arrived at the end of the third century A.D. and found a population already in place. What is more or less certain is that, during the first millennium, a Soninke dynasty was installed around the current frontier between Mauritania and Mali and that 40 princes ruled it in succession in the period prior to 750 A.D. Initially, these rulers were white but, with increasing intermarriage, their skins became darker and darker. To Arab chroniclers, Mali came to be known as Bafour or Bilad es-Soudan (the country of the blacks). At the beginning of the second millennium, the Ouagadou empire held sway over several kingdoms in the south, including the Nigerian delta and a number of Berber principalities. Documents dating from this period have replaced the name Ouagadou with that of Ghana, by analogy, perhaps, with the emperor's title. The empire was already very rich, the richest in the world according to an Arab chronicler who visited it in 970. A work by the writer A/ Bakri, which appeared a century later (1087) went into great detail about the empire's organisation-the system of matrilinear succession, the role of councils of dignitaries, and the capital, Koumbi (whose foundations were discovered in 1914 in southern Mauritania). This city was divided into two districts, one of these being the sacred, imperial city, home to the empire's python totem to which a young girl was sacrificed every year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A story of courage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The killing of the snake totem is the most significant myths in the country's history. The hero of the story is Amadou Sefedokete whose love for his beautiful fiancee Sia (who was about to be offered in sacrifice), prompted him to descend into the monster's lair and confront it. By killing the totem, he broke the thread of countless generations before him, who had carried out the ritual sacrifice. He is still remembered for this magnificent action, based on love and a sense of nobility, and he remains a subject for artists of all types. His brave action still causes young lovers in Africa to shudder in admiration. However, this act of deicide brought about a reversal of fortunes. The monster's seven heads, which the young hero is said to have cut off one after the other, are reputed to have been scattered to the four comers of the earth, thereby dispersing the empire's riches and leaving it penniless. The true story is more prosaic. Ghana's wealth was eyed greedily by the Arabs and Berbers who had long traded with it. The empire's resistance in the face of Islam gave Moroccan religious fanatics a pretext for organising a jihad. It was invaded by an army of 30000 devotees supported by forces from some of the empire's black vassal states. The 'holy war' began in 1042 ending 34 years later with the occupation of Koumbi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The occupation did not last long but was followed by internal clan wars which brought about the end of an era. Restoration came about at the end of the 72th century , in the small Sosso kingdom, south of Ouagadou (also set up by a small group of SoninkÃ©). One of the minor kings called Soumangourou Diarasso dreamed of recreating Ghana's empire, and, in 1203, he succeeded in sacking the ancient capital of Koumbi in a move designed to establish his own dynasty. This was an important symbolic act and in the fierce war which followed, Soumangourou subjugated MandÃ©, a region which was overflowing with wealth. One of Africa's greatest heroes, Soundjata, rose up against him. He was supposedly the legitimate heir to the Mandingo throne, but was unable to walk, having been born an invalid of a deformed mother who had been married at the recommendation of the king's sorcerer. His young half-brother took his place on the throne and sent the paralysed prince into exile. At the age of 18, Soundjata decided to seize his own place in history and a 'giant' was thus bom. In 1235, his army fought that of the bloodthirsty Sosso monarch whom he himself is said to have cut down in an extraordinary battle. It was a fight which, according to the legends, saw the use of all types of weapon, including magic. Soundjata had forged a grand alliance in order to gain victory. Rather than reducing to vassalage the small kingdoms which had allied themselves with him, the new emperor decided to form them into a federation-although he wisely declared that from Niani (his capital), 'I shall see all'. His empire took the name of 'Mali' (the hippopotamus) on account of that animal's strength and mastery of bath water and land. For 20 years, the empire was to stretch as far as the Atlantic Ocean. Its structure, based on a number of warrior clans, craftsmen, freemen and marabous, is still characteristic of Mali and neighbouring countries today. The empire was rich in gold once again but also in terms of agricultural organisation with the development of cotton and groundout farming. Soundjata disappeared mysteriously in 1255, leaving a prosperous empire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Conquest' of America?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1285, there was a struggle for succession between two princes and a third, Prince Sakoura (a freed slave), took advantage of the quarrel to take power for himself. Sakoura expanded the empire by subjugating the Timbuktu Tuaregs and the Gao Shongoi: After his short reign, a genuine heir of Soundjata, Aboubakar II, ascended the throne. He had his eye on conquests over the seas and, according to the story, he set sail westwards leading a fleet of 2000 vessels. He was never seen again. However, recent studies favour the hypothesis that he was not lost at sea as had always been supposed' but did, in fact, reach the Americas. A series of ineffective monarchs succeeded this 'conqueror of the impossible', who preceded Christopher Columbus by 200 years, leaving little real impression on history other than the records of their exuberant behaviour. One of them, for example, went on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 with a reported retinue of 60 000 and distributed considerable amounts of gold to all the dignitaries he encountered in that holy place. These kings, however, are acknowledged as having preserved the empire's unity, guaranteeing order without repression and allowing wide religious, moral and sexual tolerance, even for married women. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kingdom centred on Gao dates back to at least the first millennium but it was usually a vassal of the Ouagadou empire and of Mali. One of its kings, Sonny Ali Ber (known as Sonny the Great), came to the throne in 1464, profiting from the decay of the Mali empire. His reign was marked by a bitter struggle against the UlÃ©mas of Timbuktu who, over a period of four centuries following the Almoravid conquest, had converted a large portion of the empire to Islam. The circumstances of Sonny's disappearance are uncertain, but he is thought to have drowned in 1492, the year when a certain Genoese navigator was to achieve the ancient goal of 'discovering' the Malian empire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sonny Ber's successor did not last long in the face of Islamic expansion. The new Askia dynasty was installed to lead the Shongoi empire, and this expanded with the annexation of Dahomey and part of Nigeria. However, a small part of the former Mali empire never passed under their rule. The Askia dynasty blew hot and cold in terms of religious fervour. Tyrannical at first, it later took a softer line. Under the reign of one monarch, the Gao court based in the university city of Timbuktu became a place of exceptional refinement-only to slide once again into a state of intolerance. One of the Askias, having destroyed the last symbols of the former Mali empire, the city of Niani, set upon his former Moroccan allies. Another emperor, Askia Daoud (1549-1582), turned out to be a fine administrator. He developed agriculture and set up a genuine bank in Gaol War with Morocco continued throughout his reign and beyond. In 1584, imperial force defeated 20 000 Moroccan soldiers, winning a victory which might have been decisive had it not been for internal dissent. This weakened the Askia side and enabled Morocco, with a band of Spanish mercenaries, to take over the empire, following a battle in April 1591. Success was due, above all on this occasion, to the firearms deployed by the winning side. Such weapons were unknown to the 45 000 Malian cavalry and infantry who were engaged. It also turned out to be a Pyrrhic victory. The occupying troops sent the great scholars from Timbuktu University to Morocco, where their peers took up their cause. Moreover, the foreign soldiers were won over by the easy life in Mali-and one of the first results of their presence was a big increase in the half-caste population. In 1612, the troops rejected the Moroccan command: the occupation was at an end and the last few Moroccans were later expelled from Timbuktu by the Tuaregs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black religious proselytism and colonisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To each dog his day. In the 17th century, the Bambaras set up an empire around Segou, but the debauched lifestyle of several of the sovereigns and disapproval of the part they played in the slave trade proved to be their downfall. Once again, the history of the country was to be shaped by a slave- Ngolo Diarra-who founded his dynasty in 1766. He was able to restore a degree of prestige to the kingdom, but his efforts were undermined after his death. As a reaction, a proselytising Black Islam then began to evolve.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Massina became a theocratic state around the beginning of the 19th century, in common with other kingdoms which appeared at the same time. One of their most famous rulers, the conqueror El Hadj Oumar, was defeated by the troops of the French General Faidherbe who forced him to give up West Senegal. The days of Malian independence were now numbered. The courage of his successor only delayed the progress of French colonisation, which finally prevailed at the end of the century.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resistance fighters carried on the war from other points in the old empire, particularly from what is now Guinea. The country was dismantled by the colonial system and pacified, but the end of the Second World War and the return of African soldiers brought a renewed desire for independence. French Sudan became the rallying point for freedom fighters in the French colonies-the old dream of reunification was not dead and buried. In 1946, the Rassemblement Democratique Africain was set up, later to become the USRDA (Union soudanaise-Rassemblement democratique africain). In 1956, the future architect of Mali's independence, Modibo Keita, was appointed leader of the movement and elected to represent the 'Sudan' in the French Assembly. A 'Malian Federation' project was drawn up to include Dahomey (Benin), Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Senegal and 'Sudan' (Mali). A constituent assembly of independence movement representatives was set up in 1959. However, the constitution adopted by the local Malian and Senegalese assemblies was rejected by the other two. The Federation now had only two members but was nonetheless proclaimed independent on 20 June 1960. In the event, the spirit of unity was lacking and, on the pretext of a rivalry between the two leaders (the 'Sudanese' Modibo Keita and the Senegalese Mamadou Dia), Senegal withdrew from the union in August. On 22 September 1960, the 'Sudan', now without an outlet to the sea, adopted one of the most prestigious names in its history: Mali.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new state was landlocked not only geographically but also, very soon, politically. Modibo Keita's socialist agenda prompted foreign investors to pull out, and the country was organised increasingly as a 'people's democracy'. Fortunately, the repression was not excessive but a sizeable proportion of the population disapproved of the system that had been chosen. Mali and Guinea still had modest aspirations to their old dream of unification. The founder of the Republic, Modibo Keita, was overthrown by a military coup on 19 November 1968. More than the break-up by colonisation, which left dreams of Sudan being reconstituted, this military putsch sounded the knell of the old empire. Mali became just another state whose colonial and post-colonial eras have been marked by a lack of success. Nevertheless, a sense of history is still omnipresent. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goueier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Three republics to create one democracy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is just something you have to get used to-in French-speaking Africa, virtually all countries have imitated France in assigning a number to each republic formed under a new constitution. At the time of its independence on 20 June 1960, Mali was a federation of two states; Senegal and the former 'French Sudan'. It was an alliance which failed after only a few weeks'existence end 'French Sudan' then adopted one of its most prestigious former names- Mali. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first regime, under Modibo Keita, became increasingly unpopular as its form of 'tropical' marxism caused it to become more and more isolated. One of its main shortcomings was its unrealistic five-year plans, none of which were ever implemented. Discontent became rife among various social groups. including the farmers who, opposed collectivisation and were adept at passive resistance which they employed to disrupt the supply of produce. The regime also modelled itself on the so-called 'people's democracies' in certain respects. For instance, it made a determined effort to improve education, health and social justice, while refraining from the more dictatorial excesses that often characterised such systems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially welcomed by some sections of the population, the November 1968 putsch, by Lieutenant Moussa Traore quickly fumed into dictatorship although it was to be more than 10 years before there were any significant anti-government protests. At the end of 1990, opponents of the regime openly set up organisations which claimed opposition-party status. One of these was ADEMA (the Alliance for Democracy in Mali), formed by the current President of the Republic, Alpha Oumar Konare. Marches calling for a multi-party state attracted the support of tens of thousands of people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The dictator then sought to neutralise the opposition, beginning with the Tuaregs in the north who had been waging a guerilla war. This conflict was viewed by many as the 'front line' in the people's struggle against dictatorship, and the Tuareg cause was supported by opposition movements. The government, which had for some time opted for 'soft' repression, now revealed its claws and in January 1991 it began to imprison student leaders. The streets were filled with armoured vehicles and the first death amongst the students brought condemnation. Repression reached its height on 22 March 1991, when several dozen students were killed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prior to this, in February 1991, Moussa Traore's UDPM (Democratic Union of the Malian People) came out in support of a multi-party system - a move which marked the beginning of the end of the regime. The day after the students were killed, a democracy coordination committee launched an appeal for a general strike, to last until the dictator was overthrown. This began on 26 March, and amounted, in effect, to a 'democratic' coup d'etat. Its instigator was Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Toure, who took charge of the transition to-tether with the democratic movements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The former dictator was arrested and put on trial for his crimes. He was later condemned to death but his sentence was recently commuted by President Konare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Tuareg guerilla war continued despite the government's conciliatory attitude. The new administration also had to deal with a number of social claims which had long been stifled by the dictatorship. However, popular support for the regime remained firm. The new constitution was adopted virtually unanimously in a January 1992 referendum and, a week later, ADEMA won the municipal elections, the first in a series of electoral victories for Alpha Oumar Konare. He went on to win the Presidential election (for the Third Republic) in April, with almost 70% of the vote. Meanwhile, negotiations with the Tuareg rebels resulted only in signatures on agreements which were not observed. The situation grew worse with the Ghanda Koy counter-offensive, but this in turn led to a seemingly viable accord between the Azawad Arab Islamic front, the most important guerilla movement, and the Malian government. Last March, President Konare presided over an enormous bonfire of weapons seized from the former guerilla fighters. The flames lit up the skies above Timbuktoo, the symbol par excellence of rapprochement between the peoples of Mali.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the beginning of January 1994, the regime suffered the effects of the devaluation of the CFA franc. Economic liberalisation had enabled Mali to improve its macroeconomic position, but social discontent, particularly in the towns and cities, demonstrated that the average citizen was continuing to suffer economic hardship. The President still enjoys considerable support, and political democracy is greatly appreciated. Obviously, the government cannot be blamed for all the difficulties facing the country. There is, for example, a lack of professionalism in the press. However, it could have given a lead in the case of the State media, which still studiously avoids criticising the government's actions. The administration has also been taken to task for its apparently lax attitude towards 'economic' misdemeanours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Next year will see a series of elections. The government views these with apprehension, although it has stolen a march over its rivals by signing a political accord with several small parties. Opposition is centred around the MPR (Patriotic Movement for Renewal), the revamped former party of the dictator Moussa Traore. This has undergone a 'facelift, and now seems to be regaining support. lts trump card is decentralisation. Its former leaders, who held total power for a quarter of a century, can take advantage of the network of contacts they built up. The US-ADA, the party of the Republic's founder, Modibo Keita, which until recently appeared to be the herald of change, seems lately to have restricted its role to that of arbiter. Surprises are in the offing, but one thing is certain: the Third Republic's constitution will remain the guarantee of democracy in Mali. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.G.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with Ali N. Diallo, President of the National Assembly</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mali, the army has learnt if from the past&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali's institutions were radically remodelled in the wake of the recent vote on decentralisation. This is aimed at allowing, among other things, a degree of autonomy for the north of the country-which is essential to guarantee national reconciliation. The sudden growth in the number of small towns and villages may result in some political surprises during the long e/ection campaign period which is due to begin early next year. The President of the National Assembly, Ali N. Diallo, finds himself in a pivotal position: his Adema (A/fiance for Democracy in Mali) party current/y holds a comfortable majority in Parliament. With democracy being consolidated in Mali, he must find this an exhilarating time. Our frst question touched on this&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is certainly an excellent time to be in Mali, but freedom is the most difficult of man's needs to satisfy. Our National Assembly has 12 parties and most people in our country are inspired by ideas based on tolerance and respect for the right to be different. The main concern of those of us who lead the party currently in the majority, is to question constantly whether we are necessarily always right. We have a comfortable majority-72 members out of 115-but this certainly doesn't mean that the National Assembly is just a rubber stamp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· There is, of course, another stumbling block when one has such a large majority, which is the possibility of internal divisions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, I would agree with you there. Mali's MPs have to realise that they came into this business after a three-stage process. First there was a popular uprising, then the army intervened to put an end to the bloodbath.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, we had the high level national conference to draft the constitution, the electoral code and the charter for the country's parties. MPs, therefore, must always bear in mind that, though they can claim legitimacy on the basis of the revolution, there is also a republican legitimacy they ought to respect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The second phase in the process was the intervention of the army-are you not a*aid that the 'Niger syndrome'will raise its ugly head in Mali, too ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Naturally, MPs have seen what happened in Niger and elsewhere, but fear is tempered here because officers in Mali's forces have also given a great deal of thought to the effects of military dictatorship. Democrats and republicans within the armed forces are very aware that only a minority of men in uniform profited to any degree from the previous regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think that because Mali had what might be called a 'moderate' dictatorship, it is now in a better position than it would have been had the previous administration been more repressive ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Let me put it this way. The military dictatorship went through three different stages. During the first stage, just after the coup on 19 November 1968, the junta chose Mao Tse Tung as a model, hammering home the idea that power could be won by force of arms-and it was carried away by the popular acclaim it initially received. Subsequent popular resistance then took them by surprise. People wanted more freedom, but they also wanted to keep what they had gained in social matters. Army officers asked the protestors to abandon their action so that normal constitutional life could be resumed, but the trade unions had their own ideas. They advocated things which the people in power opposed. The ensuing repression was therefore fierce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was a second phase during which the military were at odds with one another over the leadership question. The popular view was that the country had fourteen different heads of state at that time. This went on until 28 February 1978 when there was a brief Iuli and they were tempted to return power to the civil authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then came the third phase when, despite appearances, poverty was on the increase. At first, Malians said that there were two 'IMFs' on the loose in Mali-the International Monetary Fund and the intimate circle surrounding the Moussa family. When the social foundation of the regime contracted, and all the country's business became concentrated in the hands of Moussa, his wife and her relations, the popular forces went on the offensive. This was a period of vociferous protest. Moussa Traore reacted with brutality: hence the 200 dead amongst the schoolchildren and students who were protesting- we will never know the exact number.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yet, the former regime could be said to have made the crucial economic choices which your government has continued with. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I wouldn't agree with that. There was a half-hearted discussion at the time about liberalising the economy but, in reality, bureaucracy got in the way. It is the economic laws voted in by ourselves which form the true basis of a liberal economy. However, if you really want to look to the past, I would say that it was the February 1967 accords signed between Mali and France, when we came back into the franc zone, which set the whole process rolling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Tuaregs and the government have just signed an agreement but the question of the north of the country is still a sensitive one. What are your views on this subject ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The problem in the north of Mali is extremely complex. First, the Malian nation is made up of a patchwork of minorities, the largest being the Ban Mana (Ed. 'Bambara' in the colonial vocabulary), but no ethnic group is larger than all the others put together. Second, all groups have, at one time or another, held supremacy. But the fact is that the peoples involved have all lived in the same area throughout history- they have shared joys and sorrows, and their blood has mingled on Malian soil. l would accept that the Malian nation is not as well consolidated as it should be, but it is arguably one of the most advanced in the sub-region in terms of its constitution-though I don't mean to sound chauvinistic here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anyway, the problem in the north of the country seems to me to be one of development. The various regions have not all developed at the same rate on account of climate differences. In addition, the dictatorship did not show any great respect for minorities - although it did not direct its actions solely against the Tuaregs, who resorted to arms. The Tuaregs exaggerated the mistreatment they had suffered because they were unfamiliar with what was happening in the rest of the country. In fact, Moussa Traore oppressed everyone: the French-style Jacobin state we inherited did not allow for regional differences. After independence, the regime redoubled its efforts to centralise the state. both because it was Jacobin in outlook and because of Modibo Keita's communist leanings. In 1959, the French forced the Tamashek (ea. 'Tuaregs') to secede-Max Lejeune and Houphouet Boigny were mixed up in all that. This was when oil was first discovered in Algeria and the war with Algeria had been in full swing since 1954. Modibo Keita set up the Malian Federation and declared in 1959 that, upon independence, he would withdraw all soldiers from the Algerian front. Since the Malian Federation was dismantled, Gao virtually became an Algerian willaya, a base camp for its fighters. Mali did not accept this. Moreover, Algeria, around the time it achieved independence, took retaliatory measures and sealed off its borders, mercilessly sending back huge numbers of refugees. It mobilised them through humiliation, telling them that they were the last members of the white race-the only ones to allow themselves to be under black rule.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· But when Ganda Koy's militia halted the Tuareg movement, they appeared to have been supported by the black population. Doesn't that also suggest a racist attitude ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I addressed the Tuaregs in October 1992, and pointed out that their wish to regard themselves as overlords and the other peoples in Mali as vassals who ought to pay tribute would provoke a general uprising, with the risk of a slide into civil war. I told several of the Tuareg chiefs seated around me the legend of Ouagadou- about the serpent of the well who each year demanded that the Soninke people should sacrifice an 18-year-old girl in its honour. Then the day came when a young man refused to accept the sacrifice of his fiancee. He went down into the monster's lair, watched by a horrified crowd who saw his recklessness as folly, and cut off the serpent's head. In the beginning, the Malian people's sympathies in fact lay with the rebellion. On 26 March, when the rebellion against the dictatorship took place, the president at the time, Konare, asked for all the Tuareg chiefs to be brought to him so that they could set up a transition body. He got a nasty surprise when the Tuaregs resorted to arms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Was the government, as rumoured, behind the Ganda Koy ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Not the government as such. To my mind, it would be wrong to applaud when one faction of the people one governs wants to exterminate another faction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It appears that some of the people are unhappy with the concessions that have been made to the Tuaregs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is a myth. The idea that we are frustrated because the Tuaregs were once our masters, is a story put about by Europe. The situation is quite the reverse. At the time of colonisation, they were unwilling to ream, like other nomads, such as the Peul people, for example. There were splits with them, of course, but no actual, all-out war. Forging a nation always requires tears, sweat and mourning. Those who return will find what they left broken or stolen and will want land which is less barren than that impoverished by the encroaching desert. However, those who stayed put in the face of rebel attacks had their houses smashed and their animals taken away. There will be problems when some Peals, for example, identify their cows which were stolen. We will have to negotiate, but I have confidence in the people. Just as they ended the war, they will be able to heal the wounds-of this I am sure. And the process has already started.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I gather that you continue to practice as a doctor, on top of your political duties. Is this to teach a moral lesson to your political colleagues ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I would say that it is more of a weakness, an inability to abandon a passion, even for supposedly good reasons. l am an 'internalist' and I have a passion for mechanisms. If you cure an infection and it returns, you have to look elsewhere to solve the problem. There are those in authority who spend money on trying to tackle problems without troubling to locate the cause. I would like to think that the analytical rigour of clinical science might also be put to good use in promoting understanding in politics. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 1 240 190 kmÂ²&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 10 million&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 8.15 per kmÂ²&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population growth rate: 3.1 % &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Bamako (pop.700 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other main towns: SÃ©gou (65 000), Mopti (52 000), Sikasso (50 000), Koutiala (37 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Languages: French (official language), Bambara, Peul, Shongoi, Tamashek &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Curreny: CFA franc. In July 1996,1 ECU was worth CFAF 647.5 ($1 = CFAF 515) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government: Mixed presidential and parliamentary system. Greater powers are due to be transferred to the regions after the next elections. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Head of State: Alpha Oumar KonarÃ©&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Ibrahim Boubacar Keita Political parties represented in Parliament: ADEMA (absolute majority). 'Opposition' - CNID, USRDA and numerous other smaller groupings. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p021.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Map&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1993 figures unless otherwise stated) GDP: CFAF 753.8 billion&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP per capita: $530&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Origin of GDP by sector: agriculture 42%, industry 11 %, services 47% &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Real GDP growth: 2.4%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balance of payments: deficit of CFAF 84.1 billion (estimated) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main trade partners (% of total trade) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exports: Thailand (24.2%), Brazil (19.1%), Ireland (9.7%), Belgium/Luxembourg (9.7%) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Imports: CÃŽte d'lvoire (22.2%), France (14.5%), Senegal (9.7%), Hong Kong (4.6%)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main exports: cotton 40%, livestock 28%, gold 17.5%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual inflation rate: 3%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth: 46.2 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Infant mortalityper 1000 live births: 158 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult literacy: 28.4% &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education (primary, secondary and tertiary): 16% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.223 (171st out of 174)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with Amadou Seydou TraorÃ©, opposition leader and USRDA spokesman</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Macro-economic indicators tell you nothing about the distribution of the country's resources'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It cannot be easy to be in opposition when Parliament is dominated by a majority which is given a good press and is regarded abroad as a good pupil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We do not really find it a problem. If one is familiar with Mali's current situation, the people's views, reactions and judgments count for more than outside opinion, despite the fact the latter may seem important. However, we do take account of others' opinions. We are pleased to be able to speak to you-to express our ideas and points of view- so that outsiders can see that the USRDA offers a credible alternative for Mali. We feel quite secure in our current position because the principles and values we stand for are those closest to the Malian people. So we have no problem in being the opposition party. We are not the kind of hysterical opposition which resorts to foul means as well as fair ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Given that most Malian political trends stem from the revolutionary democratic movement, what are your party's special features ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Our party's origins are in the movement which dates from 26 March 1960-which itself grew out of an underground movement. The main component of this was the USRDA whose government was overthrown by a reactionary military putsch. Adema won the last elections, and we do not contest this fact despite a number of irregularities. Indeed, we supported the Adema government's initial actions. We were one of seven parties who regarded the Third Republic as our own offspring. Between 1992 and 1994, even when we faced grave difficulties and they were asking for suggestions, the government ignored our proposals. This happened, for example, at the time the World Bank threatened to pull out. As it functions at the moment, the government is not meeting the Malian people's basic aspirations. They want to see a change from the previous regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are your essential criticisms of the way Adema works ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We are critical on a number of fronts. Looking at it first from an institutional standpoint, when the Malian people rejected the old regime, they wanted the existing set-up to be changed into a democratic one. The few institutions that have been established since then do not reflect this desire. They are virtually no different from what we had under the single-party system. True, we have an opposition party, but its views are ignored. Second, in terms of the management of democracy, a number of bodies, such as the State Commission on the public media, simply do not function. You have been in Mali for a week now, so you must have heard Adema spokesmen on the TV or radio. But you will never hear a member of the opposition. The space reserved for that -formerly an open forum for free political discussion-has been removed and the state-controlled TV and radio stations do not allow political parties to have a say. In the economic sphere, our approach is also completely different. We believe that support for the development of the private sector means that the state has to act as regulator. Economic development cannot simply be left to run its course as a kind of 'rat race'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Could you give us a few practical examples of what you describe as Use selling-off of the family jewels ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-With pleasure. Before the 26 March revolution, there was a general consensus that, in the process of privatisation, the state sector should be managed in a way that benefited the Malian economy. But the reality is that privatisation methods have not changed. They are no different from what they were in Moussa TraorÃ©'s time. The electricity sector, for example, which has not yet really been privatised, is now managed by the Bouyges group of France. And it costs more, which will hardly help the country's economic development. The state airline has simply been absorbed by Air Afrique. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· If you were in power, how much economic scope do you think you would have, given the prevailing trend towards international liberalisation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I recognise that there is a dominant international lobby which has drawn up its own conditions, laws and principles. Even if one does not agree with this approach, one has to take it into account. However, it should be feasible to achieve privatisation in a different way. We know what we are talking about because we used to run this country. Indeed, we set up the national economy. Before 1960, there was no economic system to speak of. l am currently completing the text of a work which looks at our economic position at the time of independence. The plain fact is that we had nothing at the time of independence. There were only three pharmacists, fewer than ten doctors, and about ten people qualified to teach in our grammar schools-not much to write home about after 70 years of colonialism! After 1960, we had to set everything up from scratch. If you trace the history of every country in the world, whether under a monarchy or a republic, you see that the state has always made the first move in bringing about industrialisation, developing the maritime sector, and stimulating imports and exports. If you think about it, at the outset, the main manufactured activities were the domain of royalty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You claim that your party left a legacy, but some might say that the highly interventionist regime of your hero, Modibo Keita, who brought about independence, contained the seeds of Moussa Traore's dictatorship.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-These are just fairy stories. When a regime is overthrown by a coup d'etat, it always becomes the victim of systematic defamation campaigns in the press. We were maligned for 23 years with no right of reply and no right to issue a statement to set the record straight. In a way, we are talking today about a past which did not exist. You know the saying 'you are not only what you are but also what people say you are'. This reference to dictatorship is one of the most serious calumnies. But no matter what lies are told, something of the truth will always remain. If our regime had been dictatorial or inquisitorial, a coup d'etat would not have been possible. Before the 1968 coup, Modibo Keita was given a file by the security services warning him of the plot by Moussa Traore, and giving a list of his accomplices. He was advised to arrest the conspirators and put them on trial. His response was that he would not agree to a Malian citizen being deprived of his liberty without a scrap of evidence. I knew Keita very well. It will be a long time before we have another head of state with such democratic convictions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The ordinary people, the farmers, say that they did better under Traore, than under Keita.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, but it depends who you talk to. With Traore, there was an atmosphere of moral decline. We were free to plunder, steal and murder, but it was not real freedom. The farmers see it from a different perspective. However, l can still show you a copy of the 'Summary Report on the Seminar on Cooperation in the Rural Environment' which we drew up in 1968, just a few months before the coup d'etat. This highlighted the fact that socialism had not penetrated into the countryside during the seven or eight years we were in power. So you see our own self criticism appeared in a document published in May 1968. This demonstrates the fact that we were not complacent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is your view of the compliments the current government is receiving from many foreign observers, and the good marks it has been given in the macro-economic field by international institutions ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Good macro-economic results which are due to good management of public finances are beneficial for the country. However, such management must be accompanied by greater welfare and an improved standard of living for the people. There is no point hailing a GDP increase of 3-4% if more than 10% of the population does not have enough to eat. You have been through Bamako and other towns and cities and you have seen the construction sites and big buildings. But in their daily life, people are now more ill at ease. They have been disappointed by the Adema regime. The welfare of the ordinary citizen cannot be defined by reference to the personal wealth of someone who is having a seven-storey building put up. All of this new construction is reflected in the higher GDP. But the macro-economic indicators tell you nothing about the distribution of the country's resources-and the scales are currently tipped towards injustice. Those who are working are earning less but those who do not work are earning more. Embezzlement and corruption are currently worse than under Moussa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is the likelihood of a changeover of political power given that the opposition groups are at odds? The union between yourselves and Parena appears to have been suspended.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We are capable of winning the forthcoming elections without entering into an agreement with any other party. Having said this, we are the party to which most groupings in Mali are now turning and we are currently in the process of forming an alliance which will carry a great deal of weight. l am not one to speculate but I am sure that Parena's supporters will, in time, reach the same conclusions as ourselves regarding the timeliness and suitability of an alliance between us. We have contacts with a number of other parties but we do not want to form an electoral pact in the way one would make preparations for a coup-forming a group, ousting the regime and then shooting at each other! Moreover, it is important not to confuse change with restoration. There are those who advocate the restoration of Moussa's regime. Opposition of that kind would suit the current government very well because it would allow them to raise the spectre of our former dictator in the hope of attracting support from those who are frightened by such a pro spect. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by H.G.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The magnetism of the unfamiliar... but unexotic</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In West Africa, there is a dry, desert-like region which a river tried to bring under its sway. Instead of flowing seawards, the river's path went in the opposite direction to find this region, impulsively tracing a majestic loop of 2000 kiLomÃ©tres before heading seawards. The Niger may not have provided an ideal site for Mali's major towns and villages, but it was considerate enough to form a major waterway between them which is navigable over almost its entire course. Its network of tributaries has resulted in the formation of large landlocked lakes whose waters are full of fish-a reminder of the times when the Sahara was one huge expanse of water. It has also resulted in the extraordinary Niger basin, a central delta area the size of Belgium, criss-crossed by lesser tributaries which reach into the smallest valleys. The river has created a diverse landscape which entices the visitor back. The land is steeped in history and if one wishes to learn its secrets, one has no choice but to study the empires of the past, forged it is said, by mythological deities and heros.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the dry season, visitors marvel at the beauty of the plains, which stretch as far as the eye can see. They will be tempted to return to view the waters that will cover them for just a few months during the rains. This is when the towns and villages appear as islands in the flooded landscape. Later in the seasonal cycle, Nature divests itself of its watery raiment and prepares to welcome the egrets, pink flamingos and all the other richly coloured birds which have flown in from afar. The cultural life of this region is also imbued with a rare richness, combining mystery and individuality. Mali has a distinctive character: it is accessible but not adulterated by frippery, welcoming but not taken over, affable but able to treat everyone as its equal. There is no need to make constant reference to the past which existed before colonial times-the past simply exists, eloquent in its tranquil humility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of Mali should logically begin in Bamako, the likely port of arrival. But if one immediately journeys to the towns and villages that were the cradles of empire, one is better able to appreciate this young capital, barely 250 years old, whose history owes much to its smaller forebears. We arrived in the evening and departed at dawn the next day. So Bamako was no more than a blur. The River Niger, still known as the Djoliba in the capital, is crossed by two long bridges which offer a view over the wild river banks. Most of the constructions are brand-new and some have a style borrowed from their thousandyear-old 'Sudanese' architectural heritage. It would have been more romantic to travel by river to the central part of the delta but, despite the welcoming nature of the Niger as it flows through Mali, it is difficult to navigate over the Sotuba rapids, between Bamako and Koulikoro approximately 50 km away. When the waters are in spate from July to December, it takes no more than two days to reach Segou, three to reach Mopti, five to reach Gao and an extra day to arrive in Timbuktu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Segou, the rebel&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Our first stop after Bamako is Koulikoro, the departure point for Niger cruises. After the unusual houses of the bazo fisherman on the banks of the river, as one leaves Bamako, it is the river itself which is a source of curiosity, transforming the voyage into a wonderful promenade through a forest abounding in game. Then there are the thatched, circular mud huts. Those without a roof are built on piles and are often ovens for preparing karite-nut oil whose bitter-sweet fragrance mingles with the fruity scent of the mango trees which line our route. In Koulikoro, every day is market day. The market spills out into the road and then shrinks back to allow vehicles to pass. It is also a centre for hunters and poachers who come here to seek customers. Above all, it is the centre for the guilds of masons who jealously guard the secrets of traditional Sudanese building skills. For the visitor who cares to linger, the griots will sing the praises of the old magician-king Soumangourou whose spirit has haunted this small town for eight-and-a-half centuries. When he was overthrown by the hero Soundjata, he just vanished into thin air-in the land of mystery that is Mali, great kings do not die, they simply disappear.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first 250 kiLomÃ©tres of the river's course from Bamako are enchanting. One's first real encounter with Mali's past come at Segou-when the balanzans come into view. The charming, independent city is close by. Segou, the Bambara capital, did not form part of most of Mali's empires. Indeed, the word Bambara comes from 'Ban-Mane', which means 'those who reject a master'. There are 4444 + 1 balanzans to announce the city, all of which are numbered except the last one, which still guards its secret. The balanzans conceal another secret: during the dry season they are covered with leaves, which they lose during the winter. A curious traveller might arrive at Segou with memories of Maryse Conde's fine prose (Segou, Robert Laffont, France, 1984). Her work is an epic fresco of life at the court of the Bambara kingdom in the nineteenth century. The city itself stretches for eight kiLomÃ©tres along the river bank, with a promenade high above the river on an embankment from where there is an uninterrupted view over the water to the horizon. The richly coloured fabrics of the washer women create a dreamlike atmosphere, giving an impression of the shimmering tunics worn by princes, and the women who swim in the river are not given to excessive prudishness, another reminder of the city's enduring rebellious nature. The charm and cleanliness of the town are striking, its administrative buildings stretching along a grand boulevard lined with modern structures. We see in their profiles, the traditional architectural styles as well as a variety of colours. The whole scene is shaded by gardens full of flowers. It is easy to forget that Segou has retained none of its former architectural wealth. This was all destroyed by the organisers of a jihad who sacked this city of infidels who had never been won over to Islam or, later, to Catholicism. The city walls and the regal courtyards are all gone, so what remains is jealously protected: the sceptre and regal symbols of King Diarra, the kingdom's treasures and its secrets. On Mondays, market day, it is possible to see people kneeling at the feet of an old man. He is the custodian of the town's remaining riches, but will never reveal where they are held. Oumar Santara, one of Segou's intellectuals, is attempting to gain an insight into these mysteries in order to protect them better because, he says, the pillage is still going on. Mali's cultural heritage is being ransacked by outsiders. In some villages on the opposite bank of the river, it is still possible to find 13th-century coins in the village squares.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trial marriage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly 500 kiLomÃ©tres separate Segou from Mopti. Midway between the two is San, barely more than a large village. San is bathed by the waters of the Bani, a major tributary of the Niger which it flows into it at Mopti. In the market, fine cotton fabrics can be bought, as can the skills of the blacksmiths. Here, however, there is above all an air of secrecy. The town's inhabitants are members of the Bobo people. The name translates es 'stammering', 'mute' being implied. This is the town which holds the secrets of fatal poisons- cocktails of poisonous plants and snake venom. There are also unguents of all kinds to relieve pain, alleviate scarring, and so on. San has another reputation, that of handing out severe punishment to adulteresses. This seems paradoxical when one discovers that women here enjoy exceptional sexual freedom during adolescence and up to the time of their marriage, and even afterwards. They enter into a trial marriage for three or four years, during which time they are free to 'play the field'. At the end of this period, on the occasion of a feast, they reveal whether or not they will accept their 'provisional' husband. If not, the woman regains her freedom and can start all over again as many times as she wishes. If she decides to become the man's wife, she chooses some of her husband's friends with whom she may 'have a fling' for two weeks, the aim being that she thereby lays to rest her unmarried freedom. She will then swear an oath of fidelity to her husband which she breaks on pain of being cast out of society and even, it would appear, at the risk of losing her life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 1 2-kiLomÃ©tre dyke, which seems to float on the water during the winter season, links Sevare, the crossroads of the major routes across Mali, to Mopti. Situated below water level, Mopti owes its existence to the embankments which protect it. The dyke offers a fine promenade which opens out onto the quayside of this bustling town. The streets are crowded and the settlement has a vitality and beauty, with coloured lights mirrored in the water. On land, the crowds drift in much the same way as the multitude of boats anchored in staggered rows along the riverbank. These stretch for hundreds of metres- as far as the eye can see. All this wealth of detail forms a tableau punctuated by the outlines of the slender fishing smacks (pirogues or dugout canoes). Despite their size, these vessels retain their uncluttered lines, always giving the impression that they are slicing through the water. The biggest of them are perhaps 50 metres long, carrying cargoes of up to 150 tonnes. This strange, animated scene, which resembles no other in the world, seems to have been staged as a way of reviving the buried images of the Mali of legend-provoking a memory of things unseen and prompting new sensations. Despite the fact that it is replete with Malian influences, Mopti did not develop until colonial times. Like Segou, it never really belonged to any of Mali's great empires, although it became their meeting point. It is a place where all the country's languages are spoken. Indeed, the word 'mopte' in Peal means 'place of assembly'. At Zigui's restaurant or in a cafe down by the port, one find groups of beribboned Tuareg artisans still with their belle servants (former slaves) in tow. One can watch the Peals, also followed by their servants, negotiating their deals. Some trade in gold jewellery, dogon or other ethnic sculptures. Others buy and sell the magnificent Segou carpets or cotton fabrics. Others still dabble in ancient archaeological artifacts (which it is forbidden to sell) and in sacred objects from all over the country. The town itself is an artifact: the apparent hotchpotch is regulated by an internal, almost natural organisation. The hundreds of boats, fishing smacks and other small craft are arranged along the river banks according to the goods they are importing. There is one place for fishing boats, another for furniture imports, and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mopti merits an overnight stay. In the curve of the great arc which forms the port, a soft light lingers on the congested river banks. It is not just the people who seem to tire of the day's hustle and bustle. The biggest boats with their gentle backwash, anchored in the mud until the next incoming tide, grow too lazy for their images to be reflected in the water and they seem to hold on to the last of the sun's glow, awaiting the first glimmers of moonlight&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Dogon region, poetry in stone&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As one approaches Bandiagara, on the threshold of the cliff faces which bear the name of this town, the landscape changes. Most of Mali is flat, but here, we find ourselves in the high land. In fact, the altitude is only a few hundred metres, but the landscape is dominated by sheer and rugged rock faces. This is Dogon country where everything seems to be made of stone: the roads, houses and hills appear in matching tones of salmon pink. The inhabitants, too, seem to have been hewn from the very rock. At first glance, the landscape is unremarkable apart from the sight of all this rock, but as one's perception grows keener, shapes can be made out. At the foot of the slopes are caves that are still lived in. And in the most vertical part of the cliff faces, we can pick out regular, sculpted barrel shapes, combining to form an impressive design. These stone cylinders are the ancient dwellings of the Telems, a mysterious people who preceded the Dogons and were conquered by them. Nothing is known about their disappearance. Today, the cylinders are used as Dogon graves. Access is gained to them during funeral services, by means of a system of ropes. At the top of the cliff is Shanga, the beauty of the Dogon region. It stands atop a 400metre sheer drop which extends over a length of 200 kiLomÃ©tres. Reaching Shanga from Bandiagara involves picking one's way through the rocky landscape and sliding over sandstone scree.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before the Europeans arrived to colonise the country, no one had succeeded in subjugating the Dogon region. Was it really ever under the sway of the colonists ? This region, whose beauty lies in its harshness, has no embellishments. And its language is as hard on the ears as the rock is underfoot. As everywhere, to feed themselves, the Dogons till the soil. But this must be carried on the backs of men and women over distances of several kiLomÃ©tres and then deposited on the rock. Every onion bulb and every root pulled from this thin layer is a testament to the tenacity of humankind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Dogon region is like a magnet-it attracts pilgrims from afar who come to venerate El Hadj Oumar, the founder of the Islamic brotherhood of the African Tidjani-a military and religious leader whose life and disappearance are shrouded in mystery. It also attracts people because of the beauty of its works of art. Some of these, apparently of recent manufacture, are actually centuries old. For the custodians of the sacred objects, the interest of outsiders is viewed as a catastrophe. The artefacts are constantly pilfered and sometimes, their keepers commit suicide in their horror at such desecration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fine regalia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djenne translates as 'the beloved of the waters' and is surrounded by two strekhes of the Bani river. Thus, apart from a short time in the dry season, when the river can be forded, it is an island accessible only by boat. The town has always been a rival of Timbuktu, the 'daughter' of the desert. Before Mopti was created, Djenne was the country's meeting point. The town is dominated by its mosque which is a masterpiece of Sudanese architecture. This imposing clay structure has been a magnet for the faithful since the thirteenth century. It has always been rebuilt in the same style, each version scrupulously identical to the previous one. The most recent reconstruction dates from the early 1900s.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centre of the Malian empire, Djenne has retained all its finery, magnificence and prestige. It was annexed by the Shongoi empire at the end of the Middle Ages and its conquerors have always been seduced by the town's beauty. The mosque has been designated a World Heritage Site, and the entire town has protected status. For centuries, its architecture influenced other towns and cities in the Sahel and it continues to do so. The secrets of the knowledge and skills of its master masons are still jealously guarded, passed on only reluctantly to the initiated. The whole town is built around the mosque, revealing an interplay of balance and power. There are magnificent inner courtyards to which entry is gained through massive, ornate studded gates. The elaborate and finely carved windows, the intertwined leaves and scrolls of the arabesques and the moucharabies, all bear witness to the Moroccan influence. This has, however, been toned down and it now blends in with Djenne's indigenous forms of decoration and architecture. Whilst all Mali's former great towns and cities were known for their power and military glory, Djenne takes pride in having dispensed with brute force, its spirit protecting it from subjugation. All those who pass through take something of Djenne's spirit away with them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coca Cola kept at bay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Returning to the capital from where we started, we discover that it was colonisation that turned Bamako from a village into the large city that it is today. It inhabitants now number approximately one million. Although a city of recent origin, the site on which it is built dates back to the dawn of time. The hills overlooking the city are home to cave paintings and the underground tombs provide more evidence of a human presence dating from ancient times. There is then a gap of several thousand years in Bamako's history. In early colonial times, just two centuries ago, the village had no more than 700 inhabitants. Bamako began to be developed at the beginning of the 1900s and it is the only city in Mali to have a colonial atmosphere. It has not, however, lost out to change. The ministerial buildings at Koulouba hill, one of five dominating the city, or the Point G houses in the National Museum area, may not equal the beauty of Sudanese architecture, but they are elegant nonetheless. Their plain style is softened by their leafy gardens. The administrative buildings in the lower part of the city are often a fusion of colonial or modern styles and traditional architecture. These edifices are also made more attractive by fine gardens, which lend originality to the city. One of the most successful combinations is the great market, unfortunately in the process of restoration at the time of our visit and whose beautiful interior we were unable to appreciate. It is interior beauty which characterises this city in comparison with other African capitals. Despite its congestion and the density of its population, Bamako still has the atmosphere of a lively village. There is little of what one might term a 'social scene', but it is enough to be invited into the 'squares' or respectfully to visit the block-shaped houses which are still home to entire families and where discussion sessions (grins) last into the small hours. These sessions are enhanced with food and the omnipresent cup of tea. Bamako still prefers tea to imported beverages and to receive guests in the family home rather than joining in the social round in the hotel foyers so characteristic of major capital cities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For those hesitant to venture into the traditional life of Bamako (although they would be assured of a welcome), there are many restaurants which make a good attempt at recreating a homely atmosphere. One is not, however, required to take part in the conversations. Two restaurants (the Djenne and the Santoro), which have opened recently, allow one to enjoy the pleasures of art and history. They are part of a wider project to promote Malian art and set up an organisation for artists and craftsmen. They contain areas modelled on the refinement of former imperial furnishing, interior design and architecture, as well as exhibits by Mali's greatest artists. Their creator, Aminata Traore, is an intellectual, art connoisseur and international expert. In Dakar or Abidjan, patrons of such establishments would probably be expatriates with perhaps a few local dignitaries. But at the Santoro and Djenne, prices have been kept reasonably low (no account having been taken of the 50% devaluation in the CFA franc) and the art remains accessible to middle-class Malians. Thus, the spirit of the 'grins' is preserved. The preferred beverage is still a cup of fragrant tea or perhaps a glass of refreshing juice. Whisky will never replace tea, nor will Coca Cola replace fruit juices. Mali is not a country which rejects other people, but it resists cultural encroachment, preferring the &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;familiar to the exotic. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mali-EU cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roads and adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Theo Hoorntje&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For 1990-95, ECU 151.7m was allocated (mainly in project aid) under the seventh EDF National Indicative Programme (NIP). This is equivalent to about 1.5% of Mali's GDP and 13% of its public-sector investment programme for the period in question. European funds from sources other than the NIP-emergency aid, Stabex, European Investment Bank (EIB) venture capital and resources from the structural adjustment facility- reached ECU 87.2m over the same five-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1995, support for the structural adjustment programme represented 5.4% of the balance of payments deficit and 7.8% of the budget deficit. Looking at all instruments together, the amount involved in financing decisions taken by the Commission last year was ECU 42m, with the disbursement figure rising to ECU 40m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The NlP's primary commitment level under the 7th EDF rose from 76% at the beginning of the financial year to 92% at the end, which means that virtually all available programmable resources are now allocated to projects and programmes. The secondary commitment level, which involves the conversion of proposals into concrete agreements and contracts, rose from 33% to 45% by the end of the financial year. Disbursement rates remain relatively low (32% of available resources).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Allocations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid is distributed to the various sectors, as follows:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Roads (29% of the total);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Support for structural adjustment (20%);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Rural development / Environment (1 4%);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Support for the private sector (12%);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Decentralisation (9%); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Public health (9%); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Water supplies (4%); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Education/Culture (3%).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear that Community aid concentrates mainly on road infrastructures-covering both maintenance and the opening-up of remote regions. Support for structural adjustment, which comes second, is used to finance the State budget's current expenses, particular emphasis being placed on improvement of fiscal and customs income and greater efficiency in health-policy matters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In other areas, such as rural development, Community aid also makes an attempt to consolidate gains from previous actions, particularly through the development of rice growing and stock rearing, which should improve supplies to the domestic market and offer further export potential. As far as the environment is concerned, the aim is to contribute to the sustainable management of natural resources on the part of basic users, such as farmers, breeders, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The private sector is supported by actions in key areas and by a programme that was recently set up which involves directing resources through a financial institution (Credit Initiative SA). The objective is to promote lending to SMEs, which is in keeping with the general aim of achieving economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the context of administrative reform, priority is given to the decentralisation process which aims to promote the emergence of new local decision making centres (which should, in the long term, become key players in project development and implementation), and to give such decentralised bodies the means they require to fulfil these new public-sector missions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for health, Community aid has contributed to the PSPHR project financed by other donors. Its main focus is initially on infrastructures and on the policy relating to the supply of essential medicines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the water-supply sector, actions are aimed at strengthening village infrastructures, particularly in the Bankass and Koro areas. A solar-pump programme has also been set up in the Mopti and Koulikoro regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to a school reconstruction programme in the north of the country, the Commission has been able to support education and culture through a dozen or so film projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the general 'heading' of non-programmable resources, there have been a number of interventions. These include extra support for structural adjustment, Stabex transfers, deployment of the balance from the 5th EDF and EIB projects. Emergency aid has been deployed in the north of the country where, despite difficult conditions, programmes have been able to continue without interruption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, Community regional aid is helping to combat rinderpest, as well as being directed towards road maintenance, and the provision of training and information on environmental protection. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.H. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">NGOs finally achieve tangible results</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Catherine Beauraind and her five colleagues in the small team of foreigners and Malians, woke early. It had been a short night: our fault, since we had arrived at Bandiagara on the edge of the Niger valley much later than expected having taken the Sevare route. This is the gateway to the rocky Dogon region and travellers on the road occacionaliy fall victim to bandits-which probably made our hosts somewhat apprehensive about our late arrival. The people we had come to see are road builders, working without sophisticated equipment in a region of rocks and cliffs. They seem very youth froml, particularly those who have come from afar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are 'Progress Volunteers', the name given to the many young people who come to this very poor African country to offer their commitment and dynamism, if not perhaps their experience. On this particular morning, still feeling fatigued, Catherine was having to coordinate the departure of escorts for seasonal workers who were being dispatched to various locations. Their job is to ensure the upkeep of the rocky roads, and the equipment they use is rudimentary to say the least. The Bandiagara-Dourou stretch is maintained by the AFVP (French Association of Progress Volunteers) and is one in a long list of NGO projects. In 1995 alone, the European Commission supported over 50 NGO schemes, to the tune of ECU 1.5 million. Most EU countries and a number of others also have their own projects. On top of this, there is the emergency help provided by the European Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO), which has just approved a grant of ECU 1 million for the north of Mali. Now that a peace accord has been signed between the government and the Tuareg rebels, this region is likely to see a huge influx of refugees returning to villages that are ill prepared to receive them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali is a least-developed nation and one of the most highly subsidised countries in terms of per capita aid, though recently, its political fortunes have been boosted by the democratisation process. And the efforts of the NGOs now seem to be paying off. The recent times of famine have faded in people's memories even in the Dogon region, where many families ate calabashes in desperation before succumbing to starvation. Mother nature is playing a part in the country's renewal: there has been ample rain over the last Many NGO projects are aimed at helping the population use its meagre resources to exploit the natural wealth of the River Niger and its tributaries. At Konna, for example, a striking village at the confluence of two rivers, the Regional Literacy and Self-Management Project is up and running. Financed, among others, by the European Development Fund, this is being implemented at a number of localities, and it has played a part in the renewal which can now be seen. Fresh coats of paint, repairs to houses, fewer starving children and the return of many migrants all underline this new vitality. Each of the 17 small cultivated areas in the village that are covered by the project (worked by about 60 people), receives no more aid than a motorised pump, a few cereals and a small amount of cash in the first year. A basic course in management is also provided. It is up to the villagers to use these resources to yield a profit. Results tend to be good, proof of success being the growing number of such schemes which are being set up without aid from the organisation. The project is now in its seventh year. It did experience one bad year-1992-when, despite bumper harvests, rice imports into Mali were excessive and prices dropped. The village has therefore made an attempt to diversify its crops. Its objective is to sell onions in Cote d'lvoire, where the inhabitants are very fond of this vegetable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most villages have been able to save money which was initially placed in banks and then invested elsewhere in the wake of devaluation's harsh lessons. Konna opted for purchasing livestock. In nearby Kotaka, surpluses partially funded the construction of an impressive mosque. Kotaka was one of the places most affected by the recent meningitis epidemic, but a hospital would probably have been too expensive. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Western Samoa</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A new spirit of enterprise</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small countries with a limited resource base are frequently buffeted by economic forces over which they have no control. If you live in Western Samoa, however, you are likely to be preoccupied by forces of a different kind. For while most of the time, Mother Nature presents a benign face in this attractive and fertile Pacific state, every once in a while, she loses her temper.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical storms are an unavoidable reality in much of the Pacific and they breed a special form of resilience which should impress the inhabitants of more temperate climes. The people of Samoa, and other cyclone prone countries in the region, are adept at picking themselves up and, if necessary, starting all over again, once the winds have passed. But between 1989 and 1993, the Samoans' capacity for renewal was to be tested more than ever before. Like a plucky boxer facing a much stronger opponent, the country would just be struggling back to its feet when another hammer blow would send it reeling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The closest to a knock-out punch came in December 1991 in the shape of Cyclone Val-the worst storm to hit the islands in more than a century. This brought death and injury, as well as widespread economic devastation. The coconut and coffee trees on which the country depends for much of its export income were either swept away or stripped bare. Many homes were also destroyed and infrastructures were severely damaged. (The 1993 cyclone, although less powerful, caused further crop destruction.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the last five years, virtually all the damage has been repaired. Indeed, a great many facilities have been upgraded with plans for further improvements in the pipeline. To some extent, the credit for this remarkable recovery must be shared. Overseas donors played an important part in restoring key infrastructures while expatriate Samoans, whose remittances are an important 'invisible' earning for the country in normal times, also rallied round. But the key players, of course, were the people themselves, who rose to the challenge of reconstructing their country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, Western Samoa - which has a population of 165 000-is experiencing an economic mini-boom. Growth during 1996 is expected to be between 5% and 6% for the second consecutive year and there are encouraging signs of a new, home-grown entrepreneurial spirit. This is not to say that everything in the garden is rosy. The latest growth figures need to be set against the unavoidable recession caused by Cyclones Val and Ofa (which struck in 1990) and a mediocre economic performance throughout the 1980s. And while there is some evidence of diversification, the economy is still very narrowly based. There is also considerable room for improvements in health care and education provision. Doubts have been expressed, for example, as to the accuracy of the official literacy figures. Finally, there is a high level of dependence on foreign aid (the country's main donors are the Asian Development Bank, Japan, Australia and the European Community).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economists will tell you how notoriously difficult it is to express the wealth of a developing nation in statistical form. GDP figures can offer a pointer, but they do not present the whole picture as they take no account of the informal economy. Western Samoa provides a particularly good illustration. At US $950, the estimated per capita GDP is very low by Pacific standards. Yet there is clearly no starvation. A great deal of the food consumed by the Samoans simply does not 'show up' in the cash economy. The term subsistence agriculture seems peculiarly inappropriate here since locally available food sources are many and varied.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Similarly, many of the materials used to build the 'fares' (traditional houses) in the villages are obtained without recourse to builders' merchants. And when a Samoan wants a new house, he builds it himself-with the help of his family and neighbours. This involves skilled carpentry work-for which people would pay highly in industrialised societies - and which does not register either in the country's economic statistics. So it is clear that the basic GDP figures do not paint a complete picture. Nonetheless, they illustrate the relatively underdeveloped state of the formal economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking at exports, Western Samoa's traditional agricultural sector has gone through some rough times, for a variety of reasons. In the past, the mainstays were copra and coconut products (oil and cream), cocoa and tarot&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The storms destroyed or damaged many of the coconut and cocoa trees, wiping out exports for a number of years until new plantings could reach maturity. The market in food products derived from the coconut had been depressed in any case. One reason for this was negative publicity over the high cholesterol content of coconuts, although more recent research, suggesting that not all types of cholesterol are bad for you, has at least partly restored the reputation of this highly flexible crop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taro, which is Western Samoa's staple food crop, was exported in ever increasing quantities during the 1980s but the trade has suffered badly in recent years because of an outbreak of taro leaf blight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, Western Samoa's most important primary exports are, once again, coconut-based (oil and cream). With the new trees reaching maturity, production recommenced on a small scale towards the end of 1994. The following year saw a big jump in exports and the figures for 1996 are expected to - come close to pre-cyclone levels,The marketing situation has also improved as a result of privatisation. The old Copra Board, a parastatal with a reputation for inefficiency, was abolished in 1990, its assets being bought for a nominal sum by a Samoan businessman who has invested heavily in refurbishment. This has all been achieved despite continuing low prices for coconut products in the world markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cocoa takes longer to recover but harvesting of the first new crop is due to take place this year with the emphasis on a high value, fine tasting variety. A new chocolate factory (Wilex C.C.P. Ltd), also masterminded by a local entrepreneur, Eddie Wilson, has been built with assistance from the EU's Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) and a credit from the European Investment Bank (EIB) channelled through the Development Bank of Western Samoa (DBWS). This is a particularly significant venture since it aims to maximise added value before export. The factory is currently operating well below full capacity, awaiting the arrival of the first local crop, but there are high hopes for its long term success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other main crops exported are bananas and kava. The latter is a mild narcotic based on the root of the pepper plant, which is used in pharmaceutical preparations. It also has an important place in Samoan (and wider Pacific) culture, being drunk in diluted form on ceremonial occasions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a view to achieving further export diversification, a number of other agricultural/horticultural export possibilities have also been identified. These include asparagus, mangos and cut flowers. The most likely potential market for new tropical production is New Zealand-already the destination for more than half of Western Samoa's exports. However, this country has stringent health rules with rigorous controls on the import of plant and animal material. The understandable aim is to protect the local farming sector from diseases introduced from outside, but it creates an additional hurdle for potential exporters in the developing countries of the Pacific. In particular, Western Samoa needs to come to grips with the fruit fly problem, if it wishes to make inroads into the New Zealand market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Timber also once featured prominently in the trade statistics before declining at the end of the 1980s. There are hopes for a revival here with the authorities keen to encourage value added processing of wood products within the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite its obvious association with the sea, Western Samoa has never really gone in for commercial fishing. While the Exclusive Economic Zone is small by Pacific standards, the country being 'hemmed in' by other island nations and territories, it is still more than 40 times the land area. The government would particularly like to attract foreign investment in fish processing and canning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industry&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is probably unrealistic to expect a small and geographically isolated nation such as Western Samoa to develop a highly diversified industrial base but there have been one or two notable ventures which show signs of potential. The above-mentioned chocolate factory is one such. The country also has a highly successful brewery. It is not uncommon for developing nations to produce their own local beer but Western Samoa's Vailima brand has managed to break out successfully into the regional market, bringing in useful foreign exchange in the process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biggest industrial success story-dwarfing all other manufacturing ventures-has been the establishment of a factory by the Japanese company Yazaki to produce wire harnesses for cars. The business employs some 2500 people (mainly women) in a highly labour-intensive operation-and it makes a significant contribution to the trade balance. The value-added electrical components are re-exported for incorporation into cars sold mainly in Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The company was attracted by a number of factors including low labour costs in this non-unionised society, and the political stability of Western Samoa. Perhaps most important, however, were the incentives offered by the government. These went well beyond the usual tax holidays provided by developing countries to attract foreign investors. Indeed, it was the government that built the factory and the company was allowed to occupy it rent-free. Some observers have expressed concern at such largesse but the authorities are insistent that it was still a good deal. They point to the jobs that were created (a huge number by Samoan standards) at a time when many people's livelihoods were threatened by taro blight. They also argue that the profits of the operation are retained in Western Samoa, thereby helping to boost the wider economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Services&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The service sector offers perhaps the best potential for expansion of Western Samoa's formal economy. Top of the list here comes tourism (featured in a separate article), which has been expanding much faster than the underlying rate of economic growth. Despite the increase in both visitors and income, tourism is still underdeveloped. The government (supported by the opposition) believes that this is one field where Western Samoa definitely has a 'comparative advantage'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linked to tourism, of course, is the air transport business. Although it might still be possible to obtain passage on a merchant ship bound for the South Sea islands, the vast majority of visitors arrive by plane, and good air connections are obviously essential. The history of the country's national carrier, Polynesian Airlines, offers two object lessons. The first is how not to run an airline and the second, more recent and encouraging one, is how to grasp the nettle when the crisis finally breaks. In 1992, with tourism in mind, the government owned airline decided to expand its operations substantially. It leased three long-haul aircraft which it hoped to fill with visitors in search of a new tropical haven. The market research was clearly inadequate and the planes flew with many empty seats. Other aspects of the company's management proved deficient and there was a chronic lack of financial. Debts mounted at such a frightening rate that the budgetary position of the entire country was threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, the government took decisive action, bringing in Richard Gates, the experienced airline entrepreneur, who is credited with having turned Air New Zealand around. Relatively small airline businesses in the Pacific are not likely to make a.fortune for anyone, but with proper management, they should at least be able to break even and perhaps even turn in a small profit. This was not something that even the prodigious talents of Mr Gates could achieve, however, with the crushing burden of debt accumulated by Polynesian Airlines. So the government assumed responsibility for the debts and then gave the new manager a free hand, on the firm understanding that the taxpayer would not come to the rescue again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the airline side, the operation was drastically slimmed down. The leases on the large aircraft were terminated, staff 'down-sizing' took place and bath ticketing and financial management were tightened up. The positive impact of these measures was soon evident, with a small operating profit registered in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Left with huge debts, the action of the authorities was equally impressive, although it entailed discomfort for most Western Samoans. In order to restore its own financial position, the government instituted 15% public expenditure cuts across the board. In macro-economic terms, it is generally acknowledged that this strong medicine was needed, but the social consequences were all too clear as well: reduced funds for health and education, and pressure on important capital investment budgets. Perhaps fortuitously for the country, the financial crisis caused by the Polynesian Airlines debacle coincided with the payment of a substantial Stabex payment from the European Community. The country's was eligible for Stabex funds because of the collapse in agricultural export receipts following the cyclones, and the money-which was directed mainly into infrastructure projects-could hardly have come at a better time. Meanwhile, the government has paid off a large portion of the airline's debt with the residue rescheduled for payment over a five-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government has taken a number of steps aimed at attracting offshore finance business to the country. Western Samoa now has a comprehensive legal framework governing such activities, including crucial provisions guaranteeing secrecy. Another vital factor in attracting offshore funds, which has already been mentioned, is political stability. There is even the suggestion that the country's time zone, which puts it almost a day behind Australia and New Zealand, might somehow be turned to its advantage in global financial dealings (although it is not clear how the benefit would be derived in otherwise legitimate transactions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The last three years have seen a big increase in company incorporations and there are now more than 2500 offshore companies (including 15 banks and eight insurance companies) registered. It is difficult to imagine Western Samoa ever challenging the likes of Liechtenstein, the Bahamas or Jersey in this market, given its geographical distance from the main industrialised nations, but even a successful 'niche' operation could bring some useful income to the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five years ago, when the Courier last covered Western Samoa, the emphasis was heavily on recent constitutional changes and most notably, the introduction of universal franchise. At the time, there was a lot of interest in how the traditional Samoan way of life (faa-Samoa) would be affected. This is based on the village structure and the matai system which vests considerable authority in family heads. There is also a strong attachment to the Christian faith, as exemplified by strict Sunday observance rules (also found in Tonga and other Pacific countries).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, the Samoans appear to have embraced their more 'westernised' system of government without any difficulty. Although everyone over 21 has a vote, one still has to be a matai to be eligible to stand for Parliament. In contrast to hierarchical structures elsewhere in the Pacific, however, the system here seems to be based largely on merit and it is not particularly exclusive (there are an estimated 19 000 matai). The matai, nonetheless, exercise considerable authority in village affairs, most notably over the use of customary land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In short, the change seems to have caused few problems because Western Samoa already had its own decentralised form of democracy. It was not a question of educating people about hitherto alien concepts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that change in Western Samoa is slow and progressive rather than sudden and violent, is recognised by most observers to be a good thing. An illustration of this evolutionary approach is the arrangement governing the position of Head of State. The post, which is held by His Highness Malietoa Tunamefili 11, currently appears to be a cross between a presidency and a monarchy. Under the 1962 independence constitution, two of the country's four paramount chiefs were given the position, to be held jointly, for life. With the death of Tupua Tamasese Meaole in 1963, the surviving incumbent became sole Head of State. There will be no automatic succession, however, and Parliament will decide who should have the post in future, with the term of office limited to five years. There is obviously a great deal of respect for the Head of State and his office among Western Samoans, although it should be stressed that his role is largely ceremonial, with political authority being vested in the elected government. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for party politics, there are two groupings represented in Parliament, the ruling Human Rights Protection Party and the opposition Samoa National Development Party. The party system is not particularly strong, however, being based more on personalities than ideology. Corruption is not seen to be a major problem although a major row did blow up recently over a critical report issued by the Auditor-General for 1994. This led to him being suspended and this issue had not yet been resolved at the time The Courier went to press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Western Samoa is not unique in having to adapt to a rapidly changing world. The phenomenon affects all societies, with modern communications technology increasingly breaking down the 'protection' that geographical isolation used to afford. In Westem Samoa, as elsewhere, there must be concern about the impact of this on the country's traditional way of life. Yet the indications are that this Pacific nation is managing the transition rather better than many other developing countries. The people seem to combine an unselfconscious pride in their traditions and cultural assets with a pragmatic welcoming of ideas from outside which help to improve their material wellbeing. The hope must be that this process can continue as we approach the third millennium. S'imon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Historical summary&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to archaeological evidence, the islands of Samoa were first settled about 3000 years ago, after gradual migration within the Pacific from people originally from South East Asia. Samoa, it seems, was the cradle of the Polynesian culture, and settlers from there spread to other islands of Polynesia in the east, north and south.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first European to sight the group in 1722 was Jacob Roggeveen, and although there was intermittent contact between European sailing vessels and the islanders during the 18th century, more permanent contact was established with the arrival of the European missionaries in the early 1980s. They were soon followed by traders looking for copra, beche de mer, sandalwood and other products. Later, some of the trading firms, notably German, fumed to large-scale production of copra and other products such as cotton, cacao and rubber, which also led a corresponding increase in interest on the part of colonial powers. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1800s, the Samoan group became the focus of colonial rivalry between Great Britain, the USA and Germany, leading, in 1900, to the partitioning of the islands between Germany and the United States. The eastern part of the group came under American control and has remained so to this day, while Germany controlled the western islands. Britain received territorial concessions elsewhere in the Pacific. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the outbreak of World War I, New Zealand took over what had come to be known as German Samoa, and became the administrative power there under the League of Nations and later the United Nations until Western Samoa became the first Patific island nation to become an independent state in 1962.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Source: Government of Western Samoa. this text is taken from the information brochure prepared by the authorities for distribution to delegates at the recent ACP-EU Council of Ministers meeting). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dream ticket ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Depart Nuku'alofa-12.00, January l 2000 Arrive Apia - 14.00, December 37 1999&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People with cash to burn are often ready to spend surprising amounts of money in their pursuit of the unusual. Tonga has already recognised this as it begins preparing for the third millennium Lying just to the west of the International Dateline, it believes it will the first country to see the sun rise on the new millennium, although other Pacific territories have also made the claim. (For this purpose, we ignore the purists who point out that the third millennium will not actually begin until January 1, 2001.) Celebrations are planned and bookings are already being taken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Westem Samoa is obviously not in the running for this distinction since it is east of the dateline, but what this means is it will be the last nation in the world to say goodbye to the old millennium. This surely presents an opportunity for the local tourist industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And what about those intrepid voyagers who fancy greeting the year 2000 in Tonga and then 'seeing out' the old millennium 24 hours later in Samoa. If i were an airline manager, I would be examining the possibility of extra flights from Nuku'alofa on the big day. (Let's hope it's not a Sunday I)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">An interview with Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Economic future in tourism end manufacturing'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier visited Western Samoa at the end of June while the country was hosting the ACP-EU Council of Ministers meeting. At the time, veteran Prime Minister, Tofilau Eti Alesana, was recovering from an operation, and his duties were being carried out by his deputy, Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, who is also the Minister of Finance. Despite a hectic schedule, the Deputy Prime Minister kindly managed to find a slot for a keynote interview with The Courier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· There is growing evidence of a new economic dynamism in this island nation, which has managed to find its feet remarkably speedily after the destruction wrought by cyclones in 1989 and 1990. With this in mind, we began by asking the Minister about the economic prospects for the country ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think they are excellent. Our country suffered a major catastrophe as a result of the cyclones, coming, as they did, in two successive years. There was major damage to our infrastructure and forestry resources- coconuts and cocoa. At the time, we estimated the bill at more than $600m. But the rehabilitation of the infrastructure went ahead quickly, thanks to the major support provided by bodies like the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and of course, the European Union, not to mention the bilateral donor countries who answered our call for help. So in some ways, it was a blessing in disguise. We suffered badly, but with the assistance that came, we have been able to improve our roads and electricity supply, and the protection of our foreshore. It also encouraged us to embark on replanting to replace the trees-mainly cocoa and coconut -that had been destroyed. Last year, for the first time since the cyclones, our copra exports came back in strength. We have, at last, started to approach the pre-cyclone export levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are likely to be the key sectors for future economic activity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We believe that the economic future of our country now lies more in tourism and in manufacturing industries. Dealing with the latter first, we have already succeeded in attracting some industries. The major investment so-far has come from Yazaki, a Japanese company that produces wire harnessing systems (electrical components) for vehicles. This employs almost 3000 people in Western Samoa. In fact, the company set up here before the cyclones and it did not take long for us to see the benefits. The value added equivalent provided by just that one plant is roughly equivalent to our total agricultural exports for last year. So you can see the importance of manufacturing industry for us. We have provided very generous incentives and have also allocated sufficient government land to provide space for factories.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other industry which is now in the forefront, in terms of foreign exchange earnings, is tourism. We now earn four times more from this sector than we do from agriculture-and agriculture is supposed to be the mainstay of our economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course, we mustn't reduce the priority that we give to agriculture. It is one area where we have the resources. More specifically, I think that we have great potential for beef production. If we should have another cyclone, the trees will be damaged but cattle should not be affected. So I think we should look more towards beef production and other forms of agricultural diversification. We do have some good commercial farming in place at the moment, but it is not enough. We need to do more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about the chocolate industry ? You have traditionally grown cocoa but you now also have a factory to process the raw material right up to the end product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is a direct result of our drive to promote more manufacturing - whether it is export-oriented or geared towards import substitution. The chocolate venture is a new one and I think there are good, prospects here as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important point is that we are moving back into growing the fine flavour variety of cocoa here. We used to be one of the 14 producers of fine flavoured cocoa in the world, and we got premium prices for it. But somehow, over the years, we switched to producing inferior quality bulk cocoa. We regretted doing that and are now switching back to the higher quality variety-which is just coming back into production following the cyclones. So here we have another potential area for exports. On the other hand, taro which used to be our major export prior to 1993 is facing difficulties. It is affected by a disease, the taro blight, which seems to be uncontrollable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Thinking in particular of the impact of tourism, are you concerned that an influx of foreign visitors might damage Western Samoa's unique and very special culture ? I see, for example, that you now have a 'McDonalds' restaurant in the centre of Apia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- No. I am not really concerned. In 1992, we set up our own tourism festival. This takes place in the first week of September and is quite clearly intended to be a feature event with an emphasis on promoting tourism. All the activities at the festival focus on the various aspects of our culture-the arts, the dances, the preparation of food, the singing and so on. It seems to me that our drive for tourism is actually helping to revive some of the cultural aspects that would otherwise have been dvina out. So I believe there is a complementarily between culture and tourism, so long as we ensure that the relationship between the two is maintained. I think this point is backed up, if you look at the growing popularity of ecotourism nowadays. This is very much concerned with preservation-of both the environment and of local cultures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In international circles, Western Samoa is deemed to be a least-developed country on account of its low GDP per head figures. Yet nobody is starving here and you appear to have a very 'rich' lifestyle, even if people don't have a great deal of cash in their pockets. Do you think the international classification is a fair one ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- I think the first point to emphasise is that a lot of the signs of development you see here are of recent origin. They date back only to 1992-93. Infrastructures have improved considerably over a very short time and this could well create a certain impression about the people's standard of living. On the other hand, it is true that our economy is not completely based on cash. And, of course, our earnings are in Tala which go a lot further here than their dollar equivalent in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Presumably, it is to your benefit to be classified as an LDC because it gives you access to more sources of foreign funding ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I am happy to leave the classification to the experts. They are the ones who come and estimate our average per capita income, which is then used as the yardstick for placing a country in one or other category. I think it is ironic though, that if you go to a country like the USA, which is supposed to be very rich, you find beggars on the street. It certainly makes you wonder. Perhaps it is not really the statistical wealth of a country that is important, but its social system. And our social system here ensures that no-one goes hungry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· That leads on rather neatly to my next question. What do you think are the main social challenges that need to be tackled here ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We still have quite a lot of 'service care' needs in the villages that we need to attend to. That is why we have placed the highest priority on social services over the next five years. I am talking here in particular about health, education and water supplies. There are still a lot of villages that need to have piped water brought into the home. Education-wise, we have reasonable access, but we need to improve the teaching material that is available in the classes and upgrade the general level of village schooling. We need to dissuade families from moving to the capital in the belief that they can get better education for their children here. So we still have a lot of work to do to ensure that the primary schools in the villages are upgraded. It is not simply a question of ensuring that competent teachers are available, but also as I say, providing good teaching materials and laboratory equipment for science subjects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· All of this obviously needs to be paid for, which entails healthy government finances. You recently had a serious problem over the debts run up by Air Polynesia, and you took very stringent measures to tackle this which resulted in expenditure cuts. What do the figures look like today ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-They are OK. We are running a budget deficit which means we have to borrow both overseas and locally, but we try to keep the deficit at a reasonable level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What has been the effect of introducing the Value Added Goods and Services Sales Tax (VAGST) ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It has helped enormously. Of course, in order to sell the idea, we had to reduce other taxes and duties. As you know, there is an international trend towards removing customs duties and shifting revenue-raising in the direction of consumption taxes. Customs levies, which are the traditional source of revenue are diminishing. So what we have done is to lay the foundation for the eventual shift in our revenue base. Also, we promised to cut income taxes even more-from 38% to 25% within two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Has this measure been implemented yet ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-No, it is due to be introduced in 1998.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Finally, I would like to turn to a constitutional question. Western Samoa introduced universal franchise some five or six years ago, but you still have a system in which only matai (family heads) are entitled to stand as candidates in elections. Do you envisage any further changes to the system ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I cannot really see that we will ever change again. The Constitution stipulates that our government is based on Samoan traditions and Christian principles. When we introduced universal suffrage, we were applying something that had always been there in any case. Samoans have always taken part in the process of choosing their leaders and voting is simply another way of doing this. The only difference is that we would arrive at a decision by getting together through our village structures and talking, whereas your system involves marking a ballot. So the change was quite in accordance with our customs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let me say something about the way villages choose their matai. When there is a question of succession, everyone has a right to take part in the process. There is no age limit. So in that sense, you could argue that we are more advanced. And we always had female matai, even before the arrival of the Europeans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this respect, I believe we are quite different from Fiji and Tonga. In Tonga, the dividing line is quite clear. If you are born a noble, you remain a noble and if you are born a commoner, you will always be a commoner. It is the same in Fiji. There, you are automatically a ratu K your father was one. By contrast, here in Samoa, my son cannot automatically succeed to my title. So to become a matai, a person has to earn it, and to put his case at the family meeting which is convened to choose a successor. Usually, the person chosen is the one who displays the best leadership qualities. I think I should also point out that becoming a matai is not that difficult. If you want to be one, you inform the family and if they think you have matured sufficiently, you will generally get the position and then become eligible to be a parliamentary candidate. It is typical that when a family sees a fellow has matured, he becomes a matai.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 2934 kmÂ² (Exclusive Economic Zone of 130 000 kmÂ²)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 165000&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 57 per kiLomÃ©tres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Apia (situated on the island of Upolu)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National language: Samoan (English is the business language)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currency: Tala (WS$) made up of 100 sene. In June 1996, 1 ECU was worth approximately WS$ 3. (US$1 = WS$ 2.3)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;System of government: A unicameral constitutional democracy with strong traditional elements. The current Head of State is one of the country's four paramount chiefs, and he holds the office for life. Thereafter, the Fono (Legislative Assembly) will elect the Head of State for five-year terms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is universal franchise (introduced in 1991) but in order to be a Parliamentary candidate, one has to be a matai (family head). Western Samoa is said to have about 19000 matai. The minimum voting age is 21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Head of State: HH Malietoa Tanumafili II&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Tofilau Eti Alesana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main political parties: Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), Samoa National Development Party (SNDP)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Party representation in Parliament: HRPP 35, SNDP 11, Independent 3. (The HRPP total includes 11 members elected as independents in the April 1996 election who subsequently joined the governing party).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p038.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Map&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy (1995 figures unless otherwise stated)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual GDP per capita: approx US$ 950&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP growth rate: 7%. The target for 1996 is 34%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Principal exports: coconut oil (WS $8m), coconut cream (WS $4.8m), copra (WS $2.2m).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balance of payments: exports - WS $21.7m, imports - WS $228.1m. 'Invisible' earnings, officially described as 'net foreign earnings' amounted to WS $171m, leaving a current amount deficit of WS $36.8m in 1995 (20%lower than the previous year). The main 'invisibles' are private transfers (remittances from Western Samoans living abroad), tourism, income from services and the value added trade of the Yazaki electrical components firm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inflation rate (end 1995): 1 %. Inflation tends to fluctuate a great deal. The figure for 1994 was 18.4%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government budget (projected for 1996/97): revenue WS $288.4m, expenditure WS $312.7m, deficit WS $24.3m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Accumulated government debt: WS$ 389 m&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth (1993): 67.8 years&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult literacy (1993): 98% (A UNESCO report in 1994 suggested that real literacy levels were significantly below those indicated in official figures) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education: all levels from age 6-23: 74%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.700 (88th out of 174) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Marketing a tropical idyIl</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Folasaito Joe Annandale and his wife Tui are the brains behind Western Samoa's latest tourist facility- the Sinalei Reef Resort, which has just opened on the beautiful south coast of Upolu island. They are among a growing number of Samoan entrepreneurs who are injecting new dynamism into the country's economy although they are somewhat unusual in the tourist trade. With the notable exception of the famous 'Aggie Grey's Hotel' in Apia, tourist accommodation in Western Samoa has tended to be the preserve of foreign investors, including some of the major international hotel chains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At first sight, it is surprising to discover how underdeveloped the tourism sector is in Western Samoa. Tour operators may be inclined to use the phrase 'tropical paradise' a little too freely but this island nation certainly seems to meet most of the essential criteria. It has the obligatory golden beaches fringed with palm trees, extensive coral reefs and striking mountain scenery overlaid with lush vegetation. The vivid colours leave a particularly strong impression. Greens predominate but there are also many copper-leafed trees and bushes, and an abundance of red, orange and yellow flowers. Western Samoa can also offer a number of special features which are important in marketing terms. There is, of course, the legendary hospitality of the Samoans and their distinctive and vibrant traditions. This must be one of the most musically 'literate' populations in the world, a talent which is reflected in the numerous choirs/dance groups. The harmonies are impressive and the traditional dances are both expressive and entertaining. There is also the unique 'fare' architecture which is a particular source of fascination to outsiders, not to mention the Robert Louis Stevenson connection. The famous author spent the last four years of his life in Western Samoa and the house where he lived- which used to be the Head of State's residence - has recently been converted into a museum.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Good prospects&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The potential for expanding tourism is something that has not escaped the government. In today's highly competitive free-market world, countries are being urged to exploit their 'comparative advantage' and the Western Samoan authorities recognise that this sector offers some of the best prospects for future growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like most other economic activities, the tourist trade was badly hit as a result of cyclone devastation in 1989 and 1990. However, visitor numbers have increased substantially since then. Indeed, looking at year on year earnings, the tourist sector is performing better than any other area of the economy. In 1994, income was WS$.58 million (50 000 + visitors). The following year, it reached WS$.78m and there are hopes that it could top WS$.100m in 1996. Of course, no-one in Samoa is talking about 'mass' tourism. The country is too far from the main industrialised nations to be able to offer traditional package holidays (perhaps fortunately !), and too small to absorb the cultural and environmental impact without lasting damage. Having said this, the market can be divided into two very distinct portions. At one end of the scale are the low spending 'back-packers'-often taking advantage of relatively cheap 'round the world' airline tickets to stop off and sample the pleasures of Western Samoa. These tourists may not spend very much on a daily basis but they are reasonably significant from a financial standpoint because they tend to stay for quite lengthy periods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the other end, you find the high-spending, 'exclusive' customer willing to pay for high quality accommodation and catering. Perhaps not surprisingly, the Government is more interested in attracting the latter, which is why they are keen to encourage investors such as the Annandales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier spoke to Joe Annandale about his business strategy when we recently visited the country. The Sinalei Reef Resort, which has received EIB loan financing channelled through the Development Bank of Western Samoa, has just 20 rooms (including four suites) giving it a capacity of less than 50. Customers will be offered a tropical idyll and a chance to escape completely from the pressures of modern living. The long term aim, according to Mr Annandale, is to entice Europeans in general and Germans in particular. The latter, it is said, have a preference for environmentally-friendly, 'escapist' vacations and, of course, there is a historical link between Germany and Western Samoa. Until a European clientele can be built up, the focus will be on attracting guests from Australia and New Zealand. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Culture clash?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there is no question of Western Samoa being swamped by visitors from overseas, even a modest increase in tourist numbers is bound to have an impact in this country of just 165000 inhabitants. On the negative side, the Samoan system of customary (village) land ownership sometimes appears at odds with entrepreneurship founded on individual ownership of property and resources. In the early stages, Joe and Tui Annandale encountered local difficulties-including squatters-when they bought the land to develop the resort. The usual arrangement is for overseas tourism operators to lease customary land, a process which may involve protracted and ultimately fruitless negotiations with the matai (village heads) who have traditionally used the land for other purposes. Of course, the clash between traditional land tenure systems and 'modern' capitalism is not restricted to tourist ventures-as mining operators in Papua New Guinea have discovered. But while one understands the frustrations for developers, who may find themselves embroiled in complex and interminable land disputes, we should also recognise the concerns of local people who see a possible threat to their way of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the positive side, new tourism developments mean jobs and trading opportunities. In the building of the Sinalei Resort, the Annandales drew heavily on local labour, employing 35 people from the neighbourhood. As Mr Annandale pointed out, this was essential for a complex designed to fit in with the local environment. The Samoans have always built their own houses and only they had the required carpentry skills. The resort also employs 35 regular staff for catering, housekeeping etc. and again, the majority are local people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, there is one criticism often levelled against tourist ventures which certainly does not apply at the Sinalei Reef (or other Samoan hotels). This is that most of the food and drink consumed by visitors is imported. The Annandales make a point of purchasing their fish, meat and fruit locally, thereby ensuring that some of the financial benefits of their venture flow back to their own community: in short, a happy combination of astute public relations and good economics. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with opposition leader Tupua Tamasese Efi</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Revive the agricultural base'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tupua Tamasese Efi a former Prime Minister of Western Samoa, is leader of the opposition Samoa National Development Party which won 11 of the 49 seats in the parliamentary elections held in April 1996. In this interview, he outlines his own and his party's views on some of the key political and economic issues in his country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In what ways does your party offer a different agenda from that of the governing HRPP ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think the differences are mainly of emphasis. The present government tends to focus on law-making and exploiting the country's least developed status. Our focus would be more on developing our indigenous agricultural industries. If you scrutinise the economic picture in Samoa, you will find that there has been a very substantial decline in agricultural exports in the last fifteen years. Our economy, if you can call it that, is increasingly sustained by largesse-the donations that we get from overseas. This has complicated our situation. Our relative economic independence has been sabotaged to a point where, suddenly, we are getting a proletariat. That might be unavoidable in a lot of places, but it doesn't have to happen in a small country like ours which has self-sustaining village units, and a potentially secure agricultural base supported by products like cocoa, copra and bananas. If you look at what is happening today, you see that, all of a sudden, we have a new class of under-privileged people with absolutely no income at all. And the tragedy is that it has happened without anyone really noticing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So our emphasis is to try and revive our agricultural base, and to seek out exports. In the past, our economy was sustained by cocoa and copra exports, and a lot of our food was sold to New Zealand. Now, you find that there are hardly any exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So your focus would be more on boosting the traditional aspects of the Samoan economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Not necessarily traditional. Our party is not bound to cocoa, or copra or whatever. But we are committed to improving our agriculture. It matters little whether it is traditional or other crops. But we need to break back into the New Zealand market. This is the best place to aim for. Australia has its own tropical sector and nothing that we can produce is needed by them. New Zealand is different. One of the biggest challenges we have to overcome in getting back into that market is our fruit fly problem. It would seem sensible for us to channel substantial resources into overcoming this hurdle so that we can sell to New Zealand again. There is a tremendous potential market-and not just for copra. There are also products such as flowers, and a whole number of other possibilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Given what you have just said,what emphasis would you place on sectors like manufacturing and tourism ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think that tourism is an obvious way to go and this is where we are in agreement with the government. Of course, you will have heard of the debacle of the Air Polynesia finances. When you compare the losses that were run up with our foreign exchange reserves you get some idea of how enormous the problem was. It was a situation that went badly awry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This issue aside, we agree that we need to get into tourism-but it must be within reason. Part of the explanation for people gravitating towards tourism is that they see it as the only available avenue-or at least the most visible way of making money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another economic point I want to raise concerns debt. Loans can be a quick fix, but when your whole economy is tied to indebtedness, you are creating something that is built on sand. You end 'A potentially secure agricultural base' up acquiring more and more capital items that are totally unrelated to your present or likely future resources. This is one of the most destructive things that can happen to a society, and it is very clearly happening here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have a rich and vibrant living culture here in Western Samoa. Are you concerned that globalisation could ultimately pose a threat to this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-No, I am not worried. You have to accept it as a natural development. The things that are distinctive in our culture have to find their place in adapting to the new realities. There is no point putting your head in the sand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Turning to political aspects, you now have universal franchise, but you still have to be a matai to be eligible to stand for Parliament Does your party have any plans to change this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Some years ago, we had a constitutional convention which led to changes in the system. Attached to that was a provision requiring a further constitutional convention to be convened in 20 or 25 years (I can't remember the exact period). So we are committed to that. We have to sit down and look at the overall picture. We have gone a long way in terms of universal franchise and it is possible that we need to go even further.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But if one takes the United Kingdom as a model, I think the important lesson is that you should 'make haste slowly'. The genius of the Westminster model is that it involves careful evolution. I hope that this tradition will be followed by our country. The constitution, as it was put together some 30 or 40 years ago, has served its purpose very well but there are quite a few anomalies appearing now.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is your view about regional cooperation in the South Pacific What future do you see in working together with the other countries of the region- perhaps presenting a more united front to the outside world ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-There is a lot of sense in the SAS approach-I am referring here to the Scandinavian countries getting together to form an airline. It is sensible to take a common stand where we have a common interest. But there are obviously intricacies resulting from historical, economic and social factors. At the moment I am reading a book on lain Macleod, the British Conservative statesman. His experience in the failed attempt to form a federation in the Caribbean is very revealing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When you enter a common endeavour, there is always the pull of your own particular interests. And there can be a suspicion that the 'bigger boys' will use the others to promote their own interests. A lot of this may be perception rather than reality. Also, traditional rivalries can intrude. Sometimes you need to fall flat on your face before you Let me give you an example from the world of rugby. It took Rupert Murdoch to get Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa to realise that our fates are intertwined. He has come in with a commercial package that has taken over the entire rugby scene in the region- with a heavy emphasis on Australia and New Zealand-and this has hit us in a big way. For example, we find ourselves being cut out of traditional rugby tours. There is no point in us trying to claim that we are self-sufficient in this area. The big lesson is that we need to cooperate a lot more with the Tongans and Fijians in order to make an impact on the wider rugby scene._ &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Western Samoa-EU cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Focus on utilities&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Mylanwy van de Velde&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Western Samoa's cooperation with the European Community began in 1975 with its accession to the LomÃ© Convention. From the start, the sector to benefit most from programmable funds (ECU 4.6 m under LomÃ© I and ECU 6m under LomÃ© II) was the energy sector, with the financing of the Samasoni Hydroelectric Scheme in the late 1970s and the Sauniatu Hydropower Scheme in the early 1980s.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In parallel, a programme of 260 microprojects was funded involving the development of poultry and pig farming, and fisheries, covering 96 villages on the main islands of Upolu and Savai'i. A further ECU 890 000 was allocated to the Western Samoa Development Bank, in the form of a credit line, to increase the Bank's lending capacity. In addition, at a time when copra exports were still considerable, the Community financed storage and handling facilities for coconut oil and copra pellets (ECU 900 000).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On top of programmable aid, Western Samoa received 12 Stabex transfers totalling ECU 9.3m for export losses on copra, wood, bananas and cocoa in the period 1975-84.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under LomÃ© III, the development of the country's substantial hydroelectric power potential continued, and Western Samoa began to make considerable steps towards self-sufficiency in energy needs. While in 1980 some 78% of the electricity generated came from diesel plants, by 1986 this percentage had dropped to 26%. The volume of petroleum imports for electricity generation dropped to 36% in the period 1982-86. With the building of the Afulilo Hydropower Plant (LomÃ© III and IV), these volumes have decreased further, with positive benefits in terms of foreign exchange savings. The scheme (which was co-funded by the Asian Development Bank, the EIB, the World Bank and the Western Samoa Electric Power Corporation) involved the construction of a 10 million cubic metre reservoir, a penstock, a powerhouse, and the installation of mechanical equipment and transmission lines, and has contributed substantially to the quality of electricity supply on the island of Upolu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p043.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Community aid to Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Additional work has been done with LomÃ© IV funds to address the question of rural water supply: a water master plan and design study for a number of rural areas have been completed, and a public awareness programme on the rational use of water resources has been designed for implemention at such time as planned infrastructural work goes ahead.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, an ECU 1 m microprojects programme has been initiated with the aim of financing the renovation of infrastructure for rural communities in the fields of water supply, health, education, tourism, agriculture and fisheries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stabex payments under LomÃ© 111 (1985-1989) and LomÃ© IV (1990-1994) amounted to ECU 11.1 m and ECU 5.7m respectively. These were paid to compensate for losses in coconut oil and copra products, especially, but also for losses on exports of cocoa beans and of wood in the rough.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the above grant aid, the EIB has provided a total of some ECU 9m in risk capital in the years since 1981, the bulk of which was used in connection with the Sauniatu and Afulilo Hydropower Schemes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further total of ECU 660 896 has been allocated in emergency aid to Western Samoa, in 1983 after a serious fire on Savai'i, and in 1990 and 1991 after the disastrous cyclones Ofa and Val.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Programming of the next tranche of EC funding under the eighth EDF has still to be completed, but the indications are that prominence will be given to extending and upgrading the water supply network. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.v.d.V.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new health-centre for Tafua&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sight that greeted the people of Tafua when they emerged from shelter in 1990, following the passage of Ccyclone Ofa,was one of complete devastation. The tropical storm had been one of the worst in living memory and this village community on the island of Savai'i, together with many others in the Samoas, found themselves having to start almost from scratch. Homes had been swept away' crops destroyed and much of the essential infrastructure Iay in ruins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is a testament to the resilience and determination of the people in these communities that there are few signs today of the havoc wrought by the winds just six years ago. In some places, rows of dead trees still stand in silent witness to the power of Mother Nature, although the scene is softened : by the new crops and lush vegetation growing beneath. But the villagers have rebuilt their houses and, with some help from outside, they have been able to re-establish i the essential community facilities as well. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through its micro-projects programme, the EC was able to offer a helping hand in the task of reconstruction. For the modest sum of just ECU 10 000, Tafua now has a new community health clinic adjacent to the site of the old one which was swept away by Ofa. In keeping with the rules of the scheme, the villagers were obliged to contribute 25% of the cost-which they provided in kind, in the shape of the labour for rebuilding the clinic. The Courier visited Tafua in June and was shownaround the facility by Nurse Agata Leuelu who provides primary health care for the 600 villagers. We also met local Methodist minister, the Rev. Siaosi Selesele, who explained how the people had taken shelter in the neighbouring school when the storm reached Samoa. It turned out to be the right choice as it was one of very few structures left standing in the neighbourhood. Villagers are obviously hoping that there won't be another 'Ofa' for a very long time' but if and when the next big wind does strike, the new ctinic-which has been built to withstand a lot more strain-should hopefully be able to weather the storm. In the meantime, it provides an important service in the delivery of health care to the people of the area. The European Community has also provided micro-project funding to help rebuild the health clinic at Taga on Savai'i. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dossier</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Investing in people</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Dossier coordinated by Augustine Oyowe)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Previous editions of The Courier have dealt, separately and at length, with various aspects of human resource development, especially in the context of recent dossiers on population and social development, education and training, public health, women, and poverty. Our current dossier looks at the issue from the investment perspective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To say that investing in people makes economic sense is to state the obvious. But to what extent are the implications of this statement fully understood in the developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa in these days of constantly shifting development theories?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Labour or 'human capital' has long been recognised as a key factor of economic growth. As opposed to sustainable human development, which places human beings at the centre of economic activities (the recipient of the fruits of economic progess), 'human capital' places them at the beginning of the process. The difference of approach is thus evident even though the objective is the same. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Investing in people is a concept which simultaneously combines 'human welfare' with the 'human capital' approach at the beginning of the economic development process. It encompasses nutrition, health and education, and should, under the right investment climate or conditions, enable any investor, whether State or individual, to reap an adequate return .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After three decades of considerable efforts at investment in health and education by sub-Saharan African countries, the returns in terms of standards of living, economic grovvth and rate of development have been extremely disappointing. The conclusion which can be drawn is that the conditions necessary for adequate returns on these investments have been absent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colonial legacy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sub-Saharan Africa inherited from the colonial regimes, infrastructures in health delivery and education that were not only alien to its culture and traditions, but also totally inadequate for nation building. It is a well known fact that in 1960, there were no more than 1200 university graduates in Capital redefined&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important when thinking of investnent in human resources to understand the real concept of capital. Below is an extract of a definition given by Stefan de Vylder (taken from his UNDP discussion paper: 'Sustainable Human Development and Macroeconomics strategic links and implications' . &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A child in the North is born wealthy. His or her share of the capital accumulated by earlier generations is worth a fortune. The higher wages and salaries in the North, compared with those in the South, largely reflect differences in endowment of the country, rather than of the individual. The fact that, for example, a nurse in Germany earns 30 times more than one in Bangladesh or Zambia has little to do with individual differences in training or skills; the higher salaries in the North simply reflect the higher dividend on the capital bestowed from the past. Part of this wealth or heritage is easily visible: factories, roads, schools hospitals, universities, telecommunications, and other infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, there are other, less tangible, forms of capital that constitute a crucial complement to physical and infrastructural capital; parliamentary democracy, a free press, respect for human rights' norms for social interaction, systems of rapid dissemination of new ideas, trade unions and a myriad of other large or small social organisations, a judiciary system which, by and large, defends law and justice, and other institutions. This latter form of capital may be called institutional or social capital. It is also highly unevenly distributed in the world, with large differences both between the North and the South and within individual countries of the North as well as in the South the region as a whole. Indeed, some countries had no graduates at all and in others, they could be counted on the fingers of one hand. In what was effectively a race against time, African leaders understandably responded by investing massively in human resource development. This was made possible partly by small, but steady rates of economic growth and partly by sustained foreign assistance. Between 1960 and 1980, sub-Saharan African governments consistently allocated high proportions of their annual budgets to health and education. Households and individuals made similar efforts (accounting for nearly 75% of all spending on health). They made sacrifices and gave a high premium to the education of their children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The results were tangible and very significant. By the late 1980s, sub-Saharan Africa was producing over 70 000 graduates a year. Major cities had hospitals and health centres and the rural areas, clinics and dispensaries. Amid a general improvement in nutrition and health-care delivery, the incidence of infectious disease, and maternal and infant mortality were considerably reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite these achievements, the approach to manpower building by the post-independent African leaders was, to say the least, haphazard. As a result, a number of problems, such as the appropriateness of school curricula, under staffing and the long-term budget implications of recurrent expenditures, were overlooked (although reform efforts have since been attempted in some countries with varying degrees of success).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The consequences were felt in the 1980s when Africa's economic crisis was only just beginning. Health and school infrastructures deteriorated for lack of maintenance. There were shortages of qualified teachers and teaching materials leading to falls in educational standards as well as in primary school enrolments. And health systems failed for lack of personnel and drugs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The situation has worsened as the continent's economic crisis has deepened-a crisis characterised by huge budget deficits, high inflation rates, sluggish growth rates and a heavy debt burden. Structural adjustment programmes (SAPs), introduced in response to this, have only served to undermine further the gains made in human resource development. SAPs have been aimed mainly at macroeconomic stabilisation, deregulation and privatisation of state enterprises, and the social sectors have lost out in the process. Subsidies on basic commodities, especially food, have been removed, civil servants and employees of state enterprises have been made redundant and cost-recovery has become the standard practice in medical services. These measures have all combined to produce a level of poverty never before seen in the region, a situation which has adversely affected nutritional standards, provoked malnutrition in many countries and reduced resistance generally to infectious diseases. Because of the rise in unemployment, large sections of the educated population have been rendered unproductive, a waste of several years investment by both the state and the individuals in question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appropriateness of skills&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although sub-Saharan Africa produced a large number of graduates before the economic crisis began, few had the kinds of skills needed for industry and agriculture. The evidence of this lies in the unsuccessful attempts by some governments in the late 1970s to indigenise executive positions, most of which required high levels of technological knowledge or experience. The 1980s saw a dramatic increase in the number of foreign technical assistants working on the continent and, paradoxically, in the number of qualified African professionals leaving, mainly for Western Europe, the United States and Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International technical assistance to, or cooperation with, subSaharan Africa has intensified. Organisations such as the World Bank, IMF, UNDP, UNCTAD, UNESCO, European Union and Commonwealth are all involved in one form or another. The effectiveness of this assistance varies, however. This dossier features articles on the work of three of these bodies (the Commonwealth, UNDP and VNESCO). The Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation was set up more than 25 years ago to mobilise Commonwealth skills to meet the needs of member states as required. The UNDP's TOKTEN programme is designed to reduce the negative impact of the brain drain by getting highly qualified developing country expatriates to contribute their skills to the development of their home countries without necessarily having to return permanently. Finally, UNESCO's university twinning programme is designed as a mechanism for the rapid transfer of technology and sharing of knowledge. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While international assistance or cooperation is indispensable, it is surely no substitute for Africa's own efforts at human resource development. Three years ago, Edward Jaycox, then World Bank Vice-President for the Africa Region, announced what appeared to be a change of policy at the annual conference of the African-American Institute in Washington DC. He said that the Bank would no longer pay for foreign technical assistants to help resolve African economic problems but would instead help African governments build their own capacity. Although the Bank has traditionally had enormous influence on development thinking and policy worldwide, the apparent policy change does not appear to have influenced other donors. Nor, indeed, is there any evidence that the Bank itself is implementing it vigorously. The number of foreign experts being sent to Africa continues to grow. There were over 100 000 in 1988.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rationality of investing in people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the negative social impact, ten years of structural adjustment have not produced the sought-after stabilisation or the economic growth that was initally anticipated. Even the World Bank and IMF, who spearheaded the structural adjustment idea, have admitted that it has flaws and the need for a new approach to sub-Saharan Africa's economic problems could hardly be more urgent. In the Dossier, Giovanni Andreas Cornia argues for a new focus for structural adjustment, based on restoring adequate levels of public spending on health, education, social welfare and water supplies, so as to enable sub-Saharan Africa to restore and develop its human resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evidence of the impact of a healthy and educated population on economic growth and development abound. Studies on the economies of the East Asian 'tigers' have all concluded that big investments in education in the late 1950s and 1960s were largely responsible for the rapid growth they have experienced in recent years. Malaysia, although a latecomer, appears to be following in the footsteps of its neighbours. After nearly two decades of investment in human resource development, and the introduction of a foreign investment policy which requires some technology transfer, the Government now predicts Malaysia will achieve 'fully developed' status by 2016-twenty years from now.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A relatively well-educated workforce and a certain amount of physical capital or natural resources are all a country needs to succeed economically. Sub-Saharan Africa has sufficient natural resources as is often pointed out. The other side of the equation-a relatively well-educated workforce-is missing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sub-Saharan Africa lags behind other regions in human resource development for a complex variety of reasons. The natural and political environment are not conducive to the delivery of social services: low population density and weak transport infrastructures make such delivery expensive and the achievement of economies of scale impossible. The region's climate favours a variety of diseases (such as malaria and sleeping sickness) and many areas have little or no access to natural water sources. Political instability and weak institutions also continue to cast a long shadow. Although these constraints are long-term, appropriate policy measures could reduce their negative impact significantly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giovanni Cornia analyses the distributive effects of appropriate health care, nutrition and education on economic growth. He suggests ways of making rational use of available resources for maximum returns and of mobilising funds through taxation, foreign aid and other sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an age of increasing globalisation, where technology is more easily transferable across borders, a healthy and educated population is essential, not only for the absorption and use of new technology but also for meaningful participation in international trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is insufficient, however, to have an educated workforce. Sub Saharan Africa must acquire the institutional and managerial capacity to make the right decisions, both in the public and private sectors. This is essential in the quest to eliminate poverty, achieve sustained and sustainable economic growth and ensure a realistic integration of the region into the global economy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A much needed new focus for SAPs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Giovanni Andrea Cornia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two decades, a clear consensus, supported by a growing amount of empirical evidence, has emerged on the growth and distributive effects of appropriate health care, nutrition and education, and on the rationality of investing in human resources to promote development in low-income economies, and in sub-Saharan Africa in particular. It is now clear that public and private rates of return on investment in primary and secondary education are substantially greater than those in most industrial sectors. Similarly, it is now well demonstrated that nutritional interventions in favour of workers at low levels of food intake has a very large impact on labour productivity. Also, provision of simple but adequate nutrition and health care at an early age has been shown to spare substantially greater health outlays over the longer term. While the number of these examples can be multiplied, the lesson is overwhelmingly clear: investing in people is a sound development policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the same two decades, a broad political consensus has also emerged on the need to establish realistic targets in these areas and mobilise adequate resources to achieve them. The latter decade, however, has also been characterised by a widespread and acute recession which has reached its lowest point in the African continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While there has been a general recognition of the link between the deterioration of the social sector and Africa's economic decline, the interpretations of the causes of this decline and how best to address them vary considerably.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1980s also witnessed the advent of structural adjustment, an approach aiming at revitalising economies affected by severe crises and which calls, amongst other things, for a reduction in public spending, including on social services. With sharp falls in revenues, it was argued, African governments could no longer afford to provide health and education free of charge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments were to encourage instead the role of the private sector (since competition between state, private and non-governmental agencies fosters efficiency and enhances quality) and make households bear a greater share of the cost of publicly provided social services (as-it was alleged-households had a strong 'willingness to pay' for better quality health care and education).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a debate characterised by an overwhelming concern for expenditure reduction, little thought was given to protecting the provision and effectiveness of basic health care and education for all. Nor was sufficient attention paid to the mobilisation of additional revenue through taxation, foreign aid or other measures Even the introduction of rationalisation measures, which would have allowed for use and preservation of limited resources, received scant attention. During this period, public policies often ignored a number of well-known public finance arguments concerning market failures, externalities, natural monopolies, etc. typical of basic health and education. It was all too often forgotten, for instance, that the market systematically undersupplies 'quasi-public goods' like education, safe water, immunisation and collective infrastructure (i.e. goods which produce benefits not only for consumers but also for society as a whole); that incomplete or non-existent markets alone are unable to provide complete insurance coverage against the risks of sickness and disability; that the free play of market forces can generate levels of poverty that are socially unacceptable, and that competition among many small providers does not allow for the realisation of the economies of scale which only the public sector can realise because of its size, administrative infrastructure and revenue raising ability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greater and better government involvement&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this paper, I will attempt to point out the main distortions in the social sector in sub-Saharan Africa and the major reforms, part of an alternative policy paradigm to the standard approach focusing on large expenditure reductions. My main line of argument is for more efficient and renewed but, in most cases, greater rather than less government involvement. I do not deny the important role of communities, nongovernmental bodies and private providers of social services, but the retreat of the state, which has been underway for several years in most of Africa, is palpably wrong: it may be a good survival strategy, it is definitely not a good development strategy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any approach to revitalisation of the social sector in Africa must aim at increasing both the quality and the relevance of services to the life, health and productivity of the population; enhancing efficiency; reducing distributive biases in the use of public expenditure, and improving the flow of both public and private resources to the social sector. These sets of measures are briefly discussed here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raising relevance, reducing unit costs and enhancing quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two basic initiatives are essential to the achievement of this goal. Firstly, it is necessary to adapt the content of services to the demands placed on the child, the adolescent and the family by the external environment. Secondly, in doing so, it is necessary to provide minimum resources, particularly recurrent inputs, for every unit of service offered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Much can be done to improve the relevance of education in Africa. A key element in this is the wider use of African languages in the educational system. Admittedly such a step would probably encounter obstacles, but the results of pilot projects in the continent and experiences in several English speaking countries have been encouraging. The use of African languages should be expanded throughout primary and at least part of secondary schooling. And the curriculum of basic education should include basic health science, agriculture, food and nutrition, basic technological science, ecology and environmental studies as well as reading, writing, arithmetic, history, geography and elementary civics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While responding more appropriately to the life and developmental needs of children and adolescents, these measures offer the potential to improve substantially the cost effectiveness of the educational system by reducing the number of drop-outs and repeaters, particularly if the measures are accompanied by school-based nutritional support programmes and by steps to ensure a steady, if basic, supply of teaching materials such as books, chalk, slates, pens, exercise books and so on. Minimum expenditures for the latter, estimated at $5-10 per child per year, have been shown to have a profound impact on the quality and attractiveness of education.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving the relevance and quality of African secondary and higher education will require an increase in the number of courses in science, engineering, agronomy, management and other fields. Given the limited success of vocational training and yet the profound need for this type of education, a more flexible approach may be appropriate. Business associations and ministries of labour, rather than ministries of education, for example, could organise the type of vocational training that responds more closely to labour market conditions. Much needs to be done to gear university research to local and national needs. Rather than maintaining the model of independent residential universities, faculties could interact more with and rely upon local institutions and non-governmental organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the health sector, a more vigorous approach is necessary to implement the 'Health for All' strategy. In particular, more attention must be paid to the quality of the training imparted to village health workers, the provision of minimum supplies of essential drugs, adequate supervision, the mobilisation of communities and the strengthening of family planning services in the first tier of the primary health care pyramid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greater efforts are needed to contain unit costs through the mobilisation of community resources (such as materials and time) and the introduction of 'product standards' and 'production techniques' more in line with local factor endowments. With respect to capital expenditure, one major source of potential savings is the substitution of imported materials with local ones in the construction of schools, clinics and other public health facilities. Through this approach, capital costs per student could be more than halved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In health care, savings are also possible, in some cases, in wages and other recurrent expenditures. The potential for savings through increased efficiency in the procurement, management, storage, distribution and prescription of pharmaceuticals is substantial. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And there is a need for more carefully articulated manpower policies, with recognition of the cost implications of alternative skill mixes. Many tasks carried out by senior professionals can be performed by auxiliary personnel. In this regard, there is substantial scope for the application of nominal fees as a tool to guide demand for health care and thus increase efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Similar considerations are valid in the education sector. Despite considerable declines during the 1980s in both French-speaking and Eastern and Southern Africa, teacher salaries in the late 1980s were still considerably higher than per capita GNP in several countries. While a cutback may be possible in some countries, reductions below the 'efficiency wage' should be avoided as they affect the quality of teaching.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are, of course, other approaches to reducing unit costs such as using teachers trained on crash courses and- paid salaries lower than that of fully trained ones, multi shift education to increase teaching hours, multigrade classes to increase class sizes and the creation of regional training centres with donor support. In addition, in most of sub-Saharan Africa, all university students receive fellowships to cover living expenses while at school. In many cases these fellowships represent a substantial proportion of total unit costs at the tertiary level. They add, in effect, to the regressive nature of educational subsidies and should be suppressed for all except for those who are least able to pay.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Substantial improvements in the distribution of benefits of public expenditure could be obtained through its restructuring towards basic services which benefit the poor more than they do the rich. This would mean, typically, the reallocation of part of the expenditure on hospitals to primary health care activities and part of the expenditure on universities to primary education. It would also mean that a greater share of investments in water supply and sanitation should be assigned to rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Correcting existing misallocation, however, is not simple, as capital and labour resources are only partially mobile. This is particularly true of capital expenditure which has already been invested in physical infrastructure. Inter sect oral reallocation is easier for recurrent expenditure, particularly when budgets are expanding, and it can lead to the achievement of more efficient and distributive gains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government subsidies need to be improved through effective targeting on 'merit goods' (such as food and shelter). Targeting is distributionally and administratively more effective when it is accomplished according to some objective criteria such as geography (the poorest areas), type of commodity ( low quality foods not consumed by the rich), easily identifiable population group (like pregnant women, young children, children in elementary school in poor areas, etc.) or season. It is less effective when carried out by means-testing or by targeting individuals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decentralisation of health care and education in the African context is likely to improve the geographical distribution of services. Poor communications and transport systems, population dispersion and the fact that the supervision of personnel, resource distribution and operations is easier at lower levels of administration, are all arguments in favour of such decentralisation. Nonetheless, where it means loss of control over the implementation of national policies (in curriculum development, manpower training, drug procurement and so forth) and excessive additional financial burdens on households and communities, decentralisation is potentially damaging. This was the experience of Kenya when the purchase of drugs was decentralised at the district level. It subsequently had to reverse this policy because of the problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing the flow of resources to basic social services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the considerable scope for protecting and, in some cases, expanding the delivery of cost-effective and high-impact social services, even during periods of declining resources, there are limits to what can be achieved through the measures discussed above, particularly in countries where the share in GDP of public health and education expenditure is already low. Indeed in most African countries, the flow of resources to these sectors must be vastly increased. The options available include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Increasing the share of government expenditure on key social services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Top priority should be given to a radical restructuring of government expenditure involving the shifting of resources towards those sectors with high social rates of return. Expenditure on defence can be cut substantially, while subsidies to chronically lossmaking public and private enterprises and interest payments on debt (the relief effect on foreign-debt interest payments of current provisions is utterly inadequate) should be reduced. If realistic expenditure restructuring like that proposed here were implemented, 1015% of overall public spending in many countries could be redirected to social activities with high rates of return. One half to two-thirds of these savings could be allocated to health care, nutrition, training, education and welfare, thus raising the share of these activities to about 30-35% of total expenditure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Increasing taxation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Between the late 1970s and the mid-1980s, the average tax to GDP ratio for sub-Saharan Africa fell from 18% to 16-17%. (Only recently are there signs of recovery, but these are confined to only a few countries). This resulted mainly from the recession affecting the region and from the limited priority attached to revenue collection in most adjustment programmes implemented during the first part of the 1980s. In these 'first generation' programmes, the stabilisation of deficits was achieved mainly by cutting expenditure and raising excise duties. Increases in income taxes and progressive indirect taxes were far less frequent and land and property taxes were almost never introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While taking effect rapidly, the measures implemented led to excessive drops in public expenditure on 'quasi public goods' and have had a regressive distributive impact. It is now widely recognised that a more active tax policy is needed. Such a policy should aim at improving revenue generation and enhancing the efficiency and equity of the overall tax system. This would permit a controlled rise in specific 'socially efficient' public expenditures, particularly basic health, primary and secondary education and public infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the 1980s, a number of countries, including Burkina Faso, Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe, initiated efforts to reform their tax systems. While the choice of optimal tax instruments has depended on specific country conditions, a few general principles of tax reform apply to all countries. First, colonial type tax systems emphasising the taxation of exports (and to some extent, of imports) should evolve towards systems which focus on income taxes, progressive and efficient indirect taxes and increases in the prices of such public utilities as telephone and electricity which benefit mainly the wealthier sections of society. Second, purchases of goods and services consumed by the poorest should be exempted from indirect taxes. Third, efforts should not concentrate on raising marginal tax rates but rather on broadening the tax base by reducing tax evasion and tax elusion, and fourth a low, uniform and broad-based tax on wealth (such as on land or other assets) should be introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A non-distortionary and equitably-spread increase in the tax ratio equivalent to 2-3% of GPD is technically feasible in a good number of African countries and would by itself add to the real flow of resources to health care and education by about 15%, even assuming no growth and no shift in priorities towards the social sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Introducing 'earmarked' taxes or raising local ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The flow of tax resources to the social sector could be augmented more readily if the new tax revenue thus generated, or at least part of it, were directly earmarked for specific health and education activities (for which there are guarantees that tax money is spent efficiently), or if these taxes were raised directly by district and provincial authorities, who are usually entrusted with responsibility for social services at the local level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Mobilising additional resources from households and communities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In sub-Saharan Africa, as in most other developing regions, households have long borne a substantial share of the national expenditure on health, education, water supply and so on by contributing resources (in kind, cash and time) for the construction of health and education facilities, covering direct and indirect costs (transport uniforms, fees, drugs etc.) associated with the provision of public services and making payments to private providers. Despite these already considerable contributions, user charges have been introduced or raised on a large scale in recent years in many countries to alleviate the burden on public expenditure imposed by the economic crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, while the small but significant contribution of user charges to health and education budgets should be acknowledged, the negative effects of the indiscriminate application of these charges should also be emphasised. Indeed, in many African countries the need for health care, education and other social services rarely coincides with the ability to pay. The implementation of user charges can have adverse effects in three ways. First, it may lead to a contraction in the demand for services. Second, in the health sector, it tends to discourage the use of preventive services for which potential patients may not see an immediate relevance (such as ante natal care and immunisation). Third, it may adversely affect a household's ability to meet other basic needs, such as the purchase of food, particularly if fees are charged simultaneously for health, education and other services and if the household's income declines. In addition to these problems, there is little evidence that the revenue from user charges is actually reinvested to improve the quality or expand the coverage of local services, as those who promote user charges argue. Despite recent attempts at keeping a share of the user fees at the local level (e.g. at the collecting facilities), in most cases revenue merely flows to the public treasury. Moreover, user charges usually generate a relatively small proportion of the total operating cost of the health care sector, with gross yields at around 5%. If the costs of fee collection are included, the yields are lower and, in some cases, negative.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, health care, education and the provision of water include different types of services, some clearly geared to the needs of the poor and others catering more for middle and upper-income groups. While user charges are not well suited to primary education, disease control programmes, basic curative services and communal water supply, the same cannot be said of university education and other 'income elastic' services. For the latter, cost recovery measures would be advisable, although subsidised access for the deserving poor must be assured. For the intermediate category, which includes most curative health services and secondary education, selective cost-recovery measures might be desirable, with low income individuals exempted or charged only a nominal fee.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While direct user fees (levied on patients at the moment of their treatment) are problematic from several perspectives, there are other indirect ways to mobilise resources from communities (generally before episodes of illness), such as various kinds of prepayment schemes, health insurance, lotteries, mutual funds and the sale of produce from community fields, in addition to their contributions in kind. These schemes have two main features which are attractive for health-care: they shift the moment of payment, so that individuals are not burdened with relatively more significant expenditure at the time of illness, and they spread the burden of costs (e.g. for drugs) over a larger group.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Increasing the volume of international aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There has been a considerable shift in official development assistance (ODA) in favour of Africa over the past two decades. Africa's share in total ODA rose from 19.4% in 1975/6 to 25.1% in 1980/1, and to 34.2% in 1988/9. However, the share assigned to human resource development has dropped, while- debt-service obligations have often absorbed a growing share of ODA. Greater flows are therefore needed. In the late 1980s, the World Bank estimated that additional annual aid of about $1 billion was required during the 1990s to halt social retrogression and ensure reasonable progress. But this flow of aid has not materialised on any appreciable scale. Indeed the trend in the 1990s has been towards an absolute decline in aid flows. The simplest and the most cost-effective way to effect such aid transfer would be through debt relief, although some increases in ODA are needed. Improvement in the quality of aid, including substantial shifts to programme aid, greater participation in the financing of recurrent costs and more focus on primary health care and education and on rural water supply are also required.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What role for NGOs and private providers?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While private providers, including church missions, have always been important in Africa, much of the market oriented literature tends to be very optimistic about the scope for expanding private services in order to replace government ones. Although a multiplicity of providers is desirable (and frequently unavoidable), there are several reasons why such optimism should be tempered. First, private sector services in Africa are typically concentrated in urban areas, and because of their cost, cater for upper-income groups. Although non-governmental providers (especially missions) are often located in rural areas, and they generally provide valuable services, they are seldom able to guarantee extensive coverage and in some cases may duplicate government services. Second, private providers are not without costs to governments; they often receive subsidies or preferential treatment in the allocation of foreign exchange and typically offer higher salaries and better working conditions which draw manpower away from the public sector. In Zambia, for instance, a teacher in a primary school run by the Consolidated Copper Mines can earn more than a lecturer at the University of Zambia. In countries with extremely limited numbers of doctors, certified nurses, qualified teachers and so on, greater privatisation would exacerbate the 'brain drain' from the public to the private sector and the undersupply of 'quasi public goods' for the majority, leading to harmful social differentiation. Third, quality is not necessarily an important incentive in the private sector in developing countries. The view that private institutions in health care and education are more efficient tends to be based largely on analyses in developed countries. Fourth, the growing pressure for pluralism in social service provision often gives scant attention to the problems of central coordination and planning and the development of an adequate 'regulatory framework' for private sector activities. While playing an important complementary role, the private sector and, to a lesser extent, the NGO sector, are thus affected by important objective limitations. Indeed, ironically, their proper functioning and social utility depends crucially on the existence of a stronger, not weaker, state able to regulate, coordinate and ensure that basic social services are provided - possibly through a multitude of public, NGO and private providers-to all citizens of a nation. G.A.C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Capacity building for management and development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Franklyn Lisk&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development experience of much of sub-Saharan Africa in past decades provides ample illustration of the importance of capacity building in the development process. The importance is related to the ability to manage economic and social processes, including the analysis and formulation of policy options, for attaining development objectives such as employment generation and poverty reduction. The consequences of failures in domestic economic management, compounded by the effects of a prolonged economic crisis in the region have, inter alla, contributed to high and rising levels of open unemployment and underemployment, declining per Capita incomes and real wages, and an increase in the incidence and intensity of poverty in a number of African countries. The persistence of these adverse consequences, which represent a serious threat to economic growth and sustainable development, are somehow linked-either as a cause or an effect -to weaknesses and instability in the institutional framework for management and public administration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem of weak institutional and general capacity for management in Africa today can be traced to the colonial legacy. This left many countries in the region, at the time of independence, with insufficient institutional and human capacity to cope with the transition from colony to independent sovereign state, particularly with respect to the responsibility for economic management. More specifically, this related to the unequal and disadvantageous manner of Africa's incorporation into the international economic system in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. Lack of technological know-how, inadequate infrastructure and limited investment resources compounded the immediate post-independence problem of weak institutional capacity, and left many African countries highly vulnerable to external shocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was extremely difficult for the majority of African countries to break out of the old 'protected' colonial production and trade systems and rapidly to diversify their economies in line with the requirements of participating effectively in a competitive world economy. Since independence, institutional and human capacity for management in many African countries has not grown fast enough to keep up with the requirements of changing socioeconomic circumstances at the national level and to face the challenge of increasing globalisation. Critical skill shortages in public administration and private sector management in Africa can hardly be addressed in the context of the current economic crisis. The consequences of this crisis can be seen, for example, in underfunded and poorly equipped training and management development institutions, and in low-paid and demoralised civil services. At the same time, the 'brain drain' from the continent, partly as a consequence of poor pay and career prospects, has further undermined capacity in Africa. The interaction of foreign donors and African governments has not always served the interest of capacity building. It has been admitted, even by the World Bank that 'aid has done much less than one might have hoped to reduce poverty (in Africa)'. There is now more or less a consensus in the international donor community that expatriate technical assistance does not and cannot solve all kinds of development problems in the region. Far from solving problems, the imposition of foreign technical assistance has, in some cases, become a destructive force which undermines the development of domestic capacity that is critical to solving local development problems. Where donor assistance is inappropriate in terms of project concept and design, or there is a mismatch between design and domestic implementation and management capacity, technical assistance could end up becoming part of the problem rather than the solution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conceptual issues&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before examining the requirements for institutional capacity building in developing countries, and particularly African countries, it is necessary to clarify salient issues pertaining to the concept. Broadly speaking, capacity building in a development context refers to a comprehensive process which includes the ability to identify constraints and to plan and manage development. The process usually involves the development of human resources and institutions, and a supportive policy environment. Ideally, it aims at improving on existing capabilities and resources and using them efficiently to achieve sustainable economic and social development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Narrowing the concept to focus on institution-building, the emphasis will be on the development of particular institutions, their human and material resources, their organisational management and their administrative capacities. More specifically, the aim of institutional capacity building is to improve significantly the outputs and impacts of institutions concerned with economic management, public administration (including project management), enterprise development and so on-in both the public and private sectors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is obvious that relevant development-oriented institutions within an economy can exert a decisive influence on economic growth and employment prospects, and indeed on the attainment of sustainable economic and social development. From a macro standpoint,planning and similar development institutions are required for better management of the economy including, more crucially, the ability to mobilise, allocate and utilise human and material resources in an efficient and productive manner. At the micro level, human and institutional capacity is critical to sound project management and public administration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The framework&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The general situation in Africa today suggests that capacity building is required in relation to the following priority areas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- good governance, to ensure stability;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-economic management, to maximise resource mobilisation and promote sustainable development;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- human resource development, to support employment creation and income generation, and reduce poverty;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- science and technology, to increase the efficiency of the population and facilitate infrastructural development;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-enterprise development, to enhance the critical role of the private sector in overall development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The degree of emphasis given to each of the above in a given context would vary according to the level and complexity of existing human and institutional capacities, the economic and financial means to support capacity, the relative roles of the public and private sectors, and the degree of involvement of civil society in the decision-making process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The policy context for institutional capacity building should be multi-sectoral and flexible, but coherent in relation to the desired objectives of development. This is to ensure that the process of capacity building is adaptable to changing circumstances-an issue that is particularly relevant in the context of countries undertaking structural adjustment and economic reform programmes when there is a need effectively to nurture and utilise local skills and to mobilise investment resources efficiently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the light of the development challenge facing African countries, the process of capacity building in the region requires, above all, appropriate and adequate human and institutional capabilities to plan and manage economic and social development processes. These capabilities should include the means of assessing the achievements and impact of capacity building on poverty reduction, employment creation, etc. Existing public sector institutions for development planning and management could provide the operational framework for national capacity building, but the process should also include the participation of diverse social forces, the private sector and non-governmental institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regarding the role of external donors and technical assistance agencies, the approach should be based on the concept of 'partners in development', which implies consultation and dialogue between donor and recipient on all aspects of project planning, design and implementation- with project 'ownership' resting with national authorities. Technical assistance from foreign donors should therefore go mainly towards developing the necessary domestic capacity, rather than contributing to the undermining of existing or potential capacity. Furthermore, assistance provided by external donors should be directed towards the building of capacity for promoting regional economic cooperation and integration through support for the development of viable African regional and sub-regional development organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Support initiatives&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The issue of domestic capacity building in Africa has more recently been the focus of attention by the international community as a whole. Indeed, the former World Bank vice-president for Africa, Edward Jaycox, has described 'capacity building' es the 'missing link in African development' which is 'critical to the development effort (of the region) and the chances of success'. UN agencies, spearheaded by the UNDP, have been active in promoting capacity building as a major requirement for attaining sustainable development. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1991, the UNDP Governing Council took a decision which resulted in the development of guidelines covering assistance to governments in the formulation and implementation of national capacity building strategies relating to all stages of the project cycle in the developing countries. The decision coincided with the introduction of the 'programme approach' by the UNDP which emphasised the centrality of national development programmes as the hub for the integration of UN technical assistance activities with national efforts. Emphasis on the use of national skills in the development process was consolidated within the general operational framework for 'national execution', which implied that overall responsibility for management of UN operational activities and accountability remained with the government and other national institutions and beneficiaries who 'owned' these activities. Under these new arrangements, a high priority was thus placed on the strengthening and sustaining of development management and administrative capacities on a long-term basis as an integral part of UNDP technical assistance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank's interest in capacity building in Africa has been more closely linked to the need for administrative and technical capacity at the national level to carry out policy analysis and economic management in the context of on-going structural adjustment and economic reform programmes. In a trailblazing address to the African American Institute Conference in 1993, Mr Jaycox came out strongly in favour of a new approach to lending to African countries which gave top priority to the development of critical human and institutional capacity. He admitted that the Bank's $4 billion a year lending programme in sub-Saharan Africa had not had the desired impact on development in the region because not enough attention had been paid to national capacity in the past. He went on to criticise the international donor community and financial institutions, including the World Bank itself, for designing and carrying out technical assistance activities which not only fail to solve problems but end up undermining the development of capacity in Africa. Mr Jaycox accordingly pledged to give direct support to capacity building in the Bank's lending programmes, mainly through human resource development and the creation of a 'demand for professionalism in Africa.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNDP, the African Development Bank and the World Bank, collaborated in the early 1990s to set up the 'African Capacity Building Foundation' (ACBF), based in Harare, Zimbabwe, with initial seed money of about $30 million and another $70 million attracted from bilateral donors and African governments themselves. The fund is to be used by the Foundation to support capacity building in Africa through training and institution building. Particular attention will be paid to the rehabilitation and strengthening of selected research and training institutions to meet the challenge of indigenous capacity building. Another initiative set up with foreign donors and African support, the Africa Research Consortium in Nairobi, is a good example of collaboration at regional level that is contributing to capacity building in the critical area of economic policy analysis and management. Similarly, the African Development Bank helped establish the African Business Round table which promotes entrepreneurship and enterprise development based on African ownership and control.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Role of the ILO&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For well over three decades the ILO, as part of its technical cooperation programme in Africa, has been involved in a wide range of management development, productivity and institution building initiatives at both national and regional levels. This is consistent with the need to strengthen African training institutions to play a crucial role in providing development managers with the necessary skills to analyse and formulate policy options and manage public and private enterprises efficiently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most successful initiatives undertaken by the ILO, in collaboration with the UNDP and the Economic Development Institute (EDI) of the World Bank, is the UNEDIL programme for strengthening management training in Africa. Since its inception in 1987, the UNEDIL programme has proven to be a worthwhile initiative in institutional capacity building in the management field. Support for the programme has also come from national and regional management development institutes (MDIs) in Africa, regional and sub-regional organisations such as SADC and the Commonwealth Secretariat, and major bilateral donors such as USAID, CIDA, NORAD, the Netherlands and France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from aiming at strengthening institutional capacity, the UNEDIL programme has been instrumental in fostering networking among African development institutes and promoting professional contacts and the exchange of experience. One outcome of the programme has been the revival of three subregional MDI associations which enjoy the direct support of UNEDIL and serve as focal points for UNEDIL's subregional networking arrangements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Networking on a subregional basis has made it possible to optimise the use of scarce resources and talents, and this has helped to increase managerial capacity in the region as a whole. Collaboration has also permitted an exchange of experience among African institutions, and has brought together expertise both from within Africa and from outside to assist in the development of managerial capacity across the continent. This fits in with the goals of technical cooperation in general, and of South-South cooperation in particular. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.L. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The role of international academic cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing demands and diminishing resources in higher education&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Professor Dumitru Chitoran&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As we approach the end of the millennium, higher education world-wide finds itself in a paradoxical situation. On the one hand, it is witnessing unprecedented growth. Enrolments are on the increase and so are the expectations placed on it by society. The correlation between investment in higher education and research, and the level of social, economic and cultural development of nations is well-established and is gaining increasing ground at a time when all development has become knowledge-intensive. On the other hand, higher education is in a state of crisis in practically all countries of the world, under the pressure of serious financial constraints. It has to compete for public funds with many other sectors and very often it is among the first to undergo severe cuts. These cuts have reached a dramatic threshold in the developing countries. As a result, the gap between the developing and the developed countries with regard to higher learning and research is wider than ever and it continues to grow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inter-university cooperation has emerged as a major tool for the support of higher education in the developing countries and as a flexible mechanism for the rapid transfer and sharing of knowledge, channelled via university links and exchanges. As emphasised in the Policy Paper for Change and Development in Higher Education issued by UNESCO in 1995, 'the most pressing need for international cooperation in higher education is to reverse the process of decline of institutions in the developing countries, particularly in the least developed.' The internationalisation of higher education has advanced steadily, reinforced by current processes of economic and political integration and facilitated by the steady advances in information and communication technologies. But, as indicated in the UNESCO World Education Report (1993), it is increasingly subject to the competitive laws of the market. Universities have been urged to develop an entrepreneurial, commercial attitude and to regard international cooperation mainly as a source of additional income. Fees for foreign students have risen considerably in many countries. As a result, academic mobility is becoming more North-North and less South-North or South-South. The benefits of study abroad, of exchanges, networking and access to data are recognised, but the costs involved render them increasingly a privilege, restricted to those who can afford it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An innovative programme&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNESCO's response to these trends was the UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme, launched in 1991. While serving as an instrument to foster overall inter-university cooperation, it was aimed at giving a clear direction and goal, namely to support higher education in the developing countries. It was meant to mark a return to the spirit of international academic solidarity, through twinning, networking and other linking arrangements among universities. The programme was also designed as an innovative form for the rapid transfer of knowledge, and for institutional development in higher education, including the establishment of transnational centres for advanced studies and research, as a means of redressing the widening knowledge gap between industrially developed and developing countries. One other aim of the Programme was to alleviate the negative effects of the brain drain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme has seen steady and dynamic development from the very beginning, and has emerged as the major thrust of UNESCO's action in the field of higher education. The favoured institutional framework for carrying out activities is a UNESCO Chair. The programme's activities are extremely diverse. They include the appointment of visiting professors, provision of scholarships and fellowships, facilitating of staff and student exchanges and undertaking of joint research. The 'chairs' are typical of basic units of research and training, with a strong international dimension, since either the chairholder, or some of the professors or researchers associated with its programme come from abroad. Other projects involve complex inter university networks, varying in size from three to more than 50 institutions. Within networks, certain institutions serve as focal points, responsible for initiating activities and securing broad participation in their execution. Also included are cooperation programmes established by UNESCO with major university associations and networks in order to carry out UNITWIN-related activities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, there are 163 established UNESCO Chairs (a further 84 are under consideration) and 34 largescale networks (18 more are being developed). A total of over 750 teachers, researchers and other support staff are involved in their activities. It is estimated that 350 courses (mainly at the graduate level), attended by more than 7500 students, were organised by the established UNESCO Chairs during the 1992-1996 period. Also, 120 seminars, training workshops, symposia and colloquia were staged over the same period, attended by more than 6000 participants. Some 580 academics from developing countries spent short periods of time at partner universities in the developed countries to upgrade their training. In addition, 355 scholarships have been granted to students and young academics from developing nations within the framework of the Programme. Research has been encouraged through 240 projects (mainly joint ones) resulting, according to progress reports received so far, in the publication of 55 volumes, some 100 published articles and over 150 monographs and progress reports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ACPs in the programme&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A large number of these projects (UNESCO Chairs and networks) concern ACP countries. Africa has been given top priority. Over 30 of the established Chairs are located there and 18 more are under consideration for subSaharan Africa, in order to reinforce the contribution of the programme to the development of higher education in this region. In addition, certain projects located at institutions in Europe and North America carry on activities which are designed to support African universities. A few examples illustrate this. Starting from its bilateral links with several African universities, the University of Utrecht proposed developing these into a broader, multilateral project under the umbrella of UNITWIN. For this purpose, it joined forces with three other European institutions: the University of Lund in Sweden, the Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany and the University of Porto in Portugal. The result was the establishment of the Utrecht/Southern Africa/UNITWIN (USU) network. It includes, at its southern pole, the universities of Harare, Maputo, Namibia, and Western Cape, where UNESCO Chairs have been established in different fields. The aim is to develop each of them into (sub)regional centres of advanced study and research. This is well under way in the case of the UNESCO Chair in Mathematics and Science Education at Western Cape University in South Africa. A first step was to link its activities to those of the MESA (Mathematics Education in South Africa) project, a cooperation project between the Utrecht-Freundenthal Institute for Mathematics Education and the University of the Western Cape. A school for Science and Maths Education is to be established at the University of Western Cape.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another large scale project is the Network of African Teacher Training Institutions, built around a UNESCO Chair at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Dakar. This is designed to serve as a regional centre for postgraduate training and research in the field of education. After several years preparation, activities were launched in 1995. The strength of networking is illustrated by a number of other linking arrangements in support of African higher education institutions. These include the network initiated by the NATURA Group of European universities in the field of agriculture, the ORBICOM Network in the field of Communication, which is a global network but pays particular attention to the needs of African universities, and the UNESCO/John Hopkins University Networking and Partnership in Adolescent Youth Health and Development. The last-mentioned focuses on HlV/AIDS-related research, and includes institutions such as Addis Ababa and Makerere Universities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agreement signed by UNESCO with the Association of African Universities (AAU) within the framework of UNITWIN provides for support of the latter's staff development and management programme. A UNESCO Chair in Educational Management and Administration is to be established. It will function on a rotating basis at several universities in South Africa, Botswana and Malawi. There are also a number of 'tailor-made' chairs which respond to more specific needs of institutions, notably to develop training and research capabilities in areas such as human rights, democray and peace (at the Universities of Namibia, Addis Ababa and Fianarantsoa in Madagascar), or in the field of Water Resources and Water Culture (at the Universities of Malawi and Omdurman in Sudan). In the latter field, an interesting example is the UNESCO Chair established at the University of Nice, which, although located in France, carries out its activities in Mauritania and has produced the most comprehensive study so far on water resource management in that country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The programme has also made a good start in the Pacific and the Caribbean, even if achievements there are on a more modest scale. There are already 22 established chairs with 14 more under consideration. They cover a wide spectrum of priority fields, including the sustainable use of rain forest resources at the University of Guyana, higher education management and information technology at the University of Havana in Cuba, educational sciences in Fiji, and the use of drugs in Chulalongkorn University in Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNESCO works closely with the University of the South Pacific and the University of the West Indies, with which it has established four UNESCO Chairs. Moreover, it has signed a cooperation agreement, in the framework of UNITWIN, with the Commonwealth Secretariat and the Association of Commonwealth Universities for activities in both regions. There is great potential for the further development of the Chairs programme in the Pacific and Caribbean, given the existence of the two regional universities mentioned above and the strong interest of universities in a number of developed countries (such as Australia, Canada, Japan and Spain) in supporting the programme. It appears to be particularly well suited for the systems of higher education in the two regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Funding&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cost of international cooperation in higher education has risen steadily and this is currently one of the major obstacles preventing the full use of the potential of academic links. New information and communication technologies help reduce costs, but universities in the least-developed countries would first need considerable investment in order to procure and maintain the necessary equipment. That is why UNESCO has based the Chairs programme on funding principles aimed at lowering costs and sharing them in a genuine spirit of academic solidarity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the outset, UNESCO made it very clear that, since it was not a funding agency, it could not, by itself, assume the financial burden of such an ambitious programme, involving several hundred institutions and thousands of university teachers, researchers and students. However, it decided to make a commitment by providing some initial funds. Rough estimates indicate that, over the 1992-1995 period, UNESCO has contributed some $2.5 million (from its Regular and Participation Programmes, Fellowship Bank and Funds-in-Trust) to the UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme. At the same time, it has pressed for increased international development aid for higher education, particularly from the developed countries, and from international organisations, including the UN specialised agencies. A strong case is made for the benefit of pooling resources and for involving directly the higher education institutions themselves &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNITWIN-based projects, including UNESCO Chairs, are usually initiated through the direct contributions of UNESCO (the range is generally between $15 000 and $25 000 per individual project). This is meant to help prepare and launch projects and to secure further funding from other sources. The institutions themselves must include allocations for the respective projects in their own budgets and request their appropriate national authorities to make contributions. This applies equally to universities in the developing countries, however poor their resources may be. It serves to indicate that the project in question is indeed seen as a priority by them and by their national authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experience of the UNITWIN funding formula so far gives cause for cautious optimism. Many projects have been able to secure funds by having recourse to the various sources mentioned above. Thus, the Utrecht/ Southern Africa/UNITWIN Project received a first UNESCO allocation of $50 000 in 1993, in order to launch its activities. The fact that it concerned a large-scale project (a network of eight universities, with four chairs established at four African universities and one at the University of Utrecht) explains the larger UNESCO allocation. This was followed by a second allocation of $70 000 in 1994 for the actual implementation of activities in Africa. The UNESCO seed money led to additional funding-$600 000 annually, for the 1992-1995 period, from various Dutch donors (mainly the Ministry of Development Cooperation, through NUFFIC) and from the European Union, and $450 000 from the University of Utrecht budget, including the total cost for the functioning of the UNESCO Chair on African Studies established at that university. The other three European universities participating in the network (Bochum, Lund and Porto) have also made contributions and are now looking for donor funding in their countries. It is important to mention that the four African universities belonging to the network have also allocated funds from their own budgets to the UNITWIN projects and are actively seeking additional resources from aid and development programmes established for their countries by various donor agencies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It can be fairly argued that in terms of cost-effectiveness, efficiency and the ability to generate funding from various sources, UNITWIN compares favourably with existing cooperation schemes in higher education and research. But it is still too early to conclude that the Chairs Programme can continue and develop further on the basis of the present funding arrangements. The needs are arguably too big for the institutions and individuals involved, who may find themselves in a perpetual search for funds. An evaluation of the programme is under way and this will be submitted to the Member States for their decision. UNESCO is hoping that its efforts to revive academic solidarity, and its campaign in favour of higher education in the developing countries will receive the support of the international community. More than ever before, these countries need to develop their capacity for advanced training and research in order to achieve self sustainable development. The academic community has already indicated its willingness to join forces with UNESCO in this undertaking. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Brain drain : Colossal loss of investments for developing countries</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When a highly qualified professional chooses to leave his own country for another, he does so for one or several legitimate political or economic reasons: peace and security for himself and his family, job satisfaction, better pay and conditions. a higher standard of living, etc. Throughout history, countries and centres of academic excellence which offer these attractions have received the largest numbers of professional migrants and these have, in turn, made substantial contributions, not only to the economic growth of their host countries, but also to the scientific and technological advancement of humanity. The wave of German scientists who moved to the United States after the Second World war, and their discoveries and inventions, come readily to mind. On a global level, therefore, the free movement and interaction of highly skilled people is a positive thing. But the costs to the home countries of losing their professionals is incalculable-in terms of both development opportunities and loss of investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whereas Western Europe was the main loser, especially to the United States, up until the 1960s, the developing countries have emerged in recent years as the biggest suppliers of qualified professionals to the industrialised world as a whole. Today there are more than a million and a half skilled expatriates from the developing countries settled in Western Europe, the USA, Japan and Canada. The USA's educational system and its research institutions are heavily dependent on them. These migrant professionals contribute in no small way to increasing the disparities between the world's rich and poor nations. And it is the developing countries that need them most.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa, which has serious shortages of manpower, has been worst hit. It is said to have lost 60 000 professionals (doctors, university lecturers, engineers, surveyors, etc) between 1985 and 1990 and to have been losing an average of 20 000 annually ever since.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are more than 21 000 Nigerian doctors practising in the United States alone. Meanwhile, Nigeria's own health system suffers a cruel lack of medical practitioners. 60% of all Ghanaian doctors trained locally in the 1980s have left the country, according to the UNDP's 1992 Human Development Report, while, in Sudan, 17% of doctors and dentists, 20% of university lecturers, 30% of engineers and 45% of surveyors have gone to work abroad.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it is difficult to calculate the cost of an expatriate professional in terms of the nutrition, health care and education provided by households and the State, it is clear developing countries are losing colossal amounts of investment annually to the developed countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The US Congressional Research Service, for example, computed in 197172 that the USA gained $20 000 annually on each skilled migrant from the developing countries. If this rather conservative amount is extrapolated for Africa, then the continent lost more than $1.2 billion of investment between 1985 and 1990 on the 60 000 or so African professionals who emigrated during that period. Much closer perhaps to the truth today would be the estimate made by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), using 1979 prices, which put a cash value of $184 000 on each African professional migrant (and this only for those between the ages of 25 and 35).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, expatriate remittances, particularly from skilled workers who earn higher salaries than the average migrant, constitute an important source of funds for development in their home countries. Throughout Africa, households are being maintained by remittances from relatives working abroad. Also, fine buildings are being put up and small-scale projects are financed in villages and cities across the continent with funds sent from overseas. But taken together, these will never be large enough to compensate Africa for the loss of investment suffered as a result of the 'brain drain'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serious flaw in international cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The migration of highly qualified professionals from the developing countries is an extremely complex problem which presents the international community with a major dilemma. First, the 'brain drain' cannot be stopped by force nor can it be legislated against. It is linked to fundamental human rights- the right of individuals to move from one country to another, although the exercise of that right is governed by the immigration policies of individual countries. Second, it is fundamentally a national problem which can only be resolved at the national level by providing enough incentives for qualified nationals to remain at home. Third, some industrialised countries like the USA and Canada, have historically operated liberal immigration policies. Even European states, whose immigration policies tend to be more restrictive, have a good number of third world professionals, but there are over a million in the USA and Canada. It is arguable whether, under the circumstances, the liberalisation of the international labour market under the World Trade Organisation, as is being suggested (even by some developing countries), will actually be in Africa's interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The reasons for Africa's brain drain problem are legion and easily identifiable, being both structural and economic. The most often cited cause is the continent's school curricula which many see as still largely modelled on the systems of the former colonial masters. This, it is argued, has led to the production of graduates in disciplines that have little or no relevance to the socio-cultural and economic milieux of the continent. This is a highly debatable assertion, given the large numbers of the technical assistants currently working in Africa who are products of the educational systems of the former colonial powers-at least some of whom are having a positive impact on the continent's development. This, however, must not distract from the fact that African higher schools systems are illequipped to produce the right skills for Africa's development needs. Because of shortages of both science equipment and teachers, the system instructs the vast majority of pupils in arts rather than in science and technology-and it is the latter which hold the key to economic growth and development. Thus, there is overproduction of graduates in areas where there are few employment opportunities. This results in high levels of migration, even, paradoxically among the few trained scientists because of the absence of an environment conducive to full professional expression and satisfaction. It is not uncommon for things as simple as electricity and water supply to provide reasons for emigration. Examples abound of frustrated African scientists who have had their experimental work of several years destroyed overnight through power failures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Powerful factors in the brain drain include Africa's poor rates of economic growth over the past 30 years (worsened by structural adjustment measures which have resulted in dramatic falls in living standards) and political instability (disturbances in Nigeria and Zaire, civil war in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Somalia etc). Thousands of qualified professionals have been forced unwillingly into exile, and the majority of those left behind, in these times of serious economic crisis, are engaged in unskilled pursuits-in petty trading and taxi driving-far removed from their professional training. The loss of investment associated with this situation cannot be underestimated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sub-Saharan Africa is in the paradoxical situation today of having large numbers of graduates in various disciplines -from medicine and engineering to architecture and accountancy-who have either emigrated or are simply unemployed, while it hosts a large army of foreign technical assistants. Indeed, Africa receives more advice per capita than any other continent. In 1988, there were more than 80 000 technical assistants, and today the figure is well over 100 000. These experts are believed to cost donors a total of $4bn annually to maintain, a figure which represents nearly 35% of Africa's total official development aid. This situation reveals a serious flaw in the operation of international development cooperation. Would it not be more efficient and cost effective to employ qualified African expatriates in the place of many of these foreign technical experts. The former, after all, have both linguistic and cultural links with the continent. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has a programme in this area which points to a possible way forward. The article on that programme, TOKTEN, follows. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Brain gain' : A cost - effective UNDP programme</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the scale of the brain drain problem facing the developing countries, the UNDP's Transfer of Knowledge Through Expatriate Nationals (TOKTEN) project may not amount to much, but it has proved, in its 19 years of existence, to be a cost-effective way of getting highly qualified expatriates from the developing countries to contribute to the development of their countries of origin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It all started in Turkey in 1977 by pure accident. A Turkish mineral expert in Alberta, Canada, was asked by a compatriot if he would be kind enough to come over to Turkey and explain his innovative coal cleaning process to the staff and students of his old university in Ankara-the Middle East Technical University. He expressed his interest in the project. Soon afterwards he was contacted by the UNDP which offered to fund part of his trip to Ankara. The expert spent one month in Turkey giving a series of seminars, not only at the Middle East Technical University, but also at the Istanbul and Dokuz Eylul Universities. During these lectures, he made recommendations on resolving Turkey's specific coal utilisation problems. His impact was immense and such that the UNDP was inspired to set up the TOKTEN project along similar lines to help developing countries gain from the knowledge of their expatriate professionals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The system is simple. Member States of the United Nations can apply to join the project. The latter is administered in each country by a National Working Commitee (NWC) which is made up of representatives from the government, local organisations, the private sector and the UNDP. Institutions of that country (government ministries and agencies, private and public sector enterprises, universities, research and development institutions, hospitals, etc) can apply for assistance in a variety of areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Applications are processed by the NWC and recruitment of experts is usually in one or more of the following ways:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â through consultants with lists of experts recognised by the Government as having extensive contacts within their expatriate communities;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â through embassies and missions, alumni associations and research institutions;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â through prominent members of the country's expatriate community who identify and alert other high level expatriates of the opportunities to return home and serve their countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the Working Committee chooses a consultant, an offer of assignment is made. The beneficiary organisation and the consultant will then determine the timing of the mission and inform the UNDP.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TOKTEN assignments last between one and three months depending on the ability of the consultant and the needs of the beneficiary'. They are not meant to be highly remunerative. Consultants are only entitled to round trip economy fare tickets (by the most direct route) and a daily subsistence allowance at the prevailing UN rate. The costs are paid out of the beneficiary country's 'Indicative Planning Figure'(IPF) which is the amount of assistance the UNDP makes available to a developing country over a five-year programming cycle. Health insurance cover and accommodation is not provided. Usually these are the responsibilities of the beneficiary government or organisation. The salaries of the consultants during their absence are paid by their affiliated employers whose agreement is often necessary for the projects to go ahead.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TOKTEN consultants are thus not motivated by money but by a genuine desire (with a modicum of patriotism) to contribute to the development of their countries of origin to which they retain strong cultural and linguistic ties. And their impact on the ground is usually immediate and measurable. Pressures are not put on volunteers to return permanently to their countries, although many have chosen to do so since the programme began in 1977.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The system is not only low-cost and cost-effective. It covers a great variety of specialised fields and enables programmes to be implemented with speed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conditions for success&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A UNDP assessment of the programme in 1987, ten years after it began, concluded that regular monitoring of its operation had enabled information garnered to be applied to increase its effectiveness. It had been found, for example, that short-term expatriate consultancies were especially beneficial when the problem tackled was specific and the consultant selected was of international standing, when both the requesting organisation and the expatriate were well prepared in advance, and when the initial mission was followed up by a series of measures, often including a return visit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 1992, 35 countries were participating in the programme and over 3800 consultancies had been run. Since then, the number of countries has increased dramatically to 51 and con&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;sultancies to 5000. In 1994 and 1995 alone, 28 countries reported over 700 consultancies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has also become clear that, whereas the main recipient institutions have been government agencies, science and technology research institutions, universities and organisations, the private sector is increasingly showing interest in the programme. The number of female specialists is also increasing: in 1991, 40 consultants were women and last year this figure rose to over 100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, the ACP countries participating in the programme are; Benin, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Dominica, Ethiopia, Fiji, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Liberia, Nigeria, Sao Tome &amp;amp; Principe, Sierra Leone, St Lucia, Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago and Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Success stories include a highly skilled Guyanese medical practitioner in the United States who returned home after 17 years to assume the post of minister of health. He had been sent to oversee the introduction of certain aspects of health care such as preventive medicine (immunisation, general child care and nutrition), treatment of trauma (victims of accidents and violence etc) and the establishment and management of the physical facilities for emergency patients. During his stint, his recommendation on the upgrading of the emergency room facilities was rapidly implemented and this contributed significantly to improving patient care. Another story involved a Guinean banker who, after a consultancy stint in Guinea, abandoned a lucrative job in France to return home permanently to work at the Central Bank of Guinea, helping to set up a new loan system for commercial imprt and export businesses. Guinea, in fact, has been one of the greatest beneficiaries of the TOKTEN programme with numerous consultancies involving the University of Conakry, covering more than 20 disciplines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For very small sums the programme is ensuring that developing countries which have invested enormously in the education of their expatriate nationals have a return, at least, in the form of the knowledge they oquired.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mobilising Commonwealth skills for Commonwealth development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The role of the Commonwealth in the economic and social progress of its member states is neither widely known nor widely publicised. Yet for over 25 years, the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC) has made significant contributions to the efforts of its developing member countries to accelerate the pace of their economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The recognition by the Commonwealth that people are its greatest resource forms the basis of its approach to development assistance-providing, in the short term, specialist technical skills which are either not available or are in short supply to governments to enable them to fill key positions in areas as diverse as export and industrial promotion, high-level economic and legal services etc, and in the longer term, a wide range of training programmes in areas that are crucial for economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation is funded by voluntary financial contributions from member governments which, as has just been mentioned, can also draw on it according to their needs and priorities. As a pioneer of technical cooperation between developing countries, the Fund recruits its experts from these countries and encourages South/South cooperation. It is thus not uncommon to see West Africans serving, on short-term contracts, as legal officers in remote Pacifc island states or Sri Lankans or Indians advising on new agricultural techniques in Africa. The Fund is administered by four separate divisions within the Commonwealth Secretariat: the management and training division; the general technical assistance division; the export and industrial development division, and the economic and legal advisory services division. In 1994-95 the CFTC's financial resources stood at around f23.6 million (ECU 30m).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human resource development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly one-third of the CFTC's budget is spent on human resource development, helping enhance people's skills through a mix of training workshops, study visits and individual attachments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some 4000 training fellowships were awarded in 1993-95 to enhance technical skills. These were given to middle and senior professional, technical and administrative managers to study at some of the Commonwealth's best institutions or to take up work attachments (63% of training takes place in less-developed countries).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Fund also enables universities and other institutions to become centres of excellence and upgrade the tuition they offer by appointing academic and technical specialists. In 1993-95, for example, it helped five universities in Africa and the Caribbean to run applied Masters courses through collaboration with other Commonwealth universities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the CFTC is usually able to meet only 60% of the requests it receives for specialised training, its programmes are held on a regional and pan-Commonwealth basis to maximise impact, especially in topics such as administrative reform, financial management and strategic planning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Fund's training priorities include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- first and foremost, identifying needs (consultants are sent to countries to examine their development plans and help them to prioritise training needs).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- providing education and training in key areas that reflect CFTC concerns such as well-managed economic and financial reform by government, sustainable development, participation of women and application of technology.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- ensuring an integrated package of consultancy, advice and training to help managers in government, and public and private sector enterprises to coordinate and manage reforms and restructuring.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- organising policy workshops and seminars that bring together senior government officials, executives and academics from Commonwealth countries to pool experiences, learn examples of best practice, discuss problems and reflect on emerging issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- giving support to institutions to offer new and specialised education and training programmes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- providing technical and vocational training under the Commonwealth Industrial Training and Experience Programme (between 1993 and 1995, workshops were held in hospital equipment repairs, railway repairs and maintenance and computer-assisted manufacturing).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- providing training in information systems, new technologies and environmental issues (governments are helped to develop management information systems and apply information technology). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-setting up programmes for women with a particular focus on entrepreneurs and community managers (among other initiatives, the CFTC is helping three African universities develop specialised programmes in entrepreneurship for women in non-traditional sectors).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-coordinating wider linkages among professional networks to facilitate exchanges of information and examples of best practice (the CFTC recently helped to set up the Commonwealth Association for Public Administration and Management to assist in improving public service performance and in raising ethical standards).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Expertise on tap&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shortage of skills is one of the biggest stumbling-blocks facing countries trying to raise the living standards of their people. Providing experts accounts for about one-third of the CFTC's budget.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because its assistance is relatively small and carefully targeted, it avoids the potential waste associated with larger scale projects and poor technical planning. In 1993-95, the cost both of a typical long-term expert and an average project was around Â£50 000 (ECU 62 000) a year. Experts can be in place within three or four weeks of project approval.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the same period, over 200 long- and short-term experts were provided to 43 developing Commonwealth countries, six dependent territories and 18 regional organisations. The expertise requested is extremely diverse, from hydrography and agroforestry to tourism, statistics, legal affairs, health, social planning and computer science.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assignments for short-term experts can range from a few days to six months. Their role is advisory, helping governments to introduce new systems or technologies. Long-term experts stay usually from six months to two years; others may stay up to four years. Experts assist in the development and implementation of policies or in the provision of managerial skills and the training of counterpart staff to take over in due course. Some long-term experts are trainers in specialist fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CFTC makes every effort to appoint women experts. In 1993-95, they made up 13% of experts that were sent to the field. These included a consultant anaesthetist in Ghana, an agricultural economist in Mozambique, an information specialist in Barbados, a fisheries development officer in Papua New Guinea and an environmental lawyer in Seychelles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A scheme to allow suitably qualified and experienced people to volunteer as short-term experts for a maximum of three months was launched in mid-1995. The scheme draws on experts from the Commonwealth who are willing to give their services on a voluntary basis to developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Entrepreneurs come first&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In its help to small businesses, the CFTC focuses on those who manage the businesses and identify new entrepreneurial talent. Most assistance is given to small states, especially in the Pacific. The programme has three phases: the first relates to 'surveys of opportunity' which is aimed at identifying suitable entrepreneurs, investment opportunities and potential for expansion as well as specific problems. Next comes 'workshops on entrepreneurship development' during which business owners and operators are helped to think creatively, to become more aware of opportunities that are available and to act strategically when planning expansion. And the last are what we call 'business clinics' in which one-to-one counselling is provided to an entrepreneur at his or her business. This personal support has proved very successful in helping individual entrepreneurs to become more efficient and competitive and, by implication, adapt to changing world economic conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing exports&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CFTC has pioneered the use of Contact-Promotion programmes and 'Buyer-Seller Meets' forums to help small exporters. These forums allow company representatives, often from small Commonwealth countries, to display their wares and meet prospective buyers from other countries. CFTC consultants plan these activities well ahead, short listing producers that are likely to succeed, identifying suitable foreign markets and advising on redesigning of products. Sometimes exporters and factory staff also receive training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CFTC funds a special 'export development programme' for women entrepreneurs. This includes detailed country studies of women engaged in exporting as well as sales promotions abroad. Studies of this type have recently been conducted in Cyprus, Sri Lanka and Zambia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are helped, under the programme, to adapt their handicrafts for export, improve their manufacturing techniques and undertake sales missions abroad. Training is also given in export marketing, product development, costing and pricing. If necessary, changes to government policy are recommended. In 1994, the assistance given to Ghanaian women to develop markets for their basket ware and handicrafts is estimated to have helped generate sales worth US$3.1 million (ECU 2.4m). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">EU's investments in education and training in the ACP states</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Digby Swift&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community's investments in human resource development-health, nutrition and education-in ACP states have regularly been covered in the pages of this magazine whether in the context of dosiers or of country resorts. Here we present a brief description of how the EU's policy in education and training evolved under the Yaounde and LomÃ© Convemntions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Educating all the people. This is not just a slogan. In a poor, underdeveloped country, there may be some short-term gains from supplying high quality education and training to an elite few. But, as the 'Asian Miracle' has proved, major long-term gains in development and wealth are possible only if the entire population possesses a reasonable level of education.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Now for the problem. For many countries, notably those of sub-Saharan Africa, a large proportion of school age children receive no education at all. Of those who do attend school, many receive little benefit from their education because of the very low quality of provision. Only a small minority reach secondary education. And yet a higher proportion than ever of national budgets is now going to the education sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem is urgent because of the time it will take to resolve. Even if we could wave a magic wand to provide all children with a good primary education, it would take a decade to see the benefits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How is European aid helping to tackle this problem? What have been the guiding principles of European aid to education in the past? And why is the problem still acute in, for example, subSaharan Africa, despite decades of investment in aid to education ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid mirrors developments&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid to education has mirrored developments in the education sectors of the countries concerned. For example, the low-income countries of Africa, which account for 73% of Africa's population, have seen a rapid expansion in their education systems followed by a collapse of funding. This has resulted in a serious decline in standards of provision. European aid, which began by providing piecemeal assistance to infrastructure and manpower, shifted to a 'project approach' to tackle these emerging problems and is now moving towards a coordinated sectoral approach to help tackle the reform of whole education systems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From 1970 to 1980, the number of pupils enrolling in the primary schools of developing countries more than doubled, and the numbers in secondary and tertiary education quadrupled. Even relative to the increasing population, there was a 90% increase in the proportion of primary-aged children in school, and a large increase in the proportion of girls. This growth was accompanied by a doubling of government budgetary resources made available to education.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the massive general economic decline between 1980 and 1985, the money made available for education from the public purse fell by 40%, yet the education systems continued to grow. The result was that teachers' salaries plummeted, and funds for non-salary recurrent costs such as teaching materials and maintenance virtually dried up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1985, the financial situation has somewhat improved and funding is now at an all-time high. Nevertheless, for many African states, the education sector is in a state of crisis. Buildings are crumbling and inadequate; teachers are untrained or undertrained and often absent because of low incentives and weak supervision. There are few books and other teaching materials. Consequently, many pupils leave school virtually illiterate and innumerate. Moreover, because of the low quality of instruction and increasing costs to parents, many parents are no longer bothering to send children to school even when places are available. Primary enrolment fell by around 10% between 1990 and 1992. Thus in many countries, a fundamental reform of the sector is seen as the only way forward.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evolution of aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the early days of European aid, education and training were seen as suppliers of manpower for countries to modernise their economies. The priority themes of the 1970 Yaounde Convention for European Community aid were industrialisation, regional cooperation and international trade. Community support to education and training focused on the construction of colleges and university faculties to serve industrialisation and regional cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1975 LomÃ© I Convention referred specifically to 'the establishment of regional institutions of advanced technology, in the context of training programmes to enable nationals to participate fully in economic development'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1980 LomÃ© II Convention introduced multiannual training programmes, and support in the form of training awards and courses/seminars; experts and instructors; teaching equipment; collaboration between training or research establishments and universities. The emphasis was still on vocational training for other sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A significant proportion of European bilateral aid to education and training took the form of European teachers for secondary schools, colleges and universities. These helped to cover the shortage of locally trained teachers, whilst educating an elite able to fill senior and middle positions in the public and private sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 1985, problems were becoming all too apparent within the education systems being supported. As in other sectors, there was increased emphasis on the 'project approach' towards tackling these problems. Thus the LomÃ© Ill Convention includes support to education and training 'in the form of integrated programmes aimed at a well defined objective'. This could include, for example, 'assisting the ACP States' own efforts to restructure their educational establishments and systems and to update curricula, methods and technology employed, in order to step up the effectiveness and cut back the cost of all types of training'. A concern for under-represented groups, particularly women, was also becoming explicit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 1990, the concept of investing in people through education and training had moved high on the donor agenda, and alongside it, a growing concern for sectoral reform. According to the 1989 LomÃ© IV Convention, 'Cooperation shall be aimed at supporting development in the ACP States, a process centred on man himself and rooted in each people's culture. It shall back up the policies and measures adopted by those States to enhance their human resources, increase their own creative capacities and promote their cultural identities. Cooperation shall also encourage participation by the population in the design and execution of development operations.' In a chapter entitled Operations to enhance the value of human resources, a section on Education and Training refers to supporting the ACP State's efforts to 'reform their basic education institutions and systems, in particular by providing overall primary education coverage and adjusting imported systems as well as building them into development strategies'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1980s and early 1990s, European states and the Community joined the World Bank in support of structural adjustment. In a 1991 communication to the European Development Council, the Commission stated that it 'will give absolute priority to the social dimension of adjustment, in particular ensuring that the health and education sectors are adequately covered, in conjunction with sectoral reforms introduced or planned in these two areas.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balancing this concern for system reform has been a growing appreciation of the importance of decentralised cooperation. An example is the cost-sharing microprojects for grassroots development first introduced in LomÃ© I with explicit mention of support to primary schools. Another example is the need to support the activities of nongovernmental organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new policy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two events in the early 1990s have had a profound impact on European support for education and training. The first was the World Conference on Education for All: Meeting the Basic Learning Needs held in Jomtien in 1990. This emphasised the need for universal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;primary education and adult literacy to be firmly placed on the political agenda, and has resulted in a profound swing of donor support away from higher education and towards primary education. The second important event was the 1992 Treaty of European Union which requires the coordination of Member States' policy and operations, particularly in the social sectors. Guidelines are contained in the 1994 Council Resolution on support to education and training in developing countries in which 'the Council emphasises that education, in particular basic education, is a fundamental right'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to the Resolution, 'the priority for the Community and the Member States must be both to maximise access to education within the limits of the resources available and to ensure that the quality of education provided is suited to the needs of the majority of students. 'This is to be achieved through 'a balanced, programme-based strategy, tailored to the specific circumstances of the individual developing country', with pride of place accorded to basic education. It should provide 'support to the developing countries' own policies and efforts', not acting as a substitute for local initiative, and should involve better integration of action under structural adjustment with education sector priorities and aid activities. The Council also recommends a special emphasis on coordination in a number of pilot countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the outset, Community aid to education and training in African, Caribbean and Pacific countries has been in response to requests from the ACP states with an emphasis on ownership of the resulting programme by those states. What the new policy introduces into this process is a dialogue between government and all donors on needs, priorities and approaches set in the context of the education sector as a whole. Only through such a comprehensive approach can developing countries and European states reach a true partnership in realising the education and training needs of all citizens on which the future of their countries so crucially depends. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.S.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Analysis</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">EU-ACP relations : Building for tomorrow</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Kenneth Karl&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1989 saw the end of the Yalta inspired twin-superpower dominance. Nations had to examine their priorities in their desire for integration in an international environment in which geostrategic and economic realignment would be unavoidable. The philosophy which had served as a basis and reference point for North/South relations throughout the Cold War period is now being called into question and necessary adjustments in ideas have been triggered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The LomÃ© Convention, which governs the development-cooperation relationship between the EU and the 70 ACP countries, is a unique North/South cooperation agreement on account of its contractual nature, its durability, the funds it allocates and the fact that it provides for a permanent dialogue. But it is also now at a decisive point in its history.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Those who regard the Convention as out-of-date and in need of renovation, and those more radical critics who believe that it no longer serves any useful purpose and must be phased out, both argue that a new direction is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Beyond all the criticism formulated against this system, the fundamental question remains as to whether the LomÃ© Convention will be able, given the necessary changes, to carry on after its fourth version expires.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The years between now and the end of the century will, naturally, see the application of the revised LomÃ© IV, including the substantial improvements made to it. However, this same period must also be used to prepare the ground for ACP/KU development cooperation in the future, whatever form it might take.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shortly after his nomination as European Commissioner for relations with the ACP countries and South Africa, Professor Pinheiro commented, realistically, that the ACP countries are no longer 'in fashion'. The change of emphasis can be seen clearly if one looks at the EU's burgeoning relations with its eastern neighbours from the former Communist bloc (illustrated by the wide range of European programmes now benefiting these countries). One might also cite the strengthening of ties with countries in the Mediterranean basin. Economic and security concerns underpin this development, but it undoubtedly reduces the significance which was once accorded to the ACP states.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, the economic objectives of virtually all EU countries, as they seek to reduce budget deficits and deal with increasing internal social problems inevitably put pressure on the amount of development aid being granted to the Third World.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This situation is, of course, not restricted to the European Union - which in fact remains the world's main contributor of official development aid. At the instigation of a Republican dominated Congress, the United States is planning much more swingeing cuts in its contribution, both to certain international agencies and to certain regions (including Africa).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This undeniable cutback in public development aid has been offset in recent years by net increases in private capital flows, but the geographical distribution is highly skewed. Only a few of the poorest developing countries have benefited from the trend, the main 'winners' being the emerging states of Asia. These include countries such as China, India and Indonesia which, it is worth noting in passing, do not have particularly good human rights records, in the sense that the term is understood in Europe. Despite the fact that ACP countries have identified potential for attracting foreign investment, they have not actually benefited from this change in resource flows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this climate, with official development aid in inaeasingly short supply, innovative methods for making optimum use of the available resources must be devised within the context of the LomÃ© Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On current indications, it is quite possible that in the year 2000, the LomÃ© Convention will be filed away in the archives. ACP/KU relations will certainly have to be more in step with recent developments on the international scene. The initial reasons for the establishment of a cooperative relationship between Europe and the ACPs, following the signature of the Rome Treaty, are now outmoded. As Paul Valery has commented: 'One of the worst mental aberrations is to think that things can survive when the reasons for their existence have gone'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So, what type of development cooperation should the countries of the European Union and their ACP partners aim for in the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alternative trends&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has stated that it is in favour of a globalisation of aid within an innovative framework. One of the first questions to be asked is whether uniform cooperation with regions whose monolithic character is being increasingly called into question is still desirable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Variable geometry in development cooperation relations is increasingly being seen as the trend to be followed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If this option is chosen, there is a risk of the following scenario being created: The EU's relationship with the Caribbean could become diluted within its relationship with Latin-American countries and links with the Pacific countries could become confused with economic relations with Asia. What would then become of Africa, the continent needing most attention on account of the wide range of its difficulties and its increasing marginalisation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1990, the United Nations General Assembly, aware of the African question, adopted a new agenda on development in Africa, thus making that continent its number-one priority. Europe, on the other hand, must not simply focus on Africa but must invent new modes of action which are more concrete and more effective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secondly, recent trends imply greater conditionality. This has been taken on board not just by EU Member States. A number of multilateral aid agencies have also included it in their strategy. The OECD's Development Aid Committee believes that future relationships between North and South will be greatly influenced by conditionality and, indeed, the Organisation goes so far as to advocate this approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, conditionality in terms of development is a strategic element which must be handled with extreme caution. If cooperation, whether today or in the future, is to be based on conditionality, then it can only be rendered effective if aid recipients (both governments and the governed) are genuinely committed to the idea. They must be convinced, in a climate of resource-scarcity, than the approach is motivated above all by a desire for greater success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union thus has a vital role to play, making full use of its advantages in terms of dialogue and consultation in order to prevent conditionality being perceived as a condescending mechanism. Thereby, it can help to prevent conditionality from generating the well-known perverse effects of 'tied' aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course, conditionality raises the thorny question of national sovereignty, but it is important to observe that modern international relations have moved on, both de jure and de facto, from a concept of absolute sovereignty to one of relative sovereignty. This is illustrated by the trend towards humanitarian intervention as a right, the requirements of the Bretton Woods institutions, supranationality in certain regional international organisations, and the very fact of world economic interdependence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This does not mean that the developing states should sell off their sovereignty to the highest bidder but that conditionality should be the subject of negotiation. Donors must be more flexible in their demands and thereby give the country in question such room to manoeuvre as is necessary for programmes to succeed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thirdly, development of the private sector appears now to be approved by all parties. Since independence, the State has been omnipresent and omnipotent in most productive areas of ACP economies. Given the failures of the public sector, private enterprise is now being called in to help. Its development is one of the sector specific policies which will and must receive most support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development of the private sector must permit better distribution of the fruits of the growth that it generates and promote integration of the ACP countries into the market economy. There can be no question of pitting private enterprise against the public sector, because any Manichean approach in this sphere might prove to be risky. It is important also to stress that free market development cannot take place overnight and that it is subject to inescapable macro and microeconomic preconditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, the birth and expansion of a dynamic private sector depends on the politico-economic fabric. This includes reliable financial bodies, functioning financial intermediation, adequate infrastructures, technical qualifications and training, a suitable legal/ regulatory framework, institutions to support private businesses, the channelling of the informal sector and a public sector which is prepared to play fair, aware of its regulatory role. These, in short, are the necessary ingredients for the adjustment of the private sector to permit the development of a true enterprise culture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development of a harmonious private sector will make it possible more easily to achieve the transformation and export objectives required by international competitiveness. It should, therefore, help to counteract the erosion of commercial preferences generated by the Uruguay Round. The latter's time limits should, in any case, be extended, because it seems clear that the ACP countries will be unable to fulfil their obligations by the end of the moratorium obtained by the EU during the negotiations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The notion of compensating for inequality that is found in international development law, implies the adoption of a normative system to counteract the weak trading position of developing countries vis-a-vis their competitors in the North. But in recent times, this idea has been losing ground and it is unlikely to cut much ice with the WTO authorities. Legal equality in a situation where there is structural inequality is not, in fact, equitable, and it is therefore necessary to find some other way of mitigating the adverse effects, looking at it in a global context.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Promotion of domestic and foreign investment should be better supported. People talk of the 'risk/ country' threshold that deters foreign investors. It may be that this can be measured objectively by looking at economic and other indicators, but even if this is not possible, it clearly exists as a psychological barrier. This is a problem for many ACP countries and it needs to be crossed, using measures which tackle the many obstacles to investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Changing the culture of development cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Besides all the technical aspects, one could argue that the shortcomings of the LomÃ© Convention stem also from the perceptions of those involved in development cooperation. In short, it is the actual concept and culture of development aid which must be changed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the European side, the colonial legacy has conditioned attitudes, imprinting on them a dominant patemalism which is prejudicial to the aim of development. This European concept of cooperation must be overturned. Moreover, development cooperation must not be seen as the art of the possible but as the art of making possible what is strictly necessary, by virtue of genuine negotiation with the countries which have resolved to move forward.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, it is desirable to have a better developed policy of informing European public opinion about development cooperation. An effort is needed to counter false impressions, such as the one left by the French journalist who wrote: 'Official development aid is like taking money from the poor in rich countries to give it to the rich in poor countries'. Better information is needed to ensure that the public can decide such matters for itself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coordinating the Union's policies with those of the Member States now presents an enormous challenge. The political obstacles are huge and development cooperation may well suffer as a result of them if the objectives of coordination, coherence and complementarity contained in the Maastricht Treaty are not achieved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for the ACP countries, success in their economic development depends on many factors, cooperation being only one of them. Many political leaders in these nations have too often described cooperation with the North as the only way in which they can develop. In fact, this should be seen as nothing more than an additional factor - supporting the national effort and a genuine desire for development. It is pure fantasy to believe that development can be set in motion solely on the basis of an external impetus. To succeed, it must come from within a country. This is why future cooperation between the EU and the ACP countries must progress towards reinforcing the aptitude of the latter to devise, master and control their own development process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the future, the ACP countries must propose concrete and responsible solutions to their partners, doing so by means of the dialogue system. They must also promote development based on participation, particularly with the involvement of young people and women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that the ACPs can offer a credible prospectus for development must be acknowledged. It is undoubtedly a challenge, but it can successfully be overcome if a climate of stability, security and confidence is created, matched by an unambiguous political will.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In KU/ACP relations, programmes must include the long-term vision necessary for sustainable development. Too often in the past, the strategy has been aimed at an immediate and ostentatious result. Successful development in the future will depend crucially on a change in such attitudes. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.K. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let us know what you think&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The debate about the future of cooperation between the European Union and the ACP states is now beginning to gash' pace. Last year, we established the 'Analysis' section in The Courier to report on this debate-and give readers an opportunity to express their own views on the subject.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The response so far has been encouraging, but it has come mainly from the European side. We are keen to receive contributions from ACP readers as well. If you have you own ideas or opinions about what should happen after LomÃ© IV expires, why not put them on paper and send them to us. Our address is on the inside front cover of the magazine. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The view of civil society on the future after LomÃ© IV</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was the subject of a conference which took place in Maastricht from 12-14 June, under the auspices of the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM). It brought together participants from ACP countries and Europe, including representatives of civil society (NGOs, the private sector, etc.). Four major topics were addressed:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How can a new KU/ACP commercial relationship be constructed ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was agreement that some form of preferential trade regime should continue after 2000. Some participants stressed the need to Promote 'fair trade', which would contribute not only to growth but also to development. The impact of individual trade preferences is not always clear-cut, but obviously there cannot be a single solution covering all problems in all ACP countries. An analysis of negative constraints demonstrated the difficulties involved in reconciling the rules of the LomÃ© Convention and those of the World Trade Organisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How can the private sector become involved in development ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most important aspect of this topic is knowing how to create a favourable and business-friendly environment which will enable the private sector to play its part-and the role the European Union could play in this process. The private sector was defined as both formal and informal, encompassing large, medium and small enterprises, whether local or foreign. The importance of a strong local private sector in guaranteeing long-term stability was particularly emphasised. In this respect, the view was expressed that the role of the state and its relationship with the European Commission should be redefined. There was also a call for time to be set aside time for effective dialogue, and to create the space for a partnership between the public and private sectors. It was felt that the role of Economic and Social Councils should be expanded and specified more clearly. As for the specific issue of privatisation, the point was made that this should not be seen as a panacea and that it should be approached on a country-by-country basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards current instruments, it was noted that their objective is essentially to meet public-sector requirements. The role of the Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) attracted some criticism. Speakers felt that the private sector should be more involved in the preparation and implementation of cooperation programmes with the European Community. Direct financial support to the private sector was seen as desirable, including backing from the European Investment Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What partnership ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The partnership concept was seen to have been eroded over the past two decades, with the pretext of efficiency resulting in a more paternalistic approach. Mechanisms needed to be found to enable EU priorities and the prerogatives of ACP countries to be reconciled. Reference was made to the political nature of the origin of the partnership and the need to find a new political raison d'etre for this type of relationship. The problems of cohesion within the ACP group and its relations with the EU were also raised, and there was a discussion about the possibility of giving the Convention a regional character-although a number of speakers expressed reservations about this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the European side, two lacunae emerged, namely coordination between donors, and consistency between LomÃ© and other Community policies (including relationships with the Bretton Woods institutions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the principle of partnership, some participants were keen to stress the motives of solidarity and common interest that lay behind cooperation. It was not simply a matter of 'negative' interdependence. The appropriateness of the term 'partnership' was questioned, if this was only to mean financial and technical cooperation. The politicisation of LomÃ© appears to be on the agenda, involving a move from the current partnership to a genuine 'contractual approach' through political dialogue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for the role of partnership in cooperation policy management, it was felt essential that civil society and the private sector be involved. There was also a discussion of the debt problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How can financial and technical cooperation be improved ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As usual, reference was made to the need to simplify and differentiate management of LomÃ© Convention instruments, particularly in the context of the programming process. As regards the role of non-state actors, a cautious approach was recommended. Finally, new instruments were called for to prevent conflict.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Conclusions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This conference, coming after several others of the same type, was characterised essentially by private sector and NGO calls for greater participation in Community cooperation policy. Moreover, the need for 'politicisation' of the LomÃ© policy, shifting from purely financial and technical aid to a genuine cooperation contract, seems to have attracted the support of all participants. These questions are sure to figure in the 'Green Paper' on 'tome after 2000', which the European Commission plans to publish before the end of 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Democratising democracy'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On 6 and 7 June, the Belgian Par/iament hosted a UN seminar on 'me future of international development cooperation: new communication challenges' 'Democratising Democracy' was the succinct, journalistic way in which one of the speakers at the meeting summed up his solution to the problem of underdevelop meet. He was Jean-Bertrand Aristide, former President of Haiti, who observed that democracy, as advocated by the developed world, and increasingly accepted by developing countries, does not prevent the latter's slide into even greater poverty. The Courier had the opportunity to interview Mr Aristide. We began by asking him whether his statement implied that democracy is failing in a world striving to 'globalise' it J-B.A.-The word democracy comes from the Greek words 'demos', meaning people and 'kratein', meaning to govern. In other words, it signifies government of the people, for the people by the people-but if we take a look at the world today, the impression we get is that not all so-called democratic governments are in fact what they purport to be. Hence the need to 'democratise democracy', so as to create a situation in which all citizens can help set governments on a course towards such a model.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Concepts usually generate conflict and, therefore, when speaking of revolution, democracy or globalisation, it is necessary to be au fait with the subject matter so as not to become involved in a dialogue of the deaf. In the specific case of globalisation, my opinion is that this has a tendency to make what is an already precarious situation even more unbalanced. Concepts cannot be applied everywhere without thought being given to their harmful consequences. This does not mean to say that we should give up completely. It's one thing to speak of the globalisation of peace, as if an ineluctable need existed to promote peace on a world scale, but I'm not sure that everyone would define the globalisation of peace in the same way as I do.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Could we turn now to your own country, Haiti. How do you view the future of democracy there, bearing in mind the economic circumstances ? At the seminar, you mentioned several factors which demonstrate democracy's *agility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Democracy is indeed fragile. 1% of Haiti's population owns 48% of the country's wealth and it is estimated that about 65% of the working population is employed in agriculture as against 5.1% in the 'industrial' sector. But is this really the true picture ? Reality for most people is poverty-unacceptable and sub-human poverty. A man needs work to earn his daily crust by the sweat of his brow, but unemployment has reached catastrophic proportions. When people are unable to earn their living, there is little point in discussing the positive influence of democracy. What is needed is for those with a great deal of wealth and those with less wealth to talk to each other; a dialogue between the private and public sectors, so that we can head off futile conflicts and devote all our efforts to economic growth coupled with human development. I do believe that this is possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yet, the rich are so rich and the poor so poor. Is it not fantasy to think that the gulf which separates them, and their mutual mistrust, can simply be set aside so that genuine dialogue can take place ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is one of the challenges we have faced ever since 1960 and, although we have not yet reaped the harvest of this process, we have to carry on. It's not too late. We just have to approach the subject logically and with all the facts to hand, and we must have the intelligence to be patient. If we continue with dialogue, we will achieve real results. Only the citizens of Haiti can play a part in Haiti's development-this is not a task for outsiders. We, on the other hand, have to be more receptive to international cooperation, while maintaining mutual respect and dignity. But what we also need is for our own people to act together in order to enhance our own growth. This is not to say that geopolitical reality can be disregarded. Other countries have to be taken into account, but, as a starting point, we have to consider Haiti's human and material resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Thereisdialogueata world level, but there are rules to be applied. I am thinking, here, of free competition. Haiti has to play by the rules, just like any other country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Since we gained independence, our history has seen a succession of coups d'etat and people have been over-eager in brandishing weapons to solve economic, political or social problems. Now that democracy has been restored in Haiti, weapons are not the solution to our problems-I cannot stress this enough. What we need is for those with money to sit down and negotiate with those who have none: for the government to get people round the table and devise a common plan to accommodate all interested parties- looking at both the nation's interests and the interests of investors. I do believe that it is possible to achieve this. We have, in fact, already begun to prepare the ground. I am not basing my words, here, on pure theory, but am speaking from experience. In concrete terms, we have to transcend class and racial differences to recognise that Haitian men and women, regardless of their colour and the country they might live in outside Haiti, regardless of their nationality, even, are still part of Haiti's indigenous population. The way must be kept open for dignified and balanced cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The other point you mentioned today was that there can be no development without the effective involvement of the population. Are you not leaving yourself open to accusations of having socialist or even communist tendencies ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-As I have just said, we have to be scientific in our approach and check our facts over and over again. I fail to see how anyone can claim to be working towards peace without looking at poverty which is the greatest threat to social cohesion. Of course, there are those who would deny this assertion, and that is their right. However, rational analysis of the situation can help us alleviate poverty and promote security. It needs to be underlined that security is also one of the essential factors in economics. The UN Security Council is called in to prevent or resolve conflicts. To my mind, we should also be talking about an economic security council to deal with the economic realities. The deeper one plunges into poverty, the greater one's feelings of insecurity-the two always go hand in hand. And insecurity can crop up anywhere in the world. Nor is it a question of charity. It is a real, rational question which must sharpen our awareness, stimulate our common sense and set us on a course to protect the world by alleviating poverty. That, at least, is one approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, you have to recognise that politics is essentially a question of power while economics is influenced by interests. Everyone uses the means at their disposal to defend their personal interests and we know perfectly well that there are no free gifts. The so-called developed countries allocate just 0.3% of their GDP to development aid, yet we are losing our tropical forests at the rate of the area of a football pitch every second. In Haiti, forests now cover only a small area of the country. But in the final analysis, environmental catastrophe threatens us all, rich and poor alike, even if certain countries do not face specific ecological risks. We either deal with it as reasonable people, or we close our eyes to the 'cause and effect' realities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but are we reasonable people ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The crisis of ethics is indeed a reality and a great many values are now being called into question. These days, we have to love in order to prove we are not contradicting ourselves. If we believe in God, we might call this love 'God', just as we might call it 'justice'. It all depends on your philosophy, religion or beliefs. If I feel love, I cannot be indifferent to the situation of victims of injustice, both in Haiti and elsewhere. If a man is humiliated, crushed, exploited or marginalised, then 1, too, am humiliated, crushed and marginalised. It is love which makes us fight for justice everywhere. Either one is a demagogue revelling in big words or one is sincere and ready to die so that another might live-this brings immortality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· One final question. You were speaking just now of insecurity and economics. Is there a link, here, with one of your most recent decisions, the abolition of Haiti's army ? Could you tell us how you were able to pull off this 'coup'? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- I am perfectly happy to answer such an important question and would like to be able to give a clear and direct reply. But given that the struggle is still going on, I don't think I should go into too much detail. A decision was made. The Haitian people opted to rid themselves of the army. Supporting their democratic wish, it was our job to help bring about this dissolution. The army, it is worth recalling, had about 7000 men, absorbed 40% of the national budget-and had killed many of our compatriots. We have had to be logical and patient in achieving this goal, bearing in mind that the guarantors of the agreement which led to my return had their own views, which were different from ours. We also needed courage and wisdom and, above all, the determination of the people. My motto has always been that it is better to fail with the people than to succeed without them, and in this we did not fail. Our task now is not to bask in our own glory but to continue the work of structuring the police force, to prevent it becoming another army. To achieve this, we have to make steady progress and use sound judgment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Close-up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Growing rice at high altitude in Burundi</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Jean-Pierre Tilquin and Miguel Amado&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This tiny country tucked away at the heart of Africa has, as is well known, been convulsed over the last three years by an acute socio-political crisis. The tragic consequences have included loss of human life, damage to the economic and social infrastructure, and a movement of refugees to neighbouring countries. Burundi, already one of the most densely populated nations in Africa, also has high population growth. It could be argued that it is only thanks to the hard work and perseverance of the farmers (admittedly, 90% of the population) that the country manages to keep going at all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture in Burundi follows traditional lines and is based on a farming system divided between food crops for consumption by the farmer and his family, and cash crops (mainly coffee, tea and cotton). Although at the beginning of the decade the crops grown for food were sufficient to meet the population's needs, today demographic pressures are forcing farmers to increase food-crop production. It is these pressures that have prompted them to descend into the marshlands which cover approximately 110 000 hectares (8% of cultivable land in Burundi). These marshes are flooded during the rainy season and so allow rice to be cultivated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population growth has also meant that fields cannot be left fallow for long periods. This has resulted in more intensive use of marginal land and an increase in forest clearing. Such practices exacerbate erosion of cultivated areas. The loss of organic matter and nutrients leads to reduced soil fertility and lower yields. Although rainfall in Burundi is high, the soil is only moderately fertile, because of factors such as acidity, aluminium toxicity, and phosphorus immobilisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While 20% of land suitable for cultivation is currently given over to growing dry beans-a staple in the Burundi diet - various factors now point towards farming the low-lying marshlands, with a particular emphasis on rice. This is one way of increasing the useful agricultural surface area of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The events of 1993 (democratic elections, followed by the assassination of President Ndadaye), have created a period of instability which has been highly damaging for the country's agriculture. Some people lost their property and livelihood, and are only now slowly re-establishing themselves. The environment has also suffered as a result of the sheer numbers of displaced people. They occupy areas, both urban and rural, which were completely unprepared for the flood of people. it is estimated that 50 000 hectares of forest have been destroyed as a result-with devastating consequences for the country's ecosystem. What is more, the rate of demographic growth has led to overfarming and to a reduction in the average surface area of farms (to 0.7 ha per household).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rice-a crop for the future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Against this background, the prospect of farming low-lying marshland offers some hope for the people of Burundi. In fact, the marshy valleys have long been used to grow beans, maize and sweet potatoes during the long dry season for later consumption during the short dry season. This practice, which was environmentally sound, provided a regular harvest, but also ensured the preservation of the marshlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The practice of growing rice during the rainy season, followed by a crop of maize and beans during the dry season, is a form of integrated agriculture. It should be economically viable and environmentally sustainable while ensuring product quality, delivering a good yield, limiting any risks involved and allowing a high degree of social integration. These are the criteria which need to be examined in determining whether high-altitude rice cultivation in Burundi succeeds or fails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rice crops have been grown in this region, on the shores of Lake Tanganyika and in the Ruzizi valley (altitude 800 m), for more than 200 years, having been introduced by successive migrations of people travelling along the old slave route from Zanzibar. Certain varieties, known as 'pandabilima' (which in Swahili means 'he who climbs the mountain') can be grown on land up to a height of 1300 metres. They cannot, however, be planted on the higher central plateau because low temperatures at night render them completely infertile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not surprising that the new scheme to grow rice at high altitudes was greeted with interest. Indeed, it became almost a craze among farmers -to the extent that in 1990, rice crops covered more than 20 000 ha of Burundi. The area planted with rice fell subsequently, and in some regions the crop disappeared altogether. This was due largely to the appearance of the fungal 'rice blast disease', which can wipe out an entire crop, and to inadequate planning and misguided husbandry. The extensive planting of only one variety left the crop particularly vulnerable and once the disease did take hold, it was virtually impossible to eradicate. Needless to say, in a country where access to pesticides is non-existent, the introduction of a new crop cannot be based on a single variety; if it is to establish itself successfully, varietal diversification is vital. We should point out here that attempts were made in 1984 to improve varietal diversification &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;in the framework of the EU's Scientific and Technical Programme run by DG XII of the Commission. At that time, it was necessary to familiarise farmers with the techniques for growing the new crop and this aspect of the programme was funded by the EDF, in particular through three integrated projects. These related to agriculture and pastoral forestry and were initiated during 198889 in three provinces of Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Without going into the technical details of the programme, it suffices to say that growing rice at high altitude in the tropics differs from rice-growing in temperate regions. The low night-time temperatures characteristic of high altitudes mean that the crop is subject to constant stress. In temperate regions, the stress caused by cold weather is a problem only at the beginning and end of the growing cycle. As for selection methods, rice varieties have been produced that are resistant to rice blast disease - which remains the main problem. Also, by mixing the varieties grown, the farmers have created a wide diversity which offers a stable basis for a sustainable crop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Transformation of an ecosystem&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the viewpoint of development aid specialists, turning marshland into cultivable land means draining it (digging a ditch and fitting pipes). But this leaves the land open to erosion, causes silting in rivers and ultimately leading to desertification. By changing water levels in a region and disturbing the thermal equilibrium, marshlands cease to be marshlands. The method may have been justifiable before rice growing became possible. Indeed, it was employed in the natural marshlands of Buyenzi by some experts who specialised in upland rice. But it also resulted in large-scale destruction of one ricevariety-Yunnan 3-by rice blast disease in 1990.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development projects which set themselves spectacular objectives can involve major alterations to the landscape. More often than not, these need to be rectified later. Thus, when it was decided to cultivate vast expanses of papyrus, the plants were moderately successful only thanks to constant artificial assistance. Put simply, the land could not sustain the crop on its own. In the process, the marshes were turned into floating peat bogs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The option chosen here was to adapt the small valleys for rice cultivation and teach the farmers the relevant techniques. Together with their families, they have eagerly embarked on the work needed to prepare the terrain for cultivation, although there are still some land tenure issues that need resolving. (Some people have refused to commit themselves to marshland reclamation projects as long as the land does not belong to them). It should be stressed that growing rice along a strip of water is an option which is in harmony with environmental needs. It promotes percolation of the water, thereby restoring underground water levels and preventing pollutants from being washed down towards the Nile or Zaire basins. It is therefore in keeping with global strategies for conserving resources and ensuring sustainable development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the marshlands, farmers traditionally plant beans and maize in banked-up beds during the dry season (from June to November). By skilfully selecting and growing different bean varieties, the farmer can stagger his crops and thereby ensure a continuous harvest from September until the time the maize is harvested. The marshes are then left fallow during the heavy rains which reach their peak in April. A rice variety which can be harvested in six months could thus be fitted in during this perriod with out disturbing the traditional hill-farming work schedule.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since farmers on the high plateaux had not traditionally grown rice, it was necessary to teach them the techniques needed to produce a successful crop. They were also informed of the benefits that improvements such as dykes, water supply pipes and drainage pipes could have on crop productivity. They have since applied this knowledge in their cultivation. During the dry season, without disrupting the infrastructures on which their rice cultivation is based, they have rebuilt banked-up beds and grown the traditional bean and maize crop. The system has been in place for about ten years and no drop in yield has been recorded. The yield averages 4.5 t/ha for rice, 1 t/ha for beans and 0.4 t/ha for maize-figures which are quite remarkable when compared with the yields of crops grown on the hills in acid soil with increasing levels of aluminium toxicity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By alternating two different farming systems, the problem of weeds -and therefore hoeing-and of pests is greatly limited. The extensive mixing of the soil that takes place accelerates the recycling of biogenic material-and the marshlands stay as marshlands!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Manageable land development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are three main types of marshy valley, each requiring specific programmes. The first consists of valleys lying above 1400 m with a rainfall in excess of 1500 mm. These areas are characterised by a clay soil, are constantly fed with water (with a high iron content) from the mountains, and are often very rich in organic matter. They require drainage using ditches and filtration channels, with changes of gradient so that the mountain water tables can be tapped and the water levels controlled. This is important to prevent a build-up of ferrous toxicity in the soil, which is extremely harmful to rice. A farming system involving paddy fields and banked-up beds can be accommodated perfectly in these types of valleys. Then there are the valleys lying between 800 and 1400 m with a rainfall of between 1100 and 1500 mm. These are known as 'dambos' in Swahili, and they extend from Northern Kenya right down to Southern Zimbabwe. Strewn with giant termite nests, the land here is well-suited to rice cultivation as long as water levels are carefully controlled. All the available water needs to be harnessed via filtration canals dug into the hillside. These allow the paddies to be irrigated speedily and, during the dry season, they can also be used to irrigate between the rows of ridgeplanted crops. It would, however, be very difficult to irrigate the entire valley during the dry season and so it is pointless digging a drainage ditch. The third and final type consists of small alluvial plains tucked away between the hills and stretching along the escarpments. Here, the level of soil fertility is determined by the heavy erosion resulting from farming on burnt land, and the practice of setting fire to the hills in order to 'regenerate' pastures. To grow rice in such locations, a filtration canal needs to be dug into the hillside, into which water then collects from the water table. The paddy fields also need to be terraced. These alluvial plains lend themselves perfectly to a farming system in which paddy fields are alternated with banked-up beds. All these land-adaptation schemes can be easily implemented and maintained by the farmers themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A sociological revolution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although rice grows quickly, it is highly labour-intensive. Thus, when&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;the young rice plants need to be planted out-which happens to coincide with the end-of-year school holidays-the whole family takes part. What is more, rice has become extremely important in sociological terms: reserved in days gone by for special occasions, it now forms part of the nation's staple diet, being mixed together with beans and dressed with palm oil and tomato sauce. The rice harvest is also a time for merrymaking and festivities which go on for the best part of a week.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rice cultivation has also engendered a vital sense of solidarity among farmers as far as sharing water is concerned, and rice-growing cooperatives have been a runaway success. These enable farming operations to be synchronised and running costs to be reduced, in particular by reducing the number of bird scarers needed. The crop, furthermore, can be harvested when fully ripe. On individual plots, farmers usually only allow the rice to mature to 75% before harvest for fear of theft. Finally, the cooperative helps to ensure that infrastructures such as drains and canals are properly maintained and that water supply installations are treated with respect. Each cooperative is run by a representative appointed by the group of farmers. These supervisors are then responsible for organising all operations: choosing and storing seed for the following season's crops, getting information about new varieties, consulting each other and pointing out any problems they may have to those in charge of research and advisory services. The area allotted to each cooperative depends on the number of households in the group and also takes into account the area available, with 10 ares per family being the usual maximum for planted-up paddy fields. Cooperatives may range in size from 5 to 25 families.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cooperatives like this are just the beginning. Networks of rural organisations, in which the farmers club together to buy equipment and fertilisers, need to be developed on a larger scale and they could provide a springboard for the development of the secondary sector, which is vital to the development of the country as a whole.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We would do well to recall that the cassava mills which have been so successful in Burundi and which still run today without any 'technical assistance' had equally humble beginnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It must be acknowledged that the people who migrated to this 'wild frontier' of rice cultivation in Burundi also introduced into these regions diseases such as bilharzia and malaria (the mosquitoes carrying the parasite were transported in the luggage of people travelling from the capital to the provinces). Despite this, rice cultivation at high altitude has proved a veritable lifesaver for Burundi. In the year that the FAO plans to stage a summit on famine, it is appropriate to highlight the important role of rice-growing in the food production strategy of this country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until recently, Burundi ensured that it had enough to feed its people through a delicate balancing act between growing food crops, leaving land fallow and rearing livestock which produced manure. At present, however, increased agricultural production is only possible by increasing the surface area of the country under cultivation-at the expense of fallow land and livestock farming. Such a move risks reducing soil fertility and could lead to the substitution of crops of high nutritional value, such as beans, with higher yield crops such as cassava or sweet potatoes which suck the subsoil dry of minerals and nutrients.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In short, traditional farming methods in Burundi are arguably now out of balance and the situation is getting worse. This may, indeed, be a root cause of the ethnic crisis. A systematic policy of re-establishing marshlands and organising rural communities around high-altitude rice cultivation would allow the country to look ahead with optimism to the next 20 years. Suitable varieties are currently available and the altitudes at which rice can be grown have been pushed back in Burundi as far as 1700 m. What is now needed is the funds! &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J-P.T. &amp;amp; M.A.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Developing world</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Freedom of expression: the heartbeat of democracy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A view from UNESCO.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The article which follows is an abridged version of a text compiled by Carlos Amaldo, who heads UNESCO's research into communication and the free flow of information. Mr Arnaldo highlights some of the main aspects of the UN agency's support for the development of a free press in the African, Caribbean and Pacific regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution passed by the ACP/KU Joint Assembly in March 1996 in Windhoek, Namibia, reflected the spirit of many of UNESCO's communication programmes in these regions. Echoing the principal tenets of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the resolution declares: 'freedom of expression is a precondition for holding free and fair elections'; 'the monopoly of information media is a barrier to the development of democracy,'; 'there is a need to create a climate in which all part)&quot; can participate fully in political life.' It further holds: 'communication media must not only inform the electorate in an impartial and objective manner' but also; 'freedom of expression and the existence of free communications media are vital preconditions for the development of a democratic society.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution was timely, responding to a need to remind political leaders, as well as civic society, of the relation between free communication media and truly democratic practices. Just five years ago, on 3 May 1991,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African journalists and media adopted the Windhoek Declaration at the UN/ UNESCO seminar on promoting an independent and pluralistic African press. Likewise, journalists and media practitioners of each major region adopted the Declarations of Alma Ata (October 1992), Santiago (May 1994) and Sana'a (January 1996), all of which affirmed the unwavering belief of professional communicators in freedom of expression, press freedom, independence and pluralism of the media, and the contribution of such freedoms to democratic processes. At their 28th General Conference, UNESCO Member States further declared that, 'press freedom is an essential component of any democracy.' All these declarations contain action programmes to strengthen press freedom in these regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning to look at some practical initiatives, a media project entitled 'Independent Press in Africa', which was put in place after the signing of the Windhoek declaration, soon attracted the interest of a number of donors (Italy, USA, France). Under this project, the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) organised four sets of courses for journalists in 1994. In April 1995, IPDC arranged a multi-theme workshop for 33 English-speaking journalists and editors from Central and West Africa on marketing, distribution techniques, managing mass media enterprises in Africa, new communication technologies, journalism and ethical issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are now plans afoot to study the situation of the press in Mauritius, Madagascar and Comoros, and to publish several handbooks about press enterprises. Efforts will also be made to attract increased donor contributions so that the successes achieved by these initial training activities can be strengthened and shared with other regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further example of positive action in support of the media is the work of MISA (the Media Institute of Southern Africa-featured in more detail in the following article). This organisation has been receiving UNESCO support since 1994 under a funding arrangement with the Danish International Development Agency. The project seeks to strengthen links among the region's independent media so as to enhance the free flow of information. It also aims to boost cooperation and information-sharing with similar groups in developing and developed countries worldwide, to strengthen the ability of the region's independent media to stand on its own feet and to improve professional standards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MlSA, which was set up in 1992, has been monitoring and safeguarding press freedom in the region, facilitated by an electronic network for distribution of information on press freedom issues. It has mounted seminars and training workshops for professional journalists on computer-aided design, strategic financial management, journalism ethics and advertising management. MISA's campaigning material includes a bi-monthly magazine, Free Press: the Media Magazine of Southern Africa and a booklet, So this is Democray, which is a compilation of its 'action alerts' curing 1994 and 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another UNESCO initiative is the 'Communication and Good Governance in West and Central African Countries' project, supported by Germany. This aims to strengthen the human and technical capacity of the media in these regions so that they can make a contribution to good governance. The three year project is to be implemented in 10 countries - Benin, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Sao Tome &amp;amp; Principe and Togo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Together with other institutions such as legislatures, the judiciary and civic organisations, media bodies like MISA have a useful role to play. They can enhance transparency and accountability by systematic analysis and reporting of government programmes, policies and pledges, and by encouraging public discussions which help people to make informed decisions about public issues and about how their leaders discharge the power vested in them. Fulfilment of these functions requires access to the media, and qualified, well-trained practitioners who can effectively use the media for information, education and communication on good governance issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning our attention now to the Caribbean, the question of media freedom recently came to the fore in Trinidad and Tobago when 13 editors and journalists on The Guardian lost their jobs following publication of a number of controversial articles (some reports said they 'constructively resigned'). The events cast a shadow over the famous Carnival. Indeed, as one journalist put it, the Carnival quickly ceded to the 'sacrificial rites' of Holy Week. Six of the paper's youngest reporters were among those who lost their jobs-but out of the furore, a new newspaper was born.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 'Comparative Study of Media Laws in the CARICOM countries' by Ainsley Sahai, commissioned earlier by UNESCO, became a reference in the debates that followed. The study highlighted that all Caribbean countries guaranteed freedom of expression in their national constitutions. Indeed, Trinidad and Tobago's constitution explicitly guarantees press freedom as well. The Media Association of Trinidad and Tobago (MATT) organised two meetings. The first of these, on 10 April 1996, was a public forum on issues of press freedom. Although a full cross-section of society was not present, and not all the issues at stake were fully debated, it was nevertheless a start. Those who took the floor came from many sectors of society -women, the unemployed, workers, community organisations and at least three different religious groups. About a quarter of those who contributed spoke as individuals. While many criticised the press for errors in reporting, all confirmed the need to uphold a free press vis-a-vis both political pressures and economic and financial interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The public gave strong support to MATT and demanded that the forum be replicated in other parts of the country. It was the first time that the public had been given the opportunity to speak out on these issues. It was not so much the content of the discussion which counted, but the very fact that the event took place, bringing the media closer to its 'customers'. The meeting gave the public an opportunity to put over their own perceptions of press freedom, impartial reporting and the strengthening of democratic processes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two days later, with support from UNESCO, the Media Association staged a journalists' symposium, moderated by George John, consulting editor at The Guardian. David de Caires, publisher of Guyana's Stabroek News was invited by MATT as an external consultant. Drawing on past and more recent examples of uneasy relations between a free press and governments, Mr de Caires concluded with a headlinehitting statement; the relations of the press with government should not be too cosy, the press must maintain its adversarial position.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many journalists took the floor to stress Trinidad and Tobago's constitutional guarantees for both freedom of expression and press freedom. They also stressed the need to safeguard editorial independence, not only in the printed press, but also in broadcasting, and urged the repeal of 'antiquated' libel laws-a point also made in the Sahai study. The preparation of a Freedom of Information Act was strongly urged to ensure access to public information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These events appear to have strengthened the resolve of the jobless journalists. They grouped together to set up a new weekly newspaper, called The Independent. The new publication focuses on investigative articles, comment and reviews. In addition, a monthly called The Formatt was launched by MATT to disseminate specialised news on press freedom issues and to provide print support for future public fore. Both newspapers brought out their first editions in early May amidst the celebrations of World Press Freedom Day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacific&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Pacific, issues of freedom of expression and press freedom are no less salient, although a key issue for practitioners there is the modernisation of infrastructures. This is needed to ensure that this vast island region does not find itself in the slow lane of the information highway.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The computerisation of radio newsrooms, in places such as the Cook Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Solomon Islands and Tonga, is a priority. The Cook Islands already has a fully computerised newspaper operation. Indeed, this is the first newspaper in the Pacific with the capacity to transmit photographs from various parts of the country to the newsroom electronically by phone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Considerable concern has been expressed about the inadequacy of national television programming. There is a need for the people of the Pacific to see themselves and their culture, and not just the imported fare distributed by most international TV services. With UNESCO support, women media producers from seven island countries were able to meet to work out ways of cooperating on a series of television documentaries that they themselves produced and exchanged within the region. Preparations are now under way for the annual evaluation and awarding of prizes at the end of 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A.A. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Campaigning for free expression in the SADC region</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by David Nthengwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Media Institute of Southern Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Officially launched in September 1992, the role of the Media Institute of Southern Africa is primarily that of coordinator, facilitator and communicator in the promotion of media freedom and diversity, (as envisaged in the 1991 Windhoek Declaration). MISA operates in 11 of the 1 2 SADC countries and is currently investigating setting up a chapter in the twelfth-Mauritius- which joined the Community 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chapters are serviced by a regional secretariat based in the Namibian capital, Windhoek. The secretariat is accountable to a policy-making governing council of elected representatives from each national chapter, while funding for MISA and its projects is channeled through the MISA Education and Production Trust, overseen by a board of independent trustees. The organisation is currently almost entirely donor-funded, with UNESCO, NORAD, SIDA, the KU, the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, IBIS, and the Australian and German governments being the main contributors. Other income is generated through the sale of subscriptions to MISA publications and services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Institute's main work is in the field of advocacy; highlighting violations of media freedom and free expression, and exploring ways of ensuring that these fundamental freedoms become entrenched throughout Southern Africa. In 1994, MISA became a member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) network in a bid to increase international awareness of media freedom violations in Southern Africa. Membership of IFEX has enabled MISA to distribute as well as receive information on media freedom issues in a quick and relatively cheap way via the Internet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Action alerts'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994 and 1995, MISA issued via IFEX and its own electronic mail network, the MISANET (see below), more than 190 'action alerts' relating to media freedom infringements in Southern Africa, and effective campaigns against some of these violations have resulted. In August 1994, Lesotho journalist, Rabuka Chalatse, was shot by soldiers while covering a demonstration. An alert issued by MISA triggered a swift response, and within 24 hours, funds had been raised to pay for emergency treatment which saved the young journalist's leg. In November 1995, Angolan freelance journalist, Mario Paiva, had his life threatened by people who, it was alleged, were state security agents. MlSA's alert prompted protest from throughout the world, and resulted in several governments offering Paiva sanctuary in their embassies in Angola. The threat against the journalist was subsequently lifted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MlSA's advocacy work has also shown that democratisation does not necessarily result in guaranteed media freedom and free expression. In Zambia, for example, which had a multi-party election in 1991, arcane laws inherited from previous regimes have been used against the private media in particular, and free expression, in general. As this article was being written, Fred M'membe, the Editor-in-Chief of Zambia's privately-owned daily 'The Post', and two of his colleagues, were starting an indefinite prison term for contempt of Parliament. The sentence was passed not by a court of law, but by the Speaker, under legislation inherited from British colonial rule. Their 'crime' was to comment on criticism made in Parliament of a Supreme Court decision which declared unconstitutional, laws requiring anyone wishing to stage a demonstration to obtain police permission first.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five months prior to his arrest, M'membe received the MISA Press Freedom Award, which is presented annually to individuals or institutions considered to have made an outstanding contribution to the advancement of media freedom in Southern Africa. M'membe was the third recipient of the award.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free flow of information essential&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the Windhoek Declaration points out, 'the establishment, maintenance and fostering of an independent, pluralistic and free press' is essential to economic development, as well as for the growth of democracy. Accordingly, MISA argues that the free flow of information is vital to the development process. Effective communication within SADC-a 'development community'- has been hampered by the region's poor postal and telecommunications services. MISA considers that these logistical barriers to the free flow of information are a form of censorship. In a bid to break through the information voids which have kept Southern African media workers and their audiences isolated from each other for so long, it has made particular use of advances in information technology, including, most notably, the Internet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two years, MISA has been linking member organisations up to electronic mail (e-mail). This allows members throughout the region to exchange news, photographs and other information. To date, 25 MISA member organisations are linked to this network, called the MISANET, although further growth has been hampered by members' unfamiliarity with e-mail, and the lack of local technicians to train people and provide user support. Nonetheless, computerised communications have proved to be an appropriate technology, and development of the MISANET remains a top priority. By making some services available to non-MISA subscribers, MISA also intends to generate income and thus reduce its current dependency on donor funding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Focus on training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coordination of training and material support to independent media is another area where MISA looks to develop media freedom and diversity. The region's independent media sometimes operates in politically and economically hostile environments. Its survival-and thus the sustenance and growth of media diversity-hinges on these organisations becoming highly professional, well-managed concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Working through training institutions based primarily in the region, MISA coordinates workshops and other training programmes aimed at improving the skills of media workers, particularly in the fields of management and finance. Workshops in strategic and financial management, project management, advertising, marketing, sales and subscription management, ethics, subediting, and computerised design were staged during 1994 and 1995. For 1996, training is scheduled in economic reporting, project management, photography, advertising sales, circulation and sales management, computer-aided design, developing world and financial and strategic management. Instruction will also be provided to media workers without formal training. Meanwhile, research is to be carried out into setting up a media ombudsman for Southern Africa, printing press initiatives, media training needs, and the difficulties faced by women media workers in the region. The last-mentioned is in line with MlSA's policy of encouraging gender awareness and equality within the Southern African media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Private and community-based media organisations face constant problems securing adequate finance. As businesses, they often do not qualify for donor support, while banks are reluctant to lend them money. Therefore, MISA is looking to set up of a Media Development Fund to which independent media can apply for loans, credit guarantees and grants. A study is currently being conducted into the feasibility of such a fund, which MISA hopes to have up-andrunning by early 1997.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Broadcasting in Southern Africa is still largely state-controlled. Moves by some of the region's governments to 'deregulate' broadcasting have been erratic, and many private broadcasting licenses granted in the process have gone to organisations or individuals closely linked to the authorities. MISA is now drawing up a policy aimed at seeking the effective liberalisation of broadcasting legislation covering public, private and community broadcasting throughout the region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As part of this process, MISA will, this year, stage a conference on broadcasting and community media, to coincide with its Annual General Meeting-which has become one of the largest gatherings of media workers on the African continent. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.N.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Volunteers show their worth</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Thomas M. Neufing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Volunteers have become a major component in international development efforts. They make up a significant proportion of the total human resources available for development cooperation (up to a fifth of the skilled international personnel serving in developing countries). In the early days, volunteer service was strongly influenced by the idea of oneway technical assistance. Specialists, mainly from the North, served in developing nations where their expertise was desperately needed but not yet found among local citizens. Much has changed since.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After the US Peace Corps, the UN Volunteers Programme (UNV) ranks as the second largest volunteer-sendina agency with some 4000 professionals in the field every year. Its universality and internationality is reflected in the high number of UNV specialists (74%) who come from developing countries. The scope and size of the international volunteer contribution to development cooperation (notably areas such as HIV/AIDS and the environment), has increased significantly over the years as a result of the changing development challenge. The re-thinking of the role of technical cooperation is equally central to the volunteer debate and this has led to much greater flexibility in the ways in which volunteer services are provided. The important role volunteers can play in peace building efforts with a long-term development dimension, complementary to humanitarian relief, is increasingly being recognised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Working with rather than for people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the UNV's 25th anniversary, and the relocation of its headquarters to Bonn this summer, it is an appropriate time both to assess and to acknowledge the contribution made by these volunteers. Since the programme began in 1971, some 14 000 professionals have dedicated a period of their lives to serve as a UNV. The programme is administered by UNDP, and is therefore intimately linked to its structures, particularly in the field. Regarding community-based initiatives, the comparative advantage of UNVs is that of working with rather than for people over an extended period, thus facilitating their initiatives. The experience of many development agencies shows that in promoting socio-economic change at the village level, the type of person needed is one who-through long-term commitment and sensitivity -can learn as much from local partners as offer advice to them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International volunteers are engaged mainly in rural development tasks. Those working through specialised NGOs such as the Red Cross, and Medecins Sans Frontieres have proved to be highly effective agents, supporting governments faced with disaster situations. In the case of UNV, the value of using volunteer specialists from other developing nations, as a way of encouraging technical cooperation amongst developing countries, is particularly recognised. Most volunteers- perhaps two-thirds - serve in least developed and small island countries. And about three-quarters serve in rural areas, working mostly in programmes of agricultural and community development, health, education and the supply of basic services. Since the end of the Cold War, a growing number have been deployed in emergency relief, refugee and rehabilitation programmes. UNVs make up 10% of the UN's civilian component in Cambodia; 4096 of the field staff of the World Food Programme and almost 100% of outreach workers attached to the UN Mission in Guatemala. UNVs are increasingly involved in human rights promotion, the organisation of elections and conflict resolution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a consensus among the main international humanitarian and development actors that their programmes should be mutually supportive. For example, development efforts must respond to humanitarian crises by remaining on the scene and supporting immediate needs, as well as aiding in the prevention of crises which are known to be looming. Emergency humanitarian assistance should also pave the way for longer term development by viewing the immediacy of the moment through the lens of future sustainable rehabilitation. Both sets of activities should, ideally, be launched and implemented in tandem with local bodies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;External assistance efforts must include strengthening local capacity to cope with problems. Empowerment strategies which inform, educate and facilitate the people's own vision of peaceful and sustainable living environments (including respect for human rights) are fundamental to the future of communities coping in the aftermath of crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Relief, rehabilitation and development?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNV programme has been active in exploring the efficacy of volunteer support to communities in crisis in order to bridge the gap between immediate needs and longer term developmental goals. In 1994, the UNV held its 4th Special Consultation, entitled, Between Crisis and Development - Volunteer Roles and UNV's Contribution. At this event, donor governments, UN agencies and cooperating partners from civil society had an indepth discussion of the issues surrounding volunteer efforts, and the complementary nature of emergency interventions and follow-up measures. The participants reconfirmed the need for local capacity building. They also affirmed the usefulness of the UN Volunteer contribution in crisis prevention, emergency rehabilitation and 'building bridges' to sustainable development. The work of UNVs in preventive action and promoting post-conflict development was highlighted. There has been a significant increase in demand for specialist volunteer services in all types of crisis. These may be economic, natural or man-made, but they all have in common the need to provide essential relief and rehabilitation services for basic survival (to refugees and resident populations). In many countries, disasters and internal strife have put so much pressure on essential public services that the longterm capacity of the people to recover may be threatened. Governments in developing countries and donors both believe it is fully justified to use volunteer specialists to help provide such services during the adjustment period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Mixed' teams&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The contribution of both international and national volunteers is often essential to link immediate relief efforts to future long-term development. National volunteers-people working in their own countries within the UN framework-complement the international approach by providing the key grassroots perspective. UN Volunteers who speak local languages, live and work in remote communities, are familiar with community structures and are known to local leaders, play a key part in facilitating preventive action and providing follow-up in the aftermath of a crisis. UNV specialists are well-placed to build effective partnerships with national and local actors. In the last two years, some 2000 UN Volunteers have worked in various parts of the world in prevention and preparedness, peacekeeping, electoral support, human rights, rehabilitation and reconstruction, and humanitarian relief.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi offers an example of an initiative designed to stem a crisis through local capacity-building. The UNV is financing a project there which supports the mediation and dialogue efforts of the UN Secretary General's Special Representative (SRSG) through the recruitment of UNV peace advisers and conflict resolution facilitators. This project is being run successfully out of the SRSG's office, extending public awareness of the reconciliation process. It includes use of the mass media to promote understanding, and brings local actors together to work for peaceful solutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tasks undertaken by UN volunteers all fit into the spectrum which has 'crisis' et one end end 'development' at the other. The work, moreover, is undertaken in partnership-with civil society (NGOs and community-based organisations), government departments, UN agencies and regional international organisations (such as the KU).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through efforts that aim to link relief, rehabilitation and development, new productive partnerships are emerging to enhance coherence, coordination and complementarily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The growth of professionalism&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;30 years ago, the typical profile of an international volunteer was that of a generalist graduate from an industrialised country seeking first-time experience abroad before settling down to a career. Over time, the governments of developing countries made clear their need for practical and often specialised skills aimed at giving them the ability to manage their own programmes. They increasingly expressed impatience at hosting untrained volunteers. Professionalism became the key word. Unfortunately, the word 'volunteer' is still a source of confusion: it is often equated with 'amateur'. This is a perception that now needs to be corrected. The personnel sent out by most agencies that supply volunteers are likely to be in their thirties, with post-graduate qualifications and several years' practical experience in their fields. The typical UNV specialist is an example par excel/ence of this trend: 39 years of age, holding a Master's degree and with more than ten years of experience in a particular discipline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was not just the dedication, but also the professionalism of the hundreds of UN Volunteers serving in Mozambique that impressed Aldo Ajello, the former UN Special Representative in Mozambique (now EU Special Envoy for the Great Lakes Region). 'If I were to run another mission,' he said, 'I would ask immediately for volunteers.' In terms of monitoring-which was vital in building up the trust and confidence needed to ensure the election results were accepted-'UNV electoral officers were our only real presence and they proved to be extremely professional.' ~ T.N. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Study by the World Wide Fund for Nature&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Structural adiustment, the environment, and sustainable development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by David Reed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On 29 May, David Reed of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) was in Brussels to present the results of a study undertaken by the WWF, with the support of the European Commission, the longterm consequences of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) on the environment and the use of nature/ resources. Conclusions were drawn from nine country case studies from Cameroon, Mall Tanzania, Zambia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Venezuela, Vietnam and Pakistan. We publish here an abridged version of Mr Reed's general presentation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAPs, often implemented at the instigation of the international financial institutions, have responded to the pervasive economic problems of the 1980s and to profound changes in the economy in recent decades. The programmes have generally been successful in improving macroeconomic indicators in developing countries. The marketorientation of economies has been increased through liberalised trade and capital flows, privatisation, reductions in regulation and price setting, and cuts in government budgets and programmes. For most developing countries, these changes were essential to economic recovery and adjustment to the new global marketplace.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sustainable development in the social, economic, and environmental sense, has, however, been ignored in SAPs. Many reform programmes have been accompanied by increases in poverty and unemployment, worsening income distribution, and the collapse of social services, environmental protection and state institutional capacities. These immediate costs of adjustment inhibit countries' long-term ability to expand productivity and employment opportunities, as natural resources are exploited indiscriminately to meet short-term needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environmental impacts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The environmental effects of structural adjustment vary from country to country depending on the specific components of the reform package, the structure of the economy, and the implementation process. The WWF's country case studies reveal particular mechanisms through which structural adjustment has altered resource-use patterns. Some more general patterns also emerge from the studies. Everywhere, cuts in government institutions and funding have reduced the state's capacity to facilitate the transition process, to compensate for market failures, and to provide for long-term and social sustainability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many reforms associated with structural adjustment have the potential to improve both environmental and economic outcomes. However, the failure to implement complementary environmental policies or strengthen institutions and regulations, has created a very mixed environmental record. Increases in poverty, greater production incentives, and the loss of government regulatory capacity, have all aggravated patterns of poor resource use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Extractive and agricultural economies generally increased production in response to greater exposure to global markets. Without proper policies in place, this increase has put a strain on fragile ecosystems. Environmental pressures include increased land degradation and deforestation for agriculture, livestock and timber production; increased production of non-renewables without long-term investment of the proceeds or environmental safeguards; and increased pollution and damage to the ecosystem from unregulated tourism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The burden of fiscal retrenchment and price changes under structural adjustment have fallen most heavily on the poor, particularly women. The strong association between poverty and environmental degradation has been revealed, as efforts to maintain livelihoods have led to deforestation, land degradation, overhunting and other pressures on endangered species, as well as the unmanaged extraction of nonrenewable resources. Increasing poverty and unemployment associated with adjustment has also added to population pressures in urban areas with insufficient infrastructure exacerbating problems of pollution, disease and congestion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The implications of disregarding the environmental and social impact of adjustment are examined in the various case studies. Structural adjustment has been sustained by the promise that market-orientation and export-led - growth will raise living standards. Evidence from the studies, however, strongly suggests that long-term productive capacity is being destroyed by short-term exploitation of natural resources. Not only environmental but also economic and social sustainability are threatened by the loss of environmental goods and services. Drawing down natural capital has been encouraged by government policies that promote exports and open resources up to international markets. And the process is accelerated by the growing population of poor and unemployed who rely on natural resources for survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recommendations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following its study, the WWF offers a series of recommendations to reduce the environmental costs of structural adjustment and economic integration, and to reorient structural adjustment aims towards sustainable development. Most urgently, environmental issues must be integrated into structural economic reforms - environmental assessments must become part of the programmes. A strategic vision of the role that natural resources and environmental goods and services could play in the transformation of developing economies is essential to designing appropriate strategies. Efforts to industrialise economies must include consideration of the environmental implications. Social services and environmental institutions must be maintained during the adjustment process to prevent increases in poverty and environmental degradation that have both short-term and long-term consequences for development. Essential services include credit and marketing support to small farmers, income-generating opportunities for women, food-assistance programmes, and promotion of distributional equity. The state's role in providing services which neither the private sector nor civil society can provide, must be maintained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the great variety in economic structures and in the capacity of markets and civil society among developing countries, adjustment strategies and government roles must be tailored to each case. Everywhere, countries must implement national institutional reforms for environmental management. Civil society must be strengthened to allow participation in the adjustment process. International financial institutions promoting and designing SAPs must reform their policies and approaches to implementation in the light of the clear evidence that macroeconomic reforms are having a profound effect on the environment and on the possibilities for sustainable development. Continuing failure to correct these problems on a national level accentuates the concern for addressing issues of sustainability on a global level. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.R. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Culture and society</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Why a Biennial Festival of Contemporary African Art?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dak'Art 96&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first World Festival of Negro Art, held in 1966, was essentially a political exercise. In the post-independence period, it was felt necessary to show the world that the people of Africa (both the continent and the diaspora), had a rich culture which had long been suppressed. The festival - which has never been repeated-is viewed with a great deal of nostalgia by supporters of modern African art and black intellectuals. The better, brighter future, which seemed at the time to be just over the horizon, never quite lived up to expectation. Even before financing problems had surfaced, the festival's fate had already been sealed by petty political rivalries and a greedy pursuit of the limelight. Years later, attempts to relaunch the event met with a lukewarm reception. It was already the beginning of the end as far as ideologies were concerned. In complete contrast, Dak'Art 96 (Dakar, 915 May 1996) set its sights firmly on the market place, nowadays the yardstick by which all success is measured. Its goals were simple: to break into the art market and overcome the generally held prejudice that contemporary African art lacks modernity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An international market for African art does exist, but it concerns itself solely with ancient art- and Africa itself profits little from such trade. Indeed, it would be more accurate to speak of plundering than of trade. The seminar, organised last year by the Terveuren Museum in Brussels on the looting of African works of art, revealed the true extent of the phenomenon. Despite the fact that pirated works fetch considerable sums on the black market, contemporary African artists are faced with a 'Catch-22' situation. Major galleries in Europe, America and Japan do not exhibit their work because African art is ignored by the leading art periodicals; and their work never appears in these publications because it is never exhibited. One reason for the fact that African art is not put on show is that virtually no funds are allocated by international institutions to sponsor exhibitions by the artists in question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many third-world governments do not dare, are unwilling or are unable to include culture on their list of priorities within international cooperation agreements. One exception is Burkina Faso which now boasts a cinema industry as a result. Senegal is trying to follow in its footsteps. But there are not many places in Africa where artists are promoted for the quality of their creative output. The majority of initiatives have, in fact, been on a voluntary basis. The magazine Revue Noire is one of the most significant examples of this approach. A group of aficionados of contemporary African art - indeed with a passion for art pure and simple, whether African or European-decided to try and break the vicious circle. They looked at two options: the establishment of an art gallery of worldwide renown or of an equally prestigious arts publication, and came down in favour of the latter. Thus Revue Noire was born. However, its success was generally given very slim odds: it was seen as too glossy, too expensive and too intellectual. The sub-text here of course, is that a publication about African art had no right to be glossy, expensive or intellectual, especially since the money could have been used for something far more 'useful' to the development of these countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Others, such as Marie-Claire Mwanza from l'Espace Alizes in Brussels, have attacked the problem from a different angle-by exhibiting contemporary African art. Prior to her initiative, there was not a single gallery in Brussels that specialised in this sector of the market, and there are still none that figure on the shopping lists of the world's great collectors. Whatever the price set for a contemporary African work, it is generally perceived as being too high. The contrast with the prices demanded for works by even the youngest European or American artists, even for their very first exhibitions, speaks volumes. African art is too expensive in relation to what exactly ? The answer is in relation to the status accorded to it, which is of course determined by the art world. In other words, a big fat zero if one considers the fact that African art is never exhibited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thanks to Revue Noire, African art has been brought to the major galleries of the Western world. Similar projects have been launched or are in the process of being launched in various countries of the West, such as the magazine NKA in Brooklyn, for example. Exhibition organisers, museums, galleries and those looking to stage art festivals now know on whose door to knock, and the last few months have proved extremely promising. The Guggenheim Museum in New York is currently hosting a major exhibition of African art, and Africa 95, held in London, was swiftly followed by Copenhagen 96. The Guggenheim Museum, moreover, is in a completely different league to the Museum of African and Oceanic Art in Paris or the Museum of Central Africa in Tervueren, Belgium (formerly the Colonial Museum)-it is one of the world's most prestigious temples of modern art. What is more, London's Africa 95, which was so disparaged by African art specialists, who considered it nothing more than a meeting place for traders, did, whether we like it or not, act as a significant catalyst. And what about pirated works of art, such as those plundered from the Niger Valley ? These have found a 'home' in public as well as private collections, pointing to a real need to 'clean out the Augean stables'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few African artists are beginning to get themselves known within 'the market', but there are still not enough of them. It was with great foresight that the organisers of Dak'Art placed these artists at the top of their invitation list. Another shrewd move was to invite the art market's arbiters of taste to select those African artists who should present solo exhibitions, and to ask celebrated art critics and collectors to form part of the international panel of judges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is probably true to say that Africa has rarely known such a dynamic period of creativity which places it at the forefront of global aesthetic trends. The aim of the Biennial Festival was to underline this fact beyond any doubt. Among those artists who are currently in a position to break into the market, the Senegalese sculptor, Ousmane Sow, probably heads the list. Paradoxically, however, Ousmane Sow's work was not presented at Dakar although he himself was there, his tall, striking figure standing out from the crowd. Despite the fact that he lent his support to Dak'Art 96 and that the opening gala was partly dedicated to him with the magnificent film of Beatrice Soule, Ousmane Sow resolutely refused to display his own work. He has no wish to take part in gatherings of 'African artists'. He is an artist and he is African, but he is not an 'African artist'. 'A Japanese artist is a contemporary artist in this universal world', he argues, 'so why should I allow myself to be pigeon-holed in a ghetto ?' No matter how satisfied and pleased champions of contemporary African art may be with the organisation behind the Biennial Festival, they cannot deny that Ousmane Sow has a point. Having said this, there is no contradiction here, but rather a complementary vision. Sow's stance and the idea behind Dak'Art are part of a two-pronged attack, to borrow a military term. The organisers of the Biennial and Sow himself doubtless saw it in this way, and decided to join forces.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Each time Beatrice Soule tackles the work of an artist, she explores it in a very unusual way, reinventing the arts documentary. Her films are reminiscent of the music of Nino Rota in Fe//ini's films, Rota subjugating himself to the service of the director's work, sublimating his own originality through this extreme humility. It is impossible to picture the images of Federico Fellini without Rota's haunting music. Beatrice Soule saw in Sow's work a love affair between an artist and his sculpture, coming up with the idea of placing Sow's sculptures in the savannah and imagining the intimate interaction between Africa's natural world, which is at the heart of the artist's inspiration, and his works, which the natural world is able to absorb back into itself. The result of this juxtaposition is that the physical work of art is eclipsed by sheer creative force and spirit. The genius behind the work becomes the work, merges with it and is reincarnated in it. The one thing that Soule did not film was Ousmane Sow himself, her images concentrating solely on the creative act. It would be illusory to attempt to explain a Beatrice Soule film, especially this film. When she unveils how the artist tames physical matter, reinventing materials in order to create a work of art, technique simply recedes into the background, becoming blurred and intangible. Whereas others would have adopted a scientific or factual approach, her camera perceives the abstract aspects of the piece-and its gestation. The film was due to be broadcast on the international FrancoGerman arts channel Arte. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If Ousmane Sow's sculptures are characterised by their gigantic proportions, then those of Georges Adeagbo, a Beninois artist whose name is also beginning to be heard in the commercial art establishment, are characterised by their 'fugacity'. Adeagbo's artistic constructions are as fleeting as puffs of smoke, like voodoo symbols scratched out in the sand. His art is symbolic and ephemeral. Once one of his works has been exhibited, all that remains of it is a hollow shell which he has to reinvent over and over again. Adeagbo constructs ideas, using a host of assorted materials which he painstakingly selects over months, even years. Yet despite the meticulous care with which they are put together, as far as the artist is concerned, the materials per se are of no importance. He could convey exactly the same idea using other elements. An Adeagbo piece is not merely a pile of objects. It is neither conceptual art, nor scrap art. It consists rather of 'installations' which rise and spread outwards. Sometimes, he uses specially constructed sculptures. At other times he employs everyday objects- shoes, saucepans, stones, spectacles or footballs. He also works with written material; manuscripts, parchment, pieces of newspaper and books, portraying the written word as both a creative force and a deceptive screen. Adeagbo himself is a man of few words. Perpetually crouched on the ground, he constructs, modifies, touches and observes his creations. Why should these constructions remind us so much of paintings? They are as much a pile of objects as a painting is an accumulation of layers of paint. It is by forgetting the paint that we are able to admire the picture and it is by looking beyond the materials used by Adeagbo that his work truly reveals itself. Indeed, it is a sign of his genius as an artist that the materials never intrude upon our contemplation of his work. In Dakar, Adeagbo's work was shown in the AIDS exhibition organised by Revue Noire. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another artist who took part in the AIDS exhibition, and whose art could well be the impetus behind the new universal aesthetic, the avant-garde (if such a concept has a meaning), is Pascale Marthine Tayou from Cameroon. He was given the honour of presenting one of the five solo exhibitions. Tayou was sponsored by Yakuyi Kawagushi, the curator of the Setagaya Museum in Tokyo, who exhibited his work at the forum organised within the overall framework of the exhibition. While the term 'installation' may best describe the works of Georges Adeagbo's, Tayou's work falls unquestionably under the heading of sculpture. This is despite the fact that the two artists use virtually identical materials. Tayou sculpts from wood, covering his pieces with all manner of manufactured and salvaged objects such as shoes, nails, plastic bags and enormous condoms, or with natural objects such as bits of roots and stones. He then paints the arrangement. The work is dense, unyielding and mesmerising, often etching itself into the onlooker's mind. His sculpture lacks heavy ornamentation, yet its starkness has a rich quality, the theme encompassed by a jumble of material standing out clearly, like the outline of a silhouette. Take his work 'Fight against AIDS'. The piece consists of a wooden frame in the shape of figure-of-eight, with each horizontal line doubled, defining a key element in a tragic body with bulging eyes and a Pere Ubu belly. In contrast to this suffocatingly tragic figure, the brightly-coloured shoes of a Harlequin with a faded costume offer a comical note.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were other creators who could well ruffle a few feathers in the art market that ultimately makes or breaks an artist: Tamsir Dia of Cote d'lvoire (whose screaming figures are reminiscent of Munch), Cheikh Niass of Senegal, Mathilde Moro of Cote d'lvoire and Abdoulaye Konate of Mali. The last mentioned was honoured with the highest award of the festival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A decision was taken that Dak'Art 96 should encompass other areas of creativity, such as music, design and fashion, in addition to the visual arts. At the gala evening held to inaugurate the Festival, there was a fashion show choreographed in the manner of a ballet. The staging of this can only be described as mawkish. The audience were treated neither to a real performance, nor to a good fashion show. The second fashion spot, which was supposed to present an overview of African design, was also quite pitiful. If the event's organisers decide to keep these parallel areas of creativity in the Festival, then their decision will be solely thanks to the success of the International Design Exhibition. Apart from two or three 'exotic' pieces, this was generally of a very high standard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community's choice in awarding the prize for creativity to a designer, Vincent Amian Namien from the Cote d'lvoire, was particularly revealing. This artist strips everything down to its bare essentials, creating a line that is so purified as to leave only the quintessence of form. Thus, he creates a chair that is nothing more than a perfect metal triangle, with four boards and four metal wires-and yet offers perfect comfort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Claire Kane, a fashion designer of Franco-Senegalese descent, had the verve to go it alone and show her collection at the prestigious Salon of Design. Her clothes are characterised by the rejection of all superfluous detail, achieving a fluid line that stylises movement. Following an aesthetic code that has been decanted from the melting pot of the collective costume heritage of the entire continent, Claire Kane is directly involved in the creation of her designs, from the weaving of the cloth to the last finishing touches. In fact, she admits that her true passion is fabric rather than fashion, her favourite material being woven pagne. She often uses silk-screen printing to introduce pattern. She then adds words to the patterns in her designs and, abracadabra, one would think that this is the way it has always been done in Africa. A subtle modernity, combining both past and future, seems to be a recurring motif in African creativity. International artists, still few in number, travel from Dakar to be dressed by her.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If, in the future, the Festival's organisers decide to concentrate solety on the visual arts, this would come as no surprise. On the other hand, it would also make sense to continue to include design and fashion. A country's cultural heritage should be considered one of its raw materials and a source of economic wealth, and unimaginative accountants may have to resign themselves to this fact. Herein lies a possible answer to the question: 'why hold a Biennial Festival of Contemporary African Art?'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegei Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acting against AIDS</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Robert Rowe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many ways of raising money to fight AlDS have been tried, but one of the most unusual must surely be the approach taken by an official of the European Commission. Robert Rowe, who until last year was an assistant editor on The Courier, put on a oneman show in Brussels and then rook it to the other side of the world to raise money for a voluntary organisation working on AIDS prevention and care in Malaysia. Here is his story of fighting the virus with the power of the theatre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'By the year 2000, South-East Asia will be host to the majority of the world's AIDS cases.' So runs a stark prediction from the World Health Organisation, quoted in a recent paper from a grouping of NGOs affiliated to the Malaysian AIDS Foundation. It goes on to predict that 'the region faces a potential HIV spread of titanic proportions.' In Thailand, a country with a large population and a sad reputation for prostitution, the HIV threat was recognised relatively early and effective public awareness campaigns have successfully reversed the rise in the incidence of infection. But in neighbouring Malaysia, where stricter religious and social attitudes have inhibited wide public discussion of the disease and its methods of transmission, over 13000 people were HIV-positive at the last count-and that is just the figure derived from the small percentage of the population who have been tested. Activists say the true number is certainly higher and it is growing every day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first cases of HIV in Malaysia were found among intravenous drug users and sex workers, and one of the earliest organisations to begin working with people engaged in these high-risk activities was Pink Triangle. This is a voluntary, non-profit-making body which started up in 1987 by setting up AIDS prevention and support programmes for and with the general public and the gay community. Its name, in fact, refers to the pink triangle badge which men sent to concentration camps in Nazi Germany for homosexuality were made to wear. The group has always depended heavily on volunteers to plan and carry out its programmes, which now also involve running a support group for people with HIV or AIDS and a street outreach programme and drop-in centre providing AIDS information, basic medical care, temporary shelter and food for sex workers, injecting drug users and transsexuals. The centre can also provide legal referrals for members of these groups summonsed to appear in court. For the general public, talks, workshops and poster and photo exhibitions are held in schools, hospitals, factories, youth and corporate organisations and other NGOs. Pink Triangle trains its volunteers, too, to provide counselling and information about AIDS and sexuality to anyone who calls up on a confidential telephone line.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work is serious and vital, but the atmosphere is far from gloomy in Pink Triangle's premises in a lively part of the Malaysian capital, Kuala Lumpur. Though funding comes from several sources at home and abroad, including the European Union, the organisation still has to generate a lot of its own money, and one successful method they have used is to put on imaginative events where fund-raising can be combined with an opportunity to raise public awareness. Last December, for example, they marked the week surrounding World AIDS Day with a string of shows, dance parties, talk-ins and street activities called Pinkfest '95. In venues all over the town, and on television and radio, well-known personalities joined a hundred of Pink Triangle's own speakers and performers to provide education without moralising. The aim was to personalise the issue of AIDS by showing how anyone could be at risk, but at the same time dealing in facts, not fear. Thousands of attractively designed and very frank leaflets and posters put across the virus-busting message in catchy graphics and pithy phrases in several languages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I happened to be in Kuala Lumpur around New Year and saw a video of some of the Pinkfest highlights which set me thinking how admirable an impression of solidarity and self-help the anti-AIDS struggle in Malaysia conveys, and to wondering whether, back in Brussels, it might not be possible for us in Europe to do something to help. It particularly impressed and touched me that while Pink Triangle delivers its message to every single member of Malaysian society, it makes quite clear, even by its name, that it has a special care for some of that society's most downtrodden members, people for whom no one else had ever ventured to speak. Public silence, opprobrium and ridicule make it especially hard to get the safe-sex message through to gay men, especially the young, to transsexuals and sex workers, and as long as there is no cure the only way of containing the spread of infection is by education- and by changing social attitudes. The many women whose husbands or partners are careless about infection also stand to benefit from greater openness and more factual information. But organising all this takes money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It happens that among the multinational English-speaking expatriate community in Brussels there is a thriving amateur theatre scene-in fact they say that if two British people found themselves on an otherwise deserted island, one would immediately put on a play for the other, and the same seems to hold true of the Irish and the North Americans. However, it was less certain that anyone apart from me would want to exert themselves, for the many weeks required to stage a production, on behalf of an AIDS charity in a remote Asian country, so l decided to go ahead by myself and perform a one-man comedy. The play was Brief Lives; it has nothing whatever to do with AIDS, but in its day it was a huge success in London and New York. Adapted in the 1960s by the British actor Patrick Garland from the dusty old memoirs of a real historical figure, John Aubrey, it depicts a day in the life of this 1 7th-century English scientist, historian and wit. As he potters about, an extremely old man, in a garret full of manuscripts and curios, he reminisces about his contemporaries in hilarious and touching vignettes, the potted biographies which give the play its name. Aubrey died in penury, but the picture he gives of a vanished age is now reckoned to be the equal of the record we find in the diary of the better-known Samuel Pepys.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also a great deal funnier, and when I showed the script to various friends I was astounded and moved to discover how many of them wanted to be involved in the project. Eventually we put together a team headed by the director, Anne Wilkinson, a music impresario married to a coal expert from the European Commission, with production, design, stage management, lighting, sound effects, costume, music and offstage voices-not to mention publicity and box office-provided by other friends from the European institutions or the private sector. The five performances were given in June in a small theatre just adapted from a pottery workshop, and altogether the Brussels showing made a profit of some 110 000 Belgian francs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We had expected just to send this donation to Pink Triangle through the post, but to our immense pleasure they said they would like to see not just the money but, if possible, the play too. By ingenious compression the designer, Burt Baum, managed to cut the essentials of the set down to three sheets painted to give a three-dimensional effect, we put the voices and music on cassette, rolled up the costume tightly and worked out that the whole play, thus reduced, could be got into one suitcase. There is a little theatre company in the Pacific ACP state of Vanuatu called Wan Smol (One Small) Bag which actually gave me this idea. So off I went to Kuala Lumpur with this bag, and did the play another five times there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The staging in Malaysia was done by an adventurous outfit called Instant Cafe Theatre. This young company has a reputation for pushing forward the boundaries of public discussion with topical plays and supports Pink Triangle's aims and work. Brief Lives was well outside their usual repertoire, as well as being spoken in the English of 300 years ago. My worry was that bringing such a Western and Eurocentric entertainment might be resented as cultural imperialism in a country with three great and fascinating cultures of its own, Malay, Chinese and Indian, each with its own style of drama. But it turned out there was a local tradition of amateur dramatics in English, particularly Shakespeare, and that English is the usual lingua franca for speakers of different Asian languages. What went down unexpectedly well was the depiction of an old man nearing death and reviewing the best moments of his life; as the character puts it in the play, 'When a boy, I did always love to converse with old men, as living histories,' and Maiaysians have a particular regard and affection for the elderly. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I came away from Kuala Lumpur with many charming memories: the unfailing, sweet-natured enthusiasm of the audience; the relief on the first night as I stood on stage in a floor-length costume of three layers, designed to suggest London in midwinter rather than to cope with the equatorial heat of the Malay peninsula, and realised that the stage was air conditioned. The night when this air conditioning blew out a vital candle on the stage, and a man in the front row lent me his highly un-17th-century lighter to get my clay pipe going. The Chinese friend who gave me a genuine antique opium pipe to add to John Aubrey's collection of exotic curios. The delicious succession of Asian chicken dishes which the stage manager produced for me to eat on stage, cooked in very un-English coconut milk or glazed with rice wine. The work permit which specified I could perform as an artiste but must not 'sit out' or dance with the audience! The theatre's resident singer asking if she could add the play's Elizabethan theme song, with lute accompaniment, to her repertoire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taking this play to another continent was a fascinating cultural experience for me as a European, and I hope for the audiences too it was something more than just a painless way of being relieved of money in a deserving cause. At any rate the theatre asked if they could have another play soon, one in which Malaysian actors could be incorporated as well. As for Pink Triangle, some of its leading lights were packing their bags to go to Vancouver for this year's International AIDS Conference, but before they left it was a pleasure to hand over the proceeds of the whole venture and to hear that the organisation will use the money to develop a drop-in centre for people approaching them in person for the first time. Some first-timers are understandably timid about coming to the unfamiliar (and clearly signposted) premises for help or information, and a private space where they can talk in confidence is something Pink Triangle has always wanted to provide but could never find the funds for, as the project or programme money they get from their regular donors is invariably tied to what outsiders might think were more urgent priorities. It is not only the headline grabbing schemes which have useful effects: a quietly welcoming space where someone can be himself or herself may do more to dispel an individual's fear and ignorance than publicly visible campaigning, especially where religious and social pressures against certain types of nonconformity are strong. In fighting HIV/AIDS, we must try whatever works. And empowerment must begin with the self. It was a great privilege to be welcomed in like any other volunteer wanting to help bring about a necessary change. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.R. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA-Bulletin</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Earthen architecture</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Materials, techniques and knowledge at the service of new architectural applications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Hugo Houben and Hubert Guilland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major building material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The importance - both in quantity and quality- of unbaked earth constructions in the world is very little known. Believed to be of ancient origin, (it is associated with the early civilisations of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus and Huang He), nowadays, earth is not usually regarded as a major building material. This is despite the fact that it continues to leave an undeniable and distinctive imprint on the architectural landscapes, both rural and urban, of many countries. Unbaked earth is still, in fact, a major building material, being used extensively by people to erect homes and other buildings. Although sites of human occupation have seen constant regeneration with the passage of time, unbaked earth construction has persisted. Excavated from the soil itself, and moulded by the hand of man (or trampled by beasts of burden), the result is a building material which is used in all forms of construction-from simple huts and modest homes, to farm buildings, large houses, urban blocks, religious edifices, castles and palaces. The skills employed are based on knowledge acquired and refined over a long period of time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A contemporary building material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the use of earth in so called 'advanced' countries has declined in the 40 years since the end of the Second World War, in the developing countries it has continued unabated. In the former, the industrialisation of construction and other sweeping changes have rendered obsolete ancient techniques based on the use of local skills and materials, and on mutual help within communities. In the latter, various factors have dictated the continuing use of locally available solutions, materials and knowledge. These include shortages of processed materials (which are costly in both foreign currency and imported energy terms), the widening of the development 'gap', the accumulation of debt contracted within the international monetary system and the survival of local life-styles in which people are accustomed to coming to get her for mutual help for survival. In these countries, which have no industrial means, and which are to be found in various latitudes across the world, earth remains the main-if not the only- building material. Do these circumstances mean that it is a poor material, fashioned using outmoded techniques and unsuitable for promoting the development which is so necessary? The answer to this question is a clear 'no'. On the contrary, the materials and techniques involved are generally of a high standard. They can ensure true architectural quality, allowing communities to continue creating their private or public living environments, and to integrate their buildings into a coherent framework of self-generated development which makes the most of the resources available, both human and material. In fact, scientific and architectural research into earth as a building material, and on related building techniques, has made considerable progress in recent decades. Combined with investments made by industrialists and construction companies, the result is that we now have a wide range of properly mastered production procedures and technical solutions available. These offer great flexibility in meeting a wide range of possible applications.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Making a mark on world architecture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recent global surveys, although partial (covering about 30% of the world's housing), have given us an indication of how extensively earth is used in construction. In developing countries alone, 50% of the rural population and 20% of those living in urban areas are believed to be concerned. The figures, which are drawn from the combined data of statistical surveys in various areas, and from bibliographical information, almost certainly underestimate the true position. They show, for example, that 60% of the housing in Peru is in moulded bricks or rammed earth. 83% of the houses in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, are made of earth. More than 70%of India's housing stock is constructed out of moulded earth bricks or using successive layers of earth, and these buildings provide shelter for nearly six hundred million people. In France, many rural dwellings are built from unbaked earth and one finds, for instance, that in the Dauphine region, up to 90% of the buildings in certain villages are made out of rammed 'pise' earth. Finally, in California, there were estimated to be almost 200 000 'adobe' (sun-dried earth brick) dwellings by 1980 and the use of this material was growing at the rate of 30% a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Closer examination reveals that the whole world bears the indelible stamp of earthen architecture. Earth is used in Africa-in humble shelters built on leased land and in the great granaries of the continent. It is found in the palaces of the Hausa emirs of Nigeria, the ksours and kasbahs of Morocco and the mosques of Mali. In the Middle East, you come auoss it in the tightly-packed neighbourhoods of Ispahan and Iran, the fortified dwellings of Najran in Saudi Arabia, the multi-storey earth blocks of Shibam and the valley of the Hadramaut in Yemen. In Europe, there are the mouded brick farms of Aquitaine and the baroque and neo-classical castles of the Saone valley. And bringing in other parts of the world, we might mention the pueblos of the New Mexico Indians, and the houses built by the Hakkas in the Chinese province of Fujian, laid out in their characteristic concentric circles. The use of unbaked earth in building may be seen as a vestige of past history, but it is actually a living framework for history in the making.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Realistic uses for the future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Confronted with the energy crisis of the 1970s, oil-dependent industrialised countries were forced to look again at tried and tested technical solutions which were now proving to be too 'energy-greedy'. The building sector did not escape this reappraisal and the search began for ways of reducing energy consumption both at source (covering the production and use of building materials) and further down the production chain (maintenance). Research on biomass and solar energy ran in parallel with experiments to update traditional materials and to attempt to rationalise the production process. Earth again became a focus of interest, with government institutions supporting a considerable amount of new research and experimentation. This covered applications in both the industrialised world and in developing countries, research for the latter being undertaken in the context of bilateral or multilateral cooperation. With the threat to the ecological balance posed by pollution, degradation and the plundering of natural areas, this interest in developing materials and techniques that are inherently friendly to the environment has not lessened. In many places, people are becoming increasingly involved in controlling and managing their living environment. The field has been opened up by qualitative research, a new awareness of the available options and an increase in leisure time. With techniques now at hand that are easy to use and economical, a greater measure of (partial or complete) selfhelp building is now possible. The USA, Australia and Germany all encourage new forms of intervention in building which give greater responsibility to the occupier in the creation of his living environment. Viewed from this perspective, earth as a building material has definite advantages and plays an important role.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In developing countries, burdened by debt and confronted by an urgent need to build on a scale unprecedented in history, imported materials, techniques and energy are largely inaccessible to the majority of people, and their use may contribute to promoting 'bad' development. Building with earth emerges as an efficient shortterm way of producing houses or public buildings such as schools, which are both economical and of high quality (being culturally and climatically suitable). Decision-makers in these countries are well aware of this and have mobilised 'upstream' feasibility studies in their education and public housing programmes. The research covers local resources and knowledge, and the use of labour intensive techniques that generate employment and enable the population gradually to become 'monetarised'. The days of costly experimentation, often with no practical result, are now over. A new confidence in the resources that are available must be encouraged. There needs to be an increase in building completions and those who built them need more training. Today, this is happening in Mexico (850 earthen houses recently built in the state of Zacatecas) and in Burkina Faso (6000 school classrooms constructed by 1995.) No fewer than forty million homes will have to be built between now and the year 2000 for the urban population of Africa alone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies show that for most of the people involved, there is no choice but to employ local materials, most often earth. One can thus predict that at least 20% of urban and pert-urban housing in African countries (about eight million units), will be built in earth over the next ten years, at a rate of eight hundred thousand units per year. If demand from rural areas is added to this, one gets some idea of the scale of the task facing decision-makers and builders. The use of earth and other locally available materials is unavoidable, and should be encouraged.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environmental advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is particularly important to enumerate the many advantages of building in unbaked earth from the point of view of the environment. This issue, one of the contemporary problems facing society, is increasingly moving centre-stage, and in the future, it is sure to play a greater part in political, economic, social and cultural strategies linked to the planning and improvement of the quality of life. Here we refer to the concept of the environment in the widest sense of the word, ecological, economic, technical, health-wise and psychological, cultural and human.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the ecological environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In terms of pollution and degradation, unbaked earth offers a highly positive picture:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not contribute to the deforestation which results, for example, from the use of organic resources for firing baked earth materials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not consume any nonrenewable energy (oil, gas, etc.) at source for the processing and production of materials, or further down the production line in their application. This is in sharp contrast to the production of cement, lime and other conventional binding materials, and steel.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- By exploiting strata on construction sites, it allows a considerable saving in energy for the transport of materials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not contribute to a degradation of the landscape as does the extraction of minerals and ores which hollows out hillsides and creates open cast sites. A great deal of the earth excavated in the course of large public works (notably roads and motorways) can be recycled and used in building (allowing very easy decentralised distribution).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not contribute to the diminution of resources of aggregates such as gravel and sand, excavated either from quarries or from water courses, in insular sites or lagoons. The latter can endanger the ecological balance of these natural environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It uses very little water which is essential for the life of the people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It produces no industrial or chemical waste and has the additional advantage of being almost entirely recyclable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the economic environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It is often comparable in cost with, or indeed more economic than competing technologies and requires no major financial mobilisation for its generally light production infrastructure. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It guarantees rapid amortisement thresholds for bankable investments thanks to its low infrastructure requirements for usable production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It contribution to local flexibility, being readily susceptible to a decentralised approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Throughout the production process, it creates employment and monetary added-value which can be injected for development purposes into other sectors of the economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- By allowing savings in energy and foreign currency, it contributes at the macro and micro economic levels of the building sector, to a considerable reduction in developing countries' debt and to the balance of payments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the technical environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It has thermophysical and hydric properties (good conductivity, energy retention capacity, thermal differential, delayed temperature differences etc.) which help ensure comfortable temperatures:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It normally only requires simple production and application tools (moulds, presses, light shuttering, normal masonry tools, etc.) which are widely accessible to masons and self-help builders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of health and the psychological environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Not only non-polluting in its use, it also guarantees the absence of harmful effects in the context of daily life (no gaseous emissions or other toxic chemical components, radioactive emissions etc.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It contributes to psychological wellbeing by the architectural exploitation of its inherent characteristics; these include the surface texture, colour, form and luminosity of the material. It thus makes an active contribution to the beauty of the living environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the cultural and human environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It maintains the traditional architecture heritage of the area in question through the use of local materials and thus plays a part in the respect for, as well as the survival and updating of, cultural, architectural and urban environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It allows local populations to take charge of the production of their built environment and thus contributes to the expression of the democratic rights of all to control their living environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future of earth on the move&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In her work entitled 'A Fate Worse than Debt' (Penguin Books, 1988), the famous political commentator, Susan George, analysed the debt situation of developing countries and attempted to determine the basis for a positive resolution of the problem. Her approach focused in particular on solutions involving repayment in creative values or 'in kind' rather than in strictly monetary means. At the end of her analysis, she put forward eleven potential solutions to allow this repayment in kind and to launch a coherent approach for the development of less advanced societies. One of these recommendations was that it would be necessary to develop 'the study and survey (and if necessary the improvement) of local building techniques, in particular earth architecture ('pise' or 'banco').' Ms George argued that new buildings, particularly public ones, should be constructed using these techniques.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear that various solutions are being considered for the future: one in which building with earth, using a wide range of local techniques, will have a new technological, social, cultural, ecological, economic and political role of paramount importance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Various methods of utilisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The technical, constructional and architectural possibilities of earth are very extensive. The study of popular traditions and of traditional knowledge throughout the world has enabled some 18 different methods of utilisation of the material to be identified, each in itself capable of being applied in a wide variety of ways. This wide construction potential has enabled the building of modest shelters, village houses, urban blocks, religious edifices and palaces. This is not to say that other traditional materials do not have an important role, but the sheer diversity and flexibility of earthen architecture probably cannot be equalled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As was indicated earlier, the use of earth as a building material has given rise to numerous applications using a wide variety of production and construction techniques. Some of these techniques are still used in traditional construction many countries, some have been abandoned, while others have only recently been the subject of developmental experimentation. It is worth noting that there is a register of the principal techniques, mainly associated with processes using moulds, shuttering and direct shaping. The six most widely used techniques are: 'adobe', 'rammed earth', 'straw clay', 'wattle and daub', 'cob' and 'compressed blocks'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these six, three (wattle and daub, straw clay, and cob), are highly traditional, while the others (adobe, rammed earth and compressed earth blocks) have recently been the subject of spectacular evolution linked to the modernisation of production machinery and methods of application. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p094.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The use of earth&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The courierâs mailbag</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Plea for African solidarity&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thank you sincerely for your report on the second plenary of the Global Coalition for Africa which appeared in the March-April 1996 edition. As a 'displaced' Liberian, I would like to comment on some of the issues reported in the article.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First, I hope that Africans recognise and appreciate all that former President Jimmy Carter has done and continues to do for our beloved continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, I support the view of Ms Johnson-Sirleaf and President Afwerki of Eritrea that we, as Africans, must invest in ourselves and in productive endeavours in our own countries. However, given the number of civil wars, that have resulted in displacement of our peoples and migration of the labour force, it is imperative that we also begin to think of and recognise each other as Africans first - and only then as members of whatever ethnic group we belong to. As a Liberian with professional qualifications who relocated to Ghana in 1992, I met with opposition and resentment because of my nationality and sex. I subsequently went to the Caribbean where my acceptance as an African was easier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When there is a population movement, the psychological impact associated with feelings of rejection and intimidation is severe. Sub-Saharan Africa will never develop or reach its fullest potential until we begin to think and act as a united, yet diverse group of people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I agree that it is important to develop our homelands first, but in the case of Liberia, Burundi or Rwanda, where no one seems to understand the concept of peace or the idea of having a future, it is crucial that the displaced be respected and accepted as fellow Africans. It would be even better if we were afforded the opportunity to integrate and assimilate into society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ciata A. Bishop, Grand Cayman.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What about Guinea-Bissau ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I am a student from Guinea-Bissau reading international law and political science at the Social Science University in Toulouse. I have also been a faithful Courier reader for more than seven years. In the March-April issue of 1996, you published an article on fisheries by Anthony Acheampong entitled 'A vital food source in West Africa'. You gave the figures for fish production in 16 West African countries-but did not mention my native country! I should point out that Guinea-Bissau consumes and exports a great deal of fish, and the product is an important source of foreign exchange to the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.J. Alves d'Almada, Toulouse, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Media and democracy in Southern Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I refer to the article with the above title by Francis Caas which appeared in issue no. 154 of The Courier (November-December). I enjoyed reading the text which examined the emergence of a free press due to the advent of political liberalisation in the Southern African region. However, I wish to make a correction as to what I think is a misrepresentation of fact. The author said, and I quote: 'The installation of a democratic regime in 1994 (in Malawi) enabled the MBC to begin broadcasting in all languages spoken in the country'. This is not actually correct although the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation, apart from broadcasting in English and Chechewa, has since introduced Tumbuka on the radio. I felt it was important to put the record straight on this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Disher G.DJ. Pindani Lecturer in Public Administration, Chancellor College, Zomba, Malawi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corrigenda &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In issue no 157, a number of 'author' footnotes were inadvertently omitted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pascal Dotchevi, author of 'Togo: the victory of the taxi. bikes' (p.11) is a journalist on Kpakpa Desenchante, a satirical weekly published in LomÃ© &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Piritta Sorsa, author of 'Banking and securities' (p.13) works at the IMF office in Geneva.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yves Delafon, author of 'Developing consultancy work in the ACP countries' (p.15) is the director of a consultancy and President of the Federation of External Trade Associations in Provence/ Cote d'Azur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N'Gone Fall, author of 'Fashion; Out of Africa.. the breath of inspiration' (p.53) is a journalist.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also in issue 157, some errors appeared in the article entitled 'Sparks fly in Namibia'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the introductory section it was stated that secret harlots were held on resolutions relating to Nigeria, Niger and Sudan. This should have read Nigeria, Niger and Equatorial Guinea; a resolution on Sudan was passed by normal, open vote procedure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the heading 'The future of LomÃ©' the ACP Generai Rapporteur vvas refered to as Mr Firmin, which is the forename. The General Rapporteur's surname is Mr Jean-Louis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the fifth paragraph under the same heading, there was a reference to Helena Torres Couto. This should have read Mr Jose Manuel Torres Couto. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bibliography</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L'Afrique est-elle protectionniste- Les chemins buissonniers de la liberation exterieure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Is Africa protectionist ? Greater economic freedom via the maze)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Beatrice Hibou. Karthala Publications (22-24, boulevard Arago, F-75013 Paris). 1996. 334 pp. ISBN 286537-633-8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This volume offers a clearsighted analysis of the foreign trade policies of African states, fraud, smuggling and the way in which the franc zone operates, giving a definitive, reformulated account of structural adjustment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In her approach, the author is critical of both the liberal political economy and the new trends (the 'new political economy' end the neoinstitutionalist trends) which perpetuate the division between the economy and society. She refers to K Polanyi for whom Man's social relationships include economics and in whose opinion the economic system is managed as a function of non-economic motives.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From this starting point, Beatrice Hibou demonstrates the part played by the unexpected and the unintentional in economic policies as they currently exist, revealing that coherence in foreign-trade policies on the part of African countries is not an economic priority but a socio-political one. In this connection, she shows that structural adjustment programmes have been unsuccessful in making any real impact on protectionist practices, at least in terms of their political and historical bases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After an overview of (legal or illegal) foreign-trade practices in contemporary Africa, protectionism is clearly alive and well, although much less widely applied and effective than about a decade ago. The reduction in the State's legal powers has meant increased freedom for 'informal networks', various types of dispensation, and an increase in fraud and smuggling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the basis of Jean-Francois Bayart's opinion, dating from 1989, the author suggests that the explanation is to be found in the specific nature of Africa's economic history, which is one of independent means, a lack of production and management of dependency without the way in which it operates being affected. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Reality of Aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Independent review of international aid. Pub.: J. Randel and T. German. Earthscan Publications Ltd. (120, Pentonville Road, UK London N1 9JN). 1996. 244 pp. ISBN 1 85383 292 8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Reality of Aid (now an annual publication) compiled by two NGOs; Eurostep and ICVA, aims to highlight the extent to which donor aid helps developing nations, looking beyond the official publications of governments, banks and inter-governmental bodies. It contains a useful critique of the European Union's various aid policies and the respective bilateral policies of each of its 15 member states, as well as those of other Western nations like Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United States. This year's review highlights, in particular, the need to mount more projects to alleviate poverty, despite aid commitments becoming more scarce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It says, for example, 'Too much aid is being squandered by governments on projects which have more to do with commercial and political advantage than poverty eradication. Rigorous evaluation needs to identify those programmes which can make an impact -and aid must increasingly be directed only to these areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International aid to developing nations has fallen off over the years. In 1994, members of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee-21 of the world's richest countries-allowed their aid to fall to just 0.3 % of GNP, the lowest level for more than 20 years. The review stresses the need for donors to address in particular; policy coherence (environment, agriculture and consumption policies are all linked to poverty), the effectiveness of aid, the failure thus far to invest in people and the fact that the amount of assistance going to health and education is stagnating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The review also features analytical case studies of various donor activities in selected developing nations (India, Fiji, Cambodia, Peru, Zimbabwe) and looks at Western assistance to post communist countries in transition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A chapter on the European Union's current development policies, edited by Mirjam van Reisen, a Brussels-based Eurostep researcher, criticises the lack of coherence of EU aid with its Member States bilateral programmes-an issue which is likely to come more to the fore as other European nations join the Union in the next millennium. Ms van Reisen also claims that there are too few staff running the EU's development policies and suggests, in particular, that there is a lack of expertise in the social and poverty areas. She stresses the importance for the EU's political leaders of giving more political clout to the EU's development policies at the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC), which is currently engaged in revising the EU's treaties. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">News round-up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">In brief</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trafficking of women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European Commissioner for immigration policy and legal affairs, Anita Gradin, will set to work with fellow Commissioners over the coming months to draw up a European Union action programme to clamp down on the trafficking of women which she describes as, 'the modern slave trade'. This comes hot on the heels of the Vienna European conference on trafficking of women, held on June 10 and 11, which was co-hosted by the European Commission, the Austrian government and the International Organisation for Migration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ms Gradin told journalists on June 12: 'I will put forward to the Council and the European Parliament a communication on the trafficking in women for sexual exploitation. This will cover migration policy, police and judicial cooperation, and social aspects to support and protect the victims. It will also consider European relations with the source countries, where the women are recruited.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Vienna conference highlighted the need for cooperation between Member States and third countrie from which women are lured into prostitution in Western Europe. Recommendations, which are expected to be part of the EU policy, include setting up central national units in each Member State to exchange information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commissioner told the participants in Vienna: 'The slave trade in women is growing, a slave-trade that aims at sexual exploitation. No part of the world seems to be free from this degrading treatment of women. Women are bought and sold like cattle or commodities. They are deprived of their rights and their dignity. And the direction of the trade is the same all over-it is women from poor conditions that are forced into a deplorable life by men in richer countries.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;She cited a typical case of one woman from the Dominican Republic from the book 'Stolen Lives' by Sietske Altinks: 'One day I went to visit a friend who was going to discuss job opportunities in Europe. I went with her and met a schoolteacher who knew somebody called Juan who could get me a job in the Netherlands. When I went to see him, his associates told me that I would easily find employment in a beauty parlour.' She ended up in prostitution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ms Gradin continued: 'The consequences for the women are dreadful. Often, they find themselves deprived of their freedom to move and decide for themselves; they are often locked up and subjected to violence and sexual exploitation. And should they be able to free themselves, they are regarded as illegal residents and expelled.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; Aid for development in the field of communication&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A seminar was held under the auspices of the United Nations in the Belgian Parliament on 6 and 7 June, on 'the future of international development cooperation: new challenges for communication'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union was represented at the event, among others, by Colette Flesch and Steffen Smidt, the directors general respectively of DG X and DG VlII of the Commission. Mrs Flesch gave a presentation at the opening session in which she highlighted the various communication approaches adopted by the European Community in its efforts to counter what appears to be a growing lack of interest in development aid on the continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Smidt, who spoke in the second session of the seminar, began his presentation with an anecdote, citing a text displayed at the entrance to a Federal building in Washington. This states: 'Taxes are what we pay to have a civilised society'. Paraphrasing this sentiment, the Director-General argued that, 'development assistance is what we pay to have a civilised European Union.' The question, he went on to pose, was whether we were paying enough ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of the participants painted a discouraging picture of the situation facing the world's poorest countries in a world of advanced communications and increasing globalisation. Almost all were pessimistic about the impact of the socalled 'information super highways' on the least-developed nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most striking interventions came from Mabbub Ul Haq, the former Finance Minister of Pakistan, who spoke just after Mr Smidt in the plenary meeting, as well as at one of the discussion workshops. Mr Ul Haq urged the creation of a UN Economic Security Council, arguing that the main risk of global conflagration lies in the disparity that exists between rich and poor, now that the dangers associated with the Cold War have receded. One of the most acute issues under discussion was the growing challenge to the received wisdom that technical assistance is essential for consolidating national capacities. The evidence of 40 years of technical assistance would suggest otherwise (with 95% of funds set aside for this purpose going to foreign experts). Indeed, it was argued that those countries receiving most technical assistance per capita, had 'benefited' least from the system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In his second contribution, Mr Ul Haq painted a somewhat more encouraging picture, pointing out that the shaky 0.3% share of GNP allocated to development aid by the industrialised countries had achieved miracles in terms of increased life expectancy (up by 17 years) and the doubling of school enrolments in the countries of the South.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Round one of the South Africa-EU talks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa gave no immediate response to the European Union's proposals for a bilateral trade agreement at the first round of high level negotiations in Brussels on June 20. The talks were headed by Dr L. T Links who is South Africa's new Ambassador in Brussels and for the KU, by the Director General for Development, Steffen Smidt. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most difficult subject to negotiate will be future terms of access for South Africa's farm produce. The European mandate, which was agreed by EU Member States on March 25, foresees the exclusion of 39% of South Africa's farm produce currently sold to the EU from the planned free trade area. Applying World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules, the EU wants a scaled dismantling of barriers to trade in both farm and manufactured goods over a 10-year period, with a maximum of 12 years for a few highly sensitive items. But the EU has agreed to 'asymmetry' whereby, in some areas, it will open up its market to South Africa at a faster pace than vice versa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abdul Minty, deputy Director General at the Foreign Affairs Department in Pretoria, who is one of ,the chief negotiators, explained that South Africa had not yet responded to the terms because it is still consulting internally with the National Economic Development and Labour Council and with its partners of the Southern African Customs Union (Botswana, Swaziland, Namibia and Lesotho). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During a recent visit to Brussels, South Africa's former agriculture minister, Dr Kraai van Niekerk and his deputy, Mrs Thoko Didiza, told reporters that as it stood, the EU's mandate was 'anti-developmental'. Dr van Niekerk said he would like to see citrus fruit, in particular, removed from the list of exclusions. He also sought to dispel the fears of some EU Member States who wish to omit a larger proportion of South Africa's farm produce from the FTA, for fear of competition with equivalent EU produce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr van Niekerk stressed the 'complementary' nature of South Africa's farm production. He pointed out that his country's growing season was at the opposite time of year to that of the EU and noted that South Africa's output of farm produce could only increase by about 2%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EU spokesman, Joao Vale de Almeida, said that progress had been made during the Brussels talks on aspects of South Africa's 'tome protocol'. This is aimed at giving South Africa certain benefits from the LomÃ© Convention- some eligibility for South African companies to tender for LomÃ© contracts and the partial extension of the LomÃ© rules of origin to South African exports. It was originally planned that the LomÃ© protocol should be implemented at the same time as a bilateral trade accord, (on January 1 1997). Mr Vale de Almeida spelt out that although it would not be technically and legally impossible for the LomÃ© protocol to come on stream without the bilateral pact, it would be more practical if the two could be implemented at the same time. A second round of talks is expected to take place in the autumn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Echo Media Awards&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On 29 June, the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) launched a Television and Radio awards scheme to reward high-quality coverage of humanitarian affairs. Prizes will go to programmes produced or co-produced by independent production companies and/or broadcasting stations in the 15 EU countries which have been transmitted in a Member State on terrestrial or satellite television or radio between January 1 1995 and September 1 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Judging by a panel made up of NGOs, environmentalists, politicians and the media will be in six categories:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People on the move-a television documentary on the humanitarian consequences of sudden or forced population movements; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the minds of the people-a TV documentary on the psychological trauma in crisis situations; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forgotten conflicts-TV coverage of a long-running crisis forgotten by the mainstream; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vulnerable groups-TV coverage of the hazards encountered by women, children and the elderly in rebuilding their lives; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Broadcast commitment-to a radio or TV station for consistent, high-quality coverage of humanitarian issues; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio award-for the most incisive and analytical coverage of an emergency or humanitarian crisis. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Announcing the scheme, EC Commissioner, Emma Bonino, said: 'These awards give us an opportunity to acknowledge the vital role that broadcasters play in raising awareness of the issues at stake in imaginative, accurate and moving ways. They also serve to remind us of some of the basic European values such as solidarity and humanitarianism that have sometimes been eclipsed by barrages of headlines about mad cows and fish wars.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Entries for this inaugural year must be submitted by September 19, 1996. Details can be obtained from: Mandy Duncan-Smith, Media Natura (UK), tel: (44 171) 240 4936 fax: (44171) 240 2291 E-mail: medianatura@gn.apc.org&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Posters featuring contemporary Bantu art&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the framework of its cooperation programme with the Commission, CICIBA (Centre international des civilisations bantu-B.P. 770-Libreville- Gabon) has recently launched a series of large format reproductions featuring contemporary Bantu art. Thirteen works have been chosen, displaying a representative selection of art forms-painting, sculpture, engraving and moulded leather. The posters, more than 5000 of which have been printed in quadrichromic colour, have a 40 x 60 format. They are also available as postcards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The artists featured are Marcela Costa (Angola), Assouambo (Cameroon), Daikou (Central African Republic), Mouanga Nkodia (Congo), Abdou Moeou (Comoros), Pambou Boulaz (Gabon), Jose Menan (Equatorial Guinea), Protais Hakizimfura (Rwanda), Protasio Pina (Sao Tome &amp;amp; Principe), Silu Kinanga and Munyenz Tshibangu (Zaire) and Mulenga Chafilwa (Zambia).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CICIBA has also put together a similar series on ancient Bantu art. The fourth bi-annual exhibition of contemporary Bantu art, which has received some support from the European Commission, was due to be staged in Luanda (Angola) during July and August.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Links between technology and society&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For more than 50 years, technological innovation has been regarded by many writers in the field as the motor of economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, with rapid developments in the media sector and the emergence of 'information super-highways', the whole world is talking about the emergence of a new society dominated by 'smart' technology linked with research and creativity. This trend gives rise to many questions. Will the information be made available to all, and if so, when ? Will it lead to a change in North-South relations? Can we imagine what a world of 'tale-working', 'tale-education' and video on demand will be like ? What will the cost of all this be? Will biotechnology rescue the world or be the cause of its downfall ? What will the consequences be for the environment ? And in a globalised world, what standards and norms will be used ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In short, what is the real nature of the relationship between technology and society; between science and humankind ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fifteen universities of the EEA (European Economic Area) from Oslo to the Basque country and from London to Athens (taking in Roskilde, Maastricht, Louvainla-Neuve, Namur, Strasbourg, Lausanne, Sienna, Bari, Madrid, Valencia and Lisbon), have come together to offer a multidisciplinary course focusing on these key questions. During the first term, classes in theory and seminars are offered (in the local language of the institution) by experts from the academic world and the public and private sectors. Visits are also planned to multinational companies and laboratories. For the second half of the course, the students gain a wider European dimension by 'changing' university (with grants from the Socrates programme). The bulk of their time at this stage will be spent preparing a research dissertation in English on a topic which fits in with the specialisation of the host institution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For further information on the ESST&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;programme, contact:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. E Lints (UCL-Belgium)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. (32) 01047.82.60&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. T. Nguyen (FUNDP-Belgium)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. (32) 081-72.49.09&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The institutions at work</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Common foreign and security policy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the European Union has recently issued a number of statements, details of which are set out below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antipersonnel mines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 13 May 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the closure of the Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the European Union recalls that it has, in recent years, redoubled its efforts to combat the severe consequences caused to civilians by the indiscriminate use of land mines, in particular anti-personnel mines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The KU, which adopted joint action in May 1995 in order to reconfirm its commitment to the objective of an overall strengthening of Protocol 11 of the CCW, considers that the achievements of the Review Conference (such as the extension of the scope of Protocol II; the strengthening of restrictions on the use of mines; the new and immediate prohibitions regarding transfers; the provisions on technological cooperation and assistance; the regular review mechanism, etc), taken together, are significant steps forward, both in terms of the land mines protocol itself and of the development of international humanitarian law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The KU, however, underlines that the resuits of the Review Conference fall short of its expectations and of some of the goals set out in its joint action. In particular, the EU should have liked an effective and binding verification mechanism and no periods of deferral of compliance, or at least much shorter ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is convinced that the conclusion of this Review Conference is only the beginning of a challenging process which requires constant and widespread efforts and persistence in order to fully achieve its basic humanitarian objectives. The EU will continue to seek solutions to the problems caused by antipersonnel land mines and will strive towards the goal of their eventual elimination as stated in UN Resolution 50/70 (O). In the meantime, the Member States of the EU will seek early ratification of the amended Protocol II, as well as of the new Protocol IV on blinding laser weapons, and will take urgent steps to ensure their compliance with all the provisions of these two protocols pending their entry into force.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU will also continue to make active efforts with a view to achieving universal adherence to the CCW, since its objectives can only be effectively attained through implementation of its provisions by the widest number of states and parties to conflicts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Furthermore, the EU recalls its determination to pursue its contribution to the international mine clearance efforts. The EU has already contributed to the UN Voluntary Trust Fund, financing, in particular, projects in Angola and Mozambique as well as in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. In addition, the EU will consider the possibility of conducting specific demining actions and will continue to seek to that effect the contribution of the WEU to the elaboration and implementation of such actions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Central and Eastern European countries associated with the EU (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) and the associated countries Cyprus and Malta, as well as the EFTA country members of the EEA, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway, align themselves with this statement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Great Lakes region and the situation in Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 24 June 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU's objectives and priorities with regard to the Great Lakes region are to secure peace, to consolidate the process of national reconciliation in the countries concerned, to facilitate a return to normal democratic life, in particular by restoring the rule of law, and to encourage economic and social recovery.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aware as it is of the close links between the various political, economic and humanitarian problems in the region and of the serious risk of destabilisation which remains, the EU would emphasise the need for a comprehensive approach and a regional dimension in the search for lasting solutions to the crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It considers that the presence of over a million and a half refugees in the region constitutes a major factor of destabilisation and that their return to their countries of origin in safety and with dignity is essential if peace is to be restored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It appeals to the Heads of State who signed the Cairo and Tunis Declarations to comply with the undertakings they gave, so as in particular to stop trafficking in arms and the training of the various militia and armed groups which serve only to increase insecurity in the region. It would point to United Nations Resolution 1053 in this regard and also the measures in the plan of action adopted by the Bujumbura Conference (12 to 17 February 1995) for the prevention of subversive activities in countries of asylum. The EU also emphasises the importance of deploying United Nations observers in airports and at frontiers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is increasingly concerned at the deteriorating political and human rights situation in Burundi and at the increase in violence. The persistent clashes, spreading over different parts of the country, and the killings and atrocities committed against the civilian population could well involve Burundi in a spiral of permanent conflict.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU strongly condemns all recourse to violence, which will never bring about a solution to the country's problems, and appeals to all the factions in the country to begin negotiating a resolution of their differences and to agree on an immediate, general cessation of violence. It supports the initiatives taken by the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity to restore peace, as well as former President Nyerere's current efforts in this area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It fervently hopes that the talks taking place will result in a national dialogue open to all factions within the country. It also expresses its support for the ongoing efforts made by various bodies and eminent figures such as former Presidents Carter and Toure, and Archbishop Tutu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU would point out that it too has taken initiatives aimed at resolving the crisis and recently appointed a special envoy for the Great Lakes region, Mr Aldo Ajello, to assist the current efforts of the United Nations, the Organisation of African Unity and other bodies and individuals, and specifically to lend support to the organisation of a regional conference under the joint aegis of the UN and the OAU to examine and resolve the deep-rooted causes of the crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU remains convinced that such a conference must be convened as soon as possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reiterates that it is prepared to assist with specific measures to promote peace and reconciliation in Burundi, in particular the organisation of a national dialogue, support for action to promote human rights and the restoring of the rule of law. It is furthermore willing to continue funding the presence of OAU observers and United Nations human rights observers in the country. It is also prepared to help with the economic and social recovery of Burundi as soon as political and security conditions allow rehabilitation programmes to be set up in the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: progressive restoration of aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 28 June 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union takes note of the fact that the regime in Niger has announced the results of the country's constitutional referendum and has lifted the state of emergency and the ban on political parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU takes the view that Niger has thus met the conditions set out by the Council on 13 May 1996 for the progressive restoration of cooperation. In the first instance, this will take the form of: -support for the electoral process; -aid for structural adjustment which, at present, needs to be focused exclusively on the most pressing needs in the social sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Council will continue to follow closely the situation in Niger, in particular as regards the preparation and conduct of the presidential and legislative elections.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arusha summit on Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 5 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recalling its declaration of 25 June 1996, the European Union congratulates President Mkapa on the organisation of the Arusha regional summit, which has produced constructive proposals on the conflict in Burundi. It expresses appreciation for the untiring efforts of former President Nyerere and reiterates its support for his peace initiative.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU encourages the region's Heads of State and the Organisation of African Unity to commit themselves resolutely to supporting and giving substance to the Arusha recommendations and to contribute to the restoration of security in Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU expects the President and the Prime Minister of Burundi to fulfil the undertakings they gave at the Summit to overcome the crisis in Burundi and, with the help of the countries of the region, to put an end to the violence which is destroying the people of Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU calls on all the political forces of Burundi to seek a political solution and to give a favourable reception to regional initiatives to restore peace to their country. It calls the attention of all the parties to the conflict in Burundi to the fact that it condemns all forms of violence and that it will not recognise a government that has taken power by force of arms. Only peace, a peace consolidated at regional level, can guarantee the security of all and lay the foundations for economic and social development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is prepared to support the realisation of the Arusha objectives with a view to restoring peace and security in Burundi. It reiterates its readiness to help Burundi in its economic and social recovery when political and security conditions make it possible to begin its rehabilitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reiterates the need to convene the Conference on Peace, Security and Stability in the Great Lakes Region under the joint aegis of the United Nations and the OAU.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: support for the OAU Resolution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 15 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recalling its previous Declarations and Common Position on Burundi and, in particular, the Declarations of 25 June 1996 and 5 July 1996, the European Union warmly welcomes the Resolution on Burundi adopted by the Organisation of African Unity's Assembly of Heads of State and Government in Yaounde on 8 -10 July 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Union particularly welcomes the reaffirmation by the OAU of its support for the Mwanza Peace Talks under the facilitation of former President Nyerere and its encouragement to him to continue with his efforts based on and incorporating the principles of sustainable democracy and security for all the people of Burundi and an all-inclusive negotiation process. The Union reiterates its appreciation of the untiring efforts of former President Nyerere and its support for his peace initiative in this context.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The declaration in the Resolution of the OAU's full support for the outcome of the Arusha Summit of 25 June 1996, especially the acceptance of the request by the Government of Burundi for security assistance in order to complement and reinforce the Mwanza peace talks, as well as creating conducive security conditions for all parties to freely participate in the Mwanza process is also welcomed by the Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reaffirms its willingness to support the realisation of the Arusha objectives with a view to restoring peace and security in Burundi. It remains ready to help Burundi in its economic and social recovery when political and security conditions make it possible to begin its rehabilitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Visits</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The President of Haiti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The President of the Republic of Haiti, Rene Preval, visited the Commission on 11 June. He met with President Jacques Santer, Commissioner Joao de Deus Pinheiro (responsible for relations with the ACP States) and Commissioner Emma Bonino (responsible for humanitarian aid).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President Preval thanked the European Union for all the support it had provided both for the restoration of democracy in Haiti and for the country's economic development. He spoke in particular of the discussions that are currently under way with the Bretton Woods institutions aimed at restoring Haiti's economy. The President indicated that an economic recovery programme would need balance of payments support to the tune of $119m during 1996, as well as assistance for a range of economic sectors amounting to a billion dollars over a three-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For his part, Professor Pinheiro expressed satisfaction at being able to welcome the President at a time when the democratic process in Haiti was functioning normally and institutional consolidation was taking place. In a statement to the press, he said it was an appropriate moment 'to evaluate our cooperation and to strengthen it in a way that will contribute to economic and social development' in Haiti. He added that it was essential for the Haitian people to recognise that democracy was worthwhile. Professor Pinheiro also welcomed the normalisation of relations between Haiti and its neighbour, the Dominican Republic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The President of the Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The newly-elected President of the Dominican Republic, Leonel Fernandez Reyna, had a working session at the Commission on 15 and 16 July.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This trip to Brussels was the President's first overseas visit in his new capacity, following his election on 30 June. Indeed, he had not yet formally assumed office at the time of his visit. His inauguration was due to take place on 16 August and the President-elect extended an invitation to the Commission to attend the ceremony. Mr Fernandez Reyna's subsequent itinerary included visits to Spain, France and the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Support for human rights</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently approved the financing of the following projects under the budget line 'Human Rights and Democracy in the Developing Countries):&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea: ECU 120 000 for a project aimed at actively involving members of the National Assembly in the institution's functioning, and in the democratisation process taking place in the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: ECU 72 000 for a human rights training programme in schools in both urban and rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria: ECU 118 000 for a human -rights training programme to be run in educational establishments and through itinerant projects in regions lacking education infrastructures. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji: ECU 119 000 for a project to support a non-partisan, multi-ethnic civic forum, aimed at contributing to the achievement of a consensus among various social groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non-ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal: ECU 59 112 to safeguard texts which are essential to the preservation of Tibetan culture. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal: ECU 30196 for the archiving of slides and photographs depicting art objects in order to preserve the culture and traditional techniques of Tibet. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines: ECU 61 750 for a mission to identify the areas in which strategies for human rights and democracy could lead to positive and lasting changes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sri Lanka: ECU 84 314 for a programme of information in the field of promoting equal opportunities and non-discrimination &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Aid for rehabilitation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently decided to finance the following projects in developing countries affected by serious civil disturbances or natural disasters:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: ECU 847 000 for an integrated programme covering the rehabilitation of agriculture and basic infrastructures, training in demining, hygiene and self sustaining development in Kipungo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: ECU 185 000 for the rehabilitation of basic infrastructures (water, health, education and housing) In the province of Luanda. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea: ECU 353 947 to support the rehabilitation and development of basic &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;health care services in the south-west of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea: ECU 575 197 for the rehabilitation of water supplies and community development in the town of Hagaz. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 515.685 for the rehabilitation of primary care and water supplies in the Warder area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 455 630 to help the rehabilitation of repatriated people and displaced persons in the Borena area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 308 475 for the rehabilitation of health care and water supplies in the Hararghe area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 848 000 for a programme of support to upgrade medical infrastructures. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 590 000 to consolidate the water sector and rehabilitate livestock infrastructures in Maputo and Gaza provinces. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 500 000 for the second phase of a programme to help reestablish and reintegrate displaced people in Milange. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 241 259 for a project designed to revitalise livestock producer groups, make available essential veterinary products and support cattle production in the landward prefecture of Kigali. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 411 751 to provide professional training in primary health care. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 805 475 for an environment rehabilitation project in the prefecture of Kibungo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 437 622 for the rehabilitation of primary schools in the southwest of the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 94 650 to train laboratory technicians. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 626 439 for the rehabilitation of wells and water points in the Nugal region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 423 687 for the creation of enterprises involved in making bricks and earth blocks in order to assist in the rehabilitation of rural habitats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 1 491 117 for a tree-planting project around the Virungas National Park as part of a rehabilitation programme directed at Rwanda's immediate neighbours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 213 536 for operational and methodological support for rural development projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 645 120 for technical assistance in the follow-up and evaluation of rehabilitation projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 551980 for a programme to rehabilitate schools and provide support for the education sector. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">European development fund</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic and social infrastructure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi: ECU 1.9 million for the rehabilitation and construction of customs facilities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 11 million for resurfacing and improvements to the runway at Lusaka international Airport. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji ECU 1.8 million for the rebuilding of three bridges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade promotion/ structural adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Member states of SADC (Southern Africa), ECOWAS (West Africa) and ECOCAS (Central Africa): ECU 500 000 for a follow-up pilot project relating to industrial fore in different sectors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana: ECU 1.9 million for a tourism development programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djibouti: ECU 4.1 million to support the 1996-97 structural adjustment programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Netherlands Antilles/Aruba: ECU 5 million for a tourism promotion programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture/ rural development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madagascar: ECU 1.9 million to support professional organisations in the field of rural credit. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swaziland: ECU 1.4 million to build a bridge at Maphobeni, to facilitate rural development in this area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swaziland: ECU 1.5 million to improve the storage and commercialisation of maize. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benin: ECU 700 000 to enhance the security of blood supplies in the Oueme, Mono and Atlantique departments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Education/training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana: ECU 15 million for a training programme directed at SMEs, independent operators and the unemployed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 1.05 million for a programme designed to strengthen training and research capacity in the economic field. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Member states of IGAD (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda): ECU 1.9 million for a training programme for the commercialisation of cereals. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lesotho: ECU 1.3 million for a community reforestation programme in the Lesotho Highlands. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Institutional support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djibouti: ECU 250 000 to provide technical support for the computerisation of the National Bank's accounting system. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: ECU 1.8 million to support the electoral process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 1.7 million for an assistance programme for the National Authorising &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Officer covering the management of funds allocated by the European Community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 1.5 million for the first phase of a tourism development programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cariforum countries-Antigua &amp;amp; Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Bahamas, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St Kitts &amp;amp; Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent &amp;amp; the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago): ECU 725 000 in technical assistance for the programming unit of the Cariforum General Secretariat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All ACPs: ECU 5 million to strengthen fisheries management and biodiversity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 1.5 million for a pilot project in the field of decentralised cooperation. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 12.5 million for a community development programme in the battle against poverty. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 47 million for the second rehabilitation programme. The focus will be on productive activities (livestock, agriculture and fisheries), the social sectors (health, water, sanitation systems and education), the private sector (revenue generation, job creation, SMEs), the public sector (training, establishment of institutions), demobilisation, and the integration of former combatants &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 1.6 million for a programme to combat poverty including, in particular, the provision of credit to micro-enterprises. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 2 million to support the integration of displaced people in Kasai. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">European investment bank</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa: A loan of ECU 56 million for Eskom, the public electricity company, for the modemisation of part of its electricity distribution network.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Humanitarian aid</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: ECU 14 million for a global assistance programme covering food and medical aid, the distribution of equipment and demining operations. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 500 000 for the distribution of essential food products and to meet the special nutritional needs of children in the north of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cote d'lvoire: ECU 340 000 to help combat cholera and yellow fever among refugees from Liberia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 140 000 towards the setting up of a camp for 'boat people' arriving from Liberia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea: ECU 160000 for the distribution of food to refugees from Liberia and Sierra Leone. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Senegal: ECU 250 000 towards the fight against cholera, notably in the town of Touba.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sierra Leone: ECU 4.2 million for food and emergency medical aid (to combat cholera) for people displaced by the civil war. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 1.5 million for a measles vaccination programme and for medical and food aid for victims of the internal conflict. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Sudan: ECU 13 million to finance ECHO flights, and for food, medical aid and the provision of water supplies, for civilian victims of the conflict, notably in Khartoum and its environs and in the refugee camps in the north of Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non - ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua: ECU 1.5 million for medicines, essential provisions, drinking water supply equipment and training actions in the area of epidemic prevention. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru: ECU 800 000 for shelters and medical assistance to people in the process of reestablishing their homes having fled from the violence that has occurred over the past ten years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ex-Yugoslavia: ECU 102 million for various emergency operations. The breakdown of this aid, by country, is as follows: Bosnia-Herzegovina-ECU 77.45 million; Croatia-ECU 11.95 million; Serbia-Montenegro-ECU 12,6 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Russian Federation: ECU 900 000 for street children in St Petersburg and homeless people in Moscow. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Afghanistan: ECU 7 million for a coordinated aid programme covering public health measures, the provision of drinking water, hygiene and refuse collection. The aid will be directed both at the people of Kabul and at other provinces of the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kirghizistan: ECU 3.6 million for the purchase and distribution of food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tadilkistan: ECU 8.9 million for a food and medical programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangladesh: ECU 300 000 to help victims of the tropical storm that struck in the middle of May. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Food aid</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: 15 000 tonnes of cereals, 2000 tonnes of oils and 3000 tonnes of beans amounting to a total value of ECU 20.075 million. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASHe3aa.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASHe3aa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/HASHe3aa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b22bue/b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">75157</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b22bue/b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b22bue/b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (b22bue)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">start a butterfly farm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215022</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe3aa.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p08.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p16.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Managing Tropical Animal Resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First Printing, June 1983 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second Printing, May, 1985 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;CENTER&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Acknowledgements&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of International Affairs &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Cooperation with the Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Bulolo, Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing  Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of  the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the  Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were  chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to the  procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the  National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute  of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in  1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's  purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council  operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the  authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a  private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the  principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National  Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public,  and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both  Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the  Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter  of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the  Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which  science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the  complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of  bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts  special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes  topical reviews of technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to  developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee  on Technology I innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International  Development, Office of international Affairs, National Research Council. Program costs  for the study were provided by the Office of Technical Resources, Bureau for Asia,  Agency for International Development under Grant No. ASB-0249-SS-00-1026-00 and  the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant  No DAN/5538-GSS- 1023-00.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First Printing, June 1983 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second Printing, May, 1985 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Panel_on_Butterfly_Farming_in_P&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Panel on Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT M. PYLE, Chairman, Lepidoptera Specialist Group, International  Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland,  Switzerland, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian  Institution, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, JR., Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Director, Florida State Museum, C;ainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOlS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, Yale University, New  Haven, Connecticut &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS, Head of Subdivision of Invertebrate Ecology,  Furzebrook Research Station, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Wareham,  Dorset, England &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University  of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS, Representative, The Asia Foundation, Taipei,  Taiwan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Contributors_&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Contributors</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER CLARK, Manager, Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Bulolo &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CAROLE GABARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WASAM GARARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KAROL KISOKAU, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Waigani &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAVU KWAPENA, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and  Environment, Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MIRO LAUFA, Crocodile Section, Department of Lands and Environment,  Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEO NING, Division of Wildlife, East Sepik Province, Wewak &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODERICK ORARI, Butterfly farmer, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL PARSONS, Ecologist, Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Bulolo &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BLU RAIRI, Butterfly farmer, Maprik  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Countries &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. S. BROWN, JR., Department of Zoology, State University of Campinas, Sao  Paulo, Brazil &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. M. COLLINS, Co-compiler, Invertebrate Red Data Book, International Union  for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Cambridge, England &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WAYNE GAGNE, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGUS HUTTON, Garaina Farms, Gympie, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ASHLEY C. MORTON, Department of Biology, The University, Southampton,  England &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRED PARKER, Kirwan, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;* * *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Butterfly Study Director &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council Staff &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE REGES, Administrative Secretary &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Preface_&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly farming is a growing new industry in Papua New Guinea, and by  turning irdwings, mauve swallowtails, and other insects into a cash crop  villagers are both earning money and practicing sound wildlife conservation.  In this unique program butterfly farming is being used to complement the  preservation of species and of habitats. In balancing the utilization of  common butterflies with the protection of the most threatened species, Papua  New Guinea is providing a model for other countries, particularly those in the  tropics. The program demonstrates how village development can become an  integral part of conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel that produced this report convened in Papua New Guinea in  May 1981. Its purpose was to investigate the concepts underlying this  project and to assess their potential for application elsewhere. Panel members  met with staff of the government's Division of Wildlife in Port Moresby and  later visited butterfly farms in Popondetta and the insect trading agency in  Bulolo. The panel is grateful to Karol Kisokau, Navu Kwapena, and Miro  Laufa of the Division of Wildlife for arranging the itinerary in Papua New  Guinea and to Peter Clark and Michael Parsons for hosting the Bulolo and  Popondetta visits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report is one of the National Research Council series, Managing  Tropical Animal Resources. Current titles in the series are:*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (  1981 ) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future  (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea ( 1983)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These activities have been conducted under the auspices of the Advisory  Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research  Council (see page 29). The purpose of ACT}iS the assessment of  unconventional scientific advances that might prove especially applicable to  problems of developing countries. Since its founding in 1971, it has produced  about 30 reports covering subjects as diverse as ferrocement construction  materials, the winged bean (a high-protein tropical food crop), and techniques  to provide more water for arid lands. This study adds the dimension of  conservation and ecosystem protection to ACTI'S principal concerns of  promising but neglected resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACTI activities are supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International  Development (AID). Program costs for this study were supported by AID'S  Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which  also made possible the free distribution of this report.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;CENTER&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM1_Introduction_and_Summary_&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Introduction and Summary</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international demand for tropical butterflies is much greater than is  generally recognized. Each year millions of them are caught and sold  throughout the world. Many buyers are scientists engaged in research on  aspects of systematics, ecology, ethology, evolution, and conservation.  Others are individuals who like expensive curios that incorporate butterflies,  such as display cases, coffee tables, wall hangings, or other objects. But  increasingly, the fragile, iridescent creatures, mounted in plastic or glass, are  used to decorate less-expensive items such as purses, trays, platters, screens,  and other common objects in Europe, North America, and Japan. In addition,  amateur butterfly collecting, which reached a peak in Victorian times, is again becoming popular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this has produced a strong and active market. The current trade is  estimated to be between US $10 and $20 million annually, and the demand is  rising.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Remote regions of Papua New Guinea are benefiting from this burgeoning  interest in tropical insects, and several hundred villagers are rearing or  collecting butterflies, beetles, and other insects for export. The Papua New  Guinea government now considers insects a national resource, and it has  made butterfly farming part of the nation's village economic development. At Bulolo it has established an Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) to  handle the business details of a growing international trade. And Papua New  Guinea is the only country so far to specify insect conservation as a national  objective in its constitution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botanical research is the key to Papua New Guinea's butterfly farming  program. Local botanists and ecologists have identified the plants that the  various butterfly species use during their life cycle. The butterfly farmers  then build up their &quot;livestock&quot; by clearing small areas of ground  and planting leafy food plants for larvae, together with the nectar-producing  flowering plants that adult butterflies feed on. The combination of flowering  and leafy plants provides a complete habitat where butterflies find everything  they need to grow and reproduce. Therefore, most remain, and the farmer  retains his livestock without fences or walls.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are among the most unusual farms in the world. Around their edges  are hibiscus and bougainvillea that attract the adult butterflies, whose  mouthparts are adapted for drinking nectar from flowers. And inside are leafy  plants, such as the strange Dutchman's pipe vine (Aristolochia tagala), on  which the caterpillars of several birdwing butterflies feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The enriched butterfly habitat in the villager's garden attracts and holds a  breeding population that becomes a self-renewing resource. By varying the  plant species the farmer can even maintain colonies of different butterfly  species. And because insects are so prolific, some butterfly farmers are  beginning to have problems with overstocking and have had to shift larvae  from plant to plantârather like moving cattle from one field to the next as the  grazing runs out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic Development &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The IFTA program started in 1974 with fewer than 30 Papua New Guineans  from villages in two provinces. By 1978, more than 500 villagers in 10  provinces had been introduced to farming or collecting butterflies for export.  Since then, business has been increasing about 40 percent a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gram for gram, exotic butterflies are far more valuable than cattle. Prices  paid by dealers in Europe, North America, and Japan range from 30 cents for  individuals of common species to around $10 for the two birdwing species  whose export is allowed. A specimen of a rarer species (for example, a female  of the mauve swallowtail Graphium weiskei) may bring as much as $50.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project is still an embryonic activity; it is not large, as development  programs go. IFTA has only one professional staff person and two local  technicians to handle the distribution of specimens. The agency's goal is to  export between 5,000 and 10,000 specimens a month, from which the villages  can expect a return of $10,000 or more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency purchases butterflies from villagers and uses them to fill orders from overseas buyers. Colorful beetles, strange-looking stick and leaf insects, and some moths and cicadas are also caught in the wild and sent to Bulolo. The profits, less 25 percent, are returned to the villagers. At the time of the panel's visit, IFTA had received about 4,000 shipments of butterflies and other insects from the rural people and had paid out about US $180,000 to purchase them. In 1979, the average farmer or collector received about $37 per box of specimens. By 1980, this had risen to about $50 per box. In 1981 it was estimated that a diligent butterfly farmer could earn an annual income of about $1,200.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even so small an annual income is substantial in rural areas where the mean annual per capita income may be only $50. In many remote areas it is difficult to create income-producing opportunities because of illiteracy, dispersed population, and, in some cases, resistance to foreign ways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through butterfly farming many rural Papua New Guineans are for the first time participating in a cash economy. The product is a highvalue, low-volume crop. It brings needed or supplementary income to the people of the predominantly rural areas. Compared with farming coffee, another possible industry in Papua New Guinea's rural regions, it requires far less effort or land, and it involves minimal costs to the producer. And where a few expatriate opportunists once made small fortunes exploiting Papua New Guinea's butterflies, the profits now go to the villagers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat loss is by far the most critical issue in butterfly conservation. If habitat changes, the animals must change, leave, or die. Usually they die, since alternative habitats are already occupied or too distant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly all the world's butterfly species have suffered diminished ranges, and an estimated half of the world's butterfly populations face threats from human development. From Britain to Bhutan, the insects' habitats have come under siege. In Europe, perhaps one-third of all butterfly species are threatened, owing chiefly to the reductions in their various habitats. In California, half-a-dozen coastal butterflies have been lost since the 1860s, and an equal number are now endangered. In Madagascar and Rwanda, swallowtails and some species that occur nowhere else are being sacrificed to the clearing of forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The losses are much more than aesthetic, for many butterflies benefit people. They pollinate crops, are a major link in the food chain, and serve as sensitive indicators of ecological health.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A striking feature of the Papua New Guinea butterfly farming program is that it is designed to conserve and increase the species being traded. It is a pioneering conservation effort that has been endorsed by the Lepidoptera Specialist Group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The program helps relieve pressure on endangered populations, because for successful butterfly farms the villagers must retain - and even foster - a healthy wild population on or near their land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insect farming also helps preserve habitats because it leaves the bulk of the land intact and it helps landowners earn money without requiring them to cut down the rain forest as they would for timber or for cocoa, coffee, or oil palm plantations. Similarly, villagers can retain their traditional hunting grounds while cropping the insects that rely on these grounds for survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The existence of the butterfly farming project has served to focus attention on the status of all butterfly species. In 1968 this led to a law banning the taking of even a single specimen of the seven birdwing species threatened with extinction in Papua New Guinea. These large, brilliantly colored creatures can bring as much as $1,000 each in international trade, but there is a stiff fine in Papua New Guinea for even possessing one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enriching habitats with butterfly food plants (notably the Dutchman's pipe vine, Aristolochia tagala) has greatly increased the numbers of Papua New Guinea's two common birdwing species, Ornithoptera priamus and Troides oblongomaculatus. Now the country is taking on the challenge of increasing the seven endangered birdwing species that are protected and banned from trade. Already the IFTA staff has found that at least one of these rare species (Ornithoptera victoriae) is easily reared on the Dutchman's pipe vine. Farms are now being designed and sited with a view to building up the populations of this giant endangered species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conclusions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At this stage, the importance of this pioneering activity lies not in its size, but in the new vistas it opens up for the use of tropical resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Village Development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In farming butterflies, Papua New Guinea is showing that indigenous wildlife resources (especially those being depleted because of their commercial value) can contribute to economic development and that the farming of indigenous animals can be fitted smoothly into traditional village life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Providing employment in rural areas is a major problem of developing countries. And in a sense, butterflies are an &quot;appropriate&quot; livestock, particularly for remote areas of the tropics where other income-producing activities are difficult to establish or are harmful to traditional lifestyles and fragile environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterflies may seem unusual farm animals, but to villagers in the Papua New Guinea jungle it is cattle that are exotic. The villagers live in close contact with their local insects; invariably they know much about butterfly locations, behavior, habits, life cycle, and the food eaten by the caterpillars.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farming butterflies is proving a business to which villagers quickly adapt. Butterflies do not require the equipment or financing of a conventional farm; no capital is required, except for postage on the first shipment of specimens. Insect farming allows people to participate in the cash economy without causing disruptive changes in traditional village life. The villagers can work long and hard if they wish or they can put in only enough time to produce a little cash for necessities, leaving plenty of time for raising crops and other village activities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often claimed that economic development is necessarily destructive to the environment and detrimental to conservation - that as rural societies develop, their natural surroundings must suffer. The Papua New Guinea butterfly farming project is an innovative program that demonstrates this need not be true.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The program also shows that where human needs are given attention, conservation can be successful. Elsewhere in the tropics, attempts to conserve habitat without considering the needs of the people who live nearby have often failed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In sum, the butterfly farming program demonstrates that certain natural resources can be used profitably in a way that protects the environment. The program offers a culturally appropriate use of the land; on a broad scale, it could become a force in preventing clear-felling of the forest for timber exports or the wholesale conversion of rain forest to cash-crop monocultures such as coconut, coffee, or oil palm. Most of Papua New Guinea is still covered by primary rain forest; exploiting the economic value of the insects that live there is helping safeguard this increasingly rare habitat, which is fast disappearing in most parts of the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species Conservation &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The knowledge gained from farming Papua New Guinea's butterflies has already contributed to relieving the threat of extinction from seven endangered species of birdwings. This experience could be replicated in other places where there are endangered butterfly species. Indeed, the program provides a model for nations that could profitably farm butterflies while protecting their threatened butterfly species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Extension to Other Organisms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This project has a strategy and organizational structure that could well be applied to plants, such as rare orchids, and animals, such as crocodiles, that are endangered because of their commercial value. Indeed, using similar concepts of combining village income and conservation, the Papua New Guinea Division of Wildlife is farming crocodiles,* ruse deer, wallabies, and two native birds, the megapode and cassowary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through such husbandry practices, many species elsewhere might be saved from extinction, while providing income to the local people who traditionally have used the resource. Other countries should look with interest at the way Papua New Guinea is handling its wildlife enterprises. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM2_Butterfly_Status_and_Conserva&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Butterfly Status and Conservation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;About 100,000-150,000 species of butterflies have been described; perhaps half that number remain to be discovered. Although there are important concentrations in the Arctic and temperate regions, most species are found in the tropics. There, the diversity of colors and forms is dazzling; every imaginable combination of hue and color is displayed. And many tropical butterflies are enriched with &quot;structural&quot; colors, which cause the wings to flash iridescently in the sun as they bend the light they reflect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although butterflies have long been admired and often depicted in art, they have been seriously studied only since the end of the seventeenth century. Linnaeus, in his Systema Naturae, placed the small number of butterflies then known in the single genus Papilio. Today that genus is restricted to the true swallowtails, and more than 700 genera of butterflies are recognized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Butterfly Trade&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Last century, as knowledge of butterflies grew and methods of preserving them improved, they become popular collectors' items. Wealthy naturalists such as Rothschild and LeMoult dispatched collectors to all parts of the world for specimens. Today the trade in butterflies is even more extensive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are three major kinds of butterfly and insect trade. In one, large numbers of common species are collected in the wild and processed for use in ornamental objects such as coasters, mats, and lampshades. This is a low-value, high-volume industry that is both labor- and capital-intensive. It frequently uses &quot;chipped&quot; or slightly damaged butterflies. It often sells butterflies with paper bodies and only the wings of actual insects, which seem to be acceptable to a large part of the buying public.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Taiwanese butterfly trade is an example. It operates on a large scale. At least a dozen Taiwanese factories employ scores of workers to capture and process butterflies. Estimates of annual sales vary from 15 million to 500 million butterflies. Taiwanese butterfly wings pasted onto paper bodies with pig-bristle antennae are used in ornaments and household objects from wall hangings to clear-plastic toilet seats. The bodies are recycled as pig feed. Despite this massive trade, Taiwan's wild butterfly populations seem to be remaining steady.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Similar, though smaller, industries trafficking in common butterflies are found in Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Brazil, Honduras, and several African nations. The famous blue morpho butterflies of the American tropics enter the trade at the rate of some 50 million per year. Nearly all of these are the brilliant iridescent males, and biologists believe the number sold could be doubled without harming the overall population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second type of trade involves higher value and lower volume. This produces a vastly different product from the paper-bodied butterflies bound for novelty stores. It is exemplified by the operation in Papua New Guinea where sales are to collectors, museums, and students, and the specimens are high-quality insects in good to perfect condition, usually bearing scientific data. Because of the relatively high value per specimen, this trade can be carried on by fewer individuals in a nonfactory setting, and it is well suited to village industry, provided there is supervision and a quality-control checkpoint.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third type of butterfly trade is for high-quality, expensive ornamental items, such as glass cases, domes, wall mounts, or jewelry containing beautiful insects. Brazil, for example, has a thriving jewelry trade based on the iridescent blue morpho butterfly. This type of trade can also furnish high-paying outlets for village-farmed insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p08.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In all three divisions of the butterfly trade, dealers fulfill an essential role. Few collectors and scientists can travel the world collecting their own specimens. Some dealers have established reputations for honesty, some have not. Exploitation of suppliers and customers alike has been rife. Few dealers are careful to attach accurate locality data to their specimens; some make serious mistakes in identifying them. (To combat this problem, British insect dealers have formed an association to monitor conservation-related activities and improve professional practice.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Generally, dealers supply specimens bred from the caterpillar or chrysalis and described as &quot;ex pupa.&quot; Unless butterflies are caught immediately after emerging from the pupa the fragile wings tear and the scales detach to produce &quot;worn&quot; specimens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Taxonomy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Classifying butterflies is difficult. Their most obvious features, the color and pattern of the wings, vary greatly; individuals and populations of the same species often look quite different. This has led to the dubious naming of many species and subspecies. And the uncertainties it causes have led some biologists, especially those working in ecology and genetics, to name populations rather than species or subspecies. However, populations frequently evolve, and this introduces a further uncertainty. Much additional work on basic butterfly systematics is needed. The knowledge gained should contribute particularly to the conservation of endangered species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly conservation is still in an early state of development, bedeviled by scarce or incomplete information. The conservation status of even the most thoroughly studied butterfly species is known in only a few areas. The distribution and status of most species is essentially unknown, and proposals for conservation measures are largely based on guesswork. Nevertheless, some conservation programs have been enacted. Most have concentrated on designating endangered species and banning their collection.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The greatest threat to butterflies and other insects, however, is habitat alteration. On several continents some species have already become extinct or endangered when humans altered the special environment they require. The importance of protecting butterfly habitats should not be underrated. Many species are restricted to very small areas, particularly to individual islands (Corsica, Sardinia, Jamaica, Madagascar, Sumba, the Comoros, Fiji, the Solomon Islands, Manus, and the Duke of York Islands, for instance). Such species are vulnerable to extinction because nearly all island habitats are fragile and are changing rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it is uncommon for insect species to be dangerously reduced merely by the capture of specimens, renewed commercial interest in butterflies gives rise to concern for their conservation. Most insects reproduce rapidly, and their high fecundity enables them to replace such losses in a generation or two - provided the basic environment has not been altered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But there are certain species of butterfly that reproduce slowly and are therefore more threatened by collection. The unusual birdwing butterflies of New Guinea, for example, produce only small broods. Moreover, these rare species command higher prices. Because this makes them particularly vulnerable, legislation to protect birdwing butterflies has been instituted in both parts of New Guinea - Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Accordingly, to save Queen Alexandra's birdwing (the largest and most threatened of the birdwings) from extinction, several wildlife management areas have been set up in Popondetta on Papua New Guinea's north coast. The government is also setting up refuges, administered by village councils, to preserve and protect other birdwing butterflies and wildlife resources. This habitat conservation is an important adjunct to the butterfly farming program. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM3_History_and_Government_Policy&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 History and Government Policy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soon after Europeans discovered New Guinea's remarkable insect fauna around the turn of the century, collectors began arriving, and they have been coming ever since. Many were reputable professional or amateur scientists, gathering modest numbers of specimens for study and for museums, including Papua New Guinea's own national collection. Others, however, were plunderers who carried away large numbers of rare butterflies, giving little or no compensation to the local people and showing no concern for survival of the species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1966 the Papua New Guinea government responded to excessive collecting by designating seven rare birdwing butterflies as protected species. It became illegal to collect these huge, colorful birdwings, and strong measures were instituted - fines for nationals, deportation of expatriates - to halt black market trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1960s and early 1970s commercial collecting of the other butterfly species continued piecemeal and unsupervised. Income was erratic, and expatriate dealers often paid their Papua New Guinean suppliers only a few cents for specimens that retailed for several hundred dollars in Europe and Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Insect Farming and Trading Agency&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When Papua New Guinea achieved independence in 1975, the new government decreed that only nationals should profit from the country's butterfly resource. Since that time only Papua New Guineans have been able to export butterfly specimens (nonprotected species) for profit. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1978, to guarantee Papua New Guineans fair prices and stable sales, a marketing agency was established. Its purpose was to protect the resource, to foster butterfly farming, and to ensure a high-quality export product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modest in its beginnings, the Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) was organized by Angus Hutton, a former tea planter and amateur lepidopterist. The business side of the agency was later developed by Peter Clark, who had worked with Hutton. Identification and production of food plants was advanced by Michael Parsons, Robert Pyle, and others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IFTA provides a market for those Papua New Guinea nationals who farm and collect butterflies and other insects. The agency allows them to obtain fair and fixed prices, maintains quality control, and ensures that current data accompanies all specimens. It also pools the insects from many sources and fills large orders from overseas dealers. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the butterflies IFTA exports, about 30 percent are from village farms and 70 percent are collected in the field. However, more than 50 percent of the revenue is made up of the farmed butterflies because of their better quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quality Control&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency strives to sell only highest-quality insects; it rejects many butterflies as substandard. Most specimens are sold as named subspecies and to identify and name them requires much skill. Staff members have been specially trained to do this. (To a large extent, the area of origin, particularly in the case of the offshore islands, defines the subspecies concerned.) Locality data, usually consisting of village, province, and month and year of collecting or emergence, is affixed to all butterfly envelopes before they are pooled at the agency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IFTA stores its collection by species, in simple wooden boxes kept in cupboards lit from below (to lure potential pests away from the insects and to warm the cupboards and prevent mold). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marketing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency makes up orders and dispatches them (with the required export permits) to customers &quot;on trust.&quot; Although this is open to abuse, most buyers pay promptly and the system is easy and convenient. Careful records are kept of all suppliers, customers, and species in stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the time of the panel's visit, about 80 percent of the agency's business consisted of responding to requests from dealers. However, less than 10 percent of the orders received from all sources could be filled.Some requests were too small and others too specialized; in some cases the agency simply didn't have the specimens on hand (for example, a request for all the subspecies of a given butterfly). Furthermore, the agency has neither the office staff nor space to cope with every order in a business whose volume is almost doubling every two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Field Extension&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife extension officers periodically visit clients and new villages to sustain or develop enthusiasm for insect farming. They explain and demonstrate the procedures of butterfly farming and collecting and teach potential farmers how to recognize a valuable species in each of its life stages. Above all, they demonstrate how to prepare specimens for sale. This is because it is often difficult to convince farmers of the need for extreme care and delicacy in handling, and many inexperienced farmers send in bruised or hopelessly damaged specimens. Although about 500 villagers were farming butterflies at the time of the panel's visit, fewer than 50 were supplying good material regularly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These contacts are also important because the butterfly farmers easily become discouraged if no interest is shown in their work. In the Papua New Guinea countryside there is often little need for cash; people can obtain all their food, clothes, shelter, and resources from their gardens or from the bush. Money received from one shipment of butterflies may last a subsistence farmer for months, making it difficult for the agency to sustain his interest in providing regular shipments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency's extension officers have initiated a number of butterfly farming projects at primary, secondary, and vocational schools. These projects have proved most successful. Apart from the practical education they give students, they provide early insight into one of Papua New Guinea's most useful resources. Several vocational schools also provide training in mounting butterflies and beetles as souvenirs for tourists, as well as in the construction of hatching cages and solar driers. Beautiful wooden cabinets to hold butterflies have also been made by some teenage students.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Monitoring&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to teaching Papua New Guineans to collect and farm insects, IFTA promotes research both to conserve species and to make them available in quantity. Success has already been achieved in farming the common birdwing butterflies by planting large numbers of the Dutchman's pipe (Aristolochia tagala) vines that they feed on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency's staff includes an ecologist, indicating the importance of the scientific basis for conservation in this project. The ecologist is at hand to conduct research on life histories, farming methods, and management measures for rare species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IFTA staff are now identifying new food plants that will permit more species to be farmed. Research into the life histories of many butterflies with economic potential is well under way, so that an increasing number of species will become &quot;farmable&quot; and will be available in future in perfect ex pupa condition. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sources of all specimens received by IFTA are recorded on a map so that a butterfly's range and rarity or abundance can be assessed and conservation measures implemented where necessary. In this way, even insects too damaged for sale at least have value to conservation efforts. All specimens of unusual scientific interest are lodged in the national insect collection for future study. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM4_Operating_a_Butterfly_Farm&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Operating a Butterfly Farm</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Planting the Farm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key to farming butterflies is to establish a garden of the plants the various species need for their life cycles. The ideal farm area is about 0.2 hectares. This is spacious enough for growing food plants for adults and larvae and small enough to keep the plants watered, weeded, pruned, and generally well tended. Such a farm can contain about 500 vines, grown like bean plants on poles or shade trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to surround the site with a thick hedge of hibiscus, bougainvillea, ixora, poinsettia, or other nectar-bearing plants whose flowers attract adult butterflies and encourage them to remain in the area. The hedges also keep out pigs and other livestock that may damage the leafy plants inside the farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A good way to start a farm is to establish it in a vegetable garden. (Papua New Guinea butterfly farmers often plant butterfly vines between their rows of sweet potato or tarot) By the time the vegetables are ready to harvest, the area already has some thriving butterfly food plants and probably some winged livestock as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most successful butterfly food plants in Papua New Guinea is Aristolochia tagala, a vine on which the larvae of more common birdwing butterflies feed. Another is Evodea - a food plant of the large blue ulysses swallowtail and many colorful weevils.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shade trees also can be food plants for butterflies other than birdwings and for beetles or weevils. Examples are species of Annona (such as soursop), Citrus (such as lemon), Cerbera, and Graptophyllum. Wallace's Longhorn Beetle feeds on breadfruit (Artocarpus communis). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, one area of the farm is kept aside for growing seeds or cuttings. (IFTA sells seed of some suitable species.) In this nursery the butterfly food plants are watered and cared for, and unhealthy ones are easily spotted and weeded out. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p16.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Stylized diagram of a butterfly farm:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A Hedge of hibiscus, ixora, and poinsettia to keep pigs out and provide nectar.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B Fruits trees (such as lemon).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C The aristolochia vine grown on the branches of others trees (such as leucaena), to feed    caterpillar larvae.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D Nursery area.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E A hut for tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Diagram courtesy IFTA, Bulolo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Life Cycle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, each butterfly species has a preferred food plant for its larvae. After the female has mated she searches for the correct plant and lays her eggs on or near it. In a few days the eggs hatch, and the young caterpillars usually eat their own eggshells and begin feeding on the softer leaves and shoots of the food plant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As they grow, the caterpillars shed their skins. Each molt is called an instar, and five instars occur before a larva is big enough to pupate. Pupation is a resting stage during which the adult butterfly develops inside the hard, protective chrysalis. For pupation the larva selects the underside of a stem or leaf to protect it from rain and predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After 10 days to 3 weeks, depending on the type of butterfly, the pupal case splits open and the adult insect emerges. This usually occurs before 9 o'clock in the morning. The freshly emerged adult then takes from 3 to 4 hours to expand and dry its wings before flying off to feed on nectar and to search for a mate to begin the life cycle once again. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harvesting&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once the farm is well established, pupae can be collected daily. Ideally, about 50 percent should be left or released. At least as many females as males should be released. Pupae that are too high to reach are usually left to emerge naturally and repopulate the farm. Others are left because they are not quite perfect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The farmer can usually see that emergence will occur on the next day, since the pupa becomes darker in color as the adult wing and body colors develop. He then plucks off the stem or leaf to which the pupa is attached. (The soft, new pupae are not touched because this damages the adult.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He pins the leaf to a board or puts it in a net or in a small cage. Often these are kept inside to protect the pupae against pests and large predators. However, some farmers construct small houses out of bush materials to hold pupae ready for hatching. Others keep their pupae in the open and count on being able to collect the adults before they have flown away.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Care is taken to protect the specimens from ants and rats. For example, the legs of the cage are placed in bowls of water to deter ants from climbing up. The pupae are sprayed with water 2-3 times a week to speed up the hatching process and to prevent them from drying out. (Only a light spray is used; otherwise the pupa develop mold.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pupae are best kept in a shady place so the butterflies will remain calm after hatching and will not flap and damage their wings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Processing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the newly emerged butterfly has completely dried its wings, it is carefully caught by the thorax and injected with a small amount of a killing agent such as ethyl acetate or boiling water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small butterflies are particularly easily damaged if handled, so they are placed for about 10 minutes in a killing jar containing cotton (cotton wool) soaked with a little ethyl acetate. A layer of cardboard is placed above the cotton so that the butterflies are not stained by the solvent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The farmer places the dead butterflies in paper envelopes, being careful at all times not to touch or damage the wings. The envelopes are easily made from grease-proof paper, which the agency supplies on request.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To ensure that the butterflies will not mold, they are placed on a black plastic tray and dried in the sun, in their papers, for about 4 days. During this time they are protected from pests such as ants, and the drying trays have a screen on top to prevent the envelopes from blowing away or from being rained on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once properly dried, the insects, still in their envelopes, are stored in boxes, preferably airtight to prevent condensation and molding. When enough specimens have been collected, the villager packs them carefully in strong cardboard boxes (which the agency also supplies) with cotton or kapok. A few naphthalene crystals are added to keep away pests, and the box is wrapped and sent to Bulolo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM5_Application_to_Other_Nations&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5 Application to Other Nations</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the essence of the Papua New Guinea approach is the cultivation of food plants that the butterflies need to complete their life cycles. This is a process that could be replicated elsewhere, and the potential for butterfly farming exists in many countries. In fact, although Papua New Guinea is rich in butterfly species - some 700 of them - it is not unusually so. Other countries also have large numbers of species. There are, for instance 2,500 species known in Costa Rica.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are some 14,000 species of true butterflies in the world. Although there is possible competition, many countries have no overlap in species at all. As collectors and specialists usually want butterflies from many different parts of the world, the likely competition among countries exporting farmed or wild-caught butterflies is minimal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterflies are supplied to the trade from nearly every part of the world. But because they are most diverse in the tropics, it is likely that the best chance for success in farming them lies there. However, some temperate countries also have an abundance of particular species, and in Europe, the United States, and Japan, butterfly farming is already established on a small scale. This is mainly because many collectors like to rear their own material and they purchase eggs, caterpillars, or chrysalids instead of killed adults. Many dealers in these countries supply a few tropical species that are easy to rear, such as the orchard swallowtail (Papilio aegeus). However, this trade is generally low in volume and value, and temperate-zone butterfly farms are little more than a sideline to normal dealerships.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some general comments follow on the potential of butterfly farming in various parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Temperate regions of the Old World (Palaearctic Realm). East palaearctic species are in great demand internationally and obtainable with great difficulty. China, in particular, has species of both Parnassius and Papilio that might be farmed. However, all Parnassius species are montane to some degree and none has been farmed yet. Eurasian arctic satyrids, lesser fritillaries, and sulphurs are also in great commercial demand and could perhaps be farmed. Swallowtails are few and are frequently protected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Tropical Africa and associated islands (Afrotropical Region). The potential for butterfly farming has not yet been considered in Africa, although the diversity of desirable species is great and the potential market extensive. This area has important swallowtails and Charaxes species (Nymphalidae), but so far as is known, no farming enterprises exist. Experimental or trial farms for butterflies are needed in different parts of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asian tropics (Oriental Realm). Silk moths, such as Bombyx mori, are commercially farmed in Asia, and butterfly farming would seem to be a natural extension of this. Many Asian butterflies are supplied to dealers, especially from Taiwan and the Philippines, but there is little farming. A very large trade originates in Malaysia, especially for Rajah Brooke's birdwing (Trogonoptera brookiana). Farming is reputed to take place, but most specimens are actually collected. Desirable species of swallowtails, including the black and gold birdwings (Troides species), occur throughout the region. Species belonging to the families Nymphalidae and Pieridae are good candidates for farming, as they are in much demand from dealers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Australia, New Guinea, and associated islands to the west (Australasian Realm). Australia is not rich in butterflies, but it has some important endemic species. At least one &quot;farm&quot; exists in Australia, but this appears to be an offshoot of a normal dealership, which rears a few local species to supply at early stages to collectors. Farming is to be encouraged here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Guinea's most coveted butterflies, which it shares with Irian Jaya, are the Ornithoptera birdwings. But almost equally desired by collectors and specialists are the Troides birdwings, concentrated to the west of New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Temperate regions of the Americas (Nearctic Realm). There is a considerable trade in New World butterflies from nearly every family (few Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae), but almost all are caught in the wild. There is a strong market for far-northern species (Boloria, Colias, Erebia, Oenesis). Farming these might be possible among Canadian and Alaskan Indian or Eskimo groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Tropical regions of the Americas (Neotropical Realm). This is a likely area for the development of butterfly farming, particularly as its species are completely different from those of the tropics elsewhere. The Morpho and Agrias species of South America are much desired by collectors. It is possible that some of the highly prized morpho butterflies are already farmed (as the law, in fact, requires), but evidence is conflicting, and most biologists believe that the major supply of specimens is from wild populations. Other groups that lend themselves to farming include the swallowtails, nymphalids (including Agrias), and certain members of the family Satyridae. There are large fauna of Riodinidae and Lycaenidae that are potentially suitable for farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A dealer in preserved butterflies has recently set up business in the Dominican Republic, and butterfly farms have been established in Costa Rica.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· General. Butterflies in the family Riodinidae and, especially, Lycaenidae seem to be a neglected resource. Many species are relatively small but brightly colored. A major difficulty is that many Lycaenidae have to live with ants for part of their lives and this complicates their rearing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Parks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some regions with tourist industries are showing interest in establishing &quot;butterfly zoos&quot; or &quot;butterfly jungles.&quot; These displays have live butterflies (usually farmed or reared) in artificial habitats resembling the natural ones. Some species, such as the orchard swallowtail (Papilio aegeus), respond well to such conditions. One British dealer has a &quot;tropical jungle&quot; in an enclosed environment in which both temperature and atmospheric pressure are regulated. A large British butterfly zoo has been established and a smaller one has been proposed. The New York Zoological Society is developing a butterfly component in its Wild Asia Hall at the Bronx Zoo, and San Francisco, Portland, Cincinnati, and Tokyo all have thriving insect zoos. Also, the Colombo Zoo in Sri Lanka has a live display and a successful program of butterfly rearing. Similar enterprise could be shown in other places with tourist industries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting a Butterfly Farm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly farming is initially an ecological and botanical challenge. One must first observe, identify, and propagate the plants that the various species use for food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Success for butterfly farmers rests on their choosing commercially attractive species. Unfortunately, ecological details of the life histories of suitable species are known in only a few cases. The prospective farmer will be largely on his own and must first develop this information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the most desirable species are native to primary tropical forests, and they may need protection because of the rate at which their habitat is being destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any program to commercially exploit butterflies and other insects must either bypass the rarest, most restricted, and slowest reproducing species; farm them cautiously with a high percentage of adults released; or take them with the greatest of care. Further, there must be adequate habitat protection both in the natural state and in mixed land uses (rather than just agricultural croplands) to support the insects and furnish a continuing supply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some competition could occur if live butterflies were exported between countries and used to establish farming enterprises. In general, however, butterflies are easier to farm in their native habitats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Appendix_A&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A Selected Readings</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carvalho, J. C. M., and O. H. H. Mielke. 1972. The trade of butterfly wings in Brazil and its effect upon survival of the species. Proceedings 19th International Congress of Entomology (Moscow) 1 :486-488.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fenner, T. L. 1976. Aspects of butterfly conservation in Papua New Guinea, Pp. 121-127 in Ecology and Conservation in Papua New Guinea, K. P. Lamb and J. L. Gressitt eds. Pamphlet 2. Wau Ecology Institute, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parsons, M. n.d. Insect Farming and Trading Agency Farming Manual. Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Division of Wildlife, P.O. Box 129, Bulolo, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pyle, R. 1981. Butterflies: now you see them.... International Wildlife I I (1):4- 11.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pyle, R., M. Bentzien, and P. Opler. 1981. Insect conservation. Annual Review of Entomology 26:233-258.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pyle, R. M. and S. A. Hughes. 1978. Conservation and utilization of the insect resources of Papua New Guinea. Unpublished report, copies available from the author, see Research Contacts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Severinghaus, S. R. 1977. The butterfly industry and butterfly conservation in Taiwan. Atala 5(2):20-23.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unno, K. 1974. Taiwan's butterfly industry. Wildlife 16: 356-359.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vietmeyer, N. D. 1979. Butterfly ranching is taking wing in Papua New Guinea. Smithsonian 10(2):119-135. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Appendix_B&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix B</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Contacts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wayne Gagne, Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 6037, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96818 USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angus Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie 4570, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insect Farming and Trading Agency, P.O. Box 129, Bulolo, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea (Peter Clark, Manager; Michael Parsons, Ecologist)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Karol Kisokau, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Central Government Offices, Waigani, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navu Kwapena, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rudi Mattoni, 9620 Heather Road, Beverly Hills, California 90210, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Michael G. Morris, Chairman, Butterfly Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Furzebrook Research Station, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Wareham, Dorset BH20 5AS, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ashley C. Morton, Department of Biology, Building 44, The University, Southampton S09 5NH, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fred Parker, 717 Ross River Road, Kirwan, Queensland 4814, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert M. Pyle, Chairman, Monarch Project, Xerces Society, 369 Loop Road, Gray's River, Washington 98621, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheldon R. Severinghaus, Representative, The Asia Foundation, 42, Chien Kuo North Road, Taipei 104, Taiwan, Republic of China &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Appendix_C&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix C</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biographical Sketches of Panel Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director of the Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., is currently the Secretary-General of the International Union of Biological Sciences. He received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests are in comparative anatomy and phylogeny of flowering plants, commercial timbers, histology of monocotyledons, economic botany, and tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on tropical plants, he has published extensively in these areas and on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries. Dr. Ayensu was co-chairman of the Panel on Under exploited Tropical Plants of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, JR., is Graduate Research Professor in the Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville. As Technical Director of the Caribbean Conservation Corporation, he has directed a seasonal research program at the breeding ground of the green turtle at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, since 1952, with continuous grants from the National Science Foundation from 1955 to 1980, and has carried out investigations of marine turtle ecology and navigation in various parts of the world. The author of numerous papers, articles, and books, he received the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal of the National Academy of Sciences for Handbook of Turtles and the John Burroughs Medal for The Windward Road. He is Research Associate of the American Museum of Natural History; Affiliate Curator of Natural Sciences, Florida State Museum; Chairman of the Marine Turtle Specialist Group of the Survival Service Commission, International Union for the Conservation of Nature; Honorary Consultant of the World Wildlife Fund; Fellow of the Linnean Society of London; Fellow of the American Fisheries Society; and a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1973 he was awarded a gold medal from the World Wildlife Fund for the application of scientific findings to the conservation of marine turtles. In 1975 he received the Edward W. Browning Award for achievement in biological conservation. In 1978 Dr. Carr was awarded the Gold Medal of the New York Zoological Society for contributions to natural science and conservation; in 1978 he became Officer of the Order of the Golden Ark (The Netherlands).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING is the Director of the Florida State Museum, Gainesville. He received a B.S. in 1957 and an M.S. in 1961 from the University of Florida and a Ph.D. from 1966 from the University of Miami. His research interests are in wildlife conservation and habitat preservation, impact of international trade on wildlife populations, and ecology and behavior of reptile populations. He worked at the New York Zoological Society from 1967 to 1975. As an international wildlife consultant, Dr. King has received honors from the Dominican Republic, the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and from H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands. He has served on committees advising the State Department and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources on policies regarding the trade of crocodile skins, turtle products, and other wildlife materials. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOlS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry and Professor of Forest Genetics, Yale University, was Dean of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale from 1965 to 1975. He received a B.A. from Luxembourg College and a B.Sc.F. from the University of New Brunswick in 1950, an M.F. in ecology in 1951, and a Ph.D. in forest genetics from Yale in 1954. He is especially knowledgeable about francophone Africa and was chairman of the Sahel program of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development and a member of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation. From 1960 to 1965 he was research collaborator at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1966 he was the recipient of the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Biological Research from the Society of American Foresters and in 1975 was Distinguished Professor (Fulbright-Hays Program) in Yugoslavia. Before joining the Yale faculty, he served as project leader in forest genetics for the U.S. Forest Service in Florida. He has served as a consultant to FAO, various foreign governments, and private forestry companies, and he has traveled extensively in the tropical countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS is head of the Furzebrook Research Station of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (National Environment Research Council, U.K.). He received a B.A. in natural sciences (zoology) at the University of Cambridge of 1958, M.A. in 1962, and received his Ph.D. from London University in research on the integrated control of orchard pests. Dr. Morris worked at Monks Wood Experimental Station on the effects of grassland management on populations of invertebrates and developed a strong interest in community and applied ecology, particularly the conservation of insect populations. Recently he has become involved with problems of butterfly conservation and resource utilization. He is Secretary of the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects, a Vice-Chairman of the Lepidoptera Specialist Group of lUCN'S Survival Commission, and Chairman of the Habitat and Species Protection Committee of SEL (Societal Europaea Lepidoptero-Logica). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH L. POPENOE is Professor of Soils, Agronomy, Botany, and Geography and Director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California at Davis in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this sytem. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. He is past Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Escuela Agricola Panamericana in Honduras, Visiting Lecturer on Tropical Public Health at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Agronomy, the America Geographical Society, and the International Soils Science Society. He is Chairman of the Advisory Committee for Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT MICHAEL PYLE, a writer and consulting lepidopterist based in Gray's River, Washington, has served since 1979 as Co-Compiler of the lUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. In this capacity he is consultant to the Conservation Monitoring Centre in Cambridge, England. After receiving his B.S. and M.S. at the University of Washington, he took his Ph.D. through the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University in 1976. He worked for the Government of Papua New Guinea on the conservation and utilization of insect resources and then with the Nature Conservancy as Northwest Land Steward. A &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;former Fulbright Scholar to the United Kingdom, Dr. Pyle subsequently founded the Xerces Society for conservation of beneficial insects and their habitats. He has been chairman of IUCN'S Lepidoptera Specialist Group (Species Survival Commission) since 1976. His publications include the Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies. A comprehensive book on insect conservation in his next project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1977 in natural resources management. He has worked on various wildlife research projects in Asia since 1964 and is representative for the Asia Foundation in Taiwan. He has published articles on butterfly conservation and wildlife industries in Taiwan, where he has been studying the butterfly and wildlife farming projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, staff officer for this study, is Professional Associate of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with the Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science that are important for developing countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Advisory_Committee_on_Technolog&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (member through 1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L.GADEN,JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (member through 1982) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Board_on_Science_and_Technology&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Board on Science and Technology for International Development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAMUEL P. ASPER, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEONARD BERRY, Professor, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST J. BRISKEY, Dean, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON S. BROWN, Director, Resources Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Associate Professor, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND J. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM A. W. KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE 1. LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANICE E. PERLMAN, Executive Director, Committee for a New New York, New York City Partnership, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Assistant Dean for International Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN C. HURLEY, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL P. GREENE, Associate Director/Research Grants &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future (b17mie)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Little Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future (b18ase)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Managing Tropical Animal Resources - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (b20cre)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Water Buffalo: New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal (1984) (b21wae)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (b22bue)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°158 - July - August 1996 Dossier Communication and the media - Country report Cape Verde (ec158e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°159 - Sept- Oct 1996 Dossier Investing in People Country Reports: Mali ; Western Samoa (ec159e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°160 - Nov - Dec 1996 - Dossier Habitat - Country reports: Fiji , Tonga (ec160e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants (fb33fe)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Farming snails 2: Choosing snails; Care and harvesting; Further improvement (fb34fe)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Development in practice: Toward Gender Equality (wb34te)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+builddate	1395215028
+buildtype	lucene
+earliestdatestamp	1395215020
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,Title->TI	dc.Subject->SU	dls.Organization->ORG	dls.Keyword->KE
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,Title	dc.Subject	dls.Organization	dls.Keyword
+indexlevels	Sec	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,Title;dc.Subject;dls.Organization;dls.Keyword;->idx
+indexsortfieldmap
+indexsortfields
+indexstem	Demo-Lucene
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	section->Sec	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	3071304
+numdocs	11
+numsections	395
+stemindexes	0
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/didx/_0.fnm
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/didx/_0.fnm	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/didx/_0.fnm	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+þÿÿÿdocOIDTXTISUORGKE
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/didx/_0.nrm
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/didx/_0.nrm	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/didx/_0.nrm	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+NRMÿ|||||||||||d^[\__]d`\bnnmlpmlmolpqssrrwqqsqsx||y|yyx|y|yuv|wx||||x
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future (b17mie)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Little Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future (b18ase)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Managing Tropical Animal Resources - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (b20cre)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Water Buffalo: New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal (1984) (b21wae)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (b22bue)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°158 - July - August 1996 Dossier Communication and the media - Country report Cape Verde (ec158e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°159 - Sept- Oct 1996 Dossier Investing in People Country Reports: Mali ; Western Samoa (ec159e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°160 - Nov - Dec 1996 - Dossier Habitat - Country reports: Fiji , Tonga (ec160e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants (fb33fe)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Farming snails 2: Choosing snails; Care and harvesting; Further improvement (fb34fe)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Development in practice: Toward Gender Equality (wb34te)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/sidx/_0.fnm
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/sidx/_0.fnm	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/sidx/_0.fnm	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+þÿÿÿdocOIDTXTISUORGKE
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/sidx/_0.nrm
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/sidx/_0.nrm	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/sidx/_0.nrm	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+NRMÿ|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||tlÿkkoplpmmnnlÿnnmlommnsfjhlghhhilhhhijliiiihgÿddnkÿehdmeedehefeeeeffehfhgghhgghhghgghhfhhfghghnfÿb`dllÿfÿejiiiÿÿffdfhlÿhifÿjgggfiikhhhhfjÿiefÿgÿgiÿigiÿgjfdnrjjdgfghefghieÿigimklÿnnmmiknÿpkjhÿnjgjiiihinÿrnmhnlllghilkjkllfmnÿfÿfhÿÿffjfiijjhÿfhlhhiiÿÿhggiihhhhghgijiÿfÿeÿiÿhfÿfjhÿeftÿlpmjopllmrqloomÿmkiimjlfghhÿfeihhnkmnÿfyigjeÿeiglgejiÿegkhhiÿgeffhhhhÿfigÿfÿghhiÿfgÿfiiÿfglmkjtkstknlkfhhhhÿlmhnks||xxvxvxwvxvwxxxwxyxxwt|||wxxyyywxyyyywxxxxyv|yyxws|||xyyyyxyyyxyyyyxxxxyyyxyxyyyyxxxyxxxyxxxxxy|yxwvryv|uwxxwyyxxwxx||xyx|yxxwxxxxxywxwy|ywxyvyvvyyxwyxx|x|tx|yyyyxyyyyxx||yyt||x|y|ywy|yx||yyxxwxxyxxx|yxwxwywxyvywxwyv|||r|yv|uvy|ww|vxxvxw|xw|vxxy||xuxx|xyywxwuyxy|wyxyvyyuyvx|x|yr|xwxvwwxxyy|uuuxyuxyxvt|yvyw|wwxxvxwq|yv|xwxxyxwv|uxxwyxu|xvx|ywxxvvwv|wvyywyxwxwyvxyyx|x|y|xyxxyyt|v||xxxxx|yyyxwq||||||||||||||||||||||s|||||||||||||||||||||||||||s||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||r||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||r|||||||||||||||||w|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||q||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||q||||||||||||||||||||||s|||||||||||||q|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||s|||||||||||||||x|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||y||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||y|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||y||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||y|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||y||||||||||||||||||||||u|||||||||||||||||||||||||||v|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||w|||||||||||||||||x|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||x|||||||||||||||
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH0167.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH0167.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH0167.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
+<Doc xmlns:gs2="http://www.greenstone.org/gs2" file="HASH0167.dir/doc.xml"  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d" gs2:mode="add">
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rome 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P-69&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ISBN 92-5-102397-2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â© FAO 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first twenty- six volumes in FAO's Better Farming Series were based on the Cours d'apprentissage agricole prepared in CÃŽte d'Ivoire by the Institut africain de dÃ©veloppement Ã©conomique et social for use by extension workers. Later volumes, beginning with No. 27, have been prepared by FAO for use in agricultural development at the farm and family level. The approach has deliberately been a general one, the intention being to constitute basic prototype outlines to be modified or expanded in each area according to local conditions of agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the booklets deal with specific crops and techniques, while others are intended to give the farmer more general information which can help him to understand why he does what he does, so that he will be able to do it better. Booklets No. 33 and 34 were added to the series owing to a growing interest in small- scale snail farming for food and profit in many countries where FAO's Better Farming Series is widely used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adaptations of the series, or of individual volumes in it, have been published in Amharic, Arabic, Bengali, Creole, Hindi, Igala, Indonesian, Kiswahili, Malagasy, SiSwati, Thai and Turkish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Requests for permission to issue this manual in other languages and to adapt it according to local climatic and ecological conditions are welcomed. They should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.2.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;123. All of the snails that you choose for your pen must be of the same kind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p093a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ All of the snails that you farm must be the same kind&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;124. You may have found one of the kinds of snails shown on pages 8 to 11 in the last booklet living in your area. You may also have found a different kind of snail.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;125. Now you must learn to choose the beat of the kinds of snails that you have found. When you first begin you will need fully grown snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;126. Remember, that all snails are both male and female and all snails lay eggs. So, when you are looking for snails, you can choose any one that is fully grown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;127. You can tell that a snail is fully grown because it has a lip on the mouth of its shell. The drawings below show two fully grown snails with lips.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p094a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails which fill and which does not fill their cells&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;128. Look at the drawings again. Notice that although both snails are fully grown, one of them fills its shell and one of them does not.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;129. The snail that does not fill its shell may be sick or it may have lost its water because of dry weather. This snail may not grow well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;130. Choose only snails that fill their shells. Snails that fill their shells will usually grow well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;131. Choose snails that have good, strong shells. Strong shells protect snails from their enemies, and snails with strong shells sell better at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;132. Choose the largest of the fully grown snails that you can find from the kind of snail that you are going to farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p094b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Choose the largest snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;133. The larger snails of any kind of snail will be better and healthier and lay more eggs than a snail that is smaller.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;134. In addition, the eggs of large, healthy snails hatch better and the baby snails grow bigger and faster.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;135. Later, when you have more experience in choosing snails, you will learn just how large a fully grown snail should be. You will also learn the different colours of the kind of snail that you are farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;136. Then you can choose snails that are the same size and colour that you want your baby snails to be.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As you collect your snails, handle them very gently and put them carefully into a container such as a basket so that you can carry them to the pen without hurting them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p095a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Handle your snails carefully&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.2.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;137. Just before you put your snails in the pen, take out all the grass, the creeping grass and the weeds that may have grown while the food and shelter plants were growing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p095b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take out all grass, creeping grass and weeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;138. Never put snails in a pen in the morning or during the day when the sun is hot. Always put them in the evening when it is cool. This is when they begin to move about and to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p095c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Always put snacks in the pen in the evening&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;139. If there is no dew and leaves of the plants and the ground are dry, wet them. Items 160 to 165 in this booklet will tell you how.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p096a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wet the plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;140. When you put snails in the pen, put an equal number of them in four different places.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;141. In the last booklet you were told that for a 5 x 5 metre pen you would need 150 snails if you use the small kind, and 25 snails if you use the large kind. So, if you need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 150 snails, put 35 to 40 snails in four places&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 25 snails, put 6 snails in three places and 7 snails in one place.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;142. The arrows in the drawing at the top of the next page will show you where to put snails in a 5 x 5 metre pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p096b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Where to put the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When you put snails in a pen, never put them near the fence or in a corner of the fence. If you put them near the fence it is easier for them to get out than it is if you put them near the centre of the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p096c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Do not put snails in the corner or near the fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;143. The morning after you have put your snails in the pen, look to see that they have all moved. If any of them have not moved, put them under shelter plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;144. If any snails die, take them out and put in the same number of new snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p097a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take out the dead snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;145. At first your snails will try to crawl out of the pen. During this time, go around the pen each morning and put them back.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;146. After about two weeks your snails will become used to their new home and most of them will not try to crawl out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;147. However, it is a good idea, even after the first two weeks, to check from time to time and put back any of the snails that may have got out of the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.2.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;148. When you see a lot of baby snails in your pen, you will no longer need to keep the fully grown snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;149. So, take out all of the fully grown snails that you first put into your pen. You can either eat them or sell them at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p097b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take out all fully grown snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;150. Now, with only the baby snails left, the food plants in the pen will be more likely to last until the baby snails are big enough to harvest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;151. Later in this booklet, you will be told when the baby snails are big enough to harvest and how to harvest them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;152. After you have put your snails in their pen, watch them carefully to see that they are eating well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;153. If you have given them enough of the right kinds of food plants, they will eat a lot and you will have very little to do for them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;154. However, here are some things that you must do&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ wet the plants and moisten the ground&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ take care of the plants&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ take away the weeds and the creeping grass&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.3.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;155. You have already been told that the leaves of the food and shelter plants must be wet and clean and that the ground must be moist (see Items 52 to 58 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;156. If there is too lime dew and not enough rainfall during the time when the plants and the snails are growing, you will have to water the plants and the ground yourself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;157. If it is dry, you should water the plants and the ground at least every second day. However, if it is very dry, you may have to water them every day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;158. Never water in the morning or during the day when the sun is hot. Always water in the evening at about sunset.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;159. If you water when the sun is hot, the snails will begin to move away from the shelter plants and the hot sun may kill them before they can find shelter again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;160. An easy way to wet the plants and moisten the ground is by hand. First fill a bucket with water and wrap a piece of cloth around your hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p098a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wrap a cloth around your hand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;161. Then, dip your hand with the cloth into the bucket of water and gently splash the plants and the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p099a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Gently splash plants and ground&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;162. Continue to splash the plants and the ground gently until you have watered the whole pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;163. When you have finished, the leaves of the plants should be wet and the ground should be moist.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;164. You can tell when the plants are wet enough and the ground is moist enough when you can see your snails moving about easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p099b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails move about easily&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;165. Remember: the soil must be moist and not wet in order for snail eggs to hatch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You have already been told that if you live in a place that has a dry season when the plants do not grow, snails dig into the ground to rest. Never water at this time or your snails may come out of the ground when they should not.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.3.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;166. Watch all of your plants to see that they are growing well and that they do not get too tall or too thick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;167. Plants that are too tall or thick stop the dew from reaching the leaves and stop the rain from washing away the dust and the dirt that snails leave when they move about.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;168. If you see that the plants are not being wet or washed by dew or rain, cut them back.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p101a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cut back the plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.3.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;169. After your snails are in their pen you must be sure to take away all weeds and especially creeping grass as soon as you see them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;170. Creeping grass grows very fast and so thick that it can kill the food and shelter plants. If this happens, your snails will have no food and no place to find shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;171. Taking away weeds and creeping grass when snails are in the pen is very difficult. So, you must be very careful not to hurt them or step on them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;172. If the weeds and creeping grass get too thick, it may be better to move the snails before you take weeds and creeping grass away (see Item 183 in this booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;173. Keep the path around the pen clear of weeds, grass and creeping grass. This will help to keep weed seeds and unwanted plants out of the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p101b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Keep the path clean&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;174. If the path is clean, insects will be less likely to cross it to get into the pen and you will be able to see signs of mice, rats and shrews.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.3.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;175. There are a number of reasons for giving your snails other kinds of food. Here are a few&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when you have not planted the right kinds of food plants&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when you have too many snails for the number of food plants that you have planted&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when most of the food plants in the pen have been eaten by the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;176. If you decide for any of these reasons that you must give your snails other kinds of food, here are some foods that snails like to eat&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the outside leaves of vegetables such as cabbage or cauliflower&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the tops of vegetables such as carrots or beets&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ ripe banana fruit&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ most waste fruit and vegetables&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ cut- up papaya, melon or squash&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p102a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Food snails eat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;177. There are many other foods that snails like to eat. If you have some food that you think might be good, try it with your snails and see if they like it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;178. If your snails are not eating their food plants well, you also can try some others. Cut pieces from the plant that you want to try and put them in the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;179. If you see that your snails like the new food plants better, you can use these plants when you build the second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;180. In the last booklet you were told that to farm snails you will need at least two pens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p103a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Two pens needed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;181 . With two pens you can move your snails from one pen to the other to get rid of any enemies that may have got in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;182. You can also move your snails to dig the ground and work the soil so that they can dig into the soil to rest and can lay their eggs easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;183. With two pens you can move your snails from one pen to the other if the weeds and creeping grass get too thick to take away with snails in the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;184. You can also plant new food plants when the old ones have been eaten. When you are moving the snails, you can get rid of any of them that have not grown well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.4.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;185. Build your second pen a little before the growing season and exactly one year after you built the first pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;186. Begin just as you did before, by cleaning and preparing the ground (see Items 86 to 96 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;187. However, if you put your second pen near your first pen, be very careful when you burn the plant material not to burn your first pen or harm the snails in it.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;188. For this reason it is best to leave an open space of at least 3 metres between your first and second pens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p103b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Be very carefull when you burn the plant material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;189. Now you are ready to build the second 5 x 5 metre pen and to plant the food and shelter plants (see Items 97 to 117 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.4.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;190. When the plants in your second pen have grown big enough to provide food and shelter, you can put in the snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p104a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ When the plants are grown, you can bring the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;191. If the snails in your first pen have grown well, you can use some of them for your second pen. So, collect the right number of the biggest and best snails from your first pen to put in your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;192. If the snails in your first pen have not grown well, you will have to begin again with new fully grown snails for your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;193. Remember, with your first pen you put in 150 snails if you used the small kind and 25 snails if you used the large kind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;194. However, different snails lay different amounts of eggs. So with your second pen you may want to change the number of snails that you put in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;195. If there were too many baby snails for the food plants in your first pen, put fewer fully grown snails in your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;196. If there were too few baby snails for the food plants in your first pen, put more fully grown snails in your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;197. If you are not sure how many snails to use, it is best to continue to put in 150 if you use small snails and 25 if you use large snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p104b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 25 Large snails; 150 small snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;198. Later, when you have learned more about the kind of snails that you are using and how many baby snails they have, you will be better able to judge just how many fully grown snails that you should use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Do not forget to take out all of the fully grown snails that you have put in after you see a lot of baby snails in your second pen (see Items 148 to 151 in this booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.5.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;199. If your snails have grown well, some of them will be big enough to harvest about one year after you have first put snails in the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;200. If you need any snails to put in another pen, collect them first. So, choose the right number (see Items 193 to 198 in this booklet) of the biggest and best snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;201. Carefully put these snails into a container so that you can carry them to the other pen without hurting them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p105a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put snails into a container&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;202. Now you are ready to harvest the rest of your biggest snails. Remember, the best way to harvest is a few snails at a time when you want some to eat or to sell at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;203. However, harvest all of the snails by the end of the second year so that you can plant the pen in time for the next growing season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.5.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;204. Harvesting snails is done by hand. It is often hard work to find them because they may be hiding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p105b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Harvesting snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;205. The easiest time to find the snails is when the plants are wet, after it has rained or at night when there is dew and they are moving about or eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;206. You can also put out some of the food that snails like and when they come to eat it, you can collect them easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p105c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put out some food&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;207. When you are harvesting, handle your snails carefully and put them into a container such as a box or basket or a net sack. However, do not put more than 10 kilograms in a container or you may hurt them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put snails in a container&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.5.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;208. If you are going to sell the snails, you can carry them to the market in containers like the ones above. However, you must be very careful not to hurt them or break their shells.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;209. Remember, snails with clean shells and well- cared- for snails will sell better at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;210. If you want to keep the snails for you and your family to eat later, you can store them alive in containers filled with material such as sawdust or chopped maize husks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;211. That way you can keep them for as long as six to eight weeks before you use them. The drawings below show you how to store snails this way.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 a box is a good container to store snails in&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ A box&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 cover the bottom of the box with about 5 cm of sawdust or chopped maize husks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cover the bottom of the box with sawdust&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 carefully put in a layer of snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 cover the snails with about 3 cm of sawdust or chopped maize husks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cover the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 continue to do this until the box is full&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note: be sure that the top layer of snails is covered&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;212. Before snails can be used you must be sure that there is no food in them. They must be clean inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;213. Snails that have been stored in a container (see Items 210 and 211 in this booklet) for more than four days will have no food left in them. They are clean inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;214. However, snails which have just been taken from the pen have been eating and are usually full of food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;215. So, before you can use them you must wait for them to become clean inside. To do this you need only to keep them from eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;216. Put them in a container where they can get no food but plenty of air. You can use a covered basket or a net sack.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p107a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Use a covered basket or a net sack&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;217. Put the basket or sack in a cool place away from the sun. After four days the snails will be clean inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p107b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put the container away from sun&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;218. All snails must be washed and boiled just before cooking them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;219. First, put them in clean, cool water with a little salt and vinegar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p107c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put them in clean water&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;220. After a short time the water will begin 10 turn white and you will know that the snails are being washed inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;221. When the water is very white, take the snails out and empty out the old water. Then put them again in clean, cool water with a little salt and vinegar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p108a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Empty out dirty water; wash snails again&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;222. Continue to wash them this way until the water no longer turns white. Then you will know that the snails are completely washed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;223. Now put the snails in boiling water, again with salt and vinegar, and boil them at least five minutes. The snails are now ready to be cooked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p108b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Boil snails with salt and vinegar for five minutes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Snail meat can be cooked like any meat or it can be cut into pieces and added to a stew or vegetables. If snails are eaten where you live, there will be many ways to cook them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;224. After you have been farming snails using two pens for some time, you may find that you and your family could eat or sell more snails if you had them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;225. You can raise more snails by building another pen. You can either build another 5 x 5 metre pen or you can build a still bigger pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;226. You can also raise more snails by taking better care of the snails that you have. If you take better care of your snails, year after year they will become bigger, healthier and stronger and produce more baby snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.7.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;227. Perhaps the most important thing that you can do to improve your snail farm is to build a third pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p109a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Build a third pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;228. Up until now, using only two pens, you have had to use both of them all of the time so that you could take fully grown snails from one after you had harvested the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p109b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Using two pens&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;229. Today, farmers know that it is not good to grow the same crops in the same place all of the time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;230. This is also true if you grow the same food and shelter plants in the same pen all of the time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;231. However, if you plant vegetables in one of your three pens for a year, the vegetables will grow well because of the snail manure in the soil. Afterwards, your food and shelter plants will also grow better because the soil has had a rest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;232. Also, if you raise snails in the same place all of the time, the sicknesses that they may get would do more harm year after year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;233. So, if you plant something else for a year or two and then start with snails again, they will be less likely to get sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;234. The diagram below shows you how to improve a snail farm by planting a vegetable garden in each pen from to time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p110a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Diagram&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.7.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;235. You may want to build a still bigger pen for your third pen so you can grow many more snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;236. If you build a 5 x 10 metre pen, you can grow two times as many snails. If you build a 10 x 10 metre pen, you can grow four times as many snails as you did in a 5 x 5 metre pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p110b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Pens&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;237. However, building a bigger pen is a lot more work and you will need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more land&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more materials to build it&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more food and shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more fully grown snails to begin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;238. You must also be sure that you and your family have enough time to take care of a bigger pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;239. If you do decide to build a bigger pen, build it exactly the same way that you built your first 5 x 5 metre pen (see pages 43 to 46 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p111a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Building a bigger pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d.7.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;240. The better you understand the snails that you are farming, the better you can take care of them. So, you should always watch them and learn as much as you can.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;241. When you have learned the exact kinds of food plants that your snails like to eat, you will see that they grow well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;242. Then, if you always choose the biggest and best snails each time you begin, you will improve the quality of the snails that you are farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;243. So, with bigger and better snails and with more pens or bigger pens, you will be able to raise many more snails to eat or to sell and you arid your family will be able to live better.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p111b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Your family will be able to live better&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+
+</Doc>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2846 @@
+<Doc xmlns:gs2="http://www.greenstone.org/gs2" file="HASH016d.dir/doc.xml"  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f" gs2:mode="add">
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation Board on Science and Technology for International Development Office of International Affairs National Research Council &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Washington, D.C. 1983&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the Committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropiate balance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes topical reviews of technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Program costs for the study were provided by the Office of Technical Resources, Bureau for Asia, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. ASB-0249-SS-00-1026-00 and the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. DAN/ 5538-G-SS-1023-00.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Funding for this printing was provided by the Office of Agriculture, Bureau for Science and Technology, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., under Grant No. DAN 1406-G-SS-4001-00.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First Printing, June 1983&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second Printing, July 1984&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-061909&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Participants in the Study&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributors &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AMBAR ROESYAT, Research Institute for Animal Husbandry, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. B. ARKA, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. S. F. BARKER, Professor of Animal Sciences and Head of Department, The University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT BENIRSCHKE, Research Department, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEN BERESKIN, Research Geneticist, Nonruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Animal Science Institute, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALEIGH A. BLOUCH, World Wildlife Fund, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. BONGERS, Nature Conservation Department, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. BONNEMAIRE, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, Dijon, France &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. BOSMA, Vakgroep Funktionele Morfologie, Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. BUTCHER, Assistant Director, Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. S. CHILD, Wildlife and Parks Management Officer, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. ROSS COCKRILL, International Animal Consultant, Almansil, Algarve, Portugal &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PAUL CONRY, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, Department of Agriculture, Guam &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD J. COOLIDGE, Former President, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Beverly, Massachusetts, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. P. CROWCROFT, General Director, Metropolitan Zoo, Toronto, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, Dean Emeritus, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. DEPPNER, Tropical Livestock Consultant, Washington, D.C., USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. DEVENDRA, Head, Feed Resources and Animal Nutrition Branch, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Selangor, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. M. DOLAN, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California, USA DUKUT SULARSASA, Department of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. EPSTEIN, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Israel (retired) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. FINNIE, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. FISCHER, Director, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, JustusLiebig-Universitat, Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IAN FLETCHER, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANNIE P. GRAY, Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Edinburgh, Scotland (retired) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. B. GRIFFITHS, Director, Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. R. GRiMWOOD, Nairobi, Kenya &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COLIN P. GROVES, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ULRICH HALDER, Swiss League for Nature Conservation, Basel, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES G. HICKMAN, Livestock Consultant, A. Mithat Efendi Sokak No. 36/11, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. HOFFMAN, Veterinarian, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. H. G. HOLMES, Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. HUITEMA, Veterinarian, Osterbeek, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. H. HUTASOIT, Director-General, Livestock Services, Jakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BENT JORGENSEN, Director, Copenhagen Zoo, Copenhagen, Denmark &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAT KlEFFER, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Director and Professor, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GRAHAM W. M. KIRBY, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Production, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HEINZ-GEORG KLOS, Director, Zoologischer Garten, Berlin, West Germany &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KUSMAT TANUDIMADJA, Professor of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institut Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN K. LOOSLI, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. LUKAS, White Oak Plantation, Yulee, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. MACDONALD, Vakgroep Funktionele Morfologie, Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN MACKINNON, Representative, World Wildlife Fund, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT E. McDOWELL, Professor, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEFFREY A. McNEELY, Executive Officer, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADRIAN G. MARSHALL, Honorary Secretary, Institute of South-east Asian Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;[AN L. MASON, Animal Breeding Consultant, Edinburgh, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEERT MONTSMA, Vakgroepen Veefokkerij, Veehouderij, Tropische Veehouderij, Wageningen, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. MORAN, Senior Research Officer, Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute, Kyabram, Victoria, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. MILLER, Chief, Milk Secretion and Mastitis Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAN NARI, Director, Central Research Institute for Animal Science, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARVEY NEESE, President, Agri-Food Systems International, Inc., Troy, Idaho, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. M. NITIS, Department of Animal Nutrition and Tropical Pasture Production, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM L. R. OLIVER, Chairman, lUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN PAYNE, Wildlife Section, Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. PAYNE, Tropical Animal Breeding Consultant, London, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. PHILLIPS, Arlington, Virginia, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Scientific Advisor, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C., USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID W. ROBINSON, Associate Dean, International Programs, University of California, Davis, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PATRICK J. ROBINSON, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. H. L. ROLLINSON, Animal Production Officer, Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLIVE ROOTS, Director, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. A. SAYER, Nature Conservation and National Parks Project, FAO, Rangoon, Burma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. E. SATTER, Nature Conservation and National Parks Project, FAO, Rangoon, Burma &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORCE B. SCHALLER, New York Zoological Society, New York, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN SCHOTTLER, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Industry, Lae, Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE SEIFERT, CSIRO, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROGER V. SHORT, Professor of Reproductive Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. C. SINHA, Outdoor Recreation and Wildlife Research Division, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK J. SIMOONS, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Davis, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. D. SIMPSON, Senior Extension Specialist, Department of Agricultural, Technical and Extension Services, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. SITORUS, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. J. SMITH, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. J. STOLP-DIEPEVEEN, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUBANDRlYO, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. SUMADI, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. M. TALBOT, World Wildlife Fund International, Gland, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WARREN D. THOMAS, Director, Los Angeles Zoo, Los Angeles, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. L. THROP, Director, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALLEN D. TILLMAN, Private Consultant in Animal Production, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD G. TULLOCH, Division of Wildlife Research, CSIRO, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HELEN NEWTON TURNER, Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. VAN PUIJENBROECK, Curator of Mammals, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. J. WARWICK, Visiting Professor, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WARTOMO HARDJOSUBROTO, Lecturer in Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. H. WHARTON, Chief Research Scientist, CSIRO, Long Pocket Laboratories, Brisbane, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. L. WHEELER, Project Manager, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.H. WOODFORD, Wildlife Veterinarian, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.A.YOUNG, Department of Animal Science, the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.ZULBARDI, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Asian Animals Study Director &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council Staff&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE RECKS, Administrative Secretary &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is high time that the world was made aware of the valuable, large ruminant genetic resources of Southeast Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. MORAN Livestock Specialist Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute Kyabram, Victoria, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Without utilization preservation is doomed to failure. Local breeds able to perform well in difficult habitats, such as in sparse vegetation, mountainous terrain, or the tropics, should be used for their agricultural potential. Breeds that demonstrate hybrid vigor on crossing with improved or exotic breeds also merit utilization. Genetically unique breeds should be retained for scientific studies of genetics, evolution, and biochemistry. And aesthetically attractive and historically important breeds should be maintained in parks and preserves for their educational and cultural values.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. L. MASON Animal Breeding Consultant Edinburgh. Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p00.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ YAK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report began as a brief examination of the domesticated banteng, a little studied bovine that is an important livestock resource in eastern Indonesia. But the study expanded to include other possibly useful but obscure bovines of Asia: the madura (a hybrid between banteng and cattle), gaur, mithan, kouprey, anoa, tamaraw, yak, and yakowsâhybrids formed by crossing yaks with cattle. Four pig species were also included (the bearded pig, the Sulawesi warty pig, the Javan warty pig, and the pygmy hog) that are important traditional resources in parts of Asia, as well as the babirusaâa piglike, wild animal of Sulawesi that may have a rudimentary rumen. (Asia also has some interesting, little-known breeds of cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, and the common pig, but in this report we have chosen to highlight unconventional species only.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are unfamiliar to international animal science. This report aims to kindle awareness of their possible promise and to stimulate their introduction into projects in the world's animal research facilities. Only through active investigation will the potential of these species - most of which are now familiar only to a small number of wildlife specialists - become clear. Many are threatened with extinction; their genetic merits should be assessed before it is too late.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development agencies and governments in the tropics should regard local species, such as those described in this report, as important genetic material for bolstering the long-term success of domestic livestock breeding programs. These indigenous resources can probably be improved genetically to compare favorably with imported livestock, particularly in difficult tropical environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report was prepared after Hugh Popenoe, Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI), and Noel Vietmeyer of the ACT! staff visited banteng researchers in Indonesia, northern Australia, and Papua New Guinea in May 1981. More than 90 researchers (see contributor's list) provided information to the report through correspondence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACTI is a committee of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council. It assesses unconventional resources and technologies that might prove especially applicable to problems of developing countries. Current titles in the ACTI series Managing Tropical Animal Resources are: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (1981)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (1983). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The production of these books has been supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Program costs for this study were sponsored by AID'S Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which also made possible the free distribution of this report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is an exploratory volume. It will, perhaps, lead in a few years' time to a more complete book on indigenous Asian animals - and perhaps also to similar books on little-known animals of Africa and Latin America. If you have material to contribute to the future edition, please send it to Noel Vietmeyer, JH213, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20418, USA, who will contact you when any new publication on this subject is planned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asia has several domesticated animals about which little is known. Among them are the banteng (&quot;Bali cattle&quot;) of Indonesia, the yak of Central Asia's high country, and the mithan of the border region of India, Burma, and Bangladesh.( *The promise of another Asian animal, the water buffalo, is described in companion report no 32. ) Some Asian farmers use domesticated bovine hybrids: the madura (banteng-cattle hybrid) in Indonesia and the yakow (yak-cattle hybrid) in Central Asia. In addition, domesticated forms of at least two Asian pig species (the Indonesian wild boar and the Sulawesi warty pig) are important husbandry animals in parts of Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among Asia's undomesticated animals are five interesting and potentially valuable species of wild bovines: the kouprey in Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea; the gaur in India and much of Southeast Asia; two species of anoas in Indonesia; and the tamaraw in the Philippines. There are also three species of undomesticated Asian pigs: the bearded pig, the Javan warty pig and pigmy hog. Perhaps the strangest Asian animal of all is the babirusa, a piglike species of eastern Indonesia that may be a rudimentary ruminant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of these animals are either threatened or endangered species, and some will soon be extinct unless scientists, governments, and resource managers take forceful action to preserve them. Scientific management and a better understanding of the animals themselves is required.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important need is to investigate their potential as livestock resources. All seem to be disease resistant and well adapted to difficult natural conditions. Some will interbreed with conventional livestock and might thereby pass on important characters to hybrid progeny. A few of the wild species are ancestors of domestic livestock and could be important genetic reservoirs for maintaining or improving the quality of their domestic descendants. Others may make useful new domesticates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appreciation of their potential in the long-term for the world's agricultural development could create a momentum for the protection, preservation, and greater use of these little-known animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Imported Livestock&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, many thought that the best way to raise animal productivity in tropical developing countries was to introduce high-performing breeds from temperate industrialized areas. The fact that the exotic animals were much more productive than local stock made this seem very appealing. But many such importations ended in failure when the animals either quickly died or their growth or reproduction rates declined so drastically that the herds dwindled away or became uneconomic. These introductions had been made without adequate consideration of the local environment that was expected to support the imported animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More recently, some animal scientists have decried the idea of wholesale importing of temperate-zone livestock into tropical countries without also evaluating the indigenous livestock. In many cases the local animals' apparent poor performance results not from their lack of genetic potential, but from inadequate feeding, breeding, selection, management, and health care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indigenous Animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until an objective evaluation of particular indigenous breeds is undertaken, governments should regard local animals as vitally important for the long-term development of their domestic livestock industries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To achieve an agriculture that is compatible with nature, we should try to raise an animal as much as possible within its own natural environment. Indigenous species are necessarily well adapted to their surroundings and have survival qualities that imported livestock often lack. They generally select food, either graze or browse, better than foreign species and can therefore exploit the habitat more efficiently and live within it more harmoniously.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But most of the livestock species the world depends on today are best adapted to temperate conditions. This is because Stone Age peoples in what today are Europe, the Middle East, and eastern China domesticated the prototypes of agricultural animals that were available in those places. The world's best-known breeds of cattle, wool sheep, and horses, for example, usually perform well in temperate regions and poorly in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The species described in this report offer promise as new and important alternative livestock resources for tropical regions. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Embryo Transplants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems likely that modern technology will substantially improve our ability to use new species and breeds of livestock. One of the most encouraging of the new biotechnology techniques is embryo transplantation. In this process multiple eggs (produced by hormonally stimulating female animals) are fertilized and transplanted to other female animals. The hormonal cycles of the donor and receiving animals are synchronized so that a pregnancy results.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This technique is widely used to transfer embryos between cattle, but researchers are now exploring transfers between different species and even between different genera. In 1981, for example, animal scientists at the New York Zoological Garden transplanted a fertilized gaur ovum into a Holstein cow, which carried the gaur calf to term. Now veterinarians at the University of Florida are attempting to transplant water buffalo embryos into both zebu and Holstein-Friesian cattle, and vice versa. If such pioneering work can become everyday practice, it will open possibilities of using common livestock to raise rare animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, because embryos are thought to be free of many diseases, their shipment between nations may soon be permitted without elaborate quarantine precautions. Methods for freezing embryos have been worked out so that the tiny bundles of cells can be air freighted inexpensively in small, insulated containers. This may make animals such as those discussed in this report available to Africans, Latin Americans, North Americans, and Europeans. It may vastly simplify the worldwide exchange of animal genetic material and become the animal counterpart of exchanging seeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An additional benefit of embryo transplants is that the surrogate mother's placental blood supply provides the fetus with natural immunity to some local diseases, thus perhaps reducing one of the most serious causes of failure when exotic animals are introduced to new environments. And at Utah State University it has been noted that raising wildsheep embryos in domestic ewes produces lambs that are more docile than if they were raised by their biological mothers. Embryo transplants may be a small step toward domesticating new animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With these possibilities on the horizon, it becomes even more important that all countries preserve their indigenous animals. The rest of this report suggests and discusses Asian species for protection and study. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems probable that two of our widely used livestock species were domesticated in the Asian tropics: the zebu or humped cattle in India and the water buffalo in the humid marshlands of northeastern India or Southeast Asia. (Both the chicken and some races of pig may also have a tropical Asian origin, but the exact sites of their earliest domestication is unclear.) There are, however, other, much more localized, domesticated bovines in Asia. These are not well studied and deserve greatly increased recognition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This section highlights:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Domesticated banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Banteng-cattle hybrids&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Mithan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yak&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yakows. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is time for the world's scientific community to study the genetics, evolution, and biochemical parameters of the unique animal resources, that are found in Southeast Asia. ALLEN D. TILLMAN Animal Consultant Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Though well adapted for survival in their own harsh tropical environments, many domestic livestock breeds are being neglected in the race to achieve temperate zone levels of productivity. CHARLES HICKMAN Department of Dairy Cattle Breeding Ottawa, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies should be made of the present and potential role, productivity and efficiency of all domestic animals and birds, large and small, before they are replaced by imported types. Many wild species also could make important contributions to human welfare with proper management. J. K. LOOSLI Department of Animal Science University of Florida .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The conservation of endangered genetic resources represents a genuine and welcome synthesis of the concerns of the agriculturalist and the wildlife enthusiast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN TINKER British Journalist&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p06.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ MITHAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.4.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng (*Bos javanicus is now the accepted name, but Bos sondaicus, Bibos banteng, and other synonyms have been used in the past. (See Hooijer, 1956.) The name &quot;banteng&quot; has traditionally referred to the wild form of Bos javanicus; the name &quot;Bali cattle&quot; to the domesticated form. This chapter describes the domesticated form, but we retain the name banteng to reinforce the fact that the animal is not a breed of cattle, but a distinct species. Despite a cattle-like appearance, the animals are at least as genetically remote from cattle as is the bison. Both produce sterile males when hybridized with European cattle. Australia. (N.D. Vietmeyer)) is a bovine that resembles a small cow. It is, however, an entirely different species from either European cattle (Bos taurus) or zebus (Bos indicus). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These docile animals thrive under hot, humid conditions and, like the water buffalo, have high resistance to ticks and tick-borne diseases. In parts of Southeast Asia they have proved acceptable for draft power and meat production, and they may have potential for many other regions of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng are remarkably uniform in type and have changed little from their wild ancestors (see chapter 6). Bulls stand from 1.3 to 1.5 m high at the shoulders, while cows are about 1.2 m high. They have the general conformation of beef cattle. The skin is tight, the neck short, and the dewlap inconspicuous. The face is narrow and is carried horizontally with the large ears pointing forward. There is no hump, but the male possesses a distinctive crest over the thorax because the spines of the thoracic vertebrae are unusually elongated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On both sexes a striking white oval patch covers the rump and all four legs have white stockings. Calves and females are usually light brown with a thin black line along the middle of the back. Bulls are brown when young but usually turn near-black at maturity, unless castrated. Thus, in a herd the sexes - black males and brown females - are strikingly apparent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male horns grow sideways, upward, and outward from a horny mass on the forehead. Females lack this horny shield and their horns usually grow upward and back, eventually curving down again toward the head. Polled animals have not been reported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mature banteng bulls can weigh from 450 to 500 kg. Under exceptional conditions they may reach 550 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly all the world's domesticated banteng are found in Indonesia. They are particularly important on the islands of Bali, Kalimantan, Lombok, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, and Timor. On Bali and Sumbawa, they are virtually uncontaminated by crossbreeding with other cattle and are thought to have been domesticated there in prehistoric times. Since 1913 government officials have enforced a law that prohibits crossbreeding so as to maintain the purity of the breed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small numbers of banteng have been introduced to Sumatra, Malaysia, and northern Australia, and there are experimental herds in Texas, USA, and New South Wales, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p09.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ DISTRIBUTION OF DOMESTICATED BANTEG&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated banteng account for about 20 percent of Indonesia's total population of &quot;cattle.&quot; The banteng population increased from 1.1 million in 1967 to 1.4 million in 1975 and is now estimated to be more than 1.5 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng are found mainly in lowland areas on Indonesian islands straddling the equator. The environment is monsoonal with mean annual temperatures ranging from 23Â° to 31Â°C. Most of the region receives heavy rainfall throughout the year, but dry spells as long as five months occur at some locations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng normally have high conception rates. In northern Australia they regularly achieve 80-90 percent conception, as compared with the 50-60 percent of Brahman-Shorthorn crossbred cattle. Similar conception rates have been recorded in Sulawesi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little basic information on the banteng's reproductive physiology has been reported. However, it appears that this differs little from that of cattle. Sexual maturity has been observed as early as 13 months and mating at 16 months.* The gestation period is about one week longer than that of cattle and twinning is not common. At birth, males weigh about 16-17 kg and females about 14-15 kg (about half the size of Brahman-Shorthorn calves). Calves are not weaned at any specific time, and dams may continue suckling a calf until the next birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng will crossbreed with domestic cattle, producing hybrids with notable vigor and heat tolerance (see chapter 2).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has been reported that banteng have the ability to drink water with high salinity,&quot; and in northern Australia they have even been seen grazing seaweed on coral reefs at low tide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On high-quality diets, feed-conversion ratios approach those of other bovine species. For example, banteng bulls on high-concentrate diets have shown daily growth rates of 0.7 kg, compared with 0.7 kg in water buffalo, 0.8 kg in zebu cattle, and 0.9 kg in British cattle bulls.:&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the banteng matures, its weight remains lower than that of cattle of similar age. However, relative to mature liveweight, this disadvantage is only about 8 percent.Â§&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behaviour&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng cannot be handled as roughly as domestic cattle. Cows and calves are timid and easily upset. When stressed they may run into fences and walls, incurring head and spinal injuries. They also easily get into a state of shock. Special squeeze chutes and other special facilities, along with much care in handling the animals, are essential. However, despite their lively temperament banteng are docile if reared, as in Indonesia, with frequent human contact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are promising beef producers. Gourmets consider banteng cuts among the finest of meats, and Indonesia cannot export enough to satisfy the demand in Hong Kong and Japan alone. The meat's outstanding characteristics are its tenderness and leanness. When the animals are maintained and finished under traditional village management, total fat content of the meat (both on a liveweight and carcass basis) is usually less than 4 percent. Little of the fat is deposited among the meat fibers (marbling); about two-thirds of it is mesenteric and the remainder is subcutaneous, laid down in small globules. The carcasses have a high dressing-out percentage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng have proved to be useful as draft animals for the farm but are reportedly less suitable than zebus for hauling carts on roads. Traditionally, both male and female animals are worked, but Balinese farmers normally use females for cultivating light soils only. Banteng are trained when they are about 2 years old and are reportedly easier to train than zebus.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like water buffaloes banteng can utilize low-quality feeds; they are similar in that they can live off forage unpalatable to cattle. It is rare to see banteng in poor condition. Animals of all ages appear to have an ability to maintain weight and body condition even when pasture quality is poor. In this respect, they have been noted to outperform cattle in Australia's Northern Territory. Moreover, due to their lower milk production banteng cows lose less weight and condition during lactation than, for example, Brahman-Shorthorn cows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In comparison with cattle (European breeds) kept under similar circumstances in Australia, banteng are less infested with external parasites. Their hair is short and their hide tough, which helps them resist ticks. Under field conditions few adult cattle ticks (Boophilus microplus) are observed on the animals, except on malnourished individuals, and the incidence of tick-borne disease is said to be very low. Sarcoptic mange is known to affect the animals, but it has a low incidence as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng also appear to tolerate several internal parasites. Liver fluke is probably the most prevalent. Although the animals themselves appear healthy at slaughter, some 80 percent or more of carcasses are found to have partially infected livers. In addition, intestinal worms are often present.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are only slightly affected by Asian trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma evansi). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are poor milkers; their udders are almost invisible. The lactation varies from 6 to 10 months and milk production is only 0.9-2.8 kg per day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To keep from reverting to the wild state, banteng may need close contact with humans or regular handling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An unidentified banteng disease first appeared on Bali in 1964. Known locally as &quot;jembrana,&quot; it spread rapidly, causing mortalities from 10 to 60 percent in certain localities. It was originally thought to be rinderpest; it is now believed to be caused by a rickettsia transmitted by cattle ticks. Outbreaks have occurred with decreasing intensity and virulence since the original outbreak. The disease is under intensive investigation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Bali ziekte,&quot; a disease affecting only banteng, has also been noted. It is characterized by dry eczema, followed by severe necrosis of the skin and exposed mucous membrances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their high susceptibility to bovine malignant catarrhal fever, banteng must not be brought in contact with sheep and some other animals. This virus is widely disseminated in sheep and several domestic and wild hoofed mammals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There have been few scientific studies of banteng and no coordinated attempt to improve their performance. They deserve more recognition and they merit testing in tropical locations outside their traditional home in Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The herds in northern Australia (descendants of animals remaining from an abortive colonization attempt in the 1820s) are in a relatively disease-free zone, and although they are feral, they can potentially provide animals for breeding and use in other nations. Although these few hundred banteng are a valuable resource, they are vulnerable to destruction if adverse environmental conditions arise or exotic diseases break out in Australia. Representatives of the herd should therefore be distributed and viable breeding stock established at several new locations. (Their genes and gene combinations may even prove valuable for the indigenous herds in Indonesia, and banteng research and development would make a valuable topic for cooperative research between Australia and Indonesia.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is particularly needed to identify the reasons for the banteng's apparent ability to maintain weight and body condition on poor-quality grazing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problems of bovine malignant catarrhal fever, Bali ziekte, and jembrana need increased attention, particularly directed toward prevention and control. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p13.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.4.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng and cattle have the same number of chromosomes, and they will interbreed. Few scientific details on the hybrid progeny are available, but on the Indonesian island of Madura they are a &quot;stabilized crossbreed&quot; because they seem to be genetically uniform. This hybridization took place some 1,500 years ago, when Indian invaders brought zebus of the Sinhala, or Ceylonese, type to Madura and crossed them with the banteng.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These madurasâ  reportedly show better growth rate than the pure banteng species itself. They are thrifty, hardy, and able to perform well under extremes of heat and poor nutrition. Though a hybrid in origin, both sexes of the madura are fully fertile. â¡&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For more than 15 centuries the winners of the bull races (&quot;kerapan sap)&quot;) have been the herd sires of Madurese villages. This long breeding history has led to an animal with the following characteristics:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Long legs and small feet&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Elongated muscles of the rear legs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Heavy muscling over the back, loin, and shoulder&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Quick reactions and nervous temperament&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Great heat tolerance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The ability to perform well as a work animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng-cattle hybrids vary in appearance, depending on whether European or zebu cattle are used in the cross as well as on the amount of backcrossing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maduras (banteng x zebu) are graceful animals. Their bodies are neat, compact, and deep, with well developed forequarters. The cows attain an average weight of about 210 kg and bulls range from 350 to 375 kg at maturity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Superficially, maduras are like Jersey cattle, except for having a much smaller udder. In most of them the banteng dominates the body structure and coat color. Bulls have a well-developed hump; females have almost none. There is no distinct dewlap. Horns are medium sized and curve upwards and slightly backwards. Ears are medium length and horizontal. Breeders on Madura accept only red-brown animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, crossbreeds of banteng and zebu are distributed throughout Indonesia. On the other hand, hybrids between banteng and European cattle have been made only in small programs in the United States and Australia. For example, researchers in central Texas are producing a cross that is one-eighth banteng/seven-eighths Charolais. They believe this will result in a beef animal able to grow well in warm, humid conditions. In the Northern Territory of Australia, no problems have been encountered in mating banteng bulls to Brahman-Shorthorn cows. Calves that are one-fourth banteng/three-fourths Brahman-Shorthorn have since been produced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Virtually all of the 575,000 &quot;cattle&quot; on the Indonesian island of Madura are hybrid animals resulting from crossing indigenous domesticated banteng with zebus. More than 200 head of banteng/Charolais hybrids are found near Easterly, Texas, and a score or so banteng/ Brahman-Shorthorn hybrids are on a research station near Darwin, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The environment in Madura, where most of these hybrids occur, is monsoonal, with mean average temperatures as high as 31Â°C in the hot season, and dry spells as long as 5 months. It seems likely that judicious selection of the cattle breed could result in hybrids suitable for many other environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the animals on Madura are bred to be raced. They are probably the fastest running bovines. From a standing start, a yoked pair pulling a sled can reach 50 kph by the end of the 130-meter course. An unencumbered individual can approach the speed of a horse (about 68 kph).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When compared with other bovine genotypes in Indonesia, the performance of these hybrids is more closely related to the banteng than the zebu ancestry.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the cross between banteng and European cattle all F1 bulls are sterile; their sperm development ceases at the secondary spermatocyte stage.â¡ Infertility also exists in most one-fourth banteng (although some sperm are present) and in all three-fourths banteng bulls. The fertility of the F1 cows, on the other hand, is high - 90 percent as compared with 70 percent for Brahman-Shorthorn cows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hybrids have a lively temperament. However, when they are reared with other domestic cattle or handled on a regular basis, they are almost as docile as cattle. For instance, they remain calm even in Madura's extremely crowded towns. Nevertheless, personal contact probably must be maintained to keep them accustomed to human management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cows are very protective of their calves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several reports from the livestock service of the former Dutch colonial government, as well as several books on the East Indies, state that meat from the madura is the tenderest of any known breed. In addition, the hides are pliable and superior to those of cattle and are used in the highest quality leather goods. They command a price about 20 percent higher than zebu hides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The breed is reportedly one of the best draft animals for its size in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maduras have several desirable traits, including those outlined below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Feed efficiency. With grain rations, yearling bulls can gain 1 kg on less than 7 kg of ration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Thriftiness. The breed can maintain its body condition on low quality forages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Heat tolerance. The madura has a high rate of cutaneous evaporation and is therefore well adapted to the tropical monsoonal climate. Teams of madura can plow or cultivate land for more than 6 hours, even at high temperatures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Carcass quality. The madura fattens readily on a high-quality diet and  produces carcasses with high dressing percentages, a large rib-eye area, and  high yields of lean meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· External fat thickness. A well-finished madura normally has only a slight  covering of fat over ribs and lower round. Maximum thickness (over the top  round) is less than 1.5 cm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Intelligence. These animals are responsive and easily trained. The famous  dancing cattle of Madura, for instance, are actually these banteng-cattle  hybrids.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Parasite resistance. Despite often high levels of fluke infections, the  animals continue to work, reproduce, and maintain body condition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maduras have been bred for one thing - speed. Some of their genetic  limitations are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Low birth weight. The calves begin small, weighing 12-14 kg at birth, and  they continue to be slow weight gainers. [Feeding trials with yearling bulls  have shown daily gains of over 600 g for 180 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Poor lactation. Milk production is normally less than 1.5 lifers per day and lactation ends after about 4 months. The cows often fail to produce milk. Much of this is probably caused by poor nutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the important features of the madura is that its genetic variation has been largely removed during 1,500 years of continuous breeding; with study much valuable information could be obtained that is beneficial to all bovine breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following topics need further study:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Fertility levels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crossbreeding to test the effect of using a wider range of cattle breeds*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Assessment of the hybrid's advantages over the pure banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Performance under a wide range of environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.4.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan (Bos frontalis) is believed to be a domesticated form of gaur (see chapter 6).t (However, it resembles the banteng and some authors have proposed that it is a gaur-cattle cross, others a gaur-banteng cross.) The mithan is a domestic animal indigenous to parts of India, Burma, and Bangladesh. Because of large size and the high butterfat content of its milk it is widely used to crossbreed with cattle in Bhutan. It deserves greater recognition both in Asia and elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan is a handsome animal. Bulls may occasionally exceed 1.7 m at the shoulder and weigh 1,000 kg, but the average bull is about 1.5 m tall and weighs 540 kg. Cows are shorter and weigh less.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal has a dorsal ridge on the crest of the shoulders, a small but pronounced dewlap, and a generally flat forehead. Mithan horns are often of unusual girth; they are straight or gently curving, and many have an enormous base that practically covers the top of the skull.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most calves and females are brown, but adult males are generally black with white stockings on all four legs. Some, however, are light brown, white, or piebald.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the hill ranges of Assam, where gaur are still plentiful and interbreeding between mithan and gaur frequently occurs, the mithans are massive and gaurlike. But in the Chin Hills, where gaur are scarce, the mithans have lost their bulky proportions, probably by interbreeding with cattle. With them, the high dorsal ridge on the shoulder (which lends so much to the imposing stature of the gaur) has disappeared, the horns are cowlike, and the varied coloring of the domestic cow begins to appear.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithan are kept in a domesticated condition by the hill tribes of northeastern India (Mishmis, Mizo, Nagas), the Chittagong Hill tracts, and some Burmese hill ranges (Arakan and Chin Hills). It is the main domestic animal of the Nagas of Nagaland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In India feral herds totalling some 50,000 head roam the jungles of Arunachal Pradesh. Recently the Royal Government of Bhutan has established two herds by purchasing animals from Arunachal Pradesh. Bhutanese farmers have some 60,000 head of animals that are hybrids of mithan and the local breed of cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Bhutan is breeding mithans on government farms and distributing males to private breeders to improve the genetic base.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan is a grazing animal, but in some areas herds are allowed to browse freely in the woods; some return to the villages for protection at night, while others remain largely in the forests. The villagers keep the forest mithans nearby by providing salt, for which the animals have an insatiable craving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feral mithan live in the same habitat as gaurs and are said to move equally skillfully in mountainous terrain. Usually they are found at elevations from 600 to 3,000 m. However, in the Chittagong Hill tracts and the Mishmi country they descend to 300 m and lower, while in Bhutan they have been reported grazing in summer at altitudes as high as 3,300 m, for example around Thimphu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p23.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mithan distribution. (after Simoons and Simoons, 1968)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithans are fully fertile amongst themselves. Also, they interbreed freely with the gaur, banteng, yak, and cattle of both the taurus and zebu types. Naga owners encourage the interbreeding with gaur, regarding it as an improvement of the race. (They arrange this by placing salt licks in the forest. After gaur bulls have formed a habit of coming to the licks, mithan cows are left there and in due course mating takes place.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The crosses between mithan and zebu are also encouraged in certain districts. Unlike most crosses between bovine species, those between mithan and cattle result in fertile male and female offspring (although some owners indicate that the F1 male is not a reliable breeder).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is an unusually gentle animal with a quiet disposition, as revealed in the Chin tribe's expression &quot;gentle as a mithan.&quot; Normally even a stranger is safe to approach one; if he gives it a bit of salt, it will usually follow him about. Thus, mithans are easily managed in a regular cattlerearing operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many mithans are not domesticated in the strict sense. Their herds live in a semi-tame state near jungle villages and come to settlements only in the evening to lick salt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some regions of northern India, mithans are used for field work and as draft animals. They are also important as a meat supply. The Bhutanese government is establishing a national dairy-mithan breeding program, which could result in a valuable dairy animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To many tribes of northeast India and Burma, mithans serve mainly as sacrificial animals. The Nagas use them as a kind of &quot;currency&quot; to pay for goods, to buy brides, and to pay penalties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids resulting from backcrossing mithan with common cattle are also used as work animals. For at least a century, Bhutanese livestock breeders, particularly those in the eastern section, have mated mithan bulls to siri cows (Bos taurus) from India. This produces very profitable hybrid offspring that have high milk production. The milk is rich in total solids and produces exceptional yields of cheese and butter.* The male of the cross (called &quot;jatsha&quot;) is a powerful draft animal, and the female (&quot;jatshum&quot;) is a prized milk cow. To this day, extensive crossing continues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan is potentially an animal that can be used in difficult terrain where most domestic cattle breeds do not perform well. Mithans are superior when it comes to feeding on steep slopes and cliffs and for grazing native grass and the leaves of local fodder trees. They are also adapted to tropical and subtropical environments. And they are able to maintain themselves in small herds (6-10 head) in dense jungle.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan could prove valuable in other parts of the world, and it could be important particularly for the genetic improvement of cattle in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If they are disturbed, mature mithans can be temperamental. They can be difficult to hold with normal fences or chutes, because of their size. When given injections or otherwise subjected to pain, they are liable to bolt to the jungle and not return.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The productivity of these animals needs to be better characterized and defined. Attention should be given to their grazing efficiency as compared with that of cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The two farms the Bhutan government has established for breeding mithans provide an opportunity to gather genetic information on the species and to have experimental matings take place to establish the most suitable animal for various conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The genetic relationship of mithan to gayal, gaur, and cattle needs to be clarified. Although it is believed that the mithan and gayal are the same animal, one of this report's reviewers points out that the mithan of Bhutan are strikingly different in color, body shape, and horn structure from gayals seen in zoos in Europe and India. Although the mithan is now considered a domesticated gaur, many in the past have claimed it as a gaur-cattle hybrid. Physiological research could remove lingering doubts. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p26.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.4.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yak (Bos grunniens), is a grazing animal that is accustomed to traveling great distances in a harsh environment. Nothing is known about when it was first domesticated, but there has probably been a close association between man and yaks ever since the first humans migrated into the high mountains of Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated yaks are about the size of ordinary cattle and rarely exceed heights of 1.3 m at the shoulder. Their liveweight is generally 250-550 kg for the males and 180-350 kg for the females. They differ little from wild yaks except that they are smaller, have shorter and thinner horns, and may be rusty brown, black, silver grey, or piebald instead of black.â  Often they have whitish spots on their faces.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yak's hair is long, especially on the flanks, where it forms a shaggy fringe that often reaches the ground. This, together with an underlying layer of thick, fine wool, protects the animal from the bitter cold of its native region. The yak has an enormous tail with a brush of long hair coming from its root, which is rare in bovines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Long extensions of the thoracic vertebrae give the yak shoulders that look like a hump, but this is different from the boneless hump in zebus. The body is long, short-legged, and compact, with particularly large forequarters because, like the bison, the yak has 14 or 15 pairs of ribs instead of the 13 of domestic cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The horns spread outward and upward, and the head is held low, like that of the bison. While no hornless domestic yaks have been reported in Nepal, more than 90 percent of those found in Mongolia lack horns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most yaks are found especially in the mountains and plateaus of Tibet and western China, however they occur from northern Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Bhutan to Mongolia, and the Soviet Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are more than one million domestic yaks in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Himalayas the domestic yak is almost always found above 2,000 m elevation. Males are sometimes brought as low as 1,700 m for mating with cattle (see chapter 6), but they do not fare well at such altitudes. In Mongolia and Buryatiya (U.S.S.R.), however, they are found as low as 1,500 m elevation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p29.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Yak distribution. (after J. Bonnemaire, 1976)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild yak lives in desolate mountain areas at altitudes of 4,000-6,000 m. Its habitat is the alpine tundra and the cold desert regions of the northern part of the Tibetan plateau. These barren mountain regions are remote and at higher elevations than the zones of human habitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks look ungainly, partly because they are covered with long hair, but they are agile climbers and can maneuver narrow mountain paths. Their long hair is one adaptation to the cold climate. Other adaptations are the small, compact scrotum of the male and udder of the female, the small teats (only 2-3 cm long) and covering of hair over the udder, and the covering of short hair over the muzzle, except just around the nostrils.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In early summer yaks graze the lush grass in valley bottoms, but for much of the year they live on dry, coarse mountain grass and for long periods obtain water by eating snow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gestation length is 258 days - slightly shorter than that of cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic yaks are docile and easily managed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks are especially useful as riding and pack animals; they can manage loads of more than 150 kg. At altitudes up to 6,000 m they may carry a pack or a person at a steady pace for days and still remain in good condition. In some regions they are the only feasible pack animal. Yak bulls (generally castrated) are also used for plowing and for threshing grain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Occasionally the yak is slaughtered for meat. The meat is particularly important in parts of the USSR and in Mongolia, where in the cold, high-altitude environments it reportedly costs only half as much to produce as beef.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas milk production is an essential aspect of yak husbandry. Yields vary considerably according to management and nutrition, but they average about 600 kg and can be more than 1,000 kg per lactation. Yak milk is golden colored. It is much richer than cow's milk; a typical analysis is: total dry matter, 17.35 percent; fat, 6.5 percent; protein, 5.3 percent; and sugars, 4.6 percent. The fat globules are much larger than those in cow's milk. People of Tibetan stock use yak butter as a food staple and as a lighting fuel.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yak hide, though apparently not as good as that of cattle, is used for many purposes. It makes outstanding saddles. Yak hair is used for making ropes, saddle blankets (purportedly the best in the world), grainstorage bags, and tents. The fine wool that occurs beneath the long hair is used for making felt. The annual yield of adult females and males is about 750 g and 1,600 g of hair and about 350 g and 600 g of wool, respectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because yaks are often found above the timberline their dung is an important fuel in many areas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks can live and work hard in a cold climate. They are the only bovines to thrive at high altitudes. In cold, high areas they can work and produce meat and milk more efficiently and cheaply than cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks are not well able to eliminate surplus heat because their heavy coat reduces their ability to sweat. In warm climates their respiration rate and body temperature increase and they become exhausted and susceptible to infections. At low altitudes in Nepal yaks die of a variety of diseases. Apparently not even yak-cattle hybrid animals (see next chapter) can successfully live below 700 m in that part of the world. This is probably due to overheating, since during the first half of this century yaks grew successfully in trials at low altitudes in Alaska and northern Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yak improvement programs are much needed. It seems probable that the genetic potential of the species is far from realized because Buddhist beliefs oppose the deliberate killing of stock. Techniques for deep freezing yak semen have been successfully developed at Regents Park Zoo, London and should prove invaluable for improving the breed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· As a result of uncontrolled hunting the wild yak is endangered and is now restricted to remote barrens on upland plateaus and highlands in northern Tibet and Chinghai, inhospitable even to domestic yaks. The numbers of wild yak are unknown. They require total protection throughout their range and the establishment of adequately protected reserves with good pasture. To preserve their genetic purity, it is important to isolate wild yaks from domestic yaks and thus keep them pure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A primary need is to catalog the numbers and locations of purebred yaks. Today we have little idea of the total breeding population. Gathering such information is difficult, owing to the geographical isolation of the communities involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It is also important to catalog the movement of yaks between different areas to see if enough genetic exchange occurs to prevent inbreeding of the population. Exchanges between local pastoralists were much more frequent in the past (for example, between Tibet and Nepal), but this is now more difficult because of border restrictions and because many yak &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;herders that used to move herds long distances have become sedentary farmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Breeding strategies, herd management, product processing, and herd hygiene in Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, northern India, and northern Pakistan, Tibet, Mongolia, and the Soviet Union all differ greatly. It is important to get an overall perspective so that the strengths of the different systems can be judged and the weaknesses reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· There are clearly different domestic yak &quot;breeds&quot; in terms of their appearance, and these need to be identified and compared systematically. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p33.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.4.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks and cattle have the same diploid number of chromosomes (60). And in the regions where yaks are found, they are often interbred with cattle, either the humpless cattle (Bos taurus) of Tibet and Mongolia or the zebu (Bos indicus) of South Asia. As with mules, the hybrid offspring of cattle and yak surpass their parents in strength and vigor. Yakows* grow faster than their parents, and they suffer less from high temperatures than yaks. The hybrid cow reaches sexual maturity earlier and yields larger quantities of milk than the yak cow. The males, however, are sterile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yakow's appearance varies with the type of cattle used in the cross. But because of the phenomenon of hybrid vigor (heterosis), the hybrids are considerably bigger than the mean size of their parents. (For instance, in one test the liveweight was approximately 18 percent higher than the average weight of the parents.) The hybrids also excel in hardiness, working ability, growth rate, and milk production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, their appearance and performance is closer to that of the mother than of the father. Because of this, the yakows can be &quot;custom designed&quot; for various altitude zones. For example, the farmer at lower altitudes may produce cattle-like yakows by breeding yak bulls to domestic cows, while farmers at higher altitudes would use the reverse cross.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yakows have shorter hair and a much less downy undercoat than purebred yaks. They are similar in color to yaks. (In Nepal, black is most frequent, but brown shades and even white may occur.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yakows are found in parts of northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, northeast and northwest India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Tibet, western China, Mongolia, and southeastern Russia. They are found notably in the Himalayan region of Nepal, where they are bred by people of Tibetan culture and language. Sherpas, for instance, supply hybrid cows and heifers to dairy farmers throughout northeastern Nepal. Hybrids are also much bred in Ladakh (northern Pakistan) and Mongolia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whereas farmers in Nepal tend to use zebus to cross with yak, the inhabitants of the Tibetan plateau generally use Bos taurus cattle. People in some areas favor mating yak bulls to cows, while those in other areas prefer the reverse. But even within one village there can be a degree of specialization by different families, depending on wealth and the location of traditional grazing grounds. Generally, however, the crosses between domestic cattle bulls and yak cows are the predominant ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of yak-cattle hybrids in the world is unknown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the yak, the hybrid can live in cold, barren, upland terrain, but it has the advantage of being able to adapt to lower altitudes. In winter, caravans of hybrids may come down as low as 1,600 m in some parts of Nepal, and hybrid herds (especially those resulting from crossing yak bulls with zebu cows) can spend several weeks grazing at altitudes as low as about 1,700 m in winter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female hybrids are fertile when mated with either parent stock. Male hybrids, however, are sterile. Although they have fully developed secondary sexual characters and show libido, their testes do not produce spermatozoa because the seminiferous tubules are poorly developed and the spermatogonia and their nuclei are degenerate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few normal or motile spermatozoa may be found in the semen of backcrosses of the F1 hybrids to either parent, but as a rule the spermatozoa are normal and dead.* Backcrossing is reportedly not common, however, as the progeny do not retain hybrid vigor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibetan farmers prefer the hybrids for plowing because of their docile temperament. The yak is said to be more stubborn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hybrids are valued as beasts of burden and draft, and are often preferred over yaks. Male hybrids are generally castrated at about 3 years of age so as to increase their strength and size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where pastures occur over areas of greatly varying altitude, the use of hybrid livestock is likely to be more efficient, in biological terms, than the use of yaks or cattle. By judiciously selecting cattle, yaks, or hybrids all altitudes from sea level to above 5,000 m can be utilized with best efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hybrid's milk is intermediate in composition between that of its parents. However, hybrids yield up to 7 kg of milk per day against the yak's 3 kg. (It seems that the hybrid derived from cattle bull and female yak produces considerably more milk, with a higher fat content than that derived from yak bull x cattle female.) Also the female hybrids produce larger quantities of milk than Nepalese zebu cows on the same hill pastures. They also produce a calf each year, while under normal herd management yaks tend to produce a calf every 2 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids do not tolerate extremes of altitude or cold as well as purebred yaks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The normal gestation period for yaks is about 1 month shorter than that of cattle, and the gestation period for a hybrid is intermediate between that of the parents - hence there may be problems at calving when a female yak is sired by a bull from a large cattle breed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed to identify differences in altitude tolerance between various hybrids. This should include measurements of hemoglobin count, respiration rate, and pulse rates at different altitudes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies are also needed on all production characteristics, particularly on the meat and milk production potentials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cataloging the breeding strategies of different areas where hybrids occur would be useful, along with a historical perspective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research to determine the most productive hybrids by crossing different yak and cattle &quot;breeds&quot; in areas with different environmental conditions could be extremely useful. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In various parts of Southeast Asia there exist little-known relatives of cattle and water buffaloes. Many of these wild animals are close to extinction, and attention is drawn to them in hope their populations will be preserved. All of them survive in tropical regions subject to environmental extremes - flooding annual rains, searing droughts, and swarming pests and parasites. These are conditions to which conventional livestock are poorly adapted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None of Africa's bovines is threatened with extinction, and both the European and American forms of bison are being preserved by governments and individuals. In Asia, however, there has been an alarming drop in the numbers of wild water buffalo, wild yak, wild banteng, kouprey, gaur, and tamaraw in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This section describes:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Wild banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Gaur&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Tamaraw&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If not molested, many of these animals can thrive side by side with human settlements. They may therefore have an important future role in the development of the tropics. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is little point in conservation for conservation's sake, but loss of irreplaceable resources through ignorance, greed, or thoughtlessness should be avoided. It may be that these Asian animals have little merit other than their uniqueness, but at the very least, sufficient numbers should be conserved until we have time to find out. A. J. SMITH Royal School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rapid human increase and relative poverty deny hope that any land can lie idle when so many would be robbed of an opportunity simply to exist. For wildlife to survive, let alone at its breathtaking best, we must think of new and better ways to justify its future, preferably by having it contribute to the welfare of those hard-pressed humans who inevitably are further disadvantaged by the creation of national parks. DAVID WESTERN New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is an urgency to conserve and study nontraditional animal species, especially for use in the environmentally challenging tropical areas of the world. The philosophy plant scientists apply to exploring the potential of the plant kingdom needs to be more enthusiastically adopted for the world's animal species. G. W. M. KIRBY, Principal Animal Production Officer Department of Primary Production Darwin, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p40.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ GAUR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.5.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild banteng (Bos javanicus)* are the most cowlike of all the wild bovines and are the parent stock of the 1.5 million domesticated banteng in Indonesia (see chapter 1). They have a scattered distribution throughout Southeast Asia, and three subspecies are recognized:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Java banteng Bos javanicus javanicus (Java and Bali)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Borneo banteng Bos javanicus lowi (Borneo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Burma banteng Bos javanicus birmanicus (Burma, Thailand, Indochina).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng have been called the most beautiful of all wild relatives of cattle. The cows are usually a vibrant reddish brown, while adult bulls are mostly blackish-brown and sometimes even blue-black (although in Burma and Indochina bulls remain golden brown like the cows, and in Thailand a few banteng have been recorded with white, deerlike spots on their brown coats). Both sexes have white &quot;stockings&quot; and a large white patch on their rumps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng are larger than their domesticated counterparts. Average-sized bulls of the Java and Burma subspecies stand 1.6 m high and weigh 635 kg, but bulls as large as 1.9 m and 825 kg have been recorded. Cows average 1.4 m in height and weigh 400 kg. The Borneo subspecies is smaller.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The horns of banteng bulls are angular, turning out and then up, with inward-pointing tips and reaching a spread of 60-75 cm. The horns of cows are short and crescent shaped. There is a patch of thick, naked skin between the horns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are found in restricted localities scattered over an area ranging from the northeastern edge of India, through Burma, Thailand, the northern Malay Peninsula, central and southern Indochina, and the islands of Borneo, Java, and Bali.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only a few thousand wild banteng survive, and their numbers are decreasing. Most populations are endangered because their habitats are being encroached upon by the growing human population. In Sabah, Malaysia, for example, the areas where an estimated 300-550 banteng (the last remaining herds) occur are scheduled for conversion to permanent agriculture. The animals are being forced to use smaller and smaller habitats, thus increasing losses caused by malnutrition, diseases, and parasites. In addition, throughout much of the animal's range, hunting, military operations, and perhaps interbreeding with domestic cattle are further reducing the original stocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p43.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of wild banteng. (courtesy of C.H. Wharton)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng's general distribution lies in the zone of deciduous monsoon forest in Southeast Asia. Habitats vary between the extremes of dry wooded parkland with large grassy plains to tropical rain forest with small clearings. The animals prefer flat or undulating terrain. In northern Kampuchea and eastern Java, they inhabit grassland savannas. In western Thailand, they live in a belt of grass and bamboo thickets along upper slopes of dry mountains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng inhabit sites from sea level to around 2,000 m elevation. They avoid large human settlements and plantations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas there are no pronounced hot or cold seasons, but dry seasons can be long.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng prefer feeding on grass, but are fond of herbs, leaves, fruits and blossoms, as well as the sprouts of trees, brush, and young bamboo. Under favorable conditions they drink daily, preferring standing water. During droughts, they seem able to survive several days without water. In coastal areas where there are no mineral licks they can meet their need for salt by occasionally drinking seawater. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sex ratio at birth is 140 males to 100 females, but mortality of bulls is heavy and the adult ratio is about three cows for every bull.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calves are suckled until they are 14-16 months old.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In undisturbed conditions, the banteng's daily activity has a more or less fixed rhythm. During daytime, the animals alternate active and resting periods of 2-3 hours each. The active periods predominantly involve feeding, drinking, and social interactions. While resting, the animals commonly ruminate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a reaction to heavy rains or human disturbances, the animals retreat into dense vegetation. In regions with frequent human disturbance they generally appear in the open only at night. However, where they find particularly suitable localities they become somewhat accustomed to human presence and will venture out in daylight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng live alone or in small groups of up to eight members. Males separate from their mothers at an age of 2-3 years. Sometimes female calves continue living with their mother even beyond maturity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cows and dominant bulls command the best pastures, and young and weaker bulls roam widely, rarely leaving the protection of the thick forest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng bull has a reputation for extraordinary savagery, but stories of its lightning attack have been exaggerated. Wildlife biologists in Indonesia have not been able to document any such attacks and have no qualms about walking in banteng habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng show important promise for improving domesticated banteng (see chapter 1) or for interbreeding with cattle (chapter 2). Almost 170 years ago Sir Stamford Raffles, founder of Singapore, noted that in Java &quot;The degenerate domestic cows are sometimes driven into the forest to couple with the wild benteng, for the sake of improving that breed.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tourism could be developed in areas where these magnificent animals occur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng are large, robust animals fully at home both in the heat and humidity of the wet season and in the hot dry season. Their genetic &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;endowment for such tolerance could be of significant value fin improving domestic stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Possible Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng may prove to have a special susceptibility to diseases of domestic animals. Blackleg (Clostridium chauvoli) and mucosal disease have caused heavy losses in banteng in European zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capture of wild banteng may prove difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research on the physiology, production potential, and possible uses of wild banteng is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hunting and destruction of its habitats menace the wild banteng over all of its range. The only promising means for conservation is creation of nature reserves where hunting and forest destruction are forbidden. Conservation efforts should particularly include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Supporting government of Thailand efforts to conserve banteng in western Thailand and the Petchabun Range;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cooperating with the Burmese government in surveys to locate the best banteng habitats;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cooperating with the governments of Kampuchea and Laos to identify banteng habitats and establish appropriate protective measures; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Carrying out research in Java's nature reserves (Ujung Kulon National Park and Baluran Reserve) to ascertain the genetic distinctiveness of the banteng, its status, and its characteristics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Sabah and other areas of Southeast Asia there are cattle breeding projects that use imported stock exclusively. Experimental crossbreeding of local banteng with this stock should be encouraged. There are some feral and domestic banteng, as well as hybrids between wild banteng and feral cattle, that should also be tested.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p45.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.5.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gaur (Bos gaurus) would seem to be an ideal meat-producing animal. It is a large bovine with massive muscular development, and it has already been domesticated (see mithan, chapter 3). Gaurs, which are threatened with extinction, deserve much greater attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two subspecies of gaurs are recognized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Bos gaurus gaurus (India, Nepal) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Bos gaurus laosiensis (Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Kampuchea, West Malaysia). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With its huge head, massive body, and sturdy limbs, the gaur is the embodiment of vigor and strength. It is among the biggest of bovines. Bulls weigh 600-940 kg and stand 1.6-1.9 m tall at the shoulder, but a record bull of 2.2 m and 1,225 kg has been recorded. Cows are only about 10 cm shorter in height, but they are more lightly built and weigh 150 kg less.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On their shoulders gaur bulls have a striking muscular ridge that slopes down to the middle of the back, where it ends in an abrupt dip. The horns are crescent shaped, creamy yellow, and taper to a sharp point, which is usually tipped in black.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newborns are a light golden yellow, but soon darken to coffee or reddish brown, the color of young bulls and cows. Old bulls are jet black, their bodies almost hairless. Gaurs have light colored forehead and yellowish or white stockings. Their eyes are brown but in certain lights, because of reflection, they appear blue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs excrete an oily, aromatic sweat, unique to this species and to the mithan. It gives the animals a strong bovine smell and may be an adaptation for keeping away insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once common throughout South and Southeast Asia, gaurs now survive only in scattered remnant herds of up to 30 animals in the hill forests of India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Kampuchea, Vietnam, and the Malay Peninsula.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p48.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Gaur distribution. (courtesy of C.H. Wharton)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Historically, the largest concentrations have coexisted with farmers in areas of shifting cultivation. The animals adjust to disturbed land, and they also adapt to man's presence if not unduly harassed. For example, gaurs will feed in agricultural fields, along roadsides, and near occupied houses. Herds in national parks feed peacefully while tourists stand by. Gaurs in zoos also become quite tame and manageable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Populations not protected in parks and reserves are in immediate danger of extinction. Even in the remotest hill forests gaurs are harassed by hunting, exposed to the diseases of domestic cattle, and driven from their natural habitat by human invasion. Most herds outside of parks or wildlife reserves are threatened by agricultural development, hydroelectric dam projects, human settlement, or extensive logging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In India, large populations still exist in the larger sanctuaries such as &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mudumalai and Kanha Park. In Thailand diseases carried by domestic animals, poaching, and habitat destruction have reduced total gaur numbers to fewer than 500. In Malaysia, the population is estimated to be only 400 animals. â &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs typically live on gentle, undulating terrain with natural mineral licks. They inhabit gaps in the forest, such as abandoned clearings, where they can find grasses and shrubs. In the northern portions of their range, they inhabit deciduous and semideciduous hill and mountain forests with light brush and many grassy clearings. In the lowlands they live in open bamboo jungles, grassy plains near forests, or dense forests broken by glades or open meadows. (In the forest they probably depend to some extent on the slash and burn agriculture of hill people.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals appear to be adapting to increased human presence. They make use of such man-modified habitats as logged forests and fringe areas of agricultural estates that abound with grasses and early secondgrowth vegetation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs are combination grazers and browsers. They feed on the grasses of forest openings as well as on the young leaves, fruits, twigs, and bark of shrubs and juvenile trees. In one study in Malaysia, grasses comprised 41 percent of their diet, fortes 23 percent, and woody browse 36 percent.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs develop large muscular bodies and maintain excellent condition on relatively low-quality feed. In the Malaysian study, crude protein content of grass species varied from 7.0 to 7.6 percent and phosphorus content varied from 0.11 to 0.17 percent; yet calves reached weights of 300 kg or more during their first year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Birth and survival rates of up to 100 percent have been reported for wild gaur populations. Calves are born at any time of the year. The gestation period is 270 days, a little shorter than for banteng or domestic cattle and longer than for yak or kouprey.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Captive gaurs calve first at 2.5 years of age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gaur interbreeds with the mithan, and both have a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 58.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By nature gaurs are shy and timid. As with most wild bovines, their hearing and eyesight seem comparatively poor. Their defense lies in their massive size and acute sense of smell. When a herd with juveniles is threatened by a predator, the adults form a protective circle around the young. Although individuals retreat from danger if they can, they have a unique form of threat: they approach their opponents broadside instead of head on, displaying the huge muscular body and dorsal ridge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In common with other wild bovids, gaurs habitually visit mineral licks, which appear to be necessary to their habitat and influence the herd's movements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike water buffaloes, gaurs do not wallow. They take cover in the forest during the heat of the day and may feed at night and in the early morning during hot weather. In populated areas such as near agricultural estates, they may feed only at night to avoid people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, gaurs associated in loose herds of up to 400 animals, but today groups of only 5 to 12 animals are normally found. The herds, which are of more stable composition than those of banteng, are separated by sex for most of the year; however, during the rut stronger bulls form a series of &quot;tending bonds&quot; with estrous cows.â &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs are thought to be interfertile with domestic cattle. If so, their attributes of size, massive muscular development, tolerance of heat and humidity, and resistance to diseases and parasites can contribute to beef production in the tropics. A gaur-cattle hybrid might also have immunity to some cattle diseases; if it retained the mild temperament of the domesticated parent, an extremely powerful beast of burden could be produced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gaur is a truly majestic animal. Its habit of using grassy forest clearings and salt licks makes it a likely tourist attraction in parks and reserves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a climate and environment where domestic cattle are susceptible to heat stress and parasite infestation, gaur thrive and maintain body condition. Further, they are able to develop large muscular bodies and maintain excellent body conditions on relatively low-quality forage by feeding on a variety of woody browse, grasses, and fortes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Retaining its wild instincts for survival, the gaur is better able to withstand predator attacks them domestic cattle. This could be an advantage when animals graze in remote areas. Adult gaurs are strong enough to defend themselves against a predator as powerful as a tiger. In addition, they are also very protective of their young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs have little immunity to some cattle diseases. In many regions of India, cattle driven into the forests to graze infect gaur herds with rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, cattle plague, and other contagious diseases. Severe losses occur. Gaurs also appear very susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaur numbers are declining throughout their range. If this trend is not reversed, it could effectively prohibit the use of gaur for domestication or crossbreeding purposes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs are shy and excitable, making them difficult to catch, but once in captivity the animals calm down. Second generation zoo populations are easily worked and handled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs on occasion damage cultivated crops such as young rubber trees and cassava. They require sturdy and well-kept fences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Southeast Asia there is special need to support the efforts of the governments of Malaysia and Thailand to conserve this species and to identify important gaur populations. Similar protective measures are needed in Burma, Laos, Kampuchea, and Vietnam.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed to establish and manage new gaur herds in forest reserves and build up the gaur population in the world's zoos. Techniques have been developed to capture and release wild gaur safely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fertilized gaur ova have been successfully transferred into a foster Holstein cow. The cow carried the gaur fetus to a successful delivery. This could be the forerunner of an important means of rapidly expanding captive herds by transferring gaur embryos into cattle in different parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is also needed on the basic physiology and production potential of gaur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossbreeding experiments should be started immediately to establish the degree of interfertility between the gaur and other bovine species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p52.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.5.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey (Bos sauveli) is the most primitive of living cattle. Its features are typical of some forms that existed in the Pleistocene era, 600,000 years ago. Discovered by Western scientists only in 1937,â  the kouprey was the last large mammal to enter the biology books. It is perhaps the most primitive of living cattle and is closely allied to Bos namadicus, the wild ancestor of zebu cattle. In 1964 it was declared Cambodia's national animal. It is now perilously close to extinction, and for a decade no koupreys have been observed close enough for a positive identification by a specialist. In 1982, however, five of the animals were believed sighted in Thailand, near the border with Kampuchea. Thus there are hopes that the kouprey still exists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey is large. Males stand 1.5-2 m high at the shoulder and may weigh 900 kg. Females are approximately three-quarters the height and weight of the males. The body is slender and long-legged. The hump from the withers to the center of the back is smaller than that of the gaur, but larger than that of the banteng. There is a well-developed dewlap from the throat to the mid-chest, which in old animals is sometimes so pendulous that it drags through the grass in front of the forelegs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young bulls are gray, with black on the head and dewlap. Old bulls are entirely black and cows are mouse gray or dullish light brown. As in the gaur and the banteng, the lower parts of the legs have white stockings, but kouprey stockings have a streak of dark hair down the front.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey. (P. Pfeffer)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey horns are among the longest and widest of any bovine. The tips of the adult male horns are surrounded by rough, frayed tissue caused by the animals' habit of digging in the soil with their horns. The females have slender, lyre-shaped horns that corkscrew upwards, unlike those of any other wild or domesticated cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey are said to have a grace more reminiscent of deer than cattle. They move at a light trot, as fast as 32 kph.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey's prevalence in ancient times is evidenced by prehistoric cave-paintings in Kampuchea. The animal was also a favorite of the ancient Khmers, who carved kouprey statues and featured the animal in bas-reliefs on temples, including the monuments of Angkor Wat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, whatever kouprey exist are restricted to an area along both sides of the Mekong River in northern Kampuchea, the Dangrek Range, and other parts of eastern Thailand to the far south of Laos, and to the westernmost part of Vietnam. Although one or two small herds may still exist in remote pockets of Laos and Vietnam, the bulk of the population has always been centered in Kampuchea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are no koupreys in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their large size, gregarious behavior, comparatively low reproductive rate, and preference for open areas, kouprey are vulnerable to hunting. The impressive horns and other tissues are valued as trophies and as medicinals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1964 it was estimated there were about 500 kouprey in Kampuchea, but by 1970 fewer than 70 were left. The subsequent fate of the species is unknown because of the years of warfare in the area. (Early in 1970, the three nominal kouprey reserves of Kampuchea were overrun by military forces.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p55.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ KOUPREY DISTRIBUTION. (AFTER C.H. WHARTON )&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1975 the kouprey stocks in Laos and Thailand were estimated at only 50 and 20 animals, respectively. By now, hunting and habitat destruction probably have all but eliminated the kouprey from Thailand. However, a reported sighting of five animals that had strayed across the border from Kampuchea was made in July 1982. (By the time Thai zoologists arrived to investigate, the herd apparently had crossed back into Kampuchea.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the banteng, the kouprey inhabits open sites such as light savannas, woodland meadows, and scattered glades in the monsoon forests. It is adapted to dry country. This type of habitat is not widespread in Indochina, and the range of the kouprey is consequently limited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey spend most of the year among low rolling hills in open areas where grazing and visibility are good. These open areas are a fire climax mosaic of dry dipterocarp savannas and patches of dense forest. Fires occur each dry season, most of them deliberately set by man. Kouprey capitalize on the young growth in burned-over areas. They feed primarily on grasses, sedges, and tree leaves. They also require salt licks and a supply of water in the dry season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gestation period is thought to be about 8.5 months. Cows leave the herd before parturition and return with their calves after about a month. They nurse their calves for about 6 months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey are said to be even more shy than banteng and gaur. They feed in erratic patterns and are always alert and nervous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loose herds of 20 or more have been reported. These were of mixed composition, often with more than one adult male, and were usually led by an old female. Adult bulls sometimes form bachelor herds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey utilize some of the same feeds as wild banteng, and the two animals often live in a loose association. They graze together, and, especially after the mating season, solitary kouprey bulls often associate with banteng herds. The two species do not, however, interbreed in the wild. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey is a candidate for domestication and has important potential as breeding stock. It is a wild animal, but it may have been domesticated temporarily during the Khmer culture, 400-800 years ago.* Both Vietnam and Laos have cattle breeds that resemble kouprey, and a kouprey bull, reputed to be a domestic animal of the Stieng tribe, was exhibited in the Paris Menagerie in the mid-nineteenth century. It may be that kouprey are domestic even today in parts of Indochina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey survival has worldwide significance. The animals could be important for studies of bovine evolution and as a genetic resource for crossbreeding to improve disease resistance and other characteristics of domesticated bovines. For instance, the kouprey is thought to be resistant to rinderpest, a killer disease of domestic cattle. Also, kouprey bulls are distinctive for their long dewlap, and they probably have more skin area for their weight than other bovines and are therefore better able to eliminate body heat. This genetic trait may help large cattle breeds survive in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey's potential may be moot - there may be none left in the world. It is feared that the warfare of recent years may have caused its extinction. However, if enough animals survive and can be protected, the kouprey could probably recover its numbers, as a higher calf-to-cow ratio (1:3) was reported for this species than for either banteng (1:4) or gaur (1:10).*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If wild kouprey are found, their capture is likely to be difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a long-term sequence of research needs for the kouprey, which includes the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;.  Working with the governments of Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea to identify any remaining pockets of this species and to establish conservation programs;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establishing one or more captive breeding herds (because there is little chance of the animal surviving in the wild owing to the fighting and turmoil in the area);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Studying the animal's basic physiology and production potential;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Exploring its possible commercial utilization; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Investigating the kouprey's genetic relationship to zebu cattle and the transferability of genetic characters through interbreeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p58.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.5.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) is related to the water buffalo, one of Asia's most important animal resources, but it has never been domesticated or studied and is threatened with extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw looks rather like a miniature water buffalo of the swamp type that is found in Southeast Asia. It reaches about I m in height and 300 kg in weight. It is much more stockily built and is blacker than the swamp buffalo. The tamaraw has white marks on the fetlocks, instead of completely white lower legs like the banteng, gaur, and kouprey. It has short (35-50 cm), very stout horns that curve out and back slightly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Endemic to the Philippine island of Mindoro the tamaraw is now virtually restricted to three small areas (Mount Iglet/Mount Baco, Mount Calavita, and Sablayon) in Mindoro Occidental.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its limited distribution, the tamaraw's future is of concern to conservationists. Until World War II, hunting was carefully regulated in its native region and no serious concern was felt for the animal's safety. Since then, however, increases in human population, lumbering, and ranching have restricted the tamaraw's habitat, and the availability of rifles and automatic weapons has seriously threatened its numbers. In 1971, research teams counted 148 head, consisting of 116 adults and 32 calves. The latest estimate is 150-200 head.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these last remaining animals, about 80 are located at Mount Iglit, a game refuge established in 1961 primarily to protect the tamaraw. Recently an active tamaraw conservation program has been started in a 400-hectare enclosed area on the refuge. Stockade traps have been built and tamaraw are beginning to move into them. The goal is to establish a small, semicaptive population that can be properly guarded, studied, and managed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p61.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Tamaraw distribution. (courtesy Wildlife magazine)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The habitat requirements of the tamaraw appear to be fairly flexible, and present habitat use reflects human pressures rather than the animal's preferences. In the past, tamaraw were found in virtually all parts of Mindoro, from sea level to mountain tops. They occupied open grasslands or glades, but hunting pressure and habitat change have forced it to retreat into forest environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present the tamaraw is found primarily in remote areas that have been partly cleared, largely by fire, so that only small pockets of trees remain among coarse grasses such as Imperata cylindrica (a widespread, unpalatable tropical weed commonly called cogon, kunai, alang alang, lalang, or blady grass), and &quot;tahalib&quot; (Saccharum spontaneum). The tamaraw uses the forest pockets for rest and retreat and the open land for grazing. It must have a supply of water for wallowing and drinking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to cattlemen, tamaraw eat both Imperata grass and tehalib but only when these are short and green. During the wet season when most forages are tall and unpalatable, the animals are known to feed on bamboo shoots.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy is about 20 years. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraw are reputed to be nocturnal, ferocious, and retiring. However, in earlier times they were reportedly relatively tame, diurnal animals of open areas. It was the continual hunting that made them increasingly nocturnal and secretive, and like other wild bovids they can become aggressive and dangerous when harassed or wounded. Given effective protection they doubtless would revert to placid, diurnal behavior.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw appears to be a possible livestock animal. Its meat and hides were highly regarded by local peoples, cattlemen, and visiting hunters. Because of its close relationship to the water buffalo, it may be able to provide genetic material for improving the health and hardiness of that valuable animal resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is renowned for hardiness and resilience to heat, humidity, and poor forage, as well as its capability to thrive in a variety of environmental conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraws have only once produced offspring in a zoo and may prove difficult to raise in captivity. However, they have been kept in captivity so seldom that the prospects are unclear. Experiences with other wild bovids suggests that captivity and captive breeding should be no problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw must be protected and preserved. There is urgent need, for example, to establish more secure parks in the Philippines to rebuild the wild population to safe levels. Other conservation measures should include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establishing and maintaining more reserves in natural habitats containing breeding populations, and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Building up breeding populations in suitable zoos and livestock research centers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed on the tamaraw's physiology, production characteristics, behavior, and genetic relationship to the water buffalo. None of these is well understood. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p63.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.5.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and the mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi)* are small bovines that are related to the water buffalo but that are scarcely bigger than goats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with other bovines, the anoa is tiny. It stands only 0.75-1 m tall at the shoulder. The mountain anoa is smaller than its lowland counterpart. The limbs are short, the body plump, and the neck thick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoa horns are short and straight, reaching a maximum length of about 380 mm; they are ringed and triangular in cross section at the base in lowland species and simple and conical in cross section in mountain species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the young are thickly covered with yellowish-brown woolly hair, the mountain anoa adults tend to have curly hair, while lowland anoa have straight hair or are hairless. Adults vary from dark brown to black, with frequent blotches of white on the face, nape, throat, and lower limbs. In mountain anoas the entire lower limbs are creamy white. The underbody parts are usually light brown. Males are generally darker than females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hide is exceptionally thick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas are native to dense, mature forests of Sulawesi in eastern Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species are abundant and well distributed on Sulawesi. Most of the northern, eastern, and southeastern peninsulas and the central area of Sulawesi are still forested and have anoa populations, and there are several large nature reserves to protect them. *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several of the world's zoos have anoa collections (see Research Contacts).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The climate of Sulawesi is hot, but tempered by sea winds; annual rainfall varies from 500 mm to 4,000 mm. The eastern and southeastern peninsulas have a sparse population and a scattering of subsistence agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lowland species is found in forests and was once common along the coasts. The mountain anoa is found in primary forests at high altitudes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p66.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ DISTRIBUTION OF ANOA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas have a wide-ranging diet that includes grasses, ferns, saplings, palm, ginger, and fallen fruit, especially figs. It is of particular interest that the animals can live on a diet that contains no grass.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas have a high requirement for minerals. They visit mineral-rich hot springs and salt licks, and they even drink from the sea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The San Diego Zoo in the United States and Surabaya Zoo in Indonesia have successfully bred and reared the animals in captivity. The gestation period is 276-315 days, and there is generally only a single birth. The life expectancy is about 20-25 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas are shy animals, but they can be aggressive. The sideways and upwards stab of their straight, sharp horns can be dangerous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except when the cows are about to give birth, anoas apparently associate in pairs rather than in herds. They enjoy water and frequently wallow in mud. Their gait is a trot, but a times they make clumsy leaps. During the morning they feed alone. In the heat of the afternoon they seek refuge under shade trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On Sulawesi anoas are prized for their hide, horns, and meat. The flesh, especially that of calves, is tender and well flavored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although somewhat aggressive and pugnacious, anoas might make a suitable livestock animal. They grow and reproduce well in captivity and are adaptable and intelligent. Their small size makes them easier to handle than many other wild bovines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about the habits of these animals because of their wary nature, secluded environment, and restricted range. They can be tamed enough to obey commands (&quot;lie down,&quot; for example) but they remain nervous and likely to butt strangers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surveys are needed throughout Sulawesi to determine the distribution and taxonomy of possible races of the two species, with a view to establishing a protected-area system that will ensure the survival of the genetic diversity of this group.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is also needed on social organization and tameability, as well as on the anoa's biological relationship to the tamaraw and water buffalo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One target should be to build up the zoo populations of both species. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p68.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In parts of Asia wild and feral pigs are often the most abundant source of meat. These animals are predominantly variants of the domestic pig, Sus scrofa, or of its ancestor, the Eurasian wild boar. Also contributing to the pig population are five Asian species:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Bearded pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Sulawesi warty pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Javan warty pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Pigmy hog&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Babirusa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Southeast Asia hybridization between these species and common pigs has resulted in a confusing diversity of forms and interrelationships. Because of their value, these pigs have been spread since prehistoric times by traders and migrating peoples, creating odd and unpredictable distribution patterns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The species listed represent a gene pool of potential importance for the further development of one of man's most important sources of food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many areas of the world, one must start with the native animals adapted to that environment. In many cases, they are the only animals the native human population can afford to begin with. And it is amazing the increased animal production that can result from the use of better production practices with them. TONY J. CUNHA, Dean Emeritus California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitting the animal to the vegetation might be a better approach than trying to fit the vegetation to the animal, especially on ranges that have been changed or degraded by man. JAMES TEER, Director Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is now widespread realization that breed importation is not necessarily the quickest route to increased animal production. Indigenous, adapted breeds should be examined more closely and, where necessary, steps should be taken to ensure conservation of at least some of them. HELEN NEWTON TURNER Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maximizing the animal harvest, essentially of animal protein, assumes in concept that all animals will be fully exploited in efficient and economic production systems. C.DEVENDRA Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Selangor, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p70.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.6.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it apparently has never been domesticated, the bearded pig (Sus barbatus) has a long history as an important resource in Southeast Asia. Human remains from the Niah Caves in Sarawak are accompanied by large numbers of its bones and teeth, indicating that 40,000 years ago it was the most commonly eaten large animal. Today in Sarawak and some other areas the bearded pig is still probably the most sought after source of wild meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bearded pigs are large. Boars measure 1-1.6 m in length (crown to rump), up to 1 m in height, and may weigh as much as 150 kg. Sows are smaller. Adult males have small facial warts (infraocular and preocular) and a bushy tuft of hair on the cheek. Both sexes vary in color from pale red-brown to yellow-brown or black. They have elongated skulls with longer, more flexible snouts than the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five subspecies are recognized. They range through the Philippines (Balabac, Palawan and offshore islands, Calamianes, Luzon, Mainit, Mindanao, Jolo, Mindoro, and Cebu) to Borneo, Bangka, Sumatra, the Riau Archipelago, and the Malay Peninsula.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Borneo subspecies (Sus barbatus barbatus) is still abundant in some parts of Sabah, Sarawak (including several wildlife reserves), and &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kalimantan. It remains an important food resource for some hill tribes, although with the spread of Islam, attitudes toward pork are changing in some areas. The Malayan subspecies (Sus barbatus of) is now rare in the Malay Peninsula. It is also becoming rare in Sumatra as the lowland forests are logged and broken up by commercial interests and as the human population expands. The status of the three Philippine subspecies is currently unknown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The bearded pig is most commonly found in both primary and secondary evergreen forests. However, it seems to have wide adaptability, and in Sarawak bearded pigs are found in virtually all habitats from the beaches to the upland rain forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No biological research has yet been conducted on bearded pigs, but naturalists have made several observations. The pigs eat the seeds of trees (for example, those of species of Dipterocarpaceae and Fageceae), fallen fruits (of Moraceae, Bombacaceae, and other plant families), roots, stems of wild bananas, herbs, and probably earthworms, and along the coast they dig up and eat turtle eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Births occur throughout the year in Sabah, but the peak coincides with the fruiting season of forest trees, usually August-September. The litter size is from 3 to 11 piglets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p73.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No behavioral studies have been conducted, but observations suggest that bearded pigs are generally sedentary animals, although in some areas they congregate into large groups that may travel long distances together.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The species might be used (alone or together with other pig species) as a local source of meat, or even as the foundation of a meat industry. The bearded pig is accustomed to living in groups, which may make it suitable for husbandry or game management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is evidence that the bearded pig will interbreed with the common pig, producing young in which both sexes are fertile.* The progeny might have considerable hybrid vigor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The bearded pig may have tolerance (if not actual resistance) to tropical diseases and conditions that affect the common pig. The species survives in areas of Southeast Asia where feral herds of common pigs are not common, apparently owing to their inability to cope with disease or other environmental challenges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No negative qualities have been reported, but the animal's biology, behavior, management, and potential uses are so far virtually unstudied.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aspects of the animal's general biology that should be investigated include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Chromosome type and variability, and chromosomal differences between the bearded pig and other wild and domesticated pig species&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Reproductive physiology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nutritional physiology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To assist in the selective capture of young bearded pigs in the wild, external features that characterize the species at an early age need to be identified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To assess the bearded pig's potential for contributing hybrid vigor, crossbreeding with other pig species should be attempted under controlled conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.6.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Sulawesi warty pig (Sus celebensis) is one of the world's few domesticated animals. It is maintained as a village or household animal in a few areas of Southeast Asia, such as on the Indonesian island of Roti. The common pigs of New Guinea and parts of the Moluccas group are hybrids between this species and the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sulawesi warty pigs are medium sized, averaging about 60 cm high and 40-70 kg. Boars are larger than females and have longer (10 cm) tusks on both jaws. Boars have three pairs of prominent facial warts: on the snout, the cheek, and on the angle of the jaw. In sows these warts are small or absent entirely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are usually red-brown with sharply marked white and yellow undersides; older animals have a round white spot (about 3 cm in diameter) on each side of the upper cheek. Piglets have horizontal stripes on the body, which disappear as they mature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The body is covered with scanty coarse hair, but stiff bristles, which become erect when the animal is alarmed, occur along the mid-dorsal line of the body. The longest and stiffest occur on the head and nape.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native to mainland Sulawesi and certain surrounding islands, the Sulawesi warty pig has been introduced to the Lesser Sunda Islands (Flores, Sumba, Roti, Semau, and Timor), the Moluccas (Malmahera and Buru), and Simaleue, a small island west of Sumatra. In some parts of the Philippines (for instance, Naujan and Mindoro Oriental) the animal either occur naturally or has been introduced. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids between the Sulawesi warty pig and the common domestic pig occur on New Guinea, Ternate, Morotai, Bacan, Amron, Seram, Kei island, Aru island, and Sulawatti.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many islands of eastern Indonesia, this species is widespread and common. In a few places it is extremely abundant, particularly at higher altitudes; in others, it has been greatly reduced by overhunting, deforestation, and expanding human settlement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Overall, however, Sulawesi warty pig populations are declining, probably due to increased hunting and to human alterations of the animal's habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This pig inhabits varied environments, including rain forest, mountain forest, grasslands, and agricultural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p77.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the common pig, the Sulawesi warty pig has broad dietary preferences. It feeds on roots, fallen fruit, leaves, and young shoots. The bulk of its food consists of vegetable materials, but it also feeds on earthworms, insects, aquatic invertebrates, rats, birds, and even carrion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The uterus and placenta are anatomically indistinguishable from those of the common pig. The litter size is from 2 to 8 piglets, with an average of 5.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sows can give birth throughout the year, but usually have their young in April or May. The gestation period is about 4 months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding and farrowing occur in the forest and in open Imperata cylindrica grasslands. The pregnant female makes a nest of grasses, leaves, twigs, and branches, which she collects and places over a hole (approximately 2 m long) that she has previously dug. Here she gives birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Foraging is the main activity of the day and usually takes up several hours, mainly in the early morning and evening. In the wild the pigs travel in small groups, the young always traveling with an adult female. On the move, warty pigs feed and rest intermittently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a source of meat the Sulawesi warty pig has been recognized and exploited by local populations since prehistoric times. The presence of feral specimens far outside the pigs' natural range indicates that traders or migrants have long carried it with them on voyages, either as domestic stock or as wild specimens to be released for later capture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tusks, which can be carved like ivory, are a resource for local artisans. Wild specimens are suitable for sport hunting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a body of unrecorded indigenous experience with this animal as a domesticate, but the information needs to be collected and appraised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Sulawesi warty pig may be expected to possess resistance or tolerance to the many diseases prevalent in its native habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is promising potential for hybridization between this species and domestic pigs, which might lead to the improvement of common pigs in tropical regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from the unwritten knowledge of the indigenous people who raise the species, very little information is available on the characteristics and management of this animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The genetic variability within the species, as well as the karyotypic differences with common pigs and other Sus species, should be defined. Further, the hybrid vigor resulting from crossbreeding with other Sus species should be- quantified under controlled conditions. Apart from producing potentially important heat-tolerant livestock, crossbreeding may shed important light on the origins of the common pig in Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal's nutritional requirements and reproductive biology also need study. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p79.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.6.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Javan warty pig (Sus verrucosus) apparently has never been domesticated, but it has been a resource for hunting peoples for centuries. Now, however, the human population in its native region is predominantly Moslem, and all pigs are widely regarded as agricultural pests. Increasing numbers of them are poisoned each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Javan warty pig can be up to 1.35 m long and 0.9 m tall. Mature males usually weigh between 80 and 120 kg; females are only half that weight - an unusually dramatic example of sexual dimorphism. The animal has a markedly elongated face with large warts, particularly the infraorbital wart and the smaller preorbital and mandibular warts. Body hairs can be black, red, or yellow, with black tips.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is found only on the Indonesian islands of Java and Bawean. It was formerly found on Madura as well, but because of deforestation it is now thought to be extinct there. Two extant subspecies are recognized. The nominate one, Sus verrucosus verrucosus, occurs on mainland Java. The second, Sus verrucosus blouchi, a smaller animal, has recently been described on Bawean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For years it was thought that the Javan warty pig was extinct in the wild, but in October 1981 a herd was found in a small area on Mount Penanggungan in East Java. This population may prove to be substantial, and there is reason to hope that other populations can be found. Overall, however, it is clear that the Javan warty pig is endangered and declining in numbers. In many areas the animals are subjected to uncontrolled poisoning and hunting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five new reserves have recently been proposed to protect the animal in a variety of habitats because it is not found in appreciable numbers in any of Java's nature reserves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Bawean subspecies is believed to be relatively secure since the establishment of a large reserve.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A breeding colony of 12 Javan warty pigs at the Surabaya Zoo includes 5 young ones born in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitats of the Javan warty pig appear to be confined to elevations below about 800 m. The animals prefer relatively large expanses of grassland or secondary vegetation, where human population is sparse. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p82.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The piglets can be born throughout the year; in one study of 8 sows the litter size ranged from 2 to 8, with a mean of 5.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The (diploid) chromosome number has been found to be 38, the same as that of the common pig. Hybridization between these species is thought to occur in the wild, but apparently not with enough frequency to contaminate the Javan warty pig gene pool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unreported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are omnivorous, adaptable animals that might make useful domesticates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The small size of the sows could make this species particularly appropriate for households or smallholder farms. The animal's genetic &quot;distance&quot; from the domestic pig may make it a useful generator of hybrid vigor in crossbreeds. It could have particular value because its meat is much leaner than pork from the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The numbers in the wild are now too few to permit any cropping.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efforts should be directed towards locating and breeding up the Javan warty pig populations that still exist. An immediate need is to isolate pure populations in reserves because it is essential to protect the animal from crossbreeding with other species. In addition, current specimens in zoos should be cataloged and a breeding program established. Other captive breeding colonies should also be started.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to determine the genetic differences between the Javan warty pig and the common pig, as well as the levels of existing hybridization between them. It is also necessary to determine what variation in karyotype may exist within the populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Basic ecological and behavioral studies are needed, as well as studies of the dietary requirements, growth rates, and nutritional physiology of captive specimens. The reproductive biology of the animal should be studied, and the possibility of crossbreeding it with other Sus species should be examined under controlled conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Javan warty pig's potential for local meat production should be evaluated. The benefit to rural people of converting an agricultural pest into a profitable source of income should be explored within the local religious context. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p84.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.6.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog (Sus salvanius), a shy and very small pig of northeastern India, is close to extinction because of hunters and the destruction of its habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog is only about 60 cm long, with a shoulder height of about 25 cm and a body weight of less than 10 kg. The hair is medium brown on the sides, darkening to blackish brown along the mid-dorsal line. A facial band of short, dark hair extends from the bridge of the nose to below the eye. The tiny tail is only 3 cm long.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal was once widely found along the southern foothills of the Himalayas; today, it is definitely known to occur in only one area, the Manas National Park in Assam.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy hogs are seriously endangered; in the wild they are close to extinction. Captive animals are now reduced to a single male in the Assam State Zoo and four male siblings in the Zurich Zoo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The few remaining pigmy hogs mainly inhabit tall-grass savannas, but it seems likely that they could adapt to other environments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy hog. (W.L.R. Oliver)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is omnivorous and consumes roots, tubers, grass, leaves, insects, earthworms, eggs, and carrion. While foraging, it undoubtedly consumes large quantities of earth as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chromosome number, 38, is the same as that of the common pig. The karyotype is similar to that the common pig, but small, significant differences have been demonstrated using chromosome banding techniques.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The age at puberty, time of weaning, length of gestation and estrous cycle, and season of breeding are not yet known with certainty. However, the animal is known to have a single well-defined birth peak (April/May) that coincides with the onset of the rainy season when the food supply increases. The uterus and placenta are anatomically similar to those of the common pig. The litter size varies from 2 to 6. It is not known if the animal can be crossbred with the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p87.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of pigmy hog. (W.L.R. Oliver)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are shy, but can be tamed. They tend to forage and run in groups. Nest building is carried out by both males and females and is not restricted to pre-farrowing periods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is no evidence that the pigmy hog has ever been domesticated; it has, however, been extensively hunted and trapped, and recently it was still being sold for human consumption. There would probably be no inherent difficulty in maintaining this species in husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog's small size may make it useful in studies of the physiology of pigs and like mammals. In particular, a study of the uterine capacity may contribute to our understanding of the maternal factors that influence the number and size of mammalian young at birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is unknown if the animal carries genetic resistance to diseases of the domestic pig, but given its habitat, such resistance seems likely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The small numbers of surviving pigmy hogs obviate any consideration of its use in husbandry at the present time. Moreover, its nervous temperament might restrict its potential as a domesticate. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is essential to ensure the survival of this animal. Efforts should be directed towards locating and breeding up the populations that still exist. If its habitat could be protected by preventing the annual dry-season burning of grasses, it is possible that substantial populations could be established. Attempts should also be made to acquire two or more females as mates for the male pigmy hogs at the Assam and Zurich zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also an urgent need to ensure that the animals breed successfully in captivity, and the wealth of international expertise in pig reproduction should be applied to that end. For example, the reproductive biology of the animal could be studied by swine experts; the age at puberty, the length of the estrous cycle, the season of breeding (and whether it is influenced by light or temperature), the length of gestation, and time of weaning all need to be determined.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is an omnivore, but the physiology of its digestion has not been studied. Thus, its nutritive requirements are not well enough known to ensure its survival in captivity or reserves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiments should be made to determine if pigmy hog embryos can be brought to term in the uterus of the common pig. If so, such embryo transfers could be used to distribute embryos and set up new herds, lessening the risk of this species&quot; extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p88.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Adult male of the common pig (wild boar Sus scrofa) and pigmy hog drawn to the same scale. (W.L.R. Oliver) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.6.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) is a piglike animal whose closest relative appears to be an ancestral animal that lived in Europe 35 million years ago. It is easily tamed, and in its native area there is an ancient tradition of raising young babirusa for meat and for the males' unique tusks. The animal appears to reproduce well in captivity, and with good management techniques it might gain wide use in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male babirusa can be up to 110 cm long and 80 cm tall and weigh up to 100 kg; females are smaller. The male has large upper canines that grow upwards, piercing right through the flesh of the snout and curving back and downwards towards the forehead without ever entering the mouth. The female may sometimes have small upper canines projecting through the skin of the upper lip.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is more slender than a pig of similar size. It has a gray or brown-grey skin color, although one subspecies, Babyrousa babyrussa babyrussa, has light body hair that is fawn colored or black.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa is unique to a few islands of eastern Indonesia: north, central, and southeast Sulawesi, the Togian Islands, and the Sula (Taliabu and Sulabesi) and Buru Islands. On Sula and Buru it is probably not native but was introduced in prehistoric times.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On Sulawesi the babirusa remains abundant, despite hunting and the widespread clearing of the forest. Nevertheless, disturbances created by wood and rattan collectors, hunters, loggers, and farmers threaten the babirusa's survival. Throughout the rest of its range, it is also vulnerable to extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biologists are particularly concerned about some of the babirusa subspecies. The one from the north of mainland Sulawesi, Babyrousa babyrussa celebensis, is still relatively abundant in places and is probably in no immediate danger. The Togian Islands' subspecies, Babyrousa babyrussa togeanensis, is abundant in small islands but is threatened by Indonesia's settlement programs and deforestation. The Buru and Sula Islands subspecies, Babyrousa babyrussa babyrussa, may already be extinct; there have been no confirmed sightings in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1981, there were 26 male and 27 female babirusa held in six zoo collections; 22 of these animals are in the Surabaya Zoo in Indonesia, where they breed well. Most, if not all, are believed to belong to the mainland Sulawesi race.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals mainly inhabit moist forests at low altitudes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p91.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Precise details of babirusa biology are unknown, but the stomach has an extra sac, suggesting that the animals may have some ability to break down cellulose. Indeed, they browse leaves, a behavior more often found in a deer than in a pig, and have been referred to as &quot;ruminant pigs.&quot; Babirusa also live on roots, berries, and grubs, making them true omnivores. Compared to other pigs, they do little rooting, and in captivity their enclosures remain quite grassy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Babirusa are said to be sexually mature at 5-10 months, but this depends on nutrition. Gestation length is about 158 days. One or two young are produced although there are some reports of litters of three.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One specimen was kept for 24 years in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa is a social animal that moves in groups. A retiring native of the dense jungle, it is a fast runner and swims readily. Mating behavior in captivity generally resembles that of domestic pig. Evidence from zoo animals suggests that the male must be removed from the young at birth but that by the time they are a month old the young are safe from paternal attack.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When captured young or reared in captivity, the babirusa is easily tamed. It has potential as a domesticated species, and with appropriate management may provide a useful source of meat. The meat is tasty and of good quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its unique tusks, the skull of the male finds ready markets. This could provide additional income to farmers raising babirusa for meat. The ivory of the tusks could also be a resource for local artisans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the anatomy of the stomach suggests that the babirusa may be able to make more efficient use of fibrous foodstuffs than other pigs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa produces only one or two young after a gestation period of just over five months; it may therefore take considerable time to build up herds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the babirusa is easily tamed, it is not known whether it can be husbanded in large groups. Also, present lack of knowledge of the animal's nutrition may restrict its husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of animals in the wild is decreasing, and attempts should be made to determine their exact status. Particular attention should be paid to the subspecies Babyrousa babyrussa togeanensis and Babyrousa babyrussa babyrussa. Captive breeding programs for these subspecies should be started.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p93.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ When seen in longitudinal section, the stomach of babirusa presents striking similarities  to that of a relatively simple ruminant such as the domestic sheep. Every part except the  omasum, even including a rudimentary reticulum, is represented and occupies the same  relative position. The babirusa stomach differs from that of the domestic pig chiefly in  the enormous size of the diverticulum ventriculi, the prominence of the constrictions  that delimit its three main divisions, and in the size and complexity of the cardia. Regions  corresponding to parts of the ruminant stomach are labeled in brackets. (Information  from Davis, 1940; diagram courtesy Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild populations should be maintained in several regions to ensure that  the species&quot; genetic base is retained. Advantage could be taken of the large  number of islands in eastern Indonesia to establish reserves for the different  babirusa subspecies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currently, little is known about the biology of the animal in the wildâ its  diet, social behavior, or reproductive performance are almost unstudied. In  view of the relatively small number of babirusa in zoos and the scarcity of  information about the animal's growth rate and general biology, coordinated  studies between zoos could provide much basic information. It has been  suggested that a studbook be initiated for this species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear from chromosome analysis that this pig differs markedly in  its karyotype from that of other pigs. However, more anatomical and  biochemical knowledge is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Basic parameters of the animal's reproductive physiology are not known.  Questions to be answered include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can the babirusa be induced to reproduce twice per year?&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can babirusa embryos be developed to term in the uterus of the domestic  pig? If so, can the number of babirusas be rapidly multiplied in this way?&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Does the babirusa genotypic and gestation-length difference with the  common pig prevent the two from successfully crossbreeding? And if  crossbreeding can be achieved, will the progeny be fertile?  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p94.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Asian animals described in this report are a natural resource whose  potential is barely glimpsed. They are virtually unknown to established  livestock interests and there has been little thought to developing them as  livestock. As a result, the research and trials that could lead to further use of  these animals is scattered, small scale, and conducted outside the mainstream  of livestock science, mainly by wildlife conservationists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet these animals seem worth considering for use in husbandry in many  tropical regions, especially where poor grazing and harsh environments limit  the performance of conventional livestock. There is a pressing need for  research to develop these species and to explore their potential. Only through  rapid action can many of them be kept available for study and possible  inclusion in agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One suggestion is that funds be provided to establish an Asian  native-livestock research-support team. Its primary purpose would be to  assist in the funding of research projects and to coordinate research being  done in various Asian countries. The team's goal would be to establish a  network of animal scientists based at institutions in Asia and elsewhere to  work cooperatively on the region's little-known bovines and pigs. In this  manner, relatively small sums of money could be used to stimulate and  coordinate Asia-wide research on indigenous animals.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Basic Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The time has come for basic studies on each of the 15 animals discussed in  this book. For each species, the following areas should be investigated:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Physiology&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Reproductive requirements and fertility&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nutritional requirements (such as food preferences, feeding strategies, and food utilization)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Growth&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Adaptability and environmental tolerance (for instance, water balance, sweat rate, and shade-seeking habits, as well as temperature, pulse, and respiration rates, both under normal conditions and heat stress)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Diseases&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;. Management (including stocking rates and other production characteristics&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Genetic selection for calm temperament, quick growth, and other desirable qualities&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crossbreeding to take advantage of hybrid vigor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Social structure (for example population density and distribution, social organization, leadership, herding potential, aggressiveness of bulls)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Habitat characteristics (behavior-habitat interactions and herd dynamics, for instance).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies are also needed on better utilization of products, such as milk, meat, hides, horn, and hair, from these animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experimental transfer of fertilized eggs of all of these animals into domestic species should be explored with a view to establishing herds in secure and disease-free areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efforts specific to domesticated and wild species, and to hybrids of these species, are discussed below. The report concludes with brief discussions of a few promising species not taken up in the body of the text.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated Species Improving Performance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little data is available on the performance of the domesticated animals discussed in this report. Yet the main value of these species lies in the new and superior genes and gene combinations that can be adapted to animal production in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies need to be conducted with the indigenous species and strains in their native countries to determine if they will respond to improved conditions with improved performance. These projects could provide opportunities for geneticists and animal breeders to improve livestock production while conducting challenging basic research. It would be helpful to establish studbooks of captive specimens and to select and breed for desirable genetic qualities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetic improvement must be directed towards remedying production deficiencies. Methods include selection of superior breeding animals, crossbreeding, and combinations of selection and crossbreeding. Different genetic improvement techniques will be required for each species. Progress should be regularly monitored against the unselected animals and the domestic livestock breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Introductions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical countries should import breeding stock to evaluate the performance of some of these Asian animals in the local environment. Strict quarantine procedures must, of course, be observed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Special emphasis should be placed on the domesticated banteng of eastern Indonesia. These animals are already an important source of human food and they may have considerable potential for increasing production elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild Animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild animals contribute extensively to the welfare of people and economies of developing countries. In many areas they supply much of the animal protein consumed. But the contributions they make are largely unrecorded, and local officials and aid agencies seldom regard wildlife as an economic resource. As a result, few developing countries have analyzed how their people use indigenous animals for subsistence, and few nutritional studies recognize &quot;bushmeat,&quot; although large numbers of people eat it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife's contribution justifies more detailed and precise evaluations. In many tropical regions few people even know what species are present, let alone in what numbers. Ecologists and animal scientists should be employed to identify and collect data on the fauna of the tropical forests and how it is used by local people. Their work will provide baseline information on the species present and on the potential utility of the undisturbed natural ecosystems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initial Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All wildlife utilization must be based on a thorough knowledge of the resource, its numbers, the animals' condition, annual recruitment in the &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;various populations, and the seasonal movements of the herds. In addition, it is important to understand the interactions of the species with its habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thus, the immediate need is for action to assure the preservation of populations of these animals until research studies can be conducted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard, priority actions include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establishing adequate preserves&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Providing total protection for remaining animals&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Preventing poaching.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With few exceptions, the wild species described in this report are under the pressures of agricultural and human expansion. Without efforts to preserve their habitats it will be difficult for these species to survive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing Wildlife Resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments cannot stop hungry people from hunting game, but they can use this impetus to help protect some indigenous animals as well as forest and woodland habitats. Fostering the production and supply of wild animals such as those described in this book could open up a new: source of meat and other products, particularly for subsistence farmers in remote areas. In the last analysis, this may be the only way of protecting and maintaining these animals and developing local awareness of their value.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International economic development organizations have traditionally shown little interest in wildlife or wildlife habitats. Yet maintaining these animals and their habitats is crucial to the continuing supply of many indigenous food animals, the most important of which are often the smaller ones that flourish in secondary growth. And the forests that support wildlife also protect some of the huge investments that AID, the World Bank, and other other agencies have made to help developing countries. The forest is the sponge that absorbs the water from tropical rains. Without trees covering the watersheds, heavy rains cause rushing water that erodes the land, despoils highways, silts up dams and reservoirs, knocks out bridges, and inundates towns, villages, and farm fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In principle, the farming of tropical wildlife could become a force in preventing clear-felling of the tropical forests. Rational utilization of tropical animals offers productive alternative use of the land. In some cases, the farming of indigenous animals can fit smoothly into tropical habitats and into traditional village life, because the livestock and its needs are usually familiar to local people and are often ingrained in their traditions.( For successful examples see companion reports nos. 44 and 45, Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea and Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrid Animals)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybridization may offer new prospects for using underexploited tropical animal resources. This is a speculative notion, but it deserves serious attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossbreeding between the animals mentioned in this report holds exciting possibilities for expanding livestock options in the tropics. Some of the crosses, known or envisaged, are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· gaur x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· banteng x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· kouprey x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· yak x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· yak x banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· anoa x water buffalo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· tamaraw x water buffalo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· domestic pig x warty pigs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· warty pigs x bearded pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Care must be taken, however, to guard against the dilution of wild genes by the escape of hybrid or interbreeding domestic species, or the establishment of feral hybrid populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Exchange of Pig Germ Plasm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Present veterinary restrictions effectively prevent the movement of pigs between most countries. Relatively few species of wild pigs are therefore maintained in zoos outside their countries of origin. This stifles the promising potential for the species described in Part III, as well as for captive-breeding safeguards and research on the endangered species. It is important that attempts be made to identify channels for the future establishment of viable captive stocks both within Asia and elsewhere. Transfer of embryos should be verified as a means of permitting disease-free movement across frontiers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species Not Covered in this Report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This project, which began as a short report on banteng, quickly developed momentum as it brought in suggestion after suggestion of further species. Through pressures of time and budget, it was not possible to take up all of these interesting animals. Some of the omitted ones are listed below. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Takin (Budorcas taxicolor).* A heavily built, Southeast Asian hoofed mammal of the family Bovidae, the takin lives in small herds in the mountains, often above timberline. Though robust and short-legged, it can move about quickly and easily over difficult slopes. It stands up to about 1 m at the shoulder and has a shaggy yellowish- to blackish-brown coat. Both sexes have heavy horns that turn outward from the center of the forehead and then curve up and backward.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goral (Naemorhedus goral).* This small Asian goatlike bovine has slightly backward curving cylindrical horns and a coarse brownish-grey coat. It is related to the chamois and serow (see below) but is distinguished from them by peculiarities in skull form, as well as by smaller size, shorter horns, and the absence of face glands. Gorals are native to a vast area, ranging from the Himalayas to eastern Siberia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serow (Capricorhis sumatrensis). The serow has been called a &quot;goatantelope.&quot; Found in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Vietnam, Thailand, Burma, the eastern Himalayas, and China, it lives on forest-clad slopes, such as the mountains of southern China that are the home of the giant panda. Serows have coarse black hair, long pointed ears, a distinct mane, and short, backward pointing horns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native species of goats are also valuable genetic resources of Asia and examples include ibex (Capra ibex), markhor (Capra falconeri), and bharal (Pseudois nayaur). There are also various species of sheep, including the various races of argalis (Ovis ammon), which form small herds in the mountains, often above timberline. Although robust and short-legged, these animals can move about quickly and easily over difficult slopes. Soviet animal breeders apparently are exploring some of the possibilities of using argalis in animal husbandry. They are crossing domestic sheep with arkhar (Ovis ammon karelini) to produce a commercially viable hybrid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The marketable size of lamb might be increased appreciably to provide larger, leaner cuts of meat by crossing domestic sheep with the Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii), which is as big as deer and has a mature body weight of 400-500 pounds. Marco Polo sheep meat is reported to have none of the &quot;mutton&quot; favor of domestic sheep. Thus, crosses might enhance consumer acceptance of sheep meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asia also has several species of deer that could have been included.Â§ The musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) is now domesticated in China for musk production and is a resource with a promising future. Also, sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), Asia's largest deer, may prove useful in husbandry. Several deer species are being farmed in New Zealand and ruse deer (Cervus rusa), which are native to South and Southeast Asia, are being farmed in Mauritius, Australia, and Papua New Guinea for meat and medicinal by-products. Two small, goat-sized Asian deer, the hog deer (Cervus porcinus) and the barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), may also be worth considering. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p101.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ KOUPREY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.8.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bohlken, H. 1961. Haustiere und Zoologische Systematik. Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie76:107-113.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul, and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum of Natural History, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gray, A. P. 1972. Mammalian Hybrids: A Check-List with Bibliography. Commonwealth Technical Communication No. 10 (Rev.). Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Edinburgh, Scotland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honacki, J. H., K. E. Kinman, and J. W. Koeppl. 1982. Mammal Species of the World. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. 694 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mochi, U. and T. D. Carter. 1953. Hoofed Mammals of the World. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Payne, W. J. A. 1970. Cattle Production in the Tropics. Longman, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robbins, C. T. In Press. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, New York, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Walker, E. P. 1975. Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wharton, C. H. 1969. Man, fire and wild cattle in Southeast Asia. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 8: 107-167.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated and Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appleton, D. C., G. Dryden, and A. C. Kondos. 1976. A comparison of the digestive efficiency of the water buffalo and Brahman and Banteng cattle. In Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 11.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Budiarso, I. T., and S. Hardjosworo. 1976. Jembrana disease in Bali cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal 52(2):97.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copland, R. S. 1974. Observations on banteng cattle in Sabah. Tropical Animal Health and Production 6(2):89-94.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Darmadja, D., and P. Sutedja. 1975. Gestation period and calving interval in Bali cattle. Majalah Ilmiah Universitas Udayana 9:61 -65.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Darmadja, D., and P. Sutedja. 1976. Masa kebuntingan den interval beranak padas sapi Bali. In Proceedings, Seminar Reproduksi den Performance Sapi Bali, April 5-6, 1976. Dinas Peternakan Daerah Ternak Institute, Bali, Indonesia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C., T. Lee Kok Choc, and M. Pathmasingam. 1973. The productivity of Bali cattle in Malaysia. Malaysian Agricultural Journal 49(2):183-197.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holmes, J. H. C., J. H. Schottler, and T. F. Leche. 1977. Southeast Asian cattle, buffalo, and beef in Papua New Guinea. In Agriculture in the Tropics, B. A. C. Enyi and T. H. Varghese, eds. University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoogerwerf, A. 1970. Udjung Kulan, The Land of the Last Javan Rhinoceros. E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hooijer, D. A. 1956. The valid name of the banteng Bibos javanicus d'Alton. Zoologische Mededelingenuitgegeven door het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden 34:223-226.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jellinek, P. J., J. Avenell, A. Thahar, and P. Sitorus. 1980. Infertility associated with crossbreeding of Bali cattle. In Proceedings, 2nd Ruminant Seminar, Ciawi, Indonesia. 79 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jenkinson, D. M., and T. Nay. 1975. The sweat glands and hair follicles of different species of Bovidae. Australian Journal of Biological Science 28:55-68.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kirby, G. W. M. 1979. Bali cattle in Australia. World Animal Review 31 :24-29.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, 1. L. In Press. Evolution of Domesticated Animals. Longman, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meijer, W. C. P. 1962. Das Balirind (Balinese Cattle). Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei, No. 303, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Federal Republic of Germany. (Translated from the Dutch by E. Mohr.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1973a. Liveweight changes of Brahman cross, Shorthorn, Banteng and buffalo steers grazing improved pastures at Darwin, Northern Territory. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 39:68-9.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1973b. Heat tolerance of Brahman cross, buffalo Banteng and Shorthorn steers during exposure to sun and as a result of exercise. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 24:775-782.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1978. Digestibility and water metabolism in Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers fed roughage diets. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 44: 57-59.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1980. The prediction of chemical content of the whole carcass from the physically-dissected rib in cattle and buffaloes. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 13:503.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1981. Beef and buffalo production by smallholders in Indonesia. World Review of Animal Production 17:55-64.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1982. The performance of Indonesian beef breeds under traditional and improved management systems. Pp. 347-351 in Animal Production and Health in the Tropics, M. R. Jainudeen and A. R. Omar, eds. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B., B. W. Norton, and J. V. Nolan. 1979. The intake, digestibility and utilization of a low quality roughage by Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 30:333-340.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Namikawa, T., and W. Widodo. 1978. Electrophoretic variations of hemoglobin and serum albumin in the Indonesian cattle including Bali cattle (Bos banteng). Japanese Journal of Zootechnical Science 49(11):817-827.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M., K. Rika, M. Supardjata, K. D. Nurbudhi, and L. R. Humphreys. 1976. Productivity of improved pastures grazed by Bali cattle under coconuts: a preliminary report. Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. 18 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M., and K. Rika. 1978. Bali cattle grazing improved pasture under coconuts. 1. Effects of stocking rate on steer performance and coconut yield. In Seminar on Integration of Animals with Plantation Crops, April 13-15. Preprint No. 10. Penang, Indonesia. 8 pp&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M. 1979a. Effects of replacing 30 percent of the green roughage with concentrate on the performance of Bali steer. Progress report to the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Centre file:3-P77-0087. 25 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M. 1979b. Performance of Bali cattle fed grass supplemented with stylosanthes. Progress report to the International Foundation for Science, Sweden. Project No. RR 76. 15 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M., K. Lana, 1. B. Sudana, N. Sutji, and 1. C. N. Sarka. I980. Persediaan den kebutuhan hijauan ternak di Bali (Roughage supply and requirement of livestock in &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bali). Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan den Peternakan, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. 218 pp. (Report series mimeograph.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Norton, B. W., J. B. Moran, and J. V. Nolan. 1979. Nitrogen metabolism in Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers fed on low quality roughage. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 30:341.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nursamad, M. 1972. Berat lahir den petumbuhan anak sapi Bali selama 4 bulan di kecamatan Watang Pulu, kabupaten Sidenreng, Sulawesi Selatan. Laporan, Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Hasanuddin yang berafinasi dengan Fakultas Peternakan Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pastika, M., and D. Darmadja. 1976. Performance reproduksi sapi Bali. In Proceedings, Seminar Reproduksi den Performance Sapi Bali, April 5-6, 1976. Dinas Peternakan Daerah Ternak Institut, Bali, lndonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Payne, W. J. A., and D. H. L. Rollinson. 1973. Bali cattle. World Animal Review 7: 13-21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pulungan, H., and K. Ma'sum. 1977. Performance sapi Bali den hasil persilangannya dengan sapi Hereford den Shorthorn. Laporan Khusus Lembaga Penelitian Peternakan, Cabang Grati 1977 (Abstract).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977. Livestock in Indonesia. Research Report No. 1. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Siebert, B. D., and W. V. MacFarlane. 1969. Body water content and water turnover of tropical Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bibos banteng, and Bos bubalus bubalis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20:613-622.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Siregar, M. G., and 1. M. Suparjata. 1975. A half century existence of Bali cattle in South Sulawesi. Majalah llmiah Universitas Udayana 9: 13-21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Subandriyo, P. Sitorus, M. Zulbardi, and A. Roesyat. 1979. Performance of Bali cattle, as work animals and milk and beef producers. Indonesian Agricultural Research and Development Journal 1(1/2):9-10, 24.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sutedja, P., M. Kota, 1. B. Mantra, and D. Darmadja. 1976. Progress report beberapa performance pada sapi Bali. In Proceedings, Seminar Reproduksi den Performance Sapi Bali, April 5-6, 1976. Dinas Peternakan Daerah Ternak Institut, Bali, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thahar, A., J. B. Moran, and J. T. Wood. In press. Studies on the haemotology of Indonesian large ruminants. Tropical Animal Health and Production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thahar, A., J. B. Moran, and R. E. Soerifpo. In press. Observations on the hair and skin of Indonesian large ruminants and their relationships to heat tolerance. SABRAO Journal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vercoe, J. E., and J. E. Frisch. 1977. The importance of voluntary feed intake and metabolic rate to production in different genotypes of cattle in different environments. Pp. I(c)-42 in Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of the Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researchers in Asia and Oceania, Canberra, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yeates, N. T. M., and P. J. Schmidt. 1974. Beef Cattle Production. Butterworths Pty Ltd., Chatswood, Sydney, Australia. 323 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng Cattle Hybrids&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Payne, W. J. A., and D. H. L. Rollinson. 1976. Madura cattle. Zeitschrift fur Tiezuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie 93:89-100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simoons, F. J., and E. S. Simoons. 1968. A Ceremonial Ox of India: The Mithan in Nature, Culture, and History. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, 1. L. In Press. Evolution of Domesticated Animals. Longman, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scheurmann, E. 1975. Observations on the behaviour of the mithan (Bibos frontalis Lambert 1837) in captivity. Applied Animal Ethology I :321 -355. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yak and Yakow&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Accolas, J. P., and J. P. Deffontaines. 1970. Quelques donnees sur l'elevage du Yak en Republique Populaire de Mongolie. Pp. 133-141 in The Yak: Its Role in the Economic and Cultural Life of Breeders in Central Asia. Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, 25 Boulevard Arago, 75013 Paris, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bonadonna, T. 1970. Nuove possibilita per la Zootechnia dei tropic). Zootecnica e Veterinaria 25:202-221.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bonnemaire, J. 1976. Le Yak domestique et son hybridation. Pp. 46-77 in The Yak: Its Role in the Economic and Cultural Life of Breeders in Central Asia. Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, Paris, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dor, R. 1976. Note sur le Yak au Pamir. Pp. 126-131 in The Yak: Its Role in the Economic and Cultural Life of Breeders in Central Asia. Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, Paris, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ekvall, R. B. 1968. Fields on the Hoof: Nexus of Tibetan Nomadic Pastoralism. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. 1974. Yak and chauri. World Animal Review 9:8-12.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. 1977. Yak and Yak-cattle hybrids. Chapter 3 in Domestic Animals of Nepal. Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., New York, USA, and London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivanova, V. V. 1938. K voprosu izucenija plodovitosti samvoc gibridov jaka s rogatym skotom (On the fertility of male yak x cattle hybrids). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Biologicheskaya 883-884.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R. W., R. G. Johnson, and R. T. Moyer. 1945. The livestock of China. Pp. 67-76 in United States Department of State Publication No. 2249; Far Eastern Series 9.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R. W., I. A. Tolstoy, and R. G. Johnson. 1946. Yaks and Yak-cattle hybrids in Asia. The Journal of Heredity 37(6): 162-170; 37(7):206-215.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schley, P. 1967. Der Yak und seine Kreuzung mit dem Rind in der Sowjetunion. Giessener Abhandlungen zur Agrar- und Wirtschaftsforschung des Europaischen Ostens, Vol. 44. Otto Harassowitz, Weisbaden, Federal Republic of Germany. 131 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shahrani, M. Nazif Mohib. 1979. The Kirghiz and Wakki of Afghanistan. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, USA. 264 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vlasov, P., S. Gersenzon, and A. Poljakov. 1932. Gibridizacija mezdu jakom i krupnym rogatym skotom (Hybrids between yak and cattle). Problemy Zhivotnovodstva (1):48-57.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;White, W. T., R. W. Phillips, and E. C. Elting. 1946. Yaks and Yak-cattle hybrids in Alaska. Journal of Heredity 37:355-358.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zawadowsky, M. M. 1931. Zebu-Yak hybrids. Journal of Heredity 22:297.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zuitin, A. I. 1938. New data on the chromosome number in yak (Poephagus grunniens L.). Doklady Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR 19:201-202.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A unique, interesting film showing wild banteng, gaur and kouprey in Cambodia in 1951&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;is available for hire from The Coolidge Foundation, 38 Standley Street, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H., and E. Scheurmann. 1977. Cytogenetic investigations on domestic and wild animal populations in South and Southeast Asia. Animal Research and Development 6:63-71.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Halder, U. 1975. Okologie und Verhalten des banteng (Bos javanicus) in Java. Eine Feldstudie. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. 124 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoogerwerf, A. 1974. Report on a Visit to Wildlife Reserves in East Java. Mededelingen No. 21. Nederlandsche Commissie voor Internationale Natuurbescherming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McNeely, J. A. 1975. Wildlife and national parks in the Lower Mekong Basin. Unpub&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;lished report to the Committee for the Coordination of Investigations of the Lower  Mekong Basin, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, Bangkok, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sumardja, E. A. 1976. The relationships between banteng Bos javanicus (d'Alton) and  vegetation at the Pananjung-Pangandaran Nature Reserve. Research Grant No. 1237/  TF/VI/74. Preliminary Study Internal Report Biotrop. Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wind, J., and H. Amir. 1977. Distribution of banteng (Bos javanicus) in Java and Bali,  Indonesia. Unpublished ms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wind, J., and H. Amir. 1977. Management Plan Baluran Reserve FAO INS/73/013.  Nature Conservation and Wildlife Management Project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaur&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul. 1965. The gaur. (Bos gaurus). Conservation News of South East  Asia 5:7-10.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the  Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conry, P. J. 1980. The impact of development and the behavioural response of the  Malaysian seladang. Pp. 279-286 in Tropical Ecology and Development, Proceedings  Fifth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology. International Society of Tropical  Ecology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conry, P. J. 1981. Habitat selection and use, movements, and home range of Malayan  gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki) in Central Pahang, Malaysia. M.S. thesis. University of  Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA. 120 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conry, P. J. (In press) Immobilizing Malayan gaur with etorphine. Journal of Wildlife  Management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H. 1975. The water buffalo and related species as important genetic resources:  their conservation, evaluation and utilization. In The Asiatic Water Buffalo.  Proceedings of an International Symposium, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Food and Fertilizer  Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H. 1980. Hybrids between Gaur and Gayal and between Gayal and Banteng as  zoological rarities in Thailand. Animal Research and Development 12:116-119.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fradrich, H., and H. G. Klos. 1976. Zur Haltung und Zucht des Gaurs, Bos gaurus.  Zoologische Garten 46(6):417-425.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hussain, M. Khader. 1969. The southern Asiatic gaur or Indian bison (Bos gaurus  gaurus H. Smith). Cheetal 12(1):29-47.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Krishnan, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India.  Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69:322-349.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Medway, Lord. 1978. The Wild Mammals of Malaya and Singapore. 2nd Edition. Oxford  University Press, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 128 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Momin Khan, M. K. bin 1973. Studies on the seladang (Bos gaurus) in the State of  Perak. Malaysian Nature Journal 26:163-169.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahai, R. C. 1972. Distribution, composition and herd size of Gaur (Bos gaurus) in  Palamau, Bihar. Cheetal 15:60-66.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schaller, G. B. 1967. The Deer and the Tiger. Chicago University Press, Chicago, USA.  370 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Weigun, L. E. 1971. The last refuge. Malaysian Nature Journal 24:132-137.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Weigun, L. E. 1972. The problems in the preservation of the seladang in the Malaysian  National Park. M.S. thesis. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.  55 pp&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the  Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coolidge, H. J. 1940. The Indo-Chinese Forest Ox or Kouprey. Memoirs, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 54(6):421-431.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coolidge, H. J. 1955. The Forest Ox or Kouprey of South East Asia. P. 109 in Breeding Beef Cattle for Unfavorable Environments, A. O. Rhoad, ed. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Neese, H.C. 1976. Kouprey along the Laos/Cambodia border area. Unpublished report to the New York Zoological Society, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pfeffer, P., and O. Kim-San. 1967. Le kouprey, Bos(Bibos) sauvelli, Urbain, 1937: discussion systematique et status actuel. Hypothese sur l'origine du zebu (Bos indicus). Mammalia 31(4):521-536.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pfeffer, P. 1969. Considerations sur l'ecologie des forets claires du Cambodge oriental. Terre et Vie 23(1):3-24.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wharton, C. H. 1957. An Ecological Study of the Kouprey. Novibos sauveli (Urbain). Monograph No. 5. Institute of Science and Technology, Manila, Philippines. 111 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dolan, J. M. 1965. Breeding of the lowland anoa in the San Diego Zoological Garden. Zeitschrift Saugetierekunde 30(4):241-248.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duplaix-Hall, N., ed. 1975. International Zoo Yearbook 15. Zoological Society of London&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fradrich, H. 1973. Einige Bemerkungen uber den Anoa. Zeitschrift des Kolner Zoo 16(3):101-105.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H., and H. Hohn. 1976. Der Karyotyp eines weiblichen Tamarau (Anea mindorensis) [The Karyotype of a Female Tamaraw (Anoa mindorensis)]. Giessener Beitrage zur Erbpathologie und Zuchthygiene 6:173.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1969. Systematics of the anoa (Mammalia, Bovidae) Beaufortia 17(223): 1-12.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Koulischer, L., J. Tyskens, and J. Mortelsmanns. 1972. The chromosomes of a male specimen of Anoa depressicornis quarlesi. Acta Pathologica, Antwerp 56:21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scheurmann, E., H. Hohn, and H. Fischer. 1977. The karyotype of a male Bubalus (Anoa) depressicornis quarlesi Ouwens 1911. In Symposium, Domesticated Animal Cytogenetics, Jouy en Josas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraw&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alvarez, J. B., Jr. 1970. Philippines tamaraw, here to stay. IUCN Publication, New Series 18:46-51.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grimwood, l. R. 1975. National Parks and Wildlife Conservation in the Philippines. FAO: PHI/72/006. UNDP/FAO, Rome, Italy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harrisson, T. 1969. The tamaraw and its survival. Conservation News of South East Asia 8:60-61, 70.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kuchn, D. 1975. Tamaraw at Mt. Iglit Came Refuge, Philippines. Tigerpaper 2(3):26.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sitwell, N. 1975. On the track of the tamaraw. Wildlife 17:428-430.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Talbot, L. M., and M. H. Talbot. 1966. The tamaraw, Bubalus mindorensis (Heude). Observations and recommendations. Mammalia 30(1): 1 - 12.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bearded &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Allen, E. F. 1948. The bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 3(2):98-99.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cranbrook, Earl of. 1979. A review of domestic pig remains from archaeological sites in &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diong, C. H. 1973. Studies of the Malayan wild pig in Perak and Johore. Malaysian Nature Journal26(2):120-151.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Croves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Cenus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hertwig, P. 1936. Artbastarde bei Tieren. Handbuch Vererb Wissenschaften 2B:21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hislop, J. A. 1949. Field notes on the bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 4(2):62-64.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hislop, J. A. 1952. More about the bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 7:22-23.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 1972. Red Data Book 1: Mammalia. IUCN, Cland, Switzerland. (This is a loose-leaf binder that is updated from time to time.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kempe, J. E. 1948. The riddle of the bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 3(1):36-42.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lotsy, J. P. 1922. Die Aufarbeitung des kuhn'schen kreuzungsmaterials im Institut fur Tierzucht der Universitat Halle. Cenetica 4:32-61.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Medway, Lord. 1978. The Wild Mammals of Malaya and Singapore, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohr, E. 1960. Wilde Schweine. Die Neue Brehm-Biicherei, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Federal Republic of Cermany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. First written report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist group. Unpublished report. 14 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pfeffer, P. 1959. Bologie et migrations du sanglier de Borneo (Sus barbatus Muller 1869). Mammalia 23:277-303.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sulawesi Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appelman, F. J. 1955. Uber Sus celebensis Muller und Schlegel. Der Zoologische Garten 21:152-156.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Catibog-Sinha, C. S. 1981. The quantity and quality of wild food plants and the depredation of wild pigs in the Philippines. Ph.D. thesis. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Croves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Cenus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hooijer, D. A. 1968. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. 8. Sus celebensis Muller and Schlegel, 1845. Beaufortia 16:215-218.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Croup. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohr, E. 1960. Wilde Schweine. Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Federal Republic of Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. Interim report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 14, pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Javan Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blouch, R. A. 1979. Proposed Bawean Island Wildlife Reserve Management Plan. World Wildlife Fund, Report to Directorate of Nature Conservation, Indonesia. Unpublished report. 63 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blouch, R. A. 1981. Results of a preliminary search for Sus verrucosus in the Mt. Arjuna area. World Wildlife Fund, Meru Betiri Project 1024. Unpublished report. 4 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoogerwerf, A. 1970. Udjung Kulonâthe Land of the Last Javan Rhinoceros. E. J. Brill, I.eiden. The Netherlands. Pp. 330-349. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. First written report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 14 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy Hog&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bosma, A. A., W. L. R. Oliver, and A. A. MacDonald. In press. The karyotype, including g- and c- banding patterns, of the pigmy hog Sus (Porcula) salvanius (Suidae, Mammalia).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. T. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1980. The Pigmy Hog: The Biology and Conservation of the Pigmy Hog Sus (Porcula) salvanius, and the Hispid Hare, Caprolagus hispidus. Special Scientific Report No. I. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. 93 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. Pigmy hog and hispid hare: further observations of the continuing decline (or, a lament for Barnadi and a good cause for skepticism). The Dodo, Journal of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust 18:10-20.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Babirus a&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bosma, A. A., 1980. The karyotype of the babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa); karyotype evolution in the Suidae. Fourth European Colloquium Cytogenetics Domestic Animals 1980:238-241.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bosma, A. A., and De Haan, N. A. 1981. The karyotype of Babrousa babyrussa (Suidae, Mammalia) Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 76: 17-27.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Davis, D. D. 1940. Notes on the anatomy of the babirusa. Field Museum of Natural History-Zoology 22(5):363-411.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fradich, H. 1974. A comparison of behaviour in the suidae. Pp. 133-144 in The Behaviour of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management. V. Ceist and F. Walther, eds. IUCN Publication No. 24.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin, No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Croves, C. P. 1980. Notes on the systematics of Babyrousa (Artiodactyla, Suidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Deel 55(3):29-46.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The structure and function of the tusks of babirusa. Mammal Review 1 1(1):37-40.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. First written report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 14 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selmier, V. J. 1978. Only in Indonesia: the babirusa. Unpublished report to Directorate of Nature Conservation (P.P.A.), Bogor, Indonesia. 40 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.8.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because Asia contains many livestock breeds about which little is known, an expert committee on Animal Genetic Resources has been recently formed by the Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researchers in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO). Its chairman is Professor J. S. F. Barker of the University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Species Survival Commission of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature has a Wild Cattle Specialist Group that concerns itself with wild banteng, gaur, and kouprey. Its chairman is Mr. Mohd. Khan bin Momin Khan, Director-General, Wildlife and National Parks, West Malaysia, Kompleks Pejabat-Pejabat Kerajaan, Block K-20, Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following have particular knowledge of the animals described in this book, have contributed to the various chapters, and (in most cases) have agreed to provide advice to bona fide researchers wishing to study further the animals in this report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ida Bagus Arka, Faculty for Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Jalan Sudirman Sanglah, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia J. S. F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Bongers, Department of Nature Conservation, Wageningen Agricultural University, Ritzema Bosweg 32a, 6703AZ Wageningen, The Netherlands David Butcher, Western Plains Zoo, Box 813, Dubbo, New South Wales&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2830, Australia (Banteng are available for research projects and zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quarantine for shipments between Australia and most countries are&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;straightforward)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. K. Camoens, Livestock Specialist, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila, Philippines 2800&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Deppner, 1603 Dayton Road, Hyattsville, Maryland 20783, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.-M. Duplan, Institut Technique de l'Elevage Bovin, Section Amelioration Genetique, Maison Nationale des Eleveurs, 149, rue de Bercy F, 75595 Paris Cedex 12, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. I. Furtado, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 22-11, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Hodges, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Huitema, Overzicht 60, 6862 CT, Oosterbeek, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham W. M. Kirby, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Production, P.O. Box 4160, Darwin, Northern Territory 5790, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moh. Zain Katoe, P.T. United Livestock, Jalan Bau Massepe 472, ParePare, South Sulawesi, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. -G. Klos, Director, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Hardenbergplatz 8 , 1000 Berlin 30, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. Kusmat, Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Oto Iskandardinata, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ian L. Mason, 8 Ramsay Garden, Edinburgh, EH1 1NA, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert E. McDowell, Department of Animal Science, Frank B. Morrison Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Montsma, Department of Animal Production, Wageningen Agricultural University, Ritzema Bosweg 32a, 6703 AZ Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. Moran, Senior Research Officer, Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute, Kyabram, Victoria 3620, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jan Nari, Director of Central Research Institute for Animal Science, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. M. Nitis, Department of Animal Nutrition and Tropical Pasture Production, Udayana University, Jalan Sudirman Sanglah, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. J. A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donald L. Plucknett, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, 1818 H Street, Washington, D.C. 20433, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Institute for Animal Production, P.O. Box 123, Bogor, Indonesia (Amber Roesyat, Ian Fletcher, Dennis Hoffmann, P. Sitorus, Subandriyo, M. Zulbardi)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David W. Robinson, International Programs, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. H. L. Rollinson, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Seifert, CSIRO, Tropical Cattle Research Centre, P.O. Box 5545, Rockhampton Mail Centre, N. Rockhampton, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. David Simpson, Senior Extension Specialist, Veld, Pastures and Wildlife, Agritex Box 363, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. J. Smith, Tropical Animal Health, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, EH9 1QH Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dukut Sularsasa, Department of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Syamsul Arifin, Jalan Amin Jakfar 41, Pamekasan Madura, Jatim, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taronga Zoo, P.O. Box 20, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia (T. Finnie and J. L. Throp)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frank M. Thompson, Wild Animal Brokers, 15605 S. R. #64, Bradenton, Florida 33508, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Allen D. Tillman, 523 West Harned Place, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Don Tulloch, P.O. Box 38841, Winnellie, Northern Territory 5789, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Helen Newton Turner, P.O. Box 184, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antoon de Vos, P.O. Box 34, Whitford, Auckland, New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert Warren, Department or Range and Wildlife Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Everett J. Warwick, The Rockefeller Foundation, P.O. Box 63, Yogyakarta, D.I.Y., Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Woodward, 35AI, Sultan Hasanudin, Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Domesticated Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Askaniya-Nova, USSR (Zoologicheskii Park Askaniya-Nova)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park; banteng-mithan hybrid)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, German Democratic Republic (Tierpark Berlin)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark (Zoologisk Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia (Western Plains Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kiev, USSR (Kievskii Zoologicheskii Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madrid, Spain (Zoo de la Casa de Campo; mithan-banteng hybrid)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pretoria, South Africa (National Zoological Gardens of South Africa) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rome, Italy (Giardino Zoologico e Museo de Zoologia del Comune de Rome and Zoorama)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde; 2 male, 2 female, may be wild form)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng-Cattle Hybrids&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abubakar Aldjufri, Secretary, Asian Livestock Business Club, Kebun Pala I/79B Tanah Abang, Jakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saleh Aldjufri, Jalan Jakarta 42, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Deppner, 1603 Dayton Rd., Hyattsville, Maryland 20783, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Huitema, Overzicht 60, 6862 CT, Oosterbeek, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham W. M. Kirby, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Production, P.O. Box 4160, Darwin, Northern Territory 5790, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. Moran, Senior Research Officer, Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute, Kyabram, Victoria 3620, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. J. A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David W. Robinson, International Programs, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. H. L. Rollinson, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Wheeler, 1000 Shady Lane, College Station, Texas 77840, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaichana Satrulee, Dusit Zoological Park, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. von Furer Haimendorf, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London WC1, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles G. Hickman, Livestock Consultant, A. Mithat Efendi Sokak No. 36/11, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frederick J. Simoons, 140 Bartlett Ave., Woodland, California 95695, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Mithan (Gayal)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aalborg, Denmark (Aalborg Zoologiske Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijk Zoologisch) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arnhem, The Netherlands (Burgers' Zoo and Safari)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, German Democratic Republic (Tierpark Berlin)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calcutta, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany (Aktiengesellschaft Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany (Tiergarten Heidelberg)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kolmarden, Sweden (Koemardens Djurpark)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madrid, Spain (Zoo de la Casa de Campo; mithan-banteng hybrid)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabat, Morocco (Pare Zoologique National)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vienna, Austria (Schonbrunn Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tallin, USSR (Tallinna Loomaaed)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yak&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joseph Bonnemaire, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, 26, Bd. Docteur Petitjean, 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corneille Jest, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1, Place Artistide-Briand, 92190 Meudon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. A. Kazarova, Director, Riga Zoological Garden, Meza prospekt 1, Riga 14 226014, Latvian SSR, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. K. Panday, Swiss Association for Technical Assistance (SATA), Box 113, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralph W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Patrick J. Robinson, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;George B. Schaller, New York Zoological Society, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. B. Singh, Director General, Department of Livestock, HMG, Harihar Bhawan, Pulchowk, Laitpur, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, 25, Boulevard Arago, 75013 Paris, France (R. Laurans)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Yak&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arnhem, The Netherlands (Burgers' Zoo and Safari)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baltimore, Maryland, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bronx, New York, USA (New York Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicago, Illinois, USA (Brookfield Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Denver, Colorado, USA (Denver Zoological Gardens)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Detroit, Michigan, USA (Detroit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evansville, Indiana, USA (Meeker Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Granby, Quebec, Canada (Societe Zoologique de Granby, Inc.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA (John Ball Zoological Gardens)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kansas City, Missouri, USA (Kansas City Zoological Gardens)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Knoxville, Tennessee, USA (Knoxville Municipal Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rochester, New York, USA (Seneca Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Wild Animal Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA (Great Plains Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Bend, Indiana, USA (Potawatomi Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Syracuse, New York, USA (Burnet Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Metro Toronto Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Utica, New York, USA (Utica Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wichita, Kansas, USA (Sedgwick County Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West Orange, New Jersey, USA (Turtleback Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (Assiniboine Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yakows&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joseph Bonnemaire, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, 26, Bd. Docteur Petitjean, 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Agriculture, Hari Har Bhawan, Pulchok, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Kathmandu, Nepal (Tewari and Burathoky)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Livestock Development, Peking, China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Professor Karl Fredge, Department of Genetics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Division, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Sheep and Yak Development Project, Dechhen Pelrithang, P.O. Bumthang, Bhutan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralph W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Patrick J. Robinson, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whipsnade Zoo, Whipsnade, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bruce A. Young, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TOG 2P5, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Amir, c/o Ministry of Development Supervision and the Environment, JalanMirdekaBarat 15, Jakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. H. Blower, National Parks Project, c/o UNDP, Box 650, Rangoon, Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bonsong Lekagul, Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, No. 4 Customhouse Road, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaichana Satrulee, Dusit Zoological Park, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z. Coto, Tropical Forest Biology, SEAMEO-BIOTROP, P.O. Box 17, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia (Patrick Andau, Assistant Chief Game Warden)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. R. Grimwood, P.O. Box 45079, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;U. Halder, Swiss League for Nature Conservation, P.O. Box 73, CH4020 Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Huitema, Overzicht 60, 6862 CT, Oosterbeek, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Wayne King, Director and Professor, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lembaga Biologi Nasional (LBN-LIPI), Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John A. Lukas, White Oak Plantation, Rt. 3 Box 224, Yulee, Florida 32097, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffrey A. McNeely, Executive Officer, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Payne, Wildlife Section, Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somtob Norapuckprutikorn, Captive Propagation Section, Wildlife Conservation Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkhen, Bangkok 9, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Wheeler, 1000 Shady Lane, College Station, Texas 77840, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Albuquerque, USA (Rio Grande Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijk Zoologisch)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicago, Illinois, USA (Brookfield Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany (Aktiengesellschaft Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark (Zoologisk Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany (Vivarium Darmstadt)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dortmund, Federal Republic of Germany (Tierpark Dortmund)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dresden, German Democratic Republic (Zoologischer Garten Dresden)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;St. Louis, Missouri, USA (St. Louis Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yulee, Florida, USA (White Oak Plantation)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaur&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Aspinal, Howlett's Wildlife Park, near Canterbury, Kent, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul, Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, No. 4 Customhouse Road, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paul Conry, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 23367, GMF Guam 96921, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. R. Grimwood, P.O. Box45079, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohd Khan bin Momin Khan, Director-General, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, P.O. Box 611, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. A. Kazarova, Director, Riga Zoological Garden, Meza prospekt 1, Riga 14 226014, Latvian SSR, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.-G. Klos, Director, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Hardenbergplatz 8, 1000 Berlin 30, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adrian G. Marshall, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;George B. Schaller, New York Zoological Society, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lee Simmons, Omaha Zoo, Omaha, Nebraska 68108, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Janet Stover, Bronx Zoo, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frank M. Thompson, Wild Animal Brokers, 15605 S. R. #64, Bradenton, Florida 33508, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Guar &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Berlin Zoo was assigned by the IUCN in cooperation with the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;lUDZG to keep the guar studbook records. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bronx, New York, USA (New York Zoological Park; 7 male, 3 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brownsville, Texas, USA (Gladys Porter Zoo; 5 male, 10 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark (Zoologisk Have; 1 male, 2 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holiday Island, Eureka Springs, Arkansas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India (Nehru Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivey, Wilburton, Oklahoma, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kansas City, Missouri, USA (Kansas City Zoological Gardens; I male)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kings Mill, Ohio, USA (Wild Animal Safari,; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Los Angeles, California, USA (The Los Angeles Zoo; I male, 3 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Memphis, Tennessee, USA (Memphis Zoo and Aquarium; I male, 2 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Munich, Federal Republic of Germany (Munchener Tierpark Hellabrunn Ag)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mysore, Karnataka, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA (Oklahoma City Zoo; 7 male, 7 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Omaha, Nebraska, USA (Henry Doorly Zoological Gardens; 7 male, 15 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Riga, Latvian SSR, USSR (Riga Zoological Garden)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Wild Animal Park; 6 male, 6 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Bend, Indiana, USA (Potawatomi Park Zoo; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;St. Louis, Missouri, USA (St. Louis Zoological Park; 1 male, 2 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Metro Toronto Zoo; 3 male, 1 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vienna, Austria (Schonbrunn Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul, Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, No. 4 Customhouse Road, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harold Coolidge, 38 Standley Street, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffrey A. McNeely, Executive Officer, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harvey C. Neese, P.O. Box 332, Troy, Idaho 83871, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Anthony Parkinson, White House, San Roque 1, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pierre Pfeffer, Zoologie, Mammiferes et Oiseaux Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 55, rue de Buffon 75005 Paris, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Kelly Shelton, 211-A North Cordova, Burbank, California 91505, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Henry Stoddard, Branford Veterinary Clinics, Inc., P.O. Box 548, Branford, Florida 32008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles H. Wharton, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA (Rt. 2, Clayton, Georgia 30525)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;World Conservation Centre, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH 1196 Gland, Switzerland (David Mitchell, Elizabeth Kemf)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. M. Dolan, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California 92112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp; mountain anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten; mountain anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;London, England (lowland anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leipzig, German Democratic Republic (Zoologischer Garten Leipzig; mountain anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde; 1 male, 3 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Zoological Garden; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Wild Animal Park; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Taronga Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraw&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Natural Resources, Quezon City, Manila, Philippines (J. B. Alvarez, Jr., Assistant Director)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. R. Grimwood, P.O. Box 45079, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Natural Resources Conservation Office, Ministry of Natural Resources, Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Anthony Parkinson, White House, San Roque 1, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ian Player, P.O. Box 192, Howick 3290, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Sitwell, c/o WWF(UK), 11-13 Ockford Rd., Godalming, Surrey GU7 lQU, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. M. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna 3720, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bearded Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Julian Oliver Caldecott, Sub-Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The AustralianNationalUniversity, P.O. Box4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 10H, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Parks and Wildlife Office, Sarawak Forest Department, Jalan Gartak, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (Kron Aken, David Labang, Mike Kavanagh)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Payne, Wildlife Section, Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Bearded Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sulawesi Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Catibog-Sinha, Outdoor Recreation and Wildlife Research Division, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna 3720, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The AustralianNationalUniversity, P.O. Box4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 10H, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Mackinnon, WWF/TUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, ChanneL Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Sulawesi Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Javan Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raleigh A. Blouch, 2125 Forest Glen, Lansing, Michigan 48906, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. Bosma, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, State University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80157, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Directorate of Nature Conservation (PPA), Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 9, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lembaga Biologi Nasional (LBN-LIPl), Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 10EI, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Werner Pauwels, Pfeffingerstrasse 48, CM-053, Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perum Perhutani, Forest State Corporation, Jalan Jendral Gatot Subroto 17-18, Post Box 111, Jakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Javan Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy Hog&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. Bosma, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, State University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80157, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. C. Gogoi, Adviser Forests, (Wildlife and Environmental Planning), Meghalaya, P.O. Shillong 793 001, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The AustralianNationalUniversity, P.O. Box4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 lOH, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Deb Roy, Manas National Park, P.O. Barpeta Road, Kamrup 781 315, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Pigmy Hog&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gauhati, India (Assam State Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Babirusa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. Bosma, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, State University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80157, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 lOH, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Victoria Selmier, 353 10th Street, San Francisco, California 94103, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Babirusa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, W. de Meurichy)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bandung, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark, (Zoologisk Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia, (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nuremberg, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poznan, Poland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia, (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (member through 1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOlS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (member through 1982) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f.10" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGElARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAMUEL P. ASPER, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEONARD BERRY, Professor, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST.J. BRISKEY, Dean, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON S. BROWN, Director, Resources Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Associate Professor, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND J. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM A. W. KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE I. LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANICE E. PERLMAN, Executive Director, Committee for a New New York, New York City Partnership, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Assistant Dean for International Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN G. HURLEY, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL P. GREENE. Associate Director/Research Grants &lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+
+</Doc>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH017a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH017a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH017a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,7421 @@
+<Doc xmlns:gs2="http://www.greenstone.org/gs2" file="HASH017a.dir/doc.xml"  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596" gs2:mode="add">
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Tecnology for International Development &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competence and with regard for appropriate balance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Their is president of the Institute of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report was prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Staff support was funded by the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. DAN-5538-G-SS-1023-00. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PANEL ON MICROLIVESTOCK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. PHILLIPS, Deputy Director General (Retired), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Senior Advisor to the President, African Development Bank, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BONNIE V. BEAVER, Professor of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT BENIRSCHKE, Professor of Pathology and Reproductive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROY D. CRAWFORD, Professor of Animal and Poultry Genetics, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus, University of Florida, Gainesville, and Dean Emeritus, School of Agriculture, California Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID E. DEPPNER, Director, New Forest Project, International Center, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH L. HENSON, Executive Director, American Minor Breeds Conservancy, Pittsboro, North Carolina, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. HUSS, Menard, Texas, USA (Formerly Regional Animal Production Officer, FAO, Santiago, Chile)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID R. LINCICOME, Guest Scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS E. LOVEJOY, Assistant Secretary for External Affairs, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARNE W. NORDSKOG, Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LINDA M. PANEPINTO, Director, Miniature Swine Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT J. PETERS, Professor of Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, West Germany, and Director of Research, International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. PINO, Senior Fellow, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Program in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL H. ROBINSON, Director, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSON, James B. Duke Professor of Physiology, Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALBERT E. SOLLOD, Associate Professor and Head, Section of International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEE M. TALBOT, Visiting Fellow, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAIR E. TERRILL, Sheep and Goat Scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHRISTEN M. WEMMER, Assistant Director for Conservation, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DANNY C. WHARTON, Associate Curator Animal Departments, New York Zoological Park, Bronx Zoo, The Bronx, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES A. WOODS, Professor and Curator, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS M. YUILL, Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Training, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;* * *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID), National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Microlivestock Study Director and Scientific Editor &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARK DAFFORN, Technical Writer&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH MOUZON, Senior Secretary&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN VREYENS, MUCIA Intern&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONTRIBUTORS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following individuals have made general contributions to the development of this book. All of the persons listed as research contacts in Appendix B also contributed - usually on one or two species that are their scientific specialty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ASHIQ AHMAD, Wildlife Management Specialist, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGEL C. ALCALA, Division Research, Extension and Development, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARTI AMMANN, Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PATRICK ANDAU, Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.P. ARORA, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. AYYAPPAN, CIFRI, Kausabyaganga, Bhubaneswar Orissa, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER BAKHUIS, Caribbean Marine Biological Institute, Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES R. BARBORAK, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PUSHKAR NATH BHAT, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STEVE BENNETT, Curepe, Trinidad, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. BLAND, Department of Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MELVIN BOLTON, Yeppoon, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOSEPH BONNEMAIRE, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D.S. BRANCKRAERT, Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques, Universite du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER BRAZAITIS, Herpetology, New York Zoological Society, The Bronx, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. DE LA BRETONNE, JR., Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. BRINCK, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LESLIE BROWNRIGG, CIAT, Cali, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. HOMER BUCK, Illinois Natural History Survey, Kinmundy, Illinois, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GERARDO BUDOWSKI, Natural Renewable Resources Programme, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BUTCHER, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JULIAN O. CALDECOTT, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GARY CALLIS, Texline, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. CAMOENS, Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. CHRISTOPHER CARMICHAEL, The Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. CHABRECK, School of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.M. CHAGULA, Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARAN CHANTALAKHANA, Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart  University, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER R. CHEEKE, Rabbit Research Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis,  Oregon, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.S. CHILD, Forest Resources Division, FAO, Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.S. CHOPRA, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation,  New Delhi, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Ross COCKRILL 29 Downs Park West, Bristol, England, BS6 7QH&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CRISOSTOMO CORTES, Dairy Promotion and Extension Section, Dairy Development  Division, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WYLAND CRIPE, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,  Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. BEN DAVID, Holon, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. DEVENDRA, International Development Research Centre, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODNEY DILLINGER, International Agency for Apiculture Development, Rockford,  Illinois, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DIRECTOR, Natal Parks Board, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLLANDE DUMONT, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques  Appliquees, Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.G. EHIOBU, Department of Agricultural Sciences, College of Education, Agbor,  Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD FARNER, Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle,  Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. FERGUSON, Overseas Development Administration, Eland House, London,  England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ABELARDO FERRER D., Quinta Nueva Exparta, San Bernardino, Caracas,  Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LYNWOOD A. FIEDLER, Section of International Programs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife  Service, Denver Wildlife Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. FISCHER, Tropical Science Centre, Division of Tropical Veterinary Medicine,  Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, West Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. FURTADO, Commonwealth Science Council, London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANK GOLLEY, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. GONZALES J., Instituto de Produccion Animal, Universidad Central de Venezuela,  El Limon-Maracay, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GRAHAM GOUDIE, Mainland Holdings, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALISTAIR GRAHAM, Tanglewood, Crowborough, East Sussex, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GORDON GRIGG, Zoology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.R. DE GUMAN, JR., Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COLIN P. GROVES, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian  National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. HARDOUIN, Institut de Medicine Tropicale &quot;Prince Leopold,&quot; Antwerp, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEOFFREY HAWTIN, International Development Research Centre, University of  British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GORDON HAVORD, Technical Advisory Division, UNDP, New York, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TIN HLA, Veterinary Department, Director General's Office, Rangoon, Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES HENTGES, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. HOLLANDER, Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RENE E. HONEGGER, Herpetology, Zurich Zoo, Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JACK HOWARTH, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUANG CHU-CHIEN, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGUS HUTTON, Gympie, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. JASIOROWSKI, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MUHAMMAD YAQUB JAVAID, Directorate of Fisheries, Government of the Punjab, Punjab, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MANGALARAJ JOHNSON, Nudumalai Sanctuary, Vannarpet, Udagamandalani, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MATI KAAL, Tallinn Zoo, ESSR Tallinn, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STELLAN KARLSSON, Simontorp Aquaculture AB, Blentarp, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JACKSON A. KATEGILE, International Development Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT E. KENWARD, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook Research Station, Wareham, Dorset, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES M. KEARNEY, Miami, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.-G. KLOS Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Berlin, West Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NELS M. KONNERUP, Boom International, Stanwood, Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAVU KWAPENA, Office of Environment and Conservation, Boroko, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS E. LACHER, Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN K. LOOSLI, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER LUTZ, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CRAIG MACFARLAND, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE M. MCCORKLE, Department of Rural Sociology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT E. MCDOWELL, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEFFREY A. MCNEELY, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADRIAN G. MARSHALL, Institute of South-East Asian Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RICHARD R. MARSHALL, Veterinary Medicine, Sutter Hospitals Medical Research Foundation, Sacramento, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.H.G. MARTIN, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University College, Nairobi, Kenya &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IAN L. MASON, Edinburgh, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN C. MASON, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MAYO MARTIN, Fish Farming Experimental Station, Stuttgart, Arkansas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;YOLANDA MATAMOROS, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBIN MCKERGON, Livestock Development Corporation, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MGHENI, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. MONGIN, Station de Recherches Avicoles, INRA-Centre de Tours, Nouzilly, Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOSE ROBERTO DE ALENCAR MOREIRA, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Belem, Para, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.L.R. OLIVER, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WERNER PAUWELS, Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. PAYNE, Worcester, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IAN PLAYER, Wilderness Leadership School, Bellair, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES H. POWELL, JR., Plainview, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM R. PRITCHARD, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HECTOR HUGO LI PUN, International Development Research Centre, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VICENTE T. QUIRANTE, Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Project, Bureau of Animal Industry, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAN RATTNER, The Institute of Animal Research, Kibbutz Lahav, D.N. Negev, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. REDDY, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RHOEHEIT, Institute of Applied Science and Technology, University Campus, Turkeyen, Guyana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES T. ROBBINS, Department of Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARMEN MA. ROJAS G., CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.H.L. ROLLINSON, Sardinia, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JULIO E. SANCHEZ P., Museo Nacional, San Jose, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEFF SAYER, World Conservation Centre, Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. SEIFERT, Tropical Cattle Research Centre, CSIRO, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANDRES ELOY SEIJAS, Servicio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, Maracay, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. SHAH, Institute of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SIEH CHENXIA, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural College, Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.P. SINGH, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Chandra Sekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. CATIBOG SINHA, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. SMITH, Tropical Animal Health, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, Great Britain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. MITHAT EFENDI, Ankara, Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HENRY STODDARD, Shamrock Veterinary Clinic and Fisheries, Cross City, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUKUT SULARSASA, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjalu Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. SUTTON, Agricultural Research and Education Center, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NICHOLAS SMYTHE, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. SZUMIEC, Polish Academy of Sciences, Experimental Fish Culture Station, Chybie, Poland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. TABUNAKAWAI, Ministry of Primary Industries, Suva, Fiji&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANK M. THOMPSON, Wild Animal Brokers, Bradenton, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALLEN D. TILLMAN, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DON TULLOCH, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONRADO A. VALDEZ, Dairy Development Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LUIS VARONA, Havana, Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PRAN VOHRA, Department of Avian Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTOON DE VOS Whitford, Auckland, New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GRAHAME WEBB, Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAGMAR WERNER, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GARY WETTERBERG, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES H. WHARTON, Clayton, Georgia, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.W. BERT WHEELER, College Station, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROMULUS WHITAKER, Madras Crocodile Bank, Perur, Tamil Nadu, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILDLIFE CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL, New York Zoological Society, The Bronx, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.R. YEO, USDA-ARS, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BRUCE A. YOUNG, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHAROON YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm and Zoo, Samutprakan, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS M. YUILL School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. ZEILLER, Miami Seaquarium, Miami, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The purpose of this report is to raise awareness of the potential of small livestock species and to stimulate their introduction into animal research and economic development programs. It is geared particularly towards benefiting developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Microlivestock&quot; is a term we have coined for species that are inherently small, such as rabbits and poultry, as well as for breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs that are less than about half the size of the most common breeds. These miniature animals are seldom considered in the broad picture of livestock development, but they seem to have a promising future. Wherever land is scarce it seems reasonable to assume that, things being equal, small animals would be more attractive than large ones. And land for livestock is becoming increasingly scarce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this report we have emphasized multipurpose species with promise for small  holders. In some species, the promise is immediate; in others, it is long term, and much research must be undertaken before that promise can be realized or even understood.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We have included wild species that seem to have potential as future livestock. Some are threatened with extinction but are described here because their economic merits may be the key to acquiring support for their protection. Also we have highlighted rare breeds of domesticated species because the current tendency has been to concentrate on a small number of large breeds, and many potentially valuable breeds are becoming extinct through neglect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The book was prepared after an intensive survey of more than 300 animal scientists in 80 countries. They suggested more than 150 species for inclusion. The staff then drafted chapters on about 40 species and these drafts were reviewed by more than 400 researchers worldwide. The thousands of resulting comments, corrections, and additions were integrated into the drafts. The panel then met to review the product, to select the most promising species, and to rework the chapters based on their own experiences and joint conclusions. The result is the current 35 chapters. Most of the case studies and accounts of innovations highlighted in the various sidebars were developed by the staff study director. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collectively, this study covers many species, but it by no means exhausts all the microlivestock possibilities. Lack of space and time precludes discussion of creatures such as edible insects, snails, worms, turtles, and bats, which in some regions are highly regarded foods. Similarly, we have not included aquatic life. These decisions were arbitrary; perhaps invertebrates and aquatic species can be included in future volumes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report is addressed to government administrators, technical assistance personnel, and researchers in agriculture, nutrition, and related disciplines who are concerned with helping developing countries achieve a more efficient and balanced exploitation of their biological resources. Hence, we deal with the animals in a general way and do not cover details of biology, husbandry, or economics. A selection of readings that contains such technical information is cited in Appendix A.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further goal of this project has been to explore the common ground between the disparate arms of animal science: to show that specialists in wildlife, zoology, and livestock science have much to learn from one another's field of expertise; to show that &quot;fanciers&quot; of pigeons, pheasants, chinchillas, iguanas, and other species may have much to offer livestock breeders - including germplasm; and that those who raise &quot;obsolete&quot; breeds are not only playing a vital role in the protection of rare genes but can offer the benefit of their experience to commercial livestock producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout this report, the scientific names of mammals follow those in: Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 1982. J.H. Honacki, K.E. Kinman, and J.W. Koeppl, editors. Published by Allen Press, Inc.; and the Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. All dollar figures are in U.S. dollars; all ton figures are in metric tons.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been produced under the auspices of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council. ACTI was mandated to assess innovative scientific and technological advances, with particular emphasis on those appropriate for developing countries. In this spirit, therefore, the current report includes some extremely unusual species. Whether these will eventually prove practical for widespread use is uncertain, but we present them here for researchers and others who look forward to challenges and enjoy the satisfaction of successful pioneering. The domestication of new poultry, as well as the management of rodents, iguanas, and small deer and antelope, should be viewed in this spirit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Current titles in the ACTI series on managing tropical animal resources are: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The production of these books has been supported largely by the Office of the Science Advisor of the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), which also made this report possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WARNING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If misunderstood, this book is potentially dangerous. Because of the severity of the food crisis, the panel has selected some animals - mainly in the rodent section - that are highly adaptable and grow quickly. These seem appropriate for raising only in areas where they already exist, which are clearly identified in those chapters. Such potentially invasive animals should not be introduced to other environments because they could become serious pests. In any trials, local species should always be given priority.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How to cite this report:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council. 1991. Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cover Design by David Bennett &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the developing countries, there are over 100 million farms of less than five hectares, supporting about 700 million people, who represent about 17 percent of the world population. Even more significant is the fact that about 50 million farms have less than one hectare of land. C. Devendra and Marcia Burns Goat Production in the Tropics We may now be in the wind down stage of bigger is better animal selection trend and it has certainly been a wild ride.... the lesson now being learned is that the bigger breeding animals . . . cost more to maintain, are often slower to reproduce, and may even have a shorter lifespan.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kelly Klober&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small Farmer's Journal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g001a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like computers, livestock for use in developing countries should be getting smaller and becoming more &quot;personal.&quot; Conventional &quot;mainframes,&quot; such as cattle, are too large for the world's poorest people; they require too much space and expense. &quot;Miniframes,&quot; such as the conventional breeds of sheep and goats, have an increasingly important role to play. But tiny, &quot;user-friendly&quot; species for home use are the ones highlighted in this report. We have called them &quot;microlivestock.&quot;'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two types of microlivestock. One consists of extremely small forms of conventional livestock - such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. The other consists of species that are inherently smallâ poultry, rabbits, and rodents, for instance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock are important because the developing world's animal production is only a fraction of what it should be. Throughout Latin America, Asia, and Africa, the poor eat almost no meat, milk, or eggs - the most nutritious foods. It is estimated, for example, that in Mexico 25 million campesinos cannot afford meat. In poor countries, even the middle class eats less meat in a year than the populations of North America and Europe eat in a month. Malnutrition is common and its effects, especially on children, can be debilitating. It is one of mankind's most serious imbalances - and most pressing problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural families in the Third World usually subsist mainly on the products from their homes or farms. Thus, if we are to help their livestock production, more attention must be given to animals that are sized for their situations. Examples discussed in the report are summarized here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microbreeds Small breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs are common in the developing world. Because they are often raised for subsistence rather than for commerce, the national and global contribution that they make is often overlooked. These small, hardy animals deserve much greater recognition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Later chapters highlight dozens of promising microbreeds. All are less than half average size; some are far smaller than that. The &quot;miniBrahman&quot; cow of Mexico is only 60 cm tall and weighs 140 kg; the southern Sudan dwarf sheep of eastern Africa can weigh as little as 11 kg; the Terai goat of Nepal weighs less than 12 kg; and the cuing pig of Mexico weighs merely 10 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry The widespread use of poultry in Third World villages demonstrates the importance of small, easily managed, household livestock. Small size, the ability to forage for themselves, and a natural desire to stay around the house put chickens, ducks, guinea fowl, and other birds among the most vital resources of rural Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Scratching a living out of the dirt, dust, ditches, and debris, these often-scrawny creatures are a resource to be taken seriously. For the most poverty stricken, a bony bird may be the only source of meat during much of a lifetime. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among poultry, there are many underrated, but highly promising, species, including:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Pigeon. These birds forage widely but return home, thereby providing the farmers with squab, one of the tastiest of all meats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Quail. Small and efficient, they, too, are suited to home rearing, and in Japan and a few other countries, large numbers are raised commercially in very small space. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Muscovy. A native of South American rainforests, this bird is a major poultry resource of France, Taiwan, and a few other countries. Tame, tolerant, and tough, it deserves greater recognition everywhere. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Guinea Fowl. One of the most self-reliant of all domestic birds, this native of Africa is raised in huge numbers in Europe - notably France. Its potential for increased production elsewhere is exceptional. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Turkey. The traditional turkey of Mexico still exists as a scavenger bird in villages and household backyards. Unlike the highly selected modern breeds, it is self-reliant, robust, and disease-resistant. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits Like chickens, rabbits exemplify the vast possibilities that microlivestock offer for increasing meat production in the most poverty-stricken parts of the world. Captive rabbits have been popular as food at least since the time of the Romans. Rabbit rearing has been well established in Europe and China, and now national rabbit projects have begun in many developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents Some 7,000 years ago, guinea pigs were domesticated as a source of food for the high Andes; even today in the uplands of Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador, most Indians raise them inside their homes and regard them as an essential part of life. For many Indians, these indoor livestock are the main source of meat. Prolific, tractable, and easy to feed, house, and handle, guinea pigs are even kept in downtown apartment buildings - often in boxes under the bed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other rodents might also be suited to domestication; for instance, the potentially tamable, clean-living species of South American fields and woodlands - agouti, capybara, hutia, mare, coypu, pace, and vizcacha. Two remarkable domestication programs have been started in Africa: the grasscutter in West Africa and the giant rat in Nigeria. Both animals provide popular &quot;bushmeat&quot; and researchers are now learning to raise them in captivity. (Because of its tangy taste, Ghanaians actually pay three times more for grasscutter meat than for beef!)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antelope Another wild African mammal with potential for &quot;household animal husbandry,&quot; the blue duiker, is a rabbit-sized antelope. In some areas of Central and Southern Africa the demand is so great that its population is declining at an alarming rate. Duiker rearing, if it can be made successful, might provide both food and an economic alternative to slaughtering the wild populations. It is reported that duikers are easy to maintain and they reproduce well in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat of several other tiny antelope species is also much sought in many African countries, and these animals are also suitably sized to feed the average family at one meal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer Several species of tiny deer - smaller than many dogs - might make useful microlivestock, although much research is needed before their true potential can be judged. Normal-sized deer were once considered too easily frightened to be reared as domestic livestock, but several species are now raised on thousands of deer farms in New Zealand as well as in at least a dozen other countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer and musk deer (which, strictly speaking, are not true deer at all) are of microlivestock size and are also possible future livestock. The musk deer produces one of the most valuable materials in the animal kingdom - more valuable, in fact, than gold. The musk from the male's glands is used in oriental medicines as well as in European perfumes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguanas Over much of the Caribbean and Latin America, iguanas are a traditional source of food. Indeed, the meat of these large herbivorous lizards is so delicious they are being hunted to extinction throughout their wide range. Their eggs are much enjoyed also. Programs in Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Curacao, and Argentina have developed simple methods to hatch and rear three iguana species. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bees Honey bees are present almost everywhere, and honey and wax are high-value products that demand little processing and can be stored and transported easily. Innovations in equipment and technique have made beekeeping successful in the tropics without requiring sophisticated hives or elaborate training. Raising bees can also benefit the many crops that require pollination.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE MICROLIVESTOCK ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although animal science has traditionally emphasized bigness, smallness has its advantages. Some of these are summarized below.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock lend themselves to economic niches that are not easily filled by large livestock. Much of their potential is for subsistence production. They are promising for the many peasants who, being outside the cash economy, are now unable to purchase meat, milk, cheese, or eggs. These people can afford only animals that can be raised within the home or backyard under ambient climatic conditions and on feeds that are cheap and easily available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A subsistence farmer is likely to benefit more from small species than from large because of several factors:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The animals are less expensive to buy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They are less of a financial risk to maintain. (A farmer with several small animals is less vulnerable to loss than a farmer with a single large animal, a feature that is particularly important in subsistence farming where success determines whether the family will survive.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They give a faster return on investment. (Small size generally signifies high reproductive capacity and a fast turnover.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They provide flexibility. (Farmers can more easily change the size of their herd or flock to match the amount of feed available at a given time. Also, they can sell animals according to the family's fluctuating needs for cash or food.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They provide a steadier source of income.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They increase the chances of successful breeding because greater numbers are usually kept. (This also means that breeding stock is more likely to be retained in times of scarcity.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They are more easily transported. (Who hasn't traveled in a Third World bus or train without chickens, ducks, or guinea pigs as fellow passengers?)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- In some cases they are more efficient converters of food energy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are also a number of other benefits to small species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reduced Spoilage. A portion of meat that comes in a &quot;package&quot; of a size that can be readily consumed by a family is important in areas where refrigeration is unavailable or uneconomic. A family can eat the meat produced by most microlivestock in one meal or in one day to minimize the risk of spoilage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Efficient Use of Space. The space required for handling and feeding microlivestock is proportionately less than that required for large animals. Low space requirements make many microlivestock (such as guinea pigs, rabbits, pigeons, and quail) available to landless rural inhabitants who have no room for a cow. This is particularly important with respect to feed production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Cheaper Facilities. Facilities and equipment required for microlivestock are, by and large, smaller and simpler than those required for large animals. They often can be made from local products or scrap material or both.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Ease of Management. Farmers and villagers can manage small animals more easily than large, which is an advantage in the many places where women and children are the main keepers of livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Increased Productivity. Small animals tend to fit well into existing farming systems, thereby expanding the resource base and recycling nutrients. Some - for example bees, ducks, and geese - can feed themselves by scavenging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- By-Products. Many species have fur, feathers, skins, and other by-products that are often more valuable than their meat, milk, or eggs. Examples include the feet and tails of rabbits, musk from musk deer, and pelts from rodents such as coypu. Processing such byproducts creates diversification for the farmer and perhaps jobs for the village.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RATIONALE FOR LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many have argued that livestock raising should be discouraged, that it is a primary cause of desertification through overgrazing and that it is an inefficient converter of basic material and energy into human food. &quot;Grow more pulses, grow more grains,&quot; these people cry. Their arguments can be valid where the land has high potential for permanent cultivation. Much of the world's surface, however, does not fit into that category, and it is in these areas and for those people who have no access to arable lands that a convincing case for livestock can most easily tee mace. As W.J.A. Payne has written:*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Livestock, particularly ruminants, can process forage and waste crop materials inedible by man into nutritionally desirable food products, many of high protein, mineral and vitamin content and including some of high caloric value. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Approximately 40 percent of total land available in developing countries can be used only for some form of forage production and a further 30 percent is classified as forest with some potential for the production of forage. Some 12 percent of the world's total population live in areas where people depend almost entirely on the products obtained from ruminant livestock. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Livestock provide a range of extremely valuable by-products. Dung is not only a fertilizer and soil-stabilizer but also a fuel of often considerably greater value than the fodder consumed in its production. Other byproducts, especially hides and wool form the bases of rural enterprises that may provide significant incomes to the poorest members of society. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Animal plant and human life are ecologically interdependent. The establishment of agricultural systems in which livestock are integrated with crops, forestry and aquaculture is essential for the improvement of overall productivity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock produce food that adds to the nutritional quality and variety of human diets. Although it is possible for humans to exist without them, these foods are relished and sought after by the majority of humanity. These foods include meat, eggs and processed products such as biltong and cheese. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general, small species tend to expand the food base by using a wider array of resources than do major livestock such as cattle. Many can be raised on feeds that people discard: fibrous residues, industry by-products, or kitchen wastes. Some collect minute feeds that otherwise go unused. For example, chickens and pigeons gather scattered seeds, turkeys gobble up insects, geese graze water weeds, iguanas feed in the tops of trees, and bees collect nectar and pollen from flowers that may be miles away.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even some grazing microlivestock prefer different forages from those preferred by cattle. Antelope and deer, for instance, browse tree leaves; capybara and grasscutters eat reeds. Combining microlivestock with conventional livestock results in a more complete utilization of forage resources and greater animal production per hectare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under conditions of abundance, small size may be of no advantage in mammals, but if feed is limited, it is of great help. A small animal (or its keeper) needs to cover less area to fulfill its daily requirements, so that microlivestock may grow fat in areas where the forage is too sparse to support a larger animal. This is particularly vital when there are seasonal bottlenecks. For example, feed may be plentiful enough for most of the year to supply many large animals; however, the dry season may greatly restrict the numbers that can be kept.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although small animals generally require proportionately higher inputs of feed, they also grow proportionately faster (see sidebar opposite). In addition, species such as rabbits, guinea pigs, and grasscutters digest fibrous matter with surprising efficiency, even though they are not true ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many small animals have high reproductive capacity with short gestation periods, large numbers of offspring, and rapid juvenile growth. They tend to reach sexual maturity at a younger age than large animals, and the interval between the generations can be very short. Thus, meat or other products can be produced more rapidly and more evenly throughout the year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cows, for example, produce a maximum of one calf per year. A pig, on the other hand, may produce 7 or more young; a rabbit, 30 or more; a chicken, more than 100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adaptability and Hardiness&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The survival rates and manageability of many small breeds and species can be outstanding. Smallness is often an adaptation to harsh environment. Indeed, a major promise for microlivestock is in special environmental niches. Where cold, heat, temperature fluctuations, aridity, or humidity are extreme, microlivestock are likely to show their greatest advantage. Chickens, guinea fowl, goats, and many other small species already live in villages, homes, and backyards in harsh and disease-prone climates, and are usually given no care and sometimes no food: they have to scavenge for their sustenance and survive as best they can. Such selection pressures result in animals of remarkable adaptability, tolerance, and robustness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microlivestock can produce under conditions where conventional species die. The capybara, for instance, is at home in the Latin American lowlands, where the climate is hot and humid and floods cause seasonal inundations. Cattle, by contrast, die because of malnutrition, foot rot, or drowning. Other microlivestock species with a wide tolerance to ecological extremes include the turkey, pigeon, and bee. And some dwarf breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs show surprising tolerance to trypanosomes, the parasites that make conventional breeds impossible to maintain throughout much of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some small species can be raised in cities, where poverty and malnutrition are often worse than in rural areas. It is estimated, for instance, that one million livestock exist in Cairo, not counting the pigeons that are raised on countless rooftops. Goats and cattle are common in urban India, and many Third World cities have far more chickens than people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p9a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Food utilization versus body size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICROLIVESTOCK LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raising microlivestock is not a panacea for the Third World's food problems. Efforts to develop them will not be without difficulties. Some likely problems are noted here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High Energy Requirements&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smaller animals tend to have a higher feed requirement per unit of body weight than large animals. Anatomical and physiological constraints prevent them from meeting their relatively high energy requirements simply by increasing the rate of food ingestion. Therefore, for optimum production, some small animals, particularly nonruminants, require feed that is higher in protein and lower in fiber than large animals. This is particularly true when the small animals are compared with ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increased Labor Requirements&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The advantages of low investment, fast return on capital, flexibility, and efficient resource utilization are offset by higher demands for labor. Keeping small animals often requires considerable effort, and its economic viability may depend on the availability of cheap and willing labor. Many small animals are raised at home by family members, such as children, the elderly, and the handicapped, who have time available and whose labor costs are nominally zero.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diseases&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some potential microlivestock are undomesticated, and resistance to diseases and parasites is one justification for their consideration. However, the general healthiness of a species when it is free-ranging can be a misleading guide for its husbandry. Confining any animal in high density invariably increases the potential for the spread of infectious diseases and parasites. Moreover, mismanagement can foster respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases (such as salmonella or coccidiosis) that are rare among scattered populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microlivestock are potential reservoirs for diseases that affect not only local animals but people as well. This may limit their successful development in some areas. Although the dangers are often exaggerated, controls may be needed, particularly of rinderpest, tickborne diseases, and those diseases communicable to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Predation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small size makes microlivestock easy prey.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Techniques to manage some microlivestock species are not yet well established. The development of appropriate husbandry techniques, as well as a better understanding of the animals' particular biological and behavioral characteristics, will be needed before major progress can be made. These species (for instance rodents, deer, and iguanas) may require collection of different genotypes, as well as studies of diseases, nutrition, and management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Complex Logistics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is complicated and expensive to reach millions of widely scattered peasants, each having only a handful of small animals. Even though total production may far exceed that of commercial farms raising large animals, the smallholdings are often dispersed, their animals are often used for subsistence rather than commerce, and their managers are often ill-trained and illiterate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legislative Restrictions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The use of some microlivestock species may be restricted by legislation. For instance, some countries have meat and veterinary laws that work against the development of species other than cattle. Others have laws to protect wildlife, which could be important in the case of species such as antelope, deer, pace, and iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of Markets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock need not be just for home or local consumption; they can also be raised for market. But some commercial programs, including some with rabbits and guinea pigs, have failed because no public demand was developed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resistance to New Species&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People have close associations with livestock, and in most cultures they do not easily accept animals or animal foods that are radically different from their traditional ones. In general, the ties between certain ethnic groups and a particular species or breed is very strong (one reason, for example, why European colonists introduced their own large breeds of cattle and sheep to Africa and Asia, paying little attention to small indigenous breeds). Moreover, people who are used to bringing the animal to the feed rather than the feed to the animal may resist a small animal that has to be penned up and fed by hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Opposition to Smallness&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, there seems to be an innate human trait that considers bigger to be better, especially among the common livestock. For example, because many tropical cattle are small, there is strong inclination on the part of those responsible for livestock improvement to dismiss them or to increase their size by crossing them with large breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FUTURE OF MICROLIVESTOCK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small animals are likely to become increasingly important. As human populations increase, the space available for growing forage decreases, and this phenomenon favors small animals. Many villagers already have little or no pastureland. Some live in areas (the rice-growing areas of Southeast Asia, for instance) where crops are grown on almost every square meter almost every month of the year. Microlivestock are potentially important for urban areas of developing countries as well. There, too, land is at a premium and is usually inadequate for raising conventional livestock. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, however, microlivestock have been largely ignored. Compared with cattle, they have been accorded little scientific effort. In the drive towards larger animals, stimulated by experience in the temperate zone, the virtually unstudied gene pool of small species and breeds has been mostly bypassed. There have been few attempts to assess or improve their farm productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is unfortunate, and it is perhaps due to the fact that small animals may be less efficient at digesting certain foods and therefore technically less attractive than large, &quot;modern&quot; breeds. But to Third World peasants, an animal's efficiency is far less important than its survivability and manageability. If an animal cannot be raised under village conditions, its feed-use efficiency or milk yield is irrelevant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock production should be integrated into most ruraldevelopment projects. Small animals offer a way to improve the lives of people who are hard to reach by other methods. Only by expanding research on the husbandry, hygiene, nutrition, reproduction, physiology, and breeding can the promise of animals sized for small farms and villages be fulfilled. Moreover, the costs will be small compared with those of programs for large animals.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Specifically, experiment stations should produce and promote methods and materials for use in rearing microlivestock. Donors and development institutions, planners, and policymakers should note the potentials of microlivestock and the benefits that can be derived from them. Teaching manuals and materials are needed, and classes in microlivestock husbandry should be included in rural school curricula.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raising personal livestock on weeds and table scraps in cages beside the house or boxes under the bed will, in many instances, get quality protein to the most poverty stricken more effectively than raising large livestock on pastures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although small size confers many advantages, the question is not whether the large or small animal is &quot;best,&quot; but rather how well each can meet a person's varying requirements. In a given situation, livestock can be too small or too large. But the fact remains that not everyone who wants meat or money has the resources to acquire, keep, manage, or utilize a large animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key is balance. Both microlivestock and traditional livestock deserve serious attention. Indeed, it seems likely that the two will seldom compete. Most microlivestock complement traditional livestock because of unique physical, physiological, behavioral, or economic characteristics. They increase the range of options for the millions of poor for whom the choice may not even be between large and small livestock, but between microlivestock and no livestock at all. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It's an unfortunate fact that small animals don't have the prestige among Third World farmers that large animals do (perhaps this arose because children can look after goats and sheep but it takes men to look after cattle). Even sheep and goats are not accorded the same stature as cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hugh Popenoe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeds and varieties were created from mutant genes and thus haste become living reservoirs of these genes, holding them for use in future generations of mankind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g002a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g003a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs supply millions of people around the world with the bulk of their cash and animal products. Yet scores of breeds - especially in the tropics - are left out of livestock development projects merely because they are considered too small. These &quot;microbreeds&quot;' have sometimes been considered genetic dead ends because they appear undersized and puny. Many of these traditional animals - some in local use for thousands of years - are disappearing, and even the small ancestors of large modern breeds are becoming extinct.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These small breeds deserve to be studied and developed in their own right. Throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America, these usually hardy animals are especially adapted to traditional husbandry practices and harsh local conditions. Some have remarkable qualities and are well adapted to resist hostile weather, ravaging pestilence, and poor diets. In remote places and in areas of extreme climate, they are often vitally important for basic subsistence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, because of stress or disease, or insufficient forage, land, or money, microbreeds may be the only practical livestock in many settings. Their individual output may be low, but it can be efficient considering the lack of care and poor feeds they are given. Their availability and the growing number of small-sized farms in the developing world make them increasingly worthy of consideration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following chapters in this section describe microcattle, microgoats, microsheep, and micropigs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.4.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g004a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the purposes of this report, &quot;microcattle&quot; are considered to be small breeds of cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) with a mature weight of about 300 kg or less. In many areas of the developing world, these are actually the animals most widely held by farmers and pastoralists. They are often treasured because of their resilience and simple requirements. Many survive and produce under harsh conditions, grow rapidly, calve easily, show good maternal ability, yield lean meat, or have other advantages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle have generally been ignored in the push towards larger animals, but they seem inherently suitable for traditional and small-farm husbandry. As rural people in developing countries improve their own productivity, as they become more aware of nutritional needs, and as they depend more upon cash economies, microcattle could become vital means for improving personal, dietary, and economic status.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle have been classified in many ways, but they are generally designated as humped or humpless types. However, clear distinctions among them are sometimes difficult or impossible to make because they have intermingled for thousands of years. Representative microcattle types are listed at the end of the chapter. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than two-thirds of the world's 1.3 billion cattle are found in the developing world; one-third is in the tropics. As noted, a considerable number of these could be called &quot;microcattle.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many strains of microcattle are threatened with extinction because of replacement or crossbreeding with larger types. This is in some respects shortsighted because promoting just a few breeds contributes to narrowing of the genetic base, and valuable traits may be lost when selection is done to conform to any preconceived standard, including large size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle are adapted to a wide variety of habitats. Many types thrive - even with little or no attention - in climates that are hot, humid, arid, or beset by diseases and parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle are ruminants and digest fiber well, although they are selective foragers and prefer tender grasses and low-growing legumes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with other tropical cattle, microbreeds generally reach physical and sexual maturity in 2 or 3 years. Many can breed year-round when conditions are favorable (gestation lasts about 9 months). Cows may remain fertile 10 years or more, and can live more than 20 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle usually graze from as few as four hours to as many as eight hours a day. If feed is of poor quality, they must forage (and ruminate) longer to receive adequate nutrition. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle are commonly docile and undemanding animals, and many small breeds are surprisingly responsive to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like conventional breeds, microcattle produce the same well-known products: meat, milk, manure, hides, horn, blood, and bone. They are also used for traction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small cattle often produce only modest amounts of milk and meat per animal. However, given higher stocking rates, a herd of microcattle is often able to outyield larger, genetically improved animals on a per hectare basis, especially under stressful conditions. When their ability to survive adversity and poor management is taken into account, they may often be far and away the most efficient cattle for traditional husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surprisingly, there is a place even for small draft animals. They tend to be active, thrifty (efficient), and more maneuverable in tight spaces, and so are adapted for use in the small fields, terraces, and paddies that are becoming increasingly common. The small hill cattle of Nepal, for instance, are valued because they can negotiate steep slopes and narrow terraces on Himalayan mountainsides. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle are handled like their larger counterparts, but herding, tethering, fencing, and hobbling are generally easier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle are familiar animals that are accepted in nearly all cultures; their meat, milk, manure, and leather are in demand almost everywhere. In many societies, beef is preferred over other meats, even by those who can rarely afford it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas, organized breeding, production, and marketing associations are already in place. Microcattle can also integrate well into traditional forms of husbandry, whether in pastoral herds of hundreds or as solitary backyard milk cows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under humid and hot conditions, microcattle probably suffer less than larger breeds because their greater ratio of skin area to body mass enhances their ability to shed heat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of cattle that can be kept on a given parcel of land may be increased, sometimes even doubled, with smaller animals. Microcattle can also be penned and fed cut-and-carry forage more easily than can larger cattle, and more of them can be maintained on the same amount of feed. This permits more continuous production and less financial hardship when an animal perishes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small cattle may require less labor because they are generally easier to handle, herd, confine, and transport. They usually have few problems with calving, and as a rule require little or no assistance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microcattle have unusual tolerances to disease. In Africa, for instance, there are breeds that tolerate or resist trypanosomiasis, a parasitic disease that makes large areas of that continent uninhabitable for most other cattle breeds. Others seem more tolerant of internal or external parasites, theileriosis (east coast fever), rinderpest, or other afflictions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle often lack the prestige of larger breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When given quality forage and supplemental feeding, small unimproved cattle may not match the overall productivity of the large, highly developed breeds. Their greatest potential may prove to be for traditional husbandry and for grazing marginal areas where survival is more important than feed efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BONSAI BRAHMAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mexico, researchers are deliberately creating microcattle. Since 1970, Juan Manuel Berruecos Villalobos, former director of the Veterinary Medicine school at the National Autonomous University, has directed this enterprise. He and his colleagues have miniaturized cows by selecting the smallest specimens out of a herd of normal-sized Brahman cattle and breeding them with one another. After five generations, adult females average 15-180 kg adult males 20-220 kg. A few of the smallest cows are now only 60 cm tall and 140 kg in weight. Merely one-fifth of normal weight, they are shorter than the turkeys that share the barnyard with them. Indeed, they even get lost in the grassy pastures so that the farmers cannot see them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This program seems to have yielded a productive animal that can be cheaply and easily maintained in a small space. Berruecos has demonstrated that the tiny cows can be stocked on one-third the area needed to support one normal-sized cow. He reports that they are giving remarkable amounts of milk: up to four lifers a day, compared with six lifers from their full-sized counterparts. On a feed-intake to weight-gain basis, the tiny cattle are no less efficient than their normal-sized counterparts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although 17 years have gone into the selection of what Berruecos calls his &quot;bonsai cattle,&quot; the process is not yet finished. Future goals include testing embryo transplants to see if one normal-sized cow can support multiple &quot;microfetuses&quot; (possibly as many as eight). This would help to rapidly increase the numbers of the miniature form, which weigh merely 4-5 kg at birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All in all, the Mexican researchers see miniaturization as a new option for governments and farmers increasingly squeezed by shrinking farm land and rising production costs. Small livestock they say, are a way to produce more food on less land faster. For example, a campesino with almost no land can have one or two bonsais, but could never maintain a standard-sized cow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their adaptability and robustness make microcattle worthy of preservation, study, and greater use, and they should be incorporated into many ongoing programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selective breeding, although infrequently attempted, can probably improve productivity significantly. Records of breed history should be established, and unusual or special characteristics noted and the information disseminated. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p24a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Original distribution of wild cattle and banteng (Based on Mason , 1984)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In areas where small, indigenous breeds are being replaced, representative populations should be maintained and studied to increase understanding of their adaptive diversity and to retain a genetic storehouse for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROCATTLE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dwarf West African Shorthorn&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African coastal forests, and inland. Female 125 kg; male 150 kg. Adaptation to harsh, humid climates and good resistance to trypanosomiasis and other diseases allow these small animals to exist where other cattle die. They are perhaps the smallest cattle of all (often weighing less than 100 kg). In the areas of worst disease and highest rainfall, this hardy animal is often found thriving, but half wild. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muturu Nigeria. Female 160 kg; male 210 kg. This notable subtype is slightly larger. It is the most trypanotolerant of all cattle, showing no symptoms or loss of vitality. It is widely kept, mostly as a village scavenger and often as a pet, and yields a high percentage of meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N'Dama&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West Africa. 200-400 kg. These active, stocky animals utilize low-quality forage, produce good beef, and are used as light draft oxen. Milk production, though poor, improves with feeding level. N'Dama mature early and are exceptionally fertile, and they have already become important in breeding programs. They are resistant to trypanosomiasis, and can exist where temperatures average 30Ã C with 1,500 mm annual rainfall. In the least hospitable areas, N'Damas ranging down to 200 kg are often the only cattle that can remain productive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodope&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southeastern Europe. Female 200 kg; male 350 kg. A humpless multipurpose breed - draft, milk, and beef - that is exceptionally hardy. The milk is high in butterfat. Possibly adaptable to the subtropics. It is rapidly being lost to crossbreeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zebu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zebus are among the most important tropical domestic animals. However, the dwarfs are not well known, although in many areas they are preferred, especially as draft animals. Zebus use less water, even though their sweat glands are larger and more numerous than those of most other cattle. All have a low basal metabolism and resist heat well. In general, they also have high resistance to ticks and other parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan Black Taiwan. Female 250 kg; male 250 kg. Well adapted to poor tropical conditions, these work animals are also used for meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kedah-Kelantan Malaysia. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. Hardy, well adapted cattle with exceptional fertility on a poor diet, both sexes are used as draft animals as well as sources of meat and cash. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sinhala (Dwarf Zebu) Sri Lanka. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. An ancient type of zebu, preferred for its handiness in cultivating small paddies and terraced fields. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nuba Dwarf Sudan. 180-220 kg. These work animals are well proportioned but are not slaughtered for meat, and milk production is low. Although tolerant to trypanosomiasis, their numbers have dwindled because of crossbreeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small Zebu Somalia. 160-230 kg. These small native cattle are used for beef, milk, and for work. They are well adapted to poor feed in a desolate environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abyssinian Shorthorn Zebu (Showa) Central highlands of Ethiopia. Female 225 kg; male 305 kg. These widespread, small-humped cattle are very hardy. They produce beef and are generally milked, with surplus production about 2-4 kg daily. Resistant to many parasites, they also have a gentle disposition and make good work animals. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dwarf Zebu (Mongalla) Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. Female 150 kg; male 250 kg. A highly variable, long-entrenched, small, East-African zebu with some nonzebu blood. Pastoralists favor it because of its hardiness. Although slow-maturing, it is well-fleshed, can yield excellent beef, and some types are milked. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mashona Zimbabwe. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. This hardy zebusanga type (see below) is widespread in drier areas and has a high resistance to disease and parasites. Since the 1940s, it has been bred for beef production and selected animals now weigh more than 500 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mini-Brahman Mexico. 135 kg. Downsized from 450-kg Brazilian zebus through selective breeding by Mexican researchers, these gentle animals are reported to yield two-thirds as much milk (3-4 liters daily) as the parent stock. Because of much higher stocking rates on grass, production per hectare is reportedly greater than with full-sized animals (see sidebar, page 22). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central and South America. Descendants of Spanish and Portuguese  cattle imported over 400 years ago, &quot;criollo&quot; cattle have adapted to a  wide range of harsh climates. Many varieties are small: mature females  often weigh 200-300 kg or less. They sometimes produce little beef or  milk under traditional conditions and management, but they are  extremely hardy and survive when other cattle perish. Through  importation and crossbreeding, many local types have been lost or are  threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chinampo Baja California, Mexico. 200-350 kg. Extremely tolerant of  wild desert conditions, these docile criollo cattle exist largely on scrub  and cactus. They get most of their water from succulent plants, have a  low metabolic rate and body temperature, and are mostly active at night. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Florida Scrub Florida, USA. 225-300 kg. Genetically isolated for more  than 300 years, the Florida Scrub is very hardy in harsh, subtropical  conditions. It has good resistance to ticks and screwworm, and can  subsist on forage with a high roughage content. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sanga&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This type - an ancient cross between longhorns or shorthorns and  humped animals - is found throughout eastern and southern Africa. It  weighs from 150 to 500 kg or more. Some types have been selectively  bred or crossed with European cattle and are quite productive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bavenda Transvaal, South Africa. 240-290 kg. This hardy and  disease tolerant tropical variety is small and prolific. It is generally used  for draft, barter, and beef. However, it has been crossbred with larger  animals so frequently that the smaller types are almost extinct; most  &quot;Bavendas&quot; now weigh more than 300 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ovambo' Northeastern Namibia. Female 160 kg; male 225 kg. A calm  and docile animal with a small hump, it is used by seasonal pastoralists  for beef and milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nilotic Sudan. 180-300 kg. These cattle of southern Sudan show great variation in size, partly due to environmental factors. They are generally resistant to local parasites and worms, have good potential for increased beef production, and their milk is very important locally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chadian &quot;Native&quot; and Dwarf Black Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad. Female 225 kg; male 275 kg. These two types are small, humped meat animals that graze the sparse savanna and are very drought resistant. Little scientific information exists about them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Arab Cattle&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East. Small types (female 225 kg; male 300 kg) are used for meat and some milk, especially in Lebanon. There are many local forms with variable appearance, but all have small humps. Well adapted to grazing sparse vegetation on rough land, they are becoming rare due to crossbreeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hill Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal. Female 160 kg; male 200 kg. A widespread type often recrossed with Indian zebu animals, they are bred to be small. They are thrifty creatures that maintain themselves well on poor forage. Bulls make sure-footed draft animals on rough ground and slopes, and the cows are milked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibetan Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibet. Less than 250 kg. These humpless cattle are used as pack animals and can tolerate poor forage and high altitudes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yellow Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southwest and south China. Female 220 kg; male 380 kg. In the subtropics and tropics, small multipurpose types of Yellow Cattle withstand high temperature and humidity. They are used mainly for work and meat, and seem well adapted to poor feed, harsh conditions, and rugged terrain. The Chowpei (190-380 kg) is a hardy working breed of more temperate areas in Hubei Province.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheju Hanwoo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Korea. Female 230 kg; male 280 kg. A yellowish-brown Cheju Island native that has almost no calving difficulty, it is well adapted to poor grazing conditions in harsh environments and is docile and obedient.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madura&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia. Female 220 kg; male 300 kg. An ancient cross between humped cattle and the banteng (see sidebar), these heat- and disease resistant hybrids also have good grazing and mothering ability, and are kept in the most extreme humid tropical environments. Breeding for fighting and racing has given them a poor disposition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dexter Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ireland and North America. 220-360 kg. This breed can be traced back to eighteenth-century Ireland and is believed to have been developed by peasant farmers living on rough land. It is exceptionally hardy and produces both milk and meat. In North America, it has become popular among city folk who acquire country property, as this microbreed is particularly well suited to their usually tiny farms. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BANTENG: THE CUTEST COW&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng (Bos Javanicus) is a small Southeast Asian bovine with a promising future.* It is a different species from cattle. The two will interbreed, but the hybrid offspring are normally sterile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although almost entirely neglected by the animal science community, the banteng is remarkable for an ability to thrive under hot, humid, and disease-ridden conditions where cattle often grow poorly. The sexes are easily distinguished: males are jet black, females are golden brown. Both have bright white socks and rumps as if they had been freshly whitewashed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng are found in remote areas of countries from Burma to Indonesia. But only Indonesia has used it as a farm animal so far. It has more than 1.5 million domesticated banteng - some 20 percent of the country's total &quot;cattle&quot; population. Indonesian farmers value the animal's agility, which allows them to cultivate Relds too narrow for cattle to turn the prow. In addition, gourmets consider banteng meat the tastiest of all. Indonesia appreciates the banteng so much that it has established a genetic sanctuary on the island of Bali - banning cattle in order to maintain the banteng's genetic purity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside Indonesia, only a few scientists have studied this animal, but it seems clear that it is particularly useful under tropical conditions. In heat and humidity, it thrives; even when cattle are starving, one rarely sees a skinny banteng. And demand for its meat is never ending.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.4.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than 90 percent of the world's nearly half billion goats (Capra hircus) are found in developing countries; many weigh less than 35 kg fully grown.` Such &quot;microgoats&quot; are noted for their high reproductive rates, rapid growth, early maturity, tasty meat, and rich milk' as well as for their robust constitution, ease of handling, and tolerance of climatic stress and poor feeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To many people - especially where pigs and poultry are not common - meat and milk from microgoats are the primary animal proteins consumed during a lifetime. Perhaps the world's best foragers, goats eat practically anything made of cellulose, and are not dependent on grass. Because of their unselective feeding behavior, they are capable of living where the feeds - tree leaves, shrubs, and weeds - are too poor to support other types of livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such microgoats deserve wider recognition, for they are often the poor person's only source of milk, meat, and cash income. They are cheap to acquire and easy to maintain, even by people with little property and scarce resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, especially in arid and semiarid climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats generally have a long snout and an upright tail, by which they can be distinguished from most sheep. The mouth is unusual in having a mobile upper lip and a grasping tongue, which permits the animal to nibble even tiny leaves on spiny species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Common commercial goat breeds generally weigh between 60 and 100 kg, with some weighing more than 200 kg. Microgoats may weigh less than 15 kg. Representative examples are listed at the end of the chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, with half in Asia and one-third in Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The FAO projects that world numbers may nearly double by the turn of the century. Goats are thus not endangered, but in some areas select populations of feral goats are being deliberately eradicated, with the consequent loss of potentially valuable genes. Some small breeds are also threatened by excessive crossbreeding with larger types.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most adaptable of all livestock, goats can persist in conditions from arid to humid, and from sea level to high altitude. They are especially well adapted to hot, semiarid climates and to rocky, barren terrain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These ruminants can subsist on many feedstuffs that would otherwise be left to waste. Although selective browsers, they often prefer coarse leaves (including palm fronds) and shrubbery to palatable forage grass.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most microgoats mature quickly, and in the tropics they can generally breed year-round. Their reproductive potential has often been underestimated; kidding is rarely difficult, and many types produce twins and sometimes even triplets or quadruplets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In hot, dry areas, goats require less attention than other livestock, and smaller goats have the added advantage of better heat dissipation. Some microgoats may also show disease resistance. For example, tolerance to trypanosomiasis makes them an important livestock in many regions of Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are generally gentle, but can be easily frightened. They may become stubborn and aggressive when threatened or thwarted, and can prove hard to confine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If their feed smells of other animals - particularly of other goats -  they usually shun it unless nothing else is available. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoats mainly produce meat and form an important part of the diet in southern Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America, especially the Caribbean. Goat is sometimes a preferred meat, and there are few social or religious prohibitions against eating it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microgoats are good milkers, and under stressful conditions they may keep producing when other livestock are dry. Goat milk is a valuable dietary supplement: it is nutritious, easily digestible, and usually commands premium prices. It makes excellent cheese and yogurt and can be used by people allergic to cow's milk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoats produce some of the finest and most valuable fibers in the world. Angora and Cashmere goats often weigh less than 30 kg fully grown, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats produce a fine-textured, durable leather that finds extensive uses both locally and internationally. Horns, hooves, blood, and bone meal also have commercial value. Manure is another important product, and comes in fairly dry pellets that are easy to collect, store, and distribute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats perform important functions in land management. Seeds of many trees (Acacia and Prosopis, for example) are &quot;scarified&quot; by passing through the goats' digestive system, fostering germination and natural revegetation. With care, goats can also be used to clear land of weeds and brush.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are often allowed to roam and scavenge for their own food. They form strong territorial attachments and can be trained to stay within a designated area. However, they cannot be kept from investigating - and quite probably devouring - anything within that territory. They are persistent browsers, so it is essential to prevent overstocking as well as raids on crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Variety of diet is important, and goats show much individuality in feed preferences. They are often raised on crop residue and kitchen refuse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats can be run with other livestock without creating serious competition. The goats browse weedy shrubs, whereas the sheep and cattle graze more on grasses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although perhaps the hardiest of all livestock, most breeds benefit when they are provided shelter from rain and high-noon sun. Abrupt chilling and poor ventilation can cause severe respiratory problems. They are also susceptible to various maladies, such as internal parasites, especially when confined. The highest mortality, however, is caused when very young kids are not supplied with adequate feed and clean, dry shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most developing countries goats are already prominent in rural life. Common almost everywhere in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, they are dependable multi-use animals. They are particularly important in providing ready cash, such as for school fees, taxes, marriages, or funerals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats integrate well in mixed agriculture, for example, by consuming leafy wastes, clearing land, and contributing fertilizer. In many places they are raised almost exclusively by women and children. If confined, goats require only simple, inexpensive shelters or pens, which makes them especially important as subsistence animals. In many situations, they may be the most efficient and economic producers for smallholders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals have a relatively fast rate of growth and early reproductive age, even under harsh conditions. They can graze rougher terrain than cattle and most sheep, can go for longer periods without water, and forage well in wooded areas where grass is lacking. They can derive most or all of their diet from roughage unusable by humans; high-energy feeds, such as protein supplements or carbohydrate supplements, are usually not needed even to fatten them for slaughter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are generally healthy and are not affected by many of the parasites and diseases that ravage other livestock. Some resistance to mange, internal parasites, foot-and-mouth disease, and other livestock scourges has been reported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some places (notably, in industrialized nations) there is a strong prejudice against goats and goat meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smallness makes microgoats targets for predators and thieves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many small goats are poor milkers, especially under hardship conditions; however, even small amounts of milk can often fulfill a child's daily nutritional requirement or reinforce a nursing mother's diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are independent and may wander away if not watched, and they can be difficult to pen. They may also have an unpleasant odor when kept confined (males are particularly malodorous during rutting season). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are often disparaged for degrading land and destroying vegetation because they continue to survive on overutilized lands often laid waste by mismanagement of sheep or cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRESH GENES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A rare wild animal with spectacular horns, the bezoar (Capra aegagrus) is the goat's wild ancestor. People domesticated it before 7000 B.C., probably in the mountains along the Iran/ Iraq border. Until recent times, it remained widely scattered across the vast region between Greece and Pakistan, but it now exists only in pockets and is threatened with extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This would be a tragedy because the bezoar is a resilient wild species that crosses readily with domestic goats, and it could pass on its genetic inheritance for heat, drought, and cold tolerance: disease resistance; and other survival qualities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p39a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of the bezoar. The arrow indicates the area where it was probably first domesticated, resulting in the goat as we know it (From Mason 1984)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fascinating science and valuable results probably await those willing to study this hardy, handsome creature and to explore the reharnessing of its genetic endowment. Today the bezoar is considered merely a trophy for hunters. The power of its genes to refresh - perhaps even revolutionize - the world's 500 million goats has been lost to sight. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The microgoat's potential has hardly been realized. More research on performance and husbandry is needed to preserve and restore small breeds. Selective breeding for prolificacy, viability, and rapid growth, as well as more selective on-site culling, could greatly improve both meat and milk yields and quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management systems that exploit smallness, stabilize production, and preserve the environment should be introduced and publicized in appropriate goat-rearing areas. Careful assessments of indigenous management methods should be made, particularly emphasizing their desirable characteristics. Improving hygiene in the wet season and supplemental feeding in the dry season are also important, as are disease- and parasite-control measures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The undomesticated ibex and markhor could possibly be major contributors in the development of new, useful breeds for tropical and arid regions (see sidebar, page 42). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE BREEDS OF MICROGOATS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African Dwarf (Djallon)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West and Central Africa. Female 20 kg; male 30 kg. Adapted to humid lowlands, this widespread goat is particularly valuable for meat and skin production. Generally, it is bred for meat, but milk is sometimes an important secondary product. Sexual maturity is very early (3-6 months), and quadruplets occasionally occur (most goat breeds normally produce only single births). Related types go by the names &quot;Cameroon Dwarf,&quot; &quot;Dirdi,&quot; and &quot;Nigerian Dwarf.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nubian Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States. 35-40 kg (often less). A stable miniature variety of the milking Nubian, this microgoat has been developed recently in the United States by crossing standard-sized Nubians with the West African Dwarf. It combines a good milk output with high levels of butterfat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;American Pygmy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States. 15-25 kg. Derived from the West African Dwarf, it is noted for its hardiness and good nature, good milk production, and adaptability to various climates. There are several varieties, some for milking, others for meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudanese Nubian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Sudan. 25-30 kg. Widespread milk goats of riverain and urban areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudanese Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Sudan. 11-25 kg. A very hardy desert goat similar to the West African Dwarf, it averages 15 kg, but some mature individuals may weigh as little as 11 kg. Used for meat and hides, it produces little milk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small East African&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania. 20-30 kg. A widely neglected meat and hide animal found over a wide range, it is fast growing (sexual maturity at four months) and extremely hardy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritius. 25-30 kg. A prolific, year-round breeder raised for meat production, it is often confined in simple shelters from birth to slaughter. Perhaps because of this isolation, mortality is less than 10 percent, even with little or no veterinary care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latin America. &quot;Criollo&quot; is a name given to several breeds of ancient Iberian blood with local adaptations to many unfavorable conditions. They are often small and hardy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Creole Caribbean. Females 20 kg; males 25 kg. Robust meat goats of Spanish or West African origin that are kept throughout the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crioulo Brazil. 30-35 kg. A meat and skin goat derived from Portuguese ancestors, it is hardy, prolific, undemanding, and adapted to harsh environments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chapper&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan. Female 20 kg; male 24 kg. Originating in dry regions, this meat and milk goat is a nonseasonal breeder with outstanding potential.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barbari&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan, India. Females 20-25 kg; males 20-40 kg. A prolific, fastgrowing &quot;urban&quot; goat with high twinning and low mortality. Often kept inside houses, they adapt well to confinement and are important for both milk and meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaddi (White Himalaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hill districts of northern India. 25-30 kg. Kept for meat and their long, lustrous white hair, they are pure-breeding and healthy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Changthangi (Ladakh)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kashmir, India. Male 20 kg. A pashmina (cashmere) goat of India, it is adapted to a high altitude, high humidity climate with extremes of temperature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Terai&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal. 8-12 kg. A very small, hardy animal of the southern lowlands, it kids year-round (sometimes twice), and often produces twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Hill Goat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal. 12-16 kg. A small, mid-altitude goat resembling the Terai. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Bengal (Teddy, Bangladesh Dwarf)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eastern India and Pakistan. Female 10 kg; male 14 kg. A widespread, humid-area, meat goat that is early maturing and very prolific. It kids twice a year, and produces 60 percent twins and 10 percent triplets. It produces a superior leather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katjang&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southeast Asia, China, and Pacific Islands. In places, less than 20 kg. A widespread, highly variable, hardy goat adapted to humid conditions, it usually has twins or triplets. Used for meat and skins, with exceptional females being milked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chinese Dwarf (Tibetan, Jining, Fuyang, or Chengdu Grey)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China. 20-40 kg. Well adapted to the humid tropics, it normally twins and is a good meat producer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heuk Yumso&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Korea. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. A prolific cold-climate goat with a year-round breeding season. The meat is highly prized, and often sells at a premium due to its supposed health-giving effects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hejazi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East. Female 20 kg; male 20 kg. A meat goat, usually black, for harsh desert conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sinai (Black Bedouin)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sinai, Egypt and Negev Desert, Israel. Female 20 kg; male 50 kg. Native to dry, hot deserts, this milk and meat goat matures at 5-8 months and has a twinning rate over 50 percent. A most important characteristic is its drought tolerance. The female, for instance, can drink only once a day - at a pinch, once every other day - without losing appetite or reducing milk flow. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILD RELATIVES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several wild relatives will cross with the goat. Surprisingly, they have the same chromosome number (2n=60), and the offspring are frequently fertile. Although essentially unknown to agricultural science, these hybrids may offer a new gene pool for creating new farm animals and for improving the world's goats. They seem to combine the self-reliance of wild species with the usefulness of domestic ones. Artificial insemination and other modern techniques could make them easier to produce today than ever before.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ibex*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A project in Israel has already produced a cross between the goat and the Nubian ibex (Capra ibex). The Sinai Desert goat, the breed that was used, ranks next to the camel in its ability to go without water - it often drinks only twice a week - but its meat has such a strong flavor that most people consider it dreadful. On the other hand, the ibex is compact and muscular and produces tender, mild meat that steak lovers find delicious. The product from crossbreeding the two is a creature seemingly able to endure extreme temperatures and drought, make use of poor pasture, and produce wonderful steaks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A herd of several hundred of these hybrids (dubbed 'ya-ez&quot;) has been created at Kibbutz Lahav in the northern Negev Desert area. Both sexes are fertile, and they can be bred with each other or with either parent. The meat is already in demand on the menus of elegant Tel Aviv hotels. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Markhor**&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Pakistan's northern uplands, it is not uncommon to find hybrids between domestic goats and the mountain goat known as &quot;markhor&quot; (Capra falconeri). Each year in Chitral and Gilgit, they can be found in the goat markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Markhors inhabit high elevations in rugged mountains and thrive on diets so meager as to be useless to goats. The hybrids are produced when markhor males - perhaps ousted by more dominant males - come in contact with feral domestic goats. However, some farmers raise young markhor and goats together (to overcome mutual resistance) and produce their own hybrids,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For a single hybrid animal local goatherds pay up to 5,000 rupees, a princely sum in this impoverished region. Traditionally, villagers have kept them as stud animals. They appreciate the animal's genetic endowment. Markhors tolerate extremes of cold and snow, are nimble and skilled at escaping predators, and survive on scanty fodder, Moreover, they have a high reproduction potential because they generally produce twins. As a result, they also tend to give more milk and it is rich in nutritive value. Instead of long body hairs, markhors possess insulating underfur - a soft and valuable raw material for the famous Kashmiri shawls.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apparently, the hybrids can possess many of these qualities together with a calm disposition. Thus they could be useful in themselves and as conduits for passing such traits on to goats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.4.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the hundreds of breeds of sheep (Ovis aries) in the world, those weighing less than 35 kg when mature have been largely ignored. Although these are common, the impression lingers that they are too small to be useful. Yet this virtually untapped gene pool is esnecially well adapted to traditional Third World animal husbandry. Given attention, these &quot;microsheep&quot; could boost meat, milk, skin, wool, and pelt production in many villages and small farms of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many microsheep thrive in environments that tax the ability of larger breeds to survive. They are adapted to poor feeds and can be grazed in uncultivated wastelands unsuited to any other livestock except goats or camels. Because of their size, microsheep can fatten in areas where forage is so scattered and sparse that larger animals cannot cover enough ground to fill their bellies each day. In addition, their foraging complements that of other livestock. For example, sheep can graze rough grasses and weeds that cattle find unpalatable. Some survive even the stress of extreme aridity and for this reason are the predominant livestock in North Africa and the Middle East.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many small breeds can be disease resistant. Some, for example, are widespread in the zones of Africa where trypanosomiasis is prevalent. They are generally less adversely affected by foot-and-mouth disease than are cattle, and some small native sheep seem to have fewer problems with insects and parasites than do most other livestock, including temperate-area sheep.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giving more attention to the management and improvement of microsheep could pay back abundantly in the form of food, income, and improved land utilization in many parts of the developing world. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, but notably in drier regions of the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An average weight for temperate sheep breeds is about 70 kg,' but the smallest microsheep weigh less than 20 kg fully grown. Many tropical microsheep are &quot;hairless,&quot; and have little or no wool. These are often difficult to distinguish from goats, but (like all sheep) they generally have blunter snouts, more fat, and hanging tails. Some have greatly enlarged rumps or tails that store fat. Unlike goats, sheep have no odor-producing glands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some representative microsheep are described at the end of this chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than one billion sheep occur worldwide, and they occupy every climatic zone in which people live. At least half are in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although more than 1,000 breeds are recognized, only a handful dominate the world's sheep industries. Lesser-known breeds are rapidly becoming extinct (especially in developed countries, although scattered efforts are being made to preserve them). Elsewhere, genetic resources have not been properly evaluated, and potentially valuable stock is being lost before it is even understood.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep are among the most adaptable animals. Various types are kept in areas of extreme heat, cold, altitude, aridity, humidity, and rainfall. They are especially widespread in hot, dry climates, but some breeds also thrive in humid areas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep make efficient use of a wide variety of fodder: tree leaves, fortes, grasses, crop residues, and agricultural by-products, for instance. They often survive privation by calling on their reserves of body fat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the tropics, sheep reach sexual maturity in about a year. Many breeds lamb year-round, which allows for a continuous production of premium meat. Gestation takes about five months, and lambing is usually timed to occur when feed is most abundant and nutritious. Microsheep often bear two or more young and, under good management, may produce lambs annually for more than five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These shy animals flock together and, in general, are managed with little effort. They are easily panicked, however, and rams can become aggressive during rutting or when threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE LITTLE SHEEP THAT COULD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dozens of the world's neglected breeds of tiny sheep should be preserved from extinction, for many will undoubtedely prove to have outstanding qualities. Current efforts to save the Navajo sheep in the United States exemplify what can be achieved&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Navajo is a microsheep, and is perhaps the oldest breed of sheep in the United States. It may have been introduced to North America in 1540 by the Spanish explorer Francisco Vazquez de Coronado, who was seeking the mythical Seven Golden Cities of Cibola in the region that is now Arizona and New Mexico. Smaller than many dogs, a full-grown Navajo sheep may weigh only 30 kg, but it became a big part of the culture of the Southwest. Although the Navajos and other local Indians had never seen sheep before the 1500s, they soon became shepherds and weavers, and their rugs made from the unique wool of this wiry little animal remain famous even today.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navajo sheep have white or brown wool hanging in ringlets around their bodies. The fleece is a double coat: long, coarse guard hairs on the outside and short wool on the inside. It yields warm, waterproof, and long-lasting products. Many of the sheep have four horns because the Indians believed that this trait was sacred, and they favored four-horned rams for breeding purposes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of Navajo sheep was reduced sharply between 1950 and 1950 because of severe overgrazing and replacement by improved wool breeds. In recent times there has been so little commercial and scientific interest in this microsheep that by the 1970s only a handful of purebred specimens survived. Since the late 1970s, however, Lyle McNeal, a Utah State University professor, has been working to save it from extinction. By 1988 he had a burgeoning flock at the university and was learning that this supposedly obsolete dwarf is amazingly useful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The breed originated in the arid south of Spain (where it is called the &quot;churro&quot;), and it thrives in the hot, dry climate. Unlike normal breeds, it can exist in the desert without supplementary food and with little water. As McNeal has pointed out, any sheep that can survive and raise a lamb in the aridity and searing heat of the American Southwest has to be superior. He has found that the ewes have a strong maternal instinct, which is vital for protecting lambs against the coyotes that are common in the region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thanks to the efforts of McNeal and his colleagues, Indians are beginning to use Navajo sheep again; by 1988 there were more than 400 on the Navajo reservation, with their wool fetching premium prices. This tough little sheep could prove valuable not only for American Indians but for poor people in many other dry regions as well. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microsheep are mainly kept for meat production, but - especially in arid regions - for milk as well. Their meat is usually lean with little &quot;muttony&quot; taste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wool or hair is taken from many breeds, although the yield is often small. Skins from hair sheep' thinner than cowhide, are widely used and are in international demand. In some places, manure is considered an important product. In Nepal, thousands of small sheep are used as pack animals, especially to carry salt into mountain valleys.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most sheep are maintained in free-ranging flocks. Many are grazed (often tethered) over a small area during the day and confined in a &quot;fold&quot; at night. Others are penned or kept as village scavengers. These are usually fed supplements of household scraps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep form an integral part of a mixed farming economy; for example, they may graze pastures during the wet season, and survive on crop residues and field weeds during the dry season. They have excellent foraging capabilities and are often kept alongside goats. This broadens the variety of forages utilized and often increases total production from a single piece of land, for sheep and goats have complementary feeding habits and male goats help protect the sheep from some predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In spite of the heavy toll that predators (such as feral dogs) can take on lambs and ewes, the largest proportion of sheep in the tropics are lost through lack of basic care. Modest supplemental feeding of lambs and inexpensive preventive medicines can do much to lower mortality and boost production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep are multipurpose animals, and almost everywhere they produce several products. The rich milk is often preferred to that of cows or goats, especially for making cheese and yogurt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lambs form an important part of the household economy for much of the rural world, and only rarely is social or religious stigma attached to keeping or eating them. Indeed, sheep are the traditional feast animals of several religions, and in some places sheep meat is preferred to beef and sells at a premium.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By and large, all sheep products can be processed, utilized, or marketed by the producer. In addition, sheep marketing and transportation systems exist in most countries, at least to some degree.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep are efficient producers and can provide a quick turnover for food and cash. On the brush and coarse grasses of marginal lands, they may be more productive than cattle, and on grass they may outproduce goats. As long as they are not overstocked, sheep do not degrade vegetation; unless starving they will not debark trees. Small breeds cause little erosion, even on steep slopes, heavily traveled paths, or near water holes.2 In South Asia, they have been continuously stocked on the same ground for thousands of years without causing apparent harm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because sheep have a natural tendency to accumulate fat, they &quot;finish&quot; well on grazing and usually do not require a high-energy finishing diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their general healthiness, sheep are affected by many internal parasites and diseases, a few of which are communicable to man. They are especially susceptible to infectious conjunctivitis (pinkeye).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Predators and thieves can be greater threats than sickness. Labor inputs can be high because of the almost continual protection sheep need.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some mutton has a strong taste that many find unappealing. However, the taste is carried mainly by the fat, and the generally lean microsheep are often commended for their fine-textured, sweet meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The numerous breeds of small sheep should be investigated. Assessments should be made for the animals' ability to thrive under adverse conditions and for resistance to particular diseases and parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, even minimal extension services and veterinary support for sheep could greatly decrease mortality, especially among lambs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving microbreeds without increasing their size is one of the most interesting challenges facing sheep scientists today. While efforts should be made to conserve and select within types, research should also be conducted on hybrid vigor. Efforts to improve the pelt and fleece of microsheep should also be encouraged.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More studies on the interactions between sheep and cropping systems are needed. Sheep (and the manure they produce) could become important components of forestry (see sidebar), crop rotation, alley cropping, and other forms of sustainable agriculture. For instance, sheep are especially effective for weed control in plantation crops such as oil palm and rubber as well as in forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SMALL SHEEP IN THE FOREST&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even in countries with long traditions of raising large sheep, there are opportunities for using small, agile, hardy breeds. The following is an example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seeking safer methods for stopping brush from smothering newly planted trees, U.S. government foresters have turned from chemical defoliants to flocks of sheep. Court decisions in 1983 and 1984 barred the use of herbicides along Oregon's Pacific Coast. Various alternatives were tried, and the animals proved the most successful. Sheep are now the favored method for controlling unwanted vegetation. Indeed, they have changed the foresters' whore approach to managing reforestation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Formerly, the U.S. Forest Service allowed the brush to grow on logged-over sites and then sprayed it down before planting tree seedlings. Now it plants grass to suppress brush and reduce erosion. The sites are later fertilized, tree seedlings are planted, and within a year sheep are brought in to graze. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, in the district around Alsea, Oregon sheep nimbly skirt old stumps to graze on the lush vegetation. Three times each summer since 1984, about 2,000 sheep have been guided across the replanted areas by a herder and a range conservationist. The sheep eat both the grass and the new buds on brush, but they leave most fir-tree seedlings untouched. The key, according to Rick Breckle, a forester, is to have enough sheep to graze an area evenly and to keep them moving so they don't resort to nibbling the young trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Previously, chemical brush treatments had annually cost $135-$353 per hectare. Now, sowing grass and grazing sheep costs about $300 per hectare. And there is a product to sell: the adult sheep don't fatten well, but the lambs bring a useful income at the end of the summer. What is more, Breckle reports that the trees seem to be growing faster - probably because of the manurings they receive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This method seems likely to be effective elsewhere - at least with trees that are unpalatable or too tall for their growing points to be nibbled. Malaysia, for instance, doubled its sheep population between 1986 and 1989, in part because it has begun raising sheep between the trees in rubber plantations. With the use of agroforestry increasing worldwide, small sheep could find a whole new application.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROSHEEP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Senegal to Nigeria, and south to Angola. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. Well adapted to warm, humid conditions. Prolific, and good disease resistance. Major meat producer in West Africa. Fast growing: by six months of age they approach adult weight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Landim (Small East African)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;East and Central Africa. 23-40 kg. Prolific, adaptable, long fat-tailed type. Large litter size for a sheep. In one recent test, ewes averaged more than 1.4 lambs.3 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berber&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Atlas Mountains. 25-41 kg. Needing little feed and remaining constantly outdoors, these extremely hardy sheep are exploited for meat and their coarse, hairy wool. They fatten easily when well fed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arab&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;North Africa. 40-50 kg. This thin-tailed sheep is exceptionally robust, and is resistant to extremes of temperature, drought, and poor nutrition. Primarily a meat producer, its wool is used for coarse cloths and carpets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Sudan Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the many small breeds of eastern and southern Africa, its weight ranges from 15 to 25 kg, but it may weigh as little as 11 kg. Yielding a fine, short fleece, this hardy, frugal sheep is often run with cattle to maximize grazing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hejazi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deserts of Arabia. 32 kg. A popular and ancient fat-tailed meat producer that is highly acclimatized to drought and privation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zel (Iranian Thin-Tailed)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caspian region of northern Iran. Female 30-32 kg. Well adapted to subtropical regions, they produce coarse wool, milk, and excellent meat that lacks the &quot;mutton taste&quot; and odor of some sheep meats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greek Zackel&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mountain and island types. Female 30 kg; male 40 kg. These common sheep are active, hardy, and resistant to extremes of climate and disease. Primarily a milking sheep, their wool is used locally and lambs are slaughtered for special occasions. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sitia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crete. Female 25 kg; male 30 kg. Another of the hardy, screwhorned &quot;zackel&quot; sheep common to the Balkans, they are adapted to poor pasturage and extensive herding. Quick maturing and highly fertile, they can be exploited for milk as well as for meat and coarse wool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Common Albanian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. Similar to the Greek Zackel, they are used as triple-purpose animals: meat, milk, and wool. They survive in low, marshy areas where parasites are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zeta Yellow&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yugoslavia. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. A small, hardy sheep used for milk and some meat, its primary product is wool. Often unshorn for several years, the long fibers are woven into expensive carpets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pag&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yugoslavia. Female 20-30 kg; male 25-35 kg. These wool, milk, and meat sheep are frugal and well adapted to scant vegetation and rocky terrain. Although they have a low birth rate and carcass yield, their milk and wool are commercially exploitable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roccia (Steinschaf)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Italy, Austria. Female 30 kg; Male 30-35 kg. These &quot;stone sheep&quot; resemble a goat in their ability to exploit the poor pastures of high, steep, rocky mountains. Although not highly productive, they are hardy and frugal and commonly produce twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corsican&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corsica (France). 25-30 kg. A hardy native breed that is well adapted to rather sparse feed conditions. Coarse wool, both white and black, is well suited for hand processing. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Entre Douro e Minho&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Portugal. Female 15-18 kg; Male 20-25 kg. These independent sheep yield a good wool in mountainous terrain that would otherwise be nonproductive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Churra do Campo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Portugal. Female 20 kg; male 30 kg. A coarse-woofed sheep extensively kept in Portugal's dry interior for milk and wool. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Galician&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Spain. Female 18 kg; male 25 kg. A milking breed that survives on  poor pasture, it also produces a marketable wool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scotland. Female 25 kg; male 30 kg. Adapted to wide temperature  variations. Possibly the most primitive domesticated sheep of Europe,  probably unchanged from Viking times. Immune to foot rot. A wool  sheep with short brown fleece that is shed annually.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;North Ronaldsay (Orkney)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Scotland. 27-32 kg. Surviving year-round on seaweed,  this rare breed is adapted to high salt intake and the associated digestive  problems. Yield 1-2 kg medium-coarse wool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latin America. Derived from ''native'' Spanish Churro and Merino  sheep. Many are small and very hardy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navajo-Churro Southwestern United States. Female 45 kg; male 70  kg. Maternal, and very resistant to internal parasites and hoof rot.  Although the Navajo subsists and reproduces on little feed and scarce  water in desert regions, it was widely replaced by improved breeds  earlier in this century. Because of its hardiness, however, and the use of  its wool in traditional weaving, its numbers are rebounding (see sidebar,  page 50). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Florida Native Southeastern United States. Females 35-45 kg;  males 45-6O kg. This long-isolated and highly variable sheep is  adapted to harsh subtropical climates and is known for its ability to  forage. A medium-wool breed, it is very resistant to intestinal parasites.  Verging on extinction due to neglect and uncontrolled crossbreeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Virgin Islands White Hair (St. Croix)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean. Female 35-45 kg; male 45-55 kg. Hair sheep with  some wool in young animals. Well adapted to warm humid conditions, it has fairly good disease and parasite resistance and produces good meat. Prolific, it breeds most of the year and commonly has twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Magra (Chokhla)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northwest India, Pakistan.4 20-25 kg. Adapted to hot, dry areas, the extremely white and shiny fleece is valued for carpet wool. Slowmaturing and low fertility (lambing at 45 percent) plus extensive crossbreeding have led to serious declines in population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marwari&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northwest India. 25-30 kg. A widespread, white-fleeced sheep that has a high resistance to disease and worms, good fertility, and low mortality. They do well in large flocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mandya (Bandur)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southwest India. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. An outstanding meat breed with good mutton quality, it adapts well to mixed farming and has unusually low lamb mortality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hu (Huyang, Lake Sheep)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China. Female 35 kg; male 45 kg. These fat-tailed sheep have a six month lambing interval and are very prolific. They are used under intensive management to produce meat, wool, and a valuable lambskin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Javanese Thin-Tail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia. 25-40 kg. Widely held as a &quot;bank account,&quot; these meat, manure, and skin sheep are well known for being prolific. Although single lambs are not uncommon, litters of six have also been recorded. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILD AND WOOLLY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Considering that dozens of countries depend on the productivity of more than a billion domesticated sheep, it is remarkable that their wild ancestor is accorded no attention. This fast-declining animal is now little more than a trophy for hunters, a fact that should be of vital intemational concern.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep were domesticated in the Middle East and Central Asia in the Stone Age era between 8,000 and 11,000 years ago.* Their wild ancestor was almost certainly the mouflon (Outs orientalis). However, domestication may have occurred in more than one place, and two other wild creatures, the urial (Outs vignei) and the argali (Outs ammon), also possibly provided genes to some sheep breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mouflon, urial, and argali still exist in the mountains of Central Asia, and a European subspecies of mouflon is also found in the Mediterranean, but only on Corsica, Cyprus, and Sardinia.** Because they live in remote, rugged, upland areas, these wild sheep are usually undisturbed, but the numbers are decreasing everywhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This may be a serious loss because these animals could be extremely valuable. They are capable of crossing with domestic sheep, and the offspring are viable and fully fertile.*** For developing new meat-producing breeds, their potential seems almost limitless.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the thousands of years that sheep have been protected by humans, their wild ancestors have continued to face predators, parasites, disease, extreme cold and seasonal starvation. Their genetic endowment, forged and tempered in unforgiving harshness, could be a benefit for all future sheep generations. These animals appear to resist various diseases. Their meat is reported to be of excellent quality, notably lacking the strong mutton flavor that many people find objectionable. They have relatively short, thin tails - a feature that might eliminate the need for docking (tail removal) in the domestic flock. Some (for instance, the Asian mouflon and the urial) have rates of effective reproduction up to 1.6 lambs per ewe, more than twice the average of most domestic types, especially under the conditions where these wild creatures live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That mouflon and other wild sheep could have practical utility is suggested by research at Utah State University. Scientists there have mated mouflon with farm sheep to create sheep better able to defend themselves against coyotes and other natural dangers. Half-wild, half-tame sheep hybrids have existed on a ranch in southern Utah for the past decade. Also, in Cyprus similar mouflon x sheep hybrids have shown considerable promise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the very least, this wiry little mountain sheep could be a model for educating students and the public. It is a living reminder of the fantastic changes that can be induced in animals by selection for various traits. Also, it is a &quot;map&quot; to the history of sheep domestication. Studies of mouflon genes, blood immunology, morphology, physiology, horn structure, skeleton, fleece, temperament, and a host of other features would help unravel the ancestry. These studies and various biochemical analyses would be a fascinating contribution to agriculture, science, history, and the public perception of the origins of our natural resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genes from wild sheep are not likely to quickly benefit wool production. Lack of fleece is one reason why these creatures have been neglected but throughout most of Asia and in North Africa, sheep are bred primarily for meat and milk, and there is a growing worldwide interest in the use of hair sheep. All of this brings new possibilities for the use of this old resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.4.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g005a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most breeds of swine (Sus scrofa) are too large to be considered microlivestock, but there are some whose mature weight is less than 70 kg. These micropigs are particularly common in West Africa, South Asia, the East Indies, Latin America, and oceanic islands around the world. At least one, the Mexican Cuino, may weigh a mere 12 kg full-grown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many miniature swine have been developed for use in medical research, but their agricultural potential has been largely ignored. This is unfortunate, for micropigs of all types - native, feral, and laboratory - deserve investigation. Swine provide more meat worldwide than any other animal, and micropigs are potentially important sources of food and income for poor people in many parts of the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smallness makes for nimble and self-sufficient pigs, in contrast to large, lethargic breeds. Small breeds are easier to manage and cheaper to maintain; the threat of injury from angry or frightened animals is lessened; and the sows are less likely to crush newborn piglets, often a major cause of mortality in large breeds. Some micropigs - particularly those from hot regions or wild populations - also have a higher resistance to heat, thirst, starvation, and some diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs adapt to a wide variety of management conditions, from scavenging to total confinement; some are even kept indoors.2 They gain weight quickly, mature rapidly, and help complement grazing livestock because they relish many otherwise unused wastes from kitchens, farms, and food industries, as well as other foods such as small roots, leafy trash, or bitter fruits that are not consumed by humans or ruminants. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For these reasons, micropigs could become useful household and village livestock in the developing world, and they deserve greater attention than they now receive. Although their growth may not be as rapid as that of improved breeds raised under intensive commercial production, with modest care and minimum investment, backyard micropigs can produce sizable yields of meat and other products, as well as improved income for rural and even urban populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, especially in warm, humid areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like full-sized breeds, micropigs are stout-bodied, short-legged animals with small tails and flexible snouts ending in flat discs. Examples of some micropigs are listed at the end of the chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic pigs are found all over the world, but their concentrations vary greatly. Africa has the fewest per capita, but in recent years they have gained increasing favor in the sub-Saharan regions. In Latin America, pigs have long been a major component of backyard agriculture. In the Middle East, an early center of domestication, pigs are not widely kept today because of religious dietary restrictions. In the Ear East, they are the major meat source, and China has more pigs than any other country. And in the Pacific region, pigs and chickens are often the only meat available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are becoming more popular: their worldwide numbers increased by about 20 percent in the 1970s. However, in most countries commercial pig production has focused on a mere handful of breeds, and much genetic diversity is unstudied or even threatened with extinction. Some microbreeds have already been lost, and others are dwindling in numbers.3 Many European breeds have been completely lost. The Cuino and some other Latin American criollo types are threatened, as are most of Africa's traditional breeds. China, however, has made notable efforts to preserve its native types. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although, as previously noted, pigs are found all over the world, they are in general adapted to warm, humid climates where many other livestock species are more susceptible to diseases and environmental stresses. They are also raised at high altitudes, such as in the Andes and Tibet. Although there are few climatic limitations to pig production, only about 20 percent of the world's pigs are currently kept in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are omnivores, willing and able to eat almost anything.4 Unlike most other livestock, they eat their fill and sleep as the food digests, allowing humans to establish a convenient eating and sleeping schedule.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are prolific; a few Chinese breeds routinely have litters of 20 or more. Micropigs are no exception; litters of 6-10 are common. Piglets gain weight rapidly and can be weaned after a few weeks. Sexual maturity is sometimes attained as early as 4-6 months, depending on breed and environment. Pigs are usually slaughtered at 67 months of age, allowing them to be produced on an annual cycle. They can live 10-20 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their smaller size, micropigs have a relatively greater skin-to-weight ratio than today's commercial breeds, and therefore they probably shed heat more effectively. Certainly they seem to perform better in tropical heat and humidity, which normally keep the heavier types from reaching their maximum productivity. Studies have suggested that an optimal size for some tropical environments - because of metabolic and feed efficiency - may be less than 65 kg.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are social animals; they enjoy companionship and ferociously defend their young and sometimes even the humans who care for them. They are employed as guard animals in some areas and have been used extensively in behavioral research.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contrary to common belief, pigs are clean and tidy if provided adequate space. Larger breeds, however, wallow in mud to stay cool in hot weather and require a wallow or shade (except for some Latin American types, which seem less susceptible to heat). Some lightcolored pigs sunburn easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs will dig up earth with their mobile snouts; some breeds do it constantly. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fresh pork is the major pig product in tropical areas. It usually fetches premium prices, and in many places (such as the Pacific Islands and China) it is the most important red meat available to rural people. Nutritious and tasty, it is one of the easiest meats to preserve, needing only salt or melted fat. Processed products such as bacon and sausages can be important for both home consumption and cash sales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig fat (lard) is a good source of food energy, and can substitute for cooking fats and oils. It is easily melted and clarified, is widely used to make soap, and is a valuable commercial product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig skin, once degreased, is easily tanned into leathers that are popular for garments, shoes, and other products demanding soft, light, and flexible leathers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig manure is a good fertilizer. Because the animals are often kept in confinement, it can be easily collected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many places, pigs are kept as free-roaming scavengers. They can be trained (by coaxing with feed, salt, or affection) to keep close to home, thereby helping to minimize destructive scavenging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herding is a higher level of management that requires more effort, but it allows pigs to be integrated into other types of agriculture while utilizing feeds that otherwise go to waste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because their exercise needs are minimal and dominance is quickly established within litters, pigs are the easiest hoofed livestock to raise in small enclosures (sties). However, fencing must be secure, and if sties are small, the animals must be moved frequently to prevent diseases and parasites from building up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are well-known, often traditional, animals in many areas, and people usually do not have to be taught how to manage and use them. Efficient scavengers, they can live, grow, and reproduce with a minimum of investment or specialized care. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are highly efficient converters of feed to meat. They can provide the greatest return for the least investment of any hoofed livestock because of their fecundity, low management costs, broad food preferences, and rapid growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs normally accumulate fat during adolescent growth (making ''finishing&quot; feeds less necessary). Some micropigs (especially those from feral ancestors) have the ability to quickly mobilize and store these body-fat reserves; in times of extreme scarcity, it aids their survival.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs work well in multiple-cropping schemes. They are often used to help clear small plots by uprooting weeds, shrubs, and even small trees. In Southeast Asia, they are frequently raised in conjunction with aquaculture, their manure providing food for the fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If improperly managed or maintained in filthy conditions, pigs may quickly succumb to disease and parasite epidemics. Most diseases are communicated only among pigs, but some can be transmitted to humans. For this reason, pork should always be fully cooked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some cultures never eat pork. Others do, but nonetheless accord pigs and their keepers low status.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young pigs are vulnerable to many predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major survey of small pig breeds is needed. They have the potential to be valuable producers in their own right, as well as to improve other pig breeds. For instance, they represent a little-known reservoir of disease resistance and climatic adaptation. Governments, research stations, universities, and individuals should make special efforts to preserve types that have outstanding or unusual qualities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When it is necessary to eradicate feral pig populations (as is common on Pacific islands), representative stocks should be preserved. These rugged animals have been genetically isolated for decades or even centuries and are likely to carry valuable traits for survival under adversity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large breeds may be promising candidates for genetic &quot;downsizing,&quot; which has already produced the many types of miniature pigs that are used in medical research. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE LITTLEST PIG&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although this chapter highlights the world's smallest breeds, there exists a pig that is even smaller. It is, however, an entirely different species and it is on the brink of extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog (Sus salvanius) is a shy and retiring wild creature of northeastern India. It is merely 60 cm long with a shoulder height of 25 cm, and weighs less than 10 kg. It was once found widely along the southern foothills of the Himalayas. Today, however, it apparently occurs in only one area, the Manas National Park in Assam. Despite this protection and the fact that it is listed among the 12 most endangered species on earth, it still falls victim to hunters and to habitat destruction - especially illegal grass fires.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If saved from extinction, this minute species - barely reaching a person's calf - might become useful throughout the world. Its chromosome number is the same as that of the common pig and its physiological processes are probably also similar. Therefore, were its numbers to be built up, it might become a valued and well-known resource for laboratories and small farms. Its daily food intake and its space requirements are only a fraction of a normal pig's. It probably has exceptional tolerance to heat, humidity, and disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not a domesticated species, and there is therefore much to learn before its usefulness can be clearly seen. Indeed, whether it can be reared in captivity is uncertain. Some attempts have ended in disaster, but this seems to have been the result of mismanagement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before there is any possibility of developing it, however, the pigmy hog must be preserved from ultimate loss. The last specimen could go into a villager's pot at any time now. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g006a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Adult male of the common pig (wild boar) and pigmy hog draw to same scale. (W.L.R. OLIVER)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROPIGS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African Dwarf (Nigerian Black, Ashanti)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West Africa. Mature weights of 25-45 kg are reported. In the humid lowland forests of West Africa this breed has long been kept by villagers, often as a scavenger. Indigenous to the hot, humid tsetse zones of West Africa, it seems resistant to trypanosomiasis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chinese Dwarfs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China (and Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam) has long had small pigs - often characterized by numerous teats and large litters - associated with traditional intensive agriculture as well as scavenging conditions. Some Chinese pigs weighing less than 70 kg are adapted to tropical and subtropical conditions, but the smallest (20-35 kg) live in the cold climates and high altitudes of Gansu, Sichuan, and Tibet. Small black Chinese pigs were crossed with European types in the early 1800s and produced the foundation stock of many modern Western breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are a number of &quot;native&quot; breeds throughout Latin America commonly known as &quot;criollo.&quot; Many are quite small. Although, apparently, they are slow to mature and bear small litters, they adapt well to environmental extremes and are widely kept by rural inhabitants for food and income. Criollos are little studied and are being replaced by imported breeds before their possibly outstanding qualities can be quantified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cuino This micropig from the highlands of central Mexico may be descended from small Chinese types and is the smallest domestic pig, weighing as little as 10-12 kg fully grown. Hardy and an efficient scavenger, it can grow quickly when feed - especially corn - is abundant. A century ago the cuing was a widespread household animal and was used for a time for experimental work in central Mexico. It is now little known and could be threatened with extinction. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Hairless (felon, Tubasqueno, Birish) These small pigs of central and northern South America survive in hot, humid, adverse climates. They are adapted to bulkier feeds than most pigs and can thrive on fruit wastes. Many local types exist. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nilo (Macao, Tatu, Canastrinha) This small, widespread, black, hairless pig of Brazil is often kept inside the house. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yucatan Miniature Swine A subtype of the black hairless from Mexico's hot, arid Yucatan Peninsula, it was imported into the United States in 1960. It has been downsized for laboratory use in the United States and is known as the Yucatan Micropig (registered). Weight at sexual maturity has been lowered through selective breeding from 75 kg to, currently, between 30 and 50 kg, with an ultimate goal of 20-25 kg. There is no evidence of &quot;dwarfism,&quot; stunting, or loss of reproductive performance, and it appears to hold notable promise as microlivestock for developing countries. The parent stock, used for meat and lard production in Yucatan, is renowned for gentleness, intelligence, resistance to disease, and relative lack of odor. Exceptional docility, even in older boars and sows with litters, makes them easy to handle without the need for specialized housing or equipment.7 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Laboratory Breeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other miniature laboratory pigs have potential for tropical use. These include the Goettingen, Hanford, Kangaroo Island, Ohmini, Pitman-Moore, and Sinclair (Hormel). In general they weigh 30-50 kg when ready for slaughter and mature at less than 70 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ossabaw&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States. 20-30 kg. Feral on Ossabaw Island, South Carolina, for more than 300 years, this pig is well adapted to environmental extremes. Unlike most domestic animals, it can maintain itself in coastal salt marshes. It has perhaps the highest percentage of fat of any pig. The piglets are very precocious, self-reliant, and robust.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kunekune (Pua'a, Poaka)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Zealand. Female 40 kg; male 50 kg. Perhaps of Chinese origin, these black-and-white spotted pigs are docile, slow, and easy to contain. Although late maturing, they can fatten on grass alone. Like other native breeds throughout the Pacific region (for example, the Pauta of Hawaii), stock is being lost through crossbreeding, displacement by other breeds, and eradication efforts. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To find certain disease-resistant genes in poultry it may be necessary to go looking in the backyard chicken flocks in Latin America, Africa, or Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kelly Klober&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small Farmer's Journal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;. . . Policies are needed to encourage development of a labor-intensive small-scale livestock sector, which would increase employment and provide a major market for surplus cereals. This sector, however, is particularly restrained by poor technology, poor public support services, and poor marketing channels. Third World livestock production of this type could provide a natural focus for foreign assistance that earlier seemed inappropriate because of concerns about global food scarcity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John W. Mellor International Food Policy Research Institute&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Successful development of agriculture often requires an intimate understanding of the society within which it is to take place - of its systems of values, of its customary restraints.... It has been necessary to understand what incentives the farmer needs to change, what practical difficulties he encounters introducing change, what his traditional pattern of land use is and how this pattern or system can be upset by thoughtless innovation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John de Wilde&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experience with Agricultural Development in Tropical Africa &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g007a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens, ducks, muscovies, geese, guinea fowl, quail, pigeons, and turkeys epitomize the concept of microlivestock. Throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America they are (collectively) the most common of all farm stock. In many - perhaps most - tropical countries, practically every family, settled or nomadic, owns some kind of poultry. In the countryside, in villages, even in cities, one or another species is seen almost everywhere; in some places, several may be seen together. Although raised in all levels of husbandry, these birds occur most often in scattered household flocks that scavenge for their food and survive with little care or management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their size bestows microlivestock advantages, including low capital cost, low food requirements, and little or no labor requirements. They are also &quot;family sized&quot;: easily killed and dressed, with little waste or spoilage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These poultry species help meet the protein needs of the poorest people in the world. Some are raised even in areas where domestic cattle cannot survive because of afflictions such as trypanosomiasis and foot-and-mouth disease. Some are maintained under conditions of intensive confinement - provided a source of feed is available - and can be produced in areas with insufficient land for other meat-producing animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, these birds grow quickly and mature rapidly. (For instance, a chicken can, under proper conditions, reach maturity in 26 months.) They adapt readily to being fenced or penned much, or all, of the time. And, compared with the major farm livestock, their life cycles are short and their production of offspring is high. Thus, farmers can synchronize production to match seasonal changes in the availability of feed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although poultry contribute substantially to human nutrition in the tropics, it is a small fraction of what it could be. The meat is widely consumed and is in constant demand. An excellent source of protein, it also provides minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and iron, as well as the B-complex vitamins riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin. Nutritionally as complete as red meat, it is much lower in cholesterol and saturated fats. Poultry eggs are also important sources of nutrients. They are a renewable resource, easy to prepare, and are among the best sources of quality protein and vitamins (except vitamin C).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In spite of their numbers and potential, poultry are rarely accorded primary consideration in economic development activities. All in all, these small birds lack the appeal of large, four-legged livestock. Indeed, most countries have little knowledge of the contribution household birds actually make to the well-being and diets of their peoples. In some countries - even those where birds are widely kept - there is little or no poultry research or extension. And where such programs do exist they usually focus almost exclusively on the production of chickens under &quot;industrial&quot; conditions near cities (see sidebar, page 75).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most developing countries now have these intensive chicken industries, in which birds are kept in complete confinement. However, these commercial operations provide food for people in the cash economy, not for subsistence farmers. Moreover, grain is sometimes diverted or imported to maintain these operations, perhaps causing food shortages, higher prices, or depleted foreign exchange. Thus, in this section we focus on other, neglected, aspects of poultry production.,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The neglect of poultry that scavenge around the rural farmhouses and in village yards is understandable. The birds are scattered across the countryside where extension programs are difficult to implement. Their presence is often so ingrained in traditional village life that they are taken for granted and ignored by the authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet village poultry deserve greater attention. As converters of vegetation into animal protein, poultry can be outstanding. In fact, it is estimated that, in terms of feed conversion, eggs rank with cow's milk as the most economically produced animal protein, and that poultry meat ranks above that of other domestic animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most Third World poultry flocks live a wary, half-wild existence, scrounging for insects, earthworms, snails, seeds, leaves, and leftovers from the human diet. From dung and refuse piles they salvage undigested grains, as well as insects and other invertebrates. Often the persons who care for them are women or children. Some keep the birds around the house, penning them at night for protection from predators and thieves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This almost zero-cost production has, in spite of high losses, a remarkable rate of return. Any improvements that require the purchase of supplies cut severely into the profitability. The first step in improving the production of free-ranging poultry is vaccination against diseases (especially Newcastle disease, fowl pox, and Marek's disease) and a modest, supplemental feeding during times of seasonal scarcity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE INDUSTRIAL CHICKEN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout modem livestock farming the trend is toward more intensive methods, and poultry specialists have set the pace. In many countries, since the 1920s, barnyard fowl have given way to egg and broiler factories. The old-fashioned chicken reared outside on corn stubbles for 5 or 6 months has been replaced by the broiler, mass-produced in controlled environment houses in 7 - 10 weeks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a result of this revolution in poultry raising, small farmers who once made a comfortable living from a few laying hens have been forced out of business. These economic changes have also forced poultry men to have larger and larger flocks to survive. The largest broiler-chicken companies even control their own breed development, feed production, house construction, slaughtering, and freezing, many even have wholesale outlets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rapid changes in poultry farming methods can be attributed to the application of advanced technology. The development of the incubator to replace the mother hen sitting her seasonal clutch of eggs was the first mayor step toward intensive poultry farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, chickens were the first livestock to receive serious attention from geneticists. Before World War II, it was discovered that crossbreeding selected pure and inbred lines could result in dramatic increases in production. Hybrids tailor-made for egg or meat production quickly ousted the old pure breeds such as the Rhode Island Red White and Brown Leghorns, Light Sussex, and the various crosses among them. Chicken broilers made by crosses involving parents derived from Cornish and Plymouth Rock have supplanted all others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This situation now prevails in most industrialized countries. The breeding of commercial stocks is in the hands of a few corporations for each commodity (white eggs, brown eggs, chicken broilers, turkeys) and each has national or even global distribution of its hybrid stocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A BREAKTHROUGH IN POULTRY HEALTH&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newcastle disease is endemic in developing countries and is a constant threat to poultry. Farmers dread this virus, first identified half a century ago in northern England that brings diarrhea, paralysis, and death to most poultry. It is severe, highly contagious, and can cause 100 percent mortality. When it strikes an area, farmers must kill all chickens - even healthy ones - to stop it from spreading.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only Australia, New Zealand, Northern Ireland and some Pacific islands are unaffected. But, although the disease is not found in Australia, certain strains of the virus are present in Australian chickens. These strains are completely harmless, but Australian researchers have found that they induce antibodies that are effective against Newcastle disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a joint project (funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research), scientists from Malaysia's University of Agriculture and Australia's University of Queensland* have put this to good use. They have produced a live culture of the harmless virus that farmers can spray onto feed pellets to vaccinate their birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Field tests of the new vaccine, carried out in Southeast Asia, have been extremely promising. Simply coating feeds with the virus seems to be enough to immunize some chickens, which then pass the immunity on to the others in the flock as well as to new hatchlings. In Malaysia, which has 49 million chickens and a population willing to pay a premium for tasty village poultry meat, one economist estimates that the vaccine might increase rural incomes by 25 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conventional vaccines must be stored under refrigerated conditions, which most villages lack. But the Malaysian workers made the Newcastle disease vaccine tolerant of heat. By selective breeding, they now have strains that resist 56ÃC for at least 2 hours. Thus, even in the tropics, the vaccine remains effective for several weeks without refrigeration. The researchers have also devised methods for coating the vaccine onto pelleted feeds. Because the virus can withstand heat, they use a machine designed for coating pharmaceutical tablets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At this stage, the project is showing every promise of producing a cheap means of reducing Newcastle disease losses among chickens throughout much of the world. Already inquiries have come from other Asian countries and from Africa, and it is hoped that the vaccine may eventually benefit many countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.5.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g008a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens (Gallus gallus or Gallus domesticus)1 are the world's  major source of eggs and are a meat source that supports a food  industry in virtually every country. There may be as many as 6.5 billion  chickens, the equivalent of 1.4 birds for every person on earth.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No other domesticated animal has enjoyed such universal acceptance,  and these birds are the prime example of the importance of  microlivestock. Kept throughout the Third World, they are one of the  least expensive and most efficient producers of animal protein.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To the world's poor, chickens are probably the most nutritionally  important livestock species. For instance, in Mauritius and Nigeria more  than 70 percent of rural households keep scavenger chickens. In  Swaziland, more than 95 percent of rural households own chickens,  most of them scavengers. In Thailand, where commercial poultry  production is highly developed, 80-90 percent of rural households still  keep chickens in backyards and under houses. And in other developing  countries from Pakistan to Peru, a similar situation prevails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clearly, these chickens should be given far more attention. They  represent an animal and a production system with remarkable qualities;  they compete little with humans for food; they produce meat at low  cost; and they provide a critical nutritional resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scavenger chickens are usually self-reliant, hardy birds capable of  withstanding the abuses of harsh climate, minimal management, and inadequate nutrition. They live largely on weed seeds, insects, and feeds that would otherwise go to waste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, however, quantitative information about the backyard chicken is hard to obtain. Few countries have any knowledge of its actual contribution to the well-being and diet of their people. Notably lacking is an understanding of the factors limiting egg production, which is markedly low and perhaps could be raised dramatically with modest effort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are so well known and ubiquitous that they need no further description. Varying in color from white through many shades of brown to black, they range in size from small bantams of less than 1 kg to giant breeds weighing 5 kg or more. Scavenger chickens tend to weigh about I kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The indigenous chickens of Asia are probably descended directly from the wild junglefowl. Those of West Africa are believed descended from European birds brought by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century; those of Latin America probably descend from Spanish birds introduced soon after the time of Columbus.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p81a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All countries have chickens in large numbers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are not endangered, but industrial stocks are replacing traditional breeds to such an extent that much potentially valuable genetic heritage is disappearing. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although chickens derive from tropical species, they adapt to a wide  variety of environments. The modern Leghorn, for example, is found  from the hot plains of India to the frozen tundra of Siberia, and from  sea level to altitudes above 4,000 m in the Andes. (There are, however,  hatching problems at such high altitudes because of oxygen deficiency.)  They also occur in desert countries such as Saudi Arabia, which has a  vast poultry industry and even exports broilers. (However, the birds  need shade and a lot of water where it is hot and dry.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are omnivorous, living on seeds, insects, worms, leaves,  green grass, and kitchen scraps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A commercial bird may produce 280 eggs annually, but a scavenger  may produce close to none. Commonly, a farmyard hen lays a dozen  eggs, takes three weeks to hatch out a brood of chicks, stays with the  chicks six weeks or more, and only then starts laying again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Egg production depends on daylength. For the highest production  rate, at least 12 hours of daylight are needed. The incubation period is  21 days. A hen can begin laying at 5 months of age or even earlier, but  in scavengers it may be much later. The average weight of the eggs is  approximately 55 g from industrial layers and approximately 40 g from  scavengers. Hatching success from breeder flocks often exceeds 90  percent. Industrial broilers can be marketed as early as 6 weeks, when  they are called &quot;Cornish hens.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These passive, gregarious birds have a pronounced social (pecking)  order. If acclimated, they remain on the premises and are unlikely to go  feral. If given a little evening meal of &quot;scratch,&quot; they learn to come  home to roost at night.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens have multiple uses. They were probably first used for cock  fighting; later they were used in religious rituals, and only much later  were raised for eggs and meat. Today, chickens can provide a family  with eggs, meat, feathers, and sometimes cash.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In different parts of the world, people keep scavenging chickens in  different ways. The managers are often women and children because  they have more time to spend at home to feed the birds and repel  predators. Some people leave the birds entirely to their own devices.  Many house them at night. Others take the birds each day to the fields,  where they may find much more food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are many ingenious local practices. In Ghana, for example,  farmers &quot;culture&quot; termites for poultry by placing a moist piece of cow  dung (under a tin) over a known termite nest. The termites burrow into  the dung, and some can then be fed to the chickens each day. Because  termites digest cellulose, this system converts waste vegetation into  meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A ratio of 1 male to 10-15 females is adequate for barnyard flocks.  Hens will lay eggs in the absence of a rooster - but of course the rooster  is needed if fertile eggs are wanted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Removing chicks stimulates the hen to lay more eggs. This results in  more chicks being hatched, but it requires that the chicks be nurtured  and fed until they are old enough to fend for themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are everywhere; every culture knows them and how to  husband them. They have been utilized for so many centuries that in  most societies their use is ingrained. Unlike the case with pork and beef,  there are few strictures against eating chicken meat or eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat is high in quality protein, low in fat, and easily prepared. In  many countries, the village chicken's meat is preferred to that of  commercial broilers because it has better texture and stronger flavor.  Even in countries with vast poultry industries there is a growing demand  for the tasty, &quot;organically grown,&quot; free-ranging chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are more suited to &quot;urban farming&quot; than most types of  livestock and can be raised in many city situations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds are conveniently sized, easily transported alive, and, by and  large, do not transmit diseases to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the problems of village  chickens are mainly those discussed below.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High Hatching Mortality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commonly, a hatch of eight or nine village chicks results in only two  or three live birds after a few days. A survey in Nigeria, for instance,  showed that 80 percent died before the age of eight weeks. Losses  elsewhere are known to be similar. This is mostly because of starvation,  cold, dehydration, predators (hawks, kites, snakes, dogs, and cats, for  example), diseases, parasites, accidents, and simply getting lost - all of  which can be prevented without great effort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chronic and Acute Disease&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry diseases can become epidemic in the villages because there  are few if any veterinarians. Newcastle disease, fowlpox, pullorum  disease, and coccidiosis, for example - all of which are endemic in the  Third World - can destroy the entire chicken population over large  areas. Lice and other parasites are also prevalent. Scavengers and  industrial birds seem to show no differences in their tolerance for such  diseases and parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Low Egg Production&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey in Nigeria showed that the annual production per hen was  merely 20 eggs. Such low production is common throughout the Third  World and is caused by a combination of low genetic potential,  inadequate nutrition, and poor management. Villagers rarely provide nest  boxes or laying areas, so that some eggs are just not found. Some birds  have high levels of broodiness, and eggs accumulating in a nest  stimulates this. There are indications, however, that some village  chickens (for example, some in China) have quite substantial egg-laying  potential when provided with adequate feed.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Low Egg Consumption&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the tropics, many people choose not to eat eggs. Often this is  because eggs are the source of the next generation of chickens;  sometimes it is because of superstition. Further, eggs do not keep well  because most are fertile and, exposed to constant tropical heat, undergo  rapid embryo development.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crop Damage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often necessary to confine the birds to protect young crops or  vegetable gardens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike the situation with small cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs, there are  few named and recognized breeds of Third World chickens. Yet, nearly  every country has at least one kind of village chicken. These have  survived there for centuries and are highly adapted to local conditions.  In village projects, these unnamed chickens deserve priority attention  before other types are sought from elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Generally speaking, improving the production of scavenging poultry  does not require sophisticated research. Instead, simple precautions are  sufficient. These are discussed below.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Disease Control&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At a national or regional level, the initial approach to increasing  chicken production in tropical areas should be disease control. There are  several outstanding instances of success in this endeavor. For example,  the spectacular rise of poultry production in Singapore (from 250,000  birds in 1949 to 20 million in 1957) followed the control of Ranikhet  disease. Village flock-health programs, carried out regularly by visiting  veterinarians (&quot;barefoot veterinarians&quot;), might be the answer to some of  the routine health problems. Today, a prime target should be Newcastle  disease, for which there are good chances for success (see page 76).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first step in chicken production at the farm level is improved  management. With more care and attention, mortality can be greatly  reduced. Because incubating and brooding hens must spend the night on  the ground, they are extremely vulnerable. Even modest predator  controls can be highly beneficial. Building crude and inexpensive nest  boxes and constructing a simple holding area around them can  substantially raise production by ensuring that more chicks survive.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE CHICKEN'S WILD ANCESTOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although little known to most people, the red junglefowl has  contributed more to every nation than any other wild bird. It is  the ancestor of the chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given its descendants importance worldwide, the neglect of  this bird is baffling. If the cow's wild ancestor, the aurochs, had  not become extinct in the 1600s, it would now be worth millions  of dollars as the ultimate source of cattle genetic diversity. Yet  the world's chicken industry remains virtually unaware of the  origin of its source of livelihood.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the aurochs, the red junglefowl has a wealth of wild  genes, and it deserves more recognition and protection. For one  thing the modern chicken - selectively bred in the temperate  zone - is highly susceptible to heat and humidity; the junglefowl,  on the other hand, is not. It inhabits the warmest and most humid  parts of Asia: Sri Lanka, India, Burma, Thailand, and most of  Southeast Asia. It may also be resistant to various chicken  diseases and pests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not a rare species. Throughout the wide crescent  stretching from Pakistan to Indonesia, junglefowls are still seen  in the wild, especially in forest clearings and lowland scrub.  Although they are a prized bag for hunters, they survive by fast  running and agile flying. They are sometimes sold in village  markets, but can easily be mistaken for domesticated chickens,  which in this region are often very similar. The wild junglefowl,  however, has feathered legs, a down-curving tail, and an overall  scragginess.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Junglefowls should be under intensive study. They are easy to  rear in captivity and do well in pens, even small ones, as long as  they are sheltered from rain and wind. One drawback is their  craze for scratching unless provided plenty of space they  promptly tear up all grass and dirt. Another is that junglecocks  are violent fighters and must be kept apart. (Cockfighting is  probably a major reason why they were initially selected, and  thus their aggressiveness is perhaps the reason we have the  chicken today.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These highly adaptable creatures live in a variety of habitats,  from sea level to 2,000 m. Most, however, are found in and  around damp forests, secondary growth, dry scrub, bamboo  groves, and small woods near farms and villages. They are  amazingly clever at evading capture and thrive wherever there is  some cover.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other junglefowl species might also provide useful poultry.  They, too, can be raised in captivity with comparative ease, as  long as the cocks are kept apart. Perhaps they might be tamed with imprinting and could prove useful as domestic fowl,  especially in marginal habitats. They are everywhere considered  culinary luxuries and their meat commands premium prices.  Moreover, several have colorful feathers, giving them additional  commercial value. These other species are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- La Fayette's Junglefowl (Gallus lafayettei). Avery attractive  bird of Sri Lanka, it is little known in captivity, and only in the  United States are there any number in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gray or Sonnerat's Junglefowl (Gallus sonnerati). A native  of India, this colorful bird produces feathers that are used in  tying the most prized trout and salmon flies. Demand is so great  that certain populations have declined, and since 1968 India has  banned all export of birds or feathers. Nonetheless, there are  several hundred in captivity in various countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Green Junglefowl (Gallus varius). This is yet another striking  bird. The cock has metallic, greenish-black feathering set off by  a comb that merges from brilliant green at the base to bright  purple and red at the top. Native to Java, Bali, and the  neighboring Indonesian islands as far out as Timor, it is found  particularly near rice paddies and rocky coasts. This species, too,  can be raised without great difficulty, and there are at least 90 in  captivity in various parts of the world.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nutrition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving poultry nutrition is also of prime importance. There are no quantitative data on the quality of a scavenging chicken's diet. Surveys are badly needed so that appropriate, low-cost supplements can be devised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chances are that the diet for chicks of scavenging poultry is almost always deficient in available energy. Minimal supplementation in the form of cereals or energy-rich by-products can greatly improve both egg and meat production. However, caution must always be exercised and the supplements given only to chicks. Overfed adults will give up scavenging and stay around the owner's house, without really producing much more meat or eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetic Improvement&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it seems attractive to replace the scrawny village chicken with bigger, faster-growing imported breeds, it is a process fraught with difficulty. Exotic breeds lack the ability to tolerate the rigors of mismanagement and environmental stress. Many cannot avoid predators, as a result either of being overweight or of having a poor conformation for flight. The local birds, however, probably have a genetic potential that is much higher than can be expressed in the constraining environment. Thus, the environmental constraints should be tackled first.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, the village birds may have a feed-conversion efficiency that is far less than ideal because they are adapted to a scavenging existence. Modern breeds imported into Ghana, for instance, showed a feed-conversion efficiency of less that 3.5:1 (weight of food eaten: growth and eggs), but the local birds had efficiencies of 11:1.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need for preserving genetic variability is greater in poultry, especially in chickens, than in any other form of domestic animal. North America, for instance, which years ago had 50 or more common breeds, now relies on only 2 for meat production, and the others have been largely lost. Conservation of germplasm has become a matter of serious concern, and the saving of rare breeds in domestic fowl should not be delayed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE SOUTH AMERICAN CHICKEN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Early European explorers of South America were surprised to discover an abundance of unusual chickens that laid colored eggs and had feathers resembling earrings on the side of the head. While the origin of this bird - commonly called the araucanian chicken and classified as Gallus inauris - is debatable, scientists generally agree that it is pre-Columbian. There is archeological evidence that this bird is native to the Americas. It is reported to have occurred in Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Easter Island. It still occurs in the wild in southern Chile and on Easter Island.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The araucanian has been called the &quot;Easter-egg chicken&quot; because it lays light green, light blue, and olive colored eggs. It lays well and has a delicious meat. In areas such as southern Chile the eggs are preferred over those of normal chickens because of their flavor and dark yellow yolk. This unusual bird has a high degree of variability; however, specimens of similar genetic background have been grouped to create &quot;breeds&quot; such as the White Araucanian, Black Araucanian, and Barred Araucanian. These are homozygotes and breed true.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The araucanian has been the subject of much public interest,. clubs dedicated to its preservation have been formed in the United States, Great Britain, and Chile. Its possible exploitation as a backyard microlivestock deserves serious consideration. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.5.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g009a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)1 are well known, but still have much unrealized promise for subsistence-level production. Although a major resource of Asia, where there is approximately one duck per 20 inhabitants, they are not so intensively used elsewhere. On a worldwide basis, for instance, they are of minor importance compared with chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is unfortunate because ducks are easy to keep, adapt readily to a wide range of conditions (including small-farm culture), and require little investment. They are also easily managed under village conditions, particularly if a waterway is nearby, and appear to be more resistant to diseases and more adept at foraging than chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, the products from ducks are in constant demand. Some breeds yield more eggs than the domestic chicken. And duck meat always sells at premium. A few recently created breeds (notably some in Taiwan) have much lower levels of fat than the traditional farm duck. This development could open up vast new markets for duck meat, especially in wealthy countries, where consumers are both concerned over fat in their diet and eager for alternatives to chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks are also efficient at converting waste resources - insects, weeds, aquatic plants, and fallen seeds, for instance - into meat and eggs. Indeed, they are among the most efficient of all food producers. Raised in confinement, ducks can convert 2.4-2.6 kg of concentrated feed into I kg of weight gain. The only domestic animal that has better feed conversion is the broiler chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raised as village birds and allowed to forage for themselves, ducks become less productive but become even more cost effective because much of the food they scavenge has no monetary value. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several distinctive types have been developed in various regions. Most have lost the ability to fly any distance, but they retain a characteristic boatlike posture and a labored, waddling walk. The Indian Runner, however, has an almost erect stance that permits it to walk and run with apparent ease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic ducks range in body size from the diminutive Call, weighing less than I kg, to the largest meat strains (Pekin, Rouen, and Aylesbury, for example) weighing as much as 4.5 kg. For intensive conditions, the Pekin is the most popular meat breed around the world. In confinement it grows rapidly - weighing 2.5-3 kg at a market age of 78 weeks. In addition, it is hardy, does not fly, lays well, and produces good quality (but somewhat fatty) meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Khaki Campbell breed is an outstanding egg producer, some individuals laying more than 300 eggs per bird per year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Taiwan Tsaiya (layer duck) is also a particularly efficient breed. It weighs 1.2 kg at maturity, starts laying at 120-140 days, and can produce 260-290 eggs a year. Its small body size, large egg weight, and phenomenal egg production make Brown Tsaiya the main breed for egg consumption in Taiwan. More than 2.5 million Brown Tsaiya ducks are raised annually for egg production.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domestic duck is distributed throughout the world; however, its greatest economic importance is in Southeast Asia, particularly in the wetland-rice areas. For example, about 28 percent of Taiwan's poultry are- ducks. In parts of Asia, some domestic flocks have as many as 20,000 birds. One farm near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, rears 40,000 ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although ducks are abundant, some Western breeds are becoming rare. Indigenous types are little known outside their home countries and have received little study, so their status is uncertain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These adaptable creatures thrive in hot, humid climates. However, during torrid weather they must have access to shade, drinking water, and bathing water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks are well adapted to rivers, canals, lakes, ponds, marshes, and other aquatic locations. Moreover, they can be raised successfully in estuarine areas. Most ocean bays and inlets teem with plant and animal life that ducks relish, but (unlike wild sea ducks) domestic breeds have a low physiological tolerance for salt and must be supplied with fresh drinking water. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks search for food underwater, sieve organic matter from mud, root out morsels underground, and sometimes catch insects in the air. Their natural diet is normally about 90 percent vegetable matter (seeds, berries, fruits, nuts, bulbs, roots, succulent leaves, and grasses) and 10 percent animal matter (insects, snails, slugs, leeches, worms, eels, crustacea, and an occasional small fish or tadpole). They have little ability to utilize dietary fiber. Although they eat considerable quantities of tender grass, they are not true grazers (like geese), and don't eat coarse grasses and weeds at all. Sand and gravel is swallowed to serve as &quot;grindstones&quot; in the gizzard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When protected from accidents and predation, ducks live a surprisingly long time. It is not unusual for one to continue reproducing for up to 8 years, and there are reports of exceptional birds living more than 20 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite large differences in size, color, and appearance, all domestic breeds interbreed freely. Eggs normally take 28 days to incubate, brooding and rearing is performed solely by the female.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Depending on breed, a female may reach sexual maturity at about 20 weeks of age. Most begin laying at 20-26 weeks, but the best egg- laying varieties come into production at 16-18 weeks and lay profitably for 2 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is generally well known that ducks are shy, nervous, and seldom aggressive towards each other or humans. Skilled and enthusiastic swimmers from the day they hatch, they spend many hours each day bathing and frolicking in any available water. However, most breeds can be raised successfully without swimming water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although wild ducks normally pair off, domestic drakes will mate indiscriminately with any females in a flock. In intensively raised flocks, I male to 6 females, and in village flocks, 1 male for up to 25 females, results in good fertility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most domestic ducks, particularly the egg-laying strains, have little instinct to brood. If not confined, they will lay eggs wherever they happen to be - occasionally even while swimming. To facilitate egg collection, some keepers confine ducks until noon. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p96a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a meat source, ducks have major advantages. Their growth rate is phenomenal during the first few weeks. (Acceptable market weights can be attained under intensive management with birds as young as 6-7 weeks of age.) Yet, even in older birds, the meat remains tender and palatable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eggs from many breeds are typically 20-35 percent larger than chicken eggs, weighing on average about 73 g. They are nutritious, have more fat and protein, and contain less water than hen's eggs. They are often used in cooking and make excellent custards and ice cream. Eggs incubated until just before the embryos form feathers produce a delicacy known as balut in the Philippines. Salted eggs are popular in China and Southeast Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feathers and down (an insulating undercoat of fine, fluffy feathers) are valuable by-products. Down is particularly sought as a filler for pillows, comforters, and winter clothing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks have a special fondness for mosquito and beetle larvae, grasshoppers, snails, slugs, and crustaceans, and therefore are effective pest control agents. China, in particular, uses ducks to reduce pests in rice fields.3 Its farmers also keep ducks to clear fields of scattered grain, to clear rice paddy banks of burrowing crabs, and to clear aquatic weeds and algae out of small lakes, ponds, and canals. This not only improves the conditions for aquaculture and agriculture, it also fattens the ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Southeast Asia, droving is a traditional form of duck husbandry, much as it was in medieval Europe. The birds are herded along slowly, foraging in fields or riverbanks as they march to market. The journey might cover hundreds of kilometers and take as long as six months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This process, however, is generally declining, and most ducks are raised under farm conditions where they scavenge for much of their feed. Throughout Southeast Asia, ducks have been integrated with aquaculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks can be raised on almost any kitchen wastes: vegetable trimmings, table scraps, garden leftovers, canning refuse, stale produce, and stale (but not moldy) baked goods. However, for top yields and quickest growth, protein-rich feeds are the key. Commercial duck farms rely on such things as fish scraps, grains, soybean meal, or coconut cake. Agricultural wastes such as sago chips, palm-kernel cake, and palm-oil sludge are being used in Malaysia.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks have a very high requirement for niacin (a B vitamin). If chicken rations are used, a plentiful supply of fresh greens must be provided to avoid &quot;cowboy legs,&quot; a symptom of niacin deficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of all domestic animals, ducks are among the most versatile and useful and have multiple advantages, including:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Withstanding poor conditions;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Producing food efficiently;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Utilizing foodstuffs that normally go unharvested;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Helping to control pests; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Helping to fertilize the soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also, they are readily herded (for instance, by children).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Excellent foragers, they usually can find all their own food, getting by on only a minimum of supplements, if any. Raising them requires little work, and they provide farmers with food or an income from the sale of eggs, meat, and down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks can grow faster than broiler chickens if they have adequate nutrients. Like guinea fowl and geese, they are relatively resistant to disease. They also have a good tolerance to cold and, in most climates, don't need artificial heat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING NEW DUCKS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many species of ducks adapt readily to captivity; it is surprising, therefore, that only the mallard and the muscovy have been domesticated so far. Several wild tropical species seem especially worth exploring for possible future use in Third World farms, Because of the year-round tropical warmth, their instinct to migrate is either absent or unpronounced, and the heavy layer of fat (a feature of temperate-climate ducks that consumers in many countries consider a drawback) is lacking. Moreover, because of uniform daylength, they are ready to breed at any time of the year. Candidates for domestication as tropical ducks include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Whistling ducks (Dendrocygna species). These large, colorful, gooselike birds are noted for their beautiful, cheerful whistle.* They are long-necked perching ducks that are found throughout the tropics. By and large, they are gregarious, sedentary, vegetarian, and less arboreal than the muscovy - all positive traits for a poultry species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The black-bellied whistling duck (D. auturunalis) seems especially promising. It is common throughout tropical America (southwestern United States to northwestern Argentina) and is sometimes kept in semicaptivity. Occasionally, in the highlands of Guatemala, for instance, Indians sell young ones they have reared as pets. When hand reared, the birds can become very tame. * * They eat grain and other vegetation, require no swimming water, and will voluntarily use nest boxes. In the wild, they &quot;dump&quot; large numbers of eggs so that even if substantial numbers were removed for artificial hatching, the wild populations should not be affected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Greater wood ducks (Cairina species). The muscovy (C. moschata) was domesticated by South American Indians long before Europeans arrived (see page 124). Its counterparts in the forests of Southeast Asia and tropical Africa are, however, untried as domesticates. The white-winged wood duck (C. scutulata) is found from eastern India to Java. Hartlaub's duck (C. hartlaubi) occurs in forests and wooded savannas from Sierra Leone to Zaire. Both are rare in captivity, but might well prove to be future tropical resources. Both are strikingly similar to muscovies in size and habits, being large, phlegmatic, sedentary, and omnivorous. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Predators are the most important cause of losses in farm flocks. Ducks are almost incapable of defending themselves, and losses from dogs and poachers can be high. Locking them in at night both protects the birds and prevents eggs from being wastefully laid outside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks do suffer from some diseases, mainly those traceable to mismanagement such as poor diet, stagnant drinking water, moldy feed or bedding, or overcrowded and filthy conditions. Of all poultry, they are the most sensitive to aflatoxin, which usually comes from eating moldy feed. They are also susceptible to cholera (pasteurellosis) and botulism, either of which may wipe out entire flocks. Duck virus enteritis (duck plague) and duck virus hepatitis also can cause severe losses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If not carefully managed, ducks can become pests to some crops, especially cereals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, ducks tend to be extremely poor mothers and can be helped by using broody chicken hens or female muscovies as surrogate mothers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Major limitations to large-scale, intensive production are mud, smell, and noise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Defeathering ducks is much more difficult than defeathering chickens because of an abundance of small pinfeathers and down feathers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds already function so well that no fundamental research needs to be done. Nonetheless, there are a number of topics that could improve their production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, different types of low-cost systems need to be explored and developed. These must be low-input systems since cash is a limiting factor for most subsistence farmers. One possibility is the integration of duck and fish farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of all breeds is needed to determine their status and likelihood of extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One need in countries that already have ducks is to encourage the consumption of duck meat. Indonesia, for instance, has 25 million egg-producing ducks, but little duck meat is consumed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research on economically significant diseases is needed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.5.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g010a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Brown Chinese Geese&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although geese (Anser spp.) were one of the first domesticated animals, they have yet to receive the level of commercial or industrial exploitation of chickens or even ducks. Thus, their global potential is far greater than is generally recognized today.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic geese are easily managed and well suited to small-farm production; they are among the fastest growing avian species commonly raised for meat, and they have immediate application in many developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are especially appropriate for providing farmers a supplemental income. With little extra work they supply nutritious meat, huge eggs, and rich fat for cooking, as well as soft down and feathers for bedding and clothing. Moreover, their strident voices sound the alarm when strangers or predators approach. They are especially well suited to aquatic areas and marshy lands and are completely at home in warm shallow waterways. Nevertheless, they can thrive away from water. In fact, wherever pasture is available geese readily adapt to captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are grazers, and can be raised almost exclusively on pasture. They are excellent foragers, and on succulent grass can find most or all of their own food. With their powerful bills they pull up grasses and underwater plants and probe soil and water for roots, bulbs, and aquatic animals. Their long necks make them adept at gleaning weeds from hard-to-reach places - such as fence rows, ditches, and swampy areas that baffle larger livestock. They will also feast on vegetable trimmings, garden and table leftovers, canning refuse, and stale baked goods. Like other poultry, they pick up shattered grains of rice, wheat, barley, and other crops, which can reduce the bothersome problem of weeds volunteering in subsequent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are available worldwide. In most climates, they require little or no housing. Given reasonable care and protection from predators, mortality can be extremely low. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic geese come in an assortment of colors, sizes, and shapes. There are two main types, however. Descendants of the wild greylag goose (Anser anser) make up the domestic breeds common in North America and Europe, including the Embden, Toulouse, Pilgrim, American Buff, Pomeranian, Sebastopol, and Tufted Roman breeds. These are generally best suited to temperate climates. On the other hand, descendants of the wild &quot;swan goose&quot; (Anser cygnoides) make up the geese of Asia, including the Chinese and &quot;African&quot; types. These breeds seem better suited to hot climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to these, many European and Asian countries have their own local breeds and types, and there are even several wild species that show some potential for captive production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With their long legs and webbed toes, geese are equally at home walking or swimming. Avid walkers, they march long distances to find forage, but return home at dusk. Accomplished and graceful swimmers, geese are able to take to water soon after they hatch. Despite their large size, some domestic breeds - especially the leaner ones - have retained the ability to fly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are found worldwide, but goose farming is nationally important only in Asia and Central Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic geese are not threatened, although much local variation among the breeds is being lost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most geese adapt well to hot climates - as long as some shade is available. Their waterproof feathers help them adapt well to high rainfall regions. They also tolerate extreme cold. (For instance, in Canada, geese are wintered outdoors in subfreezing temperatures, with merely 'e simple shelter from wind.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For tropical developing countries, the Chinese type, which is widely kept in Southeast Asia, is especially promising. Smaller than most geese (although ganders can weigh over 5 kg), they are the best layers, the most active foragers (making them economical and useful as weeders), the most alert and &quot;talkative,&quot; and they produce the leanest meat. Some European breeds, such as Embden and Toulouse, have also been used in the tropics with notable success. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING GEESE&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Temperate Zones)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today's domestic geese are descended from two species: the greylag (Anser anser) and the swan goose (Anser cygnoides). These were domesticated in Europe and China, respectively. Their domestication occurred in ancient times, long before people knew about genetics, microorganisms, veterinary science, or behavior modifications such as imprinting. Today, armed with such knowledge, more geese may be amenable to domestication. Most of the 15 other wild species adapt to captivity. Compared to most birds, geese spend much time walking and swimming and are less inconvenienced by pinioning (removing the tip of the wing). Thus, they can be kept outdoors rather than in cages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both of the ancestors of today's domestic geese are native to the northern temperate zone. Two more wild species that might make useful domesticates are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Canada goose (Branta canadensis). North America. People feeding these birds in city parks and wildlife refuges are causing many local flocks to develop. These birds no longer migrate. They are increasing in numbers each year and are well on the way to de facto domestication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- American swan goose (Coscoroba coscoroba). Southern South America. Although most closely allied to swans in shape and physiology, this bird resembles a muscovy (see page 124) in size and behavior. Its calm disposition, as well as its attractive red feet and bill that accent its white plumage, have made it much sought as an ornament for parks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In its diet, the goose utilizes large quantities of tender forage. It can break down plant-cell walls and digest the contents. Although it has no crop for storing food, there is an enlargement at the end of the gullet that serves as a temporary storage organ. Sand and small gravel are swallowed to aid the gizzard in grinding hard seeds and fibrous grasses. Research has shown that geese can digest 15-20 percent of the fiber in their diet, which is 3-4 times the amount that other poultry species can digest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The natural diet consists of grasses, seeds, roots, bulbs, berries, and fruits, normally supplemented with a little animal matter (mainly insects and snails) picked up incidentally. Most feeding takes place on land. They characteristically feed for prolonged periods, even at night.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females may lay for 10 years or more. It is generally believed that reproduction is best in the second year and that it remains good until the fifth year. Geese outlive other types of poultry; life spans of 1520 years are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The eggs incubate in 27-31 days. The incubation time is more variable than in most poultry species, perhaps because geese have not been subjected to the selection pressure that is imposed by artificial incubators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most intelligent birds, the goose has a good memory and does not quickly forget people, animals, or situations that have frightened it. While personalities and habits vary among individual specimens, there are common behavioral patterns, such as the pecking order, that allow individuals to live peaceably together.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless conditions are crowded or there are too many males, geese normally live harmoniously both with themselves and with other creatures. The bond between male and female is strong. Changing mates is difficult, although most geese will eventually accept a new mate after a period of &quot;mourning.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese nest on the ground and prefer the water's edge, but they adapt readily to man-made nesting boxes. The gander usually stands guard while the goose incubates the eggs. He then assists in rearing the goslings. Most geese become irritated if intruders approach their nest or goslings, and will even attack people and large dogs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As previously noted, these birds provide meat, eggs, fat, and down. The meat is lean, flavorful, and of outstanding quality. The fat accumulates between the skin and the flesh and can be rendered into a long-lasting oil. The eggs are large and taste much like chicken eggs. The &quot;down&quot; (the small, fluffy feathers that lie next to the body of adult birds) is the finest natural insulating material for clothing and bedding, and can fetch a premium price. Worldwide markets exist for both down and other goose feathers. In France, in particular, some geese are raised for their livers (foie gras).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese can control many types of aquatic weeds in shallow water as well as grass and some types of palatable broad-leaf weeds on the banks of lakes, ponds, and canals. They can also be used as ''lawn mowers&quot; and &quot;weeders&quot; among cotton, fruit trees, and other crops (see sidebar).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Elongated necks not only allow geese to reach many different foods, they also help them keep a watchful eye on the surroundings. With their exceptional eyesight they can see great distances, and the position of the eyes gives them a wide field of vision. Geese are among the most alert of all animals, and strangers cannot calm them into silence. In the high Andes, in Southeast Asia, and in many other locations, they replace guard dogs. In Europe, they are used to guard whiskey warehouses and sensitive military installations (see page 111).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Methods of caring for adult geese vary according to climate, breed, and people's experiences and needs. Overall, however, the birds cause little trouble and require little expense. They range freely without restriction, feeding themselves and returning home of their own accord. They have strong flocking instincts and can readily be herded from one area to another.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like all young poultry, goslings are fragile. The highest mortality is caused by predators. Until the goslings are 6-10 weeks old, it is prudent to confine the parents and their young at night in a secure pen or building.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are the only domestic fowl that can live and reproduce on a diet of grass. They cannot remain healthy on coarse dry fodder, but when grass is succulent they need little else other than drinking water. Many legumes also make excellent goose forage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the tropics, eggs can be laid year-round. The production seldom exceeds 40 eggs per year, although with feed supplement and simple management, the Chinese breed may yield more than 100 eggs. Geese go broody quickly. To break up broodiness, the goose can be confined for 4 6 days away from, but in sight of, the ganders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goslings grow rapidly and can reach market size as early as 10-12 weeks; most geese, however, are marketed at 20-30 weeks of age, when they may weigh from 5 to 7 kg, depending on type and breed. Some young birds (also called green or junior geese), force-fed for rapid growth, are marketed at 4-6 kg when they are 8-10 weeks old.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If fed a good diet to maximize growth and if slaughtered at, say, 10 weeks, the Embden, Chinese, or African will have a carcass low in fat. However, the carcass normally has much more fat than other poultry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese must have a constant supply of reasonably clean drinking water during daylight hours. Although swimming water is not necessary, it promotes cleaner and healthier birds because they find it easier to care for their plumage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING GEESE&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Tropics)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese of the tropics have seldom if ever been considered for domestication, but they might provide poultry of considerable value. Presumably they are more heat tolerant and lack the layers of subcutaneous fat (which the ancestors of today's geese needed for warmth in the Arctic). They might thus produce lean birds that would fetch premium prices because excessive fat is the major drawback of today's commercial geese. Examples of tropical species that might be domesticable are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Egyptian goose (AIopochen aegyptiacus). Found throughout the African tropics, this bird is already partly domesticated. However, it is bad tempered and quarrelsome and, so far, this has limited its utility. It has therefore been kept only under semidomestication, without intensive breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nene (Branta sandvicensis). A native of the Hawaiian Islands, this is one of the most endangered species on earth. So few specimens are in existence that farming enterprises cannot now be envisaged. Yet, should this bird prove amenable and suitable, the possibility of an economic future could boost efforts to build up its now meager populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus). India and Central Asia. These smallish geese are handsome, dainty, and have a musical horn-like call. They have distinct black bars across the nape, which gives them their popular name. Hand-reared specimens breed well in captivity. Despite heavy hunting they are still abundant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Northern spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis gambensis). Tropical Africa (Senegal to Zimbabwe). This large bird is a ground nester, but it has long bony spurs on the wings that enable it to easily protect its eggs and young from predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Semipalmated (magpie) goose (Anseranas semipalmata). Australia and New Guinea. One of the most aberrant and primitive of all waterfowl, this long-legged sturdy-billed bird has only partially webbed feet. It perches high in trees and has a loud ungooselike whistling call. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE WADDLING WORK FORCE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because geese relish grasses and shun most broad-leafed plants, some enterprising U.S. farmers in the 1950s began using them to rid cotton fields of grassy weeds, which are difficult to kill with herbicides. The geese were put into the fields as soon as the crop came up. A brace of birds kept an acre of cotton weeded; a gaggle of 12 would gobble as many weeds as a hard-working man could clear with a hoe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This method of clearing fields was so effective that by 1960 more than 175,000 geese honked their way across the carefully tended farmland, mainly in the Southwest. Seven days a week, rain or shine, the feathered field hands slaved uncomplainingly from daybreak to dusk, even putting in overtime on moonlit nights. Many toiled so diligently that they worked themselves out of a job.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The geese cleared the fields more cheaply than hoe hands. They left the crop untouched and ate only the succulent young weeds. They did not damage crop roots (as hoes or tractors can), and they were safe and selective, unlike many herbicides. On top of all that they spread fertilizer for the farmer, and ultimately provided him meat for the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eventually, farmers found that geese could be used to weed nearly all broad-leafed crops: asparagus, potatoes, berry fruits, tobacco, mint, grapes, beets, beans, hops, onions, and strawberries, for example. Geese were used in vineyards and fruit orchards to eat both weeds and the fallen fruits that could otherwise harbor damaging insects. They were employed in fields producing trees for the forest industry and flowers for florists shops. Some growers turned goslings loose in cornfields to consume the &quot;suckers&quot; (cone, after all, is a grass) as well as the grain left on the ground. This eliminated the problem of corn as a weed when different crops were later planted in those fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the 1970s when cotton acreage dropped and herbicides selective for the troublesome grasses were developed, the use of geese declined. But today, some organic farmers are returning to the practice. From February to June in the Pacific Northwest, fields are resounding once more to the old-fashioned racket of White Chinese geese. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mature geese are independent creatures. When kept in small flocks and allowed to roam the farmyard or field, they require less attention than any other domestic bird with the possible exception of guinea fowl. In areas where grass is green for much of the year, they can be raised on less grain or concentrated feed than any other domestic fowl.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Durability is one of their most attractive features. Along with ducks, geese seem to be the most resistant of all poultry to disease, parasites, and cold or wet weather. They also do well in hot climates as long as drinking water and deep shade are available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Growth is not only rapid, it is also efficient. If managed properly, goslings can produce I kg of body weight for every 2.25-3.5 kg of concentrated feed consumed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are not usually thought of as prolific layers. However, as noted, some strains of the Chinese breed will yield well over 100 eggs per goose per year. At 140-170 g per egg, that compares favorably with the output of laying chickens. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p112a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are messy and their loud trumpeting is often irritating. However, unless they have been teased or mistreated or if they are nesting or brooding young, they are not aggressive. But kilo for kilo, they are stronger than most animals, and a harassed or angry adult can express its displeasure effectively with powerful bill and pounding wings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Excessive concentrations of geese on ponds or along creeks encourages unsanitary conditions, muddies water, hastens bank erosion, and destroys plant life. Where sanitation is poor, salmonellosis can devastate geese and be transmitted, via meat and eggs, to humans. Coccidiosis and gizzard worm are other infections.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Defeathering geese is more difficult than plucking chickens because there are two coats (feathers and down) to remove.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some situations, geese may need a diet supplement (such as grain) if they are grazing vegetation exclusively. A balance must be struck: too much supplement and they will quit foraging and become too fat; too little and they grow slowly and may suffer malnutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are not fully mature until two years of age. Their overall reproductive rate, therefore, is lower than that of other poultry. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry researchers worldwide should begin studies to clarify the role that geese could play in helping to feed Third World nations. Studies might include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Management practices for tropical areas;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Breeding and management for increased egg production;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Incubation techniques;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutrition supplementation (for example, vitamins, minerals, energy, specific amino acids) needed by grazing geese;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Physiology of digestion and reproduction;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Clarifying the inheritance of various traits;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Genetic selection for specific meat, eggs, growth factors, or disease resistance;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Comparative studies of the relative efficiency (especially of feed utilization) of the various types and breeds for specific climates in underdeveloped countries;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Weeding tropical crops with geese; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Studying diseases and cross-infection with other birds. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.5.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g011a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Third World villages, the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) could become much more valuable than it is today. The bird thrives under semi-intensive conditions, forages well, and requires little attention. It retains many of its wild ancestor's survival characteristics: it grows, reproduces, and yields well in both cool and hot conditions; it is relatively disease free; it requires little water or attention; it is almost as easily raised as chickens and turkeys; and it is a most useful all-round farm bird.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea fowl's potential to increase meat production among hungry countries should be given greater recognition. The birds are widely known in Africa and occur in a few areas of Asia, but they show promise for use throughout all of Asia and Latin America and for increased use in Africa itself. Strains newly created for egg and meat production in Europe - notably in France - show excellent characteristics for industrial-scale production. Also, many semidomestic types in Africa deserve increased scientific assessment as scavenger birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meat from domestic guinea fowl is dark and delicate, the flavor resembling that of game birds. It is a special delicacy, served in some of the world's finest restaurants. Several European countries eat vast amounts. Annual consumption in France, for example, is about 0.8 kg per capita.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl also produce substantial numbers of eggs. In Africa, these are often sold hard-boiled in local markets. In the Soviet Union, they are produced in large commercial operations. In France, guinea fowl strains have been developed that not only grow quickly but lay as many as 190 eggs a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside Europe, virtually all guinea fowl are raised as free-ranging birds. These find most of their feed by scratching around villages and farmyards. Their cost of production is small, and they yield food for subsistence farmers. In Europe, on the other hand, most are raised in confinement, with artificial insemination, artificial lighting, and special feeding. In the main, this is to produce meat for luxury markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl production is beginning to increase all over the world. During the last 20 years, for example, many of Europe's chicken farmers and breeders, wishing to diversify, have switched to this bird. The United States is now studying ways to establish industrial production, and both Japan and Australia are increasing their flocks. Nonetheless, there is still a vast untapped future for this bird.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide. This species is robust and resilient and adapts to many climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are somewhat larger than average scavenger-type chickens: adults weigh up to 2.5 kilograms. They have dark-grey feathers with small white spots. Their heads are bare with a bony ridge (helmet) on top, which makes them look something like vultures. The short tail feathers usually slope downwards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chicks, known as &quot;keels,&quot; resemble young quail. They are brown striped with red beaks and legs. The sexes are indistinguishable until eight weeks of age. After that, the males' larger helmets and wattles and the cries of the different sexes can be identified. Both sexes give a one-syllable shriek, but females also have a two-syllable call.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the chicken, the guinea fowl is a gallinaceous species and possesses the characteristic sternum with posterior notches and a raised &quot;thumb.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among domestic types are pearl, white, royal purple, and lavender. Pearl is the most common, and is probably the type first developed from the wild West African birds. Its handsome feathers are often used for ornamental purposes. The white is entirely white from the time of hatching and has a lighter skin. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p117a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe dominates industrial production. France, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Hungary all raise millions of guinea fowl under intensive conditions, just as they raise chickens. Elsewhere, guinea fowl have become established as a semidomesticated species on small family farms. Native flocks are found about villages and homes in parts of East and West Africa, and free-ranging flocks can be seen in many parts of India, notably Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Madhya Pradesh. During the slavery era, they were introduced from Africa to the Americas to be used for food. In Jamaica, Central America, and Malaysia, the birds have reverted to the wild state and are treated as game.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are abundant; in most places even wild populations are not threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are native to the grasslands and woodlands of most of Africa south of the Sahara where they occupy all habitats except dense forests and treeless deserts. Being native also to temperate South Africa, they appear to have an inherent adaptability to both heat and cold. However, in cool climates, regardless of daylength, they will not begin egg production until temperatures exceed 15ÃC. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl accept many foods: grains, leaves, ant eggs (for which they will tear anthills open), and even carrion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, they lay their first egg at about 18 weeks of age. Unlike many wild birds, which produce a single clutch a year, guinea hens lay continuously until adverse weather sets in.2 Free-range &quot;domestic&quot; guinea hens lay up to 60 eggs a season. And well-managed birds under intensive management lay close to 200. The eggs weigh approximately 40 g. Shells are stronger than those of chickens and are usually brown, but can be white or tinted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea hen goes broody after laying, which can be overcome by removing most of the eggs. A clutch of 15-20 is common. The incubation period is 27 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds never become &quot;tame,&quot; but neither do they leave the premises. Although they stray farther than chickens do, they always return. They like to hide their eggs in a bushy corner, often in hollows scratched in the ground. They can fly, although even in the wild they do not fly far. They prefer to roost on high branches and (unless pinioned) can be hard to catch during the day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although wild guinea fowl live in groups, they are monogamous by nature and tend to bond in pairs. However, in domestication a single male may serve four or more females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, guinea fowl are valuable sources of both meat and eggs. They can also be used to control insect pests on vegetable crops.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are good &quot;watch animals&quot;; they have fantastic eyesight, a harsh cry, and will shriek at the slightest provocation. Their agitation on sighting dogs, foxes, hawks, or other predators have saved the lives of many a chicken, duck, and turkey. They are brave and will attack even large animals that threaten them.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl can be kept in confinement using the methods for raising battery chickens. In this system, breeding stock are housed in cages and artificially inseminated. It gives the best egg production and fertility but requires housing, equipment, and skilled labor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds can also be kept in a semidomestic state in and around the farmyard. In such cases they are penned until they are 12 weeks old. Unaccustomed to foraging for natural food, they constantly return to their artificial food supply. Eventually, however, they learn to subsist by scavenging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds have been called &quot;the worst parents in the world,&quot; and are almost incapable of looking after their keets.5 Because the females are such indifferent mothers, the eggs are best hatched in incubators or under other birds, to avoid the keets' being lost by their natural mothers. In many African countries, eggs are hatched under chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Keets are often kept indoors until they are 3-4 weeks old to protect them from predators and wet weather. Sexual maturity can be delayed to as late as 32 weeks of age by holding the birds in windowless housing and controlling the lighting. This improves egg size and hatchability and reduces early mortality. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GUINEA FOWL AND THE ANCIENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The earliest reference to guinea fowl can be found in murals in the Pyramid of Wenis at Saqqara in Egypt, painted about 2400 B.C. Aviaries were quite fashionable at the time, and wealthy landowners maintained guinea fowl within their walled gardens. A thousand years later, by the time of Queen Hatshepsut (about 1475 B.C.), the junglefowl (the ancestor of the chicken) had arrived, and from then on it was raised on a substantial scale. Records of this period refer to &quot;walk-in&quot; incubators, constructed of mud bricks and heated by cameldung fires. The largest could hold up to 90,000 eggs (mainly from junglefowl but some from guinea fowl) and hatching rates of up to 70 percent were claimed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 400 B.C., guinea fowl were well established on farms in Greece. Later, they rose to importance in ancient Rome. Pliny the elder (in his Natural History, published 77 A.D.) stated that they were the last bird to be added to the Roman menu and that they were in great demand, both eggs and flesh being considered great delicacies. The emperor Caligula offered them as sacrifices to himself when he assumed the title of deity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea fowl then died out in Europe but was reintroduced by the Portuguese navigators returning from their African explorations in the late 1400s. They gave it the name pintada or &quot;painted chicken&quot; and this changed to pintade in French, while the name &quot;Guinea fowl&quot; (fowl from Africa) stayed in English, and gallina de Guinea in Spanish. Coincidentally, guinea fowl and turkeys were both introduced to England between 1530 and 1550, and the English, smitten with the original French misnomers, were left sorting out &quot;Ginny birds&quot; and &quot;Turkey birds&quot; for the remainder of the century. Both birds were adopted with great enthusiasm, and within 150 years they had utterly displaced the peafowl and swan as the major table birds for festive occasions.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adapted from R.H.H. Belshaw, 1985 Guinea Fowl of the World&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with the farmyard chicken the guinea fowl's advantages are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Low production costs;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Premium quality meat;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Greater capacity to utilize green feeds;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Better ability to scavenge for insects and grains;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Better ability to protect itself against predators; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Better resistance to common poultry parasites and diseases (for example, Newcastle disease and fowlpox).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surprisingly, this semidomestic bird, which has been farmed for centuries, retains the characteristics (feather morphology, hardiness, social behavior) of its wild ancestor - even when subjected to the most modern intensive-rearing methods employing battery cages and artificial insemination. Thus, it thrives under semicaptive conditions and needs little special care. The birds forage well for themselves and do not require much attention; their meat is tasty and they produce substantial numbers of eggs. Unlike chickens, they don't scratch to get insects out of the soil, so they are less destructive to the garden.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In backyard production the guinea fowl is supreme, but when produced intensively it costs more to raise than chickens. In Europe, for instance, day-old keets cost about twice as much as day-old broiler chicks. (The major reason is that guinea fowl produce fewer hatching eggs and require a longer feeding period.) Guinea fowl are also more expensive to feed. Their feed conversion (for meat production at the marketing age) is about 3.3-3.6 as compared with a broiler's feed conversion of 1.8-1.9. Moreover, guinea fowl take about twice as long to reach marketable size: they are marketed for meat at age 12-14 weeks, compared with 7-8 weeks for the broilers. Therefore, the selling price of guinea fowl in the Western world is up to twice that of broilers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are nervous and stupid. They can be difficult to catch' and when panicking they can easily suffocate their keets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are susceptible to some of the common diseases of chickens and turkeys. Salmonella is the most prevalent, but others are pullorum disease, staphylococcus, and Marek's disease. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE GUINEA FOWL'S WILD COUSINS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domesticated guinea fowl is descended from just one subspecies of the family's seven known species and numerous subspecies. Some of the others may also have promise as poultry. They, too, generally occur in flocks in bushy grasslands and open forests in Africa. All feed on vegetable matter such as seeds, berries, and tender shoots, and on invertebrates such as slugs. They rarely fly except to roost. They acclimatize well are easy to maintain in captivity, and can survive long periods away from water.** Their disposition is tame and nonaggressive, and they mix well with other birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild subspecies closely related to the domestic guinea fowl that might make future poultry in their own right include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gray-breasted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata). This subspecies is the principal ancestor of domestic guinea fowls. It is found throughout West Africa and probably has many valuable genetic traits. There is much variation in the size and other characteristics among the various individuals. People along the Gambia, Volta, and Niger rivers have long traditions of breeding these birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Tufted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris meleagris). This subspecies is quite large and has black plumage thickly spotted with white dots. It is the probable ancestor of the birds reared in ancient Egypt and in the Roman empire (see page 120). Hill farmers in the southern Sudan sometimes breed them in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Mitred guinea fowl (Numida meleagris mitrata). Probably the most popular game bird in East Africa, this type has a bright blue-green head and red wattles. It was once a common sight in the wild but it has now been decimated by overhunting. It is now most numerous in the Masai lands of Kenya and Tanzania. It has been kept in a semidomesticated form in Zanzibar for several centuries. Zoos and aviaries around the world have imported it, and it has bred well for them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild guinea fowl that are different species from the domestic one but that are still worth considering as potential poultry include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Black guinea fowl (Phasidus niger or Agelastes niger). This bird of the tropical rainforests of West and Central Africa is the size of a small chicken. It has sooty black plumage, a naked head, and a pink or yellow neck. It is seldom hunted because the meat tastes dreadful but this is probably because of a particularly pungent fungus they eat in the forest. Raised on fungus-free forages, these birds are probably very palatable. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Crested guinea hen (Guttera spp.). Three species. These strange-looking birds have a thick mop of inky black feathers above their black, naked faces. Widely distributed in the thickly forested areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Unlike the other species, they prefer the rainforest. They have a musical trumpeting call. At least one species has bred well in Europe. For example, a flourishing colony has been established in the Walsrode Bird Park in Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Vulturine guinea fowl (Acryllium vulturinum). The largest of all guinea fowl, this species is found in parts of Ethiopia, Somalia, and East Africa. One of the most striking looking of all birds, its head is bare and blue, its body black with white spots, and its breast bears long bright cobalt-blue patches on either side. This has been reared as an aviary bird in both Europe and America and might make a useful domesticate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agencies involved in international economic development should undertake guinea fowl assessment trials, evaluations, and coordinated introductions to stimulate programs for small farmers and for industries in dozens of countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeders have been working to improve guinea fowl only since the 1950s. There is a need for more information on growth rate, health, egg production, feed conversion, body weight, carcass yield, laying intensity, fertility, hatchability, and egg weight - especially under free-ranging conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husbandry research should also be directed towards feeds and feeding systems for growing and breeding stock. Other efforts are needed to increase the hatchability of eggs under natural conditions (under guinea hens or surrogate mothers), and to identify the best lighting regimes (both sexual maturity and rate of lay are influenced by changes in daylength).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea fowl that has become an important domesticated bird throughout the civilized world is descended from just one of seven known species in the family. These birds generally occur in flocks in bushy grasslands and open forest in Africa and Madagascar, and some of the others may also have promise as poultry (see sidebar opposite). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.5.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g012a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy (Cairina moschata), a unique ducklike species of the South American rainforest, belongs to a small group of waterfowl that perch in trees. In poultry science, however, it is normally grouped with domestic ducks for lack of a better classification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except in France, Italy and Taiwan muscovies have received little modern research. But their promise can be judged from the fact that they account for 50 percent of the duck meat consumed in France - about 60,000 tons per year - and they are often consumed in Italy and Taiwan as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Third World subsistence farming, muscovies have excellent possibilities. There is probably no better choice for a meat bird that requires minimal care and feed. Tame, quiet, and able to forage for much of their keep, they are inherently hardy, vigorous, and robust. They have heavily fleshed breasts and are highly prized for their meat, which is dark, more flavorful, and less fatty than that of common ducks. An average muscovy gives more meat than a chicken of the same age, and it also survives hot, wet environments better. In addition, muscovies are better parents than the domestic duck. Females are probably the best natural mothers of any poultry species, as measured by their success at incubating their eggs and caring for their young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All in all, this bird deserves more attention than it has received so far in Third World livestock projects. Dispersed around the warm and hot regions of the world, muscovies already exist in small numbers in backyards and villages, much like the domestic chicken in previous centuries. Despite a lack of research, the present unimproved stocks are already impressive meat yielders. Used more widely and more intensively, they could contribute much to poor people's meat supplies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossing the muscovy with the common duck produces a hybrid that combines many of the advantages of both. This cross, known as &quot;mulard,&quot; or &quot;mule duck&quot; in English, is raised in France for its liver and meat and is produced in quantity in Taiwan (see sidebar, page 132). It, too, has a major future role.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies are suitable for use almost anywhere that chickens can be kept. Moreover, their tropical ancestry and inherent robustness give them an advantage in hot and humid climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although a muscovy somewhat resembles a goose, it is one of the greater wood ducks of tropical South America. It was domesticated in pre-Columbian times, most likely in the rainforests of Colombia. Related wild types, looking very much like the muscovy, still occur in South American wetlands, particularly mangrove swamps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males have mature live weights of 5 kg and females about 2.5 kg. Both have broad and rounded wings. The adults have patches of bare skin around the eyes, rather than feathers. Much of this is covered in &quot;caruncles,&quot; which superficially resemble warty outgrowths. The feet have sharp claws. Both sexes raise a crest of feathers when alarmed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is much color variation among the various muscovy populations including types that are called white, colored, black, blue, chocolate, silver, buff, and pied.2 The most common types (they are not considered breeds) are the white and the colored. The white produces a cleaner looking carcass, but the colored is the most popular meat type in France. Its plumage is an iridescent greenish black, except for white forewings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The native range of the muscovy's probable wild ancestor covers much of Central America and northern South America. The domestic form also occurs over most of Latin America - from southern Chile to the northern limits of traditional culture in lowland Mexico - including the Caribbean, where it was present shortly after Columbus landed.3 The birds can be observed among the domestic fowl in the high Andes, for example, and are feral in southern coastal areas of the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carried across the Atlantic, probably in the early 1500s, the domesticated muscovy spread quickly in Europe, and thence to North America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Today, it finds favor with the food-loving French as &quot;canard de Barbarie,&quot; and France has the greatest concentration of muscovies in Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Down the centuries the muscovy became popular in tropical Asia (especially the Philippines and Indonesia) and in China and Taiwan. Throughout Indonesia (where it is known as &quot;entok&quot;) it is popular with villagers for incubating eggs from ducks, geese, and chickens. It is now spreading into Oceania, and has recently gained particular favor in the Solomon Islands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies are also known in Africa and can be found in many villages, especially in West Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not endangered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild muscovies occur mainly along tropical jungle streams, but domestic muscovies are found in many environments from the heat of Central America to the cold of Central Europe. They also tolerate dry conditions, but they thrive best where climates are both hot and wet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies utilize high-fiber feeds better than chickens and common ducks, and eat larger quantities of grass. They also consume other green vegetation and readily snap up any insects they can find. If quality forage is available, only a small daily ration of grain or pellets is required for them to reach peak production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy females normally hatch and raise large broods efficiently. It is not unusual to see them with a dozen or more fragile ducklings in tow - many of them adopted from other species. They bravely protect their young and have been known to beat off cats, dogs, foxes, and other marauders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, muscovies are healthy and live and breed for many years. They suffer few diseases, especially when free ranging. However, they seem to be more susceptible to duck virus enteritis (duck plague) than common ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p129a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While appearing to be slow and lethargic, muscovies can be quick and agile when one tries to catch them. Females are strong fliers and readily clear a standard fence. Males frequently become so ponderous that they cannot get airborne without an elevated perch or the aid of a strong wind. Although they forage over a larger area than chickens, they generally neither decamp nor wander as far as common ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated muscovies are either solitary or live together in small family groups, but sometimes in winter they flock together on bodies of water. They swim and dive well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds seldom make loud noises. A drake's voice resembles a muffled &quot;puff&quot;; females are almost mute. However, both can hiss or make a soft sound not unlike that of sleigh bells.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is polygamous (a young male will try to mate with almost any fowl, including chickens). Mating can occur on land or in water. Males are pugnacious and tolerate no opposition. Because of this, they do not do well in close confinement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A BETTER FLY TRAP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is a voracious omnivore that is particularly fond of insects. For years, some Canadian farmers have sworn that a few muscovies took care of all fly problems on their farms. In 1989, Ontario biologists Gordon Surgeoner and Barry Glofcheskie (see Research Contacts) decided to put this to the test.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting with laboratory trials, the entomologists first put a hungry five-week-old muscovy into a screened cage with 400 living houseflies. Within an hour it had eaten 326. Later, they placed four muscovies in separate cages containing 100 flies each. Within 30 minutes over 90 percent of the insects were gone. It took flypaper, fly traps, and bait cards anywhere from 15 to 86 hours to suppress the populations that much.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moving to fleld tests, the researchers placed pairs of twoyear-old muscovies on several Ontario farms. Videotapes showed the birds snapping at houseflies and biting flies about every 30 seconds and being successful on 70 percent of their attempts. With that efficiency, they achieved 80-90 percent fly control in enclosures such as calf rooms or piggeries. The birds were given only water and had to scavenge for all their food. Females seemed to eat about 10 percent more flies than males, and individuals of any age between eight days and two years were equally effective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds fit the practical needs for farmyard fly control. They stayed close to piglets and calves, to which flies are particularly attracted. They even snatched flies off the hides of resting animals without waking them up. On one farm, the birds huddled between sleeping piglets and were accepted by the sow lying beside them. This was noteworthy because most fly-catching devices (chemical, electrical, or mechanical) must be kept far from animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To the Canadians, the economic advantages are clear. A 35-cow dairy needs $150-$590 worth of chemicals for controlling flies during the fly season; muscovy chicks, on the other hand, cost less than $2 each, eat for free, and can be sold for a profit of 200-400 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The researchers point out that employing muscovies does not eliminate all need for insecticides, but it reduces the amounts required. And muscovies are biodegradable, will not cause a buildup of genetic resistance, and taste better than flypaper. Indeed, their meat is excellent, and the naturally mute birds seldom make any noise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reportedly, muscovies are kept in some houses in South America to control not only flies, but also roaches and other insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is generally raised only for its meat, which is of excellent quality and taste. In stews it is hard to distinguish from pork; cured and smoked it is similar to lean ham.4 The fat content is low.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy eggs are as tasty as other duck eggs, and a muscovy female can supply a large number if she is kept from sitting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are useful for clearing both terrestrial and aquatic weeds.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Down feathers are used, like those of other ducks, in clothing and comforters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies may be raised like common ducks. An ideal grouping is one male to five or six females. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except in Taiwan, France, Hungary, and a few other European countries, they exist predominantly in small flocks in farmyards and village ponds. However, they can be reared under intensive conditions in a shed or pen that is well lighted and equipped with low roosts and bedding. Under such conditions, they may be fed diets recommended for rearing common ducks or given coarse feeds, including whole grain. If chicken rations are used, fresh greens must be provided to avoid &quot;cowboy&quot; legs, a symptom of niacin deficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they thrive in areas where there is abundant water, they do not require access to swimming water. They prefer to nest under cover and will use nesting boxes. A normal clutch size is 9-14 eggs; however, clutches of up to 28 can occur. There may be 4 clutches annually, and (when the hen does not have to brood the ducklings) some muscovies have laid 100 eggs in a year.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The egg weight, which increases with the female's age, ranges from 65 to 85 g. The eggs require 33-35 days to hatch, a week longer than the common duck's. Hatching success of 75 percent or more is common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with domestic ducks early growth is slow, which is perhaps why muscovies have not enjoyed wider industrial use. However, after the slow period they grow rapidly and, because they forage on a broader range of vegetation than common ducks, they can scavenge a large proportion of their diet at little or no cost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When raised intensively, females average 2 kg and males 4 kg at 11-12 weeks of age. Females may reach sexual maturity by 28 weeks of age; males require a month more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE MULE DUCK OF TAIWAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In parts of Europe, hybrids between muscovies and common ducks are reared for fattening. However, Taiwan has made the most outstanding use of this &quot;mule duck.&quot; Thanks in part to this muscovy hybrid, Taiwan's duck industry has grown rapidly in the last decade. The total value of duck products now exceeds $346 million per year. Much of the boom in duck production is due to improved feeding disease control and management systems, but much is also due to the performance of the mule duck. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This hybrid is now Taiwan's major meat-duck breed, and about 30 million are consumed each year. Indeed, the duck industry has been so successful that Taiwan is increasingly exporting frozen duck breast and drumstick meat to Japan. It now provides 24 percent of the duck meat eaten in Japanâ most of it coming from mule ducks. Also, Taiwan is exporting partially incubated mule-duck eggs throughout Southeast Asia. And mule ducks supply most of the raw material for Taiwan's large feather industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan farmers have been producing mule ducks for 250 years, but the recent jump in production is due to the use of artificial insemination to overcome the natural reticence of the different species to mate. Fortunately, artificial insemination is well developed and is a standard part of farming practice in Taiwan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mule ducks are successful because they have less fat than a broiler chicken and they grow faster. Indeed, they can reach a market weight of 2.8 kg at 65 - 75 days of age, depending upon the weather, season, and management. In part, this fast growth is because they are sterile and waste no energy in preparing for a sexual existence or in laying eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The usual cross employs a muscovy male and a domesticduck female. The domestic breeds most employed for muleduck production are White Kaiya (Pekin male x White Tsaiya female), Large White Kaiya (Pekin male x White Kaiya female) and colored Kaiya. Both sexes of the hybrid offspring weigh about the same.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crosses between a muscovy hen and a domestic drake are much rarer (traditionally, this was because of the different mating behavior of the two species, but even with artificial insemination available they are not much used) and the males of these hybrids are much heavier than the females. Females of this cross do lay eggs, but the eggs are small (about 40 g) and their embryos do not develop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are almost 300 duck-breeding farms in Taiwan, annually producing more than 600,000 female domestic ducks for use in producing mule ducks. Some farmers combine duck raising with fish farming. The excrete of 4,000 ducks on one hectare of pond can provide 30,000 tilapia with 20 percent of their feed. It helps the farmer get rid of waste as well as giving him fresh fish to sell. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the muscovy is an extremely good forager and thrives under free-ranging conditions. Unlike other ducks, it grazes on grass and leaves and will maintain itself on pasture. Apparently, it can digest bran and other fibrous feeds better than common ducks can.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The males are larger than all but the largest strains of table duck. They have exceptionally broad, well-muscled breasts and provide one of the leanest meats of any waterfowl.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is apparently more resistant to diseases that regularly decimate other poultry. This is one reason why villagers favored them: when chickens die, muscovies often survive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The female's strong parental qualities help assure the survival of ducklings with a minimum of human intervention. Her ability to incubate and hatch most other poultry eggs is an added advantage to small farmers who have neither the capital to buy, nor the knowledge to operate, artificial incubators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike other ducks, muscovies are not easily alarmed, and fright does not affect their egg production and laying. Indeed, they are so phlegmatic that automobiles can be major causes of death.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they are a tropical species, these birds are much less tolerant of cold than common ducks and require more protection from freezing weather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy's feed conversion is not as good as the chicken's. Also, compared with some other meat-duck breeds, muscovies have a slower rate of growth and require about 4 6 weeks longer to attain maximum development of breast muscles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies can be difficult to handle. If their legs are free, the handler may be badly lacerated by the claws.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although adults have a fair homing ability, muscovies may wander away when local forage is sparse, and young birds may be carried long distances downstream, never to return.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they feed on greenery, they can devastate gardens if the plants are very young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies can be unsuspected carriers of poultry diseases, so that healthy-looking muscovies may infect the other species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry scientists should unite in efforts to advance technical knowledge and public appreciation of this bird. Governments and researchers should begin evaluations of local varieties and their uses and performances. The experiences of France, Italy, Eastern Europe, and Taiwan should be gathered and made available for a worldwide readership.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important that the many muscovy varieties within the countries of Latin America - where the bird has a centuries-long history of domestication - be maintained and studied. Many superior varieties and specimens may be awaiting discovery.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy's nutritional requirements, range and confined systems of management, and disease vulnerability are poorly understood and need study. Especially needed are ways to increase growth rate. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.5.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g013a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons (Columba livia)1 are durable birds that can be raised with little effort. Able to survive in inhospitable climates, they fend for themselves - often ranging over many square kilometers to locate seeds and edible scraps. They have been raised for centuries, especially in North Africa and the Middle East. In parts of North America and Europe, they are produced as a delicacy for the gourmet market. But raising pigeons for food is not nearly as widespread as it could be; indeed, in modern times its potential has hardly been touched. Farmed pigeons are particularly promising as urban microlivestock because they require little space and thrive in cities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young pigeons (squab) grow at a rapid rate. Their meat is finely textured, has an attractive flavor, and is often used in place of game fowl. Tender and easily digested, it commands premium market prices. In many areas, the continuing demand is unfilled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are traditionally raised in dovecotes - &quot;houses&quot; that protect the birds from the elements and from predators. This system allows free-ranging flight and requires almost no human intervention. Dovecotes are a good source of both squab and garden manure, and they continue to be used, especially in Egypt. On the other hand, pigeons can also be raised in confinement - usually in enclosed yards - with all their needs supplied by the farmer. There are, for example, pigeon farms in the United States with up to 35,000 pairs of breeding birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeon production may never rise enough to compete with commercial poultry as a major source of food, but for Third World villages these birds could become a significant addition to the diet as well as a source for substantial supplemental income. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons have small heads, plump, full-breasted bodies, and soft, dense plumage. They weigh from about 0.5 to nearly I kg. A few large breeds (Runts, for instance, which commonly weigh 1.4 kg) are the size of small domestic chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many breeds have been developed for meat production. They produce squab that grow quicker and have larger breasts than unselected birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild ancestor of the common pigeon - domestic, wild, or feral -  is thought to be the rock pigeon or rock dove of Europe and Asia. Today its domestic descendants are bred in virtually every country, and those that have gone feral (reverted to the wild) occur in most of the world's cities and towns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are abundant. However, as with most other domestic species there is concern over the decline and loss of certain breeds. Societies have been organized (notably in the United Kingdom) to preserve rare types.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p138a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Natural habitat of the rock dove ancestor of the domestic pigeon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domestic pigeon can be raised equally well in temperate and tropical zones. Indeed, this adaptable species can be kept anywhere that wild pigeons exist, including arid and humid regions. It should be noted, however, that cold climates do not favor squab production and hot climates promote vermin and disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigeon's natural diet consists mostly of seeds, but includes fruits, leaves, and some invertebrates. Feral pigeons consume a wide array of materials, including insects, bread, meat scraps, weed seeds, and many kinds of spilled grains at mills, wharves, railway yards, grain elevators, and farm fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the first four or five days of life, the young are fed &quot;crop milk.&quot; This substance, common to pigeons and doves,2 is composed of cells from the lining of the crop and is very high in fats and nutritional energy. The phenomenal growth rate of young squab has been attributed to crop milk and to its early replacement (within 8-10 days) with concentrated foods, regurgitated by both parents. The parents feed the squab for about four weeks before pushing it out of the nest to prepare for the next clutch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In domestic birds, sexual maturity (as measured by age at first egg) is reached at 120-150 days. Life span can be 15 years, although growth and egg production decline rapidly after the third year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild pigeons often nest on cliff sides. Domestic pigeons prefer to nest around buildings, in nooks and shelves and under the eaves - that is, in &quot;pigeonholes.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In domestic varieties, the pair-bond often lasts until severe illness or death. Sometimes, however, a vigorous male will &quot;invade&quot; a nest and mate with the females there. Both sexes take nearly equal part in nest building, incubation, and caring for the young. Typically, there are two eggs to a clutch. Eight clutches a year is not uncommon for a breeding pair. The incubation period is 17-19 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike most birds, pigeons drink by inserting their beaks into water and sucking up a continuous draft. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Courtship is characterized by cooing, prancing, and displays of spread, lowered tail feathers. &quot;Bow and coo&quot; exhibitions are unique to pigeons and doves and differ among species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are usually raised exclusively for meat. The squab are harvested just before full feather development and before the youngster has started to fly, usually at 21-30 days of age. At this time the ratio of flesh to inedible parts is highest; once flying begins, the meat becomes tougher. Weight depends upon breed, nutrition, and other factors, but usually ranges from 340 to 680 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are extensively used for scientific research, notably in physiology and psychology. They are also widely kept as pets for plumage and for racing. The pigeon's unique homing ability was recognized in Roman times, and the birds have been trained to return to the dovecote from as far away as 700 km. Even today, homing pigeons are used to carry messages, especially during war.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are easily trained to recognize &quot;home.&quot; The wing feathers are clipped and the birds are fed close to the dovecote; by the time they refledge, their homing instinct has been developed. Alternatively, newly captured pigeons may be trained by confining them to the dovecote for at least one week. At first, a little grain is provided in the morning (this is to ensure the birds will return to the coop). The birds can obtain the rest themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any waterproof house that is easy to clean is suitable for keeping pigeons. Many traditional dovecotes are built of earthenware pots. In Asia and Europe, wooden pigeon towers are generally used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike chickens, pigeons do not prefer communal roosts. Instead, they prefer nesting shelves, of which there should be two for each breeding pair. The shelves are usually placed in dark corners and are fitted with low walls to keep eggs from rolling out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grit is important in the diet, both to provide minerals and to allow the birds to grind feed in their gizzards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commercial squab breeds are often kept permanently in pens, a process that requires care and experience. Growers expect an average of 12-14 squab per pair per year, although much depends on environment and management. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds need fresh water daily and water for bathing at least weekly. Since they feed their young by regurgitation, the adults must have a continuous supply of clean drinking water. Orphan squab can be fed egg yolk until old enough to consume adult feeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like all poultry, confined pigeons must be provided enough supplemental feed to ensure a balanced diet. A mixture of whole grains can be fed for maximum production. It is important that grains be dry and free of mold (pigeons will not thrive on mash). Peas, beans, or similar pulses make good supplements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARRIER PIGEONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most people consider message-carrying pigeons to be a quaint anachronism. But in a few countries (both developed and developing) carrier pigeons are making a comeback, and in the future they may be used routinely once again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New techniques are making this process far more practical than before. For example, in the past the pigeons would be flown in one direction only. They were transported away from home and at the appropriate time released to find their way back. That was very limiting. But it has since been found that pigeons can be trained to carry messages in two directions: flying from one point to another and then back again. They will do it twice a day, and with almost perfect reliability. The key is to place the feeding station at one end and the nest at the other. This limits the pigeon's range, but they still can handle round-trip distances up to 160 km.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a little ingenuity, there is no need for a person to monitor the stations to receive the messages as the bird arrives. One simple technique is to arrange the station with one-way doors - one opening inwards, the other outwards. Placing a bar across the outward door means that the bird cannot get out until someone releases it. Thus the message can always be retrieved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This system has been employed in Puerto Rico and Guatemala, but it could be used almost anywhere. In many parts of the Third World, in particular, there are remote areas with no phones and with hilly, rough terrain where delivering messages can take hours of strenuous travel. Some locations are subject to unexpected isolation by natural calamities or military or terrorist actions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Puerto Rico, for instance, we kept pigeons in a village 32 km from the capital. The pigeons could get downtown in 20-30 minutes. It took us 1.5-2 hours each way by road. What was easy for the birds was a major trip for us. Pigeons carried the villagers' requests for certain foods and medicines. Our contact in the city then sent up the supplies by bus. The birds never let us down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carrier pigeons are useful for more than just flying far and fast. They have been bred for racing and their large pectoral muscles make them excellent meat producers - much better than the common pigeons normally raised for food. A pair of carriers typically will raise 12 - 16 young each year, and those not needed for message carrying can be butchered at 28 days of age - yielding meat that is nutritious and considered a delicacy in many countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Holderread&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Every day on the northwest coast of France, Petit Gendamme, a black and white carrier pigeon, flies on average 23 km between hospitals on his blood delivery route. Trussed in tiny hand-sewn harnesses, he and a flock of carrier pigeons set out (except during the hunting season) with little red tubes of blood secured to their breasts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;It's a simple, effective, and cost-saving transport system,&quot; said Yves Le Henaff, head of the Avranches Hospital laboratory, Cotentin, France, a central blood-testing center that serves a number of isolated medical centers along the coast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The service becomes particularly valuable during the summer tourist rush, when travellers flock to the seashore to visit nearby Mont Saint Michel, crowding the small country roads and increasing the risk of traffic accidents.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds' average flight time between the hospitals of Avranches and Granville, for example, a distance of about 27 km, is 20 minutes, including the time for harnessing up. And with a favorable western wind their best time can reach 11 minutes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While gasoline costs the equivalent of $0. 75 a lifer in France, hospital officials say that a few grains of corn is all it takes to run this operation. According to Le Henaff, who supervises the carrier pigeon operation, the hospital is saving up to $46 a day on gas and auto maintenance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 40-year-old Le Henaff got the idea five years ago from an article in a scientific journal describing a similar experiment in Britain. A year later, he and an associate called on the local seamstress to design a light harness that could hold a tube, which, when filled, weighs approximately 39 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The flock now consists of 40 veteran fliers and 20 carrier pigeons in training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And what if the winged creatures stray en route? Le Henaff has devised a fall-back option: two pigeons carry two different test tubes containing the same blood sample.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds fly every day of the year with the exception of the three-month autumn hunting season. Since the beginning of the experiment four years ago, there have been two casualties. Le Henaff believes the birds probably met their fate in some Normand's oven.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sometimes weather is a factor, and heavy fog can keep the delivery team grounded.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, the new job seems to benefit the pigeons, too. Unlike sickly city pigeons, whose average life span is about four years, well-cared-for carrier pigeons can live up to 15 years, Le Henaff said. &quot;And how many people do you know who are willing to stay with the same outfit for that long?&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sabine Maubouche&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;December 2, 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under extensive conditions - where the birds are released each day to feed themselves - almost no land is needed. Under intensive conditions, where the birds spend their lives in confinement, a mere half hectare can be enough space to raise 2,000 pairs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free-ranging pigeons forage over a wider area than most domestic fowl because they fly out to find their feed. Nutrient requirements3 are similar to those of chickens and other fowl (making allowance for the energy needed for flying), so commercial feed and other supplements - if needed at all - are generally available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In dovecote culture, pigeons require little or no handling. They brood the young with little intervention. Although not continuous, the production of meat from these fast-growing, rapidly reproducing birds is more sustained than with most livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost nowhere are there taboos against consuming pigeon meat. Prices received for squab are normally high, and in most places the demand is constant. The only limitation in some areas is the absence of an effective market, which is usually easy to create.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Squab contains a larger proportion of soluble protein and a smaller proportion of connective tissue than most meats and is therefore good for invalids and people with digestive disorders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As many hobbyists can testify, raising pigeons can be gratifying.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are subject to few diseases. However, worms, lice, diarrhea (coccidiosis), canker (trichomoniasis), and salmonella (paratyphoid) occur at some time in most domestic breeds. Salmonella exists in low levels in most flocks and will flare up if birds are stressed. Treatments recommended for domestic chickens are usually suitable for pigeons. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By flying over a wide area and eating grains and other foods, pigeons can cause conflicts with farmers. Indeed, in the 13th century the aristocracy's pigeons became a major grievance of the peasants who saw their seed devoured. On the other hand, &quot;croppers&quot; (breeds with large crops) were developed to steal grain from the lord's fields. The pigeon returned home and his crop was emptied of the grain, which was used by the peasant to make bread.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds can become nuisances. They leave droppings in annoying places, some people find them too noisy, and a few people are severely allergic to &quot;pigeon dust.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Every conceivable type of predator can be expected; therefore, precautions must be taken. The dovecote must be well protected against rats, which are the principal enemy of the eggs and the squabs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nesting birds need a high-protein diet to raise squab at the high rates of gain that are possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry researchers should study the increased role pigeons might play in Third World economic development. Nothing comparable to the sophisticated selection employed with the domestic chicken has so far been attempted. Given such attention the gains could be great.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among pressing research needs are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Breeding. This needs to be better understood. For example, the effects of hybridization and inbreeding need clarification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Environmental limits. Little work has been done outside the temperate regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Diseases. These deserve increased attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also the potential of &quot;dovecotes&quot; for wild pigeons. Numerous local species are well adapted to local conditions, and these deserve to be tested for &quot;domestication.&quot;4 Many wild species quickly lose their fear of man, and in time they can even become too fat to fly. Wild pigeons are already found throughout the humid tropics and are trapped for meat and rearing in New Guinea and other places. They are already an important food source for many subsistence farmers and shifting cultivators, and with some dovecote management could provide a greater, more dependable source of food and income. The potential for domesticating local pigeon species, especially those suited to the tropics, deserves exploration. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.5.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g014a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native to Asia and Europe, quail' (Coturnix coturnix2) have been farmed since ancient times, especially in the Far East. They reproduce rapidly and their rate of egg production is remarkable. They are also robust, disease resistant, and easy to keep, requiring only simple cages and equipment and little space. Yet they are not well known around the world and deserve wider testing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are so precocious that they can lay eggs when hardly more than 5 weeks old. It is said that about 20 of them are sufficient to keep an average family in eggs year-round. Quail eggs are very popular in Japan, where they are packed in thin plastic cases and sold fresh in many food stores. They are also boiled, shelled, and either canned or boxed like chicken eggs. Quail eggs are excellent as hors d'oeuvres and they also are used to make mayonnaise, cakes, and other prepared foods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In France, Italy, the United States, and some countries in Latin America (Brazil and Chile, for example) as well as throughout Asia, it is the meat that is consumed. It is particularly delicious when charcoal broiled. One company in Spain annually processes 20 million quail for meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the domesticated strains seem to have originated in China, and migrating Chinese carried them throughout Asia. Today, millions of domestic quail are reared in Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indochina, Philippines, and Malaysia, as well as in Brazil and Chile. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commercial production is carried out, as in the chicken industry, in specialized units involving hatcheries, farms, and factories that process eggs and meat. However, quail have outstanding potential for village and &quot;backyard&quot; production as well. It is this aspect that deserves greater attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail come in various sizes. The smaller types are used for egg production, whereas the larger ones are better for meat. Adult females of improved meat strains may weigh up to 500 g. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several color varieties. However, mature females are characterized by a tan-colored throat and breast, with black spots on the breast. Mature males, which are slightly smaller than females, have rusty-brown throats and breasts. All mature males have a bulbous structure, known as the foam gland, located at the upper edge of the vent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the United States, the Pharaoh strain is the bird of choice for commercial production. Other available strains tend to be bred more for fancy than for food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail eggs are mottled brown, but some strains have been selected for white shells. These eggs are often preferred by consumers and are easier to candle (the process of holding eggs up to a light to check for interior quality and stage of incubation). An average egg weighs 10 g - about 8 percent of the female's body weight. (By comparison, a chicken egg weighs about 3 percent of the hen's body weight.) Quail chicks weigh merely 5-6 g when hatched and are normally covered in yellowish down with brown stripes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ancestral wild species is widely distributed over much of Europe and Asia as well as parts of North Africa. Although domestic quail are now available almost everywhere, Japan is probably the world leader in commercial production; quail farms are common throughout its central and southern regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not endangered. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p149a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are hardy birds that, within reasonable limits, can adapt to many different environments. However, they prefer temperate climates; the northern limit of their winter habitat is around 38ÃN.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A quail's diet in the wild consists of insects, grain, and various other seeds. To thrive and reproduce efficiently in captivity, it needs feeds that are relatively high in protein.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The females mature at about 5-6 weeks of age and usually come into full egg production by the age of 50 days. With proper care, they will lay 200-300 eggs per year, but at that rate they age quickly. The life span under domestic conditions can be up to 5 years. However, second-year egg production is normally less than half the first year's, and fertility and hatchability fall sharply after birds reach 6 months of age, even though egg and sperm production continue. Thus, the commercial life is only about a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crosses between the wild and domestic stocks produce fertile hybrids. Repeated backcrossing to either wild quail or domestic quail is successful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only females hatch the eggs and raise the chicks. Males go off and court other females when their partners begin the nesting process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail eggs taste like chicken eggs. They are often served hard boiled, pickled, fried, or scrambled. Because of their size they make attractive snacks or salad ingredients. They provide an alternative for some people who are allergic to chicken eggs. On frying, the yolk hardens before the albumen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail meat is dark and can be prepared in all of the many ways used for chicken. The two meats are similar in taste, although quail is slightly gamier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its hardiness, small size, and short life cycle, quail are now commonly used as an experimental animal for biological research and for producing vaccines - especially the vaccine for Newcastle disease, to which quail are resistant. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many fanciers and hobbyists have also become interested in raising this adaptable species as a pet. Science teachers find it an excellent subject for classroom projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;QUAIL IN JAPAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some areas of Japan, quail are widely raised for their eggs and meat. However, Japanese originally valued the quail as a songbird. Tradition has it that about 600 years ago people began to enjoy its rhythmic call. In the feudal age, raising song quail became particularly popular among Samurai warriors. Contests were held to identify the most beautiful quail song and birds with the best voices were interbred in closed colonies. Even photostimulation was practiced to induce singing in winter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Around 1910, enthusiastic breeders produced the present domestic Japanese quail from the song quail. It was created as a food source and became a part of Japanese cuisine. During World War II it was almost exterminated, but Japanese quail breeders restored it from the few survivors and from birds imported from China. The original song quail, however, were lost. In the 1960s, commercial quail flocks rapidly recovered and Japan's quail population again reached its prewar level of about 2 million birds. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A QUAIL IN EVERY POT: AN OLD DELICACY FINDS A NEW PUBLIC&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For centuries, quail were considered a great delicacy: a dish that only eminent chefs would cook and diners with an appreciative palate could enjoy. These small migratory birds, which are found in one variety or another throughout the world, were available until recently almost exclusively to hunters in the wild.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But now quail are in danger: in danger of becoming commonplace.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the last few years, quail have gone from being rarefied to a supermarket specialty item. They are on menus in the most elegant restaurants and the most casual cafes and bistros.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Why so much interest?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are now available semi-boneless, which makes them faster and easier to cook, and easier to eat as well. The breastbones are removed by hand before the birds are packaged and shipped to stores. The bones in the wings and legs remain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A stainless-steel V-shaped pin - invented and patented by a restaurant chef who wanted a way to keep quail flat for grillingâ is inserted into the breast. The pin can be left there throughout cooking and removed just before serving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While whole quail might require 45 minutes to cook, the semi-boneless variety can be grilled in less than 10 minutes, or pan-roasted, braised or sauteed in less than 20 minutes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The flavor of farm-raised quail has also helped bring them into the mainstream. Most farm-raised quail have tender meat like the dark meat of chicken, whose flavor is enjoyed by many people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And at a time when people are searching for foods, specifically animal protein, with low fat and cholesterol, quail fills the bill. The Agriculture Department says that quail skin has about 7 percent fat, about the same as dark meat of roasted chicken without the skin.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Judith Banrett Adapted from The New York Times &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;June 21, 1989&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is necessary to keep quail in battery cages on wire floors because males secrete a sticky foam (from the foam gland) with their feces; on a solid floor, this adheres to the feet and collects dung, leading to crippling and breakage of eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult quail can live and produce successfully if they are allowed 80 cm2 of floor space per bird. However, for reproduction about twice that is needed to allow for mating rituals.3 If properly mated, high fertility rates and good egg hatchability can be expected. To obtain fertile eggs, one male is needed for roughly six females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eggs hatch in about 17 days. Chicks require careful attention. Brooding temperatures of between 31 C and 35 C  are needed for the first week and above 21 C for the second week. From the second week on, chicks can survive at room temperature. (These temperatures are similar to those required for common chickens.) In cold climates, supplemental heat may be needed as well as protection from cool drafts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clean water must be provided at all times, with care taken to prevent the chicks from drowning in their water troughs. Shallow trays, jar lids, or pans filled with marbles or stones may be used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail production can be started with little money. These easy-care birds can be housed in small, simple, inexpensive cages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, they are resistant to Newcastle disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SIX OF ONE, HALF A DOZEN OF THE OTHER&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that chickens can be crossed with quail has been known for some time, but there has been little attempt to develop the fertile hybrids. Now Malaysia has begun a project aimed at producing a new poultry bird - a cross between a cockerel and a hen quail. Zainal Abidin bin Mohd Noor, of the Department of Veterinary Services in Kuala Lumpur, is creating a strain that produces eggs of good quality and meat with the flavor of both parents. The new bird is intermediate in size between chicken and quail which is convenient because it is about right for an individual helping.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The crossbreeding is done through artificial insemination. The progeny exhibit a range of appearances, sizes, and plumage colors, depending on the strains of cockerel and quail hens used. In the Malaysian research, cockerels have been local Ayam Kampung Bantam, Hybro, and Golden Comet hybrids. The quails have been local inbred Japanese quail (IJQ) and imported meat strain quail (IMSQ).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The trials show that the hybrids derived from the IMSQ flocks grew faster and bigger than those from the IJQ cross. The best have been the Hybro x IMSQ crosses, which weigh 475 g at 10 weeks of age. The best of the IJQ group weighed 290 g during the same period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This type of &quot;tropical game hen&quot; might be a way to introduce hybrid vigor into poultry production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The researchers who developed the hybrid have named it the &quot;yamyuh.&quot; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although generally disease resistant, quail are affected by several common poultry diseases, including salmonella, cholera, blackhead, and lice. They also suffer epidemic mortality from &quot;quail disease&quot; (ulcerative enteritis), which can, however, be controlled with antibiotics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail seem to require more protein than chickens, and produce best when given feed that is fairly high in protein.4 However, they also perform satisfactorily when fed rations designed for turkeys. They have high requirements for vitamin A, which they do not store.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are not suitable as free-ranging &quot;scavengers.&quot; They must be kept confined, which is a major constraint. Unlike chickens or pigeons, they have no homing instinct and will not remain on a given site; if released, they will be lost. In addition, since they nest on the ground, they are highly susceptible to predation; they must be protected, especially where certain animals, the mongoose for example, are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Artificial incubation is essential. Natural incubation using the female is futile; the females do not go broody and rarely incubate their eggs. The shells are extremely thin, but the eggs can be incubated under a small chicken hen, such as a bantam.5 The eggs are also subject to minute fractures. However, the shell membrane is extremely tough and unfertilized eggs are generally unaffected, but the cracks cause fertilized embryos to dehydrate and die. This is a serious limitation. Whenever quail husbandry is introduced, artificial incubation should be included.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail deserve to be included in all poultry research aimed at helping the Third World. Through its international scientific program, Japan, in particular, could apply to developing nations its vast experience with quail farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiences with quail in the tropics (for example, Japanese farmers in the Amazon Basin) and in tropical highlands (for instance, in India, Nepal, or Central Africa) should be collected and assessed to improve understanding of the environmental limits to Third World quail farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cooperation between commercial and laboratory quail breeders should be encouraged. Mutants found at the commercial level would be useful for laboratory work. Conversely, introducing new stocks could help the farmer. In both cases, more genetic diversity might also lead to the production of hybrid vigor, and genetic variability would be conserved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sex-linked genes, if they can be found, would be useful to the commercial quail breeder for the rapid sexing of newly hatched chicks. This could lead to more efficient production techniques, like those in the chicken industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although virtually all work to date has been on the Japanese quail, other species and subspecies warrant research and testing. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.5.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g015a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is well-known in North America and Europe, but in the rest of the world, especially in developing countries, its potential has been largely overlooked. Partly, this is because chickens are so familiar and grow so well that there seems no reason to consider any other poultry. Partly, it is because modern turkeys have been so highly bred for intensive production that the resulting birds are inappropriate for home production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, there is a much wider potential role for turkeys in the future. There are types that thrive as village birds or as scavengers, but these are little known even to turkey specialists. These primitive types are probably the least studied of all domestic fowl; little effort has been directed at increasing their productivity under free-ranging conditions. However, they retain their ancestral self-reliance and are widely used by farmers in Mexico. That they are unrecognized elsewhere is a serious oversight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native to North America, the turkey was domesticated by Indians about 400 BC, and today's Mexican birds seem to be direct descendants.' Unlike the large-breasted, modern commercial varieties, they mate naturally and they retain colored feathers and a narrow breast configuration. Their persistence in Mexico after 500 years of competition with other poultry highlights their adaptability, ruggedness, and usefulness to people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds complement chicken production. They are able to thrive under more arid conditions, they tolerate heat better, they range farther, and they have higher quality meat. Also, the percentage of edible meat is much greater than that from a chicken. Turkey meat is so low in fat that in the United States, at least, it is making strong inroads into markets that previously used chicken exclusively. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkeys are natural foragers and can be kept as scavengers. Indeed, they thrive best where they can rove about, feeding on seeds, fresh grass, other herbage, and insects. As long as drinking water is available, they will return to their roost in the evening.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appreciation for the turkey could rise rapidly. Interest already has been shown by several African nations. A French company has created a strain of self-reliant farm turkeys and is exporting them to developing countries.2 Researchers in Mexico are displaying increased interest in their national resource. And as knowledge and breeding stock continue to be developed, it is likely that village turkeys will become increasingly popular around the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modern turkey breeding has been so dominated by selection for increased size and muscling that commercial turkeys have leg problems and cannot mate naturally (they are inseminated artificially). These highly bred birds are adapted for large-volume intensive production, and must be raised with care. As noted, this chapter emphasizes the more self-reliant, less highly selected turkeys found in Mexico and a few other Latin American countries. They do not require artificial insemination, and with little attention can care for themselves and their young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fully grown &quot;criollo&quot; turkeys of Mexico are less than half the size of some improved strains. Males weigh between 5 and 8 kg; females, between 3 and 4 kg.3 They vary in color from white, through splashed or mottled, to black. The skin of the neck and head is bare, rough, warty, and blue and red in color. A soft fleshy protuberance at the forehead (the snood) resembles a finger. In males it swells during courtship. The front of the neck is a pendant wattle. A bundle of long, coarse bristles (the beard) stands out prominently from the center of the breast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The unimproved domestic turkey is essentially limited to central Mexico and scattered locations throughout nearby Latin American countries. Some village birds are also kept in India, Egypt, and other areas, but these are descended from semi-improved strains exported from North America and Europe in earlier times. Generally speaking, few turkeys are found in tropical countries outside Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated turkeys are not endangered; there are estimated to be about 124 million in the world. However, the wild Mexican varieties, ancestors to the first domesticated turkeys sent to Europe, may now be endangered since their distribution in southwestern Mexico has been greatly reduced. Certainly, some primitive domestic strains in the uplands of central Mexico are also being depleted. A separate type, independently domesticated by the Pueblo Indians of the southwestern United States, seems to have disappeared entirely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkeys can be reared virtually anywhere. Their natural habitat is open forest and wooded areas of the North American continent, but in Mexico they are raised from sea level to over 2,000 m altitude, from  rainforest to desert, and from near-temperate climates to the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p159a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The original distribution of the turkey and the occellated&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The range of diet is broad. Turkeys eat greens, fruits, seeds, nuts,  grasses, berries, roots, insects (locusts, cicadas, crickets, and  grasshoppers, for example), worms, slugs, and snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction is generally seasonal and is stimulated by increasing  daylength. (A minimum daylength of 12 hours is required.) The birds  can reach sexual maturity at six months of age and may start breeding at  this time. Ten days after first mating, the hen searches out a nest and  commences laying. Industrial birds in temperate climates lay, on  average, 90 eggs a year. The nondescript type of turkey in the tropics  seldom lays more than 20 small eggs (weighing about 60 am) before  going broody.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic turkeys walk rather than fly, and find almost all their food  on the ground. They can, however, fly short distances to avoid  predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The commercial birds have lost many abilities for survival in the wild;  they can no longer exist without human care. However, village types  can do well with little management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkeys prefer to make their own nests but can be induced to lay in a  convenient spot if provided with nest boxes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are raised almost exclusively for meat. In many countries,  they are a treat for holidays, birthdays, and weddings. In their native  range of Mexico and Central America, the &quot;unimproved&quot; birds are  usually produced as a cash crop for market. They receive little care or  feed, and thus they are almost all profit - providing a significant income  supplement to many rural homes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The principles of turkey management (nutrition, housing, rearing' and prevention of disease, for example) are basically the same as those for other poultry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mexico, turkeys are usually kept under free-ranging conditions around houses and villages. Some shelter and kitchen scraps are occasionally provided. A number of them, however, are confined in backyards as protection from marauders and for shelter against rain and wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One male can service up to 12 females. Roomy nests are needed. (As a rule, turkeys require three times the space occupied by chickens.) Most range turkeys are corralled when they begin to lay, so as to protect them from predators. Eggs may be gathered to prevent broodiness and thereby increase production. The eggs may be kept for several days (cool, but not refrigerated) if turned daily, and then may be placed under a chicken hen. (A setting chicken can be used this way to hatch up to nine eggs at a time.) Hatching takes 28 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As in other birds, newly hatched turkeys (poults) must be kept warm during the first weeks of life. Until they begin foraging and have full access to pasture they are usually fed broken grain or fine mash, as well as finely chopped, tender green feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although free-ranging turkeys are simple to raise, confined turkeys require more complex management. The birds need uncrowded, well ventilated conditions and should be on a wire or slatted floor to reduce parasitic infections. Any feeds recommended for chicks are suitable, but the protein content should be somewhat higher; that is, about 27 percent. They can be fed mixed grains, corn, and chopped legume hay. It may be necessary to provide vitamin supplements and antibiotics and take steps to prevent coccidiosis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;AN INCOMPARABLY FINER BIRD&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The turkey was domesticated in Mexico some time before the Conquest. It is the one and only important domestic animal of North American origin. When the Spanish arrived, they found barnyard turkeys in the possession of Indians in all parts of Mexico and even in Central America. However, the Aztecs and the Tarascans, originating in west-central Mexico, seemed to have achieved the highest development of turkey culture, and it is probable that turkeys were domesticated in the western highlands, perhaps in Michoacan. Wild turkeys of that region are morphologically very similar to the primitive domestic bronze type. Both the Aztecs and Tarascans kept great numbers of the birds, including even white ones. They paid royal tribute to their respective kings in turkeys, according to the Relacion de Michoacan. The Tarascan king fed turkeys to the hawks and eagles in his zoo. The economy of some highland tribes was based on the cultivation of corn and the raising of turkeys.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Starker Leopold&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE INDUSTRIAL TURKEY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The modern domesticated turkey is thought to be descended from two differing wild subspecies, one found in Mexico and Central America and the other in the United States. The southern type is small, whereas the U.S. native is larger and has a characteristic bronze plumage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexican turkeys were exported to Europe soon after the Conquest, and spread rapidly. In the 17th century, some were returned to North America, where they interbred with the eastern subspecies of wild turkey, producing a heavier bird, which was then re-exported to Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These types underwent little change until this century, when the Englishman Jesse Throssel bred them for meat quality. In the 1920s, he brought his improved birds to Canada, where their large size and broad breasts quickly made them foundation breeding stock. Crossed with the narrow-breasted North American types, these heavily muscled meat birds quickly supplanted other varieties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;About the same time, the U.S. Department of Agriculture began the scientific development of a smaller meat turkey derived from a more diverse genetic base. By the 1950s, the Beltsville Small Whites predominated in the home consumption market in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds are efficient and generally take care of themselves. They tolerate dry, hot, or cold climates and forage farther than chickens. They are large, fast growing, highly marketable, low in fat, and tasty. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE TURKEY'S TROPICAL COUSIN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ocellated turkey (Agriocharis ocellata) occurs in Yucatan, Guatemala, and Belize. It is much like the common turkey in size, form, and behavior: however, unlike the common turkey, which in Mexico lives in the high mountain pine and oak forests, the ocellated turkey inhabits bushy, semiforested lowlands. This splendid bird lacks the kind of beard sported by the common turkey gobbler, is generally more metallic in appearance, and has brighter coppery colors. The chief character is a neck and head that are bare, blue, and profusely covered with coral-colored pimples. It also has a yellow-tipped protuberance growing on the crown between the eyes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is worthy of investigation by poultry researchers because it might prove to be domesticable. It was possibly domesticated by the Mayas, whose ruins often include appropriately sized stone enclosures whose soil has elevated levels of phosphorus and potassium. Even today, in the rural Peten area of Guatemala, ocellated turkeys are sometimes kept around houses as scavengers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young birds are readily affected by temperature changes and must be protected from the sun as well as from sudden chills, such as may occur at night. They are particularly susceptible to dampness, especially if associated with cold. One peculiarity is the turkey's aversion to any change in feeding routine or the nature of the food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young turkeys are susceptible to parasitic infestation as well as to the same type of bacterial and virus diseases as chickens (for example, fowlpox and coccidiosis). Blackhead, a devastating disease of young turkeys, is carried by a common parasitic nematode, and can be contracted from chickens. Medicines are available to prevent or treat most disease and pest problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkey development is almost nonexistent in the Third World (and much of the rest of the world, too). Although commercial turkeys are highly developed in some countries, little or no research has been conducted on the criollo turkey. Research on physiology, disease, and husbandry of the criollo turkey should be given high priority.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need for conservation of genetic variability is perhaps more critical in this species than in almost any other domesticated animal. The unimproved types in Mexico should be collected and assessed, and a program to conserve the stocks should be initiated. An analysis should also be made of the traditional management and performance of these birds. In addition, the four or five recognized turkey subspecies should be evaluated for their potential as seed stock for Third World countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.5.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g016a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several preceding chapters have discussed the possibilities of domesticating certain wild birds.l Here, briefly, are highlighted other wild species with qualities that might make them suitable for sustained production. It should be understood that their practical use in the long run is pure speculation; they are included here merely to guide those interested in exploring the farthest frontiers of livestock science.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collectively, poultry have become the most useful of all livestockâ and the most widespread. Yet only a handful of species are employed. Of the 9,000 bird species, only a few (for instance, chickens, ducks, geese, muscovies, pigeons, and turkeys) have been domesticated for farm use. Strictly speaking, all birds are edible - at least none have poisonous flesh - so it seems illogical to conclude that these are the only likely candidates. Perhaps they are not even the best.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At first sight there may seem to be little need for new species, but poultry meat is in ever increasing demand and there are many niches where the main species are stricken by disease, or are afflicted by heat, humidity, altitude problems, or other hazards. For these areas, a new species might become a vital future resource. Perhaps some could even become globally important. The modern guinea fowl, for example, is a relative newcomer as a worldwide resource (see page 120).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds now used as poultry were domesticated centuries ago by people unaware of behavior modification, nutrition, genetics, microbiology, disease control, and the other basics of domestication. Today we can tame species that they couldn't. In particular, the new understanding of &quot;imprinting&quot; may make the domestication of birds easier today than ever before. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this highly speculative concept, the birds described on the following pages are worth considering. They all eat vegetation and tend to live in flocks, which makes them likely to be easy to feed and to keep in crowded conditions. Most are sedentary, nonmigratory, and poor fliers. All but three (tinamous, sand grouse, and trumpeters) are gallinaceous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gallinaceous birds are already the most important to people. The best known are chickens, turkeys, quail, and guinea fowl. But there are about 240 other species. Most are chickenlike: heavy bodied with short, rounded wings, and adapted for life on the ground. Although some are solitary, many are sociable. Basically vegetarian, they also eat insects, worms, and other invertebrates. The young birds are extremely precocious, walking and feeding within hours of hatching. All of these are advantageous traits for domestication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Game birds are also emphasized here. Many today are considered gourmet delights, and this should give them a head start in the marketplace. Indeed, some are already being raised in a small way on game farms and are at least partly on the way to domestication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHACHALACAS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These brownish birds (Ortalis vetula and nine other species) are found throughout Central and South America, and, given research, could possibly be raised on a large scale. A sort of &quot;tropical chicken,&quot; they tame easily, live together in dense populations, and protect their chicks extremely well. They commonly scavenge around houses and people often put out scraps to feed them.2 The chicks are easily hatched, grow fast, and can be fed standard chicken rations.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is already considerable demand for these birds. Everywhere they are found, they are prized as food. In some areas they constitute the single most important game species, and are heavily hunted to supply local communities. Although they have less meat than a chicken, it is tastier and darker.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chachalacas are very adaptable. They occur mainly around forest edges and thrive in the thickets that appear after tropical forests have been felled. They do well close to humans, and their populations are not threatened, despite much hunting. Indeed, they seem well adapted to existence around villages and towns. Although not strong fliers, they are one of the few tree-roosting gallinaceous species. Primarily fruit eaters, they also consume tender leaves, twigs, and buds, and they scratch up the ground, presumably for insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although excitable and noisy, chachalacas become remarkably tame when fed by people. In a few cases, full domestication has almost been reached. Farmers like to have chachalacas around and have even used them to guard domestic chickens. These very raucous and fearless birds will take on all potential threats, even weasels.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GUANS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Close relatives of the chachalacas, guans5 are glossy black birds about the size of small geese. They are highly gregarious and perhaps could be raised in larger numbers. They commonly live around houses, farms, and settlements in their native region of tropical America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike most game birds, guans are chiefly tree dwellers, but they also feed on the ground. Some 12 species are known. All are relentlessly hunted for food and sport - their tameness and inability to fly far or fast making them easy targets. The rapid destruction of tropical forests threatens their populations in some parts of their range. Conservation projects and specific plans of action are being proposed for the most threatened species. Perhaps for the other species, game-ranching projects or even outright domestication might provide just the right incentive for their protection and multiplication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CURASSOWS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Curassows are also relatives of guans and chachalacas, but they are even larger - up to 1 m tall and 5 kg in weight. At least seven species are found over the vast area from northern Mexico to southern South America.6 Among them are Latin America's finest game birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It might be possible to produce curassows in organized farming or ranching. They are commonly called &quot;tropical turkeys&quot; because they look like and run like turkeys. Indeed, Latin Americans normally refer to them as &quot;pavos&quot; or &quot;pavones,&quot; as if they were the real thing. Their plumage ranges from deep blue to black, invariably with a purple gloss, and all have rather curly crests on their heads. They are not good fliers and spend most of their time on the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Curassows are increasingly hunted; their tropical forest habitat is shrinking, and the subsequent loss of populations is a calamity. They are special targets, not only because they are large but also because their light-colored flesh makes exceptional eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is hope that these large wild fowls can be raised and managed in organized programs. Even now, people commonly keep them around their farms and villages. For example, on a number of Venezuelan ranches, yellow-raped curassows can be seen wandering around the cattle yards as if they were chickens.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOREST BIRD RANCHING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has intentionally focused on intensive farming - the type where people bring feed to animals in captivity. However, where this normal type of farming is of marginal value, `'ranching'' free-ranging birds may often be a more effective option. In this, the farmer simply monitors and improves the condition of the range and devises methods to harvest the birds on a sustainable basis. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Bird ranching&quot; may today have outstanding merit, particularly in tropical rainforests. Hence, in this chapter we emphasize birds of the jungle. These might help make standing rainforests profitable producers of income, and thereby provide economic incentives to stop felling trees for cow pastures. Indeed, forest birds might become part of a whole new &quot;salvation farming'' that makes forests more valuable than fields. It is a technique that may contribute to preserving both bird life and its vitally valuable habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MEGAPODES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Megapodes (family Megapodiidae) include some of the world's most interesting birds. They have temperature-sensitive beaks and employ nature's own heat sources as incubators. The best-known species build piles of leaves and use the heat of decomposition to incubate their eggs. The species of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, however, take advantage of sun-warmed sand or even geothermal activity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People have long revered these birds. Aborigines in Australia, Melanesians in New Guinea, and many Micronesians all protect the bizarre nesting sites, and &quot;farm&quot; them for eggs. Local people consider the large eggs special delicacies, and sometimes the egg-laying sites are owned and exploited for generations without a single bird being killed for food.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Programs that provide sustainable supplies of eggs have been established in Papua New Guinea. One is near Mt. Tovarvar, a simmering volcano on the island of New Britain. Here, megapodes gather in large numbers to lay eggs in the hot sands. They dig until they locate sand that is exactly 32.7ÃC, before laying their huge (more than 10 cm long and 6 cm wide) pink eggs. Each year the villagers dig up some 2O,OOO eggs, which are an important source of protein and cash income. The government now regulates the harvest in a way that protects the bird population while supplying a nourishing food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Megapodes are found in only a few parts of the world, but projects such as those in Papua New Guinea provide hope and guidance not only for the sustainable &quot;ranching&quot; of megapodes, but also for other species elsewhere. Many wild birds yield locally important productsâ down, colored feathers, eggs, meat, and skins, and they make excellent songbirds and pets, for example. Their management on a sustainable basis may in certain cases be the key to turning local people into the most dedicated conservationists of all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PARTRIDGES AND FRANCOLINS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Partridges include many small game birds native to the Old World. They are robust, precocious, and larger than quails. Some lay many eggs - the European partridge, for example, lays up to 26 in a clutch. Newly hatched chicks are soon able to feed themselves and can fly within a few weeks, sometimes even within the first few days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species that may make useful poultry include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The European (or gray) partridge (Perdix perdix); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The rock partridge (Alectoris), bantamlike birds of Africa; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The chukar (A. graeca). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A native of the vast area from southeastern Europe to India and Manchuria, the chukar is stocked as a game bird in many countries. It is now produced routinely under poultrylike husbandry in many parts of the United States, not only for hunting clubs, but also for expensive food markets. The birds are generally raised on turkey rations and dress out at about 500 g after 18 weeks. They sell for more than broiler chickens and are a profitable sideline for increasing numbers of poultry farmers.9&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A group of closely related birds are the francolins (genus Francolinus), of which there are 34 species in Africa and 5 in West and South Asia. These adaptable birds are sturdy, live in a variety of habitats, and tend to be rather noisy. Basically, they are partridges with leg spurs. They are highly regarded as a food source and are hunted and trapped wherever they are found.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Francolins are much like quail, but are several times larger. Arabs introduced one of the most beautiful species (Francolinus francolinus) into southern Spain, Sicily, and Greece during the Middle Ages. However, it was hunted so heavily that it soon became extinct in Europe. More recently, francolins have been introduced to the Soviet Union.'Ã&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Francolins inhabit steppes, savannas, primeval forests, and mountains. They thrive in cultivated land with much cover. The clutch consists of 6-8 hard, thick-shelled eggs. In recent times at least one program to domesticate them for food has been started in Africa.11&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MALAYSIA'S MOBILE MOUSETRAP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the report emphasizes microlivestock as food suppliers, it should be realized that small animals - even wild ones - can have other important uses as welt The following interesting example, with possible worldwide implications, comes from recent experiences in Malaysia. *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Certain rodents are major pests on farms and plantations. Now, however, Malaysian zoologists are finding that owls, particularly barn owls (Tyto alba), can help control them. An owl pair and its chicks annually consume 1,500 or more rodents. This is not new knowledge; indeed, on farms throughout the world the barn owl has always been a welcome guest. What is new is that Malaysians are showing how outstandingly effective this process is, and they have initiated major projects to attract and maintain these feathered friends. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barn owls are found in many parts of the world, but were formerly almost unknown in Peninsular Malaysia. In 1969, however, a pair began nesting in an oil-palm plantation in Johore State. Since then, these birds have steadily increased in numbers and have spread throughout most of the peninsula. Today, the population is increasing remarkably quickly as more and more managers erect nest boxes for the owls to live in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The owls are proving to be a good way to remove rats and are notably effective in plantations of oil palm. They perch on fronds and fly under and between the rows of trees. A cost of $1 - $2 per hectare per year is all that is required to install nest boxes, a negligible outlay for the control of such a serious and expensive problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is believed that the barn owls hunt mainly in plantations and other agricultural areas and not in the rainforest. Barn owls are, after all primarily adapted to open spaces and not dense forest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps this experience can be replicated and adopted in other locations and with other crops. Grain crops - notably rice - are particularly prone to the ravages of rodents, and one trial has commenced in Selangor State in a rice area. The concept of using owls for rodent control is also catching on in the United States. Indeed owl nest boxes are being erected in Central Park in the heart of New York City.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PHEASANTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One pheasant, the red junglefowl, gave the world the chicken (see page 86). The other 48 species may have some potential, too. These are rarely seen forest birds; all but one are confined to Asia.13 Because they are prolific they can sustain heavy predation, and many species, notably the ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), are constantly hunted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People in several countries have learned to exploit pheasants on farms and estates. As a result, there is a vast amount of information on how to rear and manage these birds. So far, however, it has been applied only to sport hunting in wealthy societies; the potential of raising pheasants for the mass market should now be seriously addressed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most dramatic-looking pheasant, the peacock (Pavo cristatus), is raised as a poultry species in Vietnam. The meat of the young birds is considered outstanding. In fine restaurants in New York, a peacock dinner is reputed to cost $150. Common peafowls are considered sacred in many parts of India, where they have become so tame that they are essentially domesticated. They also control snakes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;QUAIL&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic quail have been previously described (page 146)J but dozens of wild quail species and subspecies occupy many different habitats and ecological niches in almost all parts of the world. Out of all this genetic wealth only one species - the Japanese quail - is widely used. Yet many other species seem easy to raise, becoming exceedingly tame after about the sixth generation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The management and even perhaps intensive production of these various local quails might provide long-term benefits for many developing nations. Quail meat ranks among the finest.14 Some of these lesser-studied birds are more meaty than the Japanese quail or have other possibly useful traits. Much is known about rearing a few of them because they are used in sport hunting or laboratory research. The possibility of domestication, therefore, is not farfetched.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Particular quail that might be considered for domestication are the lesser-known subspecies of Coturnix coturnix. These subspecies are found in various places, including the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Europe (C. c. coturnix breeds in the area ranging from northern Russia to North Africa and from the British Isles to Siberia. In winter it migrates to tropical Africa, Asia, and southern India.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Azores (C. c. conturbans) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands (C. c. confisa) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Cape Verde Islands (C. c. inopinata) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- East Africa (C. c. erlangeri) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Tropical Africa, southern Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius (C. c. africana) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Japan (C. c. japonica, the most probable ancestor of the domesticated quail)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- China (C. c. ussuriensis, a possible ancestor of the domesticated Japanese quail)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TINAMOUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tinamous are quail-like birds of Central and South America's forests and grasslands. They are, however, much larger than quail and resemble small chickens, with plump bodies and no visible tail. There are more than 40 species, and all are much sought for food because their meat is tender and flavorful. The breast is surprisingly large, and its flesh is pale and translucent. One species, the great tinamou (Tinamus major), has been called &quot;the most perfect of birds for culinary purposes.&quot; Frozen tinamous from Argentina were formerly sold in the United States under the name &quot;South American quail.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tinamous are found mainly in tropical areas, but are also widely distributed in Argentina and Chile. They dwell in varied habitats: rainforests, thickets, bushlands, savannas, and grasslands up to 5,000 m altitude in the Andes. Some species sleep in trees, others on the ground. They spend their days creeping about in heavy cover, flying only when forced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At least some species tame readily. Indeed, during the nesting period males become so tractable that they can be picked up off the nest. At the turn of the century, many tinamous were raised as game birds in France, England, Germany, and Hungary. However, for reasons unknown, subsequent attempts to settle them in Europe have failed. Tinamous have been raised in Canada without undue difficulty; they showed little or no stress under captivity and there were few losses.15&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tinamous may also prove suitable for egg production. They lay clutches of 16-20 spectacular-looking shiny eggs that seem to be made of sky-blue and bright-green ceramic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAND GROUSE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sand grouse (mainly Pterocles species) are highly adapted to life in arid regions - desert, dry grasslands, arid savanna, and bushveld. Their entire body (including most of the bill and feet) is covered with dense down, which in the desert insulates them from the burning heat of midday and the freezing cold of night. It also protects the nostrils against blowing sand and dust.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These pigeonlike birds are found throughout the drier regions of Africa and Asia - for instance, the Sahara, Kalahari, Namib, Arabian, and Thar deserts. They live mainly on small seeds, and sometimes flocks of thousands may be seen at waterholes, flying in for a drink from up to 80 km away. For peoples of the driest spots on earth, these birds may make a useful food species: for one thing, they are not endangered. Indeed, they are proliferating as drought and overgrazing is increasing the amount of dry, desolate rangeland that they prefer. The bore holes provided for livestock have both boosted their populations and afforded a place where these wide-ranging birds can be easily captured. When nesting, sand grouse are highly vulnerable to foxes, jackals, mongooses, and other predators. Protection of the nesting sites may be the key to maintaining their populations if harvesting schemes are introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TRUMPETERS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trumpeters (Psophia species) might prove to be a useful species for sustainable production within tropical forests. As &quot;tree poultry,&quot; these relatives of cranes could help provide meat without destroying the trees, as is now done to raise cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These chicken-sized birds inhabit South America's jungles.16 They are nonmigrating, ground-dwelling, and are often kept as pets, notably by Amerindians. Under human protection, trumpeters become very tame. They recognize strangers and challenge them with a loud cackle. 17 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fully adapted to the forest environment, they can run fast, but fly poorly. In the wild, this makes them easy targets for hunters. Because of this and the fact that they make excellent eating, they are approaching extinction in some areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No attempts have been made to rear these birds in numbers, but this should be tried. They feed mainly on plant materials, particularly berries of all kinds. They also relish grasshoppers, spiders, and centipedes, and are particularly fond of termites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trumpeters require trees; they completely avoid cultivated land. Thus, as the destruction of forests in South America continues, their habitat is shrinking. Although their existence is not as yet threatened, the long-term prognosis is bleak. If managed in &quot;forest-ranching&quot; programs, however, they might be saved from extinction and thriving populations built up. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interest in rabbits continues to increase. It is now widely recognized that the raising of small animals in developing countries has great potential as a means of improving human nutrition and economic security. The famines in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia starkly illuminate the need for maximum efficiency in food production to maintain the quality of human life. Rabbit raising contributes to meeting these needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, N.M. Patton, S.D. Lukefahr, and J.I. McNitt Rabbit Production &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are especially well adapted to backyard rearing systems in which capital and fodder resources are usually limiting factors in animal production. When rabbits are reared according to the techniques appropriate to the environment they can do much to improve the family diet of many of the most needy rural families, while at the same time supplying them with a source of income. With more advanced technology rabbit production can also help to supply big city meat markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food and Agriculture Organization The Rabbit: Husbandry, Health, and Production &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g017a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contrary to popular opinion, the domestic rabbit is a substantial part of the world's meat supply. Annual production of rabbit meat is estimated to be one million metric tons, and the total number of rabbits is approximately 708 million.' However, rabbits are now intensively raised for food only in temperate, mostly industrialized, nations. France, Italy, and Spain, for example, have long consumed rabbit meat; West German production was 20,000 tons each year; Hungary raises rabbits in large numbers (two of its commercial rabbitries have more than 10,000 does each); and the United States raises almost 8.5 million rabbits each year for consumption in homes and restaurants.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most developing countries, on the other hand, rabbits are not well known - at least compared with other livestock. But they have great promise there, and in recent years there has been a dramatic increase in interest. For those developing countries where information is available, rabbit meat production almost doubled between 1966 and 1980. For instance, several African countries - among them Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Zambia - now have national rabbit-raising programs. A number of Asian countries - such as the Philippines, Indonesia, India, and Vietnam - are also encouraging rabbit farming. And some Latin American countries - Mexico, Costa Rica, and El Salvador, for instance - are actively promoting rabbits for subsistence farmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana is also extensively promoting rabbit farming. Although able to produce all the cereals its population needs, it cannot produce enough meat to satisfy demand. In response, the government organized &quot;Operation Feed Yourself.&quot; The National Rabbit Project was created &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hares&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The common hare (Lepus europus) has not been domesticated, but it is nevertheless a major cash crop of several countries. In Argentina, for example, there is a booming, million-dollar enterprise that exports hundreds of thousands of carcasses, mainly to Germany where they are sold as game meat. For Argentine campesinos, many of whom have few sources of livelihood, trapping hares provides a vital income. In New Zealand, too, hare has become an export item.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A closely related species (Lepus capensis) is native to Africa, and perhaps could be &quot;ranched in the same fashion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rainforest Rabbit&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The forest rabbit, or tapeti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis), is commonly eaten in its native habitat, which extends from southern Mexico to southern Brazil. It occurs in various hot and humid areas of Central and South America and probably within the Amazon Basin itself. Thus, this creature seems a possible candidate for a &quot;tropical rabbit&quot; that can be raised under sweltering conditions, perhaps even in rainforest regions. Although it seems to be heat resistant, it has an especially fine fur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is now known about the tapeti. It is rather secretive and its natural history and even its range are still uncertain. However, its populations appear stable and it is not threatened with extinction. It produces litters of 1 - 5 young after a 44-day gestation, and may bear 4 litters a year. This may seem a lot, but compared with other wild rabbits, the litter size is small and the gestation period long. under this program to provide farmers with breeding stock and practical information on rearing rabbits. (To qualify for the purchase of new breeding stock, would-be rabbit raisers are required to take an intensive three-day course in rabbit husbandry, which is provided at no charge.) With both official and popular support, the rabbit's potential for Ghana has been enhanced through media campaigns complete with radio jingles (examples: &quot;Get the bunny money!&quot; &quot;Grow rabbits - grow children.&quot; &quot;Get into the rabbit habit!&quot;), television spots, and large posters. Already, rabbit breeding is included in school curricula and rabbit meat is available in school lunches.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other countries have mounted similar campaigns. In Mexico, for instance, teachers raise rabbits in rural schools as a way of training students; scores of government officials have taken to breeding rabbits in their homes; and several army units are raising rabbits as mess-hall substitutes for costly beef, pork, and chicken. In Nigeria, farmers can now acquire rabbits from 18 government rabbit-breeding centers, which distribute thousands of animals each year. In Costa Rica, the government has similarly established a series of breeding, distribution, and rabbit-farming training centers. And in El Salvador, the technology of rabbit production is being transferred to farmers via the army.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although rabbits are ideal microlivestock in a general sense, rabbit rearing has many problems and limitations. Poor management is a common difficulty. Unlike the traditional method of keeping scavenger animals, rabbits have to be contained and cannot be left to find their own food. Raising rabbits requires more skills, more time, and much more effort than raising barnyard chickens or other familiar scavengers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For all that, rabbits produce more food than scavenging animals; they are less likely to damage crops because they are kept confined; they live exclusively on forage, which tends to grow vigorously in tropical zones; and they generally produce a more valuable product. The rabbit's potential is far from exploited, and rabbit farming will have to increase enormously before its promise for the small farms of the world is realized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is, however, an increasing concern over a recent outbreak of an exceptionally virulent viral rabbit disease - hemorrhagic tracheopneumonis, which attacks the lungs and lung tissue, killing 48 hours after the onset of symptoms. The virus, which has ravaged the animals in parts of Asia and Europe, was identified in China five years ago in Angora rabbits imported from Germany. It spread to Korea in 1986, and in early 1988 moved through southern and eastern Europe and spread as far as Egypt. It has also been identified in Mexico. Vaccination may become a future prerequisite of rabbit rearing in many countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAST FOOD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The order Lagomorpha includes more than 60 small quickmaturing, and rapidly reproducing species. It seems illogical to think that only one is useful as microlivestock. In principle, any rabbit, hare, or pike could be raised in captivity. All are clean, fast growing and rapid breeding. They are opportunistic feeders and can digest fibrous vegetation. Their meat tastes better than chicken and does not carry the stigma of rodent. The animals are small inoffensive, efficient at foraging, and generally tolerant of difficult environments. In theory, at least, they could be raised on vegetation not used by people or by many domesticated livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species worthy of exploratory research include the following.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.6.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g018a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)1 is suited to small-scale production and backyard farming. It is easily maintained, requires scant space, makes minimal demands on the family budget, and thrives on plant materials that are usually disdained by humans. It utilizes forage efficiently. even coarse vegetation that is high in fiber, and under ideal conditions it can grow so rapidly that its rate is only slightly lower than that of broiler chickens.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rabbit's capacity for reproduction is legendary. In theory, a single male and four females can produce as many as 3,000 offspring a year, representing some 1,450 kg of meat - as much as an average sized cow.3 The meat is pink, delicately flavored, and is usually considered a premium product that provides variety in the diet. It has more protein and less fat and calories per gram than beef, pork, lamb, or chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some breeds are raised for their wool. The long-haired Angora, for instance, yields a luxury fiber that makes a soft, lustrous fabric. It sells at high prices and makes these animals very valuable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbit pelts also bring cash. They are used in fur coats and other luxury garments. In addition, rabbit feet and tails are used in good luck charms and many curios.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are well known for their long ears, fluffy tails, and long hind legs. Many commercial breeds are white, although colored types are sometimes chosen because of special qualities in their meat or pelts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are many breeds and much genetic diversity within and between breeds. (Almost 160 varieties are recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association.) However, in both North America and Europe, the New Zealand White has traditionally displaced most other breeds for commercial meat production. This medium-weight breed bears large litters, is a good milk producer, and has good mothering ability. It reproduces best under intensive farming and, among purebreds, yields the most meat. A full-grown New Zealand White weighs 4-5 kg, giving about 2 kg of meat at 8-10 weeks of age. Large breeds include the Flemish Giant or the Checkered Giant, which weigh more than 6 kg at maturity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids are rapidly replacing purebreds in Europe for commercial production. Specific crosses of breeds have been shown experimentally to be more productive overall compared with purebred New Zealand Whites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Different meat breeds are preferred in various countries. For example, in Ghana the most popular are Flemish Giants, New Zealand Whites, Yellow Silvers, and Checkered Giants; in Tanzania and Nigeria, New Zealand Whites and Dutch are preferred; in China, Chinchillas and Japanese Large Whites are the most widely consumed. Some smaller breeds - for instance, the Polish - are also valuable for husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some Third World strains have already evolved. They show high tolerance to local conditions (for example, the Baladi - the main strain of the Sudan and the Near East - and the Criollo of Mexico). The Baladi has a small body and relatively low production, but it is hardy and tolerates harsh conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Specialized breeds have been developed for wool, fur, and laboratory research. The Angora wool breed has already been mentioned. The Rex breed produces a high-quality pelt used in furs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild ancestor of the domestic rabbit was originally restricted to Spain and Portugal. Today, its descendants are found worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Plentiful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic rabbits are best suited to temperate climates, but they do well in tropical and subtropical conditions if hutches are constructed and sited to take advantage of shade and cooling breezes. Ventilation is important (but care must be taken to avoid direct exposure to cold drafts). Prolonged exposure to temperatures higher than 30ÃC reduces both fertility and growth. Apparently, all breeds tolerate heat equally well. However, heat is shed through the ears, and the longer the ear, the more heat a rabbit will tolerate. Lop-eared varieties withstand heat poorly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits eat fibrous vegetation. In addition to normal feces, they produce special droppings called cecotropes. Softer and smaller than the regular fecal pellets, they are excreted in clusters and are swallowed as soon as they are eliminated. Cecotropes are rich in bacterial protein, and this double digestion (coprophagy) enables the animals to utilize the fermentation products formed in the cecum. This process is rather like that of ruminants, and rabbits are sometimes called pseudoruminants.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding begins at 4-6 months of age and may continue up to age 4, occasionally to age 6. Gestation takes 28-32 days. Females can conceive within 24 hours after giving birth and can produce a second litter merely 4 weeks later. With good feed and early rebreeding, 9 or more litters a year are possible. (Such a rate is only achievable under exceptional management, however.) Litter size depends on breed and body weight. Small breeds average 4 young per litter; large breeds 810. Births occur at any time of the year, but production slackens when the weather is exceptionally cold or hot, when feed is scarce, or when days are short. Extremes of heat or cold can also affect the survival of the young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits raised under subsistence conditions are likely to produce 4 or 5 litters a year, with an average of 5-8 young per litter' depending on management and feed quality.5 Annual production of about 20 weaned offspring per female per year under tropical and subtropical conditions is common. The young remain in the nest until they are 2-3 weeks old. Their eyes open at approximately 10 days of age. About 4 months are required to produce a 2-kg market rabbit under subsistence conditions. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits that receive human handling are very gentle and can be trained to live inside people's houses and even use a &quot;litter box.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are multipurpose animals yielding the following products:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Meat. Delicious hot or cold, fancy or plain, it can be breaded and fried, broiled, baked, or barbecued.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Wool. The fineness of rabbit hair is an asset in the production of wool, which is the plucked or shaved hair of the long-haired Angora breed. It is usually mixed with fine Merino sheep wool to give more substance and to improve its wearing quality. An average Angora rabbit produces about 850 g of wool each year. (Some specimens produce as much as 1,000 g.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Fur. The fur is dense.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Leather or vellum. Rabbit hide has the tension and strength required for tiny drive-belts in tape recorders and other delicate machines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Fertilizer. Rabbit manure often contains high proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash, and it comes in convenient drypellet form.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Tourist charms. In many societies, rabbits are connected with good luck. Feet and tails are used for car decorations, key chains, charms, and mementos that appeal to tourists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are also used in biochemical and physiological research.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits can be housed in hutches ranging from sophisticated commercial cages to simple packing crates with a few ventilation holes and rough troughs for food and water. In all cases, watertight roofing is essential. A floor space of only 0.25 mÃ is sufficient for one rabbit, but about 1 mÃ is recommended for a female and her young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting small-scale rabbit production is generally inexpensive. An almost infinite variety of backyard feeding and drinking equipment can be made from various scrap items, such as old bottles. The main criteria are that cleaning should be easy and spillage minimized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In practice, diets can be based largely on herbage: grass, leaves, legumes, crop residues, and kitchen scraps. However, the diet must be wholesome, and caged rabbits fed on forage usually need some grain or agricultural by-products (rice bran, for instance) as a dietary supplement. Supplementation is particularly important for newborns and lactating females, whose diet must contain about 16 percent protein and at least 18 percent fiber. When &quot;noncommercial&quot; feeds are used, salt must be added to prevent salt deficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of higher protein content, legumes (for instance, alfalfa, cowpea, vetch, or pea) are better than grass. Alfalfa is particularly valuable, and in the Sudan and Mozambique it is already grown extensively for feeding rabbits. On diets consisting of alfalfa and rye grass, weaned New Zealand Whites have demonstrated growth rates of 38-39 g per day in animals weighing up to 2 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits, as mentioned, can utilize almost any type of edible vegetation. Also, despite their diminutive size, they can collectively produce as much meat per unit of forage as large livestock, or even more (see page 183).6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is much genetic diversity. Differences in growth rate, fertility, maternal ability, milk production, disease resistance, heat resistance, and other features have been noted. This is useful, since a wide genetic base enhances the likelihood of success of selection programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are easy to handle and can be raised under primitive conditions. They require little financial investment and their husbandry is easily accomplished in the home by women and children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal's rapid reproduction is a big advantage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical conditions produce special problems. There, rabbits must be protected from heat and rain. Stress brought on by high temperatures, high humidity, and wet conditions can lead to respiratory disorders and even sudden death.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most diseases are caused by poor management. Dirty or wet cages lead to diarrhea, sores, mites, and ringworm, all of which can cause serious losses. Enteritis (diarrhea) often kills 20 percent or more of all rabbits before they attain market age and weight. A major disease problem in most countries is coccidiosis, which is particularly harmful to young rabbits. Again, damp and unsanitary conditions increase the susceptibility; better management can control it. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some countries - notably Australia and New Zealand - escaping rabbits have become a serious menace and have destroyed crops and grazing lands. Because of this threat, it is illegal to import rabbits into some countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, many people are unaccustomed to eating rabbit. Indeed, where commercial ventures have been established in areas with an otherwise plentiful meat supply, there have been financial failures. However, where rabbit meat is familiar, there is usually great demand for it. Also, in poorer areas where animal protein is in short supply, the tasty pink meat is widely appreciated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HOW RABBITS WERE DOMESTICATED&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For 30 or 40 million years the wild species Oryctolagus Cuniculus lived only in the area that today is Spain. Caves there contain Stone Age drawings of it. Phoenician traders landing on the Iberian Peninsula in about 1100 B.C. found huge numbers of these wild rabbits. The little animals were unknown to them and they mistook them for the hyraxes they had seen in Africa. (Although small and rabbitlike, the hyrax is actually related to elephants.) Since the Semitic name for hyrax was shaphan (&quot;one who hides&quot;), the Phoenicians named the peninsula l-shepan-im, from which the Latin name Hispania developed. Thus, &quot;Spain&quot; actually means &quot;island of hyraxes,&quot; even though these African animals have never occurred there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the rabbit's reproductive powers and adaptability it is surprising that it hadn't spread beyond Spain, but dense forests covered most of Europe after the last Ice Age. The rabbit, which is suited to open country, only spread rapidly after man had cleared most of the trees. Even then, the natural spread was slowed by the Pyrenees mountains blocking the way into the rest of Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ancient Romans became acquainted with rabbits after they invaded Spain, and they eagerly added wild rabbit meat to their banquets. The meat was so popular that around 1 A.D. Roman voyagers released a pair of rabbits onto the Balearic Islands. In time, these produced so many offspring that the islanders had to appeal to the Roman emperor for help. They even asked to be moved to another country if the emperor could not get rid of the plague of rabbits!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eventually, Romans in Italy, France, and other parts of the European mainland began raising rabbits for meat. They kept them in special cages called leporaria. Their rabbits were probably not truly domesticated; instead they were netted in the wild and caged for fattening before being prepared for the table. The Romans had little incentive to domesticate an animal that could be so easily captured.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tne rabbit was the last farm animal to be domesticated. It seems likely that this did not begin until the Christian era when monks in French monasteries began taming rabbits. In those days, rabbit embryos and newborn young were considered delicacies, called &quot;laurices.&quot; In 600 A.D. the Pope declared that laurices were &quot;not meatp,&quot; and permitted them to be eaten during fasts and in monasteries of strict discipline where meat was forbidden. Within a few years, the animal was domesticated, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government-sponsored rabbit-research stations and programs are found in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbit husbandry is well known, but much basic research is needed; for example, specific nutrient requirements, breed comparisons, disease control, reproductive management, and efficient housing and equipment. There is a particular need to reduce the labor required for feeding, breeding, caging, and cleaning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the increasing number of rabbit programs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, there is a need to share information and ideas among the various countries. The exchange of experiences with rabbit breeding, health and nutrition, and the practical experiences and field studies could be of great value.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further research in rabbit nutrition is necessary to identify nutrient requirements more precisely. Moreover, links between nutrition and disease should be clarified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further research into the cause and prevention of enteritis is needed. (At present, this condition is prevented by maintaining a fiber level in the diet of at least 18 percent and keeping the energy level relatively low.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legume shrubs could be an answer to the feed problems in the dry season. Deep-rooted shrubby legumes, such as gliricidia or leucaena, remain green well into the dry season and have high protein contents. Rabbits find the leaves of leucaena palatable (see companion report Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crop for the Tropics. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. 1984), and they are fairly resistant to mimosine (a sometimes toxic amino acid found in leucaena foliage). More research on this promising approach is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted earlier (page 181), a killer virus has recently appeared. Studies into its epidemiology and control are most important. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outsiders who hope to improve conditions in underdeveloped areas, sometimes . . . introduce new food avoidances to the communities they came to help [if outsiders] show repugnance toward consuming goats, . . . rats, . . . crows, insects, intestines and blood, then the people they are educating may likewise give up those . . . foods and lose valuable proteins.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calvin W. Schwabe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unmentionable Cuisine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You can count on the fingers of one hand the domestic animals that produce virtually all of mankind's meat and milk - a selection made more than 10,000 years ago by our Neolithic ancestors. Yet the earth teems with thousands of species of animals; why limit ourselves to cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep? Given the world's shortages of energy and water and arable land, why not try to domesticate wild animals? The effort would save many species from extinction, provide the world with more food, and introduce gentle farming to fragile environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.D. Vietmeyer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g019a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents are the world's most widespread, adaptable, and prolific group of mammals. They reproduce well, grow fast, learn quickly, and adapt to a wide variety of local conditions. Many convert vegetation into meat efficiently, digesting some fiber, even though their stomach, like man's, is a simple one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems probable, therefore, that some species would make suitable microlivestock - a notion supported by the previous domestication of the guinea pig, laboratory rat and mouse, gerbil, and hamster. Indeed, &quot;ranching&quot; rodents might be an effective way to increase food supplies in remote areas. It could also be a mechanism to ensure the survival of rare rodents whose natural habitats are being rapidly destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODENTS AS FOOD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents are already common foods in many countries and are valued items of commerce. It has been estimated that 42 of 383 cultures eat rodents.! But the fact that they are a major meat source is almost unrecognized. This is due in part to cultural misunderstanding. Rodents suitable for human food or other products do not live in filth, like common rats. They are clean and vegetarian. Like rabbits, they eat grass and grains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some regions of the world, cooked rodent meat is regarded as the epitome of dining. In many countries, local rodent species are the most eagerly sought meats. City markets in different parts of Latin America carry guinea pig, pace, capybara, and vizcacha. Markets in Asia may carry rice rats, cloud rats, and bandicoot rats. Those of rural Africa are filled with &quot;bushmeats&quot; - usually including grasscutters, giant rats, and several other rodent species. These are often preferred to the meat of domestic stock and fetch higher prices than beef. And the amounts of rodent bushmeat available are not minor. In one year, for example, hunters in Botswana have brought to market 3.3 million kg of meat of the rodent called springhare (see page 278).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fondness for rodent meat is not restricted to the tropics. In the United States, squirrel was once a much sought treat. Fat, nut-fed grey squirrels went into Brunswick stew, which has been called the most famous dish to emerge from the campfires and cabins of Colonial America. Thomas Jefferson liked it. Today, squirrel is the country's number two game animal (after deer), and many are still eaten.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ancient Romans kept fat dormice in captivity, serving them as a delicacy. &quot;The fat dormice are fattened up in barrel-like pots like those in country houses,&quot; wrote Varro (116-27 BC). &quot;One feeds these animals large amounts of acorns, chestnuts, or other nuts.&quot;2 This small rodent remains a prized food in Europe and still appears on tables in certain areas. The meat is regarded as a delicacy because it tastes of almonds and other nuts. Often it is roasted, broiled, and cooked with its cracklings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents have seldom been included in livestock programs or economic development plans. Yet human appetite has actually caused the extinction of a number of species. Caribbean Indians ate several endemic rodents (one of which was as big as a bear), and may have caused several species to become extinct just before the time of Columbus. Others may soon follow the same dismal route, including the beautiful cloud rat of the Philippines, the hare-like mare of Argentina, the vizcacha of southern South America, and the gentle hutias of the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea pig is described in a later chapter, but as it is the epitome of a rodent microlivestock species, some historical background is given here. It was domesticated for food use at least 7,000 years ago, probably in what is now the central highlands of Peru and Bolivia. With only llama and deer available, the prehistoric Andean peoples had few readily available sources of meat. They adopted wild cavies, and found that these rangeland rodents (which are more closely related to porcupines than to rats or mice) were gentle, manageable, and easy to rear. By the time the Spaniards arrived in the 1500s, the &quot;cuy&quot;  (pronounced &quot;coo-ee,&quot; like the faint cry it makes) was a major food from  Argentina to the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This impressed the conquistadores, who introduced cuys into Europe,  where they also became a delicacy.3 Within a century, these easily  transported animals began to appear on tables in many parts of the  Spanish empire. Guinea pigs are now reared in campesino huts in the  mountains of central Mexico, in the Philippines, and in several African  nations, along with other areas of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Elsewhere, guinea pigs came to be used only as house pets and  laboratory animals. Although during World War II Mussolini's  government urged Italians to keep them to supplement their meager  meat rations, their use as food was largely ignored in most parts of the  world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The idea of domesticating rodents may seem radical, but  domestication projects are already under way with capybara in  Venezuela (see page 206), pace in Panama (see next page and page  262), giant rat in Nigeria (see page 224), and the grasscutter in Ghana  (see page 232). Rodent husbandry is not complicated and the animals'  environmental requirements seem relatively simple and easy to satisfy.  Moreover, rodents are not usually fastidious feeders, and being  essentially vegetarian will readily accept a wide variety of commonly  available foodstuffs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with most animals with which man is in close contact, rodents can  transmit human diseases.4 With care, however, managed rodents need  not be any more dangerous to care for or to eat than pigs or  horses - both of which are worldwide food resources.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING RODENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To domesticate the pace (see page 262) would seem to be impossible. These large rodents of Central and South America are nocturnal and fiercely territorial; they have low fecundity and take 10 months to reach weaning, and they have tender skin that is easily damaged Most researchers have written them off as candidates for domestication. But at least two have undertaken to beat the odds. We present the findings of one of them here to show that, using modem techniques, even species that normally fight each other to the death on sight are potential farm animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through years of studying paces in Panama, Smithsonian biologist Nicholas Smythe has found that with care and planning the aggressive behavior can be so radically altered that the animals become calm. Indeed, some become almost loving. Newborns, Smythe found, undergo &quot;imprinting&quot; and when he places them with docile adults or with humans, the fierce territoriality never develops. He nurses newborns on &quot;surrogate&quot; mothers that have been imprinted on people. The youngsters then welcome human company and, if fumed out of the cage, return there voluntarily. &quot;It's difficult to imagine a more manageable animal,&quot; Smythe said. &quot;Technically speaking they are behaviorally indistinguishable from traditional domestic animals.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As of this writing, Smythe has three generations totalling about 50 individuals, and has several &quot;families&quot; of gentle paces living together in harmony. He has observed that they lose their nocturnal habit and, although they live mainly on fruits in the wild, they readily eat leafy vegetables and other foods in captivity. His captive specimens have recently begun to breed. The offspring remain docile, but they have so far averaged only a little more than two young per female per year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;If we can just double the reproduction rate, then raising paces can compete economically with raising cattle,&quot; Smythe explained. &quot;The potential for a bigger brood is all in the animal's anatomy, and if successful, paces in the wet tropics could produce as much protein as cattle.&quot;*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas need the shade and protection of the forest. Thus, pace raising might provide an alternative to cutting down rainforests for cattle raising. Instead of toppling trees and planting pastures, people could farm paces in the forest, and perhaps make as much or more money at the same time. In tropical America, the ready acceptance of pace meat is a near guarantee that all they produce will be snapped up at premium prices. In the past, many territorial and aggressive species have been dismissed as being impossible to domesticate or manage. But Smythe has demonstrated that with imprinting and other methods of behavior modification, these need be dismissed no longer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, the pace may already be becoming a new domesticated species. In the first stage of his experiments, Smythe had to train his captive-born paces to be social and nonaggressive. Subsequent generations, however, need no training adopt the new behavior patterns of the parents, and do not revert to aggressive asocial behavior. By the third generation, they have become as accepting of, and indifferent to, people as cattle or sheep. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.7.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g020a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the best known of all animals of the American tropics, agoutis (Dasyprocta species)' are prolific rabbit- or hare-sized rodents that are probably easily farmed. They are valued for food and are hunted throughout most of their range. Indeed, agouti meat, once common in Latin markets. is now difficult to find because of indiscriminate killing. Agouti hunting is already prohibited in Brazil; restaurants in Belem, for example, once offered a variety of &quot;cotta&quot; (agouti) dishes at prices equivalent to those of choice filet mignon, but since the early 1970s they have been banned from serving it. Other countries will probably have to institute similar bans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis are active, long-legged, and high-strung. They flee in panic at the slightest alarm. They do not climb but they do burrow occasionally, being essentially specialized ground-dwellers that live in tropical forest regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There have been no organized scientific attempts to raise these swift, shy animals in captivity, but Latin Americans sometimes keep them as &quot;domestics,&quot; especially in parks and large gardens. (Agoutis are well known, for instance at the Goeldi Museum in Belem, Brazil.) These animals seem to tame easily, and could perhaps be mass produced on a large scale like rabbits or guinea pigs. They make affectionate pets, sometimes refusing to return to the wild. A research project on captive breeding of two local agouti species (Dasyprocta mexicana and D. punctata) for food is already under way in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of lowland, tropical Latin America and the Caribbean. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis are delicately built, graceful, nimble, and beautifully proportioned. They have slender bodies, short ears, and look somewhat like a rabbit that has been &quot;jacked up&quot; in back. Generally, adults are 40-60 cm long and weigh 2-5 kg. Some are even bigger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They run well and are good jumpers. From a standing start an agouti reportedly can leap as high as 2 m or as far as 6 m; however, as long as they are well fed, there is little problem keeping them behind a wall only 1 m high.2 Reportedly, they sometimes climb easy-sloping trees to collect green fruits, but researchers studying Central American agoutis report that they are strictly terrestrial.3 They swim well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The body hair is thick, coarse, and glossy: pale orange to black on the back, and white to yellow on the belly. Some species have faint stripes, and some have a rump that contrasts with the rest of the back. The short tail is partially concealed under the long body hair.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis occur over a vast area from southern Mexico to Paraguay, including many islands in the Caribbean.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they occasionally damage sugarcane plantings and because the meat is particularly tasty, people hunt agoutis relentlessly, especially near cities and towns. Now, in the l990s, they are becoming rare because of excessive hunting and habitat destruction. Many Latin Americans have never heard of them. In Mexico, for instance, there are few places where agoutis survive, and Dasyprocta mexicana may become extinct if habitat destruction and overhunting continue in its restricted range. In Costa Rica and Panama, agoutis occur only where there is little or no hunting or human interference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From sea level to elevations of at least 2,500 m, the adaptable agouti lives in many habitats: moist lowland forests, dry upland forests, thick brush, and savannas. However, although they thrive in secondary growth areas, they are mainly forest dwellers. Nonetheless, they often enter fields to forage, and young animals occasionally are seen in open areas such as grassy stream banks and cultivated fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis shelter in hollows among boulders, in riverbanks, or under tree roots. They also hide in heavy brush and sometimes in holes dug out by other species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These herbivores eat seeds, fruit, stalks, leaves, roots, and other succulent plant parts, as well as occasional insects and fungi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They seem to mate twice each year. The estrous cycle is variable, but is only about 34 days long. The young are born after a gestation period of 3.5-4 months. Usually, there are twins; however, single births and triplets have been recorded. Newborns are fully developed and are able to run around within hours. They start feeding on solids within a few days. Puberty occurs at about 9 months of age. Life expectancy is 10 years or more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild, agoutis are shy and retiring. Every sense seems constantly triggered for instantaneous action and sometimes they become hysterical. If danger threatens, they usually &quot;freeze,&quot; but when discovered they stamp their feet as an alarm signal and dash away, nimbly dodging obstacles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite excessive timidity, they can be violent among themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In undisturbed forests, agoutis are diurnal and are often seen. But around villages they become nocturnal, as a means of self-preservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the most part, these rodents live in loosely formed pairs, with previous litters living around their territory as &quot;satellites.&quot; There is some &quot;bigamy,&quot; some &quot;philandering,&quot; and some &quot;divorce.&quot;5.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their long claws, they display much finger dexterity. To eat, they usually sit erect, crouching on their haunches and holding the food in their forepaws. If it has a skin' they carefully peel it before starting their meal. They save some nonperishable foods (nuts, for instance) by digging holes in scattered locations, dropping each one in a separate location, stamping it down, and covering it over. This behavior helps disperse the seeds of many species of trees so that agoutis benefit tropical forests and reforestation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p203a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, agoutis are popular game animals. They are often hunted with dogs that even follow them into the burrows. Agouti meat is tasty, although it is usually said to fall short of the meat of the pace (see page 262) because it is leaner and gamier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis adapt well to captivity. With appropriate care they can be bred without difficulty.6 The nervousness that is pronounced in nature is quickly lost in captivity. The young become tame pets. They can be fed on foods such as leafy vegetables, fruit, potatoes, and bread scraps. Although many wild specimens have become nocturnal, captives readily readapt to daylight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Being entirely terrestrial, agoutis require no trees, but they do need space. Given enough area, they get on well (with each other and with different species), and they breed freely. To avoid fighting, it seems necessary to separate females from males at puberty. Probably removing progeny from breeding pens at weaning could also help avoid most of the interpersonal aggression. In large areas with plenty of cover (banana plants, for instance), groups can be kept, but breeding may be disappointing. Husbandry may be most appropriate in large enclosures (50-100 agoutis) with some animals then removed to small cages 0.5-1 mÃ for selective feeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACOUCHIES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Close relatives, the green and red acouchies (Myoprocta acouchy and Myoprocta exilis) also deserve study. These are smaller animals with longer tails, bearing a little plume of white hairs. Although even more delicate and hypersensitive than agoutis, they can be kept in captivity and breed well. They then become less nervous and are easily handled. Acouchies. show remarkable intelligence and even some affection for those they trust. They frequent rainforests, but are rare or even absent in disturbed areas. Adults weigh up to 1.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The general biology (diet, reproduction, activity rhythm), is almost the same as that of the agouti, but they live in smaller home ranges (0.6-1.2 hectares versus 2.5 hectares for the agouti) and travel singly, although belonging to a well-established family unit. Adult males tolerate the juvenile males. They occur only in Colombia, the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farming methods would probably be the same as for the agoutis, but acouchies always need plant cover.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis are appropriately sized: a dressed carcass can weigh 1-3 kg. The meat is good, and large commercial undertakings in urban centers could profit from the ready market that already exists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are prolific: females can produce up to two litters a year, each litter averaging two offspring. In protected areas, populations may grow fast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These forest dwellers might provide a source of meat and income without destroying the forests in favor of cattle pastures. Also, they thrive in disturbed areas as long as there is some cover. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiments in Brazil show that agoutis are highly susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals might become pests: they eat the roots, leaves, and fruit of agricultural crops and occasionally damage sugarcane and banana plants. However, current experience suggests that if they escape captivity they are quickly caught by hunters and do not reach pest levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Live agoutis have strong-smelling anal glands that may be offensive to breeders or could contaminate the meat if the animals are carelessly handled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where the rainforest is destroyed, the agouti population is destroyed. The animals were once well known throughout Latin America, but not anymore. In some areas, therefore, wild breeding stock may not be locally available. Moreover, people may have become sufficiently unfamiliar with them that their value may no longer be appreciated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, they can be the prey of large birds such as eagles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The taxonomy of agouti species needs clarification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husbandry experiments are required, including studies on topics such as:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutrition;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Growth rate;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Shelters and enclosures;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reproduction; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Techniques for catching, moving, marketing, and managing the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One area where agoutis might profitably be raised is in enclosures in palm plantations. Palms such as the babassu provide food, shade, and shelter, while fallen and rotten logs offer secure retreats from predators. This deserves investigation.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instead of clearing vast areas of rainforest for cattle pasture, as is being done in much of Latin America, people might well &quot;farm&quot; agouties in the forests. Few of the settlers flooding into such regions can afford, let alone raise, beef. Small-scale agouti farming offers a promising and inexpensive alternative that would be gentle on the fragile land. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.7.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g021a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the world's largest rodent, can be as big as a sheep and weigh as much as a small person. Its natural habitat is the environs of South America's rivers, marshlands, and swamps, where it feeds on the grasses and reeds that grow near water.1&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its size, tasty meat, valuable leather, and rapid reproduction, the capybara is a candidate for both ranching and intensive husbandry throughout the hot and humid lowland tropical regions of Latin America. It seems easy to handle. It is commonly raised in zoos or occasionally as a pet, and has, in at least one instance, been proven successful in large commercial herds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In floodplain ecosystems, capybaras complement cattle because they prefer to graze swamp grasses rather than the dryland grasses on which cattle feed. They have simple stomachs, but are one of the more efficient herbivores. Although they are &quot;selective feeders&quot; that eat lush waterside grasses &quot;preserved in quality&quot; by the water, they also graze pasture, usually selecting new growth that is often too short and scattered for cattle, with their large muzzles, to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The floodplains of the South American subtropics and tropics where the animal is indigenous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they have blunt, horselike heads, capybaras look like gigantic guinea pigs. They are ponderous, barrel shaped, and have a tail too small to be seen from a distance. Their skin is tough and covered by sparse, bristlelike hairs: the color above is reddish brown to gray; beneath, it is yellowish brown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The front legs are shorter than the back. Slightly webbed toes - four on the front feet and three on the back - make them good swimmers. They dive with ease and can stay underwater for up to five minutes. They also move nimbly on land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara is extremely large for a rodent. In size and color, it looks much like a pig. Often more than 100 cm long and 50 cm high at the shoulder, it can exceed 50 kg liveweight. Indeed, specimens weighing up to 90 kg have been reported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before livestock were introduced, the capybara grazed widely over riverine regions throughout South and Central America. Today, it is found in the flooded grasslands from Panama to Paraguay. Mainly, it occurs in the watersheds of the Orinoco, Amazon, Paraguay, and Parana rivers. High population densities exist in the Pantanal of western Brazil and on the Llanos floodplains of Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are few precise population counts, but capybaras can occur in large numbers.2 However, in many areas they appear to be on the verge of extinction, being deliberately eradicated by farmers who think they compete with cattle and transmit diseases. Also, in some areas illegal hunting goes on year-round and great numbers are killed. The animals are particularly vulnerable during the dry season, when they concentrate around the diminished river channels and water holes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, most capybaras live in swampy or grassy areas bordering rivers. However, some are found in other habitats, ranging from open plains to tropical rainforests. But even here they stay near ponds, lakes, streams, and swamps, and never venture much more than 500 m from water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p210a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The capybaraâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara, like all rodents, is a simple-stomached animal, but it is a true herbivore. Its digestive system is especially adapted for fibrous materials. The large cecum - the site of enzymatic digestionâ serves a function like that of the rumen of sheep, cattle, and goats. It has a digestive capacity similar to that of a sheep's rumen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like rabbits and all the rodents, capybaras are coprophagous. That is, during the morning hours when they are resting, soft feces from the cecum are passed a second time through the digestive system.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributing to the animal's digestive ability is its efficient mastication. It chews its forage seemingly incessantly, reducing it to extremely small particles before it is swallowed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under natural conditions, the females annually bear 1 or 2 litters, each averaging from 4 to 6 offspring. Birth weight is between 1 and 2 kg, depending on litter size and sex. Both males and females reach sexual maturity when they reach a liveweight of 30 kg or moreâ usually between the first and second year of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras are intelligent, shy, inoffensive, and harmless. In undisturbed ecosystems, they are gregarious and live in family groups of up to 30. The young follow the mother about for many months after birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike most rodents, they do not construct dens, but the groups have specific resting areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are both diurnal and nocturnal and, like many herbivores, they graze at daybreak and dusk, and perhaps also at midnight. They spend the morning resting in weeds on riverbanks, and at noon they cool off by bathing for an hour or so before grazing. They may feed belly deep in water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras wallow in mud, allowing it to dry on their skin before bathing again. Mange can develop in captivity when they cannot take a mud bath.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When startled, a capybara barks loudly and dashes away, but after running 200 m or so it tires, slows down, and may lapse into hyperthermia. At that point a hunter can easily catch it. However, if the animal reaches water, it usually eludes the pursuer because it swims so well - especially underwater.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybara meat is white and has qualities and properties (such as high emulsification) that might allow it to compete with pork and other meats in the food industry. Spanish-style sausages, Italian-style mortadellas, frankfurters, and German-style smoked chops have been produced experimentally.4 However, at present, the meat is mainly consumed only in the dried and salted form. It is particularly popular in Venezuela, where more than 400 tons are sold every year, especially during Easter festivities.5 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara's hide is one of the best for glove making. This luxury product, known in international commerce as carpincho leather, fetches high prices on European markets because it is more heat resistant than most leathers and because it stretches in only one direction. This one way grain allows gloves to stretch sideways without lengthening and looking sloppy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara appears suitable for raising as a livestock animal. Amerindians traditionally collected capybara orphans during the hunting season and raised them until needed for food. Capybara breeding was reported in Brazil as early as 1565.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modern attempts have been made towards domestication. Researchers at the Institute of Animal Production in Venezuela, for instance, started a breeding program in the 1970s using 20 females and 5 males. Since that time they have continuously kept capybaras in confinement. Through selection and management, they have improved the reproduction of captive animals. The current aim is to get 16 offspring per mother per year. Newborns are weaned after 5 weeks and the mother is returned to the breeding pen.6 In Colombia, similar work is in progress, and guidelines for raising capybaras on breeding farms have been published.7 In Brazil, research has been carried out to study capybara nutrition, genetics, management, reproduction, and social behavior in total confinement.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout South America, the price of beef has increased greatly within the last few years, thereby providing a new incentive for capybara husbandry. It has also forced many campesinos to eat more wildlife, which adds another incentive for producing capybara meat on farms and thereby perhaps helping to relieve pressure on the wild stocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When tame, the animals are amenable to handling without physical restraint. They are so tractable that in Surinam a blind man once used one as a guide animal. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras can be raised on a variety of readily available vegetation: leaves, roots, fruits, and vegetables. They thrive in coarse grasses, if given opportunity to select nutritious parts. Their large incisors allow them to bite off short grasses that many herbivores cannot use. For instance, they eat &quot;capybara grass&quot; (Paspalum fasciculatum) that is abundant on river edges in Venezuela and is normally too short for cattle to graze. This makes for low-cost feeding and utilization of a resource that is otherwise unused.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras are at home in hot, humid environments and are fully adapted to life on the tropical floodplains and seasonally flooded savannas. They thrive in extreme climates where cattle struggle, such as in the parts of the lower Paraguayan Chaco where summer temperatures reach 45ÃC.9 An ecological benefit to raising capybaras is that there is no need to alter habitats by introducing exotic forage plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They reproduce quickly. Age at first conception for females is about 1.5 years, and the time between parturitions is generally shorter than that of goats or sheep in the tropics. Young capybaras grow so fast that in 18 months they can reach a liveweight of more than 40 kg. In their natural conditions, they are more disease resistant than cattle. The annual productivity is said to exceed that of cattle in many parts of its range.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is already so widely eaten in South America that the meat from farmed animals should be readily acceptable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras occasionally raid fields and can harm sugarcane, rice, bananas, sweet potatoes, cassava, corn, and other crops. In many parts of Brazil, they are considered agricultural pests and are shot.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Confining these animals in high density may create serious problems. Infectious diseases and parasite outbreaks seem to be worse than those that occur with conventional livestock. Aggression might prove a limitation to capybara husbandry: it is almost impossible to cage two adult males together or to introduce new animals to an existing group.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals may transmit disease to people and livestock. They can harbor foot-and-mouth disease and are known to be susceptible to brucellosis. They also carry a form of trypanosome, Trypanosoma evansi. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with cattle, capybara use only a small proportion of the total plant biomass. They are largely selective feeders, and for satisfactory performance must have sufficient area to select the plants they need. If placed in a paddock of only coarse grass, most will eventually die. Like goats and gazelles, capybara probably select a diet that is at least 15 percent richer in crude protein than a typical cattle diet.'Ã&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High mortality has never been observed in Venezuela, but keeping the animals alive on a farm in some areas may not be easy. In one trial, more than half (55 percent) of the capybara died of disease, and a few of septicemia (the result of wounds incurred during fights), but most apparently of trypanosomiasis. Other losses were caused by speeding vehicles (29 percent), poaching (6 percent), and predation, mainly by jaguars (12 percent).&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important for researchers to undertake the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gather specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Assess experiences of zoos and farms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Undertake nutritional trials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Initiate captive breeding trials - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, feed needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Characterize the animal's productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Study the capybara's basic physiology and production potentials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Investigate biological factors, such as reproductive physiology, and social behavior (both in the wild and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine the factors influencing capybara reproduction, growth, and development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine the animal's adaptability and economic merit in various farming systems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Study the influence of environment on reproduction rate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine their complementarily with water buffalo or other ruminants that normally use swampy habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine relative causes of mortality (such as diseases specific to capybaras) and predation (especially of the young) by spectacled caiman, crested caracayes, black vultures, and others. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.7.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g022a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu' (Myocastor coypus) is an aquatic rodent native to South America. It has been called the &quot;South American beaver,&quot; but its size is actually closer to that of a small dog or an agouti. It seems suited to be a microlivestock species because, compared with most rodents' it has a large body size and a relatively high reproduction rate. Moreover, it is easy to manage, and there is much literature on how to raise it in captivity.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fur is the main item of commercial value. In the late 19th century, it was in such high demand that the animal was nearly exterminated. However, in 1922 Argentineans began raising coypu in captivity and this practice spread through South America and to other regions. In many European countries and in various locations in the United States some specimens escaped or were released, and coypu have become established in the waterways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu meat is tasty and is consumed in many regions of South America as well as in parts of Europe. Because of the absence of musk glands, the meat is free of the &quot;gamy&quot; flavor found in squirrels and rabbits. It is moist, fine &quot;rained, medium light in color, and firm. It is one of the mildest and tenderest of wild meats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal has been widely distributed, but its area of safest use is within its natural range in South America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu is adapted to a semiaquatic existence and has webbed feet, valvular nostrils that can be closed to keep water out, and underfur that remains dry even under water. Its long, powerful claws on the forefeet are used for grooming, excavating burrows, and digging up and holding food. The tail is slender; the extremely large incisor teeth are orange-red.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An adult is 40-65 cm long and weighs 7-10 kg. Some occasionally weigh up to 17 kg. Males are larger than females. The pelage is thick, with coarse guard hairs overlying the underfur. The soft dense underfur (the commercially valuable pelt called &quot;nutria&quot;) is about 2 cm long on the belly, and 2-5 cm long and less dense on the back. The color is yellowish to reddish brown on the back and pale yellow on the belly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu is distributed through southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. It has been widely introduced in North America, Europe, northern Asia, and eastern Africa. As a result of escapes and releases from fur farms, the animals are now feral in Europe, North America, northern Asia, Japan, and East Africa. In the United States, they are abundant in Louisiana, Oregon, Florida, and the Chesapeake Bay region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In various countries, the animal's status ranges from that of a rarity to that of a pest. Wild coypu are protected by law in Argentina because of overhunting, but there are about 100 producers of farmed coypu.3 Elsewhere the animals are destroyed en masse to reduce the threat of damage to irrigation ditches, dams, and agricultural crops. In England a decade-long program has eradicated them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu mainly inhabit the banks of fresh or brackish waterways.4 They live in temperate zones and are highly sensitive to freezing conditions. Also, their heat tolerance is poor; lowland tropical regions may be too hot for them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p219a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu feeds mainly at night. The diet consists chiefly of plants, particularly water plants and reeds. Large amounts of fibrous vegetation is decomposed in the cecum, where bacteria break down cellulose particles. Mussels, snails, and other small organisms are also often eaten.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals burrow into soft soil or construct nests out of vegetation above ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu are relatively fast breeding. Females first give birth at ages ranging from 6 to 15 months. From then on, they produce 2 or 3 litters a year. They are able to mate and give birth at any time of the year, although more young are born during certain seasons. The gestation period is between 128 and 140 days. There are 5 or 6 (sometimes up to 12) young in each litter. Newborns are well developed, able to see, and fully covered with hair at birth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The female's four or five pairs of mammae are located on the side of the body, an adaptation that permits the young to nurse while floating with their mothers in the water. In captivity, young are nursed for two months, but can survive if weaned at five days. The mean body weight at birth is about 225 g, but growth is rapid during the first five months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu have a potential life span of more than six years. However, they seldom survive more than three years, and in the wild probably no animals are older than five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are passive creatures, usually entirely lacking in aggression. They are shy and fearful; the slightest disturbance will send them scurrying to the shelter of water, a burrow, or other hiding place. With their large incisors they can bite viciously, but in captivity they tame down, even to where they can be carried around by hand. Compared with domestic animals, they are very sanitary in their feeding and living habits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In hot climates they are nocturnal, in cooler climates crepuscular, and in cold weather they become diurnal. Captive animals become conditioned to diurnal activity if fed during daylight hours. Most of the active period is spent feeding, grooming, and swimming. Grooming is done by scratching and &quot;nibbling&quot; the fur, and an oily secretion from glands located near the mouth and anus lubricates the pelage. Secretions from the anal glands are also employed for marking out territory.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Excellent swimmers, coypu spend most of their time in the water. They can remain submerged for five minutes or more. On land, they lumber about with awkward, clumsy movements; however, when the need arises they can run fast and jump short distances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they usually live together in pairs, coypu will form large colonies. They tend to remain in one area throughout their lives: their daily &quot;cruising range&quot; has been measured at less than 45 m.5 However, drought or freezing weather can induce mass migrations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The burrows, which are dug in sloping banks, are usually short with no branching tunnels and generally end in a simple chamber. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In South America, the coypu has a long history of use. Nutria fur was in such high demand and the animal was hunted so avidly at the beginning of the last century that it became rare and had to be protected by government decree. As a result, populations increased dramatically. Nowadays, coypu are protected in many areas, but widespread poaching has reduced their numbers and range.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many thousands are killed each year just for the guard hairs, which are used in making felt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu are used in marsh management to reduce infestations of aquatic weeds and to keep waterways open.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas where it is found, the coypu is trapped by commercial hunters. However, as noted, several countries have coypu farms. In Germany, the animals have been raised on diets consisting chiefly of potatoes supplemented with oats, clover, corn, hay, green forage, legumes, turnips, or cabbage. Elsewhere, feeds generally include such materials as hay, corn, crushed oats, greens, root vegetables, apples, bread, and rabbit feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To confine coypu, a wall of stone or concrete or a fence of stout wire netting is necessary. It must be set 1 m deep into the ground and rise 1-1.5 m above ground. Water must be available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where selected strains of animals are kept, it is usual to house each female in separate small compartments, complete with pools and shelter boxes. Each is then paired with a male, which is removed after mating to leave the female to rear her brood in seclusion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fur is particularly valuable because the female's nipples are so high that the soft belly fur is unbroken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This herbivore is much cheaper to feed than the furbearing carnivores such as mink. Furs of coypu raised in captivity fetch a price about three times greater than furs from wild animals.6 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wherever the coypu has escaped it has damaged embankments and stream banks. The burrows sometimes weaken dikes that protect low lying areas from flooding. In northern Europe and eastern England, for example, it is considered a serious pest. In rice paddies, coypu could become particularly devastating. They can also damage crops and natural plant communities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu can carry viruses that result in toxoplasmosis, papillomatosis, rabies, and equine encephalomyelitis; bacteria that cause salmonellosis, paratyphoid, and leptospirosis; protozoans that produce sarcosporidiosis and coccidiosis; and rickettsia. Common diseases of captive specimens are bacterial pneumonia, hepatitis-nephritis, Strongyloides infection, and neoplasms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European winters often cause the coypu's tail (which is hairless) to freeze, but the animal hardly seems to notice. A more dangerous situation arises when lakes, streams, or rivers freeze over; beneath the ice, coypu cannot find their way as easily as beavers, and often drown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little research needs to be done. There is massive literature on farming coypu. Nonetheless, the animal's behavior is little studied, and there are few reliable published observations on its social organization. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.7.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant rat, also known as the pouched rat, is one of Africa's largest rodents.! Two species have been distinguished: Cricetomys gambianus, which lives chiefly in savannas and around the edges of forests and human settlements; and Cricetomys emini, which occurs mainly in rainforests. Both are highly prized as food &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are solitary, but they are easy to handle, have a gentle nature, and make good pets. Researchers at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria have been developing techniques for managing them in captivity. Breeding stocks were established in 1973, and since then so many generations have been bred that this small population is considered domesticated. Commercial-scale giant rat farming is now being established in southern Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is a promising development because giant rats are a common &quot;bushmeat&quot; throughout much of Africa. Since these herbivores are well known there, and are acceptable as food, they may have as much or more potential as meat animals than the introduced rabbits that are getting considerable attention (see page 178).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The intertropical zone of Africa from the southern Sahara to the northern Transvaal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is among the most striking of all African rodents. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its large size, it often causes amazement - even alarm -  when seen for the first time. The body measures as much as 40 cm, and, on average, weighs about 1-1.5 kg. The record for a hand-reared specimen is 1.6 kg 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from its size, the best known species (Cricetomys gambianus) is noted for the dark hair around its eyes, a nose that is sharply divided into dark upper and pale lower regions, and a tail that has a dark (proximal) section and pale (distal) section. The overall body color is a dusky gray.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lesser known species (Cricetomys emini) has short, thin, and relatively sleek fur. Its upper parts are pale brown; the belly is white.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant rats are commonly found from Senegal to Sudan, and as far south as the northern region of South Africa. The main species is mostly found in moist savannas, patches of forests, and rainforests. However, it can also be found in all West African vegetation zones from the semiarid Sahel to the coast. It also exists at high altitudesâ up to about 2,OOO m in West Africa and 3,000 m in eastern Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rainforest species occurs in the great equatorial forest belts of Zaire and neighboring Central African countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are probably not threatened with extinction. However, they have been exterminated in some areas (such as in parts of eastern Zaire) where the human population is dense, the land fully cultivated, and the wildlife overhunted. Although common, they are not as well known as one might suppose from their bulk and from the fact that they are sometimes found around, and even inside, houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant rats occur largely in lightly wooded dryland regions or in forested humid regions. They cannot tolerate high temperatures or truly arid conditions. They often live in farm areas and in gardens. Their burrows are commonly found inside deserted termite mounds and at the base of trees. Some have also been found in the middle of cassava fields. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p227a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The giant ratâs distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are herbivores with a tendency to omnivory. They prefer fruits, but also subsist on tubers, grains, vegetables, leaves, legume pods, and wastes (such as banana peels). However, they are not grasseaters. Giant rats also kill and eat mice, insects (caterpillars, cockroaches, and locusts, for example), and probably many other small animals.3 They are particularly fond of mollusks (such as snails).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction is prolific and year-round. The female attains puberty at 20-23 weeks and the gestation period is about 20-42 days. The young are weaned at 21-26 days of age but stay with their mother until 2-3 months of age. So far, the record for the most litters has been 5 in 9 months. It thus seems possible that a female can reproduce 6 times a year. Litter size ranges between I and 5, but 4 is most common. Thus, in 1 year a single female could produce 24 or more young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These strictly nocturnal animals usually lead solitary lives and forage alone. Mostly, they occupy a burrow by themselves, except when the &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;young are being raised. The burrows can be complex. Below the entrances are vertical shafts leading to a system of galleries and chambers for storing food, depositing droppings, sleeping, or breeding. The home range is individual and limited (1-6 hectares). In the wild, one male &quot;supervises&quot; the home ranges of several females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, the animals are often seen sitting up and ramming large amounts of food into their spacious cheek pouches. With full cheeks, they return to their burrows and disgorge the food into a &quot;larder.&quot; Food (chiefly hard nuts) is stored there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They swim and climb well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A study carried out in Nigeria showed that the giant rat produces about the same amount of meat as the domestic rabbit.4 The meat's nutritional value compares favorably with that of domestic livestock, and African villagers know how to preserve it by smoking or by salting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant rat has recently attracted attention as a potential laboratory animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farmers in Nigeria have traditionally trapped the juveniles and fattened them for slaughter. They usually keep the animals in wire cages and feed them daily with food gathered in the wild as well as with scraps from the household.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the program at the University of Ibadan indicates that the giant rat can be domesticated. Already, specimens are being bred and reared in an intensive program. They adapt to captivity after about a month. They are subsequently transferred into breeding cages, which are wooden boxes with a rectangular wire-mesh &quot;playroom.&quot; Each cage holds a breeding pair or a nursing female with its young. Experimental feeding cages have also been designed.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food-preference trials show that palm fruits and root crops (especially sweet potato) are preferred to grains and vegetables. Nutritional studies show that the animals can tolerate up to 7 percent crude fiber in their rations. Although largely vegetarian, they eagerly consume dry and canned dog food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals have several advantages:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They are well known and much sought after for food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They have adapted to life in lowland tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They are able to live on locally available plant materials, including vegetable waste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They reproduce rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They are more tolerant of captivity than the grasscutter (see next chapter). This is largely because omnivorous feeding makes them easier to feed than the grasscutter and other strict herbivores.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species could easily become a pest. It is recommended for rearing only in areas where it already exists. The crops it damages include cacao, root crops, peanuts, maize, sorghum, vegetables, and stored grains and foods. There is also the possibility that this rodent may transmit diseases to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A project at the University of Kinshasa in Zaire reports problems in getting giant rats to reproduce in captivity. When two specimens were paired they sometimes fought so viciously that copulation was impossible.6 Special management may be required, such as housing animals in adjacent cages before actually introducing them to each other. Moreover, selection for docility may also be necessary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ratlike appearance is not attractive, and a few African tribes have taboos against consuming the meat of these animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout Africa south of the Sahara, giant rat domestication deserves experimentation and trials. Success would open up the potential for supplemental meat supplies in rural and urban areas where meat is now scarce. Tests are needed to determine the factors that favor breeding: temperature, aeration, light, privacy, and size and form of cages. Moreover, diets that are cheap and easy to make from local feedstuffs must be identified. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further research on the domestication of the giant rat might include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Identifying husbandry techniques that are applicable at low cost in rural areas;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Studying food digestibility and setting up various diets;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Illuminating social behavior: pairing of animals, the best moment for pairing, duration of pairing, age of partners;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Outlining the basics of husbandry (for instance, capital costs, food conversion ratios, growth rates) and making simple and cheap cages;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Studying biology (anatomy, physiology, birth records, growth rate); and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Testing the practical likelihood that this rodent may transmit diseases to people and other animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant rat has an interesting commensal relationship with Hemimerus, an insect that feeds on secretions in the skin. It seems to cause no irritation or damage, and may even benefit the host by helping to keep the skin clean. Caging these animals results in the general loss of the insect, but attempts should be made to maintain them and to determine their role and life cycle.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The potential of this species as a laboratory animal in nutritional, clinical, and pharmacological research also deserves exploration. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.7.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g023a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus and Thryonomys gregorianus) is found in many forests and savannas of Africa. Its meat, said to resemble suckling pig, often sells for more per kilogram than chicken, beef, pork, or lamb. It is the preferred, and perhaps most expensive meat in West Africa. Indeed. in Ivory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coast it sells for about $9 per kg. With prices like that, grasscutter is a culinary luxury that only the wealthy can afford.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If domestication of this wild species were successful in providing meat at a price similar to that of poultry (the second most popular meat), markets would be unlimited.2 However, as production costs are high, long-term research will be required before grasscutter production can be profitable to the small farmer. This research should now be undertaken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an effort to capitalize on the markets for this delicacy, agricultural extension services of Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Togo, and particularly Benin are already encouraging farmers to rear grasscutters as backyard livestock. They furnish breeding stock and information, and maintain central offices for records. In addition, a bilateral cooperation project in Benin has started experimental work on improved breeding methods combined with the study of animal responses under domestication.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In future, this vegetarian animal might become the African equivalent of South America's guinea pig, playing an important role in reducing Africa's chronic protein shortage. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Humid and subhumid Africa south of the Sahara.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters are robust animals with short tails, small ears, and stocky bodies. Taxonomically, they are more closely related to porcupines than to common rats or mice.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although many varieties have been described, there are probably only two species. The larger (Thryonomys swinderianus) weighs 9 kg or more and has a head-and-body length of up to 60 cm. The smaller species (Thryonomys gregorianus) may occasionally reach 8 kg and a body length of 50 cm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species have yellow-brown to gray-brown bodies, with whitish bellies. The fur is extremely coarse, firm, and bristly - reflecting the animal's kinship to the porcupine. The tail is scaly and has short, sparse hairs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species have thick, heavy claws and enormous orange incisors that can chew through even the toughest vegetation. (Grasscutters have been known to tear holes in corrugated iron fences.) Nevertheless, they do not bite when handled, although their claws sometimes cause injuries.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters occur in grassland or in wooded savanna throughout the humid and subhumid areas of Africa south of the Sahara. They often live in forest-savanna habitats where grass is present. They do not inhabit rainforest, dry scrub, or desert, but they have colonized the road borders in forest regions. Distribution is determined by availability of adequate or preferred grass species for food. Specifically, Thryonomys swinderianus occurs in virtually all countries of west, east, and southern Africa. Thryonomys gregorianus occurs in savannas in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Zaire, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite heavy hunting, these animals are not threatened with extinction. Nonetheless, many individual populations are well below carrying capacity, or are extinct because of local overexploitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The larger grasscutter (T. swinderianus) generally lives in swampy, low-lying areas, especially along river banks and the borders of lakes and streams. Occasionally, it is found on higher ground among bushes and rocks, living where savanna grasses are dense and tangled enough to afford good cover. In Ivory Coast and southern Guinea, for instance, grasscutters are found (and hunted) throughout the savanna zones. And they can occur in close proximity to farmlands and people (for example, in southwest Nigeria).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the precise diet in the wild has not been determined, grasscutters are vegetarian. They consume nuts, bark, and the soft parts of grasses and shrubs. They particularly favor elephant grass and sweet potatoes. They commonly &quot;raid&quot; cassava and yam plantations, and are considered local pests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters reproduce year-round, although the births seem to peak at certain times of the year, correlated with weather conditions.5 Probably one male takes several females, and the family group possibly has more than one generation of young. The gestation is about 152 days. Apparently, litters normally contain between 2 and 4 young, but in Benin and Togo some litters of up to 11 or 12 are reported.6 Newborns are fully developed, their eyes are open, they weigh approximately 80 g, have thick fur, and quickly become accomplished runners.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p236a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they commonly forage in groups, grasscutters are generally solitary. They are nocturnal, and they travel at night through trails in reeds and grass, often to water. Most specimens seen in markets are males, possibly because males lead the groups and are thus most prone to being trapped.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When alarmed, these animals stamp their hind feet and give a strange booming grunt. When fleeing, they can run very fast and, given a chance, will take to water. They swim with ease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For shelter, grasscutters usually weave nests of matted vegetation or scoop out shallow burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a broad geographic band across sub-Saharan Africa, cattle raising is severely limited by trypanosomiasis. There, other sources of animal protein, including rodents, are traditionally used. Thus, grasscutter meat constitutes an important food for many Africans. The animals are mostly caught and eaten by families for their own use, but some are sold in markets and especially in roadside stalls. Many families depend exclusively on selling bushmeat, particularly that of grasscutters. In Accra, Ghana, during one year, 73 tons of grasscutter meat were sold in the local market. This represented more than 15,000 animals. In southern Africa, too, people find that these rodents make tasty food, although they may cut off the tail to make the carcass look less ratlike.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat is usually eaten smoked, and is so much in demand that grasscutters are hunted in organized drives with spears, dogs, and sometimes fire. It is considered excellent, especially when cooked in soups and stews or barbecued.7 It has been described as resembling venison in flavor, but it is dark like the meat of wild duck.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the savanna area of West Africa, people have traditionally captured wild grasscutters and raised them at home. As an extension of this, organized grasscutter husbandry has been initiated in West Africa. The animals are provided with marshy, tightly fenced areas with plenty of plant cover. The young are harvested from these areas and raised separately.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghanaian researcher Emanuel Asibey, a pioneer of this research, reports success at getting such captive stocks to reproduce. To this end, farmers are provided with breeding boxes and foundation grass cutter colonies. They are taught how to rear and feed the animals for home consumption or for cash income. Basically, the farmers make available large sheds where the animals can move freely. To prevent escape, the walls may be reinforced with cement plaster. The farmers also provide piles of grass, sugarcane, and other foods. A grasscutter reportedly takes about a month to adjust to such confinement. High mortality can occur in this period. The average weight of a mature, home-raised grasscutter is 4-7 kg. The average killing-out (dressed carcass) is 64 percent.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Wildlife Domestication Unit of Ibadan University in Nigeria, another pioneer of rodent domestication, has also reported the potential of domesticated grasscutter colonies.9&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research on grasscutter breeding, husbandry, and feeding is similarly being implemented by the Ministry for Rural Development in Benin and at the Lacena in Ivory Coast (see Research Contacts).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The demand for grasscutter meat is so large that it is not being met. Markets for it already exist over much of Africa,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters can devastate such crops as rice, sugarcane, soybeans, peanuts, yams, cassava, sweet potatoes, oil-palm seedlings, maize, young rubber, sorghum, and wheat. Therefore, as with most rodents, they should be reared only in areas where they already exist.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In past years, captive animals in Benin have suffered fatal Clostridium infections during September and October. In 1986, a broad-spectrum antibiotic was given with outstanding results. During this season, the animals also suffered from ascarid worms, which were also successfully treated with standard drugs.10&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed in the following areas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Digestive physiology, feeding habits, feed preferences, feed conversion and growth rate; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Diseases (pathogens and parasites);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Captive breeding and management (growth rates, space requirements, feed needs, etc);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Performance under different environments;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Productivity; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Basic biology (for example, chromosome type, reproductive physiology, and social behavior both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, specimens should be gathered from different regions for comparative evaluation. A particular need is to select and breed docile specimens because today, even after several generations in captivity, the animal must still be handled with caution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although domestication of the grasscutter is encouraged, wild populations might also be managed to maximize and sustain production through habitat manipulation. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.7.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g024a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are promising microlivestock because they require little capital or labor; provide an inexpensive, readily available, palatable meat; have no odor, and are suitable for keeping indoors. In the highlands of the Andes, many Indians raise them to supplement diets based on grains  and vegetables. Families eat them mostly on special occasions such as weddings and first communions, or they sell them to restaurants or peddle them in village markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The low cost of these small animals makes them available even to many landless peasants. For both the small farmer and apartment dweller, the guinea pig is a possible food reserve. It converts kitchen scraps and marginal wastelands into meat. According to estimates, 20 females and 2 males may produce enough meat year-round to provide an adequate meat diet for a family of 6.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since husbandry practices are simple and cheap, the guinea pig is an excellent source of supplementary income. An FAO study at Ibarra, Ecuador, showed that on small mountain farms the guinea pig provided more profit than either pigs or dairy cows, partly because its meat fetched high prices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although domesticated guinea pigs are mainly a food resource of Latin America, their use has also spread to parts of Africa and Asia. They are raised, for instance, in Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Zaire. In southern Nigeria, at least 10 percent of all households raise guinea pigs for food, with colonies of up to 30 animals per household. Guinea pigs are also raised in small cages or cardboard boxes by small farmers in the Philippines.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The feeding efficiency is high: studies have shown that it takes between 3.2 and 5.7 kg of forage to produce 1 kg of growth. This makes guinea pigs more efficient than most farm mammals. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs seem especially adapted to the climate and forages of high-altitude zones, but the fact that they are being raised in Central and West Africa indicates that they are also adapted to the lowland tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p243a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The native distribution of the guinea pigâs wild ancestor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs have stocky bodies, fairly short hind legs, and short, unfurred ears. Adults can weigh up to 2 kg, but an average-sized specimen is about 0.5 kg. They are 20-40 cm long (average 28 cm) and have no tail. In domesticated forms, the pelage may be smooth or coarse, short or long, and in some types the hairs form rosettes.4 Domesticated types come in colors ranging from white to dark brown, as well as piebald.5 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The original home of the wild guinea pig is believed to have been the central highlands of Peru and Bolivia. Its domesticated descendants are important as meat animals mainly in that same area, but, as noted, they are also important in certain African and Asian countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few strains are distributed worldwide as laboratory animals and pets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated guinea pigs, as a whole, are in no danger of extinction, although some rare strains are threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These extremely adaptable animals are found in temperate zones and in the highland tropics, but they are usually kept indoors and protected from the extremes of weather. In Lambayeque and other departments of Peru, they are reared at elevations from sea level to more than 4,000 m. In areas where they are raised, daily temperatures fluctuate as much as 30ÃC. In the Bolivian or Peruvian puna region, for instance, day temperatures can be 22ÃC, while night temperatures are -7ÃC. However, they cannot survive freezing temperatures and they may not perform well when exposed to the full tropical heat and sunlight. Many people of the Peruvian highlands keep the animals in darkness (for example, in wood boxes with little or no light).6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal's original wild habitat is believed to have been an area of grasslands, forest edges, swamps, and rocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These herbivores can be raised on kitchen scraps, garden wastes, and weedy vegetation plucked from backyards or roadsides. Andean peasants mainly feed them potato peels, scraps of cabbage, lettuce, carrot, wild grasses, corn stalks, and the foliage of miscellaneous wild plants. Some barley and alfalfa is grown specifically for guinea pigs; it is cut green and sold in small bundles in the markets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs mate throughout the year except when climate is excessively adverse. Domestic breeds average 2-3 young per litter, although larger litters sometimes occur. The gestation period is 65-70 days with an average of 67. Females come into estrus every 13-24 days, and there is a fertile postpartum estrus.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females can become pregnant when merely 3 months old, and many produce 4 litters every year from then on. In principle, a farmer starting with 1 male and 10 females could see his herd grow to 3,000 animals in one year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newborns are so large that the female's pubic bones must separate for the birth. They emerge fully developed, with fur and open eyes. They look like miniature adults, and they start eating grass and other feedstuffs within hours. (For this reason, babies orphaned at birth have been known to survive.) Weaning may be reached as early as 21 days of age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The life span in captivity is as long as 8 years, but animals used for breeding usually live only 3.5 years. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUPER GUINEA PIGS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even in their native region, guinea pigs have traditionally received little research attention. However, that began changing in the 1970s with the onset of meat shortages in Peru. (For a time the government restricted beef sales to only 15 days a month.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For instance, in 1972 Peru began a guinea pig improvement project. Researchers from i a Molina National Agrarian University traveled throughout Peru gathering many kinds of guinea pigs short haired long haired black, white, yellow, brown, and even purple. Practically all the guinea pigs eaten in Peru are home grown, and researchers observed that the bigger ones were generally winding up in the stew, leaving the smaller ones for breeding. The people inadvertently were making the animals smaller. (This is a common phenomenon for many animals.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To overcome it, the university research workers compared the mature size and growth rates of all the different guinea pigs. They selected and cross-bred the biggest, meatiest, and fastest-growing ones. This program, later taken over by Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Promocion Agropecuaria (INIPA), produced remarkable results. The starting animals averaged little more than 0.5 kg, the resulting ones averaged almost 2 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru's &quot;super guinea pigs&quot; are now getting international recognition. They have been introduced into the highlands of Honduras, where the animal is also part of the Indian cuisine. The FAO has shipped some to the Dominican Republic. In addition, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia have all begun their own guinea pig improvement programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within Peru the government has established 11 breeding stations to encourage the farming of guinea pigs for food. The goal is to provide better stud males to the people so that future animals will grow more quickly and reach a greater weight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs generally congregate in small groups, normally made up of 5-10 adults. In favorable areas, however, such groups may coalesce into large colonies. The animals communicate incessantly among themselves, emitting a variety of squeaks and other noises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males, although good-natured with other species, often fight fiercely among themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs are raised mainly for meat. Peru has about 20 million, which annually provide 16-17,000 tons of meat (only 4,000 tons less than Peru's sheep meat production).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs are used worldwide for studies on disease, nutrition, heredity, and toxicology, as well as for the development of serums and other biomedical research. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs require so little space that a small cage or pit can house up to 10 females and 1 male. They can be raised in cages with wire floors of small mesh as well. The labor required is low. A colony of 1,000 females reportedly can be properly cared for by one person. A layer of wood shavings, shredded paper, straw, and dried corncobs is usually recommended for bedding. The droppings are odorless, so the bedding does not need changing as often as with other animals. When the diet mainly consists of greens, much urine is produced, and then the beds have to be changed frequently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When grown for meat, the young are weaned at 3-4 weeks and are ready for market in a matter of 10-13 weeks. Weight gain is rapid for the first 4-6 weeks, and then decreases. The carcasses normally dress out at about 65 percent, including the skin and legs. The meat's protein content is approximately 21 percent.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a few regions of Peru, guinea pigs are &quot;herded&quot; on the open range and retired at night into small adobe coops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This small, inoffensive animal rarely bites, is easy to manage, and has no smell. It is an excellent supplemental meat supply. The improved breeds cannot climb or jump so that they are easy to contain. (Primitive &quot;criollo&quot; types, however, can jump.) If kept dry and given green vegetation, grain, and water, it survives in many environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major constraint is consumer reluctance. Even in Latin America, attempts to promote guinea pig consumption outside the Indian communities have failed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When raised in a clean environment and under normal feeding conditions, guinea pigs thrive and reproduce and do not need routine vaccinations or antibiotics that cattle, sheep, and pigs often require. However, guinea pigs can be carriers of Chagas' disease and salmonella. Further, they are susceptible to pneumonia if temperatures change abruptly when conditions are wet. Coccidiosis and internal and external parasites are also common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green forages and surplus fruits or by-products are critical to provide vitamin C, which the animal is unable to synthesize for itself. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the greatest concentration of guinea pigs is found in the Andes, particular efforts should be directed towards this region. Already, research on guinea pigs has begun in some universities and government research stations in Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia, but more work is needed on matters such as:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Breeding &quot;elite&quot; stock for distribution;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Feeding and nutritional-requirement trials, especially for creating alternate feeds that peasants and commercial producers can use during seasons when conventional feeds are hard to get;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Diseases and parasites that may limit production in small farming systems;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Management practices concerning reproduction, housing, herd size, and feeding; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The genetic basis for weight gain and productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some research should be directed towards developing rations or introducing drought-resistant forages for the dry season because green forage is needed year-round. A range of practical and economical diets needs to be created.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal geneticists in Latin American countries should establish &quot;elite&quot; populations that can provide superior stock throughout the world. It can be anticipated that applying modern breeding methods to existing improved strains will result in great advances in a relatively short period and at little cost (see sidebar).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three species of wild cavies (Cavia aperea, C. fulgida, and C. tschudii), close relatives of the guinea pig, are native to South America and are declining drastically. Research to preserve them is urgently needed. C. aperea is a widely used item of food in rural Brazil and other parts of South America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.7.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g025a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Hispaniolan Hutia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first meat Christopher Columbus tasted in the New World was probably hutia, a rodent avidly hunted by the Carib Indians. Hutia bones have been unearthed from kitchen middens of pre-Columbian inhabitants of all the Greater Antilles. Indians carried live hutias on voyages possibly in a semidomestic state as a source of food. On some islands, hutias were so eagerly sought that their populations were destroyed long before Europeans arrived. Slaves in the cane fields also hunted hutias for food. The surviving species later suffered when forests were cleared and cats, dogs, mongooses, and other predators were introduced. Consequently, the majority of hutia species died out, and today most surviving members of the family (Capromyidae) are facing extinction. Human predation continues in some areas (for instance, in Jamaica) where the tradition of &quot;coneyhunting&quot; still endures in a few regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias should be tested as possible microlivestock: success could create the incentive for their complete protection. The animals seem to take well to captivity. The Jamaican hutia is already overproducing in zoos, causing a local glut of animals. And hutias are, or were until recently, kept in barns by some people in Cuba, who fed them on banana and other vegetable waste and ate them regularly.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POTENTIAL AREA OF USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias are broad-headed, short-legged, robust animals with small eyes and ears. The various species are from 20 to 60 cm long and weigh from 1 to 9 kg - a size range from that of a guinea pig to that of a small dog. They walk with a slow, waddling motion, but can hop quickly if frightened or pursued. They also climb well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 10 1iving species are all big enough to be candidates for microlivestock. The best known and easiest species to keep in captivity are the Cuban hutia (Capromys pilorides) and Jamaican hutia (Geocapromys brownii). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Cuban hutia (also called hutia conga) is about 60 cm long, with coarse fur, a raccoon-shaped body, and a thick tail covered with sparse bristles. A forest dweller, it weighs up to 7 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The short-tailed Jamaican hutia is smaller: it is 33-45 cm long and weighs up to 2.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p252a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The hutiaâs native range .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias are found only in the Caribbean (Greater Antilles and Bahamas). Most species are confined to a single island, where they represent the only remaining indigenous land mammals. The Cuban hutia is found only in Cuba. The Jamaican hutia is found only in Jamaica, although a close relative occurs on East Plana Cay, Bahamas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This once widely distributed and plentiful family is now failing. Of the 30 or so known recent taxa, more than half are already extinct, and the remainder all suffer from habitat alteration, predation by introduced animals, and hunting by man. With the exception of the Cuban hutia, all species are included on the list of the world's threatened mammals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia ranges have been so reduced that these animals survive only in the most inaccessible forests and rocky drylands. Both the Cuban and the Jamaican hutias occur in a variety of habitats from montane cloud forests to arid coastal semideserts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most species are terrestrial, but some live in trees. The Cuban and Jamaican species are terrestrial, but they can climb trees if circumstances demand. They maneuver well on trunks and larger branches, descending head first like squirrels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias are primarily vegetarian, their diets consisting of leaves, bark, fruits, and twigs, as well as incidental catches of small animals such as lizards and invertebrates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias seem to breed year-round, generally giving birth to litters of 1-4 offspring after a gestation period of 16-20 weeks. The young are well developed at birth, fully haired, open eyed, and capable of most adult movements. After 10 days they begin taking solid food, although they are not fully weaned for at least a month and a half (5 months for the Cuban hutia). Sexual maturity is at 10 months; life expectancy is 8-11 years in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Jamaican hutia has one of the highest diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 88) of any mammal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most hutias are wary and secretive and are easily displaced by human encroachment. They live like rabbits, hiding among tangled vegetation, in holes, and among rocks - communicating by voice and scent markings. They build shelters mainly in rock crevices, but also in the base of thick bushes or in natural cavities in trees. The Cuban hutia is often diurnal, whereas the Jamaican hutia is largely nocturnal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HISPANIOLAN HUTIA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Hispaniolan hutia, or zagouti (Plagiodontia aedium) as it is known in Haiti is smaller than the two Capromyids discussed here, weighing just 1.2 kg. It is difficult to breed in captivity and has a lower reproductive rate than either the Jamaican or Cuban hutia. It is therefore less suitable as an economic or food source.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, there is a significant need for supplemental protein sources in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It might be possible to develop a special captive-breeding program for this animal, but it should be done with great care. It is important that a hunting tradition for this animal not be reestablished in rural areas of Haiti or the Dominican Republic, and that local organizations not be misled into believing that there will be a rapid increase in the numbers of this species in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia meat is relished, especially in Jamaica. The animals are still hunted, often by using dogs that smell them out and retrieve them from a hole or hold them at bay in treetops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiences of zoos suggest that the Cuban and Jamaican hutias will thrive in captivity. The animals are generally long-lived and have survived up to 17 years. They are often friendly with their keepers and, when tame, can be held and carried about without any particular danger. However, if angered they can inflict deep bites and should normally be handled with considerable caution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are already much in demand. Their meat has an excellent flavor and they are big enough to provide a worthwhile quantity. If husbandry could be developed on a sustainable basis, it could be used as a mechanism for both economic development and for saving the remnant populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild populations are threatened. Any captive population must be built up without endangering them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All hutias are susceptible to predation by domestic cats, mongooses, dogs, and human poachers, so care must be taken to design predator-proof breeding facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are carriers of eastern equine encephalomyelitis, a serious disease of horses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias deserve urgent conservation attention. In particular, the following steps should be taken:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Establish reserves in natural habitats containing breeding populations to ensure the survival of the genetic diversity of these animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Build up breeding populations in suitable zoos and livestock research centers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gather specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Investigate hutia biology, including chromosome type, reproductive physiology, nutrition, and diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Assess experiences of zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Perform captive breeding trials, measuring growth rates, space requirements, food needs, and social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Study the social organization and tameability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colonies of some species could be established on uninhabited islands, as has been done with the Bahamian hutia Geocapromys ingrahami. Even this rare species might eventually be raised to yield meat for local inhabitants, as it is well adapted to dry and barren environments and was a regular food of the pre-Columbian Indians. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.7.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g026a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many wild relatives of the guinea pig are native to South America. Some, such as the guinea pig itself, are small; others, such as the mare, are much bigger. Maras1 (Dolichotis patagonum) are as tall as terriers and, at first glance, look like dwarf antelopes or huge hares They have large ears and eyes, long legs, and short tails. They generally behave like hares or wild rabbits, but, like deer, they run with a stiff-legged gait when pursued by predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These strange-looking creatures are found in temperate regions in the southern half of South America. They are dry-country animals, living on the thorn-scrub, desert plains of Argentina and the stony wastes of Patagonia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although exceedingly shy, restless, and watchful, mares tame easily, make good pets, and are much favored by the local populace. They were introduced to France last century, and in Victorian times Europeans sometimes bred them. These big, handsome rodents, grazing in little herds, were considered an attractive addition to the lawns of country estates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POTENTIAL AREA OF USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras are best kept in their native region of southern South America. With care, however, they could be used in other areas because they are slow breeders and their population growth is easy to control.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At first sight, these large rodents look like some weird hybrid. They have the long ears of a hare and the tidy body and spindly legs of a small antelope. Although related to guinea pigs, they are long legged. The tail is short; the ears are long and erect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Average-size mares weigh about 8 kg, but large ones can be 1 m long and weigh up to 16 kg.2 Females are larger than males. The coat is light in color, with grey upper parts and whitish underparts. The limbs and feet are tinged a yellowish brown. The pelage is dense, with individual hairs standing at nearly right angles to the skin. This gives a harsh texture, even though the hairs are soft and fine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals can hop, walk, gallop, or run. They are extremely swift and can reach 45 km per hour over long distances. They are also accomplished jumpers, often leaping 2 m high from a standing start. The feet are compact and rather hooflike, but with sharp claws. The hind foot has three digits; the front foot has four.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mare's range in the thorn-scrub desert and Patagonian steppe of Argentina extends from about 28ÃS to 50ÃS.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Endangered. These animals, once plentiful, are now threatened because of the introduction of the European hare, which is more successful at competing for food. In many of the eastern parts of its distribution (see map) it is now extinct.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras inhabit open, dry plains and other treeless semidesert areas of coarse grass or scattered shrubs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras are pure vegetarians. They feed on short grasses and herbs that are sparsely distributed between patches of dry desert scrub. Usually, they are satisfied with a few coarse weeds and the shoots of bushes. However, their overall diet consists of any available vegetation: leaves, roots, fruits, and stems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female mares become sexually receptive within a few hours after giving birth. The estrous cycle is 35 days, plus or minus 5 days.3 The gestation period is 77 days. Each female gives birth to 1-3 young at the mouth of the den; the pups crawl inside to safety. Newborns are well developed, and within a few hours they begin grazing vegetation. They remain in the vicinity of the den for up to 4 months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially, at least, the young are nervous and easily frightened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras shelter in a burrow that they either construct for themselves or &quot;borrow&quot; from another animal that has abandoned it. They are active during the day and spend considerable time basking in the sun. They are always alert for danger. When alarmed, they flee at high speed. The white rump patch flashes a warning to the others, who then follow this &quot;flag.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A fundamental element of their social system is the monogamous pair bond. Certainly in captivity, and probably in the wild as well, the bond between a pair lasts for life. When breeding, 20 or more pairs may band together temporarily to share a single den for the pups.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals stand on straight legs, sit on bent haunches with the forepart of the body resting on the fully extended front legs, or recline in a catlike position with the front legs folded under the chest, an unusual position for a rodent. They travel in single file, with the female usually leading. Members of a pair maintain contact by means of a low grumble. Although the long legs can quickly carry it to safety, a mare usually stops every 20-30 m and turns to peer at its pursuer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals clean themselves by licking their sides and apparently by &quot;combing&quot; their fur with their teeth. They wipe their faces as cats do, with the inside of a foreleg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p260a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The maraâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the light-colored meat is said to be dry and flavorless, it is widely consumed in South America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras have been successfully raised and bred in many zoos, and, as noted, have been kept as pets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adults make little use of any shelter; they seem fond of being out and about in all weather. As long as they have a protected burrow for the use of the pups, mare populations can thrive in severe climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In zoos, diets include straw, vegetables, and crushed oats. Drinking water is supplied, although the animals rarely take it if they are feeding on fresh plant materials. They like to have salt blocks, however.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In South America, one mare lived in captivity for almost 14 years; most specimens do not live beyond 10 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras are a good size for microlivestock. They have a short gestation period, and they are social and easy to maintain in groups. They can be successfully kept in pens and can be fed relatively low-quality forage. Colonies can grow to be quite large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals can easily dig under the edges of cages and escape. Extra-deep foundations are needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following heavy rains, care must be taken to keep them from drowning in their subterranean burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If suddenly disturbed, mares can become hysterical, leaping away regardless of anything in the way, and often seriously injuring or even killing themselves as a result. They fear bodily contact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mare's monogamous nature in the wild is a likely limitation. But perhaps, like chinchillas, the animal will become polygamous in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are sensitive to tuberculosis when kept in humid conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research needs to increase understanding of the mare include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutritional trials;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Husbandry experiments - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, feed needs;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Productivity tests;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Grazing-efficiency measurements;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Exploration of commercial details; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determination of diseases and parasites. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.7.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas (Agouti paca)1,2 are large, white-spotted, almost tailless rodents with the potential to become a source of protein for the American tropics. They are found in lowlands from Mexico to northern Argentina. The meat is white and is considered the best of all Latin American game meat. It is common in local markets and restaurants. Tasting like a combination of pork and chicken, it sells at higher prices than beef and is a regular item of diet in some areas. In Costa Rica, pace is served on special occasions such as weddings or baptisms. It has a higher fat content than the lean meat of agoutis, rabbits, and chickens, and has no gamy taste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paca has promise as a microlivestock. In several countries, Belize and Mexico for example, people already keep them in cages beside their homes and fatten them on kitchen scraps. In Costa Rica, some are bred on farms, under houses, and even in apartments. Research on raising paces in captivity is under way at the Universidad Nacional in Heredia, Costa Rica; at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Balboa, Panama (see page 196); and at the Instituto de Historia Natural in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico. In Turrialba, Costa Rica, an entrepreneur is already breeding and raising pace commercially.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the pace has potential as a food source, many problems still must be resolved before it can be recommended for mass rearing. If solved, however, this species would become an attractive microlivestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pace has potential for use throughout its vast geographical range in Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general appearance, paces are somewhat like giant guinea pigs. The legs are short, the forefeet have four &quot;fingers,&quot; and the hindfeet have five small, hooflike &quot;toes.&quot; The feet are partially webbed and are adapted both for digging and for swimming. Pacas burrow with all four feet as well as their teeth; even large roots are no obstacle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adults weigh 6-14 kg, males being somewhat larger than females. Although they may become bulbously fat, paces remain &quot;one of the fastest things on four feet. &quot; From a standing start, even a fat specimen can jump at least 1 m off the ground. Pacas are also agile. However, their skin's epidermal layer is thin and fragile, and large strips may be ripped off as they rush headlong through spiky undergrowth. However, such wounds heal astonishingly fast - frequently within days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas are chocolate brown in colon The head is somewhat lighter in shade than the body, and the underparts are whitish or buff colored. There are usually four longitudinal rows of white spots that may merge into stripes along each side of the body. The fur is coarse, spiny, and slippery, and has no underwool. Each hair is stiff, relatively sharp, and very smooth, which makes paces extremely difficult for predators to hang on to.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parts of the cheekbones are enlarged, and the cheeks can open to form special pouches. This is more developed in adult males than in females - indeed, adults can be readily sexed by head shape. The pouches are outside of the mouth and are fully haired. The animals use them mainly to create a resonating chamber for their booming bark and noisy tooth grinding. These enlarged cheeks push the large bulging eyes toward the top of the skull. The eyes are suited for nocturnal conditions, the senses of smell and hearing are uncannily acute, and there is an array of long whiskers that is used when maneuvering at night.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lowland paces are found throughout most of Latin America from east central Mexico to northern Paraguay, Argentina, and Minas Gerais, Brazil. This includes all of Central America and most of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and the Guianas. The animal has also been introduced into Cuba.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p265a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The pacaâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burgeoning human populations are severely reducing many of Latin America's native animal resources, and the pace is one of the most persecuted. It has been exterminated within hunting range of virtually all cities, towns, and villages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several governments, recognizing the pace's plight, have passed laws prohibiting the hunting and marketing of its meat. Nevertheless, people continue to take it, usually at night, using trail dogs and headlights.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas thrive in a variety of tropical habitats but are most common in forests, swamps, and partly cleared grazing lands. They inhabit most types of forests from deciduous woodland to rainforest. Usually, they stay near streams or rivers, but they often live where there is no permanent water. They are abundant only in little-disturbed forest areas. Although preferring low, dense tree cover, paces sometimes inhabit open rocky areas and farmland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These herbivores feed mainly on fruits, young seedlings, and some seeds. However, when fruits are scarce they may switch to browsing leaves and roots. They probably sometimes eat large insects, and, on rare occasion, may perhaps eat small vertebrates. Captive paces, like many other &quot;frugivores,&quot; seem to develop a protein deficiency and will eagerly eat meat scraps on occasion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The young are usually born singly after a gestation period of 146 days. There are probably 2 births a year. Females have an estrous period that begins shortly after giving birth. If mating does not take place at this time, the female becomes unreceptive until after the 3-month (sometimes 4- to 6-month) lactation is over. The length of the estrous cycle is 30 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During daylight hours, paces seclude themselves in brushy cover, in or under fallen logs, or in extensive underground burrows. The burrows, which may be several meters long, are dug in moist soil or taken over from other animals; they are often in river banks, on slopes, among tree roots, or under rocks. Usually, several exits are provided, often being plugged with leaves as a disguise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild, paces dig large holes and rummage about the forest floor at night, gnawing on fruits. Pairs inhabit a defended area, sometimes living together in the same burrow, sometimes not. Also, they usually travel alone, following paths that lead to feeding grounds and water. Individual home ranges are small (1-3 hectares).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although paces are terrestrial, they enter water freely, they swim well, they copulate in water, and, when alarmed, they generally attempt to escape by swimming. They are also lively and playful; however, they can be exceedingly obstinate. Sometimes fighting among themselves becomes very savage. When angered they growl, sometimes noisily, and they can suddenly jump on aggressors, real or imagined, delivering frightful wounds with their chisel-like front teeth thrust forward like a spear. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, pace meat is tasty and brings high prices in the markets. It is considered a delicacy in fine restaurants and was served to Queen Elizabeth during her October 1985 visit to Belize. In Mexico, paces, like pigs, are usually boiled unskinned. Even the skin is then edible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If treated appropriately when young, paces become manageable. They undergo &quot;imprinting,&quot; a characteristic of most species that have been domesticated. An imprinted pace becomes so tame that it seeks out human company, follows people around like an amiable dog and, if turned out of its cage, returns voluntarily. (To achieve this degree of tameness it is necessary to remove the animal from its mother at an early age.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although wild paces are almost entirely nocturnal, tame paces are more active during daylight hours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young or partly grown paces are commonly exhibited in zoos. They eat prodigious quantities of almost any vegetation and have been called, &quot;a good substitute for a large garbage pail.&quot; Diets can include rolled oats, raw vegetables, bananas, apples, and bread. They probably need additional protein occasionally, and seem to appreciate some fat in their diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If husbandry can be developed, the clamor for pace meat throughout tropical America would be a big economic incentive for farming these animals. The excellence and wide acceptance of the meat is an indication that pace farming would be taken up both in rural and urban areas and by many levels of society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas can harbor human diseases, including leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from the project in Panama (see page 194), paces have bred only sporadically in captivity, with few offspring surviving. However, successes have been recorded in zoos in London, San Diego, and Washington, D.C., and in a research project in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico. In Costa Rica, they are also reportedly breeding well, with a survival rate of 90 percent since 1982, and 80 percent of the females are reproducing.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All adult paces can be aggressive and dangerous. Their powerful incisors can inflict serious wounds. (They can even rip through planks.) Intraspecific aggression is one of the most serious impediments to captive breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike the capybara, the pace not only has a long gestation but usually bears a single young. Thus, the output of a single breeding female may be, at best, two offspring per year (at least this is the expected production in the wild). This &quot;slow&quot; breeding is a limitation. In captivity, however, there is a possibility that it can be speeded up.4 The fact that paces bond together in pairs is a limitation. If every female has to be accompanied by a male, then many (otherwise unnecessary) males have to be fed and maintained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male paces are considered difficult to keep as household pets because they spray females (or human substitutes) with a mixture of urine and glandular secretions. This can occur several times a day. In addition, they have anal glands that produce a musky odor that some people find objectionable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although paces are common in some areas over the vast region from Mexico to Argentina, they are little understood, even by zoologists. In fact, most data concerning this animal have come from interviews with local hunters. Intensive field work is needed to develop an understanding of the pace's biology, status, and habitat requirements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The popularity of pace meat makes it urgent to start this work as well as to begin breeding paces on an organized basis. Such projects would lay the groundwork for preserving the species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Particular research needs concern the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Age structure and reproductive performance;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Growth rates and feeding habits;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Behavioral patterns in captivity;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutritional requirements;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Meat quality;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Helminth and arthropod parasites;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Role in transmitting or perpetuating diseases;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reproduction (such as external manifestations of estrus in females); and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Genetic variations that would allow the selection of animals adapted to captivity and females that produce multiple offspring - twins, triplets, or more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ways must be found to introduce more than one female to each male without inciting aggression. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.7.10" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g027a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas (Lagostomus maximus) are soft-furred South American rodents that look like long-tailed guinea pigs. They can weigh as much as 8 kg and are resilient animals, inhabiting dry pampas and shrub lands in northern Argentina and neighboring countries. They seem to have promise for producing meat and hides in marginal zones whithin their native habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like chinchillas (page 277), these rodents provide a prized furry pelt. They also provide meat that reportedly tastes &quot;as good as hare,&quot; which in Europe is considered the epitome of dining. They are easily trapped alive in cheap, homemade, multiple-catch, funnel traps. And they are thought to be suitable for farming on a large scale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, vizcachas are currently considered pests because they take grazing from cattle and sheep and because they build large burrows that undermine the land. Government campaigns have eradicated them in the richer agricultural areas of Argentina, but the animals are still common in marginal zones. There is evidence that they become more abundant when domestic livestock overgraze the land. In improverished marginal sites, where other livestock enterprises are unsuitable, the potential exists for game-ranching vizcachas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the potential hazard to new areas, vizcachas can be used only in the pampas regions of southern South America where they are already widespread.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas have short front legs, long, muscular hind legs, and round eyes and ears. Their heads seem oversized in proportion to their bodies. Males weigh 5-8 kg, females 2-4.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members of the same rodent subfamily as the chinchilla, they have a thick, soft, valuable fur that is grey or brown above, whitish or greyish below. They are, however, much larger than chinchillas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although basically running animals, vizcachas often jump bipedally (like kangaroos), and they sit erect while eating or grooming. The forefeet have four long flexible digits used to grasp food. Their soles and palms are naked and have fleshy pads (pallipes).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas once swarmed widely over the savannas of southern Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina, but they are being systematically exterminated. Today they inhabit isolated areas of north, central, and western Argentina and southern Paraguay.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1907, these animals have been mercilessly hunted. The governments of the Argentine provinces where they are mostly found, reward hunters for killing this &quot;pest.&quot; However, the numbers are so reduced that now there is no need for a bounty system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas live in flat, dry, steppelike plains; in dry woodland (Chaco), and in low mountains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that these rodents eat their own droppings (coprophagy) augments their ability to utilize natural forages, and allows them to abound in degraded zones. They feed on any plant materials they can find near their colonies, particularly grasses. In feeding trials, their daily dry matter intake was 2-5 percent of the body weight. The metabolic efficiency (dry matter per kg) was 33-56 percent; the digestive efficiency was 50-60 percent.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male vizcachas become sexually mature at about seven months of age and remain fertile throughout the year. The gestation period is long: 154 days. Litters contain one or two young. Newborns are well developed, fully furred, and open eyed, although they cannot fend for themselves for at least three weeks. In the wild, one or two litters are reared each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas are nocturnal and are active year-round. They inhabit underground burrows, living in colonies often containing many individuals. They collect a variety of materials (for example, bones, sticks, and stones), and heap them in piles above the entrances to their burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their hearing and sense of smell are acute. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p274a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Vizcachaâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas have long been hunted for food as well as for their fur. Their meat is often consumed in pickled form in southern South America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The skins are fabricated into table runners, rugs, bedspreads, slippers, and belts. The skins are also popular for overcoats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas can be kept in captivity without major difficulty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In zoos, vizcachas are fed the typical diets furnished for vegetarian rodents: rolled oats, green vegetables, bananas, apples, and bread. They are usually kept indoors in wire-fronted cages, about 1 x 2 m in size, and provided with sleeping boxes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about vizcacha husbandry, but in one trial, weight rose most rapidly in males until age 18 months (the average size was then 5.3 kg) and subsequently slowed. The heaviest male was 7.3 kg at 30-32 months. The female's weight gain was greatest until 16-18 months (average size 3.3 kg).3 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals seem well adapted to harsh sites where the climate and forage make raising conventional livestock difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat is white and has a good nutritive value because of its high digestibility, low levels of saturated fats, and high levels of proteins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In marginal zones of the pampas, these rodents appear far more productive than traditional livestock.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas may do considerable damage by foraging in cultivated crops. As noted, ranchers claim that they take grazing away from domestic animals, 10 vizcachas eating as much as a sheep. In addition, they claim, vizcachas destroy pasture with their acidic urine. And the large burrow systems sometimes create a hazard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because their reproductive rate is low and their growth rate is only moderate, their commercial breeding might not be profitable except in well-designed projects with clear markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas require sturdy pens, which implies a high initial cost for materials such as concrete and brick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas can be aggressive to one another, especially in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several possible research projects, including:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gathering specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation of characters such as biology, chromosome type, reproductive physiology, social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Attempting captive rearing and small-scale husbandry;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Assessing performance under various environments; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Quantifying productivity and population dynamics in relation to rangeland use and improvement practices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A rational cropping program based on wild stocks is perhaps more viable than captive breeding. This could be organized so as to keep vizcacha numbers in check while sustaining a small chain of processing plants by providing a constant supply of meat and skins. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.7.11" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 10 previous chapters have described some rodent species that show promise as microlivestock. Rodentia, however, is one of the largest families of mammals, and the species highlighted by no means exhaust the possibilities. In this chapter we briefly mention others that deserve consideration and exploratory research. These might prove to be potential resources, at least in localized situations. Several are fast nearing extinction and they deserve protection and immediate attention from animal scientists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHINCHILLAS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the high Andes of South America are found the short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla brevicaudata) and the long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). These plump little rodents have fur that is possibly the thickest, softest, and warmest of any animal's.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the surface they would seem to be ideal candidates for microlivestock in Third World regions. Indeed, in recent years chinchilla-rearing has been successfully carried out in northern India. However, raising these animals for commercial markets is a highly specialized and costly business because only rare and expensive breeding stock produces top-quality pelts, and all other pelts are worthless in today's marketplace.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These guinea-pig-sized animals have round ears, a bushy tail, and range from 25 to 50 cm long. Adult males rarely weigh more than 500 g, but females may weigh up to 800 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PACARANA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pacarana (Dinomys branickii) is the third-largest living rodentâ only capybaras and some beavers are larger. But little is known about this seldom-encountered, forest-dwelling species. Nevertheless, pacaranas appear to be likely candidates for domestication. They are amazingly even-tempered and peaceful, and become surprisingly tame.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because these animals are endangered they are unlikely candidates for microlivestock in the short run, but their large size and good meat could be the stimulus for an international effort to study, protect, and rear them in large numbers before it is too late.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacaranas are found along the eastern foothills of the Andes, including parts of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Their area of potential use is in Latin America and the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It would be advantageous for livestock scientists to investigate this species in captivity. Studies are needed of the animal's general biology, including its nutritional requirements, reproductive capacity, behavior, and physiology. For wildlife specialists, there is a compelling need to protect this species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SPRINGHARE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scattered through the dry lands of eastern and southern Africa - on numerous grasslands, plains, fossil lake beds, hill slopes, and floodplains - is the springhare (or springhaas). With its powerful hind legs, tiny forelegs, upright stance, and hopping gait, it looks something like a tiny kangaroo. It is commonly seen at night, eyes glowing a characteristic red in the headlights.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal is an important source of food and skins for rural peoples throughout southern Africa. In Botswana, it is the principal bushmeat in the human diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Springhares are 35-40 cm long and weigh 3-4 kg. There is one species (Pedetes capensis) and two subspecies: the East African springhare and the Cape springhare (formerly Pedetes cafer). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROCK CAVY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) is closely related to the guinea pig and occurs in the impoverished semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. It is large and lean and has a face somewhat resembling a dog's. It is hunted extensively and is an important source of meat for country people, who consider it a delicacy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This creature might be suitable as a microlivestock. It consumes leaves and bark, and breeds well in captivity. Famine is a serious periodic problem in the often-drought-stricken area, and protein deficiency is common. The rock cavy, like the guinea pig, may be amenable to domestication and may be able to provide the people with better nutrition. However, it is difficult to keep in a cage because it moves fast, climbs well, and easily slips out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because these rodents occur in rare and patchily distributed habitats, they are in desperate need of protection, whether or not they prove to have any long-term utility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SALT-DESERT CAVY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A smaller relative of the mare (page 256), the salt-desert cavy (Dolichotis salinicola) is rabbitlike in appearance and behavior. It has large ears and eyes, long legs, and a short tail. It lacks the mare's white rump patch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal inhabits dry, salty areas of the Chaco desert, particularly areas of dry, woody brush. Specifically, it is found in the saline western Chaco of Paraguay and northwestern Argentina, as well as in the extreme south of Bolivia. It is about 45 cm long and weighs up to 4 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it might make a useful microlivestock in its native habitat, the salt-desert cavy breeds rapidly and can cause much devastation; it should never be introduced to new regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The salt-desert cavy's life in the wild is largely unknown; however, some have been successfully raised and bred in zoos. Exploratory research on keeping and managing these little creatures is warranted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;OTHERS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted earlier (page 193), it has been estimated that 42 peoples of various cultures eat rodents. Most of these eat locally available species, some of which are listed below. Whether any have long-term usefulness is uncertain, but study of them in the wild and in captivity could result in some interesting and valuable scientific discoveries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Solomon Islands Rodents&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Solomon Islands in the southwest Pacific are home to a collection of six rare giant rodents that live in the rainforest canopy. At one time they were important food items. Archeologists have dug up tens of thousands of rodent bones on sites where people lived as long as 30,000 years ago. These mysterious animals were classified last century, but most have not been seen by biologists for decades. However, one, the thinking rat (Solomys sapientis), was rediscovered in 1987 - the first time it had been reported seen since 1901. The others may also be inhabiting the dense and undisturbed forests.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The thinking rat was located on the island of Santa Isabel. It proved to be gentle, unafraid, and friendly. It lives in the forest canopy, weighs up to 1 kg, and feeds on nuts and fruits. Efforts to build up the population are urgently needed. The other species should also be sought.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such animals could be a resource for rainforest production (perhaps in the manner of butterfly farming in Papua New Guinea2). They may never be plentiful enough to be food sources again, but they could nonetheless become valuable. Zoos the world over are likely first customers for these scientific curiosities if production can be boosted and the populations secured.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant New Guinea Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant New Guinea rat (Mallomys rothschildi) is often eaten in New Guinea. It is little known to science but is odorless and easily tamed. It grows so fast that it becomes as big as a guinea pig even before it is weaned. It feeds on a wide variety of tubers and vegetable products. An attractive species native to mountain forests, it has a long heavy tail and black fur with white ticking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Porcupines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Porcupines, brush-tailed porcupines, and their relatives are distantly related to guinea pigs and are widely consumed as food in tropical regions. Examples are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) and other species of South Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Cape porcupine (H. africaeaustralis) of southern Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Prehensile-tailed porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), which inhabits Central and South America. These nocturnal creatures live in the thick, leafy crowns of trees or in hollow trees or holes in the ground. Although often belligerent among themselves, they can be very friendly and tame toward humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kiore&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kiore (Rattus exulans) was formerly an important component of  the diet of most Polynesians, including the Maoris of New Zealand. It  has been successfully reared in captivity in recent times. Unlike many  other rodents, this animal is normally not a scavenger; it is a clean,  even fastidious feeder that is basically a vegetarian (flowers, berries,  nuts, and seeds) and is reckoned remarkably good eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soft-Furred Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The soft-furred rat (Praomys) is relatively large and slender and is  found in the tropical forests of Africa from sea level to more than  3,000 m. Among the most common rodents of the African jungle, it is  trapped almost everywhere. It feeds largely on plants, but eats large  quantities of ants and other insects. It has been raised successfully in  captivity and is eaten by villagers in Malawi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant Squirrels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) occurs throughout Indonesia,  Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. It is the largest squirrel on earth, almost the  size of a cat. A related species, the palm squirrel (Funambulus), also  gets very large. It can crop nuts in the very high treetops that are  inaccessible to people. It is widely used as food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Squirrels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Squirrels of the genus Callosciurus (notably C. notatus and C.  prevostii) are significant pests on cocoa, oil palm, and mixed fruit  plantations in Southeast Asia. They can be reared and bred on a diet of  most types of fruit as long as a little protein, in the form of insects or  cooked wheat, is available. The systematic use of this animal may  offer a chance to turn a pest to advantage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cloud Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two species of slender-tailed cloud rats (Phlocomys spp.) are found  only in southeastern Asia. They live in tree cavities, climb well, and  are well adapted to tree life.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of these (P. cumingi) lives in the northeastern part of Luzon in the Philippines, where it appears to be thriving. It has a large body and long tail and is the largest member of the mouse subfamily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other (Crateromys schadenbergi) has long, thick hair and a thick, bushy tail. It lives in the mountainous areas of northern Luzon. A nocturnal animal, it feeds on buds, bark, and fruits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both are attractive, even fascinating, creatures that are relentlessly hunted for food. They might make useful livestock in forest situations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Spiny Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Cayenne spiny rat (Proechimys guyannensis) is found throughout most of South America. It is tasty, easily kept in captivity, and is popularly used in Colombia for food. A nocturnal animal, it is one of the most common mammals in many areas. It has been raised in captivity on bananas, sweet corn, coconut, grain, and various seeds.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bamboo Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The bamboo rat (Rhyzomys spp.) is the largest rodent on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia; it weighs 2-4 kg and the body can be as long as 45 cm. It prefers to live in bamboo thickets and is hunted and eaten by many local peoples.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a need - in considering any sort of game farming - to relate the animal's &quot;preferred&quot; conditions (range, feed, temperature, etc.) to the varying land and climate types not being effectively utilized. In other words, rather than looking at animals that might be farmed, it might be necessary to consider the terrain and climate and then seek animals that would &quot;do&quot; well under those conditions. One major fault with traditional farming has been the tendency to force traditional livestock onto unsuitable land. This has given rise to numerous serious problems. In many cases the most suitable use of an area is provided by several species grazing together to mutual benefit (e.g., goats and sheep on New Zealand hill country improve grazing for each other if ratios are right).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Yerex&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g028a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several types of tropical deer' and antelope are no bigger than an average-size dog. These &quot;microdeer&quot; and &quot;microantelope&quot;2 are the smallest of all ruminants. Although there is considerable experience with rearing and utilizing the larger species, little is known about these miniature ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given research, mouse deer, muntjac, musk deer, pudu, brocket, huemul, and water deer, as well as half a dozen small antelope, might prove to have considerable potential. Collectively, they come from diverse habitats, ranging from equatorial to subarctic and from moist rainforest to arid savanna. They are adapted to some environmental conditions that are only marginal for production of conventional livestock because of drought, heat, diseases, altitude, or other constraints.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEER FARMING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer appear to be unlikely candidates for livestock, but reindeer were probably among the first domesticated animals and have been draft animals for perhaps 2O,OOO years. Even today, tens of thousands of reindeer pull sleighs in the European arctic. On military expeditions, the ancient Romans took along herds of fallow deer as a source of meat, and more than 1,000 years ago deer were annually herded off the Scottish Highlands for winter meat supplies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, there have been breakthroughs in the &quot;domestication&quot; of deer. Species already being [armed are: red deer (New Zealand, Australia, Taiwan, Korea, Russia, China, Scotland, the United States), elk (New Zealand, Canada, the United States), fallow deer (New Zealand, Australia, England, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Germany, the United States), ruse deer (Australia, Mauritius, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea), sika deer (Taiwan, New Zealand), musk deer (China, India), and PFre David's deer (New Zealand). Although not truly domesticated, even the moose has been tamed in Scandinavia and the Soviet Union, the calves being bottle-raised from three days of age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Zealand has made particular progress in domesticating large deer (see sidebar). It seems probable, therefore, that similar success with small deer could be achieved. For those seeking interesting, pioneering research, microdeer are good candidates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTELOPE RANCHING AND FARMING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The worldwide experiences in domesticating various deer species suggest that the organized production of small antelope should also be considered. Several large species have already been studied and are used in game farming in eastern and southern Africa. Similar research on the smaller species, which so far have received little or no attention, is one of the more speculative ideas in this report. We put it forward only for consideration by researchers, but if exploratory studies prove successful, this is a topic deserving international support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some parts of Africa there are large expanses of uninhabited lands, and producing any sort of livestock there is limited by aridity and by the presence of tsetse flies. But in this habitat live tiny antelope such as dikdik, suni, and klipspringer. In the rainforests and secondary forests are found duikers and the royal antelope. All these creatures have advantages that justify their consideration as microlivestock: they have a more rapid turnover than the big species, and they produce a high yield of quality meat. In addition, compared with cattle, these native ungulates make better use of the habitat. Cattle select a limited number of grass species; antelopes choose a wider range, and also include fortes, bushes, and trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More important perhaps is their resistance to many diseases. Most, if not all, are resistant to trypanosomiasis, the disease carried by the tsetse fly. They are not immune to this and other tropical diseases, but they are less susceptible than cattle. However, part of this may be owing to their ability to roam widely; if confined and treated like domestic animals, they may also require some protection against parasites and diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antelopes are also more productive than cattle; that is, they produce a given quantity of meat more quickly because they breed better in the African hinterlands and grow more rapidly on its existing forages. On the other hand, they generally require a richer diet than cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, in their favor, antelopes affect the habitat less than the same density of cattle does; they spread out more while feeding and thereby cause less erosion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two ways of exploiting this potential. One is by &quot;cropping&quot;âtaking a controlled offtake from free-ranging populations without depressing the overall population. Several methods for producing meat this way from large antelope have been attempted in countries such as Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. Few have persisted. Often this has been due to opposition from the vested interests of the cattle industry and from stringent veterinary requirements. Nonetheless, game ranching offers a means by which marginal lands could produce food of a high nutritional quality on a sustained basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other method is by farming - that is, domesticating or partially domesticating the animals, keeping them in pens or herding them like cattle. Experiments in farming antelopes have been less common than game ranching, but one of the most interesting is that conducted on the Galana Ranch in Kenya. Three wild species - buffalo, eland, and oryx - were selected for comparison with cattle. Half-grown animals were preferred for capture, and it was found that if they were kept in the dark for the first week after capture, and then gradually provided with more and more space while they became familiar with people, after about six weeks they could be released into the open and herded from place to place. Grazing during the day under the eye of a herdsman, they allowed themselves to be herded back to a pen at night in the traditional African manner, where they would sleep around the campfire. This was a promising advance in behavior modification leading toward domestication. The oryx, for example, gained weight on grazing that would not even sustain cattle, and it required only a quarter of the amount of water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At bottom, the question is not what contribution antelopes can make to the African larder, for they already make a significant contribution through (largely illegal) hunting. The question is whether farming could make them a sustainable asset rather than their being senselessly squandered, as is the case at present. Although its potential has yet to be realized, antelope farming is not a panacea for Africa's food problems, and certainly not the world's, but it might pave the way to a new and more gentle way to make savannas useful. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TAME GAME&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the 1970s, deer have taken the place of sheep on many New Zealand pastures, and today the country has more than 5, 000 deer farms carrying over one million head, mainly red deer. It is now common along country roads to see tall fences surrounding graceful deer quietly grazing ryegrass and clover. And there are all the appurtenances for deer that exist for cattle and sheep. Auctions and shows are held regularly. Deer farmers have a professional association and produce their own glossy magazine. Government scientists publish pamphlets on the care and management of deer. There are recognized stud stags, computerized recording schemes for breed improvement, and even veterinary services specifically for deer. Hybridization between wapiti and red deer, and PFre David's deer and red deer, is accepted practice. The animals are moved by use of dogs (which command by mere presence rather than by bark or bite), and herds of up to 80 are shifted by truck. Slaughter facilities specifically for deer are in operation throughout the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This transformation of a nervous, jumpy, and retiring wild species into a farm animal is a remarkable achievement. Once accustomed to people, many specimens become gentle, even affectionate, and will come at a farmer's call. Males are generally as easy to handle as females, except during the rutting season when they become aggressive and cannot be handled at all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, even at the best of times the farmed deer must be handled gingerly. If the causes of stress are not quickly suppressed, hysteria can erupt throughout a herd; in an instant, quiet animals can be leaping suicidally in all directions, disoriented, diving head-on into fences, charging gates. Chronic stress, the causes of which are not always obvious, can result in illness or death, although this trait diminishes in subsequent generations of farm-born stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A deer farm has to be laid out to certain special specifications. To prevent escapes, the boundary fences must be 2 m high with netting of 15- or 30-cm mesh. Inner fences need only be 1.5 m high. Water troughs are placed in the middle of the fields, and nothing is allowed to jut inwards from the fences because the animals tend to walk fencelines and take comfort from the illusion of openness. Because deer like to wallow in hot weather, some farmers also provide shallow waterholes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer yards can be of any design, but the sides of the passageways and holding pens should be solid, as deer do not see fences very well, particularly when under pressure, and may injure themselves in a leap towards what appear to be wide open space. (New Zealanders usually make the sides of plywood.) Also, the holding pens should be roofed, as semidarkness has a calming effect. Animals that in the sunlight become hysterical on seeing a person in the distance, can, in the relative darkness of a roofed shed, be touched and even given injections.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the special facilities, however, handling deer takes time and care and experience. The most successful farmers spend much time among the deer so that the animals become accustomed to human presence. This helps to make yard work easier. Also, new arrivals are allowed to wander through the yards on their own to become familiar with them. In addition, special tame deer are used as leads or decoys to encourage the rest of the herd to follow. Using such simple techniques, a formerly intractable species has become almost fully domesticated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.8.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g029a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Lesser Malayan Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer1 (Tragulus spp. and Hyemoschus aquaticus) are among the smallest ruminants known. The lesser mouse deer of Southeast Asia is probably the smallest; an adult stands only 20 cm high and weighs a merc 1-2.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they look vaguely like tiny deer, mouse deer differ in several particulars. The stomach is simpler and (like the camel's) has three instead of four effective compartments. Rumination occurs, but mouse deer are the most primitive of all ruminants. Indeed, they share a number of characteristics with nonruminants, including lack of horns or antlers; continually growing, tusklike upper canines in males; sharp-crowned premolars; and four fully developed toes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Virtually unchanged in 25 million years of evolution, these are solitary, nocturnal, retiring animals that have seldom received detailed research. Whether they might make suitable microlivestock is unknown. However, they seem to be tractable, and people in Southeast Asia (Sarawak, for instance) have traditionally kept at least one of the species as backyard pets. Moreover, mouse deer are indigenous to tropical lowland regions and withstand the heat and humidity that are stressful to most conventional livestock species. They probably also are resistant to many diseases of those torrid regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the United States, mouse deer are being raised as laboratory animals for basic research on ungulates. This is because the animals are easier to handle than large deer or goats.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are graceful, lithe, and look somewhat like large rodents. The Asian species are the shape and size of an agouti (see page 198); the African species is more like the pace (see page 262). All have short legs, a small head, and a pointed snout. Adults weigh from 1 to 5 kg, depending on species. The head and body are only 04-1 m long, and the shoulder height is merely 20-36 cm. Males are generally smaller than females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most species the body is a rich brown with white spots and stripes. The belly is usually white. The animals stand on the middle toes, so that the lateral ones do not touch the ground. Neither sex bears antlers. In males the upper canines form long tusks that may extend outside the lips and even to below the line of the jaw.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty-five million years ago, early forms of mouse deer existed throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe. Today's species are restricted to tropical forests and mangrove thickets of Southeast Asia and Central Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the three Asian species, the Indian mouse deer occurs in southern India and Sri Lanka; the larger Malayan mouse deer occurs on the mainland of Southeast Asia and the lesser Malayan mouse deer occurs on Java as well. The water chevrotain, a related African animal, is found from eastern Zaire to the Atlantic coast. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p292a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p293a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Range of water chevrotain .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, human encroachment into the forest has caused the destruction of the mouse deer habitats and has put various mouse deer species under a pressure that is causing their populations to decline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals inhabit equatorial forests and mixed secondary tropical forest. They generally live among undergrowth on the edges of dense lowland rainforests. They especially haunt rivers and swampy bush areas, seeking escape by water when in danger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little about these animals is recorded. Essentially vegetarians, they feed chiefly on fruits, supplemented by leaves. They also eat insects (for instance, ants), if available. They do not seem to eat grass.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The premolars of the mouse deer are designed for piercing and chopping food rather than for chewing. As noted, the stomach consists of three functional compartments: the rumen, the reticulum, and the abomasum. (The omasum of ruminants is represented only by a rudimentary area.) The stomach occupies almost the whole of the abdominal cavity, extending from the diaphragm to the pelvic inlet, which provides this small animal with large food-storage capacity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The blood has a very high erythrocyte (red blood corpuscle) count as well as the smallest erythrocyte size of any mammal. The flesh is &quot;white&quot; and the muscles contain little myoglobin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mature females reproduce almost continuously, and usually regardless of season. In the female larger Malayan mouse deer, mating occurs within 2 days of giving birth. In the African species, many births are synchronized with the rainy seasons, when fruits are plentiful. The gestation period is about 5-6 months, depending on the species. There is only one young per birth. Weaning normally occurs at 2-3 months, but can occur as early as 3 weeks, with sexual maturity achieved at 4-5 months (Asian species) and 10 months (African species). The young stay alone, hidden in vegetation during the first month or two.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are shy, keeping to dense jungle and depending on concealment for protection. Although often present in large numbers, they are seldom seen. Preferring to be near lakes, rivers, or streams, they can nevertheless wander I km or more from water. They feed mostly at dusk or at night, sheltering in undisturbed areas or under shady bushes during the day. They utter weak, bleating sounds, and when frightened, jump a meter or more in the air.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Communication is by scent and calls. The African species possess anal and preputial glands, with which, along with urine and feces, they mark their home ranges. Males of both Asian and African species possess a chin gland to mark either the vegetation or their mates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are among the most excitable, nervous, and jumpy animals. One must tread softly in their presence for fear of causing absolute pandemonium and mishap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are widely sought by native people for food, and their meat is highly regarded. Dressed carcasses have a high proportion of muscle (84 percent in Asian species), low proportion of bone (15 percent), and an insignificant amount of fat. The ratio of muscle to bone is large - 5.6:1. The mean dressing percentage of 62.1 percent is greater than that reported for cattle, water buffalo, or goat.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adults are wild, generally intractable, and &quot;flighty,&quot; but young animals (at least of the Asian species) tame readily and make good pets. Nevertheless, these are delicate creatures and must always be handled gently. Individuals caught in the wild tend to bash against the sides of cages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite an unpromising temperament, Asian mouse deer are regularly bred in zoos, including those in Amsterdam, New York, and Zurich. They also have been reared successfully in small enclosures at several research institutes, such as the I.R.E.T. Institute, Makokou, Gabon; the Institute of Medical Research in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and at Fort Detrick in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps the best way to breed this animal is by using the battery system of small units comprising one male and two females per cage. The costs are mostly for obtaining suitable enclosures and for feeding and watering troughs.6 The cages must be covered with mesh because the mouse deer can jump. However, the covering must be sufficiently high to allow the male to stand with its body vertical during copulation.7 They can be fed a variety of foods and grow well on stems of bean plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, these are small, seemingly tractable creatures that are at home in the heat, humidity, and diseases of tropical lowlands. They might play a particularly important role as livestock for tropical rainforests; the forests could be left standing while the animal still produces meat. Today, in a widely condemned process, tropical rainforests are being felled in order to raise cattle for meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small size makes mouse deer easy prey for various predators. In the wild, snakes, crocodiles, eagles, and forest cats feed on them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are among the most excitable, nervous, and jumpy animals. One must tread softly in their presence for fear of causing absolute pandemonium and mishap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The different species are solitary, and it is difficult to keep many individuals (especially males) in a restricted space. They must be kept in a quiet enclosure, with cover or good shelters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The survival of these four &quot;living fossils&quot; depends on conserving their rainforest habitat and restricting hunting, especially night hunting. But studies of their propagation and management are also imperative.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In particular, research is warranted on various aspects of their husbandry, such as enclosure design, space requirements, and health. A special research need is to understand the animal's nutritional requirements and to develop diets for use in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.8.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g030a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac, or barking deer (Muntiacus species), are among the most widespread but least known of all Asian animals.1 They are almost the size of an average dog and they bark, but they are true deer. These little animals adapt well to captivity and have been introduced to zoos and wildlife collections throughout the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years one species, the Reeves' muntjac, has become established in England, and a few specimens have settled into semicaptivity - staying behind fences, accepting human presence, and even eating out of people's hands. In Sarawak, villagers have also been known to keep muntjac, feeding them a diet of rice with some leafy matter occasionally added.2 Such experiences show that these small, shy deer can be calm and adaptable. It also shows that they can be raised on practical, artificial diets and that they are not strictly browsers. This creates the possibility (admittedly highly speculative) that they might make future microlivestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac produce lean, palatable venison and perhaps could be farmed on an organized basis. They are native to severe environments where heat, humidity, and endemic diseases make raising conventional livestock difficult. In future, given research, muntjac might become widespread contributors to Asian economic development. The lessons learned in captive breeding could also be important for conserving endangered muntjac species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One species, the Indian muntjac, has an incredibly low chromosome number (2n=7 in males; 2n=6 in females), which makes them particularly promising candidates for mammalian genetic studies. This species has regularly bred well in both zoos and research institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are small and slender. Reeves' muntjac, the smallest, has a shoulder height of 45-60 cm. Fully grown, it weighs less than 20 kg; commonly it is merely 10-12 kg. The Java subspecies of the Indian muntjac is the biggest, with a shoulder height of 58 cm and a mature weight of 43 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antlers on the males usually include a main prong as well as a much shorter brow tine. Even the main prong is no larger than a finger, but its pointed tip is hooked and must be treated with caution. There are also two tusklike canine teeth that protrude from the mouth. These have sharp points and a knifelike posterior edge, capable of cutting to the bone a person's finger or another muntjac's rump.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coloration varies from deep brown to yellowish or greyish brown with cream or whitish markings, depending on the species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are native to a vast region from eastern China to Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost a century ago, Indian and Reeves' muntjac were introduced to a deer park in southeast England. Some escaped, and (as noted) the Reeves' muntjac has adapted, spread, and settled down to life in the countryside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the five muntjac species, the Reeves' and the Indian are well known and in no danger. For instance, recent estimates of annual game production have shown that there are about 650,000 Reeves' muntjac in China. The other three are threatened with extinction. Black, Roosevelt's, and Fea's muntjacs are virtually untried in captivity, but the success of raising Reeves' muntjac in English country gardens suggests that perhaps their populations could be saved through captive breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In their native habitats, these small deer are usually found in dense vegetation on hilly ranges at elevations up to at least 3,000 m.3 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p301a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The native ranges of the various muntjacs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac seem to be primarily browsers. However, in captivity they eat fresh grass, alfalfa hay, and feed pellets. They also readily eat root crops such as potatoes, carrots, and parsnips. They are &quot;concentrate selectors,&quot; preferring foods low in fiber and rich in protein and nutrients. Captive specimens reportedly need; a supply of cut browse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding may occur year-round, but in practice it is synchronized with certain seasons. The first conception can occur as early as 6 months of age. One, occasionally two, young are born after a gestation of about 200 days. They weigh around I kg at birth, and the fawns usually remain hidden until they can move about with the mother. The females mate within a few days of giving birth. Life spans up to 16 years have been recorded.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the Indian muntjac is a species of great cytogenetic interest. It has the lowest diploid chromosome numbers yet found in a mammal.4 The large, easily distinguishable chromosomes are a great advantage in tissue culture, and many laboratories now have muntjac cell lines. The karyotypes of the different species' chromosomes are very different; the Indian and Reeves' muntjac can hybridize, but the offspring are infertile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are dainty and have a captivating charm. Always on the alert, they are active both day and night. Often they will bark for an hour or more, but typically they bark for only a minute or two. When panicked, captive muntjac may rush into fences or walls. They can easily leap barriers 1.5 m high.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males are highly territorial and defend their territories vigorously. Adult females also inhabit a specific territory, which they defend against strange individuals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males mark the ground at intervals by lowering the head and rubbing the frontal glands on the ground and by scraping their hooves against the ground. They mark trees by scraping the bark with the lower incisors and rubbing the base of their antlers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Asia, muntjac are hunted for meat, skins, and antlers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac thrive and, at least under ideal conditions, breed freely in captivity. However, they may stop breeding if they are crowded.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In England, zoos and private collections keep as many as six muntjac in an area of 40 x 20 m. Plenty of cover is provided for the animals to hide in. Fences almost 2 m high are used. (Lower fences are reportedly adequate where there is no risk of the deer being panicked by dogs or people.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like other deer, muntjac produce extremely lean meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They seem to be healthy animals. In Britain, wild and captive muntjac have few gastrointestinal worms, and ectoparasites such as ticks and lice are not a problem. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MUNTJAC&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In England, far from Asia's forests and mountains, the Reeves' muntjac is the subject of a peculiar chapter in the otherwise unhappy history of introduced species. Charmed by the deer's odd characteristics, the British have welcomed its invasion into gardens around the country. Now, there are tens of thousands of muntjacs on the loose, and some people have even adopted them as pets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although other alien species have wreaked havoc on native plants and animals, muntjacs appear to be a merciful exception. At least over the short term, muntjacs &quot;have proven to be an almost innocuous asset to the countryside. They give pleasure to thousands and pain to few. Eating mostly ivy, grass, leaves, and prickly bushes, they rarely feed in one place long enough to do much damage except to an occasional suburban garden.&quot; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life for many muntjacs is made soft by homeowners who find the deer's large, dewy eyes and tiny antlers irresistible. The kind-hearted suburbanites put out salt licks, water, and kitchen scraps, and they built snug little shelters against the cold north wind. &quot;All our adult deer will take food from the hand,&quot; says Walter Buckingham, who has kept muntjacs for five years in his garden in the county of &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hertfordshire, just north of London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The adaptable immigrant is colonizing new areas so rapidly, say biologists, that soon there may be more in England than in Asia. &quot;In time,&quot; predicts muntjac-researcher Oliver Dansie (pictured opposite), &quot;it may eventually establish itself as our most widely distributed deer species.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild these animals are not gregarious and are generally found alone or in pairs. Because of their strong territorial instincts, large males may not be able to be kept together without fighting. The upper canine teeth can inflict serious wounds. Some females are intolerant of each other as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are fragile; they cannot be held by the legs, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some infectious diseases may prove to be of epizootic importance: foot-and-mouth disease, mucosal disease, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, rinderpest, and tuberculosis (all three types). This may be a problem, especially when people are raising the animals by hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To ensure a better understanding of their potential as microlivestock, muntjac deserve research and recognition from animal scientists and conservationists from Nepal to China. The English experience shows how populations of the endangered species might be built up. At present, however, none are receiving any husbandry research; only the two most common species can generally be found in zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals deserve investigation into physiology, reproductive requirements, fertility, nutrition (for example, food preferences, feeding strategies, and food utilization), growth, adaptability and environmental tolerance, diseases, management, social structure, and selection for calm temperament. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.8.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The musk deer (Moschus species)1 is so small that (like other ungulates in this section) it is only as large as an average-size dog. A gland in males produces musk, a thick, oily secretion that is one of the most valuable substances in the animal kingdom. Musk is used in Oriental Medicine as well as in Europeans perfumes, and in recent year it has sometimes sold for as much as three times the price of gold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk is traditionally obtained by killing these deer and removing their glands. The dried glands, called pods, contain a reddish brown musk powder that has been a commodity in international commerce for more than 1,000 years. Despite bans in India (1972) and Nepal (1973), musk continues to be illegally exported, mainly via Hong Kong, for use in Japan and Europe. In Japan, for example, it is an ingredient in more than 200 different medicines.2 In Europe, musk goes into some of the most famous perfumes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international trade in Himalayan musk, originating from both northern and southern sides of the Himalayan divide, amounts to 200 kg per year, representing an annual slaughter of 20,000-32,000 male deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The commercial value of the animal makes it highly attractive for development as a livestock species. The economic force causing its slide toward extinction could be employed to protect and restore both the species and its habitat. Ranching these deer might put musk production on a sustainable footing. It might also encourage habitat protection, because in the harsh climate of the high Himalayas, rearing musk deer could be much more profitable to villagers than raising crops or cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer are already being farmed under primitive conditions in China, where techniques for extracting musk without killing the animal have been developed. In India, small collections of musk deer have been established by the forest departments of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. For several years authorities in Nepal have successfully extracted musk from an adult male at the Kathmandu Zoo' without apparent harm to the animal.3 These experiences suggest that musk might become a farmed product. So far, however, success has been limited. The Chinese animals, for example, have a high mortality rate and the musk is said to be of poor quality. Nonetheless, these examples are valuable pioneering case studies that deserve recognition, support, and further development.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With their long ears, arched back, and bounding gait, these diminutive deer remind one of large hares. The pointed face and large ears make their heads strikingly reminiscent of kangaroos. The coarse hair gives them a stocky appearance. The color varies according to species (and subspecies) from rich reddish brown to dark grey or black. The peculiarly brittle and wavy hair probably has good insulating properties, as it consists of air-filled cells arranged like a honeycomb.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer have an average mature weight of about 6-11 kg and a body length of 50-90 cm. They stand 50 60 cm high at the shoulder and 5 cm higher at the rump because the hind legs are longer than the forelegs. Some dwarf types are only 40-46 cm high. The tail is short, and in males it is naked, except for a terminal tuft of hair, because they mark their territories by constantly rubbing the caudal gland, which is located near the tail, onto objects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All four toes are flexible, which, compared to the rigid hoof of other ungulates, gives a firmer grip on precipitous slopes. The dew claws are enlarged and, together with the central digits, splay out, to minimize sinking in soft snow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Neither sex possesses antlers, but males have long upper canine teeth that project well below the lips. The lower front teeth have a spatulate form that probably helps the animals scrape lichens from the surfaces of rocks and trees in winter, when most vegetation is snow covered. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p309a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The musk deerâs native range.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The genus is distributed patchily throughout the forested mountainous parts of most of Asia. One population extends from just north of the Arctic Circle southward to the northern edge of Mongolia and Korea. Others occur in China, northern Vietnam, and the Himalayan region including Bhutan, Assam, Tibet, the Indian Himalayas, Nepal, and northern Pakistan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During this century, the musk deer has rapidly declined throughout its former regions. In many parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and probably Tibet, it is already regarded as rare, with a distribution that is becoming increasingly localized. Possible exceptions are Bhutan and most of China, where its population is thought to be stable. In southern China, a recent estimate puts the musk deer population at 100,000 head. In western and northwestern China, the population is estimated at 200,000-300,000 head.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is the uncontrolled hunt for musk that in most places is driving this animal toward extinction, but its habitat is also being increasingly destroyed by livestock and woodcutters. Part of the loss to hunters is owing to the mindless way in which the animals are caught. Most are snared in traps or nets or killed by poisoned stakes set on trails. This kills all the animals indiscriminately, even females and fawns, which produce no musk. This waste of reproductive animals is extremely destructive to the populations and is senselessly hastening the musk deer's extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer mainly occur in upland woodland and scrub areas. They prefer remote, dense vegetation, especially birch-rhododendron forests in mountainous terrain. They are seldom found in treeless regions or areas thickly populated by people. In the Himalayas, the upper limit coincides approximately with the tree line, which is as high as 4,600 m at the eastern end.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite its economic importance and wide distribution, little is known of the musk deer's biology. Nonetheless, it is known that musk deer have a gall bladder, a bovid feature that distinguishes it from the true deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are browsers, relying on young leaves, buds, fruits, and flowers. During the winter, as snow deepens, they depend more on lichens growing above the snow on rocks or tree bark, although in shallow snow they scrape for vegetation with their hooves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The male's musk sac is unique among deer. Situated between the umbilicus and penis, it contains the gelatinous, odoriferous oil. The amount varies with the season and the age of the animal, but pods of adult males usually weigh about 30 g; occasionally up to 45 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males also have a caudal gland under the tail, which secretes a viscous yellow substance with a goaty smell. They mark vegetation with this secretion by rubbing their hindquarters against stems and branches.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males become sexually mature at about 18 months, but females seem capable of reproducing in their first year. The estrous cycle is 18-25 days; the receptive period lasts 36 60 hours. Gestation varies from 178 to 192 days. Each female usually bears one or two fawns, rarely three. The fawn is precocious - able to stand and move within 15 minutes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer are shy, furtive animals with keen senses of hearing, smell, and sight. They are normally solitary and are most active at dawn and dusk. Only under cover of darkness do they frequent the more open spaces. Except in the rutting season, more than two animals are seldom seen together; groups usually consist only of a female and her young. The alarm call, a loud hiss, is often accompanied by a highstepping, springy gait.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild, musk deer lead &quot;orderly&quot; lives. They use well established trails connecting well-established feeding places, resting places, and &quot;latrines&quot; where they deposit their droppings. Migration is uncommon.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Remarkably sure footed, musk deer climb cliffs and even the trunks of leaning trees. Being small and solitary, they rely on camouflage to avoid predators but flee through established escape routes when disturbed. If cornered, males defend themselves by slashing with their tusks, often inflicting deep cuts and severe injuries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The strong-smelling, reddish-brown musk is obtainable only from this animal.7 It is used as a fixative in expensive perfumes to increase the retention of the fragrance on the skin. In Oriental medicines it is used in stimulants, sedatives, and other products. Some medicinal properties appear to be genuine.8 Recently, highly purified musk has been selling for as much as $27 a gram.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade in the Himalayan musk deer or its products is banned by all countries that are parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). However, products from musk deer in the Soviet Union and China can be traded legally under license. It seems likely that if formal, self-sufficient, musk-deer farming projects can be established elsewhere, with safeguards to minimize poaching, a wider trade would be officially sanctioned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since at least 1919, Chinese scientists have been experimenting with the extraction of musk without killing the males. When the sexual activity is at its peak, the males are caught and musk removed from the pod with a runcible spoon (curved fork) inserted into the sac's aperture. The procedure takes only minutes. There are records of up to 9 g being recovered at a time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, China established formal musk deer farms in 1958. They are clustered in the Maerkang, Miyalo, and Manchuan areas of Sichuan Province; the Zhenping county of Shanxi Province; and the Fuziling area of Anhui Province. Despite heavy initial losses of animals, mainly during transportation and acclimatization, the Chinese now breed musk deer in considerable numbers. However, juvenile mortality is still high and longevity relatively short. Zoos in other parts of the world have also had difficulties maintaining the animals.9&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, musk deer readily accept many foods: lettuce, carrots, potatoes, apples, rolled oats, hay, alfalfa, bananas, some grass, bamboo leaves, and pumpkins, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The musk deer's social system may represent an impediment to its successful reproduction in captivity. It is irascible and scares easily. In close confinement, males fight and may have to be isolated from each other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is an inherent danger in any captive-breeding scheme in the Himalayas: resumption of legal trade in natural musk could damage the remaining populations by stimulating the market and providing an outlet for illicit musk from poached animals. Some biologists (notably in India) consider that a total ban on the trade in natural musk from all sources is essential.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, removing the musk without damaging the animals has not proved commercially successful because of market resistance. Most purchasers require the entire pod in order to be certain that they are receiving the genuine product. Given a regularized farming program, however, it seems likely that mutual trust would circumvent this lack of confidence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To protect this species will not be easy. It occurs in vast, remote areas that are difficult to patrol. The local people are poor and traditionally have used it as a source of income and food. The value of musk is so high that smuggling is already well organized and will be difficult to eradicate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is imperative that the status of existing musk deer populations be established. This is especially important in Nepal. The total population may be not more than 500 in the wild.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No matter what is achieved in farming, pressure on populations will only be reduced by protecting the wild specimens. Thus, the dietary requirements and behavior of musk deer should also be evaluated with a view to building up the wild populations directly. If the techniques of breeding and handling can be improved, farming the animal may also indirectly help wild populations by reducing the pressure to harvest them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An alternative to captive breeding might be ranching the wild animals. In this process, males would be caught periodically and the musk extracted before releasing them. The organized, sustainable harvesting is particularly attractive if developed at the rural level with revenue going directly to local people; it would provide them incentive to conserve not only &quot;their&quot; musk deer but also its habitat. For this purpose, today's musk deer hunters could be trained to extract musk from live animals, releasing and recapturing them on a controlled basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another alternative could be controlled culling at a sustainable level, as is now done in the Soviet Union, where about 5 percent of the population is harvested each year. However, elsewhere annual culls at any level would not be feasible for at least 10 years because the populations are now so low. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g031a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.8.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g032a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Pudu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South America contains three types of tiny, indigenous deer. None are well known to science, yet they are of microlivestock size, and if given research attention at least two might respond to rearing in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PUDU&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pudu (pronounced &quot;poo-doo&quot;) is native to temperate forests of the Andean region. It is among the smallest of all true deer, adult males being merely the size of small terriers and the females being smaller still. It is very shy and retiring and is endangered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All things considered, this animal would appear to be an unlikely candidate for microlivestock. But wherever it is found, the pudu is mercilessly hunted, and captive rearing might be the only way to save its populations from extinction. Indeed, it is already being raised in experimental herds in Chile and Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pudus (also called the Andean dwarf deer) once ranged widely through the foothills, valleys, and lowlands of the Andes. They prefer the dark, dank underbrush of the cool rainforest, particularly thick bamboo stands. There are two species: Pudu pudu is distributed in parts of southern Bolivia and throughout much of southern Chile nearly to the Straits of Magellan. It is also found on islands off the Chilean coast. Pudu mephistophiles is distributed throughout the highlands of Ecuador, where it occurs only in cool areas at great height.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With their short legs, stocky bodies, and compact heads, pudus do not look much like deer - more like small antelopes with foxlike faces and spiky antlers. Full grown, they are only 40 cm tall and weigh less than 12 kg. They have thick fur ranging from reddish brown to pale gray.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the pudu's small size, shy and secretive nature, and forbidding habitat, few people have ever even seen one. Nonetheless, these animals tame easily and reportedly were once kept by South American Indians. Several generations were also once bred in a Paris apartment and were treated exactly like domestic dogs, which most people who saw them for the first time thought they were.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, habitat destruction has greatly reduced the range and numbers of these attractive and fascinating little creatures. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature already lists them as vulnerable to extinction. Pudu studies are highly recommended, and raising pudus promises to be an interesting and valuable activity that may one day lead to one of the most intriguing microlivestock of all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BROCKET&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brockets (Mazama spp.) are small deer that occupy the place in South America's environment that duikers occupy in Africa (see page 326). They typically reside in thick brush. They occur widely throughout South America and are found in every country except Chile and Uruguay. They also occur in Central America, the West Indies, and Mexico.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are four species:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Red brocket (Mazama americana), the most common and widespread, is found from Mexico to Argentina. It is also the largest species, with a mature weight of about 20 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gray (brown) brocket (Mazama gouazoubira) is also found throughout Latin America. It is slightly smaller, weighing about 17 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Lesser brocket (Mazama rufina)2 resides in small and scattered locations in Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. It weighs 10-20 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Dwarf brocket (Mazama chunyi) is found only in pockets of forest and brush on certain mountainsides in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru. The smallest brocket, it weighs only 8-12 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except for their size and color, all brockets look alike. The head,  neck, and tail are short; the ears are wide. The lumbar region is higher  than the shoulders, and this, together with an arched back, gives them a  hunched appearance not unlike a duiker's. The antlers are simple  spikes, never longer than a person's hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The different species are similar in behavior, too.3 They generally  wander around singly or in pairs. Although frequenting dense cover  during the day, they emerge at night to feed in open areas. Little is  known of their food preferences. But farmers know only too well how  fond they are of melons, beans, peppers, and corn. Doubtless, wild  forest fruits dominate their native diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although extensively hunted, brockets are so adept at dodging into  dense brush that relatively few get caught. However, small size makes  them vulnerable to many other predators: puma, jaguar, ocelot, and  eagles and other large birds of prey. Near villages the domestic dog is  probably their worst enemy. (Infuriated vegetable growers commonly  set their dogs on them.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although at first sight these retiring, nervous, and agile creatures  seem unlikely to be even potential microlivestock, young brockets are  sometimes caught and raised by people. It is not uncommon to find  them as pets on farms and in gardens. They seem to become very  tame and might therefore make useful livestock at some future time.  At least one species, the grey brocket, adjusts particularly well to life in  and around human settlements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUEMUL&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third type of South American microdeer, the huemul,4 is a much  less likely candidate. It is very rare, very shy, and has so far shown  little likelihood of settling into captivity. However, huemul conservation  is critical: without urgent attention, the animal will become extinct.  Although totally protected by law, it is declining owing to poaching,  farm dogs, habitat loss and diseases transmitted by cattle and other  livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two species:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Chilean huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus)5 occurs in high altitude forests, thickets, and grasslands in the Andes of southern Chile and Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Peruvian huemul, or taruca (H. antisepsis), occurs in parts of the Andes of southern Peru and Bolivia as well as of northern Chile and Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species live in small herds above the tree line. They are very shy, and even though the Chilean national seal bears the depiction of a huemul, almost no Chilean (or anyone else, for that matter) has ever seen a live one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At less than 85 cm tall and probably weighing under 15 kg, huemuls are sized to be microlivestock. However, previous attempts at rearing them in Chile have met with little success. Nevertheless, huemuls have been kept in zoos in Germany, and such experiences - together with the increasing knowledge of how to raise red deer and other species - may eventually provide the keys to their continued existence. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g033a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.8.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g034a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about the water deer' (Hydropotes inermis), but it should be considered along with mouse deer, muntjacs, musk deer, and others as a possible species for microlivestock development. It is comparable in size, and it is unusual among deer for producing large litters: births of triplets or more are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with the other species in this section, this is a highly speculative notion; however, there is some justification for it. The Zoological Society of London has successfully established breeding colonies, and other zoos have also bred the animal in captivity. The water deer has the advantage of rapid growth, early maturity, and high fecundity. Indeed, given protection, its populations have been known to increase rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal has a graceful and delicate appearance, its best known characteristic being the male's long tusks. Both sexes are about the same size, standing 45-55 cm at the shoulder and weighing up to 19 kg. Body length is up to about I m, and the tail is so tiny that it is barely noticeable. The round-tipped ears are characteristically held erect above the head.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water deer are somewhat like muntjacs, but they are longer in the leg and lighter in build. Their forelegs are shorter than their hindlegs so that they stand slightly higher at the haunches than at the shoulders. This gives them a hunched appearance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hair is generally thick and coarse, longest on the flanks and rump. The backs and sides are usually yellowish brown, finely stippled with black. In winter, the coat is thick and variable in color; pale fawn and peppery gray-brown are common shades. In summer, the coat is sleek and reddish. Fawns are white spotted at birth, but this dappling soon fades.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Neither sex has antlers. The upper canine teeth, especially in the males, are enlarged, forming curved tusks 7 cm long. These are much bigger than those in muntjacs and can protrude well below the jawline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In both sexes there is a small inguinal gland present between the hind legs, the only instance among deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In China the water deer has a wide distribution range. It is mainly found in the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, and Fujian, the mid and lower Yangtze River Basin, and coastal areas and islands in central and eastern China. It is also found in Guilin, southern Sichuan Province, Guangxi Province, and Guangdong Province in the south.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Korea, the animal lives along the lower reaches of most rivers, except those in the extreme northeast. Its northern limit of distribution is probably about latitude 43ÃN.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At Woburn Park in England, a few escaped from a herd early this century and have increased and become established in a number of counties, particularly Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, and Norfolk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In China, owing to increasing reclamation and cultivation of wetlands, the habitat of the water deer is gradually shrinking. At present the animal is protected by the government, which designates appropriate hunting seasons. It is estimated that about 10,000 are killed each year by hunters. In Korea the water deer is still plentiful. As noted, in England it is maintaining itself and is thriving in some protected parks. It is also reported to be present in France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In its home range, the water deer is usually found among reeds and rushes in swampy areas. It also frequents the tall grasses and sparse shrubs of mountainsides and cultivated fields. In England it has adapted to a variety of habitats, including woodlands. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p323a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Native range of the water deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer is chiefly a grazer. It feeds mainly on reeds, coarse grasses, and some tree leaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As previously mentioned, this is the most prolific species of deer. Up to seven fetuses have been observed in a single pregnant female, although the normal litters are two or three. The gestation period is about 176 days. Fawns are born in late spring or early summer, and weigh only about 0.5 kg at birth. Within 4 days the newborns can live almost exclusively on grasses. Usually, however, they are fully weaned after 4 8 weeks, but remain socially attached to the mother. They appear to become independent after about 4 months. Males become sexually mature at about 5-6 months; females at about 7-8 months.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water deer are generally seen alone. Even where abundant, they seldom congregate in herds. Females are sometimes intolerant of each other, as are adult males or young males. However, in captivity, several females can graze and rest in loose aggregations. The peak period of grazing activity occurs around dusk. Feeding sessions are interspersed with periods of passive cud-chewing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water deer &quot;bark&quot; at intruders. During the rut, males are especially noisy and aggressive, and defend their territories with vigor. Fighting involves striking their tusks into the shoulder or back of their opponents. 3 Information from Lu Houji. These are extremely excitable little animals. When upset, they often &quot;hump&quot; their backs and bound away like rabbits. They are also good swimmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In China the water deer are hunted for their meat and skins, and newly born fawns are killed to obtain the mother's colostrum for medicinal purposes. In a few localities in England, the species has become a game animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer is not yet known on &quot;farms.&quot; However, it seems to be easily kept, has bred well in zoos, and has thrived in many British wildlife parks. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The assets of early maturity and high fecundity mean that the potential exists for rapid population expansion. Such an event occurred at Britain's Whipsnade Zoo. In 1929 and 1930, 32 deer were released into undeveloped pasture; by 1937, 120 fawns had been raised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they are relatively small, and because in the wild state they aggregate only under exceptional conditions, water deer are unlikely to have any appreciable impact on vegetation in forests, farms, or gardens. Nonetheless, they can damage crops, and Chinese farmers, who consider them pests, often illegally kill them out of season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are swift and adept at escaping captivity. It is possible that because of territoriality only a single pair will live in a given area. Moreover, males are aggressive and must be kept apart.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They seem able to withstand chilly weather well, but a combination of wet and cold is harmful. Their heavy winter coat, essential to survival in the Far East, renders the animal susceptible to dehydration and heat exhaustion in comparatively mild climates, such as England's.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At birth, the tiny fawns are extremely vulnerable to a variety of predators, both birds and mammals. The species may need areas of dense cover or some shelter from wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer has been successfully kept in semicaptivity for many years; however, for it to reach a level of domestication suitable for use as microlivestock, research is needed in the following areas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reproduction;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Performance under a range of environments;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Grazing efficiency;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Basic physiology;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Captive breeding and domestication - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, and feed needs; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Modifying behavior to overcome territoriality - for instance, imprinting on humans, selection of docile specimens, hand rearing, and castration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer is not an endangered species; however, efforts should be made to preserve the populations in their native ranges and habitats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.8.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g035a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Red Duiker&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers (Cephalophus and Sylvicapra species) are small African antelopes. Although they are ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats, some are hardly bigger than hares or rabbits. One, the blue duiker, is less than 40 cm high and usually weighs a mere 4-6 kg. It and some of the slightly larger duikers might be suitable for household husbandry because their meat is an extremely popular food throughout much of Africa. In West Africa, for example, it is one of the most common meats sold in both rural and urban markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This idea, however, is highly speculative because, despite their popularity, little is known about these tiny animals. Their husbandry has been attempted only a few times, but the results were encouraging, and rearing duikers deserves further investigation. They are already being raised in captivity in the United States,' Zimbabwe,2 Togo,3 and Gabon. Researchers in Nigeria have bred blue duikers to the fourth generation and found that, if the animals were first handled by people while young, they remained docile.4 Even blue duikers caught in the wild tame quickly if they are very young, but by the time they reach 3.5 months, they become barely tolerant of man's presence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If duiker husbandry can be developed, it might provide not only a more regular source of meat, but also a lessening of the hunting pressures, thereby giving the wild populations a better chance of survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These antelopes are suitable for testing as microlivestock only in their native region, sub-Saharan Africa. Eventually, they might prove to have wider applicability. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duiker species vary from about the size of a small dog to that of a small donkey. Most are similar in shape and are characterized by short front legs, arched back, and pointed hoofs. The tail is stubby, often with a terminal tuft. The coat varies from reddish brown to nearly black, although a few species are blue-grey and one is zebra striped.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females are slightly larger than males, but the sexes look alike. In most species, both sexes bear small straight horns that project backward from the skull, frequently hidden in a long tuft of hair.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers inhabit virtually all regions of Africa below the Saharaâ from Gambia in the west to Ethiopia in the east, and all countries as far south as South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are so shy that they are rarely encountered by people. But almost anywhere in Africa (other than North Africa), the observant traveler may glimpse them ducking into forests or thickets. Although there are still countless numbers, people are eating so many that in some localized areas the populations are fast heading toward extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All but one species are found in rainforests or dense woodlands. The grey duiker, however, is found in savannas. If the vegetation is juicy, only a few of the species need a separate water source, so they can thrive in very dry sites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main foods are fruits and seeds supplemented by leaves and shoots. Fruits, which they eat to a much greater degree than other antelopes, are an important part of their diet. Some rare species (for example, the red-flanked duiker, C. rufilatus) can graze. Occasionally (especially in captivity), duikers are also omnivorous, eating fish, crabs, insects, snails, frogs, small animals, or carrion; they also readily accept chopped meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers reach sexual maturity at 9-15 months; gestation lasts about 7-8 months. In some species, females conceive a few days after calving on a 3- to 5-day postpartum estrus. Apparently one calf per birth is normal. A newborn blue duiker weighs between 0.4 and 0.7 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before one year of age, young duikers leave their parents to find their own mates and territories. Life expectancy is more than 10 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In spite of habitat differences, most duikers behave alike. In the wild they are nervous, shy, and retiring. When alarmed, they plunge into the protection of dense vegetation - hence the origin of the name duiker, which means &quot;diver.&quot; Nonetheless, their behavior allows them to be easily netted. An experienced hunter can imitate duiker sounds and call the male out of the bush. Also, a startled animal freezes, thereby facilitating its capture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moving easily through dense vegetation, the head carried low, these tiny animals use regular runs. Forest duiker species are largely diurnal, although a few, such as the bay duiker, are nocturnal. Bush duikers are mainly nocturnal, feeding from early evening until morning. Such nocturnal species shelter during the day in holes (presumably dug by other animals) or inside fallen trees; the diurnal ones lie directly on the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blue duikers are the best-known species and are probably the most likely candidates for microlivestock (see page 332). They seem to be monogamous and apparently mate for life. Unlike most antelopes, their population densities can be high. The pairs reside in territories of 2-4 hectares, which both male and female stoutly defend against rivals. Other species appear to be polygamous and live in large territories (up to 80 hectares).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, the animals are generally calm. However, both males and females can be aggressive toward unfamiliar individuals of their own species. In an enclosure, one male can serve several females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large glands, located beneath each eye, exude a scent that is rubbed onto fences, trees, and other objects as territorial marking. In another form of marking the horns are rubbed against tree trunks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, duiker meat is much sought in many African countries, and the animals are regularly hunted. The meat is lean with little or no intramuscular fat (marbling). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers also have promise as experimental animals. They are true ruminants, with four-part stomachs, and they produce cud. Some are only rabbit size, they need far less room or feed than sheep, and thus are potentially an efficient test animal for determining the nutritional value of forages. Blue duikers, for instance, have a digestion efficiency comparable to that of sheep, but, because of their small size, a test needs only four rabbit cages and 5-10 kg of feed. Sheep, by comparison, require much more spacious facilities and 150 kg of feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Nigeria, blue duiker pelts are used in making karosses, a traditional dress. A single garment may contain up to 60 pelts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost nothing is known about rearing duikers, but they seem to tame easily and perhaps may be kept in backyards like goats. Indeed, they reportedly make good house pets when hand raised. They are attractive, and from the day of capture young ones can be handled and petted.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Nigerian researchers who bred blue duikers to the fourth generation bottle-fed young specimens five times a day. Older animals were given feeds that included banana, plantain, and papaya; leaves of hibiscus, cassava, and banana; and dried corn. Variety seemed to be important, and the researchers could not predict the quantity of particular foods the animals would choose on any given day. In addition to varied vegetables, a small dish of salt or a salt lick was sometimes required.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are unlikely to run away, except when startled. However, providing an enclosure is worthwhile. It enables them to establish a territory by marking poles, bushes, and fences. Although needing space in which to run, as little as 10 mÃ is reportedly sufficient for 24 animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Satisfactory shelters include an open-ended oil drum laid on its side, a lean-to made of palm frond, or a small hut made of local matting. Apart from providing shade and protection, shelters should be built so that excited animals can run through them. When cornered, duikers tend to either flee for shelter or jump upwards; a run-through shelter can prevent a frightened one from accidentally leaping over the fence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Based on their own experiences, researchers at Pennsylvania State University in the United States report that blue duikers raised in captivity are easy to maintain, reproduce well, and are not fussy about environmental conditions. In fact, they say, blue duikers seem to enjoy living in cages.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In order to raise duikers successfully, post-pubertal males must be separated. A female should be bred with the same male throughout her productive life span.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE BLUE DUIKER&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In one sense, the blue duiker is the most important animal in Africa. It is the only one found throughout the continent south of the Sahara. It occurs at a greater range of altitudes than most - as low as sea level in many places to almost 5,000 m elevation in Kenya. It occurs in habitats from dense rainforests to dryland savannas. And, in sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, the blue duiker is eaten more than any other animal (although in West Africa it is generally called Maxwell's duiker).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This very small antelope, caught by snare or net, can be found in the meat markets of villages, towns, and cities in all countries from Senegal to Madagascar. It is a source of food for tens of millions. Bushmen, Pygmies, Dinkas, and Mandingos, thousands of miles apart; all share the same fondness for duiker meat and for duiker-skin clothes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, scientifically speaking, this is one of the world's least-known animals. And its numbers are diminishing rapidly. Areas that used to have plenty now have few or none. Overhunting and destruction of the rainforests are jointly contributing to their decline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the losses, people are snaring as many as they can, and there is no sense of concern - not even among most conservationists. However, in many locations there is already evidence that the animals won't be around much longer. Unless something is done - and soon - people will lose their major source of animal protein. If that happens, it is likely that they will move on to larger animals, such as gorillas, which would be an even worse disaster.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The best long-term solution is to organize duiker husbandry. Learning to rear duikers would benefit people throughout Africa. The blue duiker is the most suitable species; it is the most common and the most important. Also, it inhabits the edges of the forest and could therefore become a suitable species for ranching without denuding the forest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blue duikers are easy to maintain in captivity. They tame readily and like to shelter and sleep In boxes or cages. They are good converters of vegetation and produce top-quality lean meat. In addition, they are neither affected by tsetse flies nor are very susceptible to diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key now is to learn how to keep these very timid creatures under different conditions. We need to know their foods (especially foods that might be harvested from forests) and reproductive biology. We need to know the right numbers to house together. Most of all, we need projects aimed at rearing and breeding them in captivity under village conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vivian J. Wilson&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many African countries already have a ready market for duiker meat. It is somewhat similar to goat meat, but most people agree that it is superior.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal can live on fibrous vegetation. Unlike conventional ruminant livestock, it is suitable for feeding an average family at one meal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ability to forage in undergrowth where other domestic livestock do not thrive makes duikers potential livestock for tropical forest and bushland regions. They can be raised for meat without cutting the trees or bushes to create pastures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are easy prey for predators: eagles, pythons, wildcats, and people, among others. Thus, they probably require more sophisticated management than common livestock such as goats. However, the quality of their meat could more than compensate for the extra effort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some species are territorial, which means that they may do poorly in captivity, unless their social organization can be altered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under good conditions, the ideal slaughtering age reportedly occurs at 8-10 months, when the blue duiker can weigh 4 kg. Compared to rabbits and guinea pigs, production is relatively slow because of long gestation and lack of multiple births.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are resistant to trypanosomiasis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One general problem is that duikers have short, sharp horns designed specifically for jabbing. This could be a potential danger, especially since the males of some species become aggressive when their females are receptive. However, the horns can easily be clipped and taped to limit the danger. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the duikers' secluded lifestyle, much has still to be learned about their habits. Specific information on behavior and breeding is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal scientists in Africa should gather small herds for comparative studies. This will provide insights into whether duiker temperaments facilitate or hinder their utilization. In addition, assessments of diet, growth rates, behavior in captivity, reproductive rate, adaptability, and future potential can be made. Management considerations include clipping horns, trimming hooves, and controlling lice and fleas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research of particular value would be chemical analysis of duiker milk and of other characteristic glandular secretions. The latter lend themselves especially to a study of animal communication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parming duikers might help rescue the wild populations by relieving hunting pressures. Programs in this area are recommended for locations where overhunting is occurring. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g036a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.8.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g037a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Klipspringer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The least known and most obscure of all antelope are the delicate African creatures called dikdik, suni, royal antelope, pygmy antelope, and klipspringer. The smallest is a West African form of the royal antelope that stands a mere 25 cm high and weighs less than 2 kg. The four-horned antelope of South Asia is a similarly tough, tractable animal that is also the size of a small dog.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None of these has previously been seriously considered for use as livestock, but they are possibly amenable to rearing in captivity and they provide some of the finest game meat in the world. Given New Zealand's experience with various deer species (see page 288) and Africa's experience with large antelopes, basic research to test out the possibility of organized dwarf-antelope production could prove to be rewarding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The areas where these antelopes might be used are sub-Saharan Africa for the African species and South Asia for the four-horned antelope.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these animals, some, such as the pygmy antelopes, have a crouched appearance with an arched back and short neck; others have a more upright posture with a long neck and a raised head. In all species, the males are smaller than the females and bear tiny spikelike horns. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collectively, these antelopes have native ranges covering huge areas of Africa and part of Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dikdik: Six species occur in two discontinuous distributions - one from Somalia and Ethiopia southward through Kenya and Tanzania, the other in Namibia and Angola. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sunis: Eastern Africa, from Kenya to South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Royal antelope: West African forests. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pygmy antelope: Central Africa from southeastern Nigeria to Zaire. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Klipspringer: Ethiopia to the Cape of Good Hope. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four-horned antelope: India. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many forms are protected by local laws, but none of the species is on the international endangered-species list.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals occupy habitats from dense, moist forests to dry, rocky outcrops and even to deserts. Their ranges have almost certainly been affected by humans - sometimes for the better, since many prefer the secondary growth that invades disturbed areas, notably after overgrazing or slash-and-burn agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although dikdik and klipspringer usually frequent dry areas with scattered brush, the other dwarf antelopes normally stay in dense vegetation. All seem to live in definite areas and do not migrate. For instance:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Dikdik live near streambanks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Sunis inhabit dry country with thick bush, but they can also be found in reed scrub along rivers and in forests up to 3,000 m elevation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Klipspringers live on stony mountain slopes, rocky outcrops' or the sides of steep gorges at altitudes from sea level to 4,000 m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Four-horned antelopes live in undulating or hill country and shelter in tall grass and open jungle, a terrain more common to deer than to antelope. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of these antelope browse on shrubs. They are &quot;concentrate selectors,&quot; taking easily digested vegetation such as buds, fruit, and succulent young leaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also, most obtain much of their water requirement from dew and the vegetation they consume. Klipspringers, for example, are able to live for months without drinking. Sunis and four-horned antelope, on the other hand, drink regularly and seldom live far from water sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known of the reproduction and general performance of these animals. Females become sexually mature at about 6 months in the smaller species and 10 months in the larger. Males become sexually mature at about 14 months. The young are born throughout the year, but births peak with the vegetation flush following the first rains. Where there are two rainy seasons a year, two birth peaks occur. Usually a single calf is born. Dikdik is the only one whose reproduction has been studied in detail. Its pregnancy lasts 172 days, one young is born at a time, and the birth weight is 600-800 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their longevity is unknown but is probably in the range of 10-12 years.l&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These tiny creatures have some of the habits of deer. They are shy and elusive and generally rely on concealment to escape detection. Their first response to a predator is to freeze, and then to flee like hares - dashing off in a series of erratic, zigzag leaps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They live alone, in pairs, or in small family groups, but sometimes congregate in larger groups in thorn thickets. The species that have been studied most (dikdik and klipspringer) are strongly pair bonded. (A male, a female, and one or two young is typical, and a klipspringer rarely moves more than 5 m from its mate.) However, the royal and pygmy antelopes and the suni are more solitary in their behavior. Four-horned antelope are usually seen alone or in pairs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals feed mostly in the early morning and late afternoon Some species deposit dung and urine on particular sites. And they repeatedly daub secretions from glands in front of the eyes onto plant stems, where a sticky mass accumulates. Glands near the hooves mark the ground along frequently traveled pathways. Males also mark females with the scent, thus reinforcing the bond. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The four-horned antelope has a whistling call, which helps keep the family group together. Males repeat it frequently in hot weather. Gestation is 8-8.5 months. If taken young, they reportedly tame easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Much more research needs to be done before attempts are made to convince anyone to domesticate these antelope. There are likely to be considerable difficulties. Guinea pigs, rabbits, and giant rats can successfully be kept in cages or small enclosures, but most antelope probably cannot. Larger enclosures will be needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The food habits and general behavior of these small animals must be studied closely. They are strictly monogamous, and it may be necessary to keep them in pairs. Reproduction, growth, and general performance must become understood under different environmental and nutritional conditions. Mixing species is another aspect to be examined - whether these antelope can be kept with other species in the same enclosure (typical of livestock farming in most poor nations) is not known.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To settle such questions, representative species of microantelope should be gathered for comparative assessment. Researchers should focus on the animals' social structure, on husbandry methods for maintaining them over generations, and on how best to breed them. If the findings are promising, then a campaign to domesticate these antelope could be mounted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout most of their ranges these animals are highly sought &quot;bushmeats.&quot; The meat is lean and of extremely high quality. In Zaire's Ituri Forest, for example, pygmies net and kill large numbers of pygmy antelope, hanging the carcasses on sticks by the roadside for sale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their small size, these species might make good laboratory animals for ruminant studies. The dikdik, for instance, becomes a fully functioning ruminant at a body weight of about only 1.5 kg.2 However, their digestive physiology is quite different from that of cattle, sheep, and goats, which makes them atypical ruminants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given organized production, it is likely that dwarf-antelope pelts could become commercially important. North Africa exports the hides of medium-size antelopes to Europe for use in fine sueded leathers. Hides of the small species would almost certainly be in demand as well if a steady supply could be obtained as a by-product of meat production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microantelope provide some of the finest game meat. They are small and perhaps tractable. Most are already widely eaten and are being eliminated over broad areas of their range. Turning them into a sustainable, economic food source could provide motivation for their conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These antelope can digest, and are adapted to, the indigenous forage over vast areas of Africa and South Asia. They are native to tropical habitats, where cattle and other livestock often grow poorly. They also appear to be resistant to trypanosomiasis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some African peoples (for example, the Kalahari Bushmen) have superstitions or social injunctions that prohibit the eating of some of these species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small antelope are probably not as efficient as larger ruminants in digesting fiber: the retention time in the rumen may be too short. On the other hand, quickly digestible cell walls of lush green plants can be used efficiently.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The territorial behavior of most of these species may limit their rearing in large numbers under captive conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, preliminary research on dwarf antelope husbandry is required. Specifically, studies should be conducted to assess:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Growth rates, feed efficiency, and reproductive rate;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Carcass quality;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Economics and the likely cost of production per animal unit; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Studies of digestion.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The few statistics available today on the use of wildlife as food are probably much below actual consumption. Most food consumption surveys record food obtained by hunting or trapping under the indiscriminate heading of &quot;Bushmeat&quot; and neglect to include the many small animals that are normally collected by children. In Africa, an amazing variety of wildlife is eaten, including all wild ungulates, primates, all cats, and many species of birds and reptiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food and Agriculture Organization Ceres magazine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All the world's people must begin to overcome in themselves - and even more so in their children - senseless taboos about what is edible and what is not. Only then can we stop today's universal animal-protein wastage. How ironic it would be, in this scientific age, for mankind to starve largely because of a bunch of old wives' tales, irational beliefs, silly associations, and the lack of a sufficient spirit of culinary and gustatory adventure.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calvin W. Schwabe Unmentionable Cuisine &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguana is really good, a thousand times better than chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Omero Asinto, waiter Pochote Bar and Restaurant&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barranca, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large lizards have been important foods since prehistoric times and are still commonly hunted in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.1 Some (such as the monitor lizards seen in markets in Indochina) are carnivorous species that may be difficult to feed and raise economically. However, the iguanas of the Americas offer promise as microlivestock. They are herbivorous and feed primarily on leaves, flowers, and fruits, including many that are too high in the trees to be gathered by man or by other livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguana meat is popular throughout much of Latin America, where consumers willingly pay more for it than for fish, poultry, pork, or beef. To fill the demand, several iguana species are hunted by rifle, slingshot, trap, and noose; they are even run down by trained dogs. Villagers (often small children) catch them for food for the family; professional hunters snare and sell them to vendors. Iguanas are hauled around in gunny sacks and wicker baskets by car, boat, horseback, and people on foot. In parts of El Salvador they have been known to arrive at the market by the truckload.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a result of this indiscriminate hunting, iguanas are now steadily becoming more scarce, and the destruction of their habitat makes the situation even worse. At present, many parts of Latin America's tropical forests are being cleared. The green iguana in particular depends on trees, and as forests disappear its populations are destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, iguanas are forest-edge species: they will grow well on ranches and farms as long as patches of trees are left standing. This offers the hope that they can be raised as microlivestock. They reproduce so prolifically that, in principle, populations can build up exponentially. Mature females, for example, may produce 30 or more eggs a year for up to 10 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past few years, a notable research program in Panama and Costa Rica (see page 351) has laid the practical foundation for iguana farming. It has artificially incubated and raised thousands of green iguana hatchlings. With less than half a square meter of living space per animal, the hatchlings have grown as fast or faster than their wild counterparts. Unlike their kin in the wild - which in their first year of life suffer 95 percent mortality from birds, snakes, and other predatorsâ the captive-raised iguanas show almost 100 percent survival. This research project demonstrates that ranching iguanas both for food or for repopulating depleted habitats is feasible. In addition, experimental projects for farming green iguanas have begun in Curacao and El Salvador.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As livestock, lizards have advantages. Being cold-blooded they do not carry human diseases (except for those such as salmonella that result from gross mismanagement). They can be kept in captivity in fairly high densities without diseases breaking out. Although often aggressive in the wild, they coexist in dense populations with few problems as long as they are well fed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is an important conservation component as well. Farming these lizards may help check and may even reverse the downward trends of their populations by allowing large numbers to be released back to the wild at a size that inhibits predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are three alternatives for utilizing iguanas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- To manage wild stocks as game animals;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- To raise iguanas on farms, like chickens and pigs; or&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- To raise young iguanas in captivity and then release them into the wild where they can grow to full size and later be harvested on a sustainable basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the green iguana has so far received the most attention, two other Latin American species are in farming trials. Black iguanas (garrobos) are being raised experimentally in El Salvador and Costa Rica. And the omnivorous tegu lizard, which produces a valuable leather, is beginning to be farmed in Argentina and is briefly described opposite. Both iguana species are described in the following chapters. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TEGU&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tegus (Tupinambis rufescens and T. teguixin) are large lizards of South America. They are highly prized for their skins, which are made into leather for handbags and similar items. Tegus are heavily exploited; on average, Argentina exports over one million skins a year - about $15 million worth. The 50-year-old tegu industry is estimated to support as many as 30,000 people, including tannery employees and people in rural areas who hunt the lizards full- or part-time. Poor agricultural conditions make farming difficult in the Chaco, and sale of a single tegu skin is worth more than a day's wages for a farmband. Some families also eat the tegu meat and use the fat for medicinal purposes. In many areas, the populations have already been driven to the verge of extinction. Husbandry, therefore, could be beneficial. Traders are hoping that captive operations run by families can eventually replace hunting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although usually associated with the arid regions of northern Argentina and Paraguay, the tegu's range actually covers much of South America - as far north as Colombia, including Trinidad and the Amazon basin. One species (T. rufescens) normally occurs in a dryland habitat, such as Argentina's Chaco region. It can occur in great numbers in pastures, probably because of the insects associated with cattle. But it also occurs in areas that are unsuitable for cattle. Some places where tegus are common are so dry that they can carry only a single cow in 10 hectares. There, farmers might find it profitable to raise tegus. This would maintain the native biological diversity while perhaps reducing the soil degradation that cattle cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other species (T. tegubixin) occurs in wet forests, such as those found in Argentina's Formosa Province.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tegus are scientifically interesting. Little is known about their biology, and basic studies are needed. They are not much eaten, but in some areas the tail is considered a delicacy. Indeed, deteriorating economic conditions are already making them more important as a food resource. Convincing campesinos that they can increase their cash income and their meat production by rationally exploiting these large lizards should not be difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sustainable exploitation could also benefit tegu conservation. Large populations still exist in some areas in Argentina and Paraguay, but, overall, the species are declining. A welldesigned management project could ensure the maintenance and reestablishment of large populations where numbers have drastically decreased. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.9.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g038a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the green iguana (Iguana iguana) is consumed throughout Central America. It is already subject to heavy commercialization and its populations are plummeting. This is not likely to change: as human population increases, so does demand for iguana meat and eggs as well as for live iguanas, thousands of which are kept as house pets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its herbivorous diet, inoffensive nature, and high reproductive potential, this reptile is a prime species for intensive management. Alert, curious, and social, it is easily tamed from birth. Given minimal protection during the reproductive season, large populations can build up, and animals can be maintained in simple facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, although iguanas can be maintained as microlivestock, they may require three years to reach market size. Raising them to maturity entirely under captive conditions is thus probably uneconomic at present, when specimens can still be inexpensively (albeit often illegally) harvested from the wild. However, it has been found that if released into the wild, most will remain in nearby trees, especially if people erect simple feeding stations and keep them stocked with table scraps or weedy vegetation. This makes for very low-cost production during the years of waiting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given such findings, iguana farming has a promising future. With research, growth rates can undoubtedly be increased and maintenance costs reduced. Also, iguanas are becoming more valuable each year. Even now, farming them could be economic in some areas where wild iguanas are scarce, especially if the young are released into forested sites when they have grown to a size where mortality is low.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although green iguanas will happily graze pastures, they need trees. Iguana farming, therefore, provides a way to keep tropical forests standing while still providing people with meat and income. By growing lizards, farmers don't have to fell the forests to create space for growing food crops or cattle. Iguana farming thus gives an economic incentive to preserve the beleaguered tracts of remaining trees. It may even render reforestation economically attractive. And it may promote the use of shelterbelts and contour strips of trees in cattle-ranching areas. Today's researchers estimate that 200-300 kg of meat can be produced per year per hectare from iguanas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The green iguana can grow to more than 2 m long, but more than half of that length is in its whiplike tail. Adults of breeding size generally weigh 2-4 kg. The scaly skin is green, yellowish, or golden brown with dark markings; color is a function of age and reproductive stage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This large lizard is indigenous to a vast region stretching from Mexico to northern Brazil and Peru, including a number of Caribbean islands. In Mexico, it occurs in tropical forests along both coasts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green iguanas were formerly abundant throughout Central America, but no longer. In the mangrove forests along Mexico's Pacific coast, for instance, only 5 percent of the former population remains. In Guatemala's Pacific lowlands, mere remnants are left. In El Salvador's jungles, the animals have declined to 1 percent of their former density. And in both Panama and Costa Rica, the species is now officially classified as endangered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The green iguana usually lives near water in tropical lowland forests. It thrives only as long as some trees remain. The forests may be either humid or seasonally dry. The animal normally inhabits the treetops, feeding on tender shoots and fruits in the canopy; few other herbivores can convert such forest foliage into food for humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like cattle and other herbivorous mammals, iguanas have a specialized digestive system with an enlarged fermentation chamber in which bacteria break down plant cells. Vegetation is converted into meat about as effectively as in cattle, but not as quickly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After reaching sexual maturity, at 2 or 3 years of age, females lay one clutch of 10 85 eggs each year. (For most specimens the average is probably about 35.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p349a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Native habitat of the green iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are generally slow moving and lethargic when cold, but during the heat of the day they become extremely alert and can run, swim, and climb with speed and agility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They have a complex social structure and a defined annual reproductive cycle. Hatchlings adapt easily to captivity both when artificially incubated and when captured in the wild. However, captured adults, used to living free, are hard to keep in small enclosures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green iguanas are used mainly for food. The meat tastes somewhat like chicken and in Latin America is typically cooked in a spicy stew. The eggs are also consumed. Small and leathery shelled, they are considered special delicacies and are said to cure various ailments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a sizable demand for live iguanas in the international pet trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exploitation has been mainly for the flesh; the skins are wasted in most cases. However, given organized production, green iguana skin could perhaps become a farm by-product. It sells in the international reptile-leather market under the trade name &quot;chameleon lizard.&quot; The hide is typically up to 20 cm wide. Thin and relatively fragile, it is glued to a fabric or cowhide backing to prevent it from tearing. The prime uses are for ladies' accessories, belts, wallets, and shoes. It is inappropriate for uses that involve flexure because the scales overlap and repeated flexing causes them to separate. The skin then becomes rough to the touch and loses its glossy finish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IGUANA MAMA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The program that now offers hope for raising green iguanas as microlivestock is the brainchild of zoologist Dagmar Werner. She began in 1983 by collecting 700 iguana eggs and then learning what to do with them &quot;on the job.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through a combination of luck and intuition, coupled with determination, she discovered appropriate conditions for incubating the eggs on the first try - no less surprising because her incubators (dirt-filled wooden boxes warmed with light bulbs) were in an apartment in a high-rise building in Panama City. Nonetheless, most of the eggs hatched and the several hundred squirming young lizards were quickly trucked to a forest park near the Panama Canal. Here, for five years, assisted by a steady stream of enthusiastic Panamanian biology students, Wemer experimented with cages, feeds, facilities, breeding genetic selection, and the myriad aspects of management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These dedicated researchers eventually devised what might be considered a production line, and they hatched and raised tens of thousands of green iguanas, reduced the animals' infant mortality rate, and created the basic underpinnings for economic production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1988, administration for the project was shifted to neighboring Costa Rica, where Werner established another research farm as well as a fund-raising foundation. From there, she hopes to catalyze all Central America to take up iguana production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Her immediate goal is, paradoxically, to preserve the lizards by putting an iguana in every pot. That will help reduce the indiscriminate hunting that is taking these animals toward extinction in the wild.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Her system is based on setting up feeding stations in the woods and releasing iguanas at seven months, an age at which they are virtually immune to predators. Iguanas need trees, and her ultimate goal is to help save the vanishing rainforests. With profitable iguana farming, she hopes to persuade farmers to save the trees as homes for iguanas, rather than clearing them for crops and cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Iguana management and an international marketing system will protect, rather than exterminate, the iguana,&quot; Werner says. &quot;I don't think iguana farming will stop deforestation. But I do think it will contribute a great deal.&quot; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The iguana farming project in Panama and Costa Rica (see sidebar) provides a model for what might be done elsewhere. In its first five years of operation, the project raised more than 10,000 green iguanas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To create the farms, enclosures are constructed with sheet-metal wails sunk 30 cm in the ground.' Inside, the animals sleep in shelters made of bamboo and vegetation. Each shelter has an adjustable entrance slit through which young lizards can slither, but predators, which usually are larger, cannot. Most are set on stilts and food is served in the shade underneath. With this system, from 20 to 60 young iguanas are kept in an area of 10 mÃ (0.5-0.17 mÃ of land area per individual). In another &quot;high-intensity&quot; design, 30 hatchlings are kept in cages I mÃ in size (only 0.05 mÃ per individual).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The iguana farms also include an artificial nest consisting of a &quot;tunnel&quot; leading to a sand-filled egg-laying chamber. (Both tunnel and chamber are made of concrete blocks or other predator-safe material.) Female iguanas (at least in captivity) prefer this to digging their own tunnels, and it is an important advance in iguana breeding because it produces a hatching success of close to 100 percent. Recent versions require no human intervention: the eggs incubate and hatch by themselves and the hatchlings climb out of the nest through a hollow bamboo &quot;pipe&quot; and fall into plastic bags, which can be easily emptied twice a day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The iguanas are fed mixtures of broken rice meal, meat meal, bone meal, fish meal, papayas, bananas, mangos, avocados, and a variety of leaves and flowers. Each day they receive fresh-cut leaves from plants such as beans, mustard, or hibiscus. Hatchlings are raised to an age of 6-10 months, when they are big enough to be released into forests, farmland with scattered trees, or into village backyards with almost no vulnerability to predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With each female producing an average of 35 eggs annually, these animals have inherently high reproductive potential. And if the young are protected from predators during their first few months, populations can build up rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguanas adapt well to second-growth forest and to backyard conditions and can feed on the leaves of fruit trees or timber trees while the farmer can harvest the fruits or wood. Unless grossly overstocked, they are unlikely to affect the productivity of the trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These lizards may take three years to reach marketable size,2 and the cost of raising them to usable size entirely in captivity is currently greater than their market value as food. Less-expensive methods of raising the animals must be found if large-scale commercial iguana farming is to become economically feasible. The main problem is the high cost of the enclosures, not the cost of food. The food costs no more than that for raising a chicken to marketable size, but iguanas do not grow as fast as chickens. For smallholders the only cost of raising them is labor, and that is often unimportant. Free-ranging herbivorous lizards can damage home gardens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For conservation purposes, the main need is to educate people throughout Latin America to the iguana's plight. For example, in Central America people catch pregnant females and cut out the eggs for food. (There is a widespread misconception that the females survive this brutality.) This is devastating to the iguana populations, yet by installing artificial nests, farmers could let the females live and still harvest the eggs. Moreover, people could eat half the eggs and incubate the other half to repopulate the trees around their farms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also important to develop an understanding of iguana reproduction in the wild. At present, the longevity, growth rate, and age of sexual maturity are not well known. Such information would provide baseline data for creating conservation measures to reverse the depletion of this natural resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further husbandry research is needed. Costs must be reduced. The effectiveness of artificial nests must be tested in village practice. Survival rates of captive-raised young after release must be studied. And harvesting and recruitment schemes should be developed to secure optimum exploitation of the repopulated forests. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.9.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g039a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work on green iguana husbandry may apply also to the black iguanas' (Ctenosaura similis, C. acanthura, C. hemilopha, and C. pectinata). These are similar lizards that live in dry habitats throughout Central America &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exploitation of wild black iguanas for food began in ancient times and has continued in most places over hundreds of years without much harm to the natural populations. Until the 1970s, Latin Americans could obtain the meat and eggs with little effort, and the animals sold cheaply in city markets. In recent years, however, the lizards have become scarce and prices have risen sharply. For instance, in 1976 the central market of San Salvador was selling large specimens for the equivalent of 80 cents, but by 1979 prices were generally from three to six times as much. Today, black iguana meat costs more than fish, poultry, pork, or beef.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eating small game animals is deeply rooted in the traditions of Central America and cannot readily be changed by legislation or education. Despite official edicts, campesinos on a subsistence diet will not willingly forego the little meat they get by capturing and eating lizards. Moreover, legislation is seldom effective because there are too few enforcement officials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with the green iguana, it seems likely that when the factors causing hatchling mortality are reduced, a large harvestable annual surplus can be produced. Black iguanas efficiently convert vegetation into high-grade protein suitable for human consumption. Young ones, however, are insectivorous and carnivorous rather than purely herbivorous, and during their first weeks of life may require a more expensive diet (perhaps meat scraps) than green iguanas require. Moreover, most insectivorous lizards require moving prey. They may or may not accept meat scraps as food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black iguanas are smaller and more stocky than green iguanas, but weigh up to 3 kg. Their tails are spiny and short. The scales on the tail are enlarged, grow in spirals, and are sharp-pointed. Other than that (apart from being generally greyish black in color), the two animals are similar in appearance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The different black iguana species range from northern Mexico along both coasts of Central America to Panama and Colombia's Caribbean islands. Most tolerate moderate human presence well, often thriving around town garbage dumps and cemeteries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As recently as 1981, black iguanas were shipped to markets by the truckload. Today, they are generally limited or even absent over much of their original range. Nevertheless, they are still the major game animals across extensive areas of Central America. Many of those taken are gravid females, which is disastrous for the populations. Excessive insecticide spraying is also thought to be reducing their populations in some areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black iguanas thrive in dry, open woodland. They particularly like rocky hillsides, for they depend for shelter on crevices, rock piles, or soft soil in which they dig burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These omnivores feed on foliage, flowers, and fruits, but also on insects and small vertebrates. Adults spend some of their time climbing trees, but they are much less arboreal than green iguanas. Hatchlings are initially terrestrial but have a mostly arboreal stage in their early weeks of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females lay one clutch of 20-90 eggs each year. The eggs are much smaller than those of the green iguana and therefore are not as popular a food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p357a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of the black iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These lizards live in burrows or in holes in trees. A typical burrow has several entrances and is 1-2 m long. Several females may combine efforts to form a complex communal burrow with several individual nest chambers. They are such diligent diggers that many are caught while absorbed in the task of adding a new room.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some places, even where they are not common, black iguanas are still intensively hunted. Because their meat is valuable, the reward justifies the considerable effort involved in finding and killing them. Hence, where populations are so depleted that organized hunting is unprofitable, the animals are still subjected to relentless destruction by individuals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farming black iguanas is a novel idea. However, it is not a foolish one. In 1981 the Centro de Recursos Naturales (CENREN) in El &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Salvador started a black iguana farming project. Since then, its researchers have collected data on growth rates, feeding patterns, and the maintenance and reproduction of captive adults. The program offers some promise of maintaining breeding stock in large outdoor enclosures, of producing large numbers of hatchlings, and of restocking depleted areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;OTHER IGUANAS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other iguanas that deserve consideration for husbandry include the rock (rhinoceros) iguana (Cyclura cornuta), a herbivorous lizard of the Antillean region. This has been raised in considerable numbers at the National Zoo of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Captive-bred specimens have reproduced at the age of 32 months, average clutch size has been about 15, and the average incubation time has been 82 days (at 31ÃC). The innate tameness of these island iguanas renders them better adapted for captive rearing than either the green or the black iguana, and their greater size is an advantage as well. On the other hand, the length of time required to reach maturity, and the relatively small egg clutch (about half that of the green iguana and one-third that of the black iguana) are definite disadvantages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A related species, Iguana delicatissima, also deserves research and conservation attention. It occurs in the Leeward Islands and Martinique, and (as its specific name implies) is even better eating than the green iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latins believe that various ailments are cured or benefited by the flesh of these lizards, so they willingly pay much more for their meat than they would for equivalent amounts of other meats. In most places where the two occur together, the black iguana is preferred over the green iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with green iguana, the black iguana reproduces readily in captivity and has an even higher reproductive potential (averaging 43 eggs per clutch). It has the additional advantage that it thrives in deforested and altered habitats. It can survive near human settlements despite the attacks of dogs and cats, and it attains dense populations in suburban lots or open spaces. (It survives even downtown in cities such as Managua, but not in dense populations because dogs, cats, and humans take so many.) Hence, even in towns and cities, there are habitats capable of supporting it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black iguanas will feed on weedy vegetation or garbage, and adults seem easier to maintain in captivity than their green iguana counterparts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The long delay (probably at least two years) before the animals reach marketable size might make it difficult for the grower to compete with common meats such as poultry or fish. Certain parasitic worms can make the flesh inedible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although smaller than green iguanas, black iguanas are much more aggressive and will defend what they perceive to be their territory. They can inflict a painful bite. They also tend to escape from captivity more readily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, these omnivores depend on animal matter during part of their life cycle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biology of the black iguana deserves much more study.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management techniques developed for the green iguana should be tested for their applicability for black iguana species. Harvesting and recruitment schemes must be developed to create sustainable populations in the wild. The specific needs for feeding the young also need to be addressed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I am convinced that in the Third World, it is only when poor people are assured of their livelihood that they will help us to safeguard their natural environments. So long as people remain hungry, it is very difficult to talk to them about conservation. As a result, I believe that development and conservation are inseparable. Only when conservation takes on a dimension of helping the poor, the downtrodden, the destitute, will it have an enduring impact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.S. Swaminathan International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I suspect that wildness is an inherited characteristic as was found for the turkey by Starker Leopold. So in attempting domestication one should expect to have difficulty until there are enough animals that you can select breeding stock for quietness and tractability.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ian McTaggart Cowan Emeritus Professor of Zoology&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of British Columbia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle will never be extinct for the simple reason that man eats cattle. The best way to preserve wild species is by demonstrating that they, too, can be a valuable resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ernie Matteram&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New York Times Magazine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife utilization should be considered a legitimate form of land use, just as much as livestock husbandry. In fact, what has happened in the past is that Man has domesticated a limited number of animals, mainly in the temperate zones, while overlooking a considerable potential of other animals, which could be domesticated or used with equal validity.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antoon De Vos &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.10" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted in the preface, this report by no means exhausts all the microlivestock possibilities. Lack of space and time precludes discussion of creatures such as edible insects, snails, worms, frogs, turtles, and bats, which in some regions are highly regarded foods. Similarly, we have not included fish, shrimp, and other aquatic life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not to say that these are less worthy of consideration. The decision to leave them out was arbitrary, but with several recent breakthroughs in tropical beekeeping it seems prudent to include bees. Accordingly, the final chapter of this book describes the smallest livestock of all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bees are one of the most promising microlivestock. They forage on flowers that are otherwise little utilized and produce honey, wax, and other products of high value. They are important as plant pollinators and can greatly increase the production of some crops. Bees can be kept virtually anywhere with little disruption of other activities, and they are easily available. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.10.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g040a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of all the livestock reviewed in this publication, bees are the smallest, the least demanding of space, probably the most familiar, and perhaps the most easily adapted to worldwide rural development efforts. For all that, however, they are an often forgotten component in agricultural programs. This is unfortunate because bees can be particularly valuable to tropical countries, providing pollination of crops, useful products, and a premium source of income.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost every village in every tropical country traditionally has had a beekeeper or two. Most use &quot;seat-of-the-pants&quot; methods and &quot;rustic&quot; hives, and this generally leads to low yields and inefficiencies. Today, numerous innovative methods and appropriate equipment are coming available. Many are still not widely known; however, their importance is slowly being recognized. Indeed, some developing countries are already turning bees into a valued natural resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, in less than 10 years Kenya has become self-sufficient in honey production and - despite increased local consumption - is now exporting. In seven years, Papua New Guinea has met its local honey requirements and now also exports its surplus. In only four years, Thailand increased yearly production from practically nothing to more than 1,000 tons. In Brazil, beekeeping is more widespread and production greater than before the outbreak of the African honey bee. These achievements can be largely attributed to the promotion of innovative equipment, modern beekeeping techniques, and extension support for small-scale beekeepers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees are generally easily recognized and need no description here. The major species and subspecies are all roughly similar in appearance and size. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among several hundred species of bees that store honey and pollen in harvestable amounts, only two &quot;social&quot; species, Apis mellifera and Apis cerana, produce multiple combs and can be kept in hives.' Given adequate forage and proper management, they can build up a honey surplus that can be harvested without harming their colonies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apis mellifera, the most widely distributed and exploited honey bee, comes from Europe and Africa. The subspecies from Europe (especially the Italian type, A. mellifera ligustica) is normally preferred because of its docility and high honey yields. It is now the predominant honey bee throughout the temperate zones of Europe, North America, Australasia, and China. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the many subspecies in Africa, A. mellifera adansonii and A. mellifera scutellata have the widest native ranges. The latter was accidently released in Brazil in 1957. It has become naturalized and has dominated the European bees formerly kept by beekeepers. By l990, it had spread northwards to the southernmost areas of the United States and southwards deep into Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The docile Asian hive bee, A. cerana, is found in Asia from the Middle East to Japan and as far south as Indonesia. Although it produces much less honey per hive than A. mellifera, its overall production in many Southeast Asian countries may be greater.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees do not face extinction. However, genetic diversity is disappearing due to loss of habitat, insecticides, displacement by massproduced, genetically uniform queens and exotic breeds, destructive harvesting, and the spread of diseases and pests such as protozoans, bacteria, insects, and mites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees can exist in locations from deserts to rainforests and from near the Arctic to the tropics. They occur wherever there is nectar, pollen, tree resin (for nest building), shelter, and a little water. Heat, drought, and especially rain and humidity may curtail their activities, but a well-managed colony can survive periods of extreme adversity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees live in rigidly hierarchical colonies. Normally there is a  single queen. After mating, she begins laying hundreds of eggs a day.  Those that are fertilized become sterile females, called workers; those  that remain unfertilized develop into males (drones), whose only role is  to fertilize future queens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After two or three years the queen, worn-out, starts laying fewer  and fewer eggs, and the colony may replace her. At that time a few  female larvae are raised on royal jelly, a nutritious, little-understood  secretion that causes them to develop into queens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Workers perform different tasks as they mature. Young ones tend  the queen, guard the hive, and raise the larvae. Older ones, comprising  the vast majority of a colony's population, gather pollen and nectar and  water. Pollen provides the protein and fats, and the nectar, converted  into honey in the bee's body, provides carbohydrates to feed the colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bee activities are dictated by weather, availability of food,  genetics, and the overall strength of the colony. They are mediated by  chemical interactions between the queen and the workers that control  almost all behavior.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the Asian and European hive bees are relatively docile, most  of the African subspecies are unpredictable and may defend their  colonies in great numbers and with great persistence. The threat of  &quot;killer bees&quot; has been greatly exaggerated, however. Africans have  provided them nests and hives - and harvested their honey - for  thousands of years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Occasionally, large numbers of the bees in a colony split off from  their nest or hive. They usually cluster on a nearby tree or building,  calmly waiting for &quot;scouts&quot; to find a suitable new home. These  homeless swarms can be captured and will readily move into a hiveâ  the simplest and cheapest way for beekeepers to acquire a colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey and beeswax are two of nature's best known and most  valuable products. Honey can be employed in hundreds of foods. It is  widely used in baking because, in addition to its flavor, it retains  moisture better than sugar or syrup, and the product keeps longer. Honey-based alcoholic beverages are popular in many parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beeswax also is used in many products, including candles, lubricants, polish, waterproofings, soaps, cosmetics, and electronics. Beeswax can be locally important for `'lost-wax&quot; metal-casting and sculptures as well as batik-dyed clothing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both bee pollen and royal jelly are used in cosmetics and can be eaten. Bee venom is used medicinally, particularly in Europe and the developing world. Bee larvae are eaten raw or fried in many parts of Asia and Africa and are considered a delicacy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Keeping bees means managing a colony so that it produces surplus honey or wax. Specifically this requires:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Providing a suitable hive;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Obtaining bees by collecting a swarm, transferring a wild colony, or purchasing a colony complete with an active queen;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Maintaining the colony free from natural enemies in an area that allows it to produce excess honey; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Harvesting the excess honey without weakening the colony or causing it to flee (abscond).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Few other livestock enterprises require less capital, less space, or less attention. Moreover, scarcely any other provides higher quality, more marketable products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beekeeping is a respected and traditional activity in most areas of the world. It promotes self-reliance and requires little, if any, land or money. It is an easy-entry cottage industry that can be started with minimal equipment or training. It can be done by any member of a family as it requires no special strength or size. It is especially appropriate for increasing women's income in the many areas where men are away working.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beekeeping is suited to remote areas where many agricultural enterprises are at a competitive disadvantage because their products are bulky and far from the markets. Honey, wax, pollen, and other bee products can all be sold far from their point of origin, have high monetary value for their weight, and generally find a ready market. Local honeys often command premium prices (in part because many of them are considered medicinal). In addition, beekeeping encourages people to remain in rural areas rather than move to the city in search of an income.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pollination increases the productivity of many crops, and therefore a few hives can boost local food production. By rotating hives among farmers' fields and orchards, a beekeeper performs a valuable service.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beekeeping is also an important adjunct to reforestation and desert reclamation projects. It can provide income during the long wait for the trees to reach marketable size. Many forests are potential reservoirs of honey and other products. In some cases, the bees also enhance the fruitfulness and standing value of forests. They also increase pollination in tree-seed orchards and tree nurseries. And in newly established forests, bees improve reseeding potential. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BETTER BEEHIVES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So many hives have been developed in recent years that a design now exists for almost any level of expertise. One of the most important for Third World beekeeping is the top-bar hive. This crate-like box, derived from an ancient Greek design, incorporates modern beekeeping principles but adds the innovation of sloping sides. Beneath its lid are removable boards (top bars) from which the bees hang the combs (because the sides are sloping the bees do not attach the edges of the comb to them). By lifting a top bar, the comb can be inspected and handled - and the honey harvested - with little disturbance to the colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This simple hive can make beekeeping accessible to even the poorest people. It is easy to build and use, and can be locally constructed from scrap lumber. It is well suited for raising most types of honey bees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More elaborate and productive is the African long hive. In addition to having top bars, this square-sided box has removable frames within which the bees build their comb.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most elaborate is the Langstroth hive - the type most common in temperate zones.* These yield the most honey. They can be made only where there are facilities for precise carpentry, where durable, nonwarping parts are available, and where there are good extension services to aid and assist beekeepers. Although traditional Langstroth hives are demanding to build and maintain, simplified designs have been created for use in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STINGLESS BEES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By far the most common bees in the tropics, perhaps in the  world, are bees that cannot sting. Their stingers are so akophied  as to be essentially nonexistent (but some can deliver a pretty  fierce bite). They live in colonies and store their honey in wax  pots, some as large as egg cups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stingless bees can be abundant. In a two-block area in  downtown Panama City, 150 nests have been counted. However,  many species depend on trees and their populations are  plummeting as more and more tropical forests are felled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like honey bees, stingless bees have been &quot;domesticated.&quot; For  thousands of years in the tropical Americas, Indians have raised  them in special hives made out of logs, gourds, clay pots, and  other simple containers. Cortes reported in 1519 that Indians on  the island of Cozumel, the now popular tourist spot off the east  coast of Yucatan, practiced beekeeping. That was almost 300 years  before the European honeybee was introduced. A popular Mayan  drink was honey wine, and Mayan beekeepers carved stone  earplugs to keep these bees out of their ears.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey from stingless bees has less sugar than normal honey.  However, it is usually more tasty. It is used throughout the  tropics: the Americas, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia, for  instance. Normally, the nests are just robbed, which devastates  the bees because the queen cannot fly, and when she is disturbed  the colony dies. In some areas people open a little hole in the nest.  By putting in a plug, they can then harvest honey a couple of  times a year without destroying the colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, a few scientists are reconsidering stingless beekeeping.  In the state of Maranhao in Brazil, an area of crushing poverty,  biologist Warwick Kerr is harnessing stingless bees. He began  after learning that peasants were spending a third of their meager  incomes buying sugar. As part of his experiments, he keeps 60  hives stacked in his garage on the outskirts of the city of San Luis.  (A notable feature of these bees is that there is no prohibition  against keeping them in populated areas.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kerr has found that stingless bees can be made to produce well.  After years of experimenting with different-sized boxes, he can  now obtain more than 4.5 lifers of honey per hive per year. He  reports that the stingless bees are easy to maintain, and can be  raised by poor peoole without land or equipment.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared to raising four-footed livestock, beekeeping is inexpensive and fairly trouble free, but it is not without problems. Many things can go wrong, and include, for example:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Losses. Bees are susceptible to various predators, pests, and diseases. Although ways to avoid or control most afflictions are available, once a colony becomes infested it may have to be destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Theft. Hives or combs - usually kept in secluded areas - that are full of honey are tempting targets and may be stolen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Swarming and absconding. Some or all of the bees may leave a hive and start a new nest, taking even the honey with them.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Bad management. Beekeeping requires certain skills and knowledge, and sometimes frequent attention (such as when the colony is stressed, diseased, or swarming).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Lack of equipment. Beekeepers need hives, smokers (to quiet and repel the bees), hive tools, and - advisable but not absolutely necessary - gloves and a veil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Inadequate storage. Some areas lack the knowledge or the bottles in which to store liquid honey.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Pesticides and herbicides. Nectar- and pollen-collecting bees are vulnerable to insecticides, which farmers may apply (often inappropriately) at the time their crops are flowering. Herbicides can destroy important sources of bee forage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Neighborhood concerns. Bees can sting people and livestock. Although wild bees (and other insects) are the principal culprits, the beekeeper is often blamed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Stressful conditions. When rainfall, aridity, heat, or cold are excessive, bees often cannot produce surplus honey.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surprisingly, much remains to be learned about the natural science of bees. Although some of the research requires sophisticated equipment and facilities, much can (or must) be performed locally by beekeepers because many factors - such as colony behavior, foraging habits, and microclimatic adaptation - depend on the local conditions. This research may include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Adaptation. The provision of locally adapted bee varieties is an important basis for developing advanced beekeeping. This can be done by selecting an appropriate local queen. Further, local breeding of queens and workers lessens the probability of importing exotic diseases and pests. Recent developments promise to move the mass production of queens and workers from the realm of high technology to common practice.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Integration. Continued developments in beekeeping cannot succeed without research, promotion, education, training, and extension services. These are essential for integrating beekeeping with agriculture and reforestation efforts. Thus, descriptions of agronomic plants should always include pollination requirements as well as nectar and pollen potentials. Planting nectar- and pollen-producing firewood species would increase the number of bees, which would in turn help ensure forest survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Bee plants. There is still much to be understood about the relative qualities that different plants bring to beekeeping. Recently, many valuable bee-forage plants have been identified.5 These deserve special consideration in any reforestation or beautification projects. Broad introduction of these plants may also encourage beekeeping that could produce high-value &quot;specialty&quot; honeys or ensure more continuous production of honey. There may also be a place for &quot;bee farms,&quot; where every plant is bee forage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- New bee species. Nontraditional species of Apis as well as other members of the bee family (such as Anthophora, Bombus, Megachilae, Nomia, Osmia, Xylocopa, and especially Trigona and Melipona, which are stingless) should be studied to determine their role in pollination and - for some species - their further exploitation for honey. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.11" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.11.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A small selection follows of books and articles that are not too  difficult to locate and that will help readers explore each topic further. Obscure documents are accompanied by an address from which readers can obtain a reprint or photocopy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GENERAL&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grzimek, B. 1975. Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 1-13. Van Nostrand Reinhold  Company, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robbins, C.T. 1983. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICROBREEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1988. A World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties.  Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. Microcattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barnard, J.P. and J.P. Venter. 1983. Indigenous and Exotic Beef Cattle in South West  Africa - A Progress Report. Available from Department of Agriculture and Nature  Conservation, PB 13184, Windhoek 9000, Namibia. (Sanga)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health  Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett, eds. 1974. Animal Agriculture. 2nd edition. W.H. Freeman  and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. and l.L. Mason. 1984. Cattle. Pages 6-27 in Evolution of Domesticated  Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Felius, M. 1985. Genus Bos: Cattle Breeds of the World. MSD-AGVET, Merck and Co.,  Rahway, New Jersey. 234 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gryseels, G. 1980. Improving Livestock and Farm Production in the Ethiopian Highlands:  Initial Results. ILCA study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa,  Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, General Study.  International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joshi, N.R. and R.W. Phillips. 1953. Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan. FAO Agricultural  Study No. 19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 297 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joshi, N.R., E.A. McLaughlin, and R.W. Phillips. 1957. Types and Breeds of African  Cattle. FAO Agricultural Study No. 37. Food and Agriculture Organization of the  United Nations, Rome. 297 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Koger, M., T.J. Cunha, and A.C. Warnick, eds. 1973. Crossbreeding Beef Cattle. Series 2. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Martinez Balboa, A. 1980. La Ganaderia en Baja California Sur. Vol. 1. Editorial J.B. La Paz, BCS: Mexico. 229 pp. (Criollo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maule, J.P. 1989. The Cattle of the Tropics. Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, L.R., ed. 1985. Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm Climates. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, R.E. 1972. Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, R.E. 1983. Strategy for Improving Beef and Dairy Cattle in the Tropics. Cornell International Agricultural mimeo. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miller, W.J. 1979. Dairy Cattle Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council. 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council. 1981. Effect of Environment on Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perry, T.W. 1980. Beef Cattle Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rollinson, D.H.L. 1984. Bali cattle. Pages 28-34 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1970. World Cattle. Vol. 1, Cattle of Europe, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1970. World Cattle. Vol. 2, Cattle of Africa and Asia. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1973. World Cattle. Vol.3, Cattle of North America. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1977. The Criollo-Spanish Cattle in the Americas. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA. 303 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shirley, R.L. 1986. Nitrogen and Energy Nutrition of Ruminants. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thrower, W.R. 1954. The Dexter Cow. Revised third impression, 1980. The Spaulding Press, Bethel, Vermont, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Acharya, R.M. 1982. Sheep and Goat Breeds of India. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 30. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ademosun, A.A. 1985. Capra spp.: The Emblem of Anarchy - The King-Pin of Man's Pastoral Life. Ife Lectures No. 3. University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copland, J.W. 1985. Goat Production and Research in the Tropics. Proceedings of a workshop held at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, February 6-8, 1984. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Proceedings Series No. 7, 118 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and M. Burns. 1983. Goat Production in the Tropics. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. 83 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and G.L. McLeroy. 1983. Goat and Sheep Production in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and J.E. Owen. 1983. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of meat production from goats. World Animal Review (FAO) 47:19-29.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fielding, D. Goat-keeping in Mauritius. Sonderdruck aus Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie. Vol 97(1)(1980):21-27.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gall, C., ed. 1981. Goat Production. Academic Press, London. 619 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haenlein, G.F.W. and D.L. Ace. 1983. Goat Extension Handbook. University of Delaware Cooperative Extension Service, Newark, Delaware, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husnain, H.V. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Pakistan. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Small Ruminant Production Systems in South and Southeast Asia, C. Devendra, ed. Proceedings of a workshop held in Bogor, Indonesia, October 6-10, 1986, cosponsored by the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1983. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Sheep and Goats, D.H. Hill, ed. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, September 24-26, 1980. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Humid West Africa. Proceedings of the International Workshop held in Ibadan, Nigeria, January 23-26, 1984. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, General Study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;King, J.W.B., ed. 1988. Directory of Research on Sheep and Goats. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International, Wallingford, Oxford, UK. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1981. Breeds. Pages 57-110 in Goat Production, C. Gall, ed. Academic Press, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1984. Goat. Pages 85-99 in Evolution of the Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council, 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.T. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Goat Production and Disease. January 10-15, 1982, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Copies can be obtained from Kent Leach, Dairy Goat Journal, P.O. Box 1808, Scottsdale, Arizona 85252, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilson, R.T., T. Murayi, and A. Rocha. 1989. Indigenous African small ruminant strains with potentially high reproductive performance. Small Ruminant Research 2: 107-117.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Winrock International, 1984. Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries. Winrock International Technical Paper. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Acharya, R.M. 1982. Sheep and Goat Breeds of lndia. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 30. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carles, A.B. 1983. Sheep Production in the Tropics. Oxford University Press, London. 213 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp. Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Francisco, Calffornia, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and G.L. McLeroy. 1983. Goat and Sheep Production in the Tropics. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Longman, London. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitzhugh, H.A. and G.E. Bradford, eds. 1983. Hair Sheep of Western Africa and the Americas. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husnain, H.V. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Pakistan. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. International Development Research Centre (IDRC). 1987. Small Ruminant Production Systems in South and Southeast Asia, C. Devendra, ed. Proceedings of a workshop held in Bogor, Indonesia, October 6-10, 1986, cosponsored by the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. IDRC, Ottawa, Canada. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1983. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Sheep and Goats, D.H. Hill, ed. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, September 24-26, 1980. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Humid West Africa. Proceedings of the International Workshop held in Ibadan, Nigeria, January 23-26, 1984. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, Ceneral &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;King, J.W.B., ed. 1988. Directory of Research on Sheep and Goats. Commonwealth&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agricultural Bureaux International, Wallingford, Oxford, UK. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1980. Prolific Tropical Sheep. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 17. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, l.L.1967. Sheep Breeds of the Mediterranean. Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. Phillips, R.W., R.C. Johnson, and R.T. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ponting, K. 1980. Sheep of the World. Blandford Press, Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ryder, M.L. 1984. Sheep. Pages 63-85 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ryder, M.L. 1983. Sheep and hIan. Monograph. Duckworth, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Terrill, C.E. 1970. Sheep breeds of the world. (505 breeds). USDA mimeo. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 163 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whitehurst, V.E., R.M. Crown, R.W. Phillips, and D.A. Spencer. 1947. Productivity of Columbia sheep in Florida and their use for crossing with native sheep. Florida Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 429. 34 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduotion to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilson, R.T., T. Murayi, and A. Rocha. 1989. Indigenous African small ruminant strains with potentially high reproductive performance. Small Ruminant Research 2: 107-117. Winrock International. 1984. Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries. Winrock International Technical Paper. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaltin, B.C. 1979. The Sheep Breeds of Afghanistan, lran, and Turkey. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Micropig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clutton-Brock, J. 1981. Domesticated Animals from Early Times. British Museum (Natural History), London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, Calffornia, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cunha, T.J. 1977. Swine Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. and M. Bichard. 1984. Pigs. Pages 145-162 in Evolution of Domesticated &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Krider, J.L., J.H. Conrad, and W.E. Carroll. 1982. Swine Production. McGraw-Hill Company, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. National Research Council. 1983. Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panepinto, L.M. 1986. Miniature swine in biomedical research. LabAnimal 15(8)(November/December 1986):21-27.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panepinto, L.M., R.W. Phillips, L.R. Wheeler, and D.H. Will. 1978. The Yucatan miniature pig as a laboratory animal. Laboratory Animal Science 28(3):308-313.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W. and T.Y. Hou. 1944. Chinese swine and their performance compared with modern and crosses between Chinese and modern breeds. Journal of Heredity 35:365-79.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pond, W.G. and J.H. Maner. 1984. Swine Production and Nutrition. AVI Publishing Company, Westport, Connecticut, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POULTRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World's Poultry Science Journal is published 3 times a year by the World's Poultry Science Association, (c/o Institut f-r Kleintierzucht, Dornbergstrasse 25/27, Postfach 280, C-3100 Celle, Germany). It has also published a multilingual poultry dictionary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry, an international journal on poultry, is published by Misset International, a department of Uitgeversmaatschappij, C. Misset b.v., Doetinchem-The Netherlands. (Address: Misset International, P.O. Box 4, 7000 BA Doetinchem, Netherlands.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry Science is published monthly by the Poultry Science Association, Inc., 309 West Clark Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA. British Poultry Science, a quarterly, is available c/o Longman Group Ltd., Subscriptions (Journals) Department, Fourth Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM195AA, UK. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicken&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attfield, H.H.D. 1990. Raising Chickens and Ducks. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Arlington, Virginia, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crawford, R.D. 1984. Domestic fowl. Pages 298-311 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ensminger, M.E.1971. Poultry Science. Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc., Danville, Illinois, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fielding, D. 1984. The silent scavengers. African Farming September/October 1984: 11-13.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Howman, K.C. 1980. Pheasants: Their Breeding and Management. K&amp;amp;R Books, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Huchzermeyer, F.W. 1973. Free ranging hybrid chickens under African tribal conditions. Rhodesian Agricultural Journal 70:73-75.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latif, M.A. 1985. In-Depth Analysis on the Successful Experience of Poultry Production in Bangladesh. Report submitted to FAO-APHC Regional Animal Production and Health Office. FAD/UN, Bangkok, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savannah and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. M.Sc. thesis, University of Reading, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MTrat, P. 1986. Potential usefulness of the Na (Naked Neck) gene in poultry production. [Vorld's Poultry Science Journal 42:124-142.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nesheim, M.C., R.E. Austic, and L.E. Card. 1979. Poultry Production. 12th edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.C. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scott, M.L., M.C. Nesheim, and R.J. Young. 1982. Nutrition of the Chicken. M.L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smith, A.J. nd. Supplementation for scavenging animals. Unpublished paper. Copies available from A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somes, R. 1984. International Registry of Poultry Genetic Stocks. BuDetin 469, University of Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Araucanian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilhelm, G.O.E. 1965-1966. La Gallina Araucana (Gallus inauris castelloi 1914). Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile, Boletia de Concepcion 40:5-26.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duck&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A film, Duck Farmingâan Indonesian Tradition, is available from the CSIRO Film and Video Unit, 314 Albert Street, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia. Soundtrack is in English or Indonesian and it is available in 16 mm or VHS/Beta Video.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attfield, H.H.D. 1990. Raising Chickens and Ducks. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Arlington, Virginia, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clayton, G.A. 1984. Common duck. Pages 334-339 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farrell, D. and P. Stapleton, eds. 1986. Duck Production, Science and World Practice. Proceedingsofaduckproductionworkshop, November 18-22, 1985, Bogor, Indonesia. Central Research Institute for Animal Science. Available from Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. 430 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holderread, D. 1978. The Home Duck Flock. The Hen House, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kingston, D.K., D. Kosasih, and I. Ardi. 1979. The Rearing of Alabio Dt~cklings -nd Management of the Laying Duck Flocks in the Swamps of South Kalimantan. Report No. 9. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Ciawi, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Petheram, R.J. and A. Thahar. 1983. Duck egg production systems in West Java. Agricultural Systems 2:75-86.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scott, M.L. and W.F. Dean. 1991. Nutrition and Management of Ducks. M.L. Scott of Ithaca, Publisher (P.O. Box 4464, Ithaca, New York 14852, USA)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Warren, A.G. 1972. Ducks and geese in the tropics. World Animal Review 3:35-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yi Yung and Yu-Ping Zhon. 1980. The Pekin duck in China. World Animal Review 34:11-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crawford, R.D. 1984. Goose. Pages 345-349 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1983. The Goose and its Possible Use for Controlling Weeds. Small Animals for Small Farms. GAN-I. FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Casilla 10095, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holderread, D. 1981. The Book of Geeseâa Complete Guide to Raising the Home Flock. Hen House Publications, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soames, B. 1980. Keeping Domestic Geese. Blandford, London. 159 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USDA Extension Service. 1983. Raising Geese. Farmer's Bulletin No. 2251. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Warren, A.G. 1972. Ducks and geese in the tropics. World Animal Review 3:35-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Fowl&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many research papers have been published in French, Italian, Spanish, and Russian, but few in English.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ayeni, J.S.O. 1983. Studies of Grey Breasted Helmet Guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) in Nigeria. World's Poultry Science Journal 39(2):143-151.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Belshaw, R.H.H. 1985. Guinea Fowl of the World. Nimrod Book Services, P.O. Box No. 1, Liss, Hampshire, UK. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blum, J.C., J. Guillaume, and B. Leclercq. 1975. Studies of the energy and protein requirements of the growing guinea-fowl. Br-ish Poultry Science 16:157-168.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cauchard, J.C. 1971. La Pintade. Henri Peladan, UzFs, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chemillier, J. 1984. L'Alimentation de la Pintade. F. Hoffmann-La Roche and Cie, 52, Boulevard du Parc, 92521 Neuilly-sur-Seine, Cedex, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. 1968. Guinea Fowl Breeding and Managernent. Annotated Bibliography No. 85. The Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, King's Buildings, Edinburgh 9, Scotland, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leclercq, B. 1982. Alimentation des Futurs Reproducteurs Pintades. Pages 101-111 in FertilitT et Alimentation des Volailles. I.N.R.A. Edit.7 Versailles, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leclercq, R. and B. Sauveur. 1982. L'alimentation des reproducteurs pintades. Pages 113-135 in FertilitT et Alimentation des Volailles, I.N.R.A. edit., Versailles, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lukefahr, S. Raising guinea fowl. Paper available from author, c/o International Small Livestock Research Center, Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University. P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1985. Small-scale guinea-few! production. Pamphlet 934. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Publications), Lion House, Alnwick, Northumberland NE66 2PF, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mongin, P. and M. Plouzeau. 1984. Guinea-fowl. Pages 322-324 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I . L. Mason, ed. Longman, London .&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USDA. 1970. Raising Cuinea Fowl. Leaflet No. 519. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clayton, G.A. 1984. Muscovy duck. Pages 340-344 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;De Corville, H. 1972. La Production du Canard de Barbarie. Copies available from Institut nacional de la recherce agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farrell, D. and P. Stapleton, eds. 1986. Duck Production, Science and World Practice. Proceedings of a duck production workshop, November 18-22, 1985, Bogor, Indonesia. Central Research Institute for Animal Science. Copies available from D. Farrell, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffreys, M.D.W. 1956. The Muscovy duck. The Nigerian Field21(3):108-11.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kingston, D.J., D. Kosasih, and I. Ardi. 1978. The Use of the Muscovy Drrck for Hatching of Alabio Duck Ãggs in the Swamplands of Kalimantan. Centre Report No. 7. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Richet, M. 1985. La production du canard de Barbarie. Techniques Agricoles 3770.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abs, M., ed. 1983. Pltysiology and Behavior of the Pigeon. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hawes, R.O. 1984. Pigeons. Pages 351-356 in Evolution of Domesticated Anirnals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hollander, W.F. and W.J. Miller. 1981. Hereditary variants of behavior and vision in the pigeon. Iowa State Journal of Research 55(4):323-331.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Levi, W.M. 1965. Encyclopedia of Pigeon Breeds. T.F.H. Publications, Jersey City, New Jersey, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Levi, W.M. 1981. The Pigeon. 2nd edition revised. Levi Publishing, Sumter, South Carolina, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murton, R.K., R.P.J. Thearle, and J. Thompson. 1972. Ecological studies of the feral pigeon (Columba livia). 1. Population, breeding biology and methods of control. II. Flock behaviour and social organisation. Ecology 9:835-889.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Wisconsin. 1977. Pigeons. Bulletin 4-H 135. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USDA. 1963. Squab Raising. Farmers Bulletin No. 684. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bourquin, O. 1980. Biology of rhe Quail (Coturnix coturnix Linnaeus 1758). Ph.D. thesis, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Republic of South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katoh, H. and N. Wakasugi. 1980. Studies on the blood groups in the Japanese quail: detection of three antigens and their inheritance. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 4:99-110.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kawahara, T. 1973. Comparative study of quantitative traits between wild and domestic Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Experimental Animals 22(supplement): 138-50.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marsh, A. Quail Manual. Marsh Farms, 7171 Patterson Drive, Garden Grove, Calffornia 92641, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Academy of Sciences. 1969. Coturnix (Coturnix coturnix japonica): Standards and Guidelines for the Breeding, Care, and Management of Laboratory' Animals. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail Production Technology. Leaflet No. 13/1982. Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somes, R.G., Jr. 1981. International Registry of Poultry Genetic Stocks. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Varghese, S.K. 1981. Coturnix Internationalâat home and in the Caribbean. Poultry Science 60:1747.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Varghese, S.K. 1982. Coturnix production proves to be a profitable business. Poultry Science 61:1560.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Varghese, S.K. 1983. Processing and yield of coturnix (Japanese quail). Poultry Science 62:1517&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wakasugi, N. and K. Kondo. 1973. Breeding methods for maintenance of mutant genes and establishment of strains in the Japanese quail. Experimental Animals 22(Supplement): I 51 -9.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Woodard, A.E., A. Abplanalp, W.O. Wilson, and P. Vohra. 1973. Japanese Quail Husbandry in the Laboratory. Department of Avian Sciences, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berg, R. and D. Halvorson. 1985. Turkey Management Guide. Minnesota Turkey Growers Association, 678 Transfer Road, St. Paul, Minnesota 55114, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crawford, R.D. 1984. Turkey. Pages 325-334 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ensminger, M.E. 1971. PoultryScience. InterstatePrintersandPublishers, Inc., Danville,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Illinois, USA. Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RABBITS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Rabbit Research Center has been established at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA. It publishes the Journal of Applied Rabbit Research, whose purpose is to convey current research information to those with an interest in commercial rabbit production. The journal describes research conducted at the center and reviews rabbit research results reported in the world's scientific literature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Founded in 1976 in Paris, the World Rabbit Science Association (Typing House, Shurdington, Cheltenhem, Gloucestershire, GL51 SXF, UK) publishes a newsletter of coming events and chronicles the progress of rabbit farming in most countries of the world. Its aims are to facilitate the advancement of the various branches of the rabbit industry, disseminate knowledge, and study problems of production and marketing. Its members represent individuals and associations in 20 countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The American Rabbit Breeder's Association (1925 South Main Street, Bloomington, Illinois 61701, USA) has published a book, Guide to Producing Better Rabbits, which contains an abundance of information concerning management and diseases of the domestic rabbit. The organization also publishes a bimonthly magazine, Domestic Rabbit, that includes a great deal of updated information on rabbit raising.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asociacion Espanola de Cunicultura (Spanish Rabbit Science Association), Now, 23 08785 Ballbona d'Anoia, Barcelona, Spain, has a set of slides for training, covering breeds, handling, pathology, and commercialization.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Report of the Workshop on Rabbit Husbandry. Copies of this report are available free of charge from the International Foundation for Science, Sibyllegatan 47, S-114 42 Stockholm, Sweden. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A Working Rabbit Literature Resources File. This materia, is directed at scientists working on some aspect of domestic rabbit research. It lists methods of computer searching for scientific reports in the world's scientific literature, various types of computer literature searches, including commerciaHy available ones, and government services. It a,so includes a list of prepared abstracts. The address is D.D. Caveny and H. L. Enos, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic Rabbit&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ministry of Livestock Development. 1981. Rabbit Production. Kenya Ministry of Livestock Development. Copies can be obtained from the Agricultural Information Centre, P.O. Box 14733, Nairobi, Kenya.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attfield, H.H.D. 1977. Rabbit Raising. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, 1815 Lynn&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209, USA. 90 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bennett, R. 1975. Raising Rabbits the Modern Way. Garden Way Publishing, Charlotte, Vermont 05445, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheeke, P.R. 1987. Rabbit Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheeke, P.R., N.M. Patton, S.D. Lukefahr, and J.I. McNitt. 1986. Rabbit Production. Sixth edition. The Interstate, Danville, Illinois, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1986. Cooking Rabbits. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,  Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1986. Self-Teaching Manual on Backyard Rabb- Rearing. Food and Agriculture  Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Latin America and the  Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1986. Backyard Rabbit Rearing: Some Basic Husbandry Practices. Small Animals  for Small Farms. GAN-16. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,  Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schlolaut, W., ed. 1985. A Compendium of Rabbit Production. Gesellschaft f-r  Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Publication No. 169. TZ-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH,  Postfach 36, D6101 Rossdorf, Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sicivaten, J. and D. Stahl. 1982. A Complete Handbook on Backyard and Commercial  Rabbit Production. CARE/Philippines.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vogt, D.W. 1982. Raising Rabbits in Hawaii. Circular 499, Cooperative Extension  Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at  Manoa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agouti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A report summarizing preliminary results in a captive-breeding project in Mexico is available from A. D. Cuaron (see Research Contacts for address).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deutsch, L.A., and G. Santos. 1984. Contribuitao pare o conhecimento do gOnero  Dasyproctaâreprodutao de cutiasâentre cruzamente das espTcies Dasyprocta aguti,  Dasyprocta azarae e Dasyprocta fuliginosa. Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, II,  BelTm, 1984. Resumos. . .BelTm, SBZ/UFPalMPEC, p. 383-4/(Resumos 390). Copies  available from the authors, see Research Contacts.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clark, M.M. and B.G. Galef, Jr. 1977. Patterns of agonistic interaction and space  utilization by agoutis, Dasyprocta punctata. Behavioral Biology 20:135-140.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leopold, A.S. 1959. Pages 388-393 in Wildlife of Mexico. University of California Press,  Berkeley and Los Angeles.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meritt, D.A., Jr. 1982. Bibliography of Dasyprocta (Rodentia). Brenesia 19/20:595-612.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meritt, D.A., Jr. 1983. Preliminary observations on reproduction in the Central  American agouti, Dasyprocta punctata. Zoo Biology 2:127-131.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Morris, D. 1962. The behaviour of the green acouchi (Myoprocta pratti) with special  reference to scatter hoarding. Proceedings Zoological Society of London 139:701732.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smith N. 1974. Agouti and babassu. Oryx 12(5):581-582.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smythe, N. 1978. The Natural History of the Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta  punctata). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 257. Smithsonian Institution,  Washington, D.C., USA. 52 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tribe, C.J., R. Leher, M.C.O. Doglio, M.I.L. Rebello, D.S. Mello, and E.M.M. Guimar es.  1985. Uma tentative de esclarecimento do uso de espato e estrutura social na cutia  Dasyprocta a. aguti (Rodentia). Pages 296-7 in Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, 12,  Campinas, 1985. Resumos. . .Campinas, SBZ/UNICAMP, 1985. (Resumo 614.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A capybara bibliography, Bibliograf a sobre Chiguires (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), is available from E. Gonzalez-Jimenez and JosT Roberto de Alencar Moreira (see Research Contacts for addresses).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1979. Produccion de Cuyes. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Puno.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baldizan, A., R.M. Dixon, and R. Parra. 1983. Digestion in the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). South African Journal of Animal Science 13(1):27-28.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1977a. The capybara, an indigenous source of meat in tropical America. World Animal Review', 21:24-30.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1977b. Digestive physiology and feeding of capybaras. Pages 167177 in Handbook Series in Nutrition and Food. Section G, Diets, Culture Media and Food Supplements, M. Rechcigl, ed. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. and R. Parra. 1975. The capybara, a meat-producing animal for the flooded areas of the tropics. Pages 81-86 in Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Animal Production, R.L. Reid, ed. Sydney University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1984. Capybara. Pages 258-259 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Macdonald, D.W., K. Krantz, and R.T. Aplin. 1984. Behavioural, anatomical and chemical aspects of scent marking amongst Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) (Rodentia:Caviomorpha). Journal of Zoology (London) 202:341-360.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mones, A. and J. Ojasti. 1986. Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. Mammalian Species 264: 1-7.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ojasti, J. 1968. Notes on the mating behavior of the capybara. Journal of Mammalogy 49:345-374.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ojasti, J. 1973. Estudio Biologico del Chiguire o Capybara. Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuaria, Caracas, Republica de Venezuela. 27 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zara, J.L. 1973. Breeding and husbandry of the capybara at Evansville Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 13:137-139.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Christen, M.F. 1978. Evaluacion nutritive de cuatro dietas mono especificas en la alimentacion del coipo (Myocastor coypus Molina 1782). Tesis. Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deems, E.F., Jr., and D. Pursley. 1978. North American Fur bearers. Maryland Wildlife Administration, Department of Natural Resources, Cheltenham, Maryland, USA. pp. 155.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CORFO. n.d. Pieles fieas. Especie coipos. Tomo 1, I! and III. Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murua, R., O. Newman, and J. Propelmann. 1981. Food habits of Myocastor coypus (Molina) in Chile. Pages 544-558 in Proceedings of rhe Worldwide Furbearer Conference, J.A. Chapman and D. Pursley, eds. Vol. 1. Worldwide Furbearer Conference, Inc., Frostburg, Maryland, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Willner, G.R. 1982. Nutria; Myocastor coypu. Pages 1059-1076 in Wild Mammals of NorthAmerica, J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer, eds. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ajayi, S.S. 1975. Domestication of the African Giant Rat. Department of Forest Resources, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faturoti, E.O., O.O. Tewe, and S.S. Ajayi. 1982. Crude fibre tolerance by the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) (Potential sources of protein, Nigeria.) African Journal of Ecology 20(4):289-292.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faturoti, E.O., O.O. Tewe, and S.S. Ajayi. 1983. Effect of varying dietary oil levels on the performance of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse). Nutrition Reports International 27(3):525-530.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Den Hartog, A.P. and A. de Vos. 1973. The use of rodents as food in tropical Africa. Nutrition Newsletter (FAO) 11 (2):1-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Halcrow, J.G. 1958. The giant rat of East Africa. Nature (London) 181:649-650.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savanna and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. Development Studies 24. Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Reading, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tewe, O.O., S.S. Ajayi, and E.O. Faturoti. 1984. Giant rat and cane rat. Pages 291-293 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutter&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asibey, E.O.A. 1979. Some problems encountered in the field study of the grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) population in Ghana. Pages 214-7 in Wildlife Management in Savannah Woodland, S.S. Ajayi and L. B. Halstead, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baptist, R. and G.A. Mensah. 1986. The Cane-RatâFarm animal of the future? [Vorld Animal Review 60:2-6.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savanna and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. Development Study 24. Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Reading, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pich, S. and K.J. Peters. 1985. Possibilities of using the cane cutter for meat production in Africa. Unpublished manuscript. Copies available from K.J. Peters, Institute of Animal Breeding, Gottingen, Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tewe, O.O., S.S. Ajayi, and E.O. Faturoti. 1984. Giant rat and cane rat. Pages 291-293 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Let's Raise Guinea Pigs,&quot; a filmstrip on guinea pig farming, is available from World Neighbors International Headquarters, 5116 North Portland Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma73112, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1979. Produccion de Cuyes. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Huancayo, Peru. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1983. improvement of Guinea Pig Breeding as a Means of Increasing the Productivity and Production of Meat for Consumption oy the Rural Population in Peru. National University of Central Peru, Huancayo, Peru.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bolton, R. 1979. Guinea pigs, protein, and ritual. Ethnology 18(3):229-252.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Huss, D.L. 1982. Small animals for small farms in Latin America. World Animal Ret~iew (FAO) 43:24-29.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1982. The Guinea Pig and a Hypothetical Development Centre. Small Animals for Small Farms. FAO, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loetz, E. and C. Novoa. 1983. Meat from the guinea pig. Span 26(2):84-86.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muller-Haye, B. 1984. Guinea-pig or cuy. Pages 252-257 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stansfield, S.K., C.L. Scribner, R.M. Kaminski, T. Cairns, J.B. McCormick, and K.M. Johnson. 1982. Antibody to ebola virus in guinea pigs: Tandala, Zaire. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 146(4):483-486.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anderson, S., C.A. Woods, G.S. Morgan, and W.L.R. Oliver. 1983. Geocaprornys brownii. Mammalian Species 201:1-5.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Canet, R.S. and V. Berovides Alvares. 1984. Ecomorfologia y rendimiento de la jutia conga (Capromys pilorides Say). Poeyana 279:1-19.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Canet, R.S. and V. Berovides Alvares. 1984. Reproduccion y ecolog~a de la jutia conga (Capromys pilorides Say). Poeyana 220:1-20.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Howe, R., and G.C. Clough. 1971. The Bahamian hutia Geocapromys ingrahami in captivity. international Zoo Yearbook 11:89-93.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Johnson, M.L., R.H. Taylor, and N.W. Winnick. 1975. The breeding and exhibition of capromyd rodents at Tacoma Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 15:53-56.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W.L.R. 1977. The hutias (Capromyidae) of the West Indies. International Zoo Yearbook 17:14-20.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W.L.R. 1985. The Jamaican hutia or Indian Coney (Geocapromys brownii). A model programme for captive breeding and reintroduction? Symposium of the Association of British Wild Animal Keepers, 10:35-52. (Copies available from author, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rowlands, I.W., and B.J. Weir, eds. 1974. The Biology of Hystricomorph Rodents. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 34:1-482.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. and H. Genest. 1974. Le comportement social d'une colonide mares, Dolichotis patagonum Z. dans le Parc de BranfTrT. Zeitschrift fin Tierpsychologie 35:225-302.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taber, A.B. and D.W. Macdonald. 1984. Scent dispensing papillae and associated behaviour of the mare, Dolichotis patagonum (Rodentia: Caviomorpha). Journal of Zoology (London) 203:298-302. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paca&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A report summarizing progress in the captive-breeding project in Panama is available from Nicholas Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2071, Balboa, Panama. A report summarizing preliminary results in the captive-breeding project in Mexico is available from Alfredo D. Cuaron, (see Research Contacts).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collett, S.F. 1981. Population characteristics of Agouti paca (Rodentia) in Colombia. Michigan State University, Publications of the Museum, Biological Series 5(7): 485-602.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matamoros, Y. 1982. Investigaciones preliminares sobre la reproduccion, comportamiento, alimentacion y manego del tepezcuinte (Cuniculus paca, Brisson) en cautiverio. Pages 961-992 in Zoologia Neotropical, Actas del VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoologia, P.J. Salinas, ed. (Copies available from Y. Matamores, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcacha&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jackson, J.E. nd. Growth rates in vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus) in San Luis, Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, San Luis, Argentina. (Copies available from author, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Llanos, A.C., and J.A. Crespo. 1952. Ecologia de la vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus Blainv.) en el nordeste de la provincia de Entre Rios. Revista de Investigaciones Agricolas (Buenos Aires) 6:289-378.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Rodents&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. 1973. Lffe history and economic value of the springhare (Pedetes capensis Forster) in Botswana. Botswana Notes Record 5:209-213.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. 1979. Reproductive ecology of the springhaas Pedetes capensis in Botswana. Journal of Zoology 189:221-232.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. 1984. Nocturnal ecology of the springhare, Pedetes capensis, in Botswana. African Journal of Ecology 22:7-22.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. and R. Mattingly. 1979. Burrow structure and fossorial ecology of the springhare Pedetes capensis in Botswana. African Journal of Ecology 17:205-215.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kofron, C.P. 1987. Seasonal reproduction of the springhare, Pedetes capensis, in southeastern Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 25.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rosenthal, M.A., and D.A. Meritt. 1973. Hand-rearing springhaas at Lincoln Park Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 18:206-208.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smithers, R.H.N. 1983. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Velte, F.F. 1978. Hand-rearing springhaas Pedetes capensis at Rochester Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 18:206-208. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEER AND ANTELOPE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Deer Farmer, a quarterly magazine, is published by the New Zealand Deer Farmers' Association, P.O. Box 2678, Wellington, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer Farming is the quarterly magazine of the British Deer Farmers Association (22 Levat Road, Inverness IV2 3NS, Scotland, UK).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoffman, R.R. 1985. Digestion and feeding in deer: their morphophysiological adaptation. In Proceedings International Conference on Deer Biology and Production, eds. P.F. Fennessy and K.R. Drew. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 22, Wellington, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fennessy, P.F. and K.R. Drew, eds. 1985. Biology of Deer Production. Proceedings of an international conference held February 13-18, 1983, Dunedin, New Zealand. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 22, Wellington, New Zealand. Available from Royal Society of New Zealand, Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wemmer C., ed. 1987. The Biology and Management of the Cervidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yerex, D. 1982. The Farming of Deer. Agricultural Publishing, Box 176, Carterton, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kay, R.N.B. 1987. The comparative anatomy and physiology of digestion in tragulids and cervids and its relation to food intake. In The Biology and Management of the Cenvidae, C. Wemmer, ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1975. Le comportement du chevrotain africain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia). Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 37:403-501.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1978. Un apertu sur l'Tcologie du chevrotain africain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby, Artiodactyle Tragulide. Mammalia 42:1-62.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralls, K., C. Barasch, and K. Minkowski. 1975. Behaviour of captive mouse deer, Tragulus napu. Zeitschrift Tierpsychology 37:356-378.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robin, K.P. 1979. Zum Verhalten des Kleinkantschils (Tragulus javanicus). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Zurich. (Copies available from K.P. Robin, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vidyadaran, M.K., M. Hilmi, and R.A. Sirimane. 1982. The gross morphology of the stomach of the Malaysian lesser mousedeer (Tragrrlus javanicus). Pertanika 5(1): 34-38.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vidyadran, M.K., S. Vellayan, and R. Karuppiah. 1983. Muscle weight distribution of the Malaysian lesser mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus). Pertanika 6(2):63-69. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wharton, D.C. 1987. Captive Management of Tragulids at New York Zoological Park. In Biology and Management of the Cervidae, C. Wemmer, ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anderson, J. 1981. Studies on digestion in Muntiacus reeves). M.Phil. thesis. Cambridge University. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barrette, C. 1977. The social behavior of captive muntjac Muntiacus reeves) (Ogilby  1839). Zeitschrift f-r Tierpsychologie 43: 188-213.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chapman, D.I., N.G. Chapman, J.G. Mathews, and D.H. Wurster-Hill. 1983. Chromosome  studies of feral muntjac (Muntiacus sp.) in England. Journal of Zoology, London  201:557-559.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dansie, O. 1970. Muntjac. British Deer Society, Welwyn Garden City, England. 22 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1970. L'organisation spatiale et sociale de Muntiacus reeves) Ogilby 1839 en  semi-liberte. Mammalia 34:331-355.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1971. Observations Tthologiques sur le muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak  Zimmermann 1780 et Muntiacus reeves) Ogilby 1839) en captivitT et semi-libertT.  Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 28:387-427.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jackson, J.E., D.I. Chapman, and O. Dansie. 1977. A note on the food of muntjac deer  (Muntiacus reeves)). Journal of Zoology (London) 183:546-548.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Ho-gee and Sheng He-lin. 1984. Status of the black muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons, in  eastern China. Mammal Review 14(1):29-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oli, Madan K. 1986. Studies on stereotyped behavior of barking deer (Muntiacus  muntjak). M.S. dissertation, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhauvan  University, Kathmandu, Nepal. 84 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shi Liming, Ye Yingying, and Duan Xinsheng. 1980. Comparative cytogenetic studies on  the red muntjac, Chinese muntjac, and their Fl hybrids. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics  26:22-7.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yonzon, Pralad B. 1978. Ecological studies on Muntaicus muntjack. Journal of Natural  History Museum (Nepal) 2(2):91-100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1974. Feeding musk deer in captivity and collecting musk from the live  animal. Dongwuxue Zhazi, China 2:11-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1975. Preliminary experience in raising the survival rate of musk deer.  Dongwuxue Zhazi, China 1 :17-19.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bannikov, A.G., S.K. Ustinov, and P.N. Lobanov. 1980. The musk deer Moschus  moschiferus in the USSR. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural  Resources (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bi, S.Z., Y.H. Yan, Z.X. Qing, P.T. Sheng, Y.M. Wu, C.F. Chen, G.K. Yang, T.B. Yin,  and Y.J. Lu. 1980. Dissection and analysis of the musk gland of M. moschiferus and a  preliminary investigation into its histology. The Protection and Use of Wild Animals  (China) 1: 14-19.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green, M.J.B. 1978. Himalayan musk deer (Moschus moschiferus moschiferus). Pages  56-64 in Threatened Deer. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural  Resources (IUCN), Morges, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green, M.J.B. 1985. The musk trade, with particular reference to its impact on the  Himalayan population of Moschus chrysogaster. In Conservation in Developir~g  Countries. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green, M.J.B. 1985. Aspects of the Ecology of the Himalayan Musk Deer. Ph.D.  dissertation, University of Cambridge, U.K. 280 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C.P. 1978. The taxonomy of Moschus, with particular reference to the Indian  Region. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 72:662-676.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holloway, C.W. 1973. Threatened deer of the world: conservation status. Biological  Conservation 5(4).  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IUCN. 1974. Red Data Book: Mammalia. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Morges.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jamwal, P.S. 1972. Collection of deer musk in Nepal. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 69(3):647-649.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seth, S.D., A. Muktiopadtiyay, K. Raghunatham, and R.B. Arora. 1975. Pharmodymamics of Musk. Central Council for Research on Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy, New Delhi, India.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zhang B. 1983. Musk-deer. Their capture, domestication and care according to Chinese experience and methods. Unasylva 35(139):16-24.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zhang, B.L., F.M. Dang, and B.S. Li. 1979. The Farming of Musk Deer. Agricultural Publishing Company, Peking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cooke, A. and L. Farrell. 1983. Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis). British Deer Society Publication No. 2. Elvy and Gibbs, Canterbury, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feer, F. 1982. Quelques observations Tthologiques sur l'Hydropote de chine, Hydropotes inennis (Swinhoe, 1870) en captivitT. Zeitschrift fitr Saeugetierkunde 47: 175-185.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheng Helin and L. Housl. 1984. A preliminary study on the river deer (Hydropotes inermis) population of Shoushau Island (China) and adjacent islets. Acta Theriologica Sinica 4:161-166.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dittrich, L. 1972. Beobachtungen bei der Haltung von Cephalophus-Arten sowie zur Fortpflanzung und Jugendentwicklung von C. dorsalis und C. rufilatus in gefangenschaft. Zoologische Garten Lpz (N.F.) 42:1-16.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1980. L'Tcologie et la vie sociale du cTphalophe bleu (Cephalophus monticola Thunberg), petit ruminant forestier africain. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 54: 205-266.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R.l.M. and E.P. Dunbar. 1979. Observations on the social organisation of common duiker in Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology 17:249-252.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R.I.M. and E.P. Dunbar. 1980. Animal Behaviour 28:219.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ketelhodt, H.F. Von. 1977. The lambing interval of the blue duiker, Cephalophus monticola Gray in captivity, with observations on its breeding and care. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 7:41-43.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralls, K. 1975. Agonistic behavior in Maxwell's duiker, Cephalophus max~elli. Marnrnalia 39:241-249.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schweers, S. 1984. The reproductive biology of the banded duiker Cephalophus zebra in comparison with other species of Cephalophus. Zeitschrift fur Saeugetierkunde 49(1):21-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whittle, C. and P. Whittle. 1977. Domestication and breeding of Maxwell's duiker. The Nigerian Field 42(4):13-21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antelope&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Spinage, C.A. 1986. The Natural History of Antelopes. Christopher Helm, UK. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Klipspringer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R. and P. Dunbar. 1974. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 35:481-493.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R.I.M. 1979. Energetics, thermoregulation and the behavioural ecology of klipspringer. African Journal of Ecology 17:217-230.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R. I . M . and E. P. Dunbar. 1 980 . The pairbond in klipspringer. A nimal Beha vior 28:219-229.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dikdik&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hendricks, H. 1975. Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 38:55-69.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feer, F. 1979. Observations Tcologiques sur le neotrague de Bates (Neltragus bates) de Winton, 1903, Artiodactyle, ruminant, Bovide) du nord-est du gabon. Terre et vie 33: 159-239.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1975. Acta Physiol. Scand. 95, 9A.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P. P. 1 976 . Tritiated water turnover in Kirk' s dikdik, Madoqua (Rhynchotragus) kirk), Gunther, 1880. Zeischrift far Sadgetierkunde, Mitt. 24:318-319.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1977. How to survive heat and aridity: ecophysiology of the dikdik antelope. Veterinary Medical Review 1:77-86.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1977. Comparison of voluntary food and water intake and digestion in Kirk's dik-dik and suni. East African Wildlife Journal 15:41-48.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1977. Rumen fermentation and body weight in African ruminants. Pages 141-150 in Proceedings 13th International Congress of Game Biologists, T.J. Peterle, ed. Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C., USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P. 1984. Strategies of digestion in African herbivores. Pages 222-243 in Herbivore Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics. F.M.C. Gilchrist and R.I. Machie, eds. The Science Press, South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hungate, R.E., G.D. Phillips, A. McGregor, D.P. Hungate, and H.K. Buechner. 1959. Microbial fermentation in certain mammals. Science 130:1192-1194.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Morat, P. and M. Nording. 1978. Maximum food intake and passage of markers in the alimentary tract of the lesser mouse-deer. Malaysian Applied Biology 7:11-17.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yalden, D.W., M.J. Largen, and D. Kock. 1984. Catalogue of the mammals of Ethiopia. 5. Artiodactyla. Monitore Zoologico Italiano Supplemento 19:67-221.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIZARDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burghardt, G.M. and A.S. Rand, eds. 1982. Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitch, H.S. and R.W. Henderson. 1977. Age and Sex Differences, Reproduction and Conservation of Iguana iguana. Milwaukee Public Museum Press. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hirth, H.F. 1963. Some aspects of the natural history of Iguana iguana on a tropical strand. Ecology 44:613-615.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Klein, E.H. 1982. Reproduction of the green iguana (Iguana iguna L.) in the tropical dry forest of southern Honduras. Brenesia 19/20:301-310. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lazell, J.D., Jr. 1973. The lizard genus Iguana in the Lesser Antilles. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 145(1):1-28.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamsitt, J.R. and D. Valdivieso. 1963. The herpetofauna of the Caribbean Islands San Andres and Providencia. Revista de Biologfa Tropical 11(2): 131- 139. (Copies available from C. LardT, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Van Devender, R.W. 1982. Growth and ecology of spiny-tailed and green iguanas in Costa Rica. with comments on the evolution of herbivory and large body size. Pages 162-183 in Iguanas of the World. Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Werner, D. and T. Miller. 1984. Artificial nests for female green iguanas. Herpetological Review 15(2):57-58.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Werner, D. 1986. Iguana management in Central America. BOSTID Developments 6(1). 4 pp. (Available from BOSTID Publications, HA 476, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burghardt, G.M. and A.S. Rand, eds. 1982. Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitch, H.S. and R.W. Henderson. 1978. Ecology and exploitation of Ctenosaura similis. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 51 :483-500. (Copies available from the authors, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitch, H.S., R.W. Henderson, and D.M. Hillis. 1982. Exploitation of Iguanas in Central America. In Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Consen~ation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iverson, J.B. 1979. Behavior and ecology of the rock iguana, Cyclura carinata. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Science 24(3):175-358.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Martinez, M.G. 1986. Habitos alimenticios de iguanas y garrobos. La Prensa Grafica, San Salvador, May 5:55. (Copies available from G. LardT, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sanchez, S.A. 1985. El garrobo. El Diario de Hoy, San Salvador June 18:36. (Copies available from G. LardT, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tegu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donadio, O.K. and J.M. Gallardo. 1984. Biologia y Conservacion de las Especies del GTnero Tupinambis (Squamata, Sauria Teiidae) en la Republica Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia&quot; Zoologia, 13(11):117-127. Agosto.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Revision Bibliografica de algunos aspectos de la Biologfa conservacion y explotacion de los lagartos del gTnero topinambis (Daudin, 1803) by Laura Venturino, Dr. Thesis, Universidad de la Republic (Uruguay) 1983).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report to World Wildlife Fund, USA, Biologia y aprovechamiento de una poblacion de Tupinambis references, by Claudio Blanco and Leohor Pessina (1985).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the publications listed, many countries run beekeeping programs, and have literature and extension services available based on local experiences. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The International Bee Research Association (IBRA) publishes a Newsletter for Beekeepers in Tropical and Subtropical Countries twice each year. Its purpose is to provide a forum for exchange of information about beekeeping. The Newsletter is funded by the United Kingdom Overseas Development Agency (ODA) and is distributed free of charge to those in developing countries involved with beekeeping. Write to the International Bee Research Association, 18 North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, United Kingdom, for subscription information. The IBRA can also provide information on forthcoming conferences, grant programs, and the names of other beekeepers in your country. The International Agency for Apiculture Development (IAAD) publishes a quarterly newsletter called Cornucopia that contains articles from beekeepers around the world, especially from the developing world. It provides information on producing, selling, and manufacturing hive products on a local level and discusses agroforestry and the pest and pesticide problems of honeybees. Write to Cornucopia, c/o M. Coleman, 6N 909 Roosevelt Avenue, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA, for a free sample. Subscriptions are $12 a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adjare, S. 1984. The Golden Insect: a Handbook on Beekeeping for Beginners. Technology Consultancy Centre, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, in association with Intermediate Technology Publications, Ltd., 9 King Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2 E8HN, UK. 103 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anderson, R.H., B. Buys, and M.F. Johannsmeier. 1983. Beekeeping in South Africa. Department of Agriculture BuHetin No. 394. Pretoria, South Africa. 207 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bradbear, N. and D. De Jong. 1985. The management of africanized honeybees. IBRA Leaflet No. 2. International Bee Research Association (IBRA). Available in English or Spanish from Hill House, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire SL9 ONR, UK. 4 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clauss, B. 1982. A Beekeeping Handbook. Agricultural Information Service, Gaborne, Botswana. 65 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crane, E., P. Walker, and R. Day. 1984. Honey plants of the world. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1984. Proceedings of the expert consultation on beekeeping with Apis mellifera in tropical and sub-tropical Asia. 9-14 April, 1984. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Tropical Region, Paliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gentry, C. 1984. Small Scale Beekeeping. Manual M-17. Peace Corps, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1976. Apiculture in Tropical Climates. E. Crane, ed. Full report of the First Conference. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1982. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. New Delhi, 1980. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1985. Proceedings of the Third international Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. Nairobi, Kenya, November 5-9, 1984. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1988. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. Cairo, Egypt, November 1988. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kigatiira, K.I. 1974. Hive Designs for Beekeeping in Kenya. Proceedings Entomological Society of Ontario 105:118-128.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McGregor, S.E. 1976. Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 496. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 411 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Razafindrakoto, C. 1972. Beekeeping in Madagascar. UniversitT Paul-Sabaier de Toulouse, France. 123 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sammataro, D. 1985. Beekeeping in the Philippines. 2nd edition. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sammataro, D. and A. Avitabile. 1986. Beekeepers Handbook. 2nd edition. Collier Books' MacMillan Co., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saubolle, B.R, and A. Bachmann. 1979. Beekeeping: an Introduction to Modern Beekeeping in Nepal. Sahayogi Prahashan, Tripureshwar, Kathmandu, Nepal.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Silberrad, Roger E.M. n.d. Beekeeping in Zambia. Apimondia. Available through the International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, S. 1964. Beekeeping in India. Silver Jubilee Publication of the Entomological Society of India. Entomological Society of India, New Delhi.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smith, Francis G. 1960. Beekeeping in the Tropics. Western Printing Service, Bristol UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Townsend, G.F. 1978. Preparation of Honey for Market. Ministry of Agriculture and Food Publication 544. Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ontario, Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Townsend, G.F. 1976. Transitional hives for use with the tropical African bee Apis mellifera adansonii. Pages 181-189 in Apiculture in Tropical Climates. E. Crane, ed. Full report of the First Conference. International Bee Research Association, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.11.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This section includes the names and addresses of individuals and institutions who are familiar with the animal listed. Each person has agreed to answer requests for information and advice. This personal follow-through is the main way this book can stimulate the development of microlivestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICROBREEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Ahunu, Animal Science Department, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 25, Legon, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Andres Poli, EEA San Luis INTA, CC 17, 5730 Mercedes (SL), Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.B. Bareeba, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Bennett, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Berruecos V., School of Veterinary Medicine and Zoology, Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de MTxico, Ciudad Universitaria, Alvaro Obreg6n, 04510, Mexico D.F., Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cai Li, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Southwest College of Minority Nationalities, Chengdu, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.L. Chan, B4-5 Nanyang Mansion, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Cheneau, Institut d'Elevage et de MTdecine VTtTrinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Laboratoire de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djamena, Chad&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.R. Cockrill, 29 Downs Park West, Bristol BS6 7QH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.H. Conrad, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, La Verne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.E. Deppner, Trees for the Future, 11306 Estona Drive, Silver Spring, Maryland 20902, USA (breeds of the Himalayas, East Indies)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.l. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, Agriculture and Forestry, PB 13184, Windhoek 9000, Namibia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.M.S. Duarte, Instituto de Investigatao Veterinaria, C.P. 7, Huambo, Angola&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Felius, Kerkhoflaan 47C, 3034 TA Rotterdam, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fleharty, American Dexter Cattle Association, R.R. #1, Box 378, Concordia, Missouri 64020. USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Garcia Lagombra, Animal Husbandry Department, Universidad Nacional &quot;Pedro Henriquez Urena,&quot; Decanato Ciencias Agropecuarias, Km 5~/z Aut. Duarte, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Gebreab, College of Veterinary Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z.B. Jensen, Animal and Dairy Science Research Institute, PB X02, Irene, Transvaal 1675, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jin Xizhen, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Southwest College of Minority Nationalities, Chengdu, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Kitsopanidis, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.E. Kodituwakku, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.M. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.Y.L. Li, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, South China Agricultural College, Ghangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Lwoga, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3000, Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Martinez Balboa, Legaspy 1025, Apartado Postal 43, 23000, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Masam, Livestock Training Institute, Tengeru, P.O. Box 3101, Arusha, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.P. Maule, Hannahfield Quarry House, 578 Lanark Road West, Balerno, Midlothian EH 14 7BN, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Mazid, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.R. McDowell, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Morgan, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Juba, P.O. Box 82, Juba, Sudan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.B. Mpiri, Livestock Production Research Institute, Private Bag, Mpwapwa, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ni Shicheng, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Nikolov, Institute of Cattle and Sheep Breeding, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Olson, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.W. Perry, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Pirchner, Technical University of Munich, D-8050 Munich-Weihenstephan, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animai Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3732, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sie Cheuxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.D. Tillman, 523 West Harned Place, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.C.M. Trail, Livestock Productivity and Trypanotolerance Group, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.C. Warnick, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.A. Adebowale, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, University of Ife, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.A. Adeloye, Faculty of Agriculture, Adeyemi College of Education, Onjo, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.A. Ademosun, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, lle-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.F. Adu, N.A.P.R.I., Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Akinsoyinu, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Akonji, Institut de Recherches Zootechniques, Office National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (ONAREST), B.P. 65, Yaounde, Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baik Dong Hoon, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Jeonbug National University, JEONJU, 520, Republic of Korea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S.F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, University of the Virgin Islands, Box L, Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.E. Bradford, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.S. Browne, Nutrition Consulting Services, P.O. Box 788, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00801, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.D. Bunch, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.C. Cartwright, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Fitzhugh, Winrock International, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.C. Foote, Utah State University International Sheep and Goat Institute, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.R. Gerona, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Essa Haid, Essa International, Inc., 2550 M Street, Suite 405, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA (small East African)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Harding, Agrarian Society, Palazzo de la Salle, Valletta, Malta&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Hasnath, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, P.O. Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.S. Hoversland, Division of Research Grants, National Institutes of Health, 5333 Westbard Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20205, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Hulse, National Pygmy Goat Association, RFD #1, Fern Avenue, Amesbury, Massachusetts 01913, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.P. Husband, Department of Natural Resource Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA (bezoar, agrimi) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Hutchins, 2535 Halsted Road, Apartment 1, Rockford, Illinois 61103, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Iba+ez Herrera, Paraguay 160-Urbanizacion, Apartado 315, El Recreo, Trujillo, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Karam Shah, Livestock Experimental Station Rakh Khairewala, District Muzaffergarh, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Katongole, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Kiwuwa, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.Y.L. Li, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, South China Agricultural College, Ghangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.R. Lincicome, Animal Parasitology Institute, U.S. Department of AgricÂ£lture, Building 1180, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Chengxiang, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Guang^ dong Agricultural Academy, Guangdong, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Mahyuddin Dahan, Department of Animal Sciences, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C.H. Mandari, Livestock Research Centre, West Kilimanjaro, P.O. Box 103, Hai, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Mann, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Giessen, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Martinez Balboa, Legaspy 1025, Apartado Postal 43, 23000, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Mecha, Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Metcalf, School of Medicine, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Khusahry Mohd Yusuff, Malaysian Agricultural and Research Institute (MARDI), G.P.O. Box 12301, Kuala Lumpur 01-02, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Monsi, Departments of Animal Science/Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Montsma, Klomperweg 79, 6741 PD, Lunteren, Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Moore, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.M. Munyabuntu, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 7062, Makerere University' Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Th. Murayi, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, P.O. Box 138, Butare, Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.N.M. Mwenya, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Nivyobizi, FacultT des Sciences Agronomiques, UniversitT du Burundi, BP 2940, Bujumbura, Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Norman, Tropical Development Research Institute, 56/62 Gray's Inn Road, London WCIX 8LU, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Okello-Lapenga, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ramahefarison, DTpartement de Recherches Zootechniques et VTtTrinaires tCENRADERU), BP 904, Amatobe, Antananarivo, Madagascar&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.K. Rastogi, Department of Livestock Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Rasul, District Forest Officer &amp;amp; Wildlffe Warden, P.O. Box 501, Gilgit (northern area), Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Rattner, Institute of Animal Research, Kibbutz Lahav, Israel (Sinai goat, ya-ez hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Repollo, Jr., Palawan National Agricultural College, Aborlan, Palawan, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Pbilippines, Los Banos, Laguna 3732, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Rocha, Instituto de Reprodutao e Melhoramento Animal, C.P. 25, Matola, Mozambique&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Rodriguez, Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), Autopista Duarte Km 24, Apartado 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Nasim Siddiqi, Zoology Department, University of Peshawar, N.W.F.P., Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Shelton, Texas A &amp;amp; M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA (criollo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Shkolnik, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.C. Simpson, Cameroon Road, Prairie View A&amp;amp;M University, Prairie View, Texas 77445, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sie Chenxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of Cbina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Watts, Animal Science Department, Natural Resources Development College, Lusaka, Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Wood, Highland Game Farm, Route 4, Box 450, Alexandria, Indiana 46001, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.P. Husband, Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microsheep&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.A. Adebowale, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, University of Ife, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.F. Adu, N.A.P.R.I., Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Akinsoyinu, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Amin, Jammu and Kashmis State Sheep and Shearing Products Development Board, Nowshera, Srinigar, Kashmir 190 011, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ahmad Mustaffa B. HJ. Babjee, Veterinary Services Department, Ibu Pejabat Perkhidmatan Haiwan, Kementerian Pertanian, Malaysia, Jalan Mahameru, Kuala Lumpur 10-02, Malaysia (grazing in rubber plantations)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S.F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia (Indonesian breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, College of the Virgin Islands, Box L, Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.E. Bradford, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Breckle, U.S. Forest Service, Alsea, Oregon 97324, USA (grazing sheep in forests)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Bunch, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA (Iranian thin-tailed, Navajo, wild-sheep hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Carpio P., Departamento de Produccion Animal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apartado 456, La Molina, Lima, Peru &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Cottrell, Pippin Farm, 3081 Goshen Road, Bellingham, Washington 98226, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Courtney, Veterinary Faculty, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Deller, Virgin Islands Department of Agriculture, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00820, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Dettmers, 5620 Longwood Avenue, Port Charlotte, Florida 33953, USA (West African dwarf)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agricultural Food and Nutrition Sciences Division International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.l. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Drew, Invermay Agricultural Research Centre, Private Bag, Mosgiel, New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. El Amin, Department of Animal Husandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gholam-Hossein Erabi, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51664, Iran&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Fitzhugh, Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Foote, Animal' Dairy, and Veterinary Science Department, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA (Virgin Islands white hair, wild-sheep hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.-H. Gueye, Centre de Recherches Zootechniques de Kolda, Institut SenTgalais de Recherches Agricoles, (ISRA), B.P. 53, Kolda, Senegal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Garcia Lagombra, Animal Husbandry Department, Universidad Nacional &quot;Pedro Henriquez Urena,&quot; Decanato Ciencias Agropecuarias, Km 5 1/2 Aut. Duarte, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Henson, Bemborough, Guiting Power, Cheltenham, Gloucester, UK (rare breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Ibanez Herrera, Paraguay 160 - Urbanizacion, Apartado 315, El Recreo, Trujillo, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Jewell, Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 ITN, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jones Sheep Farm, RR 2 Box 185-55, Peabody, Kansas 66866, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.E. Loggins, Animal Science Department, 108-D Suite, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C.H. Mandari, Livestock Research Centre, West Kilimanjaro, P.O. Box 103, Hai, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.P. Maule, Hannahfield Quarry House, 578 Lanark Road West, Balerno, Midlothian EH14 7BN, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.K. McNeal, Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Department, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Mecha, Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Monsi, Department of Animal Science, Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.M. Munyabuntu, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Th. Murayi, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, P.O. Box 138, Butare, Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.N.M. Mwenya, School of Agriculture Sciences, University of Zambia, Box 32379, Lusaka,  Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Ngendahayo, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, B.P. 138, Butare, Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Njwe, DTpartement des Sciences Animales, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure Agronomique, Centre  Universitaire de Dschang, B.P. 138, YaoundT, United Republic of Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington,  Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.V. Raghavan, Animal Science Department, College of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh  Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, Andhra Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University,  Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.K. Rastogi, Department of Livestock Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine,  Trinidad, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry,  Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos,  College, Laguna 3732, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Rocha, Instituto de Reprodutao e Melhoramento Animal, C.P. 25, Matola, Mozambique&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Ryder, c/o H.F.R.O., Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK (Barbados blackbelly, wool)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sie Chenxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's  Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. David Simpson, Range and Wildlife Department, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 4349,  Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.E. Terrill, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705,  USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.N. Turner, Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, P.O. Box 184, North Ryde, New South  Wales 2113, Australia (Indonesian breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Vaccaro, Universidad Nacional Agraria, La Molina, P.O. Box 456, Lima, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Wildeus, College of the Virgin Islands, Agricultural Experiment Station, R.R. 2, Box 10051  Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wu Jitang, Animal and Veterinary Science, Jiangsu Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences,  Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Yenikoye, FacultT d'Agronomie, UniversitT de Niamey, B.P. 10662, Niamey, Niger&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Micropig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,  University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Andrews, Mesoamerican Ecology Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA (Yucatan pig)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Ashton-Peach, Box 17, Ohaeawai, Bay of Islands, New Zealand (kunekune)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Berruecos V. Muz, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico D.F., Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Blakely, Sedgwick County Zoo, Wichita, Kansas 67203, USA (Ossabaw)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, University of the Virgin Islands, Box L., Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.L. Brisbin, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA (Ossabaw)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Bustad, Veterinary School, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99163, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Catibog-Sinha, Forest Products Research and Development Institute, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887-0630, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.H. Conrad, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, PO Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Dederer, 712 Brown Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19123, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Dettmers, 5620 Longwood Avenue, Port Charlotte, Florida 33953, USA (miniature pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Edgar, Greenhill, I R.D., Balfour, Southland, New Zealand (kunekune)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Hendricks, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.J. Hepburn, Swine Program, Charles River Laboratories, 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887-0630, USA (laboratory pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Holbrook, Aria Road' via Te Kuiti, New Zealand (kunekune)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.R. Hook, Jr., Sinclair Medical Research Farm, University of Missouri, Route 3, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA (laboratory pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.O. Ilori, Faculty of Agriculture, University of If e, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. E. Kodituwakku, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street' Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.H. Maner, Winrock International, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J. Mayer, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA (Ossabaw)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Monsi, Departments of Animal Science/Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 508O, Port Harcourt, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Mtimuni, Livestock Production Department, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.G. Mugisa, c/o Insure Consult, P.O. Box 30002, Nakivubo, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mull, 2834 Hamner Avenue #208, Norco, California 91760, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.L.R. Oliver, Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, Jersey Wildlife Prescrvation Trust, Les AugrFs Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, UK (pigmy hog) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Panepinto, Redstone Canyon, P.O. Box 105, Masonville, Colorado 80541, USA (miniature pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.C. Perdomo, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Suinos e Aves, BR 153, km 110, CP D-3, 89700 Concordia, SC, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA (Chinese breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.G. Pond, Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Box 166, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Popenoe, International Programs in Agriculture, 3028 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (New Guinea pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.S. Reddi, CoHege of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Avendano Reyes, Instituto Nacional de las Investigaciones sobre los Recursos BiotTcnicos, (INIREB), Apartado Postal 97, MTrida, Yucatan, Mexico (Yucatan)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Robinson, Robinson's Racing Pigs, 5809 20th Avenue South, Tampa, Florida 336195457, USA (miniature pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Arellano Sota, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Casillo 10095, Santiago, Chile (Cuing)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Sriramamurty, College of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.M. Swindle, Comparative Medicine/Lab Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA (laboratory pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Tilakaratne, Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wu Jitang, Animal and Veterinary Science, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yong Shen Lee, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POULTRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Information on poultry can generally be obtained from local ministries of agriculture or veterinary and livestock services. However, another source is the World's Poultry Science Association (c/o Institut fur Kleintierzucht, Dornbergstrasse 25/27, Postfach 280, C-3100 Celle, Germany). It has over 5,000 members from 40 national groups. Its objectives are (1) to advance poultry science and the poultry industry, (2) to disseminate and facilitate the exchange of knowledge pertaining to all branches of the poultry industry, (3) to encourage the promotion of world poultry congresses and regional conferences, and (4) to cooperate with other international organizations. It maintains working groups to explore and assess research work on tropical poultry problems. The World's Poultry Science Journal is published 3 times a year. It has also published a multilingual poultry dictionary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicken&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ben-David, Poultry Production Specialist, 5, Azar Street, Holon 58291, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.L. Brisbin, Jr., Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Senior Livestock Specialist, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. Couch, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Crawford, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Cuca G., Institucion de Ensenanza e Investigacion en Ciencias Agricolas, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.O. Hawes, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifih Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.H. Ketelaars, Department of Tropical Husbandry, P.O. Box 338, 6700 A.H. Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.T. Moran, Jr., Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-4291, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Parks, Route 1, Box 47-C, Brookshire, Texas 77423, USA (Araucanian chicken)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apt.810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramakrishman, Center for Advanced Studies in Poultry Science, Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy 680 651, Kerala, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Sexton, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 262, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Sunde, Poultry Science Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duck&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.E. Abdelsamie, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ahmed, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Bande, PATI, Popondetta Agricultural College, Box 131, Popondetta, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.S. Bird, Cherry Valley Farms Ltd., Rothwell, Lincoln LN7 6BR, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.D. Bulbule, Central Duck Breeding Farm, Government of India, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore 560 088, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Dean, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Edwards, Agricultural and Food Engineering Division, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Fishelson, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-ave, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Floresca, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte 7127, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Godoy, Ingeniero Agronomio, Simon Bolivar 2397, Santiago, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Hardjosworo, Fakultas Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Henry, Cherry Valley Farms Limited, Divisional Offices, North Kelsey Moor, Lincoln LN7 6HH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, lowa 5001O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Hoffmann, Canning, Nova Scotia BOP IHO, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifth Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Ibanez H., Bolivar 451, Trujillo, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z. Jungkaro, Research Institute for Inland Fisheries, Jalan Sempur No. 1, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.H. Ketelaars, Department of Tropical Husbandry, P.O. Box 338, 6700 A.H. Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.P. Kompiang, BaliPenelitianTernak, P.O. Box 123, Bogor 16001, WestJava, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380 Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.T. Moran, Jr., Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-4291, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl-Marx-Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Poernomo, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Jalan R.E. Martadinata 32, P.O. Box 52, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramakrishman, Center for Advanced Studies in Poultry Science' Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy 680 651, Kerala, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 49450 Roussay, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.S. Sandhu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Tai, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, 112 Farm Road Shin-hua, Tainan, Taiwan 71210&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Tangendjaja, Bali Penelitian Ternak, P.O. Box 123, Bogor 16001, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tian Fuh Shen, Department of Animal Husbandry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10764, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.S. Tsai, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, National Pintung Institute of Agriculture, Pintung, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Romero Villanueva, Centro Tropical de Capacitaci6n Agropecuaria y Forestal, Apartado Postal #4S, Macuspana 86700 Tabasco, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yeong Shue Woh, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), G.P.O. No. 12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cha Tak Yimp, Poultry and Swine Unit, Department of Veterinary Services, Jalan Mahameru, 50630 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many universities have a department of animal or poultry science that should know about the culture and management of these birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Bande, PATI, Popondetta Agricultural College, Box 131, Popondetta, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.D. Chesterley, 4502 Loomis Trail, Blaine, Washington 98230, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Crawford, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.l. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Jackson, P.O. Box 3, Creenbank, Washington 98253, USA (weeder geese)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Fuan, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, l.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380, Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.R. Wilson, Poultry Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Fowl&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;American Guinea Club, c/o Angie Papp, 620 Payne Road, New Albany, Indiana 47150, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S.O. Ayeni, Kainji Lake Research Institute, P.M.B. 666, New Bussa, Kwara State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ben-David, 5, Azar Street, Holon 58291, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.S. Brah, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;X. Colonna C., 14 Cotham Road, Bristol BS6 6DR, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Dumont, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure des Sciences Agronomiques AppliquTes, 26, boulevard Docteur Petitjean 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Etches, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.F. Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie MS: 115, Queensland 4570, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.N. Johnson, Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board, P.O. Box 661, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;:M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Michie, Poultry Husbandry Division, North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Parkhead, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SX, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly, 37380 Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. Okaeme, Wildlife/Range Division, Kainji Lake Research Institute, P.M.B. 666, New Bussa, Kwara State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S. Sandhu, Poultry Breeder, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.E. Abdelsamie, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.P. Bilong, Department of Primary Industry, Monogastric Research Centre, P.O. Box 73, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. de Carville, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Centre de Tours, Nouzilly 37380, Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.D. Chesterley, 4502 Loomis Trail, Blaine, Washington 98230, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;X. Colonna C., 14 Cotham Road, Bristol BS6 6DR, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Dumont, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure des Sciences Agronomiques AppliquTes, 26, boulevard Docteur Petitjean 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.R. Gerona, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barry Glofcheskie, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada (fly control)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread' P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Hoffmann, Canning, Nova Scotia BOP IH0, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifth Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan (mule duck)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Michie, Poultry Husbandry Division, North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Parkhead, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SX, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donald E. Mock, Department of Extension Entomology, 239 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4004, USA (fly control)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380 Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl Marx Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 494S0 Roussay, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Romboli, Le Quericole, Universita Delgi Studi di Pisa 56010 S. Piero A Grado, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.S. Sandhu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Surgeoner, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada (fly control)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Tai, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, 112 Farm Road Shin-hua. Tainan, Taiwan 71210&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Dillinger, 3201 Huffman Boulevard, Rockford, Illinois 61103, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, FacultyofAgriculture, AhmaduBello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.O. Hawes, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, U.S.A.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA (carrier pigeons) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, lowa 5001O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Le HTnaff, Laboratoire de l'H(pital Avranches, Avranches, Cotentin, France (carrier pigeons)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J. Miller, Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Owen, 6520 Wiscasset Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20816, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Pena PTrez, Apartado Postal 23, La Nucia, Alicante, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.D. Roush, Green Valley Squab Farm, 1348 Green Valley Road, Folsom, California 9563O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.S. Sandbu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S. Sim, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TOG 2P5, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many people raise Japanese quail. Probably the best way to locate a local source is to consult local pet stores, the county farm advisor's office, university faculty of agriculture, game-bird fanciers, and the like. Finding people with local research experience is usually most useful to beginners. Coturnix International, Inc., is a nonprofit organization with primary interests in promoting small domesticated food animal production for both youth training and improved nutrition. The use of coturnix (Japanese quail) for these purposes is already well established in a number of Michigan schools and in the Dominican Republic, with special emphasis on science projects, especially where nutritional inadequacies exist. The address is Coturnix International Inc., International Headquarters, 1111 Michigan Avenue, Box 250O, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA. Avian Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.E. Deppner, Trees for the Future, 11306 Estona Drive, Silver Spring, Maryland 20902, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Science and Animal Industries, Alabama AOcM University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Marks, Genetics Unit, Room 107 Livestock-Poultry Building, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Marsh, Marsh Farms, 7171 Patterson Drive, Garden Grove, California 92641, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z. Abidin bin Mohd Noor, Department of Veterinary Services, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, 50630 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (chicken-quail hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.K. Pani, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl Marx Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Polin, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodale Research Center, RD #1, Box 323, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 006, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Tempest, Heifer Project International, P.O. Box 808, Little Rock, Arkansas 72203, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. K. Varghese, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1225, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Wakasugi, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusaku, Nagoya, Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.R. Wilson, Poultry Science Department, Archer Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Berruecos V. Muz, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico D.F., Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Crawford, Department of Animaland Poultry Science, UniversityofSaskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Cuca G., Institucion de Ensenanza e Investigacion en Ciencias Agricolas, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.E. Nestor, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl-Marx-Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.J. Sexton, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 262, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences. Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential New Poultry&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Duckett, P.O. Box 12378, 50776 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (barn owls)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.R. Marion, Department of Wildlife and Range Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (chachalaca)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Smal, Wildlife Service, Sidmonton Place, Bray County, Wicklow, Ireland (barn owls) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RABBITS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic Rabbit&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University,  P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Baselga, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agronomos, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. de Blas, Departamento Alimentacion Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agronomos, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Castell6, Real Escuela Oficial y Superior de Avicultura (REOSA), Calle Plana Parafso, s/n  Arenys de Mar, Barcelona, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.B. Chawan, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and  Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University,  Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Fekete, University of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Nutrition, Budapest, Pf.2,  H-1400 Hungary&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Fernandez C., Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agronomos, Universidad PolitTcnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Cervera Fras, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad PolitTcnica de Valencia, Apartado  22012, Valencia, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.J. Harris, Pel-Freez Rabbit Meat, Inc., P.O. Box 68, Rogers, Arkansas 72756, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A.B. Hundleby, Ciskei Agricultural Corporation Ltd., P.O. Box 59, Bisho, Ciskei, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. de Jong, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Marykeweg 40, 6709 P.G. Wageningen,  The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.A. Kamwanja, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe,  Malawi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Leyun, Instituto TTcnico Gesti6n Porcino (ITGP), Seccion Conejos, Ctra. del Sadar, s/n 31006  Pamplona (Navarra), Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Loliger, Lisztstrasse 20, 3100 Celle, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and  Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.P.E. Makhambera, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe,  Malawi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.I. McNitt, Center for Small Farm Research, Southern University, P.O. Box 11170, Baton Rouge,  Louisana 70813-1170, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Mgheni, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Animal Science and Production Department, P.O.  Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Norman, Tropical Products Institute, Culham, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.N. Odonker, P.O. Box 11, Tsito-Awudome, Volta Region, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.C. Onwudike, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.G. Partridge, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.M. Patton, Rabbit Research Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.J. Paya, Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. PTrez, Departamento de Reproduccion Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Ramchurn, School of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, RTduit, Mauritius&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.E. Reed, Box 98, Markle, Indiana 46770, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Respaldiza, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Departamento de Higiene y Sanidad Animal, Calle Embajadores, 68, 28012 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 49450 Roussay, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Rodriguez, Departamento Microbiologia e Inmunologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Rodriguez de L., &quot;Conejos&quot; Centro de Investigacion Cientifica del Estado de MTxico A.C., Camino a Huexotla No. 5, San Miguel Coatlinchan, 56170 Texcoco, Estado de MTxico, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Schlolaut, Hessen Institute for Animal Production, Neu-Ulrichstein, 6313 Homberg, West Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.D. Semuguruka, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3018, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Sierra, Departamento Produccion Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Valls, Institut de Recerce i Tecnologia Agroalimentaria (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Zaragoza, Departamento de Genetica y Mejora, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agouti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brazilia, DF, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.H. Baker, 302 North Strickland Street, Eagle Lake, Texas 77434-1841, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, BogotG, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.D. Cuaron O., Instituto de Historia Natural, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas 29000, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.A. Deutsch, Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo, SGo Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratorie d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Escajadillo, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, P.O. Box 935, APO Miami, Florida 340020012, USA OR Avenida Justo Arosemena 34-30, Apartado 6991, Panama 5, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Hallwachs, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Hislop, Wildlife Section, Forest Division, Ministry of Food Production, Port-ofSpain, Trinidad and Tobago&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ingrand, I.N.R.A., Campus agronomique, B.P. 709, 97387 Kourou Cedex, French Guiana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.H. Janzen, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.A. Meritt, Jr., 2200 North Cannon Drive, Chicago, IHinois 60614, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencar Moreira, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.Ma. Rojas G., CATIE, 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Santos, Fundatao Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O. Sousa, Department of Microbiology, Cinuad Universitaria &quot;Dr Octavio MTndez Pereira,&quot; El Cangregio, Apartado Estafeta Universitaria, Panama City, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brasilia, DF, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. Bland, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.F. Eisenberg, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Golley, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30601, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Gonzalez-Jimenez, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Hemmer, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Anemonenweg 18, D-6500 Mainz-Ebersheim, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ingrand, I.N.R.A., Campus agronomique, B.P. 709, 97387 Kourou Cedex, French Guiana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Lord, Biology Department, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. MacDonald, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencare Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Caixa Postal 48&quot; BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Muller-Haye, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Room F524, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Ojasti, Institute of Tropical Zoology, Apartado 47058, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.L. Rondon, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidada Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiaba-MT, 78000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.E. Sollod, Section of International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Sunquist, Route 1, Box 1434, Melrose, Florida 32666, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.D. Thelen, FAO Regional Of fice for Latin America and the Caribbean, CasiHa 10095, Santiago, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.C. Carmichael, The Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1045, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Chapman, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Contreras, Universidad Cat61ica de Valpariso, Avenida Brasi. 295O, Casilla 4059, Valparaiso, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.-G. Klos, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Aktiengesellschaft, Hardenbergplatz, 1000 Berlin 30, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Lutz, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Biology and Living Resources, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencar Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, ParG, 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Szumiec, Experimental Fish Culture Station, Polish Academy of Sciences, Golysz 43-422 Chybie, Poland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 20, Achimota, Chana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. Bland, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Brinck, Ecology Building, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, S223 62 Lund, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratorie d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.C.D. Happold, Department of Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.C. Heymans, BP 1910, Cotonou, Benin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag, Freetown, Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.H. Knight, Kalahari Gemsbok Park, Private Bag X5890, Upington 8800, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Malekani, DTpartement de Biologie, FacultT des Sciences, UniversitT de Kinshasa, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School for Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutter&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Alexander, Department of Biology, Natal University, King George V Avenue, Durban 4001, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.O.A. Asibey, Department of Game and Wildlife, Ministry Post Office, Accra, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.S. Ayensu, African Development Bank, 01 B.P. No. 1837, Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Baptist, Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim (480), P.O. Box 700562, D-7000 Stuttgart 70, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.Y. Bimpong-Buta, Council for Law Reporting, P.O. Box M165, Accra, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Brinck, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, Ecology Building, S223 62, Lund, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Dosso, Institut d'Ecologie Tropicale, Abidjan, Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.C.D. Happold, Department of Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Hardouin, Institut de Medicine Tropicale &quot;Prince Leopold,&quot; Nationalestraat 155, B2000 Antwerp, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.C. Heymans, BP 1910, Cotonou, Benin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie MS:115, Queensland 4570, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag, Freetown, Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Laboratoire Centrale de Nutrition Animale (LACENA), B.P. 353, Abidjan 06, Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.-P. Mack, Projet BTnino-Allemand Conseiller Technique auprTs du MDRAC, BP 504, Cotonou, Benin &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.H.G. Martin, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University College, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Mensah, Responsable PBAA (Projet BTnino-Allemand d'Aulacodiculture), P.B. 2359, Cotonou, Benin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.A. Omole, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, Ile-lfe, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.J. Peters, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Petter, MammifFres et Oiseaux, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Zoologie, 55 rue de Buffon 75005, Paris, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Schr(der, Institute of Animal Breeding, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 3400 Gottingen, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. Thomas, Department of Biology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec JIK 2RI, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;St. von Korn, Institute of Animal Breeding, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 3400 G(ttingen, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Walder, Presbyterian Rural Training Centre, P.O. Box 72, Bamenda, NW Province, Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.P. Bilong, Department of Pimary Industry, Monogastric Research Centre, P.O. Box 73, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. Bland, Department of Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Bolton, Department of Anthropology, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Del Carpio R., Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional &quot;Pedro Ruiz Gallo,&quot; Calle Atahualpa No. 179, Apartado 48, Lambayeque, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Descailleux, Laboratorio GenTtica Humana, C.P. 11010, Lima 14, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ferguson, Overseas Development Administration, Eland House, Stug Place, London, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RC, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Hardouin, Institut de MTdecine Tropicale &quot;Prince Leopold,&quot; Nationalestraat IS5, B2000 Antwerpen, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.E. Honegger, Zurich Zoo, Zurichbergstrasse 221, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Jenkins, PNG Institute Medical Research, P.O. Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. de Jong, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Marykeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag Freetown, Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.J. Kohun, Department of Agriculture, PNG University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.M. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.E. Lacher, Jr., Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Feed Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.C. Malik, Department of Agriculture, PNG University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.R. Moreno, Departamento de Produccion Animal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apartado 456, La Molina, Lima, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Muller-Haye, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Room F524, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V. Purizaga A., Alcalde del Concejo Provincial de Pacasmayo, Dos de Mayo 360, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.T. Quirante, Bureau of Animal Industry, Research Center, Alabang 3124, Metro Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.W. Robinson, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7621 Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7621, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.C. Allen, Hope Zoo, Kingston, Jamacia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.S. Canet, Instituto de Zoologla, Academia Ciencias de Cuba, Calle 214, esq. a Avenida 19, No. 17A 09, Reparto Atabey, Havana 16, Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Jordan, Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.L.R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les AugrFs Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional (ZOODOM), Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.T. Blankenship, Animal Resources Center, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4354, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Agentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. MacDonald, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.H. Pryor, Jr., School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4354, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paca&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencar Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brasilia, DF, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.H. Baker, 302 North Strickland Street, Eagle Lake, Texas 77434-1841, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.D. Cuardn O., Instituto de Historia Natural, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas 29000, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. de Escalante, Zool6gico Nacional, Direccion del Patrimonio Natural y Cultural, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Hallwachs, Ecology and Systematics, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Hislop, Wildlife Section, Forest Division, Ministry of Food Production, Port-ofSpain, Trinidad and Tobago&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.H. Janzen, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Matamoros, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado 86, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Meritt, Jr., 2200 North Cannon Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.Ma. Rojas G., CATIE, 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O. Rosado, Ministry of Industry and Natural Resources, Belmopan, Belize&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V. Solis, Union Internacional pare la Conservacion de la Naturaleza y de los Recursos Naturales, Oficina Regional pare Centro AmTrica, Apartado Postal 91-1009-FECOSA, San JosT, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. VaidTs, Centro Universitario del Norte Carrera ZootTcnica, Coban, A.V., Ciudad Guatemala 16001, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcacha&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.L. Marmillon, Estancias del Conlara S.A., Casilla de Correo 451, 5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.D. Thelen, FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Casilla 10095, Santiago, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Rodents&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.M. Butynski, Impenetrable Forest Conservation Project, Zoology Department, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Flannery, Australian Museum, 6-8 College Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia (Solomon Island rodents)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources, Maendeleo House, Monrovia Street, POB 30786, Nairobi, Kenya (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Jacobsen, Nature Conservation Division, Private Bag X209, Pretoria 0001, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.P. Kofron, Museum of Zoology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70893, USA (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Leary, Ministry of Natural Resources, Honiara, Solomon Islands (Solomon Island rodents)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. McLaughlin, San Diego Zoo, San Diego 92112, California, USA (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.P. Millar, Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.D. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern African Wildlife Management Association, POB 413, Pretoria, South Africa ( s p ring hare )&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chitton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Van der Merwe, University of Pretoria, Mammal Research Institute, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife Society of Zimbabwe, POB 3497, Harare, Zimbabwe (springhare) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEER AND ANTELOPE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.O. Caldecott, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, 7 Jalan Ridgeway, 93200 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Chaplin, Burnhouse, Fountainhall, Galashiels, Selkirk TDI 2RX, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.W.H. Davison, Zoology Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Ruiqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Muul, Integrated Conservation Research, P.O. Box 920, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Nordin, Bureau of Research and Consultancy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Pathak, Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4220, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Robin, Tierpark Dahlholzli Bern, Dalmaziquai 149, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.R. Schmidt, Zoological Garden, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.A. Sirimanne, Singapore Zooological Gardens, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore 2572&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.K. Vidyadaran, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wang Yingxiang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Whittow, Department of Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Barrette, DTpartement de Biologie, FacultT des Sciences et de GTnie, UniversitT Laval, QuTbec, GIK 7P4, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Benirschke, 8457 Prestwick Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The British Deer Society, Church Farm, Lower Basildon, Reading, Berkshire RG8 9NH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.O. Caldecott, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, 7 Jalan Ridgeway, 933200 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Chapman, Larkmead, Barton Mills, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6AA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Coe, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O. Dansie, The Chapel, 2 Hobbs Hall, Welwyn, Hertsfordshire, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. Dhungal, Department of Parks and Wildlffe, P.O. Box 860, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.J. Goss, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.P. Harding, Animal Ecology Research Group, Zoology Department, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Harris, Department of Zoology, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 JUG, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Heck, CatskiH Game Farm, Inc., RD #1, Box 133, Catskill, New York 12414, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Jacobson, Fish and Wildlffe Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Ruiqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.J.A. Manton, Zoological Society of London, Whipsnade Park, Dunstable, Bedfordshire LU6 2LF, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Miura, Department of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo-ken 663, Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Muul, Integrated Conservation Research, P.O. Box 920, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Pathak, Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik, DDR-1136 Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shi Liming, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Soma, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical College Hospital, 1-7, Nishishinjuku 6, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Stadler, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Bielefeld, 4800 Bielefeld, Universitatsstrasse 25, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Company, The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wang Yingziang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Wemmer, Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia 22630, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. Wurster-HiH, Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.H. Yahner, 320 Forest Resources Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Chaplin, Burnhouse, Fountainhall, Galashiels, Selkirk TDI 2RX, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. Dhungel, Department of Parks and Wildlife, P.O. Box 860, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Gaston, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa KIA OE7, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.J.B. Green, IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219C Huntingdon Road, Carnbridge CB3 ODL, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Hunter, Jr., Wildlife Department, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Jacobson, Fish and Wildlife Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Kattel, P.O. Box 3070, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Riqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. McNeely, Program and Policy Division, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH1196 Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.W. O'Gara, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4220, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik, DDR-1136 Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shi Liming, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Co., The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wang Yingxiang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Cooke, Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI I UA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Farrell, Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI IUA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Crubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Riuqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica. Kunming Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.J.A. Manton, Zoological Society of London, Whipsnade Park, Dunstable, Bedfordshire LU6 2LF, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik DDR-1136, Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R Smith, Department of Zoology, Whiteknights Park, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 2AH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Stadler, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Bielefeld, 4800 Bielefeld, Universitats strasse 25, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Company, The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Wemmer, Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 2263O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South American Microdeer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Sampath, Trinidad and Tobago Wildlffe Breeders and Farmers Association, c/o 5 3/4 Mile Mark, Penal Rock Road, Penal, Trinidad, West Indies (red brocket)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA (pudu)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Chardonnet, Projet Petits Ruminants, B.P. 65, Atakpame, Togo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.L. Cowan, 324 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RI.M. Dunbar, Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.R. Kranz, Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Lumpkin, Department of Zoological Research, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Player, Wilderness Leadership School, P.O. Box 15036, BeHair 4006, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Pond, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7621, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Schweers, Bahnhofstrasse 29, D-6744 Kandee, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.D. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.E. SoHod, International Veterinary Medicine, Tufis University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafion, Massachusetts 01536, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.C. Udell, 14934 VaHey Vista Blouvard, Sherman Oaks, Calffornia 91403, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Varga, Department of Dairy and Animal Science, 225B Borland Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.J. Wilson, Duiker Research and Breeding Centre, Chipangali Wildlife Trust, P.O. Box 1057, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Small Antelope&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Asibey, Department of Game and Wildlife, Ministry Post Office, Accra, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.I. Boshe, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, P.O. Box 3031, Moshi, Tanzania (dikdik)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Chardonnet, Project Petits Ruminants, BP 65, Atakpame, Togo (oribi)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. Dhungel, Department of National Parks and Wildife, Conservation, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal (four-horned antelope)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.I.M. Dunbar, Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK (dikdik, klipspringer)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.M. Goebel, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.P. Hoppe, Am Hauenstein 13, 6706 Wachenheim, Germany (dikdik, suni)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.R. Kranz, Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA (royal antelope, beira, dikdik, klipspringer, suni, four-horned antelope)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Player, Wilderness Leadership School, P.O. Box 15036, Bellair 4006, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.N.W. Oppong, UNDP/FGN/FAO Livestock Project, P.O. Box 6603, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.R. Pritchard, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (otibi, steinbok)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.E. Sollod, International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA (dikdik, klipspringer)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA (dikdik, klipspringer, four-horned antelope)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIZARDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Benirschke, 8457 Prestwick Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.M. Burghardt, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ferreira, Parque Zoologico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.S. Fitch, Route #3, Box 142, Lawrence, Kansas 66044, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Hemley, World Wildlife Fund, 1255 23rd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA (for trade information)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Henderson, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Higginson, Voluntaria del Cuerpo de Paz, #156 6a Avenida 1-46, Zona 2 Guatemala, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.B. Iverson, Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374, USA S.R. Kellert, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.W. King, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Larde, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia Planes de Renderos, Km. 10 Col. Los Angeles 13, CP 01196 San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Marcellini, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Mora, 200 m sur Pulperia la Uni6n, Cinco Esquinas, Carrieal, Alajuela, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J. Perez, Condominio Su. Antonio 7, C. San Antonio Abad, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Phillips, Research Department, San Diego Zoo, Box 551, San Diego, Calffornia 92112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apa,-tado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.S. Fitch, Route #3, Box 142, Lawrence, Kansas 66044, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Henderson, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Higginson, Voluntaria del Cuerpo de Paz, #156 6a Avenida 1-46, Zona 2 Guatemala, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. Hillis, Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Larde, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Planes de Renderos Km. 10 Col. Los Angeles 13, CP 01196, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Marcellini, National Zoologica, Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Mora, 200 m sur Pulperita La Union, Cinco Esquinas, Carrieal, Alajuela, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J. Perez, Condominio Su. Antonio 7, C. San Antonio Abad, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Phillips, Research Department, San Diego Zoo, Box 551, San Diego, Calffornia 92112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apartado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rock Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Auffenberg, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Auth, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cullen, Cullen Vivarium, 3401 South 16th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215 USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ferreira, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Henderson, Mi]waukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.B. Iverson, Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.A. Wiewandt, Wild Horizons, Inc., P.O. Box 5118, Tucson, Arizona 85703, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tegu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. Blanco, Direccion Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, Avenida Paseo Colon 922 2Ãpiso, (1063) Buenos Aires, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.K. Donadio, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, CC 220, Avenida Angel Gallardo 470, Suc. 5, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Gallardo, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, CC 220, Avenida Angel Gallardo 470, Suc. 5, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Hemley, World Wildlife Fund, 1255 23rd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Marcellini, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.L. Marmillon, Casilla de Correo 451, 5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apartado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Local Agriculture Extension Services and beekeepers are often the best source of information for beginning beekeeping. In addition, the following organizations can provide information: International Bee Research Association, 16/18 North Road, Cardiff CF1 3DY, UK; International Agency for Apiculture Development, 6N 909 Roosevelt, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Abt, Centre for International Agricultural Development Cooperation, Tel Aviv, Israel M. Adey. International Bee Research Association, 16/18 North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.O. Adjare, Technology Consultancy Centre, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All India Beekeepers' Association, 817 Sadashiv Peth, Poono 411 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K.N. Atuahene, Forest Product Research Institute (Ghana Forestry Commission), University P.O. Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.S. Brar, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Bradbear, International Bee Research Association, North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. Caron, Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.S. Chahal, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Clauss, Beekeeping Survey, Kabompo, Zambia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.P. Coleman, International Agency for Apiculture Development, 6N 909 Roosevelt, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, or Resident Bee Specialist, Apiary Studies, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. DeJong, Departamento de Genetica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade Sao Paulo, 14.049âRibeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Dutton, Centre for Overseas Research and Development (CORD), University of Durham, South Road, Durham DHI 3LE, UK (Apisflorea) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.H. Erickson, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de GenTtica, 14100âRibeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Fell, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Flottum, Gleanings in Bee Culture, 623 West Liberty Street, P.O. Box 706, Medina, Ohio 44258-0706, USA (editor)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Free, Rothamstead Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire L5 2JQ, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wolde-Semait Gebre-Wold, P.O. Box 7505, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.B. Habarugira, AHO (Apiary), Mbara Stockfarm, Beekeeping Section, P.O. Box 4, Mbarara, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.A.M. Hassan, Njiro Wildlife (Beekeeping) Research Centre, P.O. Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Hoopingarner, Department of Entomology, University of Michigan, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1115, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.E. Kerr, Departamento de Biolgia, Universidade Federal de UberlGndia, 38400 UberlGndia, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.G. Kevan, or Resident Bee Specialist, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.K. Kigatiia, Beekeeping Branch, Ministry of Agriculture c~ Livestock Development, P.O. Box 30028, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.C. Killins, 163 Trowbridge Avenue, London, Ontario N6J 3M2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.M. Kiwuwa, AHL (Apiary), Department of Veterinary Services, Headquarters, Beekeeping Section, P.O. Box 7141, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Lanarolle, Apiculture Project, Bindunuwewa, Bandarawela, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Lensky, Triwaks Bee Research Center, Hebrew University Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot 76-100, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.D. Levin, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Singh Limbu, Godavari Ashram, GPO Box 50, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Mann, 14 Millimani Road, Box 20360, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.J. McGinley, Department of Entomology, NHB-105, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA (Apoidea, except Apis) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. McKay, Peace Corps, American Embassy, Asunci6n, Paraguay&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.D. Michener, Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.A. Morse, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Morton, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Box 248204, Coral Gables, Florida 37724, USA (bee plants)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.G. Mugisa, c/o Insure Consult, P.O. Box 30002, Nakiuubo, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Bin Muid, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.C. Mulzac, International Agency for Apiculture Development, 393 Decatur Street, Brooklyn, New York 11233, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.S. Najar, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.E. Nightingale, Box 23, Njoro, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Patty, Foreign Agriculture Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 6095 South Building, Washington, D.C. 20250, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.M. Phiri, Office of Chief Beekeeping Officer, P/BAC Mwekera, Kitwe, Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Pickard, Zoology Department, University College, P.O. Box 78, Cardiff CFI IXL, South Wales, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.W. Robins, GPO Box 50, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Roubik, Stop 105, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA (stingless bees)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Sammataro, 7011 Spieth Road, Medina, Ohio 44256, USA (editor, Cornucopia) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Schechtel, Cnel. Bogado/Itapua, Paraguay&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Shimanuki, Beneficial Insects Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, B-476 BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.R. Taylor, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Tew, Agricultural Technical Institute, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Tomasko, Pennsylvania State University, 106 Patterson Building, University Park7 Pennsylvania 16802, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Torchio, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bee Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5310, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Wadlow, 8381 San Mateo, Ft. Myers, Florida 33907, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. Whitehead, International Agency for Apiculture Development, c/o 1000 Connecticut Avenue NW, #707, Washington, D.C. 20036, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Siriwat Wongsiri, Department of Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok7 Thailand (Apis cerana) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wu Yan-ru, Department of Insect Taxonomy and Faunistics, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 7 Zhongguancun Lu, Haitien, Beijing, People's Republic of China &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.11.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. PHILLIPS retired in 1982 from the post of deputy director general of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, a post he held for four years. Among his earlier posts were that of professor and head, Animal Husbandry Department, Utah State University; senior animal husbandman in charge, Genetic Investigations, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); chief, Animal Production Branch and deputy director, Agriculture Division, FAO; and executive director, International Organization Affairs, USDA. Among his special assignments were: serving as consultant on animal breeding to the governments of China and India for the U.S. Department of State in 1943-44; and as scientific secretary for agriculture of the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for the Benefit of Developing Countries, in Ceneva, Switzerland, 1962-63. Dr. Phillips holds a B.S. degree in agriculture from Berea College (1930), M.A. (1931) and Ph.D. (1934) degrees from the University of Missouri, and Honorary D.Sc. degrees from Berea College and West Virginia University. He has been awarded the Berea College Distinguished Alumnus Award and the USDA's Distinguished Service Award. He is author or coauthor of some 240 scientific papers, review papers, chapters in books, and books on various aspects of physiology of reproduction, genetics, livestock production, and international agriculture. In his research, writings, and international activities, Dr. Phillips has given particular attention to breeding in relation to the environment and to the identification and conservation of valuable animal genetic resources. He is also the author of a definitive history of FAO entitled FAO: Its Origins, Formation and Evolution, 19451981 and an autobiography, The World Was My Barnyard. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU is currently senior advisor to the president of the African Development Bank. He is also president of ESA Associates, Washington, D.C., and former director of the Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. A citizen of Ghana, he received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests cover many areas of tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries, he has also published extensively on tropical plants. Dr. Ayensu chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BONNIE V. BEAVER, professor of small animal medicine and surgery, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, is a specialist in animal behavior and problem behaviors, especially in domestic and laboratory animals. She received her B.S. and D.V.M. from the University of Minnesota and her M.S. from Texas A&amp;amp;M. In addition to being a popular speaker at scientific meetings, she is the author of five books and numerous book chapters and articles. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT BENIRSCHKE, professor of pathology and reproductive medicine, University of California at San Diego, received his M.D. from the University of Hamburg, Germany, in 1948. He served on the faculties of Harvard and Dartmouth medical schools before coming to San Diego in 1970. At the San Diego Zoo he initiated a research department to advance knowledge in endangered species and now serves as a trustee of that organization. He has written on comparative mammalian cytogenetics, vanishing species, and human reproductive pathology. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROY D. CRAWFORD is professor of animal and poultry genetics at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. He received his B.S.A. from the University of Saskatchewan in 1955, his M.S. in animal genetics from Cornell University in 1957, and his Ph.D. in poultry genetics from the University of Massachusetts in 1963. He was employed as a scientist with the Research Branch of Agriculture Canada from 1957 to 1964 in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. He joined the faculty of the University of Saskatchewan in 1964. He was made a fellow of the Agricultural Institute of Canada in 1986 in recognition of his teaching and research work. His research interests include single gene genetics of poultry, and conservation of genetic resources in poultry and livestock. He has discovered and studied many mutants in chickens; some of them have biomedical importance, including one shown to be an animal genetic model of human grand mal epilepsy; some of them are potentially useful in food production, including an albinism mutant that is being developed for autosexing of commercial chicken broilers. He maintains a very large conservation collection of poultry genetic resources at the University of Saskatchewan and has prepared an inventory and assessment of Canada's poultry and livestock genetic resources. Dr. Crawford is a member of the Expert Panel on Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Management, FAO/UNEP, Rome, and is a member of the Animal Resources Committee, Canadian Council on Animal Care, Ottawa. He serves on the International Scientific Committee for the French journal GTnTtique, STlection, +volution. He is a member of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (UK) and is a board member of the American Minor Breeds Conservancy (USA). &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, distinguished service professor emeritus, University of Florida, Gainesville, and dean emeritus, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, received his Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin in 1944. He has given more than 100 lectures in livestock feeding and nutrition in 40 foreign countries. He served as chairman of the Animal Nutrition Committee of the National Academy of Sciences and as a member of the NAS-NRC Board of Agriculture and Renewable Resources, Latin American Science Board, and as chairman of the livestock committee of two world food studies by NAS-NRC. He served as a member of the organizing committee for the first two World Conferences on Animal Production in Rome (1963) and Washington, D.C. (1968). He served as a member of the Title XII Board of International Food and Agricultural Joint Committee on Research and as chairman of its research priorities committee 1977-1981. He is author, editor, coeditor, or contributor to 30 books and author of more than 1,423 scientific and professional articles. He is a winner of 42 campus, state, national, and international honors and awards. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID E. DEPPNER, director of Trees for the Future in Silver Spring, Maryland, has been a consultant for international development projects involving livestock and poultry management and marketing for the past 14 years. He has served in 17 countries of Asia, Africa, and Central America. He has written on processing livestock rations under tropical conditions and about the Madurese breed of cattle found in East Java, Indonesia, where he spent two years studying this ancient breed. He is currently providing technical assistance to projects in several countries for the development of improved forage production as an answer to destruction of natural resources of tropical uplands caused by overgrazing. He received his B.Sc. in animal science from Ohio State University in 1954 and M.Sc. in livestock economics from Araneta University, the Philippines, in 1977. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH L. HENSON is the director of the American Minor Breeds Conservancy, based in Pittsboro, North Carolina. She received an M.A. in zoology from Oxford University in 1980 and an M.Sc. in domestic animal breeding from Edinburgh University in 1981. Her primary interests are in the conservation of rare and endangered breeds and varieties of domestic livestock as a genetic resource for changing agricultural needs. She represented Britain at the first international conference on domestic animal conservation in Hungary in 1982, and was a member of the Office of Technology Assessment Committee on grassroots strategies to maintain genetic diversity in 1985. She is executive secretary for four British breed associations and is a member of the British Rare Breeds Survival Trust Technical Panel. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. HUSS was regional animal production officer of the FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile, before his retirement. He received a B.S. in 1949, an M.A. in 1954, and a Ph.D. in 1959, all at Texas A&amp;amp;M University. He was assistant professor of range management at Texas A&amp;amp;M before joining the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 1967. He founded the FAO Regional Office's Small Animals for Small Farms programme in 1980. Professional assignments and travels in Latin America, the Caribbean' Near and Middle East, and Africa have contributed to his knowledge and experience in microlivestock development. Dr. Huss was recognized by Texas A&amp;amp;M University by being chosen as the recipient of the Memorial Student Center Appreciation and Distinguished Service Awards in 1958 and 196O, respectively, and Honour Professor in the College of Agriculture in 1966 67. He also received the Society for Range Management's Outstanding Service and Achievement Award in 1975 and its Fellow Award in 1978. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID RICHARD LINCICOME has been a guest scientist with the Animal Parasitology Institute, United States Department of Agriculture Experiment Station, Beltsville, Maryland, since 1978, having retired as professor of parasitology, Howard University, Washington, D.C., in 1970. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees cum laude simultaneously in 1937 from the University of Illinois and a Ph.D. in tropical medicine from the Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1941. His principal research interests have centered around morphologic studies on Acanthocephala, molecular exchanges of dependent cells and their environments, and diagnosis of parasitic diseases. He has been a breeder of Nubian and American pygmy goats for the past 20 years. Dr. Lincicome is currently a member of the Board of Directors of the American Dairy Goat Association and is past president of the National Pygmy Goat Association. He was founder and long time trustee of the American Dairy Goat Association Research Foundation. He is also past president of the Helminthological Society and currently serves the society as archivist. He received the Helminthological Society's Anniversary Award in 1975. He was founder and, for 27 years, editor of the journal Experimental Parasitology, and is the author and editor of more than 180 scientific contributions. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS E. LOVEJOY is a tropical biologist and ornithologist. He is assistant secretary for external affairs, Smithsonian Institution' Washington, D.C. He was formerly executive vice president for the World Wildlife Fund-U.S., chairman of the Wildlife Preservation Trust International, and a member of two commissions of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resources. At present, Dr. Lovejoy is a principal investigator of the world's largest controlled ecological experiment, which is attempting to determine the optimum size for parks and reserves. This project, conceived and designed by Dr. Lovejoy, is called &quot;the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems&quot; and is a joint program of World Wildlife Fund-U. S. and Brazil's National Institute for Amazon Research. Dr. Lovejoy is also the principal advisor for NATURE (WNET/THIRTEEN, New York), a series that he started in 1980. As principal advisor, he recommends program content and oversees the factual accuracy of the program scripts. A member of 11 scientific societies, Dr. Lovejoy has received grants from 16 foundations and institutions and written more than 100 articles for various national and International publications. He has published three books, Key Environments, Pergamon Press, Oxford; Nearctic Avian Migrants in the Neotropics, a Department of the Interior publication; and Conservation of Tropical Forest Birds, an ICPB publication. He is currently working on The Magnificent Exception, a book on people and the biosphere.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARNE W. NORDSKOG is professor emeritus, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Minnesota between 1937 and 1943. His training and principal area of research has been in quantitative genetics, but by about 1960 his interests shifted to immunogenetics and more recently to molecular genetics. He has traveled widely, spending two years as an instructor in agriculture at the University of Alaska (1937-39), and has been an NSF Research Fellow at Cal Tech (1960), a visiting professor at the University of Minnesota (1966), an FAO lecturer at the Indian Veterinary Institute (1973), and an FAO-sponsored lecturer on poultry breeding in China (1979). He has acted as a consultant to a commercial breeder in Japan for 20 years. He has been the major professor at Iowa State for more than 60 M.S. and Ph.D. candidates and has published more than 150 scientific papers. Dr. Nordskog is an honorary member of the Norwegian Poultry Breeding Association, a fellow of the Poultry Science Association, and a fellow of the AAAS. In 1972, he was the recipient of the Poultry Science Distinguished Service Research Award. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LINDA M. PANEPINTO, swine research consultant, was director of the Colorado State University Swine Laboratory through 1988. She earned her B.S. in animal sciences at Colorado State University in 1972. In 1973 she joined the research team developing Yucatan miniature swine at Colorado State University, where she was given primary responsibility for colony management, protocol development, and genetic selection programs. In 1977, she designed an experimental research program for the development of a line of Yucatan pigs with a genetic propensity for exceptionally small size. She has continued her work in that area and has developed the Yucatan Micropig, described elsewhere in this publication. Her other major professional area of interest has been the design of facilities and equipment for swine with emphasis on animal comfort and minimizing stress. Her invention, known as the Panepinto Sling, has been widely adopted as the primary restraint method for numerous medical schools and research facilities using swine in the laboratory. She has published extensively in the field.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT J. PETERS is professor of animal breeding and husbandry in the tropics and subtropics, University of Gottingen, and is currently director of research at the International Livestock Centre for Africa. He received his Dr. Agr. degree from the Technical University of Berlin in 1975. He has undertaken research in livestock production development in Southeast Asia and Africa. The major focus of his research has been small animals, with special attention given to the potential of unconventional animals. Early in 1985 he assumed his present position directing research at the International Livestock Centre for Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. PINO is a senior fellow of the National Research Council, Board on Agriculture, and is currently the project director of the study &quot;Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives.&quot; He received his B.S. in agriculture in 1944-47 and Ph.D. in zoology in 1951 from Rutgers University. As an associate professor he taught and did research in the Department of Poultry Science at Rutgers until 1955 when he accepted a position with the Rockefeller Foundation as animal scientist with the Mexican Agricultural Program, becoming the associate director of that program in 1960. In 1965 he was transferred to the Rockefeller headquarters in New York and became director of the Agricultural Science Program in 1970. Most of his career has been in international agricultural development. He retired from the Foundation in 1983 and went to Washington to become agricultural science advisor at the InterAmerican Development Bank until July 1986 when he accepted his present position. Dr. Pino has been a member of the Board on Agriculture since 1983 and previously from 1973 to 1977. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE is professor of soils, agronomy, botany, and geography, and director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California at Davis in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this system. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. His current interests include improving indigenous agricultural systems of small landholders, particularly with the integration of livestock and crops. He was chairman of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development (under whose aegis this report is presented). He chaired the BOSTID report panels on water buffalo and little-known Asian animals. Currently, he is on the International Advisory Committee of the National Science Foundation and serves as U.S. Board Member for the International Foundation of Science.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL HILL ROBINSON, director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Zoological Park, is an animal behaviorist and a tropical biologist. Before his appointment to the National Zoo, Dr. Robinson served as deputy director of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, which he joined in 1966 as a tropical biologist. He received his Ph.D. from Oxford University after being awarded his B.S., summa cum laude, from the University of Wales. His scientific interests include predator-prey interactions, evolution of adaptations, tropical biology, courtship and mating behavior, phenology of arthropods, and freshwater biology. In the course of his studies, Dr. Robinson has done research in the United States and throughout the developing world. Recent publications include articles on predator-prey interactions, tropical forest conservation, reproductive behavior in spiders, and the function and purpose of zoos in relation to education and conservation. Dr. Robinson's favorite animals are cats, of all kinds. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSON, J.B. Duke Professor of Physiology in the Department of Zoology at Duke University, has studied animal responses to extreme environmental conditions. His major emphasis has been on life in hot deserts, and he is widely recognized for his studies of camels and other desert animals. His research has involved field studies in North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Dr. Schmidt-Nielson has written several books, which have been translated into more than a dozen languages, and he has published several hundred research papers. He has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, the French Academie des Sciences, and several other academies. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALBERT E. SOLLOD, is associate professor and head of the international veterinary medicine section at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine. He is currently stationed in Niger as chief of party of the integrated livestock project and policy advisor in the Ministry of Animal Resources. He has consulted in 15 countries in Africa and Asia, and his research interests include interdisciplinary systems analysis, indigenous pastoral technologies, monitoring change in agricultural production systems, and monitoring and assessing drought impact.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEE M. TALBOT received his Ph.D. in geography and ecology from the University of California at Berkeley in 1963 and has worked on environmental and natural resource ecology and management in over 110 countries. At present he is visiting fellow at the World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., and senior environmental consultant to the World Bank. He carried out pioneering research in Africa and elsewhere on the use of wild animals for food production. He has written more than 180 scientific and technical publications, including ten books and monographs. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAIR E. TERRILL, animal scientist, collaborator, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, Maryland, received his Ph.D. from the University of Missouri in 1936, served briefly at the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, and joined the USDA at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, Idaho, in the same year. His research concerned genetics and reproduction of sheep, leading to national and international responsibility regarding research and production of sheep, goats, and other animals, with primary emphasis on increasing efficiency of production of meat, wool, and other products. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHRISTIAN M. WEMMER is assistant director for conservation and captive breeding programs at the National Zoological Park and is also in charge of the zoo's 3,100 acre Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. He is vice chairman of the IUCN Deer Specialist Group and a member of the Mustelid and Viverrid Specialist Group of the same organization. His interest in evolutionary and conservation biology has been motivated by frequent travel to South Asia and his role as scientific coordinator of the Smithsonian Nepal Terai Ecology Project. For the past 12 years he has coordinated the development of facilities and programs at the Conservation and Research Center and with Dr. R. Rudran has promoted conservation training and wildlife research in developing nations. He has published over 50 papers on various aspects of mammalian biology and conservation and has co-edited with Benjamin Beck one book on PFre David's deer. His edited volume &quot;The Biology and Management of the Cervidae&quot; was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DANNY C. WHARTON is associate curator, Animal Departments, at New York Zoological Park, Bronx, New York. He received a B.S. from the College of Idaho and an M.Sc. in 1975 from the School for International Training in Brattleboro, Vermont. His Ph.D. in biology was earned at Fordham University. Dr. Wharton was a Peace Corps volunteer to Ecuador 1969-71 and a Fulbright scholar to Germany 1976-77. His research interests have been in the genetic and demographic management of small populations. He works on several committees including the IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group, Species Survival Plan Committee of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and is species chairman for the North American Propagation Group for the Snow Leopard.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES A. WOODS IS curator of mammals at the Florida State Museum and a professor of zoology at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. in zoology from the University of Denver and his Ph.D. in zoology from the University of Massachusetts. He worked at the University of Vermont from 1970 to 1979 when he assumed his present position at the University of Florida. His principle research interests have been in the areas of mammalian ecology (Rodentia) and systematics and evolution and he is especially concerned with island biology. He has spent many years working in the West Indies on a variety of projects and has worked closely with the government of Haiti in establishing a plan for the National Parks of Haiti and in completing a biogeophysical inventory of the natural resources of Hispaniola. He is the ecological consultant for the Institut de Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National in Haiti. He is the author of a number of scientific articles on the fauna of the Antilles including a multivolume series on the fauna of the mountains of Haiti. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS M. YUILL is associate dean for research and graduate training of the School of Veterinary Medicine, assistant director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, and professor of pathobiology and of veterinary science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He received his B.S. in wildlife management from Utah State University in 1959 and his Ph.D. jointly in veterinary science and wildlife ecology in 1964 from the University of Wisconsin. His principal research interests are animal health and diseases of wildlife, including those transmissible to domestic animals and to man. He worked in Thailand for two years and has had active research programs in Colombia for 17 years, and Costa Rica for 5 years. He has recently become involved in animal health and production development in the Gambia, West Africa. Dr. Yuill is an executive committee member and immediate past president of the Organization for Tropical Studies and currently serves as president of the Wildlife Disease Association. He completed a five-year term as Chairman of the U.S. Virus Diseases Panel of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Biomedical Sciences Program. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596.12" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALEXANDER SHAKOW, Director, Strategic Planning and Review,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank, Washington, D.C., Chairman&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PATRICIA BARNES-MCCONNELL, Director, Bean/Cowpea CRSP, East Lansing, Michigan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JORDAN J. BARUCH, President, Jordan Baruch Associates, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER D. BELL, President, The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, New York, New York&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BARRY BLOOM, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANE BORTNTCK, Assistant Chief, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE T. CURLIN, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DTRK FRANKENBERG, Director, Marine Sciences Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HARDY, Boyce-Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK HORNE, Dean, College of Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELLEN MESSER, Allan Shaw Feinstein World Hunger Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLEs C. MUSCOPLAT, Executive Vice President, Molecular Genetics, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES QUINN, Amos Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VERNON RUTTAN, Regents Professor, Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics, Saint Paul, Minnesota&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTHONY SAN PIETRO, Professor of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Bloomington, Indiana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST SMERDON, College of Engineering and Mines, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GERARD P. DINEEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., ex officio &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES B. WYNGAARDEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., ex officio &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development Publications and Information Services (H A-476E)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of International Affairs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Washington, D.C. 20418 U SA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+
+</Doc>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2647 @@
+<Doc xmlns:gs2="http://www.greenstone.org/gs2" file="HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml"  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317" gs2:mode="add">
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AFRICA-CARIBBEAN-PACIFIC - EUROPEAN UNION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dossier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Communication and the media&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Press freedom, regarded as a fundamental human right, is also a key component in the democratization process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the help of experts in the field, we look at what various organizations are doing to combat censorship and promote a free press in ACP countries and elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We also highlight the new trend of donor support for projects aimed at promoting press freedom. These include, notably, provisions for the training of journalists. And as new means of communication, such as the World Wide Web, develop, we consider what is being done to prevent the opening up of a new divide - this time between the 'information rich' end the 'information poor'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the least-developed countries, Cape Verde is seen as a model of good governance and stable democracy. It is also admired for its perseverance in the struggle against the exigencies of history and climate. The country suffers from almost permanent drought and has virtually no regular supplies of fresh water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Its history has been punctuated by serious famines and while the people are no longer hungry, they still face formidable economic difficulties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde produces just 10% of what it consumes and its exports are one fifteenth of its imports. The one bright spot is in services, where it enjoys a positive trade balance. This sector (in particular, international transport and tourism), together with the country's cultural industries, offer the best hope for future development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.1.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Combating attacks on press freedom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Reporters sans frontiÃšres' was founded in June 1985 in Montpellier where Robert MÃ©nard was working as a journalist with Radio France. Now based in Paris, RSF has two main policy areas. In the first place it alerts international public opinion and the media to situations involving violations of press freedom (via publications such as 'RSF News letter' the Annual Report and specific books and reports). Secondly, RSF actively intervenes by sending letters of protest to official bodies and assisting victims. Last year RSF dealt with more than 350 cases involving the press throughout the world. The organisation's ambition, according to Mr MÃ©nard, is to be a kind of Amnesty International in the press field. The interview began with Mr MÃ©nard giving a detailed description of RSF's work.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We do two things - we report violations of press freedom and help journalists who are the victims of such violations. Take the former Yugoslavia, for example. It would have been unthinkable to monitor what was going on in that war-torn country without, at the same time, helping the media who were victims of the repression. So we sent over lawyers to help in trials involving the press, helped the families of imprisoned journalists and gave general assistance to the media. In the case of Oslabodenje, the Sarajevo daily, this went on for four years. We did similar work in Rwanda where RSF helped the media to get back on its feet after the genocide. In Algeria at the moment we are involved in aiding  journalists who are obstructed when doing their work. We also give help in Europe - currently to refugee journalists in Belgium, France, Spain, Switzarland and Germany. That's basically what we do; reporting violations of press freedom and helping those who are the victims of it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you work with other organisations, for example the United Nations ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We work with various types of organisations. We have daily contact with other NGOs specialising in press freedom, such as Article 19 in London and the Committee for the Protection of Journalists in New York, to give just two examples. We also have contacts with NGOs involved in human rights issues in general and, above all, with Amnesty International.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then there are our links with international organisations and, first and foremost, with the UN system. RSF has submitted reports in response to requests from various organisations, ranging from the UN Committee for Human Rights to UNESCO. We also work with the Council of Europe and the Organisation of African Unity. But our closest  relationship is with the European Union, or two reasons; firstly because it is RSF's main financial backer and secondly Because the EU enables us to do three things. It has helped us set up and has Financed a vast network of correspondents in 130 different countries and, to my mind, this is the most important thing in terms of defending human rights and press freedom. We also publish reports, which we write in response to EU requests, on press freedom in one country or another and which are made available to the EU and European Parliament. Our third \\ink comes in the form of assistance. We manage an aid fund to help where the press is in difficulties, and the money is provided by the Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-You have mentioned a network of correspondents which has been set up. How does it operate ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is a network of people who are in daily contact with RSF and who tip us off when a situation requiring our attention arises. Whenever there is a violation of press freedom in a country where the network operates, our correspondent lets us know - that's the first priority. Then, they make enquiries at our request. The third stage is to set up events. For example May 3 was World Press Freedom Day and, on that day, in about 20 countries in Africa, our correspondents organised events on the theme of press freedom. A fourth aspect of our correspondents' work is that they are often responsible on the ground for helping journalists in difficulty. They also help the media in general because we give them documents and supply them with information which they distribute in their particular country. Their task, therefore, is to alert us to a situation, meet our requirements for information and, on our behalf, physically to assist people on the ground, set up events and disseminate information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Are the correspondents all nationals of the countries in which they work ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. Also, about 90% of them are joumalists and they are all paid for what they do. Their relationship with us is clear-cut. It is very important for them to be paid because this means that   we can ask certain things of them. If you   work as a volunteer no-one can give you  a deadline to produce such and such a   document. In our case, we pay them to   do this work for RSF.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you choose countries where the situation is already problematic ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Unfortunately, problems exist in many countries. Less than half the countries in the world show any degree of respect for press freedom and that means we have a great deal of work. In addition, information arriving at RSF from the correspondents is distributed to other organisations. We have set up a system called Infex which is an electronic mailbox.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All RSF's information is put on a computerised system and immediately disseminated to all the organisations involved in the defence of human rights, and press freedom in particular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So the technological revolution is a positive thing as far as you are concerned ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Absolutely. Both the Imais and Internet systems are unbelievably useful tools which have completely revolutionised our work. For example, RSF might protest about the situation in some country or other. Take China, for example - we regularly lodge protests against the lack of press freedom there. There are 17 journalists in jail, no freedom for the press and a great many problems. However, people in China are not aware of what we do and in order to get information they have to listen to international radio stations. On the Internet, RSF's services are available in French, English and Spanish and it is consulted by people the world over. It is thus one of their sources of information. Another example would be a case where we set up an operation and inundate a number of people in a particular country with faxes, in order to pass on the information. Modern technology enables us to break down the fortresses which totalitarian or dictatorial regimes attempt to construct around themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- RSF has just published its 1996 Report. What do you have to say regarding the current position of press freedom ? Has progress been made ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I would say two things. In the long term, the situation is improving. If you remember, 25 years ago, the regimes in half the countries in Latin America were dictatorships, communism dominated half of Europe and nearly all of Africa had single-party systems. Even in Europe, there were dictatorships - in Spain, Portugal and Greece. So we cannot deny that there has been progress. The problem is that, for three or four years now, there has been a noticeable rise in new threats to press freedom, and this is a great source of concern to us. Here I am thinking of the rise in power of fundamentalist movements, particularly religious fundamentalism. In a number of countries nowadays - the best example, or perhaps I should say the worst example, is Algeria - journalists are not only threatened by the state but are being killed by armed Islamic groups. The rise in religious fundamentalism is indeed a real danger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second type of threat confronting the press is the increased influence of mafia-type criminals. You will, of course, have heard about drug trafficking in places like Colombia or Peru. Nowadays, in some countries where communism has been overthrown, the big threat comes from these criminal gangs. Not so long ago in Russia, the star presenter on the main TV channel was killed because he got in the way of 'Mafia' interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third threat comes from uncontrolled actions by groups fighting for autonomy or independence, like the Kurdish movement in Turkey (the PKK), and a number of separatist groups in India. The EU is no stranger to this either&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ETA poses a continual threat to the press, as do members of the FLNC in Corsica. It is only a few months since members of the latter group machine gunned a journalist's house. A fourth and new kind of threat, particularly in countries with a democratic system, comes from the rise of the extreme right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lastly, a point I draw particular attention to in our recent report is, in fact, a dual phenomenon. On the one hand there are states which pass laws under which any criticism is a crime and may lead to prosecution. An example of this is Egypt where the government has enacted a law which has led to charges being brought against some 60 journalists since summer 1995. On the other hand, there are states where justice simply does not operate and there is no will to make it function.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Last year, 51 journalists were killed and a number of others were attacked, but there has not been a single trial or conviction. It is a real culture of impunity. In some countries, the justice system either does not operate, or it is not independent. In such places, the authorities are reluctant to identify and prosecute those responsible for attacks on journalists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· RSFcurrently has project running in Rwanda, in collaboration with the EU. Could you tell us something about this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The EU is helping us to meet a wide range of needs in Rwanda, as well as in Burundi, where sadly, the situation is rather similar. In Rwanda, there are those who governed the country before the genocide and those in power at the moment. There was a specific problem there in that nearly half of Rwanda's journalists were killed during the genocide - 49 out of about 100. We had virtually to reconstruct the press system and the EU gave us the means to do this.The press currently has difficulties vis-Ã -vis the authorities but it is attempting to do its job.  in Burundi, where our work is of a more conventional type, we see continuing attacks on press freedom. There, RSF is trying to resist the pressure, again supported by the EU. In fact, thanks to the EU, we are helping a   number of countries' media to survive despite difficult conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another quite new problem is that before and during the genocide in Rwanda, the media were used as vehicles for disseminating hatred. They issued calls for people to kill their compatriots, in this instance the Tutsis, and the language they used was unbelievably violent. On Radio Mille Collines, presenters would say - and I quote; 'The graves are not full yet'. They would give out the addresses of people who had to be killed and when the murders had been carried out they would actually say, 'You killed them too quickly - you should have killed them more slowly to make them suffer more', or, 'You didn't kill the children, go back and kill the childreni. We actually have recordings of statements like this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In such a situation, journalists must be made to answer for what they have done and be brought to justice.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has helped us conduct a number of surveys which will enable the international criminal court in The Hague to charge Rwandan journalists with complicity or incitement to genocide. We expect this to take place in the very near future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course in Rwanda, all that is in the past but the same thing is happening today in Burundi where there is a radio station called 'Radio Democracy' - what a joke! A number of journalists there are issuing calls for people to be killed and we have a copy of one of their newspapers whose front page offers a cash reward to anyone who kills such and such a person. This is not journalism. RSF has lodged complaints against these people and one of these 'journalists' has just been charged.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We are doing three things in Rwanda and Burundi: denouncing violations of press freedom by the authorities, helping media victims and - something new - reporting what has come to be known as 'the media of hatred'. Unfortunately, this type of media is not restricted to Rwanda and Burundi. it is a phenomenon that we see in a number of African countries, in the former Yugoslavia, the Caucasus and the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East. Perhaps you are aware that the 50th anniversary of the Nuremberg trials has just passed ? But did you know that there were two journalists among the accused? The press has forgotten that journalists played a part in the rise of Nazism. RSF is pointing out that the same thing is happening today in many countries and we have to fight it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; 'The EU is a  perfect partner&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Given what you have just said, should restrictions be placed on press freedom ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - This is a very complex subject. You have to remember that international texts, particularly the convention on civil and political rights, place restrictions on press freedom. Article 19, which defines press freedom, stipulates that there are certain limits to this and Article 20 forbids any dissemination of racist or antisemitic ideas and any incitements to violence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RSF has two things to say. First, governments which have signed the agreements must ensure they are observed. These set limits. Journalists are not above the law and they must be punished when they say certain things. So states must face up to their responsibilities and apply the treaties they have signed. Second, I feel that the international community, and Europe in particular - when it signs agreements or gives aid to third countries - should demand that they respect press freedom but clamp down on the media of hatred.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· RSF has just published a draft model legislation governing the press. In preparing this, were you influenced by your experience of the extremist media ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Perhaps we were influenced too much. I am my own worst critic. We sent a mission to Rwanda before the genocide but did not appreciate the full effects of the evil disseminated by the media of hatred, particularly Radio Mille &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collines. We underestimated the situation and are concerned at what is happening. We believe there must be express limits on press freedom and this draft framework law is one way of formulating such restrictions. It is not necessarily the best way of going about things, but our profession has to ask itself questions regarding the definition of press freedom and the limits we must not exceed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Are you satisfied with what the EU is doing in this area ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The EU is a perfect partner and has never exerted any pressure. With the Union, we are able to do things that would not be possible with individual Member-State government because the latter conduct foreign policy in defence of certain interests. Each country has its own cultural history linguistic links or links arising out of former colonial times which prevent it financing RSF's studies unconditionally. As far as our missions are concerned, RSF decides what it wants to do and we send our reports to the EU. They have also granted us a budget enabling us to give immediate aid to people in difficulty. This is the most positive action possible If the EU were not there, there would unfortunately be no-one else to finance an organisation like ours. 60% of our budget comes from the Union, 20%from various companies. We generate the remaining 20% ourselves through sales of books and contributions. Because the EU is a grouping of governments, the Commission has some room for manoeuvre. This is the only possible kind of support for organisations like RSF and, if it were not there, it would be the end for the people whom RSF supports.  interview by Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.2.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is an astonishing sight to behold during the rainy season. As you drive along the road from YaoundÃ© to Bamenda, you come to a point where human habitation starts - and it then continues unbroken for more than 100 kiLomÃ©tres. Just before Bafoussam, and as far as the eye can see, every patch of land is cultivated. Bananas, oranges, mangoes, sugarcane, cassava, palm trees, groundnuts and maize grow luxuriantly in open fields and in the front and back gardens of many houses. This route, of course, takes you mainly through the western part of Cameroon, home to the BamilelrÃ©s, recognised as one of the country's most enterprising and industrious ethnic groups. The population density here is 200 per km2 as opposed to 1 per km2 in the East.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The impact of this widespread farming, carried out by a large number of smallholders, is visible in the local markets, whether in Bafoussam, Mbouda or Bamenda. There, the stalls overflow with fruits and vegetables and prices are very low - a virtual paradise for the middlemen whose unmistakable presence is signalled by the significant number of trucks loading the produce for distribution throughout the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These scenes come as no surprise to the long-time observer of Cameroon's economy. The country achieved virtual self-sufficiency in food over 15 years ago. It is one of the few African countries to have been able to do this, thanks both to its physical  endowments and an early recognition of its agricultural vocation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon is often described as a microcosm of Africa, not just in terms of its make-up of English- and French speaking communities, but because it enjoys almost all the continent's climatic conditions. The south is equatorial, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons of equal duration, the centre is Savannah country with one rainy season and one dry season, while the extreme north (part of the Sahel) is hot and dry. The country has a very good supply of rainfall - from 5000 mm annually in the southwest to around 600 mm near Lake Chad.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such varied climates favour the cultivation of a variety of crops. Timber is  produced mainly in the southern provinces while palm oil, tea, cocoa, coffee, rubber, timber and foodcrops are produced in the southwestern and western areas. The central and north provinces specialise in cattle and cotton production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Concentration on agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon has, not surprisingly, concentrated on agriculture. Indeed the government has given top priority to the sector in all its development plans   since independence in 1960. It has been involved in the marketing of the main export crops and has provided subsidies to farmers in the form of low-priced fertilisers and pesticides for their cocoa, coffee, rubber, palm oil, etc. Almost three-quarters of the working population (the majority of whom are smallholders) are engaged in farming. And despite a low level of mechanisation, they are very efficient. The rate of growth in food outstrips the rate of population growth. Only a few largescale farmers or firms are involved in the production of cash crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until the early 1980s, when oil came into the picture, these large scalefarmers and firms amounted for more than 70% of export earnings, 40% of state revenue and 32% of the Gross Domestic Product. The plan initially was to use oil revenues to further boost and transform agriculture. However, the dramatic increase in the country's oil production, combined with much higher world petroleum prices during the first half of the 1980s, made the sector not only Cameroon's biggest export earner, but also, in a certain sense, a 'spoiler' for agriculture. Increased revenues enabled the government to maintain the level of prices paid to farmers, even though world prices had slumped to disastrous levels. This created distortions in the market. (Later, when the oil price slumped, and revenues dropped sharply, producer prices were also reduced, bringing them closer into line with international prices.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture's contribution to GDP declined steadily to around 21 % in 1985, rose to 27% in 1989 and has hovered around 30% ever since. The sector's share of export earnings has also fallen to about 40% of total exports by value.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite this, Cameroon's agriculture remains, comparatively, in a much better shape than that of most African countries. Indeed, it contributed in large measure to the country's reputation as one of Africa's economic successes in the 1980s. During that decade, growth averaged 8% per annum. However, the period was also marked by dramatic increases in oil revenues which induced  significant policy changes as well as leading to maladministration. The government paid less attention to taxation and customs duties as sources of income and turned a virtual blind eye to smuggling which harmed the manufacturing sector. The civil service, on the other hand, expanded beyond reason, a phenomenon that some have attributed to patronage by the ruling single party.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boom in public expenditure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Protected somewhat against fluctuations in earnings from export crops, by a strong but overvalued CFA franc, the government embarked on a wide range of capital expenditure and imports. Then, in 1987, international oil prices fell as dramatically as they had risen earlier in the decade. At the time, public spending was running at CFAF 8 billion - well above the CFAF 5.6bn the country actually earned. Revenues from oil continued their downward slide to CFAF4.5 bn in 1988, CFAF 2.8 bn in 1991 and CFAF 2.5 bn in 1994. 1995 saw a modest rise to CFAF 3 bn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1987 thus marked the beginning of a rapid deterioration in Cameroon's financial situation. In the period which followed, civil servants' salaries were unpaid for months, several of the country's foreign missions were left without resources and both domestic and foreign debts worsened. In 1993, the government owed commercial banks around CFAF 3.3bn. Its external debt stood at around $7.5bn with a service ratio of more than 25% of foreign exchange earnings. The devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 improved the internal debt situation significantly. In February, the government signed a letter of intent with the IMF after agreeing to a series of reforms which included, among other things, rationalising the banking and insurance sectors, raising revenue from non-oil sources, bringing inflation down and reducing the budget deficit. In return the IMF provided a stand-by loan equivalent to CFAF 1.4bn. However, the agreement was suspended just a few months later when the Fund reached the conclusion that the government lacked the will to carry the reforms through. The 1994/95 budget foresaw a deficit of 4.5% of GDP - well above the IMF's guideline of 1.5%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meanwhile the country's financial situation had become so critical that it could no longer service its debts, most notably, those it owed to the World Bank. France, which had traditionally been ready to come to the rescue, refused to bail Cameroon out and it finally dawned on the authorities that structural adjustment was unavoidable. When, in September 1995, talks resumed with the IMF, the commitment to adjustment was no longer in doubt. The government agreed, in addition to fiscal reforms, to liberalise trade in cocoa, coffee and timber, to prune the civil service and to privatise state enterprises which dominate the industrial sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commitment to reforms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since then the reform process has been in full swing. The first and most important task has been to improve the government's financial position. The civil service, which employs more than 175000 people, is gradually being reduced and salaries have been cut. Trade is also being liberalised and subsidies are being removed. The 1995/96 budget, unveiled in June last year, was welcomed by the IMF. It included, for the first time in a long while, increases in income tax and a widening of tax bands. A series of measures have also been introduced to combat tax evasion and fraud. External signs of wealth, water and electricity consumption, and telephone bills are now being used as means of assessing income tax.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Responsibility for the collection of customs duties has been removed from the Customs Department which was often accused in the past of corruption and inefficiency. The task has been given instead to a Swiss-based preshipment inspection company. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The donor community has responded positively. With French assistance, the government has been able to clear its outstanding debt to the World Bank. The IMF has provided a stand-by credit facility of $101 million in support of the adjustment programme for 1995/ 96 and debts to the Paris Club covering the same period have been rescheduled. In addition, now that Cameroon has been reclassified as a poor country, it is entitled to benefit from the terms of the Naples Agreement, which allow for up to 67% of debts to western govemments to be written off. A number of creditor nations have either forgiven the country its debts or have reduced them substantially. More loans have come from France and a number of other donors, including the World Bank and the European Community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EC is financing a series of projects within the framework of the adjustment programme, including the restructuring of the civil service and preparation of the ground for privatisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lately though, the donor community has been showing signs of disenchantment, following allegations of misuse of funds and perhaps even outright embezzlement. Last March, an IMF mission to YaoundÃ© failed to obtain an adequate explanation concerning the allocation of certain sums. The result, at the time The Courier went to press, was that an IMF loan for settlement of Cameroon's debt to the African Development Bank was being held up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dealing with the negative social impact&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p07a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sudden devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 halved Cameroon's purchasing power overnight. The government has since cut wages twice. The average salary of a top civil servant, which stood at around CFAF 300 000 before devaluation, is now less than CFAF 180 000 while the lowest paid government employees receive just CFAF 30 000. At the same time, prices, particularly of imported manufactured goods and inputs, have risen sharply. Increases of up to 150% have been  recorded. By way of example, the price of a baguette (french bread), which was only CFAF 80 in January 1994 had risen to CFAF 130 by March 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there is considerable hardship, Cameroonians are a great deal more fortunate than fellow Africans in many other countries undergoing a similar adjustment process. Staple food remains cheap and affordable to the vast majority, thanks to the continuing strength of agriculture. As a result, there are few, if any, cases of malnutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of donors, including China, Belgium and the EC, are concentrating on health and education with the specific aim of reducing the negative social impact of adjustment. The EC, for example, has a project designed to strengthen health provision at the grassroots. This entails rehabilitating  infrastructures (health centres and district hospitals in particular) and establishing medical supply centres in areas that are not covered by other donors. The project is governed by the principle of cost-recovery to ensure viability and sustainability. But one area where the donors cannot do much is in the field of job creation. There is growing unemployment and job prospects in the formal sector, at least in the short term, are not good.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In macro-economic terms, things are locking up slightly for Cameroon. After recording economic growth of 3% in 1994/95, the hope is for a 5% increase in 1995/96. However, Cameroon's main economic operators, grouped under the umbrella of GICAM (Groupement inter-patronal du Cameroun), expressed fears late last year   that the country would not achieve this level of growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon exports a variety of primary commodities, most of whose prices have recovered in recent years, and devaluation has had a positive impact on the country's balance of trade. Specifically, it has helped make exports more competitive and in 1994/ 95 the trade surplus was a healthy CFAF 349bn, almost double the CFAF 128bn recorded in the previous year. There was a noticeable slowdown in the export of timber in the latter half of last year and the qualities of coffee and cocoa being sold were not up to the usual standard, a situation that led to both crops being shunned in the world market. Bananas exported to France were also meeting stiffer competition from French Caribbean bananas. However, the fact that rubber production has risen by more than 10%, while aluminium output and sales have increased, should help Cameroon to record another positive trade balance when the figures are next published.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The forestry sector, which has huge foreign-exchange earning and employment potential, is being rationalised as part of the current structural adjustment programme. The Canadian Agency for International Development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(CAID) has a five-year project to conserve and regenerate some 30 000 hectares. In fact, half of Cameroon is covered by forest and less than 500 000 ha is currently being exploited. The objective is to ensure that forest resources are exploited in the future at a sustainable level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The private sector&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industry, which is still in its infancy, has been developed by the government since independence largely with a view to import-substitution, although with some gearing towards the regional market. It accounts for about 14% of GDP and is currently dominated by aluminium smelting. Although devaluation has lately improved the competitiveness of those enterprises that add value to locally available raw materials, the manufacturing sector as a whole faces two major challenges now that the government has accepted the idea that the economy is best driven by the private sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first relates to private investments, which have been sluggish  over the past ten years; a clear illustration of a lack of confidence in the economy. This was amply demonstrated when Cameroonians with funds abroad failed to repatriate them to take advantage of the CFAF devaluation as was widely expected. This phenomenon puts the whole privatisation exercise in jeopardy as it means that the government is more likely to have to rely on foreign entrepreneurs. The best the authorities can therefore expect in the short term, some observers say, is to convert those state enterprises that are not already joint-ventures into ones where private investors become the majority shareholders. Complete divestment will then take place gradually over a longer timescale. Overall, 150 state enterprises have been earmarked for sale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to AndrÃ© Siaka, director of Cameroon's Brewery, who is also Chairman of GICAM, another reason for the lack of investment was high interest rates. These hovered around 20% for many years. Even now, after the reform of the banking sector, interest rates remain very high and there are no borrowers, he told The Courier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donors again have been conscious of this and some of their interventions have reflected this concern. For example, Canada is providing funds for the establishment in Douala (the commercial capital) of a centre for the development of private enterprises. Meanwhile, the Chinese have promised to provide CFAF 7bn to enable a line of credit to be opened for small and medium sized enterprises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government itself is puting in place a number of incentives, according to Minister of Trade and Industry Eloundou Mani Pierre. The liberalisation of the economy and the reform of the customs regime in collaboration with UDEAC, to which Cameroon belongs, are part of these. Mr Mani told The Courier that with a population of under 12 million, Cameroun's most important market was Central Africa. He also, perhaps surprisingly, has high hopes for the new World Trade Aareement. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon meanwhile is reviewing its plan for the establishment of export processing zones with the help of its main donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also looking at other ways of attracting foreign investment, particularly in 'value-added' enterprises involved in the processing of locally available raw materials such as cotton, cocoa, coffee and timber.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social and political peace&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second, and by far the more serious challenge facing manufacturing, is the problem of large-scale smuggling by petty traders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evidence of this abounds in the booming central market of Douala, where goods of all kinds can be found at very reasonable prices. Ironically the measures which were being taken and judged to be relatively effective against smuggling in recent years have had to be abandoned under structural adjustment rules imposed on the government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As Mr Siaka pointed out, petty traders dealing in smuggled goods put pressure on enterprises, 'because they do not pay tax', and threaten to render domestic manufacturing uncompetitive. It is also widely acknowledged, however, that the small-scale traders, who dominate the informal sector, provide job opportunities to Cameroonians, which is important at a time of economic austerity. Indeed petty trading has arguably been the safety-valve, helping to ease the social pressures brought about by structural adjustment, and thus preventing civil unrest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the extent to which that safety-valve can withstand the emerging political pressures is a different matter. Democratisation, understandably, was one of the conditions imposed by donors for assistance to Cameroon. After a series of elections - presidential, legislative and municipal - which were marred by violence and deaths, there are still doubts about the health of democracy in the country. Indeed, there are signs that tension is  mounting. And few would dispute that if Cameroon is to succeed economically, it needs both social peace and political stability. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.2.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Alex Kremer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission President's visit to West Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union's commitment to regional development in sub-Saharan Africa is as strong as ever, but sustainable development can only come from Africa's own initiative. This was the message delivered by Jacques Santer, President of the European Commission, in his address to African heads of state at the UEMOA (Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa) summit in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, on May 10.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'I wish to emphasise from the start,' Mr Santer declared to the Presidents of Benin, Burkina Faso, CÃŽte d'lvoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo, 'that the European Commission and the European Parliament are both determined to make our partnership even more dynamic and in tune with today's rapidly changing world.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The presence of the Commission President at the UEMOA summit marks a milestone in the European Community's support for regional integration in the developing world. With its own Commission, Council of Ministers and Court of Justice, the UEMOA appears to be consciously  following the supranational model of regional integration pioneered by the European Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sequencing of UEMOA integration, however, is almost the reverse of the European model. Already linked by a single currency in the CFA franc, the West African Union's member states are now pressing ahead with plans for integration of their 'real' economies. The implementation timetable agreed in Ouagadougou covers freedom of establishment, free movement of capital, mutual macroeconomic monitoring and the first steps to customs union with the harmonisation of external tariffs and the lowering or removal of intra-regional barriers to trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President Santer indicated that the European Commission is keen to discuss how the European Development Fund (EDF) can support these initiatives. Such aid could take the form of technical assistance and training as well as direct budgetary support to mitigate the short-term costs of customs union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UEMOA is not, however, an aid project. Its member states have designed it to stand on its own feet financially from the start. A 'community solidarity levy' was due to come into effect on 1 July 1996. The money will be used for a structural fund programme beginning in late 1997, as well as to finance the Union's operating costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meeting with the President of Burkina Faso, Blaise CompaorÃ©, Mr Santer said that it was particularly significant that his first official visit to Africa as President of the European&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission was to Ouagadougou. Not only was it a reaffirmation of the partnership between Africa and the EU, and a statement of the EU's willingness to support regional integration in the developing world. It was also a tribute to the determination of the people of Burkina Faso and other African countries to promote their own development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community is Burkina Faso's second largest donor, contributing 10% of total aid payments in 1994. Since 1991, the EC has committed an average of ECU 45 million each year to development cooperation with this country, rising to a peak of ECU 100m in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Santer visited the EDF-financed road improvement site at Tougan, close to the frontier with Mali, and noted that intra-regional transport links were an essential complement to the legislative programme of the UEMOA. He concluded his tour of regional cooperation projects with a visit to a photovoltaic pumping system financed by the EC under its West African solar energy programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, on a more personal note, the Commission President was able to drop in on a project managed by the charity ChrÃ©tiens pour le Sahel. Mr Santer worked for this Luxembourg-based organisation before starting his career in politics and he was visibly pleased to see that it was still going strong - supporting home-grown African initiatives with a little financial help from the European Community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.K. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.2.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) was inaugurated 11 years ago in Ede, Prince Claus of the Netherlands - whose interest in development issues is well-known - attestded as guest of honour. On 19 April, he returned to take part in the official opening of the CTA's new building in neigh bouring Wageningen in the Dutch province of Gelderland. The siting of the purpose built premises is significant. The town of Wageningen has long been an important European centre for agricultural research and the Dutch, of course, are renowned for their commitment to cooperation with developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CTA may only have moved a short distance from its previous headquarters, but the Centre's 38-strong staff are also aware of the need to move with the times when it comes to fulfilling  their role in the field of agricultural information. This point was particularly emphasised by CTA Director, Dr. R.D. Cooke in his presentation at the opening ceremony. Recalling the Centre's main tasks (see box) Dr Cooke spoke of the 'changing horizons and challenges' which they faced, and he focused on four specific aspects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first of these is the big change taking place in national agricultural systems, with the state withdrawing more and more in favour of the private sector and NGOs. This is being accompanied by a trend towards decentralisation with the result that the CTA has many more potential partners to cater for and work with.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Global liberalisation has also had an effect on the kind of information being sought by the CTA's 'customers'. In the past, demand was almost exclusively for scientific or technical information, notably aimed at increasing productivity. Dr Cooke reported that while this remained important, there was now  an increasing interest in marketing and socio-economic aspects to facilitate decision-taking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It came as no surprise to hear the Director highlight the challenge posed by new technologies such as electronic networking and digital storage. The key point here, he stressed, was to find ways of adapting these to ACP needs and realities. 'In the next century,' he argued, 'the haves and the heve-nots will be defined by their access to information.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, Dr Cooke referred to the growing significance of regional linkages. He indicated that the CTA was locking at ways in which it could help its partners to devise regional development programmes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The declaration signalling the official opening of the building was made in the preceding presentation by E.F.C. Niehe who is Deputy DirectorGeneral for European Cooperation at the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In his speech, Mr Niehe emphasised the relevance of the CTA, pointing out that while the world food situation had improved, 'we are now on the threshold of structural food insecurity'. He also spoke in more general terms about the future of ACP-EU cooperation and acknowledged that 'partnership, sovereignty and equality had been somewhat neglected' by donors. However, he suggested that these concepts were now 'coming back'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the ACP side, the Swaziland ambassador, CS. Mamba,who is co-President of the Committee of Ambassadors, took up the theme of food shortages in sub-Saharan Africa and identified some of the difficulties encountered by African producers, particularly in respect of new technologies and marketing. He also referred to the environmental challenges facing ACP countries, especially in the Caribbean and Pacific. He was keen, however, to stress that the picture was 'not entirely negative'. Thus, for example, new technologies and methods had had a positive impact on grain production in Zimbabwe, horticulture in Kenya, and cocoa and coffee in West Africa. Mr Mamba echoed Dr Cooke in stressing the advantages of regional markets, and concluded with a firm statement of support for continuing ACP-EU cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'History,' he said, 'will show that the LomÃ© Convention played a central role in the momentum of development.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The final speaker was Steffen Smidt, Director-General for Development at the European Commission, who suggested that the CTA had played a pioneering role in developing a sectoral  approach at a time when the focus of development cooperation tended to be on individual projects. 'The Centre', he said, 'has become a well-respected international institution in the field of agricultural information.' The Director General focused on the need for ACP countries to develop their own capacities and on the gap that exists 'between potential and reality', because of capacity limitations. The Centre, he believed, could 'help bridge this gap.' Mr Smidt also reiterated a point made earlier that the information flow should not just be in one direction. 'Information from South to North is vital,' he argued, to ensure better targeting of programmes in future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After the speeches, guests had an opportunity to learn more about the CTA's work by speaking to the Centre's personnel and visiting a special exhibition illustrating the nature and purpose of the Centre's activities. _&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer About the CTA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CIA's tasks are: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - to develop and provide services which improve access to information for agricultural and rural development ; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - to strengthen the Opacity of ACP countries to produce, acquire, exchange and utilise information in these areas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Programmes are organised around three principal themes: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strengthening information centres - designing strategies for improving agricultural information services; - promoting use of new information technologies; - providing training; - donating books. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Promoting contact and exchange of: experience among CTA's partners in rural development - seminars; - study visits. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Providing information on demand - publication s; - radio and audiovisual materials; - literature services for researchers; - Question and answer service. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(The address of the Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural cooperation can be found in the CTA section towards the end of the white pages in   this issue.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.2.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Martin Dihm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What do the Windward Islands' banana industry and Hamlet have in common ? Both are intrigued by the same question: 'To be or not to be.' But unlike Hamlet, whose fete was decided rather quickly and tragically, the future of Windward Canibbean banana production is still open. And what is more, Windward producers have a distinct advantage over Hamlet. They can hire consultants to analyse their problem and come up with fresh solutions. That is what has happened. But before turning to the solutions, what have the problems been ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The four Windward Islands; Dominica, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenada, have long enjoyed preferential market access to the UK. This first permitted the creation of the industry and then secured its survival, even with production costs that are much higher than those of other producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A traumatic moment came when the European Community had to decide on a common market regime for bananas. Coming into effect in mid 1993 the regime maintained the principle of preferential access for traditional ACP producers. Nevertheless, it introduced a move towards greater market liberalisation. Fierce attacks on the regime by certain of the EU's trading partners have raised doubts about its viability. The system is due, in any case, to expire in 2002 when even further liberalisation seems likely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this could cause great difficulties for the Windward Islands which still depend substantially on banana exports to the EU. A decline in prices since mid-1993 and the appearance of new competitors in the previously protected UK market have further underlined the need for the Windwards to compete in a more liberal arena. The Islands commissioned a study, funded by the UK and the EC, into the competitiveness of their industry and on ways of improving its position. It was not the first study of this type, but earlier ones had had no real impact on the industry which had always been sufficiently protected to avoid swallowing the bitter pill of adjustment. This time, it was clear from the outset that action would have to be taken if the industry were to master the new situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The study provided a wealth of interesting insights and recommendations. The first big surprise - at least for outsiders - was the discovery that the industry was wasting considerable amounts each year through certain deficiencies in governance, management and production methods. The second theme of the study was the poor banana quality resulting from an inappropriate pricing system. In effect, price differences paid to farmers were not sufficient to reward extra attention to quality aspects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The study's recommendations pertaining to management, production and quality were all agreed in a meeting on 29 September 1995, which brought together the Prime Ministers, the EC and other donors. Prime Minister Mitchell of St Vincent labelled this chance for the industry to get its business right as 'the last train to San Fernando'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What has happened since then ? After some hesitation, the industry has indeed begun to 'take up arms against its sea of troubles' (to return to the Hamlet analogy). The EC, for its part, has taken the part of Horatio, the faithful friend. Its role is a delicate one though - for the EC has a lot of money available. Take, for example, the ECU 25m allocated to St Vincent in the 1994 STABEX exercise (roughly five times that  country's national indicative programme). How are such funds to be injected reasonably into the islands without undermining their own strength and sense of purpose in pursuing the right strategy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To answer this, one has to look at the actual requirements. Streamlining the banana industry is less a question of big infrastructure projects than of providing expertise to guide the necessary structural changes. It also means fewer people will be employed in the sector. Aid should, therefore, focus on technical assistance, promoting diversification, and social 'cushioning'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge, of course, remains considerable and the outcome will not be known for some time. But it is clear that the Windwards have taken bold steps in the right direction and that further steps are on the agenda. There is also little doubt that the islands small, sweet bananas can only be competitive in their market segment if they are produced and marketed professionally, and with dedication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So what could Hamlet have learnt from this experience ? In short - get sound analysis and fresh advice from outside - and then boldly implement. And stick close to your good old friend, Horatio! &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.D.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.2.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most recent meeting of the EC`s Development Council was one of the first to be hit by the non-cooperation policy adopted by the UK in protest at the export ban on British beef. The Overseas Development Minister, Linda Chalker, announced at the outset to her fellow ministers: 'I will not be able to agree today to the adoption of those texts... on which unanimity is required'. Britain is seeking agreement 'for a step-by-step lifting of the export ban', which was imposed after scientific evidence suggested a link between Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) - and its human 'equivalent', Creuzfeld Jakob Disease. Cases of BSE have been recorded across Europe, but the vast majority have been in the UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Texts which were approved included a regulation on refugees in non-LomÃ© developing countries. This makes available ECU 240 million over a four-year period (19961999) for longer term assistance to refugees and displaced persons - mainly in Asia and Latin America. Also agreed were two three-year programmes covering Aids control and environmental projects respectively. They will cover the period 1997-1999, and each has been allocated the sum of ECU 45m. In addition, ministers confirmed a regulation on the criteria for disbursing humanitarian aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the British stance meant that a number of important resolutions were blocked, including a text on mounting projects which link emergency, rehabilitation and longer-term aid. Rino Serri, Italy's Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs who presided the Council meeting, said that once adopted, this approach would represent a 'qualitative leap for the EU's development policy.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other resolutions awaiting approval relate to the strengthening of coordination between Member States, evaluation of the environmental impact of development policies, decentralised cooperation, and migration and development. Since good headway was made on these subjects despite the British attitude, the texts are expected  to be speedily agreed once the UK lifts its veto. Ministers also had an initial discussion on a paper presented by Commissioner Pinheiro on preventing conflicts in Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As is customary at these biannual meetings, several delegations raised points of particular national concern. Belgium, for example, is worried about the Commission's proposal which would finally establish the single market in chocolate products while leaving Member States the choice of adapting their legislation to allow a vegetable oil content of up to 5% in chocolate. Belgium feels that this approach could ultimately prove harmful to cacoa-producing countries and claims that it will be difficult to control the exact percentage of oil used. Sweden, meanwhile, wants action to reform the UN institutions while Italy is keen to increase public awareness of development policies. Finland emphasised the need for better coordination between the European Community and its Member States on environmentally sustainable projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Great Lakes region&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was backing for the June Round Table meeting on Rwanda organised by the UNDP, as well for the various diplomatic initiatives aimed at bringing stability to the Great Lakes region. On 27 May, the ministers dined  with Emma Bonino, the European Commissioner responsible for humanitarian issues, and with former US President, Jimmy Carter, who has played a major role in the search to find a solution to the region's problems. Others active in this effort include South Africa's Archbishop Tutu, and former Presidents Nyerere and TourÃ© of Tanzania and Mali respectively. Ministers also commended the efforts of the UN and the OAU.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Serri said there was a 'desperate need for a ceasefire' in Burundi and called for a 'speeding up of the peace process and full deployment of available humanitarian and development aid.' He told journalists it was vital for the EU to make special efforts to strengthen the judicial systems in Rwanda and Burundi - 'so that the justice system can work properly and identify those responsible for the genocide.' He pledged that 'substantial resources' would be made available once peace is secured. Ministers also called for a control of arms sales to the region, although they have no power to legislate in this area, which remains the preserve of the Member States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside the meeting place, Senegalese fishermen and NGOs joined forces to mount a protests against the effects of traditional EU fisheries agreements. These provide financial compensation to governments in exchange for access to their waters for EU vessels, but the protesters claim that they harm local fishing industries and disrupt food supplies. A significant number of agreements are due to come up for renewal later this year. NGOs are lobbying for a new and 'fairer' type of accord which provides for catch reductions, more selective fishing methods and the employment of locally-hired fishermen on EU boats. These proposals are all set out in a paper entitled 'The Fight for Fish: Towards Fair Fisheries Agreements,' published by Eurostep, a Brussels-based NGO. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.3.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.3.1.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde has been shaped by the harmattan, the hot dry wind which blows from Africa, strong ocean currents and five hundred years of Portuguese colonialisation. Portugal has been a constant presence in the archipelago's history since the fifteenth century, when it granted the colonists who were to settle on the islands of Cape Verde a monopoly over the slave trade. The country became an interface between Africa, Europe and the Americas, at the centre of the triangle of trade in slaves, hardware and gold. The intermingling of black populations of every origin who  passed through the islands meant that the country was unable to present a united face against the colonialist culture. The colonists were therefore able to impose their own culture, with their fervent and proselytzing Catholicism becoming the principal ingredientin the mixture that is Cape Verde. Strong, scorching winds from the desert have shaped the islands' landscape and inhospitable ocean currents mean that approaches to the islands are difficult, their rocky cliff faces plunging into the sea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mythical Portuguese colonial oasis&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Up to the eighteenth century, Cape Verde was no more than a commercial centre for Portugal, its population at the end of that century barely exceeding 50,000, to be halved by the great drought between 1773-75. Other periods of drought regularly decimated the population and the arrival of new colonists and slaves did not offset such losses or compensate for the massive exodus which began in the early nineteenth century with the arrival of American whalers in search of crew members for their ships. Seven hundred thousand Cape Verdians currently live abroad, half of these in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only four hundred thousand  have stayed in their own country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the beginning of the twentieth century, a period which signalled a turning point in the country's history, the population still numbered no more than 150 000. At the time, major sea voyages were being undertaken and Cape Verde's geographical location was highly valued. Mindelo, on the island of SÃ£o Vicente in the north of the archipelago, developed as a coal-and-watersupply port for English vessels plying the route between India and the Americas, and England helped construct this port. However, Portugal's policy towards Cape Verde was double-edged. On the one hand, the islands were regarded as a natural extension of the home country, but as a competitor in terms of port activities. This led to Mindelo's slow development, although the trade in  skins, fishery produce, coffee and salt  could have made it a thriving centre. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mixing of races in Cape Verde has often been held up as, so-to-speak, 'humane colonisation', but this opinion is not corroborated by the under-developed state of the country at the time of independence and the fact that Portugal implemented food security measures to combat the ravages of catastrophic famines only when under pressure from public opinion, at the end of the first half of the twentieth century. The island's colonists had always used slave labour to produce food or fabrics which enabled them to purchase more slaves and it was only when the slave based economy began to decline, which   resulted in the impoverishment of the colonists, that a major grouping of free Blacks and rebel or emancipated slaves came into being. That is when the intermixing of races began. Therefore, before the abolition of slavery (18641869-1878), the vast majority of the black population of the island was free; both unmarried and married colonists would generally emancipate their children born of a secret relationship with female slaves. The aristocracy and white upper-middle classes continued to live a cloistered, aloof life and did not mix with other races. A second factor which would suggest that Portuguese colonisation of Cape Verde was sympathetic in outlook is the reputation of this small country's intellectuals; although colonisation created only a small intellectual elite which was the product of a single institution, the Mindelo College, opened in 1917. In a quote by Michel Lesourd, Deirdre Meintel refers to this phenomenon as the mythical 'cultural oasis'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A nation born of a middle class in tatters&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through its contradictions, it was this black, mulatto and 'petty white' middle class which was to forge the mixed-race culture and national identity, caught between its own privileges and its aspirations of aristocracy, between its rejection of African culture (they sought a 'lusotropical' culture) and the need to find allies amongst the lower classes who retained African cultural values. In order to acquire the wealth and attributes of power, this middle class was to take over the lands vacated by the decline of the slavebased economy and which were often much improved by the former slaves (renamed 'tenant farmers' without a major change in their living conditions) preventing a major economic upheaval which could have put an end to this iniquitous system. Their wholesale appropriation of land explains why, today, there is a very high proportion of landless farmers in Cape Verde, seasonal agricultural workers who survive only thanks to the State's welfare system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This petty bourgeoisie was to give birth to growing awareness which would lead to calls for independence. Officially, Cape Verde was not a colony but a province, and its inhabitants in theory had the same rights or lack of rights as Portuguese citizens in Salazar's 'New State', where the right to vote depended on social and cultural status. In other Portuguese territories, members of the petty bourgeoisie held the rank of colonial administrators and, from their ranks, the pro-independence movements emerged. Such was the case of the PAIGC (Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde pro-lndependence Party), created by Amilcar Cabral, a symbolic figure in Africa's striuggles for independence and Cape Verde's national hero. He was assassinated in mysterious circumstances in Guinea-Conakry in 1973. His brother, Luiz Cabral, was to become president of Guinea-Bissau, and Aristides Pereira his successor as Party leader and Cape Verde's first president.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's uneventful transition to independence in July 1975 mirrored Portugalts Carnation Revolution and was quite unlike the fierce war entered into by Portugal in Mozambique and Angola. There was a clandestine struggle during which a number of combatants were imprisoned, but there was never any real guerilla warfare. The Portuguese governor remained at his post until he was replaced by an ambassador. The PAIGC was to govern both Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde until the coup d'Ã©tat against Luiz Cabral in Guinea-Bissau in 1980, when it adopted the name of PAICV in Cape Verde, thereby signalling the end to any dream of a union between the two countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diplomatic ventures&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new state pursued an even-handed diplomatic approach and accomplished the considerable diplomatic feat of remaining equidistant between the Cold wer's principal adversaries, adapting over time to all the changes which occurred on the world  scene. Post-independence, embassies were opened by the United States, China and the Soviet Union. Cape Verde, with its marxist leanings, maintained the former links created with apartheid South Africa by Portugal. The arrival in power of a liberal party had no effect on this diplomatic tightrope-walking act. It was South Africa which was to provide aid to build the international airport at Sal. Ironically, after the establishment of democracy in South Africa, it was at this very airport that President Mandela was to stress his desire for strengthened links with the archipelago. Latterly, Cape Verde has demonstrated this flexible in its recent decision to Join the group of, French-speaking countries whilst still regarding itself as a mouthpiece for the Portuguese-speaking world, enjoying a privileged relationship with Portugal, the Azores, Brazil and African countries where the official language is Portuguese. It is also a very active member of the CEDAO (Community of West-African States) and its President is currently chairman of the CILSS (Inter  national Commitee to Combat Drought). Cape Verde receives as much aid from China as from the US, from Russia and Sweden as from Cuba and Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This diplomacy is in keeping with the atypical 'Marxist' Party which first initiated it. With its interventionist approach to economics, its highly developed social policy which gives priority to education, health and combating unemployment through public welfare, this party could be regarded as a socialist party, yet it opted decisively for a market economy. Its single-party structure mirrored the example of would-be popular democracies, but it never set up a system of repression and terror: only one opposition member's death is said to have taken place in suspicious circumstances on the island of Santo Antao. The population was able to discuss politics at popular assemblies and held no fear of openly criticising the government and, in the case of the well-off, of displaying its wealth. A mudanÃ§a (change) was implemented calmly and collectedly by the PAICV when it was in power, sowing the seeds of its own downfall. With no pressure from street demonstrations and no insistent demands from political classes, the government of President Aristides Pereira and Prime Minister Pedro Pires adapted to the new situation created by the fall of the Berlin Wall. In early 1990, the PAICV gave up its privileged position as the single party and, one year later, at the legislative elections in January 1991 and presidential elections in February 1991, Africa witnessed the first democratic overthrow of a single-party government which had achieved independence. After the legislative elections, the PAICV, which had placed too great a reliance on being credited for its good governance, was silenced. The desire for change was too great and the position adopted by the Catholic church, anxious to punish a party which had dared to opt for a referendum on abortion, did the rest. President Aristides Pereira's personal prestige stood for little in the full face of this onslaught.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What change?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister Carlos Veiga, who had founded the MPD only eight months before his overwhelming success in the 1991 elections, became the new figurehead in Cape Verde politics. His power sharing with Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro was again successful at the most recent elections (December 1995 and January 1996). Shortly before the poll, the MPD experienced a near-fatal split, but the new party which emerged, the PCD, had only one representative as against 50 (an absolute majority) for the MPD and 21 for the PAICV, which continued to exist. Three other parties taking part in the elections fell by the wayside and the polarisation of Cape Verde's politics into two camps locks set to continue. This is the second time that the MPD has surprised its opponents - this time, the political adversaries had attacked the MPD's attempt to curry favour, but the majority of the electorate, concentrated on the island of Santiago, continued to show their appreciation of the visible signs of modernisation in their lives and also the government's seductive politics, particularly in the ran-up to the elections. The country had also had a good harvest and, although this was unconnected with the MPD, that party could only benefit from it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite what MPD leaders might say, there has been no real ideological split, any political reorientation having been instigated in 1990 by the previous regime when it threw off its socialist trappings. Diplomacy remains  pragmatic and the new government's liberal rhetoric and social policy, particularly in the areas of education and health, has essentially been maintained. Suspension of the State's collective works programme, the symbol of the State's interventionist social policy, is only temporary, according to statements issued by the Prime Minister, counter to several rumours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More visible changes have taken place in the economy: partial liberalisation of the banking system; legislation relating to foreign investment; suspension of the requirement for preliminary import authorisation; despite the government's backtracking as regards certain basic products; privatisation of State assets, particularly in the hotel business, etc. Here, too, the PAICV government engineered the changes, but it can surely not be criticised for maintaining a delicate balance between the new demands of the global village and the social practices of a country which is very poor, but which is succeeding in putting an end to its poverty and creating a modest quality of life, but a secure one. Given its bleak geographical location, Cape Verde is simply  continuing to make the best of history. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.3.1.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The arrival in Praia on 30 April of a throng of IMF officials cannot have failed to cause the government some concern, despite its air of calm. Ministers repeated publicly that Cape Verde had already carried out its own programme of structural adjustments, that they were on the same wavelength as the Bretton Woods institutions, and that they could not, therefore, see any reason why any further adjustments  should be imposed upon them. Nevertheless, the fact that the Cape Verde escudo has had rather a bumpy ride since last year's elections, trading sometimes by as much as 15% under its official rate on the parallel market, caused a certain degree of anxiety within financial circles, with the banks taking action by freezing certain credit facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government insists that this situation has by no means arisen because of a sudden anxiety raised by opposition parties as to the effects of possible devaluation The truth is that there is a genuine structural imbalance caused by the trade deficit, a disequilibrium which is only being partially offset by official development assistance and the transfer of currency by Cape Verde emigres. As a percentage of the GDP, the overall budgetary deficit has tripled between 1993 and 1994 (increasing from 3.3% to 13.6%). For a country which could always be relied upon to pay its debts promptly, Cape Verde is now, for the first time, in arrears with its payments (see the 1995 report of the Bank of Portugal). The servicing of external debts represents 25.7% of goods and services exported - although these are relatvely small compared with neighbouring countries - the country's total outstanding debt is now nearing $200 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although Cape Verde is one of the LDCs (least developed countries) with a total GNP of approximately $850 per capita, out of a total of 174 States, it actually ranks 123 in the Human Development Indicator Tables, which take into account various factors such as life expectancy, education, etc. Its position near the middle of these tables clearly shows that, although the country is poor, its affairs are nevertheless being managed fairly efficiently. Boasting an adult literacy rate of 66% and a life expectancy of 64.7 years, Cape Verde is well ahead of those countries at the bottom of the list, which include a number of its Sahelian neighbours. Efficient administration of the State and the absence of rampant corruption are further feathers in the nation's cap. These achievements have earned Cape Verde much esteem from its sponsors, which goes to explain the prudence of the Bretton Woods institutions and their relative sympathies towards the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unkind Mother Nature&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's history has been punctuated by great famines. Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries the country suffered no less than 30 famines, with this century seeing some of the cruellest: 16 000 people died in 1903-1904, the death toll in 1921 was 17000, in 1941-43 it was 25000 and between 1946-48 famine claimed 20 000 lives - a figure which at the time represented 20% of the total population of the archipelago. After the last famine, the colonial authorities, under pressure from international opinion, adopted food programmes which made the country more able to cope with the consequences of subsequent droughts. The last great famine ended 50 years ago. The nation may no longer be hungry, but the factors which make its inhabitants' lives so difficult remain. The  main reason lies in the country's geography. Cape Verde has virtually no permanent springs and the topography of most of the islands, which are very mountainous, means that heavy rain simply runs down to the sea, the parched soil being unable to absorb it sufficiently. What is more, these downpours simultaneously wash away the little arable land that do&quot; exist, thereby aggravating erosion. The whole situation is further worsened by the fact that the winter in this Sahelian region is very short. Despite huge efforts by successive governments, barely half the population has access to drinking water, with this figure barely reaching 25% in rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a population of less than 400 000, there are just not enough people to pull off the miracle of making such an unforgiving soil bear fruit. Hence, although providing 50% of all jobs, agriculture represents only 17% of the nation's gross domestic product and produces only 10% of food consumed locally. The mountainous islands that make up Cape Verde are like teeth jutting out of the sea, and with virtually no continental shelf to speak of, small scale fishing is extremely difficult. Even with industrial equipment such as that installed on board large trawlers, catches are small - so small in fact that the country's fisheries agreement with the European Commission brings it only one million ECU over three years, one tenth of the proportional amount earned by neighbouring Senegal. Fishing thus represents less than 4% of the GDP.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mere survival - a&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herculean task&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Transport difficulties are another handicap for the economy. The sheer force of the harmattan, the strong ocean currents and the fog which often covers the region, make journeying by boat between the islands frequently hazardous. In addition, the volcanic relief of the islands makes them difficult to reach and means that there are very few locations that make suitable har  bours. construction is both complex and costly due to the steep rocky barriers that seal off deep valleys. Those roads which have been built under the FAIMO scheme (Highly Labour-lntensive Projects) have sometimes turned into real labours of Hercules, and many areas, especially those on sparsely-populated islands, remain completely cut-off. The use of aeroplanes only partly solves the problem. Although competitive, the prices charged by the national airline, TAICV, are still too high for the average inhabitant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not only does the soil on Cape Verde contain very little water, it has virtually no natural resources: a few stones, lime, pozzolana and a little salt. Within the manufacturing sector (which makes up less than 20% of the GDP), only the construction and civil engineering industries, representing more than 10% of the GDP, contribute in any significant way to the economy, thanks partly to the transfer of currency from emigres who invest in the construction  sector and works with wide public interest. These works, known as FAIMO schemes, have to some extent given this impoverished country a gloss that masks its poverty. Launched after Cape Verde gained its independence, they employ more than 25 000 people for up to ten months of the year in the construction of paved roads or in reafforestation projects, and ensure the survival of one hundred thousand people - over one quarter of the population. The workers are on the whole recruited from among farm labourers, with another large section of the workforce being made up of 'Solteiras' or 'single women', numerous in a country where the male population is constantly emigrating. Unfortunately, the liberal option adopted by the present government has cast some doubt as to whether these projects will continue and this year, for the first time, work ceased in April - three months ahead of the usual termination date. Yet the poor wages which these seasonal jobs pay (ECU 2 per day) are sometimes the only source of income for some families.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only the tertiary sector shows a healthy balance of trade, accounting for  more than 60% of the country's gross domestic production, with the biggest slice of the sector going to the hotel industry, followed by the transport industry. Although, overall, Cape Verde's balance of trade records a large deficit, the balance of trade for the services sector generally shows a profit, with the transport services provided by the international airport, Amilcar Cabral de Sal, alone accounting for 13% of exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; Barely 10% of commercial goods are domestically produced and this has at times fallen below 5%. Cape Verde is therefore genuinely dependent upon foreign aid. Official development assistance represents 27.8% of the GNP (1989 figures), having risen from 17.7% to 27.2% of the GNP between 1980 and 1986. Cape Verde also relies on a second source of income - its emigrant population. In 1990 the currency transfers of its emigres represented nearly 20% of the GNP. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The colonial heritage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributing too to the country's poverty are relatively low educational standards. In this area too, successive governments have continued their predecessors' efforts to improve standards of education. However, at the time the country achieved independence, it was in a deplorable state. The reputation of a small intellectual elite of Cape Verdians had, over several decades, led the world to believe that Portuguese colonial rule had been 'enlightened'. This was a mere illusion. It was not until 1917, when the Mindelo grammar school was founded, that the country was able to claim an educational establishment of any cultural sophistication. The Mindelo school was the first state school in the country and it was to provide the nation with its first batch of 'home-grown' intellectuals. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the Church, which was in charge of all matters educational, had provided basic primary education; then, at the end of the last century, it opened two secondary schools with the purpose of training students for positions in government and the civil service.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even so, the Mindelo school remained an exception until the middle of this century. In 1950, no more than 5000 children received primary education and no more than 400 went to secondary school. Thirty years earlier, the figure was slightly higher, but Salazar, with his retrograde ideologies, saw education as dangerous and threatening and trimmed the number of schools on the islands from 150 to 60. True, Cape Verde was undoubtedly in a better state than other Portuguese colonies, but, with an illiteracy rate of 80% at the beginning of the 1960s, its position was nevertheless far from enviable. It was not until independence that any real progress was made, with 60% of children attending primary school in 1989 (the average for LDCs is 54%). However, this figure is still well below the average for developing countries, which stands at 90%, and even now, only 13 % of children have access to secondary education. As for higher education, this is virtually only available abroad; in Europe, Brazil, USA and Cuba, in particular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serious health problems still exist, exacerbated in particular by the scarcity of water. The cholera epidemic which has struck several African countries over the last two years has killed over 150 people in Cape Verde. The prevalence of AIDS exceeds the average for sub-Saharan Africa, with more than 2000 people being HIV positive and with some one hundred having developed the full-blown disease. According to official figures, 70 have died of the disease. The cholera epidemic which, unlike previous epidemics has affected towns much more than rural areas, is a sign of the deterioration of sanitary conditions in towns - particularly in Praia - affected by a lack of water, a dilapidated sewerage system and overcrowding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anchoring the country's economy in its culture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet, through all the doom and gloom, a small miracle is taking place in Cape Verde. Despite such a heavy burden of poverty, the country has, since gaining independence 20 years ago, managed to clamber up the league tables notably in the essential areas of health and education. Life expectancy at birth, which was only 52 years in 1950,  had increased in 1992 to 64.7 years, better than the average for developing countries and 13 years more than the average for sub-Saharan Africa. The infant mortality rate which stood at 110 per thousand in 1960, had dropped drastically to 50 per thousand by 1992, while virtually all children now receive essential vaccinations. Malaria is also now rare. In 1988 the GDP of Cape Verde amounted to only C.V.Esc 20 billion ($289 million), in other words, 6.9% of the GDP of Trinidad and Tobago, and 16.6% of that of Mauritius. But it is growing steadily. From 1980 to 1988, it grew by 6% per annum, compared with 3% per annum for the Sahel, and since 1980 the GDP per capita has doubled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The solution the nation's leaders should be seeking is greater integration in the global economy context by encouraging foreign investment. They do not need to create free zones but free enterprise, such as the shoe manufacturing concerns which, over the last two years, have contributed to achieving a considerable increase in exports. Various steps have been taken to attract investors, such as the adoption of the principle of tacit acceptance of applications for investment within 30 days. The Prime Minister, Carlos Veiga, and the 'Super-Minister' for Economic Coordination, Antonio Guelberto do Rosario, have highlighted the service, tourism and fishing industries as top government priorities. In order to develop these areas they intend to invest in infrastructures, with the aid, of course, of foreign backers. The modernisation of the port of SÃ£o Vicente and of the international airport of Sal are currently underway, and the telecommunications project to link the islands by cable has also already been launched. The government's short-term plans also include the development of industries connected with the islands' culture. In the words of Mr Veiga: 'We in Cape Verde should develop our culture and use it as our anchor, to prevent our country drifting into oblivion. That way, our tiny country, which is fortunate enough to have a strong cultural identity, will be a Nation rather than a just a State'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.G. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.3.1.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A wealth of culture and a realistic approach to diplomacy: Cape Verde's two major assets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- How the current government differ from the former administration which had Marxist leanings ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The two eras are distinct from each other in that, since 1990, the Cape Verde people have been able to choose a life of freedom and democracy. Before that, for the   first fifteen years after independence, there was a single-party system. So it is also valid to speak of a break - a break with the way in which institutions used to function at a political level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The single-party era does not seem to have been as strict as in other countries and the current regime appears to be continuing along the same lines in some areas. Was the former administration not, to some extent, responsible for initiating the change which has taken place ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No, that's something else entirely. I often say that we had a civilised single party, and I assume that is what you are referring to. However, it is not possible to speak of continuity when formerly we had a single party and now we have moved on to a system where there is freedom of expression and new parties can be set up. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Admittedly, the single party did initiate a change when it created the conditions necessary for the advent of democracy. It removed the infamous Article 4 from the constitution, which seates that the PAICV was the guiding force of society and the state. In fact, it was the PAICV which drew up the country's first electoral laws whereby we were elected. When I say 'we', I mean the party which is in power and also myself, President of the Republic. The single party thus opened the way to  democracy here: that much is undeniable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Am I also right in thinking that many of those who are in power today received their training in that single party ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - You are quite correct. When a change such as this comes about, one has to appreciate, and I do not wish to be elitist here, that it is the higher echelons of a party which lead the move towards change. Such people were there, working in the administration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Since politics gives direction to economic affairs, has there been a total turnaround in this sector, with a clear decision to opt for liberalisation and privatisation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Before 1990, we had a staterun economy. After that, the country's economy was opened up with a number of privatisations, fewer import restrictions, and so on. The word 'break' is also applicable in this area in that we now have a market economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Do you feel that the economy has really shaken off state control given that the govemment still manages important sectors, such as the price of raw materials ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That is necessary a market economy does not mean that the state is entirely absent. I am in favour of a market economy, but with state monitoring. As far as possible, the state has to correct the injustices which are necessarily generated by competition. This is not, as some would have it, ultraliberalism. The government is still entitled to monitor the economy, but the change has been greatest in terms of attitude, in terms of the way things are done.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Do you, like many leaders of developing countries, believe that the requirements set by international institutions as regards structure/ adjustment are too great ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We are not subject to compulsory adjustment - it is on a voluntary basis here. However, I do feel that adjustment, as implemented in Africa, sometimes has regrettable aspects. On occasion, it is asking a little too much to impose the same requirements on countries whose actual situations are very different. What is applicable to Nigeria is not necessarily suitable for SÃ£o Tome.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The 1992 constitution switched Cape Verde over from a presidential system to a parliamentary system. As President of the Republic, do you fee/ trapped by this constitution ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Cape Verde's constitution was never a presidential one. The system under which I was elected is effectively 'semi-presidential'. Admittedly, the constitution which was approved by Parliament in 1992 reduced the powers of the &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President, particularly as regards the right to dissolve Parliament - which was unrestricted in the 1980 text. The revision was made to permit democratisation and ensure the proper functioning of the institutions, and it was therefore fairly wide-ranging. Now, in order to dissolve Parliament, the President has to have the support of the Council of the Republic, which means that his hands are tied to some extent. Previously, the President could also dismiss the government, without too many restrictions. I would say that the President's prerogatives have undergone a substantial reduction in comparison with those exceptional powers. As for the rest, things are as they were. In a semi-presidential regime as that envisaged by the 1980 constitution, the President has no executive role.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You seem to have chosen to play the role of 'wise man' Some observers think you give the Prime Minister too much leeway.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - They are wrong. The Prime Minister's post is conferred on him by the constitution. He is Head of Government and it is he who governs. I cannot govern in his place. What is true is that there is a great deal of ignorance - people do not restrict themselves to their own fields and attempt to teach lessons in subjects they are unfamiliar with. Germany has a parliamentary  regime like we do - what is the position of the President of the Republic in Germany? If you were to ask a Cape Verde intellectual for the name of the President of Germany, he would be unable to answer you. The parliamentary regime does not give the President of the Republic any powers to run the country. I do not know what the Prime Minister can have taken away from me because I have no power for him to take over. However, I would say that, here, the President of the Republic does have a fairly high profile, in spite of his reduced powers, because all the country's citizens know him. In terms of foreign policy, he plays a significant role in that he represents the country abroad. I attend international conferences like the Rio Summit, go to meetings of the OAU and sign international undertakings on behalf of my country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The President is also the guarantor of the new democracy, which observers seem to regard as well-established. But there still seem to be some bad habits. For instance, I have heard criticism of MPD power and of the fact that state  resources are made available to one party at election time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Look, this is criticism from the government's opponents - it is a normal state of affairs and happens everywhere. Any party, in any country, which has a parliamentary majority, can govern easily. This is possible, even when the majority is very small - and even in Europe. Look at Portugal when Cavaquo Silva was Prime Minister. There were people who said it was a PSD State. You will be familiar with France when Pompidou and even de Gaulle were in power, and Francis Mitterrand used to speak of a Gaullist state. As far as the election campaign is concerned, I am not aware of the government here having monopolised state resources and I don't believe this has happened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Another important factor involved in democracy is the press. Several journalists from the private media sector are awaiting a decision from you on a number of points - for example the lack of pubic support for the private press - in contrast to thestate-run press which has access to all that it needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - What decision are they waiting for ? Do they want me to decide in favour of resourcess being given to the private media ? I have already done that on a number of occasions. Recently, I had a meeting with the Prime Minister and I brought this matter up. He told me that it was something that was currently being considered. Sometimes, however, I get the impression that some of my critics want me to do the work of an opposition leader and to oppose the Government. That is not my job. I think that the President of the Republic, in a regime such as ours, ought to be a unifying force and not someone who foments political tension and instability. That is something I have always tried to avoid, but I do have sufficient courage to tell the government and the Prime Minister exactly what I think and I have actually dared to criticise them publicly several times. I am sole judge of the criticism I make, and I decide if it is appropriate and also when the time is right. Sometimes, people would have   me criticise the government according to a timetable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A number of journalists in the private sector are currently being prosecuted and these actions nearly all originate from sources close to the government Surely if they were actually acting unprofessionally, we would see legal actions from parts of society, such as business, and not just from the political class.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The reason for this is very simple. It is the political class that they vilify. I myself have been insulted on a number of occasions and, despite having put up with it for five years, I have not instigated any lawsuits. There was one case which was taken seriously by the Attorney General's office and there  were other cases when the Prime Minister was called a thief. I would ask you, is this a normal state of affairs ? Does freedom of the press mean that it can call a Minister or the Mayor of Praia a thief? Is that what is meant by democracy ? You have to be aware of the background to these court cases - and there are a good many of them, some dating from 1991. They are not designed to 'get at' any particular newspaper. The reason many of these cases have been brought is because serious insults of the kind we are talking about are a crime. That is true of even the most advanced democracies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In economic terms, Cape Verde does not appear too badly off. But some economic indicators do give rise to concern, notably the big gap between the export and import figures. How do you see your country's future when it no longer relies so much on international aid ? Do you believe in the dream of many of your fellow countrymen, that Cape Verde will be Africa's 'little dragon'?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Unlike some people, I have never spoken of becoming a dragon. I don't like this expression. I do believe that, despite our enormous problems - Cape Verde has few resources and we have been in the grip of drought for many years - it does have a number of assets. We are capable of making progress and I believe that there are a number of promising areas which have already been identified: for example, fisheries, tourism and even 'foreign' investment. We have to be optimistic about Cape Verde's future. We are in a difficult situation, everyone knows that, but we are a hard-working and courageous people and our prospects are good. The country will be able to forge ahead.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-On the diplomatic front, Cape Verde appears something of an expert at maintaining good relations with different regimes: for instance, with both Israel and the Arab countries, with China, and with South Africa before and after apartheid. How do you manage this ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - There is no magic formula. Since independence, Cape Verde has tried to adopt a realistic and pragmatic foreign policy. We are a small country with no great influence on the international scene and we have to be on good terms with everyone. That is the principle on which we base our foreign policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau used to be fairly close - do you foresee any future rapprochement, perhaps in some form of federation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is difficult to say. I feel that there is already a degree of rapprochement in progress, particularly in economic terms. Recently, we signed a civil aviation cooperation agreement, and there are opportunities for similar achievements in the fisheries and shipping sectors as well. Relations between the Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau governments are excellent but, to my mind, the idea of our forming a federation is out of date. It would not be in our interests nor in those of Guinea Bissau. We do, however, intend to develop a closer economic relationship and our political relations are very good indeed. I would wager that our partners in Guinea Bissau would give you a similar analysis of the situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-In cultural terms, can it be said that your country has succeeded in becoming a multi-ethnic state ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The important thing is that the Cape Verde people should have their own identity; that there should be a specific Cape Verde culture. What I would say is that all the citizens of Cape Verde are proud of their culture and citizenship. This constitutes a great source of strength for a country such as ours which has major challenges to overcome. Our culture is also an asset in our country's development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview with Aristides Lima, leader of the Opposition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'The government owes its victory to abuse of the electoral system'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· As main leader of the Opposition, what are your views on the fact that the governing party has recently been reelected ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I believe the country's economy is in crisis. Growth rates are not very high, just like in the 1980s, for example, and there is a high level of structural imbalance. Unemployment has increased: in 1990, unemployment stood at approximately 25% and now it is 30%. There used to be 25 000 people who worked in what we call the high intensity labour sector and who had a job for about 10 months of the year. They were recently laid off early. Such jobs were part of a social programme which, amongst other things, enabled us to build roads. The prices of staple products, such as sugar, maize and rice, which were stable, have just gone up, and the price of cement, which was also controlled to promote economic growth, is no longer subject to the same control and I can foresee this giving rise to many problems in areas outside the towns and cities. In Praia, a 50-kg bag of cement used to cost 440 escudos and, although that price will stay more or less the same, on islands like Fogo, it will go up to about 660 escudos. This will generate problems for economic growth and a number of major projects in the tourism sector, for example, will suffer. The balance between exports and imports has also been adversely affected in that the level of coverage of imports by exports has fallen, despite announcements to the contrary made by the government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· From 1993 to 1995, exports tripled in volume, if the government is to be believed. What are your thoughts on that ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The problem is that, in this country, some exports rely on the import of considerable amounts of raw materials. For example, in SÃ£o Vicente, there is a shoe-manufacturing plant which gets its supplies of raw materials from abroad. The same applies to fishing and a number of fisheries products, such as anchovies, which are still canned in SÃ£o Vicente but which have to be imported from Chile or elsewhere. This causes great problems when it comes to managing the country's foreign currency reserves, which have fallen markedly. In 1990, reserves provided over 6 months' coverage for imports, but now we have to operate in terms of weeks or even days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nevertheless, the government could say that it is not responsible for the economic picture you have just painted because the world economic situation is hitting all small countries harder.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No, the government is responsible, because it has been unable to implement the appropriate liberalization policy. For example, this should have been applied gradually to the trade sector, but the government rushed in and has now had to backtrack on goods which needed import authorization. What happened was that it lifted this authorization requirement but has now  had to bring it in once again. And another thing, the policy of liberalization has not been accompanied by very high levels of foreign investment and, in addition, the country's skilled workers feel marginalised, all of which goes to make the situation worse. As for structural adjustment, the government has always supported the idea of 'less State equals a better State', but, in practice, we have seen spending on the State's everyday activities go up and up. Civil service staff levels have now risen to about 12 000, compared with the former 10 000. However, increased spending is also a result of a not always equitable wages policy - the difference between the highest and lowest salaries is huge and, in some public bodies, one worker might be earning 15 times as much as another.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· According to the Minister for Economic Coordination, the currency is under pressure as a result of the Opposition's irresponsible scare tactics of announcing a future devaluation, leading to the stock-piling of currency and goods, a kind of artificial speculation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's a very good way of offloading one's responsibilities - the Opposition did no more than criticise the government's policy and point to the   facts of the situation. It was members of the government themselves who acknowledged the low levels of currency reserves and the State bank which suspended transfers abroad. The Minister would have people believe that the Opposition lacks any credibility so how could this same Opposition have any influence on peoples' behaviour? The problem is actually extremely basic: economic operators, society and foreigners are not really au fait with the country's real economic situation because the government does not issue information, which is one of our basic criticisms. Parliamentary representatives and political parties no longer receive the figures they need and the latter are sometimes forced to consult foreign sources or to rely on their personal links with people who are close to sources of information. I myself criticised the Prime Minister for adopting this attitude of regarding information as subversive. I asked the Prime Minister for a copy of the study on Cape Verde's economy by a Portuguese professor, which had been paid for with tax payers' money. I never received it. For our part, we hope that Cape Verde's partners will be able to recognise the true situation and persuade the government to act in a more equitable manner.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nonetheless the people cannot be too disappointed, because they reelected the government for another term.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That could be explained in many ways - the government controls information and therefore holds the reins of power. It controls television, radio, part of the print media, and the private-press sector is fairly weak, so it has been able to manipulate information and give people the idea that the country is on the right track. The government did do things to change peoples' lives, but it exaggerated its achievements using the State social communication means available to it. In fact, it did not achieve the major objectives it set itself: firstly its fight against unemployment - a failure. Balancing foreign economic relations - another failure. Balancing the domestic  economic situation: differences between our various islands have become more acute. In matters of health, Cape Verde made major advances when our party was in power and, although, to all intents and purposes, the health sector is just as good when compared with other African countries, it has, in fact, deteriorated. Diseases which had been eradicated from the country are returning, like malaria, for example, cholera, etc. Health services are concentrated in the capital city, Praia, and there is no decentralisation, which has negative effects on even links between carers and patients. Humanism shows the effects of a situation such as this, and it applies not only to health: there is an unfair distribution of State financial resources between the central government and local government. The State has been unable to reform local finances and has politicised transfers of funds to those districts which are closest to it. The government has also profited from the structural problems encountered in the working of our democracy. One of these structural problems is Parliament's weakness: it sits only three times a year and the representatives do not work full-time - they are sometimes employed by the administration which they are supposed to monitor. Democracy has a price and although savings can be made in other spheres, when one is  seeking good governance, one of the conditions for which is a strong, functional and effective Parliament, this is not possible. The weakness of the private-press sector is yet another problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-And are you continuing to work in the administration ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I am a 'full-time' parliamentary representative. There are now about 10 out of 79 representatives who work on a full-time basis. They are members of Parliament's office, chairmen of committees and parliamentary leaders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The government says that it inherited a serious state of affairs when it took over power from the PAICV.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is simply not true that the good life began with this government's accession to power. Here's a little history lesson: think back to colonial times. Admittedly, there were negative aspects to our time in power but you must remember that the PAICV did, in fact, leave in place the subjective.  physical basis for the new policy direction. When we achieved independence, Cape Verde had no ports or airports, apart from small-scale port facilities at SÃ£o Vicente. We built the port at Praia, the port at Sal, the port at SÃ£o Nicolau and a number of airports. The telecommunications system was also set up by the PAICV government and we implemented the initial educational reforms. In the 1980s, the GDP growth rate was 7%and the per capita income was one of the highest in Africa, more than $820.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The party in power describes the PAICV as marxist and non-democratic claiming that it was they, not the PAICV, who introduced democracy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That is nothing more than rhetoric, because all of the current governing party's members were in the PAICV - they were radicals, more marxist than anyone. Everyone knows that here, in Cape Verde, we had a pragmatic party, not a marxist party, although marxism was a source of ideas for many people. The idea was not to build socialism here. In those days, we had an open, not a centralised economy and all trade was private. We always had a market economy and to describe us as non-democratic is idle rhetoric. The PAICV's ideology has always been one of national liberation based on political and economic independence, with power vested in the people. This was a normal state of affairs during a national liberation struggle and, although it would be true to say that we were influenced by a certain single-party model which had gained widespread acceptance in Africa, the single party here could not be compared with any other. Both the PAIGC and later the PAICV attempted to force people into taking part in citizens' assemblies in order to put forward suggestions to the candidates. The current Prime Minister, Mr Veiga, for example, was put forward by a militants' assembly - he was on the PAICV's lists and they used to sit one beside the other on the benches in Parliament. The regime was, I suppose, slightly paternalistic but it was the people themselves who were really responsible for national liberation, it was they who had an idea of justice, patriotism, of being African, which explains the total commitment of Cape Verde's people to our party in the struggle for independence and also the good results we achieved when in power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Why, then, were you not re-elected ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The party had been in power for a long time, with the same president, the same prime minister, the same president of the national assembly and virtually all the same ministers. People were hungry for change because the ruling elite had been in place for so long. The international scene, also, did not favour the old single-party system. Another element, too, was the Church, which fought us over the question of abortion. Perhaps I should point out that, from the very beginning, a section of the Catholic church was not in favour of independence, but younger members of the clergy, with more sympathetic feelings towards the population, supported us and, thus, we changed peoples' attitudes. The Church in Africa is a phenomenon worthy of greater analysis, particularly in Cape Verde, where, I feel, the current government was able to take advantage of the Cape Verde peoples) essentially religious nature to criticise us and present us as an anticlerical party. In fact, the situation is quite different: most PAICV leaders and militants are Roman Catholics and some church&quot; were damaged by opponents in an attempt to discredit the party. Another example of abuse of the electoral system, apart from taking advantage of the peoples' religious nature, is the country's poverty. During election campaigns, the government make it easier for people to obtain food, and it also creates more jobs, en masse, but these disappear again after the elections - precisely as is happening at the moment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· As it is governed at the moment, Cape Verde is regarded by other countries as a 'star pupil'. Surely this is another success for the government ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Cape Verde has always been regarded as a star pupil because, here, our society is fairly homogeneous and there are no major social or ethnic imbalances. However, in my opinion, the future depends on changes at a structural level and such changes cannot take place unless we have a functioning parliament and a strong private press. I cannot deny that the government has had some successes, but I also believe that the people will have an opportunity to judge how it keeps its promises.  interview by Hegei Gouger&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.3.1.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It suffices for an unruly little bird to escape&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For, suddenly, Fire to spark, Night to dissolve&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The walls of every prison to cave in&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the tidal-wave battering&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amassed, in its untamed heart,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By a tiny breathless bird.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Mario Fonseca in 'La Mer a tous les coupe')&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most cities in the Third World devote all their energy to mere survival and there are few imbued with the same atmosphere as Mindelo - the very air  appears to brim over with art and good taste, beauty and sensuality. Our guide to the city speaks slowly, measuring his words, his delivery not an indication that he is searching for a translation, although it could be interpreted as an affectation, but matching the modulation of the language which is closest to his heart: 'I believe the air in this city is imbued with hedonism. Here, we mix work and pleasure - today is a holiday, but I am working. However, my day is not so rigidly timetabled that I cannot do some work and, since you have invited me out for a drink, take some time off to accept'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antonio Firmino, director of the Craft Centre, continues to tell us about his favourite city in the same steady language, a dreamy look in his eyes and wearing a Che Guevara-style beret. The tale he tells is the story of a tiny country which has fallen in love with culture: the actual building housing the Craft Centre used to be a school, the 'Mindelo Technical College', founded in 1917, the first secular educational institution. It was to transform the city into a cultural haven. The story goes that a certain senator named Vera Cruz, who represented the island of SÃ£o Vicente in the Portuguese Senate, wanted to establish Cape Verde's first college. His peers objected, arguing that Mindelo had no building worthy of housing an institution of such a high standing but&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vera Cruz straight away replied: 'So, why not use mine?'. Thus, he casually handed over his private residence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Art even in the fish market&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How many inhabitants are there in Mindelo? According to Antonio Firmino, 'Just me and my friends'. How right he is. It would be impossible not to become part of such a captivating place. And so a long journey began, which included the creation of Claridade, a review (and cultural movement) established in 1938 by Balthasar Lopes, a writer and essayist of world renown who was born in SÃ£o Nicolau but taught in Mindelo, and other great artists who were to make up the country's literary and artistic roll of honour. Claridade was to be followed by Certeza which was also to influence the cultural elite. Although historians and other commentators feel that Claridade did no more than praise Cape Verde's 'latinity', rejecting its African side, artists are unanimous in regarding it as the cradle of Cape Verdian intellectual culture and the soil which was to nurture Mindelo and make it such an extraordinary little town. The impression is that everyone here is interested in art - the local authorities encourage and help sculptors in their creative activities all over the town, making it a living museum: here, there is a painting by Antonio ConceiÃ§Ã€o and, over there, a huge flat sculpture of couples in languorous embraces, by Ro and Anildo, an illustration of the marvellous hedonism evoked by our host.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The same assured but delicate touch of these two artists can be seen in the lobby of Fishpackers, an anchovy- and tunapacking company, this time in the form of a celebration of fishermen. One of the finest examples of this type of art, which can be seen everywhere in the streets and public places, is the sequence of four huge decorative-tile frescoes in the fish market. When Bela Duarte showed them to us, it was such a delight to see how much at ease this famous artist was in the company of the staliholders, to whom both she and her work seemed so familiar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over and above this hedonistic atmosphere, there is, in Mindelo, an eclecticism which can be detected just as widely in other towns and cities, which means that you can talk about painting with the President of the Republic, dancing with a factory manager and decorative tiles with the man in the street. And the latter is literally 'in the street' - the inhabitants of SÃ£o Vicente, the capital, derive immense pleasure from strolling in its squares and narrow streets, and around the port. A little stall, looking like a sugar loaf in the middle of one of the city's many squares, opposite a grand hotel, opens up in the early evening just like a flower, attracting hundreds of people to it who come to quench their thirst, to converse or woo, and to dance to the music escaping from the terrace of the Porto Grande Hotel, which has just reopened after being privatised and modernised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is as if a dress ball were taking place on two different levels, one in front of the other, dancing to the same music and with equal pleasure: above, in an enormous gallery open to the sky, elegant guests (who include a small gathering of government officials and pretty Brazilian actresses who are here to film television soaps) and, down in the square, the dancing promenaders, full of admiration, almost stimulating those above.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verdian nights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like all the island's intellectuals, Antonio Firmino has a number of different jobs. In addition to running the &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Craft Centre, he teaches 'nautical' English to would-be sailors, is an amateur painter and musician (he plays and composes for his wife, who is a singer). His spare time is devoted to writing a column. The Craft Centre exhibits, amongst other things, a large number of tapestries, an art form much prized in Cape Verde. These admirable examples are by JuÃ€n Fortes, Juamo Pento, and a good many others, in particular Bela Duarte, TchalÃª Figueira, Lucia Queiros and Miguel Figueira, Mindelo's top artistic foursome who appear to be  involved in everything, including the frescoes at the fish market. Bela, who showed us her studio, her house and the fish market, does not conceal the joy she derives from colour and allusion in her pictures, tapestries or decorative tiles, ranging from the most distant abstraction to an anecdotal figuration, using her native land with its doleful nuances, soft cries and romantic strength as raw  material. Above all, there is convivial artistic writing: 'Resistencia', which is at first sight a tapestry and then a patchwork of colour and sinuous lines. Scarcely has the artist begun to explain her work than everything becomes clear: this is a story, in threads and colours, about drought, representing roots, energy, space and struggle, all part of the Cape Verdian soul. She is also paying homage to those weavers of traditional African loincloth (badiu) from Cape Verde from whom today's artists inherited their technique.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So, where to meet Antonio's friends? To find them, look no further than the Cape Verdian nights (noite caboverdiana), those gatherings which take place everywhere and resemble both a nightclub and an artistic association, all those present sharing a fondness for Cape Verde mingled with nostalgia and yearning. One such place is the Piano Bar, which was closed on account of the departure of its owner Chico Serra, another notable in local society, who was accompanying a friend, CÃ©saria Evora, in her attempt to conquer new lands. Mission accomplished, Chico Serra is back and will soon be open for business again, his club's atmosphere just as intimate and warm as before - just enough room for his piano, his musician friends and others who come to sample grog and music.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa nonetheless&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mario Fonseca also adores Mindelo but he would not agree that that wind-blown city has a monopoly on art and culture. He is from an island in the lee of the wind, from Praia, capital of the island of Santiago and of the country. In his opinion, it is the whole of Cape Verde which is bubbling with creativity and he will enchant you with his tales of Praia and its old colonial district, the 'Plateau', which still retains much of the nostalgic character to be seen in the now yellowing photographs taken 50 years ago when the city was not so sprawling and the ambience of Sucupira market was almost tangible. He will also tell you everything about the island of Santiago, with Cidade Velha, the ancient capital  which was too difficult to defend against repeated pirate attacks. It bowed to Praia's supremacy and, today, has an old-fashioned feeling, nestling within a cove around the ruins of its castle, and dominated by the fort which perches above a cliff face. The architecture owes much of its charm to the predominant Creole style which is vaguely reminiscent of Portugal, in every pastel shade. Cidade Velha's central square is caressed by a gentle breeze and groups of young people can always be seen lazing around the monument to the slaves. Time seems to stand still. The pretty little white church whose walls are decorated with sheaves of bougainvillaea, Santa Maria do Rosario, is the oldest on the island and, indeed, along the entire West African coast. It was built in 1460 and the white marble paving in the central nave conceals the final resting place of grandees from colonial times, their epitaphs erased over five hundred years by the soles and knees of penitents.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The director of the INAC (National Cultural Institute), responsible for Praia National Museum (which is soon to open its doors), is Mario Alberto de Almeida Fonseca, who once taught French in Portugal; he is a former administrator who has worked in Mauritania and Turkey, a translator and also a former regional manager of the national airline. In addition he is a poet whose works have been translated into several languages, including Serbo-Croat and Russian. Above all, he is an amateur connoisseur of the art and artists of his country. As the INAC's director, he is responsible for cultural events, exhibitions, shows, publishing and also the compilation of an oral record of the country's history and the preparation of  a Creole dictionary. The INAC's work also involves a major history of Cape Verde, the first volume of which has already been published. He will show you the future National Museum's collection, moving from one painting to another, from an old photograph to an antique cimboa, a type of locally-manufactured violin from the 1 9th century, or to an old Massachusetts galleon, testament to the past explorations of his people. You will first of all discover the works of artists from Praia such as Mito and Kiki Lima, not on account of Fonseca's chauvinism but because he feels he has to 'convert' the visitor who may have left Mindelo with the impression that that city is Cape Verde's premier cultural centre. There is also the music from the island of Santiago - the funana, the batuque, the finaÃ§o - all more African than the languid style so influenced by the Portuguese fado of this island's musical groups (FinaÃ§on, Bulimundo, Tuvaroes, KodÃ© di Dona or the great traditional style singer Nha Inacia Gomes). Gomes is a 'women of the people' whose musical heritage consists of no more than local tradition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was she who 'reinvented' jazz and whom Alberto Fonseca admires a great deal. Cesaria Evora, moreover, is not the first musician to publicise Cape Verdian music abroad: FinaÃ§on or KodÃ© di Dona, for example, have captivated many music-lovers, particularly musicians, in Europe and America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Chamber and the stage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Daniel Brito is not from Mindelo either. He is from Sal but confesses to having to pay regular visits to Mindelo, to immerse himself in that city's hedonistic atmosphere. For three years he has been director of the National Cinematographic Institute which was established in 1967 and is currently exhibiting newfound dynamism on account of the 'production tax' (4% of the filming budget, paid to the Institute and generally converted into a holding, which the State supplements to make the sum up to slightly more than 10% in co-productions). There is also an agreement with Portugal which encourages co-productions between the two countries, thereby enabling Cape Verdian technicians to receive their training. Brito is working on a local video-film-production project (TV viewers are very fond of such things) and wants to set up a major production centre to be made available to lusophone African countries and, perhaps, others. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Daniel Spencer Brito is also Sal's parliamentary representative (10 000 inhabitants), musician, writer/composer and guitarist in his own group, Madrugada. His talents include the composition of morna and coladeira pieces, as well as jazz-rock. At the end of May, the MP was due to appear in his own production at the Cirque d'Hiver in Paris, as part of the lusophone music festival. You could say that he divides his time between the Institute, the Chamber and the stage; however, he is also involved in research into copyright protection in Cape Verde. Daniel (it would never occur to you to call him anything else, even five minutes after making his acquaintance) always gives the same advice to anyone wishing to discover Cape Verde, namely to get to know the atmosphere of a tocatinha, spontaneous jam sessions which take place at one location or another, usually even more intimate than the 'Cape Verdian nights'. By the way, I almost forgot - by training, Brito is a vet, having studied in Romania. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.3.1.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sponsors are delighted at the full use of aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's physical characteristics - its small size, the fact that its territory is scattered over a number of islands and islets, its Sahelian climate (continually rendering it vulnerable to drought), the arid nature of the soil and its low population (under five hundred  thousand inhabitants) - might explain its high levels of poverty and mean that, in order to survive and develop, it requires considerable amounts of foreign aid. However, it is the effort made by this small country to stabilise its economy and to gain maximum profit from foreign aid which has attracted special attention from sponsors. Last year the European Commission decided to increase its contribution to Cape Verde's National Indicative Programme, within the framework of the LomÃ© Convention (tome IV, first protocol 199-95, seventh EDF) by 7%, i.e. an extra ECU 1.7 million. Cape Verde had already put virtually all the ECU 23 million allocated to it to good use, an indication of the government's desire to use the aid granted to the full.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When realism is a luxury&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is difficult to imagine an island inhabited by 160 000 people - the island of SÃ£o Vicente, where the country's second largest city, Mindelo, with its population of 70 000, is located - having no source of drinking water. In former times, water was shipped in from the neighbouring island of Santo Antao, but Mindelo now has a number of seawater desalination plants, most of these provided by Israel, which meet 100% of its supply needs. The supply of both water and electricity is managed by&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Electra, a publicly-owned company, which, within the framework of the EDF (European Development Fund), has received European Commission aid to increase its electricity-generating capacity. It has set up three wind pumps, of Danish manufacture, which alone supply 13% of the island's non-industrial requirements. Elsewhere, such solutions as sea-water desalination and wind pumps might appear to be unrealistic but, for 160 000 people with no indigenous supply, realism is sometimes a luxury.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the island of Santiago, which is home to Praia, the capital city, does have some natural water sources, these are far from sufficient for its needs. One of the projects recently financed by the European Union concerned improvements to water-distribution systems, water purity and rainwater drainage. Amongst other things, this work involves the recycling of waste water which the island cannot afford to let drain away. Cape Verde's Achilles' heel is definitely its lack of water, its strong point unquestionably the dynamic outlook of its population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has an office on Cape Verde where the work done at Praia (water distribution and purity, support for poorer districts of the capital threatened with overpopulation) is regarded as symbolic of the EU's desire to take account of both weaknesses and strengths and represents the overall intention behind Community aid to this country. Generally speaking, such aid is geared towards infrastructures (water and electricity production and distribution, urban development) on the one hand and education and health on the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Praia's historic old town, the 'Plateau', with its wealth of fine colonial and neo-classical architecture, risks losing many of its buildings which have been abandoned by their owners who lack the means to maintain them. Community aid has also been provided to help save this part of the country's heritage. Funds are insufficient to finance a complete restoration of the 'Plateau', but, following the example of the Cape Verde government, which has maintained administrative buildings in good condition, the Commission will probably assume responsibility for renovation of a superb nineteenth-century building, the 'Case Cor-de-Rosa'. The purpose of this project is two-fold; not only will the building be restored, but also it will become the core of a more general project to train professionals in building techniques and restoration and it will serve as an example to motivate future purchasers, institutions, businesses and individuals to preserve the historic old town.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Community has also funded a study into the preservation of the capital's historic old town, which has been used as a basis by Praia Town Council. A project is currently underway, costing 1 million ECU, to restore an islet. The principal aim of this project is to train Cape Verdian technicians. Other work in the field of training has induded the building of the Praia Technical College. The next phase of this project, worth almost ECU 1 million, will fund the supply of equipment and teacher training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Still within the context of the overall project to develop Praia city, an EDF programme worth ECU 1.3 million has been created for the development of a designated area as an industrial site. A rural electrification project in the area around Praia was, at the end of 1995, granted a budget of ECU 1.5 million and will benefit a population of 7500 people living in the three most densely populated rural centres on the island of Santiago. The technical side of the works will be entrusted to Electra, with the private sector being responsible for supplying equipment and monitoring the works. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's 'essence' as a resource&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's leaders regularly point to the richness, which they term the 'essence', of Cape Verde, contrasting this with the fact that their country is so poor. Indeed, despite limited resources, this country devotes a great deal of energy and ingenuity to 'cultivating' its culture. Two projects, financed within the framework of the National Indicative Programme and amounting to ECU 500 000, concern two feature-length films and will play a part in lessening the island's isolation by publicising its culture and people abroad. The first film, made during 1995 and entitled 'llhÃ©u de Contenda', is the first fiction-based feature film to be made in Cape Verde and is the work of Leao Lopes, a director who has drawn his inspiration from the work of another Cape Verdian citizen, Teixeira de Sousa, and which centres on the history of Cape Verde and the birth of its national identity. The EDF contribution (approximately ECU 250 thousand) amounts to 14% of the total production cost. The film is currently being shown in a number of European countries. Virtually the same amount of  money has been set aside to fund another production, this time by a Portuguese director, Francisco Manso, based on a novel by a Cape Verdian author, Germano de Almeida, and entitled 'O Testamento do Sr. Napuceno', which was being filmed on the island of SÃ£o Vicente at the time of our visit. 50% of the finance for this film comes from Portuguese producers, the other co-producers being French and Belgian.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Others EDF projects recently completed or being completed include one for improving roads on the islands of Santiago, SÃ£o Nicolau and Maio (ECU 3 million) and a micro-project programme (ECU 1 million). In addition to funds from the EDF, Cape Verde has received further finance under the LomÃ© Convention, including ECU 700 000 within the context of the Stabex transfer schemes to offset loses in the banana-production sector during 1994.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Design a micro climate&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Extemal food aid is essential in a country which cannot meet its own requirements and the Commission's most recent food-aid-budget contribution amounted to nearly ECU 2 million. Other special budget lines include funds provided under 'Human Rights and Democratisation in Developing Countries'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To an attentive foreign visitor, one of Cape Verde's most interesting achievements is the progress it has made in reforesting such an infertile soil. One of these reforested areas, covering 5000 hectares (1990-94) forms the basis of a regional project to disseminate knowhow accumulated in this sphere in Cape Verde. Training course. have enabled technicians and others involved in the reformtation of the Sahel countries to gain experience in methods which have proved succesful here. The production and distribution of teaching tools (books, posters, films, etc.) supplement the project. Since independence, Cape Verde has achieved a tenfold increase in the amount of land which is forested - admittedly there was little to start with, but since climatic conditions are so hostile this result can be regarded as a major accomplishment. There is even a hope that a micro-climate might form. On the island of Santiago, in some of these new green areas, wild duck which had long since disappeared have returned. It is nice to dream but the country cannot afford to rest on its laurels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.3.1.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 4 033 km2 Population: 390 000 (1990) Population density: 97 per km2 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population growth rate: 2.8 % (forecast for the period 19922000) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Praia (pop. 75 000)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other main town: Mindelo (pop. 65 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Languages: Portuguese, Creole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currency: Cape Verde Escudo (CVE). In May 1996,1 ECU was worth CVE 104 ($1 = CVE 83 approx.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government: Mixed presidential/parliamentary system. The President is not the head of the executive but he represents the country and is guarantor of national unity and the Constitution. Unicameral Parliament. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President: Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro (elected in 1991 and reselected at the beginning of this year) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Carlos Veiga (since 1991) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Political parties represented in Parliament:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Movimento pare a Democracia (MPD)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Partido Africano pare a Independencia de Cabo Verde (PAICV)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Partido da Convergencia Democratica (PCD) - formed as a result of a break away from the MPD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Party representation in Parliament: MPD 50, PAICV 21, PCD 1 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1992 figures)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP: CVE 23.9 billion&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP per capita: US $840&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Origin of GDP by sector: agriculture 13%, industry 17%, services 70% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Real GDP growth (estimate 1995): 4% Balance of payments: deficit of CVE 11.9 billion &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main trade partners: Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, Brazil. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual inflation rate: 9.1%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth: 64.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Infant mortality per 1000 live births: 56 Adult literacy: 66.4% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education (primary, secondary and tertiary): 59% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.536 (123rd out of 174) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: UNDP Human Development Report, 1995; Economic Intelligence Unit 1995; 'Etat et sociÃ©tÃ© aux iles du Cap Vert, by Michel Lesourd. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p32a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.4.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poll results and new brochure launched in Brussels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new poll of Europeans high lights a deficit of information about the European Community's development policies. A brochure just published on the LomÃ© Convention, available in all EU languages, seeks to fill some of the gaps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At a press conference on May 21, Development Commissioner, Joso de Deus Pinheiro, unveiled the findings of a survey commissioned from the Brussels consultancy, International Research Associates (INRA). The aim of the exercise was to sound out how Europeans perceive developing countries. The sample was 16 346 people, of 15 years and upwards, who were polled in the 15 Member States during December 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The survey shows that since 1991, helping the poor in the developing countries has slipped in the 'league' of issues of most concern to Europeans. The subject now ranks eighth in a table topped by the fight against unemployment. But the better news is that Europeans believe development of these regions should be the fourth most important priority for joint actions between Member States. This comes just below combating terrorism, environmental questions and defending Europe's economic interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While 82% of Europeans are favourable to development cooperation, 12% are against. The degree of support varies, as one would expect, from one EU country to another. Interestingly, the survey shows that Member States facing an economic squeeze are the most reticent, irrespective of their past track record in development aid. In Belgium, only 65% are in favour while in&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Austria and France, the figures are 69% and 72% respectively. At the other end of the scale, Greece comes out top with 97% just ahead of Spain on 96% and Ireland on 91%. INRA's explanation for this variation is that it reflects the economic problems which are increasingly being felt in northern states of the Community. It is also worth pointing out that nations on EU's southern flank may be more convinced of the effectiveness of aid since they themselves are recipients of EC structural funds allocated to modernise the Union's disadvantaged regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But INRA's report also reveals some misconceptions about European development aid. These, says Commissioner Pinheiro, may be attributed to the lack of visibility of the relevant development policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57% of those questioned believe that the bulk of the Community's assistance consists of emergency aid, rather than longer-term project support. The reverse is actually true. More people answer 'no' then 'yes' to the question: 'Does aid contribute to reducing poverty in developing countries'? And most consider that United Nations agencies (UNICEF, UNESCO etc.) do more in the  field of helping developing countries than the EC. Non-governmental organisations also have a high profile, with the EU Member States and Bretton Woods institutions (IMF and World Bank) trailing behind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other key findings from the poll - which Professor Pinheiro says will provide much food for thought in the coming months as thoughts turn to cooperation after LomÃ© IV - are highlighted in the box.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mid-term review and beyond&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Professor Pinheiro feels that some of results, which signal the need to tighten up on the management of development aid, have already been addressed in the mid-term review of the LomÃ© Convention which will come on stream from the beginning of 1997. The programming of the eighth European Development Fund (EDF) is already well under way and, with a view to increasing the effectiveness of aid, just 70% of resources earmarked for each ACP state will be allocated at the outset (for a three year period). An analysis of how the remainder should be spent will take place at the end of the three years. In addition, Professor Pinheiro indicated that a 'strategic' document was being drawn up on each of the 70 ACP states prior to allocation of funds. This was being done in 'permanent consultation with Member States and Commission delegations, in the interests of achieving a real synergy between the two.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More sweeping changes to the relationship are likely after the current&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some key findings from the INRA report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Aid must reach its intended destination and arrive where it is needed 93.2%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Aid must meet the needs of the local people&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90.7%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The beneficiary state must raspect human rights&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;85.1%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Transparency, effective public management and the fight against  corruption are essential&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The beneficiary state must respect an overall development plan put forward by an  international aid organisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;78.3%  plan  put  forward&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by an  internati onal  aid  organisa tion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Aid must be used to fund action by local NGOs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The beneficiary state must have a democratic system of government&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;59.3%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;56.0%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Convention expires at the turn of the century. Professor Pinheiro indicated that a first draft (green paper) on the possible shape of the ACP-KU relationship after 2000 will be published by the Commission by the end of the year. This, however, is likely to offer more questions than answers about future cooperation. 'I am not sure if we should keep the LomÃ© structure for every country, in the third millennium,' the Commissioner told the assembled journalists, highlighting the different levels of development now apparent between LomÃ© nations. Mauritius, now well on the way to becoming the 'Singapore' of Africa, was a case in point. He also pointed out the small island states of the Caribbean are at a very different stage of development from countries such as the Central African Republic or Burundi. He added that, in deciding what to do in future it would also be necessary to take stock of regional developments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Questions about LomÃ© answered&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the meantime, efforts are under way to boost the image of Community aid. With this in mind, the Information Unit of the Development Directorate-General has just published a brochure entitled 20 Questions and Answers about the LomÃ© Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Besides explaining in a nutshell what the Convention is, it answers some of the questions most frequently asked by sceptics about the benefits of development aid and trade preferences, highlighting the positive aspects for developing and developed economies alike. It points out, for example, that for every ECU 100 spent on aid, the Community recovers ECU 48 in the form of projects, supplies and technical assistance purchased from European companies!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The brochure provides a succinct explanation of how the Commission monitors aid to stop embezzlement and corruption. It highlights the right of the European Court of Auditors to check accounts of projects and fund transfers - and to investigate documents in the LomÃ© states, without the permission of the country concerned. Another precaution is that once a project is under way, financing is by banker's transfer. This involves a paper specifying that the holder of contract X, whose bank account number is Y. should be credited with Z amount of money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An explanation is given as to why the European Commission is involved in development aid when the Member States have their own bilateral development policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The brochure explains the advantages of EC assistance over bilateral arrangements and details how the LomÃ© system has been evolving in line with the increasing globalisation of the economy, in particular since the fall of the Berlin Wall.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It also contains some pocket statistics on official development assistance (ODA) flows which help to underline the message that the European Union (Community plus Member States) digs deeper into its pocket than its industrialised competitors in providing development aid. In 1994, the Community and its then 12 member states (excluding Austria, Sweden and Finland), contributed an average of 0.40% of their gross national product in ODA. The individual percentages varied from 1.03% in the case of Denmark to 0.20% in Italy. This compared with figures of 0.29% and 0.15% for Japan and the United States respectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, total ODA from the Twelve reached $26.59 billion. Of this, $4.83 billion came from the European Community in its own right. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.4.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Months of heated debate in the EU over the maximum allowable content of vegetable fats in chocolate have culminated in a Commission proposal for a revised Directive which, claim officials, should be to the taste of most interested parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has proposed that the 'subsidiatity' principle should apply to the content of chocolate. This means leaving it to individual Member States to decide whether they will allow the use of vegetable oil - up to a maximum of 5% by weight - in their chocolate-making. The eight EU countries where this practice is currently prohibited  are free to modify their laws to take account of this 5% rule. The other cocoa butter and dry cocoa contents specified in the Directive - 18% and 35% respectively - may not be reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The addition of up to 5% vegetable fats was authorised under Directive 73/241 for the UK, Ireland and Denmark when they first joined the EC. Other Member States who acceded later - Austria, Finland, Portugal and Sweden - also use these oils in chocolate production. The remaining EU countries have continued to prohibit the use of vegetable fats - and the sale of chocolate containing such fats. The result has been a partitioning of the EU market, in direct conflict with the Single Market principle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the proposal is approved by the Council and the Parliament, all 15 Member States will be free to decide whether vegetable oil can be used in making chocolate. Whatever their individual decisions, however, the barriers will come down, thus opening up the 'pure' chocolate markets to competition from less expensive varieties containing vegetable oil. Stricter labelling rules will also be introduced, with the precise nature of any substitute oils being clearly indicated. The simple mention 'vegetable oil' will no longer suffice. Martin Bangemann, the Commissioner responsible for industry, stressed the significance of revising the Directive in allowing  chocolate products to circulate freely throughout the KU. This, he argued, would be in the interests of consumers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Winners and losers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Traditional cocoa producers such as Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon are fearful that the proposal may prompt some of Europe's 'pure' chocolate countries to change their laws - and that they will lose trade as a result. On the other hand, sheanut exporters in Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana, Togo and Benin are hoping for higher sales if the 5% rule is adopted by more EU countries. Sheanuts account for 20% of Burkinabe exports and 98% of these are used to make vegetable oil substitute for chocolate products. The sheanut price is just 10% of the cocoa bean price. The Commission calculates that the maximum saving a manufacturer could expect by substituting vegetable fat for cocoa butter is around 1.5% of the ax-factory price.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In weighing up what to do, the Commission also considered the objectives of the International Cocoa Organisation (ICCO). These include taking 'all practical measures to increase the cocoa consumption in their countries by eliminating or reducing all obstacles to the growth of consumption in cocoa.' The ICCO estimates that if the 5% rule is applied in the remaining eight states - Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain - it will lead to a reduction in cocoa butter usage of 36 000-50 000 tonnes, which amounts to a drop in demand for cocoa beans of between 88000 and 125000 tonnes. This represents between 9-12% of current consumption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some producers suggest that these estimates are too high since they assume that manufacturers will go for  almost full substitution, which is not necessarily seen as inevitable. In addition, there is a belief that overall demand for chocolate products may grow as a result of the legal change.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was not the view taken by NGOs who reacted promptly - and critically - to the Commission text. The Brussels NGO Liaison Committee issued a statement claiming that it would lead to a drop of between 6.25% and 12.5% in the main exporting countries' cocoa receipts - and an additional burden on the European Community's Stabex fund. But chocolate producers and others argue that this is speculative. The impact, they say, will depend on the legal response of the eight Member States, as well as on the reaction of manufacturers. There are signs that the latter may well stick to their traditional and distinctive methods. A spokesperson for the Belgian-based Cote d'Or/ Suchard, pointed out that the proposal had a long way to go before it was approved, and stressed that his company had no intention of changing their 'winning recipes which had served them well since 1883. At the same time, he admitted, vegetable oil could be useful in a more diversified range of chocolate products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The vegetable oil 'lobby' argues that the addition of vegetable fat makes chocolate easier to mould and less likely to melt in warm climates. And for those who fear the elimination of 'pure' chocolate from the market, they point to manufacturers in Britain, where vegetable oil has traditionally been used, who still exclude such fats from some of their brands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The proposal must now be debated by the Council and it is clear that the arguing is not over yet. But it is beginning to look as if the consumers may be the final arbiters. Through their purchasing habits, they are likely to be the ones who finally determine the winners and losers in the great chocolate debate. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.4.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In no country in Europe are ethnic minorities more organised than in the United Kingdom - though they are still not adequately organised, in the opinion of many, to pool their considerable resources together and overcome stereotypes, racism and unenployment. But this may  change if the morale engendered by a recent exhibition of minority businesses in the UK is anything to go by.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The statistics speak for themselves. There are 3.3 million Asians, Africans and Afro-Caribbeans in Britain, about 5% of the population (and the figure is projected to double in the next 25 years). They have six elected Members of Parliament - five Labour and one Conservative - as well as numerous personalities in the world of sports and the media. According to the 1994 Labour Force Survey, 48% of ethnic minorities are graduates or are in full time studies and 55% earn salaries well over &amp;amp;15 000 (ECU 18 000) annually. They have a combined gross annual income estimated at f42 billion and an annual spending power of at least f26 ten.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past 15 years, ethnic minority-owned businesses have grown considerably. In the last two years alone, they were responsible for more than 30 000 new business concerns throughout the country, according to the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE). Although many are in the retail trade, the 10% or so involved in production or manufacturing are extremely dynamic,  particularly those connected with the clothing industry or operating franchises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are considerable differences between Asians on the one hand and Africans and Afro-Caribbeans on the other. The former are more business oriented and account for well over 80% of all ethnic enterprises. This success in business is often attributed to Asians' industriousness, but there is another crucial and often neglected factor: Asians have a stronger sense of group solidarity and patronage than Africans and Afro-Caribbeans. Whereas the former spend virtually all their earnings within their community, the latter (who are mainly Christians and are known to make greater efforts at integration into the British society) spend theirs in the society at large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unemployment among the black population in general is 19% compared to 8% for whites (in London it is three times higher). They are much more likely to be turned down by employers even when they have better qualifications than their white counterparts. Often self-employment is the only way out. This explains why there has been a boom in business start-ups by ethnic minorities over the past two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although several black profffsional associations have come into being in recent years, it has been clear for some time to black leaders that the community's energies are dispersed and that these needed to be harnessed for the benefit of ethnic minorities as a whole. Blacks clearly have political and business clout to be exploited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The idea for an exhibition of black businesses in the United Kingdom was mooted by a black business couple who, were influenced by a similar event  held annually in the United States called 'Black Expo USA'. But the impetus came from the 'Race for Opportunity Campaign' launched in October last year by the Conservative Government through the Department of Trade and Industry. The campaign has so far seen more than 20 big British companies pledge to do business with ethnic minority enterprises. These include British Airways, British Gas, British Telecom, British Aerospace and several high-street banks and finance houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Held at the Barbican Centre in London on 4 and 5 May, the exhibition was aimed at creating awareness among ethnic minorities of their potentialities, showing the opportunities available to them not only in the UK but also in Europe, and at promoting networking amongst their businessmen and women. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cross-party support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The exhibition, which had a cross-party support, could not have come at a more favourable time. Both the Tory government and opposition Labour Party have expressed support for policies favourable to small and medium-sized enterprises, which means that there should be continuity in this area if Labour comes to power in the next general election.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was borne out by the enthusiasm with which the shadow minister for small business, Mrs Barbara Roche greeted the exhibition. To her, the event should be seen in the context of Labour's overall policy on small businesses. Speaking at one of the seminars which was run alongside the exhibition to discuss various aspects of minority business problems, Mrs Roche explained that there were three important reasons why her party was promoting small enterprises, especially those involved in exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first was that large companies were downsizing, and job-creation towards the end of this century and into the next would be largely by small and medium-sized enterprises. The second was that small businesses were efficient distributors of wealth and the third was that they were good at innovation and using new technologies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because a large number of small businesses are folding, or are struggling to survive in the UK today (often as a result of late payment of bills by large companies), Mrs Roche said a Labour government would introduce a statutory limit of 30 days for the settlement of bills by large companies. The latter would then have to pay interest to small businesses for any late payments. Ethnic minority businesses, she also said, were part and parcel of Labour's strategy for economic growth and jobs in Britain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Barbican exhibition attracted more than 80 exhibitors mainly in retailing, finance, telecommunications, consultancy, arts and crafts, publishing, electronics and education. There were  very few exhibitors from the manufacturing sector (a disappointment considering the number of Asians in the clothing industry) and virtually none in engineering. Some of the big companies connected with the 'Race for Opportunity Campaign' like British Airways and British Gas, as well as the newly created government-backed Business Link, the Customs and Excise department, the Inland Revenue, the Army and the Metropolitan Police were there. Also present was Louis Farrakan's 'Nations of Islam', (not necessarily on a recruitment drive, though that must have been part of the game), but as a reminder of its campaign for greater self-reliance by the black community which culminated late last year in the 'Million-Man' march on Washington DC. Video tapes of the march and speeches by Farrakan and other black leaders in the United States were on sale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Difficulties&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The seminar run concurrently with the exhibition attracted many notable speakers, among them Members of Parliament, Keith Vaz, Bernie Grant and Barbara Roche and Commissioner Dr Zaka Khan of the Commission for Racial Equality. Jessie Boseman, vice-president of 'Black Expo USA, who was also scheduled to speak, did not turn up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was general agreement on the main factors inhibiting the growth of ethnic minority businesses, the most obvious being racism and  discimination. Ethnic businesspeople not only have difficulties obtaining public contracts, but they are often denied access to finance, market and even premises. Furthermore, they suffer from lack of management skills, networks and feedback. Dr Khan of the Commission for Racial Equality highlighted mounting racist attacks, mostly against Asianowned shops, which have claimed a number of lives in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Integration into mainstream economy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is no longer a hidden fact that banks discriminate against black businesses. Surveys carried out by the NatWest and Midland banks have confirmed that fact. The latter though, it must be acknowledged, has a laudable Fellowship Programme, designed to encourage ethnic minority university students to take up careers in the Midland Bank on graduation. Lack of access to the market has effectively meant that black businesses have been left out of the mainstream of the British economy. Everyone agreed that it makes good economic sense to see them integrated into it. This was particularly   the position of both Barbara Roche and Zaka Khan. The question was: would it be possible ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some of the issues raised on the floor by businesspeople revealed that many were sceptical that racism and discrimination could be overcome in multiracial Britain. The Commission for Racial Equality symbolises the fight against these two evils and Dr Khan had a hard time defending its role. The CRE was criticised for constantly quoting statistics on improvements in the living conditions of ethnic minorities which, it was argued, were totally removed from reality. Despite this, Dr Khan remained upbeat. To him the future promises great things for ethnic minorities. He promised to look into the grievances aired by some businespeopie during the seminar. Barbara Roche, for her part, promised that a Labour government would encourage the banks to offer packages of assistance to small enterprises, in particular, black-owned ones. They would also ensure that local councils offered minority enterprises a share of local government contracts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greater self-reliance and global trade&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In view of the problems black businesspeople have had to contend with over the years, Bernie Grant, the Member of Parliament for Tottenham in North London, did not devote much time to the idea of integrating them into mainstream British economy. He felt that racism and discrimination were so prevalent that there was little chance of that happening. For him, the future for black businesspeople in Britain lay in greater self-reliance and entry into international trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a speech entitled 'political responsibility, and black import and export business', the M.P. set the Barbican exhibition in the context of the global economic situation - one where he said, 'the countries of the North are exploiting those of the South, in particular African countries.' Africa's heavy debts to the West should in fact be the other way round. He argued that the new world trade agreement, which  opens up the developing countries to competition, was unfair. 'This means that countries where minorities in the UK came from are going to have problems, and it is the duty of thee minorities to ensure that their countries have a fair deal,' he said. Mr Grant cited, by way of example, the EU's banana protocol under the LomÃ© Convention which gives preferential treatment to small Caribbean island producers and which is currently being 'unfairly' challenged by South American producers under the WTO rules. The role of multinationals, which are effectively acting es 'middleman', was, he believed, pernicious for developing countries. There was a need for black businessmen to step in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Minority enterprises in the UK do not exist in isolation from the rest of the world, he elaborated. They should seek to engage in international trade and take advantage of their connection with their countries of origin. To facilitate this, Mr Grant said that a group under his chairmanship had set up a Global Trade Centre in his constituency in North London with the aim of helping black and minority enterprises establish direct trade links with Africa, the Caribbean and black America. The Centre was already in contact with a number of African countries which have expressed interest in the idea. Such a link would not only ensure a better deal for African producers but also favour the growth of minority businesses across the world. This was, he confessed, 'a political agenda' designed to reduce the excessive profits of multinationals, if not put an end to their 'outright exploitation' of Africa and the Caribbean. Mrs Roche expressed support for the Centre for the role it could play in boosting British exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UK minorities and the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European Union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A self-confessed Eurosceptic, who would have preferred the UK to strengthen economic ties with the Commonwealth rather than with Europe, Mr Grant displayed an extraordinary understanding of the European&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Union's affairs. What worried him most about greater European integration, he said, was racism and the fact the UK job market, where black and ethnic minorities are already heavily disadvantaged, will be exposed to further competition from other Europeans most of whom speak several languages. However, he had no alternative but to support the Labour Party's line on Europe and work to secure the best advantage of British membership for ethnic minorities. He contrasted Tory 'divisions' on Europe with Labour's 'united' policy and condemned the British Government's attitude generally towards the Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development of the Union, Mr Grant said, was of great significance to black people. He was sure the Government's Immigration and Asylum bill, which had come up against strong opposition in the House of Lords, was aimed at harmonising immigration laws with other countries in the Union. The bill, if passed, will change the UK's visa regime and have serious implications for ethnic minorities and their businesses in Britain. He revealed that, with the support of ethnic minority members of the British Parliament, Bill Morris, the black General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union (the second biggest trade union in the UK) and other European trade union leaders, the Intergovernmental Conference was being lobbied for the inclusion of a stronger clause against racism in the Treaty of Rome. The aim, ultimately, is to see measures in line with the UK's laws against racism and discrimination enacted at the Union level. This would include the establishment of a European equivalent of the Commission for Racial Equality - with similar powers - so as to establish a level-playing field for ethnic minorities in competition for jobs and in business throughout Europe. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Dossier coordinated by Debra Percival)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Press freedom is widely acknowledged as the cornerstone of democracy with a clamp-down anywhere in the world frequently interpreted as a sign of government repression. The rash of multi-party elections in African nations at the beginning of the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1990s brought new publications to news-stands. Many of these have since folded - often because of a lack of funds and sometimes because of government censorship.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many organisations are campaigning vigorously in the public eye for a free press in developing nations. These include Reporters Sans Frontieres, Article 19 and the International Federation of Joumalists - all of which are featured in this Dossier. The US-based Freedom House has also been monitoring the state of press freedom worldwide since 1979. In its recently published 1996 survey, it says that even today, only 22% of the world's population live in countries with a free press. 38% have a press sector that is 'partly free' while the description 'not free' is applied to the remaining 40%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are also regional organisations such as The Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA), which are playing a part in keeping media issues to the fore. David Nthengwe, a researcher with MISA, highlights the fact that democratisation does not necessarily guarantee a free media or free expression more generally. He also draws attention to the difficulties faced by private and community organisations in obtaining adequate finance. These are  typical of the problems facing the media in many countries, both in the ACP group and elsewhere in the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In seeking to tackle these issues, donors are showing increasing interest in backing media programmes with development finance (linked to democratisation and human rights). The European Union, UNESCO and a number of bilateral donors have expanded their activities in this area with a variety of projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One big change has been the rapid growth of the 'Information Superhighway'. This has prompted fears that the developing countries may fall further behind, although donors have indicated a willingness to help ensure this does not happen. One NGO closely monitoring the development of the Internet for the South is the PANOS Institute. Meanwhile, multilateral donors (notably the World Bank, through its INFODEV programme) are also becoming involved. A number of EU personalities lent their support to the development of the information society in the developing world, at a major conference staged in South Africa in May on the initiative of the country's Vice President, Thabo Mbeki. A work programme of projects was drawn up with the aim of making sure, in the words of European Commissioner, Martin Bangemann, that there is no divide between the 'information-poor' end the 'information-rich'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, although the world is undergoing an information revolution, the more traditional media (the press and above all, radio) will, for the foreseeable future, continue to have a central part in informing, educating and entertaining people in many developing  countries. It is important that those of us who increasingly communicate via our computer screens do not lose sight of this essential fact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this Dossier, we examine a number of the key issues affecting the media and highlight some innovative projects in this area - with the help of a series of experts. The subject has clearly moved higher up the development agenda, but there is still a long way to go, as the figures cited above show. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Confronting the age-old problem&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the chance, 'governments would like to run and manipulate the media'. This is the view of Aidan White, General Secretary of the Brusselsbased International Federation of Journalists (IFJ), who says it is an 'ageold problem'. And the Federation, which has member organizations in 93 countries, works to prevent it from happening. It also provides a range of services to journalists throughout the world. We recently spoke to Mr White, who used to write for the British daily, The Guardian. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He began by outlining to us the Federation's key areas  of activity which include, in particular, the professional conditions in which journalists work and the defence of human rights. On the first of these, Mr White focused on the problem of economic pressures and difficult social conditions. 'We take a strong view that you can't have press freedom if journalists work in conditions of poverty or technical deprivation. It is a nonsense,' he stressed, 'to talk about a free press in a situation where journalists aren't paid, or if they are unable to function properly.' In seeking to tackle this, he spoke, in particular, of the 'need for independent organisations of journalists defending professional and social interests.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards human rights, the IFJ is active in the international community, working with bodies such as UNESCO and the UN Human Rights Commission. 'We are very interested in issues such as the legal environment in which journalists and the media operate, and are extremely active in the defence of physical safety.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr White went on to give more detailed information about the IFJ's work in Algeria, where many journalists have been killed in recent years. This country clearly has a bad international reputation and the General Secretary was anxious to offer a more balanced picture of the situation. 'In my view, there is a real malformation of Alaeria's  image in Europe and elsewhere. The view we get is of a paralysed society where nothing can function properly - a kind of international basket case. It is not like that. In Algeria, life continues. There is a form of democracy. There are a dozen newspapers which appear every day. The streets are full of traffic and people walking about. The reality is that there is a particularly horrifying and barbaric form of terrorism which is targeted against intellectuals including journalists. This means that the media has a terrible problem.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aidan White explained the strategy of the IFJ in seeking to confront this. 'We began by going to Algeria to investigate what was going on. Then we established an international office on the spot. This is a direct contact point of solidarity for local journalists and the local media. So we don't report Algeria through Paris. We don't see the need to go through some sort of middleman in order to find out what's going on in the country or have contact with Algerian journalists.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'And then we have two specific programmes which are very important', he continued. One involves providing humanitarian assistance to journalists and their families. The other is a series of practical activities in Algeria. Thus, for example, we are organising a round table on terrorism and information.' He pointed out that the Algerian government had resorted to the traditional method of press censorship in the face of ,the terrorist threat and stressed the 'need to counter this. 'We are also organising a practical seminar on personal safety, as well as one on professional social rights, the need for ethical standards and better social conditions.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The point, he emphasised was that events were being organised on the spot. Algeria may pose terrible difficulties 'but it doesn't mean we walk away from it.' The IFJ's emphasis was firmly on being a 'functional organisation working directly with the people who need help.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Funding and the EU link&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tuming to the issue of the IFJ's funding, Mr White explained how the core activities - his own salary and administrative costs - are paid for by the subscriptions of member organisations, which amount to roughly $1 million. On top of that, the Federation carries out projects with the EU and other donors. They also distribute funds, offering their expertise as a representative body to help other organisations that want to undertake work.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asked in what way the EU could do more, the General Secretary stressed the political dimension. 'It should intervene,' he argued, 'to establish certain standards in international relations. We say, for instance, that political, economic and military cooperation with any state outside the Union should be based on a commitment to and respect for freedom of expression and opinion.' He underlined the 'responsibility' of the EU to take a stand against countries that locked up journalists, implicitly criticising those who argued that freedom of expression was very important but who then shelved the issue when economic relations were involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He also urged a more proactive approach 'moving away from the strategy of counting bodies, complaining, and making reports about how bad the situation is' towards one based on comprehensive programmes of assistance. He described the IFJ's Media for Democracy programme in Africa as a 'first attempt' in that direction. Mr &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;White highlighted what he saw as a difficulty with existing projects. 'The problem is that the EU is confronted by all sorts of different NGOs who come and say: 'we have got this good project - give us support for it'. This is fine but it inevitably means that resources are spread very diffusely and often to no effect.' A lot of activities, he suggested, such as one-off seminars and conferences, were 'like fireworks in the night sky: they glow bright for a brief period and then they disappear.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He went on to plead for an integrated, comprehensive strategy. 'Until that exists, you will not be able to solve the fundamental problems facing journalists.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Training and status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The discussion moved on to the subject of training. Perhaps surprisingly, Aidan White did not see this as an important priority in itself. As he explained: 'It's no use training journalists to be very high quality if they go off to work in a country where the legal environment does not allow them to function properly. And it's no use training them to be ethical if they go somewhere that is steeped in political or financial corruption, and where there is no culture which appreciates the media's role in democratic society.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With this in mind, he believes that training should be directly related to the strategic approach he referred to earlier. 'Yes, we need professional, well trained journalists, but it should be part of a range of programmes. And professional training is not just important for journalists. It should also be provided for managers, editors, advertisers... and perhaps even for politicians!'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The General Secretary noted that the status of journalists in most countries was quite high. They are seen as a filter for information 'coming from the government to the governed'. This was important, he thought, but 'tine real question is how the filter functions. On the one hand journalists have a relatively high status, and what they do is extremely important, but they work close to the political elites, which means they  are subject to pressure. They must retain their independent role, scrutinising and investigating what governments are doing.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the subject of access to information in developing countries, Aidan White observed that the situation is now better than it was ten years ago but pointed to the 'age-old problem of people in power wanting to control the media.' He gave the example of journalists in Indonesia, 'who really want to speak independently of the government, but who are being killed because they represent independent strands of opinion.' Overall, however, he believes the situation has been improving. 'This is partly due to changes in information technology. A government can no longer simply take a journalist out and beat him up. There are half a dozen press freedom organisations around the world watching for and reporting on such events.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a tendency in Europe to assume that 'everything in the garden is rosy' in terms of press freedom, and we were interested to hear what the Secretary General thought of this proposition. He was quick to offer a less complacent view. 'We have just issued a very strong statement against the EU about their secrecy policy,' he pointed out. 'You cannot claim the moral high ground for democracy in Africa or elsewhere if you have a system of secrecy in Europe which operates at the highest political level and which denies citizens access to information.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He was also concerned about the concentration of the media in enormous congLomÃ©rates. This trend, he argued, 'is actually profoundly damaging to the culture of information.' He cited, in this context, the action of the Murdoch organisation 'in banning all news from his cable channels going into China.' Mr White continued: 'They banned the BBC and they banned news coverage in the Chinese language in order to make a business arrangement with the Beijing government. That sort of activity, in our view, is direct censorship from the heart of western democracy.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, Aidan White gave some more detailed information about the Media for Democracy programme in Africa which he described as 'ground-breaking.' The Federation has used it to develop key themes, including the coverage of elections. 'The real test of press freedom,' he continued, 'is at an election, because that is when the political pressure is toughest and the professional quality of journalism is exposed. For Africa, we developed a manual on election reporting and, interestingly, it has become the source document worldwide for election reporting.' He explained how it formed the basis for developing a text which is universal. This has been translated into various European languages, and Arabic, and has been employed in Poland, Romania, Albania and Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the first phase of the Media for Democracy programme, the Federation held a serf. of seminars and conferences on how the media covered elections. As Mr White stressed, this was a crucial time in Africa. Political change was taking place, multi-party democracy was being introduced and there was a need to clarify how elections operated and how they should be reported. 'People didn't have the experience. They wanted the information, and to discuss how things should be done.' The seminars covered aspects such as financial corruption, the organisation of journalists and the role of ethics. And what the IFJ found was that the same kind of things happen in Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa - and indeed across the world. In the words of the Secretary General, 'they have an echo everywhere because, at its root, the problem is the same - those in power want to manipulate the media and use whatever pressures they can.' The lesson learnt from the IFJ's experience in Africa is that common solutions are also valid. Or as Aidan White put it, 'there is no part of the world that can't teach the rest of the world something.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. &amp;amp; S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Frances d'Souza&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frances d'Souza who is Executive Director of AROSE 19, a nom governmental organization which campaigns against censorship globally, explains why Freedom of Expression is for her the most important human right&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the absence of freedom of expression, it is almost impossible to protect other rights, including the right to life. Once governments can draw a cloak of secrecy round their actions and remain unaccountable, massive human rights violations can, and do, take place. For this reason alone, the right to free expression, specifically protected in international human rights treaties, must be considered a primary right. It is significant that one of the first indications of a government's intention to depart from democratic principles is when it increases its control over information, usually by gagging the media. At the one end of the spectrum, supposedly minor infringements of this fundamental right occur daily in western democracies; for example the abuse of national security laws to prevent publication of information which might embarrass the authorities. At the other end of the scale are regimes of terror which brutally suppress opposition, information and even the freedom to exercise religious beliefs. Without free speech and an independent media, it is easier for governments to employ propaganda to promote ethnic conflict, war and genocide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right to freedom of expression is formally protected in major international treaties including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;* This text is an abridged version of a submission made by the author to a public hearing hosted by the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defence and the Sub-Committee on Human Rights and the Committee on Culture, Youth, Education and the Media, April 25, 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Political Rights (Article 19), and the European Convention on Human Rights (Article 10). It is also enshrined in many national constitutions, although this does not always guarantee its protection. Freedom of expression is something which applies even in countries which have not ratified the relevant international treaties. This is because the Universal Declaration is so widely accepted that its provisions now form part of customary international law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While it is generally agreed that freedom of expression is the cornerstone of democracy, international treaties permit certain restrictions. Unlike the American First Amendment rights which allow few, if any, checks on free speech, the international treaties aim for a balance between competing rights. Thus, for example, free speech may be limited where it impinges on the individual's right to privacy, or where it involves incitement to violence or hatred. Given that the permitted restrictions are necessarily broad, the limits of free speech are constantly being tested in national courts and in regional tribunals such as the European Commission and Court of Human Rights. In recent years, several landmark cases have helped define what restrictions may be imposed by governments and under what circumstances. In particular, it has been emphasised by the European Court that any restriction should 'pass' a threepart test; it should be prescribed by law (and thus not be arbitrarily imposed), it should be proportionate to the legitimate aims pursued, and it should be demonstrably necessary in a democratic society in order to protect the individual and/or the state.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Who censors what?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the rules governing restrictions on free speech, many justifications are still invoked by governments in suppressing information which may be inimical to their policies or interests. These include arguments in defence of national security or the 'public interest'. The mechanisms used to restrict the free flow of information range from subtle economic pressures, and devious methods of undermining political opponents and the independent media, to the enactment of restrictive press laws and rules for licensing journalists. In extreme cases, they may involve the illegal detention, torture and disappearance of journalists and others associated with the expression of independent views.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right of free speech may appear less important than, for example, freedom from torture or extrajudicial killing. It is also sometimes difficult to persuade the public that censorship, generally associated with banning obscene materials, is a bad thing! It requires a recognition of some of the fundamental principles of democracy to understand why censorship is so dangerous. Democracy implies that people can make choices about the issues that affect their lives, including what they wish to see, read, hear or discuss. While this may seem a luxurious freedom, mainly preoccupying the wealthy West, it is a comparatively short distance between state censorship of an offensive book to the silencing of political dissidents. And the distance between this and the use of violence to suppress opposition is even shorter. Censorship tends to grow rapidly from small beginnings. Allowing a government the power to deny people information, however trivial, not only leads to laws and procedures which can and will be used by those in authority against those with less authority. It also denies people the information they need to render their governments accountable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There have been some terrible examples of the role of censorship in recent years. We have seen it in the republics of the former Yugoslavia   where the media were manipulated for propaganda purposes. We have seen it in Rwanda where the government associated radio incited citizens to kill each other in the name of ethnic supremacy. And we have seen it in Iran which maintains the threat of murder against a citizen of another country because he wrote a book which displeased the authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are clear links between access to information (or rather the lack of it), and war. Democracy empowers people by increasing participation in decision-making at all levels. The poor, who are denied access to information on decisions which deeply affect their lives, are powerless and have no voice. They cannot influence the ruling elites whose interest in consolidating their own power and position may be served by initiating conflict.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is significant that of the 126 developing countries listed in the 1993 Human Development Report, wars were being waged in 30 and a further 33 were suffering severe civil conflicts. 55 of these 63 countries were to be found at the lower end of the Human Development Index which is an indicator of poverty. It is reasonably safe to assume that most people never welcome war. They may be coerced into supporting 'their' side in a conflict by their governments, using propaganda designed to whip up fear and extreme nationalist sentiment. If the majority had a democratic voice, they would undoubtedly object to war. But voices are silenced. Thus, the freedom to express one's views, to challenge government decisions and to insist upon political rather than violent solutions, are necessary aspects of democracy which can, and do, avert war.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;State-sponsored propaganda in Rwanda, as in the former Yugoslavia, succeeded because there were no ways of challenging it. One can conclude that it is impossible for a country to wage war in the absence of a compliant media willing to indulge in government propaganda. Governments needs civilians to fight wars for them and the media is needed to reinforce government policies and intentions at every turn. In a  totalitarian state where the expression of political views, let alone the possibility of political organisation is suppressed, one has to ask what other possibilities are open to a genuine political movement intent on introducing justice. All too often, terrorism and violence are the only perceived options available to communicate the need for change.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What NGOs can do&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work of human rights organizations has to become much more proactive and should be concerned with providing early warning and preventive action. Monitoring freedom of exprmsion, especially freedom of the press, offers an excellent context because it is widely recognised that would-be dictators always seek to silence people's voices through banning newspapers or other methods of censorship. One has to assume that when censorship begins in earnest, worse human rights abuses will follow and this should be the point for action. Had there been a greater international lobby for an independent media, for access to information and for participation in decision-making in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Nigeria, Burma and many other countries, some of the gross violations which continue to occur, could have been prevented.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Censorship is the first instrument of a government intent on departing from democratic procedures. In this sense it is an early warning signal and at ARTICLE 19, we believe we have a special responsibility to understand better how democracy is destroyed through censorship and how we can alert the international community to act to prevent it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By way of conclusion, anything which can build strong and sound media infrastructures, at the earliest to pportunity, in transitional democracies, is both a gift and a great investment. A crusading press, prepared to separate fact from opinion and to verify its sources, can create a level playing field in which all sectors of society have a voice. This would preclude political control and manipulation for nationalistic power purposes. There is also a need to strengthen local monitoring groups which have the capacity to verify information. International organisations should amplify the voices of local organisations and bring them to the attention of the international community. It is only where there is a strong human rights culture in a given country, whether it has achieved democracy or not, that political changes can be seized upon and shaped into the democratic process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To achieve these objectives, NGOS need to work with governments which are obliged by international law to uphold fundamental rights. We need organisations such as the KU, the UN, ASEAN, and others, to insist on respect for human rights in their dealings with third countries. We also need the general public to be aware of what fundamental rights are, what are the consequences of infringement, and how they can, as individuals, successfully challenge restrictionss imposed on them by their governments. Above all, NGOS need to work with multilateral organisations to determine where slender resources can most fruitfully be targeted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.d'S.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Mark Leysen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amongst the many cooperation activities in which it is involved, the LomÃ© Convention covers cultural cooperation, which includes information and communication, yet European Development Fund support for the media in ACP countries is negligible. Although considerable and increasing amounts of aid are granted for the cinema in such countries, EU support for TV, radio and the printed media is small.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, for some years now, the Commission has provided considerable aid to the printed media and radio in ACP countries under its 'Support for democratisation and respect for human rights' budget, which heralds a new approach to media questions. The EDF does not participate in the vast majority of big communications projects in Africa, namely PANA (Panafrican News Agency), URTNA (African National Television and Radio Union, the African equivalent of the European Broadcasting Union), the Programme Exchange Centre, Afrovision, Cierro, etc. The reluctance of EU and ACP partners to embark on such media projects can be explained both by EDF procedures and by the worldwide political context including the situation in most African countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until recently, the media was a matter for the State in Africa. The 'New World Information and Communications Order', announced in the 1 970s, foresaw the participation of not only African citizens, but also of their governments in the world information highway. However, the democratic credentials of such governments were open to question - they controlled the printed media, radio, television and press agencies and any support for such media amounted to a strengthening of the State monopoly and this is why the EDF did not take part.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, aid to the independent media was impossible because such entities did not exist in most African countries and the authorities were not prepared to back a request for aid to the press which they regarded as contrary to their country's interests. If support for the media did exist, it was indirect and restricted to backing of means of communication servicing development projects: literacy campaigns, the fight against AIDS, increasing awareness of ecological problems, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was not until the advent of the democratisation movement and the support that Europe decided to grant to it that a media-aid strategy was to take root. As a kind of 'Fourth Estate', the media monitor executive power and report any abuse of it. In parallel, they play a key role in strengthening civil society by providing information (if not objective information, then at least information from many sources) on current political, social, economic and cultural issues and by providing a medium which offers an opportunity to speak out on matters of importance to society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Commission focuses its media support in five areas in agreement with representatives of African press and specialist European . organisations in this area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Freedom of expression It provides direct aid to national, regional and international organizations to defend freedom of expression, specifically financing monitoring, surveys and the reporting of any violation of press freedom (censorship, intimidation, arrests and arbitrary trials, etc.), and direct assistance to the media and any journalists who are victims of such attacks on press freedom. This direct aid is channelled to, inter alia, the activities of Reporters sans frontieres (see 'Interview with Mr Robert Menard', in this issue), 'Article XIX' and Index on Censorship, all organisations which operate like an Amnesty International for the press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new independent press is often run by journalists who have had no journalistic training and the former State media often require being updated after many years of professional 'distortion' responding to 'his master's voice'. The Commission hence finances programmes offering training in basic journalistic techniques, election coverage; professional codes of ethics, etc. In this area, it is working with a number of European and African organizations, giving priority to long-term actions which are likely to spawn others and to programmes aimed at achieving a higher level of professionalism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid for vocational organizations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vocational organizations for journalists have a role to play in improving the profession's social standing, in strengthening its cohesion in the face of political division, in defending its interests and in coming to the aid of journalists who have been victims of repression. The Commission finances a vast 'Media for Democracy' programme conducted by the International Federation of Journalists and its affiliated regional and national organisations (see interview with Aidan White, in this issue). The programme aims to strengthen or create national and regional associations of journalists, but is also involved in more general actions to   increase the professional standing of the media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Access to sources of information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A credible and responsible press requires sources of information which the new and financially precarious press cannot allow itself. The Commission supports the creation or updating of documentation centres, North/South  and South/South exchanges between publications and radio stations, access to international press agencies or photographic libraries, etc., being shared between several media bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legislative framework and code of ethics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not enough merely to guarantee freedom of expression in the   constitution. This principle must be embodied in all legislative and regulatory texts to prevent a journalist being prosecuted arbitrarily for 'defamation' or 'a breach of State security'. Moreover, to appear credible, the profession must observe a code of ethics. The Commission backs the drafting of press codes, codes of ethics and regulations to govern the air waves. It also backs the creation of press and air wave regulatory bodies as well as the provision of training in journalistic ethics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is obvious that the 'Democracy and Human Rights' budget cannot alone meet the needs of Africa's multi-faceted media scene. Moreover, although the media are a key element in any democratisation process, they are also much more than that - as a means of information and recreation, they have a role to play in the human development of society; as an instrument to create greater awareness, they can contribute to the strengthening of a civil society which is gradually taking charge; and as an economic sector in the full throes of development, they can make a contribution to the GDP and create jobs. All the more reason for national sponsors and the EDF to take more of an interest. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National television, victim of  democracy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than the other media, television in Africa is controlled by the State and serves, first and   fore most, to disse minat e news about the leade r and his govern ment. The state of equip ment depen ds on when it was suppl ied by a friend ly count ry from the North, and as it was almos t certai nly offere d to the count ry's leade rs 'as a perso nal gift', it usual ly consi sts of oversi zed equip ment which the nation al televis ion statio n canno t maint ain correc tly owing to a lack of resou rces. Whils t Europ e is movin g over to digita l Betac am and 1619 forma t, many Africa n TV statio ns are still opera ting with Umat ic and with mach ines that are impos sible to maint ain. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With such deriso ry mean s, nation al TV statio ns have to conte nd with unfair comp etition from the intern ationa l statio ns which, from their satell ites, are inund ating the contin ent with their broad casts . The worldbroad castin g chann els of Europ ean statio ns are receiv ed clearl y (CFI, TV5 Afriqu e, BBC World Telev ision, Deut sche Welle, etc.). The numb er of religio us statio ns (gene rally Islam ic) contin ues to increa se and comm ercial televi sion is develo ping apace - CN N, MTV, Cana l Horizo ns, M-Ne t and others can be picke d up just about every where and can thus cream off the best of a comm ercial mark et which is still virtual ly non-e xisten t and awaiti ng better days . &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The URTN A is unabl e to defen d the intere sts of its memb ers, prope rly and its initiat ives (which are, nevert heles s, lauda ble) are stagn ating: the -progr amme rexch ange centre in Nairob i does not excha nge very much at all and Afrovi sion, . the syste m for excha nging news betw een   nation al TV statio ns via satell ite, is strugg ling to Get off the aroun d. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Never theles s, Africa n TV statio ns do not lack talent or motiva tion and many of them are capab le of produ dng more qualit y progra mmes . What can be done to help them ? Firstly, a decis ion has to be made regar ding who is to be helpe d. Certa inly not intern ationa l TV statio ns' be they private or public, which have their own strate gy (comm ercial or politic al and produ ce televis ion progra mmes for impor t which make only a very margi nal contri bution to the expre ssion of Africa n talent . It would also be wrong to rely or, privati sation and comm ercial statio ns in order to obtain quali ty televis ion - t his much has been demo nstrat ed by the Europ ean exper ience . As for direct aid to nation al televis ion, this would mere ly reinfo rce the State mono poly over inform ation. Wha t is requir ed is greate r suppo rt for the transi tion of State televi sion into a genui ne public servic e. with the benef it of an indep enden t statut e and also true editor ial indep enden ce. Conse quent ly, as things curre ntly stand, aid for trainin g teievis ion' profes siona ls, suppo rt for qualit y progra mme produ ction and any aid aimed at draftin g a public -servic e televis ion Statu te, are usefu l forms of suppo rt which are neutra l with regard to State -medi a contro l. Any direct aid to nation al &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; televis ion statio ns in the form of   hardw are and equip ment shoul d be &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; subje ct to their conve rsion into an auton omou s public servic e. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Geoff Mungham&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems difficult to find an African leader or African journalist who has not, at some time, been either fiercely critical or quietly despairing of the way in which the continent is depicted by the western media. Their grievances have come to form part of a now familiar litany. Claims are made that the reporting of Africa is now almost entirely in terms of what has been called a'coup, crisis and famine syndrome', and that the western media focus only on 'bad news' out of Africa and ignore the 'positive' achievements of many African countries. These criticisms go hand-in-hand with accusations that Africa cannot ' tell its own story, in its own way', because the global news market is dominated by powerful, westerr-owned corporations, who have their own agenda for reporting Africa. For many Africans, their continent is becoming increasingly invisible in the trade in global news. For them, Rupert Murdoch's cynical remark that 'the Third World sells no newspapers' would appear to have been uttered with Africa specifically in mind. Finally there are those Africans who are concerned about 'western cultural imperialism' undermining traditional African values and culture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How true are these claims? Is Africa becoming once again a dark continent; one largely excluded from the glare of western media coverage? Are some of the correctives suggested by different African leaders worse than the problems they are complaining about? And if Africa is in danger of becoming a 'disappearing world' for news, to what extent are many African countries themselves to blame?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To begin with, there is no doubt that African critics have a case. First and most obvious, is the undeniable brute fact that global news and information flows are dominated by a small number of multinational operators, nearly all of whom - especially since the end of the Cold War - are western owned and controlled. This is true of the great international news agencies, whether the traditional wire services like Reuters or Agence France-Press, or the newer global television news services represented by WTN and CNN, among others. The major clients for their output are western news organizations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, most African countries are in no position to mount a challenge to this world news order. The continent has recently been described as one of the 'least dynamic regions in the global economy, where buying power of consumers is low' and in which many countries are burdened with crippling debt payments. In the same vein, a 1991 World Bank report not only pointed to the increasing 'communications gap' between Africa and the developed world, but went on to suggest that most of the continent offered poor prospects for those wanting to invest in telecommunications projects. These are among the reasons why Africa scores so poorly in terms of putting in place viable national communications infrastructures, let alone being able to take on the global market leaders in securing a higher profile for Africa in the world's news rooms. The same factors also help explain why most African countries remain so dependent on western-controlled news sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This dependency is not simply a question of the easy availability of copy or other material from the western news agencies. Puri (a Tanzanian journalist and Managing Editor of Newslink Africa)  presents other reasons why African editors are interested in what's happening in the West. These include the links between many African countries and their former colonial rulers, the realities of global and economic relations and his claim that African editors often have little interest in other parts of the continent. As he puts it, '...a newspaper reader in Botswana, for example, is not much interested in reading detailed reports from Morocco.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, there is plenty of evidence to support the criticisms of the 'coup, crisis, famine' coverage. Examples are too numerous to cite here, but the following small selection is fairly representative of the broader picture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Introducing the findings of a 'Global News Agenda Survey', Malik and Anderson noted: 'For the rest of the world, Africa means coupe, and largescale killings (covered usually only in the first few days), almost ritualistic famine relief... and the occasional travelogues in the guise of saving something or other'. Similar claims were made by Okigho when he wrote that while CNN and other satellite organisations have 'revolutionised international news coverage', the most common images of Africa still depict internecine warfare (in Angola, Liberia, Somalia), pogroms in Rwanda, political violence in Sierra Leone and ethnic conflicts in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa. In contrast, says Okigho, the 'many positive developments' are routinely ignored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A limited review that I made of wire service copy from the main international news agencies during the week of 13-20 May 1996, produced findings that seemed to echo some of these complaints. In this period, hard news stories were concentrated on a handful of the 50 plus countries of Africa; Burundi, the Central African Republic (C.A.R.), Egypt, Liberia, Somalia, Sudan and South Africa - together with stories of alleged financial irregularities in the World Health Organisation in Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copy about Burundi dealt with ethnic violence and attacks inside Zaire   on Burundi by Hutu 'rebels'. Reports from the C.A.R. focused on an army mutiny, street battles and looting, but were angled on the mediating role of French troops (the C.A.R is a former French colony) and the fate of 100 Americans trapped in the capital, Bangui. Egypt was featured after its government accused Sudan of harbouring a 'vipers' nest of terrorists'. Out of Liberia came a torrent of wire copy about fighting in Monrovia along with assorted atrocity stories, but pinning the emphasis on the plight of foreign nationals (especially Britons and Americans) and the role being played by the USS Guam in air-lifting them to safety. Somalia rated a mention because of the release of two foreign aid workers (British and German) held by an unidentified 'rebel faction'. On South Africa, the wire services were fixed on further violence and killings in KwaZuluNatal, the result of ongoing struggles between rival supporters of the A.N.C and the Inkatha Freedom Party.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'agenda for Africa' sent out by the wire agencies, was replicated by  the menu offered by Reuters TV and APTV. For instance, on one day during the study period, the former was offering ten picture feeds; only one was from Africa (on the C.A.R.) while the rest included such compelling visuals as the British Queen's visit to the Chelsea Flower Show. For the fifteen picture feeds being touted by the APTV on a single day, one featured Africa ('news pictures to offer on the airlift by US marines'), which competed for the attention of western news rooms alongside visuals of a US woman who collected hubcaps (140 000 of them, no less!), Hugh Grant arriving by boat at the Cannes Film Festival, footage of the Monaco Grand Prix and a 'fun run' in Sarajevo (whether or not pictures are available, the idea of a 'fun-run' in Bosnia still seems a difficult concept to grasp) But what these studies show is not the whole picture about Africa which circulates in the West. Nor should they necessarily be used to support the usual criticisms about the performance of the western media in relation to the continent. In the first place, not all news  out of Africa fits into the syndrome the critics complain about. For example, a great deal of the coverage of South Africa has been 'positive' (if we trace the reporting of that country's transition to majority rule). So, too, have the moves towards multi-party politics in African states like Zimbabwe. Similarly, there is plenty of reporting of Africa's sporting successes (such as South Africa's Rugby World Cup triumph). Nor is the West unaware of the work of certain African musicians and film makers - indeed, it has been influenced by them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And even if 'positive' coverage is sometimes hard to find, the critics may still be missing some key points. The first is to do with western 'news values' or rather a failure to appreciate how they work - whether in relation to Africa or anywhere else. The staple diet of much of the global news flow is about 'bad news' and, in this respect, Africa prob  ably fares no worse or better than other parts of the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, a more 'systematic' reporting of much of Africa is still difficult. My point here is about a lack of efficient and developed communication infrastructures, but also a reluctance by many African leaders to tolerate - let alone actively encourage - free and honest open reporting. Too many African journalists have been, and are being, harassed, imprisoned or killed by their own governments. Much of the media in Africa - especially the broadcast media - remains under state control. Newspapers that show a 'lack respect' for the ruling party are frequently shut down. These realities help explain why some of the maligned western media are turned to by those Africans who want something more than state propaganda from their newspapers or broadcasters. This is why the BBC World Service has come to enjoy such a high reputation in many parts of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Third, the attempts made by the African states to try and take on western dominance of global news and information flows, have been misjudged. Two failed initiatives in particular are worth mentioning in this context; the launch in 1983 of the Pan African News Agency (PANA) and the long-time obsession with setting up a 'New World Information Order' (NWIO).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the start, PANA has been dogged by financial and management problems. African governments owe $18 million, journalists have gone unpaid, lines have been disconnected and in 1992 a UNESCO-funded audit found evidence of financial mismanagement. The main source of information PANA traded in was material from the domestic news agencies of OAU member states. Since most of these are state-controlled, the 'news' they were offering was never likely to attract many western users. To try and give PANA a new lease of life, UNESCO are backing a rescue package, which would allow for private investors to be shareholders along with state-owned African national news agencies. But the pro  posed partnership funding is unlikely to work, especially in one-party states where the ruling groups have always been suspicious of any media not under their direct ownership.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The NWIO project has chased even more impossible dreams. Any attempt fundamentally to change the global news order was always going to be beyond countries with severe national communication 'deficits'. Most African countries, with weak and undercapitalised information infrastructures were never in a position to take on the market leaders in the global news business. In pursuit of the NWIO idea, endless international conferences were held, declarations passed and ritual attacks made on ' western media dominance'. Nothing came of it all. If the sense of frustration which kept the concept alive was understandable, less easy to grasp was why African leaders focused on the NWIO idea, while their own grassroots communication systems remained impoverished and under-resourced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most recent attempt to develop 'top-down' communications facilities in parts of Africa comes with the attempts to push satellite-delivered payTV on the continent. Among the 'players' here are Multi-Choice (which will be offered to subscribers in over 30 countries in sub-Saharan Africa), Canal Horizons (targeted on North Africa and Francophone West Africa) and Panafnet (also aimed at buyers in Francophone West Africa). Because these enterprises are subscription-based there will be a clear bias in take-up towards upperincome groups; and - certainly in the case of Multi-Choice - the output will have a 'strong UK/USA programming flavour'. It is hard to see how these initiatives will ever meet the real news and information needs of the vast majority of African consumers, who have limited spending power and are often deprived of the most basic communication tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As Hans Dieter Klee (former Head of the Africa Service of Deutsche Welle) has rightly argued, what Africa urgently needs is large-scale international media aid to help strengthen its own media. This aid should not be targeted at projects designed somehow to allow Africa to 'compete' with Western media congLomÃ©rates. It should, instead, be aimed at building up diverse, viable and professional local and national media enterprises in African countries themselves. In this, the EU can play a leading role, working through the links established under the LomÃ© Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robust national communication structures in Africa will not, of course, alter the balance of global media power. They will be able to do little to stop the international news agencies reporting Africa in the way they have done in the past. And it will be a long time before most Africans becomes travellers on the 'information superhighway', since this, in essence, is an extension of existing computer and telephonic communications, which the continent lacks. But a vigorous local and national media, Africa-wide, would be good for Africa and the best barrier for resisting outside media influences. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6.M.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;References&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Okigho: 'National Images in the Age of the Information Super Highway &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African Perspectives', African Media Review, vol. 9,1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Malik and K. Anderson: 'TV: The Global New Agenda Survey', intermedia, January-February 1992. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Hicks 'North of the Limpopo', Cable and Satellite Europe, April 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Parliament may seem an unlikely launch pad for a radio station, but two members of this elected body, who are committed to a free and fair press as one of the cornerstones of democracy, have set up Radio Espoir (Radio Hope) in Burundi with backing of the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parliamentarians, Pierre Pradier (ERA-F) and Bernard Kouchner (PSE-F) are co-founders of Radio Espoir (Radio Umwizero, in Kirundi) which brings together a French association and a local Burundi radio station. Three expatriates are working on the Bujumbura-based project; an editor, a radio technician and an administrator. They have teamed up with local journalists who, for the moment, are providing their services free of charge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The station, which broadcasts in Kirundi, is targeted at an audience in the 15-25 age group. In a country with an 80% illiteracy rate, radio is the only way of reaching the population. 'The idea came to us in 1994, with Rwanda and Radio Libre des Mille Collines' says Pierre Pradier. 'If so much harm could be done with radio, then why equally could good not be achieved.' RLMC was the radio set up in July 1993 on the eve of the genocide in Rwanda. It became a mouthpiece  for the Akazu, a clan of Hutu extremists grouped around the then President's wife, Agathe Habyarimana, and it undermined the Arusha agreements by whipping up ethnic conflict in Rwanda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Pradier explains that Radio Hope journalists intentionally avoid speaking about Hutus and Tutsis. He also highlights the problems encountered in providing news coverage when local conditions are so difficult. As he points out; 'When you speak about the situation of a woman who has lost her husband in Burundi, you are talking politics.' Security considerations are important too while the MEP stresses that a proper analysis of events can only come with time: 'At the moment we are limited to reporting the facts. And it is only when the facts are verified that one can begin to interpret them.' The news items broadcast by the station rely on agency dispatches confirmed by a network of local people who call in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of such sensitivities and in an effort to find as much common ground as possible, the radio station gives music top billing. This has the added advantage of helping to attract listeners. It also offers general programmes on African roots, sport, culture and educational themes, in addition to its news items. It is currently broadcasting for six hours a day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pierre Pradier says he would like to see an end to the 'navel gazing' of Burundi's population. 'We want to show that peace is possible, by showing how it is progressing elsewhere: in Haiti, for example, where there is a legitimate President now, and amongst the Chiapas in Mexico.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But, like many fledgling stations, finding enough funds from donors to guarantee its future is a worry. The station's current ECHO grant runs out in September 1996. Indeed, the project, classified under emergency aid, was atypical for the humanitarian aid office. But Mr Pradier is hoping that continued support will come from one of the EU's budget lines. He believes that the Union is a particularly suitable donor because it tends to be less 'colonialistic' than some others. He also raises the possibility of seeking funds from private donors such as the Fondation de France. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking to the future of the station, Pierre Pradier argues that they cannot let the project 'drop' and hopes eventually to see it being handed over to local broadcasters, assuming 'they are people we can depend on'. The signs so far are encouraging. He would also like to see Radio Hope's programme content broadened to include game shows, with radios offered as prizes for the winners. As far as he is concerned, the more people who tune in, the better! _&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joint Assembly resolution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ACP/Ku Joint Assembly is pushing for EC institutions and LomÃ© signatories to be more supportive of media issues. A resolution on the role of communications media in the development and consolidation of democracy in ACP states. passed by the Assembly in March, contained the following points:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - freedom of expression and free communications and media are vital to the development of a democratic society;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - more ACP countries should give opposition parties access to the media' notably where this is controlled by the state;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - all candidates and political parties should be given access to the media in a 'balanced and fair manner'; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - laws which restrict press freedom and the electoral process should be repealed;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - any threat of physical attack against media organisations or their employees should be investigated by the authorities, with those responsible being brought to justice;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the media should be impartial, providing accurate information during elections, helping to educate the electorate, explaining the importance of elections, giving information on where, when and how to vote, and explaining the secret ballot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - EU assistance for free and a fair elections - and a free media sector in ACP countries - should be increased. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Antonio Pacheco&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this abridged article, the author, who is a Portuguese journalist, gives details of two church-supported local radio projects in Southern Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the end of the 1980s, the Social Communication Department of IMBISA, the conference of Catholic bishops in Southern Africa (a kind of SADC for Roman Catholics) embarked on a local radio project. It had a two-pronged approach. First, it involved setting up a network of small community radio stations. The local population were involved, sharing responsibility for making programmes and broadcasting information and news about everyday life in the remotest places. In some cases, the programme content was retransmitted at a provincial or even national level. The second aspect was that it was supplemented by the creation of flexible and independent associations of journalists/presenters. They formed information agencies operating as a network to link up local radio stations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At that time, the main concern in Southern Africa was to rid South Africa of apartheid. There was also a desire to promote freedom of expression in Angola and Mozambique. Given that radio was (and still is) the most important means of communication in the region, the idea was to set up a regional network capable of overcoming all the constraints ranging from legal bans and restrictions on broadcasting to widespread illiteracy. The ultimate objective was to set up a Catholic radio station based in Swaziland. This project did not go ahead, however, because it was too expensive to finance and, above all, because it was dependent on the regional Catholic hierarchy. It proved difficult to reconcile the various ideological views and sensitivities of bishops in the various countries of the region. There was also a growing feeling amongst the Christian communities that the underlying need was not for a radio station which would be a vehicle for bishops' views, but rather a media system that served the people, offering recreation, training and information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio Pax&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another local radio project of interest, which is now up and running, involved reviving Radio Pax, the private Catholic radio station which made a significant contribution during the 1 960s to the struggle for a free Mozambique. The operation closed down in 1977 but the experience was not forgotten and 16 years later, the decision was made to bring the station back on air. Those behind the new project took advantage of the trend towards greater political openness in the country. Their aim was to offer a credible and informative alternative, which, they hoped, would be up and running in time for the elections scheduled for October 1994. A course was run between July and September 1994 which brought together young presenters chosen by small communities on the outskirts of Beira, Chimoio, Nampula, Quelimane and Maputo. The course involved honing the participants' presentation skills and providing practical training in technical subjects, and programme and information preparation. This was how the first association of young independent Christian journalists came into being.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For various reasons, including red-tape and customs regulations, the  new Radio Pax was unable to broadcast in the run-up to the general election. However, the young journalists, who received their training at various locations, were able to act as important independent sources of information. This was channelled to Maputo and used as backup for a number of international press officials and observers. The information relayed by the young presenters in the provinces made it possible to publish a newsletter which was circulated throughout the country, using fax, religious channels and a variety of other means.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio Pax is now in operation, although it faces major technical problems. It is based in a community centre in Inhamizua, 20 km from Beira. The station has already done important work in gathering information about local traditions, and has broadcast programmes aimed particularly at women and young people in suburban areas. The network also incorporates Mozambique's Radio Encontro, which broadcasts from Nampula in conjunction with the Anchilo training centre. There are plans for further local radio stations in Maputo in the south, Quelimane and Chimolo in the centre and Pemba in the north.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio Pax is managed entirely by the Association of Independent Young Christian Journalists in Beira. In terms of training, the current preoccupation is to teach the young people involved how to manage the small radio stations which have been made available to them, and to set up local self financing systems. Although equipment is important, what really counts in this project is the training of the presenters. Working in close collaboration with the community, it is they who are in the front lineâpromoting the inalienable right of free expression.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Mand RyaÃ¯ra Ngarara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Support Group for the Disabled in Chad (AEHPT) was set up in 1987 with the assistance of the International Christian Service for Peace (EIRENE), which has its headquarters in Germany. By coming together to form a group, disabled people hoped to take charge of their lives and break down the wall of silence that surrounds them. However, despite setting up various workshops (welding workshops, small printing works, musical groups) and publishing an information newsletter, entitled 'Perspectives'. the AEHPT has been unable to improve the image of disabled people within Chad society and has failed to  raise awareness that the work done by the disabled is not only of value, but deserves due recognition. From this status quo sprang the idea of broadcasting a national weekly radio programme called 'The Voice of the Disabled'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two reasons why radio was chosen as the communication medium: firstly, the very strong oral tradition of the country, together with the population's weak purchasing power, which make access to newspapers difficult, means that radio remains the most appropriate medium for reaching a wide audience; and secondly, radio programmes are not difficult to produce, since they do not require vast technical, financial or human resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Letting the disabled have their say&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially launched by the AEHPT, The Voice of the Disabled is now jointly produced and broadcast by four associations actively involved in defending the interests of those with disabilities. It is broadcast nationwide every Monday at peak listening times.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The programme is not, however, aimed solely at those with disabilities but, on the contrary, seeks to increase awareness in Chad society as a whole. It also acts as a platform from which to urge the authorities to take concrete measures to help this section of the population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, more than a year after its launch, The Voice of the Disabled is enjoying tremendous success, with ever larger numbers of people, from all walks of life, tuning in. For the disabled themselves it provides a vast source of information, explaining the facts behind the causes of their disabilities and giving advice on how to prevent such disabilities and what can be done to treat them, and it keeps people informed about  what is happening within the various associations for the disabled, giving information about the activities, projects and special events that are taking place. As far as the rest of the population is concerned, The Voice of the Disabled has helped to raise the profile of disabled people in Chad. Slowly but surely, people's preconceptions are beginning to change and one of the programme's greatest achievements has been to eradicate gradually the negative image which people used to have of disabilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, the lamentable fact remains that this programme is broadcast solely in French, and this is why plans are now in the pipeline to broadcast The Voice of the Disabled in both Arabic and Sara - Chad's two national languages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.R.N. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Africa Express experiment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Richard Synge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'Africa Express' documentory series mounted by Channel4, an independent British TV station, has done more than just put a new slant on news provided by state-run African channels. it has also created jobs for African producers and reporters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Television viewers in Africa will soon get the chance to see documentaries on African current affairs and development topics which have hitherto only been seen on British TV sets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Channel Four's Africa Express programme has recently concluded its third series to much critical acclaim in Britain. it included items on a surprisingly diverse range of topics. One film showed how a cash-strapped Congolese prison saves money by sending its prisoners home one day in every month, and included lively interviews with the governor and the prisoners themselves as well as footage of the grim prison conditions. Others focused on the flourishing free currency market in Zaire, the spread of South Africa's 'shebeen' culture into the country's upmarket suburbs, political battles in Namibia over the rights to manage historic tourist sites and the Nigerian military government's blatant attempts to censor television reporting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The latest series supplemented the work of British film crews by incorporating several documentaries that were made entirely by African production teams. Special funding for this element of the Africa Express project came from the environmental television distribution agency TVE. As a result, Africa Express hired four African directors and used African-based crews to film half of the 24 films in the series.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other innovative part of the project was that the programmes are now becoming available to viewers in Africa at the lowest possible cost. To promote this concept of 'media feedback', TVE has been actively marketing the series to non-governmental organisations and facilitating arrangements for the distribution of the cassettes to African broadcasting stations, both state-owned and private.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'It is a way forward for us, because nothing like this has been done before,' says Raphael Tuju, a Kenyan film producer who runs a video resource centre in Nairobi, marketing documentaries to local broadcasting stations and the educational sector. 'There are too few opportunities for producers in African countries to break into the international networks. The subjects we cover are rarely of interest to the distribution companies, the differences in technology are too wide and getting wider, and there are not enough African producers who have reached the professional level to compete with their counterparts abroad.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peter Gill, who edited Africa Express for Channel Four, welcomed the opportunity to help promote the independent film industry in Africa. 'It was thoroughly stimulating,' he says, adding that one of the constant challenges was 'finding ways to bridge the gap between what is technically possible in Africa and the standards required for a European television production.' The four African directors hired for the series were two South Africans, Eddie Mbalo and Teddy Mattera, a Zimbabwean, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Albert Chimedza, and a Namibian, Bridget Pickering. They all worked directly under Peter Gill's management and in contact with a producer in the field. Gill was impressed with the level of journalistic and technical expertise available in Africa and the dedication of the teams working in difficult situations. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even where the production teams were British, all the 24 films in the latest Africa Express series used African journalists and presenters. They researched and organised most of the films in advance of the actual shoot by the visiting film crews. Cameroonian journalist, Emmanual Wotany, played a prominent role in the films on Congo and Zaire. Kenyan reporter Joseph Warungu proposed and presented a film on the hazards of skin-bleaching in The Gambia. The presenter of the programme on Nigeria, Toyin Fane-Kayode, bravely challenged the censorship of the country's military regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An all-African camera and sound team led by Lawrence Mbada and Mandla Mlambo was responsible for the four films in the series that were shot by the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC). In the extremely difficult conditions of Angola and Namibia, an experienced SABC cameraman was used. Here there was a need to ensure that the less experienced directors were not further challenged by having to work with an inexperienced crew.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For TVE's Robert Lamb, one of the main breakthroughs made by Africa Express was in the agreement of Channel Four to collaborate both with the SABC and with TVE itself, which insisted on the involvement and participation of African journalists, film-makers and technicians. He was impressed by the results and hopes that thee could be 'an even greater African involvement in another series, if one is commissioned.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The latest series was a success, being regularly watched by up to two million viewers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Channel Four granted broadcasting rights for the series in lowincome countries to TVE and Worldview International Foundation as well as the non-broadcast rights to TVE and its partners in the third world. These   agreements allow TVE to provide the tapes at nominal cost to a network of video resource centres, similar to that run by Raphael Tuju in Nairobi. Such centres seek to get development-oriented documentary films shown by the local broadcasting stations but survive by supplying the needs of schools, colleges, non-governmental organisations and other categories of 'multipliers'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most successful documentary centres is the Film Resource Unit (FRU) in Johannesburg. From its origins as a way of sharing bootlegged foreign films and TV programmes during the political repression of the 1980s, FRU is now a major distributor of educational and documentary films.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To overcome the inexperience of state-owned African broadcasting networks in showing programmes of developmental relevance to their societies, video resource centres have to provide their own sponsorship. 'It is difficult for us to compete with the likes of Coca Cola, which will sponsor programmes like soap operas,' says Raphael Tuju, 'but one way round this obstacle is to sponsor a programme and at the same time advertise our services. The business we generate this way usually means that we can at least break even.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Film-making capacity in Africa has been severely limited by most governments' domination of the broadcasting media and a deep and institutional reluctance to encourage independent local productions. The mainly government-owned television stations rarely have a policy to buy in locallymade programmes and tend to look to Britain, France or the US for outside material, which is often dumped on the market at low prices, making it an even harder challenge for local producers to generate the funds to make their own programmes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decline of the once-active film industry in Nigeria, in particular, means that in English-speaking Africa, the field is now dominated by South Africa and Zimbabwe. In French-speaking Africa, the continuation of subsidies  has kept an 'art house' tradition alive, especially in Senegal and Burkina Faso. In most of the continent, however, the only development-oriented programmes shown to the public tend to be made by the governments' own propaganda departments rather than by independent film-makers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where there is a lack of access  to local broadcasting media, African film-makers continue to experiment with making their own dramas and documentaries, showing their work on video in village halls and schools. 'At the grassroots, African film-making can be stimulated simply by consumer demand,' says Russel Honeyman, who publishes the African Film and TV Yearbook in Harare. 'But local products do not usually translate into international products. Film and television is a global industry and film-makers should not insist on being too parochial. There is room for greater international collaboration.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Based on the experience of the latest Africa Express series, TVE now plans to build on its achievements. In May 1996, it exhibited the series to the directors of African television stations at a conference in Windhoek, Namibia, and discussed arrangements for distribution of the cassettes. It is also planning to  participate in a workshop for French speaking West African nations in Senegal under a grant from the European Union's human rights division. The consultative process will continue with a meeting of the African video resource centre network at the end of 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TVE's Robert Lamb hopes that the success of Africa Express might encourage international funding agencies in Europe to take up the challenge of funding films made in Africa for African consumption. He doubts that Channel Four on its own would take such a risk. Constraints are, perhaps inevitably, imposed on TVE's concept by the fact that programmes produced for European audiences use a production and editorial structure that requires 'post production' in European capitals. 'Although we came out owning the rights to the programmes in Africa, Channel Four still had 80% of the control over the production and editorial decisions,' he acknowledges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert Lamb is fully aware of the challenges that lie ahead. 'National broadcasters are in a parlous financial position and are still, for the most part, stifled by government controls,' he notes. 'Africans who have received formal training rarely find the funds to apply their newly-acquired skills.' But Mr Lamb and his TVE organisation are convinced that there will be increasing demand for more programmes like Africa Express, as much from Africa itself as from European audiences. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.S. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Renaud de la Brosse&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, who works at the Panos Institute in Paris, reflects on the pros and cons of new information technology for countries in the South and on their chances of success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Internet has become such a craze amongst users in Third-World countries (researchers, teachers, businesses,, liberal professions, etc.) that it amply demonstrates that a real and genuine need is being met, despite adverse comments from its detractors. The rapid increase in the number of connections to the network in the North is mirrored by an exponential growth in the South. Africa is a good example of the possibilities offered by access to the global network whilst at the same time revealing the technical and financial restrictions facing countries in the South.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost all of Africa's 55 countries are today connected to the network, from South Africa, which has over 800.000 computers, to Uganda, which has just a few thousand. The importance of the Internet in Africa must be viewed less in terms of the number of computers (means of access to the Internet) and more in terms of the constant increase it represents in numbers of subscribers to the network. In the last six months alone, the number of subscribers increased by over 50%, whilst the increase in France, for example, was only 20%. Another telling figure is the number of host computers per 1.000 inhabitants, which rose by 147% in South Africa between 1994 and 1995 whereas the increase for Taiwan and Australia was 83% and 50%, respectively!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because it is under-supplied in communications equipment, Africa is starting out with a disadvantage compared with other continents. However, the recent G7 Conference on Information and Development, which took place in mid-May in Midrand in South Africa, brought together 40 countries and 18 intergovernmental organizations and made it possible 'to build a bridge between developed countries and developing countries' so that the latter are not excluded from the world of new information technologies. The benefit to be gained from the Net for the Black Continent lies in the fact that African surfers are anxious to break free  from their scientific, cultural or economic isolation which comes not only from relationships between Africa and the rest of the world, but often from relationships between regions and countries on the African continent itself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Precursors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As in Europe and the United States, scientists and researchers in Africa are the first to have understood the importance of the Net and there are now - in French speaking Africa - networks such as the Intertropical Computer Network, which groups together approximately 3000 surfers in 11 countries. The importance of the Internet for these researchers is manifold; in most countries, the education system is in grave crisis, essentially because of diminishing budget resources which for years, on account of structural adjustment measures, have been melting away. This explains the absence of libraries or documentation centres. The Internet is therefore becoming a stopgap measure, offering access to all current scientific production and giving African researchers the chance to publicise and gain recognition for their work outside their own continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interesting experiments in North/South cooperation are also being set up, with the French-speaking Agency for Higher Education and Research currently establishing what it calls a 'virtual French-speaking campus', a kind of vast library to which affiliated universities will be connected. The project is also justified in economic terms since, through the medium of electronic mail (e-mail), which goes hand in hand with the Internet, exchanges of information will be cheaper than by fax, for example, which costs at least five times as much for the same amount of information transmitted. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside the academic community, heads of African businesses are also launching themselves into cyberspace, particularly in the case of several hundred of them who have grouped together within a West-African Business Network. Internet's financial viability in the South is dependent on membership of African businesses and multinational companies established in Africa. The cost of subscription is still beyond the means of private individuals and only 'institutional' subscribers are currently able to guarantee payment in the short term.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A useful tool&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the possibilities on offer remain to be explored, so the Internet can therefore be an important medium for promoting African culture - Niger has set up a Web via which it is possible to visit its archaeological sites and Benin has just set up a server dedicated to voodoo. In general terms, there is the challenge of mastering content, in other words the African suffers should not restrict themselves to a  passive use (sleeking information from the North) but should, on the contrary, move progressively as players providing content and information. For the countries of the South, it is a matter of mastering information and preserving their culture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The range of possibilities offered by the Net is limitless. Its development in Africa or in the South in general does, however, run up against a number of obstacles, including those of both a technical and financial nature. The importance of the Internet lies in being able to transmit greater quantities of information more cheaply than by using other communications techniques. However, the required technology is expensive and therein lies the principal difference between the North and the South.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The infrastructure which would permit rapid, longterm expansion of the Internet is nowhere near being installed in Africa, just as in the other developing countries. The continent is still under-equipped in terms of telephone lines; according to a survey by the BDT (Telecommunications Development Office), the number of main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants is less than 0.5 in sub-Saharan Africa, and in terms of equipment providing access to the Net (computer, modem, etc.). In real terms, this makes access to the network much more expensive for a user in the South than for one in the North. All these imported electronic goods are much more expensive than in the West, and this is without taking account of the additional cost, in most African countries, imposed by tariff barriers on IT goods, which are regarded with great suspicion by the authorities who perceive them as a potential danger more than as essential development tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fear is that the remote transmission of data might pose a threat to less than democratic regimes. Under the pretext of 'the control of information-based wealth', a State may decide to interfere with the 'consent' or even 'suppress' a site for producing and exchanging information deemed contrary to its interests. Once more, the question of freedom of expression arises in different terms in the South and North. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Panos Institute&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Panos Institute is a non-profit-making association set up in 1988. Together with its counterparts in London and Washington, the Paris Panos Institute founded Panos International The Institute's aim is to strengthen, particularly in Africa, local expression and information capabilities. Within the context of sustainable and  better-shared development, it aims to promote the emergence of a more democratic culture and of more democratic debate. To this end, the Panos Institute runs two main programmes in west Africa from Paris and its branch offices (Senegal, Mali, Chad and Ghana).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The programme to support pluralism in matters of information, which has four major objectives: - to expand and consolidate the legal, institutional and statutory framework of pluralist-type information - to increase professionalism in the media - to give institutional support to authors in west Africa who promote pluralism in information - to contribute to the production and circulation of more diversified and more qualified information on certain priority topics such as the environment, human rights, management and prevention of conflict, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The migration and cooperation programme seeks to enhance the value of the contribution made by citizens from Third World countries residing in the rich nations to development in their countries of origin. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union, UNESCO and the ACCT, American foundations (Ford, Rockefeller) or German foundations, and bilateral cooperation agreements (Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Germany, France) support the actions of the Panos Institute. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1.10" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Florence WinÃ©ry&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although radio is 'king of the media' in Africa, the press is increasingly becoming an active player in the democratic process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This has been seen particularly over the last six years in the French-speaking African states where a burgeoning of political parties has been matched by the appearance of an unusually large number of  newspapers. In these countries, the press still requires rudimentary political stability - in contrast to English-speaking countries, where it has a much longer tradition and can nowadays be generally regarded as the 'Fourth Estate'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria is a good illustration of this. One need only cite the press campaigns mounted there to protest against the Federation's membership of the Islamic Conference Organisation in 1986, and more recently, the support given to Moshood Abiola. The vitality of the Nigerian press is something that deserves to be emphasised. Despite a series of measures over the years aimed at suppressing it (not exclusively by the military authorities) it is still much in evidence. There are demonstrations to support it, and it has 'gone underground' at times, continuing to publish clandestinely. The journalists' struggle intensified in June 1993, when it was recommended that they should exercise 'discretion and self-regulation'. In spite of the problems, the Nigerian press endeavours to remain a source of pressure in Nigeria's political and social arena.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Returning to the French-speaking media, we see that the pace of expansion varies considerably from one country to another. In Benin, for example, current discussions are centred  strongly on opening up the country's airwaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Is a private press a partisan press?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is debatable whether the private press is truly independent. In the political sphere, it is often highly partisan while 'economic' independence - in the sense of access to the materials needed to produce a newspaper - is not always possible. Printing and distribution are often subject to monopolies which may constitute a form of disguised censorship for the publishers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initiatives aimed at setting up press associations in one form or another have been launched in an attempt to overcome these problems. This helps explain why the SEP (publishers' Society) was established. This group, which hopes to extend its activities throughout the region, is based in Benin where the democratisation process (and the proliferation of press titles) first begun. In many countries, media associations have already been formed covering specific areas such as radio, the press and publishing. There are plans for similar organisations in the field of television. Sometimes, they have printing facilities which are available to other private publications.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The principal challenge facing a general information-based newspaper is that it should appear regularly and on time. The next stage, ideally, is for it to be able to increase its distribution. Initially, a number of newspapers only came out monthly or even every two months. After appearing regularly for several months - and thereby achieving  relative financial stability - they then moved to weekly publication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most countries, a new legal framework was also adopted, although the application of the legislation has often proved laborious. This is particularly true of the setting up of regulatory authorities. In Senegal, where the media was previously governed by a law passed in 1979 (and amended in 1986), new legislation was enacted at the beginning of 1996. The measure was prompted by concerns over ethical standards, a demand for a more 'responsible' approach, a desire to prevent monopolies developing, and fears of excessive foreign involvement. This year has also seen the implementation of media law amendments in Cote d'lvoire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The focus of the work of many newly-formed organisations has been the drawing up of a professional code of ethics, with a view to defining the basis of the journalist's profession. In Cote d'lvoire, the OLPED (Press Freedom and Professional Ethics Monitor) was created in September 1995 in Yamoussoukro at a seminar on journalists' responsibilities during elections. The OLPED is made up of 13 members representing publishers, civil society and the nation's journalists. Although the 'Monitor' has only moral authority, it has had considerable influence on journalists' professional consciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The OLPED held weekly working sessions up to March 1996 and now meets every two months. One of its main achievements has been to define the criteria whereby a responsible attitude can be guaranteed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vigilance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The press can expect to be subject to rigorous supervision during an election campaign - as happened recently in Benin. Indeed, Benin's press has attracted special attention from various national institutions including, most notably, the NGO community. This interest resulted In the organisation of seminars on journalism during an election period, designed to avoid incitements to violence. The HAAC (Audi  ovisual and Communications High Authority), responsible for statutory control of the media in the run-up to and during the campaign, took part in these meetings which were aimed at increasing awareness and highlighting the heavy responsibility carried by the media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite a number of incidents during the campaign (which were immediately reported) and although the situation threatened to get out of hand while the country was obliged to wait for the publication of the results of the second round, the press conducted itself in a fairly moderate manner. It should be recalled that there was a great deal of apprehension in Benin before the results were announced with a widespread fear that violence might break out. These fears were given extensive coverage by the media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The HAAC proved to be central to the electoral process and, ultimately, the press was congratulated by most political leaders in Benin, and by those from abroad who were involved in organising and observing the poll, for the role that it played in the process. By and large, it concentrated on portraying popular expectations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During an election period, the print media is an essential vehicle of opinion and power, justifying the creation of special titles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, the private press is playing an increasingly important role in the democratic process and the question of its survival appears to have attracted more serious attention from the authorities. In Senegal, a subsidy has been granted to a number of newspapers, subject to certain conditions, and Mali set an example this year by establishing a private press aid fund, with Cote d'lvoire about to follow suit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The political context which has favoured this flourishing of the private press has had a marked influence on the way it has developed and on the editorial content of most journals - which is strongly focused on politics and 'national' issues. The press has barely had a chance to find its feet on the media scene and in the political process, and it has had to contend with huge  economic constraints. Low circulation figures are one key reason for its precarious position - newspapers are read only by an educated, urban minority. However, the press is now embarking on a new course, attempting to establish a loyal readership with a view to guaranteeing its long-term survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Independence and integrity ought, of course, to be the hallmark of journalism, although currently it is not  possible to say that the profession is dissociated entirely from political militancy. In the past, the press has played  a part in undermining the national consensus by promoting division and, on occasion, fomenting exclusion and confrontation. The issue today is whether the sector can now take its place in states governed by the rule of law, representing public opinion and helping to bring about a rapprochement of ideas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.M. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1.11" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Richard Lawson TÃšvi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When President Mathieu KÃ©rekou of Benin granted permission to set up private newspapers in his country, the result was an upsurge of new titles. The following article is written by a journalist who works on  one of these publications ('Tam-Tam Express'). He offers an assessment of the way the private press has developed in Benin, and in particular of the ethical and economic challenges it needs to overcome in the new democratic order.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1988, President KÃ©rÃ©kou's revolutionary regime authorised the setting-up of private newspapers in Benin. At the beginning, only a limited degree of freedom was granted to new publications but things have evolved quickly. 'La Gazette du Golfe' and 'Tam-Tam Express', the first independent weeklies to be set up (two years prior to the 1990 national conference), went beyond what the Marxist regime had in mind and effectively achieved press freedom in the face of opposition from the Ministry of Information and Propaganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalists took advantage of their initial limited freedom to publish reports about political and financial scandals and this, not surprisingly, gave a new lease of life to the media more generally in Benin. In particular, journalists from the national radio and television  channels were quick to switch their style of reporting, dispensing with the stereotyped formal language which had previously characterised the public-service media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meanwhile, several politically oriented publications came into being ('L'Opinion', 'La Recade', 'Le Canard du Golfe'). This development gave newfound dynamism to the emergence of a free and independent press in the crucial period prior to Benin's national conference, which was held in February 1990.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To date, 170 titles have been registered with the Ministry of the Interior, although barely half of these have been published more than five times. Some appeared only once and many have existed in name only. Publications which have had only a sporadic existence are legion and, in the years between 1991 and 1996, when political power alternated between Presidents Soglo and Kerekou, independent privatepress titles flourished. Unfortunately, they faced a number of problems - such as prohibitive paper and printing costs and poor distribution networks. The result was that many operators were financially ruined as a result of their decision to venture into this area of publication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currently, the Benin market has only 20 or so titles which appear on a   reasonably regular basis. For the most part, these are two-weekly and monthly publications which concentrate their activities in Cotonou. The audiovisual media are conspicuous by their absence, despite the provisions of the Constitution adopted in December 1990, which gave special powers to the HAAC (Audiovisual and Communications High Authority), particularly as regards guaranteeing 'press freedom' and 'opening up the audiovisual sector'. No one knows when this law will actually be implemented, but it does appear that the Benin Parliament, which sits in Porto Novo, has been giving more attention to this issue since General KÃ©rÃ©kou's accession to power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The relationship between the press and the state&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governmen/press relationships are not particularly healthy at the moment. The usual reflex of authorities in any country is to control or manipulate the press wherever possible. At the ORTB (Benin Broadcasting and Television Office), a branch of the public sector, journalists often complain of the pressures they face in processing information. The same is said at the national daily, 'La Nation'. Fortunately, such pressures have not always shaken the resolve of the professional journalists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The private press has a different problem. In this case, it is the newspaper proprietors who look to collaborate with the political parties. As one publishing editor has said, 'Our problem is more one of allegiance than of harassment'. Virtually all publications are political vehicles for one or other group - which makes nonsense of the code of ethics that is supposed to govern the profession. This phenomenon was most marked during the election period. All the titles that had been in 'hibernation' came to life again and new titles were born, only to disappear once the poll was over. This is also a reflection of the very meagre resources available to most private publishers. Those who do have sufficient means are usually quick to offer allegiance - for example to particular businesses - in order to position themselves more favourably from an economic  standpoint. Thus, some of the press rather overtly promotes particular economic interests. Others assiduously woo politicians and, in some cases, use blatant blackmailing techniques. In the latter situation, the 'market' operates on the basis that a file (sometimes assembled from a number of documents) will not be published if an endorsement is given or - what is worse - in return for hard cash. The justification for this shameful practice is that the market is highly restricted, sales of newspapers bring in very little income and advertising is non-existent but the newspaper has to keep going nonetheless. This situation also explains why defamation actions are frequently settled 'out of court' by the parties to the dispute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A profession fraught with difficulties&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another explanation for the existence of blackmail is the lack of training. The majority of journalists working for private publications come into the profession for want of something better to do, after they have finished their university courses. One experienced journalist refers to these people as mere 'hirelings'. It is only once they have entered the profession that they learn the basics through joining journalists' associations and by receiving support from some of the bilateral-cooperation missions and foundations that are operating in Benin. The country does not, itself, have any colleges of journalism to speak of. Only recently, the national daily newspaper inaugurated a course for young journalists receiving their training on the country's various publications. This course will be spread over one year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young journalists working at the national agency, the Benin Press Agency, are trained by WANAD (the West-African National Agencies Development) centre, under the auspices of UNESCO, which is subregional in vocation. The 20 or so trainees have no clear idea of what awaits them when they finish their course - whether all, or just some of them, will be taken on full-time by the agency. Those who are not kept on at the end of their training period are likely to  swell the ranks of the 'hirelings' - who seem fated to remain at that level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new administration will have to tackle the more general question of aid to the press in order to give a fresh boost to the private sector. This has been facing a real struggle since the devaluation of the CFA franc. The effect of the devaluation was to increase the cost of all the inputs needed for publishing newspapers. A new initiative of the part of the authorities would make it possible to offer more work to journalists and to improve considerably the quality of work they produce. To quote the publisher of a private newspaper: 'The influence of money must be curbed. To do this, the state must grant genuine aid to the press so that the profession can be genuinely free and objective and thereby fulfil the important role it has to play in the consolidation of democracy'. R.L.T. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1.12" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Dr Marjan de Bruin&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this abridged article, who leaches et the Caribbean institute of Media and Communication (CARIMAC) at the Mona (Jamaica) Campus of the University of the West Indies, focuses on some of the peculiarities of press and media development in small island Caribbean states.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The English-speaking&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean comprises thirteen independent nations that are members of Caricom (the Caribbean Community) and a few  remaining small dependent territories. The total population is about six million. In most of these countries, the majority of the population is of African descent although in Trinidad and Guyana, about half the people are of Asian (Indian) origin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sea, whose name unites the islands, is a serious barrier to communication and social interchange between them. it takes as long to go by plane from Barbados to Jamaica (1200 miles direct, but 2000 miles via Miami) as it takes to cross the Atlantic from Paris to New York (3600 miles) - and the latter journey is usually cheaper! And until fairly recently, telephone calls from neighbouring Caribbean countries without a common language were routed through London, Paris or Miami.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The distances make communications difficult. Mail can take weeks, telephone circuits are often overloaded and, in some countries, unscheduled power cuts often disrupt computer systems at the most inopportune moments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Communication and the media&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Caribbean has a strong oral tradition. This, together with poverty and an estimated general literacy rate of about 80%, makes radio the most popular medium. Recent studies show,  for instance, that 99% of Jamaican households reported having at least one radio at home. In Jamaica alone, three large national radio stations between them broadcast nine hours of prime time call-in radio.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In all Caribbean countries, alongside the mass media, 'alternative' medias play an important role in communication for social change. In some countries, the term simply connotes non mainstream operations. In others it refers to alternative formats which are found in the mainstream media. The term also represents the use of other communication behaviour - popular theatre, dance, music, oral history, story telling. It has been suggested that the increased use of alternative media and alternative uses of mainstream media are an indication of the audience's dissatisfaction with the mainstream mass media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most English-speaking Caribbean countries, the government owns some of the major mass media, especially electronic. Only recently has the private sector developed its own strongholds in radio and television. Print has always been an area of mainly private ownership. Only the larger countries have daily newspapers; morning or evening papers - although usually not more than two or three. In the smaller countries the press consists of weeklies, or bi-weeklies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government ownership&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ownership or control of media houses by governments is recognised as  a serious obstacle to true investigative journalism.The economies of all Caribbean countries are heavily dependent on tourism. Stories on environmental hazards and crises which might affect this essential source of income are subject to explicit or implicit (selfl censorship.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government ownership in some instances means policy discontinuity over time; each new regime imports its own set of administrators and sometimes even entire newsroom staffs. In other instances, where the same party has ruled for a long time, positions within the media are very stable because they are tied to political loyalty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Private ownership, however, does not mean an absence of potential pressure or political influences. In Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago, the country's oldest daily - The Trinidad Guardian - recently lost its Managing Director, its editor and six of its top editorial executives, after the owners - a supermarket chain - pressurised the editor to moderate criticisms of the country's new administration. The owners also tried to convince the managing director and editor to dismiss a columnist who was a disaffected and now hostile former member of the new ruling party. In apparent justification, the owners produced a document which suggested that it was the policy of the Guardian not to endanger the commercial prospects of its owners by injudicious criticism of the powers that be. Caribbean journalists attacked the Guardian ownership for what some saw as an attempt to turn a respected newspaper into the public relations arm of a commercial congLomÃ©rate. Despite the protests, the Guardian's new editor, a veteran of forty years in journalism, argued that the proprietors had good reason to interfere with his predecessors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The region's oldest daily, The Jamaica Gleaner (established in 1834) went even further. In an editorial it said: 'In our view the owners have a right to oppose the way in which the judgment of the Editor and others is exercised. The right of the Guardian Board to query content cannot be questioned. It is impossible for a newspaper to be run   without the input of the Board of Governors.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small markets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most English-speaking Caribbean countries are relatively small in population as well as area. The number of media organizations is limited. The limited size of the market has important implications for the financial basis of the media, especially the part that is privately-owned. It limits the horizontal mobility of media workers - there are simply not that many options - and it makes the relationship between media and sources extremely vulnerable. There are not that many sources either. It also means that most Caribbean media houses have very limited resources. Many reporters have to cover a wide range of topics. Specialised reporting for instance on the environment, or health, is usually not feasible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the major problems in the Caribbean media is the high proportion of imported television programming. The region is geographically close to the United States and satellite broad  casting makes access to the Northern networks even easier. In the ten years from 1976 to 1986, the imported content of four large television stations in the region moved from an average of 78.5% to 87%. When the amount of imported content carried by the smaller stations was included, the average increased to 90% of all material televised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Privatisation and new technologies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several of the larger Caribbean countries have seen an explosive growth in the electronic media. Jamaica, which has a population of about 2.5 million living in some 620 000 households, and per capita GDP of $1563, has seen the number of radio stations grow from three to nine and TV stations from one two, in a period of just five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago, with 1.2 million inhabitants in 300 000 households, and per capita GDP of $4049, went through a similar process, with seven new radio stations and two new, privately-owned TV stations being set up over the last five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barbados, with a population of 260000 living in about 50000 households has long supported two daily newspapers. There are also two TV stations on the island, while viewers can receive television signals from neighbouring islands. This country has the highest per capita GDP in the region ($5562) after The Bahamas ($10,308).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One positive effect of this intensive growth is certainly to be found in the increased employment opportunities for broadcasters. In the past, journalists risked their careers if they disagreed with their employers. Now people have more options. However, increased competition in a relatively small market also enlarges the risk of commercialisation and a lowering of standards. One does not need to undertake in-depth research to discover that locally-produced television is scarce and not always of the highest standard. It is cheaper to buy foreign programming than to produce original content. Some   of the graduates of the Caribbean Institute of Media and Communication, who performed above average during their training and education in print journalism, can be seen sliding down the standards scale once they enter the mass media as working journalists. Similarly, the standards of newsrooms are not always high. In fairness to the professionals, it must be said that the decline in standards is partly due to the lack of resources in editorial departments. The major newsrooms in radio and television in Jamaica, still depend on typewriters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development of new technologies has contributed to two almost opposite movements. On the one hand, greater access to worldwide networks has widened horizons. On the other, the introduction of cable TV offers, at least in principle, the possibility for small-scale communication initiatives, such as community radio stations either for geographical communities or communities of interest (for example, people or groups interested in the environment).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Satellite dishes, VCRs and computers are breaking down traditional communication borders. In the Jamaican capital, Kingston, 28% of households have a dish and 21% a computer. The picture is very different just 20 miles away, in the neighbouring but rural parish of St Thomas, where the figures are just 1% and 2% respectively. New technologies are affordable for the happy few and are increasing the gap between the 'haves' and 'have-nots' of information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In all of these societies, computers sit uneasily in otherwise nondigital environments. The information that one works with is usually not computerised. Many records are still handwritten, with data kept on index cards. Computerisation is a costly process for which there is rarely a budget.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once the hardware is available, it is easy to retrieve data from non Caribbean sources. At the same time, it is barely possible - at least at the moment - to tap into Caribbean data sources. There is no commercial Caribbean software. Page make-up and layout programmes, for instance, rely on  non-Caribbean electronic clip-art-images and symbols. It may simply be a matter of time before local products develop, but currently, the main constraints are to do with lack of funds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalism&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How is journalism faring in this environment ? The Caribbean context gives journalism a special professional profile. The small size of Caribbean societies has implications for the use of sources. Access is easier, but it also creates sharper dilemmas where loyalty is concerned: most sources are people you know personally and who know you. Anonymity is almost impossible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because the societies are so small, you will meet many of the same people in different roles on different occasions. The small scale of the market makes all enterprises in media and journalism very vulnerable to market forces: the withdrawal of one or two major advertisers would endanger the chances of survival of some media houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The situation of the press is most marginal in the smaller countries. In Antigua (population 66000), radio and television are controlled either by the Government or by people with close links to those in power. One opposition paper, a trade union publication, has survived several legal assaults by the authorities over the years. The other, little more than a newsletter, has managed to survive into its second year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Grenada (population 91000), journalists complain about police harassment of reporters on duty, and in most of the smaller countries, journalists are uneasily aware of the continuing hostility of long-ruling political parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The working environment of journalists in Caribbean media organisations is usually more modest compared to that of journalists in rich countries. There is less technology, smaller staffs and lower salaries. In the smaller Caribbean countries, it is not unusual for journalists to have to combine two jobs. Journalism alone cannot pay the bills.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a sharp difference between rich and poor in most developing countries. For large sections of the population, the big decisions will have nothing to do with buying a second or a third television set.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is more likely to be a simple matter of whether there is food on the table tonight. These different priorities obviously influence a journalist's agenda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In developing economies, this can create serious dilemmas for the journalists: if you know your story is likely to hurt the tourist industry - which happens to be the main national income earner of your country - will pursuing it be a waste of valuable time ? And how do you decide on the relevance of a scoop when people - some of whom are your friends - could lose their jobs ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.d.B.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; Sources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hilary Brown (1995): American Media Impact on Jamaican Youth: The Cultural Dependency Thesis in 'Globalization, Communications and Caribbean identity', Edited by Hopeton S. Dunn, Kingston, Jamaica, lan Randle Publishers. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aggrey Brown and Roderick Sanatan !1987). Talking With Whom ? A Report a the State of the Media in the Caribbean. Caribbean Institute of Media and Communication (Carimac), Kingston, Jamaica. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aggrey Brown (1995). Caribbean Cultures and Mass Communication Technology: Re-examining the Cultural/ Dependency Thesis, in 'Globalization, Communications and Caribbean Identity'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.5.1.13" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With modern computer technology, it is now very easy for publishers (and film-makers) to dabble with reality. Whereas in the past, you could be reasonably sure that what you saw was a fair representation of what actually happened, today there is no such guarantee.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recently in the United Kingdom, one of the country's regional newspapers came in for criticism when it published a 'doctored' photograph of a well-known opposition politician. He was captured on  film at a social function sitting at a table with a glass of beer in front of him. By the time the paper's computer experts had finished with the photo, it looked as if he was drinking champagne ! When the story broke, the journal thought it expedient to issue an immediate apology. For while  this kind of misrepresentation may appear trivial, in the modern age, image is crucial for those who are involved in public life. Put simply, voters' are more likely to look kindly on beer-drinking politicians than on those whose favourite tipple is champagne.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was a similar case involving an advertisement issued by a well-known car manufacturer. For their publicity in Britain, the company used a landscape photo portraying a selection of their employees. In Poland, the same picture was used but black and Asian workers were no longer to be seen. Their places in the line-up were miraculously taken by people of Caucasian appearance. The advertisers' rather surprising explanation was that this had been a 'mistake'!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other recent victims of 'doctored' pictures or socalled 'photo collages' have included members of the European Parliament and a senior EC official, although these particular misrepresentations received very little publicity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Should consumers of printed or broadcast material be entitled to assume that images are never tampered with ? And if some doctoring is acceptable, where do you draw the line ? The answer to the first question is clearly no. There are certain situations where photo or film enhancement techniques are unobjectionable. We sometimes use them on The Courier cover pages to remove blemishes or fill in gaps which may detract from the main image. In fashion  advertising, it is common for the 'look' of the model to be altered. The aim here is to draw the reader's eye to the page so that their attention can then be focused on the product. More dramatic alterations may even be acceptable if it is evident to the reader that a change has been made. Satirical articles, for example, can sometimes be amusingly illustrated with obviously altered images.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where the practice is reprehensible is where the picture has been changed in a way that leads the reader to draw false conclusions about what he or she is observing. The  classic example of this is where the image of a person captured in one setting is placed against a different backdrop, without the reader being informed. This may be done to give either a more positive or a more negative impression (the latter approach is more usual) but in either case, it is dishonest. If a politician allows himself to be photographed on a Caribbean beach while on mission at the taxpayers' expense, even if he was only there during the lunch break for a quick dip, then he can't really complain. But if the picture was actually taken when he was on holiday in Majorca, and superimposed against a more exotic back  ground, then both the 'victim' and the reader are being cheated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There will always be borderline cases, but in principle, it ought to be possible to draw a reasonably clear distinction between 'right' and 'wrong' in this area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nonetheless, it is likely that distorted images will continue to be presented to us in the future. In pluralist societies, newspapers and broadcasters operate in a fiercely competitive environment and in theory, this should provide a deterrent. If one media organisation is found to have doctored images in a dishonest way, there will always be plenty of others willing to expose the misbehaviour.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In practice, however, the only real deterrent is the likelihood of a drop in circulation, or lower viewing figures. And while consumers may say they disapprove of journalistic dishonesty (whether in photographs or the written word), there is little evidence to suggest that they react by taking their custom elsewhere. Indeed, in some developed countries, the closer a journal sails to the wind, the more likely it is to enjoy a high circulation!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It used to be said that 'the camera never lies'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nowadays, we can't be so certain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.6.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In issue 156 of The Courier, we announced the launch of a programme by the European Centre for Development Policy Management on the future of KU-ACP relations beyond LomÃ© IV. Here, we publish an abridged text supplied by the ECDPM reporting on progress.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After 20 years, the LomÃ© Convention is thought by some not to have lived up to expectations and now that East West rivalry is no longer an issue, many doubt its continued relevance. Questioning, as such, is no bad thing, provided it takes place in a fair and unbiased manner and is not used as a pretext to abandon the acquis  of more than 20 years of cooperation. This is the rationale behind a number of private and official initiatives to redefine KU-ACP cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Consultations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ECDPM's post-tome IV exercise has now been up and running for more than a year. Consultations have been held in more than 20 ACP countries, involving representatives from the private and non-governmental sectors, officials in the National Authorising Offices, EC delegations, regional organisations and research centres. A number of strong impressions have emerged from these interviews. In the first place, the initial comment of many NGOs and private sector representativ  was essentially 'what is in it for us ?'. This points to a lack of knowledge of the Convention in non-governmental circles and suggests that this complicated instrument is not entirely 'user-friendly'. Its government to government character was also criticised. There were calls for ACP-KU relations to be opened up to the private sector and civil society. In this context, experience with decentralised cooperation was seen as encouraging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, the benefits of the LomÃ© trade provisions were highlighted with fears being expressed about what would happen after the year 2000. It was felt that at a time when many ACPs  are undergoing structural adjustment, and the private sector is getting its act together, a clearer European commitment in this area would benefit both sides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Various actors from the private, NGO and research communities indicated a willingness to engage in debate on redefining mutual ACP-KU interests and on the design of a new cooperation contract. Some of them had an opportunity to present their views at an ECDPM conference on the future of KU-ACP relations held on 12-14 June.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear that the process of reflection is now firmly under way. At the institutional level, the Joint Assembly began as far back as February 1995, when it launched an action plan to revitalise KU-ACP cooperation. This year, it asked Senator Jean-Louis Firmin of Haiti to draw up a report on the future of the LomÃ© Convention. It also requested the Social Partners to tackle the issue at their next annual meeting in November 1996. On the European side, the Commission will present a Green Paper later this year while the ACPs are also studying the question. Last November, the ACP Council resolved that Heads of State should meet before the end of 1997 to agree on a joint position.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Obstacles&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this activity suggests a real awareness of what is at stake. Many obstacles have to be overcome, however, if a new type of partnership is to emerge. The main pillars of Europe's commitment to the ACP countries - aid and trade - both appear under threat. It will be necessary to redefine mutual interests - beyond the negative interdependencies - so that they can serve as a basis for a more modern and effective partnership. Greater creativity  will also be required to find new forms of EU support on ACP trade issues that are compatible with World Trade Organisation obligations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An in-depth rethink of ACP-KU cooperation will significantly benefit from inputs by actors traditionally excluded from the discussions - who are anxious to participate in redefining cooperation ties. For instance, in Namibia, NGOs called for formal consultation mechanisms for non-governmental actors. Similarly, economic operators meeting in Trinidad in November called for a new Europe-Caribbean partnership. There should also be a role for applied research conducted in ACP centres. There is already a joint research project on the future of West Africa Europe relations and similar initiatives are being formulated elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The plea for a debate that is open to the key ACP actors should be taken on board by decision-makers and negotiators - and thus far, they have proved receptive. However, two conditions are needed to maintain this fruitful exchange. First, ACP stakeholders need to be able to base their views on full knowledge of the facts and issues. It is essential that the Convention's authors make a major effort to provide more and better information. The ECDPM is willing to play a part in this. Initiatives already under way include the development of EUFORIC - a Forum on the Internet for specialised information on European development cooperation - and the preparation of practical guides to the LomÃ© Convention. Enhanced access to information can help all partners move towards a real dialogue. Second, forms and channels for dialogue. need to be devised to ensure that an open debate is sustained beyond the initial reflections taking place within the EU and ACP groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ECDPM&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.6.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Jos Jonckers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this article offers an academy critique of *e challenges facing the global system of development cooperation in the post-cold War era. He argues that the old compromises that have shaped development assistance since the Second World War have broken down and pleads for a radical re-think of the strategy in order to 'enable' fess affluent societies to gain from the advent of global 'free market democracy'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let us face it. International development early 50 years, the developed world has taken aid for granted. It no longer does. In real terms, it has started to give less. The expected 'peace dividend' has not materialised and scepticism is rising. Aid and solidarity are considered old-fashioned concepts. Progress and development, it is increasingly argued, must come from cooperation based on mutual interest and a businesslike approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid scepticism is at its highest in the USA. A conservative majority in Congress promotes radical 'winner' recipes and aid has been slashed. Slowly but surely, America is getting out of the development business. Lacking domestic support, the Clinton administration seeks to 'rescue' the country's aid programme by seeking more cooperation with other donors - particularly the KU, whose solidarity horizons do not yet stop at its own borders. But even here, horizons are shrinking. European aid to its immediate neighbours in the East and the southern Mediterranean basin has risen. Happy and prosperous neighbours suddenly seem more important than distant friends in need.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Has the end of the cold war marked the beginning of a cold world - where international solidarity is being dismantled together with the nuclear warheads ? Or could we be experiencing the beginning of a fundamental reshaping of international solidarity and aid between nations?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond altruism - self interest&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International aid has always involved a compromise within affluent society. People and nations are not normally disposed to give something away unless they receive something in return. Any attempt at understanding and reshaping the future of development aid must therefore start from the premise that those providing development aid do so as a result of a complex and evolving compromise between altruism and self-interest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Affluent countries are usually only interested in assisting poorer ones when the effect is to strengthen their international leadership, and in some way to enhance their security and material wellbeing. Looked at in this context, we must recognise that development aid, whatever its altruistic aims, will only exist if it also serves the legitimate, albeit more selfish agenda of the donor. It also means that the compromise which gives aid its rationale in affluent society changes over time: aid is regularly 'recompromised'. In secure and prosperous times, donors are  more inclined to forego self-interest and to cooperate in the interest of less affluent countries. In times of insecurity, the altruistic dimension is likely to diminish in importance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In colonial times, systematic aid flows first emerged as a result of a compromise between expansionist Northern governments and Christian society with its own 'colonizing' clergy. Decolonisation had the effect of increasing insecurity in most former colonial powers. In an attempt to safeguard the capital they had 'invested' in their overseas territories, following the latter's independence, they increasingly shaped aid with a view to 'buying' goodwill from the new rulers. This process, which 'recompromised' aid from a colonial into a neocolonial form, resulted in the secular, institutionalised arrangement now known as 'bilateral aid'. In addition, during the Cold War, Western aid was used increasingly as a device to stop the Third World joining the Second World (the communist bloc). The result was an aid system which was both more internationalised and more politicised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The next stage came with the end of the Cold War. Communism had joined colonialism and fascism in the dustbin of history. Affluent Western society had emerged as the winner. With it came the Western vision for stability, peace and progress: a world of sovereign nations, organised on the basis of democratic and capitalist market principles and committed to respect for each other's territory and for basic human rights. Today, capitalism has become the norm in most nation states. Long-time sceptics such as India, and even convinced opponents such as China and Vietnam, have embraced it. Democracy has not yet achieved the same coverage, but it is sailing forward under favourable conditions. Political pluralism is steadily being consolidated in much of East and Central Europe, while dictatorial regimes in Africa, Asia and Latin America are now the exception.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The effect of all of this has been a speedy erosion of the terms of the compromise on which development aid thrived for so long. In a rapidly globalis  ing,multi-polar world, the old approaches appear increasingly redundant. From this perspective, the current aid crisis is not surprising and is not necesarily a bad thing. Western affluent society is essentially trying to come to terms with the demystification of its development aid, as part of a process of reshaping it for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three 'recompromising' strategies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As in the past, the recompromising process is influenced by both self-interest and altruism in affluent society. Three trends can be identified.. The first, which is the most idealistic, involves restoring altruism. This approach seeks to 'purge' aid of the perverse political and economic compromises and contradictions caused by decades of neocolonial and Cold-War self-interest. It has impacted on aid in several ways. First, it has given a significant boost to humanitarian aid - the most altruistic form - at the expense of development assistance. Second, it has led to a 'decentralisation' of aid - with more assistance being channelled through organisations such as NGOs, that have an 'uncompromised' altruistic profile. Third, it has led to a 'deconstruction' of development aid along idealistic-altruistic lines. 'Women in development', 'child health', 'environment'and 'poverty alleviation' are all examples of deconstructed labels around which aid is increasingly being structured and justified. Finally, it has prompted an 'intellectualisation' of development aid with the particular purpose of tightening its altruistic aims. For example, the Logical Framework Approach, the concept of 'sustainable development', the UNDP's Human Development Index and various experiments with more 'accountable' project management systems, have all essentially been devised as ways of encapsulating and supporting the altruistic intentions that lie behind aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second recompromising strategy, which may be summed up in the expression be businesslike, approaches development cooperation  much more skeptically. Aid, it is argued, only makes sense if it leads to real progress and development - and the prevailing view is that this is not happening. The approach is fueled by the obsession of trying to measure progress with the help of business tools such as 'output', 'impact', 'efficiency', 'rates of return' and so on. This has led to burgeoning aid 'evaluation'. It has also probably contributed to the discovery of aid failures which, in turn, has prompted growing criticism of aid agencies and operators. The businesslike strategy has gained further ground because of the failure of many countries to achieve any real progress in recent decades. Its advocates argue that the compromises which undermined aid's development impact in the past are inherently linked with its altruistic nature. The conclusion is that altruistic aid will seldom or never work. The strategy has impacted on aid in a number of ways being, for example, the major cause of so-called 'aid fatigue'. It has also prompted a search for ways to enhance cooperation for mutual benefit, indeed transforming the narrow, pre Cold War trade cooperation link with developing countries into a much broader and rapidly growing economic cooperation approach. Finally, it has sought to enhance aid's impact on the economic conditions and growth prospects of developing countries through more ambitious, structural-oriented forms of aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regionalism, the third major strategy, is linked to globalisation. Rooted in human survival psychology, this approach prompts nations in close proximity to form 'strategic' coalitions. In the post-Cold War era, development aid is one of the instruments used by affluent regions to strengthen their position in a 'globalising' environment. The strategy entails promoting 'open' regionalism elsewhere in the world and capitalising on this to create linkages and interactions which enhance their own influence or hegemony. From the point of view of the international political economy, this makes perfect sense. Having succeeded in making the 'world of nations' accept capitalism and democracy, it is through the consolidation   process of free market democracy in other countries and regions that powerful affluent nations will seek to gain maximum advantage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Need for a vision&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With this improved insight into the dynamics that have been reshaping development aid, is it now possible to go further and develop a more political vision of relations between affluent and less affluent nations in future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free market democracy, having endured the 'crises' of decolonisation, fascism and communism, has succeeded in promoting stability and peace within and between nations. Its main strength has probably been its crucial enabling function, with an increasing number of people and nations now in a position to 'earn' a better future. It appears that the model has the capacity to generate fairly equitable growth and progress, which is presumably why more and more countries are turning to it. As is so often the case, however, the strength of the system also contains the seeds of its weakness. Conceived as an 'enabling' mechanism, it results in the categorisation of those who fail to 'be enabled' as 'unable'. Marginalised because they cannot participate and perform in the   system, the excluded (whether individuals or states) are dubbed 'losers'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are seen as a burden and a threat by the 'winners'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The result is disparity in society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experience in most affluent nations suggests that despite the enabling environment created by free market democracy, up to a quarter of the population finds itself unable to perform effectively, and is marginalised as a result. Moreover, there seems to be an upward trend in the numbers affected by unemployment, underemployment and poverty. Disparity never occurs without some cost to society, which is a good reason why it ought to be minimised. The costs come mainly in the form of internal transfers earned (but foregone) by the active, 'winning' section of society. In more sociallyinspired, free market democracies, it is accepted that marginalisation resulting from the model's shortcomings must be minimised and/or adequately compensated for. In more conservative free market democracies, exclusion is seen more as a weakness of individuals than of the system. Compensatory transfers are generally kept to a minimum to induce people to 'break out' of their situation. But while such societies may save on 'empathetic' transfers, they will generally need to spend much more of their wealth defending against threats posed by growing disparity, such as crime, drug-trafficking and political extremism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The costs of disparity are political as well as financial. Genuine democracy is based on the participation of a representative majority of citizens. In affluent societies, however, a growing minority no longer participates. The real danger stems from the fact that this is highly skewed. It is the same, growing, marginalised minority that is 'unable' to participate which is also withdrawing from democratic involvement. The result is alienation from the political system and an erosion of democracy to the extent that its very survival may be threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is really at stake &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having conquered most of the world's nations, free market capitalism is now set to conquer the world of nations, helped by technological advances in communications, transport and computer technology. Economists have amply shown that the interdependence resulting from free international competition need not be detrimental. Indeed, because global capitalism ensures that ideas, initiatives and resources can be 'put to work' anywhere in the world - wherever they generate most profit - interdependence is usually seen as mutually beneficial. In essence, it confirms what might be called the global enabling effect of free-market capitalism. The basic thesis is that the adoption by less affluent nations of free market democracy should 'enable' many more of them to improve the lives of their people in the coming decades. The boost engendered by this 'enabling effect' will, in turn, help to sustain progress in the more affluent countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If this is the aim, then a new vision should progressively inspire future cooperation between the affluent and less affluent countries. The first concern should be to define 'purpose' and 'interest' much more in terms of system and process, than of output. What really matters is the 'enabling potential' of free market democracy in the specific context of the less affluent countries. How something is achieved and by whom should take precedence over what is achieved. The ultimate aim must be to ensure that free-market democracy 'takes root' in less affluent nations and is able to determine who does what and how.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A second major concern should be to maximise the 'enabling potential' of free market democracy for the most vulnerable sections of individual populations. As mentioned earlier, up to a quarter of the people in affluent societies are excluded. In poorer countries, the figure is much higher. If free market democracy fails to enable a significant proportion of this marginalised group, then it will not take root. And if the poor cannot be mobilised, the  growth that does occur will be highly skewed, leading to growing disparity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A third point is to ensure that the 'global enabling' effect of free market capitalism does not become the exclusive preserve of deregulated capital and the 'winners' who control it, leading to new forms of exploitation and disparity. The concern must be to find a way of directing the combined forces of 'capitalism without borders' and 'democracy within borders' in such a way that it leads to a genuinely better world in which the number of 'losers' is dropping and disparities are diminishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A historic perspective&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is useful at this stage to take a look at the history of capitalism. Freemarket democracy delivered affluence to about a third of the global population over the last century mainly because of the 'accommodation' between labour and capital in an enabling environment created by 'Fordist' mass-production and consumption. A similar accommodation is now needed to enable global free market democracy to extend material wellbeing to the remaining two thirds of the (continually growing) world population, while at the same time sustaining it among the existing affluent third. It is no longer an accommodation between capitalists and workers that is required, however, but one between the affluent and the less affluent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fordism basically transformed the 'interdependent' stake of capital and labour in the economic pie, into a 'joint stake' - leading to the production of a larger pie. By analogy, what is needed today is to ensure that affluent and less affluent societies develop a joint stake in the production of a larger 'global pie' as a result of new technologies and more efficient, globalised modes of production. Attracting and sustaining capitalist investment in such modes will increasingly depend on demand and consumption structures which guarantee that poorer societies share with affluent ones the benefits of such global production systems. In the same way that a larger 'mess-produced pie' was dependent on higher and more   equitable mass consumption, so will a larger 'globally-produced pie' depend increasingly on higher and more equitable global consumption. In this context, the principal policy aim of development cooperation should be to ensure that growth resulting from globalisationis both enabling and disparity-reducing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The disabling effect of&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'poor' competition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Driven by the powerful motive of capital accumulation, globalisation has the tendency to promote competition. In principle, this should be a good thing, but left unchanneled, it can have negative effects. One might draw an analogy between the conquering of the global market and the spread of water during a flood. The water always takes the easiest route, entering the most vulnerable areas first where it causes the most damage. Likewise, globalization, fueled by 'deregulated' capital, often tends to promote competition where it is easiest, but where it is not necessarily beneficial. This is the case, for example, in less affluent countries, where poverty is exploited to achieve what might be dubbed a 'poor' competitive advantage - in the sense that it is based on disparity, but also in that, far from 'enabling', it may actually have the opposite effect. Child labour, sex tourism, environmentally destructive tourism, tropical forms logging, the export of industrial pollution and misuse of intellectual property are all examples of 'disabling' competition resulting from global disparity. In a rapidly globalising world this is ultimately damaging to all concerned, which is why both affluent and less affluent nations have an interest in reducing the gap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All of this points to the need for a major redefinition of society's role in general and of aid in particular. During the colonial and Cold War periods, development cooperation was progressively uprooted and alienated from society. Serving an increasingly complex and non-transparent agenda, it became more and more a 'cockpit' affair, piloted by a small specialised crew - and it  found itself flying higher and higher above society. In short, affluent society lost touch with development cooperation and aid. Occasionally, the media intervened to 're-establish contact' but the result was that development aid usually only attracted mainstream public attention when things had gone terribly wrong.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning vision into action&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the aim is to have affluent and less affluent society working together to ensure that the latter adopts 'free market democracy'- and can adapt it in a way which benefits both - it is vital that the former be reconnected to the business of development cooperation. The affluent must be challenged to help transform their less affluent partners, in the interested and creative manner of a minority stakeholder. They must be ready to share the wealth of knowledge and experience generated in their own process of development. Representatives of all walks of affluent life should therefore be provided with greater opportunity for dialogue and cooperation with their less affluent counterparts. Increasingly easy and cheap communications and transport should facilitate this. This new form of stakeholdership will not happen, however, unless affluent society can be imbued with the new vision.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donors should actively support the process. Instead of spending most of their time and resources determining the scope and content of development cooperation, they should step down from their cockpit. Their new role should be as brokers and facilitators of cooperation. An initial priority must be to extol the vision itself. As this gathers momentum, they should then turn to 'brokering' it in practice - acting as a catalyst between the affluent and less affluent in order to facilitate 'enabling' cooperation between them. The development of an effective brokerage profile and methodology will probably entail important changes in the way that donors work. They need to move much closer to their  constituency, and to be made democratically accountable again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As mentioned earlier, the concept of enabling cooperation concentrates on who does what, and how. Essentially, therefore, it should be seeking to mobilise democratic and free market forces in less affluent societies. The advantage of working this way is that change and progress will be determined primarily from within the society in question - with cooperation as a source of encouragement. Such an approach also entails acceptance of the fact that the pace of progrms must be left much more to the enabling forces of the maturing democracies and free markets, however weak and imperfect these may still appear. Indeed, the central purpose of cooperation should be to help these fore&quot; become stronger. To achieve this, cooperation will need to move away from an emphasis on engineering outputs to one which involves 'messaging' the system and process. And it is not just methodologies that need to be altered; there must also be a radical change in cooperation mentality. Thus, for example, donors should attempt to broker cooperation which is 'small but smart'. Advancing 'best practice' might be another creative way to pursue cooperation which is enabling. And while some output-related decision techniques can still be used, these must be creatively reshaped to support a more 'enabling' approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, this enabling vision entails an awareness of the imperfections of free-market democracy, combined with a conviction that it offers enormous potential for the less affluent countries of the world. 'Recompromising' development aid for the future will mean reshaping it to support a process of adoption and adaptation of free market democracy in less affluent countries which is highly 'enabling'. The result should be a system of international solidarity which is working for free-market democracy, rather than as a substitute for it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.6.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Dieter Frisch&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corruption - defined as 'the abuse of public power for personal ends' - has always existed. During recent decades, however, it has grown both in terms of geographic extent and intensity. Since the mid 1970s, it has infiltrated virtually every country in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was hoped that the easing of political and economic restrictions that characterised the 1990s after the end of the Cold War would have gone some way to reducing this phenomenon. Through increased openness resulting from political pluralism and the freedom of the press, the process of democratisation should, under normal circumstances, mobilise efforts to overcome corruption. However, emergent democracies are still fragile and seem to find the task of tackling established self interests a formidable one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By reducing state intervention and therefore the opportunities for corruption, economic liberalisation should improve matters. In the short term, however, the opposite would appear to be true. Weakened state structures, a lack of appropriate legislation, powerlessness on the part of the judicial system to combat corruption, the pursuit of easy money - mistakenly perceived by some as being equivalent to a market economy - all these factors together contribute to aggravating the phenomenon, at least in the transitional stages. Such a state of affairs cannot fail to have some effect on those who are involved in and concerned by development issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Needless to say, corruption and its effects can be seen from a multitude of viewpoints. There is always the ethical angle - but how can we possibly presume to preach to countries of the South and East when bribery is just as rife in the North and when, as far as corruption within international economic relations is concerned, it is in fact, virtually by definition, the North who is the corrupter and the South and East who are the corrupted ? The only possible reply to such an argument - and one which is morally disputable even though economically valid - would be that the rich North can afford the luxury of wasting some of its wealth whereas in the case of developing countries, their sparse financial resources need to be used in the best way possible! Other lines of reasoning emphasise the distortions that corruption causes in the fair application of conditions of competition by penalising successful, yet honest, undertakings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major obstacle in the path of development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In my opinion, corruption should be approached from the point of view of the effects it has on development. I say this because long professional experience has taught me that corruption is one of the major obstacles to progress, and that its effects on development are disastrous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some people would no doubt counter this assertion with the 'cultural' argument whereby they would have us believe that, in certain cultures, corruption is quite normal and morally acceptable. Well I do not know of a single place on earth where growing rich through taking bribes is considered lawful or morally acceptable! I should like to quote Olusegun Obansanjo,  former President of Nigeria, on the subject: 'In the African concept of appreciation and hospitality, a gift is a token. It is not demanded. The value is in the spirit of the giving, not the material worth. The gift is made in the open for all to see, never in secret. Where the gift is excessive, it becomes an embarrassment, and is returned. If anything, corruption has perverted the positive aspects of this age-old tradition'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then there are the cynics - including renowned professors - who claim that corruption oils the wheels of progress and enables development to take place. In this respect again, and putting all ethical aspects aside, it would be worthwhile distinguishing between the small baksheesh which 'helps' certain administrative procedures along ('acceleration fees') and large-scale corruption which perverts the course of de  velopment. This does not of course mean that we should underestimate the destructive effects that even small-scale corruption can have on society!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet others have simply resigned themselves to the situation. For them, corruption is intrinsically linked to underdevelopment. As long as a person's normal income does not provide him with a decent living, the door will always be open to bribes. It is, therefore, through development that we should be attempting to eradicate corruption. Yet this argument is reminiscent of the debate on the population explosion. It is only through development, some say, that the problems of population growth will be resolved. But by then, the planet will be inexorably overpopulated! In my opinion, the same argument is just as valid as far as corruption is concerned. We simply cannot wait for it to be stamped out through development. (In any case, development is hardly a miracle cure: true, we have the examples of Singapore and Hong Kong where corruption is extremely uncommon, but we could also mention Italy, where it was precisely at the height of the country's development that corruption became the norm). We must act therefore, and without delay, focusing our efforts on eradicating large-scale corruption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If we analyse some of the effects that corruption has on development, the first thing we notice is that it increases the cost of goods and services, and not insignificantly either. Although a 5% reduction in the profit margin might, at a pinch, be absorbed by the supplier, corruption levels of 10% to 20%, which have become commonplace, will inevitably be reflected in the price and will, consequently, be paid for through the national or foreign (in the case of foreign aid) resources of a country. It is therefore the national economy that ultimately suffers the consequences of an unjustified surcharge on the goods or services, with the difference being pocketed by some government official or politician who has abused his power for his own personal gain. Given that such operations are generally financed by bank  loans or, in the case of foreign aid, by concessional loans, these surcharges inevitably bring about a proportionate increase in that country's debts. In fact it is now assumed that the exchange value of sums paid out in backhanders makes up a considerable proportion of the foreign debts of developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, the damaging effects of such practices do not stop there. The corrupt decision-maker may well be tempted to accept a substandard quality of service which will make his personal profit all the greater. Thus, with a road building project for example, complicity between government departments and contractors may result in corner-cutting with regard to agreed standards of quality so that the savings made may be shared out between the two parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At their very worst, the disastrous effects of corruption mean that the conception of a project, and ultimately its very choice, are determined by corruption. As far as conception is concerned, a good example would be the purchase of a technology which is wholly unsuited to the particular needs of a country or the choice of a capital intensive project - more lucrative in terms of corruption - rather than a labour-intensive one which would nevertheless be far more beneficial to that nation's development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The absolute peak of perversion, however, is when the very choice of priorities - and therefore of projects - is determined by corruption. What we are referring to here are those situations in which the real development priorities of a country are neglected in favour of operations which generate the greatest personal gain for the decision-makers. At this point I would like to quote RÃ©mi Godeau, writing in Jeune Afrique: 'These currency-guzzling abortive projects have become a graveyard of white elephants. Africa is littered with vast deserted motorways which are being eroded by the Savannah, with fully functional but empty factories which have been left to fall into ruin only a few years after they were opened, with railway lines which are now impassable  through a lack of maintenance, and with hydroelectric dams abandoned because they cost too much to run'. Let us pick up on the point about empty factories. These 'follies of development' are to be found in many developing countries and in Africa in particular. Some have never produced, others have failed to reach full production capacity while others still face such prohibitive costs that big state subsidies are needed to keep them going. If we follow the thread right back to the beginning we find, more often than not, that factories have been sold without ensuring real competition between suppliers. Admittedly, such projects usually have only private-sector backing (they are rarely financed through official aid), but the funding is nonetheless backed by state-controlled bodies. The existence of corruption in such cases must be more than mere presumption - what other reason could there be for making decisions which run so counter to the interests of development ? In his work 'Grand Corruption in Third World Development', George Moody-Stuart identified those areas which are especially vulnerable to corruption. These are most notably, the procurement of military and other   technically sophisticated equipment, and large-scale works (in other words, any major, capital-intensive project and any scheme where objective valuation and comparison is hampered because of the technical sophistication involved).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is worthwhile mentioning at this point that a country which borrows money to finance projects that do not satisfy its real needs, and which may indeed be considered economically futile or absurd, will see its debt burden increase - and not simply by the 10% to 20% that is used to fund 'backhanders'. The loss will ultimately be 100% if one views it in terms of the cost of the unproductive investment to the national economy. Discussions about the debts of developing countries rarely focus on the mechanisms which have produced these debts. Yet in most cases, they have become unserviceable on account of the ineffective use of overseas aid - the sort of bad management to which corruption contributes considerably.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is more, by deflecting the sparse resources which do exist towards non-priority or low-priority areas, corruption contributes to a large extent to ensuring that fundamental needs such as food, health and education, are not met. It is therefore one of the causes of under development and of poverty in general. Needless to say, official aid is often called upon to make good the deficit left by the irresponsible management of otherwise available resources. Is it any surprise if, in the long run, public opinion in the countries of the North begins to grow weary of bridging gaps which efficient management of resources should never have allowed to appear in the first place ? How are we to convince European taxpayers that it is they who need to provide the money to fund bush clinics in countries which put their funds in prestige projects, if not directly into Swiss bank accounts?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A vicious circle that must be broken&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effectively, we find ourselves in a 'catch-22'situation. Corruption is one of the causes of under development and poverty, yet poverty is in part responsible for its continuation. If a person cannot earn an honest living for himself and his family, then he is more or less forced into earning it by less honest means. Hence corruption is both the cause and the consequence of under development. In order to break the pattern we must therefore combat large-scale corruption inasmuch as it is a significant cause of underdevelopment and we must work gradually to eradicate the reasons for its propagation in society, and in particular to remedy the notorious lack of adequate income to ensure a decent standard of living.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general terms, we can say that corruption also kills off the spirit of development. Nothing is more destructive to a society than the pursuit of 'a fast and easy buck' which makes honest people who work hard appear naive or foolish. That is why, in the context of economic reforms under the heading of 'structural adjustment', it is vital that the model advocated be one of a market economy based on a sound framework of legislation and on an efficient state. It should not allow free rein to the sort of ruthless capitalism which is aimed at immediate profit at all costs. The example of certain transition countries in the East, where a market economy has become synonymous with the law of the jungle, the Mafia and corruption, really should make us stop and think.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the final analysis, an economy undermined by corruption has the effect of discouraging potential foreign investors and public donors. Yet if development is to succeed, countries have to be able to attract a flow of capital. As Serge Michailof put it: 'Success attracts money. Waste, failure and chaos drive it away'. And although investors are very keen to do business, with the exception of a few opportunists, they all look for host countries that have a stable and predictable climate. Entrepreneurs have been known to withdraw from certain African countries - which are nevertheless rich in resources - because of the constraints imposed on them by corruption on a scale which they considered to be unacceptable. As for public donors, they are increasingly reluctant to offer financial aid to those countries that manage their own resources poorly. It is precisely this failing which is one of the causes of what we now refer to as 'aid fatigue'. Financial aid institutions should go as far as suspending their cooperation in blatant cases of corruption and bad management, just as they do in cases of serious violation of human rights. Conversely, 'good governance' should be the determining factor when allocating aid, and it would appear that Article 5 of the revised LomÃ© IV Convention does in fact foresee such an approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, far from reserving the foregoing criticisms for countries of the South, I believe that the partners of the North have their part to play in the ravages wrought by corruption, be it only as a result of the inconsistencies between their development cooperation policies and their export promotion policies. Basing our assumptions on the principle that cooperation efforts are genuinely motivated by concerns for development - and I can attest that this is precisely the motivation behind the policies of the European Union, which I have served for a great many years - we should not forget that Western countries have a tendency to promote exports, by other means, without any consideration for the effects this has in terms of development. They thus contribute to the dishonest practices which we have been discussing. The fact that they tolerate, or even go as far as to encourage corruption as a means of promoting exports - restricting the application of the criminal law to acts committed on their own territory and allowing corruption to be taxdeductible under the heading of 'necessary expenses' - seems to me to be absolutely scandalous. In the AlortR too, the battle against the canker of international corruption is a formidable one. But it is a fight to which we are committed in the context of 'Transparency International' This NGO, which was created in 1993, makes its services available to any country which genuinely wishes to eradicate the scourge of corruption. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; D.F. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.7.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Phllippe Dejace&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Terms like 'democracy' and 'sustainable development' are increasingly used to keep donors happy, and to present new development projects in the most favourable possible light. With this in mind, it is interesting to look at an example from 'the field' to see how genuine the commitment actually is. Adherence to these concepts has undoubtedly made a positive contribution to environmental protection, but there is also a negative side&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1989, the Zakouma National Park in south-east Chad has been undergoing restoration in a   programme supported by the KU. Devastated by a decade of conflict, this wildlife sanctuary of nearly 3000 square kiLomÃ©tres was little more than a huge graveyard in 1986 when Pierre Pfeffer of the Paris Natural History Museum visited it and decided to campaign for its restoration. Today, this is recognised to have been a sensible decision. It is acknowledged that wildlife are better off when they have a reasonably large area in which to live, away from human activity. Aerial counts made in 1986, 1991 and 1995 confirm that animal numbers are on the increase in the park and that irreversible destruction has been averted. Currently, Zakouma is the only area effectively being protected in Chad. The other designated sites (one park and seven reservations) remain impoverished and in a state of near devastation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recognising the challenge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One should not be lulled into complacency. Even when a process involving local village communities is initiated, the low standard of living of the inhabitants, their educational level, and the progressive deterioration of vegetation around protected areas in  variably make the latter a tempting 'target'. In these circumstances, it is very hard to preserve their integrity. At Zakouma, a busy time lies ahead. The local people must be educated and informed as quickly as possible. This presents us with the first hurdle given the inadequacy of the education sector. The Ministry of Education is underfunded and with growing numbers of pupils in the system, it is virtually impossible to plan special programmes aimed at increasing awareness of this particular problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are other reasons why there should be short-term investment in this sector. There are good arguments for preserving a few control sites while the awareness programme is under way, since these will one day serve to illustrate what can be achieved. It is also much less difficult to preserve an area than to try to reconstitute it, once desertification has set in. The site is part of the national heritage whose value can only increase. Moreover, in most cases, the protected areas ensure the survival of fish stocks in lakes and rivers downstream and act as a reservoir for game: many of the animals which breed there provide food for the people living at the zone's edges. Even frequent wholesale slaughter of wildlife, as happens during a war, is reversible if the vegetation remains intact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the park is cut off from human activity (the area is flooded and therefore closed, to all intents and purpose, for four months of the year), it has an uncertain future. It faces pressure  from itinerant herdsmen and poachers, the latter tracking giraffe right up to the outskirts of Zakouma village, which is in the middle of the park. Although located in a wildlife reserve of 20 000 km2 - which is supposed to be a buffer zone - the park is not truly protected because human activity inside the reserve is not controlled. In the dry season, the park teems with wildlife. A clear density gradient has been identified with the animal population dropping as you move from the centre to the periphery. Indeed, only about a third of the 3000 km2 is intensively exploited by the wildlife which lives there - and even this area is relatively insecure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enclosure would give those who are keen to defend the park a grace period in which to set up long-term awareness strategies. Ironically, one danger results from the striking democratisation that has taken place in Chad. To win votes, some politicians have called for the bans applying to the park to be lifted. This approach has the potential to succeed because, owing to shortfalls in the education system, the electorate is insufficiently mature in political terms. Another factor is that traditional leaders, seeing their power progressively diminish, are inclined to 'revolt'. Thus, they may fail to intervene when stockmen deliberately invade the park, encouraged by demagogues in search of votes. When the grasslands are invaded by cattle, few wild animals can compete and they are forced to retreat to the central area of the park. Against this background of a need for urgent action, the Zakouma Park team is concentrating its awareness-raising efforts on traditional leaders and the administrative authorities - rather than on teaching schoolchildren about environmental protection (although such a campaign is also envisaged).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Participation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some argue that setting up a 'sustainable and participation-based development' strategy would make it possible to avoid the situation that now exists in Zakouma. The idea behind such a strategy - which clearly has its   attractions - is that man is perfectly capable of managing his native territory. All that is needed is for him to be granted land and to receive support for his initiatives. Many who espouse this approach continue to despatch teams to demonstrate that this is the ideal response. Unfortunately, in the particularly complicated case of managing the environment on the fringes of a national park, the local people are usually reluctant to make the investment. The more normal inclination is to reap a short-term profit from resources that are within reach. The inhabitants are also tired of the lectures they get from specialists who visit for just a few hours. The scope of the problem is such that expertise needs to be available on an ongoing basis. Considerable resources are also needed to ensure.that the effort is sustained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not easy to halt environmental destruction in a market economy which has overturned traditional values and gives priority to increasing personal wealth and consumption. A natural environment's potential for exploitation is always limited. Yet stock-rearing involves the use of animals 'selected' over thousands of years to take maximum advantage of the least scrap of vegetation. By contrast, a wild animal is much more selective and never ruins the environment it exploits. It may even be able to adapt its reproductive cycle to the available food resources! We are nowhere near this situation in domestic stockbreeding!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is where 'sustainable development', which sounds highly reassuring, appears at odds with reality. Beyond a certain threshold, one cannot avoid depleting the resource. If one is to adopt an approach that involves the population actively, one must acknowledge that their response may fall short of what is needed. Indeed, they may do things which provoke migration, and are thus damaging. Thus, for example, the opening-up of a water source may attract more nomadic herdsman, thereby undermining rather than enhancing the surrounding area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Awareness programme&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The single most significant step towards protecting the park would be to ease population pressure, but progress in this area is very limited. We can only wait for the birthrate to decrease; something which invariably happens as a country develops. But what will become of the national parks in the meantime ? In Zakouma, an eco-development team is currently listening to the villagers' claims. As elsewhere, an attempt is being made to gain time. Unfortunately, the current climate of transparency in Chad, which is one of the positive aspects of democratisation and should be a major asset, has not had much impact in this area. The awareness programme suffers from a serious lack of trained workers and when meetings are held, they usually turn into interminable discussions, simply increasing the level of frustration. On the other hand, a convincing discussion-leader can advance matters considerably and discussion is surely the right approach to adopt. Furthermore, the process must lead to concrete results. Otherwise, decisions taken may end up being postponed indefinitely because they conflict with the interests of political decision-makers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the difficulties, the Zakouma team is placing heavy reliance on this desire for transparency. Although the project's initial aims have essentially been to restore infrastructures and thereby promote an increase in wildlife, the addition of an ecodevelopment aspect and ecological monitoring has made it possible to create an important 'reservoir' of knowledge. A computerized map of the vegetation has been produced with the help of a microlight equipped with a GPS (satellite positioning) system. There have also been aerial inventories tracking the seasonal density and distribution of wildlife, as well as in-depth sociological surveys in the villages most hostile to the park's existence. This major database makes it possible to organise meetings, conferences and discussions to demonstrate that the park's contribution is greater than it seems. One big frustration for local people living on the  park's fringes concerns the redistribution of the income it generates. Looking first at tourism, Chad hardly qualifies as a major holiday destination and those who do visit the park are too few to make a significant contribution (the income raised barely covers the cost of replacing their bedlinen !)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One interesting conclusion has been drawn from studies of the animal distribution in the different seasons. It appears that when pressure from nomadic herdsman is at its strongest, during the dry season, the wildlife take refuge in the park and numbers multiply in safety. When the stockmen return northward, the wild animals then go beyond the park boundaries where they are hunted and eaten by villagers. This is surely a form of income redistribution! Moreover, many young fish in the park's only river (the bahr Salamat), take advantage of the flooding of the area during the rains. This releases huge volumes of nutrients back into the ecosystem. In the park, the fish are safe from the fishermen who work downstream and they can swim back to their spawning grounds. This guarantees the renewal of stocks depleted during the dry season. The level of fish stocks in Lake Iro - and probably in the River Chari as well - is thus linked to the existence of the Zakouma Park! When this version of income redistribution is explained, it often helps to convince traditional leaders who then use their influence to limit incursions by stockmen or poachers. However, a lot remains to be done because demographic pressure and standards of living both make it more difficult to get the message across.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We know that excessive human activity always results in environmental deterioration. Zakouma, although under pressure, has been 'spared' to some extent, and as such, it represents an important resource. But some see it as a luxury and it faces a suspended death sentence. If people stop regarding its conservation as something that is necessary, the sentence will end up being carried out. In my opinion, the most reliable way of guaranteeing its preservation would be to enclose it completely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.H.D. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.8.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Agostino Ambrogetti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 22nd annual General Assembly of European Development Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), and a thematic conference entitled 'A Europe open to the world', were held in Brussels from 18 - 20 April. Representatives of more than 800 NGOs attended, with the Assembly adopting 14 resolutions as well as issuing specific appeals on the European Union's Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) and on Lebanon. The Assembly renewed its approval of the development NGOs' 'Strategic Priorities', adopted the Work Plan for the 1996-98 period, and looked at the overall impact of the LomÃ© Convention with an eye to likely future developments. The subsequent Conference focused, among other things, on the issue of coherence between the EU's development cooperation and its other policies (notably trade and agriculture). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A general impression that emerged from the two events was that the NGO movement was attaching increasing importance to its role as advocate for the developing countries. A fundamental aspect of this is the ongoing dialogue that NGOs have with the European institutions, and the lobbying they carry out on policy issues. Commission representatives who spoke at the Assembly indicated their understanding and appreciation of this. For example, Development Commissioner, Jao de Deus Pinheiro, referred warmly to 'the very active role played by the NGO community in the debate on the mid-term revision of the LomÃ© Convention,' and acknowledged that the NGOs had mounted an 'important political lobby' in favour of increased funding for the next five-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commissioner was keen to emphasise the complementarily that existed between the European Commission and the NGO movement in support of emerging societies in the South. He also urged his audience to continue in their task of challenging the general apathy towards development cooperation. This, he said, entailed appealing directly to public opinion in order to influence political leaders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A similar tone was adopted by Bernard Ryelandt, who heads the unit responsible for cofinancing NGO projects in the Commission's development directorate-general (DG VIII) He spoke of the 'decisive' action of European NGOs in balancing other lobbies such as the agricultural one. This, he believed, had the effect of improving the coherence of EU policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Delegates from a number of countries set out their views on the advocacy issue, and what they saw as the growing NGO role in this area. Andy Rutherford from the United Kingdom said that he saw increased lobbying as necessary, complementing the work carried out in the field through development projects. He pointed out that Southern NGOs had themselves requested their Northern partners to pressurise European governments in the hope that the latter would adopt external policies more favourable to the developing world. Mr Rutherford also raised the thorny question of structural adjustment. The view that adjustment policies were not succeeding in eradicating poverty, had, he said, been acknowledged by the EU's Development Council in its resolution adopted in June 1995. With this in mind, the NGOs would be raising the issue with the World Bank and the IMF - where the EU Member States are among the most substantial contributors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guido Barbera, who headed the Italian delegation to the Assembly, took up this point, calling for more pressure to be exerted on the Bretton Woods institutions by European NGOs and indeed, by the European Commission itself. This was necessary, he believed, to promote coherent macroeconomic policies favouring the development of economic relationships with the less-developed countries. In more general terms, Mr Barbera applauded the growing NGO participation in the political arena, stating that this was both 'positive' and fundamental'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evaluation of the Liaison&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Committee's work&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A document was presented to the Conference by the NGDO-EU Liaison Committee containing an evaluation of its activities. The aim, in drawing up the document, was to 'review and critically assess the work and organization of the Committee, and evaluate whether it meets the expectations of its stake holders.' In order to do this, NGO members were consulted through questionnaires.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The evaluation revealed that support for the Liaison Committee as the representative umbrella organization of European NGOs remains strong, although there is widespread uncertainty about the future. This is reflected in the perception that the Committee has   gradually been losing momentum. There were also some doubts expressed about its representativeness. Large NGOs, it was noted, were able to spread their efforts across different networks. The fact that small NGOs tended not to be involved in the Committee emerged as one of the critical issues for discussion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attention was also focused on the alleged weakness of many national platforms (the documents containing proposals drawn up by the various national NGO assemblies) in representing the aspirations of their member organizations. This issue, and the question of voting on resolutions without debating the documents in question gave rise to controversy. Some delegates boycotted the vote while others submitted a written protest and there is clearly some demand for reforms designed to make the Assembly's procedures more democratic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General conditions of cm  financing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another highly topical subject on the Assembly's agenda was the proposed revision of the General Conditions for the Co-financing of NGO &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Projects in Developing Countries. Commission speakers who touched on this subject included Professor Pinheiro and Jacob Houtman who is a Director in DG VIII Both referred to the revision process that was currently under way, and emphasised the higher priority that would be attached to capacity building for Southern NGOs. This involves providing support to strengthen the organisational structure of the bodies in question, and to improve the skills of their staff in managing and implementing projects. Such an approach is now recognised as essential for the long-term sustainability of NGO activities. As Mr Houtman was keen to stress, the principles underpinning the KU-NGO relationship (recognition of NGO independence and specificity, freedom of initiative for European NGOs in cooperation with their Southern partners) would be safeguarded in the revised conditions. Other priorities to be set out in the conditions would include the promotion &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Notice at the site of a non governmental organisation in&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe devoted to improving agricultural productivity&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Crucial to provide more institutional support for Southem&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NGOs' of democracy and human rights through reinforced structures of civil society, and a greater emphasis on the fight against poverty, income-generating activities and social development programmes. With these objectives in mind, it was all the more crucial to provide more institutional support for Southern NGOs. They, unlike their Northern partners, had a permanent presence in society in the developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The revised general conditions would also reflect the new orientation which favours a long-term programme approach over the traditional project by-project method. This should lead to a reduced administrative burden, and benefit long-standing NGO partners who have demonstrated viable approaches in working with their Southern counterparts, as well as good management and accountability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'A Europe open to the world'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Conference which took place following the NGO General Assembly focused on assessing the coherence of different EU policies and on ways of achieving coherence where it might be lacking. As the title of the Conference suggests, the question which was never far from participants' minds was 'what sort of Europe is being created.' Is it a Europe which stands in solidarity with the South (and East), or is it one which retreats into its fortress, concerned only with its own prosperity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the outset, EU policy - or rather its mode of implementation - came in for criticism. It was claimed, on the bask of the experience of both European and Southern NGOs, that the principles of development cooperation set out in the Maastricht Treaty (Title XVII) were not being applied universally and consistently. These principles include the sustainable economic and social development of developing countries, their integration into the world economy, the fight against poverty, and the development and consolidation of democracy, human rights and the rule of law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this connection, three specific discussion topics were selected: the EU's common foreign and security policy (CFSP), its common commercial and agriculture policies (CCP and CAP) and its immigration and asylum policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regarding the first of these, it was suggested that the EU's definition of 'security' tended to be viewed solely in terms of common defence, and that the concept of 'human security' drawn up by the UNDP had been neglected. The latter seeks to define the concept on a broader basis including aspects such as equitable and sustainable development, as well as human rights and democracy. The view was also expressed that a more firm and coordinated CFSP was needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the second topic - trade and agriculture - there was a strong feeling that the policies of the EU (and the USA) were heavily weighted in favour of 'home' producers and that this had the effect of undermining local production and food security in the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing countries. The Union was urged to remove the policy 'contradictions' that allowed this situation to arise bearing in mind the specificity and sensitivity of the food trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, several speakers were highly critical of what they viewed as negative trends in the approach to immigration and asylum adopted by the EU and its Member States, with increasingly strict rules being implemented. There were also calls for measures designed to integrate resident migrants into society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, integration may well be seen as the key message to have emerged from the NGOs' gathering. The call was for the people and governments of the European Union, acting in the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC), to integrate the needs of the rest of the world's people into their actions and programmes. The talk was of common values of human rights and solidarity, in both internal and external polices. And it was clear from the commitment of those who attended that the NGOs are determined to maintain and strengthen their role - as active partners in the development of the South, as advocates for the developing countries and perhaps indeed as keepers of the European conscience.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.A.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Workshops&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As part of the proceedings of the NGO General Assembly, three workshops were organised dealing with specific themes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Workshop 1 was entitled Beyond LomÃ© IV. There was a general consensus among those taking part that the Convention's underlying philosophy helped to protect developing countries in today's global commercial environment. Without the LomÃ© system, it was felt that the ACP countries would have suffered even more from the deterioration in their terms of trade. With this in mind, the World Trade Organisation came in for criticism for its stance against regional preferential agreements (even if this does not apply to the least developed countries).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The major finding of Workshop 2, which dealt with Poverty in the North and the South, was that  poverty is the result of interactions at a global level - and is not 'nation specific'. It was therefore important to adopt a global approach in  seeking to tackle the causes of poverty, and to develop further North-South exchanges of experience for the benefit of both sides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third workshop was devoted to making the most of EU Presidencies. Here, the aim was to evaluate past experience of lobbying undertaken by the NGO community in those countries holding the EC Council Presidency, during the six-month period in question. The main recommendation to emerge was that more needed to be done in establishing contacts and exchanging information between the relevant national NGO communities. Such exchanges, it was felt, were needed before, during and after the six month Presidency period, in order to facilitate continuity of lobbying on key themes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resolutions &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Resolutions adopted by the NGO General Assembly, considerable emphasis was placed on human rights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; issues, with texts being agreed on Nigeria, the peoples of the Western&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahara and the child sex 'industry'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade (in the widest sense of the word) also featured prominently. In addition to a general resolution on world trade, representatives passed motions on the arms trade, traffic in landmines and the production of the drug coca.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also adopted were resolutions on preventive diplomacy, cooperation with Cuba, the Euro-Mediterranean partnership and the 'deterioration' of the situation in the Great Lakes region of Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.8.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Godfrey Karoro&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe's government is under pressure to encourage greater African involvement in the predominantly white-run tourism industry, which is facing intense competition from neighbouring South Africa. 'Black participation in all sectors of tourism is a priority,' says Environment and Tourism Minister Chen Chimutengwende. 'Blacks have waited in the wings long enough,' he adds, 'and their entry on to centre stage is inevitable. The solution lies in nurturing black entrepreneurship and giving it the material and technical backup to ensure its growth.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only 38 of the country's 436 tour operators are indigenous, and most focus on provision of goods and services, particularly transport. African interest in the business was kindled last year when the government identified tourism as one of the sectors which could benefit from an international $74 million credit facility. This prompted enquiries from  about 500 potential entrepreneurs. Interest was heightened during the election campaign earlier this year, when President Mugabe's government made an issue of the continuing economic domination of the white community which constitutes  less than 1% of the country's 11 million population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Chimutengwende pledged support for greater black participation, but the government itself is under fire for not doing enough. 'We have a time-bomb and the government should do something about it quickly before it explodes,' says Colin Blythe-Wood, managing director of a tour company and chairman of the Zimbabwe Association of Tour and Safari Operators (ZATSO), referring to the black-white imbalance in the whole economy. 'We are indeed fortunate that this industry, which has perhaps the greatest potential in our economy, is still in its infancy,' he says. He argues that the government holds the trump card, through its ownership of vast tracts of land in national parks, forests and communal areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 1994 Zatso report identified more than 100 sites on state-owned land suitable for development by African tourism ventures. At least half, says Mr Blythe-Wood, were in areas of abundant wildlife, including the 'big five' - elephant, lion, rhinoceros, hippopotamus and buffalo. Other opportunities could be provided he suggests, if the National Park service got out of the accommodation business and concentrated on flora and fauna conservation. 'The government cannot be a referee and a player at the same time. It should sell off its shares in the Rainbow Tourism Group' - a wholly-owned government company which is the third largest operator in the tourism sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the industry's problems is that South Africa, too, has found tourism to be an unexpectedly good economic performer. Arrivals there rose by 50% in 1995, and a new government discussion document suggests that tourism could double its foreign exchange earnings by the year 2000 and triple its contribution to national income. South Africa's parks and beaches are well developed, but entrepreneurs are also fostering attractions such as Boer War battle sites and 'Road to Freedom' tours in which visitors have breakfast with former freedom fighters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fear is that South Africa will be the regional hub for visitors, siphonino off  most of the earnings, with&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe merely getting the overspill from short side-trips.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zatso chief executive, Elias Nyakuni, points out that South&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa is already using Zimbabwe's top attraction to lure visitors, urging them 'to come to South Africa to see the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Victoria Falls'! Efficient train, luxury bus and air services connect several South African cities to the Falls, which are on the Zimbabwe-Zambia border. Mr Nyakuni says that Zimbabwe  could also lose out if things go wrong in their southern neighbour. 'Violence in South Africa could deter people from coming to Zimbabwe.' He accuses the government of not taking marketing in Europe and North America sufficiently seriously. 'The 4-5% annual growth is, in essence, through word of mouth. We need to investt more in marketing.' He says that the Zimbabwe Council for Tourism is underfunded and that it operates 'without brochures or pamphlets.' Neverthelms,  with 1.25 million visitors last year spending $252m (up from 1.04m spending $203m in 1994) - tourism is a growth area in which black people could take a bigger share - and not just, as at present, as guides, drivers, mechanics and cooks.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lovemore Chihota, who runs a booming Victoria Falls safari business, has shown the way. He admits that there is a lot of money to be made from tourism, but warns that careful preparation is needed, as well as determination, commitment and, a realisation that there are no quick returns. He also points to the need to have some equity. 'The promoter,' he stresses, 'must put his money where his mouth is.'&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; G.K.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.9.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most important exhibitions of African art, the Biennial Festival of Conternporary African Art, opened its doors to the public in Dakar, Senegal, on 8 May 1996. The 'Pan-African Art Exhibition', as it is still called, was being staged for the third time although it almost failed to take place at all, having been postponed several times over the last four years. All those who participated - from the artists who exhibited to the directors of art galleries and cultural  institions - were pleasantly surprised. The next edition of me Courier will include a more comprehensive account of the exhibition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President Abdou Diouf of Senegal inaugurated the event at the Daniel Sorano National Theatre in the company of a number of VlPs, including BartoLomÃ© Amat Armengol who represented the European Commission. The Commission was Dak'Art 96's main financial partner providing support to the tune of CFAF 200 million (ECU 300 000 approx). The Biennial Festival aims to be a showcase for African artists allowing them to break into the international plastic arts market. Hitherto, this has remained relatively closed to them despite the general recognition that Africa has a contribution to make to the art world in this area. Mr Ousmane Sow Huchard, chairman of the Festival's scientific board, stressed that success lay first in stimulating the art market in Africa itself. He gave the example of his own country which had voted the so-called '1 % law', which stipulated the proportion of works of art that should be used to decorate all new public buildings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Festival's main exhibition, at the Ifan Museum of African Arts, was devoted to major trends in African sculpture. 42 artists selected by an international panel took part and, despite some criticism, their choice was a  judicious one. The same cannot be said, unfortunately, of the second major exhibition, at the National Art Gallery. This was devoted to contemporary Senegalese art and the skill involved in producing the exhibits was not of a consistently high standard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were also five individual exhibitions featuring artists chosen by internationally famous judges. These might be expected to have a dynamic effect in setting standards on the market. Zeribun Yempeta of Ethiopia offered a quite original style, working on a support of leather straps fastened to a trellis of fine strips of wood. He draws his inspiration from a combination of African design, Coptic and Greek influences, and ancient Egyptian art. Ethiopian painting was one of the major revelations of the 'Africa 95' exhibition in London last year and the Festival gave a further opportunity for such art to be displayed. Another display presented work by the Moroccan painter, Mohamed Kacimi, whose pictures have been hung in various exhibitions - although the term 'pictures' is not always appropriate to this artist's work. It is perhaps more fitting to say that he 'occupies space'. In Dakar, he covered three walls of a large room with 'rolling art'. His skill, particularly in monumental works, is to offer excitement and calm simultaneously, through the use of animated forms and soft, rhythmic harmonies. Ezrom Legae of South Africa, Moustapha Dime of Senegal and Pascale Martine Tayou of Cameroon were the three other artists granted individual exhibitions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the trends which came to the fore at Dak'Art was the use of alternative media and recycled material. The latter, in a sense, is the man in the street's legacy to art. Initially, recycling was used predominantly in the informal sector to produce utilitarian objects. The 'Biennial Festival Village' was set aside for informal sculptors, and in an open area beside the Village, both inside a marquee and outdoors, one of the most individually striking exhibitions was presented. This combined a variety of artistic forms ranging from painting to video, not to mention Adeagbo's unusual montages, including 'African artists and AIDS'. This had already been exhibited in a number of countries and was staged by the Revue Noire team in parallel with its 'AIDS' issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Festival included dozens of on-site exhibitions as well as all the 'fringe' presentations. The AIDS exhibition was one of the boldest but the display entitled 'Love' offered the greatest degree of unity and uniformity of design. Dak'Art 96 also made an attempt to integrate other forms of creativity such as dance, design and fashion. The latter two, for example, were presented at the Espace Vema, a fine metal structure where the creations of the Senegalese designer Claire Kane were in perfect harmony with the highly original furnishings. The European Union's prize for creativity, one of the Festival's four major prizes, was awarded to Vincent Namien, a designer from Cote d'lvoire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hege'Goueier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.9.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Alain Nicolas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this article is head curator and director of the Museum of African, Oceanic and Amerindian Arts in Marseilles. Here he offers his thoughts on the (partially unconscious) reluctance of the 'official' art world in the West - museums, critics and art historians - to accept contemporary African artists. Even now, they tend to be relegated to the sphere of 'alternative' art. However, he believes that the abundance of creative Africans, and the pressure they are exerting on the art world and market will, sooner or later, generate a 'new revolution' in the museums. This iswhat happened in the early20th century when traditional African art first arrived in the West. This article is linked to the dossier on African creativity published in our previous issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When I was asked to make this small contribution on African creativity, I was happy to oblige since, as a non-specialist, I am able to content myself with a few generalisations. I believe that there are still barriers, sometime not very visible, but nonetheless real, which have to be broken down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, writing just a few lines on creativity is a difficult exercise given the amount of literature on the subject and so many divergent opinions. So, what line should I adopt? About 15 years ago - in the wake of hordes of specialists in the humanities from sociology, psychology, ethnology, anthropology and so on - a rational approach, known as 'the anthropology of art', was at last proposed. The term 'rational' should be seen here in the context of the distinction between exact or 'hard' sciences such as mathematics, physics and astronomy, and the humanities, which are essentially inexact or 'soft' disciplines. And in brief, the West tends to take a scientific approach, relying on empirical evidence, even when it seeks to study such subjects as human creativity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Creativity obviously is to be found in many different spheres. It is needed in technology, it is fundamental to story-telling, it underpins all forms of social organisation and has a part to play in religion. Similarly, what we term 'art'  is one of the spheres of creative endeavour. The anthropology of art seeks to document artistic creativity and to analyse the conditions surrounding its expression in various cultures. This is a laudable enterprise insofar as art is regarded as another means of expression, used in one form or another by all human groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The creative function is universal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The basic postulate is that any society - and any individual - possesses creative potential which may be expressed in any way. The first thing to examine, therefore, is the context of choice. There are various modes of artistic expression ranging from music, poetry, prose and dance to architecture, painting and fashion. Some individuals or societies may have no choice, perhaps because of socio-economic constraints. Others may favour a particular mode of expression while nonetheless dabbling in more than one area. The expression of creativity is, therefore, like an identifying mark, claimed by the group or by the individual. The concept of 'style' now comes into play. The expression of one group is different from that of another and no two can ever be the same. Fundamental elements are at work in this materialisation of creativity. Some  are due to the natural environment. Thus, for example, a society located in a place where wood is abundant may favour sculpture. Others come from the group or individual themselves. And in the final analysis, it is the groups or individuals that decide what to portray (or not) on the basis of their own social norms and what they want to express.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These few limited thoughts should be supplemented by the observation that sculpture or the plastic arts more generally can also be examined from at least two angles: as a means of conveying information, and as a form of linguistic expression.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards the former, some have proposed analysing any work of art, from whatever culture, as a message. Analysis of the work therefore includes an examination of the conditions surrounding the production and transmission of the message. What message is broadcast ? How does it function ? What does the addressee gain from it? This approach is fine in hypothetical terms but does not allow one to go beyond theoretical and formal data, teaching us nothing about the content of the message under study. It refers back to the originator who holds the keys to the way in which it was sent and thus to its form and meaning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linguistically speaking, we assume that all expression through sculpture is a language and that the techniques for studying language can therefore be applied to the work of art. This approach is more rewarding because it brings us closer both to the sources and to the function of communication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Be that as it may, all methods involve knowledge of the group or of the individual (but also of the relationships between them) and thus of any organised knowledge. Art cannot be separated from perception. This is the position of the majority of scientists. Yet we are not completely certain of this. Briefly, we are led to imagine that art could be irreducible at a certain level. When we look at a sculpture or listen to a piece of music, aside from the emotional content which is at least   partly quantifiable, what are we able to understand about the culture which produced them ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having travelled widely throughout the world and kept my eyes open, without having become the 'observer-participant' which the ethnologist should be, I am certain that the same creative function can be seen everywhere, and it is not difficult to identify.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frequent visits to the world's museums and, perhaps above all, to their vaults, further reinforces the impression that constants do exist and are worthy of more and better investigation. Art, and more particularly the art of others, from other continents, is still the domain of a happy few.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are usually highly literate people, and are seldom activists expounding a cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contemporary African art must find its niche&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The above statements relate as much to contemporary art as to what we term 'traditional' art. How many of the world's museums really show contemporary art from Africa ? It is as if this sector were cut off from current cultural reality. This is despite the fact that each week, new artists, musicians, designers, painters, sculptors, dancers, film-makers, stylists and photographers emerge from Africa, to be 'recognised' in the West (if anyone knows what 'recognition' really means!). The museums are, in fact, confused by this burgeoning of talent because they have no idea how to manage it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has been said that contemporary African art is an urban phenomenon aimed at those living in towns and cities - and that it rebels against essentially rural, traditional art.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The argument is that the usual methods for analysing traditional art cannot be fully mobilised because 'urban civilisation' conforms to a set of universal norms (more or less), which are distinct from those studied by ethnologists. It would, therefore, be more appropriate to consider contemporary art in the context of sociology and aesthetics. This may be true, but it still comes down to a matter of observation. Confusion reigns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When we staged an exhibition in Marseilles by the Senegalese sculptor, Ousmane Sow, the first individual showing of his works came as a major shock to many people, including the specialists. I can remember the reactions of at least   two colleagues from museums of contemporary art. What they said was almost identical, and was along the following lines:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What's the name of this sculptor ? I am not familiar with him...&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. Do you like his work ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, I do, but what's his name ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. Ousmane Sow &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I don't know him. Astonishing! Where's he from ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. Senegal - he lives in Dakar. Are you interested in his sculptures ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but..&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. You can buy one of his works - he's not very expensive yet and it would be good for your museum. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The problem is he's African.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AN. I see... &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· His works are more your sphere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. But they don't have anything to do with traditional art which is what I have in my museum. Ousmane Sow is a contemporary artist, isn't he ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but he's African, and your museum is a museum of African art.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. You're correct, I would love to buy one of his works. But it would be the only example of contemporary art in my museum and would represent a change of policy for me. You wouldn't have anything by Ousmane Sow. And we would then be rivals! &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Critics, artists and art historians have begun discussing contemporary African art, more and more good reviews of it are being published, talks are being given and some major exhibitions have been mounted. There are pioneers and supporters in France, Germany and elsewhere, and there is even a great museum - Washington's Smithsonian - which took it on board several years  ago - but we still seem to be a long way from a commitment from most institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I hope this statement will soon be proved wrong. Institutions do not like taking risks. Either they create 'ghettos' ('let's set up a museum of contemporary African art'), or they set up committees to consider the subject. It is up to us to set our houses in order, but we must not be too naive. This is the art market, after&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although we tend to cling to this somewhat short-sighted administrative view that there should be different institutions depending on whether we are dealing with heritage or contemporary creativity, museums of contemporary art must integrate all the world's sculptural expression. If not, they will be in conflict with the above; postulate which claims that creative  potential is the same everywhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for so-called museums of anthropology and also a few rare museums such as the Museum of African, Oceanic and Amerindian Art in Marseilles, the systematic exhibition of contemporary art does generate a number of problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When I have wanted to do this in the past, I have been reminded of the 'museographic landscape' and advised to consult the authorities, to organise a major debate on the topic: who, what, where ? That is the rational approach, we are told. There is no great hurry!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, the recent arrival of African artists comes at a moment in our history when we are questioning the existence of our museums. When I say 'we', I mean the West in general.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So, what might happen ? Traditional African art caused an explosion in Western art and traditional art history at the very beginning of the 20th century, with the cubists and their research which led them to develop a passion for African sculpture. We are all aware of what we owe to Africa and its traditional artists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contemporary art from Africa is knocking on the closed door of Western museums, but the arrival of contemporary African artists and the pressure they exert on the art world and  market might trigger a new revolution in the museums, which are also the archives. Certainly, all the usual followers are ready to take up the cause, and that is how it should be. Let's be optimistic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.9.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Claude Smets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ainsley Yearwood is a Trinity dadian artist based in London. me Courier had the opportunity to meet him recently when an exhibition of his works was staged at his country's embassy in Brussels. Brought up in Trinidad, he moved to London to study fine arts at the Chelsea Art School. Feeling unable to express himself fully in this discipline, he ended up taking a degree in graphic design. Mr Yearwood is still based in the UK capital where, in addition to his work as a painter, he also designs costumes for the Notting Hill Carnival, a cousin of the famous Trinidad Carnival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The artist is fortunate to be able to live from his work. Besides the present exhibition which is touring Europe (Manchester, Brussels, Geneva and London), he has other works currently on show at three galleries in the US. He finds that the reaction of the American public is different from the European one. Americans, he believes, are more spontaneous and openminded. 'Europeans tend to stick more to things they already know; to which they are more accustomed.' The titles he gives to his art pieces are for him 'a basis for artistic conversation' with his audience. They express his emotions, feelings, and thoughts, but do not try to impose a specific interpretation of the painting on the viewer. Ainslie Yearwood dislikes the idea of being labelled or categorised - or as he describes it, 'to  be put into a box'. As such, he rebels against people who try to make him conform.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A world citizen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although Ainsley Yearwood recognises his African roots within Trinidadian society, he sees himself as 'a world citizen'. The influences in his paintings are many and varied - deriving from the multicultural background of Trinidad and Tobago, European art and graphic design, the memories of his own childhood and his recent experiences. 'I am like a sponge', he says. 'Everything influences me in my work... people, places and all that I see around me. They help me to view things from a different perspective.' These all then flow together to be visualised through his 'inner eye' (expressed, for example, by two blue dots in his work In the Company of Nature which represents the Grand Canyon). By paying particular attention to what he sees, his 'visual view' is transformed into an 'emotional view'. Thus, for example, his painting Evolution appears to be a landscape. A :loser look reveals that the rocks are in the shape of hands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The artist also uses symbols in dome of his work, as a personal means 'or him to express life. The butterfly :rapped in a jar, for example, in Love lost, is a symbol of the fragility of life. The glass of water in Soul of a Mother symbolises the way a child looks at the world as something exciting and new. he also draws strongly on the imagery of candles, inner eyes and doorways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strong colours, strong emotions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What unifies Mr. Yearwood's work, is his use of colours. As he says, they are 'strong colours to express strong emotions'. In this, he has been inspired by his childhood in Trinidad which, in his own words, 'was an environment that constantly bombarded you with colour - from crystal to aquamarine, sapphire and emerald - a perpetual rainbow of red, yellow, green and blue'. One painting where colour is used to striking effect is Carnival Bacchanal. This depicts Trinidad's Carnival and reflects both the island's multicultural society and its vividness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ainsley Yearwood has also produced more surrealist and psycho-biographical works, under the influence of artists such as Salvador Dali and Francis Bacon. Emotions are revealed through the use of darker though still vivid colours. These works (such as Evolution, &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Translucent State and Suspended in Limbo) show a fragmented self, stuck between past, present and future, looking for a way forward. They come in stark contrast to the brighter mood of paintings of island scenes - which are in a more African style - or of jazz musicians (such as Soul of a City or The Musician). According to the artist, this is being realistic. If he wants to paint life, he must show the different and contrasting emotions a human being experiences. 'You get up in the morning and you are feeling a little bit happy. You come home in the evening and you are feeling a little bit down. So emotions are continuously changing. If I said that I was always happy, that wouldn't be true.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As mentioned above, a number of Ainsley Yearwood's pieces portray jazz players. He enjoys going to New Orleans to listen to jazz bands and in Soul of a City he portrays one of the musicians. The title underlaines the importance of performers in a place like New Orleans - where indeed, they form an integral part of city life. In A Musical Love affair, the painter uses techniques learned as a graphic designer to help him express his feelings. By drawing graphic lines, the cello player and the instrument flow into one another. He explains: 'The cello player was not just playing the instrument. She was actually part of it. It is as if she were making love to the cello.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear from the foregoing that Mr. Yearwood's art is primarily visual. The onlooker is bombarded with strong colours - which are used, together with abstraction and symbolism, to express both optimistic and pessimistic feelings. The artist uses his multicultural background to great effect, drawing on influences from Trinidad, Africa and Europe, to create different modes of expression. These are the essential factors which make his paintings interesting and refreshing to look at.  c.s. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.10" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.10.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Sarah Reynolds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the town of Thies one of Senegal's regional capitals, there is an abattoir where nothing goes to waste. Even the horns of cattle are sold for making carvings for sale to tourists while the tips of the horns are exported to Japan. In a rural area of Chad, small-scale livestock farmers are preserving meat by the age-old process of cutting it into strips and drying it in the sun. Careful attention to hygiene and quality control has resulted in a product so consistently good that it has found an export market as far away as Gabon. Livestock producers in sub-Saharan Africa are responding to market opportunities, not because they recognise the need to improve national food requirements, but in pursuit of profit. Therein lies the best chance for stimulating the livestock sector's production capacity. The challenge is to design policies that protect consumers without crushing entrepreneurial potential for producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than half the population of sub-Saharan Africa is likely to be living in a town or city within the next 30 years. These city dwellers will have neither the skill, the time nor the space to raise livestock. There are indications on present trends that their demand for food of animal origin will increase. Where will they get it from ? Imported meat is more expensive than it used to be, largely as a result of the change in policies of the European Union. These have also affected the supply of low-cost milk powder and butter oil. Imports from countries outside the continent will  undoubtedly continue but intra-African   trade and local production will become   far more significant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has been estimated that the production of animal products in sub-Saharan Africa would have to increase by 4% per year to ensure an adequate supply of animal protein for the region's growing population, and to end the need for imports. This presents a major challenge to policy-makers. Already, the current pressure on land resources is causing conflict in some areas and the prospect of more people, more animals, and more strain on already inadequate resources, is perturbing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Information vacuum  in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of value&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Decisions on how to achieve sustainable and yet more productive land-use, while at the same time ensuring fair access to resources for other interested users, cannot be soundly based if made in an information vacuum. It was in recognition of the lack of information about the livestock sector that the CTA organised and sponsored a seminar on Livestock development policies in the humid and sub-humid zones of sub-Saharan Africa. This was held in Abidjan, Cote d'lvoire on 5-9 February 1996. It was attended by participants from 17 countries within the region and by representatives from international institutions and from Europe. The objective was to contribute to the ongoing debate on policies aimed at bringing about sustainable livestock development while respecting natural resources in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of value&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effective planning of government action on issues such as import policy, provision of inputs and services, marketing and research priorities requires quantitative information on livestock production systems. Why is this information lacking when it is estimated that livestock products contribute about 25% of total agricultural GDP in subSaharan Africa? The livestock sector is too important to ignore and yet it is consistently undervalued. The reason is that economists and statisticians like to deal with a tangible unit that can be counted. Ideally, this should be a monetary unit but, failing that, it should at least be a unit that can be easily converted to money, such as the number of animals potentially available to the market. But if animals are used to sustain a traditional way of life, for people who do not have to pay before they can eat, it is difficult to put a monetary value on the food they consume. Similarly, if a herd of animals is sustained by forage that has no other use, on land that can be used for no other purpose, the cost of feeding cannot easily be measured in financial terms. Indeed producers have little to gain from allowing government   departments to acquire information about their assets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock owners have their own objectives when deciding whether and how to increase production. Livestock provide energy in the form of draught power, and dung for fuel or biogas. Their manure restores structure and fertility to the soil. Social prestige may be measured in the quantity and quality of the animals one possesses. For some livestock owners, their animals are their 'barking' system. They represent a deposit account for accumulated wealth and a current account when an animal is sold to raise cash. Indeed it may be impossible to obtain credit from an orthodox bank. There is an added advantage in that there are no interest charges to pay when you raise cash by selling your own animals as opposed to taking out a loan from a bank. It may be difficult to measure real production when animals are treated as a capital reserve. For example, an increase in meat prices, perhaps as a response to a change in economic policy, may result in a short-term reduction rather than increase, in the number of animals being marketed. This is because producers are able to maintain their income by selling fewer animals and can simultaneously  increase their breeding herds. Alternatively, there may be little incentive to producers to sell more animals if they have no use for the extra money they earn. It is of course true that more people are joining the cash economy as they become aware of the desirability of consumer goods, or of services such as schooling. Governments may aspire to design policies which will develop the livestock sector for the economic welfare of society as a whole, but if these policies ignore the objectives of livestock owners, they will fail.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fair play&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a football match, the referee is there to see fair play. In the livestock sector, governments have to ensure fair play between the 'demand team' and the 'supply team', in other words the -consumers and the producers. Governments often make two mistakes. Either they help one team at the expense of the other, or else they join in the game themselves. The role of the authorities should be to make the rules that protect both teams from unfair or unsafe practices. For example, health and hygiene regulations must be in place, and  enforced, but not be so onerous that illegal and totally unregulated marketing channels are established.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Private traders have considerable power to manipulate markets if they collude to form cartels and prevent outsiders from entering their ring. Governments should ensure that this is not allowed to happen, that markets are open and that traders are free to operate provided that they observe health and hygiene regulations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Veterinary services&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most countries are no longer able to supply even minimum standards of veterinary support to their livestock producers. The efforts that have been made in recent years have been largely in the form of donor-funded projects where continuity is rarely guaranteed. The only viable alternative seems to be to transfer activities of this kind to service providers in the private sector. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work that they do under contract to the government, for example relating to the control of epidemic diseases, must be funded by government or other central agencies since cost-recovery from individual livestock owners is not feasible when participation has to be compulsory. The work that they do on behalf of individuals, or associations of livestock owners, should, however, be paid for by those who benefit directly from the increased productivity that should result - the farmers. The greatest difficulty lies in managing what will be a long and difficult transition period. The success of ventures to privatise veterinary services depends on whether the profession can deliver a decent living in the private sector, particularly in rural areas where the need is undoubtedly greatest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is in the rural areas that livestock production needs to be intensified. On the outskirts of Africa's major cities, intensive pig and poultry production is already being supported by commercial, joint venture capital. Dairy units, in which exotic, high performance cattle breeds are managed in a controlled environment, are producing fresh milk for cash-paying consumers in nearby towns and cities. Urban areas create the demand but it is the rural areas that need the development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal products are seasonal and prices fluctuate accordingly. However, consumers are more likely to develop the habit of using products that are consistently available at stable prices. Government intervention to stabilise  prices risks favouring the consumer at the expense of the producer. For example, if imports are used to counter temporarily high prices during periods of drought, then producers will receive less for their reduced output at the very time when they need support. The most effective policy of price stabilization is to encourage the adoption of production systems that are less vulnerable to seasonal changes. Processing achieves this to some degree and brings benefits to both producers and consumers. Furthermore, because animal products are perishable, and dangerous to human health when they deteriorate, processing extends storage life, and may even have an effect in improving food security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most countries, the time of greatest food shortage is at the beginning of the rainy season. This is also the time when milk production soars because cattle have good feed; and yet much of that milk is wasted because there is more than required for home consumption. If that surplus milk can be fumed into cheese, potential customers in more distant markets may be reached. Provided that the product is acceptable to the consumer, cheese-making reduces wastage, diversifies the producer's source of income and may also provide employment, and therefore income, to those brought in to help with the production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A technology that has been exhaustively tested by FAO for its suitability for use in Africa is lactoperoxydase. This is an enzyme which extends by three hours the length of time before milk begins to curdle and clot. This effectively doubles the time available for milk to reach the cooling centre, and thereby extends the catchment areas for producers wishing to supply fresh milk to urban markets. The trials that have been conducted show that it is entirely safe. When milk is brought to rural collecting points, it is the responsibility of the cooling centre employee, not the farmer, to add the enzyme at the prescribed rate as the milk is transferred into cans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On current trends, it seems probable that there will be more than 20 capital cities in Africa that have a population of 10 million people by the year 2010. How many other cities and towns will have developed by that time ? There are so many people migrating to the urban areas, and they are doing so because the type of activities that ought to be taking place in the countryside do not exist. If the livestock industry, both primary production and processing, can be encouraged in rural areas, and if the infrastructure is in place to ensure that animal products, in whatever form, can reach urban markets, rural dwellers will find it more comfortable to stay where they are rather than going to the cities to look for jobs that do not exist.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge for policy-makers is to deal even-handedly, not only in the interests of the livestock sector, but in the interests of other farmers, consumers, the national economy and the long-term sustainability of the nation's natural resources. For this task, reliable information, which is accessible to all countries within the region, is essential. The database structure of this information should be standardised so that it can form the basis of regional cooperation on trade and the sustainable use of land resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.R. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.10.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WCL seeks a wider  expression views&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We refer to the article published by The Courier in issue no 156 (March-April 1996) entitled The changing face of trade unionism in Africa, which reflects the views of the ICFTU (AFRO) and OATUU.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We are surprised that you have not taken pains to solicit the views of the World Confederation of Labour (WCL) and its regional organisation, the Democratic Organisation of African Workers Trade Unions (DOAWTU) - which participated on the same footing as the two other trade union organisations at the ACP-KU Social Partners meeting in December last year. We strongly believe this omission on your part should be corrected in future in order to allow a wider expression of the views and stands of all representative trade unions in Africa on such important issues as structural adjustment programmes, the social clause, labour standards and working conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carlos L. Custer, Secretary-General, World Confederation of Labour, Brussels, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linked destinies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The continuing dialogue between the ACP and EC Groups has exposed many mutual concerns about world affairs and has promoted a more complete understanding of the problems of both advanced and developing  nations. I am confident that in the future, we shall see further progress in our efforts to create a favourable financial climate for the resolution of our economic problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Global political and economic events have brought home to all of us how inextricably our social and economic destinies are linked. This is true of a whole range of subjects from human rights and political reform to economic development, conservation, health education and industrial promotion. None of these subjects can be put into independent boxes. We must seek more effective integration of our social and economic policies - both internally and internationally - if we are to serve the welfare of the people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I rejoice in your initiative in publishing The Courier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Teddyiniovo, International institute for Global Cooperation, Benin City, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scope for energy selfsufficiency&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;May I congratulate you on the new layout of The Courier, which is a great deal clearer and which you have instituted as a result of comments made by a number of your readers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I am surprised to discover that you have not said anything about the question of energy dependence in the LomÃ© Convention countries. Energy self sufficiency is an extremely important issue. ACP countries face a famine in this area which is rarely mentioned. Most are majors exporters of petroleum, which is  costly and absorbs a significant proportion of their foreign exchange earnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Practically all the LomÃ© countries are in a position to produce alcohol from crops such as sugar cane and manioc without any negative impact on their food resources. These crops could be distilled to produce big-ethanol which is an excellent fuel. All that is needed - and it is a major challenge admittedly - is for production to be organised in each country, and for the required national and international financing to be set up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also required is the political will in these countries to overcome the various obstacles, including those lobbies who oppose this kind of production because they want petrol imports to be maintained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pierre Mariotte Consultant, Paris, France &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.10.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jean Monnet - 1888-1979  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Eric Roussel. Published by Fayard, Paris. 1996. 1004 pages. FFR 198.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jean Monnet was almost 91 years old when he died and, despite the fact that he had no higher education qualifications and at times did not hold any official post, his public role was legendary. From the very first page of his book, Eric Roussel stresses the fact that, from the moment Jean Monnet met the Prime Minister, Rene Viviani, in September 1914 until 9 May 1975, the day the Action Committee for a United States of Europe was dissolved, he worked constantly for the European cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He applied the same tireless enthusiasm to all his duties, in whatever sphere of activity he was involved - and these were many and varied. Despite his provincial origins, Jean Monnet was, among other things, a cognac merchant, an advocate of the Allied coordination effort during the First World War, Deputy Secretary General of the League of Nations (for a short time), a banker in America and China during the 1930s and in charge of the Victory Program in the USA in 1941. From 1947 to 1952, he was the first Commissioner-General of the Economic Plan in France. He and Robert Schuman were the architects of the famous Declaration of 9 May 1950 which was to form the basis of European construction. He went on to become the first President of the ECSC's High Authority and, until 1975, he was the driving force behind the Action Committee for a United States of Europe. And that is just to highlight his renowned roles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, Jean Monnet was both a visionary and a pragmatist, who was to become adviser to some of the greatest names of his day. General de Gaulle, another great visionary, albeit with a very different ideology, called him 'the inspiration' behind European integration, although such an accolade was not completely devoid of irony given that the two men could hardly be said to see eye to eye.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jean Monnet was a purveyor of new ideas, but also an eternal realist who never failed to recognise the importance of the status quo. Indeed, he could have stepped right out of the pages of a Paul Morand novel. And yet, despite the fact that he was held in the highest esteem by world political heavyweights (Clemenceau, Roosevelt, Churchill, Adenauer, de Gasperi, Brandt, Pompidou, John Kennedy, Henry Kissinger, Heath and Giscard d'Estaing, to name but a few), in his private life he was a simple man, of modest disposition - in fact a bourgeois in the best sense of the word.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 'workaholic', like many great men, Jean Monnet defied categorization. He has recently been described as 'a man of fringe ideologies who was nevertheless always at the centre of things'. During the latter part of his life, he settled comfortably into his role as 'rather' of Europe. His fundamental thoughts on that topic could be summed up in one line from the Declaration of 9 May 1950, (now a public holiday in the European institutions). 'Europe will not be built in a day, nor as a single structure, but will come about through concrete actions which, first and foremost, create a de facto solidarity'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Monnet, nationalism meant only war and, from 1942 onwards, he set his sights on preparing for the future, surrounding himself with a team of extraordinary talent - people such as Etienne Hirsch, Herve Alphand, Rene Mayer and Robert Marjolin. These men strove to find ways to avoid war between the countries of Western Europe, to define the objectives of European unification and to establish European institutions which would be equal to such a task.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eric Roussel is a journalist with an arts degree and a doctorate in law, and this is an outstanding work on the 'pragmatic visionary' that was Jean&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Monnet. The book is comprehensive, extremely well-written and impressively documented. Most notably, the author had access, for the first time, to the famous journal kept by Jean Monnet in which he recorded his countlles conversations with the key players and set out his own thoughts. Today, his dream of 'a united Europe complemented by a partnership with the United States' is still one of the big issues. And as the arguments rage, we should perhaps recall some other famous words from Jean Monnet's Memoires: 'We do not seek to form a coalition of States, we seek to unite men . &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alain Lacroix &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Le Choix de l'Europe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Opting for Europe)  by Laurent Cohen-Tanugi. Pub/ished by Fayard, Paris. 225 pages. FFR 110 - BFR 748.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Laurent Cohen-Tanugi successfully reminds us of the modernity of the European project; that there are aspects of it that are essential to our independence and our prosperity, to preserving our model of society and maintaining our influence on the international stage. By urging Europeans and European leaders to look to the future so as to be better able to manage the risks and seize the opportunities that it offers and, ultimately, to be in a better position to change things, he brings us all hope'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was how Jacques Delors described this book, and, basically, there you have it in a nutshell. It would, however, be worthwhile adding that 'opting for Europe' is not quite as simple as it sounds - a fact which has not escaped the attention of the author, who is a graduate of France's elite Ecole normale superieure and of the Harvard Law School. He is also a barrister and member of a renowned firm of international lawyers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the Treaty of Rome, European progress has very often come about because Member States have set themselves deadlines for achieving particular objectives. 1996 sees the opening of the Intergovernmental Conference, an event of major importance, which is expected to continue at least until the spring of 1997 (with parliamentary elections planned in several Member States in 1997 and 1998). Among the items on the agenda for the IGC is the need to adapt the European institutions - which in essence have hardly changed since 1958 - and to open up the way for the third phase of Economic and Monetary Union in 1999 for those States which have fulfilled the economic convergence criteria set out in the Maastricht Treaty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, besides the technical and financial problems involved, there are also differences between certain Member States about the political future of Europe. The author rightly stresses, in this respect, that the situation has become even more complex since the demise of the Soviet Union. In particular, some politicians support an expansion of the EU towards Central and Eastern Europe, so as to avoid strengthening European integration. The author believes that, broadly speaking, there are two distinct positions. On the one hand, there is the United Kingdom, which would be happy with a large free trade area guided by a 'Secretariat-Commission'and with flexible and relatively loose inter-State cooperation structures at a political level. On the other hand, there is Germany, which wants expansion of the Union towards the East as well, but also wants a swift and concrete consolidation of a common monetary and political 'hard core'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In his book, the author expresses his view that France will play a vital role in maintaining and advancing the essential elements that form the basis of the European enterprise. And he nails his own colours firmly to the mast as someone who hopes to see the continent moving towards some form of federal structure. As one observer commenting   on the work has noted, 'This little Bible, brimming with faith in the concept of a unified Europe, will be invaluable - even to the doubting Thomases among us'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publications received&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Et.... qu'en pensent les villageois? Projets de developpement durable et be veins de base bÃ©nÃ©ficiaires&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(But... what do the villagers think about it ? Sustainable development projects and basic needs of aid recipients)  by Myriam Bacquelaine. Published by Ured (Research, Education and Development Unit) of the K.U. Brussels (17, avenue de la Liberte, B- 1080 Brussels). 1995. 3Z2 pages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Les problemes du monde rural vus par les habitants - Portraits de villages de Haute-Guinee&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(me problems of rural life as seen by the inhabitants - Profiles of villages in Upper Guinea)  by Myriam Bacquelaine. Published by Ured (Research, Education and Development Unit) of the KU. Brussels (17, avenue de la Liberte, B- 1080 Brussels). 1995. 222 pages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, who has a PhD in educational sciences and is a researcher at Ured, has written these two works on the basis of a study she carried out on behalf of the European Commission in Guinea (Conakr,v). This aimed at identifying the most urgent priorities of village communities within the context of an environment restoration project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The conclusion of the first book underlines research results which point to the adoption of a different approach to development at local level: one which respects the wishes of the recipients and which finally breaks free from western ethnocentrism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the second volume, the author presents the results of the survey conducted in the villages of Upper Guinea. Six villages with varying characteristics in terms of size, geographical location and administrative status are featured in more detail. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Informations pour le Developpement: Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Information on development: Agriculture)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Published by Ibiscus (ibis, rue du Havre, F-75008 Paris) and by the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation. 1995. 271 pages. FFR 150.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than just an index, this publication is a useful working tool for anyone seeking reliable information about development in the agricultural sector. It includes a list of the main organisations specialising in agriculture in 40 French-speaking countries and a list of the principal places and means from which to obtain information (documentation centres, data banks, optical discs, CDs and on-line data services). There is also a selection of periodicals, a bibliographic section (with more than 300 references, including abstracts) and contributions by specialists relating to major topics connected with rural development: landownership systems, links between cash crops and food crops, agricultural funding, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda - Trois jour qui ont fait basculer l'histoire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Rwanda - Three days that shook history)  by Filip Reyntjens. Published by L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole-Polytechnique, F75005 Paris). Cahiers africains no. /6! 1995. 148 pages FFR 9O. ISBN 2-738437044.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although much has been written about the tragic events in Rwanda, this work examines an aspect of the story which is still largely a mystery: the brief period which began on 6 April with the missile attack on the presidential jet and ended on 9 April, when the 'caretaker government' was swam into office. According to the author, these 72 hours were of critical importance since it was during  this time that the country's killing machine was set in motion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Essentially based on eye-witnffs accounts, it is a tale which is far from complete. The book, however, does provide some hitherto undocumented information which allow us to delve deeper in search of the truth behind one of the darkest pages of recent human history.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Les refugies rwandais a Bukavu au Zaire - De nouveaux Palestiniens?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(The Rwandan refugees in Bukavu, Zaire - the new Palestinians ?)  by Philippe de Dorlodot Published by L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole-Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris) and by the Jeremie Group. 1995. 253 pages. FM 150. ISBN 2-7384-3698-6.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author has brought together various stories, appeals, communiques, analyses and thoughts to write this book about the crisis facing the Rwandan refugees. The accounts cover the period from April 1994 to October 1995 and relate to the situation in South Kivu, Zaire, where an already volatile position has been greatly exacerbated by the arrival of the refugees. The people living in the regional centres of Goma and Bukavu are having to live with the tragedy of gross overcrowding and all its consequences - environmental deterioration, price increases, general insecurity and the threat of war on the border between Rwanda and Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire now wants the refugees to leave as quickly as possible, but their return to Rwanda is still problematic. Rejected at every turn, are these Rwandan refugees set to become the new Palestinians? In the postscript to the work, Filip Reyntjens (the author of the book reviewed previously) states that 'These new refugees will not accept eternal exile. H voluntary repatriation is not possible, and if forced repatriation is unacceptable, the only way left open to them may be armed repatriation... The civil society of South Kivu... is well aware of this, and the international community would do well to listen to their cries of alarm... If  it does not, the tragic events of the past year will have been merely a prelude, with the worst still to come'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;La tragedie rwandaise - Historique et Perspectives&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(The Rwandan tragedy - historical background and future prospects)  by Emmanuel Nkunzumwami. Published by L'Harmaffan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1995. 480 pages. FFR 250. ISBN 2-7384-3697-8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, a teiecommunications engineer and economist, was born and raised in Rwanda. He now lives in France and has had several articles about the situation in his country published. In this work, he seeks to Reconstruct the machine of central Rwandan power which first appeared in the eleventh century, seeking answers to questions such as: Who ruled the country and how? What alliances were forged and according to what criteria? What kinds of social structure existed and what forms did conflict take? He then goes on to describe the trauma of colonial rule which 'deliberately' fanned the flames of socio-ethnic conflict so that the people could be more easily controlled. From there, he takes us through the era of an 'independent' Rwanda under a dictatorial regime. Its power was progressively stripped away, initially under the pressure of internal calls for democracy, and then by the demands of Western aid donors. Finally, he recounts the events since April 1994.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having given the historical background, the author examines the country's future prospects. He believes that the 'siege mentality' of the new government does nothing to induce the return of the 2 million refugees who shuffle back and forth across the border and who find themselves stuck between a 'rock and a hard place'. Finally, the author poses a straightforward question - but one which has yet to be answered: How can we rebuild a country that has witnessed genocide on such a scale ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.10.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In brief&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNCTAD Report on the least-developed countries (LDCs)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to the annual report of UNCTAD (The UN Conference on Trade and Development), the 48 least developed countries of the planet, after several years of stagnation - and indeed, decline in some cases - enjoyed an average growth rate of 3% in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1994-95. The figure was 4.6% for LDCs in Asia and 2.2% for those in Africa (33 out 48).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNCTAD says that the renewed grovvth rate for Africa's least developed nations is due to an increase in commodity prices, to improved political and social stability in certain countries and to economic reforms which have been implemented. If these favourable conditions are maintained, further modest progress can be anticipated for 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the positive impact of these factors on the development of countries, notably in Asia, UNCTAD believes that there is still a short-term danger that the world's weakest economies will suffer further marginalisation. It is pointed out, in this context, that the LDCs' share of total world trade - which stood at 1.7% in 1970 - had fallen to 0.4% for exports and 0.7% for imports, by 1994.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the longer term it is thought that the LDCs, with their reliance on basic commodities for export receipts, may benefit from the globalization of their economies. This should happen notably through the regional trade agreements to which they are parties, alongside other developing countries. These regional markets, which are more attractive for investors, offer an opportunity for LDCs to try out their products and can, in time, help improve their competitiveness. In the  meantime, however, UNCTAD has noted that the immediate effects of the Uruguay Round have tended to be more negative, with reductions in the preferences enjoyed by LDCs in export markets and increases in the price of foodstuffs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, because they are dependent on official development aid (ODA) to finance investment, and even for their national budgets, LDCs are faced with possible further marginalisation as such aid flows are reduced. The figures show that, in terms of total resource flows, the amount of ODA provided by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD fell to 23% in 1994 from a figure of 27% a decade previously.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Likewise, the amount of aid, expressed as a proportion of the GDP of the donor countries, has been falling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNCTAD suggests a bolder policy as regards external debt - which, in 1994, amounted to 73% of the entire Gross Domestic Product of the LDCs. The organisation believes that the establishment of a new mechanism with sufficient resources to reduce multilateral indebtedness, combined with the expansion of existing mechanisms, could have the effect of reducing the overall debt burden to a more reasonable level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the subject of globalisation, UNCTAD argues that the international community should work to ensure that the LDCs' export markets do not become blocked by protectionist measures. It also believes that extensions to regional trade agreements, taking in the main industrialised countries, should not be allowed to have a damaging effect on the commercial interests of the LDCs. It points out that these countries have only limited scope for pursuing independent, national economic policies and that&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No agreement over banning landmines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Humanitarian organisations have expressed disappointment over the outcome of a recent United Nations conference, convened in Geneva to draw up a convention on 'Inhumane weapons). Both NGOs, and public agencies such as UNICEF, are particularly unhappy that state representatives at the meeting were unable to agree to an immediate and comprehensive ban on anti-personnel mines. These devices, which often lie hidden in the soil for many years, kill and maim thousands of civilians in current (and former) conflict areas across the globe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diplomats attending the Geneva conference were keen to emphasise what had been achieved. So-called 'dumb' mines, which do not self-destruct after a certain time will eventually be phased out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seif-destructing devices, which are still permitted under international law, will be subject to strict new standards, designed notably to ensure that they can be detected. And there will be new rules to ensure that minefieids are properly marked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Critics point out that signatories to the Convention will not be obliged to phase out 'dumb' mines immediately and that their use will remain legal for a further nine years after the agreement enters into force.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also an exception to the rule about marking the location of mines, 'where direct military action makes its impossible to comply' - a not uncommon circumstance in conflict situations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the Geneva Conference, a number of countries, including the United States, have announced their intention to reduce their stockpiles of mines. Few nations, however, seem willing to renounce their use altogether. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.  their governments have little choice but to adopt the prevailing market oriented approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Long-term food security&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A seminar on 'Long-Term Food Security Policies' was held in Brussels on 1-3 April at the initiative of the European Commission. The meeting, which was opened by Professor Pinheiro, Commissioner with responsibility for relations with the ACP countries, brought together about a hundred participants representing Member States, third countries, international organisations and major cooperation agencies. It was also attended by experts and researchers in the field of food security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fulfilling a promise made by the Commission, the aim of the seminar was to clarify the long term strategic issues and take a closer look at food security policies with a view to preparing a European position for the World Food Summit scheduled for Rome in November under the auspices of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community and its Member States are the world's main donors of food aid having spent ECU 1.089 billion on this in 1994. This amounted to 53% of the global total with the United States providing 44% and Japan 3%. Despite the large amounts being given, the FAO, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the World Bank are all predicting that unless global food donations are boosted significantly, certain Asian and African countries will face an alarming food deficit by the beginning of the next century.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Between 600 million and 800 million people are likely to be facing hunger by the year 2010 and the cereal needs  of the developing countries could well double between now and then.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This projected scenario coincides with a period of market difficulty. World stocks are low and grain prices have risen by 40% in just one year. Whether or not this is a portent of future food shortage, it has given rise to renewed debate on the ability of certain countries and regions of the world to supply themselves and the extent to which they will have to have recourse to the international markets. Closer attention is also being paid to the wider strategies that need to be implemented to ensure food security in the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If one looks at the issue solely in terms of increasing supply, the projections are gloomy. Experience shows that the 'right' of access to a sufficient food supply for each of the planet's inhabitants cannot be guaranteed whether through world economic growth, food self-sufficiency at the national level, or the international markets and trade liberalisation. There is, therefore, a need for food security policies, in the developing countries in particular, which act on the conditions of demand as well as supply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In his presentation opening the seminar, Commissioner Pinheiro stressed the fact that of the ECU 7 billion allocated by the EU for development cooperation last year, ECU 1 billion was in the form of food aid. He also noted that this aid 'category' had evolved over the last decade in the context of the search for food security and explained how the Commission, in revising the policy towards the end of 1994, had set out three essential aspects:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the use of food aid as a policy instrument designed to achieve longterm food security with the emphasis on local purchases and 'triangular' operations - thereby encouraging the growth of the agricultural sector in the developing countries: this entailed developing a new aid instrument in which funds are available to import basic food products (as a way of encouraging the private sector to  take a more active part in the economic life of those countries facing a structural food deficit);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the integration of aid instruments into the actual development efforts of the beneficiary countries;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - improved access for the people who suffer most from food shortages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Professor Pinheiro indicated that the Commission would shortly be presenting a communication on the strengthening of the link between development aid on the one hand and emergency, rehabilitation and food aid on the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He stressed the important role that food aid operations could play in preventing conflicts and easing social tensions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to the Commissioner, the challenge in this area have been clearly identified but he believes that additional thinking is needed, notably on the impact of events in China and the countries of the former Soviet Union, and on the effect of US and EC agricultural policies on the world markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, Professor Pinheiro expressed the view that food security was, above all, a national responsibility with all civil society actors having a role to play.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Citing the rise in the price of cereals during the second half of 1995 - which had prompted concerns about the availability of food aid and its impact on the balance of payments (notably in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian sub-continent) - he gave an assurance that the Commission would remain vigilant about this. At the same time, he was concerned not to see a return to situations where aid in the form of straightforward transfers of food increased. These, he observed,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· had at least partly contributed to food costs, the destabilisation of local production and constraints on intra-regional trade. As such, they had set   back or undermined the reforms in this sector in the countries concerned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean rice exporters fear changes in OCT . rules&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guyana and Suriname, together with a number of Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs), have expressed concern over the European Commission's recently announced intention to change the shape of its relations with the OCTs. In particular, they are worried that proposed new rules could harm their rice sales to the 15 European Union nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guyana currently exports 180 000 tonnes of rice (80% of its exports) to the KU. This is shipped initially to the Netherlands Antilles (CuraÃ§ao, Aruba and Bonaire) to be partially milled. It then enters the EU market duty-free by virtue of the Union's existing trade rules with the OCTs. But Caribbean exporters fear that this 'OCT route' could soon be blocked by changes currently being considered in Brussels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As already announced in issue no 157 of The Courier (May-June 1996), in the context of the mid-term review of the association with the OCTs, the Commission published a text on February 14 proposing some fine tuning to the trade preferences it grants to these territories. This has now gone forward to the Council of Ministers for decision. The Commission proposal is that while agricultural produce may continue being processed in the OCTs - and hence still benefit from the more relaxed rules - this should happen in future on a case-by-case basis, and only if priority is given to the least developed OCTs and the operations are economically justified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, preferential arrangements do apply to direct rice exports from Guyana and Suriname to the KU, but it is argued that the levies are still too high to make the trade viable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to Yesu Persaud, who is Chairman of Guyana's Institute of Private Enterprise; 'it is only via the OCTs that we can export to the European Union.' Mr Persaud was speaking to journalists during a lobby visit to Brussels on April 16. He was accompanied by Charles P Kennard, Chairman of the Guyana Rice Development Board and David Jessop, director of the London-based Caribbean Council for Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Justifying the need for derange, some EU officials point to evidence that non-tome developing countries are 'abusing' the OCT rice route. Rice is a sensitive product for some EU nations such as Spain and Italy, who grow their own.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Persaud said that Guyana and Suriname were lobbying either for their own duty-free quota under the LomÃ© trade rules, or for 'a more reasonable levy'. At the same time, however, he indicated that the Caribbean rice growers were keen on keeping the route open via the Dutch and other OCTs (such as Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos) where major investments have been made on the  strength of the existing arrangements. A representative of the Turks and Caicos told reporters that his country earned half a million dollars a year from the trade, and that a new jetty had been built with British government support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guyana's rice exports have climbed from less than 39 000 tonnes in 1986 to more than 200 000 tonnes in 1995. And as Mr Persaud also stressed, the trade has done so well that Guyana is now investing in high-yielding varieties. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fight against locusts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fipronil, a recently developed pesticide, is said to be 10 times more effective than other products on the market in the control of locusts, according to representatives of the pharmaceutical giant, Rhone-Poulenc who organised a seminar on locust control &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Links between emergency, rehabilitation and development aid &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European commission has recently approved a communication &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; (COM(96) 153) which was due to be presented to the Development Council on 28 May. The document seeks to respond tO the challenge of I maintaining and improving the effectiveness of emergency aid  rehabilitation assistance and development cooperation with third countries - in the face of a wide variety of political, economic and social circumstances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Communication suggests ways of strengthening the links between the three types of aid within a strategic planning framework which includes intensified dialogue and political cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This initiative follows extensive consultations, both within the Commission (i_ service groups) and with representatives of numerous outside bodies (Member State experts, USAID, UN agencies, NGOs, academic institutions etc.). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the key phrase in the Communication may be 'strategy and global planning', emphasis is also placed on 'coordination' end 'opportunity'. This underlines a commitment to adapting procedures, where necessary, so that measures can be taken at the right time and the transition from emergency aid, to rehabilitation and subsequently to development cooperation can take place in the best possible conditions.  with the 70-member African, Caribbean and Pacific group. The event took place in Brussels in April.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new product, claims the company, fills a big gap that was left in the war against locust infestation when DDT was banned in 1986 (toxic residues from the chemical having been found to enter the food chain and damage the ecosystem).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is stated that Fipronil causes 99% mortality among locusts and gives complete protection for up to three weeks when applied in doses of six grammes per hectare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Its developers claim that it is three times cheaper than any other form of anti-locust pesticide used between 1987-1995, a calculation which includes the logistical costs involved in distributing the pesticide. It is said to be very effective in preventing locust infestations in countries in the Sahel that are particularly at risk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Sahel has some 250 acridian species. Of these, about 15, are known regularly to attack crops in large numbers, according to Michel Launois, who heads the French agricultural research body, CIRAD-GERDAT-PRIFAS.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the Brussels seminar, emphasis was placed on the need for donors to set aside more funds for the prevention of locust infestations. It was also stressed that locust control must be at a regional level because of the migratory nature of the species, and the link between locust control and food security was underlined.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CIRAD-GERDAT-PRIFAS has just published an educational cartoon strip entitled 'Les Dents du Ciel 11' (available from Cirad-Gerdat-Prifas, B.P. 5035, F34032 Montpellier Cedex 1). This is intended to explain to a wide audience the need for an integrated approach to locust control.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I New fishing agreement between Angola and the EU&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new fisheries agreement between Angola and the EU was initialled on 2 May. It is due to run for three years (as opposed to two years for the previous one) and should ensure greater stability and better programming of the Community fleet's fishing activities in Angolan waters. The EU will pay Angola the sum of ECU 13.35 million per annum in exchange for improved fishing rights for European fishermen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is worth noting that the agreement contains certain innovations. These concern, for example, the legal status of catches (which are given Community origin). This should help to avoid the kind of dispute that has arisen in the recent past. There is also the possibility of imposing an annual biological 'rest-period' for shrimp fishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I African conference on consumer protection&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first African conference on consumer protection was held in Harare, Zimbabwe from 28 April to 2 May. This resulted from a joint initiative by the organization Consumers international and the United Nations, and it was supported financially by the European Commission. The latter was represented at the event by Mrs Emma Bonino, the Commissioner responsible for Consumer Policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The aim of the conference was to lay down the basis for a genuine consumer policy in Africa. Representatives of 45 African governments attended, together with officials from various regional and sub-regional organizations and delegates from a large number of&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African consumer bodies. Coinciding with the tenth anniversary of the adoption by the UN of the guiding principles for the protection of consumers, the Conference offered an opportunity to track progress on the application of these principles in African countries. It also saw the adoption of 'model' legislation setting out the essential rights which should be guaranteed to consumers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In her speech, Mrs Bonino stressed the Commission's commitment to supporting the efforts of African governments and consumer organisations in seeking to establish, in a clear and pragmatic way, the link between consumption and development. Evidence of this commitment, she pointed out, was to be seen in her very presence at the conference. She also lent her support to the broad application of the UN's guiding principles in Africa. This would ensure that the health, security and economic rights of African consumers could be protected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the European Commissioner stressed that legislation, while important, was not enough in itself to tackle the fundamental problem - which was the satisfaction of basic needs. She appealed for global action in Africa deigned to break the vicious circle of poverty - based on voluntary action at all levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mrs Bonino added that the Commission would seek ways of supporting projects, in particular in the fields of food and health. This should assist citizens to meet their essential needs - with the opportunity to consume products which were different, 'local' and of better quality, and with risks to health and security minimised. The approach should avoid the exhaustion of scarce resources and respect nature. She indicated that an action plan would be drawn up by the Commission in collaboration with Consumers International. This, it was hoped, would allow financing of pilot programmes under a separate budget line which would be sought from the European Parliament for 1997. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE INSTITUTIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AT WORK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COMMON FOREIGN&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; AND SECURITY POLICY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the European Union has recently issued a number of statements, details of which are set out below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Towards national reconciliation in Angola&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 4 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Troika of the European Union Ambassadors in Luanda made a formal demarche with both the Government of Angola and UNITA in order to welcome the positive outcome of the Libreville Summit between the President of Angola, Jose Eduardo dos Santos, and the President of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, and in particular their commitment to establish an integrated national army by June and the creation of an appropriate institutional structure, including the formation of a government of unity and national reconciliation by June/July. The Government and UNITA were encouraged to continue to refrain from military activity and hostile propaganda and to provide for free circulation of persons and goods as soon as possible. The EU Ambassadors underlined also the importance of securing human rights as well as transparency in financial management, economic stabilisation and reforms. Having recalled the terms of reference of the EU Joint Position adopted on 2 October, 1995, the Ambassadors underlined that the Union will continue to monitor, with the greatest attention, the development of the situation particularly as regards respect for the implementation of the calendar agreed in Libreville. Welcoming the recent steps taken by UNITA, the EU expressed concern at the slow pace of the quartering and disarming of UNITA troops and urged UNITA to proceed with its commitments, in full cooperation with UNAVEM ill. The EU encouraged the Government to continue the quartering of the rapid intervention police and the disengagement and pulling back of the FAA to the nearest barracks. The importance of disarming the civilian population was also emphasised. The EU also reiterated their call to the Government and UNITA to refrain from acquiring lethal material and to cooperate fully with the de-mining process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has reiterated its full support to the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General, Maitre Blondin Beye, to the Joint Commission and to the United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia and Malta align themselves with this declaration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free elections in Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 4 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union welcomes the fact that presidential and parliamentary elections took place in Sierra Leone in a free and fair atmosphere and in fulfilment of the established timetable for the return to democracy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The results reflect the will of the people of Sierra Leone to achieve a democratically elected civilian government despite attempts at intimidation by armed elements and the ongoing fighting in various parts of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU welcomes the peace talks between the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and the Freetown authorities as well as the intention expressed by President Kabbah to meet Mr Sankoh at the earliest possible opportunity. The EU calls on all the parties to work for peace and national reconciliation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serious threat to peace process in Liberia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 11 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses its deep concern at the outbreak of fighting in Monrovia, which represents a serious threat to the peace process in Liberia. The EU is firmly convinced that the AbuJa agreement provides the right framework for resolving the crisis and calls upon the Council of State, the Liberian national transitional government and the Liberian factions to implement it, and to put the peace process back on track, in order to avoid further deterioration of the situation, and the violation of human rights. The EU condemns the loss of human life and the harassment of the civilian population and humanitarian workers. All parties concerned should prove their willingness to re-establish and maintain the ceasefire which represents the necessary prerequisite to disarmament and demobilization. The relevant measures and the necessary preparations can no longer be delayed. The EU asks the factions to return all weapons seized during the fighting to ECOMOG. The EU will base its attitude to Liberia on the concrete steps taken by all parties concerned to implement the Abuja agreement and bring the conflict to an end.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Treaty of Pelindaba on a nuclear weapon-free zone in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 12 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union welcomes the signature in Cairo on 11 April 1996 of the Pelindaba Treaty establishing the African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone. The Treaty is in line with the Decision on Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament issued by the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference which   recognised that the creation of Nuclear Weapon Free Zones enhances global and regional peace and security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU considers that Nuclear Weapon Free Zones are welcome complementary instruments to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the universality of which the EU continues to promote.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Central and Eastern European countries associated with the EU and the associated countries Cyprus and Malta align themselves with this declaration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appeal for the 'boat people' of Liberia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 14 May 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses its deep concern at the grave humanitarian situation caused by the ongoing fighting in Monrovia and condemns the violence against the civilian population and the harassment of aid operations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While recognising the enormous efforts already made by neighbouring countries to assist the hundreds of thousands of existing Liberian refugees, the Council deplores the fact that the thousands of people crammed in precarious conditions on ships in the area are still in search of a friendly port.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It appeals on humanitarian grounds to the neighbouring countries to give at least temporary shelter to these victims of the fighting and affirms its own willingness to give humanitarian aid to cover their most urgent needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Council calls on all the Liberian factions to stop the fighting immediately and put the peace process back on track in order to avoid further suffering.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VISITS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Prime Minister of Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Prime Minister of Rwanda, Pierre Celestin Rwigema, visited Brussels from 26 to 29 March in the course of a tour aimed at informing the main donors about the work undertaken by his government in recent months and about the policies which would be implemented in the future. He was accompanied by the Minister of Planning and the Minister for Rehabilitation. The Prime Minister was received by Commissioner Pinheiro, who is responsible for relations with the ACP countries and by Mrs Bonino, the Commission member in charge of humanitarian actions. He also spoke at meetings of the External Relations and Development Committees of the European Parliament. Professor Pinheiro took the opportunity to highlight to the Prime Minister his concerns about the current situation in Rwanda, reiterating the Commission's commitment to the country and its people. He also spoke of the need for the authorities to pursue policies and implement measures leading to the restoration of normality. He said it was essential to have a dialogue with the Rwandan refugees in neighbouring countries (there are now about 1.7 million) and to pursue the pacification process under the auspices of the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity, with the involvement of all the heads of government in the Great Lakes region. Mr Rwigema's visit came at a crucial time for Rwanda. Even if the immediate crisis had passed, there was still a dire need for rehabilitation and development assistance, on top of the existing emergency aid programmes. The political situation remained delicate and the future was by no means secure, notwithstanding some encouraging signs of a progressive improvement as exemplified by the Tunis summit. The recent nomination of&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aldo Ajello as the EU's special envoy to the Great Lakes region underlined the political and moral dimension of the EU's commitment to the peace process in this troubled part of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUPPORT FOR HUMAN&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RIGHTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently decided to provide the following financing for projects under the budget line 'Support for. democratisation and human rights'. Non-ACP countries &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central America: ECU 180.000 to support seven national and one regional fore aimed at providing training in the field of human rights for instructors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central America: ECU 100.000 for a democracy consolidation training programme for 30 teams from various organisations in Nicaragua, Guatemala and El Salvador. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central America/Colombia: ECU 263.000 for a series of actions, notably in Colombia, involving the provision of information on human and citizens' rights. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil: ECU 190.000 for a project designed to boost the civil rights of black people in the country, through the training of judicial personnel and the strengthening of legislation against race discrimination. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil: ECU 145.000 for a training programme for magistrates, prosecutors and the police aimed at facilitating the uniform application of the law in the State of SÃ£o Paulo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil: ECU 290.000 for a training programme in the sphere of democratic municipal management, in the cities of Recife, Porto Alegre, Santos and Fortaleza. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala: ECU 308.000 for a project to collect and make available the case law of the Constitutional Court, and  to train officials and members of civil society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honduras: ECU 326.000 to support the National Human Rights Commission with a view to promoting such rights in the Departments of Comayagua and Olancho. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honduras: ECU 131.000 for an education programme dealing with civic and electoral issues and the rights of children. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexico: ECU 20.000 to support an initial Latin-American colloquium on the subject of the Ombudsman (in the face of the objectives and challenges of the region). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua: ECU 285.000 to support the social rehabilitation of minors in custody. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panama: ECU 125.000 for a training action in the field of the defence of human rights. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panama: ECU 250.000 to support a communication campaign designed to strengthen the image of the 'people's ombudsman'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela: ECU 160.000 to strengthen the institution of Justices of the Peace in the country's municipalities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela: ECU 100.000 ECU for a training and promotion action in the field of human rights and the strengthening of civil society. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EUROPEAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEVELOPMENT FUND&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic and social infrastructure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon: ECU 7.3 million for a programme aimed at protecting the urban boundary of the city of Kousseri from the encroachments of the Logone river, to improve sanitation and for the upgrading of an urban access route towards Chad. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 54 million for a transport infrastructure programme aimed at facilitating the social and economic development of the people living in the recisions in question (Western region, Brong Afaho, the Ashanti region). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 3.8 million for a human resource development programme designed to achieve better planning, management and implementation of development projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 1.9 million for a project to support the development of tourism. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 385 000 to extend the water supply system in the town of Mantola &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 13.5 million to upgrade the Ere-Kelo road &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade promotion/ structural adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benin-Cameroon CÃŽte-d'lvoire-GhanaGuinea-Togo: ECU 1.99 million for a regional programme of trade activities and training with a view to relaunching the pineapple business in West and Central Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burkina Faso: ECU 180 000 for the construction of an 'export and creativity' pavilion at the Salon international de l'artisanat in Ouagadougou. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua-New Guinea: ECU 5.3 million for the fourth structural adjustment support programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madagascar: ECU 1.9 million for a rice irrigation project. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enterpris&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana: ECU 33.7 million from the Sysmin fund, to support the work of the BCL, Tati and FEB mining companies in the SelebiPhikwe region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominican Republic: ECU 1.3 million to support the STD-HIV-AIDS prevention programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Education&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madagascar: ECU 1.9 million for a decentralised training project in favour of regional tourism operators. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tuvalu: ECU 300 000 for the rehabilitation of primary schools on the islands of Nukutetau and Nanumea. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Africa (Cameroon-Central African Republic-Congo-GabonEquatorial Guinea): ECU 16 million for phase 2 of the ECOFAC project (Conservation and rational utilisation of forest ecosystems in Central Africa). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Institutional support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi: ECU 1 million towards a study aimed at allowing the government to implement its land reform policy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea: ECU 4.5 million for a study aimed at allowing the government to undertake proper planning in the area of water resources and irrigation. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacific region: ECU 4.9 million for a project designed to improve the efficiency and security at certain airports. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUMANITARIAN AID&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali: ECU 1 million towards the reintegration of some 200 000 Malians who fled to Algeria and Mauritania during the rebellions of the 1980s. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 317 000 for victims of the severe floods that struck the centre and south of the country recently. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria: ECU 850 000 to help fight the meningitis epidemic affecting seven provinces of the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sierra Leone: ECU 700 000 in urgent food and medical assistance for some 250 000 refugees who fled to the areas around the towns of Bo and Kemena following the fighting. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 200 000 to help fight the meningitis epidemic. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 145 000 to help victims of the cholera epidemic and to assist in preventing its further spread (following the course of the Zaire river). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non-ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia: ECU 60 000 to help fight cholera in the municipality of Silvia, where some 40 000 are under threat due to a lack of drinking water and deficiencies in basic hygiene. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala: ECU 1.52 million to provide food aid and basic essentials to returnees from other parts of the country, and from Mexico, following years of civil war. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Armenia/Azerbaijan: ECU 11.57 million (ECU 4.07m for Armenia and ECU 7.5m for Azerbaijan), for food and medical assistance, targeted at the most vulnerable sections of the population, and for the provision of agricultural materials with a view to reducing progressively the dependence of the refugees, who are victims of the conflict in Nagomo-Karabakh.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caucasus-Georgia-Tadilkistan: ECU 3.2 million for food aid to be targeted at the most vulnerable sections of the population. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Georgia: ECU 7.43 million for victims of the internal conflict in this country where the loss of the Russian market has seriously undermined the rural economy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lebanon: ECU 600 000 for displaced people, to allow for the purchase of basic essentials including food, medicines, shelter and blankets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Afghanistan: ECU 600 000 for health infrastructures in the refugee camps   around Jalalabad, and for medical aid to refugees in the town of Herat. Indonesia: ECU 120 000 for toots and materials to construct shelters for the victims of the earthquake that struck in February. China (Tibetan nomads): ECU 550 000 for food aid, medicines and blankets for some 72 000 people living in the mountainous regions who have been badly hit by severe weather and a food shortage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AID &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p95a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The Commission has recently taken decisions to finance food aid as set out in the chart which follows: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317.11" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Address: Postal address (mail only) 'The ACP-KU Courier' Commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 Brussels Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier office address (visitors) First floor Astrid Building 1, rue de Geneve Evere - Brussels Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publisher Steffen Smide commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 - BRUSSELS (Belgium) Tel. 00-32-2-299 11 11 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Publications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assistant editors&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeanne Remade&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associate assistant  editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joumalist:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Production Manager:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secretariat:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carmela Peters&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fax: 299-30~02&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Circulation:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Margriet Mahy-van der Werf&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+
+</Doc>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1795 @@
+<Doc xmlns:gs2="http://www.greenstone.org/gs2" file="HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml"  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Original editon 1981&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second printing 1984&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission on International Relations&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of  Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STEVE P. BENNETT, Bennett's Animal Clinic, Port of Spain, Trinidad, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARAN CHANTALAKHANA, Dean, Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart  University, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD D. CHARLES, Senior Lecturer, Meat Production, Department of Animal  Husbandry, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. ROSS COCKRILL, Livestock Expert, Food and Agriculture Organization (retired),  Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WYLAND CRIPE, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, Dean, School of Agriculture, California Polytechnic University,  Pomona, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. JOHN DE BOER, Winrock International Livestock Research and Training Center,  Morrilton, Arkansas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MAARTEN DROST, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MOHAMED ALI EL-ASHRY, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of  Agriculture, Shoubra el Khiema, Cairo, Egypt &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ABELARDO FERRERD ., Former Director, Breeding Administration Centers,  Animal Sciences Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Caracas, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEAN K. GARDNER, Former Chief, Logistics Division USAID/Philippines, Jackson,  Mississippi, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES F. HENTGES, Department of Animal Science,University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JACK HOWARTH, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis,  California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NELS M. KONNERUP, Livestock Expert, Agency for International Development  (retired), Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. P LEONARDS, Water buffalo breeder, Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN K. LOOSLI, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville,  Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOSEPH MADAMBA, Director, Asian Institute of Aquaculture, Iloilo, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CRISTO NASCIMENTO,Director, Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation  (EMBRAPA), Agriculture Research Center for Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem,  Para, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural  Research, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM R. PRITCHARD, Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. THOMAS REID, (deceased), Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN H. SCHOTTLER, Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Industries, Lae, Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DALBIR SINGH DEV, Dean, Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture, Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT W. TOUCHBERRY, Dean, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD G. TULLOCH, Division of Wildlife Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Winnellie, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Staff Study Director &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Staff Associate &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is an animal resource whose potential seems to have been barely recognized or examined outside of Asia. Throughout the world there are proponents and enthusiasts for the various breeds of cattle; the water buffalo, however, is not a cow and it has been neglected. Nevertheless, this symbol of Asian life and endurance has performed notably well in recent trials in such diverse places as the United States, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Trinidad, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Brazil. In Italy and Egypt as well as Bulgaria and other Balkan states the water buffalo has been an important part of animal husbandry for centuries. In each of these places certain herds of water buffalo appear to have equaled or surpassed the local cattle in growth, environmental tolerance, health, and the production of meat and calves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although these are empirical observations lacking painstaking, detailed experimentation, they do seem to indicate that the water buffalo could become an important resource in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate zones in developing and developed countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If this is the case, then it is clear that many countries should begin water buffalo research. Serious attention by scientists could help dispel the misperceptions and uncertainties surrounding the animal and encourage its true qualities to emerge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report describes the water buffalo's attributes as perceived by several animal scientists. It is designed to present the apparent strengths of buffaloes compared with those of cattle, to introduce researchers and administrators to the animal's potential, and to identify priorities for buffalo research and testing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel that produced this report met at Gainesville, Florida, in July 1979. It was composed of leading water buffalo experts (particularly those from outside Asia who have directed the beginnings of water buffalo industries in their countries) and leading American animal scientists, many of whom are also familiar with the animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report complements The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. Ross Cockrill and published in 1974 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Cockrill's 933-page book is a &quot;bible&quot; of water buffalo knowledge and provides details of breeds, world distribution, physiology, and an extensive bibliography.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The present report is an introduction to the water buffalo and its potential. It is written particularly for decision makers, as well as scholars or students, in the hope that it will stimulate their interest in the animal and thereby increase the appreciation of, and funding for, buffalo research. The report includes much empirical observation, largely from the panel members. Some of these observations may, in the long run, prove not to be universally applicable. Much benchmark information needs to be obtained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since its creation in 1971, the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) has investigated innovative ways to use current technology and resources to help developing countries. Often this has meant taking a fresh look at some neglected and unappreciated plant or animal species. The committee assembles ad hoc panels of experts (usually incorporating both skeptics and proponents) to scrutinize the topics selected. The panel reports serve to draw attention to neglected, but promising, technologies and resources. (For a list of ACTI reports, see page 115.) ACTI reports are provided free to developing countries under funding by the Agency for International Development (AID).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Program costs for this study were provided by AID'S Office of Agriculture, Development Support Bureau, and staff support was provided by the Office of Science and Technology, Development Support Bureau.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The final draft of this report was edited and prepared for publication by F. R. Ruskin. Bibliographic editing was by Wendy D. White. Cover art was by Deborah Hanson.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domesticated water buffalo Bubalus bubalis numbers at least 130 million-one-ninth the number of cattle in the world. It is estimated that between 1961 and 1981 the world's buffalo population increased by 11 percent, keeping pace with the percentage increase in the cattle population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there are some pedigreed water buffaloes, most are nondescript animals that have not been selected or bred for productivity. There are two general types-the Swamp buffalo and the River buffalo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swamp buffaloes are slate gray, droopy necked, and ox-like, with massive backswept horns that make them favorite subjects for postcards and wooden statuettes in the Far East. They are found from the Philippines to as far west as India. They wallow in any water or mud puddle they can find or make. Primarily employed as a work animal, the Swamp buffalo is also used for meat but almost never for milk production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;River buffaloes are found farther west, from India to Egypt and Europe. Usually black or dark gray, with tightly coiled or drooping straight horns, they prefer to wallow in clean water. River buffaloes produce much more milk than Swamp buffaloes. They are the dairy type of water buffalo. In India, River buffaloes play an important role in the rural economy as suppliers of milk and draft power. River buffaloes make up about 35 percent of India's milk animals (other than goats) but produce almost 70 percent of its milk. Buffalo butterfat is the major source of cooking oil (ghee) in some Asian countries, including India and Pakistan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although water buffaloes are bovine creatures that somewhat resemble cattle, they are genetically further removed from cattle than are the North American bison (improperly called buffalo) whose massive forequarters, shaggy mane, and small hindquarters are unlike those of cattle. While bison can be bred with cattle to produce hybrids,( This is not, however, very successful, the male progeny (at least of the F 1 generation) are sterile).there is no well-documented case of a mating between water buffalo and cattle that has produced progeny.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parts of Asia and even Europe have depended on water buffaloes for centuries. Their crescent horns, coarse skin, wide muzzles, and low-carried heads are represented on seals struck 5,000 years ago in the Indus Valley, suggesting that the animal had already been domesticated in the area that is now India and Pakistan. Although buffaloes were in use in China 4,000 years ago, they are not mentioned in the literature or seen in the art of the ancient Egyptians, Romans, or Greeks, to whom they were apparently unknown. It was not until about 600 A.D. that Arabs brought the animal from Mesopotamia and began moving it westward into the Near East (modern Syria, Israel, and Turkey). Water buffaloes were later introduced to Europe by pilgrims and crusaders returning from the Holy Land in the Middle Ages. In Italy buffaloes adapted to the area of the Pontine Marshes southeast of Rome and the area south of Naples. They also became established in Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Bulgaria and have remained there ever since.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Villagers in medieval Egypt adopted the water buffalo, which has since become the most important domestic animal in modern Egypt. Indeed, during the last 50 years, their buffalo population has doubled to over 2 million head. The animals now supply Egypt with more meat-much of it in the form of tender &quot;veal&quot;-than any other domestic animal. They also provide milk, cooking oil, and cheese.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other areas have capitalized on the water buffalo's promise only in very recent times. For instance, small lots of the animals brought to Brazil (from Italy, India, and elsewhere) during the last 84 years have reproduced so well that they now total about 400,000 head and are still increasing, especially in the lower Amazon region. Buffalo meat and milk are now sold widely in Amazon towns and villages; the meat sells for the same price as beef. Nearby countries have also become familiar with the water buffalo. Trinidad imported several breeds from India between 1905 and 1908, while Venezuela, Colombia, and Guyana have been importing them in recent decades. During the 1970s Costa Rica, Ecuador, Cayenne, Panama, Suriname, and Guyana introduced small herds. By 1979 the buffalo in Venezuela numbered more than 7,000 head.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Across the Pacific, the new nation of Papua New Guinea has found the water buffalo well suited to its difficult environment. For 9 years the government has attempted to run cattle on the Sepik and Ramu Plains on Papua New Guinea's north coast, where the temperatures are high and the forage of poor quality. But the cattle remain thin and underweight. In the 1960s animal scientists began evaluating water buffaloes already living in Papua New Guinea and, encouraged by the results, introduced additional buffaloes from Australia. These have performed remarkably well, producing greater numbers of calves and much more meat than the cattle in the region. The buffaloes appear to maintain appetite despite the heat and humidity, whereas cattle do not. The government of Papua New Guinea has since imported more water buffaloes and today has thriving herds totaling almost 3,500 head. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The United States has been slow to recognize the water buffalo's potential, but the first herd (50 head) ever imported for commercial farming arrived in February 1978.(Air-freighted from the wilds of Guam, the U.S. island possession on the western Pacific, by panel member Tony Leonards. Prior to that time (in 1974), four head of water buffalo were imported to the Department of Animal science' university of Florida, for study. The only other water buffaloes in North America were a few animals in zoos.) The humble water buffalo, normally considered fit only for the steamy rice fields of Asia, is now proving itself on farm fields in Florida and Louisiana. As a result, interest in the animal is on the rise in U.S. university and farm circles.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From experience accumulated in Asia, Egypt, South America, Papua New Guinea, Australia, the United States, and elsewhere, animal scientists now perceive that many general impressions about the water buffalo are incorrect.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, it is widely believed that the water buffalo is mean and vicious. Encyclopedias reinforce this perception, and in the Western world it is the prevalent impression of the animal. The truth is, however, that unless wounded or severely stressed, the domesticated water buffalo is one of the gentlest of all farm animals. Despite an intimidating appearance, it is more like a household pet-sociable, gentle, and serene. In rural Asia the care of water buffaloes is often fumed over to small boys and girls aged about four to nine. The children spend their days with their family's gentle buffalo, riding it to water, washing it down, waiting while it rolls and wallows, and then riding it to some source of forage, perhaps a grassy field or thicket. It is not uncommon to see a buffalo patiently feeding, with a young friend stretched prone on its broad gray back, asleep.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps the notion about the viciousness of water buffaloes stems from confusing them with the mean-tempered African buffalo Syncerus caffer, actually a distant relative with which they will not interbreed and which is classified in a different genus.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ferocity is the most blatant misconception concerning the water buffalo, although other fallacies are widely reported as well.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One generally held belief is that water buffaloes can be raised only near water. Actually, buffaloes love to wallow, but they grow and reproduce normally without it, although in hot climates they must have shade available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another belief is that the water buffalo is exclusively a tropical animal. River-type buffaloes, however, have been used to pull snow plows during Bulgarian winters. They are found in Italy (over 100,000 head), Albania, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, the Georgia and Azerbaijan areas of the Soviet Union (almost 500,000 head) and other temperate-zone regions as well. They are also found in cold, mountainous areas of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p04to05.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ World Distribution of Water Buffaloes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet another misconception is that the water buffalo is just a poor man's beast of burden. In addition to providing fine lean meat, buffaloes in fact provide rich milk. Mozzarella cheese, one of the most popular in Europe, comes from the buffaloes in Italy. Buffalo milk has a higher content of both butterfat and nonfat solids than cow's milk does. It therefore often brings higher prices than cow's milk. Throughout much of India it is in such demand that cow's milk is sometimes hard to sell.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the misconceptions generally held about buffaloes are based on little data and much prejudice. For instance, it is widely believed that water buffalo meat is tough and less desirable than beef. However, when the animals are raised for meat, buffalo steaks are lean, as tender as beef, and in appearance it is difficult to distinguish the two. In taste-preference tests at the University of Queensland, buffalo steaks were preferred over those from Angus and Hereford cattle. Tests conducted in Trinidad, Venezuela, the United States, and Malaysia produced similar results.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia has shipped water buffalo meat to Hong Kong, the United States, Germany, and Scandinavia. Buffalo meat is now available in stores in Australia's Northern Territory, where demand exceeds supply. It sells at competitive prices and is particularly sought for barbecues and the famous Australian meat pie. In the Philippines, two-thirds of the meat consumed in homes and restaurants is actually water buffalo, a fact that many Filipinos do not realize.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with cattle,waterbuffaloes apparently have an efficient digestive system, one which extracts nourishment from forage so coarse and poor that cattle do not thrive on it. Thin cattle are commonly seen in Asia and northern Australia, for example, but it's rare to see a protruding rib on a buffalo, even though it uses the same source of feed.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, water buffaloes live on coarse vegetation on the marginal land traditionally left to the peasants. They help make human survival possible. An old Chinese woman in Taiwan once told panelist W. Ross Cockrill: &quot;To my family the buffalo is more important than I am. When I die, they'll weep for me; but if our buffalo dies, they may starve.&quot;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A better understanding of the water buffalo could be invaluable to many developing nations. In particular, improved production of water buffalo meat offers hope for helping feed India, the second most populous nation on earth. Although India for religious reasons forbids the slaughter of cows, it has no prohibitions regarding slaughter of water buffaloes or the consumption of buffalo meat.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most developing countries are in the tropics, and the water buffalo is inherently a tropical animal. It is comfortable in hot, humid environments. In the Amazon, for example, buffaloes are now common on the landscape and may even replace cattle completely.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical countries have more serious disease problems than temperate countries do. Although susceptible to most cattle diseases, the water buffalo seems to resist ticks and often appears to be more resistant to some of the most devastating plagues that make cattle raising risky, difficult, and sometimes impossible in the tropics. Several researchers report that when water buffaloes are allowed to wallow, their mud-coated skin seems to deter insect and tick ectoparasites and they consequently require greatly reduced treatment with insecticides. Although the buffalo fly (Siphona exigua) affects the animals, other pests such as the warble fly and the screwworm, for example, seldom affect healthy buffaloes. AIso, despite their inclination for living in swamps, Avers, and ponds, diseases of the feet such as foot rot and foot abscesses are rare.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another benefit to developing countries is the water buffalo's legendary strength. A large part of the total farm power available in South China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, the Indochina states, India, and Pakistan comes from this &quot;living tractor.&quot; Dependable and docile, the animals pull plows, harrows, and carts with loads that weigh several tons. In the Amazon buffalo teams pull boats laden with cargo and tourists through shallows and swamps.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The petroleum crisis has forced many farmers to reconsider animal power even in some of the technically advanced countries. Buffaloes are not only extraordinarily strong, they can also work in deep mud that may bog down a tractor. Even up to their bellies they forge on, dragging both plow and driver through the mud. Although its average walking speed is only about 3 kilometers per hour, the buffalo, unlike its mechanical competition, doesn't need gasoline or spare parts and its working life is often 20 years or more.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As already noted, the major genetic divisions of the water buffalo are the Swamp buffalo of the eastern half of Asia, which has swept-back horns, and the River buffalo of the western half of Asia, which usually has curled horns. There is also the Mediterranean buffalo, which is of the River type but has been isolated for so long that it has developed some unique characteristics. (Records of the buffalo in Italy date back 1,000 years, during which there have been no reported imports.) Mediterranean buffaloes are stocky, high yielding animals that combine both beef and dairy characteristics.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there is only one breed of Swamp buffalo, certain subgroups seem to have specific inherited characteristics. For example, the buffaloes of Thailand are noted for their large size, averaging 450-550 kg, and weights of up to 1,000 kg have been observed. Elsewhere, Swamp buffaloes range from 250 kg for some small animals in China to 300 kg in Burma and 500-600 kg in Laos.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only in India and Pakistan are there well-defined breeds with standard qualities. There are eighteen River buffalo breeds in South Asia, which are further classified into five major groups designated as the Murrah, Gujarat, Uttar  Pradesh, Central Indian, and South Indian breeds. These are the five groups and  main breeds:  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=484&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Group&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeds&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murrah&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murrah, Nili/Ravi, Kundi&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gujarat&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surti, Mehsana, Jafarabadi&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uttar Pradesh&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhadawari, Tarai&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Indian&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nagpuri, Pandharpun, Manda, Jerangi, Kalahandi, Sambalpur&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Indian&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toda,  South Kanara&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The best-known breeds are Murrah, Nili/Ravl, Jafarabadi, Surti, Mehsana, and  Nagpuri. Most of the buffaloes of the Indian subcontinent belong to a nondescript  group known as the Desi buffalo. There is no controlled breeding among these  animals and most are quite small, yield little milk, and are variable in color.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Swamp buffalo has 48 chromosomes, the River buffalo, 50. The chromosomal  material is, however, similar in the two types and they crossbreed to produce fertile  hybrid progeny. Cattle, however, have 60 chromosomes and although mating  between cattle and buffaloes is common, hybrids from the union are unlikely to  occur.( In 1965 a reputed hybrid was born at Askaniya Nova Zoopark in the Soviet Union  (see Gray, A., 1971. Mammalian Hybrids, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux,  Slough, England, p. 126). Hybrids have also been reported from China (Van  Fu-Czao 1959, Gibridy buivolc i krupnogo  i rogatogo skota(buffalo and  cattlehybrids)Zhivotnovodstro, Mosk., 21:92). Both of these reports seem doubtful  because despite many attempts, no other hybrids have ever been claimed to have  been produced). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Individual buffaloes show large variation in milk yield, conformation, horn shape,  color, meat production, temperament, growth rate, and other characteristics.  Selection for survival under adverse conditions has occurred naturally (those that  could not stand adversity died early) and farmers have probably tended to select  animals of gentle temperament. But systematic genetic improvement has almost  never been attempted. It seems likely that further selection could quickly improve  their productivity.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, the large bulls that would be best for breeding purposes are often  being selected as draft animals and castrated, or sent to slaughter, or (as with  some feral animals in northern Australia and on the Amazon island of Marajo) shot  by hunters. The result is that the buffalo's overall size in countries such as Thailand  and Indonesia has been decreasing as the genes for large size and fast growth are  lost.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo is still largely an animal of the village, and many of its reported  limitations are caused more by its environment than by the animal itself. Moreover,  much of the animal's genetic potential is obscured by environmental influences. For  example, for many breeds and types the genetic variations in milk yield and growth  cannot be accurately determined because they are overwhelmed by the effects of  inadequate nutrition and management.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, some inherent limitations of buffaloes can be identified. For instance,  buffaloes suffer if forced to remain, even for a few hours, in direct sunlight. They  have only one-tenth the density of sweat glands of cattle and their coating of hair is  correspondingly sparse, providing little protection from the sun. Accordingly,  buffaloes must not be driven over long distances in the heat of the day. They must  be allowed time for watering and, if possible, for wallowing. Driving under a hot sun  for long hours will cause heat exhaustion and possibly death; losses can be very  high and can occur suddenly. Young calves are particularly affected by heat.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are also sensitive to extreme cold and seem less able than cattle to  adapt to truly cold climates(A rule of thumb is that buffaloes don't do well where the sun is inadequate to ripen,  say, cotton, grapes, or Ace. Kaleff, B., 1942. Der Hausbuffel und seine  Zuchtungsbiologie im Vergleich zum Rind. Zeitschsift Tierzucht Biologze,  51:131-178). Sudden drops in temperature and chill winds may lead  to pneumonia and death.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is usually found m areas where there is ready access to a wallow  or shower. This is not a necessity, but when temperatures are high the availability of  water is important for maintaining buffalo health and productivity. It seems clear,  then, that the buffalo is not suitable for arid lands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing buffalo productivity through breed improvement is just now beginning.  Throughout Asia buffalo mating is almost completely haphazard, and so the animal  lacks the quality improvement through breeding that most cattle have had.  Therefore, most buffaloes are of nondescript heritage and genetic potential.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On poor quality feed water buffalo grow at least as well as cattle, but under intensive  conditions they probably won't grow as fast as the best breeds of cattle. In feedlots,  therefore, the buffalo is likely to be less productive than improved cattle. Weight  gains of about 1 kg per day have been recorded, some exceptional cattle may gain  at almost twice that rate.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo has long been considered a poor breeder-slow to mature sexually,  and slow to rebreed after calving. Accumulated experience now shows, however,  that this is mainly a result of poor management and nutrition. Buffaloes are not  sluggish breeders. Nevertheless, their gestation period is about a month longer  than that of cows, buffalo estrus is difficult to detect, and many matings occur~at  night so that~ farmers are likely to encounter more problems breeding buffaloes  than cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are gentle creatures, but if roughly or inexpertly handled they can, through fear or pain, become completely unmanageable. Buffalo behavior sometimes differs from that of cattle. For example, most buffaloes are not trained to be driven. Instead, the herdsman must walk alongside or ahead of them; they then instinctively follow. Also, because of their innate attachment to an individual site or herd it is more difficult to move buffaloes to new locations or herds. In addition, buffaloes respect fences less than cattle do and when they have the desire to move they are harder to contain. (Electric fences, however, will stop them.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their general good health, buffaloes are probably as susceptible as cattle to most infections. However, the buffalo seems to be peculiarly sensitive to a few cattle diseases and resistant to a few others (see chapter 7). Reactions to some diseases seem to vary with region, environment, and breed, and the differences are not well understood.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Destruction of the environment is sometimes attributed to buffalo wallowing. This danger seems to have been overstated, except in cases where stocking rates were unreasonably high.(An ongoing study in Northern Australia of environmental degradation widely attributed to buffalo has now shown that the effects are caused by man and climatic changes and only very slightly by buffaloes. (information supplied by D. G. Tulloch.) ) However, buffaloes rub against trees more often than cattle do, and they sometimes de-bark the trees, causing them to die.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, some of the best genetic stocks of water buffaloes exist in areas where certain infections and viral and other diseases sometimes occur. Thus, many countries are reluctant to permit importation of water buffaloes, despite the fact that modern quarantine procedures under conditions of maximum security can essentially eliminate the risk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, it must be emphasized that because buffalo research has been largely neglected, most results reported in this and other buffalo writings cover small numbers of animals and short periods of time. Many are merely empirical observations that have not been subjected to independent confirmation.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1972.Buffalo at the crossroads. World Farming 14(n:l0-l3.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asian and Pacific Council. 1979. Priorities in buffalo research identified.ASPAC News letter No. 43.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bowman, J. c. 1977. Animals for Man. Edward Arnold Publishers, Ltd., London, United Kingdom.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo Bulletin. Newsletter published by the Buffalo Research Committee of Kasetsart University, Bangkok' Thailand. (In English and Thai.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo World. Newsletter published by the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chantalakhana, C. 1975. The buffaloes of Thailand-their potential, utilization and conservation. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chantalakhana, C., and Na Phuket, S. R. 1979. The role of swamp buffalo in small farm development and the need for breeding improvement in Southeast Asia. Extension Bulletin No. 125. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1967. The water buffalo. Scientific American 217:118.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R., ed. 1974. The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill W. R. 1975. The domestic buffalo. Blue Book for the Veterinary Profession No. 25. Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1976. The Buffaloes of China. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R., ed. 1977. The Water Buffalo. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1977. The water buffalo: domestic animal of the future. Bovine Practitioner 12:92-98.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1978. Domestic water buffaloes. In: The Care and Management of Farm Animals, edited by W. N. Scott. Bailliere TindaU, London, United Kingdom.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1980. The ascendant water buffalo-key domestic animal. World Animal Review 33:2-13.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DeBoer, A. J. 1972. Technical and economic constraints on bovine production in three villages in Thailand. Dissertation Abstracts International 33(5):1935.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DeBoer, A. J. 1975. Livestock and Poultry Industry in Selected Asian Countries. Report of Survey on Diversification of Agriculture: Livestock and Poultry Production. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;de Guzman, M. R., Jr. 1979. An overview of recent developments in buffalo research and management in Asia. Extension Bulletin No. 124. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Documentation Center on Water Buffalo. 1978. Abstract Bibliography on Water Buffalo, 1971-1975. Documentation Center on Water Buffalo, University of the Philippines at Los Banos Library, College, Laguna 3720, Philippines.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fahimuddin, M. 1975. Domestic Water Buffalo. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi, India  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H. 1975. The water buffalo and related species as important genetic resources: their conservation, evaluation and utilization. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6  1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ford, B. D., and Tulloch, D. G. 1977. The Australian buffalo-a collection of papers. Technical Bulletin No.18. Department of the Northern Territory, Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gupta, H. C. 1977. Possibilities and realities of developing buffalo's performance, breeding and feeding. Indian Dairyman 29(6):337-346.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kartha, K. P. R.1965. Buffalo. In: An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics edited by G. Williamson and W. J. A. Payne. Longman, London, United Kingdom.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McKnight, T. L. 1971. Australia's buffalo dilemma. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 61(4):759-773.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madamba, J. C., and Eusebio, A. N. 1979. Developments in the strengthening of buffalo research in Asia. Buffalo Bulletin 2(3):7-16.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mahadevan, P. 1978. Water buffalo research-possible future trends. World Animal Review 25: 2-7.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oloufa, M. M. 1979. Buffaloes as producers of meat and milk. Egyptian Journal of AnimalProduction 19:1-10. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pant, H. C., and Roy, A. 1972. The water buffalo and its future. In: Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates, edited by R. E McDowell. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research. 1978. The Philippines Recommends for Caraboo Production, PCARR, Los Banos, Laguna 3732, Philippines.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ranjhan, S. K., and Pathak, N. N. 1981. Management and Feeding of Buffaloes. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, India  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977a. Livestock in Indonesia. Research Report No. 1. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia. (In English and Indonesian.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977b. Preliminary Observations on the Productivity of Porking Buffalo in Indonesia. Research Report No. 2. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia. (In English and Indonesian.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sundaresan, D. 1979. The role of improved buffaloes in rural development. Indian Dairyman 31(2):73-78.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1978. The water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, in Australia: grouping and home range.Australian Wildlife Research 5:327-34.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wahid, A. 1973. Pakistani buffaloes. World Animal Review 7:22~28. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo offers promise as a major source of meat, and the production of buffaloes solely for meat is now expanding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because buffaloes have been used as draft animals for centuries, they have evolved with exceptional muscular development, some weigh 1,000 kg or more. Until recently, however, little thought was given to using them exclusively for meat production. Most buffalo meat was, and still is, derived from old animals slaughtered at the end of their productive life as work or milk animals. As a result, much of the buffalo meat sold is of poor quality. But when buffaloes are properly reared and fed, their meat is tender and palatable.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are exported for slaughter from India and Pakistan to the Middle East and from Thailand and Australia to Hong Kong. Demand for meat is so great that Thailand's buffalo population has dropped from 7 million to 5.7 million head in the last 20 years, a period in which the human population has more than doubled.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carcass Characteristics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All buffalo breeds-even the milking ones-produce heavy animals whose carcass characteristics are similar to those of cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite heavier hide and head, the amount of useful meat (dressing percentage) from buffaloes is almost the same as in cattle. Mediterranean type buffalo and Zebu cattle steers in Brazil yielded dressing percentages of 55.5 and 56.6 percent respectively. Swamp buffalo dressing percentages have been measured in Australia at 53 percent. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are lean animals. Although a layer of subcutaneous fat covers the carcass, it is usually thinner than that on comparably fed cattle. Even animals that appear to be fat prove to be largely muscle. Australian research on Swamp buffaloes reveals that buffaloes with more than 25 percent fat are difficult to produce, whereas average choice-grade beef carcasses may contain  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general, the buffalo carcass has rounder ribs, a higher proportion of muscle, and a lower proportion of bone and fat than beef has.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo hide is so thick that it can be sliced into two or three layers before tanning into leather.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meat Quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo meat and beef are basically similar. The muscle pH (5.4), shrinkage on chilling (2 percent), moisture (76.6 percent), protein (19 percent), and ash (1 percent) are all about the same in buffalo meat and beef. Buffalo fat, however, is always white and buffalo meat is darker in color than beef because of more pigmentation or less intramuscular fat (2-3 percent &quot;marbling,&quot; compared with the 3-4 percent in beef).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eating Quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taste-panel tests and tenderness measurements conducted by research teams in a number of countries have shown that the meat of the water buffalo is as acceptable as that of cattle. Buffalo steaks have rated higher than beefsteaks in some taste tests in Australia, Malaysia, Venezuela, and Trinidad.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In taste-panel studies in Trinidad, cooked joints from three carcasses Trinidad buffalo, a crossbred steer (Jamaica-Red/Sahiwal), and an imported carcass of a top-grade European beef steer-were served. The 28 diners all had experience in beef production, butchery, or catering and were not told the sources of the various joints. All the carcasses were held in cold storage for one week before cooking. The buffalo meat was rated highest by 14 judges; 7 chose the European beef; 5 thought the crossbred beef the best; and 2 said that the buffalo and crossbred were equal to or better than the European beef. The buffalo meat received most points for color (both meat and fat), taste, and general acceptability. There was little difference noted in texture.( Information supplied by P. N. Wilson.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo veal is considered a delicacy. Calves are usually slaughtered for veal between 3 and 4 weeks of age; dressed weight is 59-66 percent of live weight.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is some evidence that buffaloes may retain meat tenderness to a more advanced age than cattle because the connective tissue hardens at a later age or because the diameter of muscle fibers in the buffalo increases more slowly than in cattle(Joksimonc, 1979) In one test the tenderness (measured by shearing force) of muscle samples from carcasses of buffalo steers 16-30 months old was the same as that from feedlot Angus, Hereford, and Friesian steers 12-18 months old. This gives farmers more flexibility in meeting fluctuating markets while still providing tender meat.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1976. Livestock Production in Asian Context of Agricultural Diversification. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arganosa, F. C., Sanchez, P. C., Ibarra, P. I., Gerpacio, A. L., Castillo, L. S., and Arganosa, V. G. 1973. Evaluation of carabeef as a potential substitute for beef. Philippine Journal of Nutrition 26(2).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arganosa, F. C., Arganosa, V. G., and Ibarra, P. I. 1975. Carcass evaluation and utilization of carabeef. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bennett, S. P. 1973. The &quot;buffalypso&quot;-an evaluation of a beef type of water buffalo in Trinidad, West Indies. Paper presented at the Third World Conference on Animal Production, Melbourne, Australia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Borghese, A., Gigli, S., Romita, A., Di Giacomo, A., and Mormile, M. 1978. Fatty acid composition of fat in water buffalo calves and bovine calves slaughtered at 20, 28, and 36 weeks of age. In: Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle: A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, held at Ghent, October 11-13,1977. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles, D. D., and Johnson, E. R. 1972. Carcass composition of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 23:905-911.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles, D. D., and Johnson, E. R. 1975. Live weight gains and carcass composition of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) steers on four feeding regimes. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 26:407-413.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1975. Alternative livestock: with particular reference to the wafer buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). In: Meat. Proceedings of the 21st Easter School in Agricultural Science, University of Nottingham, edited by D. J. A. Cole and R. A. Lawrie. Butterworth, London, England.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El-Ashry, M. A., Mogawer, H. H., and Kishin, S. S. 1972. Comparative study of meat production from cattle and buffalo male calves. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production 12:99-107.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El-Koussy, H. A., Afifi, Y. A., Dessouki, T. A., and El-Ashry, M. A. 1977. Some chemical and physical changes of buffalo meat after slaughter. Agriculture Research Review 55:1-7.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Johnson, E. R., and Charles, D. D. 1975. Comparison of live weight gain and changes in carcass composition between buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and Bos taurus steers. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 26:415- 422.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joksimovic, J. 1979. Physical, chemical and structural characteristics of buffalo meat. Arhiv za Polloprivredne Nauke 22:110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joksimovic, J., and Ognjanovic, A. 1977. A comparison of carcass yield, carcass composition, and quality characteristics of buffalo meat and beef Meat Science 1:105 -110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mai, S. C., and Wu, T. H. 1974. TSC's intensive feed-lot system for cow-calf and beef production program. Taiwan Sugar 21(6):198-211.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matassino, D., Romita, A., Cosentino, E., Girolami, A., and Cloatruglio, P. 1978. Myorheological, ohemical, and colour characteristics of meat in water buffalo and bovine calves slaughtered at 20, 28 and 36 weeks. In: Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle: A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, held at Chent, October 11-13, 1977. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mogawer, H. H., El-Ashry, M. A., and Mahmoud, S. A. 1976. Comparative study of meat production from cattle and buffalo male calves. II. Effect of different roughage concentrate ratios in ration on carcass traits. Journal of Agriculture Research {Tanta University) 2:6-12.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ognjanovic, A. 1974. Meat and meat production. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. CockrilL Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rastogi, R., Youssef, F. G., and Gonzalez, F. D. 1978. Beef type water buffalo of Trinidad-Beefalypso. World Review of Animal Production 14(2) :49 -56.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Romita, A., Borghese, A., Gigli, S., and Di Giacomo, A. 1978. Growth rate and carcass composition of water buffalo calves and bovine calves slaughtered at 20, 28 and 36 weeks. In: Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle: A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, Held at Chent, October 11-13, 1977. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilson, P. N. 1961. Palatability of water buffalo meat. Journal of the Agricultural Society of Trinidad 61:457, 459-460. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than 5 percent of the world's milk comes from water buffaloes. Buffalo milk is  used in much the same way as cow's milk. It is high in fat and total solids, which  gives it a rich flavor. Many people prefer it to cow's milk and are willing to pay more  for it. In Egypt, for example, the severe mortality rate among buffalo calves is due in  part to the sale of buffalo milk, which is in high demand, thus depriving calves of  proper nourishment. This also occurs in India, where in the Bombay area alone an  estimated 10,000 newborn calves starve to death each year through lack of milk.  The demand for buffalo milk in India (about 60 percent of the milk consumed; over  80 percent in some states) is reflected in the prices paid for a liter of milk: about  130 paisa for cow's milk compared with about 200 paisa for buffalo milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twelve of the 18 major breeds of water buffalo are kept primarily for milk production  (although males may be used for traction and all animals are eventually used for  meat). The main milk breeds of India and Pakistan are the Murrah, Nili/Ravi, Surti,  Mehsana, Nagpuri, and Jafarabadi. The buffaloes of Egypt, Eastern Europe  (Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, and the USSR), and Italy are used for milk  production and there are also herds used principally for this purpose in Iran, Iraq,  and Turkey.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Composition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk contains less water, more total solids, more fat, slightly more lactose,  and more protein than cow's milk. It seems thicker than cow's milk because it  generally contains more than 16 percent total solids compared with 12-14 percent  for cow's milk. In addition, its fat content is usually 50-60 percent higher (or more)  than that of cow's milk. Although the butterfat content is usually 6-8 percent,( An analysis of 7,770 records of Nili/Ravi buffaloes in herds at the Pakistan  Research Institute showed that average butterfat content was 6.40 (a mean based  on 10 tests over 10 months). of all the samples tested, 77 percent ranged between  5 and 8 percent butterfat and 12 percent were below 5 percent butterfat.  -information supplied by R. E. McDowell.)  it can  go much higher in the milk of some well fed dairy buffaloes and in the milk of  Swamp buffaloes (which are not normally used for milking). Cow's milk butterfat content is usually between 3 and 5 percent.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its high butterfat content, buffalo milk has considerably higher energy value than cow's milk. Phospholipids are lower but cholesterol and saturated fatty acids are higher in buffalo milk. Studies have shown that digestibility is not adversely affected by this. Because of the high fat content, the buffalo's total fat yield per lactation compares favorably with that of improved breeds of dairy cattle; it is much higher than that of indigenous cows.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally the protein in buffalo milk contains more casein and slightly more albumin and globulin than cow's milk. Several researchers have claimed that the biological value of buffalo milk protein is higher than that of cow's milk, but this has not yet been proved conclusively.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p27.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Tables 1 and 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mineral content of buffalo milk is nearly the same as that of cow's milk except for phosphorus, which occurs in roughly twice the amount in buffalo milk. Buffalo milk tends to be lower in salt.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk lacks the yellow pigment carotene, precursor for vitamin A, and its whiteness is frequently used to differentiate it from cow's milk in the market. Despite the absence of carotene, the vitamin A content in buffalo milk is almost as high as that of cow's milk. (Apparently the buffalo converts the carotene in its diet to vitamin A. The two milks are similar in B complex vitamins and vitamin C, but buffalo milk tends to be lower in riboflavin.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Milk Products&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk, like cow's milk, can provide a wide variety of products: butter, butter oil (clarified butter or ghee), soft and hard cheeses, condensed or evaporated milks, ice cream,yogurt, and buttermilk. It is of great economic importance in India in preparing &quot;toned&quot; milk-a mixture of buffalo milk and milk made by reconstituting skim milk powder.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The richness of buffalo milk makes it highly suitable for processing. To produce 1 kg of cheese, a cheese maker requires 8 kg of cow's milk but only 5 kg of buffalo milk. To produce 1 kg of butter requires 14 kg of cow's milk but only 10 kg of buffalo milk. Because of these high yields, processors appreciate the value of buffalo milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo cheese is pure white. It many countries it is among the most desirable cheeses (mozzarella and ricotta in Italy, gemir in Iraq, the salty cheeses of Egypt, and pecorino in Bulgaria, for example). In Venezuela all the cheese produced from the small La Guanota milking herd in the Apure River basin (about 100 kg a day) is bought by the Hilton Hotel and sells for 15 bolivars per kg compared with 8 bolivars per kg for cheese made from cow's milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although much in demand for making soft cheese, buffalo milk is less desirable for making hard cheeses such as cheddar or gouda. During cheesemaking it produces acid more slowly than cow's milk, retains more water in the curd, and loses more fat in the whey.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheeses are becoming increasingly popular throughout the world. Demand is rising at a rate that is among the highest for any food product. Cheese offers particular benefit to areas where refrigeration is not widely available, where transporting high-protein foods to remote areas is difficult, and where seasonal fluctuations affect milk supplies. Buffalo milk may make cheesemaking profitable on an even smaller scale than conventional dairying; it is more concentrated than cow's milk and requires relatively less energy to transport and process (an increasingly important factor where fuels are limited).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p31.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 3 Highest Milk Yield (kg per Day) Recorded in the All India Milk Yield&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yield&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In countries like India and Egypt, the milk yield of buffaloes is generally higher  (680-800 kg) than for local cattle (360-500 kg). However, since selection for  exceptional milk production is not conducted systematically, large variations in yield  occur between individual animals, and milk production of dairy buffaloes falls short  of its potential.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nonetheless, some outstanding yields have been recorded. On Indian government  farms, average yields for milking buffaloes range from 4 to 7 kg per day in  lactations averaging 285 days. Daily yields of 12 kg have been reported for some  Bulgarian buffalo cows and a daily production of over 20 kg has been reported for  some remarkable animals in India. A peak milk yield of 31.5 kg in a day has been  recorded from a champion Murrah buffalo in the All India Milk Yield Competition  conducted by the Government of India (see Table 3).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At Caserta, Italy, a herd of 1,600 machine-milked, pedigreed dairy buffaloes has  produced average yields of 1,500 kg during lactations of 270 days. In Pakistan an  analysis of over 6,000 lactations of Nili/Ravi buffalo cows showed an average yield  of 1,925 kg during lactations averaging 282 days(Average adjusted for year and  season and calving. Cady et al., in press.) . In India the average milks yield of  Murrah buffaloes in established herds is also reported to be about  1,800kg(*&quot;Williamson and Payne, 1965.)Table 4 lists some outstanding lactation  yields reported from different parts of the world. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with cattle, the percentages of fat, protein, and total solids decrease as the milks yield increases.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Swamp buffaloes of Southeast Asia are usually considered poor milk producers. They are used mainly as draft animals, but it may be that their milk potential has been underestimated. In the Philippines Swamp buffalo cows with nursing calves have produced 300-800 kg of milk during lactation periods of 180-300 days(*Philippines Council for Agriculture and Resources Research (PCARR). 1978. The Philippines Recommends for Caraboo Production, PCARR, Los Banos, Philippines)In Thailand Swamp buffaloes selected and reared for milk production have yielded 3-5 kg per day during 305-day lactations.(Information supplied by Charan Chantalakhana.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p32.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 4 Milk Production of Some Outstading Buffalo Cows and Dairy Herds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Nanning Livestock Research Institute and Farm in Kwangsi Province,which is representative of many others in South China, is upgrading the native  Swamp buffaloes (or Shui Niu) by selective breeding for size and weight and by  crossbreeding with dairy breeds such as the Murrah and Nili/Ravi. The crossbreeds  that are milked yield 4-5 kg daily.(*CockriH, W. R. 1976. The Buffaloes of China.  FAO, Rome.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dairy Management&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The characteristics of the dairy buffalo so closely approximate those of the dairy cow that successful methods of breeding, husbandry, and feeding for  milks production for the cow can be applied equally to the dairy buffalo. Buffaloes,  however, have not been bred for uniform udders and it is more difficult to milk them  by machine.(Some thousands of buffaloes are machine milked in Bulgaria and Italy, however. At  Ain Shams University in Egypt, buffaloes have adapted to machine milking. The  calves are separated from their dams immediately after birth and no problems of  milk letdown have been observed. -information supplied by M. El Ashry.)Also, some buffaloes have more of a problem with milks letdown than  dairy cows (although not as much of a problem as some native cattle breeds in the  tropics). Frequently, a calf is kept with the cow and is tied to her foreleg at milking  time. In India, Burma, and other countries a dummy calf may be provided; playing  music seems to work, too.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Addeo, F., Mercier, J. C., and Ribadeau-Dumas, B. 1977. The caseins of buffalo  milk. Journal of Dairy Research 44(3):455-468.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agarwala, O. P. 1962. Certain factors of reproduction and production in a water  buffalo herd. Indian Joumal of Dairy Science 15(2):45-51.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Albourco, F., Mincione, B., Addeo, F., and Ameno, M. 1969. Buffaloes' milk. II.  Variations in composition during lactation of milk produced without change in  feeding. Industrie Agraria 7(5):210-219.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associazione Italiana Tecnici del Latter. 1970. Buffaloes' milk and cheese. Scienza  e Tecnica 21(3):175-196.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhatnagar, V. K., Lohia, K. L., and Monga, O. P. 1961. Effect of the month of  calving on milk yield, lactation length and calving interval in Murrah buffaloes. Indian  Journal of Dairy Science 14(3): 102-108.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhasin N. R., and Desai, R. N. 1967. Effect of age at first calving and first lactation  yield on life time production in Hariana cattle. Indian Veterinary Journal 44:684694.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cady, R. A., Shah, S. K., Schermerhorn, E. C., and McDowell, R. E. In Press.  Factors affecting performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes in Pakistan. Journal of Dairy  Science.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Castillo, L. S. 1975. Production, characteristics and processing of buffalo milk. In:  The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at  Khon Kahn, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology  Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dassat, P. M., de Paolis, P., and Sartore, G. 1966. Environmental effects on milks  yield in Italian buffalo.Acta Medica Veterinaria 12(6):587-593.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dave, B. K., and Taylor, C. M. 1975. A study on relationship of persistency with other first production traits in Indian water buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Health 14(1) :77-80.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deshmukh, S. N., and Choudhury, P. N. R. 1971. Repeatability estimates of some economic characteristics in Italian buffaloes. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaer-medizen 18:104-107.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ganguli, N. C. 1979. Buffalo milk technology. World Animal Review 30:2-10.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gomez, I. V. 1977. The manufacture of semihard cheese (Danish type) from carabao milk. Philippine Agriculturalist 61(3/4) :78-86.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gurnani, M., and Nagarcenkar, R. 1971. Evaluation of breeding performance of buffaloes and estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters. Annual Report of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katpatal, B. G. 1977. Dairy cattle crossbreeding in India. I. Growth and development of crossbreeding. World Animal Review 22: 15-21.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kay, H. D. 1974. Milk and milk production. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kohli, M. L., and Malik, D. D. 1960. Effect of service period on total milk production and lactation length in Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 13(3): 105-111.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nascimento, C. N. B., Moura Carvalho, L. O. D., and Lourenco, J. B. 1979. Irnportancia do Bufalo para a Pecuarfa Brasileira. Agricultural Research Center for Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem, Para, Brazil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raafat, M. A., El-Sayed, Abou-Hussein, Abou-Raya, A. K., and El-Shirbiny A. 1974. Some nutritional studies of colostrum and milk of cows and buffaloes E:gyptian Journal of Animal Production 14(1) :137-148.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ragab, M. T., Asker, A. A., and Kamal, T. H. 1958. The effect of age and seasonal calving on the composition of Egyptian buffalo milk. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 11(1):18-28.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saudi Arabia Standards Institution. 1978. Raw milk. Saudi Arabia Standard 98.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sebastian, J., Panthulu, P. C, and Bhimasena, M. 1971. Composition of Surti buffalo milk. Annual Report of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sekhon, G. S., and Gehlon, M. S. 1966. Repeatability estimates of some economic traits in the Murrah buffalo. Ceylon Veterinary Journal 14:18-22.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, B. B., and Singh, B. P. 1971. Comparative study of lifetime economics of Hariana versus Murrah buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 48:485-489.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, R. P. 1966. A study of production up to ten years of age in buffaloes maintained at military farms. Indian Veterinary Journal 43:986-992.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, S. B., and Desai, R. N. 1962. Production character of Bhadawari buffalo cow. Indian Veterinary journal 39:332-343.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venkayya, D., and Anantakrishnan, C. P. 1957. Influence of age at first calving on the performance of Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 10(1):20-24.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G., and Payne, W. J. A. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. Longman, London, United Kingdom. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is the classic work animal of Asia, an integral part of that  continent's traditional village farming structure. Probably the most adaptable and  versatile of all work animals, it is widely used to plow; level land; plant crops; puddle  rice fields; cultivate field crops; pump water; haul carts, sleds, and shallow-draft  boats; carry people; thresh grain; press sugar cane; haul logs; and much more.  Even today, water buffaloes provide 20-30 percent of the farm power in South  China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indochina(Figures provided by A. J. de veer. In India water buffaloes contribute much less to  farm power (6-12 percent); bullocks are more commonly used. In Pakistan  buffaloes are little used for farm power (1-2 percent) but provide much of the road  haulage. Papua New Guinea has no tradition of using any work animal, but villagers  are increasingly using buffaloes for farm work and the government is employing  Fillipinos to train them) . Millions of  peasants in the Far East, Middle East, and Near East have a draft buffalo. For them  it is often the only method of farming food crops.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As fuel becomes scarce and expensive in these countries, the buffalo is being used  more frequently as a draft animal. ln 1979 water buffalo prices soared in rural  Thailand because of the increased demand.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although Asian farms have increasingly mechanized in the last 20 years, it has  often proved difficult to persuade the farmer to replace his buffalo with a tractor  since the buffalo produces free fertilizer and does not require diesel fuel. Now there  is renewed official interest in draft power. Sri Lanka has recently opened up large  new tracts of farmland in the Mahawali Valley, creating such a demand for work  animals that buffalo shortages have become a national development problem.  Indonesia's transmigration schemes are also handicapped by shortages of animal  power.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For many small farmers the buffalo represents capital. It is often the major  investment they have. Buffalo energy increases their productivity and allows them to  diversify. Even small farms have work animals that, like the farmer himself, subsist  off the farm. Tractors usually require at least four hectares for economical operation,  which precludes their use on most peasant farms. Further, the infrastructure to  maintain machinery is often not readily available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are also used for hauling. Buffalo-drawn carts carry goods between  villages where road surfaces are unfit for trucks. The animals easily traverse  ravines, streams, paddies, and narrow and rocky trails. In the cities carts can  compete economically with trucks where the road surface is unprepared, where  loading or unloading takes longer than the journey itself, or where the loads are too  small and distances too short to make trucking economical. For road haulage  buffaloes are generally shod: the shoes are flat plates fitted to each hoof.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capacity for Work&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is a sturdy draft animal Its body structure, especially the  distribution of body weight over the feet and legs, is an important advantage. Its  large boxy hooves allow it to move in the soft mud of rice fields. Moreover, the  buffalo has very flexible pastern and fetlock joints in the lower leg so that it can bend  back its hooves and step over obstacles more easily than cattle. This water-loving  animal is particularly well adapted to paddy farming because its legs withstand  continual wet conditions better than mules or oxen(Australian animal scientists working in Bogor, Indonesia, found that the puddling  effect of buffalo hooves on the soil was critical for rice cultivation in the local soils.  Tractors produced fields so porous that they drained dry. (Information supplied by  A. F. GurnettSmith.) On one research station near Darwin, Australia, buffaloes were  used to prevent water draining from a dam. (Information supplied by D. G. Tulloch.). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although buffaloes are preferred by farmers in the wet, often muddy lowlands of  Asia, mules, horses, and cattle move more rapidly and are preferred in the dryer  areas.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes do not work quickly. They plod along at about 3 km per hour. In  most parts of Southeast Asia they are worked about 5 hours a day and they may  take 6-10 days to plow, harrow, and grade one hectare of rice field. Their stamina  and drawing power increase with body weight.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they have difficulty keeping cool in hot, humid weather (see next chapter),  it is necessary to let working buffaloes cool off, preferably in a wallow, every 2 hours  or so. Without this their body temperatures may rise to dangerous levels.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A pair of 3-year-old buffaloes costs about the same as a small tractor in Thailand.  But many farmers raise their own calves and there is no investment beyond labor.  The &quot;fuel&quot; for the animals comes mainly from village pastures and farm wastes such  as crop stubble and sugarcane tops. Buffaloes have an average working life of  about 11 years, but some work to age 20.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harness&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yoke used on working buffalo in Asia has changed very little in the last 1,500 years. It is doubtful that a working buffalo can exert its full power with it. The hard wooden yoke presses on a very small area on top of the animal's neck, producing severe calluses, galls, and obvious discomfort. The harness tends to choke the animal as the straps under the neck tighten into the windpipe. Since the traditional hitch is usually higher than the buffalo's low center of gravity, the animal cannot pull efficiently. Considerably more pulling power and endurance can be obtained by improving the harness. The situation is not unlike that in Western agriculture in the twelfth century when the horse collar-one of the most important inventions of the Middle Ages first appeared. Before that, horses were yoked like buffalo and the harness passed across their windpipes and choked them as they pulled. Use of the horse collar improved pulling efficiency and speeded the development of transportation and trade.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The curved yoke now universally used on water buffalo contacts an area of the neck that is only about 200 cm2 (little more than half the size of this page). The entire load is pulled on this small area and causes the wood to dig into the flesh.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A horse collar is a padded leather device that encircles the animal's neck. One modified in Thailand for use on water buffalo (see page 43) had a contact area of 650 cm2, more than three times that of the yoke it replaced. The collar's padding pressed against the animal's shoulders, not its neck, and  therefore did not choke it. Attached to the collar were wooden hames with the traces for hitching the animal to a wagon or plow. In trials a buffalo pulled loads 24 percent heavier with the collar than with the yoke, and the horsepower it developed increased by 48 percent(These trials were conducted by J. K. Garner in Thailand in 1958. In the maximum-load test the yoked buffalo failed to move a load of 570 kg, but it moved a load of 640 kg when fitted with the horse collar. In an endurance test the yoked animal took 35 minutes to pull a load 550 m, but harnessed with the collar it took only 21 minutes). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another potentially valuable harness is the breast strap, a set of broad leather straps that pass over the animal's neck and back. One breast strap modified for water buffalo use had a contact area of 620 cm2, almost as much as that of the horse collar, and in trials the buffalo pulled a load 12 percent heavier than with a yoke and the horsepower it developed increased by almost 70 percent( The same animal used in the horse collar trials pulled 700 kg with the breast strap, in the endurance test it took 18.5 minutes to travel the 550-m distance). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These seem very good innovations. In the humid tropics, however, leather collars and breast straps may decay rapidly. To make them widely practical may require experimentation with, or development of, special leather treatments or more durable materials.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1974. The working buffalo. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domes tic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1976. The Buffaloes of China. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;de Guzman, M. R., Jr. 1975. The water buffalo-Asia's beast of burden and key to progress. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Garner, J. K. 1958 (Reprint 1980) Increasing the Work Efficiency of the Water Buffalo Through Use of Improved Harness. (Copies available from Office of Agriculture, Development Support Bureau, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. 20523)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kamal, T. H., Shehata, O., and Elbanna, I. M. 1972. Isotope Studies on the Physiology of Domestic Animals. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977. Preliminary Observations on the Productivity of Working Buffalo in Indonesia. Research Report No. 2, Center for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vaugh, M. 1945. Report on a detailed study of methods of yoking bullocks for agricultural work. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 15:186-198.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ward, G. M., Sutherland, T. M., and Sutherland, J. M. 1980. Animals as an energy source in Third World agriculture. Science 208:570. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heat Tolerance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the buffalo is remarkably versatile, it has less physiological adaptation to extremes of heat and cold than the various breeds of cattle. Body temperatures of buffaloes are actually lower than those of cattle, but buffalo skin is usually black and heat absorbent and only sparsely protected by hair. Also, buffalo skin has one-sixth the density of sweat glands that cattle skin has, so buffaloes dissipate heat poorly by sweating. If worked or  driven excessively in the hot sun, a buffalo's body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and general discomfort increase more quickly than those of cattle(Failure to appreciate this has caused many buffalo deaths in northern Australia when the animals were herded long distances through the heat of the day as if they were cattle).. This is particularly true of young calves and pregnant females. During one trial in Egypt 2 hours' exposure to sun caused temperatures of buffalo to rise 1.3Â°C, whereas temperatures of cattle rose only 0.2-0.3Â°C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes prefer to cool off in a wallow rather than seek shade. They may wallow for up to 5 hours a day when temperatures and humidity are high. Immersed in water or mud, chewing with half-closed eyes, buffaloes are a picture of bliss.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In shade or in a wallow buffaloes cool off quickly, perhaps because a black skin rich in blood vessels conducts and radiates heat efficiently (Tests at the University of Florida have shown that buffaloes in the shade cool off more quickly than cattle. -Robey, 1976).  Nonetheless, wallowing is not essential. Experience in Australia, Trinidad, Florida, Malaysia, and elsewhere has shown that buffaloes grow normally without wallowing as long as adequate shade is available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cold Tolerance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although generally associated with the humid tropics, buffaloes, as already noted, have been reared for centuries in temperate countries such as Italy, Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and in the Azerbaijan and Georgian republics of the USSR. In 1807 Napoleon brought Italian buffaloes to the Landes region of southwest France and released them near Mont-deMarsan. They became feral and multiplied prodigiously in the woods and dunes of the littoral, but unfortunately the local peasants found them easy targets, and with the fall of Napoleon the whole herd was killed for meat(In the twelfth century Benedictine monks introduced buffaloes from their possessions in the Orient to work the lands of their abbey at Auge in northeastern France. In the thirteenth century a herd was introduced to England by the Earl of Cornwall, the brother of Henry III. Nothing is known about how well either herd survived). Buffaloes are also maintained on the high, snowy plateaus of Turkey as well as in Afghanistan and the northern mountains of Pakistan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo has greater tolerance of cold weather than is commonly supposed. The current range of the buffalo extends as far north as 45Â° latitude in Romania and the sizable herds in Italy and the Soviet Union range over 40Â° N latitude(Philadelphia and Peking are at comparable latitudes. In the Southern Hemisphere the 40Â° line of latitude easily encompasses Cape Town, Buenos Aires, Melbourne, and most of New Zealand's North Island).  Cold winds and rapid drops in temperatures, however, appear to have caused illness, pneumonia, and sometimes death. Most of the animals in Europe are of the Mediterranean breed, but other River-type buffaloes (mainly Murrahs from India) have been introduced to Bulgaria and the Soviet Union, which indicates that River breeds, at least, have some cold tolerance.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Altitude&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although water buffaloes are generally reared at low elevations, a herd of Swamp buffaloes is thriving at Kandep in Papua New Guinea, 2,500 m above sea level. And in Nepal, River buffaloes are routinely found at or above 2,800 m altitude.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wetlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are well adapted to swamps and to areas subject to flooding. They are at home in the marshes of southern Iraq and of the Amazon, the tidal plains near Darwin, Australia, the Pontine Marshes in south-central Italy, the Orinoco Basin of Venezuela, and other areas.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Amazon, buffaloes (Mediterranean and Swamp breeds) are demonstrating their exceptional adaptability to flood areas. Buffalo productivity outstrips that of cattle, with males reaching 400 kg in 30 months on a diet of native grasses( Information supplied by C. Nascimento). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The advantage of water buffaloes over Holstein, Brown Swiss, and Criollo cattle was demonstrated in a test at Delta Amacuro, Venezuela, when the cattle developed serious foot rot In the wet conditions of the Orinoco Delta and had to be withdrawn from the test. The area of Venezuela is flooded 6 months of the year and creates constant problems for cattle, yet the buffalo seems to adapt well(*Information supplied by A. Ferrer). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High humidities seem to affect buffaloes less than cattle. In fact, if shade or wallows are available, buffaloes may be superior to cattle in humid areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In southern Brazil, trials comparing buffalo and cattle on subtropical riverine plains have favored the buffalo also. This work is being carried out on native pastures, mostly in  the State of Sao Paulo.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hafez, E. S. E., Badreldin, A. L., and Shafei,M. M. 1955. Skin structure of Egyptian buffaloes and cattle with particular reference to sweat glands. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 46:19-30.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katyega, P. M. J., Masoud, A. J., and Kobo, E. 1980. Information on body and carcass characteristics of Egyptian water buffalo and Mpwapwa x Friesian steers raised in central Tanzania. Tanzania Veterinary Bulletin 2:86-90.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I. L. 1974. Environmental physiology. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1973. Heat tolerance of Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers during exposure to sun and as a result of exercise. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 24(5) :775 -782.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nair, P. G., and Benjamin, B. R. 1963. Studies on sweat glands in the Indian water buffalo. 1. Standardization of techniques and preliminary observations. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 33:102.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pandey, M. D., and Roy, A. 1969a. Studies on the adaptability of buffaloes to tropical climate. I. Seasonal changes in the water and electrolyte status of buffalo cows. Indian Journal of Animal Science 39:367.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pandey, M. D., and Roy, A. 1969b. Studies on the adaptability of buffaloes to tropical climate. II. Seasonal changes in the body temperature, cardio-respiratory and hematological attributes in buffalo cows. Indian Journal of Animal Science 39:378.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prusty, J. N. 1973. Role of the sweat glands in heat regulation in the Indian water buffalo. Indian Journal of Animal Health 12(1):33-37.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robey, C. A., Jr. 1976. Physiological Responses of Water Buffalo to the Florida Environment. M.S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most buffaloes are located in countries where land, cultivated forage crops, and pastures  are limited. Livestock must feed on poor-quality forages, sometimes supplemented with  a little green fodder or byproducts from food, grain, and oil seed processing. Usually  feedstuffs are in such short supply that few animals have a balanced diet, but the buffalo  seems to perform fairly well under such adverse conditions.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Growth Rate&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insufficient measurements have been taken to allow unequivocal state. meets about the  relative growth rates of cattle and buffaloes. However, many observations made in  various parts of the world indicate that the buffalo's growth is seldom inferior to that of  cattle breeds found in the same environments. Some observations are given below.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Trials in Trinidad in the early 1960s involved buffaloes grazing pangola grass (Digitaria  decumbens) together with Brahman and Jamaican Red cattle. Over a period of 20  months the buffaloes gained an average of 0.72 kg per day, whereas the cattle on a  comparable nearby pasture gained 0.63 per day(Experiments performed by P. N. Wilson. -Information supplied by S. P. Bennett.).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the Orinoco Delta of Venezuela unselected Criollo/Zebu crossbred cattle gained  0-0.2 kg per day on Paspalum fasciculatum, whereas the water buffaloes with them  gained 0.25-0.4 kg per day(Cunha  et al., 1975).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the Apure Valley of Venezuela, 100 buffalo steers studied in 1979 reached an  average weight of 508 kg in 30 months, whereas the 30-month old Zebu steers tested  with them weighed 320 kg. The feed consumed was a blend of native grasses (25  percent of the diet) and improved grasses (such as pangola, pare, and guinea grass)( Information supplied by A. Ferrer). In  the same valley 200 buffalo heifers (air freighted from Australia) produced weight gains  averaging 0.5 kg per day over a 2-year period (and 72 percent of them calved). Government statistics for the area record average weight gains in crossbreeds between Zebu and Criollo cattle as 0.28 kg per day (with 40 percent calving).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the Philippines, buffaloes showed weight gains of 0.75-1.25 kg per day, the same as those of cattle. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Daily weight gains of over 1 kg have been recorded for buffaloes in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Liveweight gains of 0.80 kg per day have been recorded for buffaloes in Papua New Guinea. In a very humid, swampy area of the Sepik River coastal plains liveweight gains by males averaged 0.47 kg per day and females 0.43 kg per day for more than a year. The average weight of 30 4-year-old female buffaloes was 375 kg, while the average weight of 4-year-old female Brahman/ Shorthorn crossbred cattle was 320 kg.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· At the research station near Belem in the Brazilian Amazon weaned Murrah buffaloes, pastured continuously on Echinochloa pyramidalis (a nutritious grass), gained 0.8 kg daily and reached 450 kg in about 18 months. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Liveweight gains of 0.74-l.i kg per day have been obtained in Australia. Buffalo steers grew as fast or faster than crossbred Brahman cattle on several improved pastures near Darwin, but on one very poor pasture, 40-year-old buffaloes each weighed only 400 kg, whereas the Brahman crossbred steers reared with them weighed 500 kg. The reason for this is not clear.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efficiency of Digestion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian animal nutritionists have investigated water buffaloes intensively over the past two decades. Many have reported that buffaloes digest feeds more efficiently than do cattle, particularly when feeds are of poor quality and are high in cellulose.One trial revealed that the digestibility of wheat straw cellulose was 24.3 percent for cattle and 30.7 percent for buffalo. The figures for berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) cellulose were 34.6 percent for cattle and 52.2 percent for buffalo. In another trial the digestion of straw fiber was 64.7 percent in cattle, 79.8 percent in buffalo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other nutrients reported to be more highly digested in buffaloes than in cattle (Zebu) are crude fat, calcium and phosphorus, and nonprotein nitrogen.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recent experiments in India suggest that buffaloes also are able to utilize nitrogen more efficiently than cattle. Buffaloes digested less crude protein than cattle in one trial but increased their body nitrogen more (and they were being fed only 40 percent of the recommended daily intake of crude protein).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ability of buffaloes to digest fiber efficiently may be partly due to the microorganisms in their rumen. Several Indian research teams have published data indicating that the microbes in the buffalo rumen convert feed into energy more efficiently than do those in cattle (as measured by the rate of production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also, in laboratory studies samples of buffalo rumen contents produced volatile fatty acids more quickly from a variety of animal feedstuffs than did samples from the rumen of cattle  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No single reason alone explains the buffalo's success in using poor quality forages. Rather, it is a combination of reasons that differ with the breed and conditions used. Studies by other researchers suggest that additional causes might include:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Higher dry matter intake; &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Longer retention of feed in digestive tract;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Ruminal characteristics more favorable to ammonia-nitrogen utilization;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Less depression of cellulose digestion by soluble carbohydrates (e.g., starch or molasses);  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Superior ability to handle stressful environment; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A wider range of grazing preferences.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calf Growth Rates&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the buffalo's gestation period is more than a month longer than that of cattle, the calves are born weighing 35-40 kg, or about the same as that of a newborn Holstein calf. But because buffalo milk has about twice the butterfat of cow's milk, the calves grow very quickly. They also suffer more shock at weaning and have to be slowly changed to their new feeding program. Buffaloes can be marketed as full-grown animals for beef at the age of 2-3 years, sometimes even earlier.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p59.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 5 Some Coarse Grasses and Forages Palatable to Buffaloes but Less Readily&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, in Indonesia it has been found that buffalo steers can be marketed 6 months before Zebu steers because they may be 100 kg heavier. In Egypt some buffalo calves given feed supplemented with concentrates weighed 360 kg at 1 year of age. At Ain Shams University near Cairo, buffalo calves weaned at 7-14 days of age gained 0.7 kg per day from weaning to slaughter at 18 months of age and weighed 400 kg. Rice straw comprised 50 percent of the finishing diet.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes on Italian farms have reached 350 kg in 15-18 months and some year-old calves weighed 320 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grazing trials on native pasture (with mineral supplementation) in the Brazilian Amazon indicate that buffalo calves grew faster than cattle. At 2 years of age Mediterranean-type buffaloes averaged 369 kg, Swamp type, 322 kg, and Jafarabadi type, 308 kg. The Zebu cattle tested with them averaged 265 kg and the crossbred Zebu/Charolais, 282 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feed Preferences&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes graze a wider range of plants than cattle. During floods near Manaus in the  Brazilian Amazon when cattle become marooned on small patches of high ground,  many suffer from foot rot and many starve to death. Their buffalo companions on the  other hand-bodies sleek and full-swim out to islands of floating aquatic plants and eat  them, treading water. Also, they dive almost 2 m to graze beneath the floodwaters. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Florida buffaloes in a lakefront voluntarily consumed vines, sedges, rushes, floating aquatic weeds, and the leaves and shoots of willows and other  trees along the water's edge. Few of these plants are voluntarily grazed by cattle. In  northern Australia water buffaloes graze the very pickily leaves of pandanus; they also  graze sedges, reeds, floating grass, and aquatic weeds. Hungry buffaloes will eat bark,  twigs, and other unpalatable vegetation.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the variety of their tastes they have been used in northern Queensland,  Australia, to clear pastures of woody weeds left untouched by cattle. In some countries  cattle are used to graze the palatable tops of pasture plants and are followed by  buffaloes to graze the less desirable lower parts.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Afifi, Y. A., El-Koussy, H. A., El-Khishen, S. S., and El-Ashry, M. A. 1977. Production of  meat from Egyptian buffaloes. I. The effect of using different sources of roughages on  rate of gain, gross and net efficiency during the growth and finishing periods. Egyptian  Journal of Animal Production 17(2).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appleton, D. c., Dryden, G., and Kondos, A. C. 1976. A comparison of the digestive  efficiency of the water buffalo and the Brahman and Banteng cattle. Proceedings of the  Australian Society of Animal Production 11.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhatia, L S. 1967. The Study of Factors Affecting the Utilization of Low Grade  Roughages and Production of Volatile Fatty Acids in the Rumen of Indian Cattle. Punjab  Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chalmers, M. 1.1974. Nutrition. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo  edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome,  Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles, D. D., and Johnson, E. R. 1975. Live weight gains and carcass composition of  buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) steers on four feeding regimes. Australian Journal of  Agricultural Research 26:407-413.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaturvedi, M. L, Singh, u. B., and Ranjhan, 5. K 1973. Comparative studies on the  efficiency of feed unitization in cattle and buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Science  43(12):1034.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chutikul, K. 1975. Ruminant (Buffalo) nutrition. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kacn, Thailand, March 31April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cunha, E., Alvarez, F., Larez, O., and Bryan, W. B. 1975. Pasture and Livestock Investigations in the Humid Tropics: Orinoco Delta, Venezuela. 4. Beef Cattle and Water Buffalo Grazing Trials with Native and Introduced Grasses. IRI Research Institute, New York, New York, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Davendra, C. 1979. The potential value of grasses and crop by-products for feeding buffaloes in Asia. Extension Bulletin No. 126. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;de Guzman, M. R., Jr. 1975. A summary of research into buffalo feeding in the Philippines. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunkel, R. 1981. Animal production using nutrient-deficient fodders in the tropics and subtropics. Animal Research and Development 13:32-39.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El-Ashry, M. A., Mogawer, H. H., and Kishin, S. S. 1972. Comparative study of meat production from cattle and buffalo male calves. I. Effect of roughage: concentrate ratio in ration for rate of gain and feed efficiency of native cattle, Friesian and buffalo calves. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production 12(2) :99 -107.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grant, R. J., Van Soest, P. J., McDowell, R. E., and Perez, C. B. 1974. Intake, digestibility and metabolic loss of Napier grass by cattle and buffaloes when fed wilted, chopped and whole. Journal of Animal Science 39(2):423.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ibrovic, M., Cvetkovic, A., Smrcek, A., and Janevski, K. 1972. A contribution to the knowledge of metabolism of carotene and seasonal dynamics of vitamin A in the buffalo. Veterinaria 21(4) :511.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., Sidhu, G. S., and Moxin, A. L. 1962. Cellulose digestion in water buffaloes and Zebu cattle. Journal of Animal Science 21:1001.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1966. Effect of urea on the voluntary intake of wheat skew in Zebu cattle and the buffalo. Indian Veterinary Journal 43:880-886.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1969. Biochemical processes in the rumen. 111. Effect of different carbobydrates on in vitro digestion of cellulose and utilization of urea nikogen by rumen micro-organisms from zebu and buffalo. Indian Journal of Animal Science 39 :27-32.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1971a. Studies on the biochemical process in the rumen. Vl. In vivo digestion of cellulose in buffalo and cattle. Indian Veterinary Journal 48:267-271.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1971b. Studies on the biochemical process in the rumen. VII. In vitro digestion of cellulose in cattle and buffalo. Indian Veterinary Journal 48:583-586.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1972. Studies on the biochemical processes in the rumen. VIIL The significance of molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids in the rumen on the growth rate of buffalo and Zebu. Indian Veterinary Journal 49:995-1000.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Gill, R. S., Makkar, G. S., and Ranjan, S. K. 1977. Work done on buffalo nutrition in India-a review. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 30(3): 173-191.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Langar, P. N., Sidhu, G. S., and Bhatia, I. S. 1969. Utilization of nitrogen and production of volatile fatty acids in the rumina of buffalo (Bos bubalis) and zebu (Bos indicus) at different time intervals, under a feeding regimen deficient in carbohydrates. Indian Veterinary Journal 46:593-598.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ludri, R. S., and Razdan, M. N. 1975. Effect of level and source of dietary nitrogen on water metabolism in cows and buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 28:107109.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ludri, R. S., and Razdan, M. N. 1980. Efficiency of nitrogen utilization by Zebu cows and buffaloes. I. Nutrient utilization and nitrogen balances on preformed protein diets. TropicalAgriculture (Trinidad) 57:83-90. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1964. The fractionation of carbohydrates in Indian feedstuffs and the digestion of different fractions in the rumina of cattle and buffalo. Journal of Research, Ludhiana 1:56-66.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Misra, R. K., and Ranhoka, G. S. 1969. Influence of energy levels on the utilization of peanut protein-urea nikogen by cattle and buffalo. Journal of Animal Science 28: 107-109.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mullick, D. N. 1964. Review of the investigations on the physiology of Indian buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Saience 17:45-50.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Naga, M. A., El-Shazly, K., Deif, H. I., Abaza, M. A., and El-Faham, R. H. 1975. Relationship between nitrogen balance, digested nitrogen and dry matter digestibility in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 40(2):366-373.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nangia, O. P., Aggarwal, V. K., and Singh, A. 1972. Studies on the utilization of dietary protein in cattle and buffaloes. Indian Joumal of Dairy &amp;amp;ience 25: 1-5.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nascimento C. N. B., Moura Carvalho, L. O. D., and Lourenco, J. B. 1979. Importdneia do Bufaio para a Pecubria Brasileira. Agricultural Research Center for Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem, Para, Brazil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nascimento, C. N. B., and Velga, J. B. 1973. Weight gains in stabled buffaloes of the Mediterranean breed. Boletim Tecnico do Instituto de Pesqutsas e Experimentacao Agropecuarias do Norte 58:24-72.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ponnappa, G. G., Nooruddin, M. D., and Raghavan, G. V. 1971. Rate of the passage of food and its relation to digestibility of nutrients in Murrah buffaloes and Hariana cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Science 41:1026-1030.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Punj, M. L., Kochar, A. S., Bhatia, I. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1968. In vitro studies on the cellulolytic activity and production of volatile fatty acids by the inocula obtained from the rumen of Zebu cattle and Murrah buffalo on different feeding regimens. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 38 :325-332.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raghavan, G. V., Kakkar, B., Rao, M. V. N., and Mullick, D. N. 1963. Effects of air temperature and humidity on the metabolism of food nutrients in cattle and buffalo bulls. Annals of Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine 23 :23-28.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ray, S. N., and Mudgal, V. D. 1962. Rumen metabolism studies in cattle and buffalo. Proceedings of the 16th International Dairy Congress, Copenhagen. A:105-l11.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahai, L., Johri, P. N., and Kehar, N. D. 1955. Effect of feeding alkali and water-treated cereal straws on milk yield. Indfan Journal of Veterinary Science 25:201-212.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saini, B. S., and Ray, S. N. 1964. Comparative utilization of coarse fodders in cattle and buffalo. Annual Report of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schottler, J. H., Boromana, A., and Williams, W. T. 1977. Comparative performance of cattle and buffalo on the Sepik Plains, Papua New Guinea.AustralianJournal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 17(87) :550 -554. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sebastian, L., Mudgal, V. D., and Nair, P. G. 1970. Comparative efficiency of milk production by Sahiwal cattle and Murrah buffalo. Joumal of Animal Science 30:253256.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, C. B., and Mugdal, V. D. 1966. Studies on the lignin and cellulose contents of fedder crops and effect of lignification of cellulose digestion. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 19:100.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sidbu, G. S., Kochar, A. S., and Makkar, G. S. 1967. Effect of supplementing Bajra stalks with lucerne and concentrates and their part replacement by urea on the production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of cows and buffaloes. Journal of Research, Ludhiana 4:104-110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, B. K., and Mudgal, V. D. 1967. The comparative utilization of feed nutrients from lucerne hay in buffalo and crossbred zebu heifers. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 20: 142-145.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tandon, R. N.' Sharma, D. D., and Mugdal, V. D. 1972. Effect of feeding urea with different levels of energy on the biochemical changes in the rumen of cows and buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Science 42: 174-179  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Upadhyaya, R. S., Singh, U. B., and Ranjhan, S. K. 19i3. Digestibilit of nutrients and VFA concentation in zebu cattle and buffalo calves fed on green cowpea and maize. Indian Journal of Animal Science 43 :5 83-s 88.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Verma, M. L., Sidhu, G. S., and Kochar, A. S. 1968. Effect of frequency on the production of VFA in the rumen by zebu cattle and buffalo. Journal of Research, Ludhiana 5(3) :1 -6.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Verma, M. L., Singh, N., Sidhu, G. S., Kochar, A. S., and Bhatia, I. S. 1970. The in vitro cellulose digestion and VFA production from some of the common Indian feeds using rumen inocula from Zebu cattle and buffalo. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 23:155 -160. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When compared with other domestic livestock, the water buffalo generally is a healthy animal. This is particularly impressive because most of them live in hot, humid regions that are conducive to disease, and the buffalo is a bovine susceptible to most diseases and parasites that afflict cattle. Although the reasons are not specifically known, the effect of disease on the buffalo and its productivity is often less deleterious than on cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antibiotics and vaccines developed for cattle work equally well on buffaloes. As a result, treatments are available for most of the serious diseases of buffaloes, although some are not very effective for either animal.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The greatest buffalo losses are often among calves. Newborn buffalo calves, like bovine calves, can succumb in large numbers to viruses, bacteria, and poor nutrition. This is largely due to poor management during the calf's frst 2 months of life. For example, as noted previously, villagers in some countries often sell the valuable buffalo milk, thus depriving the calves.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo calf losses are often similar to those of the cattle around them, but the animal's proclivity for wallowing exposes calves to waterborne diseases. Further, a young one occasionally drowns when an adult rolls on top of it.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reactions to some specific diseases and parasites are discussed below.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pasteurellosis- Probably the water buffalo's most serious disease, pasteurellosis, or hemorrhagic septicemia, is caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida (P. septica). Buffaloes are more susceptible to it than cattle and die in large numbers where pasteurellosis occurs. A vaccine against pasteurellosis is effective in protecting both buffaloes and cattle; it is cheap and easily made.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tuberculosis- Despite some claims to the contrary, the water buffalo is susceptible to the bovine strain of tuberculosis (Alycobacterium bovis). Scattered reports from different parts of India indicate no difference in the incidence of infection between cattle and buffaloes(Information supplied by S. K. Misra, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India).  Other strains of mycobacteria have been isolated from feral buffaloes and cattle in northern Australia but seem to have little effect on the animals. Tuberculosis occurs among the buffalo herds of the world only because most are kept under unsanitary conditions(In 1905 buffaloes were introduced to Trinidad because the cattle herds (Zebu and srahman breeds) were infected with tuberculosis and, in those days, it was thought that buffaloes were resistant to the disease. Most were housed in muddy, ill-kept pens and forced to eat sugarcane tops off the ground; consequently, in 1949 over 30 percent of the buffaloes reacted to the tuberculin test. (The cattle herds had 80 percent reactors.) Tuberculosis was eliminated in Trinidad's buffaloes by improving the sanitary conditions: installing concrete floors and mangers and cleaning the pens regularly. This, together with regular tuberculin testing and removal of reactors, led to such a dramatic improvement that buffalo tuberculosis is now virtually unknown. -Information supplied by S. K. Bennett.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brucellosis-Buffaloes and cattle are equally susceptible to brucellosis. Although seldom reported as a problem elsewhere, brucellosis in Venezuela is increasing more rapidly among buffaloes than among cattle. In India the disease is no more prevalent among buffaloes than among cattle.  As many as 57 percent of some Venezuelan herds are infected with the disease. It is a frequent cause of abortion in buffaloes. Serologic procedures and measures developed for the control of the disease in cattle are also effective means of curbing this infection in buffaloes. (Consumption of raw milk or contact with aborted fetuses may cause undulant fever in humans.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mastitis- Among milking buffaloes mastitis is a problem as it is in dairy cows, but to a lesser extent. It is likely to increase, however, as the milk production per individual buffalo is increased. The bacteria that cause mastitis in the buffalo are similar to those in cattle. Treatment and control programs used for cattle are equally effective for buffaloes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Diseases -Among the epizootic diseases, rinderpest and piroplasmosis seem to affect buffaloes as much as cattle. Foot-and-mouth disease also affects buffaloes, but to a lesser degree than cattle, producing smaller lesions and having a lower incidence. In northern Australia buffaloes deliberately infected with bovine pleuropneumonia bacteria exhibited slight fever, but the disease never appeared. No naturally occurring eases have been reported in buffaloes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ticks -Buffaloes are notably resistant, although not immune, to ticks. In a tick-infested area of northern Australia only 2 engorged female ticks were found on 13 adult buffaloes during a 2-year test. Accordingly, healthy buffaloes are not commonly affected by diseases borne by ticks nor are the hides damaged by their bites. Since ticks are rarely found on buffaloes, anaplasmosis, theileriasis, and babesiosis, which are tick-borne, have little effect on buffaloes in the field. (Buffaloes and cattle are equally susceptible, however, if inoculated with East Coast fever, a form of theileriasis.) This is important because tick infestations in cattle are particularly troublesome in the tropics and the pesticides used to control them are becoming ineffective as the ticks develop resistance. The pesticides are also becoming expensive.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The basis of the buffalo's tick resistance is not known, but wallowing and rubbing may play a role in it; animals kept in experimental concrete pens in Australia have developed heavy tick infestation. (rials carried out on Magnetic Island by R. H. V/harton, Commonwealth Scientiflc and Industrial Research Organisation, Townsville, Queensland, Australia). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p68to69.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 6 Some Infections and Parasites of Buffalo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Screwworm- Larvae of the screwworm fly (Callitroge species), a major pest of livestock in Central and South America and some other tropical areas, do not affect adult water buffalo. In Venezuelan areas where cattle (Zebu type) are severely infested, adult water buffaloes are virtually free of screwworm larvae and the umbilicus of newborn calves seldom if ever becomes infected. ( Information supplied by A. Ferrer). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The same is true in Papua New Guinea. It is thought that the mud plaster produced by wallowing suffocates the larvae, but in India screwworms do not affect water buffaloes either, and there they wallow in fairly clear water and the farmer usually washes them off. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roundworm- The heavy losses of young buffalo calves throughout the world are caused, in large measure, by the roundworm Toxocara vitulorum. The calves seem more susceptible than mature animals and they become infected before birth or within 24 hours after birth through the mother's colostrum. The roundworm is the most serious buffalo parasite and in untreated calves the small intestine can get packed with worms to the point of complete occlusion. Although huge numbers of calves die each year, anthelmintic drugs that control roundworms are highly effective and widely available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The adult water buffalo appears to have a high degree of resistance to strongyloid nematodes. Being such excellent converters of rough fodders they do not suffer the nutritional deficiency and the resulting liability to these roundworms experienced seasonally by cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liver Fluke- During wallowing, water buffaloes can easily become infected with the waterborne infective stages of liver fluke (Fasciola gigantica). Although the number of flukes in a buffalo may be phenomenally high, no clinical signs of the disease are usually evident. It seems likely that the resulting liver damage reduces the growth and the work and milk production of buffaloes more than is generally appreciated.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trypanosomiasis- The water buffalo is susceptible to trypanosomiasis and is reportedly more susceptible than cattle to Trypanosoma evansi.Experience with the animal in Africa is limited, but trypanosomiasis may be the reason why Egypt is the only African country that has traditionally employed water buffalo.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Parasites- The wallow and its resulting mud cake seem to protect water buffalo from many biting flies, but the main ectoparasite in Australia and Southeast Asia is the buffalo fly (Siphona spp.). Pediculosis, caused by the sucking louse (Hematopinus tuberculatus), occurs widely among buffalo, and sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. bubalus) is a serious disease, especially among calves and during dry seasons when wallowing opportunities are restricted. The lung worm Dictyocaulus ririparus thrives in warm, humid areas and sometimes infects buffaloes heavily, although its outward manifestations are rare.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barlow, J. N. 1977. Toxicology and safety evaluation of Phosvel to Egyptian water buffalo. Pages 517-522 in: Pesticide Management and Insecticide Resistance, edited by D. L. Watson and A. W. A. Brown. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhowmik, M. K., and Iyer, P. K. R. 1977. Studies on the pathology of chronic lesions in the mammary glands of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). 1. Actinomycosis, nocardiosis and lesions simulating tuberculosis. Indian Veterinary Journal 54(5):342-346.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhowmik, M. K., Singh, S. P., and Iyer, P. K. R. 1977. Studies on chronic mastisis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). lndian Journal of Animal Health 16(2) :157-160.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1974. Aspects of disease. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dhar, S., Bhattacharyulu, Y., and Gautam, O. P. 1973. Susceptibility of Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) to Theileria annulata infection. Haryana Agricultural University Journal of Research 3(1):27-30.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dwivedi, S. K., Mallick, K. P., and Malhotra, M. N. 1979. Babesiosis: clinical cases in Indian water buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 56(4):333-335.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Griffiths, R. B. 1974. Parasites and parasitic diseases. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hafez, S. M., and Krauss, H. 1979. Detection of antibodies against some respiratory pathogens in the sera of domestic animals in Egypt. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 27(3):209-214.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ho, T. M. 1976. Animal disease control program in Republic of China for better animal production. Korean Journal of Animal Science 18(4):317-321.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iannelli, D. 1978. Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Arnee) allotypes: identification of a multiple allelic system. Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics 9(2):105113.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kapur, M. P., and Singh, R. P. 1977. Diagnosis of mastitis: a comparative study of four indirect tests.Haryana Veterinarian 16(2):69-73.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leue, A. 1971. Buffaloes in Nepal. Tierartliche Umschau 26(4):173-178.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohan, R. N. 1968. Diseases and parasites of buffaloes. I. Viral, mycoplasmal, and rickettsial diseases. II. Bacterial and fungal diseases. III. Parasitic and miscellaneous diseases. Veterinary Bulletin 38:567-576, 647-659, 735-756.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murthy, D. K., and Sharma, S. K. 1974. Studies on reactivity and immunogenecity of cell-culture rinderpest vaccine in different species of ruminants. Indian Journal of Animal Science 44(6):359-365.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Agustin, F. 1973. Important diseases and parasites of Carabaos. Philippine Journal of Nutrition 26(2):68-79.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schneider, C. R., Kitikoon, V., Sornmani, S., and Thiachantra, S. 1975. Mekong schistosomiasis. III. A parasitological survey of domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) on Khong Island, Laos. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 69(2):227-232.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, K. N. S., Jain, D. K,, and Noble, D. 1975. Calf mortality in pure and crossbred Zebu cattle and Murrah buffaloes reared artificially from birth. Animal Production 20(2):207-211.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, S. K., Banegee, D. P., and Gautam, O. P. 1978. Anaplasma marginale infection in Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Indian Journal of Animal Health 17(2): 105-110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shaw, J. J., and Lainson, R. 1972. Trypanosoma vivax in Brazil. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 66(1):25-32.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shukla, R. R., and Singh, G. 1972. Studies on tuberculosis amongst Indian buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 49(2):119-123.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soni, J. L. 1978. Suitability of different serological tests for diagnosis of brucellosis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Indian Journal of Animal Science 48(12) :873-881. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tantawi, H. H., Fayed, A. A., Shalaby, M. A., and Skalinsky, E. I. 1979. Isolation, cultivation and characterization of poxviruses from Egyptian water buffaloes .Journal of the Egyptian Veterinary Medical Association 37(4):15-23.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thomson, D. 1977. Diseases of water buffalo in the Northern Territory of Australia. Australian Veterinary Practioner 7(1):50-52.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young, P. L. 1979. Infection of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with bovine ephemeral fever virus. Australian Veterinary Journal 55(7):349-350. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.10" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo has a reputation for being a sluggish breeder, but the average animal is so poorly fed that its reproductive performance is unrepresentative of its capabilities. Without reasonable nutrition the animals cannot reach puberty as early in life or reproduce as regularly as their physiology or genetic capability would normally allow.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Actually, adequately nourished buffaloes reach puberty at about the same age as cattle, as early as 18 months of age in buffalo bulls. In northern Australia Swamp females have conceived even as early as 14 months of age and feral buffaloes routinely conceive at 16 months of age. In the herd at Punjab Agricultural University in Ludhiana, India, 11 River buffalo heifers showed estrus at ages less than 18.5 months and a few came into heat when less than 15 months old. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo also can calve at an age comparable to that of cattle. At the Ain Shams University in Egypt a well-fed Egyptian buffalo herd of several hundred animals has an average age at first calving of 27 months, 22 days(Information supplied by M. El Ashry. Because of nutritional uncertainties, El Ashry and his colleagues believe that body weight is a better indicator of sexual preparedness than age is. These researchers at Ain Shams University recommend mating heifers when they weigh 365 kg no matter what their age. Research at Punjab Agricultural University shows that buffalo heifers can be bred when they weigh over 270 kg and manifest estrus).Most animals in the Punjab Agricultural University River buffalo herd calved before 35 months, one at 28.3 months.! In one Venezuelan herd almost all heifers 20-24 months old were pregnant; virtually all calved before age 38 months, most by 30 months, and one at age 23 months. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In trials in Queensland, Australia, and in Papua New Guinea buffaloes produced more calves over a 3-year period than the cattle tested with them. In the hot, humid Sepik Plains in northern Papua New Guinea it was noticed that female buffaloes (Swamp breed) came into estrus even while they were losing weight because of inadequate nutrition, whereas cattle did not. Under these stressful conditions the buffalo calves also reached sexual maturity earlier and the buffaloes had a higher calving percentage and a shorter calving interval because they came back into estrus more quickly than cattle(Information supplied by J. Schottler. The age at first calving of more than 60 nutritionally poor buffaloes was 38 months in one herd and 45 months for Brahman cross cattle) . Similar observations have been made in Florida, Trinidad, the Brazilian Amazon, Venezuela, and elsewhere. Although these are exceptions to the normal observations in Asia, where buffaloes seem to breed more slowly than cattle, they do demonstrate the buffalo's potential for improved breeding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Estrus in buffalo cows usually lasts about 24 hours, but duration varies and may range from 11 to 72 hours. It occurs on an average 21-day cycle. Determination of when a cow is in estrus is difficult because often the animal shows few outward signs of &quot;heat.&quot; This increases the chances of missing a cycle, especially for artificial insemination. Unclean surroundings, poor nutrition, and poor management, cause a high death rate among calves; this also contributes to the buffalo's often low reproductive rate.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many areas, calving is seasonal. This seems to be largely due to changes in nutrition. It may also be caused by heat stress, in either males or females, which results in a low breeding rate during the hot season. However, when buffalo cows are well fed, they come into estrus and will breed in any season.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many matings take place at night and are therefore unobserved. In one set of pregnancy diagnoses in northern Australia, the buffalo's conception rate (81 percent) was higher than that of the Brahman crossbreeds (70 percent) they were with. In India, artificial insemination of water buffaloes began in the late 1950s. Deep-frozen semen is now available and its use is spreading. Overall conception rates of 70-80 percent are obtained. It is estimated that some 100,000 buffaloes are now being artificially inseminated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo's gestation period is about one month longer and is more variable than that of cattle. Whereas cattle give birth after about 280 days (Angus, 279, Holstein, 279-280, Brown Swiss, 286), buffaloes take 300334 days (average 310) or roughly 10 months and 10 days (differences between breeds are unknown). In Punjab, India, River buffaloes have been observed to come into estrus as early as 40 days after calving. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nonetheless, only under uncommon circumstances can a buffalo cow produce a calf each year. In one herd of 800 cows in Venezuela the average female buffalo over age 4 produces 2 calves every 3 years. In response to a recent questionnaire, the majority of Indonesian farmers estimated that the calving rate was between 3 and 4 calves in 5 years. A few claimed a calf a year, some only 1 or 2 calves In 5 years. In Florida it has been noted that some buffalo cows having just calved became pregnant more quickly than cattle, so that a calf may indeed be produced each year. Regular yearly breeding has been noted also in northern Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The incidence of abortion, dystocia, retained placenta, and other parturition problems in buffaloes is similar to that in cattle. Twinning is very rare; probably no more than 0.01 percent of buffalo pregnancies produce twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Preliminary results in northern Australia indicate that weaning can be carried out as late as 12 months of age without any effect on conception time of the buffalo dam.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhattacharya, P. 1974. Reproduction. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chauhan, F. S., Singh, N., and Singh, M. 1977. Involution of uterus and cervix in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 30(4):286-291.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eusibio, A. N. 1975. Breeding, management and feeding practices of buffaloes in the Philippines. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. 1979. Buffalo Reproduction and Artificial Insemination. Proceedings of the Seminar Sponsored by FAO/SIDA/Government of India, held at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001-India, December 4-15, 1978. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghanem, Y. S. 1955a. Environmental causes of variation in the length of gestation of buffaloes. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 25 :301-311.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghanem, Y. S. 1955b. Genetic causes of variation in the length of gestation of buffaloes. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 25:307-311.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health, E., and Gupta, R. 1976. Ultrastructure of water buffalo (Bos bubalis) spermatozoa. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaerrnedizin 23(2):106-120.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu, C. H. 1978. The preliminary results of crossbreeding of buffaloes in China. Research Institute for Animal Science of Kwangsi, People's Republic of China.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matharoo, J. S., and Singh, M. 1980. Revivability of buffalo spermatozoa after deepfreezing the semen using various extenders. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaermedizin 27(5): 385-391.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rao, A. V. N., Murthy, T. S., and Dutt, K. L. 1979. Effect of lunar cyclicity on oestrus rhythmicity in the Indian water buffalo. Livestock Advisor 4(7):29-30.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rawal, C. V. S. 1978. A study on correlations of weight of pituitary gland and reproductive organs in males of Indian water buffalo. Indian Journal of Heredity 10(3):11-12.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977. Livestock in Indonesia. Research Report No. 1. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia. (In English and Indonesian.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roy, A. 1974. Observations on the physiology of reproduction. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. CockrilL Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahai, R., and Singhal, R. A. 1977. The sex chromatin profile of water buffaloes of Murrah breed. Indian Journal of Animal &amp;amp;Science 11(2):63-67.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, A. 1978. Studies on the process of spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm reserve in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Thesis Abstracts, Haryana Agricultural University 4(4):331.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, M., Matharoo, J. S., and Chauhan, F. S. 1980. Preliminary fertility results with frozen buffalo semen in Tris extender. Theriogenology 13(3):191-194.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, N., Chauhan, F. S., and Singh, M. 1979. Postpartum ovarian activity and fertility in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Sefence 32(2): 134-139.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sunkaporn Ratanadilok Na Puket. 1975. The improvement of buffalo production through breeding and management under Thailand conditions. In: Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Takkar, P. O., Chauhan, F. S., Tiwana, M. S., and Singh, M. 1979. Breeding behaviour of buffalo cows. Indian Veterinary Journal 56: 168-172.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toelihere, M. R. 1975. Physiology of reproduction and artificial insemination of water buffaloes. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1968. Incidence of calving and birth weights of domesticated buffalo in the Northern Territory. Proceedings of the Australian Society for Animal Productlon 7: 144-147.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1979. The water buffalo in Australia: reproductive and parent-offspring behaviour of buffalo. Australian Wildlife Research 6:265-287. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.11" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are adaptable and are managed in many ways. In general, they are raised like cattle. But in some operations they must be handled differently. This chapter highlights these differences.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Millions of water buffaloes are managed in &quot;backyards&quot; in Asia. They exist on the resources of small holdings. Management and expenditures are minimal. Care of the family buffalo is usually entrusted to children, old people, or women not engaged in other farm duties; the buffalo allows them to be useful and productive.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo fits the resources available on the farm, but it is also an urban animal. Thousands of herds of 2-20 buffaloes may be found in the cities and towns of India, Pakistan, and Egypt-all fed, managed, and milked in the streets.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, the buffalo has important qualities as a feedlot animal; it can be herded and handled with relative ease because of its placid nature. The Anand Cooperative in India's Gujarat State, which daily contributes thousands of gallons of milk to Operation Flood (the world's largest nutrition project), involves more than 150,000 Surti buffaloes that are fed, managed, and milked by their owners under feedlot-like conditions in their villages. Many of Italy's 100,000 buffaloes are maintained under similar conditions.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes can also be managed on rangelands. In Brazil, Venezuela, Trinidad, the United States, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and elsewhere there is rising interest in raising buffalo beef on the range. The production practices for raising them are similar to those used for range cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes in the humid tropics must be able to cool off. Shade trees are desirable, and although a wallow is not essential, it is probably the most effective way the animal has of coping with heat. Alternatively, water showers may be provided to wet down the animals 3-5 times during the hottest part of the day.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are intelligent animals. Young ones learn patterns quickly and often are reluctant to change their habits. Feral animals-even those born in the wild-tame down after a week or two in a fenced enclosure to the point where many can be handled, haltered, and hand fed(In one example, loo feral buffalo were captured in Northern Territory, Australia. With in 14 days all the animals-males and females, young and old-had become docile and amenable to handling. -Information supplied by D. G. Tulloch) . Among feral herds of northern Australia it has been observed that buffaloes have clans and families. A female calf seems to remain with its family and mother for many years (possibly for life). A male calf stays until it is about 2 years old, when it is driven from the group by an adult bull. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has also been noted in northern Australia that free-ranging buffaloes instinctively select clean water areas to drink from, other areas to wallow in, and still others as &quot;toilet areas.&quot; In addition, China's buffaloes reportedly are being &quot;toilet trained&quot; to defecate only at specific sites to avoid contaminating waterways with schistosome eggs.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another interesting observation from northern Australia is that most buffalo dams readily adopt a calf that has been orphaned by the death of its mother. In fact, females will allow several calves to nurse (including calves of other mothers and sometimes even adults).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are also self-reliant. For several months each year in Vietnam and Malaysia, for instance, they are turned loose in the forests to fend for themselves.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Provision of adequate fencing is one of the great problems of buffalo management. The  animals have strong survival instincts and if feed runs short, such as in the dry season,  they will break through fences that would deter cattle who would remain and starve. They  will also break through fences if their family unit is split up. Barriers must be stronger  than those used for cattle and the wires closer together and lower to the ground because  buffaloes lift fences up with their horns rather than trample them down. In northern  Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Costa Rica it has been found that buffaloes are  particularly sensitive to electric fences (a single wire is all that is needed), and in Brazil a  special suspension fence has been devised(Moura Carvalho et al., 1979). Both of these  seem to be cheap and efficient answers to the fencing problem.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are easily handled from horseback and easily worked through a corral.  Actually, because of their docility they can be mustered on foot, even on ranges where  cattle require horses. Unless they come from different areas they tend to herd together  and can be mustered like sheep.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the major management adjustments to be made by cattlemen is understanding  and capitalizing on the buffalo's placid nature. Buffaloes are naturally timid and startle  easily; they must be handled quietly and calmly. Rough handling, wild riding, and loud  shouting make handling them more difficult and training them much harder.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Village buffaloes are led and managed by a ring threaded through the septum between  the nostrils. The technique is frequently applied crudely and cruelly, often resulting in a  ripped septum.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The identification of individual buffaloes is difficult. Fire brands do not remain legible on  the skin for long. Cryobranding (freeze branding) is more durable. Most types of ear tags  are not very successful; the numbers wear off and mud covers up the tag's color. In  northern Australia ear tattooing has been the most successful identification technique,  with tattoos remaining legible for at least 8 years(Between 1958 and 1962 hundreds of  Australian buffalo were shipped on the hoof to the meat markets in Hong Kong without  trouble, despite crowded shipboard conditions and the long sea voyage. But in 1962 one  roughly treated bull went berserk in Hong Kong and killed a handler, and the Hong Kong  authorities stopped the trade as a result, although the problem was really one of  mismanagement. Buffalo have since been sent by air from Australia to Venezuela,  Nigeria, and Papua New Guinea and by barge to Papua New Guinea. No handling  problems have been experienced en route).  When they pasture together, cattle and  buffaloes coexist satisfactorily. They segregate themselves into their own groups and do  not interfere with one another. The buffaloes, however, usually dominate the cattle and  tend to monopolize the areas with the best feed supply.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feed troughs and mineral boxes used for cattle are suitable for buffaloes, but chutes and  crushes must be widened to accommodate the buffalo's broader body and, when  necessary, the Swamp buffalo's greater horn spread. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are powerful  swimmers. In Brazil they have been known to escape by swimming down the Amazon River. An unusual management difficulty is caused by piranha in the rivers and swamps of Venezuela. In one herd of 100 heifer buffaloes, 40 have lost all or part of a teat to these voracious fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The horns of water buffaloes are seldom removed or prevented from growing, a  testament to the animal's docility. (When questioned, one Thai villager said that he wouldn't  allow it because it would be a disgrace to the buffalo.) However, the animals can be  dehorned as calves in the same manner as cattle. They are then easier to handle In  chutes and cause less accidental injury to neighboring animals, handlers, walls, and  trees.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benya, E. G. 1972. Cattle and buffalo production in Vietnam. Dairy Science Mimeo  Report, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1974. Management, conservation and use. In: The Husbandry and Health  of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of  the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;De Boer, A. J. 1976. A further report on the Taiwan livestock industry: general policy  conclusions and further research needs. Journal of Agricultural Economics 19:116129.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lin, C. H. 1975. The breeding, management and feeding of water buffaloes in Taiwan. In:  The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon  Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei,  Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, R. E. 1972. Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates. W. H.  Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moura Carvalho, L. O. D., LouIenco, J. B., Nascimento, C. N. B., and Costa, N. A. 1979.  Cerca de Contencao pare Bubalinos e Bovinos. Comunicado Tecnico No. 28,  Agricultural Research Center for the Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem, Para, Brazil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rufener, W. H. 1975. Management and productive performance of water buffalo in  northeast Thailand. In: The Asiatic TVater Buffalo. Proceedings of an International  Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer  Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1978. The water buffalo in Australia: grouping and home range. Australian  Wildlife Research 5:327-354.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1979. Redomestication of water buffaloes in the Northern Territory of  Australia. Animal Regulation Studies 2(1):5-20.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.12" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The grazing and wallowing habits of water buffaloes may have unexpected consequences when the animals are introduced to new, perhaps fragile environments. The presence of several thousand feral buffaloes on the coastal plains of northern Australia, for example, has become a very emotional issue among Australian environmentalists, some of whom foretell the complete destruction of the environment if the uncontrolled feral herds are not destroyed( It is not at all clear, however, that the buffaloes (which have existed in the area for 150 years) are causing the observed environmental degradation. Other possibilities include: fire, climatic stress, overgrazing, and a variety of farming, hunting, and other human activities, especially the use of four-wheel-drive vehicles. Thousands of wild pigs also share the area, along with crayfish that burrow into and weaken the levees that keep out the sea, something for which the buffaloes have been blamed). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soil Compaction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes have larger hooves than cattle of comparable size and thus they compact the soil less. But buffaloes often live in damp, boggy areas where their feet may compact soft soils. Also, buffaloes are creatures of habit and, when able, they set up fixed points for drinking, feeding, defecating, wallowing, and sleeping. Between the points they wear sharply defined trails in the vegetation and soil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wallowing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Possibly the water buffalo's greatest environmental limitation is its propensity to build wallows. In hot climates every buffalo will wallow at some time during the heat of the day if water is available. When they can, buffaloes will make their own wallows, enlarging a mud puddle by rolling in it or even using their heads to flip water out of a drinking trough and muddying the ground nearby.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pasture in the immediate area of the wallow is usually damaged by trampling and waterholes may become fouled, but buffaloes return to the same wallow day after day and do not build new ones indiscriminately. Thus, the muddied area is not a large proportion of the location in which they graze unless a large number of animals are confined in a small space(At Gainesville, Florida (possibly because of its subtropical but not hot climate), a herd of 52 buffaloes concentrated in a one-hectare field did not attempt to build a wallow at ale -Information supplied by H. Popenoe.) . In addition, man-made wallows can be dug at safe sites and the animals will use them. The problem of wallowing is therefore not generally a serious one.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Damage to Waterways&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because buffaloes often live near and enter water freely, they may cause erosion in ditches, river banks, canals, and levees. Also, their wallowing muddies the water, which may adversely affect some fish species and reduce the growth of algae. Buffaloes commonly urinate and defecate in the water, possibly creating a pollution hazard, although in most situations this contamination is likely to be minor.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The presence of this herbivore in natural waterways may reduce the number of water plants. Some plants are trampled, some eaten, and some underwater species are suppressed because the muddied water transmits less light. This (and several other of the buffalo's environmental effects) can be turned to advantage (see picture page 85) when, as often occurs, aquatic plants grow out of control and become obnoxious weeds.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Damage to Pastures&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes have very strong jaws, and when forage is sparse they graze it close to the ground; this overgrazing can destroy a pasture. In addition, they eat virtually all available plant material (including many species that cattle shun), so that a densely stocked pasture can become completely defoliated. In northern Australia it has been found that, with time, buffaloes become accustomed to a given pasture, and unless fences are strong they will instinctively return to it until the forage has been depleted.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo's inclination to eat many plants can be used to improve the environment and suppress growth of coarse weedy species of plants. On the Sepik Plains in Papua New Guinea buffaloes are being used to graze and suppress sedges (Cyperus species), as a result, the more desirable Paspalum species are beginning to appear. At Mount Bundy in northern Australia native pastures are being improved on a commercial scale by overstocking them with buffaloes. The animals reduce or completely eliminate spear grass and other weeds-even those with thorns-and thus foster the survival and growth of introduced forage legumes such as stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis). In Sri Lanka buffaloes have been used to graze out the vigorous tropical grass Imperata cylindrica.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Damage to Trees&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes instinctively rub against trees (and walls and fences), eagerly browse leaves, and sometimes nibble bark, so they damage trees more so than cattle. In northern Australia it has been noted that each &quot;family herd&quot; of feral buffaloes selects one or two trees for rubbing against so that the rubbing damage is confined to them. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rajapske, G., 1950. Death of illuk. Ceylon Coconut Quarterly, 1:7-9.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1969. Home range in feral water buffalo. Australian Journal of Zoology 17:143-152.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1970. Seasonal movement and distribution of the sexes in the water buffaloes in the Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Zoology 18:399-414.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1975. Buffalo in the northern swamplands. Proceedings III of the World Conference on Animal Production. Theme 1, Paper 7.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1977. Some aspects of the ecology of the water buffalo in the Northern Territory. In: The Australian buffalo-a collection of papers, edited by B. D. Ford and D. G. Tulloch. Technical Bulletin No. 18, Department of the Northern Territory, Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra, Australia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.13" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has outlined the water buffalo's apparent merits, but most of the statements made about the animal are based on empirical observations. Many of its most exciting and potentially valuable features have not been subjected to the careful scrutiny needed to confirm their validity.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the fact that there are 130 million or more water buffalo in the world, research on the animal is scanty and limited to only a few situations and sites. Quantitative information (especially for the various breeds), tests, trials, and comparison studies are needed.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The research to be done on the water buffalo offers scientific challenges that can be undertaken in laboratories and experiment stations in most parts of the world and in many disciplines: breeding, physiology, microbiology, veterinary science, nutrition, food science, dairy science, and other fields. Water buffalo research is an area worthy of financial support by philanthropic institutions and international development agencies concerned with problems of food and resource shortages. The dominant role of the buffalo in the rural economies of Egypt and Asian countries offers the opportunity for buffalo research that can bring improvements quickly and easily to the rural poor. For other countries the water buffalo is an untapped resource, and they should test its productivity on native pasturelands, marshy lowlands, hot and humid areas where cattle do not thrive, and on areas prone to cattle diseases and parasites that are difficult to control.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Specific recommendations follow.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Comparison with Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal scientists worldwide should undertake trials to compare growth rate, feeding, nutrition, breeding, and other aspects of buffalo and cattle performance.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle and water buffaloes are obviously different animals. Each has its own limitations and advantages, and each deserves to be studied in its own right. Perhaps the quickest way for animal scientists to experience for themselves the merits of the water buffalo is to conduct their own comparative trials with buffaloes and cattle in their areas. The results will provide local guidance and will help extend recognition of the buffalo's value, especially under difficult conditions where it may exceed cattle in productivity and profitability.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Germ Plasm Preservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Urgent action is needed, especially in Southeast Asia, to preserve and protect outstanding buffalo specimens.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some countries (Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, for example) buffalo populations are decreasing dramatically. High demands for meat are causing slaughter at younger and younger ages. Much of the meat is exported to restaurants and markets in Singapore and Hong Kong. Unfortunately, the largest and quickest growing animals are often selected for slaughter. This results in the loss of a major genetic resource, which is compounded by the practice of castrating the largest males to make them more tractable as work animals. Ten years ago in Thailand it was common to find buffalo weighing 1,000 kg; now it is hard to find 750-kg specimens. A similar situation exists in the Philippines where there is no dearth of good breeding stock, but butchers are paying such high prices that farmers are selling even quality animals for slaughter. In northern Australia, where some of the bulls weigh almost 1,200 kg, the largest animals are being shot for meat, hides, pet food, or sportsmen's trophies,  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A large number of high-yielding buffaloes are taken each year to big cities in India (for example, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras) for milking. At the end of lactation many are returned to the villages, but many others are slaughtered, rather than being fed and retired. This creates a huge loss of valuable germ plasm. In many locations most of the largest animals have already been lost. Only urgent action will protect those remaining.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Shipment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo quarantine stations should be organized in &quot;disease-free&quot; areas to develop buffalo germ plasm pools for international exchange.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The importation of buffaloes presents difficulties for any government, researcher, or farmer wishing to obtain the animals for the first time or for breeding purposes. Quarantine laws make it extremely difficult and expensive to exchange genetic resources.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia is one of the few nations where there are large numbers of water buffalo in an area free of the major animal diseases. Papua New Guinea, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria, Colombia, Venezuela, and other nations have taken advantage of this and have  imported Australian buffaloes. But Australian herds are all Swamp buffaloes(The island  of Guam is also a safe source of Swamp animals, although the feral herds there are  depleted, only 300 or 400 animals were left on Guam in 1978) and so breeding centers  should be set up also (in Sri Lanka and Italy perhaps) where importers can obtain  River-type (including Mediterranean) buffaloes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetic Improvement&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide efforts should be made to select superior buffalo bulls and cows for breeding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Performance testing, leading to the mass selection of superior animals, deserves high  priority. Virtually all buffalo breeding is haphazard and unplanned. Village animals graze  together and matings are usually not con&quot; trolled, observed, or recorded. Thus, the full  genetic potential of the water buffalo is not being realized.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A massive selection program is needed to bring about genetic progress. For each breed,  bulls and cows with the potential for improving production of meat and milk and  increasing draft power should be identified and used for breed improvement. However,  the wide variations between the characteristics of individual animals may make  exceptional genetic advances difficult to achieve quickly.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Important traits for culling and selection include behavior, temperament, reproduction  rate, easy milk letdown, average daily gain in weight or weight at a given age, carcass  quality (for example, large hindquarters), and milk production, as well as strength and  endurance for work.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossbreeding of Swamp and River buffaloes is a potentially important route to genetic  improvement. The progeny reportedly show hybrid vigor (heterosis) in milking ability,  fertility, meat production, and working ability. Infusing genes for high milk production into  the Swamp buffalo, now used mainly for meat and work, creates the potential for a  triple-purpose animal.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The use of artificial insemination and deep-frozen semen should be a major help in  upgrading the buffalo. Moreover, the transport of live embryos (rather than neonatal  animals) for implantation in the uterus of surrogate mothers could be important for water  buffalo. It seems unlikely, however, that buffalo embryos can be implanted in cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most genetic selections should be made in Asia where 97 percent of the world's water  buffaloes are located. The improvements will depend on how accurately bulls can be  identified, selected, and mated. Performance and  progeny testing is sorely needed at research stations as well as &quot;on the farm.&quot; Governments should also institute bull-loan or artificial-insemination programs as a means for upgrading the village herds.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Comparison of Breeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The relative merits of the various buffalo breeds should be determined,  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little or no information is available on the comparative performance of the different buffalo breeds in various environments, especially the 17 or so River breeds in the Subcontinent and the Egyptian and Mediterranean breeds. Comparison trials of the breeds and breed-crosses are needed in a wide range of climates from the humid tropical to the temperate. In addition, the cytogenetic, immunogenetic, and inheritance relationships of breeds should be clarified.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel encourages countries such as India and Pakistan that have a number of buffalo breeds (for example, Murrah, Surti, Jafarabadi, Mehsana, and Nili/Ravi) to set up experimental farms for scientific reproduction of superior specimens. Substantial research benefits as well as profitable economic returns from using and exporting some of them would be realized.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meat and Milk Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and demonstration is needed to foster the widespread consumption of buffalo meat and milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk, cheese, and other dairy products are considered outstanding foods in all locations where they are produced. Taste tests so far have indicated that buffalo meat is similar or slightly superior to beef produced under the same conditions.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A specific need is to feed the male calves and use them for meat. Many are now slaughtered at a young age and light weight. Research that provides either a partial or complete milk substitute for feeding calves would have a major impact on meat supplies and farmer income. Diets being developed for calves in Egypt incorporate such ingredients as whey, soybean meal, corn flour (corn starch), and yeast.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other research topics include:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The effect of climate, thermoregulation, and wallowing on meat and milk production;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The meat characteristics of each of the breeds and the differences between them,  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Milk production and quality for each of the breeds;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Adapting buffaloes to machine milking by genetic selection or by designing new milking  machinery;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Developing new or improved milk products (such as yogurt, cottage cheese, and hard  cheese); and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Banking genetically superior germ plasm for later use.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Work Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel recommends research on new harnesses to replace the omnipresent yoke.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As already noted, the wooden yoke, which has not changed in 1,500 years or more, is an  inefficient harness. Research is needed to adapt horse collars, hames, breast straps,  and other devices for the buffalo. Because much of the farm power in Asia comes from  buffaloes, the impact of improved harness could be dramatic, widespread, and of  enormous value to millions of small farmers there. If the experiments in Thailand  described earlier are an indication, the farm power in Asia could be increased by 25  percent overnight with the adoption of an improved harness. The buffalo will continue to  be the small farmer's &quot;tractor,&quot; so the benefits from improved harnesses are likely to  continue for a long time.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are 13 million buffalo and bullock carts in India and 20 million Indians are engaged  in the business of road haulage. Application of appropriate technology would eliminate  the archaic wooden wheels, axles, and heavy carts and substitute lightweight carts,  perhaps with such features as metal wheels, pneumatic tires, ball bearings, and fixed  axles. With such improvements, loads might be increased and hauled over longer  distances at greater speed and with less work.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trials in New Areas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Testing of water buffalo production is needed in many areas where the animal is not  known.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A seemingly adaptable animal, the water buffalo should be productive throughout the  earth's warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical zones. Different breeds may adapt  differently to extremes of heat, humidity, and cold, and this needs further study.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The United States, the Mediterranean Basin of Europe, and some of the more temperate  European areas like southern England are worth considering for water buffalo trials. In the Southern Hemisphere River buffaloes are already found as far south as 25Â° latitude in Brazil's Sao Paulo State (where large herds are raised); an experimental herd of Swamp buffaloes has performed outstandingly in Brisbane, Australia (27Â°S); and there are a few Swamp buffalo in South Australia and Victoria (35Â°S or more). There is good reason to believe that water buffaloes may be productive in all of the states in Australia, New Zealand's North Island, South Africa, Argentina, and other warm temperate areas of the Southern Hemisphere.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biggest void in the water buffalo map is virtually the entire continent of Africa. It seems a paradox that the buffalo-Egypt's most important domestic animal-is not farmed commercially in any other African country. Experimental herds have been introduced to Nigeria, Uganda, Mozambique, Tanzania, and other countries in the past, and the initial success of three of them is described in Appendix A.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo, with its tolerance for heat, disease, poor-quality feed, and mismanagement, appears to have outstanding promise for African nations such as Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco, Senegal, and The Gambia as well as all nations south of the Sahara (Nambia perhaps being an exception).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More specific aspects of environmental tolerance deserving research attention are:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The physiology of the buffalo's response to heat, cold, humidity, and other environmental factors;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The effect of climate on growth, reproduction, milk production, health, respiration rate, behavior, and carcass quality; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Measurement of the calorific efficiency and chemical composition of all breeds of buffaloes and cattle to determine the environments best suited to each breed.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nutrition Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite observations of the buffalo's ability to utilize poor quality forage, research is needed to learn how the animal does it.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This research should:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establish the buffalo's nutrient requirements by breed, sex, age, and weight for maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation, and work;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Determine voluntary forage consumption and the nutrient utilization of different forages in various stages of maturity;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Examine rumen microbiology and fermentation, the rate of digestion, production, and absorption of volatile fatty acids produced in the rumen, and utilization of energy, nitrogen, vitamins, and minerals; &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Develop milk replacements for early~weaned calves;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Observe the current village-level feeding of low~uality forages to learn their nutrient requirements, nutrient deficiency diseases, and nutrient supplementation needed;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Study the utilization of concentrated, high-energy feeds (especially byproduct feeds) to determine the upper limits of buffalo growth and productivity (milk, meat, and work) and carcass quality;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Compare various breeds of water buffaloes and other ruminants to determine possible differences in nutritional requirements and performance; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Apply economic research to production practices, including night feeding of cut forage and the use of improved pastures.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research to improve management practices could benefit small farmers, ranchers, and feedlot feeders alike.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about the farm management factors that influence water buffalo productivity. Studies and extension literature for farmers are needed on subjects such as:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Proper fencing;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Procedures for dehorning and for preventing horn growth in calves;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Grazing management methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Preservation of forages;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Methods and effect of castration;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Methods and effect of spaying;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Breeding methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Milking methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Artificial insemination, methodology and use;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Methods of handling animals under grazing conditions or in feedlots;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Age for weaning under different conditions;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Mineral and protein supplementation methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Semen freezing;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Ova transplantation methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cryobranding and other methods of animal identification;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Control of internal parasites; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Disease prevention and treatments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed in areas where uncertainties about buffalo diseases are hindering  the animals' use.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The research should:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Develop control and management practices to prevent specific infections and parasites  for buffalo groups such as calves, yearlings, heifers, pregnant cows, newly calved cows,  and bulls;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Elucidate the factors (genetic, nutritional,management, disease) causing losses of  newly born calves;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Prevent and control the major diseases and parasites of the buffalo: hemorrhagic  septicemia, brucellosis, tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease, sarcoptic mange,  fascioliasis, nematode parasites, rinderpest and &quot;rinderpestlike&quot; diseases, nephritis, and  conjunctivitis;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Develop herd-health programs and specific disease-control programs for the various  production systems;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Determine the level of susceptibility to trypanosomiasis, a disease that might mitigate  against introducing the animal widely to Africa; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Define the buffalo's role in malarial ecology.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed to improve water buffalo reproduction.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research topics should include:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Physiology and deep-freezing of buffalo semen. (Although it is possible to freeze the  buffalo semen now, further improvements are needed to achieve higher conception  rates.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Incidence of sub-estrus and anestrus. This is fairly high in buffaloes. Work is needed to  determine the factors contributing to this problem and find solutions applicable in the  field. A simple, inexpensive test for the routine diagnosis of estrus is needed. It could  ensure that buffaloes are inseminated at the optimal time and could lead to the possible  synchronizing of estrus in groups of animals as well as the elimination of seasonal  breeding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Seasonality of breeding. Investigations are needed into seasonal effects on the intensity  and deviation of estrus in buffaloes. Most of the buffaloes in northern India and Pakistan,  for example, calve between July and December, causing scarcity of milk in the summer  season and a flush of production in the winter months (this phenomenon causes serious  marketing problems).  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Low libido and low semen yield in buffalo bulls. Semen yield in buffalo bulls is less than half of the yield from cattle bulls.  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Effect of season and other factors on semen quality.  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Variation in the freezability of semen from different bulls.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dissemination of Information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel recommends that two water buffalo publications be produced.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These should be:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· An international water buffalo newsletter. It is important to maintain communication among researchers working with the water buffalo in far flung research stations, universities, missions, and villages. Research findings may not be widely shared if technical animal science journals and the one or two national newsletters now available remain the only source of water buffalo information. A newsletter would bring together results from different parts of the world. It would provide rapid exchange of information as well as a forum for informal opinions, observations, and preliminary experimental data that are usually not accepted by journals.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A formal journal of water buffalo research.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, other methods for disseminating water buffalo information are to be encouraged. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.14" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.14.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water Buffalo in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the water buffalo, Africa is the unknown continent. Apart from Egypt, where the  &quot;gamoosa&quot; is a major livestock resource, there have been few recorded experiences  with the animal in Africa. While this may be attributed to disease, chances are it is  because of historical oversight.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small herds of buffaloes were recently introduced to Uganda, Tanzania, and Nigeria, but  because there were so few animals no firm conclusions can be drawn. Initial  observations, however, suggest that the water buffalo could have an important future role  in Africa, south of the Sahara. There seems little reason to believe that they won't thrive  there as they have done elsewhere in the tropics.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following statements were provided by researchers involved in the enterprises.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Uganda imported a herd of 12 buffalo cows and one bull in 1969. Grazed on poor-quality  unimproved pasture they received neither supplementary feeding nor any preferential  treatment over the East African zebus kept with them. The herd stayed 7 years at  Entebbe before being moved to another part of the country. They proved to be very  efficient converters of the low protein, high-fber fodder. During this time the herd grew to  40 adult cows and 2 bulls (all other steers were slaughtered). The cows calved every  year. The calves matured at 2 to 21/2 years; the zebu calves took at least 3 years to  mature. Buffalo calves were much heavier than the zebus of comparable age.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;The buffalo cows averaged 7 liters of milk per milking. In taste it was preferred to zebu  milk. Also, the quality of the meat after slaughter was much better than that of the zebus.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;A major advantage the buffaloes had over the cattle was that they were remarkably  unaffected by diseases endemic to the area. Apart from a few calves that died of  diseases that also killed cattle on the farm at Entebbe, the buffaloes resisted tick-borne  diseases, the biggest killers of cattle in Uganda, and were unaffected by the virulent  strains of East Coast Fever (Theileriosis), Uganda's most serious endemic animal  disease.&quot;(Information supplied by G. L. Corry, Director, Veterinary Research Services, Entebbe  Uganda)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Early in 1976, 194 buffaloes aged 6-9 months were imported from the environs of Darwin in Australia's Northern Territory. The animals settled down quite well, and by the end of 1978 the stock population had risen to about 320, the adults weighing about 400 kg with about 80 percent fertility. The animals were in excellent health when an outbreak of streptothricosis occurred early in 1979. Because of the intractable nature of this rare disease of cattle, sheep, and pigs, the apparent spread of the disease in the confined area of the ranch, and the persistence of the organism, the animals were slaughtered(nformation supplied by Dr. J. E. Erhiaganoma, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Benin City, Bendel State of Nigeria)..  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania introduced 21 buffalo heifers and 2 buffalo bulls from Egypt in 1968 and 1970. By 1977 the herd had grown to 150 animals. They were kept at the Livestock Production Research Institute at Mpwapwa, a site representative of central Tanzania(Mpwapwa is located at an elevation of 1,000 m. It receives an annual rainfall of 700 mm during a single season between late November and early May. Mean minimum temperatures of 13Â°C occur in June, and mean maximum temperatures of 26Â°C occur in November). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over a period of 10 years the buffalo were studied and compared with crossbreeds of local Mpwapwa cows and Friesian steers. On average, the buffaloes conceived and calved 4 months earlier than the cattle, their mean calving intervals were about a month shorter, their birth and weaning weights were 1.5 times higher, and their daily weight gain was about double that of the crossbred cattle. The milk yield from the buffaloes was only about two thirds that of the crossbred cattle, but their rnilk's high butterfat content meant that the overall butterfat production was higher in buffaloes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Figures reported are shown below:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p98.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a second study (Shoo, R A. 1980. A study of the performance of Egyptian water buffaloes. Student project, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine, University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania.), 30 buffaloes and 34 Mpwapwa cattle (not the crossbreeds) were compared(Mpwapwa cattle are a Tanzanian breed with 55 percent Asian, 35 percent African, and 10 percent European blood). The calving intervals were 396 + 126 days for buffaloes and 437 + 109 days for cattle. The buffaloes first conceived at mean ages of 23-25 months (matings occurred in both wet and dry seasons), the cattle at 27-36 months. The buffaloes calved at 35 months, the cattle at 46 months.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On farms at Ruvu and Mabuki the calving rate was 63 percent, and the mortality rate 1.2-6.9 percent(Rakha, A. 1980. water buffalo Production, Tanzania. Report of the technical Cooperation Program TCP/URT/9002, Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Rome, Italy). The buffalo's overall milk yields averaged 1,237 kg in 225 days, or 5.5 kg per day.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The results of the introduction of buffalo to Tanzania are considered &quot;quite encouraging and the future of buffaloes in Tanzania will be bright.&quot; (Oloufa, M. M. 1981. The future of water buffaloes in Tanzania Paper presented at the Tanzania Society of Animal Production Eighth Scientific Conference, Arusha, Tanzania May 26-29, 1981.) Future plans call for increasing the herd to about 200 animals with a view toward establishing another buffalo herd. In addition, 5 buffalo sires have been selected in Egypt for shipment to Tanzania.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.14.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Contacts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A directory of names in buffalo studies and research is available from the International Buffalo Information Center, Kasetsart University Library, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Industry Branch, Department of Primary Production, P.O. Box 5160, Darwin, Northern Territory 5790 (D.R. Thomson, B. Ford)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berrimah Agricultural Research Station, Darwin, Northern Territory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coastal Plains Research Station, near Darwin, Northern Territory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. G. Tulloch, P.O. Box 38841, Winnellie 5789, Northern Territory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Queensland, Department of Animal Husbandry, St. Lucia, Queensland (D.D. Charles)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associacao de Criadores de Bufalos do Brasil, Cx Postal 832, Sao Paulo (President, Dr. Paulo Joaquim Monteiro da Silva)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Tropico Umido (Agricultural Reseach Center of the Humid Tropics), Caixa Postal, 48, Belem, Para, 66000  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnology), Universidade Estadual &quot;Julio de Mesquita Filho,&quot; Campus de Botucatu, Estado de Sao Paulo  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto de Zootecnia (Institute of Zootechnology), Nova Odessa, Sao Paulo (Prof. Alberto Alves Santiago)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr. Geraldo Mosse, Rua Apinages 716-CEP, 05017, Sao Paulo, S.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr. Walmore Muller Lacort, Ministerio de agriculture Explanada des Ministerios, Bloco 8-50 Andar Sala 518, 70.000 Brasilia, D.F.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bulgaria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sofia (P. Ivanov, Z. Zahariev)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo Basis, Livestock Breeding Research Institute, Shumen (Dr. D. St. Polikhronov, Director; Dr. A. Alexis)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nanking Agricultural College, Nanking (Professor Sieh Chen-Hsia)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kwangsi Agriculture College, Nanning, Kwangsi (Professor Wang Pei Chien&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Farm, Lu Hsu, Pinyang County, Kwasngsi Chang Autonomous Region&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Institute for Animal Science, Nanning, Kwangsi (Dr. Chou Chi-Sheng)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singchow Dairy Farm, Kwangtung Province&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jose Luis Pacheco, Director, Dept Formento, 8502 JAPDEVA, Puerto Limon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ain Shams University, Kasr-EI-Zaafran, Abbasiyah, Cairo (M.A. El-Ashry, A.M. El-Serafy)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo (Dr. M.T. Ragab)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Alexandria, 22 Al-Gueish Avenue, Shatby, Alexandria (K. El-Shazly)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr. R. Dunkel, Herzeleidstrasse 39, 5330 Konigswinter 41, Bonn&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. Dr. H. Fischer, Insitut fur Tropische Veterinarmedizin, Wilhelmstr. 15, 6300 Giessen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gesellschaft fur Agrarentwicklung (GAE), Meckenheimer Allee 113, 5300 Bonn 1&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hungary&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Kovacs, Department of Animal Husbandry, Agricultural University, Deak F. -u16, 8361Keszthely  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Hyderabad, A.P. (Director of Research)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Husbandry Commissioner, Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Sciences, Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Buffalo Breeding Farm, Sambalpua, PO: Sunbeda, Distt. Kerapur, Orissa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Frozen Semen Bank, Hessarghatta, Bangalore, Kamataka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Murrah Breeding Farm, Almadi, Tamil Nadu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Surti Buffalo Farm, Dhamrod, Gujarat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chief Superintendent, Govenment Livestock Farm, Hissar, Haryana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Chandra Sekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Mathura Campus, Mathura, U.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Co-ordinator, All India Buffalo Improvement Project, Natioal Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, (Dr. V. N. Tripathi)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, Military Dairy Farm, Army Headquarters, Quatermaster, General Branch, DHQ PO New Delhi 11  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government Livestock Farm, Anjora Distt: Durg, Madhya Pradesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gujarat Agricultural University, Reproductive Biology Research Unit, PO Anand Agricultural Institute, Anand, Gujarat  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haryana Agricultural University , Hissar, Haryana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Barcilly, V.P. (Dr. S.K. Ranjan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, 482004, M.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd., Anand, Gujarat (Dr. V. Kurien, Chairman)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Dairy Development Board, Anand, Gujarat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Dairy Research Institute (ICAR), Karnal 132002, Haryana (S.P. Arora, Dr. D. Sundaresan, Director)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab (Dr. J.S. Ichhponani, Dr. S.K. Misra)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwar Campus, Dharwar, Karnataka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Udaipur, Udaipur, Rajasthan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balai Inseminasi Buatan Lembang, Jawa Barat (Dr. R.D. Simangunsong)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agriculture, Jl Salemba Raya 16, Jakarta (Dr. Jaman Zailani)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pusat Penelitian den Pengambangan Ternak (Centre for Animal Research and Development), Bogor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iraq&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Rearing Station, Abu Ghraib, Baghdad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Production and Health Division, FAO,00100 Rome&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associazione Provinciale Allevatori, via Redentare, Caserta (Professore de Franciscis,Presidente)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto de Ricerche soll'Adattamento Bovini e dei Bufali, Ponticelli, Napoli (Director: ProÂ£ Lino Ferrara)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnica, via Onofrio Panvino, Rome (Prof. A. Pilla)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnice di Roma, via Salaria 31, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (Dr. Augusto Romita)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ugo Jemma, Torre Lupara, 81050 Pastorano, near Caserta&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Shimuzu, The University of Tsukuba, Sakura-mura niihar gun ibaraki-ken 300-311&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Animal Husbandry Station, Kluang&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University Pertanian, Serdang, Selangor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Serdang, Selangor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Artificial Insemination Project, Tfipureshwar, Kathmandu (Dr. A.C. Gupta)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Division, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Kathmandu (Dr. N.D. Joshi)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;College of Animal Husbandry, Lahore (Dr. Mohammad Shafi Chaudhry)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Reproduction, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Dr. Rashid Ahmad Chaudhary)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadurnagar District, Sahiwat, Punjab (Dr. S.K. Shah, Director)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Punjab Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore 13&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hugo Giraoud, Apartado 60-2745, El Dorado&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Primary Industry, ERAP, P.O. Box. 348, Lae (John H. Schottler)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sepik Plains Livestock Station, Ufimo via Wewak, E.S.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Science Department, Central Luzon State University, Muiloz, Nueva Ecija&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Systems, Diliman, Quezon City Dairy Development Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Sta. Mesa, Metro Manila (Dr. Conrado A. Valdez)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3720  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Science, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3720 (Dr. V. C. Momongon)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Documentation Center on Water Buffalo, University of the Philippines at Los Banos Library, College, Laguna 3720  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research, Livestock Research Division, Los Banos, Laguna 3732 (Dr. Alfonso N. Eusebio)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Portugal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Ross CockriII, 591 Vale do Lobo, Almansil, Algrave 8100&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Production and Health, Peradeniya (Dr. K. Balachandran)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;School of Veterinary Science, University of Sri Lanka, Peradenlya Dr. B.M.A.O. Perrera)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, P.O. Box 22-149, Taipei City&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro (M.L. Kyomo)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAFCO Farm, Ruvu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, Livestock Development Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Dar es Salaam&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.M.J. Katyega, Director, Livestock Production Research Institute, Private Bag, Mpwapwa M.M. Oloufa, FAO, Morogoro  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kasetsart University, Department of Animal Science, Bangkok (Dr. Charan Chantalakhana) Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Street, Bangkok 5 (Dr. Maneewan Kamonpatana)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Bangkok 10500  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO Regional Office, Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 2 (Dr. B. K. Soni)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of Livestock Development Project, Tha Phra, Khon Kaen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Buffalo Research and Training Center, Surin&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trinidad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Steve Bennett, 61 Mucurapo Road, Port-of-Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. L. Corry, Director, Veterinary Research Services, P.O. Box 24, Entebbe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Mugerwa, Faculty of Agriculture, MaKerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. B. Begg, Resident Veterinary Surgeon, Howletts and Port Lympne Estates, Ltd., Port Lympne, Lympne, Kent CT21 4PD  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. N. Wilson, BOCM Silcock Ltd., Basing View, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2EQ&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wyland Cripe, Asst. Dean for Public Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Box J-125, JHMHC, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Harrington, IRI Research Institute, Inc. One Rockefeller Plaza, New York, New York 10020 James Hentges, Department of Animal Science, Room 2104 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jack Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nels M. Konnerup, 609 East Iverson Road, Camano Island, Washington 98292&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. P. Leonards, P.O. Box 1094, Lake Charles, Louisiana 70602&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John K. Loosli, Department of Animal Science, Room 2103 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert E. McDowell, Department of Animal Science, Frank B. Morrison Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hugh Popenoe, International Programs in Agriculture, 3028 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;William R. Pritchard, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abelardo Ferrer D., Quinta Nueva Exparta, Avenida Jose Felix Rivas, San Bernardino, Caracas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5.14.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANDREW HAY, President, Calvert-Peat, Inc., New York, New York (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Institute of Land Rehabilitation, Utah State University, Logan, Utah  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PEDRO BARBOSA, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FLETCHER L. BYROM, Chairman, Koppers Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON BROWN, Director, Resource Systems Institute, The East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DORIS GALLOWAY, Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY E. CARTER, Associate Administrator, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH COLSON, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, California  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BREWSTER C. DENNY, Dean, Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND I. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, ex-officio  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HERBERT I. FUSFELD, Director, Center for Science and Technology Policy, Graduate School of Public Administration, New York University, New York, New York (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARTIN GOLAND, President, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LINCOLN GORDON, Senior Fellow, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. (member through September 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES P. GRANT, President, Overseas Development Council, Washington, D.C. (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, ax-officio  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE R. HERBERT, President, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM N. HUBBARD, JR., President, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT N. KREIDLER, Private Foundation Consultant, New York, New York  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RICHARD LASTER, Executive Vice President, General Foods Corporation, White Plains, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN LISTON, Director, Institute for Food Science &amp;amp; Technology, College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS F. MALONE, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, ex-officio  FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODNEY W. NICHOLS, Executive Vice President, Rockefeller University, New York, New York (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DANIEL A. OKUN, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. RAY PARISER, Senior Research Scientist, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAMES BRIAN QUINN, Amos Tuck School of Business Administration, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PRISCILLA C. REINING, Director, Project on Desertification, International Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. RICHARDSON, JR., Department of Horticulture, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, Rockefeller University, New York, New York  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. GUYFORD STEVER, Consultant, Washington, D.C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Program Officer, Africa and the Middle East, International Agricultural Development Service, New York, New York  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VICTOR RABINOWITCH, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Deputy Director  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN G. HURLEY, Deputy Director&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+
+</Doc>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1758 @@
+<Doc xmlns:gs2="http://www.greenstone.org/gs2" file="HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml"  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Role of Public Policy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;@ 1995 The Intentional Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing July 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Development in Practice series publishes reviews of the World Bank's activities in different regions and sectors. It lays particular emphasis on the progress that is being made and on the policies and practices that hold the most promise of success in the effort to reduce poverty in the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This book is a product of the staff of the World Bank. and the judgments made herein, do not necessarily reflect the views of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Photo credits: Maurice Asseo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Library of Congers Cataloging-in-Publication Data&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toward gender equality: the role of public policy.  p. cm-(Development in practice)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Includes bibliographer references (p. 70)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-8213-3337-2&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Women-Government policy. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2. Women's rights. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3. Sex discrimination against women. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4. Economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Series:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development in practice (Washington. D.C.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HQ 1 236.T68; 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;305.4-dc20 95-631&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CIP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TWENTY years ago in Mexico the First World Conference on Women inspired a movement that has helped to reduce gender inequality worldwide. Illiteracy among women is declining, maternal mortality and total fertility rates are beginning to fall. and more women are participating in the labor force than ever before. However. much remains to be done.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In low-income countries women are often denied health care and basic education. Worldwide. women face limited access to financial services, technology. and infrastructure. They are locked into relatively low-productivity work. In addition to performing household tasks and child-rearing duties, women work longer hours for lower pay than most men. And. most discouraging of all. hundreds of thousands of women each year are subject to gender-related violence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Persistent inequality between women and men constrains a society's productivity and, ultimately slows its rate of economic growth. Although this problem has been generally recognized evidence on the need for corrective action is more controlling today than ever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report written for the Fourth World Conference on Women is intended as a reference to strategies for promoting gender equality and. consequently enhancing economic efficiency. It pulls together evidence, including case studies, that demonstrates the need for governor action to improve the economic status of women. It points out how public policy can and should support services and infrastructure that provide the highest social returns and that are most heavily used by women. The report also aims to stimulate creative solutions to the problem of gender inequality by high lilting innovative and sometimes not obvious strategies that have proved successful. A study in Morocco, for instance, shows that paving public roads to schools increases by 40 percent the probability that local girls will attend classes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy reform that provides an enabling environment for economic growth goes hand in hand with investing in people. The success of one strategy draws on the success of the other. No efforts at gender equality. however, can be successful without the participation of women themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the international community gathers in Beijing for the Fourth World Conference on Women, the World Bank stands ready to assist client governments in response to the challenges ahead. The Bank believes that by advancing gender equality, governments can greatly enhance the future well-being and prosperity of their people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Armeane M. Choksi Vice President Human Capital Development and Operations Policy The World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THIS REPORT was prepared by a team led by Kei Kawabata and comprising Alison Evans, Zafiris Tzannatos. Tara Vishwanath, and Rekha Menon. The work was carried out under the direction of Minh Chau Nguyen and the overall guidance of K. Y. Amoako. Valuable contributions were made by Joyce Cacho, Lionel Demery, Shahid Khandker, and Kalanidhi Subbarao.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Background papers for the report were prepared by team members and by Anjana Bhushan; Lynn Brown and Lawrence Haddad; Florencia Castro-Leal, with Ignacio Tavares and Ramon Lopez; Roberta Cohen; Monica Fong: Roger Key, with Beverly Mullings; Andrew Mason; and Veena Siddharth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An external review group and a Bankwide advisory committee provided valuable guidance at all stages of the report's preparation. Kalpana Bardhan. Pranab Bardhan, Nancy Folbre. and T. Paul Schultz were the external reviewers. Harold Aldennan, Jean-Jacques Dethier, Louise Fox, Sunita Gandhi, Chris Grootaert, Jeffrey Hammer, Tariq Husahl, Elizabeth King, Augusta Molnar, Helena Ribe, and Paula Valad made up the advisory committee. The report was edited by Jo Bischoff, Richard M. Crum, and Fiona Mackintosh; Benjamin Crow provided word-processing and graphics support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report also reflects the contributions of the participants in consultations held with nongovenamental organizations on March 1S, 1995, in New York. Data supplied by the United Nations and its agencies. particularly the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Statistical Office, and the World Health Organization, were invaluable for the preparation of the report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The production of the report was made possible by the assistance of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which has given unwavering support to the protnotion of gender equality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.3.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Expected number of years of formal schooling The total number of years of schooling that a child of a certain age can expect to receive if current enrollment patterns remain unchanged.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Literacy rate. The proportion of the adult population that can read or write. This indicator is not always accurate because it is self-reported and represents past investments in schooling. It is often defined only with respect to selected languages and may not take into account the progress being made in many countries through literacy campaigns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy AT BIRTH The number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of birth were to remain unchanged throughout the child's life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maternal mortality ratio. The number of women who die in pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 live births: A measure of the risk that women face of dying from pregnancy-related causes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.3.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless otherwise specified, dollar amounts are current U.S. dollars. A billion is a thousand million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The data used in this report cover a range of time periods and are from more than 100 countries (both developing and industrial).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless otherwise specified, geographic regions are those used by the World Bank in its analytical and operational work and are defined as follows:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;sub-Saharan  Africa countries south of the Sahara except Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;East Asia and the Pacific: low- and middle-income economies of East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe and Central Asia. middle-income European countries and the countries that formed the former Soviet Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latin America anti the Caribbean all American and Caribbean economies south of the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East and North Africa all the economies of North Africa and the Middle East.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India. Myantnar, Nepal, Pakistan. and Sri Lanka.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.3.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THREE messages echo throughout this document:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ The causes of gender inequality are complex, linked as they are to the intrahousehold decisionmaking process. However the decisions are made. the intrahousehold allocation of resources is influenced by market signals and institutional norms that do not capture the full benefits to society of investing in women. Low levels of education and training. poor health and nutritional status, and limited access to resources depress women's quality of life and hinder economic efficiency and growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ It is therefore essential that public policies work to compensate for market failures in the area of gender equality. These policies should equalize opportunities between women and men and redirect resources to those investments with the highest social returns. Of these investments. female education, particularly at the primary and lower-secondary level, is the most important, as it is the catalyst that increases the impact of other investments in health, nutrition, family planning, agriculture, industry, and infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Women themselves are agents for change because they play a key role in shaping the welfare of future generations. Public policies cannot be effective without the participation of the target group-in this case. women, who make up more than half the world's people. Their views need to be incorporated into policy formulation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.3.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two decades considerable progress has been made in reducing the gender gap world wide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ In 1960. for every 100 boys enrolled in primary school. there were 65 girls. In 1990 the ratio had risen to 85.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ In 1980 an average six-year-old girl in a developing country could expect to attend school for 7.3 years. By 1990 this figure had Increased to 8.4 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Since the 1950s the female labor force has grown twice as last as the male labor force. Worldwide, more than 40 percent of women over 15 years of age are now in the labor force; in developing countries women account for 30 percent of the labor force (These figures. it should be noted, do not fully reflect women's participation in the informal sector as unpaid family members in agriculture.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless. inequalities between men and women persist in many important areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Despite women s biological advantage, their mortality and morbidity rates frequently exceed those of men, particularly during childhood and the reproductive years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Traditionally women are employed in lower-pay jobs and in a narrower range of occupations than are men. Women's wages are typically only 60-70 percent of wages earned by men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Whether in private sector employment or public sector decisionmaking, women are less likely to be in positions of responsibility than are men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.3.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The causes of the persistent inequality between men and women are only partially understood. In recent years attention has focused on inequalities in the allocation of resources at the household level. as seen in the higher share of education, health. and food expenditures boys receive in comparison with girls. The decisionmaking process within households is complex and is influenced by social and cultural norms market opportunities, and institutional factors. There is considerable proof that the intrahousehold allocation of resources is a key factor in determining the levels of schooling. health. and nutrition accorded household members.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inequalities in the allocation of household resources matter because education, health. and nutrition are strongly [hiked to well-being, economic efficiency. and growth. Low levels of educational attainment and poor health and nutrition aggravate poor living conditions and reduce an individual's capacity to work productively. Such economic inefficiency represents a significant loss to society and hampers future economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social returns to investments in women's education and health  a? e significantly greater than for similar investment in men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The social and economic losses are greatest when women are denied access to basic education and health care. Data from around the world show that private returns to investments in education are the same for women as for men and may even be marginally higher (Psacharopoulos 1994). More importantly. social returns (that is, total benefits to society) to investment in women's education and health are significantly greater than for similar investments in men, largely because of the strong correlation between women's education, health, nutritional status. and fertility levels and the education. health, and productivity of future generations. These correlation are even stronger when women have control over the way resources are allocated within the household.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wage differentials between women and men in the market are closely linked to educational levels and work experience. since on average. women earn 30-40 percent less than teen' it is not surprising that fewer women than men participate in the labor force. This wage disparity, reinforced by discriminality institutional norms, in turn influences the intrahousehold division of resources. A vicious circle ensues as households invest less in daughters than in sons in the belief that investment in girls yields fewer benefits. As a result. many women are unable to work outside the household because they lack the education or experience that men have.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decision not to participate in the labor force does not necessarily reflect a woman's own choice, no' does it always correspond to the optimum use of household resources. Furthermore. the market wage does not take into account the social benefits of educating and hiring women. Discrimination in households and in the market carries not only private costs for individuals and households but social costs for society as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public policies for reducing gender inequalities are therefore essential for counteracting market failure and improving the well-being of all members of society. Investing in women's education and health expands their choices in labor markets and other income-generating activities and increases the rate of return on a household's most valuable asset-its labor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decision to allocate women's time to the type of non wage work women typically carry out within the household. such as child care. food preparation, and, in low-income countries especially, subsistence farming and the collection of fuel wood and water, has less to do with economics than with social conventions and norms. These nones can have a strong influence on the household division of labor, even in industrial economies, where women's levels of human capital are equal to-and some times higher than those of most men&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The economy pays to this inequality in reduced labour productivity today and diminished national output tomorrow&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whether this division of labor is appropriate is, essentially, for society to decide. However. there is no doubt that women's entry into the labor market and other spheres of the economy is directly affected by the extensive amounts of time they traditionally devote to household maintenance and family care. Most men do not make similar allocations of time in the home. Such inequality constrains women's employment choices and can limit girls' enrollment in schools. The economy pays for this inequality in reduced labor productivity today and diminished national output tomorrow. Public policy can address inequalities in the household division of labor by supporting initiatives that reduce the amount of time women spend doing unpaid work. Examples of such interventions include improved water and sanitation services, rural electrification, and batter transport infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Constraints on female employment opportunities arising from the household division of labor are compounded by institutional norms operating within the labor market. Although overt wage discrimination is illegal in many countries, employers frequently segregate jobs or offer less training to women workers. Employers often perceive the returns to investing in women workers as lower than those for men mainly because of women's primary role in childbearing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of access to financial services, to land, and to intonation and technology compounds the unequal treatment of women. Requirements for collateral, high transaction costs, and limited mobility and education contribute to women s inability to obtain credit. When women do have access to credit, the effect on household and individual well-being is striking. Bon-owing by women is linked to increased holdings of non-land assets, to improve in the health status of female children, and to an increased probability that girls will enroll in school. Independent access to land is associated with higher productivity and. in some cases, with greater investments by women in land conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.3.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the benefits from investing in girls and women are so great and can be quantified. why do households and employers underinvest in women? The main reason is that. as discussed above. markets fail to capture the full benefit to society of' investing in women and girls. Where the market fails or is absent. government must take the lead Public policy can contribute directly and indirectly. to reducing gender inequalities by, for example:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Modifying the legal and regulatory framework to ensure a opportunities &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Ensuring macroeconomic stability and improving, microeconomic incentives&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Redirecting public policies and public expenditures to those investments with the highest social returns&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Adopting targeted interventions that correct for gender inequalities at the micro-level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modifying the law to eliminate gender discrimination and equalize opportunities for women and men is an important first step. However. legal reform by itself does not ensure equal treatment. Further public action is required to make sure that gender-neutral laws are enforced at the national and local levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sound economic policies and well-functioning markets are essential for growth, employment generation, and the creation of an environment in which the returns to divesting in women and owls can he fully realized. Economic instability and price distortions can hinder the process. Consequently. sound macroeconomic management is critical. In general. two sets of policies are necessary: one emphasizing macroeconomic stability and the elimination of price distortions. the other focusing on labor-demanding growth and a reorientation in public spending toward basic services with high social returns- such as education. health care and water supply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender inequalities in the distribution of the benefits of public spending frequently arise because of a bias within households that limits women's access to publicly provided services. In addition, the services provided by public spending often are of less benefit to women than to men. Public policy can help remedy this problem by rearranging expenditure priorities among sectors and within the social sectors. It can ensure support for those services and types of infrastructure that offer the highest social returns to public spending and that are most heavily used by women and children. such as water supply anti sanitation services and rural electrification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally general policy interventions may not be enough. and programs that specifically target women and girls may be required. Targeting is justified. Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women gable on two grounds. First. because women are disproportionately represented among the poor. targeting women can be an effective strategy for reducing poverty (broadly defined to include limited access to services. re sources, and other capability-enhancing factors). Second. where gender differences are wide, targeting-for example. the provision of stipends so that girls can attend school-they be needed to capture social gains and increase  internal efficiency&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women. The evidence on the high private and social returns to investments in women and girls cannot be ignored. By directing public resources toward policies and projects that reduce gender inequality. policymakers not only promote equality but also lay the groundwork for slower population growth, greater labor productivity, a higher rate of human capital formation, and stronger economic growth However, none of these developments can be sustained without the participial of women themselves. Governments and collaborating institutions must listen more carefully to the voices of individual women. including policymakers. and to women's groups. By working with others to identity and implement policies that promote gender equality, governments can make a real difference to the future well-being and prosperity of their people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.5.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALTHOUGH the gap between opportunities for men and women is narrowing. inequalities persist, especially in certain regions. This report examines four major development indicators: educational attainment, maternal mortality. life expectancy. and economic participation outside the household. All four are closely related to each other and in turn are closely correlated with individual well-being. These indicators provide a broad picture of trends in gender inequality and their impact on the relative well-being of women and of men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.5.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the progress in raising educational enrollment rates for both males and females across all regions in the past three decades, growth in educational opportunities at all levels for females lags behind that for males (figure 1.1). In 1990 an average six-year-old girl in a developing country could expect to attend school for 8.4 years. The figure had increased from 7.3 years in 1980-but an average boy of the same age in a developing country could expect to attend school for 9.7 years The gender gap in expected years of schooling is widest in some countries in South Asia, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa (see figure 1.2). Gender differences in access to education are usually worse in minority populations such as refugees and internally displaced persons. of which only a few children go to school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p16.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ School enrollment ratios in developing countries &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The latest available figures show that 77 million girls of primary school age (6-11 years) are not in school, compared with 52 million boys (figure 1.3). Moreover, even these gross enrollment rates often mask high absenteeism and high dropout rates. Dropout rates are notably high in low-income countries but vary by gender worldwide and within regions. The rates for girls tend to be linked to age, peaking at about grade 5 and remaining high at the secondary level (Herz and others 1991) Cultural factors, early marriage, pregnancy, and household responsibilities affect the likelihood that girls will remain in school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the gross enrollment rate is an acceptable indicator of progress in education, most studies use literacy rates as an indicator of well-being. Overall illiteracy rates have decreased among adults in low- and middle-income countries, but the percentage of illiterate women in the world is still higher than the percentage of illiterate men. Older women constitute the largest share of the illiterates in the world today, a consequence of past inequalities in access to education. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia more than 70 percent of women age 25 and older are illiterate (United Nations 1991).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At post-secondary levels. where the gap in enrollment between women and men is wider, there is implicit &quot;gender streaming,&quot; or sex segregation, by field of study, even in areas with snore female than male enrollees. Gender streaming. which is widespread in both developing and industrial countries, prevents women from acquiring training in agriculture, forestry, fishing, &quot;hard&quot; sciences, and engineering (figure 1.4).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p17.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Expected years of schooling &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.5.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two decades life expectancy at birth has increased for both men and women in all regions of the world. In industrial countries women tend to outlive men by six to eight years on average: in low-income countries gender differences are much narrower (two to three years). Despite women's biological advantage, female mortality and morbidity rates frequently exceed those of men, particularly during early childhood and the reproductive years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the reproductive period the most Important causes of morbidity and mortality among women are high fertility and abortion rates, vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases (STDS), genital mutilation. and gender violence. Each year, about 500,000 women worldwide die from the complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal mortality ratios for developing and industrial countries vary greatly: the rates in parts of South Asia are among the world's highest, in some cases exceeding 1,500 per 100.000 live births. In Sub-Saharan Africa where the ratio is 700 maternal deaths per 100.000 live births, a woman runs a 1 in 22 lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes, but in northern Europe the risk falls to 10 in 100,000 (United Nations 1993). In the transition economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, the rates are around 40 to 50 per 100,000 live births&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p18.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.3 children not in school 1990 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major cause of maternal deaths is complications from unsafe abortions. Abortion-related deaths are highest in South and Southeast Asia. followed by Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean. Lack of access to contraceptives can mean that abortion, is used as a form of birth control. For example, in parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia abortions are more numerous than live births (World Bank 1994b), and abortion rates were as high as 1.76 per live birth in Russia prior to the transition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As increasing numbers of women become aware of and learn to use contraceptives, total fertility rates are falling worldwide. The exception is Sub-Saharan Africa where the total fertility rate averaged 6.4 between 1985 have been infected by HIV. The World Health organization (WHO 1994) estimates that more than 13 million women will have been infected by HIV by 2000 and that about 4 million of that number will have died (figure 1.5 In Atrica, where 10 million adults are infected with the virus, ode-half of all newly infected adults are women, and more than 5 million are women of childbearing age. In Asia almost half of all adults newly infected with the virus are women, compared with less than 25 percent just six years ago.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p19.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.4 fields of study&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p20.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+  Figure 1.5 HIV infected women 1995 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mortality risk for females is high during the reproductive years. but it is even higher during infancy and early childhood. Between 1962 and 1992 INFANT mortality in the developing world decreased by 50 percent (UNICEF 1993 However, in seventeen of the twenty-nine developing countries for which recent survey data are available, female children age 1-4 were found to have higher mortality rates than male children. despite girls? biological advantage (World Bank 1994b). In many of these countries the underlying cause of high mortality among girls is the parents' bias toward boys, who receive the best food and medical care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genital mutilation, prevalent in twenty-eight countries, is performed on 2 million young girls yearly. The practice leads to long-term morbidity, complications during childbirth, mental trauma, and even death. Table 1.1 summarizes the best available statistics on this practice for selected countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.5.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The time women spend on paid and unpaid work is typically greater than the time men spend in the labor market (see table 1.2 for an example). Unpaid family work is rarely recorded in official statistics. It manifests itself only indirectly in the labor market in the form of gender differences in labor force participation rates. sector of employment, hours of work, and wage level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the whole. labor force participation rates for women are lower than those for men (figure 1.6). However. these differences are often exaggerated because the definition of the participation rate fails to capture many aspects of women's work, particularly time spent on childbearing, childbearing. and other household tasks. Men are usually in the labor force throughout the prime working years (age 20-60), and their participation rates are typically more than 90 percent in virtually every country. Female participation rates vary widely across countries. In 1990, for every ten men in the labor force there were two women in the Middle East and North Africa, three in South Asia. six in Sub-Saharan Africa, and seven in Southeast Asia (United Nations 1991). Worldwide, 41 percent of women age 15 years or over are in the labor force, but in developing countries the corresponding figure is 31 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These numbers are deceptive, however, because they do not take into account the agricultural work for which women in developing countries are responsible within the family For example, the Dominican census of 1981 reported that only 21 percent of rural women participated in the labor force, but just three years later a special study suggested a figure of 81 percent. The census had omitted such activities as cultivating gardens and caring for domestic animals In India different definitions of what constitutes &quot;work&quot; have resulted in estimated participation rates as low as 13 percent and as high as 88 percent (Beneria 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tens of Millions of Women Suffer Female Genital Mutilation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 1.1 female genital mutilation&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=468&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Estimated prevalence (percent)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Estimated number of women affected (millions)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djibouti&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;98&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Egypt&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;13.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;22.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6.3&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;29.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sierra Leone&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudan&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;89&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;118&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Sri Lanka's Dry Zone, Women Work Longer Hours than Men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 1.2 distribution of monthly work hours per month)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=451&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;31%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peal. Season&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;29%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Slack season&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Activity &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agricultural production&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;298&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;299&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;245&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;235&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Household tasks&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;199&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;220&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fetching water and firewood&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;30&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;:30&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social and religious duties&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;12&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;15&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;15&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Total work hours&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;426&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;560&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;350&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;530&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leisure and sleep&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;294&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;160&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;370&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;190&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are usually employed in different sectors than men. Most of women's nonagricultural employment is in the service sector. but in developing countries female employment in manufacturing has been increasing and is catching up with female employment in services (ILO/ INSTRAW 1985). Women in manufacturing tend to be concentrated in only a few sub sectors: more than two-thirds of the global labor force in garment production is female. and this subsector absorbs almost one-fifth of the female labor force in manufacturing (UNIDO 1993). Men's employment is more evenly distributed across other sectors such as mining manufacturing, construction, utilities, and transport.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over their lifetime, women change their employment status more often than do men. They are also more likely to be self-employed or employed in occupations with flexible house such as subcontracted home work. Regardless of the sector in which they are employed, women tend to work in a narrow range of occupations. Only a few women are in high-paying jobs or in positions with significant responsibility. Nearly two-thirds of the women in manufacturing ate laborers, machine operators. and production workers; only 5 percent ate professional and technical workers and only 2 percent are administrators and managers (UNIDO 1993). However. there are regional differences: women occupy nearly 60 percent of clerical, sales. and service jobs in Latin America and the Caribbean but fewer than 20 percent of similar positions in South Asia North Africa. and the Middle East (figure 1.7).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p23.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.6 rates of participation in the labor force by gender&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wages paid to women are typically about 60-70 percent of those paid to men. About one-quarter of the gender wage gap is explained by differences in educational levels, labor market experience, and other human capital'' characteristics (Psacharopoulos and Tzannatos 1992 Horton 1994). The gender wage gap can also be explained in part by women's lower participation in the labor market-a consequence of domestic and other demands on their time and, possibly, of discriminatory employment practices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Significant changes in the global economy have affected patterns of employment and working conditions for men and women worldwide. &quot;Globalization&quot; is associated with the deregulation of product and labor markets, with regionalization. and with the liberalization of international trade. In turn. these processes at-e associated with increased female participation in the labor force and with the at-owing &quot;casualization'' of employment, as seen in the growth of part-time work in industrial economies. However, the net effect of globalization on women workers is not yet clear. Growth in the international traded service sector (for example, banking and telecommunications) seems to have offered women in developing countries greater employment opportunities. In addition, the participation rate of women in manufacturing jobs has increased faster than that of men. Women's average participation in the manufacturing labor force is now around 30 percent for both developing and industrial countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p24.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.7 types of jobs held by women &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, the number of women employed in export manufacturing has been increasing rapidly, even though this sector employs only a small fraction of all women workers. In Mexico, for example, the number of women employed in export manufacturing rose by nearly 15 percent a year in the 1980s (Jurisman and Moreno 1990). However, employment in this sector has been increasing more rapidly for men than for women, partly because of&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;technological upgrading over time and partly; because women are less educated and tend to remain in low-skill occupations (Baden 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women now account for a growing share ret wage employment they tend to stay longer in the labor force than ever before&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite persistent gender inequalities in the labor market. some recent trends  are encouraging. Increasing educational opportunities and decreasing fertility  rates have fed to an increase in the number of women entering the labor market. since the 1950s the female labor force has expanded twice as fast as the male  labor force. Women now account for a growing share of wage employment. and they tend to stay longer in the labor force than ever before The narrowing of the gender gap in labor force participation is enabling women to accumulate the work experience necessary tot- improving their job opportunities and increasing their amines. In the formal sector more and more women are working in occupations and sectors once dominated by men. and in many countries women s wages relative to men s have increased over time&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The data in this chapter illustrate some aggregate trends but they cannot tell US anything about the processes behind the persistence of gender inequality. For a more detailed look at these processes. We turn in the next chapter to a growing body of empirical evidence generated at the household and enterprise level. These studies provide a telling insight into the way in which gender inequalities are being challenged particularly by women At the same time these inequalities are reinforced by economic, legal. and cultural incentive systems that discriminate against women Discrimination continues despite compelling evidence showing that less inequality especially within the household. is associated with heftier welfare outcomes for children and better economic outcomes for the household as a v hole.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.6.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inequality women and men limits productivity ultimately slows economic growth. early empirical studies (for example, Kuznets 1955) suggested that income inequality would increase with economic growth during the initial phases of development. This chapter, however. starts with the hypothesis that there is not necessarily a tradeoff between inequality and growth and. indeed that high inequality especially as it affects human capital. hampers growth (Fields 1992: Birdsall and Sabot 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both theory and empirical evidence point to the importance of human capital in creating the necessary conditions for productivity growth and in reducing aggregate inequality in the future. In addition. women s human capital generates benefits for society in the form of lower child mortality.  higher educational attainment improved nutrition. and reduced population growth. Inequalities in the accumulation and use of human capital at-e related to lower economic and social well-being for all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.6.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, attempts to explain persistent gender inequalities in the accumulation and use of human capital have focused on the key role of household decisionmaking and tile process of resource allocation within household Households do not make decisions in isolation. however: their decision are linked to market prices and incentives and are influenced by cultural legal and state institutions. These institutions indirectly affect not only the returns on household investment but also access to productive resources and employment outside the house hold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Household decisions about the allocation of resources have a profound effect on the schooling, health care, and nutrition children receive. The mechanisms used to make these decisions and the effect of the decisions on the well-being of individual household members are not fully understood. Two frameworks for thinking about household decisions are the unitary household model and the collective household model (see box 3.1)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BOX 2.1 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two models of household members having their own prefer decisionmaking encase. Decisions on allocating resources reflect market rates of return. The unitary household model assumes but they also mirror the relative bar that household members pool regaining power of household members sources and allocate them according within the collective (Manser and to a common set of objectives and Brown 1980: McElroy and Homey goals. Households maximize the joint 1981). Bargaining power is a function welfare of their members by allocating of social and cultural norms. as well income and other resources to the in as of such external factors as opposed individuals and enterprises that promise &quot;unities for paid work, laws governing the highest rate of return as reflected inheritance, and control over producing prices and wages. An increase initiative assets and property rights. These household income increases the well factors influence the terms governing being of all household members.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy interventions based on the sources and decisions about how unitary household model aim to in those resources are used within the crease household welfare, but they household. Thus, an increase in do not necessarily affect all household income may benefit some hold members in the same way. Some household members but leave others household members may be worse unaffected or worse off. The outcome off, for example, if they lose control depends on a member's ability to exover certain resources; others may excise control over resources both in be better off. in which case house-side and outside the household, and it hold welfare is not maximized. cannot be assumed that individual well&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the collective household being increases as household income model. the welfare of individual house-rises. (Collective household models do hold members is not synonymous with not exclude the possibility that the universal household welfare. Resources unitary model may be the best approximate not necessarily pooled, and the motion of household decisionmaking household acts as a collective, with in some contexts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The collective household model helps explain why gender inequalities persist even though household becomes increase over time The next sections adopt a collective household framework to explain how these inequalities exact costs in forgone productivity, seduced welfare for individuals and households, encl. ultimately. slower economic growth.(fender Inequalities in Human Capital )&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are strong complementaires between education. health. and nutrition on the one hand, and increased well-being, labor productivity, and growth. On the other. Inequalities in resource allocation that limit household members' educational opportunities. access to health care, or nutrition are costly to individuals, households, and the economy as a whole.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.6.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the household level. gender differences in access to education are closely related to inequalities in the shares of household education expenditures allocated to boys and to girls This finding stands even though private returns to girls' schooling are similar to or marginally higher than. those to boys' schooling (figure 2.1; see also Schultz 1988: Mwabu 1994). In this case. parental choice reflects the relatively greater restrictions on educational opportunities and employment choices for girls. in comparison with boys. and cultural norms on the appropriate role for girls within the household.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p28.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 2.1 private returns to education&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p29a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 2.2 education, fertility. and child mortality (a)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p29b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 2.2 education, fertility. and child mortality (b)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More importantly. the social externalities linked to female education are crucial. Evidence from a large number of countries shows that female education is linked with better health for women and their children and with lower levels (figure 2.2). This link stems from the direct effect of education on the value of a woman's time and consequently. on private returns to her labor. It also stems from the indirect effect of education on the average age at which women marry on their knowledge of basic health care and nutrition, and on reproductive choices (Rosenzweig and Schultz 1982, 1987).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Educating girls and women reduces maternal mortality and fertility rates and increases the demand for health services. A simulation study of seventy two developing countries shows that, with all other factors held constant, a doubling of female secondary school enrollments in 1975 would have reduced tile average fertility rate in 1985 from 5.3 to 3.9 children per household and would have lowered the number of births by 29 percent (Subbarao and Raney 1992. Studies for individual countries have found that one additional year of female schooling can reduce the fertility rate. on average, between 5 and 1 (i) percent (Summers 1994)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are more vulnerable than men to micronutrient deficiencies that aggravate poor health (World Batik 1994b). Poor health and nutrition reduce productivity and the chances of reaping gains from investment in education. Intrahousehold inequalities in consumption and nutritional allocations can therefore be a signal of inefficiency Recent estimates suggest that the com effects on morbidity and mortality of just three types of deficiency-in vitamin A, iodine. and iron-could waste as much as 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), yet correcting these deficiencies would cost less than 0.3 percent of low-income countries' GDP (World Bank 1994c, pp. 50-51). Studies of women tea producers in Sri Lanka and of women workers in Chinese cotton mills document the reduction in productivity associated with iron deficiencies and the positive effects of in-on supplementation on work and output (Edgerton and others 1979). A study of six villages in Andhra Pradesh, India, found that disabling conditions caused by malnutrition and the prevalence of diseases reduced female labor force participation by 22 percent (Chatterjee 1991).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Physical anti mental abuse can also have deleterious effects on the well-being and productivity of women (table 2.1). Violence against women is widespread in all cultures and cuts across all age and income groups Its consequences. include unwanted pregnancy. infection with STDs, miscarriage partial or permanent disability. and psychological problems such as depression anti low self-esteem. Recent World Bank estimates indicate that in both industrial and developing countries domestic violence and rape cause women of reproductive age to lose a significant percentage of really days. Domestic violence appears to be an example of how the relatively weaker bargaining power of women and the paucity of options for them outside the home can affect the intrahousehold distribution of welfare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Violence against Women Starts in the Womb and Continues  trough Life&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.1 Violence against women through the life cycle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phase&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Type of violence&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pre birth&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Battering during pregnancy (emotional and physical effects on the ottoman) effects on birth outcome&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Infancy&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female infanticide: emotional and physical abuse&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Girl hood&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sexual abuse by family members and strangers: forced child prostitution&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adolescence&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dating and courtship violence: economically coerced sex: sexual abuse in the workplace: rape: farce prostitution and trafficking in women&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproductive&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coerced pregnancy: rape: abuse of women by male partners: down abuse and murder partner homicide psychological abuse sexual abuse of unmarried and childless women: abuse of women with disabilities&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Source: Heise 1993 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prospects for gainful employment. as well as the availability of basic social services such as water supply and sanitation. also influence women's well-being. The survival chances of female children in India appear to increase as the employment rate for women rises and the earnings differential between men and women decreases Battilan 1988 Dowry and marriage practices. along with household ownership of land are closely linked to women's chances of survival The effect of such practices cannot be over late. Sen's (1990) comparison of female-male mortality rates in China. India. and Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that more than 100 million women are &quot;missing&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public spending on social services affects the ability of individuals and households to benefit from their own private spending on human capital. In most industrial countries mortality rates decreased even before modern medical care became widely available, mainly because of improved water supplies and sanitation. The same is likely to hold for the developing world. Public interventions that address market under provision of water and sanitation facilities and shortages of health set-vices such as immunization and family planning-have a significant effect. and one that is probably greater for women than for men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of data makes it difficult to evaluate the effects of public spending on the educational attainment and health of women and men Very little empirical evidence in this area exists, but there is some indication that the proportion of public subsidies for education that benefits females is lower than the proportion that benefits males. In Kenya in 1992-93. for example. public spending on education amounted to the equivalent of an annual subsidy of 605 Kenyan shillings per capita: males received. on average. 670 shillings and females only 543 shillings. In Mexico the gender difference in public education subsidies was somewhat less: in Pakistan males received almost twice the female subsidy. Gender inequalities in the distribution of subsidies are greater at high than at primary levels. In Pakistan girls receive, on average. only 96 rupees a year for secondary school bag. compared with 58 rupees for boys. Box 2.2 explains how these figures are calculated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Supply-side differences are partly a function of poorly targeted resources (as. for example, when more is spent on tertiary than on primary schooling). More importantly. they reflect differences in household demand for education for girls and boys. If more girls attended anti stayed in school. the proportion of public subsidy going to girls would he greater.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In health care assessing the incidence of public spending by gender is particularly difficult because of the marked differences in the health needs of women and men. These differences are related to different biological re&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main advantage of this type of analysis is that it measures how well public  services are targeted to certain groups in the population, including women, the  poor, and residents of regions of interest.  Requirements anti to women's reproductive and childbearing roles. Some evidence suggests that because of these differences. per capita health cat-e subsidies to women are the same as and sometimes larger than those to men What is clearer is that women are less likely than men to seek health care. including in many countries. hospital care when it is netted and ate mote likely to consult a non medical health cat-e worker (lather than a qualified medical practitioner). Education tends to increase the likelihood that women will seek health care. whether public or  ace the likelihood that women will seek health care. whether public or private (World Bank 1994b). &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The importance of private and public investments in education and health services that will improve women's well-being is cleat. These services at-e also important for another season: these is important evidence that increases in women's well-being yield important intergenerational benefits and productivity gains in the future World Bank Living Standards Measure Study (LSMS) surveys car-tried out in Nicaragua (1993 Viet Nam 1993) Pakistan (1991), and Cote (1988) suggest that the probability of children being enrolled in school increases with their mother's educational level and that (controlling, for income and household size) girls. particularly those in non poor households. are mote likely to attend school if their mothers attended school. Other studies show that households with educated mothers lend to provide children with greater quantities of mote nutritious food often at a lower cost. than households with poorly educated mothers (Thomas 1990b)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Data from Brazil show that giving women more control over nonlabor income has a larger impact on child measures, nutritional intakes, and the proportion of the household budget devoted to human capital inputs than if men had control of this income (Thomas 1993) Other studies indicate that women spend proportionately mote of the income they control on health care for children than do men. Women also spend more on food products (as opposed to such goods as alcohol and tobacco) than men do (Duraiswamy 1992: Hoddinot and Haddad 1992) But fathers education is also important especially in interaction with mothers' education (Thomas 1990a) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other studies have shown that children's educational attainment is lowest in households whet-e the male head has no schooling In Ghana the impact of a mother's education on her children's schooling is reduced when  their father has no schooling. even after controlling for income and household size (Lavy 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Material health (which is linked to education) also has important intergenerational effects. Children of mothers who are malnourished or sickly or receive inadequate prenatal and delivery cat-e face a greater risk of disease and premature death. Iodine-deficient mothers run a greater risk of giving birth to infants with severe mental retardation and other congenital abnormalities than do healthy mothers. Reduced fertility and improved health for women can increase individual productivity and improve family well-being. When good health is combined with education and access to jobs. the result is higher rates of economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.6.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The link between the household and the labor market is particularly important. Specialization of labor within the household-whether individually chosen. socially determined. or legally induced-can accentuate gender inequalities in the formal and informal labor markets by leaving most of the unpaid work to women. This situation arises from convention rather than  from comparative advantage Inadequate public and community services.  transport. and housing also often have an uneven effect on the way men and women spend their time and can increase the demand for goods produced at home using unpaid labor (Moser 1994) Thus women may spend its much (or more time on unpaid work as on market work. In some countries this unpaid work contributes as much as one-third to the economy recorded GDP-and even mote to the welfare of poor families.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The amount of time women contribute to household production and maintenance, direct income generation. and family care combined is widely held to exceed that of men Analysis of data from Bangladesh. Botswana. Ghana. Kenya. Pakistan. the Philippines. and Zambia on how rural women spend their time confirms that, although use of time by women, and by different generations of women varies according to location. available technology. household characteristics. and cultural norms. gender bias in time use is widespread.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are generally responsible for collecting fuelwood and carrying water. Girls and alder women often do most of this work, although cultural norms in some countries affect women s mobility. The amount of time allocated to these activities is influenced by seasonal patterns of agricultural activity. the availability of substitute goods and services. and environmental changes. A study in Nepal, for instance, found that deforestation associated with a 75 percent rise in the time per trip would increase the time spent gathering fuelwood by 45 percent for all adults and by 50-60 percent for women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to fuel and water collection, child care is another activity that dominates women s time-although. considering the importance of children to future household welfare, the amount of direct time spent with children is limited. The seven-country study suggests that more time is spent on child cat-e in female-headed households. Female-headed households tend to have high dependency ratios and relatively large numbers of children, Implying more child-care time overall, but not necessarily on a per child basis. (Kumar and Hotchkiss 1988).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When a large proportion of women's use of time goes unrecorded the design of projects and policies can yield false evaluations of costs and benefits. For example, women's unpaid work may be assumed to have zero value. As a result, women's response to changing incentives may be predicted as being higher than their time constraints actually allow. Project benefits-such as the time saved by locating piped water close to homes or by expanding rural electrification-may also be undervalued. Conversely, the benefits of treeing up time may be far more significant than might have been thought. A study in Tanzania, for example. shows that relieving certain time constraints in a community of smallholder coffee and banana growers increases household cash incomes by 10 percent, labor productivity by 15 percent, and capital productivity by 44 percent (Tibaijuka 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.6.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unpaid work and family responsibilities. as well as lack of investment in women's education. are strongly associated with women's relatively low rates of participation and their limited earnings in formal sector labor. Women's participation rates usually dip in the childbearing years, and earnings tend to decline following an interruption in employment. Younger on average, work more hours than older women, and married women with young children tend to work less than childless women and mothers of grown children. The correlation of marriage and childbearing with labor market outcomes can be seen even in industrial countries, where wage differences between married women and men are larger than those between single women and men Similarly, in some developing countries relative earnings decline with age (table 2.2) Children are not the only treason for interruptions in women's labor force participation; caring for ill or aged family members is often a womanâs responsibility. A study from Hungary estimates that half of all absenteeism by women workers is the direct result of the need to care for sick relatives (Einhorn 1993).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Countries, Single Women Earn More Than Married Women and Younger Women More Than Older Women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.2 female-male earnings (adjusted for hours worked) by marital status and age (percent)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=345&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female-male&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Earnings ratio&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By marital status&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Married &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Single&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;69&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;91&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Austria&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;66&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;97&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Germany&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;103&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Norway&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;72&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;92&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sweden&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;72&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Switzerland&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;58&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;95&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;59&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;96&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Age&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 25 &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B 45&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;75&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;63&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;81&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;82&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;61&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;92&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: Blau and Kahn 1992 Sedlacek Gutierrez. and Mohindra 1993 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thus. women s labor market outcomes can be substantially poorer than those of men because women's employment opportunities are constrained by social arrangements at the family or household level. These social demands are reinforced by legal conventions. Within the labor market itself, social or employer discrimination can affect women and men differently. and these differences are reflected in the resource allocation decisions taken within the household. Although wage discrimination is illegal in many countries, employers may respond to an increase in the supply of workers by segregating jobs by gender or offering less training to women who they perceive as being temporarily attached to the labor force (even if in fact most women never drop out). For example, women in the former Soviet Union are fairly well educated and have high labor force participation. but they are concentrated in occupations requiring fewer skills and less vocational training than men, and, on average. they earn less than men (Fong 1993).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female Wages Are Lower than Male Wages, but This Is Changing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.3 female-male earnings ratio over time Female-male earning 1 ratio (percent) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=496&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First observation&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;25%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second observation&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A v Average annual percentage change&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1981) &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;51.6&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1990)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;67.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1984)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70 2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1990)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CÃŽte d'Ivoire&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;75.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1985)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;81.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1988)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;55.6&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1986)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1997)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.3&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70.9&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1978)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;80.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1988)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;73.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1980)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;79.8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1990)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note: Monthly earnings for Indonesia and Thailand rural and urban: for all others urban only&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Source: Tzanntors 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women's earnings relative to men's tend to increase over time. A study of six developing countries shows that female earnings relative to male earnings increased by 1 percent a year in the 1980s (table 2.3). There were two reasons for this increase: over the years women entered higher-paying sectors. and within sectors, their pay increased in relation to that of men. This gain would have been even greater had it not been for the effect on wages of increased female participation in the labor force. However, the most visible dimension of gender inequality in the formal labor sector remains the wage difference between men and women. Women's wages are. on average lower those of men by about 30 to 40 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social or employer discrimination can affect women and men difference and these difference are reflected i/? the resource allocation decisions taken within the household&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A recent study of the gender wage gap in Russia shows that after controlling for education differences, the ratio of women's to men's average hourly earnings stands at just over 71 percent: it has remained at that level since the 1960s. Part of the reason for women s lower hourly earnings in Russia and many other countries lies in patterns of occupational segmentation by ,gender. Some analysts argue that women-who do most of the household work in Russian households and also have high participation in the formal labor market cope with the burdens imposed on them by taking less demanding work and devoting less time to advancing their careers (Newell and Reilly 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.6.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One difficulty analysts face in interpreting trends in women's labor force participation and employment in developing economies is the large number of women engaged in informal sector activities, many of which overlap with subsistence - orientated household or community-based activities. Informal sector employment in most developing countries. whether in microentreprises or in casual work, is an important source of livelihood for women and their households.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The L competitiveness of women's informal sector activities is  constrained by women's limited mobility and lack of access to financial and public sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A recent study in Mexico estimates that 41 percent of the work force in Mexico's major-cities is employed in the informal sector (World Bank 1995c). Data from a 1989 survey show that 60 percent of men working in the sector are salaried workers' compared with only 18 percent of women. By contrast. 80 percent of women working in the sector are unpaid family members, as against 27 percent of men. By far the most common activity in the informal sector is commerce (fixed-location or itinerant), followed by repair works food preparation. and sales, and small-scale manufacturing. The sectoral distribution of informal employment reflects the hey role informal workers play in supplying goods and services to low-income consumers. Women tend to be concentrated in commerce and men in services and manufacturing, although the percentage differences are relatively small. Two generalizations can be made on the basis of this study: informal sector workers earn less than workers in large firms and women earn less than men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another recent study of tour communities in Lusaka. Guayaquil (Ecuador), Metro Manila, and Budapest shows that informal sector activities ate especially important for during periods of economic reform Although the numbers both of men and of women in the labor force tend to increase during these times women rely more on the informal sector than men clot The competitiveness of womenâs informal sector activities is informal by women's limited mobility and lack of access to financial and public services. Women also tend to specialize in non traded goods and services that show relatively low average returns to labor. Across the tour cities in the study, women earn between 46 and 68 percent of men's wages (Moser 1994)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ability of informal sector workers to increase their returns depends on access to physical and human capital and their relationship to the institutional and regulatory environment. Contrary to the common belief, many microenterprises face considerable costs associated with the regulatory environment, including registration and licensing fees, as well as outlays for contracts with public authorities concerning zoning regulations and use of public utilities. In Argentina regulatory costs are estimated to absorb as much as 21 percent of the average microfirm's operational expenses. In some sectors, such as manufacturing and construction, the costs of regulation are about 44 percent (World Bank 1994d). In Mexico real regulatory costs. including the costs of compliance and evasion, are about 20 percent of total costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regulatory costs also inhibit Job creation in the informal sector. In Argentina across-the-board deregulation could generate as many as 170,000 jobs in small-scale manufacturing alone. Furthermore. poor workers in family-based firms or micro enterprises and particularly women entrepreneurs-often lack access to such basics as water and power. Targeting infrastructure investments to the poor, which takes account of the needs of women entrepreneurs s. can significantly enhance their productivity and earnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In rural area where formal markets often are not well developed. informal employment activities play a vital role. In Asia the proportion of female rural wage laborers increased sharply in the 1960s and 1970s. In India women make up a larger proportion of rural wage laborers than of the entire labor force, probably because of growing landlines and poverty among rural households. Rural household labor accounts for a disproportionately large share of employment among the poor and an even larger share among women. Furthermore, a larger proportion of female than male laborers are hired on a casual basis, largely because family arrangements, especially lack of control over property, limit women's ability to work (Hart 1986: Bardhan 1993). Low status in the labor market is also linked to low female indicators in education, health, and nutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Providing credit directly to women has a positive effect on  household and individual welfare and improved gender equality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social norms affecting decisions within the family about occupational choices or migration can also lead to differential patterns of male and female earnings in informal markets (Bhiswanger and Rosenzweig 1984). Family responsibilities hinder women's geographic mobility, constraining their ability to command high wages and limiting them to certain areas or industries. The concentration of women in certain sectors, especially nontraded goods and set-vices. intensifies competition between women entrepreneurs and wage workers and lowers the returns to female labor. These effects are compounded by women's lack of access to credit. training, and technology.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(fender Inequality in Access to Assets and Services )&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.6.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The availability of financial services and access to them are considered important for several reasons. First. savings provide a kind of self-insurance. Second, credit helps households maintain a certain level of consumption at those times when their income fluctuates temporarily. Third, credit can be used to fund investments in capital or other inputs that will yield relatively high returns to production. if households cannot finance such investments from their own savings. A fourth and no less important reason is the role of savings and credit in increasing household members' options outside the home.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inequalities between women and men in access to financial services- particularly credit--are widely documented. Collateral requirements, high transaction costs. limited mobility and education, and other social and cultural barriers contribute to women's inability to obtain credit (Holt and Ribe 1991). The implications tot household efficiency and individual well-being differ, however, depending on whether the household pools its financial resources. If, as the unitary household model assumes. a household pools its resources the characteristics of individual borrowers are less important than if there is little or no pooling. In the first case. credit resources will be used to meet household needs that have been jointly determined, regardless of who the borrower is. In the second case, the use credit is put to and the needs it then satisfies depend on which household member is borrowing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A recent study of credit programs in Bangladesh sponsored by the World Bank shows that providing credit directly to women has a positive effect on variables typically associated with household and individual welfare and improved gender equality (Pitt and Khandker 1995). The study looks at three programs in Bangladesh: the Grameen Bank. the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), and the Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB). in 1992, women accounted for 94 percent of Grameen Bank members. 82 percent of BRAC members. and 68 percent of BRDB members (Khandker and Khalily 1995; Khandker, Lavy, and Filmer 1994). Only the results for the Grameen Bank are presented here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.4 presents the impact of credit obtained by women and men on a variety of social and economic indicators. The results show a clear and positive impact of both male and female borrowing on all indicators of Toward gender equality family welfare especially through an increase in per capita expenditures increases in both boys' and girls schooling, anti a reduction in fertility. Females borrowing has a greater effect on girls' schooling anti per capita expenditure than does male loot-rowing: male borrowing has a greater effect on boys' schooling and fertility than does female borrowing. Interestingly. female borrowing also results in mote female ownership of nonoland assets and an increased supply of female labor to cash - income -earning activities (Pitt and Khandker 1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loans to Women and Men Have Important Welfare Implications.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2 4 welfare effects of Grameen Bank loans (percentage increase)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=545&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Welfare e change&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effect of male borrowing&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effect female borrowing&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in boys' schooling&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6.1&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in girls schooling&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in per capital expenditure&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4.3&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reduction in recent fertility&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in women's labor supply to cash-income earning activities&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;10.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in women nonland assents&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;19.9 &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The introduction of programs such as the Grameen Bank in a village has a positive effect on agricultural and nonagricultural production (Khatidketati Chowdhuty 1994: Rahman and Khandke 1994 The probability that women will be self-employed rather than work for wages increases by 52 percent. The latter finding is important because much of the wage employment open to women in rural areas is very poorly remunerated and can be quite exploitative. Self employment can bring the opportunity of higher returns for women, plus the freedom to integrate their earning activities into other work as they see fit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Access to financial services alone cannot reduce gender inequalities in the allocation of household resources. A qualitative study reviewing several targeted credit programs in Bangladesh cautions against overgeneralizing about the benefits of giving women access to credit. The study finds that it is difficult to infer that increased borrowing alone improves women's bargaining power because in many rural Bangladesh households the question of who controls the resources is quite complex (Goetz and Sen Gupta 1994). Nevertheless. the possibility of receiving credit (or similarly of working for wages) may give women greater bargaining power within the household. This bargaining power can be used to improve child health and nutrition and may increase the likelihood that children will attend school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.6.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ownership of land and the distributions of land rights influence the productivity of labor and capital resources and the incentive to invest in resource management Private property rights. in particular. are associated with increased access to product and factor markets. especially credit markets. and to public services such as public utilities and agricultural extension. However. relatively little direct evidence exists to link independent owner of land by women with increased access and productivity. One obstacle to empirical work is that women s access to land and property is often mediated trough marriage (A married woman land rights are frequently limited to use rather than ownership.) Future more. complex systems of land tenure make it difficult to generalize about the effects of owner ship on productivity. None some evidence suggests that independent land rights for women could enhance both the efficiency with which resources are used and the well-being of women and their households: (Agarwal 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The possibility of receiving credit may give e women   greater bargaining power within the  household which  can be used to improve child health and nutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While independent land rights may increase efficiency and household welfare, lack of secure land  appears to be associated with low investments by women in land conservation. In Zimbabwe's communal areas, land that a women acquires is often allocated to her only temporarily: for example, the location of land allotment received from husbands or borrowed from neighbors is usually subject to periodic change (Jackson 1993). The same is true in parts of West Africa (David 1992 Jackson 1994). Uncertainly about the permanence of their control over the land means that women may be reluctant to invest in improvements that will benefit the landowner rather than the user.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A significant trend in recent decades in developing countries has been the move toward private ownership In some countries this trend has been encoulagecl by reforms dealing with land redistribution tenancy or land titling Such reforms are considered important for promoting long-term investments and the adoption of the latest technology They also provide the collateral people need to gain access to credit and other factor markets Ironically, evidence also suggests that perform inequalities in male and female land rights are reinforced by land reform programs For example, in Latin America most reforms are based on the premise that the man of the household its the household head. This presumption means that women (except for widows  and ownership. Even where women and men benefit equally from land reform differences exist between nominal and real land rights (see box 2.3).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the central part of European Russia and in Moldova the lands and assets of state and collective farms are being parceled out in allotments as part of wider economic reforms. Every person who lived and worked on a collective farm receives a share of the land Data show that although on average, women have received a slightly higher proportion of land shares than men, the nonland capital assets of the old farms ale being distributed as property shares on the basis of a formula heavily weighted toward an individual's wage rate and years of employment. Such criteria favor men over women and give men more valuable property chares. Dividends paid on these property shares also tend to be higher than those paid 011 land shares Holt 1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Land reform programs that fail to account for gender differences in rights&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 2.3 who gets access to land? Honduras and Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honduras' Agrarian Modernization Law of 1974 includes a provision giving men age 16 or older the right to access to land, independent of any other qualification. For women. however, this right is restricted to unmarried mothers or widows with dependent children. Furthermore. if a male beneficiary dies or becomes incapacitated. the law gives preference in inheritance rights to a male child over the child's legally married mother. Some 30 percent of rural Honduran households are headed by women at least part time because of the seasonal migration of men to look for work (Saito and Spurling 1992). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the northwest and southwest provinces of Cameroon. an estimated 50 percent or more of those who claimed land within the first ten years of land registration (1974-85) were classified as public servants. Over 32 percent of all the remaining land titles went to businesses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women make up more than 51 percent of Cameroon s population and do more than 75 percent of the agricultural work. but they are virtually absent from land registers. Only 3.2 percent of all land titles issued in the Northwest Province were given to women; in the Southwest Province the figure was 7.2 percent. For the country as a whole. it is estimated that women obtained under 10 percent of all land certificates (World Bank 1995a).  to own. use, and transfer land may actually exacerbate the insecurity of women's land claims and. as a result, harm household welfare. For example, there is evidence that land titling focused on male household heads has adversely affected women's ability to farm independently. Moreover. intrahousehold inequalities in income and decisionmaking have increased (FAO 1993) In Africa some titling programs have allowed men to take advantage of their control over land to redesignate land formerly cultivated by women as household land. This switch provided the opportunity for men to increase the amount of work they expect from women on household plots. In other cases women have received smaller and less fertile plots than they had before for their personal crops (FAO 1993).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recognizing women's independent claims to land is therefore an important issue in property reform. In poor households. having rights to land could alleviate both women's own poverty and the household's risk of remaining poor. The season is mainly that women s access to economic resources has a positive effect on household welfare (Agarwal 1994). From the point of view of efficiency, secret land tenure increases the incentive to manage resources efficiently and expands access to formal credit markets. Because secure land tenure can mean greater productivity, it may also increase the household's incentives to invest in women's human capital.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.6.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agricultural extension services provide information training and technology to agricultural producers. Extension services have always been regarded as necessary for agricultural modernization. Given the importance of women's labor to agriculture in most regions, providing women with access to agricultural extension services is essential for current and future productivity. Types of agricultural extension services vary, hut in most countries publicly provided services dominate. Evidence suggests that women have not benefited as much as men have from publicly provided extension services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the importance of women's labor to agriculture it is in most regions providing women with access to agricultural extension services is essential for current  and future of productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A review of five African countries shows that extension agents are most likely to visit male farmers than female farmers (table 2.5) The impact of this inequity on female productivity depends in part on whether women and men within households pool information. There is, however. little evidence to suggest that this happens (see box 2.4). It is important to ensure that extension services reach omen directly, not only to redress gender inequalities but also to maximize productive efficiency. omen play a critical role in production of food and cash crops for the household. in postharvest activities. and in livestock care Men and omen perform different tasks they can substitute for one another only to a limited extent. and this imitation creates different demands for extension information Also, as men leave farms in search of paid employment ill urban areas. women are increasingly managing and operating farms on a regular and full-time basis. Hence. omen are becoming a constituency for extension and research services in their own right (World Bank 1994e)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.5 visits by agricultural extension agents (percentage of households visited)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=439&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country and year&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Households with female head&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Households with male head&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya. 1989&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;112&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi, 1989&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;58&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria 1989&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;37&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;22&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania, 1984&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;40&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;20&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;4%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;33%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1982&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;29&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;4%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;33%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1986&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;19&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 2.4 do women farmers learn from their husbands?&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of women farmers in Burkina Faso found that 40 percent had some knowledge of modern crop and livestock production technologies. For most of these women, relatives and friends were the source of information; nearly one-third had acquired their knowledge from the extension service, and only 1 percent had heard of the technologies from their husbands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Men are less likely to pass information on to their wives when crops and tasks are gender specific. In Malawi women claimed that their husbands rarely passed on advice to them: if their husbands did tell them something. the women did not find it relevant to their needs. In India women learned from friends, relatives. neighbors. and sometimes from their husbands. but this second-hand information seldom changed their production patterns (Saito and Spurling 1992). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The expansion of agricultural services beyond the public sector is a growing phenomenon in developing economies. The inadequacies of public funding plus the need to provide snore client-oriented services, suggest that the private sector has an important role to play However, women's limited access to land and credit put the many potential benefits offered by extension services out of reach. For example in Kenya's Meru and Maranga areas more than half the women surveyed cited a shortage of cash as their reason for not adopting, technologies that would maximize their output and increase their efficiency. The amount of education omen receive and the efficiency with which they run their farms are also closely linked This tie is particularly significant in light of the fact that one purpose of extension services is to advise farmers on use of modern technology.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three studies of Kenya found that the gender of the farm manager was, by itself. an insignification factor in output per hectare but that the manager's educational level had a significant effect on farm productivity (Moock 1976: Saito and Spurling 1992: Bindlish and Evenson 1993). Simulations based on these studies suggest that significant gains could accrue to increased investment in women's physical and human capital. As the data in table 2.6 show, if women and men shared the same educational characteristics and input levels. farm-specific yields would increase between 7 and 22 percent. Giving women primary schooling, by itself. would increase yields by 24 percent. Thus under investment in women's education limits growth of agricultural productivity. Well-targeted extension services can help to narrow the differences in productivity that arise from educational inequalities (Schultz 1988)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing Human Capital and Input Levels Would Increase tile Yield for Women Farmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.6 effects of increasing women farmers' human capital and input levels Increase  yields&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy experiment &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(percent)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maize farmers Kenya, 1976&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving female farmers sample mean characteristics and input levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving female farmer s men's education and input levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving women primary schooling&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;24&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food maize (maize beans and cow pears) farmers&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving female farmer men's education and input levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of increasing land area to male farmers' levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;10.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of increasing fertilizer to male farmers' levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.6&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.6.10" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Analysts must look beyond market outcomes to identity the sources of persistent inequality between women and men. The search must focus on the household and its role in the formation of present and future human capital and on institutions beyond the household that reinforce and perpetuate gender inequalities. Gender inequalities within the household affect market outcomes, and these feed back; into household decisionmaking. This process is reinforced by inequalities in access to assets and services beyond the household. Improving the relative status of women within the household and increasing their access to assets and services will increase the returns to investment in human resources and improve the prospects for sustainable economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We must look for that which we have been trained not to see  Ann Scales, Yale Law Journal 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As CHAPTER 2 has shown underivesting in girls and women is inefficient for society as a whole. Correcting for past underinvestment will require a &quot;genders&quot; approach to public policy. How this can be concretely achieved is the topic of this chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Laws form tile functional framework of the economy and of civil society. Equality in the legal treatment of men and women creates the legitimacy policymakers need to seek change. Legal and regulatory provisions that discriminate against women-that. for example bar married women from seeking employment or prevent women from holding legal title to land-perpetuate gender inequalities and severely restrict women's ability to participate fully in social and economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modifying the legal framework to  eliminate discrimination and equalize opportunities for women and men is an important goal for public policy at the national and international levels. A supportive legal environment is also vital for other aspects of public policy that have a direct bearing on the opportunities available to women. such as regulations affecting the formal and informal sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four areas of the law are particularly important for equalizing the opportunities available to men and women: land and property rights; labor market policies and employment law: family law: and financial laws and regulations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policymakers should ensure that women and men are treated equally in the public allocation of land. Eligibility for land reform programs, for example. should not discriminate against women's perform claims whether the women are heads of households or members of households headed by men. When communities have been resettled or when a project allocates land to participating producers, women should have the same rights to land as men For refugee and displaced women returning to their homelands. often as de facto heads of households. need fair and equal treatment to allow them to establish a Farming or enterprise base as soon as possible. Whet-e land is in short supply, it may be necessary to recognize the land rights of certain groups, as well as their individual rights. The Indian National Sericulture Project is an example; it has leased land to women's groups and promoted women's access to land under state land-grant schemes (Quisumbilig 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some countries have enacted legislation to ensure gender equality in property and contractual rights. Under China's Law of Succession, for example males and females have equal rights to inheritance. Complementary measures are needed to ensure that women know their rights. Such measures include legal programs and campaigns to make judges and administrators sensitive to gender issues in the area of property rights (see box 2.1)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Discriminatory labor market policies and employment laws are widespread: examples are bans on hiring married women and restrictions on the type of work pregnant women may pet-form. Labor laws may also restrict female participation in jobs and deny women access to work settings. Even legislation that seeks to promote equal opportunity can have outcomes tot women workers. For example, generous maternity and child-care benefits tot women workers may make hiring women relatively mote costly than hiring men. perpetuating the gender wage gap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main issue for public policy its to ensure that fair and equal employment laws exist and are enforced.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.1 some NGO efforts to promote women's legal literacy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schuler and Kadirgamar - Rajasingham (1992) describe innovative approaches by  non governmental organizations to provide women with useful legal knowledge and tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action (CAFRA) has launched &quot;women and the law&quot; projects in five English-speaking Caribbean countries. Using a participatory methodology. the projects aim to create awareness of the law. provide women with legal information that will be useful to them in their daily lives, identify specific areas for action, and influence overall legislative policy. The projects develop educational materials for legal literacy and offer topic specific paralegal training for women's organizations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The legal literacy program of the Ugandan Women Lawyers' Association (FDA-Uganda) conducts legal literacy campaigns on specified dates each month in different districts. Pairs of FIDA volunteers conduct sessions, using role playing and discussions, on legal topics of relevance to women's lives and provide advice on contacting the FIDA legal clinic for advice and representation. In addition, FIDA and Action for Development broadcast regular radio and television programs on women and the law and publish pamphlets on legal issues of interest to women. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In India the Self - Employed Women's Association (SEWA) holds worker education meetings to provide members with legal information and offers one day training sessions on specialized legal information for community leaders. Members of SEWA paralegal staff research cases, prepare briefs, and argue all cases in labor courts for members. SEWA'S legal literacy efforts are part of its overall strategy of action for supporting self-employed women and women in the informal sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard. the main issue for public policy is to ensure that fair and equal employment laws exist and are enforced. Such laws should cover employment and employment-related benefits and should not be applied in a way that restricts women's access to the labor market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many countries women are protected by special standards in the workplace. These safeguards are of two types. The first includes measures intended to end discrimination in the labor market by requiring equal pay for work of equal value or by prohibiting the exclusion of workers from certain jobs because of gender. The second type protects women in their role as mottles by requiring employers to pay the full cost of maternity leave and provide childcare facilities. restricting night work, and limiting work categorized as dangerous or hazardous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first type of labor standard is often difficult to enforce. although nearly 120 countries have enacted equal opportunity laws. In most cases the law is in place but is not enforced. Furthermore. it often applies only to the formal sector of the labor market. leaving large number of women in the informal sector with little protection. More concerted public and private action is required to devise appropriate for enforcement. In additions complementary measures are needed to increase womenâs chances of entering the labor force. Such measures would include mote met-it-based hiring of women in the public sector and the creation of an appropriate regulatory framework that encourages the establishment of day-care centers private nursery schools. and kindergartens for the children of workers in both the formal and informal sectors. (Box 3.2 describes a day-care projects in Bolivia)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many countries have laws that limit night work. over theme and the use of heavy machinery by women. While well intentioned. these laws. too. can reduce women's employment options by raising the employer's cost of hiring women and perpetuating the notion that women workers are less flexible than male workers. This adverse result occurs because women already tend to have lower levels of capital than men and are limited by traditional notions of what womenâs work. Devising effective protective legislation for women is thus a difficult balancing act.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effective laws to protect women must honor the fine line between ensuring sate working conditions for all workers, including women in the informal sector. and providing equal opportunities for all workers seeking employment. Standards relating to maternity leave and child-care benefits are common in the formal sector. To ensure that such standards do not raise the costs of female labor unnecessarily employment legislation should avoid having employers pay benefits directly. Maternity benefits should be funded through general revenue taxes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.2 day-care center in Bolivia to enhance the status of women by increasing their employment opportunities in other Latin American countries, and their knowledge of women in Bolivia are over represented , health, and nutrition. The project among the poor, and many live in will establish day-care centers to proficult circumstances. They are twice vice non formal,  home-based, integrals likely as men to be illiterate, their child development for children unaccess to child care is limited, they the age of 6 in thirty-four poor subject to discrimination in hiring ban and purebred areas. Women and wages, and they are restricted benefit from the project either as by law from engaging in certain procure givers employed at the minimum ductive activities. wage or as clients of the centers. The Integrated Child Development children in day care gives women Project, financed by a credit from the more time to search for jobs or to in World Bank's International Development their current situations (Winkler opponent Association designed and Guedes 1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Or social security systems rather than by direct contributions from individual employers. In Eastern Europe and Latin America, however, this method of funding benefits has imposed a significant cost on the treasury, raising the question of how much should be paid and for how long.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One way of addressing this issue is for governments to encourage women and men to share the responsibility for childrearing by adopting legislation allowing either parent to qualify for the leave and benefits associated with having a child (Folbre 1994). Such legislation can be supported by changes in the tax system to ensure equal treatment of workers within the household and a margin tax rate on the earnings of additional workers in the household low enough to avoid creating a disincentive to women's participation in the labor force (Mac Donald 1994). These tax changes can be complemented by legislation that encourages absent to pay child support. Such laws are in place in many Latin American and Caribbean countries. but none systematically monitors transfers (Folbre 1994). Greater efforts to enforce the law are needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender inequality in family law can worsen women's bargaining position within and outside the household and affect household welfare and efficiency. As noted in chapter women's bargaining position in relation to Household resource allocation is often a key factor in determining the wellbeing of household members. particularly children. Reforms of family law can enhance women's economic and social opportunities while still respecting cultural norms. For instance the minim age of marriage for women  should be set high enough so that girls can complete secondary schooling: this would help lower fertility rates. (Allowing for exceptions such as parent consent negates the potential fertility benefit.) Marriage contracts should include stipulations guaranteeing the wife's rights. especially on separation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legal and policy measures can have a direct bearing on the health of women. The law and its enforcement are essential for combating domestic violence against women. If the laws on violence against women are to be enforced, women need to be made aware of the legal recourse available to them and the judiciary and police need to be sensitized to the existence and&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.3 innovative approaches to combating gender violence&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil's women-only police stations are an innovative approach to the problem of violence against women. They have been so successful that other countries-including Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Peru, and Uruguay-have emulated them. The police stations have made it easier for women to report gender based crimes of violence, and, with that experience, women are now demanding more support from the police, such as legal counseling and advice. Despite the program's success, the number of convictions for gender-based crimes has not increased, largely because similar innovations have not been made in the  judicial system (Heise, Pitanguy, and Germain 1994). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Zimbabwe the Mussasa project provides support and counseling to abused women and sensitizes police and prosecutors to the issues of domestic violence and rape. To ensure the credibility and acceptability of the training, legal professionals are involved in the program. One branch of the criminal justice system-the police department, for example-often hosts training for another, such as prosecutors (Stewart 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Costa Rica El Instituto Legal de las Naciones Unidas y Desarrollo runs gender sensitization training for prosecutors, judges, lawyers, and other professionals who deal with crimes of violence against women (Heise, Pitanguy, and Germain 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Implication of violence against women. Affirmative action policies can increase the number of women police officers lawyers, and judges. Trading police, lawyers, and judges can increase their gender sensitivity. making the legal system more responsive to women's needs. Legal literacy efforts can make women aware of their rights and show them how to use these rights to mobilize for change. Some approaches to dealing with domestic violence are illustrated in box 3.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Access to credit is vital for women, allowing them to manage fluctuations in income and expenditures and to expand their businesses. As we saw in the preceding chapters, credit can be an important source of economic empowerment for women within the household. But in many countries. underdeveloped financial markets, controlled interest rates, and overly rigid backings regulations have led to systems of credit that tend to shut out the pool. many of whom are women If financial institutions are to lend to those unable to obtain credit in the current environment. interest rates must be liberalized. Positive interest rates have important effects on informational money markets, which tend to be more exploitative when formal sector credit is rationed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Changes in the laws governing access to credit are also vital because women's business profiles often differ from men's. Compared with men. women are more likely to work in low-risk small, and home-based businesses (Rhyne and Holt 1994). This situation creates a demand for small loans that can be obtained without formal, legally secured collateral and that offer relatively flexible repayment terms. Legislation that encourages broad access to financial institutions can increase the availability of these types of loans. but legal changes may also be needed to extend the range of acceptable collateral.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many countries the regulatory framework contains provisions that are especially punitive to small firms. This adds an additional constraint on women, whose businesses are concentrated at the small end of the size The deregulation of the microentreprise sector would remove implicit disincentives to small-film activity and would relieve some of these Such action would enhance women entrepreneurs' prospects of benefiting from training or credit programs targeted to the microentreprise sector (World Bank 1994d. 1995c).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Redirecting Public Policies and Expenditure to Promote (tender Equality)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is unlikely that legal reform by itself will be sufficient to ensure that women and men ate treated equally. Further public action may be required to guarantee that gentler-neutral laws are enforced at both national and local levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many developing countries are implementing important policy and institutional reforms to address changing economic conditions on both the domestic and international fronts. These reforms are often supported by international financial institutions and bilateral donors. The pace of reform has varied across countries Those countries that have implemented reforms early on, carried them out consistently, and received adequate financial support have generally enjoyed faster and stronger economic growth than count ties that have undertaken reforms too slowly, too intermittently, or not at all. Where implementation has been slow or the government's commitment weak, economic distortions have tended to multiply and economic trowels to slow. limiting the government's ability to invest in physical and human capital for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often the poorest groups in society that stand to lose the most from economic distortions. High and rising inflation places a disproportionate tax burden on the poor including low-paid wage workers and those with fixed incomes. For this and other reasons, inflation tends to hit women harder than men. An overvalued currency is also regressive; it keeps the price of goods artificially low. crowding out many locally produced goods. Women's businesses. which ate often concentrated in the informal sector, can be particularly vulnerable to competitions from cheap snorts. An overvalued currency reduces international competitiveness. limiting the availability of foreign exchange for domestic entrepreneurs and constraining business expansion and employment creation. A firm commitment to policy refortify is therefore essential to economic growth and sustainable initiatives for alleviating poverty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such reforms generally include two kinds of necessary policies. The first emphasizes macroeconomic stability and the removal of price distortions: the second promotes labor-demanding growth in agriculture and industry and better. mote accessible basic social services. mightily in education, health care and water supply. Macroeconomic stability can be achieved by reducing large current account and government budget deficits and by curtailing excessive money and credit expansion. Correct pricing of foreign exchange and of domestic goods and services facilitates trade and investment and promotes growth Reforms of trade and price incentives encourage job creation and higher earnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In shots. broadly based economic reforms benefit the poor, as the experiences of diverse countries have shown. Data from the LSMS and similar studies confirm that in Costa Rica, Ethiopia. Than Indonesia, Peru, the Philippines, and Tanzania, declines in poverty rates have accompanied economic reforms. Because of underlying gender inequalities, reductions in poverty do not necessarily improve the economic status of women. Nonetheless. although empirical evidence on changes in women's welfare following reforms is scarce, data from the Philippines suggest that for women. economic reform is by improvements in social indicators and important employment gains (box 3.4). An analysis of household data from Peru indicates that reforms there have not only led to renewed growth and reduced poverty but have also improved the status of female-headed households (box 3.5).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their seminal role in encouraging sustainable. long-term growth. some economic reforms involve transitional costs. for two reasons: the need to implement radical shifts in government policy, and the lag. perhaps of years, between acceleration of economic growth and the realization of the âŠ&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.4 social progress and labor force gains for women in the Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Philippines began implementing economic reforms in the early 1980s. While political turmoil and some policy slippage have weakened GDP growth over the period and led to the need for further reforms, quality of life indicators have improved during adjustment. For example, by 1990 the incidence of absolute poverty had declined by about one-third (to approximately 20 percent of the population). Maternal and infant mortality rates also declined over the period: in 1980 the infant mortality rate was 52 per 1,000 live births, but by 1990 it had fallen to 41 per 1,000 births (Johansen 1993). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The percentage of the population with access to safe drinking water increased between 1980 and 1990, from 65 to 93 percent of the urban population and from 43 to 72 percent of the rural population. The figures for sanitation services showed the same increase, climbing from 81 percent with access in 1980 to 98 per  cent in 1990 among urban dwellers and from 67 to 85 percent among those in rural areas. Secondary school enrollment rates for boys and girls also showed gains. Girls and boys have traditionally reached similar educational levels in the Philippines, a trend that contributed to women's gains in the labor market during adjustment in the 1980s. While labor force participation rates for men rose only slightly, the rates for women increased dramatically, from 23 to 37 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, women's wages as a percentage of men's grew from 71 to 80 percent between 1978 and 1988 (Tzannatos 1995). A recent study of a low-income community in Manila found that in some private sector jobs women earn more than men, reflecting in part the high educational level among women in the sector. Earnings in the informal sector are generally low for both women and men. although some women have been so successful in their informal sector businesses that their spouses have opted to leave low-paying jobs in the formal sector to participate in their wives enterprises (Moser 1994).  benefits of growth by large segments of the population. The short-term costs can include increases in food prices as subsidies are removed temporary restrictions on credit to control monetary expansion, and cuts in public spending as governments attempt to control budget deficits and reorient spending toward the most important public services. Moreover, inequalities in access to and control over resources and in entry into markets hamper some groups in taking advantage of the opportunities created by economic reform For example, people who are unable to acquire new skills may remain for some thee. Gender inequalities in access to and control over land in rural areas can keep women farmers from taking advantage of changes in the relative prices of tradable and non tradable crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.5 macroeconomic reform and improved living standards in Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Between 1985 and 1990 Peru's economic regime was marked by expansionary monetary and fiscal policies and high levels of government intervention in most areas of the economy. Although these policies led to an initial period of growth, the approach proved unsustainable: by late 1987 growth had given way to hyperinflation and deep recession. During 1988-90 real GDP dropped by an average of 8 percent a year. Real wages and consumption expenditure also fell sharply as inflation soared to 7,600 percent a year in 1990.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1990 the new government of President Alberto Fujimori introduced macroeconomic reform measures designed to stabilize the economy, reduce fiscal deficits and inflation, increase market efficiency, and improve the country's competitiveness. Under this reform program inflation declined dramatically, falling to 57 percent in 1992 and to 17 percent in 1994. Real GDP grew by about 20 percent between 1991 and 1994, while real per capita consumption expenditure grew by more than 18.5 percent. LSMS data show that poverty declined by 11 percent-from 55 percent of the population in 1991 to 49 percent in 1994. Although the country experienced a brief contractionary period following the introduction of reform measures, household data from Lima for 1990, 1991, and 1994 indicate that in 1994 per capita expenditure was well above, and the incidence of poverty well below, 1990 levels. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improvements in living standards have been widespread, and the largest gains have been made in some of the country's poorest regions, such as the urban and rural sierra (mountain areas). In most parts of the country, increases in per capita expenditure among households headed by women have been above the national average. In the urban and rural sierra, for example. consumption expenditure by these households increased by 47.7 and 44.8 percent. respectively-figures that compare favorably with increases in per capita expenditure among households headed by men (35 and 28 percent for the same regions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although both women and men are expected to gain from economic reform in the long run. gender inequalities at the household and market levels can mean that the benefits of reform reach women, especially poor women. only slowly. Reforms must incorporate measures aimed at counter acting shot-term transitional costs. Among the most important are safety nets specifically targeted to vulnerable groups. For example, in fiscal 1994 seventeen of the twenty-three reform programs supported by the World Bank included components aimed specifically at reducing poverty: fourteen of them targeted programs or safety net measures such as labor-intensive public works projects. targeted and social assistance programs, and unemployment and social security schemes (see box 3.6).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.6 food coupons improve nutrition in Honduras&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The food coupon program in Honduras, part of a social safety net supported by the World Bank and financed by IDA and other donors, was put in place in 1990 to protect the country's most vulnerable people during economic reforms. Starting with about 182,000 participants, by 1994 the program had expanded its coverage to 345.000 of the estimated 430,000 children at risk of malnutrition. The effort also supports nutrition education for health workers, community groups, and mothers. Because coupons are used instead of food. the government saves some 30 percent over traditional food distribution costs, and the beneficiaries are able to choose the food  they will consume. Beginning in 1995, an adjustment for inflation will maintain the value of the coupons, enabling participants to satisfy a constant proportion of their food needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project also supports the development and implementation of a long-term nutrition assistance strategy for Honduras. Although attempting to measure changes in malnutrition is difficult in the short term, there have already been noticeable benefits. Between 1990 and 1993 the number of first-graders with severe or moderate malnutrition dropped by 4 percent. Organizers are now trying to graduate women participants from the program by offering training in basic skills such as food processing and helping them find assembly work in local factories (World Bank 1995b). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, safety nets are not a substitute for a mote integrated approach to economic and social policy that includes appropriate levels of harvest in social services and infrastructure. Recognizing this fact, governments and donors are increasingly incorporating into their reform packages antipoverty initiatives and measures to reduce gender inequality. In Pakistan, for example, the FIDA-financed Public Sector Adjustment. Program provides much needed the financial support for the balance of payments account and reinforces the emphasis on government investment in the social sectors. The program promotes increased access to and improvements in basic education. health. and water supply services that benefit girls and rural areas. It also supports a shift it government education and health spending toward the primary level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fiscal 1994 twelve of twenty-three World Bank economic reform pro emphasized the restructuring public expenditure, primarily to and increase spending on education. health care, and other areas important to poverty reduction such as water supply and sanitation. The Burkina Faso reform program is typical; it supports an increase in the total budgeted amounts for primary education and health services, which are particularly beneficial to the poor and to women. Uganda s program seeks to protect and enhance public expenditures for basic social services. including water supply primary health care and primary education. In the long term, the reform of public spending-especially in the social sectors, physical infrastructure and agricultural research and extension-promises significant benefits) trot women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.10" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In principle. public expenditures on social services and infrastructure are allocated on a gender-neutral basis; in practice men and women use these services differently. The resulting inequalities frequently perpetuate gender based differences in the accumulation and distribution of human capital within households. Public policy can address this problem by public expenditure priorities between secrets and within social sectors. Further it can support services and types of infrastructure that provide the highest social returns to public spending and are most heavily used by women  and children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDUCATION. Estimations of the private returns to education for a number of countries (Psachatopoulos 1994) show that returns are at least equal for girls anti boys and are often higher for girls. Moreover, these rates do not capture the externalities generated by providing education to girls. The combination of private and social returns provides a clear signal for restructuring the allocations of public resources so as to support female education. Yet incidence analysis for a number of countries for which the necessary data are available reveals that educational subsidies per capita are higher for males than for females This difference is partly a result of the bias in allocation of subsidies toward higher levels of education, where female enrolled is lowest. Distortions in the allocation of public resources, such as the provision of mote money foe male-dominated tertiary institutions than for education that benefits girls, should be corrected by reallocating spending toward basic (primary and lower-secondary) schooling. Targeting these educational levels will have the maximum effect on girls' education and will yield higher social returns for society as a whole. In countries where universal basic education has been achieved and capital markets are unable to help households finance higher education, continuing subsidize higher education may be warranted. The rationale for the subsidy would be the productivity gains associated with a better-trained labor force.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To correct the bias against enrollment of girls more targeted interventions are need to influence household (see decisionmaking)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However reallocating public spending toward primary education and later toward higher levels is not sufficient to erase the gender gap in education The bias against enrolling girls in school is evident in both poor and no poor households and applies even at the primary level. To correct this bias, more targeted interventions are needed to influence household decision making&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HEALTH. Correcting the gender bias in the public financing of health care IS a more complex process than correcting the bias in education. for two main reasons: the marked differences between the health needs of men and women, and the unreliability of household data on demand for health services in comparison with the data on demand tot education). However it is cleat that targeting health services to women implies provision of adequate funding for prenatal care. infant immunization, and mother and child health services. Because of the significant social benefits of providing women with appropriate health care, governments should make basic services ices that benefit women a top priority among, public health care expenditures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a critical link between the public provision of health care and women's access to educational opportunities. A mother educated to seek preventive care and early treatment of illness for herself and her children (particularly girls) will reduce the cost of health care and in many cases. prevent premature death. Most of these highly cost-effective services can be supplied in rural clinics and health centers. Public spending should be so allocated as to ensure sufficient funding for these primary health facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES. Agricultural extension and research services are widely considered vital to increasing and sustaining agricultural productivity. Many of these services are being provided by the private sector. but in some countries private services need public support, either because certain markets have not yet been developed or because the infrastructure is poorly developed. However. women farmers and small holders are often not served as effectively by public agricultural extension systems as ate and male farmers (FAO 1993). This disparity stems paltry from expend priorities within agricultural extension services. which concentrate resources on the crops and the technology controlled primarily by male commercial farmers. Reallocating public spending on agricultural extension and research services toward crops and technology raised by or used by small holders and women farmers could yield high social returns to public investment and could increase private returns by improving the skills and productivity of small agricultural producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reallocating public spending on agricultural extension  and research services toward crops and technology &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Techniques for small holders and women farmers should take into account the need for quality and cost-effectiveness in public services, Economies of scale can be achieved if extension agents deal with groups of farmers instead of with individuals. This approach also provides a valuable forum for exchanging information. fostering peer learning. sharing expensive equipment. and pooling resources for- credit. Mobile trailing units and flexible hours that fit the crowded schedules of women farmers should also be considered. and more female extension agents should be trained to deal directly with female farmers. Such measures can be introduced without large additional resources if existing expenditures are carefully reallocated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;INFRASTRUCTURE, Public investment in economic and social infrastructure is vital in facilitated individual and household investment in physical and human capital. However, public expenditures on roads, water supply, and sanitation infrastructure frequently do not meet the needs of those who use the services most heavily. Women are the main users of water services, and it is essential to involve them in designing and implementing water projects. For example. in areas where transport is inadequate and water collection is a daily burden for women and children, the population tends to use the closest available facility rather than the safest one. In such cases. projects that ensure a safe water supply and take into account the specific needs and constraints of the users often have a significant effect on users' health. In two villages in Zaire where a piped water network was installed to provide safe drinking water, the median incidence of diarrhea was halved among children in households located less than a five-minute walk from a public standpipe. Spending allocations that favor public water supply and sanitation improve the general health of the population, save time for women and children. and increase school attendance. A study from Morocco chows that access to tap and well water instead of pond or river water raised school enrollment for both boys and girls (Khandker, Lavy, and Filer 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are the main users of water services and it is essential  to involve them in designing and implementing water projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public spending on roads and energy-related facilities (for instance electrification or energy conservation) or other infrastructure is usually assumed to be gander neutral. Yet women and men use these facilities differently The Morocco study cited above found that the availability of electricity increased the rate for girls substantially more than for boys. The study also showed that the presence of a paved road increased by 40 percent the probability that girls would attend school and reduced by 5 percent their probability of dropping out. Overall, improved road conditions increased the probability of school attendance for girls by 32 percent and for boys by 20 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural electrification can also ease the time constraints on women who must balance household and productive work. Lack of time is often a primary season for women's weak response to economic incentives. especially in rural areas. The case for making public investments in infrastructure would be stronger if gender differences in the use of projects and services, as well as the potential effect of such investment on productivity and social development. were taken into account.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.11" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As we have seen. policies that specifically target women or girls can address the needs or this group more efficiently and with greater cost-effectiveness than general policy measures. Female household members tend to allocate resources more directly to children. while men tend to allocate more resources to adults. In households in which resources are not pooled. targeting programs to the household as a where will not necessarily benefit all members equally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Targeting women directly is justifiable on two grounds. First, to the extent that gender inequalities prevent an economy from realizing its full potential. targeting to women can be an effective strategy for increasing productivity and output Second, where gender differences are wide, targeting may be needed to capture social gains and to increase internal efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Targeting women is especially when doing so contributes directly to reducing poverty; or when women have particular needs-for example. when maternal mortality is very high. The exceptionally high gender gap in educational enrollments in some countries can be reduced only by policies (including subsidies) that target girls. An obvious example would be policies that affect the private costs of schooling. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female household members tend to allocate resources more  directly to children it while men&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reducing these direct costs to households Will mean setting new public spending priorities. For example. education institutions for girls especially at the primary level, might be exempted from cost recovery measures. thus increasing the implied public spending subsidy to girls. Similarly. a far; number of publicly funded scholarships can be provided for girls' as has been done in and Guatemala.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Opportunity and travel costs can discourage parents from enrolling especially daughters in school. Some counties have tried to overcome the constraints imposed by opportunity costs by introducing flexible school hours and calendar years and providing child care for younger siblings (box 3.7). In some cases girls who are responsible for looking after their younger brothels and sisters ate allowed to bring them to school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In countries where cultural values may prevent girls from traveling alone to school. measures are needed that will increase access to safe transport.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.8 economic reforms and gender targeting in Mongolia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since Mongolia began its transition to a market economy in 1990, the living conditions of the population have deteriorated dramatically. According to the government's estimates, a quarter of all Mongolians are now living below the poverty line. Single women with young children are among the &quot;new&quot; vulnerable groups that have emerged in the wake of the transition. As of December 1993 nearly 72 percent of households headed by single persons, usually women, were estimated to have incomes below the poverty line. (About 28 percent of all households in Mongolia are headed by women). The Mongolian Women's Federation reports that the divorce rate is rising among jobless low-income couples, increasing the number of single-parent households. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Along with job loss women are affected by the decline in services such as day care and maternity homes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mothers now have to look after their children at home, which restricts their ability to participate in the labor market and, ironically, increases their dependence on welfare. When herds were privatized, priority was given to people who, according to the government, could take better care of the animals. Unfortunately, this policy adversely affected female-headed households.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The maternal mortality rate has doubled over the past three years. in part because many more babies are being delivered at home. Other factors that have contributed to the rising maternal mortality rate include a decrease in the number of ambulances and the need for patients to pay for the food they consume while they are hospitalized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mongolia, targeting female-headed households, pregnant women, and children is essential for reducing poverty. Social assistance, health care. education, and help in finding employment are particularly important (Subbarao and Ezemenari forthcoming).  change the geographic distribution of primary schools, of provide more boarding facilities. Projects in Pakistan are using school mapping techniques to establish criteria for placing new schools in currently underserved areas. Such programs benefit both girls and boys.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It may be necessary to target women when economic reforms of systemic transitions are occurring. For example, in Mongolia, as well as in other countries making the transition from a socialist to a market economy, women are disproportionately represented among the unemployed and otherwise disadvantaged (box 3.8). Thus, in designing safety nets to mitigate the short negative effects or economic transitions. policymakers need to recognize and evaluate the specific adverse effects on women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not always necessary to restrict a particular program of benefit exclusively to women: the objective can sometimes be achieved indirectly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Techniques based on self-selection appear to be particularly efficient. In Zambia. where men have a strong preference for cash wages, offering wages in kind (food) attracted more women workers than men to public works programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the financial sector. women entrepreneurs are enabled to borrow at market rates of interest when banking institutions adopt innovate collateral requirements, reduce transaction costs, and offer small loans at repeated intervals The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and Badan Kredit Kecaman in Indonesia do not reserve loans for women specifically: instead. they adopt innovative lending policies the result of which is that women snake up the majority of participants-is 96 percent in a new branch of the Grameen Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.12" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until recently. the absence of input from beneficiaries often let's ignorant about how the costs and benefits of policy changes would be distributed among the population Today the views and needs of potential beneficiaries are being taken into account at both the macroeconomic and sectoral levels. This trend should make it possible to determine who benefits. who does not, and why. A good example of a situation in which a beneficiary's point of view can make a significant difference is in public expenditure reviews. Governments with unsustainable budget deficits must make difficult decisions about the allocation of public resources. Their task can of ten be facilitated by suggestions from the potential beneficiaries themselves, since one of the key questions policymakers face is whether investments as presently allocated are reaching the intended populations efficiently and effectively&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three broad approaches can be used to guarantee that the views of women and other intended beneficiaries are adequately reflected in policy and project formulation. First. surveys and other methods of collecting statistical data can be designed to ensure that gender-desegregated data are properly collected and analyzed. Second, beneficiary assessments, which use a range of qualitative research methods such as direct observation. selected individual of group interviews. and case studies. can be used to ensure that the views of all groups are adequately represented.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A third approach involves a range of participatory planning and management techniques that reflect a significant transfer of control to the community and local levels. Participatory evaluations use innovative research that allow illiterate and otherwise voiceless groups to express their concerns and priorities. Small grants and credits managed at the local level by NGOs or governments agencies permit a community to choose the projects that best reflect its OWN priorities. Social funds. whereby resources are channeled to demand-driven projects, are one such mechanism While these participatory approaches have been implemented primarily at the local level, they are also beginning to be used to involve the community in regional and national planning. Participatory methods, by helping to create local capacity. ensure the sustainability of projects and programs. They also help establish rational criteria for making public investment choices that incorporate both social and efficiency objectives.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.13" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender-desegregated data and the capacity to analyze these data provide public policymakers with essential information and enhance the dialogue with agents outside government. One of the most valuable instruments for collecting desegregated data is the household survey. which can provide detailed information that is invaluable in policymaking. Obtaining full gender information in many instances entails only a small increase in costs. since the desegregation itself involves little extra work. However additional resources ate often needed to analyze the data and make it useful to policymakers. Public statistical agencies might analyze gender-desegregated information in partnership with private and academic institutions in order to share the costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several important steps in collecting useful and accurate data. First. in places where gender -desegregated household data have not yet been collected. special efforts should be made to obtain them. At a minimum data on how individuals use health and educational services should be collected routinely as part of national consumption and expenditure surveys. If household consumption. income or production surveys have already been carried out but little or no gender--desegregated data have been collected, the marginal cost of collection is likely to be quite modest-perhaps on the order of 10 percent of total costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Participatory methods help establish rational criteria  for making public investment choose that incorporate  both social and efficiency objectives. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second. in places where basic gender-desegregated data have already been collected, it is important to gather more data from individuals on consumption and. as much as possible. on income and the ownership of assets. Such data ate vital for developing a deeper understanding of how access to and allocation and control of resources are determined within households. More data on men's and women's access to credit and information services, such as agricultural extension programs, are needed for an understanding of women's limited access to important production inputs. The data also indicate the effectiveness of projects and programs in providing such services to women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Third, there should be an increased emphasis on collecting panel data (thee series) to facilitate snore detailed analyses of changes in household behavior over time. Because full panel surveys are costly, it may be necessary to adopt less-expensive panel methods and combine them with flexible data collection. Anthropological and participatory research methods can be used to enhance the quality and relevance of formal survey questions, as well as to provide a &quot;reality check&quot; on formal survey responses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, greater priority needs to be given to gender-disaggregated analysis of existing data sets. This analysis should be carried out not only in social sectors such as health and education but also on such issues as the intrahousehold allocation of time and labor and access to and use of productive resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.14" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments' ability to identify and implement policies that promote gender equality is greatly enhanced by the active participation of other players from the development community and civil society. These agents include individual women and men, community-based groups, private-for-profit firms, trade unions, non governmental organizations, and multilateral and bilateral agencies. Interaction between public institutions and other actors provides the basis for a more informed policy dialogue on gender issues. It also lays the foundation for operational collaboration and for broadly based support for public policy measures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past several decades NGOs have become major players in international development. NGOs are by no means homogenous. In the field of development, they range from large volunteer and charity organizations, many of them based in industrial countries, to community-based self-help groups. They also include research institutes, volunteer-sending agencies, religious organizations, professional associations, and lobbying groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NGOs concerned with gender issues have had a particularly important role in designing and implementing gender programs, especially at the grassroots level, and in advocating policy change at the national level NGOs have been effective in providing information and education to women and in helping community-based women's organizations lobby for change. In many countries collaboration between NGOs and governments is still relatively new. Nonetheless, it is growing rapidly-most visibly in the delivery of social and financial services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, in Peru a proposed basic health and nutrition project aims to improve the quality and accessibility of health and nutritional services, with an emphasis on poor women and children. NGOs are expected to play a major role in implementing the project and will be responsible for 75 percent of training and research, 40 percent of education, and 20 percent of service delivery (World Bank 1994g). In Africa many HIV/AIDS support programs are managed by NGOs with assistance from governments and funds from international donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the long run choices made by private sector agents are profoundly important for the persistence  or reduction of gender inequalities &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the financial services sector NGOs have found innovative ways of overcoming barriers that women face in access to credit and savings facilities. Among the better-know programs are the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, ACCION International in Latin America, and the NGO consortium ACCORD in Africa. NGOs have been very successful in organizing village banks and mobile banking systems to reach the rural poor. These credit programs provide women not only with the funds to finance income-generating activities but also with opportunities to acquire basic business skills and to assume leadership positions within their peer groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments also seek to collaborate with a range of institutions from the private sector. In the long run the choices made by private sector agents- whether households, firms, or trade unions-are profoundly important for the persistence or seduction of gender inequalities. Joint public-private sector initiatives can be vital in changing peoples perceptions about the benefits of investing in or hiring women. The private sector has a comparative advantage in providing certain kinds of services to women-for example, vocational education and training. Collaboration with the private sector- often means that public resources can be reallocated to those investments that offer the highest rate of social return. such as basic education and health care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.15" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not all issues that bear on gender equality can be effectively addressed by individual nations. For example, refugee and displaced women and children account for up to 80 percent of the 50 million refugees and displaced persons worldwide. The sheer numbers of refugee and displaced women and children highlight the urgent need to devise international strategies for dealing with this problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sheer numbers of refugee and displaced women and  children (estimated at 4 million) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The constraints that refugee and displaced women lace are similar to those faced by other women, only magnified many times. They lack access to health services, even though their health risks are high. Girls often have less access to basic education than in their home countries. With little access to family planning, women s fertility rates may be extraordinarily high at a time when the burden of additional children hinders the chances of survival for both mothers and infants. In the absence of professional abortion services, women may rely on self-induced and unsafe abortions. The proportion of female-headed households is highest in refugee situations, yet the women's income-generating activities and skills are minimal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international response to this type of crisis is usually limited to emergency relief measures. Although vital, these measures often fail to recognize the long-term economic and social costs involved in restructuring the lives of displaced women when they return to their home countries. International public policy has an important role in preparing refugee and displaced women for their future role in rebuilding their societies. Long-term repatriation and development on a regional basis along the lines of the International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREFCA) in Central America is one approach to involving governments, NGOs and development agencies in a coordinated response to refugee problems. Governments and agencies must make every effort to collaborate in making repatriation viable by establishing development programs that explicitly take account of refugees' needs. Otherwise, chances are high that people will once again be forced to leave their countries. putting at risk national reconciliation efforts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another area that demands an international response is the establishment of legal conventions for the enforcement of social justice and human rights. Equality under the law creates the legitimacy policymakers and private individuals need to seek change that will increase well-being and encourage economic opportunity. In certain instances, legitimacy needs to be established at the international level. For this reason it is vitally important that governments ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. This convention. adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979, provides a framework for action by countries to reduce discrimination against women in political and public life, law and education, employment, health care. commerce. and domestic relations. International conventions of this type provide an important policy lever for women's organizations and other groups in civil society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.7.16" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This chapter has presented the rationale for public interventions to promote gender equality. Such interventions are needed because of market failures and social externalities that extend beyond the individual household to affect society in general. For resources to be allocated efficiently, public spending should focus on those investments with the highest social returns. Given the evidence of high social and private returns to investments in women's human capital, public expenditures should give priority to the investments that have the largest impact on the welfare of girls and women, especially in basic education and reproductive and other health care services. Policymakers also need to identify areas in which actions can be taken that would have gender neutral outcomes, including sectoral programs addressing transport and infrastructure, water supply. and sanitation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BY directing  public resource toward policies and projects  that reduce gender inequality policy markers are promoting  not only equality today but also higher labor productivity &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women. The evidence on private and social returns to investments in women and girls cannot be ignored. By directing public resources toward policies and projects that reduce gender inequality, policy makers are promoted not only equality today but also higher labor productivity, a higher rate of human capital formation, slower population growth. and stronger economic growth tomorrows However, none of these goals can be reached without the participation of women  themselves. Governments and collaborating institutions must listen carefully to the voices of individual women, to women s groups, and to woman policymakers By working with others to identify and implement policies for greater gander equality, governments can take actions that will make a real difference to the future well-being and prosperity of their people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Birdsall and Sabot (1994) use earlier findings by Barro (1991) to test the relationship between inequality and growth. They find that in Latin America unequal distribution of education. in terms of both quality and quantity, constrained economic growth in the region by reducing opportunities for increasing labor productivity. In East Asia open and relatively equal access to high-quality basic education led to a virtuous circle of high educational performance that stimulated growth and reduced inequality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2. Subbarao and Raney (1993) estimate that a doubling of family planning services in 1982 would have reduced the fertility rate from 5.5 to 5 0 and the number of births by 3.5 percent&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3. The Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) is a series of multitopic surveys designed to study multiple aspects of household welfare&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4. Deforestation is represented by the time required to collect a standard load of fuelwood&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5. It would be more illuminating to compare wage differences across three categories of women workers: women without children: women with children but with no interruption in employment except for statutory maternity leave: and women with children and with interrupted employment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6. Among women workers. 53 percent are in commerce. compared with 33 percent of men. In manufacturing. 16 percent of the workers are men. compared with 14 percent for women. In services, 37 percent are men anti 33 percent are women (World Bank 1995c)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7. In Bolivia informal moneylenders require borrowers to write postdated checks. If borrowers tail to make timely repayments, these checks are deposited and, as the lender knows will bounce for lack of funds A bounced check is a criminal offense in Bolivia. and the lender can have the borrower arrested The World Bank estimates that about 20 percent of all Bolivian prison inmates-and 40 percent of female inmates imprisoned for 'bouncing' checks and for other collateral-related crimes. In many cases children must live in prison with their mothers (winkler and Guedes, 1995)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8. The International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREECA) was held in Guatemala City in May 1989 A total of 126 projects in seven countries were introduced. with an overall investment of $365 million Areas with high densities of returnees were targeted. and special attention was given to projects to support displaced women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agarwal. Bina. 1994. &quot;Gender and Command Over Property: A Critical Gap in Economic Analysis and Policy in South Asia.&quot; World/Development 22(10) 22(10): 145578.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baden. Sally. 1993. &quot;The Impact of Recession and Structural Adjustment on Women's Work in Developing and Developed Countries.&quot; Working paper. International Labour Office. Geneva&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bardhan, Kalpana 1993. &quot;Women and Rural Poverty: Some Asian Cases&quot; In M G Quibria, ea., Rural Poverty in Asia Priority Issues and Policy Options. New York: Oxford University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bardhan, Pranab. 1988. &quot;Sex Disparity in Child Survival in Rural India In T. Srinivasan and Pranab Bardhan. eds., Rural Poverty in South Asia. New York: Columbia University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barro. Robert 1991 &quot;Economic Growth in a Cross-section of Countries' Journal of Economics 106 (May):407 43.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beneria. Lourdes. 1992. 'Accounting for Women's Work: The Progress of Two Decades.'' World Id Development 20(11): 1547-60.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bindlish. Vishva. and Robert Evenson. 1993. Evaluation of the Performance of T and V Extension it? Kenya. World Bank Technical Paper 208. Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Binswanger. Hans, and Mark R. Rosenzweig, eds. 1984 Contractual Arrangements Employment and Wages in Rural Labor Markets m Asia. New Haven. Conn.: Yale University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Birdsall, Nancy, and Richard Sabot 1994 ''Inequality as a Constraint on Growth Working Paper. Manila: Asian Development Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blau. Francine. and Lawrence N. Kahn. 1992 &quot; The Gender Earnings Gap: Learning from International Comparisons&quot; America Economic Review 82 (2):533-38.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bouis Howarth E., and Eileen T. Kennedy. 1989. &quot;Traditional Cash Crop Schemes' Effects on Production, Consumption and Nutrition: Sugarcane in the Philippines and Kenya.&quot; Prepared for IFPRI-INCAP Policy Workshop. Antigua. Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chatterjee. Meera 1991. Indication Women Their Health and Productivity World Bank Discussion Paper 109. Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David, Rosalind 1992 The Effects of Male Out-migration on Women's Management of the Natural Resource Base of the Sahel. SOs International, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donors to African Education. 1994. A Statistical Profile of Education in Sub Saharan Africa in the 1980s. Paris.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duraiswamy. P. 1992. &quot;Child Survival. Preventive Health Care and Schooling in Rural Households of Tamil Nadu: India.&quot; Yale University, New Haven, Conn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Edgerton, V. R. G. W Gardner, Y Ohira. K. A Gunarwardena, and B. Senewiratne 1979 'lron Deficiency Anaemia and Its Effects on Worker Productivity and Activity Patterns' British Medical Journal 2:1546-49.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Einhorn. Barbara. 1993 Citizenship. Gender and Women's Movements in East Cent/al Europe London: Verso&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) 1993 Rural Poverty Alleviation Polices and Trends Economic and Social Development Paper 113 Rome&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fields, Gary S. 1992 ''Changing Poverty and Inequality in Latin America&quot; Public Finance 47 (Supplement): 59-76.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Folbre. Nancy. 1994. Who Pays for the Kids:' Gender and the Structures of Constraint. London: Routledge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fong, Monica 1993. The Role of Women in Rebuilding the Russian Economy. Studies of Economics in Transformation 10 Washington, D.C.: World Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goetz. Anne Marie. and Rina Sen Gupta. 1994 'Who Takes the Credit'? Gender. Power and Control over Loan Use in Rural Credit Programmes in Bangladesh.&quot; Draft University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies. Brighton, U.K.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hart, Gillian 1986 Power Labor and Livelihood: Processes of Change in Rural Java San Francisco: University of Berkeley Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heise, Lori. 1993 ''Violence Against Women: The Missing Agenda.&quot; In Marge Koblinsky. Judith Timyan. and Jill Gay. eds.. The Health of Women A Global&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perspective Boulder. Colo: Westview&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heise. Lori. Jacqueline Pitanguy, and Adrienne German. 1994 Violence Against Women The Hidden Health Burden World Bank Discussion Paper 255. Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herz, Barbara. and Shahidur Khandker. 1991 Women Work Education and Welfare in Peru. World Bank Discussion Paper 116. Washington. D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herz Barbara, K Subbarao, Masooma Habib. and Laura Raney 1991 Letting Girls Lea/n. Promising Education. World Bank Discussion Paper 1. Washington, D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoddinot, John, and Lawrence Haddad 1992. Does Female Income Insentience Household Expenditures  Evidence from CÃŽte d'Ivoire Trinity College. Oxford University, Oxford. U K&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holt, Sharon. 1995 Gender and Property Rights: Women and Agrarian Reform in Russia and Moldova.' World Bank, Europe and Central Asia Region, Washington, D C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Horton, Susan 1994. &quot;Women and Industrialization in Asia&quot; University of Toronto. Institute for Policy Analysis&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hosken, Fran P., ed 1992. Women's International Network News 18(4).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILO/INSTRAW. 1985. Women in Economic Activity: A Global Statistical Survey 1950-2000 Geneva&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jackson. Cecile 1993 &quot;Doing What Comes Naturally? Women and Environment in Development.&quot; World Development 21 (12): 1947-63.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Johansen. Frida 1993 Poverty Reduction in East Asia. World Bank Discussion Paper 203. Washington. D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jurisman. Clara, and Araceli Moreno. 1990. ''Women, Labour and Crisis: Mexico.&quot; Prepared for International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) project on Weathering Economic Crises: Women's Economic Responses to Recession in Latin America and the Caribbean. ICRW, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kalima Rose. 1992. Where Women are Leaders The Sewa Movement in India. London Zed Press&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker. Shahidur R. and Osman H. Chowdhury 1994 &quot;Targeted Credit Programs and Rural Poverty in Bangladesh.&quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department. Washington, D.C. and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker, Shahidur R. and Baqui Khalily. 1995. &quot;Designing a Sustainable Poverty Alleviation Program: The BRAC Strategy in Bangladesh.&quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department. Washington, D.C., and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker, Shahidur R. Baqui Khalily. and Zahed Khan 1993 ''Sustainability of Grameen Bank: What Do We Know ? World Bank. Education and Social Policy Department. Washington. D C, and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker, Shahidur R., Victor Lavy, and D Filmer. 1994. Schooling and Cognitive in World Bank Discussion Paper 264. Washington. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kumar, Shubh K. and David Hotchkiss. 1988 Consequences of Deforestation for Women's Time Allocation Agricultural Production and Nutrition in Hill Areas of Nepal International Food Policy Research Institute Research Report 69 Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kuzoets. Simon. 1955 Economic Growth and Income Inequalities.&quot; American Economic Review 45 (March): 1-28.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lavy, Victor. 1992. Investment in Human Capital Schooling Supply in Rural Ghana Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper 93 Washington, D C: World Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacDonald, Martha. 1994. 'Panel Presentation at the Gender Symposium&quot; World Bank. Poverty and Social Policy Department, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Manser Marilyn, and Murray Brown 1980 &quot;Marriage and Household Decision making: A Bargaining Analysis &quot; International Economic Review 21:11 44&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McElroy, Marjorie, and Mary Jean Homey. 1981. &quot;Nash-bargained Household Decisions: Towards a Generalisation of the Theory of Demand&quot; International&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic Review 22 (June):333 49&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moock, Peter R 1976 &quot;The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya.&quot; American an Journal of Agricultural Economic 58(5):831-35.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moser, Caroline O. 1992 &quot;Adjustment from Below: Low-income Women, Time and the Triple Role in Guayaquil. Ecuador&quot; In Haleh Ashar and Carolynne Dennis, eds., Women and Adjustment Policies in the Third World. New York: St. Martin Press&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1994. &quot;Urban Poverty and Social Policy in the Context of Adjustment&quot; World Bank, Urban Development Division, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mwabu, Germano. 1994 &quot;Household Composition and Expenditures on Human Capital Inputs in Kenya&quot; Presented at Northeast Universities Development Conference, Economic Growth Center Yale University, New Haven, Conn&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newell, Andrew and Barry Reilly 1994. &quot;Pine Gender Wage Gap in Russia. ' World Bank, Europe and Central Asia Country Department 3, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pitt, Mark, and Shahidur Khandker. 1995 &quot;Household and Intrahousehold Impacts of the Grameen Bank and Similar Targeted Credited Programs in Bangladesh &quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population Reference Bureau 1994. The Wood'. Youth 1994 A Special Focus on Reproductive Health Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Psacharopoulos George 1994. &quot;Returns to Investment in Education: A Global Up-date ' World Development 22(9):1325 43&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Psacharopoulos. George, and Zafiris Tzannatos. 1992 Women's Employment and PUN in Latin America Overview and Methodology. A World Bank Regional and Sectoral Study Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agnes. 1994. ''Improving Women's Agricultural Productivity as Farmers and Workers.&quot; Education and Social Policy Department Discussion Paper 37. World Bank, Washington. D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rahrnan. Rushidan I. and Shahidur Khandker 1994 &quot;Role of Targeted Credit Programs in Promoting Employment and Productivity of the Poor in Bangladesh.&quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department. Washington, D.C. and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. Dhaka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rhyne, Elisabeth. and Sharon Holt 1994 ''Women in Finance and Enterprise Development'' Education and Social Policy Department Discussion Paper 40. World Bank. Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rosenzweig, Mark. and T. Paul Schultz. 1982 'Market Opportunities. Genetic Endowments, and Intrafamily Resource Distribution: Child Survival in Rural India'' American an Economic Review 72:4:803-15.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;. 1987. 'Fertility and Investments in Human Capital: Estimates of the Consequences of Imperfect Fertility Control in Malaysia.' Journal of Econometrics 36: 163-84&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saito, Katrine, and Daphne Spurlirio 1992 Developing Agricultural Extension to/ Women Farmers World Bank Discussion Paper 156 Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scales, Ann 1986 &quot;The Emergence of Feminist Jurisprudence'' Yale Law Journal 95(7): 1373-1403.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schuler, Margaret, ed. 1986 Empowerment and the Law Strategies of Third World Women  Washington, D.C.: OEF&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schuler, Margaret. and Sakuntala Kadirgamar-Rajasingilam. eds 1992 Legal Literary. A TOOL for Women's Empowerment New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schultz. T. Paul 1988 ''Education Investments and Returns'' In Hollis Chenery and T.R. Srinivasan. eds. Handbook of Development Economics Amsterdam: North land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sedlacek, Guilhemie, Leah Gutierrez, and Amit Mohindra 1993. &quot;Women in the Labor Market&quot; World Bank. Education and Social Policy Department Washington, D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sen, Amartya 1990 'More Than One Hundred Million Women Are Missing: Women's Survival as a Development Problem.&quot; New York Review of Books (December 20):61-66.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sivard, R L 1985. Women: A World Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Priorities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stewart, Sheelagh. 1992. ''Working the System: Sensitizing the Police to the Plight of Women &quot; In Margaret Schuler. ed. Freedom from Violence e: Women Strategies from around the World. New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Subbarao Kalanidlli. and Kene l Ezemenari Forthcoming &quot;Transition. Poverty and Social Assistance in Mongolia.'' World Bank. Education and Social Policy Department Washington, D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Subbarao Kalanidhi. and Laura Raney 1993 Social Gains from Female Education: A Cross-National Stud!. World Bank Discussion Paper 194. Washington! D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Summers, Lawrence H. 1994 Investing in All the People Education Women in Developing Countries ED' Seminar Paper 45 Washington, D.C: World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thomas, Duncan 1990a &quot;Household Resources and Child Health in Zimbabwe.&quot; Working Paper. Yale University, Economic Grow Center, New Haven, Conn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1990b Intrahousehold Resource Allocation: An Inferential Approach of Human Resources 25(4):635-64.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1991 Gender Differences in household Resource Allocation. Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper 79 Washington. D C: World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1993. &quot;The Distribution of Income and Expenditure within the Household.&quot; A Annals of Economics and Statistic 29: 109-35.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibaijuka, Anna 1994 ''Cost of Differential Gender Roles in African Agriculture: A Case Study of Smallholder Banana-Coffee Fames in the Kagera Region, Tanzania.&quot; Journal of Agricultural Economics (U K) 45(1):69-81&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toubia, Nahid 1993. Female Genital Mutilation: A Call for Global Action. New York: United Nations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tzannatos, Zafiris 1995. &quot;Growths, Adjustment, and the Labor Market: Effects on Women Workers.&quot; World Bank, Poverty and Social Policy Department, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization). 1991. 1991. Paris&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1993b Trends and Projections of Enrollment by Level of Education by Age and Sex, 1960-2025. Paris&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund! 1993. The Progress of Nations. New York&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization). 1993 11 Women in Manu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Recent Development in Practice Books&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Priorities and Strategies for Education: A World Bank Review (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Better Urban Services: Finding the Right Incentives (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strengthening the Effectiveness of Aid: Lessons for Donors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enriching Lives: Overcoming Vitamin and Mineral Malnutrition in Developing Countries (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A New Agenda for Women's Health and Nutrition (also available in French)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population and Development: Implications for the World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;East Asia's Trade and Investment: Regional and Global Gains from Liberalization&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governance: The World Bank's Experience&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Higher Education: The Lessons of Experience (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Better Health in Africa: Experience and Lessons Learned (also available in French)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Argentina's Privatization Program: Experience, Issues, and Lessons Sustaining Rapid Development in East Asia and the Pacific&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE WORLD BANK A partner in strengthening economies and expanding markets to improve the quality of life for people everywhere, especially the poorest&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender equality is not only a matter of social justice but also good economics. It is of foremost importance to women's wellbeing and development. Discrimination means losses in productivity and lower welfare of women, their families, and society at large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the gender gap is narrowing in education, health, and many other areas, women are still less educated than men, work more hours, and are paid less. The reasons why gender disparities persist are complex, having to do with social and institutional norms, relationships within households, and even lack of information about the benefits of educating and employing women. Despite the weight of social and cultural factors, public policy can influence women's status and well-being. Governments have a leading role in widening the opportunities available to women and extending the services that are vitally important to them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report outlines what governments and development agencies can do to work toward greater gender equality- one of the best investments a society can make. Public policy can affect investments in health, education, and infrastructure through laws and regulations. It can also affect land ownership, financial services, and access to employment. Not least important, public  policies can affect macroeconomic performance and create a favorable climate for economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+
+</Doc>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH1726.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH1726.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH1726.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2539 @@
+<Doc xmlns:gs2="http://www.greenstone.org/gs2" file="HASH1726.dir/doc.xml"  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899" gs2:mode="add">
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country reports&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji is home to people of a variety of cultures but it would not be accurate to describe this Pacific island country as a 'melting pot'. Politics here are dominated by the difficult relationship between indigenous Fijians and the descendants of indentured Indian labourers brought in to work the sugar cane fields. We look at how this situation affects the economy -  which everyone acknowledges has considerable potential, and examine the prospects for ethnic rapprochement as the nation begins a 'great debase' on the future shape of its Constitution. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga appears like a haven of tranquility in a turbulent world. A society which respects hierarchies and is strongly attached to 'traditional values', it is also one of the few remaining places with a hereditary ruler who wields substantial power. But outside influences cannot be ignored altogether and nations everywhere are having to adapt to living in the 'global village'. Our report focuses on the possible consequences of this for the 'Friendly Islands' as the new millenium approaches. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dossier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of 'habitat' conjures up different things to different people - from the right to a roof over one's head to the way in which we manage the flora and fauna of the planet. In our dossier, we consider the legacy of the United Nations 'Habitat' Conference held in Istanbul earlier this year. We also highlight some of the initiatives being taken to improve the quality of people's living environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier: Africa  - Caribbean - Pacific - European union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Address: Postal address (mail only) 'The ACP-EU Courier' Commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 Brussels Belgium &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier office address (visitors) First floor Astrid Building 1, rue de Geneve Evere- Brussels Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publisher Steffen Smidt commission of the European communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 - Brussels (Belgium) Tel. 00-32-2-299 1111 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Publications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assistant editors&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeanne Remacle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associate assistant editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalist:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Production Manager:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secretariat:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carmela Peters&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fax: 299-30-02&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Circulation:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Margriet Mahy-van der Werf (299-30-1 2)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.2.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main development battle must be fought in the towns and cities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Founded in 1972, Enda Tiers Monde ('Enda' stands for 'environment and development') is one of the few large international NGOs to be based in a developing country. It has a presence in a number of states in Africa, Latin America and Asia and has been concentrating its efforts on towns and cities, in the belief that this is where deprived populations can be best assisted. Jacques Bugnicourt, who is Enda's Executive Secretary, has some strong views about what needs to be done to tackle the problem of urban deprivation. When we interviewed him at the Enda headquarters in Dakar, Senegal, we began by asking him about the history of the organisation that he heads.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - When we launched Enda, I am not sure that we had any particular goal in mind. You would have to go back to the end of the 1950s, with the war in Indochina, the approaching conflict in Algeria, the independence of countries in Africa and the last-ditch struggles of the colonial powers, notably France. It was in Paris that links were forged between activists from many Third-World countries - in particular, we all took part in the street demonstrations mounted by people from the French colonies. There were some very strong groupings like the Federation of Students from Black Africa, and its equivalents set up by students from the Maghreb, Latin America and Asia. Ten years later, in the 1970s, we could see that the independence experiment was turning sour and the hopes we vested in the actions of determined and brilliant people had come to nothing. The United Nations was becoming increasingly bureaucratic. Some of our friends and colleagues who had government posts had their hands tied, while others were in prison and were equally powerless. In addition, the communists were disappointed at not being able to apply their doctrine to local conditions. Some did, in fact, manage to achieve small-scale results locally when working at the grass-roots, but by and large, their efforts were not successful. I came to Dakar, where I taught in a United Nations institute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A lot of people had theories. But you cannot take up the battle for the poor without the poor themselves, or for those under the yoke of colonial rule without the participation of the subjugated population. To begin with, you have to appreciate the diversity of the various peoples in developing countries, and be aware of their daily life and struggle. Cesaire wrote that you had to ask questions about the soil, about cities, about men and about the sun. Later, once you have done this, you can act.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We need to dismantle the barriers. There can be no agronomy without economics, and no economics without sociology. If you are talking about jobs in Senegal, you also must talk about jobs in Mali and Guinea - treat Africa as a whole. Another thing is that you have to stand up for yourself and not allow yourself to be manipulated by people from the developed countries. One of the major problems we have noticed is that part of Africa's elite is out of touch with the general population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are the underlying reasons for the foundation of Enda. Nowadays, it is a non-profit-making international organisation working with various communities - an 'INGO', if you like, with the 'I' standing for 'international'. We have bases almost everywhere in the Third World, from Ho Chi Minh City to La Paz.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is each section of Enda independent, then ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. We took the view that there was a danger of becoming too centralised and acting like a small-scale UNICEF or UNESCO, so we decided to guard our independence very carefully. We opted for the widest-ranging autonomy possible. This has its drawbacks of course, but these are far outweighed by the advantages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mention drawbacks. Would it be true to say that the original enthusiasm which greeted the creation of Enda has fallen off somewhat ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's something we are always concerned about. It is not structures which maintain cohesion, but the sharing of goals and the channelling of our actions towards the common good.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the various sections get together, we find that we have a great many things in common. But there is no good reason why those of us in Dakar should try to influence the way people work in working-class districts in Santo Domingo, for example, where they are trying to tackle problems like AIDS and unemployment. We simply tell them what we are doing here and vice versa. If you want to serve the people, you have to have a decentralised set-up. It would be wrong to deal with a problem centrally, and to do so would be against our instincts. Most of us have no particular liking for institutions. An institution must be of service in the battle, not the other way round.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How do you guarantee cohesion in practice ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It costs a great deal to travel of course, but we do have a lot of joint programmes. For example, the cities programme includes people from Bogota, Santo Domingo, Rabat, Dakar, Ho Chi Minh City and Bombay, all working together. They meet from time to time and, when they do, it is to get down to practical work. Together, their work is, say, three-quarters practical and one quarter reflective. Nevertheless, there is ongoing tension, particularly in the relationship between overall policy and local demands. Another conflict arises between grass-roots action and reflection.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The impression one gets is that you yourself are the 'cement' between the various groups which make up Enda. Could this not be seen as a weakness which may make things difficult in the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's what other people say, not what I think. I try to make my presence useful and those who come after me will do the same. What really holds us together is our belief in what we are doing. It is not a question of adhering to some kind of 'monolithic' faith. We simply believe that we can be of use, recognising that there are many limitations. Let me give you a practical example. If someone involved in recycling in Bogota were to meet up with someone from a poor district in Dakar who works at the rubbish tip, they would have a great deal in common and would find it useful to compare their problems and consider practical ways of solving them together.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are your most important activities in Senegal ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - By far the most important is the one covering the city of Dakar. As well as being a focus for the country itself, Dakar is a metropolitan centre for the entire sub-region, with influence over Bamako, Conakry, Bissau and perhaps even Praia in Cape Verde and Nouakchott in Mauritania. What happens here has repercussions in all those cities. I do not want to sound too dramatic, but the decisive factor in our destiny will be the fate of young people and the poor in the major cities. Two-thirds of these people are facing chronic problems. Those under twenty make up more than half the population and their lives are continuing to spiral down into poverty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enda should obviously be operating in those areas where it can be of most use. And in the context of towns and cities, we have completely reviewed our strategy. For some years we gave priority to the countryside. For a long time, in fact, we believed that rural development would permit a much improved urbanisation process. There was even the view that people in developed countries would not object to paying a little more for agricultural produce, because they could be certain that the money was going to those who actually grew the cotton, groundnuts, cocoa or whatever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the last fifteen years or so, though, we have come round to the view that our actions must be directed principally at towns and cities. We found initially that there were some interesting projects involving small groups - working to improve the position of children or banding together in cooperative savings ventures. It was good, long-term work which gave results. But that is all out of date now. We have to speak in terms of much larger numbers  -  tens of thousands and not tens or hundreds. Otherwise, there is no chance of making a real difference. That is why we have considerably altered our strategy. Three years ago, approximately two thousand children were able to go to holiday camps. Most of these holidays were paid for by companies, but fewer than 10% of the beneficiaries were genuinely poor. Last year, no fewer than 10 000 children were sent away on five days' holiday -  to the coast near Dakar. Enda was involved in this programme working with 200 local cultural and sports associations. The idea was to give the children the chance to splash about in the sea, but also to use African resources to help them become full citizens and learn that our diversity is the source of our wealth. There are at least 100 000 children living in misery and many of them could end up joining the ranks of the street children. If you can give these youngsters five days holiday plus a bit of follow-up, you allow friendships to be built. It offers a brief escape from everyday reality. It may not be paradise, but it is something tangible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another example is the tontines that have been formed into a federation. We currently have nineteen thousand women participating in these and if you bear the large family sizes in mind - there are perhaps ten people in every family - that represents a lot of people. The women pay into the tontines and the money is used, not just for the security of their immediate family, but also to help young people set themselves up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then there is rubbish collection. Enda runs its own scheme but there are also a number of groups that have turned rubbish collection into a profession. The young people collect the rubbish and recycle it. There are about 50 000 people in the biggest district where we are involved in rubbish collection. There are also some young people in that district who are engaged in water recycling and although it only involves supplying about a hundred people at the moment, I believe this scheme will grow. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We also organise schools and are currently involved in making films for schools on the subjects of the environment, hygiene and solidarity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Enda has just opened an 'eco-centre'. If I understand it correctly, this is a showcase to promote a horizontal link between Enda's various activities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That is right. We want it to be a place of passage, meeting, exhibition, permeation and redistribution. We hope people will feel comfortable there, and that it will be a tool symbolising a new way of working. So the centre offers an experience, but we also want it to be used to promote activity. A variety of events have been organised there simultaneously - recently for example, a meeting of shoe-shiners, a gathering of teachers from a long-standing educational centre, an exhibition for the Biennial Festival of Contemporary African Art, and a local-community meeting about setting up a small production facility. Two days earlier, there was a preliminary holiday-camp meeting where the instructors got together to look at the best available teaching methods designed to make children more aware of the importance of solidarity. We believe that solidarity is essential in tackling problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So the centre has a multitude of uses, all of which contribute to the vitality of the local economy. You have to understand the crucial importance of the local economy. It responds to all the basic needs of the poorest people, who want to live their lives just like the rest of us.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You talk of depending on the local (what some would call the informal) economy to live - or at least survive. But this sector is not viewed with enthusiasm by the international authorities ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Their policy is based on domination and fear: fear of those who accumulate assets. To see these hordes of people in the developing countries frightens them. It's a bit like the horror of the wealthy classes at the end of the nineteenth century when faced with a working class which dared to aspire to wealth. They will give to charity but are not prepared to make a long-term investment. The lack of support for the local economy stems from the fact that foreign aid is geared, first and foremost, towards major projects or emergency aid. Four or five years ago, the UN conducted a survey in 10 towns and cities in West Africa, but the results were not published because they showed that the average rate of growth of the local economy was 7.5%. So, you see, we are far from just muddling along. Great things could be achieved if only there were a change in attitude. It also requires a change of terminology. How can one justify the use of the word 'informal' and, worse still, treat the work of the poorest people and fraudulent activities under the same heading. Fraud may be formal or informal. Knowing African society as I do, I am aware that fraud is statistically more widespread amongst the prosperous and highly respected. So we must not cast stones at the little man selling socks who has no trading licence because he cannot afford one, or at the woman who sets up a stall at a school entrance without complying with the law which requires a recent certificate stating that she does not have tuberculosis. What is the bottom line here ? Must we respect the law or the people who want to live without being thieves, beggars or prostitutes ? It is unacceptable for force to lie with the law and for the majority to be cast into wretchedness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Senegal, there used to be fixed prices for milk. The World Bank protested, declaring that this was a restriction on free competition. Now we have to pay much more and many people can no longer afford to give their children-milk every day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To put it in perspective, Senegal's economy is about the same size as that of the city of Bordeaux. So we must use all the available potential. Highly qualified managers should do their job looking after the high-tech sectors. But, at the same time, we should not be driving out the poor people who are just trying to eke out a living. The informal sector creates services for a very small investment, and people also require services. Economic policy must allow society to walk on two legs, not just one. What that means is that we need a great deal of flexibility, and perhaps a complete review of the law. Contraceptive implants have to be licensed so that there are no more back-street abortions. And it must be possible for girls to attend school even if they do not have a proper birth certificate - why should they be excluded from education for want of a piece of paper. It should be possible to trade with a simple one-day ticket which people should be able to buy in post offices or cinemas. What would be wrong with that? And we should have a moratorium on a number of regulations. We need to wage war on the destitution that we are suffering and that means taking decisive measure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.3.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the agenda was, as usual, heavily laden with a variety of long-standing issues ranging from regional cooperation, fisheries, the cocoa content of chocolate and bananas to the situation in several ACP states (in particular Rwanda and Burundi), the future of ACP-EU relations was at the forefront of discussions at the ACP-EU Joint Assembly, which was held in Luxembourg from 23-26 September 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Opened in the presence of the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, the Assembly's general attitude was not one of speculation as to whether or not the European Union would abandon the ACP states when the LomÃ© IV Convention expires in the year 2000 - a feeling that was rife shortly after the signing of the revised version in Mauritius in November 1995. Instead, it was one of positive thinking and of exploring the kind of agreement that would succeed it. 'There is no question of the European Union getting out of a relationship which took decades to build', Luxembourg's Prime Minister Jean-Claude Junker, told participants in his welcoming address.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As pessimism gives way to guarded optimism, ACP-EU parliamentarians have taken an important initiative, even before the Commission's Green Paper is published, in what is bound to be a long and passionate debate. A special summit of ACP Heads of State is planned for Gabon later in 1997 to discuss the issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Options for the future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A general report, introduced by Mr Firmin Jean-Louis (Haiti), provided the main platform for the Joint Assembly's deliberation. Although presented too late for representatives to have the opportunity to examine it in detail, the exchange of views on the floor was wide-ranging and reflected the report's content to a considerable degree.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report encapsulates all the ideas that have emerged so far in various fore. It analyses framework options for future ACP-EU relations  -  bilateral, regional and multilateral - and raises pertinent questions and concerns. Noting that international cooperation is increasingly dictated by economic and security considerations, and that North-South solidarity is, as a result, being pushed to the background, it regrets the fact that certain EU member states appear to indicate a preference for bilateral over multilateral cooperation. The author of the report warns that this trend would not only diminish the credibility of the Union but also its international influence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any instrument of cooperation, the report says, should take into account the different levels of development among ACP states as well as the regional vocation of many others. Its objective must be poverty eradication, sustainable economic and social development, and the harmonious integration of the ACP states into the global economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It recognises the need to secure the support of European public opinion which is largely unconvinced that EU aid to ACP states has been effective over the past 20 years. Not enough publicity; it says, has been given to its positive aspects. The report goes on to warn that solidarity and development are at stake and that the debate on the future of ACP-EU relations should not be left to politicians and technocrats. It should also involve wider civil society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Joint Assembly debate, the commitment of EU political leaders to the development of the ACP states was often called into question. Francis Wurtz (EUL-F) summed it up when he said there were worrying signs that the EU intends to downgrade its relationship with the ACP states - signs which go back to the negotiations on the LomÃ© IV second financial protocol, when several countries refused to increase their contributions to the 8th EDF. The EU draft budget for 1997, which he said revealed a substantial reduction in the funds allocated to the developing countries outside the Mediterranean region, provided further evidence of this. 'We must be vigilant,' he told his colleagues, 'and must not allow the LomÃ© Convention to be revised downwards.' Mr Wurtz agreed that greater efforts were needed to create awareness and mobilise European opinion in favour of development. The European public should know that EU development policy was not based on charity but on self-interest. 'Without Africa developing, Europe has little chance of maintaining growth in the long run.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lord Plumb (EPP-UK), the European Co-President of the Joint Assembly, admitted that it would not be easy to influence European public opinion. 'One of the roles of the Joint Assemby,' he said, however, 'must be to ensure that the peoples of Europe have confidence in the progress being made by the countries of the South. We must all help in this task of confidence-building.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Glenys Kinnock (PES-UK) urged that there should be as much participation as possible in the ongoing dialogue over future ACP-EU relations in order to bridge what she saw as 'the gap between rhetoric and reality.' Equity, she argued, should be the main objective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP Co-President, Sir John Kaputin (Papua New Guinea), said there was no doubt that the EU was forging closer ties with the former Eastern bloc countries at the expense of the ACPs. He pointed out, however, that the LomÃ© Convention had always encouraged a 'forward-looking' approach and argued that whatever succeeded the current ACP-EU relationship should be 'the most important' agreement ever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The representative from Barbados, Dr Richard Cheltenham, was of the opinion that whatever the outcome of the discussions, efforts were needed to avoid 'chaos'. There should, for example, be no immediate abandonment of the trade preferences that ACP states had acquired. Transformation must be gradual to enable them to adjust and restructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European Commissioner, Professor Pinheiro, chose, first of all, to underline the importance of the role of 'the state and civil society' in development. He indicated that he saw this as growing more and more in importance. This was reflected in the agreement signed in Mauritius -  an agreement which seeks to encourage the consolidation of democracy, the rule of law, good governance and transparency, and which emphasises decentralised cooperation and the role of the private sector. the Commissioner spoke about the current programming exercise, reminding the Assembly that resources were being allocated in two tranches in accordance with the provisions of the revised Convention, to take account of each ACP state's development strategy and the objectives and priorities of the Community's development policy. He revealed that only 16 ACP countries and two EU Member States had ratified the revised Convention and urged those that have not done so to accelerate the process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He welcomed the Joint Assembly's initiative in debating future ACP-EU relations. The Commission's Green Paper, he told representatives, will be published in November. He was, therefore, not in a position to enter into detailed discussions with members on the subject at this stage. He stressed, nonetheless, that the document 'will not be a blueprint for future EU strategy towards the ACP countries. It will be a discussion paper.' there were a number of key questions that needed to be addressed regarding strategy, the scope of future relations and the use of the traditional instruments of aid and trade. 'This is not to say that we should start afresh', he argued. 'We should build on what has been achieved so far, and adapt where necessary.' Professor Pinheiro was certain that whatever the outcome of the discussions, there were a number of 'unchallengeable principles' on which ACP-EU relations should continue to be based. These were: partnership, ownership by ACP countries of their development policies, security in terms of EU support and predictability of relations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New areas of concern&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This session of the Joint Assembly saw the emergence of two new areas of concern: urban development, and the effects of climate change on small island states. An initial report on the former was presented by the rapporteur, Daby Diagne (Senegal). It did not give rise to much debate. The report emphasises the pivotal role towns play in economic development and urges the Community to adopt an integrated policy on urban development (See our interview with Mr Daigne in the Dossier). The latter was the subject of a full morning hearing, involving a panel of ACP-EU experts who are closely involved with the problem. They warned of the threat posed by global warming to the survival, and even existence, of many islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The emission of greenhouse gases, the Assembly was told, has reached levels never before experienced (see the article which follows). Representatives agreed on the need to integrate climate change considerations into sustainable development strategies. A Working Group on the issue was set up with Karin Junker (PES-G) as general rapporteur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cocoa and babanas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was no avoiding the intractable problems of cocoa and bananas. On cocoa, opinions were divided as usual. There were those who felt that the Commission's proposed new directive allowing chocolate to contain vegetable oils (up to 5% of total volume) in place of cocoa butter, was reasonable. The proposal also involves a labelling system to ensure that the exact contents of the product are clearly indicated Advocates of this strategy argued that it would not only widen consumer choice but would also promote the export of shea-butter and other vegetable oils which a number of ACP countries produce. Opponents were worried that if implemented, the directive could lead to a big fall in cocoa exports and a commensurate loss of earnings for ACP cocoa producers. Magda Aelvoet (Greens-B) argued in favour of maintaining the status quo, saying that this was preferable to what was being put forward in the draft directive. She warned that the Commission propose' would almost certainly result in everyone (cocoa producers, shea-butter producers and consumers) losing out. There was no guarantee that menu facturers would choose shea-butter given that they would be free to use whatever vegetable oils they liked She was certain they would go for the cheapest substitute or even for synthetic products. Accordingly, Mrs Aelvoet proposed a 'freeze' on all proposals. This view was reflected in the resolution passed by the Assembly, which called on the Council to reject the proposed directive. It also requested the sever member countries which currently authorise the use of vegetable oil to comply gradually with the existing directive  -  which bans their use altogether.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banana issue proved even thornier. There is a dispute at the World Trade Organisation, where the LomÃ© Protocol is being challenged by the United States and Latin American banana producers. Mrs Kinnock expressed anger at the fact that the arbitration panel set up by the WTO is made UP of three countries known to advocate free trade. The panel, she said, is chaired by Hong Kong - which the Organisation told her was representing the 'developing countries!' The general feeling among representatives was that the odds were stacked against the European Union and the ACPs. The Assembly passed a resolution asking the Union to stand firm in defence of the banana regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Democracy, human rights, peace and security&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty-seven questions were addressed to the Council of Ministers and a further 28 to the Commission. More than a third of these dealt with issues relating to emergency relief operations, democracy, human rights, peace and security  -  recurring themes throughout the four-day meeting. The emphasis, in this context, was on Burundi, Rwanda, Liberia and Nigeria, all of which were considered individually under the agenda item 'the situation in ACP states'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the detailed answers given by Commissioner Pinheiro to questions on Burundi and Rwanda, the Assembly had a long session with Aldo Ajello, the EU's Special Representative to the Great Lakes. The discussion focused on efforts to restore democracy and legitimate government in Burundi, national reconciliation, and the repatriation of refugees from neighbouring countries to both Burundi and Rwanda. Mr Ajello gave members a comprehensive picture of the complex political and humanitarian situation in the region. He spoke of the sanctions imposed on Burundi by neighbouring countries and the efforts of the former Tanzania President, Julius Nyerere, to bring about dialogue and a just political settlement in Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria was again in the dock. Its representative, Dada Olisa, acting Charge d'affaires at the Embassy in Brussels, gave an account of what he considered was the progress made by the Abacha regime on human rights and democracy since the Joint Assembly met in Windhoek last March. He mentioned the repeal of the decree under which Ken Saro-Wiwa and other minority activists were executed, the release of detainees and the transitional programme for a return to democracy by 1998. He pleaded for the Assembly's understanding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;His explanation cut no ice with any of the seven political groupings in the European Parliament, who came together to present a compromise draft resolution on Nigeria. They wish to see all political prisoners released immediately, and the restoration of civil and political rights, as well as a democratically elected civilian government, by the end of 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution on Nigeria was again passed by secret ballot - the very last act of the session. It calls, among other things, for a total arms embargo (preventing the trade in future but also covering existing supply agreements) and for the financial assets of the Nigerian government and of members of the country's ruling councils (and of their families), to be frozen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution does not differ very much from the previous one. Mrs Junker, Johanna Maij-Weggen (EPP-NL) and Mrs Kinnock all expressed disappointment that the EU Council had failed to implement this fully. However, by repeating the demand for sanctions, they said, the Assembly was sending a very strong message to the Council that it was determined to see Nigeria return to democracy as quickly as possible. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.3.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Climate change&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A morning session of the ACP-EU Joint Assembly was devoted to a public hearing on the effects of climate change on small island states. It was appropriate that the issue should be brought to the attention of the Assembly by Maartje van Putten (PESNL). Representing a country much of which lies below sea-level. she is familiar with the devastating effects of sea flooding. At the hearing, which was very well attended, a panel of invited ACP-EU experts was on hand to enlighten the audience on the extent of the problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although global warning has been on the international agenda for more than 10 years, the seriousness of the threat it poses to the survival of small island states is only now beginning to be taken seriously - and it might already be too late, if some of the most apocalyptic scientific predictions are to be believed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is now growing evidence that global warming is taking place. In recent years, we have experienced more extreme weather conditions - heatwaves, floods and increasingly destructive tropical storms - while there are signs that icecaps are melting and sea levels rising. The increasing incidence of malaria in Africa has been linked to these changes. And it is all happening because of the influence our style of living is having on the planet - in particular the huge emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, from our factories, vehicles and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That the public hearing attracted a large audience was not only a reflection of the interest the problem is now commanding. It also symbolised the mounting international pressure for reductions in CO2 levels in the atmosphere, and for the adoption of more realistic strategies of sustainable development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel of experts comprised Dr Leonard Nurse, Manager of the Coastal Conservation Project in Barbados, Donald Stewart, Acting Director of the South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP), Dr Robert Watson, Senior Scientific Adviser at the Environment Department of the World Bank and Chairman of the second Working Group of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and Neroni Slade, Vice-Chairman of the Association of Small Island States (AOSIS) and AOSIS Coordinator on Climate Change. A separate workshop on climate change was also organised on the same afternoon outside the formal Joint Assembly setting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to Dr Nurse, current estimates based on most reliable models, suggest sea level is rising at the rate of 5mm a year (the 'range of uncertainty' is between 2mm and 9mm). This is two to five times the rate experienced in the last 100 years. This rise is expected to continue beyond the year 2100 even if greenhouse gases are stabilised. The implications for small island states, particularly the low-lying ones, would be severe. 'Atolls such as Tokelau, Marshall Islands, Tuvalu and the Maldives could possibly disappear', he said. 'Major population displacement would be experienced in Micronesia, Palau, Nauru, French Polynesia, the Cook Islands and Tonga.' Meanwhile, small islands with extensive coastal plains and limited upland areas such as Barbados, the Bahamas and Antigua, 'would be highly vulnerable to social and economic disruptions', as major cities, ports and tourist facilities, industries, freshwater sources, fertile agricultural lands and even coral reefs are destroyed by typhoons and cyclones, or washed away in floods. 'Given the limitations of climate models,' Dr Nurse said, 'it is not possible to state with certainty at this stage whether there will be a change in the behaviour of tropical storms and hurricanes. However, it is highly probable that an increase in the frequency and intensity of these phenomena could occur in a 'warmer world'. One study, he claims, predicts tropical storms would have a potential destructive force at least twice what they have today.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr Watson, similarly, struck a pessimistic note when he said that the potential for irreversible damage was great. He agreed with Dr Nurse that even if we took measures now to reduce CO2 emissions, stabilisation of the situation will take centuries. He pleaded for climate change to be taken into consideration 'in our everyday decisions.' Governments must not wait for cause and effect to be established before taking action. 'It is,' he said, 'economically feasible to reduce CO2' by introducing appropriate policy measures: looking at supply of and demand for energy, resorting to new and renewable energy sources, nuclear power, etc. and ensuring more efficient land management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The question of 'burden-sharing' in the reduction of emissions between the industrialised world and the developing countries was debated at length. It was noted, for example, that small islands states are responsible for a very small proportion of the emissions, yet they bear the brunt of the consequences. There was a general consensus that burden-sharing should be based on equity and justice.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It should be noted that the Alliance of Small Island States (which was formed during the Second World Climate Conference in 1990) has called on the industrialised world to achieve a 20% reduction in their greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2005 (The 'Toronto objective'). This, it hopes, would bring CO2 in the atmosphere down to 1990 levels. Whether this is realistic is debatable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, a number of strategy options are being closely examined by the European Commision and the Council with a view to adopting Community-wide measures to reduce emissions significantly by 2005-2010. Member States have made phasing-out proposals with targets of 5-10% by 2005, 15-20% by 2020 and 50% by 2030. This works out at an average reduction of 196 2% annually from the year 2000.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several parliamentarians wanted to know what the Commission, in particular, had done and will do to help small ACP island states overcome the effects of climate change. It was soon discovered during the discussion that a number of African countries were equally concerned. A Commission representative referred the Assembly to the provisions in the Convention which covered global warming and the special problems of island states. Although there is no specific reference to climate change, the Commission had dealt and would continue to deal with the issue in the broader context of its environmental action. Studies, projects and programmes are being implemented in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean in particular. Furthermore, DG VIII has drawn up internal briefing papers aimed at making departments aware of the issues of climate change and the environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.1.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most of the ACP states featured in our Country Reports, the vital issues are usually economic and social ones. How is a nation with a poor natural resource base to achieve lasting development ? What can be done to improve the skills of the people? How can a vibrant private sector be created ? Can better health care be delivered and how should it be paid for? Some of these questions might well be valid for Fiji but the visiting journalist soon discovers that they are all secondary issues. For this is a country whose political system itself dominates the agenda. The fundamental issue here is the relationship between the indigenous people of Fiji and the descendants of indentured Indian labourers brought in by the British between 1879 and 1916 to work in the sugar cane fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji, in fact, is home to people of a variety of cultures. On the indigenous side, the majority are Melanesians but there are also some Polynesians (living on the island of Rotuma). The country even plays host to Banabans, from Kiribati, who were displaced from their homes on Ocean Island to make way for the phosphate diggers. They hold a freehold to the island of Rabi and enjoy a special self-governing status. And while the Indians form the bulk of the non-indigenous population, there are also small Chinese and European communities as well as a number of inhabitants of mixed race.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite this diversity, it would be inappropriate to describe Fiji as a melting pot. Ever since the rapid expansion of the Indian population, official policy has tended to accentuate the divisions. In the early days, it was the British who were responsible for this, although one has to be careful to avoid value judgments. The colonial administrators, it seems, were aware of the tensions that would arise by bringing in large numbers of people of a different culture, language and religion. Their eventual response was to provide guarantees for the local population, notably as regards land rights. The effect was to preserve the traditional land tenure system which was based on villages and families. At the time, it seemed a logical thing to do, but several generations on, the country now has a settled population of Indian origin (43% of the total) who have limited opportunities to own land - even though many of them work on it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the economy has developed, each of the two main communities has found itself 'specialising' in different fields. For example, cane farmers and retailers tend to be of Indian origin while the public service has traditionally attracted more native Fijians. Significantly, the army is almost exclusively filled by indigenous people - a crucial factor in the 1987 military coup.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the political front, as Fiji moved towards independence, the idea of providing separate representation for each ethnic group also took hold. The independence constitution of 1970 reflected this with the two main communities being given parity (22 seats each) in the House of Representatives.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shattered illusion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there was no real assimilation between 1970 and 1987, Fiji was seen by many as a model of a successful multiracial society. It was only when the country got its first Indian-dominated administration (sustained in power by a smaller native Fijian party) that this illusion was shattered. There was a military coup led by Lieutenant-Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka, who is now the elected Prime Minister,. Shortly thereafter, Fiji became a republic (Queen Elizabeth was formerly Head of State) and in 1990, a new Constitution was adopted giving political primacy to the indigenous Fijians. Needless to say, it was a time of greatly heightened communal tension.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1987 coup and the events that followed have been well covered elsewhere (including our previous Country Report which was published in 1991). It suffices to say here that while the last few years have been a lot less turbulent, tensions remain. In 1997, the country must adopt a new set of constitutional proposals and a big debate is currently under way about the shape of the system of government for the 21st century. This subject is covered in a later article and also features prominently in our interviews with the Prime Minister and Opposition Leader.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main focus of this article is therefore on economic and social aspects although, as one soon discovers, this frequently leads us back to the ethnic question. This is particularly the case when one considers the overall economic performance of the country. Fiji is not poor by developing nation standards and it has enjoyed modest growth during 1995 and 1996, but there is a widespread view that it could be doing a great deal better were it not for the political uncertainties. The problem is summed up by the Economic Intelligence Unit in its Fiji Country Report for the first quarter of 1996: 'Political instability will continue to deter investment, other than that on highly favourable tax terms.' In other words, Fiji is paying a high economic price for its internal difficulties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General unease about the future and, in particular, the outcome of the constitutional review process is compounded by specific concerns over land tenure. The long-term leases granted to (mainly Indian) farmers are approaching their end and the government must soon decide what it should do next. Will any of the sugar cane farmers be evicted and if so, how many ? What alternative arrangements will be made for them? These questions remained to be answered when The Courier visited Fiji in July although, as our keynote interviews show, the subject was clearly exercising the minds of the politicians.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A long-term strategy for agriculture?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The way in which the land question is dealt with will have a crucial impact on the sugar industry - still the country's most important product in terms of its contribution to GDP and the jobs that it generates (see the article entitled 'Sugar definitely has a future'). With other uncertainties facing this sector - in particular, the process of global liberalisation - there is a growing recognition of the need for a long-term strategy. The government has a two-pronged approach  -  improving efficiency within the sector and diversifying into other agricultural products. To learn more about this, we spoke to Luke Ratuvuki, who is the Permanent Secretary for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Ratuvuki began by stressing the scope for increasing the sugar yield per hectare by as much as 75% (and by even more with irrigation). If productivity could be boosted on this scale, Fiji sugar would be in a much better position to compete in open world markets. He admitted, however, that the country would still face a struggle in maintaining market share and, looking ahead ten years, foresaw a slimmed down industry providing high quality sugar with more of a focus on niche markets. This inevitably meant looking at other agricultural products as possible long-term substitutes. The coconut (or as the Permanent Secretary dubbed it, 'the tree of life') is traditionally grown here and seems poised to enjoy a new lease of life following a period of decline. Fiji has also picked up the taro trade at the expense of Western Samoa, which is affected by taro blight, while there are significant exports of ginger to Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Europe. Mr Ratuvuki spoke enthusiastically about branching out into other areas such as pawpaws, mangoes, bananas and aubergines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji has potential for growth in a range of non-agricultural sectors, but farming is sure to play a vital part in the economy for many years to come. Currently, sugar represents almost three quarters of all crops by value (excluding subsistence growing) and the Fijians are only too aware that this makes the country particularly vulnerable to external shocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other primary sectors are all present in Fiji, albeit on a more modest scale. There is some deep-sea fishing backed by Asian investors. This provides useful employment although perhaps not the best possible financial return to the country. As one would expect in a nation of three hundred islands, there is also extensive artisanal and subsistence fishing in the inshore areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The forestry sector divides into two parts: artificial softwood plantations which are said to be managed sustainably and the naturally growing hardwoods. As regards the latter, the EU is helping with a mapping project. Although Asian loggers do not operate in Fiji, there is considerable land clearance taking place, leading to problems of erosion and silting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prospects for mining&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gold is the main mineral being exploited with important deposits around Vatukoula. The sector has had its ups and downs but the Emperor Gold Mining Company has now embarked on an expansion project aimed at raising production from the current level of about 4000 kilos per annum to 6000 kilos by the year 2000. A huge copper and gold mine is also planned for Namosi, some 35 km from Suva. Other minerals discovered but not exploited include bauxite, iron, lead, zinc, phosphates and marble. Mining currently makes a modest contribution to overall GDP but represents an important component in the export earnings figures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With one key exception, manufacturing is on a fairly small scale with an emphasis on staple items (butter, beer, soft drinks, paint, soap etc.) for the local market. The exception is the garment industry which provides some 20% of the country's export income and a considerable amount of employment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The investments in garment manufacturing and mining have been important in jobs terms and in improving the trade figures, but there are those who criticise the fact that the government appears to derive little revenue from the operations. The exact fiscal benefits are not easy to determine, prompting some observers to suggest that official secrecy should be eased (see the article on the Constitutional Review later in this Country Report).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the service sector, long-term growth is foreseen in the key area of tourism. The number of holidaymakers choosing Fiji dipped sharply at the time of the coup, illustrating the importance of political stability in attracting visitors. Tourist arrivals bounced back once Fiji's internal difficulties had receded from the international headlines. The politicians must be hoping that nothing will occur during the current period of constitutional discussion and negotiation to put Fiji back on the front pages. It is worth mentioning here that Fiji's national carrier, Air Pacific, is an example of a relatively rare bird - an airline that makes money ! According to journalist Avin Rahish, writing in the July 1996 issue of The Review (the news and business magazine of Fiji): 'It is one of the few government investments that is profitable on its own.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If tourism is a success story, there is something of a shadow over the financial services sector, which is more extensive here than in most developing countries. The reason is the collapse last year of the National Bank of Fiji with losses of US$ 142m (equivalent to 10% of the annual GDP). The authorities were accused of a failure in supervision and the taxpayers have had to pick up some of the bill. More serious, however, is the undermining of confidence in the system and it will take time for this to be restored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social challenges&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a middle-income country, Fiji has relatively favourable social indicators in the areas of health and education. Medical facilities are provided by the government but it is said that the public health system is not as good as it once was. This is attributed, among other things, to the emigration of highly qualified staff in the aftermath of the events of 1987. Nonetheless, the country does have 27 hospitals and one doctor for approximately every 1900 people. At 72 years, life expectancy is high compared to the ACP average.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The education sector is well-developed with more than 800 primary and secondary schools (for a population of less than 800 000) and 41 technical or vocational institutions. As a result, primary school enrolment is close to 100% while the 1986 census revealed that 60% of 15-year olds were still in education. On the other hand, there are concerns over the proportion of teachers lacking qualifications, notably in the primary school system. In practice, there is considerable racial segregation at both primary and secondary levels, although there is no official policy to this effect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Educationally, the jewel in the crown is almost certainly the University of the South Pacific whose main campus is in Suva. This regional institution, which has departments in a number of other countries of the South Pacific, draws students from various island nations. Dr Vijay Naidu, who is the USP's Pro-Vice Chancellor, outlined some of the special features of this unique university which has to cater for a highly dispersed population. Like traditional tertiary institutions, it provides a wide range of degree programmes on campus, catering for 3500 students. It has a further 9000 who are being educated using the 'distance mode'. Distance learning is organised through centres in each of the participating countries. Students can attend these centres from time to time but much of their work is done through radio and telephone linkages and, increasingly nowadays, by e-mail and satellite communications. The University, Dr Naidu stressed, also provides continuing education at non-degree level 'in everything from computing to basket-weaving'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the health sector, the USP suffered a loss of highly qualified staff after 1987  -  and not just among employees of Indian origin. As the Pro-Vice Chancellor pointed out, the coup created 'a new sense of insecurity' all round and teachers who decided to emigrate were quickly accepted in Australia and New Zealand. The loss has been particularly serious in the scientific disciplines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90% of the USP's recurrent expenditure is covered by member government contributions with the remainder coming from Australia and New Zealand. For capital investments, there is heavy reliance on external donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In both of Fiji's main ethnic communities, a strong commitment to the family ensures that there is relatively little absolute poverty although things may be changing as the country become more urbanised. It is rare to see beggars in the streets in the South Pacific but Suva, sadly, has a number of these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall picture is of a country with very considerable potential in both human and natural resource terms which needs to overcome a number of challenges to secure a more prosperous future. Some of these challenges - adapting to the world of free markets, tackling bureaucratic impediments, bringing development to rural villages, improving the infrastructure, and so on - are familiar to all developing countries. The single most important constraint, however, is the big ethnic divide, and the political uncertainty which flows from this. And this is something which can only be solved by the people of Fiji themselves. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.1.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'The last ten years have been very educational for me'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is almost ten years since Sitiveni Rabuka led the military coup which toppled the newly-electerl coalition government The stormy events of 1987 are long gast end Fiji has returned to more peaceful ways, but the country is arguably not yet at peace with itself. Major-General Rabuka is now the erected Prime Minister, having led the SVT to victory at the polls in 1992 and 1994. But the gulf between the native Fijians end citizens of Indian descent remains -  indeed, it is institutionalised in a political system which ensures a parliamentary majority for the former. A constitutional review is currently under way end a new text must tee adopted by July 1997. For both sides, the stakes are high. In this interview, Prime Minister Rabuka speaks frankly about the crucial issues facing Fiji as the nation gears up for the great constitutional debate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji also faces some formidable economic challenges and we began by asking the Prime Minister about these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The main challenge is the one that everybody faces: achieving an acceptable rate of growth to ensure job creation and address the unemployment problem. We also want to improve the standard of living of the people, to upgrade our infrastructure, and to develop both the urban and rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What sectors do you see as offering the best hope for future growth ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  We are looking particularly at tourism and the agro-based industries. In the international sphere, we are aiming to boost trade, particularly with our traditional trading partners, Australia and New Zealand, and with new partners that we are trying to cultivate in Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We are very grateful for the LomÃ© Convention and the various arrangements associated with it - particularly as regards access to the EU market for our sugar products. Although it would be desirable for us not to have to rely on preferential pricing for sugar, for the moment, there is no alternative. And while we are looking for alternatives and seeking to diversify our economy, we will need that system to remain in place. We would like to continue the dialogue to ensure that this happens. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the area of trade, as I say, our focus is on Australia and New Zealand, and the regional trade agreement that the Pacific island territories have with them. This agreement is currently under review. One important aspect is the clause governing the rules of origin. If we can convince Australia and New Zealand to reduce the local input requirement from 50% to 35%, then we won't need any aid from them. The effect will be to secure existing jobs and, indeed, to increase employment, particularly in the garment industry. At the moment, most of the textiles we import for further processing come from Australia. Because of the market we have to sell to, it is very good quality material. This means the costs are high, in comparison with the local input needed to turn it into finished products, and this makes it difficult for us to get up to the required 50%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If we don't get that reduction, things could go in the opposite direction. Manufacturers might relocate and we could be facing jobs losses. You have to remember that we are competing with Asian producers who have very low wage costs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is this proposal for a reduction in the local input requirement on the agenda with the Australians and New Zealanders ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The review actually excludes the clause on the rules of origin. Having said this, we have effectively raised the calculation of our local input in negotiations on a series of other points. On paper, the 50% figure is unchanged but in fact, there has been a reduction of about 5%, thus giving us a little margin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· On the sugar issue you said you were hopeful that some form of preferential access to the EU market would be maintained. Isn't there a concern that this may not last beyond the year 2000, particularly given the increasingly liberal world trading system ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, and we are looking at that. We should be gearing ourselves up for what happens at the end of the current LomÃ© agreement. It remains to be seen whether, with the WTO and the new trends, the curtain will suddenly be brought down on 1 January 2000, or whether there will be a grace period in which we are given time to consolidate our diversification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The other big issue in the sugar sector concerns the impending expiry of the land leases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That is a local issue and a very important one. It has high priority on our government agenda. We are currently talking to the landowners and lessees, explaining what will happen. The legislation (the Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act) makes no provision for further extensions to the leases, which are now nearing their end. Do we need a new act or should we amend the present law to allow extensions beyond the 50 years originally allowed for ? And if we are to do that, what happens to the compensation provisions? At the moment, these are viewed in a rather one-sided way. The emphasis is on the situation where the landlord compensates the tenant for improvements made to the land. But the rules also provide for compensation in the other direction where the value has been reduced. This may be due to constant cultivation over 50 years. What if the owner wants to return the land to its original use, planting taro, yams or cassava, as his father may have done fifty years ago, and finds he can no longer do so ? There has to be a balancing act here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hopefully, most of the land will be leased again under a new agreement or under an amendment to the existing law - because we will need to continue sugar production. It is also worth noting that some sugar farmers are beginning to diversify into other crops, both subsistence and commercial.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What arrangements do you envisage for those farmers who do not have their leases renewed ? Will they be relocated ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Right now, we are looking at the use of state land. There are two basic categories here - what used to be known as 'Crown Land under Schedule A' and 'Crown Land under Schedule B'. Schedule A covers the land not claimed by anybody during the Commission that was set up to determine the ownership of land in the very early colonial years. Schedule B is land that belonged to a community or landholding unit that has since died out: in other words, where there is no surviving member of the land-owning unit. So we have those parcels of land available. My party's policy is to restore land to the traditional owners where possible, but in those cases where you cannot identify the original owners, there will be land available for resettlement - although resettlement is perhaps not a very good term to use. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It is somewhat emotive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It implies taking a person, family or community from somewhere and planting them somewhere else -  and I hope we can avoid that. On the other hand, if you look at what people are doing nowadays, everybody's relocating. People are always resettling, moving away from home and setting up elsewhere. In this case it is perhaps a necessity, in the sense that the legislation has caught up with us. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can I turn now to the sensitive issue of the constitution. This is another area where decision day is looming. You currently have a constitutional review under way with the Commission's report due out soon. What do you think will emerge from this process over the next 12-18 months ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I don't feel that the constitutional issue is a sensitive one and do not think anyone should feel restrained in asking questions about it. It reflects the reality of the situation in Fiji. There is a requirement that the 1990 Constitution be reviewed and we have a Review Commission chaired by Sir Paul Reeves. He is a very capable man who is a former Governor-General of New Zealand and a very eminent constitutional lawyer. Assisting him, we have two party nominees - one from the main Fijian party and one nominated jointly by the Indian parties in Parliament. I have total confidence in that Commission. I believe they will come up with very objective observations and recommendations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let me explain the timetable to you. The report is expected by the end of August. It will be presented first to the President and then to me for submission to Cabinet. I envisage it being tabled in Parliament towards the end of September. We cannot debate it until three months have elapsed from the date it was tabled - which takes us to the end of the year. A lot of work will be needed during the first half of 1997. The Joint Parliamentary Select Committee, made up of members of both the upper and lower houses, will have to work on the report and try and build consensus on the various issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given that the house is racially divided, and the possibility that a premature discussion on the floor of the house may raise the temperature, I would prefer not to have a full parliamentary sitting in the early part of next year. Instead, we should go into committee and deal with it there. And then when we are satisfied that the issues can be brought out into the open, we will debate them fully in Parliament. As soon as we start talking next year, the legislative craftsmen should begin their work. On the basis of this programme, I believe we can meet the deadline to the day, promulgating a new Constitution which has been accepted by both houses on 25 July 1997. So I am very hopeful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Without prejudging the final outcome, do you envisage a move away from strict communal separation ? I am thinking here, in particular, of the separate voting lists ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think there may be provision for some cross-communal voting. There was something like this in the 1970 Constitution which had both communal and national rolls.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about the longer term. Do you foresee a political system developing in Fiji where ethnic origin is irrelevant -  perhaps a 'right-left' divide, if that is still a meaningful concept ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I am not bold enough to say that that will happen. I have seen the darkest side of Fijian nationalism. I have seen the fear that was in the Indian population in 1987. But if we move too quickly to remove the racial safeguards that are in the Constitution, we may run the risk of prolonging the bad relationship between the races that we now have. So I would say we should proceed very cautiously and let the natural healing process take its course. We also need to look beyond the Constitution at aspects such as our education system and enhancing the ability of the Fijians to compete.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I believe the education system is also very divided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Some schools are reserved for Fijians although, slowly, there are Indians from families close to the schools who are beginning to enter them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think that this is a promising sign for the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think so. I went to a purely Fijian school and when I came out of that, everything was Fijian for me. I went straight into the army which is another Fijian-dominated institution. It was not planned that way. It is just the way it happened. My tolerance level of other races was very low. But you cannot expect somebody who gets to this level of leadership to have a low racial tolerance level. I must admit that the last ten years have been very, very educational for me - very good for my own being. I consider what I used to think before and the way I used to feel before. I have never been threatened by an Indian, but I had always been in Fijian 'safe' areas - a Fijian school and then in the army. But since coming out of that sort of cocoon, I have managed very well to accept that I have to compete with them, I have to look after them, and I have to devise policies and programmes that will be good for them as well as being good for us.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· One final question. Do you envisage Fiji seeking to rejoin the Commonwealth in the near future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think seeking is the wrong word. We will do what we feel is good for Fiji and its people. The people of Fiji are those who are here now but it will include some of those who have moved on looking for greener pastures and who are willing to come back. We were not expelled from the Commonwealth; our membership lapsed. It is up to the Commonwealth to say whether they are prepared to reconsider our member ship. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.1.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 18 272 kmÂ². Fiji has two main islands (Viti Levu and Vanua Levu) and about 300 smaller ones. It has an Exclusive Economic Zone of approximately 1.3 million kmÂ²). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 790 000&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 43 per kilometreÂ² &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Suva (situated on the island of Viti Levu) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main languaqes: English, Bauan &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(main Fijian language)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currency: Fiji dollar (F$). In June 1996, 1 ECU was worth approximately F$ 1.80. (US$1 = F$ 1.40) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p15.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Fiji&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;System of government: A bicameral parliamentary system consisting of an appointed Senate and an elected House of Representatives. The President is a non-executive head of state chosen by the Great Council of Chiefs. The President appoints the Prime Minister. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the Constitution, adopted in 1990, the Parliament is divided along racial lines. The Senate has 34 members, 24 of whom are indigenous Fijians. In the 70-member House of Representatives, 37 seats are reserved for native Fijians, 27 for Indo-Fijians, 5 for 'general voters' (other ethnic groups) and 1 for Rotuma Island (whose inhabitants are Polynesian). The 1990 Constitution provides for a review within seven years and discussions are currently under way with a view to amending the Constitution by the 1997 deadline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President: Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Major General Sitiveni Rabuka &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main political parties: Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (SVT - Fijian), National Federation Party (NFP  -  Indian), Fiji Labour Party (FLP - Indian),  Fijian Association (FA - Fijian), General Voters Party (GVP).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Party representation in Parliament (1994 election result): SVT 31, NFP 20, FLP 7, FA 5, GVP 4, Others 3. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP: (1995) F$ 2.85 billion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual GDP per capita: approx US$ 2600 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP growth rate (1995): 2.2% (2.9% predicted for 1996) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Principal exports (1994): Sugar (US$ 182m), Garments (US$ 96m), Gold (US$ 43m), Fish (US$ 38m), Timber (US$ 21 m) Main trading partners (in order of importance):&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exports - Australia, UK, USA, Japan, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Imports - Australia, New Zealand, USA, Japan, Singapore.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade balance (1994): exports - US$ 547m, imports - US$ 826, deficit - US$ 279m. The current account figures also usually reveal a deficit but this is much smaller due to tourism earnings and official transfers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inflation rate (1995): 2.2%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government budget (1996): revenue -  F$ 759m, expenditure  -  F$ 851 m, deficit - F$92 (about 3.5% of GDP) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forma/sector employment: 98 112 (out of a total economically active population of about 265 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth (1993): 71.6 years &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult literacy (1993): 90.6%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education: all levels from age 6-23: 79% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.853 (47th out of 174) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: Economic Intelligence Unit, UNDP Human Development Report, 1996, EC Commission. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.1.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'We need to move to a more racially neutral system'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji is not unique in having a political system that is heavily influenced by racial or communel issues In places as diverse as Northern Ireland, Belgium, Guyana and Trinidad - not to mention many parts of Africa - people vote for parties which claim to represent the particular ethnic, religious or linguistic group to which they belong. Where Fiji is different, however, is in having a Constitution that gives primacy to one particular community. Since the 1987 coup, native Fijians have held the upper hand with a guaranteed majority in Parliament and a firm grip on the levers or power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1990 Constitution, adopted when communal feelings were still running high, contained a requirement for a constitutional review within seven years. When The Courier visited Fiji (July 19961 the work of a three-member Commission appointed to carry out the review and make recormmendations was nearing completion. All sides seem to accept the need for reforms designed to help bridge the sharp racial divide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The big question is how radical these reforms are likely to be. We sought the views of Jai Ram Reddy, the leader of the opposition National Federation Party (NFP) which has the support of most of the country's Indian (Indo-Fijian) community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You are the first opposition leader I have met who cannot, constitutionally, become Prime Minister. How do you feel about that ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is something that rankles with me - the mere thought that I am not equal with my fellow citizens of other races. I think that's generally the way the Indians feel here. All the constraints and limitations, the denial of basic human rights, are the source of a great deal of unhappiness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You talk about basic human rights. Obviously, the political aspects are very important but I get the impression that, in other respects, this is a fairly free and easy society: there is free expression, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, but free expression is only one aspect of human rights. The fact is that discrimination based on race is widespread and institutionalised. About 45% of the population is Indo-Fijian but you will find they are not fairly represented in the higher levels of the public service. At the Permanent Secretary level, there is definitely a government policy to have a limited number of Indians - and there are hardly any in the more crucial ministries. The same is true of managerial positions throughout the public sector. In the statutory bodies and major public undertakings, there is a deliberate policy of excluding Indians. So we are very much a marginalised community in the public sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Wouldn't it be true to say that Indians have quite a lot of economic power ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No, I don't agree. There is a tendency for people who come here, end for some people in Fiji, to project this image of Indians controlling the economy. It is a fallacy. It all boils down to how you define economic power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let's take natural resources. The land, and therefore the forests, are almost exclusively owned and controlled by native Fijians. Even in the corporate sector, the largest business undertaking is the manufacture of sugar, and 80% of the shares are owned by the government. The Indians don't own this industry. They are the small sugar cane producers working on ten-acre plots. And who controls banking and insurance ? Certainly not the Indians. Most of the financial services companies are foreign-owned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The area where the Indians are most visible is in the retail sector. But those little shops you see in the towns are small family businesses. The shopkeepers work up to 15 hours a day, and you will discover that many of them do not even own their premises; they are tenants. So the idea that Indians control the economy is a bit of a myth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Constitution, and in particular the system of racial differentiation for voting and holding certain offices, is obviously a key issue for you. With the Constitution currently under review, what is your party's policy in this area ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The first elections under the current Constitution took place in 1992 and we took part in them under protest. We made clear that our participation should not be construed as acceptance of the system. Indeed, the sole issue on which we campaigned was our rejection of the Constitution. But we accepted the fact that we needed to get into the system as it was, and to try and create an environment where there would be widespread appreciation that it had to change. The 1990 text, in fact, laid down that it had to be reviewed by the seventh anniversary of its promulgation. I think the architects of the Constitution realised themselves that it was deficient. And we laid great emphasis on the need for dialogue; a general recognition that the country would be much better off with everybody working together and that there was nothing to be gained by oppressing or marginalising a community. And that is the kind of environment we have tried to create.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Constitutional review will shortly be published. What do you hope will come out of that exercise ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I am reasonably optimistic. I think the environment is more favourable now and there is a general recognition that the system has to change. I am sure you will get confirmation of this when you talk to the government side. We need to move away from this very polarised, compartmentalised political system to a more racially neutral one. I think views may diverge as to how far we should go. That will be the contentious issue. But I believe we will make progress.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I certainly think we will get a good report from the Constitutional Review Commission. One of our fears, when we started on this journey, was whether it would be independent and be given fair terms of reference. Largely because of the cooperative and accommodating attitude that we ourselves adopted, and to which the government responded, we were able to get a Commission that was well-balanced. We are very fortunate to have Sir Paul Reeves, a former Governor-General of New Zealand. His independence is taken for granted. The Commission also has one nominee from the indigenous side and one from the Indo-Fijian side. So we certainly expect a good report. There is already a kind of acceptance I think on all sides that political parties need to prepare themselves for a more multiracial approach to governance in the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· On this point, I see that the SVT (the governing party) is looking at the idea of opening up its membership to other groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think there will be many nonnative Fijians interested in joining ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Not straight away but at least it is a beginning. It is an acceptance that they can't remain racially exclusive. If, for example, the Commission recommends a move toward a racially neutral system - at least for a certain number of seats - then it would be important for the SVT to have non-Fijians in their party.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can I turn to economic issues, which I presume cannot be divorced altogether from political ones ? There is a lot of discussion about the future of the sugar industry which is tied in with the question of renewing the land leases This is an issue which is due to be resolved soon. How concerned are you about the impending decision on the leases ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - This is something that concerns us very deeply. As you correctly observe, you can't separate the political and economic aspects. The two are very closely interlinked here - perhaps more so than in other countries - because of the land situation. The bulk of Indian peasant farmers, both within and outside the sugar industry, are on leases that will begin to expire next year. If these are not renewed, the problem will not just be an economic one but an enormous human one. What do we do with these people who all belong to a particular racial group. It really boils down to our very survival. Despite the growth in the towns, the bulk of the people are still rurally based. They are small subsistence farmers, living in the country areas with no more than 10 or 12 acres to cultivate. So the social implications of non-renewal in terms of poverty, dispossession and hardship are enormous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· But how real is the concern ? Surely, the overwhelming economic logic is for the leases to be renewed. After all the land is being put to productive use at the moment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Yes, but unfortunately, when you have a communal dimension to the problem, logic does not always prevail. If you think about it, there was no logic in the events of 1987. The trouble is that every issue here has a racial twist. After the coup, communal sentiments were aroused and sharpened. There was a prolonged period of anti-lndian propaganda and in that environment of anger, a highly racial constitution was adopted. There were people in positions of influence openly advocating non-renewal, threatening to take all the land back. Now they need to undo all this and it will not be easy, given the enormous strength of feeling that has been aroused. Having said this, I believe that we are now in the process of restoring sanity to our public life. It is also beginning to dawn on everybody that the sugar industry is vital for Fiji and it will continue to be so for some years to come.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I have heard that view expressed on all sides, but I wonder if people are sufficiently aware of the implications of global liberalisation. It has been suggested that this will make sugar increasingly unviable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think a lot of people are unaware of the implications, because there has been very little public education in this field. But amongst those 'in the know', there is certainly an appreciation. I am a member of the Parliamentary Select Committee on Sugar and we were recently addressed by the head of the marketing company and the head of the Sugar Commission. At that level, there is an awareness, but if you speak to the average farmer who has been growing and selling sugar for many years, he will probably assume that life will just go on as before.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Isn't it true to say that sugar depends heavily on the LomÃ© Convention arrangement with the European Community ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Very much so. In my view, the sugar industry is run so inefficiently that but for the huge subsidy we get from the European Community, it would not be viable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Presumably, this means that measures must be taken to improve efficiency ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, absolutely. But the first issue to resolve is the land question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is no point talking to the farmers about efficiency  -  asking them to improve their husbandry and focus on sugar content rather than the quantity of cane produced - when they don't know if they will have land to cultivate after next year. So you see all other issues have become completely subsidiary to the tenure question. At the moment, we are in a limbo. The government and the people urgently need to resolve this problem. Then we can put it behind us and address the other concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Are there any other economic sectors which you feel offer promise for the future of the country ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Any growth outside of tourism will, I think, have to be centred on the agricultural sector. We need more agro-based industries and more diversification. We could grow a lot of other crops here - mangoes for example. We also need to improve extension services to farmers, and make an aggressive effort to identify markets. The farmers will grow the crops but they must be sure that somebody will buy them. Every year, for example, we have a glut of tomatoes - so many that they can't even give them away in the markets. This kind of problem kills the incentive to produce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is obviously heavy state involvement in the running of agriculture. Do you see scope for more privatisation or 'corporatisation' in line with global trends ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think that growth, even in the agricultural sector has to be private-sector driven. At the same time, you have got to create the right environment and infrastructure for this to happen. Unfortunately, it keeps coming back to this question of land. If big investors, for instance, want to come here and invest in agriculture, they need to know what sort of tenure they are going to get and whether they can buy the freehold. I am sure there are people, particularly now from the Asian region, who would be interested in investing in agriculture, but the land problem is a big constraint.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Do you think Fiji will rejoin the Commonwealth at any point ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Well, we hope so. You know we are all very strongly in favour of rejoining. One of the things that I personally feel very strongly about is the unfortunate severance of our link with the Queen. I don't know, constitutionally, whether it can be restored. Obviously, there are difficulties in that area, but I think a large majority of ordinary people in this country would like at least to see Fiji back in the Commonwealth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.1.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When The Courier visited Fiji in July, the report of the Constitutional Review Commission headed by Sir Paul Reeves (former Governor-General of New Zealand) had not yet been completed  -  and what it would contain was a major topic of speculation. As readers will see from the interview we publish with the Prime Minister and Opposition Leader, the impartiality of the three-member Commission was not in question  -  at least within the political mainstream on both the native Fijian and Indian sides. Nonetheless, there were doubts about whether a consensus could be found. For the Indo-Fijians, a scaling down of the 'racial' features in the Constitution was seen as a prerequisite. Yet the ruling SVT, in its own submissions to the Commission, had effectively supported the status quo. In view of this apparently unbridgeable gulf, could the compilers of the Report come up with recommendations capable of forming the basis for a lasting constitutional settlement ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The long-awaited Report was formally transmitted to President Ratu Mara on 6 September and a few days later, it was tabled to a joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It now falls to a joint select committee of the two Houses to thrash out a new set of constitutional proposals. These will be presented to Parliament for debate and decision in the first half of next year with a view to meeting the July 1997 deadline foreseen in the 1990 Constitution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Report of the Review Commission is lengthy (almost 800 pages) and contains no fewer than 697 separate recommendations. The key ones, however, relate to the system for electing members of the House of Representatives. Currently, separate electoral lists based on race are used to fill all 70 seats (37 native Fijians, 27 Indo-Fijians, 1 Rotuman and 5 'General Electors', covering all other races). It was widely expected that the Commission would propose a mixture of 'reserve' seats and 'open' ones, with the latter, as their name implies, being chosen by the whole electorate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;45 'open' seats proposed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is precisely what they have done - but the suggested breakdown may have come as a surprise to some. The proposal is for 45 open seats (15 three-member constituencies) and 25 single-member 'reserve seats (12 native Fijian, 10 Indo-Fijian, 1 Rotuman and 2 'General Electors'). If adopted, the new system would no longer legally guarantee a majority for people of Fijian origin in the country's legislature. What would happen in practice would depend on a number of factors including the nature of the voting system in the three member open constituencies, the willingness of people to cast their ballots across the ethnic divide and the actual turnout of voters from the different communities. It should be pointed out, however, that native Fijians now constitute half the population, large numbers of Indians having emigrated over the past nine years. So long as communal voting patterns persist, this will presumably be reflected in the Parliamentary arithmetic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also proposed that the bulk of the 35-member Senate (Bose e Cake) should be made up of elected representatives of Fiji's provinces. In the field of local government, it is suggested that the present system based on villages and provinces, which applies only to native Fijians, might be replaced by an arrangement applicable to all races. In this context, the rote of the Council of Chiefs (Bose Levu Vakaturaga) would be reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the sections of the Report relating to representation are bound to attract most attention, the Commission also put forward a series of other proposals aimed at improving the governance of Fiji. One idea, which appears designed to alter the political culture, is for the 'Official Secrets Act' to be replaced by a 'Freedom of Information Act'. The presumption of secrecy would be replaced by a rule that official information should be accessible to the public except where there is good reason to withhold it. In a similar vein, the Report recommends an 'integrity code' to govern the behaviour of holders of public office.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initial reactions to the outcome of the Commission's work were mixed. Key players, including the President, Prime Minister and opposition spokespersons broadly welcomed the Report but more nationalistic elements were quick to reject it and one group even mounted a ceremonial burning of the document.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is obvious that a great many more words will be exchanged - and some of them will no doubt be heated  - in the coming months. It is difficult to see how everyone can be 'brought on board' but the hope must be that a compromise can be crafted that is acceptable to the majority on both sides of the communal divide. The people of this Pacific island nation are well aware that prosperity and stability go hand in hand. The single most important achievement in ensuring stability for the longer term would be to secure a satisfactory settlement of the constitutional issue. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.1.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was the key sentiment expressed by Isimeli Bose, Fiji's Trade Minister, when he spoke to The Courier earlier this year. Mr Bose insisted that 'no matter what anybody says, sugar will be the backbone of this country's economy for years to come.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When we discussed Fiji's current economic situation and future prospects with the Minister, it was not surprising that sugar should have featured so prominently. The sector faces a difficult future for both internal and external reasons. At home, the long-term leases granted to the farmers (mainly Fiji Indians) under the Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act are due to expire over the next few years. No provision was made for their renewal and the resulting uncertainty has provoked widespread concern, not least among the leaseholders themselves. The external 'threat' comes from new international trade rules administered by the World Trade Organisation. At present, Fiji's sugar industry is heavily dependent on the preferential access to the EU market which was granted under the LomÃ© Sugar Protocol. No one is quite sure what will happen when LomÃ© IV expires at the turn of the century but it is clear that the stakes are high.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Bose was quick to acknowledge the importance of ending the uncertainty facing the sugar farmers. 'But the real challenge', he said, 'is to ensure the maintenance of our markets for sugar.' He was aware of the encroachment of global trade liberalisation but stressed that the industry's leaders and the government were 'doing the work now and planning for the future.' At the same time, the authorities are clearly hoping that the European Union will be able to continue with some form of preferential arrangement after the year 2000, if only to buy time so that the industry can adapt and farmers can diversify.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the subject of trade diversification, Mr Bose pointed out that 'the field is very limited'. He continued; 'However, since 1988, we have seen garment production picking up from very humble beginnings. By 1995, we had about F$185 million-worth of exports in this area.' He also spoke enthusiastically about the government policy of encouraging manufacturing in tax-free factories and zones. 'This developed well between 1989 and 1992 and then there was something of a slowdown.' Tax-free factories have been established in a number of locations and the first real tax-free zone is now being set up in Kalabo. Mr Bose indicated that EU assistance was being provided in this area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Privatisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Our conversation then turned to the changing economic role of governments - throughout the world, they are withdrawing from active involvement in industrial and commercial operations. We asked how far this process had occurred in Fiji and, in particular, whether there was a privatisation policy. The Minister replied in the affirmative, pointing out that government departments 'do not usually make very good businesspeople.' The policy, therefore, was to 'corporatise' and 'privatise', although the process is still in its early stages. The Trade and Commerce Ministry has a public enterprise unit which is responsible for drawing up a policy framework for the government. In 1995, Mr Bose explained, a public enterprise bill was presented to Parliament, 'but there were so many concerns expressed to the previous Minister that it was referred to a select committee -  which, in fact was chaired by me before I took up my present poet.' The committee had now completed its work and the Minister indicated that the issue would go back to Parliament in September.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the legislative delay, Mr Bose was keen to stress that his department was already working on individual programmes. The post and telecoms business, for example, had just gone through another stage towards privatisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is, of course, an important distinction between 'corporatisation' and 'privatisation' - the former implies staying within the state sector but at arms-length from the administration. This point was acknowledged by our interviewee who explained that the approach was a step-by-step one. The first stage was to reorganise a department along commercial lines. Corporatisation came next 'and then finally you have privatisation by disposing of shares.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He stressed that the most important aim was to ensure an element of competition wherever possible. 'There is no point simply moving from a government monopoly to a private monopoly', he insisted, 'although obviously, there are utilities like water, electricity and even telephones where this may not be easy.' The minister concluded; 'Where they are natural monopolies, we will regulate them.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Our final topic of discussion was the possibility of regional integration in the Pacific.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How far had the South Pacific countries gone in this direction and did the Minister think there was a need for closer economic cooperation? Mr Bose replied that he thought economic integration was a good thing. He pointed to a document on his desk containing a draft proposal for a bilateral trade agreement with Papua New Guinea. 'We will soon be holding negotiations with them, and have also just signed an agreement with Tonga.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The focus on bilateral trade arrangements at this stage suggests that the region still has some way to go on the regional integration path.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the Minister nonetheless insisted that it was something 'that can and will happen'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.1.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How can a businesswomen succeed in Fiji's patriarchal society? Mere Samisoni, the entrepreneur behind the 'Hotbread Kitchen' gave us an appropriate answer when she said 'I roll with it', although the pun was probably unintentional In fact, it is difficult to imagine this dynamic lady being pushed around. Anybody who manages to build up a chain of bakeries from scratch, capturing 35% of the country's urban consumer market in the process, must have a lot of determination. At the same time, Mrs Samisoni displays a strong sense of social commitment. She believes in community values, advocates group decision-making and consensus, and even describes the tax system as 'reasonably fair'. In short, she contradicts the widely-held view propagated by lurid American TV series, that a dogeat-dog attitude is needed for business success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, Mrs Samisoni started out with the idea of working with one of the caring professions. Trained in nursing administration in Australia and New Zealand, she returned to Fiji only to find that there were no openings available. That was when she decided to go into the private sector, establishing 'Samisoni Enterprises'. And over the years, she has succeeded in building up one of the largest bread-making operations in the country. The Hotbread Kitchen operation is highly decentralised with the bread being baked in different locations for sale through the company's local outlets. Her business is also the first Fijian one to franchise out its operations. And having already won a big chunk of the urban market, she is now looking to expand operations in the rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Samisoni Enterprises, of course, is not simply a bread-making operation. The company now offers a line of 62 separate bakery products, with some local adaptations to suit varying tastes. It employs some 275 staff with perhaps another 50 working in the related franchise operations. And the business had an important breakthrough when it won the contract for 'MacDonalds' in Nadi. With branches of the famous hamburger chain likely to open in other parts of Fiji, this could be the start of something big. In fact, there is even a suggestion that Fiji could be used to source Macdonalds' operations in New Zealand, the rolls (or buns, as the Americans like to call them) being exported frozen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Constant quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Mrs Samisoni, the key to a successful and profitable operation is 'constant quality' and unfailing attention to customer service. As she puts its, 'if you let quality slip just once, you can end up losing customers for a very long time.' Baking is a labour-intensive business and she is keen to stress the importance of developing people's abilities - in particular, the human relaitons skills of those who deal direct with the customer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As if running a business wasn't enough, Mere Samisoni is also busy completing a Masters in Business Administration (MBA) at the University of the South Pacific, with a thesis on indigenous business. From what we discovered, speaking to this remarkable Fijian entrepreneur, she should have been helping to teach the course! &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.1.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anyone from overseas who is travelling to the Fijian capital, Suva, will soon discover that the country's largest island is a very diverse place. Roughly circular in shape, Viti Levu provides more than half of Fiji's total land area and is home to about three-quarters of the population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The journey to Suva on the south-east coast will almost certainly involve transiting through Nadi International Airport (pronounced Nandi) which is situated in the west. This is the country's only major international gateway and while it is ideal for tourists heading for the resort hotels, it is less convenient for business travellers whose destination is Suva. Their journey has to be completed either by road (which takes several hours) or on one of the small commuter planes which ply regularly between Nadi and Nausori (itself a half-hour drive from the capital).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biggest surprise to those who are unfamiliar with the country is that the west and the south-east have very different weather patterns. When your aircraft lands at Nadi, the chances are high that the sun will be shining. On reaching Suva, you are more likely to encounter rain. This part of the country enjoys - if that is the correct term - a micro-climate which is good for tropical vegetation but less appealing to human beings. The 'blame' for locating the Fijian capital in such a spot is said (not too seriously) to lie with the country's former colonial rulers. According to the story, a British envoy visited Suva on one of its rare sunny days and, on the strength of this, designated it as the seat of administration. The British can hardly deny their involvement since it was in 1882, during the early years of colonial rule, that the capital moved from Levuka (situated on the much smaller island of Ovalau). But the key reason was almost certainly the fact that Suva, with its large bay, could be developed as a port. Whatever the explanation, one must have some sympathy with the foreign diplomats who keep a raincoat or umbrella to hand at all times, and yet are viewed with envy back home because they have a 'paradise' posting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To be fair, Suva has attributes other than its weather which make it an interesting place. It has, for example, some very attractive architecture, both local and colonial. The views across the bay can be dramatic - and, in this respect, the rolling cloud formations may actually enhance the picture. And the centre of the city buzzes with activity (except on Sunday because of the Sabbatarian influence).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The population of the greater Suva area is about 160 000. This may not be enormous, but it is the largest concentration of humanity to be found between Hawaii and Australia. In some ways, it is the 'capital' of the South Pacific - a point which is underlined by the fact that the Forum Secretariat is based here. It is also the site of the University of the South Pacific's main campus. The local population is mainly ethnic Fijian but there are Indo-Fijians as well as citizens of Chinese and European extraction. Add to this the diplomatic corps, foreign businesspeople and students from other parts of the region, and you get a very cosmopolitan mix. This is reflected in the variety of cuisines available in the local restaurants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The western part of Viti Levu is also cosmopolitan but in a very different way, with a stronger Indian influence and, of course, a constantly changing tourist population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of the island's inhabitants live a relatively short distance from the sea. Thus, in demographic terms, Viti Levu is like a doughnut with a thick layer of humanity around the edge and a hole in the middle. The analogy may not be entirely apt since the 'hole' is, in fact, a spectacular mountainous area. This makes the road that runs round the island a key arterial route. Meanwhile, those who choose to fly from Nadi to Suva, assuming they are not of a nervous disosition, can enjoy the experience of travelling below the height of the surrounding peaks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The few people who do occupy the central region live in traditional Fijian villages and have a lifestyle far removed from either the town dwellers or the sugar cane farmers. Its size may be little more than ten thousand square kiLomÃ©tres but Viti Levu is truly an island of contrasts. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.1.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Ernst Kroner&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji was a signatory of the first LomÃ© Convention in 1975 and, to date, the country has been allocated some ECU 190m in EU development cooperation funds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting with a relatively modest ECU 9.9m under LomÃ© I, the national indicative programme rose to ECU 13m under the following Convention. Without neglecting rural development (feeder roads in Vanua Levu), under LomÃ© I most of the resources were devoted to transport infrastructure (a main road on Vanua Levu). Under LomÃ© 11, cooperation concentrated clearly on agriculture and rural development, in particular by means of the funding of microprojects, with infrastructural programmes (the extension of the Vanua Levu road, social infrastructure) taking second place. Under this Convention, a new field of action was also addressed: trade development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tax free zone&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade development was addressed further under LomÃ© III (6th EDF, ECU 20m, of which ECU 5m in special loans), with support given to an Investment and Trade Development Programme. The longer-term objective of the project was to widen the economic base of Fiji and to create employment. The more immediate objective was the i establishment of a Tax Free Zone near Suva. In order to promote this scheme and to secure markets for exporting the goods which would eventually be produced, the project included a programme of trade and investment promotion to be implemented by the Fiji Trade and Investment Board. Due to problems linked with identifying an appropriate site, the project, which had been given the go-ahead in 1990, only came on stream in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural and agricultural development continued to be one of the main sectors of cooperation, with the funding of three major projects. The first was a coconut rehabilitation and development project, situated on the island of Taveuni, which aimed at improving the productivity of coconut plantations through the introduction and multiplication of high yield hybrids. The project also provided for the establishment of a 30 hectare coconut nursery centre, which was expected to finance itself through the sales of seedlings. EC support for this project ended in 1992, since when the scheme has been taken over by the Government. A second project (a large-scale microprogramme divided into two sub-programmes) aimed on the one hand at the construction of access roads to facilitate the development of cocoa plantations, and on the other at the introduction and development of pineapple plantations in Vanua Levu. The first component was closed after disappointing results. The second component, however, produced very interesting and promising results, which will, however, need private and governmental support in order to become sustainable. A rural electrification project involving 28 rural electrification schemes and the supply and installation of a small power plant is still ongoing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing human resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under LomÃ© III, the formerly prominent transport infrastructure sector lost some importance. The Kubulau Peninsula road project on Vanua Levu brought to an end the work started under previous Conventions. This road, which filled the last gap in the circuminsular road, was opened on in July 1994. LomÃ© III also saw the beginning of human resources development as a new theme of cooperation, with Technical Assistance funded for the logging school. This area, embodying strong links with forestry and environmental issues, has been further developed under LomÃ© IV with the reconstruction of the school burnt down in 1993, and the enlargement of the training and education provided to what now constitutes a Forest Training Centre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The national indicative programme relating to the first protocol of LomÃ© IV (7th EDF, ECU 22m in grant aid) identifies rural development and social infrastructure as the sectors of concentration to which 65% of resources are to be devoted. The remaining 35% will be used for non-focal activities, including trade and services, tourism, cultural cooperation, training and technical cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Building bridges&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, it was only following the very destructive cyclone Kina in January 1993 that cooperation activities could start in the form of the rebuilding of four bridges either severely damaged or completely destroyed by the post-cyclone floods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Work on two smaller bridges of major importance to Viti Levu (Korovou and Vunidawa, ECU 1.135m) was started in 1994 by the Public Works Department and completed in January 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Financing Agreement for the two major bridges (ECU 10.24m) was signed in June 1994 and provides for the rebuilding of the bridges of Ba and Sigatoka. These form part of the main road around the island of Viti Levu and are therefore vital for the movement of people and goods on Fiji's main island. The new bridges, 190 and 182 metres long respectively, will be two-lane, and will provide for footpaths and utilities. To enable the traffic to by-pass the often congested towns of Ba and Sigatoka, new sites for both bridges have been chosen, which also call for the building of new approach roads. Building works were under way in early 1996 and completion is expected by April 1997.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non programmable aid for Fiji has been considerable over the years. While Stabex transfers for losses on coconut oil (totalling ECU 5.4m under LomÃ© I - LomÃ© III) came to a halt under LomÃ© IV (because levels of exports fell below the required dependency threshold), emergency aid (total ECU 9.5m) has continued, unfortunately, to be needed. Time and again the islands have been hit by cyclones (the most recent occasion being in January 1993, when the EU made available ECU 1 m for food rations following cyclone Kina).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, a significant feature of EU-Fiji cooperation was the credits provided by the European Investment Bank. It was very active under LomÃ© I to LomÃ© III, providing loans from its own resources to a total value of ECU 87.5m with a further ECU 6.1 m allocated in risk capital. Loans went to the energy sector (hydropower scheme), industry (wood processing) and services (telecommunications, sea and air transport). Considerable interest rate subsidies (totalling ECU 14.1m) have also been made available under the various EDFs in support of these loans. More recently, the EIB has financed an aircraft maintenance centre (1991) and a telecommunications project (1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over and above financial cooperation, Fiji benefits from the second largest quota (165348 tonnes per annum) under the Sugar Protocol annexed to the LomÃ© Conventions. This covers some 45% of its total sugar exports. The yearly benefit from this provision is estimated at between ECU 45m and ECU 55m - in other words, only slightly less than the total of all programme aid granted since LomÃ© I (ECU 64.9m). About two-thirds of these benefits reach the farmers, so that the EU subsidises every sugar smallholder, on average, to the extent of some ECU 1500 a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recently, Fiji's quota under the Sugar Protocol was increased by 881 tonnes, as a result of the reallocation of the shortfall of deliveries by Barbados. Furthermore, Fiji benefits from an annual special tariff quota to the tune of some 30 000 tonnes up to the year 2001.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industrial development and external trade have been supported by the relaxation of the rules of origin for exports to the EU of canned tuna to the extent of 500 tonnes a year from 1993 to 1996. A similar arrangement, applicable for certain quantities of garments up the end of 1993 was recently extended to the end of 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji's main exports to the EU (sugar, fish and garments) - and the resulting surplus in its trade relations with the EU - are consequently highly dependent upon the continuity of these preferences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Support for tourism&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the field of services, and specifically in tourism, the EU - through its support of the Tourism Council of the South Pacific - has contributed to the fact that every sixth tourist or so arriving in Fiji comes from a member country of the Union. Tourism being by far Fiji's most important source of foreign exchange earnings, receipts from European tourists amount at present to some ECU 30m, and are greater than those from the export of fish and fish products&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taking the Sugar Protocol into consideration, the EU is by far the most important of Fiji's development partners, followed by Australia. The country also benefits from bilateral cooperation arrangements with EU Member States (UK, France, Germany). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.2.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'None of the most civilised nations have ever exceeded these islanders in the great order and regularity maintained on every occasion, in ready and submissive compliance with the commands of their chiefs, and the perfect harmony that subsists among all ranks.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These were the words of Captain Cook who visited the Tonga archipelago several times on his voyages around the world in the eighteenth century. The famous explorer was obviously impressed by the social organisation of this island nation and, although it is more than two centuries since he undertook his Pacific voyages, many of his observations hold true today. Talk of submissive compliance may no longer be appropriate, but in contrast to the turbulence of much of the outside world, Tonga certainly ranks as a peaceful society, which is respectful of hierarchies and strongly attached to 'traditional values'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The reference to harmony is particularly apposite, as The Courier discovered when we visited Tonga earlier this year. It was fortunate that our trip coincided with the King's birthday celebrations and we had the opportunity to enjoy the superb choral music which plays a central part in many important ceremonies here. Like their Polynesian cousins in Western Samoa (featured in our last issue), the Tongans seem to have a natural flair for music and a talent for spontaneous harmony. The question is whether these 'Friendly Islands' - a name they certainly deserve  -  can maintain their reputation for social harmony into the third millenium.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In order to answer this, one has to identify where discordant notes could creep in. The biggest challenge appears to come from the process of globalisation. New technologies, particularly in the field of communications, are rapidly breaking down barriers. The tide of the international economic system, with its emphasis on mass production, con sumerism and free trade, is lapping at the islands' shores And political systems everywhere are under pressure to con form to a 'democratic' model which some would argue places the individual above the community. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course, external influences can be both positive and negative Cultural exchanges can be enriching, and new ideas and techniques may offer opportunities for improving the quality of life. The key is to adapt without undermining the social fabric. And in Tonga, as in other countries, a harmonious future will ultimately depend on the way the country evolves both politically and economically.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking first at the current political set-up in Tonga, one cannot fault the use of the term constitutional monarchy which is the preferred description locally. It is important, however, to recognise that the constitution - which dates back to 1875 - gives considerable power to the monarchy. There is a measure of democracy in that all adults over 21 have a vote, but they only elect nine of the 30 Members of Parliament A further nine are chosen by the country's 30+ nobles while the twelve Cabinet Ministers, who sit in the House ex officio are nominated by the King. Tonga may' be small (it has fewer than 100 000 inhabitants) but it nonetheless attract: the interest of political scientists as one of the few remaining states with a hereditary ruler who wields substantial power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Critics of the system view it as an anachronism, although their emphasis is on reform rather than revolutionary change. Defenders argue that the arrangement works well in a small, homogenous nation which values its unique culture and traditions (even if the constitution contains many 'British' elements). The latter also point, with some justification, to the attitude of the population. There are dissenting voices but the majority appears to be happy with the existing set-up, thereby lending it democratic legitimacy  -  at least indirectly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There may not, at present, be any overwhelming demand for constitutional reform but things can change. In particular, a people's view of their political system and how it might evolve is likely to be influenced by the prevailing economic conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic outlook&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga's economy is not exactly booming with the most recent estimates suggesting a 2% GDP drop in 1995-96. Several of the traditional problems faced by developing countries are to be found writ large here. The local market is not just small but tiny by global standards, and this makes it exceptionally difficult to achieve economies of scale. There is heavy demand for imported manufactured items and few viable export opportunities to balance the equation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The education system compares favourably with those of other developing nations but the pool is so small that Tonga inevitably suffers from human resource shortages. This is exacerbated by a steady 'brain drain'. Qualified Tongans, who may already have experienced life abroad at college or university, are tempted by a range of attractions including higher salaries, better housing and more extensive career prospects. The skills shortage is particularly severe in the medical profession. In a recent issue of Matangi Tonga (the 'national news magazine'), it was reported that the country would only have one anaesthetist by 1997 - with a local doctor observing wryly that there was no need for one since the main hospital's only specialist surgeon had recently left to take up a post abroad.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it would be better for Tonga to retain its qualified people, the fact that the country 'exports' labour does have its positive side. Tongans have a strong sense of family and community, and overseas workers send significant amounts of money back home. This injection of 'foreign' funds boosts the local economy and reduces the overall balance of payments deficit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture is by far the most important economic sector, with most crops being grown for local consumption. The islands benefit from a fertile soil and a tropical climate, allowing the cultivation of a wide variety of fruit and vegetables. All land is vested in the Crown, with estates allocated to the nobles. By law, each adult male is also supposed to be allotted three hectares although there is not enough land to go round. Despite this difficulty, which means that some people do not receive their allocation, the result is that most Tongans are involved in farming. The advantage of the arrangement is that it guarantees a living for the bulk of the population even if their cash income is low. On the other hand, it is obviously a feudal system which favours the upper echelons of Tongan society. In addition, it tends to hinder the development of larger units which could benefit from economies of scale. While anxious to make farming more efficient (and export-oriented), the government currently has no plans to introduce land reform.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In export terms, the main crop is squash (pumpkins). Production increased dramatically in the early 1990s when a market niche was identified in Japan and it soon became the country's biggest foreign exchange-earner. More recently, income has been depressed, with overproduction in 1994 leading to a drop in prices, and poor rainfall the following year reducing yields. The November export figures for the last three years (November is the month when squash deliveries peak) illustrate the extent of Tonga's reliance on this single product. In November 1993, the country's overall export income was T$15m - more than half of the annual total. Twelve months later, the figure had dropped to T$9m and last year, it fell below T$6m. When The Courier visited Tonga, the authorities were talking about limiting the amount of squash exported to Japan this year to 15 000 tonnes, in the hope of maintaining premium prices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government is also acutely aware of the risks of mono-dependence and is looking for other outlets for its agricultural produce. Demand for copra, Tonga's traditional export, has apparently been reviving, but the price has not been high enough to attract local farmers back into the market. Other crops sold abroad include vanilla, cocoa, coffee, black pepper and ginger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One farmer who is doing his bit in the quest for export diversification is Masao Soakai, a former general manager of the Copra Board. He is now the managing director of a company that specialises in the import and export of produce. This energetic 73 year-old gave us a guided tour of the plots he had rented. He cultivates an astonishing range of different crops which include potatoes (for Fiji), cassava, taro, yams, carrots, broccoli, cauliflowers, strawberries, bananas and capsicums. He also rears cattle and pigs (a Tongan tradition). Masao Soakai stresses the importance of rotation in maintaining yields and believes strongly in planting for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other sectors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wherever you happen to be in Tonga, the Pacific Ocean is never far away. Evidence of the country's maritime tradition can be found in accounts of the appropriately named William Mariner (see box article on this page). But while, in the past, Tongan vessels sailed far and wide, and the country has a huge exclusive economic zone (EEZ), the fishing industry is relatively undeveloped. The sector generates about 5% of GDP. A project sponsored jointly by the FAO and the UNDP revealed that there was considerable scope for expansion, both in the inshore and reef zones and in the deep sea area. The main species which could be exploited commercially are albacore, skipjack and yellowfin tuna. Tonga has received assistance to develop its fisheries from the USA and Japan, and the government has offered tax advantages in the hope of promoting investment, but there is still a long way to go before the country realises its full potential in this area. Hitherto, the country has not licensed foreign vessels to fish in its waters but there is talk of this policy changing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tourism could also generate a lot more income although it currently faces a number of infrastructural and practical constraints. The government is committed to expanding the sector but Mrs Papiloa Bloomlield Foliaki, the owner and manager of Nuku'alofa's third largest hotel (the 'Friendly Islander') feels that a lot more could be done. She pointed out to The Courier that a healthy tourist sector would provide employment as well as stimulating new business for food producers, builders and craft industries. She focused, in particular, on deficiencies in training and marketing, and suggested that some of the resources allocated to agriculture might be better spent in tackling these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga's natural assets make it a 'dream' location for visitors looking for a complete change of scene - particularly if they happen to be keen on sailing, snorkelling or scuba diving. The problem is that the country is so far off the beaten track that it is expensive to get to (some would see this as an advantage in deterring mass tourism). Nothing much can be done to change this but it does mean that they have to aim at the upper end of the market. This requires top quality accommodation  -  of which there is a distinct shortage at the moment. As regards marketing, Mrs Foliaki was hopeful that the recent formation of a hotel association would enable the Tongan tourist industry to raise its profile abroad. Despite her optimism - echoed by all those we spoke to in official circles - the latest figures for visitor arrivals show a downturn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the manufacturing sector, the story is, sadly, one of long term decline. Clothing production ceased in 1994 and the output of leather items has been falling. There are very few industrial activities in which Tonga has a comparative advantage (whether actual, or potential) and this is something which is recognised locally. There may be some scope for adding value to agricultural products through processing but it is unlikely that industry will take off in a big way in the foreseeable future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sale of passports (see the interview with Prime Minister Baron Vaea) is an issue which attracted publicity - not all of it favourable - some years ago, when the government launched the TPPP (Tonga Protected Person's Passport). This was designed to be a travel document which did not confer the right of residence in the country. The authorities adopted the scheme with an eye firmly on Hong Kong, a British colony which is due to be transferred to China in 1997. Some passports were sold but the project never really took off as the immigration authorities of other countries refused to accept the document. Now there are suggestions that the idea may be revived, although this time involving normal passports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The foregoing survey of Tonga's economy does not paint a particularly happy picture but it should be stressed that there is very little real poverty in the islands. In many ways, the informal economy is more important, and subsistence agriculture and fishing ensure that people do not go hungry. With their traditional family structures and strong attachment to the Christian faith, the Tongans have not yet encountered many of the social problems associated with more consumption-oriented societies. But to paraphrase a famous saying, 'no nation is an island' nowadays - even if it happens to be surrounded by water! In an era of increasing globalisation, the key question is how to manage change. Let us hope that the people of Tonga can find the right answer. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.2.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Constrained by our geography'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No-one can accuse Tonga's Prime Minister of being a starry-yed optimist. As the following interview reveals, Baron Vaea, who heads a twelve-member ministerial team, is refreshingly honest about the economic difficulties facing his small island country. The Courier interviewed him in July, at his office in Nuku'alofa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have suffered a GDP drop and a general slowdown of activity in recent years. What is the government doing to restore the situation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is true that the economy has been declining. The main cause is the excessive demand from the private sector for imports from New Zealand and Australia, combined with diminishing exports. Our exports fell when the price of copra dropped. Another problem is New Zealand's quarantine rules. New Zealand is very particular on quarantine against insects, notably fruit flies, which may damage their own export trade. We have endeavoured to balance this out by selling squash to Japan and indeed, it has been a saviour as far as our economy is concerned. Squash is something our farmers know how to grow. Of course, the market goes up and down. Recently, we made the mistake of over-producing and quite a lot of the crop could not be sold abroad. I think our farmers are now realising this, and that they have to plant according to the quota that we ourselves have imposed. Tourism is another important area although levels of room occupancy are very dependent&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;on the economic situation in other countries. Then there are passport sales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is this something you are still doing ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, but it has been hit by technical difficulties. A number of Hong Kong Chinese bought our Tongan Protected Persons Passport (TPPP) in the hope that they could travel. The immigration authorities in other countries decided they would not accept the document so this source of income dried up. We have changed to national passports which people can use to travel. We are hoping to revive this in order to suit the conditions of the Hong Kong people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is this being done on the assumption that the people who purchase such a passport would not ultimately settle here ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. The main reason people in Hong Kong want a passport is to keep open the option of leaving after the changeover.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Has this policy prompted any criticism from other countries ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No. The main problem is the Chinese themselves who are due to take over Hong Kong next year. It is possible that they will not recognise these passports. We are planning to have discussions with the Chinese on this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Going back to the agricultural sector, are you not putting too many eggs in one basket in focusing so heavily on squash. What efforts are you making to diversify ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We have just signed a trade agreement with Fiji. They are such a close neighbour yet we have had virtually no trade with them. This should change with the agreement, to the benefit of our economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What products are we talking about here ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Mainly vegetables, particularly those that are favoured by the Indian community, such as chills and spices. A trade mission has just returned from Fiji where they picked up a number of orders. The representative of a group of growers also recently returned from Japan. He took a sample of dried pawpaw, a crop which is popular with the Japanese, and apparently received an excellent response. This is an area which is promising.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key issue, however, is the amount of space available in the aeroplane. You can't ask everyone to grow pawpaw when the airline tells us that they can only take eight tonnes at a time. Only a limited number of farmers can be involved, so that we can continue to supply the tonnage that the airline can handle. We will encourage the rest of the farmers to concentrate on other products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is your policy regarding foreign investment ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We encourage overseas investors to engage in activities that local people are not involved in. Land leases are available for anything they want to do which fits in with this policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga has an extremely limited manufacturing sector and there appears to have been a long-term decline. What prospects are there for reversing this trend ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - For many years, the policy of the government has been to encourage exports. We have had entrepreneurs here who have exported things like woollen garments, small boats, horse saddles and so on - but it didn't last. The sad fact is that hardy anything is exported from Tonga. The main reason is that we are constrained by our geography. We are so far away from the main markets. The raw materials have to be brought in and by the time the article is finished, there is no way that it can compete in price terms. This has always been our problem. We are always looking for new markets but it is not easy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A second limitation is the private sector in Tonga. This is weak in terms of technology, marketing and product quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about further processing of local products - perhaps value-added agricultural activity ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, this is something that we would hope to do, though the same kinds of problem arise. People don't set up the processing plant because they say there isn't enough local cultivation to make it worthwhile. And the farmers don't grow the crop because they say there is no market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So it is 'chicken and egg' situation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. The result is that people only grow for home consumption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I should mention here that there are other resources we have yet to exploit, notably in our waters. We have reserved these for ourselves and do not allow foreign fishing vessels. So we are trying to recover resources from the sea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also the possibility of drilling for oil. Research ships operating in the Pacific have found a limited number of locations where it would be worth looking for oil reserves and two of them are in our waters. We have been publicising this with a view to encouraging further exploration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· This would presumably involve drilling licences for oil multinationals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. Some companies have done this in the past although only on a small scale. The answer we got from the oil companies is that they are interested in exploitation - but not now because of the low oil price. When the price goes up, I think we may attract interest again but that is clearly only a long term possibility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A lot of young Tongans leave the islands to work overseas. What is the explanation for this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is true that a high percentage of our population migrates. These are people in search of a better life, who seek to reap the benefits of their abilities by working overseas. They can have a nice house and get a good education for their children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I should stress that we have a good education system here but there is a heavy emphasis on gaining qualifications in order to get into the civil service. Where we are lacking is in the field of technical education. We have some facilities of course - an Institute of Science and Technology and a Marine Institute to train people to go to sea. This is very much in its infancy and we hope it will help for the future. But even some who have gone through this system end up looking for jobs overseas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Turning to political issues, you have a monarchy here which is still very powerful. Do you anticipate any changes in the system ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - There has been some public pressure for change. I don't think people want a radical upheaval but there is a feeling in certain quarters that the present system could be improved upon. As you probably know, Parliament has nine members elected by the people and a further nine selected by the 28 nobles from among their own number. The third component is the government -  12 ministers who are appointed by the King. It has been suggested that qualified people who don't presently sit in Parliament should be there to help deal with the economy. One idea is to change the Constitution so that whole population elects 30 members. The King would then choose his ministers from these 30.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Has this idea made any headway ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  No, not so far. We are maintaining the old system. The proposal has been aired but it hasn't been passed in the House. There are a lot of people, I think, who prefer the present system because they feel the monarchy works for the benefit of all the people. Would a new team necessarily stick to this principle? There must be a danger that they would tend to favour just one section of the population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can you comment, finally, on Tonga' relations with its partners in development cooperation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - As you know, we have good relations with the EU through the LomÃ© Convention. We also have strong bilateral links with Australia and New Zealand which have been giving us assistance. But I think we have to face up to the fact that the aid cannot continue. The UK, for example, used to provide us with our judges. That has been taken over by Australia and New Zealand -  but for how long ? I think it is bound to be phased out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So we will continue to have relations with our partners, but we need to recognise that they are concentrating their efforts now and adapt accordingly. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.2.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 669 kmÂ². Tonga has about 170 small islands and four main island groups (Tongatapu, Ha'apai, Vava'u and the Niuas). It has an Exclusive Economic Zone of approximately 700 000 km,). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Nuku'alofa (situated on Tongatapu) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 99 000 (1994 census) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 149 per kilometreÂ² &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth (1992): 68 years Official languages: Tongan and English Currency: Pa'anga (T$) made up of 100 seniti. The currency is pegged to the Australian dollar. In September 1996, 1 ECU was worth T$ 1.57 (US$1 T$ 1.22)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p32.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Tonga&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Polities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;System of government: Constitutional monarchy based on the Constitution promulgated in 1875. Considerable powers remain vested in the King. The Parliament has 31 members  -  the Speaker, 12 ministers (including the Governors of Vava'u and Ha'apai) who are appointed by the King, 9 nobles chosen by the 33 members of the nobility and 9 People's Representatives elected by universal suffrage. There are no political parties although there has been talk of setting up a 'people's Party'. The twelve cabinet ministers hold office until they reach retirement age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Head of State: King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Baron Vaea of Houma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy (estimated 1995 figures unless otherwise stated) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual GDP per capita: approx US $1900&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP growth rate: -2% (1995/96)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Principal exports: squash, vanilla, manufactured goods and fish. In the early 1990s, squash accounted for more than half the country's total export income. In 1995, however, the harvest was affected by drought and exports dropped significantly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balance of payments: A trade deficit of US $38.8m (exports  -  US $18.3m, imports  -  US $57.1 m). The current account deficit is much smaller thanks to 'invisible' earnings, notably from tourism and remittances from Tongans living overseas. Inflation rate (April 1995): 4.5%. Total external debt: T$ 44m (1993)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: Tonga in Profile (on the Internet -  http: 11l www. netstorage. com/kami/ tonga) Economic Intelligence Unit Country Report 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.2.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'There is much more political awareness'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People's representative, Teisina Fuko offers an alternative view&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While Tonga has no political parties, and the main levers of power remain in the hands of the monarch, it would be a mistake to conclude that there is no questioning of the status quo in this small Pacific kingdom. As The Courier discovered on its recent visit, Tongans are happy to speak openly about their political system and to criticise (or praise) aspects of it me local media may not be particularly extensive but it nonetheless allowe for different viewpoints to be expressed, including criticism of the authorities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Those who advocate political reforms in Tonga face something of an uphill struggle. There is no overwhelming demand for change and although the lever of popular support for the current system is not easy to judge, there appears to be widespread acquiescence  -  which effectively amounts to the same thing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, the focus of 'opposition' has tended to be within the ranks of the people's representatives who sit in Parliament We spoke to one of these elected members, Teisina Fuko, who comes from the Ha'apai island group and began by asking how democratic the thought the system was.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I would say about 50%. Up until the 1970s, the system was very traditional but we now seem to be westernising quite quickly. People are returning from overseas with different ideas and this is having an impact on the way we are governed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think you will ultimately have a Parliament whose members are all elected by universal franchise ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I would say it is more certain now than ever before. There is much more political awareness. We see it in the schools, where children are being taught to think independently. There are also the new economic trends -  commercialisation and the focus on foreign earnings which imply the need for modernisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You sound quite enthusiastic about the 'westernisation' process. Are you not concerned about the possible negative aspects in terms of the survival of your traditional culture ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think we have to strike a balance. We mustn't go to extremes. Our culture and traditions are important but there are new things we need to take on board and some old habits we should drop. Take business opportunities: we have to be more democratic in this area. If one group has all the power then they will tend to favour their friends which isn't necessarily efficient. What it boils down to is a lack of checks and balances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the present economic difficulties, I also think we need to move quite quickly. I recently wrote an article arguing that the King should transfer his power to appoint ministers to the people. Ministers should be elected so that they can be accountable to the taxpayer. We are a close-knit family here and there is no question of getting rid of the monarchy. But we need to sit down and hammer out a compromise which will allow us to improve our economy and make it more competitive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let me give you a practical example. Defence is now third on our list of priorities. That doesn't make sense to me. We would be better spending the money on economic development. We also need to boost the private sector so it can create jobs, instead of tying its hands. At present, 50% of our revenue goes on paying civil servants. What for 7 It may create employment, but it is not productive. So the government has to be minimised. Having said this, there are some positive signs. I am glad, for example, to see new blood being brought into the ministerial team.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Parliament is currently composed of three groups - twelve ministers, nine nobles and nine people's representatives. On paper, that suggests that no group can dominate ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Yes, but the ministers and nobles often work together and we are  outvoted. It is difficult to imagine the nobles saying 'no' to the King although, to be fair, they do sometimes abstain and some of them recognise the need for certain reforms to the system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Turning to the economy, which areas do you think offer the best development prospects ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-  Tonga's potential lies in fishing. We are an island nation that has always depended on the resources of the sea and we have the necessary labour force. What the people need is the know-how  -  advanced technologies to develop this sector. We also have to set up credit programmes so that people can invest in boats and equipment. I believe we should spend a lot more on fishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately the government does not take the same view. It has put a lot of resources into small industries, airlines and so on. Yet the reality is that these sectors are in decline. Manufacturing has fallen and so have agricultural exports. Fishing is the only sector that is expanding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about the prospects for agriculture ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think we have reached the limit in this sector. There is very little scope for expansion. I also believe we should be concentrating on what we can produce to use locally. There is very little more we can do in terms of commercial exploitation. Tonga is somewhat overcrowded and we cannot use too many chemicals because the water table is so low.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· One local issue, which presumably has economic implications, concerns the possible expulsion of foreigners who have been here for a certain amount of time. Apparently, the decision has been taken not to renew certain residence permits. What is your view on this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think Tonga should encourage skilled people who are here to stay. We should use make use of their skills, particularly where they have expertise that is lacking locally. At the same time, there are some people here who just came for a visit and ended up staying without doing anything very productive. There are also a number who came after the coup in Fiji and I think we should give them some leeway.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the whole, I don't think it is a big problem. Tonga has traditionally been very liberal in the application of its immigration law. We have never been colonised so we tend not to have a suspicion of foreigners. And whatever we do must be in accordance with the law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Could you sum up your vision for the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  You only need to look around you to see that we have a youthful population here: a lot of young people who need to be catered for. We are investing heavily in education which I think is good but we need to do more to adapt to the changing world. We were peaceful in the past because most Tongans were on roughly the same level in terms of wealth. Now the poor are getting poorer while the rich get richer. This could lead to an increase in social tensions. With a more democratic system, we should be able to close the gap and work for a peaceful and more prosperous future. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.2.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Minister outlines economic strategy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the policy of appointing Ministers for life - or at least until retirement age - is maintained, then Dr Giulio Masasso Tu'ikolongahau Paunga can look forward to a long career in the Tonga Cabinet. At just 32, he has recently been been given the job of Minister for Labour, Commerce and Industries (with responsibility also for tourism). He may be relatively young, but the new minister has impressive academic credentials. He took a master's degree in Japan (in Japanese) and as we soon discovered, he has some new ideas about how to achieve economic development in his country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr Masasso's portfolio covers a wide range of economic activities and we began by asking what he thought the main focus of his work would be. He identified three areas  -  agriculture, which is the single most important sector; fisheries which has potential for growth; and tourism. He would also like to see more manufacturing, particularly for export, but acknowledged that the current prospects in this area were very limited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking first at agricultural production for export, we noted that a significant change had taken place over the last decade. Coconut-related products had been largely replaced by squash, a 'gap' in the Japanese market having been identified when other sources of supply were not available. Tonga may have been the first to spot the opportunity but was there not a danger that other countries might 'muscle in'? The government was 'very aware of this danger', said the Minister and was trying very hard to diversify its export products. He mentioned vanilla, papaya, beans and, in particular, carrots. The last-mentioned crop grows well in the islands and there is apparently a growing taste for carrot juice in Japan. A list of products with export potential, which could be grown successfully in Tonga, had been drawn up in cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture, and Dr Masasso's department would be actively seeking new business overseas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government is obviously interested in developing trade with Japan and other countries in Asia, but the Minister felt that New Zealand and Australia were likely to remain the principal markets for Tongan farm products in the future. He was looking forward to easier access to New Zealand once new quarantine facilities had been set up at the international airport on Tongatapu. This, he said, should allow for a larger throughput of export crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efficiency, of course, is the key to winning and keeping overseas customers. With this in mind, our discussion turned to the land tenure system. The allocation (at least in theory) of parcels of land to all male Tongans discourages the development of larger farms or plantations. Was this the most effective way of exploiting the country's fertile lands? Dr Masasso acknowledged that the system hampered efficiency but stressed that the question was a very sensitive one. The right to cultivate a plot of land is deeply rooted in Tongan culture, and radical changes to the property laws are not on the agenda. As the Minister put it; 'We are trying to maximise our efficiency under the present system of land tenure.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning to tourism, Dr Masasso observed that 'this has been the most stable industry over the past ten years,' bringing an average of T$ 12 million into the country every year. In looking at possible growth, however, he stressed the need to take account of the environmental and cultural impact. 'Tonga is a very small country, and it would not be right to build too many hotels and related facilities. It might be possible, but the long-term effects would be a little too much for the country.' Dr Masasso said he favoured tourism which has 'e closer relationship with people -  a cultural exchange, targeting people who really wish to understand our country.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fishing is a sector which appears to have huge potential given the size of Tonga's exclusive economic zone. Dr Masasso explained how Japanese assistance was being used in a boat building scheme designed to produce vessels that local people could afford. He also spoke enthusiastically of the research that had been carried out to determine the nature and size of the fish stocks. He recognised, however, that while most of Tonga's fishing was inshore, there was scope for a great deal more revenue from deep-sea fishing. In this connection, negotiations were underway with the United States, Taiwan and Japan, to allow vessels from these nations to fish in Tongan waters. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The conversation then moved on to the more general issue of entrepreneurship and the role of the state in the economy. The Minister indicated that the government believed in privatisation but stressed that this was not simply 'because other countries are doing ft.' The main issue at this stage, he said, was to create a sufficiently large pool of well-trained people to take over activities currently run by the authorities. 'The government wishes it didn't need to get involved but we are a small developing nation, and to get things started, you need capital and know-how  - which locals sometimes don't have access to.' In these circumstances, the state had to activate projects which could later be privatised once the necessary skills had been built up. Another 'major strategy' was to develop a much closer relationship between the Ministry and the private sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This led us into a discussion about Tonga's attitude to foreign investors who might also be in a position to supply capital and know-how. The authorities had recently threatened that a number of residence permits would not be renewed. Was this not a disincentive to potential overseas investors ? Dr Masasso was keen to offer clarification. 'The media makes it look as if Tonga doesn't like investors but they have misinterpeted the situation. He insisted; 'we want the foreign investment here and are encouraging it in those areas where locals cannot get involved.' Defending the actions of the immigration authorities, the Minister stressed that what they were doing was normal practice. 'Those who stay here illegally and do not extend their visa have to be deported.' The action, he argued, was not directed against foreign investors and indeed, the latter should be encouraged by the government's commitment to upholding the law.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.2.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing the Vava'u islands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Myfanwy van de Velde&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EC-Tonga cooperation began in 1975 with the first LomÃ© Convention, soon after Tonga gained full independence in 1970. Grant aid totalling ECU 19.8m (LomÃ© I - LomÃ© IV) has been allocated to the country during its 20-year membership of the Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under LomÃ© I, funds were directed principally towards two main projects: the construction of the wharf at Neiafu, Vava'u, and funding for the Ministry of Works to procure road maintenance equipment and build schools, rural health centres and small wharves at Ha'apai and Vava'u. Remaining funds were used to finance studies involving dredging, trade promotion and designs for Vava'u and Faua fisheries harbours. The EIB also financed a line of credit of ECU 130 000, under LomÃ© I, to the Tonga Development Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LomÃ© II funds focused on the fisheries sector, and on initiating works relating to the upgrading of the Vava'u airport. There were also projects in the fisheries sector, aimed at encouraging fishermen to undertake commercial fishing to meet local demand. To this end, the Faua Fisheries Harbour for small boats was built, and marketing and cold storage facilities were provided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By the time LomÃ© III funds came on stream, Tonga had adopted a regional development approach with regard to its various island groups. The aim was to have a coherent development programme taking account of the specific constraints and potential of each. The Vava'u group of islands became identified as the focal area for the use of EC assistance, and LomÃ© III resources (ECU 6.5m in grants and ECU 0.5m in the form of risk capital to be managed by the EIB) as well as LomÃ© IV funds (ECU 6m and ECU 1 m respectively) have duly focused on its development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Located in the north of the Kingdom, Vava'u is the second group of islands both in terms of population (16 000) and land area. With an abundance of natural resources, the group is thought to have greater potential for agriculture and tourism than other parts of the Kingdom. However, this potential was largely untapped at the time LomÃ© III was initiated. This was due to a variety of constraining factors including relatively low productivity, undeveloped marketing infrastructures, substantial import levels and poor distribution of utilities and other public services. One particular constraint preventing the development of tourism was limited access caused by a lack of transport infrastructures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two main projects aimed at addressing these problems have been implemented. The first, costing ECU 1.24m, involved completing the upgrading of the local airport at Lupepau'u (begun under LomÃ© II). In addition to runway improvements, a new terminal building was provided, complete with safety and navigational equipment. Passengers began using the new facilities in early 1995. The second project, entitled the 'Vava'u Development Programme', was allocated the sum of ECU 5m. This money is being used to pay for a series of activities including road upgrading, the provision of photovoltaic equipment for household energy needs and the supply of equipment for vocational training colleges. New buildings being funded include health clinics, a market and an agricultural quarantine building. The funds also cover the cost of establishing the Vava'u Development Unit as the monitoring and implementing agency for the programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Programme continues under LomÃ© IV, with about 85% of programmable resources for Tonga (approximately ECU 5m) set aside for activities in the focal area. Funds will be directed towards developing the Neiafu urban area, in recognition of the need to upgrade access and services in the commercial centre of Vava'u. The projects envisaged include upgrading the town centre and urban roads, port improvements, and measures to increase the capacity and improve the distribution of piped and rain water to households. In addition, a multi-annual micro-projects programme will lead to the construction of jetties on the inhabited outer islands of Vava'u, thereby improving access to Neiafu which is the main centre of the archipelago.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the above grant aid, Tonga has received funds in the form of Stabex transfers for losses in export earnings in respect of coconut products, bananas and vanilla. It also received emergency aid in 1977, following an earthquake, and in 1982 following Hurricane Isaac.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EIB interventions have contributed to the share capital of the Tonga Development Bank and have increased the Bank's lending capacity to small and medium-sized enterprises. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.4.2.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uelingatoni Tevita Vaea (known as 'T' to his friends), proved to be a mine of information for The Courier, when we visited the Vava'u island group in northern Tonga recently. 'T' is a Tongan engineer who returned to his native land from Australia to work as assistant project manager in the Vava'u Development Unit. His help was particularly useful during the highlight of our visit - a traditional celebratory feast laid on by the villagers of Nuapapu. This is one of Vava'u's inhabited outer islands and the celebration was staged to mark the installation of solar powered lighting, courtesy of LomÃ© Convention funds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nuapapu is one of a number of outlying villages to receive solar installations under the Vava'u Development Programme. In all, some 350 homes have been wired up. Units attached to individual buildings collect the power and convert it into electricity which is stored in a battery. When night falls, the lights can then be switched on. Although the bulk of the installation costs are covered by the project, each participating household is required to pay a lump sum to have a unit fitted. They are also contracted to pay a modest amount each month towards maintenance of the system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It may all seem rather prosaic to those of us accustomed to electrical power at the flick of a switch, but for the people of the villages in the Vava'u group, the project is little short of revolutionary. For centuries, their daily rhythm has been governed largely by the rising and setting of the sun. The only 'artificial' light available after darkness came from fuel-burning (and more recently, battery) torches or lamps  - enough perhaps to reveal a path or highlight the position of an object, but certainly not to read or do intricate work with one's hands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The formal 'switching on' ceremony was performed by the Dutch Ambassador, Mr van Thessen and Jonathan Rodwell, who is the European Commission's resident advisor in Tonga. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was preceded by a courtesy visit to the village chief and the above-mentioned feast, which gave the European visitors an authentic and memorable taste of traditional Tongan hospitality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The food was brought from all quarters of the village on long rectangular trays covered with leaves. Each was laden with food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fare was predominantly local: the famous roast pigs featured prominently along with fish, chicken, bananas, coconuts and a variety of root and tuber vegetables.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were also some 'imported' items: the corned beef which is so popular here, some packets of crisps to add colour to the guest 'table' and boiled sweets woven into garlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The trays were laid end to end, stretching perhaps 20 metres and woven mats were placed all around. Having received our garlands of flowers, we were invited to sit down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The feast was interspersed by various speeches and 'T' helped out with a translation and explanation of the proceedings. We began with a prayer in Tongan, delivered by the local minister. This was followed by a speech of welcome and thanks by the matapule (spokesman) of the village chief.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High ranking people in Tonga always have a matapule to speak on their behalf on such occasions. Ambassador van Thessen and Mr Rodwell then replied on behalf of the guests, (in English, with consecutive translation provided).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They expressed thanks to the people of Nuapapu for their hospitality and wished them success with their new electric lighting. There was then a short discourse by the District Officer followed by a closing prayer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;References to all this speechmaking could leave a false impression that this was a formal and stilted affair.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact the reverse was very much the case: the mood was relaxed throughout and there is no doubt that the villagers know how to enjoy themselves. Music was supplied by a group of men playing a variety of instruments and the women joined in the festivities with what appeared to be spontaneous bursts of dancing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were also special solo dances performed by two young ladies whose bodies had been smeared with coconut oil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As tradition dictates, once their performances (involving highly expressive hand and finger movements) were complete, the audience expressed their appreciation by slapping banknotes on the oily exposed surfaces of the dancers' bodies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The light was fading as the feast ended and we moved to the brief 'lighting up' ceremony, carried out to the accompaniment of applause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guests (including the staff of the Vava'u Development Unit who have guided the project through its various stages) then took their leave of this hospitable community and set off by boat on the return journey to Neiafu. As the vessel drew away from the shore, we were able to look up and see, for the first time, the twinkling lights of Nuapapu. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Dossier coordinated by Debra Percival and  Claude Smets)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The United Nations Conference, Habitat 11, on human settlements (Istanbul, June 3-14 1996) exposed the Herculean task of addressing the problems of ever-growing cities and called for 'shelter for all.' The special contribution of civil society in making cities more liveable was acknowledged at the conference - but the big question is, who will foot the bill ? The meeting also spoke of improving dwellings in rural areas to keep people on the land and halt the mass exodus to the cities. But the right to remain and prosper from one's habitat can be at odds with outside pressures for environmental conservation. The dossier looks at some of the issues raised by the conference, and the wider significance of 'Habitat II' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second UN gathering on the theme of 'habitat', staged two decades after the first conference in Vancouver, took place against a backdrop of rapid and alarming urban growth. In 1900, one person in ten lived in a city. By 1948, the ratio was three in ten and by the year 2000 half the world's population are expected to be urban dwellers. 25 years after that, the figure is expected to have climbed to 60%. Africa is the region that currently has the highest rate of urban growth. In 1950, it had only one city with a population of one million. By the end of this decade there could be 60 cities of this size, according to UN figures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The focus on human settlements and liveable cities inevitably meant that Habitat II covered some of the same ground as other UN conferences convened during the 1990s to explore the big issues facing mankind: the 1992 'Earth Summit' on environmental matters in Rio de Janeiro, the 1994 Population Conference in Cairo, the 1995 Social Summit in Copenhagen and the 1995 Women's Conference in Beijing. Issues common to all the agendas included rapid population growth, environmental degradation, access to clean water, poor sanitation, lack of infrastructures, and women's issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rallying calls of Habitat II, set out in the Conference's conclusions, were 'shelter for all' and 'sustainable human settlements in an urbanising world.' The Nairobi-based Centre for Human Settlements is to be the focus for the follow-up. But as delegates dispersed, one of the pressing questions was where the money will come from to meet the host of agreed objectives -  which include clean water with improved technology, conservation and protection of the environment, and better health and education. In this dossier, European Commission officials from the Development Directorate General, who attended the conference, reflect on Istanbul and its likely followup.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whereas in the past, cities were associated with economic development, innovation and the diffusion of new ideas, nowadays they conjure up the vision of urban poverty, environmental degradation, poor sanitation and a host of health hazards. Urbanisation is the direct consequence of rapid population growth, according to the 1993 Human Development Report. In 1965, agriculture provided 77% of employment in developing countries and represented more than 41 % of Gross Domestic Product. By 1985, this sector was contributing a lot less to GDP but was still providing 72% of all employment. So a large number of people continue to depend on agriculture although its share of the global economy is declining. In these circumstances, it not surprising that many of the world's poorest people are migrating to cities - the annual estimate is 20-30 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The dossier looks, in particular, at the environmental cost of rampant urbanisation and at the problems of city living for more vulnerable groups such as women. They are often among the poorest urban dwellers and can fall victim to exploitation and crime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paradoxically, poor people in cities are becoming even poorer as economies improve. Additional pressures on these marginalised groups living in cities are neatly summed up by Jeremy Seabrook, author of 'In the Cities of the South.' In a recent article for Gemini news agency: 'Tougher Struggle for Survival in the Concrete Jungle,' he writes; 'As the pace of development quickens, with high economic growth and increased migration to urban areas, land price in most big cities have soared. Poor people are being increasingly removed from their hoary&quot; - by mysterious fires, explosions and 'accidents'. Meanwhile, the urban poor's ability to mobilise and achieve has been used against them. The capacity of people to create homes and secure local communities has been used as a justification for the withdrawal of government services.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He continues: 'As inequalities become more glaring, enclaves of prosperity are sealed off from the slums by checkpoints, guards and fences - like frontiers to another country. Despite this, people are still flocking to the city  -  often refugees from intensifying, industrialised agriculture and.. megaprojects in the countryside...' Mr Seabrook points out that without decent jobs, they fall prey to sub-contractors, who exploit them, offering them low pay and demanding that they work long hours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Civil society&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the cities of many developing nations, 'civil society' is taking a lead, with projects to bridge the gap between the 'haves' end the 'have note'. Numerous participants at the Istanbul conference applauded the urban programmes undertaken by various elements of civil society, which include NGOs, community groups and individuals. Their significance was recognised in Istanbul, where their voice came through loud and clear. Nigerian journalist, Paul Okunlola, writing in this dossier notes a move towards 'bottom up' projects in Lagos as a result of the tough times.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agostinho Jardim GonÃ§alves, the President of the NGO-EU Liaison Committee, was particularly pleased at the input of civil society to the conference's committees and conclusions. The debate, he said, had not just been about the macroeconomic aspects. Instead, it had come 'within the reach of the populations themselves.' The people, he argued, were both victims of the anomalies of inhumane settlement and the key players in efforts to construct a humane, dignified habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeremy Seabrook describes some of the inspiring international initiatives undertaken by civil society. Examples include the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC) in Bombay, which works with pavement dwellers; the Association of Basic Needs (ARBAN), and 'Health for All' in Dhaka; the Eddie Guazon Foundation in Manila, which seeks to protect the poor against private interests; and the Foundation for Women, which is trying to tackle the trafficking of girls for Bangkok's brothels. But Mr Seabrook also warns against overestimating the strengths of popular organisation. As he points out: 'They require an enabling and positive framework, which the free market can never provide. Government intervention, of a more benign and positive kind than hitherto, is vital if people are to help themselves. As it is, too often they are forced to struggle against the people elected to govern them.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chair of the Habitat Conference, Wally N'Dow, emphasised local solutions. The conference, he said, 'recognised the changing global patterns of life' and that solutions must be found at the local level. 'National governments and international agencies', he argued, were not in a position to solve massive urban problems or to pay to put them right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were a number of donor pledges at the conference. The European Union countries, for example, reiterated their long-standing commitment to provide 0.7% of GNP for development by the year 2000  -  though many of the 15 member states are still well short of this target.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One scheme which has attracted the particular interest of donors is South Africa's Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). To a considerable extent, the success of President Mandela's government is likely to be judged on the success of this programme. It aims, among other things, to improve health, education, housing and sanitation and as such, it mirrors many of the 'Habitat II' goals. Launched in 1994, it is the centrepiece of the South African government's efforts to create a more democratic, prosperous, non-racial and non-sexist society. In the dossier, we look at the RDP's objectives, how it is faring and what sort of support the EU is giving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural rights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond the city, the dossier looks at what is happening to some rural dwellers who have not taken flight to the city. Although, largely focused on the city, Habitat II acknowledged the importance of urban and rural linkages in its conclusions: 'Rural and urban settlements are interdependent... governments must work to extend adequate infrastructure and opportunities to rural areas to increase their attractiveness and thereby minimise... migration.' There was mention too of the need for more jobs and housing for rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But in some rural areas, the inhabitants have found themselves in dispute with conservationists. The latter seek to protect wildlife and the rural habitat by setting up national parks - a solution which is not necessarily in the interests of local people struggling to maintain their livelihood. We take a look at such dilemmas and the possible solutions being developed so that rural dwellers can continue to make the most of their habitat. This rural struggle, where solutions are also being called for at a local level, is not unlike the battle being waged for a better quality of life in the cities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deputy mayor of the city of Louga, Daby Diagne is also President of the Finance Committee of Senegal's National Assembly, General Secretary of the Association of Mayors of Senegal and President of the World Federation of United Cities. He is the ACP-EU Joint Assembly's General Rapporteur on urban development and The Courier had the opportunity to interview him in September at the Assembly's meeting in Luxembourg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have just submitted an initial report on urban development to the Joint Assembly. In it, you recommend that the Community adopt a specific and consistent global policy in this field, notwithstanding the fact that successive LomÃ© Conventions have contained a number of significant provisions relating to the subject. What is the reasoning behind your recommendation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - There are several reasons. First, there is the fact that, in the past, cities were often viewed solely in terms of infrastructures and sectors. Experience shows that this approach is not effective. Specialists are increasingly opting for a more global 'city' concept. The Commission must therefore adapt itself to the new situation. It is true that it has financed infrastructures and launched health and clean-up programmes, but the problem is that this has been done in a somewhat unsystematic way without being linked to long-term regional development or a zonal policy. There is now an increasing need for an integrated regional development approach. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think ACP countries are aware of the importance of cities ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That's another question altogether. Obviously, the ACP countries are in the process of changing their views on this subject and a number have appointed ministers to look after urban affairs. The reality of city life has to be taken into account. The rate of urban growth in the ACPs far exceeds that in other parts of the world and it is in the towns and cities that one sees the most glaring instances of poverty and under-development. People have therefore been forced to take the 'city' phenomenon into account in the ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The political will must exist for a policy to be successful. Do the ACP countries have a genuine will to implement an urban policy ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I don't think it is possible to speak of a uniform trend in all ACP states. However, in certain regions - for example in West Africa, which I know well - a municipal culture is beginning to take shape. There is a growing political will, which is illustrated by the discussions on decentralisation, and people are increasingly recognising that central government cannot do everything by itself. One can find regional development and planning policies designed to create the fabric of mediumsized cities. Not everyone has them but it is something we are seeing more and more of.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· ACP countries face complex challenges and there are people who say that the actions of the European Community are too dispersed owing to the number of sectors it is involved in. Doesn't your recommendation simply add to this problem ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - On the contrary. I regard my recommendation as being pro-integration and therefore pro-globalisation  - which is not the complete opposite of a sectoral, diversified approach. I believe it would allow the Union's activities in certain fields to be better interlinked. I am thinking here of water, health, clean-up operations and infrastructures  - all of which are major problems for society. Naturally, a more global concept will require greater dedication, and if there are additional resources, so much the better, but, in my view, the situation could be improved even with what we currently have available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The rate of urbanisation in Africa is higher than elsewhere and the living conditions of city dwellers - particularly those in the shanty towns  -  are becoming increasingly difficult in terms of health, education, environment and so on. What, in your opinion, would be the optimum strategy for reversing the decline, at least in the short-term ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - First of all, I think we have to make a distinction here. Let's take the actual rate of urbanisation. Contrary to what is generally thought, this is lower than in the rest of the world. In other words, Africa has fewer towns and cities than the rest of the world. It is the rate of growth in the urban population that is higher. Populations are becoming increasingly concentrated in the cities, with the drift of people from the countryside. In addition, the phenomenon is being fed by demographic trends. You ask me if there is anything we can do to halt this. There are actions that can be taken to restore some balance. For example, we could make investments in the rural environment to keep people in the countryside, and we could implement suitable agricultural policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But we must not labour under too many illusions, because life in towns and cities will be an inevitable characteristic of the next century. Economists and urban planners have been considering the phenomenon for a long time now - perhaps 30 or 40 years. It is  something that cannot be halted, because it is a fact of civilisation. So, what should we do? Above all, we should devote our efforts to regional development, achieving a balanced distribution of human resources, and a more equitable exploitation of natural resources. Power has to be decentralised so that people do not abandon their roots but face up to local challenges. And we have to implement urban policies which are satisfactory in terms of investment, management and popular participation. In simple terms, urbanisation has to be managed. We cannot hope to reverse the trend overnight, particularly in the case of a continent like Africa where everything happens quickly. Africa is enormous and its population has not yet reached its maximum levels. We have to take all this into account.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We must acknowledge that scientific progress and improvements in the field of health have contributed to population growth, and a reduction in mortality rates. This means that urban civilisation is a reality that we have to manage. There is a risk of uncontrolled growth in urban centres. When infrastructures are lacking, when there is no water, when hygiene cannot be guaranteed and when there is no work, a country's security is threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have mentioned democracy end the decentralisation of government This also requires adequate financial resources. Where do you think the ACP countries will find the money to implement decentralisation strategies ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Democracy involves a search for freedom - freedom of opinion and expression, independent of material or financial problems. The problem with decentralisation lies in administrative method. It is not purely a matter of money. In the first instance, it is a question of choosing the right approach. It has been demonstrated that without any extra resources, one can still act differently by delegating and decentralising. And success is much more likely because the people are involved in the process. Admittedly, it requires an internal reallocation of resources. A proportion of everything that was formerly centralised has to be allocated to development and to basic needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To answer your question more directly, there is a great deal of talk of this alternative method of governing. It is inspiring new hope and a thirst for something better. It is even being viewed as an 'ideal' solution - which it cannot be entirely. However, by decentralising human and economic resources, and by allowing people to participate, hope can be inspired at local level. This should make for better administration and support, which is an improvement in itself. Of course, this may make people more demanding. Will it satisfy their requirements? As I have already said, internal resources will have to be reallocated, but resources must also come from outside. One cannot make an allout effort for decentralisation without doing something to improve international cooperation. This cooperation, however, must be adaptable, and the state must retain its pre-eminent position and its role as guarantor and arbiter. But in addition, local communities should have access to international cooperation either directly or indirectly through their organisations, municipal structures and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In this context, what role do you see for international organisations - not just in terms of financial resources, but also of human resources ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think what we now need to do is build up a pool of skills in each municipal area. The developed countries have experience in this field. We have to take their processes as a model without necessarily copying their experience. This is something which will be discussed. Secondly, in the context of relationships between towns and cities, I believe it is possible to make access to experts more flexible and that this can take place very quickly, with the provision of training and fairly basic technology transfers. General training is also extremely important. In order to build up a pool of skills in towns and cities, local government must form a dynamic, management-oriented team. The approach has to be one of business-like management and objectives have to be targeted using private-sector methods, although public-service requirements always have to be borne in mind. A great deal, therefore, can be done at international level, in terms of support for networks of associations and committees of locally elected representatives, enabling them to discuss matters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We could, for example, carry out a comparative study of legislation in a particular area, thereby gaining access to other types of experience. Internationally, aid can be given to associations to help them buy equipment and attain a degree of freedom of manoeuvre vis-Ã -vis the authorities. In the field of decentralised cooperation, the international community can help elected representatives to implement their projects through partnerships, conducting studies, and providing personnel. Cooperation is possible in all spheres -  implementation, management, financing and so on. I believe that a new type of cooperation will gradually come into being. It is not a question of creating 'white elephants', but rather small and medium-scale projects which are of genuine use to the population. And I am not talking here about acts of charity, such as the donation of medicines, but sustainable projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Christian Cure'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future of towns and cities is not what it was. In the 20 years between the first United Nations conference on human settlements (1976) and Habitat II which took place in Istanbul in June 1996, the situation has changed a good deal. The significance of urbanisation  - and its irreversible nature -  are now acknowledged, as is the powerlessness of the authorities to deal single handedly with the complex phenomena which result The author of this article points out that civil society has suddenly broken into a field hitherto the preserve of official agencies and qualified experts, claiming a 'right to the city' based on research into more equitable development models.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vancouver to Istanbul: two symbols for two eras&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vancouver was the 1976 host of the first conference on human settlements organised by the United Nations. At that time, the UN was celebrating 30 years of existence and Vancouver, a model of urban development and modernity, provided inspiration for the developers and experts needed to plan the cities of the future. 'Appropriate technologies' heralded the possibility of mass-produced, cheap housing for everyone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty years later, the UN chose Istanbul as the host city for the Habitat II conference on human settlements, forcing us to face up to a quite different situation: uncontrollable urban growth (400 000 migrants arrive there every year), social and environmental problems, and intercultural and political tensions (amply illustrated by the Turkish politicians' inability to form a government at the very time the Conference was taking place). In brief, Istanbul presents us with the usual list of problems facing most of the world's major cities - and those of developing countries in particular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Against this backdrop, the international community  -  180 countries, 500 local dignitaries, a few thousand professionals and even some ordinary citizens - came together from 3 to 14 June to discuss a 'settlement action plan'. This document, which had been in preparation for two years, contains 183 articles. It sets out a series of goals, principles and undertakings as well as providing an action plan for cities, the initial results of which should begin to be seen by the year 2001.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The preparatory committee selected two basic topics for discussion: securing adequate shelter for all, a basic but nonetheless controversial theme; and sustainable urban development The latter encompasses housing, demographic factors, infrastructure, services, the environment, transport, energy, social and economic development, the future of underprivileged groups and combating exclusion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cycle initiated at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 (followed by the Copenhagen, Beijing and Cairo meetings) was continued by Habitat II. Two major handicaps had to be overcome - 'conference fatigue' (with the resulting fact that there were fewer delegates than anticipated) and ensuring that what had been accomplished at earlier conferences was not undermined. Given that the subject of the meeting was human settlements, it was inevitable that sensitive issues already debated at previous summits, relating to the environment and social aspects, would keep recurring.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Civil society as an active force&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of conclusions arose from the official sessions (hearings, dialogues and various forums) which took place over the two weeks of the conference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First, Habitat II represented a recognition of the fact of urbanisation. In the past, there was a tendency on the part of the international community to play down, or even ignore, the phenomenon of urban growth and this was reflected in the meagre resources allocated to this area by donors. Today, the issue is better understood than it was 10 or 20 years ago, and it is acknowledged that the growth trend is unstoppable. Statistical studies and a set of 'urban indicators' drawn up for Habitat II confirm the scale of the problem. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, the Istanbul summit was a lesson in modesty. The obvious powerlessness of public authorities to deal single-handedly with the challenge of burgeoning towns and cities is recognised. The result was an understanding that a more pragmatic view is needed -  one which pays more attention to the complexities of urbanisation, to the wide variety of possible responses and, above all, to the multi-faceted nature of the players involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Conference therefore became a genuine forum for debate. One of its most significant aspects was the emergence of 'civil society' as an active force. Hitherto, the field has largely been the preserve of official agencies and qualified experts. For the first time in a UN forum, local authorities, community leaders, private sector representatives and other dynamic forces in civil society were invited to give their views and take part in discussion groups. Whereas in the past, the debate was dominated by macroeconomic and technical questions, in Istanbul, the political and social aspects were given prominence as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The effect of this was to improve the quality of the debate. The outlines of a new relationship between governments and civil society (NGOs, ordinary citizens and popular urban groups) were defined - with the local authorities slotting in somewhere in the middle. And there was a particular focus on the question of dimension or scale: what should be the basis for urban democracy and citizenship. Both of these are seen as essential if one is to have successful and sustainable urban development policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A right to the city?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first stage of the analysis is to look at urban life from a macroeconomic standpoint. Urban growth is determined by the evolution of the world economic system and, in particular, by the globalisation of markets. This has generated increased competition, including competition between cities themselves. Since the end of the 1980s, cities have been responsible for between 50% and 80% of the GDP of most countries. In other words, they represent more than mere links in the global economy; they are, in fact, pivotal points.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hence the principles which broadly underpin the Habitat 11 programme. In fundamental terms, public policies must promote the capital, housing, property and employment markets, with a view to improving the efficiency of urban management (living conditions, infrastructures, services, environment, etc.). This is not just desirable in human terms but also essential if urban productivity is to be improved. Many decision-makers at the meeting agreed that privatisation of services, partnerships involving the authorities, the community and the private sector, and decentralisation were all part and parcel of a new standard for good local governance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Representatives of 'social' interests, on the other hand, were successful in focusing the debate on fundamental rights and principles, including individual and social rights. Indeed, these issues dominated the Conference and gave rise to the most difficult negotiations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were prolonged talks, for example, on the central issue of the right to a roof over one's head. The outcome was a commitment by governments to promote 'the full and progressive acceptance of the right to adequate shelter'. The NGOs had been hoping for a more clear-cut undertaking. Questions relating to the status of vulnerable groups, women's rights and their equal access to land, and protection against eviction, were also the subject of heated exchanges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps the most important step forward, however, was the success of civil society representatives in sowing the seeds of a new idea - the 'right to the city'. This concept has been devised on the basis of research into more equitable and soundly-based development models to which local authorities are increasingly giving practical support. Thousands of individual experiences and issues were highlighted in Istanbul by NGOs and community groups. Thus, there is a mass of evidence that populations are capable of responding through local initiatives and of taking responsibility for improving their living and housing conditions. If this 'resource' is to be exploited to the full, urban politicians must develop a deeper understanding of the scale of micro-territories and local societies within cities. They also need to promote and coordinate their decision-making in a way which involves consulting and involving the local populations. In the modern era, this is the key to ensuring social cohesion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond Istanbul&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There may have been a lot of new thinking on the basic principles, but there was no reference to financial undertakings in the Habitat 11 programme. On the latter issue, the international community was highly circumspect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank took the initiative, announcing the launch of an 'urban compact', involving an additional $15 billion in loans for urban projects over the next five years. It also revealed that it would triple its aid to NGOs involved in the urban environment. Recent World Bank estimates suggest that just 0.2% to 0.5% of a country's GDP would need to be set aside for the poor to gain access to basic urban services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards monitoring, the NGOs and local authorities won the right to sit on the Human Settlements Committee which will be responsible for implementing the habitat programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most important points to emerge from Istanbul, however, were that local authorities were given both formal recognition, and a major practical role - in keeping with their current responsibilities. The habitat programme is, in fact, a powerful call for decentralisation and increased local autonomy, its action plan being built on the implicit principles of 'subsidiarily' and 'proximity'. To a large extent, the successful implementation of the programme will depend on the mobilisation of municipal politicians and officials - and on the policies they adopt at local level. The agenda for cities in the 21 st century that was adopted at the Rio Summit must now be fleshed out and become the future reference for action by local authorities, NGOs and citizens' associations. Finally, the importance of decentralised cooperation and the role of local councils in international cooperation have been reconfirmed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Local authorities and their international organisations decided to form a worldwide coordinating group to continue structured dialogue with the international community and to guarantee that the Istanbul resolutions are followed up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some people predicted that Habitat 11 would be 'the revenge of the cities'. To quote P. Maragall, chairman of the Committee of the Regions, the conference at least provided the opportunity to build, and to give a wider audience to 'the voice of the United Cities within the United Nations'. That itself is a major step forward. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tackling violence against women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Rosemary Okello&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this article is a journalist with the Nairobi-based Women's Feature Service (WFS) She contends that the Habitat 11 conference skirted around some of the issues affecting women city dwellers in Africa, such es violence and sexual abuse. Improving their lives, she argues, starts with a roof over their heads&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lofty ideals set during this year's UN Conference on Human Settlements in Istanbul meant little to African women like Catherine Kaberu. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As she recalls the misery of living on the streets of Nairobi, she is just happy now to have a safe, secure room for her family. 'I thought by running away from home and coming to Nairobi, I would find a better life&quot; says Ms Kaberu. Instead, the streets became her home and her life was defined by the fear of violence against her. Her two children were born during that difficult period, following rapes. She cannot identify their father. There are an estimated 30 000 street people in Nairobi and Catherine Kaberu says that all street women and girls are regularly abused.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Every day we had to look for a place to sleep and we bribed the watchmen to guard us.' Often it was the same watchmen, employed to guard office blocks in the city's central district, who took advantage of the women's desperate situation. Not even age could protect them says 63-year old Felista Nyambura, herself a veteran of the streets. 'I suffered all manner of humiliation,' she states, referring to ten years spent on the streets with her seven children. 'The watchmen would rape me if I refused to give in to them - after they had offered me a place to sleep for the night with my children. I am just so happy to be off the streets. I will never go back,' she states firmly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The confidence of the two women comes from their new security as owners of simple one-roomed houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Having a house to call my own is the most important thing that ever happened to me,' says Ms Nyambura as she explains how she ended up on the street after the piece of land her husband left in their rural home was taken over by her in-laws.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The two women are part of a group of 114 who have benefited from the Urban Destitute Programme, a project of the African Housing Fund which is involved in participatory community development with the homeless women of Nairobi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Catalina Trujillo, the 'Women in Development' coordinator for the Habitat conference stresses: 'If a woman's place is in the house, we had better make sure she owns it.' These sentiments were supported in Istanbul by the conference Secretary General, Wally N'Dow: He stated: 'By conviction, by analysis and even by instinct, women's rights to ownership and inheritance of property is right. If Habitat II... does not also contribute to social progress by addressing some of the issues like property rights for women, then it will have failed.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the women of-Africa in particular, the most important thing that should have come out of Istanbul was an affirmation of their right to own and inherit property, and to security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These issues affect most African women regardless of their status and they were presented to ministers concerned with shelter and settlements when they met in Johannesburg last year to prepare an African agenda for the Istanbul meeting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most African countries accept the theoretical premise that women must have access to land, credit and inheritance, and recognise that certain types of violence are targeted primarily at women. South Africa's President Mandela affirmed: 'When we talk about people-centred development, we should understand that the involvement of women is often the difference between success and failure.' Yet in reality, customary law and insensitivity to gender concerns continue to predominate. Unfortunately, when the African ministers adopted their declaration, the point on the &quot;unencumbered access of women to credit and land ownership' appeared in only 20th place. And while forced evictions were highlighted in Istanbul, violence against women did not feature at all among the 'key priorities'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet in parts of Africa these are major concerns affecting women every day. 'In South Africa, a women is raped every 83 seconds and in some areas, a girl can expect to be raped four times in her life,' says Emelda Boikanyo of the Johannesburg-based Women's Health Project. Idah Matou remembers how one Sunday morning in 1992, five men stormed into her shop in Alexandria township. They seized the day's earnings and anything else they could carry away before raping her 1 5-year old daughter. A few weeks earlier, they had called to demand protection money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Violence in the home is also a growing problem. Mmatshilo Motsei, Director of Agisanang Domestic Abuse Prevention and Training, an NGO based in Alexandria, South Africa, says the problem is so pervasive, 'it must be raised as a national concern.' Habitat II turned a deaf ear on these women's concerns. This was not their forum. Shawna Tropp of the NGO Women's Caucus criticised those attending the conference who claimed that it was not about women but cities. 'Women live in cities,' she says and adds: 'By and large, human settlements are still very much seen in terms of bricks and mortar'. She calls for greater understanding of the role played by women, usually in an unpaid capacity, in the management of communities. 'Everything begins with having a house in a secure neighbourhood where the dignity of women is protected.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The megacity personifies human misery for many in developing nations. As agglomerations proliferate in the twenty-first century, the United Nations Population Fund's 1996 report - The State of the World Population  -  considers how one might go about remedying the ills of city dwelling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNFPA's figures for urban growth make worrying reading. Over half the world's people will live in cities within ten years (3.3 billion out of a total of 6.59 billion). Between 1970 and 2020, the urban population will have risen by more than two billion - and 93% of these will be in developing nations. These increases will add to the strain of an estimated 600 million people already living in urban areas of developing nations without the resources to meet their basic housing and health needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Back in 1950, New York was the only city with more than 10 million inhabitants. Today, there are 14 in this category. Tokyo, which is home to 26.5 million people, is the largest. And by 2015, many others are expected to join the megacity 'club'  -  Djakarta (Indonesia), Karachi (Pakistan), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Delhi (India), Tianjin (China), Manila (Philippines), Cairo (Egypt), Istanbul (Turkey), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Lahore (Pakistan), Hyderabad (India), Bangkok (Thailand), Lima (Peru), Teheran (Iran) and Kinshasa (Zaire).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the majority of the world's people will be living in cities by 2005, it will take a little longer for the 50% threshold to be crossed in the less developed regions. However, this is expected to happen before 2015. Looking specifically at Africa, the current estimates reveal significant regional variations. In Southern Africa the rate of urbanisation is 48%. The figures for North, West, Central and East Africa are 45%, 36%, 33% and 21 % respectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Expanding populations are likely to add to the widely reported list of horrors emanating from cities that are bursting at their seams. Problems include the collapse of basic services such as water and waste management, escalating social conflict, millions of urban children open to labour exploitation, sexual exploitation, environmental degradation, traffic congestion and environmental hazards such as increased air pollution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, the UNFPA report acknowledges that cities are also 'concentrations of human creativity and the highest form of social organisation'. It continues: 'Cities provide capital, labour and markets for entrepreneurs and innovators at all levels of economic activity'. Indeed, between 60% and 80% of developing countries' GNP is generated by their major conurbations. Social transformation occurs at a faster pace in urban areas. Thus, health indicators tend to be better, literacy is higher and there is more social mobility. And there are more opportunities for women. The city presents fewer obstacles for women's education and female city dwellers are less likely to be constrained by traditions which may stifle their creativity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But harnessing this potential is no easy task. The final chapter of the UNFPA report, entitled 'Policies, strategies and issues for improving cities', argues that urban dwellers in developing nations have been badly affected by structural adjustment policies. These have resulted in the elimination of subsidies on food and other commodities, increases in school fees and job losses in the public sector. Cities will also be required to adapt to the 'mass global experience in decentralisation' involving the shifting of local decisions from central government to municipal authorities, parastatal bodies and the private sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p48.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Regional distribution of urban population&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women - a priority&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report stresses the importance of improving education and health, with a particular focus on women. As Dr Nafis Sadik, who is Executive Director of the UNFPA, observes; 'If urban centres are to be made liveable, and the quality of life of the poorer members of society is to be improved, women should be given the chance to play their role in the process.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report reiterates the specific targets for improving the lives of women that were drawn up by the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the field of education, these include 100% primary school enrolment (for both girls and boys) by 2015, improving access for girls and women to secondary, tertiary and vocational education, and closing the gender gap in the primary and secondary sectors by 2005.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other goals include a progressive reduction in infant and maternal mortality, making reproductive health services accessible to all through the primary health care system by 2015, greatly improved provision for family planning (allowing couples to make free and informed decisions on the number, spacing and timing of births) and providing better protection against sexually transmitted diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The State of the World Population Report concludes: 'A successful urban future depends, as much as anything else, on engaging all members of the community - especially women and the poor  -  in a constructive political process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There will have to be partnerships struck between governments, nongovernmental organisations, the private sector, and local and community organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And global urbanisation will require that the international community  -  governments, NGOs and international institutions - act to exploit the potential of cities to improve the lives of the world's people and to establish the foundations of sustainable development in the 21st century.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Paul Okunlola&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a present population of some 7.5 million, the new millenium will propel Lagos to megacity status. The United Nations Population Fund predicts that 24 million people will live in the city by 2015, making it the third most populous conurbation on the globe. Whilst the donor community has supported urban projects in the past, tough times mean more reliance on 'bottom up' schemes backed by N60s and community-based groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When it began to rain in the small hours of Thursday 18 July 1996, residents of Lagos -  Nigeria's largest city and economic nerve centre -  merely stirred in their slumber. The gentle, but persistent showers, didn't rank among the heaviest downpours experienced by this coastal city, which gets rain on average for eight months in every year. Nor are Lagosians unfamiliar with spells of rain lasting up to seven days without break.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But by the time of the early morning 'rush hour', the traffic-laden streets of metropolitan Lagos were being swept with rampaging floods. Until well after noon, the city's social and economic life was at a standstill. Already difficult road conditions were rendered impossible for motorists, marooned at the wheel for hours. Exhausted school children eventually made it back home after spending the better part of the day in traffic. Crowds of commuters waited interminably at bus-stops for vehicles that never came.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The economic toll was expected to be heavy, with offices in both government and the private sector remaining empty all day. Commercial activities were put on hold as shops remained shuttered until well after noon. The communications network and electricity supply to key areas of the city were shut down for hours, to protect equipment. One state government official commented: 'It has never been so bad.' By the time the water receded and life had returned to normal, both government engineers and private sector consultants were in agreement: the main reasons for the flooding were illegal development along the natural courses of inner-city waterways, and the reduced drainage capacity of the overdeveloped metropolitan area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exploding metropolis&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both the flood itself, and the acknowledgement of the human limitations of the city officials, illustrate the frustrations that have attended the management of this exploding metropolis over the last three decades. In the months leading up to the July flooding, a major controversy erupted over plans to landfill the inland Kuramo lake in the highbrow Victoria Island district and develop it as a housing estate. This pitted state government officials and a firm of developers on the one hand, against a motley band of citizens groups, non-governmental organisations and concerned environmentalists on the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The unusual strength of local feeling against the project reflects growing fears that the island itself could be submerged. Five years ago, this was thought to be a remote prospect but today it is seen as a real threat, given the increasing frequency of flooding incidents and ocean surges along the coastal area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More and more people are arguing that there is a correlation between the growing frequency of flooding incidents and the massive sandfilling activity that has taken place over the years. The Kuramo issue remains contentious but it is just one example of the wider dilemma facing the city's development planners. They have the daunting task of providing for legions of migrants to Lagos - whose swelling numbers are placing great stress on the failing infrastructure. The problem may be particularly acute in the Nigeria's largest city, but it reflects a wider trend of urbanisation in the country over the past half century, as the overall population has increased.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1921, Nigeria had just 18.7 million inhabitants. Current estimates put the population in the region of 103.5 million. And the growth in the proportion of urban dwellers has been equally dramatic. In 1931, fewer than 7% of the people lived in urban centres. The figure had risen to 10% by 1952,19% by 1963, 33% by 1984, and 42% at the last count, in 1991. Current figures suggest that there are now seven Nigerian cities with more than a million inhabitants and no fewer than 78 whose population exceeds 100 000.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The changing structure of the country's human settlement profile has been linked to broader economic and social changes. The situation has been exacerbated by the economic depression of the last two decades. Analysts have noted a trend of declining primary production in such areas as agriculture, mining, quarrying and exploitation of natural resources. This has resulted in greater attention being paid to secondary and tertiary economic activities -  which are generally city-based. The figures illustrate the dramatic nature of the change that has taken place. In 1952, the ratio of primary to secondary/ tertiary economic activity, as measured in Nigeria's GDP, was 68:32. Four decades later, the ratio was 38:62.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to World Bank consultant, Prof. Akin Mabogunje, the trend is exemplified by the expansion of a whole range of activities located in urban centres -  large, medium and small-scale enterprises in manufacturing and construction, utilities, transport and communications systems, wholesale and retail outlets, hotels, restaurants, finance and insurance companies, and estate agencies. Then there is the whole range of government activity. Until 1991, Nigeria's huge federal bureaucracy was located in Lagos, operating alongside a state administration and some 15 local authorities. Add to this the major docks and airports of Lagos, and you get an urbanisation phenomenon which has, to say the least, been intimidating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lagos, which only occupies 0.4% of the country's land area, gains an extra 300 000 inhabitants every year on top of its natural growth rate. That the city is a 'pole of attraction' is hardly surprising. It is clearly the economic nucleus of the country, reputed to account for about 57% of total value added in manufacturing and about 40% of the nation's most highly skilled manpower.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Urban toll&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The costs have also been high. Professor Poju Onibokun, a human settlements expert, enumerates these: grossly inadequate housing and infrastructure with millions dwelling in slums; social amenities under enormous pressure with a shortage of schools and poor health facilities; endemic crime and juvenile delinquency; the breakdown of traditional values, family cohesiveness and community spirit. The capacity of law enforcement institutions is also increasingly hampered by technological and resource limitations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these ills, the shortage of housing and lack of infrastructure are seen as the most acute. This is borne out by a recent World Bank study which notes that:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the quality of life and living conditions have deteriorated;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - economic production has plunged;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the inadequate provision of infrastructural services has negatively affected the operations of most private sector investors, who now need to spend between 22% and 25% of their capital outlay on providing their own infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over 90% of the city's housing is provided by the private sector. But this has been handicapped in recent times by spiralling development costs and a general shortage of funds. New private housing has consisted largely of thousands of individual units, built mainly in areas of existing large scale developments. The authorities have made their own efforts to plug the gap and over the last 15 years, no fewer than 6000 hectares of marshland have been sandfilled and reclaimed in six separate development schemes (some of which have proved controversial). The Land Use Act of 1978 vested all urban land in the state authorities, although the administration of the legislation has not always proved satisfactory.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public transport is another problem for Lagos residents. There is no integrated system of mass transport and the sector is essentially made up of hundreds of privately operated buses and a dwindling taxi fleet. Massive currency devaluations have meant that the purchase price of new vehicles has rocketed. Maintenance costs for the increasingly dilapidated fleet have also spiralled. As a result, the system is stretched to beyond its capacity and it is the commuters who bear the brunt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public sector spending obviously has an important part to play in maintaining urban structures. The downturn in international aid flows has, therefore, had a visible impact with decline in infrastructure provision and maintenance, leading to a less favourable operating environment for private investors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, Lagos has been a notable beneficiary of urban support programmes with multi-million dollar schemes for water supply, storm water drainage, and infrastructure. Most of these have been World Bank-led but the support of the European Union and its Member States in this area is also considered crucial.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the positive side, adversity has proved a catalyst for greater community-based and NGO activity in environmental and human settlement issues over the last decade. This is a fresh approach, based on 'bottom-up' strategies, which should open up muchneeded new avenues to urban management in Nigeria more generally and in Lagos in particular. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Gilles Fontaine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, a specialist in urban development, offers us his thoughts on the Istanbul conference. This event, he believes, was a landmark in the collective process of raising awareness which was begun at the Rio Conference on the environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;14 June 1996 - last day of Habitat II&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Night fell a long time ago. A feeling of hope permeates the hall. Most of the work is completed but there are still disputes over a few paragraphs of the text of the Habitat 11 Agenda. Some delegates have not slept for two days and they can be seen standing around, afraid they might fall asleep. The sense of fatigue increases further when, at midnight, the symbolic 'stopping of the clocks' (to permit a successful outcome of the final negotiations) is announced over the PA system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At two in the morning, the wait has become almost unreal. It is virtually unimaginable that the Conference should come to nothing, after two years of intense work. Since Wednesday evening, the general atmosphere has been almost euphoric. Agreement has been reached on all the essential points within the allotted time and the Conference is already being heralded as another success story. All that remains to be done is to finalise the 'Istanbul Declaration', a four-page policy text broadly summarising the work of the Conference. The Conference would finally close about two hours later, amid general relief - but why the impasse?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breaking new ground... and remaining steadfast&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some problems arose where they were least expected! To everyone's surprise, 'informal' working sub-groups had to be set up to discuss nuclear testing and anti-personnel mines! These themes were a far cry from the Habitat Agenda, but this sort of thing inevitably happens at major international conferences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other stumbling blocks appeared without any real warning, when some delegates attempted to renegotiate the conclusions of the Beijing and Cairo conferences. The negotiators had to stand firm on two counts. The hard-won recognition of women's rights needed to be defended all over again. And, more importantly, the attempt in Istanbul to reopen the debate on everything that had been gained at previous conferences had to be avoided. The European Union's negotiators took an aggressive stance on both these issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that so much negotiating effort is expended is a good illustration of the political significance governments attach to the topics debated on such occasions. A conference may be seen as resembling the proverbial half-bottle of water  - some regard it as half empty and others as half full. One's viewpoint depends on one's expectations  -  and much disappointment is caused by a misunderstanding of how such conferences operate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meeting the delegates&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although I am no anthropologist, I think I was able to identify three major groups of participants. First, there were the 'negotiators', who have built up a common language from conference to conference. I was surprised at the extent to which reference was constantly made, in the negotiating groups, to the 'Languages' of Rio, Copenhagen or Beijing. This is not just a question of vocabulary or syntax, but represents a genuine revolution in thought at international level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second group, to which I myself belonged, was made up of national and international officials. These are the people who, to a greater or lesser extent, prepare the conference. They then attend it and, ideally, write a mission report on returning to their offices (bemoaning the fact that few people will read their words of wisdom !)'These delegates tend to offer the harshest judgments. A common refrain is: 'We have long argument about words in parenthesis in a huge document that no one will ever read!'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third group, which nowadays is the largest, consists of representatives of so-called civil society. Since Rio, every United Nations conference has seen the parallel organisation of an NGO Forum, and the latter's influence has constantly increased. At Beijing, the authorities banished the NGO Forum to a site 60 km from the capital, but Istanbul welcomed it with open arms on the same footing as the 'Cities Summit' and the meetings of researchers and industrialists. A more fundamental development was the invitation to NGOs and local authorities to take an active part in the working groups and at meetings. This was a 'first' in international conference history and I was struck by the motivation and competence of many of the participants, as well as by the ease with which they have adapted to the information society. Gone are the days when addresses are exchanged on scraps of paper, accompanied by the ritual 'We must keep in touch!'. These days, your business card must include your Internet Email address. Contacts are organised through networks connected to databases, and people swap CD ROMs with each other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What did Habitat II achieve?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'official' end most visible result of the Conference was obviously the adoption of the Habitat Agenda - the final fruit of long hours of work within the national committees set up for the occasion. This document, over a hundred pages in length, contains a 'World Action Plan', accompanied by the 'Istanbul Declaration'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is not so well-publicised is the fact that many countries  -  including a number of ACPs  -  took the opportunity to publish their own national reports containing individual action plans. The amount of preparation that went into these reports revealed a high degree of motivation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having looked at them more closely since, I have gained a somewhat better understanding of the months of work put in tens of thousands of people across the world. This reassures me that the majority of state participants will monitor the Habitat 11 follow-up very closely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One has to recognise that the mere adoption of a text, however significant it may be, cannot be regarded as a magic formula which will change the face of the world overnight. To the impatient among us who want everything straight away, and to unrepentant sceptics, I would say this. In environmental matters there are two major periods in our recent history - the period before Rio and the period after Rio. The Rio meeting, and each subsequent conference, have been milestones in a long, coherent process of collective reflection and growing awareness. Istanbul did, in fact, keep its promises: the right to adequate shelter is now recognised internationally as the fundamental right of every human being.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Stephane Yerasimos&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Istanbul. Ten million inhabitants - with double that number expected in 20 years time. Financial irregularities, a chaotic house-building sector, a lack of infrastructure and rampant speculation. One needed to look no further than the host city to find the key issues facing the Habitat Conference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Istanbul is a city steeped in history. It is also one of the Third World's biggest conurbations. Over the last 16 centuries, it has been the capital of two great empires - the Byzantine and the Ottoman - resulting in a rich legacy of monuments and a historic centre on a par with that of Rome. From the Middle Ages to the beginning of the modern era, it was regarded as Europe's largest city. On the eve of the Second World War, it had a population of one million, but that figure has now multiplied tenfold. Almost half of its ten million inhabitants are living on a knife edge, and many are in 'illegal' housing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first big transformation of the city came in the middle of the 19th century when the Ottoman authorities opted for westernisation and embarked on an extensive management programme. By the time the Empire collapsed in 1922, much of the ancient fabric - and traditional housing -  of the city had already been lost. Under the new republic, the capital was transferred to Ankara, and the authorities stepped up their efforts at modernisation. In 1937, Ataturk gave Frenchman Henri Prost, a city planner who had helped preserve the old centres of a number of Moroccan towns, the job of devising major public works in the heart of the old city. The infrastructure was also updated and taken together, these works (which were completed during the 1950s) transformed the old walled city and its ancient suburbs (Galata and Uskudar) into a modern aggLomÃ©ration, interspersed with ancient monuments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mass immigration&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike the colonial powers who attempted to preserve the traditional character of old city centres around the Mediterranean rim and in the rest of the Islamic world, the desire of successive Turkish governments to modernise the country resulted in the disappearance of most of Istanbul's ancient fabric, and the city no longer has a compact area of old districts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The transformation of the city centre was matched, after the Second World War, by an explosion of building on the outskirts - a phenomenon characteristic of Third World countries. Improved sanitation and hygiene standards led to a natural population increase of between 2.5% and 3% per year. Meanwhile, the modernisation of agricultural practices caused a mass rural exodus. Marginalised in both economic and social terms. the people who flooded into Istanbul soon over whelmed the resident population. Today, the bulk of the people living in the city have rural origins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new residents began by occupying the edges of the old quarters and taking over the open spaces which remained after the ravages of an earlier fire. They then began to settle in ever-increasing circles around Istanbul, establishing the first gecekondu districts (groups of huts constructed overnight). These have been incorrectly described as shanty towns. In fact, most buildings are permanent structures and they rapidly develop into multi-storey dwellings. Most of the land on which these illegal buildings have sprung up was originally privately owned. But the elected multi-party government in power at the time was quick to spot the electoral possibilities in these areas. Each district was a reservoir of potential voters and, on the eve of each election, the parties in power would distribute property titles to the illegal occupants. They, in turn hastened to consolidate and increase their assets. This explains the emergence of increasingly densely populated districts without infrastructure during the 1950s and early 1960s&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industrialisation, and the arrival in the city of people who used to be rural landowners (driven out by the new market economy) later created a demand for housing which the normal market was unable to meet. This has given rise to a new phenomenon of urban marginalisation, involving the illegal division of land into plots. The system involves the purchase of agricultural properties by developers and speculative builders. These are divided into small plots and resold, quite legally, to purchasers  -  who then build unauthorised structures in contravention of the normal planning rules. Often, benefiting from political alliances, the developers take control of these districts and 'convert' the votes of the people living there into cash, in return for urban investments. This enables them to consolidate their power and increase the value of their remaining stock of plots.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An uncontrolled population increase&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, a third phenomenon, linked to the growth of a middle class, began to occur in the mid-1980s, when building cooperatives came into being. Their predecessors were the corporate associations which grouped together public officials (beginning with the army and the police). These developed into ad-hoc associations enabling a group of developers to tap people's savings, thereby dispensing with the need for loans in a country where chronic inflation makes credit prohibitive. Several thousands of dwellings are often constructed at the same time, in the form of tightly packed, multiple-occupancy blocks. The requirements of multi-storey construction mean that these buildings are of acceptable quality, but the related infrastructures are sorely lacking. Entire districts are built 'in the wilds' without any infrastructural investment by the developers or local authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The city is continuing to expand, without reference to any development plan. The fifteen or so major urban schemes drawn up since the 1950s have all remained in desk drawers and the only significant construction work has been on roads (notably bridges and ring roads). These generate further uncontrolled population increases on the outskirts of the city.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the natural rate of demographic growth is slowly declining - it has just dropped to under 2% per year -  the most recent census (in 1990) reveals that Turkey now has more people living in its cities than in its rural areas. Yet the statistics also show that half of the country's people are still involved in agriculture. Given the continuing natural growth, and the fact that in semi-industrialised countries, the rural population tends to settle at around a third or even just a quarter of the total, we can assume that the drift to towns and cities will continue for the next 30 or 40 years. This trend will affect all Turkish towns and cities, be they large, small or medium-sized. But Greater Istanbul, where the majority of the country's economic and social activity is concentrated, is set to experience a doubling of its population within the next twenty-five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dilemma for urban planners&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem caused by demographic changes is exacerbated by economic constraints. For a number of years now, Turkey has suffered a high (albeit stable) inflation rate of about 70% per year. This situation discourages investment in industry, and makes people take refuge in ownership of land that they can build on. Land has thus become the target of speculation by people in all social classes. Against this background, it is virtually impossible to regulate the use of land  - something which must be at the heart of any urban-development programme. An alternative is to discuss the possibility of developing a social consensus involving a more liberal approach to property speculation, recgnising that land is a source of revenue at all levels. This might entail releasing central and local authorities from any responsibility to provide services or other infrastructural investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the present circumstances, however, any scheme to redevelop Istanbul effectively would seem doomed to failure. The only intervention which might succeed would be at the 'cleaning-up' stage - coming in after the construction of the dwellings under the conditions described above. It is only once the new inhabitants' dream of having a roof over their heads is realised that they come face to face with the harsh daily realities of living in a self-built city of nearly ten million people. They may then be prepared to make some sacrifices in order to improve their living conditions. The moment when harsh reality replaces emotion, is the only time the urban planner has the slightest chance of being listened to. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Misia Coghlan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are 2.7 million homeless people in the European Union and many millions more are badly housed. But the EU is said to be lagging in taking measures to provide adequate housing - one of the internationally recognised human rights. An expert from a leading campaign group for the homeless explains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the weeks and months leading up to the Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), much argument and debate centred around the existence of the right to adequate housing. The legal basis of this right was challenged by a handful of delegates and the arguments continued right through the Conference itself. The outcome is that the final Declaration includes a reaffirmation of states to a 'commitment to the full and progressive realisation of the right to adequate housing as provided for in the international instruments.' (see first box)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The political impact of Habitat II as the culmination of the recent series of UN Conferences has been disappointing. The Istanbul Conference was originally heralded with the catch-phrase 'housing for all'. In the course of the preparatory process, this was watered-down to become 'shelter for all' and, as has been seen, the wording of the final Declaration simply refers to existing international commitments and allows for the 'full and progressive realisation of the right.' This of course begs the question of how such a right was ever supposed to have been achieved other than 'progressively' and how meaningful such a commitment can be in the absence of parallel undertakings as to implementation and enforcement. In short, very little has been achieved in progressing international commitment to the realisation of the right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right to adequate housing has in fact been recognised for some time now by the Member States of the European Union, all of whom have ratified the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the most important legal basis of housing rights found in international law). Under article 11(1), the parties to the Covenant recognise, 'the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing...'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of 'adequacy', it is generally acknowledged, is determined at least in part by social, economic, cultural and climatic factors. Adequate housing can be understood as including the following components: legal security of tenure, affordability, habitability, accessibility, location and availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It hardly needs pointing out that commitments in international law, whether legally binding or not, remain statements of intent and are of limited practical use unless accompanied by a comprehensive legislative framework in domestic law which will secure both the access to the right as well as providing enforcement mechanisms. What, then, is the reality ? Has the right to adequate housing been enacted into national legislation and, most importantly, is the right actually being respected across the European Union?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Realities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FEANTSA, the European Federation of National Associations Working with the Homeless, has been conducting the European Observatory on Homelessness with the support of the European Commission since 1991. FEANTSA's research findings have increasingly demonstrated both the extent and the gravity of the housing crisis in Europe: in what is one of the wealthiest subregions of the world, a large and growing group of the population is being excluded from adequate housing. (see box on next page)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, FEANTSA's 1995 transnational research report (Home/essness in the European Union) has found that the right to housing does not exist in any Member State as a legally enforceable claim. Although the right is recognised in the constitution of several Member States, this remains a statement of intent and does not create any entitlement. Other Member States have adopted a different approach - housing legislation in the United Kingdom, for example, does create an obligation on the local authorities to provide housing for those homeless people assessed to be in priority need and found to be unintentionally homeless. There is no sign of convergence in the ways EU Member States address the right to housing and housing exclusion in their national legislation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right to housing is not addressed in EU legislation as a legal principle and Member States have exclusive competence to deal with housing issues themselves. There is thus no overall European housing policy, nor is there yet any European policy on homelessness. FEANTSA has, however, identified common trends throughout Europe which have contributed to the escalation of homelessness and the lack of adequate housing provision.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall European trend has been an increased reliance on the competitive market to meet all housing needs, with an unwillingness on the part of government to commit public resources to assist lower income groups, who are therefore confronted with the limited choice available to them on the open housing market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The supply of housing has been undergoing change throughout Europe. In all countries, owner-occupation is on the increase, with tax relief generally being offered as an incentive. The private rented sector, on the other hand, has continued to decline. Social housing has generally suffered from cuts in funding. The result is that there is a shortfall in the supply of affordable housing for rent and rents have become correspondingly higher. It is clear that the competitive housing market cannot and will not meet the needs of the increasing numbers of people without the resources to afford market rents.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The type of housing required has also changed: demographic trends have meant that households are getting smaller but more numerous - thus, there is a need for more but smaller dwellings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem has been exacerbated by the lack of an overall strategy either at European level or, indeed, often at national level, to meet the realities of structural changes on the labour market. Indeed, in some countries, the increase in long-term unemployment has been accompanied by an erosion of social protection systems. Faced with escalating demand for longterm welfare assistance, the authorities have often responded by tightening up on eligibility criteria in an attempt to cut or limit benefit payments, with shortterm palliative measures to deal with emergency cases. Thus, increasing numbers of people living on or under the poverty threshold, coupled with the deregulation of the housing market, have led to severe housing stress and increased vulnerability to homelessness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finland sets an example&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finland is one EU country tackling the housing problem. In 1987, the International Year of the Homeless, the Finnish government announced its intention to eliminate homelessness. At that time, the number of homeless people was put at close to 20 000. The programme for the development of housing set the objective of making 18 000 homes available for the homeless over a period of five years. Special funds were set aside in the national budget to permit the local authorities and other organisations to purchase housing for the homeless. State loans for the construction of housing for rent were made available to municipalities with a large homeless population. In under ten years, the number of homeless people in Finland has been reduced to half what it was in the mid-1980s. Finland now enjoys a comprehensive system of carefully targeted housing supply, housing subsidies, benefits and allowances and housing is seen as an integral part of a multi-dimensional strategy to combat poverty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For one in twenty citizens of the European Union, the criteria which, as a whole, constitute adequate housing remain inaccessible. Yet at Istanbul, the EU voiced its determination to make an important and constructive contribution to the implementation of the Habitat objectives. This included an acknowledgement that increased attention should be paid to people living in poverty and that appropriate action should be taken by governments at all levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European housing ministers were due to meet informally in Dublin, on 24 and 25 October of this year, specifically to tackle the question of 'housing for socially excluded people'. The time has come to devise and implement coherent strategies to prevent housing exclusion for low income groups. The market has neither the ethics nor the long-term planning capacity to do this; it remains the responsibility of the state. It can only be hoped that the housing ministers will recognise this and agree on the necessity of protecting housing as a product and as a service from the competitive market, at least for vulnerable groups. The housing ministers have been holding informal meetings since 1989. This year's meeting provides the opportunity, particularly in the light of the Habitat II debate, to exchange information on effective measures to help low income groups access and maintain a home. The result should be the drafting of a number of concrete goals to be achieved within a realistic time-scale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Homelessness in Europe is not on the scale seen in other regions of the world - with the development and reinforcement of effective preventive policies, based on proven and cost-effective welfare models existing in some Member States, the housing crisis can still be contained. In short, where there is a political will, there is a way. Europe has the potential to serve as a model of good practice to the rest of the world and should do so, more especially in the light of all that was - and wasn't  - achieved at Istanbul. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;References&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Is the European Union Housing its Poor ? Dragana Avramov, Catherine Parmentier and Brian Harvey, FEANTSA, Brussels 1995 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Homelessness in the European Union, Dragana Avramov, FEANTSA, Brussels 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Invisible Hand of the Housing Market, Dragana Avramov, FEANTSA, Brussels 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.10" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Francis Cass&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In ten or so years' time, more than half the world's population will be living in built-up areas and, according to UN figures, by 2025 nearly two thirds of us will live in towns and cities. This is not a complete surprise -  over the last few decades, the ratio of city dwellers to rural people has consistently moved in 'favour' of the former. In 1950, 29% of people were city dwellers. Since 1985, the urban population has exceeded 40% of the global total.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, we are witnessing an acceleration in demographic growth, especially in developing countries. Of the 2.6 billion people who currently live in towns, 1.6 billion live in the world's least developed regions. By 2025, the urban population of the Third World will have risen to 3.2 billion, out of a global urban population of just over 4 billion. On the basis of these figures, it is estimated that the number of urban dwellers in developing countries is increasing by approximately 150 000 people each day! In Cape Town in South Africa, for example, as in many towns and cities of the Third World, this demographic explosion can actually be seen happening. All you need to do is drive regularly along the N2 motor way  - which passes through the shanty towns of Khayelitsha and Guguletu -  to see how, week by week, the makeshift dwellings are spreading - gradually expanding to every available plot of land. The same scene is repeated in all of Africa's large towns. In CotÃ© d'lvoire, the population of Abidjan rises by 400 inhabitants a day on average. In Gabarone, the capital of Botswana, whose population was barely 3000 at the time of independence in the 1960s, the population is increasing by 18% each year and today 160 000 people live there. Such growth is often accompanied by widespread indifference on the part of local authorities. Such indifference is due, in particular, to a shortage of financial resources, but it also reflects an absence of political will to do anything to tackle the problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Demography and poverty&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The demographic explosion which has taken place in the urban areas of developing countries is due to three main factors: natural population growth, rural emigration to towns and cities, and (less importantly) the redefinition of the administrative boundaries of built-up areas. The first two factors are equally to 'blame' but in future, it is predicted that rural depopulation in Africa will become the single most important element in urban population growth. This will be especially true of countries where there is rampant rural poverty. In this context, we need to recognise other circumstances, such as famine, desertification, a shortage of cultivable land and conflicts, which serve to exacerbate the phenomenon. If people living in the countryside decide to migrate to towns, it is because they are looking for a better life and hope to improve their standard of living. Few succeed. According to a World Bank study, 50% of people in abject poverty will be living in urban areas by the year 2000.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The effects that urban poverty has on the environment are often dramatic. The reverse is also true. A damaged environment constitutes a daily hazard for town and city dwellers, in particular the most destitute. The precarious nature of their living conditions means that only in extremely rare cases are these people able to guard against the degeneration of their immediate surroundings. Driven to the outer limits of the towns - where even basic infrastructures such as sewers and the collection of household waste are often lacking, the poorest sections of society are left to fend for themselves. Local authorities have neither the means nor (often) the inclination to do anything to help them. Even those who are comfortably off and who can afford to give part of their income to safeguard their immediate environment (thereby protecting themselves to some extent) cannot escape the consequences of more general ecological problems such as air pollution and the contamination of water supplies. Living in a modern house in a well-to-do district is simply not enough. It is not possible to shield oneself completely from the problems created by environmental destruction. For example, even an unofficial rubbish tip, located several kilometres away from a residential area, can have disastrous effects on groundwater - meaning that sooner or later, the quality of the drinking water will suffer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Towns gasping for water...&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, the vast majority of Third World towns are facing a series of ecological problems which directly or indirectly, affect the lives of their inhabitants. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 220 million city dwellers have no access to drinking water and 420 million have no latrines. It does not take much to imagine the potentially catastrophic health consequences of such a situation - in which people are forced to drink and irrigate their land with water from contaminated sources. The WHO has estimated that three million children died during 1993 as a direct result of diarrhoea, and that nearly two million of these victims had consumed drinking water contaminated with faecal matter. In developing countries, 90% of waste water is poured, completely untreated, into rivers, lakes and coastal waters. Again, one can easily imagine the impact on marine flora and fauna, and on the health of those who eat the products fished from these waters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;...and gasp for breath&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As far as air quality is concerned, the WHO intimates that more than a billion city dwellers throughout the world breathe highly polluted air. For the most part, this pollution is generated by industry and motor vehicles. A small improvement has been recorded in the urban areas of developed countries, but air quality in the towns and cities of the South has deteriorated considerably during recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are many reasons for this. First, there has been an increase in industrial activity, mainly concentrated around towns and cities. This is a result of economic development, but also of the fact that many factories - including some with the worst pollution records  - have relocated from the North to the South, where legislation governing emissions is less stringent. Second, in contrast to the trends seen in developed countries - where cars are usually well-maintained, (running on unleaded petrol and rarely more than five years old) motor vehicles in the Third World -  whose numbers are increasing significantly  -  are frequently old, badly maintained and run on leaded fuel. According to the World Bank, 95% of the lead polluting the air in the towns and cities of developing countries comes from vehicles which run on leaded petrol and studies carried out on the subject have revealed concentrations of up to 1.5 microgrammes of lead per cubic metre of air. In North America and Europe the concentration varies between 0.2 and 0.8 microgrammes per cubic metre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another problem facing towns and cities in the southern hemisphere arises from the enormous amounts of waste they produce and from the fact that they have few treatment facilities. In many cases, the rubbish is not even collected and is left to accumulate into the piles which can often be seen on the edges of shanty towns. This accumulation of refuse encourages the proliferation of certain diseases and poses a real threat to the health of residents both nearby and further away. In addition to this ordinary, everyday waste, the countries of the Third World have to deal with problems generated by toxic waste  - not just their own, but also that which is 'exported' there by industrialised countries. Needless to say, the towns which actually have the means and facilities needed to treat this highly polluting waste are few and far between.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linking development with environmental protection&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While environmental problems have a direct impact on human health and on the natural world, they also entail huge economic costs. The effect of pollution on human health translates into ever-increasing health costs and a decline in productivity. And it is not only city dwellers who suffer the consequences of a deteriorating urban environment. Depending on their size, the degree of industrial activity and population concentration, towns and cities pollute and destroy areas well beyond their own administrative boundaries. They swallow up enormous amounts of natural resources, suck their hinterlands dry and spit out 'what is left'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nowadays, there is an increasing global consensus over the need to tackle these growing problems rapidly. This was seen clearly at the Habitat II Conference in Istanbul. Most cities of the southern hemisphere urgently need to get to grips with their numerous ecological problems - the alternative is to sink further into chaos. In a similar vein, it has become obvious that some sort of balance must be found between economic development and safeguarding the environment - and that considerable investments are needed to achieve this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Solutions do exist. Recycling projects, for example, could provide jobs for large numbers of town and city dwellers, as well as cleaning up the environment. Governments of industrialised nations should take the necessary steps to ensure that their toxic waste does not end up in the rubbish dumps of the countries of the South. Authorities in urban areas in the Third World should set aside more of their budgets to help the most underprivileged sections of their populations, so that they can manage their own environment. Local authorities should also respond more efficiently to the basic needs of impoverished districts, not least by building roads and sewer systems, by ensuring that rubbish is collected and by guaranteeing all people access to drinking water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Last but not least, a concerted effort - especially a concerted financial effort - should be made by decision-makers at the local, national and international levels. We need to recognise that environmental damage is a phenomenon which rarely confines itself to the local level. Sooner or later, it becomes a problem for all of us. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.11" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Hendrik Smets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The clash between the interests of people living on the edges of the Zakouma National Park in Chad and the authorities' attempts at conservation illustrates the situation facing many other nature reserves in Africa. This article argues in favour of a form of eco-development to suit everyone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the Zakouma National Park (PNZ) WAS officially set up in 1963 (it had been at the planning stage since 1956), the area it covered meant that local people had to be moved -  but the promised compensation was never paid. During the second phase of the PNZ's relaunch, financed by the European Development Fund (EDF), a perimeter path following the 1963 boundaries was marked out, but local villagers opposed this, regarding it as an extension of the Park's area. Subsequently, they rejected a move to build a dispensary in a village located at the edge of the park on the pretext that such a structure would again constitute an extension to the reserve's land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conflict between the itinerant stockbreeders of the region and the authorities has simmered for many years. The latter have shrunk from enforcing the 1963 law on transhumance corridors which applies to the fringes of the national park. Under this law, it is prohibited (in principle) to gather wood, hunt for game, fish, or gather honey and other natural produce. The result is a tendency among locals to view the PNZ as an adversary rather than a potential partner in development. Safari tourism is developing too slowly and is not leading to sufficient benefits for example, from a craft industry, or more general redevelopment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the second phase of the project was at the planning stage, its organisers recognised that, in order to guarantee the park's future, support had to be given to the people living on its edges. A high-level 'cooperation committee' was therefore proposed. The membership of this committee, which would sit in N'Djamena, was to include ministers, directors-general, park authorities and Commission representatives. Unfortunately it has not yet been brought into operation. By contrast, the local authorities and park management have been able to set up their own committee which met for the first time in January 1996. This body has helped to tackle some of the most sensitive problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second phase also saw the implementation of a series of microprojects. - school renovations, a dispensary, a bridge, the sinking of wells, a dam, a mill and a nursery. But these were set up without preliminary study, and no arrangements were made to sound out the views of the local people, or the form of development they would like promoted. Understandably, local hostility was encountered and the projects cannot, in any real sense, be viewed as offshoots of the wider PNZ scheme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project has not been extended to a third phase. Because of this, there is a risk that the capital invested -  and the positive results that have been achieved - could be lost altogether. Should any donor choose to 'pick up the baton' in future, they will need to recognise the key imperative of creating a symbiotic relationship between the park and the local population. To do this, there must be an awareness-raising effort, undertaken in parallel with any eco-development programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the first instance, a higher profile should be given to institutional issues. In particular, the cooperation committee in N'Djamena must be able to act, where necessary, as an appeal or arbitration chamber to deal with any disputes which cannot be resolved by the local authorities' committee. The latter, of course, would continue to meet on a regular basis to discuss any problems encountered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, there should be campaigns to disseminate information and train local people who are in daily contact with the park's environment. The aim here would be to make them progressively more accountable for conservation and the exploitation of natural resources (cutting wood, gathering produce, hunting, fishing, and so on). They must also gain a better understanding of the effects of poaching and desertification. Above all, such campaigns should seek to convince the people of the benefits they stand to gain from the park, if they continue to respect its integrity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this context, some lessons might be drawn from a regional project dating from April 1987 (which was never fully implemented). This was aimed at halting the advance of the desert in the northern Central African Republic and southern Chad. The component of the project which is of interest to the present discussion was its programme to increase public awareness  -  which involved training organisers, preparing and disseminating information (posters, videos, films), organising information tours and giving support to the Training and Environmental Information Programme of the CILSS (Inter-State Committee to Combat Drought in the Sahel), of which Chad is a member.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One could also learn something from the approach adopted by the Manda National Park which is situated 270 km from Zakouma. This has 'volunteer villagers' appointed by the chiefs of the four cantons making up the park zone, who know the territory well. The volunteers take part in information, awareness and monitoring operations alongside national park and animal reserve employees. Dressed in pale olivegreen uniforms, they cycle between the villages and encampments, providing a link between the villagers and officials in N'Djamena. They have an invaluable role in convincing village people of the advantages of cooperating in the development of the park and its surrounding areas. And the cost of a volunteer is just CFAF 5 000 (ECU 7.5) per month.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eco-development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Returning to the PNZ, it is true that a small proportion of the population already benefits from the park's existence. Wages are paid to the patrols, and the permanent and seasonal workforce, while micro-projects have been set up. The park pays traders, artisans, farmers and stockbreeders for certain services and there are some tourists. But the bulk of the population does not see these advantages having been largely excluded up to now.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any future eco-development programme should therefore aim at reducing pressure on the park in order to guarantee its long-term integrity. This would obviously need to be preceded by a clear definition of the action to be undertaken, but in the meantime, it might be useful to offer a few guidelines. The programme should include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - a series of flanking or support activities providing infrastructure and equipment, such as a dispensary, a school, paths, wells and carts;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - a food-security programme providing for the conservation of agricultural areas, as well as measures to prevent erosion and safeguard harvests (cereal banks, stores, gardens, agro-forestry systems and pest control);&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- a project to promote natural resources such as fisheries, gum arable, honey, and straw fodder;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- a wood/energy management programme providing improved hearths and brick ovens, and the organised gathering and use of supplies;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- development of the craft industry and training of tourist guides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If, in a third phase, an awareness and eco-development programme could be successfully implemented, the Zakouma National Park should be able to look forward to a brighter future. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.12" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In April, on the eve of the International Conference on Human Settlements, the first West-African eco-centre ('Ecopole`) was opened in Dakar. It was set up by Enda, one of the few international non-governmental organisations of significant size based in a developing country. The 'eco' refers to two things - the economic life of the ordinary people and the ecological aspect of the centre. One of the most memorable images of the opening ceremonies was the sight of two Presidents  -  Abdou Diouf of Senegal and his Malian counterpart, Alpha Oumar Konare  -  striding through the dust in a working-class district of the Senegalese capital. For supporters of the 'Ecopole', the event epitomised the fight back of the popular urban economy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The dust which settled on the Presidents' fine clothes was that of the Rail district, so called on account of the railway which cut through it in former times. Built in an old, disused factory, the airy, clean 'eco-complex' adds a touch of style to this semi-industrial, semi-shanty town district. The old buildings were redeveloped with the help of members of some two hundred cultural and sports associations, working in partnership with the NGO. They used recycling techniques of which they are past masters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The complex had, in fact, been in operation for some time prior to its formal inauguration, but the ceremony  -  which attracted the interest of international press agencies - provided an opportunity to publicise the venture. Since its formation in 1972, Enda has been working to give a higher profile to the 'popular' economy (they eschew the term 'informal') in Senegal and elsewhere. The NGO has focused, in particular, on trying to encourage those involved in the popular economy to collaborate more closely and integrate their activities, as well as on boosting awareness of what is happening in similar communities elsewhere. The opening of the 'Ecopole' provided a showcase for the achievements of the popular economy in West Africa, as well as a forum for dialogue. And it now has the seal of approval of two Heads of State, not to mention other VlPs who made supportive statements at the opening.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The popular economy fights back&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the inaugural ceremony, the former sheds - now converted into airy vaults clustered around a central structure - hosted a major presentation of the popular economy in a series of exhibitions. It is a kind of 'eco-museum' with pride of place going to recycling. Exhibits ranged from 'fabrics' made of old plastic bags crocheted together, to toy sports cars fashioned from wire and tin cans. And the reaction to the exhibition went beyond the usual, somewhat condescending appreciation of 'the skill of these people'. There were, of course, some curios of interest to tourists such as the aforementioned children's toys, small metal suitcases and papier-mache boxes. But there were also works of art, masks and sculptures, which captured something of the nature of this 'recycling culture'. Indeed, international art critics at the Biennal Festival of Contemporary African Art, taking place in Dakar, were talking of a new artistic trend, also seen in the work of artists from other regions, based on reclamation. This, of course, begs the question: 'Has art not always been based on reclamation?'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interesting though the subject may be, the artistic and aesthetic qualities of the fruits of recycling are of only secondary importance when one is dealing with everyday objects. The important thing is for deprived populations to use what means they have to survive and to improve the quality of their lives. Tourists may choose to buy decorative and unusual objects on the reclamation market, but more significantly, families can obtain essential items such as kitchen utensils, ploughing implements, carpentry tools and stoves  - all cast from vehicle wheels and bits of scrap metal. They are made using small forges and furnaces the size of a large saucepan, or cut from otherwise unusable pieces of metal sheet. The craftsmen can also supply somewhat more sophisticated equipment: ploughs, brick-moulding machines or soldering irons. One of the exhibitions staged at the 'eco-centre' was a co-production with the Quebec Museum of Civilisation and the Canadian Embassy in Senegal, which had previously toured Canada and four African countries. Entitled 'Africa's ingenuity', it covered a wide variety of styles, ranging from the utilitarian to the artistic. It will, in due course, form the eco-museum's centrepiece. Another temporary exhibition was called 'Antuka: Kinshasa, the art of living in the city', and this paid homage to the Zairean capital - a place which, of necessity, has become one of the 'capitals' of resourcefulness. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jet engines and donkeys&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One hopes that the two Heads of State found time to admire the jet engine constructed by a young Zairean from nothing but reclaimed materials: parts taken from cars, mopeds and unwanted metal sheet. And it works -  not on an aircraft, naturally, but on the bench. This engine is now a legend. Its constructor has apparently already been spotted by a European head-hunting company and offered a job in France. This is part of the 'fight-back' referred to by Enda officials, in which some recognition is finally being given to the economies of the world's poorest populations. During his visit, the President of Senegal issued a plea for greater integration of the informal sector into the overall economic fabric. His remarks were revealing: the West-African 'Ecopole', as its name implies, covers an entire region, and assumption of responsibility by the local people for the shanty towns and poorer districts has lifted a significant burden from central government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another example of this trend is found in the Malian capital, Bamako, where a hundred or so local community associations have banded together to take over full responsibility for the collection of domestic waste. This organisation, whose initial efforts were ridiculed, is now fully operational. One wonders whether the authorities in other cities have heard about Bamako's scheme. What about Port-au-Prince in Haiti, for example, where they are struggling with mountains of rubbish which they cannot deal with owing to a lack of resources ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since their inception, economic interest groupings (ElGs) such as the one in Bamako have helped bridge the gap between the 'formal' and 'informal' economies. They rely on collaboration and their enterprise is exemplary. At the outset, the inhabitants of poor districts, acting on the initiative of the ElGs, expressed the desire to improve their neighbourhoods by organising refuse collection. They used whatever means were available - which in most cases meant donkeys and carts. In more central districts, delivery tricycles were employed for collection. Specially constructed, tipper-style carts, each costing CFAF 200 000 (ECU 300) have since been brought into service. The price of a donkey, by contrast, is about CFAF 50 000 (ECU 75). The animals and equipment belong to the ElGs and are looked after and maintained by them, with carters receiving a monthly income and social security benefits. A number of groups were set up eight years ago, promoted by young technicians, academics, architects and economists. Those who benefit are known as 'subscribers', with each family paying a contribution towards the service. Managing equipment and collecting contributions both require a well-structured administrative department, but the administrators are not confined to their offices. As employees of the business, they see nothing wrong in lending a hand and assisting the carters. In short, it is an enterprise based on a whole new approach. The contribution made by families varies according to the EIG and the district in question, but it is generally set at around CFAF 750 (ECU 1.2) per family per month. The price of the service may be up to twice this sum in the so called 'quartier des Blancs' (the 'white' district). In theory, the state ought to be subsidising the ElGs, but in practice, this does not happen. The authorities do not even fulfil the task allocated to them under agreements signed with the ElGs, which is to transport the refuse from temporary dumps to a final site. According to local people, the problem is not that the local authorities do not have the trucks available for the task. The vehicles, they allege, are used instead for the officials' own private purposes. The ElGs are forced to plug the gap as far as possible. At present, they appear to be the only ones taking any interest in waste recycling, aware as they are of the risk to the environment posed by permanent dumping grounds, and of the specific danger that the water table will be polluted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A modern concept of the 'informal' economy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'informal' economy is increasingly becoming the norm. According to an Enda survey, 90% of businesspeople in Senegal started out in the informal sector. The conclusion would seem to be that the necessary training for dealing with current conditions is not to be found in the formal education system. The popular economy is not out of step with the modern economy as some would claim. Indeed, one could argue that it is the modern economy, as adapted to today's conditions. The increasing involvement of ordinary people in the economic circuit, which they enter via parallel routes, should also guarantee the continuation of Africa's experiment with democracy. We have seen attempts by former dictators to backtrack in this respect. They cite as evidence, the failure of technicians trained abroad - the 'darlings' of the West who, they claim, are at the beck and call of international institutions. But a return to the past, as exemplified by the regime of Nicephore Soglo, strikes fear into many people. Their response is to generate productivity, social cohesion and political stability through the popular economy, by way of compensation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is suggested that small-scale traders, who distribute hardware from south-east Asia, constitute an obstacle to the development of local production. But there is a confusion here between cause and effect. In fact, the popular economy appears more as a response to the lack of consumer goods. The problem lies with the so-called 'major' local entrepreneurs who favour the import/ export business over production, and with the banks that prefer to focus on larger businesses (influenced by anonymous officials or major economic interests) and have no time for small-scale operators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Rail district in Dakar has a long history. It is overpopulated, having been settled by workers and artisans, and their influx made it the most expensive poor district. It is a place where the rents, for even the humblest hut without water or electricity, accounted for most of the inhabitants' meagre income. This situation led to the appearance of squatters who built their own shacks on waste ground. For these people, the threat of eviction loomed constantly like a sword of Damocles. The district is also home to a large number of maids and other household employees. Two thousand of these people (from Rail and other parts of the city) set up their own friendly society to which they pay regular contributions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is a world which has always teemed with good ideas: artisans recycling materials, blacksmiths working at the forge and so on. In this sense, nothing much has changed, but the big difference now is that the people have organised themselves. In so doing, they have been able to provide training for adults and children in makeshift schools, and to purchase and renovate old huts  - having extracted a guarantee from officials that such moves would not be opposed. Nowadays, those who live in the district no longer pay rent. However, it will only be possible to measure the true success of the Rail district when there is no longer a need for an organisation like Enda to ensure that it operates effectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some years ago, a former sailor, who always dreamed of being a teacher, set up his own school in the main street which runs through the district. He worked on the pavement and in the car park in front of a furniture store, teaching children in the morning before the offices opened and adults in the evening after they had closed. Enda recently offered him a few pieces of furniture, but for many years, he received no help other than a few pieces of chalk, worn-down pencils and the remains of exercise books from his 'colleagues' in regular education. This is a man who has to supply his pupils not just with teaching materials but also sometimes with food. This year, with his voice catching in his throat, he told us that one of his former 'street pupils' is going to college. How can the learned economists calculate the value of this devoted 'academic'? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.13" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Professor Willie Esterhuyse&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cornerstone of South Africa's Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) announced by President Nelson Mandela on May 24 1994, shortly after taking office, is people-centred development with an accent on modern infrastructure, health, education, housing and sanitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lessons have already been learnt from teething troubles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The RDP is the government's response to the massive socio-economic needs of the bulk of the South African population. It is foremost a strategic framework aimed at human development and restructuring the country's economy. It involves housing projects and programmes to improve the socioeconomic infrastructure covering clean water, electricity, public works, schools, urban renewal and primary health care. Empowerment programmes have been developed, for example; micro and small businesses, support for emergent farmers and skills training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the main achievements of the RDP has been to sensitise South Africans to the plight of the poor. Apartheid, amongst other things, succeeded in keeping this out of sight, effectively locking the poor out of the system. A veil of ignorance prevailed among the privileged class. The RDP tore away the veil and has led to a willingness to participate in development and reconstruction programmes, especially in private sector circles. It is succeeding in prioritising South Africa's socio-economic challenges, as well as mobilising funding and organising a common and sustainable approach. Its most important achievement to date is probably the idea of partnerships in development between the state, private sector institutions and non-governmental organisations. Through the RDP, South Africans have accepted that they will have to 'run with the development ball'. They are also aware that the state cannot go it alone, nor should it act as a 'super' development agency. Thus, a very high premium is put on involving the private sector and other actors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Problems&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But many problems have already been encountered. Unfortunately, the RDP was seen by some as a quick-fix solution to South Africa's socio-economic difficulties. Expectations over delivery were too high. Red tape and a growing bureaucracy stifled the initiative early on. Frustrations among the poor quickly surfaced. Many of those who wanted to participate, and applied for RDP funding, were unable to develop viable business plans - a strict requirement to get funds. The launch of projects was further complicated by the absence, at one stage, of legitimate local and governmental structures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But important lessons were learnt from the initial phases, in particular the need to involve people on the ground from day one - starting with the identification of needs, the design of a specific project and its execution. It was accepted that process is more decisive than the product. A second lesson was that a separate RDP office, with its own Ministry, complicated matters as far as delivery was concerned, tending to centralise development. This led to the announcement by President Mandela on March 28 1996 that the RDP office would be closed down. RDP programmes were thereafter integrated into the main budget administered by functional government agencies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another very important lesson was that socio-economic development and reconstruction had to go hand in hand with a dynamic macro-economic strategy - made public earlier this year. It was realised that one cannot have good projects in a bad policy environment - to quote a World Bank report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, it is generally accepted that the RDP, on its own, cannot launch South Africa on a road to sustainable and vigorous economic growth. We needed a twin-track approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Progress&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The RDP has notched up a number of successes. The provision of clean water to rural and urban communities has gone a long way under the leadership of Minister Kadar Asmal -  highlighting the fact that leadership strengthened by solid management, does make a difference. The electrification programme for low-income households, involving the parastatal, Eskom (Electricity Supply Commission), is another success story. The same goes for the Presidential projects, such as free health care for expectant mothers and infants, and some of the nutrition programmes. But the provision of housing for low-income groups has been less successful than anticipated. Rent and services boycotts, as well as unemployment, are some of the reasons for slow progress. Job creation is another problem area. It is envisaged that visible progress in these areas will emerge in the course of next year. Establishing a culture of learning is another great challenge. A restructuring of the educational system is underway, but progress is restricted by severe financial constraints.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Implementation of the RDP, the best strategic framework for socioeconomic development South Africa has ever had, will be a long process. Courage and sustainability are key issues. How to lead and manage expectations, without undermining hope, is a great challenge. The meaningful involvement of donors is another issue. Joint ventures between donors, the private sector, government agencies and communities are happening. Most of these, having been carefully negotiated and executed, are already making a significant difference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But spectacular progress should not be expected. Development, reconstruction, and growth of the kind that South Africa needs, will take time. However, the lessons and achievements of the past two years have put South Africa in an excellent position to change the country's socio-economic environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.14" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Christine Thompson&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The provision of basic amenities for the urban and rural poor rank high on the agenda of the EU's aid policy towards South Africa. In this respect, European cooperation has been tailored to fit with the government's own Reconstruction and Development Programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Programme for Reconstruction and Development (EPRD) is the name of the current EU development assistance package to South Africa and it seeks to help improve living conditions for all South Africans. The programme earmarks ECU 125 million a year until 1999. It has evolved from the so-called 'positive measures' programme launched in 1985 to help counter the negative effects of sanctions and to help the victims of apartheid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under a Declaration of Intent drawn up with Minister Jay Naidoo, then at the helm of South Africa's Reconstruction and Development Programme, it was decided that EU aid should be channelled to the key sectors of education and training, health, rural development, water supply, urban development, economic cooperation, trade and investment promotion, and the promotion of good governance and democracy. In each of these areas, the EU actively encourages a partnership effort between governmental structures and NGOs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.5 million homes wanted&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over 60% of South Africa's population is urbanised. The apartheid government's restrictions on home ownership in urban areas for the past four decades resulted in a housing backlog estimated at 2.5 million units, with demand growing by 200 000 units per year. Estimates vary, but approximately seven million people are believed to be living in informal settlements throughout South Africa on land occupied both legally and illegally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improved housing and sanitation are seen as priority areas in urban and rural development. Between 1991 and 1996, the EU has funded 18 projects in the urban development sector valued at approximately R303.1 m (ECU 52m). The Urban Sector Network (USN) and the Cato Manor Development Programme are typical.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is providing the USN with a total of R26.2m (ECU 4.5m) between 1995 and 1998. The USN is a national network of nine affiliate NGOs, and its aim is to improve living conditions for the urban poor. The beneficiaries of the programme are city dwellers earning less than R2000 (ECU 344) a month and there is a particular emphasis on households with monthly incomes of under R800 (ECU 137) a month.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through integrated, community-based development, the USN and its affiliates provide technical support and service provision to urban development projects, focusing on housing, local government transformation, skills transfer, project planning, facilitation, information dissemination, education and training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Cato Manor Development Programme received funding in 1995, also for a three year period. The EU has contributed R117.6m (ECU 20.2m) to the project. Cato Manor, an area in Natal near Durban, was the location of the largest forced resettlement scheme implemented under apartheid. Today, it is the first area targeted for integrated housing in a former white township.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall objective of the programme is to improve living conditions through a policy that strengthens the delivery system for infrastructure and housing. The programme anticipates providing the community with primary and secondary schools, sports fields, community halls, libraries and a community health centre. Access to housing finance will be improved and opportunities for income generation provided through a vocational training centre and small-scale industry workshops. In addition, provision is being made to improve management and general policy-making capabilities. By continuing to fund such projects, the EU is working with the South African government to improve the living conditions of the urban and rural poor. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.5.1.15" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Theatre for Africa, a performing group from Southern Africa, went on tour this autumn to put across the message that the exploitation of Africa's fauna should remain in the hands of rural communities. They did this with a powerful mix of words, dance, mime and song, in a play entitled Guardians of Eden '. The Courier met the author and cast on the Brussels leg of their tour. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The setting for the Brussels' performance was the 'Grand Place' (Grote Markt). With its ornate mediaeval architecture, this famous square in the centre of the Belgian capital could hardly have been more removed from the theme of the play - which is about conservation and development problems in Africa and empowering rural people to manage, use and benefit from the wildlife around them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The play was commissioned by the Southern Africa Sustainable Use Specialist Group (SASUSG) and the idea was that it should reach as many people as possible in the run-up to the World Conservation Congress planned for Montreal in October 1996. South African writer and former economist, Nicolas Ellenbogen, travelled throughout Southern Africa to recruit the all-African cast. Many examples of cultural imperialism leading to the destruction of habitat, highlighted in the production, were actually encountered by Mr Ellenbogen as he travelled through the region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The play opens with a spirit medium summoning representatives from villages in several African countries to discuss the threat to their survival. The actors display their athletic skills performing mimes of the abundant wildlife with simple props, as the history of Africa is recalled from the dinosaurs to the present day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A parable is then told. An old chief informs his three sons that to prosper in the 21st century, the village must change. He instructs them to return a year later with ideas for prosperity, which will be discussed in an indaba (debate). Each chooses a different path. The wheeling and dealing first son seeks out quick fix schemes with NGOs and various city authorities. The second son learns from the difficulties of city life and comes up with a blend of simple wisdom and new ideas. The third spends his time in beer halls -  and his revelry provokes roars of laughter throughout the performance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arriving back in his village after almost a year has elapsed, the second son finds that his older brother returned several months earlier to implement his money raising projects. Enjoying the cash benefits of the scheme, the men of the village do not want to hold an indaba. They are forced to do so by the women and Midzimu - the old chief. The audience is then asked to vote and there is a unanimous show of hands for the second son who symbolises the sustainable use of natural resources. The dissolute third son, meanwhile, is eaten by a crocodile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivory ban fury&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the message goes out to developers and donors to respect rural autonomy, the play also raises serious questions for Europe's politicians. The frequent appearance of the destructive elephant, in the course of the play, allows Mr Ellenbogen to vent his anger at the ivory import ban imposed by many European states. 'I am furious about the ban', be told The Courier, 'as it is having a profound effect on the daily needs of the people.' He rejects the argument that it helps conservation, insisting that; 'with a stroke of a pen, you reduced the value of the elephant.' The playwrite argues that local people need to see wildlife as economically and socially valuable. Otherwise, they will adopt new forms of land use which will result in the extinction of the species. He also draws attention to the growing black market in ivory in Southern Africa since the ban was introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'token' South African - symbolically played by the only woman in the cast - is given a 'rough time as the baby of Africa', says Ellenbogen. The play also contains numerous swipes at the donor community which frequently gives grants, without, it is said, any respect for local traditions. The Swiss doctoral student researching the potential for producing goat's cheese in Africa exits the stage squealing after asking a goat herder what he does with his animals. 'We slit their throats', is his reply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guardians of Eden was first launched at the Grahamstown Arts Festival in South Africa in July. It was performed in Zimbabwe and Kenya, and won a prize at the Edinburgh Festival 'Fringe' in August. From there, it moved to Frankfurt and Geneva before reaching Brussels. It was due to be performed in Antwerp, London and several American cities before a final staging at the Montreal Congress in October.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The play is in English and the languages of Southern Africa, but Nicolas Ellenbogen believes it can be readily understood by his multinational audiences. For him, the message - that local people must have the power to manage their own wildlife on their own land - needs no translating. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.6.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Stelios Christopoulos&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If politicians in Europe see jobs as their primary concern, it is probably because the citizens regard unemployment as their most serious problem. In the Europe of the Fifteen, the average unemployment rate was about 10% in 1985 dropping to 7.5% in 1990. By 1994, it had risen to a record high of more than 11%. By contrast, unemployment in the United States fell below 6.5% in 1994 and the figures for 1995 reveal a continuing downward trend. In Japan, the proportion of people without work remained below 3% in 1994. Assuming there is no change in current trends, the most recent demographic projections suggest that there will be 70 million people over the age of 65 in the EU by the year 2020, out of a total population of 348 million. This is 18 million more than there are today. The proportion of over-65s is, thus, projected to rise from 15% at present to 20% in less than 25 years. These two elements  -  an ageing population and ongoing structural unemployment - clearly reveal that European society lacks a degree of dynamism compared with its competitors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an attempt to address this problem, albeit partially, the President of the European Commission, Jacques Santer, launched a European employment pact in April 1996. There are three underlying reasons for this initiative -  Europe's endemic unemployment, the need to reestablish a climate of confidence as a prerequisite for renewed investment and consumption, and the need to fit the creation of the single currency into an overall economic strategy aimed at increasing growth, competitiveness and employment in Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'I'm young, help me find a job', is the heartfelt plea of many of young Europeans. But what chance is there that their cry for help will be answered in a difficult global environment?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We have seen the globalisation of strategic relationships in a range of key areas including the environment, the management of energy resources, health, demography and security. The trend has been accelerated by rapid technical progress in the fields of transport and telecommunications. This process has not taken the big multinational companies by surprise - they were already free of the constraints of sovereignty or space, and were quick to globalise their structures. These enterprises have become more competitive by taking advantage, wherever possible, of the most favourable production conditions, particularly regarding raw materials and employment conditions. More spectacular still has been the growth of international trade: in 1990, the volume of world trade was 11.5 times as great as it had been 40 years earlier. During the same period, global production only increased fivefold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What this means nowadays is that employment in the EU Member States is directly affected (and some would say threatened) by the world situation. Productivity and growth conditions in Europe are no longer sufficient to ensure full employment. Competition from developing countries, with their low wage bills and undervalued currencies, is too great for countries in the EU. Their position is not the same as that of the multinational companies. They do not have the structures to deal with swiftly evolving events, nor are they capable of controlling the process of globalisation. This is demonstrated, inter alia, by their inability to respond to the financial speculation which turns capital away from productive investment. Today, for example, for every US dollar in circulation, there are at least 30 dollars which are the product of financial speculation. This is not money from productive work by any particular person, but money which is the product of a financial 'virtual reality' and which is usually reinvested in financial speculation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Countries are beginning to realise the need to pool their national skills and cooperate at a regional level, in order to enhance their business competitiveness and take on the challenges of the globalised trading system. But the level of integration implied by this strategic choice must be sufficiently comprehensive if it is to make up for the reduced capability of countries to respond on an individual basis. This process of regionalisation may well be a prerequisite for regulating the world economy in such areas as exchange parities and financial speculation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And what of Europe in particular? Despite having a head-start on other regional groupings (such Asean, Nafta and Mercosur), the situation is not too rosy. Owing to the lack of a full internal market, Europe is unable to compete on equal terms with the United States or Japan. The internal market still comes up against blocks in important areas, as evidenced by problems over the European employment pact. And there are a number of other defects which make the internal market insufficiently competitive in the context of globalisation. It is true that a more coherent environment has been created for European companies, with common regulations and rules of competition enabling them to distribute their goods and services among the EU's consumers. But despite the appearance of a domestic, or single, market, it is one which is devoid of a genuine internal policy in keeping with its size. This is what distinguishes it from the internal markets of the United States or Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The explanation for the disparity may lie in the fact that the most recent moves towards the single market, through 'Single Act', date from 1987. This was before the upheavals which so decisively signalled the globalisation trend. Despite the criticisms sometimes levelled at it, it is a genuine single market which is largely open to the outside world (with only a few exceptions, notably as regards the Common Agricultural Policy, where it is recognised that there is a need for progressive adaptation). But there is still no single currency, nor is there a genuine common commercial and economic policy. The EU is unable to react to change at world level in the same way as its competitors. The common customs tariff, together with protective measures such as the anti-dumping regulations, are still not sufficient to solve all the Union's problems. What is needed on top of this is an active common policy component.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet, as the European employment pact makes clear, the EU holds a trump card in an increasingly interdependent world. The proviso is that it must speak with one voice, enforce multilateral rules and open up new markets for itself, because, as the document points out 'exports create jobs...'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, the developing world received 37% of global direct foreign investment ($84 billion) as against less than 20% at the beginning of the 1980s (the flow of foreign exchange is regarded nowadays as the principal factor influencing development). This is a spectacular increase but the resources are not 'fairly' distributed from the point of view of either the investing countries or the recipients. For example, southeast Asia is currently the world's most dynamic region. Yet, not to put too fine a point on it, it is virtually ignored by European investors. Only 3% of European overseas investment is directed towards this zone. Likewise, Europe's market share in the region is no more than 5%. The US has invested between two and three times more in south-east Asia while Japanese investment is four times higher.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, sub-Saharan Africa attracted just 0.8% of direct foreign investment ($1.8 billion). And there is no evidence that Europeans have invested more than the Japanese or Americans in this region. This is despite the highly optimistic outlook for the situation in Africa offered by the late Ron Brown, the former US Trade Secretary. On returning from a tour of Africa with American businesspeople in February 1994, he remarked that major opportunities were opening up in that continent, with spectacular returns on investments  - at the time, the best in the world. His regret was that so few people were aware of the situation. Undoubtedly more significant still was the declaration made in Washington before his departure for Africa to the effect that the United States would no longer leave African markets exclusively to the former colonial powers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So although others are beginning to explore the possibilities offered by Africa, Europe is still sceptical. A similar scepticism prevailed during the 1960s when it was assumed that the lot of south-east Asia would be famine, and few development prospects. Given the historical links between Europe and Africa, the geographical proximity of the two continents, and the pressing problems faced by the 'old' continent vis-Ã -vis its competitors, such an attitude appears difficult to explain. In the years since the former European colonies in Africa gained independence - and despite the creation of an institutional cooperation framework (the LomÃ© Convention, which many regard as a model of development cooperation)  -  many Europeans clearly no longer wish to be involved in Africa. The explanation for this lack of interest may be the difficult conditions within African countries -  obstacles preventing access to markets, the lack of liberalisation or political instability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But this analysis in not entirely convincing. More ACP countries are democracies than ever before in the post-independence era. As for Africa - a much-debated ACP region  -  it is wrong to talk purely in terms of internal conflict, famines or the AIDS epidemic. There are countries in this continent with growth rates of between 5% and 6%, and several examples of where European companies have successfully penetrated local markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need to highlight the existence of genuine business opportunities in ACP countries and to make the European public aware of development aid success stories, were among the main conclusions to come out of the first meeting of a television delegates' network, organised by the European Commission's Development Directorate-General on 31 January 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any European company chairman interested in expanding into an ACP country - thereby enlarging the company's market and enhancing its competitiveness - is likely to acknowledge the possibilities, if offered back-up from the EU or from national governments. But they will then probably point to the complications which remain -  and with some justification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With this in mind, it is worth reiterating the fact that specialised institutions exist for facilitating contact with the ACP countries. In 1995, for example, the Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) was involved in 367 projects, assisting, free of charge, in the expansion or rehabilitation of industrial companies in ACP countries, in partnership with European business. Although the number of such projects is constantly increasing (190 in 1993,229 in 1994), it is still a long way short of what is needed. But it should be stressed that the CDl's approach, which involves promoting the creation of networks, appears to work. The establishment OF ACP contact networks in ACP countries makes it easier to identify potential areas for involvement and to prepare better for European institutional and sectoral networks. There are several successful projects which have led to the creation or safeguarding of jobs in Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also in 1995, the European Investment Bank (EIB) granted ECU 430 million in loans to businesses in various sectors in 29 ACP countries. This includes an increase in the Bank's activity in Africa over previous years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What, then, of the effect of Europe's development cooperation policies on the European market ? According to the most conservative estimates, for every ECU 100 granted in aid, the Community 'gets back' ECU 48 in the form of jobs, supplies and technical assistance. This figure does not take account of additional 'secondary' business generated by, for example, the supply of spare parts or the provision of technical advice. This business can be quite significant given the degree of penetration achieved by European companies in the markets of many developing countries. Nor does the estimate include any new business opportunities directly arising from the links established between the companies involved in aid projects and the recipient countries. Thus, it is clear that when a project is set up, it may well have extra beneficial effects for Europe through additional flows of goods and services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'return' on aid is even greater in Member States' individual bilateral programmes. For example, tied aid from countries such as Belgium, Italy and the United Kingdom leads to a payback of more than 70%. Another point is that as Europe's industrial rules are harmonised, the success of a single European company in penetrating a particular developing country market may pave the way for companies in other EU Member States, thus benefiting the Union as a whole. Tied aid creates favourable conditions for setting up European companies and for placing European goods and services in other markets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the return on aid may be described as satisfactory, the same is not true of the number of companies that benefit or of the actual turnover involved. One wonders whether this weakness is due to a lack of information about existing resources and facilities, or whether there still a lack of confidence about countries which, despite the progress they have made, are still politically unstable and therefore unpredictable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One might also wonder whether the time is right for investment. Our answer would be that, even though financial speculation is currently governed by global economic considerations, which prevent productive targeting of capital, this situation cannot last. There is a worldwide move to rectify the situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We all need to be aware that time is no longer on our side. In many sectors, European companies still have a competitive edge over businesses from third countries, owing to their degree of specialisation and technological expertise. But if they are to survive, they must take on a worldwide dimension. In particular, they should pay attention to the comparative advantage that they have in the ACP countries on account of their special skills, historic links, geographical location and, above all, the institutional connections between these developing nations and the 'old' continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although problems do exist and although both European and ACP bureaucracy can sometimes discourage private operators from exploring the potential of the developing world (and more particularly the ACP region), they should not give up. Europe's challenge is to help them to exploit this potential whilst not raising false hopes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nothing can take the place of the shared experience and confidence which arises spontaneously in full knowledge of the facts. In this regard, we feel, there is still much to be done. In both Europe and the ACP countries, one way to succeed is to increase the number of networks representing industrial, economic and financial interests at various levels, and to assist them in identifying opportunities more effectively. This would help to create a new dynamism and renewed vigour in Europe. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.7.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Courier's issue of July-August 1994, we published a country report on Eritrea. This country became independent in 1993 after almost 30 years of fighting which had bled the county white. Loss of human life, displaced persons, socio-economic disruption and environmental damage have been Eritrea's sad fate in recent times. However, there has now been peace for three years and the Eritrean people are attempting to pick up the threads. Alfonso Artico, a freelance journalist who recently travelled to Eritrea, now offers us a few on-the-spot impressions of his trip, focusing on some current projects which offer hope to this sorely afflicted people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fisheries at Massawa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The port of Massawa is located on the Red Sea, whose blue waters are teeming with fish. In 1986, the European Union suggested that it would be a suitable place for fisheries development. At the time, the city was a maze of back streets, baking in the sun. Few could have predicted the fate that would befall it five years later. For in 1991, war came to Massawa and 80% of the city was destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Italians, it is said, have 'always' been here, and they once had great plans for the city. Together with Assab, further to the south, Massawa was to be a key point of access to the sea, and a potential launch pad for the, country's struggling economy. The colonial days are long past but, when the Eritrean Popular Liberation Army took over the country after the recent war, the Italians came back to help tackle an immense task. The city, by then, was little more than a pile of rubble.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Help also came from somewhat further afield, in the shape of Professor Seichi Etoh, a Japanese specialist in marine biology. He had made a study of the city in 1989 and he chose to return in 1992 to help in fisheries development. At the outset, his working methods disconcerted the Eritreans who were used to a slightly more relaxed attitude to labour, under the hot sun and eternally blue sky.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Armed with the experience of working in Kenya and a number of other developing countries, Professor Etoh arrived in Massawa and installed himself in a house looking over the sea. After a period of adaptation, to gain his bearings, he took up his new challenge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge in question is a fisheries project whose main funders are the UNDP, Japan, Italy and the African Development Bank. A total of $7 million has been committed with payments spread over a five-year period. The project began operating in January 1993.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main problem at the outset was one of skills and qualifications. Important posts were often filled by high-ranking former solders, whose administrative skills were less than satisfactory. Conversely, those with the right qualifications - some of whom were criticised for spending the war years in the lecture theatres of European universities  -  had problems finding work. This was particularly true in the closed and conservative world of the fisherman. After a few teething troubles, Etoh was able to announce that he had the confidence of the government, and his efforts rapidly bore fruit thereafter. He set about reorganising the fishermen's cooperative - a task which entailed overcoming the reluctance of members to adopt new practices. He also arranged for the construction of jetties where vessels could take on supplies. Fish were to be unloaded at one spot, and their diesel tanks would be refilled at a different location. The cost of diesel is 1.41 birr (ECU 0.17) per litre. The fishermen's cooperative, which has 440 members, has 35 000 birr (ECU 4000) in its funds. It is also making repayments on a 1.8 million-birr (ECU 200 000) loan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'In the beginning, there was frenzied activity, which some regarded as chaos', Seichi Etoh recalls. However, in less than two years, the jetties have been completed and the ice plants -  essential for preserving the fish - are running flat out. Now they are producing eight tonnes of ice a day. The daily catch is about two tonnes of fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The real revolution occurred when Seichi Etoh decided to try and organise cooperatives for women, who represent 25% of the workforce in the production chain. He followed up with an even more radical scheme, offering them paid work in the relatively unrewarding but essential field of ship maintainance and repair. This freed the fishermen, most of whom had no remunerative activity outside the fishing season (November to March), to seek work elsewhere during the other seven months of the year. Eritrea, a country where women's potential has not traditionally been acknowledged (or tapped) had never seen the like before. Nowadays, of the 200 who fish out of Massawa, 50 are women who have formed their own organisation - and they generate a considerable profit. They have even opened up a fish restaurant!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall standard of living has increased considerably. This year, fisheries-related production has risen 120% compared with 1995. And the port is doing reasonably well in quality terms. Using the international scale, which ranks the catches from 0 to 10, the quality of fish landings by the Massawa fishermen is rated 6 overall - as against 8 for Japan. 5 for China and 6.5 for Europe. The local market has expanded as a result of efforts to modify local eating habits. People have been taught to grill fish instead of frying it in expensive (and somewhat unhealthy) oil. The message - 'eat grilled fish' - is going out daily on national radio, and women are going into the schools and villages to teach this 'latest' cooking technique.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The local market may be important, but the main target for the increased production is Ethiopia. With the purchase of four refrigerated lorries, it is now possible to transport fish products over long distances. Another important customer is Italy, which currently takes about a third of the total production. Seichi Etoh is hopeful that, following this example, new markets can be found in other parts of Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The success of the Massawa project has exceeded all expectations and, although he downplays the achievement with typical oriental modesty, it is clear that Etoh's bet has paid off. The fishermen have come to understand the advantages to be gained in reorganisation and maintaining their 'tools' of production. And as anticipated, the bulk of the profit from the project is going back to the fishermen. The government has taken care not to cream off too much for itself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other projects are now under way. Etoh is attempting to persuade the fishermen to give up their wooden craft in favour of ferro-cement vessels but after centuries of doing things in a certain way, it will take more than a few months for the new plans to be adopted. The monthly meetings with representatives from the cooperatives are stormy and animated. However, two vessels are already being built, on the assumption that a practical demonstration is worth far more than a long speech. The 60 people working directly on the project are awaiting the outcome.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This change has become necessary owing to the cost of wood - which is one of the reasons why the fishermen have grown progressively poorer. Timber prices have been rising sharply for some years, particularly in Dubia, the regional centre of the wood trade. The war, in the meantime, sent incomes spiralling downwards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Overall, the Eritrean fishing fleet has 500 vessels, all made of wood, of which 250 have Massawa as their home port. In previous years, the wood (known as tengi in Eritrean) came from Ethiopia. But this country is facing ecological problems and fishermen have been forced to search elsewhere for building and maintenance materials for their unstable and costly vessels (a 13-metre boat requires 8 mÂ³ of wood). Etoh explains that the new boats, while slower, glide more easily over the water on account of their stability. However, the first attempts at change have not been easy. Indeed, things got so bad that Etoh went on holiday 'for longer than expected', he said, though he took advantage of the break to visit Singapore and buy Chinese tricycles  -  which can now be seen in the streets of Massawa. The reign of the bicycle with a simple wicker basket which could carry just 20 kilos is over. Now, each tricycle can deliver 100 kg of fresh fish, packed in ice. All in all, the programme is running smoothly. Etoh has only to check it from time to time. After all this labour, will the smiling Japanese professor be taking a well-earned rest? 'Probably not,' he says, adding 'I am currently thinking about a chain of restaurants. Fish restaurants of course !'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An unusual 'bank'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The road leading to Gersteti village is so beautiful that it takes your breath away. Multicoloured birds fly lazily above the vehicle carrying the journalists and humanitarian aid workers - who are deep in discussion about the kind of world they wish to create. However, there is a switch in the conversation once they reach the Seraye plateaux. Their attention is drawn to the fields which stretch as far as the eye can see. It doesn't take long to discover that demand for land here far outweighs supply. The situation, which is already critical, has not been helped by the influx of refugees returning from neighbouring countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the war ended in 1991, everyone's prime concern was to relaunch an agricultural sector ruined by 28 years of combat. Farmers and farming communities, the lifeblood of the countryside, had been mobilised to fight on the front line. In 1990, agricultural production was at such a low level that the word 'negligible' featured prominently in the Ministry of Agriculture's statistics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oxfam, which first came to Eritrea in 1978, has been running an unusual project on the Seraye plateaux. Located to the south of Asmara, the capital, this region is the second most densely populated part of the country. Five districts containing 65 villages and 17000 families, were chosen for the project  -  on account of their low rainfall and the fact that it is difficult, and in some cases, impossible, to cultivate the exhausted soil. Local communities, village leaders and politicians all understood that only full-scale collaboration could prevent a food-supply disaster in the province. An organisation was therefore created: the villagers elected 13 representatives (12 men and one woman) and began by setting up a seed bank. There was a severe shortage of seed materials in this devastated country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project got off the ground in November 1995 and is set to run for three years. Its objective is simple: to guarantee self-sufficiency in seeds and to provide a reserve during hard times. The 'Seed Bank Committee' has also given training to 40 farmers in seed conservation, terracing and basic agricultural economics. Two wells have been sunk, but these are insufficient for the 40 square kiLomÃ©tres that require irrigation. Oxfam is putting up the money for the various initiatives while the local community is providing the labour force. It is worth noting that a bag of averagequality cement costs 35 birrs (ECU4), equivalent to one third of a worker's monthly wage. Fourteen different varieties of seed have been stored in sheds - which the locals visit to obtain their supplies. The purchase of 230 quintals of local seeds and the donation of 70 quintals from elsewhere have started the programme off. Next year, Individual farmers will have to repay this 'loan' in kind, with a 10% 'interest payment', also in the form of seeds. The surplus generated will be retained by the bank as a resource to be drawn upon, if necessary, when times are hard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The local community was quick to understand the advantages to be gained from this system. They were all too aware of the low productivity of their land and up to then, were powerless to resolve the situation. The possibility of falling back on traditional resources to offset production difficulties no longer existed. And the skills they had acquired over the generations were now insufficient, given the poor condition of the soil. In these circumstances, one can well understand their enthusiasm when they saw that 100 kg of seeds per hectare yielded a harvest six times larger than previously. Other elements which contributed to a progressive improvement in conditions were the sinking of new wells, a reduced influx of refugees from Sudan, and a slow but appreciable improvement in the country's general economic situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As well as being involved in this project, Oxfam is an active member of Acord, an NGO association which extends cash loans at rates much lower than those demanded by the banks. (Acord's rate is 12% per annum with a minimum repayment of 5 birrs per month). Targeted mainly at the most deprived sections of the population, the loans enable the poor to set up small businesses or, more commonly, to purchase agricultural implements, repair irrigation channels and buy cattle. Once again, a village committee manages the transactions. The scheme has brought renewed hope to the most deprived groups. Individual loans have been available since 1994 and the association currently has 163 clients. The total amount lent so far is 878 000 birrs (ECU 110 000).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The combined effects of these programmes - seed banks and preferential loans - are already visible. It would take months to visit all the farms and fields, workshops and stores, where men and women have invested their energies and hopes. Seraye province now produces a third of Eritrea's cereals, a telling illustration of the fact that one does not need billions of dollars for development and humanitarian aid for the work to be effective. In the final analysis, a country's wealth lies in its citizens. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An up-to-date printing plant&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As one strolls down Liberation Avenue, which cuts the city of Asmara in two, one might be forgiven for thinking that 28 years of war have already been forgotten. Surveying the multi-coloured neon signs of the shops, it certainly appears as if the country has turned the corner and the wounds are healing rapidly. One building whose restrained frontage stands outs in sharp contrast is the Adulis printing-works. Adulis was the name of a semi-mythical city founded by the Greeks on the Red Sea in the third millennium before Christ. 'But there is nothing insubstantial about this place', comments Mohamad Shiffa Osman, with a smile. He is one of three expert typesetters who went on a training course in Belgium earlier this year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; The Adulis printing works has its own particular memories of the Eritrean people's struggle for independence. As far back as the 1960s, when the first shots were being fired, the resistance recognised that their fighters and the civil population both had to have access to information. However, it was not until the 1980s that a true propaganda structure came into being. During the war, the Eritrean People's Liberation Army ran a clandestine ministry of information. In Eritrea and elsewhere, this became the channel for conveying practical information, and providing the latest news from the front. It was also used to transmit personal messages, which were delivered to the heart of areas occupied by the Ethiopian Army. 'Our presses were hidden in caves, up in the mountains, and everything was run on generators', Mohamed remembers. The initial amateur approach was quickly replaced by a more professional one. 'We did have professional printers working for us, but it was mainly self-taught comrades'. On-the job apprenticeships had to be fitted in between bouts of fighting!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'At the time of liberation, in 1991, we set about restoring this printing works, which was founded in 1896 by the Italians', Mohamed explained as he gave us a guided tour of the works. The effort put into relaunching this essential activity soon bore fruit. Within the year, the printing operation was running at a profit - indeed it had a virtual monopoly of printing in the country. The presses were brought down from the mountains on the backs of camels and then taken to Asmara by truck. 'You see this Aurelia 48?', asks Mohamed, pointing to a machine. 'Well, it was up in the north, hidden away in a village'. Throughout our visit, Mohamed draws attention to equipment from an earlier age  -  candidates for the museum which are still in operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some items have their own story to tell, like the press donated years ago by Oxfam which still churns out thousands of sheets every day. During the war, it was taken from cave to cave, following the army's advance as it conquered new terrain. Most of the Adulis machines, however, were already there, when the decision was taken to restart the operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The initial budget for the works was a tidy five million birr (ECU 620 000). Today, Adulis has an annual turnover of 20 million birr. Monthly salaries range from 400 birr (ECU 50) for maintenance staff to 1800 birr (ECU 225) for the director, Michael G. Bakhli. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The printing works also acts as a testing ground for workers' social progress. According to Mohamed and the director, the 350 or so people employed at the works benefit from exceptional social cover. If a worker falls ill, his wage is guaranteed for one month, then it drops to 50% in the second month and stops altogether at the end of the third. if a woman is pregnant, she has to take a month's statutory leave and is granted a further two months on full pay. In the event of dismissal, an employee receives two months' wages, although this latter arrangement is gradually changing to one month's wages for each year of service.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Far from resting on the laurels of their success, the Adulis works' directors have appealed for assistance. In order to be at the cutting edge of technology and to have the resources to break into new markets, they need to supplement their knowledge. Therefore, three 'volunteers' spent the three months from January to March this year working in Belgian companies, to the satisfaction of everyone, both hosts and visitors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under Mohamed's gaze, the walls of the workshop have been brightened up with posters which provide a splash of colour. Although the noise from the presses often drowns out conversation, you cannot escape the feeling of hope here. It is like a breath of fresh air, and one leaves with the strong impression of a country that is rising from the ashes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.8.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Eva Kaluzynska&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When a cyclone strikes in the Caribbean, beware of giant flying razorblades - airborne sheets of corrugated iron that kill and maim unsuspecting victims every time. 'The use of galvanised iron sheeting for roofing is extremely dangerous in cyclone-prone areas,' says Professor Debarati Guha-Sapir, Director of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) at the Universite Catholique de Louvain. 'We know this, and we need to encourage the use of lighter materials, such as thatching, which doesn't kill if it flies off in a gale,' she adds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That is the kind of issue facing people exposed to unavoidable natural disasters  -  in the Caribbean's case, every year. In 1995, there were 27 tropical storms in the region. CRED has been in the vanguard of monitoring natural disasters and in coming up with solutions to the problems they create since it was set up in 1973. Now it is assisting the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) in developing its new Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness Programme (DIPECHO) to cover the next two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1994, ECHO has spent almost ECU 7 million on 50 disaster prevention operations, at both national and regional levels. Now, instead of just responding to requests for funding from non-governmental organisations, international organisations and governments, ECHO has decided to fine-tune its strategy. It will concentrate its efforts on specific regions known to be particularly vulnerable and prone to natural disasters. We may not know exactly when disasters will strike, but we certainly know where to expect them. The regions selected at present are: the Caribbean, Central America, South East Asia and Bangladesh.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All of them are exposed to repeated emergencies. All of them have a struggle to develop when their efforts are disrupted so frequently. They cannot just pick up where they left off. Loss of life and property is just the most visible aspect of what happens when disaster strikes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The infrastructure, such as it is, takes a hammering. Road and rail links are severed. Communications, electricity and water supplies break down. Add loss of health care and sanitation, and you get populations exceedingly vulnerable to epidemics. Add loss of education facilites, and a vicious spiral of poverty sets in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An expert in emergency aid cites the sad example of the Aetas, a tribal group that used to live a secluded life on the remote slopes of Mount Pinatubo, the volcano that erupted spectacularly in 1991 in the Philippines. Though the volcano was known to be menacingly active, the Aetas were not evacuated and resettled in time. They fled in panic as disaster struck, to the plains, where they faced a deadly, invisible enemy: measles, a disease to which they had never been exposed. Measles claimed more victims than the volcano itself did in the months that followed. They could have been resettled earlier. And they could have been immunised years before, but weren't.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It's easy to be wise after the event. DlPECHO aims to encourage action before it's too late. The idea behind ECHO's new policy is to take each region, and to identify its hazards and capacity for dealing with disasters. This will help to pinpoint the gaps. Then it will draw up Action Plans that slot into the wider picture of potential development in each case.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DIPECHO projects will involve training personnel in the regions affected to handle disasters, and to strengthen the institutions that can contribute to effective prevention, preparedness and mitigation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some of the solutions are ingenious, low-cost, low-tech ideas. Take, for instance, the use of light, widely-available, inexpensive materials for roofing in earthquake or cyclone-prone zones - an idea poorer countries could adapt from wealthy Japan's experience. Or the construction of safe, raised 'islands' that will stay above the waterline amid flooding in Bangladesh to offer shelter. Or adapting drainage, and changing cropping patterns in Andhra Pradesh, India, to mitigate the effects of cyclones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In earthquake-prone Central America, protecting roads and bridges, or building schools less prone to collapse is very important. Using the radio or even neighbourhood watch systems to sound the alarm when disaster is imminent can make a big difference to its impact in terms of injuries. Drilling all at risk, from school-age up, to know what to expect and to know what to do is vital.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DIPECHO did not include Africa in its first selection of regions for Action Plans. This is not to underestimate the gravity or scale of the disasters experienced there, says Professor Guha-Sapir: 'Floods, drought and famine are very frequent events there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are often killers.' Overexploitation of scarce resources and political turmoil compound situations that lead to disasters which seem less dramatic than a volcano eruption, but are no less far-reaching in impact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The instability in many of the areas worst affected means that African countries lack the institutions needed to prepare for disasters in an organised way, she says. 'There are limits on ECHO's ability to intervene. It's unrealistic to expect the kind of grassroots, technical preparedness we are talking about in the current situation.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ECHO's Jean-Claude Heyraud sums up the new policy: 'As far as preventing, mitigating and preparing for catastrophes goes, the new proactive approach reflects the importance ECHO attaches to this type of action. The DIPECHO programme meets the growing need to evaluate risks in order to reduce loss of life and damage to property. If and when emergency aid is needed, preparation and prevention can help to reduce the scale and cost of such actions.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.9.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Seydou Sarr&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third Festival of African Cinema was held in Brussels on 15-22 June. For one week, film-goers in the Belgian capital filled the auditoria of the Palais des Beaux-Arts, where they discovered new images of an alternative Africa. And as always, when the time came to assess how the Festival had gone, professionals and organisers alike were left pondering the problems facing the African film industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Organised for the first time in 1994, on the initiative of Diaspora Productions, the Festival had a number of objectives, including that of bringing Africa's finest films to wider public notice. The initiative stemmed from two observations. In the first place, the European public's opinion of Africa is based on what it sees on television -  and that image is of a continent so ravaged by famine, misery and strife that it is incapable of progress. Second, from a professional standpoint, there is no effective distribution network in Belgium for African films. Samba Traore by Burkina Faso's Idrissa Ouedraogo and Hyenes by the Senegalese Djibril Diop Mambety were two rare exceptions in succeeding in getting on to the circuit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A forum for reflection&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In setting up film-industry meetings, the organisers of the Brussels Festival wanted the event to be a forum for reflection on the problems facing African cinema. In the 40 years it has existed, there has undoubtedly been some progress. It is even possible to speak of genuine mastery of images and cinematographic language. But there are also many problems -  involving production and distribution, a lack of official support, a shortage of private capital and limited access to international markets. At home, meanwhile, African firms face fierce competition from multi-million dollar productions coming out of the USA, Europe and Asia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe has traditionally offered the only feasible route for those seeking technical and financial resources. The principal donors are the European Union, the ACCT (Cultural and Technical Corporation Agency) and the French Ministry of Cooperation. There are, of course, many instances of African directors producing films without taking this route, but these ventures usually have smaller budgets, and insufficient funds to devote to promotion (press releases, trailers etc). As regards distribution in Belgium, directors face an additional difficulty - they have to take the language issue into account (particularly when films are shown in Flanders).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African professionals are looking at various ways of solving these problems, including the possibility of coproduction with European operators. For some years now, public and private bodies have also been considering the idea of establishing combined co-production teams in a form of partnership, as a way of supporting African cinema. This topic has been on the agenda of other African film festivals (notably in Amiens) and it came up for discussion in Brussels as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A colloquium on the subject of ACP/Europe co-production was staged on the fringe of the Brussels event. This served to highlight a number of successful experiments in North/South collaboration. One example was the Cape Verdian film Ilheu de Contenda, by Leao Lopes which was made with support from a Belgian production company, Saga Films. This film was screened at the Festival. It also gave an opportunity to discuss a range of other topics. African journalists accredited to the Festival were given the task of drafting a resolution whose conclusions will be submitted to various contributors including FEPACI (the Pan-African Federation of Film-Makers), the European Union, producers and other donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was general agreement that a coherent legal framework for organising relationships between directors and producers, on the basis of mutual trust, was badly needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Positive results&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is worth making a brief assessment of the efforts made by the organisers of the Brussels Festival to offer an improved programme. The showing of shorts at the beginning of a performance is undoubtedly a formula they should employ again. These works are a specialised genre which give young directors the chance to present their first work. The bulk of the shorts that were screened this year were in the form of 'documentaries' based on fiction - but with one foot in the real world. They dealt with people's lives, their daily concerns, and a variety of social phenomena. Thus, we were presented with films dealing with Aids, urban delinquency, the role of women in society and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another positive point the organisers should concentrate on is the space resewed for English and Portuguese-language films. There were eight performances in this category including four feature films in English and two in Portuguese. A further worthwhile element was the space allocated to African women (from Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Burkina Faso) who have chosen to use the cinema as a means of expression.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diaspora Productions' managers are said to be reasonably satisfied with the way the Festival went. They hope it can continue to be held at the Palais des Beaux-Arts, since they see this as one way of liberating African cultural events from the Afro-Brussels 'ghetto' where they have often been held. They are also keen, in future years, for African films to be shown in Brussels cinemas while the Festival is under way. If this happens, film-goers in Brussels will have the pleasure, from next year, of seeing quality works in their usual cinemas. The timing is appropriate since the 1997 Brussels event will follow the Ouagadougou Festival (Fespaco) which traditionally sees the launch of a number of new films.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Family meeting&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The organisers chose to close the 1996 Festival with a fashion parade which gave Pathe 'O, the designer from CotÃ© d'Ivoire, the chance to present his collection to the Brussels audience.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the fringes of the Festival, there was also a musical offering in the shape of the Toure Kunda brothers who came to lend their support to filmmakers and other African artistes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are those who would argue that the Brussels Festival has now entered the category of a 'not-to-bemissed' event. Every year, it attracts significant numbers of film-makers from Africa and the diaspora, even when they have no current projects or films to present. There was a real family atmosphere in the corridors of the Palais des Beaux-Arts, due in no doubt to the absence of competition. From the outset, the Diaspora Productions team chose to stage an event at which prizes were not awarded, thereby promoting reflection and contact with the public. It is generally agreed that the Brussels Festival offers a rare opportunity for film-makers to meet and discuss their productions and projects in a relaxed atmosphere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The credit for this, in the view of many of the participants, lies with Pape Mbaye Sene, one of the guiding lights of the event, who has also been dubbed the 'high priest' of African cinema. It has, in fact, been suggested tongue-in-cheek that 'in Brussels, they award a Pape, not an Oscar'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.9.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future of African cinema seen through the eyes of the Malian film maker, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In April, The Courier had the opportunity of meeting Souleymane Cisse, one of Africa's most celebrated film-makers, who has won several awards at major international film festivals. His films, such as Yeelen, which was awarded the Prix du Jury in Cannes in 1987 (the first African film to receive such a prestigious accolade), Waati, which was entered at the same festival, and Finye, have already become classics. Cisse is not just a director, he also produces his own films. In 1972, he impressed international critics by single-handedly producing a short film of exceptionally high quality Cinq jours d'une vie -  which won an award at the Carthage Film Festival. By relying, above all, on his own limited resources, combined with a powerful determination to develop and promote Africa's film industry, Souleymane Cisse has an implied but powerful message for the entire African continent. When he went on stage at the Palais des Festivals in 1987 to receive his award for Yeelen, he said that he was accepting it on behalf of all those who did not have the opportunity to speak for themselves. In particular, he dedicated the film to all the South African technicians who had worked together with him on the project. His has made spirited efforts to boost the African film industry and it was in this context that he helped set up the 'Union of African cinema and audiovisual producers and entrepreneurs' last March. This organisation aims to encourage African countries (especially in West Africa), to take the necessary political decisions to ensure the survival and grouwth of African cinema. When we spoke to Souleymane Cisse, our discussion ranged far and wide. We began by asking the film director whether African art gets the recognition it deserves in Europe? He seemed surprised at the question but then, without hesitation, proceeded to explain his own approach - with the emphasis on the political rather than the aesthetic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The recognition that African art gets in the West has more to do with politics than aesthetic discernment. Such recognition evolves from the spirit of Africa's relations with the other continents, a spirit which is often devoid of all honesty. We stand at the threshold of the 21st century. We should be looking to develop ways of communicating with each other and finding common ground. We should be able to look each other in the eye. When, for example, people in France debate whether or not the Louvre should have a gallery of African art, it begs the question, 'who is asking for what ?'. When some people wonder whether or not African art really is art, they are asking themselves a pointless question. African art is. Nothing more, nothing less. In any case, the West has some highly contradictory views as far as the whole idea of art in Africa is concerned. On the one hand they dispute the fact that the culture of the Ancient Egyptians was, in essence, an African one, and yet on the other hand the characters of Ancient Egypt - in films for example - are always portrayed as dark-skinned. African art is the 'in' thing at the moment, despite the current tendency to belittle Africa. They think that today's Black Americans and Afro-Caribbeans can be made to forget their African roots, but that just will not happen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Generally speaking, do you think that African politicians should devote time and energy to this battle to defend African culture when their countries face such insurmountable material problems ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Once they have gained power, the obsessive preoccupation of our politicians has been to concentrate on economic policies, neglecting their countries' cultural needs. But without a deeply-rooted culture, you cannot discuss matters on equal terms with representatives of other nations. In their heart of hearts, they will not respect you fully. There have been two or three countries which have tried to combine economic development with cultural development - I'm thinking of Guinea under Sekou Toure, Mali under Modibo Keita and Ghana under Kwame Nkrumah, but in one way or another, all three have been thwarted, for their perceptiveness. I am not now commenting on, or necessarily agreeing with, their domestic policies, but rather with the broad vision they shared for Africa as a whole. The fact that Europe is currently in the process of forging the European Union will be an instrumental force in the opening up of other regions of the globe. It was Europe, after all, which divided much of the world into English speakers, French speakers, Portuguese speakers, Spanish speakers and so on. Now that Europeans are themselves seeking to unite their countries, how could they possibly object to a similar union in Africa - for the sake of its cultural identity. This idea of a United Europe is, therefore, a welcome one. What is more, I believe that the issue has already been tackled within relations between the European Union and ACP countries. Not only is Africa the continent closest to Europe; it is in helping to develop the African continent that Europe has most to gain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The cultural aspect has already been incorporated into LomÃ© IV, but it seems that ACP countries do not attach as much importance as they should to such matters when drawing up their lists of priorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Many of the politicians in charge of these countries themselves lack any sort of culture. Alternatively, stripped of their own culture, they flaunt that of a foreign land. They say that health care is a priority, that food is a priority, but cultural needs do not figure on their list. Yet culture forms part of an urgent need. You'll see - as soon as any sort of cultural development takes place in a country, or wherever a country already has a viable, thriving culture, its economy will also flourish; of that there is no doubt. A nation which has a highly developed culture will always be able to stand on its own two feet economically. Take, for example, the nations of the former Soviet Union  - their economies may be unstable at the moment. It's only natural that they have to start from scratch, but as long as they manage to hold on to their cultures, they will pull through. These countries will not lag behind as Africa has done.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It costs money to operate a film industry. Have you found that your reputation as a director has made the financial side of things any easier for you ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I don't honestly think much has changed in the way we finance our films. Perhaps I should only speak for myself, but I do not believe it is any easier for me than it is for young filmmakers. Mali has no film production facilities, so we are all in the same boat. That is why we organised a colloquium in March this year, aimed at getting a picture of the exact state of West Africa's film industry. What we learned was that it is in pretty bad state. We make films but, in a certain sense, we don't really exist as a film industry. I would dearly like my works to be screened, for example, in Mali, Guinea and Senegal, but that is not possible because the distribution and screening networks are no longer there. Even the most liberal Western countries have passed laws to promote and protect their local film industries, so why don't we do the same ? I cannot make films in the United States without first going through various unions and other professional associations. In France, I cannot distribute my films the way I want, and if I want to make a film, I have to make it through French producers. If people come to work here, they should have to use national producers. The relevant laws were drawn up three or four years ago, but they still haven't been passed. We want all those involved in the film industry to have the opportunity to be true professionals. There should be assistance available to modernise projection rooms and theatres. We are currently in the process of setting up the 'Union of African cinema and audiovisual producers and entrepreneurs' which should help to persuade governments to take our requests into account.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Isn't African cinema also a victim of television ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The problem in Mali is a very simple one. We live in a country where people like to get out and about. The cinema is somewhere they can do that quite easily. So people use it as a place where they can meet up in the evening, just as they like to congregate around the fire to sing and dance. So why are our cinemas empty ? Because when people do go to the cinema, they cannot see the screen properly or they cannot hear the soundtrack, or they are uncomfortable sitting on broken and rickety chairs. If you can provide a suitable and comfortable environment for them, people will start going to the cinema again. That doesn't mean that television doesn't have its place, but people like to go out. This is especially the case with our open air cinemas, which are the perfect places for people to come together, have a chat, enjoy each other's company and relax. A nice auditorium, a good film, and you'll see how the queues will form. All we need to do is upgrade the auditoria, re-equip the projection rooms, overhaul the sound systems, put new chairs in - just a few basic comforts. When people go out to the cinema, it's because they want to escape from their humdrum routine for a while, to dream and unwind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African governments should do what they can to enable people to relax and enjoy themselves like this. Going to the cinema is like going to school. People go there to learn something - whether consciously or subconsciously - and to see something different. We really must get rid of this purely commercial vision of the cinema, especially in Africa. It should, first and foremost, be a cultural experience, and only subsequently a commercial exercise. But we also need to be realistic. When helping those involved in promoting the film industry, the government should lay down a precise set of conditions, specifying how and when the loans should be repaid and requiring something in return for their subsidies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So you think that if the Ministries of Culture in African countries were given greater powers, they would be in a position to carry out this task ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is not something solely for the Ministry of Culture. This is the type of approach which should be adopted by the state as a whole, in each country. For example, the government should provide a support fund for the film industry and certain other branches of the arts. Even if they were increased substantially, the meagre budgets allocated to the Ministry of Culture in our countries would still represent paltry sums. In Africa, the department of culture is at the bottom of everybody's list.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· But if you look at the number of African films that have been shown in recent years at Cannes and other international festivals, surely one can afford to be a little more optimistic than you are ? More and more young African filmmakers are releasing films.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - True, but as I said earlier, no progress has been made as far as film production is concerned. In that respect, contrary to what people may think, we are still at square one. Young filmmakers are put off and, as more and more avenues are closed to them, they gradually lose their fighting spirit. A film director has no choice but to be his own producer, his own manager - to do everything himself in fact. The result is that he becomes a jack of all trades and a master of none. During our recent colloquium, we decided to set up smallscale facilities which will deal solely with film production and where young people can go and use their services, thus leaving them free to channel their energies into actually directing their films. In the same way, we intend to set up other structures which will deal exclusively with other aspects of the cinema industry. The goal we have set ourselves is that of fostering professionalism in the West African film industry. Maybe then our governments will listen to us.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think there is any difference between African countries as far as opportunities are concerned ? For example, Burkina Faso would appear to be the cinema capital of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, and no. More often than not, it is African film-makers who have chosen Burkina Faso to stage events connected with the cinema industry because it is a landlocked country. This is what has made it the film capital of Africa, not any deliberate move on the part of the politicians. Having said this, the government in Burkina Faso is also making great efforts, despite its limited resources. But each country has its own potential. We must stop trying to tear this continent apart.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mentioned the former President of your own country, Modibo Keita, as one of those far-sighted enough to appreciate the importance of nurturing African culture. Where does Mali stand at the moment in terms of strengthening its own cultural heritage identity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - After independence, in the years from 1960 to 1968, there was a time when young people would get together and become involved in various biennial art festivals. We had a series of events which encouraged a kind of a 'cultural vision' nationwide. They were so successful that other countries were soon following our example. After the coup in 1968, however, everything fell apart. In the following 23 years there was a total cultural vacuum, in which young people felt completely disorientated, despite superficial attempts to relaunch the festivals. We are now only just trying to rediscover our cultural roots after a long period of upheaval. What we in Mali do have working in our favour, is the fact that our country is a harmonious patchwork of different peoples, all living together without the slightest trace of bitterness or hatred. We are lucky here because our rulers rarely tried to manipulate our ethnic loyalties to set one group against another. A Malian, irrespective of his roots, will always rejoice in the success of his fellow countrymen, whatever tribe they happen to belong to. We owe our good fortune to a heritage in which our peoples have always respected one another - even when they have faced each other as enemies. It is only as a result of this historic mutual respect that we can now speak of a Malian culture where each individual group of people has its own idiosyncrasies, its own customs, is sensitive towards other cultures and actually rejoices in their differences. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.10" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.10.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of CTA's tasks is to provide information on request to researchers, extension workers, planners, farmers' organisations, trainers and information specialists involved in agricultural development in ACP states. In addition to requested publications, CTA also distributes publications on its own initiative to its target groups. These publications, some 550 titles, are also supplied free of charge and consist of books published by CTA, co-published, or purchased specially because of their relevance. In 1995, almost 65 000 books were posted to ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The people who receive the publications to some extent select themselves, because they write to CTA with requests for information. They find out about its existence through attending CTA seminars held in ACP countries or in Europe, or through seeing copies of Spore (CTA's bi-monthly bulletin in English, French and Portuguese which goes to around 50 000 addresses and is seen by many more), or by word of mouth. Over the years, CTA has built up a mailing list of 42 500 addresses of people and organisations active in some way in agriculture and rural development. Of the total, 37 800 are in ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But there are questions. Are our books getting to those who need them and is the targeting accurate enough? And, most importantly, is this the best way of doing things ? For CTA does not - and cannot - satisfy the total demand for books on agriculture and rural development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is the best way?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the number of addresses on the mailing list, many more people could in theory still be added. Should CTA even try to satisfy this demand ? The publications are free and, if CTA increased its coverage of the demand, it might in some countries hold back the development of local bookselling with a consequent detrimental effect on local publishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The majority of those now on the mailing list are 'individuals' rather than institutions, libraries, documentation centres, associations, organisations, etc. On the face of it, more people could be reached by sending CTA publications to groups rather than to individuals, but it's not always clear who is an individual in the sense of information not being shared with others. Some individuals are teachers, some are extension agents, some receive publications on behalf of a cooperative, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the importance of information - the driving force behind development  -  CTA has been investigating and giving support to technical publishing and book distribution in Africa over the last few years and is currently examining its own policy on book distribution over the ACP countries as a whole. Part of the context for this policy re-appraisal is the state of bookselling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Difficulty of book distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Everyone involved in the books business in and for the ACP countries knows that getting books where you want them to go, book distribution, is not straightforward. The reasons for the difficulty are not straightforward either. One development officer remarked of Papua New Guinea that the lack of books outside the capital, Port Moresby, couldn't simply be explained by lack of roads, because in the most out of the way places you could be sure of finding Coca Cola. Is it, then, that the Coca Cola company has superior marketing and distribution arrangements ? Probably so, but it is the nature of the two products which also determines how far they get. Traders will more readily take goods which they know they will be able to sell easily and the immediate satisfaction given by cigarettes or Coca Cola tends to put them before books in the list of priorities for purchase.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the ACP countries where CTA sends books and information, many have under-developed road and rail networks while the postal facilities provide a reliable service only to a relatively small part of the country. The local book publishing and bookselling industries are often themselves developing. Potential readers often cannot afford to buy the books and consequently book distribution is the weak link in the chain from writing and publishing a book to selling it. If books can't be sold, new ones can't be published, for the investment finance for a new publishing project has to come from somewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Africa, the lack of a strong local book sector was attributed in part to the traditional oral culture of the continent which left little need for reading. The majority of students would read in order to pass their exams, after which they hardly sought books again to buy or to read.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main books distributed were therefore textbooks for schools, colleges and for higher education. As long as these were distributed through booksellers, a forum still existed for displaying and raising interest in other books.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Booksellers could also function as sources and conduits of information about the variety of books in print and of their interest to particular groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This development was stunted because of the low purchasing power of many people, lack of foreign exchange (except in the CFA franc states), high cost of importing (either books or the raw materials, print machinery and spare parts to manufacture books) and, consequentially, shortage and lack of variety of locally-published books.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, in some countries the state intervened in school book publishing and supply (for example in Tanzania), so that the bread and butter of the bookselling business disappeared.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Booksellers then either diversified their stock so that they became bookseller-stationers or worse - books came after groceries, footballs, hats, etc., or the booksellers ceased trading in books or closed down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The publishing-distribution chain in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Book distribution is part of a chain of activities in the book sector which depend on each other and support each other. The chain starts with an idea for a book which may come from an author or from potential readers who make known their needs and it ends with the published books being bought. The lack of a good book distribution infrastructure in Africa is linked to the lack of a wide variety of books from a good number of publishers and the lack of a market for the books.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At least until South Africa became a democracy, Nigeria probably had the most active publishing industry in Africa with a high level of publishing professionalism. In such a huge country this may not be surprising: there is a large market, state administrations with urban headquarters, and a variety of arrangements for publishing and distributing books. But publishers suffer from a scarcity of investment funds, with high costs of borrowing, which affects their ability to keep books in print and to start new publishing projects. Relatively few technical books are published locally because of the risks when compared with, for example, publishing school textbooks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In such a vast country, the state of book distribution varies from place to place, with cities and large towns obviously having a greater variety of books available for sale than small towns and rural areas. Small traders carry books to the latter; they do not take orders and the books they carry are those that they can get hold of which they think will sell. Would-be readers are frustrated unless they or their friends visit a city. Mail order is not a possibility because the domestic postal service is not trusted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the urban areas, where there are booksellers, an indeterminate number of potential readers cannot afford to buy books, especially those that have been imported. Book piracy is a consequence of this. Booksellers' sales have declined, their turnover has been reduced as has their ability to stay in business. Some institutions in the country buy direct from publishers or from overseas suppliers rather than from booksellers, which further damages them. Booksellers buy books from publishers in small quantities for a fast turn-round which affects publishers' ability to build up investment funds for the next publishing project or for a large reprint with its possibility of reducing unit book costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not to say that technical books are totally unavailable from Nigerian booksellers, but it is clear that only specialised outlets which know their book-buying customers well can risk stocking some of them. Rural dwellers have no chance of buying them without making a big effort in time and money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In contrast, Senegal has a less developed publishing and bookselling industry than Nigeria, with about a dozen professional publishers and a small network of booksellers, mostly in Dakar and the larger towns in the regions. The most important publishing opportunities in Senegal are in the field of primary school textbooks - where there is competition both within the country, with publishers from other developing states, and from the North. Senegal being a lot smaller than Nigeria, there is only room for one textbook, and primary school book production is not therefore the mainstay of local publishers. The publisher which used to supply all primary and secondary school textbooks for the Ministry of National Education is an exception and is still probably dependent upon educational publishing for its turnover. Few technical books are published; as with books for higher education, they are imported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The network of booksellers has been decreasing and it is difficult to make a living just by selling books without the back-up of other products to sell. Thus there are bookseller-stationers, bookseller-grocers, kiosks and street sellers, especially of secondhand books. Booksellers tend to order titles in small quantities because they cannot risk being left with unsold stock which ties up their capital. They order little and often. Most school textbooks are distributed through the Ministry of National Education, but booksellers still sell a variety of textbooks, some official and approved and some not. Before the devaluation of the CFA franc, booksellers ordered more from abroad. These books have now doubled in price, making them unaffordable, with a consequent opportunity opened for local publishers to fill a gap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from the professional publishers, various sorts of publications are being produced and distributed by literacy and post-literacy organisations and a delegated literacy ministry. Some organisations promote literacy for its own sake, while others use the attainment of literacy as the means through which development can spread in rural areas. The publications concern rural development, agriculture, health and nutrition, and rural democracy, amongst others. There is a good variety of different titles and a good supply of cheap and affordable books. Some are sold through booksellers, but most people buy them when they take their literacy courses, while small traders carry them up-country to sell and buy more copies from the publishers with the proceeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Book aid schemes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A whole literature exists on book aid schemes. Briefly, book aid comes in two forms, one using the local book sector and the other not to any great extent. The British Government's Educational Low Prices Books Scheme (sadly scheduled to end, at least in its present form, in April 1997) and the French Government's Programme Plus both use the local bookselling industry to make available standard tertiary textbooks and others at subsidised rates. Not all students could afford to buy them, but the two schemes nonetheless promote bookselling and commercial life within ACP countries and beyond. To some extent they safeguard the continuation of fore where up-to-date books can be seen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CTA's books aid scheme does not use the local book sector in terms of book distribution, although cooperation in co-publishing is beginning. The FAO, in distributing publications to ACP and other developing countries, is similar. Books supplied under multilateral and bilateral agencies' projects have tended to sidestep the local book sector, although this has been changing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with food aid, the question to be answered is whether continuing the aid prolongs the condition ? Or does the analogy with food aid break down in certain circumstances because books are different ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving book distribution in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Various efforts are being made to improve book markets for African publishers. For example, the African Books Collective, based in Oxford, UK, markets and sells both anglophone and francophone African publishers' selected books in the North and also to other African countries. It is often easier for publishers in the North to sell their books in Africa than it is for African publishers to sell their books across frontiers and in the continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publishers Associations have been formed in about a dozen countries with APNET, the African Publishers' Network, celebrating its fourth year as a continental association. CTA supported APNET in the production of the first catalogue of agricultural books published by African publishers. Very recently, an Africa-wide booksellers association has been created.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CTA and future book distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since CTA started distributing books on agriculture and rural development, publishing and bookselling activities in many ACP countries have multiplied and the context has changed somewhat. As noted at CTA's Montpellier conference in 1995, there is now much information and many documents going from North to South, suited to the planners, research workers and extension agents who process the information and pass it down to the small-scale farmers. Rather, a two-way information route would be more efficient, between farmers who have information to offer as well as information needs and information providers. The growth in requests to CTA for publications from co-operatives and farmer associations and from non-academic libraries and documentation units is evidence that the publications distribution service is fulfilling a need. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.10.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Earthen architecture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I read your article on 'Earthen Architecture', published by the CTA Bulletin in the September-October 1996 issue of The Courier (nÂ° 159) with a great deal of interest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The article presents such traditional products as rammed earth and adobe which have been used by man since time immemorial as witnessed by constructions and monuments to be found in the countries cited by the authors of the article, as well as industrial products such as the compressed earth block (CEB), which have provoked much interest in many parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The authors also demonstrate that the use of the compressed earth block has a distinct advantage in that it valorises local raw materials, encourages the setting up of local enterprises and creates employment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard, I would particularly wish to inform you that the Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) has, for the last ten years, been working on the industrial development of the CEB sector through support to ACP promoters at various levels:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - diagnostic studies of projects and setting-up of production units;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - search for EU technical partners who have economically advantageous technologies and are ready to transfer their know-how;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- training of enterprise personnel in CEB production and in the utilisation of this product;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- support in the manufacturing of brick presses such as is currently the case in Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some 100 small and mediumsized enterprises and non-governmental organisations in ACP countries involved in the CEB sector have benefited from direct CDI assistance. This assistance has, notably, led to the improved technical and economic performance of these enterprises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond support to projects, the CDI in collaboration with CRATerre actively participates in the industrial promotion of this technology. The Centre recently disseminated 2000 copies of a technical guide entitled 'CEB: Production Equipment' throughout the ACP countries. An exhibition on the compressed earth block and its application took place during the Industrial Mining Forum held in Lusaka, Zambia, in December 1994. Similar exhibitions were held during the Matconstruct Forum (Libreville, Gabon, October 1995) and at the Industrial Partnership event (Bordeaux, France, February 1995). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The standardisation of the compressed earth block is a prerequisite for the development of this sector. The Centre therefore organised a workshop on this topic in Yaounde in 1996 as a follow-up to the Matconstruct Forum. This seminar brought together some 40 ACP and EU participants to discuss the 'CEB: Standardisation' guide currently being prepared by CRATerre for publication in December 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main objective of the guide is to encourage ACP promoters to manufacture products in conformity with accepted norms and thus facilitate CEB integration in the industrial construction market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efforts made by the CDI, in collaboration with CRATerre, to develop the CEB sector deserve to be better known. We would therefore look forward to an opportunity to present the Centre's activities in this sector in a future issue of me Courier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surendra Sharma, Director, Centre for the Development of Industry,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brussels, Belgium.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Map insets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thank-you for your informative magazine. I wish you all the best in your endeavours to improve me Courier further. May I suggest that in the Country Report profiles, you include an inset map of the region highlighting the country in question for those readers who may not be familiar with the area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Andrew Frederick Meya, Kampala, Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of readers have raised this point with us since we have rearranged the cover pages and transferred the ACP and Europe 'regional' maps to the inside back cover. In future, we will endeavour to ensure that there is a cross-reference to this page in the Country Report profile. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.10.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publications received&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;La politique etrangere du Cameroun (Cameroon's foreign policy) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Narcisse Mouelle Kombi. Pub. L'Harmattan, Collection Â«Points de vueÂ» (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1996. 238 pp. ISBN 2-73843701-X.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon belongs to the zone formerly called the 'Third World' which is nowadays labelled the 'South'. This region of great diversity currently faces major socio-economic and political conflict, and receives 'multiform' and 'tied' aid from the developed countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This does not, however, prevent it from having a degree of freedom of action in diplomatic terms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, who is a specialist in international law, believes that as a player on the world scene, Cameroon puts its foreign-policy skills to good advantage and has acquired a certain respect in international relations and in global institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He argues that Yaounde is attempting to implement a realistic and pragmatic foreign policy, reflecting its own sovereign status and the imperatives of development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, the country is endeavouring to implement the changes forced upon it by modern circumstances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Le developpement institutionnel - Les organisations a l'epreuve de la specificite et de la concurrence (Institutional development - Organisations based on specificity and competition) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Arturo Israel. Translated from the English by Alain Claisse. Pub. L'Harmattan (5-7, me de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1996. 235 pp. 140 FF. ISBN 2-73844322-2.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A graduate of the University of Chile and the London School of Economics, the author has devoted most of his career (particularly within the World Bank) to examining the problems of economic and social development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He has been one of the pioneers of institutional development, a field which is nowadays seen as essential to all development strategies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He argues that institutional development requires not bureaucratisation but the promotion and recognition of two principles in both public and private organisations. These are competition and specificity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The former induces those involved to improve the quality of their work, whilst forcing them to listen to the 'consumer'. The latter involves qualifications, specialisation and a precise definition of objectives, tasks, resources and results.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After a critical review of assessment reports produced over a 15-year period by the World Bank in the field of institutional development, Arturo Israel tells us why such development is one of the keys to success in development projects. He demonstrates that a good project being implemented in an unfavourable institutional environment has little chance of achieving positive long-term effects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;La justice internationale face au drame rwandais (International justice confronted by the Rwandan crisis) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the direction of Jean-FranÃ§oise Dupaquier, with William Bourdon, Pierre-Serge Heger, Frederic Mutagwera, Fran,cois-Xavier Nsanzuwera, Rakiya Omaar, William A. Schabas and Anne-Marie Swartenbroekx. Pub. Karthala (22-24, boulevard Arago, F-75013, Paris). 1996. 248 pp. FF 130. BF. 715. ISBN 2-86537-662-1.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is two years since the genocide and political massacres which resulted in the death of a million people in Rwanda. In this work, the authors describe and analyse the progress made in various legal proceedings in Rwanda itself, in the international arena and in the jurisdictions of Belgium, France, Canada and Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some countries have been slow and apparently reluctant to fulfil their international obligations and this has resulted in disappointment and impatience on the part of the victims' families, jurists and human rights activists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the example of the Nuremberg trials, the authors suggest there are good grounds for concluding that international human rights have become less important over the last 50 years. This work allows one to reach a considered opinion. Modern legal instruments provide for the punishment of those responsible for the appalling tragedy in Rwanda. These instruments could be seen as a significant advance in the recognition of human rights by the international community. But what is missing at the moment is the political will (and public pressure) to implement them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Methodologies d'analyse de la mortalite des enfants - Applications au Cameroun (Analytical methodologies in child mortality as applied to Cameroon) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Amadou Noumbissi. Pub. Braylant-Academia (25, Grand Rue, B-134B Louvainla-Neuve) and L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1996. 305 pp. ISBN 2-87209389-3 (Academia-Braylant) and ISBN 2-7384-3722-2 (L'Harmattan).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Child mortality, always very high in sub-Saharan Africa, varies according to social class, habitat and region. The identification of the social, economic and cultural factors which influence the survival of children depends on the quality of data, and on the relevance of the indicators and statistical models used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the aid of specific examples, this work attempts to demonstrate the origin of a number of sources of bias in so-called classical approaches and the distortion of the truth which a poor choice or detrimental manipulation of statistical models can give rise to.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A teacher and researcher at the Demographic Institute of the Catholic University of Louvain (Belgium), the author proposes methods to take account of the interdependence and synergy which exist between the factors which affect the risk of mortality. He applies these methods to the data gained in two national surveys which were carried out in Cameroon in 1978 and 1991.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Revue Region et Developpement (Region and Development Journal)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pub. L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F75005 Paris). 1995. 238 pp. ISBN 2-7384-4125-4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This half-yearly journal, first launched in 1995, deals with the various socio-economic aspects of regional development. The second issue contains articles which may be of interest to our readers, including: 'Regionalisation, globalisation and polarisation of the world economy: is there room for developing countries?', and 'Housing models in developing countries'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Structural adjustment and ethnicity in Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Eghosa E. Osaghae. Pub. The Nordic Africa Institute (P.O. Box 1703, S-751 47 Uppsala, Sweden). 1995. 66 pp. ISBN 91-7106373-0.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author is a lecturer who heads the politics department at the University of Transkei in South Africa. A significant conclusion from his study, undertaken at the Nordic Africa Institute, is that from the ethnic standpoint, the implementation of structural adjustment (with its corollary of reduced state involvement in public life), has had positive effects in Nigeria. This contrasts with the usual perception of the structural adjustment process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The migration experience in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collection prepared under the direction of Jonathan Baker and Tade Akin Aina. Pub. The Nordic Africa Institute (P.O. Box 1703, S-751 47 Uppsala, Sweden). 1995. 353 pp. ISBN-91-7106366-8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This volume aims to take stock of migration in Africa. The causes of the phenomenon are varied and complex, and the authors have chosen an approach which illustrates the diversity of the theories, and methodological and analytical trends involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The book offers an empirical assessment of migration in contemporary Africa, focusing particularly on the problem of women migrants. Migration is an important element in the wider development equation and this work fills a gap in the literature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Challenges to the Nation-State in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collection prepared under the direction of Adebayo O. Olukoshi and Liisa Laakso. Pub. The Nordic Africa Institute (P.O. Box 1703, S-751 47 Uppsala, Sweden) in collaboration with the Institute of Development Studies, University of Helsinki. 1996. 213 pp. ISBN 91-7106381-1.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge confronting the nation state in contemporary Africa are of great interest to specialists attempting to understand how deconstruction and recomposition of the political identity of populations affects the post-colonial unitarian project. The studies offered in this volume show that this process has often taken ethno-regionalist, religious or separatist forms -  reinforced by economic crisis and the negative effects of structural adjustment, not to mention the legacy of years of political authoritarianism and exclusion dating from the colonial period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The authors believe that in order to promote national unity and a sense of citizenship in Africa, priority should be given, inter alia, to more representative forms of government, power-sharing and decentralisation, multi-party elections, the reinvention of the post-colonial social contract and cultural autonomy for minority groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agenda for Africa's economic renewal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collection prepared under the direction of Benno Ndulu and Nicolas van de Walle. Pub. Overseas Department Council (1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 1012, Washington, DC 20009, USA). 1996. 246 pp. ISBN 1-56000900-4.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For 20 years, sub-Saharan Africa has been experiencing a severe economic crisis. Growth has been stagnant and the result has been reduced living standards for much of the population, and ever-increasing pressure on the continent's political structures. Structural adjustment, advocated by international organisations in an attempt to restore growth in Africa, has not had the anticipated results and has given rise to a number of disputes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this book, 10 African, US and European experts attempt to look beyond the immediate horizon and identify strategies which could be implemented to give renewed vigour to the African economy. They analyse the choices which should be made in key areas such as agriculture, trade and industry, the role of the state and the social sectors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.10.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.10.4.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;World congress against the sexual exploitation of children&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first international congress dealing with the problem of the sexual exploitation of children for profit was held in Stockholm from 27 to 31 August. The initiative for the meeting came from ECPAT (End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism), working in collaboration with the Swedish government, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and a group of NGOs supporting the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The congress was attended by government representatives from most of the UN countries, participants from various international and regional organisations (including the UN Centre for Human Rights, the International Labour Organisation, the World Health Organisation, UNESCO, UNHCR and Interpol), NGOs, health professionals and media representatives from across the globe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The aim of the congress was to draw the international community's attention to the issue of the sexual exploitation of children and to promote the development of national plans to tackle all forms of abuse in this area. It focused particularly on three aspects: child prostitution, the 'trade' in children for sexual purposes, and child pornography.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there are a number of legal instruments which refer to these problems, the key one for the purposes of the Stockholm meeting was the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In Article 34 of this multilateral treaty, which has been ratified by 186 countries, the signatory states commit themselves to protect children against all forms of exploitation and violence of a sexual nature. For the purposes of the Convention, a child is defined as any human being less than 18 years old, except where the age of majority is lower than 18 in the relevant local legislation (Article 1).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The committee that was responsible for planning the Congress drew up documents on a number of themes including: the revision and application of laws; psycho-social prevention; tourism and child prostitution; those who engage in abuse; hygiene and health; the role of the media; child pornography; education; and human values. These subjects were all examined by working groups during the two-day session.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The congress was addressed by Anita Gradin, Member of the European Commission with responsibility for internal and judicial affairs, and matters relating to immigration. She took the opportunity to underline the point that the traffic in women and children was international. Organised crime, she said, lay at the heart of the 'trade' and it was closely linked to a whole range of other criminal activities. She cited, in this context, kidnapping, forging of documents, 'false' marriages and adoptions, clandestine immigration, violence and forced labour. these, in turn were associated with the drug trade, extortion and murder. The conclusion was that a global action plan and more international cooperation were needed. Ms Gradin acknowledged that existing arrangements had been successful in exposing the existence of paedophile networks but she was convinced that international cooperation should be strengthened further, and that organisations such as Interpol and Europol would be called upon to play a bigger part in the future. The European Commissioner went on to declare that a commitment to the protection of children ought to be a priority. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child - which is now eight years old -  should not merely tee 'adopted' by all countries. It should, rather, be applied in full and integrated into the legislation of every nation. There was no point, she suggested, in enacting new laws, if the existing ones were not being implemented and the financial resources had not been provided. Ms Gradin reaffirmed the European Commission's commitment to the fight against the exploitation of children. This would be reflected in communications to be drawn up by the Commission for presentation to the Council of Ministers and European Parliament, on the following subjects:  - the treatment of women (on the basis of the recommendations made by the Vienna Conference on this subject, which was held in June 1996);  - sex tourism, notably in certain countries in Asia and Latin America;  - actions designed to eliminate paedophile rings and child pornography networks which make use of new information technologies such as the Internet. During the congress, the Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs announced that his country would be launching an initiative at the EC's Justice and Internal Affairs Council meeting scheduled for 26 and 27 September. They would be proposing common action designed to strengthen police and judicial cooperation in the fight against the sexual exploitation of children for profit. He believed that it should be possible to take measures both within the framework of the Europol Convention, and by means of new and specific cooperation instruments. The culmination of the Stockholm congress was the adoption of a declaration and an action plan. These foresee strengthened cooperation and coordination among local and national authorities, and a series of measures to protect children, prevent abuse and provide rehabilitation. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1997: European year against racism &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a resolution adopted on 23 July, the Council of Ministers formally designated 1997 as the European year against racism. The aims, set out in the resolution, include:  - highlighting the threat posed by racism, xenophobia and antisemitism, in terms of both respect for fundamental rights, and in ensuring the economic and social cohesion of the European Community;  - encouraging reflection and discussion of the measures needed to tackle racism, xenophobia and antisemitism in Europe;  - promoting a sharing of experiences, best practice, and effective strategies drawn up at the local, national and European levels;  - disseminating information on the aforementioned best practice and strategies amongst those most closely involved in the fight against racism, xenophobia and antisemitism, with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of their actions in this area;  - highlighting the advantages of integration policies implemented at the national level, in particular in the fields of employment, education, training and housing;  - taking account, wherever possible, of the experiences of victims of racism, xenophobia and antisemitism, and promoting the participation of these people in society. ECU 6 million will be spent on a series of activities designed to help achieve these objectives during the 'year against racism'. A logo and slogan will be devised, and seminars and conferences will be staged with the aim of strengthening international cooperation (themes will include the role of education in eliminating racism, ways of establishing dialogue, and establishing mutual respect between different communities living in towns and cities). Documents and audiovisual material will be distributed, and an effort will be made to get the message across in the media. There will also be action to encourage information exchanges on best practice, and to increase public awareness of the issue. Prizes will be awarded to media organisations which safeguard the quality of the information they put out and which seek to promote tolerance. A specific effort will be made to counter the racist propaganda now appearing on the Internet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WTO banana challenge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union has set out its legal defence of duty-free preferences for African and Caribbean banana producing countries that are members of the Fourth LomÃ© Convention. This took place in September at an initial hearing of a World Trade Organisation (WTO) panel  - convened at the request of a number of competing banana producer nations. African and Caribbean states were permitted to voice their opinion as third part)&quot; in the case, despite an objection from the United States. The EU's banana market arrangements  - notably Protocol 5 of the LomÃ© Convention, which sanctions duty-free access  - have twice before come under attack in the Geneva body. Two earlier hearings in the WTO's forerunner, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), concerned the EU's previous state-to-state regime, and the new single market arrangements which have been in operation since July 1993. The present panel was set up at the request of four Latin American banana producer nations - Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico and Guatemala - together with the United States which is arguing that its domestic banana companies are losing out. The complainants jointly claim that the tariff quota for Latin American nations, the core of regulation 404/93 establishing the EU regime, discriminates against them. They also challenge the licensing arrangements of the so-called 'framework agreement' made under the GATT framework in 1994 with four Latin American nations (Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Venezuela). In return for a bigger share of the EU market, these four agreed to refrain from further challenges in the WTO against the EU's banana arrangements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel is expected to give its verdict in March 1997. The hearings are taking place behind closed doors, but it is understood that EU and ACP nations can count on the support of Japan - which currently imposes its own quotas on imports of other items and does not want to be challenged for these - and that of India which wants to show solidarity with the ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Speaking in Geneva, CotÃ© d'lvoire's Commodities Minister, Alain Gauze, stressed the heavy dependence of many African and Caribbean states on banana growing. 90% of Dominica's commodity exports are bananas and the crop accounts for 70% of its export receipts and 25% of its Gross Domestic Product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One ACP representative in Brussels described the task ahead es 'convincing them (the panel) that the banana regime and regulation 404/93 are required to fulfil the obligations of the EU under the LomÃ© Convention and the subsequent waiver.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The waiver to which he referred was accorded by GATT to the LomÃ© Convention's various non-reciprocal trade preferences in 1994, but it is up for renewal at the end of the year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has already put in a request for its extension until February 29, 2000, coinciding with the expiry date of LomÃ© IV.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The WTO was expected to rule on the renewal of the waiver in mid-October ahead of the panel's decision. If the renewal of the waiver were to be disallowed, the EU and ACP 'defendants' at the panel could find themselves on shaky legal ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the meantime, the EU has fixed its 1996 tariff quota, allowing a maximum of 2.553 million tonnes of Latin American bananas to be imported into the Union with a tariff of ECU 75 per tonne.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further quota of 72 440 tonnes has been allocated to this region following tropical storms Iris, Luis et Marilyn. The damage caused by these storms led to the suspension of supplies of bananas from several Caribbean islands. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EU banana production is expected to reach 750 000 tonnes in 1996, while preferential imports from the African and Caribbean members of the ACP group have been fixed at 680 000 tonnes. According to latest predictions, the total consumption of this fruit in the European Union in 1996 will be 4030440 tonnes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade and labour standards&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ahead of the first ministerial meeting of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to be held in December in Singapore, the European Commission has published a discussion paper (COM (96) 402 final) on whether labour standards should be linked to trade - which could mean sanctions for nations which do not comply with globally recognised labour clauses. What is at stake is to draw up globally recognised criteria and implement them without accusations of protectionism from some developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At an informal meeting of EU trade ministers in Dublin on September 18, EC Trade Commissioner, Sir Leon Brittan, said that, in supporting an international code, the European Union had no intention of damaging the competitive advantage of developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many Asian countries, who view the move of the EU and of other industrialised nations as veiled protectionism, do not even want the subject broached at the Singapore meeting. However, mention was made of the link between trade and internationally recognised labour standards in the conclusions of the Uruguay Round of GATT in Marrakesh in 1994, which requested that the WTO do more work on this issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The recent Commission paper advances the reasons for an international code: 'Workers in certain sectors in particular perceive that their jobs are under threat from imports from countries which allow unfair or unacceptable working practices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These concerns cannot be ignored and should be addressed by the world trading system. Otherwise the perception will be - wrongly - that trade liberalisation is the problem and not the solution to the challenge to all societies to create a higher standard of living for all their citizens.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It further makes the point that such a policy is in line with others such as the promotion of democracy, respect for human rights and adherence to the rule of law. The EU has always upheld the view that there is a positive correlation between social progress, economic growth and trade liberalisation. According to the paper: 'There is no question of imposing on developing countries the higher wage levels and better working conditions which pertain in the industrialised world. Nor is this an action designed to re-erect new barriers to trade under cover of a social agenda.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU and international bodies are already looking at the kind of global criteria that might be adopted. A report of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), published in 1994, as well as the conclusions of the 1995 World Social Summit in Copenhagen, both suggest that freedom of association, collective bargaining, prohibition of forced labour and the elimination of child labour are top of the list.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A report entitled: 'Trade, Employment and Labour Standards - a study of core workers' rights and international trade', produced this year by the Paris-based Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), looks at the options in depth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeff Atkinson, trade policy advisor for the NGO, Oxfam UK, suggests that initial negotiations should be limited to matters covered in ILO Conventions 87 and 98. The former deals with freedom of association and protection of the right to organise, while the latter is on the right to organise and collective bargaining. He argues that other Conventions, covering such matters as the right to equal renumeration for men and women workers, freedom from discrimination and the abolition of forced labour, depend on the first two. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A notable omission from Jeff Atkinson's list is ILO Convention 138 on child labour. He does not feel that this Convention adequately addresses the issue. While international concern has focused on the most abusive forms of child labour such as slavery and prostitution, he points out not all child labour is so grossly abusive. Some forms can bring in money for food and shelter, which would otherwise not be available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He argues that if conditions are right, employment (say on a family farm or business) can contribute positively to a child's development, by providing an informal learning environment in which social and physical skills can develop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'To tackle the symptoms, for example by banning child labour, without addressing the underlying cause is likely to be counterproductive', says Mr Atkinson. He argues that it might induce children to seek illegal work in order to survive, or alternatively that they may end up becoming destitute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some bodies are already trying to enforce improved standards. Although the ILO cannot implement sanctions, if an ILO member fails to comply with Conventions, a dialogue can be instituted with the defaulting country. It is also running an extensive public campaign against child labour and is assisting the development of social labelling for goods produced which fully respect ILO Conventions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under its new Generalised System of Preferences (GSP), the EU can remove some trade preferences if goods imported from non-LomÃ© developing nations are found to have been made with forced or slave labour. And from January 1, 1998, extra preferences can be given to countries which so request and comply with Conventions 87, 98 and 138. But if the enforcement of a socalled 'Social Clause' does reach the WTO level, some voices are already calling for joint monitoring involving the WTO and that long-time champion of human rights, the ILO. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1996 UNCTAD Report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A slow world growth rate is revealed in this year's annual report of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), published in September. The global economy expanded by only 2.4% in 1995 compared with a 2.8% increase in 1994. And production is below what it could be, says the report. On the whole, developing nations achieved higher growth rates than their industrialised counterparts in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1996, world growth is expected to slow further although there will still be 'star performers' in some regions, and particularly slow movers in others. Asia is the continent currently doing best and China has the fastest expanding economy - despite this having slackened in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1995, Africa recorded higher growth than Latin America, according to the Rubens Ricupero, UNCTAD Secretary General. It also managed the first real increase in average per capita income for a long time. This was partly due to commodity prices picking up - they rose 10% on average.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But not such good news for the continent was a drop in private capital flows, notably direct investment. And the growth rate was highly variable across Africa. In some countries it was above 5% but in others, the economic situation was hit badly by political and armed conflicts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meanwhile, drought led to lower production in the Sahel. The prospects for 1996 are uncertain according to the report. It noted that even countries whose economies have expanded during 1995 and 1996 will need another ten concurrent years of good economic results to get back to the per capita income they enjoyed 20 years ago.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report highlights the tremendous difficulties facing many of the heavily-indebted, least developed nations. This is despite the fact that a number of donors have recently written off substantial amounts of some countries' public debts while the Paris Club has rescheduled repayments from other nations. Even if the new arrangements are followed through, UNCTAD is predicting that debt will remain a major burden for many countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One worrying factor is the weight of their multilateral debt and bilateral obligations to creditors other than the Paris Club. Multilateral institutions have implemented a number of measures, but these are of very limited scope. The UNCTAD Secretary General is encouraging multilateral creditors in particular, to put more muscle behind their debt relief plans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The authors of the report are also recommending the establishment of an agency, within UNCTAD itself, to help developing nations achieve trade diversification and industrialisation strategies for economic growth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seminar on NGOs and government relations in humanitarian emergencies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The British Council is organising an international seminar on the above subject in Oxford, UK, from 12-17 December 1996. The main themes to be covered at the meeting will include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the actors in humanitarian assistance;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - funder and donor policy;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- government sovereignty;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- rights and obligations of intervention;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- the role of the beneficiary;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- conflicts of interest and areas of cooperation between donor NGOs and host governments, and;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- accountability and evaluation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further information can be obtained from the Marketing Manager, International Seminars, The British Council, 1 Beaumont Place, GB-Oxford, OX1 2PJ.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. (44) 1B65 316 636, Fax. (44) 1865 57368.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E-mail: International. Seminar@britcoun.org &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899.10.4.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the European Union has recently issued a number of statements, details of which are set out below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: condemnation of the massacre on 19 July&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 23 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses grave concern at the deteriorating situation in Burundi especially at the killing of civilians and other gross violations of human rights which continue to be perpetrated in that country. It vehemently condemns the massacre of civilians in the Bugendana camp for displaced persons on 19 July last and deplores the expulsions of Rwandan refugees against their will. This massacre, following as it does those at Gishubi, Kivyuka, Teza, Mutoyi, Songa and Kamenge, represents a new stage in the vortex of violence, action and reaction putting Burundi at risk of being drawn ever further into a full civil war, the effects of which would be catastrophic for the people of Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU calls on all Burundians to turn away from violence and move singlemindedly along the road to a peaceful and negotiated solution of their problems. It would point to the undertakings given on 25 June 1996 at Arusha during the Summit of Heads of State of the region in favour of dialogue open to all sectors of Burundi's population together with provision of the security measures needed to create the conditions for such dialogue. It would also point out that these undertakings were given formal backing by the Heads of State and Government of the entire continent of Africa when they met from 8 to 10 July at Yaounde under the aegis of the Organisation for African Unity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU believes that only compliance with the undertakings given at Arusha and their swift implementation can restore a climate of confidence and prevent Burundi becoming embroiled in a generalised conflict. As it has already stressed in the Council's statement of 15 and 16 July, the EU reiterates that it is prepared to assist in pursuit of the Arusha objectives in order to restore peace and security in Burundi and it supports the efforts of former President Nyerere and the countries of the region to achieve this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: appeal for reconciliation following the coup d'Etat &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 26 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union shares the deep concern of the Secretary General of the United Nations, and others, about yesterday's military coup in Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU urges all sides to avoid recourse to violence and to take all steps to resolve the crisis by exclusively peaceful means.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU believes that the main immediate priority is the humanitarian situation. There must be no further loss of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An immediate beginning of a national debate is essential, leading to a real process of national reconciliation, founded on democracy and security for all sections of society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard, the EU commends the efforts of former President Nyerere and regional leaders to broker an all-inclusive, negotiated settlement in Burundi, in peaceful conditions, and urges them to examine the possibility of continuing their efforts in this respect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reiterates its firm commitment to the re-establishment of peace in Burundi. The Union is following developments in the country closely, in active consultation with partners in the UN, with the OAU and others, towards the goal of restoring peace and security in Burundi. The EU Special Envoy, Mr Ajello, who is in the region, is actively assisting in this process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: doubts about the first round election results&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 1 August 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses deep concern about the way in which the first round of the presidential elections in Niger on 7-8 July was conducted. In particular, it deplores the decision taken by the Niger authorities to dissolve the independent national electoral commission during the voting process and to replace it with an alternative body. It is the view of the EU that this decision, by the Niger authorities, casts serious doubts on the credibility of the election results. It requests the Niger authorities to explain this decision and why observers found it impossible to assist in gathering and collating the election results.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU urges the Niger authorities, in dealing with the critical situation which has resulted from their decision, to respect fully the fundamental freedoms of movement, expression and association of the Niger people. It attaches great importance to the restoration of all civil rights.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU will examine, in the light of recent developments, its policies of economic and development cooperation with the Niger authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU calls for the full restoration of democratic civilian government in Niger through transparent processes. Free and fair elections will be crucial in this respect. The EU will continue to follow the situation in Niger closely and in particular the preparation, holding and transparency of the forthcoming legislative elections on 22 September. Iceland, the Central European countries associated with the EU and the associated countries Cyprus and Malta align themselves with this declaration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swaziland: revision of the Constitution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 6 August 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union welcomes the announcement by King Mswati III of the names of the new Prime Minister of Swaziland and of the Constitutional Review Commission and is pleased that its membership represents all shades of political opinion in Swaziland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU wishes to encourage all members of the Constitutional Review Commission to participate fully in its work and expresses confidence that their endeavours will bring about the adoption of a draft democratic constitution acceptable to the people of Swaziland as a whole. It hopes that the Commission will pursue its task energetically and is ready to offer appropriate assistance to the Commission if it so wishes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: appeal for talks and reconciliation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 19 August 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recalling its declarations of 25 June and 5, 15, 23 and 26 July 1996, the European Union reiterates its deep concern about the situation in Burundi. It urges all sides to refrain from violence and to commit themselves to, and work actively towards, a negotiated and peaceful resolution of the crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU wishes to express its support for the regional leaders, the Organisation of African Unity and the former President of Tanzania, Mr Julius Nyerere, in the efforts which they have been making to assist Burundi to overcome peacefully the grave crisis which it is experiencing, and encourages them to continue their efforts to facilitate the search for a political solution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU considers it essential for a dialogue to be organised without delay, bringing together all of Burundi's political forces without exception, including representatives of civil society, in order to negotiate a democratic, institutional consensus ensuring security for all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is convinced that national reconciliation and civil peace in Burundi can be restored on a lasting basis only through the participation of all sections of society in the principal institutions and bodies of the State.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU urges all sides in Burundi to call an immediate halt to the violence and respect the safety of all Burundians.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It reaffirms its willingness to support Burundi's recovery efforts, once the necessary national reconciliation is embarked upon with all the resolve required.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AID FOR REHABILITATION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of the 'European Programme for Reconstruction and Development in South Africa', the Commission has recently decided on financing for the following ten projects:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 19.2 million for a development programme covering the management of the public service;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 17.2 million for technical assistance to the Ministry of Education;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 16 million for a support programme for Parliament;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 15 million for the electrification of rural schools;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 9 million to support the reform process in the police services of the Eastern Cape province;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 8.9 million for a financing and investment development programme for SMEs;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 5 million for a programme of rural water supply and sanitation projects to be implemented &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by the NGO Mvula Trust; &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 4.3 million to support the trade union movement;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 2.3 million for the 'Soul City 1996' project designed to make full use of the mass media to promote health and development issues;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 1.9 million to support the 'Truth and National Reconciliation Commission'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENT FUND&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic and social infrastructure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burkina Faso: ECU 4.125 million for studies relating to certain road infrastructures. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritius: ECU 9 million for an irrigation programme in the northern plains. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominica: ECU 1.65 million towards the establishment of refuse treatments systems.  Trade promotion/ structural adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CotÃ© d'lvoire: ECU 25.5 million to , support the structural adjustment programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lesotho: ECU 8.6 million for the fourth structural adjustment programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture/rural development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia-Kenya-Uganda: ECU 20 million for a programme to coordinate national activities aimed at achieving sustainable rural development in the region (notably involving the fight against the Tsetse fly)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Education/training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean region: ECU 5.9 million towards a post-secondary education training programme in the countries of the OECS (Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States - Antigua &amp;amp; Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St Kitts &amp;amp; Nevis, St Lucia, St. Vincent &amp;amp; the Grenadines). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi: ECU 4.4 million for a social/ participatory programme in the forestry sector as part of the implementation of a national forestry policy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Institutional support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SADC member states: ECU 1.7 million to support the SADC (Southern African Development Community) secretariat in order to strengthen the SADC-EU regional programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UEMOA (West Africa Economic and Monetary Union): ECU 12 million to support the regional integration process in the member states (Benin, Burkina Faso, CotÃ© d'lvoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 1.5 million for a support programme for the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EUROPEAN INVESTMENT  BANK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the first half of 1996, the Bank has provided the following loans from its own resources or in the form of risk capital:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa/Madagascar: ECU 30 million for ASECNA (I'Agence pour la securite de la navigation aerienne en Afrique et a Madagascar) for the renewal and modernisation of air safety equipment. Botswana: ECU 6.6 million to the Botswana Power Corporation to help increase electricity-generating capacity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burkina Faso: ECU 6 million to SOFITEX (Societe burkinabe des fibres textiles) for the renewal and extension of its cotton ginneries facility. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali: ECU 5.3 million to the Societe Energie du Mali for the financing of the Balingue thermal power station. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritania: ECU 2 million to SNIM (Societe rationale industrielle et miniere) for the setting up and operation of a mechanical workshop. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritania: ECU 1.4 million to the Societe arabe du fer et de l'acier (Arab iron and steel company) for the construction of a foundry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 500 000 to Grafites de Ancuabe for the exploitation of a graphite mine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 2 million to the Zambia Venture Capital Fund, set up to subscribe for minority equity stakes in SMEs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jamaica: ECU 40 million to Telecommunications of Jamaica Ltd for expansion and modernisation of the domestic and international telecommunications network. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;British Virgin Islands: ECU 600 000 to the government for the design and feasibility study of the main airport at Beef Island, Tortola. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga: ECU 3.7 million to the Tonga Telecommunications Commission for the development of the country's domestic telecommunications network.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUMANITARIAN AID&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 5 million for the purchase and distribution of vegetable oils and cereals to refugees living in the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 420 000 for emergency medical assistance in the fight against cholera in the Mandera region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 1.9 million for emergency food aid to the victims of the continuing factional fighting. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudan: ECU 2.5 million for the purchase and distribution of maize in a transit camp close to the capital (154 000 people) and in the south of the country (1 million people), and for the distribution of sorghum to Ethiopian and Eritrean refugees in the east (200 000 people). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 150 000 to help tackle the cholera epidemic. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 10 million for a programme to counter malnutrition and improve basic health care, in particular for women and children in isolated locations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Montserrat: ECU 380 000 to help evacuees in the wake of the recent volcanic eruption. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non-ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia: ECU 1 million for people displaced as a result of drug terrorism and the fighting that has been taking peace between government forces and guerillas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Costa Rica: ECU 400 000 for the victims of Hurricane Cesar. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala: ECU 220 000 to train teachers in order to improve education among repatriated communities in the department of Alta Verapaz. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua: ECU 440 000 to improve conditions for the social and economic reintegration of uprooted populations (people who have been repatriated, displaced or demobilised) in the department of Rio San Juan. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Caucasus: ECU 4.18 million for civilian victims of the war in Chechnya and for refugees in Ossetia and Dagestan. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iraq: ECU 9 million for food aid, medical provisions, rehabilitation of drinking water systems, sanitary equipment and educational material to assist 3 million people in the north and centre of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yemen: ECU 150 000 for flood victims. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cambodia: ECU 290 000 for a programme to construct and distribute artificial limbs to land-mine victims. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand (Burmese refugees): ECU 220 000 for 'Mon' refugees from Burma (Myanmar) who have fled the violence in their country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand (Burmese refugees): ECU 500 000 for medical aid in favour of 'Karen' refugees from Burma (Myanmar). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AID&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently decided to allocate the following aid: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p90.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Table&lt;/P&gt;
+
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+
+</Doc>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH4f74.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH4f74.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH4f74.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,820 @@
+<Doc xmlns:gs2="http://www.greenstone.org/gs2" file="HASH4f74.dir/doc.xml"  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0" gs2:mode="add">
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rome 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P-69&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ISBN 92-5-102396-4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â© FAO 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+ 
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.1.1" gs2:mode="add">
+ 
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Did you know that many kinds of snails are good to eat?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2. Snail meat tastes good and it is also good for you. If you have snail meat to eat, it will help to keep you and your family strong and healthy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p60a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Family kept strong and healthy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3. If you want to have snails to eat you can get them in different ways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4. Many people gather wild snails that live nearby. Sometimes you can buy snails at the market or from people who gather them to sell to others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5. You can also raise your own snails. This is called snail farming. Today, a great many people all over the world farm snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6. If you farm your own snails, you will always have a supply of fresh snail meat whenever you want it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7. Then, if your family is not too big and you grow more snails than you need to eat, you can sell what you do not use to your neighbours or at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Selling snails at the market&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8. With more food to eat and the money you get by selling snails, you and your family can live better.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9. However, if your family is big you will need to grow many more snails if you are going to have enough to eat and to sell at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ You need to grow more snails if your family is big&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.1.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You will need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ enough snails to start your snail farm&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ a place near your house with the right kind of soil and the right amount of water for snails to live and grow&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ A place near your house&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the kinds of plants that snails need for food and shelter&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the materials to build a pen for the snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p62a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plants that snails need; The materials to build a pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;10. If you have or can get all of these things, you can raise snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;11. To farm snails is not hard; however, it is quite different from keeping chickens or ducks or from growing crops such as maize, rice, cassava or groundnuts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;12. Since farming snails is so different from other kinds of farming, you will have to learn a lot of new things.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;13. One way to learn about snails so that you will be able to farm them is to watch the wild snails that live near you.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p62b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Watch the wild snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;14. Try to see how they live, how they move and where they go, what plants they like best and what they eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;15. You can learn many things by watching wild snails that will help you later if you decide to start a snail farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p63a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wild snail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;16. Another way to learn about snails is to ask an older farmer who knows a lot about your area. If there are people near you who gather snails to sell to others, they may be able to help you.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;17. In the next part of this booklet, you will begin to learn some things that you need to know to farm snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.2.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;18. The kind of snails that you can farm are snails that live on land, and there are many kinds of land snails that are good to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;19. However, some kinds of land snails are not good to eat and they may even make you very, very sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;20. So, you must be very careful when you choose snails to farm. If you are not sure that a snail is good to eat, do not use it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p63b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Do not use snail unless you are sure it is good to eat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;21. Now look at the drawings on pages 8 to 11 and you will see four kinds of good snails that live in different places.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;22. You may be able to find one of these kinds of snails where you live. Notice that two of them are small and two of them are large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;23. The smaller kinds of snails, shown on pages 8 and 9, can often be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;24. The larger kinds of snails, shown on pages 10 and 11, can often be found in places where it is warm all year round.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix pomatia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of small snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 15 to 25 grams and measures from 40 to 50 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a strong shell which is pale brown and off- white&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in two to three years if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from 30 to 50 eggs each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix Pomatia - 30 to 50 small eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix aspersa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of small snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can often be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 4 to 20 grams and measures from 30 to 45 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a weak shell with broken stripes which are light brown to black&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in one year if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from 40 to 170 eggs one to three times each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix aspersa - 40 to 170 small eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Achatina achatina&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of large snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can often be found in places where it is warm all year round&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 150 to 200 grams or more and measures from 90 to 130 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a very strong brown shell&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in two years if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from 100 to 300 eggs one to two times each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Achatina achatina - 100 to 300 small eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Archchatina marginata&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of large snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can often be found in places where it is warm all year round&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 150 to 200 grams or more and measures from 90 to 130 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a very strong brown shell&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in two years if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from five to ten eggs four to eight times each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Archchatina marginata - five to ten large eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;25. If you cannot get one of these snails, you may be able to get others very much like them where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;26. There are many other kinds of good snails. There may even be several kinds of good snails that are eaten where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;27. If snails are eaten where you live, you can farm one of these. Then you will be sure that it is good to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.2.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;28. When you are ready to get snails, perhaps you can get them by gathering wild snails that live near you.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p66a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Gathering wild snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;29. Perhaps you can buy them from people who gather wild snails to sell to others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p66b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Buying from one who gathers wild snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;30. You may even be able to buy them from another snail farmer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p66c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Buying from another snail farmer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Never term snails that you buy at the market. Snails at the market may have been washed, kept too cold or hurt and they may die soon.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.2.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;31. A good place for a snail farm is one where there already are snails. If there already are snails, you will know that the soil and the water in the soil are right for snails to live and grow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;32. However, if there are no snails near where you live it does not mean that you cannot raise snails there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;33. If you have the right kind of soil with the right amount of water, you can bring good snails from another place to start your snail farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.2.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;34. Soil is important for snails. Part of the time they live on the soil and part of the time they live in the soil, and to live well, snails need good soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p67a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail on the soil; Snail in the soil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;35. When snails are not on the soil or in the soil, they are on plants which grow in the soil. So, the soil must also be good for the kinds of plants that snails need.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p67b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail on plant&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;36. When snails are in the soil, they are resting or laying their eggs. If the soil has the right amount of water, snails will live well, the eggs they lay will hatch well and the baby snails will come out of the soil easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;37. Snails cannot live in hard soil such as heavy clay soils. When heavy clay soil is too dry, snails cannot dig into it to rest and lay their eggs. When heavy clay is too wet, snails and the eggs they lay may die.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;38. Snails cannot live in loose soil such as soils that have a lot of sand. Sandy soils do not hold enough water for snail eggs to hatch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;39. The drawings on the next page show how a snail digs a hole, lays its eggs, closes the hole and how the baby snails come out when they have hatched.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;40. Snails need calcium from the soil to make their shells. All snails grow better and have stronger shells when there is a lot of calcium in the soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;41. So, if you are going to farm snails, you must have a good medium soil that has neither too much clay nor too much sand. It must also have enough calcium and the right amount of water for your snails to live and grow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If you have a garden, you can easily tell if your soll is good for snails. If your green leafy vegetables grow well, snails will also grow well in the same kind of soil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails will grow well in a garden&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 snail digging a hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 1 snail digging a hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 laying the eggs and closing the hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail laying eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 baby snails hatching and coming out of the hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Baby snails hatching and coming out of the hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.2.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;42. Snails need plants for both food and sheller. Most kinds of snails use several kinds for food and several other kinds for shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p69a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plants for food and plants for shelter&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;43. They may also use different plants for food and shelter at different times of the year. Sometimes during the growing season snails eat and find shelter on the same plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;44. Snails usually hide on shelter plants during the day when it is dry and move to food plants to eat at night or early in the morning when they are wet with dew. However, sometimes snails do eat during the day after it has rained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;45. If you live in a place which has a season when plants do not grow, snails will dig into the soil to rest and they do not eat then.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;46. During the growing season snails will eat a lot and grow very fast if they have food plants that they like.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;47. So, before you begin you will have to find out exactly what plants they like to eat. To do this you will have to watch snails at night when they eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p69b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ See what snails eat at night&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;48. You can tell that snails are eating when you see their heads moving as they scrape food into their mouths. You can also tell when a snail has been eating by the holes it makes in the leaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p69c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail on leaf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;49. You will also have to find out what plants they like for shelter. To do this you will have to watch snails during the day when they rest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p70a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ See where snails rest during the day&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50. It is often difficult to find snails on shelter plants because they are hiding. So, you will have to look very carefully.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p70b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails are hiding on shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;51. In addition to the food plants, there are many other kinds of foods that you can put into a pen for your snails to eat. You will learn about these foods and when you should use them in the next booklet in this series.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.2.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;52. Dew at night in the growing season helps the plants to grow and makes the leaves and the ground wet so that snails can move about.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;53. Rain in the growing season also helps the plants to grow and it cleans the plants of dust and the dirt that snails leave when they move about. The dirt that snails leave may make them sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;54. So, it is very important that the food and shelter plants are wet and clean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;55. When the leaves are wet, snails move easily, eat more and grow well. When the leaves are dry, snails move very little, or not at all, and they grow poorly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p70c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wet leaves are good for snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;56. When it rains and the plants are clean, the snails will be healthy. When it does not rain and the plants are dirty, the snails may get sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57. Dew and rain also keep the ground moist so that the snails can move easily and dig into it to rest and to lay their eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;58. In the next booklet, you will be told how to wet the leaves of plants and moisten the ground when it is too dry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.2.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;59. Land that is very wet, low land that does not drain well or land that floods in the rainy season is not good for snail farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p71a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Low, wet land is bad for snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.2.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60. Wind during the growing season is bad because it dries the dew and dries out the snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p71b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wind is bad for snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;61. If you decide to farm snails, try to keep them in a place that is protected from the wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p71c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails should be farmed in a place protected from the wind&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.2.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;62. If you decide to farm snails you must keep them in a pen. Snails kept in a well- built pen will not get away easily and you can watch them and take care of them well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;63. After the first year you will need at least two pens. If you decide to farm more snails you may want even more pens. You will learn how to use two or more pens in the next booklet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p72a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Two pens the second year&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;64. In each pen you can give your snails the right kinds of plants for them to eat and to use as shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;65. In each pen you can put the food and shelter plants near each other so that the snails can move easily from one to the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;66. Each pen you build must also keep the snails safe from their enemies. Snails have many enemies. You must be careful to protect them from&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ mice and rats&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ shrews and moles&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ walking insects that live on the ground such as ants and beetles&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ slugs and other snails that eat snail meat&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ birds that eat snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ frogs and toads&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ thieves&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p72b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Protect them fromâŠ&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;67. A snail pen can be small or large depending on how many snails you want to raise. However, when you first begin, start with a small pen. You will need fewer materials. It will be easier to take care of.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;68. In addition, with a small pen you will need fewer snails to begin. When you know more about raising snails, you can build a bigger pen and get more snails to raise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;69. A good size for a pen is 5 x 5 metres. Later in this booklet you will learn how to build a small pen of this size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.2.10" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70. If you are using small snails like those you have seen on pages 8 and 9 in this booklet, you will need more snails to begin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;71. If you are using large snails like those you have seen on pages 10 and 11 in this booklet, you will need fewer snails to begin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;72. With a pen of 5 x 5 metres (25 square metres) you will need&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 150 snails if you use the small kind (6 for each square metre)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 25 snails if you use the large kind (1 for each square metre).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p73a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 150 small snails; 25 large snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.2.11" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;73. The amount of snail meat that you will get from small snails will be about the same as what you would get from large snails. This is because you will use many more small snails than large snails and the meat will be about equal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;74. With one 5 x 5 metre pen you will get 12 to 13 kilograms of snail meat each year and with two 5 x 5 metre pens you will get 24 to 26 kilograms each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p73b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 12 to 13 kilograms each year; 24 to 26 kilograms each year&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.2.12" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;75. In the first part of this booklet you have learned many things about snails and farming snails. You have learned&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ why it is good to farm snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ what you need to farm snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ what kinds of snails you can farm&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to find plants near you that are good for food and shelter&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ what kind of soil and how much water in the soil snails need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ where to keep snails and how many you need to start&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;76. You may also have been able to learn a lot about snails by watching the wild snails near where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;77. An old farmer may have told you what he knows about snails. Someone who gathers snails to sell to others or another snail farmer may have helped you to learn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;78. So, now that you know a lot about snails it is time to decide if you would like to start your own snail farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;79. If you would like to begin you will learn exactly what to do in the rest of this booklet and in the next booklet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.3.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;80. Try to choose a place that is close to your house. That way you will be able to watch your snails, protect them from their enemies and take care of them easily&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p74a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Close to your house&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;81. In Items 34 to 41 you were told that to farm snails you must have the right kind of soil with the right amount of water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;82. Remember, if green leafy vegetables grow well in your soil, snails will also grow well in the same kind of soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p74b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ If your garden grows well, so will your snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;83. In Items 59 to 61 you were told that low, wet land and wind are bad for snails. So, avoid low, wet places and try to put your snail farm where it is protected from the wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p75a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Avoid low, wet land; Find a place protected from wind&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;84. In Item 63 you were told that after the first year you will need at least two pens and later you may want even more. In Item 69 you were told that it is best to start with a small pen of 5 x 5 metres.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;85. So, try to find a place where you can put at least two or three 5 x 5 metre pens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p75b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ two or three 5 x 5 metre pens&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.3.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;86. Clean the site and prepare the ground a little before the growing season so that you can build the pen in time to plant the food and shelter plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;87. First, mark out a square of 8 x 8 metres on the place that you have chosen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p75c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark and clear the 8 x 8 metre square&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;88. That way, with a pen of 5 x 5 metres in the centre of the square, you will have a path of 1.5 metres all the way around it (see Item 92). If you have enough land, the path can be even wider.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;89. Clear the square of trees, bushes grass, creeping grass and weeds. Take away all of the roots and the big stones that you can.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p76a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take away roots and big stones&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90. Spread the plant material that you have cleaned evenly on the ground and cover the whole square. If there is not enough, bring more plant material from another place.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p76b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cover the square with plant materials&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;91. When the plant material is dry, burn it. This will kill the insects, the weed seeds and the roots of creeping grass, and rid the ground of mice, rats and shrews.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p76c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Burn the plant materials&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insecticides and poisons can also be used to rid your pen of insects, mice, rats and other enemies of snails. However, if you use them, do not use them by yourself because they are very dangerous. Ask someone who knows how to use them, such as your extension agent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;92. Now mark out a smaller square of 5 x 5 metres inside the big square. This is for your first snail pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p77a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark the 5 x 5 metre square&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;93. Dig the ground in the smaller square to a depth of 20 centimetres and turn it over well. As you dig, remove any rubbish or roots that you find.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p77b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Dig in the ground&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94. While you are digging, if you see any more insects or any of the enemies of snails, bring more dry plant material and burn the ground again. To farm snails, the area must be free of insects, mice, rats and other enemies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;95. When you have finished digging, the ground in the 5 x 5 metre square should be as smooth and well worked as it would be if you were planting a vegetable garden.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p77c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The 5 x 5 metre square should be smooth&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;96. However, do not use any fertilizer, animal manure or compost as you might with a vegetable garden. Fertilizers may burn the snails and animal manure or compost may bring in insects and weed seeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;97. Build a pen for your snails as soon as you can after you have burned the plant material. This is to keep other insects, mice, rats or shrews from getting into your pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;98. A snail pen is a simple fenced- in area and you can build a fence using&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ woven plant material&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ woven plant material with chicken wire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p78a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Materials for fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Using corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;99. A fence of corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets makes the best pen for snails because it keeps out their enemies very well. However, sheet metal or plastic costs a lot of money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p78b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ A fence of corrugated sheet metal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;100. If you are going to build a pen using corrugated metal or plastic, you must build it in such a way that the enemies of snails cannot get in between the sheets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Using woven plant material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;101. To save money, you can build a fence of woven plant material such as split bamboo. If the woven material is tight, it will keep out enough of enemies for you to farm snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Using woven plant material with chicken wire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;102. If you can get fine- mesh chicken wire, you can improve a fence that is made of woven material.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Chicken wire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;103. To do this, first make the fence of chicken wire and then cover it with woven material.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ First use chicken wire then cover it with woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;104. The chicken wire will keep out rats and other small animals. The woven plant material will keep most of the insects out and keep the snails in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Keep out small animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With any kind of pen animals such as rats may get in, and this is especially true with pens made only of woven plant material. So, you must always watch for rats and other animals and keep them out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How to build the fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;105. Build the fence as you would any fence, by driving posts into the ground. Use posts 1.40 metres long. When the posts are in place they should be 1.00 metre above and 0.40 metre below the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p80a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Drive posts into the ground&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;106. Whatever material you use for the fence of your pen, it should be buried 0.40 metre below the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;107. If you are using woven material you will have to change the bottom of the fence when it rots.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;108. This can be done more easily by making the woven material in two parts, one for the top and one for the bottom. When the bottom part rots, you can change it without having to change the whole fence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p80b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Attach top parts first; attach bottom parts second&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Keeping your snails in the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;109. Many of your snails may crawl over the fence and get out of the pen. If you build a flap on the inside at the top of the fence, it will be more difficult for your snails to get out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;110. However, even with a flap some snails may get out, and for this reason many snail farmers put two flaps on their fence. With two flaps they find that fewer snails get out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p81a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ With two flaps, your snails will not easily crawl out of the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If you make your pen using galvanized sheet metal, you will not need flaps. Snails will not crawl on galvanized sheet metal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;111. The drawings show you how to build a 5 x 5 metre pen using woven plant material, with and without chicken wire and how to build flaps to keep your snails in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p81b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ How to build a 5 x 5 metre small pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 if you are using woven material only, attach it as you were told to do in Item 108&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Attach woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 If you are using chicken wire and woven material, attach the chicken wire first and then the woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Attach the chicken material first&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 be sure that the fence cover goes all the way to the bottom of the 0.40- m trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 0.40- m trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6 fill in the trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Fill in the trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7 attach the flaps to the inside of the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note: use woven material 0.25 m wide for the flaps&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8 first attach the bottom flap using heavy cord&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p83a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Use heavy cord&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9 then attach the top flap&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;112. You have already been told that you should clean and prepare the site and build your snail pen in time for the planting season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;113. If it has been only a short time since you dug the ground and worked the soil in your pen, you can begin to plant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;114. If it has been a long time, dig and work the soil again before you plant. However, as you were told in Item 96, do not use fertilizer, animal manure or compost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;115. Now you can begin to plant the food and shelter plants. Remember that you should use&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ plants that grow well where you live&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ plants that last a long time&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ plants that snails like&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;116. The drawings, show you two ways to plant food and shelter plants in a 5 x 5 metre pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;117. On pages 50 to 55 you will see some food and shelter plants that snails are known to like. Look at them carefully. Perhaps you can find some of them where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two ways plant food and shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 if your shelter plants are small, plant your pen like this&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark three places for small shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 plant the shelter plants first and then plant the food plants all around the shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ First plant the shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 if your shelter plants are large, plant your pen like this&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark only one place for large shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 plant the shelter plants first and then plant the food plants all around the shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Leave a path inside the fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RAMPE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p85a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Some plants for food&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rape is one of many kinds of smooth- leaved cabbage. It grows from seed and lasts a number of months. Rape is the best food plant for Helix snails (see pages 8 and 9 in this booklet). Many of the other kinds of smooth- leaved cabbage also make good food plants for snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p85b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Rape&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AFRICAN SPINACH (Amaranthus)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This green leafy vegetable is a good food plant for young Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, if you plant African spinach for your snails, they will need other kinds of food plants as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p85c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ African spinach&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PAPAYA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You have already been told that snails can be given food to eat other than the food plants that you have planted in the pen (see also Items 175 to 179 in the next booklet). The tender green leaves and cut- up fruit of the papaya tree are very good for Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, the papaya should not be planted inside the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p86a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Papaya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HORSE- RADISH&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Horse- radish is a good food and shelter plant for young Helix snails. However, when they are older they will need other kinds of food plants as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p86b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Horse- Radish&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEAF BEET&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leaf beet grows well from seed and lives for one year. It can be used with He/ix snails for both food and for shelter. As a food plant alone it is not the best and you will have to give your snails other food plants as well. However, as a shelter plant it is very good for Helix snails. These snails lay eggs under the beet plants and find shelter around the roots in cold weather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p86c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Leaf Beet&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BURDOCK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burdock grows from seed and lives for more than a year. It grows very slowly and you should plant it as soon as you can so that it can grow big enough for your snails. However, once it has grown it makes a good food and shelter plant for almost any kind of snail.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p87a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Burdock&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BANANA and LOOFAH&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banana and loofah plants together provide both food and shelter for Achatina and Archachatina snails. Ripe bananas can be cut up and fed to the snails and they can use the loofah plant for food and for shelter. However, your snails will need other food plants as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p87b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Banana and Loofah&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PLANTAGO&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Plantago grows well from seed and lasts about two years. It is the best shelter plant for Helix snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p87c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plantago&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ASPARAGUS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asparagus lives for many years and it is a good shelter plant for young Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, it is not good for older snails because they are too heavy for asparagus plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0.5.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;118. The food plants must be big enough to feed your snails and the shelter plants tall enough to cover them and to protect them from the sun.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;119. Depending on the kind of snails that you are raising, most plants will be big enough after they have been growing for about five to six weeks or when they have reached a height of 10 to 20 centimetres.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p88a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plants will grow to a height of 10 to 20 cm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;120. When you are sure that the plants are big enough to provide food and shelter, you can begin to collect the snails and put them into the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;121. In Booklet No. 34, Farming snails 2, you will learn&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to choose good snails and how to put them in the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to take care of your snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when and how to harvest snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to prepare snails for cooking&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;122. You will also be told some things that you can do to improve your snail farm so that later when you have more experience you can raise more and better snails.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+
+</Doc>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH7ef9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH7ef9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASH7ef9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1098 @@
+<Doc xmlns:gs2="http://www.greenstone.org/gs2" file="HASH7ef9.dir/doc.xml"  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of International Affairs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Cooperation with the Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Washington, D.C. 1983&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development(BOSTID) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panel on Crocodile Farming&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HOWARD W. CAMPBELL (deceased) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, Jr., Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Director, Florida Museum, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS, Furzebrook Research Station, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Wareham, Dorset, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT M. PYLE, Species Conservation Monitoring Unit, Cambridge, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS, Representative, The Asia Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CAROL GABARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WASSAM GABARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KAROL KISOKAU, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Waigani &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAVU KWAPENA, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MIRO LAUFA, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GREG MITCHELL, Crocodile Farm, Lae &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEO NING, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Wewak &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MIGUEE AEVAREZE DEE TORO, Instituto de Historia Natural, Departamento de Zoologia, Chiapas, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGUS D'A.BELLAIRS, Department of Anatomy, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, University of London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER BRAZAITIS, Department of Herpetology, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H.CHABRECK, Louisiana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MAX C.DOWNES, The Game Conservation Centre, Melbourne, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KARLHEINZ FUCHS, hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAIRE HACEN, Reptile Products Association, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RENEE.HONEGGER, Zurich Zoo, Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TED JOANEN, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Chenier, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN LEVER, Koorana Crocodile Farm, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM MAGNUSSON, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonia, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRY MESSEE, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRED PARKER, Kirwan Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTHONY POOLEY, St. Lucia Estuary, Zululand, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES A.ROSS, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.B.SALE, UNDP/FAO Crocodile Breeding and Management Project, Hyderabad, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LUISVARONA, La Habana, Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHAROON YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm, Samutprakan, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UTAl YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm, Samutprakan, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MYRNA WATANABE, Co-editor of ICUN Newsleter, Brooklyn, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROMULUS WHITAKER, Guindy Deer Park, Madras, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Crocodile Study Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council Staff&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY lANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE REGES, Administrative Secretary&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This publication is dedicated to the memory of panel member Howard W. &quot;Duke&quot; Campbell who devoted most of his professional life to the conservation of crocodilians. Dr. Campbell was Chairman of the Crocodilian Specialist Group of the Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources at the time of his death in 1981.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel that produced this report met in Papua New Guinea in May 1981. Its purpose was to consider the principles of the Papua New Guinea crocodile farming program and their implications for economic development and for the management and survival of crocodilians elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles are an integral part of the tropical fauna; they are ecologically important, biologically interesting, and, potentially, a renewable natural resource of considerable economic value. The panel hopes that through this report the possibility of saving and managing this animal throughout the tropics can be better assessed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members of the panel consulted officials of the Ministry of Wildlife and Conservation in Port Moresby and visited crocodile farms in Moitaka, Popondetta, and Lae. The panel is grateful to Karol Kisokau, Navu Kwapena, and Miro Laufa of the Division of Wildlife for arranging its itinerary and visits in Papua New Guinea. It also wishes to thank Yano Belo, Minister of Environment, for hosting an evening social at the Moitaka crocodile farm; Greg Mitchell and his wife Judy, who entertained the panel at their home in Lae and conducted a tour of their company's crocodile farm; and Wassam and Carol Gabara who acted as guides and hosts in Popondetta.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, is assessing scientific and technological advances that might prove especially applicable to problems of developing countries. This report is one of a series that explores promising areas of science previously unknown, neglected, or overlooked. Current titles in the ACT! series on Managing Tropical Animal Resources include:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These activities are supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Program costs for this study were sponsored by AID'S Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which also made possible the free distribution of this report. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials ( Present-day crocodilians are grouped into three families: crocodiles, alligators and caimans, and gavials (gharials). The animals differ from one another only in minor characters such as shape of snout, arrangement of scutes, and dental features. This report focuses mainly on crocodile species, but its conclusions are generally applicable to alligators, caimans, and gavials.) have existed for some 200 million years - much longer than mammals - but they are now disappearing at alarming rates. Of the 21 or so species of crocodilians distributed in the warm waters of the world, at least 18 are threatened with extinction in most of the countries where they are found.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although some species, such as the American alligator, appear to be out of danger because of strict conservation measures, many of the others survive mostly in national parks, protected preserves, or a few breeding stations. This is true for the slender-spouted crocodiles of Africa and Asia, the saltwater crocodile of Australia and Southeast Asia, the black caiman and Orinoco crocodile of South America, the Chinese alligator, the Siamese crocodile, and other species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat destruction is a major contributor to crocodilian decline; each year more breeding areas are disturbed as swamps and marshlands are drained, rivers dammed, estuaries reclaimed, and riverine forests denuded. However, illegal poaching by tribal people with their simple but effective traps, snares, and set hooks, as well as professional hunters operating with power boats, spotlights, and modern firearms are also decimating the animals over most of their ranges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To a large extent these animals are being destroyed because of their market value. Crocodile is regarded as the costliest and most fashionable leather in western markets. Since World War II, demand for crocodile leather shoes, handbags, luggage, wallets, watchbands, and other expensive luxury articles has far exceeded supply. Even small items such as purses and handbags sell for many hundreds of dollars each. For instance, a ladies' purse or handbag made from crocodile skin can command prices as high as $4,000. A pair of men's shoes may cost from $500 to $900, and a wallet from $150 to $250.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The crocodile trade peaked in the mid-1960s, when world markets absorbed more than 2 million crocodile skins each year. Today it is still large. In 1979, for instance, 1,000,000 caiman hides and 300,000 true crocodile hides entered international commerce. In 1981 the United States itself imported 100,000 hides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International markets for reptile hides and leathers are centered in France, Italy, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Japan. France, the single largest buyer of raw crocodilian hides, uses an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 skins a year. The major buyers of finished crocodile leather products are Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand, Singapore, and the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unrestricted hunting and poaching for hides are wiping out the large breeding animals. Excessive hunting has a devastating effect on crocodile populations because their age distribution is like a pyramid: a small number of breeding animals dominates a large number of juveniles and hatchlings, most of which never survive to maturity. Such societies, in which the size of future populations depends on only a few animals, are highly vulnerable to extinction; once some of the mature members are killed the population can crash. And it takes a long time for a crocodilian population to rebuild because for most large species the females do not begin breeding until they are at least 8 years old.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rearing Crocodiles&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there may seem to be no future for many crocodile populations, the situation is not hopeless. With intelligent intervention and under good conditions they can recover rapidly. Mature crocodiles have no enemies other than man, and, given some care and protection, a small number of breeders can produce a huge number of progeny each year. Mature females of the various crocodilian species usually lay between 30 and 70 eggs each year, and under normal conditions most of these eggs hatch successfully. The key to conserving the population is to protect the few mature animals and their habitats. Then, because of their fecundity, crocodilians can rapidly build up large numbers of young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This has been exemplified by the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Ten years ago its future seemed doubtful, but the legal protection of the populations has brought a remarkable recovery. Numbers are now so high that two states have lifted the ban on harvesting alligators, and between lo,ooo and 20,000 American alligator hides now enter commerce each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The past few decades have seen several other examples of successful crocodile-rearing projects. Later chapters of this book highlight the national program in Papua New Guinea. In addition, three successful government-operated farms exist in India (where all the progeny is returned to the wild because current Indian law prohibits commercial crocodile farms). A remarkable farm with more than 3,000 breeding animals operates on the outskirts of Bangkok, Thailand. Australia has four crocodile farms, and a few African countries now have crocodile farms that are already beginning to supply hides internationally. For example, in 1982 Zambia had two such farms, Zimbabwe, five, South Africa, four (with five more planned or under construction), and Kenya, one. Appendix A lists these and other countries that are initiating farms for various crocodilian species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The early technical success of these projects offers the expectation that with an appropriate framework of safeguards and research, crocodiles might become a thriving resource for tropical nations. If such experiences can be replicated, crocodilians and their habitats may come to be considered as resources to be managed and treasured. This will require considerable investment, strict legislation and law enforcement, and international cooperation and research, as well as careful monitoring of the traffic in farmed hides. But national crocodile industries are a possibility, and they could result in thriving natural populations that are free from the danger of extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such prospects may also provide economic incentives for preserving the often-fragile ecosystem in which wild crocodilians live. Crocodile farming could play a part by slowing the uncontrolled draining of swamps and other wetlands that cover large areas of the lowland humid tropics of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles as a managed resource could economically benefit remote areas of the lowland tropics. Villagers there often have few alternative sources of income and possibilities for economic development are limited. Because the human population is relatively sparse, few opportunities exist for local trading; even where fish are abundant the problems of marketing are formidable. Indeed, in some areas crocodiles may constitute the only readily salvable resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles as Farm Animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Well-fed crocodiles grow quickly. Under ideal conditions they may reach lengths of 1 m or more in a year and 1.5 m in 2 years. They are normally harvested in the third year when they reach about 2 m in length. In this time their value may have risen from about $5 to as much as $200.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles have acquired a reputation as voracious feeders; investigations reveal this to be false. The animals actually have modest food requirements. Many hatchling animals have a food conversion rate of about 50 percent; that is, the crocodile adds 1 kg of weight for every 2 kg of food it consumes. Cattle, sheep, and pigs would have to eat 3-5 times as much food to achieve the same weight increase. After 2 years the crocodile's growth rate begins to slow down. During the third year the conversion falls to about 25 or 30 percent, which is still a high figure, and makes crocodiles probably the most nutritionally efficient land animal for commercial husbandry. Only the growth of some fish is comparable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The high food conversion efficiency is due to the fact that crocodiles have low metabolic rates and are normally extremely lethargic. They are active only in short bursts, spend hours immobile, and move only about one-third as much as mammals. Moreover, being reptiles, they spend almost no food energy maintaining body temperature. They bask in the sun to keep warm and seek shade or water to cool off. For these reasons crocodilians can thrive in marginal habitats unsuitable for mammals or birds (Investigations on the Nile crocodile showed that a pelican takes 3 days to consume food equal to its own weight, whereas a crocodile takes 125-160 days - Cott, 1961.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming is also space efficient. As long as they are sorted by size, hundreds of juveniles or dozens of larger animals can be penned together in a small area. Indeed crocodiles often choose to pile up on top of one another in stacks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about disease in reptiles. However, as farm animals, crocodiles have a major advantage: they produce antibodies readily and have few problems with external infections. In the wild it is common to find crocodiles missing limbs or tips of tails, with eyes gouged out, or enormous scars on the body. But the wounds heal readily, with little sign of infection (The American alligator is being used at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine as a model for studies on antibody formation.). This minimizes the need for veterinary services, a distinct benefit in remote village farms. Nevertheless, internal bacterial diseases, such as salmonella, can get out of hand and destroy a program by reducing growth rates, lowering hide quality, or killing the animals outright.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile Hides&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is the belly skin that is the valuable part of a crocodile, and the worth of a hide is determined by the size of the belly skin, the smallness of its scales, and the hide's general condition. (Holes, cuts, scars, and rot drastically reduce its value.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although international markets utilize any crocodile skin from 0.3 m to 6 m long, the most sought-after hides are not the biggest but the moderate-sized ones from animals about 1.5-2 m long. These hides are approximately 25-50 cm in belly width.( A crocodile's total length is approximately 4-4.5 times the width of its belly). Large hides, for example those more than 3 or 4 m in length, are suitable only for luggage and briefcases because their scales are large. Smaller hides, on the other hand, are suitable both for items such as shoes, handbags, and wallets and for larger items.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Internationally, the most desirable hides come from the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). It has proportionally the smallest belly scales of any crocodile, it lacks osteoderms,(Osteoderms are deposits of calcium carbonate under the skin. They are undesirable because they dissolve away during the tanning process, leaving a pitted surface),and on the side of its body the scales are uniformly small. The next most valuable hides probably come from Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii), the American alligator, the Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis), and the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rest of this report highlights the program in Papua New Guinea, where during the last 10 years the government has made crocodile rearing an organized industry, much as poultry farming is elsewhere. This program, which is beginning to establish crocodiles as a significant natural asset, is designed both to protect the wild populations and to integrate traditional uses of these reptiles into a scientifically managed hide industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Papua New Guinea crocodile farming (In the official terminology of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Papua New Guinea program is &quot;ranching&quot; rather than &quot;farming&quot; because the young livestock are mostly culled from wild populations and are not bred on the farm) has become the cornerstone for the economic improvement of some of the world's poorest people. It offers a means for bringing the rural poor into the process of economic development, and it can be blended into a traditional village structure where land and resources may be communally owned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The projects are small and many have had operational difficulties, but they suggest that conservation and economic development can be not only compatible, but also mutually reinforcing. The innovative idea is not that crocodiles can bring in money, but that sound conservation can be blended with marketing crocodile skins, meat, and by-products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important aspect of this approach to crocodile conservation is that it is based on protecting the existing landscape and resources. It provides a tool for conserving the species in their own wild habitats so that survival will not depend on a few captive specimens living under artificial conditions. It requires none of the bush clearing, fencing, forage planting or pesticide spraying that domestic animals often demand ,important advantages in an economic development project in a fragile tropical swamp or rain forest ecosystem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Papua New Guinea approach, then, provides an economic incentive for wildlife protection. Everyone ,from the villager to the minister of trade ,has a stake in keeping the wild populations healthy. Out of self-interest, in addition to natural respect, large numbers of people become the guardians of the resource and the habitat needed to keep it surviving and productive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The world's major conservation organizations have given Papua New Guinea's crocodile program their stamp of approval. In 1976 a team of scientists representing the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, one of the most prestigious conservation organizations in the world, inspected the program. As a result, Papua New Guinea was given special dispensation, and its crocodile skins can be legally traded internationally. For example, because of its endangered status the saltwater crocodile is banned from trade by the Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). An exemption, however, is granted to Papua New Guinea in recognition of the fact that its crocodiles now are sufficiently well managed to sustain a skin industry without seriously damaging the wild stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This program serves as a model for nations of the Americas, Asia, and Africa where crocodilian resources are still unmanaged or managed poorly. Crocodiles are being destroyed so fast that within about five years Papua New Guinea and other countries that have organized crocodile farming operations may be the only ones supplying significant numbers of skins to the international market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the principles developed in Papua New Guinea deserve international attention, the recipe will not be a cure-all for problems of rural development or crocodile conservation. Instead, the Papua New Guinea experience suggests that local social, political, economic, and conservation goals can become the impetus for a successful blend of village improvement and wildlife protection.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As recently as the l950s, crocodiles were abundant in Papua New Guinea. Hunting was a major occupation and was unrestricted. Some Australians and Europeans made fortunes by shooting thousands of crocodiles a year to make shoes and handbags in Europe and North America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it was obvious that wild populations could not sustain such wholesale slaughter, the destruction continued. By 1967 both the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and the freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae) were threatened with extinction. By 1968, despite increased hunting, the yield of skins had dropped in half; along the easily accessible river systems, crocodile populations had been wiped out. By 1969 the saltwater crocodile had disappeared from much of its range throughout the country, and wildlife officers estimated that without protection most specimens of breeding size would be eliminated within five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But how could crocodiles be protected? Papua New Guinea is divided by mountain ranges, ravines, torrential rivers, forests, seas, malarial swamps, and more than 700 languages. It would take hundreds of trained wildlife officers to enforce a ban on crocodile hunting, particularly in the face of opposition from tribesmen who have traditionally harvested crocodiles for food, decorative items, and implements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge was given to the officers of the Wildlife Division. Under the leadership of Max C. Downes, these officials concluded that the best way to protect crocodile populations was to halt the slaughter of the large breeding adults and build up a new hide industry based on the increased numbers of young that would result.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Few young crocodiles ever reach breeding age in the wild. The tiny, virtually defenseless hatchlings are easy prey for large fish, birds, or other crocodiles. Almost all of them are killed by predators or by other natural causes, such as floods..&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main areas of crocodile distribution in Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What was needed, the wildlife officers concluded, were incentives to make these smaller animals economically attractive, incentives to encourage local people to raise small crocodiles to commercial size. If that could be accomplished, hundreds of hatchlings that would normally perish could be utilized without endangering the wild populations' future. Villagers could benefit by selling skins while the vital breeding-sized animals were being left alone to provide more hatchlings. The system could benefit both the villagers and the vulnerable crocodile populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/b20a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Main areas of crocodile distribution in Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The idea was viable partly because many Papua New Guineans - particularly those of the Sepik and Fly Rivers - have ancient spiritual and cultural attachments to crocodiles. To them, the idea of handling and managing the animals is not unusual. Crocodile motifs are common in their art and they live in harmony with the big beasts and do not consider them dangerous pests to be eliminated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legislation passed by the Papua New Guinea government in 1969 capitalized on this tradition by making the villagers themselves the real force in crocodile protection. The law did not ban crocodile hunting, but instead banned the possession, sale, and export of skins larger than 20 inches (51 cm) wide. In this way, it protected breeding-sized animals while allowing for the harvest of juveniles. It also allowed a person to kill a crocodile if attacked (but barred the selling of the skin, if it were oversized).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1980, the legislation was supplemented by a law banning the export of small skins. Together, the bans on possessing large skins and exporting small skins have created a stimulus for gathering small crocodiles from the wild and rearing them to moderate size on farms. The legislation has been the impetus for crocodile farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming officially started in Papua New Guinea in 1972. In the late 1970s, it was extensively supported by a UNDP/FAO assistance program that provided personnel and funds for technical support and program management. Today there are about 300 small village farms (The numbers vary, since some villagers go in and out of production depending on their need for income, seasonal variation in river levels, the cost of fuel, and the availability of government extension agents) supplying a number of larger business groups that rear crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife officers now teach crocodile farming, not crocodile conservation per se. They have introduced crocodile-rearing techniques to villagers all over Papua New Guinea. They help build pens and teach tribesmen how to care for the young reptiles, which are so vulnerable and timid that they can literally die of fright.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government loans of up to US$10,000, along with matching development bank loans, are available to help a farmer enter the crocodile farming business. The funds pay for pumps for changing the water in the pens and sometimes for an outboard motor used in gathering young crocodiles. Everything else a villager needs can be obtained from the forest, including materials for pen construction; a small farm can therefore be established inexpensively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Three Types of Farms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government's crocodile management program recognizes three levels of operation: village farms (up to 300 crocodiles), small-business farms (up to 1,000 crocodiles), and large-business farms (more than 1,000 crocodiles).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A village crocodile farm consists of a small pen fenced with posts lashed together with vines. This stockade fence is about 1.5 m high and is sunk about 60 cm in the ground so the crocodiles cannot burrow out. Much of the enclosure is planted with grass, cassava, and banana trees to provide secluded areas where the animals, which regulate their body temperature by the warmth of the sun, can find shade. A shallow pool is excavated in the center.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These village farms are usually run by only one or two people. Many are little more than pens scattered in the remote bush for holding young crocodiles until a buyer from a larger farm comes around. Small crocodiles bring less money than medium-sized animals, but the villager avoids having to feed and care for them for a long period.(Because of operational difficulties, many village farms were abandoned in 1982. Lack of proper husbandy - despite government efforts - were the main reason for these difficulties. Most villagers now collect and hold young only until buyers from commercial farms arrive. However, they are still earning money from crocodiles, and the concept of fully functioning village farms remains valid for the future in Papua New Guinea, as well as for appropriate sites elsewhere). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The small-business farm usually consists of a group of enclosures (each about 6 m x 6 m) constructed of bush materials. It is typically located near an airstrip. It buys crocodiles from the village farmer and, in turn, supplies them to the larger farms, which sometimes dispatch aircraft to pick the animals up (Special cardboard shipping containers have been devised. They can be folded to make cylinders of various diameters to fit crocodiles of different sizes). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large-scale crocodile farms accommodate as many as 20,000 crocodiles and require a large investment. They serve to regulate the export of skins and are the major purchasers of live crocodiles from the smaller farms. During periods of drought, flooding, or diminished food supplies, the large-scale farms also act as emergency buyers. On the outskirts of Lae on Papua New Guinea's northern coast, there is a 100-hectare farm with nearly 8,000 crocodiles. It is associated with a poultry company, and the crocodiles are raised on the offal from the slaughterhouse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government Research and Extension&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Wildlife Division has constructed four demonstration farms across the country and one large research farm at Moitaka near Port Moresby, the capital city. After training at one of these, a tribesman can start his own farm alone or can call on the government for further assistance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moitaka is also the site of short courses in crocodile farming. Prospective farmers are brought in for several weeks' training. They learn how to build pens, to feed and care for crocodiles, to kill and skin them, and to prepare the hides for market. They also learn about the crocodile laws and the reason they were enacted. A farm at Lake Murray, in a remote and swampy area of the Western Province, serves the same purpose. It is built entirely from bush materials (see picture, pp. 6-7).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Wildlife Division provides instruction books, profusely illustrated for the illiterate. The books include vivid descriptions of all phases of farming the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic Gains&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 10 years, crocodile rearing has expanded remarkably in Papua New Guinea. It has already become the main source of income for the people of some swamp and river areas. The Ambunti area, for example, produces coffee and rice, but crocodile skins now bring in much of the area's income. By 1981 the farms nationwide contained a total of 30,000 crocodiles, ensuring a sustained production of at least 10,000 skins a year worth approximately US$ 1-2 million on the international market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because crocodiles are a familiar resource, villagers take to the program quickly. By contrast, introducing cattle or western-style crop raising requires massive education and training, in addition to some social and environmental disruption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On government farms in Papua New Guinea, fish-fed crocodiles have increased their belly width by 25 cm per year and are ready for slaughter in 2-3 years when the width approaches 50 cm. The selling price of the skin is then between $100 and $200, depending on species, flaws, and size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But skins are not the only product. A crocodile with a skin big enough to market can provide 20 kg of meat. The meat is white and is low in fat. Papua New Guinea is a net importer of meat, and crocodile farming is now augmenting local supplies. The large farm at Lae already sells frozen crocodile meat (including front and hind legs, tail steaks, ribs, and chops) both locally and on foreign markets. Some orders have come in from dealers in Paris who supply expensive French restaurants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benefits of Crocodile Farming&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming seems to be singularly appropriate for rural, isolated, lowland communities in the tropics. The land there is often unsuitable for conventional agriculture, and the people lead a tenuous existence or drift to the cities looking for work. In such areas, there are few opportunities for people to earn cash without drastic and expensive modifications to the environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming has many advantages over hunting the animal in the wild. For instance, crocodiles farms can:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Permit government monitoring of the crocodile industry. (Hunters are more difficult to regulate since they work in remote areas, often undetected and crossing borders at will.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yield a regular harvest of a specific number of animals of a selected size.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Produce a standardized, premium product that better serves the needs of the international hide industry, making skins poached from the wild less desirable. (They may provide, for instance, a standard first grade 1-1.5 m long hide rather than hides of mixed size and quality.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Reduce the wasteful losses of hides from improper handling, the fate of a high proportion of skins now brought in from the wild.(*In remote areas, salt may become scarce late in the season as it is used for hides. This often results in insufficient salt being used when the supply runs out and hides subsequently rot or &quot;slip&quot;. In some isolated areas, as much as 25 percent of the hides are lost or downgraded because of improper curing for lack of salt. However, skins produced on farms, especially near urban areas or large villages, are usually properly salted; if salt becomes scarce, killing of the animals can be delayed) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Educate the public about crocodile ecology and the animal's importance to the habitat and the local economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Provide sites for scientific studies on crocodilians. Studies conducted on alligators at the Rockefeller Refuge in Louisiana, USA, for example, have provided reproductive, nutritional, and growth data directed specifically towards developing efficient farming techniques.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For some farms the earnings from hides, meat, and by-products may be supplemented by tourism (through gate admissions and the sale of curios), as well as by selling eggs and young to other farms for breeding stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A long-term program of wise utilization of crocodiles can benefit governments by providing revenue from hides, curios, craftwork, and manufactured articles, as well as from export duties. Furthermore, in their natural state in parks and preserves, crocodiles are an important tourist attraction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an effort to preserve crocodile habitats, the Papua New Guinea program has encouraged the collection of eggs or young from the wild and has discouraged the breeding of crocodiles in captivity. This is because a reliance on the wild creates economic incentives to conserve crocodile habitats; if the habitats are drained for human settlement or conventional agriculture the farmers lose the source of their stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contrary to popular impression, preliminary observations indicate that crocodiles benefit commercial fisheries. The animals are important links in the ecosystems of rivers and lakes and are often the largest inhabitants of the freshwater wetlands. Their movements inhibit the growth of aquatic plants in the waterways, and, in areas with prolonged dry seasons, some species maintain residual waterholes that benefit small aquatic organisms that would otherwise perish. In estuaries and lakes, crocodiles enrich the nutrient content of the water by converting terrestrial prey into feces that in turn feed invertebrates and fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where crocodiles have been eliminated, reductions in the tonnage of fish caught for human consumption can usually be demonstrated. For example, in Brazil, Kenya, and India, a decline in the fishermen's catch has paralleled the decline in crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations of Crocodile Farming&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments and individuals seeking rapid returns on investments should realize that a crocodile farming industry is not a get-rich-quick scheme. To build a stable national industry may require 10 years and an investment of at least $500,000 before it is biologically and economically successful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, an organized industry is vital. A village crocodile-rearing pond is only profitable if there is someone to buy, grade, package, and ship the product with all its documentation. Services will be needed at all levels to advise on disease control, nutrition, skinning, and preserving the hides. In many parts of the world crocodile farms have been financial and conservation failures not just because of poor husbandry management, but also because of fiscal shortsightedness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selection of a suitable farm site is basic to the economics of the entire operation. Farms demand a steady supply of meat or fish to feed the crocodiles, and are most successful when located near a reliable source of inexpensive food. Some farms take advantage of offal from nearby chicken or cattle abattoirs; others use the fish by-catch from shrimping operations. In the absence of an inexpensive animal protein feed, the farm will have to raise its own food (tilapia is frequently used) or harvest it from the wild, both of which can be expensive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farms also require a steady year-round supply of clean water for the holding ponds and tanks. If this cannot be supplied by gravity flow from nearby sources, it must be pumped from wells or from nearby lakes or ponds. This, too, is likely to be expensive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the general hardiness of crocodiles, the farms must have access to veterinary care. Most disease problems stem from poor sanitation, low water temperatures, and poor diet, all of which can be easily corrected. But with large numbers of animals crowded together, disease problems, if not quickly diagnosed and treated, can wipe out the young captive animals in epidemic proportions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capturing and transporting large crocodilians is dangerous and difficult. Dealing with a large captive population of crocodiles of different age groups and sizes requires a great deal of experience.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although crocodilians are common in zoos, successful breeding of these reptiles in captivity is so far a rare and remarkable event. However, researchers are now coming to understand the behavioral requirements for success. For instance, gravid females must have access to appropriate nesting sites, males must have ample space when they are penned in with other males, and juveniles and hatchlings must be separated from their parents and housed by size and feeding preferences. That prolific breeding can be achieved, however, is illustrated by the Samutprakan crocodile farm near Bangkok, Thailand, which reportedly has reared tens of thousands of its own animals and now aims for a population of 100,000 crocodiles by 1987.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The worldwide shortage of crocodile leather is becoming more acute each year, and it will be many years before any output from farms can significantly reduce pressure on wild populations. Thus, farming should be only one aspect of an overall conservation program that includes total protection of some populations in national parks and sanctuaries. In addition, the conservation of natural wetlands is an important part of overall economic planning. If wetlands are lost, many wild species in addition to crocodiles will be affected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Australia, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, many crocodilian populations are poorly protected because governments lack the manpower or the will to enforce conservation laws rigorously, especially in the remote areas where the last remaining crocodiles reside. Because most wildlife departments in the tropics are short staffed and have vast areas to police, their efforts at wildlife protection are frequently ineffective. Moreover, some countries have been slow to introduce protective legislation for an animal that does not engender public sympathy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea's program offers one of the best hopes for saving all endangered crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials. The methods developed there serve as a model for other nations. By providing an alternative, Papua New Guinea gives villagers the incentive to protect wild crocodiles that are breeding nearby so as to assure themselves of future supplies. The people themselves become the conservators of the local animals and habitats. In turn, watersheds, soils, and conventional agricultural development (including natural and forest products) can all benefit. The habitat is also preserved for many other wildlife species that share it, and genetic diversity can be maintained. Conversely, without a special incentive to conserve them, all these resources are normally degraded as a region develops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Papua New Guinea experience provides a model for other nations, but to implement such a program requires a foundation of legislation, government support, and legal safeguards. Prerequisites of any crocodile farming program are an overhaul of legislation, strict law enforcement, and reciprocal laws with neighboring countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The enforcement of wildlife regulations is so inadequate in most countries that crocodile farming is open to abuse. Farms can front for illegal poaching operations, and hides taken from the wild can be intermingled with hides produced on the ranch or farm unless government enforcement is stringent and inspection frequent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, the stimulation of world trade in crocodile hides through the sale of farmed hides might lead to increased poaching of wild crocodiles or eggs. Poachers have fewer operating expenses than farmers, and unscrupulous hunters and dealers can harvest hides, steal crocodile eggs or young, and subsequently sell them through countries that lack enforcement capabilities. This practice could be disastrous for countries where crocodile populations have almost disappeared.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government Regulations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before any farming scheme is attempted, protective legislation should be in operation throughout the country. This should make it unlawful to kill, capture by any means whatsoever, disturb willfully, or pursue any crocodiles, or to collect or gather any crocodile eggs without a permit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No crocodile eggs should be allowed to be imported or exported with out a permit. No persons should possess, sell, buy, donate, receive consequent upon a donation, convey, keep in captivity, or display any live crocodiles without being the holder of a permit. And no person should be allowed to import or export any crocodile, dead or alive, or any portion of a crocodile, processed or not, from any country without a permit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before granting a license for a commercial farm, the government should investigate the applicant's land tenure and financial resources, particularly since the farm will have to operate for three to four years before producing crocodiles suitable for culling. The applicant's ability and experience in rearing crocodiles should be determined. A plan of the proposed farm, including details of water and food supply and the proposed methods of harvesting food, should be examined.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is suggested that:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· No permit for egg harvesting should be issued until adequate rearing facilities have been prepared. The permit should state the name of the holder or his authorized representative, the annual total number of eggs allocated for harvesting, and the area where collection is permitted.(In some cases it is also important to specify a harvest time. Often it is best to take eggs laid early in the season because the female will then lay another clutch.) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Permits should be issued on a year-by-year basis. The applicant should understand that the department may refuse to renew or issue further permits if the farm is not managed satisfactorily or if permit conditions have not been observed.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The applicant should understand that the farm and all production records should be available for inspection by an official of the conservation department.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The farmer should be required to submit periodic reports detailing the total number of nests raided and eggs harvested, the egg mortality, and the number of eggs hatched. Thereafter, the number of animals held in captivity, the rate of mortality and its causes, if known, and the number of animals sold or culled should be included in each report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Furthermore, it is recommended that the permit holder release 5 percent of his annual crop of hatchlings in order to restock the natural habitat. In addition, a further 5 percent of the hatchling crop should be reared to a length of 1 m before being released, bringing the total release of young crocodilians to 10 percent of the annual crop of hatchlings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The distribution of hatchlings and young reared animals should be supervised by the conservation department.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless government agencies monitor the wild populations of crocodilians being harvested for hides, eggs, or young, the farms themselves could become a major drain on those populations, leading to their extinction. Therefore, before any farming program is started, a survey of the breeding grounds should be undertaken to determine the number of nests available and those from which eggs can be taken with least danger to the wild population (for example, from nests on grounds likely to be flooded).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These breeding grounds should be fully protected; tourists on foot, in vehicles, or in launches should not be allowed to visit or disturb crocodiles during the breeding season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Safeguards and Cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international traffic in millions of unmarked crocodilian hides and products poses one of the greatest obstacles to enforcement of national and international endangered species regulations. Hides and skins frequently cannot be traced to their source or country of origin. Legally harvested or farmed animals cannot readily be distinguished from those exported in secret from illegal sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need for internationally acceptable methods of marking individual hides and products is critical. Traffic in illegal crocodilian hides and products will continue as long as law enforcement agencies lack the means to detect them easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the United States a system has been developed in some states that enables conservation, police, and customs officials to monitor traffic in alligator hides. A conservation authority issues an official tag for each animal allowed by the license. All hides exported are tagged with a serially numbered plastic tag that cannot be removed without breaking it. The serial number is recorded on the export permit and with details of the buyer's and seller's name and address. This tag remains on the hide, right through the tanning process, until the hide reaches the manufacturer. Each tannery maintains a register of purchases that is available for inspection. This system also is being implemented in Zimbabwe and is worthy of trial in other countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tagging of all hides and products for individual identification is an important safeguard. Other safeguards include:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The use of engraved stamps or seals to authenticate legal licenses and export permits and make it more difficult for documents to be forged.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Internationally accessible data and a retrieval system that allows law enforcement personnel to corroborate the authenticity of documentation and the origin of hides and products;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Monitoring agencies to record and publish market statistics, traffic, and trends;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Laws limiting the sale of hides only to nations that cooperate in an internationally sanctioned program of safeguards; and&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Research funding to monitor populations and develop new marking and identification techniques. (For instance, the use of dyes, roll marking, and infusion of detectable chemical tracers has yet to be fully explored.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is urgent need for tannery owners, manufacturers, and conservation authorities to jointly work out the rational exploitation of crocodile populations. Commercial interests have reaped a rich reward over many years, and if the crocodile industry is to continue, its entrepreneurs must invest in management and conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clearly, research to improve farming techniques will be a wise investment for both commercial operators and the countries concerned. Surveys to determine population numbers and size as well as the structure of breeding stocks and recruitment rates are essential. Such surveys may indicate the need to establish sanctuaries to protect breeding stock and nesting grounds, or perhaps to ban hunting to allow populations to recover. A rearing program and restocking of suitable habitats might be necessary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5.6.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiences with crocodile farming in Papua New Guinea, the main subject of this report, are described in chapter 2. Here we summarize the status of similar efforts in other countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four crocodile farms have been established in Australia, one in the Northern Territory and three in Queensland. To date, only the Edward River farm, operated by the government as an aboriginal development project, has developed a successful breeding program. There, seven-yearold saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) hatched on the farm from wild eggs are now breeding and laying fertile eggs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A farm for Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) has been established at Xuancheng, Anhui Province. Its purpose is to breed alligators for conservation, although the hide of this species is not in great demand because it has many osteoderms in the belly scales. Recently the government has expressed interest in establishing a farm for saltwater crocodiles in southern China. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan has one crocodile farm or rearing station, but it is too far north to breed its own stock, except in heated indoor enclosures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several buyers in the Philippines who maintain pens of crocodiles for short periods. None of these is a farm. A new experimental farm for the Philippine freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae mindorensis) was established by Silliman University in an attempt to preserve that endangered species and to promote an economic interest in crocodile conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Micronesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A farm for saltwater crocodiles has been established on Palau, where a small population of these crocodiles occurs in a brackish interior swamp. In the past, the government hired a hunter to reduce the population whenever the local people felt it had become sufficiently large to present a danger, about once a decade. Presumably the nuisance crocodiles will now end up in the farm. The farm, which has been in existence only for a year or two, earns money from tourist admissions as well as hide production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few crocodile-rearing stations have operated for several decades in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. These have been stocked with eggs and young animals collected from the wild in Sumatra and Kalimantan. In the early 1970s, three such operations in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, closed down for lack of wild stock. At least one operation in Jakarta, Java, continues to survive, but with virtually no output of stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of Irian Jaya (Indonesian New Guinea) in 1980 indicated a number of ranches in that region as well, but revealed that some were having difficulty obtaining stock because of overharvest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore has a famous crocodile farm that figures prominently in tourism. It breeds some of its stock, but also obtains wild stock from all over Southeast Asia. Singapore has a thriving crocodile hide trade. Many buyers and several tanneries are located there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore is not a member of CITES and openly trades in any and all species of crocodilians.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several crocodile farms in West Malaysia (at Penang, for example) and at least one in East Malaysia (near Sandakan, Sabah). These started out as rearing stations relying on wild young, but have moved slowly toward breeding their own stock. The Penang farm depends on tourism to pay many of its expenses. The Sandakan farm is operated in conjunction with a duck and pig farm that supplies it with offal. Its stock consists of saltwater crocodiles. Until at least 1980, it had very little production from captive animals, but the owner is hoping to broaden his stock from them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sarawak (East Malaysia) also used to have several rearing farms. The present status of these operations is unknown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm was started in 1950 with 20 wild crocodiles and an investment of US$500. Today it is reported to be the world's largest crocodile farm, with about 30,000 individuals. About 3,700 of these animals, placed in eight separate breeding ponds, are used for breeding stock, and there are plans for a population of 100,000 by 1987. The Samutprakan farm opened to the public 12 years ago and now receives about one million visitors annually.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of the farm's crocodiles are from the two species native to Thailand, the saltwater crocodile and the Siamese freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis). It also has hybrids of the two, as well as the indigenous false gavial (Tomistoma schlegelii) and five exotic species: South American caiman (Caiman crocodilus), New Guinea freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae), Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis), broad-spouted caiman (Caiman latirostris), and dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus). The farm has succeeded in breeding South American caiman (Caiman crocodilus); the other species are approaching maturity and it is hoped they will breed in the near future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The farm sells crocodile meat locally, mostly to restaurants as a delicacy (for US$5 per kg).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The commercial and biological success of the farm is largely due to favorable conditions at Samutprakan. The temperature and humidity are high year-round, and low costs of labor and building materials permit the physical plant to be profitably established and maintained. The main cost is for food; approximately 4,000-5,000 kg of by-catch fish are needed daily at a cost of US 20 cents per kg. If the supply of fish is inadequate, the diet is supplemented with chicken wings, legs, and necks from a slaughterhouse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Rangoon there are some crocodile-holding pens operated by hide buyers. It is not clear whether breeding or farming of crocodiles occurs in them or whether the operation simply acts as a clearing center for wild hides. The government has expressed interest in establishing farms in the mangrove areas near the mouth of the Irrawaddy River. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1974 an FAO report on India's crocodiles noted that the Indian gavial (Gavialis gangeticus) was on the verge of extinction, the saltwater crocodile was extremely rare, and the Indian mugger (Crocodylus palustris was a depleted, although not threatened, species).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government, with United Nations assistance, then initiated a project for the conservation and management of all three species. This program aimed to protect and restock habitats. Animals for restocking were obtained by collecting eggs laid in the wild, incubating them under controlled conditions, raising the resulting hatchlings, and returning juveniles to specially selected sanctuaries when they reached about 1.2 m in length,at which time they are free from predation other than by man.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project has resulted in the comeback of the gavial. By March 1979, 200 gavials had been restored to the wild. The wild population now exceeds 1,000 animals of more than 2 m length, and the number is expected to increase rapidly through natural reproduction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project has also carried out extensive research on crocodiles, and since its founding in 1978 the Central Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute, located in Hyderabad, has trained many wildlife officers in crocodile protection. Crocodile-rearing facilities are also located near Madras, Lucknow, and Cuttack. All have had success in raising the animals and restocking their habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Indian crocodile project has been a notable success and it coincided with (and perhaps helped create) a wave of local interest in India's wildlife and its conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A farm stocked with American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) was established at a popular hotwater spring resort area, using animals supplied by a Florida farm. The Israeli program will earn money from tourist admissions and from future production of hides. The first successful hatching of captive-bred alligators was reported in 1982.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Near Mombasa a farm for the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) has been set up to produce hides from captive-bred stock. The farm is a demonstration project of a large cement factory that is attempting to return its limestone-mined areas to productive agriculture. Some sophisticated experiments are under way on crocodile nutrition, with food for the animals produced in an intensive aquaculture project using tilapia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia is planning a series of farms patterned after those in Zimbabwe (described below).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe has made great strides in captive breeding. In 1979, 87 captive females at two farms produced 1,906 eggs, and a third farm has set aside 30 captive females for breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four of the country's five crocodile farms are on the shores of Lake Kariba and the other is at Victoria Falls. The government allows each farm an annual allotment of wild eggs (averaging 2,000 to 2,500 eggs) for stocking its rearing programs. Each farm is also striving to become self sufficient in egg production by developing successful breeding programs. The government is considering reducing each farm's allotment by the number of eggs produced annually in the farm so that each will eventually become independent of the wild populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe farmers operate on a system that obliges them to return a small percentage of live animals to the wild if the government requires it. At present, this requirement is being waived because the wild population is increasing on its own.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe has built its crocodile conservation program on a broad base. Crocodiles are protected throughout the country, as game animals in the country at large and as totally protected species in parks and sanctuaries. Populations have increased dramatically, from endangered status in the l950s to over 50,000 individuals today. In the 1950s a survey of the Zambesi River and Lake Kariba revealed no crocodiles; today thousands are seen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe's Department of National Parks and Wildlife is striving to ensure that its legitimate international trade in farm-raised hides does not provide illegal operators in other countries with the opportunity to sell poached hides (for example, forging papers that claim their hides originated on legitimate Zimbabwe farms). To make poaching difficult, Zimbabwe, taking a clue from the state of Louisiana, plans to use serially numbered nonremovable plastic tags to mark legitimate hides. Numbers of the tags will be noted on export permits. In addition, every export permit will be validated by the government with an engraved security stamp that is difficult to forge and that shows ink damage if any erasures or modifications are attempted. The use of such stamps is recommended by CITES, and Zimbabwe is the first nation to put them into use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa has four crocodile farms, and another five are planned or under construction. Apart from the Natal Parks Board Crocodile Research Station at St. Lucia Estuary, which breeds Nile crocodiles for restocking and conservation purposes, all farms are for tourism and hide production. So far only one farm, outside Pretoria, is reported to produce many offspring. Only the provinces of Transvaal and Natal have wild crocodiles, and neither allows eggs, young, or adults to be collected for stocking farms. Both provinces, however, permit the killing of nuisance crocodiles on private land. Transvaal will allow one or two nuisance crocodiles to be taken captive by farmers, but it refuses permission for removing larger numbers of nuisance animals,presumably for fear that this would generate a flood of spurious nuisance complaints. Natal will not permit the removal of any wild crocodiles to farms, nor will it supply offspring from the St. Lucia station to farmers. This makes the Pretoria farm the only source of crocodiles in South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following the example of Zimbabwe, the South African farmers (present and potential) formed a crocodile farming association in 1982.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several farms patterned after those in Zimbabwe are planned for the Okavango area. Petitions for approval are currently before the Botswana government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1960s French businessmen established a farm for Nile crocodiles near Lake Chad. It collapsed after only a few years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Ivory Coast has obtained assistance from Zimbabwe to establish a conservation program for its three native crocodiles: the Nile crocodile, African slender-spouted crocodile (Crocodylus cataphractus), and Congo dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis). Recommendations were made for conserving the wild populations as well as for establishing farms. Field studies are under way.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A commercial farm for the South American caiman (Caiman crocodilus) was established in southern Italy in the late 1970s. Stock was obtained from Colombia. The animals, numbering in the thousands, arrived in Rome in winter and were transported south to the farm in an open truck. Most died from cold. Later shipments fared no better, and the few animals that survived died from poor husbandry. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Americas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are between 15 and 20 successful alligator farms in the United States. Most are located in Florida and Louisiana, and there is at least one in California. All earn a portion of their money from tourist admissions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the 1960s the Cuban government established at least two farms for crocodiles. One is located in the Zapata Peninsula National Park; the other is near Cienfuegos. The purpose of these farms is to breed crocodiles whose wetland habitat has been converted to sugar cane fields. Eventually, the farms will also produce a cash crop of hides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, what started out as an admirable effort created several conservation problems because the farm managers did not realize there were two crocodiles in Cuba ,the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in brackish waters, and the Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) in freshwater areas. The two were mixed in the farms and hybridization resulted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Mexican government has established several farms for Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) in Chiapas and Veracruz. The purpose is to breed the species in captivity to relieve hunting pressure on the wild population and prevent its extinction. Original funding was provided by the World Wildlife Fund. At least one of these farms still exists. Breeding has been achieved, but there have been problems of survival in hatchlings. The cause of the deaths has not been discovered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years several businessmen in Mexico have expressed interest in starting one or more crocodile farms, but none has yet materialized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1960s, the Louisiana Game and Fisheries Commission supplied specimens of the American alligator to a cattle rancher in El Salvador for the purpose of establishing an experimental farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Louisiana was interested in studying growth rates of American alligators in a tropical nation where the animals did not have to undergo winter hibernation. The husbandry on the farm followed methods worked out in Louisiana. The animals grew fast and presumably have started breeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A captive breeding program for the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) was established in Venezuela in the late 1970s on the ranch of Tomas Blohm. The operation is not commercial; its purpose is to prevent extinction of the species. The offspring may be used for restocking wild habitats in the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under Venezuelan law there can be no commercial export of any crocodilians. In addition, the Orinoco crocodile and the various caimans are protected. However, the reptiles are everywhere killed as vermin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru has proposed harvesting certain wild populations of caimans (Caiman crocodilus) to supply animals to a ranching operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BraziI&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Brazil is interested in establishing farms for several species of caiman, including the yacare (Caiman crocodilusyacare). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Latin American Nations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the past two years, other Central and South American nations that have indicated their intention to set up farms for crocodiles or caimans are Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, and Uruguay. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5.6.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This appendix is adapted from a paper by A. Pooley that detailed the lessons learned from farming crocodiles to restock depleted habitats in Natal, South Africa. The information is presented here not as a blueprint for setting up a farm, but to show prospective farmers some of the points that they must first consider before attempting to rear crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farm Location&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reliable supplies of good water and suitable food are the most important considerations for establishment of a crocodile farm; the area selected must have both. Village farms also need to be close enough to wild crocodile populations for the animals to be obtained easily. Larger farms can be located farther from the source.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For small farms, a natural supply of food should also be readily available in the wild. Areas that have a fishing industry are ideal locations. For large farms, sites near slaughterhouses or fish-processing facilities are ideal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other considerations also include the volume of water available throughout the year, the distance over which water must be piped to the ponds, and pumping costs. The quality of the water should be established, with samples tested for salinity and acidity and, where the supply comes from mineral springs, analyzed for harmful chemicals. Chlorinated water must be tested regularly to ensure that the chlorine content is not too high, and the nature of any factory effluents present should be determined. It is important to establish whether fish, frogs, crabs, mollusks, or aquatic insects survive in the water intended for use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bacterial analysis is advisable where the water is drawn from a river that drains an area densely populated by humans and livestock. If the water is found to be contaminated, the stagnant pond rearing pen system should not be used, particularly when Salmonella spp. are present in high concentrations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A filter system has advantages if water is pumped straight from a river carrying a heavy silt load. Apart from enabling farmers to see the animals in the pools, filtered water makes the pools and pipes easier to clean. Filtration can be achieved by drawing water from a deep pit close to the river so that the water collected seeps through sand or mud.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A reservoir or a series of supply tanks is useful as an additional method of filtering water. In the event that pumping equipment fails, such a reserve supply may prove vital to the health and survival of the crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ponds should receive as much sun as possible, particularly during the winter months. A series of winter air temperature recordings would be useful in choosing the site of rearing pens, since valley temperatures are often several degrees lower than the temperatures some 50 to 100 m uphill. Preference should be given to the warmer locations, taking into account the direction of local winds and heavy rains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soil types are the next consideration. If soils are sandy and porous, earth ponds are impractical and a concrete lining is required to retain water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Drainage of the ponds must be carefully considered. Drainage is far easier if the ponds are built on a slight rise. Water from the ponds must not be allowed to stagnate nearby; the drainage system must be efficient. It is recommended that pens be spaced at least 8 m apart and that their drainpipes lead underground at least 10 m before emptying.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pen Construction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pens with rounded corners are the most successful. Crocodiles frequently choose to lie together in a pile. Square corners allow them to pile up against the angle, smothering those on the bottom and sometimes allowing animals to climb over the fence. With rounded corners, the pile cannot grow very high before the crocodiles slide sideways and the heap collapses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiments in South Africa indicate that natural pools containing rooted vegetation are less prone to become sources of disease than are concrete pools. The surface of the concrete seems to become impregnated with liquid and debris from food and to become a breeding ground for bacteria. For hatchlings and very small juvenile crocodiles, concrete has an added disadvantage; its rough surface can abrade the belly skin when the animals slide in and out of the water, which can foster infection. In 5 or 10 years, even smooth concrete will erode sufficiently to become a problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Researchers elsewhere, however, report better results with concrete lined ponds, which they find easier to clean. Concrete pools are useful for summer because they can be scrubbed clean and because the volume of water used is small. Normally they need only be emptied, cleaned, and refilled every third day, and there is no wastage through seepage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pools are best built as channels. This provides more bank for basking and enables the pools to accommodate more crocodiles. Because the larger males become belligerent only when they can see each other, floating logs, patches of grass, or channel corners are visual barriers that reduce interactions. The channel system also gives more water edge, and this appears to satisfy the territorial instinct.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles are famous for basking in the sun, but they die surprisingly easily of heat prostration. At least one-third of the land area of a farm pen should be shaded with vegetation. The amount of space around each pool is calculated to allow ample basking room for each animal, and an area of shade must likewise be provided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On land, crocodiles often seek contact with each other (thigmotaxis) and frequently lie piled on top of each other, but this should be a matter of choice rather than of overcrowding. There should be few enough animals in the enclosure to allow every crocodile to get out of the water if it chooses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ideally, only half the available number of pools should be occupied at a time, so that they can be used in rotation. In this system, the animals can be moved to fresh pools every two months (or as necessary), leaving the &quot;used&quot; pools to be drained and dried out to bake in the sun. After two months, the pools will then be clean and ready for use again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important requirement is that the pools be at least 60 cm in depth; otherwise, the water becomes too hot in summer. The pool floor should be sloped towards the drain outlet to facilitate cleaning and flushing away uneaten food. Also, the outlet pipe should be 10 cm in diameter, with a stopcock outside the enclosure, so that the pool can be cleaned and emptied efficiently. It is essential to place a screen in the drainpipe to prevent small crocodiles from escaping or being sucked out of the pool during cleaning. After some time, stagnant ponds may become difficult to clean because of the heavy growth of algae on their sides. Hard-bristle scrubbing brushes are needed to dislodge this growth. Small amounts of copper sulfate in the water will help control algae if used regularly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The entire pond and surrounding apron must be smoothly plastered to facilitate cleaning. It helps to have a water source close to each pool from which a hose pipe can be led to pressure spray and clean the pool and its apron.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important part of the design is a partly submerged, gently sloping ledge, some 45 cm in width, around the perimeter of the pool. This provides a shallow resting zone for the crocodiles and gives them easy access to the water. The crocodiles rest there when feeding, and the ledge prevents them from scraping their bellies and damaging their claws when they enter or leave the pool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For small crocodiles it is advisable to roof over the entire pen with wire netting or cries-crossed strands of wire. This protects against predators. Further, young crocodiles can climb vertical wire netting with ease and will escape unless the enclosure is either roofed or has side walls that slope inwards. A skirting board (planking, sheet iron, tin, or plastic sheeting) placed against the wire netting can also prevent this. If wire netting is used for the sides of the pens it should have mesh no larger than 1 cm so that hatchlings will not injure themselves by trying to climb through. While these pools are being cleaned, care must be exercised to prevent crocodiles from falling into the empty pool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water can be passed continuously through the pools. The advantage of this is that during hot summer weather, when crocodiles are feeding at their maximum rate, small uneaten food particles, feces, and urine are carried away. Constant dilution of the pond's water also ensures a low bacteria level. However, the pool must be drained and scrubbed clean at least weekly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Earthen pools are easy and cheap to build and are a &quot;natural&quot; habitat where vegetation can be planted and small live fish introduced; insects, frogs, and other creatures attracted to the dams will be an important addition to the diet and health of the crocodiles. Earthen pools are ideal in climates where low winter temperatures are likely to cause respiratory illness in the young animals. During cold weather the crocodiles burrow into the mudbanks and survive nights of heavy frost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the animal's burrowing capabilities, it is important to provide a strip of land 4 m wide between the pool's edge and the boundary fence. Otherwise, crocodiles may tunnel beyond the fence line. Fences must be buried at least 1 m deep to intercept the burrows and to prevent predators from burrowing in. Burrowing, however, can be hazardous, because the burrows can collapse and suffocate the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In areas where the soil is porous or sandy, the floor of an earth dam can be sealed with concrete or plastic irrigation sheets. A layer of earth can be used to conceal this artificial floor. The disadvantages of earth pools are that, because of seepage, they require more water than concrete ones and that they require more maintenance because they cannot be efficiently cleaned. Even if the pools are provided with constantly circulating water, they eventually become fouled, particularly during hot weather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Removing crocodiles from an earth pond can prove difficult, since most will take refuge in their burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capturing Crocodiles&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles are located at night, usually from a boat, by shining a light along the edges of rivers and lagoons. Because of a reflective tapetum, the eyes of crocodiles glow reddish or orange and are visible for a hundred meters or more. If the population has not become exposed to hunting and become wary of people, the animals will not submerge when the light strikes them. Dazzled by the beam, they tolerate a stealthy approach, and small animals can simply be grabbed by hand or scooped up in a net. They can then be transported in sacks to the rearing pens. Larger animals may be noosed or baited into cylindrical screen traps at places they frequent along the water's edge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Managing a Crocodile Farm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is a problem to sort the young crocodiles. From one clutch of eggs, some individuals will be aggressive and others may be shy or extremely timid; growth may vary from rapid to very slow, with a few individuals classed as runts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Larger animals can be so dominant that smaller individuals will not even attempt to feed. If sorting is not done, the smaller, less-aggressive individuals do not get a fair share of the food; they grow slowly and get bitten and harassed by the larger animals. At feeding time, some will flee to the opposite side of the pen and stop feeding altogether. Keeping the young animals sorted into classes of the same size avoids many of these problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nutrition and Feeding&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the crocodilian's reputation as a man-eater, small wild crocodiles live mainly on invertebrates and larger ones live mainly on fish. Papua New Guinea's farmers feed a varied diet of locally caught fish, crab, shrimp, frogs, snails, grasshoppers, beetles, and slaughterhouse waste. Whole animals minced up should be used, if necessary, because crocodiles require a diet of bone, intestine, scales, and other tissues to provide calcium and minerals. Bones in chopped fish must be minced thoroughly for hatchlings or very young crocodiles, or they should be fed very small fish supplemented by tadpoles or insects. One village in Papua New Guinea has shown remarkable success in rearing hatchlings on a diet of chopped fish and live freshwater shrimp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fish is an excellent food for the bulk feeding of a large captive population. Whole fish chopped into pieces, including the livers and hearts, forms a balanced diet that may be supplemented by meat, if available, to make up bulk. Small whole fish are particularly suitable; the crocodiles derive calcium from the bones and scales, plus roughage to facilitate digestion, while the flesh, liver, and heart are rich in nutrients and protein The main difficulty usually lies in harvesting enough fish to meet the crocodiles' demands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any method of supplementing the diet with live creatures is recommended. For instance, a light can be left burning in each pen about 15 cm above the water for attracting insects. Various types of insect traps may also be used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles also can be fed on a variety of wastes such as offal or noncommercial fish. Ideally, a large-scale farm should be located near a poultry slaughterhouse. (Cattle offal is also satisfactory, but it is not nutritionally adequate as a sole ration for crocodiles.) Even crocodile offal itself can be fed back to crocodiles. However, the use of offal will necessitate dietary supplements to assure sufficient phosphorus and calcium. These minerals are generally provided by feeding bones to the crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles usually consume their food in the water, but they can also be fed on land. They will eat daily, but are able to remain active for weeks without food. If they are fed in the water of a farm pen, the water will become polluted unless there is considerable flow to carry away the debris. In extreme cases, the pools become septic. To ensure the health of the growing animals, constantly flowing water is far superior to standing water. (The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm in Thailand feeds some of its animals in water, but the small feeding pools are separate from the large regular breeding pools and at a lower level to prevent their overflowing into the breeding pools.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to feed pieces of food small enough to be swallowed without difficulty. Large fish should be cut into elongated rather than square pieces, since the bones can cause damage during swallowing. Similarly, whole live fish should not be so large that the dorsal fin may cause damage to the reptile's throat and gullet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to know the amount of food that each group of animals will consume at each meal. By feeding at the same time each day, it is easy to calculate how much is required. Moreover, the crocodiles become accustomed to a routine and the food is consumed while it is still fresh. In the hot summer months the animals will devour a full meal every 24 hours, but the feeding rate slackens with the onset of colder weather. It is then wise to start reducing frequency and quantities until food is required only every second or third day, depending on the climate. Generally, young crocodiles will refuse food when the air or water temperature falls below 60Â°F (15.6Â°C). Even in midsummer sudden cold spells may occur; at such times, it is usually futile to feed the animals or try to coax them to eat until the weather warms up again. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During hot weather conditions it is preferable to feed late in the afternoon or evenings, mainly to avoid placing the food on a hot cement surface. The food should be spread out around the edge of the pool under the shaded area so that the animals do not have to climb over one another to reach it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In cemented pens the area where the food is laid out should be cleaned and scrubbed two hours after feeding time and any uneaten food removed from the water with a hand net. In earthen pools, the food should be placed at a different spot along the bank at each feeding. A useful aid to hygiene is keeping a few predacious fish, such as barbel (Clarias spp.), in each pool to clean up scraps of uneaten food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population Density&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty-five crocodiles are considered the maximum manageable number per unit; staying within this limit reduces competition for food, bullying and fighting, and the number of injuries. A low stocking rate also results in a more even average growth rate. Most important is the fact that the overall health of the crocodiles is better than in a more crowded pen; disease problems are fewer and the symptoms easier to detect in a small group. If the units are spaced 8 m apart, there is also less danger of infectious disease spreading to other pens. The cleaning of pens is facilitated, and the disturbance caused by capturing crocodiles to be moved to other units is minimized. Housing 500 crocodiles in groups of 25 will require 20 separate pens, and an additional two pens should be provided to allow for intensive care of sick, injured, and weaker animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the first year, when animals are graded frequently, they will often be moved from one pen to another. Recording the number of animals housed in each pen will make it possible to keep track of numbers and movements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction is impossible when crocodiles are kept in large groups composed of different species and sizes and in more or less unnatural enclosures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Healthy, sexually mature pairs of crocodiles are usually not enough to start a breeding program. Genetic diversity to maintain a long-term breeding group must be considered, and certain environmental factors are vital for success. The distinct size and age classes of a free-living population must also be taken into consideration. Optimal sex ratios for breeding in enclosed compounds must be determined and adhered to. If a breeding unit is not based on regard for the animals' basic needs for space, nesting sites, and retreats, the larger specimens will disturb, injure, and often kill smaller specimens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diseases and Parasites&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Disease symptoms may be easily overlooked if the observer is not familiar with the behavior of crocodiles under a variety of conditions. It is essential to know how they normally walk, swim, sleep, feed, and bask in relation to the time of day, the air and water temperatures, and the amount of sunlight or rain, by day, by night, and at different seasons of the year. Caretakers should notice the appearance of feces from healthy animals to be able to detect evidence of diarrhea, and to identify misaligned teeth and weakened limbs to detect nutritional deficiencies. Eggs are critically dependent on specific temperature and moisture requirements if the embryos are to develop normally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often difficult to determine the cause of illness or death, and even if the ailment has been correctly diagnosed, it is not easy to capture and administer drugs to large numbers of sick animals. Some animals may be injured during the handling process. Emphasis on preventing disease, rather than curing it, is the best way of ensuring a healthy crop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost inevitably, the water in the pools will harbor concentrations of bacteria such as salmonella. If strict hygiene is observed, however, the bacterial level will not be harmful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is recommended that whenever possible animals found newly dead should be dissected and vital organs such as the brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and stomach removed for veterinary research. Blood slides should also be taken and feces samples collected. The various specimens must be carefully labeled, frozen as quickly as possible, and packed on ice in a vacuum flask for immediate dispatch to the nearest veterinary research institute or pathologist. Alternatively, dying animals may be sent live for research purposes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is helpful for the handler to become thoroughly acquainted with the animal's internal anatomy, in order to distinguish between healthy and diseased organs. This knowledge, coupled with the symptoms noted before the animal dies, and the veterinary report, will be useful in future diagnosis and treatment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One problem for the crocodile farmer is a roundworm (nematode) parasite that burrows into the belly skin. When the burrow collapses it produces an undulating track across the belly and throat scales that ruins the hide. These parasites have been found in crocodiles from Latin America, Africa, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Asia. They seem more prevalent in some areas and some farms than in others. The organism has been identified, but no treatment or control has been discovered. It is, however, believed that damp, muddy conditions foster the nematode, and that to reduce it pens should have areas of dry land where the animals can bask.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Killing, Skinning, and Tanning&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some farmers kill the crocodiles themselves, but many rear the animals and then sell them to a larger concern that is better equipped to deal with the skins. Killing is done most quickly and humanely by catching the crocodile with a noose and severing the spinal cord just behind the skull.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many hides are ruined or severely damaged during skinning. Even a single hole resulting from a slip of the skinning knife may reduce a hide's value by 25 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After skinning, the hides are normally coated with about 0.5 cm of coarse salt and rolled up. Within 48 hours they are unrolled and resalted. If the hide is not sufficiently salted, it may become infected with bacteria or fungi that cause the epidermis of the scales to decay or slip. Although this layer is removed during tannage, scale slip is a symptom of rot and usually causes damage to the finished hide product. If the decay is intense, the salted hides may become reddish or brown in color. This is called &quot;red heat.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although salt remains the universally used preservative for raw hides, the reptile leather industry has developed chemical fixatives that are used in addition to salt for preserving hides for tanning. Most of these pretannage fixatives are liquid and require soaking the hide in a vat, which may not be feasible in remote areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A pretanned hide is called a crust. It is green-gray (chrome tanned) or tan (vegetable tanned) and is stiff. The hide is dyed and glazed to its final finish. To increase the workability and to remove as many of the osteoderms as possible (if they are present), the underside of the hide is shaved to an even thickness. The shaving is done by craftsmen. If they shaved too much, the hide will be thin and weak, especially over the suture between the scales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5.6.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information on the management and status of crocodiles can be found in the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IUCN/Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter. Available from the editors, Peter Brazaitis and Myrna Watanabe, c/o New York Zoological Park, Bronx Zoo, The Bronx, New York 10460, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A Field Guide of Captive Rearing and Management of Crocodiles in India is available from Mr. R. K. Rao, Director, Central Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute (Government of India), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blake, D. K. 1974. The rearing of crocodiles for commercial and conservation purposes in Rhodesia. The Rhodesia Science News 8(10):315-324.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blake, D. K., and J. P. Loveridge. 1975. The role of commercial crocodile farming in crocodile conservation. Biological Conservation 8(4): 261-272.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bolton, M. 1981. Crocodile Husbandry in Papua New Guinea. Field Document 4. FO: DP/ PNG/74/029. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 103 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bolton, M., and M. Laufa. 1982. The crocodile project in Papua New Guinea. Biological Conservation 22:169-179.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazaitis, P. (In press) Problems in the Identification of Commercial Crocodilian Hides and the Effect on Law Enforcement. Proceedings of the IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group meeting in Zimbabwe September-October, 1982. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazaitis, P. 1973. The identification of living crocodiles. Zoologica 58(3-4):59-101.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cott, H. B. 1954. Ecology and economic status of the crocodile in Uganda. Record of the Symposium on African Hydrobiology and Inland Fisheries, Committee on Technical Cooperation for Africa South of the Sahara 6:119-122.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cott, H. B. 1961. Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29(4):211-337.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Downes, M. C. 1978. An explanation of the National Policy for the Crocodile Programme. Wildlife Division, Department of Lands, Surveys and Environment, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fuchs, K., nd. Die Krokodilhaut Eduard Roether Verlag Darmstadt, Frankfurt, West Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham, A., 1981. Mapping the pattern of crocodile nesting activity in Papua New Guinea. Field Document No. 3, FO: DP/PNG/74/029. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 50 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joanen, T., and L. McNease. 1975. Notes on the Reproductive Biology and Captive Propagation of the American Alligator. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 29:407-415. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joanen, T., and L. McNease. 1979. Culture of the American alligator. International Zoo Yearbook 19:61-66.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;King, F. W., and P. Brazaitis. 1971. Species identification of commercial crocodile skins. Zoologica 56(2): 15-72.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loveridge, J. P. ed. 1982. The Zimbabwe Science News 16(9):196-219. Causeway, Zimbabwe. (Contains five articles on crocodilian research and conservation; from Zimbabwe, Australia the United States, and lndia.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Millichamp, N. J. ;980. Medical aspects of disease in reptile collections. In The Care and Breeding of Captive Reptiles, The British Herpetological Society, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parker, F. 1981. New Crocodile Laws for Papua New Guinea. Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea. 50 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1969. Some observations on the rearing of crocodiles. Lammergeyer 10:45-59.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1971. Crocodile rearing and restocking. Pp. 104-130 in Crocodiles, IUCN Publications New Series Supplementary Paper 32. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1110 Gland, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1973. Conservation and Management of Crocodiles in Africa. Journal of the South African Wildlife Management Association 3(2):101-103.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1977. A report on Crocodile Farming. Papua New Guinea. Wildlife leaflet No. 77/27. pp. 1-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1981. Disappearing African Crocodiles. Oryx 16(1):38-40.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. (In press). The status of crocodiles in Africa. Paper Presented at 5th Meeting IUCN Survival Service Commission's Crocodile Specialist Group. Gainesville Florida, USA. September 1980.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C., and C. Gans. 1976. The Nile crocodile. Scientific American 234(4): 114-124.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wallis, B. E. 1980. Market prospects for reptile leathers. Report number ITC/DIP/12, International Trade Commission, Geneva, Switzerland. 50 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wermuth, Von H., and K. Fuchs. 1978. Bestimmen von Krokodilen und ihrer Haute. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whitaker, R. 1982. Export prospects from commercial crocodile farms in Bangladesh. ITC/UNCTAD, Geneva, Switzerland. 47 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whitaker, R., and M. Kemp. 1981. The crocodile industry in Papua New Guinea: Commercial Aspects. Field Document No. 2. FO:DP/PNC/74/029. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 35 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5.6.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following individuals are involved in crocodilian research. Most are biologists concerned with the conservation or natural history of the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Applied Ecology Crocodile Farm, Edward River, Queensland 4870&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shelley Burgin, Total Environment Center, 18 Argyle Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2000&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Melvin Bolton, Woodbury Farm, Woodbury Road, M.S. 142, Via Yeppoon, Queensland 4703&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Max C. Downes, The Game Conservation Center, 24 Queens Parade, North Fitzroy, Victoria 3068&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alistair Graham, P.O. Box41266, Darwin, Northern Territory 5792&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gordon Grigg, Zoology A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Lever, Koorana Crocodile Farm, M.S.F. 76, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harry Messel, Head, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fred Parker, 717 Ross River Road, Kirwan, Queensland 4814&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grahame Webb, School of Zoology, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2033&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohd. Reza Khan, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Dacca, Dacca 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;William Magnusson, Depto de Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Caixa Postal 478, 69000, Manaus, Amazonia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ko Ko Gyi, Professor of Zoology, Rangoon Arts and Sciences University, Rangoon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nyan Taw, Research Officer, People's Pearl and Fishery Corporation, Myakhwanyo Street, Thaketa, Rangoon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Huang Chu-Chien, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Swatow Prefecture Crocodile Farm, Shantou, Guang Dong Province&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federico Medem, Instituto Roberto Franco, Apartado Aereo 2261, Villavicencio (Meta)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gerado Budowski, Head, Natural Renewable Resources Programme, CATIE, Turrialba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Luis Varona, Norte 29, Nuevo Vedado, La Habana 6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jose Alberto Ottenwalder, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Plaza de la Cultura, Santo Domingo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Karlheinz Fuchs, Schillerstrasse 2, 6257 Hunfelder 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jaime Tres 1., Centro de Estudias Conservacionistas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Avenida de la Reforma 0-63, Zona IO, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. C. Choudhury and Lala A. K. Singh, Central Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute, 19-4-319, Lake Dale, Rajendranagar Road, Hyderabad 500 264, Andhra Pradesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian Board for Wildlife, c/o Department of Environment, Bikaner House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi 110 011&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Sale, UNDP/FAO Crocodile Breeding and Management Project, 19-4-319, Lake Dale, Rajendranagar Road Hyderabad 500 264, Andhra Pradesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Shanmugunathan, Chief Wildlife Warden, Vivekananda Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudhakar Kar, Saltwater Crocodile Research and Conservation Unit, Danginal 754 220 Via Rejkanika, District Cuttack, Orissa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Romulus Whitaker, Madras Snake Park Trust, Guindy Deer Park, Madras, Tamil Nadu, 600 002&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. S. Child, Wildlife and Parks Management Of ficer FAO, Rome&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wataru Kimura, Proprietor, Atagawa Tropical and Alligator Garden, Atagawa Higashi Zlu Town, Shizuoka Prefecture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Haller , Bamburi Portland Cement Co. ,Ltd., P.O. Box 90202 ,Mombasa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paul R. Wycherley, President, Malayan Nature Society, P.O. Box 150, Kuala Lumpur&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miguel Alvarez del Toro, Director, Instituto de Historia Natural, Departamento de Zoologia, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtle Gutierrez, Chiapas, 29000&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marco Antonio Lascano B., INIREB, Apdo. No 281, Merida&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tirtha Maskey, National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Office, Thapathali, P.O. Box 107, Kathmandu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antoon de Vos, Box 34, Whitford, Auckland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Milton G. Camacho B., Instituto Nicaraguense de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente (IRENA), Depto. de Fauna Silvestre, Kim 12 1/2 Carreterra Norte, Managua.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ashiq Ahmad, Wildlife Management Specialist, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abdul Latif Rao, Conservator of Wildlife, National Council for Conservation of Wildlife, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, U.G. St. 51, Sector F 6/4, Islamabad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miro Laufa, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, P.O. Box 2585, Konedobu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Karol Kisokau, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Central Government Offices, Waigani&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navu Kwapena, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham Goudie, Crocodile Farm, Lae&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Martin Hollands, Monitoring Ecologist, National Crocodile Project, P.O. Box 2585 Konedobu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pedro Vasques Ruesta, Departamento de Manejo Forestal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apdo. 456, La Molina&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angel C. Alcala, Division Research, Extension and Development, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, 6501, Negros&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;School of Agriculture, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, 6501, Negros.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. B. Anthony, The Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board, Box 662, Pietermaritzburg, Natal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antony Pooley, P.O. Box 42, St. Lucia Estuary, 3936 Zululand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rene E. Honegger, Curator, Zurich Zoo, Zurichbergstrasse 221, 8044 Zurich&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;U. Srisomboon, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok Utai Youngprapakorn and Charoon Youngprapakorn, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm and Zoo Co., Ltd., Talban Road, Samutprakan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angus d'A. Bellairs, Department of Anatomy, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School University of London, Paddington, London W2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Robert Bustard, Isle of Man&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Behler, New York Zoological Society, 185th Street &amp;amp; Southern Blvd., The Bronx, New York 10460&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peter Brazaitis, New York Zoological Society, 185th Street &amp;amp; Southern Blvd., The Bronx New York 10460&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gary Callis, Rt. I, Box 360, Clayton, New Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert H. Chabreck, Louisiana State University, School of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Michael Davenport, Department of Herpetology, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20008&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Claire Hagen, Representative, Reptile Products Association, 120 Cabrini Blvd., New York, New York 10033&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fred Hauptfuhrer, Director of Planning and Development, World Wildlife Fund, Inc., 910 17th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20006&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Howard Hunt, Atlanta Zoological Park, 518 Atlanta Ave. S.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30315&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ted Joanen, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Route 1, Box 20-B, Grand Chenier, Louisiana 70643&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Wayne King, Director, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida 32611&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffrey W. Lang, Biology Department, University of North Dakota, University Station, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles J. Lankester, UNDP, I United Nations Plaza, New York, New York 10017&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;James H. Powell, 1110 Kokomo Street, Plainview, Texas 79072&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles A. Ross, Division of Reptiles and Amphibians, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Myrna Watanabe, 141 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, New York 11201&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uruguay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federico Achaval, Departamento de Zoologia (Vertebrados), Universidad de la Republic Cerrito73, Montevideo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tomas Blohm, Apartado 69, Caracas 1010-A&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Andres Seijas Y., Servicio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, MARNR, Apartado 184, Maracay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. K. Blake, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management, P.O. Box 8365, Causeway, Harare&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Loveridge, Zoology Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kevin van Jaarsveldt, Crocodile Farmers Association of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 2569, Harare &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5.6.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director of the Office of Biological Secretary General Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., is currently the Secretary General of the International Union of Biological Sciences. He received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests are in comparative anatomy and phylogeny of flowering plants, commercial timbers, histology of monocotyledons, economic botany, and tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on tropical plants, he has published extensively in these areas and on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries. Dr. Ayensu was co-chairman of the Panel on Underexploited Tropical Plants of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, JR., is Graduate Research Professor in the Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville. As Technical Director of the Caribbean Conservation Corporation, he has directed a seasonal research program at the breeding ground of the green turtle at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, since 1952, with continuous grants from the National Science Foundation from 1955 to 1980, and has carried out investigations of marine turtle ecology and navigation in various parts of the world. The author of numerous papers, articles, and books, he received the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal of the National Academy of Sciences for Handbook of Turtles and the John Burroughs Medal for The Windward Road. He is Research Associate of the American Museum of Natural History; Affiliate Curator of Natural Sciences, Florida State Museum; Chairman of the Marine Turtle Specialist Group of the Survival Service Commission, International Union for the Conservation of Nature; Honorary Consultant of the World Wildlife Fund; Fellow of the Linnean Society of London; Fellow of the American Fisheries Society; and a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi.In 1973 he was awarded a gold medal from the World Wildlife Fund for the application of scientific findings to the conservation of marine turtles. In 1975 he received the Edward W. Browning Award for achievement in biological conservation. In 1978 Dr. Carr was awarded the Gold Medal of the New York Zoological Society for contributions to natural science and conservation; in 1978 he became Officer of the Order of the Golden Ark (The Netherlands).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING is the Director of the Florida State Museum, Gainesville. He received a B.S. in 1957 and an M.S. in 1961 from the University of Florida and a Ph.D. from 1966 from the University of Miami. His research interests are in wildlife conservation and habitat preservation, impact of international trade on wildlife populations, and ecology and behavior of reptile populations. He worked at the New York Zoological Society from 1967 to 1975. As an international wildlife consultant, Dr. King has received honors from the Dominican Republic, the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and from H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands. He has served on committees advising the State Department and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources on policies regarding the trade of crocodile skins, turtle products, and other wildlife materials. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry and Professor of Forest Genetics, Yale University, was Dean of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale from 1965 to 1975. He received a B.A. from Luxembourg College and a B.Sc.F. from the University of New Brunswick in 1950, an M.F. in ecology in 1951, and a Ph.D. in forest genetics from Yale in 1954. He is especially knowledgeable about francophone Africa and was chairman of the Sahel program of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development and a member of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation. From 1960 to 1965 he was research collaborator at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1966 he was the recipient of the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Biological Research from the Society of American Foresters and in 1975 was Distinguished Professor (Fulbright-Hays Program) in Yugoslavia. Before joining the Yale faculty, he served as project leader in forest genetics for the U.S. Forest Service in Florida. He has served as a consultant to FAO, various foreign governments, and private forestry companies, and he has traveled extensively in the tropical countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS is head of the Furzebrook Research Station of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (National Environment Research Council, U.K.). He received a B.A. in natural sciences (zoology) at the University of Cambridge of 1958, M.A. in 1962, and received his Ph.D. from London University in research on the integrated control of orchard pests. Dr. Morris worked at Monks Wood Experimental Station on the effects of grassland management on populations of invertebrates and developed a strong interest in community and applied ecology, particularly the conservation of insect populations. Recently he has become involved with problems of butterfly conservation and resource utilization. He is Secretary of the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects, a Vice-Chairman of the Lepidoptera Specialist Group of lUCN'S Survival Commission, and Chairman of the Habitat and Species Protection Committee of SEL (Societal Europaea Lepidoptero-Logica). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH L. POPENOE is Professor of Soils, Agronomy, Botany, and Geography and Director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California at Davis in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this system. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. He is past Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Escuela Agricola Panamericana in Honduras, Visiting Lecturer on Tropical Public Health at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Agronomy, the America Geographical Society, and the International Soils Science Society. He is Chairman of the Advisory Committee for Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT MICHAEL PYLE, a writer and consulting lepidopterist based in Gray's River, Washington, has served since 1979 as Co-Compiler of the lUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. In this capacity he is consultant to the Conservation Monitoring Center in Cambridge, England. After receiving his B.S. and M.S. at the University of Washington, he took his Ph.D. through the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University in 1976. He worked for the Government of Papua New Guinea on the conservation and utilization of insect resources and then with the Nature Conservancy as Northwest Land Steward. A former Fulbright Scholar to the United Kingdom, Dr. Pyle subsequently founded the Xerces Society for conservation of beneficial insects and their habitats. He has been chairman of IUCN'S Lepidoptera Specialist Group (Species Survival Commission) since 1976. His publications include the Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies. A comprehensive book on insect conservation in his next project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1977 in natural resources management. He has worked on various wildlife research projects in Asia since 1964 and is representative for the Asia Foundation in Taiwan. He has published articles on butterfly conservation and wildlife industries in Taiwan, where he has been studying the butterfly and wildlife farming projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, staff officer for this study, is Professional Associate of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science that are important for developing countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (member through 1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (member through 1982) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAMUEL P. ASPER, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEONARD BERRY, Professor, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST I. BRISKEY, Dean, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON S. BROWN, Director, Resources Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Associate Professor, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND J. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM A. W. KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE I. LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANICE E. PERLMAN, Executive Director, Committee for a New New York, New York City Partnership, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Assistant Dean for International Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN G. HURLEY, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL P. GREENE, Associate Director/Research Grants &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+
+</Doc>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASHe0e6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASHe0e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASHe0e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2732 @@
+<Doc xmlns:gs2="http://www.greenstone.org/gs2" file="HASHe0e6.dir/doc.xml"  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499" gs2:mode="add">
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AFRICA-CARIBBEAN-PACIFIC - EUROPEAN-UNION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali, which used to be the centre of great appears hemmed in by its frontiers, colonisation having culminated in the break-up of the old 'French Sudan'. Following the marxist regime of Modibo Keita (the 'founder' of the nation) and the dictatorship of Mousse TraorÃ©, Mali has discovered democracy. It is still one of the world's poorest countries but recent macro-economic trends are highly encouraging and there is a new dynamism. It seems that the ending of the Tuareg conflict has provoked a surge of optimism- even among ordinary citizens whose wallets have yet to feel the effects of an improving national economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacific island nations have a reputation for idyllic scenery and rich cultural traditions. Western Samoa has both of these assets in abundance, but it also faces many development challenges. With a population of just 165 000, the country has a limited local market, and it is a very long way from potential overseas customers. It is also susceptible to destructive tropical storms. Despite these constraints, there have been some promising signs of economic progress in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dossier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Investing in people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To say that investing in people makes economic sense is to state the obvious. But to what extent are the implications of this statement fully understood in the developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, in these days of constantly shifting development theories? We look at this subject in our Dossier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Address: Postal address (mail only) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'The ACP-EU Courier' Commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1049 Brussels &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Belgium &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier office address (visitors) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First floor Astrid Building 1, rue de GenÃšve &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evere - Brussels &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publisher Steffen Smidt &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission of the European communities &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;200, rue de la Loi &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1049 - BRUSSELS &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Belgium) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. 00-32-2-299 11 11 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Publications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assistant editors&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeanne Remacle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associate assistant editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalist:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Production Manager:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secretariat:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carmela Peters&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fax: 299-30-02&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Circulation:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Margriet Mahy-van der Werf&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(299-30-12)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cower page:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cover photo by&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John and Penny Hubley&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.2.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Pacific Forum: 'responding to the needs of the Member States'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although an accountant by training, leremiah Tabai has never had the opportunity to practise his profession, having pursued a successful political career instead since 1974. In 1978, he was annointed head of government in Kiribati and a year later he became his country's first President, when it achieved independence. He held this position for 12 years. In 1991, he took up the top post in one of the South Pacific's key regional bodies, the Forum Secretariat, which is based in Suva, Fiji. During a recent Courier visit to the region, we had the opportunity to interview the Secretary General. Our discussion was wide-ranging, covering issues such as the Forum Secretariat's role, the economic challenges facing the South Pacific, and the development of regional links with Australia, New Zealand and Asia. We began by asking Mr Tabai to outline the objectives of the organisation that he heads.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Like many other organisations in the region, the Forum was established essentially to try and assist the development process of the Member States. At the time it was set up, there was already an organisation in existence - the South Pacific Commission - which dates back to 1947. But there was a feeling that we needed an organisation that was not just restricted to economic issues; that could talk about other matters with a bearing on the development of the region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the early years, when the organisation was called the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation (SPEC), the focus was heavily on trying to assist the trade and economic development of the member countries. Later, the name was changed to the Forum Secretariat and its role evolved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In what way ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It has evolved in seeking to respond to the needs of the Member States. It started as a very small bureau essentially dealing, as I said, with trade and economic issues. Subsequently, it moved into areas like energy, civil aviation, maritime questions and telecommunications. It also became more involved in political issues. We have a division which deals specifically with these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1995 was a very important year in the history of the Forum. We had a review of the organisation, looking at ways we could perform better and taking account of the changes in the region and the world at large. The fundamental recommendation in the report which came out of that review was that the Secretariat should focus mainly in future on poliy-related issues, in the areas of trade and investment, economics and international relations. This report was discussed and endorsed at the last Forum in Madang, Papua New Guinea. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Does this mean, in practice, a withdrawal from project activity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It may. The essential focus of the work will be providing policy advice to countries. Having said this, there should still be some project work. For instance, we will be engaged in a programme to provide assistance for importers, particularly in the small island countries. The idea is to help people- who may not be familiar with all the legal requirements-to learn how to get into the business. This will involve running a workshop and inviting people with expertise to pass on their knowledge. So even though the focus will be on policy issues, there will still be room for project-type activities where needed -so long as these fit in with the policy priorities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mentioned the fact that the Forum now deals with political questions. Although the issue may now be seen as 'water under the bridge' to what extent was the Forum Secretariat involved in the diplomatic disagreement over French nuclear testing ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- We were very much involved from the beginning. In 1991, when the French testing was not underground but atmospheric, the region, at a Forum meeting, came out strongly in opposition to the tests. Right up to our last meeting in Madang, the subject was always a major item on the agenda, and we left France in no doubt as to the resolve of our region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the new President took the decision to resume testing after a gap of several years, I was in the group from the South Pacific that went to France to express our views to French ministers, face-to-face. Our team was led by the then Australian Foreign Minister, Gareth Evans, who was President of the Forum. And when the tests began again, the Chairman took a decision suspending the dialogue and partner status of France with the Forum. So, as you see, we have been heavily involved in the issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What resources does the Forum have at its disposal and where does the money come from ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- An important source of funds is our members' contributions. These tend to be used to cover the operational costs of the organisation. Then of course, there are the funds made available by our donors. The main ones are obviously Australia and New Zealand but there are many other countries and international organisations who provide assistance. The EU, of course, is an important partner. There was also a private donor who funded our conference centre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How many people are employed in the Secretariat ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Around 80, all based here in Suva. Most of these are support staff.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is the current state of relations between the Forum Secretariat and the main donors ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I would say our relations are good. We have an extensive mechanism for consultation with the donors. Every two years, we invite them here for a dialogue. We talk about the key issues and discuss ways in which they can assist us. There is also usually a dialogue associated with the Forum (ministerial) meetings. In September this year, after the Forum meeting, we will have more discussions with our main partners such as the EU, Canada, France, Japan and the UK. I should mention too the close links we have with international organisations like the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and the IMF.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I think it is fair to say that the Forum Secretariat is seen as a particularly important organisation in the region. That is why donors are quite keen to be seen assisting us in what we do.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are the key development issues facing the South Pacific nations ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Development is quite a difficult process for our region. There are various international reports (particularly from the World Bank) - that describe how we have fared over the last few years. If you compare our performance with the Caribbean countries, for example, you find that we have not done nearly so well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We face a number of problems. First, there is the fact that we are so small. Small communities find it much more difficult than large ones to achieve development. You need to have the market and the critical mass to do all the things that are needed and we lack these. A second, related point is that our countries are very isolated from the rest of the world. It is true that here in Fiji, there are quite good connections, but if you go to Tuvalu, Kiribati or Niue, you will soon discover how difficult it is to get out. And if you are so isolated in terms of communication, how can you hope to increase your exports ? How can you airfreight your fish to Japan when there is no aircraft available-or the one that is available is not fast enough to ensure that the product is still fresh when it arrives?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On this question, one of the things we are increasingly realising is the need to do more in terms of human resource development. We all recognise that, without an educated population and workforce, it is very hard to achieve the development that we are aiming for. To be fair, if you compare the literacy rates here with those of many other countries, say in Africa, they are not at all bad. Our literacy levels are quite high. But I think we have a long way to go in acquiring problem-solving skills of the type needed to compete internationally. We are now talking with the EU about how we can utilise funding from the second protocol of LomÃ© IV. And I suspect that human resource development will remain high on the agenda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is that view shared by the European side ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think so. l have a feeling that they will support it because it is so obvious. If you develop human skills, you are better placed when it comes to problem-solving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Going back to the key development issues, another point is the lack of natural resources. This is less of a difficulty for countries like Fiji or Papua New Guinea, but it certainly affects the small island states. It hardly needs saying that if you don't have the resources in the first place, it is much harder to develop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, I think there is a question of how the Pacific region can get a better return on the resources it does have. This theme of 'managing our resources' was discussed by the Forum in Brisbane two years ago. Fisheries is probably the most important area here. The question is how we can earn more from this than we are currently doing- and there is no easy answer. Likewise in the forestry sector. We have to ensure that logging is done on a sustainable basis. But we must also recognise that leaders of the Pacific nations are under pressure. On the one hand, they are trying to take a lona-term view. but they are also striving to tackle the immediate problems. In an ideal world, our region would obtain a far better return on our resources, and that is something that we have to work on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having said all this, I don't think one should be too pessimistic. This region is still a very good place to live in. That is clearly reflected in the number of visitors we get. The 'South Seas' still have a special connotation that draws people here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You effectively have two 'genera/' regional organisations, with overlapping memberships, covering the South Pacific -the Forum, and the South Pacifc Commission (SPC). Do you think there is room for bath ? Do you complement each other or is there a rivalry ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We have more than two regional organisations. We also have SPREP (South Pacifc Regional Environment Programme), the FFA (Forum Fisheries Agency)....&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but these are specialist bodies with distinct sectoral responsibilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, that's true. In answer to your question, my view is that we have no problem with things as they stand. I was very involved in the debate some years back on the question of what we called an SRO - a single regional organisation. There was a strong push to try and achieve an SRO. The subject was debated for a few years and, in the end, it was possible to resolve the question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mean it was resolved by the idea being abandoned ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I suppose it depends on the way you look at it. The outcome was a decision to leave the regional organisations as they are but with the establishment of a mechanism to ensure they work together more effectively. This mechanism is called SPOCC-the South Pacific Organisations Coordinating Committee. It is a meeting of heads of regional organisations which happens at least once a year. We talk about the issues that are common to our mandate and work out ways of doing things better. SPOCC has been operating for six or seven years now and I think it works fairly well. There is, after all, no conflict in our underlying objectives. So my answer here is no, I don't see any problem. I don't see any rivalry between us. It is a question of seeing how we can work together to achieve the goals that we share.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the European Union, the fundamental goal, set out in the Treaty, is to move towards 'ever-closer union' We have been doing this in fits and starts over the past 35 years. Do you see the Forum perhaps taking on a similar role here-as the focus for economic, and perhaps ultimately, political integration in the South Pacifc ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- I think it is too early to speculate. We already have a number of sub-groups in the region like the MSG, the Melanesian Spearhead Group, whose members are the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Fiji (admitted last year). Further north, we have the Micronesian grouping which brings together Nauru, Tuvalu, the Marshall Islands and Kiribati. These groups meet outside the Forum framework and they essentially have a common aim which is to work more closely together. I think they feel it is easier to do it at this level because they are closer to each other and have more in common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for the Forum Secretariat, you can never tell what may come in the future. On balance, however, I think at the moment that integration is a long way off. Having said this, you do sometimes hear people putting the idea forward. There is, for example, something called the CER system, which stands for 'closer economic relations' between Australia and New Zealand. There have been suggestions that it might be possible to enlarge this grouping.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking at closer economic cooperation, and the general dismantling of trade barriers, we also need to recognise the growing importance of APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) for the region. We are trying strengthen our links with the APEC countries and in October, we will be establishing a trade office in Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mean a Forum Secretariat office ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, in Tokyo. We are also talking with the Chinese and will probably end up with an office in Beijing. This is all part of our attempt to integrate ourselves with the Asean region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mission statement of the Forum Secretariat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mission of the Forum Secretariat is to enhance the economic and social well being of the people of the South Pacific, in support of the efforts of the national governments. The Secretariat has particular responsibility to facilitate, develop and maintain cooperation and consultation between member governments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Secretariat must pursue its mission in accordance with the directives of the Forum and within its mandated areas of operation. it undertakes political and economic activities, regional in nature and complementary to the activities of the member governments. Its role requires it to act as the secretariat to the Forum and to disseminate the Forum's views, to coordinate activities with other regional institutions in particular through the SPOCC process, and to represent the Forum's interests intemationally, as required. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Investment symposium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.3.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency) symposium was held in Montreal from 22-24 May. It brought together some 40 African mining ministers, most of the important donor agencies and representatives of around 25 mining companies. MIGA, which is a specialised agency of the World Bank, promotes the flow of private investment to developing countries. It provides insurance against political risks and assists member countries in attracting foreign investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The purpose of the symposium was to attract investors from all over the world in order to exploit the rich mining possibilities offered by many African states. Several of the countries that attended went to considerable effort to present themselves well, and it was evident that some are quickly learning what it takes to attract foreign investors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The climate for mining investment in most African states has improved tremendously over the last two to three years. Most countries have introduced new mining codes, clearly defining the rights and obligations of foreign investors. State-owned companies are also being privatised, taxation has been made more reasonable and institutions in the mining sector, such as geological surveys, are becoming more efficient.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this has led to a big increase in exploration for new deposits and a substantial increase in investment. At present, the activity is particularly heavy in West Africa, where many countries have very good gold potential. The European Community is contributing to this development in several ways. The biggest success so far has been the exploration campaign in Mali, funded under that country's LomÃ© National Indicative Programme (NIP), which led to the discovery of the Sadiola gold deposit. A world-class gold mine will be built here, bringing substantial benefits to the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank has also supported many African countries in their efforts to reform the legal and administrative framework for the mining industry. An important element, however, in attracting mining companies is the availability of good geological data. This is a very expensive activity, which does not bring immediate returns, if at all. So it is not appropriate to finance this through bank loans. The NlPs and SYSMIN Fund, on the other hand, are instruments that are well-suited to this kind of work. The Community has already financed a series of airborne geophysical surveys in Botswana and Namibia -to mention just two examples-and a new Sysmin project is currently being prepared for Burkina Faso.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission Unit responsible for Mining Cooperation and Sysmin (VIIIl.B.5) was represented at the symposium. Its main purpose for being there was to present the functioning of Sysmin and the Community's cooperation in the field of mining to ACP ministers, mining companies and other donor agencies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Current state of the mining sector&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mining sector is currently very active. Exploration in West Africa doubled between 1993 and 1995 and new mines are being opened all the time. A lot of this new activity is to be found in the gold sector. This is mainly due to the development of cheaper production methods combined with a much more positive investment climate in many African countries. A gold mine takes less time to reach the production stage than, for example, a copper mine, with the former being far less dependent on good infrastructure. Outside the gold sector, activity is much more subdued. While base-metal prices are at a reasonable level, the pay-back period is much longer and the lack of suitable infrastructure kills many projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For many countries, mining is a key area in the growth of the private sector. State-ownad mines are being privatised and the new mines that are being opened have little or no state participation. Foreign investors are bringing in the most up-to-date mining technologies and business methods, and they are faced with the need to train local people in technical and business skills. Supporting the mining sector is clearly an efficient way of supporting private sector development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SYSMIN's future role&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given that most metals are currently fetching quite high prices, it is probable that relatively few ACP countries will be eligible for SYSMIN assistance over the next two to three years. The viability of most existing mines is not thought to be under threat and they should continue to be profitable. Thus, countries that are heavily dependent on mining should not experience severe losses in export income, which in turn means that relatively few SYSMIN requests are expected during the period of LomÃ© IV's second financial protocol. At the same time, the financial allocation for SYSMIN has been increased from ECU 48Om to ECU 575m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When trying to attract new mining investors, it is essential for a country to have good geological information. Private companies are normally unwilling to undertake much general prospect ion, such as airborne geophysical surveys, because it is very expensive and, if they do, it is usually limited to very small areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, companies are tending to restrict their activities to areas for which general information is already available. These points were raised by several of the mining companies that attended the symposium.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the present mining boom is not going to last for ever. Metal prices are volatile and, with the next downturn in the business cycle, a decline in metal prices will surely follow. So it is essential to prepare the basis for future mining activities by collecting general data. Given that a significant part of the SYSMIN allocation may remain unused because of a lack of requests, it would be worthwhile to consider whether a part could be reallocated to prepare general geological data for mining activities in the next century. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. B.-H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.3.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Hans van de Veen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Can the EU-ACP relationship be used to strengthen the dialogue between Europe and the main victims of climate change ? And can the LomÃ© Convention be one of the tools to promote climate protection measures, as well as the implementation of the Climate&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Treaty? These questions will be considered in depth at a hearing on climate derange scheduled for the next ACP-EU Joint Assembly, to be held in the last week of September 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Periods of heavy rain have always been part of normal life in Fiji. But the latest rains were different, says counsellor Taina Tudau of the Fiji Embassy in Brussels. 'They were much more extreme than what we were used to, and caused heavy damage. Normally it took several days of heavy rain before the floods came up. This time, the water flooded the islands almost immediately the rain began to fall.' Mrs Tudau sees two main causes for the recent flooding. First, there is heavy deforestation on the islands, causing widespread erosion. But she is sure there was another reason for the recent damage: 'In the Pacific we know the local climate is changing. We see that the sea is rising. We are experiencing more extreme weather events. There can be no doubt that global warming is already going on.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji is a prominent member of the Alliance of Small Island States (Aosis), the group of 36 nations which feel particularly threatened by global warming. At the first Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, held in Berlin in March 1995, Aosis called for industrialised nations to reduce their C02 emissions by 20% by 2005 (based on 1990 levels). At the end of the conference, the 150 national delegations agreed to begin negotiations on targets for industrialised nations to cut emissions in the early years of the next century.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So intentions may be good, but in practice not much has been done yet. The EU, for its part, risks losing credibility if firm action is not taken soon. According to a recent Commission White Paper on energy policy, the use of energy within the Union will increase by 1% a year up to 2020. Failing 'any strong policy interventions', the paper says, emissions of carbon dioxide are likely to show a 'substantial increase' during this period. Says Fiji-counsellor Tudau: 'As small island states we know what's at stake, but there seems to be no feeling of urgency in the rest of the world. We really wonder how long it will take before there is a definite move towards reduction of greenhouse gases.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EU-ACP cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the Berlin conference, the ACP countries-led by Aosis but with support from most of the African states -took a constructive and moderate position in the G77. The position adopted by the EU could also be described as moderate, certainly compared to that of other OECD countries. Several observers have pointed to the fact that these two moderate approaches by important blocks within the Climate Convention negotiations offer possibilities for some form of cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'No doubt the EU represents the most progressive group of countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;within the OECD, although its position is far from sufficient', says Sible Schone, a representative of the World Wide Fund for Nature. 'Besides that, the EU has a special relationship with a large group of developing countries. Quite obviously it will be significant to get a dialogue started between the EU and the ACPs on the subject of climate change.' Currently, there is no such dialogue. 'At the moment we are not in a dialogue with ACP countries on climate change', says Bertil Heerink of the European Commission's Environment Directorate-General who is a member of the EU delegation to the climate negotiations. 'I'm convinced this will happen some day, but first we have to agree on our own goals and measures. I am sure developing countries want us to give priority to this too.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The special ACP subcommittee to deal with tropical timber, the environment and fisheries, formed after the signing of the revised LomÃ© IV, only recently started its work. With respect to the global warming issue, it is waiting for the Joint Assembly hearing, according to ambassador Michael King of Barbados, who is a committee member. 'The specific interests of the different regions have to be articulated there, and then some kind of sustained effort has to be initiated.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The unit for Sustainable Development and Natural Resources in the Development Directorate-General of the Commission (DG VIII) not at present dealing with the subject of climate change. Says Head of Unit, Amos Tincani: 'We have worked on biodiversity and desertification, and we want to do more on the specific environmental problems of small island states. But we have done nothing similar on climate change. This is partly because it is so much a global problem, but the main reason is we simply lack the people and the time to go into it.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assembly hearing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At its meeting in Windhoek in March this year, the Joint Assembly adopted a resolution which had been proposed by representatives of 13 small island states. This urged the EU to take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof. More specifically, the Commission is being asked to update its climate change strategy for the period post-2000 and to achieve significant reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases over the coming decade and thereafter. The resolution riches on to call for extra assistance to ACP countries in the Caribbean, Pacific and Indian Ocean to help them improve their disaster preparedness. The Commission is also urged to accelerate the transfer of appropriate technologies and practices, to enable ACP states to develop coastal zone management strategies and to rehabilitate and protect areas stricken by drought and desertification as well as by hurricanes and floods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two representatives of the European Parliament, Maartje van Putter (PES) and Peter Liege (EPP), have been active on the situation of the small island states and climate change for several years. According to Mrs Van Putten, the main effect of the coming Assembly hearing should be to put extra pressure on the Commission to take its responsibility seriously. 'Talking about climate change,' she says, 'one should never forget who is to blame and who, therefore, must take decisive action. A European tax on energy or carbon dioxide would be an important first step, but no more than that.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Besides influencing the Commission's energy policy, Mrs Van Putten hopes the Assembly hearing will raise public awareness on the climate problem in those ACP countries which are not in the 'small island' category. 'If you are talking about rising sea levels, the African states with low-lying coastal zones face the same problems as the small island countries,' she points out. 'And they also face the problem of desertification and declining food production.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Integrating the climate dimension&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a recent briefing paperto the Commission, the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) concluded that, hitherto, the aid community (including the EU) had not incorporated measures on global warming into their strategic thinking on sustainable development. 'Indeed, the possibility of climate change has been considered of minor importance in comparison to other environmental concerns.' This is hardly surprising, says the London-based institute, as the climate issue has only recently been placed on the international agenda. Moreover, the long-term threat of global warming raises some difficult questions regarding priorities in circumstances where resources are limited. In other words: who wants to spend scarce funds on problems the full effects of which will probably not be felt for another 25 to 50 years? The best way forward, suggests the IIED, is to tackle the apparent conflict between shortterm development priorities and longterm climate protection, by 'integrating the climate dimension' rather than considering climate change as an issue in isolation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Technology transfer could be a central point, according to WWF's Sible Schone. 'Developing countries see technology transfer as a central theme in the Climate Convention, but the industrialised countries don't give enough weight to these There are a lot of paragraphs about technology transfer in the Convention as well as in LomÃ©. Now it's time to fill in these commitments.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strangely, there are hardly any LomÃ© projects currently under way in the field of energy efficiency. It is strange because experts have pointed to the large potential in developing countries for cost-effective energy improvement and energy conservation. Improved management could save at least 25% of the energy now being consumed. Quick realisation of this potential would significantly contribute to alleviating environmental Ã nd development problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Henri Martin, energy specialist in DG VIII, agrees a lot more could be done in this field, but he points out: 'We are dependent on requests. If you look at the wording of the Convention, everything has already been said. There are chapters on energy and technology transfer. The problem is that we don't get enough signals back from the ACP countries that these items are a priority for them. I'm afraid sustainable energy or energy efficiency is not high on the agenda of most countries.' Taina Tudau disagrees strongly: 'Our experience is that the projects that could make a difference and contribute to sustainable development, protection of the environment and local sustainable energy production, are found to be too small. It is the donor that sets the conditions for the projects, not us, the small island states.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New funding?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Can the EU build a credible policy linking climate and development cooperation, without reserving extra money? Not surprisingly, there is disagreement on this question. In Brussels, officials are inclined to point to possibilities that are already there but not being used. Amos Tincani, for instance, observes that 'there are budgets for this kind of problem under LomÃ©. We have provisions specially targeted for the islands'. He mentions regional budgets in particular: 'A lot can be started at the regional level which then trickles down to the national level. But after producing fine resolutions, everybody seems to forget the work still needs to be done. The idea is: 'oh yes, we can do it, provided it is with fresh money'. We say: a lot more can be done with existing budgets and instruments.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maartje van Putten, from the Parliament, says the discussion should not be 'dominated by southern demands for additional money'. She agrees that ACP countries could make better use of existing funds and possibilities, such as, for instance, the funds for intra ACP cooperation. But counsellor Tudau points to the fact that the Climate Convention urges industrialised countries to support the response of developing countries to climate problems through 'new and additional' money, besides the transfer of environmentally sound technologies and expertise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a financial mechanism built into the Climate Convention, which is administered by the Global Environmental Facility, to cover additional costs of appropriate measures. But much more could be done by the aid community, including the EU, according to Mrs Tudau. 'Most European countries will not succeed in stabilising, let alone reducing, their emissions. In reaction to this, as ACP countries we should say: European Union, you are not fulfilling your obligations. You have to try harder and you have to set extra money aside to compensate for the damage this is doing to us. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.v.d.V.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.3.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were no real surprises or unexpected developments at the ACP-EU Council meeting which took place in Apia, Western Samoa, on 27 and 28 June, 1996. The session was preceded by an ACP Council, which saw the adoption of three important decisions. The first of these was the appointment of a new ACP Secretary-6eneral, Mr Ng'andu P. Magande of Zambia. The post had been vacant for some time, following deadlock within the ACP Group over a successor to Berhane Ghebray (see issue 155 of The Courier, p.6). The ministers also agreed to hold a summit of ACP heads of government in Libreville, Gabon, during the second half of 1997. This meeting is expected to focus heavily on the future of ACPEU relations once the present LomÃ© Convention has expired.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the substantive area, the ACP Council adopted a resolution deploring the suspension of cooperation with Equatorial Guinea. Ministers urged the European Union to make use of the procedure in Article 366a of the revised LomÃ© Convention, and to set in train the consultation procedure envisaged in this provision.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This issue was raised again by the ACP side at the subsequent ACP-EU Council. This meeting, which was presided over by Mrs Toya (Italian Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs) and Mr Syamujaye (Zambia's Trade Minister) had a relatively light agenda. There was a discussion about the Commission proposal for a directive on the use of vegetable fats, other than cocoa fat, in chocolate (see issue 158 of The Courier, p.35). Somalia also featured in the debate, with representatives agreeing on the need to find ways of allowing this country to benefit from LomÃ© Convention provisions. The civil conflict in Somalia, and the absence of an effective central administration have prevented the deployment of regular development aid for many years, although significant amounts of emergency assistance have been and are still being provided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, the ACP-EU Council approved two reports drawn up by the development finance cooperation subcommittee and commodities sub-committee respectively. Representatives were able to reach a compromise on two outstanding points of contention in the resolution on development finance relating to tenders and the dissemination of the user's guide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note was taken of the number of countries that have so far lodged instruments of ratification for the revisad LomÃ© Convention (Mauritius agreement). At the time of the Apia meeting, only nine countries had ratified: seven on the ACP side (Barbados, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, Jamaica, Malawi, Mauritius and Solomon Islands) and two EU Member States (Denmark and Sweden). Appeals were made for the contracting parties to speed up their ratification procedures so that the Eighth European Development Fund can come on stream as speedily as possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The next ACP-EU Council meeting will take place in Luxembourg on 24 and 25 April 1997.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Western Samoa deserves a special mention for the warmth of their hospitality and the efficient way in which they organised the Council meeting. Delegates from all sides were keen to express their appreciation of the host country's efforts, which ensured the smooth running of the various meetings and gave the visitors a real taste of this Pacific country's unique culture. ed. S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New ACP Secretary-General&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ng`andu Peter Magande, is no stranger to the challenge of development at the grassroots. The new Secretary-General of the ACP Group, who was born in 1947, began his working career as a provincial development officer, planning and supervising projects in the Southern Province of his native Zambia. He is an economics graduate of the University of Zambia and also holds a master's degree in agricultural economics from Makerere university, Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From working in the field, he moved into government administration, rising to the position of Permanent Secretary-a post which he held in a number of ministries. Since the mid-1980s, he has had key jobs in a number of Zambian enterprises (including Managing Director of the Zambia National Commercial Bank) His most recent work has been on a project to develop private sector participation in agricultural input and produce marketing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.3.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Elisabeth Pape&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya has enjoyed rare political stability since independence in 1963. It is one of the most famous holiday destinations in Africa, with abundant wildlife, fine beaches and stunning scenery. But despite having the most advanced economy in East Africa, it is still one of the world's poorest countries. Over 11 million Kenyans live below the poverty line. But better times may be ahead. The Government has embarked on an ambitious reform programme which promises to lay the foundations for strong growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The early 1990s marked the worst time in Kenyan history, in economic development terms. Real GDP growth dropped from 4.3% in 1990 to 2.1% in 1991 and was almost zero in 1992 and 1993. This poor performance was due to drought, structural rigidities, lack of monetary discipline, non-enforcement of banking regulations, and reduced donor assistance. While Kenya was used to receiving substantial foreign aid inflows, the present decade began with growing tensions between Government and donors. In the new post-Cold War atmosphere, the latter wanted to see political and economic reforms, and in November 1991 they decided to halt guick-disbursing aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Multi-party elections in December 1992 did not immediately restore relations with the donors, in particular as they were accompanied by a lack of fiscal and monetary discipline whose effects threatened economic ruin. Monetary expansion was fuelled, among other things, by discretionary exemptions to Banking Act provisions, which enabled over-borrowing by certain 'political' banks from the Central Bank. In early 1993, things came to a head. Foreign currency reserves were down to just a few weeks of imports, the banking system was on the verge of collapse, and consumer prices had shot up. Against this background, the Government went for a comprehensive, IMF-supported structural adjustment programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of far-reaching reforms were implemented with unprecedented speed. Exchange restrictions were removed, import licensing was ended, import procedures were made easier and tariffs were reduced. The export license requirement was also lifted and price controls were abolished. In March 1993, the Central Bank (CBK) began to tighten monetary policy. By issuing large amounts of treasury bills, it soaked up most of the excess liquidity which had been injected the previous year. There was also stricter bank supervision and a number of weak financial institutions were closed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Structural reforms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Government began structural reforms aimed at reducing its own role in the economy in favour of the private sector. The privatisation programme, begun in 1991, was accelerated. By the end of 1995, the authorities had divested more than half of the 211 non-strategic parastatals-though critics complained the process often lacked transparency. The Government also substantially reduced its fiscal deficit through, above all, an improved revenue policy. The deficit fell from 11.4% of GDP in 1992/93 to 2.5% in 1994/95. The number of civil servants was reduced, mainly through voluntary early retirement, so that, by the end of 1995, the service had been trimmed by more than 30 000 (10% of the payroll).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1995, the reform programme lost momentum as proponents of the old and the new systems locked horns. Vested interests stood in the way of more radical reforms. Temporary import bans on maize and sugar were reimposed, key parastatal reforms were delayed and expensive but economically dubious projects were approved outside normal budgetary procedures. These included an international airport in Eldoret, a presidential jet and an identity card project. These further delayed the resumption of balance of payments support by the Bretton Woods Institutions and contributed to the frustration of efforts to improve relations with donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The economic crisis peaked in early 1993 and the shilling was sharply devalued. The official rate went from about KSh 36 to the dollar at the end of 1992 to KSh 60 in April 1993. On the market, the currency was being traded at a premium of more than 30% and that continued until July-i.e. about two months after the removal of exchange restrictions. The market premium then started to decline and the two rates converged in mid-October when the shilling stood at 69 to the dollar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The high interest rate on treasury bills under the liberalised foreign exchange regime was the main reason behind strong currency inflows which began in October 1993. Other factors, whose exact impact is difficult to gauge, included capital flight from neighbouring crisis-torn countries, the international money laundering one normally finds in places with newly liberalised foreign exchange regimes, and a surplus in the current account position. The shilling then started to rise, despite the CBK's massive currency purchases which led to a build up of reserves to the equivalent of six months of imports. The appreciation continued up to October 1994: indeed, at one point, the shilling reached a high of 35 to the dollar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That was the turning point. Strong import demand, fuelled in particular by a surge in oil imports in the wake of petroleum market liberalisation, and an outflow of portfolio investments due to lower interest rates, weakened the currency. By mid-1995, after two sharp falls, it reached a rate of 56 to the dollar. Since then, it has been relatively stable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic recovery&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Real GDP grew by 3% in 1994 and an estimated 5% in 1995. Good weather certainly helped, but the economy also benefited from the Government's reforms. Agriculture, the mainstay, grew by 2.8% in 1994 and by more than 5% in 1995. This compares with negative growth rates in 1992-93, when the sector was hard hit by bad weather. Elsewhere, the trends were more mixed. Many producers for the local market were affected by trade liberalisation and, in 1994, by the strong shilling. The former created a highly competitive environment almost overnight-after years of cosy protectionism. For cloth manufacturers, the liberalisation of imports of second-hand clothing further aggravated the problem. In 1994, the clothing sector's output dropped 35%. Tourism, the main foreign exchange earner, fared quite well in volume terms in 1994 despite the strong shilling. But while turnover may have gone up, it is likely that many operators did not earn enough extra to cover their increased local currency costs. In 1995, visitor arrivals fell by 20% to the lowest figure since 1988. In consequence, tourism earnings fell by a quarter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As intended, liberalisation led to higher trade volumes. In 1994, exports ( + 16%) rose by more than imports ( + 13%) in value terms, but the position was reversed in 1995 when the latter jumped by 35% while the former were 14% lower. One good sign was that the highest import growth was in industrial supplies and machinery (60% up) but the fact that the deficit almost doubled to reach record levels was obviously a cause for concern.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major revolution has also taken place in trade flows. In 1994, for the first time, Uganda overtook the UK as the biggest importer of Kenyan goods. In the same year, the value of Kenya's exports to African countries moved ahead of its combined exports to Europe and North America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During 1994, the Nairobi Stock Exchange proved to be one of the worid's best-performing stock markets, the value of shares rising by 80%.1995 was disappointing, however. Although foreigners were allowed to invest for the first time, the index nonetheless fell by 25%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fighting inflation has been the CBK's main objective since 1993 and a tight monetary policy has brought the problem under control. Inflation dropped from 46% in 1993 to 29% in 1994 and to below 2% in 1995. Recently, however, an upward trend has bean observed. This follows a money supply increase far in excess of the expansion of economic activity, and is mainly due to a substitution of treasury bills for borrowing from the Central Bank since the end of 1994. If inflation is to remain within the 5% target for 1996-which already seemed highly unlikely by the middle of the year - the trend needs to be speedily reversed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially, the main way of mopping up excess liquidity was through the sale of treasury bills. When the sales began in March 1993, there was a huge liquidity overhang and high interest rates had to be offered to take money out of the market quickly. The rate earned on 90-day bills-which became the lead interest rate in the economy- rose from 17% to 80% between March and July 1993. It then declined steadily, reaching 18% at the end of 1994. This prompted an outflow of short-term capital, leading to currency depreciation and lower foreign reserves. Since mid 1995, treasury bill rates have been back above 20% and this seems to have stabilised the foreign exchange situation. It is generally believed that the high prevailing real interest rates are a major obstacle to investment and economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interest on domestic debt is still a big item in the state budget, although, the situation is much improved, thanks to the reduction in the stock of treasury bills and lower interest rates. In fiscal year 1993/94, interest payments on domestic debt alone swallowed one third of total gavernnnent expenditure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agriculture sector employs 70% of the total labour force and generates more than a quarter of Kenya's GDP. Much of industry is linked to agricultural processing, and tea, coffee and horticultural products are Kenya's major foreign exchange earners after tourism. The marketing of key farm products is dominated by large parastatals and cooperatives which are often run like parastatals. Most marketing organisations have been hard hit by the liberalisation, which brought both inefficiency and corruption to light. Tea growers have complained about improprieties at the Kenya Tea Development Authority. Imported sugar flooded the local market, often without paying import duties, leaving the mills with huge stocks. This, in turn, created severe cash flow problems. Most sugar farmers have not been paid for months. Kenya Cooperative Creameries was not able to pay farmers for milk deliveries for up to half a year, and could only start servicing the arrears when the Government came to its rescue with KSh 800 million in January 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Formidable challenges&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya's labour force, around 12.5 million in 1996, is growing at more than 4% a year. This means that at least half a million people enter the job market annually. The challenge of absorbing the new workers is formidable. Studies show that any strategy to deal with this must be based on three pillars: smallholder agriculture (to absorb most of the growth in the rural labour force), continuing substantial job creation in the informal sector, and high real GDP growth (+8% per year is needed to ensure that the modem sector absorbs a significant number of workers).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Informal sector employment has risen rapidly (up by 15-20% a year since 1991). By 1994, for the first time, there were more people working here than in the modern economy. The informal sector covers semi-organised and unregulated activities largely under taken by self-employed people or employers with just a few workers. Typically, they do not comply fully with tax, registration, and licensing rules, and this sometimes leads to conflict with the authorities. Workers are often paid below the minimum wage and have no social security. For many, the informal sector is, therefore, an 'employer' of last resort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is estimated that almost 50% of rural people and 30% of urban residents live in absolute poverty- unable to meet their minimum requirements for food and essential non-food items. While the percentage has remained fairly stable in recent decades, the increase in the number of 'absolute' poor is alarming. So too is the extent of the poverty: the gap between these people's minimum needs and their actual disposable income has reportedly increased over the last ten years. The bulk of the poor live in the central and western parts of the country, which have the best agricultural potential, the rich soils having always attracted settlers. For decades there was enough land to go around, but demographic trends have finally started to take their toll. The size of landholding has declined continuously, in many cases reaching levels which are no longer capable of sustaining a family.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There has been some progress in restructuring parastatals, but much remains to be done. The performance of key parastatals has been unsatisfactory by international standards and this has constrained growth. At Mombasa port, which is managed by the Kenya Ports Authority, handling charges are 50% higher than the global average, while container turnover is three times slower. Rail transport is unreliable, slow and more expensive than road haulage. The Kenya Power and Lighting Company has a shortage of generating capacity which means periodic power cuts. And intervention in the maize market by the National Cereals and Produce Board- at above-market prices-has prevented private sector involvement as well as placing a heavy burden on government finances. The Board has posted annual operating losses of between KSh 1.8bn and KSh 2.5bn each fiscal year since 1992/93.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corruption, misuse of funds, and the politics of patronage remain endemic and these clearly distort development. Elimination of corruption has been an aim of most reform programmes but it seems that the effect so far has only been to change its form. Trade liberalisation has killed cash cows such as import and foreign exchange licences, and the commercialisation of parastatals has stopped them from doing deals with cronies which were profitable only for the latter. But other forms of non-acceptable wealth accumulation have emerged. In the early 1990s, alleged exports of gold and diamonds are thought to have resulted in a loss of KSh 7 billion of public funds. Land grabbing has also become widespread. This either involves land being sold to individuals or companies with well-established political connections at well below market prices, or the purchase of land by public institutions from the same individuals or companies at inflated prices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After delays because of political differences, cooperation between the three states of the former East African Community (Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya) was revived in early 1996. The EAC Secretariat, based in Arusha, is headed by a Kenyan, Francis Muthaura, a former ambassador in Brussels. For the three countries, the new cooperation aims at facilitating movements of people, capital and trade within the region, and harmonisation of external tariffs and investment regulations. Currencies will be fully convertible. This revived cooperation is expected to have a major growth impact. The Nairobi Stock Exchange is currently assisting Kampala and Dar es Salaam to set up their own exchanges. And the NSE Chairman, Jimnah Mbaru, sees the future not only in a cross-listing of companies in the three places, but in a regional stock exchange.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy framework&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Policy Framework Paper (PFP) for 1996-1998, which was published in February ahead of the donors' Consultative Group (CG) Meeting, was highly applauded for both its content and form. The programme, which the media has dubbed 'the big push', promises finally to crack most of the 'hard nuts' of previous reform agendas, in particular in the parastatal and public sector. It also lays down measures aimed at supporting fiscal and monetary discipline through the next elections. These include cutting the budget deficit to 1.5 % of GDP by 1997/98, a tight monetary policy, and more autonomy for the Central Bank. In addition, it tackles some areas'that have emerged as avenues of corruption in recent years, such as the National Social Security Fund. While previous PFPs were highly confidential, this one was published, and the President appointed a Commission chaired by himself to oversee its implementation. These are seen as important steps in bridging the credibility gap which threatened to open up again in 1995. Donors are prepared to support the reform agenda and are eager to see it implemented speedily. Shortly after the positive outcome of the CG meeting, the IMF approved a three-year Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility programme for a total of $220m. The World Bank is expected to follow suit with a credit of $85m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An increasing number of donors, however, have pointed to the link between democratic governance/ human rights issues on the one hand, and aid and investment flows on the other. If Kenya is to meet its ambitious targets and turn into a newly-industrialising country by 2010, foreign inflows will be vital. The point was succinctly put by a delegate to the CG meeting. 'If its (the Government's) economic successes are matched by a commitment to democracy and human rights, Kenya may yet prove that surging economic growth is not just for Asian tigers, but for African lions, too.' The period leading up to the next general election will be the acid test. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.P. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some countries have a strong folk memory. Despite its size, Mali appears hemmed in by its frontiers. For more than a thousand years, this state was a splendid empire, constantly spreading outward and reflecting the history of the African continent with its conquests and alliances, reversals of fortune and moments of glory. At its height, it extended from the Atlantic to the Sudanese border, from the south of Morocco to the north of Nigeria. Mali's history rests in the minds of its people rather than in any structures inherited from the past. This acts as an antidote to the 'amnesia' often brought on by colonisation, which has the effect of paralysing the future. Although poor, the country has a well-established sense of its place in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A racial melting pot&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;`&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the eve of colonisation, Mali was known es 'west Sudan'. In 1924, the territory then known as 'French Sudan' was split up and small portions of the Malian nation were incorporated into the seven states bordering it-a move certainly not calculated to have a cohesive effect on the remnants of the old empire. Mali has long been a melting pot of races, ethnic groups and cultures. They have learned to live together- intermingling, sometimes forming unexpected alliances, and occasionally fighting one another. The result today is a potpourri where true racial or ethnic confrontation is difficult to imagine. The interplay of history and the mixing of ethnic groups, families and individuals, has created what one intellectual de scribed to us as 'the anti Rwanda vaccine'. Historical mythology offers, perhaps, further evidence of the fusion of cultures in this country. As in ancient Greece or Rome, to take European examples, each ethnic group and each Malian empire, was 'backed' by a host of gods, spirits and totems. In this nebulous world, where dreams beget history and where vastly differing ethnic groups can trace themselves back to a common ancestor, the result was a multiplicity of interrelationships. Under various names, the python totem belongs to many different peoples, including the Peal, Ma/inke and Sarakolle. A study of the migrations of the peoples who make up Mali also reveals a great many relationships - for example, between the Dogon, who are black, and the Shongoi; who are more half-caste. They regard one another as cousins, originating from Aswan in Egypt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malians appear to share a genuine sense of belonging in keeping with their shared culture. The 'people' of Mali came into being long before the state of the same name. The guerilla war fought in recent years by the Tuaregs (this is the English plural, Tuareg already being the plural form of Targul) against the Malian army, is often viewed abroad as a struggle between whites (or Arabs) and blacks. But this is an illusion. Although the Tuaregs are probably the only 'white' minority in the country, they are an integral ingredient in the melting pot. They are also known as 'Kel-Tamasheq' - those who speak Tamashek, which was originally the language of their Bella slaves. Like all the country's ethnic groups, they have dominated and have in turn been dominated. They have forged alliances with one another, and, more commonly, have united against Arab or Berber invasions. The relative absence of bitterness overall is probably due to the fact that each of Mali's peoples has had its era of glory and imperial dominance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali is lucky to have such knowledge of its history. For centuries, the most precise details have been collected by the griots. The same role has also been played by the many secret societies which have initiation periods lasting, in some cases, up to 50 years. They were, and sometimes still are, repositories for the secrets of history, magic, astrology and science, and also for the symbols of power-the religious objects and artefacts of the former emperors. There are written sources as well, something which is quite rare in Africa. These have been transcribed since the beginning of the millennium and, in recent decades, close collaboration between historians, griots and members of traditional societies has enabled a deeper knowledge to be gained of Mali's history.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A rich empire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asselar Man, discovered near Timbuktu in the centre of Mali, was a contemporary of Cro Magnon Man. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cave paintings from five thousand B.C. reveal similarities with those in Egypt and are probably the work of migrant populations from the east, who moved into Mali as the Sahara Desert expanded. Less reliable sources state that interbred populations of Jews and Egyptians under the command of an officer of the Pharaoh Dinga created the Soninke dynasty (originating from Aswan). These people probably laid the found ations of the first great Malian empire, that of Ouagadou. Other sources, equally unreliable, report that they were probably Judaeo-Syrians who arrived at the end of the third century A.D. and found a population already in place. What is more or less certain is that, during the first millennium, a Soninke dynasty was installed around the current frontier between Mauritania and Mali and that 40 princes ruled it in succession in the period prior to 750 A.D. Initially, these rulers were white but, with increasing intermarriage, their skins became darker and darker. To Arab chroniclers, Mali came to be known as Bafour or Bilad es-Soudan (the country of the blacks). At the beginning of the second millennium, the Ouagadou empire held sway over several kingdoms in the south, including the Nigerian delta and a number of Berber principalities. Documents dating from this period have replaced the name Ouagadou with that of Ghana, by analogy, perhaps, with the emperor's title. The empire was already very rich, the richest in the world according to an Arab chronicler who visited it in 970. A work by the writer A/ Bakri, which appeared a century later (1087) went into great detail about the empire's organisation-the system of matrilinear succession, the role of councils of dignitaries, and the capital, Koumbi (whose foundations were discovered in 1914 in southern Mauritania). This city was divided into two districts, one of these being the sacred, imperial city, home to the empire's python totem to which a young girl was sacrificed every year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A story of courage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The killing of the snake totem is the most significant myths in the country's history. The hero of the story is Amadou Sefedokete whose love for his beautiful fiancee Sia (who was about to be offered in sacrifice), prompted him to descend into the monster's lair and confront it. By killing the totem, he broke the thread of countless generations before him, who had carried out the ritual sacrifice. He is still remembered for this magnificent action, based on love and a sense of nobility, and he remains a subject for artists of all types. His brave action still causes young lovers in Africa to shudder in admiration. However, this act of deicide brought about a reversal of fortunes. The monster's seven heads, which the young hero is said to have cut off one after the other, are reputed to have been scattered to the four comers of the earth, thereby dispersing the empire's riches and leaving it penniless. The true story is more prosaic. Ghana's wealth was eyed greedily by the Arabs and Berbers who had long traded with it. The empire's resistance in the face of Islam gave Moroccan religious fanatics a pretext for organising a jihad. It was invaded by an army of 30000 devotees supported by forces from some of the empire's black vassal states. The 'holy war' began in 1042 ending 34 years later with the occupation of Koumbi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The occupation did not last long but was followed by internal clan wars which brought about the end of an era. Restoration came about at the end of the 72th century , in the small Sosso kingdom, south of Ouagadou (also set up by a small group of SoninkÃ©). One of the minor kings called Soumangourou Diarasso dreamed of recreating Ghana's empire, and, in 1203, he succeeded in sacking the ancient capital of Koumbi in a move designed to establish his own dynasty. This was an important symbolic act and in the fierce war which followed, Soumangourou subjugated MandÃ©, a region which was overflowing with wealth. One of Africa's greatest heroes, Soundjata, rose up against him. He was supposedly the legitimate heir to the Mandingo throne, but was unable to walk, having been born an invalid of a deformed mother who had been married at the recommendation of the king's sorcerer. His young half-brother took his place on the throne and sent the paralysed prince into exile. At the age of 18, Soundjata decided to seize his own place in history and a 'giant' was thus bom. In 1235, his army fought that of the bloodthirsty Sosso monarch whom he himself is said to have cut down in an extraordinary battle. It was a fight which, according to the legends, saw the use of all types of weapon, including magic. Soundjata had forged a grand alliance in order to gain victory. Rather than reducing to vassalage the small kingdoms which had allied themselves with him, the new emperor decided to form them into a federation-although he wisely declared that from Niani (his capital), 'I shall see all'. His empire took the name of 'Mali' (the hippopotamus) on account of that animal's strength and mastery of bath water and land. For 20 years, the empire was to stretch as far as the Atlantic Ocean. Its structure, based on a number of warrior clans, craftsmen, freemen and marabous, is still characteristic of Mali and neighbouring countries today. The empire was rich in gold once again but also in terms of agricultural organisation with the development of cotton and groundout farming. Soundjata disappeared mysteriously in 1255, leaving a prosperous empire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Conquest' of America?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1285, there was a struggle for succession between two princes and a third, Prince Sakoura (a freed slave), took advantage of the quarrel to take power for himself. Sakoura expanded the empire by subjugating the Timbuktu Tuaregs and the Gao Shongoi: After his short reign, a genuine heir of Soundjata, Aboubakar II, ascended the throne. He had his eye on conquests over the seas and, according to the story, he set sail westwards leading a fleet of 2000 vessels. He was never seen again. However, recent studies favour the hypothesis that he was not lost at sea as had always been supposed' but did, in fact, reach the Americas. A series of ineffective monarchs succeeded this 'conqueror of the impossible', who preceded Christopher Columbus by 200 years, leaving little real impression on history other than the records of their exuberant behaviour. One of them, for example, went on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 with a reported retinue of 60 000 and distributed considerable amounts of gold to all the dignitaries he encountered in that holy place. These kings, however, are acknowledged as having preserved the empire's unity, guaranteeing order without repression and allowing wide religious, moral and sexual tolerance, even for married women. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kingdom centred on Gao dates back to at least the first millennium but it was usually a vassal of the Ouagadou empire and of Mali. One of its kings, Sonny Ali Ber (known as Sonny the Great), came to the throne in 1464, profiting from the decay of the Mali empire. His reign was marked by a bitter struggle against the UlÃ©mas of Timbuktu who, over a period of four centuries following the Almoravid conquest, had converted a large portion of the empire to Islam. The circumstances of Sonny's disappearance are uncertain, but he is thought to have drowned in 1492, the year when a certain Genoese navigator was to achieve the ancient goal of 'discovering' the Malian empire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sonny Ber's successor did not last long in the face of Islamic expansion. The new Askia dynasty was installed to lead the Shongoi empire, and this expanded with the annexation of Dahomey and part of Nigeria. However, a small part of the former Mali empire never passed under their rule. The Askia dynasty blew hot and cold in terms of religious fervour. Tyrannical at first, it later took a softer line. Under the reign of one monarch, the Gao court based in the university city of Timbuktu became a place of exceptional refinement-only to slide once again into a state of intolerance. One of the Askias, having destroyed the last symbols of the former Mali empire, the city of Niani, set upon his former Moroccan allies. Another emperor, Askia Daoud (1549-1582), turned out to be a fine administrator. He developed agriculture and set up a genuine bank in Gaol War with Morocco continued throughout his reign and beyond. In 1584, imperial force defeated 20 000 Moroccan soldiers, winning a victory which might have been decisive had it not been for internal dissent. This weakened the Askia side and enabled Morocco, with a band of Spanish mercenaries, to take over the empire, following a battle in April 1591. Success was due, above all on this occasion, to the firearms deployed by the winning side. Such weapons were unknown to the 45 000 Malian cavalry and infantry who were engaged. It also turned out to be a Pyrrhic victory. The occupying troops sent the great scholars from Timbuktu University to Morocco, where their peers took up their cause. Moreover, the foreign soldiers were won over by the easy life in Mali-and one of the first results of their presence was a big increase in the half-caste population. In 1612, the troops rejected the Moroccan command: the occupation was at an end and the last few Moroccans were later expelled from Timbuktu by the Tuaregs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black religious proselytism and colonisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To each dog his day. In the 17th century, the Bambaras set up an empire around Segou, but the debauched lifestyle of several of the sovereigns and disapproval of the part they played in the slave trade proved to be their downfall. Once again, the history of the country was to be shaped by a slave- Ngolo Diarra-who founded his dynasty in 1766. He was able to restore a degree of prestige to the kingdom, but his efforts were undermined after his death. As a reaction, a proselytising Black Islam then began to evolve.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Massina became a theocratic state around the beginning of the 19th century, in common with other kingdoms which appeared at the same time. One of their most famous rulers, the conqueror El Hadj Oumar, was defeated by the troops of the French General Faidherbe who forced him to give up West Senegal. The days of Malian independence were now numbered. The courage of his successor only delayed the progress of French colonisation, which finally prevailed at the end of the century.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resistance fighters carried on the war from other points in the old empire, particularly from what is now Guinea. The country was dismantled by the colonial system and pacified, but the end of the Second World War and the return of African soldiers brought a renewed desire for independence. French Sudan became the rallying point for freedom fighters in the French colonies-the old dream of reunification was not dead and buried. In 1946, the Rassemblement Democratique Africain was set up, later to become the USRDA (Union soudanaise-Rassemblement democratique africain). In 1956, the future architect of Mali's independence, Modibo Keita, was appointed leader of the movement and elected to represent the 'Sudan' in the French Assembly. A 'Malian Federation' project was drawn up to include Dahomey (Benin), Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Senegal and 'Sudan' (Mali). A constituent assembly of independence movement representatives was set up in 1959. However, the constitution adopted by the local Malian and Senegalese assemblies was rejected by the other two. The Federation now had only two members but was nonetheless proclaimed independent on 20 June 1960. In the event, the spirit of unity was lacking and, on the pretext of a rivalry between the two leaders (the 'Sudanese' Modibo Keita and the Senegalese Mamadou Dia), Senegal withdrew from the union in August. On 22 September 1960, the 'Sudan', now without an outlet to the sea, adopted one of the most prestigious names in its history: Mali.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new state was landlocked not only geographically but also, very soon, politically. Modibo Keita's socialist agenda prompted foreign investors to pull out, and the country was organised increasingly as a 'people's democracy'. Fortunately, the repression was not excessive but a sizeable proportion of the population disapproved of the system that had been chosen. Mali and Guinea still had modest aspirations to their old dream of unification. The founder of the Republic, Modibo Keita, was overthrown by a military coup on 19 November 1968. More than the break-up by colonisation, which left dreams of Sudan being reconstituted, this military putsch sounded the knell of the old empire. Mali became just another state whose colonial and post-colonial eras have been marked by a lack of success. Nevertheless, a sense of history is still omnipresent. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goueier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.1.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is just something you have to get used to-in French-speaking Africa, virtually all countries have imitated France in assigning a number to each republic formed under a new constitution. At the time of its independence on 20 June 1960, Mali was a federation of two states; Senegal and the former 'French Sudan'. It was an alliance which failed after only a few weeks'existence end 'French Sudan' then adopted one of its most prestigious former names- Mali. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first regime, under Modibo Keita, became increasingly unpopular as its form of 'tropical' marxism caused it to become more and more isolated. One of its main shortcomings was its unrealistic five-year plans, none of which were ever implemented. Discontent became rife among various social groups. including the farmers who, opposed collectivisation and were adept at passive resistance which they employed to disrupt the supply of produce. The regime also modelled itself on the so-called 'people's democracies' in certain respects. For instance, it made a determined effort to improve education, health and social justice, while refraining from the more dictatorial excesses that often characterised such systems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially welcomed by some sections of the population, the November 1968 putsch, by Lieutenant Moussa Traore quickly fumed into dictatorship although it was to be more than 10 years before there were any significant anti-government protests. At the end of 1990, opponents of the regime openly set up organisations which claimed opposition-party status. One of these was ADEMA (the Alliance for Democracy in Mali), formed by the current President of the Republic, Alpha Oumar Konare. Marches calling for a multi-party state attracted the support of tens of thousands of people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The dictator then sought to neutralise the opposition, beginning with the Tuaregs in the north who had been waging a guerilla war. This conflict was viewed by many as the 'front line' in the people's struggle against dictatorship, and the Tuareg cause was supported by opposition movements. The government, which had for some time opted for 'soft' repression, now revealed its claws and in January 1991 it began to imprison student leaders. The streets were filled with armoured vehicles and the first death amongst the students brought condemnation. Repression reached its height on 22 March 1991, when several dozen students were killed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prior to this, in February 1991, Moussa Traore's UDPM (Democratic Union of the Malian People) came out in support of a multi-party system - a move which marked the beginning of the end of the regime. The day after the students were killed, a democracy coordination committee launched an appeal for a general strike, to last until the dictator was overthrown. This began on 26 March, and amounted, in effect, to a 'democratic' coup d'etat. Its instigator was Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Toure, who took charge of the transition to-tether with the democratic movements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The former dictator was arrested and put on trial for his crimes. He was later condemned to death but his sentence was recently commuted by President Konare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Tuareg guerilla war continued despite the government's conciliatory attitude. The new administration also had to deal with a number of social claims which had long been stifled by the dictatorship. However, popular support for the regime remained firm. The new constitution was adopted virtually unanimously in a January 1992 referendum and, a week later, ADEMA won the municipal elections, the first in a series of electoral victories for Alpha Oumar Konare. He went on to win the Presidential election (for the Third Republic) in April, with almost 70% of the vote. Meanwhile, negotiations with the Tuareg rebels resulted only in signatures on agreements which were not observed. The situation grew worse with the Ghanda Koy counter-offensive, but this in turn led to a seemingly viable accord between the Azawad Arab Islamic front, the most important guerilla movement, and the Malian government. Last March, President Konare presided over an enormous bonfire of weapons seized from the former guerilla fighters. The flames lit up the skies above Timbuktoo, the symbol par excellence of rapprochement between the peoples of Mali.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the beginning of January 1994, the regime suffered the effects of the devaluation of the CFA franc. Economic liberalisation had enabled Mali to improve its macroeconomic position, but social discontent, particularly in the towns and cities, demonstrated that the average citizen was continuing to suffer economic hardship. The President still enjoys considerable support, and political democracy is greatly appreciated. Obviously, the government cannot be blamed for all the difficulties facing the country. There is, for example, a lack of professionalism in the press. However, it could have given a lead in the case of the State media, which still studiously avoids criticising the government's actions. The administration has also been taken to task for its apparently lax attitude towards 'economic' misdemeanours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Next year will see a series of elections. The government views these with apprehension, although it has stolen a march over its rivals by signing a political accord with several small parties. Opposition is centred around the MPR (Patriotic Movement for Renewal), the revamped former party of the dictator Moussa Traore. This has undergone a 'facelift, and now seems to be regaining support. lts trump card is decentralisation. Its former leaders, who held total power for a quarter of a century, can take advantage of the network of contacts they built up. The US-ADA, the party of the Republic's founder, Modibo Keita, which until recently appeared to be the herald of change, seems lately to have restricted its role to that of arbiter. Surprises are in the offing, but one thing is certain: the Third Republic's constitution will remain the guarantee of democracy in Mali. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.G.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.1.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mali, the army has learnt if from the past&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali's institutions were radically remodelled in the wake of the recent vote on decentralisation. This is aimed at allowing, among other things, a degree of autonomy for the north of the country-which is essential to guarantee national reconciliation. The sudden growth in the number of small towns and villages may result in some political surprises during the long e/ection campaign period which is due to begin early next year. The President of the National Assembly, Ali N. Diallo, finds himself in a pivotal position: his Adema (A/fiance for Democracy in Mali) party current/y holds a comfortable majority in Parliament. With democracy being consolidated in Mali, he must find this an exhilarating time. Our frst question touched on this&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is certainly an excellent time to be in Mali, but freedom is the most difficult of man's needs to satisfy. Our National Assembly has 12 parties and most people in our country are inspired by ideas based on tolerance and respect for the right to be different. The main concern of those of us who lead the party currently in the majority, is to question constantly whether we are necessarily always right. We have a comfortable majority-72 members out of 115-but this certainly doesn't mean that the National Assembly is just a rubber stamp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· There is, of course, another stumbling block when one has such a large majority, which is the possibility of internal divisions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, I would agree with you there. Mali's MPs have to realise that they came into this business after a three-stage process. First there was a popular uprising, then the army intervened to put an end to the bloodbath.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, we had the high level national conference to draft the constitution, the electoral code and the charter for the country's parties. MPs, therefore, must always bear in mind that, though they can claim legitimacy on the basis of the revolution, there is also a republican legitimacy they ought to respect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The second phase in the process was the intervention of the army-are you not a*aid that the 'Niger syndrome'will raise its ugly head in Mali, too ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Naturally, MPs have seen what happened in Niger and elsewhere, but fear is tempered here because officers in Mali's forces have also given a great deal of thought to the effects of military dictatorship. Democrats and republicans within the armed forces are very aware that only a minority of men in uniform profited to any degree from the previous regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think that because Mali had what might be called a 'moderate' dictatorship, it is now in a better position than it would have been had the previous administration been more repressive ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Let me put it this way. The military dictatorship went through three different stages. During the first stage, just after the coup on 19 November 1968, the junta chose Mao Tse Tung as a model, hammering home the idea that power could be won by force of arms-and it was carried away by the popular acclaim it initially received. Subsequent popular resistance then took them by surprise. People wanted more freedom, but they also wanted to keep what they had gained in social matters. Army officers asked the protestors to abandon their action so that normal constitutional life could be resumed, but the trade unions had their own ideas. They advocated things which the people in power opposed. The ensuing repression was therefore fierce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was a second phase during which the military were at odds with one another over the leadership question. The popular view was that the country had fourteen different heads of state at that time. This went on until 28 February 1978 when there was a brief Iuli and they were tempted to return power to the civil authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then came the third phase when, despite appearances, poverty was on the increase. At first, Malians said that there were two 'IMFs' on the loose in Mali-the International Monetary Fund and the intimate circle surrounding the Moussa family. When the social foundation of the regime contracted, and all the country's business became concentrated in the hands of Moussa, his wife and her relations, the popular forces went on the offensive. This was a period of vociferous protest. Moussa Traore reacted with brutality: hence the 200 dead amongst the schoolchildren and students who were protesting- we will never know the exact number.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yet, the former regime could be said to have made the crucial economic choices which your government has continued with. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I wouldn't agree with that. There was a half-hearted discussion at the time about liberalising the economy but, in reality, bureaucracy got in the way. It is the economic laws voted in by ourselves which form the true basis of a liberal economy. However, if you really want to look to the past, I would say that it was the February 1967 accords signed between Mali and France, when we came back into the franc zone, which set the whole process rolling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Tuaregs and the government have just signed an agreement but the question of the north of the country is still a sensitive one. What are your views on this subject ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The problem in the north of Mali is extremely complex. First, the Malian nation is made up of a patchwork of minorities, the largest being the Ban Mana (Ed. 'Bambara' in the colonial vocabulary), but no ethnic group is larger than all the others put together. Second, all groups have, at one time or another, held supremacy. But the fact is that the peoples involved have all lived in the same area throughout history- they have shared joys and sorrows, and their blood has mingled on Malian soil. l would accept that the Malian nation is not as well consolidated as it should be, but it is arguably one of the most advanced in the sub-region in terms of its constitution-though I don't mean to sound chauvinistic here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anyway, the problem in the north of the country seems to me to be one of development. The various regions have not all developed at the same rate on account of climate differences. In addition, the dictatorship did not show any great respect for minorities - although it did not direct its actions solely against the Tuaregs, who resorted to arms. The Tuaregs exaggerated the mistreatment they had suffered because they were unfamiliar with what was happening in the rest of the country. In fact, Moussa Traore oppressed everyone: the French-style Jacobin state we inherited did not allow for regional differences. After independence, the regime redoubled its efforts to centralise the state. both because it was Jacobin in outlook and because of Modibo Keita's communist leanings. In 1959, the French forced the Tamashek (ea. 'Tuaregs') to secede-Max Lejeune and Houphouet Boigny were mixed up in all that. This was when oil was first discovered in Algeria and the war with Algeria had been in full swing since 1954. Modibo Keita set up the Malian Federation and declared in 1959 that, upon independence, he would withdraw all soldiers from the Algerian front. Since the Malian Federation was dismantled, Gao virtually became an Algerian willaya, a base camp for its fighters. Mali did not accept this. Moreover, Algeria, around the time it achieved independence, took retaliatory measures and sealed off its borders, mercilessly sending back huge numbers of refugees. It mobilised them through humiliation, telling them that they were the last members of the white race-the only ones to allow themselves to be under black rule.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· But when Ganda Koy's militia halted the Tuareg movement, they appeared to have been supported by the black population. Doesn't that also suggest a racist attitude ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I addressed the Tuaregs in October 1992, and pointed out that their wish to regard themselves as overlords and the other peoples in Mali as vassals who ought to pay tribute would provoke a general uprising, with the risk of a slide into civil war. I told several of the Tuareg chiefs seated around me the legend of Ouagadou- about the serpent of the well who each year demanded that the Soninke people should sacrifice an 18-year-old girl in its honour. Then the day came when a young man refused to accept the sacrifice of his fiancee. He went down into the monster's lair, watched by a horrified crowd who saw his recklessness as folly, and cut off the serpent's head. In the beginning, the Malian people's sympathies in fact lay with the rebellion. On 26 March, when the rebellion against the dictatorship took place, the president at the time, Konare, asked for all the Tuareg chiefs to be brought to him so that they could set up a transition body. He got a nasty surprise when the Tuaregs resorted to arms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Was the government, as rumoured, behind the Ganda Koy ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Not the government as such. To my mind, it would be wrong to applaud when one faction of the people one governs wants to exterminate another faction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It appears that some of the people are unhappy with the concessions that have been made to the Tuaregs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is a myth. The idea that we are frustrated because the Tuaregs were once our masters, is a story put about by Europe. The situation is quite the reverse. At the time of colonisation, they were unwilling to ream, like other nomads, such as the Peul people, for example. There were splits with them, of course, but no actual, all-out war. Forging a nation always requires tears, sweat and mourning. Those who return will find what they left broken or stolen and will want land which is less barren than that impoverished by the encroaching desert. However, those who stayed put in the face of rebel attacks had their houses smashed and their animals taken away. There will be problems when some Peals, for example, identify their cows which were stolen. We will have to negotiate, but I have confidence in the people. Just as they ended the war, they will be able to heal the wounds-of this I am sure. And the process has already started.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I gather that you continue to practice as a doctor, on top of your political duties. Is this to teach a moral lesson to your political colleagues ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I would say that it is more of a weakness, an inability to abandon a passion, even for supposedly good reasons. l am an 'internalist' and I have a passion for mechanisms. If you cure an infection and it returns, you have to look elsewhere to solve the problem. There are those in authority who spend money on trying to tackle problems without troubling to locate the cause. I would like to think that the analytical rigour of clinical science might also be put to good use in promoting understanding in politics. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.1.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 1 240 190 kmÂ²&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 10 million&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 8.15 per kmÂ²&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population growth rate: 3.1 % &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Bamako (pop.700 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other main towns: SÃ©gou (65 000), Mopti (52 000), Sikasso (50 000), Koutiala (37 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Languages: French (official language), Bambara, Peul, Shongoi, Tamashek &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Curreny: CFA franc. In July 1996,1 ECU was worth CFAF 647.5 ($1 = CFAF 515) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government: Mixed presidential and parliamentary system. Greater powers are due to be transferred to the regions after the next elections. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Head of State: Alpha Oumar KonarÃ©&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Ibrahim Boubacar Keita Political parties represented in Parliament: ADEMA (absolute majority). 'Opposition' - CNID, USRDA and numerous other smaller groupings. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p021.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Map&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1993 figures unless otherwise stated) GDP: CFAF 753.8 billion&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP per capita: $530&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Origin of GDP by sector: agriculture 42%, industry 11 %, services 47% &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Real GDP growth: 2.4%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balance of payments: deficit of CFAF 84.1 billion (estimated) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main trade partners (% of total trade) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exports: Thailand (24.2%), Brazil (19.1%), Ireland (9.7%), Belgium/Luxembourg (9.7%) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Imports: CÃŽte d'lvoire (22.2%), France (14.5%), Senegal (9.7%), Hong Kong (4.6%)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main exports: cotton 40%, livestock 28%, gold 17.5%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual inflation rate: 3%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth: 46.2 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Infant mortalityper 1000 live births: 158 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult literacy: 28.4% &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education (primary, secondary and tertiary): 16% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.223 (171st out of 174)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.1.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Macro-economic indicators tell you nothing about the distribution of the country's resources'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It cannot be easy to be in opposition when Parliament is dominated by a majority which is given a good press and is regarded abroad as a good pupil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We do not really find it a problem. If one is familiar with Mali's current situation, the people's views, reactions and judgments count for more than outside opinion, despite the fact the latter may seem important. However, we do take account of others' opinions. We are pleased to be able to speak to you-to express our ideas and points of view- so that outsiders can see that the USRDA offers a credible alternative for Mali. We feel quite secure in our current position because the principles and values we stand for are those closest to the Malian people. So we have no problem in being the opposition party. We are not the kind of hysterical opposition which resorts to foul means as well as fair ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Given that most Malian political trends stem from the revolutionary democratic movement, what are your party's special features ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Our party's origins are in the movement which dates from 26 March 1960-which itself grew out of an underground movement. The main component of this was the USRDA whose government was overthrown by a reactionary military putsch. Adema won the last elections, and we do not contest this fact despite a number of irregularities. Indeed, we supported the Adema government's initial actions. We were one of seven parties who regarded the Third Republic as our own offspring. Between 1992 and 1994, even when we faced grave difficulties and they were asking for suggestions, the government ignored our proposals. This happened, for example, at the time the World Bank threatened to pull out. As it functions at the moment, the government is not meeting the Malian people's basic aspirations. They want to see a change from the previous regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are your essential criticisms of the way Adema works ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We are critical on a number of fronts. Looking at it first from an institutional standpoint, when the Malian people rejected the old regime, they wanted the existing set-up to be changed into a democratic one. The few institutions that have been established since then do not reflect this desire. They are virtually no different from what we had under the single-party system. True, we have an opposition party, but its views are ignored. Second, in terms of the management of democracy, a number of bodies, such as the State Commission on the public media, simply do not function. You have been in Mali for a week now, so you must have heard Adema spokesmen on the TV or radio. But you will never hear a member of the opposition. The space reserved for that -formerly an open forum for free political discussion-has been removed and the state-controlled TV and radio stations do not allow political parties to have a say. In the economic sphere, our approach is also completely different. We believe that support for the development of the private sector means that the state has to act as regulator. Economic development cannot simply be left to run its course as a kind of 'rat race'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Could you give us a few practical examples of what you describe as Use selling-off of the family jewels ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-With pleasure. Before the 26 March revolution, there was a general consensus that, in the process of privatisation, the state sector should be managed in a way that benefited the Malian economy. But the reality is that privatisation methods have not changed. They are no different from what they were in Moussa TraorÃ©'s time. The electricity sector, for example, which has not yet really been privatised, is now managed by the Bouyges group of France. And it costs more, which will hardly help the country's economic development. The state airline has simply been absorbed by Air Afrique. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· If you were in power, how much economic scope do you think you would have, given the prevailing trend towards international liberalisation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I recognise that there is a dominant international lobby which has drawn up its own conditions, laws and principles. Even if one does not agree with this approach, one has to take it into account. However, it should be feasible to achieve privatisation in a different way. We know what we are talking about because we used to run this country. Indeed, we set up the national economy. Before 1960, there was no economic system to speak of. l am currently completing the text of a work which looks at our economic position at the time of independence. The plain fact is that we had nothing at the time of independence. There were only three pharmacists, fewer than ten doctors, and about ten people qualified to teach in our grammar schools-not much to write home about after 70 years of colonialism! After 1960, we had to set everything up from scratch. If you trace the history of every country in the world, whether under a monarchy or a republic, you see that the state has always made the first move in bringing about industrialisation, developing the maritime sector, and stimulating imports and exports. If you think about it, at the outset, the main manufactured activities were the domain of royalty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You claim that your party left a legacy, but some might say that the highly interventionist regime of your hero, Modibo Keita, who brought about independence, contained the seeds of Moussa Traore's dictatorship.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-These are just fairy stories. When a regime is overthrown by a coup d'etat, it always becomes the victim of systematic defamation campaigns in the press. We were maligned for 23 years with no right of reply and no right to issue a statement to set the record straight. In a way, we are talking today about a past which did not exist. You know the saying 'you are not only what you are but also what people say you are'. This reference to dictatorship is one of the most serious calumnies. But no matter what lies are told, something of the truth will always remain. If our regime had been dictatorial or inquisitorial, a coup d'etat would not have been possible. Before the 1968 coup, Modibo Keita was given a file by the security services warning him of the plot by Moussa Traore, and giving a list of his accomplices. He was advised to arrest the conspirators and put them on trial. His response was that he would not agree to a Malian citizen being deprived of his liberty without a scrap of evidence. I knew Keita very well. It will be a long time before we have another head of state with such democratic convictions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The ordinary people, the farmers, say that they did better under Traore, than under Keita.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, but it depends who you talk to. With Traore, there was an atmosphere of moral decline. We were free to plunder, steal and murder, but it was not real freedom. The farmers see it from a different perspective. However, l can still show you a copy of the 'Summary Report on the Seminar on Cooperation in the Rural Environment' which we drew up in 1968, just a few months before the coup d'etat. This highlighted the fact that socialism had not penetrated into the countryside during the seven or eight years we were in power. So you see our own self criticism appeared in a document published in May 1968. This demonstrates the fact that we were not complacent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is your view of the compliments the current government is receiving from many foreign observers, and the good marks it has been given in the macro-economic field by international institutions ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Good macro-economic results which are due to good management of public finances are beneficial for the country. However, such management must be accompanied by greater welfare and an improved standard of living for the people. There is no point hailing a GDP increase of 3-4% if more than 10% of the population does not have enough to eat. You have been through Bamako and other towns and cities and you have seen the construction sites and big buildings. But in their daily life, people are now more ill at ease. They have been disappointed by the Adema regime. The welfare of the ordinary citizen cannot be defined by reference to the personal wealth of someone who is having a seven-storey building put up. All of this new construction is reflected in the higher GDP. But the macro-economic indicators tell you nothing about the distribution of the country's resources-and the scales are currently tipped towards injustice. Those who are working are earning less but those who do not work are earning more. Embezzlement and corruption are currently worse than under Moussa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is the likelihood of a changeover of political power given that the opposition groups are at odds? The union between yourselves and Parena appears to have been suspended.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We are capable of winning the forthcoming elections without entering into an agreement with any other party. Having said this, we are the party to which most groupings in Mali are now turning and we are currently in the process of forming an alliance which will carry a great deal of weight. l am not one to speculate but I am sure that Parena's supporters will, in time, reach the same conclusions as ourselves regarding the timeliness and suitability of an alliance between us. We have contacts with a number of other parties but we do not want to form an electoral pact in the way one would make preparations for a coup-forming a group, ousting the regime and then shooting at each other! Moreover, it is important not to confuse change with restoration. There are those who advocate the restoration of Moussa's regime. Opposition of that kind would suit the current government very well because it would allow them to raise the spectre of our former dictator in the hope of attracting support from those who are frightened by such a pro spect. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by H.G.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.1.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In West Africa, there is a dry, desert-like region which a river tried to bring under its sway. Instead of flowing seawards, the river's path went in the opposite direction to find this region, impulsively tracing a majestic loop of 2000 kiLomÃ©tres before heading seawards. The Niger may not have provided an ideal site for Mali's major towns and villages, but it was considerate enough to form a major waterway between them which is navigable over almost its entire course. Its network of tributaries has resulted in the formation of large landlocked lakes whose waters are full of fish-a reminder of the times when the Sahara was one huge expanse of water. It has also resulted in the extraordinary Niger basin, a central delta area the size of Belgium, criss-crossed by lesser tributaries which reach into the smallest valleys. The river has created a diverse landscape which entices the visitor back. The land is steeped in history and if one wishes to learn its secrets, one has no choice but to study the empires of the past, forged it is said, by mythological deities and heros.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the dry season, visitors marvel at the beauty of the plains, which stretch as far as the eye can see. They will be tempted to return to view the waters that will cover them for just a few months during the rains. This is when the towns and villages appear as islands in the flooded landscape. Later in the seasonal cycle, Nature divests itself of its watery raiment and prepares to welcome the egrets, pink flamingos and all the other richly coloured birds which have flown in from afar. The cultural life of this region is also imbued with a rare richness, combining mystery and individuality. Mali has a distinctive character: it is accessible but not adulterated by frippery, welcoming but not taken over, affable but able to treat everyone as its equal. There is no need to make constant reference to the past which existed before colonial times-the past simply exists, eloquent in its tranquil humility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of Mali should logically begin in Bamako, the likely port of arrival. But if one immediately journeys to the towns and villages that were the cradles of empire, one is better able to appreciate this young capital, barely 250 years old, whose history owes much to its smaller forebears. We arrived in the evening and departed at dawn the next day. So Bamako was no more than a blur. The River Niger, still known as the Djoliba in the capital, is crossed by two long bridges which offer a view over the wild river banks. Most of the constructions are brand-new and some have a style borrowed from their thousandyear-old 'Sudanese' architectural heritage. It would have been more romantic to travel by river to the central part of the delta but, despite the welcoming nature of the Niger as it flows through Mali, it is difficult to navigate over the Sotuba rapids, between Bamako and Koulikoro approximately 50 km away. When the waters are in spate from July to December, it takes no more than two days to reach Segou, three to reach Mopti, five to reach Gao and an extra day to arrive in Timbuktu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Segou, the rebel&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Our first stop after Bamako is Koulikoro, the departure point for Niger cruises. After the unusual houses of the bazo fisherman on the banks of the river, as one leaves Bamako, it is the river itself which is a source of curiosity, transforming the voyage into a wonderful promenade through a forest abounding in game. Then there are the thatched, circular mud huts. Those without a roof are built on piles and are often ovens for preparing karite-nut oil whose bitter-sweet fragrance mingles with the fruity scent of the mango trees which line our route. In Koulikoro, every day is market day. The market spills out into the road and then shrinks back to allow vehicles to pass. It is also a centre for hunters and poachers who come here to seek customers. Above all, it is the centre for the guilds of masons who jealously guard the secrets of traditional Sudanese building skills. For the visitor who cares to linger, the griots will sing the praises of the old magician-king Soumangourou whose spirit has haunted this small town for eight-and-a-half centuries. When he was overthrown by the hero Soundjata, he just vanished into thin air-in the land of mystery that is Mali, great kings do not die, they simply disappear.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first 250 kiLomÃ©tres of the river's course from Bamako are enchanting. One's first real encounter with Mali's past come at Segou-when the balanzans come into view. The charming, independent city is close by. Segou, the Bambara capital, did not form part of most of Mali's empires. Indeed, the word Bambara comes from 'Ban-Mane', which means 'those who reject a master'. There are 4444 + 1 balanzans to announce the city, all of which are numbered except the last one, which still guards its secret. The balanzans conceal another secret: during the dry season they are covered with leaves, which they lose during the winter. A curious traveller might arrive at Segou with memories of Maryse Conde's fine prose (Segou, Robert Laffont, France, 1984). Her work is an epic fresco of life at the court of the Bambara kingdom in the nineteenth century. The city itself stretches for eight kiLomÃ©tres along the river bank, with a promenade high above the river on an embankment from where there is an uninterrupted view over the water to the horizon. The richly coloured fabrics of the washer women create a dreamlike atmosphere, giving an impression of the shimmering tunics worn by princes, and the women who swim in the river are not given to excessive prudishness, another reminder of the city's enduring rebellious nature. The charm and cleanliness of the town are striking, its administrative buildings stretching along a grand boulevard lined with modern structures. We see in their profiles, the traditional architectural styles as well as a variety of colours. The whole scene is shaded by gardens full of flowers. It is easy to forget that Segou has retained none of its former architectural wealth. This was all destroyed by the organisers of a jihad who sacked this city of infidels who had never been won over to Islam or, later, to Catholicism. The city walls and the regal courtyards are all gone, so what remains is jealously protected: the sceptre and regal symbols of King Diarra, the kingdom's treasures and its secrets. On Mondays, market day, it is possible to see people kneeling at the feet of an old man. He is the custodian of the town's remaining riches, but will never reveal where they are held. Oumar Santara, one of Segou's intellectuals, is attempting to gain an insight into these mysteries in order to protect them better because, he says, the pillage is still going on. Mali's cultural heritage is being ransacked by outsiders. In some villages on the opposite bank of the river, it is still possible to find 13th-century coins in the village squares.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trial marriage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly 500 kiLomÃ©tres separate Segou from Mopti. Midway between the two is San, barely more than a large village. San is bathed by the waters of the Bani, a major tributary of the Niger which it flows into it at Mopti. In the market, fine cotton fabrics can be bought, as can the skills of the blacksmiths. Here, however, there is above all an air of secrecy. The town's inhabitants are members of the Bobo people. The name translates es 'stammering', 'mute' being implied. This is the town which holds the secrets of fatal poisons- cocktails of poisonous plants and snake venom. There are also unguents of all kinds to relieve pain, alleviate scarring, and so on. San has another reputation, that of handing out severe punishment to adulteresses. This seems paradoxical when one discovers that women here enjoy exceptional sexual freedom during adolescence and up to the time of their marriage, and even afterwards. They enter into a trial marriage for three or four years, during which time they are free to 'play the field'. At the end of this period, on the occasion of a feast, they reveal whether or not they will accept their 'provisional' husband. If not, the woman regains her freedom and can start all over again as many times as she wishes. If she decides to become the man's wife, she chooses some of her husband's friends with whom she may 'have a fling' for two weeks, the aim being that she thereby lays to rest her unmarried freedom. She will then swear an oath of fidelity to her husband which she breaks on pain of being cast out of society and even, it would appear, at the risk of losing her life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 1 2-kiLomÃ©tre dyke, which seems to float on the water during the winter season, links Sevare, the crossroads of the major routes across Mali, to Mopti. Situated below water level, Mopti owes its existence to the embankments which protect it. The dyke offers a fine promenade which opens out onto the quayside of this bustling town. The streets are crowded and the settlement has a vitality and beauty, with coloured lights mirrored in the water. On land, the crowds drift in much the same way as the multitude of boats anchored in staggered rows along the riverbank. These stretch for hundreds of metres- as far as the eye can see. All this wealth of detail forms a tableau punctuated by the outlines of the slender fishing smacks (pirogues or dugout canoes). Despite their size, these vessels retain their uncluttered lines, always giving the impression that they are slicing through the water. The biggest of them are perhaps 50 metres long, carrying cargoes of up to 150 tonnes. This strange, animated scene, which resembles no other in the world, seems to have been staged as a way of reviving the buried images of the Mali of legend-provoking a memory of things unseen and prompting new sensations. Despite the fact that it is replete with Malian influences, Mopti did not develop until colonial times. Like Segou, it never really belonged to any of Mali's great empires, although it became their meeting point. It is a place where all the country's languages are spoken. Indeed, the word 'mopte' in Peal means 'place of assembly'. At Zigui's restaurant or in a cafe down by the port, one find groups of beribboned Tuareg artisans still with their belle servants (former slaves) in tow. One can watch the Peals, also followed by their servants, negotiating their deals. Some trade in gold jewellery, dogon or other ethnic sculptures. Others buy and sell the magnificent Segou carpets or cotton fabrics. Others still dabble in ancient archaeological artifacts (which it is forbidden to sell) and in sacred objects from all over the country. The town itself is an artifact: the apparent hotchpotch is regulated by an internal, almost natural organisation. The hundreds of boats, fishing smacks and other small craft are arranged along the river banks according to the goods they are importing. There is one place for fishing boats, another for furniture imports, and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mopti merits an overnight stay. In the curve of the great arc which forms the port, a soft light lingers on the congested river banks. It is not just the people who seem to tire of the day's hustle and bustle. The biggest boats with their gentle backwash, anchored in the mud until the next incoming tide, grow too lazy for their images to be reflected in the water and they seem to hold on to the last of the sun's glow, awaiting the first glimmers of moonlight&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Dogon region, poetry in stone&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As one approaches Bandiagara, on the threshold of the cliff faces which bear the name of this town, the landscape changes. Most of Mali is flat, but here, we find ourselves in the high land. In fact, the altitude is only a few hundred metres, but the landscape is dominated by sheer and rugged rock faces. This is Dogon country where everything seems to be made of stone: the roads, houses and hills appear in matching tones of salmon pink. The inhabitants, too, seem to have been hewn from the very rock. At first glance, the landscape is unremarkable apart from the sight of all this rock, but as one's perception grows keener, shapes can be made out. At the foot of the slopes are caves that are still lived in. And in the most vertical part of the cliff faces, we can pick out regular, sculpted barrel shapes, combining to form an impressive design. These stone cylinders are the ancient dwellings of the Telems, a mysterious people who preceded the Dogons and were conquered by them. Nothing is known about their disappearance. Today, the cylinders are used as Dogon graves. Access is gained to them during funeral services, by means of a system of ropes. At the top of the cliff is Shanga, the beauty of the Dogon region. It stands atop a 400metre sheer drop which extends over a length of 200 kiLomÃ©tres. Reaching Shanga from Bandiagara involves picking one's way through the rocky landscape and sliding over sandstone scree.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before the Europeans arrived to colonise the country, no one had succeeded in subjugating the Dogon region. Was it really ever under the sway of the colonists ? This region, whose beauty lies in its harshness, has no embellishments. And its language is as hard on the ears as the rock is underfoot. As everywhere, to feed themselves, the Dogons till the soil. But this must be carried on the backs of men and women over distances of several kiLomÃ©tres and then deposited on the rock. Every onion bulb and every root pulled from this thin layer is a testament to the tenacity of humankind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Dogon region is like a magnet-it attracts pilgrims from afar who come to venerate El Hadj Oumar, the founder of the Islamic brotherhood of the African Tidjani-a military and religious leader whose life and disappearance are shrouded in mystery. It also attracts people because of the beauty of its works of art. Some of these, apparently of recent manufacture, are actually centuries old. For the custodians of the sacred objects, the interest of outsiders is viewed as a catastrophe. The artefacts are constantly pilfered and sometimes, their keepers commit suicide in their horror at such desecration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fine regalia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djenne translates as 'the beloved of the waters' and is surrounded by two strekhes of the Bani river. Thus, apart from a short time in the dry season, when the river can be forded, it is an island accessible only by boat. The town has always been a rival of Timbuktu, the 'daughter' of the desert. Before Mopti was created, Djenne was the country's meeting point. The town is dominated by its mosque which is a masterpiece of Sudanese architecture. This imposing clay structure has been a magnet for the faithful since the thirteenth century. It has always been rebuilt in the same style, each version scrupulously identical to the previous one. The most recent reconstruction dates from the early 1900s.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centre of the Malian empire, Djenne has retained all its finery, magnificence and prestige. It was annexed by the Shongoi empire at the end of the Middle Ages and its conquerors have always been seduced by the town's beauty. The mosque has been designated a World Heritage Site, and the entire town has protected status. For centuries, its architecture influenced other towns and cities in the Sahel and it continues to do so. The secrets of the knowledge and skills of its master masons are still jealously guarded, passed on only reluctantly to the initiated. The whole town is built around the mosque, revealing an interplay of balance and power. There are magnificent inner courtyards to which entry is gained through massive, ornate studded gates. The elaborate and finely carved windows, the intertwined leaves and scrolls of the arabesques and the moucharabies, all bear witness to the Moroccan influence. This has, however, been toned down and it now blends in with Djenne's indigenous forms of decoration and architecture. Whilst all Mali's former great towns and cities were known for their power and military glory, Djenne takes pride in having dispensed with brute force, its spirit protecting it from subjugation. All those who pass through take something of Djenne's spirit away with them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coca Cola kept at bay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Returning to the capital from where we started, we discover that it was colonisation that turned Bamako from a village into the large city that it is today. It inhabitants now number approximately one million. Although a city of recent origin, the site on which it is built dates back to the dawn of time. The hills overlooking the city are home to cave paintings and the underground tombs provide more evidence of a human presence dating from ancient times. There is then a gap of several thousand years in Bamako's history. In early colonial times, just two centuries ago, the village had no more than 700 inhabitants. Bamako began to be developed at the beginning of the 1900s and it is the only city in Mali to have a colonial atmosphere. It has not, however, lost out to change. The ministerial buildings at Koulouba hill, one of five dominating the city, or the Point G houses in the National Museum area, may not equal the beauty of Sudanese architecture, but they are elegant nonetheless. Their plain style is softened by their leafy gardens. The administrative buildings in the lower part of the city are often a fusion of colonial or modern styles and traditional architecture. These edifices are also made more attractive by fine gardens, which lend originality to the city. One of the most successful combinations is the great market, unfortunately in the process of restoration at the time of our visit and whose beautiful interior we were unable to appreciate. It is interior beauty which characterises this city in comparison with other African capitals. Despite its congestion and the density of its population, Bamako still has the atmosphere of a lively village. There is little of what one might term a 'social scene', but it is enough to be invited into the 'squares' or respectfully to visit the block-shaped houses which are still home to entire families and where discussion sessions (grins) last into the small hours. These sessions are enhanced with food and the omnipresent cup of tea. Bamako still prefers tea to imported beverages and to receive guests in the family home rather than joining in the social round in the hotel foyers so characteristic of major capital cities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For those hesitant to venture into the traditional life of Bamako (although they would be assured of a welcome), there are many restaurants which make a good attempt at recreating a homely atmosphere. One is not, however, required to take part in the conversations. Two restaurants (the Djenne and the Santoro), which have opened recently, allow one to enjoy the pleasures of art and history. They are part of a wider project to promote Malian art and set up an organisation for artists and craftsmen. They contain areas modelled on the refinement of former imperial furnishing, interior design and architecture, as well as exhibits by Mali's greatest artists. Their creator, Aminata Traore, is an intellectual, art connoisseur and international expert. In Dakar or Abidjan, patrons of such establishments would probably be expatriates with perhaps a few local dignitaries. But at the Santoro and Djenne, prices have been kept reasonably low (no account having been taken of the 50% devaluation in the CFA franc) and the art remains accessible to middle-class Malians. Thus, the spirit of the 'grins' is preserved. The preferred beverage is still a cup of fragrant tea or perhaps a glass of refreshing juice. Whisky will never replace tea, nor will Coca Cola replace fruit juices. Mali is not a country which rejects other people, but it resists cultural encroachment, preferring the &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;familiar to the exotic. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.1.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roads and adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Theo Hoorntje&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For 1990-95, ECU 151.7m was allocated (mainly in project aid) under the seventh EDF National Indicative Programme (NIP). This is equivalent to about 1.5% of Mali's GDP and 13% of its public-sector investment programme for the period in question. European funds from sources other than the NIP-emergency aid, Stabex, European Investment Bank (EIB) venture capital and resources from the structural adjustment facility- reached ECU 87.2m over the same five-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1995, support for the structural adjustment programme represented 5.4% of the balance of payments deficit and 7.8% of the budget deficit. Looking at all instruments together, the amount involved in financing decisions taken by the Commission last year was ECU 42m, with the disbursement figure rising to ECU 40m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The NlP's primary commitment level under the 7th EDF rose from 76% at the beginning of the financial year to 92% at the end, which means that virtually all available programmable resources are now allocated to projects and programmes. The secondary commitment level, which involves the conversion of proposals into concrete agreements and contracts, rose from 33% to 45% by the end of the financial year. Disbursement rates remain relatively low (32% of available resources).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Allocations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid is distributed to the various sectors, as follows:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Roads (29% of the total);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Support for structural adjustment (20%);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Rural development / Environment (1 4%);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Support for the private sector (12%);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Decentralisation (9%); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Public health (9%); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Water supplies (4%); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Education/Culture (3%).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear that Community aid concentrates mainly on road infrastructures-covering both maintenance and the opening-up of remote regions. Support for structural adjustment, which comes second, is used to finance the State budget's current expenses, particular emphasis being placed on improvement of fiscal and customs income and greater efficiency in health-policy matters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In other areas, such as rural development, Community aid also makes an attempt to consolidate gains from previous actions, particularly through the development of rice growing and stock rearing, which should improve supplies to the domestic market and offer further export potential. As far as the environment is concerned, the aim is to contribute to the sustainable management of natural resources on the part of basic users, such as farmers, breeders, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The private sector is supported by actions in key areas and by a programme that was recently set up which involves directing resources through a financial institution (Credit Initiative SA). The objective is to promote lending to SMEs, which is in keeping with the general aim of achieving economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the context of administrative reform, priority is given to the decentralisation process which aims to promote the emergence of new local decision making centres (which should, in the long term, become key players in project development and implementation), and to give such decentralised bodies the means they require to fulfil these new public-sector missions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for health, Community aid has contributed to the PSPHR project financed by other donors. Its main focus is initially on infrastructures and on the policy relating to the supply of essential medicines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the water-supply sector, actions are aimed at strengthening village infrastructures, particularly in the Bankass and Koro areas. A solar-pump programme has also been set up in the Mopti and Koulikoro regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to a school reconstruction programme in the north of the country, the Commission has been able to support education and culture through a dozen or so film projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the general 'heading' of non-programmable resources, there have been a number of interventions. These include extra support for structural adjustment, Stabex transfers, deployment of the balance from the 5th EDF and EIB projects. Emergency aid has been deployed in the north of the country where, despite difficult conditions, programmes have been able to continue without interruption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, Community regional aid is helping to combat rinderpest, as well as being directed towards road maintenance, and the provision of training and information on environmental protection. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.H. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.1.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Catherine Beauraind and her five colleagues in the small team of foreigners and Malians, woke early. It had been a short night: our fault, since we had arrived at Bandiagara on the edge of the Niger valley much later than expected having taken the Sevare route. This is the gateway to the rocky Dogon region and travellers on the road occacionaliy fall victim to bandits-which probably made our hosts somewhat apprehensive about our late arrival. The people we had come to see are road builders, working without sophisticated equipment in a region of rocks and cliffs. They seem very youth froml, particularly those who have come from afar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are 'Progress Volunteers', the name given to the many young people who come to this very poor African country to offer their commitment and dynamism, if not perhaps their experience. On this particular morning, still feeling fatigued, Catherine was having to coordinate the departure of escorts for seasonal workers who were being dispatched to various locations. Their job is to ensure the upkeep of the rocky roads, and the equipment they use is rudimentary to say the least. The Bandiagara-Dourou stretch is maintained by the AFVP (French Association of Progress Volunteers) and is one in a long list of NGO projects. In 1995 alone, the European Commission supported over 50 NGO schemes, to the tune of ECU 1.5 million. Most EU countries and a number of others also have their own projects. On top of this, there is the emergency help provided by the European Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO), which has just approved a grant of ECU 1 million for the north of Mali. Now that a peace accord has been signed between the government and the Tuareg rebels, this region is likely to see a huge influx of refugees returning to villages that are ill prepared to receive them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali is a least-developed nation and one of the most highly subsidised countries in terms of per capita aid, though recently, its political fortunes have been boosted by the democratisation process. And the efforts of the NGOs now seem to be paying off. The recent times of famine have faded in people's memories even in the Dogon region, where many families ate calabashes in desperation before succumbing to starvation. Mother nature is playing a part in the country's renewal: there has been ample rain over the last Many NGO projects are aimed at helping the population use its meagre resources to exploit the natural wealth of the River Niger and its tributaries. At Konna, for example, a striking village at the confluence of two rivers, the Regional Literacy and Self-Management Project is up and running. Financed, among others, by the European Development Fund, this is being implemented at a number of localities, and it has played a part in the renewal which can now be seen. Fresh coats of paint, repairs to houses, fewer starving children and the return of many migrants all underline this new vitality. Each of the 17 small cultivated areas in the village that are covered by the project (worked by about 60 people), receives no more aid than a motorised pump, a few cereals and a small amount of cash in the first year. A basic course in management is also provided. It is up to the villagers to use these resources to yield a profit. Results tend to be good, proof of success being the growing number of such schemes which are being set up without aid from the organisation. The project is now in its seventh year. It did experience one bad year-1992-when, despite bumper harvests, rice imports into Mali were excessive and prices dropped. The village has therefore made an attempt to diversify its crops. Its objective is to sell onions in Cote d'lvoire, where the inhabitants are very fond of this vegetable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most villages have been able to save money which was initially placed in banks and then invested elsewhere in the wake of devaluation's harsh lessons. Konna opted for purchasing livestock. In nearby Kotaka, surpluses partially funded the construction of an impressive mosque. Kotaka was one of the places most affected by the recent meningitis epidemic, but a hospital would probably have been too expensive. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.2.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small countries with a limited resource base are frequently buffeted by economic forces over which they have no control. If you live in Western Samoa, however, you are likely to be preoccupied by forces of a different kind. For while most of the time, Mother Nature presents a benign face in this attractive and fertile Pacific state, every once in a while, she loses her temper.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical storms are an unavoidable reality in much of the Pacific and they breed a special form of resilience which should impress the inhabitants of more temperate climes. The people of Samoa, and other cyclone prone countries in the region, are adept at picking themselves up and, if necessary, starting all over again, once the winds have passed. But between 1989 and 1993, the Samoans' capacity for renewal was to be tested more than ever before. Like a plucky boxer facing a much stronger opponent, the country would just be struggling back to its feet when another hammer blow would send it reeling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The closest to a knock-out punch came in December 1991 in the shape of Cyclone Val-the worst storm to hit the islands in more than a century. This brought death and injury, as well as widespread economic devastation. The coconut and coffee trees on which the country depends for much of its export income were either swept away or stripped bare. Many homes were also destroyed and infrastructures were severely damaged. (The 1993 cyclone, although less powerful, caused further crop destruction.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the last five years, virtually all the damage has been repaired. Indeed, a great many facilities have been upgraded with plans for further improvements in the pipeline. To some extent, the credit for this remarkable recovery must be shared. Overseas donors played an important part in restoring key infrastructures while expatriate Samoans, whose remittances are an important 'invisible' earning for the country in normal times, also rallied round. But the key players, of course, were the people themselves, who rose to the challenge of reconstructing their country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, Western Samoa - which has a population of 165 000-is experiencing an economic mini-boom. Growth during 1996 is expected to be between 5% and 6% for the second consecutive year and there are encouraging signs of a new, home-grown entrepreneurial spirit. This is not to say that everything in the garden is rosy. The latest growth figures need to be set against the unavoidable recession caused by Cyclones Val and Ofa (which struck in 1990) and a mediocre economic performance throughout the 1980s. And while there is some evidence of diversification, the economy is still very narrowly based. There is also considerable room for improvements in health care and education provision. Doubts have been expressed, for example, as to the accuracy of the official literacy figures. Finally, there is a high level of dependence on foreign aid (the country's main donors are the Asian Development Bank, Japan, Australia and the European Community).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economists will tell you how notoriously difficult it is to express the wealth of a developing nation in statistical form. GDP figures can offer a pointer, but they do not present the whole picture as they take no account of the informal economy. Western Samoa provides a particularly good illustration. At US $950, the estimated per capita GDP is very low by Pacific standards. Yet there is clearly no starvation. A great deal of the food consumed by the Samoans simply does not 'show up' in the cash economy. The term subsistence agriculture seems peculiarly inappropriate here since locally available food sources are many and varied.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Similarly, many of the materials used to build the 'fares' (traditional houses) in the villages are obtained without recourse to builders' merchants. And when a Samoan wants a new house, he builds it himself-with the help of his family and neighbours. This involves skilled carpentry work-for which people would pay highly in industrialised societies - and which does not register either in the country's economic statistics. So it is clear that the basic GDP figures do not paint a complete picture. Nonetheless, they illustrate the relatively underdeveloped state of the formal economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking at exports, Western Samoa's traditional agricultural sector has gone through some rough times, for a variety of reasons. In the past, the mainstays were copra and coconut products (oil and cream), cocoa and tarot&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The storms destroyed or damaged many of the coconut and cocoa trees, wiping out exports for a number of years until new plantings could reach maturity. The market in food products derived from the coconut had been depressed in any case. One reason for this was negative publicity over the high cholesterol content of coconuts, although more recent research, suggesting that not all types of cholesterol are bad for you, has at least partly restored the reputation of this highly flexible crop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taro, which is Western Samoa's staple food crop, was exported in ever increasing quantities during the 1980s but the trade has suffered badly in recent years because of an outbreak of taro leaf blight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, Western Samoa's most important primary exports are, once again, coconut-based (oil and cream). With the new trees reaching maturity, production recommenced on a small scale towards the end of 1994. The following year saw a big jump in exports and the figures for 1996 are expected to - come close to pre-cyclone levels,The marketing situation has also improved as a result of privatisation. The old Copra Board, a parastatal with a reputation for inefficiency, was abolished in 1990, its assets being bought for a nominal sum by a Samoan businessman who has invested heavily in refurbishment. This has all been achieved despite continuing low prices for coconut products in the world markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cocoa takes longer to recover but harvesting of the first new crop is due to take place this year with the emphasis on a high value, fine tasting variety. A new chocolate factory (Wilex C.C.P. Ltd), also masterminded by a local entrepreneur, Eddie Wilson, has been built with assistance from the EU's Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) and a credit from the European Investment Bank (EIB) channelled through the Development Bank of Western Samoa (DBWS). This is a particularly significant venture since it aims to maximise added value before export. The factory is currently operating well below full capacity, awaiting the arrival of the first local crop, but there are high hopes for its long term success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other main crops exported are bananas and kava. The latter is a mild narcotic based on the root of the pepper plant, which is used in pharmaceutical preparations. It also has an important place in Samoan (and wider Pacific) culture, being drunk in diluted form on ceremonial occasions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a view to achieving further export diversification, a number of other agricultural/horticultural export possibilities have also been identified. These include asparagus, mangos and cut flowers. The most likely potential market for new tropical production is New Zealand-already the destination for more than half of Western Samoa's exports. However, this country has stringent health rules with rigorous controls on the import of plant and animal material. The understandable aim is to protect the local farming sector from diseases introduced from outside, but it creates an additional hurdle for potential exporters in the developing countries of the Pacific. In particular, Western Samoa needs to come to grips with the fruit fly problem, if it wishes to make inroads into the New Zealand market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Timber also once featured prominently in the trade statistics before declining at the end of the 1980s. There are hopes for a revival here with the authorities keen to encourage value added processing of wood products within the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite its obvious association with the sea, Western Samoa has never really gone in for commercial fishing. While the Exclusive Economic Zone is small by Pacific standards, the country being 'hemmed in' by other island nations and territories, it is still more than 40 times the land area. The government would particularly like to attract foreign investment in fish processing and canning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industry&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is probably unrealistic to expect a small and geographically isolated nation such as Western Samoa to develop a highly diversified industrial base but there have been one or two notable ventures which show signs of potential. The above-mentioned chocolate factory is one such. The country also has a highly successful brewery. It is not uncommon for developing nations to produce their own local beer but Western Samoa's Vailima brand has managed to break out successfully into the regional market, bringing in useful foreign exchange in the process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biggest industrial success story-dwarfing all other manufacturing ventures-has been the establishment of a factory by the Japanese company Yazaki to produce wire harnesses for cars. The business employs some 2500 people (mainly women) in a highly labour-intensive operation-and it makes a significant contribution to the trade balance. The value-added electrical components are re-exported for incorporation into cars sold mainly in Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The company was attracted by a number of factors including low labour costs in this non-unionised society, and the political stability of Western Samoa. Perhaps most important, however, were the incentives offered by the government. These went well beyond the usual tax holidays provided by developing countries to attract foreign investors. Indeed, it was the government that built the factory and the company was allowed to occupy it rent-free. Some observers have expressed concern at such largesse but the authorities are insistent that it was still a good deal. They point to the jobs that were created (a huge number by Samoan standards) at a time when many people's livelihoods were threatened by taro blight. They also argue that the profits of the operation are retained in Western Samoa, thereby helping to boost the wider economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Services&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The service sector offers perhaps the best potential for expansion of Western Samoa's formal economy. Top of the list here comes tourism (featured in a separate article), which has been expanding much faster than the underlying rate of economic growth. Despite the increase in both visitors and income, tourism is still underdeveloped. The government (supported by the opposition) believes that this is one field where Western Samoa definitely has a 'comparative advantage'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linked to tourism, of course, is the air transport business. Although it might still be possible to obtain passage on a merchant ship bound for the South Sea islands, the vast majority of visitors arrive by plane, and good air connections are obviously essential. The history of the country's national carrier, Polynesian Airlines, offers two object lessons. The first is how not to run an airline and the second, more recent and encouraging one, is how to grasp the nettle when the crisis finally breaks. In 1992, with tourism in mind, the government owned airline decided to expand its operations substantially. It leased three long-haul aircraft which it hoped to fill with visitors in search of a new tropical haven. The market research was clearly inadequate and the planes flew with many empty seats. Other aspects of the company's management proved deficient and there was a chronic lack of financial. Debts mounted at such a frightening rate that the budgetary position of the entire country was threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, the government took decisive action, bringing in Richard Gates, the experienced airline entrepreneur, who is credited with having turned Air New Zealand around. Relatively small airline businesses in the Pacific are not likely to make a.fortune for anyone, but with proper management, they should at least be able to break even and perhaps even turn in a small profit. This was not something that even the prodigious talents of Mr Gates could achieve, however, with the crushing burden of debt accumulated by Polynesian Airlines. So the government assumed responsibility for the debts and then gave the new manager a free hand, on the firm understanding that the taxpayer would not come to the rescue again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the airline side, the operation was drastically slimmed down. The leases on the large aircraft were terminated, staff 'down-sizing' took place and bath ticketing and financial management were tightened up. The positive impact of these measures was soon evident, with a small operating profit registered in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Left with huge debts, the action of the authorities was equally impressive, although it entailed discomfort for most Western Samoans. In order to restore its own financial position, the government instituted 15% public expenditure cuts across the board. In macro-economic terms, it is generally acknowledged that this strong medicine was needed, but the social consequences were all too clear as well: reduced funds for health and education, and pressure on important capital investment budgets. Perhaps fortuitously for the country, the financial crisis caused by the Polynesian Airlines debacle coincided with the payment of a substantial Stabex payment from the European Community. The country's was eligible for Stabex funds because of the collapse in agricultural export receipts following the cyclones, and the money-which was directed mainly into infrastructure projects-could hardly have come at a better time. Meanwhile, the government has paid off a large portion of the airline's debt with the residue rescheduled for payment over a five-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government has taken a number of steps aimed at attracting offshore finance business to the country. Western Samoa now has a comprehensive legal framework governing such activities, including crucial provisions guaranteeing secrecy. Another vital factor in attracting offshore funds, which has already been mentioned, is political stability. There is even the suggestion that the country's time zone, which puts it almost a day behind Australia and New Zealand, might somehow be turned to its advantage in global financial dealings (although it is not clear how the benefit would be derived in otherwise legitimate transactions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The last three years have seen a big increase in company incorporations and there are now more than 2500 offshore companies (including 15 banks and eight insurance companies) registered. It is difficult to imagine Western Samoa ever challenging the likes of Liechtenstein, the Bahamas or Jersey in this market, given its geographical distance from the main industrialised nations, but even a successful 'niche' operation could bring some useful income to the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five years ago, when the Courier last covered Western Samoa, the emphasis was heavily on recent constitutional changes and most notably, the introduction of universal franchise. At the time, there was a lot of interest in how the traditional Samoan way of life (faa-Samoa) would be affected. This is based on the village structure and the matai system which vests considerable authority in family heads. There is also a strong attachment to the Christian faith, as exemplified by strict Sunday observance rules (also found in Tonga and other Pacific countries).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, the Samoans appear to have embraced their more 'westernised' system of government without any difficulty. Although everyone over 21 has a vote, one still has to be a matai to be eligible to stand for Parliament. In contrast to hierarchical structures elsewhere in the Pacific, however, the system here seems to be based largely on merit and it is not particularly exclusive (there are an estimated 19 000 matai). The matai, nonetheless, exercise considerable authority in village affairs, most notably over the use of customary land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In short, the change seems to have caused few problems because Western Samoa already had its own decentralised form of democracy. It was not a question of educating people about hitherto alien concepts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that change in Western Samoa is slow and progressive rather than sudden and violent, is recognised by most observers to be a good thing. An illustration of this evolutionary approach is the arrangement governing the position of Head of State. The post, which is held by His Highness Malietoa Tunamefili 11, currently appears to be a cross between a presidency and a monarchy. Under the 1962 independence constitution, two of the country's four paramount chiefs were given the position, to be held jointly, for life. With the death of Tupua Tamasese Meaole in 1963, the surviving incumbent became sole Head of State. There will be no automatic succession, however, and Parliament will decide who should have the post in future, with the term of office limited to five years. There is obviously a great deal of respect for the Head of State and his office among Western Samoans, although it should be stressed that his role is largely ceremonial, with political authority being vested in the elected government. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for party politics, there are two groupings represented in Parliament, the ruling Human Rights Protection Party and the opposition Samoa National Development Party. The party system is not particularly strong, however, being based more on personalities than ideology. Corruption is not seen to be a major problem although a major row did blow up recently over a critical report issued by the Auditor-General for 1994. This led to him being suspended and this issue had not yet been resolved at the time The Courier went to press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Western Samoa is not unique in having to adapt to a rapidly changing world. The phenomenon affects all societies, with modern communications technology increasingly breaking down the 'protection' that geographical isolation used to afford. In Westem Samoa, as elsewhere, there must be concern about the impact of this on the country's traditional way of life. Yet the indications are that this Pacific nation is managing the transition rather better than many other developing countries. The people seem to combine an unselfconscious pride in their traditions and cultural assets with a pragmatic welcoming of ideas from outside which help to improve their material wellbeing. The hope must be that this process can continue as we approach the third millennium. S'imon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Historical summary&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to archaeological evidence, the islands of Samoa were first settled about 3000 years ago, after gradual migration within the Pacific from people originally from South East Asia. Samoa, it seems, was the cradle of the Polynesian culture, and settlers from there spread to other islands of Polynesia in the east, north and south.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first European to sight the group in 1722 was Jacob Roggeveen, and although there was intermittent contact between European sailing vessels and the islanders during the 18th century, more permanent contact was established with the arrival of the European missionaries in the early 1980s. They were soon followed by traders looking for copra, beche de mer, sandalwood and other products. Later, some of the trading firms, notably German, fumed to large-scale production of copra and other products such as cotton, cacao and rubber, which also led a corresponding increase in interest on the part of colonial powers. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1800s, the Samoan group became the focus of colonial rivalry between Great Britain, the USA and Germany, leading, in 1900, to the partitioning of the islands between Germany and the United States. The eastern part of the group came under American control and has remained so to this day, while Germany controlled the western islands. Britain received territorial concessions elsewhere in the Pacific. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the outbreak of World War I, New Zealand took over what had come to be known as German Samoa, and became the administrative power there under the League of Nations and later the United Nations until Western Samoa became the first Patific island nation to become an independent state in 1962.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Source: Government of Western Samoa. this text is taken from the information brochure prepared by the authorities for distribution to delegates at the recent ACP-EU Council of Ministers meeting). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dream ticket ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Depart Nuku'alofa-12.00, January l 2000 Arrive Apia - 14.00, December 37 1999&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People with cash to burn are often ready to spend surprising amounts of money in their pursuit of the unusual. Tonga has already recognised this as it begins preparing for the third millennium Lying just to the west of the International Dateline, it believes it will the first country to see the sun rise on the new millennium, although other Pacific territories have also made the claim. (For this purpose, we ignore the purists who point out that the third millennium will not actually begin until January 1, 2001.) Celebrations are planned and bookings are already being taken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Westem Samoa is obviously not in the running for this distinction since it is east of the dateline, but what this means is it will be the last nation in the world to say goodbye to the old millennium. This surely presents an opportunity for the local tourist industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And what about those intrepid voyagers who fancy greeting the year 2000 in Tonga and then 'seeing out' the old millennium 24 hours later in Samoa. If i were an airline manager, I would be examining the possibility of extra flights from Nuku'alofa on the big day. (Let's hope it's not a Sunday I)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.2.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Economic future in tourism end manufacturing'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier visited Western Samoa at the end of June while the country was hosting the ACP-EU Council of Ministers meeting. At the time, veteran Prime Minister, Tofilau Eti Alesana, was recovering from an operation, and his duties were being carried out by his deputy, Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, who is also the Minister of Finance. Despite a hectic schedule, the Deputy Prime Minister kindly managed to find a slot for a keynote interview with The Courier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· There is growing evidence of a new economic dynamism in this island nation, which has managed to find its feet remarkably speedily after the destruction wrought by cyclones in 1989 and 1990. With this in mind, we began by asking the Minister about the economic prospects for the country ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think they are excellent. Our country suffered a major catastrophe as a result of the cyclones, coming, as they did, in two successive years. There was major damage to our infrastructure and forestry resources- coconuts and cocoa. At the time, we estimated the bill at more than $600m. But the rehabilitation of the infrastructure went ahead quickly, thanks to the major support provided by bodies like the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and of course, the European Union, not to mention the bilateral donor countries who answered our call for help. So in some ways, it was a blessing in disguise. We suffered badly, but with the assistance that came, we have been able to improve our roads and electricity supply, and the protection of our foreshore. It also encouraged us to embark on replanting to replace the trees-mainly cocoa and coconut -that had been destroyed. Last year, for the first time since the cyclones, our copra exports came back in strength. We have, at last, started to approach the pre-cyclone export levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are likely to be the key sectors for future economic activity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We believe that the economic future of our country now lies more in tourism and in manufacturing industries. Dealing with the latter first, we have already succeeded in attracting some industries. The major investment so-far has come from Yazaki, a Japanese company that produces wire harnessing systems (electrical components) for vehicles. This employs almost 3000 people in Western Samoa. In fact, the company set up here before the cyclones and it did not take long for us to see the benefits. The value added equivalent provided by just that one plant is roughly equivalent to our total agricultural exports for last year. So you can see the importance of manufacturing industry for us. We have provided very generous incentives and have also allocated sufficient government land to provide space for factories.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other industry which is now in the forefront, in terms of foreign exchange earnings, is tourism. We now earn four times more from this sector than we do from agriculture-and agriculture is supposed to be the mainstay of our economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course, we mustn't reduce the priority that we give to agriculture. It is one area where we have the resources. More specifically, I think that we have great potential for beef production. If we should have another cyclone, the trees will be damaged but cattle should not be affected. So I think we should look more towards beef production and other forms of agricultural diversification. We do have some good commercial farming in place at the moment, but it is not enough. We need to do more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about the chocolate industry ? You have traditionally grown cocoa but you now also have a factory to process the raw material right up to the end product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is a direct result of our drive to promote more manufacturing - whether it is export-oriented or geared towards import substitution. The chocolate venture is a new one and I think there are good, prospects here as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important point is that we are moving back into growing the fine flavour variety of cocoa here. We used to be one of the 14 producers of fine flavoured cocoa in the world, and we got premium prices for it. But somehow, over the years, we switched to producing inferior quality bulk cocoa. We regretted doing that and are now switching back to the higher quality variety-which is just coming back into production following the cyclones. So here we have another potential area for exports. On the other hand, taro which used to be our major export prior to 1993 is facing difficulties. It is affected by a disease, the taro blight, which seems to be uncontrollable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Thinking in particular of the impact of tourism, are you concerned that an influx of foreign visitors might damage Western Samoa's unique and very special culture ? I see, for example, that you now have a 'McDonalds' restaurant in the centre of Apia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- No. I am not really concerned. In 1992, we set up our own tourism festival. This takes place in the first week of September and is quite clearly intended to be a feature event with an emphasis on promoting tourism. All the activities at the festival focus on the various aspects of our culture-the arts, the dances, the preparation of food, the singing and so on. It seems to me that our drive for tourism is actually helping to revive some of the cultural aspects that would otherwise have been dvina out. So I believe there is a complementarily between culture and tourism, so long as we ensure that the relationship between the two is maintained. I think this point is backed up, if you look at the growing popularity of ecotourism nowadays. This is very much concerned with preservation-of both the environment and of local cultures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In international circles, Western Samoa is deemed to be a least-developed country on account of its low GDP per head figures. Yet nobody is starving here and you appear to have a very 'rich' lifestyle, even if people don't have a great deal of cash in their pockets. Do you think the international classification is a fair one ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- I think the first point to emphasise is that a lot of the signs of development you see here are of recent origin. They date back only to 1992-93. Infrastructures have improved considerably over a very short time and this could well create a certain impression about the people's standard of living. On the other hand, it is true that our economy is not completely based on cash. And, of course, our earnings are in Tala which go a lot further here than their dollar equivalent in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Presumably, it is to your benefit to be classified as an LDC because it gives you access to more sources of foreign funding ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I am happy to leave the classification to the experts. They are the ones who come and estimate our average per capita income, which is then used as the yardstick for placing a country in one or other category. I think it is ironic though, that if you go to a country like the USA, which is supposed to be very rich, you find beggars on the street. It certainly makes you wonder. Perhaps it is not really the statistical wealth of a country that is important, but its social system. And our social system here ensures that no-one goes hungry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· That leads on rather neatly to my next question. What do you think are the main social challenges that need to be tackled here ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We still have quite a lot of 'service care' needs in the villages that we need to attend to. That is why we have placed the highest priority on social services over the next five years. I am talking here in particular about health, education and water supplies. There are still a lot of villages that need to have piped water brought into the home. Education-wise, we have reasonable access, but we need to improve the teaching material that is available in the classes and upgrade the general level of village schooling. We need to dissuade families from moving to the capital in the belief that they can get better education for their children here. So we still have a lot of work to do to ensure that the primary schools in the villages are upgraded. It is not simply a question of ensuring that competent teachers are available, but also as I say, providing good teaching materials and laboratory equipment for science subjects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· All of this obviously needs to be paid for, which entails healthy government finances. You recently had a serious problem over the debts run up by Air Polynesia, and you took very stringent measures to tackle this which resulted in expenditure cuts. What do the figures look like today ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-They are OK. We are running a budget deficit which means we have to borrow both overseas and locally, but we try to keep the deficit at a reasonable level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What has been the effect of introducing the Value Added Goods and Services Sales Tax (VAGST) ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It has helped enormously. Of course, in order to sell the idea, we had to reduce other taxes and duties. As you know, there is an international trend towards removing customs duties and shifting revenue-raising in the direction of consumption taxes. Customs levies, which are the traditional source of revenue are diminishing. So what we have done is to lay the foundation for the eventual shift in our revenue base. Also, we promised to cut income taxes even more-from 38% to 25% within two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Has this measure been implemented yet ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-No, it is due to be introduced in 1998.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Finally, I would like to turn to a constitutional question. Western Samoa introduced universal franchise some five or six years ago, but you still have a system in which only matai (family heads) are entitled to stand as candidates in elections. Do you envisage any further changes to the system ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I cannot really see that we will ever change again. The Constitution stipulates that our government is based on Samoan traditions and Christian principles. When we introduced universal suffrage, we were applying something that had always been there in any case. Samoans have always taken part in the process of choosing their leaders and voting is simply another way of doing this. The only difference is that we would arrive at a decision by getting together through our village structures and talking, whereas your system involves marking a ballot. So the change was quite in accordance with our customs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let me say something about the way villages choose their matai. When there is a question of succession, everyone has a right to take part in the process. There is no age limit. So in that sense, you could argue that we are more advanced. And we always had female matai, even before the arrival of the Europeans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this respect, I believe we are quite different from Fiji and Tonga. In Tonga, the dividing line is quite clear. If you are born a noble, you remain a noble and if you are born a commoner, you will always be a commoner. It is the same in Fiji. There, you are automatically a ratu K your father was one. By contrast, here in Samoa, my son cannot automatically succeed to my title. So to become a matai, a person has to earn it, and to put his case at the family meeting which is convened to choose a successor. Usually, the person chosen is the one who displays the best leadership qualities. I think I should also point out that becoming a matai is not that difficult. If you want to be one, you inform the family and if they think you have matured sufficiently, you will generally get the position and then become eligible to be a parliamentary candidate. It is typical that when a family sees a fellow has matured, he becomes a matai.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.2.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 2934 kmÂ² (Exclusive Economic Zone of 130 000 kmÂ²)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 165000&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 57 per kiLomÃ©tres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Apia (situated on the island of Upolu)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National language: Samoan (English is the business language)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currency: Tala (WS$) made up of 100 sene. In June 1996, 1 ECU was worth approximately WS$ 3. (US$1 = WS$ 2.3)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;System of government: A unicameral constitutional democracy with strong traditional elements. The current Head of State is one of the country's four paramount chiefs, and he holds the office for life. Thereafter, the Fono (Legislative Assembly) will elect the Head of State for five-year terms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is universal franchise (introduced in 1991) but in order to be a Parliamentary candidate, one has to be a matai (family head). Western Samoa is said to have about 19000 matai. The minimum voting age is 21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Head of State: HH Malietoa Tanumafili II&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Tofilau Eti Alesana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main political parties: Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), Samoa National Development Party (SNDP)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Party representation in Parliament: HRPP 35, SNDP 11, Independent 3. (The HRPP total includes 11 members elected as independents in the April 1996 election who subsequently joined the governing party).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p038.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Map&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy (1995 figures unless otherwise stated)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual GDP per capita: approx US$ 950&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP growth rate: 7%. The target for 1996 is 34%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Principal exports: coconut oil (WS $8m), coconut cream (WS $4.8m), copra (WS $2.2m).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balance of payments: exports - WS $21.7m, imports - WS $228.1m. 'Invisible' earnings, officially described as 'net foreign earnings' amounted to WS $171m, leaving a current amount deficit of WS $36.8m in 1995 (20%lower than the previous year). The main 'invisibles' are private transfers (remittances from Western Samoans living abroad), tourism, income from services and the value added trade of the Yazaki electrical components firm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inflation rate (end 1995): 1 %. Inflation tends to fluctuate a great deal. The figure for 1994 was 18.4%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government budget (projected for 1996/97): revenue WS $288.4m, expenditure WS $312.7m, deficit WS $24.3m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Accumulated government debt: WS$ 389 m&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth (1993): 67.8 years&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult literacy (1993): 98% (A UNESCO report in 1994 suggested that real literacy levels were significantly below those indicated in official figures) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education: all levels from age 6-23: 74%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.700 (88th out of 174) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.2.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Folasaito Joe Annandale and his wife Tui are the brains behind Western Samoa's latest tourist facility- the Sinalei Reef Resort, which has just opened on the beautiful south coast of Upolu island. They are among a growing number of Samoan entrepreneurs who are injecting new dynamism into the country's economy although they are somewhat unusual in the tourist trade. With the notable exception of the famous 'Aggie Grey's Hotel' in Apia, tourist accommodation in Western Samoa has tended to be the preserve of foreign investors, including some of the major international hotel chains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At first sight, it is surprising to discover how underdeveloped the tourism sector is in Western Samoa. Tour operators may be inclined to use the phrase 'tropical paradise' a little too freely but this island nation certainly seems to meet most of the essential criteria. It has the obligatory golden beaches fringed with palm trees, extensive coral reefs and striking mountain scenery overlaid with lush vegetation. The vivid colours leave a particularly strong impression. Greens predominate but there are also many copper-leafed trees and bushes, and an abundance of red, orange and yellow flowers. Western Samoa can also offer a number of special features which are important in marketing terms. There is, of course, the legendary hospitality of the Samoans and their distinctive and vibrant traditions. This must be one of the most musically 'literate' populations in the world, a talent which is reflected in the numerous choirs/dance groups. The harmonies are impressive and the traditional dances are both expressive and entertaining. There is also the unique 'fare' architecture which is a particular source of fascination to outsiders, not to mention the Robert Louis Stevenson connection. The famous author spent the last four years of his life in Western Samoa and the house where he lived- which used to be the Head of State's residence - has recently been converted into a museum.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Good prospects&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The potential for expanding tourism is something that has not escaped the government. In today's highly competitive free-market world, countries are being urged to exploit their 'comparative advantage' and the Western Samoan authorities recognise that this sector offers some of the best prospects for future growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like most other economic activities, the tourist trade was badly hit as a result of cyclone devastation in 1989 and 1990. However, visitor numbers have increased substantially since then. Indeed, looking at year on year earnings, the tourist sector is performing better than any other area of the economy. In 1994, income was WS$.58 million (50 000 + visitors). The following year, it reached WS$.78m and there are hopes that it could top WS$.100m in 1996. Of course, no-one in Samoa is talking about 'mass' tourism. The country is too far from the main industrialised nations to be able to offer traditional package holidays (perhaps fortunately !), and too small to absorb the cultural and environmental impact without lasting damage. Having said this, the market can be divided into two very distinct portions. At one end of the scale are the low spending 'back-packers'-often taking advantage of relatively cheap 'round the world' airline tickets to stop off and sample the pleasures of Western Samoa. These tourists may not spend very much on a daily basis but they are reasonably significant from a financial standpoint because they tend to stay for quite lengthy periods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the other end, you find the high-spending, 'exclusive' customer willing to pay for high quality accommodation and catering. Perhaps not surprisingly, the Government is more interested in attracting the latter, which is why they are keen to encourage investors such as the Annandales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier spoke to Joe Annandale about his business strategy when we recently visited the country. The Sinalei Reef Resort, which has received EIB loan financing channelled through the Development Bank of Western Samoa, has just 20 rooms (including four suites) giving it a capacity of less than 50. Customers will be offered a tropical idyll and a chance to escape completely from the pressures of modern living. The long term aim, according to Mr Annandale, is to entice Europeans in general and Germans in particular. The latter, it is said, have a preference for environmentally-friendly, 'escapist' vacations and, of course, there is a historical link between Germany and Western Samoa. Until a European clientele can be built up, the focus will be on attracting guests from Australia and New Zealand. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Culture clash?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there is no question of Western Samoa being swamped by visitors from overseas, even a modest increase in tourist numbers is bound to have an impact in this country of just 165000 inhabitants. On the negative side, the Samoan system of customary (village) land ownership sometimes appears at odds with entrepreneurship founded on individual ownership of property and resources. In the early stages, Joe and Tui Annandale encountered local difficulties-including squatters-when they bought the land to develop the resort. The usual arrangement is for overseas tourism operators to lease customary land, a process which may involve protracted and ultimately fruitless negotiations with the matai (village heads) who have traditionally used the land for other purposes. Of course, the clash between traditional land tenure systems and 'modern' capitalism is not restricted to tourist ventures-as mining operators in Papua New Guinea have discovered. But while one understands the frustrations for developers, who may find themselves embroiled in complex and interminable land disputes, we should also recognise the concerns of local people who see a possible threat to their way of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the positive side, new tourism developments mean jobs and trading opportunities. In the building of the Sinalei Resort, the Annandales drew heavily on local labour, employing 35 people from the neighbourhood. As Mr Annandale pointed out, this was essential for a complex designed to fit in with the local environment. The Samoans have always built their own houses and only they had the required carpentry skills. The resort also employs 35 regular staff for catering, housekeeping etc. and again, the majority are local people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, there is one criticism often levelled against tourist ventures which certainly does not apply at the Sinalei Reef (or other Samoan hotels). This is that most of the food and drink consumed by visitors is imported. The Annandales make a point of purchasing their fish, meat and fruit locally, thereby ensuring that some of the financial benefits of their venture flow back to their own community: in short, a happy combination of astute public relations and good economics. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.2.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Revive the agricultural base'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tupua Tamasese Efi a former Prime Minister of Western Samoa, is leader of the opposition Samoa National Development Party which won 11 of the 49 seats in the parliamentary elections held in April 1996. In this interview, he outlines his own and his party's views on some of the key political and economic issues in his country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In what ways does your party offer a different agenda from that of the governing HRPP ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think the differences are mainly of emphasis. The present government tends to focus on law-making and exploiting the country's least developed status. Our focus would be more on developing our indigenous agricultural industries. If you scrutinise the economic picture in Samoa, you will find that there has been a very substantial decline in agricultural exports in the last fifteen years. Our economy, if you can call it that, is increasingly sustained by largesse-the donations that we get from overseas. This has complicated our situation. Our relative economic independence has been sabotaged to a point where, suddenly, we are getting a proletariat. That might be unavoidable in a lot of places, but it doesn't have to happen in a small country like ours which has self-sustaining village units, and a potentially secure agricultural base supported by products like cocoa, copra and bananas. If you look at what is happening today, you see that, all of a sudden, we have a new class of under-privileged people with absolutely no income at all. And the tragedy is that it has happened without anyone really noticing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So our emphasis is to try and revive our agricultural base, and to seek out exports. In the past, our economy was sustained by cocoa and copra exports, and a lot of our food was sold to New Zealand. Now, you find that there are hardly any exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So your focus would be more on boosting the traditional aspects of the Samoan economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Not necessarily traditional. Our party is not bound to cocoa, or copra or whatever. But we are committed to improving our agriculture. It matters little whether it is traditional or other crops. But we need to break back into the New Zealand market. This is the best place to aim for. Australia has its own tropical sector and nothing that we can produce is needed by them. New Zealand is different. One of the biggest challenges we have to overcome in getting back into that market is our fruit fly problem. It would seem sensible for us to channel substantial resources into overcoming this hurdle so that we can sell to New Zealand again. There is a tremendous potential market-and not just for copra. There are also products such as flowers, and a whole number of other possibilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Given what you have just said,what emphasis would you place on sectors like manufacturing and tourism ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think that tourism is an obvious way to go and this is where we are in agreement with the government. Of course, you will have heard of the debacle of the Air Polynesia finances. When you compare the losses that were run up with our foreign exchange reserves you get some idea of how enormous the problem was. It was a situation that went badly awry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This issue aside, we agree that we need to get into tourism-but it must be within reason. Part of the explanation for people gravitating towards tourism is that they see it as the only available avenue-or at least the most visible way of making money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another economic point I want to raise concerns debt. Loans can be a quick fix, but when your whole economy is tied to indebtedness, you are creating something that is built on sand. You end 'A potentially secure agricultural base' up acquiring more and more capital items that are totally unrelated to your present or likely future resources. This is one of the most destructive things that can happen to a society, and it is very clearly happening here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have a rich and vibrant living culture here in Western Samoa. Are you concerned that globalisation could ultimately pose a threat to this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-No, I am not worried. You have to accept it as a natural development. The things that are distinctive in our culture have to find their place in adapting to the new realities. There is no point putting your head in the sand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Turning to political aspects, you now have universal franchise, but you still have to be a matai to be eligible to stand for Parliament Does your party have any plans to change this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Some years ago, we had a constitutional convention which led to changes in the system. Attached to that was a provision requiring a further constitutional convention to be convened in 20 or 25 years (I can't remember the exact period). So we are committed to that. We have to sit down and look at the overall picture. We have gone a long way in terms of universal franchise and it is possible that we need to go even further.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But if one takes the United Kingdom as a model, I think the important lesson is that you should 'make haste slowly'. The genius of the Westminster model is that it involves careful evolution. I hope that this tradition will be followed by our country. The constitution, as it was put together some 30 or 40 years ago, has served its purpose very well but there are quite a few anomalies appearing now.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is your view about regional cooperation in the South Pacific What future do you see in working together with the other countries of the region- perhaps presenting a more united front to the outside world ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-There is a lot of sense in the SAS approach-I am referring here to the Scandinavian countries getting together to form an airline. It is sensible to take a common stand where we have a common interest. But there are obviously intricacies resulting from historical, economic and social factors. At the moment I am reading a book on lain Macleod, the British Conservative statesman. His experience in the failed attempt to form a federation in the Caribbean is very revealing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When you enter a common endeavour, there is always the pull of your own particular interests. And there can be a suspicion that the 'bigger boys' will use the others to promote their own interests. A lot of this may be perception rather than reality. Also, traditional rivalries can intrude. Sometimes you need to fall flat on your face before you Let me give you an example from the world of rugby. It took Rupert Murdoch to get Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa to realise that our fates are intertwined. He has come in with a commercial package that has taken over the entire rugby scene in the region- with a heavy emphasis on Australia and New Zealand-and this has hit us in a big way. For example, we find ourselves being cut out of traditional rugby tours. There is no point in us trying to claim that we are self-sufficient in this area. The big lesson is that we need to cooperate a lot more with the Tongans and Fijians in order to make an impact on the wider rugby scene._ &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.4.2.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Focus on utilities&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Mylanwy van de Velde&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Western Samoa's cooperation with the European Community began in 1975 with its accession to the LomÃ© Convention. From the start, the sector to benefit most from programmable funds (ECU 4.6 m under LomÃ© I and ECU 6m under LomÃ© II) was the energy sector, with the financing of the Samasoni Hydroelectric Scheme in the late 1970s and the Sauniatu Hydropower Scheme in the early 1980s.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In parallel, a programme of 260 microprojects was funded involving the development of poultry and pig farming, and fisheries, covering 96 villages on the main islands of Upolu and Savai'i. A further ECU 890 000 was allocated to the Western Samoa Development Bank, in the form of a credit line, to increase the Bank's lending capacity. In addition, at a time when copra exports were still considerable, the Community financed storage and handling facilities for coconut oil and copra pellets (ECU 900 000).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On top of programmable aid, Western Samoa received 12 Stabex transfers totalling ECU 9.3m for export losses on copra, wood, bananas and cocoa in the period 1975-84.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under LomÃ© III, the development of the country's substantial hydroelectric power potential continued, and Western Samoa began to make considerable steps towards self-sufficiency in energy needs. While in 1980 some 78% of the electricity generated came from diesel plants, by 1986 this percentage had dropped to 26%. The volume of petroleum imports for electricity generation dropped to 36% in the period 1982-86. With the building of the Afulilo Hydropower Plant (LomÃ© III and IV), these volumes have decreased further, with positive benefits in terms of foreign exchange savings. The scheme (which was co-funded by the Asian Development Bank, the EIB, the World Bank and the Western Samoa Electric Power Corporation) involved the construction of a 10 million cubic metre reservoir, a penstock, a powerhouse, and the installation of mechanical equipment and transmission lines, and has contributed substantially to the quality of electricity supply on the island of Upolu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p043.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Community aid to Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Additional work has been done with LomÃ© IV funds to address the question of rural water supply: a water master plan and design study for a number of rural areas have been completed, and a public awareness programme on the rational use of water resources has been designed for implemention at such time as planned infrastructural work goes ahead.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, an ECU 1 m microprojects programme has been initiated with the aim of financing the renovation of infrastructure for rural communities in the fields of water supply, health, education, tourism, agriculture and fisheries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stabex payments under LomÃ© 111 (1985-1989) and LomÃ© IV (1990-1994) amounted to ECU 11.1 m and ECU 5.7m respectively. These were paid to compensate for losses in coconut oil and copra products, especially, but also for losses on exports of cocoa beans and of wood in the rough.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the above grant aid, the EIB has provided a total of some ECU 9m in risk capital in the years since 1981, the bulk of which was used in connection with the Sauniatu and Afulilo Hydropower Schemes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further total of ECU 660 896 has been allocated in emergency aid to Western Samoa, in 1983 after a serious fire on Savai'i, and in 1990 and 1991 after the disastrous cyclones Ofa and Val.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Programming of the next tranche of EC funding under the eighth EDF has still to be completed, but the indications are that prominence will be given to extending and upgrading the water supply network. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.v.d.V.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new health-centre for Tafua&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sight that greeted the people of Tafua when they emerged from shelter in 1990, following the passage of Ccyclone Ofa,was one of complete devastation. The tropical storm had been one of the worst in living memory and this village community on the island of Savai'i, together with many others in the Samoas, found themselves having to start almost from scratch. Homes had been swept away' crops destroyed and much of the essential infrastructure Iay in ruins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is a testament to the resilience and determination of the people in these communities that there are few signs today of the havoc wrought by the winds just six years ago. In some places, rows of dead trees still stand in silent witness to the power of Mother Nature, although the scene is softened : by the new crops and lush vegetation growing beneath. But the villagers have rebuilt their houses and, with some help from outside, they have been able to re-establish i the essential community facilities as well. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through its micro-projects programme, the EC was able to offer a helping hand in the task of reconstruction. For the modest sum of just ECU 10 000, Tafua now has a new community health clinic adjacent to the site of the old one which was swept away by Ofa. In keeping with the rules of the scheme, the villagers were obliged to contribute 25% of the cost-which they provided in kind, in the shape of the labour for rebuilding the clinic. The Courier visited Tafua in June and was shownaround the facility by Nurse Agata Leuelu who provides primary health care for the 600 villagers. We also met local Methodist minister, the Rev. Siaosi Selesele, who explained how the people had taken shelter in the neighbouring school when the storm reached Samoa. It turned out to be the right choice as it was one of very few structures left standing in the neighbourhood. Villagers are obviously hoping that there won't be another 'Ofa' for a very long time' but if and when the next big wind does strike, the new ctinic-which has been built to withstand a lot more strain-should hopefully be able to weather the storm. In the meantime, it provides an important service in the delivery of health care to the people of the area. The European Community has also provided micro-project funding to help rebuild the health clinic at Taga on Savai'i. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.5.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Dossier coordinated by Augustine Oyowe)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Previous editions of The Courier have dealt, separately and at length, with various aspects of human resource development, especially in the context of recent dossiers on population and social development, education and training, public health, women, and poverty. Our current dossier looks at the issue from the investment perspective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To say that investing in people makes economic sense is to state the obvious. But to what extent are the implications of this statement fully understood in the developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa in these days of constantly shifting development theories?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Labour or 'human capital' has long been recognised as a key factor of economic growth. As opposed to sustainable human development, which places human beings at the centre of economic activities (the recipient of the fruits of economic progess), 'human capital' places them at the beginning of the process. The difference of approach is thus evident even though the objective is the same. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Investing in people is a concept which simultaneously combines 'human welfare' with the 'human capital' approach at the beginning of the economic development process. It encompasses nutrition, health and education, and should, under the right investment climate or conditions, enable any investor, whether State or individual, to reap an adequate return .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After three decades of considerable efforts at investment in health and education by sub-Saharan African countries, the returns in terms of standards of living, economic grovvth and rate of development have been extremely disappointing. The conclusion which can be drawn is that the conditions necessary for adequate returns on these investments have been absent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colonial legacy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sub-Saharan Africa inherited from the colonial regimes, infrastructures in health delivery and education that were not only alien to its culture and traditions, but also totally inadequate for nation building. It is a well known fact that in 1960, there were no more than 1200 university graduates in Capital redefined&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important when thinking of investnent in human resources to understand the real concept of capital. Below is an extract of a definition given by Stefan de Vylder (taken from his UNDP discussion paper: 'Sustainable Human Development and Macroeconomics strategic links and implications' . &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A child in the North is born wealthy. His or her share of the capital accumulated by earlier generations is worth a fortune. The higher wages and salaries in the North, compared with those in the South, largely reflect differences in endowment of the country, rather than of the individual. The fact that, for example, a nurse in Germany earns 30 times more than one in Bangladesh or Zambia has little to do with individual differences in training or skills; the higher salaries in the North simply reflect the higher dividend on the capital bestowed from the past. Part of this wealth or heritage is easily visible: factories, roads, schools hospitals, universities, telecommunications, and other infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, there are other, less tangible, forms of capital that constitute a crucial complement to physical and infrastructural capital; parliamentary democracy, a free press, respect for human rights' norms for social interaction, systems of rapid dissemination of new ideas, trade unions and a myriad of other large or small social organisations, a judiciary system which, by and large, defends law and justice, and other institutions. This latter form of capital may be called institutional or social capital. It is also highly unevenly distributed in the world, with large differences both between the North and the South and within individual countries of the North as well as in the South the region as a whole. Indeed, some countries had no graduates at all and in others, they could be counted on the fingers of one hand. In what was effectively a race against time, African leaders understandably responded by investing massively in human resource development. This was made possible partly by small, but steady rates of economic growth and partly by sustained foreign assistance. Between 1960 and 1980, sub-Saharan African governments consistently allocated high proportions of their annual budgets to health and education. Households and individuals made similar efforts (accounting for nearly 75% of all spending on health). They made sacrifices and gave a high premium to the education of their children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The results were tangible and very significant. By the late 1980s, sub-Saharan Africa was producing over 70 000 graduates a year. Major cities had hospitals and health centres and the rural areas, clinics and dispensaries. Amid a general improvement in nutrition and health-care delivery, the incidence of infectious disease, and maternal and infant mortality were considerably reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite these achievements, the approach to manpower building by the post-independent African leaders was, to say the least, haphazard. As a result, a number of problems, such as the appropriateness of school curricula, under staffing and the long-term budget implications of recurrent expenditures, were overlooked (although reform efforts have since been attempted in some countries with varying degrees of success).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The consequences were felt in the 1980s when Africa's economic crisis was only just beginning. Health and school infrastructures deteriorated for lack of maintenance. There were shortages of qualified teachers and teaching materials leading to falls in educational standards as well as in primary school enrolments. And health systems failed for lack of personnel and drugs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The situation has worsened as the continent's economic crisis has deepened-a crisis characterised by huge budget deficits, high inflation rates, sluggish growth rates and a heavy debt burden. Structural adjustment programmes (SAPs), introduced in response to this, have only served to undermine further the gains made in human resource development. SAPs have been aimed mainly at macroeconomic stabilisation, deregulation and privatisation of state enterprises, and the social sectors have lost out in the process. Subsidies on basic commodities, especially food, have been removed, civil servants and employees of state enterprises have been made redundant and cost-recovery has become the standard practice in medical services. These measures have all combined to produce a level of poverty never before seen in the region, a situation which has adversely affected nutritional standards, provoked malnutrition in many countries and reduced resistance generally to infectious diseases. Because of the rise in unemployment, large sections of the educated population have been rendered unproductive, a waste of several years investment by both the state and the individuals in question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appropriateness of skills&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although sub-Saharan Africa produced a large number of graduates before the economic crisis began, few had the kinds of skills needed for industry and agriculture. The evidence of this lies in the unsuccessful attempts by some governments in the late 1970s to indigenise executive positions, most of which required high levels of technological knowledge or experience. The 1980s saw a dramatic increase in the number of foreign technical assistants working on the continent and, paradoxically, in the number of qualified African professionals leaving, mainly for Western Europe, the United States and Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International technical assistance to, or cooperation with, subSaharan Africa has intensified. Organisations such as the World Bank, IMF, UNDP, UNCTAD, UNESCO, European Union and Commonwealth are all involved in one form or another. The effectiveness of this assistance varies, however. This dossier features articles on the work of three of these bodies (the Commonwealth, UNDP and VNESCO). The Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation was set up more than 25 years ago to mobilise Commonwealth skills to meet the needs of member states as required. The UNDP's TOKTEN programme is designed to reduce the negative impact of the brain drain by getting highly qualified developing country expatriates to contribute their skills to the development of their home countries without necessarily having to return permanently. Finally, UNESCO's university twinning programme is designed as a mechanism for the rapid transfer of technology and sharing of knowledge. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While international assistance or cooperation is indispensable, it is surely no substitute for Africa's own efforts at human resource development. Three years ago, Edward Jaycox, then World Bank Vice-President for the Africa Region, announced what appeared to be a change of policy at the annual conference of the African-American Institute in Washington DC. He said that the Bank would no longer pay for foreign technical assistants to help resolve African economic problems but would instead help African governments build their own capacity. Although the Bank has traditionally had enormous influence on development thinking and policy worldwide, the apparent policy change does not appear to have influenced other donors. Nor, indeed, is there any evidence that the Bank itself is implementing it vigorously. The number of foreign experts being sent to Africa continues to grow. There were over 100 000 in 1988.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rationality of investing in people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the negative social impact, ten years of structural adjustment have not produced the sought-after stabilisation or the economic growth that was initally anticipated. Even the World Bank and IMF, who spearheaded the structural adjustment idea, have admitted that it has flaws and the need for a new approach to sub-Saharan Africa's economic problems could hardly be more urgent. In the Dossier, Giovanni Andreas Cornia argues for a new focus for structural adjustment, based on restoring adequate levels of public spending on health, education, social welfare and water supplies, so as to enable sub-Saharan Africa to restore and develop its human resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evidence of the impact of a healthy and educated population on economic growth and development abound. Studies on the economies of the East Asian 'tigers' have all concluded that big investments in education in the late 1950s and 1960s were largely responsible for the rapid growth they have experienced in recent years. Malaysia, although a latecomer, appears to be following in the footsteps of its neighbours. After nearly two decades of investment in human resource development, and the introduction of a foreign investment policy which requires some technology transfer, the Government now predicts Malaysia will achieve 'fully developed' status by 2016-twenty years from now.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A relatively well-educated workforce and a certain amount of physical capital or natural resources are all a country needs to succeed economically. Sub-Saharan Africa has sufficient natural resources as is often pointed out. The other side of the equation-a relatively well-educated workforce-is missing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sub-Saharan Africa lags behind other regions in human resource development for a complex variety of reasons. The natural and political environment are not conducive to the delivery of social services: low population density and weak transport infrastructures make such delivery expensive and the achievement of economies of scale impossible. The region's climate favours a variety of diseases (such as malaria and sleeping sickness) and many areas have little or no access to natural water sources. Political instability and weak institutions also continue to cast a long shadow. Although these constraints are long-term, appropriate policy measures could reduce their negative impact significantly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giovanni Cornia analyses the distributive effects of appropriate health care, nutrition and education on economic growth. He suggests ways of making rational use of available resources for maximum returns and of mobilising funds through taxation, foreign aid and other sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an age of increasing globalisation, where technology is more easily transferable across borders, a healthy and educated population is essential, not only for the absorption and use of new technology but also for meaningful participation in international trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is insufficient, however, to have an educated workforce. Sub Saharan Africa must acquire the institutional and managerial capacity to make the right decisions, both in the public and private sectors. This is essential in the quest to eliminate poverty, achieve sustained and sustainable economic growth and ensure a realistic integration of the region into the global economy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.5.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Giovanni Andrea Cornia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two decades, a clear consensus, supported by a growing amount of empirical evidence, has emerged on the growth and distributive effects of appropriate health care, nutrition and education, and on the rationality of investing in human resources to promote development in low-income economies, and in sub-Saharan Africa in particular. It is now clear that public and private rates of return on investment in primary and secondary education are substantially greater than those in most industrial sectors. Similarly, it is now well demonstrated that nutritional interventions in favour of workers at low levels of food intake has a very large impact on labour productivity. Also, provision of simple but adequate nutrition and health care at an early age has been shown to spare substantially greater health outlays over the longer term. While the number of these examples can be multiplied, the lesson is overwhelmingly clear: investing in people is a sound development policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the same two decades, a broad political consensus has also emerged on the need to establish realistic targets in these areas and mobilise adequate resources to achieve them. The latter decade, however, has also been characterised by a widespread and acute recession which has reached its lowest point in the African continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While there has been a general recognition of the link between the deterioration of the social sector and Africa's economic decline, the interpretations of the causes of this decline and how best to address them vary considerably.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1980s also witnessed the advent of structural adjustment, an approach aiming at revitalising economies affected by severe crises and which calls, amongst other things, for a reduction in public spending, including on social services. With sharp falls in revenues, it was argued, African governments could no longer afford to provide health and education free of charge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments were to encourage instead the role of the private sector (since competition between state, private and non-governmental agencies fosters efficiency and enhances quality) and make households bear a greater share of the cost of publicly provided social services (as-it was alleged-households had a strong 'willingness to pay' for better quality health care and education).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a debate characterised by an overwhelming concern for expenditure reduction, little thought was given to protecting the provision and effectiveness of basic health care and education for all. Nor was sufficient attention paid to the mobilisation of additional revenue through taxation, foreign aid or other measures Even the introduction of rationalisation measures, which would have allowed for use and preservation of limited resources, received scant attention. During this period, public policies often ignored a number of well-known public finance arguments concerning market failures, externalities, natural monopolies, etc. typical of basic health and education. It was all too often forgotten, for instance, that the market systematically undersupplies 'quasi-public goods' like education, safe water, immunisation and collective infrastructure (i.e. goods which produce benefits not only for consumers but also for society as a whole); that incomplete or non-existent markets alone are unable to provide complete insurance coverage against the risks of sickness and disability; that the free play of market forces can generate levels of poverty that are socially unacceptable, and that competition among many small providers does not allow for the realisation of the economies of scale which only the public sector can realise because of its size, administrative infrastructure and revenue raising ability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greater and better government involvement&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this paper, I will attempt to point out the main distortions in the social sector in sub-Saharan Africa and the major reforms, part of an alternative policy paradigm to the standard approach focusing on large expenditure reductions. My main line of argument is for more efficient and renewed but, in most cases, greater rather than less government involvement. I do not deny the important role of communities, nongovernmental bodies and private providers of social services, but the retreat of the state, which has been underway for several years in most of Africa, is palpably wrong: it may be a good survival strategy, it is definitely not a good development strategy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any approach to revitalisation of the social sector in Africa must aim at increasing both the quality and the relevance of services to the life, health and productivity of the population; enhancing efficiency; reducing distributive biases in the use of public expenditure, and improving the flow of both public and private resources to the social sector. These sets of measures are briefly discussed here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raising relevance, reducing unit costs and enhancing quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two basic initiatives are essential to the achievement of this goal. Firstly, it is necessary to adapt the content of services to the demands placed on the child, the adolescent and the family by the external environment. Secondly, in doing so, it is necessary to provide minimum resources, particularly recurrent inputs, for every unit of service offered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Much can be done to improve the relevance of education in Africa. A key element in this is the wider use of African languages in the educational system. Admittedly such a step would probably encounter obstacles, but the results of pilot projects in the continent and experiences in several English speaking countries have been encouraging. The use of African languages should be expanded throughout primary and at least part of secondary schooling. And the curriculum of basic education should include basic health science, agriculture, food and nutrition, basic technological science, ecology and environmental studies as well as reading, writing, arithmetic, history, geography and elementary civics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While responding more appropriately to the life and developmental needs of children and adolescents, these measures offer the potential to improve substantially the cost effectiveness of the educational system by reducing the number of drop-outs and repeaters, particularly if the measures are accompanied by school-based nutritional support programmes and by steps to ensure a steady, if basic, supply of teaching materials such as books, chalk, slates, pens, exercise books and so on. Minimum expenditures for the latter, estimated at $5-10 per child per year, have been shown to have a profound impact on the quality and attractiveness of education.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving the relevance and quality of African secondary and higher education will require an increase in the number of courses in science, engineering, agronomy, management and other fields. Given the limited success of vocational training and yet the profound need for this type of education, a more flexible approach may be appropriate. Business associations and ministries of labour, rather than ministries of education, for example, could organise the type of vocational training that responds more closely to labour market conditions. Much needs to be done to gear university research to local and national needs. Rather than maintaining the model of independent residential universities, faculties could interact more with and rely upon local institutions and non-governmental organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the health sector, a more vigorous approach is necessary to implement the 'Health for All' strategy. In particular, more attention must be paid to the quality of the training imparted to village health workers, the provision of minimum supplies of essential drugs, adequate supervision, the mobilisation of communities and the strengthening of family planning services in the first tier of the primary health care pyramid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greater efforts are needed to contain unit costs through the mobilisation of community resources (such as materials and time) and the introduction of 'product standards' and 'production techniques' more in line with local factor endowments. With respect to capital expenditure, one major source of potential savings is the substitution of imported materials with local ones in the construction of schools, clinics and other public health facilities. Through this approach, capital costs per student could be more than halved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In health care, savings are also possible, in some cases, in wages and other recurrent expenditures. The potential for savings through increased efficiency in the procurement, management, storage, distribution and prescription of pharmaceuticals is substantial. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And there is a need for more carefully articulated manpower policies, with recognition of the cost implications of alternative skill mixes. Many tasks carried out by senior professionals can be performed by auxiliary personnel. In this regard, there is substantial scope for the application of nominal fees as a tool to guide demand for health care and thus increase efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Similar considerations are valid in the education sector. Despite considerable declines during the 1980s in both French-speaking and Eastern and Southern Africa, teacher salaries in the late 1980s were still considerably higher than per capita GNP in several countries. While a cutback may be possible in some countries, reductions below the 'efficiency wage' should be avoided as they affect the quality of teaching.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are, of course, other approaches to reducing unit costs such as using teachers trained on crash courses and- paid salaries lower than that of fully trained ones, multi shift education to increase teaching hours, multigrade classes to increase class sizes and the creation of regional training centres with donor support. In addition, in most of sub-Saharan Africa, all university students receive fellowships to cover living expenses while at school. In many cases these fellowships represent a substantial proportion of total unit costs at the tertiary level. They add, in effect, to the regressive nature of educational subsidies and should be suppressed for all except for those who are least able to pay.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Substantial improvements in the distribution of benefits of public expenditure could be obtained through its restructuring towards basic services which benefit the poor more than they do the rich. This would mean, typically, the reallocation of part of the expenditure on hospitals to primary health care activities and part of the expenditure on universities to primary education. It would also mean that a greater share of investments in water supply and sanitation should be assigned to rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Correcting existing misallocation, however, is not simple, as capital and labour resources are only partially mobile. This is particularly true of capital expenditure which has already been invested in physical infrastructure. Inter sect oral reallocation is easier for recurrent expenditure, particularly when budgets are expanding, and it can lead to the achievement of more efficient and distributive gains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government subsidies need to be improved through effective targeting on 'merit goods' (such as food and shelter). Targeting is distributionally and administratively more effective when it is accomplished according to some objective criteria such as geography (the poorest areas), type of commodity ( low quality foods not consumed by the rich), easily identifiable population group (like pregnant women, young children, children in elementary school in poor areas, etc.) or season. It is less effective when carried out by means-testing or by targeting individuals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decentralisation of health care and education in the African context is likely to improve the geographical distribution of services. Poor communications and transport systems, population dispersion and the fact that the supervision of personnel, resource distribution and operations is easier at lower levels of administration, are all arguments in favour of such decentralisation. Nonetheless, where it means loss of control over the implementation of national policies (in curriculum development, manpower training, drug procurement and so forth) and excessive additional financial burdens on households and communities, decentralisation is potentially damaging. This was the experience of Kenya when the purchase of drugs was decentralised at the district level. It subsequently had to reverse this policy because of the problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing the flow of resources to basic social services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the considerable scope for protecting and, in some cases, expanding the delivery of cost-effective and high-impact social services, even during periods of declining resources, there are limits to what can be achieved through the measures discussed above, particularly in countries where the share in GDP of public health and education expenditure is already low. Indeed in most African countries, the flow of resources to these sectors must be vastly increased. The options available include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Increasing the share of government expenditure on key social services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Top priority should be given to a radical restructuring of government expenditure involving the shifting of resources towards those sectors with high social rates of return. Expenditure on defence can be cut substantially, while subsidies to chronically lossmaking public and private enterprises and interest payments on debt (the relief effect on foreign-debt interest payments of current provisions is utterly inadequate) should be reduced. If realistic expenditure restructuring like that proposed here were implemented, 1015% of overall public spending in many countries could be redirected to social activities with high rates of return. One half to two-thirds of these savings could be allocated to health care, nutrition, training, education and welfare, thus raising the share of these activities to about 30-35% of total expenditure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Increasing taxation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Between the late 1970s and the mid-1980s, the average tax to GDP ratio for sub-Saharan Africa fell from 18% to 16-17%. (Only recently are there signs of recovery, but these are confined to only a few countries). This resulted mainly from the recession affecting the region and from the limited priority attached to revenue collection in most adjustment programmes implemented during the first part of the 1980s. In these 'first generation' programmes, the stabilisation of deficits was achieved mainly by cutting expenditure and raising excise duties. Increases in income taxes and progressive indirect taxes were far less frequent and land and property taxes were almost never introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While taking effect rapidly, the measures implemented led to excessive drops in public expenditure on 'quasi public goods' and have had a regressive distributive impact. It is now widely recognised that a more active tax policy is needed. Such a policy should aim at improving revenue generation and enhancing the efficiency and equity of the overall tax system. This would permit a controlled rise in specific 'socially efficient' public expenditures, particularly basic health, primary and secondary education and public infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the 1980s, a number of countries, including Burkina Faso, Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe, initiated efforts to reform their tax systems. While the choice of optimal tax instruments has depended on specific country conditions, a few general principles of tax reform apply to all countries. First, colonial type tax systems emphasising the taxation of exports (and to some extent, of imports) should evolve towards systems which focus on income taxes, progressive and efficient indirect taxes and increases in the prices of such public utilities as telephone and electricity which benefit mainly the wealthier sections of society. Second, purchases of goods and services consumed by the poorest should be exempted from indirect taxes. Third, efforts should not concentrate on raising marginal tax rates but rather on broadening the tax base by reducing tax evasion and tax elusion, and fourth a low, uniform and broad-based tax on wealth (such as on land or other assets) should be introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A non-distortionary and equitably-spread increase in the tax ratio equivalent to 2-3% of GPD is technically feasible in a good number of African countries and would by itself add to the real flow of resources to health care and education by about 15%, even assuming no growth and no shift in priorities towards the social sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Introducing 'earmarked' taxes or raising local ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The flow of tax resources to the social sector could be augmented more readily if the new tax revenue thus generated, or at least part of it, were directly earmarked for specific health and education activities (for which there are guarantees that tax money is spent efficiently), or if these taxes were raised directly by district and provincial authorities, who are usually entrusted with responsibility for social services at the local level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Mobilising additional resources from households and communities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In sub-Saharan Africa, as in most other developing regions, households have long borne a substantial share of the national expenditure on health, education, water supply and so on by contributing resources (in kind, cash and time) for the construction of health and education facilities, covering direct and indirect costs (transport uniforms, fees, drugs etc.) associated with the provision of public services and making payments to private providers. Despite these already considerable contributions, user charges have been introduced or raised on a large scale in recent years in many countries to alleviate the burden on public expenditure imposed by the economic crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, while the small but significant contribution of user charges to health and education budgets should be acknowledged, the negative effects of the indiscriminate application of these charges should also be emphasised. Indeed, in many African countries the need for health care, education and other social services rarely coincides with the ability to pay. The implementation of user charges can have adverse effects in three ways. First, it may lead to a contraction in the demand for services. Second, in the health sector, it tends to discourage the use of preventive services for which potential patients may not see an immediate relevance (such as ante natal care and immunisation). Third, it may adversely affect a household's ability to meet other basic needs, such as the purchase of food, particularly if fees are charged simultaneously for health, education and other services and if the household's income declines. In addition to these problems, there is little evidence that the revenue from user charges is actually reinvested to improve the quality or expand the coverage of local services, as those who promote user charges argue. Despite recent attempts at keeping a share of the user fees at the local level (e.g. at the collecting facilities), in most cases revenue merely flows to the public treasury. Moreover, user charges usually generate a relatively small proportion of the total operating cost of the health care sector, with gross yields at around 5%. If the costs of fee collection are included, the yields are lower and, in some cases, negative.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, health care, education and the provision of water include different types of services, some clearly geared to the needs of the poor and others catering more for middle and upper-income groups. While user charges are not well suited to primary education, disease control programmes, basic curative services and communal water supply, the same cannot be said of university education and other 'income elastic' services. For the latter, cost recovery measures would be advisable, although subsidised access for the deserving poor must be assured. For the intermediate category, which includes most curative health services and secondary education, selective cost-recovery measures might be desirable, with low income individuals exempted or charged only a nominal fee.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While direct user fees (levied on patients at the moment of their treatment) are problematic from several perspectives, there are other indirect ways to mobilise resources from communities (generally before episodes of illness), such as various kinds of prepayment schemes, health insurance, lotteries, mutual funds and the sale of produce from community fields, in addition to their contributions in kind. These schemes have two main features which are attractive for health-care: they shift the moment of payment, so that individuals are not burdened with relatively more significant expenditure at the time of illness, and they spread the burden of costs (e.g. for drugs) over a larger group.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Increasing the volume of international aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There has been a considerable shift in official development assistance (ODA) in favour of Africa over the past two decades. Africa's share in total ODA rose from 19.4% in 1975/6 to 25.1% in 1980/1, and to 34.2% in 1988/9. However, the share assigned to human resource development has dropped, while- debt-service obligations have often absorbed a growing share of ODA. Greater flows are therefore needed. In the late 1980s, the World Bank estimated that additional annual aid of about $1 billion was required during the 1990s to halt social retrogression and ensure reasonable progress. But this flow of aid has not materialised on any appreciable scale. Indeed the trend in the 1990s has been towards an absolute decline in aid flows. The simplest and the most cost-effective way to effect such aid transfer would be through debt relief, although some increases in ODA are needed. Improvement in the quality of aid, including substantial shifts to programme aid, greater participation in the financing of recurrent costs and more focus on primary health care and education and on rural water supply are also required.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What role for NGOs and private providers?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While private providers, including church missions, have always been important in Africa, much of the market oriented literature tends to be very optimistic about the scope for expanding private services in order to replace government ones. Although a multiplicity of providers is desirable (and frequently unavoidable), there are several reasons why such optimism should be tempered. First, private sector services in Africa are typically concentrated in urban areas, and because of their cost, cater for upper-income groups. Although non-governmental providers (especially missions) are often located in rural areas, and they generally provide valuable services, they are seldom able to guarantee extensive coverage and in some cases may duplicate government services. Second, private providers are not without costs to governments; they often receive subsidies or preferential treatment in the allocation of foreign exchange and typically offer higher salaries and better working conditions which draw manpower away from the public sector. In Zambia, for instance, a teacher in a primary school run by the Consolidated Copper Mines can earn more than a lecturer at the University of Zambia. In countries with extremely limited numbers of doctors, certified nurses, qualified teachers and so on, greater privatisation would exacerbate the 'brain drain' from the public to the private sector and the undersupply of 'quasi public goods' for the majority, leading to harmful social differentiation. Third, quality is not necessarily an important incentive in the private sector in developing countries. The view that private institutions in health care and education are more efficient tends to be based largely on analyses in developed countries. Fourth, the growing pressure for pluralism in social service provision often gives scant attention to the problems of central coordination and planning and the development of an adequate 'regulatory framework' for private sector activities. While playing an important complementary role, the private sector and, to a lesser extent, the NGO sector, are thus affected by important objective limitations. Indeed, ironically, their proper functioning and social utility depends crucially on the existence of a stronger, not weaker, state able to regulate, coordinate and ensure that basic social services are provided - possibly through a multitude of public, NGO and private providers-to all citizens of a nation. G.A.C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.5.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Franklyn Lisk&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development experience of much of sub-Saharan Africa in past decades provides ample illustration of the importance of capacity building in the development process. The importance is related to the ability to manage economic and social processes, including the analysis and formulation of policy options, for attaining development objectives such as employment generation and poverty reduction. The consequences of failures in domestic economic management, compounded by the effects of a prolonged economic crisis in the region have, inter alla, contributed to high and rising levels of open unemployment and underemployment, declining per Capita incomes and real wages, and an increase in the incidence and intensity of poverty in a number of African countries. The persistence of these adverse consequences, which represent a serious threat to economic growth and sustainable development, are somehow linked-either as a cause or an effect -to weaknesses and instability in the institutional framework for management and public administration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem of weak institutional and general capacity for management in Africa today can be traced to the colonial legacy. This left many countries in the region, at the time of independence, with insufficient institutional and human capacity to cope with the transition from colony to independent sovereign state, particularly with respect to the responsibility for economic management. More specifically, this related to the unequal and disadvantageous manner of Africa's incorporation into the international economic system in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. Lack of technological know-how, inadequate infrastructure and limited investment resources compounded the immediate post-independence problem of weak institutional capacity, and left many African countries highly vulnerable to external shocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was extremely difficult for the majority of African countries to break out of the old 'protected' colonial production and trade systems and rapidly to diversify their economies in line with the requirements of participating effectively in a competitive world economy. Since independence, institutional and human capacity for management in many African countries has not grown fast enough to keep up with the requirements of changing socioeconomic circumstances at the national level and to face the challenge of increasing globalisation. Critical skill shortages in public administration and private sector management in Africa can hardly be addressed in the context of the current economic crisis. The consequences of this crisis can be seen, for example, in underfunded and poorly equipped training and management development institutions, and in low-paid and demoralised civil services. At the same time, the 'brain drain' from the continent, partly as a consequence of poor pay and career prospects, has further undermined capacity in Africa. The interaction of foreign donors and African governments has not always served the interest of capacity building. It has been admitted, even by the World Bank that 'aid has done much less than one might have hoped to reduce poverty (in Africa)'. There is now more or less a consensus in the international donor community that expatriate technical assistance does not and cannot solve all kinds of development problems in the region. Far from solving problems, the imposition of foreign technical assistance has, in some cases, become a destructive force which undermines the development of domestic capacity that is critical to solving local development problems. Where donor assistance is inappropriate in terms of project concept and design, or there is a mismatch between design and domestic implementation and management capacity, technical assistance could end up becoming part of the problem rather than the solution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conceptual issues&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before examining the requirements for institutional capacity building in developing countries, and particularly African countries, it is necessary to clarify salient issues pertaining to the concept. Broadly speaking, capacity building in a development context refers to a comprehensive process which includes the ability to identify constraints and to plan and manage development. The process usually involves the development of human resources and institutions, and a supportive policy environment. Ideally, it aims at improving on existing capabilities and resources and using them efficiently to achieve sustainable economic and social development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Narrowing the concept to focus on institution-building, the emphasis will be on the development of particular institutions, their human and material resources, their organisational management and their administrative capacities. More specifically, the aim of institutional capacity building is to improve significantly the outputs and impacts of institutions concerned with economic management, public administration (including project management), enterprise development and so on-in both the public and private sectors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is obvious that relevant development-oriented institutions within an economy can exert a decisive influence on economic growth and employment prospects, and indeed on the attainment of sustainable economic and social development. From a macro standpoint,planning and similar development institutions are required for better management of the economy including, more crucially, the ability to mobilise, allocate and utilise human and material resources in an efficient and productive manner. At the micro level, human and institutional capacity is critical to sound project management and public administration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The framework&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The general situation in Africa today suggests that capacity building is required in relation to the following priority areas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- good governance, to ensure stability;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-economic management, to maximise resource mobilisation and promote sustainable development;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- human resource development, to support employment creation and income generation, and reduce poverty;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- science and technology, to increase the efficiency of the population and facilitate infrastructural development;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-enterprise development, to enhance the critical role of the private sector in overall development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The degree of emphasis given to each of the above in a given context would vary according to the level and complexity of existing human and institutional capacities, the economic and financial means to support capacity, the relative roles of the public and private sectors, and the degree of involvement of civil society in the decision-making process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The policy context for institutional capacity building should be multi-sectoral and flexible, but coherent in relation to the desired objectives of development. This is to ensure that the process of capacity building is adaptable to changing circumstances-an issue that is particularly relevant in the context of countries undertaking structural adjustment and economic reform programmes when there is a need effectively to nurture and utilise local skills and to mobilise investment resources efficiently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the light of the development challenge facing African countries, the process of capacity building in the region requires, above all, appropriate and adequate human and institutional capabilities to plan and manage economic and social development processes. These capabilities should include the means of assessing the achievements and impact of capacity building on poverty reduction, employment creation, etc. Existing public sector institutions for development planning and management could provide the operational framework for national capacity building, but the process should also include the participation of diverse social forces, the private sector and non-governmental institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regarding the role of external donors and technical assistance agencies, the approach should be based on the concept of 'partners in development', which implies consultation and dialogue between donor and recipient on all aspects of project planning, design and implementation- with project 'ownership' resting with national authorities. Technical assistance from foreign donors should therefore go mainly towards developing the necessary domestic capacity, rather than contributing to the undermining of existing or potential capacity. Furthermore, assistance provided by external donors should be directed towards the building of capacity for promoting regional economic cooperation and integration through support for the development of viable African regional and sub-regional development organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Support initiatives&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The issue of domestic capacity building in Africa has more recently been the focus of attention by the international community as a whole. Indeed, the former World Bank vice-president for Africa, Edward Jaycox, has described 'capacity building' es the 'missing link in African development' which is 'critical to the development effort (of the region) and the chances of success'. UN agencies, spearheaded by the UNDP, have been active in promoting capacity building as a major requirement for attaining sustainable development. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1991, the UNDP Governing Council took a decision which resulted in the development of guidelines covering assistance to governments in the formulation and implementation of national capacity building strategies relating to all stages of the project cycle in the developing countries. The decision coincided with the introduction of the 'programme approach' by the UNDP which emphasised the centrality of national development programmes as the hub for the integration of UN technical assistance activities with national efforts. Emphasis on the use of national skills in the development process was consolidated within the general operational framework for 'national execution', which implied that overall responsibility for management of UN operational activities and accountability remained with the government and other national institutions and beneficiaries who 'owned' these activities. Under these new arrangements, a high priority was thus placed on the strengthening and sustaining of development management and administrative capacities on a long-term basis as an integral part of UNDP technical assistance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank's interest in capacity building in Africa has been more closely linked to the need for administrative and technical capacity at the national level to carry out policy analysis and economic management in the context of on-going structural adjustment and economic reform programmes. In a trailblazing address to the African American Institute Conference in 1993, Mr Jaycox came out strongly in favour of a new approach to lending to African countries which gave top priority to the development of critical human and institutional capacity. He admitted that the Bank's $4 billion a year lending programme in sub-Saharan Africa had not had the desired impact on development in the region because not enough attention had been paid to national capacity in the past. He went on to criticise the international donor community and financial institutions, including the World Bank itself, for designing and carrying out technical assistance activities which not only fail to solve problems but end up undermining the development of capacity in Africa. Mr Jaycox accordingly pledged to give direct support to capacity building in the Bank's lending programmes, mainly through human resource development and the creation of a 'demand for professionalism in Africa.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNDP, the African Development Bank and the World Bank, collaborated in the early 1990s to set up the 'African Capacity Building Foundation' (ACBF), based in Harare, Zimbabwe, with initial seed money of about $30 million and another $70 million attracted from bilateral donors and African governments themselves. The fund is to be used by the Foundation to support capacity building in Africa through training and institution building. Particular attention will be paid to the rehabilitation and strengthening of selected research and training institutions to meet the challenge of indigenous capacity building. Another initiative set up with foreign donors and African support, the Africa Research Consortium in Nairobi, is a good example of collaboration at regional level that is contributing to capacity building in the critical area of economic policy analysis and management. Similarly, the African Development Bank helped establish the African Business Round table which promotes entrepreneurship and enterprise development based on African ownership and control.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Role of the ILO&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For well over three decades the ILO, as part of its technical cooperation programme in Africa, has been involved in a wide range of management development, productivity and institution building initiatives at both national and regional levels. This is consistent with the need to strengthen African training institutions to play a crucial role in providing development managers with the necessary skills to analyse and formulate policy options and manage public and private enterprises efficiently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most successful initiatives undertaken by the ILO, in collaboration with the UNDP and the Economic Development Institute (EDI) of the World Bank, is the UNEDIL programme for strengthening management training in Africa. Since its inception in 1987, the UNEDIL programme has proven to be a worthwhile initiative in institutional capacity building in the management field. Support for the programme has also come from national and regional management development institutes (MDIs) in Africa, regional and sub-regional organisations such as SADC and the Commonwealth Secretariat, and major bilateral donors such as USAID, CIDA, NORAD, the Netherlands and France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from aiming at strengthening institutional capacity, the UNEDIL programme has been instrumental in fostering networking among African development institutes and promoting professional contacts and the exchange of experience. One outcome of the programme has been the revival of three subregional MDI associations which enjoy the direct support of UNEDIL and serve as focal points for UNEDIL's subregional networking arrangements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Networking on a subregional basis has made it possible to optimise the use of scarce resources and talents, and this has helped to increase managerial capacity in the region as a whole. Collaboration has also permitted an exchange of experience among African institutions, and has brought together expertise both from within Africa and from outside to assist in the development of managerial capacity across the continent. This fits in with the goals of technical cooperation in general, and of South-South cooperation in particular. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.L. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.5.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing demands and diminishing resources in higher education&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Professor Dumitru Chitoran&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As we approach the end of the millennium, higher education world-wide finds itself in a paradoxical situation. On the one hand, it is witnessing unprecedented growth. Enrolments are on the increase and so are the expectations placed on it by society. The correlation between investment in higher education and research, and the level of social, economic and cultural development of nations is well-established and is gaining increasing ground at a time when all development has become knowledge-intensive. On the other hand, higher education is in a state of crisis in practically all countries of the world, under the pressure of serious financial constraints. It has to compete for public funds with many other sectors and very often it is among the first to undergo severe cuts. These cuts have reached a dramatic threshold in the developing countries. As a result, the gap between the developing and the developed countries with regard to higher learning and research is wider than ever and it continues to grow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inter-university cooperation has emerged as a major tool for the support of higher education in the developing countries and as a flexible mechanism for the rapid transfer and sharing of knowledge, channelled via university links and exchanges. As emphasised in the Policy Paper for Change and Development in Higher Education issued by UNESCO in 1995, 'the most pressing need for international cooperation in higher education is to reverse the process of decline of institutions in the developing countries, particularly in the least developed.' The internationalisation of higher education has advanced steadily, reinforced by current processes of economic and political integration and facilitated by the steady advances in information and communication technologies. But, as indicated in the UNESCO World Education Report (1993), it is increasingly subject to the competitive laws of the market. Universities have been urged to develop an entrepreneurial, commercial attitude and to regard international cooperation mainly as a source of additional income. Fees for foreign students have risen considerably in many countries. As a result, academic mobility is becoming more North-North and less South-North or South-South. The benefits of study abroad, of exchanges, networking and access to data are recognised, but the costs involved render them increasingly a privilege, restricted to those who can afford it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An innovative programme&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNESCO's response to these trends was the UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme, launched in 1991. While serving as an instrument to foster overall inter-university cooperation, it was aimed at giving a clear direction and goal, namely to support higher education in the developing countries. It was meant to mark a return to the spirit of international academic solidarity, through twinning, networking and other linking arrangements among universities. The programme was also designed as an innovative form for the rapid transfer of knowledge, and for institutional development in higher education, including the establishment of transnational centres for advanced studies and research, as a means of redressing the widening knowledge gap between industrially developed and developing countries. One other aim of the Programme was to alleviate the negative effects of the brain drain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme has seen steady and dynamic development from the very beginning, and has emerged as the major thrust of UNESCO's action in the field of higher education. The favoured institutional framework for carrying out activities is a UNESCO Chair. The programme's activities are extremely diverse. They include the appointment of visiting professors, provision of scholarships and fellowships, facilitating of staff and student exchanges and undertaking of joint research. The 'chairs' are typical of basic units of research and training, with a strong international dimension, since either the chairholder, or some of the professors or researchers associated with its programme come from abroad. Other projects involve complex inter university networks, varying in size from three to more than 50 institutions. Within networks, certain institutions serve as focal points, responsible for initiating activities and securing broad participation in their execution. Also included are cooperation programmes established by UNESCO with major university associations and networks in order to carry out UNITWIN-related activities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, there are 163 established UNESCO Chairs (a further 84 are under consideration) and 34 largescale networks (18 more are being developed). A total of over 750 teachers, researchers and other support staff are involved in their activities. It is estimated that 350 courses (mainly at the graduate level), attended by more than 7500 students, were organised by the established UNESCO Chairs during the 1992-1996 period. Also, 120 seminars, training workshops, symposia and colloquia were staged over the same period, attended by more than 6000 participants. Some 580 academics from developing countries spent short periods of time at partner universities in the developed countries to upgrade their training. In addition, 355 scholarships have been granted to students and young academics from developing nations within the framework of the Programme. Research has been encouraged through 240 projects (mainly joint ones) resulting, according to progress reports received so far, in the publication of 55 volumes, some 100 published articles and over 150 monographs and progress reports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ACPs in the programme&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A large number of these projects (UNESCO Chairs and networks) concern ACP countries. Africa has been given top priority. Over 30 of the established Chairs are located there and 18 more are under consideration for subSaharan Africa, in order to reinforce the contribution of the programme to the development of higher education in this region. In addition, certain projects located at institutions in Europe and North America carry on activities which are designed to support African universities. A few examples illustrate this. Starting from its bilateral links with several African universities, the University of Utrecht proposed developing these into a broader, multilateral project under the umbrella of UNITWIN. For this purpose, it joined forces with three other European institutions: the University of Lund in Sweden, the Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany and the University of Porto in Portugal. The result was the establishment of the Utrecht/Southern Africa/UNITWIN (USU) network. It includes, at its southern pole, the universities of Harare, Maputo, Namibia, and Western Cape, where UNESCO Chairs have been established in different fields. The aim is to develop each of them into (sub)regional centres of advanced study and research. This is well under way in the case of the UNESCO Chair in Mathematics and Science Education at Western Cape University in South Africa. A first step was to link its activities to those of the MESA (Mathematics Education in South Africa) project, a cooperation project between the Utrecht-Freundenthal Institute for Mathematics Education and the University of the Western Cape. A school for Science and Maths Education is to be established at the University of Western Cape.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another large scale project is the Network of African Teacher Training Institutions, built around a UNESCO Chair at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Dakar. This is designed to serve as a regional centre for postgraduate training and research in the field of education. After several years preparation, activities were launched in 1995. The strength of networking is illustrated by a number of other linking arrangements in support of African higher education institutions. These include the network initiated by the NATURA Group of European universities in the field of agriculture, the ORBICOM Network in the field of Communication, which is a global network but pays particular attention to the needs of African universities, and the UNESCO/John Hopkins University Networking and Partnership in Adolescent Youth Health and Development. The last-mentioned focuses on HlV/AIDS-related research, and includes institutions such as Addis Ababa and Makerere Universities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agreement signed by UNESCO with the Association of African Universities (AAU) within the framework of UNITWIN provides for support of the latter's staff development and management programme. A UNESCO Chair in Educational Management and Administration is to be established. It will function on a rotating basis at several universities in South Africa, Botswana and Malawi. There are also a number of 'tailor-made' chairs which respond to more specific needs of institutions, notably to develop training and research capabilities in areas such as human rights, democray and peace (at the Universities of Namibia, Addis Ababa and Fianarantsoa in Madagascar), or in the field of Water Resources and Water Culture (at the Universities of Malawi and Omdurman in Sudan). In the latter field, an interesting example is the UNESCO Chair established at the University of Nice, which, although located in France, carries out its activities in Mauritania and has produced the most comprehensive study so far on water resource management in that country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The programme has also made a good start in the Pacific and the Caribbean, even if achievements there are on a more modest scale. There are already 22 established chairs with 14 more under consideration. They cover a wide spectrum of priority fields, including the sustainable use of rain forest resources at the University of Guyana, higher education management and information technology at the University of Havana in Cuba, educational sciences in Fiji, and the use of drugs in Chulalongkorn University in Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNESCO works closely with the University of the South Pacific and the University of the West Indies, with which it has established four UNESCO Chairs. Moreover, it has signed a cooperation agreement, in the framework of UNITWIN, with the Commonwealth Secretariat and the Association of Commonwealth Universities for activities in both regions. There is great potential for the further development of the Chairs programme in the Pacific and Caribbean, given the existence of the two regional universities mentioned above and the strong interest of universities in a number of developed countries (such as Australia, Canada, Japan and Spain) in supporting the programme. It appears to be particularly well suited for the systems of higher education in the two regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Funding&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cost of international cooperation in higher education has risen steadily and this is currently one of the major obstacles preventing the full use of the potential of academic links. New information and communication technologies help reduce costs, but universities in the least-developed countries would first need considerable investment in order to procure and maintain the necessary equipment. That is why UNESCO has based the Chairs programme on funding principles aimed at lowering costs and sharing them in a genuine spirit of academic solidarity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the outset, UNESCO made it very clear that, since it was not a funding agency, it could not, by itself, assume the financial burden of such an ambitious programme, involving several hundred institutions and thousands of university teachers, researchers and students. However, it decided to make a commitment by providing some initial funds. Rough estimates indicate that, over the 1992-1995 period, UNESCO has contributed some $2.5 million (from its Regular and Participation Programmes, Fellowship Bank and Funds-in-Trust) to the UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme. At the same time, it has pressed for increased international development aid for higher education, particularly from the developed countries, and from international organisations, including the UN specialised agencies. A strong case is made for the benefit of pooling resources and for involving directly the higher education institutions themselves &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNITWIN-based projects, including UNESCO Chairs, are usually initiated through the direct contributions of UNESCO (the range is generally between $15 000 and $25 000 per individual project). This is meant to help prepare and launch projects and to secure further funding from other sources. The institutions themselves must include allocations for the respective projects in their own budgets and request their appropriate national authorities to make contributions. This applies equally to universities in the developing countries, however poor their resources may be. It serves to indicate that the project in question is indeed seen as a priority by them and by their national authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experience of the UNITWIN funding formula so far gives cause for cautious optimism. Many projects have been able to secure funds by having recourse to the various sources mentioned above. Thus, the Utrecht/ Southern Africa/UNITWIN Project received a first UNESCO allocation of $50 000 in 1993, in order to launch its activities. The fact that it concerned a large-scale project (a network of eight universities, with four chairs established at four African universities and one at the University of Utrecht) explains the larger UNESCO allocation. This was followed by a second allocation of $70 000 in 1994 for the actual implementation of activities in Africa. The UNESCO seed money led to additional funding-$600 000 annually, for the 1992-1995 period, from various Dutch donors (mainly the Ministry of Development Cooperation, through NUFFIC) and from the European Union, and $450 000 from the University of Utrecht budget, including the total cost for the functioning of the UNESCO Chair on African Studies established at that university. The other three European universities participating in the network (Bochum, Lund and Porto) have also made contributions and are now looking for donor funding in their countries. It is important to mention that the four African universities belonging to the network have also allocated funds from their own budgets to the UNITWIN projects and are actively seeking additional resources from aid and development programmes established for their countries by various donor agencies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It can be fairly argued that in terms of cost-effectiveness, efficiency and the ability to generate funding from various sources, UNITWIN compares favourably with existing cooperation schemes in higher education and research. But it is still too early to conclude that the Chairs Programme can continue and develop further on the basis of the present funding arrangements. The needs are arguably too big for the institutions and individuals involved, who may find themselves in a perpetual search for funds. An evaluation of the programme is under way and this will be submitted to the Member States for their decision. UNESCO is hoping that its efforts to revive academic solidarity, and its campaign in favour of higher education in the developing countries will receive the support of the international community. More than ever before, these countries need to develop their capacity for advanced training and research in order to achieve self sustainable development. The academic community has already indicated its willingness to join forces with UNESCO in this undertaking. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.5.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When a highly qualified professional chooses to leave his own country for another, he does so for one or several legitimate political or economic reasons: peace and security for himself and his family, job satisfaction, better pay and conditions. a higher standard of living, etc. Throughout history, countries and centres of academic excellence which offer these attractions have received the largest numbers of professional migrants and these have, in turn, made substantial contributions, not only to the economic growth of their host countries, but also to the scientific and technological advancement of humanity. The wave of German scientists who moved to the United States after the Second World war, and their discoveries and inventions, come readily to mind. On a global level, therefore, the free movement and interaction of highly skilled people is a positive thing. But the costs to the home countries of losing their professionals is incalculable-in terms of both development opportunities and loss of investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whereas Western Europe was the main loser, especially to the United States, up until the 1960s, the developing countries have emerged in recent years as the biggest suppliers of qualified professionals to the industrialised world as a whole. Today there are more than a million and a half skilled expatriates from the developing countries settled in Western Europe, the USA, Japan and Canada. The USA's educational system and its research institutions are heavily dependent on them. These migrant professionals contribute in no small way to increasing the disparities between the world's rich and poor nations. And it is the developing countries that need them most.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa, which has serious shortages of manpower, has been worst hit. It is said to have lost 60 000 professionals (doctors, university lecturers, engineers, surveyors, etc) between 1985 and 1990 and to have been losing an average of 20 000 annually ever since.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are more than 21 000 Nigerian doctors practising in the United States alone. Meanwhile, Nigeria's own health system suffers a cruel lack of medical practitioners. 60% of all Ghanaian doctors trained locally in the 1980s have left the country, according to the UNDP's 1992 Human Development Report, while, in Sudan, 17% of doctors and dentists, 20% of university lecturers, 30% of engineers and 45% of surveyors have gone to work abroad.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it is difficult to calculate the cost of an expatriate professional in terms of the nutrition, health care and education provided by households and the State, it is clear developing countries are losing colossal amounts of investment annually to the developed countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The US Congressional Research Service, for example, computed in 197172 that the USA gained $20 000 annually on each skilled migrant from the developing countries. If this rather conservative amount is extrapolated for Africa, then the continent lost more than $1.2 billion of investment between 1985 and 1990 on the 60 000 or so African professionals who emigrated during that period. Much closer perhaps to the truth today would be the estimate made by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), using 1979 prices, which put a cash value of $184 000 on each African professional migrant (and this only for those between the ages of 25 and 35).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, expatriate remittances, particularly from skilled workers who earn higher salaries than the average migrant, constitute an important source of funds for development in their home countries. Throughout Africa, households are being maintained by remittances from relatives working abroad. Also, fine buildings are being put up and small-scale projects are financed in villages and cities across the continent with funds sent from overseas. But taken together, these will never be large enough to compensate Africa for the loss of investment suffered as a result of the 'brain drain'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serious flaw in international cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The migration of highly qualified professionals from the developing countries is an extremely complex problem which presents the international community with a major dilemma. First, the 'brain drain' cannot be stopped by force nor can it be legislated against. It is linked to fundamental human rights- the right of individuals to move from one country to another, although the exercise of that right is governed by the immigration policies of individual countries. Second, it is fundamentally a national problem which can only be resolved at the national level by providing enough incentives for qualified nationals to remain at home. Third, some industrialised countries like the USA and Canada, have historically operated liberal immigration policies. Even European states, whose immigration policies tend to be more restrictive, have a good number of third world professionals, but there are over a million in the USA and Canada. It is arguable whether, under the circumstances, the liberalisation of the international labour market under the World Trade Organisation, as is being suggested (even by some developing countries), will actually be in Africa's interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The reasons for Africa's brain drain problem are legion and easily identifiable, being both structural and economic. The most often cited cause is the continent's school curricula which many see as still largely modelled on the systems of the former colonial masters. This, it is argued, has led to the production of graduates in disciplines that have little or no relevance to the socio-cultural and economic milieux of the continent. This is a highly debatable assertion, given the large numbers of the technical assistants currently working in Africa who are products of the educational systems of the former colonial powers-at least some of whom are having a positive impact on the continent's development. This, however, must not distract from the fact that African higher schools systems are illequipped to produce the right skills for Africa's development needs. Because of shortages of both science equipment and teachers, the system instructs the vast majority of pupils in arts rather than in science and technology-and it is the latter which hold the key to economic growth and development. Thus, there is overproduction of graduates in areas where there are few employment opportunities. This results in high levels of migration, even, paradoxically among the few trained scientists because of the absence of an environment conducive to full professional expression and satisfaction. It is not uncommon for things as simple as electricity and water supply to provide reasons for emigration. Examples abound of frustrated African scientists who have had their experimental work of several years destroyed overnight through power failures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Powerful factors in the brain drain include Africa's poor rates of economic growth over the past 30 years (worsened by structural adjustment measures which have resulted in dramatic falls in living standards) and political instability (disturbances in Nigeria and Zaire, civil war in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Somalia etc). Thousands of qualified professionals have been forced unwillingly into exile, and the majority of those left behind, in these times of serious economic crisis, are engaged in unskilled pursuits-in petty trading and taxi driving-far removed from their professional training. The loss of investment associated with this situation cannot be underestimated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sub-Saharan Africa is in the paradoxical situation today of having large numbers of graduates in various disciplines -from medicine and engineering to architecture and accountancy-who have either emigrated or are simply unemployed, while it hosts a large army of foreign technical assistants. Indeed, Africa receives more advice per capita than any other continent. In 1988, there were more than 80 000 technical assistants, and today the figure is well over 100 000. These experts are believed to cost donors a total of $4bn annually to maintain, a figure which represents nearly 35% of Africa's total official development aid. This situation reveals a serious flaw in the operation of international development cooperation. Would it not be more efficient and cost effective to employ qualified African expatriates in the place of many of these foreign technical experts. The former, after all, have both linguistic and cultural links with the continent. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has a programme in this area which points to a possible way forward. The article on that programme, TOKTEN, follows. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.5.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the scale of the brain drain problem facing the developing countries, the UNDP's Transfer of Knowledge Through Expatriate Nationals (TOKTEN) project may not amount to much, but it has proved, in its 19 years of existence, to be a cost-effective way of getting highly qualified expatriates from the developing countries to contribute to the development of their countries of origin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It all started in Turkey in 1977 by pure accident. A Turkish mineral expert in Alberta, Canada, was asked by a compatriot if he would be kind enough to come over to Turkey and explain his innovative coal cleaning process to the staff and students of his old university in Ankara-the Middle East Technical University. He expressed his interest in the project. Soon afterwards he was contacted by the UNDP which offered to fund part of his trip to Ankara. The expert spent one month in Turkey giving a series of seminars, not only at the Middle East Technical University, but also at the Istanbul and Dokuz Eylul Universities. During these lectures, he made recommendations on resolving Turkey's specific coal utilisation problems. His impact was immense and such that the UNDP was inspired to set up the TOKTEN project along similar lines to help developing countries gain from the knowledge of their expatriate professionals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The system is simple. Member States of the United Nations can apply to join the project. The latter is administered in each country by a National Working Commitee (NWC) which is made up of representatives from the government, local organisations, the private sector and the UNDP. Institutions of that country (government ministries and agencies, private and public sector enterprises, universities, research and development institutions, hospitals, etc) can apply for assistance in a variety of areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Applications are processed by the NWC and recruitment of experts is usually in one or more of the following ways:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â through consultants with lists of experts recognised by the Government as having extensive contacts within their expatriate communities;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â through embassies and missions, alumni associations and research institutions;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â through prominent members of the country's expatriate community who identify and alert other high level expatriates of the opportunities to return home and serve their countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the Working Committee chooses a consultant, an offer of assignment is made. The beneficiary organisation and the consultant will then determine the timing of the mission and inform the UNDP.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TOKTEN assignments last between one and three months depending on the ability of the consultant and the needs of the beneficiary'. They are not meant to be highly remunerative. Consultants are only entitled to round trip economy fare tickets (by the most direct route) and a daily subsistence allowance at the prevailing UN rate. The costs are paid out of the beneficiary country's 'Indicative Planning Figure'(IPF) which is the amount of assistance the UNDP makes available to a developing country over a five-year programming cycle. Health insurance cover and accommodation is not provided. Usually these are the responsibilities of the beneficiary government or organisation. The salaries of the consultants during their absence are paid by their affiliated employers whose agreement is often necessary for the projects to go ahead.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TOKTEN consultants are thus not motivated by money but by a genuine desire (with a modicum of patriotism) to contribute to the development of their countries of origin to which they retain strong cultural and linguistic ties. And their impact on the ground is usually immediate and measurable. Pressures are not put on volunteers to return permanently to their countries, although many have chosen to do so since the programme began in 1977.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The system is not only low-cost and cost-effective. It covers a great variety of specialised fields and enables programmes to be implemented with speed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conditions for success&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A UNDP assessment of the programme in 1987, ten years after it began, concluded that regular monitoring of its operation had enabled information garnered to be applied to increase its effectiveness. It had been found, for example, that short-term expatriate consultancies were especially beneficial when the problem tackled was specific and the consultant selected was of international standing, when both the requesting organisation and the expatriate were well prepared in advance, and when the initial mission was followed up by a series of measures, often including a return visit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 1992, 35 countries were participating in the programme and over 3800 consultancies had been run. Since then, the number of countries has increased dramatically to 51 and con&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;sultancies to 5000. In 1994 and 1995 alone, 28 countries reported over 700 consultancies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has also become clear that, whereas the main recipient institutions have been government agencies, science and technology research institutions, universities and organisations, the private sector is increasingly showing interest in the programme. The number of female specialists is also increasing: in 1991, 40 consultants were women and last year this figure rose to over 100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, the ACP countries participating in the programme are; Benin, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Dominica, Ethiopia, Fiji, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Liberia, Nigeria, Sao Tome &amp;amp; Principe, Sierra Leone, St Lucia, Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago and Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Success stories include a highly skilled Guyanese medical practitioner in the United States who returned home after 17 years to assume the post of minister of health. He had been sent to oversee the introduction of certain aspects of health care such as preventive medicine (immunisation, general child care and nutrition), treatment of trauma (victims of accidents and violence etc) and the establishment and management of the physical facilities for emergency patients. During his stint, his recommendation on the upgrading of the emergency room facilities was rapidly implemented and this contributed significantly to improving patient care. Another story involved a Guinean banker who, after a consultancy stint in Guinea, abandoned a lucrative job in France to return home permanently to work at the Central Bank of Guinea, helping to set up a new loan system for commercial imprt and export businesses. Guinea, in fact, has been one of the greatest beneficiaries of the TOKTEN programme with numerous consultancies involving the University of Conakry, covering more than 20 disciplines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For very small sums the programme is ensuring that developing countries which have invested enormously in the education of their expatriate nationals have a return, at least, in the form of the knowledge they oquired.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.5.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The role of the Commonwealth in the economic and social progress of its member states is neither widely known nor widely publicised. Yet for over 25 years, the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC) has made significant contributions to the efforts of its developing member countries to accelerate the pace of their economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The recognition by the Commonwealth that people are its greatest resource forms the basis of its approach to development assistance-providing, in the short term, specialist technical skills which are either not available or are in short supply to governments to enable them to fill key positions in areas as diverse as export and industrial promotion, high-level economic and legal services etc, and in the longer term, a wide range of training programmes in areas that are crucial for economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation is funded by voluntary financial contributions from member governments which, as has just been mentioned, can also draw on it according to their needs and priorities. As a pioneer of technical cooperation between developing countries, the Fund recruits its experts from these countries and encourages South/South cooperation. It is thus not uncommon to see West Africans serving, on short-term contracts, as legal officers in remote Pacifc island states or Sri Lankans or Indians advising on new agricultural techniques in Africa. The Fund is administered by four separate divisions within the Commonwealth Secretariat: the management and training division; the general technical assistance division; the export and industrial development division, and the economic and legal advisory services division. In 1994-95 the CFTC's financial resources stood at around f23.6 million (ECU 30m).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human resource development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly one-third of the CFTC's budget is spent on human resource development, helping enhance people's skills through a mix of training workshops, study visits and individual attachments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some 4000 training fellowships were awarded in 1993-95 to enhance technical skills. These were given to middle and senior professional, technical and administrative managers to study at some of the Commonwealth's best institutions or to take up work attachments (63% of training takes place in less-developed countries).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Fund also enables universities and other institutions to become centres of excellence and upgrade the tuition they offer by appointing academic and technical specialists. In 1993-95, for example, it helped five universities in Africa and the Caribbean to run applied Masters courses through collaboration with other Commonwealth universities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the CFTC is usually able to meet only 60% of the requests it receives for specialised training, its programmes are held on a regional and pan-Commonwealth basis to maximise impact, especially in topics such as administrative reform, financial management and strategic planning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Fund's training priorities include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- first and foremost, identifying needs (consultants are sent to countries to examine their development plans and help them to prioritise training needs).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- providing education and training in key areas that reflect CFTC concerns such as well-managed economic and financial reform by government, sustainable development, participation of women and application of technology.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- ensuring an integrated package of consultancy, advice and training to help managers in government, and public and private sector enterprises to coordinate and manage reforms and restructuring.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- organising policy workshops and seminars that bring together senior government officials, executives and academics from Commonwealth countries to pool experiences, learn examples of best practice, discuss problems and reflect on emerging issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- giving support to institutions to offer new and specialised education and training programmes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- providing technical and vocational training under the Commonwealth Industrial Training and Experience Programme (between 1993 and 1995, workshops were held in hospital equipment repairs, railway repairs and maintenance and computer-assisted manufacturing).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- providing training in information systems, new technologies and environmental issues (governments are helped to develop management information systems and apply information technology). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-setting up programmes for women with a particular focus on entrepreneurs and community managers (among other initiatives, the CFTC is helping three African universities develop specialised programmes in entrepreneurship for women in non-traditional sectors).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-coordinating wider linkages among professional networks to facilitate exchanges of information and examples of best practice (the CFTC recently helped to set up the Commonwealth Association for Public Administration and Management to assist in improving public service performance and in raising ethical standards).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Expertise on tap&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shortage of skills is one of the biggest stumbling-blocks facing countries trying to raise the living standards of their people. Providing experts accounts for about one-third of the CFTC's budget.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because its assistance is relatively small and carefully targeted, it avoids the potential waste associated with larger scale projects and poor technical planning. In 1993-95, the cost both of a typical long-term expert and an average project was around Â£50 000 (ECU 62 000) a year. Experts can be in place within three or four weeks of project approval.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the same period, over 200 long- and short-term experts were provided to 43 developing Commonwealth countries, six dependent territories and 18 regional organisations. The expertise requested is extremely diverse, from hydrography and agroforestry to tourism, statistics, legal affairs, health, social planning and computer science.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assignments for short-term experts can range from a few days to six months. Their role is advisory, helping governments to introduce new systems or technologies. Long-term experts stay usually from six months to two years; others may stay up to four years. Experts assist in the development and implementation of policies or in the provision of managerial skills and the training of counterpart staff to take over in due course. Some long-term experts are trainers in specialist fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CFTC makes every effort to appoint women experts. In 1993-95, they made up 13% of experts that were sent to the field. These included a consultant anaesthetist in Ghana, an agricultural economist in Mozambique, an information specialist in Barbados, a fisheries development officer in Papua New Guinea and an environmental lawyer in Seychelles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A scheme to allow suitably qualified and experienced people to volunteer as short-term experts for a maximum of three months was launched in mid-1995. The scheme draws on experts from the Commonwealth who are willing to give their services on a voluntary basis to developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Entrepreneurs come first&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In its help to small businesses, the CFTC focuses on those who manage the businesses and identify new entrepreneurial talent. Most assistance is given to small states, especially in the Pacific. The programme has three phases: the first relates to 'surveys of opportunity' which is aimed at identifying suitable entrepreneurs, investment opportunities and potential for expansion as well as specific problems. Next comes 'workshops on entrepreneurship development' during which business owners and operators are helped to think creatively, to become more aware of opportunities that are available and to act strategically when planning expansion. And the last are what we call 'business clinics' in which one-to-one counselling is provided to an entrepreneur at his or her business. This personal support has proved very successful in helping individual entrepreneurs to become more efficient and competitive and, by implication, adapt to changing world economic conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing exports&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CFTC has pioneered the use of Contact-Promotion programmes and 'Buyer-Seller Meets' forums to help small exporters. These forums allow company representatives, often from small Commonwealth countries, to display their wares and meet prospective buyers from other countries. CFTC consultants plan these activities well ahead, short listing producers that are likely to succeed, identifying suitable foreign markets and advising on redesigning of products. Sometimes exporters and factory staff also receive training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CFTC funds a special 'export development programme' for women entrepreneurs. This includes detailed country studies of women engaged in exporting as well as sales promotions abroad. Studies of this type have recently been conducted in Cyprus, Sri Lanka and Zambia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are helped, under the programme, to adapt their handicrafts for export, improve their manufacturing techniques and undertake sales missions abroad. Training is also given in export marketing, product development, costing and pricing. If necessary, changes to government policy are recommended. In 1994, the assistance given to Ghanaian women to develop markets for their basket ware and handicrafts is estimated to have helped generate sales worth US$3.1 million (ECU 2.4m). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.5.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Digby Swift&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community's investments in human resource development-health, nutrition and education-in ACP states have regularly been covered in the pages of this magazine whether in the context of dosiers or of country resorts. Here we present a brief description of how the EU's policy in education and training evolved under the Yaounde and LomÃ© Convemntions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Educating all the people. This is not just a slogan. In a poor, underdeveloped country, there may be some short-term gains from supplying high quality education and training to an elite few. But, as the 'Asian Miracle' has proved, major long-term gains in development and wealth are possible only if the entire population possesses a reasonable level of education.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Now for the problem. For many countries, notably those of sub-Saharan Africa, a large proportion of school age children receive no education at all. Of those who do attend school, many receive little benefit from their education because of the very low quality of provision. Only a small minority reach secondary education. And yet a higher proportion than ever of national budgets is now going to the education sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem is urgent because of the time it will take to resolve. Even if we could wave a magic wand to provide all children with a good primary education, it would take a decade to see the benefits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How is European aid helping to tackle this problem? What have been the guiding principles of European aid to education in the past? And why is the problem still acute in, for example, subSaharan Africa, despite decades of investment in aid to education ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid mirrors developments&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid to education has mirrored developments in the education sectors of the countries concerned. For example, the low-income countries of Africa, which account for 73% of Africa's population, have seen a rapid expansion in their education systems followed by a collapse of funding. This has resulted in a serious decline in standards of provision. European aid, which began by providing piecemeal assistance to infrastructure and manpower, shifted to a 'project approach' to tackle these emerging problems and is now moving towards a coordinated sectoral approach to help tackle the reform of whole education systems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From 1970 to 1980, the number of pupils enrolling in the primary schools of developing countries more than doubled, and the numbers in secondary and tertiary education quadrupled. Even relative to the increasing population, there was a 90% increase in the proportion of primary-aged children in school, and a large increase in the proportion of girls. This growth was accompanied by a doubling of government budgetary resources made available to education.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the massive general economic decline between 1980 and 1985, the money made available for education from the public purse fell by 40%, yet the education systems continued to grow. The result was that teachers' salaries plummeted, and funds for non-salary recurrent costs such as teaching materials and maintenance virtually dried up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1985, the financial situation has somewhat improved and funding is now at an all-time high. Nevertheless, for many African states, the education sector is in a state of crisis. Buildings are crumbling and inadequate; teachers are untrained or undertrained and often absent because of low incentives and weak supervision. There are few books and other teaching materials. Consequently, many pupils leave school virtually illiterate and innumerate. Moreover, because of the low quality of instruction and increasing costs to parents, many parents are no longer bothering to send children to school even when places are available. Primary enrolment fell by around 10% between 1990 and 1992. Thus in many countries, a fundamental reform of the sector is seen as the only way forward.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evolution of aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the early days of European aid, education and training were seen as suppliers of manpower for countries to modernise their economies. The priority themes of the 1970 Yaounde Convention for European Community aid were industrialisation, regional cooperation and international trade. Community support to education and training focused on the construction of colleges and university faculties to serve industrialisation and regional cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1975 LomÃ© I Convention referred specifically to 'the establishment of regional institutions of advanced technology, in the context of training programmes to enable nationals to participate fully in economic development'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1980 LomÃ© II Convention introduced multiannual training programmes, and support in the form of training awards and courses/seminars; experts and instructors; teaching equipment; collaboration between training or research establishments and universities. The emphasis was still on vocational training for other sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A significant proportion of European bilateral aid to education and training took the form of European teachers for secondary schools, colleges and universities. These helped to cover the shortage of locally trained teachers, whilst educating an elite able to fill senior and middle positions in the public and private sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 1985, problems were becoming all too apparent within the education systems being supported. As in other sectors, there was increased emphasis on the 'project approach' towards tackling these problems. Thus the LomÃ© Ill Convention includes support to education and training 'in the form of integrated programmes aimed at a well defined objective'. This could include, for example, 'assisting the ACP States' own efforts to restructure their educational establishments and systems and to update curricula, methods and technology employed, in order to step up the effectiveness and cut back the cost of all types of training'. A concern for under-represented groups, particularly women, was also becoming explicit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 1990, the concept of investing in people through education and training had moved high on the donor agenda, and alongside it, a growing concern for sectoral reform. According to the 1989 LomÃ© IV Convention, 'Cooperation shall be aimed at supporting development in the ACP States, a process centred on man himself and rooted in each people's culture. It shall back up the policies and measures adopted by those States to enhance their human resources, increase their own creative capacities and promote their cultural identities. Cooperation shall also encourage participation by the population in the design and execution of development operations.' In a chapter entitled Operations to enhance the value of human resources, a section on Education and Training refers to supporting the ACP State's efforts to 'reform their basic education institutions and systems, in particular by providing overall primary education coverage and adjusting imported systems as well as building them into development strategies'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1980s and early 1990s, European states and the Community joined the World Bank in support of structural adjustment. In a 1991 communication to the European Development Council, the Commission stated that it 'will give absolute priority to the social dimension of adjustment, in particular ensuring that the health and education sectors are adequately covered, in conjunction with sectoral reforms introduced or planned in these two areas.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balancing this concern for system reform has been a growing appreciation of the importance of decentralised cooperation. An example is the cost-sharing microprojects for grassroots development first introduced in LomÃ© I with explicit mention of support to primary schools. Another example is the need to support the activities of nongovernmental organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new policy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two events in the early 1990s have had a profound impact on European support for education and training. The first was the World Conference on Education for All: Meeting the Basic Learning Needs held in Jomtien in 1990. This emphasised the need for universal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;primary education and adult literacy to be firmly placed on the political agenda, and has resulted in a profound swing of donor support away from higher education and towards primary education. The second important event was the 1992 Treaty of European Union which requires the coordination of Member States' policy and operations, particularly in the social sectors. Guidelines are contained in the 1994 Council Resolution on support to education and training in developing countries in which 'the Council emphasises that education, in particular basic education, is a fundamental right'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to the Resolution, 'the priority for the Community and the Member States must be both to maximise access to education within the limits of the resources available and to ensure that the quality of education provided is suited to the needs of the majority of students. 'This is to be achieved through 'a balanced, programme-based strategy, tailored to the specific circumstances of the individual developing country', with pride of place accorded to basic education. It should provide 'support to the developing countries' own policies and efforts', not acting as a substitute for local initiative, and should involve better integration of action under structural adjustment with education sector priorities and aid activities. The Council also recommends a special emphasis on coordination in a number of pilot countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the outset, Community aid to education and training in African, Caribbean and Pacific countries has been in response to requests from the ACP states with an emphasis on ownership of the resulting programme by those states. What the new policy introduces into this process is a dialogue between government and all donors on needs, priorities and approaches set in the context of the education sector as a whole. Only through such a comprehensive approach can developing countries and European states reach a true partnership in realising the education and training needs of all citizens on which the future of their countries so crucially depends. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.S.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.6.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Kenneth Karl&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1989 saw the end of the Yalta inspired twin-superpower dominance. Nations had to examine their priorities in their desire for integration in an international environment in which geostrategic and economic realignment would be unavoidable. The philosophy which had served as a basis and reference point for North/South relations throughout the Cold War period is now being called into question and necessary adjustments in ideas have been triggered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The LomÃ© Convention, which governs the development-cooperation relationship between the EU and the 70 ACP countries, is a unique North/South cooperation agreement on account of its contractual nature, its durability, the funds it allocates and the fact that it provides for a permanent dialogue. But it is also now at a decisive point in its history.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Those who regard the Convention as out-of-date and in need of renovation, and those more radical critics who believe that it no longer serves any useful purpose and must be phased out, both argue that a new direction is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Beyond all the criticism formulated against this system, the fundamental question remains as to whether the LomÃ© Convention will be able, given the necessary changes, to carry on after its fourth version expires.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The years between now and the end of the century will, naturally, see the application of the revised LomÃ© IV, including the substantial improvements made to it. However, this same period must also be used to prepare the ground for ACP/KU development cooperation in the future, whatever form it might take.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shortly after his nomination as European Commissioner for relations with the ACP countries and South Africa, Professor Pinheiro commented, realistically, that the ACP countries are no longer 'in fashion'. The change of emphasis can be seen clearly if one looks at the EU's burgeoning relations with its eastern neighbours from the former Communist bloc (illustrated by the wide range of European programmes now benefiting these countries). One might also cite the strengthening of ties with countries in the Mediterranean basin. Economic and security concerns underpin this development, but it undoubtedly reduces the significance which was once accorded to the ACP states.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, the economic objectives of virtually all EU countries, as they seek to reduce budget deficits and deal with increasing internal social problems inevitably put pressure on the amount of development aid being granted to the Third World.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This situation is, of course, not restricted to the European Union - which in fact remains the world's main contributor of official development aid. At the instigation of a Republican dominated Congress, the United States is planning much more swingeing cuts in its contribution, both to certain international agencies and to certain regions (including Africa).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This undeniable cutback in public development aid has been offset in recent years by net increases in private capital flows, but the geographical distribution is highly skewed. Only a few of the poorest developing countries have benefited from the trend, the main 'winners' being the emerging states of Asia. These include countries such as China, India and Indonesia which, it is worth noting in passing, do not have particularly good human rights records, in the sense that the term is understood in Europe. Despite the fact that ACP countries have identified potential for attracting foreign investment, they have not actually benefited from this change in resource flows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this climate, with official development aid in inaeasingly short supply, innovative methods for making optimum use of the available resources must be devised within the context of the LomÃ© Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On current indications, it is quite possible that in the year 2000, the LomÃ© Convention will be filed away in the archives. ACP/KU relations will certainly have to be more in step with recent developments on the international scene. The initial reasons for the establishment of a cooperative relationship between Europe and the ACPs, following the signature of the Rome Treaty, are now outmoded. As Paul Valery has commented: 'One of the worst mental aberrations is to think that things can survive when the reasons for their existence have gone'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So, what type of development cooperation should the countries of the European Union and their ACP partners aim for in the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alternative trends&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has stated that it is in favour of a globalisation of aid within an innovative framework. One of the first questions to be asked is whether uniform cooperation with regions whose monolithic character is being increasingly called into question is still desirable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Variable geometry in development cooperation relations is increasingly being seen as the trend to be followed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If this option is chosen, there is a risk of the following scenario being created: The EU's relationship with the Caribbean could become diluted within its relationship with Latin-American countries and links with the Pacific countries could become confused with economic relations with Asia. What would then become of Africa, the continent needing most attention on account of the wide range of its difficulties and its increasing marginalisation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1990, the United Nations General Assembly, aware of the African question, adopted a new agenda on development in Africa, thus making that continent its number-one priority. Europe, on the other hand, must not simply focus on Africa but must invent new modes of action which are more concrete and more effective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secondly, recent trends imply greater conditionality. This has been taken on board not just by EU Member States. A number of multilateral aid agencies have also included it in their strategy. The OECD's Development Aid Committee believes that future relationships between North and South will be greatly influenced by conditionality and, indeed, the Organisation goes so far as to advocate this approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, conditionality in terms of development is a strategic element which must be handled with extreme caution. If cooperation, whether today or in the future, is to be based on conditionality, then it can only be rendered effective if aid recipients (both governments and the governed) are genuinely committed to the idea. They must be convinced, in a climate of resource-scarcity, than the approach is motivated above all by a desire for greater success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union thus has a vital role to play, making full use of its advantages in terms of dialogue and consultation in order to prevent conditionality being perceived as a condescending mechanism. Thereby, it can help to prevent conditionality from generating the well-known perverse effects of 'tied' aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course, conditionality raises the thorny question of national sovereignty, but it is important to observe that modern international relations have moved on, both de jure and de facto, from a concept of absolute sovereignty to one of relative sovereignty. This is illustrated by the trend towards humanitarian intervention as a right, the requirements of the Bretton Woods institutions, supranationality in certain regional international organisations, and the very fact of world economic interdependence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This does not mean that the developing states should sell off their sovereignty to the highest bidder but that conditionality should be the subject of negotiation. Donors must be more flexible in their demands and thereby give the country in question such room to manoeuvre as is necessary for programmes to succeed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thirdly, development of the private sector appears now to be approved by all parties. Since independence, the State has been omnipresent and omnipotent in most productive areas of ACP economies. Given the failures of the public sector, private enterprise is now being called in to help. Its development is one of the sector specific policies which will and must receive most support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development of the private sector must permit better distribution of the fruits of the growth that it generates and promote integration of the ACP countries into the market economy. There can be no question of pitting private enterprise against the public sector, because any Manichean approach in this sphere might prove to be risky. It is important also to stress that free market development cannot take place overnight and that it is subject to inescapable macro and microeconomic preconditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, the birth and expansion of a dynamic private sector depends on the politico-economic fabric. This includes reliable financial bodies, functioning financial intermediation, adequate infrastructures, technical qualifications and training, a suitable legal/ regulatory framework, institutions to support private businesses, the channelling of the informal sector and a public sector which is prepared to play fair, aware of its regulatory role. These, in short, are the necessary ingredients for the adjustment of the private sector to permit the development of a true enterprise culture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development of a harmonious private sector will make it possible more easily to achieve the transformation and export objectives required by international competitiveness. It should, therefore, help to counteract the erosion of commercial preferences generated by the Uruguay Round. The latter's time limits should, in any case, be extended, because it seems clear that the ACP countries will be unable to fulfil their obligations by the end of the moratorium obtained by the EU during the negotiations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The notion of compensating for inequality that is found in international development law, implies the adoption of a normative system to counteract the weak trading position of developing countries vis-a-vis their competitors in the North. But in recent times, this idea has been losing ground and it is unlikely to cut much ice with the WTO authorities. Legal equality in a situation where there is structural inequality is not, in fact, equitable, and it is therefore necessary to find some other way of mitigating the adverse effects, looking at it in a global context.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Promotion of domestic and foreign investment should be better supported. People talk of the 'risk/ country' threshold that deters foreign investors. It may be that this can be measured objectively by looking at economic and other indicators, but even if this is not possible, it clearly exists as a psychological barrier. This is a problem for many ACP countries and it needs to be crossed, using measures which tackle the many obstacles to investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Changing the culture of development cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Besides all the technical aspects, one could argue that the shortcomings of the LomÃ© Convention stem also from the perceptions of those involved in development cooperation. In short, it is the actual concept and culture of development aid which must be changed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the European side, the colonial legacy has conditioned attitudes, imprinting on them a dominant patemalism which is prejudicial to the aim of development. This European concept of cooperation must be overturned. Moreover, development cooperation must not be seen as the art of the possible but as the art of making possible what is strictly necessary, by virtue of genuine negotiation with the countries which have resolved to move forward.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, it is desirable to have a better developed policy of informing European public opinion about development cooperation. An effort is needed to counter false impressions, such as the one left by the French journalist who wrote: 'Official development aid is like taking money from the poor in rich countries to give it to the rich in poor countries'. Better information is needed to ensure that the public can decide such matters for itself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coordinating the Union's policies with those of the Member States now presents an enormous challenge. The political obstacles are huge and development cooperation may well suffer as a result of them if the objectives of coordination, coherence and complementarity contained in the Maastricht Treaty are not achieved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for the ACP countries, success in their economic development depends on many factors, cooperation being only one of them. Many political leaders in these nations have too often described cooperation with the North as the only way in which they can develop. In fact, this should be seen as nothing more than an additional factor - supporting the national effort and a genuine desire for development. It is pure fantasy to believe that development can be set in motion solely on the basis of an external impetus. To succeed, it must come from within a country. This is why future cooperation between the EU and the ACP countries must progress towards reinforcing the aptitude of the latter to devise, master and control their own development process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the future, the ACP countries must propose concrete and responsible solutions to their partners, doing so by means of the dialogue system. They must also promote development based on participation, particularly with the involvement of young people and women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that the ACPs can offer a credible prospectus for development must be acknowledged. It is undoubtedly a challenge, but it can successfully be overcome if a climate of stability, security and confidence is created, matched by an unambiguous political will.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In KU/ACP relations, programmes must include the long-term vision necessary for sustainable development. Too often in the past, the strategy has been aimed at an immediate and ostentatious result. Successful development in the future will depend crucially on a change in such attitudes. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.K. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let us know what you think&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The debate about the future of cooperation between the European Union and the ACP states is now beginning to gash' pace. Last year, we established the 'Analysis' section in The Courier to report on this debate-and give readers an opportunity to express their own views on the subject.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The response so far has been encouraging, but it has come mainly from the European side. We are keen to receive contributions from ACP readers as well. If you have you own ideas or opinions about what should happen after LomÃ© IV expires, why not put them on paper and send them to us. Our address is on the inside front cover of the magazine. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.6.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was the subject of a conference which took place in Maastricht from 12-14 June, under the auspices of the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM). It brought together participants from ACP countries and Europe, including representatives of civil society (NGOs, the private sector, etc.). Four major topics were addressed:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How can a new KU/ACP commercial relationship be constructed ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was agreement that some form of preferential trade regime should continue after 2000. Some participants stressed the need to Promote 'fair trade', which would contribute not only to growth but also to development. The impact of individual trade preferences is not always clear-cut, but obviously there cannot be a single solution covering all problems in all ACP countries. An analysis of negative constraints demonstrated the difficulties involved in reconciling the rules of the LomÃ© Convention and those of the World Trade Organisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How can the private sector become involved in development ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most important aspect of this topic is knowing how to create a favourable and business-friendly environment which will enable the private sector to play its part-and the role the European Union could play in this process. The private sector was defined as both formal and informal, encompassing large, medium and small enterprises, whether local or foreign. The importance of a strong local private sector in guaranteeing long-term stability was particularly emphasised. In this respect, the view was expressed that the role of the state and its relationship with the European Commission should be redefined. There was also a call for time to be set aside time for effective dialogue, and to create the space for a partnership between the public and private sectors. It was felt that the role of Economic and Social Councils should be expanded and specified more clearly. As for the specific issue of privatisation, the point was made that this should not be seen as a panacea and that it should be approached on a country-by-country basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards current instruments, it was noted that their objective is essentially to meet public-sector requirements. The role of the Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) attracted some criticism. Speakers felt that the private sector should be more involved in the preparation and implementation of cooperation programmes with the European Community. Direct financial support to the private sector was seen as desirable, including backing from the European Investment Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What partnership ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The partnership concept was seen to have been eroded over the past two decades, with the pretext of efficiency resulting in a more paternalistic approach. Mechanisms needed to be found to enable EU priorities and the prerogatives of ACP countries to be reconciled. Reference was made to the political nature of the origin of the partnership and the need to find a new political raison d'etre for this type of relationship. The problems of cohesion within the ACP group and its relations with the EU were also raised, and there was a discussion about the possibility of giving the Convention a regional character-although a number of speakers expressed reservations about this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the European side, two lacunae emerged, namely coordination between donors, and consistency between LomÃ© and other Community policies (including relationships with the Bretton Woods institutions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the principle of partnership, some participants were keen to stress the motives of solidarity and common interest that lay behind cooperation. It was not simply a matter of 'negative' interdependence. The appropriateness of the term 'partnership' was questioned, if this was only to mean financial and technical cooperation. The politicisation of LomÃ© appears to be on the agenda, involving a move from the current partnership to a genuine 'contractual approach' through political dialogue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for the role of partnership in cooperation policy management, it was felt essential that civil society and the private sector be involved. There was also a discussion of the debt problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How can financial and technical cooperation be improved ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As usual, reference was made to the need to simplify and differentiate management of LomÃ© Convention instruments, particularly in the context of the programming process. As regards the role of non-state actors, a cautious approach was recommended. Finally, new instruments were called for to prevent conflict.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Conclusions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This conference, coming after several others of the same type, was characterised essentially by private sector and NGO calls for greater participation in Community cooperation policy. Moreover, the need for 'politicisation' of the LomÃ© policy, shifting from purely financial and technical aid to a genuine cooperation contract, seems to have attracted the support of all participants. These questions are sure to figure in the 'Green Paper' on 'tome after 2000', which the European Commission plans to publish before the end of 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.6.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On 6 and 7 June, the Belgian Par/iament hosted a UN seminar on 'me future of international development cooperation: new communication challenges' 'Democratising Democracy' was the succinct, journalistic way in which one of the speakers at the meeting summed up his solution to the problem of underdevelop meet. He was Jean-Bertrand Aristide, former President of Haiti, who observed that democracy, as advocated by the developed world, and increasingly accepted by developing countries, does not prevent the latter's slide into even greater poverty. The Courier had the opportunity to interview Mr Aristide. We began by asking him whether his statement implied that democracy is failing in a world striving to 'globalise' it J-B.A.-The word democracy comes from the Greek words 'demos', meaning people and 'kratein', meaning to govern. In other words, it signifies government of the people, for the people by the people-but if we take a look at the world today, the impression we get is that not all so-called democratic governments are in fact what they purport to be. Hence the need to 'democratise democracy', so as to create a situation in which all citizens can help set governments on a course towards such a model.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Concepts usually generate conflict and, therefore, when speaking of revolution, democracy or globalisation, it is necessary to be au fait with the subject matter so as not to become involved in a dialogue of the deaf. In the specific case of globalisation, my opinion is that this has a tendency to make what is an already precarious situation even more unbalanced. Concepts cannot be applied everywhere without thought being given to their harmful consequences. This does not mean to say that we should give up completely. It's one thing to speak of the globalisation of peace, as if an ineluctable need existed to promote peace on a world scale, but I'm not sure that everyone would define the globalisation of peace in the same way as I do.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Could we turn now to your own country, Haiti. How do you view the future of democracy there, bearing in mind the economic circumstances ? At the seminar, you mentioned several factors which demonstrate democracy's *agility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Democracy is indeed fragile. 1% of Haiti's population owns 48% of the country's wealth and it is estimated that about 65% of the working population is employed in agriculture as against 5.1% in the 'industrial' sector. But is this really the true picture ? Reality for most people is poverty-unacceptable and sub-human poverty. A man needs work to earn his daily crust by the sweat of his brow, but unemployment has reached catastrophic proportions. When people are unable to earn their living, there is little point in discussing the positive influence of democracy. What is needed is for those with a great deal of wealth and those with less wealth to talk to each other; a dialogue between the private and public sectors, so that we can head off futile conflicts and devote all our efforts to economic growth coupled with human development. I do believe that this is possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yet, the rich are so rich and the poor so poor. Is it not fantasy to think that the gulf which separates them, and their mutual mistrust, can simply be set aside so that genuine dialogue can take place ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is one of the challenges we have faced ever since 1960 and, although we have not yet reaped the harvest of this process, we have to carry on. It's not too late. We just have to approach the subject logically and with all the facts to hand, and we must have the intelligence to be patient. If we continue with dialogue, we will achieve real results. Only the citizens of Haiti can play a part in Haiti's development-this is not a task for outsiders. We, on the other hand, have to be more receptive to international cooperation, while maintaining mutual respect and dignity. But what we also need is for our own people to act together in order to enhance our own growth. This is not to say that geopolitical reality can be disregarded. Other countries have to be taken into account, but, as a starting point, we have to consider Haiti's human and material resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Thereisdialogueata world level, but there are rules to be applied. I am thinking, here, of free competition. Haiti has to play by the rules, just like any other country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Since we gained independence, our history has seen a succession of coups d'etat and people have been over-eager in brandishing weapons to solve economic, political or social problems. Now that democracy has been restored in Haiti, weapons are not the solution to our problems-I cannot stress this enough. What we need is for those with money to sit down and negotiate with those who have none: for the government to get people round the table and devise a common plan to accommodate all interested parties- looking at both the nation's interests and the interests of investors. I do believe that it is possible to achieve this. We have, in fact, already begun to prepare the ground. I am not basing my words, here, on pure theory, but am speaking from experience. In concrete terms, we have to transcend class and racial differences to recognise that Haitian men and women, regardless of their colour and the country they might live in outside Haiti, regardless of their nationality, even, are still part of Haiti's indigenous population. The way must be kept open for dignified and balanced cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The other point you mentioned today was that there can be no development without the effective involvement of the population. Are you not leaving yourself open to accusations of having socialist or even communist tendencies ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-As I have just said, we have to be scientific in our approach and check our facts over and over again. I fail to see how anyone can claim to be working towards peace without looking at poverty which is the greatest threat to social cohesion. Of course, there are those who would deny this assertion, and that is their right. However, rational analysis of the situation can help us alleviate poverty and promote security. It needs to be underlined that security is also one of the essential factors in economics. The UN Security Council is called in to prevent or resolve conflicts. To my mind, we should also be talking about an economic security council to deal with the economic realities. The deeper one plunges into poverty, the greater one's feelings of insecurity-the two always go hand in hand. And insecurity can crop up anywhere in the world. Nor is it a question of charity. It is a real, rational question which must sharpen our awareness, stimulate our common sense and set us on a course to protect the world by alleviating poverty. That, at least, is one approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, you have to recognise that politics is essentially a question of power while economics is influenced by interests. Everyone uses the means at their disposal to defend their personal interests and we know perfectly well that there are no free gifts. The so-called developed countries allocate just 0.3% of their GDP to development aid, yet we are losing our tropical forests at the rate of the area of a football pitch every second. In Haiti, forests now cover only a small area of the country. But in the final analysis, environmental catastrophe threatens us all, rich and poor alike, even if certain countries do not face specific ecological risks. We either deal with it as reasonable people, or we close our eyes to the 'cause and effect' realities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but are we reasonable people ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The crisis of ethics is indeed a reality and a great many values are now being called into question. These days, we have to love in order to prove we are not contradicting ourselves. If we believe in God, we might call this love 'God', just as we might call it 'justice'. It all depends on your philosophy, religion or beliefs. If I feel love, I cannot be indifferent to the situation of victims of injustice, both in Haiti and elsewhere. If a man is humiliated, crushed, exploited or marginalised, then 1, too, am humiliated, crushed and marginalised. It is love which makes us fight for justice everywhere. Either one is a demagogue revelling in big words or one is sincere and ready to die so that another might live-this brings immortality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· One final question. You were speaking just now of insecurity and economics. Is there a link, here, with one of your most recent decisions, the abolition of Haiti's army ? Could you tell us how you were able to pull off this 'coup'? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- I am perfectly happy to answer such an important question and would like to be able to give a clear and direct reply. But given that the struggle is still going on, I don't think I should go into too much detail. A decision was made. The Haitian people opted to rid themselves of the army. Supporting their democratic wish, it was our job to help bring about this dissolution. The army, it is worth recalling, had about 7000 men, absorbed 40% of the national budget-and had killed many of our compatriots. We have had to be logical and patient in achieving this goal, bearing in mind that the guarantors of the agreement which led to my return had their own views, which were different from ours. We also needed courage and wisdom and, above all, the determination of the people. My motto has always been that it is better to fail with the people than to succeed without them, and in this we did not fail. Our task now is not to bask in our own glory but to continue the work of structuring the police force, to prevent it becoming another army. To achieve this, we have to make steady progress and use sound judgment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.7.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Jean-Pierre Tilquin and Miguel Amado&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This tiny country tucked away at the heart of Africa has, as is well known, been convulsed over the last three years by an acute socio-political crisis. The tragic consequences have included loss of human life, damage to the economic and social infrastructure, and a movement of refugees to neighbouring countries. Burundi, already one of the most densely populated nations in Africa, also has high population growth. It could be argued that it is only thanks to the hard work and perseverance of the farmers (admittedly, 90% of the population) that the country manages to keep going at all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture in Burundi follows traditional lines and is based on a farming system divided between food crops for consumption by the farmer and his family, and cash crops (mainly coffee, tea and cotton). Although at the beginning of the decade the crops grown for food were sufficient to meet the population's needs, today demographic pressures are forcing farmers to increase food-crop production. It is these pressures that have prompted them to descend into the marshlands which cover approximately 110 000 hectares (8% of cultivable land in Burundi). These marshes are flooded during the rainy season and so allow rice to be cultivated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population growth has also meant that fields cannot be left fallow for long periods. This has resulted in more intensive use of marginal land and an increase in forest clearing. Such practices exacerbate erosion of cultivated areas. The loss of organic matter and nutrients leads to reduced soil fertility and lower yields. Although rainfall in Burundi is high, the soil is only moderately fertile, because of factors such as acidity, aluminium toxicity, and phosphorus immobilisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While 20% of land suitable for cultivation is currently given over to growing dry beans-a staple in the Burundi diet - various factors now point towards farming the low-lying marshlands, with a particular emphasis on rice. This is one way of increasing the useful agricultural surface area of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The events of 1993 (democratic elections, followed by the assassination of President Ndadaye), have created a period of instability which has been highly damaging for the country's agriculture. Some people lost their property and livelihood, and are only now slowly re-establishing themselves. The environment has also suffered as a result of the sheer numbers of displaced people. They occupy areas, both urban and rural, which were completely unprepared for the flood of people. it is estimated that 50 000 hectares of forest have been destroyed as a result-with devastating consequences for the country's ecosystem. What is more, the rate of demographic growth has led to overfarming and to a reduction in the average surface area of farms (to 0.7 ha per household).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rice-a crop for the future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Against this background, the prospect of farming low-lying marshland offers some hope for the people of Burundi. In fact, the marshy valleys have long been used to grow beans, maize and sweet potatoes during the long dry season for later consumption during the short dry season. This practice, which was environmentally sound, provided a regular harvest, but also ensured the preservation of the marshlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The practice of growing rice during the rainy season, followed by a crop of maize and beans during the dry season, is a form of integrated agriculture. It should be economically viable and environmentally sustainable while ensuring product quality, delivering a good yield, limiting any risks involved and allowing a high degree of social integration. These are the criteria which need to be examined in determining whether high-altitude rice cultivation in Burundi succeeds or fails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rice crops have been grown in this region, on the shores of Lake Tanganyika and in the Ruzizi valley (altitude 800 m), for more than 200 years, having been introduced by successive migrations of people travelling along the old slave route from Zanzibar. Certain varieties, known as 'pandabilima' (which in Swahili means 'he who climbs the mountain') can be grown on land up to a height of 1300 metres. They cannot, however, be planted on the higher central plateau because low temperatures at night render them completely infertile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not surprising that the new scheme to grow rice at high altitudes was greeted with interest. Indeed, it became almost a craze among farmers -to the extent that in 1990, rice crops covered more than 20 000 ha of Burundi. The area planted with rice fell subsequently, and in some regions the crop disappeared altogether. This was due largely to the appearance of the fungal 'rice blast disease', which can wipe out an entire crop, and to inadequate planning and misguided husbandry. The extensive planting of only one variety left the crop particularly vulnerable and once the disease did take hold, it was virtually impossible to eradicate. Needless to say, in a country where access to pesticides is non-existent, the introduction of a new crop cannot be based on a single variety; if it is to establish itself successfully, varietal diversification is vital. We should point out here that attempts were made in 1984 to improve varietal diversification &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;in the framework of the EU's Scientific and Technical Programme run by DG XII of the Commission. At that time, it was necessary to familiarise farmers with the techniques for growing the new crop and this aspect of the programme was funded by the EDF, in particular through three integrated projects. These related to agriculture and pastoral forestry and were initiated during 198889 in three provinces of Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Without going into the technical details of the programme, it suffices to say that growing rice at high altitude in the tropics differs from rice-growing in temperate regions. The low night-time temperatures characteristic of high altitudes mean that the crop is subject to constant stress. In temperate regions, the stress caused by cold weather is a problem only at the beginning and end of the growing cycle. As for selection methods, rice varieties have been produced that are resistant to rice blast disease - which remains the main problem. Also, by mixing the varieties grown, the farmers have created a wide diversity which offers a stable basis for a sustainable crop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Transformation of an ecosystem&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the viewpoint of development aid specialists, turning marshland into cultivable land means draining it (digging a ditch and fitting pipes). But this leaves the land open to erosion, causes silting in rivers and ultimately leading to desertification. By changing water levels in a region and disturbing the thermal equilibrium, marshlands cease to be marshlands. The method may have been justifiable before rice growing became possible. Indeed, it was employed in the natural marshlands of Buyenzi by some experts who specialised in upland rice. But it also resulted in large-scale destruction of one ricevariety-Yunnan 3-by rice blast disease in 1990.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development projects which set themselves spectacular objectives can involve major alterations to the landscape. More often than not, these need to be rectified later. Thus, when it was decided to cultivate vast expanses of papyrus, the plants were moderately successful only thanks to constant artificial assistance. Put simply, the land could not sustain the crop on its own. In the process, the marshes were turned into floating peat bogs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The option chosen here was to adapt the small valleys for rice cultivation and teach the farmers the relevant techniques. Together with their families, they have eagerly embarked on the work needed to prepare the terrain for cultivation, although there are still some land tenure issues that need resolving. (Some people have refused to commit themselves to marshland reclamation projects as long as the land does not belong to them). It should be stressed that growing rice along a strip of water is an option which is in harmony with environmental needs. It promotes percolation of the water, thereby restoring underground water levels and preventing pollutants from being washed down towards the Nile or Zaire basins. It is therefore in keeping with global strategies for conserving resources and ensuring sustainable development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the marshlands, farmers traditionally plant beans and maize in banked-up beds during the dry season (from June to November). By skilfully selecting and growing different bean varieties, the farmer can stagger his crops and thereby ensure a continuous harvest from September until the time the maize is harvested. The marshes are then left fallow during the heavy rains which reach their peak in April. A rice variety which can be harvested in six months could thus be fitted in during this perriod with out disturbing the traditional hill-farming work schedule.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since farmers on the high plateaux had not traditionally grown rice, it was necessary to teach them the techniques needed to produce a successful crop. They were also informed of the benefits that improvements such as dykes, water supply pipes and drainage pipes could have on crop productivity. They have since applied this knowledge in their cultivation. During the dry season, without disrupting the infrastructures on which their rice cultivation is based, they have rebuilt banked-up beds and grown the traditional bean and maize crop. The system has been in place for about ten years and no drop in yield has been recorded. The yield averages 4.5 t/ha for rice, 1 t/ha for beans and 0.4 t/ha for maize-figures which are quite remarkable when compared with the yields of crops grown on the hills in acid soil with increasing levels of aluminium toxicity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By alternating two different farming systems, the problem of weeds -and therefore hoeing-and of pests is greatly limited. The extensive mixing of the soil that takes place accelerates the recycling of biogenic material-and the marshlands stay as marshlands!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Manageable land development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are three main types of marshy valley, each requiring specific programmes. The first consists of valleys lying above 1400 m with a rainfall in excess of 1500 mm. These areas are characterised by a clay soil, are constantly fed with water (with a high iron content) from the mountains, and are often very rich in organic matter. They require drainage using ditches and filtration channels, with changes of gradient so that the mountain water tables can be tapped and the water levels controlled. This is important to prevent a build-up of ferrous toxicity in the soil, which is extremely harmful to rice. A farming system involving paddy fields and banked-up beds can be accommodated perfectly in these types of valleys. Then there are the valleys lying between 800 and 1400 m with a rainfall of between 1100 and 1500 mm. These are known as 'dambos' in Swahili, and they extend from Northern Kenya right down to Southern Zimbabwe. Strewn with giant termite nests, the land here is well-suited to rice cultivation as long as water levels are carefully controlled. All the available water needs to be harnessed via filtration canals dug into the hillside. These allow the paddies to be irrigated speedily and, during the dry season, they can also be used to irrigate between the rows of ridgeplanted crops. It would, however, be very difficult to irrigate the entire valley during the dry season and so it is pointless digging a drainage ditch. The third and final type consists of small alluvial plains tucked away between the hills and stretching along the escarpments. Here, the level of soil fertility is determined by the heavy erosion resulting from farming on burnt land, and the practice of setting fire to the hills in order to 'regenerate' pastures. To grow rice in such locations, a filtration canal needs to be dug into the hillside, into which water then collects from the water table. The paddy fields also need to be terraced. These alluvial plains lend themselves perfectly to a farming system in which paddy fields are alternated with banked-up beds. All these land-adaptation schemes can be easily implemented and maintained by the farmers themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A sociological revolution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although rice grows quickly, it is highly labour-intensive. Thus, when&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;the young rice plants need to be planted out-which happens to coincide with the end-of-year school holidays-the whole family takes part. What is more, rice has become extremely important in sociological terms: reserved in days gone by for special occasions, it now forms part of the nation's staple diet, being mixed together with beans and dressed with palm oil and tomato sauce. The rice harvest is also a time for merrymaking and festivities which go on for the best part of a week.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rice cultivation has also engendered a vital sense of solidarity among farmers as far as sharing water is concerned, and rice-growing cooperatives have been a runaway success. These enable farming operations to be synchronised and running costs to be reduced, in particular by reducing the number of bird scarers needed. The crop, furthermore, can be harvested when fully ripe. On individual plots, farmers usually only allow the rice to mature to 75% before harvest for fear of theft. Finally, the cooperative helps to ensure that infrastructures such as drains and canals are properly maintained and that water supply installations are treated with respect. Each cooperative is run by a representative appointed by the group of farmers. These supervisors are then responsible for organising all operations: choosing and storing seed for the following season's crops, getting information about new varieties, consulting each other and pointing out any problems they may have to those in charge of research and advisory services. The area allotted to each cooperative depends on the number of households in the group and also takes into account the area available, with 10 ares per family being the usual maximum for planted-up paddy fields. Cooperatives may range in size from 5 to 25 families.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cooperatives like this are just the beginning. Networks of rural organisations, in which the farmers club together to buy equipment and fertilisers, need to be developed on a larger scale and they could provide a springboard for the development of the secondary sector, which is vital to the development of the country as a whole.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We would do well to recall that the cassava mills which have been so successful in Burundi and which still run today without any 'technical assistance' had equally humble beginnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It must be acknowledged that the people who migrated to this 'wild frontier' of rice cultivation in Burundi also introduced into these regions diseases such as bilharzia and malaria (the mosquitoes carrying the parasite were transported in the luggage of people travelling from the capital to the provinces). Despite this, rice cultivation at high altitude has proved a veritable lifesaver for Burundi. In the year that the FAO plans to stage a summit on famine, it is appropriate to highlight the important role of rice-growing in the food production strategy of this country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until recently, Burundi ensured that it had enough to feed its people through a delicate balancing act between growing food crops, leaving land fallow and rearing livestock which produced manure. At present, however, increased agricultural production is only possible by increasing the surface area of the country under cultivation-at the expense of fallow land and livestock farming. Such a move risks reducing soil fertility and could lead to the substitution of crops of high nutritional value, such as beans, with higher yield crops such as cassava or sweet potatoes which suck the subsoil dry of minerals and nutrients.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In short, traditional farming methods in Burundi are arguably now out of balance and the situation is getting worse. This may, indeed, be a root cause of the ethnic crisis. A systematic policy of re-establishing marshlands and organising rural communities around high-altitude rice cultivation would allow the country to look ahead with optimism to the next 20 years. Suitable varieties are currently available and the altitudes at which rice can be grown have been pushed back in Burundi as far as 1700 m. What is now needed is the funds! &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J-P.T. &amp;amp; M.A.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.8.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A view from UNESCO.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The article which follows is an abridged version of a text compiled by Carlos Amaldo, who heads UNESCO's research into communication and the free flow of information. Mr Arnaldo highlights some of the main aspects of the UN agency's support for the development of a free press in the African, Caribbean and Pacific regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution passed by the ACP/KU Joint Assembly in March 1996 in Windhoek, Namibia, reflected the spirit of many of UNESCO's communication programmes in these regions. Echoing the principal tenets of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the resolution declares: 'freedom of expression is a precondition for holding free and fair elections'; 'the monopoly of information media is a barrier to the development of democracy,'; 'there is a need to create a climate in which all part)&quot; can participate fully in political life.' It further holds: 'communication media must not only inform the electorate in an impartial and objective manner' but also; 'freedom of expression and the existence of free communications media are vital preconditions for the development of a democratic society.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution was timely, responding to a need to remind political leaders, as well as civic society, of the relation between free communication media and truly democratic practices. Just five years ago, on 3 May 1991,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African journalists and media adopted the Windhoek Declaration at the UN/ UNESCO seminar on promoting an independent and pluralistic African press. Likewise, journalists and media practitioners of each major region adopted the Declarations of Alma Ata (October 1992), Santiago (May 1994) and Sana'a (January 1996), all of which affirmed the unwavering belief of professional communicators in freedom of expression, press freedom, independence and pluralism of the media, and the contribution of such freedoms to democratic processes. At their 28th General Conference, UNESCO Member States further declared that, 'press freedom is an essential component of any democracy.' All these declarations contain action programmes to strengthen press freedom in these regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning to look at some practical initiatives, a media project entitled 'Independent Press in Africa', which was put in place after the signing of the Windhoek declaration, soon attracted the interest of a number of donors (Italy, USA, France). Under this project, the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) organised four sets of courses for journalists in 1994. In April 1995, IPDC arranged a multi-theme workshop for 33 English-speaking journalists and editors from Central and West Africa on marketing, distribution techniques, managing mass media enterprises in Africa, new communication technologies, journalism and ethical issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are now plans afoot to study the situation of the press in Mauritius, Madagascar and Comoros, and to publish several handbooks about press enterprises. Efforts will also be made to attract increased donor contributions so that the successes achieved by these initial training activities can be strengthened and shared with other regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further example of positive action in support of the media is the work of MISA (the Media Institute of Southern Africa-featured in more detail in the following article). This organisation has been receiving UNESCO support since 1994 under a funding arrangement with the Danish International Development Agency. The project seeks to strengthen links among the region's independent media so as to enhance the free flow of information. It also aims to boost cooperation and information-sharing with similar groups in developing and developed countries worldwide, to strengthen the ability of the region's independent media to stand on its own feet and to improve professional standards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MlSA, which was set up in 1992, has been monitoring and safeguarding press freedom in the region, facilitated by an electronic network for distribution of information on press freedom issues. It has mounted seminars and training workshops for professional journalists on computer-aided design, strategic financial management, journalism ethics and advertising management. MISA's campaigning material includes a bi-monthly magazine, Free Press: the Media Magazine of Southern Africa and a booklet, So this is Democray, which is a compilation of its 'action alerts' curing 1994 and 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another UNESCO initiative is the 'Communication and Good Governance in West and Central African Countries' project, supported by Germany. This aims to strengthen the human and technical capacity of the media in these regions so that they can make a contribution to good governance. The three year project is to be implemented in 10 countries - Benin, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Sao Tome &amp;amp; Principe and Togo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Together with other institutions such as legislatures, the judiciary and civic organisations, media bodies like MISA have a useful role to play. They can enhance transparency and accountability by systematic analysis and reporting of government programmes, policies and pledges, and by encouraging public discussions which help people to make informed decisions about public issues and about how their leaders discharge the power vested in them. Fulfilment of these functions requires access to the media, and qualified, well-trained practitioners who can effectively use the media for information, education and communication on good governance issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning our attention now to the Caribbean, the question of media freedom recently came to the fore in Trinidad and Tobago when 13 editors and journalists on The Guardian lost their jobs following publication of a number of controversial articles (some reports said they 'constructively resigned'). The events cast a shadow over the famous Carnival. Indeed, as one journalist put it, the Carnival quickly ceded to the 'sacrificial rites' of Holy Week. Six of the paper's youngest reporters were among those who lost their jobs-but out of the furore, a new newspaper was born.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 'Comparative Study of Media Laws in the CARICOM countries' by Ainsley Sahai, commissioned earlier by UNESCO, became a reference in the debates that followed. The study highlighted that all Caribbean countries guaranteed freedom of expression in their national constitutions. Indeed, Trinidad and Tobago's constitution explicitly guarantees press freedom as well. The Media Association of Trinidad and Tobago (MATT) organised two meetings. The first of these, on 10 April 1996, was a public forum on issues of press freedom. Although a full cross-section of society was not present, and not all the issues at stake were fully debated, it was nevertheless a start. Those who took the floor came from many sectors of society -women, the unemployed, workers, community organisations and at least three different religious groups. About a quarter of those who contributed spoke as individuals. While many criticised the press for errors in reporting, all confirmed the need to uphold a free press vis-a-vis both political pressures and economic and financial interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The public gave strong support to MATT and demanded that the forum be replicated in other parts of the country. It was the first time that the public had been given the opportunity to speak out on these issues. It was not so much the content of the discussion which counted, but the very fact that the event took place, bringing the media closer to its 'customers'. The meeting gave the public an opportunity to put over their own perceptions of press freedom, impartial reporting and the strengthening of democratic processes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two days later, with support from UNESCO, the Media Association staged a journalists' symposium, moderated by George John, consulting editor at The Guardian. David de Caires, publisher of Guyana's Stabroek News was invited by MATT as an external consultant. Drawing on past and more recent examples of uneasy relations between a free press and governments, Mr de Caires concluded with a headlinehitting statement; the relations of the press with government should not be too cosy, the press must maintain its adversarial position.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many journalists took the floor to stress Trinidad and Tobago's constitutional guarantees for both freedom of expression and press freedom. They also stressed the need to safeguard editorial independence, not only in the printed press, but also in broadcasting, and urged the repeal of 'antiquated' libel laws-a point also made in the Sahai study. The preparation of a Freedom of Information Act was strongly urged to ensure access to public information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These events appear to have strengthened the resolve of the jobless journalists. They grouped together to set up a new weekly newspaper, called The Independent. The new publication focuses on investigative articles, comment and reviews. In addition, a monthly called The Formatt was launched by MATT to disseminate specialised news on press freedom issues and to provide print support for future public fore. Both newspapers brought out their first editions in early May amidst the celebrations of World Press Freedom Day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacific&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Pacific, issues of freedom of expression and press freedom are no less salient, although a key issue for practitioners there is the modernisation of infrastructures. This is needed to ensure that this vast island region does not find itself in the slow lane of the information highway.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The computerisation of radio newsrooms, in places such as the Cook Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Solomon Islands and Tonga, is a priority. The Cook Islands already has a fully computerised newspaper operation. Indeed, this is the first newspaper in the Pacific with the capacity to transmit photographs from various parts of the country to the newsroom electronically by phone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Considerable concern has been expressed about the inadequacy of national television programming. There is a need for the people of the Pacific to see themselves and their culture, and not just the imported fare distributed by most international TV services. With UNESCO support, women media producers from seven island countries were able to meet to work out ways of cooperating on a series of television documentaries that they themselves produced and exchanged within the region. Preparations are now under way for the annual evaluation and awarding of prizes at the end of 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A.A. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.8.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by David Nthengwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Media Institute of Southern Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Officially launched in September 1992, the role of the Media Institute of Southern Africa is primarily that of coordinator, facilitator and communicator in the promotion of media freedom and diversity, (as envisaged in the 1991 Windhoek Declaration). MISA operates in 11 of the 1 2 SADC countries and is currently investigating setting up a chapter in the twelfth-Mauritius- which joined the Community 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chapters are serviced by a regional secretariat based in the Namibian capital, Windhoek. The secretariat is accountable to a policy-making governing council of elected representatives from each national chapter, while funding for MISA and its projects is channeled through the MISA Education and Production Trust, overseen by a board of independent trustees. The organisation is currently almost entirely donor-funded, with UNESCO, NORAD, SIDA, the KU, the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, IBIS, and the Australian and German governments being the main contributors. Other income is generated through the sale of subscriptions to MISA publications and services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Institute's main work is in the field of advocacy; highlighting violations of media freedom and free expression, and exploring ways of ensuring that these fundamental freedoms become entrenched throughout Southern Africa. In 1994, MISA became a member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) network in a bid to increase international awareness of media freedom violations in Southern Africa. Membership of IFEX has enabled MISA to distribute as well as receive information on media freedom issues in a quick and relatively cheap way via the Internet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Action alerts'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994 and 1995, MISA issued via IFEX and its own electronic mail network, the MISANET (see below), more than 190 'action alerts' relating to media freedom infringements in Southern Africa, and effective campaigns against some of these violations have resulted. In August 1994, Lesotho journalist, Rabuka Chalatse, was shot by soldiers while covering a demonstration. An alert issued by MISA triggered a swift response, and within 24 hours, funds had been raised to pay for emergency treatment which saved the young journalist's leg. In November 1995, Angolan freelance journalist, Mario Paiva, had his life threatened by people who, it was alleged, were state security agents. MlSA's alert prompted protest from throughout the world, and resulted in several governments offering Paiva sanctuary in their embassies in Angola. The threat against the journalist was subsequently lifted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MlSA's advocacy work has also shown that democratisation does not necessarily result in guaranteed media freedom and free expression. In Zambia, for example, which had a multi-party election in 1991, arcane laws inherited from previous regimes have been used against the private media in particular, and free expression, in general. As this article was being written, Fred M'membe, the Editor-in-Chief of Zambia's privately-owned daily 'The Post', and two of his colleagues, were starting an indefinite prison term for contempt of Parliament. The sentence was passed not by a court of law, but by the Speaker, under legislation inherited from British colonial rule. Their 'crime' was to comment on criticism made in Parliament of a Supreme Court decision which declared unconstitutional, laws requiring anyone wishing to stage a demonstration to obtain police permission first.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five months prior to his arrest, M'membe received the MISA Press Freedom Award, which is presented annually to individuals or institutions considered to have made an outstanding contribution to the advancement of media freedom in Southern Africa. M'membe was the third recipient of the award.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free flow of information essential&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the Windhoek Declaration points out, 'the establishment, maintenance and fostering of an independent, pluralistic and free press' is essential to economic development, as well as for the growth of democracy. Accordingly, MISA argues that the free flow of information is vital to the development process. Effective communication within SADC-a 'development community'- has been hampered by the region's poor postal and telecommunications services. MISA considers that these logistical barriers to the free flow of information are a form of censorship. In a bid to break through the information voids which have kept Southern African media workers and their audiences isolated from each other for so long, it has made particular use of advances in information technology, including, most notably, the Internet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two years, MISA has been linking member organisations up to electronic mail (e-mail). This allows members throughout the region to exchange news, photographs and other information. To date, 25 MISA member organisations are linked to this network, called the MISANET, although further growth has been hampered by members' unfamiliarity with e-mail, and the lack of local technicians to train people and provide user support. Nonetheless, computerised communications have proved to be an appropriate technology, and development of the MISANET remains a top priority. By making some services available to non-MISA subscribers, MISA also intends to generate income and thus reduce its current dependency on donor funding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Focus on training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coordination of training and material support to independent media is another area where MISA looks to develop media freedom and diversity. The region's independent media sometimes operates in politically and economically hostile environments. Its survival-and thus the sustenance and growth of media diversity-hinges on these organisations becoming highly professional, well-managed concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Working through training institutions based primarily in the region, MISA coordinates workshops and other training programmes aimed at improving the skills of media workers, particularly in the fields of management and finance. Workshops in strategic and financial management, project management, advertising, marketing, sales and subscription management, ethics, subediting, and computerised design were staged during 1994 and 1995. For 1996, training is scheduled in economic reporting, project management, photography, advertising sales, circulation and sales management, computer-aided design, developing world and financial and strategic management. Instruction will also be provided to media workers without formal training. Meanwhile, research is to be carried out into setting up a media ombudsman for Southern Africa, printing press initiatives, media training needs, and the difficulties faced by women media workers in the region. The last-mentioned is in line with MlSA's policy of encouraging gender awareness and equality within the Southern African media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Private and community-based media organisations face constant problems securing adequate finance. As businesses, they often do not qualify for donor support, while banks are reluctant to lend them money. Therefore, MISA is looking to set up of a Media Development Fund to which independent media can apply for loans, credit guarantees and grants. A study is currently being conducted into the feasibility of such a fund, which MISA hopes to have up-andrunning by early 1997.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Broadcasting in Southern Africa is still largely state-controlled. Moves by some of the region's governments to 'deregulate' broadcasting have been erratic, and many private broadcasting licenses granted in the process have gone to organisations or individuals closely linked to the authorities. MISA is now drawing up a policy aimed at seeking the effective liberalisation of broadcasting legislation covering public, private and community broadcasting throughout the region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As part of this process, MISA will, this year, stage a conference on broadcasting and community media, to coincide with its Annual General Meeting-which has become one of the largest gatherings of media workers on the African continent. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.N.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.8.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Thomas M. Neufing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Volunteers have become a major component in international development efforts. They make up a significant proportion of the total human resources available for development cooperation (up to a fifth of the skilled international personnel serving in developing countries). In the early days, volunteer service was strongly influenced by the idea of oneway technical assistance. Specialists, mainly from the North, served in developing nations where their expertise was desperately needed but not yet found among local citizens. Much has changed since.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After the US Peace Corps, the UN Volunteers Programme (UNV) ranks as the second largest volunteer-sendina agency with some 4000 professionals in the field every year. Its universality and internationality is reflected in the high number of UNV specialists (74%) who come from developing countries. The scope and size of the international volunteer contribution to development cooperation (notably areas such as HIV/AIDS and the environment), has increased significantly over the years as a result of the changing development challenge. The re-thinking of the role of technical cooperation is equally central to the volunteer debate and this has led to much greater flexibility in the ways in which volunteer services are provided. The important role volunteers can play in peace building efforts with a long-term development dimension, complementary to humanitarian relief, is increasingly being recognised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Working with rather than for people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the UNV's 25th anniversary, and the relocation of its headquarters to Bonn this summer, it is an appropriate time both to assess and to acknowledge the contribution made by these volunteers. Since the programme began in 1971, some 14 000 professionals have dedicated a period of their lives to serve as a UNV. The programme is administered by UNDP, and is therefore intimately linked to its structures, particularly in the field. Regarding community-based initiatives, the comparative advantage of UNVs is that of working with rather than for people over an extended period, thus facilitating their initiatives. The experience of many development agencies shows that in promoting socio-economic change at the village level, the type of person needed is one who-through long-term commitment and sensitivity -can learn as much from local partners as offer advice to them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International volunteers are engaged mainly in rural development tasks. Those working through specialised NGOs such as the Red Cross, and Medecins Sans Frontieres have proved to be highly effective agents, supporting governments faced with disaster situations. In the case of UNV, the value of using volunteer specialists from other developing nations, as a way of encouraging technical cooperation amongst developing countries, is particularly recognised. Most volunteers- perhaps two-thirds - serve in least developed and small island countries. And about three-quarters serve in rural areas, working mostly in programmes of agricultural and community development, health, education and the supply of basic services. Since the end of the Cold War, a growing number have been deployed in emergency relief, refugee and rehabilitation programmes. UNVs make up 10% of the UN's civilian component in Cambodia; 4096 of the field staff of the World Food Programme and almost 100% of outreach workers attached to the UN Mission in Guatemala. UNVs are increasingly involved in human rights promotion, the organisation of elections and conflict resolution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a consensus among the main international humanitarian and development actors that their programmes should be mutually supportive. For example, development efforts must respond to humanitarian crises by remaining on the scene and supporting immediate needs, as well as aiding in the prevention of crises which are known to be looming. Emergency humanitarian assistance should also pave the way for longer term development by viewing the immediacy of the moment through the lens of future sustainable rehabilitation. Both sets of activities should, ideally, be launched and implemented in tandem with local bodies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;External assistance efforts must include strengthening local capacity to cope with problems. Empowerment strategies which inform, educate and facilitate the people's own vision of peaceful and sustainable living environments (including respect for human rights) are fundamental to the future of communities coping in the aftermath of crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Relief, rehabilitation and development?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNV programme has been active in exploring the efficacy of volunteer support to communities in crisis in order to bridge the gap between immediate needs and longer term developmental goals. In 1994, the UNV held its 4th Special Consultation, entitled, Between Crisis and Development - Volunteer Roles and UNV's Contribution. At this event, donor governments, UN agencies and cooperating partners from civil society had an indepth discussion of the issues surrounding volunteer efforts, and the complementary nature of emergency interventions and follow-up measures. The participants reconfirmed the need for local capacity building. They also affirmed the usefulness of the UN Volunteer contribution in crisis prevention, emergency rehabilitation and 'building bridges' to sustainable development. The work of UNVs in preventive action and promoting post-conflict development was highlighted. There has been a significant increase in demand for specialist volunteer services in all types of crisis. These may be economic, natural or man-made, but they all have in common the need to provide essential relief and rehabilitation services for basic survival (to refugees and resident populations). In many countries, disasters and internal strife have put so much pressure on essential public services that the longterm capacity of the people to recover may be threatened. Governments in developing countries and donors both believe it is fully justified to use volunteer specialists to help provide such services during the adjustment period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Mixed' teams&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The contribution of both international and national volunteers is often essential to link immediate relief efforts to future long-term development. National volunteers-people working in their own countries within the UN framework-complement the international approach by providing the key grassroots perspective. UN Volunteers who speak local languages, live and work in remote communities, are familiar with community structures and are known to local leaders, play a key part in facilitating preventive action and providing follow-up in the aftermath of a crisis. UNV specialists are well-placed to build effective partnerships with national and local actors. In the last two years, some 2000 UN Volunteers have worked in various parts of the world in prevention and preparedness, peacekeeping, electoral support, human rights, rehabilitation and reconstruction, and humanitarian relief.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi offers an example of an initiative designed to stem a crisis through local capacity-building. The UNV is financing a project there which supports the mediation and dialogue efforts of the UN Secretary General's Special Representative (SRSG) through the recruitment of UNV peace advisers and conflict resolution facilitators. This project is being run successfully out of the SRSG's office, extending public awareness of the reconciliation process. It includes use of the mass media to promote understanding, and brings local actors together to work for peaceful solutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tasks undertaken by UN volunteers all fit into the spectrum which has 'crisis' et one end end 'development' at the other. The work, moreover, is undertaken in partnership-with civil society (NGOs and community-based organisations), government departments, UN agencies and regional international organisations (such as the KU).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through efforts that aim to link relief, rehabilitation and development, new productive partnerships are emerging to enhance coherence, coordination and complementarily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The growth of professionalism&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;30 years ago, the typical profile of an international volunteer was that of a generalist graduate from an industrialised country seeking first-time experience abroad before settling down to a career. Over time, the governments of developing countries made clear their need for practical and often specialised skills aimed at giving them the ability to manage their own programmes. They increasingly expressed impatience at hosting untrained volunteers. Professionalism became the key word. Unfortunately, the word 'volunteer' is still a source of confusion: it is often equated with 'amateur'. This is a perception that now needs to be corrected. The personnel sent out by most agencies that supply volunteers are likely to be in their thirties, with post-graduate qualifications and several years' practical experience in their fields. The typical UNV specialist is an example par excel/ence of this trend: 39 years of age, holding a Master's degree and with more than ten years of experience in a particular discipline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was not just the dedication, but also the professionalism of the hundreds of UN Volunteers serving in Mozambique that impressed Aldo Ajello, the former UN Special Representative in Mozambique (now EU Special Envoy for the Great Lakes Region). 'If I were to run another mission,' he said, 'I would ask immediately for volunteers.' In terms of monitoring-which was vital in building up the trust and confidence needed to ensure the election results were accepted-'UNV electoral officers were our only real presence and they proved to be extremely professional.' ~ T.N. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Study by the World Wide Fund for Nature&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.8.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by David Reed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On 29 May, David Reed of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) was in Brussels to present the results of a study undertaken by the WWF, with the support of the European Commission, the longterm consequences of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) on the environment and the use of nature/ resources. Conclusions were drawn from nine country case studies from Cameroon, Mall Tanzania, Zambia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Venezuela, Vietnam and Pakistan. We publish here an abridged version of Mr Reed's general presentation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAPs, often implemented at the instigation of the international financial institutions, have responded to the pervasive economic problems of the 1980s and to profound changes in the economy in recent decades. The programmes have generally been successful in improving macroeconomic indicators in developing countries. The marketorientation of economies has been increased through liberalised trade and capital flows, privatisation, reductions in regulation and price setting, and cuts in government budgets and programmes. For most developing countries, these changes were essential to economic recovery and adjustment to the new global marketplace.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sustainable development in the social, economic, and environmental sense, has, however, been ignored in SAPs. Many reform programmes have been accompanied by increases in poverty and unemployment, worsening income distribution, and the collapse of social services, environmental protection and state institutional capacities. These immediate costs of adjustment inhibit countries' long-term ability to expand productivity and employment opportunities, as natural resources are exploited indiscriminately to meet short-term needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environmental impacts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The environmental effects of structural adjustment vary from country to country depending on the specific components of the reform package, the structure of the economy, and the implementation process. The WWF's country case studies reveal particular mechanisms through which structural adjustment has altered resource-use patterns. Some more general patterns also emerge from the studies. Everywhere, cuts in government institutions and funding have reduced the state's capacity to facilitate the transition process, to compensate for market failures, and to provide for long-term and social sustainability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many reforms associated with structural adjustment have the potential to improve both environmental and economic outcomes. However, the failure to implement complementary environmental policies or strengthen institutions and regulations, has created a very mixed environmental record. Increases in poverty, greater production incentives, and the loss of government regulatory capacity, have all aggravated patterns of poor resource use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Extractive and agricultural economies generally increased production in response to greater exposure to global markets. Without proper policies in place, this increase has put a strain on fragile ecosystems. Environmental pressures include increased land degradation and deforestation for agriculture, livestock and timber production; increased production of non-renewables without long-term investment of the proceeds or environmental safeguards; and increased pollution and damage to the ecosystem from unregulated tourism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The burden of fiscal retrenchment and price changes under structural adjustment have fallen most heavily on the poor, particularly women. The strong association between poverty and environmental degradation has been revealed, as efforts to maintain livelihoods have led to deforestation, land degradation, overhunting and other pressures on endangered species, as well as the unmanaged extraction of nonrenewable resources. Increasing poverty and unemployment associated with adjustment has also added to population pressures in urban areas with insufficient infrastructure exacerbating problems of pollution, disease and congestion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The implications of disregarding the environmental and social impact of adjustment are examined in the various case studies. Structural adjustment has been sustained by the promise that market-orientation and export-led - growth will raise living standards. Evidence from the studies, however, strongly suggests that long-term productive capacity is being destroyed by short-term exploitation of natural resources. Not only environmental but also economic and social sustainability are threatened by the loss of environmental goods and services. Drawing down natural capital has been encouraged by government policies that promote exports and open resources up to international markets. And the process is accelerated by the growing population of poor and unemployed who rely on natural resources for survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recommendations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following its study, the WWF offers a series of recommendations to reduce the environmental costs of structural adjustment and economic integration, and to reorient structural adjustment aims towards sustainable development. Most urgently, environmental issues must be integrated into structural economic reforms - environmental assessments must become part of the programmes. A strategic vision of the role that natural resources and environmental goods and services could play in the transformation of developing economies is essential to designing appropriate strategies. Efforts to industrialise economies must include consideration of the environmental implications. Social services and environmental institutions must be maintained during the adjustment process to prevent increases in poverty and environmental degradation that have both short-term and long-term consequences for development. Essential services include credit and marketing support to small farmers, income-generating opportunities for women, food-assistance programmes, and promotion of distributional equity. The state's role in providing services which neither the private sector nor civil society can provide, must be maintained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the great variety in economic structures and in the capacity of markets and civil society among developing countries, adjustment strategies and government roles must be tailored to each case. Everywhere, countries must implement national institutional reforms for environmental management. Civil society must be strengthened to allow participation in the adjustment process. International financial institutions promoting and designing SAPs must reform their policies and approaches to implementation in the light of the clear evidence that macroeconomic reforms are having a profound effect on the environment and on the possibilities for sustainable development. Continuing failure to correct these problems on a national level accentuates the concern for addressing issues of sustainability on a global level. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.R. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.9.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dak'Art 96&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first World Festival of Negro Art, held in 1966, was essentially a political exercise. In the post-independence period, it was felt necessary to show the world that the people of Africa (both the continent and the diaspora), had a rich culture which had long been suppressed. The festival - which has never been repeated-is viewed with a great deal of nostalgia by supporters of modern African art and black intellectuals. The better, brighter future, which seemed at the time to be just over the horizon, never quite lived up to expectation. Even before financing problems had surfaced, the festival's fate had already been sealed by petty political rivalries and a greedy pursuit of the limelight. Years later, attempts to relaunch the event met with a lukewarm reception. It was already the beginning of the end as far as ideologies were concerned. In complete contrast, Dak'Art 96 (Dakar, 915 May 1996) set its sights firmly on the market place, nowadays the yardstick by which all success is measured. Its goals were simple: to break into the art market and overcome the generally held prejudice that contemporary African art lacks modernity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An international market for African art does exist, but it concerns itself solely with ancient art- and Africa itself profits little from such trade. Indeed, it would be more accurate to speak of plundering than of trade. The seminar, organised last year by the Terveuren Museum in Brussels on the looting of African works of art, revealed the true extent of the phenomenon. Despite the fact that pirated works fetch considerable sums on the black market, contemporary African artists are faced with a 'Catch-22' situation. Major galleries in Europe, America and Japan do not exhibit their work because African art is ignored by the leading art periodicals; and their work never appears in these publications because it is never exhibited. One reason for the fact that African art is not put on show is that virtually no funds are allocated by international institutions to sponsor exhibitions by the artists in question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many third-world governments do not dare, are unwilling or are unable to include culture on their list of priorities within international cooperation agreements. One exception is Burkina Faso which now boasts a cinema industry as a result. Senegal is trying to follow in its footsteps. But there are not many places in Africa where artists are promoted for the quality of their creative output. The majority of initiatives have, in fact, been on a voluntary basis. The magazine Revue Noire is one of the most significant examples of this approach. A group of aficionados of contemporary African art - indeed with a passion for art pure and simple, whether African or European-decided to try and break the vicious circle. They looked at two options: the establishment of an art gallery of worldwide renown or of an equally prestigious arts publication, and came down in favour of the latter. Thus Revue Noire was born. However, its success was generally given very slim odds: it was seen as too glossy, too expensive and too intellectual. The sub-text here of course, is that a publication about African art had no right to be glossy, expensive or intellectual, especially since the money could have been used for something far more 'useful' to the development of these countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Others, such as Marie-Claire Mwanza from l'Espace Alizes in Brussels, have attacked the problem from a different angle-by exhibiting contemporary African art. Prior to her initiative, there was not a single gallery in Brussels that specialised in this sector of the market, and there are still none that figure on the shopping lists of the world's great collectors. Whatever the price set for a contemporary African work, it is generally perceived as being too high. The contrast with the prices demanded for works by even the youngest European or American artists, even for their very first exhibitions, speaks volumes. African art is too expensive in relation to what exactly ? The answer is in relation to the status accorded to it, which is of course determined by the art world. In other words, a big fat zero if one considers the fact that African art is never exhibited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thanks to Revue Noire, African art has been brought to the major galleries of the Western world. Similar projects have been launched or are in the process of being launched in various countries of the West, such as the magazine NKA in Brooklyn, for example. Exhibition organisers, museums, galleries and those looking to stage art festivals now know on whose door to knock, and the last few months have proved extremely promising. The Guggenheim Museum in New York is currently hosting a major exhibition of African art, and Africa 95, held in London, was swiftly followed by Copenhagen 96. The Guggenheim Museum, moreover, is in a completely different league to the Museum of African and Oceanic Art in Paris or the Museum of Central Africa in Tervueren, Belgium (formerly the Colonial Museum)-it is one of the world's most prestigious temples of modern art. What is more, London's Africa 95, which was so disparaged by African art specialists, who considered it nothing more than a meeting place for traders, did, whether we like it or not, act as a significant catalyst. And what about pirated works of art, such as those plundered from the Niger Valley ? These have found a 'home' in public as well as private collections, pointing to a real need to 'clean out the Augean stables'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few African artists are beginning to get themselves known within 'the market', but there are still not enough of them. It was with great foresight that the organisers of Dak'Art placed these artists at the top of their invitation list. Another shrewd move was to invite the art market's arbiters of taste to select those African artists who should present solo exhibitions, and to ask celebrated art critics and collectors to form part of the international panel of judges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is probably true to say that Africa has rarely known such a dynamic period of creativity which places it at the forefront of global aesthetic trends. The aim of the Biennial Festival was to underline this fact beyond any doubt. Among those artists who are currently in a position to break into the market, the Senegalese sculptor, Ousmane Sow, probably heads the list. Paradoxically, however, Ousmane Sow's work was not presented at Dakar although he himself was there, his tall, striking figure standing out from the crowd. Despite the fact that he lent his support to Dak'Art 96 and that the opening gala was partly dedicated to him with the magnificent film of Beatrice Soule, Ousmane Sow resolutely refused to display his own work. He has no wish to take part in gatherings of 'African artists'. He is an artist and he is African, but he is not an 'African artist'. 'A Japanese artist is a contemporary artist in this universal world', he argues, 'so why should I allow myself to be pigeon-holed in a ghetto ?' No matter how satisfied and pleased champions of contemporary African art may be with the organisation behind the Biennial Festival, they cannot deny that Ousmane Sow has a point. Having said this, there is no contradiction here, but rather a complementary vision. Sow's stance and the idea behind Dak'Art are part of a two-pronged attack, to borrow a military term. The organisers of the Biennial and Sow himself doubtless saw it in this way, and decided to join forces.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Each time Beatrice Soule tackles the work of an artist, she explores it in a very unusual way, reinventing the arts documentary. Her films are reminiscent of the music of Nino Rota in Fe//ini's films, Rota subjugating himself to the service of the director's work, sublimating his own originality through this extreme humility. It is impossible to picture the images of Federico Fellini without Rota's haunting music. Beatrice Soule saw in Sow's work a love affair between an artist and his sculpture, coming up with the idea of placing Sow's sculptures in the savannah and imagining the intimate interaction between Africa's natural world, which is at the heart of the artist's inspiration, and his works, which the natural world is able to absorb back into itself. The result of this juxtaposition is that the physical work of art is eclipsed by sheer creative force and spirit. The genius behind the work becomes the work, merges with it and is reincarnated in it. The one thing that Soule did not film was Ousmane Sow himself, her images concentrating solely on the creative act. It would be illusory to attempt to explain a Beatrice Soule film, especially this film. When she unveils how the artist tames physical matter, reinventing materials in order to create a work of art, technique simply recedes into the background, becoming blurred and intangible. Whereas others would have adopted a scientific or factual approach, her camera perceives the abstract aspects of the piece-and its gestation. The film was due to be broadcast on the international FrancoGerman arts channel Arte. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If Ousmane Sow's sculptures are characterised by their gigantic proportions, then those of Georges Adeagbo, a Beninois artist whose name is also beginning to be heard in the commercial art establishment, are characterised by their 'fugacity'. Adeagbo's artistic constructions are as fleeting as puffs of smoke, like voodoo symbols scratched out in the sand. His art is symbolic and ephemeral. Once one of his works has been exhibited, all that remains of it is a hollow shell which he has to reinvent over and over again. Adeagbo constructs ideas, using a host of assorted materials which he painstakingly selects over months, even years. Yet despite the meticulous care with which they are put together, as far as the artist is concerned, the materials per se are of no importance. He could convey exactly the same idea using other elements. An Adeagbo piece is not merely a pile of objects. It is neither conceptual art, nor scrap art. It consists rather of 'installations' which rise and spread outwards. Sometimes, he uses specially constructed sculptures. At other times he employs everyday objects- shoes, saucepans, stones, spectacles or footballs. He also works with written material; manuscripts, parchment, pieces of newspaper and books, portraying the written word as both a creative force and a deceptive screen. Adeagbo himself is a man of few words. Perpetually crouched on the ground, he constructs, modifies, touches and observes his creations. Why should these constructions remind us so much of paintings? They are as much a pile of objects as a painting is an accumulation of layers of paint. It is by forgetting the paint that we are able to admire the picture and it is by looking beyond the materials used by Adeagbo that his work truly reveals itself. Indeed, it is a sign of his genius as an artist that the materials never intrude upon our contemplation of his work. In Dakar, Adeagbo's work was shown in the AIDS exhibition organised by Revue Noire. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another artist who took part in the AIDS exhibition, and whose art could well be the impetus behind the new universal aesthetic, the avant-garde (if such a concept has a meaning), is Pascale Marthine Tayou from Cameroon. He was given the honour of presenting one of the five solo exhibitions. Tayou was sponsored by Yakuyi Kawagushi, the curator of the Setagaya Museum in Tokyo, who exhibited his work at the forum organised within the overall framework of the exhibition. While the term 'installation' may best describe the works of Georges Adeagbo's, Tayou's work falls unquestionably under the heading of sculpture. This is despite the fact that the two artists use virtually identical materials. Tayou sculpts from wood, covering his pieces with all manner of manufactured and salvaged objects such as shoes, nails, plastic bags and enormous condoms, or with natural objects such as bits of roots and stones. He then paints the arrangement. The work is dense, unyielding and mesmerising, often etching itself into the onlooker's mind. His sculpture lacks heavy ornamentation, yet its starkness has a rich quality, the theme encompassed by a jumble of material standing out clearly, like the outline of a silhouette. Take his work 'Fight against AIDS'. The piece consists of a wooden frame in the shape of figure-of-eight, with each horizontal line doubled, defining a key element in a tragic body with bulging eyes and a Pere Ubu belly. In contrast to this suffocatingly tragic figure, the brightly-coloured shoes of a Harlequin with a faded costume offer a comical note.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were other creators who could well ruffle a few feathers in the art market that ultimately makes or breaks an artist: Tamsir Dia of Cote d'lvoire (whose screaming figures are reminiscent of Munch), Cheikh Niass of Senegal, Mathilde Moro of Cote d'lvoire and Abdoulaye Konate of Mali. The last mentioned was honoured with the highest award of the festival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A decision was taken that Dak'Art 96 should encompass other areas of creativity, such as music, design and fashion, in addition to the visual arts. At the gala evening held to inaugurate the Festival, there was a fashion show choreographed in the manner of a ballet. The staging of this can only be described as mawkish. The audience were treated neither to a real performance, nor to a good fashion show. The second fashion spot, which was supposed to present an overview of African design, was also quite pitiful. If the event's organisers decide to keep these parallel areas of creativity in the Festival, then their decision will be solely thanks to the success of the International Design Exhibition. Apart from two or three 'exotic' pieces, this was generally of a very high standard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community's choice in awarding the prize for creativity to a designer, Vincent Amian Namien from the Cote d'lvoire, was particularly revealing. This artist strips everything down to its bare essentials, creating a line that is so purified as to leave only the quintessence of form. Thus, he creates a chair that is nothing more than a perfect metal triangle, with four boards and four metal wires-and yet offers perfect comfort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Claire Kane, a fashion designer of Franco-Senegalese descent, had the verve to go it alone and show her collection at the prestigious Salon of Design. Her clothes are characterised by the rejection of all superfluous detail, achieving a fluid line that stylises movement. Following an aesthetic code that has been decanted from the melting pot of the collective costume heritage of the entire continent, Claire Kane is directly involved in the creation of her designs, from the weaving of the cloth to the last finishing touches. In fact, she admits that her true passion is fabric rather than fashion, her favourite material being woven pagne. She often uses silk-screen printing to introduce pattern. She then adds words to the patterns in her designs and, abracadabra, one would think that this is the way it has always been done in Africa. A subtle modernity, combining both past and future, seems to be a recurring motif in African creativity. International artists, still few in number, travel from Dakar to be dressed by her.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If, in the future, the Festival's organisers decide to concentrate solety on the visual arts, this would come as no surprise. On the other hand, it would also make sense to continue to include design and fashion. A country's cultural heritage should be considered one of its raw materials and a source of economic wealth, and unimaginative accountants may have to resign themselves to this fact. Herein lies a possible answer to the question: 'why hold a Biennial Festival of Contemporary African Art?'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegei Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.9.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Robert Rowe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many ways of raising money to fight AlDS have been tried, but one of the most unusual must surely be the approach taken by an official of the European Commission. Robert Rowe, who until last year was an assistant editor on The Courier, put on a oneman show in Brussels and then rook it to the other side of the world to raise money for a voluntary organisation working on AIDS prevention and care in Malaysia. Here is his story of fighting the virus with the power of the theatre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'By the year 2000, South-East Asia will be host to the majority of the world's AIDS cases.' So runs a stark prediction from the World Health Organisation, quoted in a recent paper from a grouping of NGOs affiliated to the Malaysian AIDS Foundation. It goes on to predict that 'the region faces a potential HIV spread of titanic proportions.' In Thailand, a country with a large population and a sad reputation for prostitution, the HIV threat was recognised relatively early and effective public awareness campaigns have successfully reversed the rise in the incidence of infection. But in neighbouring Malaysia, where stricter religious and social attitudes have inhibited wide public discussion of the disease and its methods of transmission, over 13000 people were HIV-positive at the last count-and that is just the figure derived from the small percentage of the population who have been tested. Activists say the true number is certainly higher and it is growing every day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first cases of HIV in Malaysia were found among intravenous drug users and sex workers, and one of the earliest organisations to begin working with people engaged in these high-risk activities was Pink Triangle. This is a voluntary, non-profit-making body which started up in 1987 by setting up AIDS prevention and support programmes for and with the general public and the gay community. Its name, in fact, refers to the pink triangle badge which men sent to concentration camps in Nazi Germany for homosexuality were made to wear. The group has always depended heavily on volunteers to plan and carry out its programmes, which now also involve running a support group for people with HIV or AIDS and a street outreach programme and drop-in centre providing AIDS information, basic medical care, temporary shelter and food for sex workers, injecting drug users and transsexuals. The centre can also provide legal referrals for members of these groups summonsed to appear in court. For the general public, talks, workshops and poster and photo exhibitions are held in schools, hospitals, factories, youth and corporate organisations and other NGOs. Pink Triangle trains its volunteers, too, to provide counselling and information about AIDS and sexuality to anyone who calls up on a confidential telephone line.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work is serious and vital, but the atmosphere is far from gloomy in Pink Triangle's premises in a lively part of the Malaysian capital, Kuala Lumpur. Though funding comes from several sources at home and abroad, including the European Union, the organisation still has to generate a lot of its own money, and one successful method they have used is to put on imaginative events where fund-raising can be combined with an opportunity to raise public awareness. Last December, for example, they marked the week surrounding World AIDS Day with a string of shows, dance parties, talk-ins and street activities called Pinkfest '95. In venues all over the town, and on television and radio, well-known personalities joined a hundred of Pink Triangle's own speakers and performers to provide education without moralising. The aim was to personalise the issue of AIDS by showing how anyone could be at risk, but at the same time dealing in facts, not fear. Thousands of attractively designed and very frank leaflets and posters put across the virus-busting message in catchy graphics and pithy phrases in several languages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I happened to be in Kuala Lumpur around New Year and saw a video of some of the Pinkfest highlights which set me thinking how admirable an impression of solidarity and self-help the anti-AIDS struggle in Malaysia conveys, and to wondering whether, back in Brussels, it might not be possible for us in Europe to do something to help. It particularly impressed and touched me that while Pink Triangle delivers its message to every single member of Malaysian society, it makes quite clear, even by its name, that it has a special care for some of that society's most downtrodden members, people for whom no one else had ever ventured to speak. Public silence, opprobrium and ridicule make it especially hard to get the safe-sex message through to gay men, especially the young, to transsexuals and sex workers, and as long as there is no cure the only way of containing the spread of infection is by education- and by changing social attitudes. The many women whose husbands or partners are careless about infection also stand to benefit from greater openness and more factual information. But organising all this takes money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It happens that among the multinational English-speaking expatriate community in Brussels there is a thriving amateur theatre scene-in fact they say that if two British people found themselves on an otherwise deserted island, one would immediately put on a play for the other, and the same seems to hold true of the Irish and the North Americans. However, it was less certain that anyone apart from me would want to exert themselves, for the many weeks required to stage a production, on behalf of an AIDS charity in a remote Asian country, so l decided to go ahead by myself and perform a one-man comedy. The play was Brief Lives; it has nothing whatever to do with AIDS, but in its day it was a huge success in London and New York. Adapted in the 1960s by the British actor Patrick Garland from the dusty old memoirs of a real historical figure, John Aubrey, it depicts a day in the life of this 1 7th-century English scientist, historian and wit. As he potters about, an extremely old man, in a garret full of manuscripts and curios, he reminisces about his contemporaries in hilarious and touching vignettes, the potted biographies which give the play its name. Aubrey died in penury, but the picture he gives of a vanished age is now reckoned to be the equal of the record we find in the diary of the better-known Samuel Pepys.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also a great deal funnier, and when I showed the script to various friends I was astounded and moved to discover how many of them wanted to be involved in the project. Eventually we put together a team headed by the director, Anne Wilkinson, a music impresario married to a coal expert from the European Commission, with production, design, stage management, lighting, sound effects, costume, music and offstage voices-not to mention publicity and box office-provided by other friends from the European institutions or the private sector. The five performances were given in June in a small theatre just adapted from a pottery workshop, and altogether the Brussels showing made a profit of some 110 000 Belgian francs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We had expected just to send this donation to Pink Triangle through the post, but to our immense pleasure they said they would like to see not just the money but, if possible, the play too. By ingenious compression the designer, Burt Baum, managed to cut the essentials of the set down to three sheets painted to give a three-dimensional effect, we put the voices and music on cassette, rolled up the costume tightly and worked out that the whole play, thus reduced, could be got into one suitcase. There is a little theatre company in the Pacific ACP state of Vanuatu called Wan Smol (One Small) Bag which actually gave me this idea. So off I went to Kuala Lumpur with this bag, and did the play another five times there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The staging in Malaysia was done by an adventurous outfit called Instant Cafe Theatre. This young company has a reputation for pushing forward the boundaries of public discussion with topical plays and supports Pink Triangle's aims and work. Brief Lives was well outside their usual repertoire, as well as being spoken in the English of 300 years ago. My worry was that bringing such a Western and Eurocentric entertainment might be resented as cultural imperialism in a country with three great and fascinating cultures of its own, Malay, Chinese and Indian, each with its own style of drama. But it turned out there was a local tradition of amateur dramatics in English, particularly Shakespeare, and that English is the usual lingua franca for speakers of different Asian languages. What went down unexpectedly well was the depiction of an old man nearing death and reviewing the best moments of his life; as the character puts it in the play, 'When a boy, I did always love to converse with old men, as living histories,' and Maiaysians have a particular regard and affection for the elderly. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I came away from Kuala Lumpur with many charming memories: the unfailing, sweet-natured enthusiasm of the audience; the relief on the first night as I stood on stage in a floor-length costume of three layers, designed to suggest London in midwinter rather than to cope with the equatorial heat of the Malay peninsula, and realised that the stage was air conditioned. The night when this air conditioning blew out a vital candle on the stage, and a man in the front row lent me his highly un-17th-century lighter to get my clay pipe going. The Chinese friend who gave me a genuine antique opium pipe to add to John Aubrey's collection of exotic curios. The delicious succession of Asian chicken dishes which the stage manager produced for me to eat on stage, cooked in very un-English coconut milk or glazed with rice wine. The work permit which specified I could perform as an artiste but must not 'sit out' or dance with the audience! The theatre's resident singer asking if she could add the play's Elizabethan theme song, with lute accompaniment, to her repertoire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taking this play to another continent was a fascinating cultural experience for me as a European, and I hope for the audiences too it was something more than just a painless way of being relieved of money in a deserving cause. At any rate the theatre asked if they could have another play soon, one in which Malaysian actors could be incorporated as well. As for Pink Triangle, some of its leading lights were packing their bags to go to Vancouver for this year's International AIDS Conference, but before they left it was a pleasure to hand over the proceeds of the whole venture and to hear that the organisation will use the money to develop a drop-in centre for people approaching them in person for the first time. Some first-timers are understandably timid about coming to the unfamiliar (and clearly signposted) premises for help or information, and a private space where they can talk in confidence is something Pink Triangle has always wanted to provide but could never find the funds for, as the project or programme money they get from their regular donors is invariably tied to what outsiders might think were more urgent priorities. It is not only the headline grabbing schemes which have useful effects: a quietly welcoming space where someone can be himself or herself may do more to dispel an individual's fear and ignorance than publicly visible campaigning, especially where religious and social pressures against certain types of nonconformity are strong. In fighting HIV/AIDS, we must try whatever works. And empowerment must begin with the self. It was a great privilege to be welcomed in like any other volunteer wanting to help bring about a necessary change. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.R. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Materials, techniques and knowledge at the service of new architectural applications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Hugo Houben and Hubert Guilland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major building material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The importance - both in quantity and quality- of unbaked earth constructions in the world is very little known. Believed to be of ancient origin, (it is associated with the early civilisations of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus and Huang He), nowadays, earth is not usually regarded as a major building material. This is despite the fact that it continues to leave an undeniable and distinctive imprint on the architectural landscapes, both rural and urban, of many countries. Unbaked earth is still, in fact, a major building material, being used extensively by people to erect homes and other buildings. Although sites of human occupation have seen constant regeneration with the passage of time, unbaked earth construction has persisted. Excavated from the soil itself, and moulded by the hand of man (or trampled by beasts of burden), the result is a building material which is used in all forms of construction-from simple huts and modest homes, to farm buildings, large houses, urban blocks, religious edifices, castles and palaces. The skills employed are based on knowledge acquired and refined over a long period of time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A contemporary building material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the use of earth in so called 'advanced' countries has declined in the 40 years since the end of the Second World War, in the developing countries it has continued unabated. In the former, the industrialisation of construction and other sweeping changes have rendered obsolete ancient techniques based on the use of local skills and materials, and on mutual help within communities. In the latter, various factors have dictated the continuing use of locally available solutions, materials and knowledge. These include shortages of processed materials (which are costly in both foreign currency and imported energy terms), the widening of the development 'gap', the accumulation of debt contracted within the international monetary system and the survival of local life-styles in which people are accustomed to coming to get her for mutual help for survival. In these countries, which have no industrial means, and which are to be found in various latitudes across the world, earth remains the main-if not the only- building material. Do these circumstances mean that it is a poor material, fashioned using outmoded techniques and unsuitable for promoting the development which is so necessary? The answer to this question is a clear 'no'. On the contrary, the materials and techniques involved are generally of a high standard. They can ensure true architectural quality, allowing communities to continue creating their private or public living environments, and to integrate their buildings into a coherent framework of self-generated development which makes the most of the resources available, both human and material. In fact, scientific and architectural research into earth as a building material, and on related building techniques, has made considerable progress in recent decades. Combined with investments made by industrialists and construction companies, the result is that we now have a wide range of properly mastered production procedures and technical solutions available. These offer great flexibility in meeting a wide range of possible applications.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Making a mark on world architecture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recent global surveys, although partial (covering about 30% of the world's housing), have given us an indication of how extensively earth is used in construction. In developing countries alone, 50% of the rural population and 20% of those living in urban areas are believed to be concerned. The figures, which are drawn from the combined data of statistical surveys in various areas, and from bibliographical information, almost certainly underestimate the true position. They show, for example, that 60% of the housing in Peru is in moulded bricks or rammed earth. 83% of the houses in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, are made of earth. More than 70%of India's housing stock is constructed out of moulded earth bricks or using successive layers of earth, and these buildings provide shelter for nearly six hundred million people. In France, many rural dwellings are built from unbaked earth and one finds, for instance, that in the Dauphine region, up to 90% of the buildings in certain villages are made out of rammed 'pise' earth. Finally, in California, there were estimated to be almost 200 000 'adobe' (sun-dried earth brick) dwellings by 1980 and the use of this material was growing at the rate of 30% a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Closer examination reveals that the whole world bears the indelible stamp of earthen architecture. Earth is used in Africa-in humble shelters built on leased land and in the great granaries of the continent. It is found in the palaces of the Hausa emirs of Nigeria, the ksours and kasbahs of Morocco and the mosques of Mali. In the Middle East, you come auoss it in the tightly-packed neighbourhoods of Ispahan and Iran, the fortified dwellings of Najran in Saudi Arabia, the multi-storey earth blocks of Shibam and the valley of the Hadramaut in Yemen. In Europe, there are the mouded brick farms of Aquitaine and the baroque and neo-classical castles of the Saone valley. And bringing in other parts of the world, we might mention the pueblos of the New Mexico Indians, and the houses built by the Hakkas in the Chinese province of Fujian, laid out in their characteristic concentric circles. The use of unbaked earth in building may be seen as a vestige of past history, but it is actually a living framework for history in the making.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Realistic uses for the future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Confronted with the energy crisis of the 1970s, oil-dependent industrialised countries were forced to look again at tried and tested technical solutions which were now proving to be too 'energy-greedy'. The building sector did not escape this reappraisal and the search began for ways of reducing energy consumption both at source (covering the production and use of building materials) and further down the production chain (maintenance). Research on biomass and solar energy ran in parallel with experiments to update traditional materials and to attempt to rationalise the production process. Earth again became a focus of interest, with government institutions supporting a considerable amount of new research and experimentation. This covered applications in both the industrialised world and in developing countries, research for the latter being undertaken in the context of bilateral or multilateral cooperation. With the threat to the ecological balance posed by pollution, degradation and the plundering of natural areas, this interest in developing materials and techniques that are inherently friendly to the environment has not lessened. In many places, people are becoming increasingly involved in controlling and managing their living environment. The field has been opened up by qualitative research, a new awareness of the available options and an increase in leisure time. With techniques now at hand that are easy to use and economical, a greater measure of (partial or complete) selfhelp building is now possible. The USA, Australia and Germany all encourage new forms of intervention in building which give greater responsibility to the occupier in the creation of his living environment. Viewed from this perspective, earth as a building material has definite advantages and plays an important role.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In developing countries, burdened by debt and confronted by an urgent need to build on a scale unprecedented in history, imported materials, techniques and energy are largely inaccessible to the majority of people, and their use may contribute to promoting 'bad' development. Building with earth emerges as an efficient shortterm way of producing houses or public buildings such as schools, which are both economical and of high quality (being culturally and climatically suitable). Decision-makers in these countries are well aware of this and have mobilised 'upstream' feasibility studies in their education and public housing programmes. The research covers local resources and knowledge, and the use of labour intensive techniques that generate employment and enable the population gradually to become 'monetarised'. The days of costly experimentation, often with no practical result, are now over. A new confidence in the resources that are available must be encouraged. There needs to be an increase in building completions and those who built them need more training. Today, this is happening in Mexico (850 earthen houses recently built in the state of Zacatecas) and in Burkina Faso (6000 school classrooms constructed by 1995.) No fewer than forty million homes will have to be built between now and the year 2000 for the urban population of Africa alone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies show that for most of the people involved, there is no choice but to employ local materials, most often earth. One can thus predict that at least 20% of urban and pert-urban housing in African countries (about eight million units), will be built in earth over the next ten years, at a rate of eight hundred thousand units per year. If demand from rural areas is added to this, one gets some idea of the scale of the task facing decision-makers and builders. The use of earth and other locally available materials is unavoidable, and should be encouraged.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environmental advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is particularly important to enumerate the many advantages of building in unbaked earth from the point of view of the environment. This issue, one of the contemporary problems facing society, is increasingly moving centre-stage, and in the future, it is sure to play a greater part in political, economic, social and cultural strategies linked to the planning and improvement of the quality of life. Here we refer to the concept of the environment in the widest sense of the word, ecological, economic, technical, health-wise and psychological, cultural and human.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the ecological environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In terms of pollution and degradation, unbaked earth offers a highly positive picture:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not contribute to the deforestation which results, for example, from the use of organic resources for firing baked earth materials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not consume any nonrenewable energy (oil, gas, etc.) at source for the processing and production of materials, or further down the production line in their application. This is in sharp contrast to the production of cement, lime and other conventional binding materials, and steel.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- By exploiting strata on construction sites, it allows a considerable saving in energy for the transport of materials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not contribute to a degradation of the landscape as does the extraction of minerals and ores which hollows out hillsides and creates open cast sites. A great deal of the earth excavated in the course of large public works (notably roads and motorways) can be recycled and used in building (allowing very easy decentralised distribution).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not contribute to the diminution of resources of aggregates such as gravel and sand, excavated either from quarries or from water courses, in insular sites or lagoons. The latter can endanger the ecological balance of these natural environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It uses very little water which is essential for the life of the people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It produces no industrial or chemical waste and has the additional advantage of being almost entirely recyclable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the economic environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It is often comparable in cost with, or indeed more economic than competing technologies and requires no major financial mobilisation for its generally light production infrastructure. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It guarantees rapid amortisement thresholds for bankable investments thanks to its low infrastructure requirements for usable production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It contribution to local flexibility, being readily susceptible to a decentralised approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Throughout the production process, it creates employment and monetary added-value which can be injected for development purposes into other sectors of the economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- By allowing savings in energy and foreign currency, it contributes at the macro and micro economic levels of the building sector, to a considerable reduction in developing countries' debt and to the balance of payments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the technical environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It has thermophysical and hydric properties (good conductivity, energy retention capacity, thermal differential, delayed temperature differences etc.) which help ensure comfortable temperatures:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It normally only requires simple production and application tools (moulds, presses, light shuttering, normal masonry tools, etc.) which are widely accessible to masons and self-help builders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of health and the psychological environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Not only non-polluting in its use, it also guarantees the absence of harmful effects in the context of daily life (no gaseous emissions or other toxic chemical components, radioactive emissions etc.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It contributes to psychological wellbeing by the architectural exploitation of its inherent characteristics; these include the surface texture, colour, form and luminosity of the material. It thus makes an active contribution to the beauty of the living environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the cultural and human environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It maintains the traditional architecture heritage of the area in question through the use of local materials and thus plays a part in the respect for, as well as the survival and updating of, cultural, architectural and urban environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It allows local populations to take charge of the production of their built environment and thus contributes to the expression of the democratic rights of all to control their living environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future of earth on the move&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In her work entitled 'A Fate Worse than Debt' (Penguin Books, 1988), the famous political commentator, Susan George, analysed the debt situation of developing countries and attempted to determine the basis for a positive resolution of the problem. Her approach focused in particular on solutions involving repayment in creative values or 'in kind' rather than in strictly monetary means. At the end of her analysis, she put forward eleven potential solutions to allow this repayment in kind and to launch a coherent approach for the development of less advanced societies. One of these recommendations was that it would be necessary to develop 'the study and survey (and if necessary the improvement) of local building techniques, in particular earth architecture ('pise' or 'banco').' Ms George argued that new buildings, particularly public ones, should be constructed using these techniques.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear that various solutions are being considered for the future: one in which building with earth, using a wide range of local techniques, will have a new technological, social, cultural, ecological, economic and political role of paramount importance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Various methods of utilisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The technical, constructional and architectural possibilities of earth are very extensive. The study of popular traditions and of traditional knowledge throughout the world has enabled some 18 different methods of utilisation of the material to be identified, each in itself capable of being applied in a wide variety of ways. This wide construction potential has enabled the building of modest shelters, village houses, urban blocks, religious edifices and palaces. This is not to say that other traditional materials do not have an important role, but the sheer diversity and flexibility of earthen architecture probably cannot be equalled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As was indicated earlier, the use of earth as a building material has given rise to numerous applications using a wide variety of production and construction techniques. Some of these techniques are still used in traditional construction many countries, some have been abandoned, while others have only recently been the subject of developmental experimentation. It is worth noting that there is a register of the principal techniques, mainly associated with processes using moulds, shuttering and direct shaping. The six most widely used techniques are: 'adobe', 'rammed earth', 'straw clay', 'wattle and daub', 'cob' and 'compressed blocks'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these six, three (wattle and daub, straw clay, and cob), are highly traditional, while the others (adobe, rammed earth and compressed earth blocks) have recently been the subject of spectacular evolution linked to the modernisation of production machinery and methods of application. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p094.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The use of earth&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Plea for African solidarity&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thank you sincerely for your report on the second plenary of the Global Coalition for Africa which appeared in the March-April 1996 edition. As a 'displaced' Liberian, I would like to comment on some of the issues reported in the article.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First, I hope that Africans recognise and appreciate all that former President Jimmy Carter has done and continues to do for our beloved continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, I support the view of Ms Johnson-Sirleaf and President Afwerki of Eritrea that we, as Africans, must invest in ourselves and in productive endeavours in our own countries. However, given the number of civil wars, that have resulted in displacement of our peoples and migration of the labour force, it is imperative that we also begin to think of and recognise each other as Africans first - and only then as members of whatever ethnic group we belong to. As a Liberian with professional qualifications who relocated to Ghana in 1992, I met with opposition and resentment because of my nationality and sex. I subsequently went to the Caribbean where my acceptance as an African was easier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When there is a population movement, the psychological impact associated with feelings of rejection and intimidation is severe. Sub-Saharan Africa will never develop or reach its fullest potential until we begin to think and act as a united, yet diverse group of people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I agree that it is important to develop our homelands first, but in the case of Liberia, Burundi or Rwanda, where no one seems to understand the concept of peace or the idea of having a future, it is crucial that the displaced be respected and accepted as fellow Africans. It would be even better if we were afforded the opportunity to integrate and assimilate into society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ciata A. Bishop, Grand Cayman.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What about Guinea-Bissau ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I am a student from Guinea-Bissau reading international law and political science at the Social Science University in Toulouse. I have also been a faithful Courier reader for more than seven years. In the March-April issue of 1996, you published an article on fisheries by Anthony Acheampong entitled 'A vital food source in West Africa'. You gave the figures for fish production in 16 West African countries-but did not mention my native country! I should point out that Guinea-Bissau consumes and exports a great deal of fish, and the product is an important source of foreign exchange to the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.J. Alves d'Almada, Toulouse, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Media and democracy in Southern Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I refer to the article with the above title by Francis Caas which appeared in issue no. 154 of The Courier (November-December). I enjoyed reading the text which examined the emergence of a free press due to the advent of political liberalisation in the Southern African region. However, I wish to make a correction as to what I think is a misrepresentation of fact. The author said, and I quote: 'The installation of a democratic regime in 1994 (in Malawi) enabled the MBC to begin broadcasting in all languages spoken in the country'. This is not actually correct although the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation, apart from broadcasting in English and Chechewa, has since introduced Tumbuka on the radio. I felt it was important to put the record straight on this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Disher G.DJ. Pindani Lecturer in Public Administration, Chancellor College, Zomba, Malawi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corrigenda &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In issue no 157, a number of 'author' footnotes were inadvertently omitted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pascal Dotchevi, author of 'Togo: the victory of the taxi. bikes' (p.11) is a journalist on Kpakpa Desenchante, a satirical weekly published in LomÃ© &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Piritta Sorsa, author of 'Banking and securities' (p.13) works at the IMF office in Geneva.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yves Delafon, author of 'Developing consultancy work in the ACP countries' (p.15) is the director of a consultancy and President of the Federation of External Trade Associations in Provence/ Cote d'Azur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N'Gone Fall, author of 'Fashion; Out of Africa.. the breath of inspiration' (p.53) is a journalist.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also in issue 157, some errors appeared in the article entitled 'Sparks fly in Namibia'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the introductory section it was stated that secret harlots were held on resolutions relating to Nigeria, Niger and Sudan. This should have read Nigeria, Niger and Equatorial Guinea; a resolution on Sudan was passed by normal, open vote procedure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the heading 'The future of LomÃ©' the ACP Generai Rapporteur vvas refered to as Mr Firmin, which is the forename. The General Rapporteur's surname is Mr Jean-Louis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the fifth paragraph under the same heading, there was a reference to Helena Torres Couto. This should have read Mr Jose Manuel Torres Couto. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L'Afrique est-elle protectionniste- Les chemins buissonniers de la liberation exterieure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Is Africa protectionist ? Greater economic freedom via the maze)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Beatrice Hibou. Karthala Publications (22-24, boulevard Arago, F-75013 Paris). 1996. 334 pp. ISBN 286537-633-8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This volume offers a clearsighted analysis of the foreign trade policies of African states, fraud, smuggling and the way in which the franc zone operates, giving a definitive, reformulated account of structural adjustment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In her approach, the author is critical of both the liberal political economy and the new trends (the 'new political economy' end the neoinstitutionalist trends) which perpetuate the division between the economy and society. She refers to K Polanyi for whom Man's social relationships include economics and in whose opinion the economic system is managed as a function of non-economic motives.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From this starting point, Beatrice Hibou demonstrates the part played by the unexpected and the unintentional in economic policies as they currently exist, revealing that coherence in foreign-trade policies on the part of African countries is not an economic priority but a socio-political one. In this connection, she shows that structural adjustment programmes have been unsuccessful in making any real impact on protectionist practices, at least in terms of their political and historical bases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After an overview of (legal or illegal) foreign-trade practices in contemporary Africa, protectionism is clearly alive and well, although much less widely applied and effective than about a decade ago. The reduction in the State's legal powers has meant increased freedom for 'informal networks', various types of dispensation, and an increase in fraud and smuggling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the basis of Jean-Francois Bayart's opinion, dating from 1989, the author suggests that the explanation is to be found in the specific nature of Africa's economic history, which is one of independent means, a lack of production and management of dependency without the way in which it operates being affected. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Reality of Aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Independent review of international aid. Pub.: J. Randel and T. German. Earthscan Publications Ltd. (120, Pentonville Road, UK London N1 9JN). 1996. 244 pp. ISBN 1 85383 292 8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Reality of Aid (now an annual publication) compiled by two NGOs; Eurostep and ICVA, aims to highlight the extent to which donor aid helps developing nations, looking beyond the official publications of governments, banks and inter-governmental bodies. It contains a useful critique of the European Union's various aid policies and the respective bilateral policies of each of its 15 member states, as well as those of other Western nations like Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United States. This year's review highlights, in particular, the need to mount more projects to alleviate poverty, despite aid commitments becoming more scarce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It says, for example, 'Too much aid is being squandered by governments on projects which have more to do with commercial and political advantage than poverty eradication. Rigorous evaluation needs to identify those programmes which can make an impact -and aid must increasingly be directed only to these areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International aid to developing nations has fallen off over the years. In 1994, members of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee-21 of the world's richest countries-allowed their aid to fall to just 0.3 % of GNP, the lowest level for more than 20 years. The review stresses the need for donors to address in particular; policy coherence (environment, agriculture and consumption policies are all linked to poverty), the effectiveness of aid, the failure thus far to invest in people and the fact that the amount of assistance going to health and education is stagnating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The review also features analytical case studies of various donor activities in selected developing nations (India, Fiji, Cambodia, Peru, Zimbabwe) and looks at Western assistance to post communist countries in transition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A chapter on the European Union's current development policies, edited by Mirjam van Reisen, a Brussels-based Eurostep researcher, criticises the lack of coherence of EU aid with its Member States bilateral programmes-an issue which is likely to come more to the fore as other European nations join the Union in the next millennium. Ms van Reisen also claims that there are too few staff running the EU's development policies and suggests, in particular, that there is a lack of expertise in the social and poverty areas. She stresses the importance for the EU's political leaders of giving more political clout to the EU's development policies at the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC), which is currently engaged in revising the EU's treaties. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10.4.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trafficking of women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European Commissioner for immigration policy and legal affairs, Anita Gradin, will set to work with fellow Commissioners over the coming months to draw up a European Union action programme to clamp down on the trafficking of women which she describes as, 'the modern slave trade'. This comes hot on the heels of the Vienna European conference on trafficking of women, held on June 10 and 11, which was co-hosted by the European Commission, the Austrian government and the International Organisation for Migration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ms Gradin told journalists on June 12: 'I will put forward to the Council and the European Parliament a communication on the trafficking in women for sexual exploitation. This will cover migration policy, police and judicial cooperation, and social aspects to support and protect the victims. It will also consider European relations with the source countries, where the women are recruited.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Vienna conference highlighted the need for cooperation between Member States and third countrie from which women are lured into prostitution in Western Europe. Recommendations, which are expected to be part of the EU policy, include setting up central national units in each Member State to exchange information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commissioner told the participants in Vienna: 'The slave trade in women is growing, a slave-trade that aims at sexual exploitation. No part of the world seems to be free from this degrading treatment of women. Women are bought and sold like cattle or commodities. They are deprived of their rights and their dignity. And the direction of the trade is the same all over-it is women from poor conditions that are forced into a deplorable life by men in richer countries.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;She cited a typical case of one woman from the Dominican Republic from the book 'Stolen Lives' by Sietske Altinks: 'One day I went to visit a friend who was going to discuss job opportunities in Europe. I went with her and met a schoolteacher who knew somebody called Juan who could get me a job in the Netherlands. When I went to see him, his associates told me that I would easily find employment in a beauty parlour.' She ended up in prostitution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ms Gradin continued: 'The consequences for the women are dreadful. Often, they find themselves deprived of their freedom to move and decide for themselves; they are often locked up and subjected to violence and sexual exploitation. And should they be able to free themselves, they are regarded as illegal residents and expelled.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; Aid for development in the field of communication&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A seminar was held under the auspices of the United Nations in the Belgian Parliament on 6 and 7 June, on 'the future of international development cooperation: new challenges for communication'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union was represented at the event, among others, by Colette Flesch and Steffen Smidt, the directors general respectively of DG X and DG VlII of the Commission. Mrs Flesch gave a presentation at the opening session in which she highlighted the various communication approaches adopted by the European Community in its efforts to counter what appears to be a growing lack of interest in development aid on the continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Smidt, who spoke in the second session of the seminar, began his presentation with an anecdote, citing a text displayed at the entrance to a Federal building in Washington. This states: 'Taxes are what we pay to have a civilised society'. Paraphrasing this sentiment, the Director-General argued that, 'development assistance is what we pay to have a civilised European Union.' The question, he went on to pose, was whether we were paying enough ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of the participants painted a discouraging picture of the situation facing the world's poorest countries in a world of advanced communications and increasing globalisation. Almost all were pessimistic about the impact of the socalled 'information super highways' on the least-developed nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most striking interventions came from Mabbub Ul Haq, the former Finance Minister of Pakistan, who spoke just after Mr Smidt in the plenary meeting, as well as at one of the discussion workshops. Mr Ul Haq urged the creation of a UN Economic Security Council, arguing that the main risk of global conflagration lies in the disparity that exists between rich and poor, now that the dangers associated with the Cold War have receded. One of the most acute issues under discussion was the growing challenge to the received wisdom that technical assistance is essential for consolidating national capacities. The evidence of 40 years of technical assistance would suggest otherwise (with 95% of funds set aside for this purpose going to foreign experts). Indeed, it was argued that those countries receiving most technical assistance per capita, had 'benefited' least from the system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In his second contribution, Mr Ul Haq painted a somewhat more encouraging picture, pointing out that the shaky 0.3% share of GNP allocated to development aid by the industrialised countries had achieved miracles in terms of increased life expectancy (up by 17 years) and the doubling of school enrolments in the countries of the South.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Round one of the South Africa-EU talks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa gave no immediate response to the European Union's proposals for a bilateral trade agreement at the first round of high level negotiations in Brussels on June 20. The talks were headed by Dr L. T Links who is South Africa's new Ambassador in Brussels and for the KU, by the Director General for Development, Steffen Smidt. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most difficult subject to negotiate will be future terms of access for South Africa's farm produce. The European mandate, which was agreed by EU Member States on March 25, foresees the exclusion of 39% of South Africa's farm produce currently sold to the EU from the planned free trade area. Applying World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules, the EU wants a scaled dismantling of barriers to trade in both farm and manufactured goods over a 10-year period, with a maximum of 12 years for a few highly sensitive items. But the EU has agreed to 'asymmetry' whereby, in some areas, it will open up its market to South Africa at a faster pace than vice versa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abdul Minty, deputy Director General at the Foreign Affairs Department in Pretoria, who is one of ,the chief negotiators, explained that South Africa had not yet responded to the terms because it is still consulting internally with the National Economic Development and Labour Council and with its partners of the Southern African Customs Union (Botswana, Swaziland, Namibia and Lesotho). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During a recent visit to Brussels, South Africa's former agriculture minister, Dr Kraai van Niekerk and his deputy, Mrs Thoko Didiza, told reporters that as it stood, the EU's mandate was 'anti-developmental'. Dr van Niekerk said he would like to see citrus fruit, in particular, removed from the list of exclusions. He also sought to dispel the fears of some EU Member States who wish to omit a larger proportion of South Africa's farm produce from the FTA, for fear of competition with equivalent EU produce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr van Niekerk stressed the 'complementary' nature of South Africa's farm production. He pointed out that his country's growing season was at the opposite time of year to that of the EU and noted that South Africa's output of farm produce could only increase by about 2%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EU spokesman, Joao Vale de Almeida, said that progress had been made during the Brussels talks on aspects of South Africa's 'tome protocol'. This is aimed at giving South Africa certain benefits from the LomÃ© Convention- some eligibility for South African companies to tender for LomÃ© contracts and the partial extension of the LomÃ© rules of origin to South African exports. It was originally planned that the LomÃ© protocol should be implemented at the same time as a bilateral trade accord, (on January 1 1997). Mr Vale de Almeida spelt out that although it would not be technically and legally impossible for the LomÃ© protocol to come on stream without the bilateral pact, it would be more practical if the two could be implemented at the same time. A second round of talks is expected to take place in the autumn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Echo Media Awards&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On 29 June, the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) launched a Television and Radio awards scheme to reward high-quality coverage of humanitarian affairs. Prizes will go to programmes produced or co-produced by independent production companies and/or broadcasting stations in the 15 EU countries which have been transmitted in a Member State on terrestrial or satellite television or radio between January 1 1995 and September 1 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Judging by a panel made up of NGOs, environmentalists, politicians and the media will be in six categories:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People on the move-a television documentary on the humanitarian consequences of sudden or forced population movements; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the minds of the people-a TV documentary on the psychological trauma in crisis situations; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forgotten conflicts-TV coverage of a long-running crisis forgotten by the mainstream; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vulnerable groups-TV coverage of the hazards encountered by women, children and the elderly in rebuilding their lives; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Broadcast commitment-to a radio or TV station for consistent, high-quality coverage of humanitarian issues; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio award-for the most incisive and analytical coverage of an emergency or humanitarian crisis. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Announcing the scheme, EC Commissioner, Emma Bonino, said: 'These awards give us an opportunity to acknowledge the vital role that broadcasters play in raising awareness of the issues at stake in imaginative, accurate and moving ways. They also serve to remind us of some of the basic European values such as solidarity and humanitarianism that have sometimes been eclipsed by barrages of headlines about mad cows and fish wars.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Entries for this inaugural year must be submitted by September 19, 1996. Details can be obtained from: Mandy Duncan-Smith, Media Natura (UK), tel: (44 171) 240 4936 fax: (44171) 240 2291 E-mail: medianatura@gn.apc.org&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Posters featuring contemporary Bantu art&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the framework of its cooperation programme with the Commission, CICIBA (Centre international des civilisations bantu-B.P. 770-Libreville- Gabon) has recently launched a series of large format reproductions featuring contemporary Bantu art. Thirteen works have been chosen, displaying a representative selection of art forms-painting, sculpture, engraving and moulded leather. The posters, more than 5000 of which have been printed in quadrichromic colour, have a 40 x 60 format. They are also available as postcards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The artists featured are Marcela Costa (Angola), Assouambo (Cameroon), Daikou (Central African Republic), Mouanga Nkodia (Congo), Abdou Moeou (Comoros), Pambou Boulaz (Gabon), Jose Menan (Equatorial Guinea), Protais Hakizimfura (Rwanda), Protasio Pina (Sao Tome &amp;amp; Principe), Silu Kinanga and Munyenz Tshibangu (Zaire) and Mulenga Chafilwa (Zambia).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CICIBA has also put together a similar series on ancient Bantu art. The fourth bi-annual exhibition of contemporary Bantu art, which has received some support from the European Commission, was due to be staged in Luanda (Angola) during July and August.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Links between technology and society&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For more than 50 years, technological innovation has been regarded by many writers in the field as the motor of economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, with rapid developments in the media sector and the emergence of 'information super-highways', the whole world is talking about the emergence of a new society dominated by 'smart' technology linked with research and creativity. This trend gives rise to many questions. Will the information be made available to all, and if so, when ? Will it lead to a change in North-South relations? Can we imagine what a world of 'tale-working', 'tale-education' and video on demand will be like ? What will the cost of all this be? Will biotechnology rescue the world or be the cause of its downfall ? What will the consequences be for the environment ? And in a globalised world, what standards and norms will be used ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In short, what is the real nature of the relationship between technology and society; between science and humankind ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fifteen universities of the EEA (European Economic Area) from Oslo to the Basque country and from London to Athens (taking in Roskilde, Maastricht, Louvainla-Neuve, Namur, Strasbourg, Lausanne, Sienna, Bari, Madrid, Valencia and Lisbon), have come together to offer a multidisciplinary course focusing on these key questions. During the first term, classes in theory and seminars are offered (in the local language of the institution) by experts from the academic world and the public and private sectors. Visits are also planned to multinational companies and laboratories. For the second half of the course, the students gain a wider European dimension by 'changing' university (with grants from the Socrates programme). The bulk of their time at this stage will be spent preparing a research dissertation in English on a topic which fits in with the specialisation of the host institution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For further information on the ESST&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;programme, contact:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. E Lints (UCL-Belgium)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. (32) 01047.82.60&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. T. Nguyen (FUNDP-Belgium)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. (32) 081-72.49.09&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10.4.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Common foreign and security policy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the European Union has recently issued a number of statements, details of which are set out below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antipersonnel mines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 13 May 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the closure of the Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the European Union recalls that it has, in recent years, redoubled its efforts to combat the severe consequences caused to civilians by the indiscriminate use of land mines, in particular anti-personnel mines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The KU, which adopted joint action in May 1995 in order to reconfirm its commitment to the objective of an overall strengthening of Protocol 11 of the CCW, considers that the achievements of the Review Conference (such as the extension of the scope of Protocol II; the strengthening of restrictions on the use of mines; the new and immediate prohibitions regarding transfers; the provisions on technological cooperation and assistance; the regular review mechanism, etc), taken together, are significant steps forward, both in terms of the land mines protocol itself and of the development of international humanitarian law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The KU, however, underlines that the resuits of the Review Conference fall short of its expectations and of some of the goals set out in its joint action. In particular, the EU should have liked an effective and binding verification mechanism and no periods of deferral of compliance, or at least much shorter ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is convinced that the conclusion of this Review Conference is only the beginning of a challenging process which requires constant and widespread efforts and persistence in order to fully achieve its basic humanitarian objectives. The EU will continue to seek solutions to the problems caused by antipersonnel land mines and will strive towards the goal of their eventual elimination as stated in UN Resolution 50/70 (O). In the meantime, the Member States of the EU will seek early ratification of the amended Protocol II, as well as of the new Protocol IV on blinding laser weapons, and will take urgent steps to ensure their compliance with all the provisions of these two protocols pending their entry into force.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU will also continue to make active efforts with a view to achieving universal adherence to the CCW, since its objectives can only be effectively attained through implementation of its provisions by the widest number of states and parties to conflicts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Furthermore, the EU recalls its determination to pursue its contribution to the international mine clearance efforts. The EU has already contributed to the UN Voluntary Trust Fund, financing, in particular, projects in Angola and Mozambique as well as in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. In addition, the EU will consider the possibility of conducting specific demining actions and will continue to seek to that effect the contribution of the WEU to the elaboration and implementation of such actions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Central and Eastern European countries associated with the EU (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) and the associated countries Cyprus and Malta, as well as the EFTA country members of the EEA, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway, align themselves with this statement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Great Lakes region and the situation in Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 24 June 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU's objectives and priorities with regard to the Great Lakes region are to secure peace, to consolidate the process of national reconciliation in the countries concerned, to facilitate a return to normal democratic life, in particular by restoring the rule of law, and to encourage economic and social recovery.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aware as it is of the close links between the various political, economic and humanitarian problems in the region and of the serious risk of destabilisation which remains, the EU would emphasise the need for a comprehensive approach and a regional dimension in the search for lasting solutions to the crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It considers that the presence of over a million and a half refugees in the region constitutes a major factor of destabilisation and that their return to their countries of origin in safety and with dignity is essential if peace is to be restored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It appeals to the Heads of State who signed the Cairo and Tunis Declarations to comply with the undertakings they gave, so as in particular to stop trafficking in arms and the training of the various militia and armed groups which serve only to increase insecurity in the region. It would point to United Nations Resolution 1053 in this regard and also the measures in the plan of action adopted by the Bujumbura Conference (12 to 17 February 1995) for the prevention of subversive activities in countries of asylum. The EU also emphasises the importance of deploying United Nations observers in airports and at frontiers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is increasingly concerned at the deteriorating political and human rights situation in Burundi and at the increase in violence. The persistent clashes, spreading over different parts of the country, and the killings and atrocities committed against the civilian population could well involve Burundi in a spiral of permanent conflict.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU strongly condemns all recourse to violence, which will never bring about a solution to the country's problems, and appeals to all the factions in the country to begin negotiating a resolution of their differences and to agree on an immediate, general cessation of violence. It supports the initiatives taken by the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity to restore peace, as well as former President Nyerere's current efforts in this area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It fervently hopes that the talks taking place will result in a national dialogue open to all factions within the country. It also expresses its support for the ongoing efforts made by various bodies and eminent figures such as former Presidents Carter and Toure, and Archbishop Tutu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU would point out that it too has taken initiatives aimed at resolving the crisis and recently appointed a special envoy for the Great Lakes region, Mr Aldo Ajello, to assist the current efforts of the United Nations, the Organisation of African Unity and other bodies and individuals, and specifically to lend support to the organisation of a regional conference under the joint aegis of the UN and the OAU to examine and resolve the deep-rooted causes of the crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU remains convinced that such a conference must be convened as soon as possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reiterates that it is prepared to assist with specific measures to promote peace and reconciliation in Burundi, in particular the organisation of a national dialogue, support for action to promote human rights and the restoring of the rule of law. It is furthermore willing to continue funding the presence of OAU observers and United Nations human rights observers in the country. It is also prepared to help with the economic and social recovery of Burundi as soon as political and security conditions allow rehabilitation programmes to be set up in the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: progressive restoration of aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 28 June 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union takes note of the fact that the regime in Niger has announced the results of the country's constitutional referendum and has lifted the state of emergency and the ban on political parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU takes the view that Niger has thus met the conditions set out by the Council on 13 May 1996 for the progressive restoration of cooperation. In the first instance, this will take the form of: -support for the electoral process; -aid for structural adjustment which, at present, needs to be focused exclusively on the most pressing needs in the social sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Council will continue to follow closely the situation in Niger, in particular as regards the preparation and conduct of the presidential and legislative elections.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arusha summit on Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 5 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recalling its declaration of 25 June 1996, the European Union congratulates President Mkapa on the organisation of the Arusha regional summit, which has produced constructive proposals on the conflict in Burundi. It expresses appreciation for the untiring efforts of former President Nyerere and reiterates its support for his peace initiative.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU encourages the region's Heads of State and the Organisation of African Unity to commit themselves resolutely to supporting and giving substance to the Arusha recommendations and to contribute to the restoration of security in Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU expects the President and the Prime Minister of Burundi to fulfil the undertakings they gave at the Summit to overcome the crisis in Burundi and, with the help of the countries of the region, to put an end to the violence which is destroying the people of Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU calls on all the political forces of Burundi to seek a political solution and to give a favourable reception to regional initiatives to restore peace to their country. It calls the attention of all the parties to the conflict in Burundi to the fact that it condemns all forms of violence and that it will not recognise a government that has taken power by force of arms. Only peace, a peace consolidated at regional level, can guarantee the security of all and lay the foundations for economic and social development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is prepared to support the realisation of the Arusha objectives with a view to restoring peace and security in Burundi. It reiterates its readiness to help Burundi in its economic and social recovery when political and security conditions make it possible to begin its rehabilitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reiterates the need to convene the Conference on Peace, Security and Stability in the Great Lakes Region under the joint aegis of the United Nations and the OAU.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: support for the OAU Resolution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 15 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recalling its previous Declarations and Common Position on Burundi and, in particular, the Declarations of 25 June 1996 and 5 July 1996, the European Union warmly welcomes the Resolution on Burundi adopted by the Organisation of African Unity's Assembly of Heads of State and Government in Yaounde on 8 -10 July 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Union particularly welcomes the reaffirmation by the OAU of its support for the Mwanza Peace Talks under the facilitation of former President Nyerere and its encouragement to him to continue with his efforts based on and incorporating the principles of sustainable democracy and security for all the people of Burundi and an all-inclusive negotiation process. The Union reiterates its appreciation of the untiring efforts of former President Nyerere and its support for his peace initiative in this context.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The declaration in the Resolution of the OAU's full support for the outcome of the Arusha Summit of 25 June 1996, especially the acceptance of the request by the Government of Burundi for security assistance in order to complement and reinforce the Mwanza peace talks, as well as creating conducive security conditions for all parties to freely participate in the Mwanza process is also welcomed by the Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reaffirms its willingness to support the realisation of the Arusha objectives with a view to restoring peace and security in Burundi. It remains ready to help Burundi in its economic and social recovery when political and security conditions make it possible to begin its rehabilitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10.4.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The President of Haiti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The President of the Republic of Haiti, Rene Preval, visited the Commission on 11 June. He met with President Jacques Santer, Commissioner Joao de Deus Pinheiro (responsible for relations with the ACP States) and Commissioner Emma Bonino (responsible for humanitarian aid).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President Preval thanked the European Union for all the support it had provided both for the restoration of democracy in Haiti and for the country's economic development. He spoke in particular of the discussions that are currently under way with the Bretton Woods institutions aimed at restoring Haiti's economy. The President indicated that an economic recovery programme would need balance of payments support to the tune of $119m during 1996, as well as assistance for a range of economic sectors amounting to a billion dollars over a three-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For his part, Professor Pinheiro expressed satisfaction at being able to welcome the President at a time when the democratic process in Haiti was functioning normally and institutional consolidation was taking place. In a statement to the press, he said it was an appropriate moment 'to evaluate our cooperation and to strengthen it in a way that will contribute to economic and social development' in Haiti. He added that it was essential for the Haitian people to recognise that democracy was worthwhile. Professor Pinheiro also welcomed the normalisation of relations between Haiti and its neighbour, the Dominican Republic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The President of the Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The newly-elected President of the Dominican Republic, Leonel Fernandez Reyna, had a working session at the Commission on 15 and 16 July.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This trip to Brussels was the President's first overseas visit in his new capacity, following his election on 30 June. Indeed, he had not yet formally assumed office at the time of his visit. His inauguration was due to take place on 16 August and the President-elect extended an invitation to the Commission to attend the ceremony. Mr Fernandez Reyna's subsequent itinerary included visits to Spain, France and the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10.4.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently approved the financing of the following projects under the budget line 'Human Rights and Democracy in the Developing Countries):&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea: ECU 120 000 for a project aimed at actively involving members of the National Assembly in the institution's functioning, and in the democratisation process taking place in the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: ECU 72 000 for a human rights training programme in schools in both urban and rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria: ECU 118 000 for a human -rights training programme to be run in educational establishments and through itinerant projects in regions lacking education infrastructures. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji: ECU 119 000 for a project to support a non-partisan, multi-ethnic civic forum, aimed at contributing to the achievement of a consensus among various social groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non-ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal: ECU 59 112 to safeguard texts which are essential to the preservation of Tibetan culture. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal: ECU 30196 for the archiving of slides and photographs depicting art objects in order to preserve the culture and traditional techniques of Tibet. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines: ECU 61 750 for a mission to identify the areas in which strategies for human rights and democracy could lead to positive and lasting changes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sri Lanka: ECU 84 314 for a programme of information in the field of promoting equal opportunities and non-discrimination &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10.4.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently decided to finance the following projects in developing countries affected by serious civil disturbances or natural disasters:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: ECU 847 000 for an integrated programme covering the rehabilitation of agriculture and basic infrastructures, training in demining, hygiene and self sustaining development in Kipungo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: ECU 185 000 for the rehabilitation of basic infrastructures (water, health, education and housing) In the province of Luanda. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea: ECU 353 947 to support the rehabilitation and development of basic &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;health care services in the south-west of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea: ECU 575 197 for the rehabilitation of water supplies and community development in the town of Hagaz. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 515.685 for the rehabilitation of primary care and water supplies in the Warder area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 455 630 to help the rehabilitation of repatriated people and displaced persons in the Borena area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 308 475 for the rehabilitation of health care and water supplies in the Hararghe area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 848 000 for a programme of support to upgrade medical infrastructures. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 590 000 to consolidate the water sector and rehabilitate livestock infrastructures in Maputo and Gaza provinces. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 500 000 for the second phase of a programme to help reestablish and reintegrate displaced people in Milange. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 241 259 for a project designed to revitalise livestock producer groups, make available essential veterinary products and support cattle production in the landward prefecture of Kigali. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 411 751 to provide professional training in primary health care. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 805 475 for an environment rehabilitation project in the prefecture of Kibungo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 437 622 for the rehabilitation of primary schools in the southwest of the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 94 650 to train laboratory technicians. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 626 439 for the rehabilitation of wells and water points in the Nugal region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 423 687 for the creation of enterprises involved in making bricks and earth blocks in order to assist in the rehabilitation of rural habitats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 1 491 117 for a tree-planting project around the Virungas National Park as part of a rehabilitation programme directed at Rwanda's immediate neighbours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 213 536 for operational and methodological support for rural development projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 645 120 for technical assistance in the follow-up and evaluation of rehabilitation projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 551980 for a programme to rehabilitate schools and provide support for the education sector. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10.4.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic and social infrastructure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi: ECU 1.9 million for the rehabilitation and construction of customs facilities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 11 million for resurfacing and improvements to the runway at Lusaka international Airport. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji ECU 1.8 million for the rebuilding of three bridges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade promotion/ structural adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Member states of SADC (Southern Africa), ECOWAS (West Africa) and ECOCAS (Central Africa): ECU 500 000 for a follow-up pilot project relating to industrial fore in different sectors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana: ECU 1.9 million for a tourism development programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djibouti: ECU 4.1 million to support the 1996-97 structural adjustment programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Netherlands Antilles/Aruba: ECU 5 million for a tourism promotion programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture/ rural development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madagascar: ECU 1.9 million to support professional organisations in the field of rural credit. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swaziland: ECU 1.4 million to build a bridge at Maphobeni, to facilitate rural development in this area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swaziland: ECU 1.5 million to improve the storage and commercialisation of maize. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benin: ECU 700 000 to enhance the security of blood supplies in the Oueme, Mono and Atlantique departments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Education/training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana: ECU 15 million for a training programme directed at SMEs, independent operators and the unemployed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 1.05 million for a programme designed to strengthen training and research capacity in the economic field. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Member states of IGAD (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda): ECU 1.9 million for a training programme for the commercialisation of cereals. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lesotho: ECU 1.3 million for a community reforestation programme in the Lesotho Highlands. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Institutional support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djibouti: ECU 250 000 to provide technical support for the computerisation of the National Bank's accounting system. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: ECU 1.8 million to support the electoral process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 1.7 million for an assistance programme for the National Authorising &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Officer covering the management of funds allocated by the European Community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 1.5 million for the first phase of a tourism development programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cariforum countries-Antigua &amp;amp; Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Bahamas, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St Kitts &amp;amp; Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent &amp;amp; the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago): ECU 725 000 in technical assistance for the programming unit of the Cariforum General Secretariat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All ACPs: ECU 5 million to strengthen fisheries management and biodiversity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 1.5 million for a pilot project in the field of decentralised cooperation. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 12.5 million for a community development programme in the battle against poverty. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 47 million for the second rehabilitation programme. The focus will be on productive activities (livestock, agriculture and fisheries), the social sectors (health, water, sanitation systems and education), the private sector (revenue generation, job creation, SMEs), the public sector (training, establishment of institutions), demobilisation, and the integration of former combatants &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 1.6 million for a programme to combat poverty including, in particular, the provision of credit to micro-enterprises. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 2 million to support the integration of displaced people in Kasai. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10.4.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa: A loan of ECU 56 million for Eskom, the public electricity company, for the modemisation of part of its electricity distribution network.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10.4.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: ECU 14 million for a global assistance programme covering food and medical aid, the distribution of equipment and demining operations. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 500 000 for the distribution of essential food products and to meet the special nutritional needs of children in the north of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cote d'lvoire: ECU 340 000 to help combat cholera and yellow fever among refugees from Liberia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 140 000 towards the setting up of a camp for 'boat people' arriving from Liberia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea: ECU 160000 for the distribution of food to refugees from Liberia and Sierra Leone. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Senegal: ECU 250 000 towards the fight against cholera, notably in the town of Touba.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sierra Leone: ECU 4.2 million for food and emergency medical aid (to combat cholera) for people displaced by the civil war. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 1.5 million for a measles vaccination programme and for medical and food aid for victims of the internal conflict. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Sudan: ECU 13 million to finance ECHO flights, and for food, medical aid and the provision of water supplies, for civilian victims of the conflict, notably in Khartoum and its environs and in the refugee camps in the north of Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non - ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua: ECU 1.5 million for medicines, essential provisions, drinking water supply equipment and training actions in the area of epidemic prevention. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru: ECU 800 000 for shelters and medical assistance to people in the process of reestablishing their homes having fled from the violence that has occurred over the past ten years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ex-Yugoslavia: ECU 102 million for various emergency operations. The breakdown of this aid, by country, is as follows: Bosnia-Herzegovina-ECU 77.45 million; Croatia-ECU 11.95 million; Serbia-Montenegro-ECU 12,6 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Russian Federation: ECU 900 000 for street children in St Petersburg and homeless people in Moscow. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Afghanistan: ECU 7 million for a coordinated aid programme covering public health measures, the provision of drinking water, hygiene and refuse collection. The aid will be directed both at the people of Kabul and at other provinces of the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kirghizistan: ECU 3.6 million for the purchase and distribution of food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tadilkistan: ECU 8.9 million for a food and medical programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangladesh: ECU 300 000 to help victims of the tropical storm that struck in the middle of May. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499.10.4.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: 15 000 tonnes of cereals, 2000 tonnes of oils and 3000 tonnes of beans amounting to a total value of ECU 20.075 million. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+
+</Doc>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASHe3aa.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASHe3aa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Lucene/index/text/HASHe3aa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,618 @@
+<Doc xmlns:gs2="http://www.greenstone.org/gs2" file="HASHe3aa.dir/doc.xml"  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Managing Tropical Animal Resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First Printing, June 1983 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second Printing, May, 1985 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;CENTER&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Acknowledgements&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of International Affairs &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Cooperation with the Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Bulolo, Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing  Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of  the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the  Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were  chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to the  procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the  National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute  of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in  1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's  purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council  operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the  authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a  private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the  principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National  Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public,  and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both  Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the  Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter  of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the  Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which  science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the  complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of  bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts  special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes  topical reviews of technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to  developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee  on Technology I innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International  Development, Office of international Affairs, National Research Council. Program costs  for the study were provided by the Office of Technical Resources, Bureau for Asia,  Agency for International Development under Grant No. ASB-0249-SS-00-1026-00 and  the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant  No DAN/5538-GSS- 1023-00.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First Printing, June 1983 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second Printing, May, 1985 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Panel_on_Butterfly_Farming_in_P&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT M. PYLE, Chairman, Lepidoptera Specialist Group, International  Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland,  Switzerland, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian  Institution, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, JR., Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Director, Florida State Museum, C;ainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOlS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, Yale University, New  Haven, Connecticut &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS, Head of Subdivision of Invertebrate Ecology,  Furzebrook Research Station, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Wareham,  Dorset, England &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University  of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS, Representative, The Asia Foundation, Taipei,  Taiwan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Contributors_&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER CLARK, Manager, Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Bulolo &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CAROLE GABARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WASAM GARARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KAROL KISOKAU, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Waigani &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAVU KWAPENA, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and  Environment, Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MIRO LAUFA, Crocodile Section, Department of Lands and Environment,  Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEO NING, Division of Wildlife, East Sepik Province, Wewak &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODERICK ORARI, Butterfly farmer, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL PARSONS, Ecologist, Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Bulolo &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BLU RAIRI, Butterfly farmer, Maprik  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Countries &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. S. BROWN, JR., Department of Zoology, State University of Campinas, Sao  Paulo, Brazil &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. M. COLLINS, Co-compiler, Invertebrate Red Data Book, International Union  for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Cambridge, England &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WAYNE GAGNE, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGUS HUTTON, Garaina Farms, Gympie, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ASHLEY C. MORTON, Department of Biology, The University, Southampton,  England &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRED PARKER, Kirwan, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;* * *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Butterfly Study Director &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council Staff &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE REGES, Administrative Secretary &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Preface_&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.4" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly farming is a growing new industry in Papua New Guinea, and by  turning irdwings, mauve swallowtails, and other insects into a cash crop  villagers are both earning money and practicing sound wildlife conservation.  In this unique program butterfly farming is being used to complement the  preservation of species and of habitats. In balancing the utilization of  common butterflies with the protection of the most threatened species, Papua  New Guinea is providing a model for other countries, particularly those in the  tropics. The program demonstrates how village development can become an  integral part of conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel that produced this report convened in Papua New Guinea in  May 1981. Its purpose was to investigate the concepts underlying this  project and to assess their potential for application elsewhere. Panel members  met with staff of the government's Division of Wildlife in Port Moresby and  later visited butterfly farms in Popondetta and the insect trading agency in  Bulolo. The panel is grateful to Karol Kisokau, Navu Kwapena, and Miro  Laufa of the Division of Wildlife for arranging the itinerary in Papua New  Guinea and to Peter Clark and Michael Parsons for hosting the Bulolo and  Popondetta visits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report is one of the National Research Council series, Managing  Tropical Animal Resources. Current titles in the series are:*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (  1981 ) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future  (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea ( 1983)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These activities have been conducted under the auspices of the Advisory  Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research  Council (see page 29). The purpose of ACT}iS the assessment of  unconventional scientific advances that might prove especially applicable to  problems of developing countries. Since its founding in 1971, it has produced  about 30 reports covering subjects as diverse as ferrocement construction  materials, the winged bean (a high-protein tropical food crop), and techniques  to provide more water for arid lands. This study adds the dimension of  conservation and ecosystem protection to ACTI'S principal concerns of  promising but neglected resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACTI activities are supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International  Development (AID). Program costs for this study were supported by AID'S  Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which  also made possible the free distribution of this report.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;CENTER&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM1_Introduction_and_Summary_&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.5" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international demand for tropical butterflies is much greater than is  generally recognized. Each year millions of them are caught and sold  throughout the world. Many buyers are scientists engaged in research on  aspects of systematics, ecology, ethology, evolution, and conservation.  Others are individuals who like expensive curios that incorporate butterflies,  such as display cases, coffee tables, wall hangings, or other objects. But  increasingly, the fragile, iridescent creatures, mounted in plastic or glass, are  used to decorate less-expensive items such as purses, trays, platters, screens,  and other common objects in Europe, North America, and Japan. In addition,  amateur butterfly collecting, which reached a peak in Victorian times, is again becoming popular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this has produced a strong and active market. The current trade is  estimated to be between US $10 and $20 million annually, and the demand is  rising.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Remote regions of Papua New Guinea are benefiting from this burgeoning  interest in tropical insects, and several hundred villagers are rearing or  collecting butterflies, beetles, and other insects for export. The Papua New  Guinea government now considers insects a national resource, and it has  made butterfly farming part of the nation's village economic development. At Bulolo it has established an Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) to  handle the business details of a growing international trade. And Papua New  Guinea is the only country so far to specify insect conservation as a national  objective in its constitution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botanical research is the key to Papua New Guinea's butterfly farming  program. Local botanists and ecologists have identified the plants that the  various butterfly species use during their life cycle. The butterfly farmers  then build up their &quot;livestock&quot; by clearing small areas of ground  and planting leafy food plants for larvae, together with the nectar-producing  flowering plants that adult butterflies feed on. The combination of flowering  and leafy plants provides a complete habitat where butterflies find everything  they need to grow and reproduce. Therefore, most remain, and the farmer  retains his livestock without fences or walls.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are among the most unusual farms in the world. Around their edges  are hibiscus and bougainvillea that attract the adult butterflies, whose  mouthparts are adapted for drinking nectar from flowers. And inside are leafy  plants, such as the strange Dutchman's pipe vine (Aristolochia tagala), on  which the caterpillars of several birdwing butterflies feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The enriched butterfly habitat in the villager's garden attracts and holds a  breeding population that becomes a self-renewing resource. By varying the  plant species the farmer can even maintain colonies of different butterfly  species. And because insects are so prolific, some butterfly farmers are  beginning to have problems with overstocking and have had to shift larvae  from plant to plantârather like moving cattle from one field to the next as the  grazing runs out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic Development &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The IFTA program started in 1974 with fewer than 30 Papua New Guineans  from villages in two provinces. By 1978, more than 500 villagers in 10  provinces had been introduced to farming or collecting butterflies for export.  Since then, business has been increasing about 40 percent a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gram for gram, exotic butterflies are far more valuable than cattle. Prices  paid by dealers in Europe, North America, and Japan range from 30 cents for  individuals of common species to around $10 for the two birdwing species  whose export is allowed. A specimen of a rarer species (for example, a female  of the mauve swallowtail Graphium weiskei) may bring as much as $50.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project is still an embryonic activity; it is not large, as development  programs go. IFTA has only one professional staff person and two local  technicians to handle the distribution of specimens. The agency's goal is to  export between 5,000 and 10,000 specimens a month, from which the villages  can expect a return of $10,000 or more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency purchases butterflies from villagers and uses them to fill orders from overseas buyers. Colorful beetles, strange-looking stick and leaf insects, and some moths and cicadas are also caught in the wild and sent to Bulolo. The profits, less 25 percent, are returned to the villagers. At the time of the panel's visit, IFTA had received about 4,000 shipments of butterflies and other insects from the rural people and had paid out about US $180,000 to purchase them. In 1979, the average farmer or collector received about $37 per box of specimens. By 1980, this had risen to about $50 per box. In 1981 it was estimated that a diligent butterfly farmer could earn an annual income of about $1,200.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even so small an annual income is substantial in rural areas where the mean annual per capita income may be only $50. In many remote areas it is difficult to create income-producing opportunities because of illiteracy, dispersed population, and, in some cases, resistance to foreign ways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through butterfly farming many rural Papua New Guineans are for the first time participating in a cash economy. The product is a highvalue, low-volume crop. It brings needed or supplementary income to the people of the predominantly rural areas. Compared with farming coffee, another possible industry in Papua New Guinea's rural regions, it requires far less effort or land, and it involves minimal costs to the producer. And where a few expatriate opportunists once made small fortunes exploiting Papua New Guinea's butterflies, the profits now go to the villagers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat loss is by far the most critical issue in butterfly conservation. If habitat changes, the animals must change, leave, or die. Usually they die, since alternative habitats are already occupied or too distant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly all the world's butterfly species have suffered diminished ranges, and an estimated half of the world's butterfly populations face threats from human development. From Britain to Bhutan, the insects' habitats have come under siege. In Europe, perhaps one-third of all butterfly species are threatened, owing chiefly to the reductions in their various habitats. In California, half-a-dozen coastal butterflies have been lost since the 1860s, and an equal number are now endangered. In Madagascar and Rwanda, swallowtails and some species that occur nowhere else are being sacrificed to the clearing of forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The losses are much more than aesthetic, for many butterflies benefit people. They pollinate crops, are a major link in the food chain, and serve as sensitive indicators of ecological health.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A striking feature of the Papua New Guinea butterfly farming program is that it is designed to conserve and increase the species being traded. It is a pioneering conservation effort that has been endorsed by the Lepidoptera Specialist Group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The program helps relieve pressure on endangered populations, because for successful butterfly farms the villagers must retain - and even foster - a healthy wild population on or near their land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insect farming also helps preserve habitats because it leaves the bulk of the land intact and it helps landowners earn money without requiring them to cut down the rain forest as they would for timber or for cocoa, coffee, or oil palm plantations. Similarly, villagers can retain their traditional hunting grounds while cropping the insects that rely on these grounds for survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The existence of the butterfly farming project has served to focus attention on the status of all butterfly species. In 1968 this led to a law banning the taking of even a single specimen of the seven birdwing species threatened with extinction in Papua New Guinea. These large, brilliantly colored creatures can bring as much as $1,000 each in international trade, but there is a stiff fine in Papua New Guinea for even possessing one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enriching habitats with butterfly food plants (notably the Dutchman's pipe vine, Aristolochia tagala) has greatly increased the numbers of Papua New Guinea's two common birdwing species, Ornithoptera priamus and Troides oblongomaculatus. Now the country is taking on the challenge of increasing the seven endangered birdwing species that are protected and banned from trade. Already the IFTA staff has found that at least one of these rare species (Ornithoptera victoriae) is easily reared on the Dutchman's pipe vine. Farms are now being designed and sited with a view to building up the populations of this giant endangered species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conclusions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At this stage, the importance of this pioneering activity lies not in its size, but in the new vistas it opens up for the use of tropical resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Village Development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In farming butterflies, Papua New Guinea is showing that indigenous wildlife resources (especially those being depleted because of their commercial value) can contribute to economic development and that the farming of indigenous animals can be fitted smoothly into traditional village life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Providing employment in rural areas is a major problem of developing countries. And in a sense, butterflies are an &quot;appropriate&quot; livestock, particularly for remote areas of the tropics where other income-producing activities are difficult to establish or are harmful to traditional lifestyles and fragile environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterflies may seem unusual farm animals, but to villagers in the Papua New Guinea jungle it is cattle that are exotic. The villagers live in close contact with their local insects; invariably they know much about butterfly locations, behavior, habits, life cycle, and the food eaten by the caterpillars.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farming butterflies is proving a business to which villagers quickly adapt. Butterflies do not require the equipment or financing of a conventional farm; no capital is required, except for postage on the first shipment of specimens. Insect farming allows people to participate in the cash economy without causing disruptive changes in traditional village life. The villagers can work long and hard if they wish or they can put in only enough time to produce a little cash for necessities, leaving plenty of time for raising crops and other village activities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often claimed that economic development is necessarily destructive to the environment and detrimental to conservation - that as rural societies develop, their natural surroundings must suffer. The Papua New Guinea butterfly farming project is an innovative program that demonstrates this need not be true.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The program also shows that where human needs are given attention, conservation can be successful. Elsewhere in the tropics, attempts to conserve habitat without considering the needs of the people who live nearby have often failed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In sum, the butterfly farming program demonstrates that certain natural resources can be used profitably in a way that protects the environment. The program offers a culturally appropriate use of the land; on a broad scale, it could become a force in preventing clear-felling of the forest for timber exports or the wholesale conversion of rain forest to cash-crop monocultures such as coconut, coffee, or oil palm. Most of Papua New Guinea is still covered by primary rain forest; exploiting the economic value of the insects that live there is helping safeguard this increasingly rare habitat, which is fast disappearing in most parts of the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species Conservation &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The knowledge gained from farming Papua New Guinea's butterflies has already contributed to relieving the threat of extinction from seven endangered species of birdwings. This experience could be replicated in other places where there are endangered butterfly species. Indeed, the program provides a model for nations that could profitably farm butterflies while protecting their threatened butterfly species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Extension to Other Organisms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This project has a strategy and organizational structure that could well be applied to plants, such as rare orchids, and animals, such as crocodiles, that are endangered because of their commercial value. Indeed, using similar concepts of combining village income and conservation, the Papua New Guinea Division of Wildlife is farming crocodiles,* ruse deer, wallabies, and two native birds, the megapode and cassowary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through such husbandry practices, many species elsewhere might be saved from extinction, while providing income to the local people who traditionally have used the resource. Other countries should look with interest at the way Papua New Guinea is handling its wildlife enterprises. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM2_Butterfly_Status_and_Conserva&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.6" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;About 100,000-150,000 species of butterflies have been described; perhaps half that number remain to be discovered. Although there are important concentrations in the Arctic and temperate regions, most species are found in the tropics. There, the diversity of colors and forms is dazzling; every imaginable combination of hue and color is displayed. And many tropical butterflies are enriched with &quot;structural&quot; colors, which cause the wings to flash iridescently in the sun as they bend the light they reflect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although butterflies have long been admired and often depicted in art, they have been seriously studied only since the end of the seventeenth century. Linnaeus, in his Systema Naturae, placed the small number of butterflies then known in the single genus Papilio. Today that genus is restricted to the true swallowtails, and more than 700 genera of butterflies are recognized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Butterfly Trade&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Last century, as knowledge of butterflies grew and methods of preserving them improved, they become popular collectors' items. Wealthy naturalists such as Rothschild and LeMoult dispatched collectors to all parts of the world for specimens. Today the trade in butterflies is even more extensive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are three major kinds of butterfly and insect trade. In one, large numbers of common species are collected in the wild and processed for use in ornamental objects such as coasters, mats, and lampshades. This is a low-value, high-volume industry that is both labor- and capital-intensive. It frequently uses &quot;chipped&quot; or slightly damaged butterflies. It often sells butterflies with paper bodies and only the wings of actual insects, which seem to be acceptable to a large part of the buying public.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Taiwanese butterfly trade is an example. It operates on a large scale. At least a dozen Taiwanese factories employ scores of workers to capture and process butterflies. Estimates of annual sales vary from 15 million to 500 million butterflies. Taiwanese butterfly wings pasted onto paper bodies with pig-bristle antennae are used in ornaments and household objects from wall hangings to clear-plastic toilet seats. The bodies are recycled as pig feed. Despite this massive trade, Taiwan's wild butterfly populations seem to be remaining steady.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Similar, though smaller, industries trafficking in common butterflies are found in Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Brazil, Honduras, and several African nations. The famous blue morpho butterflies of the American tropics enter the trade at the rate of some 50 million per year. Nearly all of these are the brilliant iridescent males, and biologists believe the number sold could be doubled without harming the overall population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second type of trade involves higher value and lower volume. This produces a vastly different product from the paper-bodied butterflies bound for novelty stores. It is exemplified by the operation in Papua New Guinea where sales are to collectors, museums, and students, and the specimens are high-quality insects in good to perfect condition, usually bearing scientific data. Because of the relatively high value per specimen, this trade can be carried on by fewer individuals in a nonfactory setting, and it is well suited to village industry, provided there is supervision and a quality-control checkpoint.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third type of butterfly trade is for high-quality, expensive ornamental items, such as glass cases, domes, wall mounts, or jewelry containing beautiful insects. Brazil, for example, has a thriving jewelry trade based on the iridescent blue morpho butterfly. This type of trade can also furnish high-paying outlets for village-farmed insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p08.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In all three divisions of the butterfly trade, dealers fulfill an essential role. Few collectors and scientists can travel the world collecting their own specimens. Some dealers have established reputations for honesty, some have not. Exploitation of suppliers and customers alike has been rife. Few dealers are careful to attach accurate locality data to their specimens; some make serious mistakes in identifying them. (To combat this problem, British insect dealers have formed an association to monitor conservation-related activities and improve professional practice.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Generally, dealers supply specimens bred from the caterpillar or chrysalis and described as &quot;ex pupa.&quot; Unless butterflies are caught immediately after emerging from the pupa the fragile wings tear and the scales detach to produce &quot;worn&quot; specimens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Taxonomy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Classifying butterflies is difficult. Their most obvious features, the color and pattern of the wings, vary greatly; individuals and populations of the same species often look quite different. This has led to the dubious naming of many species and subspecies. And the uncertainties it causes have led some biologists, especially those working in ecology and genetics, to name populations rather than species or subspecies. However, populations frequently evolve, and this introduces a further uncertainty. Much additional work on basic butterfly systematics is needed. The knowledge gained should contribute particularly to the conservation of endangered species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly conservation is still in an early state of development, bedeviled by scarce or incomplete information. The conservation status of even the most thoroughly studied butterfly species is known in only a few areas. The distribution and status of most species is essentially unknown, and proposals for conservation measures are largely based on guesswork. Nevertheless, some conservation programs have been enacted. Most have concentrated on designating endangered species and banning their collection.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The greatest threat to butterflies and other insects, however, is habitat alteration. On several continents some species have already become extinct or endangered when humans altered the special environment they require. The importance of protecting butterfly habitats should not be underrated. Many species are restricted to very small areas, particularly to individual islands (Corsica, Sardinia, Jamaica, Madagascar, Sumba, the Comoros, Fiji, the Solomon Islands, Manus, and the Duke of York Islands, for instance). Such species are vulnerable to extinction because nearly all island habitats are fragile and are changing rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it is uncommon for insect species to be dangerously reduced merely by the capture of specimens, renewed commercial interest in butterflies gives rise to concern for their conservation. Most insects reproduce rapidly, and their high fecundity enables them to replace such losses in a generation or two - provided the basic environment has not been altered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But there are certain species of butterfly that reproduce slowly and are therefore more threatened by collection. The unusual birdwing butterflies of New Guinea, for example, produce only small broods. Moreover, these rare species command higher prices. Because this makes them particularly vulnerable, legislation to protect birdwing butterflies has been instituted in both parts of New Guinea - Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Accordingly, to save Queen Alexandra's birdwing (the largest and most threatened of the birdwings) from extinction, several wildlife management areas have been set up in Popondetta on Papua New Guinea's north coast. The government is also setting up refuges, administered by village councils, to preserve and protect other birdwing butterflies and wildlife resources. This habitat conservation is an important adjunct to the butterfly farming program. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM3_History_and_Government_Policy&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.7" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soon after Europeans discovered New Guinea's remarkable insect fauna around the turn of the century, collectors began arriving, and they have been coming ever since. Many were reputable professional or amateur scientists, gathering modest numbers of specimens for study and for museums, including Papua New Guinea's own national collection. Others, however, were plunderers who carried away large numbers of rare butterflies, giving little or no compensation to the local people and showing no concern for survival of the species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1966 the Papua New Guinea government responded to excessive collecting by designating seven rare birdwing butterflies as protected species. It became illegal to collect these huge, colorful birdwings, and strong measures were instituted - fines for nationals, deportation of expatriates - to halt black market trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1960s and early 1970s commercial collecting of the other butterfly species continued piecemeal and unsupervised. Income was erratic, and expatriate dealers often paid their Papua New Guinean suppliers only a few cents for specimens that retailed for several hundred dollars in Europe and Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Insect Farming and Trading Agency&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When Papua New Guinea achieved independence in 1975, the new government decreed that only nationals should profit from the country's butterfly resource. Since that time only Papua New Guineans have been able to export butterfly specimens (nonprotected species) for profit. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1978, to guarantee Papua New Guineans fair prices and stable sales, a marketing agency was established. Its purpose was to protect the resource, to foster butterfly farming, and to ensure a high-quality export product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modest in its beginnings, the Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) was organized by Angus Hutton, a former tea planter and amateur lepidopterist. The business side of the agency was later developed by Peter Clark, who had worked with Hutton. Identification and production of food plants was advanced by Michael Parsons, Robert Pyle, and others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IFTA provides a market for those Papua New Guinea nationals who farm and collect butterflies and other insects. The agency allows them to obtain fair and fixed prices, maintains quality control, and ensures that current data accompanies all specimens. It also pools the insects from many sources and fills large orders from overseas dealers. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the butterflies IFTA exports, about 30 percent are from village farms and 70 percent are collected in the field. However, more than 50 percent of the revenue is made up of the farmed butterflies because of their better quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quality Control&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency strives to sell only highest-quality insects; it rejects many butterflies as substandard. Most specimens are sold as named subspecies and to identify and name them requires much skill. Staff members have been specially trained to do this. (To a large extent, the area of origin, particularly in the case of the offshore islands, defines the subspecies concerned.) Locality data, usually consisting of village, province, and month and year of collecting or emergence, is affixed to all butterfly envelopes before they are pooled at the agency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IFTA stores its collection by species, in simple wooden boxes kept in cupboards lit from below (to lure potential pests away from the insects and to warm the cupboards and prevent mold). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marketing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency makes up orders and dispatches them (with the required export permits) to customers &quot;on trust.&quot; Although this is open to abuse, most buyers pay promptly and the system is easy and convenient. Careful records are kept of all suppliers, customers, and species in stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the time of the panel's visit, about 80 percent of the agency's business consisted of responding to requests from dealers. However, less than 10 percent of the orders received from all sources could be filled.Some requests were too small and others too specialized; in some cases the agency simply didn't have the specimens on hand (for example, a request for all the subspecies of a given butterfly). Furthermore, the agency has neither the office staff nor space to cope with every order in a business whose volume is almost doubling every two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Field Extension&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife extension officers periodically visit clients and new villages to sustain or develop enthusiasm for insect farming. They explain and demonstrate the procedures of butterfly farming and collecting and teach potential farmers how to recognize a valuable species in each of its life stages. Above all, they demonstrate how to prepare specimens for sale. This is because it is often difficult to convince farmers of the need for extreme care and delicacy in handling, and many inexperienced farmers send in bruised or hopelessly damaged specimens. Although about 500 villagers were farming butterflies at the time of the panel's visit, fewer than 50 were supplying good material regularly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These contacts are also important because the butterfly farmers easily become discouraged if no interest is shown in their work. In the Papua New Guinea countryside there is often little need for cash; people can obtain all their food, clothes, shelter, and resources from their gardens or from the bush. Money received from one shipment of butterflies may last a subsistence farmer for months, making it difficult for the agency to sustain his interest in providing regular shipments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency's extension officers have initiated a number of butterfly farming projects at primary, secondary, and vocational schools. These projects have proved most successful. Apart from the practical education they give students, they provide early insight into one of Papua New Guinea's most useful resources. Several vocational schools also provide training in mounting butterflies and beetles as souvenirs for tourists, as well as in the construction of hatching cages and solar driers. Beautiful wooden cabinets to hold butterflies have also been made by some teenage students.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Monitoring&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to teaching Papua New Guineans to collect and farm insects, IFTA promotes research both to conserve species and to make them available in quantity. Success has already been achieved in farming the common birdwing butterflies by planting large numbers of the Dutchman's pipe (Aristolochia tagala) vines that they feed on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency's staff includes an ecologist, indicating the importance of the scientific basis for conservation in this project. The ecologist is at hand to conduct research on life histories, farming methods, and management measures for rare species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IFTA staff are now identifying new food plants that will permit more species to be farmed. Research into the life histories of many butterflies with economic potential is well under way, so that an increasing number of species will become &quot;farmable&quot; and will be available in future in perfect ex pupa condition. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sources of all specimens received by IFTA are recorded on a map so that a butterfly's range and rarity or abundance can be assessed and conservation measures implemented where necessary. In this way, even insects too damaged for sale at least have value to conservation efforts. All specimens of unusual scientific interest are lodged in the national insect collection for future study. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM4_Operating_a_Butterfly_Farm&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.8" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Planting the Farm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key to farming butterflies is to establish a garden of the plants the various species need for their life cycles. The ideal farm area is about 0.2 hectares. This is spacious enough for growing food plants for adults and larvae and small enough to keep the plants watered, weeded, pruned, and generally well tended. Such a farm can contain about 500 vines, grown like bean plants on poles or shade trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to surround the site with a thick hedge of hibiscus, bougainvillea, ixora, poinsettia, or other nectar-bearing plants whose flowers attract adult butterflies and encourage them to remain in the area. The hedges also keep out pigs and other livestock that may damage the leafy plants inside the farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A good way to start a farm is to establish it in a vegetable garden. (Papua New Guinea butterfly farmers often plant butterfly vines between their rows of sweet potato or tarot) By the time the vegetables are ready to harvest, the area already has some thriving butterfly food plants and probably some winged livestock as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most successful butterfly food plants in Papua New Guinea is Aristolochia tagala, a vine on which the larvae of more common birdwing butterflies feed. Another is Evodea - a food plant of the large blue ulysses swallowtail and many colorful weevils.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shade trees also can be food plants for butterflies other than birdwings and for beetles or weevils. Examples are species of Annona (such as soursop), Citrus (such as lemon), Cerbera, and Graptophyllum. Wallace's Longhorn Beetle feeds on breadfruit (Artocarpus communis). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, one area of the farm is kept aside for growing seeds or cuttings. (IFTA sells seed of some suitable species.) In this nursery the butterfly food plants are watered and cared for, and unhealthy ones are easily spotted and weeded out. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p16.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Stylized diagram of a butterfly farm:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A Hedge of hibiscus, ixora, and poinsettia to keep pigs out and provide nectar.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B Fruits trees (such as lemon).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C The aristolochia vine grown on the branches of others trees (such as leucaena), to feed    caterpillar larvae.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D Nursery area.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E A hut for tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Diagram courtesy IFTA, Bulolo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Life Cycle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, each butterfly species has a preferred food plant for its larvae. After the female has mated she searches for the correct plant and lays her eggs on or near it. In a few days the eggs hatch, and the young caterpillars usually eat their own eggshells and begin feeding on the softer leaves and shoots of the food plant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As they grow, the caterpillars shed their skins. Each molt is called an instar, and five instars occur before a larva is big enough to pupate. Pupation is a resting stage during which the adult butterfly develops inside the hard, protective chrysalis. For pupation the larva selects the underside of a stem or leaf to protect it from rain and predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After 10 days to 3 weeks, depending on the type of butterfly, the pupal case splits open and the adult insect emerges. This usually occurs before 9 o'clock in the morning. The freshly emerged adult then takes from 3 to 4 hours to expand and dry its wings before flying off to feed on nectar and to search for a mate to begin the life cycle once again. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harvesting&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once the farm is well established, pupae can be collected daily. Ideally, about 50 percent should be left or released. At least as many females as males should be released. Pupae that are too high to reach are usually left to emerge naturally and repopulate the farm. Others are left because they are not quite perfect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The farmer can usually see that emergence will occur on the next day, since the pupa becomes darker in color as the adult wing and body colors develop. He then plucks off the stem or leaf to which the pupa is attached. (The soft, new pupae are not touched because this damages the adult.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He pins the leaf to a board or puts it in a net or in a small cage. Often these are kept inside to protect the pupae against pests and large predators. However, some farmers construct small houses out of bush materials to hold pupae ready for hatching. Others keep their pupae in the open and count on being able to collect the adults before they have flown away.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Care is taken to protect the specimens from ants and rats. For example, the legs of the cage are placed in bowls of water to deter ants from climbing up. The pupae are sprayed with water 2-3 times a week to speed up the hatching process and to prevent them from drying out. (Only a light spray is used; otherwise the pupa develop mold.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pupae are best kept in a shady place so the butterflies will remain calm after hatching and will not flap and damage their wings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Processing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the newly emerged butterfly has completely dried its wings, it is carefully caught by the thorax and injected with a small amount of a killing agent such as ethyl acetate or boiling water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small butterflies are particularly easily damaged if handled, so they are placed for about 10 minutes in a killing jar containing cotton (cotton wool) soaked with a little ethyl acetate. A layer of cardboard is placed above the cotton so that the butterflies are not stained by the solvent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The farmer places the dead butterflies in paper envelopes, being careful at all times not to touch or damage the wings. The envelopes are easily made from grease-proof paper, which the agency supplies on request.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To ensure that the butterflies will not mold, they are placed on a black plastic tray and dried in the sun, in their papers, for about 4 days. During this time they are protected from pests such as ants, and the drying trays have a screen on top to prevent the envelopes from blowing away or from being rained on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once properly dried, the insects, still in their envelopes, are stored in boxes, preferably airtight to prevent condensation and molding. When enough specimens have been collected, the villager packs them carefully in strong cardboard boxes (which the agency also supplies) with cotton or kapok. A few naphthalene crystals are added to keep away pests, and the box is wrapped and sent to Bulolo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM5_Application_to_Other_Nations&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.9" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the essence of the Papua New Guinea approach is the cultivation of food plants that the butterflies need to complete their life cycles. This is a process that could be replicated elsewhere, and the potential for butterfly farming exists in many countries. In fact, although Papua New Guinea is rich in butterfly species - some 700 of them - it is not unusually so. Other countries also have large numbers of species. There are, for instance 2,500 species known in Costa Rica.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are some 14,000 species of true butterflies in the world. Although there is possible competition, many countries have no overlap in species at all. As collectors and specialists usually want butterflies from many different parts of the world, the likely competition among countries exporting farmed or wild-caught butterflies is minimal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterflies are supplied to the trade from nearly every part of the world. But because they are most diverse in the tropics, it is likely that the best chance for success in farming them lies there. However, some temperate countries also have an abundance of particular species, and in Europe, the United States, and Japan, butterfly farming is already established on a small scale. This is mainly because many collectors like to rear their own material and they purchase eggs, caterpillars, or chrysalids instead of killed adults. Many dealers in these countries supply a few tropical species that are easy to rear, such as the orchard swallowtail (Papilio aegeus). However, this trade is generally low in volume and value, and temperate-zone butterfly farms are little more than a sideline to normal dealerships.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some general comments follow on the potential of butterfly farming in various parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Temperate regions of the Old World (Palaearctic Realm). East palaearctic species are in great demand internationally and obtainable with great difficulty. China, in particular, has species of both Parnassius and Papilio that might be farmed. However, all Parnassius species are montane to some degree and none has been farmed yet. Eurasian arctic satyrids, lesser fritillaries, and sulphurs are also in great commercial demand and could perhaps be farmed. Swallowtails are few and are frequently protected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Tropical Africa and associated islands (Afrotropical Region). The potential for butterfly farming has not yet been considered in Africa, although the diversity of desirable species is great and the potential market extensive. This area has important swallowtails and Charaxes species (Nymphalidae), but so far as is known, no farming enterprises exist. Experimental or trial farms for butterflies are needed in different parts of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asian tropics (Oriental Realm). Silk moths, such as Bombyx mori, are commercially farmed in Asia, and butterfly farming would seem to be a natural extension of this. Many Asian butterflies are supplied to dealers, especially from Taiwan and the Philippines, but there is little farming. A very large trade originates in Malaysia, especially for Rajah Brooke's birdwing (Trogonoptera brookiana). Farming is reputed to take place, but most specimens are actually collected. Desirable species of swallowtails, including the black and gold birdwings (Troides species), occur throughout the region. Species belonging to the families Nymphalidae and Pieridae are good candidates for farming, as they are in much demand from dealers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Australia, New Guinea, and associated islands to the west (Australasian Realm). Australia is not rich in butterflies, but it has some important endemic species. At least one &quot;farm&quot; exists in Australia, but this appears to be an offshoot of a normal dealership, which rears a few local species to supply at early stages to collectors. Farming is to be encouraged here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Guinea's most coveted butterflies, which it shares with Irian Jaya, are the Ornithoptera birdwings. But almost equally desired by collectors and specialists are the Troides birdwings, concentrated to the west of New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Temperate regions of the Americas (Nearctic Realm). There is a considerable trade in New World butterflies from nearly every family (few Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae), but almost all are caught in the wild. There is a strong market for far-northern species (Boloria, Colias, Erebia, Oenesis). Farming these might be possible among Canadian and Alaskan Indian or Eskimo groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Tropical regions of the Americas (Neotropical Realm). This is a likely area for the development of butterfly farming, particularly as its species are completely different from those of the tropics elsewhere. The Morpho and Agrias species of South America are much desired by collectors. It is possible that some of the highly prized morpho butterflies are already farmed (as the law, in fact, requires), but evidence is conflicting, and most biologists believe that the major supply of specimens is from wild populations. Other groups that lend themselves to farming include the swallowtails, nymphalids (including Agrias), and certain members of the family Satyridae. There are large fauna of Riodinidae and Lycaenidae that are potentially suitable for farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A dealer in preserved butterflies has recently set up business in the Dominican Republic, and butterfly farms have been established in Costa Rica.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· General. Butterflies in the family Riodinidae and, especially, Lycaenidae seem to be a neglected resource. Many species are relatively small but brightly colored. A major difficulty is that many Lycaenidae have to live with ants for part of their lives and this complicates their rearing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Parks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some regions with tourist industries are showing interest in establishing &quot;butterfly zoos&quot; or &quot;butterfly jungles.&quot; These displays have live butterflies (usually farmed or reared) in artificial habitats resembling the natural ones. Some species, such as the orchard swallowtail (Papilio aegeus), respond well to such conditions. One British dealer has a &quot;tropical jungle&quot; in an enclosed environment in which both temperature and atmospheric pressure are regulated. A large British butterfly zoo has been established and a smaller one has been proposed. The New York Zoological Society is developing a butterfly component in its Wild Asia Hall at the Bronx Zoo, and San Francisco, Portland, Cincinnati, and Tokyo all have thriving insect zoos. Also, the Colombo Zoo in Sri Lanka has a live display and a successful program of butterfly rearing. Similar enterprise could be shown in other places with tourist industries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting a Butterfly Farm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly farming is initially an ecological and botanical challenge. One must first observe, identify, and propagate the plants that the various species use for food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Success for butterfly farmers rests on their choosing commercially attractive species. Unfortunately, ecological details of the life histories of suitable species are known in only a few cases. The prospective farmer will be largely on his own and must first develop this information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the most desirable species are native to primary tropical forests, and they may need protection because of the rate at which their habitat is being destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any program to commercially exploit butterflies and other insects must either bypass the rarest, most restricted, and slowest reproducing species; farm them cautiously with a high percentage of adults released; or take them with the greatest of care. Further, there must be adequate habitat protection both in the natural state and in mixed land uses (rather than just agricultural croplands) to support the insects and furnish a continuing supply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some competition could occur if live butterflies were exported between countries and used to establish farming enterprises. In general, however, butterflies are easier to farm in their native habitats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Appendix_A&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.10" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.10.1" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carvalho, J. C. M., and O. H. H. Mielke. 1972. The trade of butterfly wings in Brazil and its effect upon survival of the species. Proceedings 19th International Congress of Entomology (Moscow) 1 :486-488.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fenner, T. L. 1976. Aspects of butterfly conservation in Papua New Guinea, Pp. 121-127 in Ecology and Conservation in Papua New Guinea, K. P. Lamb and J. L. Gressitt eds. Pamphlet 2. Wau Ecology Institute, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parsons, M. n.d. Insect Farming and Trading Agency Farming Manual. Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Division of Wildlife, P.O. Box 129, Bulolo, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pyle, R. 1981. Butterflies: now you see them.... International Wildlife I I (1):4- 11.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pyle, R., M. Bentzien, and P. Opler. 1981. Insect conservation. Annual Review of Entomology 26:233-258.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pyle, R. M. and S. A. Hughes. 1978. Conservation and utilization of the insect resources of Papua New Guinea. Unpublished report, copies available from the author, see Research Contacts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Severinghaus, S. R. 1977. The butterfly industry and butterfly conservation in Taiwan. Atala 5(2):20-23.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unno, K. 1974. Taiwan's butterfly industry. Wildlife 16: 356-359.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vietmeyer, N. D. 1979. Butterfly ranching is taking wing in Papua New Guinea. Smithsonian 10(2):119-135. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Appendix_B&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.10.2" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Contacts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wayne Gagne, Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 6037, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96818 USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angus Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie 4570, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insect Farming and Trading Agency, P.O. Box 129, Bulolo, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea (Peter Clark, Manager; Michael Parsons, Ecologist)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Karol Kisokau, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Central Government Offices, Waigani, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navu Kwapena, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rudi Mattoni, 9620 Heather Road, Beverly Hills, California 90210, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Michael G. Morris, Chairman, Butterfly Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Furzebrook Research Station, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Wareham, Dorset BH20 5AS, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ashley C. Morton, Department of Biology, Building 44, The University, Southampton S09 5NH, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fred Parker, 717 Ross River Road, Kirwan, Queensland 4814, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert M. Pyle, Chairman, Monarch Project, Xerces Society, 369 Loop Road, Gray's River, Washington 98621, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheldon R. Severinghaus, Representative, The Asia Foundation, 42, Chien Kuo North Road, Taipei 104, Taiwan, Republic of China &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Appendix_C&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.10.3" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biographical Sketches of Panel Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director of the Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., is currently the Secretary-General of the International Union of Biological Sciences. He received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests are in comparative anatomy and phylogeny of flowering plants, commercial timbers, histology of monocotyledons, economic botany, and tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on tropical plants, he has published extensively in these areas and on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries. Dr. Ayensu was co-chairman of the Panel on Under exploited Tropical Plants of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, JR., is Graduate Research Professor in the Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville. As Technical Director of the Caribbean Conservation Corporation, he has directed a seasonal research program at the breeding ground of the green turtle at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, since 1952, with continuous grants from the National Science Foundation from 1955 to 1980, and has carried out investigations of marine turtle ecology and navigation in various parts of the world. The author of numerous papers, articles, and books, he received the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal of the National Academy of Sciences for Handbook of Turtles and the John Burroughs Medal for The Windward Road. He is Research Associate of the American Museum of Natural History; Affiliate Curator of Natural Sciences, Florida State Museum; Chairman of the Marine Turtle Specialist Group of the Survival Service Commission, International Union for the Conservation of Nature; Honorary Consultant of the World Wildlife Fund; Fellow of the Linnean Society of London; Fellow of the American Fisheries Society; and a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1973 he was awarded a gold medal from the World Wildlife Fund for the application of scientific findings to the conservation of marine turtles. In 1975 he received the Edward W. Browning Award for achievement in biological conservation. In 1978 Dr. Carr was awarded the Gold Medal of the New York Zoological Society for contributions to natural science and conservation; in 1978 he became Officer of the Order of the Golden Ark (The Netherlands).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING is the Director of the Florida State Museum, Gainesville. He received a B.S. in 1957 and an M.S. in 1961 from the University of Florida and a Ph.D. from 1966 from the University of Miami. His research interests are in wildlife conservation and habitat preservation, impact of international trade on wildlife populations, and ecology and behavior of reptile populations. He worked at the New York Zoological Society from 1967 to 1975. As an international wildlife consultant, Dr. King has received honors from the Dominican Republic, the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and from H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands. He has served on committees advising the State Department and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources on policies regarding the trade of crocodile skins, turtle products, and other wildlife materials. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOlS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry and Professor of Forest Genetics, Yale University, was Dean of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale from 1965 to 1975. He received a B.A. from Luxembourg College and a B.Sc.F. from the University of New Brunswick in 1950, an M.F. in ecology in 1951, and a Ph.D. in forest genetics from Yale in 1954. He is especially knowledgeable about francophone Africa and was chairman of the Sahel program of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development and a member of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation. From 1960 to 1965 he was research collaborator at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1966 he was the recipient of the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Biological Research from the Society of American Foresters and in 1975 was Distinguished Professor (Fulbright-Hays Program) in Yugoslavia. Before joining the Yale faculty, he served as project leader in forest genetics for the U.S. Forest Service in Florida. He has served as a consultant to FAO, various foreign governments, and private forestry companies, and he has traveled extensively in the tropical countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS is head of the Furzebrook Research Station of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (National Environment Research Council, U.K.). He received a B.A. in natural sciences (zoology) at the University of Cambridge of 1958, M.A. in 1962, and received his Ph.D. from London University in research on the integrated control of orchard pests. Dr. Morris worked at Monks Wood Experimental Station on the effects of grassland management on populations of invertebrates and developed a strong interest in community and applied ecology, particularly the conservation of insect populations. Recently he has become involved with problems of butterfly conservation and resource utilization. He is Secretary of the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects, a Vice-Chairman of the Lepidoptera Specialist Group of lUCN'S Survival Commission, and Chairman of the Habitat and Species Protection Committee of SEL (Societal Europaea Lepidoptero-Logica). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH L. POPENOE is Professor of Soils, Agronomy, Botany, and Geography and Director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California at Davis in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this sytem. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. He is past Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Escuela Agricola Panamericana in Honduras, Visiting Lecturer on Tropical Public Health at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Agronomy, the America Geographical Society, and the International Soils Science Society. He is Chairman of the Advisory Committee for Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT MICHAEL PYLE, a writer and consulting lepidopterist based in Gray's River, Washington, has served since 1979 as Co-Compiler of the lUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. In this capacity he is consultant to the Conservation Monitoring Centre in Cambridge, England. After receiving his B.S. and M.S. at the University of Washington, he took his Ph.D. through the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University in 1976. He worked for the Government of Papua New Guinea on the conservation and utilization of insect resources and then with the Nature Conservancy as Northwest Land Steward. A &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;former Fulbright Scholar to the United Kingdom, Dr. Pyle subsequently founded the Xerces Society for conservation of beneficial insects and their habitats. He has been chairman of IUCN'S Lepidoptera Specialist Group (Species Survival Commission) since 1976. His publications include the Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies. A comprehensive book on insect conservation in his next project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1977 in natural resources management. He has worked on various wildlife research projects in Asia since 1964 and is representative for the Asia Foundation in Taiwan. He has published articles on butterfly conservation and wildlife industries in Taiwan, where he has been studying the butterfly and wildlife farming projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, staff officer for this study, is Professional Associate of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with the Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science that are important for developing countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Advisory_Committee_on_Technolog&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.11" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (member through 1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L.GADEN,JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (member through 1982) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Board_on_Science_and_Technology&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+<Sec  gs2:docOID="HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4.12" gs2:mode="add">
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAMUEL P. ASPER, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEONARD BERRY, Professor, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST J. BRISKEY, Dean, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON S. BROWN, Director, Resources Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Associate Professor, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND J. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM A. W. KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE 1. LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANICE E. PERLMAN, Executive Director, Committee for a New New York, New York City Partnership, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Assistant Dean for International Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN C. HURLEY, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL P. GREENE, Associate Director/Research Grants &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+ 
+</Sec>
+
+
+</Doc>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH0167.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH0167.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH0167.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,705 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/fb34fe/fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">31723</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://fb34fe/fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://fb34fe/fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Farming snails 2: Choosing snails; Care and harvesting; Further improvement</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Agriculture and Food Processing|Better Farming series of FAO and INADES - 46 booklets</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Settlements, Housing, Building - Infrastructure Construction (Roads etc)|Settlements and housing: general works incl. low- cost housing, planning techniques, surveying, etc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Farming snails 2: Choosing snails; Care and harvesting; Further improvement (fb34fe)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">farm snails</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">FAO Better Farming series</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214927</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215032</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0167.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p093a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p094a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p094b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p095a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p095b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p095c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p096a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p096b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p096c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p097a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p097b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p098a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p099a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p099b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p101a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p101b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p102a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p103a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p103b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p104a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p104b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p105a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p105b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p105c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p106a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p106b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p106c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p106d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p107a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p107b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p107c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p108a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p108b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p109a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p109b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p110a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p110b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p111a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p111b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rome 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P-69&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ISBN 92-5-102397-2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â© FAO 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first twenty- six volumes in FAO's Better Farming Series were based on the Cours d'apprentissage agricole prepared in CÃŽte d'Ivoire by the Institut africain de dÃ©veloppement Ã©conomique et social for use by extension workers. Later volumes, beginning with No. 27, have been prepared by FAO for use in agricultural development at the farm and family level. The approach has deliberately been a general one, the intention being to constitute basic prototype outlines to be modified or expanded in each area according to local conditions of agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the booklets deal with specific crops and techniques, while others are intended to give the farmer more general information which can help him to understand why he does what he does, so that he will be able to do it better. Booklets No. 33 and 34 were added to the series owing to a growing interest in small- scale snail farming for food and profit in many countries where FAO's Better Farming Series is widely used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adaptations of the series, or of individual volumes in it, have been published in Amharic, Arabic, Bengali, Creole, Hindi, Igala, Indonesian, Kiswahili, Malagasy, SiSwati, Thai and Turkish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Requests for permission to issue this manual in other languages and to adapt it according to local climatic and ecological conditions are welcomed. They should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Choosing your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;123. All of the snails that you choose for your pen must be of the same kind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p093a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ All of the snails that you farm must be the same kind&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;124. You may have found one of the kinds of snails shown on pages 8 to 11 in the last booklet living in your area. You may also have found a different kind of snail.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;125. Now you must learn to choose the beat of the kinds of snails that you have found. When you first begin you will need fully grown snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;126. Remember, that all snails are both male and female and all snails lay eggs. So, when you are looking for snails, you can choose any one that is fully grown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;127. You can tell that a snail is fully grown because it has a lip on the mouth of its shell. The drawings below show two fully grown snails with lips.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p094a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails which fill and which does not fill their cells&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;128. Look at the drawings again. Notice that although both snails are fully grown, one of them fills its shell and one of them does not.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;129. The snail that does not fill its shell may be sick or it may have lost its water because of dry weather. This snail may not grow well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;130. Choose only snails that fill their shells. Snails that fill their shells will usually grow well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;131. Choose snails that have good, strong shells. Strong shells protect snails from their enemies, and snails with strong shells sell better at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;132. Choose the largest of the fully grown snails that you can find from the kind of snail that you are going to farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p094b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Choose the largest snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;133. The larger snails of any kind of snail will be better and healthier and lay more eggs than a snail that is smaller.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;134. In addition, the eggs of large, healthy snails hatch better and the baby snails grow bigger and faster.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;135. Later, when you have more experience in choosing snails, you will learn just how large a fully grown snail should be. You will also learn the different colours of the kind of snail that you are farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;136. Then you can choose snails that are the same size and colour that you want your baby snails to be.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As you collect your snails, handle them very gently and put them carefully into a container such as a basket so that you can carry them to the pen without hurting them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p095a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Handle your snails carefully&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Putting your snails in the pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;137. Just before you put your snails in the pen, take out all the grass, the creeping grass and the weeds that may have grown while the food and shelter plants were growing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p095b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take out all grass, creeping grass and weeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;138. Never put snails in a pen in the morning or during the day when the sun is hot. Always put them in the evening when it is cool. This is when they begin to move about and to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p095c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Always put snacks in the pen in the evening&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;139. If there is no dew and leaves of the plants and the ground are dry, wet them. Items 160 to 165 in this booklet will tell you how.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p096a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wet the plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;140. When you put snails in the pen, put an equal number of them in four different places.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;141. In the last booklet you were told that for a 5 x 5 metre pen you would need 150 snails if you use the small kind, and 25 snails if you use the large kind. So, if you need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 150 snails, put 35 to 40 snails in four places&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 25 snails, put 6 snails in three places and 7 snails in one place.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;142. The arrows in the drawing at the top of the next page will show you where to put snails in a 5 x 5 metre pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p096b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Where to put the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When you put snails in a pen, never put them near the fence or in a corner of the fence. If you put them near the fence it is easier for them to get out than it is if you put them near the centre of the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p096c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Do not put snails in the corner or near the fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;143. The morning after you have put your snails in the pen, look to see that they have all moved. If any of them have not moved, put them under shelter plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;144. If any snails die, take them out and put in the same number of new snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p097a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take out the dead snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;145. At first your snails will try to crawl out of the pen. During this time, go around the pen each morning and put them back.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;146. After about two weeks your snails will become used to their new home and most of them will not try to crawl out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;147. However, it is a good idea, even after the first two weeks, to check from time to time and put back any of the snails that may have got out of the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When to take out the fully grown snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;148. When you see a lot of baby snails in your pen, you will no longer need to keep the fully grown snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;149. So, take out all of the fully grown snails that you first put into your pen. You can either eat them or sell them at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p097b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take out all fully grown snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;150. Now, with only the baby snails left, the food plants in the pen will be more likely to last until the baby snails are big enough to harvest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;151. Later in this booklet, you will be told when the baby snails are big enough to harvest and how to harvest them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Taking care of your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;152. After you have put your snails in their pen, watch them carefully to see that they are eating well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;153. If you have given them enough of the right kinds of food plants, they will eat a lot and you will have very little to do for them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;154. However, here are some things that you must do&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ wet the plants and moisten the ground&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ take care of the plants&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ take away the weeds and the creeping grass&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Wet the food and shelter plants and moisten the ground</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;155. You have already been told that the leaves of the food and shelter plants must be wet and clean and that the ground must be moist (see Items 52 to 58 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;156. If there is too lime dew and not enough rainfall during the time when the plants and the snails are growing, you will have to water the plants and the ground yourself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;157. If it is dry, you should water the plants and the ground at least every second day. However, if it is very dry, you may have to water them every day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;158. Never water in the morning or during the day when the sun is hot. Always water in the evening at about sunset.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;159. If you water when the sun is hot, the snails will begin to move away from the shelter plants and the hot sun may kill them before they can find shelter again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;160. An easy way to wet the plants and moisten the ground is by hand. First fill a bucket with water and wrap a piece of cloth around your hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p098a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wrap a cloth around your hand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;161. Then, dip your hand with the cloth into the bucket of water and gently splash the plants and the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p099a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Gently splash plants and ground&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;162. Continue to splash the plants and the ground gently until you have watered the whole pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;163. When you have finished, the leaves of the plants should be wet and the ground should be moist.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;164. You can tell when the plants are wet enough and the ground is moist enough when you can see your snails moving about easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p099b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails move about easily&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;165. Remember: the soil must be moist and not wet in order for snail eggs to hatch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You have already been told that if you live in a place that has a dry season when the plants do not grow, snails dig into the ground to rest. Never water at this time or your snails may come out of the ground when they should not.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tend the food and shelter plants</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;166. Watch all of your plants to see that they are growing well and that they do not get too tall or too thick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;167. Plants that are too tall or thick stop the dew from reaching the leaves and stop the rain from washing away the dust and the dirt that snails leave when they move about.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;168. If you see that the plants are not being wet or washed by dew or rain, cut them back.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p101a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cut back the plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Take away the weeds and creeping grass</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;169. After your snails are in their pen you must be sure to take away all weeds and especially creeping grass as soon as you see them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;170. Creeping grass grows very fast and so thick that it can kill the food and shelter plants. If this happens, your snails will have no food and no place to find shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;171. Taking away weeds and creeping grass when snails are in the pen is very difficult. So, you must be very careful not to hurt them or step on them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;172. If the weeds and creeping grass get too thick, it may be better to move the snails before you take weeds and creeping grass away (see Item 183 in this booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;173. Keep the path around the pen clear of weeds, grass and creeping grass. This will help to keep weed seeds and unwanted plants out of the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p101b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Keep the path clean&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;174. If the path is clean, insects will be less likely to cross it to get into the pen and you will be able to see signs of mice, rats and shrews.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Feeding your snails other kinds of food</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;175. There are a number of reasons for giving your snails other kinds of food. Here are a few&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when you have not planted the right kinds of food plants&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when you have too many snails for the number of food plants that you have planted&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when most of the food plants in the pen have been eaten by the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;176. If you decide for any of these reasons that you must give your snails other kinds of food, here are some foods that snails like to eat&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the outside leaves of vegetables such as cabbage or cauliflower&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the tops of vegetables such as carrots or beets&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ ripe banana fruit&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ most waste fruit and vegetables&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ cut- up papaya, melon or squash&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p102a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Food snails eat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;177. There are many other foods that snails like to eat. If you have some food that you think might be good, try it with your snails and see if they like it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;178. If your snails are not eating their food plants well, you also can try some others. Cut pieces from the plant that you want to try and put them in the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;179. If you see that your snails like the new food plants better, you can use these plants when you build the second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Building the second pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;180. In the last booklet you were told that to farm snails you will need at least two pens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p103a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Two pens needed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;181 . With two pens you can move your snails from one pen to the other to get rid of any enemies that may have got in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;182. You can also move your snails to dig the ground and work the soil so that they can dig into the soil to rest and can lay their eggs easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;183. With two pens you can move your snails from one pen to the other if the weeds and creeping grass get too thick to take away with snails in the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;184. You can also plant new food plants when the old ones have been eaten. When you are moving the snails, you can get rid of any of them that have not grown well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When to build the second pen and how to build it</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;185. Build your second pen a little before the growing season and exactly one year after you built the first pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;186. Begin just as you did before, by cleaning and preparing the ground (see Items 86 to 96 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;187. However, if you put your second pen near your first pen, be very careful when you burn the plant material not to burn your first pen or harm the snails in it.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;188. For this reason it is best to leave an open space of at least 3 metres between your first and second pens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p103b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Be very carefull when you burn the plant material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;189. Now you are ready to build the second 5 x 5 metre pen and to plant the food and shelter plants (see Items 97 to 117 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Putting snails in your second pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;190. When the plants in your second pen have grown big enough to provide food and shelter, you can put in the snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p104a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ When the plants are grown, you can bring the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;191. If the snails in your first pen have grown well, you can use some of them for your second pen. So, collect the right number of the biggest and best snails from your first pen to put in your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;192. If the snails in your first pen have not grown well, you will have to begin again with new fully grown snails for your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;193. Remember, with your first pen you put in 150 snails if you used the small kind and 25 snails if you used the large kind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;194. However, different snails lay different amounts of eggs. So with your second pen you may want to change the number of snails that you put in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;195. If there were too many baby snails for the food plants in your first pen, put fewer fully grown snails in your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;196. If there were too few baby snails for the food plants in your first pen, put more fully grown snails in your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;197. If you are not sure how many snails to use, it is best to continue to put in 150 if you use small snails and 25 if you use large snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p104b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 25 Large snails; 150 small snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;198. Later, when you have learned more about the kind of snails that you are using and how many baby snails they have, you will be better able to judge just how many fully grown snails that you should use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Do not forget to take out all of the fully grown snails that you have put in after you see a lot of baby snails in your second pen (see Items 148 to 151 in this booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Harvesting your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When to harvest your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;199. If your snails have grown well, some of them will be big enough to harvest about one year after you have first put snails in the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;200. If you need any snails to put in another pen, collect them first. So, choose the right number (see Items 193 to 198 in this booklet) of the biggest and best snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;201. Carefully put these snails into a container so that you can carry them to the other pen without hurting them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p105a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put snails into a container&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;202. Now you are ready to harvest the rest of your biggest snails. Remember, the best way to harvest is a few snails at a time when you want some to eat or to sell at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;203. However, harvest all of the snails by the end of the second year so that you can plant the pen in time for the next growing season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How to harvest your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;204. Harvesting snails is done by hand. It is often hard work to find them because they may be hiding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p105b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Harvesting snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;205. The easiest time to find the snails is when the plants are wet, after it has rained or at night when there is dew and they are moving about or eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;206. You can also put out some of the food that snails like and when they come to eat it, you can collect them easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p105c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put out some food&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;207. When you are harvesting, handle your snails carefully and put them into a container such as a box or basket or a net sack. However, do not put more than 10 kilograms in a container or you may hurt them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put snails in a container&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">What to do with the snails you harvest</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;208. If you are going to sell the snails, you can carry them to the market in containers like the ones above. However, you must be very careful not to hurt them or break their shells.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;209. Remember, snails with clean shells and well- cared- for snails will sell better at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;210. If you want to keep the snails for you and your family to eat later, you can store them alive in containers filled with material such as sawdust or chopped maize husks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;211. That way you can keep them for as long as six to eight weeks before you use them. The drawings below show you how to store snails this way.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 a box is a good container to store snails in&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ A box&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 cover the bottom of the box with about 5 cm of sawdust or chopped maize husks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cover the bottom of the box with sawdust&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 carefully put in a layer of snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 cover the snails with about 3 cm of sawdust or chopped maize husks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cover the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 continue to do this until the box is full&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note: be sure that the top layer of snails is covered&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preparing snails for cooking</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;212. Before snails can be used you must be sure that there is no food in them. They must be clean inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;213. Snails that have been stored in a container (see Items 210 and 211 in this booklet) for more than four days will have no food left in them. They are clean inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;214. However, snails which have just been taken from the pen have been eating and are usually full of food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;215. So, before you can use them you must wait for them to become clean inside. To do this you need only to keep them from eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;216. Put them in a container where they can get no food but plenty of air. You can use a covered basket or a net sack.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p107a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Use a covered basket or a net sack&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;217. Put the basket or sack in a cool place away from the sun. After four days the snails will be clean inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p107b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put the container away from sun&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;218. All snails must be washed and boiled just before cooking them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;219. First, put them in clean, cool water with a little salt and vinegar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p107c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put them in clean water&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;220. After a short time the water will begin 10 turn white and you will know that the snails are being washed inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;221. When the water is very white, take the snails out and empty out the old water. Then put them again in clean, cool water with a little salt and vinegar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p108a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Empty out dirty water; wash snails again&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;222. Continue to wash them this way until the water no longer turns white. Then you will know that the snails are completely washed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;223. Now put the snails in boiling water, again with salt and vinegar, and boil them at least five minutes. The snails are now ready to be cooked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p108b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Boil snails with salt and vinegar for five minutes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Snail meat can be cooked like any meat or it can be cut into pieces and added to a stew or vegetables. If snails are eaten where you live, there will be many ways to cook them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Further improvement</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;224. After you have been farming snails using two pens for some time, you may find that you and your family could eat or sell more snails if you had them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;225. You can raise more snails by building another pen. You can either build another 5 x 5 metre pen or you can build a still bigger pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;226. You can also raise more snails by taking better care of the snails that you have. If you take better care of your snails, year after year they will become bigger, healthier and stronger and produce more baby snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Building the third pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;227. Perhaps the most important thing that you can do to improve your snail farm is to build a third pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p109a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Build a third pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;228. Up until now, using only two pens, you have had to use both of them all of the time so that you could take fully grown snails from one after you had harvested the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p109b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Using two pens&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;229. Today, farmers know that it is not good to grow the same crops in the same place all of the time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;230. This is also true if you grow the same food and shelter plants in the same pen all of the time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;231. However, if you plant vegetables in one of your three pens for a year, the vegetables will grow well because of the snail manure in the soil. Afterwards, your food and shelter plants will also grow better because the soil has had a rest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;232. Also, if you raise snails in the same place all of the time, the sicknesses that they may get would do more harm year after year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;233. So, if you plant something else for a year or two and then start with snails again, they will be less likely to get sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;234. The diagram below shows you how to improve a snail farm by planting a vegetable garden in each pen from to time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p110a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Diagram&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Building a bigger pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;235. You may want to build a still bigger pen for your third pen so you can grow many more snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;236. If you build a 5 x 10 metre pen, you can grow two times as many snails. If you build a 10 x 10 metre pen, you can grow four times as many snails as you did in a 5 x 5 metre pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p110b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Pens&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;237. However, building a bigger pen is a lot more work and you will need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more land&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more materials to build it&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more food and shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more fully grown snails to begin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;238. You must also be sure that you and your family have enough time to take care of a bigger pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;239. If you do decide to build a bigger pen, build it exactly the same way that you built your first 5 x 5 metre pen (see pages 43 to 46 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p111a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Building a bigger pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Taking better care of your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;240. The better you understand the snails that you are farming, the better you can take care of them. So, you should always watch them and learn as much as you can.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;241. When you have learned the exact kinds of food plants that your snails like to eat, you will see that they grow well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;242. Then, if you always choose the biggest and best snails each time you begin, you will improve the quality of the snails that you are farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;243. So, with bigger and better snails and with more pens or bigger pens, you will be able to raise many more snails to eat or to sell and you arid your family will be able to live better.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p111b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Your family will be able to live better&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2956 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b18ase/b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">231099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b18ase/b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b18ase/b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Little Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Little Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future (b18ase)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">introduce little-known Asian farm animals with a promising future</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214927</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215030</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH016d.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p00.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p06.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p09.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p13.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p23.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p26.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p29.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p33.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p40.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p43.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p45.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p48.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p52.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p55.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p58.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p61.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p63.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p66.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p68.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p70.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p73.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p77.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p79.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p82.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p84.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p87.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p88.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p91.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p93.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p94.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p101.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation Board on Science and Technology for International Development Office of International Affairs National Research Council &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Washington, D.C. 1983&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the Committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropiate balance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes topical reviews of technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Program costs for the study were provided by the Office of Technical Resources, Bureau for Asia, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. ASB-0249-SS-00-1026-00 and the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. DAN/ 5538-G-SS-1023-00.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Funding for this printing was provided by the Office of Agriculture, Bureau for Science and Technology, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., under Grant No. DAN 1406-G-SS-4001-00.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First Printing, June 1983&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second Printing, July 1984&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-061909&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Participants in the Study&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributors &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AMBAR ROESYAT, Research Institute for Animal Husbandry, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. B. ARKA, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. S. F. BARKER, Professor of Animal Sciences and Head of Department, The University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT BENIRSCHKE, Research Department, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEN BERESKIN, Research Geneticist, Nonruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Animal Science Institute, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALEIGH A. BLOUCH, World Wildlife Fund, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. BONGERS, Nature Conservation Department, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. BONNEMAIRE, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, Dijon, France &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. BOSMA, Vakgroep Funktionele Morfologie, Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. BUTCHER, Assistant Director, Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. S. CHILD, Wildlife and Parks Management Officer, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. ROSS COCKRILL, International Animal Consultant, Almansil, Algarve, Portugal &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PAUL CONRY, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, Department of Agriculture, Guam &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD J. COOLIDGE, Former President, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Beverly, Massachusetts, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. P. CROWCROFT, General Director, Metropolitan Zoo, Toronto, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, Dean Emeritus, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. DEPPNER, Tropical Livestock Consultant, Washington, D.C., USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. DEVENDRA, Head, Feed Resources and Animal Nutrition Branch, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Selangor, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. M. DOLAN, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California, USA DUKUT SULARSASA, Department of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. EPSTEIN, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Israel (retired) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. FINNIE, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. FISCHER, Director, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, JustusLiebig-Universitat, Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IAN FLETCHER, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANNIE P. GRAY, Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Edinburgh, Scotland (retired) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. B. GRIFFITHS, Director, Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. R. GRiMWOOD, Nairobi, Kenya &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COLIN P. GROVES, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ULRICH HALDER, Swiss League for Nature Conservation, Basel, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES G. HICKMAN, Livestock Consultant, A. Mithat Efendi Sokak No. 36/11, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. HOFFMAN, Veterinarian, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. H. G. HOLMES, Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. HUITEMA, Veterinarian, Osterbeek, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. H. HUTASOIT, Director-General, Livestock Services, Jakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BENT JORGENSEN, Director, Copenhagen Zoo, Copenhagen, Denmark &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAT KlEFFER, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Director and Professor, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GRAHAM W. M. KIRBY, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Production, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HEINZ-GEORG KLOS, Director, Zoologischer Garten, Berlin, West Germany &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KUSMAT TANUDIMADJA, Professor of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institut Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN K. LOOSLI, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. LUKAS, White Oak Plantation, Yulee, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. MACDONALD, Vakgroep Funktionele Morfologie, Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN MACKINNON, Representative, World Wildlife Fund, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT E. McDOWELL, Professor, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEFFREY A. McNEELY, Executive Officer, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADRIAN G. MARSHALL, Honorary Secretary, Institute of South-east Asian Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;[AN L. MASON, Animal Breeding Consultant, Edinburgh, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEERT MONTSMA, Vakgroepen Veefokkerij, Veehouderij, Tropische Veehouderij, Wageningen, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. MORAN, Senior Research Officer, Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute, Kyabram, Victoria, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. MILLER, Chief, Milk Secretion and Mastitis Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAN NARI, Director, Central Research Institute for Animal Science, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARVEY NEESE, President, Agri-Food Systems International, Inc., Troy, Idaho, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. M. NITIS, Department of Animal Nutrition and Tropical Pasture Production, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM L. R. OLIVER, Chairman, lUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN PAYNE, Wildlife Section, Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. PAYNE, Tropical Animal Breeding Consultant, London, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. PHILLIPS, Arlington, Virginia, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Scientific Advisor, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C., USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID W. ROBINSON, Associate Dean, International Programs, University of California, Davis, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PATRICK J. ROBINSON, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. H. L. ROLLINSON, Animal Production Officer, Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLIVE ROOTS, Director, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. A. SAYER, Nature Conservation and National Parks Project, FAO, Rangoon, Burma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. E. SATTER, Nature Conservation and National Parks Project, FAO, Rangoon, Burma &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORCE B. SCHALLER, New York Zoological Society, New York, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN SCHOTTLER, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Industry, Lae, Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE SEIFERT, CSIRO, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROGER V. SHORT, Professor of Reproductive Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. C. SINHA, Outdoor Recreation and Wildlife Research Division, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK J. SIMOONS, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Davis, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. D. SIMPSON, Senior Extension Specialist, Department of Agricultural, Technical and Extension Services, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. SITORUS, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. J. SMITH, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. J. STOLP-DIEPEVEEN, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUBANDRlYO, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. SUMADI, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. M. TALBOT, World Wildlife Fund International, Gland, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WARREN D. THOMAS, Director, Los Angeles Zoo, Los Angeles, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. L. THROP, Director, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALLEN D. TILLMAN, Private Consultant in Animal Production, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD G. TULLOCH, Division of Wildlife Research, CSIRO, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HELEN NEWTON TURNER, Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. VAN PUIJENBROECK, Curator of Mammals, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. J. WARWICK, Visiting Professor, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WARTOMO HARDJOSUBROTO, Lecturer in Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. H. WHARTON, Chief Research Scientist, CSIRO, Long Pocket Laboratories, Brisbane, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. L. WHEELER, Project Manager, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.H. WOODFORD, Wildlife Veterinarian, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.A.YOUNG, Department of Animal Science, the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.ZULBARDI, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Asian Animals Study Director &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council Staff&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE RECKS, Administrative Secretary &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is high time that the world was made aware of the valuable, large ruminant genetic resources of Southeast Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. MORAN Livestock Specialist Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute Kyabram, Victoria, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Without utilization preservation is doomed to failure. Local breeds able to perform well in difficult habitats, such as in sparse vegetation, mountainous terrain, or the tropics, should be used for their agricultural potential. Breeds that demonstrate hybrid vigor on crossing with improved or exotic breeds also merit utilization. Genetically unique breeds should be retained for scientific studies of genetics, evolution, and biochemistry. And aesthetically attractive and historically important breeds should be maintained in parks and preserves for their educational and cultural values.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. L. MASON Animal Breeding Consultant Edinburgh. Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p00.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ YAK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report began as a brief examination of the domesticated banteng, a little studied bovine that is an important livestock resource in eastern Indonesia. But the study expanded to include other possibly useful but obscure bovines of Asia: the madura (a hybrid between banteng and cattle), gaur, mithan, kouprey, anoa, tamaraw, yak, and yakowsâhybrids formed by crossing yaks with cattle. Four pig species were also included (the bearded pig, the Sulawesi warty pig, the Javan warty pig, and the pygmy hog) that are important traditional resources in parts of Asia, as well as the babirusaâa piglike, wild animal of Sulawesi that may have a rudimentary rumen. (Asia also has some interesting, little-known breeds of cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, and the common pig, but in this report we have chosen to highlight unconventional species only.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are unfamiliar to international animal science. This report aims to kindle awareness of their possible promise and to stimulate their introduction into projects in the world's animal research facilities. Only through active investigation will the potential of these species - most of which are now familiar only to a small number of wildlife specialists - become clear. Many are threatened with extinction; their genetic merits should be assessed before it is too late.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development agencies and governments in the tropics should regard local species, such as those described in this report, as important genetic material for bolstering the long-term success of domestic livestock breeding programs. These indigenous resources can probably be improved genetically to compare favorably with imported livestock, particularly in difficult tropical environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report was prepared after Hugh Popenoe, Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI), and Noel Vietmeyer of the ACT! staff visited banteng researchers in Indonesia, northern Australia, and Papua New Guinea in May 1981. More than 90 researchers (see contributor's list) provided information to the report through correspondence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACTI is a committee of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council. It assesses unconventional resources and technologies that might prove especially applicable to problems of developing countries. Current titles in the ACTI series Managing Tropical Animal Resources are: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (1981)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (1983). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The production of these books has been supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Program costs for this study were sponsored by AID'S Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which also made possible the free distribution of this report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is an exploratory volume. It will, perhaps, lead in a few years' time to a more complete book on indigenous Asian animals - and perhaps also to similar books on little-known animals of Africa and Latin America. If you have material to contribute to the future edition, please send it to Noel Vietmeyer, JH213, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20418, USA, who will contact you when any new publication on this subject is planned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asia has several domesticated animals about which little is known. Among them are the banteng (&quot;Bali cattle&quot;) of Indonesia, the yak of Central Asia's high country, and the mithan of the border region of India, Burma, and Bangladesh.( *The promise of another Asian animal, the water buffalo, is described in companion report no 32. ) Some Asian farmers use domesticated bovine hybrids: the madura (banteng-cattle hybrid) in Indonesia and the yakow (yak-cattle hybrid) in Central Asia. In addition, domesticated forms of at least two Asian pig species (the Indonesian wild boar and the Sulawesi warty pig) are important husbandry animals in parts of Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among Asia's undomesticated animals are five interesting and potentially valuable species of wild bovines: the kouprey in Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea; the gaur in India and much of Southeast Asia; two species of anoas in Indonesia; and the tamaraw in the Philippines. There are also three species of undomesticated Asian pigs: the bearded pig, the Javan warty pig and pigmy hog. Perhaps the strangest Asian animal of all is the babirusa, a piglike species of eastern Indonesia that may be a rudimentary ruminant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of these animals are either threatened or endangered species, and some will soon be extinct unless scientists, governments, and resource managers take forceful action to preserve them. Scientific management and a better understanding of the animals themselves is required.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important need is to investigate their potential as livestock resources. All seem to be disease resistant and well adapted to difficult natural conditions. Some will interbreed with conventional livestock and might thereby pass on important characters to hybrid progeny. A few of the wild species are ancestors of domestic livestock and could be important genetic reservoirs for maintaining or improving the quality of their domestic descendants. Others may make useful new domesticates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appreciation of their potential in the long-term for the world's agricultural development could create a momentum for the protection, preservation, and greater use of these little-known animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Imported Livestock&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, many thought that the best way to raise animal productivity in tropical developing countries was to introduce high-performing breeds from temperate industrialized areas. The fact that the exotic animals were much more productive than local stock made this seem very appealing. But many such importations ended in failure when the animals either quickly died or their growth or reproduction rates declined so drastically that the herds dwindled away or became uneconomic. These introductions had been made without adequate consideration of the local environment that was expected to support the imported animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More recently, some animal scientists have decried the idea of wholesale importing of temperate-zone livestock into tropical countries without also evaluating the indigenous livestock. In many cases the local animals' apparent poor performance results not from their lack of genetic potential, but from inadequate feeding, breeding, selection, management, and health care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indigenous Animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until an objective evaluation of particular indigenous breeds is undertaken, governments should regard local animals as vitally important for the long-term development of their domestic livestock industries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To achieve an agriculture that is compatible with nature, we should try to raise an animal as much as possible within its own natural environment. Indigenous species are necessarily well adapted to their surroundings and have survival qualities that imported livestock often lack. They generally select food, either graze or browse, better than foreign species and can therefore exploit the habitat more efficiently and live within it more harmoniously.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But most of the livestock species the world depends on today are best adapted to temperate conditions. This is because Stone Age peoples in what today are Europe, the Middle East, and eastern China domesticated the prototypes of agricultural animals that were available in those places. The world's best-known breeds of cattle, wool sheep, and horses, for example, usually perform well in temperate regions and poorly in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The species described in this report offer promise as new and important alternative livestock resources for tropical regions. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Embryo Transplants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems likely that modern technology will substantially improve our ability to use new species and breeds of livestock. One of the most encouraging of the new biotechnology techniques is embryo transplantation. In this process multiple eggs (produced by hormonally stimulating female animals) are fertilized and transplanted to other female animals. The hormonal cycles of the donor and receiving animals are synchronized so that a pregnancy results.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This technique is widely used to transfer embryos between cattle, but researchers are now exploring transfers between different species and even between different genera. In 1981, for example, animal scientists at the New York Zoological Garden transplanted a fertilized gaur ovum into a Holstein cow, which carried the gaur calf to term. Now veterinarians at the University of Florida are attempting to transplant water buffalo embryos into both zebu and Holstein-Friesian cattle, and vice versa. If such pioneering work can become everyday practice, it will open possibilities of using common livestock to raise rare animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, because embryos are thought to be free of many diseases, their shipment between nations may soon be permitted without elaborate quarantine precautions. Methods for freezing embryos have been worked out so that the tiny bundles of cells can be air freighted inexpensively in small, insulated containers. This may make animals such as those discussed in this report available to Africans, Latin Americans, North Americans, and Europeans. It may vastly simplify the worldwide exchange of animal genetic material and become the animal counterpart of exchanging seeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An additional benefit of embryo transplants is that the surrogate mother's placental blood supply provides the fetus with natural immunity to some local diseases, thus perhaps reducing one of the most serious causes of failure when exotic animals are introduced to new environments. And at Utah State University it has been noted that raising wildsheep embryos in domestic ewes produces lambs that are more docile than if they were raised by their biological mothers. Embryo transplants may be a small step toward domesticating new animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With these possibilities on the horizon, it becomes even more important that all countries preserve their indigenous animals. The rest of this report suggests and discusses Asian species for protection and study. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part I : Domesticated Bovine Species</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems probable that two of our widely used livestock species were domesticated in the Asian tropics: the zebu or humped cattle in India and the water buffalo in the humid marshlands of northeastern India or Southeast Asia. (Both the chicken and some races of pig may also have a tropical Asian origin, but the exact sites of their earliest domestication is unclear.) There are, however, other, much more localized, domesticated bovines in Asia. These are not well studied and deserve greatly increased recognition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This section highlights:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Domesticated banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Banteng-cattle hybrids&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Mithan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yak&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yakows. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is time for the world's scientific community to study the genetics, evolution, and biochemical parameters of the unique animal resources, that are found in Southeast Asia. ALLEN D. TILLMAN Animal Consultant Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Though well adapted for survival in their own harsh tropical environments, many domestic livestock breeds are being neglected in the race to achieve temperate zone levels of productivity. CHARLES HICKMAN Department of Dairy Cattle Breeding Ottawa, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies should be made of the present and potential role, productivity and efficiency of all domestic animals and birds, large and small, before they are replaced by imported types. Many wild species also could make important contributions to human welfare with proper management. J. K. LOOSLI Department of Animal Science University of Florida .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The conservation of endangered genetic resources represents a genuine and welcome synthesis of the concerns of the agriculturalist and the wildlife enthusiast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN TINKER British Journalist&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p06.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ MITHAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Domesticated Banteng</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng (*Bos javanicus is now the accepted name, but Bos sondaicus, Bibos banteng, and other synonyms have been used in the past. (See Hooijer, 1956.) The name &quot;banteng&quot; has traditionally referred to the wild form of Bos javanicus; the name &quot;Bali cattle&quot; to the domesticated form. This chapter describes the domesticated form, but we retain the name banteng to reinforce the fact that the animal is not a breed of cattle, but a distinct species. Despite a cattle-like appearance, the animals are at least as genetically remote from cattle as is the bison. Both produce sterile males when hybridized with European cattle. Australia. (N.D. Vietmeyer)) is a bovine that resembles a small cow. It is, however, an entirely different species from either European cattle (Bos taurus) or zebus (Bos indicus). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These docile animals thrive under hot, humid conditions and, like the water buffalo, have high resistance to ticks and tick-borne diseases. In parts of Southeast Asia they have proved acceptable for draft power and meat production, and they may have potential for many other regions of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng are remarkably uniform in type and have changed little from their wild ancestors (see chapter 6). Bulls stand from 1.3 to 1.5 m high at the shoulders, while cows are about 1.2 m high. They have the general conformation of beef cattle. The skin is tight, the neck short, and the dewlap inconspicuous. The face is narrow and is carried horizontally with the large ears pointing forward. There is no hump, but the male possesses a distinctive crest over the thorax because the spines of the thoracic vertebrae are unusually elongated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On both sexes a striking white oval patch covers the rump and all four legs have white stockings. Calves and females are usually light brown with a thin black line along the middle of the back. Bulls are brown when young but usually turn near-black at maturity, unless castrated. Thus, in a herd the sexes - black males and brown females - are strikingly apparent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male horns grow sideways, upward, and outward from a horny mass on the forehead. Females lack this horny shield and their horns usually grow upward and back, eventually curving down again toward the head. Polled animals have not been reported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mature banteng bulls can weigh from 450 to 500 kg. Under exceptional conditions they may reach 550 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly all the world's domesticated banteng are found in Indonesia. They are particularly important on the islands of Bali, Kalimantan, Lombok, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, and Timor. On Bali and Sumbawa, they are virtually uncontaminated by crossbreeding with other cattle and are thought to have been domesticated there in prehistoric times. Since 1913 government officials have enforced a law that prohibits crossbreeding so as to maintain the purity of the breed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small numbers of banteng have been introduced to Sumatra, Malaysia, and northern Australia, and there are experimental herds in Texas, USA, and New South Wales, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p09.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ DISTRIBUTION OF DOMESTICATED BANTEG&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated banteng account for about 20 percent of Indonesia's total population of &quot;cattle.&quot; The banteng population increased from 1.1 million in 1967 to 1.4 million in 1975 and is now estimated to be more than 1.5 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng are found mainly in lowland areas on Indonesian islands straddling the equator. The environment is monsoonal with mean annual temperatures ranging from 23Â° to 31Â°C. Most of the region receives heavy rainfall throughout the year, but dry spells as long as five months occur at some locations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng normally have high conception rates. In northern Australia they regularly achieve 80-90 percent conception, as compared with the 50-60 percent of Brahman-Shorthorn crossbred cattle. Similar conception rates have been recorded in Sulawesi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little basic information on the banteng's reproductive physiology has been reported. However, it appears that this differs little from that of cattle. Sexual maturity has been observed as early as 13 months and mating at 16 months.* The gestation period is about one week longer than that of cattle and twinning is not common. At birth, males weigh about 16-17 kg and females about 14-15 kg (about half the size of Brahman-Shorthorn calves). Calves are not weaned at any specific time, and dams may continue suckling a calf until the next birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng will crossbreed with domestic cattle, producing hybrids with notable vigor and heat tolerance (see chapter 2).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has been reported that banteng have the ability to drink water with high salinity,&quot; and in northern Australia they have even been seen grazing seaweed on coral reefs at low tide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On high-quality diets, feed-conversion ratios approach those of other bovine species. For example, banteng bulls on high-concentrate diets have shown daily growth rates of 0.7 kg, compared with 0.7 kg in water buffalo, 0.8 kg in zebu cattle, and 0.9 kg in British cattle bulls.:&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the banteng matures, its weight remains lower than that of cattle of similar age. However, relative to mature liveweight, this disadvantage is only about 8 percent.Â§&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behaviour&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng cannot be handled as roughly as domestic cattle. Cows and calves are timid and easily upset. When stressed they may run into fences and walls, incurring head and spinal injuries. They also easily get into a state of shock. Special squeeze chutes and other special facilities, along with much care in handling the animals, are essential. However, despite their lively temperament banteng are docile if reared, as in Indonesia, with frequent human contact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are promising beef producers. Gourmets consider banteng cuts among the finest of meats, and Indonesia cannot export enough to satisfy the demand in Hong Kong and Japan alone. The meat's outstanding characteristics are its tenderness and leanness. When the animals are maintained and finished under traditional village management, total fat content of the meat (both on a liveweight and carcass basis) is usually less than 4 percent. Little of the fat is deposited among the meat fibers (marbling); about two-thirds of it is mesenteric and the remainder is subcutaneous, laid down in small globules. The carcasses have a high dressing-out percentage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng have proved to be useful as draft animals for the farm but are reportedly less suitable than zebus for hauling carts on roads. Traditionally, both male and female animals are worked, but Balinese farmers normally use females for cultivating light soils only. Banteng are trained when they are about 2 years old and are reportedly easier to train than zebus.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like water buffaloes banteng can utilize low-quality feeds; they are similar in that they can live off forage unpalatable to cattle. It is rare to see banteng in poor condition. Animals of all ages appear to have an ability to maintain weight and body condition even when pasture quality is poor. In this respect, they have been noted to outperform cattle in Australia's Northern Territory. Moreover, due to their lower milk production banteng cows lose less weight and condition during lactation than, for example, Brahman-Shorthorn cows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In comparison with cattle (European breeds) kept under similar circumstances in Australia, banteng are less infested with external parasites. Their hair is short and their hide tough, which helps them resist ticks. Under field conditions few adult cattle ticks (Boophilus microplus) are observed on the animals, except on malnourished individuals, and the incidence of tick-borne disease is said to be very low. Sarcoptic mange is known to affect the animals, but it has a low incidence as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng also appear to tolerate several internal parasites. Liver fluke is probably the most prevalent. Although the animals themselves appear healthy at slaughter, some 80 percent or more of carcasses are found to have partially infected livers. In addition, intestinal worms are often present.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are only slightly affected by Asian trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma evansi). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are poor milkers; their udders are almost invisible. The lactation varies from 6 to 10 months and milk production is only 0.9-2.8 kg per day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To keep from reverting to the wild state, banteng may need close contact with humans or regular handling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An unidentified banteng disease first appeared on Bali in 1964. Known locally as &quot;jembrana,&quot; it spread rapidly, causing mortalities from 10 to 60 percent in certain localities. It was originally thought to be rinderpest; it is now believed to be caused by a rickettsia transmitted by cattle ticks. Outbreaks have occurred with decreasing intensity and virulence since the original outbreak. The disease is under intensive investigation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Bali ziekte,&quot; a disease affecting only banteng, has also been noted. It is characterized by dry eczema, followed by severe necrosis of the skin and exposed mucous membrances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their high susceptibility to bovine malignant catarrhal fever, banteng must not be brought in contact with sheep and some other animals. This virus is widely disseminated in sheep and several domestic and wild hoofed mammals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There have been few scientific studies of banteng and no coordinated attempt to improve their performance. They deserve more recognition and they merit testing in tropical locations outside their traditional home in Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The herds in northern Australia (descendants of animals remaining from an abortive colonization attempt in the 1820s) are in a relatively disease-free zone, and although they are feral, they can potentially provide animals for breeding and use in other nations. Although these few hundred banteng are a valuable resource, they are vulnerable to destruction if adverse environmental conditions arise or exotic diseases break out in Australia. Representatives of the herd should therefore be distributed and viable breeding stock established at several new locations. (Their genes and gene combinations may even prove valuable for the indigenous herds in Indonesia, and banteng research and development would make a valuable topic for cooperative research between Australia and Indonesia.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is particularly needed to identify the reasons for the banteng's apparent ability to maintain weight and body condition on poor-quality grazing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problems of bovine malignant catarrhal fever, Bali ziekte, and jembrana need increased attention, particularly directed toward prevention and control. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p13.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Banteng Cattle Hybrids</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng and cattle have the same number of chromosomes, and they will interbreed. Few scientific details on the hybrid progeny are available, but on the Indonesian island of Madura they are a &quot;stabilized crossbreed&quot; because they seem to be genetically uniform. This hybridization took place some 1,500 years ago, when Indian invaders brought zebus of the Sinhala, or Ceylonese, type to Madura and crossed them with the banteng.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These madurasâ  reportedly show better growth rate than the pure banteng species itself. They are thrifty, hardy, and able to perform well under extremes of heat and poor nutrition. Though a hybrid in origin, both sexes of the madura are fully fertile. â¡&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For more than 15 centuries the winners of the bull races (&quot;kerapan sap)&quot;) have been the herd sires of Madurese villages. This long breeding history has led to an animal with the following characteristics:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Long legs and small feet&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Elongated muscles of the rear legs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Heavy muscling over the back, loin, and shoulder&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Quick reactions and nervous temperament&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Great heat tolerance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The ability to perform well as a work animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng-cattle hybrids vary in appearance, depending on whether European or zebu cattle are used in the cross as well as on the amount of backcrossing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maduras (banteng x zebu) are graceful animals. Their bodies are neat, compact, and deep, with well developed forequarters. The cows attain an average weight of about 210 kg and bulls range from 350 to 375 kg at maturity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Superficially, maduras are like Jersey cattle, except for having a much smaller udder. In most of them the banteng dominates the body structure and coat color. Bulls have a well-developed hump; females have almost none. There is no distinct dewlap. Horns are medium sized and curve upwards and slightly backwards. Ears are medium length and horizontal. Breeders on Madura accept only red-brown animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, crossbreeds of banteng and zebu are distributed throughout Indonesia. On the other hand, hybrids between banteng and European cattle have been made only in small programs in the United States and Australia. For example, researchers in central Texas are producing a cross that is one-eighth banteng/seven-eighths Charolais. They believe this will result in a beef animal able to grow well in warm, humid conditions. In the Northern Territory of Australia, no problems have been encountered in mating banteng bulls to Brahman-Shorthorn cows. Calves that are one-fourth banteng/three-fourths Brahman-Shorthorn have since been produced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Virtually all of the 575,000 &quot;cattle&quot; on the Indonesian island of Madura are hybrid animals resulting from crossing indigenous domesticated banteng with zebus. More than 200 head of banteng/Charolais hybrids are found near Easterly, Texas, and a score or so banteng/ Brahman-Shorthorn hybrids are on a research station near Darwin, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The environment in Madura, where most of these hybrids occur, is monsoonal, with mean average temperatures as high as 31Â°C in the hot season, and dry spells as long as 5 months. It seems likely that judicious selection of the cattle breed could result in hybrids suitable for many other environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the animals on Madura are bred to be raced. They are probably the fastest running bovines. From a standing start, a yoked pair pulling a sled can reach 50 kph by the end of the 130-meter course. An unencumbered individual can approach the speed of a horse (about 68 kph).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When compared with other bovine genotypes in Indonesia, the performance of these hybrids is more closely related to the banteng than the zebu ancestry.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the cross between banteng and European cattle all F1 bulls are sterile; their sperm development ceases at the secondary spermatocyte stage.â¡ Infertility also exists in most one-fourth banteng (although some sperm are present) and in all three-fourths banteng bulls. The fertility of the F1 cows, on the other hand, is high - 90 percent as compared with 70 percent for Brahman-Shorthorn cows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hybrids have a lively temperament. However, when they are reared with other domestic cattle or handled on a regular basis, they are almost as docile as cattle. For instance, they remain calm even in Madura's extremely crowded towns. Nevertheless, personal contact probably must be maintained to keep them accustomed to human management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cows are very protective of their calves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several reports from the livestock service of the former Dutch colonial government, as well as several books on the East Indies, state that meat from the madura is the tenderest of any known breed. In addition, the hides are pliable and superior to those of cattle and are used in the highest quality leather goods. They command a price about 20 percent higher than zebu hides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The breed is reportedly one of the best draft animals for its size in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maduras have several desirable traits, including those outlined below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Feed efficiency. With grain rations, yearling bulls can gain 1 kg on less than 7 kg of ration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Thriftiness. The breed can maintain its body condition on low quality forages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Heat tolerance. The madura has a high rate of cutaneous evaporation and is therefore well adapted to the tropical monsoonal climate. Teams of madura can plow or cultivate land for more than 6 hours, even at high temperatures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Carcass quality. The madura fattens readily on a high-quality diet and  produces carcasses with high dressing percentages, a large rib-eye area, and  high yields of lean meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· External fat thickness. A well-finished madura normally has only a slight  covering of fat over ribs and lower round. Maximum thickness (over the top  round) is less than 1.5 cm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Intelligence. These animals are responsive and easily trained. The famous  dancing cattle of Madura, for instance, are actually these banteng-cattle  hybrids.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Parasite resistance. Despite often high levels of fluke infections, the  animals continue to work, reproduce, and maintain body condition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maduras have been bred for one thing - speed. Some of their genetic  limitations are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Low birth weight. The calves begin small, weighing 12-14 kg at birth, and  they continue to be slow weight gainers. [Feeding trials with yearling bulls  have shown daily gains of over 600 g for 180 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Poor lactation. Milk production is normally less than 1.5 lifers per day and lactation ends after about 4 months. The cows often fail to produce milk. Much of this is probably caused by poor nutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the important features of the madura is that its genetic variation has been largely removed during 1,500 years of continuous breeding; with study much valuable information could be obtained that is beneficial to all bovine breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following topics need further study:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Fertility levels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crossbreeding to test the effect of using a wider range of cattle breeds*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Assessment of the hybrid's advantages over the pure banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Performance under a wide range of environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 Mithan</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan (Bos frontalis) is believed to be a domesticated form of gaur (see chapter 6).t (However, it resembles the banteng and some authors have proposed that it is a gaur-cattle cross, others a gaur-banteng cross.) The mithan is a domestic animal indigenous to parts of India, Burma, and Bangladesh. Because of large size and the high butterfat content of its milk it is widely used to crossbreed with cattle in Bhutan. It deserves greater recognition both in Asia and elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan is a handsome animal. Bulls may occasionally exceed 1.7 m at the shoulder and weigh 1,000 kg, but the average bull is about 1.5 m tall and weighs 540 kg. Cows are shorter and weigh less.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal has a dorsal ridge on the crest of the shoulders, a small but pronounced dewlap, and a generally flat forehead. Mithan horns are often of unusual girth; they are straight or gently curving, and many have an enormous base that practically covers the top of the skull.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most calves and females are brown, but adult males are generally black with white stockings on all four legs. Some, however, are light brown, white, or piebald.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the hill ranges of Assam, where gaur are still plentiful and interbreeding between mithan and gaur frequently occurs, the mithans are massive and gaurlike. But in the Chin Hills, where gaur are scarce, the mithans have lost their bulky proportions, probably by interbreeding with cattle. With them, the high dorsal ridge on the shoulder (which lends so much to the imposing stature of the gaur) has disappeared, the horns are cowlike, and the varied coloring of the domestic cow begins to appear.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithan are kept in a domesticated condition by the hill tribes of northeastern India (Mishmis, Mizo, Nagas), the Chittagong Hill tracts, and some Burmese hill ranges (Arakan and Chin Hills). It is the main domestic animal of the Nagas of Nagaland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In India feral herds totalling some 50,000 head roam the jungles of Arunachal Pradesh. Recently the Royal Government of Bhutan has established two herds by purchasing animals from Arunachal Pradesh. Bhutanese farmers have some 60,000 head of animals that are hybrids of mithan and the local breed of cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Bhutan is breeding mithans on government farms and distributing males to private breeders to improve the genetic base.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan is a grazing animal, but in some areas herds are allowed to browse freely in the woods; some return to the villages for protection at night, while others remain largely in the forests. The villagers keep the forest mithans nearby by providing salt, for which the animals have an insatiable craving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feral mithan live in the same habitat as gaurs and are said to move equally skillfully in mountainous terrain. Usually they are found at elevations from 600 to 3,000 m. However, in the Chittagong Hill tracts and the Mishmi country they descend to 300 m and lower, while in Bhutan they have been reported grazing in summer at altitudes as high as 3,300 m, for example around Thimphu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p23.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mithan distribution. (after Simoons and Simoons, 1968)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithans are fully fertile amongst themselves. Also, they interbreed freely with the gaur, banteng, yak, and cattle of both the taurus and zebu types. Naga owners encourage the interbreeding with gaur, regarding it as an improvement of the race. (They arrange this by placing salt licks in the forest. After gaur bulls have formed a habit of coming to the licks, mithan cows are left there and in due course mating takes place.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The crosses between mithan and zebu are also encouraged in certain districts. Unlike most crosses between bovine species, those between mithan and cattle result in fertile male and female offspring (although some owners indicate that the F1 male is not a reliable breeder).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is an unusually gentle animal with a quiet disposition, as revealed in the Chin tribe's expression &quot;gentle as a mithan.&quot; Normally even a stranger is safe to approach one; if he gives it a bit of salt, it will usually follow him about. Thus, mithans are easily managed in a regular cattlerearing operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many mithans are not domesticated in the strict sense. Their herds live in a semi-tame state near jungle villages and come to settlements only in the evening to lick salt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some regions of northern India, mithans are used for field work and as draft animals. They are also important as a meat supply. The Bhutanese government is establishing a national dairy-mithan breeding program, which could result in a valuable dairy animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To many tribes of northeast India and Burma, mithans serve mainly as sacrificial animals. The Nagas use them as a kind of &quot;currency&quot; to pay for goods, to buy brides, and to pay penalties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids resulting from backcrossing mithan with common cattle are also used as work animals. For at least a century, Bhutanese livestock breeders, particularly those in the eastern section, have mated mithan bulls to siri cows (Bos taurus) from India. This produces very profitable hybrid offspring that have high milk production. The milk is rich in total solids and produces exceptional yields of cheese and butter.* The male of the cross (called &quot;jatsha&quot;) is a powerful draft animal, and the female (&quot;jatshum&quot;) is a prized milk cow. To this day, extensive crossing continues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan is potentially an animal that can be used in difficult terrain where most domestic cattle breeds do not perform well. Mithans are superior when it comes to feeding on steep slopes and cliffs and for grazing native grass and the leaves of local fodder trees. They are also adapted to tropical and subtropical environments. And they are able to maintain themselves in small herds (6-10 head) in dense jungle.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan could prove valuable in other parts of the world, and it could be important particularly for the genetic improvement of cattle in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If they are disturbed, mature mithans can be temperamental. They can be difficult to hold with normal fences or chutes, because of their size. When given injections or otherwise subjected to pain, they are liable to bolt to the jungle and not return.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The productivity of these animals needs to be better characterized and defined. Attention should be given to their grazing efficiency as compared with that of cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The two farms the Bhutan government has established for breeding mithans provide an opportunity to gather genetic information on the species and to have experimental matings take place to establish the most suitable animal for various conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The genetic relationship of mithan to gayal, gaur, and cattle needs to be clarified. Although it is believed that the mithan and gayal are the same animal, one of this report's reviewers points out that the mithan of Bhutan are strikingly different in color, body shape, and horn structure from gayals seen in zoos in Europe and India. Although the mithan is now considered a domesticated gaur, many in the past have claimed it as a gaur-cattle hybrid. Physiological research could remove lingering doubts. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p26.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Yak</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yak (Bos grunniens), is a grazing animal that is accustomed to traveling great distances in a harsh environment. Nothing is known about when it was first domesticated, but there has probably been a close association between man and yaks ever since the first humans migrated into the high mountains of Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated yaks are about the size of ordinary cattle and rarely exceed heights of 1.3 m at the shoulder. Their liveweight is generally 250-550 kg for the males and 180-350 kg for the females. They differ little from wild yaks except that they are smaller, have shorter and thinner horns, and may be rusty brown, black, silver grey, or piebald instead of black.â  Often they have whitish spots on their faces.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yak's hair is long, especially on the flanks, where it forms a shaggy fringe that often reaches the ground. This, together with an underlying layer of thick, fine wool, protects the animal from the bitter cold of its native region. The yak has an enormous tail with a brush of long hair coming from its root, which is rare in bovines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Long extensions of the thoracic vertebrae give the yak shoulders that look like a hump, but this is different from the boneless hump in zebus. The body is long, short-legged, and compact, with particularly large forequarters because, like the bison, the yak has 14 or 15 pairs of ribs instead of the 13 of domestic cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The horns spread outward and upward, and the head is held low, like that of the bison. While no hornless domestic yaks have been reported in Nepal, more than 90 percent of those found in Mongolia lack horns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most yaks are found especially in the mountains and plateaus of Tibet and western China, however they occur from northern Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Bhutan to Mongolia, and the Soviet Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are more than one million domestic yaks in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Himalayas the domestic yak is almost always found above 2,000 m elevation. Males are sometimes brought as low as 1,700 m for mating with cattle (see chapter 6), but they do not fare well at such altitudes. In Mongolia and Buryatiya (U.S.S.R.), however, they are found as low as 1,500 m elevation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p29.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Yak distribution. (after J. Bonnemaire, 1976)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild yak lives in desolate mountain areas at altitudes of 4,000-6,000 m. Its habitat is the alpine tundra and the cold desert regions of the northern part of the Tibetan plateau. These barren mountain regions are remote and at higher elevations than the zones of human habitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks look ungainly, partly because they are covered with long hair, but they are agile climbers and can maneuver narrow mountain paths. Their long hair is one adaptation to the cold climate. Other adaptations are the small, compact scrotum of the male and udder of the female, the small teats (only 2-3 cm long) and covering of hair over the udder, and the covering of short hair over the muzzle, except just around the nostrils.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In early summer yaks graze the lush grass in valley bottoms, but for much of the year they live on dry, coarse mountain grass and for long periods obtain water by eating snow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gestation length is 258 days - slightly shorter than that of cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic yaks are docile and easily managed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks are especially useful as riding and pack animals; they can manage loads of more than 150 kg. At altitudes up to 6,000 m they may carry a pack or a person at a steady pace for days and still remain in good condition. In some regions they are the only feasible pack animal. Yak bulls (generally castrated) are also used for plowing and for threshing grain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Occasionally the yak is slaughtered for meat. The meat is particularly important in parts of the USSR and in Mongolia, where in the cold, high-altitude environments it reportedly costs only half as much to produce as beef.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas milk production is an essential aspect of yak husbandry. Yields vary considerably according to management and nutrition, but they average about 600 kg and can be more than 1,000 kg per lactation. Yak milk is golden colored. It is much richer than cow's milk; a typical analysis is: total dry matter, 17.35 percent; fat, 6.5 percent; protein, 5.3 percent; and sugars, 4.6 percent. The fat globules are much larger than those in cow's milk. People of Tibetan stock use yak butter as a food staple and as a lighting fuel.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yak hide, though apparently not as good as that of cattle, is used for many purposes. It makes outstanding saddles. Yak hair is used for making ropes, saddle blankets (purportedly the best in the world), grainstorage bags, and tents. The fine wool that occurs beneath the long hair is used for making felt. The annual yield of adult females and males is about 750 g and 1,600 g of hair and about 350 g and 600 g of wool, respectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because yaks are often found above the timberline their dung is an important fuel in many areas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks can live and work hard in a cold climate. They are the only bovines to thrive at high altitudes. In cold, high areas they can work and produce meat and milk more efficiently and cheaply than cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks are not well able to eliminate surplus heat because their heavy coat reduces their ability to sweat. In warm climates their respiration rate and body temperature increase and they become exhausted and susceptible to infections. At low altitudes in Nepal yaks die of a variety of diseases. Apparently not even yak-cattle hybrid animals (see next chapter) can successfully live below 700 m in that part of the world. This is probably due to overheating, since during the first half of this century yaks grew successfully in trials at low altitudes in Alaska and northern Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yak improvement programs are much needed. It seems probable that the genetic potential of the species is far from realized because Buddhist beliefs oppose the deliberate killing of stock. Techniques for deep freezing yak semen have been successfully developed at Regents Park Zoo, London and should prove invaluable for improving the breed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· As a result of uncontrolled hunting the wild yak is endangered and is now restricted to remote barrens on upland plateaus and highlands in northern Tibet and Chinghai, inhospitable even to domestic yaks. The numbers of wild yak are unknown. They require total protection throughout their range and the establishment of adequately protected reserves with good pasture. To preserve their genetic purity, it is important to isolate wild yaks from domestic yaks and thus keep them pure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A primary need is to catalog the numbers and locations of purebred yaks. Today we have little idea of the total breeding population. Gathering such information is difficult, owing to the geographical isolation of the communities involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It is also important to catalog the movement of yaks between different areas to see if enough genetic exchange occurs to prevent inbreeding of the population. Exchanges between local pastoralists were much more frequent in the past (for example, between Tibet and Nepal), but this is now more difficult because of border restrictions and because many yak &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;herders that used to move herds long distances have become sedentary farmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Breeding strategies, herd management, product processing, and herd hygiene in Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, northern India, and northern Pakistan, Tibet, Mongolia, and the Soviet Union all differ greatly. It is important to get an overall perspective so that the strengths of the different systems can be judged and the weaknesses reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· There are clearly different domestic yak &quot;breeds&quot; in terms of their appearance, and these need to be identified and compared systematically. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p33.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5 Yakows</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks and cattle have the same diploid number of chromosomes (60). And in the regions where yaks are found, they are often interbred with cattle, either the humpless cattle (Bos taurus) of Tibet and Mongolia or the zebu (Bos indicus) of South Asia. As with mules, the hybrid offspring of cattle and yak surpass their parents in strength and vigor. Yakows* grow faster than their parents, and they suffer less from high temperatures than yaks. The hybrid cow reaches sexual maturity earlier and yields larger quantities of milk than the yak cow. The males, however, are sterile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yakow's appearance varies with the type of cattle used in the cross. But because of the phenomenon of hybrid vigor (heterosis), the hybrids are considerably bigger than the mean size of their parents. (For instance, in one test the liveweight was approximately 18 percent higher than the average weight of the parents.) The hybrids also excel in hardiness, working ability, growth rate, and milk production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, their appearance and performance is closer to that of the mother than of the father. Because of this, the yakows can be &quot;custom designed&quot; for various altitude zones. For example, the farmer at lower altitudes may produce cattle-like yakows by breeding yak bulls to domestic cows, while farmers at higher altitudes would use the reverse cross.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yakows have shorter hair and a much less downy undercoat than purebred yaks. They are similar in color to yaks. (In Nepal, black is most frequent, but brown shades and even white may occur.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yakows are found in parts of northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, northeast and northwest India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Tibet, western China, Mongolia, and southeastern Russia. They are found notably in the Himalayan region of Nepal, where they are bred by people of Tibetan culture and language. Sherpas, for instance, supply hybrid cows and heifers to dairy farmers throughout northeastern Nepal. Hybrids are also much bred in Ladakh (northern Pakistan) and Mongolia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whereas farmers in Nepal tend to use zebus to cross with yak, the inhabitants of the Tibetan plateau generally use Bos taurus cattle. People in some areas favor mating yak bulls to cows, while those in other areas prefer the reverse. But even within one village there can be a degree of specialization by different families, depending on wealth and the location of traditional grazing grounds. Generally, however, the crosses between domestic cattle bulls and yak cows are the predominant ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of yak-cattle hybrids in the world is unknown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the yak, the hybrid can live in cold, barren, upland terrain, but it has the advantage of being able to adapt to lower altitudes. In winter, caravans of hybrids may come down as low as 1,600 m in some parts of Nepal, and hybrid herds (especially those resulting from crossing yak bulls with zebu cows) can spend several weeks grazing at altitudes as low as about 1,700 m in winter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female hybrids are fertile when mated with either parent stock. Male hybrids, however, are sterile. Although they have fully developed secondary sexual characters and show libido, their testes do not produce spermatozoa because the seminiferous tubules are poorly developed and the spermatogonia and their nuclei are degenerate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few normal or motile spermatozoa may be found in the semen of backcrosses of the F1 hybrids to either parent, but as a rule the spermatozoa are normal and dead.* Backcrossing is reportedly not common, however, as the progeny do not retain hybrid vigor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibetan farmers prefer the hybrids for plowing because of their docile temperament. The yak is said to be more stubborn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hybrids are valued as beasts of burden and draft, and are often preferred over yaks. Male hybrids are generally castrated at about 3 years of age so as to increase their strength and size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where pastures occur over areas of greatly varying altitude, the use of hybrid livestock is likely to be more efficient, in biological terms, than the use of yaks or cattle. By judiciously selecting cattle, yaks, or hybrids all altitudes from sea level to above 5,000 m can be utilized with best efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hybrid's milk is intermediate in composition between that of its parents. However, hybrids yield up to 7 kg of milk per day against the yak's 3 kg. (It seems that the hybrid derived from cattle bull and female yak produces considerably more milk, with a higher fat content than that derived from yak bull x cattle female.) Also the female hybrids produce larger quantities of milk than Nepalese zebu cows on the same hill pastures. They also produce a calf each year, while under normal herd management yaks tend to produce a calf every 2 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids do not tolerate extremes of altitude or cold as well as purebred yaks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The normal gestation period for yaks is about 1 month shorter than that of cattle, and the gestation period for a hybrid is intermediate between that of the parents - hence there may be problems at calving when a female yak is sired by a bull from a large cattle breed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed to identify differences in altitude tolerance between various hybrids. This should include measurements of hemoglobin count, respiration rate, and pulse rates at different altitudes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies are also needed on all production characteristics, particularly on the meat and milk production potentials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cataloging the breeding strategies of different areas where hybrids occur would be useful, along with a historical perspective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research to determine the most productive hybrids by crossing different yak and cattle &quot;breeds&quot; in areas with different environmental conditions could be extremely useful. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part II : Wild Bovine Species</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In various parts of Southeast Asia there exist little-known relatives of cattle and water buffaloes. Many of these wild animals are close to extinction, and attention is drawn to them in hope their populations will be preserved. All of them survive in tropical regions subject to environmental extremes - flooding annual rains, searing droughts, and swarming pests and parasites. These are conditions to which conventional livestock are poorly adapted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None of Africa's bovines is threatened with extinction, and both the European and American forms of bison are being preserved by governments and individuals. In Asia, however, there has been an alarming drop in the numbers of wild water buffalo, wild yak, wild banteng, kouprey, gaur, and tamaraw in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This section describes:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Wild banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Gaur&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Tamaraw&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If not molested, many of these animals can thrive side by side with human settlements. They may therefore have an important future role in the development of the tropics. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is little point in conservation for conservation's sake, but loss of irreplaceable resources through ignorance, greed, or thoughtlessness should be avoided. It may be that these Asian animals have little merit other than their uniqueness, but at the very least, sufficient numbers should be conserved until we have time to find out. A. J. SMITH Royal School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rapid human increase and relative poverty deny hope that any land can lie idle when so many would be robbed of an opportunity simply to exist. For wildlife to survive, let alone at its breathtaking best, we must think of new and better ways to justify its future, preferably by having it contribute to the welfare of those hard-pressed humans who inevitably are further disadvantaged by the creation of national parks. DAVID WESTERN New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is an urgency to conserve and study nontraditional animal species, especially for use in the environmentally challenging tropical areas of the world. The philosophy plant scientists apply to exploring the potential of the plant kingdom needs to be more enthusiastically adopted for the world's animal species. G. W. M. KIRBY, Principal Animal Production Officer Department of Primary Production Darwin, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p40.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ GAUR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6 Wild Banteng</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild banteng (Bos javanicus)* are the most cowlike of all the wild bovines and are the parent stock of the 1.5 million domesticated banteng in Indonesia (see chapter 1). They have a scattered distribution throughout Southeast Asia, and three subspecies are recognized:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Java banteng Bos javanicus javanicus (Java and Bali)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Borneo banteng Bos javanicus lowi (Borneo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Burma banteng Bos javanicus birmanicus (Burma, Thailand, Indochina).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng have been called the most beautiful of all wild relatives of cattle. The cows are usually a vibrant reddish brown, while adult bulls are mostly blackish-brown and sometimes even blue-black (although in Burma and Indochina bulls remain golden brown like the cows, and in Thailand a few banteng have been recorded with white, deerlike spots on their brown coats). Both sexes have white &quot;stockings&quot; and a large white patch on their rumps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng are larger than their domesticated counterparts. Average-sized bulls of the Java and Burma subspecies stand 1.6 m high and weigh 635 kg, but bulls as large as 1.9 m and 825 kg have been recorded. Cows average 1.4 m in height and weigh 400 kg. The Borneo subspecies is smaller.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The horns of banteng bulls are angular, turning out and then up, with inward-pointing tips and reaching a spread of 60-75 cm. The horns of cows are short and crescent shaped. There is a patch of thick, naked skin between the horns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are found in restricted localities scattered over an area ranging from the northeastern edge of India, through Burma, Thailand, the northern Malay Peninsula, central and southern Indochina, and the islands of Borneo, Java, and Bali.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only a few thousand wild banteng survive, and their numbers are decreasing. Most populations are endangered because their habitats are being encroached upon by the growing human population. In Sabah, Malaysia, for example, the areas where an estimated 300-550 banteng (the last remaining herds) occur are scheduled for conversion to permanent agriculture. The animals are being forced to use smaller and smaller habitats, thus increasing losses caused by malnutrition, diseases, and parasites. In addition, throughout much of the animal's range, hunting, military operations, and perhaps interbreeding with domestic cattle are further reducing the original stocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p43.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of wild banteng. (courtesy of C.H. Wharton)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng's general distribution lies in the zone of deciduous monsoon forest in Southeast Asia. Habitats vary between the extremes of dry wooded parkland with large grassy plains to tropical rain forest with small clearings. The animals prefer flat or undulating terrain. In northern Kampuchea and eastern Java, they inhabit grassland savannas. In western Thailand, they live in a belt of grass and bamboo thickets along upper slopes of dry mountains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng inhabit sites from sea level to around 2,000 m elevation. They avoid large human settlements and plantations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas there are no pronounced hot or cold seasons, but dry seasons can be long.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng prefer feeding on grass, but are fond of herbs, leaves, fruits and blossoms, as well as the sprouts of trees, brush, and young bamboo. Under favorable conditions they drink daily, preferring standing water. During droughts, they seem able to survive several days without water. In coastal areas where there are no mineral licks they can meet their need for salt by occasionally drinking seawater. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sex ratio at birth is 140 males to 100 females, but mortality of bulls is heavy and the adult ratio is about three cows for every bull.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calves are suckled until they are 14-16 months old.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In undisturbed conditions, the banteng's daily activity has a more or less fixed rhythm. During daytime, the animals alternate active and resting periods of 2-3 hours each. The active periods predominantly involve feeding, drinking, and social interactions. While resting, the animals commonly ruminate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a reaction to heavy rains or human disturbances, the animals retreat into dense vegetation. In regions with frequent human disturbance they generally appear in the open only at night. However, where they find particularly suitable localities they become somewhat accustomed to human presence and will venture out in daylight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng live alone or in small groups of up to eight members. Males separate from their mothers at an age of 2-3 years. Sometimes female calves continue living with their mother even beyond maturity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cows and dominant bulls command the best pastures, and young and weaker bulls roam widely, rarely leaving the protection of the thick forest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng bull has a reputation for extraordinary savagery, but stories of its lightning attack have been exaggerated. Wildlife biologists in Indonesia have not been able to document any such attacks and have no qualms about walking in banteng habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng show important promise for improving domesticated banteng (see chapter 1) or for interbreeding with cattle (chapter 2). Almost 170 years ago Sir Stamford Raffles, founder of Singapore, noted that in Java &quot;The degenerate domestic cows are sometimes driven into the forest to couple with the wild benteng, for the sake of improving that breed.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tourism could be developed in areas where these magnificent animals occur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng are large, robust animals fully at home both in the heat and humidity of the wet season and in the hot dry season. Their genetic &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;endowment for such tolerance could be of significant value fin improving domestic stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Possible Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng may prove to have a special susceptibility to diseases of domestic animals. Blackleg (Clostridium chauvoli) and mucosal disease have caused heavy losses in banteng in European zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capture of wild banteng may prove difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research on the physiology, production potential, and possible uses of wild banteng is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hunting and destruction of its habitats menace the wild banteng over all of its range. The only promising means for conservation is creation of nature reserves where hunting and forest destruction are forbidden. Conservation efforts should particularly include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Supporting government of Thailand efforts to conserve banteng in western Thailand and the Petchabun Range;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cooperating with the Burmese government in surveys to locate the best banteng habitats;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cooperating with the governments of Kampuchea and Laos to identify banteng habitats and establish appropriate protective measures; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Carrying out research in Java's nature reserves (Ujung Kulon National Park and Baluran Reserve) to ascertain the genetic distinctiveness of the banteng, its status, and its characteristics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Sabah and other areas of Southeast Asia there are cattle breeding projects that use imported stock exclusively. Experimental crossbreeding of local banteng with this stock should be encouraged. There are some feral and domestic banteng, as well as hybrids between wild banteng and feral cattle, that should also be tested.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p45.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7 Gaur</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gaur (Bos gaurus) would seem to be an ideal meat-producing animal. It is a large bovine with massive muscular development, and it has already been domesticated (see mithan, chapter 3). Gaurs, which are threatened with extinction, deserve much greater attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two subspecies of gaurs are recognized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Bos gaurus gaurus (India, Nepal) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Bos gaurus laosiensis (Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Kampuchea, West Malaysia). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With its huge head, massive body, and sturdy limbs, the gaur is the embodiment of vigor and strength. It is among the biggest of bovines. Bulls weigh 600-940 kg and stand 1.6-1.9 m tall at the shoulder, but a record bull of 2.2 m and 1,225 kg has been recorded. Cows are only about 10 cm shorter in height, but they are more lightly built and weigh 150 kg less.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On their shoulders gaur bulls have a striking muscular ridge that slopes down to the middle of the back, where it ends in an abrupt dip. The horns are crescent shaped, creamy yellow, and taper to a sharp point, which is usually tipped in black.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newborns are a light golden yellow, but soon darken to coffee or reddish brown, the color of young bulls and cows. Old bulls are jet black, their bodies almost hairless. Gaurs have light colored forehead and yellowish or white stockings. Their eyes are brown but in certain lights, because of reflection, they appear blue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs excrete an oily, aromatic sweat, unique to this species and to the mithan. It gives the animals a strong bovine smell and may be an adaptation for keeping away insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once common throughout South and Southeast Asia, gaurs now survive only in scattered remnant herds of up to 30 animals in the hill forests of India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Kampuchea, Vietnam, and the Malay Peninsula.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p48.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Gaur distribution. (courtesy of C.H. Wharton)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Historically, the largest concentrations have coexisted with farmers in areas of shifting cultivation. The animals adjust to disturbed land, and they also adapt to man's presence if not unduly harassed. For example, gaurs will feed in agricultural fields, along roadsides, and near occupied houses. Herds in national parks feed peacefully while tourists stand by. Gaurs in zoos also become quite tame and manageable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Populations not protected in parks and reserves are in immediate danger of extinction. Even in the remotest hill forests gaurs are harassed by hunting, exposed to the diseases of domestic cattle, and driven from their natural habitat by human invasion. Most herds outside of parks or wildlife reserves are threatened by agricultural development, hydroelectric dam projects, human settlement, or extensive logging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In India, large populations still exist in the larger sanctuaries such as &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mudumalai and Kanha Park. In Thailand diseases carried by domestic animals, poaching, and habitat destruction have reduced total gaur numbers to fewer than 500. In Malaysia, the population is estimated to be only 400 animals. â &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs typically live on gentle, undulating terrain with natural mineral licks. They inhabit gaps in the forest, such as abandoned clearings, where they can find grasses and shrubs. In the northern portions of their range, they inhabit deciduous and semideciduous hill and mountain forests with light brush and many grassy clearings. In the lowlands they live in open bamboo jungles, grassy plains near forests, or dense forests broken by glades or open meadows. (In the forest they probably depend to some extent on the slash and burn agriculture of hill people.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals appear to be adapting to increased human presence. They make use of such man-modified habitats as logged forests and fringe areas of agricultural estates that abound with grasses and early secondgrowth vegetation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs are combination grazers and browsers. They feed on the grasses of forest openings as well as on the young leaves, fruits, twigs, and bark of shrubs and juvenile trees. In one study in Malaysia, grasses comprised 41 percent of their diet, fortes 23 percent, and woody browse 36 percent.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs develop large muscular bodies and maintain excellent condition on relatively low-quality feed. In the Malaysian study, crude protein content of grass species varied from 7.0 to 7.6 percent and phosphorus content varied from 0.11 to 0.17 percent; yet calves reached weights of 300 kg or more during their first year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Birth and survival rates of up to 100 percent have been reported for wild gaur populations. Calves are born at any time of the year. The gestation period is 270 days, a little shorter than for banteng or domestic cattle and longer than for yak or kouprey.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Captive gaurs calve first at 2.5 years of age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gaur interbreeds with the mithan, and both have a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 58.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By nature gaurs are shy and timid. As with most wild bovines, their hearing and eyesight seem comparatively poor. Their defense lies in their massive size and acute sense of smell. When a herd with juveniles is threatened by a predator, the adults form a protective circle around the young. Although individuals retreat from danger if they can, they have a unique form of threat: they approach their opponents broadside instead of head on, displaying the huge muscular body and dorsal ridge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In common with other wild bovids, gaurs habitually visit mineral licks, which appear to be necessary to their habitat and influence the herd's movements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike water buffaloes, gaurs do not wallow. They take cover in the forest during the heat of the day and may feed at night and in the early morning during hot weather. In populated areas such as near agricultural estates, they may feed only at night to avoid people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, gaurs associated in loose herds of up to 400 animals, but today groups of only 5 to 12 animals are normally found. The herds, which are of more stable composition than those of banteng, are separated by sex for most of the year; however, during the rut stronger bulls form a series of &quot;tending bonds&quot; with estrous cows.â &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs are thought to be interfertile with domestic cattle. If so, their attributes of size, massive muscular development, tolerance of heat and humidity, and resistance to diseases and parasites can contribute to beef production in the tropics. A gaur-cattle hybrid might also have immunity to some cattle diseases; if it retained the mild temperament of the domesticated parent, an extremely powerful beast of burden could be produced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gaur is a truly majestic animal. Its habit of using grassy forest clearings and salt licks makes it a likely tourist attraction in parks and reserves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a climate and environment where domestic cattle are susceptible to heat stress and parasite infestation, gaur thrive and maintain body condition. Further, they are able to develop large muscular bodies and maintain excellent body conditions on relatively low-quality forage by feeding on a variety of woody browse, grasses, and fortes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Retaining its wild instincts for survival, the gaur is better able to withstand predator attacks them domestic cattle. This could be an advantage when animals graze in remote areas. Adult gaurs are strong enough to defend themselves against a predator as powerful as a tiger. In addition, they are also very protective of their young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs have little immunity to some cattle diseases. In many regions of India, cattle driven into the forests to graze infect gaur herds with rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, cattle plague, and other contagious diseases. Severe losses occur. Gaurs also appear very susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaur numbers are declining throughout their range. If this trend is not reversed, it could effectively prohibit the use of gaur for domestication or crossbreeding purposes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs are shy and excitable, making them difficult to catch, but once in captivity the animals calm down. Second generation zoo populations are easily worked and handled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs on occasion damage cultivated crops such as young rubber trees and cassava. They require sturdy and well-kept fences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Southeast Asia there is special need to support the efforts of the governments of Malaysia and Thailand to conserve this species and to identify important gaur populations. Similar protective measures are needed in Burma, Laos, Kampuchea, and Vietnam.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed to establish and manage new gaur herds in forest reserves and build up the gaur population in the world's zoos. Techniques have been developed to capture and release wild gaur safely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fertilized gaur ova have been successfully transferred into a foster Holstein cow. The cow carried the gaur fetus to a successful delivery. This could be the forerunner of an important means of rapidly expanding captive herds by transferring gaur embryos into cattle in different parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is also needed on the basic physiology and production potential of gaur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossbreeding experiments should be started immediately to establish the degree of interfertility between the gaur and other bovine species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p52.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8 Kouprey</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey (Bos sauveli) is the most primitive of living cattle. Its features are typical of some forms that existed in the Pleistocene era, 600,000 years ago. Discovered by Western scientists only in 1937,â  the kouprey was the last large mammal to enter the biology books. It is perhaps the most primitive of living cattle and is closely allied to Bos namadicus, the wild ancestor of zebu cattle. In 1964 it was declared Cambodia's national animal. It is now perilously close to extinction, and for a decade no koupreys have been observed close enough for a positive identification by a specialist. In 1982, however, five of the animals were believed sighted in Thailand, near the border with Kampuchea. Thus there are hopes that the kouprey still exists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey is large. Males stand 1.5-2 m high at the shoulder and may weigh 900 kg. Females are approximately three-quarters the height and weight of the males. The body is slender and long-legged. The hump from the withers to the center of the back is smaller than that of the gaur, but larger than that of the banteng. There is a well-developed dewlap from the throat to the mid-chest, which in old animals is sometimes so pendulous that it drags through the grass in front of the forelegs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young bulls are gray, with black on the head and dewlap. Old bulls are entirely black and cows are mouse gray or dullish light brown. As in the gaur and the banteng, the lower parts of the legs have white stockings, but kouprey stockings have a streak of dark hair down the front.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey. (P. Pfeffer)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey horns are among the longest and widest of any bovine. The tips of the adult male horns are surrounded by rough, frayed tissue caused by the animals' habit of digging in the soil with their horns. The females have slender, lyre-shaped horns that corkscrew upwards, unlike those of any other wild or domesticated cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey are said to have a grace more reminiscent of deer than cattle. They move at a light trot, as fast as 32 kph.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey's prevalence in ancient times is evidenced by prehistoric cave-paintings in Kampuchea. The animal was also a favorite of the ancient Khmers, who carved kouprey statues and featured the animal in bas-reliefs on temples, including the monuments of Angkor Wat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, whatever kouprey exist are restricted to an area along both sides of the Mekong River in northern Kampuchea, the Dangrek Range, and other parts of eastern Thailand to the far south of Laos, and to the westernmost part of Vietnam. Although one or two small herds may still exist in remote pockets of Laos and Vietnam, the bulk of the population has always been centered in Kampuchea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are no koupreys in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their large size, gregarious behavior, comparatively low reproductive rate, and preference for open areas, kouprey are vulnerable to hunting. The impressive horns and other tissues are valued as trophies and as medicinals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1964 it was estimated there were about 500 kouprey in Kampuchea, but by 1970 fewer than 70 were left. The subsequent fate of the species is unknown because of the years of warfare in the area. (Early in 1970, the three nominal kouprey reserves of Kampuchea were overrun by military forces.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p55.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ KOUPREY DISTRIBUTION. (AFTER C.H. WHARTON )&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1975 the kouprey stocks in Laos and Thailand were estimated at only 50 and 20 animals, respectively. By now, hunting and habitat destruction probably have all but eliminated the kouprey from Thailand. However, a reported sighting of five animals that had strayed across the border from Kampuchea was made in July 1982. (By the time Thai zoologists arrived to investigate, the herd apparently had crossed back into Kampuchea.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the banteng, the kouprey inhabits open sites such as light savannas, woodland meadows, and scattered glades in the monsoon forests. It is adapted to dry country. This type of habitat is not widespread in Indochina, and the range of the kouprey is consequently limited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey spend most of the year among low rolling hills in open areas where grazing and visibility are good. These open areas are a fire climax mosaic of dry dipterocarp savannas and patches of dense forest. Fires occur each dry season, most of them deliberately set by man. Kouprey capitalize on the young growth in burned-over areas. They feed primarily on grasses, sedges, and tree leaves. They also require salt licks and a supply of water in the dry season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gestation period is thought to be about 8.5 months. Cows leave the herd before parturition and return with their calves after about a month. They nurse their calves for about 6 months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey are said to be even more shy than banteng and gaur. They feed in erratic patterns and are always alert and nervous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loose herds of 20 or more have been reported. These were of mixed composition, often with more than one adult male, and were usually led by an old female. Adult bulls sometimes form bachelor herds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey utilize some of the same feeds as wild banteng, and the two animals often live in a loose association. They graze together, and, especially after the mating season, solitary kouprey bulls often associate with banteng herds. The two species do not, however, interbreed in the wild. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey is a candidate for domestication and has important potential as breeding stock. It is a wild animal, but it may have been domesticated temporarily during the Khmer culture, 400-800 years ago.* Both Vietnam and Laos have cattle breeds that resemble kouprey, and a kouprey bull, reputed to be a domestic animal of the Stieng tribe, was exhibited in the Paris Menagerie in the mid-nineteenth century. It may be that kouprey are domestic even today in parts of Indochina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey survival has worldwide significance. The animals could be important for studies of bovine evolution and as a genetic resource for crossbreeding to improve disease resistance and other characteristics of domesticated bovines. For instance, the kouprey is thought to be resistant to rinderpest, a killer disease of domestic cattle. Also, kouprey bulls are distinctive for their long dewlap, and they probably have more skin area for their weight than other bovines and are therefore better able to eliminate body heat. This genetic trait may help large cattle breeds survive in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey's potential may be moot - there may be none left in the world. It is feared that the warfare of recent years may have caused its extinction. However, if enough animals survive and can be protected, the kouprey could probably recover its numbers, as a higher calf-to-cow ratio (1:3) was reported for this species than for either banteng (1:4) or gaur (1:10).*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If wild kouprey are found, their capture is likely to be difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a long-term sequence of research needs for the kouprey, which includes the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;.  Working with the governments of Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea to identify any remaining pockets of this species and to establish conservation programs;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establishing one or more captive breeding herds (because there is little chance of the animal surviving in the wild owing to the fighting and turmoil in the area);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Studying the animal's basic physiology and production potential;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Exploring its possible commercial utilization; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Investigating the kouprey's genetic relationship to zebu cattle and the transferability of genetic characters through interbreeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p58.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9 Tamaraw</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) is related to the water buffalo, one of Asia's most important animal resources, but it has never been domesticated or studied and is threatened with extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw looks rather like a miniature water buffalo of the swamp type that is found in Southeast Asia. It reaches about I m in height and 300 kg in weight. It is much more stockily built and is blacker than the swamp buffalo. The tamaraw has white marks on the fetlocks, instead of completely white lower legs like the banteng, gaur, and kouprey. It has short (35-50 cm), very stout horns that curve out and back slightly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Endemic to the Philippine island of Mindoro the tamaraw is now virtually restricted to three small areas (Mount Iglet/Mount Baco, Mount Calavita, and Sablayon) in Mindoro Occidental.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its limited distribution, the tamaraw's future is of concern to conservationists. Until World War II, hunting was carefully regulated in its native region and no serious concern was felt for the animal's safety. Since then, however, increases in human population, lumbering, and ranching have restricted the tamaraw's habitat, and the availability of rifles and automatic weapons has seriously threatened its numbers. In 1971, research teams counted 148 head, consisting of 116 adults and 32 calves. The latest estimate is 150-200 head.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these last remaining animals, about 80 are located at Mount Iglit, a game refuge established in 1961 primarily to protect the tamaraw. Recently an active tamaraw conservation program has been started in a 400-hectare enclosed area on the refuge. Stockade traps have been built and tamaraw are beginning to move into them. The goal is to establish a small, semicaptive population that can be properly guarded, studied, and managed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p61.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Tamaraw distribution. (courtesy Wildlife magazine)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The habitat requirements of the tamaraw appear to be fairly flexible, and present habitat use reflects human pressures rather than the animal's preferences. In the past, tamaraw were found in virtually all parts of Mindoro, from sea level to mountain tops. They occupied open grasslands or glades, but hunting pressure and habitat change have forced it to retreat into forest environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present the tamaraw is found primarily in remote areas that have been partly cleared, largely by fire, so that only small pockets of trees remain among coarse grasses such as Imperata cylindrica (a widespread, unpalatable tropical weed commonly called cogon, kunai, alang alang, lalang, or blady grass), and &quot;tahalib&quot; (Saccharum spontaneum). The tamaraw uses the forest pockets for rest and retreat and the open land for grazing. It must have a supply of water for wallowing and drinking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to cattlemen, tamaraw eat both Imperata grass and tehalib but only when these are short and green. During the wet season when most forages are tall and unpalatable, the animals are known to feed on bamboo shoots.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy is about 20 years. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraw are reputed to be nocturnal, ferocious, and retiring. However, in earlier times they were reportedly relatively tame, diurnal animals of open areas. It was the continual hunting that made them increasingly nocturnal and secretive, and like other wild bovids they can become aggressive and dangerous when harassed or wounded. Given effective protection they doubtless would revert to placid, diurnal behavior.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw appears to be a possible livestock animal. Its meat and hides were highly regarded by local peoples, cattlemen, and visiting hunters. Because of its close relationship to the water buffalo, it may be able to provide genetic material for improving the health and hardiness of that valuable animal resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is renowned for hardiness and resilience to heat, humidity, and poor forage, as well as its capability to thrive in a variety of environmental conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraws have only once produced offspring in a zoo and may prove difficult to raise in captivity. However, they have been kept in captivity so seldom that the prospects are unclear. Experiences with other wild bovids suggests that captivity and captive breeding should be no problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw must be protected and preserved. There is urgent need, for example, to establish more secure parks in the Philippines to rebuild the wild population to safe levels. Other conservation measures should include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establishing and maintaining more reserves in natural habitats containing breeding populations, and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Building up breeding populations in suitable zoos and livestock research centers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed on the tamaraw's physiology, production characteristics, behavior, and genetic relationship to the water buffalo. None of these is well understood. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p63.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10 Anoas</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and the mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi)* are small bovines that are related to the water buffalo but that are scarcely bigger than goats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with other bovines, the anoa is tiny. It stands only 0.75-1 m tall at the shoulder. The mountain anoa is smaller than its lowland counterpart. The limbs are short, the body plump, and the neck thick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoa horns are short and straight, reaching a maximum length of about 380 mm; they are ringed and triangular in cross section at the base in lowland species and simple and conical in cross section in mountain species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the young are thickly covered with yellowish-brown woolly hair, the mountain anoa adults tend to have curly hair, while lowland anoa have straight hair or are hairless. Adults vary from dark brown to black, with frequent blotches of white on the face, nape, throat, and lower limbs. In mountain anoas the entire lower limbs are creamy white. The underbody parts are usually light brown. Males are generally darker than females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hide is exceptionally thick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas are native to dense, mature forests of Sulawesi in eastern Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species are abundant and well distributed on Sulawesi. Most of the northern, eastern, and southeastern peninsulas and the central area of Sulawesi are still forested and have anoa populations, and there are several large nature reserves to protect them. *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several of the world's zoos have anoa collections (see Research Contacts).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The climate of Sulawesi is hot, but tempered by sea winds; annual rainfall varies from 500 mm to 4,000 mm. The eastern and southeastern peninsulas have a sparse population and a scattering of subsistence agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lowland species is found in forests and was once common along the coasts. The mountain anoa is found in primary forests at high altitudes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p66.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ DISTRIBUTION OF ANOA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas have a wide-ranging diet that includes grasses, ferns, saplings, palm, ginger, and fallen fruit, especially figs. It is of particular interest that the animals can live on a diet that contains no grass.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas have a high requirement for minerals. They visit mineral-rich hot springs and salt licks, and they even drink from the sea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The San Diego Zoo in the United States and Surabaya Zoo in Indonesia have successfully bred and reared the animals in captivity. The gestation period is 276-315 days, and there is generally only a single birth. The life expectancy is about 20-25 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas are shy animals, but they can be aggressive. The sideways and upwards stab of their straight, sharp horns can be dangerous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except when the cows are about to give birth, anoas apparently associate in pairs rather than in herds. They enjoy water and frequently wallow in mud. Their gait is a trot, but a times they make clumsy leaps. During the morning they feed alone. In the heat of the afternoon they seek refuge under shade trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On Sulawesi anoas are prized for their hide, horns, and meat. The flesh, especially that of calves, is tender and well flavored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although somewhat aggressive and pugnacious, anoas might make a suitable livestock animal. They grow and reproduce well in captivity and are adaptable and intelligent. Their small size makes them easier to handle than many other wild bovines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about the habits of these animals because of their wary nature, secluded environment, and restricted range. They can be tamed enough to obey commands (&quot;lie down,&quot; for example) but they remain nervous and likely to butt strangers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surveys are needed throughout Sulawesi to determine the distribution and taxonomy of possible races of the two species, with a view to establishing a protected-area system that will ensure the survival of the genetic diversity of this group.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is also needed on social organization and tameability, as well as on the anoa's biological relationship to the tamaraw and water buffalo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One target should be to build up the zoo populations of both species. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p68.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part IlI : Pig and Piglike Species</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In parts of Asia wild and feral pigs are often the most abundant source of meat. These animals are predominantly variants of the domestic pig, Sus scrofa, or of its ancestor, the Eurasian wild boar. Also contributing to the pig population are five Asian species:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Bearded pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Sulawesi warty pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Javan warty pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Pigmy hog&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Babirusa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Southeast Asia hybridization between these species and common pigs has resulted in a confusing diversity of forms and interrelationships. Because of their value, these pigs have been spread since prehistoric times by traders and migrating peoples, creating odd and unpredictable distribution patterns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The species listed represent a gene pool of potential importance for the further development of one of man's most important sources of food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many areas of the world, one must start with the native animals adapted to that environment. In many cases, they are the only animals the native human population can afford to begin with. And it is amazing the increased animal production that can result from the use of better production practices with them. TONY J. CUNHA, Dean Emeritus California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitting the animal to the vegetation might be a better approach than trying to fit the vegetation to the animal, especially on ranges that have been changed or degraded by man. JAMES TEER, Director Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is now widespread realization that breed importation is not necessarily the quickest route to increased animal production. Indigenous, adapted breeds should be examined more closely and, where necessary, steps should be taken to ensure conservation of at least some of them. HELEN NEWTON TURNER Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maximizing the animal harvest, essentially of animal protein, assumes in concept that all animals will be fully exploited in efficient and economic production systems. C.DEVENDRA Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Selangor, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p70.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11 The Bearded Pig</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it apparently has never been domesticated, the bearded pig (Sus barbatus) has a long history as an important resource in Southeast Asia. Human remains from the Niah Caves in Sarawak are accompanied by large numbers of its bones and teeth, indicating that 40,000 years ago it was the most commonly eaten large animal. Today in Sarawak and some other areas the bearded pig is still probably the most sought after source of wild meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bearded pigs are large. Boars measure 1-1.6 m in length (crown to rump), up to 1 m in height, and may weigh as much as 150 kg. Sows are smaller. Adult males have small facial warts (infraocular and preocular) and a bushy tuft of hair on the cheek. Both sexes vary in color from pale red-brown to yellow-brown or black. They have elongated skulls with longer, more flexible snouts than the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five subspecies are recognized. They range through the Philippines (Balabac, Palawan and offshore islands, Calamianes, Luzon, Mainit, Mindanao, Jolo, Mindoro, and Cebu) to Borneo, Bangka, Sumatra, the Riau Archipelago, and the Malay Peninsula.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Borneo subspecies (Sus barbatus barbatus) is still abundant in some parts of Sabah, Sarawak (including several wildlife reserves), and &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kalimantan. It remains an important food resource for some hill tribes, although with the spread of Islam, attitudes toward pork are changing in some areas. The Malayan subspecies (Sus barbatus of) is now rare in the Malay Peninsula. It is also becoming rare in Sumatra as the lowland forests are logged and broken up by commercial interests and as the human population expands. The status of the three Philippine subspecies is currently unknown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The bearded pig is most commonly found in both primary and secondary evergreen forests. However, it seems to have wide adaptability, and in Sarawak bearded pigs are found in virtually all habitats from the beaches to the upland rain forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No biological research has yet been conducted on bearded pigs, but naturalists have made several observations. The pigs eat the seeds of trees (for example, those of species of Dipterocarpaceae and Fageceae), fallen fruits (of Moraceae, Bombacaceae, and other plant families), roots, stems of wild bananas, herbs, and probably earthworms, and along the coast they dig up and eat turtle eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Births occur throughout the year in Sabah, but the peak coincides with the fruiting season of forest trees, usually August-September. The litter size is from 3 to 11 piglets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p73.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No behavioral studies have been conducted, but observations suggest that bearded pigs are generally sedentary animals, although in some areas they congregate into large groups that may travel long distances together.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The species might be used (alone or together with other pig species) as a local source of meat, or even as the foundation of a meat industry. The bearded pig is accustomed to living in groups, which may make it suitable for husbandry or game management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is evidence that the bearded pig will interbreed with the common pig, producing young in which both sexes are fertile.* The progeny might have considerable hybrid vigor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The bearded pig may have tolerance (if not actual resistance) to tropical diseases and conditions that affect the common pig. The species survives in areas of Southeast Asia where feral herds of common pigs are not common, apparently owing to their inability to cope with disease or other environmental challenges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No negative qualities have been reported, but the animal's biology, behavior, management, and potential uses are so far virtually unstudied.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aspects of the animal's general biology that should be investigated include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Chromosome type and variability, and chromosomal differences between the bearded pig and other wild and domesticated pig species&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Reproductive physiology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nutritional physiology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To assist in the selective capture of young bearded pigs in the wild, external features that characterize the species at an early age need to be identified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To assess the bearded pig's potential for contributing hybrid vigor, crossbreeding with other pig species should be attempted under controlled conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">12 The Sulawesi Warty Pig</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Sulawesi warty pig (Sus celebensis) is one of the world's few domesticated animals. It is maintained as a village or household animal in a few areas of Southeast Asia, such as on the Indonesian island of Roti. The common pigs of New Guinea and parts of the Moluccas group are hybrids between this species and the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sulawesi warty pigs are medium sized, averaging about 60 cm high and 40-70 kg. Boars are larger than females and have longer (10 cm) tusks on both jaws. Boars have three pairs of prominent facial warts: on the snout, the cheek, and on the angle of the jaw. In sows these warts are small or absent entirely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are usually red-brown with sharply marked white and yellow undersides; older animals have a round white spot (about 3 cm in diameter) on each side of the upper cheek. Piglets have horizontal stripes on the body, which disappear as they mature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The body is covered with scanty coarse hair, but stiff bristles, which become erect when the animal is alarmed, occur along the mid-dorsal line of the body. The longest and stiffest occur on the head and nape.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native to mainland Sulawesi and certain surrounding islands, the Sulawesi warty pig has been introduced to the Lesser Sunda Islands (Flores, Sumba, Roti, Semau, and Timor), the Moluccas (Malmahera and Buru), and Simaleue, a small island west of Sumatra. In some parts of the Philippines (for instance, Naujan and Mindoro Oriental) the animal either occur naturally or has been introduced. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids between the Sulawesi warty pig and the common domestic pig occur on New Guinea, Ternate, Morotai, Bacan, Amron, Seram, Kei island, Aru island, and Sulawatti.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many islands of eastern Indonesia, this species is widespread and common. In a few places it is extremely abundant, particularly at higher altitudes; in others, it has been greatly reduced by overhunting, deforestation, and expanding human settlement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Overall, however, Sulawesi warty pig populations are declining, probably due to increased hunting and to human alterations of the animal's habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This pig inhabits varied environments, including rain forest, mountain forest, grasslands, and agricultural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p77.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the common pig, the Sulawesi warty pig has broad dietary preferences. It feeds on roots, fallen fruit, leaves, and young shoots. The bulk of its food consists of vegetable materials, but it also feeds on earthworms, insects, aquatic invertebrates, rats, birds, and even carrion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The uterus and placenta are anatomically indistinguishable from those of the common pig. The litter size is from 2 to 8 piglets, with an average of 5.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sows can give birth throughout the year, but usually have their young in April or May. The gestation period is about 4 months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding and farrowing occur in the forest and in open Imperata cylindrica grasslands. The pregnant female makes a nest of grasses, leaves, twigs, and branches, which she collects and places over a hole (approximately 2 m long) that she has previously dug. Here she gives birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Foraging is the main activity of the day and usually takes up several hours, mainly in the early morning and evening. In the wild the pigs travel in small groups, the young always traveling with an adult female. On the move, warty pigs feed and rest intermittently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a source of meat the Sulawesi warty pig has been recognized and exploited by local populations since prehistoric times. The presence of feral specimens far outside the pigs' natural range indicates that traders or migrants have long carried it with them on voyages, either as domestic stock or as wild specimens to be released for later capture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tusks, which can be carved like ivory, are a resource for local artisans. Wild specimens are suitable for sport hunting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a body of unrecorded indigenous experience with this animal as a domesticate, but the information needs to be collected and appraised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Sulawesi warty pig may be expected to possess resistance or tolerance to the many diseases prevalent in its native habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is promising potential for hybridization between this species and domestic pigs, which might lead to the improvement of common pigs in tropical regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from the unwritten knowledge of the indigenous people who raise the species, very little information is available on the characteristics and management of this animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The genetic variability within the species, as well as the karyotypic differences with common pigs and other Sus species, should be defined. Further, the hybrid vigor resulting from crossbreeding with other Sus species should be- quantified under controlled conditions. Apart from producing potentially important heat-tolerant livestock, crossbreeding may shed important light on the origins of the common pig in Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal's nutritional requirements and reproductive biology also need study. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p79.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">13 Javan Warty Pig</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Javan warty pig (Sus verrucosus) apparently has never been domesticated, but it has been a resource for hunting peoples for centuries. Now, however, the human population in its native region is predominantly Moslem, and all pigs are widely regarded as agricultural pests. Increasing numbers of them are poisoned each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Javan warty pig can be up to 1.35 m long and 0.9 m tall. Mature males usually weigh between 80 and 120 kg; females are only half that weight - an unusually dramatic example of sexual dimorphism. The animal has a markedly elongated face with large warts, particularly the infraorbital wart and the smaller preorbital and mandibular warts. Body hairs can be black, red, or yellow, with black tips.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is found only on the Indonesian islands of Java and Bawean. It was formerly found on Madura as well, but because of deforestation it is now thought to be extinct there. Two extant subspecies are recognized. The nominate one, Sus verrucosus verrucosus, occurs on mainland Java. The second, Sus verrucosus blouchi, a smaller animal, has recently been described on Bawean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For years it was thought that the Javan warty pig was extinct in the wild, but in October 1981 a herd was found in a small area on Mount Penanggungan in East Java. This population may prove to be substantial, and there is reason to hope that other populations can be found. Overall, however, it is clear that the Javan warty pig is endangered and declining in numbers. In many areas the animals are subjected to uncontrolled poisoning and hunting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five new reserves have recently been proposed to protect the animal in a variety of habitats because it is not found in appreciable numbers in any of Java's nature reserves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Bawean subspecies is believed to be relatively secure since the establishment of a large reserve.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A breeding colony of 12 Javan warty pigs at the Surabaya Zoo includes 5 young ones born in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitats of the Javan warty pig appear to be confined to elevations below about 800 m. The animals prefer relatively large expanses of grassland or secondary vegetation, where human population is sparse. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p82.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The piglets can be born throughout the year; in one study of 8 sows the litter size ranged from 2 to 8, with a mean of 5.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The (diploid) chromosome number has been found to be 38, the same as that of the common pig. Hybridization between these species is thought to occur in the wild, but apparently not with enough frequency to contaminate the Javan warty pig gene pool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unreported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are omnivorous, adaptable animals that might make useful domesticates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The small size of the sows could make this species particularly appropriate for households or smallholder farms. The animal's genetic &quot;distance&quot; from the domestic pig may make it a useful generator of hybrid vigor in crossbreeds. It could have particular value because its meat is much leaner than pork from the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The numbers in the wild are now too few to permit any cropping.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efforts should be directed towards locating and breeding up the Javan warty pig populations that still exist. An immediate need is to isolate pure populations in reserves because it is essential to protect the animal from crossbreeding with other species. In addition, current specimens in zoos should be cataloged and a breeding program established. Other captive breeding colonies should also be started.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to determine the genetic differences between the Javan warty pig and the common pig, as well as the levels of existing hybridization between them. It is also necessary to determine what variation in karyotype may exist within the populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Basic ecological and behavioral studies are needed, as well as studies of the dietary requirements, growth rates, and nutritional physiology of captive specimens. The reproductive biology of the animal should be studied, and the possibility of crossbreeding it with other Sus species should be examined under controlled conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Javan warty pig's potential for local meat production should be evaluated. The benefit to rural people of converting an agricultural pest into a profitable source of income should be explored within the local religious context. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p84.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">14 Pigmy Hog</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog (Sus salvanius), a shy and very small pig of northeastern India, is close to extinction because of hunters and the destruction of its habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog is only about 60 cm long, with a shoulder height of about 25 cm and a body weight of less than 10 kg. The hair is medium brown on the sides, darkening to blackish brown along the mid-dorsal line. A facial band of short, dark hair extends from the bridge of the nose to below the eye. The tiny tail is only 3 cm long.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal was once widely found along the southern foothills of the Himalayas; today, it is definitely known to occur in only one area, the Manas National Park in Assam.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy hogs are seriously endangered; in the wild they are close to extinction. Captive animals are now reduced to a single male in the Assam State Zoo and four male siblings in the Zurich Zoo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The few remaining pigmy hogs mainly inhabit tall-grass savannas, but it seems likely that they could adapt to other environments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy hog. (W.L.R. Oliver)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is omnivorous and consumes roots, tubers, grass, leaves, insects, earthworms, eggs, and carrion. While foraging, it undoubtedly consumes large quantities of earth as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chromosome number, 38, is the same as that of the common pig. The karyotype is similar to that the common pig, but small, significant differences have been demonstrated using chromosome banding techniques.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The age at puberty, time of weaning, length of gestation and estrous cycle, and season of breeding are not yet known with certainty. However, the animal is known to have a single well-defined birth peak (April/May) that coincides with the onset of the rainy season when the food supply increases. The uterus and placenta are anatomically similar to those of the common pig. The litter size varies from 2 to 6. It is not known if the animal can be crossbred with the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p87.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of pigmy hog. (W.L.R. Oliver)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are shy, but can be tamed. They tend to forage and run in groups. Nest building is carried out by both males and females and is not restricted to pre-farrowing periods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is no evidence that the pigmy hog has ever been domesticated; it has, however, been extensively hunted and trapped, and recently it was still being sold for human consumption. There would probably be no inherent difficulty in maintaining this species in husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog's small size may make it useful in studies of the physiology of pigs and like mammals. In particular, a study of the uterine capacity may contribute to our understanding of the maternal factors that influence the number and size of mammalian young at birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is unknown if the animal carries genetic resistance to diseases of the domestic pig, but given its habitat, such resistance seems likely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The small numbers of surviving pigmy hogs obviate any consideration of its use in husbandry at the present time. Moreover, its nervous temperament might restrict its potential as a domesticate. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is essential to ensure the survival of this animal. Efforts should be directed towards locating and breeding up the populations that still exist. If its habitat could be protected by preventing the annual dry-season burning of grasses, it is possible that substantial populations could be established. Attempts should also be made to acquire two or more females as mates for the male pigmy hogs at the Assam and Zurich zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also an urgent need to ensure that the animals breed successfully in captivity, and the wealth of international expertise in pig reproduction should be applied to that end. For example, the reproductive biology of the animal could be studied by swine experts; the age at puberty, the length of the estrous cycle, the season of breeding (and whether it is influenced by light or temperature), the length of gestation, and time of weaning all need to be determined.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is an omnivore, but the physiology of its digestion has not been studied. Thus, its nutritive requirements are not well enough known to ensure its survival in captivity or reserves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiments should be made to determine if pigmy hog embryos can be brought to term in the uterus of the common pig. If so, such embryo transfers could be used to distribute embryos and set up new herds, lessening the risk of this species&quot; extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p88.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Adult male of the common pig (wild boar Sus scrofa) and pigmy hog drawn to the same scale. (W.L.R. Oliver) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">15 The Babirusa</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) is a piglike animal whose closest relative appears to be an ancestral animal that lived in Europe 35 million years ago. It is easily tamed, and in its native area there is an ancient tradition of raising young babirusa for meat and for the males' unique tusks. The animal appears to reproduce well in captivity, and with good management techniques it might gain wide use in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male babirusa can be up to 110 cm long and 80 cm tall and weigh up to 100 kg; females are smaller. The male has large upper canines that grow upwards, piercing right through the flesh of the snout and curving back and downwards towards the forehead without ever entering the mouth. The female may sometimes have small upper canines projecting through the skin of the upper lip.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is more slender than a pig of similar size. It has a gray or brown-grey skin color, although one subspecies, Babyrousa babyrussa babyrussa, has light body hair that is fawn colored or black.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa is unique to a few islands of eastern Indonesia: north, central, and southeast Sulawesi, the Togian Islands, and the Sula (Taliabu and Sulabesi) and Buru Islands. On Sula and Buru it is probably not native but was introduced in prehistoric times.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On Sulawesi the babirusa remains abundant, despite hunting and the widespread clearing of the forest. Nevertheless, disturbances created by wood and rattan collectors, hunters, loggers, and farmers threaten the babirusa's survival. Throughout the rest of its range, it is also vulnerable to extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biologists are particularly concerned about some of the babirusa subspecies. The one from the north of mainland Sulawesi, Babyrousa babyrussa celebensis, is still relatively abundant in places and is probably in no immediate danger. The Togian Islands' subspecies, Babyrousa babyrussa togeanensis, is abundant in small islands but is threatened by Indonesia's settlement programs and deforestation. The Buru and Sula Islands subspecies, Babyrousa babyrussa babyrussa, may already be extinct; there have been no confirmed sightings in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1981, there were 26 male and 27 female babirusa held in six zoo collections; 22 of these animals are in the Surabaya Zoo in Indonesia, where they breed well. Most, if not all, are believed to belong to the mainland Sulawesi race.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals mainly inhabit moist forests at low altitudes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p91.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Precise details of babirusa biology are unknown, but the stomach has an extra sac, suggesting that the animals may have some ability to break down cellulose. Indeed, they browse leaves, a behavior more often found in a deer than in a pig, and have been referred to as &quot;ruminant pigs.&quot; Babirusa also live on roots, berries, and grubs, making them true omnivores. Compared to other pigs, they do little rooting, and in captivity their enclosures remain quite grassy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Babirusa are said to be sexually mature at 5-10 months, but this depends on nutrition. Gestation length is about 158 days. One or two young are produced although there are some reports of litters of three.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One specimen was kept for 24 years in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa is a social animal that moves in groups. A retiring native of the dense jungle, it is a fast runner and swims readily. Mating behavior in captivity generally resembles that of domestic pig. Evidence from zoo animals suggests that the male must be removed from the young at birth but that by the time they are a month old the young are safe from paternal attack.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When captured young or reared in captivity, the babirusa is easily tamed. It has potential as a domesticated species, and with appropriate management may provide a useful source of meat. The meat is tasty and of good quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its unique tusks, the skull of the male finds ready markets. This could provide additional income to farmers raising babirusa for meat. The ivory of the tusks could also be a resource for local artisans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the anatomy of the stomach suggests that the babirusa may be able to make more efficient use of fibrous foodstuffs than other pigs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa produces only one or two young after a gestation period of just over five months; it may therefore take considerable time to build up herds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the babirusa is easily tamed, it is not known whether it can be husbanded in large groups. Also, present lack of knowledge of the animal's nutrition may restrict its husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of animals in the wild is decreasing, and attempts should be made to determine their exact status. Particular attention should be paid to the subspecies Babyrousa babyrussa togeanensis and Babyrousa babyrussa babyrussa. Captive breeding programs for these subspecies should be started.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p93.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ When seen in longitudinal section, the stomach of babirusa presents striking similarities  to that of a relatively simple ruminant such as the domestic sheep. Every part except the  omasum, even including a rudimentary reticulum, is represented and occupies the same  relative position. The babirusa stomach differs from that of the domestic pig chiefly in  the enormous size of the diverticulum ventriculi, the prominence of the constrictions  that delimit its three main divisions, and in the size and complexity of the cardia. Regions  corresponding to parts of the ruminant stomach are labeled in brackets. (Information  from Davis, 1940; diagram courtesy Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild populations should be maintained in several regions to ensure that  the species&quot; genetic base is retained. Advantage could be taken of the large  number of islands in eastern Indonesia to establish reserves for the different  babirusa subspecies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currently, little is known about the biology of the animal in the wildâ its  diet, social behavior, or reproductive performance are almost unstudied. In  view of the relatively small number of babirusa in zoos and the scarcity of  information about the animal's growth rate and general biology, coordinated  studies between zoos could provide much basic information. It has been  suggested that a studbook be initiated for this species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear from chromosome analysis that this pig differs markedly in  its karyotype from that of other pigs. However, more anatomical and  biochemical knowledge is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Basic parameters of the animal's reproductive physiology are not known.  Questions to be answered include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can the babirusa be induced to reproduce twice per year?&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can babirusa embryos be developed to term in the uterus of the domestic  pig? If so, can the number of babirusas be rapidly multiplied in this way?&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Does the babirusa genotypic and gestation-length difference with the  common pig prevent the two from successfully crossbreeding? And if  crossbreeding can be achieved, will the progeny be fertile?  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p94.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part IV : Recommendations and General Research Needs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Asian animals described in this report are a natural resource whose  potential is barely glimpsed. They are virtually unknown to established  livestock interests and there has been little thought to developing them as  livestock. As a result, the research and trials that could lead to further use of  these animals is scattered, small scale, and conducted outside the mainstream  of livestock science, mainly by wildlife conservationists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet these animals seem worth considering for use in husbandry in many  tropical regions, especially where poor grazing and harsh environments limit  the performance of conventional livestock. There is a pressing need for  research to develop these species and to explore their potential. Only through  rapid action can many of them be kept available for study and possible  inclusion in agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One suggestion is that funds be provided to establish an Asian  native-livestock research-support team. Its primary purpose would be to  assist in the funding of research projects and to coordinate research being  done in various Asian countries. The team's goal would be to establish a  network of animal scientists based at institutions in Asia and elsewhere to  work cooperatively on the region's little-known bovines and pigs. In this  manner, relatively small sums of money could be used to stimulate and  coordinate Asia-wide research on indigenous animals.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Basic Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The time has come for basic studies on each of the 15 animals discussed in  this book. For each species, the following areas should be investigated:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Physiology&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Reproductive requirements and fertility&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nutritional requirements (such as food preferences, feeding strategies, and food utilization)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Growth&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Adaptability and environmental tolerance (for instance, water balance, sweat rate, and shade-seeking habits, as well as temperature, pulse, and respiration rates, both under normal conditions and heat stress)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Diseases&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;. Management (including stocking rates and other production characteristics&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Genetic selection for calm temperament, quick growth, and other desirable qualities&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crossbreeding to take advantage of hybrid vigor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Social structure (for example population density and distribution, social organization, leadership, herding potential, aggressiveness of bulls)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Habitat characteristics (behavior-habitat interactions and herd dynamics, for instance).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies are also needed on better utilization of products, such as milk, meat, hides, horn, and hair, from these animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experimental transfer of fertilized eggs of all of these animals into domestic species should be explored with a view to establishing herds in secure and disease-free areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efforts specific to domesticated and wild species, and to hybrids of these species, are discussed below. The report concludes with brief discussions of a few promising species not taken up in the body of the text.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated Species Improving Performance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little data is available on the performance of the domesticated animals discussed in this report. Yet the main value of these species lies in the new and superior genes and gene combinations that can be adapted to animal production in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies need to be conducted with the indigenous species and strains in their native countries to determine if they will respond to improved conditions with improved performance. These projects could provide opportunities for geneticists and animal breeders to improve livestock production while conducting challenging basic research. It would be helpful to establish studbooks of captive specimens and to select and breed for desirable genetic qualities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetic improvement must be directed towards remedying production deficiencies. Methods include selection of superior breeding animals, crossbreeding, and combinations of selection and crossbreeding. Different genetic improvement techniques will be required for each species. Progress should be regularly monitored against the unselected animals and the domestic livestock breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Introductions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical countries should import breeding stock to evaluate the performance of some of these Asian animals in the local environment. Strict quarantine procedures must, of course, be observed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Special emphasis should be placed on the domesticated banteng of eastern Indonesia. These animals are already an important source of human food and they may have considerable potential for increasing production elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild Animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild animals contribute extensively to the welfare of people and economies of developing countries. In many areas they supply much of the animal protein consumed. But the contributions they make are largely unrecorded, and local officials and aid agencies seldom regard wildlife as an economic resource. As a result, few developing countries have analyzed how their people use indigenous animals for subsistence, and few nutritional studies recognize &quot;bushmeat,&quot; although large numbers of people eat it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife's contribution justifies more detailed and precise evaluations. In many tropical regions few people even know what species are present, let alone in what numbers. Ecologists and animal scientists should be employed to identify and collect data on the fauna of the tropical forests and how it is used by local people. Their work will provide baseline information on the species present and on the potential utility of the undisturbed natural ecosystems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initial Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All wildlife utilization must be based on a thorough knowledge of the resource, its numbers, the animals' condition, annual recruitment in the &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;various populations, and the seasonal movements of the herds. In addition, it is important to understand the interactions of the species with its habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thus, the immediate need is for action to assure the preservation of populations of these animals until research studies can be conducted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard, priority actions include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establishing adequate preserves&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Providing total protection for remaining animals&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Preventing poaching.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With few exceptions, the wild species described in this report are under the pressures of agricultural and human expansion. Without efforts to preserve their habitats it will be difficult for these species to survive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing Wildlife Resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments cannot stop hungry people from hunting game, but they can use this impetus to help protect some indigenous animals as well as forest and woodland habitats. Fostering the production and supply of wild animals such as those described in this book could open up a new: source of meat and other products, particularly for subsistence farmers in remote areas. In the last analysis, this may be the only way of protecting and maintaining these animals and developing local awareness of their value.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International economic development organizations have traditionally shown little interest in wildlife or wildlife habitats. Yet maintaining these animals and their habitats is crucial to the continuing supply of many indigenous food animals, the most important of which are often the smaller ones that flourish in secondary growth. And the forests that support wildlife also protect some of the huge investments that AID, the World Bank, and other other agencies have made to help developing countries. The forest is the sponge that absorbs the water from tropical rains. Without trees covering the watersheds, heavy rains cause rushing water that erodes the land, despoils highways, silts up dams and reservoirs, knocks out bridges, and inundates towns, villages, and farm fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In principle, the farming of tropical wildlife could become a force in preventing clear-felling of the tropical forests. Rational utilization of tropical animals offers productive alternative use of the land. In some cases, the farming of indigenous animals can fit smoothly into tropical habitats and into traditional village life, because the livestock and its needs are usually familiar to local people and are often ingrained in their traditions.( For successful examples see companion reports nos. 44 and 45, Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea and Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrid Animals)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybridization may offer new prospects for using underexploited tropical animal resources. This is a speculative notion, but it deserves serious attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossbreeding between the animals mentioned in this report holds exciting possibilities for expanding livestock options in the tropics. Some of the crosses, known or envisaged, are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· gaur x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· banteng x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· kouprey x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· yak x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· yak x banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· anoa x water buffalo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· tamaraw x water buffalo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· domestic pig x warty pigs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· warty pigs x bearded pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Care must be taken, however, to guard against the dilution of wild genes by the escape of hybrid or interbreeding domestic species, or the establishment of feral hybrid populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Exchange of Pig Germ Plasm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Present veterinary restrictions effectively prevent the movement of pigs between most countries. Relatively few species of wild pigs are therefore maintained in zoos outside their countries of origin. This stifles the promising potential for the species described in Part III, as well as for captive-breeding safeguards and research on the endangered species. It is important that attempts be made to identify channels for the future establishment of viable captive stocks both within Asia and elsewhere. Transfer of embryos should be verified as a means of permitting disease-free movement across frontiers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species Not Covered in this Report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This project, which began as a short report on banteng, quickly developed momentum as it brought in suggestion after suggestion of further species. Through pressures of time and budget, it was not possible to take up all of these interesting animals. Some of the omitted ones are listed below. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Takin (Budorcas taxicolor).* A heavily built, Southeast Asian hoofed mammal of the family Bovidae, the takin lives in small herds in the mountains, often above timberline. Though robust and short-legged, it can move about quickly and easily over difficult slopes. It stands up to about 1 m at the shoulder and has a shaggy yellowish- to blackish-brown coat. Both sexes have heavy horns that turn outward from the center of the forehead and then curve up and backward.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goral (Naemorhedus goral).* This small Asian goatlike bovine has slightly backward curving cylindrical horns and a coarse brownish-grey coat. It is related to the chamois and serow (see below) but is distinguished from them by peculiarities in skull form, as well as by smaller size, shorter horns, and the absence of face glands. Gorals are native to a vast area, ranging from the Himalayas to eastern Siberia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serow (Capricorhis sumatrensis). The serow has been called a &quot;goatantelope.&quot; Found in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Vietnam, Thailand, Burma, the eastern Himalayas, and China, it lives on forest-clad slopes, such as the mountains of southern China that are the home of the giant panda. Serows have coarse black hair, long pointed ears, a distinct mane, and short, backward pointing horns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native species of goats are also valuable genetic resources of Asia and examples include ibex (Capra ibex), markhor (Capra falconeri), and bharal (Pseudois nayaur). There are also various species of sheep, including the various races of argalis (Ovis ammon), which form small herds in the mountains, often above timberline. Although robust and short-legged, these animals can move about quickly and easily over difficult slopes. Soviet animal breeders apparently are exploring some of the possibilities of using argalis in animal husbandry. They are crossing domestic sheep with arkhar (Ovis ammon karelini) to produce a commercially viable hybrid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The marketable size of lamb might be increased appreciably to provide larger, leaner cuts of meat by crossing domestic sheep with the Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii), which is as big as deer and has a mature body weight of 400-500 pounds. Marco Polo sheep meat is reported to have none of the &quot;mutton&quot; favor of domestic sheep. Thus, crosses might enhance consumer acceptance of sheep meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asia also has several species of deer that could have been included.Â§ The musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) is now domesticated in China for musk production and is a resource with a promising future. Also, sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), Asia's largest deer, may prove useful in husbandry. Several deer species are being farmed in New Zealand and ruse deer (Cervus rusa), which are native to South and Southeast Asia, are being farmed in Mauritius, Australia, and Papua New Guinea for meat and medicinal by-products. Two small, goat-sized Asian deer, the hog deer (Cervus porcinus) and the barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), may also be worth considering. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p101.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ KOUPREY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Selected Readings</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bohlken, H. 1961. Haustiere und Zoologische Systematik. Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie76:107-113.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul, and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum of Natural History, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gray, A. P. 1972. Mammalian Hybrids: A Check-List with Bibliography. Commonwealth Technical Communication No. 10 (Rev.). Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Edinburgh, Scotland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honacki, J. H., K. E. Kinman, and J. W. Koeppl. 1982. Mammal Species of the World. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. 694 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mochi, U. and T. D. Carter. 1953. Hoofed Mammals of the World. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Payne, W. J. A. 1970. Cattle Production in the Tropics. Longman, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robbins, C. T. In Press. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, New York, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Walker, E. P. 1975. Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wharton, C. H. 1969. Man, fire and wild cattle in Southeast Asia. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 8: 107-167.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated and Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appleton, D. C., G. Dryden, and A. C. Kondos. 1976. A comparison of the digestive efficiency of the water buffalo and Brahman and Banteng cattle. In Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 11.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Budiarso, I. T., and S. Hardjosworo. 1976. Jembrana disease in Bali cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal 52(2):97.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copland, R. S. 1974. Observations on banteng cattle in Sabah. Tropical Animal Health and Production 6(2):89-94.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Darmadja, D., and P. Sutedja. 1975. Gestation period and calving interval in Bali cattle. Majalah Ilmiah Universitas Udayana 9:61 -65.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Darmadja, D., and P. Sutedja. 1976. Masa kebuntingan den interval beranak padas sapi Bali. In Proceedings, Seminar Reproduksi den Performance Sapi Bali, April 5-6, 1976. Dinas Peternakan Daerah Ternak Institute, Bali, Indonesia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C., T. Lee Kok Choc, and M. Pathmasingam. 1973. The productivity of Bali cattle in Malaysia. Malaysian Agricultural Journal 49(2):183-197.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holmes, J. H. C., J. H. Schottler, and T. F. Leche. 1977. Southeast Asian cattle, buffalo, and beef in Papua New Guinea. In Agriculture in the Tropics, B. A. C. Enyi and T. H. Varghese, eds. University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoogerwerf, A. 1970. Udjung Kulan, The Land of the Last Javan Rhinoceros. E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hooijer, D. A. 1956. The valid name of the banteng Bibos javanicus d'Alton. Zoologische Mededelingenuitgegeven door het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden 34:223-226.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jellinek, P. J., J. Avenell, A. Thahar, and P. Sitorus. 1980. Infertility associated with crossbreeding of Bali cattle. In Proceedings, 2nd Ruminant Seminar, Ciawi, Indonesia. 79 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jenkinson, D. M., and T. Nay. 1975. The sweat glands and hair follicles of different species of Bovidae. Australian Journal of Biological Science 28:55-68.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kirby, G. W. M. 1979. Bali cattle in Australia. World Animal Review 31 :24-29.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, 1. L. In Press. Evolution of Domesticated Animals. Longman, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meijer, W. C. P. 1962. Das Balirind (Balinese Cattle). Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei, No. 303, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Federal Republic of Germany. (Translated from the Dutch by E. Mohr.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1973a. Liveweight changes of Brahman cross, Shorthorn, Banteng and buffalo steers grazing improved pastures at Darwin, Northern Territory. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 39:68-9.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1973b. Heat tolerance of Brahman cross, buffalo Banteng and Shorthorn steers during exposure to sun and as a result of exercise. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 24:775-782.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1978. Digestibility and water metabolism in Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers fed roughage diets. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 44: 57-59.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1980. The prediction of chemical content of the whole carcass from the physically-dissected rib in cattle and buffaloes. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 13:503.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1981. Beef and buffalo production by smallholders in Indonesia. World Review of Animal Production 17:55-64.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1982. The performance of Indonesian beef breeds under traditional and improved management systems. Pp. 347-351 in Animal Production and Health in the Tropics, M. R. Jainudeen and A. R. Omar, eds. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B., B. W. Norton, and J. V. Nolan. 1979. The intake, digestibility and utilization of a low quality roughage by Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 30:333-340.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Namikawa, T., and W. Widodo. 1978. Electrophoretic variations of hemoglobin and serum albumin in the Indonesian cattle including Bali cattle (Bos banteng). Japanese Journal of Zootechnical Science 49(11):817-827.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M., K. Rika, M. Supardjata, K. D. Nurbudhi, and L. R. Humphreys. 1976. Productivity of improved pastures grazed by Bali cattle under coconuts: a preliminary report. Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. 18 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M., and K. Rika. 1978. Bali cattle grazing improved pasture under coconuts. 1. Effects of stocking rate on steer performance and coconut yield. In Seminar on Integration of Animals with Plantation Crops, April 13-15. Preprint No. 10. Penang, Indonesia. 8 pp&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M. 1979a. Effects of replacing 30 percent of the green roughage with concentrate on the performance of Bali steer. Progress report to the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Centre file:3-P77-0087. 25 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M. 1979b. Performance of Bali cattle fed grass supplemented with stylosanthes. Progress report to the International Foundation for Science, Sweden. Project No. RR 76. 15 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M., K. Lana, 1. B. Sudana, N. Sutji, and 1. C. N. Sarka. I980. Persediaan den kebutuhan hijauan ternak di Bali (Roughage supply and requirement of livestock in &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bali). Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan den Peternakan, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. 218 pp. (Report series mimeograph.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Norton, B. W., J. B. Moran, and J. V. Nolan. 1979. Nitrogen metabolism in Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers fed on low quality roughage. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 30:341.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nursamad, M. 1972. Berat lahir den petumbuhan anak sapi Bali selama 4 bulan di kecamatan Watang Pulu, kabupaten Sidenreng, Sulawesi Selatan. Laporan, Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Hasanuddin yang berafinasi dengan Fakultas Peternakan Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pastika, M., and D. Darmadja. 1976. Performance reproduksi sapi Bali. In Proceedings, Seminar Reproduksi den Performance Sapi Bali, April 5-6, 1976. Dinas Peternakan Daerah Ternak Institut, Bali, lndonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Payne, W. J. A., and D. H. L. Rollinson. 1973. Bali cattle. World Animal Review 7: 13-21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pulungan, H., and K. Ma'sum. 1977. Performance sapi Bali den hasil persilangannya dengan sapi Hereford den Shorthorn. Laporan Khusus Lembaga Penelitian Peternakan, Cabang Grati 1977 (Abstract).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977. Livestock in Indonesia. Research Report No. 1. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Siebert, B. D., and W. V. MacFarlane. 1969. Body water content and water turnover of tropical Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bibos banteng, and Bos bubalus bubalis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20:613-622.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Siregar, M. G., and 1. M. Suparjata. 1975. A half century existence of Bali cattle in South Sulawesi. Majalah llmiah Universitas Udayana 9: 13-21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Subandriyo, P. Sitorus, M. Zulbardi, and A. Roesyat. 1979. Performance of Bali cattle, as work animals and milk and beef producers. Indonesian Agricultural Research and Development Journal 1(1/2):9-10, 24.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sutedja, P., M. Kota, 1. B. Mantra, and D. Darmadja. 1976. Progress report beberapa performance pada sapi Bali. In Proceedings, Seminar Reproduksi den Performance Sapi Bali, April 5-6, 1976. Dinas Peternakan Daerah Ternak Institut, Bali, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thahar, A., J. B. Moran, and J. T. Wood. In press. Studies on the haemotology of Indonesian large ruminants. Tropical Animal Health and Production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thahar, A., J. B. Moran, and R. E. Soerifpo. In press. Observations on the hair and skin of Indonesian large ruminants and their relationships to heat tolerance. SABRAO Journal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vercoe, J. E., and J. E. Frisch. 1977. The importance of voluntary feed intake and metabolic rate to production in different genotypes of cattle in different environments. Pp. I(c)-42 in Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of the Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researchers in Asia and Oceania, Canberra, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yeates, N. T. M., and P. J. Schmidt. 1974. Beef Cattle Production. Butterworths Pty Ltd., Chatswood, Sydney, Australia. 323 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng Cattle Hybrids&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Payne, W. J. A., and D. H. L. Rollinson. 1976. Madura cattle. Zeitschrift fur Tiezuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie 93:89-100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simoons, F. J., and E. S. Simoons. 1968. A Ceremonial Ox of India: The Mithan in Nature, Culture, and History. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, 1. L. In Press. Evolution of Domesticated Animals. Longman, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scheurmann, E. 1975. Observations on the behaviour of the mithan (Bibos frontalis Lambert 1837) in captivity. Applied Animal Ethology I :321 -355. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yak and Yakow&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Accolas, J. P., and J. P. Deffontaines. 1970. Quelques donnees sur l'elevage du Yak en Republique Populaire de Mongolie. Pp. 133-141 in The Yak: Its Role in the Economic and Cultural Life of Breeders in Central Asia. Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, 25 Boulevard Arago, 75013 Paris, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bonadonna, T. 1970. Nuove possibilita per la Zootechnia dei tropic). Zootecnica e Veterinaria 25:202-221.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bonnemaire, J. 1976. Le Yak domestique et son hybridation. Pp. 46-77 in The Yak: Its Role in the Economic and Cultural Life of Breeders in Central Asia. Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, Paris, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dor, R. 1976. Note sur le Yak au Pamir. Pp. 126-131 in The Yak: Its Role in the Economic and Cultural Life of Breeders in Central Asia. Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, Paris, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ekvall, R. B. 1968. Fields on the Hoof: Nexus of Tibetan Nomadic Pastoralism. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. 1974. Yak and chauri. World Animal Review 9:8-12.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. 1977. Yak and Yak-cattle hybrids. Chapter 3 in Domestic Animals of Nepal. Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., New York, USA, and London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivanova, V. V. 1938. K voprosu izucenija plodovitosti samvoc gibridov jaka s rogatym skotom (On the fertility of male yak x cattle hybrids). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Biologicheskaya 883-884.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R. W., R. G. Johnson, and R. T. Moyer. 1945. The livestock of China. Pp. 67-76 in United States Department of State Publication No. 2249; Far Eastern Series 9.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R. W., I. A. Tolstoy, and R. G. Johnson. 1946. Yaks and Yak-cattle hybrids in Asia. The Journal of Heredity 37(6): 162-170; 37(7):206-215.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schley, P. 1967. Der Yak und seine Kreuzung mit dem Rind in der Sowjetunion. Giessener Abhandlungen zur Agrar- und Wirtschaftsforschung des Europaischen Ostens, Vol. 44. Otto Harassowitz, Weisbaden, Federal Republic of Germany. 131 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shahrani, M. Nazif Mohib. 1979. The Kirghiz and Wakki of Afghanistan. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, USA. 264 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vlasov, P., S. Gersenzon, and A. Poljakov. 1932. Gibridizacija mezdu jakom i krupnym rogatym skotom (Hybrids between yak and cattle). Problemy Zhivotnovodstva (1):48-57.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;White, W. T., R. W. Phillips, and E. C. Elting. 1946. Yaks and Yak-cattle hybrids in Alaska. Journal of Heredity 37:355-358.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zawadowsky, M. M. 1931. Zebu-Yak hybrids. Journal of Heredity 22:297.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zuitin, A. I. 1938. New data on the chromosome number in yak (Poephagus grunniens L.). Doklady Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR 19:201-202.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A unique, interesting film showing wild banteng, gaur and kouprey in Cambodia in 1951&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;is available for hire from The Coolidge Foundation, 38 Standley Street, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H., and E. Scheurmann. 1977. Cytogenetic investigations on domestic and wild animal populations in South and Southeast Asia. Animal Research and Development 6:63-71.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Halder, U. 1975. Okologie und Verhalten des banteng (Bos javanicus) in Java. Eine Feldstudie. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. 124 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoogerwerf, A. 1974. Report on a Visit to Wildlife Reserves in East Java. Mededelingen No. 21. Nederlandsche Commissie voor Internationale Natuurbescherming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McNeely, J. A. 1975. Wildlife and national parks in the Lower Mekong Basin. Unpub&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;lished report to the Committee for the Coordination of Investigations of the Lower  Mekong Basin, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, Bangkok, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sumardja, E. A. 1976. The relationships between banteng Bos javanicus (d'Alton) and  vegetation at the Pananjung-Pangandaran Nature Reserve. Research Grant No. 1237/  TF/VI/74. Preliminary Study Internal Report Biotrop. Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wind, J., and H. Amir. 1977. Distribution of banteng (Bos javanicus) in Java and Bali,  Indonesia. Unpublished ms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wind, J., and H. Amir. 1977. Management Plan Baluran Reserve FAO INS/73/013.  Nature Conservation and Wildlife Management Project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaur&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul. 1965. The gaur. (Bos gaurus). Conservation News of South East  Asia 5:7-10.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the  Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conry, P. J. 1980. The impact of development and the behavioural response of the  Malaysian seladang. Pp. 279-286 in Tropical Ecology and Development, Proceedings  Fifth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology. International Society of Tropical  Ecology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conry, P. J. 1981. Habitat selection and use, movements, and home range of Malayan  gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki) in Central Pahang, Malaysia. M.S. thesis. University of  Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA. 120 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conry, P. J. (In press) Immobilizing Malayan gaur with etorphine. Journal of Wildlife  Management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H. 1975. The water buffalo and related species as important genetic resources:  their conservation, evaluation and utilization. In The Asiatic Water Buffalo.  Proceedings of an International Symposium, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Food and Fertilizer  Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H. 1980. Hybrids between Gaur and Gayal and between Gayal and Banteng as  zoological rarities in Thailand. Animal Research and Development 12:116-119.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fradrich, H., and H. G. Klos. 1976. Zur Haltung und Zucht des Gaurs, Bos gaurus.  Zoologische Garten 46(6):417-425.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hussain, M. Khader. 1969. The southern Asiatic gaur or Indian bison (Bos gaurus  gaurus H. Smith). Cheetal 12(1):29-47.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Krishnan, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India.  Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69:322-349.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Medway, Lord. 1978. The Wild Mammals of Malaya and Singapore. 2nd Edition. Oxford  University Press, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 128 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Momin Khan, M. K. bin 1973. Studies on the seladang (Bos gaurus) in the State of  Perak. Malaysian Nature Journal 26:163-169.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahai, R. C. 1972. Distribution, composition and herd size of Gaur (Bos gaurus) in  Palamau, Bihar. Cheetal 15:60-66.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schaller, G. B. 1967. The Deer and the Tiger. Chicago University Press, Chicago, USA.  370 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Weigun, L. E. 1971. The last refuge. Malaysian Nature Journal 24:132-137.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Weigun, L. E. 1972. The problems in the preservation of the seladang in the Malaysian  National Park. M.S. thesis. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.  55 pp&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the  Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coolidge, H. J. 1940. The Indo-Chinese Forest Ox or Kouprey. Memoirs, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 54(6):421-431.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coolidge, H. J. 1955. The Forest Ox or Kouprey of South East Asia. P. 109 in Breeding Beef Cattle for Unfavorable Environments, A. O. Rhoad, ed. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Neese, H.C. 1976. Kouprey along the Laos/Cambodia border area. Unpublished report to the New York Zoological Society, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pfeffer, P., and O. Kim-San. 1967. Le kouprey, Bos(Bibos) sauvelli, Urbain, 1937: discussion systematique et status actuel. Hypothese sur l'origine du zebu (Bos indicus). Mammalia 31(4):521-536.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pfeffer, P. 1969. Considerations sur l'ecologie des forets claires du Cambodge oriental. Terre et Vie 23(1):3-24.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wharton, C. H. 1957. An Ecological Study of the Kouprey. Novibos sauveli (Urbain). Monograph No. 5. Institute of Science and Technology, Manila, Philippines. 111 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dolan, J. M. 1965. Breeding of the lowland anoa in the San Diego Zoological Garden. Zeitschrift Saugetierekunde 30(4):241-248.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duplaix-Hall, N., ed. 1975. International Zoo Yearbook 15. Zoological Society of London&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fradrich, H. 1973. Einige Bemerkungen uber den Anoa. Zeitschrift des Kolner Zoo 16(3):101-105.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H., and H. Hohn. 1976. Der Karyotyp eines weiblichen Tamarau (Anea mindorensis) [The Karyotype of a Female Tamaraw (Anoa mindorensis)]. Giessener Beitrage zur Erbpathologie und Zuchthygiene 6:173.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1969. Systematics of the anoa (Mammalia, Bovidae) Beaufortia 17(223): 1-12.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Koulischer, L., J. Tyskens, and J. Mortelsmanns. 1972. The chromosomes of a male specimen of Anoa depressicornis quarlesi. Acta Pathologica, Antwerp 56:21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scheurmann, E., H. Hohn, and H. Fischer. 1977. The karyotype of a male Bubalus (Anoa) depressicornis quarlesi Ouwens 1911. In Symposium, Domesticated Animal Cytogenetics, Jouy en Josas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraw&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alvarez, J. B., Jr. 1970. Philippines tamaraw, here to stay. IUCN Publication, New Series 18:46-51.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grimwood, l. R. 1975. National Parks and Wildlife Conservation in the Philippines. FAO: PHI/72/006. UNDP/FAO, Rome, Italy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harrisson, T. 1969. The tamaraw and its survival. Conservation News of South East Asia 8:60-61, 70.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kuchn, D. 1975. Tamaraw at Mt. Iglit Came Refuge, Philippines. Tigerpaper 2(3):26.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sitwell, N. 1975. On the track of the tamaraw. Wildlife 17:428-430.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Talbot, L. M., and M. H. Talbot. 1966. The tamaraw, Bubalus mindorensis (Heude). Observations and recommendations. Mammalia 30(1): 1 - 12.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bearded &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Allen, E. F. 1948. The bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 3(2):98-99.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cranbrook, Earl of. 1979. A review of domestic pig remains from archaeological sites in &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diong, C. H. 1973. Studies of the Malayan wild pig in Perak and Johore. Malaysian Nature Journal26(2):120-151.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Croves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Cenus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hertwig, P. 1936. Artbastarde bei Tieren. Handbuch Vererb Wissenschaften 2B:21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hislop, J. A. 1949. Field notes on the bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 4(2):62-64.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hislop, J. A. 1952. More about the bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 7:22-23.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 1972. Red Data Book 1: Mammalia. IUCN, Cland, Switzerland. (This is a loose-leaf binder that is updated from time to time.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kempe, J. E. 1948. The riddle of the bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 3(1):36-42.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lotsy, J. P. 1922. Die Aufarbeitung des kuhn'schen kreuzungsmaterials im Institut fur Tierzucht der Universitat Halle. Cenetica 4:32-61.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Medway, Lord. 1978. The Wild Mammals of Malaya and Singapore, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohr, E. 1960. Wilde Schweine. Die Neue Brehm-Biicherei, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Federal Republic of Cermany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. First written report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist group. Unpublished report. 14 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pfeffer, P. 1959. Bologie et migrations du sanglier de Borneo (Sus barbatus Muller 1869). Mammalia 23:277-303.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sulawesi Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appelman, F. J. 1955. Uber Sus celebensis Muller und Schlegel. Der Zoologische Garten 21:152-156.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Catibog-Sinha, C. S. 1981. The quantity and quality of wild food plants and the depredation of wild pigs in the Philippines. Ph.D. thesis. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Croves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Cenus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hooijer, D. A. 1968. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. 8. Sus celebensis Muller and Schlegel, 1845. Beaufortia 16:215-218.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Croup. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohr, E. 1960. Wilde Schweine. Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Federal Republic of Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. Interim report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 14, pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Javan Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blouch, R. A. 1979. Proposed Bawean Island Wildlife Reserve Management Plan. World Wildlife Fund, Report to Directorate of Nature Conservation, Indonesia. Unpublished report. 63 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blouch, R. A. 1981. Results of a preliminary search for Sus verrucosus in the Mt. Arjuna area. World Wildlife Fund, Meru Betiri Project 1024. Unpublished report. 4 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoogerwerf, A. 1970. Udjung Kulonâthe Land of the Last Javan Rhinoceros. E. J. Brill, I.eiden. The Netherlands. Pp. 330-349. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. First written report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 14 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy Hog&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bosma, A. A., W. L. R. Oliver, and A. A. MacDonald. In press. The karyotype, including g- and c- banding patterns, of the pigmy hog Sus (Porcula) salvanius (Suidae, Mammalia).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. T. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1980. The Pigmy Hog: The Biology and Conservation of the Pigmy Hog Sus (Porcula) salvanius, and the Hispid Hare, Caprolagus hispidus. Special Scientific Report No. I. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. 93 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. Pigmy hog and hispid hare: further observations of the continuing decline (or, a lament for Barnadi and a good cause for skepticism). The Dodo, Journal of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust 18:10-20.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Babirus a&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bosma, A. A., 1980. The karyotype of the babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa); karyotype evolution in the Suidae. Fourth European Colloquium Cytogenetics Domestic Animals 1980:238-241.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bosma, A. A., and De Haan, N. A. 1981. The karyotype of Babrousa babyrussa (Suidae, Mammalia) Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 76: 17-27.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Davis, D. D. 1940. Notes on the anatomy of the babirusa. Field Museum of Natural History-Zoology 22(5):363-411.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fradich, H. 1974. A comparison of behaviour in the suidae. Pp. 133-144 in The Behaviour of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management. V. Ceist and F. Walther, eds. IUCN Publication No. 24.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin, No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Croves, C. P. 1980. Notes on the systematics of Babyrousa (Artiodactyla, Suidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Deel 55(3):29-46.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The structure and function of the tusks of babirusa. Mammal Review 1 1(1):37-40.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. First written report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 14 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selmier, V. J. 1978. Only in Indonesia: the babirusa. Unpublished report to Directorate of Nature Conservation (P.P.A.), Bogor, Indonesia. 40 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Research Contacts</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because Asia contains many livestock breeds about which little is known, an expert committee on Animal Genetic Resources has been recently formed by the Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researchers in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO). Its chairman is Professor J. S. F. Barker of the University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Species Survival Commission of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature has a Wild Cattle Specialist Group that concerns itself with wild banteng, gaur, and kouprey. Its chairman is Mr. Mohd. Khan bin Momin Khan, Director-General, Wildlife and National Parks, West Malaysia, Kompleks Pejabat-Pejabat Kerajaan, Block K-20, Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following have particular knowledge of the animals described in this book, have contributed to the various chapters, and (in most cases) have agreed to provide advice to bona fide researchers wishing to study further the animals in this report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ida Bagus Arka, Faculty for Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Jalan Sudirman Sanglah, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia J. S. F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Bongers, Department of Nature Conservation, Wageningen Agricultural University, Ritzema Bosweg 32a, 6703AZ Wageningen, The Netherlands David Butcher, Western Plains Zoo, Box 813, Dubbo, New South Wales&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2830, Australia (Banteng are available for research projects and zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quarantine for shipments between Australia and most countries are&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;straightforward)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. K. Camoens, Livestock Specialist, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila, Philippines 2800&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Deppner, 1603 Dayton Road, Hyattsville, Maryland 20783, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.-M. Duplan, Institut Technique de l'Elevage Bovin, Section Amelioration Genetique, Maison Nationale des Eleveurs, 149, rue de Bercy F, 75595 Paris Cedex 12, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. I. Furtado, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 22-11, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Hodges, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Huitema, Overzicht 60, 6862 CT, Oosterbeek, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham W. M. Kirby, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Production, P.O. Box 4160, Darwin, Northern Territory 5790, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moh. Zain Katoe, P.T. United Livestock, Jalan Bau Massepe 472, ParePare, South Sulawesi, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. -G. Klos, Director, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Hardenbergplatz 8 , 1000 Berlin 30, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. Kusmat, Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Oto Iskandardinata, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ian L. Mason, 8 Ramsay Garden, Edinburgh, EH1 1NA, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert E. McDowell, Department of Animal Science, Frank B. Morrison Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Montsma, Department of Animal Production, Wageningen Agricultural University, Ritzema Bosweg 32a, 6703 AZ Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. Moran, Senior Research Officer, Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute, Kyabram, Victoria 3620, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jan Nari, Director of Central Research Institute for Animal Science, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. M. Nitis, Department of Animal Nutrition and Tropical Pasture Production, Udayana University, Jalan Sudirman Sanglah, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. J. A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donald L. Plucknett, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, 1818 H Street, Washington, D.C. 20433, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Institute for Animal Production, P.O. Box 123, Bogor, Indonesia (Amber Roesyat, Ian Fletcher, Dennis Hoffmann, P. Sitorus, Subandriyo, M. Zulbardi)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David W. Robinson, International Programs, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. H. L. Rollinson, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Seifert, CSIRO, Tropical Cattle Research Centre, P.O. Box 5545, Rockhampton Mail Centre, N. Rockhampton, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. David Simpson, Senior Extension Specialist, Veld, Pastures and Wildlife, Agritex Box 363, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. J. Smith, Tropical Animal Health, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, EH9 1QH Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dukut Sularsasa, Department of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Syamsul Arifin, Jalan Amin Jakfar 41, Pamekasan Madura, Jatim, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taronga Zoo, P.O. Box 20, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia (T. Finnie and J. L. Throp)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frank M. Thompson, Wild Animal Brokers, 15605 S. R. #64, Bradenton, Florida 33508, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Allen D. Tillman, 523 West Harned Place, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Don Tulloch, P.O. Box 38841, Winnellie, Northern Territory 5789, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Helen Newton Turner, P.O. Box 184, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antoon de Vos, P.O. Box 34, Whitford, Auckland, New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert Warren, Department or Range and Wildlife Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Everett J. Warwick, The Rockefeller Foundation, P.O. Box 63, Yogyakarta, D.I.Y., Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Woodward, 35AI, Sultan Hasanudin, Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Domesticated Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Askaniya-Nova, USSR (Zoologicheskii Park Askaniya-Nova)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park; banteng-mithan hybrid)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, German Democratic Republic (Tierpark Berlin)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark (Zoologisk Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia (Western Plains Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kiev, USSR (Kievskii Zoologicheskii Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madrid, Spain (Zoo de la Casa de Campo; mithan-banteng hybrid)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pretoria, South Africa (National Zoological Gardens of South Africa) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rome, Italy (Giardino Zoologico e Museo de Zoologia del Comune de Rome and Zoorama)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde; 2 male, 2 female, may be wild form)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng-Cattle Hybrids&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abubakar Aldjufri, Secretary, Asian Livestock Business Club, Kebun Pala I/79B Tanah Abang, Jakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saleh Aldjufri, Jalan Jakarta 42, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Deppner, 1603 Dayton Rd., Hyattsville, Maryland 20783, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Huitema, Overzicht 60, 6862 CT, Oosterbeek, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham W. M. Kirby, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Production, P.O. Box 4160, Darwin, Northern Territory 5790, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. Moran, Senior Research Officer, Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute, Kyabram, Victoria 3620, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. J. A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David W. Robinson, International Programs, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. H. L. Rollinson, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Wheeler, 1000 Shady Lane, College Station, Texas 77840, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaichana Satrulee, Dusit Zoological Park, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. von Furer Haimendorf, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London WC1, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles G. Hickman, Livestock Consultant, A. Mithat Efendi Sokak No. 36/11, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frederick J. Simoons, 140 Bartlett Ave., Woodland, California 95695, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Mithan (Gayal)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aalborg, Denmark (Aalborg Zoologiske Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijk Zoologisch) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arnhem, The Netherlands (Burgers' Zoo and Safari)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, German Democratic Republic (Tierpark Berlin)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calcutta, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany (Aktiengesellschaft Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany (Tiergarten Heidelberg)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kolmarden, Sweden (Koemardens Djurpark)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madrid, Spain (Zoo de la Casa de Campo; mithan-banteng hybrid)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabat, Morocco (Pare Zoologique National)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vienna, Austria (Schonbrunn Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tallin, USSR (Tallinna Loomaaed)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yak&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joseph Bonnemaire, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, 26, Bd. Docteur Petitjean, 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corneille Jest, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1, Place Artistide-Briand, 92190 Meudon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. A. Kazarova, Director, Riga Zoological Garden, Meza prospekt 1, Riga 14 226014, Latvian SSR, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. K. Panday, Swiss Association for Technical Assistance (SATA), Box 113, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralph W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Patrick J. Robinson, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;George B. Schaller, New York Zoological Society, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. B. Singh, Director General, Department of Livestock, HMG, Harihar Bhawan, Pulchowk, Laitpur, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, 25, Boulevard Arago, 75013 Paris, France (R. Laurans)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Yak&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arnhem, The Netherlands (Burgers' Zoo and Safari)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baltimore, Maryland, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bronx, New York, USA (New York Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicago, Illinois, USA (Brookfield Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Denver, Colorado, USA (Denver Zoological Gardens)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Detroit, Michigan, USA (Detroit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evansville, Indiana, USA (Meeker Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Granby, Quebec, Canada (Societe Zoologique de Granby, Inc.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA (John Ball Zoological Gardens)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kansas City, Missouri, USA (Kansas City Zoological Gardens)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Knoxville, Tennessee, USA (Knoxville Municipal Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rochester, New York, USA (Seneca Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Wild Animal Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA (Great Plains Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Bend, Indiana, USA (Potawatomi Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Syracuse, New York, USA (Burnet Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Metro Toronto Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Utica, New York, USA (Utica Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wichita, Kansas, USA (Sedgwick County Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West Orange, New Jersey, USA (Turtleback Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (Assiniboine Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yakows&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joseph Bonnemaire, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, 26, Bd. Docteur Petitjean, 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Agriculture, Hari Har Bhawan, Pulchok, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Kathmandu, Nepal (Tewari and Burathoky)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Livestock Development, Peking, China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Professor Karl Fredge, Department of Genetics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Division, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Sheep and Yak Development Project, Dechhen Pelrithang, P.O. Bumthang, Bhutan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralph W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Patrick J. Robinson, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whipsnade Zoo, Whipsnade, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bruce A. Young, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TOG 2P5, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Amir, c/o Ministry of Development Supervision and the Environment, JalanMirdekaBarat 15, Jakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. H. Blower, National Parks Project, c/o UNDP, Box 650, Rangoon, Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bonsong Lekagul, Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, No. 4 Customhouse Road, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaichana Satrulee, Dusit Zoological Park, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z. Coto, Tropical Forest Biology, SEAMEO-BIOTROP, P.O. Box 17, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia (Patrick Andau, Assistant Chief Game Warden)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. R. Grimwood, P.O. Box 45079, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;U. Halder, Swiss League for Nature Conservation, P.O. Box 73, CH4020 Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Huitema, Overzicht 60, 6862 CT, Oosterbeek, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Wayne King, Director and Professor, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lembaga Biologi Nasional (LBN-LIPI), Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John A. Lukas, White Oak Plantation, Rt. 3 Box 224, Yulee, Florida 32097, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffrey A. McNeely, Executive Officer, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Payne, Wildlife Section, Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somtob Norapuckprutikorn, Captive Propagation Section, Wildlife Conservation Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkhen, Bangkok 9, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Wheeler, 1000 Shady Lane, College Station, Texas 77840, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Albuquerque, USA (Rio Grande Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijk Zoologisch)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicago, Illinois, USA (Brookfield Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany (Aktiengesellschaft Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark (Zoologisk Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany (Vivarium Darmstadt)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dortmund, Federal Republic of Germany (Tierpark Dortmund)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dresden, German Democratic Republic (Zoologischer Garten Dresden)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;St. Louis, Missouri, USA (St. Louis Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yulee, Florida, USA (White Oak Plantation)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaur&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Aspinal, Howlett's Wildlife Park, near Canterbury, Kent, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul, Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, No. 4 Customhouse Road, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paul Conry, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 23367, GMF Guam 96921, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. R. Grimwood, P.O. Box45079, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohd Khan bin Momin Khan, Director-General, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, P.O. Box 611, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. A. Kazarova, Director, Riga Zoological Garden, Meza prospekt 1, Riga 14 226014, Latvian SSR, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.-G. Klos, Director, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Hardenbergplatz 8, 1000 Berlin 30, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adrian G. Marshall, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;George B. Schaller, New York Zoological Society, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lee Simmons, Omaha Zoo, Omaha, Nebraska 68108, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Janet Stover, Bronx Zoo, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frank M. Thompson, Wild Animal Brokers, 15605 S. R. #64, Bradenton, Florida 33508, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Guar &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Berlin Zoo was assigned by the IUCN in cooperation with the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;lUDZG to keep the guar studbook records. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bronx, New York, USA (New York Zoological Park; 7 male, 3 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brownsville, Texas, USA (Gladys Porter Zoo; 5 male, 10 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark (Zoologisk Have; 1 male, 2 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holiday Island, Eureka Springs, Arkansas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India (Nehru Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivey, Wilburton, Oklahoma, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kansas City, Missouri, USA (Kansas City Zoological Gardens; I male)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kings Mill, Ohio, USA (Wild Animal Safari,; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Los Angeles, California, USA (The Los Angeles Zoo; I male, 3 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Memphis, Tennessee, USA (Memphis Zoo and Aquarium; I male, 2 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Munich, Federal Republic of Germany (Munchener Tierpark Hellabrunn Ag)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mysore, Karnataka, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA (Oklahoma City Zoo; 7 male, 7 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Omaha, Nebraska, USA (Henry Doorly Zoological Gardens; 7 male, 15 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Riga, Latvian SSR, USSR (Riga Zoological Garden)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Wild Animal Park; 6 male, 6 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Bend, Indiana, USA (Potawatomi Park Zoo; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;St. Louis, Missouri, USA (St. Louis Zoological Park; 1 male, 2 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Metro Toronto Zoo; 3 male, 1 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vienna, Austria (Schonbrunn Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul, Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, No. 4 Customhouse Road, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harold Coolidge, 38 Standley Street, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffrey A. McNeely, Executive Officer, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harvey C. Neese, P.O. Box 332, Troy, Idaho 83871, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Anthony Parkinson, White House, San Roque 1, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pierre Pfeffer, Zoologie, Mammiferes et Oiseaux Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 55, rue de Buffon 75005 Paris, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Kelly Shelton, 211-A North Cordova, Burbank, California 91505, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Henry Stoddard, Branford Veterinary Clinics, Inc., P.O. Box 548, Branford, Florida 32008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles H. Wharton, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA (Rt. 2, Clayton, Georgia 30525)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;World Conservation Centre, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH 1196 Gland, Switzerland (David Mitchell, Elizabeth Kemf)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. M. Dolan, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California 92112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp; mountain anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten; mountain anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;London, England (lowland anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leipzig, German Democratic Republic (Zoologischer Garten Leipzig; mountain anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde; 1 male, 3 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Zoological Garden; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Wild Animal Park; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Taronga Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraw&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Natural Resources, Quezon City, Manila, Philippines (J. B. Alvarez, Jr., Assistant Director)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. R. Grimwood, P.O. Box 45079, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Natural Resources Conservation Office, Ministry of Natural Resources, Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Anthony Parkinson, White House, San Roque 1, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ian Player, P.O. Box 192, Howick 3290, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Sitwell, c/o WWF(UK), 11-13 Ockford Rd., Godalming, Surrey GU7 lQU, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. M. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna 3720, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bearded Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Julian Oliver Caldecott, Sub-Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The AustralianNationalUniversity, P.O. Box4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 10H, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Parks and Wildlife Office, Sarawak Forest Department, Jalan Gartak, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (Kron Aken, David Labang, Mike Kavanagh)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Payne, Wildlife Section, Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Bearded Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sulawesi Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Catibog-Sinha, Outdoor Recreation and Wildlife Research Division, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna 3720, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The AustralianNationalUniversity, P.O. Box4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 10H, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Mackinnon, WWF/TUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, ChanneL Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Sulawesi Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Javan Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raleigh A. Blouch, 2125 Forest Glen, Lansing, Michigan 48906, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. Bosma, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, State University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80157, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Directorate of Nature Conservation (PPA), Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 9, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lembaga Biologi Nasional (LBN-LIPl), Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 10EI, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Werner Pauwels, Pfeffingerstrasse 48, CM-053, Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perum Perhutani, Forest State Corporation, Jalan Jendral Gatot Subroto 17-18, Post Box 111, Jakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Javan Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy Hog&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. Bosma, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, State University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80157, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. C. Gogoi, Adviser Forests, (Wildlife and Environmental Planning), Meghalaya, P.O. Shillong 793 001, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The AustralianNationalUniversity, P.O. Box4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 lOH, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Deb Roy, Manas National Park, P.O. Barpeta Road, Kamrup 781 315, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Pigmy Hog&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gauhati, India (Assam State Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Babirusa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. Bosma, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, State University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80157, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 lOH, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Victoria Selmier, 353 10th Street, San Francisco, California 94103, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Babirusa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, W. de Meurichy)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bandung, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark, (Zoologisk Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia, (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nuremberg, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poznan, Poland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia, (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (member through 1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOlS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (member through 1982) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Board on Science and Technology for International Development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGElARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAMUEL P. ASPER, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEONARD BERRY, Professor, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST.J. BRISKEY, Dean, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON S. BROWN, Director, Resources Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Associate Professor, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND J. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM A. W. KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE I. LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANICE E. PERLMAN, Executive Director, Committee for a New New York, New York City Partnership, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Assistant Dean for International Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN G. HURLEY, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL P. GREENE. Associate Director/Research Grants &lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH017a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH017a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH017a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,7614 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b17mie/b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">834716</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b17mie/b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b17mie/b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future (b17mie)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">introduce small animals and micro-livestock in your farm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214927</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215029</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH017a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g001a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p9a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g002a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g003a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g004a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p24a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p39a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g005a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g006a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g007a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g008a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p81a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g009a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p96a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g010a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p112a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g011a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p117a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g012a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p129a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g013a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p138a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g014a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p149a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g015a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p159a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g016a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g017a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g018a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g019a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g020a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p203a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g021a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p210a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g022a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p219a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p227a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g023a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p236a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g024a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p243a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g025a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p252a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g026a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p260a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p265a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g027a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p274a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g028a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g029a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p292a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p293a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g030a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p301a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p309a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g031a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g032a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g033a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g034a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p323a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g035a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g036a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g037a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g038a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p349a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g039a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p357a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g040a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Tecnology for International Development &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competence and with regard for appropriate balance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Their is president of the Institute of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report was prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Staff support was funded by the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. DAN-5538-G-SS-1023-00. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PANEL ON MICROLIVESTOCK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. PHILLIPS, Deputy Director General (Retired), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Senior Advisor to the President, African Development Bank, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BONNIE V. BEAVER, Professor of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT BENIRSCHKE, Professor of Pathology and Reproductive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROY D. CRAWFORD, Professor of Animal and Poultry Genetics, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus, University of Florida, Gainesville, and Dean Emeritus, School of Agriculture, California Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID E. DEPPNER, Director, New Forest Project, International Center, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH L. HENSON, Executive Director, American Minor Breeds Conservancy, Pittsboro, North Carolina, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. HUSS, Menard, Texas, USA (Formerly Regional Animal Production Officer, FAO, Santiago, Chile)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID R. LINCICOME, Guest Scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS E. LOVEJOY, Assistant Secretary for External Affairs, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARNE W. NORDSKOG, Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LINDA M. PANEPINTO, Director, Miniature Swine Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT J. PETERS, Professor of Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, West Germany, and Director of Research, International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. PINO, Senior Fellow, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Program in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL H. ROBINSON, Director, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSON, James B. Duke Professor of Physiology, Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALBERT E. SOLLOD, Associate Professor and Head, Section of International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEE M. TALBOT, Visiting Fellow, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAIR E. TERRILL, Sheep and Goat Scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHRISTEN M. WEMMER, Assistant Director for Conservation, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DANNY C. WHARTON, Associate Curator Animal Departments, New York Zoological Park, Bronx Zoo, The Bronx, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES A. WOODS, Professor and Curator, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS M. YUILL, Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Training, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;* * *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID), National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Microlivestock Study Director and Scientific Editor &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARK DAFFORN, Technical Writer&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH MOUZON, Senior Secretary&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN VREYENS, MUCIA Intern&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONTRIBUTORS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following individuals have made general contributions to the development of this book. All of the persons listed as research contacts in Appendix B also contributed - usually on one or two species that are their scientific specialty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ASHIQ AHMAD, Wildlife Management Specialist, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGEL C. ALCALA, Division Research, Extension and Development, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARTI AMMANN, Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PATRICK ANDAU, Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.P. ARORA, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. AYYAPPAN, CIFRI, Kausabyaganga, Bhubaneswar Orissa, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER BAKHUIS, Caribbean Marine Biological Institute, Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES R. BARBORAK, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PUSHKAR NATH BHAT, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STEVE BENNETT, Curepe, Trinidad, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. BLAND, Department of Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MELVIN BOLTON, Yeppoon, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOSEPH BONNEMAIRE, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D.S. BRANCKRAERT, Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques, Universite du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER BRAZAITIS, Herpetology, New York Zoological Society, The Bronx, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. DE LA BRETONNE, JR., Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. BRINCK, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LESLIE BROWNRIGG, CIAT, Cali, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. HOMER BUCK, Illinois Natural History Survey, Kinmundy, Illinois, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GERARDO BUDOWSKI, Natural Renewable Resources Programme, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BUTCHER, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JULIAN O. CALDECOTT, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GARY CALLIS, Texline, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. CAMOENS, Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. CHRISTOPHER CARMICHAEL, The Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. CHABRECK, School of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.M. CHAGULA, Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARAN CHANTALAKHANA, Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart  University, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER R. CHEEKE, Rabbit Research Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis,  Oregon, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.S. CHILD, Forest Resources Division, FAO, Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.S. CHOPRA, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation,  New Delhi, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Ross COCKRILL 29 Downs Park West, Bristol, England, BS6 7QH&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CRISOSTOMO CORTES, Dairy Promotion and Extension Section, Dairy Development  Division, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WYLAND CRIPE, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,  Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. BEN DAVID, Holon, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. DEVENDRA, International Development Research Centre, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODNEY DILLINGER, International Agency for Apiculture Development, Rockford,  Illinois, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DIRECTOR, Natal Parks Board, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLLANDE DUMONT, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques  Appliquees, Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.G. EHIOBU, Department of Agricultural Sciences, College of Education, Agbor,  Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD FARNER, Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle,  Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. FERGUSON, Overseas Development Administration, Eland House, London,  England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ABELARDO FERRER D., Quinta Nueva Exparta, San Bernardino, Caracas,  Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LYNWOOD A. FIEDLER, Section of International Programs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife  Service, Denver Wildlife Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. FISCHER, Tropical Science Centre, Division of Tropical Veterinary Medicine,  Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, West Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. FURTADO, Commonwealth Science Council, London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANK GOLLEY, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. GONZALES J., Instituto de Produccion Animal, Universidad Central de Venezuela,  El Limon-Maracay, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GRAHAM GOUDIE, Mainland Holdings, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALISTAIR GRAHAM, Tanglewood, Crowborough, East Sussex, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GORDON GRIGG, Zoology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.R. DE GUMAN, JR., Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COLIN P. GROVES, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian  National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. HARDOUIN, Institut de Medicine Tropicale &quot;Prince Leopold,&quot; Antwerp, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEOFFREY HAWTIN, International Development Research Centre, University of  British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GORDON HAVORD, Technical Advisory Division, UNDP, New York, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TIN HLA, Veterinary Department, Director General's Office, Rangoon, Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES HENTGES, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. HOLLANDER, Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RENE E. HONEGGER, Herpetology, Zurich Zoo, Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JACK HOWARTH, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUANG CHU-CHIEN, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGUS HUTTON, Gympie, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. JASIOROWSKI, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MUHAMMAD YAQUB JAVAID, Directorate of Fisheries, Government of the Punjab, Punjab, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MANGALARAJ JOHNSON, Nudumalai Sanctuary, Vannarpet, Udagamandalani, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MATI KAAL, Tallinn Zoo, ESSR Tallinn, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STELLAN KARLSSON, Simontorp Aquaculture AB, Blentarp, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JACKSON A. KATEGILE, International Development Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT E. KENWARD, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook Research Station, Wareham, Dorset, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES M. KEARNEY, Miami, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.-G. KLOS Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Berlin, West Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NELS M. KONNERUP, Boom International, Stanwood, Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAVU KWAPENA, Office of Environment and Conservation, Boroko, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS E. LACHER, Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN K. LOOSLI, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER LUTZ, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CRAIG MACFARLAND, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE M. MCCORKLE, Department of Rural Sociology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT E. MCDOWELL, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEFFREY A. MCNEELY, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADRIAN G. MARSHALL, Institute of South-East Asian Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RICHARD R. MARSHALL, Veterinary Medicine, Sutter Hospitals Medical Research Foundation, Sacramento, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.H.G. MARTIN, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University College, Nairobi, Kenya &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IAN L. MASON, Edinburgh, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN C. MASON, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MAYO MARTIN, Fish Farming Experimental Station, Stuttgart, Arkansas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;YOLANDA MATAMOROS, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBIN MCKERGON, Livestock Development Corporation, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MGHENI, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. MONGIN, Station de Recherches Avicoles, INRA-Centre de Tours, Nouzilly, Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOSE ROBERTO DE ALENCAR MOREIRA, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Belem, Para, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.L.R. OLIVER, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WERNER PAUWELS, Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. PAYNE, Worcester, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IAN PLAYER, Wilderness Leadership School, Bellair, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES H. POWELL, JR., Plainview, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM R. PRITCHARD, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HECTOR HUGO LI PUN, International Development Research Centre, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VICENTE T. QUIRANTE, Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Project, Bureau of Animal Industry, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAN RATTNER, The Institute of Animal Research, Kibbutz Lahav, D.N. Negev, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. REDDY, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RHOEHEIT, Institute of Applied Science and Technology, University Campus, Turkeyen, Guyana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES T. ROBBINS, Department of Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARMEN MA. ROJAS G., CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.H.L. ROLLINSON, Sardinia, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JULIO E. SANCHEZ P., Museo Nacional, San Jose, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEFF SAYER, World Conservation Centre, Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. SEIFERT, Tropical Cattle Research Centre, CSIRO, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANDRES ELOY SEIJAS, Servicio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, Maracay, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. SHAH, Institute of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SIEH CHENXIA, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural College, Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.P. SINGH, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Chandra Sekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. CATIBOG SINHA, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. SMITH, Tropical Animal Health, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, Great Britain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. MITHAT EFENDI, Ankara, Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HENRY STODDARD, Shamrock Veterinary Clinic and Fisheries, Cross City, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUKUT SULARSASA, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjalu Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. SUTTON, Agricultural Research and Education Center, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NICHOLAS SMYTHE, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. SZUMIEC, Polish Academy of Sciences, Experimental Fish Culture Station, Chybie, Poland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. TABUNAKAWAI, Ministry of Primary Industries, Suva, Fiji&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANK M. THOMPSON, Wild Animal Brokers, Bradenton, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALLEN D. TILLMAN, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DON TULLOCH, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONRADO A. VALDEZ, Dairy Development Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LUIS VARONA, Havana, Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PRAN VOHRA, Department of Avian Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTOON DE VOS Whitford, Auckland, New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GRAHAME WEBB, Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAGMAR WERNER, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GARY WETTERBERG, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES H. WHARTON, Clayton, Georgia, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.W. BERT WHEELER, College Station, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROMULUS WHITAKER, Madras Crocodile Bank, Perur, Tamil Nadu, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILDLIFE CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL, New York Zoological Society, The Bronx, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.R. YEO, USDA-ARS, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BRUCE A. YOUNG, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHAROON YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm and Zoo, Samutprakan, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS M. YUILL School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. ZEILLER, Miami Seaquarium, Miami, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The purpose of this report is to raise awareness of the potential of small livestock species and to stimulate their introduction into animal research and economic development programs. It is geared particularly towards benefiting developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Microlivestock&quot; is a term we have coined for species that are inherently small, such as rabbits and poultry, as well as for breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs that are less than about half the size of the most common breeds. These miniature animals are seldom considered in the broad picture of livestock development, but they seem to have a promising future. Wherever land is scarce it seems reasonable to assume that, things being equal, small animals would be more attractive than large ones. And land for livestock is becoming increasingly scarce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this report we have emphasized multipurpose species with promise for small  holders. In some species, the promise is immediate; in others, it is long term, and much research must be undertaken before that promise can be realized or even understood.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We have included wild species that seem to have potential as future livestock. Some are threatened with extinction but are described here because their economic merits may be the key to acquiring support for their protection. Also we have highlighted rare breeds of domesticated species because the current tendency has been to concentrate on a small number of large breeds, and many potentially valuable breeds are becoming extinct through neglect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The book was prepared after an intensive survey of more than 300 animal scientists in 80 countries. They suggested more than 150 species for inclusion. The staff then drafted chapters on about 40 species and these drafts were reviewed by more than 400 researchers worldwide. The thousands of resulting comments, corrections, and additions were integrated into the drafts. The panel then met to review the product, to select the most promising species, and to rework the chapters based on their own experiences and joint conclusions. The result is the current 35 chapters. Most of the case studies and accounts of innovations highlighted in the various sidebars were developed by the staff study director. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collectively, this study covers many species, but it by no means exhausts all the microlivestock possibilities. Lack of space and time precludes discussion of creatures such as edible insects, snails, worms, turtles, and bats, which in some regions are highly regarded foods. Similarly, we have not included aquatic life. These decisions were arbitrary; perhaps invertebrates and aquatic species can be included in future volumes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report is addressed to government administrators, technical assistance personnel, and researchers in agriculture, nutrition, and related disciplines who are concerned with helping developing countries achieve a more efficient and balanced exploitation of their biological resources. Hence, we deal with the animals in a general way and do not cover details of biology, husbandry, or economics. A selection of readings that contains such technical information is cited in Appendix A.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further goal of this project has been to explore the common ground between the disparate arms of animal science: to show that specialists in wildlife, zoology, and livestock science have much to learn from one another's field of expertise; to show that &quot;fanciers&quot; of pigeons, pheasants, chinchillas, iguanas, and other species may have much to offer livestock breeders - including germplasm; and that those who raise &quot;obsolete&quot; breeds are not only playing a vital role in the protection of rare genes but can offer the benefit of their experience to commercial livestock producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout this report, the scientific names of mammals follow those in: Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 1982. J.H. Honacki, K.E. Kinman, and J.W. Koeppl, editors. Published by Allen Press, Inc.; and the Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. All dollar figures are in U.S. dollars; all ton figures are in metric tons.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been produced under the auspices of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council. ACTI was mandated to assess innovative scientific and technological advances, with particular emphasis on those appropriate for developing countries. In this spirit, therefore, the current report includes some extremely unusual species. Whether these will eventually prove practical for widespread use is uncertain, but we present them here for researchers and others who look forward to challenges and enjoy the satisfaction of successful pioneering. The domestication of new poultry, as well as the management of rodents, iguanas, and small deer and antelope, should be viewed in this spirit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Current titles in the ACTI series on managing tropical animal resources are: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The production of these books has been supported largely by the Office of the Science Advisor of the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), which also made this report possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WARNING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If misunderstood, this book is potentially dangerous. Because of the severity of the food crisis, the panel has selected some animals - mainly in the rodent section - that are highly adaptable and grow quickly. These seem appropriate for raising only in areas where they already exist, which are clearly identified in those chapters. Such potentially invasive animals should not be introduced to other environments because they could become serious pests. In any trials, local species should always be given priority.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How to cite this report:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council. 1991. Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cover Design by David Bennett &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the developing countries, there are over 100 million farms of less than five hectares, supporting about 700 million people, who represent about 17 percent of the world population. Even more significant is the fact that about 50 million farms have less than one hectare of land. C. Devendra and Marcia Burns Goat Production in the Tropics We may now be in the wind down stage of bigger is better animal selection trend and it has certainly been a wild ride.... the lesson now being learned is that the bigger breeding animals . . . cost more to maintain, are often slower to reproduce, and may even have a shorter lifespan.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kelly Klober&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small Farmer's Journal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g001a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like computers, livestock for use in developing countries should be getting smaller and becoming more &quot;personal.&quot; Conventional &quot;mainframes,&quot; such as cattle, are too large for the world's poorest people; they require too much space and expense. &quot;Miniframes,&quot; such as the conventional breeds of sheep and goats, have an increasingly important role to play. But tiny, &quot;user-friendly&quot; species for home use are the ones highlighted in this report. We have called them &quot;microlivestock.&quot;'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two types of microlivestock. One consists of extremely small forms of conventional livestock - such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. The other consists of species that are inherently smallâ poultry, rabbits, and rodents, for instance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock are important because the developing world's animal production is only a fraction of what it should be. Throughout Latin America, Asia, and Africa, the poor eat almost no meat, milk, or eggs - the most nutritious foods. It is estimated, for example, that in Mexico 25 million campesinos cannot afford meat. In poor countries, even the middle class eats less meat in a year than the populations of North America and Europe eat in a month. Malnutrition is common and its effects, especially on children, can be debilitating. It is one of mankind's most serious imbalances - and most pressing problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural families in the Third World usually subsist mainly on the products from their homes or farms. Thus, if we are to help their livestock production, more attention must be given to animals that are sized for their situations. Examples discussed in the report are summarized here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microbreeds Small breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs are common in the developing world. Because they are often raised for subsistence rather than for commerce, the national and global contribution that they make is often overlooked. These small, hardy animals deserve much greater recognition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Later chapters highlight dozens of promising microbreeds. All are less than half average size; some are far smaller than that. The &quot;miniBrahman&quot; cow of Mexico is only 60 cm tall and weighs 140 kg; the southern Sudan dwarf sheep of eastern Africa can weigh as little as 11 kg; the Terai goat of Nepal weighs less than 12 kg; and the cuing pig of Mexico weighs merely 10 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry The widespread use of poultry in Third World villages demonstrates the importance of small, easily managed, household livestock. Small size, the ability to forage for themselves, and a natural desire to stay around the house put chickens, ducks, guinea fowl, and other birds among the most vital resources of rural Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Scratching a living out of the dirt, dust, ditches, and debris, these often-scrawny creatures are a resource to be taken seriously. For the most poverty stricken, a bony bird may be the only source of meat during much of a lifetime. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among poultry, there are many underrated, but highly promising, species, including:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Pigeon. These birds forage widely but return home, thereby providing the farmers with squab, one of the tastiest of all meats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Quail. Small and efficient, they, too, are suited to home rearing, and in Japan and a few other countries, large numbers are raised commercially in very small space. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Muscovy. A native of South American rainforests, this bird is a major poultry resource of France, Taiwan, and a few other countries. Tame, tolerant, and tough, it deserves greater recognition everywhere. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Guinea Fowl. One of the most self-reliant of all domestic birds, this native of Africa is raised in huge numbers in Europe - notably France. Its potential for increased production elsewhere is exceptional. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Turkey. The traditional turkey of Mexico still exists as a scavenger bird in villages and household backyards. Unlike the highly selected modern breeds, it is self-reliant, robust, and disease-resistant. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits Like chickens, rabbits exemplify the vast possibilities that microlivestock offer for increasing meat production in the most poverty-stricken parts of the world. Captive rabbits have been popular as food at least since the time of the Romans. Rabbit rearing has been well established in Europe and China, and now national rabbit projects have begun in many developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents Some 7,000 years ago, guinea pigs were domesticated as a source of food for the high Andes; even today in the uplands of Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador, most Indians raise them inside their homes and regard them as an essential part of life. For many Indians, these indoor livestock are the main source of meat. Prolific, tractable, and easy to feed, house, and handle, guinea pigs are even kept in downtown apartment buildings - often in boxes under the bed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other rodents might also be suited to domestication; for instance, the potentially tamable, clean-living species of South American fields and woodlands - agouti, capybara, hutia, mare, coypu, pace, and vizcacha. Two remarkable domestication programs have been started in Africa: the grasscutter in West Africa and the giant rat in Nigeria. Both animals provide popular &quot;bushmeat&quot; and researchers are now learning to raise them in captivity. (Because of its tangy taste, Ghanaians actually pay three times more for grasscutter meat than for beef!)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antelope Another wild African mammal with potential for &quot;household animal husbandry,&quot; the blue duiker, is a rabbit-sized antelope. In some areas of Central and Southern Africa the demand is so great that its population is declining at an alarming rate. Duiker rearing, if it can be made successful, might provide both food and an economic alternative to slaughtering the wild populations. It is reported that duikers are easy to maintain and they reproduce well in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat of several other tiny antelope species is also much sought in many African countries, and these animals are also suitably sized to feed the average family at one meal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer Several species of tiny deer - smaller than many dogs - might make useful microlivestock, although much research is needed before their true potential can be judged. Normal-sized deer were once considered too easily frightened to be reared as domestic livestock, but several species are now raised on thousands of deer farms in New Zealand as well as in at least a dozen other countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer and musk deer (which, strictly speaking, are not true deer at all) are of microlivestock size and are also possible future livestock. The musk deer produces one of the most valuable materials in the animal kingdom - more valuable, in fact, than gold. The musk from the male's glands is used in oriental medicines as well as in European perfumes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguanas Over much of the Caribbean and Latin America, iguanas are a traditional source of food. Indeed, the meat of these large herbivorous lizards is so delicious they are being hunted to extinction throughout their wide range. Their eggs are much enjoyed also. Programs in Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Curacao, and Argentina have developed simple methods to hatch and rear three iguana species. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bees Honey bees are present almost everywhere, and honey and wax are high-value products that demand little processing and can be stored and transported easily. Innovations in equipment and technique have made beekeeping successful in the tropics without requiring sophisticated hives or elaborate training. Raising bees can also benefit the many crops that require pollination.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE MICROLIVESTOCK ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although animal science has traditionally emphasized bigness, smallness has its advantages. Some of these are summarized below.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock lend themselves to economic niches that are not easily filled by large livestock. Much of their potential is for subsistence production. They are promising for the many peasants who, being outside the cash economy, are now unable to purchase meat, milk, cheese, or eggs. These people can afford only animals that can be raised within the home or backyard under ambient climatic conditions and on feeds that are cheap and easily available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A subsistence farmer is likely to benefit more from small species than from large because of several factors:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The animals are less expensive to buy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They are less of a financial risk to maintain. (A farmer with several small animals is less vulnerable to loss than a farmer with a single large animal, a feature that is particularly important in subsistence farming where success determines whether the family will survive.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They give a faster return on investment. (Small size generally signifies high reproductive capacity and a fast turnover.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They provide flexibility. (Farmers can more easily change the size of their herd or flock to match the amount of feed available at a given time. Also, they can sell animals according to the family's fluctuating needs for cash or food.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They provide a steadier source of income.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They increase the chances of successful breeding because greater numbers are usually kept. (This also means that breeding stock is more likely to be retained in times of scarcity.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They are more easily transported. (Who hasn't traveled in a Third World bus or train without chickens, ducks, or guinea pigs as fellow passengers?)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- In some cases they are more efficient converters of food energy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are also a number of other benefits to small species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reduced Spoilage. A portion of meat that comes in a &quot;package&quot; of a size that can be readily consumed by a family is important in areas where refrigeration is unavailable or uneconomic. A family can eat the meat produced by most microlivestock in one meal or in one day to minimize the risk of spoilage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Efficient Use of Space. The space required for handling and feeding microlivestock is proportionately less than that required for large animals. Low space requirements make many microlivestock (such as guinea pigs, rabbits, pigeons, and quail) available to landless rural inhabitants who have no room for a cow. This is particularly important with respect to feed production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Cheaper Facilities. Facilities and equipment required for microlivestock are, by and large, smaller and simpler than those required for large animals. They often can be made from local products or scrap material or both.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Ease of Management. Farmers and villagers can manage small animals more easily than large, which is an advantage in the many places where women and children are the main keepers of livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Increased Productivity. Small animals tend to fit well into existing farming systems, thereby expanding the resource base and recycling nutrients. Some - for example bees, ducks, and geese - can feed themselves by scavenging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- By-Products. Many species have fur, feathers, skins, and other by-products that are often more valuable than their meat, milk, or eggs. Examples include the feet and tails of rabbits, musk from musk deer, and pelts from rodents such as coypu. Processing such byproducts creates diversification for the farmer and perhaps jobs for the village.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RATIONALE FOR LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many have argued that livestock raising should be discouraged, that it is a primary cause of desertification through overgrazing and that it is an inefficient converter of basic material and energy into human food. &quot;Grow more pulses, grow more grains,&quot; these people cry. Their arguments can be valid where the land has high potential for permanent cultivation. Much of the world's surface, however, does not fit into that category, and it is in these areas and for those people who have no access to arable lands that a convincing case for livestock can most easily tee mace. As W.J.A. Payne has written:*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Livestock, particularly ruminants, can process forage and waste crop materials inedible by man into nutritionally desirable food products, many of high protein, mineral and vitamin content and including some of high caloric value. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Approximately 40 percent of total land available in developing countries can be used only for some form of forage production and a further 30 percent is classified as forest with some potential for the production of forage. Some 12 percent of the world's total population live in areas where people depend almost entirely on the products obtained from ruminant livestock. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Livestock provide a range of extremely valuable by-products. Dung is not only a fertilizer and soil-stabilizer but also a fuel of often considerably greater value than the fodder consumed in its production. Other byproducts, especially hides and wool form the bases of rural enterprises that may provide significant incomes to the poorest members of society. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Animal plant and human life are ecologically interdependent. The establishment of agricultural systems in which livestock are integrated with crops, forestry and aquaculture is essential for the improvement of overall productivity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock produce food that adds to the nutritional quality and variety of human diets. Although it is possible for humans to exist without them, these foods are relished and sought after by the majority of humanity. These foods include meat, eggs and processed products such as biltong and cheese. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general, small species tend to expand the food base by using a wider array of resources than do major livestock such as cattle. Many can be raised on feeds that people discard: fibrous residues, industry by-products, or kitchen wastes. Some collect minute feeds that otherwise go unused. For example, chickens and pigeons gather scattered seeds, turkeys gobble up insects, geese graze water weeds, iguanas feed in the tops of trees, and bees collect nectar and pollen from flowers that may be miles away.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even some grazing microlivestock prefer different forages from those preferred by cattle. Antelope and deer, for instance, browse tree leaves; capybara and grasscutters eat reeds. Combining microlivestock with conventional livestock results in a more complete utilization of forage resources and greater animal production per hectare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under conditions of abundance, small size may be of no advantage in mammals, but if feed is limited, it is of great help. A small animal (or its keeper) needs to cover less area to fulfill its daily requirements, so that microlivestock may grow fat in areas where the forage is too sparse to support a larger animal. This is particularly vital when there are seasonal bottlenecks. For example, feed may be plentiful enough for most of the year to supply many large animals; however, the dry season may greatly restrict the numbers that can be kept.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although small animals generally require proportionately higher inputs of feed, they also grow proportionately faster (see sidebar opposite). In addition, species such as rabbits, guinea pigs, and grasscutters digest fibrous matter with surprising efficiency, even though they are not true ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many small animals have high reproductive capacity with short gestation periods, large numbers of offspring, and rapid juvenile growth. They tend to reach sexual maturity at a younger age than large animals, and the interval between the generations can be very short. Thus, meat or other products can be produced more rapidly and more evenly throughout the year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cows, for example, produce a maximum of one calf per year. A pig, on the other hand, may produce 7 or more young; a rabbit, 30 or more; a chicken, more than 100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adaptability and Hardiness&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The survival rates and manageability of many small breeds and species can be outstanding. Smallness is often an adaptation to harsh environment. Indeed, a major promise for microlivestock is in special environmental niches. Where cold, heat, temperature fluctuations, aridity, or humidity are extreme, microlivestock are likely to show their greatest advantage. Chickens, guinea fowl, goats, and many other small species already live in villages, homes, and backyards in harsh and disease-prone climates, and are usually given no care and sometimes no food: they have to scavenge for their sustenance and survive as best they can. Such selection pressures result in animals of remarkable adaptability, tolerance, and robustness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microlivestock can produce under conditions where conventional species die. The capybara, for instance, is at home in the Latin American lowlands, where the climate is hot and humid and floods cause seasonal inundations. Cattle, by contrast, die because of malnutrition, foot rot, or drowning. Other microlivestock species with a wide tolerance to ecological extremes include the turkey, pigeon, and bee. And some dwarf breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs show surprising tolerance to trypanosomes, the parasites that make conventional breeds impossible to maintain throughout much of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some small species can be raised in cities, where poverty and malnutrition are often worse than in rural areas. It is estimated, for instance, that one million livestock exist in Cairo, not counting the pigeons that are raised on countless rooftops. Goats and cattle are common in urban India, and many Third World cities have far more chickens than people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p9a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Food utilization versus body size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICROLIVESTOCK LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raising microlivestock is not a panacea for the Third World's food problems. Efforts to develop them will not be without difficulties. Some likely problems are noted here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High Energy Requirements&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smaller animals tend to have a higher feed requirement per unit of body weight than large animals. Anatomical and physiological constraints prevent them from meeting their relatively high energy requirements simply by increasing the rate of food ingestion. Therefore, for optimum production, some small animals, particularly nonruminants, require feed that is higher in protein and lower in fiber than large animals. This is particularly true when the small animals are compared with ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increased Labor Requirements&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The advantages of low investment, fast return on capital, flexibility, and efficient resource utilization are offset by higher demands for labor. Keeping small animals often requires considerable effort, and its economic viability may depend on the availability of cheap and willing labor. Many small animals are raised at home by family members, such as children, the elderly, and the handicapped, who have time available and whose labor costs are nominally zero.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diseases&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some potential microlivestock are undomesticated, and resistance to diseases and parasites is one justification for their consideration. However, the general healthiness of a species when it is free-ranging can be a misleading guide for its husbandry. Confining any animal in high density invariably increases the potential for the spread of infectious diseases and parasites. Moreover, mismanagement can foster respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases (such as salmonella or coccidiosis) that are rare among scattered populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microlivestock are potential reservoirs for diseases that affect not only local animals but people as well. This may limit their successful development in some areas. Although the dangers are often exaggerated, controls may be needed, particularly of rinderpest, tickborne diseases, and those diseases communicable to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Predation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small size makes microlivestock easy prey.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Techniques to manage some microlivestock species are not yet well established. The development of appropriate husbandry techniques, as well as a better understanding of the animals' particular biological and behavioral characteristics, will be needed before major progress can be made. These species (for instance rodents, deer, and iguanas) may require collection of different genotypes, as well as studies of diseases, nutrition, and management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Complex Logistics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is complicated and expensive to reach millions of widely scattered peasants, each having only a handful of small animals. Even though total production may far exceed that of commercial farms raising large animals, the smallholdings are often dispersed, their animals are often used for subsistence rather than commerce, and their managers are often ill-trained and illiterate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legislative Restrictions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The use of some microlivestock species may be restricted by legislation. For instance, some countries have meat and veterinary laws that work against the development of species other than cattle. Others have laws to protect wildlife, which could be important in the case of species such as antelope, deer, pace, and iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of Markets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock need not be just for home or local consumption; they can also be raised for market. But some commercial programs, including some with rabbits and guinea pigs, have failed because no public demand was developed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resistance to New Species&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People have close associations with livestock, and in most cultures they do not easily accept animals or animal foods that are radically different from their traditional ones. In general, the ties between certain ethnic groups and a particular species or breed is very strong (one reason, for example, why European colonists introduced their own large breeds of cattle and sheep to Africa and Asia, paying little attention to small indigenous breeds). Moreover, people who are used to bringing the animal to the feed rather than the feed to the animal may resist a small animal that has to be penned up and fed by hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Opposition to Smallness&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, there seems to be an innate human trait that considers bigger to be better, especially among the common livestock. For example, because many tropical cattle are small, there is strong inclination on the part of those responsible for livestock improvement to dismiss them or to increase their size by crossing them with large breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FUTURE OF MICROLIVESTOCK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small animals are likely to become increasingly important. As human populations increase, the space available for growing forage decreases, and this phenomenon favors small animals. Many villagers already have little or no pastureland. Some live in areas (the rice-growing areas of Southeast Asia, for instance) where crops are grown on almost every square meter almost every month of the year. Microlivestock are potentially important for urban areas of developing countries as well. There, too, land is at a premium and is usually inadequate for raising conventional livestock. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, however, microlivestock have been largely ignored. Compared with cattle, they have been accorded little scientific effort. In the drive towards larger animals, stimulated by experience in the temperate zone, the virtually unstudied gene pool of small species and breeds has been mostly bypassed. There have been few attempts to assess or improve their farm productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is unfortunate, and it is perhaps due to the fact that small animals may be less efficient at digesting certain foods and therefore technically less attractive than large, &quot;modern&quot; breeds. But to Third World peasants, an animal's efficiency is far less important than its survivability and manageability. If an animal cannot be raised under village conditions, its feed-use efficiency or milk yield is irrelevant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock production should be integrated into most ruraldevelopment projects. Small animals offer a way to improve the lives of people who are hard to reach by other methods. Only by expanding research on the husbandry, hygiene, nutrition, reproduction, physiology, and breeding can the promise of animals sized for small farms and villages be fulfilled. Moreover, the costs will be small compared with those of programs for large animals.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Specifically, experiment stations should produce and promote methods and materials for use in rearing microlivestock. Donors and development institutions, planners, and policymakers should note the potentials of microlivestock and the benefits that can be derived from them. Teaching manuals and materials are needed, and classes in microlivestock husbandry should be included in rural school curricula.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raising personal livestock on weeds and table scraps in cages beside the house or boxes under the bed will, in many instances, get quality protein to the most poverty stricken more effectively than raising large livestock on pastures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although small size confers many advantages, the question is not whether the large or small animal is &quot;best,&quot; but rather how well each can meet a person's varying requirements. In a given situation, livestock can be too small or too large. But the fact remains that not everyone who wants meat or money has the resources to acquire, keep, manage, or utilize a large animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key is balance. Both microlivestock and traditional livestock deserve serious attention. Indeed, it seems likely that the two will seldom compete. Most microlivestock complement traditional livestock because of unique physical, physiological, behavioral, or economic characteristics. They increase the range of options for the millions of poor for whom the choice may not even be between large and small livestock, but between microlivestock and no livestock at all. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It's an unfortunate fact that small animals don't have the prestige among Third World farmers that large animals do (perhaps this arose because children can look after goats and sheep but it takes men to look after cattle). Even sheep and goats are not accorded the same stature as cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hugh Popenoe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeds and varieties were created from mutant genes and thus haste become living reservoirs of these genes, holding them for use in future generations of mankind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g002a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part I : Microbreeds</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g003a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs supply millions of people around the world with the bulk of their cash and animal products. Yet scores of breeds - especially in the tropics - are left out of livestock development projects merely because they are considered too small. These &quot;microbreeds&quot;' have sometimes been considered genetic dead ends because they appear undersized and puny. Many of these traditional animals - some in local use for thousands of years - are disappearing, and even the small ancestors of large modern breeds are becoming extinct.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These small breeds deserve to be studied and developed in their own right. Throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America, these usually hardy animals are especially adapted to traditional husbandry practices and harsh local conditions. Some have remarkable qualities and are well adapted to resist hostile weather, ravaging pestilence, and poor diets. In remote places and in areas of extreme climate, they are often vitally important for basic subsistence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, because of stress or disease, or insufficient forage, land, or money, microbreeds may be the only practical livestock in many settings. Their individual output may be low, but it can be efficient considering the lack of care and poor feeds they are given. Their availability and the growing number of small-sized farms in the developing world make them increasingly worthy of consideration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following chapters in this section describe microcattle, microgoats, microsheep, and micropigs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Microcattle</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g004a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the purposes of this report, &quot;microcattle&quot; are considered to be small breeds of cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) with a mature weight of about 300 kg or less. In many areas of the developing world, these are actually the animals most widely held by farmers and pastoralists. They are often treasured because of their resilience and simple requirements. Many survive and produce under harsh conditions, grow rapidly, calve easily, show good maternal ability, yield lean meat, or have other advantages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle have generally been ignored in the push towards larger animals, but they seem inherently suitable for traditional and small-farm husbandry. As rural people in developing countries improve their own productivity, as they become more aware of nutritional needs, and as they depend more upon cash economies, microcattle could become vital means for improving personal, dietary, and economic status.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle have been classified in many ways, but they are generally designated as humped or humpless types. However, clear distinctions among them are sometimes difficult or impossible to make because they have intermingled for thousands of years. Representative microcattle types are listed at the end of the chapter. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than two-thirds of the world's 1.3 billion cattle are found in the developing world; one-third is in the tropics. As noted, a considerable number of these could be called &quot;microcattle.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many strains of microcattle are threatened with extinction because of replacement or crossbreeding with larger types. This is in some respects shortsighted because promoting just a few breeds contributes to narrowing of the genetic base, and valuable traits may be lost when selection is done to conform to any preconceived standard, including large size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle are adapted to a wide variety of habitats. Many types thrive - even with little or no attention - in climates that are hot, humid, arid, or beset by diseases and parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle are ruminants and digest fiber well, although they are selective foragers and prefer tender grasses and low-growing legumes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with other tropical cattle, microbreeds generally reach physical and sexual maturity in 2 or 3 years. Many can breed year-round when conditions are favorable (gestation lasts about 9 months). Cows may remain fertile 10 years or more, and can live more than 20 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle usually graze from as few as four hours to as many as eight hours a day. If feed is of poor quality, they must forage (and ruminate) longer to receive adequate nutrition. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle are commonly docile and undemanding animals, and many small breeds are surprisingly responsive to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like conventional breeds, microcattle produce the same well-known products: meat, milk, manure, hides, horn, blood, and bone. They are also used for traction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small cattle often produce only modest amounts of milk and meat per animal. However, given higher stocking rates, a herd of microcattle is often able to outyield larger, genetically improved animals on a per hectare basis, especially under stressful conditions. When their ability to survive adversity and poor management is taken into account, they may often be far and away the most efficient cattle for traditional husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surprisingly, there is a place even for small draft animals. They tend to be active, thrifty (efficient), and more maneuverable in tight spaces, and so are adapted for use in the small fields, terraces, and paddies that are becoming increasingly common. The small hill cattle of Nepal, for instance, are valued because they can negotiate steep slopes and narrow terraces on Himalayan mountainsides. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle are handled like their larger counterparts, but herding, tethering, fencing, and hobbling are generally easier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle are familiar animals that are accepted in nearly all cultures; their meat, milk, manure, and leather are in demand almost everywhere. In many societies, beef is preferred over other meats, even by those who can rarely afford it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas, organized breeding, production, and marketing associations are already in place. Microcattle can also integrate well into traditional forms of husbandry, whether in pastoral herds of hundreds or as solitary backyard milk cows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under humid and hot conditions, microcattle probably suffer less than larger breeds because their greater ratio of skin area to body mass enhances their ability to shed heat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of cattle that can be kept on a given parcel of land may be increased, sometimes even doubled, with smaller animals. Microcattle can also be penned and fed cut-and-carry forage more easily than can larger cattle, and more of them can be maintained on the same amount of feed. This permits more continuous production and less financial hardship when an animal perishes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small cattle may require less labor because they are generally easier to handle, herd, confine, and transport. They usually have few problems with calving, and as a rule require little or no assistance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microcattle have unusual tolerances to disease. In Africa, for instance, there are breeds that tolerate or resist trypanosomiasis, a parasitic disease that makes large areas of that continent uninhabitable for most other cattle breeds. Others seem more tolerant of internal or external parasites, theileriosis (east coast fever), rinderpest, or other afflictions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle often lack the prestige of larger breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When given quality forage and supplemental feeding, small unimproved cattle may not match the overall productivity of the large, highly developed breeds. Their greatest potential may prove to be for traditional husbandry and for grazing marginal areas where survival is more important than feed efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BONSAI BRAHMAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mexico, researchers are deliberately creating microcattle. Since 1970, Juan Manuel Berruecos Villalobos, former director of the Veterinary Medicine school at the National Autonomous University, has directed this enterprise. He and his colleagues have miniaturized cows by selecting the smallest specimens out of a herd of normal-sized Brahman cattle and breeding them with one another. After five generations, adult females average 15-180 kg adult males 20-220 kg. A few of the smallest cows are now only 60 cm tall and 140 kg in weight. Merely one-fifth of normal weight, they are shorter than the turkeys that share the barnyard with them. Indeed, they even get lost in the grassy pastures so that the farmers cannot see them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This program seems to have yielded a productive animal that can be cheaply and easily maintained in a small space. Berruecos has demonstrated that the tiny cows can be stocked on one-third the area needed to support one normal-sized cow. He reports that they are giving remarkable amounts of milk: up to four lifers a day, compared with six lifers from their full-sized counterparts. On a feed-intake to weight-gain basis, the tiny cattle are no less efficient than their normal-sized counterparts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although 17 years have gone into the selection of what Berruecos calls his &quot;bonsai cattle,&quot; the process is not yet finished. Future goals include testing embryo transplants to see if one normal-sized cow can support multiple &quot;microfetuses&quot; (possibly as many as eight). This would help to rapidly increase the numbers of the miniature form, which weigh merely 4-5 kg at birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All in all, the Mexican researchers see miniaturization as a new option for governments and farmers increasingly squeezed by shrinking farm land and rising production costs. Small livestock they say, are a way to produce more food on less land faster. For example, a campesino with almost no land can have one or two bonsais, but could never maintain a standard-sized cow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their adaptability and robustness make microcattle worthy of preservation, study, and greater use, and they should be incorporated into many ongoing programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selective breeding, although infrequently attempted, can probably improve productivity significantly. Records of breed history should be established, and unusual or special characteristics noted and the information disseminated. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p24a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Original distribution of wild cattle and banteng (Based on Mason , 1984)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In areas where small, indigenous breeds are being replaced, representative populations should be maintained and studied to increase understanding of their adaptive diversity and to retain a genetic storehouse for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROCATTLE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dwarf West African Shorthorn&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African coastal forests, and inland. Female 125 kg; male 150 kg. Adaptation to harsh, humid climates and good resistance to trypanosomiasis and other diseases allow these small animals to exist where other cattle die. They are perhaps the smallest cattle of all (often weighing less than 100 kg). In the areas of worst disease and highest rainfall, this hardy animal is often found thriving, but half wild. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muturu Nigeria. Female 160 kg; male 210 kg. This notable subtype is slightly larger. It is the most trypanotolerant of all cattle, showing no symptoms or loss of vitality. It is widely kept, mostly as a village scavenger and often as a pet, and yields a high percentage of meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N'Dama&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West Africa. 200-400 kg. These active, stocky animals utilize low-quality forage, produce good beef, and are used as light draft oxen. Milk production, though poor, improves with feeding level. N'Dama mature early and are exceptionally fertile, and they have already become important in breeding programs. They are resistant to trypanosomiasis, and can exist where temperatures average 30Ã C with 1,500 mm annual rainfall. In the least hospitable areas, N'Damas ranging down to 200 kg are often the only cattle that can remain productive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodope&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southeastern Europe. Female 200 kg; male 350 kg. A humpless multipurpose breed - draft, milk, and beef - that is exceptionally hardy. The milk is high in butterfat. Possibly adaptable to the subtropics. It is rapidly being lost to crossbreeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zebu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zebus are among the most important tropical domestic animals. However, the dwarfs are not well known, although in many areas they are preferred, especially as draft animals. Zebus use less water, even though their sweat glands are larger and more numerous than those of most other cattle. All have a low basal metabolism and resist heat well. In general, they also have high resistance to ticks and other parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan Black Taiwan. Female 250 kg; male 250 kg. Well adapted to poor tropical conditions, these work animals are also used for meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kedah-Kelantan Malaysia. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. Hardy, well adapted cattle with exceptional fertility on a poor diet, both sexes are used as draft animals as well as sources of meat and cash. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sinhala (Dwarf Zebu) Sri Lanka. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. An ancient type of zebu, preferred for its handiness in cultivating small paddies and terraced fields. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nuba Dwarf Sudan. 180-220 kg. These work animals are well proportioned but are not slaughtered for meat, and milk production is low. Although tolerant to trypanosomiasis, their numbers have dwindled because of crossbreeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small Zebu Somalia. 160-230 kg. These small native cattle are used for beef, milk, and for work. They are well adapted to poor feed in a desolate environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abyssinian Shorthorn Zebu (Showa) Central highlands of Ethiopia. Female 225 kg; male 305 kg. These widespread, small-humped cattle are very hardy. They produce beef and are generally milked, with surplus production about 2-4 kg daily. Resistant to many parasites, they also have a gentle disposition and make good work animals. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dwarf Zebu (Mongalla) Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. Female 150 kg; male 250 kg. A highly variable, long-entrenched, small, East-African zebu with some nonzebu blood. Pastoralists favor it because of its hardiness. Although slow-maturing, it is well-fleshed, can yield excellent beef, and some types are milked. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mashona Zimbabwe. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. This hardy zebusanga type (see below) is widespread in drier areas and has a high resistance to disease and parasites. Since the 1940s, it has been bred for beef production and selected animals now weigh more than 500 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mini-Brahman Mexico. 135 kg. Downsized from 450-kg Brazilian zebus through selective breeding by Mexican researchers, these gentle animals are reported to yield two-thirds as much milk (3-4 liters daily) as the parent stock. Because of much higher stocking rates on grass, production per hectare is reportedly greater than with full-sized animals (see sidebar, page 22). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central and South America. Descendants of Spanish and Portuguese  cattle imported over 400 years ago, &quot;criollo&quot; cattle have adapted to a  wide range of harsh climates. Many varieties are small: mature females  often weigh 200-300 kg or less. They sometimes produce little beef or  milk under traditional conditions and management, but they are  extremely hardy and survive when other cattle perish. Through  importation and crossbreeding, many local types have been lost or are  threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chinampo Baja California, Mexico. 200-350 kg. Extremely tolerant of  wild desert conditions, these docile criollo cattle exist largely on scrub  and cactus. They get most of their water from succulent plants, have a  low metabolic rate and body temperature, and are mostly active at night. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Florida Scrub Florida, USA. 225-300 kg. Genetically isolated for more  than 300 years, the Florida Scrub is very hardy in harsh, subtropical  conditions. It has good resistance to ticks and screwworm, and can  subsist on forage with a high roughage content. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sanga&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This type - an ancient cross between longhorns or shorthorns and  humped animals - is found throughout eastern and southern Africa. It  weighs from 150 to 500 kg or more. Some types have been selectively  bred or crossed with European cattle and are quite productive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bavenda Transvaal, South Africa. 240-290 kg. This hardy and  disease tolerant tropical variety is small and prolific. It is generally used  for draft, barter, and beef. However, it has been crossbred with larger  animals so frequently that the smaller types are almost extinct; most  &quot;Bavendas&quot; now weigh more than 300 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ovambo' Northeastern Namibia. Female 160 kg; male 225 kg. A calm  and docile animal with a small hump, it is used by seasonal pastoralists  for beef and milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nilotic Sudan. 180-300 kg. These cattle of southern Sudan show great variation in size, partly due to environmental factors. They are generally resistant to local parasites and worms, have good potential for increased beef production, and their milk is very important locally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chadian &quot;Native&quot; and Dwarf Black Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad. Female 225 kg; male 275 kg. These two types are small, humped meat animals that graze the sparse savanna and are very drought resistant. Little scientific information exists about them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Arab Cattle&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East. Small types (female 225 kg; male 300 kg) are used for meat and some milk, especially in Lebanon. There are many local forms with variable appearance, but all have small humps. Well adapted to grazing sparse vegetation on rough land, they are becoming rare due to crossbreeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hill Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal. Female 160 kg; male 200 kg. A widespread type often recrossed with Indian zebu animals, they are bred to be small. They are thrifty creatures that maintain themselves well on poor forage. Bulls make sure-footed draft animals on rough ground and slopes, and the cows are milked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibetan Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibet. Less than 250 kg. These humpless cattle are used as pack animals and can tolerate poor forage and high altitudes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yellow Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southwest and south China. Female 220 kg; male 380 kg. In the subtropics and tropics, small multipurpose types of Yellow Cattle withstand high temperature and humidity. They are used mainly for work and meat, and seem well adapted to poor feed, harsh conditions, and rugged terrain. The Chowpei (190-380 kg) is a hardy working breed of more temperate areas in Hubei Province.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheju Hanwoo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Korea. Female 230 kg; male 280 kg. A yellowish-brown Cheju Island native that has almost no calving difficulty, it is well adapted to poor grazing conditions in harsh environments and is docile and obedient.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madura&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia. Female 220 kg; male 300 kg. An ancient cross between humped cattle and the banteng (see sidebar), these heat- and disease resistant hybrids also have good grazing and mothering ability, and are kept in the most extreme humid tropical environments. Breeding for fighting and racing has given them a poor disposition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dexter Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ireland and North America. 220-360 kg. This breed can be traced back to eighteenth-century Ireland and is believed to have been developed by peasant farmers living on rough land. It is exceptionally hardy and produces both milk and meat. In North America, it has become popular among city folk who acquire country property, as this microbreed is particularly well suited to their usually tiny farms. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BANTENG: THE CUTEST COW&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng (Bos Javanicus) is a small Southeast Asian bovine with a promising future.* It is a different species from cattle. The two will interbreed, but the hybrid offspring are normally sterile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although almost entirely neglected by the animal science community, the banteng is remarkable for an ability to thrive under hot, humid, and disease-ridden conditions where cattle often grow poorly. The sexes are easily distinguished: males are jet black, females are golden brown. Both have bright white socks and rumps as if they had been freshly whitewashed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng are found in remote areas of countries from Burma to Indonesia. But only Indonesia has used it as a farm animal so far. It has more than 1.5 million domesticated banteng - some 20 percent of the country's total &quot;cattle&quot; population. Indonesian farmers value the animal's agility, which allows them to cultivate Relds too narrow for cattle to turn the prow. In addition, gourmets consider banteng meat the tastiest of all. Indonesia appreciates the banteng so much that it has established a genetic sanctuary on the island of Bali - banning cattle in order to maintain the banteng's genetic purity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside Indonesia, only a few scientists have studied this animal, but it seems clear that it is particularly useful under tropical conditions. In heat and humidity, it thrives; even when cattle are starving, one rarely sees a skinny banteng. And demand for its meat is never ending.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Microgoats</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than 90 percent of the world's nearly half billion goats (Capra hircus) are found in developing countries; many weigh less than 35 kg fully grown.` Such &quot;microgoats&quot; are noted for their high reproductive rates, rapid growth, early maturity, tasty meat, and rich milk' as well as for their robust constitution, ease of handling, and tolerance of climatic stress and poor feeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To many people - especially where pigs and poultry are not common - meat and milk from microgoats are the primary animal proteins consumed during a lifetime. Perhaps the world's best foragers, goats eat practically anything made of cellulose, and are not dependent on grass. Because of their unselective feeding behavior, they are capable of living where the feeds - tree leaves, shrubs, and weeds - are too poor to support other types of livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such microgoats deserve wider recognition, for they are often the poor person's only source of milk, meat, and cash income. They are cheap to acquire and easy to maintain, even by people with little property and scarce resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, especially in arid and semiarid climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats generally have a long snout and an upright tail, by which they can be distinguished from most sheep. The mouth is unusual in having a mobile upper lip and a grasping tongue, which permits the animal to nibble even tiny leaves on spiny species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Common commercial goat breeds generally weigh between 60 and 100 kg, with some weighing more than 200 kg. Microgoats may weigh less than 15 kg. Representative examples are listed at the end of the chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, with half in Asia and one-third in Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The FAO projects that world numbers may nearly double by the turn of the century. Goats are thus not endangered, but in some areas select populations of feral goats are being deliberately eradicated, with the consequent loss of potentially valuable genes. Some small breeds are also threatened by excessive crossbreeding with larger types.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most adaptable of all livestock, goats can persist in conditions from arid to humid, and from sea level to high altitude. They are especially well adapted to hot, semiarid climates and to rocky, barren terrain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These ruminants can subsist on many feedstuffs that would otherwise be left to waste. Although selective browsers, they often prefer coarse leaves (including palm fronds) and shrubbery to palatable forage grass.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most microgoats mature quickly, and in the tropics they can generally breed year-round. Their reproductive potential has often been underestimated; kidding is rarely difficult, and many types produce twins and sometimes even triplets or quadruplets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In hot, dry areas, goats require less attention than other livestock, and smaller goats have the added advantage of better heat dissipation. Some microgoats may also show disease resistance. For example, tolerance to trypanosomiasis makes them an important livestock in many regions of Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are generally gentle, but can be easily frightened. They may become stubborn and aggressive when threatened or thwarted, and can prove hard to confine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If their feed smells of other animals - particularly of other goats -  they usually shun it unless nothing else is available. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoats mainly produce meat and form an important part of the diet in southern Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America, especially the Caribbean. Goat is sometimes a preferred meat, and there are few social or religious prohibitions against eating it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microgoats are good milkers, and under stressful conditions they may keep producing when other livestock are dry. Goat milk is a valuable dietary supplement: it is nutritious, easily digestible, and usually commands premium prices. It makes excellent cheese and yogurt and can be used by people allergic to cow's milk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoats produce some of the finest and most valuable fibers in the world. Angora and Cashmere goats often weigh less than 30 kg fully grown, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats produce a fine-textured, durable leather that finds extensive uses both locally and internationally. Horns, hooves, blood, and bone meal also have commercial value. Manure is another important product, and comes in fairly dry pellets that are easy to collect, store, and distribute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats perform important functions in land management. Seeds of many trees (Acacia and Prosopis, for example) are &quot;scarified&quot; by passing through the goats' digestive system, fostering germination and natural revegetation. With care, goats can also be used to clear land of weeds and brush.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are often allowed to roam and scavenge for their own food. They form strong territorial attachments and can be trained to stay within a designated area. However, they cannot be kept from investigating - and quite probably devouring - anything within that territory. They are persistent browsers, so it is essential to prevent overstocking as well as raids on crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Variety of diet is important, and goats show much individuality in feed preferences. They are often raised on crop residue and kitchen refuse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats can be run with other livestock without creating serious competition. The goats browse weedy shrubs, whereas the sheep and cattle graze more on grasses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although perhaps the hardiest of all livestock, most breeds benefit when they are provided shelter from rain and high-noon sun. Abrupt chilling and poor ventilation can cause severe respiratory problems. They are also susceptible to various maladies, such as internal parasites, especially when confined. The highest mortality, however, is caused when very young kids are not supplied with adequate feed and clean, dry shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most developing countries goats are already prominent in rural life. Common almost everywhere in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, they are dependable multi-use animals. They are particularly important in providing ready cash, such as for school fees, taxes, marriages, or funerals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats integrate well in mixed agriculture, for example, by consuming leafy wastes, clearing land, and contributing fertilizer. In many places they are raised almost exclusively by women and children. If confined, goats require only simple, inexpensive shelters or pens, which makes them especially important as subsistence animals. In many situations, they may be the most efficient and economic producers for smallholders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals have a relatively fast rate of growth and early reproductive age, even under harsh conditions. They can graze rougher terrain than cattle and most sheep, can go for longer periods without water, and forage well in wooded areas where grass is lacking. They can derive most or all of their diet from roughage unusable by humans; high-energy feeds, such as protein supplements or carbohydrate supplements, are usually not needed even to fatten them for slaughter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are generally healthy and are not affected by many of the parasites and diseases that ravage other livestock. Some resistance to mange, internal parasites, foot-and-mouth disease, and other livestock scourges has been reported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some places (notably, in industrialized nations) there is a strong prejudice against goats and goat meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smallness makes microgoats targets for predators and thieves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many small goats are poor milkers, especially under hardship conditions; however, even small amounts of milk can often fulfill a child's daily nutritional requirement or reinforce a nursing mother's diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are independent and may wander away if not watched, and they can be difficult to pen. They may also have an unpleasant odor when kept confined (males are particularly malodorous during rutting season). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are often disparaged for degrading land and destroying vegetation because they continue to survive on overutilized lands often laid waste by mismanagement of sheep or cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRESH GENES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A rare wild animal with spectacular horns, the bezoar (Capra aegagrus) is the goat's wild ancestor. People domesticated it before 7000 B.C., probably in the mountains along the Iran/ Iraq border. Until recent times, it remained widely scattered across the vast region between Greece and Pakistan, but it now exists only in pockets and is threatened with extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This would be a tragedy because the bezoar is a resilient wild species that crosses readily with domestic goats, and it could pass on its genetic inheritance for heat, drought, and cold tolerance: disease resistance; and other survival qualities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p39a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of the bezoar. The arrow indicates the area where it was probably first domesticated, resulting in the goat as we know it (From Mason 1984)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fascinating science and valuable results probably await those willing to study this hardy, handsome creature and to explore the reharnessing of its genetic endowment. Today the bezoar is considered merely a trophy for hunters. The power of its genes to refresh - perhaps even revolutionize - the world's 500 million goats has been lost to sight. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The microgoat's potential has hardly been realized. More research on performance and husbandry is needed to preserve and restore small breeds. Selective breeding for prolificacy, viability, and rapid growth, as well as more selective on-site culling, could greatly improve both meat and milk yields and quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management systems that exploit smallness, stabilize production, and preserve the environment should be introduced and publicized in appropriate goat-rearing areas. Careful assessments of indigenous management methods should be made, particularly emphasizing their desirable characteristics. Improving hygiene in the wet season and supplemental feeding in the dry season are also important, as are disease- and parasite-control measures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The undomesticated ibex and markhor could possibly be major contributors in the development of new, useful breeds for tropical and arid regions (see sidebar, page 42). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE BREEDS OF MICROGOATS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African Dwarf (Djallon)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West and Central Africa. Female 20 kg; male 30 kg. Adapted to humid lowlands, this widespread goat is particularly valuable for meat and skin production. Generally, it is bred for meat, but milk is sometimes an important secondary product. Sexual maturity is very early (3-6 months), and quadruplets occasionally occur (most goat breeds normally produce only single births). Related types go by the names &quot;Cameroon Dwarf,&quot; &quot;Dirdi,&quot; and &quot;Nigerian Dwarf.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nubian Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States. 35-40 kg (often less). A stable miniature variety of the milking Nubian, this microgoat has been developed recently in the United States by crossing standard-sized Nubians with the West African Dwarf. It combines a good milk output with high levels of butterfat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;American Pygmy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States. 15-25 kg. Derived from the West African Dwarf, it is noted for its hardiness and good nature, good milk production, and adaptability to various climates. There are several varieties, some for milking, others for meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudanese Nubian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Sudan. 25-30 kg. Widespread milk goats of riverain and urban areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudanese Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Sudan. 11-25 kg. A very hardy desert goat similar to the West African Dwarf, it averages 15 kg, but some mature individuals may weigh as little as 11 kg. Used for meat and hides, it produces little milk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small East African&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania. 20-30 kg. A widely neglected meat and hide animal found over a wide range, it is fast growing (sexual maturity at four months) and extremely hardy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritius. 25-30 kg. A prolific, year-round breeder raised for meat production, it is often confined in simple shelters from birth to slaughter. Perhaps because of this isolation, mortality is less than 10 percent, even with little or no veterinary care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latin America. &quot;Criollo&quot; is a name given to several breeds of ancient Iberian blood with local adaptations to many unfavorable conditions. They are often small and hardy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Creole Caribbean. Females 20 kg; males 25 kg. Robust meat goats of Spanish or West African origin that are kept throughout the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crioulo Brazil. 30-35 kg. A meat and skin goat derived from Portuguese ancestors, it is hardy, prolific, undemanding, and adapted to harsh environments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chapper&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan. Female 20 kg; male 24 kg. Originating in dry regions, this meat and milk goat is a nonseasonal breeder with outstanding potential.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barbari&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan, India. Females 20-25 kg; males 20-40 kg. A prolific, fastgrowing &quot;urban&quot; goat with high twinning and low mortality. Often kept inside houses, they adapt well to confinement and are important for both milk and meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaddi (White Himalaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hill districts of northern India. 25-30 kg. Kept for meat and their long, lustrous white hair, they are pure-breeding and healthy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Changthangi (Ladakh)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kashmir, India. Male 20 kg. A pashmina (cashmere) goat of India, it is adapted to a high altitude, high humidity climate with extremes of temperature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Terai&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal. 8-12 kg. A very small, hardy animal of the southern lowlands, it kids year-round (sometimes twice), and often produces twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Hill Goat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal. 12-16 kg. A small, mid-altitude goat resembling the Terai. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Bengal (Teddy, Bangladesh Dwarf)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eastern India and Pakistan. Female 10 kg; male 14 kg. A widespread, humid-area, meat goat that is early maturing and very prolific. It kids twice a year, and produces 60 percent twins and 10 percent triplets. It produces a superior leather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katjang&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southeast Asia, China, and Pacific Islands. In places, less than 20 kg. A widespread, highly variable, hardy goat adapted to humid conditions, it usually has twins or triplets. Used for meat and skins, with exceptional females being milked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chinese Dwarf (Tibetan, Jining, Fuyang, or Chengdu Grey)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China. 20-40 kg. Well adapted to the humid tropics, it normally twins and is a good meat producer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heuk Yumso&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Korea. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. A prolific cold-climate goat with a year-round breeding season. The meat is highly prized, and often sells at a premium due to its supposed health-giving effects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hejazi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East. Female 20 kg; male 20 kg. A meat goat, usually black, for harsh desert conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sinai (Black Bedouin)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sinai, Egypt and Negev Desert, Israel. Female 20 kg; male 50 kg. Native to dry, hot deserts, this milk and meat goat matures at 5-8 months and has a twinning rate over 50 percent. A most important characteristic is its drought tolerance. The female, for instance, can drink only once a day - at a pinch, once every other day - without losing appetite or reducing milk flow. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILD RELATIVES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several wild relatives will cross with the goat. Surprisingly, they have the same chromosome number (2n=60), and the offspring are frequently fertile. Although essentially unknown to agricultural science, these hybrids may offer a new gene pool for creating new farm animals and for improving the world's goats. They seem to combine the self-reliance of wild species with the usefulness of domestic ones. Artificial insemination and other modern techniques could make them easier to produce today than ever before.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ibex*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A project in Israel has already produced a cross between the goat and the Nubian ibex (Capra ibex). The Sinai Desert goat, the breed that was used, ranks next to the camel in its ability to go without water - it often drinks only twice a week - but its meat has such a strong flavor that most people consider it dreadful. On the other hand, the ibex is compact and muscular and produces tender, mild meat that steak lovers find delicious. The product from crossbreeding the two is a creature seemingly able to endure extreme temperatures and drought, make use of poor pasture, and produce wonderful steaks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A herd of several hundred of these hybrids (dubbed 'ya-ez&quot;) has been created at Kibbutz Lahav in the northern Negev Desert area. Both sexes are fertile, and they can be bred with each other or with either parent. The meat is already in demand on the menus of elegant Tel Aviv hotels. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Markhor**&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Pakistan's northern uplands, it is not uncommon to find hybrids between domestic goats and the mountain goat known as &quot;markhor&quot; (Capra falconeri). Each year in Chitral and Gilgit, they can be found in the goat markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Markhors inhabit high elevations in rugged mountains and thrive on diets so meager as to be useless to goats. The hybrids are produced when markhor males - perhaps ousted by more dominant males - come in contact with feral domestic goats. However, some farmers raise young markhor and goats together (to overcome mutual resistance) and produce their own hybrids,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For a single hybrid animal local goatherds pay up to 5,000 rupees, a princely sum in this impoverished region. Traditionally, villagers have kept them as stud animals. They appreciate the animal's genetic endowment. Markhors tolerate extremes of cold and snow, are nimble and skilled at escaping predators, and survive on scanty fodder, Moreover, they have a high reproduction potential because they generally produce twins. As a result, they also tend to give more milk and it is rich in nutritive value. Instead of long body hairs, markhors possess insulating underfur - a soft and valuable raw material for the famous Kashmiri shawls.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apparently, the hybrids can possess many of these qualities together with a calm disposition. Thus they could be useful in themselves and as conduits for passing such traits on to goats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 Microsheep</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the hundreds of breeds of sheep (Ovis aries) in the world, those weighing less than 35 kg when mature have been largely ignored. Although these are common, the impression lingers that they are too small to be useful. Yet this virtually untapped gene pool is esnecially well adapted to traditional Third World animal husbandry. Given attention, these &quot;microsheep&quot; could boost meat, milk, skin, wool, and pelt production in many villages and small farms of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many microsheep thrive in environments that tax the ability of larger breeds to survive. They are adapted to poor feeds and can be grazed in uncultivated wastelands unsuited to any other livestock except goats or camels. Because of their size, microsheep can fatten in areas where forage is so scattered and sparse that larger animals cannot cover enough ground to fill their bellies each day. In addition, their foraging complements that of other livestock. For example, sheep can graze rough grasses and weeds that cattle find unpalatable. Some survive even the stress of extreme aridity and for this reason are the predominant livestock in North Africa and the Middle East.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many small breeds can be disease resistant. Some, for example, are widespread in the zones of Africa where trypanosomiasis is prevalent. They are generally less adversely affected by foot-and-mouth disease than are cattle, and some small native sheep seem to have fewer problems with insects and parasites than do most other livestock, including temperate-area sheep.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giving more attention to the management and improvement of microsheep could pay back abundantly in the form of food, income, and improved land utilization in many parts of the developing world. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, but notably in drier regions of the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An average weight for temperate sheep breeds is about 70 kg,' but the smallest microsheep weigh less than 20 kg fully grown. Many tropical microsheep are &quot;hairless,&quot; and have little or no wool. These are often difficult to distinguish from goats, but (like all sheep) they generally have blunter snouts, more fat, and hanging tails. Some have greatly enlarged rumps or tails that store fat. Unlike goats, sheep have no odor-producing glands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some representative microsheep are described at the end of this chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than one billion sheep occur worldwide, and they occupy every climatic zone in which people live. At least half are in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although more than 1,000 breeds are recognized, only a handful dominate the world's sheep industries. Lesser-known breeds are rapidly becoming extinct (especially in developed countries, although scattered efforts are being made to preserve them). Elsewhere, genetic resources have not been properly evaluated, and potentially valuable stock is being lost before it is even understood.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep are among the most adaptable animals. Various types are kept in areas of extreme heat, cold, altitude, aridity, humidity, and rainfall. They are especially widespread in hot, dry climates, but some breeds also thrive in humid areas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep make efficient use of a wide variety of fodder: tree leaves, fortes, grasses, crop residues, and agricultural by-products, for instance. They often survive privation by calling on their reserves of body fat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the tropics, sheep reach sexual maturity in about a year. Many breeds lamb year-round, which allows for a continuous production of premium meat. Gestation takes about five months, and lambing is usually timed to occur when feed is most abundant and nutritious. Microsheep often bear two or more young and, under good management, may produce lambs annually for more than five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These shy animals flock together and, in general, are managed with little effort. They are easily panicked, however, and rams can become aggressive during rutting or when threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE LITTLE SHEEP THAT COULD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dozens of the world's neglected breeds of tiny sheep should be preserved from extinction, for many will undoubtedely prove to have outstanding qualities. Current efforts to save the Navajo sheep in the United States exemplify what can be achieved&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Navajo is a microsheep, and is perhaps the oldest breed of sheep in the United States. It may have been introduced to North America in 1540 by the Spanish explorer Francisco Vazquez de Coronado, who was seeking the mythical Seven Golden Cities of Cibola in the region that is now Arizona and New Mexico. Smaller than many dogs, a full-grown Navajo sheep may weigh only 30 kg, but it became a big part of the culture of the Southwest. Although the Navajos and other local Indians had never seen sheep before the 1500s, they soon became shepherds and weavers, and their rugs made from the unique wool of this wiry little animal remain famous even today.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navajo sheep have white or brown wool hanging in ringlets around their bodies. The fleece is a double coat: long, coarse guard hairs on the outside and short wool on the inside. It yields warm, waterproof, and long-lasting products. Many of the sheep have four horns because the Indians believed that this trait was sacred, and they favored four-horned rams for breeding purposes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of Navajo sheep was reduced sharply between 1950 and 1950 because of severe overgrazing and replacement by improved wool breeds. In recent times there has been so little commercial and scientific interest in this microsheep that by the 1970s only a handful of purebred specimens survived. Since the late 1970s, however, Lyle McNeal, a Utah State University professor, has been working to save it from extinction. By 1988 he had a burgeoning flock at the university and was learning that this supposedly obsolete dwarf is amazingly useful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The breed originated in the arid south of Spain (where it is called the &quot;churro&quot;), and it thrives in the hot, dry climate. Unlike normal breeds, it can exist in the desert without supplementary food and with little water. As McNeal has pointed out, any sheep that can survive and raise a lamb in the aridity and searing heat of the American Southwest has to be superior. He has found that the ewes have a strong maternal instinct, which is vital for protecting lambs against the coyotes that are common in the region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thanks to the efforts of McNeal and his colleagues, Indians are beginning to use Navajo sheep again; by 1988 there were more than 400 on the Navajo reservation, with their wool fetching premium prices. This tough little sheep could prove valuable not only for American Indians but for poor people in many other dry regions as well. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microsheep are mainly kept for meat production, but - especially in arid regions - for milk as well. Their meat is usually lean with little &quot;muttony&quot; taste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wool or hair is taken from many breeds, although the yield is often small. Skins from hair sheep' thinner than cowhide, are widely used and are in international demand. In some places, manure is considered an important product. In Nepal, thousands of small sheep are used as pack animals, especially to carry salt into mountain valleys.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most sheep are maintained in free-ranging flocks. Many are grazed (often tethered) over a small area during the day and confined in a &quot;fold&quot; at night. Others are penned or kept as village scavengers. These are usually fed supplements of household scraps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep form an integral part of a mixed farming economy; for example, they may graze pastures during the wet season, and survive on crop residues and field weeds during the dry season. They have excellent foraging capabilities and are often kept alongside goats. This broadens the variety of forages utilized and often increases total production from a single piece of land, for sheep and goats have complementary feeding habits and male goats help protect the sheep from some predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In spite of the heavy toll that predators (such as feral dogs) can take on lambs and ewes, the largest proportion of sheep in the tropics are lost through lack of basic care. Modest supplemental feeding of lambs and inexpensive preventive medicines can do much to lower mortality and boost production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep are multipurpose animals, and almost everywhere they produce several products. The rich milk is often preferred to that of cows or goats, especially for making cheese and yogurt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lambs form an important part of the household economy for much of the rural world, and only rarely is social or religious stigma attached to keeping or eating them. Indeed, sheep are the traditional feast animals of several religions, and in some places sheep meat is preferred to beef and sells at a premium.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By and large, all sheep products can be processed, utilized, or marketed by the producer. In addition, sheep marketing and transportation systems exist in most countries, at least to some degree.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep are efficient producers and can provide a quick turnover for food and cash. On the brush and coarse grasses of marginal lands, they may be more productive than cattle, and on grass they may outproduce goats. As long as they are not overstocked, sheep do not degrade vegetation; unless starving they will not debark trees. Small breeds cause little erosion, even on steep slopes, heavily traveled paths, or near water holes.2 In South Asia, they have been continuously stocked on the same ground for thousands of years without causing apparent harm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because sheep have a natural tendency to accumulate fat, they &quot;finish&quot; well on grazing and usually do not require a high-energy finishing diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their general healthiness, sheep are affected by many internal parasites and diseases, a few of which are communicable to man. They are especially susceptible to infectious conjunctivitis (pinkeye).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Predators and thieves can be greater threats than sickness. Labor inputs can be high because of the almost continual protection sheep need.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some mutton has a strong taste that many find unappealing. However, the taste is carried mainly by the fat, and the generally lean microsheep are often commended for their fine-textured, sweet meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The numerous breeds of small sheep should be investigated. Assessments should be made for the animals' ability to thrive under adverse conditions and for resistance to particular diseases and parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, even minimal extension services and veterinary support for sheep could greatly decrease mortality, especially among lambs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving microbreeds without increasing their size is one of the most interesting challenges facing sheep scientists today. While efforts should be made to conserve and select within types, research should also be conducted on hybrid vigor. Efforts to improve the pelt and fleece of microsheep should also be encouraged.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More studies on the interactions between sheep and cropping systems are needed. Sheep (and the manure they produce) could become important components of forestry (see sidebar), crop rotation, alley cropping, and other forms of sustainable agriculture. For instance, sheep are especially effective for weed control in plantation crops such as oil palm and rubber as well as in forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SMALL SHEEP IN THE FOREST&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even in countries with long traditions of raising large sheep, there are opportunities for using small, agile, hardy breeds. The following is an example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seeking safer methods for stopping brush from smothering newly planted trees, U.S. government foresters have turned from chemical defoliants to flocks of sheep. Court decisions in 1983 and 1984 barred the use of herbicides along Oregon's Pacific Coast. Various alternatives were tried, and the animals proved the most successful. Sheep are now the favored method for controlling unwanted vegetation. Indeed, they have changed the foresters' whore approach to managing reforestation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Formerly, the U.S. Forest Service allowed the brush to grow on logged-over sites and then sprayed it down before planting tree seedlings. Now it plants grass to suppress brush and reduce erosion. The sites are later fertilized, tree seedlings are planted, and within a year sheep are brought in to graze. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, in the district around Alsea, Oregon sheep nimbly skirt old stumps to graze on the lush vegetation. Three times each summer since 1984, about 2,000 sheep have been guided across the replanted areas by a herder and a range conservationist. The sheep eat both the grass and the new buds on brush, but they leave most fir-tree seedlings untouched. The key, according to Rick Breckle, a forester, is to have enough sheep to graze an area evenly and to keep them moving so they don't resort to nibbling the young trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Previously, chemical brush treatments had annually cost $135-$353 per hectare. Now, sowing grass and grazing sheep costs about $300 per hectare. And there is a product to sell: the adult sheep don't fatten well, but the lambs bring a useful income at the end of the summer. What is more, Breckle reports that the trees seem to be growing faster - probably because of the manurings they receive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This method seems likely to be effective elsewhere - at least with trees that are unpalatable or too tall for their growing points to be nibbled. Malaysia, for instance, doubled its sheep population between 1986 and 1989, in part because it has begun raising sheep between the trees in rubber plantations. With the use of agroforestry increasing worldwide, small sheep could find a whole new application.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROSHEEP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Senegal to Nigeria, and south to Angola. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. Well adapted to warm, humid conditions. Prolific, and good disease resistance. Major meat producer in West Africa. Fast growing: by six months of age they approach adult weight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Landim (Small East African)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;East and Central Africa. 23-40 kg. Prolific, adaptable, long fat-tailed type. Large litter size for a sheep. In one recent test, ewes averaged more than 1.4 lambs.3 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berber&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Atlas Mountains. 25-41 kg. Needing little feed and remaining constantly outdoors, these extremely hardy sheep are exploited for meat and their coarse, hairy wool. They fatten easily when well fed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arab&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;North Africa. 40-50 kg. This thin-tailed sheep is exceptionally robust, and is resistant to extremes of temperature, drought, and poor nutrition. Primarily a meat producer, its wool is used for coarse cloths and carpets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Sudan Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the many small breeds of eastern and southern Africa, its weight ranges from 15 to 25 kg, but it may weigh as little as 11 kg. Yielding a fine, short fleece, this hardy, frugal sheep is often run with cattle to maximize grazing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hejazi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deserts of Arabia. 32 kg. A popular and ancient fat-tailed meat producer that is highly acclimatized to drought and privation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zel (Iranian Thin-Tailed)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caspian region of northern Iran. Female 30-32 kg. Well adapted to subtropical regions, they produce coarse wool, milk, and excellent meat that lacks the &quot;mutton taste&quot; and odor of some sheep meats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greek Zackel&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mountain and island types. Female 30 kg; male 40 kg. These common sheep are active, hardy, and resistant to extremes of climate and disease. Primarily a milking sheep, their wool is used locally and lambs are slaughtered for special occasions. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sitia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crete. Female 25 kg; male 30 kg. Another of the hardy, screwhorned &quot;zackel&quot; sheep common to the Balkans, they are adapted to poor pasturage and extensive herding. Quick maturing and highly fertile, they can be exploited for milk as well as for meat and coarse wool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Common Albanian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. Similar to the Greek Zackel, they are used as triple-purpose animals: meat, milk, and wool. They survive in low, marshy areas where parasites are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zeta Yellow&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yugoslavia. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. A small, hardy sheep used for milk and some meat, its primary product is wool. Often unshorn for several years, the long fibers are woven into expensive carpets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pag&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yugoslavia. Female 20-30 kg; male 25-35 kg. These wool, milk, and meat sheep are frugal and well adapted to scant vegetation and rocky terrain. Although they have a low birth rate and carcass yield, their milk and wool are commercially exploitable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roccia (Steinschaf)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Italy, Austria. Female 30 kg; Male 30-35 kg. These &quot;stone sheep&quot; resemble a goat in their ability to exploit the poor pastures of high, steep, rocky mountains. Although not highly productive, they are hardy and frugal and commonly produce twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corsican&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corsica (France). 25-30 kg. A hardy native breed that is well adapted to rather sparse feed conditions. Coarse wool, both white and black, is well suited for hand processing. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Entre Douro e Minho&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Portugal. Female 15-18 kg; Male 20-25 kg. These independent sheep yield a good wool in mountainous terrain that would otherwise be nonproductive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Churra do Campo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Portugal. Female 20 kg; male 30 kg. A coarse-woofed sheep extensively kept in Portugal's dry interior for milk and wool. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Galician&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Spain. Female 18 kg; male 25 kg. A milking breed that survives on  poor pasture, it also produces a marketable wool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scotland. Female 25 kg; male 30 kg. Adapted to wide temperature  variations. Possibly the most primitive domesticated sheep of Europe,  probably unchanged from Viking times. Immune to foot rot. A wool  sheep with short brown fleece that is shed annually.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;North Ronaldsay (Orkney)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Scotland. 27-32 kg. Surviving year-round on seaweed,  this rare breed is adapted to high salt intake and the associated digestive  problems. Yield 1-2 kg medium-coarse wool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latin America. Derived from ''native'' Spanish Churro and Merino  sheep. Many are small and very hardy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navajo-Churro Southwestern United States. Female 45 kg; male 70  kg. Maternal, and very resistant to internal parasites and hoof rot.  Although the Navajo subsists and reproduces on little feed and scarce  water in desert regions, it was widely replaced by improved breeds  earlier in this century. Because of its hardiness, however, and the use of  its wool in traditional weaving, its numbers are rebounding (see sidebar,  page 50). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Florida Native Southeastern United States. Females 35-45 kg;  males 45-6O kg. This long-isolated and highly variable sheep is  adapted to harsh subtropical climates and is known for its ability to  forage. A medium-wool breed, it is very resistant to intestinal parasites.  Verging on extinction due to neglect and uncontrolled crossbreeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Virgin Islands White Hair (St. Croix)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean. Female 35-45 kg; male 45-55 kg. Hair sheep with  some wool in young animals. Well adapted to warm humid conditions, it has fairly good disease and parasite resistance and produces good meat. Prolific, it breeds most of the year and commonly has twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Magra (Chokhla)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northwest India, Pakistan.4 20-25 kg. Adapted to hot, dry areas, the extremely white and shiny fleece is valued for carpet wool. Slowmaturing and low fertility (lambing at 45 percent) plus extensive crossbreeding have led to serious declines in population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marwari&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northwest India. 25-30 kg. A widespread, white-fleeced sheep that has a high resistance to disease and worms, good fertility, and low mortality. They do well in large flocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mandya (Bandur)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southwest India. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. An outstanding meat breed with good mutton quality, it adapts well to mixed farming and has unusually low lamb mortality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hu (Huyang, Lake Sheep)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China. Female 35 kg; male 45 kg. These fat-tailed sheep have a six month lambing interval and are very prolific. They are used under intensive management to produce meat, wool, and a valuable lambskin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Javanese Thin-Tail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia. 25-40 kg. Widely held as a &quot;bank account,&quot; these meat, manure, and skin sheep are well known for being prolific. Although single lambs are not uncommon, litters of six have also been recorded. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILD AND WOOLLY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Considering that dozens of countries depend on the productivity of more than a billion domesticated sheep, it is remarkable that their wild ancestor is accorded no attention. This fast-declining animal is now little more than a trophy for hunters, a fact that should be of vital intemational concern.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep were domesticated in the Middle East and Central Asia in the Stone Age era between 8,000 and 11,000 years ago.* Their wild ancestor was almost certainly the mouflon (Outs orientalis). However, domestication may have occurred in more than one place, and two other wild creatures, the urial (Outs vignei) and the argali (Outs ammon), also possibly provided genes to some sheep breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mouflon, urial, and argali still exist in the mountains of Central Asia, and a European subspecies of mouflon is also found in the Mediterranean, but only on Corsica, Cyprus, and Sardinia.** Because they live in remote, rugged, upland areas, these wild sheep are usually undisturbed, but the numbers are decreasing everywhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This may be a serious loss because these animals could be extremely valuable. They are capable of crossing with domestic sheep, and the offspring are viable and fully fertile.*** For developing new meat-producing breeds, their potential seems almost limitless.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the thousands of years that sheep have been protected by humans, their wild ancestors have continued to face predators, parasites, disease, extreme cold and seasonal starvation. Their genetic endowment, forged and tempered in unforgiving harshness, could be a benefit for all future sheep generations. These animals appear to resist various diseases. Their meat is reported to be of excellent quality, notably lacking the strong mutton flavor that many people find objectionable. They have relatively short, thin tails - a feature that might eliminate the need for docking (tail removal) in the domestic flock. Some (for instance, the Asian mouflon and the urial) have rates of effective reproduction up to 1.6 lambs per ewe, more than twice the average of most domestic types, especially under the conditions where these wild creatures live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That mouflon and other wild sheep could have practical utility is suggested by research at Utah State University. Scientists there have mated mouflon with farm sheep to create sheep better able to defend themselves against coyotes and other natural dangers. Half-wild, half-tame sheep hybrids have existed on a ranch in southern Utah for the past decade. Also, in Cyprus similar mouflon x sheep hybrids have shown considerable promise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the very least, this wiry little mountain sheep could be a model for educating students and the public. It is a living reminder of the fantastic changes that can be induced in animals by selection for various traits. Also, it is a &quot;map&quot; to the history of sheep domestication. Studies of mouflon genes, blood immunology, morphology, physiology, horn structure, skeleton, fleece, temperament, and a host of other features would help unravel the ancestry. These studies and various biochemical analyses would be a fascinating contribution to agriculture, science, history, and the public perception of the origins of our natural resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genes from wild sheep are not likely to quickly benefit wool production. Lack of fleece is one reason why these creatures have been neglected but throughout most of Asia and in North Africa, sheep are bred primarily for meat and milk, and there is a growing worldwide interest in the use of hair sheep. All of this brings new possibilities for the use of this old resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Micropigs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g005a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most breeds of swine (Sus scrofa) are too large to be considered microlivestock, but there are some whose mature weight is less than 70 kg. These micropigs are particularly common in West Africa, South Asia, the East Indies, Latin America, and oceanic islands around the world. At least one, the Mexican Cuino, may weigh a mere 12 kg full-grown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many miniature swine have been developed for use in medical research, but their agricultural potential has been largely ignored. This is unfortunate, for micropigs of all types - native, feral, and laboratory - deserve investigation. Swine provide more meat worldwide than any other animal, and micropigs are potentially important sources of food and income for poor people in many parts of the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smallness makes for nimble and self-sufficient pigs, in contrast to large, lethargic breeds. Small breeds are easier to manage and cheaper to maintain; the threat of injury from angry or frightened animals is lessened; and the sows are less likely to crush newborn piglets, often a major cause of mortality in large breeds. Some micropigs - particularly those from hot regions or wild populations - also have a higher resistance to heat, thirst, starvation, and some diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs adapt to a wide variety of management conditions, from scavenging to total confinement; some are even kept indoors.2 They gain weight quickly, mature rapidly, and help complement grazing livestock because they relish many otherwise unused wastes from kitchens, farms, and food industries, as well as other foods such as small roots, leafy trash, or bitter fruits that are not consumed by humans or ruminants. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For these reasons, micropigs could become useful household and village livestock in the developing world, and they deserve greater attention than they now receive. Although their growth may not be as rapid as that of improved breeds raised under intensive commercial production, with modest care and minimum investment, backyard micropigs can produce sizable yields of meat and other products, as well as improved income for rural and even urban populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, especially in warm, humid areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like full-sized breeds, micropigs are stout-bodied, short-legged animals with small tails and flexible snouts ending in flat discs. Examples of some micropigs are listed at the end of the chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic pigs are found all over the world, but their concentrations vary greatly. Africa has the fewest per capita, but in recent years they have gained increasing favor in the sub-Saharan regions. In Latin America, pigs have long been a major component of backyard agriculture. In the Middle East, an early center of domestication, pigs are not widely kept today because of religious dietary restrictions. In the Ear East, they are the major meat source, and China has more pigs than any other country. And in the Pacific region, pigs and chickens are often the only meat available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are becoming more popular: their worldwide numbers increased by about 20 percent in the 1970s. However, in most countries commercial pig production has focused on a mere handful of breeds, and much genetic diversity is unstudied or even threatened with extinction. Some microbreeds have already been lost, and others are dwindling in numbers.3 Many European breeds have been completely lost. The Cuino and some other Latin American criollo types are threatened, as are most of Africa's traditional breeds. China, however, has made notable efforts to preserve its native types. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although, as previously noted, pigs are found all over the world, they are in general adapted to warm, humid climates where many other livestock species are more susceptible to diseases and environmental stresses. They are also raised at high altitudes, such as in the Andes and Tibet. Although there are few climatic limitations to pig production, only about 20 percent of the world's pigs are currently kept in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are omnivores, willing and able to eat almost anything.4 Unlike most other livestock, they eat their fill and sleep as the food digests, allowing humans to establish a convenient eating and sleeping schedule.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are prolific; a few Chinese breeds routinely have litters of 20 or more. Micropigs are no exception; litters of 6-10 are common. Piglets gain weight rapidly and can be weaned after a few weeks. Sexual maturity is sometimes attained as early as 4-6 months, depending on breed and environment. Pigs are usually slaughtered at 67 months of age, allowing them to be produced on an annual cycle. They can live 10-20 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their smaller size, micropigs have a relatively greater skin-to-weight ratio than today's commercial breeds, and therefore they probably shed heat more effectively. Certainly they seem to perform better in tropical heat and humidity, which normally keep the heavier types from reaching their maximum productivity. Studies have suggested that an optimal size for some tropical environments - because of metabolic and feed efficiency - may be less than 65 kg.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are social animals; they enjoy companionship and ferociously defend their young and sometimes even the humans who care for them. They are employed as guard animals in some areas and have been used extensively in behavioral research.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contrary to common belief, pigs are clean and tidy if provided adequate space. Larger breeds, however, wallow in mud to stay cool in hot weather and require a wallow or shade (except for some Latin American types, which seem less susceptible to heat). Some lightcolored pigs sunburn easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs will dig up earth with their mobile snouts; some breeds do it constantly. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fresh pork is the major pig product in tropical areas. It usually fetches premium prices, and in many places (such as the Pacific Islands and China) it is the most important red meat available to rural people. Nutritious and tasty, it is one of the easiest meats to preserve, needing only salt or melted fat. Processed products such as bacon and sausages can be important for both home consumption and cash sales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig fat (lard) is a good source of food energy, and can substitute for cooking fats and oils. It is easily melted and clarified, is widely used to make soap, and is a valuable commercial product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig skin, once degreased, is easily tanned into leathers that are popular for garments, shoes, and other products demanding soft, light, and flexible leathers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig manure is a good fertilizer. Because the animals are often kept in confinement, it can be easily collected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many places, pigs are kept as free-roaming scavengers. They can be trained (by coaxing with feed, salt, or affection) to keep close to home, thereby helping to minimize destructive scavenging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herding is a higher level of management that requires more effort, but it allows pigs to be integrated into other types of agriculture while utilizing feeds that otherwise go to waste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because their exercise needs are minimal and dominance is quickly established within litters, pigs are the easiest hoofed livestock to raise in small enclosures (sties). However, fencing must be secure, and if sties are small, the animals must be moved frequently to prevent diseases and parasites from building up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are well-known, often traditional, animals in many areas, and people usually do not have to be taught how to manage and use them. Efficient scavengers, they can live, grow, and reproduce with a minimum of investment or specialized care. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are highly efficient converters of feed to meat. They can provide the greatest return for the least investment of any hoofed livestock because of their fecundity, low management costs, broad food preferences, and rapid growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs normally accumulate fat during adolescent growth (making ''finishing&quot; feeds less necessary). Some micropigs (especially those from feral ancestors) have the ability to quickly mobilize and store these body-fat reserves; in times of extreme scarcity, it aids their survival.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs work well in multiple-cropping schemes. They are often used to help clear small plots by uprooting weeds, shrubs, and even small trees. In Southeast Asia, they are frequently raised in conjunction with aquaculture, their manure providing food for the fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If improperly managed or maintained in filthy conditions, pigs may quickly succumb to disease and parasite epidemics. Most diseases are communicated only among pigs, but some can be transmitted to humans. For this reason, pork should always be fully cooked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some cultures never eat pork. Others do, but nonetheless accord pigs and their keepers low status.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young pigs are vulnerable to many predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major survey of small pig breeds is needed. They have the potential to be valuable producers in their own right, as well as to improve other pig breeds. For instance, they represent a little-known reservoir of disease resistance and climatic adaptation. Governments, research stations, universities, and individuals should make special efforts to preserve types that have outstanding or unusual qualities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When it is necessary to eradicate feral pig populations (as is common on Pacific islands), representative stocks should be preserved. These rugged animals have been genetically isolated for decades or even centuries and are likely to carry valuable traits for survival under adversity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large breeds may be promising candidates for genetic &quot;downsizing,&quot; which has already produced the many types of miniature pigs that are used in medical research. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE LITTLEST PIG&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although this chapter highlights the world's smallest breeds, there exists a pig that is even smaller. It is, however, an entirely different species and it is on the brink of extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog (Sus salvanius) is a shy and retiring wild creature of northeastern India. It is merely 60 cm long with a shoulder height of 25 cm, and weighs less than 10 kg. It was once found widely along the southern foothills of the Himalayas. Today, however, it apparently occurs in only one area, the Manas National Park in Assam. Despite this protection and the fact that it is listed among the 12 most endangered species on earth, it still falls victim to hunters and to habitat destruction - especially illegal grass fires.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If saved from extinction, this minute species - barely reaching a person's calf - might become useful throughout the world. Its chromosome number is the same as that of the common pig and its physiological processes are probably also similar. Therefore, were its numbers to be built up, it might become a valued and well-known resource for laboratories and small farms. Its daily food intake and its space requirements are only a fraction of a normal pig's. It probably has exceptional tolerance to heat, humidity, and disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not a domesticated species, and there is therefore much to learn before its usefulness can be clearly seen. Indeed, whether it can be reared in captivity is uncertain. Some attempts have ended in disaster, but this seems to have been the result of mismanagement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before there is any possibility of developing it, however, the pigmy hog must be preserved from ultimate loss. The last specimen could go into a villager's pot at any time now. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g006a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Adult male of the common pig (wild boar) and pigmy hog draw to same scale. (W.L.R. OLIVER)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROPIGS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African Dwarf (Nigerian Black, Ashanti)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West Africa. Mature weights of 25-45 kg are reported. In the humid lowland forests of West Africa this breed has long been kept by villagers, often as a scavenger. Indigenous to the hot, humid tsetse zones of West Africa, it seems resistant to trypanosomiasis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chinese Dwarfs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China (and Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam) has long had small pigs - often characterized by numerous teats and large litters - associated with traditional intensive agriculture as well as scavenging conditions. Some Chinese pigs weighing less than 70 kg are adapted to tropical and subtropical conditions, but the smallest (20-35 kg) live in the cold climates and high altitudes of Gansu, Sichuan, and Tibet. Small black Chinese pigs were crossed with European types in the early 1800s and produced the foundation stock of many modern Western breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are a number of &quot;native&quot; breeds throughout Latin America commonly known as &quot;criollo.&quot; Many are quite small. Although, apparently, they are slow to mature and bear small litters, they adapt well to environmental extremes and are widely kept by rural inhabitants for food and income. Criollos are little studied and are being replaced by imported breeds before their possibly outstanding qualities can be quantified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cuino This micropig from the highlands of central Mexico may be descended from small Chinese types and is the smallest domestic pig, weighing as little as 10-12 kg fully grown. Hardy and an efficient scavenger, it can grow quickly when feed - especially corn - is abundant. A century ago the cuing was a widespread household animal and was used for a time for experimental work in central Mexico. It is now little known and could be threatened with extinction. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Hairless (felon, Tubasqueno, Birish) These small pigs of central and northern South America survive in hot, humid, adverse climates. They are adapted to bulkier feeds than most pigs and can thrive on fruit wastes. Many local types exist. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nilo (Macao, Tatu, Canastrinha) This small, widespread, black, hairless pig of Brazil is often kept inside the house. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yucatan Miniature Swine A subtype of the black hairless from Mexico's hot, arid Yucatan Peninsula, it was imported into the United States in 1960. It has been downsized for laboratory use in the United States and is known as the Yucatan Micropig (registered). Weight at sexual maturity has been lowered through selective breeding from 75 kg to, currently, between 30 and 50 kg, with an ultimate goal of 20-25 kg. There is no evidence of &quot;dwarfism,&quot; stunting, or loss of reproductive performance, and it appears to hold notable promise as microlivestock for developing countries. The parent stock, used for meat and lard production in Yucatan, is renowned for gentleness, intelligence, resistance to disease, and relative lack of odor. Exceptional docility, even in older boars and sows with litters, makes them easy to handle without the need for specialized housing or equipment.7 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Laboratory Breeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other miniature laboratory pigs have potential for tropical use. These include the Goettingen, Hanford, Kangaroo Island, Ohmini, Pitman-Moore, and Sinclair (Hormel). In general they weigh 30-50 kg when ready for slaughter and mature at less than 70 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ossabaw&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States. 20-30 kg. Feral on Ossabaw Island, South Carolina, for more than 300 years, this pig is well adapted to environmental extremes. Unlike most domestic animals, it can maintain itself in coastal salt marshes. It has perhaps the highest percentage of fat of any pig. The piglets are very precocious, self-reliant, and robust.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kunekune (Pua'a, Poaka)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Zealand. Female 40 kg; male 50 kg. Perhaps of Chinese origin, these black-and-white spotted pigs are docile, slow, and easy to contain. Although late maturing, they can fatten on grass alone. Like other native breeds throughout the Pacific region (for example, the Pauta of Hawaii), stock is being lost through crossbreeding, displacement by other breeds, and eradication efforts. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To find certain disease-resistant genes in poultry it may be necessary to go looking in the backyard chicken flocks in Latin America, Africa, or Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kelly Klober&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small Farmer's Journal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;. . . Policies are needed to encourage development of a labor-intensive small-scale livestock sector, which would increase employment and provide a major market for surplus cereals. This sector, however, is particularly restrained by poor technology, poor public support services, and poor marketing channels. Third World livestock production of this type could provide a natural focus for foreign assistance that earlier seemed inappropriate because of concerns about global food scarcity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John W. Mellor International Food Policy Research Institute&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Successful development of agriculture often requires an intimate understanding of the society within which it is to take place - of its systems of values, of its customary restraints.... It has been necessary to understand what incentives the farmer needs to change, what practical difficulties he encounters introducing change, what his traditional pattern of land use is and how this pattern or system can be upset by thoughtless innovation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John de Wilde&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experience with Agricultural Development in Tropical Africa &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part II : Poultry</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g007a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens, ducks, muscovies, geese, guinea fowl, quail, pigeons, and turkeys epitomize the concept of microlivestock. Throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America they are (collectively) the most common of all farm stock. In many - perhaps most - tropical countries, practically every family, settled or nomadic, owns some kind of poultry. In the countryside, in villages, even in cities, one or another species is seen almost everywhere; in some places, several may be seen together. Although raised in all levels of husbandry, these birds occur most often in scattered household flocks that scavenge for their food and survive with little care or management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their size bestows microlivestock advantages, including low capital cost, low food requirements, and little or no labor requirements. They are also &quot;family sized&quot;: easily killed and dressed, with little waste or spoilage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These poultry species help meet the protein needs of the poorest people in the world. Some are raised even in areas where domestic cattle cannot survive because of afflictions such as trypanosomiasis and foot-and-mouth disease. Some are maintained under conditions of intensive confinement - provided a source of feed is available - and can be produced in areas with insufficient land for other meat-producing animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, these birds grow quickly and mature rapidly. (For instance, a chicken can, under proper conditions, reach maturity in 26 months.) They adapt readily to being fenced or penned much, or all, of the time. And, compared with the major farm livestock, their life cycles are short and their production of offspring is high. Thus, farmers can synchronize production to match seasonal changes in the availability of feed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although poultry contribute substantially to human nutrition in the tropics, it is a small fraction of what it could be. The meat is widely consumed and is in constant demand. An excellent source of protein, it also provides minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and iron, as well as the B-complex vitamins riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin. Nutritionally as complete as red meat, it is much lower in cholesterol and saturated fats. Poultry eggs are also important sources of nutrients. They are a renewable resource, easy to prepare, and are among the best sources of quality protein and vitamins (except vitamin C).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In spite of their numbers and potential, poultry are rarely accorded primary consideration in economic development activities. All in all, these small birds lack the appeal of large, four-legged livestock. Indeed, most countries have little knowledge of the contribution household birds actually make to the well-being and diets of their peoples. In some countries - even those where birds are widely kept - there is little or no poultry research or extension. And where such programs do exist they usually focus almost exclusively on the production of chickens under &quot;industrial&quot; conditions near cities (see sidebar, page 75).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most developing countries now have these intensive chicken industries, in which birds are kept in complete confinement. However, these commercial operations provide food for people in the cash economy, not for subsistence farmers. Moreover, grain is sometimes diverted or imported to maintain these operations, perhaps causing food shortages, higher prices, or depleted foreign exchange. Thus, in this section we focus on other, neglected, aspects of poultry production.,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The neglect of poultry that scavenge around the rural farmhouses and in village yards is understandable. The birds are scattered across the countryside where extension programs are difficult to implement. Their presence is often so ingrained in traditional village life that they are taken for granted and ignored by the authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet village poultry deserve greater attention. As converters of vegetation into animal protein, poultry can be outstanding. In fact, it is estimated that, in terms of feed conversion, eggs rank with cow's milk as the most economically produced animal protein, and that poultry meat ranks above that of other domestic animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most Third World poultry flocks live a wary, half-wild existence, scrounging for insects, earthworms, snails, seeds, leaves, and leftovers from the human diet. From dung and refuse piles they salvage undigested grains, as well as insects and other invertebrates. Often the persons who care for them are women or children. Some keep the birds around the house, penning them at night for protection from predators and thieves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This almost zero-cost production has, in spite of high losses, a remarkable rate of return. Any improvements that require the purchase of supplies cut severely into the profitability. The first step in improving the production of free-ranging poultry is vaccination against diseases (especially Newcastle disease, fowl pox, and Marek's disease) and a modest, supplemental feeding during times of seasonal scarcity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE INDUSTRIAL CHICKEN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout modem livestock farming the trend is toward more intensive methods, and poultry specialists have set the pace. In many countries, since the 1920s, barnyard fowl have given way to egg and broiler factories. The old-fashioned chicken reared outside on corn stubbles for 5 or 6 months has been replaced by the broiler, mass-produced in controlled environment houses in 7 - 10 weeks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a result of this revolution in poultry raising, small farmers who once made a comfortable living from a few laying hens have been forced out of business. These economic changes have also forced poultry men to have larger and larger flocks to survive. The largest broiler-chicken companies even control their own breed development, feed production, house construction, slaughtering, and freezing, many even have wholesale outlets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rapid changes in poultry farming methods can be attributed to the application of advanced technology. The development of the incubator to replace the mother hen sitting her seasonal clutch of eggs was the first mayor step toward intensive poultry farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, chickens were the first livestock to receive serious attention from geneticists. Before World War II, it was discovered that crossbreeding selected pure and inbred lines could result in dramatic increases in production. Hybrids tailor-made for egg or meat production quickly ousted the old pure breeds such as the Rhode Island Red White and Brown Leghorns, Light Sussex, and the various crosses among them. Chicken broilers made by crosses involving parents derived from Cornish and Plymouth Rock have supplanted all others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This situation now prevails in most industrialized countries. The breeding of commercial stocks is in the hands of a few corporations for each commodity (white eggs, brown eggs, chicken broilers, turkeys) and each has national or even global distribution of its hybrid stocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A BREAKTHROUGH IN POULTRY HEALTH&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newcastle disease is endemic in developing countries and is a constant threat to poultry. Farmers dread this virus, first identified half a century ago in northern England that brings diarrhea, paralysis, and death to most poultry. It is severe, highly contagious, and can cause 100 percent mortality. When it strikes an area, farmers must kill all chickens - even healthy ones - to stop it from spreading.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only Australia, New Zealand, Northern Ireland and some Pacific islands are unaffected. But, although the disease is not found in Australia, certain strains of the virus are present in Australian chickens. These strains are completely harmless, but Australian researchers have found that they induce antibodies that are effective against Newcastle disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a joint project (funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research), scientists from Malaysia's University of Agriculture and Australia's University of Queensland* have put this to good use. They have produced a live culture of the harmless virus that farmers can spray onto feed pellets to vaccinate their birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Field tests of the new vaccine, carried out in Southeast Asia, have been extremely promising. Simply coating feeds with the virus seems to be enough to immunize some chickens, which then pass the immunity on to the others in the flock as well as to new hatchlings. In Malaysia, which has 49 million chickens and a population willing to pay a premium for tasty village poultry meat, one economist estimates that the vaccine might increase rural incomes by 25 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conventional vaccines must be stored under refrigerated conditions, which most villages lack. But the Malaysian workers made the Newcastle disease vaccine tolerant of heat. By selective breeding, they now have strains that resist 56ÃC for at least 2 hours. Thus, even in the tropics, the vaccine remains effective for several weeks without refrigeration. The researchers have also devised methods for coating the vaccine onto pelleted feeds. Because the virus can withstand heat, they use a machine designed for coating pharmaceutical tablets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At this stage, the project is showing every promise of producing a cheap means of reducing Newcastle disease losses among chickens throughout much of the world. Already inquiries have come from other Asian countries and from Africa, and it is hoped that the vaccine may eventually benefit many countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5 Chicken</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g008a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens (Gallus gallus or Gallus domesticus)1 are the world's  major source of eggs and are a meat source that supports a food  industry in virtually every country. There may be as many as 6.5 billion  chickens, the equivalent of 1.4 birds for every person on earth.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No other domesticated animal has enjoyed such universal acceptance,  and these birds are the prime example of the importance of  microlivestock. Kept throughout the Third World, they are one of the  least expensive and most efficient producers of animal protein.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To the world's poor, chickens are probably the most nutritionally  important livestock species. For instance, in Mauritius and Nigeria more  than 70 percent of rural households keep scavenger chickens. In  Swaziland, more than 95 percent of rural households own chickens,  most of them scavengers. In Thailand, where commercial poultry  production is highly developed, 80-90 percent of rural households still  keep chickens in backyards and under houses. And in other developing  countries from Pakistan to Peru, a similar situation prevails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clearly, these chickens should be given far more attention. They  represent an animal and a production system with remarkable qualities;  they compete little with humans for food; they produce meat at low  cost; and they provide a critical nutritional resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scavenger chickens are usually self-reliant, hardy birds capable of  withstanding the abuses of harsh climate, minimal management, and inadequate nutrition. They live largely on weed seeds, insects, and feeds that would otherwise go to waste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, however, quantitative information about the backyard chicken is hard to obtain. Few countries have any knowledge of its actual contribution to the well-being and diet of their people. Notably lacking is an understanding of the factors limiting egg production, which is markedly low and perhaps could be raised dramatically with modest effort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are so well known and ubiquitous that they need no further description. Varying in color from white through many shades of brown to black, they range in size from small bantams of less than 1 kg to giant breeds weighing 5 kg or more. Scavenger chickens tend to weigh about I kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The indigenous chickens of Asia are probably descended directly from the wild junglefowl. Those of West Africa are believed descended from European birds brought by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century; those of Latin America probably descend from Spanish birds introduced soon after the time of Columbus.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p81a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All countries have chickens in large numbers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are not endangered, but industrial stocks are replacing traditional breeds to such an extent that much potentially valuable genetic heritage is disappearing. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although chickens derive from tropical species, they adapt to a wide  variety of environments. The modern Leghorn, for example, is found  from the hot plains of India to the frozen tundra of Siberia, and from  sea level to altitudes above 4,000 m in the Andes. (There are, however,  hatching problems at such high altitudes because of oxygen deficiency.)  They also occur in desert countries such as Saudi Arabia, which has a  vast poultry industry and even exports broilers. (However, the birds  need shade and a lot of water where it is hot and dry.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are omnivorous, living on seeds, insects, worms, leaves,  green grass, and kitchen scraps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A commercial bird may produce 280 eggs annually, but a scavenger  may produce close to none. Commonly, a farmyard hen lays a dozen  eggs, takes three weeks to hatch out a brood of chicks, stays with the  chicks six weeks or more, and only then starts laying again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Egg production depends on daylength. For the highest production  rate, at least 12 hours of daylight are needed. The incubation period is  21 days. A hen can begin laying at 5 months of age or even earlier, but  in scavengers it may be much later. The average weight of the eggs is  approximately 55 g from industrial layers and approximately 40 g from  scavengers. Hatching success from breeder flocks often exceeds 90  percent. Industrial broilers can be marketed as early as 6 weeks, when  they are called &quot;Cornish hens.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These passive, gregarious birds have a pronounced social (pecking)  order. If acclimated, they remain on the premises and are unlikely to go  feral. If given a little evening meal of &quot;scratch,&quot; they learn to come  home to roost at night.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens have multiple uses. They were probably first used for cock  fighting; later they were used in religious rituals, and only much later  were raised for eggs and meat. Today, chickens can provide a family  with eggs, meat, feathers, and sometimes cash.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In different parts of the world, people keep scavenging chickens in  different ways. The managers are often women and children because  they have more time to spend at home to feed the birds and repel  predators. Some people leave the birds entirely to their own devices.  Many house them at night. Others take the birds each day to the fields,  where they may find much more food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are many ingenious local practices. In Ghana, for example,  farmers &quot;culture&quot; termites for poultry by placing a moist piece of cow  dung (under a tin) over a known termite nest. The termites burrow into  the dung, and some can then be fed to the chickens each day. Because  termites digest cellulose, this system converts waste vegetation into  meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A ratio of 1 male to 10-15 females is adequate for barnyard flocks.  Hens will lay eggs in the absence of a rooster - but of course the rooster  is needed if fertile eggs are wanted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Removing chicks stimulates the hen to lay more eggs. This results in  more chicks being hatched, but it requires that the chicks be nurtured  and fed until they are old enough to fend for themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are everywhere; every culture knows them and how to  husband them. They have been utilized for so many centuries that in  most societies their use is ingrained. Unlike the case with pork and beef,  there are few strictures against eating chicken meat or eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat is high in quality protein, low in fat, and easily prepared. In  many countries, the village chicken's meat is preferred to that of  commercial broilers because it has better texture and stronger flavor.  Even in countries with vast poultry industries there is a growing demand  for the tasty, &quot;organically grown,&quot; free-ranging chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are more suited to &quot;urban farming&quot; than most types of  livestock and can be raised in many city situations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds are conveniently sized, easily transported alive, and, by and  large, do not transmit diseases to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the problems of village  chickens are mainly those discussed below.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High Hatching Mortality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commonly, a hatch of eight or nine village chicks results in only two  or three live birds after a few days. A survey in Nigeria, for instance,  showed that 80 percent died before the age of eight weeks. Losses  elsewhere are known to be similar. This is mostly because of starvation,  cold, dehydration, predators (hawks, kites, snakes, dogs, and cats, for  example), diseases, parasites, accidents, and simply getting lost - all of  which can be prevented without great effort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chronic and Acute Disease&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry diseases can become epidemic in the villages because there  are few if any veterinarians. Newcastle disease, fowlpox, pullorum  disease, and coccidiosis, for example - all of which are endemic in the  Third World - can destroy the entire chicken population over large  areas. Lice and other parasites are also prevalent. Scavengers and  industrial birds seem to show no differences in their tolerance for such  diseases and parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Low Egg Production&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey in Nigeria showed that the annual production per hen was  merely 20 eggs. Such low production is common throughout the Third  World and is caused by a combination of low genetic potential,  inadequate nutrition, and poor management. Villagers rarely provide nest  boxes or laying areas, so that some eggs are just not found. Some birds  have high levels of broodiness, and eggs accumulating in a nest  stimulates this. There are indications, however, that some village  chickens (for example, some in China) have quite substantial egg-laying  potential when provided with adequate feed.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Low Egg Consumption&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the tropics, many people choose not to eat eggs. Often this is  because eggs are the source of the next generation of chickens;  sometimes it is because of superstition. Further, eggs do not keep well  because most are fertile and, exposed to constant tropical heat, undergo  rapid embryo development.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crop Damage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often necessary to confine the birds to protect young crops or  vegetable gardens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike the situation with small cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs, there are  few named and recognized breeds of Third World chickens. Yet, nearly  every country has at least one kind of village chicken. These have  survived there for centuries and are highly adapted to local conditions.  In village projects, these unnamed chickens deserve priority attention  before other types are sought from elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Generally speaking, improving the production of scavenging poultry  does not require sophisticated research. Instead, simple precautions are  sufficient. These are discussed below.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Disease Control&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At a national or regional level, the initial approach to increasing  chicken production in tropical areas should be disease control. There are  several outstanding instances of success in this endeavor. For example,  the spectacular rise of poultry production in Singapore (from 250,000  birds in 1949 to 20 million in 1957) followed the control of Ranikhet  disease. Village flock-health programs, carried out regularly by visiting  veterinarians (&quot;barefoot veterinarians&quot;), might be the answer to some of  the routine health problems. Today, a prime target should be Newcastle  disease, for which there are good chances for success (see page 76).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first step in chicken production at the farm level is improved  management. With more care and attention, mortality can be greatly  reduced. Because incubating and brooding hens must spend the night on  the ground, they are extremely vulnerable. Even modest predator  controls can be highly beneficial. Building crude and inexpensive nest  boxes and constructing a simple holding area around them can  substantially raise production by ensuring that more chicks survive.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE CHICKEN'S WILD ANCESTOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although little known to most people, the red junglefowl has  contributed more to every nation than any other wild bird. It is  the ancestor of the chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given its descendants importance worldwide, the neglect of  this bird is baffling. If the cow's wild ancestor, the aurochs, had  not become extinct in the 1600s, it would now be worth millions  of dollars as the ultimate source of cattle genetic diversity. Yet  the world's chicken industry remains virtually unaware of the  origin of its source of livelihood.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the aurochs, the red junglefowl has a wealth of wild  genes, and it deserves more recognition and protection. For one  thing the modern chicken - selectively bred in the temperate  zone - is highly susceptible to heat and humidity; the junglefowl,  on the other hand, is not. It inhabits the warmest and most humid  parts of Asia: Sri Lanka, India, Burma, Thailand, and most of  Southeast Asia. It may also be resistant to various chicken  diseases and pests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not a rare species. Throughout the wide crescent  stretching from Pakistan to Indonesia, junglefowls are still seen  in the wild, especially in forest clearings and lowland scrub.  Although they are a prized bag for hunters, they survive by fast  running and agile flying. They are sometimes sold in village  markets, but can easily be mistaken for domesticated chickens,  which in this region are often very similar. The wild junglefowl,  however, has feathered legs, a down-curving tail, and an overall  scragginess.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Junglefowls should be under intensive study. They are easy to  rear in captivity and do well in pens, even small ones, as long as  they are sheltered from rain and wind. One drawback is their  craze for scratching unless provided plenty of space they  promptly tear up all grass and dirt. Another is that junglecocks  are violent fighters and must be kept apart. (Cockfighting is  probably a major reason why they were initially selected, and  thus their aggressiveness is perhaps the reason we have the  chicken today.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These highly adaptable creatures live in a variety of habitats,  from sea level to 2,000 m. Most, however, are found in and  around damp forests, secondary growth, dry scrub, bamboo  groves, and small woods near farms and villages. They are  amazingly clever at evading capture and thrive wherever there is  some cover.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other junglefowl species might also provide useful poultry.  They, too, can be raised in captivity with comparative ease, as  long as the cocks are kept apart. Perhaps they might be tamed with imprinting and could prove useful as domestic fowl,  especially in marginal habitats. They are everywhere considered  culinary luxuries and their meat commands premium prices.  Moreover, several have colorful feathers, giving them additional  commercial value. These other species are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- La Fayette's Junglefowl (Gallus lafayettei). Avery attractive  bird of Sri Lanka, it is little known in captivity, and only in the  United States are there any number in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gray or Sonnerat's Junglefowl (Gallus sonnerati). A native  of India, this colorful bird produces feathers that are used in  tying the most prized trout and salmon flies. Demand is so great  that certain populations have declined, and since 1968 India has  banned all export of birds or feathers. Nonetheless, there are  several hundred in captivity in various countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Green Junglefowl (Gallus varius). This is yet another striking  bird. The cock has metallic, greenish-black feathering set off by  a comb that merges from brilliant green at the base to bright  purple and red at the top. Native to Java, Bali, and the  neighboring Indonesian islands as far out as Timor, it is found  particularly near rice paddies and rocky coasts. This species, too,  can be raised without great difficulty, and there are at least 90 in  captivity in various parts of the world.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nutrition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving poultry nutrition is also of prime importance. There are no quantitative data on the quality of a scavenging chicken's diet. Surveys are badly needed so that appropriate, low-cost supplements can be devised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chances are that the diet for chicks of scavenging poultry is almost always deficient in available energy. Minimal supplementation in the form of cereals or energy-rich by-products can greatly improve both egg and meat production. However, caution must always be exercised and the supplements given only to chicks. Overfed adults will give up scavenging and stay around the owner's house, without really producing much more meat or eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetic Improvement&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it seems attractive to replace the scrawny village chicken with bigger, faster-growing imported breeds, it is a process fraught with difficulty. Exotic breeds lack the ability to tolerate the rigors of mismanagement and environmental stress. Many cannot avoid predators, as a result either of being overweight or of having a poor conformation for flight. The local birds, however, probably have a genetic potential that is much higher than can be expressed in the constraining environment. Thus, the environmental constraints should be tackled first.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, the village birds may have a feed-conversion efficiency that is far less than ideal because they are adapted to a scavenging existence. Modern breeds imported into Ghana, for instance, showed a feed-conversion efficiency of less that 3.5:1 (weight of food eaten: growth and eggs), but the local birds had efficiencies of 11:1.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need for preserving genetic variability is greater in poultry, especially in chickens, than in any other form of domestic animal. North America, for instance, which years ago had 50 or more common breeds, now relies on only 2 for meat production, and the others have been largely lost. Conservation of germplasm has become a matter of serious concern, and the saving of rare breeds in domestic fowl should not be delayed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE SOUTH AMERICAN CHICKEN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Early European explorers of South America were surprised to discover an abundance of unusual chickens that laid colored eggs and had feathers resembling earrings on the side of the head. While the origin of this bird - commonly called the araucanian chicken and classified as Gallus inauris - is debatable, scientists generally agree that it is pre-Columbian. There is archeological evidence that this bird is native to the Americas. It is reported to have occurred in Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Easter Island. It still occurs in the wild in southern Chile and on Easter Island.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The araucanian has been called the &quot;Easter-egg chicken&quot; because it lays light green, light blue, and olive colored eggs. It lays well and has a delicious meat. In areas such as southern Chile the eggs are preferred over those of normal chickens because of their flavor and dark yellow yolk. This unusual bird has a high degree of variability; however, specimens of similar genetic background have been grouped to create &quot;breeds&quot; such as the White Araucanian, Black Araucanian, and Barred Araucanian. These are homozygotes and breed true.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The araucanian has been the subject of much public interest,. clubs dedicated to its preservation have been formed in the United States, Great Britain, and Chile. Its possible exploitation as a backyard microlivestock deserves serious consideration. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6 Ducks</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g009a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)1 are well known, but still have much unrealized promise for subsistence-level production. Although a major resource of Asia, where there is approximately one duck per 20 inhabitants, they are not so intensively used elsewhere. On a worldwide basis, for instance, they are of minor importance compared with chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is unfortunate because ducks are easy to keep, adapt readily to a wide range of conditions (including small-farm culture), and require little investment. They are also easily managed under village conditions, particularly if a waterway is nearby, and appear to be more resistant to diseases and more adept at foraging than chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, the products from ducks are in constant demand. Some breeds yield more eggs than the domestic chicken. And duck meat always sells at premium. A few recently created breeds (notably some in Taiwan) have much lower levels of fat than the traditional farm duck. This development could open up vast new markets for duck meat, especially in wealthy countries, where consumers are both concerned over fat in their diet and eager for alternatives to chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks are also efficient at converting waste resources - insects, weeds, aquatic plants, and fallen seeds, for instance - into meat and eggs. Indeed, they are among the most efficient of all food producers. Raised in confinement, ducks can convert 2.4-2.6 kg of concentrated feed into I kg of weight gain. The only domestic animal that has better feed conversion is the broiler chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raised as village birds and allowed to forage for themselves, ducks become less productive but become even more cost effective because much of the food they scavenge has no monetary value. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several distinctive types have been developed in various regions. Most have lost the ability to fly any distance, but they retain a characteristic boatlike posture and a labored, waddling walk. The Indian Runner, however, has an almost erect stance that permits it to walk and run with apparent ease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic ducks range in body size from the diminutive Call, weighing less than I kg, to the largest meat strains (Pekin, Rouen, and Aylesbury, for example) weighing as much as 4.5 kg. For intensive conditions, the Pekin is the most popular meat breed around the world. In confinement it grows rapidly - weighing 2.5-3 kg at a market age of 78 weeks. In addition, it is hardy, does not fly, lays well, and produces good quality (but somewhat fatty) meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Khaki Campbell breed is an outstanding egg producer, some individuals laying more than 300 eggs per bird per year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Taiwan Tsaiya (layer duck) is also a particularly efficient breed. It weighs 1.2 kg at maturity, starts laying at 120-140 days, and can produce 260-290 eggs a year. Its small body size, large egg weight, and phenomenal egg production make Brown Tsaiya the main breed for egg consumption in Taiwan. More than 2.5 million Brown Tsaiya ducks are raised annually for egg production.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domestic duck is distributed throughout the world; however, its greatest economic importance is in Southeast Asia, particularly in the wetland-rice areas. For example, about 28 percent of Taiwan's poultry are- ducks. In parts of Asia, some domestic flocks have as many as 20,000 birds. One farm near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, rears 40,000 ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although ducks are abundant, some Western breeds are becoming rare. Indigenous types are little known outside their home countries and have received little study, so their status is uncertain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These adaptable creatures thrive in hot, humid climates. However, during torrid weather they must have access to shade, drinking water, and bathing water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks are well adapted to rivers, canals, lakes, ponds, marshes, and other aquatic locations. Moreover, they can be raised successfully in estuarine areas. Most ocean bays and inlets teem with plant and animal life that ducks relish, but (unlike wild sea ducks) domestic breeds have a low physiological tolerance for salt and must be supplied with fresh drinking water. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks search for food underwater, sieve organic matter from mud, root out morsels underground, and sometimes catch insects in the air. Their natural diet is normally about 90 percent vegetable matter (seeds, berries, fruits, nuts, bulbs, roots, succulent leaves, and grasses) and 10 percent animal matter (insects, snails, slugs, leeches, worms, eels, crustacea, and an occasional small fish or tadpole). They have little ability to utilize dietary fiber. Although they eat considerable quantities of tender grass, they are not true grazers (like geese), and don't eat coarse grasses and weeds at all. Sand and gravel is swallowed to serve as &quot;grindstones&quot; in the gizzard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When protected from accidents and predation, ducks live a surprisingly long time. It is not unusual for one to continue reproducing for up to 8 years, and there are reports of exceptional birds living more than 20 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite large differences in size, color, and appearance, all domestic breeds interbreed freely. Eggs normally take 28 days to incubate, brooding and rearing is performed solely by the female.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Depending on breed, a female may reach sexual maturity at about 20 weeks of age. Most begin laying at 20-26 weeks, but the best egg- laying varieties come into production at 16-18 weeks and lay profitably for 2 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is generally well known that ducks are shy, nervous, and seldom aggressive towards each other or humans. Skilled and enthusiastic swimmers from the day they hatch, they spend many hours each day bathing and frolicking in any available water. However, most breeds can be raised successfully without swimming water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although wild ducks normally pair off, domestic drakes will mate indiscriminately with any females in a flock. In intensively raised flocks, I male to 6 females, and in village flocks, 1 male for up to 25 females, results in good fertility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most domestic ducks, particularly the egg-laying strains, have little instinct to brood. If not confined, they will lay eggs wherever they happen to be - occasionally even while swimming. To facilitate egg collection, some keepers confine ducks until noon. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p96a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a meat source, ducks have major advantages. Their growth rate is phenomenal during the first few weeks. (Acceptable market weights can be attained under intensive management with birds as young as 6-7 weeks of age.) Yet, even in older birds, the meat remains tender and palatable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eggs from many breeds are typically 20-35 percent larger than chicken eggs, weighing on average about 73 g. They are nutritious, have more fat and protein, and contain less water than hen's eggs. They are often used in cooking and make excellent custards and ice cream. Eggs incubated until just before the embryos form feathers produce a delicacy known as balut in the Philippines. Salted eggs are popular in China and Southeast Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feathers and down (an insulating undercoat of fine, fluffy feathers) are valuable by-products. Down is particularly sought as a filler for pillows, comforters, and winter clothing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks have a special fondness for mosquito and beetle larvae, grasshoppers, snails, slugs, and crustaceans, and therefore are effective pest control agents. China, in particular, uses ducks to reduce pests in rice fields.3 Its farmers also keep ducks to clear fields of scattered grain, to clear rice paddy banks of burrowing crabs, and to clear aquatic weeds and algae out of small lakes, ponds, and canals. This not only improves the conditions for aquaculture and agriculture, it also fattens the ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Southeast Asia, droving is a traditional form of duck husbandry, much as it was in medieval Europe. The birds are herded along slowly, foraging in fields or riverbanks as they march to market. The journey might cover hundreds of kilometers and take as long as six months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This process, however, is generally declining, and most ducks are raised under farm conditions where they scavenge for much of their feed. Throughout Southeast Asia, ducks have been integrated with aquaculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks can be raised on almost any kitchen wastes: vegetable trimmings, table scraps, garden leftovers, canning refuse, stale produce, and stale (but not moldy) baked goods. However, for top yields and quickest growth, protein-rich feeds are the key. Commercial duck farms rely on such things as fish scraps, grains, soybean meal, or coconut cake. Agricultural wastes such as sago chips, palm-kernel cake, and palm-oil sludge are being used in Malaysia.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks have a very high requirement for niacin (a B vitamin). If chicken rations are used, a plentiful supply of fresh greens must be provided to avoid &quot;cowboy legs,&quot; a symptom of niacin deficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of all domestic animals, ducks are among the most versatile and useful and have multiple advantages, including:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Withstanding poor conditions;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Producing food efficiently;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Utilizing foodstuffs that normally go unharvested;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Helping to control pests; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Helping to fertilize the soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also, they are readily herded (for instance, by children).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Excellent foragers, they usually can find all their own food, getting by on only a minimum of supplements, if any. Raising them requires little work, and they provide farmers with food or an income from the sale of eggs, meat, and down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks can grow faster than broiler chickens if they have adequate nutrients. Like guinea fowl and geese, they are relatively resistant to disease. They also have a good tolerance to cold and, in most climates, don't need artificial heat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING NEW DUCKS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many species of ducks adapt readily to captivity; it is surprising, therefore, that only the mallard and the muscovy have been domesticated so far. Several wild tropical species seem especially worth exploring for possible future use in Third World farms, Because of the year-round tropical warmth, their instinct to migrate is either absent or unpronounced, and the heavy layer of fat (a feature of temperate-climate ducks that consumers in many countries consider a drawback) is lacking. Moreover, because of uniform daylength, they are ready to breed at any time of the year. Candidates for domestication as tropical ducks include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Whistling ducks (Dendrocygna species). These large, colorful, gooselike birds are noted for their beautiful, cheerful whistle.* They are long-necked perching ducks that are found throughout the tropics. By and large, they are gregarious, sedentary, vegetarian, and less arboreal than the muscovy - all positive traits for a poultry species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The black-bellied whistling duck (D. auturunalis) seems especially promising. It is common throughout tropical America (southwestern United States to northwestern Argentina) and is sometimes kept in semicaptivity. Occasionally, in the highlands of Guatemala, for instance, Indians sell young ones they have reared as pets. When hand reared, the birds can become very tame. * * They eat grain and other vegetation, require no swimming water, and will voluntarily use nest boxes. In the wild, they &quot;dump&quot; large numbers of eggs so that even if substantial numbers were removed for artificial hatching, the wild populations should not be affected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Greater wood ducks (Cairina species). The muscovy (C. moschata) was domesticated by South American Indians long before Europeans arrived (see page 124). Its counterparts in the forests of Southeast Asia and tropical Africa are, however, untried as domesticates. The white-winged wood duck (C. scutulata) is found from eastern India to Java. Hartlaub's duck (C. hartlaubi) occurs in forests and wooded savannas from Sierra Leone to Zaire. Both are rare in captivity, but might well prove to be future tropical resources. Both are strikingly similar to muscovies in size and habits, being large, phlegmatic, sedentary, and omnivorous. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Predators are the most important cause of losses in farm flocks. Ducks are almost incapable of defending themselves, and losses from dogs and poachers can be high. Locking them in at night both protects the birds and prevents eggs from being wastefully laid outside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks do suffer from some diseases, mainly those traceable to mismanagement such as poor diet, stagnant drinking water, moldy feed or bedding, or overcrowded and filthy conditions. Of all poultry, they are the most sensitive to aflatoxin, which usually comes from eating moldy feed. They are also susceptible to cholera (pasteurellosis) and botulism, either of which may wipe out entire flocks. Duck virus enteritis (duck plague) and duck virus hepatitis also can cause severe losses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If not carefully managed, ducks can become pests to some crops, especially cereals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, ducks tend to be extremely poor mothers and can be helped by using broody chicken hens or female muscovies as surrogate mothers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Major limitations to large-scale, intensive production are mud, smell, and noise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Defeathering ducks is much more difficult than defeathering chickens because of an abundance of small pinfeathers and down feathers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds already function so well that no fundamental research needs to be done. Nonetheless, there are a number of topics that could improve their production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, different types of low-cost systems need to be explored and developed. These must be low-input systems since cash is a limiting factor for most subsistence farmers. One possibility is the integration of duck and fish farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of all breeds is needed to determine their status and likelihood of extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One need in countries that already have ducks is to encourage the consumption of duck meat. Indonesia, for instance, has 25 million egg-producing ducks, but little duck meat is consumed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research on economically significant diseases is needed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7 Geese</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g010a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Brown Chinese Geese&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although geese (Anser spp.) were one of the first domesticated animals, they have yet to receive the level of commercial or industrial exploitation of chickens or even ducks. Thus, their global potential is far greater than is generally recognized today.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic geese are easily managed and well suited to small-farm production; they are among the fastest growing avian species commonly raised for meat, and they have immediate application in many developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are especially appropriate for providing farmers a supplemental income. With little extra work they supply nutritious meat, huge eggs, and rich fat for cooking, as well as soft down and feathers for bedding and clothing. Moreover, their strident voices sound the alarm when strangers or predators approach. They are especially well suited to aquatic areas and marshy lands and are completely at home in warm shallow waterways. Nevertheless, they can thrive away from water. In fact, wherever pasture is available geese readily adapt to captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are grazers, and can be raised almost exclusively on pasture. They are excellent foragers, and on succulent grass can find most or all of their own food. With their powerful bills they pull up grasses and underwater plants and probe soil and water for roots, bulbs, and aquatic animals. Their long necks make them adept at gleaning weeds from hard-to-reach places - such as fence rows, ditches, and swampy areas that baffle larger livestock. They will also feast on vegetable trimmings, garden and table leftovers, canning refuse, and stale baked goods. Like other poultry, they pick up shattered grains of rice, wheat, barley, and other crops, which can reduce the bothersome problem of weeds volunteering in subsequent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are available worldwide. In most climates, they require little or no housing. Given reasonable care and protection from predators, mortality can be extremely low. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic geese come in an assortment of colors, sizes, and shapes. There are two main types, however. Descendants of the wild greylag goose (Anser anser) make up the domestic breeds common in North America and Europe, including the Embden, Toulouse, Pilgrim, American Buff, Pomeranian, Sebastopol, and Tufted Roman breeds. These are generally best suited to temperate climates. On the other hand, descendants of the wild &quot;swan goose&quot; (Anser cygnoides) make up the geese of Asia, including the Chinese and &quot;African&quot; types. These breeds seem better suited to hot climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to these, many European and Asian countries have their own local breeds and types, and there are even several wild species that show some potential for captive production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With their long legs and webbed toes, geese are equally at home walking or swimming. Avid walkers, they march long distances to find forage, but return home at dusk. Accomplished and graceful swimmers, geese are able to take to water soon after they hatch. Despite their large size, some domestic breeds - especially the leaner ones - have retained the ability to fly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are found worldwide, but goose farming is nationally important only in Asia and Central Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic geese are not threatened, although much local variation among the breeds is being lost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most geese adapt well to hot climates - as long as some shade is available. Their waterproof feathers help them adapt well to high rainfall regions. They also tolerate extreme cold. (For instance, in Canada, geese are wintered outdoors in subfreezing temperatures, with merely 'e simple shelter from wind.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For tropical developing countries, the Chinese type, which is widely kept in Southeast Asia, is especially promising. Smaller than most geese (although ganders can weigh over 5 kg), they are the best layers, the most active foragers (making them economical and useful as weeders), the most alert and &quot;talkative,&quot; and they produce the leanest meat. Some European breeds, such as Embden and Toulouse, have also been used in the tropics with notable success. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING GEESE&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Temperate Zones)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today's domestic geese are descended from two species: the greylag (Anser anser) and the swan goose (Anser cygnoides). These were domesticated in Europe and China, respectively. Their domestication occurred in ancient times, long before people knew about genetics, microorganisms, veterinary science, or behavior modifications such as imprinting. Today, armed with such knowledge, more geese may be amenable to domestication. Most of the 15 other wild species adapt to captivity. Compared to most birds, geese spend much time walking and swimming and are less inconvenienced by pinioning (removing the tip of the wing). Thus, they can be kept outdoors rather than in cages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both of the ancestors of today's domestic geese are native to the northern temperate zone. Two more wild species that might make useful domesticates are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Canada goose (Branta canadensis). North America. People feeding these birds in city parks and wildlife refuges are causing many local flocks to develop. These birds no longer migrate. They are increasing in numbers each year and are well on the way to de facto domestication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- American swan goose (Coscoroba coscoroba). Southern South America. Although most closely allied to swans in shape and physiology, this bird resembles a muscovy (see page 124) in size and behavior. Its calm disposition, as well as its attractive red feet and bill that accent its white plumage, have made it much sought as an ornament for parks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In its diet, the goose utilizes large quantities of tender forage. It can break down plant-cell walls and digest the contents. Although it has no crop for storing food, there is an enlargement at the end of the gullet that serves as a temporary storage organ. Sand and small gravel are swallowed to aid the gizzard in grinding hard seeds and fibrous grasses. Research has shown that geese can digest 15-20 percent of the fiber in their diet, which is 3-4 times the amount that other poultry species can digest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The natural diet consists of grasses, seeds, roots, bulbs, berries, and fruits, normally supplemented with a little animal matter (mainly insects and snails) picked up incidentally. Most feeding takes place on land. They characteristically feed for prolonged periods, even at night.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females may lay for 10 years or more. It is generally believed that reproduction is best in the second year and that it remains good until the fifth year. Geese outlive other types of poultry; life spans of 1520 years are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The eggs incubate in 27-31 days. The incubation time is more variable than in most poultry species, perhaps because geese have not been subjected to the selection pressure that is imposed by artificial incubators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most intelligent birds, the goose has a good memory and does not quickly forget people, animals, or situations that have frightened it. While personalities and habits vary among individual specimens, there are common behavioral patterns, such as the pecking order, that allow individuals to live peaceably together.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless conditions are crowded or there are too many males, geese normally live harmoniously both with themselves and with other creatures. The bond between male and female is strong. Changing mates is difficult, although most geese will eventually accept a new mate after a period of &quot;mourning.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese nest on the ground and prefer the water's edge, but they adapt readily to man-made nesting boxes. The gander usually stands guard while the goose incubates the eggs. He then assists in rearing the goslings. Most geese become irritated if intruders approach their nest or goslings, and will even attack people and large dogs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As previously noted, these birds provide meat, eggs, fat, and down. The meat is lean, flavorful, and of outstanding quality. The fat accumulates between the skin and the flesh and can be rendered into a long-lasting oil. The eggs are large and taste much like chicken eggs. The &quot;down&quot; (the small, fluffy feathers that lie next to the body of adult birds) is the finest natural insulating material for clothing and bedding, and can fetch a premium price. Worldwide markets exist for both down and other goose feathers. In France, in particular, some geese are raised for their livers (foie gras).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese can control many types of aquatic weeds in shallow water as well as grass and some types of palatable broad-leaf weeds on the banks of lakes, ponds, and canals. They can also be used as ''lawn mowers&quot; and &quot;weeders&quot; among cotton, fruit trees, and other crops (see sidebar).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Elongated necks not only allow geese to reach many different foods, they also help them keep a watchful eye on the surroundings. With their exceptional eyesight they can see great distances, and the position of the eyes gives them a wide field of vision. Geese are among the most alert of all animals, and strangers cannot calm them into silence. In the high Andes, in Southeast Asia, and in many other locations, they replace guard dogs. In Europe, they are used to guard whiskey warehouses and sensitive military installations (see page 111).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Methods of caring for adult geese vary according to climate, breed, and people's experiences and needs. Overall, however, the birds cause little trouble and require little expense. They range freely without restriction, feeding themselves and returning home of their own accord. They have strong flocking instincts and can readily be herded from one area to another.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like all young poultry, goslings are fragile. The highest mortality is caused by predators. Until the goslings are 6-10 weeks old, it is prudent to confine the parents and their young at night in a secure pen or building.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are the only domestic fowl that can live and reproduce on a diet of grass. They cannot remain healthy on coarse dry fodder, but when grass is succulent they need little else other than drinking water. Many legumes also make excellent goose forage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the tropics, eggs can be laid year-round. The production seldom exceeds 40 eggs per year, although with feed supplement and simple management, the Chinese breed may yield more than 100 eggs. Geese go broody quickly. To break up broodiness, the goose can be confined for 4 6 days away from, but in sight of, the ganders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goslings grow rapidly and can reach market size as early as 10-12 weeks; most geese, however, are marketed at 20-30 weeks of age, when they may weigh from 5 to 7 kg, depending on type and breed. Some young birds (also called green or junior geese), force-fed for rapid growth, are marketed at 4-6 kg when they are 8-10 weeks old.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If fed a good diet to maximize growth and if slaughtered at, say, 10 weeks, the Embden, Chinese, or African will have a carcass low in fat. However, the carcass normally has much more fat than other poultry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese must have a constant supply of reasonably clean drinking water during daylight hours. Although swimming water is not necessary, it promotes cleaner and healthier birds because they find it easier to care for their plumage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING GEESE&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Tropics)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese of the tropics have seldom if ever been considered for domestication, but they might provide poultry of considerable value. Presumably they are more heat tolerant and lack the layers of subcutaneous fat (which the ancestors of today's geese needed for warmth in the Arctic). They might thus produce lean birds that would fetch premium prices because excessive fat is the major drawback of today's commercial geese. Examples of tropical species that might be domesticable are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Egyptian goose (AIopochen aegyptiacus). Found throughout the African tropics, this bird is already partly domesticated. However, it is bad tempered and quarrelsome and, so far, this has limited its utility. It has therefore been kept only under semidomestication, without intensive breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nene (Branta sandvicensis). A native of the Hawaiian Islands, this is one of the most endangered species on earth. So few specimens are in existence that farming enterprises cannot now be envisaged. Yet, should this bird prove amenable and suitable, the possibility of an economic future could boost efforts to build up its now meager populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus). India and Central Asia. These smallish geese are handsome, dainty, and have a musical horn-like call. They have distinct black bars across the nape, which gives them their popular name. Hand-reared specimens breed well in captivity. Despite heavy hunting they are still abundant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Northern spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis gambensis). Tropical Africa (Senegal to Zimbabwe). This large bird is a ground nester, but it has long bony spurs on the wings that enable it to easily protect its eggs and young from predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Semipalmated (magpie) goose (Anseranas semipalmata). Australia and New Guinea. One of the most aberrant and primitive of all waterfowl, this long-legged sturdy-billed bird has only partially webbed feet. It perches high in trees and has a loud ungooselike whistling call. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE WADDLING WORK FORCE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because geese relish grasses and shun most broad-leafed plants, some enterprising U.S. farmers in the 1950s began using them to rid cotton fields of grassy weeds, which are difficult to kill with herbicides. The geese were put into the fields as soon as the crop came up. A brace of birds kept an acre of cotton weeded; a gaggle of 12 would gobble as many weeds as a hard-working man could clear with a hoe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This method of clearing fields was so effective that by 1960 more than 175,000 geese honked their way across the carefully tended farmland, mainly in the Southwest. Seven days a week, rain or shine, the feathered field hands slaved uncomplainingly from daybreak to dusk, even putting in overtime on moonlit nights. Many toiled so diligently that they worked themselves out of a job.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The geese cleared the fields more cheaply than hoe hands. They left the crop untouched and ate only the succulent young weeds. They did not damage crop roots (as hoes or tractors can), and they were safe and selective, unlike many herbicides. On top of all that they spread fertilizer for the farmer, and ultimately provided him meat for the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eventually, farmers found that geese could be used to weed nearly all broad-leafed crops: asparagus, potatoes, berry fruits, tobacco, mint, grapes, beets, beans, hops, onions, and strawberries, for example. Geese were used in vineyards and fruit orchards to eat both weeds and the fallen fruits that could otherwise harbor damaging insects. They were employed in fields producing trees for the forest industry and flowers for florists shops. Some growers turned goslings loose in cornfields to consume the &quot;suckers&quot; (cone, after all, is a grass) as well as the grain left on the ground. This eliminated the problem of corn as a weed when different crops were later planted in those fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the 1970s when cotton acreage dropped and herbicides selective for the troublesome grasses were developed, the use of geese declined. But today, some organic farmers are returning to the practice. From February to June in the Pacific Northwest, fields are resounding once more to the old-fashioned racket of White Chinese geese. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mature geese are independent creatures. When kept in small flocks and allowed to roam the farmyard or field, they require less attention than any other domestic bird with the possible exception of guinea fowl. In areas where grass is green for much of the year, they can be raised on less grain or concentrated feed than any other domestic fowl.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Durability is one of their most attractive features. Along with ducks, geese seem to be the most resistant of all poultry to disease, parasites, and cold or wet weather. They also do well in hot climates as long as drinking water and deep shade are available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Growth is not only rapid, it is also efficient. If managed properly, goslings can produce I kg of body weight for every 2.25-3.5 kg of concentrated feed consumed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are not usually thought of as prolific layers. However, as noted, some strains of the Chinese breed will yield well over 100 eggs per goose per year. At 140-170 g per egg, that compares favorably with the output of laying chickens. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p112a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are messy and their loud trumpeting is often irritating. However, unless they have been teased or mistreated or if they are nesting or brooding young, they are not aggressive. But kilo for kilo, they are stronger than most animals, and a harassed or angry adult can express its displeasure effectively with powerful bill and pounding wings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Excessive concentrations of geese on ponds or along creeks encourages unsanitary conditions, muddies water, hastens bank erosion, and destroys plant life. Where sanitation is poor, salmonellosis can devastate geese and be transmitted, via meat and eggs, to humans. Coccidiosis and gizzard worm are other infections.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Defeathering geese is more difficult than plucking chickens because there are two coats (feathers and down) to remove.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some situations, geese may need a diet supplement (such as grain) if they are grazing vegetation exclusively. A balance must be struck: too much supplement and they will quit foraging and become too fat; too little and they grow slowly and may suffer malnutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are not fully mature until two years of age. Their overall reproductive rate, therefore, is lower than that of other poultry. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry researchers worldwide should begin studies to clarify the role that geese could play in helping to feed Third World nations. Studies might include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Management practices for tropical areas;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Breeding and management for increased egg production;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Incubation techniques;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutrition supplementation (for example, vitamins, minerals, energy, specific amino acids) needed by grazing geese;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Physiology of digestion and reproduction;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Clarifying the inheritance of various traits;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Genetic selection for specific meat, eggs, growth factors, or disease resistance;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Comparative studies of the relative efficiency (especially of feed utilization) of the various types and breeds for specific climates in underdeveloped countries;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Weeding tropical crops with geese; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Studying diseases and cross-infection with other birds. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8 Guinea Fowl</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g011a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Third World villages, the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) could become much more valuable than it is today. The bird thrives under semi-intensive conditions, forages well, and requires little attention. It retains many of its wild ancestor's survival characteristics: it grows, reproduces, and yields well in both cool and hot conditions; it is relatively disease free; it requires little water or attention; it is almost as easily raised as chickens and turkeys; and it is a most useful all-round farm bird.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea fowl's potential to increase meat production among hungry countries should be given greater recognition. The birds are widely known in Africa and occur in a few areas of Asia, but they show promise for use throughout all of Asia and Latin America and for increased use in Africa itself. Strains newly created for egg and meat production in Europe - notably in France - show excellent characteristics for industrial-scale production. Also, many semidomestic types in Africa deserve increased scientific assessment as scavenger birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meat from domestic guinea fowl is dark and delicate, the flavor resembling that of game birds. It is a special delicacy, served in some of the world's finest restaurants. Several European countries eat vast amounts. Annual consumption in France, for example, is about 0.8 kg per capita.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl also produce substantial numbers of eggs. In Africa, these are often sold hard-boiled in local markets. In the Soviet Union, they are produced in large commercial operations. In France, guinea fowl strains have been developed that not only grow quickly but lay as many as 190 eggs a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside Europe, virtually all guinea fowl are raised as free-ranging birds. These find most of their feed by scratching around villages and farmyards. Their cost of production is small, and they yield food for subsistence farmers. In Europe, on the other hand, most are raised in confinement, with artificial insemination, artificial lighting, and special feeding. In the main, this is to produce meat for luxury markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl production is beginning to increase all over the world. During the last 20 years, for example, many of Europe's chicken farmers and breeders, wishing to diversify, have switched to this bird. The United States is now studying ways to establish industrial production, and both Japan and Australia are increasing their flocks. Nonetheless, there is still a vast untapped future for this bird.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide. This species is robust and resilient and adapts to many climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are somewhat larger than average scavenger-type chickens: adults weigh up to 2.5 kilograms. They have dark-grey feathers with small white spots. Their heads are bare with a bony ridge (helmet) on top, which makes them look something like vultures. The short tail feathers usually slope downwards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chicks, known as &quot;keels,&quot; resemble young quail. They are brown striped with red beaks and legs. The sexes are indistinguishable until eight weeks of age. After that, the males' larger helmets and wattles and the cries of the different sexes can be identified. Both sexes give a one-syllable shriek, but females also have a two-syllable call.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the chicken, the guinea fowl is a gallinaceous species and possesses the characteristic sternum with posterior notches and a raised &quot;thumb.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among domestic types are pearl, white, royal purple, and lavender. Pearl is the most common, and is probably the type first developed from the wild West African birds. Its handsome feathers are often used for ornamental purposes. The white is entirely white from the time of hatching and has a lighter skin. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p117a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe dominates industrial production. France, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Hungary all raise millions of guinea fowl under intensive conditions, just as they raise chickens. Elsewhere, guinea fowl have become established as a semidomesticated species on small family farms. Native flocks are found about villages and homes in parts of East and West Africa, and free-ranging flocks can be seen in many parts of India, notably Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Madhya Pradesh. During the slavery era, they were introduced from Africa to the Americas to be used for food. In Jamaica, Central America, and Malaysia, the birds have reverted to the wild state and are treated as game.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are abundant; in most places even wild populations are not threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are native to the grasslands and woodlands of most of Africa south of the Sahara where they occupy all habitats except dense forests and treeless deserts. Being native also to temperate South Africa, they appear to have an inherent adaptability to both heat and cold. However, in cool climates, regardless of daylength, they will not begin egg production until temperatures exceed 15ÃC. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl accept many foods: grains, leaves, ant eggs (for which they will tear anthills open), and even carrion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, they lay their first egg at about 18 weeks of age. Unlike many wild birds, which produce a single clutch a year, guinea hens lay continuously until adverse weather sets in.2 Free-range &quot;domestic&quot; guinea hens lay up to 60 eggs a season. And well-managed birds under intensive management lay close to 200. The eggs weigh approximately 40 g. Shells are stronger than those of chickens and are usually brown, but can be white or tinted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea hen goes broody after laying, which can be overcome by removing most of the eggs. A clutch of 15-20 is common. The incubation period is 27 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds never become &quot;tame,&quot; but neither do they leave the premises. Although they stray farther than chickens do, they always return. They like to hide their eggs in a bushy corner, often in hollows scratched in the ground. They can fly, although even in the wild they do not fly far. They prefer to roost on high branches and (unless pinioned) can be hard to catch during the day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although wild guinea fowl live in groups, they are monogamous by nature and tend to bond in pairs. However, in domestication a single male may serve four or more females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, guinea fowl are valuable sources of both meat and eggs. They can also be used to control insect pests on vegetable crops.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are good &quot;watch animals&quot;; they have fantastic eyesight, a harsh cry, and will shriek at the slightest provocation. Their agitation on sighting dogs, foxes, hawks, or other predators have saved the lives of many a chicken, duck, and turkey. They are brave and will attack even large animals that threaten them.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl can be kept in confinement using the methods for raising battery chickens. In this system, breeding stock are housed in cages and artificially inseminated. It gives the best egg production and fertility but requires housing, equipment, and skilled labor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds can also be kept in a semidomestic state in and around the farmyard. In such cases they are penned until they are 12 weeks old. Unaccustomed to foraging for natural food, they constantly return to their artificial food supply. Eventually, however, they learn to subsist by scavenging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds have been called &quot;the worst parents in the world,&quot; and are almost incapable of looking after their keets.5 Because the females are such indifferent mothers, the eggs are best hatched in incubators or under other birds, to avoid the keets' being lost by their natural mothers. In many African countries, eggs are hatched under chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Keets are often kept indoors until they are 3-4 weeks old to protect them from predators and wet weather. Sexual maturity can be delayed to as late as 32 weeks of age by holding the birds in windowless housing and controlling the lighting. This improves egg size and hatchability and reduces early mortality. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GUINEA FOWL AND THE ANCIENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The earliest reference to guinea fowl can be found in murals in the Pyramid of Wenis at Saqqara in Egypt, painted about 2400 B.C. Aviaries were quite fashionable at the time, and wealthy landowners maintained guinea fowl within their walled gardens. A thousand years later, by the time of Queen Hatshepsut (about 1475 B.C.), the junglefowl (the ancestor of the chicken) had arrived, and from then on it was raised on a substantial scale. Records of this period refer to &quot;walk-in&quot; incubators, constructed of mud bricks and heated by cameldung fires. The largest could hold up to 90,000 eggs (mainly from junglefowl but some from guinea fowl) and hatching rates of up to 70 percent were claimed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 400 B.C., guinea fowl were well established on farms in Greece. Later, they rose to importance in ancient Rome. Pliny the elder (in his Natural History, published 77 A.D.) stated that they were the last bird to be added to the Roman menu and that they were in great demand, both eggs and flesh being considered great delicacies. The emperor Caligula offered them as sacrifices to himself when he assumed the title of deity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea fowl then died out in Europe but was reintroduced by the Portuguese navigators returning from their African explorations in the late 1400s. They gave it the name pintada or &quot;painted chicken&quot; and this changed to pintade in French, while the name &quot;Guinea fowl&quot; (fowl from Africa) stayed in English, and gallina de Guinea in Spanish. Coincidentally, guinea fowl and turkeys were both introduced to England between 1530 and 1550, and the English, smitten with the original French misnomers, were left sorting out &quot;Ginny birds&quot; and &quot;Turkey birds&quot; for the remainder of the century. Both birds were adopted with great enthusiasm, and within 150 years they had utterly displaced the peafowl and swan as the major table birds for festive occasions.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adapted from R.H.H. Belshaw, 1985 Guinea Fowl of the World&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with the farmyard chicken the guinea fowl's advantages are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Low production costs;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Premium quality meat;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Greater capacity to utilize green feeds;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Better ability to scavenge for insects and grains;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Better ability to protect itself against predators; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Better resistance to common poultry parasites and diseases (for example, Newcastle disease and fowlpox).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surprisingly, this semidomestic bird, which has been farmed for centuries, retains the characteristics (feather morphology, hardiness, social behavior) of its wild ancestor - even when subjected to the most modern intensive-rearing methods employing battery cages and artificial insemination. Thus, it thrives under semicaptive conditions and needs little special care. The birds forage well for themselves and do not require much attention; their meat is tasty and they produce substantial numbers of eggs. Unlike chickens, they don't scratch to get insects out of the soil, so they are less destructive to the garden.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In backyard production the guinea fowl is supreme, but when produced intensively it costs more to raise than chickens. In Europe, for instance, day-old keets cost about twice as much as day-old broiler chicks. (The major reason is that guinea fowl produce fewer hatching eggs and require a longer feeding period.) Guinea fowl are also more expensive to feed. Their feed conversion (for meat production at the marketing age) is about 3.3-3.6 as compared with a broiler's feed conversion of 1.8-1.9. Moreover, guinea fowl take about twice as long to reach marketable size: they are marketed for meat at age 12-14 weeks, compared with 7-8 weeks for the broilers. Therefore, the selling price of guinea fowl in the Western world is up to twice that of broilers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are nervous and stupid. They can be difficult to catch' and when panicking they can easily suffocate their keets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are susceptible to some of the common diseases of chickens and turkeys. Salmonella is the most prevalent, but others are pullorum disease, staphylococcus, and Marek's disease. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE GUINEA FOWL'S WILD COUSINS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domesticated guinea fowl is descended from just one subspecies of the family's seven known species and numerous subspecies. Some of the others may also have promise as poultry. They, too, generally occur in flocks in bushy grasslands and open forests in Africa. All feed on vegetable matter such as seeds, berries, and tender shoots, and on invertebrates such as slugs. They rarely fly except to roost. They acclimatize well are easy to maintain in captivity, and can survive long periods away from water.** Their disposition is tame and nonaggressive, and they mix well with other birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild subspecies closely related to the domestic guinea fowl that might make future poultry in their own right include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gray-breasted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata). This subspecies is the principal ancestor of domestic guinea fowls. It is found throughout West Africa and probably has many valuable genetic traits. There is much variation in the size and other characteristics among the various individuals. People along the Gambia, Volta, and Niger rivers have long traditions of breeding these birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Tufted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris meleagris). This subspecies is quite large and has black plumage thickly spotted with white dots. It is the probable ancestor of the birds reared in ancient Egypt and in the Roman empire (see page 120). Hill farmers in the southern Sudan sometimes breed them in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Mitred guinea fowl (Numida meleagris mitrata). Probably the most popular game bird in East Africa, this type has a bright blue-green head and red wattles. It was once a common sight in the wild but it has now been decimated by overhunting. It is now most numerous in the Masai lands of Kenya and Tanzania. It has been kept in a semidomesticated form in Zanzibar for several centuries. Zoos and aviaries around the world have imported it, and it has bred well for them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild guinea fowl that are different species from the domestic one but that are still worth considering as potential poultry include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Black guinea fowl (Phasidus niger or Agelastes niger). This bird of the tropical rainforests of West and Central Africa is the size of a small chicken. It has sooty black plumage, a naked head, and a pink or yellow neck. It is seldom hunted because the meat tastes dreadful but this is probably because of a particularly pungent fungus they eat in the forest. Raised on fungus-free forages, these birds are probably very palatable. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Crested guinea hen (Guttera spp.). Three species. These strange-looking birds have a thick mop of inky black feathers above their black, naked faces. Widely distributed in the thickly forested areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Unlike the other species, they prefer the rainforest. They have a musical trumpeting call. At least one species has bred well in Europe. For example, a flourishing colony has been established in the Walsrode Bird Park in Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Vulturine guinea fowl (Acryllium vulturinum). The largest of all guinea fowl, this species is found in parts of Ethiopia, Somalia, and East Africa. One of the most striking looking of all birds, its head is bare and blue, its body black with white spots, and its breast bears long bright cobalt-blue patches on either side. This has been reared as an aviary bird in both Europe and America and might make a useful domesticate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agencies involved in international economic development should undertake guinea fowl assessment trials, evaluations, and coordinated introductions to stimulate programs for small farmers and for industries in dozens of countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeders have been working to improve guinea fowl only since the 1950s. There is a need for more information on growth rate, health, egg production, feed conversion, body weight, carcass yield, laying intensity, fertility, hatchability, and egg weight - especially under free-ranging conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husbandry research should also be directed towards feeds and feeding systems for growing and breeding stock. Other efforts are needed to increase the hatchability of eggs under natural conditions (under guinea hens or surrogate mothers), and to identify the best lighting regimes (both sexual maturity and rate of lay are influenced by changes in daylength).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea fowl that has become an important domesticated bird throughout the civilized world is descended from just one of seven known species in the family. These birds generally occur in flocks in bushy grasslands and open forest in Africa and Madagascar, and some of the others may also have promise as poultry (see sidebar opposite). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9 Muscovy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g012a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy (Cairina moschata), a unique ducklike species of the South American rainforest, belongs to a small group of waterfowl that perch in trees. In poultry science, however, it is normally grouped with domestic ducks for lack of a better classification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except in France, Italy and Taiwan muscovies have received little modern research. But their promise can be judged from the fact that they account for 50 percent of the duck meat consumed in France - about 60,000 tons per year - and they are often consumed in Italy and Taiwan as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Third World subsistence farming, muscovies have excellent possibilities. There is probably no better choice for a meat bird that requires minimal care and feed. Tame, quiet, and able to forage for much of their keep, they are inherently hardy, vigorous, and robust. They have heavily fleshed breasts and are highly prized for their meat, which is dark, more flavorful, and less fatty than that of common ducks. An average muscovy gives more meat than a chicken of the same age, and it also survives hot, wet environments better. In addition, muscovies are better parents than the domestic duck. Females are probably the best natural mothers of any poultry species, as measured by their success at incubating their eggs and caring for their young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All in all, this bird deserves more attention than it has received so far in Third World livestock projects. Dispersed around the warm and hot regions of the world, muscovies already exist in small numbers in backyards and villages, much like the domestic chicken in previous centuries. Despite a lack of research, the present unimproved stocks are already impressive meat yielders. Used more widely and more intensively, they could contribute much to poor people's meat supplies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossing the muscovy with the common duck produces a hybrid that combines many of the advantages of both. This cross, known as &quot;mulard,&quot; or &quot;mule duck&quot; in English, is raised in France for its liver and meat and is produced in quantity in Taiwan (see sidebar, page 132). It, too, has a major future role.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies are suitable for use almost anywhere that chickens can be kept. Moreover, their tropical ancestry and inherent robustness give them an advantage in hot and humid climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although a muscovy somewhat resembles a goose, it is one of the greater wood ducks of tropical South America. It was domesticated in pre-Columbian times, most likely in the rainforests of Colombia. Related wild types, looking very much like the muscovy, still occur in South American wetlands, particularly mangrove swamps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males have mature live weights of 5 kg and females about 2.5 kg. Both have broad and rounded wings. The adults have patches of bare skin around the eyes, rather than feathers. Much of this is covered in &quot;caruncles,&quot; which superficially resemble warty outgrowths. The feet have sharp claws. Both sexes raise a crest of feathers when alarmed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is much color variation among the various muscovy populations including types that are called white, colored, black, blue, chocolate, silver, buff, and pied.2 The most common types (they are not considered breeds) are the white and the colored. The white produces a cleaner looking carcass, but the colored is the most popular meat type in France. Its plumage is an iridescent greenish black, except for white forewings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The native range of the muscovy's probable wild ancestor covers much of Central America and northern South America. The domestic form also occurs over most of Latin America - from southern Chile to the northern limits of traditional culture in lowland Mexico - including the Caribbean, where it was present shortly after Columbus landed.3 The birds can be observed among the domestic fowl in the high Andes, for example, and are feral in southern coastal areas of the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carried across the Atlantic, probably in the early 1500s, the domesticated muscovy spread quickly in Europe, and thence to North America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Today, it finds favor with the food-loving French as &quot;canard de Barbarie,&quot; and France has the greatest concentration of muscovies in Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Down the centuries the muscovy became popular in tropical Asia (especially the Philippines and Indonesia) and in China and Taiwan. Throughout Indonesia (where it is known as &quot;entok&quot;) it is popular with villagers for incubating eggs from ducks, geese, and chickens. It is now spreading into Oceania, and has recently gained particular favor in the Solomon Islands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies are also known in Africa and can be found in many villages, especially in West Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not endangered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild muscovies occur mainly along tropical jungle streams, but domestic muscovies are found in many environments from the heat of Central America to the cold of Central Europe. They also tolerate dry conditions, but they thrive best where climates are both hot and wet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies utilize high-fiber feeds better than chickens and common ducks, and eat larger quantities of grass. They also consume other green vegetation and readily snap up any insects they can find. If quality forage is available, only a small daily ration of grain or pellets is required for them to reach peak production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy females normally hatch and raise large broods efficiently. It is not unusual to see them with a dozen or more fragile ducklings in tow - many of them adopted from other species. They bravely protect their young and have been known to beat off cats, dogs, foxes, and other marauders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, muscovies are healthy and live and breed for many years. They suffer few diseases, especially when free ranging. However, they seem to be more susceptible to duck virus enteritis (duck plague) than common ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p129a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While appearing to be slow and lethargic, muscovies can be quick and agile when one tries to catch them. Females are strong fliers and readily clear a standard fence. Males frequently become so ponderous that they cannot get airborne without an elevated perch or the aid of a strong wind. Although they forage over a larger area than chickens, they generally neither decamp nor wander as far as common ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated muscovies are either solitary or live together in small family groups, but sometimes in winter they flock together on bodies of water. They swim and dive well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds seldom make loud noises. A drake's voice resembles a muffled &quot;puff&quot;; females are almost mute. However, both can hiss or make a soft sound not unlike that of sleigh bells.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is polygamous (a young male will try to mate with almost any fowl, including chickens). Mating can occur on land or in water. Males are pugnacious and tolerate no opposition. Because of this, they do not do well in close confinement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A BETTER FLY TRAP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is a voracious omnivore that is particularly fond of insects. For years, some Canadian farmers have sworn that a few muscovies took care of all fly problems on their farms. In 1989, Ontario biologists Gordon Surgeoner and Barry Glofcheskie (see Research Contacts) decided to put this to the test.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting with laboratory trials, the entomologists first put a hungry five-week-old muscovy into a screened cage with 400 living houseflies. Within an hour it had eaten 326. Later, they placed four muscovies in separate cages containing 100 flies each. Within 30 minutes over 90 percent of the insects were gone. It took flypaper, fly traps, and bait cards anywhere from 15 to 86 hours to suppress the populations that much.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moving to fleld tests, the researchers placed pairs of twoyear-old muscovies on several Ontario farms. Videotapes showed the birds snapping at houseflies and biting flies about every 30 seconds and being successful on 70 percent of their attempts. With that efficiency, they achieved 80-90 percent fly control in enclosures such as calf rooms or piggeries. The birds were given only water and had to scavenge for all their food. Females seemed to eat about 10 percent more flies than males, and individuals of any age between eight days and two years were equally effective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds fit the practical needs for farmyard fly control. They stayed close to piglets and calves, to which flies are particularly attracted. They even snatched flies off the hides of resting animals without waking them up. On one farm, the birds huddled between sleeping piglets and were accepted by the sow lying beside them. This was noteworthy because most fly-catching devices (chemical, electrical, or mechanical) must be kept far from animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To the Canadians, the economic advantages are clear. A 35-cow dairy needs $150-$590 worth of chemicals for controlling flies during the fly season; muscovy chicks, on the other hand, cost less than $2 each, eat for free, and can be sold for a profit of 200-400 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The researchers point out that employing muscovies does not eliminate all need for insecticides, but it reduces the amounts required. And muscovies are biodegradable, will not cause a buildup of genetic resistance, and taste better than flypaper. Indeed, their meat is excellent, and the naturally mute birds seldom make any noise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reportedly, muscovies are kept in some houses in South America to control not only flies, but also roaches and other insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is generally raised only for its meat, which is of excellent quality and taste. In stews it is hard to distinguish from pork; cured and smoked it is similar to lean ham.4 The fat content is low.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy eggs are as tasty as other duck eggs, and a muscovy female can supply a large number if she is kept from sitting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are useful for clearing both terrestrial and aquatic weeds.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Down feathers are used, like those of other ducks, in clothing and comforters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies may be raised like common ducks. An ideal grouping is one male to five or six females. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except in Taiwan, France, Hungary, and a few other European countries, they exist predominantly in small flocks in farmyards and village ponds. However, they can be reared under intensive conditions in a shed or pen that is well lighted and equipped with low roosts and bedding. Under such conditions, they may be fed diets recommended for rearing common ducks or given coarse feeds, including whole grain. If chicken rations are used, fresh greens must be provided to avoid &quot;cowboy&quot; legs, a symptom of niacin deficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they thrive in areas where there is abundant water, they do not require access to swimming water. They prefer to nest under cover and will use nesting boxes. A normal clutch size is 9-14 eggs; however, clutches of up to 28 can occur. There may be 4 clutches annually, and (when the hen does not have to brood the ducklings) some muscovies have laid 100 eggs in a year.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The egg weight, which increases with the female's age, ranges from 65 to 85 g. The eggs require 33-35 days to hatch, a week longer than the common duck's. Hatching success of 75 percent or more is common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with domestic ducks early growth is slow, which is perhaps why muscovies have not enjoyed wider industrial use. However, after the slow period they grow rapidly and, because they forage on a broader range of vegetation than common ducks, they can scavenge a large proportion of their diet at little or no cost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When raised intensively, females average 2 kg and males 4 kg at 11-12 weeks of age. Females may reach sexual maturity by 28 weeks of age; males require a month more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE MULE DUCK OF TAIWAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In parts of Europe, hybrids between muscovies and common ducks are reared for fattening. However, Taiwan has made the most outstanding use of this &quot;mule duck.&quot; Thanks in part to this muscovy hybrid, Taiwan's duck industry has grown rapidly in the last decade. The total value of duck products now exceeds $346 million per year. Much of the boom in duck production is due to improved feeding disease control and management systems, but much is also due to the performance of the mule duck. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This hybrid is now Taiwan's major meat-duck breed, and about 30 million are consumed each year. Indeed, the duck industry has been so successful that Taiwan is increasingly exporting frozen duck breast and drumstick meat to Japan. It now provides 24 percent of the duck meat eaten in Japanâ most of it coming from mule ducks. Also, Taiwan is exporting partially incubated mule-duck eggs throughout Southeast Asia. And mule ducks supply most of the raw material for Taiwan's large feather industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan farmers have been producing mule ducks for 250 years, but the recent jump in production is due to the use of artificial insemination to overcome the natural reticence of the different species to mate. Fortunately, artificial insemination is well developed and is a standard part of farming practice in Taiwan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mule ducks are successful because they have less fat than a broiler chicken and they grow faster. Indeed, they can reach a market weight of 2.8 kg at 65 - 75 days of age, depending upon the weather, season, and management. In part, this fast growth is because they are sterile and waste no energy in preparing for a sexual existence or in laying eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The usual cross employs a muscovy male and a domesticduck female. The domestic breeds most employed for muleduck production are White Kaiya (Pekin male x White Tsaiya female), Large White Kaiya (Pekin male x White Kaiya female) and colored Kaiya. Both sexes of the hybrid offspring weigh about the same.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crosses between a muscovy hen and a domestic drake are much rarer (traditionally, this was because of the different mating behavior of the two species, but even with artificial insemination available they are not much used) and the males of these hybrids are much heavier than the females. Females of this cross do lay eggs, but the eggs are small (about 40 g) and their embryos do not develop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are almost 300 duck-breeding farms in Taiwan, annually producing more than 600,000 female domestic ducks for use in producing mule ducks. Some farmers combine duck raising with fish farming. The excrete of 4,000 ducks on one hectare of pond can provide 30,000 tilapia with 20 percent of their feed. It helps the farmer get rid of waste as well as giving him fresh fish to sell. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the muscovy is an extremely good forager and thrives under free-ranging conditions. Unlike other ducks, it grazes on grass and leaves and will maintain itself on pasture. Apparently, it can digest bran and other fibrous feeds better than common ducks can.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The males are larger than all but the largest strains of table duck. They have exceptionally broad, well-muscled breasts and provide one of the leanest meats of any waterfowl.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is apparently more resistant to diseases that regularly decimate other poultry. This is one reason why villagers favored them: when chickens die, muscovies often survive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The female's strong parental qualities help assure the survival of ducklings with a minimum of human intervention. Her ability to incubate and hatch most other poultry eggs is an added advantage to small farmers who have neither the capital to buy, nor the knowledge to operate, artificial incubators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike other ducks, muscovies are not easily alarmed, and fright does not affect their egg production and laying. Indeed, they are so phlegmatic that automobiles can be major causes of death.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they are a tropical species, these birds are much less tolerant of cold than common ducks and require more protection from freezing weather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy's feed conversion is not as good as the chicken's. Also, compared with some other meat-duck breeds, muscovies have a slower rate of growth and require about 4 6 weeks longer to attain maximum development of breast muscles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies can be difficult to handle. If their legs are free, the handler may be badly lacerated by the claws.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although adults have a fair homing ability, muscovies may wander away when local forage is sparse, and young birds may be carried long distances downstream, never to return.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they feed on greenery, they can devastate gardens if the plants are very young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies can be unsuspected carriers of poultry diseases, so that healthy-looking muscovies may infect the other species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry scientists should unite in efforts to advance technical knowledge and public appreciation of this bird. Governments and researchers should begin evaluations of local varieties and their uses and performances. The experiences of France, Italy, Eastern Europe, and Taiwan should be gathered and made available for a worldwide readership.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important that the many muscovy varieties within the countries of Latin America - where the bird has a centuries-long history of domestication - be maintained and studied. Many superior varieties and specimens may be awaiting discovery.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy's nutritional requirements, range and confined systems of management, and disease vulnerability are poorly understood and need study. Especially needed are ways to increase growth rate. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10 Pigeon</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g013a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons (Columba livia)1 are durable birds that can be raised with little effort. Able to survive in inhospitable climates, they fend for themselves - often ranging over many square kilometers to locate seeds and edible scraps. They have been raised for centuries, especially in North Africa and the Middle East. In parts of North America and Europe, they are produced as a delicacy for the gourmet market. But raising pigeons for food is not nearly as widespread as it could be; indeed, in modern times its potential has hardly been touched. Farmed pigeons are particularly promising as urban microlivestock because they require little space and thrive in cities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young pigeons (squab) grow at a rapid rate. Their meat is finely textured, has an attractive flavor, and is often used in place of game fowl. Tender and easily digested, it commands premium market prices. In many areas, the continuing demand is unfilled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are traditionally raised in dovecotes - &quot;houses&quot; that protect the birds from the elements and from predators. This system allows free-ranging flight and requires almost no human intervention. Dovecotes are a good source of both squab and garden manure, and they continue to be used, especially in Egypt. On the other hand, pigeons can also be raised in confinement - usually in enclosed yards - with all their needs supplied by the farmer. There are, for example, pigeon farms in the United States with up to 35,000 pairs of breeding birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeon production may never rise enough to compete with commercial poultry as a major source of food, but for Third World villages these birds could become a significant addition to the diet as well as a source for substantial supplemental income. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons have small heads, plump, full-breasted bodies, and soft, dense plumage. They weigh from about 0.5 to nearly I kg. A few large breeds (Runts, for instance, which commonly weigh 1.4 kg) are the size of small domestic chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many breeds have been developed for meat production. They produce squab that grow quicker and have larger breasts than unselected birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild ancestor of the common pigeon - domestic, wild, or feral -  is thought to be the rock pigeon or rock dove of Europe and Asia. Today its domestic descendants are bred in virtually every country, and those that have gone feral (reverted to the wild) occur in most of the world's cities and towns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are abundant. However, as with most other domestic species there is concern over the decline and loss of certain breeds. Societies have been organized (notably in the United Kingdom) to preserve rare types.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p138a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Natural habitat of the rock dove ancestor of the domestic pigeon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domestic pigeon can be raised equally well in temperate and tropical zones. Indeed, this adaptable species can be kept anywhere that wild pigeons exist, including arid and humid regions. It should be noted, however, that cold climates do not favor squab production and hot climates promote vermin and disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigeon's natural diet consists mostly of seeds, but includes fruits, leaves, and some invertebrates. Feral pigeons consume a wide array of materials, including insects, bread, meat scraps, weed seeds, and many kinds of spilled grains at mills, wharves, railway yards, grain elevators, and farm fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the first four or five days of life, the young are fed &quot;crop milk.&quot; This substance, common to pigeons and doves,2 is composed of cells from the lining of the crop and is very high in fats and nutritional energy. The phenomenal growth rate of young squab has been attributed to crop milk and to its early replacement (within 8-10 days) with concentrated foods, regurgitated by both parents. The parents feed the squab for about four weeks before pushing it out of the nest to prepare for the next clutch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In domestic birds, sexual maturity (as measured by age at first egg) is reached at 120-150 days. Life span can be 15 years, although growth and egg production decline rapidly after the third year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild pigeons often nest on cliff sides. Domestic pigeons prefer to nest around buildings, in nooks and shelves and under the eaves - that is, in &quot;pigeonholes.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In domestic varieties, the pair-bond often lasts until severe illness or death. Sometimes, however, a vigorous male will &quot;invade&quot; a nest and mate with the females there. Both sexes take nearly equal part in nest building, incubation, and caring for the young. Typically, there are two eggs to a clutch. Eight clutches a year is not uncommon for a breeding pair. The incubation period is 17-19 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike most birds, pigeons drink by inserting their beaks into water and sucking up a continuous draft. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Courtship is characterized by cooing, prancing, and displays of spread, lowered tail feathers. &quot;Bow and coo&quot; exhibitions are unique to pigeons and doves and differ among species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are usually raised exclusively for meat. The squab are harvested just before full feather development and before the youngster has started to fly, usually at 21-30 days of age. At this time the ratio of flesh to inedible parts is highest; once flying begins, the meat becomes tougher. Weight depends upon breed, nutrition, and other factors, but usually ranges from 340 to 680 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are extensively used for scientific research, notably in physiology and psychology. They are also widely kept as pets for plumage and for racing. The pigeon's unique homing ability was recognized in Roman times, and the birds have been trained to return to the dovecote from as far away as 700 km. Even today, homing pigeons are used to carry messages, especially during war.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are easily trained to recognize &quot;home.&quot; The wing feathers are clipped and the birds are fed close to the dovecote; by the time they refledge, their homing instinct has been developed. Alternatively, newly captured pigeons may be trained by confining them to the dovecote for at least one week. At first, a little grain is provided in the morning (this is to ensure the birds will return to the coop). The birds can obtain the rest themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any waterproof house that is easy to clean is suitable for keeping pigeons. Many traditional dovecotes are built of earthenware pots. In Asia and Europe, wooden pigeon towers are generally used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike chickens, pigeons do not prefer communal roosts. Instead, they prefer nesting shelves, of which there should be two for each breeding pair. The shelves are usually placed in dark corners and are fitted with low walls to keep eggs from rolling out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grit is important in the diet, both to provide minerals and to allow the birds to grind feed in their gizzards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commercial squab breeds are often kept permanently in pens, a process that requires care and experience. Growers expect an average of 12-14 squab per pair per year, although much depends on environment and management. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds need fresh water daily and water for bathing at least weekly. Since they feed their young by regurgitation, the adults must have a continuous supply of clean drinking water. Orphan squab can be fed egg yolk until old enough to consume adult feeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like all poultry, confined pigeons must be provided enough supplemental feed to ensure a balanced diet. A mixture of whole grains can be fed for maximum production. It is important that grains be dry and free of mold (pigeons will not thrive on mash). Peas, beans, or similar pulses make good supplements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARRIER PIGEONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most people consider message-carrying pigeons to be a quaint anachronism. But in a few countries (both developed and developing) carrier pigeons are making a comeback, and in the future they may be used routinely once again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New techniques are making this process far more practical than before. For example, in the past the pigeons would be flown in one direction only. They were transported away from home and at the appropriate time released to find their way back. That was very limiting. But it has since been found that pigeons can be trained to carry messages in two directions: flying from one point to another and then back again. They will do it twice a day, and with almost perfect reliability. The key is to place the feeding station at one end and the nest at the other. This limits the pigeon's range, but they still can handle round-trip distances up to 160 km.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a little ingenuity, there is no need for a person to monitor the stations to receive the messages as the bird arrives. One simple technique is to arrange the station with one-way doors - one opening inwards, the other outwards. Placing a bar across the outward door means that the bird cannot get out until someone releases it. Thus the message can always be retrieved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This system has been employed in Puerto Rico and Guatemala, but it could be used almost anywhere. In many parts of the Third World, in particular, there are remote areas with no phones and with hilly, rough terrain where delivering messages can take hours of strenuous travel. Some locations are subject to unexpected isolation by natural calamities or military or terrorist actions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Puerto Rico, for instance, we kept pigeons in a village 32 km from the capital. The pigeons could get downtown in 20-30 minutes. It took us 1.5-2 hours each way by road. What was easy for the birds was a major trip for us. Pigeons carried the villagers' requests for certain foods and medicines. Our contact in the city then sent up the supplies by bus. The birds never let us down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carrier pigeons are useful for more than just flying far and fast. They have been bred for racing and their large pectoral muscles make them excellent meat producers - much better than the common pigeons normally raised for food. A pair of carriers typically will raise 12 - 16 young each year, and those not needed for message carrying can be butchered at 28 days of age - yielding meat that is nutritious and considered a delicacy in many countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Holderread&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Every day on the northwest coast of France, Petit Gendamme, a black and white carrier pigeon, flies on average 23 km between hospitals on his blood delivery route. Trussed in tiny hand-sewn harnesses, he and a flock of carrier pigeons set out (except during the hunting season) with little red tubes of blood secured to their breasts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;It's a simple, effective, and cost-saving transport system,&quot; said Yves Le Henaff, head of the Avranches Hospital laboratory, Cotentin, France, a central blood-testing center that serves a number of isolated medical centers along the coast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The service becomes particularly valuable during the summer tourist rush, when travellers flock to the seashore to visit nearby Mont Saint Michel, crowding the small country roads and increasing the risk of traffic accidents.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds' average flight time between the hospitals of Avranches and Granville, for example, a distance of about 27 km, is 20 minutes, including the time for harnessing up. And with a favorable western wind their best time can reach 11 minutes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While gasoline costs the equivalent of $0. 75 a lifer in France, hospital officials say that a few grains of corn is all it takes to run this operation. According to Le Henaff, who supervises the carrier pigeon operation, the hospital is saving up to $46 a day on gas and auto maintenance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 40-year-old Le Henaff got the idea five years ago from an article in a scientific journal describing a similar experiment in Britain. A year later, he and an associate called on the local seamstress to design a light harness that could hold a tube, which, when filled, weighs approximately 39 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The flock now consists of 40 veteran fliers and 20 carrier pigeons in training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And what if the winged creatures stray en route? Le Henaff has devised a fall-back option: two pigeons carry two different test tubes containing the same blood sample.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds fly every day of the year with the exception of the three-month autumn hunting season. Since the beginning of the experiment four years ago, there have been two casualties. Le Henaff believes the birds probably met their fate in some Normand's oven.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sometimes weather is a factor, and heavy fog can keep the delivery team grounded.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, the new job seems to benefit the pigeons, too. Unlike sickly city pigeons, whose average life span is about four years, well-cared-for carrier pigeons can live up to 15 years, Le Henaff said. &quot;And how many people do you know who are willing to stay with the same outfit for that long?&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sabine Maubouche&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;December 2, 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under extensive conditions - where the birds are released each day to feed themselves - almost no land is needed. Under intensive conditions, where the birds spend their lives in confinement, a mere half hectare can be enough space to raise 2,000 pairs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free-ranging pigeons forage over a wider area than most domestic fowl because they fly out to find their feed. Nutrient requirements3 are similar to those of chickens and other fowl (making allowance for the energy needed for flying), so commercial feed and other supplements - if needed at all - are generally available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In dovecote culture, pigeons require little or no handling. They brood the young with little intervention. Although not continuous, the production of meat from these fast-growing, rapidly reproducing birds is more sustained than with most livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost nowhere are there taboos against consuming pigeon meat. Prices received for squab are normally high, and in most places the demand is constant. The only limitation in some areas is the absence of an effective market, which is usually easy to create.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Squab contains a larger proportion of soluble protein and a smaller proportion of connective tissue than most meats and is therefore good for invalids and people with digestive disorders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As many hobbyists can testify, raising pigeons can be gratifying.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are subject to few diseases. However, worms, lice, diarrhea (coccidiosis), canker (trichomoniasis), and salmonella (paratyphoid) occur at some time in most domestic breeds. Salmonella exists in low levels in most flocks and will flare up if birds are stressed. Treatments recommended for domestic chickens are usually suitable for pigeons. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By flying over a wide area and eating grains and other foods, pigeons can cause conflicts with farmers. Indeed, in the 13th century the aristocracy's pigeons became a major grievance of the peasants who saw their seed devoured. On the other hand, &quot;croppers&quot; (breeds with large crops) were developed to steal grain from the lord's fields. The pigeon returned home and his crop was emptied of the grain, which was used by the peasant to make bread.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds can become nuisances. They leave droppings in annoying places, some people find them too noisy, and a few people are severely allergic to &quot;pigeon dust.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Every conceivable type of predator can be expected; therefore, precautions must be taken. The dovecote must be well protected against rats, which are the principal enemy of the eggs and the squabs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nesting birds need a high-protein diet to raise squab at the high rates of gain that are possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry researchers should study the increased role pigeons might play in Third World economic development. Nothing comparable to the sophisticated selection employed with the domestic chicken has so far been attempted. Given such attention the gains could be great.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among pressing research needs are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Breeding. This needs to be better understood. For example, the effects of hybridization and inbreeding need clarification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Environmental limits. Little work has been done outside the temperate regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Diseases. These deserve increased attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also the potential of &quot;dovecotes&quot; for wild pigeons. Numerous local species are well adapted to local conditions, and these deserve to be tested for &quot;domestication.&quot;4 Many wild species quickly lose their fear of man, and in time they can even become too fat to fly. Wild pigeons are already found throughout the humid tropics and are trapped for meat and rearing in New Guinea and other places. They are already an important food source for many subsistence farmers and shifting cultivators, and with some dovecote management could provide a greater, more dependable source of food and income. The potential for domesticating local pigeon species, especially those suited to the tropics, deserves exploration. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11 Quail</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g014a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native to Asia and Europe, quail' (Coturnix coturnix2) have been farmed since ancient times, especially in the Far East. They reproduce rapidly and their rate of egg production is remarkable. They are also robust, disease resistant, and easy to keep, requiring only simple cages and equipment and little space. Yet they are not well known around the world and deserve wider testing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are so precocious that they can lay eggs when hardly more than 5 weeks old. It is said that about 20 of them are sufficient to keep an average family in eggs year-round. Quail eggs are very popular in Japan, where they are packed in thin plastic cases and sold fresh in many food stores. They are also boiled, shelled, and either canned or boxed like chicken eggs. Quail eggs are excellent as hors d'oeuvres and they also are used to make mayonnaise, cakes, and other prepared foods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In France, Italy, the United States, and some countries in Latin America (Brazil and Chile, for example) as well as throughout Asia, it is the meat that is consumed. It is particularly delicious when charcoal broiled. One company in Spain annually processes 20 million quail for meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the domesticated strains seem to have originated in China, and migrating Chinese carried them throughout Asia. Today, millions of domestic quail are reared in Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indochina, Philippines, and Malaysia, as well as in Brazil and Chile. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commercial production is carried out, as in the chicken industry, in specialized units involving hatcheries, farms, and factories that process eggs and meat. However, quail have outstanding potential for village and &quot;backyard&quot; production as well. It is this aspect that deserves greater attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail come in various sizes. The smaller types are used for egg production, whereas the larger ones are better for meat. Adult females of improved meat strains may weigh up to 500 g. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several color varieties. However, mature females are characterized by a tan-colored throat and breast, with black spots on the breast. Mature males, which are slightly smaller than females, have rusty-brown throats and breasts. All mature males have a bulbous structure, known as the foam gland, located at the upper edge of the vent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the United States, the Pharaoh strain is the bird of choice for commercial production. Other available strains tend to be bred more for fancy than for food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail eggs are mottled brown, but some strains have been selected for white shells. These eggs are often preferred by consumers and are easier to candle (the process of holding eggs up to a light to check for interior quality and stage of incubation). An average egg weighs 10 g - about 8 percent of the female's body weight. (By comparison, a chicken egg weighs about 3 percent of the hen's body weight.) Quail chicks weigh merely 5-6 g when hatched and are normally covered in yellowish down with brown stripes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ancestral wild species is widely distributed over much of Europe and Asia as well as parts of North Africa. Although domestic quail are now available almost everywhere, Japan is probably the world leader in commercial production; quail farms are common throughout its central and southern regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not endangered. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p149a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are hardy birds that, within reasonable limits, can adapt to many different environments. However, they prefer temperate climates; the northern limit of their winter habitat is around 38ÃN.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A quail's diet in the wild consists of insects, grain, and various other seeds. To thrive and reproduce efficiently in captivity, it needs feeds that are relatively high in protein.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The females mature at about 5-6 weeks of age and usually come into full egg production by the age of 50 days. With proper care, they will lay 200-300 eggs per year, but at that rate they age quickly. The life span under domestic conditions can be up to 5 years. However, second-year egg production is normally less than half the first year's, and fertility and hatchability fall sharply after birds reach 6 months of age, even though egg and sperm production continue. Thus, the commercial life is only about a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crosses between the wild and domestic stocks produce fertile hybrids. Repeated backcrossing to either wild quail or domestic quail is successful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only females hatch the eggs and raise the chicks. Males go off and court other females when their partners begin the nesting process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail eggs taste like chicken eggs. They are often served hard boiled, pickled, fried, or scrambled. Because of their size they make attractive snacks or salad ingredients. They provide an alternative for some people who are allergic to chicken eggs. On frying, the yolk hardens before the albumen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail meat is dark and can be prepared in all of the many ways used for chicken. The two meats are similar in taste, although quail is slightly gamier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its hardiness, small size, and short life cycle, quail are now commonly used as an experimental animal for biological research and for producing vaccines - especially the vaccine for Newcastle disease, to which quail are resistant. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many fanciers and hobbyists have also become interested in raising this adaptable species as a pet. Science teachers find it an excellent subject for classroom projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;QUAIL IN JAPAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some areas of Japan, quail are widely raised for their eggs and meat. However, Japanese originally valued the quail as a songbird. Tradition has it that about 600 years ago people began to enjoy its rhythmic call. In the feudal age, raising song quail became particularly popular among Samurai warriors. Contests were held to identify the most beautiful quail song and birds with the best voices were interbred in closed colonies. Even photostimulation was practiced to induce singing in winter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Around 1910, enthusiastic breeders produced the present domestic Japanese quail from the song quail. It was created as a food source and became a part of Japanese cuisine. During World War II it was almost exterminated, but Japanese quail breeders restored it from the few survivors and from birds imported from China. The original song quail, however, were lost. In the 1960s, commercial quail flocks rapidly recovered and Japan's quail population again reached its prewar level of about 2 million birds. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A QUAIL IN EVERY POT: AN OLD DELICACY FINDS A NEW PUBLIC&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For centuries, quail were considered a great delicacy: a dish that only eminent chefs would cook and diners with an appreciative palate could enjoy. These small migratory birds, which are found in one variety or another throughout the world, were available until recently almost exclusively to hunters in the wild.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But now quail are in danger: in danger of becoming commonplace.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the last few years, quail have gone from being rarefied to a supermarket specialty item. They are on menus in the most elegant restaurants and the most casual cafes and bistros.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Why so much interest?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are now available semi-boneless, which makes them faster and easier to cook, and easier to eat as well. The breastbones are removed by hand before the birds are packaged and shipped to stores. The bones in the wings and legs remain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A stainless-steel V-shaped pin - invented and patented by a restaurant chef who wanted a way to keep quail flat for grillingâ is inserted into the breast. The pin can be left there throughout cooking and removed just before serving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While whole quail might require 45 minutes to cook, the semi-boneless variety can be grilled in less than 10 minutes, or pan-roasted, braised or sauteed in less than 20 minutes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The flavor of farm-raised quail has also helped bring them into the mainstream. Most farm-raised quail have tender meat like the dark meat of chicken, whose flavor is enjoyed by many people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And at a time when people are searching for foods, specifically animal protein, with low fat and cholesterol, quail fills the bill. The Agriculture Department says that quail skin has about 7 percent fat, about the same as dark meat of roasted chicken without the skin.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Judith Banrett Adapted from The New York Times &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;June 21, 1989&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is necessary to keep quail in battery cages on wire floors because males secrete a sticky foam (from the foam gland) with their feces; on a solid floor, this adheres to the feet and collects dung, leading to crippling and breakage of eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult quail can live and produce successfully if they are allowed 80 cm2 of floor space per bird. However, for reproduction about twice that is needed to allow for mating rituals.3 If properly mated, high fertility rates and good egg hatchability can be expected. To obtain fertile eggs, one male is needed for roughly six females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eggs hatch in about 17 days. Chicks require careful attention. Brooding temperatures of between 31 C and 35 C  are needed for the first week and above 21 C for the second week. From the second week on, chicks can survive at room temperature. (These temperatures are similar to those required for common chickens.) In cold climates, supplemental heat may be needed as well as protection from cool drafts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clean water must be provided at all times, with care taken to prevent the chicks from drowning in their water troughs. Shallow trays, jar lids, or pans filled with marbles or stones may be used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail production can be started with little money. These easy-care birds can be housed in small, simple, inexpensive cages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, they are resistant to Newcastle disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SIX OF ONE, HALF A DOZEN OF THE OTHER&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that chickens can be crossed with quail has been known for some time, but there has been little attempt to develop the fertile hybrids. Now Malaysia has begun a project aimed at producing a new poultry bird - a cross between a cockerel and a hen quail. Zainal Abidin bin Mohd Noor, of the Department of Veterinary Services in Kuala Lumpur, is creating a strain that produces eggs of good quality and meat with the flavor of both parents. The new bird is intermediate in size between chicken and quail which is convenient because it is about right for an individual helping.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The crossbreeding is done through artificial insemination. The progeny exhibit a range of appearances, sizes, and plumage colors, depending on the strains of cockerel and quail hens used. In the Malaysian research, cockerels have been local Ayam Kampung Bantam, Hybro, and Golden Comet hybrids. The quails have been local inbred Japanese quail (IJQ) and imported meat strain quail (IMSQ).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The trials show that the hybrids derived from the IMSQ flocks grew faster and bigger than those from the IJQ cross. The best have been the Hybro x IMSQ crosses, which weigh 475 g at 10 weeks of age. The best of the IJQ group weighed 290 g during the same period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This type of &quot;tropical game hen&quot; might be a way to introduce hybrid vigor into poultry production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The researchers who developed the hybrid have named it the &quot;yamyuh.&quot; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although generally disease resistant, quail are affected by several common poultry diseases, including salmonella, cholera, blackhead, and lice. They also suffer epidemic mortality from &quot;quail disease&quot; (ulcerative enteritis), which can, however, be controlled with antibiotics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail seem to require more protein than chickens, and produce best when given feed that is fairly high in protein.4 However, they also perform satisfactorily when fed rations designed for turkeys. They have high requirements for vitamin A, which they do not store.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are not suitable as free-ranging &quot;scavengers.&quot; They must be kept confined, which is a major constraint. Unlike chickens or pigeons, they have no homing instinct and will not remain on a given site; if released, they will be lost. In addition, since they nest on the ground, they are highly susceptible to predation; they must be protected, especially where certain animals, the mongoose for example, are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Artificial incubation is essential. Natural incubation using the female is futile; the females do not go broody and rarely incubate their eggs. The shells are extremely thin, but the eggs can be incubated under a small chicken hen, such as a bantam.5 The eggs are also subject to minute fractures. However, the shell membrane is extremely tough and unfertilized eggs are generally unaffected, but the cracks cause fertilized embryos to dehydrate and die. This is a serious limitation. Whenever quail husbandry is introduced, artificial incubation should be included.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail deserve to be included in all poultry research aimed at helping the Third World. Through its international scientific program, Japan, in particular, could apply to developing nations its vast experience with quail farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiences with quail in the tropics (for example, Japanese farmers in the Amazon Basin) and in tropical highlands (for instance, in India, Nepal, or Central Africa) should be collected and assessed to improve understanding of the environmental limits to Third World quail farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cooperation between commercial and laboratory quail breeders should be encouraged. Mutants found at the commercial level would be useful for laboratory work. Conversely, introducing new stocks could help the farmer. In both cases, more genetic diversity might also lead to the production of hybrid vigor, and genetic variability would be conserved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sex-linked genes, if they can be found, would be useful to the commercial quail breeder for the rapid sexing of newly hatched chicks. This could lead to more efficient production techniques, like those in the chicken industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although virtually all work to date has been on the Japanese quail, other species and subspecies warrant research and testing. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">12 Turkey</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g015a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is well-known in North America and Europe, but in the rest of the world, especially in developing countries, its potential has been largely overlooked. Partly, this is because chickens are so familiar and grow so well that there seems no reason to consider any other poultry. Partly, it is because modern turkeys have been so highly bred for intensive production that the resulting birds are inappropriate for home production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, there is a much wider potential role for turkeys in the future. There are types that thrive as village birds or as scavengers, but these are little known even to turkey specialists. These primitive types are probably the least studied of all domestic fowl; little effort has been directed at increasing their productivity under free-ranging conditions. However, they retain their ancestral self-reliance and are widely used by farmers in Mexico. That they are unrecognized elsewhere is a serious oversight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native to North America, the turkey was domesticated by Indians about 400 BC, and today's Mexican birds seem to be direct descendants.' Unlike the large-breasted, modern commercial varieties, they mate naturally and they retain colored feathers and a narrow breast configuration. Their persistence in Mexico after 500 years of competition with other poultry highlights their adaptability, ruggedness, and usefulness to people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds complement chicken production. They are able to thrive under more arid conditions, they tolerate heat better, they range farther, and they have higher quality meat. Also, the percentage of edible meat is much greater than that from a chicken. Turkey meat is so low in fat that in the United States, at least, it is making strong inroads into markets that previously used chicken exclusively. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkeys are natural foragers and can be kept as scavengers. Indeed, they thrive best where they can rove about, feeding on seeds, fresh grass, other herbage, and insects. As long as drinking water is available, they will return to their roost in the evening.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appreciation for the turkey could rise rapidly. Interest already has been shown by several African nations. A French company has created a strain of self-reliant farm turkeys and is exporting them to developing countries.2 Researchers in Mexico are displaying increased interest in their national resource. And as knowledge and breeding stock continue to be developed, it is likely that village turkeys will become increasingly popular around the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modern turkey breeding has been so dominated by selection for increased size and muscling that commercial turkeys have leg problems and cannot mate naturally (they are inseminated artificially). These highly bred birds are adapted for large-volume intensive production, and must be raised with care. As noted, this chapter emphasizes the more self-reliant, less highly selected turkeys found in Mexico and a few other Latin American countries. They do not require artificial insemination, and with little attention can care for themselves and their young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fully grown &quot;criollo&quot; turkeys of Mexico are less than half the size of some improved strains. Males weigh between 5 and 8 kg; females, between 3 and 4 kg.3 They vary in color from white, through splashed or mottled, to black. The skin of the neck and head is bare, rough, warty, and blue and red in color. A soft fleshy protuberance at the forehead (the snood) resembles a finger. In males it swells during courtship. The front of the neck is a pendant wattle. A bundle of long, coarse bristles (the beard) stands out prominently from the center of the breast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The unimproved domestic turkey is essentially limited to central Mexico and scattered locations throughout nearby Latin American countries. Some village birds are also kept in India, Egypt, and other areas, but these are descended from semi-improved strains exported from North America and Europe in earlier times. Generally speaking, few turkeys are found in tropical countries outside Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated turkeys are not endangered; there are estimated to be about 124 million in the world. However, the wild Mexican varieties, ancestors to the first domesticated turkeys sent to Europe, may now be endangered since their distribution in southwestern Mexico has been greatly reduced. Certainly, some primitive domestic strains in the uplands of central Mexico are also being depleted. A separate type, independently domesticated by the Pueblo Indians of the southwestern United States, seems to have disappeared entirely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkeys can be reared virtually anywhere. Their natural habitat is open forest and wooded areas of the North American continent, but in Mexico they are raised from sea level to over 2,000 m altitude, from  rainforest to desert, and from near-temperate climates to the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p159a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The original distribution of the turkey and the occellated&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The range of diet is broad. Turkeys eat greens, fruits, seeds, nuts,  grasses, berries, roots, insects (locusts, cicadas, crickets, and  grasshoppers, for example), worms, slugs, and snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction is generally seasonal and is stimulated by increasing  daylength. (A minimum daylength of 12 hours is required.) The birds  can reach sexual maturity at six months of age and may start breeding at  this time. Ten days after first mating, the hen searches out a nest and  commences laying. Industrial birds in temperate climates lay, on  average, 90 eggs a year. The nondescript type of turkey in the tropics  seldom lays more than 20 small eggs (weighing about 60 am) before  going broody.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic turkeys walk rather than fly, and find almost all their food  on the ground. They can, however, fly short distances to avoid  predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The commercial birds have lost many abilities for survival in the wild;  they can no longer exist without human care. However, village types  can do well with little management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkeys prefer to make their own nests but can be induced to lay in a  convenient spot if provided with nest boxes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are raised almost exclusively for meat. In many countries,  they are a treat for holidays, birthdays, and weddings. In their native  range of Mexico and Central America, the &quot;unimproved&quot; birds are  usually produced as a cash crop for market. They receive little care or  feed, and thus they are almost all profit - providing a significant income  supplement to many rural homes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The principles of turkey management (nutrition, housing, rearing' and prevention of disease, for example) are basically the same as those for other poultry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mexico, turkeys are usually kept under free-ranging conditions around houses and villages. Some shelter and kitchen scraps are occasionally provided. A number of them, however, are confined in backyards as protection from marauders and for shelter against rain and wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One male can service up to 12 females. Roomy nests are needed. (As a rule, turkeys require three times the space occupied by chickens.) Most range turkeys are corralled when they begin to lay, so as to protect them from predators. Eggs may be gathered to prevent broodiness and thereby increase production. The eggs may be kept for several days (cool, but not refrigerated) if turned daily, and then may be placed under a chicken hen. (A setting chicken can be used this way to hatch up to nine eggs at a time.) Hatching takes 28 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As in other birds, newly hatched turkeys (poults) must be kept warm during the first weeks of life. Until they begin foraging and have full access to pasture they are usually fed broken grain or fine mash, as well as finely chopped, tender green feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although free-ranging turkeys are simple to raise, confined turkeys require more complex management. The birds need uncrowded, well ventilated conditions and should be on a wire or slatted floor to reduce parasitic infections. Any feeds recommended for chicks are suitable, but the protein content should be somewhat higher; that is, about 27 percent. They can be fed mixed grains, corn, and chopped legume hay. It may be necessary to provide vitamin supplements and antibiotics and take steps to prevent coccidiosis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;AN INCOMPARABLY FINER BIRD&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The turkey was domesticated in Mexico some time before the Conquest. It is the one and only important domestic animal of North American origin. When the Spanish arrived, they found barnyard turkeys in the possession of Indians in all parts of Mexico and even in Central America. However, the Aztecs and the Tarascans, originating in west-central Mexico, seemed to have achieved the highest development of turkey culture, and it is probable that turkeys were domesticated in the western highlands, perhaps in Michoacan. Wild turkeys of that region are morphologically very similar to the primitive domestic bronze type. Both the Aztecs and Tarascans kept great numbers of the birds, including even white ones. They paid royal tribute to their respective kings in turkeys, according to the Relacion de Michoacan. The Tarascan king fed turkeys to the hawks and eagles in his zoo. The economy of some highland tribes was based on the cultivation of corn and the raising of turkeys.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Starker Leopold&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE INDUSTRIAL TURKEY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The modern domesticated turkey is thought to be descended from two differing wild subspecies, one found in Mexico and Central America and the other in the United States. The southern type is small, whereas the U.S. native is larger and has a characteristic bronze plumage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexican turkeys were exported to Europe soon after the Conquest, and spread rapidly. In the 17th century, some were returned to North America, where they interbred with the eastern subspecies of wild turkey, producing a heavier bird, which was then re-exported to Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These types underwent little change until this century, when the Englishman Jesse Throssel bred them for meat quality. In the 1920s, he brought his improved birds to Canada, where their large size and broad breasts quickly made them foundation breeding stock. Crossed with the narrow-breasted North American types, these heavily muscled meat birds quickly supplanted other varieties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;About the same time, the U.S. Department of Agriculture began the scientific development of a smaller meat turkey derived from a more diverse genetic base. By the 1950s, the Beltsville Small Whites predominated in the home consumption market in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds are efficient and generally take care of themselves. They tolerate dry, hot, or cold climates and forage farther than chickens. They are large, fast growing, highly marketable, low in fat, and tasty. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE TURKEY'S TROPICAL COUSIN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ocellated turkey (Agriocharis ocellata) occurs in Yucatan, Guatemala, and Belize. It is much like the common turkey in size, form, and behavior: however, unlike the common turkey, which in Mexico lives in the high mountain pine and oak forests, the ocellated turkey inhabits bushy, semiforested lowlands. This splendid bird lacks the kind of beard sported by the common turkey gobbler, is generally more metallic in appearance, and has brighter coppery colors. The chief character is a neck and head that are bare, blue, and profusely covered with coral-colored pimples. It also has a yellow-tipped protuberance growing on the crown between the eyes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is worthy of investigation by poultry researchers because it might prove to be domesticable. It was possibly domesticated by the Mayas, whose ruins often include appropriately sized stone enclosures whose soil has elevated levels of phosphorus and potassium. Even today, in the rural Peten area of Guatemala, ocellated turkeys are sometimes kept around houses as scavengers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young birds are readily affected by temperature changes and must be protected from the sun as well as from sudden chills, such as may occur at night. They are particularly susceptible to dampness, especially if associated with cold. One peculiarity is the turkey's aversion to any change in feeding routine or the nature of the food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young turkeys are susceptible to parasitic infestation as well as to the same type of bacterial and virus diseases as chickens (for example, fowlpox and coccidiosis). Blackhead, a devastating disease of young turkeys, is carried by a common parasitic nematode, and can be contracted from chickens. Medicines are available to prevent or treat most disease and pest problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkey development is almost nonexistent in the Third World (and much of the rest of the world, too). Although commercial turkeys are highly developed in some countries, little or no research has been conducted on the criollo turkey. Research on physiology, disease, and husbandry of the criollo turkey should be given high priority.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need for conservation of genetic variability is perhaps more critical in this species than in almost any other domesticated animal. The unimproved types in Mexico should be collected and assessed, and a program to conserve the stocks should be initiated. An analysis should also be made of the traditional management and performance of these birds. In addition, the four or five recognized turkey subspecies should be evaluated for their potential as seed stock for Third World countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">13 Potential New Poultry</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g016a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several preceding chapters have discussed the possibilities of domesticating certain wild birds.l Here, briefly, are highlighted other wild species with qualities that might make them suitable for sustained production. It should be understood that their practical use in the long run is pure speculation; they are included here merely to guide those interested in exploring the farthest frontiers of livestock science.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collectively, poultry have become the most useful of all livestockâ and the most widespread. Yet only a handful of species are employed. Of the 9,000 bird species, only a few (for instance, chickens, ducks, geese, muscovies, pigeons, and turkeys) have been domesticated for farm use. Strictly speaking, all birds are edible - at least none have poisonous flesh - so it seems illogical to conclude that these are the only likely candidates. Perhaps they are not even the best.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At first sight there may seem to be little need for new species, but poultry meat is in ever increasing demand and there are many niches where the main species are stricken by disease, or are afflicted by heat, humidity, altitude problems, or other hazards. For these areas, a new species might become a vital future resource. Perhaps some could even become globally important. The modern guinea fowl, for example, is a relative newcomer as a worldwide resource (see page 120).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds now used as poultry were domesticated centuries ago by people unaware of behavior modification, nutrition, genetics, microbiology, disease control, and the other basics of domestication. Today we can tame species that they couldn't. In particular, the new understanding of &quot;imprinting&quot; may make the domestication of birds easier today than ever before. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this highly speculative concept, the birds described on the following pages are worth considering. They all eat vegetation and tend to live in flocks, which makes them likely to be easy to feed and to keep in crowded conditions. Most are sedentary, nonmigratory, and poor fliers. All but three (tinamous, sand grouse, and trumpeters) are gallinaceous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gallinaceous birds are already the most important to people. The best known are chickens, turkeys, quail, and guinea fowl. But there are about 240 other species. Most are chickenlike: heavy bodied with short, rounded wings, and adapted for life on the ground. Although some are solitary, many are sociable. Basically vegetarian, they also eat insects, worms, and other invertebrates. The young birds are extremely precocious, walking and feeding within hours of hatching. All of these are advantageous traits for domestication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Game birds are also emphasized here. Many today are considered gourmet delights, and this should give them a head start in the marketplace. Indeed, some are already being raised in a small way on game farms and are at least partly on the way to domestication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHACHALACAS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These brownish birds (Ortalis vetula and nine other species) are found throughout Central and South America, and, given research, could possibly be raised on a large scale. A sort of &quot;tropical chicken,&quot; they tame easily, live together in dense populations, and protect their chicks extremely well. They commonly scavenge around houses and people often put out scraps to feed them.2 The chicks are easily hatched, grow fast, and can be fed standard chicken rations.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is already considerable demand for these birds. Everywhere they are found, they are prized as food. In some areas they constitute the single most important game species, and are heavily hunted to supply local communities. Although they have less meat than a chicken, it is tastier and darker.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chachalacas are very adaptable. They occur mainly around forest edges and thrive in the thickets that appear after tropical forests have been felled. They do well close to humans, and their populations are not threatened, despite much hunting. Indeed, they seem well adapted to existence around villages and towns. Although not strong fliers, they are one of the few tree-roosting gallinaceous species. Primarily fruit eaters, they also consume tender leaves, twigs, and buds, and they scratch up the ground, presumably for insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although excitable and noisy, chachalacas become remarkably tame when fed by people. In a few cases, full domestication has almost been reached. Farmers like to have chachalacas around and have even used them to guard domestic chickens. These very raucous and fearless birds will take on all potential threats, even weasels.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GUANS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Close relatives of the chachalacas, guans5 are glossy black birds about the size of small geese. They are highly gregarious and perhaps could be raised in larger numbers. They commonly live around houses, farms, and settlements in their native region of tropical America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike most game birds, guans are chiefly tree dwellers, but they also feed on the ground. Some 12 species are known. All are relentlessly hunted for food and sport - their tameness and inability to fly far or fast making them easy targets. The rapid destruction of tropical forests threatens their populations in some parts of their range. Conservation projects and specific plans of action are being proposed for the most threatened species. Perhaps for the other species, game-ranching projects or even outright domestication might provide just the right incentive for their protection and multiplication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CURASSOWS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Curassows are also relatives of guans and chachalacas, but they are even larger - up to 1 m tall and 5 kg in weight. At least seven species are found over the vast area from northern Mexico to southern South America.6 Among them are Latin America's finest game birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It might be possible to produce curassows in organized farming or ranching. They are commonly called &quot;tropical turkeys&quot; because they look like and run like turkeys. Indeed, Latin Americans normally refer to them as &quot;pavos&quot; or &quot;pavones,&quot; as if they were the real thing. Their plumage ranges from deep blue to black, invariably with a purple gloss, and all have rather curly crests on their heads. They are not good fliers and spend most of their time on the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Curassows are increasingly hunted; their tropical forest habitat is shrinking, and the subsequent loss of populations is a calamity. They are special targets, not only because they are large but also because their light-colored flesh makes exceptional eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is hope that these large wild fowls can be raised and managed in organized programs. Even now, people commonly keep them around their farms and villages. For example, on a number of Venezuelan ranches, yellow-raped curassows can be seen wandering around the cattle yards as if they were chickens.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOREST BIRD RANCHING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has intentionally focused on intensive farming - the type where people bring feed to animals in captivity. However, where this normal type of farming is of marginal value, `'ranching'' free-ranging birds may often be a more effective option. In this, the farmer simply monitors and improves the condition of the range and devises methods to harvest the birds on a sustainable basis. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Bird ranching&quot; may today have outstanding merit, particularly in tropical rainforests. Hence, in this chapter we emphasize birds of the jungle. These might help make standing rainforests profitable producers of income, and thereby provide economic incentives to stop felling trees for cow pastures. Indeed, forest birds might become part of a whole new &quot;salvation farming'' that makes forests more valuable than fields. It is a technique that may contribute to preserving both bird life and its vitally valuable habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MEGAPODES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Megapodes (family Megapodiidae) include some of the world's most interesting birds. They have temperature-sensitive beaks and employ nature's own heat sources as incubators. The best-known species build piles of leaves and use the heat of decomposition to incubate their eggs. The species of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, however, take advantage of sun-warmed sand or even geothermal activity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People have long revered these birds. Aborigines in Australia, Melanesians in New Guinea, and many Micronesians all protect the bizarre nesting sites, and &quot;farm&quot; them for eggs. Local people consider the large eggs special delicacies, and sometimes the egg-laying sites are owned and exploited for generations without a single bird being killed for food.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Programs that provide sustainable supplies of eggs have been established in Papua New Guinea. One is near Mt. Tovarvar, a simmering volcano on the island of New Britain. Here, megapodes gather in large numbers to lay eggs in the hot sands. They dig until they locate sand that is exactly 32.7ÃC, before laying their huge (more than 10 cm long and 6 cm wide) pink eggs. Each year the villagers dig up some 2O,OOO eggs, which are an important source of protein and cash income. The government now regulates the harvest in a way that protects the bird population while supplying a nourishing food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Megapodes are found in only a few parts of the world, but projects such as those in Papua New Guinea provide hope and guidance not only for the sustainable &quot;ranching&quot; of megapodes, but also for other species elsewhere. Many wild birds yield locally important productsâ down, colored feathers, eggs, meat, and skins, and they make excellent songbirds and pets, for example. Their management on a sustainable basis may in certain cases be the key to turning local people into the most dedicated conservationists of all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PARTRIDGES AND FRANCOLINS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Partridges include many small game birds native to the Old World. They are robust, precocious, and larger than quails. Some lay many eggs - the European partridge, for example, lays up to 26 in a clutch. Newly hatched chicks are soon able to feed themselves and can fly within a few weeks, sometimes even within the first few days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species that may make useful poultry include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The European (or gray) partridge (Perdix perdix); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The rock partridge (Alectoris), bantamlike birds of Africa; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The chukar (A. graeca). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A native of the vast area from southeastern Europe to India and Manchuria, the chukar is stocked as a game bird in many countries. It is now produced routinely under poultrylike husbandry in many parts of the United States, not only for hunting clubs, but also for expensive food markets. The birds are generally raised on turkey rations and dress out at about 500 g after 18 weeks. They sell for more than broiler chickens and are a profitable sideline for increasing numbers of poultry farmers.9&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A group of closely related birds are the francolins (genus Francolinus), of which there are 34 species in Africa and 5 in West and South Asia. These adaptable birds are sturdy, live in a variety of habitats, and tend to be rather noisy. Basically, they are partridges with leg spurs. They are highly regarded as a food source and are hunted and trapped wherever they are found.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Francolins are much like quail, but are several times larger. Arabs introduced one of the most beautiful species (Francolinus francolinus) into southern Spain, Sicily, and Greece during the Middle Ages. However, it was hunted so heavily that it soon became extinct in Europe. More recently, francolins have been introduced to the Soviet Union.'Ã&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Francolins inhabit steppes, savannas, primeval forests, and mountains. They thrive in cultivated land with much cover. The clutch consists of 6-8 hard, thick-shelled eggs. In recent times at least one program to domesticate them for food has been started in Africa.11&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MALAYSIA'S MOBILE MOUSETRAP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the report emphasizes microlivestock as food suppliers, it should be realized that small animals - even wild ones - can have other important uses as welt The following interesting example, with possible worldwide implications, comes from recent experiences in Malaysia. *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Certain rodents are major pests on farms and plantations. Now, however, Malaysian zoologists are finding that owls, particularly barn owls (Tyto alba), can help control them. An owl pair and its chicks annually consume 1,500 or more rodents. This is not new knowledge; indeed, on farms throughout the world the barn owl has always been a welcome guest. What is new is that Malaysians are showing how outstandingly effective this process is, and they have initiated major projects to attract and maintain these feathered friends. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barn owls are found in many parts of the world, but were formerly almost unknown in Peninsular Malaysia. In 1969, however, a pair began nesting in an oil-palm plantation in Johore State. Since then, these birds have steadily increased in numbers and have spread throughout most of the peninsula. Today, the population is increasing remarkably quickly as more and more managers erect nest boxes for the owls to live in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The owls are proving to be a good way to remove rats and are notably effective in plantations of oil palm. They perch on fronds and fly under and between the rows of trees. A cost of $1 - $2 per hectare per year is all that is required to install nest boxes, a negligible outlay for the control of such a serious and expensive problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is believed that the barn owls hunt mainly in plantations and other agricultural areas and not in the rainforest. Barn owls are, after all primarily adapted to open spaces and not dense forest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps this experience can be replicated and adopted in other locations and with other crops. Grain crops - notably rice - are particularly prone to the ravages of rodents, and one trial has commenced in Selangor State in a rice area. The concept of using owls for rodent control is also catching on in the United States. Indeed owl nest boxes are being erected in Central Park in the heart of New York City.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PHEASANTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One pheasant, the red junglefowl, gave the world the chicken (see page 86). The other 48 species may have some potential, too. These are rarely seen forest birds; all but one are confined to Asia.13 Because they are prolific they can sustain heavy predation, and many species, notably the ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), are constantly hunted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People in several countries have learned to exploit pheasants on farms and estates. As a result, there is a vast amount of information on how to rear and manage these birds. So far, however, it has been applied only to sport hunting in wealthy societies; the potential of raising pheasants for the mass market should now be seriously addressed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most dramatic-looking pheasant, the peacock (Pavo cristatus), is raised as a poultry species in Vietnam. The meat of the young birds is considered outstanding. In fine restaurants in New York, a peacock dinner is reputed to cost $150. Common peafowls are considered sacred in many parts of India, where they have become so tame that they are essentially domesticated. They also control snakes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;QUAIL&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic quail have been previously described (page 146)J but dozens of wild quail species and subspecies occupy many different habitats and ecological niches in almost all parts of the world. Out of all this genetic wealth only one species - the Japanese quail - is widely used. Yet many other species seem easy to raise, becoming exceedingly tame after about the sixth generation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The management and even perhaps intensive production of these various local quails might provide long-term benefits for many developing nations. Quail meat ranks among the finest.14 Some of these lesser-studied birds are more meaty than the Japanese quail or have other possibly useful traits. Much is known about rearing a few of them because they are used in sport hunting or laboratory research. The possibility of domestication, therefore, is not farfetched.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Particular quail that might be considered for domestication are the lesser-known subspecies of Coturnix coturnix. These subspecies are found in various places, including the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Europe (C. c. coturnix breeds in the area ranging from northern Russia to North Africa and from the British Isles to Siberia. In winter it migrates to tropical Africa, Asia, and southern India.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Azores (C. c. conturbans) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands (C. c. confisa) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Cape Verde Islands (C. c. inopinata) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- East Africa (C. c. erlangeri) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Tropical Africa, southern Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius (C. c. africana) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Japan (C. c. japonica, the most probable ancestor of the domesticated quail)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- China (C. c. ussuriensis, a possible ancestor of the domesticated Japanese quail)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TINAMOUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tinamous are quail-like birds of Central and South America's forests and grasslands. They are, however, much larger than quail and resemble small chickens, with plump bodies and no visible tail. There are more than 40 species, and all are much sought for food because their meat is tender and flavorful. The breast is surprisingly large, and its flesh is pale and translucent. One species, the great tinamou (Tinamus major), has been called &quot;the most perfect of birds for culinary purposes.&quot; Frozen tinamous from Argentina were formerly sold in the United States under the name &quot;South American quail.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tinamous are found mainly in tropical areas, but are also widely distributed in Argentina and Chile. They dwell in varied habitats: rainforests, thickets, bushlands, savannas, and grasslands up to 5,000 m altitude in the Andes. Some species sleep in trees, others on the ground. They spend their days creeping about in heavy cover, flying only when forced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At least some species tame readily. Indeed, during the nesting period males become so tractable that they can be picked up off the nest. At the turn of the century, many tinamous were raised as game birds in France, England, Germany, and Hungary. However, for reasons unknown, subsequent attempts to settle them in Europe have failed. Tinamous have been raised in Canada without undue difficulty; they showed little or no stress under captivity and there were few losses.15&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tinamous may also prove suitable for egg production. They lay clutches of 16-20 spectacular-looking shiny eggs that seem to be made of sky-blue and bright-green ceramic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAND GROUSE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sand grouse (mainly Pterocles species) are highly adapted to life in arid regions - desert, dry grasslands, arid savanna, and bushveld. Their entire body (including most of the bill and feet) is covered with dense down, which in the desert insulates them from the burning heat of midday and the freezing cold of night. It also protects the nostrils against blowing sand and dust.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These pigeonlike birds are found throughout the drier regions of Africa and Asia - for instance, the Sahara, Kalahari, Namib, Arabian, and Thar deserts. They live mainly on small seeds, and sometimes flocks of thousands may be seen at waterholes, flying in for a drink from up to 80 km away. For peoples of the driest spots on earth, these birds may make a useful food species: for one thing, they are not endangered. Indeed, they are proliferating as drought and overgrazing is increasing the amount of dry, desolate rangeland that they prefer. The bore holes provided for livestock have both boosted their populations and afforded a place where these wide-ranging birds can be easily captured. When nesting, sand grouse are highly vulnerable to foxes, jackals, mongooses, and other predators. Protection of the nesting sites may be the key to maintaining their populations if harvesting schemes are introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TRUMPETERS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trumpeters (Psophia species) might prove to be a useful species for sustainable production within tropical forests. As &quot;tree poultry,&quot; these relatives of cranes could help provide meat without destroying the trees, as is now done to raise cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These chicken-sized birds inhabit South America's jungles.16 They are nonmigrating, ground-dwelling, and are often kept as pets, notably by Amerindians. Under human protection, trumpeters become very tame. They recognize strangers and challenge them with a loud cackle. 17 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fully adapted to the forest environment, they can run fast, but fly poorly. In the wild, this makes them easy targets for hunters. Because of this and the fact that they make excellent eating, they are approaching extinction in some areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No attempts have been made to rear these birds in numbers, but this should be tried. They feed mainly on plant materials, particularly berries of all kinds. They also relish grasshoppers, spiders, and centipedes, and are particularly fond of termites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trumpeters require trees; they completely avoid cultivated land. Thus, as the destruction of forests in South America continues, their habitat is shrinking. Although their existence is not as yet threatened, the long-term prognosis is bleak. If managed in &quot;forest-ranching&quot; programs, however, they might be saved from extinction and thriving populations built up. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interest in rabbits continues to increase. It is now widely recognized that the raising of small animals in developing countries has great potential as a means of improving human nutrition and economic security. The famines in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia starkly illuminate the need for maximum efficiency in food production to maintain the quality of human life. Rabbit raising contributes to meeting these needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, N.M. Patton, S.D. Lukefahr, and J.I. McNitt Rabbit Production &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are especially well adapted to backyard rearing systems in which capital and fodder resources are usually limiting factors in animal production. When rabbits are reared according to the techniques appropriate to the environment they can do much to improve the family diet of many of the most needy rural families, while at the same time supplying them with a source of income. With more advanced technology rabbit production can also help to supply big city meat markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food and Agriculture Organization The Rabbit: Husbandry, Health, and Production &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g017a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part III : Rabbits</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contrary to popular opinion, the domestic rabbit is a substantial part of the world's meat supply. Annual production of rabbit meat is estimated to be one million metric tons, and the total number of rabbits is approximately 708 million.' However, rabbits are now intensively raised for food only in temperate, mostly industrialized, nations. France, Italy, and Spain, for example, have long consumed rabbit meat; West German production was 20,000 tons each year; Hungary raises rabbits in large numbers (two of its commercial rabbitries have more than 10,000 does each); and the United States raises almost 8.5 million rabbits each year for consumption in homes and restaurants.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most developing countries, on the other hand, rabbits are not well known - at least compared with other livestock. But they have great promise there, and in recent years there has been a dramatic increase in interest. For those developing countries where information is available, rabbit meat production almost doubled between 1966 and 1980. For instance, several African countries - among them Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Zambia - now have national rabbit-raising programs. A number of Asian countries - such as the Philippines, Indonesia, India, and Vietnam - are also encouraging rabbit farming. And some Latin American countries - Mexico, Costa Rica, and El Salvador, for instance - are actively promoting rabbits for subsistence farmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana is also extensively promoting rabbit farming. Although able to produce all the cereals its population needs, it cannot produce enough meat to satisfy demand. In response, the government organized &quot;Operation Feed Yourself.&quot; The National Rabbit Project was created &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hares&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The common hare (Lepus europus) has not been domesticated, but it is nevertheless a major cash crop of several countries. In Argentina, for example, there is a booming, million-dollar enterprise that exports hundreds of thousands of carcasses, mainly to Germany where they are sold as game meat. For Argentine campesinos, many of whom have few sources of livelihood, trapping hares provides a vital income. In New Zealand, too, hare has become an export item.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A closely related species (Lepus capensis) is native to Africa, and perhaps could be &quot;ranched in the same fashion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rainforest Rabbit&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The forest rabbit, or tapeti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis), is commonly eaten in its native habitat, which extends from southern Mexico to southern Brazil. It occurs in various hot and humid areas of Central and South America and probably within the Amazon Basin itself. Thus, this creature seems a possible candidate for a &quot;tropical rabbit&quot; that can be raised under sweltering conditions, perhaps even in rainforest regions. Although it seems to be heat resistant, it has an especially fine fur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is now known about the tapeti. It is rather secretive and its natural history and even its range are still uncertain. However, its populations appear stable and it is not threatened with extinction. It produces litters of 1 - 5 young after a 44-day gestation, and may bear 4 litters a year. This may seem a lot, but compared with other wild rabbits, the litter size is small and the gestation period long. under this program to provide farmers with breeding stock and practical information on rearing rabbits. (To qualify for the purchase of new breeding stock, would-be rabbit raisers are required to take an intensive three-day course in rabbit husbandry, which is provided at no charge.) With both official and popular support, the rabbit's potential for Ghana has been enhanced through media campaigns complete with radio jingles (examples: &quot;Get the bunny money!&quot; &quot;Grow rabbits - grow children.&quot; &quot;Get into the rabbit habit!&quot;), television spots, and large posters. Already, rabbit breeding is included in school curricula and rabbit meat is available in school lunches.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other countries have mounted similar campaigns. In Mexico, for instance, teachers raise rabbits in rural schools as a way of training students; scores of government officials have taken to breeding rabbits in their homes; and several army units are raising rabbits as mess-hall substitutes for costly beef, pork, and chicken. In Nigeria, farmers can now acquire rabbits from 18 government rabbit-breeding centers, which distribute thousands of animals each year. In Costa Rica, the government has similarly established a series of breeding, distribution, and rabbit-farming training centers. And in El Salvador, the technology of rabbit production is being transferred to farmers via the army.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although rabbits are ideal microlivestock in a general sense, rabbit rearing has many problems and limitations. Poor management is a common difficulty. Unlike the traditional method of keeping scavenger animals, rabbits have to be contained and cannot be left to find their own food. Raising rabbits requires more skills, more time, and much more effort than raising barnyard chickens or other familiar scavengers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For all that, rabbits produce more food than scavenging animals; they are less likely to damage crops because they are kept confined; they live exclusively on forage, which tends to grow vigorously in tropical zones; and they generally produce a more valuable product. The rabbit's potential is far from exploited, and rabbit farming will have to increase enormously before its promise for the small farms of the world is realized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is, however, an increasing concern over a recent outbreak of an exceptionally virulent viral rabbit disease - hemorrhagic tracheopneumonis, which attacks the lungs and lung tissue, killing 48 hours after the onset of symptoms. The virus, which has ravaged the animals in parts of Asia and Europe, was identified in China five years ago in Angora rabbits imported from Germany. It spread to Korea in 1986, and in early 1988 moved through southern and eastern Europe and spread as far as Egypt. It has also been identified in Mexico. Vaccination may become a future prerequisite of rabbit rearing in many countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAST FOOD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The order Lagomorpha includes more than 60 small quickmaturing, and rapidly reproducing species. It seems illogical to think that only one is useful as microlivestock. In principle, any rabbit, hare, or pike could be raised in captivity. All are clean, fast growing and rapid breeding. They are opportunistic feeders and can digest fibrous vegetation. Their meat tastes better than chicken and does not carry the stigma of rodent. The animals are small inoffensive, efficient at foraging, and generally tolerant of difficult environments. In theory, at least, they could be raised on vegetation not used by people or by many domesticated livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species worthy of exploratory research include the following.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">14 Domestic Rabbit</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g018a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)1 is suited to small-scale production and backyard farming. It is easily maintained, requires scant space, makes minimal demands on the family budget, and thrives on plant materials that are usually disdained by humans. It utilizes forage efficiently. even coarse vegetation that is high in fiber, and under ideal conditions it can grow so rapidly that its rate is only slightly lower than that of broiler chickens.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rabbit's capacity for reproduction is legendary. In theory, a single male and four females can produce as many as 3,000 offspring a year, representing some 1,450 kg of meat - as much as an average sized cow.3 The meat is pink, delicately flavored, and is usually considered a premium product that provides variety in the diet. It has more protein and less fat and calories per gram than beef, pork, lamb, or chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some breeds are raised for their wool. The long-haired Angora, for instance, yields a luxury fiber that makes a soft, lustrous fabric. It sells at high prices and makes these animals very valuable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbit pelts also bring cash. They are used in fur coats and other luxury garments. In addition, rabbit feet and tails are used in good luck charms and many curios.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are well known for their long ears, fluffy tails, and long hind legs. Many commercial breeds are white, although colored types are sometimes chosen because of special qualities in their meat or pelts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are many breeds and much genetic diversity within and between breeds. (Almost 160 varieties are recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association.) However, in both North America and Europe, the New Zealand White has traditionally displaced most other breeds for commercial meat production. This medium-weight breed bears large litters, is a good milk producer, and has good mothering ability. It reproduces best under intensive farming and, among purebreds, yields the most meat. A full-grown New Zealand White weighs 4-5 kg, giving about 2 kg of meat at 8-10 weeks of age. Large breeds include the Flemish Giant or the Checkered Giant, which weigh more than 6 kg at maturity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids are rapidly replacing purebreds in Europe for commercial production. Specific crosses of breeds have been shown experimentally to be more productive overall compared with purebred New Zealand Whites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Different meat breeds are preferred in various countries. For example, in Ghana the most popular are Flemish Giants, New Zealand Whites, Yellow Silvers, and Checkered Giants; in Tanzania and Nigeria, New Zealand Whites and Dutch are preferred; in China, Chinchillas and Japanese Large Whites are the most widely consumed. Some smaller breeds - for instance, the Polish - are also valuable for husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some Third World strains have already evolved. They show high tolerance to local conditions (for example, the Baladi - the main strain of the Sudan and the Near East - and the Criollo of Mexico). The Baladi has a small body and relatively low production, but it is hardy and tolerates harsh conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Specialized breeds have been developed for wool, fur, and laboratory research. The Angora wool breed has already been mentioned. The Rex breed produces a high-quality pelt used in furs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild ancestor of the domestic rabbit was originally restricted to Spain and Portugal. Today, its descendants are found worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Plentiful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic rabbits are best suited to temperate climates, but they do well in tropical and subtropical conditions if hutches are constructed and sited to take advantage of shade and cooling breezes. Ventilation is important (but care must be taken to avoid direct exposure to cold drafts). Prolonged exposure to temperatures higher than 30ÃC reduces both fertility and growth. Apparently, all breeds tolerate heat equally well. However, heat is shed through the ears, and the longer the ear, the more heat a rabbit will tolerate. Lop-eared varieties withstand heat poorly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits eat fibrous vegetation. In addition to normal feces, they produce special droppings called cecotropes. Softer and smaller than the regular fecal pellets, they are excreted in clusters and are swallowed as soon as they are eliminated. Cecotropes are rich in bacterial protein, and this double digestion (coprophagy) enables the animals to utilize the fermentation products formed in the cecum. This process is rather like that of ruminants, and rabbits are sometimes called pseudoruminants.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding begins at 4-6 months of age and may continue up to age 4, occasionally to age 6. Gestation takes 28-32 days. Females can conceive within 24 hours after giving birth and can produce a second litter merely 4 weeks later. With good feed and early rebreeding, 9 or more litters a year are possible. (Such a rate is only achievable under exceptional management, however.) Litter size depends on breed and body weight. Small breeds average 4 young per litter; large breeds 810. Births occur at any time of the year, but production slackens when the weather is exceptionally cold or hot, when feed is scarce, or when days are short. Extremes of heat or cold can also affect the survival of the young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits raised under subsistence conditions are likely to produce 4 or 5 litters a year, with an average of 5-8 young per litter' depending on management and feed quality.5 Annual production of about 20 weaned offspring per female per year under tropical and subtropical conditions is common. The young remain in the nest until they are 2-3 weeks old. Their eyes open at approximately 10 days of age. About 4 months are required to produce a 2-kg market rabbit under subsistence conditions. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits that receive human handling are very gentle and can be trained to live inside people's houses and even use a &quot;litter box.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are multipurpose animals yielding the following products:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Meat. Delicious hot or cold, fancy or plain, it can be breaded and fried, broiled, baked, or barbecued.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Wool. The fineness of rabbit hair is an asset in the production of wool, which is the plucked or shaved hair of the long-haired Angora breed. It is usually mixed with fine Merino sheep wool to give more substance and to improve its wearing quality. An average Angora rabbit produces about 850 g of wool each year. (Some specimens produce as much as 1,000 g.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Fur. The fur is dense.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Leather or vellum. Rabbit hide has the tension and strength required for tiny drive-belts in tape recorders and other delicate machines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Fertilizer. Rabbit manure often contains high proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash, and it comes in convenient drypellet form.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Tourist charms. In many societies, rabbits are connected with good luck. Feet and tails are used for car decorations, key chains, charms, and mementos that appeal to tourists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are also used in biochemical and physiological research.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits can be housed in hutches ranging from sophisticated commercial cages to simple packing crates with a few ventilation holes and rough troughs for food and water. In all cases, watertight roofing is essential. A floor space of only 0.25 mÃ is sufficient for one rabbit, but about 1 mÃ is recommended for a female and her young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting small-scale rabbit production is generally inexpensive. An almost infinite variety of backyard feeding and drinking equipment can be made from various scrap items, such as old bottles. The main criteria are that cleaning should be easy and spillage minimized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In practice, diets can be based largely on herbage: grass, leaves, legumes, crop residues, and kitchen scraps. However, the diet must be wholesome, and caged rabbits fed on forage usually need some grain or agricultural by-products (rice bran, for instance) as a dietary supplement. Supplementation is particularly important for newborns and lactating females, whose diet must contain about 16 percent protein and at least 18 percent fiber. When &quot;noncommercial&quot; feeds are used, salt must be added to prevent salt deficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of higher protein content, legumes (for instance, alfalfa, cowpea, vetch, or pea) are better than grass. Alfalfa is particularly valuable, and in the Sudan and Mozambique it is already grown extensively for feeding rabbits. On diets consisting of alfalfa and rye grass, weaned New Zealand Whites have demonstrated growth rates of 38-39 g per day in animals weighing up to 2 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits, as mentioned, can utilize almost any type of edible vegetation. Also, despite their diminutive size, they can collectively produce as much meat per unit of forage as large livestock, or even more (see page 183).6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is much genetic diversity. Differences in growth rate, fertility, maternal ability, milk production, disease resistance, heat resistance, and other features have been noted. This is useful, since a wide genetic base enhances the likelihood of success of selection programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are easy to handle and can be raised under primitive conditions. They require little financial investment and their husbandry is easily accomplished in the home by women and children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal's rapid reproduction is a big advantage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical conditions produce special problems. There, rabbits must be protected from heat and rain. Stress brought on by high temperatures, high humidity, and wet conditions can lead to respiratory disorders and even sudden death.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most diseases are caused by poor management. Dirty or wet cages lead to diarrhea, sores, mites, and ringworm, all of which can cause serious losses. Enteritis (diarrhea) often kills 20 percent or more of all rabbits before they attain market age and weight. A major disease problem in most countries is coccidiosis, which is particularly harmful to young rabbits. Again, damp and unsanitary conditions increase the susceptibility; better management can control it. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some countries - notably Australia and New Zealand - escaping rabbits have become a serious menace and have destroyed crops and grazing lands. Because of this threat, it is illegal to import rabbits into some countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, many people are unaccustomed to eating rabbit. Indeed, where commercial ventures have been established in areas with an otherwise plentiful meat supply, there have been financial failures. However, where rabbit meat is familiar, there is usually great demand for it. Also, in poorer areas where animal protein is in short supply, the tasty pink meat is widely appreciated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HOW RABBITS WERE DOMESTICATED&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For 30 or 40 million years the wild species Oryctolagus Cuniculus lived only in the area that today is Spain. Caves there contain Stone Age drawings of it. Phoenician traders landing on the Iberian Peninsula in about 1100 B.C. found huge numbers of these wild rabbits. The little animals were unknown to them and they mistook them for the hyraxes they had seen in Africa. (Although small and rabbitlike, the hyrax is actually related to elephants.) Since the Semitic name for hyrax was shaphan (&quot;one who hides&quot;), the Phoenicians named the peninsula l-shepan-im, from which the Latin name Hispania developed. Thus, &quot;Spain&quot; actually means &quot;island of hyraxes,&quot; even though these African animals have never occurred there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the rabbit's reproductive powers and adaptability it is surprising that it hadn't spread beyond Spain, but dense forests covered most of Europe after the last Ice Age. The rabbit, which is suited to open country, only spread rapidly after man had cleared most of the trees. Even then, the natural spread was slowed by the Pyrenees mountains blocking the way into the rest of Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ancient Romans became acquainted with rabbits after they invaded Spain, and they eagerly added wild rabbit meat to their banquets. The meat was so popular that around 1 A.D. Roman voyagers released a pair of rabbits onto the Balearic Islands. In time, these produced so many offspring that the islanders had to appeal to the Roman emperor for help. They even asked to be moved to another country if the emperor could not get rid of the plague of rabbits!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eventually, Romans in Italy, France, and other parts of the European mainland began raising rabbits for meat. They kept them in special cages called leporaria. Their rabbits were probably not truly domesticated; instead they were netted in the wild and caged for fattening before being prepared for the table. The Romans had little incentive to domesticate an animal that could be so easily captured.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tne rabbit was the last farm animal to be domesticated. It seems likely that this did not begin until the Christian era when monks in French monasteries began taming rabbits. In those days, rabbit embryos and newborn young were considered delicacies, called &quot;laurices.&quot; In 600 A.D. the Pope declared that laurices were &quot;not meatp,&quot; and permitted them to be eaten during fasts and in monasteries of strict discipline where meat was forbidden. Within a few years, the animal was domesticated, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government-sponsored rabbit-research stations and programs are found in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbit husbandry is well known, but much basic research is needed; for example, specific nutrient requirements, breed comparisons, disease control, reproductive management, and efficient housing and equipment. There is a particular need to reduce the labor required for feeding, breeding, caging, and cleaning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the increasing number of rabbit programs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, there is a need to share information and ideas among the various countries. The exchange of experiences with rabbit breeding, health and nutrition, and the practical experiences and field studies could be of great value.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further research in rabbit nutrition is necessary to identify nutrient requirements more precisely. Moreover, links between nutrition and disease should be clarified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further research into the cause and prevention of enteritis is needed. (At present, this condition is prevented by maintaining a fiber level in the diet of at least 18 percent and keeping the energy level relatively low.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legume shrubs could be an answer to the feed problems in the dry season. Deep-rooted shrubby legumes, such as gliricidia or leucaena, remain green well into the dry season and have high protein contents. Rabbits find the leaves of leucaena palatable (see companion report Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crop for the Tropics. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. 1984), and they are fairly resistant to mimosine (a sometimes toxic amino acid found in leucaena foliage). More research on this promising approach is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted earlier (page 181), a killer virus has recently appeared. Studies into its epidemiology and control are most important. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outsiders who hope to improve conditions in underdeveloped areas, sometimes . . . introduce new food avoidances to the communities they came to help [if outsiders] show repugnance toward consuming goats, . . . rats, . . . crows, insects, intestines and blood, then the people they are educating may likewise give up those . . . foods and lose valuable proteins.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calvin W. Schwabe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unmentionable Cuisine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You can count on the fingers of one hand the domestic animals that produce virtually all of mankind's meat and milk - a selection made more than 10,000 years ago by our Neolithic ancestors. Yet the earth teems with thousands of species of animals; why limit ourselves to cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep? Given the world's shortages of energy and water and arable land, why not try to domesticate wild animals? The effort would save many species from extinction, provide the world with more food, and introduce gentle farming to fragile environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.D. Vietmeyer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g019a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part IV : Rodents</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents are the world's most widespread, adaptable, and prolific group of mammals. They reproduce well, grow fast, learn quickly, and adapt to a wide variety of local conditions. Many convert vegetation into meat efficiently, digesting some fiber, even though their stomach, like man's, is a simple one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems probable, therefore, that some species would make suitable microlivestock - a notion supported by the previous domestication of the guinea pig, laboratory rat and mouse, gerbil, and hamster. Indeed, &quot;ranching&quot; rodents might be an effective way to increase food supplies in remote areas. It could also be a mechanism to ensure the survival of rare rodents whose natural habitats are being rapidly destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODENTS AS FOOD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents are already common foods in many countries and are valued items of commerce. It has been estimated that 42 of 383 cultures eat rodents.! But the fact that they are a major meat source is almost unrecognized. This is due in part to cultural misunderstanding. Rodents suitable for human food or other products do not live in filth, like common rats. They are clean and vegetarian. Like rabbits, they eat grass and grains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some regions of the world, cooked rodent meat is regarded as the epitome of dining. In many countries, local rodent species are the most eagerly sought meats. City markets in different parts of Latin America carry guinea pig, pace, capybara, and vizcacha. Markets in Asia may carry rice rats, cloud rats, and bandicoot rats. Those of rural Africa are filled with &quot;bushmeats&quot; - usually including grasscutters, giant rats, and several other rodent species. These are often preferred to the meat of domestic stock and fetch higher prices than beef. And the amounts of rodent bushmeat available are not minor. In one year, for example, hunters in Botswana have brought to market 3.3 million kg of meat of the rodent called springhare (see page 278).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fondness for rodent meat is not restricted to the tropics. In the United States, squirrel was once a much sought treat. Fat, nut-fed grey squirrels went into Brunswick stew, which has been called the most famous dish to emerge from the campfires and cabins of Colonial America. Thomas Jefferson liked it. Today, squirrel is the country's number two game animal (after deer), and many are still eaten.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ancient Romans kept fat dormice in captivity, serving them as a delicacy. &quot;The fat dormice are fattened up in barrel-like pots like those in country houses,&quot; wrote Varro (116-27 BC). &quot;One feeds these animals large amounts of acorns, chestnuts, or other nuts.&quot;2 This small rodent remains a prized food in Europe and still appears on tables in certain areas. The meat is regarded as a delicacy because it tastes of almonds and other nuts. Often it is roasted, broiled, and cooked with its cracklings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents have seldom been included in livestock programs or economic development plans. Yet human appetite has actually caused the extinction of a number of species. Caribbean Indians ate several endemic rodents (one of which was as big as a bear), and may have caused several species to become extinct just before the time of Columbus. Others may soon follow the same dismal route, including the beautiful cloud rat of the Philippines, the hare-like mare of Argentina, the vizcacha of southern South America, and the gentle hutias of the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea pig is described in a later chapter, but as it is the epitome of a rodent microlivestock species, some historical background is given here. It was domesticated for food use at least 7,000 years ago, probably in what is now the central highlands of Peru and Bolivia. With only llama and deer available, the prehistoric Andean peoples had few readily available sources of meat. They adopted wild cavies, and found that these rangeland rodents (which are more closely related to porcupines than to rats or mice) were gentle, manageable, and easy to rear. By the time the Spaniards arrived in the 1500s, the &quot;cuy&quot;  (pronounced &quot;coo-ee,&quot; like the faint cry it makes) was a major food from  Argentina to the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This impressed the conquistadores, who introduced cuys into Europe,  where they also became a delicacy.3 Within a century, these easily  transported animals began to appear on tables in many parts of the  Spanish empire. Guinea pigs are now reared in campesino huts in the  mountains of central Mexico, in the Philippines, and in several African  nations, along with other areas of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Elsewhere, guinea pigs came to be used only as house pets and  laboratory animals. Although during World War II Mussolini's  government urged Italians to keep them to supplement their meager  meat rations, their use as food was largely ignored in most parts of the  world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The idea of domesticating rodents may seem radical, but  domestication projects are already under way with capybara in  Venezuela (see page 206), pace in Panama (see next page and page  262), giant rat in Nigeria (see page 224), and the grasscutter in Ghana  (see page 232). Rodent husbandry is not complicated and the animals'  environmental requirements seem relatively simple and easy to satisfy.  Moreover, rodents are not usually fastidious feeders, and being  essentially vegetarian will readily accept a wide variety of commonly  available foodstuffs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with most animals with which man is in close contact, rodents can  transmit human diseases.4 With care, however, managed rodents need  not be any more dangerous to care for or to eat than pigs or  horses - both of which are worldwide food resources.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING RODENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To domesticate the pace (see page 262) would seem to be impossible. These large rodents of Central and South America are nocturnal and fiercely territorial; they have low fecundity and take 10 months to reach weaning, and they have tender skin that is easily damaged Most researchers have written them off as candidates for domestication. But at least two have undertaken to beat the odds. We present the findings of one of them here to show that, using modem techniques, even species that normally fight each other to the death on sight are potential farm animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through years of studying paces in Panama, Smithsonian biologist Nicholas Smythe has found that with care and planning the aggressive behavior can be so radically altered that the animals become calm. Indeed, some become almost loving. Newborns, Smythe found, undergo &quot;imprinting&quot; and when he places them with docile adults or with humans, the fierce territoriality never develops. He nurses newborns on &quot;surrogate&quot; mothers that have been imprinted on people. The youngsters then welcome human company and, if fumed out of the cage, return there voluntarily. &quot;It's difficult to imagine a more manageable animal,&quot; Smythe said. &quot;Technically speaking they are behaviorally indistinguishable from traditional domestic animals.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As of this writing, Smythe has three generations totalling about 50 individuals, and has several &quot;families&quot; of gentle paces living together in harmony. He has observed that they lose their nocturnal habit and, although they live mainly on fruits in the wild, they readily eat leafy vegetables and other foods in captivity. His captive specimens have recently begun to breed. The offspring remain docile, but they have so far averaged only a little more than two young per female per year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;If we can just double the reproduction rate, then raising paces can compete economically with raising cattle,&quot; Smythe explained. &quot;The potential for a bigger brood is all in the animal's anatomy, and if successful, paces in the wet tropics could produce as much protein as cattle.&quot;*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas need the shade and protection of the forest. Thus, pace raising might provide an alternative to cutting down rainforests for cattle raising. Instead of toppling trees and planting pastures, people could farm paces in the forest, and perhaps make as much or more money at the same time. In tropical America, the ready acceptance of pace meat is a near guarantee that all they produce will be snapped up at premium prices. In the past, many territorial and aggressive species have been dismissed as being impossible to domesticate or manage. But Smythe has demonstrated that with imprinting and other methods of behavior modification, these need be dismissed no longer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, the pace may already be becoming a new domesticated species. In the first stage of his experiments, Smythe had to train his captive-born paces to be social and nonaggressive. Subsequent generations, however, need no training adopt the new behavior patterns of the parents, and do not revert to aggressive asocial behavior. By the third generation, they have become as accepting of, and indifferent to, people as cattle or sheep. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">15 Agouti</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g020a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the best known of all animals of the American tropics, agoutis (Dasyprocta species)' are prolific rabbit- or hare-sized rodents that are probably easily farmed. They are valued for food and are hunted throughout most of their range. Indeed, agouti meat, once common in Latin markets. is now difficult to find because of indiscriminate killing. Agouti hunting is already prohibited in Brazil; restaurants in Belem, for example, once offered a variety of &quot;cotta&quot; (agouti) dishes at prices equivalent to those of choice filet mignon, but since the early 1970s they have been banned from serving it. Other countries will probably have to institute similar bans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis are active, long-legged, and high-strung. They flee in panic at the slightest alarm. They do not climb but they do burrow occasionally, being essentially specialized ground-dwellers that live in tropical forest regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There have been no organized scientific attempts to raise these swift, shy animals in captivity, but Latin Americans sometimes keep them as &quot;domestics,&quot; especially in parks and large gardens. (Agoutis are well known, for instance at the Goeldi Museum in Belem, Brazil.) These animals seem to tame easily, and could perhaps be mass produced on a large scale like rabbits or guinea pigs. They make affectionate pets, sometimes refusing to return to the wild. A research project on captive breeding of two local agouti species (Dasyprocta mexicana and D. punctata) for food is already under way in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of lowland, tropical Latin America and the Caribbean. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis are delicately built, graceful, nimble, and beautifully proportioned. They have slender bodies, short ears, and look somewhat like a rabbit that has been &quot;jacked up&quot; in back. Generally, adults are 40-60 cm long and weigh 2-5 kg. Some are even bigger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They run well and are good jumpers. From a standing start an agouti reportedly can leap as high as 2 m or as far as 6 m; however, as long as they are well fed, there is little problem keeping them behind a wall only 1 m high.2 Reportedly, they sometimes climb easy-sloping trees to collect green fruits, but researchers studying Central American agoutis report that they are strictly terrestrial.3 They swim well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The body hair is thick, coarse, and glossy: pale orange to black on the back, and white to yellow on the belly. Some species have faint stripes, and some have a rump that contrasts with the rest of the back. The short tail is partially concealed under the long body hair.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis occur over a vast area from southern Mexico to Paraguay, including many islands in the Caribbean.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they occasionally damage sugarcane plantings and because the meat is particularly tasty, people hunt agoutis relentlessly, especially near cities and towns. Now, in the l990s, they are becoming rare because of excessive hunting and habitat destruction. Many Latin Americans have never heard of them. In Mexico, for instance, there are few places where agoutis survive, and Dasyprocta mexicana may become extinct if habitat destruction and overhunting continue in its restricted range. In Costa Rica and Panama, agoutis occur only where there is little or no hunting or human interference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From sea level to elevations of at least 2,500 m, the adaptable agouti lives in many habitats: moist lowland forests, dry upland forests, thick brush, and savannas. However, although they thrive in secondary growth areas, they are mainly forest dwellers. Nonetheless, they often enter fields to forage, and young animals occasionally are seen in open areas such as grassy stream banks and cultivated fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis shelter in hollows among boulders, in riverbanks, or under tree roots. They also hide in heavy brush and sometimes in holes dug out by other species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These herbivores eat seeds, fruit, stalks, leaves, roots, and other succulent plant parts, as well as occasional insects and fungi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They seem to mate twice each year. The estrous cycle is variable, but is only about 34 days long. The young are born after a gestation period of 3.5-4 months. Usually, there are twins; however, single births and triplets have been recorded. Newborns are fully developed and are able to run around within hours. They start feeding on solids within a few days. Puberty occurs at about 9 months of age. Life expectancy is 10 years or more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild, agoutis are shy and retiring. Every sense seems constantly triggered for instantaneous action and sometimes they become hysterical. If danger threatens, they usually &quot;freeze,&quot; but when discovered they stamp their feet as an alarm signal and dash away, nimbly dodging obstacles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite excessive timidity, they can be violent among themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In undisturbed forests, agoutis are diurnal and are often seen. But around villages they become nocturnal, as a means of self-preservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the most part, these rodents live in loosely formed pairs, with previous litters living around their territory as &quot;satellites.&quot; There is some &quot;bigamy,&quot; some &quot;philandering,&quot; and some &quot;divorce.&quot;5.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their long claws, they display much finger dexterity. To eat, they usually sit erect, crouching on their haunches and holding the food in their forepaws. If it has a skin' they carefully peel it before starting their meal. They save some nonperishable foods (nuts, for instance) by digging holes in scattered locations, dropping each one in a separate location, stamping it down, and covering it over. This behavior helps disperse the seeds of many species of trees so that agoutis benefit tropical forests and reforestation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p203a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, agoutis are popular game animals. They are often hunted with dogs that even follow them into the burrows. Agouti meat is tasty, although it is usually said to fall short of the meat of the pace (see page 262) because it is leaner and gamier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis adapt well to captivity. With appropriate care they can be bred without difficulty.6 The nervousness that is pronounced in nature is quickly lost in captivity. The young become tame pets. They can be fed on foods such as leafy vegetables, fruit, potatoes, and bread scraps. Although many wild specimens have become nocturnal, captives readily readapt to daylight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Being entirely terrestrial, agoutis require no trees, but they do need space. Given enough area, they get on well (with each other and with different species), and they breed freely. To avoid fighting, it seems necessary to separate females from males at puberty. Probably removing progeny from breeding pens at weaning could also help avoid most of the interpersonal aggression. In large areas with plenty of cover (banana plants, for instance), groups can be kept, but breeding may be disappointing. Husbandry may be most appropriate in large enclosures (50-100 agoutis) with some animals then removed to small cages 0.5-1 mÃ for selective feeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACOUCHIES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Close relatives, the green and red acouchies (Myoprocta acouchy and Myoprocta exilis) also deserve study. These are smaller animals with longer tails, bearing a little plume of white hairs. Although even more delicate and hypersensitive than agoutis, they can be kept in captivity and breed well. They then become less nervous and are easily handled. Acouchies. show remarkable intelligence and even some affection for those they trust. They frequent rainforests, but are rare or even absent in disturbed areas. Adults weigh up to 1.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The general biology (diet, reproduction, activity rhythm), is almost the same as that of the agouti, but they live in smaller home ranges (0.6-1.2 hectares versus 2.5 hectares for the agouti) and travel singly, although belonging to a well-established family unit. Adult males tolerate the juvenile males. They occur only in Colombia, the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farming methods would probably be the same as for the agoutis, but acouchies always need plant cover.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis are appropriately sized: a dressed carcass can weigh 1-3 kg. The meat is good, and large commercial undertakings in urban centers could profit from the ready market that already exists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are prolific: females can produce up to two litters a year, each litter averaging two offspring. In protected areas, populations may grow fast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These forest dwellers might provide a source of meat and income without destroying the forests in favor of cattle pastures. Also, they thrive in disturbed areas as long as there is some cover. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiments in Brazil show that agoutis are highly susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals might become pests: they eat the roots, leaves, and fruit of agricultural crops and occasionally damage sugarcane and banana plants. However, current experience suggests that if they escape captivity they are quickly caught by hunters and do not reach pest levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Live agoutis have strong-smelling anal glands that may be offensive to breeders or could contaminate the meat if the animals are carelessly handled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where the rainforest is destroyed, the agouti population is destroyed. The animals were once well known throughout Latin America, but not anymore. In some areas, therefore, wild breeding stock may not be locally available. Moreover, people may have become sufficiently unfamiliar with them that their value may no longer be appreciated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, they can be the prey of large birds such as eagles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The taxonomy of agouti species needs clarification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husbandry experiments are required, including studies on topics such as:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutrition;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Growth rate;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Shelters and enclosures;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reproduction; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Techniques for catching, moving, marketing, and managing the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One area where agoutis might profitably be raised is in enclosures in palm plantations. Palms such as the babassu provide food, shade, and shelter, while fallen and rotten logs offer secure retreats from predators. This deserves investigation.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instead of clearing vast areas of rainforest for cattle pasture, as is being done in much of Latin America, people might well &quot;farm&quot; agouties in the forests. Few of the settlers flooding into such regions can afford, let alone raise, beef. Small-scale agouti farming offers a promising and inexpensive alternative that would be gentle on the fragile land. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">16 Capybara</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g021a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the world's largest rodent, can be as big as a sheep and weigh as much as a small person. Its natural habitat is the environs of South America's rivers, marshlands, and swamps, where it feeds on the grasses and reeds that grow near water.1&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its size, tasty meat, valuable leather, and rapid reproduction, the capybara is a candidate for both ranching and intensive husbandry throughout the hot and humid lowland tropical regions of Latin America. It seems easy to handle. It is commonly raised in zoos or occasionally as a pet, and has, in at least one instance, been proven successful in large commercial herds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In floodplain ecosystems, capybaras complement cattle because they prefer to graze swamp grasses rather than the dryland grasses on which cattle feed. They have simple stomachs, but are one of the more efficient herbivores. Although they are &quot;selective feeders&quot; that eat lush waterside grasses &quot;preserved in quality&quot; by the water, they also graze pasture, usually selecting new growth that is often too short and scattered for cattle, with their large muzzles, to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The floodplains of the South American subtropics and tropics where the animal is indigenous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they have blunt, horselike heads, capybaras look like gigantic guinea pigs. They are ponderous, barrel shaped, and have a tail too small to be seen from a distance. Their skin is tough and covered by sparse, bristlelike hairs: the color above is reddish brown to gray; beneath, it is yellowish brown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The front legs are shorter than the back. Slightly webbed toes - four on the front feet and three on the back - make them good swimmers. They dive with ease and can stay underwater for up to five minutes. They also move nimbly on land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara is extremely large for a rodent. In size and color, it looks much like a pig. Often more than 100 cm long and 50 cm high at the shoulder, it can exceed 50 kg liveweight. Indeed, specimens weighing up to 90 kg have been reported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before livestock were introduced, the capybara grazed widely over riverine regions throughout South and Central America. Today, it is found in the flooded grasslands from Panama to Paraguay. Mainly, it occurs in the watersheds of the Orinoco, Amazon, Paraguay, and Parana rivers. High population densities exist in the Pantanal of western Brazil and on the Llanos floodplains of Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are few precise population counts, but capybaras can occur in large numbers.2 However, in many areas they appear to be on the verge of extinction, being deliberately eradicated by farmers who think they compete with cattle and transmit diseases. Also, in some areas illegal hunting goes on year-round and great numbers are killed. The animals are particularly vulnerable during the dry season, when they concentrate around the diminished river channels and water holes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, most capybaras live in swampy or grassy areas bordering rivers. However, some are found in other habitats, ranging from open plains to tropical rainforests. But even here they stay near ponds, lakes, streams, and swamps, and never venture much more than 500 m from water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p210a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The capybaraâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara, like all rodents, is a simple-stomached animal, but it is a true herbivore. Its digestive system is especially adapted for fibrous materials. The large cecum - the site of enzymatic digestionâ serves a function like that of the rumen of sheep, cattle, and goats. It has a digestive capacity similar to that of a sheep's rumen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like rabbits and all the rodents, capybaras are coprophagous. That is, during the morning hours when they are resting, soft feces from the cecum are passed a second time through the digestive system.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributing to the animal's digestive ability is its efficient mastication. It chews its forage seemingly incessantly, reducing it to extremely small particles before it is swallowed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under natural conditions, the females annually bear 1 or 2 litters, each averaging from 4 to 6 offspring. Birth weight is between 1 and 2 kg, depending on litter size and sex. Both males and females reach sexual maturity when they reach a liveweight of 30 kg or moreâ usually between the first and second year of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras are intelligent, shy, inoffensive, and harmless. In undisturbed ecosystems, they are gregarious and live in family groups of up to 30. The young follow the mother about for many months after birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike most rodents, they do not construct dens, but the groups have specific resting areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are both diurnal and nocturnal and, like many herbivores, they graze at daybreak and dusk, and perhaps also at midnight. They spend the morning resting in weeds on riverbanks, and at noon they cool off by bathing for an hour or so before grazing. They may feed belly deep in water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras wallow in mud, allowing it to dry on their skin before bathing again. Mange can develop in captivity when they cannot take a mud bath.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When startled, a capybara barks loudly and dashes away, but after running 200 m or so it tires, slows down, and may lapse into hyperthermia. At that point a hunter can easily catch it. However, if the animal reaches water, it usually eludes the pursuer because it swims so well - especially underwater.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybara meat is white and has qualities and properties (such as high emulsification) that might allow it to compete with pork and other meats in the food industry. Spanish-style sausages, Italian-style mortadellas, frankfurters, and German-style smoked chops have been produced experimentally.4 However, at present, the meat is mainly consumed only in the dried and salted form. It is particularly popular in Venezuela, where more than 400 tons are sold every year, especially during Easter festivities.5 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara's hide is one of the best for glove making. This luxury product, known in international commerce as carpincho leather, fetches high prices on European markets because it is more heat resistant than most leathers and because it stretches in only one direction. This one way grain allows gloves to stretch sideways without lengthening and looking sloppy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara appears suitable for raising as a livestock animal. Amerindians traditionally collected capybara orphans during the hunting season and raised them until needed for food. Capybara breeding was reported in Brazil as early as 1565.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modern attempts have been made towards domestication. Researchers at the Institute of Animal Production in Venezuela, for instance, started a breeding program in the 1970s using 20 females and 5 males. Since that time they have continuously kept capybaras in confinement. Through selection and management, they have improved the reproduction of captive animals. The current aim is to get 16 offspring per mother per year. Newborns are weaned after 5 weeks and the mother is returned to the breeding pen.6 In Colombia, similar work is in progress, and guidelines for raising capybaras on breeding farms have been published.7 In Brazil, research has been carried out to study capybara nutrition, genetics, management, reproduction, and social behavior in total confinement.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout South America, the price of beef has increased greatly within the last few years, thereby providing a new incentive for capybara husbandry. It has also forced many campesinos to eat more wildlife, which adds another incentive for producing capybara meat on farms and thereby perhaps helping to relieve pressure on the wild stocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When tame, the animals are amenable to handling without physical restraint. They are so tractable that in Surinam a blind man once used one as a guide animal. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras can be raised on a variety of readily available vegetation: leaves, roots, fruits, and vegetables. They thrive in coarse grasses, if given opportunity to select nutritious parts. Their large incisors allow them to bite off short grasses that many herbivores cannot use. For instance, they eat &quot;capybara grass&quot; (Paspalum fasciculatum) that is abundant on river edges in Venezuela and is normally too short for cattle to graze. This makes for low-cost feeding and utilization of a resource that is otherwise unused.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras are at home in hot, humid environments and are fully adapted to life on the tropical floodplains and seasonally flooded savannas. They thrive in extreme climates where cattle struggle, such as in the parts of the lower Paraguayan Chaco where summer temperatures reach 45ÃC.9 An ecological benefit to raising capybaras is that there is no need to alter habitats by introducing exotic forage plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They reproduce quickly. Age at first conception for females is about 1.5 years, and the time between parturitions is generally shorter than that of goats or sheep in the tropics. Young capybaras grow so fast that in 18 months they can reach a liveweight of more than 40 kg. In their natural conditions, they are more disease resistant than cattle. The annual productivity is said to exceed that of cattle in many parts of its range.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is already so widely eaten in South America that the meat from farmed animals should be readily acceptable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras occasionally raid fields and can harm sugarcane, rice, bananas, sweet potatoes, cassava, corn, and other crops. In many parts of Brazil, they are considered agricultural pests and are shot.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Confining these animals in high density may create serious problems. Infectious diseases and parasite outbreaks seem to be worse than those that occur with conventional livestock. Aggression might prove a limitation to capybara husbandry: it is almost impossible to cage two adult males together or to introduce new animals to an existing group.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals may transmit disease to people and livestock. They can harbor foot-and-mouth disease and are known to be susceptible to brucellosis. They also carry a form of trypanosome, Trypanosoma evansi. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with cattle, capybara use only a small proportion of the total plant biomass. They are largely selective feeders, and for satisfactory performance must have sufficient area to select the plants they need. If placed in a paddock of only coarse grass, most will eventually die. Like goats and gazelles, capybara probably select a diet that is at least 15 percent richer in crude protein than a typical cattle diet.'Ã&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High mortality has never been observed in Venezuela, but keeping the animals alive on a farm in some areas may not be easy. In one trial, more than half (55 percent) of the capybara died of disease, and a few of septicemia (the result of wounds incurred during fights), but most apparently of trypanosomiasis. Other losses were caused by speeding vehicles (29 percent), poaching (6 percent), and predation, mainly by jaguars (12 percent).&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important for researchers to undertake the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gather specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Assess experiences of zoos and farms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Undertake nutritional trials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Initiate captive breeding trials - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, feed needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Characterize the animal's productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Study the capybara's basic physiology and production potentials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Investigate biological factors, such as reproductive physiology, and social behavior (both in the wild and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine the factors influencing capybara reproduction, growth, and development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine the animal's adaptability and economic merit in various farming systems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Study the influence of environment on reproduction rate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine their complementarily with water buffalo or other ruminants that normally use swampy habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine relative causes of mortality (such as diseases specific to capybaras) and predation (especially of the young) by spectacled caiman, crested caracayes, black vultures, and others. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">17 Coypu</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g022a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu' (Myocastor coypus) is an aquatic rodent native to South America. It has been called the &quot;South American beaver,&quot; but its size is actually closer to that of a small dog or an agouti. It seems suited to be a microlivestock species because, compared with most rodents' it has a large body size and a relatively high reproduction rate. Moreover, it is easy to manage, and there is much literature on how to raise it in captivity.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fur is the main item of commercial value. In the late 19th century, it was in such high demand that the animal was nearly exterminated. However, in 1922 Argentineans began raising coypu in captivity and this practice spread through South America and to other regions. In many European countries and in various locations in the United States some specimens escaped or were released, and coypu have become established in the waterways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu meat is tasty and is consumed in many regions of South America as well as in parts of Europe. Because of the absence of musk glands, the meat is free of the &quot;gamy&quot; flavor found in squirrels and rabbits. It is moist, fine &quot;rained, medium light in color, and firm. It is one of the mildest and tenderest of wild meats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal has been widely distributed, but its area of safest use is within its natural range in South America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu is adapted to a semiaquatic existence and has webbed feet, valvular nostrils that can be closed to keep water out, and underfur that remains dry even under water. Its long, powerful claws on the forefeet are used for grooming, excavating burrows, and digging up and holding food. The tail is slender; the extremely large incisor teeth are orange-red.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An adult is 40-65 cm long and weighs 7-10 kg. Some occasionally weigh up to 17 kg. Males are larger than females. The pelage is thick, with coarse guard hairs overlying the underfur. The soft dense underfur (the commercially valuable pelt called &quot;nutria&quot;) is about 2 cm long on the belly, and 2-5 cm long and less dense on the back. The color is yellowish to reddish brown on the back and pale yellow on the belly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu is distributed through southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. It has been widely introduced in North America, Europe, northern Asia, and eastern Africa. As a result of escapes and releases from fur farms, the animals are now feral in Europe, North America, northern Asia, Japan, and East Africa. In the United States, they are abundant in Louisiana, Oregon, Florida, and the Chesapeake Bay region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In various countries, the animal's status ranges from that of a rarity to that of a pest. Wild coypu are protected by law in Argentina because of overhunting, but there are about 100 producers of farmed coypu.3 Elsewhere the animals are destroyed en masse to reduce the threat of damage to irrigation ditches, dams, and agricultural crops. In England a decade-long program has eradicated them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu mainly inhabit the banks of fresh or brackish waterways.4 They live in temperate zones and are highly sensitive to freezing conditions. Also, their heat tolerance is poor; lowland tropical regions may be too hot for them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p219a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu feeds mainly at night. The diet consists chiefly of plants, particularly water plants and reeds. Large amounts of fibrous vegetation is decomposed in the cecum, where bacteria break down cellulose particles. Mussels, snails, and other small organisms are also often eaten.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals burrow into soft soil or construct nests out of vegetation above ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu are relatively fast breeding. Females first give birth at ages ranging from 6 to 15 months. From then on, they produce 2 or 3 litters a year. They are able to mate and give birth at any time of the year, although more young are born during certain seasons. The gestation period is between 128 and 140 days. There are 5 or 6 (sometimes up to 12) young in each litter. Newborns are well developed, able to see, and fully covered with hair at birth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The female's four or five pairs of mammae are located on the side of the body, an adaptation that permits the young to nurse while floating with their mothers in the water. In captivity, young are nursed for two months, but can survive if weaned at five days. The mean body weight at birth is about 225 g, but growth is rapid during the first five months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu have a potential life span of more than six years. However, they seldom survive more than three years, and in the wild probably no animals are older than five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are passive creatures, usually entirely lacking in aggression. They are shy and fearful; the slightest disturbance will send them scurrying to the shelter of water, a burrow, or other hiding place. With their large incisors they can bite viciously, but in captivity they tame down, even to where they can be carried around by hand. Compared with domestic animals, they are very sanitary in their feeding and living habits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In hot climates they are nocturnal, in cooler climates crepuscular, and in cold weather they become diurnal. Captive animals become conditioned to diurnal activity if fed during daylight hours. Most of the active period is spent feeding, grooming, and swimming. Grooming is done by scratching and &quot;nibbling&quot; the fur, and an oily secretion from glands located near the mouth and anus lubricates the pelage. Secretions from the anal glands are also employed for marking out territory.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Excellent swimmers, coypu spend most of their time in the water. They can remain submerged for five minutes or more. On land, they lumber about with awkward, clumsy movements; however, when the need arises they can run fast and jump short distances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they usually live together in pairs, coypu will form large colonies. They tend to remain in one area throughout their lives: their daily &quot;cruising range&quot; has been measured at less than 45 m.5 However, drought or freezing weather can induce mass migrations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The burrows, which are dug in sloping banks, are usually short with no branching tunnels and generally end in a simple chamber. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In South America, the coypu has a long history of use. Nutria fur was in such high demand and the animal was hunted so avidly at the beginning of the last century that it became rare and had to be protected by government decree. As a result, populations increased dramatically. Nowadays, coypu are protected in many areas, but widespread poaching has reduced their numbers and range.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many thousands are killed each year just for the guard hairs, which are used in making felt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu are used in marsh management to reduce infestations of aquatic weeds and to keep waterways open.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas where it is found, the coypu is trapped by commercial hunters. However, as noted, several countries have coypu farms. In Germany, the animals have been raised on diets consisting chiefly of potatoes supplemented with oats, clover, corn, hay, green forage, legumes, turnips, or cabbage. Elsewhere, feeds generally include such materials as hay, corn, crushed oats, greens, root vegetables, apples, bread, and rabbit feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To confine coypu, a wall of stone or concrete or a fence of stout wire netting is necessary. It must be set 1 m deep into the ground and rise 1-1.5 m above ground. Water must be available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where selected strains of animals are kept, it is usual to house each female in separate small compartments, complete with pools and shelter boxes. Each is then paired with a male, which is removed after mating to leave the female to rear her brood in seclusion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fur is particularly valuable because the female's nipples are so high that the soft belly fur is unbroken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This herbivore is much cheaper to feed than the furbearing carnivores such as mink. Furs of coypu raised in captivity fetch a price about three times greater than furs from wild animals.6 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wherever the coypu has escaped it has damaged embankments and stream banks. The burrows sometimes weaken dikes that protect low lying areas from flooding. In northern Europe and eastern England, for example, it is considered a serious pest. In rice paddies, coypu could become particularly devastating. They can also damage crops and natural plant communities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu can carry viruses that result in toxoplasmosis, papillomatosis, rabies, and equine encephalomyelitis; bacteria that cause salmonellosis, paratyphoid, and leptospirosis; protozoans that produce sarcosporidiosis and coccidiosis; and rickettsia. Common diseases of captive specimens are bacterial pneumonia, hepatitis-nephritis, Strongyloides infection, and neoplasms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European winters often cause the coypu's tail (which is hairless) to freeze, but the animal hardly seems to notice. A more dangerous situation arises when lakes, streams, or rivers freeze over; beneath the ice, coypu cannot find their way as easily as beavers, and often drown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little research needs to be done. There is massive literature on farming coypu. Nonetheless, the animal's behavior is little studied, and there are few reliable published observations on its social organization. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">18 Giant Rat</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant rat, also known as the pouched rat, is one of Africa's largest rodents.! Two species have been distinguished: Cricetomys gambianus, which lives chiefly in savannas and around the edges of forests and human settlements; and Cricetomys emini, which occurs mainly in rainforests. Both are highly prized as food &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are solitary, but they are easy to handle, have a gentle nature, and make good pets. Researchers at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria have been developing techniques for managing them in captivity. Breeding stocks were established in 1973, and since then so many generations have been bred that this small population is considered domesticated. Commercial-scale giant rat farming is now being established in southern Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is a promising development because giant rats are a common &quot;bushmeat&quot; throughout much of Africa. Since these herbivores are well known there, and are acceptable as food, they may have as much or more potential as meat animals than the introduced rabbits that are getting considerable attention (see page 178).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The intertropical zone of Africa from the southern Sahara to the northern Transvaal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is among the most striking of all African rodents. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its large size, it often causes amazement - even alarm -  when seen for the first time. The body measures as much as 40 cm, and, on average, weighs about 1-1.5 kg. The record for a hand-reared specimen is 1.6 kg 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from its size, the best known species (Cricetomys gambianus) is noted for the dark hair around its eyes, a nose that is sharply divided into dark upper and pale lower regions, and a tail that has a dark (proximal) section and pale (distal) section. The overall body color is a dusky gray.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lesser known species (Cricetomys emini) has short, thin, and relatively sleek fur. Its upper parts are pale brown; the belly is white.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant rats are commonly found from Senegal to Sudan, and as far south as the northern region of South Africa. The main species is mostly found in moist savannas, patches of forests, and rainforests. However, it can also be found in all West African vegetation zones from the semiarid Sahel to the coast. It also exists at high altitudesâ up to about 2,OOO m in West Africa and 3,000 m in eastern Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rainforest species occurs in the great equatorial forest belts of Zaire and neighboring Central African countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are probably not threatened with extinction. However, they have been exterminated in some areas (such as in parts of eastern Zaire) where the human population is dense, the land fully cultivated, and the wildlife overhunted. Although common, they are not as well known as one might suppose from their bulk and from the fact that they are sometimes found around, and even inside, houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant rats occur largely in lightly wooded dryland regions or in forested humid regions. They cannot tolerate high temperatures or truly arid conditions. They often live in farm areas and in gardens. Their burrows are commonly found inside deserted termite mounds and at the base of trees. Some have also been found in the middle of cassava fields. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p227a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The giant ratâs distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are herbivores with a tendency to omnivory. They prefer fruits, but also subsist on tubers, grains, vegetables, leaves, legume pods, and wastes (such as banana peels). However, they are not grasseaters. Giant rats also kill and eat mice, insects (caterpillars, cockroaches, and locusts, for example), and probably many other small animals.3 They are particularly fond of mollusks (such as snails).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction is prolific and year-round. The female attains puberty at 20-23 weeks and the gestation period is about 20-42 days. The young are weaned at 21-26 days of age but stay with their mother until 2-3 months of age. So far, the record for the most litters has been 5 in 9 months. It thus seems possible that a female can reproduce 6 times a year. Litter size ranges between I and 5, but 4 is most common. Thus, in 1 year a single female could produce 24 or more young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These strictly nocturnal animals usually lead solitary lives and forage alone. Mostly, they occupy a burrow by themselves, except when the &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;young are being raised. The burrows can be complex. Below the entrances are vertical shafts leading to a system of galleries and chambers for storing food, depositing droppings, sleeping, or breeding. The home range is individual and limited (1-6 hectares). In the wild, one male &quot;supervises&quot; the home ranges of several females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, the animals are often seen sitting up and ramming large amounts of food into their spacious cheek pouches. With full cheeks, they return to their burrows and disgorge the food into a &quot;larder.&quot; Food (chiefly hard nuts) is stored there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They swim and climb well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A study carried out in Nigeria showed that the giant rat produces about the same amount of meat as the domestic rabbit.4 The meat's nutritional value compares favorably with that of domestic livestock, and African villagers know how to preserve it by smoking or by salting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant rat has recently attracted attention as a potential laboratory animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farmers in Nigeria have traditionally trapped the juveniles and fattened them for slaughter. They usually keep the animals in wire cages and feed them daily with food gathered in the wild as well as with scraps from the household.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the program at the University of Ibadan indicates that the giant rat can be domesticated. Already, specimens are being bred and reared in an intensive program. They adapt to captivity after about a month. They are subsequently transferred into breeding cages, which are wooden boxes with a rectangular wire-mesh &quot;playroom.&quot; Each cage holds a breeding pair or a nursing female with its young. Experimental feeding cages have also been designed.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food-preference trials show that palm fruits and root crops (especially sweet potato) are preferred to grains and vegetables. Nutritional studies show that the animals can tolerate up to 7 percent crude fiber in their rations. Although largely vegetarian, they eagerly consume dry and canned dog food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals have several advantages:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They are well known and much sought after for food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They have adapted to life in lowland tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They are able to live on locally available plant materials, including vegetable waste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They reproduce rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They are more tolerant of captivity than the grasscutter (see next chapter). This is largely because omnivorous feeding makes them easier to feed than the grasscutter and other strict herbivores.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species could easily become a pest. It is recommended for rearing only in areas where it already exists. The crops it damages include cacao, root crops, peanuts, maize, sorghum, vegetables, and stored grains and foods. There is also the possibility that this rodent may transmit diseases to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A project at the University of Kinshasa in Zaire reports problems in getting giant rats to reproduce in captivity. When two specimens were paired they sometimes fought so viciously that copulation was impossible.6 Special management may be required, such as housing animals in adjacent cages before actually introducing them to each other. Moreover, selection for docility may also be necessary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ratlike appearance is not attractive, and a few African tribes have taboos against consuming the meat of these animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout Africa south of the Sahara, giant rat domestication deserves experimentation and trials. Success would open up the potential for supplemental meat supplies in rural and urban areas where meat is now scarce. Tests are needed to determine the factors that favor breeding: temperature, aeration, light, privacy, and size and form of cages. Moreover, diets that are cheap and easy to make from local feedstuffs must be identified. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further research on the domestication of the giant rat might include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Identifying husbandry techniques that are applicable at low cost in rural areas;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Studying food digestibility and setting up various diets;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Illuminating social behavior: pairing of animals, the best moment for pairing, duration of pairing, age of partners;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Outlining the basics of husbandry (for instance, capital costs, food conversion ratios, growth rates) and making simple and cheap cages;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Studying biology (anatomy, physiology, birth records, growth rate); and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Testing the practical likelihood that this rodent may transmit diseases to people and other animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant rat has an interesting commensal relationship with Hemimerus, an insect that feeds on secretions in the skin. It seems to cause no irritation or damage, and may even benefit the host by helping to keep the skin clean. Caging these animals results in the general loss of the insect, but attempts should be made to maintain them and to determine their role and life cycle.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The potential of this species as a laboratory animal in nutritional, clinical, and pharmacological research also deserves exploration. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">19 Grasscutter</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g023a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus and Thryonomys gregorianus) is found in many forests and savannas of Africa. Its meat, said to resemble suckling pig, often sells for more per kilogram than chicken, beef, pork, or lamb. It is the preferred, and perhaps most expensive meat in West Africa. Indeed. in Ivory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coast it sells for about $9 per kg. With prices like that, grasscutter is a culinary luxury that only the wealthy can afford.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If domestication of this wild species were successful in providing meat at a price similar to that of poultry (the second most popular meat), markets would be unlimited.2 However, as production costs are high, long-term research will be required before grasscutter production can be profitable to the small farmer. This research should now be undertaken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an effort to capitalize on the markets for this delicacy, agricultural extension services of Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Togo, and particularly Benin are already encouraging farmers to rear grasscutters as backyard livestock. They furnish breeding stock and information, and maintain central offices for records. In addition, a bilateral cooperation project in Benin has started experimental work on improved breeding methods combined with the study of animal responses under domestication.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In future, this vegetarian animal might become the African equivalent of South America's guinea pig, playing an important role in reducing Africa's chronic protein shortage. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Humid and subhumid Africa south of the Sahara.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters are robust animals with short tails, small ears, and stocky bodies. Taxonomically, they are more closely related to porcupines than to common rats or mice.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although many varieties have been described, there are probably only two species. The larger (Thryonomys swinderianus) weighs 9 kg or more and has a head-and-body length of up to 60 cm. The smaller species (Thryonomys gregorianus) may occasionally reach 8 kg and a body length of 50 cm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species have yellow-brown to gray-brown bodies, with whitish bellies. The fur is extremely coarse, firm, and bristly - reflecting the animal's kinship to the porcupine. The tail is scaly and has short, sparse hairs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species have thick, heavy claws and enormous orange incisors that can chew through even the toughest vegetation. (Grasscutters have been known to tear holes in corrugated iron fences.) Nevertheless, they do not bite when handled, although their claws sometimes cause injuries.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters occur in grassland or in wooded savanna throughout the humid and subhumid areas of Africa south of the Sahara. They often live in forest-savanna habitats where grass is present. They do not inhabit rainforest, dry scrub, or desert, but they have colonized the road borders in forest regions. Distribution is determined by availability of adequate or preferred grass species for food. Specifically, Thryonomys swinderianus occurs in virtually all countries of west, east, and southern Africa. Thryonomys gregorianus occurs in savannas in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Zaire, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite heavy hunting, these animals are not threatened with extinction. Nonetheless, many individual populations are well below carrying capacity, or are extinct because of local overexploitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The larger grasscutter (T. swinderianus) generally lives in swampy, low-lying areas, especially along river banks and the borders of lakes and streams. Occasionally, it is found on higher ground among bushes and rocks, living where savanna grasses are dense and tangled enough to afford good cover. In Ivory Coast and southern Guinea, for instance, grasscutters are found (and hunted) throughout the savanna zones. And they can occur in close proximity to farmlands and people (for example, in southwest Nigeria).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the precise diet in the wild has not been determined, grasscutters are vegetarian. They consume nuts, bark, and the soft parts of grasses and shrubs. They particularly favor elephant grass and sweet potatoes. They commonly &quot;raid&quot; cassava and yam plantations, and are considered local pests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters reproduce year-round, although the births seem to peak at certain times of the year, correlated with weather conditions.5 Probably one male takes several females, and the family group possibly has more than one generation of young. The gestation is about 152 days. Apparently, litters normally contain between 2 and 4 young, but in Benin and Togo some litters of up to 11 or 12 are reported.6 Newborns are fully developed, their eyes are open, they weigh approximately 80 g, have thick fur, and quickly become accomplished runners.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p236a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they commonly forage in groups, grasscutters are generally solitary. They are nocturnal, and they travel at night through trails in reeds and grass, often to water. Most specimens seen in markets are males, possibly because males lead the groups and are thus most prone to being trapped.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When alarmed, these animals stamp their hind feet and give a strange booming grunt. When fleeing, they can run very fast and, given a chance, will take to water. They swim with ease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For shelter, grasscutters usually weave nests of matted vegetation or scoop out shallow burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a broad geographic band across sub-Saharan Africa, cattle raising is severely limited by trypanosomiasis. There, other sources of animal protein, including rodents, are traditionally used. Thus, grasscutter meat constitutes an important food for many Africans. The animals are mostly caught and eaten by families for their own use, but some are sold in markets and especially in roadside stalls. Many families depend exclusively on selling bushmeat, particularly that of grasscutters. In Accra, Ghana, during one year, 73 tons of grasscutter meat were sold in the local market. This represented more than 15,000 animals. In southern Africa, too, people find that these rodents make tasty food, although they may cut off the tail to make the carcass look less ratlike.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat is usually eaten smoked, and is so much in demand that grasscutters are hunted in organized drives with spears, dogs, and sometimes fire. It is considered excellent, especially when cooked in soups and stews or barbecued.7 It has been described as resembling venison in flavor, but it is dark like the meat of wild duck.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the savanna area of West Africa, people have traditionally captured wild grasscutters and raised them at home. As an extension of this, organized grasscutter husbandry has been initiated in West Africa. The animals are provided with marshy, tightly fenced areas with plenty of plant cover. The young are harvested from these areas and raised separately.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghanaian researcher Emanuel Asibey, a pioneer of this research, reports success at getting such captive stocks to reproduce. To this end, farmers are provided with breeding boxes and foundation grass cutter colonies. They are taught how to rear and feed the animals for home consumption or for cash income. Basically, the farmers make available large sheds where the animals can move freely. To prevent escape, the walls may be reinforced with cement plaster. The farmers also provide piles of grass, sugarcane, and other foods. A grasscutter reportedly takes about a month to adjust to such confinement. High mortality can occur in this period. The average weight of a mature, home-raised grasscutter is 4-7 kg. The average killing-out (dressed carcass) is 64 percent.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Wildlife Domestication Unit of Ibadan University in Nigeria, another pioneer of rodent domestication, has also reported the potential of domesticated grasscutter colonies.9&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research on grasscutter breeding, husbandry, and feeding is similarly being implemented by the Ministry for Rural Development in Benin and at the Lacena in Ivory Coast (see Research Contacts).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The demand for grasscutter meat is so large that it is not being met. Markets for it already exist over much of Africa,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters can devastate such crops as rice, sugarcane, soybeans, peanuts, yams, cassava, sweet potatoes, oil-palm seedlings, maize, young rubber, sorghum, and wheat. Therefore, as with most rodents, they should be reared only in areas where they already exist.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In past years, captive animals in Benin have suffered fatal Clostridium infections during September and October. In 1986, a broad-spectrum antibiotic was given with outstanding results. During this season, the animals also suffered from ascarid worms, which were also successfully treated with standard drugs.10&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed in the following areas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Digestive physiology, feeding habits, feed preferences, feed conversion and growth rate; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Diseases (pathogens and parasites);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Captive breeding and management (growth rates, space requirements, feed needs, etc);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Performance under different environments;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Productivity; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Basic biology (for example, chromosome type, reproductive physiology, and social behavior both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, specimens should be gathered from different regions for comparative evaluation. A particular need is to select and breed docile specimens because today, even after several generations in captivity, the animal must still be handled with caution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although domestication of the grasscutter is encouraged, wild populations might also be managed to maximize and sustain production through habitat manipulation. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">20 Guinea Pig</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g024a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are promising microlivestock because they require little capital or labor; provide an inexpensive, readily available, palatable meat; have no odor, and are suitable for keeping indoors. In the highlands of the Andes, many Indians raise them to supplement diets based on grains  and vegetables. Families eat them mostly on special occasions such as weddings and first communions, or they sell them to restaurants or peddle them in village markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The low cost of these small animals makes them available even to many landless peasants. For both the small farmer and apartment dweller, the guinea pig is a possible food reserve. It converts kitchen scraps and marginal wastelands into meat. According to estimates, 20 females and 2 males may produce enough meat year-round to provide an adequate meat diet for a family of 6.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since husbandry practices are simple and cheap, the guinea pig is an excellent source of supplementary income. An FAO study at Ibarra, Ecuador, showed that on small mountain farms the guinea pig provided more profit than either pigs or dairy cows, partly because its meat fetched high prices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although domesticated guinea pigs are mainly a food resource of Latin America, their use has also spread to parts of Africa and Asia. They are raised, for instance, in Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Zaire. In southern Nigeria, at least 10 percent of all households raise guinea pigs for food, with colonies of up to 30 animals per household. Guinea pigs are also raised in small cages or cardboard boxes by small farmers in the Philippines.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The feeding efficiency is high: studies have shown that it takes between 3.2 and 5.7 kg of forage to produce 1 kg of growth. This makes guinea pigs more efficient than most farm mammals. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs seem especially adapted to the climate and forages of high-altitude zones, but the fact that they are being raised in Central and West Africa indicates that they are also adapted to the lowland tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p243a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The native distribution of the guinea pigâs wild ancestor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs have stocky bodies, fairly short hind legs, and short, unfurred ears. Adults can weigh up to 2 kg, but an average-sized specimen is about 0.5 kg. They are 20-40 cm long (average 28 cm) and have no tail. In domesticated forms, the pelage may be smooth or coarse, short or long, and in some types the hairs form rosettes.4 Domesticated types come in colors ranging from white to dark brown, as well as piebald.5 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The original home of the wild guinea pig is believed to have been the central highlands of Peru and Bolivia. Its domesticated descendants are important as meat animals mainly in that same area, but, as noted, they are also important in certain African and Asian countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few strains are distributed worldwide as laboratory animals and pets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated guinea pigs, as a whole, are in no danger of extinction, although some rare strains are threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These extremely adaptable animals are found in temperate zones and in the highland tropics, but they are usually kept indoors and protected from the extremes of weather. In Lambayeque and other departments of Peru, they are reared at elevations from sea level to more than 4,000 m. In areas where they are raised, daily temperatures fluctuate as much as 30ÃC. In the Bolivian or Peruvian puna region, for instance, day temperatures can be 22ÃC, while night temperatures are -7ÃC. However, they cannot survive freezing temperatures and they may not perform well when exposed to the full tropical heat and sunlight. Many people of the Peruvian highlands keep the animals in darkness (for example, in wood boxes with little or no light).6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal's original wild habitat is believed to have been an area of grasslands, forest edges, swamps, and rocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These herbivores can be raised on kitchen scraps, garden wastes, and weedy vegetation plucked from backyards or roadsides. Andean peasants mainly feed them potato peels, scraps of cabbage, lettuce, carrot, wild grasses, corn stalks, and the foliage of miscellaneous wild plants. Some barley and alfalfa is grown specifically for guinea pigs; it is cut green and sold in small bundles in the markets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs mate throughout the year except when climate is excessively adverse. Domestic breeds average 2-3 young per litter, although larger litters sometimes occur. The gestation period is 65-70 days with an average of 67. Females come into estrus every 13-24 days, and there is a fertile postpartum estrus.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females can become pregnant when merely 3 months old, and many produce 4 litters every year from then on. In principle, a farmer starting with 1 male and 10 females could see his herd grow to 3,000 animals in one year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newborns are so large that the female's pubic bones must separate for the birth. They emerge fully developed, with fur and open eyes. They look like miniature adults, and they start eating grass and other feedstuffs within hours. (For this reason, babies orphaned at birth have been known to survive.) Weaning may be reached as early as 21 days of age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The life span in captivity is as long as 8 years, but animals used for breeding usually live only 3.5 years. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUPER GUINEA PIGS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even in their native region, guinea pigs have traditionally received little research attention. However, that began changing in the 1970s with the onset of meat shortages in Peru. (For a time the government restricted beef sales to only 15 days a month.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For instance, in 1972 Peru began a guinea pig improvement project. Researchers from i a Molina National Agrarian University traveled throughout Peru gathering many kinds of guinea pigs short haired long haired black, white, yellow, brown, and even purple. Practically all the guinea pigs eaten in Peru are home grown, and researchers observed that the bigger ones were generally winding up in the stew, leaving the smaller ones for breeding. The people inadvertently were making the animals smaller. (This is a common phenomenon for many animals.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To overcome it, the university research workers compared the mature size and growth rates of all the different guinea pigs. They selected and cross-bred the biggest, meatiest, and fastest-growing ones. This program, later taken over by Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Promocion Agropecuaria (INIPA), produced remarkable results. The starting animals averaged little more than 0.5 kg, the resulting ones averaged almost 2 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru's &quot;super guinea pigs&quot; are now getting international recognition. They have been introduced into the highlands of Honduras, where the animal is also part of the Indian cuisine. The FAO has shipped some to the Dominican Republic. In addition, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia have all begun their own guinea pig improvement programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within Peru the government has established 11 breeding stations to encourage the farming of guinea pigs for food. The goal is to provide better stud males to the people so that future animals will grow more quickly and reach a greater weight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs generally congregate in small groups, normally made up of 5-10 adults. In favorable areas, however, such groups may coalesce into large colonies. The animals communicate incessantly among themselves, emitting a variety of squeaks and other noises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males, although good-natured with other species, often fight fiercely among themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs are raised mainly for meat. Peru has about 20 million, which annually provide 16-17,000 tons of meat (only 4,000 tons less than Peru's sheep meat production).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs are used worldwide for studies on disease, nutrition, heredity, and toxicology, as well as for the development of serums and other biomedical research. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs require so little space that a small cage or pit can house up to 10 females and 1 male. They can be raised in cages with wire floors of small mesh as well. The labor required is low. A colony of 1,000 females reportedly can be properly cared for by one person. A layer of wood shavings, shredded paper, straw, and dried corncobs is usually recommended for bedding. The droppings are odorless, so the bedding does not need changing as often as with other animals. When the diet mainly consists of greens, much urine is produced, and then the beds have to be changed frequently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When grown for meat, the young are weaned at 3-4 weeks and are ready for market in a matter of 10-13 weeks. Weight gain is rapid for the first 4-6 weeks, and then decreases. The carcasses normally dress out at about 65 percent, including the skin and legs. The meat's protein content is approximately 21 percent.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a few regions of Peru, guinea pigs are &quot;herded&quot; on the open range and retired at night into small adobe coops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This small, inoffensive animal rarely bites, is easy to manage, and has no smell. It is an excellent supplemental meat supply. The improved breeds cannot climb or jump so that they are easy to contain. (Primitive &quot;criollo&quot; types, however, can jump.) If kept dry and given green vegetation, grain, and water, it survives in many environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major constraint is consumer reluctance. Even in Latin America, attempts to promote guinea pig consumption outside the Indian communities have failed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When raised in a clean environment and under normal feeding conditions, guinea pigs thrive and reproduce and do not need routine vaccinations or antibiotics that cattle, sheep, and pigs often require. However, guinea pigs can be carriers of Chagas' disease and salmonella. Further, they are susceptible to pneumonia if temperatures change abruptly when conditions are wet. Coccidiosis and internal and external parasites are also common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green forages and surplus fruits or by-products are critical to provide vitamin C, which the animal is unable to synthesize for itself. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the greatest concentration of guinea pigs is found in the Andes, particular efforts should be directed towards this region. Already, research on guinea pigs has begun in some universities and government research stations in Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia, but more work is needed on matters such as:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Breeding &quot;elite&quot; stock for distribution;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Feeding and nutritional-requirement trials, especially for creating alternate feeds that peasants and commercial producers can use during seasons when conventional feeds are hard to get;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Diseases and parasites that may limit production in small farming systems;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Management practices concerning reproduction, housing, herd size, and feeding; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The genetic basis for weight gain and productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some research should be directed towards developing rations or introducing drought-resistant forages for the dry season because green forage is needed year-round. A range of practical and economical diets needs to be created.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal geneticists in Latin American countries should establish &quot;elite&quot; populations that can provide superior stock throughout the world. It can be anticipated that applying modern breeding methods to existing improved strains will result in great advances in a relatively short period and at little cost (see sidebar).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three species of wild cavies (Cavia aperea, C. fulgida, and C. tschudii), close relatives of the guinea pig, are native to South America and are declining drastically. Research to preserve them is urgently needed. C. aperea is a widely used item of food in rural Brazil and other parts of South America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">21 Hutia</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g025a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Hispaniolan Hutia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first meat Christopher Columbus tasted in the New World was probably hutia, a rodent avidly hunted by the Carib Indians. Hutia bones have been unearthed from kitchen middens of pre-Columbian inhabitants of all the Greater Antilles. Indians carried live hutias on voyages possibly in a semidomestic state as a source of food. On some islands, hutias were so eagerly sought that their populations were destroyed long before Europeans arrived. Slaves in the cane fields also hunted hutias for food. The surviving species later suffered when forests were cleared and cats, dogs, mongooses, and other predators were introduced. Consequently, the majority of hutia species died out, and today most surviving members of the family (Capromyidae) are facing extinction. Human predation continues in some areas (for instance, in Jamaica) where the tradition of &quot;coneyhunting&quot; still endures in a few regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias should be tested as possible microlivestock: success could create the incentive for their complete protection. The animals seem to take well to captivity. The Jamaican hutia is already overproducing in zoos, causing a local glut of animals. And hutias are, or were until recently, kept in barns by some people in Cuba, who fed them on banana and other vegetable waste and ate them regularly.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POTENTIAL AREA OF USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias are broad-headed, short-legged, robust animals with small eyes and ears. The various species are from 20 to 60 cm long and weigh from 1 to 9 kg - a size range from that of a guinea pig to that of a small dog. They walk with a slow, waddling motion, but can hop quickly if frightened or pursued. They also climb well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 10 1iving species are all big enough to be candidates for microlivestock. The best known and easiest species to keep in captivity are the Cuban hutia (Capromys pilorides) and Jamaican hutia (Geocapromys brownii). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Cuban hutia (also called hutia conga) is about 60 cm long, with coarse fur, a raccoon-shaped body, and a thick tail covered with sparse bristles. A forest dweller, it weighs up to 7 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The short-tailed Jamaican hutia is smaller: it is 33-45 cm long and weighs up to 2.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p252a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The hutiaâs native range .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias are found only in the Caribbean (Greater Antilles and Bahamas). Most species are confined to a single island, where they represent the only remaining indigenous land mammals. The Cuban hutia is found only in Cuba. The Jamaican hutia is found only in Jamaica, although a close relative occurs on East Plana Cay, Bahamas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This once widely distributed and plentiful family is now failing. Of the 30 or so known recent taxa, more than half are already extinct, and the remainder all suffer from habitat alteration, predation by introduced animals, and hunting by man. With the exception of the Cuban hutia, all species are included on the list of the world's threatened mammals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia ranges have been so reduced that these animals survive only in the most inaccessible forests and rocky drylands. Both the Cuban and the Jamaican hutias occur in a variety of habitats from montane cloud forests to arid coastal semideserts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most species are terrestrial, but some live in trees. The Cuban and Jamaican species are terrestrial, but they can climb trees if circumstances demand. They maneuver well on trunks and larger branches, descending head first like squirrels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias are primarily vegetarian, their diets consisting of leaves, bark, fruits, and twigs, as well as incidental catches of small animals such as lizards and invertebrates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias seem to breed year-round, generally giving birth to litters of 1-4 offspring after a gestation period of 16-20 weeks. The young are well developed at birth, fully haired, open eyed, and capable of most adult movements. After 10 days they begin taking solid food, although they are not fully weaned for at least a month and a half (5 months for the Cuban hutia). Sexual maturity is at 10 months; life expectancy is 8-11 years in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Jamaican hutia has one of the highest diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 88) of any mammal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most hutias are wary and secretive and are easily displaced by human encroachment. They live like rabbits, hiding among tangled vegetation, in holes, and among rocks - communicating by voice and scent markings. They build shelters mainly in rock crevices, but also in the base of thick bushes or in natural cavities in trees. The Cuban hutia is often diurnal, whereas the Jamaican hutia is largely nocturnal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HISPANIOLAN HUTIA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Hispaniolan hutia, or zagouti (Plagiodontia aedium) as it is known in Haiti is smaller than the two Capromyids discussed here, weighing just 1.2 kg. It is difficult to breed in captivity and has a lower reproductive rate than either the Jamaican or Cuban hutia. It is therefore less suitable as an economic or food source.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, there is a significant need for supplemental protein sources in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It might be possible to develop a special captive-breeding program for this animal, but it should be done with great care. It is important that a hunting tradition for this animal not be reestablished in rural areas of Haiti or the Dominican Republic, and that local organizations not be misled into believing that there will be a rapid increase in the numbers of this species in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia meat is relished, especially in Jamaica. The animals are still hunted, often by using dogs that smell them out and retrieve them from a hole or hold them at bay in treetops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiences of zoos suggest that the Cuban and Jamaican hutias will thrive in captivity. The animals are generally long-lived and have survived up to 17 years. They are often friendly with their keepers and, when tame, can be held and carried about without any particular danger. However, if angered they can inflict deep bites and should normally be handled with considerable caution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are already much in demand. Their meat has an excellent flavor and they are big enough to provide a worthwhile quantity. If husbandry could be developed on a sustainable basis, it could be used as a mechanism for both economic development and for saving the remnant populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild populations are threatened. Any captive population must be built up without endangering them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All hutias are susceptible to predation by domestic cats, mongooses, dogs, and human poachers, so care must be taken to design predator-proof breeding facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are carriers of eastern equine encephalomyelitis, a serious disease of horses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias deserve urgent conservation attention. In particular, the following steps should be taken:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Establish reserves in natural habitats containing breeding populations to ensure the survival of the genetic diversity of these animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Build up breeding populations in suitable zoos and livestock research centers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gather specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Investigate hutia biology, including chromosome type, reproductive physiology, nutrition, and diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Assess experiences of zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Perform captive breeding trials, measuring growth rates, space requirements, food needs, and social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Study the social organization and tameability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colonies of some species could be established on uninhabited islands, as has been done with the Bahamian hutia Geocapromys ingrahami. Even this rare species might eventually be raised to yield meat for local inhabitants, as it is well adapted to dry and barren environments and was a regular food of the pre-Columbian Indians. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">22 Mara</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g026a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many wild relatives of the guinea pig are native to South America. Some, such as the guinea pig itself, are small; others, such as the mare, are much bigger. Maras1 (Dolichotis patagonum) are as tall as terriers and, at first glance, look like dwarf antelopes or huge hares They have large ears and eyes, long legs, and short tails. They generally behave like hares or wild rabbits, but, like deer, they run with a stiff-legged gait when pursued by predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These strange-looking creatures are found in temperate regions in the southern half of South America. They are dry-country animals, living on the thorn-scrub, desert plains of Argentina and the stony wastes of Patagonia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although exceedingly shy, restless, and watchful, mares tame easily, make good pets, and are much favored by the local populace. They were introduced to France last century, and in Victorian times Europeans sometimes bred them. These big, handsome rodents, grazing in little herds, were considered an attractive addition to the lawns of country estates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POTENTIAL AREA OF USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras are best kept in their native region of southern South America. With care, however, they could be used in other areas because they are slow breeders and their population growth is easy to control.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At first sight, these large rodents look like some weird hybrid. They have the long ears of a hare and the tidy body and spindly legs of a small antelope. Although related to guinea pigs, they are long legged. The tail is short; the ears are long and erect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Average-size mares weigh about 8 kg, but large ones can be 1 m long and weigh up to 16 kg.2 Females are larger than males. The coat is light in color, with grey upper parts and whitish underparts. The limbs and feet are tinged a yellowish brown. The pelage is dense, with individual hairs standing at nearly right angles to the skin. This gives a harsh texture, even though the hairs are soft and fine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals can hop, walk, gallop, or run. They are extremely swift and can reach 45 km per hour over long distances. They are also accomplished jumpers, often leaping 2 m high from a standing start. The feet are compact and rather hooflike, but with sharp claws. The hind foot has three digits; the front foot has four.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mare's range in the thorn-scrub desert and Patagonian steppe of Argentina extends from about 28ÃS to 50ÃS.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Endangered. These animals, once plentiful, are now threatened because of the introduction of the European hare, which is more successful at competing for food. In many of the eastern parts of its distribution (see map) it is now extinct.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras inhabit open, dry plains and other treeless semidesert areas of coarse grass or scattered shrubs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras are pure vegetarians. They feed on short grasses and herbs that are sparsely distributed between patches of dry desert scrub. Usually, they are satisfied with a few coarse weeds and the shoots of bushes. However, their overall diet consists of any available vegetation: leaves, roots, fruits, and stems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female mares become sexually receptive within a few hours after giving birth. The estrous cycle is 35 days, plus or minus 5 days.3 The gestation period is 77 days. Each female gives birth to 1-3 young at the mouth of the den; the pups crawl inside to safety. Newborns are well developed, and within a few hours they begin grazing vegetation. They remain in the vicinity of the den for up to 4 months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially, at least, the young are nervous and easily frightened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras shelter in a burrow that they either construct for themselves or &quot;borrow&quot; from another animal that has abandoned it. They are active during the day and spend considerable time basking in the sun. They are always alert for danger. When alarmed, they flee at high speed. The white rump patch flashes a warning to the others, who then follow this &quot;flag.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A fundamental element of their social system is the monogamous pair bond. Certainly in captivity, and probably in the wild as well, the bond between a pair lasts for life. When breeding, 20 or more pairs may band together temporarily to share a single den for the pups.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals stand on straight legs, sit on bent haunches with the forepart of the body resting on the fully extended front legs, or recline in a catlike position with the front legs folded under the chest, an unusual position for a rodent. They travel in single file, with the female usually leading. Members of a pair maintain contact by means of a low grumble. Although the long legs can quickly carry it to safety, a mare usually stops every 20-30 m and turns to peer at its pursuer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals clean themselves by licking their sides and apparently by &quot;combing&quot; their fur with their teeth. They wipe their faces as cats do, with the inside of a foreleg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p260a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The maraâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the light-colored meat is said to be dry and flavorless, it is widely consumed in South America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras have been successfully raised and bred in many zoos, and, as noted, have been kept as pets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adults make little use of any shelter; they seem fond of being out and about in all weather. As long as they have a protected burrow for the use of the pups, mare populations can thrive in severe climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In zoos, diets include straw, vegetables, and crushed oats. Drinking water is supplied, although the animals rarely take it if they are feeding on fresh plant materials. They like to have salt blocks, however.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In South America, one mare lived in captivity for almost 14 years; most specimens do not live beyond 10 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras are a good size for microlivestock. They have a short gestation period, and they are social and easy to maintain in groups. They can be successfully kept in pens and can be fed relatively low-quality forage. Colonies can grow to be quite large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals can easily dig under the edges of cages and escape. Extra-deep foundations are needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following heavy rains, care must be taken to keep them from drowning in their subterranean burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If suddenly disturbed, mares can become hysterical, leaping away regardless of anything in the way, and often seriously injuring or even killing themselves as a result. They fear bodily contact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mare's monogamous nature in the wild is a likely limitation. But perhaps, like chinchillas, the animal will become polygamous in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are sensitive to tuberculosis when kept in humid conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research needs to increase understanding of the mare include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutritional trials;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Husbandry experiments - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, feed needs;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Productivity tests;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Grazing-efficiency measurements;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Exploration of commercial details; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determination of diseases and parasites. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">23 Paca</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas (Agouti paca)1,2 are large, white-spotted, almost tailless rodents with the potential to become a source of protein for the American tropics. They are found in lowlands from Mexico to northern Argentina. The meat is white and is considered the best of all Latin American game meat. It is common in local markets and restaurants. Tasting like a combination of pork and chicken, it sells at higher prices than beef and is a regular item of diet in some areas. In Costa Rica, pace is served on special occasions such as weddings or baptisms. It has a higher fat content than the lean meat of agoutis, rabbits, and chickens, and has no gamy taste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paca has promise as a microlivestock. In several countries, Belize and Mexico for example, people already keep them in cages beside their homes and fatten them on kitchen scraps. In Costa Rica, some are bred on farms, under houses, and even in apartments. Research on raising paces in captivity is under way at the Universidad Nacional in Heredia, Costa Rica; at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Balboa, Panama (see page 196); and at the Instituto de Historia Natural in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico. In Turrialba, Costa Rica, an entrepreneur is already breeding and raising pace commercially.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the pace has potential as a food source, many problems still must be resolved before it can be recommended for mass rearing. If solved, however, this species would become an attractive microlivestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pace has potential for use throughout its vast geographical range in Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general appearance, paces are somewhat like giant guinea pigs. The legs are short, the forefeet have four &quot;fingers,&quot; and the hindfeet have five small, hooflike &quot;toes.&quot; The feet are partially webbed and are adapted both for digging and for swimming. Pacas burrow with all four feet as well as their teeth; even large roots are no obstacle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adults weigh 6-14 kg, males being somewhat larger than females. Although they may become bulbously fat, paces remain &quot;one of the fastest things on four feet. &quot; From a standing start, even a fat specimen can jump at least 1 m off the ground. Pacas are also agile. However, their skin's epidermal layer is thin and fragile, and large strips may be ripped off as they rush headlong through spiky undergrowth. However, such wounds heal astonishingly fast - frequently within days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas are chocolate brown in colon The head is somewhat lighter in shade than the body, and the underparts are whitish or buff colored. There are usually four longitudinal rows of white spots that may merge into stripes along each side of the body. The fur is coarse, spiny, and slippery, and has no underwool. Each hair is stiff, relatively sharp, and very smooth, which makes paces extremely difficult for predators to hang on to.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parts of the cheekbones are enlarged, and the cheeks can open to form special pouches. This is more developed in adult males than in females - indeed, adults can be readily sexed by head shape. The pouches are outside of the mouth and are fully haired. The animals use them mainly to create a resonating chamber for their booming bark and noisy tooth grinding. These enlarged cheeks push the large bulging eyes toward the top of the skull. The eyes are suited for nocturnal conditions, the senses of smell and hearing are uncannily acute, and there is an array of long whiskers that is used when maneuvering at night.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lowland paces are found throughout most of Latin America from east central Mexico to northern Paraguay, Argentina, and Minas Gerais, Brazil. This includes all of Central America and most of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and the Guianas. The animal has also been introduced into Cuba.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p265a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The pacaâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burgeoning human populations are severely reducing many of Latin America's native animal resources, and the pace is one of the most persecuted. It has been exterminated within hunting range of virtually all cities, towns, and villages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several governments, recognizing the pace's plight, have passed laws prohibiting the hunting and marketing of its meat. Nevertheless, people continue to take it, usually at night, using trail dogs and headlights.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas thrive in a variety of tropical habitats but are most common in forests, swamps, and partly cleared grazing lands. They inhabit most types of forests from deciduous woodland to rainforest. Usually, they stay near streams or rivers, but they often live where there is no permanent water. They are abundant only in little-disturbed forest areas. Although preferring low, dense tree cover, paces sometimes inhabit open rocky areas and farmland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These herbivores feed mainly on fruits, young seedlings, and some seeds. However, when fruits are scarce they may switch to browsing leaves and roots. They probably sometimes eat large insects, and, on rare occasion, may perhaps eat small vertebrates. Captive paces, like many other &quot;frugivores,&quot; seem to develop a protein deficiency and will eagerly eat meat scraps on occasion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The young are usually born singly after a gestation period of 146 days. There are probably 2 births a year. Females have an estrous period that begins shortly after giving birth. If mating does not take place at this time, the female becomes unreceptive until after the 3-month (sometimes 4- to 6-month) lactation is over. The length of the estrous cycle is 30 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During daylight hours, paces seclude themselves in brushy cover, in or under fallen logs, or in extensive underground burrows. The burrows, which may be several meters long, are dug in moist soil or taken over from other animals; they are often in river banks, on slopes, among tree roots, or under rocks. Usually, several exits are provided, often being plugged with leaves as a disguise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild, paces dig large holes and rummage about the forest floor at night, gnawing on fruits. Pairs inhabit a defended area, sometimes living together in the same burrow, sometimes not. Also, they usually travel alone, following paths that lead to feeding grounds and water. Individual home ranges are small (1-3 hectares).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although paces are terrestrial, they enter water freely, they swim well, they copulate in water, and, when alarmed, they generally attempt to escape by swimming. They are also lively and playful; however, they can be exceedingly obstinate. Sometimes fighting among themselves becomes very savage. When angered they growl, sometimes noisily, and they can suddenly jump on aggressors, real or imagined, delivering frightful wounds with their chisel-like front teeth thrust forward like a spear. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, pace meat is tasty and brings high prices in the markets. It is considered a delicacy in fine restaurants and was served to Queen Elizabeth during her October 1985 visit to Belize. In Mexico, paces, like pigs, are usually boiled unskinned. Even the skin is then edible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If treated appropriately when young, paces become manageable. They undergo &quot;imprinting,&quot; a characteristic of most species that have been domesticated. An imprinted pace becomes so tame that it seeks out human company, follows people around like an amiable dog and, if turned out of its cage, returns voluntarily. (To achieve this degree of tameness it is necessary to remove the animal from its mother at an early age.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although wild paces are almost entirely nocturnal, tame paces are more active during daylight hours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young or partly grown paces are commonly exhibited in zoos. They eat prodigious quantities of almost any vegetation and have been called, &quot;a good substitute for a large garbage pail.&quot; Diets can include rolled oats, raw vegetables, bananas, apples, and bread. They probably need additional protein occasionally, and seem to appreciate some fat in their diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If husbandry can be developed, the clamor for pace meat throughout tropical America would be a big economic incentive for farming these animals. The excellence and wide acceptance of the meat is an indication that pace farming would be taken up both in rural and urban areas and by many levels of society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas can harbor human diseases, including leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from the project in Panama (see page 194), paces have bred only sporadically in captivity, with few offspring surviving. However, successes have been recorded in zoos in London, San Diego, and Washington, D.C., and in a research project in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico. In Costa Rica, they are also reportedly breeding well, with a survival rate of 90 percent since 1982, and 80 percent of the females are reproducing.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All adult paces can be aggressive and dangerous. Their powerful incisors can inflict serious wounds. (They can even rip through planks.) Intraspecific aggression is one of the most serious impediments to captive breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike the capybara, the pace not only has a long gestation but usually bears a single young. Thus, the output of a single breeding female may be, at best, two offspring per year (at least this is the expected production in the wild). This &quot;slow&quot; breeding is a limitation. In captivity, however, there is a possibility that it can be speeded up.4 The fact that paces bond together in pairs is a limitation. If every female has to be accompanied by a male, then many (otherwise unnecessary) males have to be fed and maintained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male paces are considered difficult to keep as household pets because they spray females (or human substitutes) with a mixture of urine and glandular secretions. This can occur several times a day. In addition, they have anal glands that produce a musky odor that some people find objectionable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although paces are common in some areas over the vast region from Mexico to Argentina, they are little understood, even by zoologists. In fact, most data concerning this animal have come from interviews with local hunters. Intensive field work is needed to develop an understanding of the pace's biology, status, and habitat requirements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The popularity of pace meat makes it urgent to start this work as well as to begin breeding paces on an organized basis. Such projects would lay the groundwork for preserving the species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Particular research needs concern the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Age structure and reproductive performance;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Growth rates and feeding habits;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Behavioral patterns in captivity;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutritional requirements;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Meat quality;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Helminth and arthropod parasites;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Role in transmitting or perpetuating diseases;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reproduction (such as external manifestations of estrus in females); and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Genetic variations that would allow the selection of animals adapted to captivity and females that produce multiple offspring - twins, triplets, or more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ways must be found to introduce more than one female to each male without inciting aggression. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">24 Vizcacha</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g027a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas (Lagostomus maximus) are soft-furred South American rodents that look like long-tailed guinea pigs. They can weigh as much as 8 kg and are resilient animals, inhabiting dry pampas and shrub lands in northern Argentina and neighboring countries. They seem to have promise for producing meat and hides in marginal zones whithin their native habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like chinchillas (page 277), these rodents provide a prized furry pelt. They also provide meat that reportedly tastes &quot;as good as hare,&quot; which in Europe is considered the epitome of dining. They are easily trapped alive in cheap, homemade, multiple-catch, funnel traps. And they are thought to be suitable for farming on a large scale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, vizcachas are currently considered pests because they take grazing from cattle and sheep and because they build large burrows that undermine the land. Government campaigns have eradicated them in the richer agricultural areas of Argentina, but the animals are still common in marginal zones. There is evidence that they become more abundant when domestic livestock overgraze the land. In improverished marginal sites, where other livestock enterprises are unsuitable, the potential exists for game-ranching vizcachas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the potential hazard to new areas, vizcachas can be used only in the pampas regions of southern South America where they are already widespread.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas have short front legs, long, muscular hind legs, and round eyes and ears. Their heads seem oversized in proportion to their bodies. Males weigh 5-8 kg, females 2-4.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members of the same rodent subfamily as the chinchilla, they have a thick, soft, valuable fur that is grey or brown above, whitish or greyish below. They are, however, much larger than chinchillas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although basically running animals, vizcachas often jump bipedally (like kangaroos), and they sit erect while eating or grooming. The forefeet have four long flexible digits used to grasp food. Their soles and palms are naked and have fleshy pads (pallipes).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas once swarmed widely over the savannas of southern Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina, but they are being systematically exterminated. Today they inhabit isolated areas of north, central, and western Argentina and southern Paraguay.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1907, these animals have been mercilessly hunted. The governments of the Argentine provinces where they are mostly found, reward hunters for killing this &quot;pest.&quot; However, the numbers are so reduced that now there is no need for a bounty system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas live in flat, dry, steppelike plains; in dry woodland (Chaco), and in low mountains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that these rodents eat their own droppings (coprophagy) augments their ability to utilize natural forages, and allows them to abound in degraded zones. They feed on any plant materials they can find near their colonies, particularly grasses. In feeding trials, their daily dry matter intake was 2-5 percent of the body weight. The metabolic efficiency (dry matter per kg) was 33-56 percent; the digestive efficiency was 50-60 percent.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male vizcachas become sexually mature at about seven months of age and remain fertile throughout the year. The gestation period is long: 154 days. Litters contain one or two young. Newborns are well developed, fully furred, and open eyed, although they cannot fend for themselves for at least three weeks. In the wild, one or two litters are reared each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas are nocturnal and are active year-round. They inhabit underground burrows, living in colonies often containing many individuals. They collect a variety of materials (for example, bones, sticks, and stones), and heap them in piles above the entrances to their burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their hearing and sense of smell are acute. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p274a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Vizcachaâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas have long been hunted for food as well as for their fur. Their meat is often consumed in pickled form in southern South America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The skins are fabricated into table runners, rugs, bedspreads, slippers, and belts. The skins are also popular for overcoats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas can be kept in captivity without major difficulty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In zoos, vizcachas are fed the typical diets furnished for vegetarian rodents: rolled oats, green vegetables, bananas, apples, and bread. They are usually kept indoors in wire-fronted cages, about 1 x 2 m in size, and provided with sleeping boxes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about vizcacha husbandry, but in one trial, weight rose most rapidly in males until age 18 months (the average size was then 5.3 kg) and subsequently slowed. The heaviest male was 7.3 kg at 30-32 months. The female's weight gain was greatest until 16-18 months (average size 3.3 kg).3 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals seem well adapted to harsh sites where the climate and forage make raising conventional livestock difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat is white and has a good nutritive value because of its high digestibility, low levels of saturated fats, and high levels of proteins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In marginal zones of the pampas, these rodents appear far more productive than traditional livestock.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas may do considerable damage by foraging in cultivated crops. As noted, ranchers claim that they take grazing away from domestic animals, 10 vizcachas eating as much as a sheep. In addition, they claim, vizcachas destroy pasture with their acidic urine. And the large burrow systems sometimes create a hazard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because their reproductive rate is low and their growth rate is only moderate, their commercial breeding might not be profitable except in well-designed projects with clear markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas require sturdy pens, which implies a high initial cost for materials such as concrete and brick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas can be aggressive to one another, especially in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several possible research projects, including:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gathering specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation of characters such as biology, chromosome type, reproductive physiology, social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Attempting captive rearing and small-scale husbandry;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Assessing performance under various environments; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Quantifying productivity and population dynamics in relation to rangeland use and improvement practices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A rational cropping program based on wild stocks is perhaps more viable than captive breeding. This could be organized so as to keep vizcacha numbers in check while sustaining a small chain of processing plants by providing a constant supply of meat and skins. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">25 Other Rodents</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 10 previous chapters have described some rodent species that show promise as microlivestock. Rodentia, however, is one of the largest families of mammals, and the species highlighted by no means exhaust the possibilities. In this chapter we briefly mention others that deserve consideration and exploratory research. These might prove to be potential resources, at least in localized situations. Several are fast nearing extinction and they deserve protection and immediate attention from animal scientists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHINCHILLAS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the high Andes of South America are found the short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla brevicaudata) and the long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). These plump little rodents have fur that is possibly the thickest, softest, and warmest of any animal's.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the surface they would seem to be ideal candidates for microlivestock in Third World regions. Indeed, in recent years chinchilla-rearing has been successfully carried out in northern India. However, raising these animals for commercial markets is a highly specialized and costly business because only rare and expensive breeding stock produces top-quality pelts, and all other pelts are worthless in today's marketplace.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These guinea-pig-sized animals have round ears, a bushy tail, and range from 25 to 50 cm long. Adult males rarely weigh more than 500 g, but females may weigh up to 800 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PACARANA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pacarana (Dinomys branickii) is the third-largest living rodentâ only capybaras and some beavers are larger. But little is known about this seldom-encountered, forest-dwelling species. Nevertheless, pacaranas appear to be likely candidates for domestication. They are amazingly even-tempered and peaceful, and become surprisingly tame.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because these animals are endangered they are unlikely candidates for microlivestock in the short run, but their large size and good meat could be the stimulus for an international effort to study, protect, and rear them in large numbers before it is too late.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacaranas are found along the eastern foothills of the Andes, including parts of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Their area of potential use is in Latin America and the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It would be advantageous for livestock scientists to investigate this species in captivity. Studies are needed of the animal's general biology, including its nutritional requirements, reproductive capacity, behavior, and physiology. For wildlife specialists, there is a compelling need to protect this species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SPRINGHARE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scattered through the dry lands of eastern and southern Africa - on numerous grasslands, plains, fossil lake beds, hill slopes, and floodplains - is the springhare (or springhaas). With its powerful hind legs, tiny forelegs, upright stance, and hopping gait, it looks something like a tiny kangaroo. It is commonly seen at night, eyes glowing a characteristic red in the headlights.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal is an important source of food and skins for rural peoples throughout southern Africa. In Botswana, it is the principal bushmeat in the human diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Springhares are 35-40 cm long and weigh 3-4 kg. There is one species (Pedetes capensis) and two subspecies: the East African springhare and the Cape springhare (formerly Pedetes cafer). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROCK CAVY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) is closely related to the guinea pig and occurs in the impoverished semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. It is large and lean and has a face somewhat resembling a dog's. It is hunted extensively and is an important source of meat for country people, who consider it a delicacy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This creature might be suitable as a microlivestock. It consumes leaves and bark, and breeds well in captivity. Famine is a serious periodic problem in the often-drought-stricken area, and protein deficiency is common. The rock cavy, like the guinea pig, may be amenable to domestication and may be able to provide the people with better nutrition. However, it is difficult to keep in a cage because it moves fast, climbs well, and easily slips out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because these rodents occur in rare and patchily distributed habitats, they are in desperate need of protection, whether or not they prove to have any long-term utility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SALT-DESERT CAVY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A smaller relative of the mare (page 256), the salt-desert cavy (Dolichotis salinicola) is rabbitlike in appearance and behavior. It has large ears and eyes, long legs, and a short tail. It lacks the mare's white rump patch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal inhabits dry, salty areas of the Chaco desert, particularly areas of dry, woody brush. Specifically, it is found in the saline western Chaco of Paraguay and northwestern Argentina, as well as in the extreme south of Bolivia. It is about 45 cm long and weighs up to 4 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it might make a useful microlivestock in its native habitat, the salt-desert cavy breeds rapidly and can cause much devastation; it should never be introduced to new regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The salt-desert cavy's life in the wild is largely unknown; however, some have been successfully raised and bred in zoos. Exploratory research on keeping and managing these little creatures is warranted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;OTHERS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted earlier (page 193), it has been estimated that 42 peoples of various cultures eat rodents. Most of these eat locally available species, some of which are listed below. Whether any have long-term usefulness is uncertain, but study of them in the wild and in captivity could result in some interesting and valuable scientific discoveries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Solomon Islands Rodents&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Solomon Islands in the southwest Pacific are home to a collection of six rare giant rodents that live in the rainforest canopy. At one time they were important food items. Archeologists have dug up tens of thousands of rodent bones on sites where people lived as long as 30,000 years ago. These mysterious animals were classified last century, but most have not been seen by biologists for decades. However, one, the thinking rat (Solomys sapientis), was rediscovered in 1987 - the first time it had been reported seen since 1901. The others may also be inhabiting the dense and undisturbed forests.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The thinking rat was located on the island of Santa Isabel. It proved to be gentle, unafraid, and friendly. It lives in the forest canopy, weighs up to 1 kg, and feeds on nuts and fruits. Efforts to build up the population are urgently needed. The other species should also be sought.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such animals could be a resource for rainforest production (perhaps in the manner of butterfly farming in Papua New Guinea2). They may never be plentiful enough to be food sources again, but they could nonetheless become valuable. Zoos the world over are likely first customers for these scientific curiosities if production can be boosted and the populations secured.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant New Guinea Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant New Guinea rat (Mallomys rothschildi) is often eaten in New Guinea. It is little known to science but is odorless and easily tamed. It grows so fast that it becomes as big as a guinea pig even before it is weaned. It feeds on a wide variety of tubers and vegetable products. An attractive species native to mountain forests, it has a long heavy tail and black fur with white ticking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Porcupines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Porcupines, brush-tailed porcupines, and their relatives are distantly related to guinea pigs and are widely consumed as food in tropical regions. Examples are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) and other species of South Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Cape porcupine (H. africaeaustralis) of southern Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Prehensile-tailed porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), which inhabits Central and South America. These nocturnal creatures live in the thick, leafy crowns of trees or in hollow trees or holes in the ground. Although often belligerent among themselves, they can be very friendly and tame toward humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kiore&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kiore (Rattus exulans) was formerly an important component of  the diet of most Polynesians, including the Maoris of New Zealand. It  has been successfully reared in captivity in recent times. Unlike many  other rodents, this animal is normally not a scavenger; it is a clean,  even fastidious feeder that is basically a vegetarian (flowers, berries,  nuts, and seeds) and is reckoned remarkably good eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soft-Furred Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The soft-furred rat (Praomys) is relatively large and slender and is  found in the tropical forests of Africa from sea level to more than  3,000 m. Among the most common rodents of the African jungle, it is  trapped almost everywhere. It feeds largely on plants, but eats large  quantities of ants and other insects. It has been raised successfully in  captivity and is eaten by villagers in Malawi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant Squirrels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) occurs throughout Indonesia,  Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. It is the largest squirrel on earth, almost the  size of a cat. A related species, the palm squirrel (Funambulus), also  gets very large. It can crop nuts in the very high treetops that are  inaccessible to people. It is widely used as food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Squirrels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Squirrels of the genus Callosciurus (notably C. notatus and C.  prevostii) are significant pests on cocoa, oil palm, and mixed fruit  plantations in Southeast Asia. They can be reared and bred on a diet of  most types of fruit as long as a little protein, in the form of insects or  cooked wheat, is available. The systematic use of this animal may  offer a chance to turn a pest to advantage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cloud Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two species of slender-tailed cloud rats (Phlocomys spp.) are found  only in southeastern Asia. They live in tree cavities, climb well, and  are well adapted to tree life.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of these (P. cumingi) lives in the northeastern part of Luzon in the Philippines, where it appears to be thriving. It has a large body and long tail and is the largest member of the mouse subfamily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other (Crateromys schadenbergi) has long, thick hair and a thick, bushy tail. It lives in the mountainous areas of northern Luzon. A nocturnal animal, it feeds on buds, bark, and fruits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both are attractive, even fascinating, creatures that are relentlessly hunted for food. They might make useful livestock in forest situations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Spiny Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Cayenne spiny rat (Proechimys guyannensis) is found throughout most of South America. It is tasty, easily kept in captivity, and is popularly used in Colombia for food. A nocturnal animal, it is one of the most common mammals in many areas. It has been raised in captivity on bananas, sweet corn, coconut, grain, and various seeds.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bamboo Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The bamboo rat (Rhyzomys spp.) is the largest rodent on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia; it weighs 2-4 kg and the body can be as long as 45 cm. It prefers to live in bamboo thickets and is hunted and eaten by many local peoples.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a need - in considering any sort of game farming - to relate the animal's &quot;preferred&quot; conditions (range, feed, temperature, etc.) to the varying land and climate types not being effectively utilized. In other words, rather than looking at animals that might be farmed, it might be necessary to consider the terrain and climate and then seek animals that would &quot;do&quot; well under those conditions. One major fault with traditional farming has been the tendency to force traditional livestock onto unsuitable land. This has given rise to numerous serious problems. In many cases the most suitable use of an area is provided by several species grazing together to mutual benefit (e.g., goats and sheep on New Zealand hill country improve grazing for each other if ratios are right).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Yerex&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g028a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part V : Deer and Antelope</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several types of tropical deer' and antelope are no bigger than an average-size dog. These &quot;microdeer&quot; and &quot;microantelope&quot;2 are the smallest of all ruminants. Although there is considerable experience with rearing and utilizing the larger species, little is known about these miniature ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given research, mouse deer, muntjac, musk deer, pudu, brocket, huemul, and water deer, as well as half a dozen small antelope, might prove to have considerable potential. Collectively, they come from diverse habitats, ranging from equatorial to subarctic and from moist rainforest to arid savanna. They are adapted to some environmental conditions that are only marginal for production of conventional livestock because of drought, heat, diseases, altitude, or other constraints.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEER FARMING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer appear to be unlikely candidates for livestock, but reindeer were probably among the first domesticated animals and have been draft animals for perhaps 2O,OOO years. Even today, tens of thousands of reindeer pull sleighs in the European arctic. On military expeditions, the ancient Romans took along herds of fallow deer as a source of meat, and more than 1,000 years ago deer were annually herded off the Scottish Highlands for winter meat supplies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, there have been breakthroughs in the &quot;domestication&quot; of deer. Species already being [armed are: red deer (New Zealand, Australia, Taiwan, Korea, Russia, China, Scotland, the United States), elk (New Zealand, Canada, the United States), fallow deer (New Zealand, Australia, England, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Germany, the United States), ruse deer (Australia, Mauritius, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea), sika deer (Taiwan, New Zealand), musk deer (China, India), and PFre David's deer (New Zealand). Although not truly domesticated, even the moose has been tamed in Scandinavia and the Soviet Union, the calves being bottle-raised from three days of age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Zealand has made particular progress in domesticating large deer (see sidebar). It seems probable, therefore, that similar success with small deer could be achieved. For those seeking interesting, pioneering research, microdeer are good candidates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTELOPE RANCHING AND FARMING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The worldwide experiences in domesticating various deer species suggest that the organized production of small antelope should also be considered. Several large species have already been studied and are used in game farming in eastern and southern Africa. Similar research on the smaller species, which so far have received little or no attention, is one of the more speculative ideas in this report. We put it forward only for consideration by researchers, but if exploratory studies prove successful, this is a topic deserving international support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some parts of Africa there are large expanses of uninhabited lands, and producing any sort of livestock there is limited by aridity and by the presence of tsetse flies. But in this habitat live tiny antelope such as dikdik, suni, and klipspringer. In the rainforests and secondary forests are found duikers and the royal antelope. All these creatures have advantages that justify their consideration as microlivestock: they have a more rapid turnover than the big species, and they produce a high yield of quality meat. In addition, compared with cattle, these native ungulates make better use of the habitat. Cattle select a limited number of grass species; antelopes choose a wider range, and also include fortes, bushes, and trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More important perhaps is their resistance to many diseases. Most, if not all, are resistant to trypanosomiasis, the disease carried by the tsetse fly. They are not immune to this and other tropical diseases, but they are less susceptible than cattle. However, part of this may be owing to their ability to roam widely; if confined and treated like domestic animals, they may also require some protection against parasites and diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antelopes are also more productive than cattle; that is, they produce a given quantity of meat more quickly because they breed better in the African hinterlands and grow more rapidly on its existing forages. On the other hand, they generally require a richer diet than cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, in their favor, antelopes affect the habitat less than the same density of cattle does; they spread out more while feeding and thereby cause less erosion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two ways of exploiting this potential. One is by &quot;cropping&quot;âtaking a controlled offtake from free-ranging populations without depressing the overall population. Several methods for producing meat this way from large antelope have been attempted in countries such as Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. Few have persisted. Often this has been due to opposition from the vested interests of the cattle industry and from stringent veterinary requirements. Nonetheless, game ranching offers a means by which marginal lands could produce food of a high nutritional quality on a sustained basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other method is by farming - that is, domesticating or partially domesticating the animals, keeping them in pens or herding them like cattle. Experiments in farming antelopes have been less common than game ranching, but one of the most interesting is that conducted on the Galana Ranch in Kenya. Three wild species - buffalo, eland, and oryx - were selected for comparison with cattle. Half-grown animals were preferred for capture, and it was found that if they were kept in the dark for the first week after capture, and then gradually provided with more and more space while they became familiar with people, after about six weeks they could be released into the open and herded from place to place. Grazing during the day under the eye of a herdsman, they allowed themselves to be herded back to a pen at night in the traditional African manner, where they would sleep around the campfire. This was a promising advance in behavior modification leading toward domestication. The oryx, for example, gained weight on grazing that would not even sustain cattle, and it required only a quarter of the amount of water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At bottom, the question is not what contribution antelopes can make to the African larder, for they already make a significant contribution through (largely illegal) hunting. The question is whether farming could make them a sustainable asset rather than their being senselessly squandered, as is the case at present. Although its potential has yet to be realized, antelope farming is not a panacea for Africa's food problems, and certainly not the world's, but it might pave the way to a new and more gentle way to make savannas useful. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TAME GAME&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the 1970s, deer have taken the place of sheep on many New Zealand pastures, and today the country has more than 5, 000 deer farms carrying over one million head, mainly red deer. It is now common along country roads to see tall fences surrounding graceful deer quietly grazing ryegrass and clover. And there are all the appurtenances for deer that exist for cattle and sheep. Auctions and shows are held regularly. Deer farmers have a professional association and produce their own glossy magazine. Government scientists publish pamphlets on the care and management of deer. There are recognized stud stags, computerized recording schemes for breed improvement, and even veterinary services specifically for deer. Hybridization between wapiti and red deer, and PFre David's deer and red deer, is accepted practice. The animals are moved by use of dogs (which command by mere presence rather than by bark or bite), and herds of up to 80 are shifted by truck. Slaughter facilities specifically for deer are in operation throughout the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This transformation of a nervous, jumpy, and retiring wild species into a farm animal is a remarkable achievement. Once accustomed to people, many specimens become gentle, even affectionate, and will come at a farmer's call. Males are generally as easy to handle as females, except during the rutting season when they become aggressive and cannot be handled at all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, even at the best of times the farmed deer must be handled gingerly. If the causes of stress are not quickly suppressed, hysteria can erupt throughout a herd; in an instant, quiet animals can be leaping suicidally in all directions, disoriented, diving head-on into fences, charging gates. Chronic stress, the causes of which are not always obvious, can result in illness or death, although this trait diminishes in subsequent generations of farm-born stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A deer farm has to be laid out to certain special specifications. To prevent escapes, the boundary fences must be 2 m high with netting of 15- or 30-cm mesh. Inner fences need only be 1.5 m high. Water troughs are placed in the middle of the fields, and nothing is allowed to jut inwards from the fences because the animals tend to walk fencelines and take comfort from the illusion of openness. Because deer like to wallow in hot weather, some farmers also provide shallow waterholes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer yards can be of any design, but the sides of the passageways and holding pens should be solid, as deer do not see fences very well, particularly when under pressure, and may injure themselves in a leap towards what appear to be wide open space. (New Zealanders usually make the sides of plywood.) Also, the holding pens should be roofed, as semidarkness has a calming effect. Animals that in the sunlight become hysterical on seeing a person in the distance, can, in the relative darkness of a roofed shed, be touched and even given injections.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the special facilities, however, handling deer takes time and care and experience. The most successful farmers spend much time among the deer so that the animals become accustomed to human presence. This helps to make yard work easier. Also, new arrivals are allowed to wander through the yards on their own to become familiar with them. In addition, special tame deer are used as leads or decoys to encourage the rest of the herd to follow. Using such simple techniques, a formerly intractable species has become almost fully domesticated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">26 Mouse Deer</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g029a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Lesser Malayan Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer1 (Tragulus spp. and Hyemoschus aquaticus) are among the smallest ruminants known. The lesser mouse deer of Southeast Asia is probably the smallest; an adult stands only 20 cm high and weighs a merc 1-2.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they look vaguely like tiny deer, mouse deer differ in several particulars. The stomach is simpler and (like the camel's) has three instead of four effective compartments. Rumination occurs, but mouse deer are the most primitive of all ruminants. Indeed, they share a number of characteristics with nonruminants, including lack of horns or antlers; continually growing, tusklike upper canines in males; sharp-crowned premolars; and four fully developed toes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Virtually unchanged in 25 million years of evolution, these are solitary, nocturnal, retiring animals that have seldom received detailed research. Whether they might make suitable microlivestock is unknown. However, they seem to be tractable, and people in Southeast Asia (Sarawak, for instance) have traditionally kept at least one of the species as backyard pets. Moreover, mouse deer are indigenous to tropical lowland regions and withstand the heat and humidity that are stressful to most conventional livestock species. They probably also are resistant to many diseases of those torrid regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the United States, mouse deer are being raised as laboratory animals for basic research on ungulates. This is because the animals are easier to handle than large deer or goats.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are graceful, lithe, and look somewhat like large rodents. The Asian species are the shape and size of an agouti (see page 198); the African species is more like the pace (see page 262). All have short legs, a small head, and a pointed snout. Adults weigh from 1 to 5 kg, depending on species. The head and body are only 04-1 m long, and the shoulder height is merely 20-36 cm. Males are generally smaller than females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most species the body is a rich brown with white spots and stripes. The belly is usually white. The animals stand on the middle toes, so that the lateral ones do not touch the ground. Neither sex bears antlers. In males the upper canines form long tusks that may extend outside the lips and even to below the line of the jaw.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty-five million years ago, early forms of mouse deer existed throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe. Today's species are restricted to tropical forests and mangrove thickets of Southeast Asia and Central Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the three Asian species, the Indian mouse deer occurs in southern India and Sri Lanka; the larger Malayan mouse deer occurs on the mainland of Southeast Asia and the lesser Malayan mouse deer occurs on Java as well. The water chevrotain, a related African animal, is found from eastern Zaire to the Atlantic coast. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p292a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p293a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Range of water chevrotain .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, human encroachment into the forest has caused the destruction of the mouse deer habitats and has put various mouse deer species under a pressure that is causing their populations to decline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals inhabit equatorial forests and mixed secondary tropical forest. They generally live among undergrowth on the edges of dense lowland rainforests. They especially haunt rivers and swampy bush areas, seeking escape by water when in danger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little about these animals is recorded. Essentially vegetarians, they feed chiefly on fruits, supplemented by leaves. They also eat insects (for instance, ants), if available. They do not seem to eat grass.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The premolars of the mouse deer are designed for piercing and chopping food rather than for chewing. As noted, the stomach consists of three functional compartments: the rumen, the reticulum, and the abomasum. (The omasum of ruminants is represented only by a rudimentary area.) The stomach occupies almost the whole of the abdominal cavity, extending from the diaphragm to the pelvic inlet, which provides this small animal with large food-storage capacity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The blood has a very high erythrocyte (red blood corpuscle) count as well as the smallest erythrocyte size of any mammal. The flesh is &quot;white&quot; and the muscles contain little myoglobin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mature females reproduce almost continuously, and usually regardless of season. In the female larger Malayan mouse deer, mating occurs within 2 days of giving birth. In the African species, many births are synchronized with the rainy seasons, when fruits are plentiful. The gestation period is about 5-6 months, depending on the species. There is only one young per birth. Weaning normally occurs at 2-3 months, but can occur as early as 3 weeks, with sexual maturity achieved at 4-5 months (Asian species) and 10 months (African species). The young stay alone, hidden in vegetation during the first month or two.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are shy, keeping to dense jungle and depending on concealment for protection. Although often present in large numbers, they are seldom seen. Preferring to be near lakes, rivers, or streams, they can nevertheless wander I km or more from water. They feed mostly at dusk or at night, sheltering in undisturbed areas or under shady bushes during the day. They utter weak, bleating sounds, and when frightened, jump a meter or more in the air.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Communication is by scent and calls. The African species possess anal and preputial glands, with which, along with urine and feces, they mark their home ranges. Males of both Asian and African species possess a chin gland to mark either the vegetation or their mates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are among the most excitable, nervous, and jumpy animals. One must tread softly in their presence for fear of causing absolute pandemonium and mishap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are widely sought by native people for food, and their meat is highly regarded. Dressed carcasses have a high proportion of muscle (84 percent in Asian species), low proportion of bone (15 percent), and an insignificant amount of fat. The ratio of muscle to bone is large - 5.6:1. The mean dressing percentage of 62.1 percent is greater than that reported for cattle, water buffalo, or goat.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adults are wild, generally intractable, and &quot;flighty,&quot; but young animals (at least of the Asian species) tame readily and make good pets. Nevertheless, these are delicate creatures and must always be handled gently. Individuals caught in the wild tend to bash against the sides of cages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite an unpromising temperament, Asian mouse deer are regularly bred in zoos, including those in Amsterdam, New York, and Zurich. They also have been reared successfully in small enclosures at several research institutes, such as the I.R.E.T. Institute, Makokou, Gabon; the Institute of Medical Research in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and at Fort Detrick in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps the best way to breed this animal is by using the battery system of small units comprising one male and two females per cage. The costs are mostly for obtaining suitable enclosures and for feeding and watering troughs.6 The cages must be covered with mesh because the mouse deer can jump. However, the covering must be sufficiently high to allow the male to stand with its body vertical during copulation.7 They can be fed a variety of foods and grow well on stems of bean plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, these are small, seemingly tractable creatures that are at home in the heat, humidity, and diseases of tropical lowlands. They might play a particularly important role as livestock for tropical rainforests; the forests could be left standing while the animal still produces meat. Today, in a widely condemned process, tropical rainforests are being felled in order to raise cattle for meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small size makes mouse deer easy prey for various predators. In the wild, snakes, crocodiles, eagles, and forest cats feed on them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are among the most excitable, nervous, and jumpy animals. One must tread softly in their presence for fear of causing absolute pandemonium and mishap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The different species are solitary, and it is difficult to keep many individuals (especially males) in a restricted space. They must be kept in a quiet enclosure, with cover or good shelters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The survival of these four &quot;living fossils&quot; depends on conserving their rainforest habitat and restricting hunting, especially night hunting. But studies of their propagation and management are also imperative.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In particular, research is warranted on various aspects of their husbandry, such as enclosure design, space requirements, and health. A special research need is to understand the animal's nutritional requirements and to develop diets for use in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">27 Muntjac</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g030a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac, or barking deer (Muntiacus species), are among the most widespread but least known of all Asian animals.1 They are almost the size of an average dog and they bark, but they are true deer. These little animals adapt well to captivity and have been introduced to zoos and wildlife collections throughout the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years one species, the Reeves' muntjac, has become established in England, and a few specimens have settled into semicaptivity - staying behind fences, accepting human presence, and even eating out of people's hands. In Sarawak, villagers have also been known to keep muntjac, feeding them a diet of rice with some leafy matter occasionally added.2 Such experiences show that these small, shy deer can be calm and adaptable. It also shows that they can be raised on practical, artificial diets and that they are not strictly browsers. This creates the possibility (admittedly highly speculative) that they might make future microlivestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac produce lean, palatable venison and perhaps could be farmed on an organized basis. They are native to severe environments where heat, humidity, and endemic diseases make raising conventional livestock difficult. In future, given research, muntjac might become widespread contributors to Asian economic development. The lessons learned in captive breeding could also be important for conserving endangered muntjac species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One species, the Indian muntjac, has an incredibly low chromosome number (2n=7 in males; 2n=6 in females), which makes them particularly promising candidates for mammalian genetic studies. This species has regularly bred well in both zoos and research institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are small and slender. Reeves' muntjac, the smallest, has a shoulder height of 45-60 cm. Fully grown, it weighs less than 20 kg; commonly it is merely 10-12 kg. The Java subspecies of the Indian muntjac is the biggest, with a shoulder height of 58 cm and a mature weight of 43 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antlers on the males usually include a main prong as well as a much shorter brow tine. Even the main prong is no larger than a finger, but its pointed tip is hooked and must be treated with caution. There are also two tusklike canine teeth that protrude from the mouth. These have sharp points and a knifelike posterior edge, capable of cutting to the bone a person's finger or another muntjac's rump.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coloration varies from deep brown to yellowish or greyish brown with cream or whitish markings, depending on the species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are native to a vast region from eastern China to Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost a century ago, Indian and Reeves' muntjac were introduced to a deer park in southeast England. Some escaped, and (as noted) the Reeves' muntjac has adapted, spread, and settled down to life in the countryside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the five muntjac species, the Reeves' and the Indian are well known and in no danger. For instance, recent estimates of annual game production have shown that there are about 650,000 Reeves' muntjac in China. The other three are threatened with extinction. Black, Roosevelt's, and Fea's muntjacs are virtually untried in captivity, but the success of raising Reeves' muntjac in English country gardens suggests that perhaps their populations could be saved through captive breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In their native habitats, these small deer are usually found in dense vegetation on hilly ranges at elevations up to at least 3,000 m.3 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p301a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The native ranges of the various muntjacs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac seem to be primarily browsers. However, in captivity they eat fresh grass, alfalfa hay, and feed pellets. They also readily eat root crops such as potatoes, carrots, and parsnips. They are &quot;concentrate selectors,&quot; preferring foods low in fiber and rich in protein and nutrients. Captive specimens reportedly need; a supply of cut browse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding may occur year-round, but in practice it is synchronized with certain seasons. The first conception can occur as early as 6 months of age. One, occasionally two, young are born after a gestation of about 200 days. They weigh around I kg at birth, and the fawns usually remain hidden until they can move about with the mother. The females mate within a few days of giving birth. Life spans up to 16 years have been recorded.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the Indian muntjac is a species of great cytogenetic interest. It has the lowest diploid chromosome numbers yet found in a mammal.4 The large, easily distinguishable chromosomes are a great advantage in tissue culture, and many laboratories now have muntjac cell lines. The karyotypes of the different species' chromosomes are very different; the Indian and Reeves' muntjac can hybridize, but the offspring are infertile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are dainty and have a captivating charm. Always on the alert, they are active both day and night. Often they will bark for an hour or more, but typically they bark for only a minute or two. When panicked, captive muntjac may rush into fences or walls. They can easily leap barriers 1.5 m high.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males are highly territorial and defend their territories vigorously. Adult females also inhabit a specific territory, which they defend against strange individuals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males mark the ground at intervals by lowering the head and rubbing the frontal glands on the ground and by scraping their hooves against the ground. They mark trees by scraping the bark with the lower incisors and rubbing the base of their antlers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Asia, muntjac are hunted for meat, skins, and antlers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac thrive and, at least under ideal conditions, breed freely in captivity. However, they may stop breeding if they are crowded.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In England, zoos and private collections keep as many as six muntjac in an area of 40 x 20 m. Plenty of cover is provided for the animals to hide in. Fences almost 2 m high are used. (Lower fences are reportedly adequate where there is no risk of the deer being panicked by dogs or people.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like other deer, muntjac produce extremely lean meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They seem to be healthy animals. In Britain, wild and captive muntjac have few gastrointestinal worms, and ectoparasites such as ticks and lice are not a problem. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MUNTJAC&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In England, far from Asia's forests and mountains, the Reeves' muntjac is the subject of a peculiar chapter in the otherwise unhappy history of introduced species. Charmed by the deer's odd characteristics, the British have welcomed its invasion into gardens around the country. Now, there are tens of thousands of muntjacs on the loose, and some people have even adopted them as pets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although other alien species have wreaked havoc on native plants and animals, muntjacs appear to be a merciful exception. At least over the short term, muntjacs &quot;have proven to be an almost innocuous asset to the countryside. They give pleasure to thousands and pain to few. Eating mostly ivy, grass, leaves, and prickly bushes, they rarely feed in one place long enough to do much damage except to an occasional suburban garden.&quot; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life for many muntjacs is made soft by homeowners who find the deer's large, dewy eyes and tiny antlers irresistible. The kind-hearted suburbanites put out salt licks, water, and kitchen scraps, and they built snug little shelters against the cold north wind. &quot;All our adult deer will take food from the hand,&quot; says Walter Buckingham, who has kept muntjacs for five years in his garden in the county of &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hertfordshire, just north of London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The adaptable immigrant is colonizing new areas so rapidly, say biologists, that soon there may be more in England than in Asia. &quot;In time,&quot; predicts muntjac-researcher Oliver Dansie (pictured opposite), &quot;it may eventually establish itself as our most widely distributed deer species.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild these animals are not gregarious and are generally found alone or in pairs. Because of their strong territorial instincts, large males may not be able to be kept together without fighting. The upper canine teeth can inflict serious wounds. Some females are intolerant of each other as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are fragile; they cannot be held by the legs, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some infectious diseases may prove to be of epizootic importance: foot-and-mouth disease, mucosal disease, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, rinderpest, and tuberculosis (all three types). This may be a problem, especially when people are raising the animals by hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To ensure a better understanding of their potential as microlivestock, muntjac deserve research and recognition from animal scientists and conservationists from Nepal to China. The English experience shows how populations of the endangered species might be built up. At present, however, none are receiving any husbandry research; only the two most common species can generally be found in zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals deserve investigation into physiology, reproductive requirements, fertility, nutrition (for example, food preferences, feeding strategies, and food utilization), growth, adaptability and environmental tolerance, diseases, management, social structure, and selection for calm temperament. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">28 Musk Deer</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The musk deer (Moschus species)1 is so small that (like other ungulates in this section) it is only as large as an average-size dog. A gland in males produces musk, a thick, oily secretion that is one of the most valuable substances in the animal kingdom. Musk is used in Oriental Medicine as well as in Europeans perfumes, and in recent year it has sometimes sold for as much as three times the price of gold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk is traditionally obtained by killing these deer and removing their glands. The dried glands, called pods, contain a reddish brown musk powder that has been a commodity in international commerce for more than 1,000 years. Despite bans in India (1972) and Nepal (1973), musk continues to be illegally exported, mainly via Hong Kong, for use in Japan and Europe. In Japan, for example, it is an ingredient in more than 200 different medicines.2 In Europe, musk goes into some of the most famous perfumes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international trade in Himalayan musk, originating from both northern and southern sides of the Himalayan divide, amounts to 200 kg per year, representing an annual slaughter of 20,000-32,000 male deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The commercial value of the animal makes it highly attractive for development as a livestock species. The economic force causing its slide toward extinction could be employed to protect and restore both the species and its habitat. Ranching these deer might put musk production on a sustainable footing. It might also encourage habitat protection, because in the harsh climate of the high Himalayas, rearing musk deer could be much more profitable to villagers than raising crops or cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer are already being farmed under primitive conditions in China, where techniques for extracting musk without killing the animal have been developed. In India, small collections of musk deer have been established by the forest departments of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. For several years authorities in Nepal have successfully extracted musk from an adult male at the Kathmandu Zoo' without apparent harm to the animal.3 These experiences suggest that musk might become a farmed product. So far, however, success has been limited. The Chinese animals, for example, have a high mortality rate and the musk is said to be of poor quality. Nonetheless, these examples are valuable pioneering case studies that deserve recognition, support, and further development.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With their long ears, arched back, and bounding gait, these diminutive deer remind one of large hares. The pointed face and large ears make their heads strikingly reminiscent of kangaroos. The coarse hair gives them a stocky appearance. The color varies according to species (and subspecies) from rich reddish brown to dark grey or black. The peculiarly brittle and wavy hair probably has good insulating properties, as it consists of air-filled cells arranged like a honeycomb.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer have an average mature weight of about 6-11 kg and a body length of 50-90 cm. They stand 50 60 cm high at the shoulder and 5 cm higher at the rump because the hind legs are longer than the forelegs. Some dwarf types are only 40-46 cm high. The tail is short, and in males it is naked, except for a terminal tuft of hair, because they mark their territories by constantly rubbing the caudal gland, which is located near the tail, onto objects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All four toes are flexible, which, compared to the rigid hoof of other ungulates, gives a firmer grip on precipitous slopes. The dew claws are enlarged and, together with the central digits, splay out, to minimize sinking in soft snow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Neither sex possesses antlers, but males have long upper canine teeth that project well below the lips. The lower front teeth have a spatulate form that probably helps the animals scrape lichens from the surfaces of rocks and trees in winter, when most vegetation is snow covered. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p309a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The musk deerâs native range.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The genus is distributed patchily throughout the forested mountainous parts of most of Asia. One population extends from just north of the Arctic Circle southward to the northern edge of Mongolia and Korea. Others occur in China, northern Vietnam, and the Himalayan region including Bhutan, Assam, Tibet, the Indian Himalayas, Nepal, and northern Pakistan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During this century, the musk deer has rapidly declined throughout its former regions. In many parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and probably Tibet, it is already regarded as rare, with a distribution that is becoming increasingly localized. Possible exceptions are Bhutan and most of China, where its population is thought to be stable. In southern China, a recent estimate puts the musk deer population at 100,000 head. In western and northwestern China, the population is estimated at 200,000-300,000 head.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is the uncontrolled hunt for musk that in most places is driving this animal toward extinction, but its habitat is also being increasingly destroyed by livestock and woodcutters. Part of the loss to hunters is owing to the mindless way in which the animals are caught. Most are snared in traps or nets or killed by poisoned stakes set on trails. This kills all the animals indiscriminately, even females and fawns, which produce no musk. This waste of reproductive animals is extremely destructive to the populations and is senselessly hastening the musk deer's extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer mainly occur in upland woodland and scrub areas. They prefer remote, dense vegetation, especially birch-rhododendron forests in mountainous terrain. They are seldom found in treeless regions or areas thickly populated by people. In the Himalayas, the upper limit coincides approximately with the tree line, which is as high as 4,600 m at the eastern end.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite its economic importance and wide distribution, little is known of the musk deer's biology. Nonetheless, it is known that musk deer have a gall bladder, a bovid feature that distinguishes it from the true deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are browsers, relying on young leaves, buds, fruits, and flowers. During the winter, as snow deepens, they depend more on lichens growing above the snow on rocks or tree bark, although in shallow snow they scrape for vegetation with their hooves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The male's musk sac is unique among deer. Situated between the umbilicus and penis, it contains the gelatinous, odoriferous oil. The amount varies with the season and the age of the animal, but pods of adult males usually weigh about 30 g; occasionally up to 45 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males also have a caudal gland under the tail, which secretes a viscous yellow substance with a goaty smell. They mark vegetation with this secretion by rubbing their hindquarters against stems and branches.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males become sexually mature at about 18 months, but females seem capable of reproducing in their first year. The estrous cycle is 18-25 days; the receptive period lasts 36 60 hours. Gestation varies from 178 to 192 days. Each female usually bears one or two fawns, rarely three. The fawn is precocious - able to stand and move within 15 minutes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer are shy, furtive animals with keen senses of hearing, smell, and sight. They are normally solitary and are most active at dawn and dusk. Only under cover of darkness do they frequent the more open spaces. Except in the rutting season, more than two animals are seldom seen together; groups usually consist only of a female and her young. The alarm call, a loud hiss, is often accompanied by a highstepping, springy gait.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild, musk deer lead &quot;orderly&quot; lives. They use well established trails connecting well-established feeding places, resting places, and &quot;latrines&quot; where they deposit their droppings. Migration is uncommon.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Remarkably sure footed, musk deer climb cliffs and even the trunks of leaning trees. Being small and solitary, they rely on camouflage to avoid predators but flee through established escape routes when disturbed. If cornered, males defend themselves by slashing with their tusks, often inflicting deep cuts and severe injuries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The strong-smelling, reddish-brown musk is obtainable only from this animal.7 It is used as a fixative in expensive perfumes to increase the retention of the fragrance on the skin. In Oriental medicines it is used in stimulants, sedatives, and other products. Some medicinal properties appear to be genuine.8 Recently, highly purified musk has been selling for as much as $27 a gram.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade in the Himalayan musk deer or its products is banned by all countries that are parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). However, products from musk deer in the Soviet Union and China can be traded legally under license. It seems likely that if formal, self-sufficient, musk-deer farming projects can be established elsewhere, with safeguards to minimize poaching, a wider trade would be officially sanctioned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since at least 1919, Chinese scientists have been experimenting with the extraction of musk without killing the males. When the sexual activity is at its peak, the males are caught and musk removed from the pod with a runcible spoon (curved fork) inserted into the sac's aperture. The procedure takes only minutes. There are records of up to 9 g being recovered at a time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, China established formal musk deer farms in 1958. They are clustered in the Maerkang, Miyalo, and Manchuan areas of Sichuan Province; the Zhenping county of Shanxi Province; and the Fuziling area of Anhui Province. Despite heavy initial losses of animals, mainly during transportation and acclimatization, the Chinese now breed musk deer in considerable numbers. However, juvenile mortality is still high and longevity relatively short. Zoos in other parts of the world have also had difficulties maintaining the animals.9&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, musk deer readily accept many foods: lettuce, carrots, potatoes, apples, rolled oats, hay, alfalfa, bananas, some grass, bamboo leaves, and pumpkins, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The musk deer's social system may represent an impediment to its successful reproduction in captivity. It is irascible and scares easily. In close confinement, males fight and may have to be isolated from each other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is an inherent danger in any captive-breeding scheme in the Himalayas: resumption of legal trade in natural musk could damage the remaining populations by stimulating the market and providing an outlet for illicit musk from poached animals. Some biologists (notably in India) consider that a total ban on the trade in natural musk from all sources is essential.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, removing the musk without damaging the animals has not proved commercially successful because of market resistance. Most purchasers require the entire pod in order to be certain that they are receiving the genuine product. Given a regularized farming program, however, it seems likely that mutual trust would circumvent this lack of confidence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To protect this species will not be easy. It occurs in vast, remote areas that are difficult to patrol. The local people are poor and traditionally have used it as a source of income and food. The value of musk is so high that smuggling is already well organized and will be difficult to eradicate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is imperative that the status of existing musk deer populations be established. This is especially important in Nepal. The total population may be not more than 500 in the wild.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No matter what is achieved in farming, pressure on populations will only be reduced by protecting the wild specimens. Thus, the dietary requirements and behavior of musk deer should also be evaluated with a view to building up the wild populations directly. If the techniques of breeding and handling can be improved, farming the animal may also indirectly help wild populations by reducing the pressure to harvest them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An alternative to captive breeding might be ranching the wild animals. In this process, males would be caught periodically and the musk extracted before releasing them. The organized, sustainable harvesting is particularly attractive if developed at the rural level with revenue going directly to local people; it would provide them incentive to conserve not only &quot;their&quot; musk deer but also its habitat. For this purpose, today's musk deer hunters could be trained to extract musk from live animals, releasing and recapturing them on a controlled basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another alternative could be controlled culling at a sustainable level, as is now done in the Soviet Union, where about 5 percent of the population is harvested each year. However, elsewhere annual culls at any level would not be feasible for at least 10 years because the populations are now so low. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g031a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">29 South America's Microdeer</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g032a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Pudu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South America contains three types of tiny, indigenous deer. None are well known to science, yet they are of microlivestock size, and if given research attention at least two might respond to rearing in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PUDU&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pudu (pronounced &quot;poo-doo&quot;) is native to temperate forests of the Andean region. It is among the smallest of all true deer, adult males being merely the size of small terriers and the females being smaller still. It is very shy and retiring and is endangered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All things considered, this animal would appear to be an unlikely candidate for microlivestock. But wherever it is found, the pudu is mercilessly hunted, and captive rearing might be the only way to save its populations from extinction. Indeed, it is already being raised in experimental herds in Chile and Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pudus (also called the Andean dwarf deer) once ranged widely through the foothills, valleys, and lowlands of the Andes. They prefer the dark, dank underbrush of the cool rainforest, particularly thick bamboo stands. There are two species: Pudu pudu is distributed in parts of southern Bolivia and throughout much of southern Chile nearly to the Straits of Magellan. It is also found on islands off the Chilean coast. Pudu mephistophiles is distributed throughout the highlands of Ecuador, where it occurs only in cool areas at great height.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With their short legs, stocky bodies, and compact heads, pudus do not look much like deer - more like small antelopes with foxlike faces and spiky antlers. Full grown, they are only 40 cm tall and weigh less than 12 kg. They have thick fur ranging from reddish brown to pale gray.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the pudu's small size, shy and secretive nature, and forbidding habitat, few people have ever even seen one. Nonetheless, these animals tame easily and reportedly were once kept by South American Indians. Several generations were also once bred in a Paris apartment and were treated exactly like domestic dogs, which most people who saw them for the first time thought they were.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, habitat destruction has greatly reduced the range and numbers of these attractive and fascinating little creatures. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature already lists them as vulnerable to extinction. Pudu studies are highly recommended, and raising pudus promises to be an interesting and valuable activity that may one day lead to one of the most intriguing microlivestock of all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BROCKET&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brockets (Mazama spp.) are small deer that occupy the place in South America's environment that duikers occupy in Africa (see page 326). They typically reside in thick brush. They occur widely throughout South America and are found in every country except Chile and Uruguay. They also occur in Central America, the West Indies, and Mexico.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are four species:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Red brocket (Mazama americana), the most common and widespread, is found from Mexico to Argentina. It is also the largest species, with a mature weight of about 20 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gray (brown) brocket (Mazama gouazoubira) is also found throughout Latin America. It is slightly smaller, weighing about 17 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Lesser brocket (Mazama rufina)2 resides in small and scattered locations in Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. It weighs 10-20 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Dwarf brocket (Mazama chunyi) is found only in pockets of forest and brush on certain mountainsides in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru. The smallest brocket, it weighs only 8-12 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except for their size and color, all brockets look alike. The head,  neck, and tail are short; the ears are wide. The lumbar region is higher  than the shoulders, and this, together with an arched back, gives them a  hunched appearance not unlike a duiker's. The antlers are simple  spikes, never longer than a person's hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The different species are similar in behavior, too.3 They generally  wander around singly or in pairs. Although frequenting dense cover  during the day, they emerge at night to feed in open areas. Little is  known of their food preferences. But farmers know only too well how  fond they are of melons, beans, peppers, and corn. Doubtless, wild  forest fruits dominate their native diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although extensively hunted, brockets are so adept at dodging into  dense brush that relatively few get caught. However, small size makes  them vulnerable to many other predators: puma, jaguar, ocelot, and  eagles and other large birds of prey. Near villages the domestic dog is  probably their worst enemy. (Infuriated vegetable growers commonly  set their dogs on them.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although at first sight these retiring, nervous, and agile creatures  seem unlikely to be even potential microlivestock, young brockets are  sometimes caught and raised by people. It is not uncommon to find  them as pets on farms and in gardens. They seem to become very  tame and might therefore make useful livestock at some future time.  At least one species, the grey brocket, adjusts particularly well to life in  and around human settlements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUEMUL&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third type of South American microdeer, the huemul,4 is a much  less likely candidate. It is very rare, very shy, and has so far shown  little likelihood of settling into captivity. However, huemul conservation  is critical: without urgent attention, the animal will become extinct.  Although totally protected by law, it is declining owing to poaching,  farm dogs, habitat loss and diseases transmitted by cattle and other  livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two species:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Chilean huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus)5 occurs in high altitude forests, thickets, and grasslands in the Andes of southern Chile and Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Peruvian huemul, or taruca (H. antisepsis), occurs in parts of the Andes of southern Peru and Bolivia as well as of northern Chile and Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species live in small herds above the tree line. They are very shy, and even though the Chilean national seal bears the depiction of a huemul, almost no Chilean (or anyone else, for that matter) has ever seen a live one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At less than 85 cm tall and probably weighing under 15 kg, huemuls are sized to be microlivestock. However, previous attempts at rearing them in Chile have met with little success. Nevertheless, huemuls have been kept in zoos in Germany, and such experiences - together with the increasing knowledge of how to raise red deer and other species - may eventually provide the keys to their continued existence. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g033a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">30 Water Deer</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g034a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about the water deer' (Hydropotes inermis), but it should be considered along with mouse deer, muntjacs, musk deer, and others as a possible species for microlivestock development. It is comparable in size, and it is unusual among deer for producing large litters: births of triplets or more are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with the other species in this section, this is a highly speculative notion; however, there is some justification for it. The Zoological Society of London has successfully established breeding colonies, and other zoos have also bred the animal in captivity. The water deer has the advantage of rapid growth, early maturity, and high fecundity. Indeed, given protection, its populations have been known to increase rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal has a graceful and delicate appearance, its best known characteristic being the male's long tusks. Both sexes are about the same size, standing 45-55 cm at the shoulder and weighing up to 19 kg. Body length is up to about I m, and the tail is so tiny that it is barely noticeable. The round-tipped ears are characteristically held erect above the head.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water deer are somewhat like muntjacs, but they are longer in the leg and lighter in build. Their forelegs are shorter than their hindlegs so that they stand slightly higher at the haunches than at the shoulders. This gives them a hunched appearance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hair is generally thick and coarse, longest on the flanks and rump. The backs and sides are usually yellowish brown, finely stippled with black. In winter, the coat is thick and variable in color; pale fawn and peppery gray-brown are common shades. In summer, the coat is sleek and reddish. Fawns are white spotted at birth, but this dappling soon fades.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Neither sex has antlers. The upper canine teeth, especially in the males, are enlarged, forming curved tusks 7 cm long. These are much bigger than those in muntjacs and can protrude well below the jawline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In both sexes there is a small inguinal gland present between the hind legs, the only instance among deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In China the water deer has a wide distribution range. It is mainly found in the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, and Fujian, the mid and lower Yangtze River Basin, and coastal areas and islands in central and eastern China. It is also found in Guilin, southern Sichuan Province, Guangxi Province, and Guangdong Province in the south.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Korea, the animal lives along the lower reaches of most rivers, except those in the extreme northeast. Its northern limit of distribution is probably about latitude 43ÃN.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At Woburn Park in England, a few escaped from a herd early this century and have increased and become established in a number of counties, particularly Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, and Norfolk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In China, owing to increasing reclamation and cultivation of wetlands, the habitat of the water deer is gradually shrinking. At present the animal is protected by the government, which designates appropriate hunting seasons. It is estimated that about 10,000 are killed each year by hunters. In Korea the water deer is still plentiful. As noted, in England it is maintaining itself and is thriving in some protected parks. It is also reported to be present in France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In its home range, the water deer is usually found among reeds and rushes in swampy areas. It also frequents the tall grasses and sparse shrubs of mountainsides and cultivated fields. In England it has adapted to a variety of habitats, including woodlands. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p323a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Native range of the water deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer is chiefly a grazer. It feeds mainly on reeds, coarse grasses, and some tree leaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As previously mentioned, this is the most prolific species of deer. Up to seven fetuses have been observed in a single pregnant female, although the normal litters are two or three. The gestation period is about 176 days. Fawns are born in late spring or early summer, and weigh only about 0.5 kg at birth. Within 4 days the newborns can live almost exclusively on grasses. Usually, however, they are fully weaned after 4 8 weeks, but remain socially attached to the mother. They appear to become independent after about 4 months. Males become sexually mature at about 5-6 months; females at about 7-8 months.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water deer are generally seen alone. Even where abundant, they seldom congregate in herds. Females are sometimes intolerant of each other, as are adult males or young males. However, in captivity, several females can graze and rest in loose aggregations. The peak period of grazing activity occurs around dusk. Feeding sessions are interspersed with periods of passive cud-chewing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water deer &quot;bark&quot; at intruders. During the rut, males are especially noisy and aggressive, and defend their territories with vigor. Fighting involves striking their tusks into the shoulder or back of their opponents. 3 Information from Lu Houji. These are extremely excitable little animals. When upset, they often &quot;hump&quot; their backs and bound away like rabbits. They are also good swimmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In China the water deer are hunted for their meat and skins, and newly born fawns are killed to obtain the mother's colostrum for medicinal purposes. In a few localities in England, the species has become a game animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer is not yet known on &quot;farms.&quot; However, it seems to be easily kept, has bred well in zoos, and has thrived in many British wildlife parks. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The assets of early maturity and high fecundity mean that the potential exists for rapid population expansion. Such an event occurred at Britain's Whipsnade Zoo. In 1929 and 1930, 32 deer were released into undeveloped pasture; by 1937, 120 fawns had been raised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they are relatively small, and because in the wild state they aggregate only under exceptional conditions, water deer are unlikely to have any appreciable impact on vegetation in forests, farms, or gardens. Nonetheless, they can damage crops, and Chinese farmers, who consider them pests, often illegally kill them out of season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are swift and adept at escaping captivity. It is possible that because of territoriality only a single pair will live in a given area. Moreover, males are aggressive and must be kept apart.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They seem able to withstand chilly weather well, but a combination of wet and cold is harmful. Their heavy winter coat, essential to survival in the Far East, renders the animal susceptible to dehydration and heat exhaustion in comparatively mild climates, such as England's.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At birth, the tiny fawns are extremely vulnerable to a variety of predators, both birds and mammals. The species may need areas of dense cover or some shelter from wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer has been successfully kept in semicaptivity for many years; however, for it to reach a level of domestication suitable for use as microlivestock, research is needed in the following areas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reproduction;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Performance under a range of environments;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Grazing efficiency;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Basic physiology;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Captive breeding and domestication - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, and feed needs; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Modifying behavior to overcome territoriality - for instance, imprinting on humans, selection of docile specimens, hand rearing, and castration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer is not an endangered species; however, efforts should be made to preserve the populations in their native ranges and habitats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">31 Duikers</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g035a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Red Duiker&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers (Cephalophus and Sylvicapra species) are small African antelopes. Although they are ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats, some are hardly bigger than hares or rabbits. One, the blue duiker, is less than 40 cm high and usually weighs a mere 4-6 kg. It and some of the slightly larger duikers might be suitable for household husbandry because their meat is an extremely popular food throughout much of Africa. In West Africa, for example, it is one of the most common meats sold in both rural and urban markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This idea, however, is highly speculative because, despite their popularity, little is known about these tiny animals. Their husbandry has been attempted only a few times, but the results were encouraging, and rearing duikers deserves further investigation. They are already being raised in captivity in the United States,' Zimbabwe,2 Togo,3 and Gabon. Researchers in Nigeria have bred blue duikers to the fourth generation and found that, if the animals were first handled by people while young, they remained docile.4 Even blue duikers caught in the wild tame quickly if they are very young, but by the time they reach 3.5 months, they become barely tolerant of man's presence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If duiker husbandry can be developed, it might provide not only a more regular source of meat, but also a lessening of the hunting pressures, thereby giving the wild populations a better chance of survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These antelopes are suitable for testing as microlivestock only in their native region, sub-Saharan Africa. Eventually, they might prove to have wider applicability. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duiker species vary from about the size of a small dog to that of a small donkey. Most are similar in shape and are characterized by short front legs, arched back, and pointed hoofs. The tail is stubby, often with a terminal tuft. The coat varies from reddish brown to nearly black, although a few species are blue-grey and one is zebra striped.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females are slightly larger than males, but the sexes look alike. In most species, both sexes bear small straight horns that project backward from the skull, frequently hidden in a long tuft of hair.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers inhabit virtually all regions of Africa below the Saharaâ from Gambia in the west to Ethiopia in the east, and all countries as far south as South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are so shy that they are rarely encountered by people. But almost anywhere in Africa (other than North Africa), the observant traveler may glimpse them ducking into forests or thickets. Although there are still countless numbers, people are eating so many that in some localized areas the populations are fast heading toward extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All but one species are found in rainforests or dense woodlands. The grey duiker, however, is found in savannas. If the vegetation is juicy, only a few of the species need a separate water source, so they can thrive in very dry sites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main foods are fruits and seeds supplemented by leaves and shoots. Fruits, which they eat to a much greater degree than other antelopes, are an important part of their diet. Some rare species (for example, the red-flanked duiker, C. rufilatus) can graze. Occasionally (especially in captivity), duikers are also omnivorous, eating fish, crabs, insects, snails, frogs, small animals, or carrion; they also readily accept chopped meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers reach sexual maturity at 9-15 months; gestation lasts about 7-8 months. In some species, females conceive a few days after calving on a 3- to 5-day postpartum estrus. Apparently one calf per birth is normal. A newborn blue duiker weighs between 0.4 and 0.7 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before one year of age, young duikers leave their parents to find their own mates and territories. Life expectancy is more than 10 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In spite of habitat differences, most duikers behave alike. In the wild they are nervous, shy, and retiring. When alarmed, they plunge into the protection of dense vegetation - hence the origin of the name duiker, which means &quot;diver.&quot; Nonetheless, their behavior allows them to be easily netted. An experienced hunter can imitate duiker sounds and call the male out of the bush. Also, a startled animal freezes, thereby facilitating its capture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moving easily through dense vegetation, the head carried low, these tiny animals use regular runs. Forest duiker species are largely diurnal, although a few, such as the bay duiker, are nocturnal. Bush duikers are mainly nocturnal, feeding from early evening until morning. Such nocturnal species shelter during the day in holes (presumably dug by other animals) or inside fallen trees; the diurnal ones lie directly on the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blue duikers are the best-known species and are probably the most likely candidates for microlivestock (see page 332). They seem to be monogamous and apparently mate for life. Unlike most antelopes, their population densities can be high. The pairs reside in territories of 2-4 hectares, which both male and female stoutly defend against rivals. Other species appear to be polygamous and live in large territories (up to 80 hectares).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, the animals are generally calm. However, both males and females can be aggressive toward unfamiliar individuals of their own species. In an enclosure, one male can serve several females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large glands, located beneath each eye, exude a scent that is rubbed onto fences, trees, and other objects as territorial marking. In another form of marking the horns are rubbed against tree trunks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, duiker meat is much sought in many African countries, and the animals are regularly hunted. The meat is lean with little or no intramuscular fat (marbling). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers also have promise as experimental animals. They are true ruminants, with four-part stomachs, and they produce cud. Some are only rabbit size, they need far less room or feed than sheep, and thus are potentially an efficient test animal for determining the nutritional value of forages. Blue duikers, for instance, have a digestion efficiency comparable to that of sheep, but, because of their small size, a test needs only four rabbit cages and 5-10 kg of feed. Sheep, by comparison, require much more spacious facilities and 150 kg of feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Nigeria, blue duiker pelts are used in making karosses, a traditional dress. A single garment may contain up to 60 pelts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost nothing is known about rearing duikers, but they seem to tame easily and perhaps may be kept in backyards like goats. Indeed, they reportedly make good house pets when hand raised. They are attractive, and from the day of capture young ones can be handled and petted.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Nigerian researchers who bred blue duikers to the fourth generation bottle-fed young specimens five times a day. Older animals were given feeds that included banana, plantain, and papaya; leaves of hibiscus, cassava, and banana; and dried corn. Variety seemed to be important, and the researchers could not predict the quantity of particular foods the animals would choose on any given day. In addition to varied vegetables, a small dish of salt or a salt lick was sometimes required.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are unlikely to run away, except when startled. However, providing an enclosure is worthwhile. It enables them to establish a territory by marking poles, bushes, and fences. Although needing space in which to run, as little as 10 mÃ is reportedly sufficient for 24 animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Satisfactory shelters include an open-ended oil drum laid on its side, a lean-to made of palm frond, or a small hut made of local matting. Apart from providing shade and protection, shelters should be built so that excited animals can run through them. When cornered, duikers tend to either flee for shelter or jump upwards; a run-through shelter can prevent a frightened one from accidentally leaping over the fence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Based on their own experiences, researchers at Pennsylvania State University in the United States report that blue duikers raised in captivity are easy to maintain, reproduce well, and are not fussy about environmental conditions. In fact, they say, blue duikers seem to enjoy living in cages.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In order to raise duikers successfully, post-pubertal males must be separated. A female should be bred with the same male throughout her productive life span.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE BLUE DUIKER&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In one sense, the blue duiker is the most important animal in Africa. It is the only one found throughout the continent south of the Sahara. It occurs at a greater range of altitudes than most - as low as sea level in many places to almost 5,000 m elevation in Kenya. It occurs in habitats from dense rainforests to dryland savannas. And, in sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, the blue duiker is eaten more than any other animal (although in West Africa it is generally called Maxwell's duiker).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This very small antelope, caught by snare or net, can be found in the meat markets of villages, towns, and cities in all countries from Senegal to Madagascar. It is a source of food for tens of millions. Bushmen, Pygmies, Dinkas, and Mandingos, thousands of miles apart; all share the same fondness for duiker meat and for duiker-skin clothes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, scientifically speaking, this is one of the world's least-known animals. And its numbers are diminishing rapidly. Areas that used to have plenty now have few or none. Overhunting and destruction of the rainforests are jointly contributing to their decline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the losses, people are snaring as many as they can, and there is no sense of concern - not even among most conservationists. However, in many locations there is already evidence that the animals won't be around much longer. Unless something is done - and soon - people will lose their major source of animal protein. If that happens, it is likely that they will move on to larger animals, such as gorillas, which would be an even worse disaster.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The best long-term solution is to organize duiker husbandry. Learning to rear duikers would benefit people throughout Africa. The blue duiker is the most suitable species; it is the most common and the most important. Also, it inhabits the edges of the forest and could therefore become a suitable species for ranching without denuding the forest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blue duikers are easy to maintain in captivity. They tame readily and like to shelter and sleep In boxes or cages. They are good converters of vegetation and produce top-quality lean meat. In addition, they are neither affected by tsetse flies nor are very susceptible to diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key now is to learn how to keep these very timid creatures under different conditions. We need to know their foods (especially foods that might be harvested from forests) and reproductive biology. We need to know the right numbers to house together. Most of all, we need projects aimed at rearing and breeding them in captivity under village conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vivian J. Wilson&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many African countries already have a ready market for duiker meat. It is somewhat similar to goat meat, but most people agree that it is superior.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal can live on fibrous vegetation. Unlike conventional ruminant livestock, it is suitable for feeding an average family at one meal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ability to forage in undergrowth where other domestic livestock do not thrive makes duikers potential livestock for tropical forest and bushland regions. They can be raised for meat without cutting the trees or bushes to create pastures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are easy prey for predators: eagles, pythons, wildcats, and people, among others. Thus, they probably require more sophisticated management than common livestock such as goats. However, the quality of their meat could more than compensate for the extra effort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some species are territorial, which means that they may do poorly in captivity, unless their social organization can be altered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under good conditions, the ideal slaughtering age reportedly occurs at 8-10 months, when the blue duiker can weigh 4 kg. Compared to rabbits and guinea pigs, production is relatively slow because of long gestation and lack of multiple births.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are resistant to trypanosomiasis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One general problem is that duikers have short, sharp horns designed specifically for jabbing. This could be a potential danger, especially since the males of some species become aggressive when their females are receptive. However, the horns can easily be clipped and taped to limit the danger. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the duikers' secluded lifestyle, much has still to be learned about their habits. Specific information on behavior and breeding is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal scientists in Africa should gather small herds for comparative studies. This will provide insights into whether duiker temperaments facilitate or hinder their utilization. In addition, assessments of diet, growth rates, behavior in captivity, reproductive rate, adaptability, and future potential can be made. Management considerations include clipping horns, trimming hooves, and controlling lice and fleas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research of particular value would be chemical analysis of duiker milk and of other characteristic glandular secretions. The latter lend themselves especially to a study of animal communication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parming duikers might help rescue the wild populations by relieving hunting pressures. Programs in this area are recommended for locations where overhunting is occurring. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g036a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">32 Other Small Antelope</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g037a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Klipspringer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The least known and most obscure of all antelope are the delicate African creatures called dikdik, suni, royal antelope, pygmy antelope, and klipspringer. The smallest is a West African form of the royal antelope that stands a mere 25 cm high and weighs less than 2 kg. The four-horned antelope of South Asia is a similarly tough, tractable animal that is also the size of a small dog.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None of these has previously been seriously considered for use as livestock, but they are possibly amenable to rearing in captivity and they provide some of the finest game meat in the world. Given New Zealand's experience with various deer species (see page 288) and Africa's experience with large antelopes, basic research to test out the possibility of organized dwarf-antelope production could prove to be rewarding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The areas where these antelopes might be used are sub-Saharan Africa for the African species and South Asia for the four-horned antelope.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these animals, some, such as the pygmy antelopes, have a crouched appearance with an arched back and short neck; others have a more upright posture with a long neck and a raised head. In all species, the males are smaller than the females and bear tiny spikelike horns. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collectively, these antelopes have native ranges covering huge areas of Africa and part of Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dikdik: Six species occur in two discontinuous distributions - one from Somalia and Ethiopia southward through Kenya and Tanzania, the other in Namibia and Angola. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sunis: Eastern Africa, from Kenya to South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Royal antelope: West African forests. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pygmy antelope: Central Africa from southeastern Nigeria to Zaire. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Klipspringer: Ethiopia to the Cape of Good Hope. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four-horned antelope: India. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many forms are protected by local laws, but none of the species is on the international endangered-species list.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals occupy habitats from dense, moist forests to dry, rocky outcrops and even to deserts. Their ranges have almost certainly been affected by humans - sometimes for the better, since many prefer the secondary growth that invades disturbed areas, notably after overgrazing or slash-and-burn agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although dikdik and klipspringer usually frequent dry areas with scattered brush, the other dwarf antelopes normally stay in dense vegetation. All seem to live in definite areas and do not migrate. For instance:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Dikdik live near streambanks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Sunis inhabit dry country with thick bush, but they can also be found in reed scrub along rivers and in forests up to 3,000 m elevation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Klipspringers live on stony mountain slopes, rocky outcrops' or the sides of steep gorges at altitudes from sea level to 4,000 m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Four-horned antelopes live in undulating or hill country and shelter in tall grass and open jungle, a terrain more common to deer than to antelope. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of these antelope browse on shrubs. They are &quot;concentrate selectors,&quot; taking easily digested vegetation such as buds, fruit, and succulent young leaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also, most obtain much of their water requirement from dew and the vegetation they consume. Klipspringers, for example, are able to live for months without drinking. Sunis and four-horned antelope, on the other hand, drink regularly and seldom live far from water sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known of the reproduction and general performance of these animals. Females become sexually mature at about 6 months in the smaller species and 10 months in the larger. Males become sexually mature at about 14 months. The young are born throughout the year, but births peak with the vegetation flush following the first rains. Where there are two rainy seasons a year, two birth peaks occur. Usually a single calf is born. Dikdik is the only one whose reproduction has been studied in detail. Its pregnancy lasts 172 days, one young is born at a time, and the birth weight is 600-800 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their longevity is unknown but is probably in the range of 10-12 years.l&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These tiny creatures have some of the habits of deer. They are shy and elusive and generally rely on concealment to escape detection. Their first response to a predator is to freeze, and then to flee like hares - dashing off in a series of erratic, zigzag leaps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They live alone, in pairs, or in small family groups, but sometimes congregate in larger groups in thorn thickets. The species that have been studied most (dikdik and klipspringer) are strongly pair bonded. (A male, a female, and one or two young is typical, and a klipspringer rarely moves more than 5 m from its mate.) However, the royal and pygmy antelopes and the suni are more solitary in their behavior. Four-horned antelope are usually seen alone or in pairs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals feed mostly in the early morning and late afternoon Some species deposit dung and urine on particular sites. And they repeatedly daub secretions from glands in front of the eyes onto plant stems, where a sticky mass accumulates. Glands near the hooves mark the ground along frequently traveled pathways. Males also mark females with the scent, thus reinforcing the bond. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The four-horned antelope has a whistling call, which helps keep the family group together. Males repeat it frequently in hot weather. Gestation is 8-8.5 months. If taken young, they reportedly tame easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Much more research needs to be done before attempts are made to convince anyone to domesticate these antelope. There are likely to be considerable difficulties. Guinea pigs, rabbits, and giant rats can successfully be kept in cages or small enclosures, but most antelope probably cannot. Larger enclosures will be needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The food habits and general behavior of these small animals must be studied closely. They are strictly monogamous, and it may be necessary to keep them in pairs. Reproduction, growth, and general performance must become understood under different environmental and nutritional conditions. Mixing species is another aspect to be examined - whether these antelope can be kept with other species in the same enclosure (typical of livestock farming in most poor nations) is not known.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To settle such questions, representative species of microantelope should be gathered for comparative assessment. Researchers should focus on the animals' social structure, on husbandry methods for maintaining them over generations, and on how best to breed them. If the findings are promising, then a campaign to domesticate these antelope could be mounted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout most of their ranges these animals are highly sought &quot;bushmeats.&quot; The meat is lean and of extremely high quality. In Zaire's Ituri Forest, for example, pygmies net and kill large numbers of pygmy antelope, hanging the carcasses on sticks by the roadside for sale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their small size, these species might make good laboratory animals for ruminant studies. The dikdik, for instance, becomes a fully functioning ruminant at a body weight of about only 1.5 kg.2 However, their digestive physiology is quite different from that of cattle, sheep, and goats, which makes them atypical ruminants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given organized production, it is likely that dwarf-antelope pelts could become commercially important. North Africa exports the hides of medium-size antelopes to Europe for use in fine sueded leathers. Hides of the small species would almost certainly be in demand as well if a steady supply could be obtained as a by-product of meat production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microantelope provide some of the finest game meat. They are small and perhaps tractable. Most are already widely eaten and are being eliminated over broad areas of their range. Turning them into a sustainable, economic food source could provide motivation for their conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These antelope can digest, and are adapted to, the indigenous forage over vast areas of Africa and South Asia. They are native to tropical habitats, where cattle and other livestock often grow poorly. They also appear to be resistant to trypanosomiasis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some African peoples (for example, the Kalahari Bushmen) have superstitions or social injunctions that prohibit the eating of some of these species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small antelope are probably not as efficient as larger ruminants in digesting fiber: the retention time in the rumen may be too short. On the other hand, quickly digestible cell walls of lush green plants can be used efficiently.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The territorial behavior of most of these species may limit their rearing in large numbers under captive conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, preliminary research on dwarf antelope husbandry is required. Specifically, studies should be conducted to assess:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Growth rates, feed efficiency, and reproductive rate;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Carcass quality;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Economics and the likely cost of production per animal unit; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Studies of digestion.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The few statistics available today on the use of wildlife as food are probably much below actual consumption. Most food consumption surveys record food obtained by hunting or trapping under the indiscriminate heading of &quot;Bushmeat&quot; and neglect to include the many small animals that are normally collected by children. In Africa, an amazing variety of wildlife is eaten, including all wild ungulates, primates, all cats, and many species of birds and reptiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food and Agriculture Organization Ceres magazine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All the world's people must begin to overcome in themselves - and even more so in their children - senseless taboos about what is edible and what is not. Only then can we stop today's universal animal-protein wastage. How ironic it would be, in this scientific age, for mankind to starve largely because of a bunch of old wives' tales, irational beliefs, silly associations, and the lack of a sufficient spirit of culinary and gustatory adventure.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calvin W. Schwabe Unmentionable Cuisine &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguana is really good, a thousand times better than chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Omero Asinto, waiter Pochote Bar and Restaurant&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barranca, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part VI : Lizards</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large lizards have been important foods since prehistoric times and are still commonly hunted in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.1 Some (such as the monitor lizards seen in markets in Indochina) are carnivorous species that may be difficult to feed and raise economically. However, the iguanas of the Americas offer promise as microlivestock. They are herbivorous and feed primarily on leaves, flowers, and fruits, including many that are too high in the trees to be gathered by man or by other livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguana meat is popular throughout much of Latin America, where consumers willingly pay more for it than for fish, poultry, pork, or beef. To fill the demand, several iguana species are hunted by rifle, slingshot, trap, and noose; they are even run down by trained dogs. Villagers (often small children) catch them for food for the family; professional hunters snare and sell them to vendors. Iguanas are hauled around in gunny sacks and wicker baskets by car, boat, horseback, and people on foot. In parts of El Salvador they have been known to arrive at the market by the truckload.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a result of this indiscriminate hunting, iguanas are now steadily becoming more scarce, and the destruction of their habitat makes the situation even worse. At present, many parts of Latin America's tropical forests are being cleared. The green iguana in particular depends on trees, and as forests disappear its populations are destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, iguanas are forest-edge species: they will grow well on ranches and farms as long as patches of trees are left standing. This offers the hope that they can be raised as microlivestock. They reproduce so prolifically that, in principle, populations can build up exponentially. Mature females, for example, may produce 30 or more eggs a year for up to 10 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past few years, a notable research program in Panama and Costa Rica (see page 351) has laid the practical foundation for iguana farming. It has artificially incubated and raised thousands of green iguana hatchlings. With less than half a square meter of living space per animal, the hatchlings have grown as fast or faster than their wild counterparts. Unlike their kin in the wild - which in their first year of life suffer 95 percent mortality from birds, snakes, and other predatorsâ the captive-raised iguanas show almost 100 percent survival. This research project demonstrates that ranching iguanas both for food or for repopulating depleted habitats is feasible. In addition, experimental projects for farming green iguanas have begun in Curacao and El Salvador.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As livestock, lizards have advantages. Being cold-blooded they do not carry human diseases (except for those such as salmonella that result from gross mismanagement). They can be kept in captivity in fairly high densities without diseases breaking out. Although often aggressive in the wild, they coexist in dense populations with few problems as long as they are well fed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is an important conservation component as well. Farming these lizards may help check and may even reverse the downward trends of their populations by allowing large numbers to be released back to the wild at a size that inhibits predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are three alternatives for utilizing iguanas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- To manage wild stocks as game animals;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- To raise iguanas on farms, like chickens and pigs; or&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- To raise young iguanas in captivity and then release them into the wild where they can grow to full size and later be harvested on a sustainable basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the green iguana has so far received the most attention, two other Latin American species are in farming trials. Black iguanas (garrobos) are being raised experimentally in El Salvador and Costa Rica. And the omnivorous tegu lizard, which produces a valuable leather, is beginning to be farmed in Argentina and is briefly described opposite. Both iguana species are described in the following chapters. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TEGU&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tegus (Tupinambis rufescens and T. teguixin) are large lizards of South America. They are highly prized for their skins, which are made into leather for handbags and similar items. Tegus are heavily exploited; on average, Argentina exports over one million skins a year - about $15 million worth. The 50-year-old tegu industry is estimated to support as many as 30,000 people, including tannery employees and people in rural areas who hunt the lizards full- or part-time. Poor agricultural conditions make farming difficult in the Chaco, and sale of a single tegu skin is worth more than a day's wages for a farmband. Some families also eat the tegu meat and use the fat for medicinal purposes. In many areas, the populations have already been driven to the verge of extinction. Husbandry, therefore, could be beneficial. Traders are hoping that captive operations run by families can eventually replace hunting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although usually associated with the arid regions of northern Argentina and Paraguay, the tegu's range actually covers much of South America - as far north as Colombia, including Trinidad and the Amazon basin. One species (T. rufescens) normally occurs in a dryland habitat, such as Argentina's Chaco region. It can occur in great numbers in pastures, probably because of the insects associated with cattle. But it also occurs in areas that are unsuitable for cattle. Some places where tegus are common are so dry that they can carry only a single cow in 10 hectares. There, farmers might find it profitable to raise tegus. This would maintain the native biological diversity while perhaps reducing the soil degradation that cattle cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other species (T. tegubixin) occurs in wet forests, such as those found in Argentina's Formosa Province.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tegus are scientifically interesting. Little is known about their biology, and basic studies are needed. They are not much eaten, but in some areas the tail is considered a delicacy. Indeed, deteriorating economic conditions are already making them more important as a food resource. Convincing campesinos that they can increase their cash income and their meat production by rationally exploiting these large lizards should not be difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sustainable exploitation could also benefit tegu conservation. Large populations still exist in some areas in Argentina and Paraguay, but, overall, the species are declining. A welldesigned management project could ensure the maintenance and reestablishment of large populations where numbers have drastically decreased. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">33 Green Iguana</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g038a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the green iguana (Iguana iguana) is consumed throughout Central America. It is already subject to heavy commercialization and its populations are plummeting. This is not likely to change: as human population increases, so does demand for iguana meat and eggs as well as for live iguanas, thousands of which are kept as house pets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its herbivorous diet, inoffensive nature, and high reproductive potential, this reptile is a prime species for intensive management. Alert, curious, and social, it is easily tamed from birth. Given minimal protection during the reproductive season, large populations can build up, and animals can be maintained in simple facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, although iguanas can be maintained as microlivestock, they may require three years to reach market size. Raising them to maturity entirely under captive conditions is thus probably uneconomic at present, when specimens can still be inexpensively (albeit often illegally) harvested from the wild. However, it has been found that if released into the wild, most will remain in nearby trees, especially if people erect simple feeding stations and keep them stocked with table scraps or weedy vegetation. This makes for very low-cost production during the years of waiting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given such findings, iguana farming has a promising future. With research, growth rates can undoubtedly be increased and maintenance costs reduced. Also, iguanas are becoming more valuable each year. Even now, farming them could be economic in some areas where wild iguanas are scarce, especially if the young are released into forested sites when they have grown to a size where mortality is low.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although green iguanas will happily graze pastures, they need trees. Iguana farming, therefore, provides a way to keep tropical forests standing while still providing people with meat and income. By growing lizards, farmers don't have to fell the forests to create space for growing food crops or cattle. Iguana farming thus gives an economic incentive to preserve the beleaguered tracts of remaining trees. It may even render reforestation economically attractive. And it may promote the use of shelterbelts and contour strips of trees in cattle-ranching areas. Today's researchers estimate that 200-300 kg of meat can be produced per year per hectare from iguanas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The green iguana can grow to more than 2 m long, but more than half of that length is in its whiplike tail. Adults of breeding size generally weigh 2-4 kg. The scaly skin is green, yellowish, or golden brown with dark markings; color is a function of age and reproductive stage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This large lizard is indigenous to a vast region stretching from Mexico to northern Brazil and Peru, including a number of Caribbean islands. In Mexico, it occurs in tropical forests along both coasts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green iguanas were formerly abundant throughout Central America, but no longer. In the mangrove forests along Mexico's Pacific coast, for instance, only 5 percent of the former population remains. In Guatemala's Pacific lowlands, mere remnants are left. In El Salvador's jungles, the animals have declined to 1 percent of their former density. And in both Panama and Costa Rica, the species is now officially classified as endangered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The green iguana usually lives near water in tropical lowland forests. It thrives only as long as some trees remain. The forests may be either humid or seasonally dry. The animal normally inhabits the treetops, feeding on tender shoots and fruits in the canopy; few other herbivores can convert such forest foliage into food for humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like cattle and other herbivorous mammals, iguanas have a specialized digestive system with an enlarged fermentation chamber in which bacteria break down plant cells. Vegetation is converted into meat about as effectively as in cattle, but not as quickly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After reaching sexual maturity, at 2 or 3 years of age, females lay one clutch of 10 85 eggs each year. (For most specimens the average is probably about 35.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p349a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Native habitat of the green iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are generally slow moving and lethargic when cold, but during the heat of the day they become extremely alert and can run, swim, and climb with speed and agility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They have a complex social structure and a defined annual reproductive cycle. Hatchlings adapt easily to captivity both when artificially incubated and when captured in the wild. However, captured adults, used to living free, are hard to keep in small enclosures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green iguanas are used mainly for food. The meat tastes somewhat like chicken and in Latin America is typically cooked in a spicy stew. The eggs are also consumed. Small and leathery shelled, they are considered special delicacies and are said to cure various ailments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a sizable demand for live iguanas in the international pet trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exploitation has been mainly for the flesh; the skins are wasted in most cases. However, given organized production, green iguana skin could perhaps become a farm by-product. It sells in the international reptile-leather market under the trade name &quot;chameleon lizard.&quot; The hide is typically up to 20 cm wide. Thin and relatively fragile, it is glued to a fabric or cowhide backing to prevent it from tearing. The prime uses are for ladies' accessories, belts, wallets, and shoes. It is inappropriate for uses that involve flexure because the scales overlap and repeated flexing causes them to separate. The skin then becomes rough to the touch and loses its glossy finish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IGUANA MAMA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The program that now offers hope for raising green iguanas as microlivestock is the brainchild of zoologist Dagmar Werner. She began in 1983 by collecting 700 iguana eggs and then learning what to do with them &quot;on the job.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through a combination of luck and intuition, coupled with determination, she discovered appropriate conditions for incubating the eggs on the first try - no less surprising because her incubators (dirt-filled wooden boxes warmed with light bulbs) were in an apartment in a high-rise building in Panama City. Nonetheless, most of the eggs hatched and the several hundred squirming young lizards were quickly trucked to a forest park near the Panama Canal. Here, for five years, assisted by a steady stream of enthusiastic Panamanian biology students, Wemer experimented with cages, feeds, facilities, breeding genetic selection, and the myriad aspects of management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These dedicated researchers eventually devised what might be considered a production line, and they hatched and raised tens of thousands of green iguanas, reduced the animals' infant mortality rate, and created the basic underpinnings for economic production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1988, administration for the project was shifted to neighboring Costa Rica, where Werner established another research farm as well as a fund-raising foundation. From there, she hopes to catalyze all Central America to take up iguana production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Her immediate goal is, paradoxically, to preserve the lizards by putting an iguana in every pot. That will help reduce the indiscriminate hunting that is taking these animals toward extinction in the wild.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Her system is based on setting up feeding stations in the woods and releasing iguanas at seven months, an age at which they are virtually immune to predators. Iguanas need trees, and her ultimate goal is to help save the vanishing rainforests. With profitable iguana farming, she hopes to persuade farmers to save the trees as homes for iguanas, rather than clearing them for crops and cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Iguana management and an international marketing system will protect, rather than exterminate, the iguana,&quot; Werner says. &quot;I don't think iguana farming will stop deforestation. But I do think it will contribute a great deal.&quot; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The iguana farming project in Panama and Costa Rica (see sidebar) provides a model for what might be done elsewhere. In its first five years of operation, the project raised more than 10,000 green iguanas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To create the farms, enclosures are constructed with sheet-metal wails sunk 30 cm in the ground.' Inside, the animals sleep in shelters made of bamboo and vegetation. Each shelter has an adjustable entrance slit through which young lizards can slither, but predators, which usually are larger, cannot. Most are set on stilts and food is served in the shade underneath. With this system, from 20 to 60 young iguanas are kept in an area of 10 mÃ (0.5-0.17 mÃ of land area per individual). In another &quot;high-intensity&quot; design, 30 hatchlings are kept in cages I mÃ in size (only 0.05 mÃ per individual).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The iguana farms also include an artificial nest consisting of a &quot;tunnel&quot; leading to a sand-filled egg-laying chamber. (Both tunnel and chamber are made of concrete blocks or other predator-safe material.) Female iguanas (at least in captivity) prefer this to digging their own tunnels, and it is an important advance in iguana breeding because it produces a hatching success of close to 100 percent. Recent versions require no human intervention: the eggs incubate and hatch by themselves and the hatchlings climb out of the nest through a hollow bamboo &quot;pipe&quot; and fall into plastic bags, which can be easily emptied twice a day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The iguanas are fed mixtures of broken rice meal, meat meal, bone meal, fish meal, papayas, bananas, mangos, avocados, and a variety of leaves and flowers. Each day they receive fresh-cut leaves from plants such as beans, mustard, or hibiscus. Hatchlings are raised to an age of 6-10 months, when they are big enough to be released into forests, farmland with scattered trees, or into village backyards with almost no vulnerability to predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With each female producing an average of 35 eggs annually, these animals have inherently high reproductive potential. And if the young are protected from predators during their first few months, populations can build up rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguanas adapt well to second-growth forest and to backyard conditions and can feed on the leaves of fruit trees or timber trees while the farmer can harvest the fruits or wood. Unless grossly overstocked, they are unlikely to affect the productivity of the trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These lizards may take three years to reach marketable size,2 and the cost of raising them to usable size entirely in captivity is currently greater than their market value as food. Less-expensive methods of raising the animals must be found if large-scale commercial iguana farming is to become economically feasible. The main problem is the high cost of the enclosures, not the cost of food. The food costs no more than that for raising a chicken to marketable size, but iguanas do not grow as fast as chickens. For smallholders the only cost of raising them is labor, and that is often unimportant. Free-ranging herbivorous lizards can damage home gardens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For conservation purposes, the main need is to educate people throughout Latin America to the iguana's plight. For example, in Central America people catch pregnant females and cut out the eggs for food. (There is a widespread misconception that the females survive this brutality.) This is devastating to the iguana populations, yet by installing artificial nests, farmers could let the females live and still harvest the eggs. Moreover, people could eat half the eggs and incubate the other half to repopulate the trees around their farms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also important to develop an understanding of iguana reproduction in the wild. At present, the longevity, growth rate, and age of sexual maturity are not well known. Such information would provide baseline data for creating conservation measures to reverse the depletion of this natural resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further husbandry research is needed. Costs must be reduced. The effectiveness of artificial nests must be tested in village practice. Survival rates of captive-raised young after release must be studied. And harvesting and recruitment schemes should be developed to secure optimum exploitation of the repopulated forests. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">34 Black Iguana</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g039a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work on green iguana husbandry may apply also to the black iguanas' (Ctenosaura similis, C. acanthura, C. hemilopha, and C. pectinata). These are similar lizards that live in dry habitats throughout Central America &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exploitation of wild black iguanas for food began in ancient times and has continued in most places over hundreds of years without much harm to the natural populations. Until the 1970s, Latin Americans could obtain the meat and eggs with little effort, and the animals sold cheaply in city markets. In recent years, however, the lizards have become scarce and prices have risen sharply. For instance, in 1976 the central market of San Salvador was selling large specimens for the equivalent of 80 cents, but by 1979 prices were generally from three to six times as much. Today, black iguana meat costs more than fish, poultry, pork, or beef.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eating small game animals is deeply rooted in the traditions of Central America and cannot readily be changed by legislation or education. Despite official edicts, campesinos on a subsistence diet will not willingly forego the little meat they get by capturing and eating lizards. Moreover, legislation is seldom effective because there are too few enforcement officials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with the green iguana, it seems likely that when the factors causing hatchling mortality are reduced, a large harvestable annual surplus can be produced. Black iguanas efficiently convert vegetation into high-grade protein suitable for human consumption. Young ones, however, are insectivorous and carnivorous rather than purely herbivorous, and during their first weeks of life may require a more expensive diet (perhaps meat scraps) than green iguanas require. Moreover, most insectivorous lizards require moving prey. They may or may not accept meat scraps as food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black iguanas are smaller and more stocky than green iguanas, but weigh up to 3 kg. Their tails are spiny and short. The scales on the tail are enlarged, grow in spirals, and are sharp-pointed. Other than that (apart from being generally greyish black in color), the two animals are similar in appearance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The different black iguana species range from northern Mexico along both coasts of Central America to Panama and Colombia's Caribbean islands. Most tolerate moderate human presence well, often thriving around town garbage dumps and cemeteries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As recently as 1981, black iguanas were shipped to markets by the truckload. Today, they are generally limited or even absent over much of their original range. Nevertheless, they are still the major game animals across extensive areas of Central America. Many of those taken are gravid females, which is disastrous for the populations. Excessive insecticide spraying is also thought to be reducing their populations in some areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black iguanas thrive in dry, open woodland. They particularly like rocky hillsides, for they depend for shelter on crevices, rock piles, or soft soil in which they dig burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These omnivores feed on foliage, flowers, and fruits, but also on insects and small vertebrates. Adults spend some of their time climbing trees, but they are much less arboreal than green iguanas. Hatchlings are initially terrestrial but have a mostly arboreal stage in their early weeks of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females lay one clutch of 20-90 eggs each year. The eggs are much smaller than those of the green iguana and therefore are not as popular a food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p357a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of the black iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These lizards live in burrows or in holes in trees. A typical burrow has several entrances and is 1-2 m long. Several females may combine efforts to form a complex communal burrow with several individual nest chambers. They are such diligent diggers that many are caught while absorbed in the task of adding a new room.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some places, even where they are not common, black iguanas are still intensively hunted. Because their meat is valuable, the reward justifies the considerable effort involved in finding and killing them. Hence, where populations are so depleted that organized hunting is unprofitable, the animals are still subjected to relentless destruction by individuals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farming black iguanas is a novel idea. However, it is not a foolish one. In 1981 the Centro de Recursos Naturales (CENREN) in El &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Salvador started a black iguana farming project. Since then, its researchers have collected data on growth rates, feeding patterns, and the maintenance and reproduction of captive adults. The program offers some promise of maintaining breeding stock in large outdoor enclosures, of producing large numbers of hatchlings, and of restocking depleted areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;OTHER IGUANAS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other iguanas that deserve consideration for husbandry include the rock (rhinoceros) iguana (Cyclura cornuta), a herbivorous lizard of the Antillean region. This has been raised in considerable numbers at the National Zoo of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Captive-bred specimens have reproduced at the age of 32 months, average clutch size has been about 15, and the average incubation time has been 82 days (at 31ÃC). The innate tameness of these island iguanas renders them better adapted for captive rearing than either the green or the black iguana, and their greater size is an advantage as well. On the other hand, the length of time required to reach maturity, and the relatively small egg clutch (about half that of the green iguana and one-third that of the black iguana) are definite disadvantages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A related species, Iguana delicatissima, also deserves research and conservation attention. It occurs in the Leeward Islands and Martinique, and (as its specific name implies) is even better eating than the green iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latins believe that various ailments are cured or benefited by the flesh of these lizards, so they willingly pay much more for their meat than they would for equivalent amounts of other meats. In most places where the two occur together, the black iguana is preferred over the green iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with green iguana, the black iguana reproduces readily in captivity and has an even higher reproductive potential (averaging 43 eggs per clutch). It has the additional advantage that it thrives in deforested and altered habitats. It can survive near human settlements despite the attacks of dogs and cats, and it attains dense populations in suburban lots or open spaces. (It survives even downtown in cities such as Managua, but not in dense populations because dogs, cats, and humans take so many.) Hence, even in towns and cities, there are habitats capable of supporting it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black iguanas will feed on weedy vegetation or garbage, and adults seem easier to maintain in captivity than their green iguana counterparts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The long delay (probably at least two years) before the animals reach marketable size might make it difficult for the grower to compete with common meats such as poultry or fish. Certain parasitic worms can make the flesh inedible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although smaller than green iguanas, black iguanas are much more aggressive and will defend what they perceive to be their territory. They can inflict a painful bite. They also tend to escape from captivity more readily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, these omnivores depend on animal matter during part of their life cycle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biology of the black iguana deserves much more study.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management techniques developed for the green iguana should be tested for their applicability for black iguana species. Harvesting and recruitment schemes must be developed to create sustainable populations in the wild. The specific needs for feeding the young also need to be addressed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I am convinced that in the Third World, it is only when poor people are assured of their livelihood that they will help us to safeguard their natural environments. So long as people remain hungry, it is very difficult to talk to them about conservation. As a result, I believe that development and conservation are inseparable. Only when conservation takes on a dimension of helping the poor, the downtrodden, the destitute, will it have an enduring impact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.S. Swaminathan International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I suspect that wildness is an inherited characteristic as was found for the turkey by Starker Leopold. So in attempting domestication one should expect to have difficulty until there are enough animals that you can select breeding stock for quietness and tractability.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ian McTaggart Cowan Emeritus Professor of Zoology&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of British Columbia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle will never be extinct for the simple reason that man eats cattle. The best way to preserve wild species is by demonstrating that they, too, can be a valuable resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ernie Matteram&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New York Times Magazine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife utilization should be considered a legitimate form of land use, just as much as livestock husbandry. In fact, what has happened in the past is that Man has domesticated a limited number of animals, mainly in the temperate zones, while overlooking a considerable potential of other animals, which could be domesticated or used with equal validity.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antoon De Vos &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part VII Others</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted in the preface, this report by no means exhausts all the microlivestock possibilities. Lack of space and time precludes discussion of creatures such as edible insects, snails, worms, frogs, turtles, and bats, which in some regions are highly regarded foods. Similarly, we have not included fish, shrimp, and other aquatic life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not to say that these are less worthy of consideration. The decision to leave them out was arbitrary, but with several recent breakthroughs in tropical beekeeping it seems prudent to include bees. Accordingly, the final chapter of this book describes the smallest livestock of all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bees are one of the most promising microlivestock. They forage on flowers that are otherwise little utilized and produce honey, wax, and other products of high value. They are important as plant pollinators and can greatly increase the production of some crops. Bees can be kept virtually anywhere with little disruption of other activities, and they are easily available. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">35 Bees</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g040a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of all the livestock reviewed in this publication, bees are the smallest, the least demanding of space, probably the most familiar, and perhaps the most easily adapted to worldwide rural development efforts. For all that, however, they are an often forgotten component in agricultural programs. This is unfortunate because bees can be particularly valuable to tropical countries, providing pollination of crops, useful products, and a premium source of income.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost every village in every tropical country traditionally has had a beekeeper or two. Most use &quot;seat-of-the-pants&quot; methods and &quot;rustic&quot; hives, and this generally leads to low yields and inefficiencies. Today, numerous innovative methods and appropriate equipment are coming available. Many are still not widely known; however, their importance is slowly being recognized. Indeed, some developing countries are already turning bees into a valued natural resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, in less than 10 years Kenya has become self-sufficient in honey production and - despite increased local consumption - is now exporting. In seven years, Papua New Guinea has met its local honey requirements and now also exports its surplus. In only four years, Thailand increased yearly production from practically nothing to more than 1,000 tons. In Brazil, beekeeping is more widespread and production greater than before the outbreak of the African honey bee. These achievements can be largely attributed to the promotion of innovative equipment, modern beekeeping techniques, and extension support for small-scale beekeepers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees are generally easily recognized and need no description here. The major species and subspecies are all roughly similar in appearance and size. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among several hundred species of bees that store honey and pollen in harvestable amounts, only two &quot;social&quot; species, Apis mellifera and Apis cerana, produce multiple combs and can be kept in hives.' Given adequate forage and proper management, they can build up a honey surplus that can be harvested without harming their colonies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apis mellifera, the most widely distributed and exploited honey bee, comes from Europe and Africa. The subspecies from Europe (especially the Italian type, A. mellifera ligustica) is normally preferred because of its docility and high honey yields. It is now the predominant honey bee throughout the temperate zones of Europe, North America, Australasia, and China. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the many subspecies in Africa, A. mellifera adansonii and A. mellifera scutellata have the widest native ranges. The latter was accidently released in Brazil in 1957. It has become naturalized and has dominated the European bees formerly kept by beekeepers. By l990, it had spread northwards to the southernmost areas of the United States and southwards deep into Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The docile Asian hive bee, A. cerana, is found in Asia from the Middle East to Japan and as far south as Indonesia. Although it produces much less honey per hive than A. mellifera, its overall production in many Southeast Asian countries may be greater.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees do not face extinction. However, genetic diversity is disappearing due to loss of habitat, insecticides, displacement by massproduced, genetically uniform queens and exotic breeds, destructive harvesting, and the spread of diseases and pests such as protozoans, bacteria, insects, and mites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees can exist in locations from deserts to rainforests and from near the Arctic to the tropics. They occur wherever there is nectar, pollen, tree resin (for nest building), shelter, and a little water. Heat, drought, and especially rain and humidity may curtail their activities, but a well-managed colony can survive periods of extreme adversity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees live in rigidly hierarchical colonies. Normally there is a  single queen. After mating, she begins laying hundreds of eggs a day.  Those that are fertilized become sterile females, called workers; those  that remain unfertilized develop into males (drones), whose only role is  to fertilize future queens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After two or three years the queen, worn-out, starts laying fewer  and fewer eggs, and the colony may replace her. At that time a few  female larvae are raised on royal jelly, a nutritious, little-understood  secretion that causes them to develop into queens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Workers perform different tasks as they mature. Young ones tend  the queen, guard the hive, and raise the larvae. Older ones, comprising  the vast majority of a colony's population, gather pollen and nectar and  water. Pollen provides the protein and fats, and the nectar, converted  into honey in the bee's body, provides carbohydrates to feed the colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bee activities are dictated by weather, availability of food,  genetics, and the overall strength of the colony. They are mediated by  chemical interactions between the queen and the workers that control  almost all behavior.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the Asian and European hive bees are relatively docile, most  of the African subspecies are unpredictable and may defend their  colonies in great numbers and with great persistence. The threat of  &quot;killer bees&quot; has been greatly exaggerated, however. Africans have  provided them nests and hives - and harvested their honey - for  thousands of years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Occasionally, large numbers of the bees in a colony split off from  their nest or hive. They usually cluster on a nearby tree or building,  calmly waiting for &quot;scouts&quot; to find a suitable new home. These  homeless swarms can be captured and will readily move into a hiveâ  the simplest and cheapest way for beekeepers to acquire a colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey and beeswax are two of nature's best known and most  valuable products. Honey can be employed in hundreds of foods. It is  widely used in baking because, in addition to its flavor, it retains  moisture better than sugar or syrup, and the product keeps longer. Honey-based alcoholic beverages are popular in many parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beeswax also is used in many products, including candles, lubricants, polish, waterproofings, soaps, cosmetics, and electronics. Beeswax can be locally important for `'lost-wax&quot; metal-casting and sculptures as well as batik-dyed clothing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both bee pollen and royal jelly are used in cosmetics and can be eaten. Bee venom is used medicinally, particularly in Europe and the developing world. Bee larvae are eaten raw or fried in many parts of Asia and Africa and are considered a delicacy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Keeping bees means managing a colony so that it produces surplus honey or wax. Specifically this requires:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Providing a suitable hive;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Obtaining bees by collecting a swarm, transferring a wild colony, or purchasing a colony complete with an active queen;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Maintaining the colony free from natural enemies in an area that allows it to produce excess honey; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Harvesting the excess honey without weakening the colony or causing it to flee (abscond).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Few other livestock enterprises require less capital, less space, or less attention. Moreover, scarcely any other provides higher quality, more marketable products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beekeeping is a respected and traditional activity in most areas of the world. It promotes self-reliance and requires little, if any, land or money. It is an easy-entry cottage industry that can be started with minimal equipment or training. It can be done by any member of a family as it requires no special strength or size. It is especially appropriate for increasing women's income in the many areas where men are away working.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beekeeping is suited to remote areas where many agricultural enterprises are at a competitive disadvantage because their products are bulky and far from the markets. Honey, wax, pollen, and other bee products can all be sold far from their point of origin, have high monetary value for their weight, and generally find a ready market. Local honeys often command premium prices (in part because many of them are considered medicinal). In addition, beekeeping encourages people to remain in rural areas rather than move to the city in search of an income.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pollination increases the productivity of many crops, and therefore a few hives can boost local food production. By rotating hives among farmers' fields and orchards, a beekeeper performs a valuable service.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beekeeping is also an important adjunct to reforestation and desert reclamation projects. It can provide income during the long wait for the trees to reach marketable size. Many forests are potential reservoirs of honey and other products. In some cases, the bees also enhance the fruitfulness and standing value of forests. They also increase pollination in tree-seed orchards and tree nurseries. And in newly established forests, bees improve reseeding potential. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BETTER BEEHIVES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So many hives have been developed in recent years that a design now exists for almost any level of expertise. One of the most important for Third World beekeeping is the top-bar hive. This crate-like box, derived from an ancient Greek design, incorporates modern beekeeping principles but adds the innovation of sloping sides. Beneath its lid are removable boards (top bars) from which the bees hang the combs (because the sides are sloping the bees do not attach the edges of the comb to them). By lifting a top bar, the comb can be inspected and handled - and the honey harvested - with little disturbance to the colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This simple hive can make beekeeping accessible to even the poorest people. It is easy to build and use, and can be locally constructed from scrap lumber. It is well suited for raising most types of honey bees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More elaborate and productive is the African long hive. In addition to having top bars, this square-sided box has removable frames within which the bees build their comb.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most elaborate is the Langstroth hive - the type most common in temperate zones.* These yield the most honey. They can be made only where there are facilities for precise carpentry, where durable, nonwarping parts are available, and where there are good extension services to aid and assist beekeepers. Although traditional Langstroth hives are demanding to build and maintain, simplified designs have been created for use in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STINGLESS BEES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By far the most common bees in the tropics, perhaps in the  world, are bees that cannot sting. Their stingers are so akophied  as to be essentially nonexistent (but some can deliver a pretty  fierce bite). They live in colonies and store their honey in wax  pots, some as large as egg cups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stingless bees can be abundant. In a two-block area in  downtown Panama City, 150 nests have been counted. However,  many species depend on trees and their populations are  plummeting as more and more tropical forests are felled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like honey bees, stingless bees have been &quot;domesticated.&quot; For  thousands of years in the tropical Americas, Indians have raised  them in special hives made out of logs, gourds, clay pots, and  other simple containers. Cortes reported in 1519 that Indians on  the island of Cozumel, the now popular tourist spot off the east  coast of Yucatan, practiced beekeeping. That was almost 300 years  before the European honeybee was introduced. A popular Mayan  drink was honey wine, and Mayan beekeepers carved stone  earplugs to keep these bees out of their ears.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey from stingless bees has less sugar than normal honey.  However, it is usually more tasty. It is used throughout the  tropics: the Americas, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia, for  instance. Normally, the nests are just robbed, which devastates  the bees because the queen cannot fly, and when she is disturbed  the colony dies. In some areas people open a little hole in the nest.  By putting in a plug, they can then harvest honey a couple of  times a year without destroying the colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, a few scientists are reconsidering stingless beekeeping.  In the state of Maranhao in Brazil, an area of crushing poverty,  biologist Warwick Kerr is harnessing stingless bees. He began  after learning that peasants were spending a third of their meager  incomes buying sugar. As part of his experiments, he keeps 60  hives stacked in his garage on the outskirts of the city of San Luis.  (A notable feature of these bees is that there is no prohibition  against keeping them in populated areas.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kerr has found that stingless bees can be made to produce well.  After years of experimenting with different-sized boxes, he can  now obtain more than 4.5 lifers of honey per hive per year. He  reports that the stingless bees are easy to maintain, and can be  raised by poor peoole without land or equipment.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared to raising four-footed livestock, beekeeping is inexpensive and fairly trouble free, but it is not without problems. Many things can go wrong, and include, for example:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Losses. Bees are susceptible to various predators, pests, and diseases. Although ways to avoid or control most afflictions are available, once a colony becomes infested it may have to be destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Theft. Hives or combs - usually kept in secluded areas - that are full of honey are tempting targets and may be stolen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Swarming and absconding. Some or all of the bees may leave a hive and start a new nest, taking even the honey with them.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Bad management. Beekeeping requires certain skills and knowledge, and sometimes frequent attention (such as when the colony is stressed, diseased, or swarming).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Lack of equipment. Beekeepers need hives, smokers (to quiet and repel the bees), hive tools, and - advisable but not absolutely necessary - gloves and a veil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Inadequate storage. Some areas lack the knowledge or the bottles in which to store liquid honey.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Pesticides and herbicides. Nectar- and pollen-collecting bees are vulnerable to insecticides, which farmers may apply (often inappropriately) at the time their crops are flowering. Herbicides can destroy important sources of bee forage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Neighborhood concerns. Bees can sting people and livestock. Although wild bees (and other insects) are the principal culprits, the beekeeper is often blamed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Stressful conditions. When rainfall, aridity, heat, or cold are excessive, bees often cannot produce surplus honey.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surprisingly, much remains to be learned about the natural science of bees. Although some of the research requires sophisticated equipment and facilities, much can (or must) be performed locally by beekeepers because many factors - such as colony behavior, foraging habits, and microclimatic adaptation - depend on the local conditions. This research may include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Adaptation. The provision of locally adapted bee varieties is an important basis for developing advanced beekeeping. This can be done by selecting an appropriate local queen. Further, local breeding of queens and workers lessens the probability of importing exotic diseases and pests. Recent developments promise to move the mass production of queens and workers from the realm of high technology to common practice.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Integration. Continued developments in beekeeping cannot succeed without research, promotion, education, training, and extension services. These are essential for integrating beekeeping with agriculture and reforestation efforts. Thus, descriptions of agronomic plants should always include pollination requirements as well as nectar and pollen potentials. Planting nectar- and pollen-producing firewood species would increase the number of bees, which would in turn help ensure forest survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Bee plants. There is still much to be understood about the relative qualities that different plants bring to beekeeping. Recently, many valuable bee-forage plants have been identified.5 These deserve special consideration in any reforestation or beautification projects. Broad introduction of these plants may also encourage beekeeping that could produce high-value &quot;specialty&quot; honeys or ensure more continuous production of honey. There may also be a place for &quot;bee farms,&quot; where every plant is bee forage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- New bee species. Nontraditional species of Apis as well as other members of the bee family (such as Anthophora, Bombus, Megachilae, Nomia, Osmia, Xylocopa, and especially Trigona and Melipona, which are stingless) should be studied to determine their role in pollination and - for some species - their further exploitation for honey. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A Selected Readings</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A small selection follows of books and articles that are not too  difficult to locate and that will help readers explore each topic further. Obscure documents are accompanied by an address from which readers can obtain a reprint or photocopy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GENERAL&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grzimek, B. 1975. Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 1-13. Van Nostrand Reinhold  Company, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robbins, C.T. 1983. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICROBREEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1988. A World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties.  Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. Microcattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barnard, J.P. and J.P. Venter. 1983. Indigenous and Exotic Beef Cattle in South West  Africa - A Progress Report. Available from Department of Agriculture and Nature  Conservation, PB 13184, Windhoek 9000, Namibia. (Sanga)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health  Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett, eds. 1974. Animal Agriculture. 2nd edition. W.H. Freeman  and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. and l.L. Mason. 1984. Cattle. Pages 6-27 in Evolution of Domesticated  Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Felius, M. 1985. Genus Bos: Cattle Breeds of the World. MSD-AGVET, Merck and Co.,  Rahway, New Jersey. 234 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gryseels, G. 1980. Improving Livestock and Farm Production in the Ethiopian Highlands:  Initial Results. ILCA study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa,  Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, General Study.  International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joshi, N.R. and R.W. Phillips. 1953. Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan. FAO Agricultural  Study No. 19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 297 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joshi, N.R., E.A. McLaughlin, and R.W. Phillips. 1957. Types and Breeds of African  Cattle. FAO Agricultural Study No. 37. Food and Agriculture Organization of the  United Nations, Rome. 297 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Koger, M., T.J. Cunha, and A.C. Warnick, eds. 1973. Crossbreeding Beef Cattle. Series 2. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Martinez Balboa, A. 1980. La Ganaderia en Baja California Sur. Vol. 1. Editorial J.B. La Paz, BCS: Mexico. 229 pp. (Criollo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maule, J.P. 1989. The Cattle of the Tropics. Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, L.R., ed. 1985. Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm Climates. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, R.E. 1972. Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, R.E. 1983. Strategy for Improving Beef and Dairy Cattle in the Tropics. Cornell International Agricultural mimeo. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miller, W.J. 1979. Dairy Cattle Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council. 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council. 1981. Effect of Environment on Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perry, T.W. 1980. Beef Cattle Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rollinson, D.H.L. 1984. Bali cattle. Pages 28-34 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1970. World Cattle. Vol. 1, Cattle of Europe, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1970. World Cattle. Vol. 2, Cattle of Africa and Asia. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1973. World Cattle. Vol.3, Cattle of North America. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1977. The Criollo-Spanish Cattle in the Americas. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA. 303 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shirley, R.L. 1986. Nitrogen and Energy Nutrition of Ruminants. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thrower, W.R. 1954. The Dexter Cow. Revised third impression, 1980. The Spaulding Press, Bethel, Vermont, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Acharya, R.M. 1982. Sheep and Goat Breeds of India. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 30. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ademosun, A.A. 1985. Capra spp.: The Emblem of Anarchy - The King-Pin of Man's Pastoral Life. Ife Lectures No. 3. University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copland, J.W. 1985. Goat Production and Research in the Tropics. Proceedings of a workshop held at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, February 6-8, 1984. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Proceedings Series No. 7, 118 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and M. Burns. 1983. Goat Production in the Tropics. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. 83 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and G.L. McLeroy. 1983. Goat and Sheep Production in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and J.E. Owen. 1983. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of meat production from goats. World Animal Review (FAO) 47:19-29.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fielding, D. Goat-keeping in Mauritius. Sonderdruck aus Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie. Vol 97(1)(1980):21-27.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gall, C., ed. 1981. Goat Production. Academic Press, London. 619 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haenlein, G.F.W. and D.L. Ace. 1983. Goat Extension Handbook. University of Delaware Cooperative Extension Service, Newark, Delaware, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husnain, H.V. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Pakistan. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Small Ruminant Production Systems in South and Southeast Asia, C. Devendra, ed. Proceedings of a workshop held in Bogor, Indonesia, October 6-10, 1986, cosponsored by the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1983. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Sheep and Goats, D.H. Hill, ed. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, September 24-26, 1980. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Humid West Africa. Proceedings of the International Workshop held in Ibadan, Nigeria, January 23-26, 1984. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, General Study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;King, J.W.B., ed. 1988. Directory of Research on Sheep and Goats. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International, Wallingford, Oxford, UK. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1981. Breeds. Pages 57-110 in Goat Production, C. Gall, ed. Academic Press, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1984. Goat. Pages 85-99 in Evolution of the Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council, 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.T. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Goat Production and Disease. January 10-15, 1982, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Copies can be obtained from Kent Leach, Dairy Goat Journal, P.O. Box 1808, Scottsdale, Arizona 85252, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilson, R.T., T. Murayi, and A. Rocha. 1989. Indigenous African small ruminant strains with potentially high reproductive performance. Small Ruminant Research 2: 107-117.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Winrock International, 1984. Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries. Winrock International Technical Paper. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Acharya, R.M. 1982. Sheep and Goat Breeds of lndia. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 30. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carles, A.B. 1983. Sheep Production in the Tropics. Oxford University Press, London. 213 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp. Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Francisco, Calffornia, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and G.L. McLeroy. 1983. Goat and Sheep Production in the Tropics. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Longman, London. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitzhugh, H.A. and G.E. Bradford, eds. 1983. Hair Sheep of Western Africa and the Americas. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husnain, H.V. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Pakistan. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. International Development Research Centre (IDRC). 1987. Small Ruminant Production Systems in South and Southeast Asia, C. Devendra, ed. Proceedings of a workshop held in Bogor, Indonesia, October 6-10, 1986, cosponsored by the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. IDRC, Ottawa, Canada. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1983. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Sheep and Goats, D.H. Hill, ed. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, September 24-26, 1980. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Humid West Africa. Proceedings of the International Workshop held in Ibadan, Nigeria, January 23-26, 1984. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, Ceneral &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;King, J.W.B., ed. 1988. Directory of Research on Sheep and Goats. Commonwealth&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agricultural Bureaux International, Wallingford, Oxford, UK. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1980. Prolific Tropical Sheep. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 17. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, l.L.1967. Sheep Breeds of the Mediterranean. Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. Phillips, R.W., R.C. Johnson, and R.T. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ponting, K. 1980. Sheep of the World. Blandford Press, Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ryder, M.L. 1984. Sheep. Pages 63-85 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ryder, M.L. 1983. Sheep and hIan. Monograph. Duckworth, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Terrill, C.E. 1970. Sheep breeds of the world. (505 breeds). USDA mimeo. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 163 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whitehurst, V.E., R.M. Crown, R.W. Phillips, and D.A. Spencer. 1947. Productivity of Columbia sheep in Florida and their use for crossing with native sheep. Florida Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 429. 34 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduotion to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilson, R.T., T. Murayi, and A. Rocha. 1989. Indigenous African small ruminant strains with potentially high reproductive performance. Small Ruminant Research 2: 107-117. Winrock International. 1984. Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries. Winrock International Technical Paper. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaltin, B.C. 1979. The Sheep Breeds of Afghanistan, lran, and Turkey. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Micropig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clutton-Brock, J. 1981. Domesticated Animals from Early Times. British Museum (Natural History), London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, Calffornia, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cunha, T.J. 1977. Swine Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. and M. Bichard. 1984. Pigs. Pages 145-162 in Evolution of Domesticated &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Krider, J.L., J.H. Conrad, and W.E. Carroll. 1982. Swine Production. McGraw-Hill Company, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. National Research Council. 1983. Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panepinto, L.M. 1986. Miniature swine in biomedical research. LabAnimal 15(8)(November/December 1986):21-27.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panepinto, L.M., R.W. Phillips, L.R. Wheeler, and D.H. Will. 1978. The Yucatan miniature pig as a laboratory animal. Laboratory Animal Science 28(3):308-313.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W. and T.Y. Hou. 1944. Chinese swine and their performance compared with modern and crosses between Chinese and modern breeds. Journal of Heredity 35:365-79.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pond, W.G. and J.H. Maner. 1984. Swine Production and Nutrition. AVI Publishing Company, Westport, Connecticut, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POULTRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World's Poultry Science Journal is published 3 times a year by the World's Poultry Science Association, (c/o Institut f-r Kleintierzucht, Dornbergstrasse 25/27, Postfach 280, C-3100 Celle, Germany). It has also published a multilingual poultry dictionary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry, an international journal on poultry, is published by Misset International, a department of Uitgeversmaatschappij, C. Misset b.v., Doetinchem-The Netherlands. (Address: Misset International, P.O. Box 4, 7000 BA Doetinchem, Netherlands.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry Science is published monthly by the Poultry Science Association, Inc., 309 West Clark Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA. British Poultry Science, a quarterly, is available c/o Longman Group Ltd., Subscriptions (Journals) Department, Fourth Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM195AA, UK. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicken&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attfield, H.H.D. 1990. Raising Chickens and Ducks. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Arlington, Virginia, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crawford, R.D. 1984. Domestic fowl. Pages 298-311 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ensminger, M.E.1971. Poultry Science. Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc., Danville, Illinois, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fielding, D. 1984. The silent scavengers. African Farming September/October 1984: 11-13.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Howman, K.C. 1980. Pheasants: Their Breeding and Management. K&amp;amp;R Books, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Huchzermeyer, F.W. 1973. Free ranging hybrid chickens under African tribal conditions. Rhodesian Agricultural Journal 70:73-75.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latif, M.A. 1985. In-Depth Analysis on the Successful Experience of Poultry Production in Bangladesh. Report submitted to FAO-APHC Regional Animal Production and Health Office. FAD/UN, Bangkok, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savannah and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. M.Sc. thesis, University of Reading, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MTrat, P. 1986. Potential usefulness of the Na (Naked Neck) gene in poultry production. [Vorld's Poultry Science Journal 42:124-142.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nesheim, M.C., R.E. Austic, and L.E. Card. 1979. Poultry Production. 12th edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.C. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scott, M.L., M.C. Nesheim, and R.J. Young. 1982. Nutrition of the Chicken. M.L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smith, A.J. nd. Supplementation for scavenging animals. Unpublished paper. Copies available from A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somes, R. 1984. International Registry of Poultry Genetic Stocks. BuDetin 469, University of Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Araucanian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilhelm, G.O.E. 1965-1966. La Gallina Araucana (Gallus inauris castelloi 1914). Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile, Boletia de Concepcion 40:5-26.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duck&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A film, Duck Farmingâan Indonesian Tradition, is available from the CSIRO Film and Video Unit, 314 Albert Street, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia. Soundtrack is in English or Indonesian and it is available in 16 mm or VHS/Beta Video.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attfield, H.H.D. 1990. Raising Chickens and Ducks. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Arlington, Virginia, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clayton, G.A. 1984. Common duck. Pages 334-339 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farrell, D. and P. Stapleton, eds. 1986. Duck Production, Science and World Practice. Proceedingsofaduckproductionworkshop, November 18-22, 1985, Bogor, Indonesia. Central Research Institute for Animal Science. Available from Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. 430 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holderread, D. 1978. The Home Duck Flock. The Hen House, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kingston, D.K., D. Kosasih, and I. Ardi. 1979. The Rearing of Alabio Dt~cklings -nd Management of the Laying Duck Flocks in the Swamps of South Kalimantan. Report No. 9. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Ciawi, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Petheram, R.J. and A. Thahar. 1983. Duck egg production systems in West Java. Agricultural Systems 2:75-86.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scott, M.L. and W.F. Dean. 1991. Nutrition and Management of Ducks. M.L. Scott of Ithaca, Publisher (P.O. Box 4464, Ithaca, New York 14852, USA)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Warren, A.G. 1972. Ducks and geese in the tropics. World Animal Review 3:35-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yi Yung and Yu-Ping Zhon. 1980. The Pekin duck in China. World Animal Review 34:11-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crawford, R.D. 1984. Goose. Pages 345-349 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1983. The Goose and its Possible Use for Controlling Weeds. Small Animals for Small Farms. GAN-I. FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Casilla 10095, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holderread, D. 1981. The Book of Geeseâa Complete Guide to Raising the Home Flock. Hen House Publications, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soames, B. 1980. Keeping Domestic Geese. Blandford, London. 159 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USDA Extension Service. 1983. Raising Geese. Farmer's Bulletin No. 2251. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Warren, A.G. 1972. Ducks and geese in the tropics. World Animal Review 3:35-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Fowl&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many research papers have been published in French, Italian, Spanish, and Russian, but few in English.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ayeni, J.S.O. 1983. Studies of Grey Breasted Helmet Guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) in Nigeria. World's Poultry Science Journal 39(2):143-151.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Belshaw, R.H.H. 1985. Guinea Fowl of the World. Nimrod Book Services, P.O. Box No. 1, Liss, Hampshire, UK. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blum, J.C., J. Guillaume, and B. Leclercq. 1975. Studies of the energy and protein requirements of the growing guinea-fowl. Br-ish Poultry Science 16:157-168.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cauchard, J.C. 1971. La Pintade. Henri Peladan, UzFs, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chemillier, J. 1984. L'Alimentation de la Pintade. F. Hoffmann-La Roche and Cie, 52, Boulevard du Parc, 92521 Neuilly-sur-Seine, Cedex, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. 1968. Guinea Fowl Breeding and Managernent. Annotated Bibliography No. 85. The Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, King's Buildings, Edinburgh 9, Scotland, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leclercq, B. 1982. Alimentation des Futurs Reproducteurs Pintades. Pages 101-111 in FertilitT et Alimentation des Volailles. I.N.R.A. Edit.7 Versailles, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leclercq, R. and B. Sauveur. 1982. L'alimentation des reproducteurs pintades. Pages 113-135 in FertilitT et Alimentation des Volailles, I.N.R.A. edit., Versailles, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lukefahr, S. Raising guinea fowl. Paper available from author, c/o International Small Livestock Research Center, Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University. P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1985. Small-scale guinea-few! production. Pamphlet 934. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Publications), Lion House, Alnwick, Northumberland NE66 2PF, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mongin, P. and M. Plouzeau. 1984. Guinea-fowl. Pages 322-324 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I . L. Mason, ed. Longman, London .&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USDA. 1970. Raising Cuinea Fowl. Leaflet No. 519. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clayton, G.A. 1984. Muscovy duck. Pages 340-344 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;De Corville, H. 1972. La Production du Canard de Barbarie. Copies available from Institut nacional de la recherce agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farrell, D. and P. Stapleton, eds. 1986. Duck Production, Science and World Practice. Proceedings of a duck production workshop, November 18-22, 1985, Bogor, Indonesia. Central Research Institute for Animal Science. Copies available from D. Farrell, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffreys, M.D.W. 1956. The Muscovy duck. The Nigerian Field21(3):108-11.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kingston, D.J., D. Kosasih, and I. Ardi. 1978. The Use of the Muscovy Drrck for Hatching of Alabio Duck Ãggs in the Swamplands of Kalimantan. Centre Report No. 7. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Richet, M. 1985. La production du canard de Barbarie. Techniques Agricoles 3770.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abs, M., ed. 1983. Pltysiology and Behavior of the Pigeon. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hawes, R.O. 1984. Pigeons. Pages 351-356 in Evolution of Domesticated Anirnals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hollander, W.F. and W.J. Miller. 1981. Hereditary variants of behavior and vision in the pigeon. Iowa State Journal of Research 55(4):323-331.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Levi, W.M. 1965. Encyclopedia of Pigeon Breeds. T.F.H. Publications, Jersey City, New Jersey, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Levi, W.M. 1981. The Pigeon. 2nd edition revised. Levi Publishing, Sumter, South Carolina, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murton, R.K., R.P.J. Thearle, and J. Thompson. 1972. Ecological studies of the feral pigeon (Columba livia). 1. Population, breeding biology and methods of control. II. Flock behaviour and social organisation. Ecology 9:835-889.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Wisconsin. 1977. Pigeons. Bulletin 4-H 135. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USDA. 1963. Squab Raising. Farmers Bulletin No. 684. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bourquin, O. 1980. Biology of rhe Quail (Coturnix coturnix Linnaeus 1758). Ph.D. thesis, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Republic of South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katoh, H. and N. Wakasugi. 1980. Studies on the blood groups in the Japanese quail: detection of three antigens and their inheritance. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 4:99-110.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kawahara, T. 1973. Comparative study of quantitative traits between wild and domestic Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Experimental Animals 22(supplement): 138-50.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marsh, A. Quail Manual. Marsh Farms, 7171 Patterson Drive, Garden Grove, Calffornia 92641, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Academy of Sciences. 1969. Coturnix (Coturnix coturnix japonica): Standards and Guidelines for the Breeding, Care, and Management of Laboratory' Animals. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail Production Technology. Leaflet No. 13/1982. Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somes, R.G., Jr. 1981. International Registry of Poultry Genetic Stocks. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Varghese, S.K. 1981. Coturnix Internationalâat home and in the Caribbean. Poultry Science 60:1747.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Varghese, S.K. 1982. Coturnix production proves to be a profitable business. Poultry Science 61:1560.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Varghese, S.K. 1983. Processing and yield of coturnix (Japanese quail). Poultry Science 62:1517&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wakasugi, N. and K. Kondo. 1973. Breeding methods for maintenance of mutant genes and establishment of strains in the Japanese quail. Experimental Animals 22(Supplement): I 51 -9.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Woodard, A.E., A. Abplanalp, W.O. Wilson, and P. Vohra. 1973. Japanese Quail Husbandry in the Laboratory. Department of Avian Sciences, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berg, R. and D. Halvorson. 1985. Turkey Management Guide. Minnesota Turkey Growers Association, 678 Transfer Road, St. Paul, Minnesota 55114, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crawford, R.D. 1984. Turkey. Pages 325-334 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ensminger, M.E. 1971. PoultryScience. InterstatePrintersandPublishers, Inc., Danville,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Illinois, USA. Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RABBITS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Rabbit Research Center has been established at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA. It publishes the Journal of Applied Rabbit Research, whose purpose is to convey current research information to those with an interest in commercial rabbit production. The journal describes research conducted at the center and reviews rabbit research results reported in the world's scientific literature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Founded in 1976 in Paris, the World Rabbit Science Association (Typing House, Shurdington, Cheltenhem, Gloucestershire, GL51 SXF, UK) publishes a newsletter of coming events and chronicles the progress of rabbit farming in most countries of the world. Its aims are to facilitate the advancement of the various branches of the rabbit industry, disseminate knowledge, and study problems of production and marketing. Its members represent individuals and associations in 20 countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The American Rabbit Breeder's Association (1925 South Main Street, Bloomington, Illinois 61701, USA) has published a book, Guide to Producing Better Rabbits, which contains an abundance of information concerning management and diseases of the domestic rabbit. The organization also publishes a bimonthly magazine, Domestic Rabbit, that includes a great deal of updated information on rabbit raising.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asociacion Espanola de Cunicultura (Spanish Rabbit Science Association), Now, 23 08785 Ballbona d'Anoia, Barcelona, Spain, has a set of slides for training, covering breeds, handling, pathology, and commercialization.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Report of the Workshop on Rabbit Husbandry. Copies of this report are available free of charge from the International Foundation for Science, Sibyllegatan 47, S-114 42 Stockholm, Sweden. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A Working Rabbit Literature Resources File. This materia, is directed at scientists working on some aspect of domestic rabbit research. It lists methods of computer searching for scientific reports in the world's scientific literature, various types of computer literature searches, including commerciaHy available ones, and government services. It a,so includes a list of prepared abstracts. The address is D.D. Caveny and H. L. Enos, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic Rabbit&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ministry of Livestock Development. 1981. Rabbit Production. Kenya Ministry of Livestock Development. Copies can be obtained from the Agricultural Information Centre, P.O. Box 14733, Nairobi, Kenya.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attfield, H.H.D. 1977. Rabbit Raising. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, 1815 Lynn&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209, USA. 90 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bennett, R. 1975. Raising Rabbits the Modern Way. Garden Way Publishing, Charlotte, Vermont 05445, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheeke, P.R. 1987. Rabbit Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheeke, P.R., N.M. Patton, S.D. Lukefahr, and J.I. McNitt. 1986. Rabbit Production. Sixth edition. The Interstate, Danville, Illinois, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1986. Cooking Rabbits. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,  Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1986. Self-Teaching Manual on Backyard Rabb- Rearing. Food and Agriculture  Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Latin America and the  Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1986. Backyard Rabbit Rearing: Some Basic Husbandry Practices. Small Animals  for Small Farms. GAN-16. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,  Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schlolaut, W., ed. 1985. A Compendium of Rabbit Production. Gesellschaft f-r  Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Publication No. 169. TZ-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH,  Postfach 36, D6101 Rossdorf, Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sicivaten, J. and D. Stahl. 1982. A Complete Handbook on Backyard and Commercial  Rabbit Production. CARE/Philippines.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vogt, D.W. 1982. Raising Rabbits in Hawaii. Circular 499, Cooperative Extension  Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at  Manoa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agouti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A report summarizing preliminary results in a captive-breeding project in Mexico is available from A. D. Cuaron (see Research Contacts for address).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deutsch, L.A., and G. Santos. 1984. Contribuitao pare o conhecimento do gOnero  Dasyproctaâreprodutao de cutiasâentre cruzamente das espTcies Dasyprocta aguti,  Dasyprocta azarae e Dasyprocta fuliginosa. Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, II,  BelTm, 1984. Resumos. . .BelTm, SBZ/UFPalMPEC, p. 383-4/(Resumos 390). Copies  available from the authors, see Research Contacts.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clark, M.M. and B.G. Galef, Jr. 1977. Patterns of agonistic interaction and space  utilization by agoutis, Dasyprocta punctata. Behavioral Biology 20:135-140.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leopold, A.S. 1959. Pages 388-393 in Wildlife of Mexico. University of California Press,  Berkeley and Los Angeles.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meritt, D.A., Jr. 1982. Bibliography of Dasyprocta (Rodentia). Brenesia 19/20:595-612.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meritt, D.A., Jr. 1983. Preliminary observations on reproduction in the Central  American agouti, Dasyprocta punctata. Zoo Biology 2:127-131.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Morris, D. 1962. The behaviour of the green acouchi (Myoprocta pratti) with special  reference to scatter hoarding. Proceedings Zoological Society of London 139:701732.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smith N. 1974. Agouti and babassu. Oryx 12(5):581-582.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smythe, N. 1978. The Natural History of the Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta  punctata). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 257. Smithsonian Institution,  Washington, D.C., USA. 52 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tribe, C.J., R. Leher, M.C.O. Doglio, M.I.L. Rebello, D.S. Mello, and E.M.M. Guimar es.  1985. Uma tentative de esclarecimento do uso de espato e estrutura social na cutia  Dasyprocta a. aguti (Rodentia). Pages 296-7 in Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, 12,  Campinas, 1985. Resumos. . .Campinas, SBZ/UNICAMP, 1985. (Resumo 614.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A capybara bibliography, Bibliograf a sobre Chiguires (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), is available from E. Gonzalez-Jimenez and JosT Roberto de Alencar Moreira (see Research Contacts for addresses).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1979. Produccion de Cuyes. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Puno.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baldizan, A., R.M. Dixon, and R. Parra. 1983. Digestion in the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). South African Journal of Animal Science 13(1):27-28.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1977a. The capybara, an indigenous source of meat in tropical America. World Animal Review', 21:24-30.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1977b. Digestive physiology and feeding of capybaras. Pages 167177 in Handbook Series in Nutrition and Food. Section G, Diets, Culture Media and Food Supplements, M. Rechcigl, ed. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. and R. Parra. 1975. The capybara, a meat-producing animal for the flooded areas of the tropics. Pages 81-86 in Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Animal Production, R.L. Reid, ed. Sydney University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1984. Capybara. Pages 258-259 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Macdonald, D.W., K. Krantz, and R.T. Aplin. 1984. Behavioural, anatomical and chemical aspects of scent marking amongst Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) (Rodentia:Caviomorpha). Journal of Zoology (London) 202:341-360.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mones, A. and J. Ojasti. 1986. Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. Mammalian Species 264: 1-7.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ojasti, J. 1968. Notes on the mating behavior of the capybara. Journal of Mammalogy 49:345-374.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ojasti, J. 1973. Estudio Biologico del Chiguire o Capybara. Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuaria, Caracas, Republica de Venezuela. 27 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zara, J.L. 1973. Breeding and husbandry of the capybara at Evansville Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 13:137-139.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Christen, M.F. 1978. Evaluacion nutritive de cuatro dietas mono especificas en la alimentacion del coipo (Myocastor coypus Molina 1782). Tesis. Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deems, E.F., Jr., and D. Pursley. 1978. North American Fur bearers. Maryland Wildlife Administration, Department of Natural Resources, Cheltenham, Maryland, USA. pp. 155.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CORFO. n.d. Pieles fieas. Especie coipos. Tomo 1, I! and III. Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murua, R., O. Newman, and J. Propelmann. 1981. Food habits of Myocastor coypus (Molina) in Chile. Pages 544-558 in Proceedings of rhe Worldwide Furbearer Conference, J.A. Chapman and D. Pursley, eds. Vol. 1. Worldwide Furbearer Conference, Inc., Frostburg, Maryland, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Willner, G.R. 1982. Nutria; Myocastor coypu. Pages 1059-1076 in Wild Mammals of NorthAmerica, J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer, eds. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ajayi, S.S. 1975. Domestication of the African Giant Rat. Department of Forest Resources, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faturoti, E.O., O.O. Tewe, and S.S. Ajayi. 1982. Crude fibre tolerance by the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) (Potential sources of protein, Nigeria.) African Journal of Ecology 20(4):289-292.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faturoti, E.O., O.O. Tewe, and S.S. Ajayi. 1983. Effect of varying dietary oil levels on the performance of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse). Nutrition Reports International 27(3):525-530.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Den Hartog, A.P. and A. de Vos. 1973. The use of rodents as food in tropical Africa. Nutrition Newsletter (FAO) 11 (2):1-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Halcrow, J.G. 1958. The giant rat of East Africa. Nature (London) 181:649-650.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savanna and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. Development Studies 24. Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Reading, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tewe, O.O., S.S. Ajayi, and E.O. Faturoti. 1984. Giant rat and cane rat. Pages 291-293 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutter&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asibey, E.O.A. 1979. Some problems encountered in the field study of the grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) population in Ghana. Pages 214-7 in Wildlife Management in Savannah Woodland, S.S. Ajayi and L. B. Halstead, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baptist, R. and G.A. Mensah. 1986. The Cane-RatâFarm animal of the future? [Vorld Animal Review 60:2-6.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savanna and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. Development Study 24. Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Reading, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pich, S. and K.J. Peters. 1985. Possibilities of using the cane cutter for meat production in Africa. Unpublished manuscript. Copies available from K.J. Peters, Institute of Animal Breeding, Gottingen, Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tewe, O.O., S.S. Ajayi, and E.O. Faturoti. 1984. Giant rat and cane rat. Pages 291-293 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Let's Raise Guinea Pigs,&quot; a filmstrip on guinea pig farming, is available from World Neighbors International Headquarters, 5116 North Portland Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma73112, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1979. Produccion de Cuyes. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Huancayo, Peru. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1983. improvement of Guinea Pig Breeding as a Means of Increasing the Productivity and Production of Meat for Consumption oy the Rural Population in Peru. National University of Central Peru, Huancayo, Peru.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bolton, R. 1979. Guinea pigs, protein, and ritual. Ethnology 18(3):229-252.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Huss, D.L. 1982. Small animals for small farms in Latin America. World Animal Ret~iew (FAO) 43:24-29.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1982. The Guinea Pig and a Hypothetical Development Centre. Small Animals for Small Farms. FAO, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loetz, E. and C. Novoa. 1983. Meat from the guinea pig. Span 26(2):84-86.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muller-Haye, B. 1984. Guinea-pig or cuy. Pages 252-257 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stansfield, S.K., C.L. Scribner, R.M. Kaminski, T. Cairns, J.B. McCormick, and K.M. Johnson. 1982. Antibody to ebola virus in guinea pigs: Tandala, Zaire. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 146(4):483-486.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anderson, S., C.A. Woods, G.S. Morgan, and W.L.R. Oliver. 1983. Geocaprornys brownii. Mammalian Species 201:1-5.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Canet, R.S. and V. Berovides Alvares. 1984. Ecomorfologia y rendimiento de la jutia conga (Capromys pilorides Say). Poeyana 279:1-19.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Canet, R.S. and V. Berovides Alvares. 1984. Reproduccion y ecolog~a de la jutia conga (Capromys pilorides Say). Poeyana 220:1-20.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Howe, R., and G.C. Clough. 1971. The Bahamian hutia Geocapromys ingrahami in captivity. international Zoo Yearbook 11:89-93.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Johnson, M.L., R.H. Taylor, and N.W. Winnick. 1975. The breeding and exhibition of capromyd rodents at Tacoma Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 15:53-56.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W.L.R. 1977. The hutias (Capromyidae) of the West Indies. International Zoo Yearbook 17:14-20.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W.L.R. 1985. The Jamaican hutia or Indian Coney (Geocapromys brownii). A model programme for captive breeding and reintroduction? Symposium of the Association of British Wild Animal Keepers, 10:35-52. (Copies available from author, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rowlands, I.W., and B.J. Weir, eds. 1974. The Biology of Hystricomorph Rodents. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 34:1-482.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. and H. Genest. 1974. Le comportement social d'une colonide mares, Dolichotis patagonum Z. dans le Parc de BranfTrT. Zeitschrift fin Tierpsychologie 35:225-302.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taber, A.B. and D.W. Macdonald. 1984. Scent dispensing papillae and associated behaviour of the mare, Dolichotis patagonum (Rodentia: Caviomorpha). Journal of Zoology (London) 203:298-302. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paca&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A report summarizing progress in the captive-breeding project in Panama is available from Nicholas Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2071, Balboa, Panama. A report summarizing preliminary results in the captive-breeding project in Mexico is available from Alfredo D. Cuaron, (see Research Contacts).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collett, S.F. 1981. Population characteristics of Agouti paca (Rodentia) in Colombia. Michigan State University, Publications of the Museum, Biological Series 5(7): 485-602.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matamoros, Y. 1982. Investigaciones preliminares sobre la reproduccion, comportamiento, alimentacion y manego del tepezcuinte (Cuniculus paca, Brisson) en cautiverio. Pages 961-992 in Zoologia Neotropical, Actas del VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoologia, P.J. Salinas, ed. (Copies available from Y. Matamores, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcacha&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jackson, J.E. nd. Growth rates in vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus) in San Luis, Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, San Luis, Argentina. (Copies available from author, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Llanos, A.C., and J.A. Crespo. 1952. Ecologia de la vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus Blainv.) en el nordeste de la provincia de Entre Rios. Revista de Investigaciones Agricolas (Buenos Aires) 6:289-378.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Rodents&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. 1973. Lffe history and economic value of the springhare (Pedetes capensis Forster) in Botswana. Botswana Notes Record 5:209-213.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. 1979. Reproductive ecology of the springhaas Pedetes capensis in Botswana. Journal of Zoology 189:221-232.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. 1984. Nocturnal ecology of the springhare, Pedetes capensis, in Botswana. African Journal of Ecology 22:7-22.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. and R. Mattingly. 1979. Burrow structure and fossorial ecology of the springhare Pedetes capensis in Botswana. African Journal of Ecology 17:205-215.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kofron, C.P. 1987. Seasonal reproduction of the springhare, Pedetes capensis, in southeastern Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 25.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rosenthal, M.A., and D.A. Meritt. 1973. Hand-rearing springhaas at Lincoln Park Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 18:206-208.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smithers, R.H.N. 1983. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Velte, F.F. 1978. Hand-rearing springhaas Pedetes capensis at Rochester Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 18:206-208. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEER AND ANTELOPE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Deer Farmer, a quarterly magazine, is published by the New Zealand Deer Farmers' Association, P.O. Box 2678, Wellington, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer Farming is the quarterly magazine of the British Deer Farmers Association (22 Levat Road, Inverness IV2 3NS, Scotland, UK).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoffman, R.R. 1985. Digestion and feeding in deer: their morphophysiological adaptation. In Proceedings International Conference on Deer Biology and Production, eds. P.F. Fennessy and K.R. Drew. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 22, Wellington, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fennessy, P.F. and K.R. Drew, eds. 1985. Biology of Deer Production. Proceedings of an international conference held February 13-18, 1983, Dunedin, New Zealand. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 22, Wellington, New Zealand. Available from Royal Society of New Zealand, Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wemmer C., ed. 1987. The Biology and Management of the Cervidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yerex, D. 1982. The Farming of Deer. Agricultural Publishing, Box 176, Carterton, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kay, R.N.B. 1987. The comparative anatomy and physiology of digestion in tragulids and cervids and its relation to food intake. In The Biology and Management of the Cenvidae, C. Wemmer, ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1975. Le comportement du chevrotain africain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia). Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 37:403-501.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1978. Un apertu sur l'Tcologie du chevrotain africain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby, Artiodactyle Tragulide. Mammalia 42:1-62.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralls, K., C. Barasch, and K. Minkowski. 1975. Behaviour of captive mouse deer, Tragulus napu. Zeitschrift Tierpsychology 37:356-378.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robin, K.P. 1979. Zum Verhalten des Kleinkantschils (Tragulus javanicus). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Zurich. (Copies available from K.P. Robin, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vidyadaran, M.K., M. Hilmi, and R.A. Sirimane. 1982. The gross morphology of the stomach of the Malaysian lesser mousedeer (Tragrrlus javanicus). Pertanika 5(1): 34-38.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vidyadran, M.K., S. Vellayan, and R. Karuppiah. 1983. Muscle weight distribution of the Malaysian lesser mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus). Pertanika 6(2):63-69. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wharton, D.C. 1987. Captive Management of Tragulids at New York Zoological Park. In Biology and Management of the Cervidae, C. Wemmer, ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anderson, J. 1981. Studies on digestion in Muntiacus reeves). M.Phil. thesis. Cambridge University. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barrette, C. 1977. The social behavior of captive muntjac Muntiacus reeves) (Ogilby  1839). Zeitschrift f-r Tierpsychologie 43: 188-213.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chapman, D.I., N.G. Chapman, J.G. Mathews, and D.H. Wurster-Hill. 1983. Chromosome  studies of feral muntjac (Muntiacus sp.) in England. Journal of Zoology, London  201:557-559.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dansie, O. 1970. Muntjac. British Deer Society, Welwyn Garden City, England. 22 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1970. L'organisation spatiale et sociale de Muntiacus reeves) Ogilby 1839 en  semi-liberte. Mammalia 34:331-355.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1971. Observations Tthologiques sur le muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak  Zimmermann 1780 et Muntiacus reeves) Ogilby 1839) en captivitT et semi-libertT.  Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 28:387-427.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jackson, J.E., D.I. Chapman, and O. Dansie. 1977. A note on the food of muntjac deer  (Muntiacus reeves)). Journal of Zoology (London) 183:546-548.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Ho-gee and Sheng He-lin. 1984. Status of the black muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons, in  eastern China. Mammal Review 14(1):29-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oli, Madan K. 1986. Studies on stereotyped behavior of barking deer (Muntiacus  muntjak). M.S. dissertation, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhauvan  University, Kathmandu, Nepal. 84 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shi Liming, Ye Yingying, and Duan Xinsheng. 1980. Comparative cytogenetic studies on  the red muntjac, Chinese muntjac, and their Fl hybrids. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics  26:22-7.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yonzon, Pralad B. 1978. Ecological studies on Muntaicus muntjack. Journal of Natural  History Museum (Nepal) 2(2):91-100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1974. Feeding musk deer in captivity and collecting musk from the live  animal. Dongwuxue Zhazi, China 2:11-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1975. Preliminary experience in raising the survival rate of musk deer.  Dongwuxue Zhazi, China 1 :17-19.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bannikov, A.G., S.K. Ustinov, and P.N. Lobanov. 1980. The musk deer Moschus  moschiferus in the USSR. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural  Resources (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bi, S.Z., Y.H. Yan, Z.X. Qing, P.T. Sheng, Y.M. Wu, C.F. Chen, G.K. Yang, T.B. Yin,  and Y.J. Lu. 1980. Dissection and analysis of the musk gland of M. moschiferus and a  preliminary investigation into its histology. The Protection and Use of Wild Animals  (China) 1: 14-19.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green, M.J.B. 1978. Himalayan musk deer (Moschus moschiferus moschiferus). Pages  56-64 in Threatened Deer. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural  Resources (IUCN), Morges, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green, M.J.B. 1985. The musk trade, with particular reference to its impact on the  Himalayan population of Moschus chrysogaster. In Conservation in Developir~g  Countries. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green, M.J.B. 1985. Aspects of the Ecology of the Himalayan Musk Deer. Ph.D.  dissertation, University of Cambridge, U.K. 280 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C.P. 1978. The taxonomy of Moschus, with particular reference to the Indian  Region. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 72:662-676.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holloway, C.W. 1973. Threatened deer of the world: conservation status. Biological  Conservation 5(4).  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IUCN. 1974. Red Data Book: Mammalia. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Morges.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jamwal, P.S. 1972. Collection of deer musk in Nepal. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 69(3):647-649.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seth, S.D., A. Muktiopadtiyay, K. Raghunatham, and R.B. Arora. 1975. Pharmodymamics of Musk. Central Council for Research on Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy, New Delhi, India.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zhang B. 1983. Musk-deer. Their capture, domestication and care according to Chinese experience and methods. Unasylva 35(139):16-24.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zhang, B.L., F.M. Dang, and B.S. Li. 1979. The Farming of Musk Deer. Agricultural Publishing Company, Peking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cooke, A. and L. Farrell. 1983. Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis). British Deer Society Publication No. 2. Elvy and Gibbs, Canterbury, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feer, F. 1982. Quelques observations Tthologiques sur l'Hydropote de chine, Hydropotes inennis (Swinhoe, 1870) en captivitT. Zeitschrift fitr Saeugetierkunde 47: 175-185.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheng Helin and L. Housl. 1984. A preliminary study on the river deer (Hydropotes inermis) population of Shoushau Island (China) and adjacent islets. Acta Theriologica Sinica 4:161-166.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dittrich, L. 1972. Beobachtungen bei der Haltung von Cephalophus-Arten sowie zur Fortpflanzung und Jugendentwicklung von C. dorsalis und C. rufilatus in gefangenschaft. Zoologische Garten Lpz (N.F.) 42:1-16.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1980. L'Tcologie et la vie sociale du cTphalophe bleu (Cephalophus monticola Thunberg), petit ruminant forestier africain. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 54: 205-266.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R.l.M. and E.P. Dunbar. 1979. Observations on the social organisation of common duiker in Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology 17:249-252.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R.I.M. and E.P. Dunbar. 1980. Animal Behaviour 28:219.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ketelhodt, H.F. Von. 1977. The lambing interval of the blue duiker, Cephalophus monticola Gray in captivity, with observations on its breeding and care. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 7:41-43.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralls, K. 1975. Agonistic behavior in Maxwell's duiker, Cephalophus max~elli. Marnrnalia 39:241-249.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schweers, S. 1984. The reproductive biology of the banded duiker Cephalophus zebra in comparison with other species of Cephalophus. Zeitschrift fur Saeugetierkunde 49(1):21-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whittle, C. and P. Whittle. 1977. Domestication and breeding of Maxwell's duiker. The Nigerian Field 42(4):13-21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antelope&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Spinage, C.A. 1986. The Natural History of Antelopes. Christopher Helm, UK. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Klipspringer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R. and P. Dunbar. 1974. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 35:481-493.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R.I.M. 1979. Energetics, thermoregulation and the behavioural ecology of klipspringer. African Journal of Ecology 17:217-230.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R. I . M . and E. P. Dunbar. 1 980 . The pairbond in klipspringer. A nimal Beha vior 28:219-229.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dikdik&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hendricks, H. 1975. Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 38:55-69.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feer, F. 1979. Observations Tcologiques sur le neotrague de Bates (Neltragus bates) de Winton, 1903, Artiodactyle, ruminant, Bovide) du nord-est du gabon. Terre et vie 33: 159-239.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1975. Acta Physiol. Scand. 95, 9A.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P. P. 1 976 . Tritiated water turnover in Kirk' s dikdik, Madoqua (Rhynchotragus) kirk), Gunther, 1880. Zeischrift far Sadgetierkunde, Mitt. 24:318-319.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1977. How to survive heat and aridity: ecophysiology of the dikdik antelope. Veterinary Medical Review 1:77-86.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1977. Comparison of voluntary food and water intake and digestion in Kirk's dik-dik and suni. East African Wildlife Journal 15:41-48.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1977. Rumen fermentation and body weight in African ruminants. Pages 141-150 in Proceedings 13th International Congress of Game Biologists, T.J. Peterle, ed. Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C., USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P. 1984. Strategies of digestion in African herbivores. Pages 222-243 in Herbivore Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics. F.M.C. Gilchrist and R.I. Machie, eds. The Science Press, South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hungate, R.E., G.D. Phillips, A. McGregor, D.P. Hungate, and H.K. Buechner. 1959. Microbial fermentation in certain mammals. Science 130:1192-1194.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Morat, P. and M. Nording. 1978. Maximum food intake and passage of markers in the alimentary tract of the lesser mouse-deer. Malaysian Applied Biology 7:11-17.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yalden, D.W., M.J. Largen, and D. Kock. 1984. Catalogue of the mammals of Ethiopia. 5. Artiodactyla. Monitore Zoologico Italiano Supplemento 19:67-221.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIZARDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burghardt, G.M. and A.S. Rand, eds. 1982. Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitch, H.S. and R.W. Henderson. 1977. Age and Sex Differences, Reproduction and Conservation of Iguana iguana. Milwaukee Public Museum Press. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hirth, H.F. 1963. Some aspects of the natural history of Iguana iguana on a tropical strand. Ecology 44:613-615.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Klein, E.H. 1982. Reproduction of the green iguana (Iguana iguna L.) in the tropical dry forest of southern Honduras. Brenesia 19/20:301-310. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lazell, J.D., Jr. 1973. The lizard genus Iguana in the Lesser Antilles. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 145(1):1-28.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamsitt, J.R. and D. Valdivieso. 1963. The herpetofauna of the Caribbean Islands San Andres and Providencia. Revista de Biologfa Tropical 11(2): 131- 139. (Copies available from C. LardT, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Van Devender, R.W. 1982. Growth and ecology of spiny-tailed and green iguanas in Costa Rica. with comments on the evolution of herbivory and large body size. Pages 162-183 in Iguanas of the World. Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Werner, D. and T. Miller. 1984. Artificial nests for female green iguanas. Herpetological Review 15(2):57-58.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Werner, D. 1986. Iguana management in Central America. BOSTID Developments 6(1). 4 pp. (Available from BOSTID Publications, HA 476, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burghardt, G.M. and A.S. Rand, eds. 1982. Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitch, H.S. and R.W. Henderson. 1978. Ecology and exploitation of Ctenosaura similis. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 51 :483-500. (Copies available from the authors, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitch, H.S., R.W. Henderson, and D.M. Hillis. 1982. Exploitation of Iguanas in Central America. In Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Consen~ation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iverson, J.B. 1979. Behavior and ecology of the rock iguana, Cyclura carinata. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Science 24(3):175-358.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Martinez, M.G. 1986. Habitos alimenticios de iguanas y garrobos. La Prensa Grafica, San Salvador, May 5:55. (Copies available from G. LardT, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sanchez, S.A. 1985. El garrobo. El Diario de Hoy, San Salvador June 18:36. (Copies available from G. LardT, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tegu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donadio, O.K. and J.M. Gallardo. 1984. Biologia y Conservacion de las Especies del GTnero Tupinambis (Squamata, Sauria Teiidae) en la Republica Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia&quot; Zoologia, 13(11):117-127. Agosto.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Revision Bibliografica de algunos aspectos de la Biologfa conservacion y explotacion de los lagartos del gTnero topinambis (Daudin, 1803) by Laura Venturino, Dr. Thesis, Universidad de la Republic (Uruguay) 1983).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report to World Wildlife Fund, USA, Biologia y aprovechamiento de una poblacion de Tupinambis references, by Claudio Blanco and Leohor Pessina (1985).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the publications listed, many countries run beekeeping programs, and have literature and extension services available based on local experiences. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The International Bee Research Association (IBRA) publishes a Newsletter for Beekeepers in Tropical and Subtropical Countries twice each year. Its purpose is to provide a forum for exchange of information about beekeeping. The Newsletter is funded by the United Kingdom Overseas Development Agency (ODA) and is distributed free of charge to those in developing countries involved with beekeeping. Write to the International Bee Research Association, 18 North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, United Kingdom, for subscription information. The IBRA can also provide information on forthcoming conferences, grant programs, and the names of other beekeepers in your country. The International Agency for Apiculture Development (IAAD) publishes a quarterly newsletter called Cornucopia that contains articles from beekeepers around the world, especially from the developing world. It provides information on producing, selling, and manufacturing hive products on a local level and discusses agroforestry and the pest and pesticide problems of honeybees. Write to Cornucopia, c/o M. Coleman, 6N 909 Roosevelt Avenue, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA, for a free sample. Subscriptions are $12 a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adjare, S. 1984. The Golden Insect: a Handbook on Beekeeping for Beginners. Technology Consultancy Centre, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, in association with Intermediate Technology Publications, Ltd., 9 King Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2 E8HN, UK. 103 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anderson, R.H., B. Buys, and M.F. Johannsmeier. 1983. Beekeeping in South Africa. Department of Agriculture BuHetin No. 394. Pretoria, South Africa. 207 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bradbear, N. and D. De Jong. 1985. The management of africanized honeybees. IBRA Leaflet No. 2. International Bee Research Association (IBRA). Available in English or Spanish from Hill House, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire SL9 ONR, UK. 4 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clauss, B. 1982. A Beekeeping Handbook. Agricultural Information Service, Gaborne, Botswana. 65 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crane, E., P. Walker, and R. Day. 1984. Honey plants of the world. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1984. Proceedings of the expert consultation on beekeeping with Apis mellifera in tropical and sub-tropical Asia. 9-14 April, 1984. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Tropical Region, Paliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gentry, C. 1984. Small Scale Beekeeping. Manual M-17. Peace Corps, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1976. Apiculture in Tropical Climates. E. Crane, ed. Full report of the First Conference. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1982. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. New Delhi, 1980. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1985. Proceedings of the Third international Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. Nairobi, Kenya, November 5-9, 1984. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1988. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. Cairo, Egypt, November 1988. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kigatiira, K.I. 1974. Hive Designs for Beekeeping in Kenya. Proceedings Entomological Society of Ontario 105:118-128.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McGregor, S.E. 1976. Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 496. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 411 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Razafindrakoto, C. 1972. Beekeeping in Madagascar. UniversitT Paul-Sabaier de Toulouse, France. 123 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sammataro, D. 1985. Beekeeping in the Philippines. 2nd edition. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sammataro, D. and A. Avitabile. 1986. Beekeepers Handbook. 2nd edition. Collier Books' MacMillan Co., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saubolle, B.R, and A. Bachmann. 1979. Beekeeping: an Introduction to Modern Beekeeping in Nepal. Sahayogi Prahashan, Tripureshwar, Kathmandu, Nepal.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Silberrad, Roger E.M. n.d. Beekeeping in Zambia. Apimondia. Available through the International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, S. 1964. Beekeeping in India. Silver Jubilee Publication of the Entomological Society of India. Entomological Society of India, New Delhi.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smith, Francis G. 1960. Beekeeping in the Tropics. Western Printing Service, Bristol UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Townsend, G.F. 1978. Preparation of Honey for Market. Ministry of Agriculture and Food Publication 544. Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ontario, Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Townsend, G.F. 1976. Transitional hives for use with the tropical African bee Apis mellifera adansonii. Pages 181-189 in Apiculture in Tropical Climates. E. Crane, ed. Full report of the First Conference. International Bee Research Association, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">B Research Contacts</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This section includes the names and addresses of individuals and institutions who are familiar with the animal listed. Each person has agreed to answer requests for information and advice. This personal follow-through is the main way this book can stimulate the development of microlivestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICROBREEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Ahunu, Animal Science Department, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 25, Legon, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Andres Poli, EEA San Luis INTA, CC 17, 5730 Mercedes (SL), Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.B. Bareeba, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Bennett, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Berruecos V., School of Veterinary Medicine and Zoology, Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de MTxico, Ciudad Universitaria, Alvaro Obreg6n, 04510, Mexico D.F., Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cai Li, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Southwest College of Minority Nationalities, Chengdu, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.L. Chan, B4-5 Nanyang Mansion, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Cheneau, Institut d'Elevage et de MTdecine VTtTrinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Laboratoire de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djamena, Chad&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.R. Cockrill, 29 Downs Park West, Bristol BS6 7QH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.H. Conrad, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, La Verne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.E. Deppner, Trees for the Future, 11306 Estona Drive, Silver Spring, Maryland 20902, USA (breeds of the Himalayas, East Indies)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.l. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, Agriculture and Forestry, PB 13184, Windhoek 9000, Namibia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.M.S. Duarte, Instituto de Investigatao Veterinaria, C.P. 7, Huambo, Angola&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Felius, Kerkhoflaan 47C, 3034 TA Rotterdam, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fleharty, American Dexter Cattle Association, R.R. #1, Box 378, Concordia, Missouri 64020. USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Garcia Lagombra, Animal Husbandry Department, Universidad Nacional &quot;Pedro Henriquez Urena,&quot; Decanato Ciencias Agropecuarias, Km 5~/z Aut. Duarte, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Gebreab, College of Veterinary Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z.B. Jensen, Animal and Dairy Science Research Institute, PB X02, Irene, Transvaal 1675, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jin Xizhen, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Southwest College of Minority Nationalities, Chengdu, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Kitsopanidis, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.E. Kodituwakku, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.M. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.Y.L. Li, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, South China Agricultural College, Ghangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Lwoga, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3000, Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Martinez Balboa, Legaspy 1025, Apartado Postal 43, 23000, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Masam, Livestock Training Institute, Tengeru, P.O. Box 3101, Arusha, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.P. Maule, Hannahfield Quarry House, 578 Lanark Road West, Balerno, Midlothian EH 14 7BN, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Mazid, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.R. McDowell, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Morgan, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Juba, P.O. Box 82, Juba, Sudan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.B. Mpiri, Livestock Production Research Institute, Private Bag, Mpwapwa, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ni Shicheng, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Nikolov, Institute of Cattle and Sheep Breeding, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Olson, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.W. Perry, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Pirchner, Technical University of Munich, D-8050 Munich-Weihenstephan, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animai Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3732, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sie Cheuxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.D. Tillman, 523 West Harned Place, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.C.M. Trail, Livestock Productivity and Trypanotolerance Group, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.C. Warnick, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.A. Adebowale, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, University of Ife, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.A. Adeloye, Faculty of Agriculture, Adeyemi College of Education, Onjo, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.A. Ademosun, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, lle-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.F. Adu, N.A.P.R.I., Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Akinsoyinu, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Akonji, Institut de Recherches Zootechniques, Office National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (ONAREST), B.P. 65, Yaounde, Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baik Dong Hoon, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Jeonbug National University, JEONJU, 520, Republic of Korea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S.F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, University of the Virgin Islands, Box L, Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.E. Bradford, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.S. Browne, Nutrition Consulting Services, P.O. Box 788, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00801, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.D. Bunch, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.C. Cartwright, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Fitzhugh, Winrock International, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.C. Foote, Utah State University International Sheep and Goat Institute, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.R. Gerona, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Essa Haid, Essa International, Inc., 2550 M Street, Suite 405, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA (small East African)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Harding, Agrarian Society, Palazzo de la Salle, Valletta, Malta&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Hasnath, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, P.O. Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.S. Hoversland, Division of Research Grants, National Institutes of Health, 5333 Westbard Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20205, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Hulse, National Pygmy Goat Association, RFD #1, Fern Avenue, Amesbury, Massachusetts 01913, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.P. Husband, Department of Natural Resource Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA (bezoar, agrimi) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Hutchins, 2535 Halsted Road, Apartment 1, Rockford, Illinois 61103, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Iba+ez Herrera, Paraguay 160-Urbanizacion, Apartado 315, El Recreo, Trujillo, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Karam Shah, Livestock Experimental Station Rakh Khairewala, District Muzaffergarh, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Katongole, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Kiwuwa, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.Y.L. Li, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, South China Agricultural College, Ghangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.R. Lincicome, Animal Parasitology Institute, U.S. Department of AgricÂ£lture, Building 1180, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Chengxiang, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Guang^ dong Agricultural Academy, Guangdong, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Mahyuddin Dahan, Department of Animal Sciences, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C.H. Mandari, Livestock Research Centre, West Kilimanjaro, P.O. Box 103, Hai, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Mann, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Giessen, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Martinez Balboa, Legaspy 1025, Apartado Postal 43, 23000, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Mecha, Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Metcalf, School of Medicine, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Khusahry Mohd Yusuff, Malaysian Agricultural and Research Institute (MARDI), G.P.O. Box 12301, Kuala Lumpur 01-02, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Monsi, Departments of Animal Science/Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Montsma, Klomperweg 79, 6741 PD, Lunteren, Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Moore, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.M. Munyabuntu, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 7062, Makerere University' Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Th. Murayi, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, P.O. Box 138, Butare, Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.N.M. Mwenya, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Nivyobizi, FacultT des Sciences Agronomiques, UniversitT du Burundi, BP 2940, Bujumbura, Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Norman, Tropical Development Research Institute, 56/62 Gray's Inn Road, London WCIX 8LU, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Okello-Lapenga, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ramahefarison, DTpartement de Recherches Zootechniques et VTtTrinaires tCENRADERU), BP 904, Amatobe, Antananarivo, Madagascar&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.K. Rastogi, Department of Livestock Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Rasul, District Forest Officer &amp;amp; Wildlffe Warden, P.O. Box 501, Gilgit (northern area), Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Rattner, Institute of Animal Research, Kibbutz Lahav, Israel (Sinai goat, ya-ez hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Repollo, Jr., Palawan National Agricultural College, Aborlan, Palawan, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Pbilippines, Los Banos, Laguna 3732, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Rocha, Instituto de Reprodutao e Melhoramento Animal, C.P. 25, Matola, Mozambique&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Rodriguez, Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), Autopista Duarte Km 24, Apartado 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Nasim Siddiqi, Zoology Department, University of Peshawar, N.W.F.P., Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Shelton, Texas A &amp;amp; M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA (criollo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Shkolnik, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.C. Simpson, Cameroon Road, Prairie View A&amp;amp;M University, Prairie View, Texas 77445, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sie Chenxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of Cbina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Watts, Animal Science Department, Natural Resources Development College, Lusaka, Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Wood, Highland Game Farm, Route 4, Box 450, Alexandria, Indiana 46001, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.P. Husband, Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microsheep&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.A. Adebowale, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, University of Ife, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.F. Adu, N.A.P.R.I., Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Akinsoyinu, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Amin, Jammu and Kashmis State Sheep and Shearing Products Development Board, Nowshera, Srinigar, Kashmir 190 011, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ahmad Mustaffa B. HJ. Babjee, Veterinary Services Department, Ibu Pejabat Perkhidmatan Haiwan, Kementerian Pertanian, Malaysia, Jalan Mahameru, Kuala Lumpur 10-02, Malaysia (grazing in rubber plantations)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S.F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia (Indonesian breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, College of the Virgin Islands, Box L, Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.E. Bradford, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Breckle, U.S. Forest Service, Alsea, Oregon 97324, USA (grazing sheep in forests)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Bunch, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA (Iranian thin-tailed, Navajo, wild-sheep hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Carpio P., Departamento de Produccion Animal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apartado 456, La Molina, Lima, Peru &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Cottrell, Pippin Farm, 3081 Goshen Road, Bellingham, Washington 98226, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Courtney, Veterinary Faculty, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Deller, Virgin Islands Department of Agriculture, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00820, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Dettmers, 5620 Longwood Avenue, Port Charlotte, Florida 33953, USA (West African dwarf)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agricultural Food and Nutrition Sciences Division International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.l. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Drew, Invermay Agricultural Research Centre, Private Bag, Mosgiel, New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. El Amin, Department of Animal Husandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gholam-Hossein Erabi, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51664, Iran&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Fitzhugh, Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Foote, Animal' Dairy, and Veterinary Science Department, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA (Virgin Islands white hair, wild-sheep hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.-H. Gueye, Centre de Recherches Zootechniques de Kolda, Institut SenTgalais de Recherches Agricoles, (ISRA), B.P. 53, Kolda, Senegal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Garcia Lagombra, Animal Husbandry Department, Universidad Nacional &quot;Pedro Henriquez Urena,&quot; Decanato Ciencias Agropecuarias, Km 5 1/2 Aut. Duarte, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Henson, Bemborough, Guiting Power, Cheltenham, Gloucester, UK (rare breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Ibanez Herrera, Paraguay 160 - Urbanizacion, Apartado 315, El Recreo, Trujillo, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Jewell, Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 ITN, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jones Sheep Farm, RR 2 Box 185-55, Peabody, Kansas 66866, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.E. Loggins, Animal Science Department, 108-D Suite, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C.H. Mandari, Livestock Research Centre, West Kilimanjaro, P.O. Box 103, Hai, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.P. Maule, Hannahfield Quarry House, 578 Lanark Road West, Balerno, Midlothian EH14 7BN, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.K. McNeal, Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Department, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Mecha, Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Monsi, Department of Animal Science, Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.M. Munyabuntu, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Th. Murayi, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, P.O. Box 138, Butare, Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.N.M. Mwenya, School of Agriculture Sciences, University of Zambia, Box 32379, Lusaka,  Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Ngendahayo, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, B.P. 138, Butare, Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Njwe, DTpartement des Sciences Animales, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure Agronomique, Centre  Universitaire de Dschang, B.P. 138, YaoundT, United Republic of Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington,  Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.V. Raghavan, Animal Science Department, College of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh  Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, Andhra Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University,  Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.K. Rastogi, Department of Livestock Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine,  Trinidad, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry,  Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos,  College, Laguna 3732, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Rocha, Instituto de Reprodutao e Melhoramento Animal, C.P. 25, Matola, Mozambique&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Ryder, c/o H.F.R.O., Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK (Barbados blackbelly, wool)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sie Chenxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's  Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. David Simpson, Range and Wildlife Department, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 4349,  Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.E. Terrill, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705,  USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.N. Turner, Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, P.O. Box 184, North Ryde, New South  Wales 2113, Australia (Indonesian breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Vaccaro, Universidad Nacional Agraria, La Molina, P.O. Box 456, Lima, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Wildeus, College of the Virgin Islands, Agricultural Experiment Station, R.R. 2, Box 10051  Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wu Jitang, Animal and Veterinary Science, Jiangsu Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences,  Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Yenikoye, FacultT d'Agronomie, UniversitT de Niamey, B.P. 10662, Niamey, Niger&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Micropig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,  University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Andrews, Mesoamerican Ecology Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA (Yucatan pig)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Ashton-Peach, Box 17, Ohaeawai, Bay of Islands, New Zealand (kunekune)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Berruecos V. Muz, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico D.F., Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Blakely, Sedgwick County Zoo, Wichita, Kansas 67203, USA (Ossabaw)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, University of the Virgin Islands, Box L., Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.L. Brisbin, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA (Ossabaw)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Bustad, Veterinary School, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99163, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Catibog-Sinha, Forest Products Research and Development Institute, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887-0630, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.H. Conrad, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, PO Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Dederer, 712 Brown Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19123, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Dettmers, 5620 Longwood Avenue, Port Charlotte, Florida 33953, USA (miniature pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Edgar, Greenhill, I R.D., Balfour, Southland, New Zealand (kunekune)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Hendricks, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.J. Hepburn, Swine Program, Charles River Laboratories, 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887-0630, USA (laboratory pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Holbrook, Aria Road' via Te Kuiti, New Zealand (kunekune)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.R. Hook, Jr., Sinclair Medical Research Farm, University of Missouri, Route 3, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA (laboratory pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.O. Ilori, Faculty of Agriculture, University of If e, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. E. Kodituwakku, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street' Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.H. Maner, Winrock International, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J. Mayer, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA (Ossabaw)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Monsi, Departments of Animal Science/Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 508O, Port Harcourt, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Mtimuni, Livestock Production Department, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.G. Mugisa, c/o Insure Consult, P.O. Box 30002, Nakivubo, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mull, 2834 Hamner Avenue #208, Norco, California 91760, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.L.R. Oliver, Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, Jersey Wildlife Prescrvation Trust, Les AugrFs Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, UK (pigmy hog) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Panepinto, Redstone Canyon, P.O. Box 105, Masonville, Colorado 80541, USA (miniature pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.C. Perdomo, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Suinos e Aves, BR 153, km 110, CP D-3, 89700 Concordia, SC, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA (Chinese breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.G. Pond, Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Box 166, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Popenoe, International Programs in Agriculture, 3028 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (New Guinea pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.S. Reddi, CoHege of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Avendano Reyes, Instituto Nacional de las Investigaciones sobre los Recursos BiotTcnicos, (INIREB), Apartado Postal 97, MTrida, Yucatan, Mexico (Yucatan)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Robinson, Robinson's Racing Pigs, 5809 20th Avenue South, Tampa, Florida 336195457, USA (miniature pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Arellano Sota, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Casillo 10095, Santiago, Chile (Cuing)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Sriramamurty, College of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.M. Swindle, Comparative Medicine/Lab Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA (laboratory pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Tilakaratne, Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wu Jitang, Animal and Veterinary Science, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yong Shen Lee, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POULTRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Information on poultry can generally be obtained from local ministries of agriculture or veterinary and livestock services. However, another source is the World's Poultry Science Association (c/o Institut fur Kleintierzucht, Dornbergstrasse 25/27, Postfach 280, C-3100 Celle, Germany). It has over 5,000 members from 40 national groups. Its objectives are (1) to advance poultry science and the poultry industry, (2) to disseminate and facilitate the exchange of knowledge pertaining to all branches of the poultry industry, (3) to encourage the promotion of world poultry congresses and regional conferences, and (4) to cooperate with other international organizations. It maintains working groups to explore and assess research work on tropical poultry problems. The World's Poultry Science Journal is published 3 times a year. It has also published a multilingual poultry dictionary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicken&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ben-David, Poultry Production Specialist, 5, Azar Street, Holon 58291, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.L. Brisbin, Jr., Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Senior Livestock Specialist, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. Couch, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Crawford, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Cuca G., Institucion de Ensenanza e Investigacion en Ciencias Agricolas, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.O. Hawes, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifih Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.H. Ketelaars, Department of Tropical Husbandry, P.O. Box 338, 6700 A.H. Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.T. Moran, Jr., Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-4291, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Parks, Route 1, Box 47-C, Brookshire, Texas 77423, USA (Araucanian chicken)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apt.810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramakrishman, Center for Advanced Studies in Poultry Science, Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy 680 651, Kerala, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Sexton, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 262, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Sunde, Poultry Science Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duck&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.E. Abdelsamie, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ahmed, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Bande, PATI, Popondetta Agricultural College, Box 131, Popondetta, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.S. Bird, Cherry Valley Farms Ltd., Rothwell, Lincoln LN7 6BR, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.D. Bulbule, Central Duck Breeding Farm, Government of India, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore 560 088, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Dean, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Edwards, Agricultural and Food Engineering Division, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Fishelson, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-ave, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Floresca, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte 7127, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Godoy, Ingeniero Agronomio, Simon Bolivar 2397, Santiago, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Hardjosworo, Fakultas Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Henry, Cherry Valley Farms Limited, Divisional Offices, North Kelsey Moor, Lincoln LN7 6HH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, lowa 5001O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Hoffmann, Canning, Nova Scotia BOP IHO, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifth Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Ibanez H., Bolivar 451, Trujillo, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z. Jungkaro, Research Institute for Inland Fisheries, Jalan Sempur No. 1, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.H. Ketelaars, Department of Tropical Husbandry, P.O. Box 338, 6700 A.H. Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.P. Kompiang, BaliPenelitianTernak, P.O. Box 123, Bogor 16001, WestJava, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380 Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.T. Moran, Jr., Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-4291, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl-Marx-Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Poernomo, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Jalan R.E. Martadinata 32, P.O. Box 52, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramakrishman, Center for Advanced Studies in Poultry Science' Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy 680 651, Kerala, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 49450 Roussay, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.S. Sandhu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Tai, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, 112 Farm Road Shin-hua, Tainan, Taiwan 71210&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Tangendjaja, Bali Penelitian Ternak, P.O. Box 123, Bogor 16001, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tian Fuh Shen, Department of Animal Husbandry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10764, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.S. Tsai, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, National Pintung Institute of Agriculture, Pintung, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Romero Villanueva, Centro Tropical de Capacitaci6n Agropecuaria y Forestal, Apartado Postal #4S, Macuspana 86700 Tabasco, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yeong Shue Woh, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), G.P.O. No. 12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cha Tak Yimp, Poultry and Swine Unit, Department of Veterinary Services, Jalan Mahameru, 50630 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many universities have a department of animal or poultry science that should know about the culture and management of these birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Bande, PATI, Popondetta Agricultural College, Box 131, Popondetta, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.D. Chesterley, 4502 Loomis Trail, Blaine, Washington 98230, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Crawford, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.l. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Jackson, P.O. Box 3, Creenbank, Washington 98253, USA (weeder geese)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Fuan, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, l.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380, Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.R. Wilson, Poultry Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Fowl&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;American Guinea Club, c/o Angie Papp, 620 Payne Road, New Albany, Indiana 47150, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S.O. Ayeni, Kainji Lake Research Institute, P.M.B. 666, New Bussa, Kwara State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ben-David, 5, Azar Street, Holon 58291, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.S. Brah, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;X. Colonna C., 14 Cotham Road, Bristol BS6 6DR, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Dumont, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure des Sciences Agronomiques AppliquTes, 26, boulevard Docteur Petitjean 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Etches, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.F. Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie MS: 115, Queensland 4570, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.N. Johnson, Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board, P.O. Box 661, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;:M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Michie, Poultry Husbandry Division, North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Parkhead, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SX, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly, 37380 Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. Okaeme, Wildlife/Range Division, Kainji Lake Research Institute, P.M.B. 666, New Bussa, Kwara State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S. Sandhu, Poultry Breeder, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.E. Abdelsamie, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.P. Bilong, Department of Primary Industry, Monogastric Research Centre, P.O. Box 73, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. de Carville, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Centre de Tours, Nouzilly 37380, Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.D. Chesterley, 4502 Loomis Trail, Blaine, Washington 98230, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;X. Colonna C., 14 Cotham Road, Bristol BS6 6DR, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Dumont, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure des Sciences Agronomiques AppliquTes, 26, boulevard Docteur Petitjean 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.R. Gerona, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barry Glofcheskie, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada (fly control)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread' P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Hoffmann, Canning, Nova Scotia BOP IH0, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifth Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan (mule duck)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Michie, Poultry Husbandry Division, North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Parkhead, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SX, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donald E. Mock, Department of Extension Entomology, 239 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4004, USA (fly control)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380 Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl Marx Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 494S0 Roussay, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Romboli, Le Quericole, Universita Delgi Studi di Pisa 56010 S. Piero A Grado, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.S. Sandhu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Surgeoner, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada (fly control)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Tai, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, 112 Farm Road Shin-hua. Tainan, Taiwan 71210&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Dillinger, 3201 Huffman Boulevard, Rockford, Illinois 61103, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, FacultyofAgriculture, AhmaduBello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.O. Hawes, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, U.S.A.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA (carrier pigeons) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, lowa 5001O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Le HTnaff, Laboratoire de l'H(pital Avranches, Avranches, Cotentin, France (carrier pigeons)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J. Miller, Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Owen, 6520 Wiscasset Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20816, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Pena PTrez, Apartado Postal 23, La Nucia, Alicante, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.D. Roush, Green Valley Squab Farm, 1348 Green Valley Road, Folsom, California 9563O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.S. Sandbu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S. Sim, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TOG 2P5, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many people raise Japanese quail. Probably the best way to locate a local source is to consult local pet stores, the county farm advisor's office, university faculty of agriculture, game-bird fanciers, and the like. Finding people with local research experience is usually most useful to beginners. Coturnix International, Inc., is a nonprofit organization with primary interests in promoting small domesticated food animal production for both youth training and improved nutrition. The use of coturnix (Japanese quail) for these purposes is already well established in a number of Michigan schools and in the Dominican Republic, with special emphasis on science projects, especially where nutritional inadequacies exist. The address is Coturnix International Inc., International Headquarters, 1111 Michigan Avenue, Box 250O, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA. Avian Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.E. Deppner, Trees for the Future, 11306 Estona Drive, Silver Spring, Maryland 20902, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Science and Animal Industries, Alabama AOcM University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Marks, Genetics Unit, Room 107 Livestock-Poultry Building, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Marsh, Marsh Farms, 7171 Patterson Drive, Garden Grove, California 92641, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z. Abidin bin Mohd Noor, Department of Veterinary Services, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, 50630 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (chicken-quail hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.K. Pani, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl Marx Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Polin, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodale Research Center, RD #1, Box 323, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 006, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Tempest, Heifer Project International, P.O. Box 808, Little Rock, Arkansas 72203, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. K. Varghese, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1225, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Wakasugi, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusaku, Nagoya, Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.R. Wilson, Poultry Science Department, Archer Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Berruecos V. Muz, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico D.F., Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Crawford, Department of Animaland Poultry Science, UniversityofSaskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Cuca G., Institucion de Ensenanza e Investigacion en Ciencias Agricolas, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.E. Nestor, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl-Marx-Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.J. Sexton, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 262, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences. Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential New Poultry&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Duckett, P.O. Box 12378, 50776 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (barn owls)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.R. Marion, Department of Wildlife and Range Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (chachalaca)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Smal, Wildlife Service, Sidmonton Place, Bray County, Wicklow, Ireland (barn owls) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RABBITS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic Rabbit&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University,  P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Baselga, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agronomos, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. de Blas, Departamento Alimentacion Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agronomos, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Castell6, Real Escuela Oficial y Superior de Avicultura (REOSA), Calle Plana Parafso, s/n  Arenys de Mar, Barcelona, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.B. Chawan, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and  Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University,  Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Fekete, University of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Nutrition, Budapest, Pf.2,  H-1400 Hungary&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Fernandez C., Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agronomos, Universidad PolitTcnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Cervera Fras, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad PolitTcnica de Valencia, Apartado  22012, Valencia, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.J. Harris, Pel-Freez Rabbit Meat, Inc., P.O. Box 68, Rogers, Arkansas 72756, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A.B. Hundleby, Ciskei Agricultural Corporation Ltd., P.O. Box 59, Bisho, Ciskei, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. de Jong, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Marykeweg 40, 6709 P.G. Wageningen,  The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.A. Kamwanja, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe,  Malawi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Leyun, Instituto TTcnico Gesti6n Porcino (ITGP), Seccion Conejos, Ctra. del Sadar, s/n 31006  Pamplona (Navarra), Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Loliger, Lisztstrasse 20, 3100 Celle, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and  Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.P.E. Makhambera, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe,  Malawi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.I. McNitt, Center for Small Farm Research, Southern University, P.O. Box 11170, Baton Rouge,  Louisana 70813-1170, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Mgheni, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Animal Science and Production Department, P.O.  Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Norman, Tropical Products Institute, Culham, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.N. Odonker, P.O. Box 11, Tsito-Awudome, Volta Region, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.C. Onwudike, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.G. Partridge, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.M. Patton, Rabbit Research Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.J. Paya, Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. PTrez, Departamento de Reproduccion Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Ramchurn, School of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, RTduit, Mauritius&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.E. Reed, Box 98, Markle, Indiana 46770, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Respaldiza, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Departamento de Higiene y Sanidad Animal, Calle Embajadores, 68, 28012 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 49450 Roussay, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Rodriguez, Departamento Microbiologia e Inmunologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Rodriguez de L., &quot;Conejos&quot; Centro de Investigacion Cientifica del Estado de MTxico A.C., Camino a Huexotla No. 5, San Miguel Coatlinchan, 56170 Texcoco, Estado de MTxico, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Schlolaut, Hessen Institute for Animal Production, Neu-Ulrichstein, 6313 Homberg, West Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.D. Semuguruka, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3018, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Sierra, Departamento Produccion Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Valls, Institut de Recerce i Tecnologia Agroalimentaria (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Zaragoza, Departamento de Genetica y Mejora, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agouti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brazilia, DF, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.H. Baker, 302 North Strickland Street, Eagle Lake, Texas 77434-1841, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, BogotG, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.D. Cuaron O., Instituto de Historia Natural, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas 29000, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.A. Deutsch, Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo, SGo Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratorie d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Escajadillo, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, P.O. Box 935, APO Miami, Florida 340020012, USA OR Avenida Justo Arosemena 34-30, Apartado 6991, Panama 5, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Hallwachs, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Hislop, Wildlife Section, Forest Division, Ministry of Food Production, Port-ofSpain, Trinidad and Tobago&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ingrand, I.N.R.A., Campus agronomique, B.P. 709, 97387 Kourou Cedex, French Guiana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.H. Janzen, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.A. Meritt, Jr., 2200 North Cannon Drive, Chicago, IHinois 60614, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencar Moreira, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.Ma. Rojas G., CATIE, 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Santos, Fundatao Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O. Sousa, Department of Microbiology, Cinuad Universitaria &quot;Dr Octavio MTndez Pereira,&quot; El Cangregio, Apartado Estafeta Universitaria, Panama City, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brasilia, DF, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. Bland, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.F. Eisenberg, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Golley, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30601, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Gonzalez-Jimenez, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Hemmer, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Anemonenweg 18, D-6500 Mainz-Ebersheim, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ingrand, I.N.R.A., Campus agronomique, B.P. 709, 97387 Kourou Cedex, French Guiana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Lord, Biology Department, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. MacDonald, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencare Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Caixa Postal 48&quot; BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Muller-Haye, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Room F524, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Ojasti, Institute of Tropical Zoology, Apartado 47058, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.L. Rondon, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidada Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiaba-MT, 78000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.E. Sollod, Section of International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Sunquist, Route 1, Box 1434, Melrose, Florida 32666, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.D. Thelen, FAO Regional Of fice for Latin America and the Caribbean, CasiHa 10095, Santiago, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.C. Carmichael, The Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1045, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Chapman, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Contreras, Universidad Cat61ica de Valpariso, Avenida Brasi. 295O, Casilla 4059, Valparaiso, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.-G. Klos, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Aktiengesellschaft, Hardenbergplatz, 1000 Berlin 30, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Lutz, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Biology and Living Resources, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencar Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, ParG, 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Szumiec, Experimental Fish Culture Station, Polish Academy of Sciences, Golysz 43-422 Chybie, Poland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 20, Achimota, Chana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. Bland, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Brinck, Ecology Building, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, S223 62 Lund, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratorie d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.C.D. Happold, Department of Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.C. Heymans, BP 1910, Cotonou, Benin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag, Freetown, Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.H. Knight, Kalahari Gemsbok Park, Private Bag X5890, Upington 8800, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Malekani, DTpartement de Biologie, FacultT des Sciences, UniversitT de Kinshasa, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School for Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutter&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Alexander, Department of Biology, Natal University, King George V Avenue, Durban 4001, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.O.A. Asibey, Department of Game and Wildlife, Ministry Post Office, Accra, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.S. Ayensu, African Development Bank, 01 B.P. No. 1837, Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Baptist, Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim (480), P.O. Box 700562, D-7000 Stuttgart 70, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.Y. Bimpong-Buta, Council for Law Reporting, P.O. Box M165, Accra, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Brinck, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, Ecology Building, S223 62, Lund, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Dosso, Institut d'Ecologie Tropicale, Abidjan, Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.C.D. Happold, Department of Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Hardouin, Institut de Medicine Tropicale &quot;Prince Leopold,&quot; Nationalestraat 155, B2000 Antwerp, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.C. Heymans, BP 1910, Cotonou, Benin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie MS:115, Queensland 4570, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag, Freetown, Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Laboratoire Centrale de Nutrition Animale (LACENA), B.P. 353, Abidjan 06, Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.-P. Mack, Projet BTnino-Allemand Conseiller Technique auprTs du MDRAC, BP 504, Cotonou, Benin &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.H.G. Martin, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University College, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Mensah, Responsable PBAA (Projet BTnino-Allemand d'Aulacodiculture), P.B. 2359, Cotonou, Benin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.A. Omole, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, Ile-lfe, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.J. Peters, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Petter, MammifFres et Oiseaux, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Zoologie, 55 rue de Buffon 75005, Paris, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Schr(der, Institute of Animal Breeding, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 3400 Gottingen, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. Thomas, Department of Biology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec JIK 2RI, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;St. von Korn, Institute of Animal Breeding, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 3400 G(ttingen, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Walder, Presbyterian Rural Training Centre, P.O. Box 72, Bamenda, NW Province, Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.P. Bilong, Department of Pimary Industry, Monogastric Research Centre, P.O. Box 73, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. Bland, Department of Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Bolton, Department of Anthropology, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Del Carpio R., Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional &quot;Pedro Ruiz Gallo,&quot; Calle Atahualpa No. 179, Apartado 48, Lambayeque, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Descailleux, Laboratorio GenTtica Humana, C.P. 11010, Lima 14, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ferguson, Overseas Development Administration, Eland House, Stug Place, London, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RC, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Hardouin, Institut de MTdecine Tropicale &quot;Prince Leopold,&quot; Nationalestraat IS5, B2000 Antwerpen, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.E. Honegger, Zurich Zoo, Zurichbergstrasse 221, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Jenkins, PNG Institute Medical Research, P.O. Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. de Jong, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Marykeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag Freetown, Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.J. Kohun, Department of Agriculture, PNG University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.M. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.E. Lacher, Jr., Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Feed Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.C. Malik, Department of Agriculture, PNG University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.R. Moreno, Departamento de Produccion Animal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apartado 456, La Molina, Lima, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Muller-Haye, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Room F524, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V. Purizaga A., Alcalde del Concejo Provincial de Pacasmayo, Dos de Mayo 360, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.T. Quirante, Bureau of Animal Industry, Research Center, Alabang 3124, Metro Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.W. Robinson, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7621 Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7621, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.C. Allen, Hope Zoo, Kingston, Jamacia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.S. Canet, Instituto de Zoologla, Academia Ciencias de Cuba, Calle 214, esq. a Avenida 19, No. 17A 09, Reparto Atabey, Havana 16, Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Jordan, Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.L.R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les AugrFs Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional (ZOODOM), Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.T. Blankenship, Animal Resources Center, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4354, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Agentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. MacDonald, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.H. Pryor, Jr., School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4354, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paca&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencar Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brasilia, DF, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.H. Baker, 302 North Strickland Street, Eagle Lake, Texas 77434-1841, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.D. Cuardn O., Instituto de Historia Natural, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas 29000, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. de Escalante, Zool6gico Nacional, Direccion del Patrimonio Natural y Cultural, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Hallwachs, Ecology and Systematics, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Hislop, Wildlife Section, Forest Division, Ministry of Food Production, Port-ofSpain, Trinidad and Tobago&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.H. Janzen, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Matamoros, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado 86, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Meritt, Jr., 2200 North Cannon Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.Ma. Rojas G., CATIE, 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O. Rosado, Ministry of Industry and Natural Resources, Belmopan, Belize&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V. Solis, Union Internacional pare la Conservacion de la Naturaleza y de los Recursos Naturales, Oficina Regional pare Centro AmTrica, Apartado Postal 91-1009-FECOSA, San JosT, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. VaidTs, Centro Universitario del Norte Carrera ZootTcnica, Coban, A.V., Ciudad Guatemala 16001, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcacha&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.L. Marmillon, Estancias del Conlara S.A., Casilla de Correo 451, 5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.D. Thelen, FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Casilla 10095, Santiago, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Rodents&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.M. Butynski, Impenetrable Forest Conservation Project, Zoology Department, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Flannery, Australian Museum, 6-8 College Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia (Solomon Island rodents)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources, Maendeleo House, Monrovia Street, POB 30786, Nairobi, Kenya (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Jacobsen, Nature Conservation Division, Private Bag X209, Pretoria 0001, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.P. Kofron, Museum of Zoology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70893, USA (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Leary, Ministry of Natural Resources, Honiara, Solomon Islands (Solomon Island rodents)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. McLaughlin, San Diego Zoo, San Diego 92112, California, USA (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.P. Millar, Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.D. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern African Wildlife Management Association, POB 413, Pretoria, South Africa ( s p ring hare )&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chitton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Van der Merwe, University of Pretoria, Mammal Research Institute, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife Society of Zimbabwe, POB 3497, Harare, Zimbabwe (springhare) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEER AND ANTELOPE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.O. Caldecott, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, 7 Jalan Ridgeway, 93200 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Chaplin, Burnhouse, Fountainhall, Galashiels, Selkirk TDI 2RX, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.W.H. Davison, Zoology Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Ruiqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Muul, Integrated Conservation Research, P.O. Box 920, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Nordin, Bureau of Research and Consultancy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Pathak, Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4220, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Robin, Tierpark Dahlholzli Bern, Dalmaziquai 149, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.R. Schmidt, Zoological Garden, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.A. Sirimanne, Singapore Zooological Gardens, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore 2572&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.K. Vidyadaran, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wang Yingxiang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Whittow, Department of Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Barrette, DTpartement de Biologie, FacultT des Sciences et de GTnie, UniversitT Laval, QuTbec, GIK 7P4, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Benirschke, 8457 Prestwick Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The British Deer Society, Church Farm, Lower Basildon, Reading, Berkshire RG8 9NH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.O. Caldecott, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, 7 Jalan Ridgeway, 933200 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Chapman, Larkmead, Barton Mills, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6AA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Coe, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O. Dansie, The Chapel, 2 Hobbs Hall, Welwyn, Hertsfordshire, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. Dhungal, Department of Parks and Wildlffe, P.O. Box 860, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.J. Goss, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.P. Harding, Animal Ecology Research Group, Zoology Department, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Harris, Department of Zoology, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 JUG, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Heck, CatskiH Game Farm, Inc., RD #1, Box 133, Catskill, New York 12414, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Jacobson, Fish and Wildlffe Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Ruiqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.J.A. Manton, Zoological Society of London, Whipsnade Park, Dunstable, Bedfordshire LU6 2LF, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Miura, Department of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo-ken 663, Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Muul, Integrated Conservation Research, P.O. Box 920, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Pathak, Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik, DDR-1136 Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shi Liming, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Soma, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical College Hospital, 1-7, Nishishinjuku 6, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Stadler, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Bielefeld, 4800 Bielefeld, Universitatsstrasse 25, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Company, The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wang Yingziang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Wemmer, Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia 22630, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. Wurster-HiH, Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.H. Yahner, 320 Forest Resources Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Chaplin, Burnhouse, Fountainhall, Galashiels, Selkirk TDI 2RX, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. Dhungel, Department of Parks and Wildlife, P.O. Box 860, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Gaston, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa KIA OE7, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.J.B. Green, IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219C Huntingdon Road, Carnbridge CB3 ODL, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Hunter, Jr., Wildlife Department, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Jacobson, Fish and Wildlife Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Kattel, P.O. Box 3070, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Riqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. McNeely, Program and Policy Division, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH1196 Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.W. O'Gara, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4220, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik, DDR-1136 Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shi Liming, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Co., The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wang Yingxiang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Cooke, Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI I UA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Farrell, Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI IUA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Crubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Riuqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica. Kunming Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.J.A. Manton, Zoological Society of London, Whipsnade Park, Dunstable, Bedfordshire LU6 2LF, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik DDR-1136, Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R Smith, Department of Zoology, Whiteknights Park, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 2AH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Stadler, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Bielefeld, 4800 Bielefeld, Universitats strasse 25, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Company, The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Wemmer, Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 2263O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South American Microdeer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Sampath, Trinidad and Tobago Wildlffe Breeders and Farmers Association, c/o 5 3/4 Mile Mark, Penal Rock Road, Penal, Trinidad, West Indies (red brocket)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA (pudu)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Chardonnet, Projet Petits Ruminants, B.P. 65, Atakpame, Togo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.L. Cowan, 324 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RI.M. Dunbar, Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.R. Kranz, Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Lumpkin, Department of Zoological Research, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Player, Wilderness Leadership School, P.O. Box 15036, BeHair 4006, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Pond, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7621, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Schweers, Bahnhofstrasse 29, D-6744 Kandee, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.D. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.E. SoHod, International Veterinary Medicine, Tufis University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafion, Massachusetts 01536, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.C. Udell, 14934 VaHey Vista Blouvard, Sherman Oaks, Calffornia 91403, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Varga, Department of Dairy and Animal Science, 225B Borland Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.J. Wilson, Duiker Research and Breeding Centre, Chipangali Wildlife Trust, P.O. Box 1057, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Small Antelope&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Asibey, Department of Game and Wildlife, Ministry Post Office, Accra, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.I. Boshe, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, P.O. Box 3031, Moshi, Tanzania (dikdik)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Chardonnet, Project Petits Ruminants, BP 65, Atakpame, Togo (oribi)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. Dhungel, Department of National Parks and Wildife, Conservation, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal (four-horned antelope)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.I.M. Dunbar, Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK (dikdik, klipspringer)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.M. Goebel, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.P. Hoppe, Am Hauenstein 13, 6706 Wachenheim, Germany (dikdik, suni)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.R. Kranz, Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA (royal antelope, beira, dikdik, klipspringer, suni, four-horned antelope)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Player, Wilderness Leadership School, P.O. Box 15036, Bellair 4006, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.N.W. Oppong, UNDP/FGN/FAO Livestock Project, P.O. Box 6603, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.R. Pritchard, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (otibi, steinbok)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.E. Sollod, International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA (dikdik, klipspringer)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA (dikdik, klipspringer, four-horned antelope)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIZARDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Benirschke, 8457 Prestwick Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.M. Burghardt, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ferreira, Parque Zoologico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.S. Fitch, Route #3, Box 142, Lawrence, Kansas 66044, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Hemley, World Wildlife Fund, 1255 23rd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA (for trade information)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Henderson, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Higginson, Voluntaria del Cuerpo de Paz, #156 6a Avenida 1-46, Zona 2 Guatemala, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.B. Iverson, Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374, USA S.R. Kellert, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.W. King, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Larde, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia Planes de Renderos, Km. 10 Col. Los Angeles 13, CP 01196 San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Marcellini, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Mora, 200 m sur Pulperia la Uni6n, Cinco Esquinas, Carrieal, Alajuela, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J. Perez, Condominio Su. Antonio 7, C. San Antonio Abad, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Phillips, Research Department, San Diego Zoo, Box 551, San Diego, Calffornia 92112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apa,-tado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.S. Fitch, Route #3, Box 142, Lawrence, Kansas 66044, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Henderson, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Higginson, Voluntaria del Cuerpo de Paz, #156 6a Avenida 1-46, Zona 2 Guatemala, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. Hillis, Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Larde, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Planes de Renderos Km. 10 Col. Los Angeles 13, CP 01196, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Marcellini, National Zoologica, Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Mora, 200 m sur Pulperita La Union, Cinco Esquinas, Carrieal, Alajuela, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J. Perez, Condominio Su. Antonio 7, C. San Antonio Abad, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Phillips, Research Department, San Diego Zoo, Box 551, San Diego, Calffornia 92112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apartado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rock Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Auffenberg, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Auth, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cullen, Cullen Vivarium, 3401 South 16th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215 USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ferreira, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Henderson, Mi]waukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.B. Iverson, Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.A. Wiewandt, Wild Horizons, Inc., P.O. Box 5118, Tucson, Arizona 85703, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tegu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. Blanco, Direccion Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, Avenida Paseo Colon 922 2Ãpiso, (1063) Buenos Aires, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.K. Donadio, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, CC 220, Avenida Angel Gallardo 470, Suc. 5, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Gallardo, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, CC 220, Avenida Angel Gallardo 470, Suc. 5, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Hemley, World Wildlife Fund, 1255 23rd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Marcellini, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.L. Marmillon, Casilla de Correo 451, 5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apartado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Local Agriculture Extension Services and beekeepers are often the best source of information for beginning beekeeping. In addition, the following organizations can provide information: International Bee Research Association, 16/18 North Road, Cardiff CF1 3DY, UK; International Agency for Apiculture Development, 6N 909 Roosevelt, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Abt, Centre for International Agricultural Development Cooperation, Tel Aviv, Israel M. Adey. International Bee Research Association, 16/18 North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.O. Adjare, Technology Consultancy Centre, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All India Beekeepers' Association, 817 Sadashiv Peth, Poono 411 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K.N. Atuahene, Forest Product Research Institute (Ghana Forestry Commission), University P.O. Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.S. Brar, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Bradbear, International Bee Research Association, North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. Caron, Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.S. Chahal, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Clauss, Beekeeping Survey, Kabompo, Zambia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.P. Coleman, International Agency for Apiculture Development, 6N 909 Roosevelt, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, or Resident Bee Specialist, Apiary Studies, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. DeJong, Departamento de Genetica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade Sao Paulo, 14.049âRibeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Dutton, Centre for Overseas Research and Development (CORD), University of Durham, South Road, Durham DHI 3LE, UK (Apisflorea) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.H. Erickson, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de GenTtica, 14100âRibeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Fell, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Flottum, Gleanings in Bee Culture, 623 West Liberty Street, P.O. Box 706, Medina, Ohio 44258-0706, USA (editor)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Free, Rothamstead Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire L5 2JQ, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wolde-Semait Gebre-Wold, P.O. Box 7505, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.B. Habarugira, AHO (Apiary), Mbara Stockfarm, Beekeeping Section, P.O. Box 4, Mbarara, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.A.M. Hassan, Njiro Wildlife (Beekeeping) Research Centre, P.O. Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Hoopingarner, Department of Entomology, University of Michigan, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1115, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.E. Kerr, Departamento de Biolgia, Universidade Federal de UberlGndia, 38400 UberlGndia, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.G. Kevan, or Resident Bee Specialist, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.K. Kigatiia, Beekeeping Branch, Ministry of Agriculture c~ Livestock Development, P.O. Box 30028, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.C. Killins, 163 Trowbridge Avenue, London, Ontario N6J 3M2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.M. Kiwuwa, AHL (Apiary), Department of Veterinary Services, Headquarters, Beekeeping Section, P.O. Box 7141, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Lanarolle, Apiculture Project, Bindunuwewa, Bandarawela, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Lensky, Triwaks Bee Research Center, Hebrew University Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot 76-100, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.D. Levin, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Singh Limbu, Godavari Ashram, GPO Box 50, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Mann, 14 Millimani Road, Box 20360, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.J. McGinley, Department of Entomology, NHB-105, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA (Apoidea, except Apis) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. McKay, Peace Corps, American Embassy, Asunci6n, Paraguay&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.D. Michener, Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.A. Morse, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Morton, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Box 248204, Coral Gables, Florida 37724, USA (bee plants)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.G. Mugisa, c/o Insure Consult, P.O. Box 30002, Nakiuubo, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Bin Muid, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.C. Mulzac, International Agency for Apiculture Development, 393 Decatur Street, Brooklyn, New York 11233, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.S. Najar, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.E. Nightingale, Box 23, Njoro, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Patty, Foreign Agriculture Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 6095 South Building, Washington, D.C. 20250, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.M. Phiri, Office of Chief Beekeeping Officer, P/BAC Mwekera, Kitwe, Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Pickard, Zoology Department, University College, P.O. Box 78, Cardiff CFI IXL, South Wales, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.W. Robins, GPO Box 50, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Roubik, Stop 105, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA (stingless bees)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Sammataro, 7011 Spieth Road, Medina, Ohio 44256, USA (editor, Cornucopia) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Schechtel, Cnel. Bogado/Itapua, Paraguay&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Shimanuki, Beneficial Insects Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, B-476 BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.R. Taylor, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Tew, Agricultural Technical Institute, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Tomasko, Pennsylvania State University, 106 Patterson Building, University Park7 Pennsylvania 16802, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Torchio, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bee Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5310, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Wadlow, 8381 San Mateo, Ft. Myers, Florida 33907, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. Whitehead, International Agency for Apiculture Development, c/o 1000 Connecticut Avenue NW, #707, Washington, D.C. 20036, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Siriwat Wongsiri, Department of Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok7 Thailand (Apis cerana) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wu Yan-ru, Department of Insect Taxonomy and Faunistics, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 7 Zhongguancun Lu, Haitien, Beijing, People's Republic of China &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">C BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF PANEL MEMBERS</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. PHILLIPS retired in 1982 from the post of deputy director general of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, a post he held for four years. Among his earlier posts were that of professor and head, Animal Husbandry Department, Utah State University; senior animal husbandman in charge, Genetic Investigations, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); chief, Animal Production Branch and deputy director, Agriculture Division, FAO; and executive director, International Organization Affairs, USDA. Among his special assignments were: serving as consultant on animal breeding to the governments of China and India for the U.S. Department of State in 1943-44; and as scientific secretary for agriculture of the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for the Benefit of Developing Countries, in Ceneva, Switzerland, 1962-63. Dr. Phillips holds a B.S. degree in agriculture from Berea College (1930), M.A. (1931) and Ph.D. (1934) degrees from the University of Missouri, and Honorary D.Sc. degrees from Berea College and West Virginia University. He has been awarded the Berea College Distinguished Alumnus Award and the USDA's Distinguished Service Award. He is author or coauthor of some 240 scientific papers, review papers, chapters in books, and books on various aspects of physiology of reproduction, genetics, livestock production, and international agriculture. In his research, writings, and international activities, Dr. Phillips has given particular attention to breeding in relation to the environment and to the identification and conservation of valuable animal genetic resources. He is also the author of a definitive history of FAO entitled FAO: Its Origins, Formation and Evolution, 19451981 and an autobiography, The World Was My Barnyard. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU is currently senior advisor to the president of the African Development Bank. He is also president of ESA Associates, Washington, D.C., and former director of the Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. A citizen of Ghana, he received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests cover many areas of tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries, he has also published extensively on tropical plants. Dr. Ayensu chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BONNIE V. BEAVER, professor of small animal medicine and surgery, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, is a specialist in animal behavior and problem behaviors, especially in domestic and laboratory animals. She received her B.S. and D.V.M. from the University of Minnesota and her M.S. from Texas A&amp;amp;M. In addition to being a popular speaker at scientific meetings, she is the author of five books and numerous book chapters and articles. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT BENIRSCHKE, professor of pathology and reproductive medicine, University of California at San Diego, received his M.D. from the University of Hamburg, Germany, in 1948. He served on the faculties of Harvard and Dartmouth medical schools before coming to San Diego in 1970. At the San Diego Zoo he initiated a research department to advance knowledge in endangered species and now serves as a trustee of that organization. He has written on comparative mammalian cytogenetics, vanishing species, and human reproductive pathology. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROY D. CRAWFORD is professor of animal and poultry genetics at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. He received his B.S.A. from the University of Saskatchewan in 1955, his M.S. in animal genetics from Cornell University in 1957, and his Ph.D. in poultry genetics from the University of Massachusetts in 1963. He was employed as a scientist with the Research Branch of Agriculture Canada from 1957 to 1964 in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. He joined the faculty of the University of Saskatchewan in 1964. He was made a fellow of the Agricultural Institute of Canada in 1986 in recognition of his teaching and research work. His research interests include single gene genetics of poultry, and conservation of genetic resources in poultry and livestock. He has discovered and studied many mutants in chickens; some of them have biomedical importance, including one shown to be an animal genetic model of human grand mal epilepsy; some of them are potentially useful in food production, including an albinism mutant that is being developed for autosexing of commercial chicken broilers. He maintains a very large conservation collection of poultry genetic resources at the University of Saskatchewan and has prepared an inventory and assessment of Canada's poultry and livestock genetic resources. Dr. Crawford is a member of the Expert Panel on Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Management, FAO/UNEP, Rome, and is a member of the Animal Resources Committee, Canadian Council on Animal Care, Ottawa. He serves on the International Scientific Committee for the French journal GTnTtique, STlection, +volution. He is a member of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (UK) and is a board member of the American Minor Breeds Conservancy (USA). &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, distinguished service professor emeritus, University of Florida, Gainesville, and dean emeritus, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, received his Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin in 1944. He has given more than 100 lectures in livestock feeding and nutrition in 40 foreign countries. He served as chairman of the Animal Nutrition Committee of the National Academy of Sciences and as a member of the NAS-NRC Board of Agriculture and Renewable Resources, Latin American Science Board, and as chairman of the livestock committee of two world food studies by NAS-NRC. He served as a member of the organizing committee for the first two World Conferences on Animal Production in Rome (1963) and Washington, D.C. (1968). He served as a member of the Title XII Board of International Food and Agricultural Joint Committee on Research and as chairman of its research priorities committee 1977-1981. He is author, editor, coeditor, or contributor to 30 books and author of more than 1,423 scientific and professional articles. He is a winner of 42 campus, state, national, and international honors and awards. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID E. DEPPNER, director of Trees for the Future in Silver Spring, Maryland, has been a consultant for international development projects involving livestock and poultry management and marketing for the past 14 years. He has served in 17 countries of Asia, Africa, and Central America. He has written on processing livestock rations under tropical conditions and about the Madurese breed of cattle found in East Java, Indonesia, where he spent two years studying this ancient breed. He is currently providing technical assistance to projects in several countries for the development of improved forage production as an answer to destruction of natural resources of tropical uplands caused by overgrazing. He received his B.Sc. in animal science from Ohio State University in 1954 and M.Sc. in livestock economics from Araneta University, the Philippines, in 1977. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH L. HENSON is the director of the American Minor Breeds Conservancy, based in Pittsboro, North Carolina. She received an M.A. in zoology from Oxford University in 1980 and an M.Sc. in domestic animal breeding from Edinburgh University in 1981. Her primary interests are in the conservation of rare and endangered breeds and varieties of domestic livestock as a genetic resource for changing agricultural needs. She represented Britain at the first international conference on domestic animal conservation in Hungary in 1982, and was a member of the Office of Technology Assessment Committee on grassroots strategies to maintain genetic diversity in 1985. She is executive secretary for four British breed associations and is a member of the British Rare Breeds Survival Trust Technical Panel. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. HUSS was regional animal production officer of the FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile, before his retirement. He received a B.S. in 1949, an M.A. in 1954, and a Ph.D. in 1959, all at Texas A&amp;amp;M University. He was assistant professor of range management at Texas A&amp;amp;M before joining the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 1967. He founded the FAO Regional Office's Small Animals for Small Farms programme in 1980. Professional assignments and travels in Latin America, the Caribbean' Near and Middle East, and Africa have contributed to his knowledge and experience in microlivestock development. Dr. Huss was recognized by Texas A&amp;amp;M University by being chosen as the recipient of the Memorial Student Center Appreciation and Distinguished Service Awards in 1958 and 196O, respectively, and Honour Professor in the College of Agriculture in 1966 67. He also received the Society for Range Management's Outstanding Service and Achievement Award in 1975 and its Fellow Award in 1978. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID RICHARD LINCICOME has been a guest scientist with the Animal Parasitology Institute, United States Department of Agriculture Experiment Station, Beltsville, Maryland, since 1978, having retired as professor of parasitology, Howard University, Washington, D.C., in 1970. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees cum laude simultaneously in 1937 from the University of Illinois and a Ph.D. in tropical medicine from the Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1941. His principal research interests have centered around morphologic studies on Acanthocephala, molecular exchanges of dependent cells and their environments, and diagnosis of parasitic diseases. He has been a breeder of Nubian and American pygmy goats for the past 20 years. Dr. Lincicome is currently a member of the Board of Directors of the American Dairy Goat Association and is past president of the National Pygmy Goat Association. He was founder and long time trustee of the American Dairy Goat Association Research Foundation. He is also past president of the Helminthological Society and currently serves the society as archivist. He received the Helminthological Society's Anniversary Award in 1975. He was founder and, for 27 years, editor of the journal Experimental Parasitology, and is the author and editor of more than 180 scientific contributions. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS E. LOVEJOY is a tropical biologist and ornithologist. He is assistant secretary for external affairs, Smithsonian Institution' Washington, D.C. He was formerly executive vice president for the World Wildlife Fund-U.S., chairman of the Wildlife Preservation Trust International, and a member of two commissions of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resources. At present, Dr. Lovejoy is a principal investigator of the world's largest controlled ecological experiment, which is attempting to determine the optimum size for parks and reserves. This project, conceived and designed by Dr. Lovejoy, is called &quot;the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems&quot; and is a joint program of World Wildlife Fund-U. S. and Brazil's National Institute for Amazon Research. Dr. Lovejoy is also the principal advisor for NATURE (WNET/THIRTEEN, New York), a series that he started in 1980. As principal advisor, he recommends program content and oversees the factual accuracy of the program scripts. A member of 11 scientific societies, Dr. Lovejoy has received grants from 16 foundations and institutions and written more than 100 articles for various national and International publications. He has published three books, Key Environments, Pergamon Press, Oxford; Nearctic Avian Migrants in the Neotropics, a Department of the Interior publication; and Conservation of Tropical Forest Birds, an ICPB publication. He is currently working on The Magnificent Exception, a book on people and the biosphere.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARNE W. NORDSKOG is professor emeritus, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Minnesota between 1937 and 1943. His training and principal area of research has been in quantitative genetics, but by about 1960 his interests shifted to immunogenetics and more recently to molecular genetics. He has traveled widely, spending two years as an instructor in agriculture at the University of Alaska (1937-39), and has been an NSF Research Fellow at Cal Tech (1960), a visiting professor at the University of Minnesota (1966), an FAO lecturer at the Indian Veterinary Institute (1973), and an FAO-sponsored lecturer on poultry breeding in China (1979). He has acted as a consultant to a commercial breeder in Japan for 20 years. He has been the major professor at Iowa State for more than 60 M.S. and Ph.D. candidates and has published more than 150 scientific papers. Dr. Nordskog is an honorary member of the Norwegian Poultry Breeding Association, a fellow of the Poultry Science Association, and a fellow of the AAAS. In 1972, he was the recipient of the Poultry Science Distinguished Service Research Award. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LINDA M. PANEPINTO, swine research consultant, was director of the Colorado State University Swine Laboratory through 1988. She earned her B.S. in animal sciences at Colorado State University in 1972. In 1973 she joined the research team developing Yucatan miniature swine at Colorado State University, where she was given primary responsibility for colony management, protocol development, and genetic selection programs. In 1977, she designed an experimental research program for the development of a line of Yucatan pigs with a genetic propensity for exceptionally small size. She has continued her work in that area and has developed the Yucatan Micropig, described elsewhere in this publication. Her other major professional area of interest has been the design of facilities and equipment for swine with emphasis on animal comfort and minimizing stress. Her invention, known as the Panepinto Sling, has been widely adopted as the primary restraint method for numerous medical schools and research facilities using swine in the laboratory. She has published extensively in the field.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT J. PETERS is professor of animal breeding and husbandry in the tropics and subtropics, University of Gottingen, and is currently director of research at the International Livestock Centre for Africa. He received his Dr. Agr. degree from the Technical University of Berlin in 1975. He has undertaken research in livestock production development in Southeast Asia and Africa. The major focus of his research has been small animals, with special attention given to the potential of unconventional animals. Early in 1985 he assumed his present position directing research at the International Livestock Centre for Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. PINO is a senior fellow of the National Research Council, Board on Agriculture, and is currently the project director of the study &quot;Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives.&quot; He received his B.S. in agriculture in 1944-47 and Ph.D. in zoology in 1951 from Rutgers University. As an associate professor he taught and did research in the Department of Poultry Science at Rutgers until 1955 when he accepted a position with the Rockefeller Foundation as animal scientist with the Mexican Agricultural Program, becoming the associate director of that program in 1960. In 1965 he was transferred to the Rockefeller headquarters in New York and became director of the Agricultural Science Program in 1970. Most of his career has been in international agricultural development. He retired from the Foundation in 1983 and went to Washington to become agricultural science advisor at the InterAmerican Development Bank until July 1986 when he accepted his present position. Dr. Pino has been a member of the Board on Agriculture since 1983 and previously from 1973 to 1977. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE is professor of soils, agronomy, botany, and geography, and director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California at Davis in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this system. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. His current interests include improving indigenous agricultural systems of small landholders, particularly with the integration of livestock and crops. He was chairman of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development (under whose aegis this report is presented). He chaired the BOSTID report panels on water buffalo and little-known Asian animals. Currently, he is on the International Advisory Committee of the National Science Foundation and serves as U.S. Board Member for the International Foundation of Science.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL HILL ROBINSON, director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Zoological Park, is an animal behaviorist and a tropical biologist. Before his appointment to the National Zoo, Dr. Robinson served as deputy director of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, which he joined in 1966 as a tropical biologist. He received his Ph.D. from Oxford University after being awarded his B.S., summa cum laude, from the University of Wales. His scientific interests include predator-prey interactions, evolution of adaptations, tropical biology, courtship and mating behavior, phenology of arthropods, and freshwater biology. In the course of his studies, Dr. Robinson has done research in the United States and throughout the developing world. Recent publications include articles on predator-prey interactions, tropical forest conservation, reproductive behavior in spiders, and the function and purpose of zoos in relation to education and conservation. Dr. Robinson's favorite animals are cats, of all kinds. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSON, J.B. Duke Professor of Physiology in the Department of Zoology at Duke University, has studied animal responses to extreme environmental conditions. His major emphasis has been on life in hot deserts, and he is widely recognized for his studies of camels and other desert animals. His research has involved field studies in North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Dr. Schmidt-Nielson has written several books, which have been translated into more than a dozen languages, and he has published several hundred research papers. He has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, the French Academie des Sciences, and several other academies. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALBERT E. SOLLOD, is associate professor and head of the international veterinary medicine section at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine. He is currently stationed in Niger as chief of party of the integrated livestock project and policy advisor in the Ministry of Animal Resources. He has consulted in 15 countries in Africa and Asia, and his research interests include interdisciplinary systems analysis, indigenous pastoral technologies, monitoring change in agricultural production systems, and monitoring and assessing drought impact.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEE M. TALBOT received his Ph.D. in geography and ecology from the University of California at Berkeley in 1963 and has worked on environmental and natural resource ecology and management in over 110 countries. At present he is visiting fellow at the World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., and senior environmental consultant to the World Bank. He carried out pioneering research in Africa and elsewhere on the use of wild animals for food production. He has written more than 180 scientific and technical publications, including ten books and monographs. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAIR E. TERRILL, animal scientist, collaborator, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, Maryland, received his Ph.D. from the University of Missouri in 1936, served briefly at the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, and joined the USDA at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, Idaho, in the same year. His research concerned genetics and reproduction of sheep, leading to national and international responsibility regarding research and production of sheep, goats, and other animals, with primary emphasis on increasing efficiency of production of meat, wool, and other products. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHRISTIAN M. WEMMER is assistant director for conservation and captive breeding programs at the National Zoological Park and is also in charge of the zoo's 3,100 acre Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. He is vice chairman of the IUCN Deer Specialist Group and a member of the Mustelid and Viverrid Specialist Group of the same organization. His interest in evolutionary and conservation biology has been motivated by frequent travel to South Asia and his role as scientific coordinator of the Smithsonian Nepal Terai Ecology Project. For the past 12 years he has coordinated the development of facilities and programs at the Conservation and Research Center and with Dr. R. Rudran has promoted conservation training and wildlife research in developing nations. He has published over 50 papers on various aspects of mammalian biology and conservation and has co-edited with Benjamin Beck one book on PFre David's deer. His edited volume &quot;The Biology and Management of the Cervidae&quot; was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DANNY C. WHARTON is associate curator, Animal Departments, at New York Zoological Park, Bronx, New York. He received a B.S. from the College of Idaho and an M.Sc. in 1975 from the School for International Training in Brattleboro, Vermont. His Ph.D. in biology was earned at Fordham University. Dr. Wharton was a Peace Corps volunteer to Ecuador 1969-71 and a Fulbright scholar to Germany 1976-77. His research interests have been in the genetic and demographic management of small populations. He works on several committees including the IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group, Species Survival Plan Committee of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and is species chairman for the North American Propagation Group for the Snow Leopard.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES A. WOODS IS curator of mammals at the Florida State Museum and a professor of zoology at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. in zoology from the University of Denver and his Ph.D. in zoology from the University of Massachusetts. He worked at the University of Vermont from 1970 to 1979 when he assumed his present position at the University of Florida. His principle research interests have been in the areas of mammalian ecology (Rodentia) and systematics and evolution and he is especially concerned with island biology. He has spent many years working in the West Indies on a variety of projects and has worked closely with the government of Haiti in establishing a plan for the National Parks of Haiti and in completing a biogeophysical inventory of the natural resources of Hispaniola. He is the ecological consultant for the Institut de Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National in Haiti. He is the author of a number of scientific articles on the fauna of the Antilles including a multivolume series on the fauna of the mountains of Haiti. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS M. YUILL is associate dean for research and graduate training of the School of Veterinary Medicine, assistant director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, and professor of pathobiology and of veterinary science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He received his B.S. in wildlife management from Utah State University in 1959 and his Ph.D. jointly in veterinary science and wildlife ecology in 1964 from the University of Wisconsin. His principal research interests are animal health and diseases of wildlife, including those transmissible to domestic animals and to man. He worked in Thailand for two years and has had active research programs in Colombia for 17 years, and Costa Rica for 5 years. He has recently become involved in animal health and production development in the Gambia, West Africa. Dr. Yuill is an executive committee member and immediate past president of the Organization for Tropical Studies and currently serves as president of the Wildlife Disease Association. He completed a five-year term as Chairman of the U.S. Virus Diseases Panel of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Biomedical Sciences Program. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID)</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALEXANDER SHAKOW, Director, Strategic Planning and Review,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank, Washington, D.C., Chairman&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PATRICIA BARNES-MCCONNELL, Director, Bean/Cowpea CRSP, East Lansing, Michigan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JORDAN J. BARUCH, President, Jordan Baruch Associates, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER D. BELL, President, The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, New York, New York&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BARRY BLOOM, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANE BORTNTCK, Assistant Chief, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE T. CURLIN, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DTRK FRANKENBERG, Director, Marine Sciences Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HARDY, Boyce-Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK HORNE, Dean, College of Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELLEN MESSER, Allan Shaw Feinstein World Hunger Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLEs C. MUSCOPLAT, Executive Vice President, Molecular Genetics, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES QUINN, Amos Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VERNON RUTTAN, Regents Professor, Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics, Saint Paul, Minnesota&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTHONY SAN PIETRO, Professor of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Bloomington, Indiana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST SMERDON, College of Engineering and Mines, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GERARD P. DINEEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., ex officio &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES B. WYNGAARDEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., ex officio &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development Publications and Information Services (H A-476E)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of International Affairs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Washington, D.C. 20418 U SA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2783 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/ec158e/ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">467899</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://ec158e/ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://ec158e/ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courier - NÂ°158 - July - August 1996 Dossier Communication and the media - Country report Cape Verde</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Communication, Information and Documentation|Communication, telecommunication, mass communication, mass media, film-making</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Development Periodicals and Magazines|The Courier ACP 1990 - 1996 Africa-Caribbean-Pacific - European Union</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Courier - NÂ°158 - July - August 1996 Dossier Communication and the media - Country report Cape Verde (ec158e)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">EC Courier</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214927</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215031</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p07a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p32a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p95a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AFRICA-CARIBBEAN-PACIFIC - EUROPEAN UNION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dossier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Communication and the media&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Press freedom, regarded as a fundamental human right, is also a key component in the democratization process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the help of experts in the field, we look at what various organizations are doing to combat censorship and promote a free press in ACP countries and elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We also highlight the new trend of donor support for projects aimed at promoting press freedom. These include, notably, provisions for the training of journalists. And as new means of communication, such as the World Wide Web, develop, we consider what is being done to prevent the opening up of a new divide - this time between the 'information rich' end the 'information poor'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the least-developed countries, Cape Verde is seen as a model of good governance and stable democracy. It is also admired for its perseverance in the struggle against the exigencies of history and climate. The country suffers from almost permanent drought and has virtually no regular supplies of fresh water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Its history has been punctuated by serious famines and while the people are no longer hungry, they still face formidable economic difficulties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde produces just 10% of what it consumes and its exports are one fifteenth of its imports. The one bright spot is in services, where it enjoys a positive trade balance. This sector (in particular, international transport and tourism), together with the country's cultural industries, offer the best hope for future development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Meeting point</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Robert MÃ©nard, Director of 'Reporters sans frontiÃšres'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Combating attacks on press freedom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Reporters sans frontiÃšres' was founded in June 1985 in Montpellier where Robert MÃ©nard was working as a journalist with Radio France. Now based in Paris, RSF has two main policy areas. In the first place it alerts international public opinion and the media to situations involving violations of press freedom (via publications such as 'RSF News letter' the Annual Report and specific books and reports). Secondly, RSF actively intervenes by sending letters of protest to official bodies and assisting victims. Last year RSF dealt with more than 350 cases involving the press throughout the world. The organisation's ambition, according to Mr MÃ©nard, is to be a kind of Amnesty International in the press field. The interview began with Mr MÃ©nard giving a detailed description of RSF's work.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We do two things - we report violations of press freedom and help journalists who are the victims of such violations. Take the former Yugoslavia, for example. It would have been unthinkable to monitor what was going on in that war-torn country without, at the same time, helping the media who were victims of the repression. So we sent over lawyers to help in trials involving the press, helped the families of imprisoned journalists and gave general assistance to the media. In the case of Oslabodenje, the Sarajevo daily, this went on for four years. We did similar work in Rwanda where RSF helped the media to get back on its feet after the genocide. In Algeria at the moment we are involved in aiding  journalists who are obstructed when doing their work. We also give help in Europe - currently to refugee journalists in Belgium, France, Spain, Switzarland and Germany. That's basically what we do; reporting violations of press freedom and helping those who are the victims of it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you work with other organisations, for example the United Nations ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We work with various types of organisations. We have daily contact with other NGOs specialising in press freedom, such as Article 19 in London and the Committee for the Protection of Journalists in New York, to give just two examples. We also have contacts with NGOs involved in human rights issues in general and, above all, with Amnesty International.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then there are our links with international organisations and, first and foremost, with the UN system. RSF has submitted reports in response to requests from various organisations, ranging from the UN Committee for Human Rights to UNESCO. We also work with the Council of Europe and the Organisation of African Unity. But our closest  relationship is with the European Union, or two reasons; firstly because it is RSF's main financial backer and secondly Because the EU enables us to do three things. It has helped us set up and has Financed a vast network of correspondents in 130 different countries and, to my mind, this is the most important thing in terms of defending human rights and press freedom. We also publish reports, which we write in response to EU requests, on press freedom in one country or another and which are made available to the EU and European Parliament. Our third \\ink comes in the form of assistance. We manage an aid fund to help where the press is in difficulties, and the money is provided by the Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-You have mentioned a network of correspondents which has been set up. How does it operate ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is a network of people who are in daily contact with RSF and who tip us off when a situation requiring our attention arises. Whenever there is a violation of press freedom in a country where the network operates, our correspondent lets us know - that's the first priority. Then, they make enquiries at our request. The third stage is to set up events. For example May 3 was World Press Freedom Day and, on that day, in about 20 countries in Africa, our correspondents organised events on the theme of press freedom. A fourth aspect of our correspondents' work is that they are often responsible on the ground for helping journalists in difficulty. They also help the media in general because we give them documents and supply them with information which they distribute in their particular country. Their task, therefore, is to alert us to a situation, meet our requirements for information and, on our behalf, physically to assist people on the ground, set up events and disseminate information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Are the correspondents all nationals of the countries in which they work ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. Also, about 90% of them are joumalists and they are all paid for what they do. Their relationship with us is clear-cut. It is very important for them to be paid because this means that   we can ask certain things of them. If you   work as a volunteer no-one can give you  a deadline to produce such and such a   document. In our case, we pay them to   do this work for RSF.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you choose countries where the situation is already problematic ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Unfortunately, problems exist in many countries. Less than half the countries in the world show any degree of respect for press freedom and that means we have a great deal of work. In addition, information arriving at RSF from the correspondents is distributed to other organisations. We have set up a system called Infex which is an electronic mailbox.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All RSF's information is put on a computerised system and immediately disseminated to all the organisations involved in the defence of human rights, and press freedom in particular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So the technological revolution is a positive thing as far as you are concerned ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Absolutely. Both the Imais and Internet systems are unbelievably useful tools which have completely revolutionised our work. For example, RSF might protest about the situation in some country or other. Take China, for example - we regularly lodge protests against the lack of press freedom there. There are 17 journalists in jail, no freedom for the press and a great many problems. However, people in China are not aware of what we do and in order to get information they have to listen to international radio stations. On the Internet, RSF's services are available in French, English and Spanish and it is consulted by people the world over. It is thus one of their sources of information. Another example would be a case where we set up an operation and inundate a number of people in a particular country with faxes, in order to pass on the information. Modern technology enables us to break down the fortresses which totalitarian or dictatorial regimes attempt to construct around themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- RSF has just published its 1996 Report. What do you have to say regarding the current position of press freedom ? Has progress been made ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I would say two things. In the long term, the situation is improving. If you remember, 25 years ago, the regimes in half the countries in Latin America were dictatorships, communism dominated half of Europe and nearly all of Africa had single-party systems. Even in Europe, there were dictatorships - in Spain, Portugal and Greece. So we cannot deny that there has been progress. The problem is that, for three or four years now, there has been a noticeable rise in new threats to press freedom, and this is a great source of concern to us. Here I am thinking of the rise in power of fundamentalist movements, particularly religious fundamentalism. In a number of countries nowadays - the best example, or perhaps I should say the worst example, is Algeria - journalists are not only threatened by the state but are being killed by armed Islamic groups. The rise in religious fundamentalism is indeed a real danger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second type of threat confronting the press is the increased influence of mafia-type criminals. You will, of course, have heard about drug trafficking in places like Colombia or Peru. Nowadays, in some countries where communism has been overthrown, the big threat comes from these criminal gangs. Not so long ago in Russia, the star presenter on the main TV channel was killed because he got in the way of 'Mafia' interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third threat comes from uncontrolled actions by groups fighting for autonomy or independence, like the Kurdish movement in Turkey (the PKK), and a number of separatist groups in India. The EU is no stranger to this either&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ETA poses a continual threat to the press, as do members of the FLNC in Corsica. It is only a few months since members of the latter group machine gunned a journalist's house. A fourth and new kind of threat, particularly in countries with a democratic system, comes from the rise of the extreme right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lastly, a point I draw particular attention to in our recent report is, in fact, a dual phenomenon. On the one hand there are states which pass laws under which any criticism is a crime and may lead to prosecution. An example of this is Egypt where the government has enacted a law which has led to charges being brought against some 60 journalists since summer 1995. On the other hand, there are states where justice simply does not operate and there is no will to make it function.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Last year, 51 journalists were killed and a number of others were attacked, but there has not been a single trial or conviction. It is a real culture of impunity. In some countries, the justice system either does not operate, or it is not independent. In such places, the authorities are reluctant to identify and prosecute those responsible for attacks on journalists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· RSFcurrently has project running in Rwanda, in collaboration with the EU. Could you tell us something about this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The EU is helping us to meet a wide range of needs in Rwanda, as well as in Burundi, where sadly, the situation is rather similar. In Rwanda, there are those who governed the country before the genocide and those in power at the moment. There was a specific problem there in that nearly half of Rwanda's journalists were killed during the genocide - 49 out of about 100. We had virtually to reconstruct the press system and the EU gave us the means to do this.The press currently has difficulties vis-Ã -vis the authorities but it is attempting to do its job.  in Burundi, where our work is of a more conventional type, we see continuing attacks on press freedom. There, RSF is trying to resist the pressure, again supported by the EU. In fact, thanks to the EU, we are helping a   number of countries' media to survive despite difficult conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another quite new problem is that before and during the genocide in Rwanda, the media were used as vehicles for disseminating hatred. They issued calls for people to kill their compatriots, in this instance the Tutsis, and the language they used was unbelievably violent. On Radio Mille Collines, presenters would say - and I quote; 'The graves are not full yet'. They would give out the addresses of people who had to be killed and when the murders had been carried out they would actually say, 'You killed them too quickly - you should have killed them more slowly to make them suffer more', or, 'You didn't kill the children, go back and kill the childreni. We actually have recordings of statements like this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In such a situation, journalists must be made to answer for what they have done and be brought to justice.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has helped us conduct a number of surveys which will enable the international criminal court in The Hague to charge Rwandan journalists with complicity or incitement to genocide. We expect this to take place in the very near future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course in Rwanda, all that is in the past but the same thing is happening today in Burundi where there is a radio station called 'Radio Democracy' - what a joke! A number of journalists there are issuing calls for people to be killed and we have a copy of one of their newspapers whose front page offers a cash reward to anyone who kills such and such a person. This is not journalism. RSF has lodged complaints against these people and one of these 'journalists' has just been charged.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We are doing three things in Rwanda and Burundi: denouncing violations of press freedom by the authorities, helping media victims and - something new - reporting what has come to be known as 'the media of hatred'. Unfortunately, this type of media is not restricted to Rwanda and Burundi. it is a phenomenon that we see in a number of African countries, in the former Yugoslavia, the Caucasus and the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East. Perhaps you are aware that the 50th anniversary of the Nuremberg trials has just passed ? But did you know that there were two journalists among the accused? The press has forgotten that journalists played a part in the rise of Nazism. RSF is pointing out that the same thing is happening today in many countries and we have to fight it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; 'The EU is a  perfect partner&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Given what you have just said, should restrictions be placed on press freedom ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - This is a very complex subject. You have to remember that international texts, particularly the convention on civil and political rights, place restrictions on press freedom. Article 19, which defines press freedom, stipulates that there are certain limits to this and Article 20 forbids any dissemination of racist or antisemitic ideas and any incitements to violence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RSF has two things to say. First, governments which have signed the agreements must ensure they are observed. These set limits. Journalists are not above the law and they must be punished when they say certain things. So states must face up to their responsibilities and apply the treaties they have signed. Second, I feel that the international community, and Europe in particular - when it signs agreements or gives aid to third countries - should demand that they respect press freedom but clamp down on the media of hatred.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· RSF has just published a draft model legislation governing the press. In preparing this, were you influenced by your experience of the extremist media ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Perhaps we were influenced too much. I am my own worst critic. We sent a mission to Rwanda before the genocide but did not appreciate the full effects of the evil disseminated by the media of hatred, particularly Radio Mille &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collines. We underestimated the situation and are concerned at what is happening. We believe there must be express limits on press freedom and this draft framework law is one way of formulating such restrictions. It is not necessarily the best way of going about things, but our profession has to ask itself questions regarding the definition of press freedom and the limits we must not exceed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Are you satisfied with what the EU is doing in this area ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The EU is a perfect partner and has never exerted any pressure. With the Union, we are able to do things that would not be possible with individual Member-State government because the latter conduct foreign policy in defence of certain interests. Each country has its own cultural history linguistic links or links arising out of former colonial times which prevent it financing RSF's studies unconditionally. As far as our missions are concerned, RSF decides what it wants to do and we send our reports to the EU. They have also granted us a budget enabling us to give immediate aid to people in difficulty. This is the most positive action possible If the EU were not there, there would unfortunately be no-one else to finance an organisation like ours. 60% of our budget comes from the Union, 20%from various companies. We generate the remaining 20% ourselves through sales of books and contributions. Because the EU is a grouping of governments, the Commission has some room for manoeuvre. This is the only possible kind of support for organisations like RSF and, if it were not there, it would be the end for the people whom RSF supports.  interview by Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ACP</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The economy of Cameroon: Better prospects but still a long way to go</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is an astonishing sight to behold during the rainy season. As you drive along the road from YaoundÃ© to Bamenda, you come to a point where human habitation starts - and it then continues unbroken for more than 100 kiLomÃ©tres. Just before Bafoussam, and as far as the eye can see, every patch of land is cultivated. Bananas, oranges, mangoes, sugarcane, cassava, palm trees, groundnuts and maize grow luxuriantly in open fields and in the front and back gardens of many houses. This route, of course, takes you mainly through the western part of Cameroon, home to the BamilelrÃ©s, recognised as one of the country's most enterprising and industrious ethnic groups. The population density here is 200 per km2 as opposed to 1 per km2 in the East.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The impact of this widespread farming, carried out by a large number of smallholders, is visible in the local markets, whether in Bafoussam, Mbouda or Bamenda. There, the stalls overflow with fruits and vegetables and prices are very low - a virtual paradise for the middlemen whose unmistakable presence is signalled by the significant number of trucks loading the produce for distribution throughout the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These scenes come as no surprise to the long-time observer of Cameroon's economy. The country achieved virtual self-sufficiency in food over 15 years ago. It is one of the few African countries to have been able to do this, thanks both to its physical  endowments and an early recognition of its agricultural vocation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon is often described as a microcosm of Africa, not just in terms of its make-up of English- and French speaking communities, but because it enjoys almost all the continent's climatic conditions. The south is equatorial, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons of equal duration, the centre is Savannah country with one rainy season and one dry season, while the extreme north (part of the Sahel) is hot and dry. The country has a very good supply of rainfall - from 5000 mm annually in the southwest to around 600 mm near Lake Chad.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such varied climates favour the cultivation of a variety of crops. Timber is  produced mainly in the southern provinces while palm oil, tea, cocoa, coffee, rubber, timber and foodcrops are produced in the southwestern and western areas. The central and north provinces specialise in cattle and cotton production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Concentration on agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon has, not surprisingly, concentrated on agriculture. Indeed the government has given top priority to the sector in all its development plans   since independence in 1960. It has been involved in the marketing of the main export crops and has provided subsidies to farmers in the form of low-priced fertilisers and pesticides for their cocoa, coffee, rubber, palm oil, etc. Almost three-quarters of the working population (the majority of whom are smallholders) are engaged in farming. And despite a low level of mechanisation, they are very efficient. The rate of growth in food outstrips the rate of population growth. Only a few largescale farmers or firms are involved in the production of cash crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until the early 1980s, when oil came into the picture, these large scalefarmers and firms amounted for more than 70% of export earnings, 40% of state revenue and 32% of the Gross Domestic Product. The plan initially was to use oil revenues to further boost and transform agriculture. However, the dramatic increase in the country's oil production, combined with much higher world petroleum prices during the first half of the 1980s, made the sector not only Cameroon's biggest export earner, but also, in a certain sense, a 'spoiler' for agriculture. Increased revenues enabled the government to maintain the level of prices paid to farmers, even though world prices had slumped to disastrous levels. This created distortions in the market. (Later, when the oil price slumped, and revenues dropped sharply, producer prices were also reduced, bringing them closer into line with international prices.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture's contribution to GDP declined steadily to around 21 % in 1985, rose to 27% in 1989 and has hovered around 30% ever since. The sector's share of export earnings has also fallen to about 40% of total exports by value.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite this, Cameroon's agriculture remains, comparatively, in a much better shape than that of most African countries. Indeed, it contributed in large measure to the country's reputation as one of Africa's economic successes in the 1980s. During that decade, growth averaged 8% per annum. However, the period was also marked by dramatic increases in oil revenues which induced  significant policy changes as well as leading to maladministration. The government paid less attention to taxation and customs duties as sources of income and turned a virtual blind eye to smuggling which harmed the manufacturing sector. The civil service, on the other hand, expanded beyond reason, a phenomenon that some have attributed to patronage by the ruling single party.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boom in public expenditure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Protected somewhat against fluctuations in earnings from export crops, by a strong but overvalued CFA franc, the government embarked on a wide range of capital expenditure and imports. Then, in 1987, international oil prices fell as dramatically as they had risen earlier in the decade. At the time, public spending was running at CFAF 8 billion - well above the CFAF 5.6bn the country actually earned. Revenues from oil continued their downward slide to CFAF4.5 bn in 1988, CFAF 2.8 bn in 1991 and CFAF 2.5 bn in 1994. 1995 saw a modest rise to CFAF 3 bn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1987 thus marked the beginning of a rapid deterioration in Cameroon's financial situation. In the period which followed, civil servants' salaries were unpaid for months, several of the country's foreign missions were left without resources and both domestic and foreign debts worsened. In 1993, the government owed commercial banks around CFAF 3.3bn. Its external debt stood at around $7.5bn with a service ratio of more than 25% of foreign exchange earnings. The devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 improved the internal debt situation significantly. In February, the government signed a letter of intent with the IMF after agreeing to a series of reforms which included, among other things, rationalising the banking and insurance sectors, raising revenue from non-oil sources, bringing inflation down and reducing the budget deficit. In return the IMF provided a stand-by loan equivalent to CFAF 1.4bn. However, the agreement was suspended just a few months later when the Fund reached the conclusion that the government lacked the will to carry the reforms through. The 1994/95 budget foresaw a deficit of 4.5% of GDP - well above the IMF's guideline of 1.5%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meanwhile the country's financial situation had become so critical that it could no longer service its debts, most notably, those it owed to the World Bank. France, which had traditionally been ready to come to the rescue, refused to bail Cameroon out and it finally dawned on the authorities that structural adjustment was unavoidable. When, in September 1995, talks resumed with the IMF, the commitment to adjustment was no longer in doubt. The government agreed, in addition to fiscal reforms, to liberalise trade in cocoa, coffee and timber, to prune the civil service and to privatise state enterprises which dominate the industrial sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commitment to reforms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since then the reform process has been in full swing. The first and most important task has been to improve the government's financial position. The civil service, which employs more than 175000 people, is gradually being reduced and salaries have been cut. Trade is also being liberalised and subsidies are being removed. The 1995/96 budget, unveiled in June last year, was welcomed by the IMF. It included, for the first time in a long while, increases in income tax and a widening of tax bands. A series of measures have also been introduced to combat tax evasion and fraud. External signs of wealth, water and electricity consumption, and telephone bills are now being used as means of assessing income tax.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Responsibility for the collection of customs duties has been removed from the Customs Department which was often accused in the past of corruption and inefficiency. The task has been given instead to a Swiss-based preshipment inspection company. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The donor community has responded positively. With French assistance, the government has been able to clear its outstanding debt to the World Bank. The IMF has provided a stand-by credit facility of $101 million in support of the adjustment programme for 1995/ 96 and debts to the Paris Club covering the same period have been rescheduled. In addition, now that Cameroon has been reclassified as a poor country, it is entitled to benefit from the terms of the Naples Agreement, which allow for up to 67% of debts to western govemments to be written off. A number of creditor nations have either forgiven the country its debts or have reduced them substantially. More loans have come from France and a number of other donors, including the World Bank and the European Community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EC is financing a series of projects within the framework of the adjustment programme, including the restructuring of the civil service and preparation of the ground for privatisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lately though, the donor community has been showing signs of disenchantment, following allegations of misuse of funds and perhaps even outright embezzlement. Last March, an IMF mission to YaoundÃ© failed to obtain an adequate explanation concerning the allocation of certain sums. The result, at the time The Courier went to press, was that an IMF loan for settlement of Cameroon's debt to the African Development Bank was being held up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dealing with the negative social impact&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p07a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sudden devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 halved Cameroon's purchasing power overnight. The government has since cut wages twice. The average salary of a top civil servant, which stood at around CFAF 300 000 before devaluation, is now less than CFAF 180 000 while the lowest paid government employees receive just CFAF 30 000. At the same time, prices, particularly of imported manufactured goods and inputs, have risen sharply. Increases of up to 150% have been  recorded. By way of example, the price of a baguette (french bread), which was only CFAF 80 in January 1994 had risen to CFAF 130 by March 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there is considerable hardship, Cameroonians are a great deal more fortunate than fellow Africans in many other countries undergoing a similar adjustment process. Staple food remains cheap and affordable to the vast majority, thanks to the continuing strength of agriculture. As a result, there are few, if any, cases of malnutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of donors, including China, Belgium and the EC, are concentrating on health and education with the specific aim of reducing the negative social impact of adjustment. The EC, for example, has a project designed to strengthen health provision at the grassroots. This entails rehabilitating  infrastructures (health centres and district hospitals in particular) and establishing medical supply centres in areas that are not covered by other donors. The project is governed by the principle of cost-recovery to ensure viability and sustainability. But one area where the donors cannot do much is in the field of job creation. There is growing unemployment and job prospects in the formal sector, at least in the short term, are not good.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In macro-economic terms, things are locking up slightly for Cameroon. After recording economic growth of 3% in 1994/95, the hope is for a 5% increase in 1995/96. However, Cameroon's main economic operators, grouped under the umbrella of GICAM (Groupement inter-patronal du Cameroun), expressed fears late last year   that the country would not achieve this level of growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon exports a variety of primary commodities, most of whose prices have recovered in recent years, and devaluation has had a positive impact on the country's balance of trade. Specifically, it has helped make exports more competitive and in 1994/ 95 the trade surplus was a healthy CFAF 349bn, almost double the CFAF 128bn recorded in the previous year. There was a noticeable slowdown in the export of timber in the latter half of last year and the qualities of coffee and cocoa being sold were not up to the usual standard, a situation that led to both crops being shunned in the world market. Bananas exported to France were also meeting stiffer competition from French Caribbean bananas. However, the fact that rubber production has risen by more than 10%, while aluminium output and sales have increased, should help Cameroon to record another positive trade balance when the figures are next published.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The forestry sector, which has huge foreign-exchange earning and employment potential, is being rationalised as part of the current structural adjustment programme. The Canadian Agency for International Development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(CAID) has a five-year project to conserve and regenerate some 30 000 hectares. In fact, half of Cameroon is covered by forest and less than 500 000 ha is currently being exploited. The objective is to ensure that forest resources are exploited in the future at a sustainable level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The private sector&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industry, which is still in its infancy, has been developed by the government since independence largely with a view to import-substitution, although with some gearing towards the regional market. It accounts for about 14% of GDP and is currently dominated by aluminium smelting. Although devaluation has lately improved the competitiveness of those enterprises that add value to locally available raw materials, the manufacturing sector as a whole faces two major challenges now that the government has accepted the idea that the economy is best driven by the private sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first relates to private investments, which have been sluggish  over the past ten years; a clear illustration of a lack of confidence in the economy. This was amply demonstrated when Cameroonians with funds abroad failed to repatriate them to take advantage of the CFAF devaluation as was widely expected. This phenomenon puts the whole privatisation exercise in jeopardy as it means that the government is more likely to have to rely on foreign entrepreneurs. The best the authorities can therefore expect in the short term, some observers say, is to convert those state enterprises that are not already joint-ventures into ones where private investors become the majority shareholders. Complete divestment will then take place gradually over a longer timescale. Overall, 150 state enterprises have been earmarked for sale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to AndrÃ© Siaka, director of Cameroon's Brewery, who is also Chairman of GICAM, another reason for the lack of investment was high interest rates. These hovered around 20% for many years. Even now, after the reform of the banking sector, interest rates remain very high and there are no borrowers, he told The Courier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donors again have been conscious of this and some of their interventions have reflected this concern. For example, Canada is providing funds for the establishment in Douala (the commercial capital) of a centre for the development of private enterprises. Meanwhile, the Chinese have promised to provide CFAF 7bn to enable a line of credit to be opened for small and medium sized enterprises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government itself is puting in place a number of incentives, according to Minister of Trade and Industry Eloundou Mani Pierre. The liberalisation of the economy and the reform of the customs regime in collaboration with UDEAC, to which Cameroon belongs, are part of these. Mr Mani told The Courier that with a population of under 12 million, Cameroun's most important market was Central Africa. He also, perhaps surprisingly, has high hopes for the new World Trade Aareement. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon meanwhile is reviewing its plan for the establishment of export processing zones with the help of its main donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also looking at other ways of attracting foreign investment, particularly in 'value-added' enterprises involved in the processing of locally available raw materials such as cotton, cocoa, coffee and timber.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social and political peace&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second, and by far the more serious challenge facing manufacturing, is the problem of large-scale smuggling by petty traders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evidence of this abounds in the booming central market of Douala, where goods of all kinds can be found at very reasonable prices. Ironically the measures which were being taken and judged to be relatively effective against smuggling in recent years have had to be abandoned under structural adjustment rules imposed on the government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As Mr Siaka pointed out, petty traders dealing in smuggled goods put pressure on enterprises, 'because they do not pay tax', and threaten to render domestic manufacturing uncompetitive. It is also widely acknowledged, however, that the small-scale traders, who dominate the informal sector, provide job opportunities to Cameroonians, which is important at a time of economic austerity. Indeed petty trading has arguably been the safety-valve, helping to ease the social pressures brought about by structural adjustment, and thus preventing civil unrest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the extent to which that safety-valve can withstand the emerging political pressures is a different matter. Democratisation, understandably, was one of the conditions imposed by donors for assistance to Cameroon. After a series of elections - presidential, legislative and municipal - which were marred by violence and deaths, there are still doubts about the health of democracy in the country. Indeed, there are signs that tension is  mounting. And few would dispute that if Cameroon is to succeed economically, it needs both social peace and political stability. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Jacques Santer commends regional initiative</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Alex Kremer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission President's visit to West Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union's commitment to regional development in sub-Saharan Africa is as strong as ever, but sustainable development can only come from Africa's own initiative. This was the message delivered by Jacques Santer, President of the European Commission, in his address to African heads of state at the UEMOA (Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa) summit in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, on May 10.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'I wish to emphasise from the start,' Mr Santer declared to the Presidents of Benin, Burkina Faso, CÃŽte d'lvoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo, 'that the European Commission and the European Parliament are both determined to make our partnership even more dynamic and in tune with today's rapidly changing world.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The presence of the Commission President at the UEMOA summit marks a milestone in the European Community's support for regional integration in the developing world. With its own Commission, Council of Ministers and Court of Justice, the UEMOA appears to be consciously  following the supranational model of regional integration pioneered by the European Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sequencing of UEMOA integration, however, is almost the reverse of the European model. Already linked by a single currency in the CFA franc, the West African Union's member states are now pressing ahead with plans for integration of their 'real' economies. The implementation timetable agreed in Ouagadougou covers freedom of establishment, free movement of capital, mutual macroeconomic monitoring and the first steps to customs union with the harmonisation of external tariffs and the lowering or removal of intra-regional barriers to trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President Santer indicated that the European Commission is keen to discuss how the European Development Fund (EDF) can support these initiatives. Such aid could take the form of technical assistance and training as well as direct budgetary support to mitigate the short-term costs of customs union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UEMOA is not, however, an aid project. Its member states have designed it to stand on its own feet financially from the start. A 'community solidarity levy' was due to come into effect on 1 July 1996. The money will be used for a structural fund programme beginning in late 1997, as well as to finance the Union's operating costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meeting with the President of Burkina Faso, Blaise CompaorÃ©, Mr Santer said that it was particularly significant that his first official visit to Africa as President of the European&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission was to Ouagadougou. Not only was it a reaffirmation of the partnership between Africa and the EU, and a statement of the EU's willingness to support regional integration in the developing world. It was also a tribute to the determination of the people of Burkina Faso and other African countries to promote their own development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community is Burkina Faso's second largest donor, contributing 10% of total aid payments in 1994. Since 1991, the EC has committed an average of ECU 45 million each year to development cooperation with this country, rising to a peak of ECU 100m in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Santer visited the EDF-financed road improvement site at Tougan, close to the frontier with Mali, and noted that intra-regional transport links were an essential complement to the legislative programme of the UEMOA. He concluded his tour of regional cooperation projects with a visit to a photovoltaic pumping system financed by the EC under its West African solar energy programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, on a more personal note, the Commission President was able to drop in on a project managed by the charity ChrÃ©tiens pour le Sahel. Mr Santer worked for this Luxembourg-based organisation before starting his career in politics and he was visibly pleased to see that it was still going strong - supporting home-grown African initiatives with a little financial help from the European Community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.K. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA - moving with the times</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) was inaugurated 11 years ago in Ede, Prince Claus of the Netherlands - whose interest in development issues is well-known - attestded as guest of honour. On 19 April, he returned to take part in the official opening of the CTA's new building in neigh bouring Wageningen in the Dutch province of Gelderland. The siting of the purpose built premises is significant. The town of Wageningen has long been an important European centre for agricultural research and the Dutch, of course, are renowned for their commitment to cooperation with developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CTA may only have moved a short distance from its previous headquarters, but the Centre's 38-strong staff are also aware of the need to move with the times when it comes to fulfilling  their role in the field of agricultural information. This point was particularly emphasised by CTA Director, Dr. R.D. Cooke in his presentation at the opening ceremony. Recalling the Centre's main tasks (see box) Dr Cooke spoke of the 'changing horizons and challenges' which they faced, and he focused on four specific aspects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first of these is the big change taking place in national agricultural systems, with the state withdrawing more and more in favour of the private sector and NGOs. This is being accompanied by a trend towards decentralisation with the result that the CTA has many more potential partners to cater for and work with.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Global liberalisation has also had an effect on the kind of information being sought by the CTA's 'customers'. In the past, demand was almost exclusively for scientific or technical information, notably aimed at increasing productivity. Dr Cooke reported that while this remained important, there was now  an increasing interest in marketing and socio-economic aspects to facilitate decision-taking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It came as no surprise to hear the Director highlight the challenge posed by new technologies such as electronic networking and digital storage. The key point here, he stressed, was to find ways of adapting these to ACP needs and realities. 'In the next century,' he argued, 'the haves and the heve-nots will be defined by their access to information.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, Dr Cooke referred to the growing significance of regional linkages. He indicated that the CTA was locking at ways in which it could help its partners to devise regional development programmes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The declaration signalling the official opening of the building was made in the preceding presentation by E.F.C. Niehe who is Deputy DirectorGeneral for European Cooperation at the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In his speech, Mr Niehe emphasised the relevance of the CTA, pointing out that while the world food situation had improved, 'we are now on the threshold of structural food insecurity'. He also spoke in more general terms about the future of ACP-EU cooperation and acknowledged that 'partnership, sovereignty and equality had been somewhat neglected' by donors. However, he suggested that these concepts were now 'coming back'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the ACP side, the Swaziland ambassador, CS. Mamba,who is co-President of the Committee of Ambassadors, took up the theme of food shortages in sub-Saharan Africa and identified some of the difficulties encountered by African producers, particularly in respect of new technologies and marketing. He also referred to the environmental challenges facing ACP countries, especially in the Caribbean and Pacific. He was keen, however, to stress that the picture was 'not entirely negative'. Thus, for example, new technologies and methods had had a positive impact on grain production in Zimbabwe, horticulture in Kenya, and cocoa and coffee in West Africa. Mr Mamba echoed Dr Cooke in stressing the advantages of regional markets, and concluded with a firm statement of support for continuing ACP-EU cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'History,' he said, 'will show that the LomÃ© Convention played a central role in the momentum of development.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The final speaker was Steffen Smidt, Director-General for Development at the European Commission, who suggested that the CTA had played a pioneering role in developing a sectoral  approach at a time when the focus of development cooperation tended to be on individual projects. 'The Centre', he said, 'has become a well-respected international institution in the field of agricultural information.' The Director General focused on the need for ACP countries to develop their own capacities and on the gap that exists 'between potential and reality', because of capacity limitations. The Centre, he believed, could 'help bridge this gap.' Mr Smidt also reiterated a point made earlier that the information flow should not just be in one direction. 'Information from South to North is vital,' he argued, to ensure better targeting of programmes in future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After the speeches, guests had an opportunity to learn more about the CTA's work by speaking to the Centre's personnel and visiting a special exhibition illustrating the nature and purpose of the Centre's activities. _&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer About the CTA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CIA's tasks are: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - to develop and provide services which improve access to information for agricultural and rural development ; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - to strengthen the Opacity of ACP countries to produce, acquire, exchange and utilise information in these areas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Programmes are organised around three principal themes: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strengthening information centres - designing strategies for improving agricultural information services; - promoting use of new information technologies; - providing training; - donating books. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Promoting contact and exchange of: experience among CTA's partners in rural development - seminars; - study visits. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Providing information on demand - publication s; - radio and audiovisual materials; - literature services for researchers; - Question and answer service. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(The address of the Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural cooperation can be found in the CTA section towards the end of the white pages in   this issue.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bananas, Hamlet and the Windward IsIands</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Martin Dihm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What do the Windward Islands' banana industry and Hamlet have in common ? Both are intrigued by the same question: 'To be or not to be.' But unlike Hamlet, whose fete was decided rather quickly and tragically, the future of Windward Canibbean banana production is still open. And what is more, Windward producers have a distinct advantage over Hamlet. They can hire consultants to analyse their problem and come up with fresh solutions. That is what has happened. But before turning to the solutions, what have the problems been ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The four Windward Islands; Dominica, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenada, have long enjoyed preferential market access to the UK. This first permitted the creation of the industry and then secured its survival, even with production costs that are much higher than those of other producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A traumatic moment came when the European Community had to decide on a common market regime for bananas. Coming into effect in mid 1993 the regime maintained the principle of preferential access for traditional ACP producers. Nevertheless, it introduced a move towards greater market liberalisation. Fierce attacks on the regime by certain of the EU's trading partners have raised doubts about its viability. The system is due, in any case, to expire in 2002 when even further liberalisation seems likely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this could cause great difficulties for the Windward Islands which still depend substantially on banana exports to the EU. A decline in prices since mid-1993 and the appearance of new competitors in the previously protected UK market have further underlined the need for the Windwards to compete in a more liberal arena. The Islands commissioned a study, funded by the UK and the EC, into the competitiveness of their industry and on ways of improving its position. It was not the first study of this type, but earlier ones had had no real impact on the industry which had always been sufficiently protected to avoid swallowing the bitter pill of adjustment. This time, it was clear from the outset that action would have to be taken if the industry were to master the new situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The study provided a wealth of interesting insights and recommendations. The first big surprise - at least for outsiders - was the discovery that the industry was wasting considerable amounts each year through certain deficiencies in governance, management and production methods. The second theme of the study was the poor banana quality resulting from an inappropriate pricing system. In effect, price differences paid to farmers were not sufficient to reward extra attention to quality aspects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The study's recommendations pertaining to management, production and quality were all agreed in a meeting on 29 September 1995, which brought together the Prime Ministers, the EC and other donors. Prime Minister Mitchell of St Vincent labelled this chance for the industry to get its business right as 'the last train to San Fernando'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What has happened since then ? After some hesitation, the industry has indeed begun to 'take up arms against its sea of troubles' (to return to the Hamlet analogy). The EC, for its part, has taken the part of Horatio, the faithful friend. Its role is a delicate one though - for the EC has a lot of money available. Take, for example, the ECU 25m allocated to St Vincent in the 1994 STABEX exercise (roughly five times that  country's national indicative programme). How are such funds to be injected reasonably into the islands without undermining their own strength and sense of purpose in pursuing the right strategy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To answer this, one has to look at the actual requirements. Streamlining the banana industry is less a question of big infrastructure projects than of providing expertise to guide the necessary structural changes. It also means fewer people will be employed in the sector. Aid should, therefore, focus on technical assistance, promoting diversification, and social 'cushioning'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge, of course, remains considerable and the outcome will not be known for some time. But it is clear that the Windwards have taken bold steps in the right direction and that further steps are on the agenda. There is also little doubt that the islands small, sweet bananas can only be competitive in their market segment if they are produced and marketed professionally, and with dedication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So what could Hamlet have learnt from this experience ? In short - get sound analysis and fresh advice from outside - and then boldly implement. And stick close to your good old friend, Horatio! &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.D.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">British beef overshadows Development Council</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most recent meeting of the EC`s Development Council was one of the first to be hit by the non-cooperation policy adopted by the UK in protest at the export ban on British beef. The Overseas Development Minister, Linda Chalker, announced at the outset to her fellow ministers: 'I will not be able to agree today to the adoption of those texts... on which unanimity is required'. Britain is seeking agreement 'for a step-by-step lifting of the export ban', which was imposed after scientific evidence suggested a link between Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) - and its human 'equivalent', Creuzfeld Jakob Disease. Cases of BSE have been recorded across Europe, but the vast majority have been in the UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Texts which were approved included a regulation on refugees in non-LomÃ© developing countries. This makes available ECU 240 million over a four-year period (19961999) for longer term assistance to refugees and displaced persons - mainly in Asia and Latin America. Also agreed were two three-year programmes covering Aids control and environmental projects respectively. They will cover the period 1997-1999, and each has been allocated the sum of ECU 45m. In addition, ministers confirmed a regulation on the criteria for disbursing humanitarian aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the British stance meant that a number of important resolutions were blocked, including a text on mounting projects which link emergency, rehabilitation and longer-term aid. Rino Serri, Italy's Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs who presided the Council meeting, said that once adopted, this approach would represent a 'qualitative leap for the EU's development policy.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other resolutions awaiting approval relate to the strengthening of coordination between Member States, evaluation of the environmental impact of development policies, decentralised cooperation, and migration and development. Since good headway was made on these subjects despite the British attitude, the texts are expected  to be speedily agreed once the UK lifts its veto. Ministers also had an initial discussion on a paper presented by Commissioner Pinheiro on preventing conflicts in Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As is customary at these biannual meetings, several delegations raised points of particular national concern. Belgium, for example, is worried about the Commission's proposal which would finally establish the single market in chocolate products while leaving Member States the choice of adapting their legislation to allow a vegetable oil content of up to 5% in chocolate. Belgium feels that this approach could ultimately prove harmful to cacoa-producing countries and claims that it will be difficult to control the exact percentage of oil used. Sweden, meanwhile, wants action to reform the UN institutions while Italy is keen to increase public awareness of development policies. Finland emphasised the need for better coordination between the European Community and its Member States on environmentally sustainable projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Great Lakes region&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was backing for the June Round Table meeting on Rwanda organised by the UNDP, as well for the various diplomatic initiatives aimed at bringing stability to the Great Lakes region. On 27 May, the ministers dined  with Emma Bonino, the European Commissioner responsible for humanitarian issues, and with former US President, Jimmy Carter, who has played a major role in the search to find a solution to the region's problems. Others active in this effort include South Africa's Archbishop Tutu, and former Presidents Nyerere and TourÃ© of Tanzania and Mali respectively. Ministers also commended the efforts of the UN and the OAU.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Serri said there was a 'desperate need for a ceasefire' in Burundi and called for a 'speeding up of the peace process and full deployment of available humanitarian and development aid.' He told journalists it was vital for the EU to make special efforts to strengthen the judicial systems in Rwanda and Burundi - 'so that the justice system can work properly and identify those responsible for the genocide.' He pledged that 'substantial resources' would be made available once peace is secured. Ministers also called for a control of arms sales to the region, although they have no power to legislate in this area, which remains the preserve of the Member States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside the meeting place, Senegalese fishermen and NGOs joined forces to mount a protests against the effects of traditional EU fisheries agreements. These provide financial compensation to governments in exchange for access to their waters for EU vessels, but the protesters claim that they harm local fishing industries and disrupt food supplies. A significant number of agreements are due to come up for renewal later this year. NGOs are lobbying for a new and 'fairer' type of accord which provides for catch reductions, more selective fishing methods and the employment of locally-hired fishermen on EU boats. These proposals are all set out in a paper entitled 'The Fight for Fish: Towards Fair Fisheries Agreements,' published by Eurostep, a Brussels-based NGO. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Country report</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Cape Verde</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Making the best of history</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde has been shaped by the harmattan, the hot dry wind which blows from Africa, strong ocean currents and five hundred years of Portuguese colonialisation. Portugal has been a constant presence in the archipelago's history since the fifteenth century, when it granted the colonists who were to settle on the islands of Cape Verde a monopoly over the slave trade. The country became an interface between Africa, Europe and the Americas, at the centre of the triangle of trade in slaves, hardware and gold. The intermingling of black populations of every origin who  passed through the islands meant that the country was unable to present a united face against the colonialist culture. The colonists were therefore able to impose their own culture, with their fervent and proselytzing Catholicism becoming the principal ingredientin the mixture that is Cape Verde. Strong, scorching winds from the desert have shaped the islands' landscape and inhospitable ocean currents mean that approaches to the islands are difficult, their rocky cliff faces plunging into the sea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mythical Portuguese colonial oasis&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Up to the eighteenth century, Cape Verde was no more than a commercial centre for Portugal, its population at the end of that century barely exceeding 50,000, to be halved by the great drought between 1773-75. Other periods of drought regularly decimated the population and the arrival of new colonists and slaves did not offset such losses or compensate for the massive exodus which began in the early nineteenth century with the arrival of American whalers in search of crew members for their ships. Seven hundred thousand Cape Verdians currently live abroad, half of these in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only four hundred thousand  have stayed in their own country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the beginning of the twentieth century, a period which signalled a turning point in the country's history, the population still numbered no more than 150 000. At the time, major sea voyages were being undertaken and Cape Verde's geographical location was highly valued. Mindelo, on the island of SÃ£o Vicente in the north of the archipelago, developed as a coal-and-watersupply port for English vessels plying the route between India and the Americas, and England helped construct this port. However, Portugal's policy towards Cape Verde was double-edged. On the one hand, the islands were regarded as a natural extension of the home country, but as a competitor in terms of port activities. This led to Mindelo's slow development, although the trade in  skins, fishery produce, coffee and salt  could have made it a thriving centre. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mixing of races in Cape Verde has often been held up as, so-to-speak, 'humane colonisation', but this opinion is not corroborated by the under-developed state of the country at the time of independence and the fact that Portugal implemented food security measures to combat the ravages of catastrophic famines only when under pressure from public opinion, at the end of the first half of the twentieth century. The island's colonists had always used slave labour to produce food or fabrics which enabled them to purchase more slaves and it was only when the slave based economy began to decline, which   resulted in the impoverishment of the colonists, that a major grouping of free Blacks and rebel or emancipated slaves came into being. That is when the intermixing of races began. Therefore, before the abolition of slavery (18641869-1878), the vast majority of the black population of the island was free; both unmarried and married colonists would generally emancipate their children born of a secret relationship with female slaves. The aristocracy and white upper-middle classes continued to live a cloistered, aloof life and did not mix with other races. A second factor which would suggest that Portuguese colonisation of Cape Verde was sympathetic in outlook is the reputation of this small country's intellectuals; although colonisation created only a small intellectual elite which was the product of a single institution, the Mindelo College, opened in 1917. In a quote by Michel Lesourd, Deirdre Meintel refers to this phenomenon as the mythical 'cultural oasis'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A nation born of a middle class in tatters&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through its contradictions, it was this black, mulatto and 'petty white' middle class which was to forge the mixed-race culture and national identity, caught between its own privileges and its aspirations of aristocracy, between its rejection of African culture (they sought a 'lusotropical' culture) and the need to find allies amongst the lower classes who retained African cultural values. In order to acquire the wealth and attributes of power, this middle class was to take over the lands vacated by the decline of the slavebased economy and which were often much improved by the former slaves (renamed 'tenant farmers' without a major change in their living conditions) preventing a major economic upheaval which could have put an end to this iniquitous system. Their wholesale appropriation of land explains why, today, there is a very high proportion of landless farmers in Cape Verde, seasonal agricultural workers who survive only thanks to the State's welfare system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This petty bourgeoisie was to give birth to growing awareness which would lead to calls for independence. Officially, Cape Verde was not a colony but a province, and its inhabitants in theory had the same rights or lack of rights as Portuguese citizens in Salazar's 'New State', where the right to vote depended on social and cultural status. In other Portuguese territories, members of the petty bourgeoisie held the rank of colonial administrators and, from their ranks, the pro-independence movements emerged. Such was the case of the PAIGC (Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde pro-lndependence Party), created by Amilcar Cabral, a symbolic figure in Africa's striuggles for independence and Cape Verde's national hero. He was assassinated in mysterious circumstances in Guinea-Conakry in 1973. His brother, Luiz Cabral, was to become president of Guinea-Bissau, and Aristides Pereira his successor as Party leader and Cape Verde's first president.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's uneventful transition to independence in July 1975 mirrored Portugalts Carnation Revolution and was quite unlike the fierce war entered into by Portugal in Mozambique and Angola. There was a clandestine struggle during which a number of combatants were imprisoned, but there was never any real guerilla warfare. The Portuguese governor remained at his post until he was replaced by an ambassador. The PAIGC was to govern both Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde until the coup d'Ã©tat against Luiz Cabral in Guinea-Bissau in 1980, when it adopted the name of PAICV in Cape Verde, thereby signalling the end to any dream of a union between the two countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diplomatic ventures&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new state pursued an even-handed diplomatic approach and accomplished the considerable diplomatic feat of remaining equidistant between the Cold wer's principal adversaries, adapting over time to all the changes which occurred on the world  scene. Post-independence, embassies were opened by the United States, China and the Soviet Union. Cape Verde, with its marxist leanings, maintained the former links created with apartheid South Africa by Portugal. The arrival in power of a liberal party had no effect on this diplomatic tightrope-walking act. It was South Africa which was to provide aid to build the international airport at Sal. Ironically, after the establishment of democracy in South Africa, it was at this very airport that President Mandela was to stress his desire for strengthened links with the archipelago. Latterly, Cape Verde has demonstrated this flexible in its recent decision to Join the group of, French-speaking countries whilst still regarding itself as a mouthpiece for the Portuguese-speaking world, enjoying a privileged relationship with Portugal, the Azores, Brazil and African countries where the official language is Portuguese. It is also a very active member of the CEDAO (Community of West-African States) and its President is currently chairman of the CILSS (Inter  national Commitee to Combat Drought). Cape Verde receives as much aid from China as from the US, from Russia and Sweden as from Cuba and Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This diplomacy is in keeping with the atypical 'Marxist' Party which first initiated it. With its interventionist approach to economics, its highly developed social policy which gives priority to education, health and combating unemployment through public welfare, this party could be regarded as a socialist party, yet it opted decisively for a market economy. Its single-party structure mirrored the example of would-be popular democracies, but it never set up a system of repression and terror: only one opposition member's death is said to have taken place in suspicious circumstances on the island of Santo Antao. The population was able to discuss politics at popular assemblies and held no fear of openly criticising the government and, in the case of the well-off, of displaying its wealth. A mudanÃ§a (change) was implemented calmly and collectedly by the PAICV when it was in power, sowing the seeds of its own downfall. With no pressure from street demonstrations and no insistent demands from political classes, the government of President Aristides Pereira and Prime Minister Pedro Pires adapted to the new situation created by the fall of the Berlin Wall. In early 1990, the PAICV gave up its privileged position as the single party and, one year later, at the legislative elections in January 1991 and presidential elections in February 1991, Africa witnessed the first democratic overthrow of a single-party government which had achieved independence. After the legislative elections, the PAICV, which had placed too great a reliance on being credited for its good governance, was silenced. The desire for change was too great and the position adopted by the Catholic church, anxious to punish a party which had dared to opt for a referendum on abortion, did the rest. President Aristides Pereira's personal prestige stood for little in the full face of this onslaught.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What change?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister Carlos Veiga, who had founded the MPD only eight months before his overwhelming success in the 1991 elections, became the new figurehead in Cape Verde politics. His power sharing with Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro was again successful at the most recent elections (December 1995 and January 1996). Shortly before the poll, the MPD experienced a near-fatal split, but the new party which emerged, the PCD, had only one representative as against 50 (an absolute majority) for the MPD and 21 for the PAICV, which continued to exist. Three other parties taking part in the elections fell by the wayside and the polarisation of Cape Verde's politics into two camps locks set to continue. This is the second time that the MPD has surprised its opponents - this time, the political adversaries had attacked the MPD's attempt to curry favour, but the majority of the electorate, concentrated on the island of Santiago, continued to show their appreciation of the visible signs of modernisation in their lives and also the government's seductive politics, particularly in the ran-up to the elections. The country had also had a good harvest and, although this was unconnected with the MPD, that party could only benefit from it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite what MPD leaders might say, there has been no real ideological split, any political reorientation having been instigated in 1990 by the previous regime when it threw off its socialist trappings. Diplomacy remains  pragmatic and the new government's liberal rhetoric and social policy, particularly in the areas of education and health, has essentially been maintained. Suspension of the State's collective works programme, the symbol of the State's interventionist social policy, is only temporary, according to statements issued by the Prime Minister, counter to several rumours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More visible changes have taken place in the economy: partial liberalisation of the banking system; legislation relating to foreign investment; suspension of the requirement for preliminary import authorisation; despite the government's backtracking as regards certain basic products; privatisation of State assets, particularly in the hotel business, etc. Here, too, the PAICV government engineered the changes, but it can surely not be criticised for maintaining a delicate balance between the new demands of the global village and the social practices of a country which is very poor, but which is succeeding in putting an end to its poverty and creating a modest quality of life, but a secure one. Given its bleak geographical location, Cape Verde is simply  continuing to make the best of history. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The economy: too weak to worsen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The arrival in Praia on 30 April of a throng of IMF officials cannot have failed to cause the government some concern, despite its air of calm. Ministers repeated publicly that Cape Verde had already carried out its own programme of structural adjustments, that they were on the same wavelength as the Bretton Woods institutions, and that they could not, therefore, see any reason why any further adjustments  should be imposed upon them. Nevertheless, the fact that the Cape Verde escudo has had rather a bumpy ride since last year's elections, trading sometimes by as much as 15% under its official rate on the parallel market, caused a certain degree of anxiety within financial circles, with the banks taking action by freezing certain credit facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government insists that this situation has by no means arisen because of a sudden anxiety raised by opposition parties as to the effects of possible devaluation The truth is that there is a genuine structural imbalance caused by the trade deficit, a disequilibrium which is only being partially offset by official development assistance and the transfer of currency by Cape Verde emigres. As a percentage of the GDP, the overall budgetary deficit has tripled between 1993 and 1994 (increasing from 3.3% to 13.6%). For a country which could always be relied upon to pay its debts promptly, Cape Verde is now, for the first time, in arrears with its payments (see the 1995 report of the Bank of Portugal). The servicing of external debts represents 25.7% of goods and services exported - although these are relatvely small compared with neighbouring countries - the country's total outstanding debt is now nearing $200 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although Cape Verde is one of the LDCs (least developed countries) with a total GNP of approximately $850 per capita, out of a total of 174 States, it actually ranks 123 in the Human Development Indicator Tables, which take into account various factors such as life expectancy, education, etc. Its position near the middle of these tables clearly shows that, although the country is poor, its affairs are nevertheless being managed fairly efficiently. Boasting an adult literacy rate of 66% and a life expectancy of 64.7 years, Cape Verde is well ahead of those countries at the bottom of the list, which include a number of its Sahelian neighbours. Efficient administration of the State and the absence of rampant corruption are further feathers in the nation's cap. These achievements have earned Cape Verde much esteem from its sponsors, which goes to explain the prudence of the Bretton Woods institutions and their relative sympathies towards the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unkind Mother Nature&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's history has been punctuated by great famines. Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries the country suffered no less than 30 famines, with this century seeing some of the cruellest: 16 000 people died in 1903-1904, the death toll in 1921 was 17000, in 1941-43 it was 25000 and between 1946-48 famine claimed 20 000 lives - a figure which at the time represented 20% of the total population of the archipelago. After the last famine, the colonial authorities, under pressure from international opinion, adopted food programmes which made the country more able to cope with the consequences of subsequent droughts. The last great famine ended 50 years ago. The nation may no longer be hungry, but the factors which make its inhabitants' lives so difficult remain. The  main reason lies in the country's geography. Cape Verde has virtually no permanent springs and the topography of most of the islands, which are very mountainous, means that heavy rain simply runs down to the sea, the parched soil being unable to absorb it sufficiently. What is more, these downpours simultaneously wash away the little arable land that do&quot; exist, thereby aggravating erosion. The whole situation is further worsened by the fact that the winter in this Sahelian region is very short. Despite huge efforts by successive governments, barely half the population has access to drinking water, with this figure barely reaching 25% in rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a population of less than 400 000, there are just not enough people to pull off the miracle of making such an unforgiving soil bear fruit. Hence, although providing 50% of all jobs, agriculture represents only 17% of the nation's gross domestic product and produces only 10% of food consumed locally. The mountainous islands that make up Cape Verde are like teeth jutting out of the sea, and with virtually no continental shelf to speak of, small scale fishing is extremely difficult. Even with industrial equipment such as that installed on board large trawlers, catches are small - so small in fact that the country's fisheries agreement with the European Commission brings it only one million ECU over three years, one tenth of the proportional amount earned by neighbouring Senegal. Fishing thus represents less than 4% of the GDP.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mere survival - a&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herculean task&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Transport difficulties are another handicap for the economy. The sheer force of the harmattan, the strong ocean currents and the fog which often covers the region, make journeying by boat between the islands frequently hazardous. In addition, the volcanic relief of the islands makes them difficult to reach and means that there are very few locations that make suitable har  bours. construction is both complex and costly due to the steep rocky barriers that seal off deep valleys. Those roads which have been built under the FAIMO scheme (Highly Labour-lntensive Projects) have sometimes turned into real labours of Hercules, and many areas, especially those on sparsely-populated islands, remain completely cut-off. The use of aeroplanes only partly solves the problem. Although competitive, the prices charged by the national airline, TAICV, are still too high for the average inhabitant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not only does the soil on Cape Verde contain very little water, it has virtually no natural resources: a few stones, lime, pozzolana and a little salt. Within the manufacturing sector (which makes up less than 20% of the GDP), only the construction and civil engineering industries, representing more than 10% of the GDP, contribute in any significant way to the economy, thanks partly to the transfer of currency from emigres who invest in the construction  sector and works with wide public interest. These works, known as FAIMO schemes, have to some extent given this impoverished country a gloss that masks its poverty. Launched after Cape Verde gained its independence, they employ more than 25 000 people for up to ten months of the year in the construction of paved roads or in reafforestation projects, and ensure the survival of one hundred thousand people - over one quarter of the population. The workers are on the whole recruited from among farm labourers, with another large section of the workforce being made up of 'Solteiras' or 'single women', numerous in a country where the male population is constantly emigrating. Unfortunately, the liberal option adopted by the present government has cast some doubt as to whether these projects will continue and this year, for the first time, work ceased in April - three months ahead of the usual termination date. Yet the poor wages which these seasonal jobs pay (ECU 2 per day) are sometimes the only source of income for some families.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only the tertiary sector shows a healthy balance of trade, accounting for  more than 60% of the country's gross domestic production, with the biggest slice of the sector going to the hotel industry, followed by the transport industry. Although, overall, Cape Verde's balance of trade records a large deficit, the balance of trade for the services sector generally shows a profit, with the transport services provided by the international airport, Amilcar Cabral de Sal, alone accounting for 13% of exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; Barely 10% of commercial goods are domestically produced and this has at times fallen below 5%. Cape Verde is therefore genuinely dependent upon foreign aid. Official development assistance represents 27.8% of the GNP (1989 figures), having risen from 17.7% to 27.2% of the GNP between 1980 and 1986. Cape Verde also relies on a second source of income - its emigrant population. In 1990 the currency transfers of its emigres represented nearly 20% of the GNP. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The colonial heritage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributing too to the country's poverty are relatively low educational standards. In this area too, successive governments have continued their predecessors' efforts to improve standards of education. However, at the time the country achieved independence, it was in a deplorable state. The reputation of a small intellectual elite of Cape Verdians had, over several decades, led the world to believe that Portuguese colonial rule had been 'enlightened'. This was a mere illusion. It was not until 1917, when the Mindelo grammar school was founded, that the country was able to claim an educational establishment of any cultural sophistication. The Mindelo school was the first state school in the country and it was to provide the nation with its first batch of 'home-grown' intellectuals. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the Church, which was in charge of all matters educational, had provided basic primary education; then, at the end of the last century, it opened two secondary schools with the purpose of training students for positions in government and the civil service.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even so, the Mindelo school remained an exception until the middle of this century. In 1950, no more than 5000 children received primary education and no more than 400 went to secondary school. Thirty years earlier, the figure was slightly higher, but Salazar, with his retrograde ideologies, saw education as dangerous and threatening and trimmed the number of schools on the islands from 150 to 60. True, Cape Verde was undoubtedly in a better state than other Portuguese colonies, but, with an illiteracy rate of 80% at the beginning of the 1960s, its position was nevertheless far from enviable. It was not until independence that any real progress was made, with 60% of children attending primary school in 1989 (the average for LDCs is 54%). However, this figure is still well below the average for developing countries, which stands at 90%, and even now, only 13 % of children have access to secondary education. As for higher education, this is virtually only available abroad; in Europe, Brazil, USA and Cuba, in particular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serious health problems still exist, exacerbated in particular by the scarcity of water. The cholera epidemic which has struck several African countries over the last two years has killed over 150 people in Cape Verde. The prevalence of AIDS exceeds the average for sub-Saharan Africa, with more than 2000 people being HIV positive and with some one hundred having developed the full-blown disease. According to official figures, 70 have died of the disease. The cholera epidemic which, unlike previous epidemics has affected towns much more than rural areas, is a sign of the deterioration of sanitary conditions in towns - particularly in Praia - affected by a lack of water, a dilapidated sewerage system and overcrowding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anchoring the country's economy in its culture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet, through all the doom and gloom, a small miracle is taking place in Cape Verde. Despite such a heavy burden of poverty, the country has, since gaining independence 20 years ago, managed to clamber up the league tables notably in the essential areas of health and education. Life expectancy at birth, which was only 52 years in 1950,  had increased in 1992 to 64.7 years, better than the average for developing countries and 13 years more than the average for sub-Saharan Africa. The infant mortality rate which stood at 110 per thousand in 1960, had dropped drastically to 50 per thousand by 1992, while virtually all children now receive essential vaccinations. Malaria is also now rare. In 1988 the GDP of Cape Verde amounted to only C.V.Esc 20 billion ($289 million), in other words, 6.9% of the GDP of Trinidad and Tobago, and 16.6% of that of Mauritius. But it is growing steadily. From 1980 to 1988, it grew by 6% per annum, compared with 3% per annum for the Sahel, and since 1980 the GDP per capita has doubled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The solution the nation's leaders should be seeking is greater integration in the global economy context by encouraging foreign investment. They do not need to create free zones but free enterprise, such as the shoe manufacturing concerns which, over the last two years, have contributed to achieving a considerable increase in exports. Various steps have been taken to attract investors, such as the adoption of the principle of tacit acceptance of applications for investment within 30 days. The Prime Minister, Carlos Veiga, and the 'Super-Minister' for Economic Coordination, Antonio Guelberto do Rosario, have highlighted the service, tourism and fishing industries as top government priorities. In order to develop these areas they intend to invest in infrastructures, with the aid, of course, of foreign backers. The modernisation of the port of SÃ£o Vicente and of the international airport of Sal are currently underway, and the telecommunications project to link the islands by cable has also already been launched. The government's short-term plans also include the development of industries connected with the islands' culture. In the words of Mr Veiga: 'We in Cape Verde should develop our culture and use it as our anchor, to prevent our country drifting into oblivion. That way, our tiny country, which is fortunate enough to have a strong cultural identity, will be a Nation rather than a just a State'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.G. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with President Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A wealth of culture and a realistic approach to diplomacy: Cape Verde's two major assets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- How the current government differ from the former administration which had Marxist leanings ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The two eras are distinct from each other in that, since 1990, the Cape Verde people have been able to choose a life of freedom and democracy. Before that, for the   first fifteen years after independence, there was a single-party system. So it is also valid to speak of a break - a break with the way in which institutions used to function at a political level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The single-party era does not seem to have been as strict as in other countries and the current regime appears to be continuing along the same lines in some areas. Was the former administration not, to some extent, responsible for initiating the change which has taken place ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No, that's something else entirely. I often say that we had a civilised single party, and I assume that is what you are referring to. However, it is not possible to speak of continuity when formerly we had a single party and now we have moved on to a system where there is freedom of expression and new parties can be set up. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Admittedly, the single party did initiate a change when it created the conditions necessary for the advent of democracy. It removed the infamous Article 4 from the constitution, which seates that the PAICV was the guiding force of society and the state. In fact, it was the PAICV which drew up the country's first electoral laws whereby we were elected. When I say 'we', I mean the party which is in power and also myself, President of the Republic. The single party thus opened the way to  democracy here: that much is undeniable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Am I also right in thinking that many of those who are in power today received their training in that single party ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - You are quite correct. When a change such as this comes about, one has to appreciate, and I do not wish to be elitist here, that it is the higher echelons of a party which lead the move towards change. Such people were there, working in the administration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Since politics gives direction to economic affairs, has there been a total turnaround in this sector, with a clear decision to opt for liberalisation and privatisation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Before 1990, we had a staterun economy. After that, the country's economy was opened up with a number of privatisations, fewer import restrictions, and so on. The word 'break' is also applicable in this area in that we now have a market economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Do you feel that the economy has really shaken off state control given that the govemment still manages important sectors, such as the price of raw materials ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That is necessary a market economy does not mean that the state is entirely absent. I am in favour of a market economy, but with state monitoring. As far as possible, the state has to correct the injustices which are necessarily generated by competition. This is not, as some would have it, ultraliberalism. The government is still entitled to monitor the economy, but the change has been greatest in terms of attitude, in terms of the way things are done.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Do you, like many leaders of developing countries, believe that the requirements set by international institutions as regards structure/ adjustment are too great ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We are not subject to compulsory adjustment - it is on a voluntary basis here. However, I do feel that adjustment, as implemented in Africa, sometimes has regrettable aspects. On occasion, it is asking a little too much to impose the same requirements on countries whose actual situations are very different. What is applicable to Nigeria is not necessarily suitable for SÃ£o Tome.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The 1992 constitution switched Cape Verde over from a presidential system to a parliamentary system. As President of the Republic, do you fee/ trapped by this constitution ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Cape Verde's constitution was never a presidential one. The system under which I was elected is effectively 'semi-presidential'. Admittedly, the constitution which was approved by Parliament in 1992 reduced the powers of the &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President, particularly as regards the right to dissolve Parliament - which was unrestricted in the 1980 text. The revision was made to permit democratisation and ensure the proper functioning of the institutions, and it was therefore fairly wide-ranging. Now, in order to dissolve Parliament, the President has to have the support of the Council of the Republic, which means that his hands are tied to some extent. Previously, the President could also dismiss the government, without too many restrictions. I would say that the President's prerogatives have undergone a substantial reduction in comparison with those exceptional powers. As for the rest, things are as they were. In a semi-presidential regime as that envisaged by the 1980 constitution, the President has no executive role.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You seem to have chosen to play the role of 'wise man' Some observers think you give the Prime Minister too much leeway.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - They are wrong. The Prime Minister's post is conferred on him by the constitution. He is Head of Government and it is he who governs. I cannot govern in his place. What is true is that there is a great deal of ignorance - people do not restrict themselves to their own fields and attempt to teach lessons in subjects they are unfamiliar with. Germany has a parliamentary  regime like we do - what is the position of the President of the Republic in Germany? If you were to ask a Cape Verde intellectual for the name of the President of Germany, he would be unable to answer you. The parliamentary regime does not give the President of the Republic any powers to run the country. I do not know what the Prime Minister can have taken away from me because I have no power for him to take over. However, I would say that, here, the President of the Republic does have a fairly high profile, in spite of his reduced powers, because all the country's citizens know him. In terms of foreign policy, he plays a significant role in that he represents the country abroad. I attend international conferences like the Rio Summit, go to meetings of the OAU and sign international undertakings on behalf of my country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The President is also the guarantor of the new democracy, which observers seem to regard as well-established. But there still seem to be some bad habits. For instance, I have heard criticism of MPD power and of the fact that state  resources are made available to one party at election time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Look, this is criticism from the government's opponents - it is a normal state of affairs and happens everywhere. Any party, in any country, which has a parliamentary majority, can govern easily. This is possible, even when the majority is very small - and even in Europe. Look at Portugal when Cavaquo Silva was Prime Minister. There were people who said it was a PSD State. You will be familiar with France when Pompidou and even de Gaulle were in power, and Francis Mitterrand used to speak of a Gaullist state. As far as the election campaign is concerned, I am not aware of the government here having monopolised state resources and I don't believe this has happened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Another important factor involved in democracy is the press. Several journalists from the private media sector are awaiting a decision from you on a number of points - for example the lack of pubic support for the private press - in contrast to thestate-run press which has access to all that it needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - What decision are they waiting for ? Do they want me to decide in favour of resourcess being given to the private media ? I have already done that on a number of occasions. Recently, I had a meeting with the Prime Minister and I brought this matter up. He told me that it was something that was currently being considered. Sometimes, however, I get the impression that some of my critics want me to do the work of an opposition leader and to oppose the Government. That is not my job. I think that the President of the Republic, in a regime such as ours, ought to be a unifying force and not someone who foments political tension and instability. That is something I have always tried to avoid, but I do have sufficient courage to tell the government and the Prime Minister exactly what I think and I have actually dared to criticise them publicly several times. I am sole judge of the criticism I make, and I decide if it is appropriate and also when the time is right. Sometimes, people would have   me criticise the government according to a timetable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A number of journalists in the private sector are currently being prosecuted and these actions nearly all originate from sources close to the government Surely if they were actually acting unprofessionally, we would see legal actions from parts of society, such as business, and not just from the political class.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The reason for this is very simple. It is the political class that they vilify. I myself have been insulted on a number of occasions and, despite having put up with it for five years, I have not instigated any lawsuits. There was one case which was taken seriously by the Attorney General's office and there  were other cases when the Prime Minister was called a thief. I would ask you, is this a normal state of affairs ? Does freedom of the press mean that it can call a Minister or the Mayor of Praia a thief? Is that what is meant by democracy ? You have to be aware of the background to these court cases - and there are a good many of them, some dating from 1991. They are not designed to 'get at' any particular newspaper. The reason many of these cases have been brought is because serious insults of the kind we are talking about are a crime. That is true of even the most advanced democracies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In economic terms, Cape Verde does not appear too badly off. But some economic indicators do give rise to concern, notably the big gap between the export and import figures. How do you see your country's future when it no longer relies so much on international aid ? Do you believe in the dream of many of your fellow countrymen, that Cape Verde will be Africa's 'little dragon'?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Unlike some people, I have never spoken of becoming a dragon. I don't like this expression. I do believe that, despite our enormous problems - Cape Verde has few resources and we have been in the grip of drought for many years - it does have a number of assets. We are capable of making progress and I believe that there are a number of promising areas which have already been identified: for example, fisheries, tourism and even 'foreign' investment. We have to be optimistic about Cape Verde's future. We are in a difficult situation, everyone knows that, but we are a hard-working and courageous people and our prospects are good. The country will be able to forge ahead.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-On the diplomatic front, Cape Verde appears something of an expert at maintaining good relations with different regimes: for instance, with both Israel and the Arab countries, with China, and with South Africa before and after apartheid. How do you manage this ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - There is no magic formula. Since independence, Cape Verde has tried to adopt a realistic and pragmatic foreign policy. We are a small country with no great influence on the international scene and we have to be on good terms with everyone. That is the principle on which we base our foreign policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau used to be fairly close - do you foresee any future rapprochement, perhaps in some form of federation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is difficult to say. I feel that there is already a degree of rapprochement in progress, particularly in economic terms. Recently, we signed a civil aviation cooperation agreement, and there are opportunities for similar achievements in the fisheries and shipping sectors as well. Relations between the Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau governments are excellent but, to my mind, the idea of our forming a federation is out of date. It would not be in our interests nor in those of Guinea Bissau. We do, however, intend to develop a closer economic relationship and our political relations are very good indeed. I would wager that our partners in Guinea Bissau would give you a similar analysis of the situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-In cultural terms, can it be said that your country has succeeded in becoming a multi-ethnic state ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The important thing is that the Cape Verde people should have their own identity; that there should be a specific Cape Verde culture. What I would say is that all the citizens of Cape Verde are proud of their culture and citizenship. This constitutes a great source of strength for a country such as ours which has major challenges to overcome. Our culture is also an asset in our country's development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview with Aristides Lima, leader of the Opposition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'The government owes its victory to abuse of the electoral system'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· As main leader of the Opposition, what are your views on the fact that the governing party has recently been reelected ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I believe the country's economy is in crisis. Growth rates are not very high, just like in the 1980s, for example, and there is a high level of structural imbalance. Unemployment has increased: in 1990, unemployment stood at approximately 25% and now it is 30%. There used to be 25 000 people who worked in what we call the high intensity labour sector and who had a job for about 10 months of the year. They were recently laid off early. Such jobs were part of a social programme which, amongst other things, enabled us to build roads. The prices of staple products, such as sugar, maize and rice, which were stable, have just gone up, and the price of cement, which was also controlled to promote economic growth, is no longer subject to the same control and I can foresee this giving rise to many problems in areas outside the towns and cities. In Praia, a 50-kg bag of cement used to cost 440 escudos and, although that price will stay more or less the same, on islands like Fogo, it will go up to about 660 escudos. This will generate problems for economic growth and a number of major projects in the tourism sector, for example, will suffer. The balance between exports and imports has also been adversely affected in that the level of coverage of imports by exports has fallen, despite announcements to the contrary made by the government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· From 1993 to 1995, exports tripled in volume, if the government is to be believed. What are your thoughts on that ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The problem is that, in this country, some exports rely on the import of considerable amounts of raw materials. For example, in SÃ£o Vicente, there is a shoe-manufacturing plant which gets its supplies of raw materials from abroad. The same applies to fishing and a number of fisheries products, such as anchovies, which are still canned in SÃ£o Vicente but which have to be imported from Chile or elsewhere. This causes great problems when it comes to managing the country's foreign currency reserves, which have fallen markedly. In 1990, reserves provided over 6 months' coverage for imports, but now we have to operate in terms of weeks or even days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nevertheless, the government could say that it is not responsible for the economic picture you have just painted because the world economic situation is hitting all small countries harder.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No, the government is responsible, because it has been unable to implement the appropriate liberalization policy. For example, this should have been applied gradually to the trade sector, but the government rushed in and has now had to backtrack on goods which needed import authorization. What happened was that it lifted this authorization requirement but has now  had to bring it in once again. And another thing, the policy of liberalization has not been accompanied by very high levels of foreign investment and, in addition, the country's skilled workers feel marginalised, all of which goes to make the situation worse. As for structural adjustment, the government has always supported the idea of 'less State equals a better State', but, in practice, we have seen spending on the State's everyday activities go up and up. Civil service staff levels have now risen to about 12 000, compared with the former 10 000. However, increased spending is also a result of a not always equitable wages policy - the difference between the highest and lowest salaries is huge and, in some public bodies, one worker might be earning 15 times as much as another.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· According to the Minister for Economic Coordination, the currency is under pressure as a result of the Opposition's irresponsible scare tactics of announcing a future devaluation, leading to the stock-piling of currency and goods, a kind of artificial speculation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's a very good way of offloading one's responsibilities - the Opposition did no more than criticise the government's policy and point to the   facts of the situation. It was members of the government themselves who acknowledged the low levels of currency reserves and the State bank which suspended transfers abroad. The Minister would have people believe that the Opposition lacks any credibility so how could this same Opposition have any influence on peoples' behaviour? The problem is actually extremely basic: economic operators, society and foreigners are not really au fait with the country's real economic situation because the government does not issue information, which is one of our basic criticisms. Parliamentary representatives and political parties no longer receive the figures they need and the latter are sometimes forced to consult foreign sources or to rely on their personal links with people who are close to sources of information. I myself criticised the Prime Minister for adopting this attitude of regarding information as subversive. I asked the Prime Minister for a copy of the study on Cape Verde's economy by a Portuguese professor, which had been paid for with tax payers' money. I never received it. For our part, we hope that Cape Verde's partners will be able to recognise the true situation and persuade the government to act in a more equitable manner.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nonetheless the people cannot be too disappointed, because they reelected the government for another term.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That could be explained in many ways - the government controls information and therefore holds the reins of power. It controls television, radio, part of the print media, and the private-press sector is fairly weak, so it has been able to manipulate information and give people the idea that the country is on the right track. The government did do things to change peoples' lives, but it exaggerated its achievements using the State social communication means available to it. In fact, it did not achieve the major objectives it set itself: firstly its fight against unemployment - a failure. Balancing foreign economic relations - another failure. Balancing the domestic  economic situation: differences between our various islands have become more acute. In matters of health, Cape Verde made major advances when our party was in power and, although, to all intents and purposes, the health sector is just as good when compared with other African countries, it has, in fact, deteriorated. Diseases which had been eradicated from the country are returning, like malaria, for example, cholera, etc. Health services are concentrated in the capital city, Praia, and there is no decentralisation, which has negative effects on even links between carers and patients. Humanism shows the effects of a situation such as this, and it applies not only to health: there is an unfair distribution of State financial resources between the central government and local government. The State has been unable to reform local finances and has politicised transfers of funds to those districts which are closest to it. The government has also profited from the structural problems encountered in the working of our democracy. One of these structural problems is Parliament's weakness: it sits only three times a year and the representatives do not work full-time - they are sometimes employed by the administration which they are supposed to monitor. Democracy has a price and although savings can be made in other spheres, when one is  seeking good governance, one of the conditions for which is a strong, functional and effective Parliament, this is not possible. The weakness of the private-press sector is yet another problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-And are you continuing to work in the administration ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I am a 'full-time' parliamentary representative. There are now about 10 out of 79 representatives who work on a full-time basis. They are members of Parliament's office, chairmen of committees and parliamentary leaders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The government says that it inherited a serious state of affairs when it took over power from the PAICV.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is simply not true that the good life began with this government's accession to power. Here's a little history lesson: think back to colonial times. Admittedly, there were negative aspects to our time in power but you must remember that the PAICV did, in fact, leave in place the subjective.  physical basis for the new policy direction. When we achieved independence, Cape Verde had no ports or airports, apart from small-scale port facilities at SÃ£o Vicente. We built the port at Praia, the port at Sal, the port at SÃ£o Nicolau and a number of airports. The telecommunications system was also set up by the PAICV government and we implemented the initial educational reforms. In the 1980s, the GDP growth rate was 7%and the per capita income was one of the highest in Africa, more than $820.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The party in power describes the PAICV as marxist and non-democratic claiming that it was they, not the PAICV, who introduced democracy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That is nothing more than rhetoric, because all of the current governing party's members were in the PAICV - they were radicals, more marxist than anyone. Everyone knows that here, in Cape Verde, we had a pragmatic party, not a marxist party, although marxism was a source of ideas for many people. The idea was not to build socialism here. In those days, we had an open, not a centralised economy and all trade was private. We always had a market economy and to describe us as non-democratic is idle rhetoric. The PAICV's ideology has always been one of national liberation based on political and economic independence, with power vested in the people. This was a normal state of affairs during a national liberation struggle and, although it would be true to say that we were influenced by a certain single-party model which had gained widespread acceptance in Africa, the single party here could not be compared with any other. Both the PAIGC and later the PAICV attempted to force people into taking part in citizens' assemblies in order to put forward suggestions to the candidates. The current Prime Minister, Mr Veiga, for example, was put forward by a militants' assembly - he was on the PAICV's lists and they used to sit one beside the other on the benches in Parliament. The regime was, I suppose, slightly paternalistic but it was the people themselves who were really responsible for national liberation, it was they who had an idea of justice, patriotism, of being African, which explains the total commitment of Cape Verde's people to our party in the struggle for independence and also the good results we achieved when in power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Why, then, were you not re-elected ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The party had been in power for a long time, with the same president, the same prime minister, the same president of the national assembly and virtually all the same ministers. People were hungry for change because the ruling elite had been in place for so long. The international scene, also, did not favour the old single-party system. Another element, too, was the Church, which fought us over the question of abortion. Perhaps I should point out that, from the very beginning, a section of the Catholic church was not in favour of independence, but younger members of the clergy, with more sympathetic feelings towards the population, supported us and, thus, we changed peoples' attitudes. The Church in Africa is a phenomenon worthy of greater analysis, particularly in Cape Verde, where, I feel, the current government was able to take advantage of the Cape Verde peoples) essentially religious nature to criticise us and present us as an anticlerical party. In fact, the situation is quite different: most PAICV leaders and militants are Roman Catholics and some church&quot; were damaged by opponents in an attempt to discredit the party. Another example of abuse of the electoral system, apart from taking advantage of the peoples' religious nature, is the country's poverty. During election campaigns, the government make it easier for people to obtain food, and it also creates more jobs, en masse, but these disappear again after the elections - precisely as is happening at the moment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· As it is governed at the moment, Cape Verde is regarded by other countries as a 'star pupil'. Surely this is another success for the government ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Cape Verde has always been regarded as a star pupil because, here, our society is fairly homogeneous and there are no major social or ethnic imbalances. However, in my opinion, the future depends on changes at a structural level and such changes cannot take place unless we have a functioning parliament and a strong private press. I cannot deny that the government has had some successes, but I also believe that the people will have an opportunity to judge how it keeps its promises.  interview by Hegei Gouger&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A portrait of towns and cities with atmosphere</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It suffices for an unruly little bird to escape&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For, suddenly, Fire to spark, Night to dissolve&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The walls of every prison to cave in&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the tidal-wave battering&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amassed, in its untamed heart,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By a tiny breathless bird.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Mario Fonseca in 'La Mer a tous les coupe')&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most cities in the Third World devote all their energy to mere survival and there are few imbued with the same atmosphere as Mindelo - the very air  appears to brim over with art and good taste, beauty and sensuality. Our guide to the city speaks slowly, measuring his words, his delivery not an indication that he is searching for a translation, although it could be interpreted as an affectation, but matching the modulation of the language which is closest to his heart: 'I believe the air in this city is imbued with hedonism. Here, we mix work and pleasure - today is a holiday, but I am working. However, my day is not so rigidly timetabled that I cannot do some work and, since you have invited me out for a drink, take some time off to accept'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antonio Firmino, director of the Craft Centre, continues to tell us about his favourite city in the same steady language, a dreamy look in his eyes and wearing a Che Guevara-style beret. The tale he tells is the story of a tiny country which has fallen in love with culture: the actual building housing the Craft Centre used to be a school, the 'Mindelo Technical College', founded in 1917, the first secular educational institution. It was to transform the city into a cultural haven. The story goes that a certain senator named Vera Cruz, who represented the island of SÃ£o Vicente in the Portuguese Senate, wanted to establish Cape Verde's first college. His peers objected, arguing that Mindelo had no building worthy of housing an institution of such a high standing but&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vera Cruz straight away replied: 'So, why not use mine?'. Thus, he casually handed over his private residence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Art even in the fish market&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How many inhabitants are there in Mindelo? According to Antonio Firmino, 'Just me and my friends'. How right he is. It would be impossible not to become part of such a captivating place. And so a long journey began, which included the creation of Claridade, a review (and cultural movement) established in 1938 by Balthasar Lopes, a writer and essayist of world renown who was born in SÃ£o Nicolau but taught in Mindelo, and other great artists who were to make up the country's literary and artistic roll of honour. Claridade was to be followed by Certeza which was also to influence the cultural elite. Although historians and other commentators feel that Claridade did no more than praise Cape Verde's 'latinity', rejecting its African side, artists are unanimous in regarding it as the cradle of Cape Verdian intellectual culture and the soil which was to nurture Mindelo and make it such an extraordinary little town. The impression is that everyone here is interested in art - the local authorities encourage and help sculptors in their creative activities all over the town, making it a living museum: here, there is a painting by Antonio ConceiÃ§Ã€o and, over there, a huge flat sculpture of couples in languorous embraces, by Ro and Anildo, an illustration of the marvellous hedonism evoked by our host.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The same assured but delicate touch of these two artists can be seen in the lobby of Fishpackers, an anchovy- and tunapacking company, this time in the form of a celebration of fishermen. One of the finest examples of this type of art, which can be seen everywhere in the streets and public places, is the sequence of four huge decorative-tile frescoes in the fish market. When Bela Duarte showed them to us, it was such a delight to see how much at ease this famous artist was in the company of the staliholders, to whom both she and her work seemed so familiar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over and above this hedonistic atmosphere, there is, in Mindelo, an eclecticism which can be detected just as widely in other towns and cities, which means that you can talk about painting with the President of the Republic, dancing with a factory manager and decorative tiles with the man in the street. And the latter is literally 'in the street' - the inhabitants of SÃ£o Vicente, the capital, derive immense pleasure from strolling in its squares and narrow streets, and around the port. A little stall, looking like a sugar loaf in the middle of one of the city's many squares, opposite a grand hotel, opens up in the early evening just like a flower, attracting hundreds of people to it who come to quench their thirst, to converse or woo, and to dance to the music escaping from the terrace of the Porto Grande Hotel, which has just reopened after being privatised and modernised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is as if a dress ball were taking place on two different levels, one in front of the other, dancing to the same music and with equal pleasure: above, in an enormous gallery open to the sky, elegant guests (who include a small gathering of government officials and pretty Brazilian actresses who are here to film television soaps) and, down in the square, the dancing promenaders, full of admiration, almost stimulating those above.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verdian nights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like all the island's intellectuals, Antonio Firmino has a number of different jobs. In addition to running the &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Craft Centre, he teaches 'nautical' English to would-be sailors, is an amateur painter and musician (he plays and composes for his wife, who is a singer). His spare time is devoted to writing a column. The Craft Centre exhibits, amongst other things, a large number of tapestries, an art form much prized in Cape Verde. These admirable examples are by JuÃ€n Fortes, Juamo Pento, and a good many others, in particular Bela Duarte, TchalÃª Figueira, Lucia Queiros and Miguel Figueira, Mindelo's top artistic foursome who appear to be  involved in everything, including the frescoes at the fish market. Bela, who showed us her studio, her house and the fish market, does not conceal the joy she derives from colour and allusion in her pictures, tapestries or decorative tiles, ranging from the most distant abstraction to an anecdotal figuration, using her native land with its doleful nuances, soft cries and romantic strength as raw  material. Above all, there is convivial artistic writing: 'Resistencia', which is at first sight a tapestry and then a patchwork of colour and sinuous lines. Scarcely has the artist begun to explain her work than everything becomes clear: this is a story, in threads and colours, about drought, representing roots, energy, space and struggle, all part of the Cape Verdian soul. She is also paying homage to those weavers of traditional African loincloth (badiu) from Cape Verde from whom today's artists inherited their technique.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So, where to meet Antonio's friends? To find them, look no further than the Cape Verdian nights (noite caboverdiana), those gatherings which take place everywhere and resemble both a nightclub and an artistic association, all those present sharing a fondness for Cape Verde mingled with nostalgia and yearning. One such place is the Piano Bar, which was closed on account of the departure of its owner Chico Serra, another notable in local society, who was accompanying a friend, CÃ©saria Evora, in her attempt to conquer new lands. Mission accomplished, Chico Serra is back and will soon be open for business again, his club's atmosphere just as intimate and warm as before - just enough room for his piano, his musician friends and others who come to sample grog and music.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa nonetheless&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mario Fonseca also adores Mindelo but he would not agree that that wind-blown city has a monopoly on art and culture. He is from an island in the lee of the wind, from Praia, capital of the island of Santiago and of the country. In his opinion, it is the whole of Cape Verde which is bubbling with creativity and he will enchant you with his tales of Praia and its old colonial district, the 'Plateau', which still retains much of the nostalgic character to be seen in the now yellowing photographs taken 50 years ago when the city was not so sprawling and the ambience of Sucupira market was almost tangible. He will also tell you everything about the island of Santiago, with Cidade Velha, the ancient capital  which was too difficult to defend against repeated pirate attacks. It bowed to Praia's supremacy and, today, has an old-fashioned feeling, nestling within a cove around the ruins of its castle, and dominated by the fort which perches above a cliff face. The architecture owes much of its charm to the predominant Creole style which is vaguely reminiscent of Portugal, in every pastel shade. Cidade Velha's central square is caressed by a gentle breeze and groups of young people can always be seen lazing around the monument to the slaves. Time seems to stand still. The pretty little white church whose walls are decorated with sheaves of bougainvillaea, Santa Maria do Rosario, is the oldest on the island and, indeed, along the entire West African coast. It was built in 1460 and the white marble paving in the central nave conceals the final resting place of grandees from colonial times, their epitaphs erased over five hundred years by the soles and knees of penitents.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The director of the INAC (National Cultural Institute), responsible for Praia National Museum (which is soon to open its doors), is Mario Alberto de Almeida Fonseca, who once taught French in Portugal; he is a former administrator who has worked in Mauritania and Turkey, a translator and also a former regional manager of the national airline. In addition he is a poet whose works have been translated into several languages, including Serbo-Croat and Russian. Above all, he is an amateur connoisseur of the art and artists of his country. As the INAC's director, he is responsible for cultural events, exhibitions, shows, publishing and also the compilation of an oral record of the country's history and the preparation of  a Creole dictionary. The INAC's work also involves a major history of Cape Verde, the first volume of which has already been published. He will show you the future National Museum's collection, moving from one painting to another, from an old photograph to an antique cimboa, a type of locally-manufactured violin from the 1 9th century, or to an old Massachusetts galleon, testament to the past explorations of his people. You will first of all discover the works of artists from Praia such as Mito and Kiki Lima, not on account of Fonseca's chauvinism but because he feels he has to 'convert' the visitor who may have left Mindelo with the impression that that city is Cape Verde's premier cultural centre. There is also the music from the island of Santiago - the funana, the batuque, the finaÃ§o - all more African than the languid style so influenced by the Portuguese fado of this island's musical groups (FinaÃ§on, Bulimundo, Tuvaroes, KodÃ© di Dona or the great traditional style singer Nha Inacia Gomes). Gomes is a 'women of the people' whose musical heritage consists of no more than local tradition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was she who 'reinvented' jazz and whom Alberto Fonseca admires a great deal. Cesaria Evora, moreover, is not the first musician to publicise Cape Verdian music abroad: FinaÃ§on or KodÃ© di Dona, for example, have captivated many music-lovers, particularly musicians, in Europe and America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Chamber and the stage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Daniel Brito is not from Mindelo either. He is from Sal but confesses to having to pay regular visits to Mindelo, to immerse himself in that city's hedonistic atmosphere. For three years he has been director of the National Cinematographic Institute which was established in 1967 and is currently exhibiting newfound dynamism on account of the 'production tax' (4% of the filming budget, paid to the Institute and generally converted into a holding, which the State supplements to make the sum up to slightly more than 10% in co-productions). There is also an agreement with Portugal which encourages co-productions between the two countries, thereby enabling Cape Verdian technicians to receive their training. Brito is working on a local video-film-production project (TV viewers are very fond of such things) and wants to set up a major production centre to be made available to lusophone African countries and, perhaps, others. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Daniel Spencer Brito is also Sal's parliamentary representative (10 000 inhabitants), musician, writer/composer and guitarist in his own group, Madrugada. His talents include the composition of morna and coladeira pieces, as well as jazz-rock. At the end of May, the MP was due to appear in his own production at the Cirque d'Hiver in Paris, as part of the lusophone music festival. You could say that he divides his time between the Institute, the Chamber and the stage; however, he is also involved in research into copyright protection in Cape Verde. Daniel (it would never occur to you to call him anything else, even five minutes after making his acquaintance) always gives the same advice to anyone wishing to discover Cape Verde, namely to get to know the atmosphere of a tocatinha, spontaneous jam sessions which take place at one location or another, usually even more intimate than the 'Cape Verdian nights'. By the way, I almost forgot - by training, Brito is a vet, having studied in Romania. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Cape Verd-EU Cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sponsors are delighted at the full use of aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's physical characteristics - its small size, the fact that its territory is scattered over a number of islands and islets, its Sahelian climate (continually rendering it vulnerable to drought), the arid nature of the soil and its low population (under five hundred  thousand inhabitants) - might explain its high levels of poverty and mean that, in order to survive and develop, it requires considerable amounts of foreign aid. However, it is the effort made by this small country to stabilise its economy and to gain maximum profit from foreign aid which has attracted special attention from sponsors. Last year the European Commission decided to increase its contribution to Cape Verde's National Indicative Programme, within the framework of the LomÃ© Convention (tome IV, first protocol 199-95, seventh EDF) by 7%, i.e. an extra ECU 1.7 million. Cape Verde had already put virtually all the ECU 23 million allocated to it to good use, an indication of the government's desire to use the aid granted to the full.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When realism is a luxury&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is difficult to imagine an island inhabited by 160 000 people - the island of SÃ£o Vicente, where the country's second largest city, Mindelo, with its population of 70 000, is located - having no source of drinking water. In former times, water was shipped in from the neighbouring island of Santo Antao, but Mindelo now has a number of seawater desalination plants, most of these provided by Israel, which meet 100% of its supply needs. The supply of both water and electricity is managed by&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Electra, a publicly-owned company, which, within the framework of the EDF (European Development Fund), has received European Commission aid to increase its electricity-generating capacity. It has set up three wind pumps, of Danish manufacture, which alone supply 13% of the island's non-industrial requirements. Elsewhere, such solutions as sea-water desalination and wind pumps might appear to be unrealistic but, for 160 000 people with no indigenous supply, realism is sometimes a luxury.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the island of Santiago, which is home to Praia, the capital city, does have some natural water sources, these are far from sufficient for its needs. One of the projects recently financed by the European Union concerned improvements to water-distribution systems, water purity and rainwater drainage. Amongst other things, this work involves the recycling of waste water which the island cannot afford to let drain away. Cape Verde's Achilles' heel is definitely its lack of water, its strong point unquestionably the dynamic outlook of its population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has an office on Cape Verde where the work done at Praia (water distribution and purity, support for poorer districts of the capital threatened with overpopulation) is regarded as symbolic of the EU's desire to take account of both weaknesses and strengths and represents the overall intention behind Community aid to this country. Generally speaking, such aid is geared towards infrastructures (water and electricity production and distribution, urban development) on the one hand and education and health on the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Praia's historic old town, the 'Plateau', with its wealth of fine colonial and neo-classical architecture, risks losing many of its buildings which have been abandoned by their owners who lack the means to maintain them. Community aid has also been provided to help save this part of the country's heritage. Funds are insufficient to finance a complete restoration of the 'Plateau', but, following the example of the Cape Verde government, which has maintained administrative buildings in good condition, the Commission will probably assume responsibility for renovation of a superb nineteenth-century building, the 'Case Cor-de-Rosa'. The purpose of this project is two-fold; not only will the building be restored, but also it will become the core of a more general project to train professionals in building techniques and restoration and it will serve as an example to motivate future purchasers, institutions, businesses and individuals to preserve the historic old town.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Community has also funded a study into the preservation of the capital's historic old town, which has been used as a basis by Praia Town Council. A project is currently underway, costing 1 million ECU, to restore an islet. The principal aim of this project is to train Cape Verdian technicians. Other work in the field of training has induded the building of the Praia Technical College. The next phase of this project, worth almost ECU 1 million, will fund the supply of equipment and teacher training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Still within the context of the overall project to develop Praia city, an EDF programme worth ECU 1.3 million has been created for the development of a designated area as an industrial site. A rural electrification project in the area around Praia was, at the end of 1995, granted a budget of ECU 1.5 million and will benefit a population of 7500 people living in the three most densely populated rural centres on the island of Santiago. The technical side of the works will be entrusted to Electra, with the private sector being responsible for supplying equipment and monitoring the works. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's 'essence' as a resource&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's leaders regularly point to the richness, which they term the 'essence', of Cape Verde, contrasting this with the fact that their country is so poor. Indeed, despite limited resources, this country devotes a great deal of energy and ingenuity to 'cultivating' its culture. Two projects, financed within the framework of the National Indicative Programme and amounting to ECU 500 000, concern two feature-length films and will play a part in lessening the island's isolation by publicising its culture and people abroad. The first film, made during 1995 and entitled 'llhÃ©u de Contenda', is the first fiction-based feature film to be made in Cape Verde and is the work of Leao Lopes, a director who has drawn his inspiration from the work of another Cape Verdian citizen, Teixeira de Sousa, and which centres on the history of Cape Verde and the birth of its national identity. The EDF contribution (approximately ECU 250 thousand) amounts to 14% of the total production cost. The film is currently being shown in a number of European countries. Virtually the same amount of  money has been set aside to fund another production, this time by a Portuguese director, Francisco Manso, based on a novel by a Cape Verdian author, Germano de Almeida, and entitled 'O Testamento do Sr. Napuceno', which was being filmed on the island of SÃ£o Vicente at the time of our visit. 50% of the finance for this film comes from Portuguese producers, the other co-producers being French and Belgian.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Others EDF projects recently completed or being completed include one for improving roads on the islands of Santiago, SÃ£o Nicolau and Maio (ECU 3 million) and a micro-project programme (ECU 1 million). In addition to funds from the EDF, Cape Verde has received further finance under the LomÃ© Convention, including ECU 700 000 within the context of the Stabex transfer schemes to offset loses in the banana-production sector during 1994.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Design a micro climate&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Extemal food aid is essential in a country which cannot meet its own requirements and the Commission's most recent food-aid-budget contribution amounted to nearly ECU 2 million. Other special budget lines include funds provided under 'Human Rights and Democratisation in Developing Countries'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To an attentive foreign visitor, one of Cape Verde's most interesting achievements is the progress it has made in reforesting such an infertile soil. One of these reforested areas, covering 5000 hectares (1990-94) forms the basis of a regional project to disseminate knowhow accumulated in this sphere in Cape Verde. Training course. have enabled technicians and others involved in the reformtation of the Sahel countries to gain experience in methods which have proved succesful here. The production and distribution of teaching tools (books, posters, films, etc.) supplement the project. Since independence, Cape Verde has achieved a tenfold increase in the amount of land which is forested - admittedly there was little to start with, but since climatic conditions are so hostile this result can be regarded as a major accomplishment. There is even a hope that a micro-climate might form. On the island of Santiago, in some of these new green areas, wild duck which had long since disappeared have returned. It is nice to dream but the country cannot afford to rest on its laurels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 4 033 km2 Population: 390 000 (1990) Population density: 97 per km2 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population growth rate: 2.8 % (forecast for the period 19922000) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Praia (pop. 75 000)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other main town: Mindelo (pop. 65 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Languages: Portuguese, Creole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currency: Cape Verde Escudo (CVE). In May 1996,1 ECU was worth CVE 104 ($1 = CVE 83 approx.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government: Mixed presidential/parliamentary system. The President is not the head of the executive but he represents the country and is guarantor of national unity and the Constitution. Unicameral Parliament. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President: Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro (elected in 1991 and reselected at the beginning of this year) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Carlos Veiga (since 1991) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Political parties represented in Parliament:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Movimento pare a Democracia (MPD)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Partido Africano pare a Independencia de Cabo Verde (PAICV)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Partido da Convergencia Democratica (PCD) - formed as a result of a break away from the MPD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Party representation in Parliament: MPD 50, PAICV 21, PCD 1 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1992 figures)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP: CVE 23.9 billion&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP per capita: US $840&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Origin of GDP by sector: agriculture 13%, industry 17%, services 70% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Real GDP growth (estimate 1995): 4% Balance of payments: deficit of CVE 11.9 billion &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main trade partners: Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, Brazil. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual inflation rate: 9.1%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth: 64.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Infant mortality per 1000 live births: 56 Adult literacy: 66.4% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education (primary, secondary and tertiary): 59% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.536 (123rd out of 174) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: UNDP Human Development Report, 1995; Economic Intelligence Unit 1995; 'Etat et sociÃ©tÃ© aux iles du Cap Vert, by Michel Lesourd. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p32a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Europe</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The LomÃ© Convention in focus</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poll results and new brochure launched in Brussels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new poll of Europeans high lights a deficit of information about the European Community's development policies. A brochure just published on the LomÃ© Convention, available in all EU languages, seeks to fill some of the gaps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At a press conference on May 21, Development Commissioner, Joso de Deus Pinheiro, unveiled the findings of a survey commissioned from the Brussels consultancy, International Research Associates (INRA). The aim of the exercise was to sound out how Europeans perceive developing countries. The sample was 16 346 people, of 15 years and upwards, who were polled in the 15 Member States during December 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The survey shows that since 1991, helping the poor in the developing countries has slipped in the 'league' of issues of most concern to Europeans. The subject now ranks eighth in a table topped by the fight against unemployment. But the better news is that Europeans believe development of these regions should be the fourth most important priority for joint actions between Member States. This comes just below combating terrorism, environmental questions and defending Europe's economic interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While 82% of Europeans are favourable to development cooperation, 12% are against. The degree of support varies, as one would expect, from one EU country to another. Interestingly, the survey shows that Member States facing an economic squeeze are the most reticent, irrespective of their past track record in development aid. In Belgium, only 65% are in favour while in&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Austria and France, the figures are 69% and 72% respectively. At the other end of the scale, Greece comes out top with 97% just ahead of Spain on 96% and Ireland on 91%. INRA's explanation for this variation is that it reflects the economic problems which are increasingly being felt in northern states of the Community. It is also worth pointing out that nations on EU's southern flank may be more convinced of the effectiveness of aid since they themselves are recipients of EC structural funds allocated to modernise the Union's disadvantaged regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But INRA's report also reveals some misconceptions about European development aid. These, says Commissioner Pinheiro, may be attributed to the lack of visibility of the relevant development policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57% of those questioned believe that the bulk of the Community's assistance consists of emergency aid, rather than longer-term project support. The reverse is actually true. More people answer 'no' then 'yes' to the question: 'Does aid contribute to reducing poverty in developing countries'? And most consider that United Nations agencies (UNICEF, UNESCO etc.) do more in the  field of helping developing countries than the EC. Non-governmental organisations also have a high profile, with the EU Member States and Bretton Woods institutions (IMF and World Bank) trailing behind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other key findings from the poll - which Professor Pinheiro says will provide much food for thought in the coming months as thoughts turn to cooperation after LomÃ© IV - are highlighted in the box.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mid-term review and beyond&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Professor Pinheiro feels that some of results, which signal the need to tighten up on the management of development aid, have already been addressed in the mid-term review of the LomÃ© Convention which will come on stream from the beginning of 1997. The programming of the eighth European Development Fund (EDF) is already well under way and, with a view to increasing the effectiveness of aid, just 70% of resources earmarked for each ACP state will be allocated at the outset (for a three year period). An analysis of how the remainder should be spent will take place at the end of the three years. In addition, Professor Pinheiro indicated that a 'strategic' document was being drawn up on each of the 70 ACP states prior to allocation of funds. This was being done in 'permanent consultation with Member States and Commission delegations, in the interests of achieving a real synergy between the two.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More sweeping changes to the relationship are likely after the current&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some key findings from the INRA report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Aid must reach its intended destination and arrive where it is needed 93.2%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Aid must meet the needs of the local people&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90.7%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The beneficiary state must raspect human rights&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;85.1%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Transparency, effective public management and the fight against  corruption are essential&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The beneficiary state must respect an overall development plan put forward by an  international aid organisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;78.3%  plan  put  forward&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by an  internati onal  aid  organisa tion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Aid must be used to fund action by local NGOs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The beneficiary state must have a democratic system of government&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;59.3%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;56.0%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Convention expires at the turn of the century. Professor Pinheiro indicated that a first draft (green paper) on the possible shape of the ACP-KU relationship after 2000 will be published by the Commission by the end of the year. This, however, is likely to offer more questions than answers about future cooperation. 'I am not sure if we should keep the LomÃ© structure for every country, in the third millennium,' the Commissioner told the assembled journalists, highlighting the different levels of development now apparent between LomÃ© nations. Mauritius, now well on the way to becoming the 'Singapore' of Africa, was a case in point. He also pointed out the small island states of the Caribbean are at a very different stage of development from countries such as the Central African Republic or Burundi. He added that, in deciding what to do in future it would also be necessary to take stock of regional developments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Questions about LomÃ© answered&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the meantime, efforts are under way to boost the image of Community aid. With this in mind, the Information Unit of the Development Directorate-General has just published a brochure entitled 20 Questions and Answers about the LomÃ© Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Besides explaining in a nutshell what the Convention is, it answers some of the questions most frequently asked by sceptics about the benefits of development aid and trade preferences, highlighting the positive aspects for developing and developed economies alike. It points out, for example, that for every ECU 100 spent on aid, the Community recovers ECU 48 in the form of projects, supplies and technical assistance purchased from European companies!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The brochure provides a succinct explanation of how the Commission monitors aid to stop embezzlement and corruption. It highlights the right of the European Court of Auditors to check accounts of projects and fund transfers - and to investigate documents in the LomÃ© states, without the permission of the country concerned. Another precaution is that once a project is under way, financing is by banker's transfer. This involves a paper specifying that the holder of contract X, whose bank account number is Y. should be credited with Z amount of money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An explanation is given as to why the European Commission is involved in development aid when the Member States have their own bilateral development policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The brochure explains the advantages of EC assistance over bilateral arrangements and details how the LomÃ© system has been evolving in line with the increasing globalisation of the economy, in particular since the fall of the Berlin Wall.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It also contains some pocket statistics on official development assistance (ODA) flows which help to underline the message that the European Union (Community plus Member States) digs deeper into its pocket than its industrialised competitors in providing development aid. In 1994, the Community and its then 12 member states (excluding Austria, Sweden and Finland), contributed an average of 0.40% of their gross national product in ODA. The individual percentages varied from 1.03% in the case of Denmark to 0.20% in Italy. This compared with figures of 0.29% and 0.15% for Japan and the United States respectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, total ODA from the Twelve reached $26.59 billion. Of this, $4.83 billion came from the European Community in its own right. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The content of chocolate</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Months of heated debate in the EU over the maximum allowable content of vegetable fats in chocolate have culminated in a Commission proposal for a revised Directive which, claim officials, should be to the taste of most interested parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has proposed that the 'subsidiatity' principle should apply to the content of chocolate. This means leaving it to individual Member States to decide whether they will allow the use of vegetable oil - up to a maximum of 5% by weight - in their chocolate-making. The eight EU countries where this practice is currently prohibited  are free to modify their laws to take account of this 5% rule. The other cocoa butter and dry cocoa contents specified in the Directive - 18% and 35% respectively - may not be reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The addition of up to 5% vegetable fats was authorised under Directive 73/241 for the UK, Ireland and Denmark when they first joined the EC. Other Member States who acceded later - Austria, Finland, Portugal and Sweden - also use these oils in chocolate production. The remaining EU countries have continued to prohibit the use of vegetable fats - and the sale of chocolate containing such fats. The result has been a partitioning of the EU market, in direct conflict with the Single Market principle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the proposal is approved by the Council and the Parliament, all 15 Member States will be free to decide whether vegetable oil can be used in making chocolate. Whatever their individual decisions, however, the barriers will come down, thus opening up the 'pure' chocolate markets to competition from less expensive varieties containing vegetable oil. Stricter labelling rules will also be introduced, with the precise nature of any substitute oils being clearly indicated. The simple mention 'vegetable oil' will no longer suffice. Martin Bangemann, the Commissioner responsible for industry, stressed the significance of revising the Directive in allowing  chocolate products to circulate freely throughout the KU. This, he argued, would be in the interests of consumers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Winners and losers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Traditional cocoa producers such as Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon are fearful that the proposal may prompt some of Europe's 'pure' chocolate countries to change their laws - and that they will lose trade as a result. On the other hand, sheanut exporters in Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana, Togo and Benin are hoping for higher sales if the 5% rule is adopted by more EU countries. Sheanuts account for 20% of Burkinabe exports and 98% of these are used to make vegetable oil substitute for chocolate products. The sheanut price is just 10% of the cocoa bean price. The Commission calculates that the maximum saving a manufacturer could expect by substituting vegetable fat for cocoa butter is around 1.5% of the ax-factory price.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In weighing up what to do, the Commission also considered the objectives of the International Cocoa Organisation (ICCO). These include taking 'all practical measures to increase the cocoa consumption in their countries by eliminating or reducing all obstacles to the growth of consumption in cocoa.' The ICCO estimates that if the 5% rule is applied in the remaining eight states - Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain - it will lead to a reduction in cocoa butter usage of 36 000-50 000 tonnes, which amounts to a drop in demand for cocoa beans of between 88000 and 125000 tonnes. This represents between 9-12% of current consumption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some producers suggest that these estimates are too high since they assume that manufacturers will go for  almost full substitution, which is not necessarily seen as inevitable. In addition, there is a belief that overall demand for chocolate products may grow as a result of the legal change.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was not the view taken by NGOs who reacted promptly - and critically - to the Commission text. The Brussels NGO Liaison Committee issued a statement claiming that it would lead to a drop of between 6.25% and 12.5% in the main exporting countries' cocoa receipts - and an additional burden on the European Community's Stabex fund. But chocolate producers and others argue that this is speculative. The impact, they say, will depend on the legal response of the eight Member States, as well as on the reaction of manufacturers. There are signs that the latter may well stick to their traditional and distinctive methods. A spokesperson for the Belgian-based Cote d'Or/ Suchard, pointed out that the proposal had a long way to go before it was approved, and stressed that his company had no intention of changing their 'winning recipes which had served them well since 1883. At the same time, he admitted, vegetable oil could be useful in a more diversified range of chocolate products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The vegetable oil 'lobby' argues that the addition of vegetable fat makes chocolate easier to mould and less likely to melt in warm climates. And for those who fear the elimination of 'pure' chocolate from the market, they point to manufacturers in Britain, where vegetable oil has traditionally been used, who still exclude such fats from some of their brands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The proposal must now be debated by the Council and it is clear that the arguing is not over yet. But it is beginning to look as if the consumers may be the final arbiters. Through their purchasing habits, they are likely to be the ones who finally determine the winners and losers in the great chocolate debate. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Minority businesses in the UK</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In no country in Europe are ethnic minorities more organised than in the United Kingdom - though they are still not adequately organised, in the opinion of many, to pool their considerable resources together and overcome stereotypes, racism and unenployment. But this may  change if the morale engendered by a recent exhibition of minority businesses in the UK is anything to go by.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The statistics speak for themselves. There are 3.3 million Asians, Africans and Afro-Caribbeans in Britain, about 5% of the population (and the figure is projected to double in the next 25 years). They have six elected Members of Parliament - five Labour and one Conservative - as well as numerous personalities in the world of sports and the media. According to the 1994 Labour Force Survey, 48% of ethnic minorities are graduates or are in full time studies and 55% earn salaries well over &amp;amp;15 000 (ECU 18 000) annually. They have a combined gross annual income estimated at f42 billion and an annual spending power of at least f26 ten.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past 15 years, ethnic minority-owned businesses have grown considerably. In the last two years alone, they were responsible for more than 30 000 new business concerns throughout the country, according to the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE). Although many are in the retail trade, the 10% or so involved in production or manufacturing are extremely dynamic,  particularly those connected with the clothing industry or operating franchises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are considerable differences between Asians on the one hand and Africans and Afro-Caribbeans on the other. The former are more business oriented and account for well over 80% of all ethnic enterprises. This success in business is often attributed to Asians' industriousness, but there is another crucial and often neglected factor: Asians have a stronger sense of group solidarity and patronage than Africans and Afro-Caribbeans. Whereas the former spend virtually all their earnings within their community, the latter (who are mainly Christians and are known to make greater efforts at integration into the British society) spend theirs in the society at large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unemployment among the black population in general is 19% compared to 8% for whites (in London it is three times higher). They are much more likely to be turned down by employers even when they have better qualifications than their white counterparts. Often self-employment is the only way out. This explains why there has been a boom in business start-ups by ethnic minorities over the past two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although several black profffsional associations have come into being in recent years, it has been clear for some time to black leaders that the community's energies are dispersed and that these needed to be harnessed for the benefit of ethnic minorities as a whole. Blacks clearly have political and business clout to be exploited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The idea for an exhibition of black businesses in the United Kingdom was mooted by a black business couple who, were influenced by a similar event  held annually in the United States called 'Black Expo USA'. But the impetus came from the 'Race for Opportunity Campaign' launched in October last year by the Conservative Government through the Department of Trade and Industry. The campaign has so far seen more than 20 big British companies pledge to do business with ethnic minority enterprises. These include British Airways, British Gas, British Telecom, British Aerospace and several high-street banks and finance houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Held at the Barbican Centre in London on 4 and 5 May, the exhibition was aimed at creating awareness among ethnic minorities of their potentialities, showing the opportunities available to them not only in the UK but also in Europe, and at promoting networking amongst their businessmen and women. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cross-party support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The exhibition, which had a cross-party support, could not have come at a more favourable time. Both the Tory government and opposition Labour Party have expressed support for policies favourable to small and medium-sized enterprises, which means that there should be continuity in this area if Labour comes to power in the next general election.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was borne out by the enthusiasm with which the shadow minister for small business, Mrs Barbara Roche greeted the exhibition. To her, the event should be seen in the context of Labour's overall policy on small businesses. Speaking at one of the seminars which was run alongside the exhibition to discuss various aspects of minority business problems, Mrs Roche explained that there were three important reasons why her party was promoting small enterprises, especially those involved in exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first was that large companies were downsizing, and job-creation towards the end of this century and into the next would be largely by small and medium-sized enterprises. The second was that small businesses were efficient distributors of wealth and the third was that they were good at innovation and using new technologies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because a large number of small businesses are folding, or are struggling to survive in the UK today (often as a result of late payment of bills by large companies), Mrs Roche said a Labour government would introduce a statutory limit of 30 days for the settlement of bills by large companies. The latter would then have to pay interest to small businesses for any late payments. Ethnic minority businesses, she also said, were part and parcel of Labour's strategy for economic growth and jobs in Britain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Barbican exhibition attracted more than 80 exhibitors mainly in retailing, finance, telecommunications, consultancy, arts and crafts, publishing, electronics and education. There were  very few exhibitors from the manufacturing sector (a disappointment considering the number of Asians in the clothing industry) and virtually none in engineering. Some of the big companies connected with the 'Race for Opportunity Campaign' like British Airways and British Gas, as well as the newly created government-backed Business Link, the Customs and Excise department, the Inland Revenue, the Army and the Metropolitan Police were there. Also present was Louis Farrakan's 'Nations of Islam', (not necessarily on a recruitment drive, though that must have been part of the game), but as a reminder of its campaign for greater self-reliance by the black community which culminated late last year in the 'Million-Man' march on Washington DC. Video tapes of the march and speeches by Farrakan and other black leaders in the United States were on sale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Difficulties&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The seminar run concurrently with the exhibition attracted many notable speakers, among them Members of Parliament, Keith Vaz, Bernie Grant and Barbara Roche and Commissioner Dr Zaka Khan of the Commission for Racial Equality. Jessie Boseman, vice-president of 'Black Expo USA, who was also scheduled to speak, did not turn up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was general agreement on the main factors inhibiting the growth of ethnic minority businesses, the most obvious being racism and  discimination. Ethnic businesspeople not only have difficulties obtaining public contracts, but they are often denied access to finance, market and even premises. Furthermore, they suffer from lack of management skills, networks and feedback. Dr Khan of the Commission for Racial Equality highlighted mounting racist attacks, mostly against Asianowned shops, which have claimed a number of lives in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Integration into mainstream economy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is no longer a hidden fact that banks discriminate against black businesses. Surveys carried out by the NatWest and Midland banks have confirmed that fact. The latter though, it must be acknowledged, has a laudable Fellowship Programme, designed to encourage ethnic minority university students to take up careers in the Midland Bank on graduation. Lack of access to the market has effectively meant that black businesses have been left out of the mainstream of the British economy. Everyone agreed that it makes good economic sense to see them integrated into it. This was particularly   the position of both Barbara Roche and Zaka Khan. The question was: would it be possible ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some of the issues raised on the floor by businesspeople revealed that many were sceptical that racism and discrimination could be overcome in multiracial Britain. The Commission for Racial Equality symbolises the fight against these two evils and Dr Khan had a hard time defending its role. The CRE was criticised for constantly quoting statistics on improvements in the living conditions of ethnic minorities which, it was argued, were totally removed from reality. Despite this, Dr Khan remained upbeat. To him the future promises great things for ethnic minorities. He promised to look into the grievances aired by some businespeopie during the seminar. Barbara Roche, for her part, promised that a Labour government would encourage the banks to offer packages of assistance to small enterprises, in particular, black-owned ones. They would also ensure that local councils offered minority enterprises a share of local government contracts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greater self-reliance and global trade&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In view of the problems black businesspeople have had to contend with over the years, Bernie Grant, the Member of Parliament for Tottenham in North London, did not devote much time to the idea of integrating them into mainstream British economy. He felt that racism and discrimination were so prevalent that there was little chance of that happening. For him, the future for black businesspeople in Britain lay in greater self-reliance and entry into international trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a speech entitled 'political responsibility, and black import and export business', the M.P. set the Barbican exhibition in the context of the global economic situation - one where he said, 'the countries of the North are exploiting those of the South, in particular African countries.' Africa's heavy debts to the West should in fact be the other way round. He argued that the new world trade agreement, which  opens up the developing countries to competition, was unfair. 'This means that countries where minorities in the UK came from are going to have problems, and it is the duty of thee minorities to ensure that their countries have a fair deal,' he said. Mr Grant cited, by way of example, the EU's banana protocol under the LomÃ© Convention which gives preferential treatment to small Caribbean island producers and which is currently being 'unfairly' challenged by South American producers under the WTO rules. The role of multinationals, which are effectively acting es 'middleman', was, he believed, pernicious for developing countries. There was a need for black businessmen to step in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Minority enterprises in the UK do not exist in isolation from the rest of the world, he elaborated. They should seek to engage in international trade and take advantage of their connection with their countries of origin. To facilitate this, Mr Grant said that a group under his chairmanship had set up a Global Trade Centre in his constituency in North London with the aim of helping black and minority enterprises establish direct trade links with Africa, the Caribbean and black America. The Centre was already in contact with a number of African countries which have expressed interest in the idea. Such a link would not only ensure a better deal for African producers but also favour the growth of minority businesses across the world. This was, he confessed, 'a political agenda' designed to reduce the excessive profits of multinationals, if not put an end to their 'outright exploitation' of Africa and the Caribbean. Mrs Roche expressed support for the Centre for the role it could play in boosting British exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UK minorities and the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European Union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A self-confessed Eurosceptic, who would have preferred the UK to strengthen economic ties with the Commonwealth rather than with Europe, Mr Grant displayed an extraordinary understanding of the European&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Union's affairs. What worried him most about greater European integration, he said, was racism and the fact the UK job market, where black and ethnic minorities are already heavily disadvantaged, will be exposed to further competition from other Europeans most of whom speak several languages. However, he had no alternative but to support the Labour Party's line on Europe and work to secure the best advantage of British membership for ethnic minorities. He contrasted Tory 'divisions' on Europe with Labour's 'united' policy and condemned the British Government's attitude generally towards the Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development of the Union, Mr Grant said, was of great significance to black people. He was sure the Government's Immigration and Asylum bill, which had come up against strong opposition in the House of Lords, was aimed at harmonising immigration laws with other countries in the Union. The bill, if passed, will change the UK's visa regime and have serious implications for ethnic minorities and their businesses in Britain. He revealed that, with the support of ethnic minority members of the British Parliament, Bill Morris, the black General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union (the second biggest trade union in the UK) and other European trade union leaders, the Intergovernmental Conference was being lobbied for the inclusion of a stronger clause against racism in the Treaty of Rome. The aim, ultimately, is to see measures in line with the UK's laws against racism and discrimination enacted at the Union level. This would include the establishment of a European equivalent of the Commission for Racial Equality - with similar powers - so as to establish a level-playing field for ethnic minorities in competition for jobs and in business throughout Europe. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dossier</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Communication and the media</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Dossier coordinated by Debra Percival)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Press freedom is widely acknowledged as the cornerstone of democracy with a clamp-down anywhere in the world frequently interpreted as a sign of government repression. The rash of multi-party elections in African nations at the beginning of the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1990s brought new publications to news-stands. Many of these have since folded - often because of a lack of funds and sometimes because of government censorship.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many organisations are campaigning vigorously in the public eye for a free press in developing nations. These include Reporters Sans Frontieres, Article 19 and the International Federation of Joumalists - all of which are featured in this Dossier. The US-based Freedom House has also been monitoring the state of press freedom worldwide since 1979. In its recently published 1996 survey, it says that even today, only 22% of the world's population live in countries with a free press. 38% have a press sector that is 'partly free' while the description 'not free' is applied to the remaining 40%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are also regional organisations such as The Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA), which are playing a part in keeping media issues to the fore. David Nthengwe, a researcher with MISA, highlights the fact that democratisation does not necessarily guarantee a free media or free expression more generally. He also draws attention to the difficulties faced by private and community organisations in obtaining adequate finance. These are  typical of the problems facing the media in many countries, both in the ACP group and elsewhere in the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In seeking to tackle these issues, donors are showing increasing interest in backing media programmes with development finance (linked to democratisation and human rights). The European Union, UNESCO and a number of bilateral donors have expanded their activities in this area with a variety of projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One big change has been the rapid growth of the 'Information Superhighway'. This has prompted fears that the developing countries may fall further behind, although donors have indicated a willingness to help ensure this does not happen. One NGO closely monitoring the development of the Internet for the South is the PANOS Institute. Meanwhile, multilateral donors (notably the World Bank, through its INFODEV programme) are also becoming involved. A number of EU personalities lent their support to the development of the information society in the developing world, at a major conference staged in South Africa in May on the initiative of the country's Vice President, Thabo Mbeki. A work programme of projects was drawn up with the aim of making sure, in the words of European Commissioner, Martin Bangemann, that there is no divide between the 'information-poor' end the 'information-rich'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, although the world is undergoing an information revolution, the more traditional media (the press and above all, radio) will, for the foreseeable future, continue to have a central part in informing, educating and entertaining people in many developing  countries. It is important that those of us who increasingly communicate via our computer screens do not lose sight of this essential fact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this Dossier, we examine a number of the key issues affecting the media and highlight some innovative projects in this area - with the help of a series of experts. The subject has clearly moved higher up the development agenda, but there is still a long way to go, as the figures cited above show. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Aidan White of the IFJ</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Confronting the age-old problem&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the chance, 'governments would like to run and manipulate the media'. This is the view of Aidan White, General Secretary of the Brusselsbased International Federation of Journalists (IFJ), who says it is an 'ageold problem'. And the Federation, which has member organizations in 93 countries, works to prevent it from happening. It also provides a range of services to journalists throughout the world. We recently spoke to Mr White, who used to write for the British daily, The Guardian. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He began by outlining to us the Federation's key areas  of activity which include, in particular, the professional conditions in which journalists work and the defence of human rights. On the first of these, Mr White focused on the problem of economic pressures and difficult social conditions. 'We take a strong view that you can't have press freedom if journalists work in conditions of poverty or technical deprivation. It is a nonsense,' he stressed, 'to talk about a free press in a situation where journalists aren't paid, or if they are unable to function properly.' In seeking to tackle this, he spoke, in particular, of the 'need for independent organisations of journalists defending professional and social interests.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards human rights, the IFJ is active in the international community, working with bodies such as UNESCO and the UN Human Rights Commission. 'We are very interested in issues such as the legal environment in which journalists and the media operate, and are extremely active in the defence of physical safety.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr White went on to give more detailed information about the IFJ's work in Algeria, where many journalists have been killed in recent years. This country clearly has a bad international reputation and the General Secretary was anxious to offer a more balanced picture of the situation. 'In my view, there is a real malformation of Alaeria's  image in Europe and elsewhere. The view we get is of a paralysed society where nothing can function properly - a kind of international basket case. It is not like that. In Algeria, life continues. There is a form of democracy. There are a dozen newspapers which appear every day. The streets are full of traffic and people walking about. The reality is that there is a particularly horrifying and barbaric form of terrorism which is targeted against intellectuals including journalists. This means that the media has a terrible problem.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aidan White explained the strategy of the IFJ in seeking to confront this. 'We began by going to Algeria to investigate what was going on. Then we established an international office on the spot. This is a direct contact point of solidarity for local journalists and the local media. So we don't report Algeria through Paris. We don't see the need to go through some sort of middleman in order to find out what's going on in the country or have contact with Algerian journalists.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'And then we have two specific programmes which are very important', he continued. One involves providing humanitarian assistance to journalists and their families. The other is a series of practical activities in Algeria. Thus, for example, we are organising a round table on terrorism and information.' He pointed out that the Algerian government had resorted to the traditional method of press censorship in the face of ,the terrorist threat and stressed the 'need to counter this. 'We are also organising a practical seminar on personal safety, as well as one on professional social rights, the need for ethical standards and better social conditions.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The point, he emphasised was that events were being organised on the spot. Algeria may pose terrible difficulties 'but it doesn't mean we walk away from it.' The IFJ's emphasis was firmly on being a 'functional organisation working directly with the people who need help.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Funding and the EU link&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tuming to the issue of the IFJ's funding, Mr White explained how the core activities - his own salary and administrative costs - are paid for by the subscriptions of member organisations, which amount to roughly $1 million. On top of that, the Federation carries out projects with the EU and other donors. They also distribute funds, offering their expertise as a representative body to help other organisations that want to undertake work.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asked in what way the EU could do more, the General Secretary stressed the political dimension. 'It should intervene,' he argued, 'to establish certain standards in international relations. We say, for instance, that political, economic and military cooperation with any state outside the Union should be based on a commitment to and respect for freedom of expression and opinion.' He underlined the 'responsibility' of the EU to take a stand against countries that locked up journalists, implicitly criticising those who argued that freedom of expression was very important but who then shelved the issue when economic relations were involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He also urged a more proactive approach 'moving away from the strategy of counting bodies, complaining, and making reports about how bad the situation is' towards one based on comprehensive programmes of assistance. He described the IFJ's Media for Democracy programme in Africa as a 'first attempt' in that direction. Mr &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;White highlighted what he saw as a difficulty with existing projects. 'The problem is that the EU is confronted by all sorts of different NGOs who come and say: 'we have got this good project - give us support for it'. This is fine but it inevitably means that resources are spread very diffusely and often to no effect.' A lot of activities, he suggested, such as one-off seminars and conferences, were 'like fireworks in the night sky: they glow bright for a brief period and then they disappear.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He went on to plead for an integrated, comprehensive strategy. 'Until that exists, you will not be able to solve the fundamental problems facing journalists.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Training and status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The discussion moved on to the subject of training. Perhaps surprisingly, Aidan White did not see this as an important priority in itself. As he explained: 'It's no use training journalists to be very high quality if they go off to work in a country where the legal environment does not allow them to function properly. And it's no use training them to be ethical if they go somewhere that is steeped in political or financial corruption, and where there is no culture which appreciates the media's role in democratic society.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With this in mind, he believes that training should be directly related to the strategic approach he referred to earlier. 'Yes, we need professional, well trained journalists, but it should be part of a range of programmes. And professional training is not just important for journalists. It should also be provided for managers, editors, advertisers... and perhaps even for politicians!'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The General Secretary noted that the status of journalists in most countries was quite high. They are seen as a filter for information 'coming from the government to the governed'. This was important, he thought, but 'tine real question is how the filter functions. On the one hand journalists have a relatively high status, and what they do is extremely important, but they work close to the political elites, which means they  are subject to pressure. They must retain their independent role, scrutinising and investigating what governments are doing.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the subject of access to information in developing countries, Aidan White observed that the situation is now better than it was ten years ago but pointed to the 'age-old problem of people in power wanting to control the media.' He gave the example of journalists in Indonesia, 'who really want to speak independently of the government, but who are being killed because they represent independent strands of opinion.' Overall, however, he believes the situation has been improving. 'This is partly due to changes in information technology. A government can no longer simply take a journalist out and beat him up. There are half a dozen press freedom organisations around the world watching for and reporting on such events.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a tendency in Europe to assume that 'everything in the garden is rosy' in terms of press freedom, and we were interested to hear what the Secretary General thought of this proposition. He was quick to offer a less complacent view. 'We have just issued a very strong statement against the EU about their secrecy policy,' he pointed out. 'You cannot claim the moral high ground for democracy in Africa or elsewhere if you have a system of secrecy in Europe which operates at the highest political level and which denies citizens access to information.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He was also concerned about the concentration of the media in enormous congLomÃ©rates. This trend, he argued, 'is actually profoundly damaging to the culture of information.' He cited, in this context, the action of the Murdoch organisation 'in banning all news from his cable channels going into China.' Mr White continued: 'They banned the BBC and they banned news coverage in the Chinese language in order to make a business arrangement with the Beijing government. That sort of activity, in our view, is direct censorship from the heart of western democracy.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, Aidan White gave some more detailed information about the Media for Democracy programme in Africa which he described as 'ground-breaking.' The Federation has used it to develop key themes, including the coverage of elections. 'The real test of press freedom,' he continued, 'is at an election, because that is when the political pressure is toughest and the professional quality of journalism is exposed. For Africa, we developed a manual on election reporting and, interestingly, it has become the source document worldwide for election reporting.' He explained how it formed the basis for developing a text which is universal. This has been translated into various European languages, and Arabic, and has been employed in Poland, Romania, Albania and Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the first phase of the Media for Democracy programme, the Federation held a serf. of seminars and conferences on how the media covered elections. As Mr White stressed, this was a crucial time in Africa. Political change was taking place, multi-party democracy was being introduced and there was a need to clarify how elections operated and how they should be reported. 'People didn't have the experience. They wanted the information, and to discuss how things should be done.' The seminars covered aspects such as financial corruption, the organisation of journalists and the role of ethics. And what the IFJ found was that the same kind of things happen in Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa - and indeed across the world. In the words of the Secretary General, 'they have an echo everywhere because, at its root, the problem is the same - those in power want to manipulate the media and use whatever pressures they can.' The lesson learnt from the IFJ's experience in Africa is that common solutions are also valid. Or as Aidan White put it, 'there is no part of the world that can't teach the rest of the world something.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. &amp;amp; S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Freedom of expression: the first freedom</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Frances d'Souza&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frances d'Souza who is Executive Director of AROSE 19, a nom governmental organization which campaigns against censorship globally, explains why Freedom of Expression is for her the most important human right&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the absence of freedom of expression, it is almost impossible to protect other rights, including the right to life. Once governments can draw a cloak of secrecy round their actions and remain unaccountable, massive human rights violations can, and do, take place. For this reason alone, the right to free expression, specifically protected in international human rights treaties, must be considered a primary right. It is significant that one of the first indications of a government's intention to depart from democratic principles is when it increases its control over information, usually by gagging the media. At the one end of the spectrum, supposedly minor infringements of this fundamental right occur daily in western democracies; for example the abuse of national security laws to prevent publication of information which might embarrass the authorities. At the other end of the scale are regimes of terror which brutally suppress opposition, information and even the freedom to exercise religious beliefs. Without free speech and an independent media, it is easier for governments to employ propaganda to promote ethnic conflict, war and genocide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right to freedom of expression is formally protected in major international treaties including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;* This text is an abridged version of a submission made by the author to a public hearing hosted by the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defence and the Sub-Committee on Human Rights and the Committee on Culture, Youth, Education and the Media, April 25, 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Political Rights (Article 19), and the European Convention on Human Rights (Article 10). It is also enshrined in many national constitutions, although this does not always guarantee its protection. Freedom of expression is something which applies even in countries which have not ratified the relevant international treaties. This is because the Universal Declaration is so widely accepted that its provisions now form part of customary international law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While it is generally agreed that freedom of expression is the cornerstone of democracy, international treaties permit certain restrictions. Unlike the American First Amendment rights which allow few, if any, checks on free speech, the international treaties aim for a balance between competing rights. Thus, for example, free speech may be limited where it impinges on the individual's right to privacy, or where it involves incitement to violence or hatred. Given that the permitted restrictions are necessarily broad, the limits of free speech are constantly being tested in national courts and in regional tribunals such as the European Commission and Court of Human Rights. In recent years, several landmark cases have helped define what restrictions may be imposed by governments and under what circumstances. In particular, it has been emphasised by the European Court that any restriction should 'pass' a threepart test; it should be prescribed by law (and thus not be arbitrarily imposed), it should be proportionate to the legitimate aims pursued, and it should be demonstrably necessary in a democratic society in order to protect the individual and/or the state.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Who censors what?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the rules governing restrictions on free speech, many justifications are still invoked by governments in suppressing information which may be inimical to their policies or interests. These include arguments in defence of national security or the 'public interest'. The mechanisms used to restrict the free flow of information range from subtle economic pressures, and devious methods of undermining political opponents and the independent media, to the enactment of restrictive press laws and rules for licensing journalists. In extreme cases, they may involve the illegal detention, torture and disappearance of journalists and others associated with the expression of independent views.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right of free speech may appear less important than, for example, freedom from torture or extrajudicial killing. It is also sometimes difficult to persuade the public that censorship, generally associated with banning obscene materials, is a bad thing! It requires a recognition of some of the fundamental principles of democracy to understand why censorship is so dangerous. Democracy implies that people can make choices about the issues that affect their lives, including what they wish to see, read, hear or discuss. While this may seem a luxurious freedom, mainly preoccupying the wealthy West, it is a comparatively short distance between state censorship of an offensive book to the silencing of political dissidents. And the distance between this and the use of violence to suppress opposition is even shorter. Censorship tends to grow rapidly from small beginnings. Allowing a government the power to deny people information, however trivial, not only leads to laws and procedures which can and will be used by those in authority against those with less authority. It also denies people the information they need to render their governments accountable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There have been some terrible examples of the role of censorship in recent years. We have seen it in the republics of the former Yugoslavia   where the media were manipulated for propaganda purposes. We have seen it in Rwanda where the government associated radio incited citizens to kill each other in the name of ethnic supremacy. And we have seen it in Iran which maintains the threat of murder against a citizen of another country because he wrote a book which displeased the authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are clear links between access to information (or rather the lack of it), and war. Democracy empowers people by increasing participation in decision-making at all levels. The poor, who are denied access to information on decisions which deeply affect their lives, are powerless and have no voice. They cannot influence the ruling elites whose interest in consolidating their own power and position may be served by initiating conflict.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is significant that of the 126 developing countries listed in the 1993 Human Development Report, wars were being waged in 30 and a further 33 were suffering severe civil conflicts. 55 of these 63 countries were to be found at the lower end of the Human Development Index which is an indicator of poverty. It is reasonably safe to assume that most people never welcome war. They may be coerced into supporting 'their' side in a conflict by their governments, using propaganda designed to whip up fear and extreme nationalist sentiment. If the majority had a democratic voice, they would undoubtedly object to war. But voices are silenced. Thus, the freedom to express one's views, to challenge government decisions and to insist upon political rather than violent solutions, are necessary aspects of democracy which can, and do, avert war.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;State-sponsored propaganda in Rwanda, as in the former Yugoslavia, succeeded because there were no ways of challenging it. One can conclude that it is impossible for a country to wage war in the absence of a compliant media willing to indulge in government propaganda. Governments needs civilians to fight wars for them and the media is needed to reinforce government policies and intentions at every turn. In a  totalitarian state where the expression of political views, let alone the possibility of political organisation is suppressed, one has to ask what other possibilities are open to a genuine political movement intent on introducing justice. All too often, terrorism and violence are the only perceived options available to communicate the need for change.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What NGOs can do&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work of human rights organizations has to become much more proactive and should be concerned with providing early warning and preventive action. Monitoring freedom of exprmsion, especially freedom of the press, offers an excellent context because it is widely recognised that would-be dictators always seek to silence people's voices through banning newspapers or other methods of censorship. One has to assume that when censorship begins in earnest, worse human rights abuses will follow and this should be the point for action. Had there been a greater international lobby for an independent media, for access to information and for participation in decision-making in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Nigeria, Burma and many other countries, some of the gross violations which continue to occur, could have been prevented.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Censorship is the first instrument of a government intent on departing from democratic procedures. In this sense it is an early warning signal and at ARTICLE 19, we believe we have a special responsibility to understand better how democracy is destroyed through censorship and how we can alert the international community to act to prevent it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By way of conclusion, anything which can build strong and sound media infrastructures, at the earliest to pportunity, in transitional democracies, is both a gift and a great investment. A crusading press, prepared to separate fact from opinion and to verify its sources, can create a level playing field in which all sectors of society have a voice. This would preclude political control and manipulation for nationalistic power purposes. There is also a need to strengthen local monitoring groups which have the capacity to verify information. International organisations should amplify the voices of local organisations and bring them to the attention of the international community. It is only where there is a strong human rights culture in a given country, whether it has achieved democracy or not, that political changes can be seized upon and shaped into the democratic process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To achieve these objectives, NGOS need to work with governments which are obliged by international law to uphold fundamental rights. We need organisations such as the KU, the UN, ASEAN, and others, to insist on respect for human rights in their dealings with third countries. We also need the general public to be aware of what fundamental rights are, what are the consequences of infringement, and how they can, as individuals, successfully challenge restrictionss imposed on them by their governments. Above all, NGOS need to work with multilateral organisations to determine where slender resources can most fruitfully be targeted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.d'S.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Commission support for democratisation through the media</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Mark Leysen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amongst the many cooperation activities in which it is involved, the LomÃ© Convention covers cultural cooperation, which includes information and communication, yet European Development Fund support for the media in ACP countries is negligible. Although considerable and increasing amounts of aid are granted for the cinema in such countries, EU support for TV, radio and the printed media is small.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, for some years now, the Commission has provided considerable aid to the printed media and radio in ACP countries under its 'Support for democratisation and respect for human rights' budget, which heralds a new approach to media questions. The EDF does not participate in the vast majority of big communications projects in Africa, namely PANA (Panafrican News Agency), URTNA (African National Television and Radio Union, the African equivalent of the European Broadcasting Union), the Programme Exchange Centre, Afrovision, Cierro, etc. The reluctance of EU and ACP partners to embark on such media projects can be explained both by EDF procedures and by the worldwide political context including the situation in most African countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until recently, the media was a matter for the State in Africa. The 'New World Information and Communications Order', announced in the 1 970s, foresaw the participation of not only African citizens, but also of their governments in the world information highway. However, the democratic credentials of such governments were open to question - they controlled the printed media, radio, television and press agencies and any support for such media amounted to a strengthening of the State monopoly and this is why the EDF did not take part.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, aid to the independent media was impossible because such entities did not exist in most African countries and the authorities were not prepared to back a request for aid to the press which they regarded as contrary to their country's interests. If support for the media did exist, it was indirect and restricted to backing of means of communication servicing development projects: literacy campaigns, the fight against AIDS, increasing awareness of ecological problems, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was not until the advent of the democratisation movement and the support that Europe decided to grant to it that a media-aid strategy was to take root. As a kind of 'Fourth Estate', the media monitor executive power and report any abuse of it. In parallel, they play a key role in strengthening civil society by providing information (if not objective information, then at least information from many sources) on current political, social, economic and cultural issues and by providing a medium which offers an opportunity to speak out on matters of importance to society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Commission focuses its media support in five areas in agreement with representatives of African press and specialist European . organisations in this area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Freedom of expression It provides direct aid to national, regional and international organizations to defend freedom of expression, specifically financing monitoring, surveys and the reporting of any violation of press freedom (censorship, intimidation, arrests and arbitrary trials, etc.), and direct assistance to the media and any journalists who are victims of such attacks on press freedom. This direct aid is channelled to, inter alia, the activities of Reporters sans frontieres (see 'Interview with Mr Robert Menard', in this issue), 'Article XIX' and Index on Censorship, all organisations which operate like an Amnesty International for the press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new independent press is often run by journalists who have had no journalistic training and the former State media often require being updated after many years of professional 'distortion' responding to 'his master's voice'. The Commission hence finances programmes offering training in basic journalistic techniques, election coverage; professional codes of ethics, etc. In this area, it is working with a number of European and African organizations, giving priority to long-term actions which are likely to spawn others and to programmes aimed at achieving a higher level of professionalism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid for vocational organizations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vocational organizations for journalists have a role to play in improving the profession's social standing, in strengthening its cohesion in the face of political division, in defending its interests and in coming to the aid of journalists who have been victims of repression. The Commission finances a vast 'Media for Democracy' programme conducted by the International Federation of Journalists and its affiliated regional and national organisations (see interview with Aidan White, in this issue). The programme aims to strengthen or create national and regional associations of journalists, but is also involved in more general actions to   increase the professional standing of the media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Access to sources of information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A credible and responsible press requires sources of information which the new and financially precarious press cannot allow itself. The Commission supports the creation or updating of documentation centres, North/South  and South/South exchanges between publications and radio stations, access to international press agencies or photographic libraries, etc., being shared between several media bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legislative framework and code of ethics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not enough merely to guarantee freedom of expression in the   constitution. This principle must be embodied in all legislative and regulatory texts to prevent a journalist being prosecuted arbitrarily for 'defamation' or 'a breach of State security'. Moreover, to appear credible, the profession must observe a code of ethics. The Commission backs the drafting of press codes, codes of ethics and regulations to govern the air waves. It also backs the creation of press and air wave regulatory bodies as well as the provision of training in journalistic ethics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is obvious that the 'Democracy and Human Rights' budget cannot alone meet the needs of Africa's multi-faceted media scene. Moreover, although the media are a key element in any democratisation process, they are also much more than that - as a means of information and recreation, they have a role to play in the human development of society; as an instrument to create greater awareness, they can contribute to the strengthening of a civil society which is gradually taking charge; and as an economic sector in the full throes of development, they can make a contribution to the GDP and create jobs. All the more reason for national sponsors and the EDF to take more of an interest. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National television, victim of  democracy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than the other media, television in Africa is controlled by the State and serves, first and   fore most, to disse minat e news about the leade r and his govern ment. The state of equip ment depen ds on when it was suppl ied by a friend ly count ry from the North, and as it was almos t certai nly offere d to the count ry's leade rs 'as a perso nal gift', it usual ly consi sts of oversi zed equip ment which the nation al televis ion statio n canno t maint ain correc tly owing to a lack of resou rces. Whils t Europ e is movin g over to digita l Betac am and 1619 forma t, many Africa n TV statio ns are still opera ting with Umat ic and with mach ines that are impos sible to maint ain. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With such deriso ry mean s, nation al TV statio ns have to conte nd with unfair comp etition from the intern ationa l statio ns which, from their satell ites, are inund ating the contin ent with their broad casts . The worldbroad castin g chann els of Europ ean statio ns are receiv ed clearl y (CFI, TV5 Afriqu e, BBC World Telev ision, Deut sche Welle, etc.). The numb er of religio us statio ns (gene rally Islam ic) contin ues to increa se and comm ercial televi sion is develo ping apace - CN N, MTV, Cana l Horizo ns, M-Ne t and others can be picke d up just about every where and can thus cream off the best of a comm ercial mark et which is still virtual ly non-e xisten t and awaiti ng better days . &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The URTN A is unabl e to defen d the intere sts of its memb ers, prope rly and its initiat ives (which are, nevert heles s, lauda ble) are stagn ating: the -progr amme rexch ange centre in Nairob i does not excha nge very much at all and Afrovi sion, . the syste m for excha nging news betw een   nation al TV statio ns via satell ite, is strugg ling to Get off the aroun d. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Never theles s, Africa n TV statio ns do not lack talent or motiva tion and many of them are capab le of produ dng more qualit y progra mmes . What can be done to help them ? Firstly, a decis ion has to be made regar ding who is to be helpe d. Certa inly not intern ationa l TV statio ns' be they private or public, which have their own strate gy (comm ercial or politic al and produ ce televis ion progra mmes for impor t which make only a very margi nal contri bution to the expre ssion of Africa n talent . It would also be wrong to rely or, privati sation and comm ercial statio ns in order to obtain quali ty televis ion - t his much has been demo nstrat ed by the Europ ean exper ience . As for direct aid to nation al televis ion, this would mere ly reinfo rce the State mono poly over inform ation. Wha t is requir ed is greate r suppo rt for the transi tion of State televi sion into a genui ne public servic e. with the benef it of an indep enden t statut e and also true editor ial indep enden ce. Conse quent ly, as things curre ntly stand, aid for trainin g teievis ion' profes siona ls, suppo rt for qualit y progra mme produ ction and any aid aimed at draftin g a public -servic e televis ion Statu te, are usefu l forms of suppo rt which are neutra l with regard to State -medi a contro l. Any direct aid to nation al &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; televis ion statio ns in the form of   hardw are and equip ment shoul d be &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; subje ct to their conve rsion into an auton omou s public servic e. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Images of Africa in the Western media</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Geoff Mungham&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems difficult to find an African leader or African journalist who has not, at some time, been either fiercely critical or quietly despairing of the way in which the continent is depicted by the western media. Their grievances have come to form part of a now familiar litany. Claims are made that the reporting of Africa is now almost entirely in terms of what has been called a'coup, crisis and famine syndrome', and that the western media focus only on 'bad news' out of Africa and ignore the 'positive' achievements of many African countries. These criticisms go hand-in-hand with accusations that Africa cannot ' tell its own story, in its own way', because the global news market is dominated by powerful, westerr-owned corporations, who have their own agenda for reporting Africa. For many Africans, their continent is becoming increasingly invisible in the trade in global news. For them, Rupert Murdoch's cynical remark that 'the Third World sells no newspapers' would appear to have been uttered with Africa specifically in mind. Finally there are those Africans who are concerned about 'western cultural imperialism' undermining traditional African values and culture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How true are these claims? Is Africa becoming once again a dark continent; one largely excluded from the glare of western media coverage? Are some of the correctives suggested by different African leaders worse than the problems they are complaining about? And if Africa is in danger of becoming a 'disappearing world' for news, to what extent are many African countries themselves to blame?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To begin with, there is no doubt that African critics have a case. First and most obvious, is the undeniable brute fact that global news and information flows are dominated by a small number of multinational operators, nearly all of whom - especially since the end of the Cold War - are western owned and controlled. This is true of the great international news agencies, whether the traditional wire services like Reuters or Agence France-Press, or the newer global television news services represented by WTN and CNN, among others. The major clients for their output are western news organizations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, most African countries are in no position to mount a challenge to this world news order. The continent has recently been described as one of the 'least dynamic regions in the global economy, where buying power of consumers is low' and in which many countries are burdened with crippling debt payments. In the same vein, a 1991 World Bank report not only pointed to the increasing 'communications gap' between Africa and the developed world, but went on to suggest that most of the continent offered poor prospects for those wanting to invest in telecommunications projects. These are among the reasons why Africa scores so poorly in terms of putting in place viable national communications infrastructures, let alone being able to take on the global market leaders in securing a higher profile for Africa in the world's news rooms. The same factors also help explain why most African countries remain so dependent on western-controlled news sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This dependency is not simply a question of the easy availability of copy or other material from the western news agencies. Puri (a Tanzanian journalist and Managing Editor of Newslink Africa)  presents other reasons why African editors are interested in what's happening in the West. These include the links between many African countries and their former colonial rulers, the realities of global and economic relations and his claim that African editors often have little interest in other parts of the continent. As he puts it, '...a newspaper reader in Botswana, for example, is not much interested in reading detailed reports from Morocco.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, there is plenty of evidence to support the criticisms of the 'coup, crisis, famine' coverage. Examples are too numerous to cite here, but the following small selection is fairly representative of the broader picture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Introducing the findings of a 'Global News Agenda Survey', Malik and Anderson noted: 'For the rest of the world, Africa means coupe, and largescale killings (covered usually only in the first few days), almost ritualistic famine relief... and the occasional travelogues in the guise of saving something or other'. Similar claims were made by Okigho when he wrote that while CNN and other satellite organisations have 'revolutionised international news coverage', the most common images of Africa still depict internecine warfare (in Angola, Liberia, Somalia), pogroms in Rwanda, political violence in Sierra Leone and ethnic conflicts in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa. In contrast, says Okigho, the 'many positive developments' are routinely ignored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A limited review that I made of wire service copy from the main international news agencies during the week of 13-20 May 1996, produced findings that seemed to echo some of these complaints. In this period, hard news stories were concentrated on a handful of the 50 plus countries of Africa; Burundi, the Central African Republic (C.A.R.), Egypt, Liberia, Somalia, Sudan and South Africa - together with stories of alleged financial irregularities in the World Health Organisation in Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copy about Burundi dealt with ethnic violence and attacks inside Zaire   on Burundi by Hutu 'rebels'. Reports from the C.A.R. focused on an army mutiny, street battles and looting, but were angled on the mediating role of French troops (the C.A.R is a former French colony) and the fate of 100 Americans trapped in the capital, Bangui. Egypt was featured after its government accused Sudan of harbouring a 'vipers' nest of terrorists'. Out of Liberia came a torrent of wire copy about fighting in Monrovia along with assorted atrocity stories, but pinning the emphasis on the plight of foreign nationals (especially Britons and Americans) and the role being played by the USS Guam in air-lifting them to safety. Somalia rated a mention because of the release of two foreign aid workers (British and German) held by an unidentified 'rebel faction'. On South Africa, the wire services were fixed on further violence and killings in KwaZuluNatal, the result of ongoing struggles between rival supporters of the A.N.C and the Inkatha Freedom Party.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'agenda for Africa' sent out by the wire agencies, was replicated by  the menu offered by Reuters TV and APTV. For instance, on one day during the study period, the former was offering ten picture feeds; only one was from Africa (on the C.A.R.) while the rest included such compelling visuals as the British Queen's visit to the Chelsea Flower Show. For the fifteen picture feeds being touted by the APTV on a single day, one featured Africa ('news pictures to offer on the airlift by US marines'), which competed for the attention of western news rooms alongside visuals of a US woman who collected hubcaps (140 000 of them, no less!), Hugh Grant arriving by boat at the Cannes Film Festival, footage of the Monaco Grand Prix and a 'fun run' in Sarajevo (whether or not pictures are available, the idea of a 'fun-run' in Bosnia still seems a difficult concept to grasp) But what these studies show is not the whole picture about Africa which circulates in the West. Nor should they necessarily be used to support the usual criticisms about the performance of the western media in relation to the continent. In the first place, not all news  out of Africa fits into the syndrome the critics complain about. For example, a great deal of the coverage of South Africa has been 'positive' (if we trace the reporting of that country's transition to majority rule). So, too, have the moves towards multi-party politics in African states like Zimbabwe. Similarly, there is plenty of reporting of Africa's sporting successes (such as South Africa's Rugby World Cup triumph). Nor is the West unaware of the work of certain African musicians and film makers - indeed, it has been influenced by them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And even if 'positive' coverage is sometimes hard to find, the critics may still be missing some key points. The first is to do with western 'news values' or rather a failure to appreciate how they work - whether in relation to Africa or anywhere else. The staple diet of much of the global news flow is about 'bad news' and, in this respect, Africa prob  ably fares no worse or better than other parts of the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, a more 'systematic' reporting of much of Africa is still difficult. My point here is about a lack of efficient and developed communication infrastructures, but also a reluctance by many African leaders to tolerate - let alone actively encourage - free and honest open reporting. Too many African journalists have been, and are being, harassed, imprisoned or killed by their own governments. Much of the media in Africa - especially the broadcast media - remains under state control. Newspapers that show a 'lack respect' for the ruling party are frequently shut down. These realities help explain why some of the maligned western media are turned to by those Africans who want something more than state propaganda from their newspapers or broadcasters. This is why the BBC World Service has come to enjoy such a high reputation in many parts of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Third, the attempts made by the African states to try and take on western dominance of global news and information flows, have been misjudged. Two failed initiatives in particular are worth mentioning in this context; the launch in 1983 of the Pan African News Agency (PANA) and the long-time obsession with setting up a 'New World Information Order' (NWIO).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the start, PANA has been dogged by financial and management problems. African governments owe $18 million, journalists have gone unpaid, lines have been disconnected and in 1992 a UNESCO-funded audit found evidence of financial mismanagement. The main source of information PANA traded in was material from the domestic news agencies of OAU member states. Since most of these are state-controlled, the 'news' they were offering was never likely to attract many western users. To try and give PANA a new lease of life, UNESCO are backing a rescue package, which would allow for private investors to be shareholders along with state-owned African national news agencies. But the pro  posed partnership funding is unlikely to work, especially in one-party states where the ruling groups have always been suspicious of any media not under their direct ownership.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The NWIO project has chased even more impossible dreams. Any attempt fundamentally to change the global news order was always going to be beyond countries with severe national communication 'deficits'. Most African countries, with weak and undercapitalised information infrastructures were never in a position to take on the market leaders in the global news business. In pursuit of the NWIO idea, endless international conferences were held, declarations passed and ritual attacks made on ' western media dominance'. Nothing came of it all. If the sense of frustration which kept the concept alive was understandable, less easy to grasp was why African leaders focused on the NWIO idea, while their own grassroots communication systems remained impoverished and under-resourced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most recent attempt to develop 'top-down' communications facilities in parts of Africa comes with the attempts to push satellite-delivered payTV on the continent. Among the 'players' here are Multi-Choice (which will be offered to subscribers in over 30 countries in sub-Saharan Africa), Canal Horizons (targeted on North Africa and Francophone West Africa) and Panafnet (also aimed at buyers in Francophone West Africa). Because these enterprises are subscription-based there will be a clear bias in take-up towards upperincome groups; and - certainly in the case of Multi-Choice - the output will have a 'strong UK/USA programming flavour'. It is hard to see how these initiatives will ever meet the real news and information needs of the vast majority of African consumers, who have limited spending power and are often deprived of the most basic communication tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As Hans Dieter Klee (former Head of the Africa Service of Deutsche Welle) has rightly argued, what Africa urgently needs is large-scale international media aid to help strengthen its own media. This aid should not be targeted at projects designed somehow to allow Africa to 'compete' with Western media congLomÃ©rates. It should, instead, be aimed at building up diverse, viable and professional local and national media enterprises in African countries themselves. In this, the EU can play a leading role, working through the links established under the LomÃ© Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robust national communication structures in Africa will not, of course, alter the balance of global media power. They will be able to do little to stop the international news agencies reporting Africa in the way they have done in the past. And it will be a long time before most Africans becomes travellers on the 'information superhighway', since this, in essence, is an extension of existing computer and telephonic communications, which the continent lacks. But a vigorous local and national media, Africa-wide, would be good for Africa and the best barrier for resisting outside media influences. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6.M.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;References&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Okigho: 'National Images in the Age of the Information Super Highway &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African Perspectives', African Media Review, vol. 9,1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Malik and K. Anderson: 'TV: The Global New Agenda Survey', intermedia, January-February 1992. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Hicks 'North of the Limpopo', Cable and Satellite Europe, April 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A message of hope on the Burundi airwaves</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Parliament may seem an unlikely launch pad for a radio station, but two members of this elected body, who are committed to a free and fair press as one of the cornerstones of democracy, have set up Radio Espoir (Radio Hope) in Burundi with backing of the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parliamentarians, Pierre Pradier (ERA-F) and Bernard Kouchner (PSE-F) are co-founders of Radio Espoir (Radio Umwizero, in Kirundi) which brings together a French association and a local Burundi radio station. Three expatriates are working on the Bujumbura-based project; an editor, a radio technician and an administrator. They have teamed up with local journalists who, for the moment, are providing their services free of charge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The station, which broadcasts in Kirundi, is targeted at an audience in the 15-25 age group. In a country with an 80% illiteracy rate, radio is the only way of reaching the population. 'The idea came to us in 1994, with Rwanda and Radio Libre des Mille Collines' says Pierre Pradier. 'If so much harm could be done with radio, then why equally could good not be achieved.' RLMC was the radio set up in July 1993 on the eve of the genocide in Rwanda. It became a mouthpiece  for the Akazu, a clan of Hutu extremists grouped around the then President's wife, Agathe Habyarimana, and it undermined the Arusha agreements by whipping up ethnic conflict in Rwanda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Pradier explains that Radio Hope journalists intentionally avoid speaking about Hutus and Tutsis. He also highlights the problems encountered in providing news coverage when local conditions are so difficult. As he points out; 'When you speak about the situation of a woman who has lost her husband in Burundi, you are talking politics.' Security considerations are important too while the MEP stresses that a proper analysis of events can only come with time: 'At the moment we are limited to reporting the facts. And it is only when the facts are verified that one can begin to interpret them.' The news items broadcast by the station rely on agency dispatches confirmed by a network of local people who call in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of such sensitivities and in an effort to find as much common ground as possible, the radio station gives music top billing. This has the added advantage of helping to attract listeners. It also offers general programmes on African roots, sport, culture and educational themes, in addition to its news items. It is currently broadcasting for six hours a day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pierre Pradier says he would like to see an end to the 'navel gazing' of Burundi's population. 'We want to show that peace is possible, by showing how it is progressing elsewhere: in Haiti, for example, where there is a legitimate President now, and amongst the Chiapas in Mexico.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But, like many fledgling stations, finding enough funds from donors to guarantee its future is a worry. The station's current ECHO grant runs out in September 1996. Indeed, the project, classified under emergency aid, was atypical for the humanitarian aid office. But Mr Pradier is hoping that continued support will come from one of the EU's budget lines. He believes that the Union is a particularly suitable donor because it tends to be less 'colonialistic' than some others. He also raises the possibility of seeking funds from private donors such as the Fondation de France. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking to the future of the station, Pierre Pradier argues that they cannot let the project 'drop' and hopes eventually to see it being handed over to local broadcasters, assuming 'they are people we can depend on'. The signs so far are encouraging. He would also like to see Radio Hope's programme content broadened to include game shows, with radios offered as prizes for the winners. As far as he is concerned, the more people who tune in, the better! _&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joint Assembly resolution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ACP/Ku Joint Assembly is pushing for EC institutions and LomÃ© signatories to be more supportive of media issues. A resolution on the role of communications media in the development and consolidation of democracy in ACP states. passed by the Assembly in March, contained the following points:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - freedom of expression and free communications and media are vital to the development of a democratic society;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - more ACP countries should give opposition parties access to the media' notably where this is controlled by the state;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - all candidates and political parties should be given access to the media in a 'balanced and fair manner'; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - laws which restrict press freedom and the electoral process should be repealed;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - any threat of physical attack against media organisations or their employees should be investigated by the authorities, with those responsible being brought to justice;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the media should be impartial, providing accurate information during elections, helping to educate the electorate, explaining the importance of elections, giving information on where, when and how to vote, and explaining the secret ballot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - EU assistance for free and a fair elections - and a free media sector in ACP countries - should be increased. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Catholic radio in Southern Africa</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Antonio Pacheco&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this abridged article, the author, who is a Portuguese journalist, gives details of two church-supported local radio projects in Southern Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the end of the 1980s, the Social Communication Department of IMBISA, the conference of Catholic bishops in Southern Africa (a kind of SADC for Roman Catholics) embarked on a local radio project. It had a two-pronged approach. First, it involved setting up a network of small community radio stations. The local population were involved, sharing responsibility for making programmes and broadcasting information and news about everyday life in the remotest places. In some cases, the programme content was retransmitted at a provincial or even national level. The second aspect was that it was supplemented by the creation of flexible and independent associations of journalists/presenters. They formed information agencies operating as a network to link up local radio stations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At that time, the main concern in Southern Africa was to rid South Africa of apartheid. There was also a desire to promote freedom of expression in Angola and Mozambique. Given that radio was (and still is) the most important means of communication in the region, the idea was to set up a regional network capable of overcoming all the constraints ranging from legal bans and restrictions on broadcasting to widespread illiteracy. The ultimate objective was to set up a Catholic radio station based in Swaziland. This project did not go ahead, however, because it was too expensive to finance and, above all, because it was dependent on the regional Catholic hierarchy. It proved difficult to reconcile the various ideological views and sensitivities of bishops in the various countries of the region. There was also a growing feeling amongst the Christian communities that the underlying need was not for a radio station which would be a vehicle for bishops' views, but rather a media system that served the people, offering recreation, training and information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio Pax&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another local radio project of interest, which is now up and running, involved reviving Radio Pax, the private Catholic radio station which made a significant contribution during the 1 960s to the struggle for a free Mozambique. The operation closed down in 1977 but the experience was not forgotten and 16 years later, the decision was made to bring the station back on air. Those behind the new project took advantage of the trend towards greater political openness in the country. Their aim was to offer a credible and informative alternative, which, they hoped, would be up and running in time for the elections scheduled for October 1994. A course was run between July and September 1994 which brought together young presenters chosen by small communities on the outskirts of Beira, Chimoio, Nampula, Quelimane and Maputo. The course involved honing the participants' presentation skills and providing practical training in technical subjects, and programme and information preparation. This was how the first association of young independent Christian journalists came into being.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For various reasons, including red-tape and customs regulations, the  new Radio Pax was unable to broadcast in the run-up to the general election. However, the young journalists, who received their training at various locations, were able to act as important independent sources of information. This was channelled to Maputo and used as backup for a number of international press officials and observers. The information relayed by the young presenters in the provinces made it possible to publish a newsletter which was circulated throughout the country, using fax, religious channels and a variety of other means.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio Pax is now in operation, although it faces major technical problems. It is based in a community centre in Inhamizua, 20 km from Beira. The station has already done important work in gathering information about local traditions, and has broadcast programmes aimed particularly at women and young people in suburban areas. The network also incorporates Mozambique's Radio Encontro, which broadcasts from Nampula in conjunction with the Anchilo training centre. There are plans for further local radio stations in Maputo in the south, Quelimane and Chimolo in the centre and Pemba in the north.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio Pax is managed entirely by the Association of Independent Young Christian Journalists in Beira. In terms of training, the current preoccupation is to teach the young people involved how to manage the small radio stations which have been made available to them, and to set up local self financing systems. Although equipment is important, what really counts in this project is the training of the presenters. Working in close collaboration with the community, it is they who are in the front lineâpromoting the inalienable right of free expression.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Voice of the Disabled in Chad!</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Mand RyaÃ¯ra Ngarara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Support Group for the Disabled in Chad (AEHPT) was set up in 1987 with the assistance of the International Christian Service for Peace (EIRENE), which has its headquarters in Germany. By coming together to form a group, disabled people hoped to take charge of their lives and break down the wall of silence that surrounds them. However, despite setting up various workshops (welding workshops, small printing works, musical groups) and publishing an information newsletter, entitled 'Perspectives'. the AEHPT has been unable to improve the image of disabled people within Chad society and has failed to  raise awareness that the work done by the disabled is not only of value, but deserves due recognition. From this status quo sprang the idea of broadcasting a national weekly radio programme called 'The Voice of the Disabled'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two reasons why radio was chosen as the communication medium: firstly, the very strong oral tradition of the country, together with the population's weak purchasing power, which make access to newspapers difficult, means that radio remains the most appropriate medium for reaching a wide audience; and secondly, radio programmes are not difficult to produce, since they do not require vast technical, financial or human resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Letting the disabled have their say&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially launched by the AEHPT, The Voice of the Disabled is now jointly produced and broadcast by four associations actively involved in defending the interests of those with disabilities. It is broadcast nationwide every Monday at peak listening times.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The programme is not, however, aimed solely at those with disabilities but, on the contrary, seeks to increase awareness in Chad society as a whole. It also acts as a platform from which to urge the authorities to take concrete measures to help this section of the population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, more than a year after its launch, The Voice of the Disabled is enjoying tremendous success, with ever larger numbers of people, from all walks of life, tuning in. For the disabled themselves it provides a vast source of information, explaining the facts behind the causes of their disabilities and giving advice on how to prevent such disabilities and what can be done to treat them, and it keeps people informed about  what is happening within the various associations for the disabled, giving information about the activities, projects and special events that are taking place. As far as the rest of the population is concerned, The Voice of the Disabled has helped to raise the profile of disabled people in Chad. Slowly but surely, people's preconceptions are beginning to change and one of the programme's greatest achievements has been to eradicate gradually the negative image which people used to have of disabilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, the lamentable fact remains that this programme is broadcast solely in French, and this is why plans are now in the pipeline to broadcast The Voice of the Disabled in both Arabic and Sara - Chad's two national languages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.R.N. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">TV documentaries and development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Africa Express experiment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Richard Synge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'Africa Express' documentory series mounted by Channel4, an independent British TV station, has done more than just put a new slant on news provided by state-run African channels. it has also created jobs for African producers and reporters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Television viewers in Africa will soon get the chance to see documentaries on African current affairs and development topics which have hitherto only been seen on British TV sets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Channel Four's Africa Express programme has recently concluded its third series to much critical acclaim in Britain. it included items on a surprisingly diverse range of topics. One film showed how a cash-strapped Congolese prison saves money by sending its prisoners home one day in every month, and included lively interviews with the governor and the prisoners themselves as well as footage of the grim prison conditions. Others focused on the flourishing free currency market in Zaire, the spread of South Africa's 'shebeen' culture into the country's upmarket suburbs, political battles in Namibia over the rights to manage historic tourist sites and the Nigerian military government's blatant attempts to censor television reporting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The latest series supplemented the work of British film crews by incorporating several documentaries that were made entirely by African production teams. Special funding for this element of the Africa Express project came from the environmental television distribution agency TVE. As a result, Africa Express hired four African directors and used African-based crews to film half of the 24 films in the series.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other innovative part of the project was that the programmes are now becoming available to viewers in Africa at the lowest possible cost. To promote this concept of 'media feedback', TVE has been actively marketing the series to non-governmental organisations and facilitating arrangements for the distribution of the cassettes to African broadcasting stations, both state-owned and private.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'It is a way forward for us, because nothing like this has been done before,' says Raphael Tuju, a Kenyan film producer who runs a video resource centre in Nairobi, marketing documentaries to local broadcasting stations and the educational sector. 'There are too few opportunities for producers in African countries to break into the international networks. The subjects we cover are rarely of interest to the distribution companies, the differences in technology are too wide and getting wider, and there are not enough African producers who have reached the professional level to compete with their counterparts abroad.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peter Gill, who edited Africa Express for Channel Four, welcomed the opportunity to help promote the independent film industry in Africa. 'It was thoroughly stimulating,' he says, adding that one of the constant challenges was 'finding ways to bridge the gap between what is technically possible in Africa and the standards required for a European television production.' The four African directors hired for the series were two South Africans, Eddie Mbalo and Teddy Mattera, a Zimbabwean, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Albert Chimedza, and a Namibian, Bridget Pickering. They all worked directly under Peter Gill's management and in contact with a producer in the field. Gill was impressed with the level of journalistic and technical expertise available in Africa and the dedication of the teams working in difficult situations. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even where the production teams were British, all the 24 films in the latest Africa Express series used African journalists and presenters. They researched and organised most of the films in advance of the actual shoot by the visiting film crews. Cameroonian journalist, Emmanual Wotany, played a prominent role in the films on Congo and Zaire. Kenyan reporter Joseph Warungu proposed and presented a film on the hazards of skin-bleaching in The Gambia. The presenter of the programme on Nigeria, Toyin Fane-Kayode, bravely challenged the censorship of the country's military regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An all-African camera and sound team led by Lawrence Mbada and Mandla Mlambo was responsible for the four films in the series that were shot by the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC). In the extremely difficult conditions of Angola and Namibia, an experienced SABC cameraman was used. Here there was a need to ensure that the less experienced directors were not further challenged by having to work with an inexperienced crew.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For TVE's Robert Lamb, one of the main breakthroughs made by Africa Express was in the agreement of Channel Four to collaborate both with the SABC and with TVE itself, which insisted on the involvement and participation of African journalists, film-makers and technicians. He was impressed by the results and hopes that thee could be 'an even greater African involvement in another series, if one is commissioned.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The latest series was a success, being regularly watched by up to two million viewers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Channel Four granted broadcasting rights for the series in lowincome countries to TVE and Worldview International Foundation as well as the non-broadcast rights to TVE and its partners in the third world. These   agreements allow TVE to provide the tapes at nominal cost to a network of video resource centres, similar to that run by Raphael Tuju in Nairobi. Such centres seek to get development-oriented documentary films shown by the local broadcasting stations but survive by supplying the needs of schools, colleges, non-governmental organisations and other categories of 'multipliers'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most successful documentary centres is the Film Resource Unit (FRU) in Johannesburg. From its origins as a way of sharing bootlegged foreign films and TV programmes during the political repression of the 1980s, FRU is now a major distributor of educational and documentary films.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To overcome the inexperience of state-owned African broadcasting networks in showing programmes of developmental relevance to their societies, video resource centres have to provide their own sponsorship. 'It is difficult for us to compete with the likes of Coca Cola, which will sponsor programmes like soap operas,' says Raphael Tuju, 'but one way round this obstacle is to sponsor a programme and at the same time advertise our services. The business we generate this way usually means that we can at least break even.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Film-making capacity in Africa has been severely limited by most governments' domination of the broadcasting media and a deep and institutional reluctance to encourage independent local productions. The mainly government-owned television stations rarely have a policy to buy in locallymade programmes and tend to look to Britain, France or the US for outside material, which is often dumped on the market at low prices, making it an even harder challenge for local producers to generate the funds to make their own programmes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decline of the once-active film industry in Nigeria, in particular, means that in English-speaking Africa, the field is now dominated by South Africa and Zimbabwe. In French-speaking Africa, the continuation of subsidies  has kept an 'art house' tradition alive, especially in Senegal and Burkina Faso. In most of the continent, however, the only development-oriented programmes shown to the public tend to be made by the governments' own propaganda departments rather than by independent film-makers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where there is a lack of access  to local broadcasting media, African film-makers continue to experiment with making their own dramas and documentaries, showing their work on video in village halls and schools. 'At the grassroots, African film-making can be stimulated simply by consumer demand,' says Russel Honeyman, who publishes the African Film and TV Yearbook in Harare. 'But local products do not usually translate into international products. Film and television is a global industry and film-makers should not insist on being too parochial. There is room for greater international collaboration.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Based on the experience of the latest Africa Express series, TVE now plans to build on its achievements. In May 1996, it exhibited the series to the directors of African television stations at a conference in Windhoek, Namibia, and discussed arrangements for distribution of the cassettes. It is also planning to  participate in a workshop for French speaking West African nations in Senegal under a grant from the European Union's human rights division. The consultative process will continue with a meeting of the African video resource centre network at the end of 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TVE's Robert Lamb hopes that the success of Africa Express might encourage international funding agencies in Europe to take up the challenge of funding films made in Africa for African consumption. He doubts that Channel Four on its own would take such a risk. Constraints are, perhaps inevitably, imposed on TVE's concept by the fact that programmes produced for European audiences use a production and editorial structure that requires 'post production' in European capitals. 'Although we came out owning the rights to the programmes in Africa, Channel Four still had 80% of the control over the production and editorial decisions,' he acknowledges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert Lamb is fully aware of the challenges that lie ahead. 'National broadcasters are in a parlous financial position and are still, for the most part, stifled by government controls,' he notes. 'Africans who have received formal training rarely find the funds to apply their newly-acquired skills.' But Mr Lamb and his TVE organisation are convinced that there will be increasing demand for more programmes like Africa Express, as much from Africa itself as from European audiences. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.S. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Internet and the South</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Renaud de la Brosse&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, who works at the Panos Institute in Paris, reflects on the pros and cons of new information technology for countries in the South and on their chances of success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Internet has become such a craze amongst users in Third-World countries (researchers, teachers, businesses,, liberal professions, etc.) that it amply demonstrates that a real and genuine need is being met, despite adverse comments from its detractors. The rapid increase in the number of connections to the network in the North is mirrored by an exponential growth in the South. Africa is a good example of the possibilities offered by access to the global network whilst at the same time revealing the technical and financial restrictions facing countries in the South.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost all of Africa's 55 countries are today connected to the network, from South Africa, which has over 800.000 computers, to Uganda, which has just a few thousand. The importance of the Internet in Africa must be viewed less in terms of the number of computers (means of access to the Internet) and more in terms of the constant increase it represents in numbers of subscribers to the network. In the last six months alone, the number of subscribers increased by over 50%, whilst the increase in France, for example, was only 20%. Another telling figure is the number of host computers per 1.000 inhabitants, which rose by 147% in South Africa between 1994 and 1995 whereas the increase for Taiwan and Australia was 83% and 50%, respectively!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because it is under-supplied in communications equipment, Africa is starting out with a disadvantage compared with other continents. However, the recent G7 Conference on Information and Development, which took place in mid-May in Midrand in South Africa, brought together 40 countries and 18 intergovernmental organizations and made it possible 'to build a bridge between developed countries and developing countries' so that the latter are not excluded from the world of new information technologies. The benefit to be gained from the Net for the Black Continent lies in the fact that African surfers are anxious to break free  from their scientific, cultural or economic isolation which comes not only from relationships between Africa and the rest of the world, but often from relationships between regions and countries on the African continent itself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Precursors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As in Europe and the United States, scientists and researchers in Africa are the first to have understood the importance of the Net and there are now - in French speaking Africa - networks such as the Intertropical Computer Network, which groups together approximately 3000 surfers in 11 countries. The importance of the Internet for these researchers is manifold; in most countries, the education system is in grave crisis, essentially because of diminishing budget resources which for years, on account of structural adjustment measures, have been melting away. This explains the absence of libraries or documentation centres. The Internet is therefore becoming a stopgap measure, offering access to all current scientific production and giving African researchers the chance to publicise and gain recognition for their work outside their own continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interesting experiments in North/South cooperation are also being set up, with the French-speaking Agency for Higher Education and Research currently establishing what it calls a 'virtual French-speaking campus', a kind of vast library to which affiliated universities will be connected. The project is also justified in economic terms since, through the medium of electronic mail (e-mail), which goes hand in hand with the Internet, exchanges of information will be cheaper than by fax, for example, which costs at least five times as much for the same amount of information transmitted. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside the academic community, heads of African businesses are also launching themselves into cyberspace, particularly in the case of several hundred of them who have grouped together within a West-African Business Network. Internet's financial viability in the South is dependent on membership of African businesses and multinational companies established in Africa. The cost of subscription is still beyond the means of private individuals and only 'institutional' subscribers are currently able to guarantee payment in the short term.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A useful tool&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the possibilities on offer remain to be explored, so the Internet can therefore be an important medium for promoting African culture - Niger has set up a Web via which it is possible to visit its archaeological sites and Benin has just set up a server dedicated to voodoo. In general terms, there is the challenge of mastering content, in other words the African suffers should not restrict themselves to a  passive use (sleeking information from the North) but should, on the contrary, move progressively as players providing content and information. For the countries of the South, it is a matter of mastering information and preserving their culture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The range of possibilities offered by the Net is limitless. Its development in Africa or in the South in general does, however, run up against a number of obstacles, including those of both a technical and financial nature. The importance of the Internet lies in being able to transmit greater quantities of information more cheaply than by using other communications techniques. However, the required technology is expensive and therein lies the principal difference between the North and the South.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The infrastructure which would permit rapid, longterm expansion of the Internet is nowhere near being installed in Africa, just as in the other developing countries. The continent is still under-equipped in terms of telephone lines; according to a survey by the BDT (Telecommunications Development Office), the number of main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants is less than 0.5 in sub-Saharan Africa, and in terms of equipment providing access to the Net (computer, modem, etc.). In real terms, this makes access to the network much more expensive for a user in the South than for one in the North. All these imported electronic goods are much more expensive than in the West, and this is without taking account of the additional cost, in most African countries, imposed by tariff barriers on IT goods, which are regarded with great suspicion by the authorities who perceive them as a potential danger more than as essential development tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fear is that the remote transmission of data might pose a threat to less than democratic regimes. Under the pretext of 'the control of information-based wealth', a State may decide to interfere with the 'consent' or even 'suppress' a site for producing and exchanging information deemed contrary to its interests. Once more, the question of freedom of expression arises in different terms in the South and North. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Panos Institute&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Panos Institute is a non-profit-making association set up in 1988. Together with its counterparts in London and Washington, the Paris Panos Institute founded Panos International The Institute's aim is to strengthen, particularly in Africa, local expression and information capabilities. Within the context of sustainable and  better-shared development, it aims to promote the emergence of a more democratic culture and of more democratic debate. To this end, the Panos Institute runs two main programmes in west Africa from Paris and its branch offices (Senegal, Mali, Chad and Ghana).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The programme to support pluralism in matters of information, which has four major objectives: - to expand and consolidate the legal, institutional and statutory framework of pluralist-type information - to increase professionalism in the media - to give institutional support to authors in west Africa who promote pluralism in information - to contribute to the production and circulation of more diversified and more qualified information on certain priority topics such as the environment, human rights, management and prevention of conflict, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The migration and cooperation programme seeks to enhance the value of the contribution made by citizens from Third World countries residing in the rich nations to development in their countries of origin. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union, UNESCO and the ACCT, American foundations (Ford, Rockefeller) or German foundations, and bilateral cooperation agreements (Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Germany, France) support the actions of the Panos Institute. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The press in Africa as a tool in the democratic process</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Florence WinÃ©ry&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although radio is 'king of the media' in Africa, the press is increasingly becoming an active player in the democratic process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This has been seen particularly over the last six years in the French-speaking African states where a burgeoning of political parties has been matched by the appearance of an unusually large number of  newspapers. In these countries, the press still requires rudimentary political stability - in contrast to English-speaking countries, where it has a much longer tradition and can nowadays be generally regarded as the 'Fourth Estate'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria is a good illustration of this. One need only cite the press campaigns mounted there to protest against the Federation's membership of the Islamic Conference Organisation in 1986, and more recently, the support given to Moshood Abiola. The vitality of the Nigerian press is something that deserves to be emphasised. Despite a series of measures over the years aimed at suppressing it (not exclusively by the military authorities) it is still much in evidence. There are demonstrations to support it, and it has 'gone underground' at times, continuing to publish clandestinely. The journalists' struggle intensified in June 1993, when it was recommended that they should exercise 'discretion and self-regulation'. In spite of the problems, the Nigerian press endeavours to remain a source of pressure in Nigeria's political and social arena.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Returning to the French-speaking media, we see that the pace of expansion varies considerably from one country to another. In Benin, for example, current discussions are centred  strongly on opening up the country's airwaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Is a private press a partisan press?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is debatable whether the private press is truly independent. In the political sphere, it is often highly partisan while 'economic' independence - in the sense of access to the materials needed to produce a newspaper - is not always possible. Printing and distribution are often subject to monopolies which may constitute a form of disguised censorship for the publishers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initiatives aimed at setting up press associations in one form or another have been launched in an attempt to overcome these problems. This helps explain why the SEP (publishers' Society) was established. This group, which hopes to extend its activities throughout the region, is based in Benin where the democratisation process (and the proliferation of press titles) first begun. In many countries, media associations have already been formed covering specific areas such as radio, the press and publishing. There are plans for similar organisations in the field of television. Sometimes, they have printing facilities which are available to other private publications.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The principal challenge facing a general information-based newspaper is that it should appear regularly and on time. The next stage, ideally, is for it to be able to increase its distribution. Initially, a number of newspapers only came out monthly or even every two months. After appearing regularly for several months - and thereby achieving  relative financial stability - they then moved to weekly publication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most countries, a new legal framework was also adopted, although the application of the legislation has often proved laborious. This is particularly true of the setting up of regulatory authorities. In Senegal, where the media was previously governed by a law passed in 1979 (and amended in 1986), new legislation was enacted at the beginning of 1996. The measure was prompted by concerns over ethical standards, a demand for a more 'responsible' approach, a desire to prevent monopolies developing, and fears of excessive foreign involvement. This year has also seen the implementation of media law amendments in Cote d'lvoire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The focus of the work of many newly-formed organisations has been the drawing up of a professional code of ethics, with a view to defining the basis of the journalist's profession. In Cote d'lvoire, the OLPED (Press Freedom and Professional Ethics Monitor) was created in September 1995 in Yamoussoukro at a seminar on journalists' responsibilities during elections. The OLPED is made up of 13 members representing publishers, civil society and the nation's journalists. Although the 'Monitor' has only moral authority, it has had considerable influence on journalists' professional consciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The OLPED held weekly working sessions up to March 1996 and now meets every two months. One of its main achievements has been to define the criteria whereby a responsible attitude can be guaranteed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vigilance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The press can expect to be subject to rigorous supervision during an election campaign - as happened recently in Benin. Indeed, Benin's press has attracted special attention from various national institutions including, most notably, the NGO community. This interest resulted In the organisation of seminars on journalism during an election period, designed to avoid incitements to violence. The HAAC (Audi  ovisual and Communications High Authority), responsible for statutory control of the media in the run-up to and during the campaign, took part in these meetings which were aimed at increasing awareness and highlighting the heavy responsibility carried by the media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite a number of incidents during the campaign (which were immediately reported) and although the situation threatened to get out of hand while the country was obliged to wait for the publication of the results of the second round, the press conducted itself in a fairly moderate manner. It should be recalled that there was a great deal of apprehension in Benin before the results were announced with a widespread fear that violence might break out. These fears were given extensive coverage by the media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The HAAC proved to be central to the electoral process and, ultimately, the press was congratulated by most political leaders in Benin, and by those from abroad who were involved in organising and observing the poll, for the role that it played in the process. By and large, it concentrated on portraying popular expectations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During an election period, the print media is an essential vehicle of opinion and power, justifying the creation of special titles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, the private press is playing an increasingly important role in the democratic process and the question of its survival appears to have attracted more serious attention from the authorities. In Senegal, a subsidy has been granted to a number of newspapers, subject to certain conditions, and Mali set an example this year by establishing a private press aid fund, with Cote d'lvoire about to follow suit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The political context which has favoured this flourishing of the private press has had a marked influence on the way it has developed and on the editorial content of most journals - which is strongly focused on politics and 'national' issues. The press has barely had a chance to find its feet on the media scene and in the political process, and it has had to contend with huge  economic constraints. Low circulation figures are one key reason for its precarious position - newspapers are read only by an educated, urban minority. However, the press is now embarking on a new course, attempting to establish a loyal readership with a view to guaranteeing its long-term survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Independence and integrity ought, of course, to be the hallmark of journalism, although currently it is not  possible to say that the profession is dissociated entirely from political militancy. In the past, the press has played  a part in undermining the national consensus by promoting division and, on occasion, fomenting exclusion and confrontation. The issue today is whether the sector can now take its place in states governed by the rule of law, representing public opinion and helping to bring about a rapprochement of ideas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.M. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Benin's press on parole?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Richard Lawson TÃšvi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When President Mathieu KÃ©rekou of Benin granted permission to set up private newspapers in his country, the result was an upsurge of new titles. The following article is written by a journalist who works on  one of these publications ('Tam-Tam Express'). He offers an assessment of the way the private press has developed in Benin, and in particular of the ethical and economic challenges it needs to overcome in the new democratic order.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1988, President KÃ©rÃ©kou's revolutionary regime authorised the setting-up of private newspapers in Benin. At the beginning, only a limited degree of freedom was granted to new publications but things have evolved quickly. 'La Gazette du Golfe' and 'Tam-Tam Express', the first independent weeklies to be set up (two years prior to the 1990 national conference), went beyond what the Marxist regime had in mind and effectively achieved press freedom in the face of opposition from the Ministry of Information and Propaganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalists took advantage of their initial limited freedom to publish reports about political and financial scandals and this, not surprisingly, gave a new lease of life to the media more generally in Benin. In particular, journalists from the national radio and television  channels were quick to switch their style of reporting, dispensing with the stereotyped formal language which had previously characterised the public-service media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meanwhile, several politically oriented publications came into being ('L'Opinion', 'La Recade', 'Le Canard du Golfe'). This development gave newfound dynamism to the emergence of a free and independent press in the crucial period prior to Benin's national conference, which was held in February 1990.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To date, 170 titles have been registered with the Ministry of the Interior, although barely half of these have been published more than five times. Some appeared only once and many have existed in name only. Publications which have had only a sporadic existence are legion and, in the years between 1991 and 1996, when political power alternated between Presidents Soglo and Kerekou, independent privatepress titles flourished. Unfortunately, they faced a number of problems - such as prohibitive paper and printing costs and poor distribution networks. The result was that many operators were financially ruined as a result of their decision to venture into this area of publication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currently, the Benin market has only 20 or so titles which appear on a   reasonably regular basis. For the most part, these are two-weekly and monthly publications which concentrate their activities in Cotonou. The audiovisual media are conspicuous by their absence, despite the provisions of the Constitution adopted in December 1990, which gave special powers to the HAAC (Audiovisual and Communications High Authority), particularly as regards guaranteeing 'press freedom' and 'opening up the audiovisual sector'. No one knows when this law will actually be implemented, but it does appear that the Benin Parliament, which sits in Porto Novo, has been giving more attention to this issue since General KÃ©rÃ©kou's accession to power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The relationship between the press and the state&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governmen/press relationships are not particularly healthy at the moment. The usual reflex of authorities in any country is to control or manipulate the press wherever possible. At the ORTB (Benin Broadcasting and Television Office), a branch of the public sector, journalists often complain of the pressures they face in processing information. The same is said at the national daily, 'La Nation'. Fortunately, such pressures have not always shaken the resolve of the professional journalists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The private press has a different problem. In this case, it is the newspaper proprietors who look to collaborate with the political parties. As one publishing editor has said, 'Our problem is more one of allegiance than of harassment'. Virtually all publications are political vehicles for one or other group - which makes nonsense of the code of ethics that is supposed to govern the profession. This phenomenon was most marked during the election period. All the titles that had been in 'hibernation' came to life again and new titles were born, only to disappear once the poll was over. This is also a reflection of the very meagre resources available to most private publishers. Those who do have sufficient means are usually quick to offer allegiance - for example to particular businesses - in order to position themselves more favourably from an economic  standpoint. Thus, some of the press rather overtly promotes particular economic interests. Others assiduously woo politicians and, in some cases, use blatant blackmailing techniques. In the latter situation, the 'market' operates on the basis that a file (sometimes assembled from a number of documents) will not be published if an endorsement is given or - what is worse - in return for hard cash. The justification for this shameful practice is that the market is highly restricted, sales of newspapers bring in very little income and advertising is non-existent but the newspaper has to keep going nonetheless. This situation also explains why defamation actions are frequently settled 'out of court' by the parties to the dispute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A profession fraught with difficulties&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another explanation for the existence of blackmail is the lack of training. The majority of journalists working for private publications come into the profession for want of something better to do, after they have finished their university courses. One experienced journalist refers to these people as mere 'hirelings'. It is only once they have entered the profession that they learn the basics through joining journalists' associations and by receiving support from some of the bilateral-cooperation missions and foundations that are operating in Benin. The country does not, itself, have any colleges of journalism to speak of. Only recently, the national daily newspaper inaugurated a course for young journalists receiving their training on the country's various publications. This course will be spread over one year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young journalists working at the national agency, the Benin Press Agency, are trained by WANAD (the West-African National Agencies Development) centre, under the auspices of UNESCO, which is subregional in vocation. The 20 or so trainees have no clear idea of what awaits them when they finish their course - whether all, or just some of them, will be taken on full-time by the agency. Those who are not kept on at the end of their training period are likely to  swell the ranks of the 'hirelings' - who seem fated to remain at that level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new administration will have to tackle the more general question of aid to the press in order to give a fresh boost to the private sector. This has been facing a real struggle since the devaluation of the CFA franc. The effect of the devaluation was to increase the cost of all the inputs needed for publishing newspapers. A new initiative of the part of the authorities would make it possible to offer more work to journalists and to improve considerably the quality of work they produce. To quote the publisher of a private newspaper: 'The influence of money must be curbed. To do this, the state must grant genuine aid to the press so that the profession can be genuinely free and objective and thereby fulfil the important role it has to play in the consolidation of democracy'. R.L.T. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Current media in the English-speaking Caribbean</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Dr Marjan de Bruin&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this abridged article, who leaches et the Caribbean institute of Media and Communication (CARIMAC) at the Mona (Jamaica) Campus of the University of the West Indies, focuses on some of the peculiarities of press and media development in small island Caribbean states.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The English-speaking&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean comprises thirteen independent nations that are members of Caricom (the Caribbean Community) and a few  remaining small dependent territories. The total population is about six million. In most of these countries, the majority of the population is of African descent although in Trinidad and Guyana, about half the people are of Asian (Indian) origin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sea, whose name unites the islands, is a serious barrier to communication and social interchange between them. it takes as long to go by plane from Barbados to Jamaica (1200 miles direct, but 2000 miles via Miami) as it takes to cross the Atlantic from Paris to New York (3600 miles) - and the latter journey is usually cheaper! And until fairly recently, telephone calls from neighbouring Caribbean countries without a common language were routed through London, Paris or Miami.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The distances make communications difficult. Mail can take weeks, telephone circuits are often overloaded and, in some countries, unscheduled power cuts often disrupt computer systems at the most inopportune moments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Communication and the media&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Caribbean has a strong oral tradition. This, together with poverty and an estimated general literacy rate of about 80%, makes radio the most popular medium. Recent studies show,  for instance, that 99% of Jamaican households reported having at least one radio at home. In Jamaica alone, three large national radio stations between them broadcast nine hours of prime time call-in radio.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In all Caribbean countries, alongside the mass media, 'alternative' medias play an important role in communication for social change. In some countries, the term simply connotes non mainstream operations. In others it refers to alternative formats which are found in the mainstream media. The term also represents the use of other communication behaviour - popular theatre, dance, music, oral history, story telling. It has been suggested that the increased use of alternative media and alternative uses of mainstream media are an indication of the audience's dissatisfaction with the mainstream mass media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most English-speaking Caribbean countries, the government owns some of the major mass media, especially electronic. Only recently has the private sector developed its own strongholds in radio and television. Print has always been an area of mainly private ownership. Only the larger countries have daily newspapers; morning or evening papers - although usually not more than two or three. In the smaller countries the press consists of weeklies, or bi-weeklies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government ownership&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ownership or control of media houses by governments is recognised as  a serious obstacle to true investigative journalism.The economies of all Caribbean countries are heavily dependent on tourism. Stories on environmental hazards and crises which might affect this essential source of income are subject to explicit or implicit (selfl censorship.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government ownership in some instances means policy discontinuity over time; each new regime imports its own set of administrators and sometimes even entire newsroom staffs. In other instances, where the same party has ruled for a long time, positions within the media are very stable because they are tied to political loyalty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Private ownership, however, does not mean an absence of potential pressure or political influences. In Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago, the country's oldest daily - The Trinidad Guardian - recently lost its Managing Director, its editor and six of its top editorial executives, after the owners - a supermarket chain - pressurised the editor to moderate criticisms of the country's new administration. The owners also tried to convince the managing director and editor to dismiss a columnist who was a disaffected and now hostile former member of the new ruling party. In apparent justification, the owners produced a document which suggested that it was the policy of the Guardian not to endanger the commercial prospects of its owners by injudicious criticism of the powers that be. Caribbean journalists attacked the Guardian ownership for what some saw as an attempt to turn a respected newspaper into the public relations arm of a commercial congLomÃ©rate. Despite the protests, the Guardian's new editor, a veteran of forty years in journalism, argued that the proprietors had good reason to interfere with his predecessors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The region's oldest daily, The Jamaica Gleaner (established in 1834) went even further. In an editorial it said: 'In our view the owners have a right to oppose the way in which the judgment of the Editor and others is exercised. The right of the Guardian Board to query content cannot be questioned. It is impossible for a newspaper to be run   without the input of the Board of Governors.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small markets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most English-speaking Caribbean countries are relatively small in population as well as area. The number of media organizations is limited. The limited size of the market has important implications for the financial basis of the media, especially the part that is privately-owned. It limits the horizontal mobility of media workers - there are simply not that many options - and it makes the relationship between media and sources extremely vulnerable. There are not that many sources either. It also means that most Caribbean media houses have very limited resources. Many reporters have to cover a wide range of topics. Specialised reporting for instance on the environment, or health, is usually not feasible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the major problems in the Caribbean media is the high proportion of imported television programming. The region is geographically close to the United States and satellite broad  casting makes access to the Northern networks even easier. In the ten years from 1976 to 1986, the imported content of four large television stations in the region moved from an average of 78.5% to 87%. When the amount of imported content carried by the smaller stations was included, the average increased to 90% of all material televised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Privatisation and new technologies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several of the larger Caribbean countries have seen an explosive growth in the electronic media. Jamaica, which has a population of about 2.5 million living in some 620 000 households, and per capita GDP of $1563, has seen the number of radio stations grow from three to nine and TV stations from one two, in a period of just five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago, with 1.2 million inhabitants in 300 000 households, and per capita GDP of $4049, went through a similar process, with seven new radio stations and two new, privately-owned TV stations being set up over the last five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barbados, with a population of 260000 living in about 50000 households has long supported two daily newspapers. There are also two TV stations on the island, while viewers can receive television signals from neighbouring islands. This country has the highest per capita GDP in the region ($5562) after The Bahamas ($10,308).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One positive effect of this intensive growth is certainly to be found in the increased employment opportunities for broadcasters. In the past, journalists risked their careers if they disagreed with their employers. Now people have more options. However, increased competition in a relatively small market also enlarges the risk of commercialisation and a lowering of standards. One does not need to undertake in-depth research to discover that locally-produced television is scarce and not always of the highest standard. It is cheaper to buy foreign programming than to produce original content. Some   of the graduates of the Caribbean Institute of Media and Communication, who performed above average during their training and education in print journalism, can be seen sliding down the standards scale once they enter the mass media as working journalists. Similarly, the standards of newsrooms are not always high. In fairness to the professionals, it must be said that the decline in standards is partly due to the lack of resources in editorial departments. The major newsrooms in radio and television in Jamaica, still depend on typewriters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development of new technologies has contributed to two almost opposite movements. On the one hand, greater access to worldwide networks has widened horizons. On the other, the introduction of cable TV offers, at least in principle, the possibility for small-scale communication initiatives, such as community radio stations either for geographical communities or communities of interest (for example, people or groups interested in the environment).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Satellite dishes, VCRs and computers are breaking down traditional communication borders. In the Jamaican capital, Kingston, 28% of households have a dish and 21% a computer. The picture is very different just 20 miles away, in the neighbouring but rural parish of St Thomas, where the figures are just 1% and 2% respectively. New technologies are affordable for the happy few and are increasing the gap between the 'haves' and 'have-nots' of information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In all of these societies, computers sit uneasily in otherwise nondigital environments. The information that one works with is usually not computerised. Many records are still handwritten, with data kept on index cards. Computerisation is a costly process for which there is rarely a budget.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once the hardware is available, it is easy to retrieve data from non Caribbean sources. At the same time, it is barely possible - at least at the moment - to tap into Caribbean data sources. There is no commercial Caribbean software. Page make-up and layout programmes, for instance, rely on  non-Caribbean electronic clip-art-images and symbols. It may simply be a matter of time before local products develop, but currently, the main constraints are to do with lack of funds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalism&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How is journalism faring in this environment ? The Caribbean context gives journalism a special professional profile. The small size of Caribbean societies has implications for the use of sources. Access is easier, but it also creates sharper dilemmas where loyalty is concerned: most sources are people you know personally and who know you. Anonymity is almost impossible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because the societies are so small, you will meet many of the same people in different roles on different occasions. The small scale of the market makes all enterprises in media and journalism very vulnerable to market forces: the withdrawal of one or two major advertisers would endanger the chances of survival of some media houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The situation of the press is most marginal in the smaller countries. In Antigua (population 66000), radio and television are controlled either by the Government or by people with close links to those in power. One opposition paper, a trade union publication, has survived several legal assaults by the authorities over the years. The other, little more than a newsletter, has managed to survive into its second year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Grenada (population 91000), journalists complain about police harassment of reporters on duty, and in most of the smaller countries, journalists are uneasily aware of the continuing hostility of long-ruling political parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The working environment of journalists in Caribbean media organisations is usually more modest compared to that of journalists in rich countries. There is less technology, smaller staffs and lower salaries. In the smaller Caribbean countries, it is not unusual for journalists to have to combine two jobs. Journalism alone cannot pay the bills.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a sharp difference between rich and poor in most developing countries. For large sections of the population, the big decisions will have nothing to do with buying a second or a third television set.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is more likely to be a simple matter of whether there is food on the table tonight. These different priorities obviously influence a journalist's agenda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In developing economies, this can create serious dilemmas for the journalists: if you know your story is likely to hurt the tourist industry - which happens to be the main national income earner of your country - will pursuing it be a waste of valuable time ? And how do you decide on the relevance of a scoop when people - some of whom are your friends - could lose their jobs ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.d.B.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; Sources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hilary Brown (1995): American Media Impact on Jamaican Youth: The Cultural Dependency Thesis in 'Globalization, Communications and Caribbean identity', Edited by Hopeton S. Dunn, Kingston, Jamaica, lan Randle Publishers. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aggrey Brown and Roderick Sanatan !1987). Talking With Whom ? A Report a the State of the Media in the Caribbean. Caribbean Institute of Media and Communication (Carimac), Kingston, Jamaica. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aggrey Brown (1995). Caribbean Cultures and Mass Communication Technology: Re-examining the Cultural/ Dependency Thesis, in 'Globalization, Communications and Caribbean Identity'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Doctoring' the image</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With modern computer technology, it is now very easy for publishers (and film-makers) to dabble with reality. Whereas in the past, you could be reasonably sure that what you saw was a fair representation of what actually happened, today there is no such guarantee.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recently in the United Kingdom, one of the country's regional newspapers came in for criticism when it published a 'doctored' photograph of a well-known opposition politician. He was captured on  film at a social function sitting at a table with a glass of beer in front of him. By the time the paper's computer experts had finished with the photo, it looked as if he was drinking champagne ! When the story broke, the journal thought it expedient to issue an immediate apology. For while  this kind of misrepresentation may appear trivial, in the modern age, image is crucial for those who are involved in public life. Put simply, voters' are more likely to look kindly on beer-drinking politicians than on those whose favourite tipple is champagne.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was a similar case involving an advertisement issued by a well-known car manufacturer. For their publicity in Britain, the company used a landscape photo portraying a selection of their employees. In Poland, the same picture was used but black and Asian workers were no longer to be seen. Their places in the line-up were miraculously taken by people of Caucasian appearance. The advertisers' rather surprising explanation was that this had been a 'mistake'!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other recent victims of 'doctored' pictures or socalled 'photo collages' have included members of the European Parliament and a senior EC official, although these particular misrepresentations received very little publicity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Should consumers of printed or broadcast material be entitled to assume that images are never tampered with ? And if some doctoring is acceptable, where do you draw the line ? The answer to the first question is clearly no. There are certain situations where photo or film enhancement techniques are unobjectionable. We sometimes use them on The Courier cover pages to remove blemishes or fill in gaps which may detract from the main image. In fashion  advertising, it is common for the 'look' of the model to be altered. The aim here is to draw the reader's eye to the page so that their attention can then be focused on the product. More dramatic alterations may even be acceptable if it is evident to the reader that a change has been made. Satirical articles, for example, can sometimes be amusingly illustrated with obviously altered images.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where the practice is reprehensible is where the picture has been changed in a way that leads the reader to draw false conclusions about what he or she is observing. The  classic example of this is where the image of a person captured in one setting is placed against a different backdrop, without the reader being informed. This may be done to give either a more positive or a more negative impression (the latter approach is more usual) but in either case, it is dishonest. If a politician allows himself to be photographed on a Caribbean beach while on mission at the taxpayers' expense, even if he was only there during the lunch break for a quick dip, then he can't really complain. But if the picture was actually taken when he was on holiday in Majorca, and superimposed against a more exotic back  ground, then both the 'victim' and the reader are being cheated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There will always be borderline cases, but in principle, it ought to be possible to draw a reasonably clear distinction between 'right' and 'wrong' in this area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nonetheless, it is likely that distorted images will continue to be presented to us in the future. In pluralist societies, newspapers and broadcasters operate in a fiercely competitive environment and in theory, this should provide a deterrent. If one media organisation is found to have doctored images in a dishonest way, there will always be plenty of others willing to expose the misbehaviour.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In practice, however, the only real deterrent is the likelihood of a drop in circulation, or lower viewing figures. And while consumers may say they disapprove of journalistic dishonesty (whether in photographs or the written word), there is little evidence to suggest that they react by taking their custom elsewhere. Indeed, in some developed countries, the closer a journal sails to the wind, the more likely it is to enjoy a high circulation!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It used to be said that 'the camera never lies'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nowadays, we can't be so certain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Analysis</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Broadening the debate</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In issue 156 of The Courier, we announced the launch of a programme by the European Centre for Development Policy Management on the future of KU-ACP relations beyond LomÃ© IV. Here, we publish an abridged text supplied by the ECDPM reporting on progress.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After 20 years, the LomÃ© Convention is thought by some not to have lived up to expectations and now that East West rivalry is no longer an issue, many doubt its continued relevance. Questioning, as such, is no bad thing, provided it takes place in a fair and unbiased manner and is not used as a pretext to abandon the acquis  of more than 20 years of cooperation. This is the rationale behind a number of private and official initiatives to redefine KU-ACP cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Consultations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ECDPM's post-tome IV exercise has now been up and running for more than a year. Consultations have been held in more than 20 ACP countries, involving representatives from the private and non-governmental sectors, officials in the National Authorising Offices, EC delegations, regional organisations and research centres. A number of strong impressions have emerged from these interviews. In the first place, the initial comment of many NGOs and private sector representativ  was essentially 'what is in it for us ?'. This points to a lack of knowledge of the Convention in non-governmental circles and suggests that this complicated instrument is not entirely 'user-friendly'. Its government to government character was also criticised. There were calls for ACP-KU relations to be opened up to the private sector and civil society. In this context, experience with decentralised cooperation was seen as encouraging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, the benefits of the LomÃ© trade provisions were highlighted with fears being expressed about what would happen after the year 2000. It was felt that at a time when many ACPs  are undergoing structural adjustment, and the private sector is getting its act together, a clearer European commitment in this area would benefit both sides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Various actors from the private, NGO and research communities indicated a willingness to engage in debate on redefining mutual ACP-KU interests and on the design of a new cooperation contract. Some of them had an opportunity to present their views at an ECDPM conference on the future of KU-ACP relations held on 12-14 June.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear that the process of reflection is now firmly under way. At the institutional level, the Joint Assembly began as far back as February 1995, when it launched an action plan to revitalise KU-ACP cooperation. This year, it asked Senator Jean-Louis Firmin of Haiti to draw up a report on the future of the LomÃ© Convention. It also requested the Social Partners to tackle the issue at their next annual meeting in November 1996. On the European side, the Commission will present a Green Paper later this year while the ACPs are also studying the question. Last November, the ACP Council resolved that Heads of State should meet before the end of 1997 to agree on a joint position.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Obstacles&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this activity suggests a real awareness of what is at stake. Many obstacles have to be overcome, however, if a new type of partnership is to emerge. The main pillars of Europe's commitment to the ACP countries - aid and trade - both appear under threat. It will be necessary to redefine mutual interests - beyond the negative interdependencies - so that they can serve as a basis for a more modern and effective partnership. Greater creativity  will also be required to find new forms of EU support on ACP trade issues that are compatible with World Trade Organisation obligations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An in-depth rethink of ACP-KU cooperation will significantly benefit from inputs by actors traditionally excluded from the discussions - who are anxious to participate in redefining cooperation ties. For instance, in Namibia, NGOs called for formal consultation mechanisms for non-governmental actors. Similarly, economic operators meeting in Trinidad in November called for a new Europe-Caribbean partnership. There should also be a role for applied research conducted in ACP centres. There is already a joint research project on the future of West Africa Europe relations and similar initiatives are being formulated elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The plea for a debate that is open to the key ACP actors should be taken on board by decision-makers and negotiators - and thus far, they have proved receptive. However, two conditions are needed to maintain this fruitful exchange. First, ACP stakeholders need to be able to base their views on full knowledge of the facts and issues. It is essential that the Convention's authors make a major effort to provide more and better information. The ECDPM is willing to play a part in this. Initiatives already under way include the development of EUFORIC - a Forum on the Internet for specialised information on European development cooperation - and the preparation of practical guides to the LomÃ© Convention. Enhanced access to information can help all partners move towards a real dialogue. Second, forms and channels for dialogue. need to be devised to ensure that an open debate is sustained beyond the initial reflections taking place within the EU and ACP groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ECDPM&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Re-compromising' development aid for the future</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Jos Jonckers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this article offers an academy critique of *e challenges facing the global system of development cooperation in the post-cold War era. He argues that the old compromises that have shaped development assistance since the Second World War have broken down and pleads for a radical re-think of the strategy in order to 'enable' fess affluent societies to gain from the advent of global 'free market democracy'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let us face it. International development early 50 years, the developed world has taken aid for granted. It no longer does. In real terms, it has started to give less. The expected 'peace dividend' has not materialised and scepticism is rising. Aid and solidarity are considered old-fashioned concepts. Progress and development, it is increasingly argued, must come from cooperation based on mutual interest and a businesslike approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid scepticism is at its highest in the USA. A conservative majority in Congress promotes radical 'winner' recipes and aid has been slashed. Slowly but surely, America is getting out of the development business. Lacking domestic support, the Clinton administration seeks to 'rescue' the country's aid programme by seeking more cooperation with other donors - particularly the KU, whose solidarity horizons do not yet stop at its own borders. But even here, horizons are shrinking. European aid to its immediate neighbours in the East and the southern Mediterranean basin has risen. Happy and prosperous neighbours suddenly seem more important than distant friends in need.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Has the end of the cold war marked the beginning of a cold world - where international solidarity is being dismantled together with the nuclear warheads ? Or could we be experiencing the beginning of a fundamental reshaping of international solidarity and aid between nations?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond altruism - self interest&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International aid has always involved a compromise within affluent society. People and nations are not normally disposed to give something away unless they receive something in return. Any attempt at understanding and reshaping the future of development aid must therefore start from the premise that those providing development aid do so as a result of a complex and evolving compromise between altruism and self-interest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Affluent countries are usually only interested in assisting poorer ones when the effect is to strengthen their international leadership, and in some way to enhance their security and material wellbeing. Looked at in this context, we must recognise that development aid, whatever its altruistic aims, will only exist if it also serves the legitimate, albeit more selfish agenda of the donor. It also means that the compromise which gives aid its rationale in affluent society changes over time: aid is regularly 'recompromised'. In secure and prosperous times, donors are  more inclined to forego self-interest and to cooperate in the interest of less affluent countries. In times of insecurity, the altruistic dimension is likely to diminish in importance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In colonial times, systematic aid flows first emerged as a result of a compromise between expansionist Northern governments and Christian society with its own 'colonizing' clergy. Decolonisation had the effect of increasing insecurity in most former colonial powers. In an attempt to safeguard the capital they had 'invested' in their overseas territories, following the latter's independence, they increasingly shaped aid with a view to 'buying' goodwill from the new rulers. This process, which 'recompromised' aid from a colonial into a neocolonial form, resulted in the secular, institutionalised arrangement now known as 'bilateral aid'. In addition, during the Cold War, Western aid was used increasingly as a device to stop the Third World joining the Second World (the communist bloc). The result was an aid system which was both more internationalised and more politicised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The next stage came with the end of the Cold War. Communism had joined colonialism and fascism in the dustbin of history. Affluent Western society had emerged as the winner. With it came the Western vision for stability, peace and progress: a world of sovereign nations, organised on the basis of democratic and capitalist market principles and committed to respect for each other's territory and for basic human rights. Today, capitalism has become the norm in most nation states. Long-time sceptics such as India, and even convinced opponents such as China and Vietnam, have embraced it. Democracy has not yet achieved the same coverage, but it is sailing forward under favourable conditions. Political pluralism is steadily being consolidated in much of East and Central Europe, while dictatorial regimes in Africa, Asia and Latin America are now the exception.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The effect of all of this has been a speedy erosion of the terms of the compromise on which development aid thrived for so long. In a rapidly globalis  ing,multi-polar world, the old approaches appear increasingly redundant. From this perspective, the current aid crisis is not surprising and is not necesarily a bad thing. Western affluent society is essentially trying to come to terms with the demystification of its development aid, as part of a process of reshaping it for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three 'recompromising' strategies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As in the past, the recompromising process is influenced by both self-interest and altruism in affluent society. Three trends can be identified.. The first, which is the most idealistic, involves restoring altruism. This approach seeks to 'purge' aid of the perverse political and economic compromises and contradictions caused by decades of neocolonial and Cold-War self-interest. It has impacted on aid in several ways. First, it has given a significant boost to humanitarian aid - the most altruistic form - at the expense of development assistance. Second, it has led to a 'decentralisation' of aid - with more assistance being channelled through organisations such as NGOs, that have an 'uncompromised' altruistic profile. Third, it has led to a 'deconstruction' of development aid along idealistic-altruistic lines. 'Women in development', 'child health', 'environment'and 'poverty alleviation' are all examples of deconstructed labels around which aid is increasingly being structured and justified. Finally, it has prompted an 'intellectualisation' of development aid with the particular purpose of tightening its altruistic aims. For example, the Logical Framework Approach, the concept of 'sustainable development', the UNDP's Human Development Index and various experiments with more 'accountable' project management systems, have all essentially been devised as ways of encapsulating and supporting the altruistic intentions that lie behind aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second recompromising strategy, which may be summed up in the expression be businesslike, approaches development cooperation  much more skeptically. Aid, it is argued, only makes sense if it leads to real progress and development - and the prevailing view is that this is not happening. The approach is fueled by the obsession of trying to measure progress with the help of business tools such as 'output', 'impact', 'efficiency', 'rates of return' and so on. This has led to burgeoning aid 'evaluation'. It has also probably contributed to the discovery of aid failures which, in turn, has prompted growing criticism of aid agencies and operators. The businesslike strategy has gained further ground because of the failure of many countries to achieve any real progress in recent decades. Its advocates argue that the compromises which undermined aid's development impact in the past are inherently linked with its altruistic nature. The conclusion is that altruistic aid will seldom or never work. The strategy has impacted on aid in a number of ways being, for example, the major cause of so-called 'aid fatigue'. It has also prompted a search for ways to enhance cooperation for mutual benefit, indeed transforming the narrow, pre Cold War trade cooperation link with developing countries into a much broader and rapidly growing economic cooperation approach. Finally, it has sought to enhance aid's impact on the economic conditions and growth prospects of developing countries through more ambitious, structural-oriented forms of aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regionalism, the third major strategy, is linked to globalisation. Rooted in human survival psychology, this approach prompts nations in close proximity to form 'strategic' coalitions. In the post-Cold War era, development aid is one of the instruments used by affluent regions to strengthen their position in a 'globalising' environment. The strategy entails promoting 'open' regionalism elsewhere in the world and capitalising on this to create linkages and interactions which enhance their own influence or hegemony. From the point of view of the international political economy, this makes perfect sense. Having succeeded in making the 'world of nations' accept capitalism and democracy, it is through the consolidation   process of free market democracy in other countries and regions that powerful affluent nations will seek to gain maximum advantage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Need for a vision&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With this improved insight into the dynamics that have been reshaping development aid, is it now possible to go further and develop a more political vision of relations between affluent and less affluent nations in future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free market democracy, having endured the 'crises' of decolonisation, fascism and communism, has succeeded in promoting stability and peace within and between nations. Its main strength has probably been its crucial enabling function, with an increasing number of people and nations now in a position to 'earn' a better future. It appears that the model has the capacity to generate fairly equitable growth and progress, which is presumably why more and more countries are turning to it. As is so often the case, however, the strength of the system also contains the seeds of its weakness. Conceived as an 'enabling' mechanism, it results in the categorisation of those who fail to 'be enabled' as 'unable'. Marginalised because they cannot participate and perform in the   system, the excluded (whether individuals or states) are dubbed 'losers'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are seen as a burden and a threat by the 'winners'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The result is disparity in society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experience in most affluent nations suggests that despite the enabling environment created by free market democracy, up to a quarter of the population finds itself unable to perform effectively, and is marginalised as a result. Moreover, there seems to be an upward trend in the numbers affected by unemployment, underemployment and poverty. Disparity never occurs without some cost to society, which is a good reason why it ought to be minimised. The costs come mainly in the form of internal transfers earned (but foregone) by the active, 'winning' section of society. In more sociallyinspired, free market democracies, it is accepted that marginalisation resulting from the model's shortcomings must be minimised and/or adequately compensated for. In more conservative free market democracies, exclusion is seen more as a weakness of individuals than of the system. Compensatory transfers are generally kept to a minimum to induce people to 'break out' of their situation. But while such societies may save on 'empathetic' transfers, they will generally need to spend much more of their wealth defending against threats posed by growing disparity, such as crime, drug-trafficking and political extremism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The costs of disparity are political as well as financial. Genuine democracy is based on the participation of a representative majority of citizens. In affluent societies, however, a growing minority no longer participates. The real danger stems from the fact that this is highly skewed. It is the same, growing, marginalised minority that is 'unable' to participate which is also withdrawing from democratic involvement. The result is alienation from the political system and an erosion of democracy to the extent that its very survival may be threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is really at stake &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having conquered most of the world's nations, free market capitalism is now set to conquer the world of nations, helped by technological advances in communications, transport and computer technology. Economists have amply shown that the interdependence resulting from free international competition need not be detrimental. Indeed, because global capitalism ensures that ideas, initiatives and resources can be 'put to work' anywhere in the world - wherever they generate most profit - interdependence is usually seen as mutually beneficial. In essence, it confirms what might be called the global enabling effect of free-market capitalism. The basic thesis is that the adoption by less affluent nations of free market democracy should 'enable' many more of them to improve the lives of their people in the coming decades. The boost engendered by this 'enabling effect' will, in turn, help to sustain progress in the more affluent countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If this is the aim, then a new vision should progressively inspire future cooperation between the affluent and less affluent countries. The first concern should be to define 'purpose' and 'interest' much more in terms of system and process, than of output. What really matters is the 'enabling potential' of free market democracy in the specific context of the less affluent countries. How something is achieved and by whom should take precedence over what is achieved. The ultimate aim must be to ensure that free-market democracy 'takes root' in less affluent nations and is able to determine who does what and how.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A second major concern should be to maximise the 'enabling potential' of free market democracy for the most vulnerable sections of individual populations. As mentioned earlier, up to a quarter of the people in affluent societies are excluded. In poorer countries, the figure is much higher. If free market democracy fails to enable a significant proportion of this marginalised group, then it will not take root. And if the poor cannot be mobilised, the  growth that does occur will be highly skewed, leading to growing disparity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A third point is to ensure that the 'global enabling' effect of free market capitalism does not become the exclusive preserve of deregulated capital and the 'winners' who control it, leading to new forms of exploitation and disparity. The concern must be to find a way of directing the combined forces of 'capitalism without borders' and 'democracy within borders' in such a way that it leads to a genuinely better world in which the number of 'losers' is dropping and disparities are diminishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A historic perspective&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is useful at this stage to take a look at the history of capitalism. Freemarket democracy delivered affluence to about a third of the global population over the last century mainly because of the 'accommodation' between labour and capital in an enabling environment created by 'Fordist' mass-production and consumption. A similar accommodation is now needed to enable global free market democracy to extend material wellbeing to the remaining two thirds of the (continually growing) world population, while at the same time sustaining it among the existing affluent third. It is no longer an accommodation between capitalists and workers that is required, however, but one between the affluent and the less affluent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fordism basically transformed the 'interdependent' stake of capital and labour in the economic pie, into a 'joint stake' - leading to the production of a larger pie. By analogy, what is needed today is to ensure that affluent and less affluent societies develop a joint stake in the production of a larger 'global pie' as a result of new technologies and more efficient, globalised modes of production. Attracting and sustaining capitalist investment in such modes will increasingly depend on demand and consumption structures which guarantee that poorer societies share with affluent ones the benefits of such global production systems. In the same way that a larger 'mess-produced pie' was dependent on higher and more   equitable mass consumption, so will a larger 'globally-produced pie' depend increasingly on higher and more equitable global consumption. In this context, the principal policy aim of development cooperation should be to ensure that growth resulting from globalisationis both enabling and disparity-reducing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The disabling effect of&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'poor' competition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Driven by the powerful motive of capital accumulation, globalisation has the tendency to promote competition. In principle, this should be a good thing, but left unchanneled, it can have negative effects. One might draw an analogy between the conquering of the global market and the spread of water during a flood. The water always takes the easiest route, entering the most vulnerable areas first where it causes the most damage. Likewise, globalization, fueled by 'deregulated' capital, often tends to promote competition where it is easiest, but where it is not necessarily beneficial. This is the case, for example, in less affluent countries, where poverty is exploited to achieve what might be dubbed a 'poor' competitive advantage - in the sense that it is based on disparity, but also in that, far from 'enabling', it may actually have the opposite effect. Child labour, sex tourism, environmentally destructive tourism, tropical forms logging, the export of industrial pollution and misuse of intellectual property are all examples of 'disabling' competition resulting from global disparity. In a rapidly globalising world this is ultimately damaging to all concerned, which is why both affluent and less affluent nations have an interest in reducing the gap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All of this points to the need for a major redefinition of society's role in general and of aid in particular. During the colonial and Cold War periods, development cooperation was progressively uprooted and alienated from society. Serving an increasingly complex and non-transparent agenda, it became more and more a 'cockpit' affair, piloted by a small specialised crew - and it  found itself flying higher and higher above society. In short, affluent society lost touch with development cooperation and aid. Occasionally, the media intervened to 're-establish contact' but the result was that development aid usually only attracted mainstream public attention when things had gone terribly wrong.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning vision into action&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the aim is to have affluent and less affluent society working together to ensure that the latter adopts 'free market democracy'- and can adapt it in a way which benefits both - it is vital that the former be reconnected to the business of development cooperation. The affluent must be challenged to help transform their less affluent partners, in the interested and creative manner of a minority stakeholder. They must be ready to share the wealth of knowledge and experience generated in their own process of development. Representatives of all walks of affluent life should therefore be provided with greater opportunity for dialogue and cooperation with their less affluent counterparts. Increasingly easy and cheap communications and transport should facilitate this. This new form of stakeholdership will not happen, however, unless affluent society can be imbued with the new vision.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donors should actively support the process. Instead of spending most of their time and resources determining the scope and content of development cooperation, they should step down from their cockpit. Their new role should be as brokers and facilitators of cooperation. An initial priority must be to extol the vision itself. As this gathers momentum, they should then turn to 'brokering' it in practice - acting as a catalyst between the affluent and less affluent in order to facilitate 'enabling' cooperation between them. The development of an effective brokerage profile and methodology will probably entail important changes in the way that donors work. They need to move much closer to their  constituency, and to be made democratically accountable again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As mentioned earlier, the concept of enabling cooperation concentrates on who does what, and how. Essentially, therefore, it should be seeking to mobilise democratic and free market forces in less affluent societies. The advantage of working this way is that change and progress will be determined primarily from within the society in question - with cooperation as a source of encouragement. Such an approach also entails acceptance of the fact that the pace of progrms must be left much more to the enabling forces of the maturing democracies and free markets, however weak and imperfect these may still appear. Indeed, the central purpose of cooperation should be to help these fore&quot; become stronger. To achieve this, cooperation will need to move away from an emphasis on engineering outputs to one which involves 'messaging' the system and process. And it is not just methodologies that need to be altered; there must also be a radical change in cooperation mentality. Thus, for example, donors should attempt to broker cooperation which is 'small but smart'. Advancing 'best practice' might be another creative way to pursue cooperation which is enabling. And while some output-related decision techniques can still be used, these must be creatively reshaped to support a more 'enabling' approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, this enabling vision entails an awareness of the imperfections of free-market democracy, combined with a conviction that it offers enormous potential for the less affluent countries of the world. 'Recompromising' development aid for the future will mean reshaping it to support a process of adoption and adaptation of free market democracy in less affluent countries which is highly 'enabling'. The result should be a system of international solidarity which is working for free-market democracy, rather than as a substitute for it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The effects of corruption on development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Dieter Frisch&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corruption - defined as 'the abuse of public power for personal ends' - has always existed. During recent decades, however, it has grown both in terms of geographic extent and intensity. Since the mid 1970s, it has infiltrated virtually every country in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was hoped that the easing of political and economic restrictions that characterised the 1990s after the end of the Cold War would have gone some way to reducing this phenomenon. Through increased openness resulting from political pluralism and the freedom of the press, the process of democratisation should, under normal circumstances, mobilise efforts to overcome corruption. However, emergent democracies are still fragile and seem to find the task of tackling established self interests a formidable one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By reducing state intervention and therefore the opportunities for corruption, economic liberalisation should improve matters. In the short term, however, the opposite would appear to be true. Weakened state structures, a lack of appropriate legislation, powerlessness on the part of the judicial system to combat corruption, the pursuit of easy money - mistakenly perceived by some as being equivalent to a market economy - all these factors together contribute to aggravating the phenomenon, at least in the transitional stages. Such a state of affairs cannot fail to have some effect on those who are involved in and concerned by development issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Needless to say, corruption and its effects can be seen from a multitude of viewpoints. There is always the ethical angle - but how can we possibly presume to preach to countries of the South and East when bribery is just as rife in the North and when, as far as corruption within international economic relations is concerned, it is in fact, virtually by definition, the North who is the corrupter and the South and East who are the corrupted ? The only possible reply to such an argument - and one which is morally disputable even though economically valid - would be that the rich North can afford the luxury of wasting some of its wealth whereas in the case of developing countries, their sparse financial resources need to be used in the best way possible! Other lines of reasoning emphasise the distortions that corruption causes in the fair application of conditions of competition by penalising successful, yet honest, undertakings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major obstacle in the path of development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In my opinion, corruption should be approached from the point of view of the effects it has on development. I say this because long professional experience has taught me that corruption is one of the major obstacles to progress, and that its effects on development are disastrous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some people would no doubt counter this assertion with the 'cultural' argument whereby they would have us believe that, in certain cultures, corruption is quite normal and morally acceptable. Well I do not know of a single place on earth where growing rich through taking bribes is considered lawful or morally acceptable! I should like to quote Olusegun Obansanjo,  former President of Nigeria, on the subject: 'In the African concept of appreciation and hospitality, a gift is a token. It is not demanded. The value is in the spirit of the giving, not the material worth. The gift is made in the open for all to see, never in secret. Where the gift is excessive, it becomes an embarrassment, and is returned. If anything, corruption has perverted the positive aspects of this age-old tradition'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then there are the cynics - including renowned professors - who claim that corruption oils the wheels of progress and enables development to take place. In this respect again, and putting all ethical aspects aside, it would be worthwhile distinguishing between the small baksheesh which 'helps' certain administrative procedures along ('acceleration fees') and large-scale corruption which perverts the course of de  velopment. This does not of course mean that we should underestimate the destructive effects that even small-scale corruption can have on society!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet others have simply resigned themselves to the situation. For them, corruption is intrinsically linked to underdevelopment. As long as a person's normal income does not provide him with a decent living, the door will always be open to bribes. It is, therefore, through development that we should be attempting to eradicate corruption. Yet this argument is reminiscent of the debate on the population explosion. It is only through development, some say, that the problems of population growth will be resolved. But by then, the planet will be inexorably overpopulated! In my opinion, the same argument is just as valid as far as corruption is concerned. We simply cannot wait for it to be stamped out through development. (In any case, development is hardly a miracle cure: true, we have the examples of Singapore and Hong Kong where corruption is extremely uncommon, but we could also mention Italy, where it was precisely at the height of the country's development that corruption became the norm). We must act therefore, and without delay, focusing our efforts on eradicating large-scale corruption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If we analyse some of the effects that corruption has on development, the first thing we notice is that it increases the cost of goods and services, and not insignificantly either. Although a 5% reduction in the profit margin might, at a pinch, be absorbed by the supplier, corruption levels of 10% to 20%, which have become commonplace, will inevitably be reflected in the price and will, consequently, be paid for through the national or foreign (in the case of foreign aid) resources of a country. It is therefore the national economy that ultimately suffers the consequences of an unjustified surcharge on the goods or services, with the difference being pocketed by some government official or politician who has abused his power for his own personal gain. Given that such operations are generally financed by bank  loans or, in the case of foreign aid, by concessional loans, these surcharges inevitably bring about a proportionate increase in that country's debts. In fact it is now assumed that the exchange value of sums paid out in backhanders makes up a considerable proportion of the foreign debts of developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, the damaging effects of such practices do not stop there. The corrupt decision-maker may well be tempted to accept a substandard quality of service which will make his personal profit all the greater. Thus, with a road building project for example, complicity between government departments and contractors may result in corner-cutting with regard to agreed standards of quality so that the savings made may be shared out between the two parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At their very worst, the disastrous effects of corruption mean that the conception of a project, and ultimately its very choice, are determined by corruption. As far as conception is concerned, a good example would be the purchase of a technology which is wholly unsuited to the particular needs of a country or the choice of a capital intensive project - more lucrative in terms of corruption - rather than a labour-intensive one which would nevertheless be far more beneficial to that nation's development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The absolute peak of perversion, however, is when the very choice of priorities - and therefore of projects - is determined by corruption. What we are referring to here are those situations in which the real development priorities of a country are neglected in favour of operations which generate the greatest personal gain for the decision-makers. At this point I would like to quote RÃ©mi Godeau, writing in Jeune Afrique: 'These currency-guzzling abortive projects have become a graveyard of white elephants. Africa is littered with vast deserted motorways which are being eroded by the Savannah, with fully functional but empty factories which have been left to fall into ruin only a few years after they were opened, with railway lines which are now impassable  through a lack of maintenance, and with hydroelectric dams abandoned because they cost too much to run'. Let us pick up on the point about empty factories. These 'follies of development' are to be found in many developing countries and in Africa in particular. Some have never produced, others have failed to reach full production capacity while others still face such prohibitive costs that big state subsidies are needed to keep them going. If we follow the thread right back to the beginning we find, more often than not, that factories have been sold without ensuring real competition between suppliers. Admittedly, such projects usually have only private-sector backing (they are rarely financed through official aid), but the funding is nonetheless backed by state-controlled bodies. The existence of corruption in such cases must be more than mere presumption - what other reason could there be for making decisions which run so counter to the interests of development ? In his work 'Grand Corruption in Third World Development', George Moody-Stuart identified those areas which are especially vulnerable to corruption. These are most notably, the procurement of military and other   technically sophisticated equipment, and large-scale works (in other words, any major, capital-intensive project and any scheme where objective valuation and comparison is hampered because of the technical sophistication involved).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is worthwhile mentioning at this point that a country which borrows money to finance projects that do not satisfy its real needs, and which may indeed be considered economically futile or absurd, will see its debt burden increase - and not simply by the 10% to 20% that is used to fund 'backhanders'. The loss will ultimately be 100% if one views it in terms of the cost of the unproductive investment to the national economy. Discussions about the debts of developing countries rarely focus on the mechanisms which have produced these debts. Yet in most cases, they have become unserviceable on account of the ineffective use of overseas aid - the sort of bad management to which corruption contributes considerably.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is more, by deflecting the sparse resources which do exist towards non-priority or low-priority areas, corruption contributes to a large extent to ensuring that fundamental needs such as food, health and education, are not met. It is therefore one of the causes of under development and of poverty in general. Needless to say, official aid is often called upon to make good the deficit left by the irresponsible management of otherwise available resources. Is it any surprise if, in the long run, public opinion in the countries of the North begins to grow weary of bridging gaps which efficient management of resources should never have allowed to appear in the first place ? How are we to convince European taxpayers that it is they who need to provide the money to fund bush clinics in countries which put their funds in prestige projects, if not directly into Swiss bank accounts?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A vicious circle that must be broken&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effectively, we find ourselves in a 'catch-22'situation. Corruption is one of the causes of under development and poverty, yet poverty is in part responsible for its continuation. If a person cannot earn an honest living for himself and his family, then he is more or less forced into earning it by less honest means. Hence corruption is both the cause and the consequence of under development. In order to break the pattern we must therefore combat large-scale corruption inasmuch as it is a significant cause of underdevelopment and we must work gradually to eradicate the reasons for its propagation in society, and in particular to remedy the notorious lack of adequate income to ensure a decent standard of living.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general terms, we can say that corruption also kills off the spirit of development. Nothing is more destructive to a society than the pursuit of 'a fast and easy buck' which makes honest people who work hard appear naive or foolish. That is why, in the context of economic reforms under the heading of 'structural adjustment', it is vital that the model advocated be one of a market economy based on a sound framework of legislation and on an efficient state. It should not allow free rein to the sort of ruthless capitalism which is aimed at immediate profit at all costs. The example of certain transition countries in the East, where a market economy has become synonymous with the law of the jungle, the Mafia and corruption, really should make us stop and think.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the final analysis, an economy undermined by corruption has the effect of discouraging potential foreign investors and public donors. Yet if development is to succeed, countries have to be able to attract a flow of capital. As Serge Michailof put it: 'Success attracts money. Waste, failure and chaos drive it away'. And although investors are very keen to do business, with the exception of a few opportunists, they all look for host countries that have a stable and predictable climate. Entrepreneurs have been known to withdraw from certain African countries - which are nevertheless rich in resources - because of the constraints imposed on them by corruption on a scale which they considered to be unacceptable. As for public donors, they are increasingly reluctant to offer financial aid to those countries that manage their own resources poorly. It is precisely this failing which is one of the causes of what we now refer to as 'aid fatigue'. Financial aid institutions should go as far as suspending their cooperation in blatant cases of corruption and bad management, just as they do in cases of serious violation of human rights. Conversely, 'good governance' should be the determining factor when allocating aid, and it would appear that Article 5 of the revised LomÃ© IV Convention does in fact foresee such an approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, far from reserving the foregoing criticisms for countries of the South, I believe that the partners of the North have their part to play in the ravages wrought by corruption, be it only as a result of the inconsistencies between their development cooperation policies and their export promotion policies. Basing our assumptions on the principle that cooperation efforts are genuinely motivated by concerns for development - and I can attest that this is precisely the motivation behind the policies of the European Union, which I have served for a great many years - we should not forget that Western countries have a tendency to promote exports, by other means, without any consideration for the effects this has in terms of development. They thus contribute to the dishonest practices which we have been discussing. The fact that they tolerate, or even go as far as to encourage corruption as a means of promoting exports - restricting the application of the criminal law to acts committed on their own territory and allowing corruption to be taxdeductible under the heading of 'necessary expenses' - seems to me to be absolutely scandalous. In the AlortR too, the battle against the canker of international corruption is a formidable one. But it is a fight to which we are committed in the context of 'Transparency International' This NGO, which was created in 1993, makes its services available to any country which genuinely wishes to eradicate the scourge of corruption. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; D.F. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Close-up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">National park restoration in Chad: luxury or necessity ?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Phllippe Dejace&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Terms like 'democracy' and 'sustainable development' are increasingly used to keep donors happy, and to present new development projects in the most favourable possible light. With this in mind, it is interesting to look at an example from 'the field' to see how genuine the commitment actually is. Adherence to these concepts has undoubtedly made a positive contribution to environmental protection, but there is also a negative side&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1989, the Zakouma National Park in south-east Chad has been undergoing restoration in a   programme supported by the KU. Devastated by a decade of conflict, this wildlife sanctuary of nearly 3000 square kiLomÃ©tres was little more than a huge graveyard in 1986 when Pierre Pfeffer of the Paris Natural History Museum visited it and decided to campaign for its restoration. Today, this is recognised to have been a sensible decision. It is acknowledged that wildlife are better off when they have a reasonably large area in which to live, away from human activity. Aerial counts made in 1986, 1991 and 1995 confirm that animal numbers are on the increase in the park and that irreversible destruction has been averted. Currently, Zakouma is the only area effectively being protected in Chad. The other designated sites (one park and seven reservations) remain impoverished and in a state of near devastation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recognising the challenge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One should not be lulled into complacency. Even when a process involving local village communities is initiated, the low standard of living of the inhabitants, their educational level, and the progressive deterioration of vegetation around protected areas in  variably make the latter a tempting 'target'. In these circumstances, it is very hard to preserve their integrity. At Zakouma, a busy time lies ahead. The local people must be educated and informed as quickly as possible. This presents us with the first hurdle given the inadequacy of the education sector. The Ministry of Education is underfunded and with growing numbers of pupils in the system, it is virtually impossible to plan special programmes aimed at increasing awareness of this particular problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are other reasons why there should be short-term investment in this sector. There are good arguments for preserving a few control sites while the awareness programme is under way, since these will one day serve to illustrate what can be achieved. It is also much less difficult to preserve an area than to try to reconstitute it, once desertification has set in. The site is part of the national heritage whose value can only increase. Moreover, in most cases, the protected areas ensure the survival of fish stocks in lakes and rivers downstream and act as a reservoir for game: many of the animals which breed there provide food for the people living at the zone's edges. Even frequent wholesale slaughter of wildlife, as happens during a war, is reversible if the vegetation remains intact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the park is cut off from human activity (the area is flooded and therefore closed, to all intents and purpose, for four months of the year), it has an uncertain future. It faces pressure  from itinerant herdsmen and poachers, the latter tracking giraffe right up to the outskirts of Zakouma village, which is in the middle of the park. Although located in a wildlife reserve of 20 000 km2 - which is supposed to be a buffer zone - the park is not truly protected because human activity inside the reserve is not controlled. In the dry season, the park teems with wildlife. A clear density gradient has been identified with the animal population dropping as you move from the centre to the periphery. Indeed, only about a third of the 3000 km2 is intensively exploited by the wildlife which lives there - and even this area is relatively insecure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enclosure would give those who are keen to defend the park a grace period in which to set up long-term awareness strategies. Ironically, one danger results from the striking democratisation that has taken place in Chad. To win votes, some politicians have called for the bans applying to the park to be lifted. This approach has the potential to succeed because, owing to shortfalls in the education system, the electorate is insufficiently mature in political terms. Another factor is that traditional leaders, seeing their power progressively diminish, are inclined to 'revolt'. Thus, they may fail to intervene when stockmen deliberately invade the park, encouraged by demagogues in search of votes. When the grasslands are invaded by cattle, few wild animals can compete and they are forced to retreat to the central area of the park. Against this background of a need for urgent action, the Zakouma Park team is concentrating its awareness-raising efforts on traditional leaders and the administrative authorities - rather than on teaching schoolchildren about environmental protection (although such a campaign is also envisaged).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Participation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some argue that setting up a 'sustainable and participation-based development' strategy would make it possible to avoid the situation that now exists in Zakouma. The idea behind such a strategy - which clearly has its   attractions - is that man is perfectly capable of managing his native territory. All that is needed is for him to be granted land and to receive support for his initiatives. Many who espouse this approach continue to despatch teams to demonstrate that this is the ideal response. Unfortunately, in the particularly complicated case of managing the environment on the fringes of a national park, the local people are usually reluctant to make the investment. The more normal inclination is to reap a short-term profit from resources that are within reach. The inhabitants are also tired of the lectures they get from specialists who visit for just a few hours. The scope of the problem is such that expertise needs to be available on an ongoing basis. Considerable resources are also needed to ensure.that the effort is sustained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not easy to halt environmental destruction in a market economy which has overturned traditional values and gives priority to increasing personal wealth and consumption. A natural environment's potential for exploitation is always limited. Yet stock-rearing involves the use of animals 'selected' over thousands of years to take maximum advantage of the least scrap of vegetation. By contrast, a wild animal is much more selective and never ruins the environment it exploits. It may even be able to adapt its reproductive cycle to the available food resources! We are nowhere near this situation in domestic stockbreeding!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is where 'sustainable development', which sounds highly reassuring, appears at odds with reality. Beyond a certain threshold, one cannot avoid depleting the resource. If one is to adopt an approach that involves the population actively, one must acknowledge that their response may fall short of what is needed. Indeed, they may do things which provoke migration, and are thus damaging. Thus, for example, the opening-up of a water source may attract more nomadic herdsman, thereby undermining rather than enhancing the surrounding area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Awareness programme&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The single most significant step towards protecting the park would be to ease population pressure, but progress in this area is very limited. We can only wait for the birthrate to decrease; something which invariably happens as a country develops. But what will become of the national parks in the meantime ? In Zakouma, an eco-development team is currently listening to the villagers' claims. As elsewhere, an attempt is being made to gain time. Unfortunately, the current climate of transparency in Chad, which is one of the positive aspects of democratisation and should be a major asset, has not had much impact in this area. The awareness programme suffers from a serious lack of trained workers and when meetings are held, they usually turn into interminable discussions, simply increasing the level of frustration. On the other hand, a convincing discussion-leader can advance matters considerably and discussion is surely the right approach to adopt. Furthermore, the process must lead to concrete results. Otherwise, decisions taken may end up being postponed indefinitely because they conflict with the interests of political decision-makers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the difficulties, the Zakouma team is placing heavy reliance on this desire for transparency. Although the project's initial aims have essentially been to restore infrastructures and thereby promote an increase in wildlife, the addition of an ecodevelopment aspect and ecological monitoring has made it possible to create an important 'reservoir' of knowledge. A computerized map of the vegetation has been produced with the help of a microlight equipped with a GPS (satellite positioning) system. There have also been aerial inventories tracking the seasonal density and distribution of wildlife, as well as in-depth sociological surveys in the villages most hostile to the park's existence. This major database makes it possible to organise meetings, conferences and discussions to demonstrate that the park's contribution is greater than it seems. One big frustration for local people living on the  park's fringes concerns the redistribution of the income it generates. Looking first at tourism, Chad hardly qualifies as a major holiday destination and those who do visit the park are too few to make a significant contribution (the income raised barely covers the cost of replacing their bedlinen !)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One interesting conclusion has been drawn from studies of the animal distribution in the different seasons. It appears that when pressure from nomadic herdsman is at its strongest, during the dry season, the wildlife take refuge in the park and numbers multiply in safety. When the stockmen return northward, the wild animals then go beyond the park boundaries where they are hunted and eaten by villagers. This is surely a form of income redistribution! Moreover, many young fish in the park's only river (the bahr Salamat), take advantage of the flooding of the area during the rains. This releases huge volumes of nutrients back into the ecosystem. In the park, the fish are safe from the fishermen who work downstream and they can swim back to their spawning grounds. This guarantees the renewal of stocks depleted during the dry season. The level of fish stocks in Lake Iro - and probably in the River Chari as well - is thus linked to the existence of the Zakouma Park! When this version of income redistribution is explained, it often helps to convince traditional leaders who then use their influence to limit incursions by stockmen or poachers. However, a lot remains to be done because demographic pressure and standards of living both make it more difficult to get the message across.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We know that excessive human activity always results in environmental deterioration. Zakouma, although under pressure, has been 'spared' to some extent, and as such, it represents an important resource. But some see it as a luxury and it faces a suspended death sentence. If people stop regarding its conservation as something that is necessary, the sentence will end up being carried out. In my opinion, the most reliable way of guaranteeing its preservation would be to enclose it completely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.H.D. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Developing World</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">European NGOs look ahead at annual meeting in Brussels</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Agostino Ambrogetti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 22nd annual General Assembly of European Development Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), and a thematic conference entitled 'A Europe open to the world', were held in Brussels from 18 - 20 April. Representatives of more than 800 NGOs attended, with the Assembly adopting 14 resolutions as well as issuing specific appeals on the European Union's Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) and on Lebanon. The Assembly renewed its approval of the development NGOs' 'Strategic Priorities', adopted the Work Plan for the 1996-98 period, and looked at the overall impact of the LomÃ© Convention with an eye to likely future developments. The subsequent Conference focused, among other things, on the issue of coherence between the EU's development cooperation and its other policies (notably trade and agriculture). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A general impression that emerged from the two events was that the NGO movement was attaching increasing importance to its role as advocate for the developing countries. A fundamental aspect of this is the ongoing dialogue that NGOs have with the European institutions, and the lobbying they carry out on policy issues. Commission representatives who spoke at the Assembly indicated their understanding and appreciation of this. For example, Development Commissioner, Jao de Deus Pinheiro, referred warmly to 'the very active role played by the NGO community in the debate on the mid-term revision of the LomÃ© Convention,' and acknowledged that the NGOs had mounted an 'important political lobby' in favour of increased funding for the next five-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commissioner was keen to emphasise the complementarily that existed between the European Commission and the NGO movement in support of emerging societies in the South. He also urged his audience to continue in their task of challenging the general apathy towards development cooperation. This, he said, entailed appealing directly to public opinion in order to influence political leaders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A similar tone was adopted by Bernard Ryelandt, who heads the unit responsible for cofinancing NGO projects in the Commission's development directorate-general (DG VIII) He spoke of the 'decisive' action of European NGOs in balancing other lobbies such as the agricultural one. This, he believed, had the effect of improving the coherence of EU policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Delegates from a number of countries set out their views on the advocacy issue, and what they saw as the growing NGO role in this area. Andy Rutherford from the United Kingdom said that he saw increased lobbying as necessary, complementing the work carried out in the field through development projects. He pointed out that Southern NGOs had themselves requested their Northern partners to pressurise European governments in the hope that the latter would adopt external policies more favourable to the developing world. Mr Rutherford also raised the thorny question of structural adjustment. The view that adjustment policies were not succeeding in eradicating poverty, had, he said, been acknowledged by the EU's Development Council in its resolution adopted in June 1995. With this in mind, the NGOs would be raising the issue with the World Bank and the IMF - where the EU Member States are among the most substantial contributors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guido Barbera, who headed the Italian delegation to the Assembly, took up this point, calling for more pressure to be exerted on the Bretton Woods institutions by European NGOs and indeed, by the European Commission itself. This was necessary, he believed, to promote coherent macroeconomic policies favouring the development of economic relationships with the less-developed countries. In more general terms, Mr Barbera applauded the growing NGO participation in the political arena, stating that this was both 'positive' and fundamental'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evaluation of the Liaison&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Committee's work&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A document was presented to the Conference by the NGDO-EU Liaison Committee containing an evaluation of its activities. The aim, in drawing up the document, was to 'review and critically assess the work and organization of the Committee, and evaluate whether it meets the expectations of its stake holders.' In order to do this, NGO members were consulted through questionnaires.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The evaluation revealed that support for the Liaison Committee as the representative umbrella organization of European NGOs remains strong, although there is widespread uncertainty about the future. This is reflected in the perception that the Committee has   gradually been losing momentum. There were also some doubts expressed about its representativeness. Large NGOs, it was noted, were able to spread their efforts across different networks. The fact that small NGOs tended not to be involved in the Committee emerged as one of the critical issues for discussion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attention was also focused on the alleged weakness of many national platforms (the documents containing proposals drawn up by the various national NGO assemblies) in representing the aspirations of their member organizations. This issue, and the question of voting on resolutions without debating the documents in question gave rise to controversy. Some delegates boycotted the vote while others submitted a written protest and there is clearly some demand for reforms designed to make the Assembly's procedures more democratic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General conditions of cm  financing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another highly topical subject on the Assembly's agenda was the proposed revision of the General Conditions for the Co-financing of NGO &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Projects in Developing Countries. Commission speakers who touched on this subject included Professor Pinheiro and Jacob Houtman who is a Director in DG VIII Both referred to the revision process that was currently under way, and emphasised the higher priority that would be attached to capacity building for Southern NGOs. This involves providing support to strengthen the organisational structure of the bodies in question, and to improve the skills of their staff in managing and implementing projects. Such an approach is now recognised as essential for the long-term sustainability of NGO activities. As Mr Houtman was keen to stress, the principles underpinning the KU-NGO relationship (recognition of NGO independence and specificity, freedom of initiative for European NGOs in cooperation with their Southern partners) would be safeguarded in the revised conditions. Other priorities to be set out in the conditions would include the promotion &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Notice at the site of a non governmental organisation in&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe devoted to improving agricultural productivity&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Crucial to provide more institutional support for Southem&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NGOs' of democracy and human rights through reinforced structures of civil society, and a greater emphasis on the fight against poverty, income-generating activities and social development programmes. With these objectives in mind, it was all the more crucial to provide more institutional support for Southern NGOs. They, unlike their Northern partners, had a permanent presence in society in the developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The revised general conditions would also reflect the new orientation which favours a long-term programme approach over the traditional project by-project method. This should lead to a reduced administrative burden, and benefit long-standing NGO partners who have demonstrated viable approaches in working with their Southern counterparts, as well as good management and accountability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'A Europe open to the world'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Conference which took place following the NGO General Assembly focused on assessing the coherence of different EU policies and on ways of achieving coherence where it might be lacking. As the title of the Conference suggests, the question which was never far from participants' minds was 'what sort of Europe is being created.' Is it a Europe which stands in solidarity with the South (and East), or is it one which retreats into its fortress, concerned only with its own prosperity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the outset, EU policy - or rather its mode of implementation - came in for criticism. It was claimed, on the bask of the experience of both European and Southern NGOs, that the principles of development cooperation set out in the Maastricht Treaty (Title XVII) were not being applied universally and consistently. These principles include the sustainable economic and social development of developing countries, their integration into the world economy, the fight against poverty, and the development and consolidation of democracy, human rights and the rule of law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this connection, three specific discussion topics were selected: the EU's common foreign and security policy (CFSP), its common commercial and agriculture policies (CCP and CAP) and its immigration and asylum policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regarding the first of these, it was suggested that the EU's definition of 'security' tended to be viewed solely in terms of common defence, and that the concept of 'human security' drawn up by the UNDP had been neglected. The latter seeks to define the concept on a broader basis including aspects such as equitable and sustainable development, as well as human rights and democracy. The view was also expressed that a more firm and coordinated CFSP was needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the second topic - trade and agriculture - there was a strong feeling that the policies of the EU (and the USA) were heavily weighted in favour of 'home' producers and that this had the effect of undermining local production and food security in the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing countries. The Union was urged to remove the policy 'contradictions' that allowed this situation to arise bearing in mind the specificity and sensitivity of the food trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, several speakers were highly critical of what they viewed as negative trends in the approach to immigration and asylum adopted by the EU and its Member States, with increasingly strict rules being implemented. There were also calls for measures designed to integrate resident migrants into society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, integration may well be seen as the key message to have emerged from the NGOs' gathering. The call was for the people and governments of the European Union, acting in the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC), to integrate the needs of the rest of the world's people into their actions and programmes. The talk was of common values of human rights and solidarity, in both internal and external polices. And it was clear from the commitment of those who attended that the NGOs are determined to maintain and strengthen their role - as active partners in the development of the South, as advocates for the developing countries and perhaps indeed as keepers of the European conscience.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.A.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Workshops&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As part of the proceedings of the NGO General Assembly, three workshops were organised dealing with specific themes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Workshop 1 was entitled Beyond LomÃ© IV. There was a general consensus among those taking part that the Convention's underlying philosophy helped to protect developing countries in today's global commercial environment. Without the LomÃ© system, it was felt that the ACP countries would have suffered even more from the deterioration in their terms of trade. With this in mind, the World Trade Organisation came in for criticism for its stance against regional preferential agreements (even if this does not apply to the least developed countries).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The major finding of Workshop 2, which dealt with Poverty in the North and the South, was that  poverty is the result of interactions at a global level - and is not 'nation specific'. It was therefore important to adopt a global approach in  seeking to tackle the causes of poverty, and to develop further North-South exchanges of experience for the benefit of both sides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third workshop was devoted to making the most of EU Presidencies. Here, the aim was to evaluate past experience of lobbying undertaken by the NGO community in those countries holding the EC Council Presidency, during the six-month period in question. The main recommendation to emerge was that more needed to be done in establishing contacts and exchanging information between the relevant national NGO communities. Such exchanges, it was felt, were needed before, during and after the six month Presidency period, in order to facilitate continuity of lobbying on key themes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resolutions &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Resolutions adopted by the NGO General Assembly, considerable emphasis was placed on human rights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; issues, with texts being agreed on Nigeria, the peoples of the Western&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahara and the child sex 'industry'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade (in the widest sense of the word) also featured prominently. In addition to a general resolution on world trade, representatives passed motions on the arms trade, traffic in landmines and the production of the drug coca.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also adopted were resolutions on preventive diplomacy, cooperation with Cuba, the Euro-Mediterranean partnership and the 'deterioration' of the situation in the Great Lakes region of Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Africans seek bigger share of tourist dollar</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Godfrey Karoro&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe's government is under pressure to encourage greater African involvement in the predominantly white-run tourism industry, which is facing intense competition from neighbouring South Africa. 'Black participation in all sectors of tourism is a priority,' says Environment and Tourism Minister Chen Chimutengwende. 'Blacks have waited in the wings long enough,' he adds, 'and their entry on to centre stage is inevitable. The solution lies in nurturing black entrepreneurship and giving it the material and technical backup to ensure its growth.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only 38 of the country's 436 tour operators are indigenous, and most focus on provision of goods and services, particularly transport. African interest in the business was kindled last year when the government identified tourism as one of the sectors which could benefit from an international $74 million credit facility. This prompted enquiries from  about 500 potential entrepreneurs. Interest was heightened during the election campaign earlier this year, when President Mugabe's government made an issue of the continuing economic domination of the white community which constitutes  less than 1% of the country's 11 million population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Chimutengwende pledged support for greater black participation, but the government itself is under fire for not doing enough. 'We have a time-bomb and the government should do something about it quickly before it explodes,' says Colin Blythe-Wood, managing director of a tour company and chairman of the Zimbabwe Association of Tour and Safari Operators (ZATSO), referring to the black-white imbalance in the whole economy. 'We are indeed fortunate that this industry, which has perhaps the greatest potential in our economy, is still in its infancy,' he says. He argues that the government holds the trump card, through its ownership of vast tracts of land in national parks, forests and communal areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 1994 Zatso report identified more than 100 sites on state-owned land suitable for development by African tourism ventures. At least half, says Mr Blythe-Wood, were in areas of abundant wildlife, including the 'big five' - elephant, lion, rhinoceros, hippopotamus and buffalo. Other opportunities could be provided he suggests, if the National Park service got out of the accommodation business and concentrated on flora and fauna conservation. 'The government cannot be a referee and a player at the same time. It should sell off its shares in the Rainbow Tourism Group' - a wholly-owned government company which is the third largest operator in the tourism sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the industry's problems is that South Africa, too, has found tourism to be an unexpectedly good economic performer. Arrivals there rose by 50% in 1995, and a new government discussion document suggests that tourism could double its foreign exchange earnings by the year 2000 and triple its contribution to national income. South Africa's parks and beaches are well developed, but entrepreneurs are also fostering attractions such as Boer War battle sites and 'Road to Freedom' tours in which visitors have breakfast with former freedom fighters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fear is that South Africa will be the regional hub for visitors, siphonino off  most of the earnings, with&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe merely getting the overspill from short side-trips.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zatso chief executive, Elias Nyakuni, points out that South&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa is already using Zimbabwe's top attraction to lure visitors, urging them 'to come to South Africa to see the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Victoria Falls'! Efficient train, luxury bus and air services connect several South African cities to the Falls, which are on the Zimbabwe-Zambia border. Mr Nyakuni says that Zimbabwe  could also lose out if things go wrong in their southern neighbour. 'Violence in South Africa could deter people from coming to Zimbabwe.' He accuses the government of not taking marketing in Europe and North America sufficiently seriously. 'The 4-5% annual growth is, in essence, through word of mouth. We need to investt more in marketing.' He says that the Zimbabwe Council for Tourism is underfunded and that it operates 'without brochures or pamphlets.' Neverthelms,  with 1.25 million visitors last year spending $252m (up from 1.04m spending $203m in 1994) - tourism is a growth area in which black people could take a bigger share - and not just, as at present, as guides, drivers, mechanics and cooks.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lovemore Chihota, who runs a booming Victoria Falls safari business, has shown the way. He admits that there is a lot of money to be made from tourism, but warns that careful preparation is needed, as well as determination, commitment and, a realisation that there are no quick returns. He also points to the need to have some equity. 'The promoter,' he stresses, 'must put his money where his mouth is.'&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; G.K.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Culture and society</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dak'Art 96</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most important exhibitions of African art, the Biennial Festival of Conternporary African Art, opened its doors to the public in Dakar, Senegal, on 8 May 1996. The 'Pan-African Art Exhibition', as it is still called, was being staged for the third time although it almost failed to take place at all, having been postponed several times over the last four years. All those who participated - from the artists who exhibited to the directors of art galleries and cultural  institions - were pleasantly surprised. The next edition of me Courier will include a more comprehensive account of the exhibition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President Abdou Diouf of Senegal inaugurated the event at the Daniel Sorano National Theatre in the company of a number of VlPs, including BartoLomÃ© Amat Armengol who represented the European Commission. The Commission was Dak'Art 96's main financial partner providing support to the tune of CFAF 200 million (ECU 300 000 approx). The Biennial Festival aims to be a showcase for African artists allowing them to break into the international plastic arts market. Hitherto, this has remained relatively closed to them despite the general recognition that Africa has a contribution to make to the art world in this area. Mr Ousmane Sow Huchard, chairman of the Festival's scientific board, stressed that success lay first in stimulating the art market in Africa itself. He gave the example of his own country which had voted the so-called '1 % law', which stipulated the proportion of works of art that should be used to decorate all new public buildings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Festival's main exhibition, at the Ifan Museum of African Arts, was devoted to major trends in African sculpture. 42 artists selected by an international panel took part and, despite some criticism, their choice was a  judicious one. The same cannot be said, unfortunately, of the second major exhibition, at the National Art Gallery. This was devoted to contemporary Senegalese art and the skill involved in producing the exhibits was not of a consistently high standard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were also five individual exhibitions featuring artists chosen by internationally famous judges. These might be expected to have a dynamic effect in setting standards on the market. Zeribun Yempeta of Ethiopia offered a quite original style, working on a support of leather straps fastened to a trellis of fine strips of wood. He draws his inspiration from a combination of African design, Coptic and Greek influences, and ancient Egyptian art. Ethiopian painting was one of the major revelations of the 'Africa 95' exhibition in London last year and the Festival gave a further opportunity for such art to be displayed. Another display presented work by the Moroccan painter, Mohamed Kacimi, whose pictures have been hung in various exhibitions - although the term 'pictures' is not always appropriate to this artist's work. It is perhaps more fitting to say that he 'occupies space'. In Dakar, he covered three walls of a large room with 'rolling art'. His skill, particularly in monumental works, is to offer excitement and calm simultaneously, through the use of animated forms and soft, rhythmic harmonies. Ezrom Legae of South Africa, Moustapha Dime of Senegal and Pascale Martine Tayou of Cameroon were the three other artists granted individual exhibitions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the trends which came to the fore at Dak'Art was the use of alternative media and recycled material. The latter, in a sense, is the man in the street's legacy to art. Initially, recycling was used predominantly in the informal sector to produce utilitarian objects. The 'Biennial Festival Village' was set aside for informal sculptors, and in an open area beside the Village, both inside a marquee and outdoors, one of the most individually striking exhibitions was presented. This combined a variety of artistic forms ranging from painting to video, not to mention Adeagbo's unusual montages, including 'African artists and AIDS'. This had already been exhibited in a number of countries and was staged by the Revue Noire team in parallel with its 'AIDS' issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Festival included dozens of on-site exhibitions as well as all the 'fringe' presentations. The AIDS exhibition was one of the boldest but the display entitled 'Love' offered the greatest degree of unity and uniformity of design. Dak'Art 96 also made an attempt to integrate other forms of creativity such as dance, design and fashion. The latter two, for example, were presented at the Espace Vema, a fine metal structure where the creations of the Senegalese designer Claire Kane were in perfect harmony with the highly original furnishings. The European Union's prize for creativity, one of the Festival's four major prizes, was awarded to Vincent Namien, a designer from Cote d'lvoire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hege'Goueier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">On creativity... in Africa and elsewhere</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Alain Nicolas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this article is head curator and director of the Museum of African, Oceanic and Amerindian Arts in Marseilles. Here he offers his thoughts on the (partially unconscious) reluctance of the 'official' art world in the West - museums, critics and art historians - to accept contemporary African artists. Even now, they tend to be relegated to the sphere of 'alternative' art. However, he believes that the abundance of creative Africans, and the pressure they are exerting on the art world and market will, sooner or later, generate a 'new revolution' in the museums. This iswhat happened in the early20th century when traditional African art first arrived in the West. This article is linked to the dossier on African creativity published in our previous issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When I was asked to make this small contribution on African creativity, I was happy to oblige since, as a non-specialist, I am able to content myself with a few generalisations. I believe that there are still barriers, sometime not very visible, but nonetheless real, which have to be broken down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, writing just a few lines on creativity is a difficult exercise given the amount of literature on the subject and so many divergent opinions. So, what line should I adopt? About 15 years ago - in the wake of hordes of specialists in the humanities from sociology, psychology, ethnology, anthropology and so on - a rational approach, known as 'the anthropology of art', was at last proposed. The term 'rational' should be seen here in the context of the distinction between exact or 'hard' sciences such as mathematics, physics and astronomy, and the humanities, which are essentially inexact or 'soft' disciplines. And in brief, the West tends to take a scientific approach, relying on empirical evidence, even when it seeks to study such subjects as human creativity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Creativity obviously is to be found in many different spheres. It is needed in technology, it is fundamental to story-telling, it underpins all forms of social organisation and has a part to play in religion. Similarly, what we term 'art'  is one of the spheres of creative endeavour. The anthropology of art seeks to document artistic creativity and to analyse the conditions surrounding its expression in various cultures. This is a laudable enterprise insofar as art is regarded as another means of expression, used in one form or another by all human groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The creative function is universal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The basic postulate is that any society - and any individual - possesses creative potential which may be expressed in any way. The first thing to examine, therefore, is the context of choice. There are various modes of artistic expression ranging from music, poetry, prose and dance to architecture, painting and fashion. Some individuals or societies may have no choice, perhaps because of socio-economic constraints. Others may favour a particular mode of expression while nonetheless dabbling in more than one area. The expression of creativity is, therefore, like an identifying mark, claimed by the group or by the individual. The concept of 'style' now comes into play. The expression of one group is different from that of another and no two can ever be the same. Fundamental elements are at work in this materialisation of creativity. Some  are due to the natural environment. Thus, for example, a society located in a place where wood is abundant may favour sculpture. Others come from the group or individual themselves. And in the final analysis, it is the groups or individuals that decide what to portray (or not) on the basis of their own social norms and what they want to express.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These few limited thoughts should be supplemented by the observation that sculpture or the plastic arts more generally can also be examined from at least two angles: as a means of conveying information, and as a form of linguistic expression.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards the former, some have proposed analysing any work of art, from whatever culture, as a message. Analysis of the work therefore includes an examination of the conditions surrounding the production and transmission of the message. What message is broadcast ? How does it function ? What does the addressee gain from it? This approach is fine in hypothetical terms but does not allow one to go beyond theoretical and formal data, teaching us nothing about the content of the message under study. It refers back to the originator who holds the keys to the way in which it was sent and thus to its form and meaning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linguistically speaking, we assume that all expression through sculpture is a language and that the techniques for studying language can therefore be applied to the work of art. This approach is more rewarding because it brings us closer both to the sources and to the function of communication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Be that as it may, all methods involve knowledge of the group or of the individual (but also of the relationships between them) and thus of any organised knowledge. Art cannot be separated from perception. This is the position of the majority of scientists. Yet we are not completely certain of this. Briefly, we are led to imagine that art could be irreducible at a certain level. When we look at a sculpture or listen to a piece of music, aside from the emotional content which is at least   partly quantifiable, what are we able to understand about the culture which produced them ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having travelled widely throughout the world and kept my eyes open, without having become the 'observer-participant' which the ethnologist should be, I am certain that the same creative function can be seen everywhere, and it is not difficult to identify.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frequent visits to the world's museums and, perhaps above all, to their vaults, further reinforces the impression that constants do exist and are worthy of more and better investigation. Art, and more particularly the art of others, from other continents, is still the domain of a happy few.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are usually highly literate people, and are seldom activists expounding a cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contemporary African art must find its niche&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The above statements relate as much to contemporary art as to what we term 'traditional' art. How many of the world's museums really show contemporary art from Africa ? It is as if this sector were cut off from current cultural reality. This is despite the fact that each week, new artists, musicians, designers, painters, sculptors, dancers, film-makers, stylists and photographers emerge from Africa, to be 'recognised' in the West (if anyone knows what 'recognition' really means!). The museums are, in fact, confused by this burgeoning of talent because they have no idea how to manage it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has been said that contemporary African art is an urban phenomenon aimed at those living in towns and cities - and that it rebels against essentially rural, traditional art.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The argument is that the usual methods for analysing traditional art cannot be fully mobilised because 'urban civilisation' conforms to a set of universal norms (more or less), which are distinct from those studied by ethnologists. It would, therefore, be more appropriate to consider contemporary art in the context of sociology and aesthetics. This may be true, but it still comes down to a matter of observation. Confusion reigns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When we staged an exhibition in Marseilles by the Senegalese sculptor, Ousmane Sow, the first individual showing of his works came as a major shock to many people, including the specialists. I can remember the reactions of at least   two colleagues from museums of contemporary art. What they said was almost identical, and was along the following lines:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What's the name of this sculptor ? I am not familiar with him...&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. Do you like his work ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, I do, but what's his name ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. Ousmane Sow &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I don't know him. Astonishing! Where's he from ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. Senegal - he lives in Dakar. Are you interested in his sculptures ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but..&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. You can buy one of his works - he's not very expensive yet and it would be good for your museum. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The problem is he's African.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AN. I see... &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· His works are more your sphere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. But they don't have anything to do with traditional art which is what I have in my museum. Ousmane Sow is a contemporary artist, isn't he ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but he's African, and your museum is a museum of African art.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. You're correct, I would love to buy one of his works. But it would be the only example of contemporary art in my museum and would represent a change of policy for me. You wouldn't have anything by Ousmane Sow. And we would then be rivals! &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Critics, artists and art historians have begun discussing contemporary African art, more and more good reviews of it are being published, talks are being given and some major exhibitions have been mounted. There are pioneers and supporters in France, Germany and elsewhere, and there is even a great museum - Washington's Smithsonian - which took it on board several years  ago - but we still seem to be a long way from a commitment from most institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I hope this statement will soon be proved wrong. Institutions do not like taking risks. Either they create 'ghettos' ('let's set up a museum of contemporary African art'), or they set up committees to consider the subject. It is up to us to set our houses in order, but we must not be too naive. This is the art market, after&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although we tend to cling to this somewhat short-sighted administrative view that there should be different institutions depending on whether we are dealing with heritage or contemporary creativity, museums of contemporary art must integrate all the world's sculptural expression. If not, they will be in conflict with the above; postulate which claims that creative  potential is the same everywhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for so-called museums of anthropology and also a few rare museums such as the Museum of African, Oceanic and Amerindian Art in Marseilles, the systematic exhibition of contemporary art does generate a number of problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When I have wanted to do this in the past, I have been reminded of the 'museographic landscape' and advised to consult the authorities, to organise a major debate on the topic: who, what, where ? That is the rational approach, we are told. There is no great hurry!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, the recent arrival of African artists comes at a moment in our history when we are questioning the existence of our museums. When I say 'we', I mean the West in general.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So, what might happen ? Traditional African art caused an explosion in Western art and traditional art history at the very beginning of the 20th century, with the cubists and their research which led them to develop a passion for African sculpture. We are all aware of what we owe to Africa and its traditional artists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contemporary art from Africa is knocking on the closed door of Western museums, but the arrival of contemporary African artists and the pressure they exert on the art world and  market might trigger a new revolution in the museums, which are also the archives. Certainly, all the usual followers are ready to take up the cause, and that is how it should be. Let's be optimistic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The works of Ainsley Yearwood: Bombarded with colour</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Claude Smets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ainsley Yearwood is a Trinity dadian artist based in London. me Courier had the opportunity to meet him recently when an exhibition of his works was staged at his country's embassy in Brussels. Brought up in Trinidad, he moved to London to study fine arts at the Chelsea Art School. Feeling unable to express himself fully in this discipline, he ended up taking a degree in graphic design. Mr Yearwood is still based in the UK capital where, in addition to his work as a painter, he also designs costumes for the Notting Hill Carnival, a cousin of the famous Trinidad Carnival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The artist is fortunate to be able to live from his work. Besides the present exhibition which is touring Europe (Manchester, Brussels, Geneva and London), he has other works currently on show at three galleries in the US. He finds that the reaction of the American public is different from the European one. Americans, he believes, are more spontaneous and openminded. 'Europeans tend to stick more to things they already know; to which they are more accustomed.' The titles he gives to his art pieces are for him 'a basis for artistic conversation' with his audience. They express his emotions, feelings, and thoughts, but do not try to impose a specific interpretation of the painting on the viewer. Ainslie Yearwood dislikes the idea of being labelled or categorised - or as he describes it, 'to  be put into a box'. As such, he rebels against people who try to make him conform.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A world citizen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although Ainsley Yearwood recognises his African roots within Trinidadian society, he sees himself as 'a world citizen'. The influences in his paintings are many and varied - deriving from the multicultural background of Trinidad and Tobago, European art and graphic design, the memories of his own childhood and his recent experiences. 'I am like a sponge', he says. 'Everything influences me in my work... people, places and all that I see around me. They help me to view things from a different perspective.' These all then flow together to be visualised through his 'inner eye' (expressed, for example, by two blue dots in his work In the Company of Nature which represents the Grand Canyon). By paying particular attention to what he sees, his 'visual view' is transformed into an 'emotional view'. Thus, for example, his painting Evolution appears to be a landscape. A :loser look reveals that the rocks are in the shape of hands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The artist also uses symbols in dome of his work, as a personal means 'or him to express life. The butterfly :rapped in a jar, for example, in Love lost, is a symbol of the fragility of life. The glass of water in Soul of a Mother symbolises the way a child looks at the world as something exciting and new. he also draws strongly on the imagery of candles, inner eyes and doorways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strong colours, strong emotions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What unifies Mr. Yearwood's work, is his use of colours. As he says, they are 'strong colours to express strong emotions'. In this, he has been inspired by his childhood in Trinidad which, in his own words, 'was an environment that constantly bombarded you with colour - from crystal to aquamarine, sapphire and emerald - a perpetual rainbow of red, yellow, green and blue'. One painting where colour is used to striking effect is Carnival Bacchanal. This depicts Trinidad's Carnival and reflects both the island's multicultural society and its vividness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ainsley Yearwood has also produced more surrealist and psycho-biographical works, under the influence of artists such as Salvador Dali and Francis Bacon. Emotions are revealed through the use of darker though still vivid colours. These works (such as Evolution, &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Translucent State and Suspended in Limbo) show a fragmented self, stuck between past, present and future, looking for a way forward. They come in stark contrast to the brighter mood of paintings of island scenes - which are in a more African style - or of jazz musicians (such as Soul of a City or The Musician). According to the artist, this is being realistic. If he wants to paint life, he must show the different and contrasting emotions a human being experiences. 'You get up in the morning and you are feeling a little bit happy. You come home in the evening and you are feeling a little bit down. So emotions are continuously changing. If I said that I was always happy, that wouldn't be true.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As mentioned above, a number of Ainsley Yearwood's pieces portray jazz players. He enjoys going to New Orleans to listen to jazz bands and in Soul of a City he portrays one of the musicians. The title underlaines the importance of performers in a place like New Orleans - where indeed, they form an integral part of city life. In A Musical Love affair, the painter uses techniques learned as a graphic designer to help him express his feelings. By drawing graphic lines, the cello player and the instrument flow into one another. He explains: 'The cello player was not just playing the instrument. She was actually part of it. It is as if she were making love to the cello.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear from the foregoing that Mr. Yearwood's art is primarily visual. The onlooker is bombarded with strong colours - which are used, together with abstraction and symbolism, to express both optimistic and pessimistic feelings. The artist uses his multicultural background to great effect, drawing on influences from Trinidad, Africa and Europe, to create different modes of expression. These are the essential factors which make his paintings interesting and refreshing to look at.  c.s. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA-Bulletin</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fairness on the livestock field of play</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Sarah Reynolds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the town of Thies one of Senegal's regional capitals, there is an abattoir where nothing goes to waste. Even the horns of cattle are sold for making carvings for sale to tourists while the tips of the horns are exported to Japan. In a rural area of Chad, small-scale livestock farmers are preserving meat by the age-old process of cutting it into strips and drying it in the sun. Careful attention to hygiene and quality control has resulted in a product so consistently good that it has found an export market as far away as Gabon. Livestock producers in sub-Saharan Africa are responding to market opportunities, not because they recognise the need to improve national food requirements, but in pursuit of profit. Therein lies the best chance for stimulating the livestock sector's production capacity. The challenge is to design policies that protect consumers without crushing entrepreneurial potential for producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than half the population of sub-Saharan Africa is likely to be living in a town or city within the next 30 years. These city dwellers will have neither the skill, the time nor the space to raise livestock. There are indications on present trends that their demand for food of animal origin will increase. Where will they get it from ? Imported meat is more expensive than it used to be, largely as a result of the change in policies of the European Union. These have also affected the supply of low-cost milk powder and butter oil. Imports from countries outside the continent will  undoubtedly continue but intra-African   trade and local production will become   far more significant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has been estimated that the production of animal products in sub-Saharan Africa would have to increase by 4% per year to ensure an adequate supply of animal protein for the region's growing population, and to end the need for imports. This presents a major challenge to policy-makers. Already, the current pressure on land resources is causing conflict in some areas and the prospect of more people, more animals, and more strain on already inadequate resources, is perturbing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Information vacuum  in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of value&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Decisions on how to achieve sustainable and yet more productive land-use, while at the same time ensuring fair access to resources for other interested users, cannot be soundly based if made in an information vacuum. It was in recognition of the lack of information about the livestock sector that the CTA organised and sponsored a seminar on Livestock development policies in the humid and sub-humid zones of sub-Saharan Africa. This was held in Abidjan, Cote d'lvoire on 5-9 February 1996. It was attended by participants from 17 countries within the region and by representatives from international institutions and from Europe. The objective was to contribute to the ongoing debate on policies aimed at bringing about sustainable livestock development while respecting natural resources in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of value&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effective planning of government action on issues such as import policy, provision of inputs and services, marketing and research priorities requires quantitative information on livestock production systems. Why is this information lacking when it is estimated that livestock products contribute about 25% of total agricultural GDP in subSaharan Africa? The livestock sector is too important to ignore and yet it is consistently undervalued. The reason is that economists and statisticians like to deal with a tangible unit that can be counted. Ideally, this should be a monetary unit but, failing that, it should at least be a unit that can be easily converted to money, such as the number of animals potentially available to the market. But if animals are used to sustain a traditional way of life, for people who do not have to pay before they can eat, it is difficult to put a monetary value on the food they consume. Similarly, if a herd of animals is sustained by forage that has no other use, on land that can be used for no other purpose, the cost of feeding cannot easily be measured in financial terms. Indeed producers have little to gain from allowing government   departments to acquire information about their assets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock owners have their own objectives when deciding whether and how to increase production. Livestock provide energy in the form of draught power, and dung for fuel or biogas. Their manure restores structure and fertility to the soil. Social prestige may be measured in the quantity and quality of the animals one possesses. For some livestock owners, their animals are their 'barking' system. They represent a deposit account for accumulated wealth and a current account when an animal is sold to raise cash. Indeed it may be impossible to obtain credit from an orthodox bank. There is an added advantage in that there are no interest charges to pay when you raise cash by selling your own animals as opposed to taking out a loan from a bank. It may be difficult to measure real production when animals are treated as a capital reserve. For example, an increase in meat prices, perhaps as a response to a change in economic policy, may result in a short-term reduction rather than increase, in the number of animals being marketed. This is because producers are able to maintain their income by selling fewer animals and can simultaneously  increase their breeding herds. Alternatively, there may be little incentive to producers to sell more animals if they have no use for the extra money they earn. It is of course true that more people are joining the cash economy as they become aware of the desirability of consumer goods, or of services such as schooling. Governments may aspire to design policies which will develop the livestock sector for the economic welfare of society as a whole, but if these policies ignore the objectives of livestock owners, they will fail.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fair play&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a football match, the referee is there to see fair play. In the livestock sector, governments have to ensure fair play between the 'demand team' and the 'supply team', in other words the -consumers and the producers. Governments often make two mistakes. Either they help one team at the expense of the other, or else they join in the game themselves. The role of the authorities should be to make the rules that protect both teams from unfair or unsafe practices. For example, health and hygiene regulations must be in place, and  enforced, but not be so onerous that illegal and totally unregulated marketing channels are established.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Private traders have considerable power to manipulate markets if they collude to form cartels and prevent outsiders from entering their ring. Governments should ensure that this is not allowed to happen, that markets are open and that traders are free to operate provided that they observe health and hygiene regulations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Veterinary services&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most countries are no longer able to supply even minimum standards of veterinary support to their livestock producers. The efforts that have been made in recent years have been largely in the form of donor-funded projects where continuity is rarely guaranteed. The only viable alternative seems to be to transfer activities of this kind to service providers in the private sector. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work that they do under contract to the government, for example relating to the control of epidemic diseases, must be funded by government or other central agencies since cost-recovery from individual livestock owners is not feasible when participation has to be compulsory. The work that they do on behalf of individuals, or associations of livestock owners, should, however, be paid for by those who benefit directly from the increased productivity that should result - the farmers. The greatest difficulty lies in managing what will be a long and difficult transition period. The success of ventures to privatise veterinary services depends on whether the profession can deliver a decent living in the private sector, particularly in rural areas where the need is undoubtedly greatest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is in the rural areas that livestock production needs to be intensified. On the outskirts of Africa's major cities, intensive pig and poultry production is already being supported by commercial, joint venture capital. Dairy units, in which exotic, high performance cattle breeds are managed in a controlled environment, are producing fresh milk for cash-paying consumers in nearby towns and cities. Urban areas create the demand but it is the rural areas that need the development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal products are seasonal and prices fluctuate accordingly. However, consumers are more likely to develop the habit of using products that are consistently available at stable prices. Government intervention to stabilise  prices risks favouring the consumer at the expense of the producer. For example, if imports are used to counter temporarily high prices during periods of drought, then producers will receive less for their reduced output at the very time when they need support. The most effective policy of price stabilization is to encourage the adoption of production systems that are less vulnerable to seasonal changes. Processing achieves this to some degree and brings benefits to both producers and consumers. Furthermore, because animal products are perishable, and dangerous to human health when they deteriorate, processing extends storage life, and may even have an effect in improving food security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most countries, the time of greatest food shortage is at the beginning of the rainy season. This is also the time when milk production soars because cattle have good feed; and yet much of that milk is wasted because there is more than required for home consumption. If that surplus milk can be fumed into cheese, potential customers in more distant markets may be reached. Provided that the product is acceptable to the consumer, cheese-making reduces wastage, diversifies the producer's source of income and may also provide employment, and therefore income, to those brought in to help with the production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A technology that has been exhaustively tested by FAO for its suitability for use in Africa is lactoperoxydase. This is an enzyme which extends by three hours the length of time before milk begins to curdle and clot. This effectively doubles the time available for milk to reach the cooling centre, and thereby extends the catchment areas for producers wishing to supply fresh milk to urban markets. The trials that have been conducted show that it is entirely safe. When milk is brought to rural collecting points, it is the responsibility of the cooling centre employee, not the farmer, to add the enzyme at the prescribed rate as the milk is transferred into cans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On current trends, it seems probable that there will be more than 20 capital cities in Africa that have a population of 10 million people by the year 2010. How many other cities and towns will have developed by that time ? There are so many people migrating to the urban areas, and they are doing so because the type of activities that ought to be taking place in the countryside do not exist. If the livestock industry, both primary production and processing, can be encouraged in rural areas, and if the infrastructure is in place to ensure that animal products, in whatever form, can reach urban markets, rural dwellers will find it more comfortable to stay where they are rather than going to the cities to look for jobs that do not exist.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge for policy-makers is to deal even-handedly, not only in the interests of the livestock sector, but in the interests of other farmers, consumers, the national economy and the long-term sustainability of the nation's natural resources. For this task, reliable information, which is accessible to all countries within the region, is essential. The database structure of this information should be standardised so that it can form the basis of regional cooperation on trade and the sustainable use of land resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.R. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courierâs Mailbag</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WCL seeks a wider  expression views&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We refer to the article published by The Courier in issue no 156 (March-April 1996) entitled The changing face of trade unionism in Africa, which reflects the views of the ICFTU (AFRO) and OATUU.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We are surprised that you have not taken pains to solicit the views of the World Confederation of Labour (WCL) and its regional organisation, the Democratic Organisation of African Workers Trade Unions (DOAWTU) - which participated on the same footing as the two other trade union organisations at the ACP-KU Social Partners meeting in December last year. We strongly believe this omission on your part should be corrected in future in order to allow a wider expression of the views and stands of all representative trade unions in Africa on such important issues as structural adjustment programmes, the social clause, labour standards and working conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carlos L. Custer, Secretary-General, World Confederation of Labour, Brussels, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linked destinies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The continuing dialogue between the ACP and EC Groups has exposed many mutual concerns about world affairs and has promoted a more complete understanding of the problems of both advanced and developing  nations. I am confident that in the future, we shall see further progress in our efforts to create a favourable financial climate for the resolution of our economic problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Global political and economic events have brought home to all of us how inextricably our social and economic destinies are linked. This is true of a whole range of subjects from human rights and political reform to economic development, conservation, health education and industrial promotion. None of these subjects can be put into independent boxes. We must seek more effective integration of our social and economic policies - both internally and internationally - if we are to serve the welfare of the people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I rejoice in your initiative in publishing The Courier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Teddyiniovo, International institute for Global Cooperation, Benin City, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scope for energy selfsufficiency&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;May I congratulate you on the new layout of The Courier, which is a great deal clearer and which you have instituted as a result of comments made by a number of your readers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I am surprised to discover that you have not said anything about the question of energy dependence in the LomÃ© Convention countries. Energy self sufficiency is an extremely important issue. ACP countries face a famine in this area which is rarely mentioned. Most are majors exporters of petroleum, which is  costly and absorbs a significant proportion of their foreign exchange earnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Practically all the LomÃ© countries are in a position to produce alcohol from crops such as sugar cane and manioc without any negative impact on their food resources. These crops could be distilled to produce big-ethanol which is an excellent fuel. All that is needed - and it is a major challenge admittedly - is for production to be organised in each country, and for the required national and international financing to be set up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also required is the political will in these countries to overcome the various obstacles, including those lobbies who oppose this kind of production because they want petrol imports to be maintained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pierre Mariotte Consultant, Paris, France &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bibliography</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jean Monnet - 1888-1979  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Eric Roussel. Published by Fayard, Paris. 1996. 1004 pages. FFR 198.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jean Monnet was almost 91 years old when he died and, despite the fact that he had no higher education qualifications and at times did not hold any official post, his public role was legendary. From the very first page of his book, Eric Roussel stresses the fact that, from the moment Jean Monnet met the Prime Minister, Rene Viviani, in September 1914 until 9 May 1975, the day the Action Committee for a United States of Europe was dissolved, he worked constantly for the European cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He applied the same tireless enthusiasm to all his duties, in whatever sphere of activity he was involved - and these were many and varied. Despite his provincial origins, Jean Monnet was, among other things, a cognac merchant, an advocate of the Allied coordination effort during the First World War, Deputy Secretary General of the League of Nations (for a short time), a banker in America and China during the 1930s and in charge of the Victory Program in the USA in 1941. From 1947 to 1952, he was the first Commissioner-General of the Economic Plan in France. He and Robert Schuman were the architects of the famous Declaration of 9 May 1950 which was to form the basis of European construction. He went on to become the first President of the ECSC's High Authority and, until 1975, he was the driving force behind the Action Committee for a United States of Europe. And that is just to highlight his renowned roles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, Jean Monnet was both a visionary and a pragmatist, who was to become adviser to some of the greatest names of his day. General de Gaulle, another great visionary, albeit with a very different ideology, called him 'the inspiration' behind European integration, although such an accolade was not completely devoid of irony given that the two men could hardly be said to see eye to eye.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jean Monnet was a purveyor of new ideas, but also an eternal realist who never failed to recognise the importance of the status quo. Indeed, he could have stepped right out of the pages of a Paul Morand novel. And yet, despite the fact that he was held in the highest esteem by world political heavyweights (Clemenceau, Roosevelt, Churchill, Adenauer, de Gasperi, Brandt, Pompidou, John Kennedy, Henry Kissinger, Heath and Giscard d'Estaing, to name but a few), in his private life he was a simple man, of modest disposition - in fact a bourgeois in the best sense of the word.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 'workaholic', like many great men, Jean Monnet defied categorization. He has recently been described as 'a man of fringe ideologies who was nevertheless always at the centre of things'. During the latter part of his life, he settled comfortably into his role as 'rather' of Europe. His fundamental thoughts on that topic could be summed up in one line from the Declaration of 9 May 1950, (now a public holiday in the European institutions). 'Europe will not be built in a day, nor as a single structure, but will come about through concrete actions which, first and foremost, create a de facto solidarity'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Monnet, nationalism meant only war and, from 1942 onwards, he set his sights on preparing for the future, surrounding himself with a team of extraordinary talent - people such as Etienne Hirsch, Herve Alphand, Rene Mayer and Robert Marjolin. These men strove to find ways to avoid war between the countries of Western Europe, to define the objectives of European unification and to establish European institutions which would be equal to such a task.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eric Roussel is a journalist with an arts degree and a doctorate in law, and this is an outstanding work on the 'pragmatic visionary' that was Jean&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Monnet. The book is comprehensive, extremely well-written and impressively documented. Most notably, the author had access, for the first time, to the famous journal kept by Jean Monnet in which he recorded his countlles conversations with the key players and set out his own thoughts. Today, his dream of 'a united Europe complemented by a partnership with the United States' is still one of the big issues. And as the arguments rage, we should perhaps recall some other famous words from Jean Monnet's Memoires: 'We do not seek to form a coalition of States, we seek to unite men . &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alain Lacroix &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Le Choix de l'Europe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Opting for Europe)  by Laurent Cohen-Tanugi. Pub/ished by Fayard, Paris. 225 pages. FFR 110 - BFR 748.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Laurent Cohen-Tanugi successfully reminds us of the modernity of the European project; that there are aspects of it that are essential to our independence and our prosperity, to preserving our model of society and maintaining our influence on the international stage. By urging Europeans and European leaders to look to the future so as to be better able to manage the risks and seize the opportunities that it offers and, ultimately, to be in a better position to change things, he brings us all hope'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was how Jacques Delors described this book, and, basically, there you have it in a nutshell. It would, however, be worthwhile adding that 'opting for Europe' is not quite as simple as it sounds - a fact which has not escaped the attention of the author, who is a graduate of France's elite Ecole normale superieure and of the Harvard Law School. He is also a barrister and member of a renowned firm of international lawyers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the Treaty of Rome, European progress has very often come about because Member States have set themselves deadlines for achieving particular objectives. 1996 sees the opening of the Intergovernmental Conference, an event of major importance, which is expected to continue at least until the spring of 1997 (with parliamentary elections planned in several Member States in 1997 and 1998). Among the items on the agenda for the IGC is the need to adapt the European institutions - which in essence have hardly changed since 1958 - and to open up the way for the third phase of Economic and Monetary Union in 1999 for those States which have fulfilled the economic convergence criteria set out in the Maastricht Treaty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, besides the technical and financial problems involved, there are also differences between certain Member States about the political future of Europe. The author rightly stresses, in this respect, that the situation has become even more complex since the demise of the Soviet Union. In particular, some politicians support an expansion of the EU towards Central and Eastern Europe, so as to avoid strengthening European integration. The author believes that, broadly speaking, there are two distinct positions. On the one hand, there is the United Kingdom, which would be happy with a large free trade area guided by a 'Secretariat-Commission'and with flexible and relatively loose inter-State cooperation structures at a political level. On the other hand, there is Germany, which wants expansion of the Union towards the East as well, but also wants a swift and concrete consolidation of a common monetary and political 'hard core'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In his book, the author expresses his view that France will play a vital role in maintaining and advancing the essential elements that form the basis of the European enterprise. And he nails his own colours firmly to the mast as someone who hopes to see the continent moving towards some form of federal structure. As one observer commenting   on the work has noted, 'This little Bible, brimming with faith in the concept of a unified Europe, will be invaluable - even to the doubting Thomases among us'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publications received&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Et.... qu'en pensent les villageois? Projets de developpement durable et be veins de base bÃ©nÃ©ficiaires&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(But... what do the villagers think about it ? Sustainable development projects and basic needs of aid recipients)  by Myriam Bacquelaine. Published by Ured (Research, Education and Development Unit) of the K.U. Brussels (17, avenue de la Liberte, B- 1080 Brussels). 1995. 3Z2 pages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Les problemes du monde rural vus par les habitants - Portraits de villages de Haute-Guinee&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(me problems of rural life as seen by the inhabitants - Profiles of villages in Upper Guinea)  by Myriam Bacquelaine. Published by Ured (Research, Education and Development Unit) of the KU. Brussels (17, avenue de la Liberte, B- 1080 Brussels). 1995. 222 pages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, who has a PhD in educational sciences and is a researcher at Ured, has written these two works on the basis of a study she carried out on behalf of the European Commission in Guinea (Conakr,v). This aimed at identifying the most urgent priorities of village communities within the context of an environment restoration project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The conclusion of the first book underlines research results which point to the adoption of a different approach to development at local level: one which respects the wishes of the recipients and which finally breaks free from western ethnocentrism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the second volume, the author presents the results of the survey conducted in the villages of Upper Guinea. Six villages with varying characteristics in terms of size, geographical location and administrative status are featured in more detail. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Informations pour le Developpement: Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Information on development: Agriculture)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Published by Ibiscus (ibis, rue du Havre, F-75008 Paris) and by the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation. 1995. 271 pages. FFR 150.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than just an index, this publication is a useful working tool for anyone seeking reliable information about development in the agricultural sector. It includes a list of the main organisations specialising in agriculture in 40 French-speaking countries and a list of the principal places and means from which to obtain information (documentation centres, data banks, optical discs, CDs and on-line data services). There is also a selection of periodicals, a bibliographic section (with more than 300 references, including abstracts) and contributions by specialists relating to major topics connected with rural development: landownership systems, links between cash crops and food crops, agricultural funding, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda - Trois jour qui ont fait basculer l'histoire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Rwanda - Three days that shook history)  by Filip Reyntjens. Published by L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole-Polytechnique, F75005 Paris). Cahiers africains no. /6! 1995. 148 pages FFR 9O. ISBN 2-738437044.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although much has been written about the tragic events in Rwanda, this work examines an aspect of the story which is still largely a mystery: the brief period which began on 6 April with the missile attack on the presidential jet and ended on 9 April, when the 'caretaker government' was swam into office. According to the author, these 72 hours were of critical importance since it was during  this time that the country's killing machine was set in motion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Essentially based on eye-witnffs accounts, it is a tale which is far from complete. The book, however, does provide some hitherto undocumented information which allow us to delve deeper in search of the truth behind one of the darkest pages of recent human history.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Les refugies rwandais a Bukavu au Zaire - De nouveaux Palestiniens?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(The Rwandan refugees in Bukavu, Zaire - the new Palestinians ?)  by Philippe de Dorlodot Published by L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole-Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris) and by the Jeremie Group. 1995. 253 pages. FM 150. ISBN 2-7384-3698-6.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author has brought together various stories, appeals, communiques, analyses and thoughts to write this book about the crisis facing the Rwandan refugees. The accounts cover the period from April 1994 to October 1995 and relate to the situation in South Kivu, Zaire, where an already volatile position has been greatly exacerbated by the arrival of the refugees. The people living in the regional centres of Goma and Bukavu are having to live with the tragedy of gross overcrowding and all its consequences - environmental deterioration, price increases, general insecurity and the threat of war on the border between Rwanda and Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire now wants the refugees to leave as quickly as possible, but their return to Rwanda is still problematic. Rejected at every turn, are these Rwandan refugees set to become the new Palestinians? In the postscript to the work, Filip Reyntjens (the author of the book reviewed previously) states that 'These new refugees will not accept eternal exile. H voluntary repatriation is not possible, and if forced repatriation is unacceptable, the only way left open to them may be armed repatriation... The civil society of South Kivu... is well aware of this, and the international community would do well to listen to their cries of alarm... If  it does not, the tragic events of the past year will have been merely a prelude, with the worst still to come'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;La tragedie rwandaise - Historique et Perspectives&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(The Rwandan tragedy - historical background and future prospects)  by Emmanuel Nkunzumwami. Published by L'Harmaffan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1995. 480 pages. FFR 250. ISBN 2-7384-3697-8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, a teiecommunications engineer and economist, was born and raised in Rwanda. He now lives in France and has had several articles about the situation in his country published. In this work, he seeks to Reconstruct the machine of central Rwandan power which first appeared in the eleventh century, seeking answers to questions such as: Who ruled the country and how? What alliances were forged and according to what criteria? What kinds of social structure existed and what forms did conflict take? He then goes on to describe the trauma of colonial rule which 'deliberately' fanned the flames of socio-ethnic conflict so that the people could be more easily controlled. From there, he takes us through the era of an 'independent' Rwanda under a dictatorial regime. Its power was progressively stripped away, initially under the pressure of internal calls for democracy, and then by the demands of Western aid donors. Finally, he recounts the events since April 1994.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having given the historical background, the author examines the country's future prospects. He believes that the 'siege mentality' of the new government does nothing to induce the return of the 2 million refugees who shuffle back and forth across the border and who find themselves stuck between a 'rock and a hard place'. Finally, the author poses a straightforward question - but one which has yet to be answered: How can we rebuild a country that has witnessed genocide on such a scale ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">News round-up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In brief&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNCTAD Report on the least-developed countries (LDCs)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to the annual report of UNCTAD (The UN Conference on Trade and Development), the 48 least developed countries of the planet, after several years of stagnation - and indeed, decline in some cases - enjoyed an average growth rate of 3% in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1994-95. The figure was 4.6% for LDCs in Asia and 2.2% for those in Africa (33 out 48).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNCTAD says that the renewed grovvth rate for Africa's least developed nations is due to an increase in commodity prices, to improved political and social stability in certain countries and to economic reforms which have been implemented. If these favourable conditions are maintained, further modest progress can be anticipated for 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the positive impact of these factors on the development of countries, notably in Asia, UNCTAD believes that there is still a short-term danger that the world's weakest economies will suffer further marginalisation. It is pointed out, in this context, that the LDCs' share of total world trade - which stood at 1.7% in 1970 - had fallen to 0.4% for exports and 0.7% for imports, by 1994.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the longer term it is thought that the LDCs, with their reliance on basic commodities for export receipts, may benefit from the globalization of their economies. This should happen notably through the regional trade agreements to which they are parties, alongside other developing countries. These regional markets, which are more attractive for investors, offer an opportunity for LDCs to try out their products and can, in time, help improve their competitiveness. In the  meantime, however, UNCTAD has noted that the immediate effects of the Uruguay Round have tended to be more negative, with reductions in the preferences enjoyed by LDCs in export markets and increases in the price of foodstuffs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, because they are dependent on official development aid (ODA) to finance investment, and even for their national budgets, LDCs are faced with possible further marginalisation as such aid flows are reduced. The figures show that, in terms of total resource flows, the amount of ODA provided by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD fell to 23% in 1994 from a figure of 27% a decade previously.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Likewise, the amount of aid, expressed as a proportion of the GDP of the donor countries, has been falling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNCTAD suggests a bolder policy as regards external debt - which, in 1994, amounted to 73% of the entire Gross Domestic Product of the LDCs. The organisation believes that the establishment of a new mechanism with sufficient resources to reduce multilateral indebtedness, combined with the expansion of existing mechanisms, could have the effect of reducing the overall debt burden to a more reasonable level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the subject of globalisation, UNCTAD argues that the international community should work to ensure that the LDCs' export markets do not become blocked by protectionist measures. It also believes that extensions to regional trade agreements, taking in the main industrialised countries, should not be allowed to have a damaging effect on the commercial interests of the LDCs. It points out that these countries have only limited scope for pursuing independent, national economic policies and that&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No agreement over banning landmines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Humanitarian organisations have expressed disappointment over the outcome of a recent United Nations conference, convened in Geneva to draw up a convention on 'Inhumane weapons). Both NGOs, and public agencies such as UNICEF, are particularly unhappy that state representatives at the meeting were unable to agree to an immediate and comprehensive ban on anti-personnel mines. These devices, which often lie hidden in the soil for many years, kill and maim thousands of civilians in current (and former) conflict areas across the globe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diplomats attending the Geneva conference were keen to emphasise what had been achieved. So-called 'dumb' mines, which do not self-destruct after a certain time will eventually be phased out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seif-destructing devices, which are still permitted under international law, will be subject to strict new standards, designed notably to ensure that they can be detected. And there will be new rules to ensure that minefieids are properly marked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Critics point out that signatories to the Convention will not be obliged to phase out 'dumb' mines immediately and that their use will remain legal for a further nine years after the agreement enters into force.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also an exception to the rule about marking the location of mines, 'where direct military action makes its impossible to comply' - a not uncommon circumstance in conflict situations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the Geneva Conference, a number of countries, including the United States, have announced their intention to reduce their stockpiles of mines. Few nations, however, seem willing to renounce their use altogether. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.  their governments have little choice but to adopt the prevailing market oriented approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Long-term food security&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A seminar on 'Long-Term Food Security Policies' was held in Brussels on 1-3 April at the initiative of the European Commission. The meeting, which was opened by Professor Pinheiro, Commissioner with responsibility for relations with the ACP countries, brought together about a hundred participants representing Member States, third countries, international organisations and major cooperation agencies. It was also attended by experts and researchers in the field of food security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fulfilling a promise made by the Commission, the aim of the seminar was to clarify the long term strategic issues and take a closer look at food security policies with a view to preparing a European position for the World Food Summit scheduled for Rome in November under the auspices of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community and its Member States are the world's main donors of food aid having spent ECU 1.089 billion on this in 1994. This amounted to 53% of the global total with the United States providing 44% and Japan 3%. Despite the large amounts being given, the FAO, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the World Bank are all predicting that unless global food donations are boosted significantly, certain Asian and African countries will face an alarming food deficit by the beginning of the next century.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Between 600 million and 800 million people are likely to be facing hunger by the year 2010 and the cereal needs  of the developing countries could well double between now and then.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This projected scenario coincides with a period of market difficulty. World stocks are low and grain prices have risen by 40% in just one year. Whether or not this is a portent of future food shortage, it has given rise to renewed debate on the ability of certain countries and regions of the world to supply themselves and the extent to which they will have to have recourse to the international markets. Closer attention is also being paid to the wider strategies that need to be implemented to ensure food security in the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If one looks at the issue solely in terms of increasing supply, the projections are gloomy. Experience shows that the 'right' of access to a sufficient food supply for each of the planet's inhabitants cannot be guaranteed whether through world economic growth, food self-sufficiency at the national level, or the international markets and trade liberalisation. There is, therefore, a need for food security policies, in the developing countries in particular, which act on the conditions of demand as well as supply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In his presentation opening the seminar, Commissioner Pinheiro stressed the fact that of the ECU 7 billion allocated by the EU for development cooperation last year, ECU 1 billion was in the form of food aid. He also noted that this aid 'category' had evolved over the last decade in the context of the search for food security and explained how the Commission, in revising the policy towards the end of 1994, had set out three essential aspects:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the use of food aid as a policy instrument designed to achieve longterm food security with the emphasis on local purchases and 'triangular' operations - thereby encouraging the growth of the agricultural sector in the developing countries: this entailed developing a new aid instrument in which funds are available to import basic food products (as a way of encouraging the private sector to  take a more active part in the economic life of those countries facing a structural food deficit);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the integration of aid instruments into the actual development efforts of the beneficiary countries;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - improved access for the people who suffer most from food shortages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Professor Pinheiro indicated that the Commission would shortly be presenting a communication on the strengthening of the link between development aid on the one hand and emergency, rehabilitation and food aid on the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He stressed the important role that food aid operations could play in preventing conflicts and easing social tensions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to the Commissioner, the challenge in this area have been clearly identified but he believes that additional thinking is needed, notably on the impact of events in China and the countries of the former Soviet Union, and on the effect of US and EC agricultural policies on the world markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, Professor Pinheiro expressed the view that food security was, above all, a national responsibility with all civil society actors having a role to play.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Citing the rise in the price of cereals during the second half of 1995 - which had prompted concerns about the availability of food aid and its impact on the balance of payments (notably in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian sub-continent) - he gave an assurance that the Commission would remain vigilant about this. At the same time, he was concerned not to see a return to situations where aid in the form of straightforward transfers of food increased. These, he observed,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· had at least partly contributed to food costs, the destabilisation of local production and constraints on intra-regional trade. As such, they had set   back or undermined the reforms in this sector in the countries concerned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean rice exporters fear changes in OCT . rules&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guyana and Suriname, together with a number of Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs), have expressed concern over the European Commission's recently announced intention to change the shape of its relations with the OCTs. In particular, they are worried that proposed new rules could harm their rice sales to the 15 European Union nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guyana currently exports 180 000 tonnes of rice (80% of its exports) to the KU. This is shipped initially to the Netherlands Antilles (CuraÃ§ao, Aruba and Bonaire) to be partially milled. It then enters the EU market duty-free by virtue of the Union's existing trade rules with the OCTs. But Caribbean exporters fear that this 'OCT route' could soon be blocked by changes currently being considered in Brussels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As already announced in issue no 157 of The Courier (May-June 1996), in the context of the mid-term review of the association with the OCTs, the Commission published a text on February 14 proposing some fine tuning to the trade preferences it grants to these territories. This has now gone forward to the Council of Ministers for decision. The Commission proposal is that while agricultural produce may continue being processed in the OCTs - and hence still benefit from the more relaxed rules - this should happen in future on a case-by-case basis, and only if priority is given to the least developed OCTs and the operations are economically justified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, preferential arrangements do apply to direct rice exports from Guyana and Suriname to the KU, but it is argued that the levies are still too high to make the trade viable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to Yesu Persaud, who is Chairman of Guyana's Institute of Private Enterprise; 'it is only via the OCTs that we can export to the European Union.' Mr Persaud was speaking to journalists during a lobby visit to Brussels on April 16. He was accompanied by Charles P Kennard, Chairman of the Guyana Rice Development Board and David Jessop, director of the London-based Caribbean Council for Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Justifying the need for derange, some EU officials point to evidence that non-tome developing countries are 'abusing' the OCT rice route. Rice is a sensitive product for some EU nations such as Spain and Italy, who grow their own.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Persaud said that Guyana and Suriname were lobbying either for their own duty-free quota under the LomÃ© trade rules, or for 'a more reasonable levy'. At the same time, however, he indicated that the Caribbean rice growers were keen on keeping the route open via the Dutch and other OCTs (such as Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos) where major investments have been made on the  strength of the existing arrangements. A representative of the Turks and Caicos told reporters that his country earned half a million dollars a year from the trade, and that a new jetty had been built with British government support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guyana's rice exports have climbed from less than 39 000 tonnes in 1986 to more than 200 000 tonnes in 1995. And as Mr Persaud also stressed, the trade has done so well that Guyana is now investing in high-yielding varieties. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fight against locusts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fipronil, a recently developed pesticide, is said to be 10 times more effective than other products on the market in the control of locusts, according to representatives of the pharmaceutical giant, Rhone-Poulenc who organised a seminar on locust control &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Links between emergency, rehabilitation and development aid &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European commission has recently approved a communication &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; (COM(96) 153) which was due to be presented to the Development Council on 28 May. The document seeks to respond tO the challenge of I maintaining and improving the effectiveness of emergency aid  rehabilitation assistance and development cooperation with third countries - in the face of a wide variety of political, economic and social circumstances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Communication suggests ways of strengthening the links between the three types of aid within a strategic planning framework which includes intensified dialogue and political cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This initiative follows extensive consultations, both within the Commission (i_ service groups) and with representatives of numerous outside bodies (Member State experts, USAID, UN agencies, NGOs, academic institutions etc.). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the key phrase in the Communication may be 'strategy and global planning', emphasis is also placed on 'coordination' end 'opportunity'. This underlines a commitment to adapting procedures, where necessary, so that measures can be taken at the right time and the transition from emergency aid, to rehabilitation and subsequently to development cooperation can take place in the best possible conditions.  with the 70-member African, Caribbean and Pacific group. The event took place in Brussels in April.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new product, claims the company, fills a big gap that was left in the war against locust infestation when DDT was banned in 1986 (toxic residues from the chemical having been found to enter the food chain and damage the ecosystem).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is stated that Fipronil causes 99% mortality among locusts and gives complete protection for up to three weeks when applied in doses of six grammes per hectare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Its developers claim that it is three times cheaper than any other form of anti-locust pesticide used between 1987-1995, a calculation which includes the logistical costs involved in distributing the pesticide. It is said to be very effective in preventing locust infestations in countries in the Sahel that are particularly at risk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Sahel has some 250 acridian species. Of these, about 15, are known regularly to attack crops in large numbers, according to Michel Launois, who heads the French agricultural research body, CIRAD-GERDAT-PRIFAS.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the Brussels seminar, emphasis was placed on the need for donors to set aside more funds for the prevention of locust infestations. It was also stressed that locust control must be at a regional level because of the migratory nature of the species, and the link between locust control and food security was underlined.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CIRAD-GERDAT-PRIFAS has just published an educational cartoon strip entitled 'Les Dents du Ciel 11' (available from Cirad-Gerdat-Prifas, B.P. 5035, F34032 Montpellier Cedex 1). This is intended to explain to a wide audience the need for an integrated approach to locust control.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I New fishing agreement between Angola and the EU&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new fisheries agreement between Angola and the EU was initialled on 2 May. It is due to run for three years (as opposed to two years for the previous one) and should ensure greater stability and better programming of the Community fleet's fishing activities in Angolan waters. The EU will pay Angola the sum of ECU 13.35 million per annum in exchange for improved fishing rights for European fishermen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is worth noting that the agreement contains certain innovations. These concern, for example, the legal status of catches (which are given Community origin). This should help to avoid the kind of dispute that has arisen in the recent past. There is also the possibility of imposing an annual biological 'rest-period' for shrimp fishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I African conference on consumer protection&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first African conference on consumer protection was held in Harare, Zimbabwe from 28 April to 2 May. This resulted from a joint initiative by the organization Consumers international and the United Nations, and it was supported financially by the European Commission. The latter was represented at the event by Mrs Emma Bonino, the Commissioner responsible for Consumer Policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The aim of the conference was to lay down the basis for a genuine consumer policy in Africa. Representatives of 45 African governments attended, together with officials from various regional and sub-regional organizations and delegates from a large number of&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African consumer bodies. Coinciding with the tenth anniversary of the adoption by the UN of the guiding principles for the protection of consumers, the Conference offered an opportunity to track progress on the application of these principles in African countries. It also saw the adoption of 'model' legislation setting out the essential rights which should be guaranteed to consumers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In her speech, Mrs Bonino stressed the Commission's commitment to supporting the efforts of African governments and consumer organisations in seeking to establish, in a clear and pragmatic way, the link between consumption and development. Evidence of this commitment, she pointed out, was to be seen in her very presence at the conference. She also lent her support to the broad application of the UN's guiding principles in Africa. This would ensure that the health, security and economic rights of African consumers could be protected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the European Commissioner stressed that legislation, while important, was not enough in itself to tackle the fundamental problem - which was the satisfaction of basic needs. She appealed for global action in Africa deigned to break the vicious circle of poverty - based on voluntary action at all levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mrs Bonino added that the Commission would seek ways of supporting projects, in particular in the fields of food and health. This should assist citizens to meet their essential needs - with the opportunity to consume products which were different, 'local' and of better quality, and with risks to health and security minimised. The approach should avoid the exhaustion of scarce resources and respect nature. She indicated that an action plan would be drawn up by the Commission in collaboration with Consumers International. This, it was hoped, would allow financing of pilot programmes under a separate budget line which would be sought from the European Parliament for 1997. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE INSTITUTIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AT WORK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COMMON FOREIGN&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; AND SECURITY POLICY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the European Union has recently issued a number of statements, details of which are set out below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Towards national reconciliation in Angola&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 4 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Troika of the European Union Ambassadors in Luanda made a formal demarche with both the Government of Angola and UNITA in order to welcome the positive outcome of the Libreville Summit between the President of Angola, Jose Eduardo dos Santos, and the President of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, and in particular their commitment to establish an integrated national army by June and the creation of an appropriate institutional structure, including the formation of a government of unity and national reconciliation by June/July. The Government and UNITA were encouraged to continue to refrain from military activity and hostile propaganda and to provide for free circulation of persons and goods as soon as possible. The EU Ambassadors underlined also the importance of securing human rights as well as transparency in financial management, economic stabilisation and reforms. Having recalled the terms of reference of the EU Joint Position adopted on 2 October, 1995, the Ambassadors underlined that the Union will continue to monitor, with the greatest attention, the development of the situation particularly as regards respect for the implementation of the calendar agreed in Libreville. Welcoming the recent steps taken by UNITA, the EU expressed concern at the slow pace of the quartering and disarming of UNITA troops and urged UNITA to proceed with its commitments, in full cooperation with UNAVEM ill. The EU encouraged the Government to continue the quartering of the rapid intervention police and the disengagement and pulling back of the FAA to the nearest barracks. The importance of disarming the civilian population was also emphasised. The EU also reiterated their call to the Government and UNITA to refrain from acquiring lethal material and to cooperate fully with the de-mining process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has reiterated its full support to the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General, Maitre Blondin Beye, to the Joint Commission and to the United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia and Malta align themselves with this declaration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free elections in Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 4 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union welcomes the fact that presidential and parliamentary elections took place in Sierra Leone in a free and fair atmosphere and in fulfilment of the established timetable for the return to democracy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The results reflect the will of the people of Sierra Leone to achieve a democratically elected civilian government despite attempts at intimidation by armed elements and the ongoing fighting in various parts of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU welcomes the peace talks between the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and the Freetown authorities as well as the intention expressed by President Kabbah to meet Mr Sankoh at the earliest possible opportunity. The EU calls on all the parties to work for peace and national reconciliation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serious threat to peace process in Liberia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 11 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses its deep concern at the outbreak of fighting in Monrovia, which represents a serious threat to the peace process in Liberia. The EU is firmly convinced that the AbuJa agreement provides the right framework for resolving the crisis and calls upon the Council of State, the Liberian national transitional government and the Liberian factions to implement it, and to put the peace process back on track, in order to avoid further deterioration of the situation, and the violation of human rights. The EU condemns the loss of human life and the harassment of the civilian population and humanitarian workers. All parties concerned should prove their willingness to re-establish and maintain the ceasefire which represents the necessary prerequisite to disarmament and demobilization. The relevant measures and the necessary preparations can no longer be delayed. The EU asks the factions to return all weapons seized during the fighting to ECOMOG. The EU will base its attitude to Liberia on the concrete steps taken by all parties concerned to implement the Abuja agreement and bring the conflict to an end.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Treaty of Pelindaba on a nuclear weapon-free zone in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 12 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union welcomes the signature in Cairo on 11 April 1996 of the Pelindaba Treaty establishing the African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone. The Treaty is in line with the Decision on Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament issued by the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference which   recognised that the creation of Nuclear Weapon Free Zones enhances global and regional peace and security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU considers that Nuclear Weapon Free Zones are welcome complementary instruments to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the universality of which the EU continues to promote.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Central and Eastern European countries associated with the EU and the associated countries Cyprus and Malta align themselves with this declaration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appeal for the 'boat people' of Liberia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 14 May 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses its deep concern at the grave humanitarian situation caused by the ongoing fighting in Monrovia and condemns the violence against the civilian population and the harassment of aid operations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While recognising the enormous efforts already made by neighbouring countries to assist the hundreds of thousands of existing Liberian refugees, the Council deplores the fact that the thousands of people crammed in precarious conditions on ships in the area are still in search of a friendly port.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It appeals on humanitarian grounds to the neighbouring countries to give at least temporary shelter to these victims of the fighting and affirms its own willingness to give humanitarian aid to cover their most urgent needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Council calls on all the Liberian factions to stop the fighting immediately and put the peace process back on track in order to avoid further suffering.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VISITS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Prime Minister of Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Prime Minister of Rwanda, Pierre Celestin Rwigema, visited Brussels from 26 to 29 March in the course of a tour aimed at informing the main donors about the work undertaken by his government in recent months and about the policies which would be implemented in the future. He was accompanied by the Minister of Planning and the Minister for Rehabilitation. The Prime Minister was received by Commissioner Pinheiro, who is responsible for relations with the ACP countries and by Mrs Bonino, the Commission member in charge of humanitarian actions. He also spoke at meetings of the External Relations and Development Committees of the European Parliament. Professor Pinheiro took the opportunity to highlight to the Prime Minister his concerns about the current situation in Rwanda, reiterating the Commission's commitment to the country and its people. He also spoke of the need for the authorities to pursue policies and implement measures leading to the restoration of normality. He said it was essential to have a dialogue with the Rwandan refugees in neighbouring countries (there are now about 1.7 million) and to pursue the pacification process under the auspices of the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity, with the involvement of all the heads of government in the Great Lakes region. Mr Rwigema's visit came at a crucial time for Rwanda. Even if the immediate crisis had passed, there was still a dire need for rehabilitation and development assistance, on top of the existing emergency aid programmes. The political situation remained delicate and the future was by no means secure, notwithstanding some encouraging signs of a progressive improvement as exemplified by the Tunis summit. The recent nomination of&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aldo Ajello as the EU's special envoy to the Great Lakes region underlined the political and moral dimension of the EU's commitment to the peace process in this troubled part of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUPPORT FOR HUMAN&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RIGHTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently decided to provide the following financing for projects under the budget line 'Support for. democratisation and human rights'. Non-ACP countries &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central America: ECU 180.000 to support seven national and one regional fore aimed at providing training in the field of human rights for instructors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central America: ECU 100.000 for a democracy consolidation training programme for 30 teams from various organisations in Nicaragua, Guatemala and El Salvador. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central America/Colombia: ECU 263.000 for a series of actions, notably in Colombia, involving the provision of information on human and citizens' rights. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil: ECU 190.000 for a project designed to boost the civil rights of black people in the country, through the training of judicial personnel and the strengthening of legislation against race discrimination. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil: ECU 145.000 for a training programme for magistrates, prosecutors and the police aimed at facilitating the uniform application of the law in the State of SÃ£o Paulo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil: ECU 290.000 for a training programme in the sphere of democratic municipal management, in the cities of Recife, Porto Alegre, Santos and Fortaleza. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala: ECU 308.000 for a project to collect and make available the case law of the Constitutional Court, and  to train officials and members of civil society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honduras: ECU 326.000 to support the National Human Rights Commission with a view to promoting such rights in the Departments of Comayagua and Olancho. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honduras: ECU 131.000 for an education programme dealing with civic and electoral issues and the rights of children. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexico: ECU 20.000 to support an initial Latin-American colloquium on the subject of the Ombudsman (in the face of the objectives and challenges of the region). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua: ECU 285.000 to support the social rehabilitation of minors in custody. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panama: ECU 125.000 for a training action in the field of the defence of human rights. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panama: ECU 250.000 to support a communication campaign designed to strengthen the image of the 'people's ombudsman'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela: ECU 160.000 to strengthen the institution of Justices of the Peace in the country's municipalities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela: ECU 100.000 ECU for a training and promotion action in the field of human rights and the strengthening of civil society. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EUROPEAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEVELOPMENT FUND&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic and social infrastructure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon: ECU 7.3 million for a programme aimed at protecting the urban boundary of the city of Kousseri from the encroachments of the Logone river, to improve sanitation and for the upgrading of an urban access route towards Chad. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 54 million for a transport infrastructure programme aimed at facilitating the social and economic development of the people living in the recisions in question (Western region, Brong Afaho, the Ashanti region). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 3.8 million for a human resource development programme designed to achieve better planning, management and implementation of development projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 1.9 million for a project to support the development of tourism. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 385 000 to extend the water supply system in the town of Mantola &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 13.5 million to upgrade the Ere-Kelo road &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade promotion/ structural adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benin-Cameroon CÃŽte-d'lvoire-GhanaGuinea-Togo: ECU 1.99 million for a regional programme of trade activities and training with a view to relaunching the pineapple business in West and Central Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burkina Faso: ECU 180 000 for the construction of an 'export and creativity' pavilion at the Salon international de l'artisanat in Ouagadougou. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua-New Guinea: ECU 5.3 million for the fourth structural adjustment support programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madagascar: ECU 1.9 million for a rice irrigation project. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enterpris&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana: ECU 33.7 million from the Sysmin fund, to support the work of the BCL, Tati and FEB mining companies in the SelebiPhikwe region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominican Republic: ECU 1.3 million to support the STD-HIV-AIDS prevention programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Education&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madagascar: ECU 1.9 million for a decentralised training project in favour of regional tourism operators. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tuvalu: ECU 300 000 for the rehabilitation of primary schools on the islands of Nukutetau and Nanumea. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Africa (Cameroon-Central African Republic-Congo-GabonEquatorial Guinea): ECU 16 million for phase 2 of the ECOFAC project (Conservation and rational utilisation of forest ecosystems in Central Africa). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Institutional support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi: ECU 1 million towards a study aimed at allowing the government to implement its land reform policy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea: ECU 4.5 million for a study aimed at allowing the government to undertake proper planning in the area of water resources and irrigation. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacific region: ECU 4.9 million for a project designed to improve the efficiency and security at certain airports. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUMANITARIAN AID&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali: ECU 1 million towards the reintegration of some 200 000 Malians who fled to Algeria and Mauritania during the rebellions of the 1980s. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 317 000 for victims of the severe floods that struck the centre and south of the country recently. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria: ECU 850 000 to help fight the meningitis epidemic affecting seven provinces of the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sierra Leone: ECU 700 000 in urgent food and medical assistance for some 250 000 refugees who fled to the areas around the towns of Bo and Kemena following the fighting. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 200 000 to help fight the meningitis epidemic. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 145 000 to help victims of the cholera epidemic and to assist in preventing its further spread (following the course of the Zaire river). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non-ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia: ECU 60 000 to help fight cholera in the municipality of Silvia, where some 40 000 are under threat due to a lack of drinking water and deficiencies in basic hygiene. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala: ECU 1.52 million to provide food aid and basic essentials to returnees from other parts of the country, and from Mexico, following years of civil war. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Armenia/Azerbaijan: ECU 11.57 million (ECU 4.07m for Armenia and ECU 7.5m for Azerbaijan), for food and medical assistance, targeted at the most vulnerable sections of the population, and for the provision of agricultural materials with a view to reducing progressively the dependence of the refugees, who are victims of the conflict in Nagomo-Karabakh.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caucasus-Georgia-Tadilkistan: ECU 3.2 million for food aid to be targeted at the most vulnerable sections of the population. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Georgia: ECU 7.43 million for victims of the internal conflict in this country where the loss of the Russian market has seriously undermined the rural economy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lebanon: ECU 600 000 for displaced people, to allow for the purchase of basic essentials including food, medicines, shelter and blankets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Afghanistan: ECU 600 000 for health infrastructures in the refugee camps   around Jalalabad, and for medical aid to refugees in the town of Herat. Indonesia: ECU 120 000 for toots and materials to construct shelters for the victims of the earthquake that struck in February. China (Tibetan nomads): ECU 550 000 for food aid, medicines and blankets for some 72 000 people living in the mountainous regions who have been badly hit by severe weather and a food shortage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AID &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p95a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The Commission has recently taken decisions to finance food aid as set out in the chart which follows: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Aknowlegments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Address: Postal address (mail only) 'The ACP-KU Courier' Commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 Brussels Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier office address (visitors) First floor Astrid Building 1, rue de Geneve Evere - Brussels Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publisher Steffen Smide commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 - BRUSSELS (Belgium) Tel. 00-32-2-299 11 11 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Publications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assistant editors&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeanne Remade&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associate assistant  editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joumalist:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Production Manager:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secretariat:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carmela Peters&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fax: 299-30~02&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Circulation:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Margriet Mahy-van der Werf&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1862 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b21wae/b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">195074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b21wae/b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b21wae/b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Water Buffalo: New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal (1984)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Cattle</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Water Buffalo: New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal (1984) (b21wae)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">utilize the Water Buffalo more effectively</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214927</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215030</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01cf.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p04to05.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p27.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p31.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p32.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p59.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p68to69.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p98.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Original editon 1981&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second printing 1984&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission on International Relations&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Panel on Water Buffalo</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of  Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STEVE P. BENNETT, Bennett's Animal Clinic, Port of Spain, Trinidad, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARAN CHANTALAKHANA, Dean, Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart  University, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD D. CHARLES, Senior Lecturer, Meat Production, Department of Animal  Husbandry, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. ROSS COCKRILL, Livestock Expert, Food and Agriculture Organization (retired),  Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WYLAND CRIPE, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, Dean, School of Agriculture, California Polytechnic University,  Pomona, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. JOHN DE BOER, Winrock International Livestock Research and Training Center,  Morrilton, Arkansas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MAARTEN DROST, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MOHAMED ALI EL-ASHRY, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of  Agriculture, Shoubra el Khiema, Cairo, Egypt &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ABELARDO FERRERD ., Former Director, Breeding Administration Centers,  Animal Sciences Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Caracas, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEAN K. GARDNER, Former Chief, Logistics Division USAID/Philippines, Jackson,  Mississippi, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES F. HENTGES, Department of Animal Science,University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JACK HOWARTH, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis,  California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NELS M. KONNERUP, Livestock Expert, Agency for International Development  (retired), Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. P LEONARDS, Water buffalo breeder, Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN K. LOOSLI, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville,  Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOSEPH MADAMBA, Director, Asian Institute of Aquaculture, Iloilo, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CRISTO NASCIMENTO,Director, Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation  (EMBRAPA), Agriculture Research Center for Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem,  Para, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural  Research, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM R. PRITCHARD, Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. THOMAS REID, (deceased), Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN H. SCHOTTLER, Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Industries, Lae, Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DALBIR SINGH DEV, Dean, Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture, Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT W. TOUCHBERRY, Dean, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD G. TULLOCH, Division of Wildlife Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Winnellie, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Staff Study Director &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Staff Associate &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is an animal resource whose potential seems to have been barely recognized or examined outside of Asia. Throughout the world there are proponents and enthusiasts for the various breeds of cattle; the water buffalo, however, is not a cow and it has been neglected. Nevertheless, this symbol of Asian life and endurance has performed notably well in recent trials in such diverse places as the United States, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Trinidad, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Brazil. In Italy and Egypt as well as Bulgaria and other Balkan states the water buffalo has been an important part of animal husbandry for centuries. In each of these places certain herds of water buffalo appear to have equaled or surpassed the local cattle in growth, environmental tolerance, health, and the production of meat and calves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although these are empirical observations lacking painstaking, detailed experimentation, they do seem to indicate that the water buffalo could become an important resource in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate zones in developing and developed countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If this is the case, then it is clear that many countries should begin water buffalo research. Serious attention by scientists could help dispel the misperceptions and uncertainties surrounding the animal and encourage its true qualities to emerge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report describes the water buffalo's attributes as perceived by several animal scientists. It is designed to present the apparent strengths of buffaloes compared with those of cattle, to introduce researchers and administrators to the animal's potential, and to identify priorities for buffalo research and testing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel that produced this report met at Gainesville, Florida, in July 1979. It was composed of leading water buffalo experts (particularly those from outside Asia who have directed the beginnings of water buffalo industries in their countries) and leading American animal scientists, many of whom are also familiar with the animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report complements The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. Ross Cockrill and published in 1974 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Cockrill's 933-page book is a &quot;bible&quot; of water buffalo knowledge and provides details of breeds, world distribution, physiology, and an extensive bibliography.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The present report is an introduction to the water buffalo and its potential. It is written particularly for decision makers, as well as scholars or students, in the hope that it will stimulate their interest in the animal and thereby increase the appreciation of, and funding for, buffalo research. The report includes much empirical observation, largely from the panel members. Some of these observations may, in the long run, prove not to be universally applicable. Much benchmark information needs to be obtained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since its creation in 1971, the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) has investigated innovative ways to use current technology and resources to help developing countries. Often this has meant taking a fresh look at some neglected and unappreciated plant or animal species. The committee assembles ad hoc panels of experts (usually incorporating both skeptics and proponents) to scrutinize the topics selected. The panel reports serve to draw attention to neglected, but promising, technologies and resources. (For a list of ACTI reports, see page 115.) ACTI reports are provided free to developing countries under funding by the Agency for International Development (AID).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Program costs for this study were provided by AID'S Office of Agriculture, Development Support Bureau, and staff support was provided by the Office of Science and Technology, Development Support Bureau.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The final draft of this report was edited and prepared for publication by F. R. Ruskin. Bibliographic editing was by Wendy D. White. Cover art was by Deborah Hanson.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domesticated water buffalo Bubalus bubalis numbers at least 130 million-one-ninth the number of cattle in the world. It is estimated that between 1961 and 1981 the world's buffalo population increased by 11 percent, keeping pace with the percentage increase in the cattle population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there are some pedigreed water buffaloes, most are nondescript animals that have not been selected or bred for productivity. There are two general types-the Swamp buffalo and the River buffalo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swamp buffaloes are slate gray, droopy necked, and ox-like, with massive backswept horns that make them favorite subjects for postcards and wooden statuettes in the Far East. They are found from the Philippines to as far west as India. They wallow in any water or mud puddle they can find or make. Primarily employed as a work animal, the Swamp buffalo is also used for meat but almost never for milk production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;River buffaloes are found farther west, from India to Egypt and Europe. Usually black or dark gray, with tightly coiled or drooping straight horns, they prefer to wallow in clean water. River buffaloes produce much more milk than Swamp buffaloes. They are the dairy type of water buffalo. In India, River buffaloes play an important role in the rural economy as suppliers of milk and draft power. River buffaloes make up about 35 percent of India's milk animals (other than goats) but produce almost 70 percent of its milk. Buffalo butterfat is the major source of cooking oil (ghee) in some Asian countries, including India and Pakistan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although water buffaloes are bovine creatures that somewhat resemble cattle, they are genetically further removed from cattle than are the North American bison (improperly called buffalo) whose massive forequarters, shaggy mane, and small hindquarters are unlike those of cattle. While bison can be bred with cattle to produce hybrids,( This is not, however, very successful, the male progeny (at least of the F 1 generation) are sterile).there is no well-documented case of a mating between water buffalo and cattle that has produced progeny.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parts of Asia and even Europe have depended on water buffaloes for centuries. Their crescent horns, coarse skin, wide muzzles, and low-carried heads are represented on seals struck 5,000 years ago in the Indus Valley, suggesting that the animal had already been domesticated in the area that is now India and Pakistan. Although buffaloes were in use in China 4,000 years ago, they are not mentioned in the literature or seen in the art of the ancient Egyptians, Romans, or Greeks, to whom they were apparently unknown. It was not until about 600 A.D. that Arabs brought the animal from Mesopotamia and began moving it westward into the Near East (modern Syria, Israel, and Turkey). Water buffaloes were later introduced to Europe by pilgrims and crusaders returning from the Holy Land in the Middle Ages. In Italy buffaloes adapted to the area of the Pontine Marshes southeast of Rome and the area south of Naples. They also became established in Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Bulgaria and have remained there ever since.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Villagers in medieval Egypt adopted the water buffalo, which has since become the most important domestic animal in modern Egypt. Indeed, during the last 50 years, their buffalo population has doubled to over 2 million head. The animals now supply Egypt with more meat-much of it in the form of tender &quot;veal&quot;-than any other domestic animal. They also provide milk, cooking oil, and cheese.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other areas have capitalized on the water buffalo's promise only in very recent times. For instance, small lots of the animals brought to Brazil (from Italy, India, and elsewhere) during the last 84 years have reproduced so well that they now total about 400,000 head and are still increasing, especially in the lower Amazon region. Buffalo meat and milk are now sold widely in Amazon towns and villages; the meat sells for the same price as beef. Nearby countries have also become familiar with the water buffalo. Trinidad imported several breeds from India between 1905 and 1908, while Venezuela, Colombia, and Guyana have been importing them in recent decades. During the 1970s Costa Rica, Ecuador, Cayenne, Panama, Suriname, and Guyana introduced small herds. By 1979 the buffalo in Venezuela numbered more than 7,000 head.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Across the Pacific, the new nation of Papua New Guinea has found the water buffalo well suited to its difficult environment. For 9 years the government has attempted to run cattle on the Sepik and Ramu Plains on Papua New Guinea's north coast, where the temperatures are high and the forage of poor quality. But the cattle remain thin and underweight. In the 1960s animal scientists began evaluating water buffaloes already living in Papua New Guinea and, encouraged by the results, introduced additional buffaloes from Australia. These have performed remarkably well, producing greater numbers of calves and much more meat than the cattle in the region. The buffaloes appear to maintain appetite despite the heat and humidity, whereas cattle do not. The government of Papua New Guinea has since imported more water buffaloes and today has thriving herds totaling almost 3,500 head. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The United States has been slow to recognize the water buffalo's potential, but the first herd (50 head) ever imported for commercial farming arrived in February 1978.(Air-freighted from the wilds of Guam, the U.S. island possession on the western Pacific, by panel member Tony Leonards. Prior to that time (in 1974), four head of water buffalo were imported to the Department of Animal science' university of Florida, for study. The only other water buffaloes in North America were a few animals in zoos.) The humble water buffalo, normally considered fit only for the steamy rice fields of Asia, is now proving itself on farm fields in Florida and Louisiana. As a result, interest in the animal is on the rise in U.S. university and farm circles.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From experience accumulated in Asia, Egypt, South America, Papua New Guinea, Australia, the United States, and elsewhere, animal scientists now perceive that many general impressions about the water buffalo are incorrect.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, it is widely believed that the water buffalo is mean and vicious. Encyclopedias reinforce this perception, and in the Western world it is the prevalent impression of the animal. The truth is, however, that unless wounded or severely stressed, the domesticated water buffalo is one of the gentlest of all farm animals. Despite an intimidating appearance, it is more like a household pet-sociable, gentle, and serene. In rural Asia the care of water buffaloes is often fumed over to small boys and girls aged about four to nine. The children spend their days with their family's gentle buffalo, riding it to water, washing it down, waiting while it rolls and wallows, and then riding it to some source of forage, perhaps a grassy field or thicket. It is not uncommon to see a buffalo patiently feeding, with a young friend stretched prone on its broad gray back, asleep.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps the notion about the viciousness of water buffaloes stems from confusing them with the mean-tempered African buffalo Syncerus caffer, actually a distant relative with which they will not interbreed and which is classified in a different genus.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ferocity is the most blatant misconception concerning the water buffalo, although other fallacies are widely reported as well.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One generally held belief is that water buffaloes can be raised only near water. Actually, buffaloes love to wallow, but they grow and reproduce normally without it, although in hot climates they must have shade available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another belief is that the water buffalo is exclusively a tropical animal. River-type buffaloes, however, have been used to pull snow plows during Bulgarian winters. They are found in Italy (over 100,000 head), Albania, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, the Georgia and Azerbaijan areas of the Soviet Union (almost 500,000 head) and other temperate-zone regions as well. They are also found in cold, mountainous areas of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p04to05.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ World Distribution of Water Buffaloes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet another misconception is that the water buffalo is just a poor man's beast of burden. In addition to providing fine lean meat, buffaloes in fact provide rich milk. Mozzarella cheese, one of the most popular in Europe, comes from the buffaloes in Italy. Buffalo milk has a higher content of both butterfat and nonfat solids than cow's milk does. It therefore often brings higher prices than cow's milk. Throughout much of India it is in such demand that cow's milk is sometimes hard to sell.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the misconceptions generally held about buffaloes are based on little data and much prejudice. For instance, it is widely believed that water buffalo meat is tough and less desirable than beef. However, when the animals are raised for meat, buffalo steaks are lean, as tender as beef, and in appearance it is difficult to distinguish the two. In taste-preference tests at the University of Queensland, buffalo steaks were preferred over those from Angus and Hereford cattle. Tests conducted in Trinidad, Venezuela, the United States, and Malaysia produced similar results.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia has shipped water buffalo meat to Hong Kong, the United States, Germany, and Scandinavia. Buffalo meat is now available in stores in Australia's Northern Territory, where demand exceeds supply. It sells at competitive prices and is particularly sought for barbecues and the famous Australian meat pie. In the Philippines, two-thirds of the meat consumed in homes and restaurants is actually water buffalo, a fact that many Filipinos do not realize.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with cattle,waterbuffaloes apparently have an efficient digestive system, one which extracts nourishment from forage so coarse and poor that cattle do not thrive on it. Thin cattle are commonly seen in Asia and northern Australia, for example, but it's rare to see a protruding rib on a buffalo, even though it uses the same source of feed.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, water buffaloes live on coarse vegetation on the marginal land traditionally left to the peasants. They help make human survival possible. An old Chinese woman in Taiwan once told panelist W. Ross Cockrill: &quot;To my family the buffalo is more important than I am. When I die, they'll weep for me; but if our buffalo dies, they may starve.&quot;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A better understanding of the water buffalo could be invaluable to many developing nations. In particular, improved production of water buffalo meat offers hope for helping feed India, the second most populous nation on earth. Although India for religious reasons forbids the slaughter of cows, it has no prohibitions regarding slaughter of water buffaloes or the consumption of buffalo meat.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most developing countries are in the tropics, and the water buffalo is inherently a tropical animal. It is comfortable in hot, humid environments. In the Amazon, for example, buffaloes are now common on the landscape and may even replace cattle completely.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical countries have more serious disease problems than temperate countries do. Although susceptible to most cattle diseases, the water buffalo seems to resist ticks and often appears to be more resistant to some of the most devastating plagues that make cattle raising risky, difficult, and sometimes impossible in the tropics. Several researchers report that when water buffaloes are allowed to wallow, their mud-coated skin seems to deter insect and tick ectoparasites and they consequently require greatly reduced treatment with insecticides. Although the buffalo fly (Siphona exigua) affects the animals, other pests such as the warble fly and the screwworm, for example, seldom affect healthy buffaloes. AIso, despite their inclination for living in swamps, Avers, and ponds, diseases of the feet such as foot rot and foot abscesses are rare.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another benefit to developing countries is the water buffalo's legendary strength. A large part of the total farm power available in South China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, the Indochina states, India, and Pakistan comes from this &quot;living tractor.&quot; Dependable and docile, the animals pull plows, harrows, and carts with loads that weigh several tons. In the Amazon buffalo teams pull boats laden with cargo and tourists through shallows and swamps.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The petroleum crisis has forced many farmers to reconsider animal power even in some of the technically advanced countries. Buffaloes are not only extraordinarily strong, they can also work in deep mud that may bog down a tractor. Even up to their bellies they forge on, dragging both plow and driver through the mud. Although its average walking speed is only about 3 kilometers per hour, the buffalo, unlike its mechanical competition, doesn't need gasoline or spare parts and its working life is often 20 years or more.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As already noted, the major genetic divisions of the water buffalo are the Swamp buffalo of the eastern half of Asia, which has swept-back horns, and the River buffalo of the western half of Asia, which usually has curled horns. There is also the Mediterranean buffalo, which is of the River type but has been isolated for so long that it has developed some unique characteristics. (Records of the buffalo in Italy date back 1,000 years, during which there have been no reported imports.) Mediterranean buffaloes are stocky, high yielding animals that combine both beef and dairy characteristics.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there is only one breed of Swamp buffalo, certain subgroups seem to have specific inherited characteristics. For example, the buffaloes of Thailand are noted for their large size, averaging 450-550 kg, and weights of up to 1,000 kg have been observed. Elsewhere, Swamp buffaloes range from 250 kg for some small animals in China to 300 kg in Burma and 500-600 kg in Laos.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only in India and Pakistan are there well-defined breeds with standard qualities. There are eighteen River buffalo breeds in South Asia, which are further classified into five major groups designated as the Murrah, Gujarat, Uttar  Pradesh, Central Indian, and South Indian breeds. These are the five groups and  main breeds:  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=484&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Group&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeds&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murrah&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murrah, Nili/Ravi, Kundi&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gujarat&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surti, Mehsana, Jafarabadi&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uttar Pradesh&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhadawari, Tarai&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Indian&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nagpuri, Pandharpun, Manda, Jerangi, Kalahandi, Sambalpur&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Indian&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toda,  South Kanara&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The best-known breeds are Murrah, Nili/Ravl, Jafarabadi, Surti, Mehsana, and  Nagpuri. Most of the buffaloes of the Indian subcontinent belong to a nondescript  group known as the Desi buffalo. There is no controlled breeding among these  animals and most are quite small, yield little milk, and are variable in color.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Swamp buffalo has 48 chromosomes, the River buffalo, 50. The chromosomal  material is, however, similar in the two types and they crossbreed to produce fertile  hybrid progeny. Cattle, however, have 60 chromosomes and although mating  between cattle and buffaloes is common, hybrids from the union are unlikely to  occur.( In 1965 a reputed hybrid was born at Askaniya Nova Zoopark in the Soviet Union  (see Gray, A., 1971. Mammalian Hybrids, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux,  Slough, England, p. 126). Hybrids have also been reported from China (Van  Fu-Czao 1959, Gibridy buivolc i krupnogo  i rogatogo skota(buffalo and  cattlehybrids)Zhivotnovodstro, Mosk., 21:92). Both of these reports seem doubtful  because despite many attempts, no other hybrids have ever been claimed to have  been produced). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Individual buffaloes show large variation in milk yield, conformation, horn shape,  color, meat production, temperament, growth rate, and other characteristics.  Selection for survival under adverse conditions has occurred naturally (those that  could not stand adversity died early) and farmers have probably tended to select  animals of gentle temperament. But systematic genetic improvement has almost  never been attempted. It seems likely that further selection could quickly improve  their productivity.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, the large bulls that would be best for breeding purposes are often  being selected as draft animals and castrated, or sent to slaughter, or (as with  some feral animals in northern Australia and on the Amazon island of Marajo) shot  by hunters. The result is that the buffalo's overall size in countries such as Thailand  and Indonesia has been decreasing as the genes for large size and fast growth are  lost.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo is still largely an animal of the village, and many of its reported  limitations are caused more by its environment than by the animal itself. Moreover,  much of the animal's genetic potential is obscured by environmental influences. For  example, for many breeds and types the genetic variations in milk yield and growth  cannot be accurately determined because they are overwhelmed by the effects of  inadequate nutrition and management.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, some inherent limitations of buffaloes can be identified. For instance,  buffaloes suffer if forced to remain, even for a few hours, in direct sunlight. They  have only one-tenth the density of sweat glands of cattle and their coating of hair is  correspondingly sparse, providing little protection from the sun. Accordingly,  buffaloes must not be driven over long distances in the heat of the day. They must  be allowed time for watering and, if possible, for wallowing. Driving under a hot sun  for long hours will cause heat exhaustion and possibly death; losses can be very  high and can occur suddenly. Young calves are particularly affected by heat.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are also sensitive to extreme cold and seem less able than cattle to  adapt to truly cold climates(A rule of thumb is that buffaloes don't do well where the sun is inadequate to ripen,  say, cotton, grapes, or Ace. Kaleff, B., 1942. Der Hausbuffel und seine  Zuchtungsbiologie im Vergleich zum Rind. Zeitschsift Tierzucht Biologze,  51:131-178). Sudden drops in temperature and chill winds may lead  to pneumonia and death.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is usually found m areas where there is ready access to a wallow  or shower. This is not a necessity, but when temperatures are high the availability of  water is important for maintaining buffalo health and productivity. It seems clear,  then, that the buffalo is not suitable for arid lands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing buffalo productivity through breed improvement is just now beginning.  Throughout Asia buffalo mating is almost completely haphazard, and so the animal  lacks the quality improvement through breeding that most cattle have had.  Therefore, most buffaloes are of nondescript heritage and genetic potential.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On poor quality feed water buffalo grow at least as well as cattle, but under intensive  conditions they probably won't grow as fast as the best breeds of cattle. In feedlots,  therefore, the buffalo is likely to be less productive than improved cattle. Weight  gains of about 1 kg per day have been recorded, some exceptional cattle may gain  at almost twice that rate.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo has long been considered a poor breeder-slow to mature sexually,  and slow to rebreed after calving. Accumulated experience now shows, however,  that this is mainly a result of poor management and nutrition. Buffaloes are not  sluggish breeders. Nevertheless, their gestation period is about a month longer  than that of cows, buffalo estrus is difficult to detect, and many matings occur~at  night so that~ farmers are likely to encounter more problems breeding buffaloes  than cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are gentle creatures, but if roughly or inexpertly handled they can, through fear or pain, become completely unmanageable. Buffalo behavior sometimes differs from that of cattle. For example, most buffaloes are not trained to be driven. Instead, the herdsman must walk alongside or ahead of them; they then instinctively follow. Also, because of their innate attachment to an individual site or herd it is more difficult to move buffaloes to new locations or herds. In addition, buffaloes respect fences less than cattle do and when they have the desire to move they are harder to contain. (Electric fences, however, will stop them.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their general good health, buffaloes are probably as susceptible as cattle to most infections. However, the buffalo seems to be peculiarly sensitive to a few cattle diseases and resistant to a few others (see chapter 7). Reactions to some diseases seem to vary with region, environment, and breed, and the differences are not well understood.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Destruction of the environment is sometimes attributed to buffalo wallowing. This danger seems to have been overstated, except in cases where stocking rates were unreasonably high.(An ongoing study in Northern Australia of environmental degradation widely attributed to buffalo has now shown that the effects are caused by man and climatic changes and only very slightly by buffaloes. (information supplied by D. G. Tulloch.) ) However, buffaloes rub against trees more often than cattle do, and they sometimes de-bark the trees, causing them to die.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, some of the best genetic stocks of water buffaloes exist in areas where certain infections and viral and other diseases sometimes occur. Thus, many countries are reluctant to permit importation of water buffaloes, despite the fact that modern quarantine procedures under conditions of maximum security can essentially eliminate the risk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, it must be emphasized that because buffalo research has been largely neglected, most results reported in this and other buffalo writings cover small numbers of animals and short periods of time. Many are merely empirical observations that have not been subjected to independent confirmation.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1972.Buffalo at the crossroads. World Farming 14(n:l0-l3.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asian and Pacific Council. 1979. Priorities in buffalo research identified.ASPAC News letter No. 43.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bowman, J. c. 1977. Animals for Man. Edward Arnold Publishers, Ltd., London, United Kingdom.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo Bulletin. Newsletter published by the Buffalo Research Committee of Kasetsart University, Bangkok' Thailand. (In English and Thai.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo World. Newsletter published by the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chantalakhana, C. 1975. The buffaloes of Thailand-their potential, utilization and conservation. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chantalakhana, C., and Na Phuket, S. R. 1979. The role of swamp buffalo in small farm development and the need for breeding improvement in Southeast Asia. Extension Bulletin No. 125. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1967. The water buffalo. Scientific American 217:118.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R., ed. 1974. The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill W. R. 1975. The domestic buffalo. Blue Book for the Veterinary Profession No. 25. Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1976. The Buffaloes of China. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R., ed. 1977. The Water Buffalo. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1977. The water buffalo: domestic animal of the future. Bovine Practitioner 12:92-98.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1978. Domestic water buffaloes. In: The Care and Management of Farm Animals, edited by W. N. Scott. Bailliere TindaU, London, United Kingdom.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1980. The ascendant water buffalo-key domestic animal. World Animal Review 33:2-13.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DeBoer, A. J. 1972. Technical and economic constraints on bovine production in three villages in Thailand. Dissertation Abstracts International 33(5):1935.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DeBoer, A. J. 1975. Livestock and Poultry Industry in Selected Asian Countries. Report of Survey on Diversification of Agriculture: Livestock and Poultry Production. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;de Guzman, M. R., Jr. 1979. An overview of recent developments in buffalo research and management in Asia. Extension Bulletin No. 124. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Documentation Center on Water Buffalo. 1978. Abstract Bibliography on Water Buffalo, 1971-1975. Documentation Center on Water Buffalo, University of the Philippines at Los Banos Library, College, Laguna 3720, Philippines.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fahimuddin, M. 1975. Domestic Water Buffalo. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi, India  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H. 1975. The water buffalo and related species as important genetic resources: their conservation, evaluation and utilization. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6  1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ford, B. D., and Tulloch, D. G. 1977. The Australian buffalo-a collection of papers. Technical Bulletin No.18. Department of the Northern Territory, Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gupta, H. C. 1977. Possibilities and realities of developing buffalo's performance, breeding and feeding. Indian Dairyman 29(6):337-346.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kartha, K. P. R.1965. Buffalo. In: An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics edited by G. Williamson and W. J. A. Payne. Longman, London, United Kingdom.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McKnight, T. L. 1971. Australia's buffalo dilemma. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 61(4):759-773.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madamba, J. C., and Eusebio, A. N. 1979. Developments in the strengthening of buffalo research in Asia. Buffalo Bulletin 2(3):7-16.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mahadevan, P. 1978. Water buffalo research-possible future trends. World Animal Review 25: 2-7.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oloufa, M. M. 1979. Buffaloes as producers of meat and milk. Egyptian Journal of AnimalProduction 19:1-10. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pant, H. C., and Roy, A. 1972. The water buffalo and its future. In: Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates, edited by R. E McDowell. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research. 1978. The Philippines Recommends for Caraboo Production, PCARR, Los Banos, Laguna 3732, Philippines.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ranjhan, S. K., and Pathak, N. N. 1981. Management and Feeding of Buffaloes. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, India  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977a. Livestock in Indonesia. Research Report No. 1. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia. (In English and Indonesian.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977b. Preliminary Observations on the Productivity of Porking Buffalo in Indonesia. Research Report No. 2. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia. (In English and Indonesian.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sundaresan, D. 1979. The role of improved buffaloes in rural development. Indian Dairyman 31(2):73-78.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1978. The water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, in Australia: grouping and home range.Australian Wildlife Research 5:327-34.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wahid, A. 1973. Pakistani buffaloes. World Animal Review 7:22~28. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Meat</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo offers promise as a major source of meat, and the production of buffaloes solely for meat is now expanding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because buffaloes have been used as draft animals for centuries, they have evolved with exceptional muscular development, some weigh 1,000 kg or more. Until recently, however, little thought was given to using them exclusively for meat production. Most buffalo meat was, and still is, derived from old animals slaughtered at the end of their productive life as work or milk animals. As a result, much of the buffalo meat sold is of poor quality. But when buffaloes are properly reared and fed, their meat is tender and palatable.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are exported for slaughter from India and Pakistan to the Middle East and from Thailand and Australia to Hong Kong. Demand for meat is so great that Thailand's buffalo population has dropped from 7 million to 5.7 million head in the last 20 years, a period in which the human population has more than doubled.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carcass Characteristics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All buffalo breeds-even the milking ones-produce heavy animals whose carcass characteristics are similar to those of cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite heavier hide and head, the amount of useful meat (dressing percentage) from buffaloes is almost the same as in cattle. Mediterranean type buffalo and Zebu cattle steers in Brazil yielded dressing percentages of 55.5 and 56.6 percent respectively. Swamp buffalo dressing percentages have been measured in Australia at 53 percent. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are lean animals. Although a layer of subcutaneous fat covers the carcass, it is usually thinner than that on comparably fed cattle. Even animals that appear to be fat prove to be largely muscle. Australian research on Swamp buffaloes reveals that buffaloes with more than 25 percent fat are difficult to produce, whereas average choice-grade beef carcasses may contain  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general, the buffalo carcass has rounder ribs, a higher proportion of muscle, and a lower proportion of bone and fat than beef has.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo hide is so thick that it can be sliced into two or three layers before tanning into leather.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meat Quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo meat and beef are basically similar. The muscle pH (5.4), shrinkage on chilling (2 percent), moisture (76.6 percent), protein (19 percent), and ash (1 percent) are all about the same in buffalo meat and beef. Buffalo fat, however, is always white and buffalo meat is darker in color than beef because of more pigmentation or less intramuscular fat (2-3 percent &quot;marbling,&quot; compared with the 3-4 percent in beef).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eating Quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taste-panel tests and tenderness measurements conducted by research teams in a number of countries have shown that the meat of the water buffalo is as acceptable as that of cattle. Buffalo steaks have rated higher than beefsteaks in some taste tests in Australia, Malaysia, Venezuela, and Trinidad.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In taste-panel studies in Trinidad, cooked joints from three carcasses Trinidad buffalo, a crossbred steer (Jamaica-Red/Sahiwal), and an imported carcass of a top-grade European beef steer-were served. The 28 diners all had experience in beef production, butchery, or catering and were not told the sources of the various joints. All the carcasses were held in cold storage for one week before cooking. The buffalo meat was rated highest by 14 judges; 7 chose the European beef; 5 thought the crossbred beef the best; and 2 said that the buffalo and crossbred were equal to or better than the European beef. The buffalo meat received most points for color (both meat and fat), taste, and general acceptability. There was little difference noted in texture.( Information supplied by P. N. Wilson.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo veal is considered a delicacy. Calves are usually slaughtered for veal between 3 and 4 weeks of age; dressed weight is 59-66 percent of live weight.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is some evidence that buffaloes may retain meat tenderness to a more advanced age than cattle because the connective tissue hardens at a later age or because the diameter of muscle fibers in the buffalo increases more slowly than in cattle(Joksimonc, 1979) In one test the tenderness (measured by shearing force) of muscle samples from carcasses of buffalo steers 16-30 months old was the same as that from feedlot Angus, Hereford, and Friesian steers 12-18 months old. This gives farmers more flexibility in meeting fluctuating markets while still providing tender meat.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1976. Livestock Production in Asian Context of Agricultural Diversification. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arganosa, F. C., Sanchez, P. C., Ibarra, P. I., Gerpacio, A. L., Castillo, L. S., and Arganosa, V. G. 1973. Evaluation of carabeef as a potential substitute for beef. Philippine Journal of Nutrition 26(2).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arganosa, F. C., Arganosa, V. G., and Ibarra, P. I. 1975. Carcass evaluation and utilization of carabeef. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bennett, S. P. 1973. The &quot;buffalypso&quot;-an evaluation of a beef type of water buffalo in Trinidad, West Indies. Paper presented at the Third World Conference on Animal Production, Melbourne, Australia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Borghese, A., Gigli, S., Romita, A., Di Giacomo, A., and Mormile, M. 1978. Fatty acid composition of fat in water buffalo calves and bovine calves slaughtered at 20, 28, and 36 weeks of age. In: Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle: A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, held at Ghent, October 11-13,1977. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles, D. D., and Johnson, E. R. 1972. Carcass composition of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 23:905-911.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles, D. D., and Johnson, E. R. 1975. Live weight gains and carcass composition of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) steers on four feeding regimes. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 26:407-413.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1975. Alternative livestock: with particular reference to the wafer buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). In: Meat. Proceedings of the 21st Easter School in Agricultural Science, University of Nottingham, edited by D. J. A. Cole and R. A. Lawrie. Butterworth, London, England.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El-Ashry, M. A., Mogawer, H. H., and Kishin, S. S. 1972. Comparative study of meat production from cattle and buffalo male calves. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production 12:99-107.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El-Koussy, H. A., Afifi, Y. A., Dessouki, T. A., and El-Ashry, M. A. 1977. Some chemical and physical changes of buffalo meat after slaughter. Agriculture Research Review 55:1-7.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Johnson, E. R., and Charles, D. D. 1975. Comparison of live weight gain and changes in carcass composition between buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and Bos taurus steers. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 26:415- 422.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joksimovic, J. 1979. Physical, chemical and structural characteristics of buffalo meat. Arhiv za Polloprivredne Nauke 22:110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joksimovic, J., and Ognjanovic, A. 1977. A comparison of carcass yield, carcass composition, and quality characteristics of buffalo meat and beef Meat Science 1:105 -110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mai, S. C., and Wu, T. H. 1974. TSC's intensive feed-lot system for cow-calf and beef production program. Taiwan Sugar 21(6):198-211.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matassino, D., Romita, A., Cosentino, E., Girolami, A., and Cloatruglio, P. 1978. Myorheological, ohemical, and colour characteristics of meat in water buffalo and bovine calves slaughtered at 20, 28 and 36 weeks. In: Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle: A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, held at Chent, October 11-13, 1977. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mogawer, H. H., El-Ashry, M. A., and Mahmoud, S. A. 1976. Comparative study of meat production from cattle and buffalo male calves. II. Effect of different roughage concentrate ratios in ration on carcass traits. Journal of Agriculture Research {Tanta University) 2:6-12.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ognjanovic, A. 1974. Meat and meat production. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. CockrilL Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rastogi, R., Youssef, F. G., and Gonzalez, F. D. 1978. Beef type water buffalo of Trinidad-Beefalypso. World Review of Animal Production 14(2) :49 -56.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Romita, A., Borghese, A., Gigli, S., and Di Giacomo, A. 1978. Growth rate and carcass composition of water buffalo calves and bovine calves slaughtered at 20, 28 and 36 weeks. In: Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle: A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, Held at Chent, October 11-13, 1977. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilson, P. N. 1961. Palatability of water buffalo meat. Journal of the Agricultural Society of Trinidad 61:457, 459-460. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 Milk</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than 5 percent of the world's milk comes from water buffaloes. Buffalo milk is  used in much the same way as cow's milk. It is high in fat and total solids, which  gives it a rich flavor. Many people prefer it to cow's milk and are willing to pay more  for it. In Egypt, for example, the severe mortality rate among buffalo calves is due in  part to the sale of buffalo milk, which is in high demand, thus depriving calves of  proper nourishment. This also occurs in India, where in the Bombay area alone an  estimated 10,000 newborn calves starve to death each year through lack of milk.  The demand for buffalo milk in India (about 60 percent of the milk consumed; over  80 percent in some states) is reflected in the prices paid for a liter of milk: about  130 paisa for cow's milk compared with about 200 paisa for buffalo milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twelve of the 18 major breeds of water buffalo are kept primarily for milk production  (although males may be used for traction and all animals are eventually used for  meat). The main milk breeds of India and Pakistan are the Murrah, Nili/Ravi, Surti,  Mehsana, Nagpuri, and Jafarabadi. The buffaloes of Egypt, Eastern Europe  (Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, and the USSR), and Italy are used for milk  production and there are also herds used principally for this purpose in Iran, Iraq,  and Turkey.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Composition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk contains less water, more total solids, more fat, slightly more lactose,  and more protein than cow's milk. It seems thicker than cow's milk because it  generally contains more than 16 percent total solids compared with 12-14 percent  for cow's milk. In addition, its fat content is usually 50-60 percent higher (or more)  than that of cow's milk. Although the butterfat content is usually 6-8 percent,( An analysis of 7,770 records of Nili/Ravi buffaloes in herds at the Pakistan  Research Institute showed that average butterfat content was 6.40 (a mean based  on 10 tests over 10 months). of all the samples tested, 77 percent ranged between  5 and 8 percent butterfat and 12 percent were below 5 percent butterfat.  -information supplied by R. E. McDowell.)  it can  go much higher in the milk of some well fed dairy buffaloes and in the milk of  Swamp buffaloes (which are not normally used for milking). Cow's milk butterfat content is usually between 3 and 5 percent.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its high butterfat content, buffalo milk has considerably higher energy value than cow's milk. Phospholipids are lower but cholesterol and saturated fatty acids are higher in buffalo milk. Studies have shown that digestibility is not adversely affected by this. Because of the high fat content, the buffalo's total fat yield per lactation compares favorably with that of improved breeds of dairy cattle; it is much higher than that of indigenous cows.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally the protein in buffalo milk contains more casein and slightly more albumin and globulin than cow's milk. Several researchers have claimed that the biological value of buffalo milk protein is higher than that of cow's milk, but this has not yet been proved conclusively.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p27.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Tables 1 and 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mineral content of buffalo milk is nearly the same as that of cow's milk except for phosphorus, which occurs in roughly twice the amount in buffalo milk. Buffalo milk tends to be lower in salt.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk lacks the yellow pigment carotene, precursor for vitamin A, and its whiteness is frequently used to differentiate it from cow's milk in the market. Despite the absence of carotene, the vitamin A content in buffalo milk is almost as high as that of cow's milk. (Apparently the buffalo converts the carotene in its diet to vitamin A. The two milks are similar in B complex vitamins and vitamin C, but buffalo milk tends to be lower in riboflavin.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Milk Products&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk, like cow's milk, can provide a wide variety of products: butter, butter oil (clarified butter or ghee), soft and hard cheeses, condensed or evaporated milks, ice cream,yogurt, and buttermilk. It is of great economic importance in India in preparing &quot;toned&quot; milk-a mixture of buffalo milk and milk made by reconstituting skim milk powder.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The richness of buffalo milk makes it highly suitable for processing. To produce 1 kg of cheese, a cheese maker requires 8 kg of cow's milk but only 5 kg of buffalo milk. To produce 1 kg of butter requires 14 kg of cow's milk but only 10 kg of buffalo milk. Because of these high yields, processors appreciate the value of buffalo milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo cheese is pure white. It many countries it is among the most desirable cheeses (mozzarella and ricotta in Italy, gemir in Iraq, the salty cheeses of Egypt, and pecorino in Bulgaria, for example). In Venezuela all the cheese produced from the small La Guanota milking herd in the Apure River basin (about 100 kg a day) is bought by the Hilton Hotel and sells for 15 bolivars per kg compared with 8 bolivars per kg for cheese made from cow's milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although much in demand for making soft cheese, buffalo milk is less desirable for making hard cheeses such as cheddar or gouda. During cheesemaking it produces acid more slowly than cow's milk, retains more water in the curd, and loses more fat in the whey.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheeses are becoming increasingly popular throughout the world. Demand is rising at a rate that is among the highest for any food product. Cheese offers particular benefit to areas where refrigeration is not widely available, where transporting high-protein foods to remote areas is difficult, and where seasonal fluctuations affect milk supplies. Buffalo milk may make cheesemaking profitable on an even smaller scale than conventional dairying; it is more concentrated than cow's milk and requires relatively less energy to transport and process (an increasingly important factor where fuels are limited).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p31.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 3 Highest Milk Yield (kg per Day) Recorded in the All India Milk Yield&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yield&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In countries like India and Egypt, the milk yield of buffaloes is generally higher  (680-800 kg) than for local cattle (360-500 kg). However, since selection for  exceptional milk production is not conducted systematically, large variations in yield  occur between individual animals, and milk production of dairy buffaloes falls short  of its potential.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nonetheless, some outstanding yields have been recorded. On Indian government  farms, average yields for milking buffaloes range from 4 to 7 kg per day in  lactations averaging 285 days. Daily yields of 12 kg have been reported for some  Bulgarian buffalo cows and a daily production of over 20 kg has been reported for  some remarkable animals in India. A peak milk yield of 31.5 kg in a day has been  recorded from a champion Murrah buffalo in the All India Milk Yield Competition  conducted by the Government of India (see Table 3).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At Caserta, Italy, a herd of 1,600 machine-milked, pedigreed dairy buffaloes has  produced average yields of 1,500 kg during lactations of 270 days. In Pakistan an  analysis of over 6,000 lactations of Nili/Ravi buffalo cows showed an average yield  of 1,925 kg during lactations averaging 282 days(Average adjusted for year and  season and calving. Cady et al., in press.) . In India the average milks yield of  Murrah buffaloes in established herds is also reported to be about  1,800kg(*&quot;Williamson and Payne, 1965.)Table 4 lists some outstanding lactation  yields reported from different parts of the world. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with cattle, the percentages of fat, protein, and total solids decrease as the milks yield increases.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Swamp buffaloes of Southeast Asia are usually considered poor milk producers. They are used mainly as draft animals, but it may be that their milk potential has been underestimated. In the Philippines Swamp buffalo cows with nursing calves have produced 300-800 kg of milk during lactation periods of 180-300 days(*Philippines Council for Agriculture and Resources Research (PCARR). 1978. The Philippines Recommends for Caraboo Production, PCARR, Los Banos, Philippines)In Thailand Swamp buffaloes selected and reared for milk production have yielded 3-5 kg per day during 305-day lactations.(Information supplied by Charan Chantalakhana.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p32.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 4 Milk Production of Some Outstading Buffalo Cows and Dairy Herds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Nanning Livestock Research Institute and Farm in Kwangsi Province,which is representative of many others in South China, is upgrading the native  Swamp buffaloes (or Shui Niu) by selective breeding for size and weight and by  crossbreeding with dairy breeds such as the Murrah and Nili/Ravi. The crossbreeds  that are milked yield 4-5 kg daily.(*CockriH, W. R. 1976. The Buffaloes of China.  FAO, Rome.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dairy Management&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The characteristics of the dairy buffalo so closely approximate those of the dairy cow that successful methods of breeding, husbandry, and feeding for  milks production for the cow can be applied equally to the dairy buffalo. Buffaloes,  however, have not been bred for uniform udders and it is more difficult to milk them  by machine.(Some thousands of buffaloes are machine milked in Bulgaria and Italy, however. At  Ain Shams University in Egypt, buffaloes have adapted to machine milking. The  calves are separated from their dams immediately after birth and no problems of  milk letdown have been observed. -information supplied by M. El Ashry.)Also, some buffaloes have more of a problem with milks letdown than  dairy cows (although not as much of a problem as some native cattle breeds in the  tropics). Frequently, a calf is kept with the cow and is tied to her foreleg at milking  time. In India, Burma, and other countries a dummy calf may be provided; playing  music seems to work, too.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Addeo, F., Mercier, J. C., and Ribadeau-Dumas, B. 1977. The caseins of buffalo  milk. Journal of Dairy Research 44(3):455-468.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agarwala, O. P. 1962. Certain factors of reproduction and production in a water  buffalo herd. Indian Joumal of Dairy Science 15(2):45-51.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Albourco, F., Mincione, B., Addeo, F., and Ameno, M. 1969. Buffaloes' milk. II.  Variations in composition during lactation of milk produced without change in  feeding. Industrie Agraria 7(5):210-219.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associazione Italiana Tecnici del Latter. 1970. Buffaloes' milk and cheese. Scienza  e Tecnica 21(3):175-196.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhatnagar, V. K., Lohia, K. L., and Monga, O. P. 1961. Effect of the month of  calving on milk yield, lactation length and calving interval in Murrah buffaloes. Indian  Journal of Dairy Science 14(3): 102-108.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhasin N. R., and Desai, R. N. 1967. Effect of age at first calving and first lactation  yield on life time production in Hariana cattle. Indian Veterinary Journal 44:684694.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cady, R. A., Shah, S. K., Schermerhorn, E. C., and McDowell, R. E. In Press.  Factors affecting performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes in Pakistan. Journal of Dairy  Science.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Castillo, L. S. 1975. Production, characteristics and processing of buffalo milk. In:  The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at  Khon Kahn, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology  Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dassat, P. M., de Paolis, P., and Sartore, G. 1966. Environmental effects on milks  yield in Italian buffalo.Acta Medica Veterinaria 12(6):587-593.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dave, B. K., and Taylor, C. M. 1975. A study on relationship of persistency with other first production traits in Indian water buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Health 14(1) :77-80.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deshmukh, S. N., and Choudhury, P. N. R. 1971. Repeatability estimates of some economic characteristics in Italian buffaloes. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaer-medizen 18:104-107.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ganguli, N. C. 1979. Buffalo milk technology. World Animal Review 30:2-10.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gomez, I. V. 1977. The manufacture of semihard cheese (Danish type) from carabao milk. Philippine Agriculturalist 61(3/4) :78-86.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gurnani, M., and Nagarcenkar, R. 1971. Evaluation of breeding performance of buffaloes and estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters. Annual Report of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katpatal, B. G. 1977. Dairy cattle crossbreeding in India. I. Growth and development of crossbreeding. World Animal Review 22: 15-21.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kay, H. D. 1974. Milk and milk production. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kohli, M. L., and Malik, D. D. 1960. Effect of service period on total milk production and lactation length in Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 13(3): 105-111.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nascimento, C. N. B., Moura Carvalho, L. O. D., and Lourenco, J. B. 1979. Irnportancia do Bufalo para a Pecuarfa Brasileira. Agricultural Research Center for Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem, Para, Brazil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raafat, M. A., El-Sayed, Abou-Hussein, Abou-Raya, A. K., and El-Shirbiny A. 1974. Some nutritional studies of colostrum and milk of cows and buffaloes E:gyptian Journal of Animal Production 14(1) :137-148.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ragab, M. T., Asker, A. A., and Kamal, T. H. 1958. The effect of age and seasonal calving on the composition of Egyptian buffalo milk. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 11(1):18-28.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saudi Arabia Standards Institution. 1978. Raw milk. Saudi Arabia Standard 98.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sebastian, J., Panthulu, P. C, and Bhimasena, M. 1971. Composition of Surti buffalo milk. Annual Report of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sekhon, G. S., and Gehlon, M. S. 1966. Repeatability estimates of some economic traits in the Murrah buffalo. Ceylon Veterinary Journal 14:18-22.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, B. B., and Singh, B. P. 1971. Comparative study of lifetime economics of Hariana versus Murrah buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 48:485-489.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, R. P. 1966. A study of production up to ten years of age in buffaloes maintained at military farms. Indian Veterinary Journal 43:986-992.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, S. B., and Desai, R. N. 1962. Production character of Bhadawari buffalo cow. Indian Veterinary journal 39:332-343.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venkayya, D., and Anantakrishnan, C. P. 1957. Influence of age at first calving on the performance of Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 10(1):20-24.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G., and Payne, W. J. A. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. Longman, London, United Kingdom. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Work</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is the classic work animal of Asia, an integral part of that  continent's traditional village farming structure. Probably the most adaptable and  versatile of all work animals, it is widely used to plow; level land; plant crops; puddle  rice fields; cultivate field crops; pump water; haul carts, sleds, and shallow-draft  boats; carry people; thresh grain; press sugar cane; haul logs; and much more.  Even today, water buffaloes provide 20-30 percent of the farm power in South  China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indochina(Figures provided by A. J. de veer. In India water buffaloes contribute much less to  farm power (6-12 percent); bullocks are more commonly used. In Pakistan  buffaloes are little used for farm power (1-2 percent) but provide much of the road  haulage. Papua New Guinea has no tradition of using any work animal, but villagers  are increasingly using buffaloes for farm work and the government is employing  Fillipinos to train them) . Millions of  peasants in the Far East, Middle East, and Near East have a draft buffalo. For them  it is often the only method of farming food crops.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As fuel becomes scarce and expensive in these countries, the buffalo is being used  more frequently as a draft animal. ln 1979 water buffalo prices soared in rural  Thailand because of the increased demand.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although Asian farms have increasingly mechanized in the last 20 years, it has  often proved difficult to persuade the farmer to replace his buffalo with a tractor  since the buffalo produces free fertilizer and does not require diesel fuel. Now there  is renewed official interest in draft power. Sri Lanka has recently opened up large  new tracts of farmland in the Mahawali Valley, creating such a demand for work  animals that buffalo shortages have become a national development problem.  Indonesia's transmigration schemes are also handicapped by shortages of animal  power.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For many small farmers the buffalo represents capital. It is often the major  investment they have. Buffalo energy increases their productivity and allows them to  diversify. Even small farms have work animals that, like the farmer himself, subsist  off the farm. Tractors usually require at least four hectares for economical operation,  which precludes their use on most peasant farms. Further, the infrastructure to  maintain machinery is often not readily available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are also used for hauling. Buffalo-drawn carts carry goods between  villages where road surfaces are unfit for trucks. The animals easily traverse  ravines, streams, paddies, and narrow and rocky trails. In the cities carts can  compete economically with trucks where the road surface is unprepared, where  loading or unloading takes longer than the journey itself, or where the loads are too  small and distances too short to make trucking economical. For road haulage  buffaloes are generally shod: the shoes are flat plates fitted to each hoof.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capacity for Work&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is a sturdy draft animal Its body structure, especially the  distribution of body weight over the feet and legs, is an important advantage. Its  large boxy hooves allow it to move in the soft mud of rice fields. Moreover, the  buffalo has very flexible pastern and fetlock joints in the lower leg so that it can bend  back its hooves and step over obstacles more easily than cattle. This water-loving  animal is particularly well adapted to paddy farming because its legs withstand  continual wet conditions better than mules or oxen(Australian animal scientists working in Bogor, Indonesia, found that the puddling  effect of buffalo hooves on the soil was critical for rice cultivation in the local soils.  Tractors produced fields so porous that they drained dry. (Information supplied by  A. F. GurnettSmith.) On one research station near Darwin, Australia, buffaloes were  used to prevent water draining from a dam. (Information supplied by D. G. Tulloch.). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although buffaloes are preferred by farmers in the wet, often muddy lowlands of  Asia, mules, horses, and cattle move more rapidly and are preferred in the dryer  areas.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes do not work quickly. They plod along at about 3 km per hour. In  most parts of Southeast Asia they are worked about 5 hours a day and they may  take 6-10 days to plow, harrow, and grade one hectare of rice field. Their stamina  and drawing power increase with body weight.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they have difficulty keeping cool in hot, humid weather (see next chapter),  it is necessary to let working buffaloes cool off, preferably in a wallow, every 2 hours  or so. Without this their body temperatures may rise to dangerous levels.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A pair of 3-year-old buffaloes costs about the same as a small tractor in Thailand.  But many farmers raise their own calves and there is no investment beyond labor.  The &quot;fuel&quot; for the animals comes mainly from village pastures and farm wastes such  as crop stubble and sugarcane tops. Buffaloes have an average working life of  about 11 years, but some work to age 20.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harness&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yoke used on working buffalo in Asia has changed very little in the last 1,500 years. It is doubtful that a working buffalo can exert its full power with it. The hard wooden yoke presses on a very small area on top of the animal's neck, producing severe calluses, galls, and obvious discomfort. The harness tends to choke the animal as the straps under the neck tighten into the windpipe. Since the traditional hitch is usually higher than the buffalo's low center of gravity, the animal cannot pull efficiently. Considerably more pulling power and endurance can be obtained by improving the harness. The situation is not unlike that in Western agriculture in the twelfth century when the horse collar-one of the most important inventions of the Middle Ages first appeared. Before that, horses were yoked like buffalo and the harness passed across their windpipes and choked them as they pulled. Use of the horse collar improved pulling efficiency and speeded the development of transportation and trade.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The curved yoke now universally used on water buffalo contacts an area of the neck that is only about 200 cm2 (little more than half the size of this page). The entire load is pulled on this small area and causes the wood to dig into the flesh.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A horse collar is a padded leather device that encircles the animal's neck. One modified in Thailand for use on water buffalo (see page 43) had a contact area of 650 cm2, more than three times that of the yoke it replaced. The collar's padding pressed against the animal's shoulders, not its neck, and  therefore did not choke it. Attached to the collar were wooden hames with the traces for hitching the animal to a wagon or plow. In trials a buffalo pulled loads 24 percent heavier with the collar than with the yoke, and the horsepower it developed increased by 48 percent(These trials were conducted by J. K. Garner in Thailand in 1958. In the maximum-load test the yoked buffalo failed to move a load of 570 kg, but it moved a load of 640 kg when fitted with the horse collar. In an endurance test the yoked animal took 35 minutes to pull a load 550 m, but harnessed with the collar it took only 21 minutes). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another potentially valuable harness is the breast strap, a set of broad leather straps that pass over the animal's neck and back. One breast strap modified for water buffalo use had a contact area of 620 cm2, almost as much as that of the horse collar, and in trials the buffalo pulled a load 12 percent heavier than with a yoke and the horsepower it developed increased by almost 70 percent( The same animal used in the horse collar trials pulled 700 kg with the breast strap, in the endurance test it took 18.5 minutes to travel the 550-m distance). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These seem very good innovations. In the humid tropics, however, leather collars and breast straps may decay rapidly. To make them widely practical may require experimentation with, or development of, special leather treatments or more durable materials.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1974. The working buffalo. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domes tic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1976. The Buffaloes of China. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;de Guzman, M. R., Jr. 1975. The water buffalo-Asia's beast of burden and key to progress. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Garner, J. K. 1958 (Reprint 1980) Increasing the Work Efficiency of the Water Buffalo Through Use of Improved Harness. (Copies available from Office of Agriculture, Development Support Bureau, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. 20523)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kamal, T. H., Shehata, O., and Elbanna, I. M. 1972. Isotope Studies on the Physiology of Domestic Animals. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977. Preliminary Observations on the Productivity of Working Buffalo in Indonesia. Research Report No. 2, Center for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vaugh, M. 1945. Report on a detailed study of methods of yoking bullocks for agricultural work. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 15:186-198.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ward, G. M., Sutherland, T. M., and Sutherland, J. M. 1980. Animals as an energy source in Third World agriculture. Science 208:570. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5 Adaptability and Environmental Tolerance</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heat Tolerance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the buffalo is remarkably versatile, it has less physiological adaptation to extremes of heat and cold than the various breeds of cattle. Body temperatures of buffaloes are actually lower than those of cattle, but buffalo skin is usually black and heat absorbent and only sparsely protected by hair. Also, buffalo skin has one-sixth the density of sweat glands that cattle skin has, so buffaloes dissipate heat poorly by sweating. If worked or  driven excessively in the hot sun, a buffalo's body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and general discomfort increase more quickly than those of cattle(Failure to appreciate this has caused many buffalo deaths in northern Australia when the animals were herded long distances through the heat of the day as if they were cattle).. This is particularly true of young calves and pregnant females. During one trial in Egypt 2 hours' exposure to sun caused temperatures of buffalo to rise 1.3Â°C, whereas temperatures of cattle rose only 0.2-0.3Â°C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes prefer to cool off in a wallow rather than seek shade. They may wallow for up to 5 hours a day when temperatures and humidity are high. Immersed in water or mud, chewing with half-closed eyes, buffaloes are a picture of bliss.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In shade or in a wallow buffaloes cool off quickly, perhaps because a black skin rich in blood vessels conducts and radiates heat efficiently (Tests at the University of Florida have shown that buffaloes in the shade cool off more quickly than cattle. -Robey, 1976).  Nonetheless, wallowing is not essential. Experience in Australia, Trinidad, Florida, Malaysia, and elsewhere has shown that buffaloes grow normally without wallowing as long as adequate shade is available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cold Tolerance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although generally associated with the humid tropics, buffaloes, as already noted, have been reared for centuries in temperate countries such as Italy, Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and in the Azerbaijan and Georgian republics of the USSR. In 1807 Napoleon brought Italian buffaloes to the Landes region of southwest France and released them near Mont-deMarsan. They became feral and multiplied prodigiously in the woods and dunes of the littoral, but unfortunately the local peasants found them easy targets, and with the fall of Napoleon the whole herd was killed for meat(In the twelfth century Benedictine monks introduced buffaloes from their possessions in the Orient to work the lands of their abbey at Auge in northeastern France. In the thirteenth century a herd was introduced to England by the Earl of Cornwall, the brother of Henry III. Nothing is known about how well either herd survived). Buffaloes are also maintained on the high, snowy plateaus of Turkey as well as in Afghanistan and the northern mountains of Pakistan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo has greater tolerance of cold weather than is commonly supposed. The current range of the buffalo extends as far north as 45Â° latitude in Romania and the sizable herds in Italy and the Soviet Union range over 40Â° N latitude(Philadelphia and Peking are at comparable latitudes. In the Southern Hemisphere the 40Â° line of latitude easily encompasses Cape Town, Buenos Aires, Melbourne, and most of New Zealand's North Island).  Cold winds and rapid drops in temperatures, however, appear to have caused illness, pneumonia, and sometimes death. Most of the animals in Europe are of the Mediterranean breed, but other River-type buffaloes (mainly Murrahs from India) have been introduced to Bulgaria and the Soviet Union, which indicates that River breeds, at least, have some cold tolerance.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Altitude&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although water buffaloes are generally reared at low elevations, a herd of Swamp buffaloes is thriving at Kandep in Papua New Guinea, 2,500 m above sea level. And in Nepal, River buffaloes are routinely found at or above 2,800 m altitude.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wetlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are well adapted to swamps and to areas subject to flooding. They are at home in the marshes of southern Iraq and of the Amazon, the tidal plains near Darwin, Australia, the Pontine Marshes in south-central Italy, the Orinoco Basin of Venezuela, and other areas.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Amazon, buffaloes (Mediterranean and Swamp breeds) are demonstrating their exceptional adaptability to flood areas. Buffalo productivity outstrips that of cattle, with males reaching 400 kg in 30 months on a diet of native grasses( Information supplied by C. Nascimento). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The advantage of water buffaloes over Holstein, Brown Swiss, and Criollo cattle was demonstrated in a test at Delta Amacuro, Venezuela, when the cattle developed serious foot rot In the wet conditions of the Orinoco Delta and had to be withdrawn from the test. The area of Venezuela is flooded 6 months of the year and creates constant problems for cattle, yet the buffalo seems to adapt well(*Information supplied by A. Ferrer). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High humidities seem to affect buffaloes less than cattle. In fact, if shade or wallows are available, buffaloes may be superior to cattle in humid areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In southern Brazil, trials comparing buffalo and cattle on subtropical riverine plains have favored the buffalo also. This work is being carried out on native pastures, mostly in  the State of Sao Paulo.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hafez, E. S. E., Badreldin, A. L., and Shafei,M. M. 1955. Skin structure of Egyptian buffaloes and cattle with particular reference to sweat glands. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 46:19-30.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katyega, P. M. J., Masoud, A. J., and Kobo, E. 1980. Information on body and carcass characteristics of Egyptian water buffalo and Mpwapwa x Friesian steers raised in central Tanzania. Tanzania Veterinary Bulletin 2:86-90.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I. L. 1974. Environmental physiology. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1973. Heat tolerance of Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers during exposure to sun and as a result of exercise. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 24(5) :775 -782.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nair, P. G., and Benjamin, B. R. 1963. Studies on sweat glands in the Indian water buffalo. 1. Standardization of techniques and preliminary observations. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 33:102.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pandey, M. D., and Roy, A. 1969a. Studies on the adaptability of buffaloes to tropical climate. I. Seasonal changes in the water and electrolyte status of buffalo cows. Indian Journal of Animal Science 39:367.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pandey, M. D., and Roy, A. 1969b. Studies on the adaptability of buffaloes to tropical climate. II. Seasonal changes in the body temperature, cardio-respiratory and hematological attributes in buffalo cows. Indian Journal of Animal Science 39:378.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prusty, J. N. 1973. Role of the sweat glands in heat regulation in the Indian water buffalo. Indian Journal of Animal Health 12(1):33-37.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robey, C. A., Jr. 1976. Physiological Responses of Water Buffalo to the Florida Environment. M.S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6 Nutrition</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most buffaloes are located in countries where land, cultivated forage crops, and pastures  are limited. Livestock must feed on poor-quality forages, sometimes supplemented with  a little green fodder or byproducts from food, grain, and oil seed processing. Usually  feedstuffs are in such short supply that few animals have a balanced diet, but the buffalo  seems to perform fairly well under such adverse conditions.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Growth Rate&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insufficient measurements have been taken to allow unequivocal state. meets about the  relative growth rates of cattle and buffaloes. However, many observations made in  various parts of the world indicate that the buffalo's growth is seldom inferior to that of  cattle breeds found in the same environments. Some observations are given below.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Trials in Trinidad in the early 1960s involved buffaloes grazing pangola grass (Digitaria  decumbens) together with Brahman and Jamaican Red cattle. Over a period of 20  months the buffaloes gained an average of 0.72 kg per day, whereas the cattle on a  comparable nearby pasture gained 0.63 per day(Experiments performed by P. N. Wilson. -Information supplied by S. P. Bennett.).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the Orinoco Delta of Venezuela unselected Criollo/Zebu crossbred cattle gained  0-0.2 kg per day on Paspalum fasciculatum, whereas the water buffaloes with them  gained 0.25-0.4 kg per day(Cunha  et al., 1975).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the Apure Valley of Venezuela, 100 buffalo steers studied in 1979 reached an  average weight of 508 kg in 30 months, whereas the 30-month old Zebu steers tested  with them weighed 320 kg. The feed consumed was a blend of native grasses (25  percent of the diet) and improved grasses (such as pangola, pare, and guinea grass)( Information supplied by A. Ferrer). In  the same valley 200 buffalo heifers (air freighted from Australia) produced weight gains  averaging 0.5 kg per day over a 2-year period (and 72 percent of them calved). Government statistics for the area record average weight gains in crossbreeds between Zebu and Criollo cattle as 0.28 kg per day (with 40 percent calving).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the Philippines, buffaloes showed weight gains of 0.75-1.25 kg per day, the same as those of cattle. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Daily weight gains of over 1 kg have been recorded for buffaloes in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Liveweight gains of 0.80 kg per day have been recorded for buffaloes in Papua New Guinea. In a very humid, swampy area of the Sepik River coastal plains liveweight gains by males averaged 0.47 kg per day and females 0.43 kg per day for more than a year. The average weight of 30 4-year-old female buffaloes was 375 kg, while the average weight of 4-year-old female Brahman/ Shorthorn crossbred cattle was 320 kg.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· At the research station near Belem in the Brazilian Amazon weaned Murrah buffaloes, pastured continuously on Echinochloa pyramidalis (a nutritious grass), gained 0.8 kg daily and reached 450 kg in about 18 months. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Liveweight gains of 0.74-l.i kg per day have been obtained in Australia. Buffalo steers grew as fast or faster than crossbred Brahman cattle on several improved pastures near Darwin, but on one very poor pasture, 40-year-old buffaloes each weighed only 400 kg, whereas the Brahman crossbred steers reared with them weighed 500 kg. The reason for this is not clear.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efficiency of Digestion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian animal nutritionists have investigated water buffaloes intensively over the past two decades. Many have reported that buffaloes digest feeds more efficiently than do cattle, particularly when feeds are of poor quality and are high in cellulose.One trial revealed that the digestibility of wheat straw cellulose was 24.3 percent for cattle and 30.7 percent for buffalo. The figures for berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) cellulose were 34.6 percent for cattle and 52.2 percent for buffalo. In another trial the digestion of straw fiber was 64.7 percent in cattle, 79.8 percent in buffalo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other nutrients reported to be more highly digested in buffaloes than in cattle (Zebu) are crude fat, calcium and phosphorus, and nonprotein nitrogen.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recent experiments in India suggest that buffaloes also are able to utilize nitrogen more efficiently than cattle. Buffaloes digested less crude protein than cattle in one trial but increased their body nitrogen more (and they were being fed only 40 percent of the recommended daily intake of crude protein).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ability of buffaloes to digest fiber efficiently may be partly due to the microorganisms in their rumen. Several Indian research teams have published data indicating that the microbes in the buffalo rumen convert feed into energy more efficiently than do those in cattle (as measured by the rate of production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also, in laboratory studies samples of buffalo rumen contents produced volatile fatty acids more quickly from a variety of animal feedstuffs than did samples from the rumen of cattle  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No single reason alone explains the buffalo's success in using poor quality forages. Rather, it is a combination of reasons that differ with the breed and conditions used. Studies by other researchers suggest that additional causes might include:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Higher dry matter intake; &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Longer retention of feed in digestive tract;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Ruminal characteristics more favorable to ammonia-nitrogen utilization;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Less depression of cellulose digestion by soluble carbohydrates (e.g., starch or molasses);  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Superior ability to handle stressful environment; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A wider range of grazing preferences.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calf Growth Rates&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the buffalo's gestation period is more than a month longer than that of cattle, the calves are born weighing 35-40 kg, or about the same as that of a newborn Holstein calf. But because buffalo milk has about twice the butterfat of cow's milk, the calves grow very quickly. They also suffer more shock at weaning and have to be slowly changed to their new feeding program. Buffaloes can be marketed as full-grown animals for beef at the age of 2-3 years, sometimes even earlier.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p59.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 5 Some Coarse Grasses and Forages Palatable to Buffaloes but Less Readily&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, in Indonesia it has been found that buffalo steers can be marketed 6 months before Zebu steers because they may be 100 kg heavier. In Egypt some buffalo calves given feed supplemented with concentrates weighed 360 kg at 1 year of age. At Ain Shams University near Cairo, buffalo calves weaned at 7-14 days of age gained 0.7 kg per day from weaning to slaughter at 18 months of age and weighed 400 kg. Rice straw comprised 50 percent of the finishing diet.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes on Italian farms have reached 350 kg in 15-18 months and some year-old calves weighed 320 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grazing trials on native pasture (with mineral supplementation) in the Brazilian Amazon indicate that buffalo calves grew faster than cattle. At 2 years of age Mediterranean-type buffaloes averaged 369 kg, Swamp type, 322 kg, and Jafarabadi type, 308 kg. The Zebu cattle tested with them averaged 265 kg and the crossbred Zebu/Charolais, 282 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feed Preferences&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes graze a wider range of plants than cattle. During floods near Manaus in the  Brazilian Amazon when cattle become marooned on small patches of high ground,  many suffer from foot rot and many starve to death. Their buffalo companions on the  other hand-bodies sleek and full-swim out to islands of floating aquatic plants and eat  them, treading water. Also, they dive almost 2 m to graze beneath the floodwaters. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Florida buffaloes in a lakefront voluntarily consumed vines, sedges, rushes, floating aquatic weeds, and the leaves and shoots of willows and other  trees along the water's edge. Few of these plants are voluntarily grazed by cattle. In  northern Australia water buffaloes graze the very pickily leaves of pandanus; they also  graze sedges, reeds, floating grass, and aquatic weeds. Hungry buffaloes will eat bark,  twigs, and other unpalatable vegetation.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the variety of their tastes they have been used in northern Queensland,  Australia, to clear pastures of woody weeds left untouched by cattle. In some countries  cattle are used to graze the palatable tops of pasture plants and are followed by  buffaloes to graze the less desirable lower parts.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Afifi, Y. A., El-Koussy, H. A., El-Khishen, S. S., and El-Ashry, M. A. 1977. Production of  meat from Egyptian buffaloes. I. The effect of using different sources of roughages on  rate of gain, gross and net efficiency during the growth and finishing periods. Egyptian  Journal of Animal Production 17(2).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appleton, D. c., Dryden, G., and Kondos, A. C. 1976. A comparison of the digestive  efficiency of the water buffalo and the Brahman and Banteng cattle. Proceedings of the  Australian Society of Animal Production 11.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhatia, L S. 1967. The Study of Factors Affecting the Utilization of Low Grade  Roughages and Production of Volatile Fatty Acids in the Rumen of Indian Cattle. Punjab  Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chalmers, M. 1.1974. Nutrition. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo  edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome,  Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles, D. D., and Johnson, E. R. 1975. Live weight gains and carcass composition of  buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) steers on four feeding regimes. Australian Journal of  Agricultural Research 26:407-413.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaturvedi, M. L, Singh, u. B., and Ranjhan, 5. K 1973. Comparative studies on the  efficiency of feed unitization in cattle and buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Science  43(12):1034.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chutikul, K. 1975. Ruminant (Buffalo) nutrition. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kacn, Thailand, March 31April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cunha, E., Alvarez, F., Larez, O., and Bryan, W. B. 1975. Pasture and Livestock Investigations in the Humid Tropics: Orinoco Delta, Venezuela. 4. Beef Cattle and Water Buffalo Grazing Trials with Native and Introduced Grasses. IRI Research Institute, New York, New York, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Davendra, C. 1979. The potential value of grasses and crop by-products for feeding buffaloes in Asia. Extension Bulletin No. 126. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;de Guzman, M. R., Jr. 1975. A summary of research into buffalo feeding in the Philippines. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunkel, R. 1981. Animal production using nutrient-deficient fodders in the tropics and subtropics. Animal Research and Development 13:32-39.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El-Ashry, M. A., Mogawer, H. H., and Kishin, S. S. 1972. Comparative study of meat production from cattle and buffalo male calves. I. Effect of roughage: concentrate ratio in ration for rate of gain and feed efficiency of native cattle, Friesian and buffalo calves. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production 12(2) :99 -107.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grant, R. J., Van Soest, P. J., McDowell, R. E., and Perez, C. B. 1974. Intake, digestibility and metabolic loss of Napier grass by cattle and buffaloes when fed wilted, chopped and whole. Journal of Animal Science 39(2):423.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ibrovic, M., Cvetkovic, A., Smrcek, A., and Janevski, K. 1972. A contribution to the knowledge of metabolism of carotene and seasonal dynamics of vitamin A in the buffalo. Veterinaria 21(4) :511.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., Sidhu, G. S., and Moxin, A. L. 1962. Cellulose digestion in water buffaloes and Zebu cattle. Journal of Animal Science 21:1001.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1966. Effect of urea on the voluntary intake of wheat skew in Zebu cattle and the buffalo. Indian Veterinary Journal 43:880-886.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1969. Biochemical processes in the rumen. 111. Effect of different carbobydrates on in vitro digestion of cellulose and utilization of urea nikogen by rumen micro-organisms from zebu and buffalo. Indian Journal of Animal Science 39 :27-32.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1971a. Studies on the biochemical process in the rumen. Vl. In vivo digestion of cellulose in buffalo and cattle. Indian Veterinary Journal 48:267-271.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1971b. Studies on the biochemical process in the rumen. VII. In vitro digestion of cellulose in cattle and buffalo. Indian Veterinary Journal 48:583-586.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1972. Studies on the biochemical processes in the rumen. VIIL The significance of molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids in the rumen on the growth rate of buffalo and Zebu. Indian Veterinary Journal 49:995-1000.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Gill, R. S., Makkar, G. S., and Ranjan, S. K. 1977. Work done on buffalo nutrition in India-a review. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 30(3): 173-191.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Langar, P. N., Sidhu, G. S., and Bhatia, I. S. 1969. Utilization of nitrogen and production of volatile fatty acids in the rumina of buffalo (Bos bubalis) and zebu (Bos indicus) at different time intervals, under a feeding regimen deficient in carbohydrates. Indian Veterinary Journal 46:593-598.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ludri, R. S., and Razdan, M. N. 1975. Effect of level and source of dietary nitrogen on water metabolism in cows and buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 28:107109.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ludri, R. S., and Razdan, M. N. 1980. Efficiency of nitrogen utilization by Zebu cows and buffaloes. I. Nutrient utilization and nitrogen balances on preformed protein diets. TropicalAgriculture (Trinidad) 57:83-90. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1964. The fractionation of carbohydrates in Indian feedstuffs and the digestion of different fractions in the rumina of cattle and buffalo. Journal of Research, Ludhiana 1:56-66.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Misra, R. K., and Ranhoka, G. S. 1969. Influence of energy levels on the utilization of peanut protein-urea nikogen by cattle and buffalo. Journal of Animal Science 28: 107-109.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mullick, D. N. 1964. Review of the investigations on the physiology of Indian buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Saience 17:45-50.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Naga, M. A., El-Shazly, K., Deif, H. I., Abaza, M. A., and El-Faham, R. H. 1975. Relationship between nitrogen balance, digested nitrogen and dry matter digestibility in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 40(2):366-373.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nangia, O. P., Aggarwal, V. K., and Singh, A. 1972. Studies on the utilization of dietary protein in cattle and buffaloes. Indian Joumal of Dairy &amp;amp;ience 25: 1-5.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nascimento C. N. B., Moura Carvalho, L. O. D., and Lourenco, J. B. 1979. Importdneia do Bufaio para a Pecubria Brasileira. Agricultural Research Center for Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem, Para, Brazil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nascimento, C. N. B., and Velga, J. B. 1973. Weight gains in stabled buffaloes of the Mediterranean breed. Boletim Tecnico do Instituto de Pesqutsas e Experimentacao Agropecuarias do Norte 58:24-72.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ponnappa, G. G., Nooruddin, M. D., and Raghavan, G. V. 1971. Rate of the passage of food and its relation to digestibility of nutrients in Murrah buffaloes and Hariana cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Science 41:1026-1030.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Punj, M. L., Kochar, A. S., Bhatia, I. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1968. In vitro studies on the cellulolytic activity and production of volatile fatty acids by the inocula obtained from the rumen of Zebu cattle and Murrah buffalo on different feeding regimens. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 38 :325-332.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raghavan, G. V., Kakkar, B., Rao, M. V. N., and Mullick, D. N. 1963. Effects of air temperature and humidity on the metabolism of food nutrients in cattle and buffalo bulls. Annals of Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine 23 :23-28.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ray, S. N., and Mudgal, V. D. 1962. Rumen metabolism studies in cattle and buffalo. Proceedings of the 16th International Dairy Congress, Copenhagen. A:105-l11.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahai, L., Johri, P. N., and Kehar, N. D. 1955. Effect of feeding alkali and water-treated cereal straws on milk yield. Indfan Journal of Veterinary Science 25:201-212.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saini, B. S., and Ray, S. N. 1964. Comparative utilization of coarse fodders in cattle and buffalo. Annual Report of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schottler, J. H., Boromana, A., and Williams, W. T. 1977. Comparative performance of cattle and buffalo on the Sepik Plains, Papua New Guinea.AustralianJournal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 17(87) :550 -554. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sebastian, L., Mudgal, V. D., and Nair, P. G. 1970. Comparative efficiency of milk production by Sahiwal cattle and Murrah buffalo. Joumal of Animal Science 30:253256.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, C. B., and Mugdal, V. D. 1966. Studies on the lignin and cellulose contents of fedder crops and effect of lignification of cellulose digestion. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 19:100.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sidbu, G. S., Kochar, A. S., and Makkar, G. S. 1967. Effect of supplementing Bajra stalks with lucerne and concentrates and their part replacement by urea on the production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of cows and buffaloes. Journal of Research, Ludhiana 4:104-110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, B. K., and Mudgal, V. D. 1967. The comparative utilization of feed nutrients from lucerne hay in buffalo and crossbred zebu heifers. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 20: 142-145.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tandon, R. N.' Sharma, D. D., and Mugdal, V. D. 1972. Effect of feeding urea with different levels of energy on the biochemical changes in the rumen of cows and buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Science 42: 174-179  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Upadhyaya, R. S., Singh, U. B., and Ranjhan, S. K. 19i3. Digestibilit of nutrients and VFA concentation in zebu cattle and buffalo calves fed on green cowpea and maize. Indian Journal of Animal Science 43 :5 83-s 88.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Verma, M. L., Sidhu, G. S., and Kochar, A. S. 1968. Effect of frequency on the production of VFA in the rumen by zebu cattle and buffalo. Journal of Research, Ludhiana 5(3) :1 -6.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Verma, M. L., Singh, N., Sidhu, G. S., Kochar, A. S., and Bhatia, I. S. 1970. The in vitro cellulose digestion and VFA production from some of the common Indian feeds using rumen inocula from Zebu cattle and buffalo. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 23:155 -160. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7 Health</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When compared with other domestic livestock, the water buffalo generally is a healthy animal. This is particularly impressive because most of them live in hot, humid regions that are conducive to disease, and the buffalo is a bovine susceptible to most diseases and parasites that afflict cattle. Although the reasons are not specifically known, the effect of disease on the buffalo and its productivity is often less deleterious than on cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antibiotics and vaccines developed for cattle work equally well on buffaloes. As a result, treatments are available for most of the serious diseases of buffaloes, although some are not very effective for either animal.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The greatest buffalo losses are often among calves. Newborn buffalo calves, like bovine calves, can succumb in large numbers to viruses, bacteria, and poor nutrition. This is largely due to poor management during the calf's frst 2 months of life. For example, as noted previously, villagers in some countries often sell the valuable buffalo milk, thus depriving the calves.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo calf losses are often similar to those of the cattle around them, but the animal's proclivity for wallowing exposes calves to waterborne diseases. Further, a young one occasionally drowns when an adult rolls on top of it.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reactions to some specific diseases and parasites are discussed below.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pasteurellosis- Probably the water buffalo's most serious disease, pasteurellosis, or hemorrhagic septicemia, is caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida (P. septica). Buffaloes are more susceptible to it than cattle and die in large numbers where pasteurellosis occurs. A vaccine against pasteurellosis is effective in protecting both buffaloes and cattle; it is cheap and easily made.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tuberculosis- Despite some claims to the contrary, the water buffalo is susceptible to the bovine strain of tuberculosis (Alycobacterium bovis). Scattered reports from different parts of India indicate no difference in the incidence of infection between cattle and buffaloes(Information supplied by S. K. Misra, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India).  Other strains of mycobacteria have been isolated from feral buffaloes and cattle in northern Australia but seem to have little effect on the animals. Tuberculosis occurs among the buffalo herds of the world only because most are kept under unsanitary conditions(In 1905 buffaloes were introduced to Trinidad because the cattle herds (Zebu and srahman breeds) were infected with tuberculosis and, in those days, it was thought that buffaloes were resistant to the disease. Most were housed in muddy, ill-kept pens and forced to eat sugarcane tops off the ground; consequently, in 1949 over 30 percent of the buffaloes reacted to the tuberculin test. (The cattle herds had 80 percent reactors.) Tuberculosis was eliminated in Trinidad's buffaloes by improving the sanitary conditions: installing concrete floors and mangers and cleaning the pens regularly. This, together with regular tuberculin testing and removal of reactors, led to such a dramatic improvement that buffalo tuberculosis is now virtually unknown. -Information supplied by S. K. Bennett.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brucellosis-Buffaloes and cattle are equally susceptible to brucellosis. Although seldom reported as a problem elsewhere, brucellosis in Venezuela is increasing more rapidly among buffaloes than among cattle. In India the disease is no more prevalent among buffaloes than among cattle.  As many as 57 percent of some Venezuelan herds are infected with the disease. It is a frequent cause of abortion in buffaloes. Serologic procedures and measures developed for the control of the disease in cattle are also effective means of curbing this infection in buffaloes. (Consumption of raw milk or contact with aborted fetuses may cause undulant fever in humans.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mastitis- Among milking buffaloes mastitis is a problem as it is in dairy cows, but to a lesser extent. It is likely to increase, however, as the milk production per individual buffalo is increased. The bacteria that cause mastitis in the buffalo are similar to those in cattle. Treatment and control programs used for cattle are equally effective for buffaloes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Diseases -Among the epizootic diseases, rinderpest and piroplasmosis seem to affect buffaloes as much as cattle. Foot-and-mouth disease also affects buffaloes, but to a lesser degree than cattle, producing smaller lesions and having a lower incidence. In northern Australia buffaloes deliberately infected with bovine pleuropneumonia bacteria exhibited slight fever, but the disease never appeared. No naturally occurring eases have been reported in buffaloes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ticks -Buffaloes are notably resistant, although not immune, to ticks. In a tick-infested area of northern Australia only 2 engorged female ticks were found on 13 adult buffaloes during a 2-year test. Accordingly, healthy buffaloes are not commonly affected by diseases borne by ticks nor are the hides damaged by their bites. Since ticks are rarely found on buffaloes, anaplasmosis, theileriasis, and babesiosis, which are tick-borne, have little effect on buffaloes in the field. (Buffaloes and cattle are equally susceptible, however, if inoculated with East Coast fever, a form of theileriasis.) This is important because tick infestations in cattle are particularly troublesome in the tropics and the pesticides used to control them are becoming ineffective as the ticks develop resistance. The pesticides are also becoming expensive.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The basis of the buffalo's tick resistance is not known, but wallowing and rubbing may play a role in it; animals kept in experimental concrete pens in Australia have developed heavy tick infestation. (rials carried out on Magnetic Island by R. H. V/harton, Commonwealth Scientiflc and Industrial Research Organisation, Townsville, Queensland, Australia). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p68to69.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 6 Some Infections and Parasites of Buffalo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Screwworm- Larvae of the screwworm fly (Callitroge species), a major pest of livestock in Central and South America and some other tropical areas, do not affect adult water buffalo. In Venezuelan areas where cattle (Zebu type) are severely infested, adult water buffaloes are virtually free of screwworm larvae and the umbilicus of newborn calves seldom if ever becomes infected. ( Information supplied by A. Ferrer). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The same is true in Papua New Guinea. It is thought that the mud plaster produced by wallowing suffocates the larvae, but in India screwworms do not affect water buffaloes either, and there they wallow in fairly clear water and the farmer usually washes them off. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roundworm- The heavy losses of young buffalo calves throughout the world are caused, in large measure, by the roundworm Toxocara vitulorum. The calves seem more susceptible than mature animals and they become infected before birth or within 24 hours after birth through the mother's colostrum. The roundworm is the most serious buffalo parasite and in untreated calves the small intestine can get packed with worms to the point of complete occlusion. Although huge numbers of calves die each year, anthelmintic drugs that control roundworms are highly effective and widely available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The adult water buffalo appears to have a high degree of resistance to strongyloid nematodes. Being such excellent converters of rough fodders they do not suffer the nutritional deficiency and the resulting liability to these roundworms experienced seasonally by cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liver Fluke- During wallowing, water buffaloes can easily become infected with the waterborne infective stages of liver fluke (Fasciola gigantica). Although the number of flukes in a buffalo may be phenomenally high, no clinical signs of the disease are usually evident. It seems likely that the resulting liver damage reduces the growth and the work and milk production of buffaloes more than is generally appreciated.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trypanosomiasis- The water buffalo is susceptible to trypanosomiasis and is reportedly more susceptible than cattle to Trypanosoma evansi.Experience with the animal in Africa is limited, but trypanosomiasis may be the reason why Egypt is the only African country that has traditionally employed water buffalo.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Parasites- The wallow and its resulting mud cake seem to protect water buffalo from many biting flies, but the main ectoparasite in Australia and Southeast Asia is the buffalo fly (Siphona spp.). Pediculosis, caused by the sucking louse (Hematopinus tuberculatus), occurs widely among buffalo, and sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. bubalus) is a serious disease, especially among calves and during dry seasons when wallowing opportunities are restricted. The lung worm Dictyocaulus ririparus thrives in warm, humid areas and sometimes infects buffaloes heavily, although its outward manifestations are rare.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barlow, J. N. 1977. Toxicology and safety evaluation of Phosvel to Egyptian water buffalo. Pages 517-522 in: Pesticide Management and Insecticide Resistance, edited by D. L. Watson and A. W. A. Brown. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhowmik, M. K., and Iyer, P. K. R. 1977. Studies on the pathology of chronic lesions in the mammary glands of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). 1. Actinomycosis, nocardiosis and lesions simulating tuberculosis. Indian Veterinary Journal 54(5):342-346.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhowmik, M. K., Singh, S. P., and Iyer, P. K. R. 1977. Studies on chronic mastisis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). lndian Journal of Animal Health 16(2) :157-160.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1974. Aspects of disease. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dhar, S., Bhattacharyulu, Y., and Gautam, O. P. 1973. Susceptibility of Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) to Theileria annulata infection. Haryana Agricultural University Journal of Research 3(1):27-30.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dwivedi, S. K., Mallick, K. P., and Malhotra, M. N. 1979. Babesiosis: clinical cases in Indian water buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 56(4):333-335.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Griffiths, R. B. 1974. Parasites and parasitic diseases. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hafez, S. M., and Krauss, H. 1979. Detection of antibodies against some respiratory pathogens in the sera of domestic animals in Egypt. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 27(3):209-214.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ho, T. M. 1976. Animal disease control program in Republic of China for better animal production. Korean Journal of Animal Science 18(4):317-321.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iannelli, D. 1978. Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Arnee) allotypes: identification of a multiple allelic system. Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics 9(2):105113.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kapur, M. P., and Singh, R. P. 1977. Diagnosis of mastitis: a comparative study of four indirect tests.Haryana Veterinarian 16(2):69-73.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leue, A. 1971. Buffaloes in Nepal. Tierartliche Umschau 26(4):173-178.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohan, R. N. 1968. Diseases and parasites of buffaloes. I. Viral, mycoplasmal, and rickettsial diseases. II. Bacterial and fungal diseases. III. Parasitic and miscellaneous diseases. Veterinary Bulletin 38:567-576, 647-659, 735-756.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murthy, D. K., and Sharma, S. K. 1974. Studies on reactivity and immunogenecity of cell-culture rinderpest vaccine in different species of ruminants. Indian Journal of Animal Science 44(6):359-365.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Agustin, F. 1973. Important diseases and parasites of Carabaos. Philippine Journal of Nutrition 26(2):68-79.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schneider, C. R., Kitikoon, V., Sornmani, S., and Thiachantra, S. 1975. Mekong schistosomiasis. III. A parasitological survey of domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) on Khong Island, Laos. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 69(2):227-232.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, K. N. S., Jain, D. K,, and Noble, D. 1975. Calf mortality in pure and crossbred Zebu cattle and Murrah buffaloes reared artificially from birth. Animal Production 20(2):207-211.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, S. K., Banegee, D. P., and Gautam, O. P. 1978. Anaplasma marginale infection in Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Indian Journal of Animal Health 17(2): 105-110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shaw, J. J., and Lainson, R. 1972. Trypanosoma vivax in Brazil. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 66(1):25-32.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shukla, R. R., and Singh, G. 1972. Studies on tuberculosis amongst Indian buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 49(2):119-123.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soni, J. L. 1978. Suitability of different serological tests for diagnosis of brucellosis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Indian Journal of Animal Science 48(12) :873-881. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tantawi, H. H., Fayed, A. A., Shalaby, M. A., and Skalinsky, E. I. 1979. Isolation, cultivation and characterization of poxviruses from Egyptian water buffaloes .Journal of the Egyptian Veterinary Medical Association 37(4):15-23.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thomson, D. 1977. Diseases of water buffalo in the Northern Territory of Australia. Australian Veterinary Practioner 7(1):50-52.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young, P. L. 1979. Infection of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with bovine ephemeral fever virus. Australian Veterinary Journal 55(7):349-350. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8 Reproduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo has a reputation for being a sluggish breeder, but the average animal is so poorly fed that its reproductive performance is unrepresentative of its capabilities. Without reasonable nutrition the animals cannot reach puberty as early in life or reproduce as regularly as their physiology or genetic capability would normally allow.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Actually, adequately nourished buffaloes reach puberty at about the same age as cattle, as early as 18 months of age in buffalo bulls. In northern Australia Swamp females have conceived even as early as 14 months of age and feral buffaloes routinely conceive at 16 months of age. In the herd at Punjab Agricultural University in Ludhiana, India, 11 River buffalo heifers showed estrus at ages less than 18.5 months and a few came into heat when less than 15 months old. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo also can calve at an age comparable to that of cattle. At the Ain Shams University in Egypt a well-fed Egyptian buffalo herd of several hundred animals has an average age at first calving of 27 months, 22 days(Information supplied by M. El Ashry. Because of nutritional uncertainties, El Ashry and his colleagues believe that body weight is a better indicator of sexual preparedness than age is. These researchers at Ain Shams University recommend mating heifers when they weigh 365 kg no matter what their age. Research at Punjab Agricultural University shows that buffalo heifers can be bred when they weigh over 270 kg and manifest estrus).Most animals in the Punjab Agricultural University River buffalo herd calved before 35 months, one at 28.3 months.! In one Venezuelan herd almost all heifers 20-24 months old were pregnant; virtually all calved before age 38 months, most by 30 months, and one at age 23 months. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In trials in Queensland, Australia, and in Papua New Guinea buffaloes produced more calves over a 3-year period than the cattle tested with them. In the hot, humid Sepik Plains in northern Papua New Guinea it was noticed that female buffaloes (Swamp breed) came into estrus even while they were losing weight because of inadequate nutrition, whereas cattle did not. Under these stressful conditions the buffalo calves also reached sexual maturity earlier and the buffaloes had a higher calving percentage and a shorter calving interval because they came back into estrus more quickly than cattle(Information supplied by J. Schottler. The age at first calving of more than 60 nutritionally poor buffaloes was 38 months in one herd and 45 months for Brahman cross cattle) . Similar observations have been made in Florida, Trinidad, the Brazilian Amazon, Venezuela, and elsewhere. Although these are exceptions to the normal observations in Asia, where buffaloes seem to breed more slowly than cattle, they do demonstrate the buffalo's potential for improved breeding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Estrus in buffalo cows usually lasts about 24 hours, but duration varies and may range from 11 to 72 hours. It occurs on an average 21-day cycle. Determination of when a cow is in estrus is difficult because often the animal shows few outward signs of &quot;heat.&quot; This increases the chances of missing a cycle, especially for artificial insemination. Unclean surroundings, poor nutrition, and poor management, cause a high death rate among calves; this also contributes to the buffalo's often low reproductive rate.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many areas, calving is seasonal. This seems to be largely due to changes in nutrition. It may also be caused by heat stress, in either males or females, which results in a low breeding rate during the hot season. However, when buffalo cows are well fed, they come into estrus and will breed in any season.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many matings take place at night and are therefore unobserved. In one set of pregnancy diagnoses in northern Australia, the buffalo's conception rate (81 percent) was higher than that of the Brahman crossbreeds (70 percent) they were with. In India, artificial insemination of water buffaloes began in the late 1950s. Deep-frozen semen is now available and its use is spreading. Overall conception rates of 70-80 percent are obtained. It is estimated that some 100,000 buffaloes are now being artificially inseminated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo's gestation period is about one month longer and is more variable than that of cattle. Whereas cattle give birth after about 280 days (Angus, 279, Holstein, 279-280, Brown Swiss, 286), buffaloes take 300334 days (average 310) or roughly 10 months and 10 days (differences between breeds are unknown). In Punjab, India, River buffaloes have been observed to come into estrus as early as 40 days after calving. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nonetheless, only under uncommon circumstances can a buffalo cow produce a calf each year. In one herd of 800 cows in Venezuela the average female buffalo over age 4 produces 2 calves every 3 years. In response to a recent questionnaire, the majority of Indonesian farmers estimated that the calving rate was between 3 and 4 calves in 5 years. A few claimed a calf a year, some only 1 or 2 calves In 5 years. In Florida it has been noted that some buffalo cows having just calved became pregnant more quickly than cattle, so that a calf may indeed be produced each year. Regular yearly breeding has been noted also in northern Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The incidence of abortion, dystocia, retained placenta, and other parturition problems in buffaloes is similar to that in cattle. Twinning is very rare; probably no more than 0.01 percent of buffalo pregnancies produce twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Preliminary results in northern Australia indicate that weaning can be carried out as late as 12 months of age without any effect on conception time of the buffalo dam.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhattacharya, P. 1974. Reproduction. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chauhan, F. S., Singh, N., and Singh, M. 1977. Involution of uterus and cervix in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 30(4):286-291.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eusibio, A. N. 1975. Breeding, management and feeding practices of buffaloes in the Philippines. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. 1979. Buffalo Reproduction and Artificial Insemination. Proceedings of the Seminar Sponsored by FAO/SIDA/Government of India, held at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001-India, December 4-15, 1978. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghanem, Y. S. 1955a. Environmental causes of variation in the length of gestation of buffaloes. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 25 :301-311.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghanem, Y. S. 1955b. Genetic causes of variation in the length of gestation of buffaloes. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 25:307-311.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health, E., and Gupta, R. 1976. Ultrastructure of water buffalo (Bos bubalis) spermatozoa. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaerrnedizin 23(2):106-120.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu, C. H. 1978. The preliminary results of crossbreeding of buffaloes in China. Research Institute for Animal Science of Kwangsi, People's Republic of China.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matharoo, J. S., and Singh, M. 1980. Revivability of buffalo spermatozoa after deepfreezing the semen using various extenders. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaermedizin 27(5): 385-391.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rao, A. V. N., Murthy, T. S., and Dutt, K. L. 1979. Effect of lunar cyclicity on oestrus rhythmicity in the Indian water buffalo. Livestock Advisor 4(7):29-30.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rawal, C. V. S. 1978. A study on correlations of weight of pituitary gland and reproductive organs in males of Indian water buffalo. Indian Journal of Heredity 10(3):11-12.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977. Livestock in Indonesia. Research Report No. 1. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia. (In English and Indonesian.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roy, A. 1974. Observations on the physiology of reproduction. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. CockrilL Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahai, R., and Singhal, R. A. 1977. The sex chromatin profile of water buffaloes of Murrah breed. Indian Journal of Animal &amp;amp;Science 11(2):63-67.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, A. 1978. Studies on the process of spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm reserve in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Thesis Abstracts, Haryana Agricultural University 4(4):331.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, M., Matharoo, J. S., and Chauhan, F. S. 1980. Preliminary fertility results with frozen buffalo semen in Tris extender. Theriogenology 13(3):191-194.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, N., Chauhan, F. S., and Singh, M. 1979. Postpartum ovarian activity and fertility in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Sefence 32(2): 134-139.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sunkaporn Ratanadilok Na Puket. 1975. The improvement of buffalo production through breeding and management under Thailand conditions. In: Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Takkar, P. O., Chauhan, F. S., Tiwana, M. S., and Singh, M. 1979. Breeding behaviour of buffalo cows. Indian Veterinary Journal 56: 168-172.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toelihere, M. R. 1975. Physiology of reproduction and artificial insemination of water buffaloes. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1968. Incidence of calving and birth weights of domesticated buffalo in the Northern Territory. Proceedings of the Australian Society for Animal Productlon 7: 144-147.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1979. The water buffalo in Australia: reproductive and parent-offspring behaviour of buffalo. Australian Wildlife Research 6:265-287. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9 Management</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are adaptable and are managed in many ways. In general, they are raised like cattle. But in some operations they must be handled differently. This chapter highlights these differences.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Millions of water buffaloes are managed in &quot;backyards&quot; in Asia. They exist on the resources of small holdings. Management and expenditures are minimal. Care of the family buffalo is usually entrusted to children, old people, or women not engaged in other farm duties; the buffalo allows them to be useful and productive.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo fits the resources available on the farm, but it is also an urban animal. Thousands of herds of 2-20 buffaloes may be found in the cities and towns of India, Pakistan, and Egypt-all fed, managed, and milked in the streets.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, the buffalo has important qualities as a feedlot animal; it can be herded and handled with relative ease because of its placid nature. The Anand Cooperative in India's Gujarat State, which daily contributes thousands of gallons of milk to Operation Flood (the world's largest nutrition project), involves more than 150,000 Surti buffaloes that are fed, managed, and milked by their owners under feedlot-like conditions in their villages. Many of Italy's 100,000 buffaloes are maintained under similar conditions.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes can also be managed on rangelands. In Brazil, Venezuela, Trinidad, the United States, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and elsewhere there is rising interest in raising buffalo beef on the range. The production practices for raising them are similar to those used for range cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes in the humid tropics must be able to cool off. Shade trees are desirable, and although a wallow is not essential, it is probably the most effective way the animal has of coping with heat. Alternatively, water showers may be provided to wet down the animals 3-5 times during the hottest part of the day.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are intelligent animals. Young ones learn patterns quickly and often are reluctant to change their habits. Feral animals-even those born in the wild-tame down after a week or two in a fenced enclosure to the point where many can be handled, haltered, and hand fed(In one example, loo feral buffalo were captured in Northern Territory, Australia. With in 14 days all the animals-males and females, young and old-had become docile and amenable to handling. -Information supplied by D. G. Tulloch) . Among feral herds of northern Australia it has been observed that buffaloes have clans and families. A female calf seems to remain with its family and mother for many years (possibly for life). A male calf stays until it is about 2 years old, when it is driven from the group by an adult bull. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has also been noted in northern Australia that free-ranging buffaloes instinctively select clean water areas to drink from, other areas to wallow in, and still others as &quot;toilet areas.&quot; In addition, China's buffaloes reportedly are being &quot;toilet trained&quot; to defecate only at specific sites to avoid contaminating waterways with schistosome eggs.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another interesting observation from northern Australia is that most buffalo dams readily adopt a calf that has been orphaned by the death of its mother. In fact, females will allow several calves to nurse (including calves of other mothers and sometimes even adults).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are also self-reliant. For several months each year in Vietnam and Malaysia, for instance, they are turned loose in the forests to fend for themselves.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Provision of adequate fencing is one of the great problems of buffalo management. The  animals have strong survival instincts and if feed runs short, such as in the dry season,  they will break through fences that would deter cattle who would remain and starve. They  will also break through fences if their family unit is split up. Barriers must be stronger  than those used for cattle and the wires closer together and lower to the ground because  buffaloes lift fences up with their horns rather than trample them down. In northern  Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Costa Rica it has been found that buffaloes are  particularly sensitive to electric fences (a single wire is all that is needed), and in Brazil a  special suspension fence has been devised(Moura Carvalho et al., 1979). Both of these  seem to be cheap and efficient answers to the fencing problem.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are easily handled from horseback and easily worked through a corral.  Actually, because of their docility they can be mustered on foot, even on ranges where  cattle require horses. Unless they come from different areas they tend to herd together  and can be mustered like sheep.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the major management adjustments to be made by cattlemen is understanding  and capitalizing on the buffalo's placid nature. Buffaloes are naturally timid and startle  easily; they must be handled quietly and calmly. Rough handling, wild riding, and loud  shouting make handling them more difficult and training them much harder.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Village buffaloes are led and managed by a ring threaded through the septum between  the nostrils. The technique is frequently applied crudely and cruelly, often resulting in a  ripped septum.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The identification of individual buffaloes is difficult. Fire brands do not remain legible on  the skin for long. Cryobranding (freeze branding) is more durable. Most types of ear tags  are not very successful; the numbers wear off and mud covers up the tag's color. In  northern Australia ear tattooing has been the most successful identification technique,  with tattoos remaining legible for at least 8 years(Between 1958 and 1962 hundreds of  Australian buffalo were shipped on the hoof to the meat markets in Hong Kong without  trouble, despite crowded shipboard conditions and the long sea voyage. But in 1962 one  roughly treated bull went berserk in Hong Kong and killed a handler, and the Hong Kong  authorities stopped the trade as a result, although the problem was really one of  mismanagement. Buffalo have since been sent by air from Australia to Venezuela,  Nigeria, and Papua New Guinea and by barge to Papua New Guinea. No handling  problems have been experienced en route).  When they pasture together, cattle and  buffaloes coexist satisfactorily. They segregate themselves into their own groups and do  not interfere with one another. The buffaloes, however, usually dominate the cattle and  tend to monopolize the areas with the best feed supply.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feed troughs and mineral boxes used for cattle are suitable for buffaloes, but chutes and  crushes must be widened to accommodate the buffalo's broader body and, when  necessary, the Swamp buffalo's greater horn spread. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are powerful  swimmers. In Brazil they have been known to escape by swimming down the Amazon River. An unusual management difficulty is caused by piranha in the rivers and swamps of Venezuela. In one herd of 100 heifer buffaloes, 40 have lost all or part of a teat to these voracious fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The horns of water buffaloes are seldom removed or prevented from growing, a  testament to the animal's docility. (When questioned, one Thai villager said that he wouldn't  allow it because it would be a disgrace to the buffalo.) However, the animals can be  dehorned as calves in the same manner as cattle. They are then easier to handle In  chutes and cause less accidental injury to neighboring animals, handlers, walls, and  trees.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benya, E. G. 1972. Cattle and buffalo production in Vietnam. Dairy Science Mimeo  Report, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1974. Management, conservation and use. In: The Husbandry and Health  of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of  the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;De Boer, A. J. 1976. A further report on the Taiwan livestock industry: general policy  conclusions and further research needs. Journal of Agricultural Economics 19:116129.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lin, C. H. 1975. The breeding, management and feeding of water buffaloes in Taiwan. In:  The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon  Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei,  Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, R. E. 1972. Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates. W. H.  Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moura Carvalho, L. O. D., LouIenco, J. B., Nascimento, C. N. B., and Costa, N. A. 1979.  Cerca de Contencao pare Bubalinos e Bovinos. Comunicado Tecnico No. 28,  Agricultural Research Center for the Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem, Para, Brazil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rufener, W. H. 1975. Management and productive performance of water buffalo in  northeast Thailand. In: The Asiatic TVater Buffalo. Proceedings of an International  Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer  Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1978. The water buffalo in Australia: grouping and home range. Australian  Wildlife Research 5:327-354.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1979. Redomestication of water buffaloes in the Northern Territory of  Australia. Animal Regulation Studies 2(1):5-20.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10 Environmental Effects</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The grazing and wallowing habits of water buffaloes may have unexpected consequences when the animals are introduced to new, perhaps fragile environments. The presence of several thousand feral buffaloes on the coastal plains of northern Australia, for example, has become a very emotional issue among Australian environmentalists, some of whom foretell the complete destruction of the environment if the uncontrolled feral herds are not destroyed( It is not at all clear, however, that the buffaloes (which have existed in the area for 150 years) are causing the observed environmental degradation. Other possibilities include: fire, climatic stress, overgrazing, and a variety of farming, hunting, and other human activities, especially the use of four-wheel-drive vehicles. Thousands of wild pigs also share the area, along with crayfish that burrow into and weaken the levees that keep out the sea, something for which the buffaloes have been blamed). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soil Compaction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes have larger hooves than cattle of comparable size and thus they compact the soil less. But buffaloes often live in damp, boggy areas where their feet may compact soft soils. Also, buffaloes are creatures of habit and, when able, they set up fixed points for drinking, feeding, defecating, wallowing, and sleeping. Between the points they wear sharply defined trails in the vegetation and soil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wallowing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Possibly the water buffalo's greatest environmental limitation is its propensity to build wallows. In hot climates every buffalo will wallow at some time during the heat of the day if water is available. When they can, buffaloes will make their own wallows, enlarging a mud puddle by rolling in it or even using their heads to flip water out of a drinking trough and muddying the ground nearby.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pasture in the immediate area of the wallow is usually damaged by trampling and waterholes may become fouled, but buffaloes return to the same wallow day after day and do not build new ones indiscriminately. Thus, the muddied area is not a large proportion of the location in which they graze unless a large number of animals are confined in a small space(At Gainesville, Florida (possibly because of its subtropical but not hot climate), a herd of 52 buffaloes concentrated in a one-hectare field did not attempt to build a wallow at ale -Information supplied by H. Popenoe.) . In addition, man-made wallows can be dug at safe sites and the animals will use them. The problem of wallowing is therefore not generally a serious one.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Damage to Waterways&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because buffaloes often live near and enter water freely, they may cause erosion in ditches, river banks, canals, and levees. Also, their wallowing muddies the water, which may adversely affect some fish species and reduce the growth of algae. Buffaloes commonly urinate and defecate in the water, possibly creating a pollution hazard, although in most situations this contamination is likely to be minor.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The presence of this herbivore in natural waterways may reduce the number of water plants. Some plants are trampled, some eaten, and some underwater species are suppressed because the muddied water transmits less light. This (and several other of the buffalo's environmental effects) can be turned to advantage (see picture page 85) when, as often occurs, aquatic plants grow out of control and become obnoxious weeds.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Damage to Pastures&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes have very strong jaws, and when forage is sparse they graze it close to the ground; this overgrazing can destroy a pasture. In addition, they eat virtually all available plant material (including many species that cattle shun), so that a densely stocked pasture can become completely defoliated. In northern Australia it has been found that, with time, buffaloes become accustomed to a given pasture, and unless fences are strong they will instinctively return to it until the forage has been depleted.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo's inclination to eat many plants can be used to improve the environment and suppress growth of coarse weedy species of plants. On the Sepik Plains in Papua New Guinea buffaloes are being used to graze and suppress sedges (Cyperus species), as a result, the more desirable Paspalum species are beginning to appear. At Mount Bundy in northern Australia native pastures are being improved on a commercial scale by overstocking them with buffaloes. The animals reduce or completely eliminate spear grass and other weeds-even those with thorns-and thus foster the survival and growth of introduced forage legumes such as stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis). In Sri Lanka buffaloes have been used to graze out the vigorous tropical grass Imperata cylindrica.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Damage to Trees&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes instinctively rub against trees (and walls and fences), eagerly browse leaves, and sometimes nibble bark, so they damage trees more so than cattle. In northern Australia it has been noted that each &quot;family herd&quot; of feral buffaloes selects one or two trees for rubbing against so that the rubbing damage is confined to them. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rajapske, G., 1950. Death of illuk. Ceylon Coconut Quarterly, 1:7-9.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1969. Home range in feral water buffalo. Australian Journal of Zoology 17:143-152.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1970. Seasonal movement and distribution of the sexes in the water buffaloes in the Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Zoology 18:399-414.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1975. Buffalo in the northern swamplands. Proceedings III of the World Conference on Animal Production. Theme 1, Paper 7.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1977. Some aspects of the ecology of the water buffalo in the Northern Territory. In: The Australian buffalo-a collection of papers, edited by B. D. Ford and D. G. Tulloch. Technical Bulletin No. 18, Department of the Northern Territory, Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra, Australia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11 Recommendations and Research Needs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has outlined the water buffalo's apparent merits, but most of the statements made about the animal are based on empirical observations. Many of its most exciting and potentially valuable features have not been subjected to the careful scrutiny needed to confirm their validity.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the fact that there are 130 million or more water buffalo in the world, research on the animal is scanty and limited to only a few situations and sites. Quantitative information (especially for the various breeds), tests, trials, and comparison studies are needed.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The research to be done on the water buffalo offers scientific challenges that can be undertaken in laboratories and experiment stations in most parts of the world and in many disciplines: breeding, physiology, microbiology, veterinary science, nutrition, food science, dairy science, and other fields. Water buffalo research is an area worthy of financial support by philanthropic institutions and international development agencies concerned with problems of food and resource shortages. The dominant role of the buffalo in the rural economies of Egypt and Asian countries offers the opportunity for buffalo research that can bring improvements quickly and easily to the rural poor. For other countries the water buffalo is an untapped resource, and they should test its productivity on native pasturelands, marshy lowlands, hot and humid areas where cattle do not thrive, and on areas prone to cattle diseases and parasites that are difficult to control.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Specific recommendations follow.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Comparison with Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal scientists worldwide should undertake trials to compare growth rate, feeding, nutrition, breeding, and other aspects of buffalo and cattle performance.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle and water buffaloes are obviously different animals. Each has its own limitations and advantages, and each deserves to be studied in its own right. Perhaps the quickest way for animal scientists to experience for themselves the merits of the water buffalo is to conduct their own comparative trials with buffaloes and cattle in their areas. The results will provide local guidance and will help extend recognition of the buffalo's value, especially under difficult conditions where it may exceed cattle in productivity and profitability.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Germ Plasm Preservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Urgent action is needed, especially in Southeast Asia, to preserve and protect outstanding buffalo specimens.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some countries (Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, for example) buffalo populations are decreasing dramatically. High demands for meat are causing slaughter at younger and younger ages. Much of the meat is exported to restaurants and markets in Singapore and Hong Kong. Unfortunately, the largest and quickest growing animals are often selected for slaughter. This results in the loss of a major genetic resource, which is compounded by the practice of castrating the largest males to make them more tractable as work animals. Ten years ago in Thailand it was common to find buffalo weighing 1,000 kg; now it is hard to find 750-kg specimens. A similar situation exists in the Philippines where there is no dearth of good breeding stock, but butchers are paying such high prices that farmers are selling even quality animals for slaughter. In northern Australia, where some of the bulls weigh almost 1,200 kg, the largest animals are being shot for meat, hides, pet food, or sportsmen's trophies,  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A large number of high-yielding buffaloes are taken each year to big cities in India (for example, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras) for milking. At the end of lactation many are returned to the villages, but many others are slaughtered, rather than being fed and retired. This creates a huge loss of valuable germ plasm. In many locations most of the largest animals have already been lost. Only urgent action will protect those remaining.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Shipment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo quarantine stations should be organized in &quot;disease-free&quot; areas to develop buffalo germ plasm pools for international exchange.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The importation of buffaloes presents difficulties for any government, researcher, or farmer wishing to obtain the animals for the first time or for breeding purposes. Quarantine laws make it extremely difficult and expensive to exchange genetic resources.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia is one of the few nations where there are large numbers of water buffalo in an area free of the major animal diseases. Papua New Guinea, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria, Colombia, Venezuela, and other nations have taken advantage of this and have  imported Australian buffaloes. But Australian herds are all Swamp buffaloes(The island  of Guam is also a safe source of Swamp animals, although the feral herds there are  depleted, only 300 or 400 animals were left on Guam in 1978) and so breeding centers  should be set up also (in Sri Lanka and Italy perhaps) where importers can obtain  River-type (including Mediterranean) buffaloes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetic Improvement&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide efforts should be made to select superior buffalo bulls and cows for breeding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Performance testing, leading to the mass selection of superior animals, deserves high  priority. Virtually all buffalo breeding is haphazard and unplanned. Village animals graze  together and matings are usually not con&quot; trolled, observed, or recorded. Thus, the full  genetic potential of the water buffalo is not being realized.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A massive selection program is needed to bring about genetic progress. For each breed,  bulls and cows with the potential for improving production of meat and milk and  increasing draft power should be identified and used for breed improvement. However,  the wide variations between the characteristics of individual animals may make  exceptional genetic advances difficult to achieve quickly.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Important traits for culling and selection include behavior, temperament, reproduction  rate, easy milk letdown, average daily gain in weight or weight at a given age, carcass  quality (for example, large hindquarters), and milk production, as well as strength and  endurance for work.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossbreeding of Swamp and River buffaloes is a potentially important route to genetic  improvement. The progeny reportedly show hybrid vigor (heterosis) in milking ability,  fertility, meat production, and working ability. Infusing genes for high milk production into  the Swamp buffalo, now used mainly for meat and work, creates the potential for a  triple-purpose animal.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The use of artificial insemination and deep-frozen semen should be a major help in  upgrading the buffalo. Moreover, the transport of live embryos (rather than neonatal  animals) for implantation in the uterus of surrogate mothers could be important for water  buffalo. It seems unlikely, however, that buffalo embryos can be implanted in cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most genetic selections should be made in Asia where 97 percent of the world's water  buffaloes are located. The improvements will depend on how accurately bulls can be  identified, selected, and mated. Performance and  progeny testing is sorely needed at research stations as well as &quot;on the farm.&quot; Governments should also institute bull-loan or artificial-insemination programs as a means for upgrading the village herds.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Comparison of Breeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The relative merits of the various buffalo breeds should be determined,  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little or no information is available on the comparative performance of the different buffalo breeds in various environments, especially the 17 or so River breeds in the Subcontinent and the Egyptian and Mediterranean breeds. Comparison trials of the breeds and breed-crosses are needed in a wide range of climates from the humid tropical to the temperate. In addition, the cytogenetic, immunogenetic, and inheritance relationships of breeds should be clarified.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel encourages countries such as India and Pakistan that have a number of buffalo breeds (for example, Murrah, Surti, Jafarabadi, Mehsana, and Nili/Ravi) to set up experimental farms for scientific reproduction of superior specimens. Substantial research benefits as well as profitable economic returns from using and exporting some of them would be realized.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meat and Milk Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and demonstration is needed to foster the widespread consumption of buffalo meat and milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk, cheese, and other dairy products are considered outstanding foods in all locations where they are produced. Taste tests so far have indicated that buffalo meat is similar or slightly superior to beef produced under the same conditions.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A specific need is to feed the male calves and use them for meat. Many are now slaughtered at a young age and light weight. Research that provides either a partial or complete milk substitute for feeding calves would have a major impact on meat supplies and farmer income. Diets being developed for calves in Egypt incorporate such ingredients as whey, soybean meal, corn flour (corn starch), and yeast.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other research topics include:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The effect of climate, thermoregulation, and wallowing on meat and milk production;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The meat characteristics of each of the breeds and the differences between them,  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Milk production and quality for each of the breeds;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Adapting buffaloes to machine milking by genetic selection or by designing new milking  machinery;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Developing new or improved milk products (such as yogurt, cottage cheese, and hard  cheese); and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Banking genetically superior germ plasm for later use.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Work Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel recommends research on new harnesses to replace the omnipresent yoke.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As already noted, the wooden yoke, which has not changed in 1,500 years or more, is an  inefficient harness. Research is needed to adapt horse collars, hames, breast straps,  and other devices for the buffalo. Because much of the farm power in Asia comes from  buffaloes, the impact of improved harness could be dramatic, widespread, and of  enormous value to millions of small farmers there. If the experiments in Thailand  described earlier are an indication, the farm power in Asia could be increased by 25  percent overnight with the adoption of an improved harness. The buffalo will continue to  be the small farmer's &quot;tractor,&quot; so the benefits from improved harnesses are likely to  continue for a long time.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are 13 million buffalo and bullock carts in India and 20 million Indians are engaged  in the business of road haulage. Application of appropriate technology would eliminate  the archaic wooden wheels, axles, and heavy carts and substitute lightweight carts,  perhaps with such features as metal wheels, pneumatic tires, ball bearings, and fixed  axles. With such improvements, loads might be increased and hauled over longer  distances at greater speed and with less work.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trials in New Areas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Testing of water buffalo production is needed in many areas where the animal is not  known.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A seemingly adaptable animal, the water buffalo should be productive throughout the  earth's warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical zones. Different breeds may adapt  differently to extremes of heat, humidity, and cold, and this needs further study.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The United States, the Mediterranean Basin of Europe, and some of the more temperate  European areas like southern England are worth considering for water buffalo trials. In the Southern Hemisphere River buffaloes are already found as far south as 25Â° latitude in Brazil's Sao Paulo State (where large herds are raised); an experimental herd of Swamp buffaloes has performed outstandingly in Brisbane, Australia (27Â°S); and there are a few Swamp buffalo in South Australia and Victoria (35Â°S or more). There is good reason to believe that water buffaloes may be productive in all of the states in Australia, New Zealand's North Island, South Africa, Argentina, and other warm temperate areas of the Southern Hemisphere.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biggest void in the water buffalo map is virtually the entire continent of Africa. It seems a paradox that the buffalo-Egypt's most important domestic animal-is not farmed commercially in any other African country. Experimental herds have been introduced to Nigeria, Uganda, Mozambique, Tanzania, and other countries in the past, and the initial success of three of them is described in Appendix A.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo, with its tolerance for heat, disease, poor-quality feed, and mismanagement, appears to have outstanding promise for African nations such as Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco, Senegal, and The Gambia as well as all nations south of the Sahara (Nambia perhaps being an exception).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More specific aspects of environmental tolerance deserving research attention are:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The physiology of the buffalo's response to heat, cold, humidity, and other environmental factors;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The effect of climate on growth, reproduction, milk production, health, respiration rate, behavior, and carcass quality; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Measurement of the calorific efficiency and chemical composition of all breeds of buffaloes and cattle to determine the environments best suited to each breed.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nutrition Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite observations of the buffalo's ability to utilize poor quality forage, research is needed to learn how the animal does it.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This research should:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establish the buffalo's nutrient requirements by breed, sex, age, and weight for maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation, and work;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Determine voluntary forage consumption and the nutrient utilization of different forages in various stages of maturity;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Examine rumen microbiology and fermentation, the rate of digestion, production, and absorption of volatile fatty acids produced in the rumen, and utilization of energy, nitrogen, vitamins, and minerals; &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Develop milk replacements for early~weaned calves;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Observe the current village-level feeding of low~uality forages to learn their nutrient requirements, nutrient deficiency diseases, and nutrient supplementation needed;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Study the utilization of concentrated, high-energy feeds (especially byproduct feeds) to determine the upper limits of buffalo growth and productivity (milk, meat, and work) and carcass quality;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Compare various breeds of water buffaloes and other ruminants to determine possible differences in nutritional requirements and performance; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Apply economic research to production practices, including night feeding of cut forage and the use of improved pastures.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research to improve management practices could benefit small farmers, ranchers, and feedlot feeders alike.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about the farm management factors that influence water buffalo productivity. Studies and extension literature for farmers are needed on subjects such as:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Proper fencing;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Procedures for dehorning and for preventing horn growth in calves;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Grazing management methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Preservation of forages;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Methods and effect of castration;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Methods and effect of spaying;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Breeding methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Milking methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Artificial insemination, methodology and use;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Methods of handling animals under grazing conditions or in feedlots;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Age for weaning under different conditions;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Mineral and protein supplementation methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Semen freezing;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Ova transplantation methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cryobranding and other methods of animal identification;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Control of internal parasites; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Disease prevention and treatments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed in areas where uncertainties about buffalo diseases are hindering  the animals' use.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The research should:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Develop control and management practices to prevent specific infections and parasites  for buffalo groups such as calves, yearlings, heifers, pregnant cows, newly calved cows,  and bulls;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Elucidate the factors (genetic, nutritional,management, disease) causing losses of  newly born calves;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Prevent and control the major diseases and parasites of the buffalo: hemorrhagic  septicemia, brucellosis, tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease, sarcoptic mange,  fascioliasis, nematode parasites, rinderpest and &quot;rinderpestlike&quot; diseases, nephritis, and  conjunctivitis;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Develop herd-health programs and specific disease-control programs for the various  production systems;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Determine the level of susceptibility to trypanosomiasis, a disease that might mitigate  against introducing the animal widely to Africa; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Define the buffalo's role in malarial ecology.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed to improve water buffalo reproduction.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research topics should include:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Physiology and deep-freezing of buffalo semen. (Although it is possible to freeze the  buffalo semen now, further improvements are needed to achieve higher conception  rates.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Incidence of sub-estrus and anestrus. This is fairly high in buffaloes. Work is needed to  determine the factors contributing to this problem and find solutions applicable in the  field. A simple, inexpensive test for the routine diagnosis of estrus is needed. It could  ensure that buffaloes are inseminated at the optimal time and could lead to the possible  synchronizing of estrus in groups of animals as well as the elimination of seasonal  breeding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Seasonality of breeding. Investigations are needed into seasonal effects on the intensity  and deviation of estrus in buffaloes. Most of the buffaloes in northern India and Pakistan,  for example, calve between July and December, causing scarcity of milk in the summer  season and a flush of production in the winter months (this phenomenon causes serious  marketing problems).  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Low libido and low semen yield in buffalo bulls. Semen yield in buffalo bulls is less than half of the yield from cattle bulls.  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Effect of season and other factors on semen quality.  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Variation in the freezability of semen from different bulls.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dissemination of Information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel recommends that two water buffalo publications be produced.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These should be:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· An international water buffalo newsletter. It is important to maintain communication among researchers working with the water buffalo in far flung research stations, universities, missions, and villages. Research findings may not be widely shared if technical animal science journals and the one or two national newsletters now available remain the only source of water buffalo information. A newsletter would bring together results from different parts of the world. It would provide rapid exchange of information as well as a forum for informal opinions, observations, and preliminary experimental data that are usually not accepted by journals.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A formal journal of water buffalo research.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, other methods for disseminating water buffalo information are to be encouraged. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix A</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water Buffalo in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the water buffalo, Africa is the unknown continent. Apart from Egypt, where the  &quot;gamoosa&quot; is a major livestock resource, there have been few recorded experiences  with the animal in Africa. While this may be attributed to disease, chances are it is  because of historical oversight.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small herds of buffaloes were recently introduced to Uganda, Tanzania, and Nigeria, but  because there were so few animals no firm conclusions can be drawn. Initial  observations, however, suggest that the water buffalo could have an important future role  in Africa, south of the Sahara. There seems little reason to believe that they won't thrive  there as they have done elsewhere in the tropics.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following statements were provided by researchers involved in the enterprises.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Uganda imported a herd of 12 buffalo cows and one bull in 1969. Grazed on poor-quality  unimproved pasture they received neither supplementary feeding nor any preferential  treatment over the East African zebus kept with them. The herd stayed 7 years at  Entebbe before being moved to another part of the country. They proved to be very  efficient converters of the low protein, high-fber fodder. During this time the herd grew to  40 adult cows and 2 bulls (all other steers were slaughtered). The cows calved every  year. The calves matured at 2 to 21/2 years; the zebu calves took at least 3 years to  mature. Buffalo calves were much heavier than the zebus of comparable age.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;The buffalo cows averaged 7 liters of milk per milking. In taste it was preferred to zebu  milk. Also, the quality of the meat after slaughter was much better than that of the zebus.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;A major advantage the buffaloes had over the cattle was that they were remarkably  unaffected by diseases endemic to the area. Apart from a few calves that died of  diseases that also killed cattle on the farm at Entebbe, the buffaloes resisted tick-borne  diseases, the biggest killers of cattle in Uganda, and were unaffected by the virulent  strains of East Coast Fever (Theileriosis), Uganda's most serious endemic animal  disease.&quot;(Information supplied by G. L. Corry, Director, Veterinary Research Services, Entebbe  Uganda)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Early in 1976, 194 buffaloes aged 6-9 months were imported from the environs of Darwin in Australia's Northern Territory. The animals settled down quite well, and by the end of 1978 the stock population had risen to about 320, the adults weighing about 400 kg with about 80 percent fertility. The animals were in excellent health when an outbreak of streptothricosis occurred early in 1979. Because of the intractable nature of this rare disease of cattle, sheep, and pigs, the apparent spread of the disease in the confined area of the ranch, and the persistence of the organism, the animals were slaughtered(nformation supplied by Dr. J. E. Erhiaganoma, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Benin City, Bendel State of Nigeria)..  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania introduced 21 buffalo heifers and 2 buffalo bulls from Egypt in 1968 and 1970. By 1977 the herd had grown to 150 animals. They were kept at the Livestock Production Research Institute at Mpwapwa, a site representative of central Tanzania(Mpwapwa is located at an elevation of 1,000 m. It receives an annual rainfall of 700 mm during a single season between late November and early May. Mean minimum temperatures of 13Â°C occur in June, and mean maximum temperatures of 26Â°C occur in November). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over a period of 10 years the buffalo were studied and compared with crossbreeds of local Mpwapwa cows and Friesian steers. On average, the buffaloes conceived and calved 4 months earlier than the cattle, their mean calving intervals were about a month shorter, their birth and weaning weights were 1.5 times higher, and their daily weight gain was about double that of the crossbred cattle. The milk yield from the buffaloes was only about two thirds that of the crossbred cattle, but their rnilk's high butterfat content meant that the overall butterfat production was higher in buffaloes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Figures reported are shown below:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p98.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a second study (Shoo, R A. 1980. A study of the performance of Egyptian water buffaloes. Student project, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine, University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania.), 30 buffaloes and 34 Mpwapwa cattle (not the crossbreeds) were compared(Mpwapwa cattle are a Tanzanian breed with 55 percent Asian, 35 percent African, and 10 percent European blood). The calving intervals were 396 + 126 days for buffaloes and 437 + 109 days for cattle. The buffaloes first conceived at mean ages of 23-25 months (matings occurred in both wet and dry seasons), the cattle at 27-36 months. The buffaloes calved at 35 months, the cattle at 46 months.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On farms at Ruvu and Mabuki the calving rate was 63 percent, and the mortality rate 1.2-6.9 percent(Rakha, A. 1980. water buffalo Production, Tanzania. Report of the technical Cooperation Program TCP/URT/9002, Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Rome, Italy). The buffalo's overall milk yields averaged 1,237 kg in 225 days, or 5.5 kg per day.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The results of the introduction of buffalo to Tanzania are considered &quot;quite encouraging and the future of buffaloes in Tanzania will be bright.&quot; (Oloufa, M. M. 1981. The future of water buffaloes in Tanzania Paper presented at the Tanzania Society of Animal Production Eighth Scientific Conference, Arusha, Tanzania May 26-29, 1981.) Future plans call for increasing the herd to about 200 animals with a view toward establishing another buffalo herd. In addition, 5 buffalo sires have been selected in Egypt for shipment to Tanzania.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix B</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Contacts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A directory of names in buffalo studies and research is available from the International Buffalo Information Center, Kasetsart University Library, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Industry Branch, Department of Primary Production, P.O. Box 5160, Darwin, Northern Territory 5790 (D.R. Thomson, B. Ford)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berrimah Agricultural Research Station, Darwin, Northern Territory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coastal Plains Research Station, near Darwin, Northern Territory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. G. Tulloch, P.O. Box 38841, Winnellie 5789, Northern Territory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Queensland, Department of Animal Husbandry, St. Lucia, Queensland (D.D. Charles)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associacao de Criadores de Bufalos do Brasil, Cx Postal 832, Sao Paulo (President, Dr. Paulo Joaquim Monteiro da Silva)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Tropico Umido (Agricultural Reseach Center of the Humid Tropics), Caixa Postal, 48, Belem, Para, 66000  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnology), Universidade Estadual &quot;Julio de Mesquita Filho,&quot; Campus de Botucatu, Estado de Sao Paulo  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto de Zootecnia (Institute of Zootechnology), Nova Odessa, Sao Paulo (Prof. Alberto Alves Santiago)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr. Geraldo Mosse, Rua Apinages 716-CEP, 05017, Sao Paulo, S.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr. Walmore Muller Lacort, Ministerio de agriculture Explanada des Ministerios, Bloco 8-50 Andar Sala 518, 70.000 Brasilia, D.F.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bulgaria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sofia (P. Ivanov, Z. Zahariev)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo Basis, Livestock Breeding Research Institute, Shumen (Dr. D. St. Polikhronov, Director; Dr. A. Alexis)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nanking Agricultural College, Nanking (Professor Sieh Chen-Hsia)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kwangsi Agriculture College, Nanning, Kwangsi (Professor Wang Pei Chien&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Farm, Lu Hsu, Pinyang County, Kwasngsi Chang Autonomous Region&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Institute for Animal Science, Nanning, Kwangsi (Dr. Chou Chi-Sheng)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singchow Dairy Farm, Kwangtung Province&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jose Luis Pacheco, Director, Dept Formento, 8502 JAPDEVA, Puerto Limon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ain Shams University, Kasr-EI-Zaafran, Abbasiyah, Cairo (M.A. El-Ashry, A.M. El-Serafy)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo (Dr. M.T. Ragab)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Alexandria, 22 Al-Gueish Avenue, Shatby, Alexandria (K. El-Shazly)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr. R. Dunkel, Herzeleidstrasse 39, 5330 Konigswinter 41, Bonn&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. Dr. H. Fischer, Insitut fur Tropische Veterinarmedizin, Wilhelmstr. 15, 6300 Giessen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gesellschaft fur Agrarentwicklung (GAE), Meckenheimer Allee 113, 5300 Bonn 1&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hungary&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Kovacs, Department of Animal Husbandry, Agricultural University, Deak F. -u16, 8361Keszthely  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Hyderabad, A.P. (Director of Research)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Husbandry Commissioner, Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Sciences, Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Buffalo Breeding Farm, Sambalpua, PO: Sunbeda, Distt. Kerapur, Orissa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Frozen Semen Bank, Hessarghatta, Bangalore, Kamataka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Murrah Breeding Farm, Almadi, Tamil Nadu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Surti Buffalo Farm, Dhamrod, Gujarat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chief Superintendent, Govenment Livestock Farm, Hissar, Haryana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Chandra Sekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Mathura Campus, Mathura, U.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Co-ordinator, All India Buffalo Improvement Project, Natioal Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, (Dr. V. N. Tripathi)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, Military Dairy Farm, Army Headquarters, Quatermaster, General Branch, DHQ PO New Delhi 11  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government Livestock Farm, Anjora Distt: Durg, Madhya Pradesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gujarat Agricultural University, Reproductive Biology Research Unit, PO Anand Agricultural Institute, Anand, Gujarat  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haryana Agricultural University , Hissar, Haryana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Barcilly, V.P. (Dr. S.K. Ranjan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, 482004, M.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd., Anand, Gujarat (Dr. V. Kurien, Chairman)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Dairy Development Board, Anand, Gujarat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Dairy Research Institute (ICAR), Karnal 132002, Haryana (S.P. Arora, Dr. D. Sundaresan, Director)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab (Dr. J.S. Ichhponani, Dr. S.K. Misra)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwar Campus, Dharwar, Karnataka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Udaipur, Udaipur, Rajasthan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balai Inseminasi Buatan Lembang, Jawa Barat (Dr. R.D. Simangunsong)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agriculture, Jl Salemba Raya 16, Jakarta (Dr. Jaman Zailani)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pusat Penelitian den Pengambangan Ternak (Centre for Animal Research and Development), Bogor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iraq&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Rearing Station, Abu Ghraib, Baghdad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Production and Health Division, FAO,00100 Rome&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associazione Provinciale Allevatori, via Redentare, Caserta (Professore de Franciscis,Presidente)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto de Ricerche soll'Adattamento Bovini e dei Bufali, Ponticelli, Napoli (Director: ProÂ£ Lino Ferrara)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnica, via Onofrio Panvino, Rome (Prof. A. Pilla)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnice di Roma, via Salaria 31, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (Dr. Augusto Romita)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ugo Jemma, Torre Lupara, 81050 Pastorano, near Caserta&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Shimuzu, The University of Tsukuba, Sakura-mura niihar gun ibaraki-ken 300-311&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Animal Husbandry Station, Kluang&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University Pertanian, Serdang, Selangor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Serdang, Selangor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Artificial Insemination Project, Tfipureshwar, Kathmandu (Dr. A.C. Gupta)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Division, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Kathmandu (Dr. N.D. Joshi)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;College of Animal Husbandry, Lahore (Dr. Mohammad Shafi Chaudhry)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Reproduction, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Dr. Rashid Ahmad Chaudhary)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadurnagar District, Sahiwat, Punjab (Dr. S.K. Shah, Director)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Punjab Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore 13&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hugo Giraoud, Apartado 60-2745, El Dorado&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Primary Industry, ERAP, P.O. Box. 348, Lae (John H. Schottler)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sepik Plains Livestock Station, Ufimo via Wewak, E.S.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Science Department, Central Luzon State University, Muiloz, Nueva Ecija&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Systems, Diliman, Quezon City Dairy Development Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Sta. Mesa, Metro Manila (Dr. Conrado A. Valdez)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3720  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Science, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3720 (Dr. V. C. Momongon)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Documentation Center on Water Buffalo, University of the Philippines at Los Banos Library, College, Laguna 3720  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research, Livestock Research Division, Los Banos, Laguna 3732 (Dr. Alfonso N. Eusebio)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Portugal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Ross CockriII, 591 Vale do Lobo, Almansil, Algrave 8100&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Production and Health, Peradeniya (Dr. K. Balachandran)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;School of Veterinary Science, University of Sri Lanka, Peradenlya Dr. B.M.A.O. Perrera)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, P.O. Box 22-149, Taipei City&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro (M.L. Kyomo)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAFCO Farm, Ruvu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, Livestock Development Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Dar es Salaam&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.M.J. Katyega, Director, Livestock Production Research Institute, Private Bag, Mpwapwa M.M. Oloufa, FAO, Morogoro  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kasetsart University, Department of Animal Science, Bangkok (Dr. Charan Chantalakhana) Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Street, Bangkok 5 (Dr. Maneewan Kamonpatana)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Bangkok 10500  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO Regional Office, Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 2 (Dr. B. K. Soni)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of Livestock Development Project, Tha Phra, Khon Kaen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Buffalo Research and Training Center, Surin&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trinidad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Steve Bennett, 61 Mucurapo Road, Port-of-Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. L. Corry, Director, Veterinary Research Services, P.O. Box 24, Entebbe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Mugerwa, Faculty of Agriculture, MaKerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. B. Begg, Resident Veterinary Surgeon, Howletts and Port Lympne Estates, Ltd., Port Lympne, Lympne, Kent CT21 4PD  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. N. Wilson, BOCM Silcock Ltd., Basing View, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2EQ&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wyland Cripe, Asst. Dean for Public Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Box J-125, JHMHC, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Harrington, IRI Research Institute, Inc. One Rockefeller Plaza, New York, New York 10020 James Hentges, Department of Animal Science, Room 2104 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jack Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nels M. Konnerup, 609 East Iverson Road, Camano Island, Washington 98292&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. P. Leonards, P.O. Box 1094, Lake Charles, Louisiana 70602&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John K. Loosli, Department of Animal Science, Room 2103 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert E. McDowell, Department of Animal Science, Frank B. Morrison Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hugh Popenoe, International Programs in Agriculture, 3028 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;William R. Pritchard, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abelardo Ferrer D., Quinta Nueva Exparta, Avenida Jose Felix Rivas, San Bernardino, Caracas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix C</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANDREW HAY, President, Calvert-Peat, Inc., New York, New York (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Institute of Land Rehabilitation, Utah State University, Logan, Utah  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PEDRO BARBOSA, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FLETCHER L. BYROM, Chairman, Koppers Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON BROWN, Director, Resource Systems Institute, The East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DORIS GALLOWAY, Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY E. CARTER, Associate Administrator, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH COLSON, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, California  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BREWSTER C. DENNY, Dean, Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND I. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, ex-officio  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HERBERT I. FUSFELD, Director, Center for Science and Technology Policy, Graduate School of Public Administration, New York University, New York, New York (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARTIN GOLAND, President, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LINCOLN GORDON, Senior Fellow, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. (member through September 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES P. GRANT, President, Overseas Development Council, Washington, D.C. (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, ax-officio  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE R. HERBERT, President, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM N. HUBBARD, JR., President, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT N. KREIDLER, Private Foundation Consultant, New York, New York  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RICHARD LASTER, Executive Vice President, General Foods Corporation, White Plains, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN LISTON, Director, Institute for Food Science &amp;amp; Technology, College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS F. MALONE, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, ex-officio  FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODNEY W. NICHOLS, Executive Vice President, Rockefeller University, New York, New York (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DANIEL A. OKUN, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. RAY PARISER, Senior Research Scientist, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAMES BRIAN QUINN, Amos Tuck School of Business Administration, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PRISCILLA C. REINING, Director, Project on Desertification, International Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. RICHARDSON, JR., Department of Horticulture, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, Rockefeller University, New York, New York  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. GUYFORD STEVER, Consultant, Washington, D.C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Program Officer, Africa and the Middle East, International Agricultural Development Service, New York, New York  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VICTOR RABINOWITCH, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Deputy Director  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN G. HURLEY, Deputy Director&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1883 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/wb34te/wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">193002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://wb34te/wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://wb34te/wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Development in practice: Toward Gender Equality</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Women, gender and development, women's organizations</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Development in practice: Toward Gender Equality (wb34te)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">achieve gender equality</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">World Bank</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214927</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215033</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01d8.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p16.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p17.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p18.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p19.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p20.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p23.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p24.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p28.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p29a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p29b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Role of Public Policy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;@ 1995 The Intentional Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing July 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Development in Practice series publishes reviews of the World Bank's activities in different regions and sectors. It lays particular emphasis on the progress that is being made and on the policies and practices that hold the most promise of success in the effort to reduce poverty in the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This book is a product of the staff of the World Bank. and the judgments made herein, do not necessarily reflect the views of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Photo credits: Maurice Asseo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Library of Congers Cataloging-in-Publication Data&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toward gender equality: the role of public policy.  p. cm-(Development in practice)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Includes bibliographer references (p. 70)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-8213-3337-2&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Women-Government policy. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2. Women's rights. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3. Sex discrimination against women. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4. Economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Series:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development in practice (Washington. D.C.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HQ 1 236.T68; 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;305.4-dc20 95-631&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CIP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Foreword</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TWENTY years ago in Mexico the First World Conference on Women inspired a movement that has helped to reduce gender inequality worldwide. Illiteracy among women is declining, maternal mortality and total fertility rates are beginning to fall. and more women are participating in the labor force than ever before. However. much remains to be done.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In low-income countries women are often denied health care and basic education. Worldwide. women face limited access to financial services, technology. and infrastructure. They are locked into relatively low-productivity work. In addition to performing household tasks and child-rearing duties, women work longer hours for lower pay than most men. And. most discouraging of all. hundreds of thousands of women each year are subject to gender-related violence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Persistent inequality between women and men constrains a society's productivity and, ultimately slows its rate of economic growth. Although this problem has been generally recognized evidence on the need for corrective action is more controlling today than ever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report written for the Fourth World Conference on Women is intended as a reference to strategies for promoting gender equality and. consequently enhancing economic efficiency. It pulls together evidence, including case studies, that demonstrates the need for governor action to improve the economic status of women. It points out how public policy can and should support services and infrastructure that provide the highest social returns and that are most heavily used by women. The report also aims to stimulate creative solutions to the problem of gender inequality by high lilting innovative and sometimes not obvious strategies that have proved successful. A study in Morocco, for instance, shows that paving public roads to schools increases by 40 percent the probability that local girls will attend classes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy reform that provides an enabling environment for economic growth goes hand in hand with investing in people. The success of one strategy draws on the success of the other. No efforts at gender equality. however, can be successful without the participation of women themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the international community gathers in Beijing for the Fourth World Conference on Women, the World Bank stands ready to assist client governments in response to the challenges ahead. The Bank believes that by advancing gender equality, governments can greatly enhance the future well-being and prosperity of their people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Armeane M. Choksi Vice President Human Capital Development and Operations Policy The World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THIS REPORT was prepared by a team led by Kei Kawabata and comprising Alison Evans, Zafiris Tzannatos. Tara Vishwanath, and Rekha Menon. The work was carried out under the direction of Minh Chau Nguyen and the overall guidance of K. Y. Amoako. Valuable contributions were made by Joyce Cacho, Lionel Demery, Shahid Khandker, and Kalanidhi Subbarao.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Background papers for the report were prepared by team members and by Anjana Bhushan; Lynn Brown and Lawrence Haddad; Florencia Castro-Leal, with Ignacio Tavares and Ramon Lopez; Roberta Cohen; Monica Fong: Roger Key, with Beverly Mullings; Andrew Mason; and Veena Siddharth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An external review group and a Bankwide advisory committee provided valuable guidance at all stages of the report's preparation. Kalpana Bardhan. Pranab Bardhan, Nancy Folbre. and T. Paul Schultz were the external reviewers. Harold Aldennan, Jean-Jacques Dethier, Louise Fox, Sunita Gandhi, Chris Grootaert, Jeffrey Hammer, Tariq Husahl, Elizabeth King, Augusta Molnar, Helena Ribe, and Paula Valad made up the advisory committee. The report was edited by Jo Bischoff, Richard M. Crum, and Fiona Mackintosh; Benjamin Crow provided word-processing and graphics support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report also reflects the contributions of the participants in consultations held with nongovenamental organizations on March 1S, 1995, in New York. Data supplied by the United Nations and its agencies. particularly the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Statistical Office, and the World Health Organization, were invaluable for the preparation of the report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The production of the report was made possible by the assistance of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which has given unwavering support to the protnotion of gender equality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Definitions and Data Notes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Definitions</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Expected number of years of formal schooling The total number of years of schooling that a child of a certain age can expect to receive if current enrollment patterns remain unchanged.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Literacy rate. The proportion of the adult population that can read or write. This indicator is not always accurate because it is self-reported and represents past investments in schooling. It is often defined only with respect to selected languages and may not take into account the progress being made in many countries through literacy campaigns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy AT BIRTH The number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of birth were to remain unchanged throughout the child's life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maternal mortality ratio. The number of women who die in pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 live births: A measure of the risk that women face of dying from pregnancy-related causes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Data Notes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless otherwise specified, dollar amounts are current U.S. dollars. A billion is a thousand million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The data used in this report cover a range of time periods and are from more than 100 countries (both developing and industrial).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless otherwise specified, geographic regions are those used by the World Bank in its analytical and operational work and are defined as follows:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;sub-Saharan  Africa countries south of the Sahara except Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;East Asia and the Pacific: low- and middle-income economies of East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe and Central Asia. middle-income European countries and the countries that formed the former Soviet Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latin America anti the Caribbean all American and Caribbean economies south of the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East and North Africa all the economies of North Africa and the Middle East.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India. Myantnar, Nepal, Pakistan. and Sri Lanka.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Summary</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THREE messages echo throughout this document:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ The causes of gender inequality are complex, linked as they are to the intrahousehold decisionmaking process. However the decisions are made. the intrahousehold allocation of resources is influenced by market signals and institutional norms that do not capture the full benefits to society of investing in women. Low levels of education and training. poor health and nutritional status, and limited access to resources depress women's quality of life and hinder economic efficiency and growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ It is therefore essential that public policies work to compensate for market failures in the area of gender equality. These policies should equalize opportunities between women and men and redirect resources to those investments with the highest social returns. Of these investments. female education, particularly at the primary and lower-secondary level, is the most important, as it is the catalyst that increases the impact of other investments in health, nutrition, family planning, agriculture, industry, and infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Women themselves are agents for change because they play a key role in shaping the welfare of future generations. Public policies cannot be effective without the participation of the target group-in this case. women, who make up more than half the world's people. Their views need to be incorporated into policy formulation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Progress to Date</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two decades considerable progress has been made in reducing the gender gap world wide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ In 1960. for every 100 boys enrolled in primary school. there were 65 girls. In 1990 the ratio had risen to 85.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ In 1980 an average six-year-old girl in a developing country could expect to attend school for 7.3 years. By 1990 this figure had Increased to 8.4 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Since the 1950s the female labor force has grown twice as last as the male labor force. Worldwide, more than 40 percent of women over 15 years of age are now in the labor force; in developing countries women account for 30 percent of the labor force (These figures. it should be noted, do not fully reflect women's participation in the informal sector as unpaid family members in agriculture.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless. inequalities between men and women persist in many important areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Despite women s biological advantage, their mortality and morbidity rates frequently exceed those of men, particularly during childhood and the reproductive years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Traditionally women are employed in lower-pay jobs and in a narrower range of occupations than are men. Women's wages are typically only 60-70 percent of wages earned by men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Whether in private sector employment or public sector decisionmaking, women are less likely to be in positions of responsibility than are men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Why Do Gender Inequalities Persist?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The causes of the persistent inequality between men and women are only partially understood. In recent years attention has focused on inequalities in the allocation of resources at the household level. as seen in the higher share of education, health. and food expenditures boys receive in comparison with girls. The decisionmaking process within households is complex and is influenced by social and cultural norms market opportunities, and institutional factors. There is considerable proof that the intrahousehold allocation of resources is a key factor in determining the levels of schooling. health. and nutrition accorded household members.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inequalities in the allocation of household resources matter because education, health. and nutrition are strongly [hiked to well-being, economic efficiency. and growth. Low levels of educational attainment and poor health and nutrition aggravate poor living conditions and reduce an individual's capacity to work productively. Such economic inefficiency represents a significant loss to society and hampers future economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social returns to investments in women's education and health  a? e significantly greater than for similar investment in men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The social and economic losses are greatest when women are denied access to basic education and health care. Data from around the world show that private returns to investments in education are the same for women as for men and may even be marginally higher (Psacharopoulos 1994). More importantly. social returns (that is, total benefits to society) to investment in women's education and health are significantly greater than for similar investments in men, largely because of the strong correlation between women's education, health, nutritional status. and fertility levels and the education. health, and productivity of future generations. These correlation are even stronger when women have control over the way resources are allocated within the household.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wage differentials between women and men in the market are closely linked to educational levels and work experience. since on average. women earn 30-40 percent less than teen' it is not surprising that fewer women than men participate in the labor force. This wage disparity, reinforced by discriminality institutional norms, in turn influences the intrahousehold division of resources. A vicious circle ensues as households invest less in daughters than in sons in the belief that investment in girls yields fewer benefits. As a result. many women are unable to work outside the household because they lack the education or experience that men have.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decision not to participate in the labor force does not necessarily reflect a woman's own choice, no' does it always correspond to the optimum use of household resources. Furthermore. the market wage does not take into account the social benefits of educating and hiring women. Discrimination in households and in the market carries not only private costs for individuals and households but social costs for society as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public policies for reducing gender inequalities are therefore essential for counteracting market failure and improving the well-being of all members of society. Investing in women's education and health expands their choices in labor markets and other income-generating activities and increases the rate of return on a household's most valuable asset-its labor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decision to allocate women's time to the type of non wage work women typically carry out within the household. such as child care. food preparation, and, in low-income countries especially, subsistence farming and the collection of fuel wood and water, has less to do with economics than with social conventions and norms. These nones can have a strong influence on the household division of labor, even in industrial economies, where women's levels of human capital are equal to-and some times higher than those of most men&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The economy pays to this inequality in reduced labour productivity today and diminished national output tomorrow&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whether this division of labor is appropriate is, essentially, for society to decide. However. there is no doubt that women's entry into the labor market and other spheres of the economy is directly affected by the extensive amounts of time they traditionally devote to household maintenance and family care. Most men do not make similar allocations of time in the home. Such inequality constrains women's employment choices and can limit girls' enrollment in schools. The economy pays for this inequality in reduced labor productivity today and diminished national output tomorrow. Public policy can address inequalities in the household division of labor by supporting initiatives that reduce the amount of time women spend doing unpaid work. Examples of such interventions include improved water and sanitation services, rural electrification, and batter transport infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Constraints on female employment opportunities arising from the household division of labor are compounded by institutional norms operating within the labor market. Although overt wage discrimination is illegal in many countries, employers frequently segregate jobs or offer less training to women workers. Employers often perceive the returns to investing in women workers as lower than those for men mainly because of women's primary role in childbearing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of access to financial services, to land, and to intonation and technology compounds the unequal treatment of women. Requirements for collateral, high transaction costs, and limited mobility and education contribute to women s inability to obtain credit. When women do have access to credit, the effect on household and individual well-being is striking. Bon-owing by women is linked to increased holdings of non-land assets, to improve in the health status of female children, and to an increased probability that girls will enroll in school. Independent access to land is associated with higher productivity and. in some cases, with greater investments by women in land conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Strategies for the Future</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the benefits from investing in girls and women are so great and can be quantified. why do households and employers underinvest in women? The main reason is that. as discussed above. markets fail to capture the full benefit to society of' investing in women and girls. Where the market fails or is absent. government must take the lead Public policy can contribute directly and indirectly. to reducing gender inequalities by, for example:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Modifying the legal and regulatory framework to ensure a opportunities &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Ensuring macroeconomic stability and improving, microeconomic incentives&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Redirecting public policies and public expenditures to those investments with the highest social returns&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Adopting targeted interventions that correct for gender inequalities at the micro-level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modifying the law to eliminate gender discrimination and equalize opportunities for women and men is an important first step. However. legal reform by itself does not ensure equal treatment. Further public action is required to make sure that gender-neutral laws are enforced at the national and local levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sound economic policies and well-functioning markets are essential for growth, employment generation, and the creation of an environment in which the returns to divesting in women and owls can he fully realized. Economic instability and price distortions can hinder the process. Consequently. sound macroeconomic management is critical. In general. two sets of policies are necessary: one emphasizing macroeconomic stability and the elimination of price distortions. the other focusing on labor-demanding growth and a reorientation in public spending toward basic services with high social returns- such as education. health care and water supply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender inequalities in the distribution of the benefits of public spending frequently arise because of a bias within households that limits women's access to publicly provided services. In addition, the services provided by public spending often are of less benefit to women than to men. Public policy can help remedy this problem by rearranging expenditure priorities among sectors and within the social sectors. It can ensure support for those services and types of infrastructure that offer the highest social returns to public spending and that are most heavily used by women and children. such as water supply anti sanitation services and rural electrification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally general policy interventions may not be enough. and programs that specifically target women and girls may be required. Targeting is justified. Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women gable on two grounds. First. because women are disproportionately represented among the poor. targeting women can be an effective strategy for reducing poverty (broadly defined to include limited access to services. re sources, and other capability-enhancing factors). Second. where gender differences are wide, targeting-for example. the provision of stipends so that girls can attend school-they be needed to capture social gains and increase  internal efficiency&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Conclusion</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women. The evidence on the high private and social returns to investments in women and girls cannot be ignored. By directing public resources toward policies and projects that reduce gender inequality. policymakers not only promote equality but also lay the groundwork for slower population growth, greater labor productivity, a higher rate of human capital formation, and stronger economic growth However, none of these developments can be sustained without the participial of women themselves. Governments and collaborating institutions must listen more carefully to the voices of individual women. including policymakers. and to women's groups. By working with others to identity and implement policies that promote gender equality, governments can make a real difference to the future well-being and prosperity of their people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Chapter one</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Gender Inequalities Persist</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALTHOUGH the gap between opportunities for men and women is narrowing. inequalities persist, especially in certain regions. This report examines four major development indicators: educational attainment, maternal mortality. life expectancy. and economic participation outside the household. All four are closely related to each other and in turn are closely correlated with individual well-being. These indicators provide a broad picture of trends in gender inequality and their impact on the relative well-being of women and of men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Education</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the progress in raising educational enrollment rates for both males and females across all regions in the past three decades, growth in educational opportunities at all levels for females lags behind that for males (figure 1.1). In 1990 an average six-year-old girl in a developing country could expect to attend school for 8.4 years. The figure had increased from 7.3 years in 1980-but an average boy of the same age in a developing country could expect to attend school for 9.7 years The gender gap in expected years of schooling is widest in some countries in South Asia, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa (see figure 1.2). Gender differences in access to education are usually worse in minority populations such as refugees and internally displaced persons. of which only a few children go to school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p16.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ School enrollment ratios in developing countries &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The latest available figures show that 77 million girls of primary school age (6-11 years) are not in school, compared with 52 million boys (figure 1.3). Moreover, even these gross enrollment rates often mask high absenteeism and high dropout rates. Dropout rates are notably high in low-income countries but vary by gender worldwide and within regions. The rates for girls tend to be linked to age, peaking at about grade 5 and remaining high at the secondary level (Herz and others 1991) Cultural factors, early marriage, pregnancy, and household responsibilities affect the likelihood that girls will remain in school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the gross enrollment rate is an acceptable indicator of progress in education, most studies use literacy rates as an indicator of well-being. Overall illiteracy rates have decreased among adults in low- and middle-income countries, but the percentage of illiterate women in the world is still higher than the percentage of illiterate men. Older women constitute the largest share of the illiterates in the world today, a consequence of past inequalities in access to education. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia more than 70 percent of women age 25 and older are illiterate (United Nations 1991).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At post-secondary levels. where the gap in enrollment between women and men is wider, there is implicit &quot;gender streaming,&quot; or sex segregation, by field of study, even in areas with snore female than male enrollees. Gender streaming. which is widespread in both developing and industrial countries, prevents women from acquiring training in agriculture, forestry, fishing, &quot;hard&quot; sciences, and engineering (figure 1.4).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p17.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Expected years of schooling &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Health</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two decades life expectancy at birth has increased for both men and women in all regions of the world. In industrial countries women tend to outlive men by six to eight years on average: in low-income countries gender differences are much narrower (two to three years). Despite women's biological advantage, female mortality and morbidity rates frequently exceed those of men, particularly during early childhood and the reproductive years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the reproductive period the most Important causes of morbidity and mortality among women are high fertility and abortion rates, vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases (STDS), genital mutilation. and gender violence. Each year, about 500,000 women worldwide die from the complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal mortality ratios for developing and industrial countries vary greatly: the rates in parts of South Asia are among the world's highest, in some cases exceeding 1,500 per 100.000 live births. In Sub-Saharan Africa where the ratio is 700 maternal deaths per 100.000 live births, a woman runs a 1 in 22 lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes, but in northern Europe the risk falls to 10 in 100,000 (United Nations 1993). In the transition economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, the rates are around 40 to 50 per 100,000 live births&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p18.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.3 children not in school 1990 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major cause of maternal deaths is complications from unsafe abortions. Abortion-related deaths are highest in South and Southeast Asia. followed by Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean. Lack of access to contraceptives can mean that abortion, is used as a form of birth control. For example, in parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia abortions are more numerous than live births (World Bank 1994b), and abortion rates were as high as 1.76 per live birth in Russia prior to the transition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As increasing numbers of women become aware of and learn to use contraceptives, total fertility rates are falling worldwide. The exception is Sub-Saharan Africa where the total fertility rate averaged 6.4 between 1985 have been infected by HIV. The World Health organization (WHO 1994) estimates that more than 13 million women will have been infected by HIV by 2000 and that about 4 million of that number will have died (figure 1.5 In Atrica, where 10 million adults are infected with the virus, ode-half of all newly infected adults are women, and more than 5 million are women of childbearing age. In Asia almost half of all adults newly infected with the virus are women, compared with less than 25 percent just six years ago.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p19.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.4 fields of study&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p20.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+  Figure 1.5 HIV infected women 1995 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mortality risk for females is high during the reproductive years. but it is even higher during infancy and early childhood. Between 1962 and 1992 INFANT mortality in the developing world decreased by 50 percent (UNICEF 1993 However, in seventeen of the twenty-nine developing countries for which recent survey data are available, female children age 1-4 were found to have higher mortality rates than male children. despite girls? biological advantage (World Bank 1994b). In many of these countries the underlying cause of high mortality among girls is the parents' bias toward boys, who receive the best food and medical care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genital mutilation, prevalent in twenty-eight countries, is performed on 2 million young girls yearly. The practice leads to long-term morbidity, complications during childbirth, mental trauma, and even death. Table 1.1 summarizes the best available statistics on this practice for selected countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Employment Work</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The time women spend on paid and unpaid work is typically greater than the time men spend in the labor market (see table 1.2 for an example). Unpaid family work is rarely recorded in official statistics. It manifests itself only indirectly in the labor market in the form of gender differences in labor force participation rates. sector of employment, hours of work, and wage level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the whole. labor force participation rates for women are lower than those for men (figure 1.6). However. these differences are often exaggerated because the definition of the participation rate fails to capture many aspects of women's work, particularly time spent on childbearing, childbearing. and other household tasks. Men are usually in the labor force throughout the prime working years (age 20-60), and their participation rates are typically more than 90 percent in virtually every country. Female participation rates vary widely across countries. In 1990, for every ten men in the labor force there were two women in the Middle East and North Africa, three in South Asia. six in Sub-Saharan Africa, and seven in Southeast Asia (United Nations 1991). Worldwide, 41 percent of women age 15 years or over are in the labor force, but in developing countries the corresponding figure is 31 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These numbers are deceptive, however, because they do not take into account the agricultural work for which women in developing countries are responsible within the family For example, the Dominican census of 1981 reported that only 21 percent of rural women participated in the labor force, but just three years later a special study suggested a figure of 81 percent. The census had omitted such activities as cultivating gardens and caring for domestic animals In India different definitions of what constitutes &quot;work&quot; have resulted in estimated participation rates as low as 13 percent and as high as 88 percent (Beneria 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tens of Millions of Women Suffer Female Genital Mutilation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 1.1 female genital mutilation&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=468&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Estimated prevalence (percent)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Estimated number of women affected (millions)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djibouti&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;98&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Egypt&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;13.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;22.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6.3&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;29.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sierra Leone&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudan&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;89&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;118&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Sri Lanka's Dry Zone, Women Work Longer Hours than Men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 1.2 distribution of monthly work hours per month)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=451&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;31%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peal. Season&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;29%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Slack season&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Activity &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agricultural production&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;298&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;299&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;245&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;235&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Household tasks&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;199&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;220&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fetching water and firewood&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;30&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;:30&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social and religious duties&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;12&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;15&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;15&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Total work hours&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;426&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;560&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;350&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;530&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leisure and sleep&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;294&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;160&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;370&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;190&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are usually employed in different sectors than men. Most of women's nonagricultural employment is in the service sector. but in developing countries female employment in manufacturing has been increasing and is catching up with female employment in services (ILO/ INSTRAW 1985). Women in manufacturing tend to be concentrated in only a few sub sectors: more than two-thirds of the global labor force in garment production is female. and this subsector absorbs almost one-fifth of the female labor force in manufacturing (UNIDO 1993). Men's employment is more evenly distributed across other sectors such as mining manufacturing, construction, utilities, and transport.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over their lifetime, women change their employment status more often than do men. They are also more likely to be self-employed or employed in occupations with flexible house such as subcontracted home work. Regardless of the sector in which they are employed, women tend to work in a narrow range of occupations. Only a few women are in high-paying jobs or in positions with significant responsibility. Nearly two-thirds of the women in manufacturing ate laborers, machine operators. and production workers; only 5 percent ate professional and technical workers and only 2 percent are administrators and managers (UNIDO 1993). However. there are regional differences: women occupy nearly 60 percent of clerical, sales. and service jobs in Latin America and the Caribbean but fewer than 20 percent of similar positions in South Asia North Africa. and the Middle East (figure 1.7).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p23.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.6 rates of participation in the labor force by gender&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wages paid to women are typically about 60-70 percent of those paid to men. About one-quarter of the gender wage gap is explained by differences in educational levels, labor market experience, and other human capital'' characteristics (Psacharopoulos and Tzannatos 1992 Horton 1994). The gender wage gap can also be explained in part by women's lower participation in the labor market-a consequence of domestic and other demands on their time and, possibly, of discriminatory employment practices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Significant changes in the global economy have affected patterns of employment and working conditions for men and women worldwide. &quot;Globalization&quot; is associated with the deregulation of product and labor markets, with regionalization. and with the liberalization of international trade. In turn. these processes at-e associated with increased female participation in the labor force and with the at-owing &quot;casualization'' of employment, as seen in the growth of part-time work in industrial economies. However, the net effect of globalization on women workers is not yet clear. Growth in the international traded service sector (for example, banking and telecommunications) seems to have offered women in developing countries greater employment opportunities. In addition, the participation rate of women in manufacturing jobs has increased faster than that of men. Women's average participation in the manufacturing labor force is now around 30 percent for both developing and industrial countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p24.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.7 types of jobs held by women &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, the number of women employed in export manufacturing has been increasing rapidly, even though this sector employs only a small fraction of all women workers. In Mexico, for example, the number of women employed in export manufacturing rose by nearly 15 percent a year in the 1980s (Jurisman and Moreno 1990). However, employment in this sector has been increasing more rapidly for men than for women, partly because of&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;technological upgrading over time and partly; because women are less educated and tend to remain in low-skill occupations (Baden 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women now account for a growing share ret wage employment they tend to stay longer in the labor force than ever before&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite persistent gender inequalities in the labor market. some recent trends  are encouraging. Increasing educational opportunities and decreasing fertility  rates have fed to an increase in the number of women entering the labor market. since the 1950s the female labor force has expanded twice as fast as the male  labor force. Women now account for a growing share of wage employment. and they tend to stay longer in the labor force than ever before The narrowing of the gender gap in labor force participation is enabling women to accumulate the work experience necessary tot- improving their job opportunities and increasing their amines. In the formal sector more and more women are working in occupations and sectors once dominated by men. and in many countries women s wages relative to men s have increased over time&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The data in this chapter illustrate some aggregate trends but they cannot tell US anything about the processes behind the persistence of gender inequality. For a more detailed look at these processes. We turn in the next chapter to a growing body of empirical evidence generated at the household and enterprise level. These studies provide a telling insight into the way in which gender inequalities are being challenged particularly by women At the same time these inequalities are reinforced by economic, legal. and cultural incentive systems that discriminate against women Discrimination continues despite compelling evidence showing that less inequality especially within the household. is associated with heftier welfare outcomes for children and better economic outcomes for the household as a v hole.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Chapter two</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Gender Inequalities Hamper Growth</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inequality women and men limits productivity ultimately slows economic growth. early empirical studies (for example, Kuznets 1955) suggested that income inequality would increase with economic growth during the initial phases of development. This chapter, however. starts with the hypothesis that there is not necessarily a tradeoff between inequality and growth and. indeed that high inequality especially as it affects human capital. hampers growth (Fields 1992: Birdsall and Sabot 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both theory and empirical evidence point to the importance of human capital in creating the necessary conditions for productivity growth and in reducing aggregate inequality in the future. In addition. women s human capital generates benefits for society in the form of lower child mortality.  higher educational attainment improved nutrition. and reduced population growth. Inequalities in the accumulation and use of human capital at-e related to lower economic and social well-being for all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Household and Intrahousehold Resource Allocation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, attempts to explain persistent gender inequalities in the accumulation and use of human capital have focused on the key role of household decisionmaking and tile process of resource allocation within household Households do not make decisions in isolation. however: their decision are linked to market prices and incentives and are influenced by cultural legal and state institutions. These institutions indirectly affect not only the returns on household investment but also access to productive resources and employment outside the house hold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Household decisions about the allocation of resources have a profound effect on the schooling, health care, and nutrition children receive. The mechanisms used to make these decisions and the effect of the decisions on the well-being of individual household members are not fully understood. Two frameworks for thinking about household decisions are the unitary household model and the collective household model (see box 3.1)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BOX 2.1 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two models of household members having their own prefer decisionmaking encase. Decisions on allocating resources reflect market rates of return. The unitary household model assumes but they also mirror the relative bar that household members pool regaining power of household members sources and allocate them according within the collective (Manser and to a common set of objectives and Brown 1980: McElroy and Homey goals. Households maximize the joint 1981). Bargaining power is a function welfare of their members by allocating of social and cultural norms. as well income and other resources to the in as of such external factors as opposed individuals and enterprises that promise &quot;unities for paid work, laws governing the highest rate of return as reflected inheritance, and control over producing prices and wages. An increase initiative assets and property rights. These household income increases the well factors influence the terms governing being of all household members.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy interventions based on the sources and decisions about how unitary household model aim to in those resources are used within the crease household welfare, but they household. Thus, an increase in do not necessarily affect all household income may benefit some hold members in the same way. Some household members but leave others household members may be worse unaffected or worse off. The outcome off, for example, if they lose control depends on a member's ability to exover certain resources; others may excise control over resources both in be better off. in which case house-side and outside the household, and it hold welfare is not maximized. cannot be assumed that individual well&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the collective household being increases as household income model. the welfare of individual house-rises. (Collective household models do hold members is not synonymous with not exclude the possibility that the universal household welfare. Resources unitary model may be the best approximate not necessarily pooled, and the motion of household decisionmaking household acts as a collective, with in some contexts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The collective household model helps explain why gender inequalities persist even though household becomes increase over time The next sections adopt a collective household framework to explain how these inequalities exact costs in forgone productivity, seduced welfare for individuals and households, encl. ultimately. slower economic growth.(fender Inequalities in Human Capital )&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are strong complementaires between education. health. and nutrition on the one hand, and increased well-being, labor productivity, and growth. On the other. Inequalities in resource allocation that limit household members' educational opportunities. access to health care, or nutrition are costly to individuals, households, and the economy as a whole.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Linkages between Education Health, and Nutritious</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the household level. gender differences in access to education are closely related to inequalities in the shares of household education expenditures allocated to boys and to girls This finding stands even though private returns to girls' schooling are similar to or marginally higher than. those to boys' schooling (figure 2.1; see also Schultz 1988: Mwabu 1994). In this case. parental choice reflects the relatively greater restrictions on educational opportunities and employment choices for girls. in comparison with boys. and cultural norms on the appropriate role for girls within the household.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p28.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 2.1 private returns to education&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p29a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 2.2 education, fertility. and child mortality (a)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p29b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 2.2 education, fertility. and child mortality (b)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More importantly. the social externalities linked to female education are crucial. Evidence from a large number of countries shows that female education is linked with better health for women and their children and with lower levels (figure 2.2). This link stems from the direct effect of education on the value of a woman's time and consequently. on private returns to her labor. It also stems from the indirect effect of education on the average age at which women marry on their knowledge of basic health care and nutrition, and on reproductive choices (Rosenzweig and Schultz 1982, 1987).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Educating girls and women reduces maternal mortality and fertility rates and increases the demand for health services. A simulation study of seventy two developing countries shows that, with all other factors held constant, a doubling of female secondary school enrollments in 1975 would have reduced tile average fertility rate in 1985 from 5.3 to 3.9 children per household and would have lowered the number of births by 29 percent (Subbarao and Raney 1992. Studies for individual countries have found that one additional year of female schooling can reduce the fertility rate. on average, between 5 and 1 (i) percent (Summers 1994)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are more vulnerable than men to micronutrient deficiencies that aggravate poor health (World Batik 1994b). Poor health and nutrition reduce productivity and the chances of reaping gains from investment in education. Intrahousehold inequalities in consumption and nutritional allocations can therefore be a signal of inefficiency Recent estimates suggest that the com effects on morbidity and mortality of just three types of deficiency-in vitamin A, iodine. and iron-could waste as much as 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), yet correcting these deficiencies would cost less than 0.3 percent of low-income countries' GDP (World Bank 1994c, pp. 50-51). Studies of women tea producers in Sri Lanka and of women workers in Chinese cotton mills document the reduction in productivity associated with iron deficiencies and the positive effects of in-on supplementation on work and output (Edgerton and others 1979). A study of six villages in Andhra Pradesh, India, found that disabling conditions caused by malnutrition and the prevalence of diseases reduced female labor force participation by 22 percent (Chatterjee 1991).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Physical anti mental abuse can also have deleterious effects on the well-being and productivity of women (table 2.1). Violence against women is widespread in all cultures and cuts across all age and income groups Its consequences. include unwanted pregnancy. infection with STDs, miscarriage partial or permanent disability. and psychological problems such as depression anti low self-esteem. Recent World Bank estimates indicate that in both industrial and developing countries domestic violence and rape cause women of reproductive age to lose a significant percentage of really days. Domestic violence appears to be an example of how the relatively weaker bargaining power of women and the paucity of options for them outside the home can affect the intrahousehold distribution of welfare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Violence against Women Starts in the Womb and Continues  trough Life&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.1 Violence against women through the life cycle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phase&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Type of violence&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pre birth&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Battering during pregnancy (emotional and physical effects on the ottoman) effects on birth outcome&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Infancy&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female infanticide: emotional and physical abuse&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Girl hood&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sexual abuse by family members and strangers: forced child prostitution&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adolescence&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dating and courtship violence: economically coerced sex: sexual abuse in the workplace: rape: farce prostitution and trafficking in women&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproductive&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coerced pregnancy: rape: abuse of women by male partners: down abuse and murder partner homicide psychological abuse sexual abuse of unmarried and childless women: abuse of women with disabilities&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Source: Heise 1993 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prospects for gainful employment. as well as the availability of basic social services such as water supply and sanitation. also influence women's well-being. The survival chances of female children in India appear to increase as the employment rate for women rises and the earnings differential between men and women decreases Battilan 1988 Dowry and marriage practices. along with household ownership of land are closely linked to women's chances of survival The effect of such practices cannot be over late. Sen's (1990) comparison of female-male mortality rates in China. India. and Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that more than 100 million women are &quot;missing&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public spending on social services affects the ability of individuals and households to benefit from their own private spending on human capital. In most industrial countries mortality rates decreased even before modern medical care became widely available, mainly because of improved water supplies and sanitation. The same is likely to hold for the developing world. Public interventions that address market under provision of water and sanitation facilities and shortages of health set-vices such as immunization and family planning-have a significant effect. and one that is probably greater for women than for men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of data makes it difficult to evaluate the effects of public spending on the educational attainment and health of women and men Very little empirical evidence in this area exists, but there is some indication that the proportion of public subsidies for education that benefits females is lower than the proportion that benefits males. In Kenya in 1992-93. for example. public spending on education amounted to the equivalent of an annual subsidy of 605 Kenyan shillings per capita: males received. on average. 670 shillings and females only 543 shillings. In Mexico the gender difference in public education subsidies was somewhat less: in Pakistan males received almost twice the female subsidy. Gender inequalities in the distribution of subsidies are greater at high than at primary levels. In Pakistan girls receive, on average. only 96 rupees a year for secondary school bag. compared with 58 rupees for boys. Box 2.2 explains how these figures are calculated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Supply-side differences are partly a function of poorly targeted resources (as. for example, when more is spent on tertiary than on primary schooling). More importantly. they reflect differences in household demand for education for girls and boys. If more girls attended anti stayed in school. the proportion of public subsidy going to girls would he greater.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In health care assessing the incidence of public spending by gender is particularly difficult because of the marked differences in the health needs of women and men. These differences are related to different biological re&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main advantage of this type of analysis is that it measures how well public  services are targeted to certain groups in the population, including women, the  poor, and residents of regions of interest.  Requirements anti to women's reproductive and childbearing roles. Some evidence suggests that because of these differences. per capita health cat-e subsidies to women are the same as and sometimes larger than those to men What is clearer is that women are less likely than men to seek health care. including in many countries. hospital care when it is netted and ate mote likely to consult a non medical health cat-e worker (lather than a qualified medical practitioner). Education tends to increase the likelihood that women will seek health care. whether public or  ace the likelihood that women will seek health care. whether public or private (World Bank 1994b). &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The importance of private and public investments in education and health services that will improve women's well-being is cleat. These services at-e also important for another season: these is important evidence that increases in women's well-being yield important intergenerational benefits and productivity gains in the future World Bank Living Standards Measure Study (LSMS) surveys car-tried out in Nicaragua (1993 Viet Nam 1993) Pakistan (1991), and Cote (1988) suggest that the probability of children being enrolled in school increases with their mother's educational level and that (controlling, for income and household size) girls. particularly those in non poor households. are mote likely to attend school if their mothers attended school. Other studies show that households with educated mothers lend to provide children with greater quantities of mote nutritious food often at a lower cost. than households with poorly educated mothers (Thomas 1990b)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Data from Brazil show that giving women more control over nonlabor income has a larger impact on child measures, nutritional intakes, and the proportion of the household budget devoted to human capital inputs than if men had control of this income (Thomas 1993) Other studies indicate that women spend proportionately mote of the income they control on health care for children than do men. Women also spend more on food products (as opposed to such goods as alcohol and tobacco) than men do (Duraiswamy 1992: Hoddinot and Haddad 1992) But fathers education is also important especially in interaction with mothers' education (Thomas 1990a) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other studies have shown that children's educational attainment is lowest in households whet-e the male head has no schooling In Ghana the impact of a mother's education on her children's schooling is reduced when  their father has no schooling. even after controlling for income and household size (Lavy 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Material health (which is linked to education) also has important intergenerational effects. Children of mothers who are malnourished or sickly or receive inadequate prenatal and delivery cat-e face a greater risk of disease and premature death. Iodine-deficient mothers run a greater risk of giving birth to infants with severe mental retardation and other congenital abnormalities than do healthy mothers. Reduced fertility and improved health for women can increase individual productivity and improve family well-being. When good health is combined with education and access to jobs. the result is higher rates of economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Household and Labor Market Linkages</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The link between the household and the labor market is particularly important. Specialization of labor within the household-whether individually chosen. socially determined. or legally induced-can accentuate gender inequalities in the formal and informal labor markets by leaving most of the unpaid work to women. This situation arises from convention rather than  from comparative advantage Inadequate public and community services.  transport. and housing also often have an uneven effect on the way men and women spend their time and can increase the demand for goods produced at home using unpaid labor (Moser 1994) Thus women may spend its much (or more time on unpaid work as on market work. In some countries this unpaid work contributes as much as one-third to the economy recorded GDP-and even mote to the welfare of poor families.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The amount of time women contribute to household production and maintenance, direct income generation. and family care combined is widely held to exceed that of men Analysis of data from Bangladesh. Botswana. Ghana. Kenya. Pakistan. the Philippines. and Zambia on how rural women spend their time confirms that, although use of time by women, and by different generations of women varies according to location. available technology. household characteristics. and cultural norms. gender bias in time use is widespread.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are generally responsible for collecting fuelwood and carrying water. Girls and alder women often do most of this work, although cultural norms in some countries affect women s mobility. The amount of time allocated to these activities is influenced by seasonal patterns of agricultural activity. the availability of substitute goods and services. and environmental changes. A study in Nepal, for instance, found that deforestation associated with a 75 percent rise in the time per trip would increase the time spent gathering fuelwood by 45 percent for all adults and by 50-60 percent for women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to fuel and water collection, child care is another activity that dominates women s time-although. considering the importance of children to future household welfare, the amount of direct time spent with children is limited. The seven-country study suggests that more time is spent on child cat-e in female-headed households. Female-headed households tend to have high dependency ratios and relatively large numbers of children, Implying more child-care time overall, but not necessarily on a per child basis. (Kumar and Hotchkiss 1988).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When a large proportion of women's use of time goes unrecorded the design of projects and policies can yield false evaluations of costs and benefits. For example, women's unpaid work may be assumed to have zero value. As a result, women's response to changing incentives may be predicted as being higher than their time constraints actually allow. Project benefits-such as the time saved by locating piped water close to homes or by expanding rural electrification-may also be undervalued. Conversely, the benefits of treeing up time may be far more significant than might have been thought. A study in Tanzania, for example. shows that relieving certain time constraints in a community of smallholder coffee and banana growers increases household cash incomes by 10 percent, labor productivity by 15 percent, and capital productivity by 44 percent (Tibaijuka 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Formal Sector Employment</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unpaid work and family responsibilities. as well as lack of investment in women's education. are strongly associated with women's relatively low rates of participation and their limited earnings in formal sector labor. Women's participation rates usually dip in the childbearing years, and earnings tend to decline following an interruption in employment. Younger on average, work more hours than older women, and married women with young children tend to work less than childless women and mothers of grown children. The correlation of marriage and childbearing with labor market outcomes can be seen even in industrial countries, where wage differences between married women and men are larger than those between single women and men Similarly, in some developing countries relative earnings decline with age (table 2.2) Children are not the only treason for interruptions in women's labor force participation; caring for ill or aged family members is often a womanâs responsibility. A study from Hungary estimates that half of all absenteeism by women workers is the direct result of the need to care for sick relatives (Einhorn 1993).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Countries, Single Women Earn More Than Married Women and Younger Women More Than Older Women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.2 female-male earnings (adjusted for hours worked) by marital status and age (percent)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=345&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female-male&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Earnings ratio&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By marital status&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Married &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Single&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;69&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;91&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Austria&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;66&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;97&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Germany&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;103&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Norway&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;72&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;92&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sweden&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;72&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Switzerland&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;58&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;95&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;59&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;96&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Age&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 25 &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B 45&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;75&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;63&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;81&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;82&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;61&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;92&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: Blau and Kahn 1992 Sedlacek Gutierrez. and Mohindra 1993 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thus. women s labor market outcomes can be substantially poorer than those of men because women's employment opportunities are constrained by social arrangements at the family or household level. These social demands are reinforced by legal conventions. Within the labor market itself, social or employer discrimination can affect women and men differently. and these differences are reflected in the resource allocation decisions taken within the household. Although wage discrimination is illegal in many countries, employers may respond to an increase in the supply of workers by segregating jobs by gender or offering less training to women who they perceive as being temporarily attached to the labor force (even if in fact most women never drop out). For example, women in the former Soviet Union are fairly well educated and have high labor force participation. but they are concentrated in occupations requiring fewer skills and less vocational training than men, and, on average. they earn less than men (Fong 1993).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female Wages Are Lower than Male Wages, but This Is Changing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.3 female-male earnings ratio over time Female-male earning 1 ratio (percent) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=496&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First observation&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;25%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second observation&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A v Average annual percentage change&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1981) &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;51.6&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1990)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;67.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1984)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70 2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1990)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CÃŽte d'Ivoire&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;75.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1985)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;81.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1988)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;55.6&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1986)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1997)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.3&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70.9&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1978)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;80.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1988)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;73.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1980)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;79.8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1990)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note: Monthly earnings for Indonesia and Thailand rural and urban: for all others urban only&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Source: Tzanntors 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women's earnings relative to men's tend to increase over time. A study of six developing countries shows that female earnings relative to male earnings increased by 1 percent a year in the 1980s (table 2.3). There were two reasons for this increase: over the years women entered higher-paying sectors. and within sectors, their pay increased in relation to that of men. This gain would have been even greater had it not been for the effect on wages of increased female participation in the labor force. However, the most visible dimension of gender inequality in the formal labor sector remains the wage difference between men and women. Women's wages are. on average lower those of men by about 30 to 40 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social or employer discrimination can affect women and men difference and these difference are reflected i/? the resource allocation decisions taken within the household&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A recent study of the gender wage gap in Russia shows that after controlling for education differences, the ratio of women's to men's average hourly earnings stands at just over 71 percent: it has remained at that level since the 1960s. Part of the reason for women s lower hourly earnings in Russia and many other countries lies in patterns of occupational segmentation by ,gender. Some analysts argue that women-who do most of the household work in Russian households and also have high participation in the formal labor market cope with the burdens imposed on them by taking less demanding work and devoting less time to advancing their careers (Newell and Reilly 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Informal Sector</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One difficulty analysts face in interpreting trends in women's labor force participation and employment in developing economies is the large number of women engaged in informal sector activities, many of which overlap with subsistence - orientated household or community-based activities. Informal sector employment in most developing countries. whether in microentreprises or in casual work, is an important source of livelihood for women and their households.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The L competitiveness of women's informal sector activities is  constrained by women's limited mobility and lack of access to financial and public sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A recent study in Mexico estimates that 41 percent of the work force in Mexico's major-cities is employed in the informal sector (World Bank 1995c). Data from a 1989 survey show that 60 percent of men working in the sector are salaried workers' compared with only 18 percent of women. By contrast. 80 percent of women working in the sector are unpaid family members, as against 27 percent of men. By far the most common activity in the informal sector is commerce (fixed-location or itinerant), followed by repair works food preparation. and sales, and small-scale manufacturing. The sectoral distribution of informal employment reflects the hey role informal workers play in supplying goods and services to low-income consumers. Women tend to be concentrated in commerce and men in services and manufacturing, although the percentage differences are relatively small. Two generalizations can be made on the basis of this study: informal sector workers earn less than workers in large firms and women earn less than men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another recent study of tour communities in Lusaka. Guayaquil (Ecuador), Metro Manila, and Budapest shows that informal sector activities ate especially important for during periods of economic reform Although the numbers both of men and of women in the labor force tend to increase during these times women rely more on the informal sector than men clot The competitiveness of womenâs informal sector activities is informal by women's limited mobility and lack of access to financial and public services. Women also tend to specialize in non traded goods and services that show relatively low average returns to labor. Across the tour cities in the study, women earn between 46 and 68 percent of men's wages (Moser 1994)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ability of informal sector workers to increase their returns depends on access to physical and human capital and their relationship to the institutional and regulatory environment. Contrary to the common belief, many microenterprises face considerable costs associated with the regulatory environment, including registration and licensing fees, as well as outlays for contracts with public authorities concerning zoning regulations and use of public utilities. In Argentina regulatory costs are estimated to absorb as much as 21 percent of the average microfirm's operational expenses. In some sectors, such as manufacturing and construction, the costs of regulation are about 44 percent (World Bank 1994d). In Mexico real regulatory costs. including the costs of compliance and evasion, are about 20 percent of total costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regulatory costs also inhibit Job creation in the informal sector. In Argentina across-the-board deregulation could generate as many as 170,000 jobs in small-scale manufacturing alone. Furthermore. poor workers in family-based firms or micro enterprises and particularly women entrepreneurs-often lack access to such basics as water and power. Targeting infrastructure investments to the poor, which takes account of the needs of women entrepreneurs s. can significantly enhance their productivity and earnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In rural area where formal markets often are not well developed. informal employment activities play a vital role. In Asia the proportion of female rural wage laborers increased sharply in the 1960s and 1970s. In India women make up a larger proportion of rural wage laborers than of the entire labor force, probably because of growing landlines and poverty among rural households. Rural household labor accounts for a disproportionately large share of employment among the poor and an even larger share among women. Furthermore, a larger proportion of female than male laborers are hired on a casual basis, largely because family arrangements, especially lack of control over property, limit women's ability to work (Hart 1986: Bardhan 1993). Low status in the labor market is also linked to low female indicators in education, health, and nutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Providing credit directly to women has a positive effect on  household and individual welfare and improved gender equality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social norms affecting decisions within the family about occupational choices or migration can also lead to differential patterns of male and female earnings in informal markets (Bhiswanger and Rosenzweig 1984). Family responsibilities hinder women's geographic mobility, constraining their ability to command high wages and limiting them to certain areas or industries. The concentration of women in certain sectors, especially nontraded goods and set-vices. intensifies competition between women entrepreneurs and wage workers and lowers the returns to female labor. These effects are compounded by women's lack of access to credit. training, and technology.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(fender Inequality in Access to Assets and Services )&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Access to Financial Markets</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The availability of financial services and access to them are considered important for several reasons. First. savings provide a kind of self-insurance. Second, credit helps households maintain a certain level of consumption at those times when their income fluctuates temporarily. Third, credit can be used to fund investments in capital or other inputs that will yield relatively high returns to production. if households cannot finance such investments from their own savings. A fourth and no less important reason is the role of savings and credit in increasing household members' options outside the home.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inequalities between women and men in access to financial services- particularly credit--are widely documented. Collateral requirements, high transaction costs. limited mobility and education, and other social and cultural barriers contribute to women's inability to obtain credit (Holt and Ribe 1991). The implications tot household efficiency and individual well-being differ, however, depending on whether the household pools its financial resources. If, as the unitary household model assumes. a household pools its resources the characteristics of individual borrowers are less important than if there is little or no pooling. In the first case. credit resources will be used to meet household needs that have been jointly determined, regardless of who the borrower is. In the second case, the use credit is put to and the needs it then satisfies depend on which household member is borrowing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A recent study of credit programs in Bangladesh sponsored by the World Bank shows that providing credit directly to women has a positive effect on variables typically associated with household and individual welfare and improved gender equality (Pitt and Khandker 1995). The study looks at three programs in Bangladesh: the Grameen Bank. the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), and the Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB). in 1992, women accounted for 94 percent of Grameen Bank members. 82 percent of BRAC members. and 68 percent of BRDB members (Khandker and Khalily 1995; Khandker, Lavy, and Filmer 1994). Only the results for the Grameen Bank are presented here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.4 presents the impact of credit obtained by women and men on a variety of social and economic indicators. The results show a clear and positive impact of both male and female borrowing on all indicators of Toward gender equality family welfare especially through an increase in per capita expenditures increases in both boys' and girls schooling, anti a reduction in fertility. Females borrowing has a greater effect on girls' schooling anti per capita expenditure than does male loot-rowing: male borrowing has a greater effect on boys' schooling and fertility than does female borrowing. Interestingly. female borrowing also results in mote female ownership of nonoland assets and an increased supply of female labor to cash - income -earning activities (Pitt and Khandker 1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loans to Women and Men Have Important Welfare Implications.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2 4 welfare effects of Grameen Bank loans (percentage increase)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=545&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Welfare e change&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effect of male borrowing&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effect female borrowing&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in boys' schooling&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6.1&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in girls schooling&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in per capital expenditure&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4.3&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reduction in recent fertility&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in women's labor supply to cash-income earning activities&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;10.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in women nonland assents&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;19.9 &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The introduction of programs such as the Grameen Bank in a village has a positive effect on agricultural and nonagricultural production (Khatidketati Chowdhuty 1994: Rahman and Khandke 1994 The probability that women will be self-employed rather than work for wages increases by 52 percent. The latter finding is important because much of the wage employment open to women in rural areas is very poorly remunerated and can be quite exploitative. Self employment can bring the opportunity of higher returns for women, plus the freedom to integrate their earning activities into other work as they see fit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Access to financial services alone cannot reduce gender inequalities in the allocation of household resources. A qualitative study reviewing several targeted credit programs in Bangladesh cautions against overgeneralizing about the benefits of giving women access to credit. The study finds that it is difficult to infer that increased borrowing alone improves women's bargaining power because in many rural Bangladesh households the question of who controls the resources is quite complex (Goetz and Sen Gupta 1994). Nevertheless. the possibility of receiving credit (or similarly of working for wages) may give women greater bargaining power within the household. This bargaining power can be used to improve child health and nutrition and may increase the likelihood that children will attend school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Access to Lund and Property</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ownership of land and the distributions of land rights influence the productivity of labor and capital resources and the incentive to invest in resource management Private property rights. in particular. are associated with increased access to product and factor markets. especially credit markets. and to public services such as public utilities and agricultural extension. However. relatively little direct evidence exists to link independent owner of land by women with increased access and productivity. One obstacle to empirical work is that women s access to land and property is often mediated trough marriage (A married woman land rights are frequently limited to use rather than ownership.) Future more. complex systems of land tenure make it difficult to generalize about the effects of owner ship on productivity. None some evidence suggests that independent land rights for women could enhance both the efficiency with which resources are used and the well-being of women and their households: (Agarwal 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The possibility of receiving credit may give e women   greater bargaining power within the  household which  can be used to improve child health and nutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While independent land rights may increase efficiency and household welfare, lack of secure land  appears to be associated with low investments by women in land conservation. In Zimbabwe's communal areas, land that a women acquires is often allocated to her only temporarily: for example, the location of land allotment received from husbands or borrowed from neighbors is usually subject to periodic change (Jackson 1993). The same is true in parts of West Africa (David 1992 Jackson 1994). Uncertainly about the permanence of their control over the land means that women may be reluctant to invest in improvements that will benefit the landowner rather than the user.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A significant trend in recent decades in developing countries has been the move toward private ownership In some countries this trend has been encoulagecl by reforms dealing with land redistribution tenancy or land titling Such reforms are considered important for promoting long-term investments and the adoption of the latest technology They also provide the collateral people need to gain access to credit and other factor markets Ironically, evidence also suggests that perform inequalities in male and female land rights are reinforced by land reform programs For example, in Latin America most reforms are based on the premise that the man of the household its the household head. This presumption means that women (except for widows  and ownership. Even where women and men benefit equally from land reform differences exist between nominal and real land rights (see box 2.3).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the central part of European Russia and in Moldova the lands and assets of state and collective farms are being parceled out in allotments as part of wider economic reforms. Every person who lived and worked on a collective farm receives a share of the land Data show that although on average, women have received a slightly higher proportion of land shares than men, the nonland capital assets of the old farms ale being distributed as property shares on the basis of a formula heavily weighted toward an individual's wage rate and years of employment. Such criteria favor men over women and give men more valuable property chares. Dividends paid on these property shares also tend to be higher than those paid 011 land shares Holt 1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Land reform programs that fail to account for gender differences in rights&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 2.3 who gets access to land? Honduras and Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honduras' Agrarian Modernization Law of 1974 includes a provision giving men age 16 or older the right to access to land, independent of any other qualification. For women. however, this right is restricted to unmarried mothers or widows with dependent children. Furthermore. if a male beneficiary dies or becomes incapacitated. the law gives preference in inheritance rights to a male child over the child's legally married mother. Some 30 percent of rural Honduran households are headed by women at least part time because of the seasonal migration of men to look for work (Saito and Spurling 1992). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the northwest and southwest provinces of Cameroon. an estimated 50 percent or more of those who claimed land within the first ten years of land registration (1974-85) were classified as public servants. Over 32 percent of all the remaining land titles went to businesses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women make up more than 51 percent of Cameroon s population and do more than 75 percent of the agricultural work. but they are virtually absent from land registers. Only 3.2 percent of all land titles issued in the Northwest Province were given to women; in the Southwest Province the figure was 7.2 percent. For the country as a whole. it is estimated that women obtained under 10 percent of all land certificates (World Bank 1995a).  to own. use, and transfer land may actually exacerbate the insecurity of women's land claims and. as a result, harm household welfare. For example, there is evidence that land titling focused on male household heads has adversely affected women's ability to farm independently. Moreover. intrahousehold inequalities in income and decisionmaking have increased (FAO 1993) In Africa some titling programs have allowed men to take advantage of their control over land to redesignate land formerly cultivated by women as household land. This switch provided the opportunity for men to increase the amount of work they expect from women on household plots. In other cases women have received smaller and less fertile plots than they had before for their personal crops (FAO 1993).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recognizing women's independent claims to land is therefore an important issue in property reform. In poor households. having rights to land could alleviate both women's own poverty and the household's risk of remaining poor. The season is mainly that women s access to economic resources has a positive effect on household welfare (Agarwal 1994). From the point of view of efficiency, secret land tenure increases the incentive to manage resources efficiently and expands access to formal credit markets. Because secure land tenure can mean greater productivity, it may also increase the household's incentives to invest in women's human capital.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Access to Extension Services</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agricultural extension services provide information training and technology to agricultural producers. Extension services have always been regarded as necessary for agricultural modernization. Given the importance of women's labor to agriculture in most regions, providing women with access to agricultural extension services is essential for current and future productivity. Types of agricultural extension services vary, hut in most countries publicly provided services dominate. Evidence suggests that women have not benefited as much as men have from publicly provided extension services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the importance of women's labor to agriculture it is in most regions providing women with access to agricultural extension services is essential for current  and future of productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A review of five African countries shows that extension agents are most likely to visit male farmers than female farmers (table 2.5) The impact of this inequity on female productivity depends in part on whether women and men within households pool information. There is, however. little evidence to suggest that this happens (see box 2.4). It is important to ensure that extension services reach omen directly, not only to redress gender inequalities but also to maximize productive efficiency. omen play a critical role in production of food and cash crops for the household. in postharvest activities. and in livestock care Men and omen perform different tasks they can substitute for one another only to a limited extent. and this imitation creates different demands for extension information Also, as men leave farms in search of paid employment ill urban areas. women are increasingly managing and operating farms on a regular and full-time basis. Hence. omen are becoming a constituency for extension and research services in their own right (World Bank 1994e)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.5 visits by agricultural extension agents (percentage of households visited)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=439&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country and year&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Households with female head&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Households with male head&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya. 1989&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;112&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi, 1989&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;58&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria 1989&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;37&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;22&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania, 1984&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;40&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;20&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;4%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;33%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1982&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;29&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;4%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;33%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1986&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;19&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 2.4 do women farmers learn from their husbands?&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of women farmers in Burkina Faso found that 40 percent had some knowledge of modern crop and livestock production technologies. For most of these women, relatives and friends were the source of information; nearly one-third had acquired their knowledge from the extension service, and only 1 percent had heard of the technologies from their husbands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Men are less likely to pass information on to their wives when crops and tasks are gender specific. In Malawi women claimed that their husbands rarely passed on advice to them: if their husbands did tell them something. the women did not find it relevant to their needs. In India women learned from friends, relatives. neighbors. and sometimes from their husbands. but this second-hand information seldom changed their production patterns (Saito and Spurling 1992). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The expansion of agricultural services beyond the public sector is a growing phenomenon in developing economies. The inadequacies of public funding plus the need to provide snore client-oriented services, suggest that the private sector has an important role to play However, women's limited access to land and credit put the many potential benefits offered by extension services out of reach. For example in Kenya's Meru and Maranga areas more than half the women surveyed cited a shortage of cash as their reason for not adopting, technologies that would maximize their output and increase their efficiency. The amount of education omen receive and the efficiency with which they run their farms are also closely linked This tie is particularly significant in light of the fact that one purpose of extension services is to advise farmers on use of modern technology.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three studies of Kenya found that the gender of the farm manager was, by itself. an insignification factor in output per hectare but that the manager's educational level had a significant effect on farm productivity (Moock 1976: Saito and Spurling 1992: Bindlish and Evenson 1993). Simulations based on these studies suggest that significant gains could accrue to increased investment in women's physical and human capital. As the data in table 2.6 show, if women and men shared the same educational characteristics and input levels. farm-specific yields would increase between 7 and 22 percent. Giving women primary schooling, by itself. would increase yields by 24 percent. Thus under investment in women's education limits growth of agricultural productivity. Well-targeted extension services can help to narrow the differences in productivity that arise from educational inequalities (Schultz 1988)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing Human Capital and Input Levels Would Increase tile Yield for Women Farmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.6 effects of increasing women farmers' human capital and input levels Increase  yields&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy experiment &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(percent)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maize farmers Kenya, 1976&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving female farmers sample mean characteristics and input levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving female farmer s men's education and input levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving women primary schooling&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;24&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food maize (maize beans and cow pears) farmers&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving female farmer men's education and input levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of increasing land area to male farmers' levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;10.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of increasing fertilizer to male farmers' levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.6&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Conclusion</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Analysts must look beyond market outcomes to identity the sources of persistent inequality between women and men. The search must focus on the household and its role in the formation of present and future human capital and on institutions beyond the household that reinforce and perpetuate gender inequalities. Gender inequalities within the household affect market outcomes, and these feed back; into household decisionmaking. This process is reinforced by inequalities in access to assets and services beyond the household. Improving the relative status of women within the household and increasing their access to assets and services will increase the returns to investment in human resources and improve the prospects for sustainable economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We must look for that which we have been trained not to see  Ann Scales, Yale Law Journal 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Chapter three</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Public Policies Matter</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As CHAPTER 2 has shown underivesting in girls and women is inefficient for society as a whole. Correcting for past underinvestment will require a &quot;genders&quot; approach to public policy. How this can be concretely achieved is the topic of this chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Equalizing Opportunities by Modifying, the Legal Framework</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Laws form tile functional framework of the economy and of civil society. Equality in the legal treatment of men and women creates the legitimacy policymakers need to seek change. Legal and regulatory provisions that discriminate against women-that. for example bar married women from seeking employment or prevent women from holding legal title to land-perpetuate gender inequalities and severely restrict women's ability to participate fully in social and economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modifying the legal framework to  eliminate discrimination and equalize opportunities for women and men is an important goal for public policy at the national and international levels. A supportive legal environment is also vital for other aspects of public policy that have a direct bearing on the opportunities available to women. such as regulations affecting the formal and informal sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four areas of the law are particularly important for equalizing the opportunities available to men and women: land and property rights; labor market policies and employment law: family law: and financial laws and regulations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Land and Property Rights</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policymakers should ensure that women and men are treated equally in the public allocation of land. Eligibility for land reform programs, for example. should not discriminate against women's perform claims whether the women are heads of households or members of households headed by men. When communities have been resettled or when a project allocates land to participating producers, women should have the same rights to land as men For refugee and displaced women returning to their homelands. often as de facto heads of households. need fair and equal treatment to allow them to establish a Farming or enterprise base as soon as possible. Whet-e land is in short supply, it may be necessary to recognize the land rights of certain groups, as well as their individual rights. The Indian National Sericulture Project is an example; it has leased land to women's groups and promoted women's access to land under state land-grant schemes (Quisumbilig 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some countries have enacted legislation to ensure gender equality in property and contractual rights. Under China's Law of Succession, for example males and females have equal rights to inheritance. Complementary measures are needed to ensure that women know their rights. Such measures include legal programs and campaigns to make judges and administrators sensitive to gender issues in the area of property rights (see box 2.1)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Labor Market Policies and Employment Law</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Discriminatory labor market policies and employment laws are widespread: examples are bans on hiring married women and restrictions on the type of work pregnant women may pet-form. Labor laws may also restrict female participation in jobs and deny women access to work settings. Even legislation that seeks to promote equal opportunity can have outcomes tot women workers. For example, generous maternity and child-care benefits tot women workers may make hiring women relatively mote costly than hiring men. perpetuating the gender wage gap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main issue for public policy its to ensure that fair and equal employment laws exist and are enforced.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.1 some NGO efforts to promote women's legal literacy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schuler and Kadirgamar - Rajasingham (1992) describe innovative approaches by  non governmental organizations to provide women with useful legal knowledge and tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action (CAFRA) has launched &quot;women and the law&quot; projects in five English-speaking Caribbean countries. Using a participatory methodology. the projects aim to create awareness of the law. provide women with legal information that will be useful to them in their daily lives, identify specific areas for action, and influence overall legislative policy. The projects develop educational materials for legal literacy and offer topic specific paralegal training for women's organizations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The legal literacy program of the Ugandan Women Lawyers' Association (FDA-Uganda) conducts legal literacy campaigns on specified dates each month in different districts. Pairs of FIDA volunteers conduct sessions, using role playing and discussions, on legal topics of relevance to women's lives and provide advice on contacting the FIDA legal clinic for advice and representation. In addition, FIDA and Action for Development broadcast regular radio and television programs on women and the law and publish pamphlets on legal issues of interest to women. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In India the Self - Employed Women's Association (SEWA) holds worker education meetings to provide members with legal information and offers one day training sessions on specialized legal information for community leaders. Members of SEWA paralegal staff research cases, prepare briefs, and argue all cases in labor courts for members. SEWA'S legal literacy efforts are part of its overall strategy of action for supporting self-employed women and women in the informal sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard. the main issue for public policy is to ensure that fair and equal employment laws exist and are enforced. Such laws should cover employment and employment-related benefits and should not be applied in a way that restricts women's access to the labor market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many countries women are protected by special standards in the workplace. These safeguards are of two types. The first includes measures intended to end discrimination in the labor market by requiring equal pay for work of equal value or by prohibiting the exclusion of workers from certain jobs because of gender. The second type protects women in their role as mottles by requiring employers to pay the full cost of maternity leave and provide childcare facilities. restricting night work, and limiting work categorized as dangerous or hazardous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first type of labor standard is often difficult to enforce. although nearly 120 countries have enacted equal opportunity laws. In most cases the law is in place but is not enforced. Furthermore. it often applies only to the formal sector of the labor market. leaving large number of women in the informal sector with little protection. More concerted public and private action is required to devise appropriate for enforcement. In additions complementary measures are needed to increase womenâs chances of entering the labor force. Such measures would include mote met-it-based hiring of women in the public sector and the creation of an appropriate regulatory framework that encourages the establishment of day-care centers private nursery schools. and kindergartens for the children of workers in both the formal and informal sectors. (Box 3.2 describes a day-care projects in Bolivia)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many countries have laws that limit night work. over theme and the use of heavy machinery by women. While well intentioned. these laws. too. can reduce women's employment options by raising the employer's cost of hiring women and perpetuating the notion that women workers are less flexible than male workers. This adverse result occurs because women already tend to have lower levels of capital than men and are limited by traditional notions of what womenâs work. Devising effective protective legislation for women is thus a difficult balancing act.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effective laws to protect women must honor the fine line between ensuring sate working conditions for all workers, including women in the informal sector. and providing equal opportunities for all workers seeking employment. Standards relating to maternity leave and child-care benefits are common in the formal sector. To ensure that such standards do not raise the costs of female labor unnecessarily employment legislation should avoid having employers pay benefits directly. Maternity benefits should be funded through general revenue taxes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.2 day-care center in Bolivia to enhance the status of women by increasing their employment opportunities in other Latin American countries, and their knowledge of women in Bolivia are over represented , health, and nutrition. The project among the poor, and many live in will establish day-care centers to proficult circumstances. They are twice vice non formal,  home-based, integrals likely as men to be illiterate, their child development for children unaccess to child care is limited, they the age of 6 in thirty-four poor subject to discrimination in hiring ban and purebred areas. Women and wages, and they are restricted benefit from the project either as by law from engaging in certain procure givers employed at the minimum ductive activities. wage or as clients of the centers. The Integrated Child Development children in day care gives women Project, financed by a credit from the more time to search for jobs or to in World Bank's International Development their current situations (Winkler opponent Association designed and Guedes 1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Or social security systems rather than by direct contributions from individual employers. In Eastern Europe and Latin America, however, this method of funding benefits has imposed a significant cost on the treasury, raising the question of how much should be paid and for how long.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One way of addressing this issue is for governments to encourage women and men to share the responsibility for childrearing by adopting legislation allowing either parent to qualify for the leave and benefits associated with having a child (Folbre 1994). Such legislation can be supported by changes in the tax system to ensure equal treatment of workers within the household and a margin tax rate on the earnings of additional workers in the household low enough to avoid creating a disincentive to women's participation in the labor force (Mac Donald 1994). These tax changes can be complemented by legislation that encourages absent to pay child support. Such laws are in place in many Latin American and Caribbean countries. but none systematically monitors transfers (Folbre 1994). Greater efforts to enforce the law are needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Family Law</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender inequality in family law can worsen women's bargaining position within and outside the household and affect household welfare and efficiency. As noted in chapter women's bargaining position in relation to Household resource allocation is often a key factor in determining the wellbeing of household members. particularly children. Reforms of family law can enhance women's economic and social opportunities while still respecting cultural norms. For instance the minim age of marriage for women  should be set high enough so that girls can complete secondary schooling: this would help lower fertility rates. (Allowing for exceptions such as parent consent negates the potential fertility benefit.) Marriage contracts should include stipulations guaranteeing the wife's rights. especially on separation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Women's bargaining position in relation to household</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legal and policy measures can have a direct bearing on the health of women. The law and its enforcement are essential for combating domestic violence against women. If the laws on violence against women are to be enforced, women need to be made aware of the legal recourse available to them and the judiciary and police need to be sensitized to the existence and&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.3 innovative approaches to combating gender violence&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil's women-only police stations are an innovative approach to the problem of violence against women. They have been so successful that other countries-including Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Peru, and Uruguay-have emulated them. The police stations have made it easier for women to report gender based crimes of violence, and, with that experience, women are now demanding more support from the police, such as legal counseling and advice. Despite the program's success, the number of convictions for gender-based crimes has not increased, largely because similar innovations have not been made in the  judicial system (Heise, Pitanguy, and Germain 1994). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Zimbabwe the Mussasa project provides support and counseling to abused women and sensitizes police and prosecutors to the issues of domestic violence and rape. To ensure the credibility and acceptability of the training, legal professionals are involved in the program. One branch of the criminal justice system-the police department, for example-often hosts training for another, such as prosecutors (Stewart 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Costa Rica El Instituto Legal de las Naciones Unidas y Desarrollo runs gender sensitization training for prosecutors, judges, lawyers, and other professionals who deal with crimes of violence against women (Heise, Pitanguy, and Germain 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Implication of violence against women. Affirmative action policies can increase the number of women police officers lawyers, and judges. Trading police, lawyers, and judges can increase their gender sensitivity. making the legal system more responsive to women's needs. Legal literacy efforts can make women aware of their rights and show them how to use these rights to mobilize for change. Some approaches to dealing with domestic violence are illustrated in box 3.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Financial Laws and Regulations</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Access to credit is vital for women, allowing them to manage fluctuations in income and expenditures and to expand their businesses. As we saw in the preceding chapters, credit can be an important source of economic empowerment for women within the household. But in many countries. underdeveloped financial markets, controlled interest rates, and overly rigid backings regulations have led to systems of credit that tend to shut out the pool. many of whom are women If financial institutions are to lend to those unable to obtain credit in the current environment. interest rates must be liberalized. Positive interest rates have important effects on informational money markets, which tend to be more exploitative when formal sector credit is rationed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Changes in the laws governing access to credit are also vital because women's business profiles often differ from men's. Compared with men. women are more likely to work in low-risk small, and home-based businesses (Rhyne and Holt 1994). This situation creates a demand for small loans that can be obtained without formal, legally secured collateral and that offer relatively flexible repayment terms. Legislation that encourages broad access to financial institutions can increase the availability of these types of loans. but legal changes may also be needed to extend the range of acceptable collateral.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many countries the regulatory framework contains provisions that are especially punitive to small firms. This adds an additional constraint on women, whose businesses are concentrated at the small end of the size The deregulation of the microentreprise sector would remove implicit disincentives to small-film activity and would relieve some of these Such action would enhance women entrepreneurs' prospects of benefiting from training or credit programs targeted to the microentreprise sector (World Bank 1994d. 1995c).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Redirecting Public Policies and Expenditure to Promote (tender Equality)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is unlikely that legal reform by itself will be sufficient to ensure that women and men ate treated equally. Further public action may be required to guarantee that gentler-neutral laws are enforced at both national and local levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Macroeconomic: Policies</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many developing countries are implementing important policy and institutional reforms to address changing economic conditions on both the domestic and international fronts. These reforms are often supported by international financial institutions and bilateral donors. The pace of reform has varied across countries Those countries that have implemented reforms early on, carried them out consistently, and received adequate financial support have generally enjoyed faster and stronger economic growth than count ties that have undertaken reforms too slowly, too intermittently, or not at all. Where implementation has been slow or the government's commitment weak, economic distortions have tended to multiply and economic trowels to slow. limiting the government's ability to invest in physical and human capital for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often the poorest groups in society that stand to lose the most from economic distortions. High and rising inflation places a disproportionate tax burden on the poor including low-paid wage workers and those with fixed incomes. For this and other reasons, inflation tends to hit women harder than men. An overvalued currency is also regressive; it keeps the price of goods artificially low. crowding out many locally produced goods. Women's businesses. which ate often concentrated in the informal sector, can be particularly vulnerable to competitions from cheap snorts. An overvalued currency reduces international competitiveness. limiting the availability of foreign exchange for domestic entrepreneurs and constraining business expansion and employment creation. A firm commitment to policy refortify is therefore essential to economic growth and sustainable initiatives for alleviating poverty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Inflation tends to hit women harder than men.</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such reforms generally include two kinds of necessary policies. The first emphasizes macroeconomic stability and the removal of price distortions: the second promotes labor-demanding growth in agriculture and industry and better. mote accessible basic social services. mightily in education, health care and water supply. Macroeconomic stability can be achieved by reducing large current account and government budget deficits and by curtailing excessive money and credit expansion. Correct pricing of foreign exchange and of domestic goods and services facilitates trade and investment and promotes growth Reforms of trade and price incentives encourage job creation and higher earnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In shots. broadly based economic reforms benefit the poor, as the experiences of diverse countries have shown. Data from the LSMS and similar studies confirm that in Costa Rica, Ethiopia. Than Indonesia, Peru, the Philippines, and Tanzania, declines in poverty rates have accompanied economic reforms. Because of underlying gender inequalities, reductions in poverty do not necessarily improve the economic status of women. Nonetheless. although empirical evidence on changes in women's welfare following reforms is scarce, data from the Philippines suggest that for women. economic reform is by improvements in social indicators and important employment gains (box 3.4). An analysis of household data from Peru indicates that reforms there have not only led to renewed growth and reduced poverty but have also improved the status of female-headed households (box 3.5).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their seminal role in encouraging sustainable. long-term growth. some economic reforms involve transitional costs. for two reasons: the need to implement radical shifts in government policy, and the lag. perhaps of years, between acceleration of economic growth and the realization of the âŠ&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.4 social progress and labor force gains for women in the Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Philippines began implementing economic reforms in the early 1980s. While political turmoil and some policy slippage have weakened GDP growth over the period and led to the need for further reforms, quality of life indicators have improved during adjustment. For example, by 1990 the incidence of absolute poverty had declined by about one-third (to approximately 20 percent of the population). Maternal and infant mortality rates also declined over the period: in 1980 the infant mortality rate was 52 per 1,000 live births, but by 1990 it had fallen to 41 per 1,000 births (Johansen 1993). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The percentage of the population with access to safe drinking water increased between 1980 and 1990, from 65 to 93 percent of the urban population and from 43 to 72 percent of the rural population. The figures for sanitation services showed the same increase, climbing from 81 percent with access in 1980 to 98 per  cent in 1990 among urban dwellers and from 67 to 85 percent among those in rural areas. Secondary school enrollment rates for boys and girls also showed gains. Girls and boys have traditionally reached similar educational levels in the Philippines, a trend that contributed to women's gains in the labor market during adjustment in the 1980s. While labor force participation rates for men rose only slightly, the rates for women increased dramatically, from 23 to 37 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, women's wages as a percentage of men's grew from 71 to 80 percent between 1978 and 1988 (Tzannatos 1995). A recent study of a low-income community in Manila found that in some private sector jobs women earn more than men, reflecting in part the high educational level among women in the sector. Earnings in the informal sector are generally low for both women and men. although some women have been so successful in their informal sector businesses that their spouses have opted to leave low-paying jobs in the formal sector to participate in their wives enterprises (Moser 1994).  benefits of growth by large segments of the population. The short-term costs can include increases in food prices as subsidies are removed temporary restrictions on credit to control monetary expansion, and cuts in public spending as governments attempt to control budget deficits and reorient spending toward the most important public services. Moreover, inequalities in access to and control over resources and in entry into markets hamper some groups in taking advantage of the opportunities created by economic reform For example, people who are unable to acquire new skills may remain for some thee. Gender inequalities in access to and control over land in rural areas can keep women farmers from taking advantage of changes in the relative prices of tradable and non tradable crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.5 macroeconomic reform and improved living standards in Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Between 1985 and 1990 Peru's economic regime was marked by expansionary monetary and fiscal policies and high levels of government intervention in most areas of the economy. Although these policies led to an initial period of growth, the approach proved unsustainable: by late 1987 growth had given way to hyperinflation and deep recession. During 1988-90 real GDP dropped by an average of 8 percent a year. Real wages and consumption expenditure also fell sharply as inflation soared to 7,600 percent a year in 1990.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1990 the new government of President Alberto Fujimori introduced macroeconomic reform measures designed to stabilize the economy, reduce fiscal deficits and inflation, increase market efficiency, and improve the country's competitiveness. Under this reform program inflation declined dramatically, falling to 57 percent in 1992 and to 17 percent in 1994. Real GDP grew by about 20 percent between 1991 and 1994, while real per capita consumption expenditure grew by more than 18.5 percent. LSMS data show that poverty declined by 11 percent-from 55 percent of the population in 1991 to 49 percent in 1994. Although the country experienced a brief contractionary period following the introduction of reform measures, household data from Lima for 1990, 1991, and 1994 indicate that in 1994 per capita expenditure was well above, and the incidence of poverty well below, 1990 levels. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improvements in living standards have been widespread, and the largest gains have been made in some of the country's poorest regions, such as the urban and rural sierra (mountain areas). In most parts of the country, increases in per capita expenditure among households headed by women have been above the national average. In the urban and rural sierra, for example. consumption expenditure by these households increased by 47.7 and 44.8 percent. respectively-figures that compare favorably with increases in per capita expenditure among households headed by men (35 and 28 percent for the same regions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although both women and men are expected to gain from economic reform in the long run. gender inequalities at the household and market levels can mean that the benefits of reform reach women, especially poor women. only slowly. Reforms must incorporate measures aimed at counter acting shot-term transitional costs. Among the most important are safety nets specifically targeted to vulnerable groups. For example, in fiscal 1994 seventeen of the twenty-three reform programs supported by the World Bank included components aimed specifically at reducing poverty: fourteen of them targeted programs or safety net measures such as labor-intensive public works projects. targeted and social assistance programs, and unemployment and social security schemes (see box 3.6).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.6 food coupons improve nutrition in Honduras&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The food coupon program in Honduras, part of a social safety net supported by the World Bank and financed by IDA and other donors, was put in place in 1990 to protect the country's most vulnerable people during economic reforms. Starting with about 182,000 participants, by 1994 the program had expanded its coverage to 345.000 of the estimated 430,000 children at risk of malnutrition. The effort also supports nutrition education for health workers, community groups, and mothers. Because coupons are used instead of food. the government saves some 30 percent over traditional food distribution costs, and the beneficiaries are able to choose the food  they will consume. Beginning in 1995, an adjustment for inflation will maintain the value of the coupons, enabling participants to satisfy a constant proportion of their food needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project also supports the development and implementation of a long-term nutrition assistance strategy for Honduras. Although attempting to measure changes in malnutrition is difficult in the short term, there have already been noticeable benefits. Between 1990 and 1993 the number of first-graders with severe or moderate malnutrition dropped by 4 percent. Organizers are now trying to graduate women participants from the program by offering training in basic skills such as food processing and helping them find assembly work in local factories (World Bank 1995b). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, safety nets are not a substitute for a mote integrated approach to economic and social policy that includes appropriate levels of harvest in social services and infrastructure. Recognizing this fact, governments and donors are increasingly incorporating into their reform packages antipoverty initiatives and measures to reduce gender inequality. In Pakistan, for example, the FIDA-financed Public Sector Adjustment. Program provides much needed the financial support for the balance of payments account and reinforces the emphasis on government investment in the social sectors. The program promotes increased access to and improvements in basic education. health. and water supply services that benefit girls and rural areas. It also supports a shift it government education and health spending toward the primary level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fiscal 1994 twelve of twenty-three World Bank economic reform pro emphasized the restructuring public expenditure, primarily to and increase spending on education. health care, and other areas important to poverty reduction such as water supply and sanitation. The Burkina Faso reform program is typical; it supports an increase in the total budgeted amounts for primary education and health services, which are particularly beneficial to the poor and to women. Uganda s program seeks to protect and enhance public expenditures for basic social services. including water supply primary health care and primary education. In the long term, the reform of public spending-especially in the social sectors, physical infrastructure and agricultural research and extension-promises significant benefits) trot women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Sectoral Investments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In principle. public expenditures on social services and infrastructure are allocated on a gender-neutral basis; in practice men and women use these services differently. The resulting inequalities frequently perpetuate gender based differences in the accumulation and distribution of human capital within households. Public policy can address this problem by public expenditure priorities between secrets and within social sectors. Further it can support services and types of infrastructure that provide the highest social returns to public spending and are most heavily used by women  and children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDUCATION. Estimations of the private returns to education for a number of countries (Psachatopoulos 1994) show that returns are at least equal for girls anti boys and are often higher for girls. Moreover, these rates do not capture the externalities generated by providing education to girls. The combination of private and social returns provides a clear signal for restructuring the allocations of public resources so as to support female education. Yet incidence analysis for a number of countries for which the necessary data are available reveals that educational subsidies per capita are higher for males than for females This difference is partly a result of the bias in allocation of subsidies toward higher levels of education, where female enrolled is lowest. Distortions in the allocation of public resources, such as the provision of mote money foe male-dominated tertiary institutions than for education that benefits girls, should be corrected by reallocating spending toward basic (primary and lower-secondary) schooling. Targeting these educational levels will have the maximum effect on girls' education and will yield higher social returns for society as a whole. In countries where universal basic education has been achieved and capital markets are unable to help households finance higher education, continuing subsidize higher education may be warranted. The rationale for the subsidy would be the productivity gains associated with a better-trained labor force.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To correct the bias against enrollment of girls more targeted interventions are need to influence household (see decisionmaking)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However reallocating public spending toward primary education and later toward higher levels is not sufficient to erase the gender gap in education The bias against enrolling girls in school is evident in both poor and no poor households and applies even at the primary level. To correct this bias, more targeted interventions are needed to influence household decision making&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HEALTH. Correcting the gender bias in the public financing of health care IS a more complex process than correcting the bias in education. for two main reasons: the marked differences between the health needs of men and women, and the unreliability of household data on demand for health services in comparison with the data on demand tot education). However it is cleat that targeting health services to women implies provision of adequate funding for prenatal care. infant immunization, and mother and child health services. Because of the significant social benefits of providing women with appropriate health care, governments should make basic services ices that benefit women a top priority among, public health care expenditures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a critical link between the public provision of health care and women's access to educational opportunities. A mother educated to seek preventive care and early treatment of illness for herself and her children (particularly girls) will reduce the cost of health care and in many cases. prevent premature death. Most of these highly cost-effective services can be supplied in rural clinics and health centers. Public spending should be so allocated as to ensure sufficient funding for these primary health facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES. Agricultural extension and research services are widely considered vital to increasing and sustaining agricultural productivity. Many of these services are being provided by the private sector. but in some countries private services need public support, either because certain markets have not yet been developed or because the infrastructure is poorly developed. However. women farmers and small holders are often not served as effectively by public agricultural extension systems as ate and male farmers (FAO 1993). This disparity stems paltry from expend priorities within agricultural extension services. which concentrate resources on the crops and the technology controlled primarily by male commercial farmers. Reallocating public spending on agricultural extension and research services toward crops and technology raised by or used by small holders and women farmers could yield high social returns to public investment and could increase private returns by improving the skills and productivity of small agricultural producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reallocating public spending on agricultural extension  and research services toward crops and technology &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Techniques for small holders and women farmers should take into account the need for quality and cost-effectiveness in public services, Economies of scale can be achieved if extension agents deal with groups of farmers instead of with individuals. This approach also provides a valuable forum for exchanging information. fostering peer learning. sharing expensive equipment. and pooling resources for- credit. Mobile trailing units and flexible hours that fit the crowded schedules of women farmers should also be considered. and more female extension agents should be trained to deal directly with female farmers. Such measures can be introduced without large additional resources if existing expenditures are carefully reallocated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;INFRASTRUCTURE, Public investment in economic and social infrastructure is vital in facilitated individual and household investment in physical and human capital. However, public expenditures on roads, water supply, and sanitation infrastructure frequently do not meet the needs of those who use the services most heavily. Women are the main users of water services, and it is essential to involve them in designing and implementing water projects. For example. in areas where transport is inadequate and water collection is a daily burden for women and children, the population tends to use the closest available facility rather than the safest one. In such cases. projects that ensure a safe water supply and take into account the specific needs and constraints of the users often have a significant effect on users' health. In two villages in Zaire where a piped water network was installed to provide safe drinking water, the median incidence of diarrhea was halved among children in households located less than a five-minute walk from a public standpipe. Spending allocations that favor public water supply and sanitation improve the general health of the population, save time for women and children. and increase school attendance. A study from Morocco chows that access to tap and well water instead of pond or river water raised school enrollment for both boys and girls (Khandker, Lavy, and Filer 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are the main users of water services and it is essential  to involve them in designing and implementing water projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public spending on roads and energy-related facilities (for instance electrification or energy conservation) or other infrastructure is usually assumed to be gander neutral. Yet women and men use these facilities differently The Morocco study cited above found that the availability of electricity increased the rate for girls substantially more than for boys. The study also showed that the presence of a paved road increased by 40 percent the probability that girls would attend school and reduced by 5 percent their probability of dropping out. Overall, improved road conditions increased the probability of school attendance for girls by 32 percent and for boys by 20 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural electrification can also ease the time constraints on women who must balance household and productive work. Lack of time is often a primary season for women's weak response to economic incentives. especially in rural areas. The case for making public investments in infrastructure would be stronger if gender differences in the use of projects and services, as well as the potential effect of such investment on productivity and social development. were taken into account.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Using Targeting Measures to Narrow the Gender</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As we have seen. policies that specifically target women or girls can address the needs or this group more efficiently and with greater cost-effectiveness than general policy measures. Female household members tend to allocate resources more directly to children. while men tend to allocate more resources to adults. In households in which resources are not pooled. targeting programs to the household as a where will not necessarily benefit all members equally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Targeting women directly is justifiable on two grounds. First, to the extent that gender inequalities prevent an economy from realizing its full potential. targeting to women can be an effective strategy for increasing productivity and output Second, where gender differences are wide, targeting may be needed to capture social gains and to increase internal efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Targeting women is especially when doing so contributes directly to reducing poverty; or when women have particular needs-for example. when maternal mortality is very high. The exceptionally high gender gap in educational enrollments in some countries can be reduced only by policies (including subsidies) that target girls. An obvious example would be policies that affect the private costs of schooling. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female household members tend to allocate resources more  directly to children it while men&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reducing these direct costs to households Will mean setting new public spending priorities. For example. education institutions for girls especially at the primary level, might be exempted from cost recovery measures. thus increasing the implied public spending subsidy to girls. Similarly. a far; number of publicly funded scholarships can be provided for girls' as has been done in and Guatemala.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Opportunity and travel costs can discourage parents from enrolling especially daughters in school. Some counties have tried to overcome the constraints imposed by opportunity costs by introducing flexible school hours and calendar years and providing child care for younger siblings (box 3.7). In some cases girls who are responsible for looking after their younger brothels and sisters ate allowed to bring them to school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In countries where cultural values may prevent girls from traveling alone to school. measures are needed that will increase access to safe transport.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.8 economic reforms and gender targeting in Mongolia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since Mongolia began its transition to a market economy in 1990, the living conditions of the population have deteriorated dramatically. According to the government's estimates, a quarter of all Mongolians are now living below the poverty line. Single women with young children are among the &quot;new&quot; vulnerable groups that have emerged in the wake of the transition. As of December 1993 nearly 72 percent of households headed by single persons, usually women, were estimated to have incomes below the poverty line. (About 28 percent of all households in Mongolia are headed by women). The Mongolian Women's Federation reports that the divorce rate is rising among jobless low-income couples, increasing the number of single-parent households. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Along with job loss women are affected by the decline in services such as day care and maternity homes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mothers now have to look after their children at home, which restricts their ability to participate in the labor market and, ironically, increases their dependence on welfare. When herds were privatized, priority was given to people who, according to the government, could take better care of the animals. Unfortunately, this policy adversely affected female-headed households.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The maternal mortality rate has doubled over the past three years. in part because many more babies are being delivered at home. Other factors that have contributed to the rising maternal mortality rate include a decrease in the number of ambulances and the need for patients to pay for the food they consume while they are hospitalized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mongolia, targeting female-headed households, pregnant women, and children is essential for reducing poverty. Social assistance, health care. education, and help in finding employment are particularly important (Subbarao and Ezemenari forthcoming).  change the geographic distribution of primary schools, of provide more boarding facilities. Projects in Pakistan are using school mapping techniques to establish criteria for placing new schools in currently underserved areas. Such programs benefit both girls and boys.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It may be necessary to target women when economic reforms of systemic transitions are occurring. For example, in Mongolia, as well as in other countries making the transition from a socialist to a market economy, women are disproportionately represented among the unemployed and otherwise disadvantaged (box 3.8). Thus, in designing safety nets to mitigate the short negative effects or economic transitions. policymakers need to recognize and evaluate the specific adverse effects on women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not always necessary to restrict a particular program of benefit exclusively to women: the objective can sometimes be achieved indirectly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Techniques based on self-selection appear to be particularly efficient. In Zambia. where men have a strong preference for cash wages, offering wages in kind (food) attracted more women workers than men to public works programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the financial sector. women entrepreneurs are enabled to borrow at market rates of interest when banking institutions adopt innovate collateral requirements, reduce transaction costs, and offer small loans at repeated intervals The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and Badan Kredit Kecaman in Indonesia do not reserve loans for women specifically: instead. they adopt innovative lending policies the result of which is that women snake up the majority of participants-is 96 percent in a new branch of the Grameen Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Involving Beneficiaries in Public Policy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until recently. the absence of input from beneficiaries often let's ignorant about how the costs and benefits of policy changes would be distributed among the population Today the views and needs of potential beneficiaries are being taken into account at both the macroeconomic and sectoral levels. This trend should make it possible to determine who benefits. who does not, and why. A good example of a situation in which a beneficiary's point of view can make a significant difference is in public expenditure reviews. Governments with unsustainable budget deficits must make difficult decisions about the allocation of public resources. Their task can of ten be facilitated by suggestions from the potential beneficiaries themselves, since one of the key questions policymakers face is whether investments as presently allocated are reaching the intended populations efficiently and effectively&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three broad approaches can be used to guarantee that the views of women and other intended beneficiaries are adequately reflected in policy and project formulation. First. surveys and other methods of collecting statistical data can be designed to ensure that gender-desegregated data are properly collected and analyzed. Second, beneficiary assessments, which use a range of qualitative research methods such as direct observation. selected individual of group interviews. and case studies. can be used to ensure that the views of all groups are adequately represented.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A third approach involves a range of participatory planning and management techniques that reflect a significant transfer of control to the community and local levels. Participatory evaluations use innovative research that allow illiterate and otherwise voiceless groups to express their concerns and priorities. Small grants and credits managed at the local level by NGOs or governments agencies permit a community to choose the projects that best reflect its OWN priorities. Social funds. whereby resources are channeled to demand-driven projects, are one such mechanism While these participatory approaches have been implemented primarily at the local level, they are also beginning to be used to involve the community in regional and national planning. Participatory methods, by helping to create local capacity. ensure the sustainability of projects and programs. They also help establish rational criteria for making public investment choices that incorporate both social and efficiency objectives.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Generating and Analyzing Gender-Desegregated Data</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender-desegregated data and the capacity to analyze these data provide public policymakers with essential information and enhance the dialogue with agents outside government. One of the most valuable instruments for collecting desegregated data is the household survey. which can provide detailed information that is invaluable in policymaking. Obtaining full gender information in many instances entails only a small increase in costs. since the desegregation itself involves little extra work. However additional resources ate often needed to analyze the data and make it useful to policymakers. Public statistical agencies might analyze gender-desegregated information in partnership with private and academic institutions in order to share the costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several important steps in collecting useful and accurate data. First. in places where gender -desegregated household data have not yet been collected. special efforts should be made to obtain them. At a minimum data on how individuals use health and educational services should be collected routinely as part of national consumption and expenditure surveys. If household consumption. income or production surveys have already been carried out but little or no gender--desegregated data have been collected, the marginal cost of collection is likely to be quite modest-perhaps on the order of 10 percent of total costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Participatory methods help establish rational criteria  for making public investment choose that incorporate  both social and efficiency objectives. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second. in places where basic gender-desegregated data have already been collected, it is important to gather more data from individuals on consumption and. as much as possible. on income and the ownership of assets. Such data ate vital for developing a deeper understanding of how access to and allocation and control of resources are determined within households. More data on men's and women's access to credit and information services, such as agricultural extension programs, are needed for an understanding of women's limited access to important production inputs. The data also indicate the effectiveness of projects and programs in providing such services to women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Third, there should be an increased emphasis on collecting panel data (thee series) to facilitate snore detailed analyses of changes in household behavior over time. Because full panel surveys are costly, it may be necessary to adopt less-expensive panel methods and combine them with flexible data collection. Anthropological and participatory research methods can be used to enhance the quality and relevance of formal survey questions, as well as to provide a &quot;reality check&quot; on formal survey responses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, greater priority needs to be given to gender-disaggregated analysis of existing data sets. This analysis should be carried out not only in social sectors such as health and education but also on such issues as the intrahousehold allocation of time and labor and access to and use of productive resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Working in Collaboration</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments' ability to identify and implement policies that promote gender equality is greatly enhanced by the active participation of other players from the development community and civil society. These agents include individual women and men, community-based groups, private-for-profit firms, trade unions, non governmental organizations, and multilateral and bilateral agencies. Interaction between public institutions and other actors provides the basis for a more informed policy dialogue on gender issues. It also lays the foundation for operational collaboration and for broadly based support for public policy measures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past several decades NGOs have become major players in international development. NGOs are by no means homogenous. In the field of development, they range from large volunteer and charity organizations, many of them based in industrial countries, to community-based self-help groups. They also include research institutes, volunteer-sending agencies, religious organizations, professional associations, and lobbying groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NGOs concerned with gender issues have had a particularly important role in designing and implementing gender programs, especially at the grassroots level, and in advocating policy change at the national level NGOs have been effective in providing information and education to women and in helping community-based women's organizations lobby for change. In many countries collaboration between NGOs and governments is still relatively new. Nonetheless, it is growing rapidly-most visibly in the delivery of social and financial services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, in Peru a proposed basic health and nutrition project aims to improve the quality and accessibility of health and nutritional services, with an emphasis on poor women and children. NGOs are expected to play a major role in implementing the project and will be responsible for 75 percent of training and research, 40 percent of education, and 20 percent of service delivery (World Bank 1994g). In Africa many HIV/AIDS support programs are managed by NGOs with assistance from governments and funds from international donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the long run choices made by private sector agents are profoundly important for the persistence  or reduction of gender inequalities &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the financial services sector NGOs have found innovative ways of overcoming barriers that women face in access to credit and savings facilities. Among the better-know programs are the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, ACCION International in Latin America, and the NGO consortium ACCORD in Africa. NGOs have been very successful in organizing village banks and mobile banking systems to reach the rural poor. These credit programs provide women not only with the funds to finance income-generating activities but also with opportunities to acquire basic business skills and to assume leadership positions within their peer groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments also seek to collaborate with a range of institutions from the private sector. In the long run the choices made by private sector agents- whether households, firms, or trade unions-are profoundly important for the persistence or seduction of gender inequalities. Joint public-private sector initiatives can be vital in changing peoples perceptions about the benefits of investing in or hiring women. The private sector has a comparative advantage in providing certain kinds of services to women-for example, vocational education and training. Collaboration with the private sector- often means that public resources can be reallocated to those investments that offer the highest rate of social return. such as basic education and health care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Strengthening International Policies to Meet New Challenges</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not all issues that bear on gender equality can be effectively addressed by individual nations. For example, refugee and displaced women and children account for up to 80 percent of the 50 million refugees and displaced persons worldwide. The sheer numbers of refugee and displaced women and children highlight the urgent need to devise international strategies for dealing with this problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sheer numbers of refugee and displaced women and  children (estimated at 4 million) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The constraints that refugee and displaced women lace are similar to those faced by other women, only magnified many times. They lack access to health services, even though their health risks are high. Girls often have less access to basic education than in their home countries. With little access to family planning, women s fertility rates may be extraordinarily high at a time when the burden of additional children hinders the chances of survival for both mothers and infants. In the absence of professional abortion services, women may rely on self-induced and unsafe abortions. The proportion of female-headed households is highest in refugee situations, yet the women's income-generating activities and skills are minimal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international response to this type of crisis is usually limited to emergency relief measures. Although vital, these measures often fail to recognize the long-term economic and social costs involved in restructuring the lives of displaced women when they return to their home countries. International public policy has an important role in preparing refugee and displaced women for their future role in rebuilding their societies. Long-term repatriation and development on a regional basis along the lines of the International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREFCA) in Central America is one approach to involving governments, NGOs and development agencies in a coordinated response to refugee problems. Governments and agencies must make every effort to collaborate in making repatriation viable by establishing development programs that explicitly take account of refugees' needs. Otherwise, chances are high that people will once again be forced to leave their countries. putting at risk national reconciliation efforts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another area that demands an international response is the establishment of legal conventions for the enforcement of social justice and human rights. Equality under the law creates the legitimacy policymakers and private individuals need to seek change that will increase well-being and encourage economic opportunity. In certain instances, legitimacy needs to be established at the international level. For this reason it is vitally important that governments ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. This convention. adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979, provides a framework for action by countries to reduce discrimination against women in political and public life, law and education, employment, health care. commerce. and domestic relations. International conventions of this type provide an important policy lever for women's organizations and other groups in civil society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Conclusions</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This chapter has presented the rationale for public interventions to promote gender equality. Such interventions are needed because of market failures and social externalities that extend beyond the individual household to affect society in general. For resources to be allocated efficiently, public spending should focus on those investments with the highest social returns. Given the evidence of high social and private returns to investments in women's human capital, public expenditures should give priority to the investments that have the largest impact on the welfare of girls and women, especially in basic education and reproductive and other health care services. Policymakers also need to identify areas in which actions can be taken that would have gender neutral outcomes, including sectoral programs addressing transport and infrastructure, water supply. and sanitation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BY directing  public resource toward policies and projects  that reduce gender inequality policy markers are promoting  not only equality today but also higher labor productivity &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women. The evidence on private and social returns to investments in women and girls cannot be ignored. By directing public resources toward policies and projects that reduce gender inequality, policy makers are promoted not only equality today but also higher labor productivity, a higher rate of human capital formation, slower population growth. and stronger economic growth tomorrows However, none of these goals can be reached without the participation of women  themselves. Governments and collaborating institutions must listen carefully to the voices of individual women, to women s groups, and to woman policymakers By working with others to identify and implement policies for greater gander equality, governments can take actions that will make a real difference to the future well-being and prosperity of their people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Notes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Birdsall and Sabot (1994) use earlier findings by Barro (1991) to test the relationship between inequality and growth. They find that in Latin America unequal distribution of education. in terms of both quality and quantity, constrained economic growth in the region by reducing opportunities for increasing labor productivity. In East Asia open and relatively equal access to high-quality basic education led to a virtuous circle of high educational performance that stimulated growth and reduced inequality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2. Subbarao and Raney (1993) estimate that a doubling of family planning services in 1982 would have reduced the fertility rate from 5.5 to 5 0 and the number of births by 3.5 percent&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3. The Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) is a series of multitopic surveys designed to study multiple aspects of household welfare&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4. Deforestation is represented by the time required to collect a standard load of fuelwood&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5. It would be more illuminating to compare wage differences across three categories of women workers: women without children: women with children but with no interruption in employment except for statutory maternity leave: and women with children and with interrupted employment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6. Among women workers. 53 percent are in commerce. compared with 33 percent of men. In manufacturing. 16 percent of the workers are men. compared with 14 percent for women. In services, 37 percent are men anti 33 percent are women (World Bank 1995c)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7. In Bolivia informal moneylenders require borrowers to write postdated checks. If borrowers tail to make timely repayments, these checks are deposited and, as the lender knows will bounce for lack of funds A bounced check is a criminal offense in Bolivia. and the lender can have the borrower arrested The World Bank estimates that about 20 percent of all Bolivian prison inmates-and 40 percent of female inmates imprisoned for 'bouncing' checks and for other collateral-related crimes. In many cases children must live in prison with their mothers (winkler and Guedes, 1995)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8. The International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREECA) was held in Guatemala City in May 1989 A total of 126 projects in seven countries were introduced. with an overall investment of $365 million Areas with high densities of returnees were targeted. and special attention was given to projects to support displaced women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">References</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agarwal. Bina. 1994. &quot;Gender and Command Over Property: A Critical Gap in Economic Analysis and Policy in South Asia.&quot; World/Development 22(10) 22(10): 145578.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baden. Sally. 1993. &quot;The Impact of Recession and Structural Adjustment on Women's Work in Developing and Developed Countries.&quot; Working paper. International Labour Office. Geneva&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bardhan, Kalpana 1993. &quot;Women and Rural Poverty: Some Asian Cases&quot; In M G Quibria, ea., Rural Poverty in Asia Priority Issues and Policy Options. New York: Oxford University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bardhan, Pranab. 1988. &quot;Sex Disparity in Child Survival in Rural India In T. Srinivasan and Pranab Bardhan. eds., Rural Poverty in South Asia. New York: Columbia University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barro. Robert 1991 &quot;Economic Growth in a Cross-section of Countries' Journal of Economics 106 (May):407 43.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beneria. Lourdes. 1992. 'Accounting for Women's Work: The Progress of Two Decades.'' World Id Development 20(11): 1547-60.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bindlish. Vishva. and Robert Evenson. 1993. Evaluation of the Performance of T and V Extension it? Kenya. World Bank Technical Paper 208. Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Binswanger. Hans, and Mark R. Rosenzweig, eds. 1984 Contractual Arrangements Employment and Wages in Rural Labor Markets m Asia. New Haven. Conn.: Yale University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Birdsall, Nancy, and Richard Sabot 1994 ''Inequality as a Constraint on Growth Working Paper. Manila: Asian Development Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blau. Francine. and Lawrence N. Kahn. 1992 &quot; The Gender Earnings Gap: Learning from International Comparisons&quot; America Economic Review 82 (2):533-38.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bouis Howarth E., and Eileen T. Kennedy. 1989. &quot;Traditional Cash Crop Schemes' Effects on Production, Consumption and Nutrition: Sugarcane in the Philippines and Kenya.&quot; Prepared for IFPRI-INCAP Policy Workshop. Antigua. Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chatterjee. Meera 1991. Indication Women Their Health and Productivity World Bank Discussion Paper 109. Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David, Rosalind 1992 The Effects of Male Out-migration on Women's Management of the Natural Resource Base of the Sahel. SOs International, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donors to African Education. 1994. A Statistical Profile of Education in Sub Saharan Africa in the 1980s. Paris.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duraiswamy. P. 1992. &quot;Child Survival. Preventive Health Care and Schooling in Rural Households of Tamil Nadu: India.&quot; Yale University, New Haven, Conn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Edgerton, V. R. G. W Gardner, Y Ohira. K. A Gunarwardena, and B. Senewiratne 1979 'lron Deficiency Anaemia and Its Effects on Worker Productivity and Activity Patterns' British Medical Journal 2:1546-49.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Einhorn. Barbara. 1993 Citizenship. Gender and Women's Movements in East Cent/al Europe London: Verso&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) 1993 Rural Poverty Alleviation Polices and Trends Economic and Social Development Paper 113 Rome&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fields, Gary S. 1992 ''Changing Poverty and Inequality in Latin America&quot; Public Finance 47 (Supplement): 59-76.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Folbre. Nancy. 1994. Who Pays for the Kids:' Gender and the Structures of Constraint. London: Routledge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fong, Monica 1993. The Role of Women in Rebuilding the Russian Economy. Studies of Economics in Transformation 10 Washington, D.C.: World Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goetz. Anne Marie. and Rina Sen Gupta. 1994 'Who Takes the Credit'? Gender. Power and Control over Loan Use in Rural Credit Programmes in Bangladesh.&quot; Draft University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies. Brighton, U.K.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hart, Gillian 1986 Power Labor and Livelihood: Processes of Change in Rural Java San Francisco: University of Berkeley Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heise, Lori. 1993 ''Violence Against Women: The Missing Agenda.&quot; In Marge Koblinsky. Judith Timyan. and Jill Gay. eds.. The Health of Women A Global&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perspective Boulder. Colo: Westview&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heise. Lori. Jacqueline Pitanguy, and Adrienne German. 1994 Violence Against Women The Hidden Health Burden World Bank Discussion Paper 255. Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herz, Barbara. and Shahidur Khandker. 1991 Women Work Education and Welfare in Peru. World Bank Discussion Paper 116. Washington. D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herz Barbara, K Subbarao, Masooma Habib. and Laura Raney 1991 Letting Girls Lea/n. Promising Education. World Bank Discussion Paper 1. Washington, D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoddinot, John, and Lawrence Haddad 1992. Does Female Income Insentience Household Expenditures  Evidence from CÃŽte d'Ivoire Trinity College. Oxford University, Oxford. U K&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holt, Sharon. 1995 Gender and Property Rights: Women and Agrarian Reform in Russia and Moldova.' World Bank, Europe and Central Asia Region, Washington, D C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Horton, Susan 1994. &quot;Women and Industrialization in Asia&quot; University of Toronto. Institute for Policy Analysis&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hosken, Fran P., ed 1992. Women's International Network News 18(4).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILO/INSTRAW. 1985. Women in Economic Activity: A Global Statistical Survey 1950-2000 Geneva&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jackson. Cecile 1993 &quot;Doing What Comes Naturally? Women and Environment in Development.&quot; World Development 21 (12): 1947-63.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Johansen. Frida 1993 Poverty Reduction in East Asia. World Bank Discussion Paper 203. Washington. D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jurisman. Clara, and Araceli Moreno. 1990. ''Women, Labour and Crisis: Mexico.&quot; Prepared for International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) project on Weathering Economic Crises: Women's Economic Responses to Recession in Latin America and the Caribbean. ICRW, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kalima Rose. 1992. Where Women are Leaders The Sewa Movement in India. London Zed Press&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker. Shahidur R. and Osman H. Chowdhury 1994 &quot;Targeted Credit Programs and Rural Poverty in Bangladesh.&quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department. Washington, D.C. and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker, Shahidur R. and Baqui Khalily. 1995. &quot;Designing a Sustainable Poverty Alleviation Program: The BRAC Strategy in Bangladesh.&quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department. Washington, D.C., and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker, Shahidur R. Baqui Khalily. and Zahed Khan 1993 ''Sustainability of Grameen Bank: What Do We Know ? World Bank. Education and Social Policy Department. Washington. D C, and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker, Shahidur R., Victor Lavy, and D Filmer. 1994. Schooling and Cognitive in World Bank Discussion Paper 264. Washington. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kumar, Shubh K. and David Hotchkiss. 1988 Consequences of Deforestation for Women's Time Allocation Agricultural Production and Nutrition in Hill Areas of Nepal International Food Policy Research Institute Research Report 69 Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kuzoets. Simon. 1955 Economic Growth and Income Inequalities.&quot; American Economic Review 45 (March): 1-28.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lavy, Victor. 1992. Investment in Human Capital Schooling Supply in Rural Ghana Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper 93 Washington, D C: World Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacDonald, Martha. 1994. 'Panel Presentation at the Gender Symposium&quot; World Bank. Poverty and Social Policy Department, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Manser Marilyn, and Murray Brown 1980 &quot;Marriage and Household Decision making: A Bargaining Analysis &quot; International Economic Review 21:11 44&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McElroy, Marjorie, and Mary Jean Homey. 1981. &quot;Nash-bargained Household Decisions: Towards a Generalisation of the Theory of Demand&quot; International&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic Review 22 (June):333 49&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moock, Peter R 1976 &quot;The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya.&quot; American an Journal of Agricultural Economic 58(5):831-35.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moser, Caroline O. 1992 &quot;Adjustment from Below: Low-income Women, Time and the Triple Role in Guayaquil. Ecuador&quot; In Haleh Ashar and Carolynne Dennis, eds., Women and Adjustment Policies in the Third World. New York: St. Martin Press&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1994. &quot;Urban Poverty and Social Policy in the Context of Adjustment&quot; World Bank, Urban Development Division, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mwabu, Germano. 1994 &quot;Household Composition and Expenditures on Human Capital Inputs in Kenya&quot; Presented at Northeast Universities Development Conference, Economic Growth Center Yale University, New Haven, Conn&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newell, Andrew and Barry Reilly 1994. &quot;Pine Gender Wage Gap in Russia. ' World Bank, Europe and Central Asia Country Department 3, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pitt, Mark, and Shahidur Khandker. 1995 &quot;Household and Intrahousehold Impacts of the Grameen Bank and Similar Targeted Credited Programs in Bangladesh &quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population Reference Bureau 1994. The Wood'. Youth 1994 A Special Focus on Reproductive Health Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Psacharopoulos George 1994. &quot;Returns to Investment in Education: A Global Up-date ' World Development 22(9):1325 43&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Psacharopoulos. George, and Zafiris Tzannatos. 1992 Women's Employment and PUN in Latin America Overview and Methodology. A World Bank Regional and Sectoral Study Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agnes. 1994. ''Improving Women's Agricultural Productivity as Farmers and Workers.&quot; Education and Social Policy Department Discussion Paper 37. World Bank, Washington. D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rahrnan. Rushidan I. and Shahidur Khandker 1994 &quot;Role of Targeted Credit Programs in Promoting Employment and Productivity of the Poor in Bangladesh.&quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department. Washington, D.C. and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. Dhaka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rhyne, Elisabeth. and Sharon Holt 1994 ''Women in Finance and Enterprise Development'' Education and Social Policy Department Discussion Paper 40. World Bank. Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rosenzweig, Mark. and T. Paul Schultz. 1982 'Market Opportunities. Genetic Endowments, and Intrafamily Resource Distribution: Child Survival in Rural India'' American an Economic Review 72:4:803-15.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;. 1987. 'Fertility and Investments in Human Capital: Estimates of the Consequences of Imperfect Fertility Control in Malaysia.' Journal of Econometrics 36: 163-84&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saito, Katrine, and Daphne Spurlirio 1992 Developing Agricultural Extension to/ Women Farmers World Bank Discussion Paper 156 Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scales, Ann 1986 &quot;The Emergence of Feminist Jurisprudence'' Yale Law Journal 95(7): 1373-1403.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schuler, Margaret, ed. 1986 Empowerment and the Law Strategies of Third World Women  Washington, D.C.: OEF&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schuler, Margaret. and Sakuntala Kadirgamar-Rajasingilam. eds 1992 Legal Literary. A TOOL for Women's Empowerment New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schultz. T. Paul 1988 ''Education Investments and Returns'' In Hollis Chenery and T.R. Srinivasan. eds. Handbook of Development Economics Amsterdam: North land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sedlacek, Guilhemie, Leah Gutierrez, and Amit Mohindra 1993. &quot;Women in the Labor Market&quot; World Bank. Education and Social Policy Department Washington, D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sen, Amartya 1990 'More Than One Hundred Million Women Are Missing: Women's Survival as a Development Problem.&quot; New York Review of Books (December 20):61-66.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sivard, R L 1985. Women: A World Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Priorities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stewart, Sheelagh. 1992. ''Working the System: Sensitizing the Police to the Plight of Women &quot; In Margaret Schuler. ed. Freedom from Violence e: Women Strategies from around the World. New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Subbarao Kalanidlli. and Kene l Ezemenari Forthcoming &quot;Transition. Poverty and Social Assistance in Mongolia.'' World Bank. Education and Social Policy Department Washington, D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Subbarao Kalanidhi. and Laura Raney 1993 Social Gains from Female Education: A Cross-National Stud!. World Bank Discussion Paper 194. Washington! D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Summers, Lawrence H. 1994 Investing in All the People Education Women in Developing Countries ED' Seminar Paper 45 Washington, D.C: World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thomas, Duncan 1990a &quot;Household Resources and Child Health in Zimbabwe.&quot; Working Paper. Yale University, Economic Grow Center, New Haven, Conn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1990b Intrahousehold Resource Allocation: An Inferential Approach of Human Resources 25(4):635-64.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1991 Gender Differences in household Resource Allocation. Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper 79 Washington. D C: World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1993. &quot;The Distribution of Income and Expenditure within the Household.&quot; A Annals of Economics and Statistic 29: 109-35.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibaijuka, Anna 1994 ''Cost of Differential Gender Roles in African Agriculture: A Case Study of Smallholder Banana-Coffee Fames in the Kagera Region, Tanzania.&quot; Journal of Agricultural Economics (U K) 45(1):69-81&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toubia, Nahid 1993. Female Genital Mutilation: A Call for Global Action. New York: United Nations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tzannatos, Zafiris 1995. &quot;Growths, Adjustment, and the Labor Market: Effects on Women Workers.&quot; World Bank, Poverty and Social Policy Department, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization). 1991. 1991. Paris&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1993b Trends and Projections of Enrollment by Level of Education by Age and Sex, 1960-2025. Paris&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund! 1993. The Progress of Nations. New York&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization). 1993 11 Women in Manu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Recent Development in Practice Books&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Priorities and Strategies for Education: A World Bank Review (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Better Urban Services: Finding the Right Incentives (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strengthening the Effectiveness of Aid: Lessons for Donors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enriching Lives: Overcoming Vitamin and Mineral Malnutrition in Developing Countries (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A New Agenda for Women's Health and Nutrition (also available in French)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population and Development: Implications for the World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;East Asia's Trade and Investment: Regional and Global Gains from Liberalization&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governance: The World Bank's Experience&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Higher Education: The Lessons of Experience (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Better Health in Africa: Experience and Lessons Learned (also available in French)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Argentina's Privatization Program: Experience, Issues, and Lessons Sustaining Rapid Development in East Asia and the Pacific&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE WORLD BANK A partner in strengthening economies and expanding markets to improve the quality of life for people everywhere, especially the poorest&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender equality is not only a matter of social justice but also good economics. It is of foremost importance to women's wellbeing and development. Discrimination means losses in productivity and lower welfare of women, their families, and society at large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the gender gap is narrowing in education, health, and many other areas, women are still less educated than men, work more hours, and are paid less. The reasons why gender disparities persist are complex, having to do with social and institutional norms, relationships within households, and even lack of information about the benefits of educating and employing women. Despite the weight of social and cultural factors, public policy can influence women's status and well-being. Governments have a leading role in widening the opportunities available to women and extending the services that are vitally important to them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report outlines what governments and development agencies can do to work toward greater gender equality- one of the best investments a society can make. Public policy can affect investments in health, education, and infrastructure through laws and regulations. It can also affect land ownership, financial services, and access to employment. Not least important, public  policies can affect macroeconomic performance and create a favorable climate for economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH1726.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH1726.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH1726.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2684 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/ec160e/ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">432133</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://ec160e/ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://ec160e/ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courier - NÂ°160 - Nov - Dec 1996 - Dossier Habitat - Country reports: Fiji , Tonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Settlements, Housing, Building - Infrastructure Construction (Roads etc)|Settlements and housing: general works incl. low- cost housing, planning techniques, surveying, etc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Development Periodicals and Magazines|The Courier ACP 1990 - 1996 Africa-Caribbean-Pacific - European Union</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Courier - NÂ°160 - Nov - Dec 1996 - Dossier Habitat - Country reports: Fiji , Tonga (ec160e)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">EC Courier</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214927</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215032</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1726.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p15.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p32.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p48.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p90.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country reports&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji is home to people of a variety of cultures but it would not be accurate to describe this Pacific island country as a 'melting pot'. Politics here are dominated by the difficult relationship between indigenous Fijians and the descendants of indentured Indian labourers brought in to work the sugar cane fields. We look at how this situation affects the economy -  which everyone acknowledges has considerable potential, and examine the prospects for ethnic rapprochement as the nation begins a 'great debase' on the future shape of its Constitution. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga appears like a haven of tranquility in a turbulent world. A society which respects hierarchies and is strongly attached to 'traditional values', it is also one of the few remaining places with a hereditary ruler who wields substantial power. But outside influences cannot be ignored altogether and nations everywhere are having to adapt to living in the 'global village'. Our report focuses on the possible consequences of this for the 'Friendly Islands' as the new millenium approaches. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dossier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of 'habitat' conjures up different things to different people - from the right to a roof over one's head to the way in which we manage the flora and fauna of the planet. In our dossier, we consider the legacy of the United Nations 'Habitat' Conference held in Istanbul earlier this year. We also highlight some of the initiatives being taken to improve the quality of people's living environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgements</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier: Africa  - Caribbean - Pacific - European union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Address: Postal address (mail only) 'The ACP-EU Courier' Commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 Brussels Belgium &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier office address (visitors) First floor Astrid Building 1, rue de Geneve Evere- Brussels Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publisher Steffen Smidt commission of the European communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 - Brussels (Belgium) Tel. 00-32-2-299 1111 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Publications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assistant editors&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeanne Remacle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associate assistant editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalist:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Production Manager:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secretariat:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carmela Peters&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fax: 299-30-02&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Circulation:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Margriet Mahy-van der Werf (299-30-1 2)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Meeting point</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Jacques Bugnicourt, Executive Secretary of Enda Tiers Monde</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main development battle must be fought in the towns and cities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Founded in 1972, Enda Tiers Monde ('Enda' stands for 'environment and development') is one of the few large international NGOs to be based in a developing country. It has a presence in a number of states in Africa, Latin America and Asia and has been concentrating its efforts on towns and cities, in the belief that this is where deprived populations can be best assisted. Jacques Bugnicourt, who is Enda's Executive Secretary, has some strong views about what needs to be done to tackle the problem of urban deprivation. When we interviewed him at the Enda headquarters in Dakar, Senegal, we began by asking him about the history of the organisation that he heads.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - When we launched Enda, I am not sure that we had any particular goal in mind. You would have to go back to the end of the 1950s, with the war in Indochina, the approaching conflict in Algeria, the independence of countries in Africa and the last-ditch struggles of the colonial powers, notably France. It was in Paris that links were forged between activists from many Third-World countries - in particular, we all took part in the street demonstrations mounted by people from the French colonies. There were some very strong groupings like the Federation of Students from Black Africa, and its equivalents set up by students from the Maghreb, Latin America and Asia. Ten years later, in the 1970s, we could see that the independence experiment was turning sour and the hopes we vested in the actions of determined and brilliant people had come to nothing. The United Nations was becoming increasingly bureaucratic. Some of our friends and colleagues who had government posts had their hands tied, while others were in prison and were equally powerless. In addition, the communists were disappointed at not being able to apply their doctrine to local conditions. Some did, in fact, manage to achieve small-scale results locally when working at the grass-roots, but by and large, their efforts were not successful. I came to Dakar, where I taught in a United Nations institute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A lot of people had theories. But you cannot take up the battle for the poor without the poor themselves, or for those under the yoke of colonial rule without the participation of the subjugated population. To begin with, you have to appreciate the diversity of the various peoples in developing countries, and be aware of their daily life and struggle. Cesaire wrote that you had to ask questions about the soil, about cities, about men and about the sun. Later, once you have done this, you can act.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We need to dismantle the barriers. There can be no agronomy without economics, and no economics without sociology. If you are talking about jobs in Senegal, you also must talk about jobs in Mali and Guinea - treat Africa as a whole. Another thing is that you have to stand up for yourself and not allow yourself to be manipulated by people from the developed countries. One of the major problems we have noticed is that part of Africa's elite is out of touch with the general population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are the underlying reasons for the foundation of Enda. Nowadays, it is a non-profit-making international organisation working with various communities - an 'INGO', if you like, with the 'I' standing for 'international'. We have bases almost everywhere in the Third World, from Ho Chi Minh City to La Paz.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is each section of Enda independent, then ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. We took the view that there was a danger of becoming too centralised and acting like a small-scale UNICEF or UNESCO, so we decided to guard our independence very carefully. We opted for the widest-ranging autonomy possible. This has its drawbacks of course, but these are far outweighed by the advantages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mention drawbacks. Would it be true to say that the original enthusiasm which greeted the creation of Enda has fallen off somewhat ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's something we are always concerned about. It is not structures which maintain cohesion, but the sharing of goals and the channelling of our actions towards the common good.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the various sections get together, we find that we have a great many things in common. But there is no good reason why those of us in Dakar should try to influence the way people work in working-class districts in Santo Domingo, for example, where they are trying to tackle problems like AIDS and unemployment. We simply tell them what we are doing here and vice versa. If you want to serve the people, you have to have a decentralised set-up. It would be wrong to deal with a problem centrally, and to do so would be against our instincts. Most of us have no particular liking for institutions. An institution must be of service in the battle, not the other way round.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How do you guarantee cohesion in practice ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It costs a great deal to travel of course, but we do have a lot of joint programmes. For example, the cities programme includes people from Bogota, Santo Domingo, Rabat, Dakar, Ho Chi Minh City and Bombay, all working together. They meet from time to time and, when they do, it is to get down to practical work. Together, their work is, say, three-quarters practical and one quarter reflective. Nevertheless, there is ongoing tension, particularly in the relationship between overall policy and local demands. Another conflict arises between grass-roots action and reflection.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The impression one gets is that you yourself are the 'cement' between the various groups which make up Enda. Could this not be seen as a weakness which may make things difficult in the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's what other people say, not what I think. I try to make my presence useful and those who come after me will do the same. What really holds us together is our belief in what we are doing. It is not a question of adhering to some kind of 'monolithic' faith. We simply believe that we can be of use, recognising that there are many limitations. Let me give you a practical example. If someone involved in recycling in Bogota were to meet up with someone from a poor district in Dakar who works at the rubbish tip, they would have a great deal in common and would find it useful to compare their problems and consider practical ways of solving them together.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are your most important activities in Senegal ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - By far the most important is the one covering the city of Dakar. As well as being a focus for the country itself, Dakar is a metropolitan centre for the entire sub-region, with influence over Bamako, Conakry, Bissau and perhaps even Praia in Cape Verde and Nouakchott in Mauritania. What happens here has repercussions in all those cities. I do not want to sound too dramatic, but the decisive factor in our destiny will be the fate of young people and the poor in the major cities. Two-thirds of these people are facing chronic problems. Those under twenty make up more than half the population and their lives are continuing to spiral down into poverty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enda should obviously be operating in those areas where it can be of most use. And in the context of towns and cities, we have completely reviewed our strategy. For some years we gave priority to the countryside. For a long time, in fact, we believed that rural development would permit a much improved urbanisation process. There was even the view that people in developed countries would not object to paying a little more for agricultural produce, because they could be certain that the money was going to those who actually grew the cotton, groundnuts, cocoa or whatever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the last fifteen years or so, though, we have come round to the view that our actions must be directed principally at towns and cities. We found initially that there were some interesting projects involving small groups - working to improve the position of children or banding together in cooperative savings ventures. It was good, long-term work which gave results. But that is all out of date now. We have to speak in terms of much larger numbers  -  tens of thousands and not tens or hundreds. Otherwise, there is no chance of making a real difference. That is why we have considerably altered our strategy. Three years ago, approximately two thousand children were able to go to holiday camps. Most of these holidays were paid for by companies, but fewer than 10% of the beneficiaries were genuinely poor. Last year, no fewer than 10 000 children were sent away on five days' holiday -  to the coast near Dakar. Enda was involved in this programme working with 200 local cultural and sports associations. The idea was to give the children the chance to splash about in the sea, but also to use African resources to help them become full citizens and learn that our diversity is the source of our wealth. There are at least 100 000 children living in misery and many of them could end up joining the ranks of the street children. If you can give these youngsters five days holiday plus a bit of follow-up, you allow friendships to be built. It offers a brief escape from everyday reality. It may not be paradise, but it is something tangible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another example is the tontines that have been formed into a federation. We currently have nineteen thousand women participating in these and if you bear the large family sizes in mind - there are perhaps ten people in every family - that represents a lot of people. The women pay into the tontines and the money is used, not just for the security of their immediate family, but also to help young people set themselves up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then there is rubbish collection. Enda runs its own scheme but there are also a number of groups that have turned rubbish collection into a profession. The young people collect the rubbish and recycle it. There are about 50 000 people in the biggest district where we are involved in rubbish collection. There are also some young people in that district who are engaged in water recycling and although it only involves supplying about a hundred people at the moment, I believe this scheme will grow. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We also organise schools and are currently involved in making films for schools on the subjects of the environment, hygiene and solidarity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Enda has just opened an 'eco-centre'. If I understand it correctly, this is a showcase to promote a horizontal link between Enda's various activities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That is right. We want it to be a place of passage, meeting, exhibition, permeation and redistribution. We hope people will feel comfortable there, and that it will be a tool symbolising a new way of working. So the centre offers an experience, but we also want it to be used to promote activity. A variety of events have been organised there simultaneously - recently for example, a meeting of shoe-shiners, a gathering of teachers from a long-standing educational centre, an exhibition for the Biennial Festival of Contemporary African Art, and a local-community meeting about setting up a small production facility. Two days earlier, there was a preliminary holiday-camp meeting where the instructors got together to look at the best available teaching methods designed to make children more aware of the importance of solidarity. We believe that solidarity is essential in tackling problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So the centre has a multitude of uses, all of which contribute to the vitality of the local economy. You have to understand the crucial importance of the local economy. It responds to all the basic needs of the poorest people, who want to live their lives just like the rest of us.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You talk of depending on the local (what some would call the informal) economy to live - or at least survive. But this sector is not viewed with enthusiasm by the international authorities ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Their policy is based on domination and fear: fear of those who accumulate assets. To see these hordes of people in the developing countries frightens them. It's a bit like the horror of the wealthy classes at the end of the nineteenth century when faced with a working class which dared to aspire to wealth. They will give to charity but are not prepared to make a long-term investment. The lack of support for the local economy stems from the fact that foreign aid is geared, first and foremost, towards major projects or emergency aid. Four or five years ago, the UN conducted a survey in 10 towns and cities in West Africa, but the results were not published because they showed that the average rate of growth of the local economy was 7.5%. So, you see, we are far from just muddling along. Great things could be achieved if only there were a change in attitude. It also requires a change of terminology. How can one justify the use of the word 'informal' and, worse still, treat the work of the poorest people and fraudulent activities under the same heading. Fraud may be formal or informal. Knowing African society as I do, I am aware that fraud is statistically more widespread amongst the prosperous and highly respected. So we must not cast stones at the little man selling socks who has no trading licence because he cannot afford one, or at the woman who sets up a stall at a school entrance without complying with the law which requires a recent certificate stating that she does not have tuberculosis. What is the bottom line here ? Must we respect the law or the people who want to live without being thieves, beggars or prostitutes ? It is unacceptable for force to lie with the law and for the majority to be cast into wretchedness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Senegal, there used to be fixed prices for milk. The World Bank protested, declaring that this was a restriction on free competition. Now we have to pay much more and many people can no longer afford to give their children-milk every day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To put it in perspective, Senegal's economy is about the same size as that of the city of Bordeaux. So we must use all the available potential. Highly qualified managers should do their job looking after the high-tech sectors. But, at the same time, we should not be driving out the poor people who are just trying to eke out a living. The informal sector creates services for a very small investment, and people also require services. Economic policy must allow society to walk on two legs, not just one. What that means is that we need a great deal of flexibility, and perhaps a complete review of the law. Contraceptive implants have to be licensed so that there are no more back-street abortions. And it must be possible for girls to attend school even if they do not have a proper birth certificate - why should they be excluded from education for want of a piece of paper. It should be possible to trade with a simple one-day ticket which people should be able to buy in post offices or cinemas. What would be wrong with that? And we should have a moratorium on a number of regulations. We need to wage war on the destitution that we are suffering and that means taking decisive measure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ACP</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Joint Assembly begins discussions on future ACP-EU relations</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the agenda was, as usual, heavily laden with a variety of long-standing issues ranging from regional cooperation, fisheries, the cocoa content of chocolate and bananas to the situation in several ACP states (in particular Rwanda and Burundi), the future of ACP-EU relations was at the forefront of discussions at the ACP-EU Joint Assembly, which was held in Luxembourg from 23-26 September 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Opened in the presence of the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, the Assembly's general attitude was not one of speculation as to whether or not the European Union would abandon the ACP states when the LomÃ© IV Convention expires in the year 2000 - a feeling that was rife shortly after the signing of the revised version in Mauritius in November 1995. Instead, it was one of positive thinking and of exploring the kind of agreement that would succeed it. 'There is no question of the European Union getting out of a relationship which took decades to build', Luxembourg's Prime Minister Jean-Claude Junker, told participants in his welcoming address.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As pessimism gives way to guarded optimism, ACP-EU parliamentarians have taken an important initiative, even before the Commission's Green Paper is published, in what is bound to be a long and passionate debate. A special summit of ACP Heads of State is planned for Gabon later in 1997 to discuss the issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Options for the future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A general report, introduced by Mr Firmin Jean-Louis (Haiti), provided the main platform for the Joint Assembly's deliberation. Although presented too late for representatives to have the opportunity to examine it in detail, the exchange of views on the floor was wide-ranging and reflected the report's content to a considerable degree.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report encapsulates all the ideas that have emerged so far in various fore. It analyses framework options for future ACP-EU relations  -  bilateral, regional and multilateral - and raises pertinent questions and concerns. Noting that international cooperation is increasingly dictated by economic and security considerations, and that North-South solidarity is, as a result, being pushed to the background, it regrets the fact that certain EU member states appear to indicate a preference for bilateral over multilateral cooperation. The author of the report warns that this trend would not only diminish the credibility of the Union but also its international influence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any instrument of cooperation, the report says, should take into account the different levels of development among ACP states as well as the regional vocation of many others. Its objective must be poverty eradication, sustainable economic and social development, and the harmonious integration of the ACP states into the global economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It recognises the need to secure the support of European public opinion which is largely unconvinced that EU aid to ACP states has been effective over the past 20 years. Not enough publicity; it says, has been given to its positive aspects. The report goes on to warn that solidarity and development are at stake and that the debate on the future of ACP-EU relations should not be left to politicians and technocrats. It should also involve wider civil society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Joint Assembly debate, the commitment of EU political leaders to the development of the ACP states was often called into question. Francis Wurtz (EUL-F) summed it up when he said there were worrying signs that the EU intends to downgrade its relationship with the ACP states - signs which go back to the negotiations on the LomÃ© IV second financial protocol, when several countries refused to increase their contributions to the 8th EDF. The EU draft budget for 1997, which he said revealed a substantial reduction in the funds allocated to the developing countries outside the Mediterranean region, provided further evidence of this. 'We must be vigilant,' he told his colleagues, 'and must not allow the LomÃ© Convention to be revised downwards.' Mr Wurtz agreed that greater efforts were needed to create awareness and mobilise European opinion in favour of development. The European public should know that EU development policy was not based on charity but on self-interest. 'Without Africa developing, Europe has little chance of maintaining growth in the long run.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lord Plumb (EPP-UK), the European Co-President of the Joint Assembly, admitted that it would not be easy to influence European public opinion. 'One of the roles of the Joint Assemby,' he said, however, 'must be to ensure that the peoples of Europe have confidence in the progress being made by the countries of the South. We must all help in this task of confidence-building.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Glenys Kinnock (PES-UK) urged that there should be as much participation as possible in the ongoing dialogue over future ACP-EU relations in order to bridge what she saw as 'the gap between rhetoric and reality.' Equity, she argued, should be the main objective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP Co-President, Sir John Kaputin (Papua New Guinea), said there was no doubt that the EU was forging closer ties with the former Eastern bloc countries at the expense of the ACPs. He pointed out, however, that the LomÃ© Convention had always encouraged a 'forward-looking' approach and argued that whatever succeeded the current ACP-EU relationship should be 'the most important' agreement ever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The representative from Barbados, Dr Richard Cheltenham, was of the opinion that whatever the outcome of the discussions, efforts were needed to avoid 'chaos'. There should, for example, be no immediate abandonment of the trade preferences that ACP states had acquired. Transformation must be gradual to enable them to adjust and restructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European Commissioner, Professor Pinheiro, chose, first of all, to underline the importance of the role of 'the state and civil society' in development. He indicated that he saw this as growing more and more in importance. This was reflected in the agreement signed in Mauritius -  an agreement which seeks to encourage the consolidation of democracy, the rule of law, good governance and transparency, and which emphasises decentralised cooperation and the role of the private sector. the Commissioner spoke about the current programming exercise, reminding the Assembly that resources were being allocated in two tranches in accordance with the provisions of the revised Convention, to take account of each ACP state's development strategy and the objectives and priorities of the Community's development policy. He revealed that only 16 ACP countries and two EU Member States had ratified the revised Convention and urged those that have not done so to accelerate the process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He welcomed the Joint Assembly's initiative in debating future ACP-EU relations. The Commission's Green Paper, he told representatives, will be published in November. He was, therefore, not in a position to enter into detailed discussions with members on the subject at this stage. He stressed, nonetheless, that the document 'will not be a blueprint for future EU strategy towards the ACP countries. It will be a discussion paper.' there were a number of key questions that needed to be addressed regarding strategy, the scope of future relations and the use of the traditional instruments of aid and trade. 'This is not to say that we should start afresh', he argued. 'We should build on what has been achieved so far, and adapt where necessary.' Professor Pinheiro was certain that whatever the outcome of the discussions, there were a number of 'unchallengeable principles' on which ACP-EU relations should continue to be based. These were: partnership, ownership by ACP countries of their development policies, security in terms of EU support and predictability of relations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New areas of concern&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This session of the Joint Assembly saw the emergence of two new areas of concern: urban development, and the effects of climate change on small island states. An initial report on the former was presented by the rapporteur, Daby Diagne (Senegal). It did not give rise to much debate. The report emphasises the pivotal role towns play in economic development and urges the Community to adopt an integrated policy on urban development (See our interview with Mr Daigne in the Dossier). The latter was the subject of a full morning hearing, involving a panel of ACP-EU experts who are closely involved with the problem. They warned of the threat posed by global warming to the survival, and even existence, of many islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The emission of greenhouse gases, the Assembly was told, has reached levels never before experienced (see the article which follows). Representatives agreed on the need to integrate climate change considerations into sustainable development strategies. A Working Group on the issue was set up with Karin Junker (PES-G) as general rapporteur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cocoa and babanas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was no avoiding the intractable problems of cocoa and bananas. On cocoa, opinions were divided as usual. There were those who felt that the Commission's proposed new directive allowing chocolate to contain vegetable oils (up to 5% of total volume) in place of cocoa butter, was reasonable. The proposal also involves a labelling system to ensure that the exact contents of the product are clearly indicated Advocates of this strategy argued that it would not only widen consumer choice but would also promote the export of shea-butter and other vegetable oils which a number of ACP countries produce. Opponents were worried that if implemented, the directive could lead to a big fall in cocoa exports and a commensurate loss of earnings for ACP cocoa producers. Magda Aelvoet (Greens-B) argued in favour of maintaining the status quo, saying that this was preferable to what was being put forward in the draft directive. She warned that the Commission propose' would almost certainly result in everyone (cocoa producers, shea-butter producers and consumers) losing out. There was no guarantee that menu facturers would choose shea-butter given that they would be free to use whatever vegetable oils they liked She was certain they would go for the cheapest substitute or even for synthetic products. Accordingly, Mrs Aelvoet proposed a 'freeze' on all proposals. This view was reflected in the resolution passed by the Assembly, which called on the Council to reject the proposed directive. It also requested the sever member countries which currently authorise the use of vegetable oil to comply gradually with the existing directive  -  which bans their use altogether.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banana issue proved even thornier. There is a dispute at the World Trade Organisation, where the LomÃ© Protocol is being challenged by the United States and Latin American banana producers. Mrs Kinnock expressed anger at the fact that the arbitration panel set up by the WTO is made UP of three countries known to advocate free trade. The panel, she said, is chaired by Hong Kong - which the Organisation told her was representing the 'developing countries!' The general feeling among representatives was that the odds were stacked against the European Union and the ACPs. The Assembly passed a resolution asking the Union to stand firm in defence of the banana regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Democracy, human rights, peace and security&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty-seven questions were addressed to the Council of Ministers and a further 28 to the Commission. More than a third of these dealt with issues relating to emergency relief operations, democracy, human rights, peace and security  -  recurring themes throughout the four-day meeting. The emphasis, in this context, was on Burundi, Rwanda, Liberia and Nigeria, all of which were considered individually under the agenda item 'the situation in ACP states'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the detailed answers given by Commissioner Pinheiro to questions on Burundi and Rwanda, the Assembly had a long session with Aldo Ajello, the EU's Special Representative to the Great Lakes. The discussion focused on efforts to restore democracy and legitimate government in Burundi, national reconciliation, and the repatriation of refugees from neighbouring countries to both Burundi and Rwanda. Mr Ajello gave members a comprehensive picture of the complex political and humanitarian situation in the region. He spoke of the sanctions imposed on Burundi by neighbouring countries and the efforts of the former Tanzania President, Julius Nyerere, to bring about dialogue and a just political settlement in Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria was again in the dock. Its representative, Dada Olisa, acting Charge d'affaires at the Embassy in Brussels, gave an account of what he considered was the progress made by the Abacha regime on human rights and democracy since the Joint Assembly met in Windhoek last March. He mentioned the repeal of the decree under which Ken Saro-Wiwa and other minority activists were executed, the release of detainees and the transitional programme for a return to democracy by 1998. He pleaded for the Assembly's understanding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;His explanation cut no ice with any of the seven political groupings in the European Parliament, who came together to present a compromise draft resolution on Nigeria. They wish to see all political prisoners released immediately, and the restoration of civil and political rights, as well as a democratically elected civilian government, by the end of 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution on Nigeria was again passed by secret ballot - the very last act of the session. It calls, among other things, for a total arms embargo (preventing the trade in future but also covering existing supply agreements) and for the financial assets of the Nigerian government and of members of the country's ruling councils (and of their families), to be frozen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution does not differ very much from the previous one. Mrs Junker, Johanna Maij-Weggen (EPP-NL) and Mrs Kinnock all expressed disappointment that the EU Council had failed to implement this fully. However, by repeating the demand for sanctions, they said, the Assembly was sending a very strong message to the Council that it was determined to see Nigeria return to democracy as quickly as possible. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Alarm bells sound on small island states</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Climate change&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A morning session of the ACP-EU Joint Assembly was devoted to a public hearing on the effects of climate change on small island states. It was appropriate that the issue should be brought to the attention of the Assembly by Maartje van Putten (PESNL). Representing a country much of which lies below sea-level. she is familiar with the devastating effects of sea flooding. At the hearing, which was very well attended, a panel of invited ACP-EU experts was on hand to enlighten the audience on the extent of the problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although global warning has been on the international agenda for more than 10 years, the seriousness of the threat it poses to the survival of small island states is only now beginning to be taken seriously - and it might already be too late, if some of the most apocalyptic scientific predictions are to be believed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is now growing evidence that global warming is taking place. In recent years, we have experienced more extreme weather conditions - heatwaves, floods and increasingly destructive tropical storms - while there are signs that icecaps are melting and sea levels rising. The increasing incidence of malaria in Africa has been linked to these changes. And it is all happening because of the influence our style of living is having on the planet - in particular the huge emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, from our factories, vehicles and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That the public hearing attracted a large audience was not only a reflection of the interest the problem is now commanding. It also symbolised the mounting international pressure for reductions in CO2 levels in the atmosphere, and for the adoption of more realistic strategies of sustainable development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel of experts comprised Dr Leonard Nurse, Manager of the Coastal Conservation Project in Barbados, Donald Stewart, Acting Director of the South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP), Dr Robert Watson, Senior Scientific Adviser at the Environment Department of the World Bank and Chairman of the second Working Group of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and Neroni Slade, Vice-Chairman of the Association of Small Island States (AOSIS) and AOSIS Coordinator on Climate Change. A separate workshop on climate change was also organised on the same afternoon outside the formal Joint Assembly setting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to Dr Nurse, current estimates based on most reliable models, suggest sea level is rising at the rate of 5mm a year (the 'range of uncertainty' is between 2mm and 9mm). This is two to five times the rate experienced in the last 100 years. This rise is expected to continue beyond the year 2100 even if greenhouse gases are stabilised. The implications for small island states, particularly the low-lying ones, would be severe. 'Atolls such as Tokelau, Marshall Islands, Tuvalu and the Maldives could possibly disappear', he said. 'Major population displacement would be experienced in Micronesia, Palau, Nauru, French Polynesia, the Cook Islands and Tonga.' Meanwhile, small islands with extensive coastal plains and limited upland areas such as Barbados, the Bahamas and Antigua, 'would be highly vulnerable to social and economic disruptions', as major cities, ports and tourist facilities, industries, freshwater sources, fertile agricultural lands and even coral reefs are destroyed by typhoons and cyclones, or washed away in floods. 'Given the limitations of climate models,' Dr Nurse said, 'it is not possible to state with certainty at this stage whether there will be a change in the behaviour of tropical storms and hurricanes. However, it is highly probable that an increase in the frequency and intensity of these phenomena could occur in a 'warmer world'. One study, he claims, predicts tropical storms would have a potential destructive force at least twice what they have today.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr Watson, similarly, struck a pessimistic note when he said that the potential for irreversible damage was great. He agreed with Dr Nurse that even if we took measures now to reduce CO2 emissions, stabilisation of the situation will take centuries. He pleaded for climate change to be taken into consideration 'in our everyday decisions.' Governments must not wait for cause and effect to be established before taking action. 'It is,' he said, 'economically feasible to reduce CO2' by introducing appropriate policy measures: looking at supply of and demand for energy, resorting to new and renewable energy sources, nuclear power, etc. and ensuring more efficient land management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The question of 'burden-sharing' in the reduction of emissions between the industrialised world and the developing countries was debated at length. It was noted, for example, that small islands states are responsible for a very small proportion of the emissions, yet they bear the brunt of the consequences. There was a general consensus that burden-sharing should be based on equity and justice.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It should be noted that the Alliance of Small Island States (which was formed during the Second World Climate Conference in 1990) has called on the industrialised world to achieve a 20% reduction in their greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2005 (The 'Toronto objective'). This, it hopes, would bring CO2 in the atmosphere down to 1990 levels. Whether this is realistic is debatable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, a number of strategy options are being closely examined by the European Commision and the Council with a view to adopting Community-wide measures to reduce emissions significantly by 2005-2010. Member States have made phasing-out proposals with targets of 5-10% by 2005, 15-20% by 2020 and 50% by 2030. This works out at an average reduction of 196 2% annually from the year 2000.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several parliamentarians wanted to know what the Commission, in particular, had done and will do to help small ACP island states overcome the effects of climate change. It was soon discovered during the discussion that a number of African countries were equally concerned. A Commission representative referred the Assembly to the provisions in the Convention which covered global warming and the special problems of island states. Although there is no specific reference to climate change, the Commission had dealt and would continue to deal with the issue in the broader context of its environmental action. Studies, projects and programmes are being implemented in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean in particular. Furthermore, DG VIII has drawn up internal briefing papers aimed at making departments aware of the issues of climate change and the environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Country reports</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fiji</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Political stability is the key to economic success</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most of the ACP states featured in our Country Reports, the vital issues are usually economic and social ones. How is a nation with a poor natural resource base to achieve lasting development ? What can be done to improve the skills of the people? How can a vibrant private sector be created ? Can better health care be delivered and how should it be paid for? Some of these questions might well be valid for Fiji but the visiting journalist soon discovers that they are all secondary issues. For this is a country whose political system itself dominates the agenda. The fundamental issue here is the relationship between the indigenous people of Fiji and the descendants of indentured Indian labourers brought in by the British between 1879 and 1916 to work in the sugar cane fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji, in fact, is home to people of a variety of cultures. On the indigenous side, the majority are Melanesians but there are also some Polynesians (living on the island of Rotuma). The country even plays host to Banabans, from Kiribati, who were displaced from their homes on Ocean Island to make way for the phosphate diggers. They hold a freehold to the island of Rabi and enjoy a special self-governing status. And while the Indians form the bulk of the non-indigenous population, there are also small Chinese and European communities as well as a number of inhabitants of mixed race.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite this diversity, it would be inappropriate to describe Fiji as a melting pot. Ever since the rapid expansion of the Indian population, official policy has tended to accentuate the divisions. In the early days, it was the British who were responsible for this, although one has to be careful to avoid value judgments. The colonial administrators, it seems, were aware of the tensions that would arise by bringing in large numbers of people of a different culture, language and religion. Their eventual response was to provide guarantees for the local population, notably as regards land rights. The effect was to preserve the traditional land tenure system which was based on villages and families. At the time, it seemed a logical thing to do, but several generations on, the country now has a settled population of Indian origin (43% of the total) who have limited opportunities to own land - even though many of them work on it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the economy has developed, each of the two main communities has found itself 'specialising' in different fields. For example, cane farmers and retailers tend to be of Indian origin while the public service has traditionally attracted more native Fijians. Significantly, the army is almost exclusively filled by indigenous people - a crucial factor in the 1987 military coup.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the political front, as Fiji moved towards independence, the idea of providing separate representation for each ethnic group also took hold. The independence constitution of 1970 reflected this with the two main communities being given parity (22 seats each) in the House of Representatives.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shattered illusion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there was no real assimilation between 1970 and 1987, Fiji was seen by many as a model of a successful multiracial society. It was only when the country got its first Indian-dominated administration (sustained in power by a smaller native Fijian party) that this illusion was shattered. There was a military coup led by Lieutenant-Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka, who is now the elected Prime Minister,. Shortly thereafter, Fiji became a republic (Queen Elizabeth was formerly Head of State) and in 1990, a new Constitution was adopted giving political primacy to the indigenous Fijians. Needless to say, it was a time of greatly heightened communal tension.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1987 coup and the events that followed have been well covered elsewhere (including our previous Country Report which was published in 1991). It suffices to say here that while the last few years have been a lot less turbulent, tensions remain. In 1997, the country must adopt a new set of constitutional proposals and a big debate is currently under way about the shape of the system of government for the 21st century. This subject is covered in a later article and also features prominently in our interviews with the Prime Minister and Opposition Leader.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main focus of this article is therefore on economic and social aspects although, as one soon discovers, this frequently leads us back to the ethnic question. This is particularly the case when one considers the overall economic performance of the country. Fiji is not poor by developing nation standards and it has enjoyed modest growth during 1995 and 1996, but there is a widespread view that it could be doing a great deal better were it not for the political uncertainties. The problem is summed up by the Economic Intelligence Unit in its Fiji Country Report for the first quarter of 1996: 'Political instability will continue to deter investment, other than that on highly favourable tax terms.' In other words, Fiji is paying a high economic price for its internal difficulties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General unease about the future and, in particular, the outcome of the constitutional review process is compounded by specific concerns over land tenure. The long-term leases granted to (mainly Indian) farmers are approaching their end and the government must soon decide what it should do next. Will any of the sugar cane farmers be evicted and if so, how many ? What alternative arrangements will be made for them? These questions remained to be answered when The Courier visited Fiji in July although, as our keynote interviews show, the subject was clearly exercising the minds of the politicians.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A long-term strategy for agriculture?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The way in which the land question is dealt with will have a crucial impact on the sugar industry - still the country's most important product in terms of its contribution to GDP and the jobs that it generates (see the article entitled 'Sugar definitely has a future'). With other uncertainties facing this sector - in particular, the process of global liberalisation - there is a growing recognition of the need for a long-term strategy. The government has a two-pronged approach  -  improving efficiency within the sector and diversifying into other agricultural products. To learn more about this, we spoke to Luke Ratuvuki, who is the Permanent Secretary for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Ratuvuki began by stressing the scope for increasing the sugar yield per hectare by as much as 75% (and by even more with irrigation). If productivity could be boosted on this scale, Fiji sugar would be in a much better position to compete in open world markets. He admitted, however, that the country would still face a struggle in maintaining market share and, looking ahead ten years, foresaw a slimmed down industry providing high quality sugar with more of a focus on niche markets. This inevitably meant looking at other agricultural products as possible long-term substitutes. The coconut (or as the Permanent Secretary dubbed it, 'the tree of life') is traditionally grown here and seems poised to enjoy a new lease of life following a period of decline. Fiji has also picked up the taro trade at the expense of Western Samoa, which is affected by taro blight, while there are significant exports of ginger to Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Europe. Mr Ratuvuki spoke enthusiastically about branching out into other areas such as pawpaws, mangoes, bananas and aubergines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji has potential for growth in a range of non-agricultural sectors, but farming is sure to play a vital part in the economy for many years to come. Currently, sugar represents almost three quarters of all crops by value (excluding subsistence growing) and the Fijians are only too aware that this makes the country particularly vulnerable to external shocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other primary sectors are all present in Fiji, albeit on a more modest scale. There is some deep-sea fishing backed by Asian investors. This provides useful employment although perhaps not the best possible financial return to the country. As one would expect in a nation of three hundred islands, there is also extensive artisanal and subsistence fishing in the inshore areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The forestry sector divides into two parts: artificial softwood plantations which are said to be managed sustainably and the naturally growing hardwoods. As regards the latter, the EU is helping with a mapping project. Although Asian loggers do not operate in Fiji, there is considerable land clearance taking place, leading to problems of erosion and silting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prospects for mining&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gold is the main mineral being exploited with important deposits around Vatukoula. The sector has had its ups and downs but the Emperor Gold Mining Company has now embarked on an expansion project aimed at raising production from the current level of about 4000 kilos per annum to 6000 kilos by the year 2000. A huge copper and gold mine is also planned for Namosi, some 35 km from Suva. Other minerals discovered but not exploited include bauxite, iron, lead, zinc, phosphates and marble. Mining currently makes a modest contribution to overall GDP but represents an important component in the export earnings figures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With one key exception, manufacturing is on a fairly small scale with an emphasis on staple items (butter, beer, soft drinks, paint, soap etc.) for the local market. The exception is the garment industry which provides some 20% of the country's export income and a considerable amount of employment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The investments in garment manufacturing and mining have been important in jobs terms and in improving the trade figures, but there are those who criticise the fact that the government appears to derive little revenue from the operations. The exact fiscal benefits are not easy to determine, prompting some observers to suggest that official secrecy should be eased (see the article on the Constitutional Review later in this Country Report).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the service sector, long-term growth is foreseen in the key area of tourism. The number of holidaymakers choosing Fiji dipped sharply at the time of the coup, illustrating the importance of political stability in attracting visitors. Tourist arrivals bounced back once Fiji's internal difficulties had receded from the international headlines. The politicians must be hoping that nothing will occur during the current period of constitutional discussion and negotiation to put Fiji back on the front pages. It is worth mentioning here that Fiji's national carrier, Air Pacific, is an example of a relatively rare bird - an airline that makes money ! According to journalist Avin Rahish, writing in the July 1996 issue of The Review (the news and business magazine of Fiji): 'It is one of the few government investments that is profitable on its own.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If tourism is a success story, there is something of a shadow over the financial services sector, which is more extensive here than in most developing countries. The reason is the collapse last year of the National Bank of Fiji with losses of US$ 142m (equivalent to 10% of the annual GDP). The authorities were accused of a failure in supervision and the taxpayers have had to pick up some of the bill. More serious, however, is the undermining of confidence in the system and it will take time for this to be restored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social challenges&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a middle-income country, Fiji has relatively favourable social indicators in the areas of health and education. Medical facilities are provided by the government but it is said that the public health system is not as good as it once was. This is attributed, among other things, to the emigration of highly qualified staff in the aftermath of the events of 1987. Nonetheless, the country does have 27 hospitals and one doctor for approximately every 1900 people. At 72 years, life expectancy is high compared to the ACP average.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The education sector is well-developed with more than 800 primary and secondary schools (for a population of less than 800 000) and 41 technical or vocational institutions. As a result, primary school enrolment is close to 100% while the 1986 census revealed that 60% of 15-year olds were still in education. On the other hand, there are concerns over the proportion of teachers lacking qualifications, notably in the primary school system. In practice, there is considerable racial segregation at both primary and secondary levels, although there is no official policy to this effect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Educationally, the jewel in the crown is almost certainly the University of the South Pacific whose main campus is in Suva. This regional institution, which has departments in a number of other countries of the South Pacific, draws students from various island nations. Dr Vijay Naidu, who is the USP's Pro-Vice Chancellor, outlined some of the special features of this unique university which has to cater for a highly dispersed population. Like traditional tertiary institutions, it provides a wide range of degree programmes on campus, catering for 3500 students. It has a further 9000 who are being educated using the 'distance mode'. Distance learning is organised through centres in each of the participating countries. Students can attend these centres from time to time but much of their work is done through radio and telephone linkages and, increasingly nowadays, by e-mail and satellite communications. The University, Dr Naidu stressed, also provides continuing education at non-degree level 'in everything from computing to basket-weaving'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the health sector, the USP suffered a loss of highly qualified staff after 1987  -  and not just among employees of Indian origin. As the Pro-Vice Chancellor pointed out, the coup created 'a new sense of insecurity' all round and teachers who decided to emigrate were quickly accepted in Australia and New Zealand. The loss has been particularly serious in the scientific disciplines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90% of the USP's recurrent expenditure is covered by member government contributions with the remainder coming from Australia and New Zealand. For capital investments, there is heavy reliance on external donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In both of Fiji's main ethnic communities, a strong commitment to the family ensures that there is relatively little absolute poverty although things may be changing as the country become more urbanised. It is rare to see beggars in the streets in the South Pacific but Suva, sadly, has a number of these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall picture is of a country with very considerable potential in both human and natural resource terms which needs to overcome a number of challenges to secure a more prosperous future. Some of these challenges - adapting to the world of free markets, tackling bureaucratic impediments, bringing development to rural villages, improving the infrastructure, and so on - are familiar to all developing countries. The single most important constraint, however, is the big ethnic divide, and the political uncertainty which flows from this. And this is something which can only be solved by the people of Fiji themselves. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'The last ten years have been very educational for me'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is almost ten years since Sitiveni Rabuka led the military coup which toppled the newly-electerl coalition government The stormy events of 1987 are long gast end Fiji has returned to more peaceful ways, but the country is arguably not yet at peace with itself. Major-General Rabuka is now the erected Prime Minister, having led the SVT to victory at the polls in 1992 and 1994. But the gulf between the native Fijians end citizens of Indian descent remains -  indeed, it is institutionalised in a political system which ensures a parliamentary majority for the former. A constitutional review is currently under way end a new text must tee adopted by July 1997. For both sides, the stakes are high. In this interview, Prime Minister Rabuka speaks frankly about the crucial issues facing Fiji as the nation gears up for the great constitutional debate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji also faces some formidable economic challenges and we began by asking the Prime Minister about these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The main challenge is the one that everybody faces: achieving an acceptable rate of growth to ensure job creation and address the unemployment problem. We also want to improve the standard of living of the people, to upgrade our infrastructure, and to develop both the urban and rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What sectors do you see as offering the best hope for future growth ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  We are looking particularly at tourism and the agro-based industries. In the international sphere, we are aiming to boost trade, particularly with our traditional trading partners, Australia and New Zealand, and with new partners that we are trying to cultivate in Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We are very grateful for the LomÃ© Convention and the various arrangements associated with it - particularly as regards access to the EU market for our sugar products. Although it would be desirable for us not to have to rely on preferential pricing for sugar, for the moment, there is no alternative. And while we are looking for alternatives and seeking to diversify our economy, we will need that system to remain in place. We would like to continue the dialogue to ensure that this happens. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the area of trade, as I say, our focus is on Australia and New Zealand, and the regional trade agreement that the Pacific island territories have with them. This agreement is currently under review. One important aspect is the clause governing the rules of origin. If we can convince Australia and New Zealand to reduce the local input requirement from 50% to 35%, then we won't need any aid from them. The effect will be to secure existing jobs and, indeed, to increase employment, particularly in the garment industry. At the moment, most of the textiles we import for further processing come from Australia. Because of the market we have to sell to, it is very good quality material. This means the costs are high, in comparison with the local input needed to turn it into finished products, and this makes it difficult for us to get up to the required 50%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If we don't get that reduction, things could go in the opposite direction. Manufacturers might relocate and we could be facing jobs losses. You have to remember that we are competing with Asian producers who have very low wage costs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is this proposal for a reduction in the local input requirement on the agenda with the Australians and New Zealanders ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The review actually excludes the clause on the rules of origin. Having said this, we have effectively raised the calculation of our local input in negotiations on a series of other points. On paper, the 50% figure is unchanged but in fact, there has been a reduction of about 5%, thus giving us a little margin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· On the sugar issue you said you were hopeful that some form of preferential access to the EU market would be maintained. Isn't there a concern that this may not last beyond the year 2000, particularly given the increasingly liberal world trading system ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, and we are looking at that. We should be gearing ourselves up for what happens at the end of the current LomÃ© agreement. It remains to be seen whether, with the WTO and the new trends, the curtain will suddenly be brought down on 1 January 2000, or whether there will be a grace period in which we are given time to consolidate our diversification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The other big issue in the sugar sector concerns the impending expiry of the land leases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That is a local issue and a very important one. It has high priority on our government agenda. We are currently talking to the landowners and lessees, explaining what will happen. The legislation (the Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act) makes no provision for further extensions to the leases, which are now nearing their end. Do we need a new act or should we amend the present law to allow extensions beyond the 50 years originally allowed for ? And if we are to do that, what happens to the compensation provisions? At the moment, these are viewed in a rather one-sided way. The emphasis is on the situation where the landlord compensates the tenant for improvements made to the land. But the rules also provide for compensation in the other direction where the value has been reduced. This may be due to constant cultivation over 50 years. What if the owner wants to return the land to its original use, planting taro, yams or cassava, as his father may have done fifty years ago, and finds he can no longer do so ? There has to be a balancing act here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hopefully, most of the land will be leased again under a new agreement or under an amendment to the existing law - because we will need to continue sugar production. It is also worth noting that some sugar farmers are beginning to diversify into other crops, both subsistence and commercial.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What arrangements do you envisage for those farmers who do not have their leases renewed ? Will they be relocated ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Right now, we are looking at the use of state land. There are two basic categories here - what used to be known as 'Crown Land under Schedule A' and 'Crown Land under Schedule B'. Schedule A covers the land not claimed by anybody during the Commission that was set up to determine the ownership of land in the very early colonial years. Schedule B is land that belonged to a community or landholding unit that has since died out: in other words, where there is no surviving member of the land-owning unit. So we have those parcels of land available. My party's policy is to restore land to the traditional owners where possible, but in those cases where you cannot identify the original owners, there will be land available for resettlement - although resettlement is perhaps not a very good term to use. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It is somewhat emotive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It implies taking a person, family or community from somewhere and planting them somewhere else -  and I hope we can avoid that. On the other hand, if you look at what people are doing nowadays, everybody's relocating. People are always resettling, moving away from home and setting up elsewhere. In this case it is perhaps a necessity, in the sense that the legislation has caught up with us. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can I turn now to the sensitive issue of the constitution. This is another area where decision day is looming. You currently have a constitutional review under way with the Commission's report due out soon. What do you think will emerge from this process over the next 12-18 months ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I don't feel that the constitutional issue is a sensitive one and do not think anyone should feel restrained in asking questions about it. It reflects the reality of the situation in Fiji. There is a requirement that the 1990 Constitution be reviewed and we have a Review Commission chaired by Sir Paul Reeves. He is a very capable man who is a former Governor-General of New Zealand and a very eminent constitutional lawyer. Assisting him, we have two party nominees - one from the main Fijian party and one nominated jointly by the Indian parties in Parliament. I have total confidence in that Commission. I believe they will come up with very objective observations and recommendations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let me explain the timetable to you. The report is expected by the end of August. It will be presented first to the President and then to me for submission to Cabinet. I envisage it being tabled in Parliament towards the end of September. We cannot debate it until three months have elapsed from the date it was tabled - which takes us to the end of the year. A lot of work will be needed during the first half of 1997. The Joint Parliamentary Select Committee, made up of members of both the upper and lower houses, will have to work on the report and try and build consensus on the various issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given that the house is racially divided, and the possibility that a premature discussion on the floor of the house may raise the temperature, I would prefer not to have a full parliamentary sitting in the early part of next year. Instead, we should go into committee and deal with it there. And then when we are satisfied that the issues can be brought out into the open, we will debate them fully in Parliament. As soon as we start talking next year, the legislative craftsmen should begin their work. On the basis of this programme, I believe we can meet the deadline to the day, promulgating a new Constitution which has been accepted by both houses on 25 July 1997. So I am very hopeful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Without prejudging the final outcome, do you envisage a move away from strict communal separation ? I am thinking here, in particular, of the separate voting lists ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think there may be provision for some cross-communal voting. There was something like this in the 1970 Constitution which had both communal and national rolls.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about the longer term. Do you foresee a political system developing in Fiji where ethnic origin is irrelevant -  perhaps a 'right-left' divide, if that is still a meaningful concept ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I am not bold enough to say that that will happen. I have seen the darkest side of Fijian nationalism. I have seen the fear that was in the Indian population in 1987. But if we move too quickly to remove the racial safeguards that are in the Constitution, we may run the risk of prolonging the bad relationship between the races that we now have. So I would say we should proceed very cautiously and let the natural healing process take its course. We also need to look beyond the Constitution at aspects such as our education system and enhancing the ability of the Fijians to compete.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I believe the education system is also very divided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Some schools are reserved for Fijians although, slowly, there are Indians from families close to the schools who are beginning to enter them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think that this is a promising sign for the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think so. I went to a purely Fijian school and when I came out of that, everything was Fijian for me. I went straight into the army which is another Fijian-dominated institution. It was not planned that way. It is just the way it happened. My tolerance level of other races was very low. But you cannot expect somebody who gets to this level of leadership to have a low racial tolerance level. I must admit that the last ten years have been very, very educational for me - very good for my own being. I consider what I used to think before and the way I used to feel before. I have never been threatened by an Indian, but I had always been in Fijian 'safe' areas - a Fijian school and then in the army. But since coming out of that sort of cocoon, I have managed very well to accept that I have to compete with them, I have to look after them, and I have to devise policies and programmes that will be good for them as well as being good for us.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· One final question. Do you envisage Fiji seeking to rejoin the Commonwealth in the near future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think seeking is the wrong word. We will do what we feel is good for Fiji and its people. The people of Fiji are those who are here now but it will include some of those who have moved on looking for greener pastures and who are willing to come back. We were not expelled from the Commonwealth; our membership lapsed. It is up to the Commonwealth to say whether they are prepared to reconsider our member ship. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 18 272 kmÂ². Fiji has two main islands (Viti Levu and Vanua Levu) and about 300 smaller ones. It has an Exclusive Economic Zone of approximately 1.3 million kmÂ²). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 790 000&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 43 per kilometreÂ² &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Suva (situated on the island of Viti Levu) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main languaqes: English, Bauan &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(main Fijian language)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currency: Fiji dollar (F$). In June 1996, 1 ECU was worth approximately F$ 1.80. (US$1 = F$ 1.40) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p15.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Fiji&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;System of government: A bicameral parliamentary system consisting of an appointed Senate and an elected House of Representatives. The President is a non-executive head of state chosen by the Great Council of Chiefs. The President appoints the Prime Minister. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the Constitution, adopted in 1990, the Parliament is divided along racial lines. The Senate has 34 members, 24 of whom are indigenous Fijians. In the 70-member House of Representatives, 37 seats are reserved for native Fijians, 27 for Indo-Fijians, 5 for 'general voters' (other ethnic groups) and 1 for Rotuma Island (whose inhabitants are Polynesian). The 1990 Constitution provides for a review within seven years and discussions are currently under way with a view to amending the Constitution by the 1997 deadline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President: Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Major General Sitiveni Rabuka &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main political parties: Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (SVT - Fijian), National Federation Party (NFP  -  Indian), Fiji Labour Party (FLP - Indian),  Fijian Association (FA - Fijian), General Voters Party (GVP).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Party representation in Parliament (1994 election result): SVT 31, NFP 20, FLP 7, FA 5, GVP 4, Others 3. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP: (1995) F$ 2.85 billion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual GDP per capita: approx US$ 2600 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP growth rate (1995): 2.2% (2.9% predicted for 1996) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Principal exports (1994): Sugar (US$ 182m), Garments (US$ 96m), Gold (US$ 43m), Fish (US$ 38m), Timber (US$ 21 m) Main trading partners (in order of importance):&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exports - Australia, UK, USA, Japan, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Imports - Australia, New Zealand, USA, Japan, Singapore.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade balance (1994): exports - US$ 547m, imports - US$ 826, deficit - US$ 279m. The current account figures also usually reveal a deficit but this is much smaller due to tourism earnings and official transfers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inflation rate (1995): 2.2%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government budget (1996): revenue -  F$ 759m, expenditure  -  F$ 851 m, deficit - F$92 (about 3.5% of GDP) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forma/sector employment: 98 112 (out of a total economically active population of about 265 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth (1993): 71.6 years &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult literacy (1993): 90.6%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education: all levels from age 6-23: 79% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.853 (47th out of 174) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: Economic Intelligence Unit, UNDP Human Development Report, 1996, EC Commission. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">An interview with opposition leader Jai Ram Reddy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'We need to move to a more racially neutral system'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji is not unique in having a political system that is heavily influenced by racial or communel issues In places as diverse as Northern Ireland, Belgium, Guyana and Trinidad - not to mention many parts of Africa - people vote for parties which claim to represent the particular ethnic, religious or linguistic group to which they belong. Where Fiji is different, however, is in having a Constitution that gives primacy to one particular community. Since the 1987 coup, native Fijians have held the upper hand with a guaranteed majority in Parliament and a firm grip on the levers or power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1990 Constitution, adopted when communal feelings were still running high, contained a requirement for a constitutional review within seven years. When The Courier visited Fiji (July 19961 the work of a three-member Commission appointed to carry out the review and make recormmendations was nearing completion. All sides seem to accept the need for reforms designed to help bridge the sharp racial divide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The big question is how radical these reforms are likely to be. We sought the views of Jai Ram Reddy, the leader of the opposition National Federation Party (NFP) which has the support of most of the country's Indian (Indo-Fijian) community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You are the first opposition leader I have met who cannot, constitutionally, become Prime Minister. How do you feel about that ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is something that rankles with me - the mere thought that I am not equal with my fellow citizens of other races. I think that's generally the way the Indians feel here. All the constraints and limitations, the denial of basic human rights, are the source of a great deal of unhappiness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You talk about basic human rights. Obviously, the political aspects are very important but I get the impression that, in other respects, this is a fairly free and easy society: there is free expression, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, but free expression is only one aspect of human rights. The fact is that discrimination based on race is widespread and institutionalised. About 45% of the population is Indo-Fijian but you will find they are not fairly represented in the higher levels of the public service. At the Permanent Secretary level, there is definitely a government policy to have a limited number of Indians - and there are hardly any in the more crucial ministries. The same is true of managerial positions throughout the public sector. In the statutory bodies and major public undertakings, there is a deliberate policy of excluding Indians. So we are very much a marginalised community in the public sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Wouldn't it be true to say that Indians have quite a lot of economic power ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No, I don't agree. There is a tendency for people who come here, end for some people in Fiji, to project this image of Indians controlling the economy. It is a fallacy. It all boils down to how you define economic power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let's take natural resources. The land, and therefore the forests, are almost exclusively owned and controlled by native Fijians. Even in the corporate sector, the largest business undertaking is the manufacture of sugar, and 80% of the shares are owned by the government. The Indians don't own this industry. They are the small sugar cane producers working on ten-acre plots. And who controls banking and insurance ? Certainly not the Indians. Most of the financial services companies are foreign-owned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The area where the Indians are most visible is in the retail sector. But those little shops you see in the towns are small family businesses. The shopkeepers work up to 15 hours a day, and you will discover that many of them do not even own their premises; they are tenants. So the idea that Indians control the economy is a bit of a myth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Constitution, and in particular the system of racial differentiation for voting and holding certain offices, is obviously a key issue for you. With the Constitution currently under review, what is your party's policy in this area ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The first elections under the current Constitution took place in 1992 and we took part in them under protest. We made clear that our participation should not be construed as acceptance of the system. Indeed, the sole issue on which we campaigned was our rejection of the Constitution. But we accepted the fact that we needed to get into the system as it was, and to try and create an environment where there would be widespread appreciation that it had to change. The 1990 text, in fact, laid down that it had to be reviewed by the seventh anniversary of its promulgation. I think the architects of the Constitution realised themselves that it was deficient. And we laid great emphasis on the need for dialogue; a general recognition that the country would be much better off with everybody working together and that there was nothing to be gained by oppressing or marginalising a community. And that is the kind of environment we have tried to create.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Constitutional review will shortly be published. What do you hope will come out of that exercise ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I am reasonably optimistic. I think the environment is more favourable now and there is a general recognition that the system has to change. I am sure you will get confirmation of this when you talk to the government side. We need to move away from this very polarised, compartmentalised political system to a more racially neutral one. I think views may diverge as to how far we should go. That will be the contentious issue. But I believe we will make progress.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I certainly think we will get a good report from the Constitutional Review Commission. One of our fears, when we started on this journey, was whether it would be independent and be given fair terms of reference. Largely because of the cooperative and accommodating attitude that we ourselves adopted, and to which the government responded, we were able to get a Commission that was well-balanced. We are very fortunate to have Sir Paul Reeves, a former Governor-General of New Zealand. His independence is taken for granted. The Commission also has one nominee from the indigenous side and one from the Indo-Fijian side. So we certainly expect a good report. There is already a kind of acceptance I think on all sides that political parties need to prepare themselves for a more multiracial approach to governance in the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· On this point, I see that the SVT (the governing party) is looking at the idea of opening up its membership to other groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think there will be many nonnative Fijians interested in joining ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Not straight away but at least it is a beginning. It is an acceptance that they can't remain racially exclusive. If, for example, the Commission recommends a move toward a racially neutral system - at least for a certain number of seats - then it would be important for the SVT to have non-Fijians in their party.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can I turn to economic issues, which I presume cannot be divorced altogether from political ones ? There is a lot of discussion about the future of the sugar industry which is tied in with the question of renewing the land leases This is an issue which is due to be resolved soon. How concerned are you about the impending decision on the leases ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - This is something that concerns us very deeply. As you correctly observe, you can't separate the political and economic aspects. The two are very closely interlinked here - perhaps more so than in other countries - because of the land situation. The bulk of Indian peasant farmers, both within and outside the sugar industry, are on leases that will begin to expire next year. If these are not renewed, the problem will not just be an economic one but an enormous human one. What do we do with these people who all belong to a particular racial group. It really boils down to our very survival. Despite the growth in the towns, the bulk of the people are still rurally based. They are small subsistence farmers, living in the country areas with no more than 10 or 12 acres to cultivate. So the social implications of non-renewal in terms of poverty, dispossession and hardship are enormous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· But how real is the concern ? Surely, the overwhelming economic logic is for the leases to be renewed. After all the land is being put to productive use at the moment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Yes, but unfortunately, when you have a communal dimension to the problem, logic does not always prevail. If you think about it, there was no logic in the events of 1987. The trouble is that every issue here has a racial twist. After the coup, communal sentiments were aroused and sharpened. There was a prolonged period of anti-lndian propaganda and in that environment of anger, a highly racial constitution was adopted. There were people in positions of influence openly advocating non-renewal, threatening to take all the land back. Now they need to undo all this and it will not be easy, given the enormous strength of feeling that has been aroused. Having said this, I believe that we are now in the process of restoring sanity to our public life. It is also beginning to dawn on everybody that the sugar industry is vital for Fiji and it will continue to be so for some years to come.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I have heard that view expressed on all sides, but I wonder if people are sufficiently aware of the implications of global liberalisation. It has been suggested that this will make sugar increasingly unviable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think a lot of people are unaware of the implications, because there has been very little public education in this field. But amongst those 'in the know', there is certainly an appreciation. I am a member of the Parliamentary Select Committee on Sugar and we were recently addressed by the head of the marketing company and the head of the Sugar Commission. At that level, there is an awareness, but if you speak to the average farmer who has been growing and selling sugar for many years, he will probably assume that life will just go on as before.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Isn't it true to say that sugar depends heavily on the LomÃ© Convention arrangement with the European Community ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Very much so. In my view, the sugar industry is run so inefficiently that but for the huge subsidy we get from the European Community, it would not be viable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Presumably, this means that measures must be taken to improve efficiency ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, absolutely. But the first issue to resolve is the land question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is no point talking to the farmers about efficiency  -  asking them to improve their husbandry and focus on sugar content rather than the quantity of cane produced - when they don't know if they will have land to cultivate after next year. So you see all other issues have become completely subsidiary to the tenure question. At the moment, we are in a limbo. The government and the people urgently need to resolve this problem. Then we can put it behind us and address the other concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Are there any other economic sectors which you feel offer promise for the future of the country ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Any growth outside of tourism will, I think, have to be centred on the agricultural sector. We need more agro-based industries and more diversification. We could grow a lot of other crops here - mangoes for example. We also need to improve extension services to farmers, and make an aggressive effort to identify markets. The farmers will grow the crops but they must be sure that somebody will buy them. Every year, for example, we have a glut of tomatoes - so many that they can't even give them away in the markets. This kind of problem kills the incentive to produce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is obviously heavy state involvement in the running of agriculture. Do you see scope for more privatisation or 'corporatisation' in line with global trends ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think that growth, even in the agricultural sector has to be private-sector driven. At the same time, you have got to create the right environment and infrastructure for this to happen. Unfortunately, it keeps coming back to this question of land. If big investors, for instance, want to come here and invest in agriculture, they need to know what sort of tenure they are going to get and whether they can buy the freehold. I am sure there are people, particularly now from the Asian region, who would be interested in investing in agriculture, but the land problem is a big constraint.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Do you think Fiji will rejoin the Commonwealth at any point ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Well, we hope so. You know we are all very strongly in favour of rejoining. One of the things that I personally feel very strongly about is the unfortunate severance of our link with the Queen. I don't know, constitutionally, whether it can be restored. Obviously, there are difficulties in that area, but I think a large majority of ordinary people in this country would like at least to see Fiji back in the Commonwealth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Seeking a lasting constitutional settlement</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When The Courier visited Fiji in July, the report of the Constitutional Review Commission headed by Sir Paul Reeves (former Governor-General of New Zealand) had not yet been completed  -  and what it would contain was a major topic of speculation. As readers will see from the interview we publish with the Prime Minister and Opposition Leader, the impartiality of the three-member Commission was not in question  -  at least within the political mainstream on both the native Fijian and Indian sides. Nonetheless, there were doubts about whether a consensus could be found. For the Indo-Fijians, a scaling down of the 'racial' features in the Constitution was seen as a prerequisite. Yet the ruling SVT, in its own submissions to the Commission, had effectively supported the status quo. In view of this apparently unbridgeable gulf, could the compilers of the Report come up with recommendations capable of forming the basis for a lasting constitutional settlement ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The long-awaited Report was formally transmitted to President Ratu Mara on 6 September and a few days later, it was tabled to a joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It now falls to a joint select committee of the two Houses to thrash out a new set of constitutional proposals. These will be presented to Parliament for debate and decision in the first half of next year with a view to meeting the July 1997 deadline foreseen in the 1990 Constitution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Report of the Review Commission is lengthy (almost 800 pages) and contains no fewer than 697 separate recommendations. The key ones, however, relate to the system for electing members of the House of Representatives. Currently, separate electoral lists based on race are used to fill all 70 seats (37 native Fijians, 27 Indo-Fijians, 1 Rotuman and 5 'General Electors', covering all other races). It was widely expected that the Commission would propose a mixture of 'reserve' seats and 'open' ones, with the latter, as their name implies, being chosen by the whole electorate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;45 'open' seats proposed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is precisely what they have done - but the suggested breakdown may have come as a surprise to some. The proposal is for 45 open seats (15 three-member constituencies) and 25 single-member 'reserve seats (12 native Fijian, 10 Indo-Fijian, 1 Rotuman and 2 'General Electors'). If adopted, the new system would no longer legally guarantee a majority for people of Fijian origin in the country's legislature. What would happen in practice would depend on a number of factors including the nature of the voting system in the three member open constituencies, the willingness of people to cast their ballots across the ethnic divide and the actual turnout of voters from the different communities. It should be pointed out, however, that native Fijians now constitute half the population, large numbers of Indians having emigrated over the past nine years. So long as communal voting patterns persist, this will presumably be reflected in the Parliamentary arithmetic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also proposed that the bulk of the 35-member Senate (Bose e Cake) should be made up of elected representatives of Fiji's provinces. In the field of local government, it is suggested that the present system based on villages and provinces, which applies only to native Fijians, might be replaced by an arrangement applicable to all races. In this context, the rote of the Council of Chiefs (Bose Levu Vakaturaga) would be reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the sections of the Report relating to representation are bound to attract most attention, the Commission also put forward a series of other proposals aimed at improving the governance of Fiji. One idea, which appears designed to alter the political culture, is for the 'Official Secrets Act' to be replaced by a 'Freedom of Information Act'. The presumption of secrecy would be replaced by a rule that official information should be accessible to the public except where there is good reason to withhold it. In a similar vein, the Report recommends an 'integrity code' to govern the behaviour of holders of public office.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initial reactions to the outcome of the Commission's work were mixed. Key players, including the President, Prime Minister and opposition spokespersons broadly welcomed the Report but more nationalistic elements were quick to reject it and one group even mounted a ceremonial burning of the document.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is obvious that a great many more words will be exchanged - and some of them will no doubt be heated  - in the coming months. It is difficult to see how everyone can be 'brought on board' but the hope must be that a compromise can be crafted that is acceptable to the majority on both sides of the communal divide. The people of this Pacific island nation are well aware that prosperity and stability go hand in hand. The single most important achievement in ensuring stability for the longer term would be to secure a satisfactory settlement of the constitutional issue. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Sugar definitely has a future'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was the key sentiment expressed by Isimeli Bose, Fiji's Trade Minister, when he spoke to The Courier earlier this year. Mr Bose insisted that 'no matter what anybody says, sugar will be the backbone of this country's economy for years to come.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When we discussed Fiji's current economic situation and future prospects with the Minister, it was not surprising that sugar should have featured so prominently. The sector faces a difficult future for both internal and external reasons. At home, the long-term leases granted to the farmers (mainly Fiji Indians) under the Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act are due to expire over the next few years. No provision was made for their renewal and the resulting uncertainty has provoked widespread concern, not least among the leaseholders themselves. The external 'threat' comes from new international trade rules administered by the World Trade Organisation. At present, Fiji's sugar industry is heavily dependent on the preferential access to the EU market which was granted under the LomÃ© Sugar Protocol. No one is quite sure what will happen when LomÃ© IV expires at the turn of the century but it is clear that the stakes are high.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Bose was quick to acknowledge the importance of ending the uncertainty facing the sugar farmers. 'But the real challenge', he said, 'is to ensure the maintenance of our markets for sugar.' He was aware of the encroachment of global trade liberalisation but stressed that the industry's leaders and the government were 'doing the work now and planning for the future.' At the same time, the authorities are clearly hoping that the European Union will be able to continue with some form of preferential arrangement after the year 2000, if only to buy time so that the industry can adapt and farmers can diversify.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the subject of trade diversification, Mr Bose pointed out that 'the field is very limited'. He continued; 'However, since 1988, we have seen garment production picking up from very humble beginnings. By 1995, we had about F$185 million-worth of exports in this area.' He also spoke enthusiastically about the government policy of encouraging manufacturing in tax-free factories and zones. 'This developed well between 1989 and 1992 and then there was something of a slowdown.' Tax-free factories have been established in a number of locations and the first real tax-free zone is now being set up in Kalabo. Mr Bose indicated that EU assistance was being provided in this area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Privatisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Our conversation then turned to the changing economic role of governments - throughout the world, they are withdrawing from active involvement in industrial and commercial operations. We asked how far this process had occurred in Fiji and, in particular, whether there was a privatisation policy. The Minister replied in the affirmative, pointing out that government departments 'do not usually make very good businesspeople.' The policy, therefore, was to 'corporatise' and 'privatise', although the process is still in its early stages. The Trade and Commerce Ministry has a public enterprise unit which is responsible for drawing up a policy framework for the government. In 1995, Mr Bose explained, a public enterprise bill was presented to Parliament, 'but there were so many concerns expressed to the previous Minister that it was referred to a select committee -  which, in fact was chaired by me before I took up my present poet.' The committee had now completed its work and the Minister indicated that the issue would go back to Parliament in September.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the legislative delay, Mr Bose was keen to stress that his department was already working on individual programmes. The post and telecoms business, for example, had just gone through another stage towards privatisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is, of course, an important distinction between 'corporatisation' and 'privatisation' - the former implies staying within the state sector but at arms-length from the administration. This point was acknowledged by our interviewee who explained that the approach was a step-by-step one. The first stage was to reorganise a department along commercial lines. Corporatisation came next 'and then finally you have privatisation by disposing of shares.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He stressed that the most important aim was to ensure an element of competition wherever possible. 'There is no point simply moving from a government monopoly to a private monopoly', he insisted, 'although obviously, there are utilities like water, electricity and even telephones where this may not be easy.' The minister concluded; 'Where they are natural monopolies, we will regulate them.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Our final topic of discussion was the possibility of regional integration in the Pacific.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How far had the South Pacific countries gone in this direction and did the Minister think there was a need for closer economic cooperation? Mr Bose replied that he thought economic integration was a good thing. He pointed to a document on his desk containing a draft proposal for a bilateral trade agreement with Papua New Guinea. 'We will soon be holding negotiations with them, and have also just signed an agreement with Tonga.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The focus on bilateral trade arrangements at this stage suggests that the region still has some way to go on the regional integration path.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the Minister nonetheless insisted that it was something 'that can and will happen'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Our daily bread - courtesy of a remarkable Fijian businesswoman</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How can a businesswomen succeed in Fiji's patriarchal society? Mere Samisoni, the entrepreneur behind the 'Hotbread Kitchen' gave us an appropriate answer when she said 'I roll with it', although the pun was probably unintentional In fact, it is difficult to imagine this dynamic lady being pushed around. Anybody who manages to build up a chain of bakeries from scratch, capturing 35% of the country's urban consumer market in the process, must have a lot of determination. At the same time, Mrs Samisoni displays a strong sense of social commitment. She believes in community values, advocates group decision-making and consensus, and even describes the tax system as 'reasonably fair'. In short, she contradicts the widely-held view propagated by lurid American TV series, that a dogeat-dog attitude is needed for business success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, Mrs Samisoni started out with the idea of working with one of the caring professions. Trained in nursing administration in Australia and New Zealand, she returned to Fiji only to find that there were no openings available. That was when she decided to go into the private sector, establishing 'Samisoni Enterprises'. And over the years, she has succeeded in building up one of the largest bread-making operations in the country. The Hotbread Kitchen operation is highly decentralised with the bread being baked in different locations for sale through the company's local outlets. Her business is also the first Fijian one to franchise out its operations. And having already won a big chunk of the urban market, she is now looking to expand operations in the rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Samisoni Enterprises, of course, is not simply a bread-making operation. The company now offers a line of 62 separate bakery products, with some local adaptations to suit varying tastes. It employs some 275 staff with perhaps another 50 working in the related franchise operations. And the business had an important breakthrough when it won the contract for 'MacDonalds' in Nadi. With branches of the famous hamburger chain likely to open in other parts of Fiji, this could be the start of something big. In fact, there is even a suggestion that Fiji could be used to source Macdonalds' operations in New Zealand, the rolls (or buns, as the Americans like to call them) being exported frozen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Constant quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Mrs Samisoni, the key to a successful and profitable operation is 'constant quality' and unfailing attention to customer service. As she puts its, 'if you let quality slip just once, you can end up losing customers for a very long time.' Baking is a labour-intensive business and she is keen to stress the importance of developing people's abilities - in particular, the human relaitons skills of those who deal direct with the customer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As if running a business wasn't enough, Mere Samisoni is also busy completing a Masters in Business Administration (MBA) at the University of the South Pacific, with a thesis on indigenous business. From what we discovered, speaking to this remarkable Fijian entrepreneur, she should have been helping to teach the course! &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Viti Levu - island of contrasts</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anyone from overseas who is travelling to the Fijian capital, Suva, will soon discover that the country's largest island is a very diverse place. Roughly circular in shape, Viti Levu provides more than half of Fiji's total land area and is home to about three-quarters of the population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The journey to Suva on the south-east coast will almost certainly involve transiting through Nadi International Airport (pronounced Nandi) which is situated in the west. This is the country's only major international gateway and while it is ideal for tourists heading for the resort hotels, it is less convenient for business travellers whose destination is Suva. Their journey has to be completed either by road (which takes several hours) or on one of the small commuter planes which ply regularly between Nadi and Nausori (itself a half-hour drive from the capital).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biggest surprise to those who are unfamiliar with the country is that the west and the south-east have very different weather patterns. When your aircraft lands at Nadi, the chances are high that the sun will be shining. On reaching Suva, you are more likely to encounter rain. This part of the country enjoys - if that is the correct term - a micro-climate which is good for tropical vegetation but less appealing to human beings. The 'blame' for locating the Fijian capital in such a spot is said (not too seriously) to lie with the country's former colonial rulers. According to the story, a British envoy visited Suva on one of its rare sunny days and, on the strength of this, designated it as the seat of administration. The British can hardly deny their involvement since it was in 1882, during the early years of colonial rule, that the capital moved from Levuka (situated on the much smaller island of Ovalau). But the key reason was almost certainly the fact that Suva, with its large bay, could be developed as a port. Whatever the explanation, one must have some sympathy with the foreign diplomats who keep a raincoat or umbrella to hand at all times, and yet are viewed with envy back home because they have a 'paradise' posting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To be fair, Suva has attributes other than its weather which make it an interesting place. It has, for example, some very attractive architecture, both local and colonial. The views across the bay can be dramatic - and, in this respect, the rolling cloud formations may actually enhance the picture. And the centre of the city buzzes with activity (except on Sunday because of the Sabbatarian influence).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The population of the greater Suva area is about 160 000. This may not be enormous, but it is the largest concentration of humanity to be found between Hawaii and Australia. In some ways, it is the 'capital' of the South Pacific - a point which is underlined by the fact that the Forum Secretariat is based here. It is also the site of the University of the South Pacific's main campus. The local population is mainly ethnic Fijian but there are Indo-Fijians as well as citizens of Chinese and European extraction. Add to this the diplomatic corps, foreign businesspeople and students from other parts of the region, and you get a very cosmopolitan mix. This is reflected in the variety of cuisines available in the local restaurants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The western part of Viti Levu is also cosmopolitan but in a very different way, with a stronger Indian influence and, of course, a constantly changing tourist population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of the island's inhabitants live a relatively short distance from the sea. Thus, in demographic terms, Viti Levu is like a doughnut with a thick layer of humanity around the edge and a hole in the middle. The analogy may not be entirely apt since the 'hole' is, in fact, a spectacular mountainous area. This makes the road that runs round the island a key arterial route. Meanwhile, those who choose to fly from Nadi to Suva, assuming they are not of a nervous disosition, can enjoy the experience of travelling below the height of the surrounding peaks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The few people who do occupy the central region live in traditional Fijian villages and have a lifestyle far removed from either the town dwellers or the sugar cane farmers. Its size may be little more than ten thousand square kiLomÃ©tres but Viti Levu is truly an island of contrasts. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fiji-EU cooperation: comprehensive package</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Ernst Kroner&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji was a signatory of the first LomÃ© Convention in 1975 and, to date, the country has been allocated some ECU 190m in EU development cooperation funds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting with a relatively modest ECU 9.9m under LomÃ© I, the national indicative programme rose to ECU 13m under the following Convention. Without neglecting rural development (feeder roads in Vanua Levu), under LomÃ© I most of the resources were devoted to transport infrastructure (a main road on Vanua Levu). Under LomÃ© 11, cooperation concentrated clearly on agriculture and rural development, in particular by means of the funding of microprojects, with infrastructural programmes (the extension of the Vanua Levu road, social infrastructure) taking second place. Under this Convention, a new field of action was also addressed: trade development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tax free zone&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade development was addressed further under LomÃ© III (6th EDF, ECU 20m, of which ECU 5m in special loans), with support given to an Investment and Trade Development Programme. The longer-term objective of the project was to widen the economic base of Fiji and to create employment. The more immediate objective was the i establishment of a Tax Free Zone near Suva. In order to promote this scheme and to secure markets for exporting the goods which would eventually be produced, the project included a programme of trade and investment promotion to be implemented by the Fiji Trade and Investment Board. Due to problems linked with identifying an appropriate site, the project, which had been given the go-ahead in 1990, only came on stream in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural and agricultural development continued to be one of the main sectors of cooperation, with the funding of three major projects. The first was a coconut rehabilitation and development project, situated on the island of Taveuni, which aimed at improving the productivity of coconut plantations through the introduction and multiplication of high yield hybrids. The project also provided for the establishment of a 30 hectare coconut nursery centre, which was expected to finance itself through the sales of seedlings. EC support for this project ended in 1992, since when the scheme has been taken over by the Government. A second project (a large-scale microprogramme divided into two sub-programmes) aimed on the one hand at the construction of access roads to facilitate the development of cocoa plantations, and on the other at the introduction and development of pineapple plantations in Vanua Levu. The first component was closed after disappointing results. The second component, however, produced very interesting and promising results, which will, however, need private and governmental support in order to become sustainable. A rural electrification project involving 28 rural electrification schemes and the supply and installation of a small power plant is still ongoing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing human resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under LomÃ© III, the formerly prominent transport infrastructure sector lost some importance. The Kubulau Peninsula road project on Vanua Levu brought to an end the work started under previous Conventions. This road, which filled the last gap in the circuminsular road, was opened on in July 1994. LomÃ© III also saw the beginning of human resources development as a new theme of cooperation, with Technical Assistance funded for the logging school. This area, embodying strong links with forestry and environmental issues, has been further developed under LomÃ© IV with the reconstruction of the school burnt down in 1993, and the enlargement of the training and education provided to what now constitutes a Forest Training Centre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The national indicative programme relating to the first protocol of LomÃ© IV (7th EDF, ECU 22m in grant aid) identifies rural development and social infrastructure as the sectors of concentration to which 65% of resources are to be devoted. The remaining 35% will be used for non-focal activities, including trade and services, tourism, cultural cooperation, training and technical cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Building bridges&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, it was only following the very destructive cyclone Kina in January 1993 that cooperation activities could start in the form of the rebuilding of four bridges either severely damaged or completely destroyed by the post-cyclone floods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Work on two smaller bridges of major importance to Viti Levu (Korovou and Vunidawa, ECU 1.135m) was started in 1994 by the Public Works Department and completed in January 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Financing Agreement for the two major bridges (ECU 10.24m) was signed in June 1994 and provides for the rebuilding of the bridges of Ba and Sigatoka. These form part of the main road around the island of Viti Levu and are therefore vital for the movement of people and goods on Fiji's main island. The new bridges, 190 and 182 metres long respectively, will be two-lane, and will provide for footpaths and utilities. To enable the traffic to by-pass the often congested towns of Ba and Sigatoka, new sites for both bridges have been chosen, which also call for the building of new approach roads. Building works were under way in early 1996 and completion is expected by April 1997.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non programmable aid for Fiji has been considerable over the years. While Stabex transfers for losses on coconut oil (totalling ECU 5.4m under LomÃ© I - LomÃ© III) came to a halt under LomÃ© IV (because levels of exports fell below the required dependency threshold), emergency aid (total ECU 9.5m) has continued, unfortunately, to be needed. Time and again the islands have been hit by cyclones (the most recent occasion being in January 1993, when the EU made available ECU 1 m for food rations following cyclone Kina).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, a significant feature of EU-Fiji cooperation was the credits provided by the European Investment Bank. It was very active under LomÃ© I to LomÃ© III, providing loans from its own resources to a total value of ECU 87.5m with a further ECU 6.1 m allocated in risk capital. Loans went to the energy sector (hydropower scheme), industry (wood processing) and services (telecommunications, sea and air transport). Considerable interest rate subsidies (totalling ECU 14.1m) have also been made available under the various EDFs in support of these loans. More recently, the EIB has financed an aircraft maintenance centre (1991) and a telecommunications project (1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over and above financial cooperation, Fiji benefits from the second largest quota (165348 tonnes per annum) under the Sugar Protocol annexed to the LomÃ© Conventions. This covers some 45% of its total sugar exports. The yearly benefit from this provision is estimated at between ECU 45m and ECU 55m - in other words, only slightly less than the total of all programme aid granted since LomÃ© I (ECU 64.9m). About two-thirds of these benefits reach the farmers, so that the EU subsidises every sugar smallholder, on average, to the extent of some ECU 1500 a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recently, Fiji's quota under the Sugar Protocol was increased by 881 tonnes, as a result of the reallocation of the shortfall of deliveries by Barbados. Furthermore, Fiji benefits from an annual special tariff quota to the tune of some 30 000 tonnes up to the year 2001.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industrial development and external trade have been supported by the relaxation of the rules of origin for exports to the EU of canned tuna to the extent of 500 tonnes a year from 1993 to 1996. A similar arrangement, applicable for certain quantities of garments up the end of 1993 was recently extended to the end of 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji's main exports to the EU (sugar, fish and garments) - and the resulting surplus in its trade relations with the EU - are consequently highly dependent upon the continuity of these preferences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Support for tourism&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the field of services, and specifically in tourism, the EU - through its support of the Tourism Council of the South Pacific - has contributed to the fact that every sixth tourist or so arriving in Fiji comes from a member country of the Union. Tourism being by far Fiji's most important source of foreign exchange earnings, receipts from European tourists amount at present to some ECU 30m, and are greater than those from the export of fish and fish products&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taking the Sugar Protocol into consideration, the EU is by far the most important of Fiji's development partners, followed by Australia. The country also benefits from bilateral cooperation arrangements with EU Member States (UK, France, Germany). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tonga</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Hoping to maintain harmony</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'None of the most civilised nations have ever exceeded these islanders in the great order and regularity maintained on every occasion, in ready and submissive compliance with the commands of their chiefs, and the perfect harmony that subsists among all ranks.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These were the words of Captain Cook who visited the Tonga archipelago several times on his voyages around the world in the eighteenth century. The famous explorer was obviously impressed by the social organisation of this island nation and, although it is more than two centuries since he undertook his Pacific voyages, many of his observations hold true today. Talk of submissive compliance may no longer be appropriate, but in contrast to the turbulence of much of the outside world, Tonga certainly ranks as a peaceful society, which is respectful of hierarchies and strongly attached to 'traditional values'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The reference to harmony is particularly apposite, as The Courier discovered when we visited Tonga earlier this year. It was fortunate that our trip coincided with the King's birthday celebrations and we had the opportunity to enjoy the superb choral music which plays a central part in many important ceremonies here. Like their Polynesian cousins in Western Samoa (featured in our last issue), the Tongans seem to have a natural flair for music and a talent for spontaneous harmony. The question is whether these 'Friendly Islands' - a name they certainly deserve  -  can maintain their reputation for social harmony into the third millenium.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In order to answer this, one has to identify where discordant notes could creep in. The biggest challenge appears to come from the process of globalisation. New technologies, particularly in the field of communications, are rapidly breaking down barriers. The tide of the international economic system, with its emphasis on mass production, con sumerism and free trade, is lapping at the islands' shores And political systems everywhere are under pressure to con form to a 'democratic' model which some would argue places the individual above the community. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course, external influences can be both positive and negative Cultural exchanges can be enriching, and new ideas and techniques may offer opportunities for improving the quality of life. The key is to adapt without undermining the social fabric. And in Tonga, as in other countries, a harmonious future will ultimately depend on the way the country evolves both politically and economically.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking first at the current political set-up in Tonga, one cannot fault the use of the term constitutional monarchy which is the preferred description locally. It is important, however, to recognise that the constitution - which dates back to 1875 - gives considerable power to the monarchy. There is a measure of democracy in that all adults over 21 have a vote, but they only elect nine of the 30 Members of Parliament A further nine are chosen by the country's 30+ nobles while the twelve Cabinet Ministers, who sit in the House ex officio are nominated by the King. Tonga may' be small (it has fewer than 100 000 inhabitants) but it nonetheless attract: the interest of political scientists as one of the few remaining states with a hereditary ruler who wields substantial power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Critics of the system view it as an anachronism, although their emphasis is on reform rather than revolutionary change. Defenders argue that the arrangement works well in a small, homogenous nation which values its unique culture and traditions (even if the constitution contains many 'British' elements). The latter also point, with some justification, to the attitude of the population. There are dissenting voices but the majority appears to be happy with the existing set-up, thereby lending it democratic legitimacy  -  at least indirectly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There may not, at present, be any overwhelming demand for constitutional reform but things can change. In particular, a people's view of their political system and how it might evolve is likely to be influenced by the prevailing economic conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic outlook&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga's economy is not exactly booming with the most recent estimates suggesting a 2% GDP drop in 1995-96. Several of the traditional problems faced by developing countries are to be found writ large here. The local market is not just small but tiny by global standards, and this makes it exceptionally difficult to achieve economies of scale. There is heavy demand for imported manufactured items and few viable export opportunities to balance the equation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The education system compares favourably with those of other developing nations but the pool is so small that Tonga inevitably suffers from human resource shortages. This is exacerbated by a steady 'brain drain'. Qualified Tongans, who may already have experienced life abroad at college or university, are tempted by a range of attractions including higher salaries, better housing and more extensive career prospects. The skills shortage is particularly severe in the medical profession. In a recent issue of Matangi Tonga (the 'national news magazine'), it was reported that the country would only have one anaesthetist by 1997 - with a local doctor observing wryly that there was no need for one since the main hospital's only specialist surgeon had recently left to take up a post abroad.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it would be better for Tonga to retain its qualified people, the fact that the country 'exports' labour does have its positive side. Tongans have a strong sense of family and community, and overseas workers send significant amounts of money back home. This injection of 'foreign' funds boosts the local economy and reduces the overall balance of payments deficit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture is by far the most important economic sector, with most crops being grown for local consumption. The islands benefit from a fertile soil and a tropical climate, allowing the cultivation of a wide variety of fruit and vegetables. All land is vested in the Crown, with estates allocated to the nobles. By law, each adult male is also supposed to be allotted three hectares although there is not enough land to go round. Despite this difficulty, which means that some people do not receive their allocation, the result is that most Tongans are involved in farming. The advantage of the arrangement is that it guarantees a living for the bulk of the population even if their cash income is low. On the other hand, it is obviously a feudal system which favours the upper echelons of Tongan society. In addition, it tends to hinder the development of larger units which could benefit from economies of scale. While anxious to make farming more efficient (and export-oriented), the government currently has no plans to introduce land reform.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In export terms, the main crop is squash (pumpkins). Production increased dramatically in the early 1990s when a market niche was identified in Japan and it soon became the country's biggest foreign exchange-earner. More recently, income has been depressed, with overproduction in 1994 leading to a drop in prices, and poor rainfall the following year reducing yields. The November export figures for the last three years (November is the month when squash deliveries peak) illustrate the extent of Tonga's reliance on this single product. In November 1993, the country's overall export income was T$15m - more than half of the annual total. Twelve months later, the figure had dropped to T$9m and last year, it fell below T$6m. When The Courier visited Tonga, the authorities were talking about limiting the amount of squash exported to Japan this year to 15 000 tonnes, in the hope of maintaining premium prices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government is also acutely aware of the risks of mono-dependence and is looking for other outlets for its agricultural produce. Demand for copra, Tonga's traditional export, has apparently been reviving, but the price has not been high enough to attract local farmers back into the market. Other crops sold abroad include vanilla, cocoa, coffee, black pepper and ginger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One farmer who is doing his bit in the quest for export diversification is Masao Soakai, a former general manager of the Copra Board. He is now the managing director of a company that specialises in the import and export of produce. This energetic 73 year-old gave us a guided tour of the plots he had rented. He cultivates an astonishing range of different crops which include potatoes (for Fiji), cassava, taro, yams, carrots, broccoli, cauliflowers, strawberries, bananas and capsicums. He also rears cattle and pigs (a Tongan tradition). Masao Soakai stresses the importance of rotation in maintaining yields and believes strongly in planting for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other sectors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wherever you happen to be in Tonga, the Pacific Ocean is never far away. Evidence of the country's maritime tradition can be found in accounts of the appropriately named William Mariner (see box article on this page). But while, in the past, Tongan vessels sailed far and wide, and the country has a huge exclusive economic zone (EEZ), the fishing industry is relatively undeveloped. The sector generates about 5% of GDP. A project sponsored jointly by the FAO and the UNDP revealed that there was considerable scope for expansion, both in the inshore and reef zones and in the deep sea area. The main species which could be exploited commercially are albacore, skipjack and yellowfin tuna. Tonga has received assistance to develop its fisheries from the USA and Japan, and the government has offered tax advantages in the hope of promoting investment, but there is still a long way to go before the country realises its full potential in this area. Hitherto, the country has not licensed foreign vessels to fish in its waters but there is talk of this policy changing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tourism could also generate a lot more income although it currently faces a number of infrastructural and practical constraints. The government is committed to expanding the sector but Mrs Papiloa Bloomlield Foliaki, the owner and manager of Nuku'alofa's third largest hotel (the 'Friendly Islander') feels that a lot more could be done. She pointed out to The Courier that a healthy tourist sector would provide employment as well as stimulating new business for food producers, builders and craft industries. She focused, in particular, on deficiencies in training and marketing, and suggested that some of the resources allocated to agriculture might be better spent in tackling these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga's natural assets make it a 'dream' location for visitors looking for a complete change of scene - particularly if they happen to be keen on sailing, snorkelling or scuba diving. The problem is that the country is so far off the beaten track that it is expensive to get to (some would see this as an advantage in deterring mass tourism). Nothing much can be done to change this but it does mean that they have to aim at the upper end of the market. This requires top quality accommodation  -  of which there is a distinct shortage at the moment. As regards marketing, Mrs Foliaki was hopeful that the recent formation of a hotel association would enable the Tongan tourist industry to raise its profile abroad. Despite her optimism - echoed by all those we spoke to in official circles - the latest figures for visitor arrivals show a downturn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the manufacturing sector, the story is, sadly, one of long term decline. Clothing production ceased in 1994 and the output of leather items has been falling. There are very few industrial activities in which Tonga has a comparative advantage (whether actual, or potential) and this is something which is recognised locally. There may be some scope for adding value to agricultural products through processing but it is unlikely that industry will take off in a big way in the foreseeable future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sale of passports (see the interview with Prime Minister Baron Vaea) is an issue which attracted publicity - not all of it favourable - some years ago, when the government launched the TPPP (Tonga Protected Person's Passport). This was designed to be a travel document which did not confer the right of residence in the country. The authorities adopted the scheme with an eye firmly on Hong Kong, a British colony which is due to be transferred to China in 1997. Some passports were sold but the project never really took off as the immigration authorities of other countries refused to accept the document. Now there are suggestions that the idea may be revived, although this time involving normal passports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The foregoing survey of Tonga's economy does not paint a particularly happy picture but it should be stressed that there is very little real poverty in the islands. In many ways, the informal economy is more important, and subsistence agriculture and fishing ensure that people do not go hungry. With their traditional family structures and strong attachment to the Christian faith, the Tongans have not yet encountered many of the social problems associated with more consumption-oriented societies. But to paraphrase a famous saying, 'no nation is an island' nowadays - even if it happens to be surrounded by water! In an era of increasing globalisation, the key question is how to manage change. Let us hope that the people of Tonga can find the right answer. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview, Prime Minister Baron Vaea</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Constrained by our geography'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No-one can accuse Tonga's Prime Minister of being a starry-yed optimist. As the following interview reveals, Baron Vaea, who heads a twelve-member ministerial team, is refreshingly honest about the economic difficulties facing his small island country. The Courier interviewed him in July, at his office in Nuku'alofa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have suffered a GDP drop and a general slowdown of activity in recent years. What is the government doing to restore the situation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is true that the economy has been declining. The main cause is the excessive demand from the private sector for imports from New Zealand and Australia, combined with diminishing exports. Our exports fell when the price of copra dropped. Another problem is New Zealand's quarantine rules. New Zealand is very particular on quarantine against insects, notably fruit flies, which may damage their own export trade. We have endeavoured to balance this out by selling squash to Japan and indeed, it has been a saviour as far as our economy is concerned. Squash is something our farmers know how to grow. Of course, the market goes up and down. Recently, we made the mistake of over-producing and quite a lot of the crop could not be sold abroad. I think our farmers are now realising this, and that they have to plant according to the quota that we ourselves have imposed. Tourism is another important area although levels of room occupancy are very dependent&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;on the economic situation in other countries. Then there are passport sales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is this something you are still doing ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, but it has been hit by technical difficulties. A number of Hong Kong Chinese bought our Tongan Protected Persons Passport (TPPP) in the hope that they could travel. The immigration authorities in other countries decided they would not accept the document so this source of income dried up. We have changed to national passports which people can use to travel. We are hoping to revive this in order to suit the conditions of the Hong Kong people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is this being done on the assumption that the people who purchase such a passport would not ultimately settle here ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. The main reason people in Hong Kong want a passport is to keep open the option of leaving after the changeover.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Has this policy prompted any criticism from other countries ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No. The main problem is the Chinese themselves who are due to take over Hong Kong next year. It is possible that they will not recognise these passports. We are planning to have discussions with the Chinese on this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Going back to the agricultural sector, are you not putting too many eggs in one basket in focusing so heavily on squash. What efforts are you making to diversify ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We have just signed a trade agreement with Fiji. They are such a close neighbour yet we have had virtually no trade with them. This should change with the agreement, to the benefit of our economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What products are we talking about here ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Mainly vegetables, particularly those that are favoured by the Indian community, such as chills and spices. A trade mission has just returned from Fiji where they picked up a number of orders. The representative of a group of growers also recently returned from Japan. He took a sample of dried pawpaw, a crop which is popular with the Japanese, and apparently received an excellent response. This is an area which is promising.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key issue, however, is the amount of space available in the aeroplane. You can't ask everyone to grow pawpaw when the airline tells us that they can only take eight tonnes at a time. Only a limited number of farmers can be involved, so that we can continue to supply the tonnage that the airline can handle. We will encourage the rest of the farmers to concentrate on other products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is your policy regarding foreign investment ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We encourage overseas investors to engage in activities that local people are not involved in. Land leases are available for anything they want to do which fits in with this policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga has an extremely limited manufacturing sector and there appears to have been a long-term decline. What prospects are there for reversing this trend ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - For many years, the policy of the government has been to encourage exports. We have had entrepreneurs here who have exported things like woollen garments, small boats, horse saddles and so on - but it didn't last. The sad fact is that hardy anything is exported from Tonga. The main reason is that we are constrained by our geography. We are so far away from the main markets. The raw materials have to be brought in and by the time the article is finished, there is no way that it can compete in price terms. This has always been our problem. We are always looking for new markets but it is not easy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A second limitation is the private sector in Tonga. This is weak in terms of technology, marketing and product quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about further processing of local products - perhaps value-added agricultural activity ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, this is something that we would hope to do, though the same kinds of problem arise. People don't set up the processing plant because they say there isn't enough local cultivation to make it worthwhile. And the farmers don't grow the crop because they say there is no market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So it is 'chicken and egg' situation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. The result is that people only grow for home consumption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I should mention here that there are other resources we have yet to exploit, notably in our waters. We have reserved these for ourselves and do not allow foreign fishing vessels. So we are trying to recover resources from the sea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also the possibility of drilling for oil. Research ships operating in the Pacific have found a limited number of locations where it would be worth looking for oil reserves and two of them are in our waters. We have been publicising this with a view to encouraging further exploration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· This would presumably involve drilling licences for oil multinationals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. Some companies have done this in the past although only on a small scale. The answer we got from the oil companies is that they are interested in exploitation - but not now because of the low oil price. When the price goes up, I think we may attract interest again but that is clearly only a long term possibility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A lot of young Tongans leave the islands to work overseas. What is the explanation for this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is true that a high percentage of our population migrates. These are people in search of a better life, who seek to reap the benefits of their abilities by working overseas. They can have a nice house and get a good education for their children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I should stress that we have a good education system here but there is a heavy emphasis on gaining qualifications in order to get into the civil service. Where we are lacking is in the field of technical education. We have some facilities of course - an Institute of Science and Technology and a Marine Institute to train people to go to sea. This is very much in its infancy and we hope it will help for the future. But even some who have gone through this system end up looking for jobs overseas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Turning to political issues, you have a monarchy here which is still very powerful. Do you anticipate any changes in the system ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - There has been some public pressure for change. I don't think people want a radical upheaval but there is a feeling in certain quarters that the present system could be improved upon. As you probably know, Parliament has nine members elected by the people and a further nine selected by the 28 nobles from among their own number. The third component is the government -  12 ministers who are appointed by the King. It has been suggested that qualified people who don't presently sit in Parliament should be there to help deal with the economy. One idea is to change the Constitution so that whole population elects 30 members. The King would then choose his ministers from these 30.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Has this idea made any headway ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  No, not so far. We are maintaining the old system. The proposal has been aired but it hasn't been passed in the House. There are a lot of people, I think, who prefer the present system because they feel the monarchy works for the benefit of all the people. Would a new team necessarily stick to this principle? There must be a danger that they would tend to favour just one section of the population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can you comment, finally, on Tonga' relations with its partners in development cooperation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - As you know, we have good relations with the EU through the LomÃ© Convention. We also have strong bilateral links with Australia and New Zealand which have been giving us assistance. But I think we have to face up to the fact that the aid cannot continue. The UK, for example, used to provide us with our judges. That has been taken over by Australia and New Zealand -  but for how long ? I think it is bound to be phased out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So we will continue to have relations with our partners, but we need to recognise that they are concentrating their efforts now and adapt accordingly. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 669 kmÂ². Tonga has about 170 small islands and four main island groups (Tongatapu, Ha'apai, Vava'u and the Niuas). It has an Exclusive Economic Zone of approximately 700 000 km,). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Nuku'alofa (situated on Tongatapu) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 99 000 (1994 census) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 149 per kilometreÂ² &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth (1992): 68 years Official languages: Tongan and English Currency: Pa'anga (T$) made up of 100 seniti. The currency is pegged to the Australian dollar. In September 1996, 1 ECU was worth T$ 1.57 (US$1 T$ 1.22)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p32.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Tonga&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Polities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;System of government: Constitutional monarchy based on the Constitution promulgated in 1875. Considerable powers remain vested in the King. The Parliament has 31 members  -  the Speaker, 12 ministers (including the Governors of Vava'u and Ha'apai) who are appointed by the King, 9 nobles chosen by the 33 members of the nobility and 9 People's Representatives elected by universal suffrage. There are no political parties although there has been talk of setting up a 'people's Party'. The twelve cabinet ministers hold office until they reach retirement age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Head of State: King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Baron Vaea of Houma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy (estimated 1995 figures unless otherwise stated) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual GDP per capita: approx US $1900&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP growth rate: -2% (1995/96)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Principal exports: squash, vanilla, manufactured goods and fish. In the early 1990s, squash accounted for more than half the country's total export income. In 1995, however, the harvest was affected by drought and exports dropped significantly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balance of payments: A trade deficit of US $38.8m (exports  -  US $18.3m, imports  -  US $57.1 m). The current account deficit is much smaller thanks to 'invisible' earnings, notably from tourism and remittances from Tongans living overseas. Inflation rate (April 1995): 4.5%. Total external debt: T$ 44m (1993)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: Tonga in Profile (on the Internet -  http: 11l www. netstorage. com/kami/ tonga) Economic Intelligence Unit Country Report 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with peopleâs representative, Teisina Fuko</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'There is much more political awareness'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People's representative, Teisina Fuko offers an alternative view&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While Tonga has no political parties, and the main levers of power remain in the hands of the monarch, it would be a mistake to conclude that there is no questioning of the status quo in this small Pacific kingdom. As The Courier discovered on its recent visit, Tongans are happy to speak openly about their political system and to criticise (or praise) aspects of it me local media may not be particularly extensive but it nonetheless allowe for different viewpoints to be expressed, including criticism of the authorities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Those who advocate political reforms in Tonga face something of an uphill struggle. There is no overwhelming demand for change and although the lever of popular support for the current system is not easy to judge, there appears to be widespread acquiescence  -  which effectively amounts to the same thing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, the focus of 'opposition' has tended to be within the ranks of the people's representatives who sit in Parliament We spoke to one of these elected members, Teisina Fuko, who comes from the Ha'apai island group and began by asking how democratic the thought the system was.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I would say about 50%. Up until the 1970s, the system was very traditional but we now seem to be westernising quite quickly. People are returning from overseas with different ideas and this is having an impact on the way we are governed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think you will ultimately have a Parliament whose members are all elected by universal franchise ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I would say it is more certain now than ever before. There is much more political awareness. We see it in the schools, where children are being taught to think independently. There are also the new economic trends -  commercialisation and the focus on foreign earnings which imply the need for modernisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You sound quite enthusiastic about the 'westernisation' process. Are you not concerned about the possible negative aspects in terms of the survival of your traditional culture ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think we have to strike a balance. We mustn't go to extremes. Our culture and traditions are important but there are new things we need to take on board and some old habits we should drop. Take business opportunities: we have to be more democratic in this area. If one group has all the power then they will tend to favour their friends which isn't necessarily efficient. What it boils down to is a lack of checks and balances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the present economic difficulties, I also think we need to move quite quickly. I recently wrote an article arguing that the King should transfer his power to appoint ministers to the people. Ministers should be elected so that they can be accountable to the taxpayer. We are a close-knit family here and there is no question of getting rid of the monarchy. But we need to sit down and hammer out a compromise which will allow us to improve our economy and make it more competitive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let me give you a practical example. Defence is now third on our list of priorities. That doesn't make sense to me. We would be better spending the money on economic development. We also need to boost the private sector so it can create jobs, instead of tying its hands. At present, 50% of our revenue goes on paying civil servants. What for 7 It may create employment, but it is not productive. So the government has to be minimised. Having said this, there are some positive signs. I am glad, for example, to see new blood being brought into the ministerial team.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Parliament is currently composed of three groups - twelve ministers, nine nobles and nine people's representatives. On paper, that suggests that no group can dominate ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Yes, but the ministers and nobles often work together and we are  outvoted. It is difficult to imagine the nobles saying 'no' to the King although, to be fair, they do sometimes abstain and some of them recognise the need for certain reforms to the system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Turning to the economy, which areas do you think offer the best development prospects ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-  Tonga's potential lies in fishing. We are an island nation that has always depended on the resources of the sea and we have the necessary labour force. What the people need is the know-how  -  advanced technologies to develop this sector. We also have to set up credit programmes so that people can invest in boats and equipment. I believe we should spend a lot more on fishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately the government does not take the same view. It has put a lot of resources into small industries, airlines and so on. Yet the reality is that these sectors are in decline. Manufacturing has fallen and so have agricultural exports. Fishing is the only sector that is expanding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about the prospects for agriculture ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think we have reached the limit in this sector. There is very little scope for expansion. I also believe we should be concentrating on what we can produce to use locally. There is very little more we can do in terms of commercial exploitation. Tonga is somewhat overcrowded and we cannot use too many chemicals because the water table is so low.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· One local issue, which presumably has economic implications, concerns the possible expulsion of foreigners who have been here for a certain amount of time. Apparently, the decision has been taken not to renew certain residence permits. What is your view on this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think Tonga should encourage skilled people who are here to stay. We should use make use of their skills, particularly where they have expertise that is lacking locally. At the same time, there are some people here who just came for a visit and ended up staying without doing anything very productive. There are also a number who came after the coup in Fiji and I think we should give them some leeway.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the whole, I don't think it is a big problem. Tonga has traditionally been very liberal in the application of its immigration law. We have never been colonised so we tend not to have a suspicion of foreigners. And whatever we do must be in accordance with the law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Could you sum up your vision for the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  You only need to look around you to see that we have a youthful population here: a lot of young people who need to be catered for. We are investing heavily in education which I think is good but we need to do more to adapt to the changing world. We were peaceful in the past because most Tongans were on roughly the same level in terms of wealth. Now the poor are getting poorer while the rich get richer. This could lead to an increase in social tensions. With a more democratic system, we should be able to close the gap and work for a peaceful and more prosperous future. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Seeking business overseas</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Minister outlines economic strategy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the policy of appointing Ministers for life - or at least until retirement age - is maintained, then Dr Giulio Masasso Tu'ikolongahau Paunga can look forward to a long career in the Tonga Cabinet. At just 32, he has recently been been given the job of Minister for Labour, Commerce and Industries (with responsibility also for tourism). He may be relatively young, but the new minister has impressive academic credentials. He took a master's degree in Japan (in Japanese) and as we soon discovered, he has some new ideas about how to achieve economic development in his country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr Masasso's portfolio covers a wide range of economic activities and we began by asking what he thought the main focus of his work would be. He identified three areas  -  agriculture, which is the single most important sector; fisheries which has potential for growth; and tourism. He would also like to see more manufacturing, particularly for export, but acknowledged that the current prospects in this area were very limited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking first at agricultural production for export, we noted that a significant change had taken place over the last decade. Coconut-related products had been largely replaced by squash, a 'gap' in the Japanese market having been identified when other sources of supply were not available. Tonga may have been the first to spot the opportunity but was there not a danger that other countries might 'muscle in'? The government was 'very aware of this danger', said the Minister and was trying very hard to diversify its export products. He mentioned vanilla, papaya, beans and, in particular, carrots. The last-mentioned crop grows well in the islands and there is apparently a growing taste for carrot juice in Japan. A list of products with export potential, which could be grown successfully in Tonga, had been drawn up in cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture, and Dr Masasso's department would be actively seeking new business overseas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government is obviously interested in developing trade with Japan and other countries in Asia, but the Minister felt that New Zealand and Australia were likely to remain the principal markets for Tongan farm products in the future. He was looking forward to easier access to New Zealand once new quarantine facilities had been set up at the international airport on Tongatapu. This, he said, should allow for a larger throughput of export crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efficiency, of course, is the key to winning and keeping overseas customers. With this in mind, our discussion turned to the land tenure system. The allocation (at least in theory) of parcels of land to all male Tongans discourages the development of larger farms or plantations. Was this the most effective way of exploiting the country's fertile lands? Dr Masasso acknowledged that the system hampered efficiency but stressed that the question was a very sensitive one. The right to cultivate a plot of land is deeply rooted in Tongan culture, and radical changes to the property laws are not on the agenda. As the Minister put it; 'We are trying to maximise our efficiency under the present system of land tenure.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning to tourism, Dr Masasso observed that 'this has been the most stable industry over the past ten years,' bringing an average of T$ 12 million into the country every year. In looking at possible growth, however, he stressed the need to take account of the environmental and cultural impact. 'Tonga is a very small country, and it would not be right to build too many hotels and related facilities. It might be possible, but the long-term effects would be a little too much for the country.' Dr Masasso said he favoured tourism which has 'e closer relationship with people -  a cultural exchange, targeting people who really wish to understand our country.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fishing is a sector which appears to have huge potential given the size of Tonga's exclusive economic zone. Dr Masasso explained how Japanese assistance was being used in a boat building scheme designed to produce vessels that local people could afford. He also spoke enthusiastically of the research that had been carried out to determine the nature and size of the fish stocks. He recognised, however, that while most of Tonga's fishing was inshore, there was scope for a great deal more revenue from deep-sea fishing. In this connection, negotiations were underway with the United States, Taiwan and Japan, to allow vessels from these nations to fish in Tongan waters. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The conversation then moved on to the more general issue of entrepreneurship and the role of the state in the economy. The Minister indicated that the government believed in privatisation but stressed that this was not simply 'because other countries are doing ft.' The main issue at this stage, he said, was to create a sufficiently large pool of well-trained people to take over activities currently run by the authorities. 'The government wishes it didn't need to get involved but we are a small developing nation, and to get things started, you need capital and know-how  - which locals sometimes don't have access to.' In these circumstances, the state had to activate projects which could later be privatised once the necessary skills had been built up. Another 'major strategy' was to develop a much closer relationship between the Ministry and the private sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This led us into a discussion about Tonga's attitude to foreign investors who might also be in a position to supply capital and know-how. The authorities had recently threatened that a number of residence permits would not be renewed. Was this not a disincentive to potential overseas investors ? Dr Masasso was keen to offer clarification. 'The media makes it look as if Tonga doesn't like investors but they have misinterpeted the situation. He insisted; 'we want the foreign investment here and are encouraging it in those areas where locals cannot get involved.' Defending the actions of the immigration authorities, the Minister stressed that what they were doing was normal practice. 'Those who stay here illegally and do not extend their visa have to be deported.' The action, he argued, was not directed against foreign investors and indeed, the latter should be encouraged by the government's commitment to upholding the law.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tonga-EU cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing the Vava'u islands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Myfanwy van de Velde&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EC-Tonga cooperation began in 1975 with the first LomÃ© Convention, soon after Tonga gained full independence in 1970. Grant aid totalling ECU 19.8m (LomÃ© I - LomÃ© IV) has been allocated to the country during its 20-year membership of the Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under LomÃ© I, funds were directed principally towards two main projects: the construction of the wharf at Neiafu, Vava'u, and funding for the Ministry of Works to procure road maintenance equipment and build schools, rural health centres and small wharves at Ha'apai and Vava'u. Remaining funds were used to finance studies involving dredging, trade promotion and designs for Vava'u and Faua fisheries harbours. The EIB also financed a line of credit of ECU 130 000, under LomÃ© I, to the Tonga Development Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LomÃ© II funds focused on the fisheries sector, and on initiating works relating to the upgrading of the Vava'u airport. There were also projects in the fisheries sector, aimed at encouraging fishermen to undertake commercial fishing to meet local demand. To this end, the Faua Fisheries Harbour for small boats was built, and marketing and cold storage facilities were provided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By the time LomÃ© III funds came on stream, Tonga had adopted a regional development approach with regard to its various island groups. The aim was to have a coherent development programme taking account of the specific constraints and potential of each. The Vava'u group of islands became identified as the focal area for the use of EC assistance, and LomÃ© III resources (ECU 6.5m in grants and ECU 0.5m in the form of risk capital to be managed by the EIB) as well as LomÃ© IV funds (ECU 6m and ECU 1 m respectively) have duly focused on its development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Located in the north of the Kingdom, Vava'u is the second group of islands both in terms of population (16 000) and land area. With an abundance of natural resources, the group is thought to have greater potential for agriculture and tourism than other parts of the Kingdom. However, this potential was largely untapped at the time LomÃ© III was initiated. This was due to a variety of constraining factors including relatively low productivity, undeveloped marketing infrastructures, substantial import levels and poor distribution of utilities and other public services. One particular constraint preventing the development of tourism was limited access caused by a lack of transport infrastructures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two main projects aimed at addressing these problems have been implemented. The first, costing ECU 1.24m, involved completing the upgrading of the local airport at Lupepau'u (begun under LomÃ© II). In addition to runway improvements, a new terminal building was provided, complete with safety and navigational equipment. Passengers began using the new facilities in early 1995. The second project, entitled the 'Vava'u Development Programme', was allocated the sum of ECU 5m. This money is being used to pay for a series of activities including road upgrading, the provision of photovoltaic equipment for household energy needs and the supply of equipment for vocational training colleges. New buildings being funded include health clinics, a market and an agricultural quarantine building. The funds also cover the cost of establishing the Vava'u Development Unit as the monitoring and implementing agency for the programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Programme continues under LomÃ© IV, with about 85% of programmable resources for Tonga (approximately ECU 5m) set aside for activities in the focal area. Funds will be directed towards developing the Neiafu urban area, in recognition of the need to upgrade access and services in the commercial centre of Vava'u. The projects envisaged include upgrading the town centre and urban roads, port improvements, and measures to increase the capacity and improve the distribution of piped and rain water to households. In addition, a multi-annual micro-projects programme will lead to the construction of jetties on the inhabited outer islands of Vava'u, thereby improving access to Neiafu which is the main centre of the archipelago.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the above grant aid, Tonga has received funds in the form of Stabex transfers for losses in export earnings in respect of coconut products, bananas and vanilla. It also received emergency aid in 1977, following an earthquake, and in 1982 following Hurricane Isaac.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EIB interventions have contributed to the share capital of the Tonga Development Bank and have increased the Bank's lending capacity to small and medium-sized enterprises. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Switching on the Iights</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uelingatoni Tevita Vaea (known as 'T' to his friends), proved to be a mine of information for The Courier, when we visited the Vava'u island group in northern Tonga recently. 'T' is a Tongan engineer who returned to his native land from Australia to work as assistant project manager in the Vava'u Development Unit. His help was particularly useful during the highlight of our visit - a traditional celebratory feast laid on by the villagers of Nuapapu. This is one of Vava'u's inhabited outer islands and the celebration was staged to mark the installation of solar powered lighting, courtesy of LomÃ© Convention funds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nuapapu is one of a number of outlying villages to receive solar installations under the Vava'u Development Programme. In all, some 350 homes have been wired up. Units attached to individual buildings collect the power and convert it into electricity which is stored in a battery. When night falls, the lights can then be switched on. Although the bulk of the installation costs are covered by the project, each participating household is required to pay a lump sum to have a unit fitted. They are also contracted to pay a modest amount each month towards maintenance of the system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It may all seem rather prosaic to those of us accustomed to electrical power at the flick of a switch, but for the people of the villages in the Vava'u group, the project is little short of revolutionary. For centuries, their daily rhythm has been governed largely by the rising and setting of the sun. The only 'artificial' light available after darkness came from fuel-burning (and more recently, battery) torches or lamps  - enough perhaps to reveal a path or highlight the position of an object, but certainly not to read or do intricate work with one's hands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The formal 'switching on' ceremony was performed by the Dutch Ambassador, Mr van Thessen and Jonathan Rodwell, who is the European Commission's resident advisor in Tonga. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was preceded by a courtesy visit to the village chief and the above-mentioned feast, which gave the European visitors an authentic and memorable taste of traditional Tongan hospitality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The food was brought from all quarters of the village on long rectangular trays covered with leaves. Each was laden with food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fare was predominantly local: the famous roast pigs featured prominently along with fish, chicken, bananas, coconuts and a variety of root and tuber vegetables.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were also some 'imported' items: the corned beef which is so popular here, some packets of crisps to add colour to the guest 'table' and boiled sweets woven into garlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The trays were laid end to end, stretching perhaps 20 metres and woven mats were placed all around. Having received our garlands of flowers, we were invited to sit down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The feast was interspersed by various speeches and 'T' helped out with a translation and explanation of the proceedings. We began with a prayer in Tongan, delivered by the local minister. This was followed by a speech of welcome and thanks by the matapule (spokesman) of the village chief.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High ranking people in Tonga always have a matapule to speak on their behalf on such occasions. Ambassador van Thessen and Mr Rodwell then replied on behalf of the guests, (in English, with consecutive translation provided).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They expressed thanks to the people of Nuapapu for their hospitality and wished them success with their new electric lighting. There was then a short discourse by the District Officer followed by a closing prayer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;References to all this speechmaking could leave a false impression that this was a formal and stilted affair.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact the reverse was very much the case: the mood was relaxed throughout and there is no doubt that the villagers know how to enjoy themselves. Music was supplied by a group of men playing a variety of instruments and the women joined in the festivities with what appeared to be spontaneous bursts of dancing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were also special solo dances performed by two young ladies whose bodies had been smeared with coconut oil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As tradition dictates, once their performances (involving highly expressive hand and finger movements) were complete, the audience expressed their appreciation by slapping banknotes on the oily exposed surfaces of the dancers' bodies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The light was fading as the feast ended and we moved to the brief 'lighting up' ceremony, carried out to the accompaniment of applause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guests (including the staff of the Vava'u Development Unit who have guided the project through its various stages) then took their leave of this hospitable community and set off by boat on the return journey to Neiafu. As the vessel drew away from the shore, we were able to look up and see, for the first time, the twinkling lights of Nuapapu. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dossier</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Habitat</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Livable cities and rural rights</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Dossier coordinated by Debra Percival and  Claude Smets)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The United Nations Conference, Habitat 11, on human settlements (Istanbul, June 3-14 1996) exposed the Herculean task of addressing the problems of ever-growing cities and called for 'shelter for all.' The special contribution of civil society in making cities more liveable was acknowledged at the conference - but the big question is, who will foot the bill ? The meeting also spoke of improving dwellings in rural areas to keep people on the land and halt the mass exodus to the cities. But the right to remain and prosper from one's habitat can be at odds with outside pressures for environmental conservation. The dossier looks at some of the issues raised by the conference, and the wider significance of 'Habitat II' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second UN gathering on the theme of 'habitat', staged two decades after the first conference in Vancouver, took place against a backdrop of rapid and alarming urban growth. In 1900, one person in ten lived in a city. By 1948, the ratio was three in ten and by the year 2000 half the world's population are expected to be urban dwellers. 25 years after that, the figure is expected to have climbed to 60%. Africa is the region that currently has the highest rate of urban growth. In 1950, it had only one city with a population of one million. By the end of this decade there could be 60 cities of this size, according to UN figures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The focus on human settlements and liveable cities inevitably meant that Habitat II covered some of the same ground as other UN conferences convened during the 1990s to explore the big issues facing mankind: the 1992 'Earth Summit' on environmental matters in Rio de Janeiro, the 1994 Population Conference in Cairo, the 1995 Social Summit in Copenhagen and the 1995 Women's Conference in Beijing. Issues common to all the agendas included rapid population growth, environmental degradation, access to clean water, poor sanitation, lack of infrastructures, and women's issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rallying calls of Habitat II, set out in the Conference's conclusions, were 'shelter for all' and 'sustainable human settlements in an urbanising world.' The Nairobi-based Centre for Human Settlements is to be the focus for the follow-up. But as delegates dispersed, one of the pressing questions was where the money will come from to meet the host of agreed objectives -  which include clean water with improved technology, conservation and protection of the environment, and better health and education. In this dossier, European Commission officials from the Development Directorate General, who attended the conference, reflect on Istanbul and its likely followup.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whereas in the past, cities were associated with economic development, innovation and the diffusion of new ideas, nowadays they conjure up the vision of urban poverty, environmental degradation, poor sanitation and a host of health hazards. Urbanisation is the direct consequence of rapid population growth, according to the 1993 Human Development Report. In 1965, agriculture provided 77% of employment in developing countries and represented more than 41 % of Gross Domestic Product. By 1985, this sector was contributing a lot less to GDP but was still providing 72% of all employment. So a large number of people continue to depend on agriculture although its share of the global economy is declining. In these circumstances, it not surprising that many of the world's poorest people are migrating to cities - the annual estimate is 20-30 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The dossier looks, in particular, at the environmental cost of rampant urbanisation and at the problems of city living for more vulnerable groups such as women. They are often among the poorest urban dwellers and can fall victim to exploitation and crime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paradoxically, poor people in cities are becoming even poorer as economies improve. Additional pressures on these marginalised groups living in cities are neatly summed up by Jeremy Seabrook, author of 'In the Cities of the South.' In a recent article for Gemini news agency: 'Tougher Struggle for Survival in the Concrete Jungle,' he writes; 'As the pace of development quickens, with high economic growth and increased migration to urban areas, land price in most big cities have soared. Poor people are being increasingly removed from their hoary&quot; - by mysterious fires, explosions and 'accidents'. Meanwhile, the urban poor's ability to mobilise and achieve has been used against them. The capacity of people to create homes and secure local communities has been used as a justification for the withdrawal of government services.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He continues: 'As inequalities become more glaring, enclaves of prosperity are sealed off from the slums by checkpoints, guards and fences - like frontiers to another country. Despite this, people are still flocking to the city  -  often refugees from intensifying, industrialised agriculture and.. megaprojects in the countryside...' Mr Seabrook points out that without decent jobs, they fall prey to sub-contractors, who exploit them, offering them low pay and demanding that they work long hours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Civil society&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the cities of many developing nations, 'civil society' is taking a lead, with projects to bridge the gap between the 'haves' end the 'have note'. Numerous participants at the Istanbul conference applauded the urban programmes undertaken by various elements of civil society, which include NGOs, community groups and individuals. Their significance was recognised in Istanbul, where their voice came through loud and clear. Nigerian journalist, Paul Okunlola, writing in this dossier notes a move towards 'bottom up' projects in Lagos as a result of the tough times.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agostinho Jardim GonÃ§alves, the President of the NGO-EU Liaison Committee, was particularly pleased at the input of civil society to the conference's committees and conclusions. The debate, he said, had not just been about the macroeconomic aspects. Instead, it had come 'within the reach of the populations themselves.' The people, he argued, were both victims of the anomalies of inhumane settlement and the key players in efforts to construct a humane, dignified habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeremy Seabrook describes some of the inspiring international initiatives undertaken by civil society. Examples include the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC) in Bombay, which works with pavement dwellers; the Association of Basic Needs (ARBAN), and 'Health for All' in Dhaka; the Eddie Guazon Foundation in Manila, which seeks to protect the poor against private interests; and the Foundation for Women, which is trying to tackle the trafficking of girls for Bangkok's brothels. But Mr Seabrook also warns against overestimating the strengths of popular organisation. As he points out: 'They require an enabling and positive framework, which the free market can never provide. Government intervention, of a more benign and positive kind than hitherto, is vital if people are to help themselves. As it is, too often they are forced to struggle against the people elected to govern them.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chair of the Habitat Conference, Wally N'Dow, emphasised local solutions. The conference, he said, 'recognised the changing global patterns of life' and that solutions must be found at the local level. 'National governments and international agencies', he argued, were not in a position to solve massive urban problems or to pay to put them right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were a number of donor pledges at the conference. The European Union countries, for example, reiterated their long-standing commitment to provide 0.7% of GNP for development by the year 2000  -  though many of the 15 member states are still well short of this target.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One scheme which has attracted the particular interest of donors is South Africa's Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). To a considerable extent, the success of President Mandela's government is likely to be judged on the success of this programme. It aims, among other things, to improve health, education, housing and sanitation and as such, it mirrors many of the 'Habitat II' goals. Launched in 1994, it is the centrepiece of the South African government's efforts to create a more democratic, prosperous, non-racial and non-sexist society. In the dossier, we look at the RDP's objectives, how it is faring and what sort of support the EU is giving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural rights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond the city, the dossier looks at what is happening to some rural dwellers who have not taken flight to the city. Although, largely focused on the city, Habitat II acknowledged the importance of urban and rural linkages in its conclusions: 'Rural and urban settlements are interdependent... governments must work to extend adequate infrastructure and opportunities to rural areas to increase their attractiveness and thereby minimise... migration.' There was mention too of the need for more jobs and housing for rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But in some rural areas, the inhabitants have found themselves in dispute with conservationists. The latter seek to protect wildlife and the rural habitat by setting up national parks - a solution which is not necessarily in the interests of local people struggling to maintain their livelihood. We take a look at such dilemmas and the possible solutions being developed so that rural dwellers can continue to make the most of their habitat. This rural struggle, where solutions are also being called for at a local level, is not unlike the battle being waged for a better quality of life in the cities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Towards a global concept of urban development - an interview with Daby Diagne</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deputy mayor of the city of Louga, Daby Diagne is also President of the Finance Committee of Senegal's National Assembly, General Secretary of the Association of Mayors of Senegal and President of the World Federation of United Cities. He is the ACP-EU Joint Assembly's General Rapporteur on urban development and The Courier had the opportunity to interview him in September at the Assembly's meeting in Luxembourg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have just submitted an initial report on urban development to the Joint Assembly. In it, you recommend that the Community adopt a specific and consistent global policy in this field, notwithstanding the fact that successive LomÃ© Conventions have contained a number of significant provisions relating to the subject. What is the reasoning behind your recommendation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - There are several reasons. First, there is the fact that, in the past, cities were often viewed solely in terms of infrastructures and sectors. Experience shows that this approach is not effective. Specialists are increasingly opting for a more global 'city' concept. The Commission must therefore adapt itself to the new situation. It is true that it has financed infrastructures and launched health and clean-up programmes, but the problem is that this has been done in a somewhat unsystematic way without being linked to long-term regional development or a zonal policy. There is now an increasing need for an integrated regional development approach. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think ACP countries are aware of the importance of cities ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That's another question altogether. Obviously, the ACP countries are in the process of changing their views on this subject and a number have appointed ministers to look after urban affairs. The reality of city life has to be taken into account. The rate of urban growth in the ACPs far exceeds that in other parts of the world and it is in the towns and cities that one sees the most glaring instances of poverty and under-development. People have therefore been forced to take the 'city' phenomenon into account in the ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The political will must exist for a policy to be successful. Do the ACP countries have a genuine will to implement an urban policy ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I don't think it is possible to speak of a uniform trend in all ACP states. However, in certain regions - for example in West Africa, which I know well - a municipal culture is beginning to take shape. There is a growing political will, which is illustrated by the discussions on decentralisation, and people are increasingly recognising that central government cannot do everything by itself. One can find regional development and planning policies designed to create the fabric of mediumsized cities. Not everyone has them but it is something we are seeing more and more of.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· ACP countries face complex challenges and there are people who say that the actions of the European Community are too dispersed owing to the number of sectors it is involved in. Doesn't your recommendation simply add to this problem ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - On the contrary. I regard my recommendation as being pro-integration and therefore pro-globalisation  - which is not the complete opposite of a sectoral, diversified approach. I believe it would allow the Union's activities in certain fields to be better interlinked. I am thinking here of water, health, clean-up operations and infrastructures  - all of which are major problems for society. Naturally, a more global concept will require greater dedication, and if there are additional resources, so much the better, but, in my view, the situation could be improved even with what we currently have available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The rate of urbanisation in Africa is higher than elsewhere and the living conditions of city dwellers - particularly those in the shanty towns  -  are becoming increasingly difficult in terms of health, education, environment and so on. What, in your opinion, would be the optimum strategy for reversing the decline, at least in the short-term ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - First of all, I think we have to make a distinction here. Let's take the actual rate of urbanisation. Contrary to what is generally thought, this is lower than in the rest of the world. In other words, Africa has fewer towns and cities than the rest of the world. It is the rate of growth in the urban population that is higher. Populations are becoming increasingly concentrated in the cities, with the drift of people from the countryside. In addition, the phenomenon is being fed by demographic trends. You ask me if there is anything we can do to halt this. There are actions that can be taken to restore some balance. For example, we could make investments in the rural environment to keep people in the countryside, and we could implement suitable agricultural policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But we must not labour under too many illusions, because life in towns and cities will be an inevitable characteristic of the next century. Economists and urban planners have been considering the phenomenon for a long time now - perhaps 30 or 40 years. It is  something that cannot be halted, because it is a fact of civilisation. So, what should we do? Above all, we should devote our efforts to regional development, achieving a balanced distribution of human resources, and a more equitable exploitation of natural resources. Power has to be decentralised so that people do not abandon their roots but face up to local challenges. And we have to implement urban policies which are satisfactory in terms of investment, management and popular participation. In simple terms, urbanisation has to be managed. We cannot hope to reverse the trend overnight, particularly in the case of a continent like Africa where everything happens quickly. Africa is enormous and its population has not yet reached its maximum levels. We have to take all this into account.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We must acknowledge that scientific progress and improvements in the field of health have contributed to population growth, and a reduction in mortality rates. This means that urban civilisation is a reality that we have to manage. There is a risk of uncontrolled growth in urban centres. When infrastructures are lacking, when there is no water, when hygiene cannot be guaranteed and when there is no work, a country's security is threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have mentioned democracy end the decentralisation of government This also requires adequate financial resources. Where do you think the ACP countries will find the money to implement decentralisation strategies ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Democracy involves a search for freedom - freedom of opinion and expression, independent of material or financial problems. The problem with decentralisation lies in administrative method. It is not purely a matter of money. In the first instance, it is a question of choosing the right approach. It has been demonstrated that without any extra resources, one can still act differently by delegating and decentralising. And success is much more likely because the people are involved in the process. Admittedly, it requires an internal reallocation of resources. A proportion of everything that was formerly centralised has to be allocated to development and to basic needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To answer your question more directly, there is a great deal of talk of this alternative method of governing. It is inspiring new hope and a thirst for something better. It is even being viewed as an 'ideal' solution - which it cannot be entirely. However, by decentralising human and economic resources, and by allowing people to participate, hope can be inspired at local level. This should make for better administration and support, which is an improvement in itself. Of course, this may make people more demanding. Will it satisfy their requirements? As I have already said, internal resources will have to be reallocated, but resources must also come from outside. One cannot make an allout effort for decentralisation without doing something to improve international cooperation. This cooperation, however, must be adaptable, and the state must retain its pre-eminent position and its role as guarantor and arbiter. But in addition, local communities should have access to international cooperation either directly or indirectly through their organisations, municipal structures and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In this context, what role do you see for international organisations - not just in terms of financial resources, but also of human resources ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think what we now need to do is build up a pool of skills in each municipal area. The developed countries have experience in this field. We have to take their processes as a model without necessarily copying their experience. This is something which will be discussed. Secondly, in the context of relationships between towns and cities, I believe it is possible to make access to experts more flexible and that this can take place very quickly, with the provision of training and fairly basic technology transfers. General training is also extremely important. In order to build up a pool of skills in towns and cities, local government must form a dynamic, management-oriented team. The approach has to be one of business-like management and objectives have to be targeted using private-sector methods, although public-service requirements always have to be borne in mind. A great deal, therefore, can be done at international level, in terms of support for networks of associations and committees of locally elected representatives, enabling them to discuss matters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We could, for example, carry out a comparative study of legislation in a particular area, thereby gaining access to other types of experience. Internationally, aid can be given to associations to help them buy equipment and attain a degree of freedom of manoeuvre vis-Ã -vis the authorities. In the field of decentralised cooperation, the international community can help elected representatives to implement their projects through partnerships, conducting studies, and providing personnel. Cooperation is possible in all spheres -  implementation, management, financing and so on. I believe that a new type of cooperation will gradually come into being. It is not a question of creating 'white elephants', but rather small and medium-scale projects which are of genuine use to the population. And I am not talking here about acts of charity, such as the donation of medicines, but sustainable projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Habitat II: taking stock</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Christian Cure'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future of towns and cities is not what it was. In the 20 years between the first United Nations conference on human settlements (1976) and Habitat II which took place in Istanbul in June 1996, the situation has changed a good deal. The significance of urbanisation  - and its irreversible nature -  are now acknowledged, as is the powerlessness of the authorities to deal single handedly with the complex phenomena which result The author of this article points out that civil society has suddenly broken into a field hitherto the preserve of official agencies and qualified experts, claiming a 'right to the city' based on research into more equitable development models.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vancouver to Istanbul: two symbols for two eras&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vancouver was the 1976 host of the first conference on human settlements organised by the United Nations. At that time, the UN was celebrating 30 years of existence and Vancouver, a model of urban development and modernity, provided inspiration for the developers and experts needed to plan the cities of the future. 'Appropriate technologies' heralded the possibility of mass-produced, cheap housing for everyone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty years later, the UN chose Istanbul as the host city for the Habitat II conference on human settlements, forcing us to face up to a quite different situation: uncontrollable urban growth (400 000 migrants arrive there every year), social and environmental problems, and intercultural and political tensions (amply illustrated by the Turkish politicians' inability to form a government at the very time the Conference was taking place). In brief, Istanbul presents us with the usual list of problems facing most of the world's major cities - and those of developing countries in particular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Against this backdrop, the international community  -  180 countries, 500 local dignitaries, a few thousand professionals and even some ordinary citizens - came together from 3 to 14 June to discuss a 'settlement action plan'. This document, which had been in preparation for two years, contains 183 articles. It sets out a series of goals, principles and undertakings as well as providing an action plan for cities, the initial results of which should begin to be seen by the year 2001.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The preparatory committee selected two basic topics for discussion: securing adequate shelter for all, a basic but nonetheless controversial theme; and sustainable urban development The latter encompasses housing, demographic factors, infrastructure, services, the environment, transport, energy, social and economic development, the future of underprivileged groups and combating exclusion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cycle initiated at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 (followed by the Copenhagen, Beijing and Cairo meetings) was continued by Habitat II. Two major handicaps had to be overcome - 'conference fatigue' (with the resulting fact that there were fewer delegates than anticipated) and ensuring that what had been accomplished at earlier conferences was not undermined. Given that the subject of the meeting was human settlements, it was inevitable that sensitive issues already debated at previous summits, relating to the environment and social aspects, would keep recurring.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Civil society as an active force&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of conclusions arose from the official sessions (hearings, dialogues and various forums) which took place over the two weeks of the conference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First, Habitat II represented a recognition of the fact of urbanisation. In the past, there was a tendency on the part of the international community to play down, or even ignore, the phenomenon of urban growth and this was reflected in the meagre resources allocated to this area by donors. Today, the issue is better understood than it was 10 or 20 years ago, and it is acknowledged that the growth trend is unstoppable. Statistical studies and a set of 'urban indicators' drawn up for Habitat II confirm the scale of the problem. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, the Istanbul summit was a lesson in modesty. The obvious powerlessness of public authorities to deal single-handedly with the challenge of burgeoning towns and cities is recognised. The result was an understanding that a more pragmatic view is needed -  one which pays more attention to the complexities of urbanisation, to the wide variety of possible responses and, above all, to the multi-faceted nature of the players involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Conference therefore became a genuine forum for debate. One of its most significant aspects was the emergence of 'civil society' as an active force. Hitherto, the field has largely been the preserve of official agencies and qualified experts. For the first time in a UN forum, local authorities, community leaders, private sector representatives and other dynamic forces in civil society were invited to give their views and take part in discussion groups. Whereas in the past, the debate was dominated by macroeconomic and technical questions, in Istanbul, the political and social aspects were given prominence as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The effect of this was to improve the quality of the debate. The outlines of a new relationship between governments and civil society (NGOs, ordinary citizens and popular urban groups) were defined - with the local authorities slotting in somewhere in the middle. And there was a particular focus on the question of dimension or scale: what should be the basis for urban democracy and citizenship. Both of these are seen as essential if one is to have successful and sustainable urban development policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A right to the city?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first stage of the analysis is to look at urban life from a macroeconomic standpoint. Urban growth is determined by the evolution of the world economic system and, in particular, by the globalisation of markets. This has generated increased competition, including competition between cities themselves. Since the end of the 1980s, cities have been responsible for between 50% and 80% of the GDP of most countries. In other words, they represent more than mere links in the global economy; they are, in fact, pivotal points.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hence the principles which broadly underpin the Habitat 11 programme. In fundamental terms, public policies must promote the capital, housing, property and employment markets, with a view to improving the efficiency of urban management (living conditions, infrastructures, services, environment, etc.). This is not just desirable in human terms but also essential if urban productivity is to be improved. Many decision-makers at the meeting agreed that privatisation of services, partnerships involving the authorities, the community and the private sector, and decentralisation were all part and parcel of a new standard for good local governance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Representatives of 'social' interests, on the other hand, were successful in focusing the debate on fundamental rights and principles, including individual and social rights. Indeed, these issues dominated the Conference and gave rise to the most difficult negotiations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were prolonged talks, for example, on the central issue of the right to a roof over one's head. The outcome was a commitment by governments to promote 'the full and progressive acceptance of the right to adequate shelter'. The NGOs had been hoping for a more clear-cut undertaking. Questions relating to the status of vulnerable groups, women's rights and their equal access to land, and protection against eviction, were also the subject of heated exchanges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps the most important step forward, however, was the success of civil society representatives in sowing the seeds of a new idea - the 'right to the city'. This concept has been devised on the basis of research into more equitable and soundly-based development models to which local authorities are increasingly giving practical support. Thousands of individual experiences and issues were highlighted in Istanbul by NGOs and community groups. Thus, there is a mass of evidence that populations are capable of responding through local initiatives and of taking responsibility for improving their living and housing conditions. If this 'resource' is to be exploited to the full, urban politicians must develop a deeper understanding of the scale of micro-territories and local societies within cities. They also need to promote and coordinate their decision-making in a way which involves consulting and involving the local populations. In the modern era, this is the key to ensuring social cohesion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond Istanbul&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There may have been a lot of new thinking on the basic principles, but there was no reference to financial undertakings in the Habitat 11 programme. On the latter issue, the international community was highly circumspect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank took the initiative, announcing the launch of an 'urban compact', involving an additional $15 billion in loans for urban projects over the next five years. It also revealed that it would triple its aid to NGOs involved in the urban environment. Recent World Bank estimates suggest that just 0.2% to 0.5% of a country's GDP would need to be set aside for the poor to gain access to basic urban services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards monitoring, the NGOs and local authorities won the right to sit on the Human Settlements Committee which will be responsible for implementing the habitat programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most important points to emerge from Istanbul, however, were that local authorities were given both formal recognition, and a major practical role - in keeping with their current responsibilities. The habitat programme is, in fact, a powerful call for decentralisation and increased local autonomy, its action plan being built on the implicit principles of 'subsidiarily' and 'proximity'. To a large extent, the successful implementation of the programme will depend on the mobilisation of municipal politicians and officials - and on the policies they adopt at local level. The agenda for cities in the 21 st century that was adopted at the Rio Summit must now be fleshed out and become the future reference for action by local authorities, NGOs and citizens' associations. Finally, the importance of decentralised cooperation and the role of local councils in international cooperation have been reconfirmed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Local authorities and their international organisations decided to form a worldwide coordinating group to continue structured dialogue with the international community and to guarantee that the Istanbul resolutions are followed up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some people predicted that Habitat 11 would be 'the revenge of the cities'. To quote P. Maragall, chairman of the Committee of the Regions, the conference at least provided the opportunity to build, and to give a wider audience to 'the voice of the United Cities within the United Nations'. That itself is a major step forward. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'A house to call my own'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tackling violence against women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Rosemary Okello&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this article is a journalist with the Nairobi-based Women's Feature Service (WFS) She contends that the Habitat 11 conference skirted around some of the issues affecting women city dwellers in Africa, such es violence and sexual abuse. Improving their lives, she argues, starts with a roof over their heads&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lofty ideals set during this year's UN Conference on Human Settlements in Istanbul meant little to African women like Catherine Kaberu. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As she recalls the misery of living on the streets of Nairobi, she is just happy now to have a safe, secure room for her family. 'I thought by running away from home and coming to Nairobi, I would find a better life&quot; says Ms Kaberu. Instead, the streets became her home and her life was defined by the fear of violence against her. Her two children were born during that difficult period, following rapes. She cannot identify their father. There are an estimated 30 000 street people in Nairobi and Catherine Kaberu says that all street women and girls are regularly abused.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Every day we had to look for a place to sleep and we bribed the watchmen to guard us.' Often it was the same watchmen, employed to guard office blocks in the city's central district, who took advantage of the women's desperate situation. Not even age could protect them says 63-year old Felista Nyambura, herself a veteran of the streets. 'I suffered all manner of humiliation,' she states, referring to ten years spent on the streets with her seven children. 'The watchmen would rape me if I refused to give in to them - after they had offered me a place to sleep for the night with my children. I am just so happy to be off the streets. I will never go back,' she states firmly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The confidence of the two women comes from their new security as owners of simple one-roomed houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Having a house to call my own is the most important thing that ever happened to me,' says Ms Nyambura as she explains how she ended up on the street after the piece of land her husband left in their rural home was taken over by her in-laws.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The two women are part of a group of 114 who have benefited from the Urban Destitute Programme, a project of the African Housing Fund which is involved in participatory community development with the homeless women of Nairobi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Catalina Trujillo, the 'Women in Development' coordinator for the Habitat conference stresses: 'If a woman's place is in the house, we had better make sure she owns it.' These sentiments were supported in Istanbul by the conference Secretary General, Wally N'Dow: He stated: 'By conviction, by analysis and even by instinct, women's rights to ownership and inheritance of property is right. If Habitat II... does not also contribute to social progress by addressing some of the issues like property rights for women, then it will have failed.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the women of-Africa in particular, the most important thing that should have come out of Istanbul was an affirmation of their right to own and inherit property, and to security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These issues affect most African women regardless of their status and they were presented to ministers concerned with shelter and settlements when they met in Johannesburg last year to prepare an African agenda for the Istanbul meeting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most African countries accept the theoretical premise that women must have access to land, credit and inheritance, and recognise that certain types of violence are targeted primarily at women. South Africa's President Mandela affirmed: 'When we talk about people-centred development, we should understand that the involvement of women is often the difference between success and failure.' Yet in reality, customary law and insensitivity to gender concerns continue to predominate. Unfortunately, when the African ministers adopted their declaration, the point on the &quot;unencumbered access of women to credit and land ownership' appeared in only 20th place. And while forced evictions were highlighted in Istanbul, violence against women did not feature at all among the 'key priorities'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet in parts of Africa these are major concerns affecting women every day. 'In South Africa, a women is raped every 83 seconds and in some areas, a girl can expect to be raped four times in her life,' says Emelda Boikanyo of the Johannesburg-based Women's Health Project. Idah Matou remembers how one Sunday morning in 1992, five men stormed into her shop in Alexandria township. They seized the day's earnings and anything else they could carry away before raping her 1 5-year old daughter. A few weeks earlier, they had called to demand protection money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Violence in the home is also a growing problem. Mmatshilo Motsei, Director of Agisanang Domestic Abuse Prevention and Training, an NGO based in Alexandria, South Africa, says the problem is so pervasive, 'it must be raised as a national concern.' Habitat II turned a deaf ear on these women's concerns. This was not their forum. Shawna Tropp of the NGO Women's Caucus criticised those attending the conference who claimed that it was not about women but cities. 'Women live in cities,' she says and adds: 'By and large, human settlements are still very much seen in terms of bricks and mortar'. She calls for greater understanding of the role played by women, usually in an unpaid capacity, in the management of communities. 'Everything begins with having a house in a secure neighbourhood where the dignity of women is protected.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Megacities</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The megacity personifies human misery for many in developing nations. As agglomerations proliferate in the twenty-first century, the United Nations Population Fund's 1996 report - The State of the World Population  -  considers how one might go about remedying the ills of city dwelling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNFPA's figures for urban growth make worrying reading. Over half the world's people will live in cities within ten years (3.3 billion out of a total of 6.59 billion). Between 1970 and 2020, the urban population will have risen by more than two billion - and 93% of these will be in developing nations. These increases will add to the strain of an estimated 600 million people already living in urban areas of developing nations without the resources to meet their basic housing and health needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Back in 1950, New York was the only city with more than 10 million inhabitants. Today, there are 14 in this category. Tokyo, which is home to 26.5 million people, is the largest. And by 2015, many others are expected to join the megacity 'club'  -  Djakarta (Indonesia), Karachi (Pakistan), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Delhi (India), Tianjin (China), Manila (Philippines), Cairo (Egypt), Istanbul (Turkey), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Lahore (Pakistan), Hyderabad (India), Bangkok (Thailand), Lima (Peru), Teheran (Iran) and Kinshasa (Zaire).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the majority of the world's people will be living in cities by 2005, it will take a little longer for the 50% threshold to be crossed in the less developed regions. However, this is expected to happen before 2015. Looking specifically at Africa, the current estimates reveal significant regional variations. In Southern Africa the rate of urbanisation is 48%. The figures for North, West, Central and East Africa are 45%, 36%, 33% and 21 % respectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Expanding populations are likely to add to the widely reported list of horrors emanating from cities that are bursting at their seams. Problems include the collapse of basic services such as water and waste management, escalating social conflict, millions of urban children open to labour exploitation, sexual exploitation, environmental degradation, traffic congestion and environmental hazards such as increased air pollution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, the UNFPA report acknowledges that cities are also 'concentrations of human creativity and the highest form of social organisation'. It continues: 'Cities provide capital, labour and markets for entrepreneurs and innovators at all levels of economic activity'. Indeed, between 60% and 80% of developing countries' GNP is generated by their major conurbations. Social transformation occurs at a faster pace in urban areas. Thus, health indicators tend to be better, literacy is higher and there is more social mobility. And there are more opportunities for women. The city presents fewer obstacles for women's education and female city dwellers are less likely to be constrained by traditions which may stifle their creativity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But harnessing this potential is no easy task. The final chapter of the UNFPA report, entitled 'Policies, strategies and issues for improving cities', argues that urban dwellers in developing nations have been badly affected by structural adjustment policies. These have resulted in the elimination of subsidies on food and other commodities, increases in school fees and job losses in the public sector. Cities will also be required to adapt to the 'mass global experience in decentralisation' involving the shifting of local decisions from central government to municipal authorities, parastatal bodies and the private sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p48.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Regional distribution of urban population&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women - a priority&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report stresses the importance of improving education and health, with a particular focus on women. As Dr Nafis Sadik, who is Executive Director of the UNFPA, observes; 'If urban centres are to be made liveable, and the quality of life of the poorer members of society is to be improved, women should be given the chance to play their role in the process.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report reiterates the specific targets for improving the lives of women that were drawn up by the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the field of education, these include 100% primary school enrolment (for both girls and boys) by 2015, improving access for girls and women to secondary, tertiary and vocational education, and closing the gender gap in the primary and secondary sectors by 2005.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other goals include a progressive reduction in infant and maternal mortality, making reproductive health services accessible to all through the primary health care system by 2015, greatly improved provision for family planning (allowing couples to make free and informed decisions on the number, spacing and timing of births) and providing better protection against sexually transmitted diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The State of the World Population Report concludes: 'A successful urban future depends, as much as anything else, on engaging all members of the community - especially women and the poor  -  in a constructive political process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There will have to be partnerships struck between governments, nongovernmental organisations, the private sector, and local and community organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And global urbanisation will require that the international community  -  governments, NGOs and international institutions - act to exploit the potential of cities to improve the lives of the world's people and to establish the foundations of sustainable development in the 21st century.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Lagos under stress</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Paul Okunlola&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a present population of some 7.5 million, the new millenium will propel Lagos to megacity status. The United Nations Population Fund predicts that 24 million people will live in the city by 2015, making it the third most populous conurbation on the globe. Whilst the donor community has supported urban projects in the past, tough times mean more reliance on 'bottom up' schemes backed by N60s and community-based groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When it began to rain in the small hours of Thursday 18 July 1996, residents of Lagos -  Nigeria's largest city and economic nerve centre -  merely stirred in their slumber. The gentle, but persistent showers, didn't rank among the heaviest downpours experienced by this coastal city, which gets rain on average for eight months in every year. Nor are Lagosians unfamiliar with spells of rain lasting up to seven days without break.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But by the time of the early morning 'rush hour', the traffic-laden streets of metropolitan Lagos were being swept with rampaging floods. Until well after noon, the city's social and economic life was at a standstill. Already difficult road conditions were rendered impossible for motorists, marooned at the wheel for hours. Exhausted school children eventually made it back home after spending the better part of the day in traffic. Crowds of commuters waited interminably at bus-stops for vehicles that never came.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The economic toll was expected to be heavy, with offices in both government and the private sector remaining empty all day. Commercial activities were put on hold as shops remained shuttered until well after noon. The communications network and electricity supply to key areas of the city were shut down for hours, to protect equipment. One state government official commented: 'It has never been so bad.' By the time the water receded and life had returned to normal, both government engineers and private sector consultants were in agreement: the main reasons for the flooding were illegal development along the natural courses of inner-city waterways, and the reduced drainage capacity of the overdeveloped metropolitan area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exploding metropolis&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both the flood itself, and the acknowledgement of the human limitations of the city officials, illustrate the frustrations that have attended the management of this exploding metropolis over the last three decades. In the months leading up to the July flooding, a major controversy erupted over plans to landfill the inland Kuramo lake in the highbrow Victoria Island district and develop it as a housing estate. This pitted state government officials and a firm of developers on the one hand, against a motley band of citizens groups, non-governmental organisations and concerned environmentalists on the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The unusual strength of local feeling against the project reflects growing fears that the island itself could be submerged. Five years ago, this was thought to be a remote prospect but today it is seen as a real threat, given the increasing frequency of flooding incidents and ocean surges along the coastal area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More and more people are arguing that there is a correlation between the growing frequency of flooding incidents and the massive sandfilling activity that has taken place over the years. The Kuramo issue remains contentious but it is just one example of the wider dilemma facing the city's development planners. They have the daunting task of providing for legions of migrants to Lagos - whose swelling numbers are placing great stress on the failing infrastructure. The problem may be particularly acute in the Nigeria's largest city, but it reflects a wider trend of urbanisation in the country over the past half century, as the overall population has increased.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1921, Nigeria had just 18.7 million inhabitants. Current estimates put the population in the region of 103.5 million. And the growth in the proportion of urban dwellers has been equally dramatic. In 1931, fewer than 7% of the people lived in urban centres. The figure had risen to 10% by 1952,19% by 1963, 33% by 1984, and 42% at the last count, in 1991. Current figures suggest that there are now seven Nigerian cities with more than a million inhabitants and no fewer than 78 whose population exceeds 100 000.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The changing structure of the country's human settlement profile has been linked to broader economic and social changes. The situation has been exacerbated by the economic depression of the last two decades. Analysts have noted a trend of declining primary production in such areas as agriculture, mining, quarrying and exploitation of natural resources. This has resulted in greater attention being paid to secondary and tertiary economic activities -  which are generally city-based. The figures illustrate the dramatic nature of the change that has taken place. In 1952, the ratio of primary to secondary/ tertiary economic activity, as measured in Nigeria's GDP, was 68:32. Four decades later, the ratio was 38:62.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to World Bank consultant, Prof. Akin Mabogunje, the trend is exemplified by the expansion of a whole range of activities located in urban centres -  large, medium and small-scale enterprises in manufacturing and construction, utilities, transport and communications systems, wholesale and retail outlets, hotels, restaurants, finance and insurance companies, and estate agencies. Then there is the whole range of government activity. Until 1991, Nigeria's huge federal bureaucracy was located in Lagos, operating alongside a state administration and some 15 local authorities. Add to this the major docks and airports of Lagos, and you get an urbanisation phenomenon which has, to say the least, been intimidating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lagos, which only occupies 0.4% of the country's land area, gains an extra 300 000 inhabitants every year on top of its natural growth rate. That the city is a 'pole of attraction' is hardly surprising. It is clearly the economic nucleus of the country, reputed to account for about 57% of total value added in manufacturing and about 40% of the nation's most highly skilled manpower.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Urban toll&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The costs have also been high. Professor Poju Onibokun, a human settlements expert, enumerates these: grossly inadequate housing and infrastructure with millions dwelling in slums; social amenities under enormous pressure with a shortage of schools and poor health facilities; endemic crime and juvenile delinquency; the breakdown of traditional values, family cohesiveness and community spirit. The capacity of law enforcement institutions is also increasingly hampered by technological and resource limitations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these ills, the shortage of housing and lack of infrastructure are seen as the most acute. This is borne out by a recent World Bank study which notes that:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the quality of life and living conditions have deteriorated;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - economic production has plunged;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the inadequate provision of infrastructural services has negatively affected the operations of most private sector investors, who now need to spend between 22% and 25% of their capital outlay on providing their own infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over 90% of the city's housing is provided by the private sector. But this has been handicapped in recent times by spiralling development costs and a general shortage of funds. New private housing has consisted largely of thousands of individual units, built mainly in areas of existing large scale developments. The authorities have made their own efforts to plug the gap and over the last 15 years, no fewer than 6000 hectares of marshland have been sandfilled and reclaimed in six separate development schemes (some of which have proved controversial). The Land Use Act of 1978 vested all urban land in the state authorities, although the administration of the legislation has not always proved satisfactory.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public transport is another problem for Lagos residents. There is no integrated system of mass transport and the sector is essentially made up of hundreds of privately operated buses and a dwindling taxi fleet. Massive currency devaluations have meant that the purchase price of new vehicles has rocketed. Maintenance costs for the increasingly dilapidated fleet have also spiralled. As a result, the system is stretched to beyond its capacity and it is the commuters who bear the brunt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public sector spending obviously has an important part to play in maintaining urban structures. The downturn in international aid flows has, therefore, had a visible impact with decline in infrastructure provision and maintenance, leading to a less favourable operating environment for private investors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, Lagos has been a notable beneficiary of urban support programmes with multi-million dollar schemes for water supply, storm water drainage, and infrastructure. Most of these have been World Bank-led but the support of the European Union and its Member States in this area is also considered crucial.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the positive side, adversity has proved a catalyst for greater community-based and NGO activity in environmental and human settlement issues over the last decade. This is a fresh approach, based on 'bottom-up' strategies, which should open up muchneeded new avenues to urban management in Nigeria more generally and in Lagos in particular. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A Eurocrat in Istanbul</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Gilles Fontaine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, a specialist in urban development, offers us his thoughts on the Istanbul conference. This event, he believes, was a landmark in the collective process of raising awareness which was begun at the Rio Conference on the environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;14 June 1996 - last day of Habitat II&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Night fell a long time ago. A feeling of hope permeates the hall. Most of the work is completed but there are still disputes over a few paragraphs of the text of the Habitat 11 Agenda. Some delegates have not slept for two days and they can be seen standing around, afraid they might fall asleep. The sense of fatigue increases further when, at midnight, the symbolic 'stopping of the clocks' (to permit a successful outcome of the final negotiations) is announced over the PA system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At two in the morning, the wait has become almost unreal. It is virtually unimaginable that the Conference should come to nothing, after two years of intense work. Since Wednesday evening, the general atmosphere has been almost euphoric. Agreement has been reached on all the essential points within the allotted time and the Conference is already being heralded as another success story. All that remains to be done is to finalise the 'Istanbul Declaration', a four-page policy text broadly summarising the work of the Conference. The Conference would finally close about two hours later, amid general relief - but why the impasse?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breaking new ground... and remaining steadfast&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some problems arose where they were least expected! To everyone's surprise, 'informal' working sub-groups had to be set up to discuss nuclear testing and anti-personnel mines! These themes were a far cry from the Habitat Agenda, but this sort of thing inevitably happens at major international conferences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other stumbling blocks appeared without any real warning, when some delegates attempted to renegotiate the conclusions of the Beijing and Cairo conferences. The negotiators had to stand firm on two counts. The hard-won recognition of women's rights needed to be defended all over again. And, more importantly, the attempt in Istanbul to reopen the debate on everything that had been gained at previous conferences had to be avoided. The European Union's negotiators took an aggressive stance on both these issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that so much negotiating effort is expended is a good illustration of the political significance governments attach to the topics debated on such occasions. A conference may be seen as resembling the proverbial half-bottle of water  - some regard it as half empty and others as half full. One's viewpoint depends on one's expectations  -  and much disappointment is caused by a misunderstanding of how such conferences operate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meeting the delegates&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although I am no anthropologist, I think I was able to identify three major groups of participants. First, there were the 'negotiators', who have built up a common language from conference to conference. I was surprised at the extent to which reference was constantly made, in the negotiating groups, to the 'Languages' of Rio, Copenhagen or Beijing. This is not just a question of vocabulary or syntax, but represents a genuine revolution in thought at international level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second group, to which I myself belonged, was made up of national and international officials. These are the people who, to a greater or lesser extent, prepare the conference. They then attend it and, ideally, write a mission report on returning to their offices (bemoaning the fact that few people will read their words of wisdom !)'These delegates tend to offer the harshest judgments. A common refrain is: 'We have long argument about words in parenthesis in a huge document that no one will ever read!'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third group, which nowadays is the largest, consists of representatives of so-called civil society. Since Rio, every United Nations conference has seen the parallel organisation of an NGO Forum, and the latter's influence has constantly increased. At Beijing, the authorities banished the NGO Forum to a site 60 km from the capital, but Istanbul welcomed it with open arms on the same footing as the 'Cities Summit' and the meetings of researchers and industrialists. A more fundamental development was the invitation to NGOs and local authorities to take an active part in the working groups and at meetings. This was a 'first' in international conference history and I was struck by the motivation and competence of many of the participants, as well as by the ease with which they have adapted to the information society. Gone are the days when addresses are exchanged on scraps of paper, accompanied by the ritual 'We must keep in touch!'. These days, your business card must include your Internet Email address. Contacts are organised through networks connected to databases, and people swap CD ROMs with each other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What did Habitat II achieve?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'official' end most visible result of the Conference was obviously the adoption of the Habitat Agenda - the final fruit of long hours of work within the national committees set up for the occasion. This document, over a hundred pages in length, contains a 'World Action Plan', accompanied by the 'Istanbul Declaration'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is not so well-publicised is the fact that many countries  -  including a number of ACPs  -  took the opportunity to publish their own national reports containing individual action plans. The amount of preparation that went into these reports revealed a high degree of motivation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having looked at them more closely since, I have gained a somewhat better understanding of the months of work put in tens of thousands of people across the world. This reassures me that the majority of state participants will monitor the Habitat 11 follow-up very closely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One has to recognise that the mere adoption of a text, however significant it may be, cannot be regarded as a magic formula which will change the face of the world overnight. To the impatient among us who want everything straight away, and to unrepentant sceptics, I would say this. In environmental matters there are two major periods in our recent history - the period before Rio and the period after Rio. The Rio meeting, and each subsequent conference, have been milestones in a long, coherent process of collective reflection and growing awareness. Istanbul did, in fact, keep its promises: the right to adequate shelter is now recognised internationally as the fundamental right of every human being.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The exploding city</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Stephane Yerasimos&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Istanbul. Ten million inhabitants - with double that number expected in 20 years time. Financial irregularities, a chaotic house-building sector, a lack of infrastructure and rampant speculation. One needed to look no further than the host city to find the key issues facing the Habitat Conference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Istanbul is a city steeped in history. It is also one of the Third World's biggest conurbations. Over the last 16 centuries, it has been the capital of two great empires - the Byzantine and the Ottoman - resulting in a rich legacy of monuments and a historic centre on a par with that of Rome. From the Middle Ages to the beginning of the modern era, it was regarded as Europe's largest city. On the eve of the Second World War, it had a population of one million, but that figure has now multiplied tenfold. Almost half of its ten million inhabitants are living on a knife edge, and many are in 'illegal' housing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first big transformation of the city came in the middle of the 19th century when the Ottoman authorities opted for westernisation and embarked on an extensive management programme. By the time the Empire collapsed in 1922, much of the ancient fabric - and traditional housing -  of the city had already been lost. Under the new republic, the capital was transferred to Ankara, and the authorities stepped up their efforts at modernisation. In 1937, Ataturk gave Frenchman Henri Prost, a city planner who had helped preserve the old centres of a number of Moroccan towns, the job of devising major public works in the heart of the old city. The infrastructure was also updated and taken together, these works (which were completed during the 1950s) transformed the old walled city and its ancient suburbs (Galata and Uskudar) into a modern aggLomÃ©ration, interspersed with ancient monuments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mass immigration&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike the colonial powers who attempted to preserve the traditional character of old city centres around the Mediterranean rim and in the rest of the Islamic world, the desire of successive Turkish governments to modernise the country resulted in the disappearance of most of Istanbul's ancient fabric, and the city no longer has a compact area of old districts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The transformation of the city centre was matched, after the Second World War, by an explosion of building on the outskirts - a phenomenon characteristic of Third World countries. Improved sanitation and hygiene standards led to a natural population increase of between 2.5% and 3% per year. Meanwhile, the modernisation of agricultural practices caused a mass rural exodus. Marginalised in both economic and social terms. the people who flooded into Istanbul soon over whelmed the resident population. Today, the bulk of the people living in the city have rural origins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new residents began by occupying the edges of the old quarters and taking over the open spaces which remained after the ravages of an earlier fire. They then began to settle in ever-increasing circles around Istanbul, establishing the first gecekondu districts (groups of huts constructed overnight). These have been incorrectly described as shanty towns. In fact, most buildings are permanent structures and they rapidly develop into multi-storey dwellings. Most of the land on which these illegal buildings have sprung up was originally privately owned. But the elected multi-party government in power at the time was quick to spot the electoral possibilities in these areas. Each district was a reservoir of potential voters and, on the eve of each election, the parties in power would distribute property titles to the illegal occupants. They, in turn hastened to consolidate and increase their assets. This explains the emergence of increasingly densely populated districts without infrastructure during the 1950s and early 1960s&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industrialisation, and the arrival in the city of people who used to be rural landowners (driven out by the new market economy) later created a demand for housing which the normal market was unable to meet. This has given rise to a new phenomenon of urban marginalisation, involving the illegal division of land into plots. The system involves the purchase of agricultural properties by developers and speculative builders. These are divided into small plots and resold, quite legally, to purchasers  -  who then build unauthorised structures in contravention of the normal planning rules. Often, benefiting from political alliances, the developers take control of these districts and 'convert' the votes of the people living there into cash, in return for urban investments. This enables them to consolidate their power and increase the value of their remaining stock of plots.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An uncontrolled population increase&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, a third phenomenon, linked to the growth of a middle class, began to occur in the mid-1980s, when building cooperatives came into being. Their predecessors were the corporate associations which grouped together public officials (beginning with the army and the police). These developed into ad-hoc associations enabling a group of developers to tap people's savings, thereby dispensing with the need for loans in a country where chronic inflation makes credit prohibitive. Several thousands of dwellings are often constructed at the same time, in the form of tightly packed, multiple-occupancy blocks. The requirements of multi-storey construction mean that these buildings are of acceptable quality, but the related infrastructures are sorely lacking. Entire districts are built 'in the wilds' without any infrastructural investment by the developers or local authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The city is continuing to expand, without reference to any development plan. The fifteen or so major urban schemes drawn up since the 1950s have all remained in desk drawers and the only significant construction work has been on roads (notably bridges and ring roads). These generate further uncontrolled population increases on the outskirts of the city.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the natural rate of demographic growth is slowly declining - it has just dropped to under 2% per year -  the most recent census (in 1990) reveals that Turkey now has more people living in its cities than in its rural areas. Yet the statistics also show that half of the country's people are still involved in agriculture. Given the continuing natural growth, and the fact that in semi-industrialised countries, the rural population tends to settle at around a third or even just a quarter of the total, we can assume that the drift to towns and cities will continue for the next 30 or 40 years. This trend will affect all Turkish towns and cities, be they large, small or medium-sized. But Greater Istanbul, where the majority of the country's economic and social activity is concentrated, is set to experience a doubling of its population within the next twenty-five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dilemma for urban planners&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem caused by demographic changes is exacerbated by economic constraints. For a number of years now, Turkey has suffered a high (albeit stable) inflation rate of about 70% per year. This situation discourages investment in industry, and makes people take refuge in ownership of land that they can build on. Land has thus become the target of speculation by people in all social classes. Against this background, it is virtually impossible to regulate the use of land  - something which must be at the heart of any urban-development programme. An alternative is to discuss the possibility of developing a social consensus involving a more liberal approach to property speculation, recgnising that land is a source of revenue at all levels. This might entail releasing central and local authorities from any responsibility to provide services or other infrastructural investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the present circumstances, however, any scheme to redevelop Istanbul effectively would seem doomed to failure. The only intervention which might succeed would be at the 'cleaning-up' stage - coming in after the construction of the dwellings under the conditions described above. It is only once the new inhabitants' dream of having a roof over their heads is realised that they come face to face with the harsh daily realities of living in a self-built city of nearly ten million people. They may then be prepared to make some sacrifices in order to improve their living conditions. The moment when harsh reality replaces emotion, is the only time the urban planner has the slightest chance of being listened to. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Adequate housing in the EU: rights and realities</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Misia Coghlan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are 2.7 million homeless people in the European Union and many millions more are badly housed. But the EU is said to be lagging in taking measures to provide adequate housing - one of the internationally recognised human rights. An expert from a leading campaign group for the homeless explains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the weeks and months leading up to the Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), much argument and debate centred around the existence of the right to adequate housing. The legal basis of this right was challenged by a handful of delegates and the arguments continued right through the Conference itself. The outcome is that the final Declaration includes a reaffirmation of states to a 'commitment to the full and progressive realisation of the right to adequate housing as provided for in the international instruments.' (see first box)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The political impact of Habitat II as the culmination of the recent series of UN Conferences has been disappointing. The Istanbul Conference was originally heralded with the catch-phrase 'housing for all'. In the course of the preparatory process, this was watered-down to become 'shelter for all' and, as has been seen, the wording of the final Declaration simply refers to existing international commitments and allows for the 'full and progressive realisation of the right.' This of course begs the question of how such a right was ever supposed to have been achieved other than 'progressively' and how meaningful such a commitment can be in the absence of parallel undertakings as to implementation and enforcement. In short, very little has been achieved in progressing international commitment to the realisation of the right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right to adequate housing has in fact been recognised for some time now by the Member States of the European Union, all of whom have ratified the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the most important legal basis of housing rights found in international law). Under article 11(1), the parties to the Covenant recognise, 'the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing...'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of 'adequacy', it is generally acknowledged, is determined at least in part by social, economic, cultural and climatic factors. Adequate housing can be understood as including the following components: legal security of tenure, affordability, habitability, accessibility, location and availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It hardly needs pointing out that commitments in international law, whether legally binding or not, remain statements of intent and are of limited practical use unless accompanied by a comprehensive legislative framework in domestic law which will secure both the access to the right as well as providing enforcement mechanisms. What, then, is the reality ? Has the right to adequate housing been enacted into national legislation and, most importantly, is the right actually being respected across the European Union?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Realities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FEANTSA, the European Federation of National Associations Working with the Homeless, has been conducting the European Observatory on Homelessness with the support of the European Commission since 1991. FEANTSA's research findings have increasingly demonstrated both the extent and the gravity of the housing crisis in Europe: in what is one of the wealthiest subregions of the world, a large and growing group of the population is being excluded from adequate housing. (see box on next page)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, FEANTSA's 1995 transnational research report (Home/essness in the European Union) has found that the right to housing does not exist in any Member State as a legally enforceable claim. Although the right is recognised in the constitution of several Member States, this remains a statement of intent and does not create any entitlement. Other Member States have adopted a different approach - housing legislation in the United Kingdom, for example, does create an obligation on the local authorities to provide housing for those homeless people assessed to be in priority need and found to be unintentionally homeless. There is no sign of convergence in the ways EU Member States address the right to housing and housing exclusion in their national legislation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right to housing is not addressed in EU legislation as a legal principle and Member States have exclusive competence to deal with housing issues themselves. There is thus no overall European housing policy, nor is there yet any European policy on homelessness. FEANTSA has, however, identified common trends throughout Europe which have contributed to the escalation of homelessness and the lack of adequate housing provision.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall European trend has been an increased reliance on the competitive market to meet all housing needs, with an unwillingness on the part of government to commit public resources to assist lower income groups, who are therefore confronted with the limited choice available to them on the open housing market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The supply of housing has been undergoing change throughout Europe. In all countries, owner-occupation is on the increase, with tax relief generally being offered as an incentive. The private rented sector, on the other hand, has continued to decline. Social housing has generally suffered from cuts in funding. The result is that there is a shortfall in the supply of affordable housing for rent and rents have become correspondingly higher. It is clear that the competitive housing market cannot and will not meet the needs of the increasing numbers of people without the resources to afford market rents.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The type of housing required has also changed: demographic trends have meant that households are getting smaller but more numerous - thus, there is a need for more but smaller dwellings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem has been exacerbated by the lack of an overall strategy either at European level or, indeed, often at national level, to meet the realities of structural changes on the labour market. Indeed, in some countries, the increase in long-term unemployment has been accompanied by an erosion of social protection systems. Faced with escalating demand for longterm welfare assistance, the authorities have often responded by tightening up on eligibility criteria in an attempt to cut or limit benefit payments, with shortterm palliative measures to deal with emergency cases. Thus, increasing numbers of people living on or under the poverty threshold, coupled with the deregulation of the housing market, have led to severe housing stress and increased vulnerability to homelessness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finland sets an example&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finland is one EU country tackling the housing problem. In 1987, the International Year of the Homeless, the Finnish government announced its intention to eliminate homelessness. At that time, the number of homeless people was put at close to 20 000. The programme for the development of housing set the objective of making 18 000 homes available for the homeless over a period of five years. Special funds were set aside in the national budget to permit the local authorities and other organisations to purchase housing for the homeless. State loans for the construction of housing for rent were made available to municipalities with a large homeless population. In under ten years, the number of homeless people in Finland has been reduced to half what it was in the mid-1980s. Finland now enjoys a comprehensive system of carefully targeted housing supply, housing subsidies, benefits and allowances and housing is seen as an integral part of a multi-dimensional strategy to combat poverty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For one in twenty citizens of the European Union, the criteria which, as a whole, constitute adequate housing remain inaccessible. Yet at Istanbul, the EU voiced its determination to make an important and constructive contribution to the implementation of the Habitat objectives. This included an acknowledgement that increased attention should be paid to people living in poverty and that appropriate action should be taken by governments at all levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European housing ministers were due to meet informally in Dublin, on 24 and 25 October of this year, specifically to tackle the question of 'housing for socially excluded people'. The time has come to devise and implement coherent strategies to prevent housing exclusion for low income groups. The market has neither the ethics nor the long-term planning capacity to do this; it remains the responsibility of the state. It can only be hoped that the housing ministers will recognise this and agree on the necessity of protecting housing as a product and as a service from the competitive market, at least for vulnerable groups. The housing ministers have been holding informal meetings since 1989. This year's meeting provides the opportunity, particularly in the light of the Habitat II debate, to exchange information on effective measures to help low income groups access and maintain a home. The result should be the drafting of a number of concrete goals to be achieved within a realistic time-scale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Homelessness in Europe is not on the scale seen in other regions of the world - with the development and reinforcement of effective preventive policies, based on proven and cost-effective welfare models existing in some Member States, the housing crisis can still be contained. In short, where there is a political will, there is a way. Europe has the potential to serve as a model of good practice to the rest of the world and should do so, more especially in the light of all that was - and wasn't  - achieved at Istanbul. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;References&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Is the European Union Housing its Poor ? Dragana Avramov, Catherine Parmentier and Brian Harvey, FEANTSA, Brussels 1995 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Homelessness in the European Union, Dragana Avramov, FEANTSA, Brussels 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Invisible Hand of the Housing Market, Dragana Avramov, FEANTSA, Brussels 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Cities of the Third World</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Francis Cass&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In ten or so years' time, more than half the world's population will be living in built-up areas and, according to UN figures, by 2025 nearly two thirds of us will live in towns and cities. This is not a complete surprise -  over the last few decades, the ratio of city dwellers to rural people has consistently moved in 'favour' of the former. In 1950, 29% of people were city dwellers. Since 1985, the urban population has exceeded 40% of the global total.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, we are witnessing an acceleration in demographic growth, especially in developing countries. Of the 2.6 billion people who currently live in towns, 1.6 billion live in the world's least developed regions. By 2025, the urban population of the Third World will have risen to 3.2 billion, out of a global urban population of just over 4 billion. On the basis of these figures, it is estimated that the number of urban dwellers in developing countries is increasing by approximately 150 000 people each day! In Cape Town in South Africa, for example, as in many towns and cities of the Third World, this demographic explosion can actually be seen happening. All you need to do is drive regularly along the N2 motor way  - which passes through the shanty towns of Khayelitsha and Guguletu -  to see how, week by week, the makeshift dwellings are spreading - gradually expanding to every available plot of land. The same scene is repeated in all of Africa's large towns. In CotÃ© d'lvoire, the population of Abidjan rises by 400 inhabitants a day on average. In Gabarone, the capital of Botswana, whose population was barely 3000 at the time of independence in the 1960s, the population is increasing by 18% each year and today 160 000 people live there. Such growth is often accompanied by widespread indifference on the part of local authorities. Such indifference is due, in particular, to a shortage of financial resources, but it also reflects an absence of political will to do anything to tackle the problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Demography and poverty&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The demographic explosion which has taken place in the urban areas of developing countries is due to three main factors: natural population growth, rural emigration to towns and cities, and (less importantly) the redefinition of the administrative boundaries of built-up areas. The first two factors are equally to 'blame' but in future, it is predicted that rural depopulation in Africa will become the single most important element in urban population growth. This will be especially true of countries where there is rampant rural poverty. In this context, we need to recognise other circumstances, such as famine, desertification, a shortage of cultivable land and conflicts, which serve to exacerbate the phenomenon. If people living in the countryside decide to migrate to towns, it is because they are looking for a better life and hope to improve their standard of living. Few succeed. According to a World Bank study, 50% of people in abject poverty will be living in urban areas by the year 2000.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The effects that urban poverty has on the environment are often dramatic. The reverse is also true. A damaged environment constitutes a daily hazard for town and city dwellers, in particular the most destitute. The precarious nature of their living conditions means that only in extremely rare cases are these people able to guard against the degeneration of their immediate surroundings. Driven to the outer limits of the towns - where even basic infrastructures such as sewers and the collection of household waste are often lacking, the poorest sections of society are left to fend for themselves. Local authorities have neither the means nor (often) the inclination to do anything to help them. Even those who are comfortably off and who can afford to give part of their income to safeguard their immediate environment (thereby protecting themselves to some extent) cannot escape the consequences of more general ecological problems such as air pollution and the contamination of water supplies. Living in a modern house in a well-to-do district is simply not enough. It is not possible to shield oneself completely from the problems created by environmental destruction. For example, even an unofficial rubbish tip, located several kilometres away from a residential area, can have disastrous effects on groundwater - meaning that sooner or later, the quality of the drinking water will suffer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Towns gasping for water...&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, the vast majority of Third World towns are facing a series of ecological problems which directly or indirectly, affect the lives of their inhabitants. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 220 million city dwellers have no access to drinking water and 420 million have no latrines. It does not take much to imagine the potentially catastrophic health consequences of such a situation - in which people are forced to drink and irrigate their land with water from contaminated sources. The WHO has estimated that three million children died during 1993 as a direct result of diarrhoea, and that nearly two million of these victims had consumed drinking water contaminated with faecal matter. In developing countries, 90% of waste water is poured, completely untreated, into rivers, lakes and coastal waters. Again, one can easily imagine the impact on marine flora and fauna, and on the health of those who eat the products fished from these waters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;...and gasp for breath&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As far as air quality is concerned, the WHO intimates that more than a billion city dwellers throughout the world breathe highly polluted air. For the most part, this pollution is generated by industry and motor vehicles. A small improvement has been recorded in the urban areas of developed countries, but air quality in the towns and cities of the South has deteriorated considerably during recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are many reasons for this. First, there has been an increase in industrial activity, mainly concentrated around towns and cities. This is a result of economic development, but also of the fact that many factories - including some with the worst pollution records  - have relocated from the North to the South, where legislation governing emissions is less stringent. Second, in contrast to the trends seen in developed countries - where cars are usually well-maintained, (running on unleaded petrol and rarely more than five years old) motor vehicles in the Third World -  whose numbers are increasing significantly  -  are frequently old, badly maintained and run on leaded fuel. According to the World Bank, 95% of the lead polluting the air in the towns and cities of developing countries comes from vehicles which run on leaded petrol and studies carried out on the subject have revealed concentrations of up to 1.5 microgrammes of lead per cubic metre of air. In North America and Europe the concentration varies between 0.2 and 0.8 microgrammes per cubic metre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another problem facing towns and cities in the southern hemisphere arises from the enormous amounts of waste they produce and from the fact that they have few treatment facilities. In many cases, the rubbish is not even collected and is left to accumulate into the piles which can often be seen on the edges of shanty towns. This accumulation of refuse encourages the proliferation of certain diseases and poses a real threat to the health of residents both nearby and further away. In addition to this ordinary, everyday waste, the countries of the Third World have to deal with problems generated by toxic waste  - not just their own, but also that which is 'exported' there by industrialised countries. Needless to say, the towns which actually have the means and facilities needed to treat this highly polluting waste are few and far between.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linking development with environmental protection&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While environmental problems have a direct impact on human health and on the natural world, they also entail huge economic costs. The effect of pollution on human health translates into ever-increasing health costs and a decline in productivity. And it is not only city dwellers who suffer the consequences of a deteriorating urban environment. Depending on their size, the degree of industrial activity and population concentration, towns and cities pollute and destroy areas well beyond their own administrative boundaries. They swallow up enormous amounts of natural resources, suck their hinterlands dry and spit out 'what is left'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nowadays, there is an increasing global consensus over the need to tackle these growing problems rapidly. This was seen clearly at the Habitat II Conference in Istanbul. Most cities of the southern hemisphere urgently need to get to grips with their numerous ecological problems - the alternative is to sink further into chaos. In a similar vein, it has become obvious that some sort of balance must be found between economic development and safeguarding the environment - and that considerable investments are needed to achieve this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Solutions do exist. Recycling projects, for example, could provide jobs for large numbers of town and city dwellers, as well as cleaning up the environment. Governments of industrialised nations should take the necessary steps to ensure that their toxic waste does not end up in the rubbish dumps of the countries of the South. Authorities in urban areas in the Third World should set aside more of their budgets to help the most underprivileged sections of their populations, so that they can manage their own environment. Local authorities should also respond more efficiently to the basic needs of impoverished districts, not least by building roads and sewer systems, by ensuring that rubbish is collected and by guaranteeing all people access to drinking water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Last but not least, a concerted effort - especially a concerted financial effort - should be made by decision-makers at the local, national and international levels. We need to recognise that environmental damage is a phenomenon which rarely confines itself to the local level. Sooner or later, it becomes a problem for all of us. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When conservation is at odds with the local population</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Hendrik Smets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The clash between the interests of people living on the edges of the Zakouma National Park in Chad and the authorities' attempts at conservation illustrates the situation facing many other nature reserves in Africa. This article argues in favour of a form of eco-development to suit everyone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the Zakouma National Park (PNZ) WAS officially set up in 1963 (it had been at the planning stage since 1956), the area it covered meant that local people had to be moved -  but the promised compensation was never paid. During the second phase of the PNZ's relaunch, financed by the European Development Fund (EDF), a perimeter path following the 1963 boundaries was marked out, but local villagers opposed this, regarding it as an extension of the Park's area. Subsequently, they rejected a move to build a dispensary in a village located at the edge of the park on the pretext that such a structure would again constitute an extension to the reserve's land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conflict between the itinerant stockbreeders of the region and the authorities has simmered for many years. The latter have shrunk from enforcing the 1963 law on transhumance corridors which applies to the fringes of the national park. Under this law, it is prohibited (in principle) to gather wood, hunt for game, fish, or gather honey and other natural produce. The result is a tendency among locals to view the PNZ as an adversary rather than a potential partner in development. Safari tourism is developing too slowly and is not leading to sufficient benefits for example, from a craft industry, or more general redevelopment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the second phase of the project was at the planning stage, its organisers recognised that, in order to guarantee the park's future, support had to be given to the people living on its edges. A high-level 'cooperation committee' was therefore proposed. The membership of this committee, which would sit in N'Djamena, was to include ministers, directors-general, park authorities and Commission representatives. Unfortunately it has not yet been brought into operation. By contrast, the local authorities and park management have been able to set up their own committee which met for the first time in January 1996. This body has helped to tackle some of the most sensitive problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second phase also saw the implementation of a series of microprojects. - school renovations, a dispensary, a bridge, the sinking of wells, a dam, a mill and a nursery. But these were set up without preliminary study, and no arrangements were made to sound out the views of the local people, or the form of development they would like promoted. Understandably, local hostility was encountered and the projects cannot, in any real sense, be viewed as offshoots of the wider PNZ scheme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project has not been extended to a third phase. Because of this, there is a risk that the capital invested -  and the positive results that have been achieved - could be lost altogether. Should any donor choose to 'pick up the baton' in future, they will need to recognise the key imperative of creating a symbiotic relationship between the park and the local population. To do this, there must be an awareness-raising effort, undertaken in parallel with any eco-development programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the first instance, a higher profile should be given to institutional issues. In particular, the cooperation committee in N'Djamena must be able to act, where necessary, as an appeal or arbitration chamber to deal with any disputes which cannot be resolved by the local authorities' committee. The latter, of course, would continue to meet on a regular basis to discuss any problems encountered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, there should be campaigns to disseminate information and train local people who are in daily contact with the park's environment. The aim here would be to make them progressively more accountable for conservation and the exploitation of natural resources (cutting wood, gathering produce, hunting, fishing, and so on). They must also gain a better understanding of the effects of poaching and desertification. Above all, such campaigns should seek to convince the people of the benefits they stand to gain from the park, if they continue to respect its integrity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this context, some lessons might be drawn from a regional project dating from April 1987 (which was never fully implemented). This was aimed at halting the advance of the desert in the northern Central African Republic and southern Chad. The component of the project which is of interest to the present discussion was its programme to increase public awareness  -  which involved training organisers, preparing and disseminating information (posters, videos, films), organising information tours and giving support to the Training and Environmental Information Programme of the CILSS (Inter-State Committee to Combat Drought in the Sahel), of which Chad is a member.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One could also learn something from the approach adopted by the Manda National Park which is situated 270 km from Zakouma. This has 'volunteer villagers' appointed by the chiefs of the four cantons making up the park zone, who know the territory well. The volunteers take part in information, awareness and monitoring operations alongside national park and animal reserve employees. Dressed in pale olivegreen uniforms, they cycle between the villages and encampments, providing a link between the villagers and officials in N'Djamena. They have an invaluable role in convincing village people of the advantages of cooperating in the development of the park and its surrounding areas. And the cost of a volunteer is just CFAF 5 000 (ECU 7.5) per month.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eco-development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Returning to the PNZ, it is true that a small proportion of the population already benefits from the park's existence. Wages are paid to the patrols, and the permanent and seasonal workforce, while micro-projects have been set up. The park pays traders, artisans, farmers and stockbreeders for certain services and there are some tourists. But the bulk of the population does not see these advantages having been largely excluded up to now.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any future eco-development programme should therefore aim at reducing pressure on the park in order to guarantee its long-term integrity. This would obviously need to be preceded by a clear definition of the action to be undertaken, but in the meantime, it might be useful to offer a few guidelines. The programme should include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - a series of flanking or support activities providing infrastructure and equipment, such as a dispensary, a school, paths, wells and carts;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - a food-security programme providing for the conservation of agricultural areas, as well as measures to prevent erosion and safeguard harvests (cereal banks, stores, gardens, agro-forestry systems and pest control);&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- a project to promote natural resources such as fisheries, gum arable, honey, and straw fodder;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- a wood/energy management programme providing improved hearths and brick ovens, and the organised gathering and use of supplies;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- development of the craft industry and training of tourist guides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If, in a third phase, an awareness and eco-development programme could be successfully implemented, the Zakouma National Park should be able to look forward to a brighter future. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A new 'eco-centre' in West Africa: Two Presidents amid the dust</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In April, on the eve of the International Conference on Human Settlements, the first West-African eco-centre ('Ecopole`) was opened in Dakar. It was set up by Enda, one of the few international non-governmental organisations of significant size based in a developing country. The 'eco' refers to two things - the economic life of the ordinary people and the ecological aspect of the centre. One of the most memorable images of the opening ceremonies was the sight of two Presidents  -  Abdou Diouf of Senegal and his Malian counterpart, Alpha Oumar Konare  -  striding through the dust in a working-class district of the Senegalese capital. For supporters of the 'Ecopole', the event epitomised the fight back of the popular urban economy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The dust which settled on the Presidents' fine clothes was that of the Rail district, so called on account of the railway which cut through it in former times. Built in an old, disused factory, the airy, clean 'eco-complex' adds a touch of style to this semi-industrial, semi-shanty town district. The old buildings were redeveloped with the help of members of some two hundred cultural and sports associations, working in partnership with the NGO. They used recycling techniques of which they are past masters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The complex had, in fact, been in operation for some time prior to its formal inauguration, but the ceremony  -  which attracted the interest of international press agencies - provided an opportunity to publicise the venture. Since its formation in 1972, Enda has been working to give a higher profile to the 'popular' economy (they eschew the term 'informal') in Senegal and elsewhere. The NGO has focused, in particular, on trying to encourage those involved in the popular economy to collaborate more closely and integrate their activities, as well as on boosting awareness of what is happening in similar communities elsewhere. The opening of the 'Ecopole' provided a showcase for the achievements of the popular economy in West Africa, as well as a forum for dialogue. And it now has the seal of approval of two Heads of State, not to mention other VlPs who made supportive statements at the opening.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The popular economy fights back&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the inaugural ceremony, the former sheds - now converted into airy vaults clustered around a central structure - hosted a major presentation of the popular economy in a series of exhibitions. It is a kind of 'eco-museum' with pride of place going to recycling. Exhibits ranged from 'fabrics' made of old plastic bags crocheted together, to toy sports cars fashioned from wire and tin cans. And the reaction to the exhibition went beyond the usual, somewhat condescending appreciation of 'the skill of these people'. There were, of course, some curios of interest to tourists such as the aforementioned children's toys, small metal suitcases and papier-mache boxes. But there were also works of art, masks and sculptures, which captured something of the nature of this 'recycling culture'. Indeed, international art critics at the Biennal Festival of Contemporary African Art, taking place in Dakar, were talking of a new artistic trend, also seen in the work of artists from other regions, based on reclamation. This, of course, begs the question: 'Has art not always been based on reclamation?'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interesting though the subject may be, the artistic and aesthetic qualities of the fruits of recycling are of only secondary importance when one is dealing with everyday objects. The important thing is for deprived populations to use what means they have to survive and to improve the quality of their lives. Tourists may choose to buy decorative and unusual objects on the reclamation market, but more significantly, families can obtain essential items such as kitchen utensils, ploughing implements, carpentry tools and stoves  - all cast from vehicle wheels and bits of scrap metal. They are made using small forges and furnaces the size of a large saucepan, or cut from otherwise unusable pieces of metal sheet. The craftsmen can also supply somewhat more sophisticated equipment: ploughs, brick-moulding machines or soldering irons. One of the exhibitions staged at the 'eco-centre' was a co-production with the Quebec Museum of Civilisation and the Canadian Embassy in Senegal, which had previously toured Canada and four African countries. Entitled 'Africa's ingenuity', it covered a wide variety of styles, ranging from the utilitarian to the artistic. It will, in due course, form the eco-museum's centrepiece. Another temporary exhibition was called 'Antuka: Kinshasa, the art of living in the city', and this paid homage to the Zairean capital - a place which, of necessity, has become one of the 'capitals' of resourcefulness. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jet engines and donkeys&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One hopes that the two Heads of State found time to admire the jet engine constructed by a young Zairean from nothing but reclaimed materials: parts taken from cars, mopeds and unwanted metal sheet. And it works -  not on an aircraft, naturally, but on the bench. This engine is now a legend. Its constructor has apparently already been spotted by a European head-hunting company and offered a job in France. This is part of the 'fight-back' referred to by Enda officials, in which some recognition is finally being given to the economies of the world's poorest populations. During his visit, the President of Senegal issued a plea for greater integration of the informal sector into the overall economic fabric. His remarks were revealing: the West-African 'Ecopole', as its name implies, covers an entire region, and assumption of responsibility by the local people for the shanty towns and poorer districts has lifted a significant burden from central government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another example of this trend is found in the Malian capital, Bamako, where a hundred or so local community associations have banded together to take over full responsibility for the collection of domestic waste. This organisation, whose initial efforts were ridiculed, is now fully operational. One wonders whether the authorities in other cities have heard about Bamako's scheme. What about Port-au-Prince in Haiti, for example, where they are struggling with mountains of rubbish which they cannot deal with owing to a lack of resources ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since their inception, economic interest groupings (ElGs) such as the one in Bamako have helped bridge the gap between the 'formal' and 'informal' economies. They rely on collaboration and their enterprise is exemplary. At the outset, the inhabitants of poor districts, acting on the initiative of the ElGs, expressed the desire to improve their neighbourhoods by organising refuse collection. They used whatever means were available - which in most cases meant donkeys and carts. In more central districts, delivery tricycles were employed for collection. Specially constructed, tipper-style carts, each costing CFAF 200 000 (ECU 300) have since been brought into service. The price of a donkey, by contrast, is about CFAF 50 000 (ECU 75). The animals and equipment belong to the ElGs and are looked after and maintained by them, with carters receiving a monthly income and social security benefits. A number of groups were set up eight years ago, promoted by young technicians, academics, architects and economists. Those who benefit are known as 'subscribers', with each family paying a contribution towards the service. Managing equipment and collecting contributions both require a well-structured administrative department, but the administrators are not confined to their offices. As employees of the business, they see nothing wrong in lending a hand and assisting the carters. In short, it is an enterprise based on a whole new approach. The contribution made by families varies according to the EIG and the district in question, but it is generally set at around CFAF 750 (ECU 1.2) per family per month. The price of the service may be up to twice this sum in the so called 'quartier des Blancs' (the 'white' district). In theory, the state ought to be subsidising the ElGs, but in practice, this does not happen. The authorities do not even fulfil the task allocated to them under agreements signed with the ElGs, which is to transport the refuse from temporary dumps to a final site. According to local people, the problem is not that the local authorities do not have the trucks available for the task. The vehicles, they allege, are used instead for the officials' own private purposes. The ElGs are forced to plug the gap as far as possible. At present, they appear to be the only ones taking any interest in waste recycling, aware as they are of the risk to the environment posed by permanent dumping grounds, and of the specific danger that the water table will be polluted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A modern concept of the 'informal' economy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'informal' economy is increasingly becoming the norm. According to an Enda survey, 90% of businesspeople in Senegal started out in the informal sector. The conclusion would seem to be that the necessary training for dealing with current conditions is not to be found in the formal education system. The popular economy is not out of step with the modern economy as some would claim. Indeed, one could argue that it is the modern economy, as adapted to today's conditions. The increasing involvement of ordinary people in the economic circuit, which they enter via parallel routes, should also guarantee the continuation of Africa's experiment with democracy. We have seen attempts by former dictators to backtrack in this respect. They cite as evidence, the failure of technicians trained abroad - the 'darlings' of the West who, they claim, are at the beck and call of international institutions. But a return to the past, as exemplified by the regime of Nicephore Soglo, strikes fear into many people. Their response is to generate productivity, social cohesion and political stability through the popular economy, by way of compensation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is suggested that small-scale traders, who distribute hardware from south-east Asia, constitute an obstacle to the development of local production. But there is a confusion here between cause and effect. In fact, the popular economy appears more as a response to the lack of consumer goods. The problem lies with the so-called 'major' local entrepreneurs who favour the import/ export business over production, and with the banks that prefer to focus on larger businesses (influenced by anonymous officials or major economic interests) and have no time for small-scale operators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Rail district in Dakar has a long history. It is overpopulated, having been settled by workers and artisans, and their influx made it the most expensive poor district. It is a place where the rents, for even the humblest hut without water or electricity, accounted for most of the inhabitants' meagre income. This situation led to the appearance of squatters who built their own shacks on waste ground. For these people, the threat of eviction loomed constantly like a sword of Damocles. The district is also home to a large number of maids and other household employees. Two thousand of these people (from Rail and other parts of the city) set up their own friendly society to which they pay regular contributions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is a world which has always teemed with good ideas: artisans recycling materials, blacksmiths working at the forge and so on. In this sense, nothing much has changed, but the big difference now is that the people have organised themselves. In so doing, they have been able to provide training for adults and children in makeshift schools, and to purchase and renovate old huts  - having extracted a guarantee from officials that such moves would not be opposed. Nowadays, those who live in the district no longer pay rent. However, it will only be possible to measure the true success of the Rail district when there is no longer a need for an organisation like Enda to ensure that it operates effectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some years ago, a former sailor, who always dreamed of being a teacher, set up his own school in the main street which runs through the district. He worked on the pavement and in the car park in front of a furniture store, teaching children in the morning before the offices opened and adults in the evening after they had closed. Enda recently offered him a few pieces of furniture, but for many years, he received no help other than a few pieces of chalk, worn-down pencils and the remains of exercise books from his 'colleagues' in regular education. This is a man who has to supply his pupils not just with teaching materials but also sometimes with food. This year, with his voice catching in his throat, he told us that one of his former 'street pupils' is going to college. How can the learned economists calculate the value of this devoted 'academic'? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The RDP challenge</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Professor Willie Esterhuyse&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cornerstone of South Africa's Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) announced by President Nelson Mandela on May 24 1994, shortly after taking office, is people-centred development with an accent on modern infrastructure, health, education, housing and sanitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lessons have already been learnt from teething troubles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The RDP is the government's response to the massive socio-economic needs of the bulk of the South African population. It is foremost a strategic framework aimed at human development and restructuring the country's economy. It involves housing projects and programmes to improve the socioeconomic infrastructure covering clean water, electricity, public works, schools, urban renewal and primary health care. Empowerment programmes have been developed, for example; micro and small businesses, support for emergent farmers and skills training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the main achievements of the RDP has been to sensitise South Africans to the plight of the poor. Apartheid, amongst other things, succeeded in keeping this out of sight, effectively locking the poor out of the system. A veil of ignorance prevailed among the privileged class. The RDP tore away the veil and has led to a willingness to participate in development and reconstruction programmes, especially in private sector circles. It is succeeding in prioritising South Africa's socio-economic challenges, as well as mobilising funding and organising a common and sustainable approach. Its most important achievement to date is probably the idea of partnerships in development between the state, private sector institutions and non-governmental organisations. Through the RDP, South Africans have accepted that they will have to 'run with the development ball'. They are also aware that the state cannot go it alone, nor should it act as a 'super' development agency. Thus, a very high premium is put on involving the private sector and other actors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Problems&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But many problems have already been encountered. Unfortunately, the RDP was seen by some as a quick-fix solution to South Africa's socio-economic difficulties. Expectations over delivery were too high. Red tape and a growing bureaucracy stifled the initiative early on. Frustrations among the poor quickly surfaced. Many of those who wanted to participate, and applied for RDP funding, were unable to develop viable business plans - a strict requirement to get funds. The launch of projects was further complicated by the absence, at one stage, of legitimate local and governmental structures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But important lessons were learnt from the initial phases, in particular the need to involve people on the ground from day one - starting with the identification of needs, the design of a specific project and its execution. It was accepted that process is more decisive than the product. A second lesson was that a separate RDP office, with its own Ministry, complicated matters as far as delivery was concerned, tending to centralise development. This led to the announcement by President Mandela on March 28 1996 that the RDP office would be closed down. RDP programmes were thereafter integrated into the main budget administered by functional government agencies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another very important lesson was that socio-economic development and reconstruction had to go hand in hand with a dynamic macro-economic strategy - made public earlier this year. It was realised that one cannot have good projects in a bad policy environment - to quote a World Bank report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, it is generally accepted that the RDP, on its own, cannot launch South Africa on a road to sustainable and vigorous economic growth. We needed a twin-track approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Progress&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The RDP has notched up a number of successes. The provision of clean water to rural and urban communities has gone a long way under the leadership of Minister Kadar Asmal -  highlighting the fact that leadership strengthened by solid management, does make a difference. The electrification programme for low-income households, involving the parastatal, Eskom (Electricity Supply Commission), is another success story. The same goes for the Presidential projects, such as free health care for expectant mothers and infants, and some of the nutrition programmes. But the provision of housing for low-income groups has been less successful than anticipated. Rent and services boycotts, as well as unemployment, are some of the reasons for slow progress. Job creation is another problem area. It is envisaged that visible progress in these areas will emerge in the course of next year. Establishing a culture of learning is another great challenge. A restructuring of the educational system is underway, but progress is restricted by severe financial constraints.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Implementation of the RDP, the best strategic framework for socioeconomic development South Africa has ever had, will be a long process. Courage and sustainability are key issues. How to lead and manage expectations, without undermining hope, is a great challenge. The meaningful involvement of donors is another issue. Joint ventures between donors, the private sector, government agencies and communities are happening. Most of these, having been carefully negotiated and executed, are already making a significant difference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But spectacular progress should not be expected. Development, reconstruction, and growth of the kind that South Africa needs, will take time. However, the lessons and achievements of the past two years have put South Africa in an excellent position to change the country's socio-economic environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Targeting South Africa's poor</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Christine Thompson&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The provision of basic amenities for the urban and rural poor rank high on the agenda of the EU's aid policy towards South Africa. In this respect, European cooperation has been tailored to fit with the government's own Reconstruction and Development Programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Programme for Reconstruction and Development (EPRD) is the name of the current EU development assistance package to South Africa and it seeks to help improve living conditions for all South Africans. The programme earmarks ECU 125 million a year until 1999. It has evolved from the so-called 'positive measures' programme launched in 1985 to help counter the negative effects of sanctions and to help the victims of apartheid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under a Declaration of Intent drawn up with Minister Jay Naidoo, then at the helm of South Africa's Reconstruction and Development Programme, it was decided that EU aid should be channelled to the key sectors of education and training, health, rural development, water supply, urban development, economic cooperation, trade and investment promotion, and the promotion of good governance and democracy. In each of these areas, the EU actively encourages a partnership effort between governmental structures and NGOs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.5 million homes wanted&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over 60% of South Africa's population is urbanised. The apartheid government's restrictions on home ownership in urban areas for the past four decades resulted in a housing backlog estimated at 2.5 million units, with demand growing by 200 000 units per year. Estimates vary, but approximately seven million people are believed to be living in informal settlements throughout South Africa on land occupied both legally and illegally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improved housing and sanitation are seen as priority areas in urban and rural development. Between 1991 and 1996, the EU has funded 18 projects in the urban development sector valued at approximately R303.1 m (ECU 52m). The Urban Sector Network (USN) and the Cato Manor Development Programme are typical.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is providing the USN with a total of R26.2m (ECU 4.5m) between 1995 and 1998. The USN is a national network of nine affiliate NGOs, and its aim is to improve living conditions for the urban poor. The beneficiaries of the programme are city dwellers earning less than R2000 (ECU 344) a month and there is a particular emphasis on households with monthly incomes of under R800 (ECU 137) a month.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through integrated, community-based development, the USN and its affiliates provide technical support and service provision to urban development projects, focusing on housing, local government transformation, skills transfer, project planning, facilitation, information dissemination, education and training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Cato Manor Development Programme received funding in 1995, also for a three year period. The EU has contributed R117.6m (ECU 20.2m) to the project. Cato Manor, an area in Natal near Durban, was the location of the largest forced resettlement scheme implemented under apartheid. Today, it is the first area targeted for integrated housing in a former white township.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall objective of the programme is to improve living conditions through a policy that strengthens the delivery system for infrastructure and housing. The programme anticipates providing the community with primary and secondary schools, sports fields, community halls, libraries and a community health centre. Access to housing finance will be improved and opportunities for income generation provided through a vocational training centre and small-scale industry workshops. In addition, provision is being made to improve management and general policy-making capabilities. By continuing to fund such projects, the EU is working with the South African government to improve the living conditions of the urban and rural poor. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Guardians of Eden'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Theatre for Africa, a performing group from Southern Africa, went on tour this autumn to put across the message that the exploitation of Africa's fauna should remain in the hands of rural communities. They did this with a powerful mix of words, dance, mime and song, in a play entitled Guardians of Eden '. The Courier met the author and cast on the Brussels leg of their tour. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The setting for the Brussels' performance was the 'Grand Place' (Grote Markt). With its ornate mediaeval architecture, this famous square in the centre of the Belgian capital could hardly have been more removed from the theme of the play - which is about conservation and development problems in Africa and empowering rural people to manage, use and benefit from the wildlife around them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The play was commissioned by the Southern Africa Sustainable Use Specialist Group (SASUSG) and the idea was that it should reach as many people as possible in the run-up to the World Conservation Congress planned for Montreal in October 1996. South African writer and former economist, Nicolas Ellenbogen, travelled throughout Southern Africa to recruit the all-African cast. Many examples of cultural imperialism leading to the destruction of habitat, highlighted in the production, were actually encountered by Mr Ellenbogen as he travelled through the region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The play opens with a spirit medium summoning representatives from villages in several African countries to discuss the threat to their survival. The actors display their athletic skills performing mimes of the abundant wildlife with simple props, as the history of Africa is recalled from the dinosaurs to the present day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A parable is then told. An old chief informs his three sons that to prosper in the 21st century, the village must change. He instructs them to return a year later with ideas for prosperity, which will be discussed in an indaba (debate). Each chooses a different path. The wheeling and dealing first son seeks out quick fix schemes with NGOs and various city authorities. The second son learns from the difficulties of city life and comes up with a blend of simple wisdom and new ideas. The third spends his time in beer halls -  and his revelry provokes roars of laughter throughout the performance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arriving back in his village after almost a year has elapsed, the second son finds that his older brother returned several months earlier to implement his money raising projects. Enjoying the cash benefits of the scheme, the men of the village do not want to hold an indaba. They are forced to do so by the women and Midzimu - the old chief. The audience is then asked to vote and there is a unanimous show of hands for the second son who symbolises the sustainable use of natural resources. The dissolute third son, meanwhile, is eaten by a crocodile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivory ban fury&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the message goes out to developers and donors to respect rural autonomy, the play also raises serious questions for Europe's politicians. The frequent appearance of the destructive elephant, in the course of the play, allows Mr Ellenbogen to vent his anger at the ivory import ban imposed by many European states. 'I am furious about the ban', be told The Courier, 'as it is having a profound effect on the daily needs of the people.' He rejects the argument that it helps conservation, insisting that; 'with a stroke of a pen, you reduced the value of the elephant.' The playwrite argues that local people need to see wildlife as economically and socially valuable. Otherwise, they will adopt new forms of land use which will result in the extinction of the species. He also draws attention to the growing black market in ivory in Southern Africa since the ban was introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'token' South African - symbolically played by the only woman in the cast - is given a 'rough time as the baby of Africa', says Ellenbogen. The play also contains numerous swipes at the donor community which frequently gives grants, without, it is said, any respect for local traditions. The Swiss doctoral student researching the potential for producing goat's cheese in Africa exits the stage squealing after asking a goat herder what he does with his animals. 'We slit their throats', is his reply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guardians of Eden was first launched at the Grahamstown Arts Festival in South Africa in July. It was performed in Zimbabwe and Kenya, and won a prize at the Edinburgh Festival 'Fringe' in August. From there, it moved to Frankfurt and Geneva before reaching Brussels. It was due to be performed in Antwerp, London and several American cities before a final staging at the Montreal Congress in October.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The play is in English and the languages of Southern Africa, but Nicolas Ellenbogen believes it can be readily understood by his multinational audiences. For him, the message - that local people must have the power to manage their own wildlife on their own land - needs no translating. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Analysis</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Europeans and development cooperation: there are opportunities too!</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Stelios Christopoulos&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If politicians in Europe see jobs as their primary concern, it is probably because the citizens regard unemployment as their most serious problem. In the Europe of the Fifteen, the average unemployment rate was about 10% in 1985 dropping to 7.5% in 1990. By 1994, it had risen to a record high of more than 11%. By contrast, unemployment in the United States fell below 6.5% in 1994 and the figures for 1995 reveal a continuing downward trend. In Japan, the proportion of people without work remained below 3% in 1994. Assuming there is no change in current trends, the most recent demographic projections suggest that there will be 70 million people over the age of 65 in the EU by the year 2020, out of a total population of 348 million. This is 18 million more than there are today. The proportion of over-65s is, thus, projected to rise from 15% at present to 20% in less than 25 years. These two elements  -  an ageing population and ongoing structural unemployment - clearly reveal that European society lacks a degree of dynamism compared with its competitors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an attempt to address this problem, albeit partially, the President of the European Commission, Jacques Santer, launched a European employment pact in April 1996. There are three underlying reasons for this initiative -  Europe's endemic unemployment, the need to reestablish a climate of confidence as a prerequisite for renewed investment and consumption, and the need to fit the creation of the single currency into an overall economic strategy aimed at increasing growth, competitiveness and employment in Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'I'm young, help me find a job', is the heartfelt plea of many of young Europeans. But what chance is there that their cry for help will be answered in a difficult global environment?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We have seen the globalisation of strategic relationships in a range of key areas including the environment, the management of energy resources, health, demography and security. The trend has been accelerated by rapid technical progress in the fields of transport and telecommunications. This process has not taken the big multinational companies by surprise - they were already free of the constraints of sovereignty or space, and were quick to globalise their structures. These enterprises have become more competitive by taking advantage, wherever possible, of the most favourable production conditions, particularly regarding raw materials and employment conditions. More spectacular still has been the growth of international trade: in 1990, the volume of world trade was 11.5 times as great as it had been 40 years earlier. During the same period, global production only increased fivefold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What this means nowadays is that employment in the EU Member States is directly affected (and some would say threatened) by the world situation. Productivity and growth conditions in Europe are no longer sufficient to ensure full employment. Competition from developing countries, with their low wage bills and undervalued currencies, is too great for countries in the EU. Their position is not the same as that of the multinational companies. They do not have the structures to deal with swiftly evolving events, nor are they capable of controlling the process of globalisation. This is demonstrated, inter alia, by their inability to respond to the financial speculation which turns capital away from productive investment. Today, for example, for every US dollar in circulation, there are at least 30 dollars which are the product of financial speculation. This is not money from productive work by any particular person, but money which is the product of a financial 'virtual reality' and which is usually reinvested in financial speculation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Countries are beginning to realise the need to pool their national skills and cooperate at a regional level, in order to enhance their business competitiveness and take on the challenges of the globalised trading system. But the level of integration implied by this strategic choice must be sufficiently comprehensive if it is to make up for the reduced capability of countries to respond on an individual basis. This process of regionalisation may well be a prerequisite for regulating the world economy in such areas as exchange parities and financial speculation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And what of Europe in particular? Despite having a head-start on other regional groupings (such Asean, Nafta and Mercosur), the situation is not too rosy. Owing to the lack of a full internal market, Europe is unable to compete on equal terms with the United States or Japan. The internal market still comes up against blocks in important areas, as evidenced by problems over the European employment pact. And there are a number of other defects which make the internal market insufficiently competitive in the context of globalisation. It is true that a more coherent environment has been created for European companies, with common regulations and rules of competition enabling them to distribute their goods and services among the EU's consumers. But despite the appearance of a domestic, or single, market, it is one which is devoid of a genuine internal policy in keeping with its size. This is what distinguishes it from the internal markets of the United States or Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The explanation for the disparity may lie in the fact that the most recent moves towards the single market, through 'Single Act', date from 1987. This was before the upheavals which so decisively signalled the globalisation trend. Despite the criticisms sometimes levelled at it, it is a genuine single market which is largely open to the outside world (with only a few exceptions, notably as regards the Common Agricultural Policy, where it is recognised that there is a need for progressive adaptation). But there is still no single currency, nor is there a genuine common commercial and economic policy. The EU is unable to react to change at world level in the same way as its competitors. The common customs tariff, together with protective measures such as the anti-dumping regulations, are still not sufficient to solve all the Union's problems. What is needed on top of this is an active common policy component.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet, as the European employment pact makes clear, the EU holds a trump card in an increasingly interdependent world. The proviso is that it must speak with one voice, enforce multilateral rules and open up new markets for itself, because, as the document points out 'exports create jobs...'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, the developing world received 37% of global direct foreign investment ($84 billion) as against less than 20% at the beginning of the 1980s (the flow of foreign exchange is regarded nowadays as the principal factor influencing development). This is a spectacular increase but the resources are not 'fairly' distributed from the point of view of either the investing countries or the recipients. For example, southeast Asia is currently the world's most dynamic region. Yet, not to put too fine a point on it, it is virtually ignored by European investors. Only 3% of European overseas investment is directed towards this zone. Likewise, Europe's market share in the region is no more than 5%. The US has invested between two and three times more in south-east Asia while Japanese investment is four times higher.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, sub-Saharan Africa attracted just 0.8% of direct foreign investment ($1.8 billion). And there is no evidence that Europeans have invested more than the Japanese or Americans in this region. This is despite the highly optimistic outlook for the situation in Africa offered by the late Ron Brown, the former US Trade Secretary. On returning from a tour of Africa with American businesspeople in February 1994, he remarked that major opportunities were opening up in that continent, with spectacular returns on investments  - at the time, the best in the world. His regret was that so few people were aware of the situation. Undoubtedly more significant still was the declaration made in Washington before his departure for Africa to the effect that the United States would no longer leave African markets exclusively to the former colonial powers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So although others are beginning to explore the possibilities offered by Africa, Europe is still sceptical. A similar scepticism prevailed during the 1960s when it was assumed that the lot of south-east Asia would be famine, and few development prospects. Given the historical links between Europe and Africa, the geographical proximity of the two continents, and the pressing problems faced by the 'old' continent vis-Ã -vis its competitors, such an attitude appears difficult to explain. In the years since the former European colonies in Africa gained independence - and despite the creation of an institutional cooperation framework (the LomÃ© Convention, which many regard as a model of development cooperation)  -  many Europeans clearly no longer wish to be involved in Africa. The explanation for this lack of interest may be the difficult conditions within African countries -  obstacles preventing access to markets, the lack of liberalisation or political instability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But this analysis in not entirely convincing. More ACP countries are democracies than ever before in the post-independence era. As for Africa - a much-debated ACP region  -  it is wrong to talk purely in terms of internal conflict, famines or the AIDS epidemic. There are countries in this continent with growth rates of between 5% and 6%, and several examples of where European companies have successfully penetrated local markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need to highlight the existence of genuine business opportunities in ACP countries and to make the European public aware of development aid success stories, were among the main conclusions to come out of the first meeting of a television delegates' network, organised by the European Commission's Development Directorate-General on 31 January 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any European company chairman interested in expanding into an ACP country - thereby enlarging the company's market and enhancing its competitiveness - is likely to acknowledge the possibilities, if offered back-up from the EU or from national governments. But they will then probably point to the complications which remain -  and with some justification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With this in mind, it is worth reiterating the fact that specialised institutions exist for facilitating contact with the ACP countries. In 1995, for example, the Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) was involved in 367 projects, assisting, free of charge, in the expansion or rehabilitation of industrial companies in ACP countries, in partnership with European business. Although the number of such projects is constantly increasing (190 in 1993,229 in 1994), it is still a long way short of what is needed. But it should be stressed that the CDl's approach, which involves promoting the creation of networks, appears to work. The establishment OF ACP contact networks in ACP countries makes it easier to identify potential areas for involvement and to prepare better for European institutional and sectoral networks. There are several successful projects which have led to the creation or safeguarding of jobs in Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also in 1995, the European Investment Bank (EIB) granted ECU 430 million in loans to businesses in various sectors in 29 ACP countries. This includes an increase in the Bank's activity in Africa over previous years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What, then, of the effect of Europe's development cooperation policies on the European market ? According to the most conservative estimates, for every ECU 100 granted in aid, the Community 'gets back' ECU 48 in the form of jobs, supplies and technical assistance. This figure does not take account of additional 'secondary' business generated by, for example, the supply of spare parts or the provision of technical advice. This business can be quite significant given the degree of penetration achieved by European companies in the markets of many developing countries. Nor does the estimate include any new business opportunities directly arising from the links established between the companies involved in aid projects and the recipient countries. Thus, it is clear that when a project is set up, it may well have extra beneficial effects for Europe through additional flows of goods and services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'return' on aid is even greater in Member States' individual bilateral programmes. For example, tied aid from countries such as Belgium, Italy and the United Kingdom leads to a payback of more than 70%. Another point is that as Europe's industrial rules are harmonised, the success of a single European company in penetrating a particular developing country market may pave the way for companies in other EU Member States, thus benefiting the Union as a whole. Tied aid creates favourable conditions for setting up European companies and for placing European goods and services in other markets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the return on aid may be described as satisfactory, the same is not true of the number of companies that benefit or of the actual turnover involved. One wonders whether this weakness is due to a lack of information about existing resources and facilities, or whether there still a lack of confidence about countries which, despite the progress they have made, are still politically unstable and therefore unpredictable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One might also wonder whether the time is right for investment. Our answer would be that, even though financial speculation is currently governed by global economic considerations, which prevent productive targeting of capital, this situation cannot last. There is a worldwide move to rectify the situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We all need to be aware that time is no longer on our side. In many sectors, European companies still have a competitive edge over businesses from third countries, owing to their degree of specialisation and technological expertise. But if they are to survive, they must take on a worldwide dimension. In particular, they should pay attention to the comparative advantage that they have in the ACP countries on account of their special skills, historic links, geographical location and, above all, the institutional connections between these developing nations and the 'old' continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although problems do exist and although both European and ACP bureaucracy can sometimes discourage private operators from exploring the potential of the developing world (and more particularly the ACP region), they should not give up. Europe's challenge is to help them to exploit this potential whilst not raising false hopes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nothing can take the place of the shared experience and confidence which arises spontaneously in full knowledge of the facts. In this regard, we feel, there is still much to be done. In both Europe and the ACP countries, one way to succeed is to increase the number of networks representing industrial, economic and financial interests at various levels, and to assist them in identifying opportunities more effectively. This would help to create a new dynamism and renewed vigour in Europe. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Close - up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Eritrea: the start of a renaissance ?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Courier's issue of July-August 1994, we published a country report on Eritrea. This country became independent in 1993 after almost 30 years of fighting which had bled the county white. Loss of human life, displaced persons, socio-economic disruption and environmental damage have been Eritrea's sad fate in recent times. However, there has now been peace for three years and the Eritrean people are attempting to pick up the threads. Alfonso Artico, a freelance journalist who recently travelled to Eritrea, now offers us a few on-the-spot impressions of his trip, focusing on some current projects which offer hope to this sorely afflicted people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fisheries at Massawa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The port of Massawa is located on the Red Sea, whose blue waters are teeming with fish. In 1986, the European Union suggested that it would be a suitable place for fisheries development. At the time, the city was a maze of back streets, baking in the sun. Few could have predicted the fate that would befall it five years later. For in 1991, war came to Massawa and 80% of the city was destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Italians, it is said, have 'always' been here, and they once had great plans for the city. Together with Assab, further to the south, Massawa was to be a key point of access to the sea, and a potential launch pad for the, country's struggling economy. The colonial days are long past but, when the Eritrean Popular Liberation Army took over the country after the recent war, the Italians came back to help tackle an immense task. The city, by then, was little more than a pile of rubble.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Help also came from somewhat further afield, in the shape of Professor Seichi Etoh, a Japanese specialist in marine biology. He had made a study of the city in 1989 and he chose to return in 1992 to help in fisheries development. At the outset, his working methods disconcerted the Eritreans who were used to a slightly more relaxed attitude to labour, under the hot sun and eternally blue sky.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Armed with the experience of working in Kenya and a number of other developing countries, Professor Etoh arrived in Massawa and installed himself in a house looking over the sea. After a period of adaptation, to gain his bearings, he took up his new challenge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge in question is a fisheries project whose main funders are the UNDP, Japan, Italy and the African Development Bank. A total of $7 million has been committed with payments spread over a five-year period. The project began operating in January 1993.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main problem at the outset was one of skills and qualifications. Important posts were often filled by high-ranking former solders, whose administrative skills were less than satisfactory. Conversely, those with the right qualifications - some of whom were criticised for spending the war years in the lecture theatres of European universities  -  had problems finding work. This was particularly true in the closed and conservative world of the fisherman. After a few teething troubles, Etoh was able to announce that he had the confidence of the government, and his efforts rapidly bore fruit thereafter. He set about reorganising the fishermen's cooperative - a task which entailed overcoming the reluctance of members to adopt new practices. He also arranged for the construction of jetties where vessels could take on supplies. Fish were to be unloaded at one spot, and their diesel tanks would be refilled at a different location. The cost of diesel is 1.41 birr (ECU 0.17) per litre. The fishermen's cooperative, which has 440 members, has 35 000 birr (ECU 4000) in its funds. It is also making repayments on a 1.8 million-birr (ECU 200 000) loan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'In the beginning, there was frenzied activity, which some regarded as chaos', Seichi Etoh recalls. However, in less than two years, the jetties have been completed and the ice plants -  essential for preserving the fish - are running flat out. Now they are producing eight tonnes of ice a day. The daily catch is about two tonnes of fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The real revolution occurred when Seichi Etoh decided to try and organise cooperatives for women, who represent 25% of the workforce in the production chain. He followed up with an even more radical scheme, offering them paid work in the relatively unrewarding but essential field of ship maintainance and repair. This freed the fishermen, most of whom had no remunerative activity outside the fishing season (November to March), to seek work elsewhere during the other seven months of the year. Eritrea, a country where women's potential has not traditionally been acknowledged (or tapped) had never seen the like before. Nowadays, of the 200 who fish out of Massawa, 50 are women who have formed their own organisation - and they generate a considerable profit. They have even opened up a fish restaurant!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall standard of living has increased considerably. This year, fisheries-related production has risen 120% compared with 1995. And the port is doing reasonably well in quality terms. Using the international scale, which ranks the catches from 0 to 10, the quality of fish landings by the Massawa fishermen is rated 6 overall - as against 8 for Japan. 5 for China and 6.5 for Europe. The local market has expanded as a result of efforts to modify local eating habits. People have been taught to grill fish instead of frying it in expensive (and somewhat unhealthy) oil. The message - 'eat grilled fish' - is going out daily on national radio, and women are going into the schools and villages to teach this 'latest' cooking technique.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The local market may be important, but the main target for the increased production is Ethiopia. With the purchase of four refrigerated lorries, it is now possible to transport fish products over long distances. Another important customer is Italy, which currently takes about a third of the total production. Seichi Etoh is hopeful that, following this example, new markets can be found in other parts of Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The success of the Massawa project has exceeded all expectations and, although he downplays the achievement with typical oriental modesty, it is clear that Etoh's bet has paid off. The fishermen have come to understand the advantages to be gained in reorganisation and maintaining their 'tools' of production. And as anticipated, the bulk of the profit from the project is going back to the fishermen. The government has taken care not to cream off too much for itself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other projects are now under way. Etoh is attempting to persuade the fishermen to give up their wooden craft in favour of ferro-cement vessels but after centuries of doing things in a certain way, it will take more than a few months for the new plans to be adopted. The monthly meetings with representatives from the cooperatives are stormy and animated. However, two vessels are already being built, on the assumption that a practical demonstration is worth far more than a long speech. The 60 people working directly on the project are awaiting the outcome.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This change has become necessary owing to the cost of wood - which is one of the reasons why the fishermen have grown progressively poorer. Timber prices have been rising sharply for some years, particularly in Dubia, the regional centre of the wood trade. The war, in the meantime, sent incomes spiralling downwards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Overall, the Eritrean fishing fleet has 500 vessels, all made of wood, of which 250 have Massawa as their home port. In previous years, the wood (known as tengi in Eritrean) came from Ethiopia. But this country is facing ecological problems and fishermen have been forced to search elsewhere for building and maintenance materials for their unstable and costly vessels (a 13-metre boat requires 8 mÂ³ of wood). Etoh explains that the new boats, while slower, glide more easily over the water on account of their stability. However, the first attempts at change have not been easy. Indeed, things got so bad that Etoh went on holiday 'for longer than expected', he said, though he took advantage of the break to visit Singapore and buy Chinese tricycles  -  which can now be seen in the streets of Massawa. The reign of the bicycle with a simple wicker basket which could carry just 20 kilos is over. Now, each tricycle can deliver 100 kg of fresh fish, packed in ice. All in all, the programme is running smoothly. Etoh has only to check it from time to time. After all this labour, will the smiling Japanese professor be taking a well-earned rest? 'Probably not,' he says, adding 'I am currently thinking about a chain of restaurants. Fish restaurants of course !'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An unusual 'bank'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The road leading to Gersteti village is so beautiful that it takes your breath away. Multicoloured birds fly lazily above the vehicle carrying the journalists and humanitarian aid workers - who are deep in discussion about the kind of world they wish to create. However, there is a switch in the conversation once they reach the Seraye plateaux. Their attention is drawn to the fields which stretch as far as the eye can see. It doesn't take long to discover that demand for land here far outweighs supply. The situation, which is already critical, has not been helped by the influx of refugees returning from neighbouring countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the war ended in 1991, everyone's prime concern was to relaunch an agricultural sector ruined by 28 years of combat. Farmers and farming communities, the lifeblood of the countryside, had been mobilised to fight on the front line. In 1990, agricultural production was at such a low level that the word 'negligible' featured prominently in the Ministry of Agriculture's statistics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oxfam, which first came to Eritrea in 1978, has been running an unusual project on the Seraye plateaux. Located to the south of Asmara, the capital, this region is the second most densely populated part of the country. Five districts containing 65 villages and 17000 families, were chosen for the project  -  on account of their low rainfall and the fact that it is difficult, and in some cases, impossible, to cultivate the exhausted soil. Local communities, village leaders and politicians all understood that only full-scale collaboration could prevent a food-supply disaster in the province. An organisation was therefore created: the villagers elected 13 representatives (12 men and one woman) and began by setting up a seed bank. There was a severe shortage of seed materials in this devastated country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project got off the ground in November 1995 and is set to run for three years. Its objective is simple: to guarantee self-sufficiency in seeds and to provide a reserve during hard times. The 'Seed Bank Committee' has also given training to 40 farmers in seed conservation, terracing and basic agricultural economics. Two wells have been sunk, but these are insufficient for the 40 square kiLomÃ©tres that require irrigation. Oxfam is putting up the money for the various initiatives while the local community is providing the labour force. It is worth noting that a bag of averagequality cement costs 35 birrs (ECU4), equivalent to one third of a worker's monthly wage. Fourteen different varieties of seed have been stored in sheds - which the locals visit to obtain their supplies. The purchase of 230 quintals of local seeds and the donation of 70 quintals from elsewhere have started the programme off. Next year, Individual farmers will have to repay this 'loan' in kind, with a 10% 'interest payment', also in the form of seeds. The surplus generated will be retained by the bank as a resource to be drawn upon, if necessary, when times are hard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The local community was quick to understand the advantages to be gained from this system. They were all too aware of the low productivity of their land and up to then, were powerless to resolve the situation. The possibility of falling back on traditional resources to offset production difficulties no longer existed. And the skills they had acquired over the generations were now insufficient, given the poor condition of the soil. In these circumstances, one can well understand their enthusiasm when they saw that 100 kg of seeds per hectare yielded a harvest six times larger than previously. Other elements which contributed to a progressive improvement in conditions were the sinking of new wells, a reduced influx of refugees from Sudan, and a slow but appreciable improvement in the country's general economic situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As well as being involved in this project, Oxfam is an active member of Acord, an NGO association which extends cash loans at rates much lower than those demanded by the banks. (Acord's rate is 12% per annum with a minimum repayment of 5 birrs per month). Targeted mainly at the most deprived sections of the population, the loans enable the poor to set up small businesses or, more commonly, to purchase agricultural implements, repair irrigation channels and buy cattle. Once again, a village committee manages the transactions. The scheme has brought renewed hope to the most deprived groups. Individual loans have been available since 1994 and the association currently has 163 clients. The total amount lent so far is 878 000 birrs (ECU 110 000).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The combined effects of these programmes - seed banks and preferential loans - are already visible. It would take months to visit all the farms and fields, workshops and stores, where men and women have invested their energies and hopes. Seraye province now produces a third of Eritrea's cereals, a telling illustration of the fact that one does not need billions of dollars for development and humanitarian aid for the work to be effective. In the final analysis, a country's wealth lies in its citizens. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An up-to-date printing plant&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As one strolls down Liberation Avenue, which cuts the city of Asmara in two, one might be forgiven for thinking that 28 years of war have already been forgotten. Surveying the multi-coloured neon signs of the shops, it certainly appears as if the country has turned the corner and the wounds are healing rapidly. One building whose restrained frontage stands outs in sharp contrast is the Adulis printing-works. Adulis was the name of a semi-mythical city founded by the Greeks on the Red Sea in the third millennium before Christ. 'But there is nothing insubstantial about this place', comments Mohamad Shiffa Osman, with a smile. He is one of three expert typesetters who went on a training course in Belgium earlier this year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; The Adulis printing works has its own particular memories of the Eritrean people's struggle for independence. As far back as the 1960s, when the first shots were being fired, the resistance recognised that their fighters and the civil population both had to have access to information. However, it was not until the 1980s that a true propaganda structure came into being. During the war, the Eritrean People's Liberation Army ran a clandestine ministry of information. In Eritrea and elsewhere, this became the channel for conveying practical information, and providing the latest news from the front. It was also used to transmit personal messages, which were delivered to the heart of areas occupied by the Ethiopian Army. 'Our presses were hidden in caves, up in the mountains, and everything was run on generators', Mohamed remembers. The initial amateur approach was quickly replaced by a more professional one. 'We did have professional printers working for us, but it was mainly self-taught comrades'. On-the job apprenticeships had to be fitted in between bouts of fighting!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'At the time of liberation, in 1991, we set about restoring this printing works, which was founded in 1896 by the Italians', Mohamed explained as he gave us a guided tour of the works. The effort put into relaunching this essential activity soon bore fruit. Within the year, the printing operation was running at a profit - indeed it had a virtual monopoly of printing in the country. The presses were brought down from the mountains on the backs of camels and then taken to Asmara by truck. 'You see this Aurelia 48?', asks Mohamed, pointing to a machine. 'Well, it was up in the north, hidden away in a village'. Throughout our visit, Mohamed draws attention to equipment from an earlier age  -  candidates for the museum which are still in operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some items have their own story to tell, like the press donated years ago by Oxfam which still churns out thousands of sheets every day. During the war, it was taken from cave to cave, following the army's advance as it conquered new terrain. Most of the Adulis machines, however, were already there, when the decision was taken to restart the operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The initial budget for the works was a tidy five million birr (ECU 620 000). Today, Adulis has an annual turnover of 20 million birr. Monthly salaries range from 400 birr (ECU 50) for maintenance staff to 1800 birr (ECU 225) for the director, Michael G. Bakhli. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The printing works also acts as a testing ground for workers' social progress. According to Mohamed and the director, the 350 or so people employed at the works benefit from exceptional social cover. If a worker falls ill, his wage is guaranteed for one month, then it drops to 50% in the second month and stops altogether at the end of the third. if a woman is pregnant, she has to take a month's statutory leave and is granted a further two months on full pay. In the event of dismissal, an employee receives two months' wages, although this latter arrangement is gradually changing to one month's wages for each year of service.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Far from resting on the laurels of their success, the Adulis works' directors have appealed for assistance. In order to be at the cutting edge of technology and to have the resources to break into new markets, they need to supplement their knowledge. Therefore, three 'volunteers' spent the three months from January to March this year working in Belgian companies, to the satisfaction of everyone, both hosts and visitors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under Mohamed's gaze, the walls of the workshop have been brightened up with posters which provide a splash of colour. Although the noise from the presses often drowns out conversation, you cannot escape the feeling of hope here. It is like a breath of fresh air, and one leaves with the strong impression of a country that is rising from the ashes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Developing world</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ECHO fine-tunes disaster preparedness strategy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Eva Kaluzynska&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When a cyclone strikes in the Caribbean, beware of giant flying razorblades - airborne sheets of corrugated iron that kill and maim unsuspecting victims every time. 'The use of galvanised iron sheeting for roofing is extremely dangerous in cyclone-prone areas,' says Professor Debarati Guha-Sapir, Director of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) at the Universite Catholique de Louvain. 'We know this, and we need to encourage the use of lighter materials, such as thatching, which doesn't kill if it flies off in a gale,' she adds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That is the kind of issue facing people exposed to unavoidable natural disasters  -  in the Caribbean's case, every year. In 1995, there were 27 tropical storms in the region. CRED has been in the vanguard of monitoring natural disasters and in coming up with solutions to the problems they create since it was set up in 1973. Now it is assisting the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) in developing its new Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness Programme (DIPECHO) to cover the next two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1994, ECHO has spent almost ECU 7 million on 50 disaster prevention operations, at both national and regional levels. Now, instead of just responding to requests for funding from non-governmental organisations, international organisations and governments, ECHO has decided to fine-tune its strategy. It will concentrate its efforts on specific regions known to be particularly vulnerable and prone to natural disasters. We may not know exactly when disasters will strike, but we certainly know where to expect them. The regions selected at present are: the Caribbean, Central America, South East Asia and Bangladesh.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All of them are exposed to repeated emergencies. All of them have a struggle to develop when their efforts are disrupted so frequently. They cannot just pick up where they left off. Loss of life and property is just the most visible aspect of what happens when disaster strikes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The infrastructure, such as it is, takes a hammering. Road and rail links are severed. Communications, electricity and water supplies break down. Add loss of health care and sanitation, and you get populations exceedingly vulnerable to epidemics. Add loss of education facilites, and a vicious spiral of poverty sets in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An expert in emergency aid cites the sad example of the Aetas, a tribal group that used to live a secluded life on the remote slopes of Mount Pinatubo, the volcano that erupted spectacularly in 1991 in the Philippines. Though the volcano was known to be menacingly active, the Aetas were not evacuated and resettled in time. They fled in panic as disaster struck, to the plains, where they faced a deadly, invisible enemy: measles, a disease to which they had never been exposed. Measles claimed more victims than the volcano itself did in the months that followed. They could have been resettled earlier. And they could have been immunised years before, but weren't.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It's easy to be wise after the event. DlPECHO aims to encourage action before it's too late. The idea behind ECHO's new policy is to take each region, and to identify its hazards and capacity for dealing with disasters. This will help to pinpoint the gaps. Then it will draw up Action Plans that slot into the wider picture of potential development in each case.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DIPECHO projects will involve training personnel in the regions affected to handle disasters, and to strengthen the institutions that can contribute to effective prevention, preparedness and mitigation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some of the solutions are ingenious, low-cost, low-tech ideas. Take, for instance, the use of light, widely-available, inexpensive materials for roofing in earthquake or cyclone-prone zones - an idea poorer countries could adapt from wealthy Japan's experience. Or the construction of safe, raised 'islands' that will stay above the waterline amid flooding in Bangladesh to offer shelter. Or adapting drainage, and changing cropping patterns in Andhra Pradesh, India, to mitigate the effects of cyclones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In earthquake-prone Central America, protecting roads and bridges, or building schools less prone to collapse is very important. Using the radio or even neighbourhood watch systems to sound the alarm when disaster is imminent can make a big difference to its impact in terms of injuries. Drilling all at risk, from school-age up, to know what to expect and to know what to do is vital.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DIPECHO did not include Africa in its first selection of regions for Action Plans. This is not to underestimate the gravity or scale of the disasters experienced there, says Professor Guha-Sapir: 'Floods, drought and famine are very frequent events there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are often killers.' Overexploitation of scarce resources and political turmoil compound situations that lead to disasters which seem less dramatic than a volcano eruption, but are no less far-reaching in impact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The instability in many of the areas worst affected means that African countries lack the institutions needed to prepare for disasters in an organised way, she says. 'There are limits on ECHO's ability to intervene. It's unrealistic to expect the kind of grassroots, technical preparedness we are talking about in the current situation.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ECHO's Jean-Claude Heyraud sums up the new policy: 'As far as preventing, mitigating and preparing for catastrophes goes, the new proactive approach reflects the importance ECHO attaches to this type of action. The DIPECHO programme meets the growing need to evaluate risks in order to reduce loss of life and damage to property. If and when emergency aid is needed, preparation and prevention can help to reduce the scale and cost of such actions.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Culture and society</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">African reflections</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Seydou Sarr&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third Festival of African Cinema was held in Brussels on 15-22 June. For one week, film-goers in the Belgian capital filled the auditoria of the Palais des Beaux-Arts, where they discovered new images of an alternative Africa. And as always, when the time came to assess how the Festival had gone, professionals and organisers alike were left pondering the problems facing the African film industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Organised for the first time in 1994, on the initiative of Diaspora Productions, the Festival had a number of objectives, including that of bringing Africa's finest films to wider public notice. The initiative stemmed from two observations. In the first place, the European public's opinion of Africa is based on what it sees on television -  and that image is of a continent so ravaged by famine, misery and strife that it is incapable of progress. Second, from a professional standpoint, there is no effective distribution network in Belgium for African films. Samba Traore by Burkina Faso's Idrissa Ouedraogo and Hyenes by the Senegalese Djibril Diop Mambety were two rare exceptions in succeeding in getting on to the circuit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A forum for reflection&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In setting up film-industry meetings, the organisers of the Brussels Festival wanted the event to be a forum for reflection on the problems facing African cinema. In the 40 years it has existed, there has undoubtedly been some progress. It is even possible to speak of genuine mastery of images and cinematographic language. But there are also many problems -  involving production and distribution, a lack of official support, a shortage of private capital and limited access to international markets. At home, meanwhile, African firms face fierce competition from multi-million dollar productions coming out of the USA, Europe and Asia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe has traditionally offered the only feasible route for those seeking technical and financial resources. The principal donors are the European Union, the ACCT (Cultural and Technical Corporation Agency) and the French Ministry of Cooperation. There are, of course, many instances of African directors producing films without taking this route, but these ventures usually have smaller budgets, and insufficient funds to devote to promotion (press releases, trailers etc). As regards distribution in Belgium, directors face an additional difficulty - they have to take the language issue into account (particularly when films are shown in Flanders).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African professionals are looking at various ways of solving these problems, including the possibility of coproduction with European operators. For some years now, public and private bodies have also been considering the idea of establishing combined co-production teams in a form of partnership, as a way of supporting African cinema. This topic has been on the agenda of other African film festivals (notably in Amiens) and it came up for discussion in Brussels as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A colloquium on the subject of ACP/Europe co-production was staged on the fringe of the Brussels event. This served to highlight a number of successful experiments in North/South collaboration. One example was the Cape Verdian film Ilheu de Contenda, by Leao Lopes which was made with support from a Belgian production company, Saga Films. This film was screened at the Festival. It also gave an opportunity to discuss a range of other topics. African journalists accredited to the Festival were given the task of drafting a resolution whose conclusions will be submitted to various contributors including FEPACI (the Pan-African Federation of Film-Makers), the European Union, producers and other donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was general agreement that a coherent legal framework for organising relationships between directors and producers, on the basis of mutual trust, was badly needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Positive results&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is worth making a brief assessment of the efforts made by the organisers of the Brussels Festival to offer an improved programme. The showing of shorts at the beginning of a performance is undoubtedly a formula they should employ again. These works are a specialised genre which give young directors the chance to present their first work. The bulk of the shorts that were screened this year were in the form of 'documentaries' based on fiction - but with one foot in the real world. They dealt with people's lives, their daily concerns, and a variety of social phenomena. Thus, we were presented with films dealing with Aids, urban delinquency, the role of women in society and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another positive point the organisers should concentrate on is the space resewed for English and Portuguese-language films. There were eight performances in this category including four feature films in English and two in Portuguese. A further worthwhile element was the space allocated to African women (from Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Burkina Faso) who have chosen to use the cinema as a means of expression.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diaspora Productions' managers are said to be reasonably satisfied with the way the Festival went. They hope it can continue to be held at the Palais des Beaux-Arts, since they see this as one way of liberating African cultural events from the Afro-Brussels 'ghetto' where they have often been held. They are also keen, in future years, for African films to be shown in Brussels cinemas while the Festival is under way. If this happens, film-goers in Brussels will have the pleasure, from next year, of seeing quality works in their usual cinemas. The timing is appropriate since the 1997 Brussels event will follow the Ouagadougou Festival (Fespaco) which traditionally sees the launch of a number of new films.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Family meeting&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The organisers chose to close the 1996 Festival with a fashion parade which gave Pathe 'O, the designer from CotÃ© d'Ivoire, the chance to present his collection to the Brussels audience.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the fringes of the Festival, there was also a musical offering in the shape of the Toure Kunda brothers who came to lend their support to filmmakers and other African artistes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are those who would argue that the Brussels Festival has now entered the category of a 'not-to-bemissed' event. Every year, it attracts significant numbers of film-makers from Africa and the diaspora, even when they have no current projects or films to present. There was a real family atmosphere in the corridors of the Palais des Beaux-Arts, due in no doubt to the absence of competition. From the outset, the Diaspora Productions team chose to stage an event at which prizes were not awarded, thereby promoting reflection and contact with the public. It is generally agreed that the Brussels Festival offers a rare opportunity for film-makers to meet and discuss their productions and projects in a relaxed atmosphere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The credit for this, in the view of many of the participants, lies with Pape Mbaye Sene, one of the guiding lights of the event, who has also been dubbed the 'high priest' of African cinema. It has, in fact, been suggested tongue-in-cheek that 'in Brussels, they award a Pape, not an Oscar'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'We make films... but we do not exist!' - interview with Souleymane Cisse</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future of African cinema seen through the eyes of the Malian film maker, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In April, The Courier had the opportunity of meeting Souleymane Cisse, one of Africa's most celebrated film-makers, who has won several awards at major international film festivals. His films, such as Yeelen, which was awarded the Prix du Jury in Cannes in 1987 (the first African film to receive such a prestigious accolade), Waati, which was entered at the same festival, and Finye, have already become classics. Cisse is not just a director, he also produces his own films. In 1972, he impressed international critics by single-handedly producing a short film of exceptionally high quality Cinq jours d'une vie -  which won an award at the Carthage Film Festival. By relying, above all, on his own limited resources, combined with a powerful determination to develop and promote Africa's film industry, Souleymane Cisse has an implied but powerful message for the entire African continent. When he went on stage at the Palais des Festivals in 1987 to receive his award for Yeelen, he said that he was accepting it on behalf of all those who did not have the opportunity to speak for themselves. In particular, he dedicated the film to all the South African technicians who had worked together with him on the project. His has made spirited efforts to boost the African film industry and it was in this context that he helped set up the 'Union of African cinema and audiovisual producers and entrepreneurs' last March. This organisation aims to encourage African countries (especially in West Africa), to take the necessary political decisions to ensure the survival and grouwth of African cinema. When we spoke to Souleymane Cisse, our discussion ranged far and wide. We began by asking the film director whether African art gets the recognition it deserves in Europe? He seemed surprised at the question but then, without hesitation, proceeded to explain his own approach - with the emphasis on the political rather than the aesthetic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The recognition that African art gets in the West has more to do with politics than aesthetic discernment. Such recognition evolves from the spirit of Africa's relations with the other continents, a spirit which is often devoid of all honesty. We stand at the threshold of the 21st century. We should be looking to develop ways of communicating with each other and finding common ground. We should be able to look each other in the eye. When, for example, people in France debate whether or not the Louvre should have a gallery of African art, it begs the question, 'who is asking for what ?'. When some people wonder whether or not African art really is art, they are asking themselves a pointless question. African art is. Nothing more, nothing less. In any case, the West has some highly contradictory views as far as the whole idea of art in Africa is concerned. On the one hand they dispute the fact that the culture of the Ancient Egyptians was, in essence, an African one, and yet on the other hand the characters of Ancient Egypt - in films for example - are always portrayed as dark-skinned. African art is the 'in' thing at the moment, despite the current tendency to belittle Africa. They think that today's Black Americans and Afro-Caribbeans can be made to forget their African roots, but that just will not happen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Generally speaking, do you think that African politicians should devote time and energy to this battle to defend African culture when their countries face such insurmountable material problems ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Once they have gained power, the obsessive preoccupation of our politicians has been to concentrate on economic policies, neglecting their countries' cultural needs. But without a deeply-rooted culture, you cannot discuss matters on equal terms with representatives of other nations. In their heart of hearts, they will not respect you fully. There have been two or three countries which have tried to combine economic development with cultural development - I'm thinking of Guinea under Sekou Toure, Mali under Modibo Keita and Ghana under Kwame Nkrumah, but in one way or another, all three have been thwarted, for their perceptiveness. I am not now commenting on, or necessarily agreeing with, their domestic policies, but rather with the broad vision they shared for Africa as a whole. The fact that Europe is currently in the process of forging the European Union will be an instrumental force in the opening up of other regions of the globe. It was Europe, after all, which divided much of the world into English speakers, French speakers, Portuguese speakers, Spanish speakers and so on. Now that Europeans are themselves seeking to unite their countries, how could they possibly object to a similar union in Africa - for the sake of its cultural identity. This idea of a United Europe is, therefore, a welcome one. What is more, I believe that the issue has already been tackled within relations between the European Union and ACP countries. Not only is Africa the continent closest to Europe; it is in helping to develop the African continent that Europe has most to gain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The cultural aspect has already been incorporated into LomÃ© IV, but it seems that ACP countries do not attach as much importance as they should to such matters when drawing up their lists of priorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Many of the politicians in charge of these countries themselves lack any sort of culture. Alternatively, stripped of their own culture, they flaunt that of a foreign land. They say that health care is a priority, that food is a priority, but cultural needs do not figure on their list. Yet culture forms part of an urgent need. You'll see - as soon as any sort of cultural development takes place in a country, or wherever a country already has a viable, thriving culture, its economy will also flourish; of that there is no doubt. A nation which has a highly developed culture will always be able to stand on its own two feet economically. Take, for example, the nations of the former Soviet Union  - their economies may be unstable at the moment. It's only natural that they have to start from scratch, but as long as they manage to hold on to their cultures, they will pull through. These countries will not lag behind as Africa has done.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It costs money to operate a film industry. Have you found that your reputation as a director has made the financial side of things any easier for you ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I don't honestly think much has changed in the way we finance our films. Perhaps I should only speak for myself, but I do not believe it is any easier for me than it is for young filmmakers. Mali has no film production facilities, so we are all in the same boat. That is why we organised a colloquium in March this year, aimed at getting a picture of the exact state of West Africa's film industry. What we learned was that it is in pretty bad state. We make films but, in a certain sense, we don't really exist as a film industry. I would dearly like my works to be screened, for example, in Mali, Guinea and Senegal, but that is not possible because the distribution and screening networks are no longer there. Even the most liberal Western countries have passed laws to promote and protect their local film industries, so why don't we do the same ? I cannot make films in the United States without first going through various unions and other professional associations. In France, I cannot distribute my films the way I want, and if I want to make a film, I have to make it through French producers. If people come to work here, they should have to use national producers. The relevant laws were drawn up three or four years ago, but they still haven't been passed. We want all those involved in the film industry to have the opportunity to be true professionals. There should be assistance available to modernise projection rooms and theatres. We are currently in the process of setting up the 'Union of African cinema and audiovisual producers and entrepreneurs' which should help to persuade governments to take our requests into account.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Isn't African cinema also a victim of television ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The problem in Mali is a very simple one. We live in a country where people like to get out and about. The cinema is somewhere they can do that quite easily. So people use it as a place where they can meet up in the evening, just as they like to congregate around the fire to sing and dance. So why are our cinemas empty ? Because when people do go to the cinema, they cannot see the screen properly or they cannot hear the soundtrack, or they are uncomfortable sitting on broken and rickety chairs. If you can provide a suitable and comfortable environment for them, people will start going to the cinema again. That doesn't mean that television doesn't have its place, but people like to go out. This is especially the case with our open air cinemas, which are the perfect places for people to come together, have a chat, enjoy each other's company and relax. A nice auditorium, a good film, and you'll see how the queues will form. All we need to do is upgrade the auditoria, re-equip the projection rooms, overhaul the sound systems, put new chairs in - just a few basic comforts. When people go out to the cinema, it's because they want to escape from their humdrum routine for a while, to dream and unwind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African governments should do what they can to enable people to relax and enjoy themselves like this. Going to the cinema is like going to school. People go there to learn something - whether consciously or subconsciously - and to see something different. We really must get rid of this purely commercial vision of the cinema, especially in Africa. It should, first and foremost, be a cultural experience, and only subsequently a commercial exercise. But we also need to be realistic. When helping those involved in promoting the film industry, the government should lay down a precise set of conditions, specifying how and when the loans should be repaid and requiring something in return for their subsidies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So you think that if the Ministries of Culture in African countries were given greater powers, they would be in a position to carry out this task ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is not something solely for the Ministry of Culture. This is the type of approach which should be adopted by the state as a whole, in each country. For example, the government should provide a support fund for the film industry and certain other branches of the arts. Even if they were increased substantially, the meagre budgets allocated to the Ministry of Culture in our countries would still represent paltry sums. In Africa, the department of culture is at the bottom of everybody's list.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· But if you look at the number of African films that have been shown in recent years at Cannes and other international festivals, surely one can afford to be a little more optimistic than you are ? More and more young African filmmakers are releasing films.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - True, but as I said earlier, no progress has been made as far as film production is concerned. In that respect, contrary to what people may think, we are still at square one. Young filmmakers are put off and, as more and more avenues are closed to them, they gradually lose their fighting spirit. A film director has no choice but to be his own producer, his own manager - to do everything himself in fact. The result is that he becomes a jack of all trades and a master of none. During our recent colloquium, we decided to set up smallscale facilities which will deal solely with film production and where young people can go and use their services, thus leaving them free to channel their energies into actually directing their films. In the same way, we intend to set up other structures which will deal exclusively with other aspects of the cinema industry. The goal we have set ourselves is that of fostering professionalism in the West African film industry. Maybe then our governments will listen to us.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think there is any difference between African countries as far as opportunities are concerned ? For example, Burkina Faso would appear to be the cinema capital of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, and no. More often than not, it is African film-makers who have chosen Burkina Faso to stage events connected with the cinema industry because it is a landlocked country. This is what has made it the film capital of Africa, not any deliberate move on the part of the politicians. Having said this, the government in Burkina Faso is also making great efforts, despite its limited resources. But each country has its own potential. We must stop trying to tear this continent apart.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mentioned the former President of your own country, Modibo Keita, as one of those far-sighted enough to appreciate the importance of nurturing African culture. Where does Mali stand at the moment in terms of strengthening its own cultural heritage identity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - After independence, in the years from 1960 to 1968, there was a time when young people would get together and become involved in various biennial art festivals. We had a series of events which encouraged a kind of a 'cultural vision' nationwide. They were so successful that other countries were soon following our example. After the coup in 1968, however, everything fell apart. In the following 23 years there was a total cultural vacuum, in which young people felt completely disorientated, despite superficial attempts to relaunch the festivals. We are now only just trying to rediscover our cultural roots after a long period of upheaval. What we in Mali do have working in our favour, is the fact that our country is a harmonious patchwork of different peoples, all living together without the slightest trace of bitterness or hatred. We are lucky here because our rulers rarely tried to manipulate our ethnic loyalties to set one group against another. A Malian, irrespective of his roots, will always rejoice in the success of his fellow countrymen, whatever tribe they happen to belong to. We owe our good fortune to a heritage in which our peoples have always respected one another - even when they have faced each other as enemies. It is only as a result of this historic mutual respect that we can now speak of a Malian culture where each individual group of people has its own idiosyncrasies, its own customs, is sensitive towards other cultures and actually rejoices in their differences. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA Bulletin</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA and the promotion of rural development through book distribution</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of CTA's tasks is to provide information on request to researchers, extension workers, planners, farmers' organisations, trainers and information specialists involved in agricultural development in ACP states. In addition to requested publications, CTA also distributes publications on its own initiative to its target groups. These publications, some 550 titles, are also supplied free of charge and consist of books published by CTA, co-published, or purchased specially because of their relevance. In 1995, almost 65 000 books were posted to ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The people who receive the publications to some extent select themselves, because they write to CTA with requests for information. They find out about its existence through attending CTA seminars held in ACP countries or in Europe, or through seeing copies of Spore (CTA's bi-monthly bulletin in English, French and Portuguese which goes to around 50 000 addresses and is seen by many more), or by word of mouth. Over the years, CTA has built up a mailing list of 42 500 addresses of people and organisations active in some way in agriculture and rural development. Of the total, 37 800 are in ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But there are questions. Are our books getting to those who need them and is the targeting accurate enough? And, most importantly, is this the best way of doing things ? For CTA does not - and cannot - satisfy the total demand for books on agriculture and rural development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is the best way?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the number of addresses on the mailing list, many more people could in theory still be added. Should CTA even try to satisfy this demand ? The publications are free and, if CTA increased its coverage of the demand, it might in some countries hold back the development of local bookselling with a consequent detrimental effect on local publishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The majority of those now on the mailing list are 'individuals' rather than institutions, libraries, documentation centres, associations, organisations, etc. On the face of it, more people could be reached by sending CTA publications to groups rather than to individuals, but it's not always clear who is an individual in the sense of information not being shared with others. Some individuals are teachers, some are extension agents, some receive publications on behalf of a cooperative, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the importance of information - the driving force behind development  -  CTA has been investigating and giving support to technical publishing and book distribution in Africa over the last few years and is currently examining its own policy on book distribution over the ACP countries as a whole. Part of the context for this policy re-appraisal is the state of bookselling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Difficulty of book distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Everyone involved in the books business in and for the ACP countries knows that getting books where you want them to go, book distribution, is not straightforward. The reasons for the difficulty are not straightforward either. One development officer remarked of Papua New Guinea that the lack of books outside the capital, Port Moresby, couldn't simply be explained by lack of roads, because in the most out of the way places you could be sure of finding Coca Cola. Is it, then, that the Coca Cola company has superior marketing and distribution arrangements ? Probably so, but it is the nature of the two products which also determines how far they get. Traders will more readily take goods which they know they will be able to sell easily and the immediate satisfaction given by cigarettes or Coca Cola tends to put them before books in the list of priorities for purchase.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the ACP countries where CTA sends books and information, many have under-developed road and rail networks while the postal facilities provide a reliable service only to a relatively small part of the country. The local book publishing and bookselling industries are often themselves developing. Potential readers often cannot afford to buy the books and consequently book distribution is the weak link in the chain from writing and publishing a book to selling it. If books can't be sold, new ones can't be published, for the investment finance for a new publishing project has to come from somewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Africa, the lack of a strong local book sector was attributed in part to the traditional oral culture of the continent which left little need for reading. The majority of students would read in order to pass their exams, after which they hardly sought books again to buy or to read.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main books distributed were therefore textbooks for schools, colleges and for higher education. As long as these were distributed through booksellers, a forum still existed for displaying and raising interest in other books.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Booksellers could also function as sources and conduits of information about the variety of books in print and of their interest to particular groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This development was stunted because of the low purchasing power of many people, lack of foreign exchange (except in the CFA franc states), high cost of importing (either books or the raw materials, print machinery and spare parts to manufacture books) and, consequentially, shortage and lack of variety of locally-published books.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, in some countries the state intervened in school book publishing and supply (for example in Tanzania), so that the bread and butter of the bookselling business disappeared.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Booksellers then either diversified their stock so that they became bookseller-stationers or worse - books came after groceries, footballs, hats, etc., or the booksellers ceased trading in books or closed down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The publishing-distribution chain in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Book distribution is part of a chain of activities in the book sector which depend on each other and support each other. The chain starts with an idea for a book which may come from an author or from potential readers who make known their needs and it ends with the published books being bought. The lack of a good book distribution infrastructure in Africa is linked to the lack of a wide variety of books from a good number of publishers and the lack of a market for the books.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At least until South Africa became a democracy, Nigeria probably had the most active publishing industry in Africa with a high level of publishing professionalism. In such a huge country this may not be surprising: there is a large market, state administrations with urban headquarters, and a variety of arrangements for publishing and distributing books. But publishers suffer from a scarcity of investment funds, with high costs of borrowing, which affects their ability to keep books in print and to start new publishing projects. Relatively few technical books are published locally because of the risks when compared with, for example, publishing school textbooks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In such a vast country, the state of book distribution varies from place to place, with cities and large towns obviously having a greater variety of books available for sale than small towns and rural areas. Small traders carry books to the latter; they do not take orders and the books they carry are those that they can get hold of which they think will sell. Would-be readers are frustrated unless they or their friends visit a city. Mail order is not a possibility because the domestic postal service is not trusted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the urban areas, where there are booksellers, an indeterminate number of potential readers cannot afford to buy books, especially those that have been imported. Book piracy is a consequence of this. Booksellers' sales have declined, their turnover has been reduced as has their ability to stay in business. Some institutions in the country buy direct from publishers or from overseas suppliers rather than from booksellers, which further damages them. Booksellers buy books from publishers in small quantities for a fast turn-round which affects publishers' ability to build up investment funds for the next publishing project or for a large reprint with its possibility of reducing unit book costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not to say that technical books are totally unavailable from Nigerian booksellers, but it is clear that only specialised outlets which know their book-buying customers well can risk stocking some of them. Rural dwellers have no chance of buying them without making a big effort in time and money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In contrast, Senegal has a less developed publishing and bookselling industry than Nigeria, with about a dozen professional publishers and a small network of booksellers, mostly in Dakar and the larger towns in the regions. The most important publishing opportunities in Senegal are in the field of primary school textbooks - where there is competition both within the country, with publishers from other developing states, and from the North. Senegal being a lot smaller than Nigeria, there is only room for one textbook, and primary school book production is not therefore the mainstay of local publishers. The publisher which used to supply all primary and secondary school textbooks for the Ministry of National Education is an exception and is still probably dependent upon educational publishing for its turnover. Few technical books are published; as with books for higher education, they are imported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The network of booksellers has been decreasing and it is difficult to make a living just by selling books without the back-up of other products to sell. Thus there are bookseller-stationers, bookseller-grocers, kiosks and street sellers, especially of secondhand books. Booksellers tend to order titles in small quantities because they cannot risk being left with unsold stock which ties up their capital. They order little and often. Most school textbooks are distributed through the Ministry of National Education, but booksellers still sell a variety of textbooks, some official and approved and some not. Before the devaluation of the CFA franc, booksellers ordered more from abroad. These books have now doubled in price, making them unaffordable, with a consequent opportunity opened for local publishers to fill a gap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from the professional publishers, various sorts of publications are being produced and distributed by literacy and post-literacy organisations and a delegated literacy ministry. Some organisations promote literacy for its own sake, while others use the attainment of literacy as the means through which development can spread in rural areas. The publications concern rural development, agriculture, health and nutrition, and rural democracy, amongst others. There is a good variety of different titles and a good supply of cheap and affordable books. Some are sold through booksellers, but most people buy them when they take their literacy courses, while small traders carry them up-country to sell and buy more copies from the publishers with the proceeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Book aid schemes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A whole literature exists on book aid schemes. Briefly, book aid comes in two forms, one using the local book sector and the other not to any great extent. The British Government's Educational Low Prices Books Scheme (sadly scheduled to end, at least in its present form, in April 1997) and the French Government's Programme Plus both use the local bookselling industry to make available standard tertiary textbooks and others at subsidised rates. Not all students could afford to buy them, but the two schemes nonetheless promote bookselling and commercial life within ACP countries and beyond. To some extent they safeguard the continuation of fore where up-to-date books can be seen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CTA's books aid scheme does not use the local book sector in terms of book distribution, although cooperation in co-publishing is beginning. The FAO, in distributing publications to ACP and other developing countries, is similar. Books supplied under multilateral and bilateral agencies' projects have tended to sidestep the local book sector, although this has been changing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with food aid, the question to be answered is whether continuing the aid prolongs the condition ? Or does the analogy with food aid break down in certain circumstances because books are different ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving book distribution in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Various efforts are being made to improve book markets for African publishers. For example, the African Books Collective, based in Oxford, UK, markets and sells both anglophone and francophone African publishers' selected books in the North and also to other African countries. It is often easier for publishers in the North to sell their books in Africa than it is for African publishers to sell their books across frontiers and in the continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publishers Associations have been formed in about a dozen countries with APNET, the African Publishers' Network, celebrating its fourth year as a continental association. CTA supported APNET in the production of the first catalogue of agricultural books published by African publishers. Very recently, an Africa-wide booksellers association has been created.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CTA and future book distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since CTA started distributing books on agriculture and rural development, publishing and bookselling activities in many ACP countries have multiplied and the context has changed somewhat. As noted at CTA's Montpellier conference in 1995, there is now much information and many documents going from North to South, suited to the planners, research workers and extension agents who process the information and pass it down to the small-scale farmers. Rather, a two-way information route would be more efficient, between farmers who have information to offer as well as information needs and information providers. The growth in requests to CTA for publications from co-operatives and farmer associations and from non-academic libraries and documentation units is evidence that the publications distribution service is fulfilling a need. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courierâs mailbag</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Earthen architecture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I read your article on 'Earthen Architecture', published by the CTA Bulletin in the September-October 1996 issue of The Courier (nÂ° 159) with a great deal of interest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The article presents such traditional products as rammed earth and adobe which have been used by man since time immemorial as witnessed by constructions and monuments to be found in the countries cited by the authors of the article, as well as industrial products such as the compressed earth block (CEB), which have provoked much interest in many parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The authors also demonstrate that the use of the compressed earth block has a distinct advantage in that it valorises local raw materials, encourages the setting up of local enterprises and creates employment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard, I would particularly wish to inform you that the Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) has, for the last ten years, been working on the industrial development of the CEB sector through support to ACP promoters at various levels:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - diagnostic studies of projects and setting-up of production units;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - search for EU technical partners who have economically advantageous technologies and are ready to transfer their know-how;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- training of enterprise personnel in CEB production and in the utilisation of this product;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- support in the manufacturing of brick presses such as is currently the case in Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some 100 small and mediumsized enterprises and non-governmental organisations in ACP countries involved in the CEB sector have benefited from direct CDI assistance. This assistance has, notably, led to the improved technical and economic performance of these enterprises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond support to projects, the CDI in collaboration with CRATerre actively participates in the industrial promotion of this technology. The Centre recently disseminated 2000 copies of a technical guide entitled 'CEB: Production Equipment' throughout the ACP countries. An exhibition on the compressed earth block and its application took place during the Industrial Mining Forum held in Lusaka, Zambia, in December 1994. Similar exhibitions were held during the Matconstruct Forum (Libreville, Gabon, October 1995) and at the Industrial Partnership event (Bordeaux, France, February 1995). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The standardisation of the compressed earth block is a prerequisite for the development of this sector. The Centre therefore organised a workshop on this topic in Yaounde in 1996 as a follow-up to the Matconstruct Forum. This seminar brought together some 40 ACP and EU participants to discuss the 'CEB: Standardisation' guide currently being prepared by CRATerre for publication in December 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main objective of the guide is to encourage ACP promoters to manufacture products in conformity with accepted norms and thus facilitate CEB integration in the industrial construction market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efforts made by the CDI, in collaboration with CRATerre, to develop the CEB sector deserve to be better known. We would therefore look forward to an opportunity to present the Centre's activities in this sector in a future issue of me Courier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surendra Sharma, Director, Centre for the Development of Industry,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brussels, Belgium.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Map insets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thank-you for your informative magazine. I wish you all the best in your endeavours to improve me Courier further. May I suggest that in the Country Report profiles, you include an inset map of the region highlighting the country in question for those readers who may not be familiar with the area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Andrew Frederick Meya, Kampala, Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of readers have raised this point with us since we have rearranged the cover pages and transferred the ACP and Europe 'regional' maps to the inside back cover. In future, we will endeavour to ensure that there is a cross-reference to this page in the Country Report profile. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bibliography</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publications received&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;La politique etrangere du Cameroun (Cameroon's foreign policy) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Narcisse Mouelle Kombi. Pub. L'Harmattan, Collection Â«Points de vueÂ» (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1996. 238 pp. ISBN 2-73843701-X.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon belongs to the zone formerly called the 'Third World' which is nowadays labelled the 'South'. This region of great diversity currently faces major socio-economic and political conflict, and receives 'multiform' and 'tied' aid from the developed countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This does not, however, prevent it from having a degree of freedom of action in diplomatic terms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, who is a specialist in international law, believes that as a player on the world scene, Cameroon puts its foreign-policy skills to good advantage and has acquired a certain respect in international relations and in global institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He argues that Yaounde is attempting to implement a realistic and pragmatic foreign policy, reflecting its own sovereign status and the imperatives of development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, the country is endeavouring to implement the changes forced upon it by modern circumstances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Le developpement institutionnel - Les organisations a l'epreuve de la specificite et de la concurrence (Institutional development - Organisations based on specificity and competition) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Arturo Israel. Translated from the English by Alain Claisse. Pub. L'Harmattan (5-7, me de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1996. 235 pp. 140 FF. ISBN 2-73844322-2.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A graduate of the University of Chile and the London School of Economics, the author has devoted most of his career (particularly within the World Bank) to examining the problems of economic and social development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He has been one of the pioneers of institutional development, a field which is nowadays seen as essential to all development strategies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He argues that institutional development requires not bureaucratisation but the promotion and recognition of two principles in both public and private organisations. These are competition and specificity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The former induces those involved to improve the quality of their work, whilst forcing them to listen to the 'consumer'. The latter involves qualifications, specialisation and a precise definition of objectives, tasks, resources and results.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After a critical review of assessment reports produced over a 15-year period by the World Bank in the field of institutional development, Arturo Israel tells us why such development is one of the keys to success in development projects. He demonstrates that a good project being implemented in an unfavourable institutional environment has little chance of achieving positive long-term effects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;La justice internationale face au drame rwandais (International justice confronted by the Rwandan crisis) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the direction of Jean-FranÃ§oise Dupaquier, with William Bourdon, Pierre-Serge Heger, Frederic Mutagwera, Fran,cois-Xavier Nsanzuwera, Rakiya Omaar, William A. Schabas and Anne-Marie Swartenbroekx. Pub. Karthala (22-24, boulevard Arago, F-75013, Paris). 1996. 248 pp. FF 130. BF. 715. ISBN 2-86537-662-1.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is two years since the genocide and political massacres which resulted in the death of a million people in Rwanda. In this work, the authors describe and analyse the progress made in various legal proceedings in Rwanda itself, in the international arena and in the jurisdictions of Belgium, France, Canada and Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some countries have been slow and apparently reluctant to fulfil their international obligations and this has resulted in disappointment and impatience on the part of the victims' families, jurists and human rights activists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the example of the Nuremberg trials, the authors suggest there are good grounds for concluding that international human rights have become less important over the last 50 years. This work allows one to reach a considered opinion. Modern legal instruments provide for the punishment of those responsible for the appalling tragedy in Rwanda. These instruments could be seen as a significant advance in the recognition of human rights by the international community. But what is missing at the moment is the political will (and public pressure) to implement them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Methodologies d'analyse de la mortalite des enfants - Applications au Cameroun (Analytical methodologies in child mortality as applied to Cameroon) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Amadou Noumbissi. Pub. Braylant-Academia (25, Grand Rue, B-134B Louvainla-Neuve) and L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1996. 305 pp. ISBN 2-87209389-3 (Academia-Braylant) and ISBN 2-7384-3722-2 (L'Harmattan).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Child mortality, always very high in sub-Saharan Africa, varies according to social class, habitat and region. The identification of the social, economic and cultural factors which influence the survival of children depends on the quality of data, and on the relevance of the indicators and statistical models used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the aid of specific examples, this work attempts to demonstrate the origin of a number of sources of bias in so-called classical approaches and the distortion of the truth which a poor choice or detrimental manipulation of statistical models can give rise to.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A teacher and researcher at the Demographic Institute of the Catholic University of Louvain (Belgium), the author proposes methods to take account of the interdependence and synergy which exist between the factors which affect the risk of mortality. He applies these methods to the data gained in two national surveys which were carried out in Cameroon in 1978 and 1991.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Revue Region et Developpement (Region and Development Journal)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pub. L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F75005 Paris). 1995. 238 pp. ISBN 2-7384-4125-4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This half-yearly journal, first launched in 1995, deals with the various socio-economic aspects of regional development. The second issue contains articles which may be of interest to our readers, including: 'Regionalisation, globalisation and polarisation of the world economy: is there room for developing countries?', and 'Housing models in developing countries'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Structural adjustment and ethnicity in Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Eghosa E. Osaghae. Pub. The Nordic Africa Institute (P.O. Box 1703, S-751 47 Uppsala, Sweden). 1995. 66 pp. ISBN 91-7106373-0.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author is a lecturer who heads the politics department at the University of Transkei in South Africa. A significant conclusion from his study, undertaken at the Nordic Africa Institute, is that from the ethnic standpoint, the implementation of structural adjustment (with its corollary of reduced state involvement in public life), has had positive effects in Nigeria. This contrasts with the usual perception of the structural adjustment process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The migration experience in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collection prepared under the direction of Jonathan Baker and Tade Akin Aina. Pub. The Nordic Africa Institute (P.O. Box 1703, S-751 47 Uppsala, Sweden). 1995. 353 pp. ISBN-91-7106366-8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This volume aims to take stock of migration in Africa. The causes of the phenomenon are varied and complex, and the authors have chosen an approach which illustrates the diversity of the theories, and methodological and analytical trends involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The book offers an empirical assessment of migration in contemporary Africa, focusing particularly on the problem of women migrants. Migration is an important element in the wider development equation and this work fills a gap in the literature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Challenges to the Nation-State in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collection prepared under the direction of Adebayo O. Olukoshi and Liisa Laakso. Pub. The Nordic Africa Institute (P.O. Box 1703, S-751 47 Uppsala, Sweden) in collaboration with the Institute of Development Studies, University of Helsinki. 1996. 213 pp. ISBN 91-7106381-1.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge confronting the nation state in contemporary Africa are of great interest to specialists attempting to understand how deconstruction and recomposition of the political identity of populations affects the post-colonial unitarian project. The studies offered in this volume show that this process has often taken ethno-regionalist, religious or separatist forms -  reinforced by economic crisis and the negative effects of structural adjustment, not to mention the legacy of years of political authoritarianism and exclusion dating from the colonial period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The authors believe that in order to promote national unity and a sense of citizenship in Africa, priority should be given, inter alia, to more representative forms of government, power-sharing and decentralisation, multi-party elections, the reinvention of the post-colonial social contract and cultural autonomy for minority groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agenda for Africa's economic renewal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collection prepared under the direction of Benno Ndulu and Nicolas van de Walle. Pub. Overseas Department Council (1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 1012, Washington, DC 20009, USA). 1996. 246 pp. ISBN 1-56000900-4.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For 20 years, sub-Saharan Africa has been experiencing a severe economic crisis. Growth has been stagnant and the result has been reduced living standards for much of the population, and ever-increasing pressure on the continent's political structures. Structural adjustment, advocated by international organisations in an attempt to restore growth in Africa, has not had the anticipated results and has given rise to a number of disputes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this book, 10 African, US and European experts attempt to look beyond the immediate horizon and identify strategies which could be implemented to give renewed vigour to the African economy. They analyse the choices which should be made in key areas such as agriculture, trade and industry, the role of the state and the social sectors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">News round - up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">In brief</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;World congress against the sexual exploitation of children&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first international congress dealing with the problem of the sexual exploitation of children for profit was held in Stockholm from 27 to 31 August. The initiative for the meeting came from ECPAT (End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism), working in collaboration with the Swedish government, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and a group of NGOs supporting the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The congress was attended by government representatives from most of the UN countries, participants from various international and regional organisations (including the UN Centre for Human Rights, the International Labour Organisation, the World Health Organisation, UNESCO, UNHCR and Interpol), NGOs, health professionals and media representatives from across the globe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The aim of the congress was to draw the international community's attention to the issue of the sexual exploitation of children and to promote the development of national plans to tackle all forms of abuse in this area. It focused particularly on three aspects: child prostitution, the 'trade' in children for sexual purposes, and child pornography.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there are a number of legal instruments which refer to these problems, the key one for the purposes of the Stockholm meeting was the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In Article 34 of this multilateral treaty, which has been ratified by 186 countries, the signatory states commit themselves to protect children against all forms of exploitation and violence of a sexual nature. For the purposes of the Convention, a child is defined as any human being less than 18 years old, except where the age of majority is lower than 18 in the relevant local legislation (Article 1).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The committee that was responsible for planning the Congress drew up documents on a number of themes including: the revision and application of laws; psycho-social prevention; tourism and child prostitution; those who engage in abuse; hygiene and health; the role of the media; child pornography; education; and human values. These subjects were all examined by working groups during the two-day session.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The congress was addressed by Anita Gradin, Member of the European Commission with responsibility for internal and judicial affairs, and matters relating to immigration. She took the opportunity to underline the point that the traffic in women and children was international. Organised crime, she said, lay at the heart of the 'trade' and it was closely linked to a whole range of other criminal activities. She cited, in this context, kidnapping, forging of documents, 'false' marriages and adoptions, clandestine immigration, violence and forced labour. these, in turn were associated with the drug trade, extortion and murder. The conclusion was that a global action plan and more international cooperation were needed. Ms Gradin acknowledged that existing arrangements had been successful in exposing the existence of paedophile networks but she was convinced that international cooperation should be strengthened further, and that organisations such as Interpol and Europol would be called upon to play a bigger part in the future. The European Commissioner went on to declare that a commitment to the protection of children ought to be a priority. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child - which is now eight years old -  should not merely tee 'adopted' by all countries. It should, rather, be applied in full and integrated into the legislation of every nation. There was no point, she suggested, in enacting new laws, if the existing ones were not being implemented and the financial resources had not been provided. Ms Gradin reaffirmed the European Commission's commitment to the fight against the exploitation of children. This would be reflected in communications to be drawn up by the Commission for presentation to the Council of Ministers and European Parliament, on the following subjects:  - the treatment of women (on the basis of the recommendations made by the Vienna Conference on this subject, which was held in June 1996);  - sex tourism, notably in certain countries in Asia and Latin America;  - actions designed to eliminate paedophile rings and child pornography networks which make use of new information technologies such as the Internet. During the congress, the Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs announced that his country would be launching an initiative at the EC's Justice and Internal Affairs Council meeting scheduled for 26 and 27 September. They would be proposing common action designed to strengthen police and judicial cooperation in the fight against the sexual exploitation of children for profit. He believed that it should be possible to take measures both within the framework of the Europol Convention, and by means of new and specific cooperation instruments. The culmination of the Stockholm congress was the adoption of a declaration and an action plan. These foresee strengthened cooperation and coordination among local and national authorities, and a series of measures to protect children, prevent abuse and provide rehabilitation. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1997: European year against racism &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a resolution adopted on 23 July, the Council of Ministers formally designated 1997 as the European year against racism. The aims, set out in the resolution, include:  - highlighting the threat posed by racism, xenophobia and antisemitism, in terms of both respect for fundamental rights, and in ensuring the economic and social cohesion of the European Community;  - encouraging reflection and discussion of the measures needed to tackle racism, xenophobia and antisemitism in Europe;  - promoting a sharing of experiences, best practice, and effective strategies drawn up at the local, national and European levels;  - disseminating information on the aforementioned best practice and strategies amongst those most closely involved in the fight against racism, xenophobia and antisemitism, with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of their actions in this area;  - highlighting the advantages of integration policies implemented at the national level, in particular in the fields of employment, education, training and housing;  - taking account, wherever possible, of the experiences of victims of racism, xenophobia and antisemitism, and promoting the participation of these people in society. ECU 6 million will be spent on a series of activities designed to help achieve these objectives during the 'year against racism'. A logo and slogan will be devised, and seminars and conferences will be staged with the aim of strengthening international cooperation (themes will include the role of education in eliminating racism, ways of establishing dialogue, and establishing mutual respect between different communities living in towns and cities). Documents and audiovisual material will be distributed, and an effort will be made to get the message across in the media. There will also be action to encourage information exchanges on best practice, and to increase public awareness of the issue. Prizes will be awarded to media organisations which safeguard the quality of the information they put out and which seek to promote tolerance. A specific effort will be made to counter the racist propaganda now appearing on the Internet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WTO banana challenge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union has set out its legal defence of duty-free preferences for African and Caribbean banana producing countries that are members of the Fourth LomÃ© Convention. This took place in September at an initial hearing of a World Trade Organisation (WTO) panel  - convened at the request of a number of competing banana producer nations. African and Caribbean states were permitted to voice their opinion as third part)&quot; in the case, despite an objection from the United States. The EU's banana market arrangements  - notably Protocol 5 of the LomÃ© Convention, which sanctions duty-free access  - have twice before come under attack in the Geneva body. Two earlier hearings in the WTO's forerunner, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), concerned the EU's previous state-to-state regime, and the new single market arrangements which have been in operation since July 1993. The present panel was set up at the request of four Latin American banana producer nations - Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico and Guatemala - together with the United States which is arguing that its domestic banana companies are losing out. The complainants jointly claim that the tariff quota for Latin American nations, the core of regulation 404/93 establishing the EU regime, discriminates against them. They also challenge the licensing arrangements of the so-called 'framework agreement' made under the GATT framework in 1994 with four Latin American nations (Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Venezuela). In return for a bigger share of the EU market, these four agreed to refrain from further challenges in the WTO against the EU's banana arrangements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel is expected to give its verdict in March 1997. The hearings are taking place behind closed doors, but it is understood that EU and ACP nations can count on the support of Japan - which currently imposes its own quotas on imports of other items and does not want to be challenged for these - and that of India which wants to show solidarity with the ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Speaking in Geneva, CotÃ© d'lvoire's Commodities Minister, Alain Gauze, stressed the heavy dependence of many African and Caribbean states on banana growing. 90% of Dominica's commodity exports are bananas and the crop accounts for 70% of its export receipts and 25% of its Gross Domestic Product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One ACP representative in Brussels described the task ahead es 'convincing them (the panel) that the banana regime and regulation 404/93 are required to fulfil the obligations of the EU under the LomÃ© Convention and the subsequent waiver.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The waiver to which he referred was accorded by GATT to the LomÃ© Convention's various non-reciprocal trade preferences in 1994, but it is up for renewal at the end of the year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has already put in a request for its extension until February 29, 2000, coinciding with the expiry date of LomÃ© IV.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The WTO was expected to rule on the renewal of the waiver in mid-October ahead of the panel's decision. If the renewal of the waiver were to be disallowed, the EU and ACP 'defendants' at the panel could find themselves on shaky legal ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the meantime, the EU has fixed its 1996 tariff quota, allowing a maximum of 2.553 million tonnes of Latin American bananas to be imported into the Union with a tariff of ECU 75 per tonne.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further quota of 72 440 tonnes has been allocated to this region following tropical storms Iris, Luis et Marilyn. The damage caused by these storms led to the suspension of supplies of bananas from several Caribbean islands. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EU banana production is expected to reach 750 000 tonnes in 1996, while preferential imports from the African and Caribbean members of the ACP group have been fixed at 680 000 tonnes. According to latest predictions, the total consumption of this fruit in the European Union in 1996 will be 4030440 tonnes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade and labour standards&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ahead of the first ministerial meeting of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to be held in December in Singapore, the European Commission has published a discussion paper (COM (96) 402 final) on whether labour standards should be linked to trade - which could mean sanctions for nations which do not comply with globally recognised labour clauses. What is at stake is to draw up globally recognised criteria and implement them without accusations of protectionism from some developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At an informal meeting of EU trade ministers in Dublin on September 18, EC Trade Commissioner, Sir Leon Brittan, said that, in supporting an international code, the European Union had no intention of damaging the competitive advantage of developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many Asian countries, who view the move of the EU and of other industrialised nations as veiled protectionism, do not even want the subject broached at the Singapore meeting. However, mention was made of the link between trade and internationally recognised labour standards in the conclusions of the Uruguay Round of GATT in Marrakesh in 1994, which requested that the WTO do more work on this issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The recent Commission paper advances the reasons for an international code: 'Workers in certain sectors in particular perceive that their jobs are under threat from imports from countries which allow unfair or unacceptable working practices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These concerns cannot be ignored and should be addressed by the world trading system. Otherwise the perception will be - wrongly - that trade liberalisation is the problem and not the solution to the challenge to all societies to create a higher standard of living for all their citizens.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It further makes the point that such a policy is in line with others such as the promotion of democracy, respect for human rights and adherence to the rule of law. The EU has always upheld the view that there is a positive correlation between social progress, economic growth and trade liberalisation. According to the paper: 'There is no question of imposing on developing countries the higher wage levels and better working conditions which pertain in the industrialised world. Nor is this an action designed to re-erect new barriers to trade under cover of a social agenda.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU and international bodies are already looking at the kind of global criteria that might be adopted. A report of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), published in 1994, as well as the conclusions of the 1995 World Social Summit in Copenhagen, both suggest that freedom of association, collective bargaining, prohibition of forced labour and the elimination of child labour are top of the list.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A report entitled: 'Trade, Employment and Labour Standards - a study of core workers' rights and international trade', produced this year by the Paris-based Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), looks at the options in depth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeff Atkinson, trade policy advisor for the NGO, Oxfam UK, suggests that initial negotiations should be limited to matters covered in ILO Conventions 87 and 98. The former deals with freedom of association and protection of the right to organise, while the latter is on the right to organise and collective bargaining. He argues that other Conventions, covering such matters as the right to equal renumeration for men and women workers, freedom from discrimination and the abolition of forced labour, depend on the first two. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A notable omission from Jeff Atkinson's list is ILO Convention 138 on child labour. He does not feel that this Convention adequately addresses the issue. While international concern has focused on the most abusive forms of child labour such as slavery and prostitution, he points out not all child labour is so grossly abusive. Some forms can bring in money for food and shelter, which would otherwise not be available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He argues that if conditions are right, employment (say on a family farm or business) can contribute positively to a child's development, by providing an informal learning environment in which social and physical skills can develop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'To tackle the symptoms, for example by banning child labour, without addressing the underlying cause is likely to be counterproductive', says Mr Atkinson. He argues that it might induce children to seek illegal work in order to survive, or alternatively that they may end up becoming destitute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some bodies are already trying to enforce improved standards. Although the ILO cannot implement sanctions, if an ILO member fails to comply with Conventions, a dialogue can be instituted with the defaulting country. It is also running an extensive public campaign against child labour and is assisting the development of social labelling for goods produced which fully respect ILO Conventions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under its new Generalised System of Preferences (GSP), the EU can remove some trade preferences if goods imported from non-LomÃ© developing nations are found to have been made with forced or slave labour. And from January 1, 1998, extra preferences can be given to countries which so request and comply with Conventions 87, 98 and 138. But if the enforcement of a socalled 'Social Clause' does reach the WTO level, some voices are already calling for joint monitoring involving the WTO and that long-time champion of human rights, the ILO. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1996 UNCTAD Report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A slow world growth rate is revealed in this year's annual report of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), published in September. The global economy expanded by only 2.4% in 1995 compared with a 2.8% increase in 1994. And production is below what it could be, says the report. On the whole, developing nations achieved higher growth rates than their industrialised counterparts in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1996, world growth is expected to slow further although there will still be 'star performers' in some regions, and particularly slow movers in others. Asia is the continent currently doing best and China has the fastest expanding economy - despite this having slackened in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1995, Africa recorded higher growth than Latin America, according to the Rubens Ricupero, UNCTAD Secretary General. It also managed the first real increase in average per capita income for a long time. This was partly due to commodity prices picking up - they rose 10% on average.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But not such good news for the continent was a drop in private capital flows, notably direct investment. And the growth rate was highly variable across Africa. In some countries it was above 5% but in others, the economic situation was hit badly by political and armed conflicts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meanwhile, drought led to lower production in the Sahel. The prospects for 1996 are uncertain according to the report. It noted that even countries whose economies have expanded during 1995 and 1996 will need another ten concurrent years of good economic results to get back to the per capita income they enjoyed 20 years ago.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report highlights the tremendous difficulties facing many of the heavily-indebted, least developed nations. This is despite the fact that a number of donors have recently written off substantial amounts of some countries' public debts while the Paris Club has rescheduled repayments from other nations. Even if the new arrangements are followed through, UNCTAD is predicting that debt will remain a major burden for many countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One worrying factor is the weight of their multilateral debt and bilateral obligations to creditors other than the Paris Club. Multilateral institutions have implemented a number of measures, but these are of very limited scope. The UNCTAD Secretary General is encouraging multilateral creditors in particular, to put more muscle behind their debt relief plans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The authors of the report are also recommending the establishment of an agency, within UNCTAD itself, to help developing nations achieve trade diversification and industrialisation strategies for economic growth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seminar on NGOs and government relations in humanitarian emergencies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The British Council is organising an international seminar on the above subject in Oxford, UK, from 12-17 December 1996. The main themes to be covered at the meeting will include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the actors in humanitarian assistance;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - funder and donor policy;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- government sovereignty;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- rights and obligations of intervention;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- the role of the beneficiary;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- conflicts of interest and areas of cooperation between donor NGOs and host governments, and;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- accountability and evaluation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further information can be obtained from the Marketing Manager, International Seminars, The British Council, 1 Beaumont Place, GB-Oxford, OX1 2PJ.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. (44) 1B65 316 636, Fax. (44) 1865 57368.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E-mail: International. Seminar@britcoun.org &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The institutions at work</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the European Union has recently issued a number of statements, details of which are set out below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: condemnation of the massacre on 19 July&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 23 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses grave concern at the deteriorating situation in Burundi especially at the killing of civilians and other gross violations of human rights which continue to be perpetrated in that country. It vehemently condemns the massacre of civilians in the Bugendana camp for displaced persons on 19 July last and deplores the expulsions of Rwandan refugees against their will. This massacre, following as it does those at Gishubi, Kivyuka, Teza, Mutoyi, Songa and Kamenge, represents a new stage in the vortex of violence, action and reaction putting Burundi at risk of being drawn ever further into a full civil war, the effects of which would be catastrophic for the people of Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU calls on all Burundians to turn away from violence and move singlemindedly along the road to a peaceful and negotiated solution of their problems. It would point to the undertakings given on 25 June 1996 at Arusha during the Summit of Heads of State of the region in favour of dialogue open to all sectors of Burundi's population together with provision of the security measures needed to create the conditions for such dialogue. It would also point out that these undertakings were given formal backing by the Heads of State and Government of the entire continent of Africa when they met from 8 to 10 July at Yaounde under the aegis of the Organisation for African Unity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU believes that only compliance with the undertakings given at Arusha and their swift implementation can restore a climate of confidence and prevent Burundi becoming embroiled in a generalised conflict. As it has already stressed in the Council's statement of 15 and 16 July, the EU reiterates that it is prepared to assist in pursuit of the Arusha objectives in order to restore peace and security in Burundi and it supports the efforts of former President Nyerere and the countries of the region to achieve this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: appeal for reconciliation following the coup d'Etat &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 26 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union shares the deep concern of the Secretary General of the United Nations, and others, about yesterday's military coup in Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU urges all sides to avoid recourse to violence and to take all steps to resolve the crisis by exclusively peaceful means.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU believes that the main immediate priority is the humanitarian situation. There must be no further loss of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An immediate beginning of a national debate is essential, leading to a real process of national reconciliation, founded on democracy and security for all sections of society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard, the EU commends the efforts of former President Nyerere and regional leaders to broker an all-inclusive, negotiated settlement in Burundi, in peaceful conditions, and urges them to examine the possibility of continuing their efforts in this respect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reiterates its firm commitment to the re-establishment of peace in Burundi. The Union is following developments in the country closely, in active consultation with partners in the UN, with the OAU and others, towards the goal of restoring peace and security in Burundi. The EU Special Envoy, Mr Ajello, who is in the region, is actively assisting in this process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: doubts about the first round election results&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 1 August 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses deep concern about the way in which the first round of the presidential elections in Niger on 7-8 July was conducted. In particular, it deplores the decision taken by the Niger authorities to dissolve the independent national electoral commission during the voting process and to replace it with an alternative body. It is the view of the EU that this decision, by the Niger authorities, casts serious doubts on the credibility of the election results. It requests the Niger authorities to explain this decision and why observers found it impossible to assist in gathering and collating the election results.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU urges the Niger authorities, in dealing with the critical situation which has resulted from their decision, to respect fully the fundamental freedoms of movement, expression and association of the Niger people. It attaches great importance to the restoration of all civil rights.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU will examine, in the light of recent developments, its policies of economic and development cooperation with the Niger authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU calls for the full restoration of democratic civilian government in Niger through transparent processes. Free and fair elections will be crucial in this respect. The EU will continue to follow the situation in Niger closely and in particular the preparation, holding and transparency of the forthcoming legislative elections on 22 September. Iceland, the Central European countries associated with the EU and the associated countries Cyprus and Malta align themselves with this declaration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swaziland: revision of the Constitution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 6 August 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union welcomes the announcement by King Mswati III of the names of the new Prime Minister of Swaziland and of the Constitutional Review Commission and is pleased that its membership represents all shades of political opinion in Swaziland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU wishes to encourage all members of the Constitutional Review Commission to participate fully in its work and expresses confidence that their endeavours will bring about the adoption of a draft democratic constitution acceptable to the people of Swaziland as a whole. It hopes that the Commission will pursue its task energetically and is ready to offer appropriate assistance to the Commission if it so wishes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: appeal for talks and reconciliation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 19 August 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recalling its declarations of 25 June and 5, 15, 23 and 26 July 1996, the European Union reiterates its deep concern about the situation in Burundi. It urges all sides to refrain from violence and to commit themselves to, and work actively towards, a negotiated and peaceful resolution of the crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU wishes to express its support for the regional leaders, the Organisation of African Unity and the former President of Tanzania, Mr Julius Nyerere, in the efforts which they have been making to assist Burundi to overcome peacefully the grave crisis which it is experiencing, and encourages them to continue their efforts to facilitate the search for a political solution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU considers it essential for a dialogue to be organised without delay, bringing together all of Burundi's political forces without exception, including representatives of civil society, in order to negotiate a democratic, institutional consensus ensuring security for all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is convinced that national reconciliation and civil peace in Burundi can be restored on a lasting basis only through the participation of all sections of society in the principal institutions and bodies of the State.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU urges all sides in Burundi to call an immediate halt to the violence and respect the safety of all Burundians.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It reaffirms its willingness to support Burundi's recovery efforts, once the necessary national reconciliation is embarked upon with all the resolve required.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AID FOR REHABILITATION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of the 'European Programme for Reconstruction and Development in South Africa', the Commission has recently decided on financing for the following ten projects:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 19.2 million for a development programme covering the management of the public service;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 17.2 million for technical assistance to the Ministry of Education;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 16 million for a support programme for Parliament;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 15 million for the electrification of rural schools;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 9 million to support the reform process in the police services of the Eastern Cape province;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 8.9 million for a financing and investment development programme for SMEs;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 5 million for a programme of rural water supply and sanitation projects to be implemented &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by the NGO Mvula Trust; &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 4.3 million to support the trade union movement;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 2.3 million for the 'Soul City 1996' project designed to make full use of the mass media to promote health and development issues;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 1.9 million to support the 'Truth and National Reconciliation Commission'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENT FUND&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic and social infrastructure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burkina Faso: ECU 4.125 million for studies relating to certain road infrastructures. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritius: ECU 9 million for an irrigation programme in the northern plains. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominica: ECU 1.65 million towards the establishment of refuse treatments systems.  Trade promotion/ structural adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CotÃ© d'lvoire: ECU 25.5 million to , support the structural adjustment programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lesotho: ECU 8.6 million for the fourth structural adjustment programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture/rural development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia-Kenya-Uganda: ECU 20 million for a programme to coordinate national activities aimed at achieving sustainable rural development in the region (notably involving the fight against the Tsetse fly)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Education/training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean region: ECU 5.9 million towards a post-secondary education training programme in the countries of the OECS (Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States - Antigua &amp;amp; Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St Kitts &amp;amp; Nevis, St Lucia, St. Vincent &amp;amp; the Grenadines). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi: ECU 4.4 million for a social/ participatory programme in the forestry sector as part of the implementation of a national forestry policy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Institutional support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SADC member states: ECU 1.7 million to support the SADC (Southern African Development Community) secretariat in order to strengthen the SADC-EU regional programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UEMOA (West Africa Economic and Monetary Union): ECU 12 million to support the regional integration process in the member states (Benin, Burkina Faso, CotÃ© d'lvoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 1.5 million for a support programme for the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EUROPEAN INVESTMENT  BANK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the first half of 1996, the Bank has provided the following loans from its own resources or in the form of risk capital:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa/Madagascar: ECU 30 million for ASECNA (I'Agence pour la securite de la navigation aerienne en Afrique et a Madagascar) for the renewal and modernisation of air safety equipment. Botswana: ECU 6.6 million to the Botswana Power Corporation to help increase electricity-generating capacity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burkina Faso: ECU 6 million to SOFITEX (Societe burkinabe des fibres textiles) for the renewal and extension of its cotton ginneries facility. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali: ECU 5.3 million to the Societe Energie du Mali for the financing of the Balingue thermal power station. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritania: ECU 2 million to SNIM (Societe rationale industrielle et miniere) for the setting up and operation of a mechanical workshop. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritania: ECU 1.4 million to the Societe arabe du fer et de l'acier (Arab iron and steel company) for the construction of a foundry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 500 000 to Grafites de Ancuabe for the exploitation of a graphite mine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 2 million to the Zambia Venture Capital Fund, set up to subscribe for minority equity stakes in SMEs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jamaica: ECU 40 million to Telecommunications of Jamaica Ltd for expansion and modernisation of the domestic and international telecommunications network. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;British Virgin Islands: ECU 600 000 to the government for the design and feasibility study of the main airport at Beef Island, Tortola. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga: ECU 3.7 million to the Tonga Telecommunications Commission for the development of the country's domestic telecommunications network.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUMANITARIAN AID&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 5 million for the purchase and distribution of vegetable oils and cereals to refugees living in the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 420 000 for emergency medical assistance in the fight against cholera in the Mandera region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 1.9 million for emergency food aid to the victims of the continuing factional fighting. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudan: ECU 2.5 million for the purchase and distribution of maize in a transit camp close to the capital (154 000 people) and in the south of the country (1 million people), and for the distribution of sorghum to Ethiopian and Eritrean refugees in the east (200 000 people). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 150 000 to help tackle the cholera epidemic. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 10 million for a programme to counter malnutrition and improve basic health care, in particular for women and children in isolated locations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Montserrat: ECU 380 000 to help evacuees in the wake of the recent volcanic eruption. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non-ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia: ECU 1 million for people displaced as a result of drug terrorism and the fighting that has been taking peace between government forces and guerillas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Costa Rica: ECU 400 000 for the victims of Hurricane Cesar. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala: ECU 220 000 to train teachers in order to improve education among repatriated communities in the department of Alta Verapaz. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua: ECU 440 000 to improve conditions for the social and economic reintegration of uprooted populations (people who have been repatriated, displaced or demobilised) in the department of Rio San Juan. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Caucasus: ECU 4.18 million for civilian victims of the war in Chechnya and for refugees in Ossetia and Dagestan. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iraq: ECU 9 million for food aid, medical provisions, rehabilitation of drinking water systems, sanitary equipment and educational material to assist 3 million people in the north and centre of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yemen: ECU 150 000 for flood victims. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cambodia: ECU 290 000 for a programme to construct and distribute artificial limbs to land-mine victims. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand (Burmese refugees): ECU 220 000 for 'Mon' refugees from Burma (Myanmar) who have fled the violence in their country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand (Burmese refugees): ECU 500 000 for medical aid in favour of 'Karen' refugees from Burma (Myanmar). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AID&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently decided to allocate the following aid: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p90.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Table&lt;/P&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH4f74.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH4f74.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH4f74.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,968 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/fb33fe/fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41404</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://fb33fe/fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://fb33fe/fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Agriculture and Food Processing|Better Farming series of FAO and INADES - 46 booklets</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Settlements, Housing, Building - Infrastructure Construction (Roads etc)|Settlements and housing: general works incl. low- cost housing, planning techniques, surveying, etc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants (fb33fe)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">FAO Better Farming series</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214927</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215032</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH4f74.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p60a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p61a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p61b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p61c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p61d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p62a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p62b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p63a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p63b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p64a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p64b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p64c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p64d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p65a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p65b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p65c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p65d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p66a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p66b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p66c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p67a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p67b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p68a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p68b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p68c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p68d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p69a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p69b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p69c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p70a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p70b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p70c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p71a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p71b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p71c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p72a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p72b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p73a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p73b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p74a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p74b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p75a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p75b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p75c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p76a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p76b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p76c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p77a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p77b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p77c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p78a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p78b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p79a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p79b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p79c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p79d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p80a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p80b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p81a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p81b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p82a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p82b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p82c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p82d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p83a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p84a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p84b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p84c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p84d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p85a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p85b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p85c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p86a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p86b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p86c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p87a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p87b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p87c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p88a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rome 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P-69&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ISBN 92-5-102396-4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â© FAO 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+ 
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Snails are good to eat.</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content> 
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Did you know that many kinds of snails are good to eat?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2. Snail meat tastes good and it is also good for you. If you have snail meat to eat, it will help to keep you and your family strong and healthy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p60a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Family kept strong and healthy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3. If you want to have snails to eat you can get them in different ways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4. Many people gather wild snails that live nearby. Sometimes you can buy snails at the market or from people who gather them to sell to others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5. You can also raise your own snails. This is called snail farming. Today, a great many people all over the world farm snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6. If you farm your own snails, you will always have a supply of fresh snail meat whenever you want it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7. Then, if your family is not too big and you grow more snails than you need to eat, you can sell what you do not use to your neighbours or at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Selling snails at the market&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8. With more food to eat and the money you get by selling snails, you and your family can live better.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9. However, if your family is big you will need to grow many more snails if you are going to have enough to eat and to sell at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ You need to grow more snails if your family is big&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">What do you need to start?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You will need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ enough snails to start your snail farm&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ a place near your house with the right kind of soil and the right amount of water for snails to live and grow&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ A place near your house&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the kinds of plants that snails need for food and shelter&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the materials to build a pen for the snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p62a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plants that snails need; The materials to build a pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;10. If you have or can get all of these things, you can raise snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Learning about snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;11. To farm snails is not hard; however, it is quite different from keeping chickens or ducks or from growing crops such as maize, rice, cassava or groundnuts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;12. Since farming snails is so different from other kinds of farming, you will have to learn a lot of new things.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;13. One way to learn about snails so that you will be able to farm them is to watch the wild snails that live near you.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p62b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Watch the wild snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;14. Try to see how they live, how they move and where they go, what plants they like best and what they eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;15. You can learn many things by watching wild snails that will help you later if you decide to start a snail farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p63a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wild snail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;16. Another way to learn about snails is to ask an older farmer who knows a lot about your area. If there are people near you who gather snails to sell to others, they may be able to help you.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;17. In the next part of this booklet, you will begin to learn some things that you need to know to farm snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">What kind of snails can you farm?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;18. The kind of snails that you can farm are snails that live on land, and there are many kinds of land snails that are good to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;19. However, some kinds of land snails are not good to eat and they may even make you very, very sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;20. So, you must be very careful when you choose snails to farm. If you are not sure that a snail is good to eat, do not use it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p63b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Do not use snail unless you are sure it is good to eat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;21. Now look at the drawings on pages 8 to 11 and you will see four kinds of good snails that live in different places.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;22. You may be able to find one of these kinds of snails where you live. Notice that two of them are small and two of them are large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;23. The smaller kinds of snails, shown on pages 8 and 9, can often be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;24. The larger kinds of snails, shown on pages 10 and 11, can often be found in places where it is warm all year round.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix pomatia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of small snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 15 to 25 grams and measures from 40 to 50 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a strong shell which is pale brown and off- white&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in two to three years if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from 30 to 50 eggs each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix Pomatia - 30 to 50 small eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix aspersa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of small snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can often be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 4 to 20 grams and measures from 30 to 45 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a weak shell with broken stripes which are light brown to black&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in one year if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from 40 to 170 eggs one to three times each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix aspersa - 40 to 170 small eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Achatina achatina&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of large snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can often be found in places where it is warm all year round&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 150 to 200 grams or more and measures from 90 to 130 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a very strong brown shell&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in two years if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from 100 to 300 eggs one to two times each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Achatina achatina - 100 to 300 small eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Archchatina marginata&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of large snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can often be found in places where it is warm all year round&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 150 to 200 grams or more and measures from 90 to 130 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a very strong brown shell&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in two years if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from five to ten eggs four to eight times each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Archchatina marginata - five to ten large eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;25. If you cannot get one of these snails, you may be able to get others very much like them where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;26. There are many other kinds of good snails. There may even be several kinds of good snails that are eaten where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;27. If snails are eaten where you live, you can farm one of these. Then you will be sure that it is good to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Where can you get snails?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;28. When you are ready to get snails, perhaps you can get them by gathering wild snails that live near you.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p66a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Gathering wild snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;29. Perhaps you can buy them from people who gather wild snails to sell to others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p66b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Buying from one who gathers wild snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;30. You may even be able to buy them from another snail farmer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p66c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Buying from another snail farmer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Never term snails that you buy at the market. Snails at the market may have been washed, kept too cold or hurt and they may die soon.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Where can you farm snails?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;31. A good place for a snail farm is one where there already are snails. If there already are snails, you will know that the soil and the water in the soil are right for snails to live and grow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;32. However, if there are no snails near where you live it does not mean that you cannot raise snails there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;33. If you have the right kind of soil with the right amount of water, you can bring good snails from another place to start your snail farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The soil and the water in the soil</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;34. Soil is important for snails. Part of the time they live on the soil and part of the time they live in the soil, and to live well, snails need good soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p67a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail on the soil; Snail in the soil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;35. When snails are not on the soil or in the soil, they are on plants which grow in the soil. So, the soil must also be good for the kinds of plants that snails need.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p67b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail on plant&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;36. When snails are in the soil, they are resting or laying their eggs. If the soil has the right amount of water, snails will live well, the eggs they lay will hatch well and the baby snails will come out of the soil easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;37. Snails cannot live in hard soil such as heavy clay soils. When heavy clay soil is too dry, snails cannot dig into it to rest and lay their eggs. When heavy clay is too wet, snails and the eggs they lay may die.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;38. Snails cannot live in loose soil such as soils that have a lot of sand. Sandy soils do not hold enough water for snail eggs to hatch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;39. The drawings on the next page show how a snail digs a hole, lays its eggs, closes the hole and how the baby snails come out when they have hatched.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;40. Snails need calcium from the soil to make their shells. All snails grow better and have stronger shells when there is a lot of calcium in the soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;41. So, if you are going to farm snails, you must have a good medium soil that has neither too much clay nor too much sand. It must also have enough calcium and the right amount of water for your snails to live and grow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If you have a garden, you can easily tell if your soll is good for snails. If your green leafy vegetables grow well, snails will also grow well in the same kind of soil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails will grow well in a garden&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 snail digging a hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 1 snail digging a hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 laying the eggs and closing the hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail laying eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 baby snails hatching and coming out of the hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Baby snails hatching and coming out of the hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Plants for food and plants for shelter</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;42. Snails need plants for both food and sheller. Most kinds of snails use several kinds for food and several other kinds for shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p69a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plants for food and plants for shelter&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;43. They may also use different plants for food and shelter at different times of the year. Sometimes during the growing season snails eat and find shelter on the same plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;44. Snails usually hide on shelter plants during the day when it is dry and move to food plants to eat at night or early in the morning when they are wet with dew. However, sometimes snails do eat during the day after it has rained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;45. If you live in a place which has a season when plants do not grow, snails will dig into the soil to rest and they do not eat then.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;46. During the growing season snails will eat a lot and grow very fast if they have food plants that they like.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;47. So, before you begin you will have to find out exactly what plants they like to eat. To do this you will have to watch snails at night when they eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p69b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ See what snails eat at night&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;48. You can tell that snails are eating when you see their heads moving as they scrape food into their mouths. You can also tell when a snail has been eating by the holes it makes in the leaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p69c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail on leaf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;49. You will also have to find out what plants they like for shelter. To do this you will have to watch snails during the day when they rest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p70a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ See where snails rest during the day&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50. It is often difficult to find snails on shelter plants because they are hiding. So, you will have to look very carefully.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p70b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails are hiding on shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;51. In addition to the food plants, there are many other kinds of foods that you can put into a pen for your snails to eat. You will learn about these foods and when you should use them in the next booklet in this series.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dew and rain</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;52. Dew at night in the growing season helps the plants to grow and makes the leaves and the ground wet so that snails can move about.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;53. Rain in the growing season also helps the plants to grow and it cleans the plants of dust and the dirt that snails leave when they move about. The dirt that snails leave may make them sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;54. So, it is very important that the food and shelter plants are wet and clean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;55. When the leaves are wet, snails move easily, eat more and grow well. When the leaves are dry, snails move very little, or not at all, and they grow poorly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p70c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wet leaves are good for snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;56. When it rains and the plants are clean, the snails will be healthy. When it does not rain and the plants are dirty, the snails may get sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57. Dew and rain also keep the ground moist so that the snails can move easily and dig into it to rest and to lay their eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;58. In the next booklet, you will be told how to wet the leaves of plants and moisten the ground when it is too dry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Land that is wet</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;59. Land that is very wet, low land that does not drain well or land that floods in the rainy season is not good for snail farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p71a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Low, wet land is bad for snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Wind</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60. Wind during the growing season is bad because it dries the dew and dries out the snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p71b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wind is bad for snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;61. If you decide to farm snails, try to keep them in a place that is protected from the wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p71c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails should be farmed in a place protected from the wind&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Where do you keep snails when you farm them?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;62. If you decide to farm snails you must keep them in a pen. Snails kept in a well- built pen will not get away easily and you can watch them and take care of them well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;63. After the first year you will need at least two pens. If you decide to farm more snails you may want even more pens. You will learn how to use two or more pens in the next booklet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p72a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Two pens the second year&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;64. In each pen you can give your snails the right kinds of plants for them to eat and to use as shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;65. In each pen you can put the food and shelter plants near each other so that the snails can move easily from one to the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;66. Each pen you build must also keep the snails safe from their enemies. Snails have many enemies. You must be careful to protect them from&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ mice and rats&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ shrews and moles&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ walking insects that live on the ground such as ants and beetles&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ slugs and other snails that eat snail meat&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ birds that eat snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ frogs and toads&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ thieves&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p72b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Protect them fromâŠ&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;67. A snail pen can be small or large depending on how many snails you want to raise. However, when you first begin, start with a small pen. You will need fewer materials. It will be easier to take care of.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;68. In addition, with a small pen you will need fewer snails to begin. When you know more about raising snails, you can build a bigger pen and get more snails to raise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;69. A good size for a pen is 5 x 5 metres. Later in this booklet you will learn how to build a small pen of this size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How many snails will you need when you first begin?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70. If you are using small snails like those you have seen on pages 8 and 9 in this booklet, you will need more snails to begin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;71. If you are using large snails like those you have seen on pages 10 and 11 in this booklet, you will need fewer snails to begin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;72. With a pen of 5 x 5 metres (25 square metres) you will need&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 150 snails if you use the small kind (6 for each square metre)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 25 snails if you use the large kind (1 for each square metre).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p73a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 150 small snails; 25 large snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How much snail meat can you expect to get?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;73. The amount of snail meat that you will get from small snails will be about the same as what you would get from large snails. This is because you will use many more small snails than large snails and the meat will be about equal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;74. With one 5 x 5 metre pen you will get 12 to 13 kilograms of snail meat each year and with two 5 x 5 metre pens you will get 24 to 26 kilograms each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p73b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 12 to 13 kilograms each year; 24 to 26 kilograms each year&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Now you must decide</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;75. In the first part of this booklet you have learned many things about snails and farming snails. You have learned&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ why it is good to farm snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ what you need to farm snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ what kinds of snails you can farm&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to find plants near you that are good for food and shelter&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ what kind of soil and how much water in the soil snails need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ where to keep snails and how many you need to start&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;76. You may also have been able to learn a lot about snails by watching the wild snails near where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;77. An old farmer may have told you what he knows about snails. Someone who gathers snails to sell to others or another snail farmer may have helped you to learn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;78. So, now that you know a lot about snails it is time to decide if you would like to start your own snail farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;79. If you would like to begin you will learn exactly what to do in the rest of this booklet and in the next booklet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How to begin</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Choose a place on your land to put your snail farm</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;80. Try to choose a place that is close to your house. That way you will be able to watch your snails, protect them from their enemies and take care of them easily&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p74a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Close to your house&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;81. In Items 34 to 41 you were told that to farm snails you must have the right kind of soil with the right amount of water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;82. Remember, if green leafy vegetables grow well in your soil, snails will also grow well in the same kind of soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p74b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ If your garden grows well, so will your snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;83. In Items 59 to 61 you were told that low, wet land and wind are bad for snails. So, avoid low, wet places and try to put your snail farm where it is protected from the wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p75a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Avoid low, wet land; Find a place protected from wind&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;84. In Item 63 you were told that after the first year you will need at least two pens and later you may want even more. In Item 69 you were told that it is best to start with a small pen of 5 x 5 metres.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;85. So, try to find a place where you can put at least two or three 5 x 5 metre pens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p75b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ two or three 5 x 5 metre pens&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Clean the site and prepare the ground</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;86. Clean the site and prepare the ground a little before the growing season so that you can build the pen in time to plant the food and shelter plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;87. First, mark out a square of 8 x 8 metres on the place that you have chosen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p75c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark and clear the 8 x 8 metre square&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;88. That way, with a pen of 5 x 5 metres in the centre of the square, you will have a path of 1.5 metres all the way around it (see Item 92). If you have enough land, the path can be even wider.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;89. Clear the square of trees, bushes grass, creeping grass and weeds. Take away all of the roots and the big stones that you can.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p76a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take away roots and big stones&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90. Spread the plant material that you have cleaned evenly on the ground and cover the whole square. If there is not enough, bring more plant material from another place.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p76b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cover the square with plant materials&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;91. When the plant material is dry, burn it. This will kill the insects, the weed seeds and the roots of creeping grass, and rid the ground of mice, rats and shrews.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p76c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Burn the plant materials&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insecticides and poisons can also be used to rid your pen of insects, mice, rats and other enemies of snails. However, if you use them, do not use them by yourself because they are very dangerous. Ask someone who knows how to use them, such as your extension agent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;92. Now mark out a smaller square of 5 x 5 metres inside the big square. This is for your first snail pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p77a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark the 5 x 5 metre square&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;93. Dig the ground in the smaller square to a depth of 20 centimetres and turn it over well. As you dig, remove any rubbish or roots that you find.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p77b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Dig in the ground&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94. While you are digging, if you see any more insects or any of the enemies of snails, bring more dry plant material and burn the ground again. To farm snails, the area must be free of insects, mice, rats and other enemies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;95. When you have finished digging, the ground in the 5 x 5 metre square should be as smooth and well worked as it would be if you were planting a vegetable garden.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p77c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The 5 x 5 metre square should be smooth&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;96. However, do not use any fertilizer, animal manure or compost as you might with a vegetable garden. Fertilizers may burn the snails and animal manure or compost may bring in insects and weed seeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Building a pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;97. Build a pen for your snails as soon as you can after you have burned the plant material. This is to keep other insects, mice, rats or shrews from getting into your pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;98. A snail pen is a simple fenced- in area and you can build a fence using&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ woven plant material&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ woven plant material with chicken wire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p78a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Materials for fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Using corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;99. A fence of corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets makes the best pen for snails because it keeps out their enemies very well. However, sheet metal or plastic costs a lot of money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p78b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ A fence of corrugated sheet metal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;100. If you are going to build a pen using corrugated metal or plastic, you must build it in such a way that the enemies of snails cannot get in between the sheets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Using woven plant material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;101. To save money, you can build a fence of woven plant material such as split bamboo. If the woven material is tight, it will keep out enough of enemies for you to farm snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Using woven plant material with chicken wire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;102. If you can get fine- mesh chicken wire, you can improve a fence that is made of woven material.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Chicken wire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;103. To do this, first make the fence of chicken wire and then cover it with woven material.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ First use chicken wire then cover it with woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;104. The chicken wire will keep out rats and other small animals. The woven plant material will keep most of the insects out and keep the snails in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Keep out small animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With any kind of pen animals such as rats may get in, and this is especially true with pens made only of woven plant material. So, you must always watch for rats and other animals and keep them out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How to build the fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;105. Build the fence as you would any fence, by driving posts into the ground. Use posts 1.40 metres long. When the posts are in place they should be 1.00 metre above and 0.40 metre below the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p80a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Drive posts into the ground&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;106. Whatever material you use for the fence of your pen, it should be buried 0.40 metre below the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;107. If you are using woven material you will have to change the bottom of the fence when it rots.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;108. This can be done more easily by making the woven material in two parts, one for the top and one for the bottom. When the bottom part rots, you can change it without having to change the whole fence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p80b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Attach top parts first; attach bottom parts second&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Keeping your snails in the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;109. Many of your snails may crawl over the fence and get out of the pen. If you build a flap on the inside at the top of the fence, it will be more difficult for your snails to get out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;110. However, even with a flap some snails may get out, and for this reason many snail farmers put two flaps on their fence. With two flaps they find that fewer snails get out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p81a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ With two flaps, your snails will not easily crawl out of the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If you make your pen using galvanized sheet metal, you will not need flaps. Snails will not crawl on galvanized sheet metal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;111. The drawings show you how to build a 5 x 5 metre pen using woven plant material, with and without chicken wire and how to build flaps to keep your snails in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p81b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ How to build a 5 x 5 metre small pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 if you are using woven material only, attach it as you were told to do in Item 108&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Attach woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 If you are using chicken wire and woven material, attach the chicken wire first and then the woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Attach the chicken material first&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 be sure that the fence cover goes all the way to the bottom of the 0.40- m trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 0.40- m trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6 fill in the trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Fill in the trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7 attach the flaps to the inside of the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note: use woven material 0.25 m wide for the flaps&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8 first attach the bottom flap using heavy cord&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p83a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Use heavy cord&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9 then attach the top flap&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Plant the food and shelter plants</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;112. You have already been told that you should clean and prepare the site and build your snail pen in time for the planting season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;113. If it has been only a short time since you dug the ground and worked the soil in your pen, you can begin to plant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;114. If it has been a long time, dig and work the soil again before you plant. However, as you were told in Item 96, do not use fertilizer, animal manure or compost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;115. Now you can begin to plant the food and shelter plants. Remember that you should use&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ plants that grow well where you live&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ plants that last a long time&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ plants that snails like&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;116. The drawings, show you two ways to plant food and shelter plants in a 5 x 5 metre pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;117. On pages 50 to 55 you will see some food and shelter plants that snails are known to like. Look at them carefully. Perhaps you can find some of them where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two ways plant food and shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 if your shelter plants are small, plant your pen like this&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark three places for small shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 plant the shelter plants first and then plant the food plants all around the shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ First plant the shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 if your shelter plants are large, plant your pen like this&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark only one place for large shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 plant the shelter plants first and then plant the food plants all around the shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Leave a path inside the fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RAMPE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p85a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Some plants for food&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rape is one of many kinds of smooth- leaved cabbage. It grows from seed and lasts a number of months. Rape is the best food plant for Helix snails (see pages 8 and 9 in this booklet). Many of the other kinds of smooth- leaved cabbage also make good food plants for snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p85b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Rape&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AFRICAN SPINACH (Amaranthus)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This green leafy vegetable is a good food plant for young Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, if you plant African spinach for your snails, they will need other kinds of food plants as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p85c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ African spinach&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PAPAYA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You have already been told that snails can be given food to eat other than the food plants that you have planted in the pen (see also Items 175 to 179 in the next booklet). The tender green leaves and cut- up fruit of the papaya tree are very good for Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, the papaya should not be planted inside the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p86a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Papaya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HORSE- RADISH&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Horse- radish is a good food and shelter plant for young Helix snails. However, when they are older they will need other kinds of food plants as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p86b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Horse- Radish&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEAF BEET&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leaf beet grows well from seed and lives for one year. It can be used with He/ix snails for both food and for shelter. As a food plant alone it is not the best and you will have to give your snails other food plants as well. However, as a shelter plant it is very good for Helix snails. These snails lay eggs under the beet plants and find shelter around the roots in cold weather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p86c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Leaf Beet&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BURDOCK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burdock grows from seed and lives for more than a year. It grows very slowly and you should plant it as soon as you can so that it can grow big enough for your snails. However, once it has grown it makes a good food and shelter plant for almost any kind of snail.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p87a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Burdock&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BANANA and LOOFAH&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banana and loofah plants together provide both food and shelter for Achatina and Archachatina snails. Ripe bananas can be cut up and fed to the snails and they can use the loofah plant for food and for shelter. However, your snails will need other food plants as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p87b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Banana and Loofah&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PLANTAGO&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Plantago grows well from seed and lasts about two years. It is the best shelter plant for Helix snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p87c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plantago&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ASPARAGUS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asparagus lives for many years and it is a good shelter plant for young Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, it is not good for older snails because they are too heavy for asparagus plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When are the plants big enough for food and for shelter?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;118. The food plants must be big enough to feed your snails and the shelter plants tall enough to cover them and to protect them from the sun.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;119. Depending on the kind of snails that you are raising, most plants will be big enough after they have been growing for about five to six weeks or when they have reached a height of 10 to 20 centimetres.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p88a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plants will grow to a height of 10 to 20 cm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;120. When you are sure that the plants are big enough to provide food and shelter, you can begin to collect the snails and put them into the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;121. In Booklet No. 34, Farming snails 2, you will learn&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to choose good snails and how to put them in the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to take care of your snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when and how to harvest snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to prepare snails for cooking&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;122. You will also be told some things that you can do to improve your snail farm so that later when you have more experience you can raise more and better snails.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH7ef9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH7ef9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASH7ef9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1149 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b20cre/b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">125734</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b20cre/b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b20cre/b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Managing Tropical Animal Resources - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Managing Tropical Animal Resources - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (b20cre)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214927</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215030</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7ef9.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">b20a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of International Affairs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Cooperation with the Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Washington, D.C. 1983&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development(BOSTID) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panel on Crocodile Farming&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HOWARD W. CAMPBELL (deceased) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, Jr., Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Director, Florida Museum, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS, Furzebrook Research Station, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Wareham, Dorset, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT M. PYLE, Species Conservation Monitoring Unit, Cambridge, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS, Representative, The Asia Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CAROL GABARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WASSAM GABARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KAROL KISOKAU, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Waigani &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAVU KWAPENA, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MIRO LAUFA, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GREG MITCHELL, Crocodile Farm, Lae &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEO NING, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Wewak &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MIGUEE AEVAREZE DEE TORO, Instituto de Historia Natural, Departamento de Zoologia, Chiapas, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGUS D'A.BELLAIRS, Department of Anatomy, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, University of London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER BRAZAITIS, Department of Herpetology, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H.CHABRECK, Louisiana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MAX C.DOWNES, The Game Conservation Centre, Melbourne, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KARLHEINZ FUCHS, hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAIRE HACEN, Reptile Products Association, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RENEE.HONEGGER, Zurich Zoo, Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TED JOANEN, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Chenier, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN LEVER, Koorana Crocodile Farm, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM MAGNUSSON, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonia, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRY MESSEE, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRED PARKER, Kirwan Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTHONY POOLEY, St. Lucia Estuary, Zululand, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES A.ROSS, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.B.SALE, UNDP/FAO Crocodile Breeding and Management Project, Hyderabad, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LUISVARONA, La Habana, Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHAROON YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm, Samutprakan, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UTAl YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm, Samutprakan, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MYRNA WATANABE, Co-editor of ICUN Newsleter, Brooklyn, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROMULUS WHITAKER, Guindy Deer Park, Madras, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Crocodile Study Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council Staff&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY lANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE REGES, Administrative Secretary&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This publication is dedicated to the memory of panel member Howard W. &quot;Duke&quot; Campbell who devoted most of his professional life to the conservation of crocodilians. Dr. Campbell was Chairman of the Crocodilian Specialist Group of the Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources at the time of his death in 1981.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel that produced this report met in Papua New Guinea in May 1981. Its purpose was to consider the principles of the Papua New Guinea crocodile farming program and their implications for economic development and for the management and survival of crocodilians elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles are an integral part of the tropical fauna; they are ecologically important, biologically interesting, and, potentially, a renewable natural resource of considerable economic value. The panel hopes that through this report the possibility of saving and managing this animal throughout the tropics can be better assessed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members of the panel consulted officials of the Ministry of Wildlife and Conservation in Port Moresby and visited crocodile farms in Moitaka, Popondetta, and Lae. The panel is grateful to Karol Kisokau, Navu Kwapena, and Miro Laufa of the Division of Wildlife for arranging its itinerary and visits in Papua New Guinea. It also wishes to thank Yano Belo, Minister of Environment, for hosting an evening social at the Moitaka crocodile farm; Greg Mitchell and his wife Judy, who entertained the panel at their home in Lae and conducted a tour of their company's crocodile farm; and Wassam and Carol Gabara who acted as guides and hosts in Popondetta.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, is assessing scientific and technological advances that might prove especially applicable to problems of developing countries. This report is one of a series that explores promising areas of science previously unknown, neglected, or overlooked. Current titles in the ACT! series on Managing Tropical Animal Resources include:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These activities are supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Program costs for this study were sponsored by AID'S Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which also made possible the free distribution of this report. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials ( Present-day crocodilians are grouped into three families: crocodiles, alligators and caimans, and gavials (gharials). The animals differ from one another only in minor characters such as shape of snout, arrangement of scutes, and dental features. This report focuses mainly on crocodile species, but its conclusions are generally applicable to alligators, caimans, and gavials.) have existed for some 200 million years - much longer than mammals - but they are now disappearing at alarming rates. Of the 21 or so species of crocodilians distributed in the warm waters of the world, at least 18 are threatened with extinction in most of the countries where they are found.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although some species, such as the American alligator, appear to be out of danger because of strict conservation measures, many of the others survive mostly in national parks, protected preserves, or a few breeding stations. This is true for the slender-spouted crocodiles of Africa and Asia, the saltwater crocodile of Australia and Southeast Asia, the black caiman and Orinoco crocodile of South America, the Chinese alligator, the Siamese crocodile, and other species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat destruction is a major contributor to crocodilian decline; each year more breeding areas are disturbed as swamps and marshlands are drained, rivers dammed, estuaries reclaimed, and riverine forests denuded. However, illegal poaching by tribal people with their simple but effective traps, snares, and set hooks, as well as professional hunters operating with power boats, spotlights, and modern firearms are also decimating the animals over most of their ranges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To a large extent these animals are being destroyed because of their market value. Crocodile is regarded as the costliest and most fashionable leather in western markets. Since World War II, demand for crocodile leather shoes, handbags, luggage, wallets, watchbands, and other expensive luxury articles has far exceeded supply. Even small items such as purses and handbags sell for many hundreds of dollars each. For instance, a ladies' purse or handbag made from crocodile skin can command prices as high as $4,000. A pair of men's shoes may cost from $500 to $900, and a wallet from $150 to $250.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The crocodile trade peaked in the mid-1960s, when world markets absorbed more than 2 million crocodile skins each year. Today it is still large. In 1979, for instance, 1,000,000 caiman hides and 300,000 true crocodile hides entered international commerce. In 1981 the United States itself imported 100,000 hides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International markets for reptile hides and leathers are centered in France, Italy, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Japan. France, the single largest buyer of raw crocodilian hides, uses an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 skins a year. The major buyers of finished crocodile leather products are Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand, Singapore, and the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unrestricted hunting and poaching for hides are wiping out the large breeding animals. Excessive hunting has a devastating effect on crocodile populations because their age distribution is like a pyramid: a small number of breeding animals dominates a large number of juveniles and hatchlings, most of which never survive to maturity. Such societies, in which the size of future populations depends on only a few animals, are highly vulnerable to extinction; once some of the mature members are killed the population can crash. And it takes a long time for a crocodilian population to rebuild because for most large species the females do not begin breeding until they are at least 8 years old.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rearing Crocodiles&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there may seem to be no future for many crocodile populations, the situation is not hopeless. With intelligent intervention and under good conditions they can recover rapidly. Mature crocodiles have no enemies other than man, and, given some care and protection, a small number of breeders can produce a huge number of progeny each year. Mature females of the various crocodilian species usually lay between 30 and 70 eggs each year, and under normal conditions most of these eggs hatch successfully. The key to conserving the population is to protect the few mature animals and their habitats. Then, because of their fecundity, crocodilians can rapidly build up large numbers of young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This has been exemplified by the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Ten years ago its future seemed doubtful, but the legal protection of the populations has brought a remarkable recovery. Numbers are now so high that two states have lifted the ban on harvesting alligators, and between lo,ooo and 20,000 American alligator hides now enter commerce each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The past few decades have seen several other examples of successful crocodile-rearing projects. Later chapters of this book highlight the national program in Papua New Guinea. In addition, three successful government-operated farms exist in India (where all the progeny is returned to the wild because current Indian law prohibits commercial crocodile farms). A remarkable farm with more than 3,000 breeding animals operates on the outskirts of Bangkok, Thailand. Australia has four crocodile farms, and a few African countries now have crocodile farms that are already beginning to supply hides internationally. For example, in 1982 Zambia had two such farms, Zimbabwe, five, South Africa, four (with five more planned or under construction), and Kenya, one. Appendix A lists these and other countries that are initiating farms for various crocodilian species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The early technical success of these projects offers the expectation that with an appropriate framework of safeguards and research, crocodiles might become a thriving resource for tropical nations. If such experiences can be replicated, crocodilians and their habitats may come to be considered as resources to be managed and treasured. This will require considerable investment, strict legislation and law enforcement, and international cooperation and research, as well as careful monitoring of the traffic in farmed hides. But national crocodile industries are a possibility, and they could result in thriving natural populations that are free from the danger of extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such prospects may also provide economic incentives for preserving the often-fragile ecosystem in which wild crocodilians live. Crocodile farming could play a part by slowing the uncontrolled draining of swamps and other wetlands that cover large areas of the lowland humid tropics of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles as a managed resource could economically benefit remote areas of the lowland tropics. Villagers there often have few alternative sources of income and possibilities for economic development are limited. Because the human population is relatively sparse, few opportunities exist for local trading; even where fish are abundant the problems of marketing are formidable. Indeed, in some areas crocodiles may constitute the only readily salvable resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles as Farm Animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Well-fed crocodiles grow quickly. Under ideal conditions they may reach lengths of 1 m or more in a year and 1.5 m in 2 years. They are normally harvested in the third year when they reach about 2 m in length. In this time their value may have risen from about $5 to as much as $200.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles have acquired a reputation as voracious feeders; investigations reveal this to be false. The animals actually have modest food requirements. Many hatchling animals have a food conversion rate of about 50 percent; that is, the crocodile adds 1 kg of weight for every 2 kg of food it consumes. Cattle, sheep, and pigs would have to eat 3-5 times as much food to achieve the same weight increase. After 2 years the crocodile's growth rate begins to slow down. During the third year the conversion falls to about 25 or 30 percent, which is still a high figure, and makes crocodiles probably the most nutritionally efficient land animal for commercial husbandry. Only the growth of some fish is comparable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The high food conversion efficiency is due to the fact that crocodiles have low metabolic rates and are normally extremely lethargic. They are active only in short bursts, spend hours immobile, and move only about one-third as much as mammals. Moreover, being reptiles, they spend almost no food energy maintaining body temperature. They bask in the sun to keep warm and seek shade or water to cool off. For these reasons crocodilians can thrive in marginal habitats unsuitable for mammals or birds (Investigations on the Nile crocodile showed that a pelican takes 3 days to consume food equal to its own weight, whereas a crocodile takes 125-160 days - Cott, 1961.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming is also space efficient. As long as they are sorted by size, hundreds of juveniles or dozens of larger animals can be penned together in a small area. Indeed crocodiles often choose to pile up on top of one another in stacks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about disease in reptiles. However, as farm animals, crocodiles have a major advantage: they produce antibodies readily and have few problems with external infections. In the wild it is common to find crocodiles missing limbs or tips of tails, with eyes gouged out, or enormous scars on the body. But the wounds heal readily, with little sign of infection (The American alligator is being used at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine as a model for studies on antibody formation.). This minimizes the need for veterinary services, a distinct benefit in remote village farms. Nevertheless, internal bacterial diseases, such as salmonella, can get out of hand and destroy a program by reducing growth rates, lowering hide quality, or killing the animals outright.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile Hides&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is the belly skin that is the valuable part of a crocodile, and the worth of a hide is determined by the size of the belly skin, the smallness of its scales, and the hide's general condition. (Holes, cuts, scars, and rot drastically reduce its value.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although international markets utilize any crocodile skin from 0.3 m to 6 m long, the most sought-after hides are not the biggest but the moderate-sized ones from animals about 1.5-2 m long. These hides are approximately 25-50 cm in belly width.( A crocodile's total length is approximately 4-4.5 times the width of its belly). Large hides, for example those more than 3 or 4 m in length, are suitable only for luggage and briefcases because their scales are large. Smaller hides, on the other hand, are suitable both for items such as shoes, handbags, and wallets and for larger items.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Internationally, the most desirable hides come from the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). It has proportionally the smallest belly scales of any crocodile, it lacks osteoderms,(Osteoderms are deposits of calcium carbonate under the skin. They are undesirable because they dissolve away during the tanning process, leaving a pitted surface),and on the side of its body the scales are uniformly small. The next most valuable hides probably come from Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii), the American alligator, the Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis), and the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rest of this report highlights the program in Papua New Guinea, where during the last 10 years the government has made crocodile rearing an organized industry, much as poultry farming is elsewhere. This program, which is beginning to establish crocodiles as a significant natural asset, is designed both to protect the wild populations and to integrate traditional uses of these reptiles into a scientifically managed hide industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Papua New Guinea crocodile farming (In the official terminology of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Papua New Guinea program is &quot;ranching&quot; rather than &quot;farming&quot; because the young livestock are mostly culled from wild populations and are not bred on the farm) has become the cornerstone for the economic improvement of some of the world's poorest people. It offers a means for bringing the rural poor into the process of economic development, and it can be blended into a traditional village structure where land and resources may be communally owned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The projects are small and many have had operational difficulties, but they suggest that conservation and economic development can be not only compatible, but also mutually reinforcing. The innovative idea is not that crocodiles can bring in money, but that sound conservation can be blended with marketing crocodile skins, meat, and by-products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important aspect of this approach to crocodile conservation is that it is based on protecting the existing landscape and resources. It provides a tool for conserving the species in their own wild habitats so that survival will not depend on a few captive specimens living under artificial conditions. It requires none of the bush clearing, fencing, forage planting or pesticide spraying that domestic animals often demand ,important advantages in an economic development project in a fragile tropical swamp or rain forest ecosystem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Papua New Guinea approach, then, provides an economic incentive for wildlife protection. Everyone ,from the villager to the minister of trade ,has a stake in keeping the wild populations healthy. Out of self-interest, in addition to natural respect, large numbers of people become the guardians of the resource and the habitat needed to keep it surviving and productive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The world's major conservation organizations have given Papua New Guinea's crocodile program their stamp of approval. In 1976 a team of scientists representing the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, one of the most prestigious conservation organizations in the world, inspected the program. As a result, Papua New Guinea was given special dispensation, and its crocodile skins can be legally traded internationally. For example, because of its endangered status the saltwater crocodile is banned from trade by the Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). An exemption, however, is granted to Papua New Guinea in recognition of the fact that its crocodiles now are sufficiently well managed to sustain a skin industry without seriously damaging the wild stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This program serves as a model for nations of the Americas, Asia, and Africa where crocodilian resources are still unmanaged or managed poorly. Crocodiles are being destroyed so fast that within about five years Papua New Guinea and other countries that have organized crocodile farming operations may be the only ones supplying significant numbers of skins to the international market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the principles developed in Papua New Guinea deserve international attention, the recipe will not be a cure-all for problems of rural development or crocodile conservation. Instead, the Papua New Guinea experience suggests that local social, political, economic, and conservation goals can become the impetus for a successful blend of village improvement and wildlife protection.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Crocodile Farming in Papua New Guinea</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As recently as the l950s, crocodiles were abundant in Papua New Guinea. Hunting was a major occupation and was unrestricted. Some Australians and Europeans made fortunes by shooting thousands of crocodiles a year to make shoes and handbags in Europe and North America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it was obvious that wild populations could not sustain such wholesale slaughter, the destruction continued. By 1967 both the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and the freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae) were threatened with extinction. By 1968, despite increased hunting, the yield of skins had dropped in half; along the easily accessible river systems, crocodile populations had been wiped out. By 1969 the saltwater crocodile had disappeared from much of its range throughout the country, and wildlife officers estimated that without protection most specimens of breeding size would be eliminated within five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But how could crocodiles be protected? Papua New Guinea is divided by mountain ranges, ravines, torrential rivers, forests, seas, malarial swamps, and more than 700 languages. It would take hundreds of trained wildlife officers to enforce a ban on crocodile hunting, particularly in the face of opposition from tribesmen who have traditionally harvested crocodiles for food, decorative items, and implements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge was given to the officers of the Wildlife Division. Under the leadership of Max C. Downes, these officials concluded that the best way to protect crocodile populations was to halt the slaughter of the large breeding adults and build up a new hide industry based on the increased numbers of young that would result.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Few young crocodiles ever reach breeding age in the wild. The tiny, virtually defenseless hatchlings are easy prey for large fish, birds, or other crocodiles. Almost all of them are killed by predators or by other natural causes, such as floods..&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main areas of crocodile distribution in Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What was needed, the wildlife officers concluded, were incentives to make these smaller animals economically attractive, incentives to encourage local people to raise small crocodiles to commercial size. If that could be accomplished, hundreds of hatchlings that would normally perish could be utilized without endangering the wild populations' future. Villagers could benefit by selling skins while the vital breeding-sized animals were being left alone to provide more hatchlings. The system could benefit both the villagers and the vulnerable crocodile populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/b20a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Main areas of crocodile distribution in Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The idea was viable partly because many Papua New Guineans - particularly those of the Sepik and Fly Rivers - have ancient spiritual and cultural attachments to crocodiles. To them, the idea of handling and managing the animals is not unusual. Crocodile motifs are common in their art and they live in harmony with the big beasts and do not consider them dangerous pests to be eliminated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legislation passed by the Papua New Guinea government in 1969 capitalized on this tradition by making the villagers themselves the real force in crocodile protection. The law did not ban crocodile hunting, but instead banned the possession, sale, and export of skins larger than 20 inches (51 cm) wide. In this way, it protected breeding-sized animals while allowing for the harvest of juveniles. It also allowed a person to kill a crocodile if attacked (but barred the selling of the skin, if it were oversized).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1980, the legislation was supplemented by a law banning the export of small skins. Together, the bans on possessing large skins and exporting small skins have created a stimulus for gathering small crocodiles from the wild and rearing them to moderate size on farms. The legislation has been the impetus for crocodile farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming officially started in Papua New Guinea in 1972. In the late 1970s, it was extensively supported by a UNDP/FAO assistance program that provided personnel and funds for technical support and program management. Today there are about 300 small village farms (The numbers vary, since some villagers go in and out of production depending on their need for income, seasonal variation in river levels, the cost of fuel, and the availability of government extension agents) supplying a number of larger business groups that rear crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife officers now teach crocodile farming, not crocodile conservation per se. They have introduced crocodile-rearing techniques to villagers all over Papua New Guinea. They help build pens and teach tribesmen how to care for the young reptiles, which are so vulnerable and timid that they can literally die of fright.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government loans of up to US$10,000, along with matching development bank loans, are available to help a farmer enter the crocodile farming business. The funds pay for pumps for changing the water in the pens and sometimes for an outboard motor used in gathering young crocodiles. Everything else a villager needs can be obtained from the forest, including materials for pen construction; a small farm can therefore be established inexpensively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Three Types of Farms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government's crocodile management program recognizes three levels of operation: village farms (up to 300 crocodiles), small-business farms (up to 1,000 crocodiles), and large-business farms (more than 1,000 crocodiles).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A village crocodile farm consists of a small pen fenced with posts lashed together with vines. This stockade fence is about 1.5 m high and is sunk about 60 cm in the ground so the crocodiles cannot burrow out. Much of the enclosure is planted with grass, cassava, and banana trees to provide secluded areas where the animals, which regulate their body temperature by the warmth of the sun, can find shade. A shallow pool is excavated in the center.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These village farms are usually run by only one or two people. Many are little more than pens scattered in the remote bush for holding young crocodiles until a buyer from a larger farm comes around. Small crocodiles bring less money than medium-sized animals, but the villager avoids having to feed and care for them for a long period.(Because of operational difficulties, many village farms were abandoned in 1982. Lack of proper husbandy - despite government efforts - were the main reason for these difficulties. Most villagers now collect and hold young only until buyers from commercial farms arrive. However, they are still earning money from crocodiles, and the concept of fully functioning village farms remains valid for the future in Papua New Guinea, as well as for appropriate sites elsewhere). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The small-business farm usually consists of a group of enclosures (each about 6 m x 6 m) constructed of bush materials. It is typically located near an airstrip. It buys crocodiles from the village farmer and, in turn, supplies them to the larger farms, which sometimes dispatch aircraft to pick the animals up (Special cardboard shipping containers have been devised. They can be folded to make cylinders of various diameters to fit crocodiles of different sizes). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large-scale crocodile farms accommodate as many as 20,000 crocodiles and require a large investment. They serve to regulate the export of skins and are the major purchasers of live crocodiles from the smaller farms. During periods of drought, flooding, or diminished food supplies, the large-scale farms also act as emergency buyers. On the outskirts of Lae on Papua New Guinea's northern coast, there is a 100-hectare farm with nearly 8,000 crocodiles. It is associated with a poultry company, and the crocodiles are raised on the offal from the slaughterhouse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government Research and Extension&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Wildlife Division has constructed four demonstration farms across the country and one large research farm at Moitaka near Port Moresby, the capital city. After training at one of these, a tribesman can start his own farm alone or can call on the government for further assistance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moitaka is also the site of short courses in crocodile farming. Prospective farmers are brought in for several weeks' training. They learn how to build pens, to feed and care for crocodiles, to kill and skin them, and to prepare the hides for market. They also learn about the crocodile laws and the reason they were enacted. A farm at Lake Murray, in a remote and swampy area of the Western Province, serves the same purpose. It is built entirely from bush materials (see picture, pp. 6-7).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Wildlife Division provides instruction books, profusely illustrated for the illiterate. The books include vivid descriptions of all phases of farming the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic Gains&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 10 years, crocodile rearing has expanded remarkably in Papua New Guinea. It has already become the main source of income for the people of some swamp and river areas. The Ambunti area, for example, produces coffee and rice, but crocodile skins now bring in much of the area's income. By 1981 the farms nationwide contained a total of 30,000 crocodiles, ensuring a sustained production of at least 10,000 skins a year worth approximately US$ 1-2 million on the international market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because crocodiles are a familiar resource, villagers take to the program quickly. By contrast, introducing cattle or western-style crop raising requires massive education and training, in addition to some social and environmental disruption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On government farms in Papua New Guinea, fish-fed crocodiles have increased their belly width by 25 cm per year and are ready for slaughter in 2-3 years when the width approaches 50 cm. The selling price of the skin is then between $100 and $200, depending on species, flaws, and size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But skins are not the only product. A crocodile with a skin big enough to market can provide 20 kg of meat. The meat is white and is low in fat. Papua New Guinea is a net importer of meat, and crocodile farming is now augmenting local supplies. The large farm at Lae already sells frozen crocodile meat (including front and hind legs, tail steaks, ribs, and chops) both locally and on foreign markets. Some orders have come in from dealers in Paris who supply expensive French restaurants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 Conclusions</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benefits of Crocodile Farming&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming seems to be singularly appropriate for rural, isolated, lowland communities in the tropics. The land there is often unsuitable for conventional agriculture, and the people lead a tenuous existence or drift to the cities looking for work. In such areas, there are few opportunities for people to earn cash without drastic and expensive modifications to the environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming has many advantages over hunting the animal in the wild. For instance, crocodiles farms can:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Permit government monitoring of the crocodile industry. (Hunters are more difficult to regulate since they work in remote areas, often undetected and crossing borders at will.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yield a regular harvest of a specific number of animals of a selected size.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Produce a standardized, premium product that better serves the needs of the international hide industry, making skins poached from the wild less desirable. (They may provide, for instance, a standard first grade 1-1.5 m long hide rather than hides of mixed size and quality.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Reduce the wasteful losses of hides from improper handling, the fate of a high proportion of skins now brought in from the wild.(*In remote areas, salt may become scarce late in the season as it is used for hides. This often results in insufficient salt being used when the supply runs out and hides subsequently rot or &quot;slip&quot;. In some isolated areas, as much as 25 percent of the hides are lost or downgraded because of improper curing for lack of salt. However, skins produced on farms, especially near urban areas or large villages, are usually properly salted; if salt becomes scarce, killing of the animals can be delayed) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Educate the public about crocodile ecology and the animal's importance to the habitat and the local economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Provide sites for scientific studies on crocodilians. Studies conducted on alligators at the Rockefeller Refuge in Louisiana, USA, for example, have provided reproductive, nutritional, and growth data directed specifically towards developing efficient farming techniques.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For some farms the earnings from hides, meat, and by-products may be supplemented by tourism (through gate admissions and the sale of curios), as well as by selling eggs and young to other farms for breeding stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A long-term program of wise utilization of crocodiles can benefit governments by providing revenue from hides, curios, craftwork, and manufactured articles, as well as from export duties. Furthermore, in their natural state in parks and preserves, crocodiles are an important tourist attraction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an effort to preserve crocodile habitats, the Papua New Guinea program has encouraged the collection of eggs or young from the wild and has discouraged the breeding of crocodiles in captivity. This is because a reliance on the wild creates economic incentives to conserve crocodile habitats; if the habitats are drained for human settlement or conventional agriculture the farmers lose the source of their stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contrary to popular impression, preliminary observations indicate that crocodiles benefit commercial fisheries. The animals are important links in the ecosystems of rivers and lakes and are often the largest inhabitants of the freshwater wetlands. Their movements inhibit the growth of aquatic plants in the waterways, and, in areas with prolonged dry seasons, some species maintain residual waterholes that benefit small aquatic organisms that would otherwise perish. In estuaries and lakes, crocodiles enrich the nutrient content of the water by converting terrestrial prey into feces that in turn feed invertebrates and fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where crocodiles have been eliminated, reductions in the tonnage of fish caught for human consumption can usually be demonstrated. For example, in Brazil, Kenya, and India, a decline in the fishermen's catch has paralleled the decline in crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations of Crocodile Farming&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments and individuals seeking rapid returns on investments should realize that a crocodile farming industry is not a get-rich-quick scheme. To build a stable national industry may require 10 years and an investment of at least $500,000 before it is biologically and economically successful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, an organized industry is vital. A village crocodile-rearing pond is only profitable if there is someone to buy, grade, package, and ship the product with all its documentation. Services will be needed at all levels to advise on disease control, nutrition, skinning, and preserving the hides. In many parts of the world crocodile farms have been financial and conservation failures not just because of poor husbandry management, but also because of fiscal shortsightedness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selection of a suitable farm site is basic to the economics of the entire operation. Farms demand a steady supply of meat or fish to feed the crocodiles, and are most successful when located near a reliable source of inexpensive food. Some farms take advantage of offal from nearby chicken or cattle abattoirs; others use the fish by-catch from shrimping operations. In the absence of an inexpensive animal protein feed, the farm will have to raise its own food (tilapia is frequently used) or harvest it from the wild, both of which can be expensive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farms also require a steady year-round supply of clean water for the holding ponds and tanks. If this cannot be supplied by gravity flow from nearby sources, it must be pumped from wells or from nearby lakes or ponds. This, too, is likely to be expensive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the general hardiness of crocodiles, the farms must have access to veterinary care. Most disease problems stem from poor sanitation, low water temperatures, and poor diet, all of which can be easily corrected. But with large numbers of animals crowded together, disease problems, if not quickly diagnosed and treated, can wipe out the young captive animals in epidemic proportions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capturing and transporting large crocodilians is dangerous and difficult. Dealing with a large captive population of crocodiles of different age groups and sizes requires a great deal of experience.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although crocodilians are common in zoos, successful breeding of these reptiles in captivity is so far a rare and remarkable event. However, researchers are now coming to understand the behavioral requirements for success. For instance, gravid females must have access to appropriate nesting sites, males must have ample space when they are penned in with other males, and juveniles and hatchlings must be separated from their parents and housed by size and feeding preferences. That prolific breeding can be achieved, however, is illustrated by the Samutprakan crocodile farm near Bangkok, Thailand, which reportedly has reared tens of thousands of its own animals and now aims for a population of 100,000 crocodiles by 1987.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The worldwide shortage of crocodile leather is becoming more acute each year, and it will be many years before any output from farms can significantly reduce pressure on wild populations. Thus, farming should be only one aspect of an overall conservation program that includes total protection of some populations in national parks and sanctuaries. In addition, the conservation of natural wetlands is an important part of overall economic planning. If wetlands are lost, many wild species in addition to crocodiles will be affected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Australia, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, many crocodilian populations are poorly protected because governments lack the manpower or the will to enforce conservation laws rigorously, especially in the remote areas where the last remaining crocodiles reside. Because most wildlife departments in the tropics are short staffed and have vast areas to police, their efforts at wildlife protection are frequently ineffective. Moreover, some countries have been slow to introduce protective legislation for an animal that does not engender public sympathy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea's program offers one of the best hopes for saving all endangered crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials. The methods developed there serve as a model for other nations. By providing an alternative, Papua New Guinea gives villagers the incentive to protect wild crocodiles that are breeding nearby so as to assure themselves of future supplies. The people themselves become the conservators of the local animals and habitats. In turn, watersheds, soils, and conventional agricultural development (including natural and forest products) can all benefit. The habitat is also preserved for many other wildlife species that share it, and genetic diversity can be maintained. Conversely, without a special incentive to conserve them, all these resources are normally degraded as a region develops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Regulations, Safeguards, and Research Needs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Papua New Guinea experience provides a model for other nations, but to implement such a program requires a foundation of legislation, government support, and legal safeguards. Prerequisites of any crocodile farming program are an overhaul of legislation, strict law enforcement, and reciprocal laws with neighboring countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The enforcement of wildlife regulations is so inadequate in most countries that crocodile farming is open to abuse. Farms can front for illegal poaching operations, and hides taken from the wild can be intermingled with hides produced on the ranch or farm unless government enforcement is stringent and inspection frequent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, the stimulation of world trade in crocodile hides through the sale of farmed hides might lead to increased poaching of wild crocodiles or eggs. Poachers have fewer operating expenses than farmers, and unscrupulous hunters and dealers can harvest hides, steal crocodile eggs or young, and subsequently sell them through countries that lack enforcement capabilities. This practice could be disastrous for countries where crocodile populations have almost disappeared.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government Regulations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before any farming scheme is attempted, protective legislation should be in operation throughout the country. This should make it unlawful to kill, capture by any means whatsoever, disturb willfully, or pursue any crocodiles, or to collect or gather any crocodile eggs without a permit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No crocodile eggs should be allowed to be imported or exported with out a permit. No persons should possess, sell, buy, donate, receive consequent upon a donation, convey, keep in captivity, or display any live crocodiles without being the holder of a permit. And no person should be allowed to import or export any crocodile, dead or alive, or any portion of a crocodile, processed or not, from any country without a permit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before granting a license for a commercial farm, the government should investigate the applicant's land tenure and financial resources, particularly since the farm will have to operate for three to four years before producing crocodiles suitable for culling. The applicant's ability and experience in rearing crocodiles should be determined. A plan of the proposed farm, including details of water and food supply and the proposed methods of harvesting food, should be examined.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is suggested that:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· No permit for egg harvesting should be issued until adequate rearing facilities have been prepared. The permit should state the name of the holder or his authorized representative, the annual total number of eggs allocated for harvesting, and the area where collection is permitted.(In some cases it is also important to specify a harvest time. Often it is best to take eggs laid early in the season because the female will then lay another clutch.) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Permits should be issued on a year-by-year basis. The applicant should understand that the department may refuse to renew or issue further permits if the farm is not managed satisfactorily or if permit conditions have not been observed.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The applicant should understand that the farm and all production records should be available for inspection by an official of the conservation department.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The farmer should be required to submit periodic reports detailing the total number of nests raided and eggs harvested, the egg mortality, and the number of eggs hatched. Thereafter, the number of animals held in captivity, the rate of mortality and its causes, if known, and the number of animals sold or culled should be included in each report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Furthermore, it is recommended that the permit holder release 5 percent of his annual crop of hatchlings in order to restock the natural habitat. In addition, a further 5 percent of the hatchling crop should be reared to a length of 1 m before being released, bringing the total release of young crocodilians to 10 percent of the annual crop of hatchlings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The distribution of hatchlings and young reared animals should be supervised by the conservation department.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless government agencies monitor the wild populations of crocodilians being harvested for hides, eggs, or young, the farms themselves could become a major drain on those populations, leading to their extinction. Therefore, before any farming program is started, a survey of the breeding grounds should be undertaken to determine the number of nests available and those from which eggs can be taken with least danger to the wild population (for example, from nests on grounds likely to be flooded).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These breeding grounds should be fully protected; tourists on foot, in vehicles, or in launches should not be allowed to visit or disturb crocodiles during the breeding season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Safeguards and Cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international traffic in millions of unmarked crocodilian hides and products poses one of the greatest obstacles to enforcement of national and international endangered species regulations. Hides and skins frequently cannot be traced to their source or country of origin. Legally harvested or farmed animals cannot readily be distinguished from those exported in secret from illegal sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need for internationally acceptable methods of marking individual hides and products is critical. Traffic in illegal crocodilian hides and products will continue as long as law enforcement agencies lack the means to detect them easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the United States a system has been developed in some states that enables conservation, police, and customs officials to monitor traffic in alligator hides. A conservation authority issues an official tag for each animal allowed by the license. All hides exported are tagged with a serially numbered plastic tag that cannot be removed without breaking it. The serial number is recorded on the export permit and with details of the buyer's and seller's name and address. This tag remains on the hide, right through the tanning process, until the hide reaches the manufacturer. Each tannery maintains a register of purchases that is available for inspection. This system also is being implemented in Zimbabwe and is worthy of trial in other countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tagging of all hides and products for individual identification is an important safeguard. Other safeguards include:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The use of engraved stamps or seals to authenticate legal licenses and export permits and make it more difficult for documents to be forged.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Internationally accessible data and a retrieval system that allows law enforcement personnel to corroborate the authenticity of documentation and the origin of hides and products;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Monitoring agencies to record and publish market statistics, traffic, and trends;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Laws limiting the sale of hides only to nations that cooperate in an internationally sanctioned program of safeguards; and&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Research funding to monitor populations and develop new marking and identification techniques. (For instance, the use of dyes, roll marking, and infusion of detectable chemical tracers has yet to be fully explored.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is urgent need for tannery owners, manufacturers, and conservation authorities to jointly work out the rational exploitation of crocodile populations. Commercial interests have reaped a rich reward over many years, and if the crocodile industry is to continue, its entrepreneurs must invest in management and conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clearly, research to improve farming techniques will be a wise investment for both commercial operators and the countries concerned. Surveys to determine population numbers and size as well as the structure of breeding stocks and recruitment rates are essential. Such surveys may indicate the need to establish sanctuaries to protect breeding stock and nesting grounds, or perhaps to ban hunting to allow populations to recover. A rearing program and restocking of suitable habitats might be necessary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix A: Crocodile Farming Around the World</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiences with crocodile farming in Papua New Guinea, the main subject of this report, are described in chapter 2. Here we summarize the status of similar efforts in other countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four crocodile farms have been established in Australia, one in the Northern Territory and three in Queensland. To date, only the Edward River farm, operated by the government as an aboriginal development project, has developed a successful breeding program. There, seven-yearold saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) hatched on the farm from wild eggs are now breeding and laying fertile eggs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A farm for Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) has been established at Xuancheng, Anhui Province. Its purpose is to breed alligators for conservation, although the hide of this species is not in great demand because it has many osteoderms in the belly scales. Recently the government has expressed interest in establishing a farm for saltwater crocodiles in southern China. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan has one crocodile farm or rearing station, but it is too far north to breed its own stock, except in heated indoor enclosures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several buyers in the Philippines who maintain pens of crocodiles for short periods. None of these is a farm. A new experimental farm for the Philippine freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae mindorensis) was established by Silliman University in an attempt to preserve that endangered species and to promote an economic interest in crocodile conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Micronesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A farm for saltwater crocodiles has been established on Palau, where a small population of these crocodiles occurs in a brackish interior swamp. In the past, the government hired a hunter to reduce the population whenever the local people felt it had become sufficiently large to present a danger, about once a decade. Presumably the nuisance crocodiles will now end up in the farm. The farm, which has been in existence only for a year or two, earns money from tourist admissions as well as hide production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few crocodile-rearing stations have operated for several decades in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. These have been stocked with eggs and young animals collected from the wild in Sumatra and Kalimantan. In the early 1970s, three such operations in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, closed down for lack of wild stock. At least one operation in Jakarta, Java, continues to survive, but with virtually no output of stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of Irian Jaya (Indonesian New Guinea) in 1980 indicated a number of ranches in that region as well, but revealed that some were having difficulty obtaining stock because of overharvest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore has a famous crocodile farm that figures prominently in tourism. It breeds some of its stock, but also obtains wild stock from all over Southeast Asia. Singapore has a thriving crocodile hide trade. Many buyers and several tanneries are located there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore is not a member of CITES and openly trades in any and all species of crocodilians.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several crocodile farms in West Malaysia (at Penang, for example) and at least one in East Malaysia (near Sandakan, Sabah). These started out as rearing stations relying on wild young, but have moved slowly toward breeding their own stock. The Penang farm depends on tourism to pay many of its expenses. The Sandakan farm is operated in conjunction with a duck and pig farm that supplies it with offal. Its stock consists of saltwater crocodiles. Until at least 1980, it had very little production from captive animals, but the owner is hoping to broaden his stock from them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sarawak (East Malaysia) also used to have several rearing farms. The present status of these operations is unknown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm was started in 1950 with 20 wild crocodiles and an investment of US$500. Today it is reported to be the world's largest crocodile farm, with about 30,000 individuals. About 3,700 of these animals, placed in eight separate breeding ponds, are used for breeding stock, and there are plans for a population of 100,000 by 1987. The Samutprakan farm opened to the public 12 years ago and now receives about one million visitors annually.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of the farm's crocodiles are from the two species native to Thailand, the saltwater crocodile and the Siamese freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis). It also has hybrids of the two, as well as the indigenous false gavial (Tomistoma schlegelii) and five exotic species: South American caiman (Caiman crocodilus), New Guinea freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae), Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis), broad-spouted caiman (Caiman latirostris), and dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus). The farm has succeeded in breeding South American caiman (Caiman crocodilus); the other species are approaching maturity and it is hoped they will breed in the near future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The farm sells crocodile meat locally, mostly to restaurants as a delicacy (for US$5 per kg).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The commercial and biological success of the farm is largely due to favorable conditions at Samutprakan. The temperature and humidity are high year-round, and low costs of labor and building materials permit the physical plant to be profitably established and maintained. The main cost is for food; approximately 4,000-5,000 kg of by-catch fish are needed daily at a cost of US 20 cents per kg. If the supply of fish is inadequate, the diet is supplemented with chicken wings, legs, and necks from a slaughterhouse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Rangoon there are some crocodile-holding pens operated by hide buyers. It is not clear whether breeding or farming of crocodiles occurs in them or whether the operation simply acts as a clearing center for wild hides. The government has expressed interest in establishing farms in the mangrove areas near the mouth of the Irrawaddy River. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1974 an FAO report on India's crocodiles noted that the Indian gavial (Gavialis gangeticus) was on the verge of extinction, the saltwater crocodile was extremely rare, and the Indian mugger (Crocodylus palustris was a depleted, although not threatened, species).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government, with United Nations assistance, then initiated a project for the conservation and management of all three species. This program aimed to protect and restock habitats. Animals for restocking were obtained by collecting eggs laid in the wild, incubating them under controlled conditions, raising the resulting hatchlings, and returning juveniles to specially selected sanctuaries when they reached about 1.2 m in length,at which time they are free from predation other than by man.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project has resulted in the comeback of the gavial. By March 1979, 200 gavials had been restored to the wild. The wild population now exceeds 1,000 animals of more than 2 m length, and the number is expected to increase rapidly through natural reproduction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project has also carried out extensive research on crocodiles, and since its founding in 1978 the Central Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute, located in Hyderabad, has trained many wildlife officers in crocodile protection. Crocodile-rearing facilities are also located near Madras, Lucknow, and Cuttack. All have had success in raising the animals and restocking their habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Indian crocodile project has been a notable success and it coincided with (and perhaps helped create) a wave of local interest in India's wildlife and its conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A farm stocked with American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) was established at a popular hotwater spring resort area, using animals supplied by a Florida farm. The Israeli program will earn money from tourist admissions and from future production of hides. The first successful hatching of captive-bred alligators was reported in 1982.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Near Mombasa a farm for the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) has been set up to produce hides from captive-bred stock. The farm is a demonstration project of a large cement factory that is attempting to return its limestone-mined areas to productive agriculture. Some sophisticated experiments are under way on crocodile nutrition, with food for the animals produced in an intensive aquaculture project using tilapia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia is planning a series of farms patterned after those in Zimbabwe (described below).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe has made great strides in captive breeding. In 1979, 87 captive females at two farms produced 1,906 eggs, and a third farm has set aside 30 captive females for breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four of the country's five crocodile farms are on the shores of Lake Kariba and the other is at Victoria Falls. The government allows each farm an annual allotment of wild eggs (averaging 2,000 to 2,500 eggs) for stocking its rearing programs. Each farm is also striving to become self sufficient in egg production by developing successful breeding programs. The government is considering reducing each farm's allotment by the number of eggs produced annually in the farm so that each will eventually become independent of the wild populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe farmers operate on a system that obliges them to return a small percentage of live animals to the wild if the government requires it. At present, this requirement is being waived because the wild population is increasing on its own.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe has built its crocodile conservation program on a broad base. Crocodiles are protected throughout the country, as game animals in the country at large and as totally protected species in parks and sanctuaries. Populations have increased dramatically, from endangered status in the l950s to over 50,000 individuals today. In the 1950s a survey of the Zambesi River and Lake Kariba revealed no crocodiles; today thousands are seen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe's Department of National Parks and Wildlife is striving to ensure that its legitimate international trade in farm-raised hides does not provide illegal operators in other countries with the opportunity to sell poached hides (for example, forging papers that claim their hides originated on legitimate Zimbabwe farms). To make poaching difficult, Zimbabwe, taking a clue from the state of Louisiana, plans to use serially numbered nonremovable plastic tags to mark legitimate hides. Numbers of the tags will be noted on export permits. In addition, every export permit will be validated by the government with an engraved security stamp that is difficult to forge and that shows ink damage if any erasures or modifications are attempted. The use of such stamps is recommended by CITES, and Zimbabwe is the first nation to put them into use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa has four crocodile farms, and another five are planned or under construction. Apart from the Natal Parks Board Crocodile Research Station at St. Lucia Estuary, which breeds Nile crocodiles for restocking and conservation purposes, all farms are for tourism and hide production. So far only one farm, outside Pretoria, is reported to produce many offspring. Only the provinces of Transvaal and Natal have wild crocodiles, and neither allows eggs, young, or adults to be collected for stocking farms. Both provinces, however, permit the killing of nuisance crocodiles on private land. Transvaal will allow one or two nuisance crocodiles to be taken captive by farmers, but it refuses permission for removing larger numbers of nuisance animals,presumably for fear that this would generate a flood of spurious nuisance complaints. Natal will not permit the removal of any wild crocodiles to farms, nor will it supply offspring from the St. Lucia station to farmers. This makes the Pretoria farm the only source of crocodiles in South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following the example of Zimbabwe, the South African farmers (present and potential) formed a crocodile farming association in 1982.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several farms patterned after those in Zimbabwe are planned for the Okavango area. Petitions for approval are currently before the Botswana government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1960s French businessmen established a farm for Nile crocodiles near Lake Chad. It collapsed after only a few years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Ivory Coast has obtained assistance from Zimbabwe to establish a conservation program for its three native crocodiles: the Nile crocodile, African slender-spouted crocodile (Crocodylus cataphractus), and Congo dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis). Recommendations were made for conserving the wild populations as well as for establishing farms. Field studies are under way.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A commercial farm for the South American caiman (Caiman crocodilus) was established in southern Italy in the late 1970s. Stock was obtained from Colombia. The animals, numbering in the thousands, arrived in Rome in winter and were transported south to the farm in an open truck. Most died from cold. Later shipments fared no better, and the few animals that survived died from poor husbandry. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Americas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are between 15 and 20 successful alligator farms in the United States. Most are located in Florida and Louisiana, and there is at least one in California. All earn a portion of their money from tourist admissions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the 1960s the Cuban government established at least two farms for crocodiles. One is located in the Zapata Peninsula National Park; the other is near Cienfuegos. The purpose of these farms is to breed crocodiles whose wetland habitat has been converted to sugar cane fields. Eventually, the farms will also produce a cash crop of hides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, what started out as an admirable effort created several conservation problems because the farm managers did not realize there were two crocodiles in Cuba ,the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in brackish waters, and the Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) in freshwater areas. The two were mixed in the farms and hybridization resulted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Mexican government has established several farms for Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) in Chiapas and Veracruz. The purpose is to breed the species in captivity to relieve hunting pressure on the wild population and prevent its extinction. Original funding was provided by the World Wildlife Fund. At least one of these farms still exists. Breeding has been achieved, but there have been problems of survival in hatchlings. The cause of the deaths has not been discovered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years several businessmen in Mexico have expressed interest in starting one or more crocodile farms, but none has yet materialized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1960s, the Louisiana Game and Fisheries Commission supplied specimens of the American alligator to a cattle rancher in El Salvador for the purpose of establishing an experimental farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Louisiana was interested in studying growth rates of American alligators in a tropical nation where the animals did not have to undergo winter hibernation. The husbandry on the farm followed methods worked out in Louisiana. The animals grew fast and presumably have started breeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A captive breeding program for the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) was established in Venezuela in the late 1970s on the ranch of Tomas Blohm. The operation is not commercial; its purpose is to prevent extinction of the species. The offspring may be used for restocking wild habitats in the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under Venezuelan law there can be no commercial export of any crocodilians. In addition, the Orinoco crocodile and the various caimans are protected. However, the reptiles are everywhere killed as vermin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru has proposed harvesting certain wild populations of caimans (Caiman crocodilus) to supply animals to a ranching operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BraziI&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Brazil is interested in establishing farms for several species of caiman, including the yacare (Caiman crocodilusyacare). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Latin American Nations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the past two years, other Central and South American nations that have indicated their intention to set up farms for crocodiles or caimans are Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, and Uruguay. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix B: Practical Crocodile Farming</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This appendix is adapted from a paper by A. Pooley that detailed the lessons learned from farming crocodiles to restock depleted habitats in Natal, South Africa. The information is presented here not as a blueprint for setting up a farm, but to show prospective farmers some of the points that they must first consider before attempting to rear crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farm Location&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reliable supplies of good water and suitable food are the most important considerations for establishment of a crocodile farm; the area selected must have both. Village farms also need to be close enough to wild crocodile populations for the animals to be obtained easily. Larger farms can be located farther from the source.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For small farms, a natural supply of food should also be readily available in the wild. Areas that have a fishing industry are ideal locations. For large farms, sites near slaughterhouses or fish-processing facilities are ideal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other considerations also include the volume of water available throughout the year, the distance over which water must be piped to the ponds, and pumping costs. The quality of the water should be established, with samples tested for salinity and acidity and, where the supply comes from mineral springs, analyzed for harmful chemicals. Chlorinated water must be tested regularly to ensure that the chlorine content is not too high, and the nature of any factory effluents present should be determined. It is important to establish whether fish, frogs, crabs, mollusks, or aquatic insects survive in the water intended for use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bacterial analysis is advisable where the water is drawn from a river that drains an area densely populated by humans and livestock. If the water is found to be contaminated, the stagnant pond rearing pen system should not be used, particularly when Salmonella spp. are present in high concentrations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A filter system has advantages if water is pumped straight from a river carrying a heavy silt load. Apart from enabling farmers to see the animals in the pools, filtered water makes the pools and pipes easier to clean. Filtration can be achieved by drawing water from a deep pit close to the river so that the water collected seeps through sand or mud.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A reservoir or a series of supply tanks is useful as an additional method of filtering water. In the event that pumping equipment fails, such a reserve supply may prove vital to the health and survival of the crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ponds should receive as much sun as possible, particularly during the winter months. A series of winter air temperature recordings would be useful in choosing the site of rearing pens, since valley temperatures are often several degrees lower than the temperatures some 50 to 100 m uphill. Preference should be given to the warmer locations, taking into account the direction of local winds and heavy rains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soil types are the next consideration. If soils are sandy and porous, earth ponds are impractical and a concrete lining is required to retain water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Drainage of the ponds must be carefully considered. Drainage is far easier if the ponds are built on a slight rise. Water from the ponds must not be allowed to stagnate nearby; the drainage system must be efficient. It is recommended that pens be spaced at least 8 m apart and that their drainpipes lead underground at least 10 m before emptying.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pen Construction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pens with rounded corners are the most successful. Crocodiles frequently choose to lie together in a pile. Square corners allow them to pile up against the angle, smothering those on the bottom and sometimes allowing animals to climb over the fence. With rounded corners, the pile cannot grow very high before the crocodiles slide sideways and the heap collapses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiments in South Africa indicate that natural pools containing rooted vegetation are less prone to become sources of disease than are concrete pools. The surface of the concrete seems to become impregnated with liquid and debris from food and to become a breeding ground for bacteria. For hatchlings and very small juvenile crocodiles, concrete has an added disadvantage; its rough surface can abrade the belly skin when the animals slide in and out of the water, which can foster infection. In 5 or 10 years, even smooth concrete will erode sufficiently to become a problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Researchers elsewhere, however, report better results with concrete lined ponds, which they find easier to clean. Concrete pools are useful for summer because they can be scrubbed clean and because the volume of water used is small. Normally they need only be emptied, cleaned, and refilled every third day, and there is no wastage through seepage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pools are best built as channels. This provides more bank for basking and enables the pools to accommodate more crocodiles. Because the larger males become belligerent only when they can see each other, floating logs, patches of grass, or channel corners are visual barriers that reduce interactions. The channel system also gives more water edge, and this appears to satisfy the territorial instinct.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles are famous for basking in the sun, but they die surprisingly easily of heat prostration. At least one-third of the land area of a farm pen should be shaded with vegetation. The amount of space around each pool is calculated to allow ample basking room for each animal, and an area of shade must likewise be provided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On land, crocodiles often seek contact with each other (thigmotaxis) and frequently lie piled on top of each other, but this should be a matter of choice rather than of overcrowding. There should be few enough animals in the enclosure to allow every crocodile to get out of the water if it chooses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ideally, only half the available number of pools should be occupied at a time, so that they can be used in rotation. In this system, the animals can be moved to fresh pools every two months (or as necessary), leaving the &quot;used&quot; pools to be drained and dried out to bake in the sun. After two months, the pools will then be clean and ready for use again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important requirement is that the pools be at least 60 cm in depth; otherwise, the water becomes too hot in summer. The pool floor should be sloped towards the drain outlet to facilitate cleaning and flushing away uneaten food. Also, the outlet pipe should be 10 cm in diameter, with a stopcock outside the enclosure, so that the pool can be cleaned and emptied efficiently. It is essential to place a screen in the drainpipe to prevent small crocodiles from escaping or being sucked out of the pool during cleaning. After some time, stagnant ponds may become difficult to clean because of the heavy growth of algae on their sides. Hard-bristle scrubbing brushes are needed to dislodge this growth. Small amounts of copper sulfate in the water will help control algae if used regularly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The entire pond and surrounding apron must be smoothly plastered to facilitate cleaning. It helps to have a water source close to each pool from which a hose pipe can be led to pressure spray and clean the pool and its apron.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important part of the design is a partly submerged, gently sloping ledge, some 45 cm in width, around the perimeter of the pool. This provides a shallow resting zone for the crocodiles and gives them easy access to the water. The crocodiles rest there when feeding, and the ledge prevents them from scraping their bellies and damaging their claws when they enter or leave the pool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For small crocodiles it is advisable to roof over the entire pen with wire netting or cries-crossed strands of wire. This protects against predators. Further, young crocodiles can climb vertical wire netting with ease and will escape unless the enclosure is either roofed or has side walls that slope inwards. A skirting board (planking, sheet iron, tin, or plastic sheeting) placed against the wire netting can also prevent this. If wire netting is used for the sides of the pens it should have mesh no larger than 1 cm so that hatchlings will not injure themselves by trying to climb through. While these pools are being cleaned, care must be exercised to prevent crocodiles from falling into the empty pool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water can be passed continuously through the pools. The advantage of this is that during hot summer weather, when crocodiles are feeding at their maximum rate, small uneaten food particles, feces, and urine are carried away. Constant dilution of the pond's water also ensures a low bacteria level. However, the pool must be drained and scrubbed clean at least weekly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Earthen pools are easy and cheap to build and are a &quot;natural&quot; habitat where vegetation can be planted and small live fish introduced; insects, frogs, and other creatures attracted to the dams will be an important addition to the diet and health of the crocodiles. Earthen pools are ideal in climates where low winter temperatures are likely to cause respiratory illness in the young animals. During cold weather the crocodiles burrow into the mudbanks and survive nights of heavy frost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the animal's burrowing capabilities, it is important to provide a strip of land 4 m wide between the pool's edge and the boundary fence. Otherwise, crocodiles may tunnel beyond the fence line. Fences must be buried at least 1 m deep to intercept the burrows and to prevent predators from burrowing in. Burrowing, however, can be hazardous, because the burrows can collapse and suffocate the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In areas where the soil is porous or sandy, the floor of an earth dam can be sealed with concrete or plastic irrigation sheets. A layer of earth can be used to conceal this artificial floor. The disadvantages of earth pools are that, because of seepage, they require more water than concrete ones and that they require more maintenance because they cannot be efficiently cleaned. Even if the pools are provided with constantly circulating water, they eventually become fouled, particularly during hot weather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Removing crocodiles from an earth pond can prove difficult, since most will take refuge in their burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capturing Crocodiles&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles are located at night, usually from a boat, by shining a light along the edges of rivers and lagoons. Because of a reflective tapetum, the eyes of crocodiles glow reddish or orange and are visible for a hundred meters or more. If the population has not become exposed to hunting and become wary of people, the animals will not submerge when the light strikes them. Dazzled by the beam, they tolerate a stealthy approach, and small animals can simply be grabbed by hand or scooped up in a net. They can then be transported in sacks to the rearing pens. Larger animals may be noosed or baited into cylindrical screen traps at places they frequent along the water's edge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Managing a Crocodile Farm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is a problem to sort the young crocodiles. From one clutch of eggs, some individuals will be aggressive and others may be shy or extremely timid; growth may vary from rapid to very slow, with a few individuals classed as runts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Larger animals can be so dominant that smaller individuals will not even attempt to feed. If sorting is not done, the smaller, less-aggressive individuals do not get a fair share of the food; they grow slowly and get bitten and harassed by the larger animals. At feeding time, some will flee to the opposite side of the pen and stop feeding altogether. Keeping the young animals sorted into classes of the same size avoids many of these problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nutrition and Feeding&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the crocodilian's reputation as a man-eater, small wild crocodiles live mainly on invertebrates and larger ones live mainly on fish. Papua New Guinea's farmers feed a varied diet of locally caught fish, crab, shrimp, frogs, snails, grasshoppers, beetles, and slaughterhouse waste. Whole animals minced up should be used, if necessary, because crocodiles require a diet of bone, intestine, scales, and other tissues to provide calcium and minerals. Bones in chopped fish must be minced thoroughly for hatchlings or very young crocodiles, or they should be fed very small fish supplemented by tadpoles or insects. One village in Papua New Guinea has shown remarkable success in rearing hatchlings on a diet of chopped fish and live freshwater shrimp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fish is an excellent food for the bulk feeding of a large captive population. Whole fish chopped into pieces, including the livers and hearts, forms a balanced diet that may be supplemented by meat, if available, to make up bulk. Small whole fish are particularly suitable; the crocodiles derive calcium from the bones and scales, plus roughage to facilitate digestion, while the flesh, liver, and heart are rich in nutrients and protein The main difficulty usually lies in harvesting enough fish to meet the crocodiles' demands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any method of supplementing the diet with live creatures is recommended. For instance, a light can be left burning in each pen about 15 cm above the water for attracting insects. Various types of insect traps may also be used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles also can be fed on a variety of wastes such as offal or noncommercial fish. Ideally, a large-scale farm should be located near a poultry slaughterhouse. (Cattle offal is also satisfactory, but it is not nutritionally adequate as a sole ration for crocodiles.) Even crocodile offal itself can be fed back to crocodiles. However, the use of offal will necessitate dietary supplements to assure sufficient phosphorus and calcium. These minerals are generally provided by feeding bones to the crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles usually consume their food in the water, but they can also be fed on land. They will eat daily, but are able to remain active for weeks without food. If they are fed in the water of a farm pen, the water will become polluted unless there is considerable flow to carry away the debris. In extreme cases, the pools become septic. To ensure the health of the growing animals, constantly flowing water is far superior to standing water. (The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm in Thailand feeds some of its animals in water, but the small feeding pools are separate from the large regular breeding pools and at a lower level to prevent their overflowing into the breeding pools.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to feed pieces of food small enough to be swallowed without difficulty. Large fish should be cut into elongated rather than square pieces, since the bones can cause damage during swallowing. Similarly, whole live fish should not be so large that the dorsal fin may cause damage to the reptile's throat and gullet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to know the amount of food that each group of animals will consume at each meal. By feeding at the same time each day, it is easy to calculate how much is required. Moreover, the crocodiles become accustomed to a routine and the food is consumed while it is still fresh. In the hot summer months the animals will devour a full meal every 24 hours, but the feeding rate slackens with the onset of colder weather. It is then wise to start reducing frequency and quantities until food is required only every second or third day, depending on the climate. Generally, young crocodiles will refuse food when the air or water temperature falls below 60Â°F (15.6Â°C). Even in midsummer sudden cold spells may occur; at such times, it is usually futile to feed the animals or try to coax them to eat until the weather warms up again. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During hot weather conditions it is preferable to feed late in the afternoon or evenings, mainly to avoid placing the food on a hot cement surface. The food should be spread out around the edge of the pool under the shaded area so that the animals do not have to climb over one another to reach it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In cemented pens the area where the food is laid out should be cleaned and scrubbed two hours after feeding time and any uneaten food removed from the water with a hand net. In earthen pools, the food should be placed at a different spot along the bank at each feeding. A useful aid to hygiene is keeping a few predacious fish, such as barbel (Clarias spp.), in each pool to clean up scraps of uneaten food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population Density&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty-five crocodiles are considered the maximum manageable number per unit; staying within this limit reduces competition for food, bullying and fighting, and the number of injuries. A low stocking rate also results in a more even average growth rate. Most important is the fact that the overall health of the crocodiles is better than in a more crowded pen; disease problems are fewer and the symptoms easier to detect in a small group. If the units are spaced 8 m apart, there is also less danger of infectious disease spreading to other pens. The cleaning of pens is facilitated, and the disturbance caused by capturing crocodiles to be moved to other units is minimized. Housing 500 crocodiles in groups of 25 will require 20 separate pens, and an additional two pens should be provided to allow for intensive care of sick, injured, and weaker animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the first year, when animals are graded frequently, they will often be moved from one pen to another. Recording the number of animals housed in each pen will make it possible to keep track of numbers and movements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction is impossible when crocodiles are kept in large groups composed of different species and sizes and in more or less unnatural enclosures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Healthy, sexually mature pairs of crocodiles are usually not enough to start a breeding program. Genetic diversity to maintain a long-term breeding group must be considered, and certain environmental factors are vital for success. The distinct size and age classes of a free-living population must also be taken into consideration. Optimal sex ratios for breeding in enclosed compounds must be determined and adhered to. If a breeding unit is not based on regard for the animals' basic needs for space, nesting sites, and retreats, the larger specimens will disturb, injure, and often kill smaller specimens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diseases and Parasites&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Disease symptoms may be easily overlooked if the observer is not familiar with the behavior of crocodiles under a variety of conditions. It is essential to know how they normally walk, swim, sleep, feed, and bask in relation to the time of day, the air and water temperatures, and the amount of sunlight or rain, by day, by night, and at different seasons of the year. Caretakers should notice the appearance of feces from healthy animals to be able to detect evidence of diarrhea, and to identify misaligned teeth and weakened limbs to detect nutritional deficiencies. Eggs are critically dependent on specific temperature and moisture requirements if the embryos are to develop normally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often difficult to determine the cause of illness or death, and even if the ailment has been correctly diagnosed, it is not easy to capture and administer drugs to large numbers of sick animals. Some animals may be injured during the handling process. Emphasis on preventing disease, rather than curing it, is the best way of ensuring a healthy crop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost inevitably, the water in the pools will harbor concentrations of bacteria such as salmonella. If strict hygiene is observed, however, the bacterial level will not be harmful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is recommended that whenever possible animals found newly dead should be dissected and vital organs such as the brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and stomach removed for veterinary research. Blood slides should also be taken and feces samples collected. The various specimens must be carefully labeled, frozen as quickly as possible, and packed on ice in a vacuum flask for immediate dispatch to the nearest veterinary research institute or pathologist. Alternatively, dying animals may be sent live for research purposes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is helpful for the handler to become thoroughly acquainted with the animal's internal anatomy, in order to distinguish between healthy and diseased organs. This knowledge, coupled with the symptoms noted before the animal dies, and the veterinary report, will be useful in future diagnosis and treatment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One problem for the crocodile farmer is a roundworm (nematode) parasite that burrows into the belly skin. When the burrow collapses it produces an undulating track across the belly and throat scales that ruins the hide. These parasites have been found in crocodiles from Latin America, Africa, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Asia. They seem more prevalent in some areas and some farms than in others. The organism has been identified, but no treatment or control has been discovered. It is, however, believed that damp, muddy conditions foster the nematode, and that to reduce it pens should have areas of dry land where the animals can bask.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Killing, Skinning, and Tanning&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some farmers kill the crocodiles themselves, but many rear the animals and then sell them to a larger concern that is better equipped to deal with the skins. Killing is done most quickly and humanely by catching the crocodile with a noose and severing the spinal cord just behind the skull.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many hides are ruined or severely damaged during skinning. Even a single hole resulting from a slip of the skinning knife may reduce a hide's value by 25 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After skinning, the hides are normally coated with about 0.5 cm of coarse salt and rolled up. Within 48 hours they are unrolled and resalted. If the hide is not sufficiently salted, it may become infected with bacteria or fungi that cause the epidermis of the scales to decay or slip. Although this layer is removed during tannage, scale slip is a symptom of rot and usually causes damage to the finished hide product. If the decay is intense, the salted hides may become reddish or brown in color. This is called &quot;red heat.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although salt remains the universally used preservative for raw hides, the reptile leather industry has developed chemical fixatives that are used in addition to salt for preserving hides for tanning. Most of these pretannage fixatives are liquid and require soaking the hide in a vat, which may not be feasible in remote areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A pretanned hide is called a crust. It is green-gray (chrome tanned) or tan (vegetable tanned) and is stiff. The hide is dyed and glazed to its final finish. To increase the workability and to remove as many of the osteoderms as possible (if they are present), the underside of the hide is shaved to an even thickness. The shaving is done by craftsmen. If they shaved too much, the hide will be thin and weak, especially over the suture between the scales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix C: Selected Readings</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information on the management and status of crocodiles can be found in the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IUCN/Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter. Available from the editors, Peter Brazaitis and Myrna Watanabe, c/o New York Zoological Park, Bronx Zoo, The Bronx, New York 10460, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A Field Guide of Captive Rearing and Management of Crocodiles in India is available from Mr. R. K. Rao, Director, Central Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute (Government of India), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blake, D. K. 1974. The rearing of crocodiles for commercial and conservation purposes in Rhodesia. The Rhodesia Science News 8(10):315-324.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blake, D. K., and J. P. Loveridge. 1975. The role of commercial crocodile farming in crocodile conservation. Biological Conservation 8(4): 261-272.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bolton, M. 1981. Crocodile Husbandry in Papua New Guinea. Field Document 4. FO: DP/ PNG/74/029. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 103 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bolton, M., and M. Laufa. 1982. The crocodile project in Papua New Guinea. Biological Conservation 22:169-179.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazaitis, P. (In press) Problems in the Identification of Commercial Crocodilian Hides and the Effect on Law Enforcement. Proceedings of the IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group meeting in Zimbabwe September-October, 1982. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazaitis, P. 1973. The identification of living crocodiles. Zoologica 58(3-4):59-101.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cott, H. B. 1954. Ecology and economic status of the crocodile in Uganda. Record of the Symposium on African Hydrobiology and Inland Fisheries, Committee on Technical Cooperation for Africa South of the Sahara 6:119-122.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cott, H. B. 1961. Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29(4):211-337.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Downes, M. C. 1978. An explanation of the National Policy for the Crocodile Programme. Wildlife Division, Department of Lands, Surveys and Environment, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fuchs, K., nd. Die Krokodilhaut Eduard Roether Verlag Darmstadt, Frankfurt, West Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham, A., 1981. Mapping the pattern of crocodile nesting activity in Papua New Guinea. Field Document No. 3, FO: DP/PNG/74/029. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 50 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joanen, T., and L. McNease. 1975. Notes on the Reproductive Biology and Captive Propagation of the American Alligator. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 29:407-415. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joanen, T., and L. McNease. 1979. Culture of the American alligator. International Zoo Yearbook 19:61-66.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;King, F. W., and P. Brazaitis. 1971. Species identification of commercial crocodile skins. Zoologica 56(2): 15-72.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loveridge, J. P. ed. 1982. The Zimbabwe Science News 16(9):196-219. Causeway, Zimbabwe. (Contains five articles on crocodilian research and conservation; from Zimbabwe, Australia the United States, and lndia.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Millichamp, N. J. ;980. Medical aspects of disease in reptile collections. In The Care and Breeding of Captive Reptiles, The British Herpetological Society, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parker, F. 1981. New Crocodile Laws for Papua New Guinea. Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea. 50 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1969. Some observations on the rearing of crocodiles. Lammergeyer 10:45-59.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1971. Crocodile rearing and restocking. Pp. 104-130 in Crocodiles, IUCN Publications New Series Supplementary Paper 32. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1110 Gland, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1973. Conservation and Management of Crocodiles in Africa. Journal of the South African Wildlife Management Association 3(2):101-103.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1977. A report on Crocodile Farming. Papua New Guinea. Wildlife leaflet No. 77/27. pp. 1-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1981. Disappearing African Crocodiles. Oryx 16(1):38-40.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. (In press). The status of crocodiles in Africa. Paper Presented at 5th Meeting IUCN Survival Service Commission's Crocodile Specialist Group. Gainesville Florida, USA. September 1980.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C., and C. Gans. 1976. The Nile crocodile. Scientific American 234(4): 114-124.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wallis, B. E. 1980. Market prospects for reptile leathers. Report number ITC/DIP/12, International Trade Commission, Geneva, Switzerland. 50 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wermuth, Von H., and K. Fuchs. 1978. Bestimmen von Krokodilen und ihrer Haute. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whitaker, R. 1982. Export prospects from commercial crocodile farms in Bangladesh. ITC/UNCTAD, Geneva, Switzerland. 47 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whitaker, R., and M. Kemp. 1981. The crocodile industry in Papua New Guinea: Commercial Aspects. Field Document No. 2. FO:DP/PNC/74/029. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 35 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix D: Research Contacts</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following individuals are involved in crocodilian research. Most are biologists concerned with the conservation or natural history of the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Applied Ecology Crocodile Farm, Edward River, Queensland 4870&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shelley Burgin, Total Environment Center, 18 Argyle Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2000&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Melvin Bolton, Woodbury Farm, Woodbury Road, M.S. 142, Via Yeppoon, Queensland 4703&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Max C. Downes, The Game Conservation Center, 24 Queens Parade, North Fitzroy, Victoria 3068&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alistair Graham, P.O. Box41266, Darwin, Northern Territory 5792&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gordon Grigg, Zoology A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Lever, Koorana Crocodile Farm, M.S.F. 76, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harry Messel, Head, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fred Parker, 717 Ross River Road, Kirwan, Queensland 4814&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grahame Webb, School of Zoology, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2033&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohd. Reza Khan, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Dacca, Dacca 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;William Magnusson, Depto de Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Caixa Postal 478, 69000, Manaus, Amazonia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ko Ko Gyi, Professor of Zoology, Rangoon Arts and Sciences University, Rangoon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nyan Taw, Research Officer, People's Pearl and Fishery Corporation, Myakhwanyo Street, Thaketa, Rangoon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Huang Chu-Chien, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Swatow Prefecture Crocodile Farm, Shantou, Guang Dong Province&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federico Medem, Instituto Roberto Franco, Apartado Aereo 2261, Villavicencio (Meta)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gerado Budowski, Head, Natural Renewable Resources Programme, CATIE, Turrialba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Luis Varona, Norte 29, Nuevo Vedado, La Habana 6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jose Alberto Ottenwalder, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Plaza de la Cultura, Santo Domingo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Karlheinz Fuchs, Schillerstrasse 2, 6257 Hunfelder 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jaime Tres 1., Centro de Estudias Conservacionistas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Avenida de la Reforma 0-63, Zona IO, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. C. Choudhury and Lala A. K. Singh, Central Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute, 19-4-319, Lake Dale, Rajendranagar Road, Hyderabad 500 264, Andhra Pradesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian Board for Wildlife, c/o Department of Environment, Bikaner House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi 110 011&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Sale, UNDP/FAO Crocodile Breeding and Management Project, 19-4-319, Lake Dale, Rajendranagar Road Hyderabad 500 264, Andhra Pradesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Shanmugunathan, Chief Wildlife Warden, Vivekananda Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudhakar Kar, Saltwater Crocodile Research and Conservation Unit, Danginal 754 220 Via Rejkanika, District Cuttack, Orissa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Romulus Whitaker, Madras Snake Park Trust, Guindy Deer Park, Madras, Tamil Nadu, 600 002&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. S. Child, Wildlife and Parks Management Of ficer FAO, Rome&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wataru Kimura, Proprietor, Atagawa Tropical and Alligator Garden, Atagawa Higashi Zlu Town, Shizuoka Prefecture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Haller , Bamburi Portland Cement Co. ,Ltd., P.O. Box 90202 ,Mombasa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paul R. Wycherley, President, Malayan Nature Society, P.O. Box 150, Kuala Lumpur&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miguel Alvarez del Toro, Director, Instituto de Historia Natural, Departamento de Zoologia, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtle Gutierrez, Chiapas, 29000&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marco Antonio Lascano B., INIREB, Apdo. No 281, Merida&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tirtha Maskey, National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Office, Thapathali, P.O. Box 107, Kathmandu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antoon de Vos, Box 34, Whitford, Auckland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Milton G. Camacho B., Instituto Nicaraguense de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente (IRENA), Depto. de Fauna Silvestre, Kim 12 1/2 Carreterra Norte, Managua.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ashiq Ahmad, Wildlife Management Specialist, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abdul Latif Rao, Conservator of Wildlife, National Council for Conservation of Wildlife, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, U.G. St. 51, Sector F 6/4, Islamabad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miro Laufa, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, P.O. Box 2585, Konedobu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Karol Kisokau, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Central Government Offices, Waigani&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navu Kwapena, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham Goudie, Crocodile Farm, Lae&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Martin Hollands, Monitoring Ecologist, National Crocodile Project, P.O. Box 2585 Konedobu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pedro Vasques Ruesta, Departamento de Manejo Forestal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apdo. 456, La Molina&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angel C. Alcala, Division Research, Extension and Development, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, 6501, Negros&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;School of Agriculture, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, 6501, Negros.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. B. Anthony, The Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board, Box 662, Pietermaritzburg, Natal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antony Pooley, P.O. Box 42, St. Lucia Estuary, 3936 Zululand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rene E. Honegger, Curator, Zurich Zoo, Zurichbergstrasse 221, 8044 Zurich&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;U. Srisomboon, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok Utai Youngprapakorn and Charoon Youngprapakorn, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm and Zoo Co., Ltd., Talban Road, Samutprakan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angus d'A. Bellairs, Department of Anatomy, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School University of London, Paddington, London W2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Robert Bustard, Isle of Man&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Behler, New York Zoological Society, 185th Street &amp;amp; Southern Blvd., The Bronx, New York 10460&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peter Brazaitis, New York Zoological Society, 185th Street &amp;amp; Southern Blvd., The Bronx New York 10460&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gary Callis, Rt. I, Box 360, Clayton, New Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert H. Chabreck, Louisiana State University, School of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Michael Davenport, Department of Herpetology, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20008&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Claire Hagen, Representative, Reptile Products Association, 120 Cabrini Blvd., New York, New York 10033&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fred Hauptfuhrer, Director of Planning and Development, World Wildlife Fund, Inc., 910 17th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20006&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Howard Hunt, Atlanta Zoological Park, 518 Atlanta Ave. S.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30315&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ted Joanen, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Route 1, Box 20-B, Grand Chenier, Louisiana 70643&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Wayne King, Director, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida 32611&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffrey W. Lang, Biology Department, University of North Dakota, University Station, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles J. Lankester, UNDP, I United Nations Plaza, New York, New York 10017&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;James H. Powell, 1110 Kokomo Street, Plainview, Texas 79072&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles A. Ross, Division of Reptiles and Amphibians, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Myrna Watanabe, 141 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, New York 11201&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uruguay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federico Achaval, Departamento de Zoologia (Vertebrados), Universidad de la Republic Cerrito73, Montevideo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tomas Blohm, Apartado 69, Caracas 1010-A&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Andres Seijas Y., Servicio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, MARNR, Apartado 184, Maracay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. K. Blake, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management, P.O. Box 8365, Causeway, Harare&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Loveridge, Zoology Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kevin van Jaarsveldt, Crocodile Farmers Association of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 2569, Harare &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix E: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director of the Office of Biological Secretary General Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., is currently the Secretary General of the International Union of Biological Sciences. He received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests are in comparative anatomy and phylogeny of flowering plants, commercial timbers, histology of monocotyledons, economic botany, and tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on tropical plants, he has published extensively in these areas and on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries. Dr. Ayensu was co-chairman of the Panel on Underexploited Tropical Plants of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, JR., is Graduate Research Professor in the Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville. As Technical Director of the Caribbean Conservation Corporation, he has directed a seasonal research program at the breeding ground of the green turtle at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, since 1952, with continuous grants from the National Science Foundation from 1955 to 1980, and has carried out investigations of marine turtle ecology and navigation in various parts of the world. The author of numerous papers, articles, and books, he received the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal of the National Academy of Sciences for Handbook of Turtles and the John Burroughs Medal for The Windward Road. He is Research Associate of the American Museum of Natural History; Affiliate Curator of Natural Sciences, Florida State Museum; Chairman of the Marine Turtle Specialist Group of the Survival Service Commission, International Union for the Conservation of Nature; Honorary Consultant of the World Wildlife Fund; Fellow of the Linnean Society of London; Fellow of the American Fisheries Society; and a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi.In 1973 he was awarded a gold medal from the World Wildlife Fund for the application of scientific findings to the conservation of marine turtles. In 1975 he received the Edward W. Browning Award for achievement in biological conservation. In 1978 Dr. Carr was awarded the Gold Medal of the New York Zoological Society for contributions to natural science and conservation; in 1978 he became Officer of the Order of the Golden Ark (The Netherlands).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING is the Director of the Florida State Museum, Gainesville. He received a B.S. in 1957 and an M.S. in 1961 from the University of Florida and a Ph.D. from 1966 from the University of Miami. His research interests are in wildlife conservation and habitat preservation, impact of international trade on wildlife populations, and ecology and behavior of reptile populations. He worked at the New York Zoological Society from 1967 to 1975. As an international wildlife consultant, Dr. King has received honors from the Dominican Republic, the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and from H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands. He has served on committees advising the State Department and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources on policies regarding the trade of crocodile skins, turtle products, and other wildlife materials. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry and Professor of Forest Genetics, Yale University, was Dean of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale from 1965 to 1975. He received a B.A. from Luxembourg College and a B.Sc.F. from the University of New Brunswick in 1950, an M.F. in ecology in 1951, and a Ph.D. in forest genetics from Yale in 1954. He is especially knowledgeable about francophone Africa and was chairman of the Sahel program of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development and a member of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation. From 1960 to 1965 he was research collaborator at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1966 he was the recipient of the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Biological Research from the Society of American Foresters and in 1975 was Distinguished Professor (Fulbright-Hays Program) in Yugoslavia. Before joining the Yale faculty, he served as project leader in forest genetics for the U.S. Forest Service in Florida. He has served as a consultant to FAO, various foreign governments, and private forestry companies, and he has traveled extensively in the tropical countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS is head of the Furzebrook Research Station of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (National Environment Research Council, U.K.). He received a B.A. in natural sciences (zoology) at the University of Cambridge of 1958, M.A. in 1962, and received his Ph.D. from London University in research on the integrated control of orchard pests. Dr. Morris worked at Monks Wood Experimental Station on the effects of grassland management on populations of invertebrates and developed a strong interest in community and applied ecology, particularly the conservation of insect populations. Recently he has become involved with problems of butterfly conservation and resource utilization. He is Secretary of the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects, a Vice-Chairman of the Lepidoptera Specialist Group of lUCN'S Survival Commission, and Chairman of the Habitat and Species Protection Committee of SEL (Societal Europaea Lepidoptero-Logica). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH L. POPENOE is Professor of Soils, Agronomy, Botany, and Geography and Director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California at Davis in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this system. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. He is past Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Escuela Agricola Panamericana in Honduras, Visiting Lecturer on Tropical Public Health at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Agronomy, the America Geographical Society, and the International Soils Science Society. He is Chairman of the Advisory Committee for Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT MICHAEL PYLE, a writer and consulting lepidopterist based in Gray's River, Washington, has served since 1979 as Co-Compiler of the lUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. In this capacity he is consultant to the Conservation Monitoring Center in Cambridge, England. After receiving his B.S. and M.S. at the University of Washington, he took his Ph.D. through the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University in 1976. He worked for the Government of Papua New Guinea on the conservation and utilization of insect resources and then with the Nature Conservancy as Northwest Land Steward. A former Fulbright Scholar to the United Kingdom, Dr. Pyle subsequently founded the Xerces Society for conservation of beneficial insects and their habitats. He has been chairman of IUCN'S Lepidoptera Specialist Group (Species Survival Commission) since 1976. His publications include the Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies. A comprehensive book on insect conservation in his next project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1977 in natural resources management. He has worked on various wildlife research projects in Asia since 1964 and is representative for the Asia Foundation in Taiwan. He has published articles on butterfly conservation and wildlife industries in Taiwan, where he has been studying the butterfly and wildlife farming projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, staff officer for this study, is Professional Associate of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science that are important for developing countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (member through 1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (member through 1982) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Board on Science and Technology for International Development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAMUEL P. ASPER, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEONARD BERRY, Professor, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST I. BRISKEY, Dean, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON S. BROWN, Director, Resources Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Associate Professor, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND J. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM A. W. KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE I. LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANICE E. PERLMAN, Executive Director, Committee for a New New York, New York City Partnership, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Assistant Dean for International Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN G. HURLEY, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL P. GREENE, Associate Director/Research Grants &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASHe0e6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASHe0e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASHe0e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2883 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/ec159e/ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">495767</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://ec159e/ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://ec159e/ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courier - NÂ°159 - Sept- Oct 1996 Dossier Investing in People Country Reports: Mali ; Western Samoa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Society, Culture, Community, Woman, Youth, Population|Social sciences, sociology (works comprising several subgroups) incl. participatory research and training</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Development Periodicals and Magazines|The Courier ACP 1990 - 1996 Africa-Caribbean-Pacific - European Union</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Courier - NÂ°159 - Sept- Oct 1996 Dossier Investing in People Country Reports: Mali ; Western Samoa (ec159e)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">EC Courier</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214927</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215031</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe0e6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p021.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p038.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p043.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p094.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AFRICA-CARIBBEAN-PACIFIC - EUROPEAN-UNION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali, which used to be the centre of great appears hemmed in by its frontiers, colonisation having culminated in the break-up of the old 'French Sudan'. Following the marxist regime of Modibo Keita (the 'founder' of the nation) and the dictatorship of Mousse TraorÃ©, Mali has discovered democracy. It is still one of the world's poorest countries but recent macro-economic trends are highly encouraging and there is a new dynamism. It seems that the ending of the Tuareg conflict has provoked a surge of optimism- even among ordinary citizens whose wallets have yet to feel the effects of an improving national economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacific island nations have a reputation for idyllic scenery and rich cultural traditions. Western Samoa has both of these assets in abundance, but it also faces many development challenges. With a population of just 165 000, the country has a limited local market, and it is a very long way from potential overseas customers. It is also susceptible to destructive tropical storms. Despite these constraints, there have been some promising signs of economic progress in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dossier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Investing in people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To say that investing in people makes economic sense is to state the obvious. But to what extent are the implications of this statement fully understood in the developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, in these days of constantly shifting development theories? We look at this subject in our Dossier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acnowledgements</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Address: Postal address (mail only) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'The ACP-EU Courier' Commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1049 Brussels &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Belgium &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier office address (visitors) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First floor Astrid Building 1, rue de GenÃšve &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evere - Brussels &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publisher Steffen Smidt &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission of the European communities &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;200, rue de la Loi &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1049 - BRUSSELS &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Belgium) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. 00-32-2-299 11 11 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Publications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assistant editors&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeanne Remacle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associate assistant editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalist:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Production Manager:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secretariat:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carmela Peters&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fax: 299-30-02&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Circulation:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Margriet Mahy-van der Werf&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(299-30-12)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cower page:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cover photo by&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John and Penny Hubley&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Meeting points</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Ieremiah Tabai, Secretary General of the Forum Secretariat</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Pacific Forum: 'responding to the needs of the Member States'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although an accountant by training, leremiah Tabai has never had the opportunity to practise his profession, having pursued a successful political career instead since 1974. In 1978, he was annointed head of government in Kiribati and a year later he became his country's first President, when it achieved independence. He held this position for 12 years. In 1991, he took up the top post in one of the South Pacific's key regional bodies, the Forum Secretariat, which is based in Suva, Fiji. During a recent Courier visit to the region, we had the opportunity to interview the Secretary General. Our discussion was wide-ranging, covering issues such as the Forum Secretariat's role, the economic challenges facing the South Pacific, and the development of regional links with Australia, New Zealand and Asia. We began by asking Mr Tabai to outline the objectives of the organisation that he heads.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Like many other organisations in the region, the Forum was established essentially to try and assist the development process of the Member States. At the time it was set up, there was already an organisation in existence - the South Pacific Commission - which dates back to 1947. But there was a feeling that we needed an organisation that was not just restricted to economic issues; that could talk about other matters with a bearing on the development of the region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the early years, when the organisation was called the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation (SPEC), the focus was heavily on trying to assist the trade and economic development of the member countries. Later, the name was changed to the Forum Secretariat and its role evolved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In what way ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It has evolved in seeking to respond to the needs of the Member States. It started as a very small bureau essentially dealing, as I said, with trade and economic issues. Subsequently, it moved into areas like energy, civil aviation, maritime questions and telecommunications. It also became more involved in political issues. We have a division which deals specifically with these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1995 was a very important year in the history of the Forum. We had a review of the organisation, looking at ways we could perform better and taking account of the changes in the region and the world at large. The fundamental recommendation in the report which came out of that review was that the Secretariat should focus mainly in future on poliy-related issues, in the areas of trade and investment, economics and international relations. This report was discussed and endorsed at the last Forum in Madang, Papua New Guinea. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Does this mean, in practice, a withdrawal from project activity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It may. The essential focus of the work will be providing policy advice to countries. Having said this, there should still be some project work. For instance, we will be engaged in a programme to provide assistance for importers, particularly in the small island countries. The idea is to help people- who may not be familiar with all the legal requirements-to learn how to get into the business. This will involve running a workshop and inviting people with expertise to pass on their knowledge. So even though the focus will be on policy issues, there will still be room for project-type activities where needed -so long as these fit in with the policy priorities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mentioned the fact that the Forum now deals with political questions. Although the issue may now be seen as 'water under the bridge' to what extent was the Forum Secretariat involved in the diplomatic disagreement over French nuclear testing ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- We were very much involved from the beginning. In 1991, when the French testing was not underground but atmospheric, the region, at a Forum meeting, came out strongly in opposition to the tests. Right up to our last meeting in Madang, the subject was always a major item on the agenda, and we left France in no doubt as to the resolve of our region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the new President took the decision to resume testing after a gap of several years, I was in the group from the South Pacific that went to France to express our views to French ministers, face-to-face. Our team was led by the then Australian Foreign Minister, Gareth Evans, who was President of the Forum. And when the tests began again, the Chairman took a decision suspending the dialogue and partner status of France with the Forum. So, as you see, we have been heavily involved in the issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What resources does the Forum have at its disposal and where does the money come from ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- An important source of funds is our members' contributions. These tend to be used to cover the operational costs of the organisation. Then of course, there are the funds made available by our donors. The main ones are obviously Australia and New Zealand but there are many other countries and international organisations who provide assistance. The EU, of course, is an important partner. There was also a private donor who funded our conference centre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How many people are employed in the Secretariat ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Around 80, all based here in Suva. Most of these are support staff.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is the current state of relations between the Forum Secretariat and the main donors ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I would say our relations are good. We have an extensive mechanism for consultation with the donors. Every two years, we invite them here for a dialogue. We talk about the key issues and discuss ways in which they can assist us. There is also usually a dialogue associated with the Forum (ministerial) meetings. In September this year, after the Forum meeting, we will have more discussions with our main partners such as the EU, Canada, France, Japan and the UK. I should mention too the close links we have with international organisations like the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and the IMF.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I think it is fair to say that the Forum Secretariat is seen as a particularly important organisation in the region. That is why donors are quite keen to be seen assisting us in what we do.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are the key development issues facing the South Pacific nations ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Development is quite a difficult process for our region. There are various international reports (particularly from the World Bank) - that describe how we have fared over the last few years. If you compare our performance with the Caribbean countries, for example, you find that we have not done nearly so well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We face a number of problems. First, there is the fact that we are so small. Small communities find it much more difficult than large ones to achieve development. You need to have the market and the critical mass to do all the things that are needed and we lack these. A second, related point is that our countries are very isolated from the rest of the world. It is true that here in Fiji, there are quite good connections, but if you go to Tuvalu, Kiribati or Niue, you will soon discover how difficult it is to get out. And if you are so isolated in terms of communication, how can you hope to increase your exports ? How can you airfreight your fish to Japan when there is no aircraft available-or the one that is available is not fast enough to ensure that the product is still fresh when it arrives?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On this question, one of the things we are increasingly realising is the need to do more in terms of human resource development. We all recognise that, without an educated population and workforce, it is very hard to achieve the development that we are aiming for. To be fair, if you compare the literacy rates here with those of many other countries, say in Africa, they are not at all bad. Our literacy levels are quite high. But I think we have a long way to go in acquiring problem-solving skills of the type needed to compete internationally. We are now talking with the EU about how we can utilise funding from the second protocol of LomÃ© IV. And I suspect that human resource development will remain high on the agenda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is that view shared by the European side ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think so. l have a feeling that they will support it because it is so obvious. If you develop human skills, you are better placed when it comes to problem-solving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Going back to the key development issues, another point is the lack of natural resources. This is less of a difficulty for countries like Fiji or Papua New Guinea, but it certainly affects the small island states. It hardly needs saying that if you don't have the resources in the first place, it is much harder to develop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, I think there is a question of how the Pacific region can get a better return on the resources it does have. This theme of 'managing our resources' was discussed by the Forum in Brisbane two years ago. Fisheries is probably the most important area here. The question is how we can earn more from this than we are currently doing- and there is no easy answer. Likewise in the forestry sector. We have to ensure that logging is done on a sustainable basis. But we must also recognise that leaders of the Pacific nations are under pressure. On the one hand, they are trying to take a lona-term view. but they are also striving to tackle the immediate problems. In an ideal world, our region would obtain a far better return on our resources, and that is something that we have to work on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having said all this, I don't think one should be too pessimistic. This region is still a very good place to live in. That is clearly reflected in the number of visitors we get. The 'South Seas' still have a special connotation that draws people here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You effectively have two 'genera/' regional organisations, with overlapping memberships, covering the South Pacific -the Forum, and the South Pacifc Commission (SPC). Do you think there is room for bath ? Do you complement each other or is there a rivalry ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We have more than two regional organisations. We also have SPREP (South Pacifc Regional Environment Programme), the FFA (Forum Fisheries Agency)....&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but these are specialist bodies with distinct sectoral responsibilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, that's true. In answer to your question, my view is that we have no problem with things as they stand. I was very involved in the debate some years back on the question of what we called an SRO - a single regional organisation. There was a strong push to try and achieve an SRO. The subject was debated for a few years and, in the end, it was possible to resolve the question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mean it was resolved by the idea being abandoned ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I suppose it depends on the way you look at it. The outcome was a decision to leave the regional organisations as they are but with the establishment of a mechanism to ensure they work together more effectively. This mechanism is called SPOCC-the South Pacific Organisations Coordinating Committee. It is a meeting of heads of regional organisations which happens at least once a year. We talk about the issues that are common to our mandate and work out ways of doing things better. SPOCC has been operating for six or seven years now and I think it works fairly well. There is, after all, no conflict in our underlying objectives. So my answer here is no, I don't see any problem. I don't see any rivalry between us. It is a question of seeing how we can work together to achieve the goals that we share.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the European Union, the fundamental goal, set out in the Treaty, is to move towards 'ever-closer union' We have been doing this in fits and starts over the past 35 years. Do you see the Forum perhaps taking on a similar role here-as the focus for economic, and perhaps ultimately, political integration in the South Pacifc ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- I think it is too early to speculate. We already have a number of sub-groups in the region like the MSG, the Melanesian Spearhead Group, whose members are the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Fiji (admitted last year). Further north, we have the Micronesian grouping which brings together Nauru, Tuvalu, the Marshall Islands and Kiribati. These groups meet outside the Forum framework and they essentially have a common aim which is to work more closely together. I think they feel it is easier to do it at this level because they are closer to each other and have more in common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for the Forum Secretariat, you can never tell what may come in the future. On balance, however, I think at the moment that integration is a long way off. Having said this, you do sometimes hear people putting the idea forward. There is, for example, something called the CER system, which stands for 'closer economic relations' between Australia and New Zealand. There have been suggestions that it might be possible to enlarge this grouping.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking at closer economic cooperation, and the general dismantling of trade barriers, we also need to recognise the growing importance of APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) for the region. We are trying strengthen our links with the APEC countries and in October, we will be establishing a trade office in Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mean a Forum Secretariat office ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, in Tokyo. We are also talking with the Chinese and will probably end up with an office in Beijing. This is all part of our attempt to integrate ourselves with the Asean region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mission statement of the Forum Secretariat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mission of the Forum Secretariat is to enhance the economic and social well being of the people of the South Pacific, in support of the efforts of the national governments. The Secretariat has particular responsibility to facilitate, develop and maintain cooperation and consultation between member governments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Secretariat must pursue its mission in accordance with the directives of the Forum and within its mandated areas of operation. it undertakes political and economic activities, regional in nature and complementary to the activities of the member governments. Its role requires it to act as the secretariat to the Forum and to disseminate the Forum's views, to coordinate activities with other regional institutions in particular through the SPOCC process, and to represent the Forum's interests intemationally, as required. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ACP</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Investment symposium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A success story for African mining</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency) symposium was held in Montreal from 22-24 May. It brought together some 40 African mining ministers, most of the important donor agencies and representatives of around 25 mining companies. MIGA, which is a specialised agency of the World Bank, promotes the flow of private investment to developing countries. It provides insurance against political risks and assists member countries in attracting foreign investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The purpose of the symposium was to attract investors from all over the world in order to exploit the rich mining possibilities offered by many African states. Several of the countries that attended went to considerable effort to present themselves well, and it was evident that some are quickly learning what it takes to attract foreign investors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The climate for mining investment in most African states has improved tremendously over the last two to three years. Most countries have introduced new mining codes, clearly defining the rights and obligations of foreign investors. State-owned companies are also being privatised, taxation has been made more reasonable and institutions in the mining sector, such as geological surveys, are becoming more efficient.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this has led to a big increase in exploration for new deposits and a substantial increase in investment. At present, the activity is particularly heavy in West Africa, where many countries have very good gold potential. The European Community is contributing to this development in several ways. The biggest success so far has been the exploration campaign in Mali, funded under that country's LomÃ© National Indicative Programme (NIP), which led to the discovery of the Sadiola gold deposit. A world-class gold mine will be built here, bringing substantial benefits to the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank has also supported many African countries in their efforts to reform the legal and administrative framework for the mining industry. An important element, however, in attracting mining companies is the availability of good geological data. This is a very expensive activity, which does not bring immediate returns, if at all. So it is not appropriate to finance this through bank loans. The NlPs and SYSMIN Fund, on the other hand, are instruments that are well-suited to this kind of work. The Community has already financed a series of airborne geophysical surveys in Botswana and Namibia -to mention just two examples-and a new Sysmin project is currently being prepared for Burkina Faso.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission Unit responsible for Mining Cooperation and Sysmin (VIIIl.B.5) was represented at the symposium. Its main purpose for being there was to present the functioning of Sysmin and the Community's cooperation in the field of mining to ACP ministers, mining companies and other donor agencies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Current state of the mining sector&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mining sector is currently very active. Exploration in West Africa doubled between 1993 and 1995 and new mines are being opened all the time. A lot of this new activity is to be found in the gold sector. This is mainly due to the development of cheaper production methods combined with a much more positive investment climate in many African countries. A gold mine takes less time to reach the production stage than, for example, a copper mine, with the former being far less dependent on good infrastructure. Outside the gold sector, activity is much more subdued. While base-metal prices are at a reasonable level, the pay-back period is much longer and the lack of suitable infrastructure kills many projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For many countries, mining is a key area in the growth of the private sector. State-ownad mines are being privatised and the new mines that are being opened have little or no state participation. Foreign investors are bringing in the most up-to-date mining technologies and business methods, and they are faced with the need to train local people in technical and business skills. Supporting the mining sector is clearly an efficient way of supporting private sector development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SYSMIN's future role&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given that most metals are currently fetching quite high prices, it is probable that relatively few ACP countries will be eligible for SYSMIN assistance over the next two to three years. The viability of most existing mines is not thought to be under threat and they should continue to be profitable. Thus, countries that are heavily dependent on mining should not experience severe losses in export income, which in turn means that relatively few SYSMIN requests are expected during the period of LomÃ© IV's second financial protocol. At the same time, the financial allocation for SYSMIN has been increased from ECU 48Om to ECU 575m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When trying to attract new mining investors, it is essential for a country to have good geological information. Private companies are normally unwilling to undertake much general prospect ion, such as airborne geophysical surveys, because it is very expensive and, if they do, it is usually limited to very small areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, companies are tending to restrict their activities to areas for which general information is already available. These points were raised by several of the mining companies that attended the symposium.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the present mining boom is not going to last for ever. Metal prices are volatile and, with the next downturn in the business cycle, a decline in metal prices will surely follow. So it is essential to prepare the basis for future mining activities by collecting general data. Given that a significant part of the SYSMIN allocation may remain unused because of a lack of requests, it would be worthwhile to consider whether a part could be reallocated to prepare general geological data for mining activities in the next century. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. B.-H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Joint Assembly to consider climate problem</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Hans van de Veen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Can the EU-ACP relationship be used to strengthen the dialogue between Europe and the main victims of climate change ? And can the LomÃ© Convention be one of the tools to promote climate protection measures, as well as the implementation of the Climate&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Treaty? These questions will be considered in depth at a hearing on climate derange scheduled for the next ACP-EU Joint Assembly, to be held in the last week of September 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Periods of heavy rain have always been part of normal life in Fiji. But the latest rains were different, says counsellor Taina Tudau of the Fiji Embassy in Brussels. 'They were much more extreme than what we were used to, and caused heavy damage. Normally it took several days of heavy rain before the floods came up. This time, the water flooded the islands almost immediately the rain began to fall.' Mrs Tudau sees two main causes for the recent flooding. First, there is heavy deforestation on the islands, causing widespread erosion. But she is sure there was another reason for the recent damage: 'In the Pacific we know the local climate is changing. We see that the sea is rising. We are experiencing more extreme weather events. There can be no doubt that global warming is already going on.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji is a prominent member of the Alliance of Small Island States (Aosis), the group of 36 nations which feel particularly threatened by global warming. At the first Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, held in Berlin in March 1995, Aosis called for industrialised nations to reduce their C02 emissions by 20% by 2005 (based on 1990 levels). At the end of the conference, the 150 national delegations agreed to begin negotiations on targets for industrialised nations to cut emissions in the early years of the next century.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So intentions may be good, but in practice not much has been done yet. The EU, for its part, risks losing credibility if firm action is not taken soon. According to a recent Commission White Paper on energy policy, the use of energy within the Union will increase by 1% a year up to 2020. Failing 'any strong policy interventions', the paper says, emissions of carbon dioxide are likely to show a 'substantial increase' during this period. Says Fiji-counsellor Tudau: 'As small island states we know what's at stake, but there seems to be no feeling of urgency in the rest of the world. We really wonder how long it will take before there is a definite move towards reduction of greenhouse gases.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EU-ACP cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the Berlin conference, the ACP countries-led by Aosis but with support from most of the African states -took a constructive and moderate position in the G77. The position adopted by the EU could also be described as moderate, certainly compared to that of other OECD countries. Several observers have pointed to the fact that these two moderate approaches by important blocks within the Climate Convention negotiations offer possibilities for some form of cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'No doubt the EU represents the most progressive group of countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;within the OECD, although its position is far from sufficient', says Sible Schone, a representative of the World Wide Fund for Nature. 'Besides that, the EU has a special relationship with a large group of developing countries. Quite obviously it will be significant to get a dialogue started between the EU and the ACPs on the subject of climate change.' Currently, there is no such dialogue. 'At the moment we are not in a dialogue with ACP countries on climate change', says Bertil Heerink of the European Commission's Environment Directorate-General who is a member of the EU delegation to the climate negotiations. 'I'm convinced this will happen some day, but first we have to agree on our own goals and measures. I am sure developing countries want us to give priority to this too.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The special ACP subcommittee to deal with tropical timber, the environment and fisheries, formed after the signing of the revised LomÃ© IV, only recently started its work. With respect to the global warming issue, it is waiting for the Joint Assembly hearing, according to ambassador Michael King of Barbados, who is a committee member. 'The specific interests of the different regions have to be articulated there, and then some kind of sustained effort has to be initiated.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The unit for Sustainable Development and Natural Resources in the Development Directorate-General of the Commission (DG VIII) not at present dealing with the subject of climate change. Says Head of Unit, Amos Tincani: 'We have worked on biodiversity and desertification, and we want to do more on the specific environmental problems of small island states. But we have done nothing similar on climate change. This is partly because it is so much a global problem, but the main reason is we simply lack the people and the time to go into it.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assembly hearing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At its meeting in Windhoek in March this year, the Joint Assembly adopted a resolution which had been proposed by representatives of 13 small island states. This urged the EU to take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof. More specifically, the Commission is being asked to update its climate change strategy for the period post-2000 and to achieve significant reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases over the coming decade and thereafter. The resolution riches on to call for extra assistance to ACP countries in the Caribbean, Pacific and Indian Ocean to help them improve their disaster preparedness. The Commission is also urged to accelerate the transfer of appropriate technologies and practices, to enable ACP states to develop coastal zone management strategies and to rehabilitate and protect areas stricken by drought and desertification as well as by hurricanes and floods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two representatives of the European Parliament, Maartje van Putter (PES) and Peter Liege (EPP), have been active on the situation of the small island states and climate change for several years. According to Mrs Van Putten, the main effect of the coming Assembly hearing should be to put extra pressure on the Commission to take its responsibility seriously. 'Talking about climate change,' she says, 'one should never forget who is to blame and who, therefore, must take decisive action. A European tax on energy or carbon dioxide would be an important first step, but no more than that.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Besides influencing the Commission's energy policy, Mrs Van Putten hopes the Assembly hearing will raise public awareness on the climate problem in those ACP countries which are not in the 'small island' category. 'If you are talking about rising sea levels, the African states with low-lying coastal zones face the same problems as the small island countries,' she points out. 'And they also face the problem of desertification and declining food production.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Integrating the climate dimension&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a recent briefing paperto the Commission, the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) concluded that, hitherto, the aid community (including the EU) had not incorporated measures on global warming into their strategic thinking on sustainable development. 'Indeed, the possibility of climate change has been considered of minor importance in comparison to other environmental concerns.' This is hardly surprising, says the London-based institute, as the climate issue has only recently been placed on the international agenda. Moreover, the long-term threat of global warming raises some difficult questions regarding priorities in circumstances where resources are limited. In other words: who wants to spend scarce funds on problems the full effects of which will probably not be felt for another 25 to 50 years? The best way forward, suggests the IIED, is to tackle the apparent conflict between shortterm development priorities and longterm climate protection, by 'integrating the climate dimension' rather than considering climate change as an issue in isolation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Technology transfer could be a central point, according to WWF's Sible Schone. 'Developing countries see technology transfer as a central theme in the Climate Convention, but the industrialised countries don't give enough weight to these There are a lot of paragraphs about technology transfer in the Convention as well as in LomÃ©. Now it's time to fill in these commitments.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strangely, there are hardly any LomÃ© projects currently under way in the field of energy efficiency. It is strange because experts have pointed to the large potential in developing countries for cost-effective energy improvement and energy conservation. Improved management could save at least 25% of the energy now being consumed. Quick realisation of this potential would significantly contribute to alleviating environmental Ã nd development problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Henri Martin, energy specialist in DG VIII, agrees a lot more could be done in this field, but he points out: 'We are dependent on requests. If you look at the wording of the Convention, everything has already been said. There are chapters on energy and technology transfer. The problem is that we don't get enough signals back from the ACP countries that these items are a priority for them. I'm afraid sustainable energy or energy efficiency is not high on the agenda of most countries.' Taina Tudau disagrees strongly: 'Our experience is that the projects that could make a difference and contribute to sustainable development, protection of the environment and local sustainable energy production, are found to be too small. It is the donor that sets the conditions for the projects, not us, the small island states.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New funding?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Can the EU build a credible policy linking climate and development cooperation, without reserving extra money? Not surprisingly, there is disagreement on this question. In Brussels, officials are inclined to point to possibilities that are already there but not being used. Amos Tincani, for instance, observes that 'there are budgets for this kind of problem under LomÃ©. We have provisions specially targeted for the islands'. He mentions regional budgets in particular: 'A lot can be started at the regional level which then trickles down to the national level. But after producing fine resolutions, everybody seems to forget the work still needs to be done. The idea is: 'oh yes, we can do it, provided it is with fresh money'. We say: a lot more can be done with existing budgets and instruments.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maartje van Putten, from the Parliament, says the discussion should not be 'dominated by southern demands for additional money'. She agrees that ACP countries could make better use of existing funds and possibilities, such as, for instance, the funds for intra ACP cooperation. But counsellor Tudau points to the fact that the Climate Convention urges industrialised countries to support the response of developing countries to climate problems through 'new and additional' money, besides the transfer of environmentally sound technologies and expertise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a financial mechanism built into the Climate Convention, which is administered by the Global Environmental Facility, to cover additional costs of appropriate measures. But much more could be done by the aid community, including the EU, according to Mrs Tudau. 'Most European countries will not succeed in stabilising, let alone reducing, their emissions. In reaction to this, as ACP countries we should say: European Union, you are not fulfilling your obligations. You have to try harder and you have to set extra money aside to compensate for the damage this is doing to us. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.v.d.V.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ACP-EU Council in Apia</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were no real surprises or unexpected developments at the ACP-EU Council meeting which took place in Apia, Western Samoa, on 27 and 28 June, 1996. The session was preceded by an ACP Council, which saw the adoption of three important decisions. The first of these was the appointment of a new ACP Secretary-6eneral, Mr Ng'andu P. Magande of Zambia. The post had been vacant for some time, following deadlock within the ACP Group over a successor to Berhane Ghebray (see issue 155 of The Courier, p.6). The ministers also agreed to hold a summit of ACP heads of government in Libreville, Gabon, during the second half of 1997. This meeting is expected to focus heavily on the future of ACPEU relations once the present LomÃ© Convention has expired.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the substantive area, the ACP Council adopted a resolution deploring the suspension of cooperation with Equatorial Guinea. Ministers urged the European Union to make use of the procedure in Article 366a of the revised LomÃ© Convention, and to set in train the consultation procedure envisaged in this provision.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This issue was raised again by the ACP side at the subsequent ACP-EU Council. This meeting, which was presided over by Mrs Toya (Italian Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs) and Mr Syamujaye (Zambia's Trade Minister) had a relatively light agenda. There was a discussion about the Commission proposal for a directive on the use of vegetable fats, other than cocoa fat, in chocolate (see issue 158 of The Courier, p.35). Somalia also featured in the debate, with representatives agreeing on the need to find ways of allowing this country to benefit from LomÃ© Convention provisions. The civil conflict in Somalia, and the absence of an effective central administration have prevented the deployment of regular development aid for many years, although significant amounts of emergency assistance have been and are still being provided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, the ACP-EU Council approved two reports drawn up by the development finance cooperation subcommittee and commodities sub-committee respectively. Representatives were able to reach a compromise on two outstanding points of contention in the resolution on development finance relating to tenders and the dissemination of the user's guide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note was taken of the number of countries that have so far lodged instruments of ratification for the revisad LomÃ© Convention (Mauritius agreement). At the time of the Apia meeting, only nine countries had ratified: seven on the ACP side (Barbados, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, Jamaica, Malawi, Mauritius and Solomon Islands) and two EU Member States (Denmark and Sweden). Appeals were made for the contracting parties to speed up their ratification procedures so that the Eighth European Development Fund can come on stream as speedily as possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The next ACP-EU Council meeting will take place in Luxembourg on 24 and 25 April 1997.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Western Samoa deserves a special mention for the warmth of their hospitality and the efficient way in which they organised the Council meeting. Delegates from all sides were keen to express their appreciation of the host country's efforts, which ensured the smooth running of the various meetings and gave the visitors a real taste of this Pacific country's unique culture. ed. S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New ACP Secretary-General&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ng`andu Peter Magande, is no stranger to the challenge of development at the grassroots. The new Secretary-General of the ACP Group, who was born in 1947, began his working career as a provincial development officer, planning and supervising projects in the Southern Province of his native Zambia. He is an economics graduate of the University of Zambia and also holds a master's degree in agricultural economics from Makerere university, Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From working in the field, he moved into government administration, rising to the position of Permanent Secretary-a post which he held in a number of ministries. Since the mid-1980s, he has had key jobs in a number of Zambian enterprises (including Managing Director of the Zambia National Commercial Bank) His most recent work has been on a project to develop private sector participation in agricultural input and produce marketing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Kenya's economy in the 1990s</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Elisabeth Pape&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya has enjoyed rare political stability since independence in 1963. It is one of the most famous holiday destinations in Africa, with abundant wildlife, fine beaches and stunning scenery. But despite having the most advanced economy in East Africa, it is still one of the world's poorest countries. Over 11 million Kenyans live below the poverty line. But better times may be ahead. The Government has embarked on an ambitious reform programme which promises to lay the foundations for strong growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The early 1990s marked the worst time in Kenyan history, in economic development terms. Real GDP growth dropped from 4.3% in 1990 to 2.1% in 1991 and was almost zero in 1992 and 1993. This poor performance was due to drought, structural rigidities, lack of monetary discipline, non-enforcement of banking regulations, and reduced donor assistance. While Kenya was used to receiving substantial foreign aid inflows, the present decade began with growing tensions between Government and donors. In the new post-Cold War atmosphere, the latter wanted to see political and economic reforms, and in November 1991 they decided to halt guick-disbursing aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Multi-party elections in December 1992 did not immediately restore relations with the donors, in particular as they were accompanied by a lack of fiscal and monetary discipline whose effects threatened economic ruin. Monetary expansion was fuelled, among other things, by discretionary exemptions to Banking Act provisions, which enabled over-borrowing by certain 'political' banks from the Central Bank. In early 1993, things came to a head. Foreign currency reserves were down to just a few weeks of imports, the banking system was on the verge of collapse, and consumer prices had shot up. Against this background, the Government went for a comprehensive, IMF-supported structural adjustment programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of far-reaching reforms were implemented with unprecedented speed. Exchange restrictions were removed, import licensing was ended, import procedures were made easier and tariffs were reduced. The export license requirement was also lifted and price controls were abolished. In March 1993, the Central Bank (CBK) began to tighten monetary policy. By issuing large amounts of treasury bills, it soaked up most of the excess liquidity which had been injected the previous year. There was also stricter bank supervision and a number of weak financial institutions were closed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Structural reforms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Government began structural reforms aimed at reducing its own role in the economy in favour of the private sector. The privatisation programme, begun in 1991, was accelerated. By the end of 1995, the authorities had divested more than half of the 211 non-strategic parastatals-though critics complained the process often lacked transparency. The Government also substantially reduced its fiscal deficit through, above all, an improved revenue policy. The deficit fell from 11.4% of GDP in 1992/93 to 2.5% in 1994/95. The number of civil servants was reduced, mainly through voluntary early retirement, so that, by the end of 1995, the service had been trimmed by more than 30 000 (10% of the payroll).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1995, the reform programme lost momentum as proponents of the old and the new systems locked horns. Vested interests stood in the way of more radical reforms. Temporary import bans on maize and sugar were reimposed, key parastatal reforms were delayed and expensive but economically dubious projects were approved outside normal budgetary procedures. These included an international airport in Eldoret, a presidential jet and an identity card project. These further delayed the resumption of balance of payments support by the Bretton Woods Institutions and contributed to the frustration of efforts to improve relations with donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The economic crisis peaked in early 1993 and the shilling was sharply devalued. The official rate went from about KSh 36 to the dollar at the end of 1992 to KSh 60 in April 1993. On the market, the currency was being traded at a premium of more than 30% and that continued until July-i.e. about two months after the removal of exchange restrictions. The market premium then started to decline and the two rates converged in mid-October when the shilling stood at 69 to the dollar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The high interest rate on treasury bills under the liberalised foreign exchange regime was the main reason behind strong currency inflows which began in October 1993. Other factors, whose exact impact is difficult to gauge, included capital flight from neighbouring crisis-torn countries, the international money laundering one normally finds in places with newly liberalised foreign exchange regimes, and a surplus in the current account position. The shilling then started to rise, despite the CBK's massive currency purchases which led to a build up of reserves to the equivalent of six months of imports. The appreciation continued up to October 1994: indeed, at one point, the shilling reached a high of 35 to the dollar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That was the turning point. Strong import demand, fuelled in particular by a surge in oil imports in the wake of petroleum market liberalisation, and an outflow of portfolio investments due to lower interest rates, weakened the currency. By mid-1995, after two sharp falls, it reached a rate of 56 to the dollar. Since then, it has been relatively stable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic recovery&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Real GDP grew by 3% in 1994 and an estimated 5% in 1995. Good weather certainly helped, but the economy also benefited from the Government's reforms. Agriculture, the mainstay, grew by 2.8% in 1994 and by more than 5% in 1995. This compares with negative growth rates in 1992-93, when the sector was hard hit by bad weather. Elsewhere, the trends were more mixed. Many producers for the local market were affected by trade liberalisation and, in 1994, by the strong shilling. The former created a highly competitive environment almost overnight-after years of cosy protectionism. For cloth manufacturers, the liberalisation of imports of second-hand clothing further aggravated the problem. In 1994, the clothing sector's output dropped 35%. Tourism, the main foreign exchange earner, fared quite well in volume terms in 1994 despite the strong shilling. But while turnover may have gone up, it is likely that many operators did not earn enough extra to cover their increased local currency costs. In 1995, visitor arrivals fell by 20% to the lowest figure since 1988. In consequence, tourism earnings fell by a quarter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As intended, liberalisation led to higher trade volumes. In 1994, exports ( + 16%) rose by more than imports ( + 13%) in value terms, but the position was reversed in 1995 when the latter jumped by 35% while the former were 14% lower. One good sign was that the highest import growth was in industrial supplies and machinery (60% up) but the fact that the deficit almost doubled to reach record levels was obviously a cause for concern.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major revolution has also taken place in trade flows. In 1994, for the first time, Uganda overtook the UK as the biggest importer of Kenyan goods. In the same year, the value of Kenya's exports to African countries moved ahead of its combined exports to Europe and North America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During 1994, the Nairobi Stock Exchange proved to be one of the worid's best-performing stock markets, the value of shares rising by 80%.1995 was disappointing, however. Although foreigners were allowed to invest for the first time, the index nonetheless fell by 25%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fighting inflation has been the CBK's main objective since 1993 and a tight monetary policy has brought the problem under control. Inflation dropped from 46% in 1993 to 29% in 1994 and to below 2% in 1995. Recently, however, an upward trend has bean observed. This follows a money supply increase far in excess of the expansion of economic activity, and is mainly due to a substitution of treasury bills for borrowing from the Central Bank since the end of 1994. If inflation is to remain within the 5% target for 1996-which already seemed highly unlikely by the middle of the year - the trend needs to be speedily reversed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially, the main way of mopping up excess liquidity was through the sale of treasury bills. When the sales began in March 1993, there was a huge liquidity overhang and high interest rates had to be offered to take money out of the market quickly. The rate earned on 90-day bills-which became the lead interest rate in the economy- rose from 17% to 80% between March and July 1993. It then declined steadily, reaching 18% at the end of 1994. This prompted an outflow of short-term capital, leading to currency depreciation and lower foreign reserves. Since mid 1995, treasury bill rates have been back above 20% and this seems to have stabilised the foreign exchange situation. It is generally believed that the high prevailing real interest rates are a major obstacle to investment and economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interest on domestic debt is still a big item in the state budget, although, the situation is much improved, thanks to the reduction in the stock of treasury bills and lower interest rates. In fiscal year 1993/94, interest payments on domestic debt alone swallowed one third of total gavernnnent expenditure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agriculture sector employs 70% of the total labour force and generates more than a quarter of Kenya's GDP. Much of industry is linked to agricultural processing, and tea, coffee and horticultural products are Kenya's major foreign exchange earners after tourism. The marketing of key farm products is dominated by large parastatals and cooperatives which are often run like parastatals. Most marketing organisations have been hard hit by the liberalisation, which brought both inefficiency and corruption to light. Tea growers have complained about improprieties at the Kenya Tea Development Authority. Imported sugar flooded the local market, often without paying import duties, leaving the mills with huge stocks. This, in turn, created severe cash flow problems. Most sugar farmers have not been paid for months. Kenya Cooperative Creameries was not able to pay farmers for milk deliveries for up to half a year, and could only start servicing the arrears when the Government came to its rescue with KSh 800 million in January 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Formidable challenges&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya's labour force, around 12.5 million in 1996, is growing at more than 4% a year. This means that at least half a million people enter the job market annually. The challenge of absorbing the new workers is formidable. Studies show that any strategy to deal with this must be based on three pillars: smallholder agriculture (to absorb most of the growth in the rural labour force), continuing substantial job creation in the informal sector, and high real GDP growth (+8% per year is needed to ensure that the modem sector absorbs a significant number of workers).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Informal sector employment has risen rapidly (up by 15-20% a year since 1991). By 1994, for the first time, there were more people working here than in the modern economy. The informal sector covers semi-organised and unregulated activities largely under taken by self-employed people or employers with just a few workers. Typically, they do not comply fully with tax, registration, and licensing rules, and this sometimes leads to conflict with the authorities. Workers are often paid below the minimum wage and have no social security. For many, the informal sector is, therefore, an 'employer' of last resort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is estimated that almost 50% of rural people and 30% of urban residents live in absolute poverty- unable to meet their minimum requirements for food and essential non-food items. While the percentage has remained fairly stable in recent decades, the increase in the number of 'absolute' poor is alarming. So too is the extent of the poverty: the gap between these people's minimum needs and their actual disposable income has reportedly increased over the last ten years. The bulk of the poor live in the central and western parts of the country, which have the best agricultural potential, the rich soils having always attracted settlers. For decades there was enough land to go around, but demographic trends have finally started to take their toll. The size of landholding has declined continuously, in many cases reaching levels which are no longer capable of sustaining a family.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There has been some progress in restructuring parastatals, but much remains to be done. The performance of key parastatals has been unsatisfactory by international standards and this has constrained growth. At Mombasa port, which is managed by the Kenya Ports Authority, handling charges are 50% higher than the global average, while container turnover is three times slower. Rail transport is unreliable, slow and more expensive than road haulage. The Kenya Power and Lighting Company has a shortage of generating capacity which means periodic power cuts. And intervention in the maize market by the National Cereals and Produce Board- at above-market prices-has prevented private sector involvement as well as placing a heavy burden on government finances. The Board has posted annual operating losses of between KSh 1.8bn and KSh 2.5bn each fiscal year since 1992/93.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corruption, misuse of funds, and the politics of patronage remain endemic and these clearly distort development. Elimination of corruption has been an aim of most reform programmes but it seems that the effect so far has only been to change its form. Trade liberalisation has killed cash cows such as import and foreign exchange licences, and the commercialisation of parastatals has stopped them from doing deals with cronies which were profitable only for the latter. But other forms of non-acceptable wealth accumulation have emerged. In the early 1990s, alleged exports of gold and diamonds are thought to have resulted in a loss of KSh 7 billion of public funds. Land grabbing has also become widespread. This either involves land being sold to individuals or companies with well-established political connections at well below market prices, or the purchase of land by public institutions from the same individuals or companies at inflated prices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After delays because of political differences, cooperation between the three states of the former East African Community (Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya) was revived in early 1996. The EAC Secretariat, based in Arusha, is headed by a Kenyan, Francis Muthaura, a former ambassador in Brussels. For the three countries, the new cooperation aims at facilitating movements of people, capital and trade within the region, and harmonisation of external tariffs and investment regulations. Currencies will be fully convertible. This revived cooperation is expected to have a major growth impact. The Nairobi Stock Exchange is currently assisting Kampala and Dar es Salaam to set up their own exchanges. And the NSE Chairman, Jimnah Mbaru, sees the future not only in a cross-listing of companies in the three places, but in a regional stock exchange.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy framework&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Policy Framework Paper (PFP) for 1996-1998, which was published in February ahead of the donors' Consultative Group (CG) Meeting, was highly applauded for both its content and form. The programme, which the media has dubbed 'the big push', promises finally to crack most of the 'hard nuts' of previous reform agendas, in particular in the parastatal and public sector. It also lays down measures aimed at supporting fiscal and monetary discipline through the next elections. These include cutting the budget deficit to 1.5 % of GDP by 1997/98, a tight monetary policy, and more autonomy for the Central Bank. In addition, it tackles some areas'that have emerged as avenues of corruption in recent years, such as the National Social Security Fund. While previous PFPs were highly confidential, this one was published, and the President appointed a Commission chaired by himself to oversee its implementation. These are seen as important steps in bridging the credibility gap which threatened to open up again in 1995. Donors are prepared to support the reform agenda and are eager to see it implemented speedily. Shortly after the positive outcome of the CG meeting, the IMF approved a three-year Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility programme for a total of $220m. The World Bank is expected to follow suit with a credit of $85m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An increasing number of donors, however, have pointed to the link between democratic governance/ human rights issues on the one hand, and aid and investment flows on the other. If Kenya is to meet its ambitious targets and turn into a newly-industrialising country by 2010, foreign inflows will be vital. The point was succinctly put by a delegate to the CG meeting. 'If its (the Government's) economic successes are matched by a commitment to democracy and human rights, Kenya may yet prove that surging economic growth is not just for Asian tigers, but for African lions, too.' The period leading up to the next general election will be the acid test. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.P. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Country report</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mali : An omnipresent sense of history</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some countries have a strong folk memory. Despite its size, Mali appears hemmed in by its frontiers. For more than a thousand years, this state was a splendid empire, constantly spreading outward and reflecting the history of the African continent with its conquests and alliances, reversals of fortune and moments of glory. At its height, it extended from the Atlantic to the Sudanese border, from the south of Morocco to the north of Nigeria. Mali's history rests in the minds of its people rather than in any structures inherited from the past. This acts as an antidote to the 'amnesia' often brought on by colonisation, which has the effect of paralysing the future. Although poor, the country has a well-established sense of its place in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A racial melting pot&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;`&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the eve of colonisation, Mali was known es 'west Sudan'. In 1924, the territory then known as 'French Sudan' was split up and small portions of the Malian nation were incorporated into the seven states bordering it-a move certainly not calculated to have a cohesive effect on the remnants of the old empire. Mali has long been a melting pot of races, ethnic groups and cultures. They have learned to live together- intermingling, sometimes forming unexpected alliances, and occasionally fighting one another. The result today is a potpourri where true racial or ethnic confrontation is difficult to imagine. The interplay of history and the mixing of ethnic groups, families and individuals, has created what one intellectual de scribed to us as 'the anti Rwanda vaccine'. Historical mythology offers, perhaps, further evidence of the fusion of cultures in this country. As in ancient Greece or Rome, to take European examples, each ethnic group and each Malian empire, was 'backed' by a host of gods, spirits and totems. In this nebulous world, where dreams beget history and where vastly differing ethnic groups can trace themselves back to a common ancestor, the result was a multiplicity of interrelationships. Under various names, the python totem belongs to many different peoples, including the Peal, Ma/inke and Sarakolle. A study of the migrations of the peoples who make up Mali also reveals a great many relationships - for example, between the Dogon, who are black, and the Shongoi; who are more half-caste. They regard one another as cousins, originating from Aswan in Egypt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malians appear to share a genuine sense of belonging in keeping with their shared culture. The 'people' of Mali came into being long before the state of the same name. The guerilla war fought in recent years by the Tuaregs (this is the English plural, Tuareg already being the plural form of Targul) against the Malian army, is often viewed abroad as a struggle between whites (or Arabs) and blacks. But this is an illusion. Although the Tuaregs are probably the only 'white' minority in the country, they are an integral ingredient in the melting pot. They are also known as 'Kel-Tamasheq' - those who speak Tamashek, which was originally the language of their Bella slaves. Like all the country's ethnic groups, they have dominated and have in turn been dominated. They have forged alliances with one another, and, more commonly, have united against Arab or Berber invasions. The relative absence of bitterness overall is probably due to the fact that each of Mali's peoples has had its era of glory and imperial dominance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali is lucky to have such knowledge of its history. For centuries, the most precise details have been collected by the griots. The same role has also been played by the many secret societies which have initiation periods lasting, in some cases, up to 50 years. They were, and sometimes still are, repositories for the secrets of history, magic, astrology and science, and also for the symbols of power-the religious objects and artefacts of the former emperors. There are written sources as well, something which is quite rare in Africa. These have been transcribed since the beginning of the millennium and, in recent decades, close collaboration between historians, griots and members of traditional societies has enabled a deeper knowledge to be gained of Mali's history.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A rich empire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asselar Man, discovered near Timbuktu in the centre of Mali, was a contemporary of Cro Magnon Man. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cave paintings from five thousand B.C. reveal similarities with those in Egypt and are probably the work of migrant populations from the east, who moved into Mali as the Sahara Desert expanded. Less reliable sources state that interbred populations of Jews and Egyptians under the command of an officer of the Pharaoh Dinga created the Soninke dynasty (originating from Aswan). These people probably laid the found ations of the first great Malian empire, that of Ouagadou. Other sources, equally unreliable, report that they were probably Judaeo-Syrians who arrived at the end of the third century A.D. and found a population already in place. What is more or less certain is that, during the first millennium, a Soninke dynasty was installed around the current frontier between Mauritania and Mali and that 40 princes ruled it in succession in the period prior to 750 A.D. Initially, these rulers were white but, with increasing intermarriage, their skins became darker and darker. To Arab chroniclers, Mali came to be known as Bafour or Bilad es-Soudan (the country of the blacks). At the beginning of the second millennium, the Ouagadou empire held sway over several kingdoms in the south, including the Nigerian delta and a number of Berber principalities. Documents dating from this period have replaced the name Ouagadou with that of Ghana, by analogy, perhaps, with the emperor's title. The empire was already very rich, the richest in the world according to an Arab chronicler who visited it in 970. A work by the writer A/ Bakri, which appeared a century later (1087) went into great detail about the empire's organisation-the system of matrilinear succession, the role of councils of dignitaries, and the capital, Koumbi (whose foundations were discovered in 1914 in southern Mauritania). This city was divided into two districts, one of these being the sacred, imperial city, home to the empire's python totem to which a young girl was sacrificed every year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A story of courage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The killing of the snake totem is the most significant myths in the country's history. The hero of the story is Amadou Sefedokete whose love for his beautiful fiancee Sia (who was about to be offered in sacrifice), prompted him to descend into the monster's lair and confront it. By killing the totem, he broke the thread of countless generations before him, who had carried out the ritual sacrifice. He is still remembered for this magnificent action, based on love and a sense of nobility, and he remains a subject for artists of all types. His brave action still causes young lovers in Africa to shudder in admiration. However, this act of deicide brought about a reversal of fortunes. The monster's seven heads, which the young hero is said to have cut off one after the other, are reputed to have been scattered to the four comers of the earth, thereby dispersing the empire's riches and leaving it penniless. The true story is more prosaic. Ghana's wealth was eyed greedily by the Arabs and Berbers who had long traded with it. The empire's resistance in the face of Islam gave Moroccan religious fanatics a pretext for organising a jihad. It was invaded by an army of 30000 devotees supported by forces from some of the empire's black vassal states. The 'holy war' began in 1042 ending 34 years later with the occupation of Koumbi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The occupation did not last long but was followed by internal clan wars which brought about the end of an era. Restoration came about at the end of the 72th century , in the small Sosso kingdom, south of Ouagadou (also set up by a small group of SoninkÃ©). One of the minor kings called Soumangourou Diarasso dreamed of recreating Ghana's empire, and, in 1203, he succeeded in sacking the ancient capital of Koumbi in a move designed to establish his own dynasty. This was an important symbolic act and in the fierce war which followed, Soumangourou subjugated MandÃ©, a region which was overflowing with wealth. One of Africa's greatest heroes, Soundjata, rose up against him. He was supposedly the legitimate heir to the Mandingo throne, but was unable to walk, having been born an invalid of a deformed mother who had been married at the recommendation of the king's sorcerer. His young half-brother took his place on the throne and sent the paralysed prince into exile. At the age of 18, Soundjata decided to seize his own place in history and a 'giant' was thus bom. In 1235, his army fought that of the bloodthirsty Sosso monarch whom he himself is said to have cut down in an extraordinary battle. It was a fight which, according to the legends, saw the use of all types of weapon, including magic. Soundjata had forged a grand alliance in order to gain victory. Rather than reducing to vassalage the small kingdoms which had allied themselves with him, the new emperor decided to form them into a federation-although he wisely declared that from Niani (his capital), 'I shall see all'. His empire took the name of 'Mali' (the hippopotamus) on account of that animal's strength and mastery of bath water and land. For 20 years, the empire was to stretch as far as the Atlantic Ocean. Its structure, based on a number of warrior clans, craftsmen, freemen and marabous, is still characteristic of Mali and neighbouring countries today. The empire was rich in gold once again but also in terms of agricultural organisation with the development of cotton and groundout farming. Soundjata disappeared mysteriously in 1255, leaving a prosperous empire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Conquest' of America?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1285, there was a struggle for succession between two princes and a third, Prince Sakoura (a freed slave), took advantage of the quarrel to take power for himself. Sakoura expanded the empire by subjugating the Timbuktu Tuaregs and the Gao Shongoi: After his short reign, a genuine heir of Soundjata, Aboubakar II, ascended the throne. He had his eye on conquests over the seas and, according to the story, he set sail westwards leading a fleet of 2000 vessels. He was never seen again. However, recent studies favour the hypothesis that he was not lost at sea as had always been supposed' but did, in fact, reach the Americas. A series of ineffective monarchs succeeded this 'conqueror of the impossible', who preceded Christopher Columbus by 200 years, leaving little real impression on history other than the records of their exuberant behaviour. One of them, for example, went on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 with a reported retinue of 60 000 and distributed considerable amounts of gold to all the dignitaries he encountered in that holy place. These kings, however, are acknowledged as having preserved the empire's unity, guaranteeing order without repression and allowing wide religious, moral and sexual tolerance, even for married women. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kingdom centred on Gao dates back to at least the first millennium but it was usually a vassal of the Ouagadou empire and of Mali. One of its kings, Sonny Ali Ber (known as Sonny the Great), came to the throne in 1464, profiting from the decay of the Mali empire. His reign was marked by a bitter struggle against the UlÃ©mas of Timbuktu who, over a period of four centuries following the Almoravid conquest, had converted a large portion of the empire to Islam. The circumstances of Sonny's disappearance are uncertain, but he is thought to have drowned in 1492, the year when a certain Genoese navigator was to achieve the ancient goal of 'discovering' the Malian empire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sonny Ber's successor did not last long in the face of Islamic expansion. The new Askia dynasty was installed to lead the Shongoi empire, and this expanded with the annexation of Dahomey and part of Nigeria. However, a small part of the former Mali empire never passed under their rule. The Askia dynasty blew hot and cold in terms of religious fervour. Tyrannical at first, it later took a softer line. Under the reign of one monarch, the Gao court based in the university city of Timbuktu became a place of exceptional refinement-only to slide once again into a state of intolerance. One of the Askias, having destroyed the last symbols of the former Mali empire, the city of Niani, set upon his former Moroccan allies. Another emperor, Askia Daoud (1549-1582), turned out to be a fine administrator. He developed agriculture and set up a genuine bank in Gaol War with Morocco continued throughout his reign and beyond. In 1584, imperial force defeated 20 000 Moroccan soldiers, winning a victory which might have been decisive had it not been for internal dissent. This weakened the Askia side and enabled Morocco, with a band of Spanish mercenaries, to take over the empire, following a battle in April 1591. Success was due, above all on this occasion, to the firearms deployed by the winning side. Such weapons were unknown to the 45 000 Malian cavalry and infantry who were engaged. It also turned out to be a Pyrrhic victory. The occupying troops sent the great scholars from Timbuktu University to Morocco, where their peers took up their cause. Moreover, the foreign soldiers were won over by the easy life in Mali-and one of the first results of their presence was a big increase in the half-caste population. In 1612, the troops rejected the Moroccan command: the occupation was at an end and the last few Moroccans were later expelled from Timbuktu by the Tuaregs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black religious proselytism and colonisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To each dog his day. In the 17th century, the Bambaras set up an empire around Segou, but the debauched lifestyle of several of the sovereigns and disapproval of the part they played in the slave trade proved to be their downfall. Once again, the history of the country was to be shaped by a slave- Ngolo Diarra-who founded his dynasty in 1766. He was able to restore a degree of prestige to the kingdom, but his efforts were undermined after his death. As a reaction, a proselytising Black Islam then began to evolve.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Massina became a theocratic state around the beginning of the 19th century, in common with other kingdoms which appeared at the same time. One of their most famous rulers, the conqueror El Hadj Oumar, was defeated by the troops of the French General Faidherbe who forced him to give up West Senegal. The days of Malian independence were now numbered. The courage of his successor only delayed the progress of French colonisation, which finally prevailed at the end of the century.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resistance fighters carried on the war from other points in the old empire, particularly from what is now Guinea. The country was dismantled by the colonial system and pacified, but the end of the Second World War and the return of African soldiers brought a renewed desire for independence. French Sudan became the rallying point for freedom fighters in the French colonies-the old dream of reunification was not dead and buried. In 1946, the Rassemblement Democratique Africain was set up, later to become the USRDA (Union soudanaise-Rassemblement democratique africain). In 1956, the future architect of Mali's independence, Modibo Keita, was appointed leader of the movement and elected to represent the 'Sudan' in the French Assembly. A 'Malian Federation' project was drawn up to include Dahomey (Benin), Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Senegal and 'Sudan' (Mali). A constituent assembly of independence movement representatives was set up in 1959. However, the constitution adopted by the local Malian and Senegalese assemblies was rejected by the other two. The Federation now had only two members but was nonetheless proclaimed independent on 20 June 1960. In the event, the spirit of unity was lacking and, on the pretext of a rivalry between the two leaders (the 'Sudanese' Modibo Keita and the Senegalese Mamadou Dia), Senegal withdrew from the union in August. On 22 September 1960, the 'Sudan', now without an outlet to the sea, adopted one of the most prestigious names in its history: Mali.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new state was landlocked not only geographically but also, very soon, politically. Modibo Keita's socialist agenda prompted foreign investors to pull out, and the country was organised increasingly as a 'people's democracy'. Fortunately, the repression was not excessive but a sizeable proportion of the population disapproved of the system that had been chosen. Mali and Guinea still had modest aspirations to their old dream of unification. The founder of the Republic, Modibo Keita, was overthrown by a military coup on 19 November 1968. More than the break-up by colonisation, which left dreams of Sudan being reconstituted, this military putsch sounded the knell of the old empire. Mali became just another state whose colonial and post-colonial eras have been marked by a lack of success. Nevertheless, a sense of history is still omnipresent. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goueier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Three republics to create one democracy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is just something you have to get used to-in French-speaking Africa, virtually all countries have imitated France in assigning a number to each republic formed under a new constitution. At the time of its independence on 20 June 1960, Mali was a federation of two states; Senegal and the former 'French Sudan'. It was an alliance which failed after only a few weeks'existence end 'French Sudan' then adopted one of its most prestigious former names- Mali. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first regime, under Modibo Keita, became increasingly unpopular as its form of 'tropical' marxism caused it to become more and more isolated. One of its main shortcomings was its unrealistic five-year plans, none of which were ever implemented. Discontent became rife among various social groups. including the farmers who, opposed collectivisation and were adept at passive resistance which they employed to disrupt the supply of produce. The regime also modelled itself on the so-called 'people's democracies' in certain respects. For instance, it made a determined effort to improve education, health and social justice, while refraining from the more dictatorial excesses that often characterised such systems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially welcomed by some sections of the population, the November 1968 putsch, by Lieutenant Moussa Traore quickly fumed into dictatorship although it was to be more than 10 years before there were any significant anti-government protests. At the end of 1990, opponents of the regime openly set up organisations which claimed opposition-party status. One of these was ADEMA (the Alliance for Democracy in Mali), formed by the current President of the Republic, Alpha Oumar Konare. Marches calling for a multi-party state attracted the support of tens of thousands of people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The dictator then sought to neutralise the opposition, beginning with the Tuaregs in the north who had been waging a guerilla war. This conflict was viewed by many as the 'front line' in the people's struggle against dictatorship, and the Tuareg cause was supported by opposition movements. The government, which had for some time opted for 'soft' repression, now revealed its claws and in January 1991 it began to imprison student leaders. The streets were filled with armoured vehicles and the first death amongst the students brought condemnation. Repression reached its height on 22 March 1991, when several dozen students were killed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prior to this, in February 1991, Moussa Traore's UDPM (Democratic Union of the Malian People) came out in support of a multi-party system - a move which marked the beginning of the end of the regime. The day after the students were killed, a democracy coordination committee launched an appeal for a general strike, to last until the dictator was overthrown. This began on 26 March, and amounted, in effect, to a 'democratic' coup d'etat. Its instigator was Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Toure, who took charge of the transition to-tether with the democratic movements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The former dictator was arrested and put on trial for his crimes. He was later condemned to death but his sentence was recently commuted by President Konare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Tuareg guerilla war continued despite the government's conciliatory attitude. The new administration also had to deal with a number of social claims which had long been stifled by the dictatorship. However, popular support for the regime remained firm. The new constitution was adopted virtually unanimously in a January 1992 referendum and, a week later, ADEMA won the municipal elections, the first in a series of electoral victories for Alpha Oumar Konare. He went on to win the Presidential election (for the Third Republic) in April, with almost 70% of the vote. Meanwhile, negotiations with the Tuareg rebels resulted only in signatures on agreements which were not observed. The situation grew worse with the Ghanda Koy counter-offensive, but this in turn led to a seemingly viable accord between the Azawad Arab Islamic front, the most important guerilla movement, and the Malian government. Last March, President Konare presided over an enormous bonfire of weapons seized from the former guerilla fighters. The flames lit up the skies above Timbuktoo, the symbol par excellence of rapprochement between the peoples of Mali.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the beginning of January 1994, the regime suffered the effects of the devaluation of the CFA franc. Economic liberalisation had enabled Mali to improve its macroeconomic position, but social discontent, particularly in the towns and cities, demonstrated that the average citizen was continuing to suffer economic hardship. The President still enjoys considerable support, and political democracy is greatly appreciated. Obviously, the government cannot be blamed for all the difficulties facing the country. There is, for example, a lack of professionalism in the press. However, it could have given a lead in the case of the State media, which still studiously avoids criticising the government's actions. The administration has also been taken to task for its apparently lax attitude towards 'economic' misdemeanours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Next year will see a series of elections. The government views these with apprehension, although it has stolen a march over its rivals by signing a political accord with several small parties. Opposition is centred around the MPR (Patriotic Movement for Renewal), the revamped former party of the dictator Moussa Traore. This has undergone a 'facelift, and now seems to be regaining support. lts trump card is decentralisation. Its former leaders, who held total power for a quarter of a century, can take advantage of the network of contacts they built up. The US-ADA, the party of the Republic's founder, Modibo Keita, which until recently appeared to be the herald of change, seems lately to have restricted its role to that of arbiter. Surprises are in the offing, but one thing is certain: the Third Republic's constitution will remain the guarantee of democracy in Mali. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.G.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with Ali N. Diallo, President of the National Assembly</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mali, the army has learnt if from the past&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali's institutions were radically remodelled in the wake of the recent vote on decentralisation. This is aimed at allowing, among other things, a degree of autonomy for the north of the country-which is essential to guarantee national reconciliation. The sudden growth in the number of small towns and villages may result in some political surprises during the long e/ection campaign period which is due to begin early next year. The President of the National Assembly, Ali N. Diallo, finds himself in a pivotal position: his Adema (A/fiance for Democracy in Mali) party current/y holds a comfortable majority in Parliament. With democracy being consolidated in Mali, he must find this an exhilarating time. Our frst question touched on this&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is certainly an excellent time to be in Mali, but freedom is the most difficult of man's needs to satisfy. Our National Assembly has 12 parties and most people in our country are inspired by ideas based on tolerance and respect for the right to be different. The main concern of those of us who lead the party currently in the majority, is to question constantly whether we are necessarily always right. We have a comfortable majority-72 members out of 115-but this certainly doesn't mean that the National Assembly is just a rubber stamp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· There is, of course, another stumbling block when one has such a large majority, which is the possibility of internal divisions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, I would agree with you there. Mali's MPs have to realise that they came into this business after a three-stage process. First there was a popular uprising, then the army intervened to put an end to the bloodbath.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, we had the high level national conference to draft the constitution, the electoral code and the charter for the country's parties. MPs, therefore, must always bear in mind that, though they can claim legitimacy on the basis of the revolution, there is also a republican legitimacy they ought to respect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The second phase in the process was the intervention of the army-are you not a*aid that the 'Niger syndrome'will raise its ugly head in Mali, too ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Naturally, MPs have seen what happened in Niger and elsewhere, but fear is tempered here because officers in Mali's forces have also given a great deal of thought to the effects of military dictatorship. Democrats and republicans within the armed forces are very aware that only a minority of men in uniform profited to any degree from the previous regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think that because Mali had what might be called a 'moderate' dictatorship, it is now in a better position than it would have been had the previous administration been more repressive ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Let me put it this way. The military dictatorship went through three different stages. During the first stage, just after the coup on 19 November 1968, the junta chose Mao Tse Tung as a model, hammering home the idea that power could be won by force of arms-and it was carried away by the popular acclaim it initially received. Subsequent popular resistance then took them by surprise. People wanted more freedom, but they also wanted to keep what they had gained in social matters. Army officers asked the protestors to abandon their action so that normal constitutional life could be resumed, but the trade unions had their own ideas. They advocated things which the people in power opposed. The ensuing repression was therefore fierce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was a second phase during which the military were at odds with one another over the leadership question. The popular view was that the country had fourteen different heads of state at that time. This went on until 28 February 1978 when there was a brief Iuli and they were tempted to return power to the civil authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then came the third phase when, despite appearances, poverty was on the increase. At first, Malians said that there were two 'IMFs' on the loose in Mali-the International Monetary Fund and the intimate circle surrounding the Moussa family. When the social foundation of the regime contracted, and all the country's business became concentrated in the hands of Moussa, his wife and her relations, the popular forces went on the offensive. This was a period of vociferous protest. Moussa Traore reacted with brutality: hence the 200 dead amongst the schoolchildren and students who were protesting- we will never know the exact number.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yet, the former regime could be said to have made the crucial economic choices which your government has continued with. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I wouldn't agree with that. There was a half-hearted discussion at the time about liberalising the economy but, in reality, bureaucracy got in the way. It is the economic laws voted in by ourselves which form the true basis of a liberal economy. However, if you really want to look to the past, I would say that it was the February 1967 accords signed between Mali and France, when we came back into the franc zone, which set the whole process rolling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Tuaregs and the government have just signed an agreement but the question of the north of the country is still a sensitive one. What are your views on this subject ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The problem in the north of Mali is extremely complex. First, the Malian nation is made up of a patchwork of minorities, the largest being the Ban Mana (Ed. 'Bambara' in the colonial vocabulary), but no ethnic group is larger than all the others put together. Second, all groups have, at one time or another, held supremacy. But the fact is that the peoples involved have all lived in the same area throughout history- they have shared joys and sorrows, and their blood has mingled on Malian soil. l would accept that the Malian nation is not as well consolidated as it should be, but it is arguably one of the most advanced in the sub-region in terms of its constitution-though I don't mean to sound chauvinistic here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anyway, the problem in the north of the country seems to me to be one of development. The various regions have not all developed at the same rate on account of climate differences. In addition, the dictatorship did not show any great respect for minorities - although it did not direct its actions solely against the Tuaregs, who resorted to arms. The Tuaregs exaggerated the mistreatment they had suffered because they were unfamiliar with what was happening in the rest of the country. In fact, Moussa Traore oppressed everyone: the French-style Jacobin state we inherited did not allow for regional differences. After independence, the regime redoubled its efforts to centralise the state. both because it was Jacobin in outlook and because of Modibo Keita's communist leanings. In 1959, the French forced the Tamashek (ea. 'Tuaregs') to secede-Max Lejeune and Houphouet Boigny were mixed up in all that. This was when oil was first discovered in Algeria and the war with Algeria had been in full swing since 1954. Modibo Keita set up the Malian Federation and declared in 1959 that, upon independence, he would withdraw all soldiers from the Algerian front. Since the Malian Federation was dismantled, Gao virtually became an Algerian willaya, a base camp for its fighters. Mali did not accept this. Moreover, Algeria, around the time it achieved independence, took retaliatory measures and sealed off its borders, mercilessly sending back huge numbers of refugees. It mobilised them through humiliation, telling them that they were the last members of the white race-the only ones to allow themselves to be under black rule.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· But when Ganda Koy's militia halted the Tuareg movement, they appeared to have been supported by the black population. Doesn't that also suggest a racist attitude ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I addressed the Tuaregs in October 1992, and pointed out that their wish to regard themselves as overlords and the other peoples in Mali as vassals who ought to pay tribute would provoke a general uprising, with the risk of a slide into civil war. I told several of the Tuareg chiefs seated around me the legend of Ouagadou- about the serpent of the well who each year demanded that the Soninke people should sacrifice an 18-year-old girl in its honour. Then the day came when a young man refused to accept the sacrifice of his fiancee. He went down into the monster's lair, watched by a horrified crowd who saw his recklessness as folly, and cut off the serpent's head. In the beginning, the Malian people's sympathies in fact lay with the rebellion. On 26 March, when the rebellion against the dictatorship took place, the president at the time, Konare, asked for all the Tuareg chiefs to be brought to him so that they could set up a transition body. He got a nasty surprise when the Tuaregs resorted to arms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Was the government, as rumoured, behind the Ganda Koy ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Not the government as such. To my mind, it would be wrong to applaud when one faction of the people one governs wants to exterminate another faction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It appears that some of the people are unhappy with the concessions that have been made to the Tuaregs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is a myth. The idea that we are frustrated because the Tuaregs were once our masters, is a story put about by Europe. The situation is quite the reverse. At the time of colonisation, they were unwilling to ream, like other nomads, such as the Peul people, for example. There were splits with them, of course, but no actual, all-out war. Forging a nation always requires tears, sweat and mourning. Those who return will find what they left broken or stolen and will want land which is less barren than that impoverished by the encroaching desert. However, those who stayed put in the face of rebel attacks had their houses smashed and their animals taken away. There will be problems when some Peals, for example, identify their cows which were stolen. We will have to negotiate, but I have confidence in the people. Just as they ended the war, they will be able to heal the wounds-of this I am sure. And the process has already started.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I gather that you continue to practice as a doctor, on top of your political duties. Is this to teach a moral lesson to your political colleagues ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I would say that it is more of a weakness, an inability to abandon a passion, even for supposedly good reasons. l am an 'internalist' and I have a passion for mechanisms. If you cure an infection and it returns, you have to look elsewhere to solve the problem. There are those in authority who spend money on trying to tackle problems without troubling to locate the cause. I would like to think that the analytical rigour of clinical science might also be put to good use in promoting understanding in politics. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 1 240 190 kmÂ²&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 10 million&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 8.15 per kmÂ²&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population growth rate: 3.1 % &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Bamako (pop.700 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other main towns: SÃ©gou (65 000), Mopti (52 000), Sikasso (50 000), Koutiala (37 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Languages: French (official language), Bambara, Peul, Shongoi, Tamashek &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Curreny: CFA franc. In July 1996,1 ECU was worth CFAF 647.5 ($1 = CFAF 515) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government: Mixed presidential and parliamentary system. Greater powers are due to be transferred to the regions after the next elections. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Head of State: Alpha Oumar KonarÃ©&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Ibrahim Boubacar Keita Political parties represented in Parliament: ADEMA (absolute majority). 'Opposition' - CNID, USRDA and numerous other smaller groupings. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p021.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Map&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1993 figures unless otherwise stated) GDP: CFAF 753.8 billion&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP per capita: $530&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Origin of GDP by sector: agriculture 42%, industry 11 %, services 47% &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Real GDP growth: 2.4%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balance of payments: deficit of CFAF 84.1 billion (estimated) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main trade partners (% of total trade) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exports: Thailand (24.2%), Brazil (19.1%), Ireland (9.7%), Belgium/Luxembourg (9.7%) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Imports: CÃŽte d'lvoire (22.2%), France (14.5%), Senegal (9.7%), Hong Kong (4.6%)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main exports: cotton 40%, livestock 28%, gold 17.5%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual inflation rate: 3%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth: 46.2 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Infant mortalityper 1000 live births: 158 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult literacy: 28.4% &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education (primary, secondary and tertiary): 16% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.223 (171st out of 174)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with Amadou Seydou TraorÃ©, opposition leader and USRDA spokesman</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Macro-economic indicators tell you nothing about the distribution of the country's resources'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It cannot be easy to be in opposition when Parliament is dominated by a majority which is given a good press and is regarded abroad as a good pupil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We do not really find it a problem. If one is familiar with Mali's current situation, the people's views, reactions and judgments count for more than outside opinion, despite the fact the latter may seem important. However, we do take account of others' opinions. We are pleased to be able to speak to you-to express our ideas and points of view- so that outsiders can see that the USRDA offers a credible alternative for Mali. We feel quite secure in our current position because the principles and values we stand for are those closest to the Malian people. So we have no problem in being the opposition party. We are not the kind of hysterical opposition which resorts to foul means as well as fair ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Given that most Malian political trends stem from the revolutionary democratic movement, what are your party's special features ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Our party's origins are in the movement which dates from 26 March 1960-which itself grew out of an underground movement. The main component of this was the USRDA whose government was overthrown by a reactionary military putsch. Adema won the last elections, and we do not contest this fact despite a number of irregularities. Indeed, we supported the Adema government's initial actions. We were one of seven parties who regarded the Third Republic as our own offspring. Between 1992 and 1994, even when we faced grave difficulties and they were asking for suggestions, the government ignored our proposals. This happened, for example, at the time the World Bank threatened to pull out. As it functions at the moment, the government is not meeting the Malian people's basic aspirations. They want to see a change from the previous regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are your essential criticisms of the way Adema works ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We are critical on a number of fronts. Looking at it first from an institutional standpoint, when the Malian people rejected the old regime, they wanted the existing set-up to be changed into a democratic one. The few institutions that have been established since then do not reflect this desire. They are virtually no different from what we had under the single-party system. True, we have an opposition party, but its views are ignored. Second, in terms of the management of democracy, a number of bodies, such as the State Commission on the public media, simply do not function. You have been in Mali for a week now, so you must have heard Adema spokesmen on the TV or radio. But you will never hear a member of the opposition. The space reserved for that -formerly an open forum for free political discussion-has been removed and the state-controlled TV and radio stations do not allow political parties to have a say. In the economic sphere, our approach is also completely different. We believe that support for the development of the private sector means that the state has to act as regulator. Economic development cannot simply be left to run its course as a kind of 'rat race'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Could you give us a few practical examples of what you describe as Use selling-off of the family jewels ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-With pleasure. Before the 26 March revolution, there was a general consensus that, in the process of privatisation, the state sector should be managed in a way that benefited the Malian economy. But the reality is that privatisation methods have not changed. They are no different from what they were in Moussa TraorÃ©'s time. The electricity sector, for example, which has not yet really been privatised, is now managed by the Bouyges group of France. And it costs more, which will hardly help the country's economic development. The state airline has simply been absorbed by Air Afrique. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· If you were in power, how much economic scope do you think you would have, given the prevailing trend towards international liberalisation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I recognise that there is a dominant international lobby which has drawn up its own conditions, laws and principles. Even if one does not agree with this approach, one has to take it into account. However, it should be feasible to achieve privatisation in a different way. We know what we are talking about because we used to run this country. Indeed, we set up the national economy. Before 1960, there was no economic system to speak of. l am currently completing the text of a work which looks at our economic position at the time of independence. The plain fact is that we had nothing at the time of independence. There were only three pharmacists, fewer than ten doctors, and about ten people qualified to teach in our grammar schools-not much to write home about after 70 years of colonialism! After 1960, we had to set everything up from scratch. If you trace the history of every country in the world, whether under a monarchy or a republic, you see that the state has always made the first move in bringing about industrialisation, developing the maritime sector, and stimulating imports and exports. If you think about it, at the outset, the main manufactured activities were the domain of royalty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You claim that your party left a legacy, but some might say that the highly interventionist regime of your hero, Modibo Keita, who brought about independence, contained the seeds of Moussa Traore's dictatorship.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-These are just fairy stories. When a regime is overthrown by a coup d'etat, it always becomes the victim of systematic defamation campaigns in the press. We were maligned for 23 years with no right of reply and no right to issue a statement to set the record straight. In a way, we are talking today about a past which did not exist. You know the saying 'you are not only what you are but also what people say you are'. This reference to dictatorship is one of the most serious calumnies. But no matter what lies are told, something of the truth will always remain. If our regime had been dictatorial or inquisitorial, a coup d'etat would not have been possible. Before the 1968 coup, Modibo Keita was given a file by the security services warning him of the plot by Moussa Traore, and giving a list of his accomplices. He was advised to arrest the conspirators and put them on trial. His response was that he would not agree to a Malian citizen being deprived of his liberty without a scrap of evidence. I knew Keita very well. It will be a long time before we have another head of state with such democratic convictions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The ordinary people, the farmers, say that they did better under Traore, than under Keita.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, but it depends who you talk to. With Traore, there was an atmosphere of moral decline. We were free to plunder, steal and murder, but it was not real freedom. The farmers see it from a different perspective. However, l can still show you a copy of the 'Summary Report on the Seminar on Cooperation in the Rural Environment' which we drew up in 1968, just a few months before the coup d'etat. This highlighted the fact that socialism had not penetrated into the countryside during the seven or eight years we were in power. So you see our own self criticism appeared in a document published in May 1968. This demonstrates the fact that we were not complacent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is your view of the compliments the current government is receiving from many foreign observers, and the good marks it has been given in the macro-economic field by international institutions ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Good macro-economic results which are due to good management of public finances are beneficial for the country. However, such management must be accompanied by greater welfare and an improved standard of living for the people. There is no point hailing a GDP increase of 3-4% if more than 10% of the population does not have enough to eat. You have been through Bamako and other towns and cities and you have seen the construction sites and big buildings. But in their daily life, people are now more ill at ease. They have been disappointed by the Adema regime. The welfare of the ordinary citizen cannot be defined by reference to the personal wealth of someone who is having a seven-storey building put up. All of this new construction is reflected in the higher GDP. But the macro-economic indicators tell you nothing about the distribution of the country's resources-and the scales are currently tipped towards injustice. Those who are working are earning less but those who do not work are earning more. Embezzlement and corruption are currently worse than under Moussa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is the likelihood of a changeover of political power given that the opposition groups are at odds? The union between yourselves and Parena appears to have been suspended.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We are capable of winning the forthcoming elections without entering into an agreement with any other party. Having said this, we are the party to which most groupings in Mali are now turning and we are currently in the process of forming an alliance which will carry a great deal of weight. l am not one to speculate but I am sure that Parena's supporters will, in time, reach the same conclusions as ourselves regarding the timeliness and suitability of an alliance between us. We have contacts with a number of other parties but we do not want to form an electoral pact in the way one would make preparations for a coup-forming a group, ousting the regime and then shooting at each other! Moreover, it is important not to confuse change with restoration. There are those who advocate the restoration of Moussa's regime. Opposition of that kind would suit the current government very well because it would allow them to raise the spectre of our former dictator in the hope of attracting support from those who are frightened by such a pro spect. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by H.G.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The magnetism of the unfamiliar... but unexotic</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In West Africa, there is a dry, desert-like region which a river tried to bring under its sway. Instead of flowing seawards, the river's path went in the opposite direction to find this region, impulsively tracing a majestic loop of 2000 kiLomÃ©tres before heading seawards. The Niger may not have provided an ideal site for Mali's major towns and villages, but it was considerate enough to form a major waterway between them which is navigable over almost its entire course. Its network of tributaries has resulted in the formation of large landlocked lakes whose waters are full of fish-a reminder of the times when the Sahara was one huge expanse of water. It has also resulted in the extraordinary Niger basin, a central delta area the size of Belgium, criss-crossed by lesser tributaries which reach into the smallest valleys. The river has created a diverse landscape which entices the visitor back. The land is steeped in history and if one wishes to learn its secrets, one has no choice but to study the empires of the past, forged it is said, by mythological deities and heros.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the dry season, visitors marvel at the beauty of the plains, which stretch as far as the eye can see. They will be tempted to return to view the waters that will cover them for just a few months during the rains. This is when the towns and villages appear as islands in the flooded landscape. Later in the seasonal cycle, Nature divests itself of its watery raiment and prepares to welcome the egrets, pink flamingos and all the other richly coloured birds which have flown in from afar. The cultural life of this region is also imbued with a rare richness, combining mystery and individuality. Mali has a distinctive character: it is accessible but not adulterated by frippery, welcoming but not taken over, affable but able to treat everyone as its equal. There is no need to make constant reference to the past which existed before colonial times-the past simply exists, eloquent in its tranquil humility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of Mali should logically begin in Bamako, the likely port of arrival. But if one immediately journeys to the towns and villages that were the cradles of empire, one is better able to appreciate this young capital, barely 250 years old, whose history owes much to its smaller forebears. We arrived in the evening and departed at dawn the next day. So Bamako was no more than a blur. The River Niger, still known as the Djoliba in the capital, is crossed by two long bridges which offer a view over the wild river banks. Most of the constructions are brand-new and some have a style borrowed from their thousandyear-old 'Sudanese' architectural heritage. It would have been more romantic to travel by river to the central part of the delta but, despite the welcoming nature of the Niger as it flows through Mali, it is difficult to navigate over the Sotuba rapids, between Bamako and Koulikoro approximately 50 km away. When the waters are in spate from July to December, it takes no more than two days to reach Segou, three to reach Mopti, five to reach Gao and an extra day to arrive in Timbuktu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Segou, the rebel&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Our first stop after Bamako is Koulikoro, the departure point for Niger cruises. After the unusual houses of the bazo fisherman on the banks of the river, as one leaves Bamako, it is the river itself which is a source of curiosity, transforming the voyage into a wonderful promenade through a forest abounding in game. Then there are the thatched, circular mud huts. Those without a roof are built on piles and are often ovens for preparing karite-nut oil whose bitter-sweet fragrance mingles with the fruity scent of the mango trees which line our route. In Koulikoro, every day is market day. The market spills out into the road and then shrinks back to allow vehicles to pass. It is also a centre for hunters and poachers who come here to seek customers. Above all, it is the centre for the guilds of masons who jealously guard the secrets of traditional Sudanese building skills. For the visitor who cares to linger, the griots will sing the praises of the old magician-king Soumangourou whose spirit has haunted this small town for eight-and-a-half centuries. When he was overthrown by the hero Soundjata, he just vanished into thin air-in the land of mystery that is Mali, great kings do not die, they simply disappear.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first 250 kiLomÃ©tres of the river's course from Bamako are enchanting. One's first real encounter with Mali's past come at Segou-when the balanzans come into view. The charming, independent city is close by. Segou, the Bambara capital, did not form part of most of Mali's empires. Indeed, the word Bambara comes from 'Ban-Mane', which means 'those who reject a master'. There are 4444 + 1 balanzans to announce the city, all of which are numbered except the last one, which still guards its secret. The balanzans conceal another secret: during the dry season they are covered with leaves, which they lose during the winter. A curious traveller might arrive at Segou with memories of Maryse Conde's fine prose (Segou, Robert Laffont, France, 1984). Her work is an epic fresco of life at the court of the Bambara kingdom in the nineteenth century. The city itself stretches for eight kiLomÃ©tres along the river bank, with a promenade high above the river on an embankment from where there is an uninterrupted view over the water to the horizon. The richly coloured fabrics of the washer women create a dreamlike atmosphere, giving an impression of the shimmering tunics worn by princes, and the women who swim in the river are not given to excessive prudishness, another reminder of the city's enduring rebellious nature. The charm and cleanliness of the town are striking, its administrative buildings stretching along a grand boulevard lined with modern structures. We see in their profiles, the traditional architectural styles as well as a variety of colours. The whole scene is shaded by gardens full of flowers. It is easy to forget that Segou has retained none of its former architectural wealth. This was all destroyed by the organisers of a jihad who sacked this city of infidels who had never been won over to Islam or, later, to Catholicism. The city walls and the regal courtyards are all gone, so what remains is jealously protected: the sceptre and regal symbols of King Diarra, the kingdom's treasures and its secrets. On Mondays, market day, it is possible to see people kneeling at the feet of an old man. He is the custodian of the town's remaining riches, but will never reveal where they are held. Oumar Santara, one of Segou's intellectuals, is attempting to gain an insight into these mysteries in order to protect them better because, he says, the pillage is still going on. Mali's cultural heritage is being ransacked by outsiders. In some villages on the opposite bank of the river, it is still possible to find 13th-century coins in the village squares.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trial marriage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly 500 kiLomÃ©tres separate Segou from Mopti. Midway between the two is San, barely more than a large village. San is bathed by the waters of the Bani, a major tributary of the Niger which it flows into it at Mopti. In the market, fine cotton fabrics can be bought, as can the skills of the blacksmiths. Here, however, there is above all an air of secrecy. The town's inhabitants are members of the Bobo people. The name translates es 'stammering', 'mute' being implied. This is the town which holds the secrets of fatal poisons- cocktails of poisonous plants and snake venom. There are also unguents of all kinds to relieve pain, alleviate scarring, and so on. San has another reputation, that of handing out severe punishment to adulteresses. This seems paradoxical when one discovers that women here enjoy exceptional sexual freedom during adolescence and up to the time of their marriage, and even afterwards. They enter into a trial marriage for three or four years, during which time they are free to 'play the field'. At the end of this period, on the occasion of a feast, they reveal whether or not they will accept their 'provisional' husband. If not, the woman regains her freedom and can start all over again as many times as she wishes. If she decides to become the man's wife, she chooses some of her husband's friends with whom she may 'have a fling' for two weeks, the aim being that she thereby lays to rest her unmarried freedom. She will then swear an oath of fidelity to her husband which she breaks on pain of being cast out of society and even, it would appear, at the risk of losing her life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 1 2-kiLomÃ©tre dyke, which seems to float on the water during the winter season, links Sevare, the crossroads of the major routes across Mali, to Mopti. Situated below water level, Mopti owes its existence to the embankments which protect it. The dyke offers a fine promenade which opens out onto the quayside of this bustling town. The streets are crowded and the settlement has a vitality and beauty, with coloured lights mirrored in the water. On land, the crowds drift in much the same way as the multitude of boats anchored in staggered rows along the riverbank. These stretch for hundreds of metres- as far as the eye can see. All this wealth of detail forms a tableau punctuated by the outlines of the slender fishing smacks (pirogues or dugout canoes). Despite their size, these vessels retain their uncluttered lines, always giving the impression that they are slicing through the water. The biggest of them are perhaps 50 metres long, carrying cargoes of up to 150 tonnes. This strange, animated scene, which resembles no other in the world, seems to have been staged as a way of reviving the buried images of the Mali of legend-provoking a memory of things unseen and prompting new sensations. Despite the fact that it is replete with Malian influences, Mopti did not develop until colonial times. Like Segou, it never really belonged to any of Mali's great empires, although it became their meeting point. It is a place where all the country's languages are spoken. Indeed, the word 'mopte' in Peal means 'place of assembly'. At Zigui's restaurant or in a cafe down by the port, one find groups of beribboned Tuareg artisans still with their belle servants (former slaves) in tow. One can watch the Peals, also followed by their servants, negotiating their deals. Some trade in gold jewellery, dogon or other ethnic sculptures. Others buy and sell the magnificent Segou carpets or cotton fabrics. Others still dabble in ancient archaeological artifacts (which it is forbidden to sell) and in sacred objects from all over the country. The town itself is an artifact: the apparent hotchpotch is regulated by an internal, almost natural organisation. The hundreds of boats, fishing smacks and other small craft are arranged along the river banks according to the goods they are importing. There is one place for fishing boats, another for furniture imports, and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mopti merits an overnight stay. In the curve of the great arc which forms the port, a soft light lingers on the congested river banks. It is not just the people who seem to tire of the day's hustle and bustle. The biggest boats with their gentle backwash, anchored in the mud until the next incoming tide, grow too lazy for their images to be reflected in the water and they seem to hold on to the last of the sun's glow, awaiting the first glimmers of moonlight&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Dogon region, poetry in stone&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As one approaches Bandiagara, on the threshold of the cliff faces which bear the name of this town, the landscape changes. Most of Mali is flat, but here, we find ourselves in the high land. In fact, the altitude is only a few hundred metres, but the landscape is dominated by sheer and rugged rock faces. This is Dogon country where everything seems to be made of stone: the roads, houses and hills appear in matching tones of salmon pink. The inhabitants, too, seem to have been hewn from the very rock. At first glance, the landscape is unremarkable apart from the sight of all this rock, but as one's perception grows keener, shapes can be made out. At the foot of the slopes are caves that are still lived in. And in the most vertical part of the cliff faces, we can pick out regular, sculpted barrel shapes, combining to form an impressive design. These stone cylinders are the ancient dwellings of the Telems, a mysterious people who preceded the Dogons and were conquered by them. Nothing is known about their disappearance. Today, the cylinders are used as Dogon graves. Access is gained to them during funeral services, by means of a system of ropes. At the top of the cliff is Shanga, the beauty of the Dogon region. It stands atop a 400metre sheer drop which extends over a length of 200 kiLomÃ©tres. Reaching Shanga from Bandiagara involves picking one's way through the rocky landscape and sliding over sandstone scree.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before the Europeans arrived to colonise the country, no one had succeeded in subjugating the Dogon region. Was it really ever under the sway of the colonists ? This region, whose beauty lies in its harshness, has no embellishments. And its language is as hard on the ears as the rock is underfoot. As everywhere, to feed themselves, the Dogons till the soil. But this must be carried on the backs of men and women over distances of several kiLomÃ©tres and then deposited on the rock. Every onion bulb and every root pulled from this thin layer is a testament to the tenacity of humankind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Dogon region is like a magnet-it attracts pilgrims from afar who come to venerate El Hadj Oumar, the founder of the Islamic brotherhood of the African Tidjani-a military and religious leader whose life and disappearance are shrouded in mystery. It also attracts people because of the beauty of its works of art. Some of these, apparently of recent manufacture, are actually centuries old. For the custodians of the sacred objects, the interest of outsiders is viewed as a catastrophe. The artefacts are constantly pilfered and sometimes, their keepers commit suicide in their horror at such desecration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fine regalia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djenne translates as 'the beloved of the waters' and is surrounded by two strekhes of the Bani river. Thus, apart from a short time in the dry season, when the river can be forded, it is an island accessible only by boat. The town has always been a rival of Timbuktu, the 'daughter' of the desert. Before Mopti was created, Djenne was the country's meeting point. The town is dominated by its mosque which is a masterpiece of Sudanese architecture. This imposing clay structure has been a magnet for the faithful since the thirteenth century. It has always been rebuilt in the same style, each version scrupulously identical to the previous one. The most recent reconstruction dates from the early 1900s.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centre of the Malian empire, Djenne has retained all its finery, magnificence and prestige. It was annexed by the Shongoi empire at the end of the Middle Ages and its conquerors have always been seduced by the town's beauty. The mosque has been designated a World Heritage Site, and the entire town has protected status. For centuries, its architecture influenced other towns and cities in the Sahel and it continues to do so. The secrets of the knowledge and skills of its master masons are still jealously guarded, passed on only reluctantly to the initiated. The whole town is built around the mosque, revealing an interplay of balance and power. There are magnificent inner courtyards to which entry is gained through massive, ornate studded gates. The elaborate and finely carved windows, the intertwined leaves and scrolls of the arabesques and the moucharabies, all bear witness to the Moroccan influence. This has, however, been toned down and it now blends in with Djenne's indigenous forms of decoration and architecture. Whilst all Mali's former great towns and cities were known for their power and military glory, Djenne takes pride in having dispensed with brute force, its spirit protecting it from subjugation. All those who pass through take something of Djenne's spirit away with them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coca Cola kept at bay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Returning to the capital from where we started, we discover that it was colonisation that turned Bamako from a village into the large city that it is today. It inhabitants now number approximately one million. Although a city of recent origin, the site on which it is built dates back to the dawn of time. The hills overlooking the city are home to cave paintings and the underground tombs provide more evidence of a human presence dating from ancient times. There is then a gap of several thousand years in Bamako's history. In early colonial times, just two centuries ago, the village had no more than 700 inhabitants. Bamako began to be developed at the beginning of the 1900s and it is the only city in Mali to have a colonial atmosphere. It has not, however, lost out to change. The ministerial buildings at Koulouba hill, one of five dominating the city, or the Point G houses in the National Museum area, may not equal the beauty of Sudanese architecture, but they are elegant nonetheless. Their plain style is softened by their leafy gardens. The administrative buildings in the lower part of the city are often a fusion of colonial or modern styles and traditional architecture. These edifices are also made more attractive by fine gardens, which lend originality to the city. One of the most successful combinations is the great market, unfortunately in the process of restoration at the time of our visit and whose beautiful interior we were unable to appreciate. It is interior beauty which characterises this city in comparison with other African capitals. Despite its congestion and the density of its population, Bamako still has the atmosphere of a lively village. There is little of what one might term a 'social scene', but it is enough to be invited into the 'squares' or respectfully to visit the block-shaped houses which are still home to entire families and where discussion sessions (grins) last into the small hours. These sessions are enhanced with food and the omnipresent cup of tea. Bamako still prefers tea to imported beverages and to receive guests in the family home rather than joining in the social round in the hotel foyers so characteristic of major capital cities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For those hesitant to venture into the traditional life of Bamako (although they would be assured of a welcome), there are many restaurants which make a good attempt at recreating a homely atmosphere. One is not, however, required to take part in the conversations. Two restaurants (the Djenne and the Santoro), which have opened recently, allow one to enjoy the pleasures of art and history. They are part of a wider project to promote Malian art and set up an organisation for artists and craftsmen. They contain areas modelled on the refinement of former imperial furnishing, interior design and architecture, as well as exhibits by Mali's greatest artists. Their creator, Aminata Traore, is an intellectual, art connoisseur and international expert. In Dakar or Abidjan, patrons of such establishments would probably be expatriates with perhaps a few local dignitaries. But at the Santoro and Djenne, prices have been kept reasonably low (no account having been taken of the 50% devaluation in the CFA franc) and the art remains accessible to middle-class Malians. Thus, the spirit of the 'grins' is preserved. The preferred beverage is still a cup of fragrant tea or perhaps a glass of refreshing juice. Whisky will never replace tea, nor will Coca Cola replace fruit juices. Mali is not a country which rejects other people, but it resists cultural encroachment, preferring the &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;familiar to the exotic. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mali-EU cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roads and adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Theo Hoorntje&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For 1990-95, ECU 151.7m was allocated (mainly in project aid) under the seventh EDF National Indicative Programme (NIP). This is equivalent to about 1.5% of Mali's GDP and 13% of its public-sector investment programme for the period in question. European funds from sources other than the NIP-emergency aid, Stabex, European Investment Bank (EIB) venture capital and resources from the structural adjustment facility- reached ECU 87.2m over the same five-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1995, support for the structural adjustment programme represented 5.4% of the balance of payments deficit and 7.8% of the budget deficit. Looking at all instruments together, the amount involved in financing decisions taken by the Commission last year was ECU 42m, with the disbursement figure rising to ECU 40m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The NlP's primary commitment level under the 7th EDF rose from 76% at the beginning of the financial year to 92% at the end, which means that virtually all available programmable resources are now allocated to projects and programmes. The secondary commitment level, which involves the conversion of proposals into concrete agreements and contracts, rose from 33% to 45% by the end of the financial year. Disbursement rates remain relatively low (32% of available resources).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Allocations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid is distributed to the various sectors, as follows:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Roads (29% of the total);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Support for structural adjustment (20%);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Rural development / Environment (1 4%);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Support for the private sector (12%);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Decentralisation (9%); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Public health (9%); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Water supplies (4%); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Education/Culture (3%).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear that Community aid concentrates mainly on road infrastructures-covering both maintenance and the opening-up of remote regions. Support for structural adjustment, which comes second, is used to finance the State budget's current expenses, particular emphasis being placed on improvement of fiscal and customs income and greater efficiency in health-policy matters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In other areas, such as rural development, Community aid also makes an attempt to consolidate gains from previous actions, particularly through the development of rice growing and stock rearing, which should improve supplies to the domestic market and offer further export potential. As far as the environment is concerned, the aim is to contribute to the sustainable management of natural resources on the part of basic users, such as farmers, breeders, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The private sector is supported by actions in key areas and by a programme that was recently set up which involves directing resources through a financial institution (Credit Initiative SA). The objective is to promote lending to SMEs, which is in keeping with the general aim of achieving economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the context of administrative reform, priority is given to the decentralisation process which aims to promote the emergence of new local decision making centres (which should, in the long term, become key players in project development and implementation), and to give such decentralised bodies the means they require to fulfil these new public-sector missions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for health, Community aid has contributed to the PSPHR project financed by other donors. Its main focus is initially on infrastructures and on the policy relating to the supply of essential medicines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the water-supply sector, actions are aimed at strengthening village infrastructures, particularly in the Bankass and Koro areas. A solar-pump programme has also been set up in the Mopti and Koulikoro regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to a school reconstruction programme in the north of the country, the Commission has been able to support education and culture through a dozen or so film projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the general 'heading' of non-programmable resources, there have been a number of interventions. These include extra support for structural adjustment, Stabex transfers, deployment of the balance from the 5th EDF and EIB projects. Emergency aid has been deployed in the north of the country where, despite difficult conditions, programmes have been able to continue without interruption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, Community regional aid is helping to combat rinderpest, as well as being directed towards road maintenance, and the provision of training and information on environmental protection. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.H. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">NGOs finally achieve tangible results</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Catherine Beauraind and her five colleagues in the small team of foreigners and Malians, woke early. It had been a short night: our fault, since we had arrived at Bandiagara on the edge of the Niger valley much later than expected having taken the Sevare route. This is the gateway to the rocky Dogon region and travellers on the road occacionaliy fall victim to bandits-which probably made our hosts somewhat apprehensive about our late arrival. The people we had come to see are road builders, working without sophisticated equipment in a region of rocks and cliffs. They seem very youth froml, particularly those who have come from afar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are 'Progress Volunteers', the name given to the many young people who come to this very poor African country to offer their commitment and dynamism, if not perhaps their experience. On this particular morning, still feeling fatigued, Catherine was having to coordinate the departure of escorts for seasonal workers who were being dispatched to various locations. Their job is to ensure the upkeep of the rocky roads, and the equipment they use is rudimentary to say the least. The Bandiagara-Dourou stretch is maintained by the AFVP (French Association of Progress Volunteers) and is one in a long list of NGO projects. In 1995 alone, the European Commission supported over 50 NGO schemes, to the tune of ECU 1.5 million. Most EU countries and a number of others also have their own projects. On top of this, there is the emergency help provided by the European Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO), which has just approved a grant of ECU 1 million for the north of Mali. Now that a peace accord has been signed between the government and the Tuareg rebels, this region is likely to see a huge influx of refugees returning to villages that are ill prepared to receive them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali is a least-developed nation and one of the most highly subsidised countries in terms of per capita aid, though recently, its political fortunes have been boosted by the democratisation process. And the efforts of the NGOs now seem to be paying off. The recent times of famine have faded in people's memories even in the Dogon region, where many families ate calabashes in desperation before succumbing to starvation. Mother nature is playing a part in the country's renewal: there has been ample rain over the last Many NGO projects are aimed at helping the population use its meagre resources to exploit the natural wealth of the River Niger and its tributaries. At Konna, for example, a striking village at the confluence of two rivers, the Regional Literacy and Self-Management Project is up and running. Financed, among others, by the European Development Fund, this is being implemented at a number of localities, and it has played a part in the renewal which can now be seen. Fresh coats of paint, repairs to houses, fewer starving children and the return of many migrants all underline this new vitality. Each of the 17 small cultivated areas in the village that are covered by the project (worked by about 60 people), receives no more aid than a motorised pump, a few cereals and a small amount of cash in the first year. A basic course in management is also provided. It is up to the villagers to use these resources to yield a profit. Results tend to be good, proof of success being the growing number of such schemes which are being set up without aid from the organisation. The project is now in its seventh year. It did experience one bad year-1992-when, despite bumper harvests, rice imports into Mali were excessive and prices dropped. The village has therefore made an attempt to diversify its crops. Its objective is to sell onions in Cote d'lvoire, where the inhabitants are very fond of this vegetable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most villages have been able to save money which was initially placed in banks and then invested elsewhere in the wake of devaluation's harsh lessons. Konna opted for purchasing livestock. In nearby Kotaka, surpluses partially funded the construction of an impressive mosque. Kotaka was one of the places most affected by the recent meningitis epidemic, but a hospital would probably have been too expensive. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Western Samoa</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A new spirit of enterprise</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small countries with a limited resource base are frequently buffeted by economic forces over which they have no control. If you live in Western Samoa, however, you are likely to be preoccupied by forces of a different kind. For while most of the time, Mother Nature presents a benign face in this attractive and fertile Pacific state, every once in a while, she loses her temper.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical storms are an unavoidable reality in much of the Pacific and they breed a special form of resilience which should impress the inhabitants of more temperate climes. The people of Samoa, and other cyclone prone countries in the region, are adept at picking themselves up and, if necessary, starting all over again, once the winds have passed. But between 1989 and 1993, the Samoans' capacity for renewal was to be tested more than ever before. Like a plucky boxer facing a much stronger opponent, the country would just be struggling back to its feet when another hammer blow would send it reeling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The closest to a knock-out punch came in December 1991 in the shape of Cyclone Val-the worst storm to hit the islands in more than a century. This brought death and injury, as well as widespread economic devastation. The coconut and coffee trees on which the country depends for much of its export income were either swept away or stripped bare. Many homes were also destroyed and infrastructures were severely damaged. (The 1993 cyclone, although less powerful, caused further crop destruction.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the last five years, virtually all the damage has been repaired. Indeed, a great many facilities have been upgraded with plans for further improvements in the pipeline. To some extent, the credit for this remarkable recovery must be shared. Overseas donors played an important part in restoring key infrastructures while expatriate Samoans, whose remittances are an important 'invisible' earning for the country in normal times, also rallied round. But the key players, of course, were the people themselves, who rose to the challenge of reconstructing their country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, Western Samoa - which has a population of 165 000-is experiencing an economic mini-boom. Growth during 1996 is expected to be between 5% and 6% for the second consecutive year and there are encouraging signs of a new, home-grown entrepreneurial spirit. This is not to say that everything in the garden is rosy. The latest growth figures need to be set against the unavoidable recession caused by Cyclones Val and Ofa (which struck in 1990) and a mediocre economic performance throughout the 1980s. And while there is some evidence of diversification, the economy is still very narrowly based. There is also considerable room for improvements in health care and education provision. Doubts have been expressed, for example, as to the accuracy of the official literacy figures. Finally, there is a high level of dependence on foreign aid (the country's main donors are the Asian Development Bank, Japan, Australia and the European Community).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economists will tell you how notoriously difficult it is to express the wealth of a developing nation in statistical form. GDP figures can offer a pointer, but they do not present the whole picture as they take no account of the informal economy. Western Samoa provides a particularly good illustration. At US $950, the estimated per capita GDP is very low by Pacific standards. Yet there is clearly no starvation. A great deal of the food consumed by the Samoans simply does not 'show up' in the cash economy. The term subsistence agriculture seems peculiarly inappropriate here since locally available food sources are many and varied.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Similarly, many of the materials used to build the 'fares' (traditional houses) in the villages are obtained without recourse to builders' merchants. And when a Samoan wants a new house, he builds it himself-with the help of his family and neighbours. This involves skilled carpentry work-for which people would pay highly in industrialised societies - and which does not register either in the country's economic statistics. So it is clear that the basic GDP figures do not paint a complete picture. Nonetheless, they illustrate the relatively underdeveloped state of the formal economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking at exports, Western Samoa's traditional agricultural sector has gone through some rough times, for a variety of reasons. In the past, the mainstays were copra and coconut products (oil and cream), cocoa and tarot&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The storms destroyed or damaged many of the coconut and cocoa trees, wiping out exports for a number of years until new plantings could reach maturity. The market in food products derived from the coconut had been depressed in any case. One reason for this was negative publicity over the high cholesterol content of coconuts, although more recent research, suggesting that not all types of cholesterol are bad for you, has at least partly restored the reputation of this highly flexible crop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taro, which is Western Samoa's staple food crop, was exported in ever increasing quantities during the 1980s but the trade has suffered badly in recent years because of an outbreak of taro leaf blight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, Western Samoa's most important primary exports are, once again, coconut-based (oil and cream). With the new trees reaching maturity, production recommenced on a small scale towards the end of 1994. The following year saw a big jump in exports and the figures for 1996 are expected to - come close to pre-cyclone levels,The marketing situation has also improved as a result of privatisation. The old Copra Board, a parastatal with a reputation for inefficiency, was abolished in 1990, its assets being bought for a nominal sum by a Samoan businessman who has invested heavily in refurbishment. This has all been achieved despite continuing low prices for coconut products in the world markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cocoa takes longer to recover but harvesting of the first new crop is due to take place this year with the emphasis on a high value, fine tasting variety. A new chocolate factory (Wilex C.C.P. Ltd), also masterminded by a local entrepreneur, Eddie Wilson, has been built with assistance from the EU's Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) and a credit from the European Investment Bank (EIB) channelled through the Development Bank of Western Samoa (DBWS). This is a particularly significant venture since it aims to maximise added value before export. The factory is currently operating well below full capacity, awaiting the arrival of the first local crop, but there are high hopes for its long term success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other main crops exported are bananas and kava. The latter is a mild narcotic based on the root of the pepper plant, which is used in pharmaceutical preparations. It also has an important place in Samoan (and wider Pacific) culture, being drunk in diluted form on ceremonial occasions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a view to achieving further export diversification, a number of other agricultural/horticultural export possibilities have also been identified. These include asparagus, mangos and cut flowers. The most likely potential market for new tropical production is New Zealand-already the destination for more than half of Western Samoa's exports. However, this country has stringent health rules with rigorous controls on the import of plant and animal material. The understandable aim is to protect the local farming sector from diseases introduced from outside, but it creates an additional hurdle for potential exporters in the developing countries of the Pacific. In particular, Western Samoa needs to come to grips with the fruit fly problem, if it wishes to make inroads into the New Zealand market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Timber also once featured prominently in the trade statistics before declining at the end of the 1980s. There are hopes for a revival here with the authorities keen to encourage value added processing of wood products within the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite its obvious association with the sea, Western Samoa has never really gone in for commercial fishing. While the Exclusive Economic Zone is small by Pacific standards, the country being 'hemmed in' by other island nations and territories, it is still more than 40 times the land area. The government would particularly like to attract foreign investment in fish processing and canning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industry&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is probably unrealistic to expect a small and geographically isolated nation such as Western Samoa to develop a highly diversified industrial base but there have been one or two notable ventures which show signs of potential. The above-mentioned chocolate factory is one such. The country also has a highly successful brewery. It is not uncommon for developing nations to produce their own local beer but Western Samoa's Vailima brand has managed to break out successfully into the regional market, bringing in useful foreign exchange in the process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biggest industrial success story-dwarfing all other manufacturing ventures-has been the establishment of a factory by the Japanese company Yazaki to produce wire harnesses for cars. The business employs some 2500 people (mainly women) in a highly labour-intensive operation-and it makes a significant contribution to the trade balance. The value-added electrical components are re-exported for incorporation into cars sold mainly in Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The company was attracted by a number of factors including low labour costs in this non-unionised society, and the political stability of Western Samoa. Perhaps most important, however, were the incentives offered by the government. These went well beyond the usual tax holidays provided by developing countries to attract foreign investors. Indeed, it was the government that built the factory and the company was allowed to occupy it rent-free. Some observers have expressed concern at such largesse but the authorities are insistent that it was still a good deal. They point to the jobs that were created (a huge number by Samoan standards) at a time when many people's livelihoods were threatened by taro blight. They also argue that the profits of the operation are retained in Western Samoa, thereby helping to boost the wider economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Services&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The service sector offers perhaps the best potential for expansion of Western Samoa's formal economy. Top of the list here comes tourism (featured in a separate article), which has been expanding much faster than the underlying rate of economic growth. Despite the increase in both visitors and income, tourism is still underdeveloped. The government (supported by the opposition) believes that this is one field where Western Samoa definitely has a 'comparative advantage'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linked to tourism, of course, is the air transport business. Although it might still be possible to obtain passage on a merchant ship bound for the South Sea islands, the vast majority of visitors arrive by plane, and good air connections are obviously essential. The history of the country's national carrier, Polynesian Airlines, offers two object lessons. The first is how not to run an airline and the second, more recent and encouraging one, is how to grasp the nettle when the crisis finally breaks. In 1992, with tourism in mind, the government owned airline decided to expand its operations substantially. It leased three long-haul aircraft which it hoped to fill with visitors in search of a new tropical haven. The market research was clearly inadequate and the planes flew with many empty seats. Other aspects of the company's management proved deficient and there was a chronic lack of financial. Debts mounted at such a frightening rate that the budgetary position of the entire country was threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, the government took decisive action, bringing in Richard Gates, the experienced airline entrepreneur, who is credited with having turned Air New Zealand around. Relatively small airline businesses in the Pacific are not likely to make a.fortune for anyone, but with proper management, they should at least be able to break even and perhaps even turn in a small profit. This was not something that even the prodigious talents of Mr Gates could achieve, however, with the crushing burden of debt accumulated by Polynesian Airlines. So the government assumed responsibility for the debts and then gave the new manager a free hand, on the firm understanding that the taxpayer would not come to the rescue again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the airline side, the operation was drastically slimmed down. The leases on the large aircraft were terminated, staff 'down-sizing' took place and bath ticketing and financial management were tightened up. The positive impact of these measures was soon evident, with a small operating profit registered in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Left with huge debts, the action of the authorities was equally impressive, although it entailed discomfort for most Western Samoans. In order to restore its own financial position, the government instituted 15% public expenditure cuts across the board. In macro-economic terms, it is generally acknowledged that this strong medicine was needed, but the social consequences were all too clear as well: reduced funds for health and education, and pressure on important capital investment budgets. Perhaps fortuitously for the country, the financial crisis caused by the Polynesian Airlines debacle coincided with the payment of a substantial Stabex payment from the European Community. The country's was eligible for Stabex funds because of the collapse in agricultural export receipts following the cyclones, and the money-which was directed mainly into infrastructure projects-could hardly have come at a better time. Meanwhile, the government has paid off a large portion of the airline's debt with the residue rescheduled for payment over a five-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government has taken a number of steps aimed at attracting offshore finance business to the country. Western Samoa now has a comprehensive legal framework governing such activities, including crucial provisions guaranteeing secrecy. Another vital factor in attracting offshore funds, which has already been mentioned, is political stability. There is even the suggestion that the country's time zone, which puts it almost a day behind Australia and New Zealand, might somehow be turned to its advantage in global financial dealings (although it is not clear how the benefit would be derived in otherwise legitimate transactions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The last three years have seen a big increase in company incorporations and there are now more than 2500 offshore companies (including 15 banks and eight insurance companies) registered. It is difficult to imagine Western Samoa ever challenging the likes of Liechtenstein, the Bahamas or Jersey in this market, given its geographical distance from the main industrialised nations, but even a successful 'niche' operation could bring some useful income to the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five years ago, when the Courier last covered Western Samoa, the emphasis was heavily on recent constitutional changes and most notably, the introduction of universal franchise. At the time, there was a lot of interest in how the traditional Samoan way of life (faa-Samoa) would be affected. This is based on the village structure and the matai system which vests considerable authority in family heads. There is also a strong attachment to the Christian faith, as exemplified by strict Sunday observance rules (also found in Tonga and other Pacific countries).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, the Samoans appear to have embraced their more 'westernised' system of government without any difficulty. Although everyone over 21 has a vote, one still has to be a matai to be eligible to stand for Parliament. In contrast to hierarchical structures elsewhere in the Pacific, however, the system here seems to be based largely on merit and it is not particularly exclusive (there are an estimated 19 000 matai). The matai, nonetheless, exercise considerable authority in village affairs, most notably over the use of customary land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In short, the change seems to have caused few problems because Western Samoa already had its own decentralised form of democracy. It was not a question of educating people about hitherto alien concepts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that change in Western Samoa is slow and progressive rather than sudden and violent, is recognised by most observers to be a good thing. An illustration of this evolutionary approach is the arrangement governing the position of Head of State. The post, which is held by His Highness Malietoa Tunamefili 11, currently appears to be a cross between a presidency and a monarchy. Under the 1962 independence constitution, two of the country's four paramount chiefs were given the position, to be held jointly, for life. With the death of Tupua Tamasese Meaole in 1963, the surviving incumbent became sole Head of State. There will be no automatic succession, however, and Parliament will decide who should have the post in future, with the term of office limited to five years. There is obviously a great deal of respect for the Head of State and his office among Western Samoans, although it should be stressed that his role is largely ceremonial, with political authority being vested in the elected government. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for party politics, there are two groupings represented in Parliament, the ruling Human Rights Protection Party and the opposition Samoa National Development Party. The party system is not particularly strong, however, being based more on personalities than ideology. Corruption is not seen to be a major problem although a major row did blow up recently over a critical report issued by the Auditor-General for 1994. This led to him being suspended and this issue had not yet been resolved at the time The Courier went to press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Western Samoa is not unique in having to adapt to a rapidly changing world. The phenomenon affects all societies, with modern communications technology increasingly breaking down the 'protection' that geographical isolation used to afford. In Westem Samoa, as elsewhere, there must be concern about the impact of this on the country's traditional way of life. Yet the indications are that this Pacific nation is managing the transition rather better than many other developing countries. The people seem to combine an unselfconscious pride in their traditions and cultural assets with a pragmatic welcoming of ideas from outside which help to improve their material wellbeing. The hope must be that this process can continue as we approach the third millennium. S'imon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Historical summary&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to archaeological evidence, the islands of Samoa were first settled about 3000 years ago, after gradual migration within the Pacific from people originally from South East Asia. Samoa, it seems, was the cradle of the Polynesian culture, and settlers from there spread to other islands of Polynesia in the east, north and south.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first European to sight the group in 1722 was Jacob Roggeveen, and although there was intermittent contact between European sailing vessels and the islanders during the 18th century, more permanent contact was established with the arrival of the European missionaries in the early 1980s. They were soon followed by traders looking for copra, beche de mer, sandalwood and other products. Later, some of the trading firms, notably German, fumed to large-scale production of copra and other products such as cotton, cacao and rubber, which also led a corresponding increase in interest on the part of colonial powers. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1800s, the Samoan group became the focus of colonial rivalry between Great Britain, the USA and Germany, leading, in 1900, to the partitioning of the islands between Germany and the United States. The eastern part of the group came under American control and has remained so to this day, while Germany controlled the western islands. Britain received territorial concessions elsewhere in the Pacific. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the outbreak of World War I, New Zealand took over what had come to be known as German Samoa, and became the administrative power there under the League of Nations and later the United Nations until Western Samoa became the first Patific island nation to become an independent state in 1962.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Source: Government of Western Samoa. this text is taken from the information brochure prepared by the authorities for distribution to delegates at the recent ACP-EU Council of Ministers meeting). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dream ticket ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Depart Nuku'alofa-12.00, January l 2000 Arrive Apia - 14.00, December 37 1999&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People with cash to burn are often ready to spend surprising amounts of money in their pursuit of the unusual. Tonga has already recognised this as it begins preparing for the third millennium Lying just to the west of the International Dateline, it believes it will the first country to see the sun rise on the new millennium, although other Pacific territories have also made the claim. (For this purpose, we ignore the purists who point out that the third millennium will not actually begin until January 1, 2001.) Celebrations are planned and bookings are already being taken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Westem Samoa is obviously not in the running for this distinction since it is east of the dateline, but what this means is it will be the last nation in the world to say goodbye to the old millennium. This surely presents an opportunity for the local tourist industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And what about those intrepid voyagers who fancy greeting the year 2000 in Tonga and then 'seeing out' the old millennium 24 hours later in Samoa. If i were an airline manager, I would be examining the possibility of extra flights from Nuku'alofa on the big day. (Let's hope it's not a Sunday I)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">An interview with Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Economic future in tourism end manufacturing'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier visited Western Samoa at the end of June while the country was hosting the ACP-EU Council of Ministers meeting. At the time, veteran Prime Minister, Tofilau Eti Alesana, was recovering from an operation, and his duties were being carried out by his deputy, Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, who is also the Minister of Finance. Despite a hectic schedule, the Deputy Prime Minister kindly managed to find a slot for a keynote interview with The Courier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· There is growing evidence of a new economic dynamism in this island nation, which has managed to find its feet remarkably speedily after the destruction wrought by cyclones in 1989 and 1990. With this in mind, we began by asking the Minister about the economic prospects for the country ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think they are excellent. Our country suffered a major catastrophe as a result of the cyclones, coming, as they did, in two successive years. There was major damage to our infrastructure and forestry resources- coconuts and cocoa. At the time, we estimated the bill at more than $600m. But the rehabilitation of the infrastructure went ahead quickly, thanks to the major support provided by bodies like the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and of course, the European Union, not to mention the bilateral donor countries who answered our call for help. So in some ways, it was a blessing in disguise. We suffered badly, but with the assistance that came, we have been able to improve our roads and electricity supply, and the protection of our foreshore. It also encouraged us to embark on replanting to replace the trees-mainly cocoa and coconut -that had been destroyed. Last year, for the first time since the cyclones, our copra exports came back in strength. We have, at last, started to approach the pre-cyclone export levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are likely to be the key sectors for future economic activity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We believe that the economic future of our country now lies more in tourism and in manufacturing industries. Dealing with the latter first, we have already succeeded in attracting some industries. The major investment so-far has come from Yazaki, a Japanese company that produces wire harnessing systems (electrical components) for vehicles. This employs almost 3000 people in Western Samoa. In fact, the company set up here before the cyclones and it did not take long for us to see the benefits. The value added equivalent provided by just that one plant is roughly equivalent to our total agricultural exports for last year. So you can see the importance of manufacturing industry for us. We have provided very generous incentives and have also allocated sufficient government land to provide space for factories.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other industry which is now in the forefront, in terms of foreign exchange earnings, is tourism. We now earn four times more from this sector than we do from agriculture-and agriculture is supposed to be the mainstay of our economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course, we mustn't reduce the priority that we give to agriculture. It is one area where we have the resources. More specifically, I think that we have great potential for beef production. If we should have another cyclone, the trees will be damaged but cattle should not be affected. So I think we should look more towards beef production and other forms of agricultural diversification. We do have some good commercial farming in place at the moment, but it is not enough. We need to do more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about the chocolate industry ? You have traditionally grown cocoa but you now also have a factory to process the raw material right up to the end product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is a direct result of our drive to promote more manufacturing - whether it is export-oriented or geared towards import substitution. The chocolate venture is a new one and I think there are good, prospects here as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important point is that we are moving back into growing the fine flavour variety of cocoa here. We used to be one of the 14 producers of fine flavoured cocoa in the world, and we got premium prices for it. But somehow, over the years, we switched to producing inferior quality bulk cocoa. We regretted doing that and are now switching back to the higher quality variety-which is just coming back into production following the cyclones. So here we have another potential area for exports. On the other hand, taro which used to be our major export prior to 1993 is facing difficulties. It is affected by a disease, the taro blight, which seems to be uncontrollable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Thinking in particular of the impact of tourism, are you concerned that an influx of foreign visitors might damage Western Samoa's unique and very special culture ? I see, for example, that you now have a 'McDonalds' restaurant in the centre of Apia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- No. I am not really concerned. In 1992, we set up our own tourism festival. This takes place in the first week of September and is quite clearly intended to be a feature event with an emphasis on promoting tourism. All the activities at the festival focus on the various aspects of our culture-the arts, the dances, the preparation of food, the singing and so on. It seems to me that our drive for tourism is actually helping to revive some of the cultural aspects that would otherwise have been dvina out. So I believe there is a complementarily between culture and tourism, so long as we ensure that the relationship between the two is maintained. I think this point is backed up, if you look at the growing popularity of ecotourism nowadays. This is very much concerned with preservation-of both the environment and of local cultures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In international circles, Western Samoa is deemed to be a least-developed country on account of its low GDP per head figures. Yet nobody is starving here and you appear to have a very 'rich' lifestyle, even if people don't have a great deal of cash in their pockets. Do you think the international classification is a fair one ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- I think the first point to emphasise is that a lot of the signs of development you see here are of recent origin. They date back only to 1992-93. Infrastructures have improved considerably over a very short time and this could well create a certain impression about the people's standard of living. On the other hand, it is true that our economy is not completely based on cash. And, of course, our earnings are in Tala which go a lot further here than their dollar equivalent in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Presumably, it is to your benefit to be classified as an LDC because it gives you access to more sources of foreign funding ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I am happy to leave the classification to the experts. They are the ones who come and estimate our average per capita income, which is then used as the yardstick for placing a country in one or other category. I think it is ironic though, that if you go to a country like the USA, which is supposed to be very rich, you find beggars on the street. It certainly makes you wonder. Perhaps it is not really the statistical wealth of a country that is important, but its social system. And our social system here ensures that no-one goes hungry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· That leads on rather neatly to my next question. What do you think are the main social challenges that need to be tackled here ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We still have quite a lot of 'service care' needs in the villages that we need to attend to. That is why we have placed the highest priority on social services over the next five years. I am talking here in particular about health, education and water supplies. There are still a lot of villages that need to have piped water brought into the home. Education-wise, we have reasonable access, but we need to improve the teaching material that is available in the classes and upgrade the general level of village schooling. We need to dissuade families from moving to the capital in the belief that they can get better education for their children here. So we still have a lot of work to do to ensure that the primary schools in the villages are upgraded. It is not simply a question of ensuring that competent teachers are available, but also as I say, providing good teaching materials and laboratory equipment for science subjects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· All of this obviously needs to be paid for, which entails healthy government finances. You recently had a serious problem over the debts run up by Air Polynesia, and you took very stringent measures to tackle this which resulted in expenditure cuts. What do the figures look like today ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-They are OK. We are running a budget deficit which means we have to borrow both overseas and locally, but we try to keep the deficit at a reasonable level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What has been the effect of introducing the Value Added Goods and Services Sales Tax (VAGST) ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It has helped enormously. Of course, in order to sell the idea, we had to reduce other taxes and duties. As you know, there is an international trend towards removing customs duties and shifting revenue-raising in the direction of consumption taxes. Customs levies, which are the traditional source of revenue are diminishing. So what we have done is to lay the foundation for the eventual shift in our revenue base. Also, we promised to cut income taxes even more-from 38% to 25% within two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Has this measure been implemented yet ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-No, it is due to be introduced in 1998.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Finally, I would like to turn to a constitutional question. Western Samoa introduced universal franchise some five or six years ago, but you still have a system in which only matai (family heads) are entitled to stand as candidates in elections. Do you envisage any further changes to the system ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I cannot really see that we will ever change again. The Constitution stipulates that our government is based on Samoan traditions and Christian principles. When we introduced universal suffrage, we were applying something that had always been there in any case. Samoans have always taken part in the process of choosing their leaders and voting is simply another way of doing this. The only difference is that we would arrive at a decision by getting together through our village structures and talking, whereas your system involves marking a ballot. So the change was quite in accordance with our customs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let me say something about the way villages choose their matai. When there is a question of succession, everyone has a right to take part in the process. There is no age limit. So in that sense, you could argue that we are more advanced. And we always had female matai, even before the arrival of the Europeans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this respect, I believe we are quite different from Fiji and Tonga. In Tonga, the dividing line is quite clear. If you are born a noble, you remain a noble and if you are born a commoner, you will always be a commoner. It is the same in Fiji. There, you are automatically a ratu K your father was one. By contrast, here in Samoa, my son cannot automatically succeed to my title. So to become a matai, a person has to earn it, and to put his case at the family meeting which is convened to choose a successor. Usually, the person chosen is the one who displays the best leadership qualities. I think I should also point out that becoming a matai is not that difficult. If you want to be one, you inform the family and if they think you have matured sufficiently, you will generally get the position and then become eligible to be a parliamentary candidate. It is typical that when a family sees a fellow has matured, he becomes a matai.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 2934 kmÂ² (Exclusive Economic Zone of 130 000 kmÂ²)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 165000&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 57 per kiLomÃ©tres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Apia (situated on the island of Upolu)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National language: Samoan (English is the business language)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currency: Tala (WS$) made up of 100 sene. In June 1996, 1 ECU was worth approximately WS$ 3. (US$1 = WS$ 2.3)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;System of government: A unicameral constitutional democracy with strong traditional elements. The current Head of State is one of the country's four paramount chiefs, and he holds the office for life. Thereafter, the Fono (Legislative Assembly) will elect the Head of State for five-year terms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is universal franchise (introduced in 1991) but in order to be a Parliamentary candidate, one has to be a matai (family head). Western Samoa is said to have about 19000 matai. The minimum voting age is 21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Head of State: HH Malietoa Tanumafili II&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Tofilau Eti Alesana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main political parties: Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), Samoa National Development Party (SNDP)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Party representation in Parliament: HRPP 35, SNDP 11, Independent 3. (The HRPP total includes 11 members elected as independents in the April 1996 election who subsequently joined the governing party).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p038.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Map&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy (1995 figures unless otherwise stated)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual GDP per capita: approx US$ 950&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP growth rate: 7%. The target for 1996 is 34%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Principal exports: coconut oil (WS $8m), coconut cream (WS $4.8m), copra (WS $2.2m).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balance of payments: exports - WS $21.7m, imports - WS $228.1m. 'Invisible' earnings, officially described as 'net foreign earnings' amounted to WS $171m, leaving a current amount deficit of WS $36.8m in 1995 (20%lower than the previous year). The main 'invisibles' are private transfers (remittances from Western Samoans living abroad), tourism, income from services and the value added trade of the Yazaki electrical components firm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inflation rate (end 1995): 1 %. Inflation tends to fluctuate a great deal. The figure for 1994 was 18.4%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government budget (projected for 1996/97): revenue WS $288.4m, expenditure WS $312.7m, deficit WS $24.3m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Accumulated government debt: WS$ 389 m&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth (1993): 67.8 years&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult literacy (1993): 98% (A UNESCO report in 1994 suggested that real literacy levels were significantly below those indicated in official figures) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education: all levels from age 6-23: 74%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.700 (88th out of 174) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Marketing a tropical idyIl</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Folasaito Joe Annandale and his wife Tui are the brains behind Western Samoa's latest tourist facility- the Sinalei Reef Resort, which has just opened on the beautiful south coast of Upolu island. They are among a growing number of Samoan entrepreneurs who are injecting new dynamism into the country's economy although they are somewhat unusual in the tourist trade. With the notable exception of the famous 'Aggie Grey's Hotel' in Apia, tourist accommodation in Western Samoa has tended to be the preserve of foreign investors, including some of the major international hotel chains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At first sight, it is surprising to discover how underdeveloped the tourism sector is in Western Samoa. Tour operators may be inclined to use the phrase 'tropical paradise' a little too freely but this island nation certainly seems to meet most of the essential criteria. It has the obligatory golden beaches fringed with palm trees, extensive coral reefs and striking mountain scenery overlaid with lush vegetation. The vivid colours leave a particularly strong impression. Greens predominate but there are also many copper-leafed trees and bushes, and an abundance of red, orange and yellow flowers. Western Samoa can also offer a number of special features which are important in marketing terms. There is, of course, the legendary hospitality of the Samoans and their distinctive and vibrant traditions. This must be one of the most musically 'literate' populations in the world, a talent which is reflected in the numerous choirs/dance groups. The harmonies are impressive and the traditional dances are both expressive and entertaining. There is also the unique 'fare' architecture which is a particular source of fascination to outsiders, not to mention the Robert Louis Stevenson connection. The famous author spent the last four years of his life in Western Samoa and the house where he lived- which used to be the Head of State's residence - has recently been converted into a museum.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Good prospects&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The potential for expanding tourism is something that has not escaped the government. In today's highly competitive free-market world, countries are being urged to exploit their 'comparative advantage' and the Western Samoan authorities recognise that this sector offers some of the best prospects for future growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like most other economic activities, the tourist trade was badly hit as a result of cyclone devastation in 1989 and 1990. However, visitor numbers have increased substantially since then. Indeed, looking at year on year earnings, the tourist sector is performing better than any other area of the economy. In 1994, income was WS$.58 million (50 000 + visitors). The following year, it reached WS$.78m and there are hopes that it could top WS$.100m in 1996. Of course, no-one in Samoa is talking about 'mass' tourism. The country is too far from the main industrialised nations to be able to offer traditional package holidays (perhaps fortunately !), and too small to absorb the cultural and environmental impact without lasting damage. Having said this, the market can be divided into two very distinct portions. At one end of the scale are the low spending 'back-packers'-often taking advantage of relatively cheap 'round the world' airline tickets to stop off and sample the pleasures of Western Samoa. These tourists may not spend very much on a daily basis but they are reasonably significant from a financial standpoint because they tend to stay for quite lengthy periods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the other end, you find the high-spending, 'exclusive' customer willing to pay for high quality accommodation and catering. Perhaps not surprisingly, the Government is more interested in attracting the latter, which is why they are keen to encourage investors such as the Annandales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier spoke to Joe Annandale about his business strategy when we recently visited the country. The Sinalei Reef Resort, which has received EIB loan financing channelled through the Development Bank of Western Samoa, has just 20 rooms (including four suites) giving it a capacity of less than 50. Customers will be offered a tropical idyll and a chance to escape completely from the pressures of modern living. The long term aim, according to Mr Annandale, is to entice Europeans in general and Germans in particular. The latter, it is said, have a preference for environmentally-friendly, 'escapist' vacations and, of course, there is a historical link between Germany and Western Samoa. Until a European clientele can be built up, the focus will be on attracting guests from Australia and New Zealand. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Culture clash?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there is no question of Western Samoa being swamped by visitors from overseas, even a modest increase in tourist numbers is bound to have an impact in this country of just 165000 inhabitants. On the negative side, the Samoan system of customary (village) land ownership sometimes appears at odds with entrepreneurship founded on individual ownership of property and resources. In the early stages, Joe and Tui Annandale encountered local difficulties-including squatters-when they bought the land to develop the resort. The usual arrangement is for overseas tourism operators to lease customary land, a process which may involve protracted and ultimately fruitless negotiations with the matai (village heads) who have traditionally used the land for other purposes. Of course, the clash between traditional land tenure systems and 'modern' capitalism is not restricted to tourist ventures-as mining operators in Papua New Guinea have discovered. But while one understands the frustrations for developers, who may find themselves embroiled in complex and interminable land disputes, we should also recognise the concerns of local people who see a possible threat to their way of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the positive side, new tourism developments mean jobs and trading opportunities. In the building of the Sinalei Resort, the Annandales drew heavily on local labour, employing 35 people from the neighbourhood. As Mr Annandale pointed out, this was essential for a complex designed to fit in with the local environment. The Samoans have always built their own houses and only they had the required carpentry skills. The resort also employs 35 regular staff for catering, housekeeping etc. and again, the majority are local people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, there is one criticism often levelled against tourist ventures which certainly does not apply at the Sinalei Reef (or other Samoan hotels). This is that most of the food and drink consumed by visitors is imported. The Annandales make a point of purchasing their fish, meat and fruit locally, thereby ensuring that some of the financial benefits of their venture flow back to their own community: in short, a happy combination of astute public relations and good economics. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with opposition leader Tupua Tamasese Efi</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Revive the agricultural base'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tupua Tamasese Efi a former Prime Minister of Western Samoa, is leader of the opposition Samoa National Development Party which won 11 of the 49 seats in the parliamentary elections held in April 1996. In this interview, he outlines his own and his party's views on some of the key political and economic issues in his country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In what ways does your party offer a different agenda from that of the governing HRPP ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think the differences are mainly of emphasis. The present government tends to focus on law-making and exploiting the country's least developed status. Our focus would be more on developing our indigenous agricultural industries. If you scrutinise the economic picture in Samoa, you will find that there has been a very substantial decline in agricultural exports in the last fifteen years. Our economy, if you can call it that, is increasingly sustained by largesse-the donations that we get from overseas. This has complicated our situation. Our relative economic independence has been sabotaged to a point where, suddenly, we are getting a proletariat. That might be unavoidable in a lot of places, but it doesn't have to happen in a small country like ours which has self-sustaining village units, and a potentially secure agricultural base supported by products like cocoa, copra and bananas. If you look at what is happening today, you see that, all of a sudden, we have a new class of under-privileged people with absolutely no income at all. And the tragedy is that it has happened without anyone really noticing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So our emphasis is to try and revive our agricultural base, and to seek out exports. In the past, our economy was sustained by cocoa and copra exports, and a lot of our food was sold to New Zealand. Now, you find that there are hardly any exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So your focus would be more on boosting the traditional aspects of the Samoan economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Not necessarily traditional. Our party is not bound to cocoa, or copra or whatever. But we are committed to improving our agriculture. It matters little whether it is traditional or other crops. But we need to break back into the New Zealand market. This is the best place to aim for. Australia has its own tropical sector and nothing that we can produce is needed by them. New Zealand is different. One of the biggest challenges we have to overcome in getting back into that market is our fruit fly problem. It would seem sensible for us to channel substantial resources into overcoming this hurdle so that we can sell to New Zealand again. There is a tremendous potential market-and not just for copra. There are also products such as flowers, and a whole number of other possibilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Given what you have just said,what emphasis would you place on sectors like manufacturing and tourism ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think that tourism is an obvious way to go and this is where we are in agreement with the government. Of course, you will have heard of the debacle of the Air Polynesia finances. When you compare the losses that were run up with our foreign exchange reserves you get some idea of how enormous the problem was. It was a situation that went badly awry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This issue aside, we agree that we need to get into tourism-but it must be within reason. Part of the explanation for people gravitating towards tourism is that they see it as the only available avenue-or at least the most visible way of making money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another economic point I want to raise concerns debt. Loans can be a quick fix, but when your whole economy is tied to indebtedness, you are creating something that is built on sand. You end 'A potentially secure agricultural base' up acquiring more and more capital items that are totally unrelated to your present or likely future resources. This is one of the most destructive things that can happen to a society, and it is very clearly happening here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have a rich and vibrant living culture here in Western Samoa. Are you concerned that globalisation could ultimately pose a threat to this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-No, I am not worried. You have to accept it as a natural development. The things that are distinctive in our culture have to find their place in adapting to the new realities. There is no point putting your head in the sand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Turning to political aspects, you now have universal franchise, but you still have to be a matai to be eligible to stand for Parliament Does your party have any plans to change this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Some years ago, we had a constitutional convention which led to changes in the system. Attached to that was a provision requiring a further constitutional convention to be convened in 20 or 25 years (I can't remember the exact period). So we are committed to that. We have to sit down and look at the overall picture. We have gone a long way in terms of universal franchise and it is possible that we need to go even further.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But if one takes the United Kingdom as a model, I think the important lesson is that you should 'make haste slowly'. The genius of the Westminster model is that it involves careful evolution. I hope that this tradition will be followed by our country. The constitution, as it was put together some 30 or 40 years ago, has served its purpose very well but there are quite a few anomalies appearing now.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is your view about regional cooperation in the South Pacific What future do you see in working together with the other countries of the region- perhaps presenting a more united front to the outside world ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-There is a lot of sense in the SAS approach-I am referring here to the Scandinavian countries getting together to form an airline. It is sensible to take a common stand where we have a common interest. But there are obviously intricacies resulting from historical, economic and social factors. At the moment I am reading a book on lain Macleod, the British Conservative statesman. His experience in the failed attempt to form a federation in the Caribbean is very revealing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When you enter a common endeavour, there is always the pull of your own particular interests. And there can be a suspicion that the 'bigger boys' will use the others to promote their own interests. A lot of this may be perception rather than reality. Also, traditional rivalries can intrude. Sometimes you need to fall flat on your face before you Let me give you an example from the world of rugby. It took Rupert Murdoch to get Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa to realise that our fates are intertwined. He has come in with a commercial package that has taken over the entire rugby scene in the region- with a heavy emphasis on Australia and New Zealand-and this has hit us in a big way. For example, we find ourselves being cut out of traditional rugby tours. There is no point in us trying to claim that we are self-sufficient in this area. The big lesson is that we need to cooperate a lot more with the Tongans and Fijians in order to make an impact on the wider rugby scene._ &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Western Samoa-EU cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Focus on utilities&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Mylanwy van de Velde&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Western Samoa's cooperation with the European Community began in 1975 with its accession to the LomÃ© Convention. From the start, the sector to benefit most from programmable funds (ECU 4.6 m under LomÃ© I and ECU 6m under LomÃ© II) was the energy sector, with the financing of the Samasoni Hydroelectric Scheme in the late 1970s and the Sauniatu Hydropower Scheme in the early 1980s.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In parallel, a programme of 260 microprojects was funded involving the development of poultry and pig farming, and fisheries, covering 96 villages on the main islands of Upolu and Savai'i. A further ECU 890 000 was allocated to the Western Samoa Development Bank, in the form of a credit line, to increase the Bank's lending capacity. In addition, at a time when copra exports were still considerable, the Community financed storage and handling facilities for coconut oil and copra pellets (ECU 900 000).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On top of programmable aid, Western Samoa received 12 Stabex transfers totalling ECU 9.3m for export losses on copra, wood, bananas and cocoa in the period 1975-84.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under LomÃ© III, the development of the country's substantial hydroelectric power potential continued, and Western Samoa began to make considerable steps towards self-sufficiency in energy needs. While in 1980 some 78% of the electricity generated came from diesel plants, by 1986 this percentage had dropped to 26%. The volume of petroleum imports for electricity generation dropped to 36% in the period 1982-86. With the building of the Afulilo Hydropower Plant (LomÃ© III and IV), these volumes have decreased further, with positive benefits in terms of foreign exchange savings. The scheme (which was co-funded by the Asian Development Bank, the EIB, the World Bank and the Western Samoa Electric Power Corporation) involved the construction of a 10 million cubic metre reservoir, a penstock, a powerhouse, and the installation of mechanical equipment and transmission lines, and has contributed substantially to the quality of electricity supply on the island of Upolu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p043.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Community aid to Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Additional work has been done with LomÃ© IV funds to address the question of rural water supply: a water master plan and design study for a number of rural areas have been completed, and a public awareness programme on the rational use of water resources has been designed for implemention at such time as planned infrastructural work goes ahead.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, an ECU 1 m microprojects programme has been initiated with the aim of financing the renovation of infrastructure for rural communities in the fields of water supply, health, education, tourism, agriculture and fisheries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stabex payments under LomÃ© 111 (1985-1989) and LomÃ© IV (1990-1994) amounted to ECU 11.1 m and ECU 5.7m respectively. These were paid to compensate for losses in coconut oil and copra products, especially, but also for losses on exports of cocoa beans and of wood in the rough.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the above grant aid, the EIB has provided a total of some ECU 9m in risk capital in the years since 1981, the bulk of which was used in connection with the Sauniatu and Afulilo Hydropower Schemes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further total of ECU 660 896 has been allocated in emergency aid to Western Samoa, in 1983 after a serious fire on Savai'i, and in 1990 and 1991 after the disastrous cyclones Ofa and Val.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Programming of the next tranche of EC funding under the eighth EDF has still to be completed, but the indications are that prominence will be given to extending and upgrading the water supply network. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.v.d.V.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new health-centre for Tafua&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sight that greeted the people of Tafua when they emerged from shelter in 1990, following the passage of Ccyclone Ofa,was one of complete devastation. The tropical storm had been one of the worst in living memory and this village community on the island of Savai'i, together with many others in the Samoas, found themselves having to start almost from scratch. Homes had been swept away' crops destroyed and much of the essential infrastructure Iay in ruins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is a testament to the resilience and determination of the people in these communities that there are few signs today of the havoc wrought by the winds just six years ago. In some places, rows of dead trees still stand in silent witness to the power of Mother Nature, although the scene is softened : by the new crops and lush vegetation growing beneath. But the villagers have rebuilt their houses and, with some help from outside, they have been able to re-establish i the essential community facilities as well. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through its micro-projects programme, the EC was able to offer a helping hand in the task of reconstruction. For the modest sum of just ECU 10 000, Tafua now has a new community health clinic adjacent to the site of the old one which was swept away by Ofa. In keeping with the rules of the scheme, the villagers were obliged to contribute 25% of the cost-which they provided in kind, in the shape of the labour for rebuilding the clinic. The Courier visited Tafua in June and was shownaround the facility by Nurse Agata Leuelu who provides primary health care for the 600 villagers. We also met local Methodist minister, the Rev. Siaosi Selesele, who explained how the people had taken shelter in the neighbouring school when the storm reached Samoa. It turned out to be the right choice as it was one of very few structures left standing in the neighbourhood. Villagers are obviously hoping that there won't be another 'Ofa' for a very long time' but if and when the next big wind does strike, the new ctinic-which has been built to withstand a lot more strain-should hopefully be able to weather the storm. In the meantime, it provides an important service in the delivery of health care to the people of the area. The European Community has also provided micro-project funding to help rebuild the health clinic at Taga on Savai'i. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dossier</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Investing in people</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Dossier coordinated by Augustine Oyowe)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Previous editions of The Courier have dealt, separately and at length, with various aspects of human resource development, especially in the context of recent dossiers on population and social development, education and training, public health, women, and poverty. Our current dossier looks at the issue from the investment perspective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To say that investing in people makes economic sense is to state the obvious. But to what extent are the implications of this statement fully understood in the developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa in these days of constantly shifting development theories?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Labour or 'human capital' has long been recognised as a key factor of economic growth. As opposed to sustainable human development, which places human beings at the centre of economic activities (the recipient of the fruits of economic progess), 'human capital' places them at the beginning of the process. The difference of approach is thus evident even though the objective is the same. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Investing in people is a concept which simultaneously combines 'human welfare' with the 'human capital' approach at the beginning of the economic development process. It encompasses nutrition, health and education, and should, under the right investment climate or conditions, enable any investor, whether State or individual, to reap an adequate return .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After three decades of considerable efforts at investment in health and education by sub-Saharan African countries, the returns in terms of standards of living, economic grovvth and rate of development have been extremely disappointing. The conclusion which can be drawn is that the conditions necessary for adequate returns on these investments have been absent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colonial legacy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sub-Saharan Africa inherited from the colonial regimes, infrastructures in health delivery and education that were not only alien to its culture and traditions, but also totally inadequate for nation building. It is a well known fact that in 1960, there were no more than 1200 university graduates in Capital redefined&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important when thinking of investnent in human resources to understand the real concept of capital. Below is an extract of a definition given by Stefan de Vylder (taken from his UNDP discussion paper: 'Sustainable Human Development and Macroeconomics strategic links and implications' . &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A child in the North is born wealthy. His or her share of the capital accumulated by earlier generations is worth a fortune. The higher wages and salaries in the North, compared with those in the South, largely reflect differences in endowment of the country, rather than of the individual. The fact that, for example, a nurse in Germany earns 30 times more than one in Bangladesh or Zambia has little to do with individual differences in training or skills; the higher salaries in the North simply reflect the higher dividend on the capital bestowed from the past. Part of this wealth or heritage is easily visible: factories, roads, schools hospitals, universities, telecommunications, and other infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, there are other, less tangible, forms of capital that constitute a crucial complement to physical and infrastructural capital; parliamentary democracy, a free press, respect for human rights' norms for social interaction, systems of rapid dissemination of new ideas, trade unions and a myriad of other large or small social organisations, a judiciary system which, by and large, defends law and justice, and other institutions. This latter form of capital may be called institutional or social capital. It is also highly unevenly distributed in the world, with large differences both between the North and the South and within individual countries of the North as well as in the South the region as a whole. Indeed, some countries had no graduates at all and in others, they could be counted on the fingers of one hand. In what was effectively a race against time, African leaders understandably responded by investing massively in human resource development. This was made possible partly by small, but steady rates of economic growth and partly by sustained foreign assistance. Between 1960 and 1980, sub-Saharan African governments consistently allocated high proportions of their annual budgets to health and education. Households and individuals made similar efforts (accounting for nearly 75% of all spending on health). They made sacrifices and gave a high premium to the education of their children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The results were tangible and very significant. By the late 1980s, sub-Saharan Africa was producing over 70 000 graduates a year. Major cities had hospitals and health centres and the rural areas, clinics and dispensaries. Amid a general improvement in nutrition and health-care delivery, the incidence of infectious disease, and maternal and infant mortality were considerably reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite these achievements, the approach to manpower building by the post-independent African leaders was, to say the least, haphazard. As a result, a number of problems, such as the appropriateness of school curricula, under staffing and the long-term budget implications of recurrent expenditures, were overlooked (although reform efforts have since been attempted in some countries with varying degrees of success).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The consequences were felt in the 1980s when Africa's economic crisis was only just beginning. Health and school infrastructures deteriorated for lack of maintenance. There were shortages of qualified teachers and teaching materials leading to falls in educational standards as well as in primary school enrolments. And health systems failed for lack of personnel and drugs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The situation has worsened as the continent's economic crisis has deepened-a crisis characterised by huge budget deficits, high inflation rates, sluggish growth rates and a heavy debt burden. Structural adjustment programmes (SAPs), introduced in response to this, have only served to undermine further the gains made in human resource development. SAPs have been aimed mainly at macroeconomic stabilisation, deregulation and privatisation of state enterprises, and the social sectors have lost out in the process. Subsidies on basic commodities, especially food, have been removed, civil servants and employees of state enterprises have been made redundant and cost-recovery has become the standard practice in medical services. These measures have all combined to produce a level of poverty never before seen in the region, a situation which has adversely affected nutritional standards, provoked malnutrition in many countries and reduced resistance generally to infectious diseases. Because of the rise in unemployment, large sections of the educated population have been rendered unproductive, a waste of several years investment by both the state and the individuals in question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appropriateness of skills&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although sub-Saharan Africa produced a large number of graduates before the economic crisis began, few had the kinds of skills needed for industry and agriculture. The evidence of this lies in the unsuccessful attempts by some governments in the late 1970s to indigenise executive positions, most of which required high levels of technological knowledge or experience. The 1980s saw a dramatic increase in the number of foreign technical assistants working on the continent and, paradoxically, in the number of qualified African professionals leaving, mainly for Western Europe, the United States and Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International technical assistance to, or cooperation with, subSaharan Africa has intensified. Organisations such as the World Bank, IMF, UNDP, UNCTAD, UNESCO, European Union and Commonwealth are all involved in one form or another. The effectiveness of this assistance varies, however. This dossier features articles on the work of three of these bodies (the Commonwealth, UNDP and VNESCO). The Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation was set up more than 25 years ago to mobilise Commonwealth skills to meet the needs of member states as required. The UNDP's TOKTEN programme is designed to reduce the negative impact of the brain drain by getting highly qualified developing country expatriates to contribute their skills to the development of their home countries without necessarily having to return permanently. Finally, UNESCO's university twinning programme is designed as a mechanism for the rapid transfer of technology and sharing of knowledge. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While international assistance or cooperation is indispensable, it is surely no substitute for Africa's own efforts at human resource development. Three years ago, Edward Jaycox, then World Bank Vice-President for the Africa Region, announced what appeared to be a change of policy at the annual conference of the African-American Institute in Washington DC. He said that the Bank would no longer pay for foreign technical assistants to help resolve African economic problems but would instead help African governments build their own capacity. Although the Bank has traditionally had enormous influence on development thinking and policy worldwide, the apparent policy change does not appear to have influenced other donors. Nor, indeed, is there any evidence that the Bank itself is implementing it vigorously. The number of foreign experts being sent to Africa continues to grow. There were over 100 000 in 1988.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rationality of investing in people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the negative social impact, ten years of structural adjustment have not produced the sought-after stabilisation or the economic growth that was initally anticipated. Even the World Bank and IMF, who spearheaded the structural adjustment idea, have admitted that it has flaws and the need for a new approach to sub-Saharan Africa's economic problems could hardly be more urgent. In the Dossier, Giovanni Andreas Cornia argues for a new focus for structural adjustment, based on restoring adequate levels of public spending on health, education, social welfare and water supplies, so as to enable sub-Saharan Africa to restore and develop its human resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evidence of the impact of a healthy and educated population on economic growth and development abound. Studies on the economies of the East Asian 'tigers' have all concluded that big investments in education in the late 1950s and 1960s were largely responsible for the rapid growth they have experienced in recent years. Malaysia, although a latecomer, appears to be following in the footsteps of its neighbours. After nearly two decades of investment in human resource development, and the introduction of a foreign investment policy which requires some technology transfer, the Government now predicts Malaysia will achieve 'fully developed' status by 2016-twenty years from now.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A relatively well-educated workforce and a certain amount of physical capital or natural resources are all a country needs to succeed economically. Sub-Saharan Africa has sufficient natural resources as is often pointed out. The other side of the equation-a relatively well-educated workforce-is missing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sub-Saharan Africa lags behind other regions in human resource development for a complex variety of reasons. The natural and political environment are not conducive to the delivery of social services: low population density and weak transport infrastructures make such delivery expensive and the achievement of economies of scale impossible. The region's climate favours a variety of diseases (such as malaria and sleeping sickness) and many areas have little or no access to natural water sources. Political instability and weak institutions also continue to cast a long shadow. Although these constraints are long-term, appropriate policy measures could reduce their negative impact significantly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giovanni Cornia analyses the distributive effects of appropriate health care, nutrition and education on economic growth. He suggests ways of making rational use of available resources for maximum returns and of mobilising funds through taxation, foreign aid and other sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an age of increasing globalisation, where technology is more easily transferable across borders, a healthy and educated population is essential, not only for the absorption and use of new technology but also for meaningful participation in international trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is insufficient, however, to have an educated workforce. Sub Saharan Africa must acquire the institutional and managerial capacity to make the right decisions, both in the public and private sectors. This is essential in the quest to eliminate poverty, achieve sustained and sustainable economic growth and ensure a realistic integration of the region into the global economy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A much needed new focus for SAPs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Giovanni Andrea Cornia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two decades, a clear consensus, supported by a growing amount of empirical evidence, has emerged on the growth and distributive effects of appropriate health care, nutrition and education, and on the rationality of investing in human resources to promote development in low-income economies, and in sub-Saharan Africa in particular. It is now clear that public and private rates of return on investment in primary and secondary education are substantially greater than those in most industrial sectors. Similarly, it is now well demonstrated that nutritional interventions in favour of workers at low levels of food intake has a very large impact on labour productivity. Also, provision of simple but adequate nutrition and health care at an early age has been shown to spare substantially greater health outlays over the longer term. While the number of these examples can be multiplied, the lesson is overwhelmingly clear: investing in people is a sound development policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the same two decades, a broad political consensus has also emerged on the need to establish realistic targets in these areas and mobilise adequate resources to achieve them. The latter decade, however, has also been characterised by a widespread and acute recession which has reached its lowest point in the African continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While there has been a general recognition of the link between the deterioration of the social sector and Africa's economic decline, the interpretations of the causes of this decline and how best to address them vary considerably.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1980s also witnessed the advent of structural adjustment, an approach aiming at revitalising economies affected by severe crises and which calls, amongst other things, for a reduction in public spending, including on social services. With sharp falls in revenues, it was argued, African governments could no longer afford to provide health and education free of charge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments were to encourage instead the role of the private sector (since competition between state, private and non-governmental agencies fosters efficiency and enhances quality) and make households bear a greater share of the cost of publicly provided social services (as-it was alleged-households had a strong 'willingness to pay' for better quality health care and education).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a debate characterised by an overwhelming concern for expenditure reduction, little thought was given to protecting the provision and effectiveness of basic health care and education for all. Nor was sufficient attention paid to the mobilisation of additional revenue through taxation, foreign aid or other measures Even the introduction of rationalisation measures, which would have allowed for use and preservation of limited resources, received scant attention. During this period, public policies often ignored a number of well-known public finance arguments concerning market failures, externalities, natural monopolies, etc. typical of basic health and education. It was all too often forgotten, for instance, that the market systematically undersupplies 'quasi-public goods' like education, safe water, immunisation and collective infrastructure (i.e. goods which produce benefits not only for consumers but also for society as a whole); that incomplete or non-existent markets alone are unable to provide complete insurance coverage against the risks of sickness and disability; that the free play of market forces can generate levels of poverty that are socially unacceptable, and that competition among many small providers does not allow for the realisation of the economies of scale which only the public sector can realise because of its size, administrative infrastructure and revenue raising ability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greater and better government involvement&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this paper, I will attempt to point out the main distortions in the social sector in sub-Saharan Africa and the major reforms, part of an alternative policy paradigm to the standard approach focusing on large expenditure reductions. My main line of argument is for more efficient and renewed but, in most cases, greater rather than less government involvement. I do not deny the important role of communities, nongovernmental bodies and private providers of social services, but the retreat of the state, which has been underway for several years in most of Africa, is palpably wrong: it may be a good survival strategy, it is definitely not a good development strategy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any approach to revitalisation of the social sector in Africa must aim at increasing both the quality and the relevance of services to the life, health and productivity of the population; enhancing efficiency; reducing distributive biases in the use of public expenditure, and improving the flow of both public and private resources to the social sector. These sets of measures are briefly discussed here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raising relevance, reducing unit costs and enhancing quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two basic initiatives are essential to the achievement of this goal. Firstly, it is necessary to adapt the content of services to the demands placed on the child, the adolescent and the family by the external environment. Secondly, in doing so, it is necessary to provide minimum resources, particularly recurrent inputs, for every unit of service offered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Much can be done to improve the relevance of education in Africa. A key element in this is the wider use of African languages in the educational system. Admittedly such a step would probably encounter obstacles, but the results of pilot projects in the continent and experiences in several English speaking countries have been encouraging. The use of African languages should be expanded throughout primary and at least part of secondary schooling. And the curriculum of basic education should include basic health science, agriculture, food and nutrition, basic technological science, ecology and environmental studies as well as reading, writing, arithmetic, history, geography and elementary civics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While responding more appropriately to the life and developmental needs of children and adolescents, these measures offer the potential to improve substantially the cost effectiveness of the educational system by reducing the number of drop-outs and repeaters, particularly if the measures are accompanied by school-based nutritional support programmes and by steps to ensure a steady, if basic, supply of teaching materials such as books, chalk, slates, pens, exercise books and so on. Minimum expenditures for the latter, estimated at $5-10 per child per year, have been shown to have a profound impact on the quality and attractiveness of education.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving the relevance and quality of African secondary and higher education will require an increase in the number of courses in science, engineering, agronomy, management and other fields. Given the limited success of vocational training and yet the profound need for this type of education, a more flexible approach may be appropriate. Business associations and ministries of labour, rather than ministries of education, for example, could organise the type of vocational training that responds more closely to labour market conditions. Much needs to be done to gear university research to local and national needs. Rather than maintaining the model of independent residential universities, faculties could interact more with and rely upon local institutions and non-governmental organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the health sector, a more vigorous approach is necessary to implement the 'Health for All' strategy. In particular, more attention must be paid to the quality of the training imparted to village health workers, the provision of minimum supplies of essential drugs, adequate supervision, the mobilisation of communities and the strengthening of family planning services in the first tier of the primary health care pyramid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greater efforts are needed to contain unit costs through the mobilisation of community resources (such as materials and time) and the introduction of 'product standards' and 'production techniques' more in line with local factor endowments. With respect to capital expenditure, one major source of potential savings is the substitution of imported materials with local ones in the construction of schools, clinics and other public health facilities. Through this approach, capital costs per student could be more than halved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In health care, savings are also possible, in some cases, in wages and other recurrent expenditures. The potential for savings through increased efficiency in the procurement, management, storage, distribution and prescription of pharmaceuticals is substantial. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And there is a need for more carefully articulated manpower policies, with recognition of the cost implications of alternative skill mixes. Many tasks carried out by senior professionals can be performed by auxiliary personnel. In this regard, there is substantial scope for the application of nominal fees as a tool to guide demand for health care and thus increase efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Similar considerations are valid in the education sector. Despite considerable declines during the 1980s in both French-speaking and Eastern and Southern Africa, teacher salaries in the late 1980s were still considerably higher than per capita GNP in several countries. While a cutback may be possible in some countries, reductions below the 'efficiency wage' should be avoided as they affect the quality of teaching.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are, of course, other approaches to reducing unit costs such as using teachers trained on crash courses and- paid salaries lower than that of fully trained ones, multi shift education to increase teaching hours, multigrade classes to increase class sizes and the creation of regional training centres with donor support. In addition, in most of sub-Saharan Africa, all university students receive fellowships to cover living expenses while at school. In many cases these fellowships represent a substantial proportion of total unit costs at the tertiary level. They add, in effect, to the regressive nature of educational subsidies and should be suppressed for all except for those who are least able to pay.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Substantial improvements in the distribution of benefits of public expenditure could be obtained through its restructuring towards basic services which benefit the poor more than they do the rich. This would mean, typically, the reallocation of part of the expenditure on hospitals to primary health care activities and part of the expenditure on universities to primary education. It would also mean that a greater share of investments in water supply and sanitation should be assigned to rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Correcting existing misallocation, however, is not simple, as capital and labour resources are only partially mobile. This is particularly true of capital expenditure which has already been invested in physical infrastructure. Inter sect oral reallocation is easier for recurrent expenditure, particularly when budgets are expanding, and it can lead to the achievement of more efficient and distributive gains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government subsidies need to be improved through effective targeting on 'merit goods' (such as food and shelter). Targeting is distributionally and administratively more effective when it is accomplished according to some objective criteria such as geography (the poorest areas), type of commodity ( low quality foods not consumed by the rich), easily identifiable population group (like pregnant women, young children, children in elementary school in poor areas, etc.) or season. It is less effective when carried out by means-testing or by targeting individuals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decentralisation of health care and education in the African context is likely to improve the geographical distribution of services. Poor communications and transport systems, population dispersion and the fact that the supervision of personnel, resource distribution and operations is easier at lower levels of administration, are all arguments in favour of such decentralisation. Nonetheless, where it means loss of control over the implementation of national policies (in curriculum development, manpower training, drug procurement and so forth) and excessive additional financial burdens on households and communities, decentralisation is potentially damaging. This was the experience of Kenya when the purchase of drugs was decentralised at the district level. It subsequently had to reverse this policy because of the problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing the flow of resources to basic social services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the considerable scope for protecting and, in some cases, expanding the delivery of cost-effective and high-impact social services, even during periods of declining resources, there are limits to what can be achieved through the measures discussed above, particularly in countries where the share in GDP of public health and education expenditure is already low. Indeed in most African countries, the flow of resources to these sectors must be vastly increased. The options available include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Increasing the share of government expenditure on key social services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Top priority should be given to a radical restructuring of government expenditure involving the shifting of resources towards those sectors with high social rates of return. Expenditure on defence can be cut substantially, while subsidies to chronically lossmaking public and private enterprises and interest payments on debt (the relief effect on foreign-debt interest payments of current provisions is utterly inadequate) should be reduced. If realistic expenditure restructuring like that proposed here were implemented, 1015% of overall public spending in many countries could be redirected to social activities with high rates of return. One half to two-thirds of these savings could be allocated to health care, nutrition, training, education and welfare, thus raising the share of these activities to about 30-35% of total expenditure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Increasing taxation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Between the late 1970s and the mid-1980s, the average tax to GDP ratio for sub-Saharan Africa fell from 18% to 16-17%. (Only recently are there signs of recovery, but these are confined to only a few countries). This resulted mainly from the recession affecting the region and from the limited priority attached to revenue collection in most adjustment programmes implemented during the first part of the 1980s. In these 'first generation' programmes, the stabilisation of deficits was achieved mainly by cutting expenditure and raising excise duties. Increases in income taxes and progressive indirect taxes were far less frequent and land and property taxes were almost never introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While taking effect rapidly, the measures implemented led to excessive drops in public expenditure on 'quasi public goods' and have had a regressive distributive impact. It is now widely recognised that a more active tax policy is needed. Such a policy should aim at improving revenue generation and enhancing the efficiency and equity of the overall tax system. This would permit a controlled rise in specific 'socially efficient' public expenditures, particularly basic health, primary and secondary education and public infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the 1980s, a number of countries, including Burkina Faso, Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe, initiated efforts to reform their tax systems. While the choice of optimal tax instruments has depended on specific country conditions, a few general principles of tax reform apply to all countries. First, colonial type tax systems emphasising the taxation of exports (and to some extent, of imports) should evolve towards systems which focus on income taxes, progressive and efficient indirect taxes and increases in the prices of such public utilities as telephone and electricity which benefit mainly the wealthier sections of society. Second, purchases of goods and services consumed by the poorest should be exempted from indirect taxes. Third, efforts should not concentrate on raising marginal tax rates but rather on broadening the tax base by reducing tax evasion and tax elusion, and fourth a low, uniform and broad-based tax on wealth (such as on land or other assets) should be introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A non-distortionary and equitably-spread increase in the tax ratio equivalent to 2-3% of GPD is technically feasible in a good number of African countries and would by itself add to the real flow of resources to health care and education by about 15%, even assuming no growth and no shift in priorities towards the social sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Introducing 'earmarked' taxes or raising local ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The flow of tax resources to the social sector could be augmented more readily if the new tax revenue thus generated, or at least part of it, were directly earmarked for specific health and education activities (for which there are guarantees that tax money is spent efficiently), or if these taxes were raised directly by district and provincial authorities, who are usually entrusted with responsibility for social services at the local level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Mobilising additional resources from households and communities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In sub-Saharan Africa, as in most other developing regions, households have long borne a substantial share of the national expenditure on health, education, water supply and so on by contributing resources (in kind, cash and time) for the construction of health and education facilities, covering direct and indirect costs (transport uniforms, fees, drugs etc.) associated with the provision of public services and making payments to private providers. Despite these already considerable contributions, user charges have been introduced or raised on a large scale in recent years in many countries to alleviate the burden on public expenditure imposed by the economic crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, while the small but significant contribution of user charges to health and education budgets should be acknowledged, the negative effects of the indiscriminate application of these charges should also be emphasised. Indeed, in many African countries the need for health care, education and other social services rarely coincides with the ability to pay. The implementation of user charges can have adverse effects in three ways. First, it may lead to a contraction in the demand for services. Second, in the health sector, it tends to discourage the use of preventive services for which potential patients may not see an immediate relevance (such as ante natal care and immunisation). Third, it may adversely affect a household's ability to meet other basic needs, such as the purchase of food, particularly if fees are charged simultaneously for health, education and other services and if the household's income declines. In addition to these problems, there is little evidence that the revenue from user charges is actually reinvested to improve the quality or expand the coverage of local services, as those who promote user charges argue. Despite recent attempts at keeping a share of the user fees at the local level (e.g. at the collecting facilities), in most cases revenue merely flows to the public treasury. Moreover, user charges usually generate a relatively small proportion of the total operating cost of the health care sector, with gross yields at around 5%. If the costs of fee collection are included, the yields are lower and, in some cases, negative.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, health care, education and the provision of water include different types of services, some clearly geared to the needs of the poor and others catering more for middle and upper-income groups. While user charges are not well suited to primary education, disease control programmes, basic curative services and communal water supply, the same cannot be said of university education and other 'income elastic' services. For the latter, cost recovery measures would be advisable, although subsidised access for the deserving poor must be assured. For the intermediate category, which includes most curative health services and secondary education, selective cost-recovery measures might be desirable, with low income individuals exempted or charged only a nominal fee.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While direct user fees (levied on patients at the moment of their treatment) are problematic from several perspectives, there are other indirect ways to mobilise resources from communities (generally before episodes of illness), such as various kinds of prepayment schemes, health insurance, lotteries, mutual funds and the sale of produce from community fields, in addition to their contributions in kind. These schemes have two main features which are attractive for health-care: they shift the moment of payment, so that individuals are not burdened with relatively more significant expenditure at the time of illness, and they spread the burden of costs (e.g. for drugs) over a larger group.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Increasing the volume of international aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There has been a considerable shift in official development assistance (ODA) in favour of Africa over the past two decades. Africa's share in total ODA rose from 19.4% in 1975/6 to 25.1% in 1980/1, and to 34.2% in 1988/9. However, the share assigned to human resource development has dropped, while- debt-service obligations have often absorbed a growing share of ODA. Greater flows are therefore needed. In the late 1980s, the World Bank estimated that additional annual aid of about $1 billion was required during the 1990s to halt social retrogression and ensure reasonable progress. But this flow of aid has not materialised on any appreciable scale. Indeed the trend in the 1990s has been towards an absolute decline in aid flows. The simplest and the most cost-effective way to effect such aid transfer would be through debt relief, although some increases in ODA are needed. Improvement in the quality of aid, including substantial shifts to programme aid, greater participation in the financing of recurrent costs and more focus on primary health care and education and on rural water supply are also required.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What role for NGOs and private providers?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While private providers, including church missions, have always been important in Africa, much of the market oriented literature tends to be very optimistic about the scope for expanding private services in order to replace government ones. Although a multiplicity of providers is desirable (and frequently unavoidable), there are several reasons why such optimism should be tempered. First, private sector services in Africa are typically concentrated in urban areas, and because of their cost, cater for upper-income groups. Although non-governmental providers (especially missions) are often located in rural areas, and they generally provide valuable services, they are seldom able to guarantee extensive coverage and in some cases may duplicate government services. Second, private providers are not without costs to governments; they often receive subsidies or preferential treatment in the allocation of foreign exchange and typically offer higher salaries and better working conditions which draw manpower away from the public sector. In Zambia, for instance, a teacher in a primary school run by the Consolidated Copper Mines can earn more than a lecturer at the University of Zambia. In countries with extremely limited numbers of doctors, certified nurses, qualified teachers and so on, greater privatisation would exacerbate the 'brain drain' from the public to the private sector and the undersupply of 'quasi public goods' for the majority, leading to harmful social differentiation. Third, quality is not necessarily an important incentive in the private sector in developing countries. The view that private institutions in health care and education are more efficient tends to be based largely on analyses in developed countries. Fourth, the growing pressure for pluralism in social service provision often gives scant attention to the problems of central coordination and planning and the development of an adequate 'regulatory framework' for private sector activities. While playing an important complementary role, the private sector and, to a lesser extent, the NGO sector, are thus affected by important objective limitations. Indeed, ironically, their proper functioning and social utility depends crucially on the existence of a stronger, not weaker, state able to regulate, coordinate and ensure that basic social services are provided - possibly through a multitude of public, NGO and private providers-to all citizens of a nation. G.A.C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Capacity building for management and development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Franklyn Lisk&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development experience of much of sub-Saharan Africa in past decades provides ample illustration of the importance of capacity building in the development process. The importance is related to the ability to manage economic and social processes, including the analysis and formulation of policy options, for attaining development objectives such as employment generation and poverty reduction. The consequences of failures in domestic economic management, compounded by the effects of a prolonged economic crisis in the region have, inter alla, contributed to high and rising levels of open unemployment and underemployment, declining per Capita incomes and real wages, and an increase in the incidence and intensity of poverty in a number of African countries. The persistence of these adverse consequences, which represent a serious threat to economic growth and sustainable development, are somehow linked-either as a cause or an effect -to weaknesses and instability in the institutional framework for management and public administration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem of weak institutional and general capacity for management in Africa today can be traced to the colonial legacy. This left many countries in the region, at the time of independence, with insufficient institutional and human capacity to cope with the transition from colony to independent sovereign state, particularly with respect to the responsibility for economic management. More specifically, this related to the unequal and disadvantageous manner of Africa's incorporation into the international economic system in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. Lack of technological know-how, inadequate infrastructure and limited investment resources compounded the immediate post-independence problem of weak institutional capacity, and left many African countries highly vulnerable to external shocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was extremely difficult for the majority of African countries to break out of the old 'protected' colonial production and trade systems and rapidly to diversify their economies in line with the requirements of participating effectively in a competitive world economy. Since independence, institutional and human capacity for management in many African countries has not grown fast enough to keep up with the requirements of changing socioeconomic circumstances at the national level and to face the challenge of increasing globalisation. Critical skill shortages in public administration and private sector management in Africa can hardly be addressed in the context of the current economic crisis. The consequences of this crisis can be seen, for example, in underfunded and poorly equipped training and management development institutions, and in low-paid and demoralised civil services. At the same time, the 'brain drain' from the continent, partly as a consequence of poor pay and career prospects, has further undermined capacity in Africa. The interaction of foreign donors and African governments has not always served the interest of capacity building. It has been admitted, even by the World Bank that 'aid has done much less than one might have hoped to reduce poverty (in Africa)'. There is now more or less a consensus in the international donor community that expatriate technical assistance does not and cannot solve all kinds of development problems in the region. Far from solving problems, the imposition of foreign technical assistance has, in some cases, become a destructive force which undermines the development of domestic capacity that is critical to solving local development problems. Where donor assistance is inappropriate in terms of project concept and design, or there is a mismatch between design and domestic implementation and management capacity, technical assistance could end up becoming part of the problem rather than the solution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conceptual issues&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before examining the requirements for institutional capacity building in developing countries, and particularly African countries, it is necessary to clarify salient issues pertaining to the concept. Broadly speaking, capacity building in a development context refers to a comprehensive process which includes the ability to identify constraints and to plan and manage development. The process usually involves the development of human resources and institutions, and a supportive policy environment. Ideally, it aims at improving on existing capabilities and resources and using them efficiently to achieve sustainable economic and social development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Narrowing the concept to focus on institution-building, the emphasis will be on the development of particular institutions, their human and material resources, their organisational management and their administrative capacities. More specifically, the aim of institutional capacity building is to improve significantly the outputs and impacts of institutions concerned with economic management, public administration (including project management), enterprise development and so on-in both the public and private sectors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is obvious that relevant development-oriented institutions within an economy can exert a decisive influence on economic growth and employment prospects, and indeed on the attainment of sustainable economic and social development. From a macro standpoint,planning and similar development institutions are required for better management of the economy including, more crucially, the ability to mobilise, allocate and utilise human and material resources in an efficient and productive manner. At the micro level, human and institutional capacity is critical to sound project management and public administration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The framework&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The general situation in Africa today suggests that capacity building is required in relation to the following priority areas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- good governance, to ensure stability;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-economic management, to maximise resource mobilisation and promote sustainable development;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- human resource development, to support employment creation and income generation, and reduce poverty;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- science and technology, to increase the efficiency of the population and facilitate infrastructural development;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-enterprise development, to enhance the critical role of the private sector in overall development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The degree of emphasis given to each of the above in a given context would vary according to the level and complexity of existing human and institutional capacities, the economic and financial means to support capacity, the relative roles of the public and private sectors, and the degree of involvement of civil society in the decision-making process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The policy context for institutional capacity building should be multi-sectoral and flexible, but coherent in relation to the desired objectives of development. This is to ensure that the process of capacity building is adaptable to changing circumstances-an issue that is particularly relevant in the context of countries undertaking structural adjustment and economic reform programmes when there is a need effectively to nurture and utilise local skills and to mobilise investment resources efficiently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the light of the development challenge facing African countries, the process of capacity building in the region requires, above all, appropriate and adequate human and institutional capabilities to plan and manage economic and social development processes. These capabilities should include the means of assessing the achievements and impact of capacity building on poverty reduction, employment creation, etc. Existing public sector institutions for development planning and management could provide the operational framework for national capacity building, but the process should also include the participation of diverse social forces, the private sector and non-governmental institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regarding the role of external donors and technical assistance agencies, the approach should be based on the concept of 'partners in development', which implies consultation and dialogue between donor and recipient on all aspects of project planning, design and implementation- with project 'ownership' resting with national authorities. Technical assistance from foreign donors should therefore go mainly towards developing the necessary domestic capacity, rather than contributing to the undermining of existing or potential capacity. Furthermore, assistance provided by external donors should be directed towards the building of capacity for promoting regional economic cooperation and integration through support for the development of viable African regional and sub-regional development organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Support initiatives&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The issue of domestic capacity building in Africa has more recently been the focus of attention by the international community as a whole. Indeed, the former World Bank vice-president for Africa, Edward Jaycox, has described 'capacity building' es the 'missing link in African development' which is 'critical to the development effort (of the region) and the chances of success'. UN agencies, spearheaded by the UNDP, have been active in promoting capacity building as a major requirement for attaining sustainable development. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1991, the UNDP Governing Council took a decision which resulted in the development of guidelines covering assistance to governments in the formulation and implementation of national capacity building strategies relating to all stages of the project cycle in the developing countries. The decision coincided with the introduction of the 'programme approach' by the UNDP which emphasised the centrality of national development programmes as the hub for the integration of UN technical assistance activities with national efforts. Emphasis on the use of national skills in the development process was consolidated within the general operational framework for 'national execution', which implied that overall responsibility for management of UN operational activities and accountability remained with the government and other national institutions and beneficiaries who 'owned' these activities. Under these new arrangements, a high priority was thus placed on the strengthening and sustaining of development management and administrative capacities on a long-term basis as an integral part of UNDP technical assistance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank's interest in capacity building in Africa has been more closely linked to the need for administrative and technical capacity at the national level to carry out policy analysis and economic management in the context of on-going structural adjustment and economic reform programmes. In a trailblazing address to the African American Institute Conference in 1993, Mr Jaycox came out strongly in favour of a new approach to lending to African countries which gave top priority to the development of critical human and institutional capacity. He admitted that the Bank's $4 billion a year lending programme in sub-Saharan Africa had not had the desired impact on development in the region because not enough attention had been paid to national capacity in the past. He went on to criticise the international donor community and financial institutions, including the World Bank itself, for designing and carrying out technical assistance activities which not only fail to solve problems but end up undermining the development of capacity in Africa. Mr Jaycox accordingly pledged to give direct support to capacity building in the Bank's lending programmes, mainly through human resource development and the creation of a 'demand for professionalism in Africa.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNDP, the African Development Bank and the World Bank, collaborated in the early 1990s to set up the 'African Capacity Building Foundation' (ACBF), based in Harare, Zimbabwe, with initial seed money of about $30 million and another $70 million attracted from bilateral donors and African governments themselves. The fund is to be used by the Foundation to support capacity building in Africa through training and institution building. Particular attention will be paid to the rehabilitation and strengthening of selected research and training institutions to meet the challenge of indigenous capacity building. Another initiative set up with foreign donors and African support, the Africa Research Consortium in Nairobi, is a good example of collaboration at regional level that is contributing to capacity building in the critical area of economic policy analysis and management. Similarly, the African Development Bank helped establish the African Business Round table which promotes entrepreneurship and enterprise development based on African ownership and control.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Role of the ILO&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For well over three decades the ILO, as part of its technical cooperation programme in Africa, has been involved in a wide range of management development, productivity and institution building initiatives at both national and regional levels. This is consistent with the need to strengthen African training institutions to play a crucial role in providing development managers with the necessary skills to analyse and formulate policy options and manage public and private enterprises efficiently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most successful initiatives undertaken by the ILO, in collaboration with the UNDP and the Economic Development Institute (EDI) of the World Bank, is the UNEDIL programme for strengthening management training in Africa. Since its inception in 1987, the UNEDIL programme has proven to be a worthwhile initiative in institutional capacity building in the management field. Support for the programme has also come from national and regional management development institutes (MDIs) in Africa, regional and sub-regional organisations such as SADC and the Commonwealth Secretariat, and major bilateral donors such as USAID, CIDA, NORAD, the Netherlands and France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from aiming at strengthening institutional capacity, the UNEDIL programme has been instrumental in fostering networking among African development institutes and promoting professional contacts and the exchange of experience. One outcome of the programme has been the revival of three subregional MDI associations which enjoy the direct support of UNEDIL and serve as focal points for UNEDIL's subregional networking arrangements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Networking on a subregional basis has made it possible to optimise the use of scarce resources and talents, and this has helped to increase managerial capacity in the region as a whole. Collaboration has also permitted an exchange of experience among African institutions, and has brought together expertise both from within Africa and from outside to assist in the development of managerial capacity across the continent. This fits in with the goals of technical cooperation in general, and of South-South cooperation in particular. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.L. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The role of international academic cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing demands and diminishing resources in higher education&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Professor Dumitru Chitoran&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As we approach the end of the millennium, higher education world-wide finds itself in a paradoxical situation. On the one hand, it is witnessing unprecedented growth. Enrolments are on the increase and so are the expectations placed on it by society. The correlation between investment in higher education and research, and the level of social, economic and cultural development of nations is well-established and is gaining increasing ground at a time when all development has become knowledge-intensive. On the other hand, higher education is in a state of crisis in practically all countries of the world, under the pressure of serious financial constraints. It has to compete for public funds with many other sectors and very often it is among the first to undergo severe cuts. These cuts have reached a dramatic threshold in the developing countries. As a result, the gap between the developing and the developed countries with regard to higher learning and research is wider than ever and it continues to grow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inter-university cooperation has emerged as a major tool for the support of higher education in the developing countries and as a flexible mechanism for the rapid transfer and sharing of knowledge, channelled via university links and exchanges. As emphasised in the Policy Paper for Change and Development in Higher Education issued by UNESCO in 1995, 'the most pressing need for international cooperation in higher education is to reverse the process of decline of institutions in the developing countries, particularly in the least developed.' The internationalisation of higher education has advanced steadily, reinforced by current processes of economic and political integration and facilitated by the steady advances in information and communication technologies. But, as indicated in the UNESCO World Education Report (1993), it is increasingly subject to the competitive laws of the market. Universities have been urged to develop an entrepreneurial, commercial attitude and to regard international cooperation mainly as a source of additional income. Fees for foreign students have risen considerably in many countries. As a result, academic mobility is becoming more North-North and less South-North or South-South. The benefits of study abroad, of exchanges, networking and access to data are recognised, but the costs involved render them increasingly a privilege, restricted to those who can afford it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An innovative programme&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNESCO's response to these trends was the UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme, launched in 1991. While serving as an instrument to foster overall inter-university cooperation, it was aimed at giving a clear direction and goal, namely to support higher education in the developing countries. It was meant to mark a return to the spirit of international academic solidarity, through twinning, networking and other linking arrangements among universities. The programme was also designed as an innovative form for the rapid transfer of knowledge, and for institutional development in higher education, including the establishment of transnational centres for advanced studies and research, as a means of redressing the widening knowledge gap between industrially developed and developing countries. One other aim of the Programme was to alleviate the negative effects of the brain drain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme has seen steady and dynamic development from the very beginning, and has emerged as the major thrust of UNESCO's action in the field of higher education. The favoured institutional framework for carrying out activities is a UNESCO Chair. The programme's activities are extremely diverse. They include the appointment of visiting professors, provision of scholarships and fellowships, facilitating of staff and student exchanges and undertaking of joint research. The 'chairs' are typical of basic units of research and training, with a strong international dimension, since either the chairholder, or some of the professors or researchers associated with its programme come from abroad. Other projects involve complex inter university networks, varying in size from three to more than 50 institutions. Within networks, certain institutions serve as focal points, responsible for initiating activities and securing broad participation in their execution. Also included are cooperation programmes established by UNESCO with major university associations and networks in order to carry out UNITWIN-related activities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, there are 163 established UNESCO Chairs (a further 84 are under consideration) and 34 largescale networks (18 more are being developed). A total of over 750 teachers, researchers and other support staff are involved in their activities. It is estimated that 350 courses (mainly at the graduate level), attended by more than 7500 students, were organised by the established UNESCO Chairs during the 1992-1996 period. Also, 120 seminars, training workshops, symposia and colloquia were staged over the same period, attended by more than 6000 participants. Some 580 academics from developing countries spent short periods of time at partner universities in the developed countries to upgrade their training. In addition, 355 scholarships have been granted to students and young academics from developing nations within the framework of the Programme. Research has been encouraged through 240 projects (mainly joint ones) resulting, according to progress reports received so far, in the publication of 55 volumes, some 100 published articles and over 150 monographs and progress reports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ACPs in the programme&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A large number of these projects (UNESCO Chairs and networks) concern ACP countries. Africa has been given top priority. Over 30 of the established Chairs are located there and 18 more are under consideration for subSaharan Africa, in order to reinforce the contribution of the programme to the development of higher education in this region. In addition, certain projects located at institutions in Europe and North America carry on activities which are designed to support African universities. A few examples illustrate this. Starting from its bilateral links with several African universities, the University of Utrecht proposed developing these into a broader, multilateral project under the umbrella of UNITWIN. For this purpose, it joined forces with three other European institutions: the University of Lund in Sweden, the Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany and the University of Porto in Portugal. The result was the establishment of the Utrecht/Southern Africa/UNITWIN (USU) network. It includes, at its southern pole, the universities of Harare, Maputo, Namibia, and Western Cape, where UNESCO Chairs have been established in different fields. The aim is to develop each of them into (sub)regional centres of advanced study and research. This is well under way in the case of the UNESCO Chair in Mathematics and Science Education at Western Cape University in South Africa. A first step was to link its activities to those of the MESA (Mathematics Education in South Africa) project, a cooperation project between the Utrecht-Freundenthal Institute for Mathematics Education and the University of the Western Cape. A school for Science and Maths Education is to be established at the University of Western Cape.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another large scale project is the Network of African Teacher Training Institutions, built around a UNESCO Chair at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Dakar. This is designed to serve as a regional centre for postgraduate training and research in the field of education. After several years preparation, activities were launched in 1995. The strength of networking is illustrated by a number of other linking arrangements in support of African higher education institutions. These include the network initiated by the NATURA Group of European universities in the field of agriculture, the ORBICOM Network in the field of Communication, which is a global network but pays particular attention to the needs of African universities, and the UNESCO/John Hopkins University Networking and Partnership in Adolescent Youth Health and Development. The last-mentioned focuses on HlV/AIDS-related research, and includes institutions such as Addis Ababa and Makerere Universities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agreement signed by UNESCO with the Association of African Universities (AAU) within the framework of UNITWIN provides for support of the latter's staff development and management programme. A UNESCO Chair in Educational Management and Administration is to be established. It will function on a rotating basis at several universities in South Africa, Botswana and Malawi. There are also a number of 'tailor-made' chairs which respond to more specific needs of institutions, notably to develop training and research capabilities in areas such as human rights, democray and peace (at the Universities of Namibia, Addis Ababa and Fianarantsoa in Madagascar), or in the field of Water Resources and Water Culture (at the Universities of Malawi and Omdurman in Sudan). In the latter field, an interesting example is the UNESCO Chair established at the University of Nice, which, although located in France, carries out its activities in Mauritania and has produced the most comprehensive study so far on water resource management in that country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The programme has also made a good start in the Pacific and the Caribbean, even if achievements there are on a more modest scale. There are already 22 established chairs with 14 more under consideration. They cover a wide spectrum of priority fields, including the sustainable use of rain forest resources at the University of Guyana, higher education management and information technology at the University of Havana in Cuba, educational sciences in Fiji, and the use of drugs in Chulalongkorn University in Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNESCO works closely with the University of the South Pacific and the University of the West Indies, with which it has established four UNESCO Chairs. Moreover, it has signed a cooperation agreement, in the framework of UNITWIN, with the Commonwealth Secretariat and the Association of Commonwealth Universities for activities in both regions. There is great potential for the further development of the Chairs programme in the Pacific and Caribbean, given the existence of the two regional universities mentioned above and the strong interest of universities in a number of developed countries (such as Australia, Canada, Japan and Spain) in supporting the programme. It appears to be particularly well suited for the systems of higher education in the two regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Funding&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cost of international cooperation in higher education has risen steadily and this is currently one of the major obstacles preventing the full use of the potential of academic links. New information and communication technologies help reduce costs, but universities in the least-developed countries would first need considerable investment in order to procure and maintain the necessary equipment. That is why UNESCO has based the Chairs programme on funding principles aimed at lowering costs and sharing them in a genuine spirit of academic solidarity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the outset, UNESCO made it very clear that, since it was not a funding agency, it could not, by itself, assume the financial burden of such an ambitious programme, involving several hundred institutions and thousands of university teachers, researchers and students. However, it decided to make a commitment by providing some initial funds. Rough estimates indicate that, over the 1992-1995 period, UNESCO has contributed some $2.5 million (from its Regular and Participation Programmes, Fellowship Bank and Funds-in-Trust) to the UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme. At the same time, it has pressed for increased international development aid for higher education, particularly from the developed countries, and from international organisations, including the UN specialised agencies. A strong case is made for the benefit of pooling resources and for involving directly the higher education institutions themselves &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNITWIN-based projects, including UNESCO Chairs, are usually initiated through the direct contributions of UNESCO (the range is generally between $15 000 and $25 000 per individual project). This is meant to help prepare and launch projects and to secure further funding from other sources. The institutions themselves must include allocations for the respective projects in their own budgets and request their appropriate national authorities to make contributions. This applies equally to universities in the developing countries, however poor their resources may be. It serves to indicate that the project in question is indeed seen as a priority by them and by their national authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experience of the UNITWIN funding formula so far gives cause for cautious optimism. Many projects have been able to secure funds by having recourse to the various sources mentioned above. Thus, the Utrecht/ Southern Africa/UNITWIN Project received a first UNESCO allocation of $50 000 in 1993, in order to launch its activities. The fact that it concerned a large-scale project (a network of eight universities, with four chairs established at four African universities and one at the University of Utrecht) explains the larger UNESCO allocation. This was followed by a second allocation of $70 000 in 1994 for the actual implementation of activities in Africa. The UNESCO seed money led to additional funding-$600 000 annually, for the 1992-1995 period, from various Dutch donors (mainly the Ministry of Development Cooperation, through NUFFIC) and from the European Union, and $450 000 from the University of Utrecht budget, including the total cost for the functioning of the UNESCO Chair on African Studies established at that university. The other three European universities participating in the network (Bochum, Lund and Porto) have also made contributions and are now looking for donor funding in their countries. It is important to mention that the four African universities belonging to the network have also allocated funds from their own budgets to the UNITWIN projects and are actively seeking additional resources from aid and development programmes established for their countries by various donor agencies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It can be fairly argued that in terms of cost-effectiveness, efficiency and the ability to generate funding from various sources, UNITWIN compares favourably with existing cooperation schemes in higher education and research. But it is still too early to conclude that the Chairs Programme can continue and develop further on the basis of the present funding arrangements. The needs are arguably too big for the institutions and individuals involved, who may find themselves in a perpetual search for funds. An evaluation of the programme is under way and this will be submitted to the Member States for their decision. UNESCO is hoping that its efforts to revive academic solidarity, and its campaign in favour of higher education in the developing countries will receive the support of the international community. More than ever before, these countries need to develop their capacity for advanced training and research in order to achieve self sustainable development. The academic community has already indicated its willingness to join forces with UNESCO in this undertaking. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Brain drain : Colossal loss of investments for developing countries</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When a highly qualified professional chooses to leave his own country for another, he does so for one or several legitimate political or economic reasons: peace and security for himself and his family, job satisfaction, better pay and conditions. a higher standard of living, etc. Throughout history, countries and centres of academic excellence which offer these attractions have received the largest numbers of professional migrants and these have, in turn, made substantial contributions, not only to the economic growth of their host countries, but also to the scientific and technological advancement of humanity. The wave of German scientists who moved to the United States after the Second World war, and their discoveries and inventions, come readily to mind. On a global level, therefore, the free movement and interaction of highly skilled people is a positive thing. But the costs to the home countries of losing their professionals is incalculable-in terms of both development opportunities and loss of investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whereas Western Europe was the main loser, especially to the United States, up until the 1960s, the developing countries have emerged in recent years as the biggest suppliers of qualified professionals to the industrialised world as a whole. Today there are more than a million and a half skilled expatriates from the developing countries settled in Western Europe, the USA, Japan and Canada. The USA's educational system and its research institutions are heavily dependent on them. These migrant professionals contribute in no small way to increasing the disparities between the world's rich and poor nations. And it is the developing countries that need them most.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa, which has serious shortages of manpower, has been worst hit. It is said to have lost 60 000 professionals (doctors, university lecturers, engineers, surveyors, etc) between 1985 and 1990 and to have been losing an average of 20 000 annually ever since.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are more than 21 000 Nigerian doctors practising in the United States alone. Meanwhile, Nigeria's own health system suffers a cruel lack of medical practitioners. 60% of all Ghanaian doctors trained locally in the 1980s have left the country, according to the UNDP's 1992 Human Development Report, while, in Sudan, 17% of doctors and dentists, 20% of university lecturers, 30% of engineers and 45% of surveyors have gone to work abroad.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it is difficult to calculate the cost of an expatriate professional in terms of the nutrition, health care and education provided by households and the State, it is clear developing countries are losing colossal amounts of investment annually to the developed countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The US Congressional Research Service, for example, computed in 197172 that the USA gained $20 000 annually on each skilled migrant from the developing countries. If this rather conservative amount is extrapolated for Africa, then the continent lost more than $1.2 billion of investment between 1985 and 1990 on the 60 000 or so African professionals who emigrated during that period. Much closer perhaps to the truth today would be the estimate made by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), using 1979 prices, which put a cash value of $184 000 on each African professional migrant (and this only for those between the ages of 25 and 35).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, expatriate remittances, particularly from skilled workers who earn higher salaries than the average migrant, constitute an important source of funds for development in their home countries. Throughout Africa, households are being maintained by remittances from relatives working abroad. Also, fine buildings are being put up and small-scale projects are financed in villages and cities across the continent with funds sent from overseas. But taken together, these will never be large enough to compensate Africa for the loss of investment suffered as a result of the 'brain drain'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serious flaw in international cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The migration of highly qualified professionals from the developing countries is an extremely complex problem which presents the international community with a major dilemma. First, the 'brain drain' cannot be stopped by force nor can it be legislated against. It is linked to fundamental human rights- the right of individuals to move from one country to another, although the exercise of that right is governed by the immigration policies of individual countries. Second, it is fundamentally a national problem which can only be resolved at the national level by providing enough incentives for qualified nationals to remain at home. Third, some industrialised countries like the USA and Canada, have historically operated liberal immigration policies. Even European states, whose immigration policies tend to be more restrictive, have a good number of third world professionals, but there are over a million in the USA and Canada. It is arguable whether, under the circumstances, the liberalisation of the international labour market under the World Trade Organisation, as is being suggested (even by some developing countries), will actually be in Africa's interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The reasons for Africa's brain drain problem are legion and easily identifiable, being both structural and economic. The most often cited cause is the continent's school curricula which many see as still largely modelled on the systems of the former colonial masters. This, it is argued, has led to the production of graduates in disciplines that have little or no relevance to the socio-cultural and economic milieux of the continent. This is a highly debatable assertion, given the large numbers of the technical assistants currently working in Africa who are products of the educational systems of the former colonial powers-at least some of whom are having a positive impact on the continent's development. This, however, must not distract from the fact that African higher schools systems are illequipped to produce the right skills for Africa's development needs. Because of shortages of both science equipment and teachers, the system instructs the vast majority of pupils in arts rather than in science and technology-and it is the latter which hold the key to economic growth and development. Thus, there is overproduction of graduates in areas where there are few employment opportunities. This results in high levels of migration, even, paradoxically among the few trained scientists because of the absence of an environment conducive to full professional expression and satisfaction. It is not uncommon for things as simple as electricity and water supply to provide reasons for emigration. Examples abound of frustrated African scientists who have had their experimental work of several years destroyed overnight through power failures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Powerful factors in the brain drain include Africa's poor rates of economic growth over the past 30 years (worsened by structural adjustment measures which have resulted in dramatic falls in living standards) and political instability (disturbances in Nigeria and Zaire, civil war in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Somalia etc). Thousands of qualified professionals have been forced unwillingly into exile, and the majority of those left behind, in these times of serious economic crisis, are engaged in unskilled pursuits-in petty trading and taxi driving-far removed from their professional training. The loss of investment associated with this situation cannot be underestimated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sub-Saharan Africa is in the paradoxical situation today of having large numbers of graduates in various disciplines -from medicine and engineering to architecture and accountancy-who have either emigrated or are simply unemployed, while it hosts a large army of foreign technical assistants. Indeed, Africa receives more advice per capita than any other continent. In 1988, there were more than 80 000 technical assistants, and today the figure is well over 100 000. These experts are believed to cost donors a total of $4bn annually to maintain, a figure which represents nearly 35% of Africa's total official development aid. This situation reveals a serious flaw in the operation of international development cooperation. Would it not be more efficient and cost effective to employ qualified African expatriates in the place of many of these foreign technical experts. The former, after all, have both linguistic and cultural links with the continent. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has a programme in this area which points to a possible way forward. The article on that programme, TOKTEN, follows. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Brain gain' : A cost - effective UNDP programme</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the scale of the brain drain problem facing the developing countries, the UNDP's Transfer of Knowledge Through Expatriate Nationals (TOKTEN) project may not amount to much, but it has proved, in its 19 years of existence, to be a cost-effective way of getting highly qualified expatriates from the developing countries to contribute to the development of their countries of origin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It all started in Turkey in 1977 by pure accident. A Turkish mineral expert in Alberta, Canada, was asked by a compatriot if he would be kind enough to come over to Turkey and explain his innovative coal cleaning process to the staff and students of his old university in Ankara-the Middle East Technical University. He expressed his interest in the project. Soon afterwards he was contacted by the UNDP which offered to fund part of his trip to Ankara. The expert spent one month in Turkey giving a series of seminars, not only at the Middle East Technical University, but also at the Istanbul and Dokuz Eylul Universities. During these lectures, he made recommendations on resolving Turkey's specific coal utilisation problems. His impact was immense and such that the UNDP was inspired to set up the TOKTEN project along similar lines to help developing countries gain from the knowledge of their expatriate professionals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The system is simple. Member States of the United Nations can apply to join the project. The latter is administered in each country by a National Working Commitee (NWC) which is made up of representatives from the government, local organisations, the private sector and the UNDP. Institutions of that country (government ministries and agencies, private and public sector enterprises, universities, research and development institutions, hospitals, etc) can apply for assistance in a variety of areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Applications are processed by the NWC and recruitment of experts is usually in one or more of the following ways:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â through consultants with lists of experts recognised by the Government as having extensive contacts within their expatriate communities;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â through embassies and missions, alumni associations and research institutions;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â through prominent members of the country's expatriate community who identify and alert other high level expatriates of the opportunities to return home and serve their countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the Working Committee chooses a consultant, an offer of assignment is made. The beneficiary organisation and the consultant will then determine the timing of the mission and inform the UNDP.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TOKTEN assignments last between one and three months depending on the ability of the consultant and the needs of the beneficiary'. They are not meant to be highly remunerative. Consultants are only entitled to round trip economy fare tickets (by the most direct route) and a daily subsistence allowance at the prevailing UN rate. The costs are paid out of the beneficiary country's 'Indicative Planning Figure'(IPF) which is the amount of assistance the UNDP makes available to a developing country over a five-year programming cycle. Health insurance cover and accommodation is not provided. Usually these are the responsibilities of the beneficiary government or organisation. The salaries of the consultants during their absence are paid by their affiliated employers whose agreement is often necessary for the projects to go ahead.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TOKTEN consultants are thus not motivated by money but by a genuine desire (with a modicum of patriotism) to contribute to the development of their countries of origin to which they retain strong cultural and linguistic ties. And their impact on the ground is usually immediate and measurable. Pressures are not put on volunteers to return permanently to their countries, although many have chosen to do so since the programme began in 1977.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The system is not only low-cost and cost-effective. It covers a great variety of specialised fields and enables programmes to be implemented with speed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conditions for success&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A UNDP assessment of the programme in 1987, ten years after it began, concluded that regular monitoring of its operation had enabled information garnered to be applied to increase its effectiveness. It had been found, for example, that short-term expatriate consultancies were especially beneficial when the problem tackled was specific and the consultant selected was of international standing, when both the requesting organisation and the expatriate were well prepared in advance, and when the initial mission was followed up by a series of measures, often including a return visit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 1992, 35 countries were participating in the programme and over 3800 consultancies had been run. Since then, the number of countries has increased dramatically to 51 and con&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;sultancies to 5000. In 1994 and 1995 alone, 28 countries reported over 700 consultancies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has also become clear that, whereas the main recipient institutions have been government agencies, science and technology research institutions, universities and organisations, the private sector is increasingly showing interest in the programme. The number of female specialists is also increasing: in 1991, 40 consultants were women and last year this figure rose to over 100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, the ACP countries participating in the programme are; Benin, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Dominica, Ethiopia, Fiji, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Liberia, Nigeria, Sao Tome &amp;amp; Principe, Sierra Leone, St Lucia, Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago and Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Success stories include a highly skilled Guyanese medical practitioner in the United States who returned home after 17 years to assume the post of minister of health. He had been sent to oversee the introduction of certain aspects of health care such as preventive medicine (immunisation, general child care and nutrition), treatment of trauma (victims of accidents and violence etc) and the establishment and management of the physical facilities for emergency patients. During his stint, his recommendation on the upgrading of the emergency room facilities was rapidly implemented and this contributed significantly to improving patient care. Another story involved a Guinean banker who, after a consultancy stint in Guinea, abandoned a lucrative job in France to return home permanently to work at the Central Bank of Guinea, helping to set up a new loan system for commercial imprt and export businesses. Guinea, in fact, has been one of the greatest beneficiaries of the TOKTEN programme with numerous consultancies involving the University of Conakry, covering more than 20 disciplines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For very small sums the programme is ensuring that developing countries which have invested enormously in the education of their expatriate nationals have a return, at least, in the form of the knowledge they oquired.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mobilising Commonwealth skills for Commonwealth development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The role of the Commonwealth in the economic and social progress of its member states is neither widely known nor widely publicised. Yet for over 25 years, the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC) has made significant contributions to the efforts of its developing member countries to accelerate the pace of their economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The recognition by the Commonwealth that people are its greatest resource forms the basis of its approach to development assistance-providing, in the short term, specialist technical skills which are either not available or are in short supply to governments to enable them to fill key positions in areas as diverse as export and industrial promotion, high-level economic and legal services etc, and in the longer term, a wide range of training programmes in areas that are crucial for economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation is funded by voluntary financial contributions from member governments which, as has just been mentioned, can also draw on it according to their needs and priorities. As a pioneer of technical cooperation between developing countries, the Fund recruits its experts from these countries and encourages South/South cooperation. It is thus not uncommon to see West Africans serving, on short-term contracts, as legal officers in remote Pacifc island states or Sri Lankans or Indians advising on new agricultural techniques in Africa. The Fund is administered by four separate divisions within the Commonwealth Secretariat: the management and training division; the general technical assistance division; the export and industrial development division, and the economic and legal advisory services division. In 1994-95 the CFTC's financial resources stood at around f23.6 million (ECU 30m).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human resource development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly one-third of the CFTC's budget is spent on human resource development, helping enhance people's skills through a mix of training workshops, study visits and individual attachments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some 4000 training fellowships were awarded in 1993-95 to enhance technical skills. These were given to middle and senior professional, technical and administrative managers to study at some of the Commonwealth's best institutions or to take up work attachments (63% of training takes place in less-developed countries).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Fund also enables universities and other institutions to become centres of excellence and upgrade the tuition they offer by appointing academic and technical specialists. In 1993-95, for example, it helped five universities in Africa and the Caribbean to run applied Masters courses through collaboration with other Commonwealth universities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the CFTC is usually able to meet only 60% of the requests it receives for specialised training, its programmes are held on a regional and pan-Commonwealth basis to maximise impact, especially in topics such as administrative reform, financial management and strategic planning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Fund's training priorities include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- first and foremost, identifying needs (consultants are sent to countries to examine their development plans and help them to prioritise training needs).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- providing education and training in key areas that reflect CFTC concerns such as well-managed economic and financial reform by government, sustainable development, participation of women and application of technology.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- ensuring an integrated package of consultancy, advice and training to help managers in government, and public and private sector enterprises to coordinate and manage reforms and restructuring.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- organising policy workshops and seminars that bring together senior government officials, executives and academics from Commonwealth countries to pool experiences, learn examples of best practice, discuss problems and reflect on emerging issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- giving support to institutions to offer new and specialised education and training programmes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- providing technical and vocational training under the Commonwealth Industrial Training and Experience Programme (between 1993 and 1995, workshops were held in hospital equipment repairs, railway repairs and maintenance and computer-assisted manufacturing).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- providing training in information systems, new technologies and environmental issues (governments are helped to develop management information systems and apply information technology). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-setting up programmes for women with a particular focus on entrepreneurs and community managers (among other initiatives, the CFTC is helping three African universities develop specialised programmes in entrepreneurship for women in non-traditional sectors).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-coordinating wider linkages among professional networks to facilitate exchanges of information and examples of best practice (the CFTC recently helped to set up the Commonwealth Association for Public Administration and Management to assist in improving public service performance and in raising ethical standards).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Expertise on tap&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shortage of skills is one of the biggest stumbling-blocks facing countries trying to raise the living standards of their people. Providing experts accounts for about one-third of the CFTC's budget.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because its assistance is relatively small and carefully targeted, it avoids the potential waste associated with larger scale projects and poor technical planning. In 1993-95, the cost both of a typical long-term expert and an average project was around Â£50 000 (ECU 62 000) a year. Experts can be in place within three or four weeks of project approval.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the same period, over 200 long- and short-term experts were provided to 43 developing Commonwealth countries, six dependent territories and 18 regional organisations. The expertise requested is extremely diverse, from hydrography and agroforestry to tourism, statistics, legal affairs, health, social planning and computer science.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assignments for short-term experts can range from a few days to six months. Their role is advisory, helping governments to introduce new systems or technologies. Long-term experts stay usually from six months to two years; others may stay up to four years. Experts assist in the development and implementation of policies or in the provision of managerial skills and the training of counterpart staff to take over in due course. Some long-term experts are trainers in specialist fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CFTC makes every effort to appoint women experts. In 1993-95, they made up 13% of experts that were sent to the field. These included a consultant anaesthetist in Ghana, an agricultural economist in Mozambique, an information specialist in Barbados, a fisheries development officer in Papua New Guinea and an environmental lawyer in Seychelles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A scheme to allow suitably qualified and experienced people to volunteer as short-term experts for a maximum of three months was launched in mid-1995. The scheme draws on experts from the Commonwealth who are willing to give their services on a voluntary basis to developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Entrepreneurs come first&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In its help to small businesses, the CFTC focuses on those who manage the businesses and identify new entrepreneurial talent. Most assistance is given to small states, especially in the Pacific. The programme has three phases: the first relates to 'surveys of opportunity' which is aimed at identifying suitable entrepreneurs, investment opportunities and potential for expansion as well as specific problems. Next comes 'workshops on entrepreneurship development' during which business owners and operators are helped to think creatively, to become more aware of opportunities that are available and to act strategically when planning expansion. And the last are what we call 'business clinics' in which one-to-one counselling is provided to an entrepreneur at his or her business. This personal support has proved very successful in helping individual entrepreneurs to become more efficient and competitive and, by implication, adapt to changing world economic conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing exports&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CFTC has pioneered the use of Contact-Promotion programmes and 'Buyer-Seller Meets' forums to help small exporters. These forums allow company representatives, often from small Commonwealth countries, to display their wares and meet prospective buyers from other countries. CFTC consultants plan these activities well ahead, short listing producers that are likely to succeed, identifying suitable foreign markets and advising on redesigning of products. Sometimes exporters and factory staff also receive training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CFTC funds a special 'export development programme' for women entrepreneurs. This includes detailed country studies of women engaged in exporting as well as sales promotions abroad. Studies of this type have recently been conducted in Cyprus, Sri Lanka and Zambia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are helped, under the programme, to adapt their handicrafts for export, improve their manufacturing techniques and undertake sales missions abroad. Training is also given in export marketing, product development, costing and pricing. If necessary, changes to government policy are recommended. In 1994, the assistance given to Ghanaian women to develop markets for their basket ware and handicrafts is estimated to have helped generate sales worth US$3.1 million (ECU 2.4m). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">EU's investments in education and training in the ACP states</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Digby Swift&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community's investments in human resource development-health, nutrition and education-in ACP states have regularly been covered in the pages of this magazine whether in the context of dosiers or of country resorts. Here we present a brief description of how the EU's policy in education and training evolved under the Yaounde and LomÃ© Convemntions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Educating all the people. This is not just a slogan. In a poor, underdeveloped country, there may be some short-term gains from supplying high quality education and training to an elite few. But, as the 'Asian Miracle' has proved, major long-term gains in development and wealth are possible only if the entire population possesses a reasonable level of education.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Now for the problem. For many countries, notably those of sub-Saharan Africa, a large proportion of school age children receive no education at all. Of those who do attend school, many receive little benefit from their education because of the very low quality of provision. Only a small minority reach secondary education. And yet a higher proportion than ever of national budgets is now going to the education sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem is urgent because of the time it will take to resolve. Even if we could wave a magic wand to provide all children with a good primary education, it would take a decade to see the benefits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How is European aid helping to tackle this problem? What have been the guiding principles of European aid to education in the past? And why is the problem still acute in, for example, subSaharan Africa, despite decades of investment in aid to education ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid mirrors developments&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid to education has mirrored developments in the education sectors of the countries concerned. For example, the low-income countries of Africa, which account for 73% of Africa's population, have seen a rapid expansion in their education systems followed by a collapse of funding. This has resulted in a serious decline in standards of provision. European aid, which began by providing piecemeal assistance to infrastructure and manpower, shifted to a 'project approach' to tackle these emerging problems and is now moving towards a coordinated sectoral approach to help tackle the reform of whole education systems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From 1970 to 1980, the number of pupils enrolling in the primary schools of developing countries more than doubled, and the numbers in secondary and tertiary education quadrupled. Even relative to the increasing population, there was a 90% increase in the proportion of primary-aged children in school, and a large increase in the proportion of girls. This growth was accompanied by a doubling of government budgetary resources made available to education.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the massive general economic decline between 1980 and 1985, the money made available for education from the public purse fell by 40%, yet the education systems continued to grow. The result was that teachers' salaries plummeted, and funds for non-salary recurrent costs such as teaching materials and maintenance virtually dried up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1985, the financial situation has somewhat improved and funding is now at an all-time high. Nevertheless, for many African states, the education sector is in a state of crisis. Buildings are crumbling and inadequate; teachers are untrained or undertrained and often absent because of low incentives and weak supervision. There are few books and other teaching materials. Consequently, many pupils leave school virtually illiterate and innumerate. Moreover, because of the low quality of instruction and increasing costs to parents, many parents are no longer bothering to send children to school even when places are available. Primary enrolment fell by around 10% between 1990 and 1992. Thus in many countries, a fundamental reform of the sector is seen as the only way forward.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evolution of aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the early days of European aid, education and training were seen as suppliers of manpower for countries to modernise their economies. The priority themes of the 1970 Yaounde Convention for European Community aid were industrialisation, regional cooperation and international trade. Community support to education and training focused on the construction of colleges and university faculties to serve industrialisation and regional cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1975 LomÃ© I Convention referred specifically to 'the establishment of regional institutions of advanced technology, in the context of training programmes to enable nationals to participate fully in economic development'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1980 LomÃ© II Convention introduced multiannual training programmes, and support in the form of training awards and courses/seminars; experts and instructors; teaching equipment; collaboration between training or research establishments and universities. The emphasis was still on vocational training for other sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A significant proportion of European bilateral aid to education and training took the form of European teachers for secondary schools, colleges and universities. These helped to cover the shortage of locally trained teachers, whilst educating an elite able to fill senior and middle positions in the public and private sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 1985, problems were becoming all too apparent within the education systems being supported. As in other sectors, there was increased emphasis on the 'project approach' towards tackling these problems. Thus the LomÃ© Ill Convention includes support to education and training 'in the form of integrated programmes aimed at a well defined objective'. This could include, for example, 'assisting the ACP States' own efforts to restructure their educational establishments and systems and to update curricula, methods and technology employed, in order to step up the effectiveness and cut back the cost of all types of training'. A concern for under-represented groups, particularly women, was also becoming explicit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 1990, the concept of investing in people through education and training had moved high on the donor agenda, and alongside it, a growing concern for sectoral reform. According to the 1989 LomÃ© IV Convention, 'Cooperation shall be aimed at supporting development in the ACP States, a process centred on man himself and rooted in each people's culture. It shall back up the policies and measures adopted by those States to enhance their human resources, increase their own creative capacities and promote their cultural identities. Cooperation shall also encourage participation by the population in the design and execution of development operations.' In a chapter entitled Operations to enhance the value of human resources, a section on Education and Training refers to supporting the ACP State's efforts to 'reform their basic education institutions and systems, in particular by providing overall primary education coverage and adjusting imported systems as well as building them into development strategies'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1980s and early 1990s, European states and the Community joined the World Bank in support of structural adjustment. In a 1991 communication to the European Development Council, the Commission stated that it 'will give absolute priority to the social dimension of adjustment, in particular ensuring that the health and education sectors are adequately covered, in conjunction with sectoral reforms introduced or planned in these two areas.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balancing this concern for system reform has been a growing appreciation of the importance of decentralised cooperation. An example is the cost-sharing microprojects for grassroots development first introduced in LomÃ© I with explicit mention of support to primary schools. Another example is the need to support the activities of nongovernmental organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new policy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two events in the early 1990s have had a profound impact on European support for education and training. The first was the World Conference on Education for All: Meeting the Basic Learning Needs held in Jomtien in 1990. This emphasised the need for universal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;primary education and adult literacy to be firmly placed on the political agenda, and has resulted in a profound swing of donor support away from higher education and towards primary education. The second important event was the 1992 Treaty of European Union which requires the coordination of Member States' policy and operations, particularly in the social sectors. Guidelines are contained in the 1994 Council Resolution on support to education and training in developing countries in which 'the Council emphasises that education, in particular basic education, is a fundamental right'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to the Resolution, 'the priority for the Community and the Member States must be both to maximise access to education within the limits of the resources available and to ensure that the quality of education provided is suited to the needs of the majority of students. 'This is to be achieved through 'a balanced, programme-based strategy, tailored to the specific circumstances of the individual developing country', with pride of place accorded to basic education. It should provide 'support to the developing countries' own policies and efforts', not acting as a substitute for local initiative, and should involve better integration of action under structural adjustment with education sector priorities and aid activities. The Council also recommends a special emphasis on coordination in a number of pilot countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the outset, Community aid to education and training in African, Caribbean and Pacific countries has been in response to requests from the ACP states with an emphasis on ownership of the resulting programme by those states. What the new policy introduces into this process is a dialogue between government and all donors on needs, priorities and approaches set in the context of the education sector as a whole. Only through such a comprehensive approach can developing countries and European states reach a true partnership in realising the education and training needs of all citizens on which the future of their countries so crucially depends. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.S.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Analysis</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">EU-ACP relations : Building for tomorrow</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Kenneth Karl&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1989 saw the end of the Yalta inspired twin-superpower dominance. Nations had to examine their priorities in their desire for integration in an international environment in which geostrategic and economic realignment would be unavoidable. The philosophy which had served as a basis and reference point for North/South relations throughout the Cold War period is now being called into question and necessary adjustments in ideas have been triggered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The LomÃ© Convention, which governs the development-cooperation relationship between the EU and the 70 ACP countries, is a unique North/South cooperation agreement on account of its contractual nature, its durability, the funds it allocates and the fact that it provides for a permanent dialogue. But it is also now at a decisive point in its history.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Those who regard the Convention as out-of-date and in need of renovation, and those more radical critics who believe that it no longer serves any useful purpose and must be phased out, both argue that a new direction is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Beyond all the criticism formulated against this system, the fundamental question remains as to whether the LomÃ© Convention will be able, given the necessary changes, to carry on after its fourth version expires.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The years between now and the end of the century will, naturally, see the application of the revised LomÃ© IV, including the substantial improvements made to it. However, this same period must also be used to prepare the ground for ACP/KU development cooperation in the future, whatever form it might take.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shortly after his nomination as European Commissioner for relations with the ACP countries and South Africa, Professor Pinheiro commented, realistically, that the ACP countries are no longer 'in fashion'. The change of emphasis can be seen clearly if one looks at the EU's burgeoning relations with its eastern neighbours from the former Communist bloc (illustrated by the wide range of European programmes now benefiting these countries). One might also cite the strengthening of ties with countries in the Mediterranean basin. Economic and security concerns underpin this development, but it undoubtedly reduces the significance which was once accorded to the ACP states.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, the economic objectives of virtually all EU countries, as they seek to reduce budget deficits and deal with increasing internal social problems inevitably put pressure on the amount of development aid being granted to the Third World.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This situation is, of course, not restricted to the European Union - which in fact remains the world's main contributor of official development aid. At the instigation of a Republican dominated Congress, the United States is planning much more swingeing cuts in its contribution, both to certain international agencies and to certain regions (including Africa).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This undeniable cutback in public development aid has been offset in recent years by net increases in private capital flows, but the geographical distribution is highly skewed. Only a few of the poorest developing countries have benefited from the trend, the main 'winners' being the emerging states of Asia. These include countries such as China, India and Indonesia which, it is worth noting in passing, do not have particularly good human rights records, in the sense that the term is understood in Europe. Despite the fact that ACP countries have identified potential for attracting foreign investment, they have not actually benefited from this change in resource flows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this climate, with official development aid in inaeasingly short supply, innovative methods for making optimum use of the available resources must be devised within the context of the LomÃ© Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On current indications, it is quite possible that in the year 2000, the LomÃ© Convention will be filed away in the archives. ACP/KU relations will certainly have to be more in step with recent developments on the international scene. The initial reasons for the establishment of a cooperative relationship between Europe and the ACPs, following the signature of the Rome Treaty, are now outmoded. As Paul Valery has commented: 'One of the worst mental aberrations is to think that things can survive when the reasons for their existence have gone'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So, what type of development cooperation should the countries of the European Union and their ACP partners aim for in the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alternative trends&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has stated that it is in favour of a globalisation of aid within an innovative framework. One of the first questions to be asked is whether uniform cooperation with regions whose monolithic character is being increasingly called into question is still desirable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Variable geometry in development cooperation relations is increasingly being seen as the trend to be followed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If this option is chosen, there is a risk of the following scenario being created: The EU's relationship with the Caribbean could become diluted within its relationship with Latin-American countries and links with the Pacific countries could become confused with economic relations with Asia. What would then become of Africa, the continent needing most attention on account of the wide range of its difficulties and its increasing marginalisation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1990, the United Nations General Assembly, aware of the African question, adopted a new agenda on development in Africa, thus making that continent its number-one priority. Europe, on the other hand, must not simply focus on Africa but must invent new modes of action which are more concrete and more effective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secondly, recent trends imply greater conditionality. This has been taken on board not just by EU Member States. A number of multilateral aid agencies have also included it in their strategy. The OECD's Development Aid Committee believes that future relationships between North and South will be greatly influenced by conditionality and, indeed, the Organisation goes so far as to advocate this approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, conditionality in terms of development is a strategic element which must be handled with extreme caution. If cooperation, whether today or in the future, is to be based on conditionality, then it can only be rendered effective if aid recipients (both governments and the governed) are genuinely committed to the idea. They must be convinced, in a climate of resource-scarcity, than the approach is motivated above all by a desire for greater success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union thus has a vital role to play, making full use of its advantages in terms of dialogue and consultation in order to prevent conditionality being perceived as a condescending mechanism. Thereby, it can help to prevent conditionality from generating the well-known perverse effects of 'tied' aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course, conditionality raises the thorny question of national sovereignty, but it is important to observe that modern international relations have moved on, both de jure and de facto, from a concept of absolute sovereignty to one of relative sovereignty. This is illustrated by the trend towards humanitarian intervention as a right, the requirements of the Bretton Woods institutions, supranationality in certain regional international organisations, and the very fact of world economic interdependence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This does not mean that the developing states should sell off their sovereignty to the highest bidder but that conditionality should be the subject of negotiation. Donors must be more flexible in their demands and thereby give the country in question such room to manoeuvre as is necessary for programmes to succeed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thirdly, development of the private sector appears now to be approved by all parties. Since independence, the State has been omnipresent and omnipotent in most productive areas of ACP economies. Given the failures of the public sector, private enterprise is now being called in to help. Its development is one of the sector specific policies which will and must receive most support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development of the private sector must permit better distribution of the fruits of the growth that it generates and promote integration of the ACP countries into the market economy. There can be no question of pitting private enterprise against the public sector, because any Manichean approach in this sphere might prove to be risky. It is important also to stress that free market development cannot take place overnight and that it is subject to inescapable macro and microeconomic preconditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, the birth and expansion of a dynamic private sector depends on the politico-economic fabric. This includes reliable financial bodies, functioning financial intermediation, adequate infrastructures, technical qualifications and training, a suitable legal/ regulatory framework, institutions to support private businesses, the channelling of the informal sector and a public sector which is prepared to play fair, aware of its regulatory role. These, in short, are the necessary ingredients for the adjustment of the private sector to permit the development of a true enterprise culture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development of a harmonious private sector will make it possible more easily to achieve the transformation and export objectives required by international competitiveness. It should, therefore, help to counteract the erosion of commercial preferences generated by the Uruguay Round. The latter's time limits should, in any case, be extended, because it seems clear that the ACP countries will be unable to fulfil their obligations by the end of the moratorium obtained by the EU during the negotiations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The notion of compensating for inequality that is found in international development law, implies the adoption of a normative system to counteract the weak trading position of developing countries vis-a-vis their competitors in the North. But in recent times, this idea has been losing ground and it is unlikely to cut much ice with the WTO authorities. Legal equality in a situation where there is structural inequality is not, in fact, equitable, and it is therefore necessary to find some other way of mitigating the adverse effects, looking at it in a global context.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Promotion of domestic and foreign investment should be better supported. People talk of the 'risk/ country' threshold that deters foreign investors. It may be that this can be measured objectively by looking at economic and other indicators, but even if this is not possible, it clearly exists as a psychological barrier. This is a problem for many ACP countries and it needs to be crossed, using measures which tackle the many obstacles to investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Changing the culture of development cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Besides all the technical aspects, one could argue that the shortcomings of the LomÃ© Convention stem also from the perceptions of those involved in development cooperation. In short, it is the actual concept and culture of development aid which must be changed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the European side, the colonial legacy has conditioned attitudes, imprinting on them a dominant patemalism which is prejudicial to the aim of development. This European concept of cooperation must be overturned. Moreover, development cooperation must not be seen as the art of the possible but as the art of making possible what is strictly necessary, by virtue of genuine negotiation with the countries which have resolved to move forward.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, it is desirable to have a better developed policy of informing European public opinion about development cooperation. An effort is needed to counter false impressions, such as the one left by the French journalist who wrote: 'Official development aid is like taking money from the poor in rich countries to give it to the rich in poor countries'. Better information is needed to ensure that the public can decide such matters for itself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coordinating the Union's policies with those of the Member States now presents an enormous challenge. The political obstacles are huge and development cooperation may well suffer as a result of them if the objectives of coordination, coherence and complementarity contained in the Maastricht Treaty are not achieved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for the ACP countries, success in their economic development depends on many factors, cooperation being only one of them. Many political leaders in these nations have too often described cooperation with the North as the only way in which they can develop. In fact, this should be seen as nothing more than an additional factor - supporting the national effort and a genuine desire for development. It is pure fantasy to believe that development can be set in motion solely on the basis of an external impetus. To succeed, it must come from within a country. This is why future cooperation between the EU and the ACP countries must progress towards reinforcing the aptitude of the latter to devise, master and control their own development process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the future, the ACP countries must propose concrete and responsible solutions to their partners, doing so by means of the dialogue system. They must also promote development based on participation, particularly with the involvement of young people and women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that the ACPs can offer a credible prospectus for development must be acknowledged. It is undoubtedly a challenge, but it can successfully be overcome if a climate of stability, security and confidence is created, matched by an unambiguous political will.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In KU/ACP relations, programmes must include the long-term vision necessary for sustainable development. Too often in the past, the strategy has been aimed at an immediate and ostentatious result. Successful development in the future will depend crucially on a change in such attitudes. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.K. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let us know what you think&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The debate about the future of cooperation between the European Union and the ACP states is now beginning to gash' pace. Last year, we established the 'Analysis' section in The Courier to report on this debate-and give readers an opportunity to express their own views on the subject.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The response so far has been encouraging, but it has come mainly from the European side. We are keen to receive contributions from ACP readers as well. If you have you own ideas or opinions about what should happen after LomÃ© IV expires, why not put them on paper and send them to us. Our address is on the inside front cover of the magazine. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The view of civil society on the future after LomÃ© IV</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was the subject of a conference which took place in Maastricht from 12-14 June, under the auspices of the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM). It brought together participants from ACP countries and Europe, including representatives of civil society (NGOs, the private sector, etc.). Four major topics were addressed:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How can a new KU/ACP commercial relationship be constructed ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was agreement that some form of preferential trade regime should continue after 2000. Some participants stressed the need to Promote 'fair trade', which would contribute not only to growth but also to development. The impact of individual trade preferences is not always clear-cut, but obviously there cannot be a single solution covering all problems in all ACP countries. An analysis of negative constraints demonstrated the difficulties involved in reconciling the rules of the LomÃ© Convention and those of the World Trade Organisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How can the private sector become involved in development ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most important aspect of this topic is knowing how to create a favourable and business-friendly environment which will enable the private sector to play its part-and the role the European Union could play in this process. The private sector was defined as both formal and informal, encompassing large, medium and small enterprises, whether local or foreign. The importance of a strong local private sector in guaranteeing long-term stability was particularly emphasised. In this respect, the view was expressed that the role of the state and its relationship with the European Commission should be redefined. There was also a call for time to be set aside time for effective dialogue, and to create the space for a partnership between the public and private sectors. It was felt that the role of Economic and Social Councils should be expanded and specified more clearly. As for the specific issue of privatisation, the point was made that this should not be seen as a panacea and that it should be approached on a country-by-country basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards current instruments, it was noted that their objective is essentially to meet public-sector requirements. The role of the Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) attracted some criticism. Speakers felt that the private sector should be more involved in the preparation and implementation of cooperation programmes with the European Community. Direct financial support to the private sector was seen as desirable, including backing from the European Investment Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What partnership ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The partnership concept was seen to have been eroded over the past two decades, with the pretext of efficiency resulting in a more paternalistic approach. Mechanisms needed to be found to enable EU priorities and the prerogatives of ACP countries to be reconciled. Reference was made to the political nature of the origin of the partnership and the need to find a new political raison d'etre for this type of relationship. The problems of cohesion within the ACP group and its relations with the EU were also raised, and there was a discussion about the possibility of giving the Convention a regional character-although a number of speakers expressed reservations about this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the European side, two lacunae emerged, namely coordination between donors, and consistency between LomÃ© and other Community policies (including relationships with the Bretton Woods institutions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the principle of partnership, some participants were keen to stress the motives of solidarity and common interest that lay behind cooperation. It was not simply a matter of 'negative' interdependence. The appropriateness of the term 'partnership' was questioned, if this was only to mean financial and technical cooperation. The politicisation of LomÃ© appears to be on the agenda, involving a move from the current partnership to a genuine 'contractual approach' through political dialogue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for the role of partnership in cooperation policy management, it was felt essential that civil society and the private sector be involved. There was also a discussion of the debt problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How can financial and technical cooperation be improved ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As usual, reference was made to the need to simplify and differentiate management of LomÃ© Convention instruments, particularly in the context of the programming process. As regards the role of non-state actors, a cautious approach was recommended. Finally, new instruments were called for to prevent conflict.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Conclusions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This conference, coming after several others of the same type, was characterised essentially by private sector and NGO calls for greater participation in Community cooperation policy. Moreover, the need for 'politicisation' of the LomÃ© policy, shifting from purely financial and technical aid to a genuine cooperation contract, seems to have attracted the support of all participants. These questions are sure to figure in the 'Green Paper' on 'tome after 2000', which the European Commission plans to publish before the end of 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Democratising democracy'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On 6 and 7 June, the Belgian Par/iament hosted a UN seminar on 'me future of international development cooperation: new communication challenges' 'Democratising Democracy' was the succinct, journalistic way in which one of the speakers at the meeting summed up his solution to the problem of underdevelop meet. He was Jean-Bertrand Aristide, former President of Haiti, who observed that democracy, as advocated by the developed world, and increasingly accepted by developing countries, does not prevent the latter's slide into even greater poverty. The Courier had the opportunity to interview Mr Aristide. We began by asking him whether his statement implied that democracy is failing in a world striving to 'globalise' it J-B.A.-The word democracy comes from the Greek words 'demos', meaning people and 'kratein', meaning to govern. In other words, it signifies government of the people, for the people by the people-but if we take a look at the world today, the impression we get is that not all so-called democratic governments are in fact what they purport to be. Hence the need to 'democratise democracy', so as to create a situation in which all citizens can help set governments on a course towards such a model.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Concepts usually generate conflict and, therefore, when speaking of revolution, democracy or globalisation, it is necessary to be au fait with the subject matter so as not to become involved in a dialogue of the deaf. In the specific case of globalisation, my opinion is that this has a tendency to make what is an already precarious situation even more unbalanced. Concepts cannot be applied everywhere without thought being given to their harmful consequences. This does not mean to say that we should give up completely. It's one thing to speak of the globalisation of peace, as if an ineluctable need existed to promote peace on a world scale, but I'm not sure that everyone would define the globalisation of peace in the same way as I do.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Could we turn now to your own country, Haiti. How do you view the future of democracy there, bearing in mind the economic circumstances ? At the seminar, you mentioned several factors which demonstrate democracy's *agility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Democracy is indeed fragile. 1% of Haiti's population owns 48% of the country's wealth and it is estimated that about 65% of the working population is employed in agriculture as against 5.1% in the 'industrial' sector. But is this really the true picture ? Reality for most people is poverty-unacceptable and sub-human poverty. A man needs work to earn his daily crust by the sweat of his brow, but unemployment has reached catastrophic proportions. When people are unable to earn their living, there is little point in discussing the positive influence of democracy. What is needed is for those with a great deal of wealth and those with less wealth to talk to each other; a dialogue between the private and public sectors, so that we can head off futile conflicts and devote all our efforts to economic growth coupled with human development. I do believe that this is possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yet, the rich are so rich and the poor so poor. Is it not fantasy to think that the gulf which separates them, and their mutual mistrust, can simply be set aside so that genuine dialogue can take place ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is one of the challenges we have faced ever since 1960 and, although we have not yet reaped the harvest of this process, we have to carry on. It's not too late. We just have to approach the subject logically and with all the facts to hand, and we must have the intelligence to be patient. If we continue with dialogue, we will achieve real results. Only the citizens of Haiti can play a part in Haiti's development-this is not a task for outsiders. We, on the other hand, have to be more receptive to international cooperation, while maintaining mutual respect and dignity. But what we also need is for our own people to act together in order to enhance our own growth. This is not to say that geopolitical reality can be disregarded. Other countries have to be taken into account, but, as a starting point, we have to consider Haiti's human and material resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Thereisdialogueata world level, but there are rules to be applied. I am thinking, here, of free competition. Haiti has to play by the rules, just like any other country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Since we gained independence, our history has seen a succession of coups d'etat and people have been over-eager in brandishing weapons to solve economic, political or social problems. Now that democracy has been restored in Haiti, weapons are not the solution to our problems-I cannot stress this enough. What we need is for those with money to sit down and negotiate with those who have none: for the government to get people round the table and devise a common plan to accommodate all interested parties- looking at both the nation's interests and the interests of investors. I do believe that it is possible to achieve this. We have, in fact, already begun to prepare the ground. I am not basing my words, here, on pure theory, but am speaking from experience. In concrete terms, we have to transcend class and racial differences to recognise that Haitian men and women, regardless of their colour and the country they might live in outside Haiti, regardless of their nationality, even, are still part of Haiti's indigenous population. The way must be kept open for dignified and balanced cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The other point you mentioned today was that there can be no development without the effective involvement of the population. Are you not leaving yourself open to accusations of having socialist or even communist tendencies ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-As I have just said, we have to be scientific in our approach and check our facts over and over again. I fail to see how anyone can claim to be working towards peace without looking at poverty which is the greatest threat to social cohesion. Of course, there are those who would deny this assertion, and that is their right. However, rational analysis of the situation can help us alleviate poverty and promote security. It needs to be underlined that security is also one of the essential factors in economics. The UN Security Council is called in to prevent or resolve conflicts. To my mind, we should also be talking about an economic security council to deal with the economic realities. The deeper one plunges into poverty, the greater one's feelings of insecurity-the two always go hand in hand. And insecurity can crop up anywhere in the world. Nor is it a question of charity. It is a real, rational question which must sharpen our awareness, stimulate our common sense and set us on a course to protect the world by alleviating poverty. That, at least, is one approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, you have to recognise that politics is essentially a question of power while economics is influenced by interests. Everyone uses the means at their disposal to defend their personal interests and we know perfectly well that there are no free gifts. The so-called developed countries allocate just 0.3% of their GDP to development aid, yet we are losing our tropical forests at the rate of the area of a football pitch every second. In Haiti, forests now cover only a small area of the country. But in the final analysis, environmental catastrophe threatens us all, rich and poor alike, even if certain countries do not face specific ecological risks. We either deal with it as reasonable people, or we close our eyes to the 'cause and effect' realities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but are we reasonable people ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The crisis of ethics is indeed a reality and a great many values are now being called into question. These days, we have to love in order to prove we are not contradicting ourselves. If we believe in God, we might call this love 'God', just as we might call it 'justice'. It all depends on your philosophy, religion or beliefs. If I feel love, I cannot be indifferent to the situation of victims of injustice, both in Haiti and elsewhere. If a man is humiliated, crushed, exploited or marginalised, then 1, too, am humiliated, crushed and marginalised. It is love which makes us fight for justice everywhere. Either one is a demagogue revelling in big words or one is sincere and ready to die so that another might live-this brings immortality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· One final question. You were speaking just now of insecurity and economics. Is there a link, here, with one of your most recent decisions, the abolition of Haiti's army ? Could you tell us how you were able to pull off this 'coup'? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- I am perfectly happy to answer such an important question and would like to be able to give a clear and direct reply. But given that the struggle is still going on, I don't think I should go into too much detail. A decision was made. The Haitian people opted to rid themselves of the army. Supporting their democratic wish, it was our job to help bring about this dissolution. The army, it is worth recalling, had about 7000 men, absorbed 40% of the national budget-and had killed many of our compatriots. We have had to be logical and patient in achieving this goal, bearing in mind that the guarantors of the agreement which led to my return had their own views, which were different from ours. We also needed courage and wisdom and, above all, the determination of the people. My motto has always been that it is better to fail with the people than to succeed without them, and in this we did not fail. Our task now is not to bask in our own glory but to continue the work of structuring the police force, to prevent it becoming another army. To achieve this, we have to make steady progress and use sound judgment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Close-up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Growing rice at high altitude in Burundi</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Jean-Pierre Tilquin and Miguel Amado&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This tiny country tucked away at the heart of Africa has, as is well known, been convulsed over the last three years by an acute socio-political crisis. The tragic consequences have included loss of human life, damage to the economic and social infrastructure, and a movement of refugees to neighbouring countries. Burundi, already one of the most densely populated nations in Africa, also has high population growth. It could be argued that it is only thanks to the hard work and perseverance of the farmers (admittedly, 90% of the population) that the country manages to keep going at all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture in Burundi follows traditional lines and is based on a farming system divided between food crops for consumption by the farmer and his family, and cash crops (mainly coffee, tea and cotton). Although at the beginning of the decade the crops grown for food were sufficient to meet the population's needs, today demographic pressures are forcing farmers to increase food-crop production. It is these pressures that have prompted them to descend into the marshlands which cover approximately 110 000 hectares (8% of cultivable land in Burundi). These marshes are flooded during the rainy season and so allow rice to be cultivated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population growth has also meant that fields cannot be left fallow for long periods. This has resulted in more intensive use of marginal land and an increase in forest clearing. Such practices exacerbate erosion of cultivated areas. The loss of organic matter and nutrients leads to reduced soil fertility and lower yields. Although rainfall in Burundi is high, the soil is only moderately fertile, because of factors such as acidity, aluminium toxicity, and phosphorus immobilisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While 20% of land suitable for cultivation is currently given over to growing dry beans-a staple in the Burundi diet - various factors now point towards farming the low-lying marshlands, with a particular emphasis on rice. This is one way of increasing the useful agricultural surface area of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The events of 1993 (democratic elections, followed by the assassination of President Ndadaye), have created a period of instability which has been highly damaging for the country's agriculture. Some people lost their property and livelihood, and are only now slowly re-establishing themselves. The environment has also suffered as a result of the sheer numbers of displaced people. They occupy areas, both urban and rural, which were completely unprepared for the flood of people. it is estimated that 50 000 hectares of forest have been destroyed as a result-with devastating consequences for the country's ecosystem. What is more, the rate of demographic growth has led to overfarming and to a reduction in the average surface area of farms (to 0.7 ha per household).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rice-a crop for the future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Against this background, the prospect of farming low-lying marshland offers some hope for the people of Burundi. In fact, the marshy valleys have long been used to grow beans, maize and sweet potatoes during the long dry season for later consumption during the short dry season. This practice, which was environmentally sound, provided a regular harvest, but also ensured the preservation of the marshlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The practice of growing rice during the rainy season, followed by a crop of maize and beans during the dry season, is a form of integrated agriculture. It should be economically viable and environmentally sustainable while ensuring product quality, delivering a good yield, limiting any risks involved and allowing a high degree of social integration. These are the criteria which need to be examined in determining whether high-altitude rice cultivation in Burundi succeeds or fails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rice crops have been grown in this region, on the shores of Lake Tanganyika and in the Ruzizi valley (altitude 800 m), for more than 200 years, having been introduced by successive migrations of people travelling along the old slave route from Zanzibar. Certain varieties, known as 'pandabilima' (which in Swahili means 'he who climbs the mountain') can be grown on land up to a height of 1300 metres. They cannot, however, be planted on the higher central plateau because low temperatures at night render them completely infertile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not surprising that the new scheme to grow rice at high altitudes was greeted with interest. Indeed, it became almost a craze among farmers -to the extent that in 1990, rice crops covered more than 20 000 ha of Burundi. The area planted with rice fell subsequently, and in some regions the crop disappeared altogether. This was due largely to the appearance of the fungal 'rice blast disease', which can wipe out an entire crop, and to inadequate planning and misguided husbandry. The extensive planting of only one variety left the crop particularly vulnerable and once the disease did take hold, it was virtually impossible to eradicate. Needless to say, in a country where access to pesticides is non-existent, the introduction of a new crop cannot be based on a single variety; if it is to establish itself successfully, varietal diversification is vital. We should point out here that attempts were made in 1984 to improve varietal diversification &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;in the framework of the EU's Scientific and Technical Programme run by DG XII of the Commission. At that time, it was necessary to familiarise farmers with the techniques for growing the new crop and this aspect of the programme was funded by the EDF, in particular through three integrated projects. These related to agriculture and pastoral forestry and were initiated during 198889 in three provinces of Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Without going into the technical details of the programme, it suffices to say that growing rice at high altitude in the tropics differs from rice-growing in temperate regions. The low night-time temperatures characteristic of high altitudes mean that the crop is subject to constant stress. In temperate regions, the stress caused by cold weather is a problem only at the beginning and end of the growing cycle. As for selection methods, rice varieties have been produced that are resistant to rice blast disease - which remains the main problem. Also, by mixing the varieties grown, the farmers have created a wide diversity which offers a stable basis for a sustainable crop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Transformation of an ecosystem&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the viewpoint of development aid specialists, turning marshland into cultivable land means draining it (digging a ditch and fitting pipes). But this leaves the land open to erosion, causes silting in rivers and ultimately leading to desertification. By changing water levels in a region and disturbing the thermal equilibrium, marshlands cease to be marshlands. The method may have been justifiable before rice growing became possible. Indeed, it was employed in the natural marshlands of Buyenzi by some experts who specialised in upland rice. But it also resulted in large-scale destruction of one ricevariety-Yunnan 3-by rice blast disease in 1990.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development projects which set themselves spectacular objectives can involve major alterations to the landscape. More often than not, these need to be rectified later. Thus, when it was decided to cultivate vast expanses of papyrus, the plants were moderately successful only thanks to constant artificial assistance. Put simply, the land could not sustain the crop on its own. In the process, the marshes were turned into floating peat bogs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The option chosen here was to adapt the small valleys for rice cultivation and teach the farmers the relevant techniques. Together with their families, they have eagerly embarked on the work needed to prepare the terrain for cultivation, although there are still some land tenure issues that need resolving. (Some people have refused to commit themselves to marshland reclamation projects as long as the land does not belong to them). It should be stressed that growing rice along a strip of water is an option which is in harmony with environmental needs. It promotes percolation of the water, thereby restoring underground water levels and preventing pollutants from being washed down towards the Nile or Zaire basins. It is therefore in keeping with global strategies for conserving resources and ensuring sustainable development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the marshlands, farmers traditionally plant beans and maize in banked-up beds during the dry season (from June to November). By skilfully selecting and growing different bean varieties, the farmer can stagger his crops and thereby ensure a continuous harvest from September until the time the maize is harvested. The marshes are then left fallow during the heavy rains which reach their peak in April. A rice variety which can be harvested in six months could thus be fitted in during this perriod with out disturbing the traditional hill-farming work schedule.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since farmers on the high plateaux had not traditionally grown rice, it was necessary to teach them the techniques needed to produce a successful crop. They were also informed of the benefits that improvements such as dykes, water supply pipes and drainage pipes could have on crop productivity. They have since applied this knowledge in their cultivation. During the dry season, without disrupting the infrastructures on which their rice cultivation is based, they have rebuilt banked-up beds and grown the traditional bean and maize crop. The system has been in place for about ten years and no drop in yield has been recorded. The yield averages 4.5 t/ha for rice, 1 t/ha for beans and 0.4 t/ha for maize-figures which are quite remarkable when compared with the yields of crops grown on the hills in acid soil with increasing levels of aluminium toxicity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By alternating two different farming systems, the problem of weeds -and therefore hoeing-and of pests is greatly limited. The extensive mixing of the soil that takes place accelerates the recycling of biogenic material-and the marshlands stay as marshlands!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Manageable land development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are three main types of marshy valley, each requiring specific programmes. The first consists of valleys lying above 1400 m with a rainfall in excess of 1500 mm. These areas are characterised by a clay soil, are constantly fed with water (with a high iron content) from the mountains, and are often very rich in organic matter. They require drainage using ditches and filtration channels, with changes of gradient so that the mountain water tables can be tapped and the water levels controlled. This is important to prevent a build-up of ferrous toxicity in the soil, which is extremely harmful to rice. A farming system involving paddy fields and banked-up beds can be accommodated perfectly in these types of valleys. Then there are the valleys lying between 800 and 1400 m with a rainfall of between 1100 and 1500 mm. These are known as 'dambos' in Swahili, and they extend from Northern Kenya right down to Southern Zimbabwe. Strewn with giant termite nests, the land here is well-suited to rice cultivation as long as water levels are carefully controlled. All the available water needs to be harnessed via filtration canals dug into the hillside. These allow the paddies to be irrigated speedily and, during the dry season, they can also be used to irrigate between the rows of ridgeplanted crops. It would, however, be very difficult to irrigate the entire valley during the dry season and so it is pointless digging a drainage ditch. The third and final type consists of small alluvial plains tucked away between the hills and stretching along the escarpments. Here, the level of soil fertility is determined by the heavy erosion resulting from farming on burnt land, and the practice of setting fire to the hills in order to 'regenerate' pastures. To grow rice in such locations, a filtration canal needs to be dug into the hillside, into which water then collects from the water table. The paddy fields also need to be terraced. These alluvial plains lend themselves perfectly to a farming system in which paddy fields are alternated with banked-up beds. All these land-adaptation schemes can be easily implemented and maintained by the farmers themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A sociological revolution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although rice grows quickly, it is highly labour-intensive. Thus, when&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;the young rice plants need to be planted out-which happens to coincide with the end-of-year school holidays-the whole family takes part. What is more, rice has become extremely important in sociological terms: reserved in days gone by for special occasions, it now forms part of the nation's staple diet, being mixed together with beans and dressed with palm oil and tomato sauce. The rice harvest is also a time for merrymaking and festivities which go on for the best part of a week.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rice cultivation has also engendered a vital sense of solidarity among farmers as far as sharing water is concerned, and rice-growing cooperatives have been a runaway success. These enable farming operations to be synchronised and running costs to be reduced, in particular by reducing the number of bird scarers needed. The crop, furthermore, can be harvested when fully ripe. On individual plots, farmers usually only allow the rice to mature to 75% before harvest for fear of theft. Finally, the cooperative helps to ensure that infrastructures such as drains and canals are properly maintained and that water supply installations are treated with respect. Each cooperative is run by a representative appointed by the group of farmers. These supervisors are then responsible for organising all operations: choosing and storing seed for the following season's crops, getting information about new varieties, consulting each other and pointing out any problems they may have to those in charge of research and advisory services. The area allotted to each cooperative depends on the number of households in the group and also takes into account the area available, with 10 ares per family being the usual maximum for planted-up paddy fields. Cooperatives may range in size from 5 to 25 families.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cooperatives like this are just the beginning. Networks of rural organisations, in which the farmers club together to buy equipment and fertilisers, need to be developed on a larger scale and they could provide a springboard for the development of the secondary sector, which is vital to the development of the country as a whole.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We would do well to recall that the cassava mills which have been so successful in Burundi and which still run today without any 'technical assistance' had equally humble beginnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It must be acknowledged that the people who migrated to this 'wild frontier' of rice cultivation in Burundi also introduced into these regions diseases such as bilharzia and malaria (the mosquitoes carrying the parasite were transported in the luggage of people travelling from the capital to the provinces). Despite this, rice cultivation at high altitude has proved a veritable lifesaver for Burundi. In the year that the FAO plans to stage a summit on famine, it is appropriate to highlight the important role of rice-growing in the food production strategy of this country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until recently, Burundi ensured that it had enough to feed its people through a delicate balancing act between growing food crops, leaving land fallow and rearing livestock which produced manure. At present, however, increased agricultural production is only possible by increasing the surface area of the country under cultivation-at the expense of fallow land and livestock farming. Such a move risks reducing soil fertility and could lead to the substitution of crops of high nutritional value, such as beans, with higher yield crops such as cassava or sweet potatoes which suck the subsoil dry of minerals and nutrients.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In short, traditional farming methods in Burundi are arguably now out of balance and the situation is getting worse. This may, indeed, be a root cause of the ethnic crisis. A systematic policy of re-establishing marshlands and organising rural communities around high-altitude rice cultivation would allow the country to look ahead with optimism to the next 20 years. Suitable varieties are currently available and the altitudes at which rice can be grown have been pushed back in Burundi as far as 1700 m. What is now needed is the funds! &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J-P.T. &amp;amp; M.A.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Developing world</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Freedom of expression: the heartbeat of democracy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A view from UNESCO.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The article which follows is an abridged version of a text compiled by Carlos Amaldo, who heads UNESCO's research into communication and the free flow of information. Mr Arnaldo highlights some of the main aspects of the UN agency's support for the development of a free press in the African, Caribbean and Pacific regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution passed by the ACP/KU Joint Assembly in March 1996 in Windhoek, Namibia, reflected the spirit of many of UNESCO's communication programmes in these regions. Echoing the principal tenets of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the resolution declares: 'freedom of expression is a precondition for holding free and fair elections'; 'the monopoly of information media is a barrier to the development of democracy,'; 'there is a need to create a climate in which all part)&quot; can participate fully in political life.' It further holds: 'communication media must not only inform the electorate in an impartial and objective manner' but also; 'freedom of expression and the existence of free communications media are vital preconditions for the development of a democratic society.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution was timely, responding to a need to remind political leaders, as well as civic society, of the relation between free communication media and truly democratic practices. Just five years ago, on 3 May 1991,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African journalists and media adopted the Windhoek Declaration at the UN/ UNESCO seminar on promoting an independent and pluralistic African press. Likewise, journalists and media practitioners of each major region adopted the Declarations of Alma Ata (October 1992), Santiago (May 1994) and Sana'a (January 1996), all of which affirmed the unwavering belief of professional communicators in freedom of expression, press freedom, independence and pluralism of the media, and the contribution of such freedoms to democratic processes. At their 28th General Conference, UNESCO Member States further declared that, 'press freedom is an essential component of any democracy.' All these declarations contain action programmes to strengthen press freedom in these regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning to look at some practical initiatives, a media project entitled 'Independent Press in Africa', which was put in place after the signing of the Windhoek declaration, soon attracted the interest of a number of donors (Italy, USA, France). Under this project, the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) organised four sets of courses for journalists in 1994. In April 1995, IPDC arranged a multi-theme workshop for 33 English-speaking journalists and editors from Central and West Africa on marketing, distribution techniques, managing mass media enterprises in Africa, new communication technologies, journalism and ethical issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are now plans afoot to study the situation of the press in Mauritius, Madagascar and Comoros, and to publish several handbooks about press enterprises. Efforts will also be made to attract increased donor contributions so that the successes achieved by these initial training activities can be strengthened and shared with other regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further example of positive action in support of the media is the work of MISA (the Media Institute of Southern Africa-featured in more detail in the following article). This organisation has been receiving UNESCO support since 1994 under a funding arrangement with the Danish International Development Agency. The project seeks to strengthen links among the region's independent media so as to enhance the free flow of information. It also aims to boost cooperation and information-sharing with similar groups in developing and developed countries worldwide, to strengthen the ability of the region's independent media to stand on its own feet and to improve professional standards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MlSA, which was set up in 1992, has been monitoring and safeguarding press freedom in the region, facilitated by an electronic network for distribution of information on press freedom issues. It has mounted seminars and training workshops for professional journalists on computer-aided design, strategic financial management, journalism ethics and advertising management. MISA's campaigning material includes a bi-monthly magazine, Free Press: the Media Magazine of Southern Africa and a booklet, So this is Democray, which is a compilation of its 'action alerts' curing 1994 and 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another UNESCO initiative is the 'Communication and Good Governance in West and Central African Countries' project, supported by Germany. This aims to strengthen the human and technical capacity of the media in these regions so that they can make a contribution to good governance. The three year project is to be implemented in 10 countries - Benin, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Sao Tome &amp;amp; Principe and Togo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Together with other institutions such as legislatures, the judiciary and civic organisations, media bodies like MISA have a useful role to play. They can enhance transparency and accountability by systematic analysis and reporting of government programmes, policies and pledges, and by encouraging public discussions which help people to make informed decisions about public issues and about how their leaders discharge the power vested in them. Fulfilment of these functions requires access to the media, and qualified, well-trained practitioners who can effectively use the media for information, education and communication on good governance issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning our attention now to the Caribbean, the question of media freedom recently came to the fore in Trinidad and Tobago when 13 editors and journalists on The Guardian lost their jobs following publication of a number of controversial articles (some reports said they 'constructively resigned'). The events cast a shadow over the famous Carnival. Indeed, as one journalist put it, the Carnival quickly ceded to the 'sacrificial rites' of Holy Week. Six of the paper's youngest reporters were among those who lost their jobs-but out of the furore, a new newspaper was born.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 'Comparative Study of Media Laws in the CARICOM countries' by Ainsley Sahai, commissioned earlier by UNESCO, became a reference in the debates that followed. The study highlighted that all Caribbean countries guaranteed freedom of expression in their national constitutions. Indeed, Trinidad and Tobago's constitution explicitly guarantees press freedom as well. The Media Association of Trinidad and Tobago (MATT) organised two meetings. The first of these, on 10 April 1996, was a public forum on issues of press freedom. Although a full cross-section of society was not present, and not all the issues at stake were fully debated, it was nevertheless a start. Those who took the floor came from many sectors of society -women, the unemployed, workers, community organisations and at least three different religious groups. About a quarter of those who contributed spoke as individuals. While many criticised the press for errors in reporting, all confirmed the need to uphold a free press vis-a-vis both political pressures and economic and financial interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The public gave strong support to MATT and demanded that the forum be replicated in other parts of the country. It was the first time that the public had been given the opportunity to speak out on these issues. It was not so much the content of the discussion which counted, but the very fact that the event took place, bringing the media closer to its 'customers'. The meeting gave the public an opportunity to put over their own perceptions of press freedom, impartial reporting and the strengthening of democratic processes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two days later, with support from UNESCO, the Media Association staged a journalists' symposium, moderated by George John, consulting editor at The Guardian. David de Caires, publisher of Guyana's Stabroek News was invited by MATT as an external consultant. Drawing on past and more recent examples of uneasy relations between a free press and governments, Mr de Caires concluded with a headlinehitting statement; the relations of the press with government should not be too cosy, the press must maintain its adversarial position.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many journalists took the floor to stress Trinidad and Tobago's constitutional guarantees for both freedom of expression and press freedom. They also stressed the need to safeguard editorial independence, not only in the printed press, but also in broadcasting, and urged the repeal of 'antiquated' libel laws-a point also made in the Sahai study. The preparation of a Freedom of Information Act was strongly urged to ensure access to public information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These events appear to have strengthened the resolve of the jobless journalists. They grouped together to set up a new weekly newspaper, called The Independent. The new publication focuses on investigative articles, comment and reviews. In addition, a monthly called The Formatt was launched by MATT to disseminate specialised news on press freedom issues and to provide print support for future public fore. Both newspapers brought out their first editions in early May amidst the celebrations of World Press Freedom Day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacific&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Pacific, issues of freedom of expression and press freedom are no less salient, although a key issue for practitioners there is the modernisation of infrastructures. This is needed to ensure that this vast island region does not find itself in the slow lane of the information highway.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The computerisation of radio newsrooms, in places such as the Cook Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Solomon Islands and Tonga, is a priority. The Cook Islands already has a fully computerised newspaper operation. Indeed, this is the first newspaper in the Pacific with the capacity to transmit photographs from various parts of the country to the newsroom electronically by phone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Considerable concern has been expressed about the inadequacy of national television programming. There is a need for the people of the Pacific to see themselves and their culture, and not just the imported fare distributed by most international TV services. With UNESCO support, women media producers from seven island countries were able to meet to work out ways of cooperating on a series of television documentaries that they themselves produced and exchanged within the region. Preparations are now under way for the annual evaluation and awarding of prizes at the end of 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A.A. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Campaigning for free expression in the SADC region</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by David Nthengwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Media Institute of Southern Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Officially launched in September 1992, the role of the Media Institute of Southern Africa is primarily that of coordinator, facilitator and communicator in the promotion of media freedom and diversity, (as envisaged in the 1991 Windhoek Declaration). MISA operates in 11 of the 1 2 SADC countries and is currently investigating setting up a chapter in the twelfth-Mauritius- which joined the Community 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chapters are serviced by a regional secretariat based in the Namibian capital, Windhoek. The secretariat is accountable to a policy-making governing council of elected representatives from each national chapter, while funding for MISA and its projects is channeled through the MISA Education and Production Trust, overseen by a board of independent trustees. The organisation is currently almost entirely donor-funded, with UNESCO, NORAD, SIDA, the KU, the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, IBIS, and the Australian and German governments being the main contributors. Other income is generated through the sale of subscriptions to MISA publications and services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Institute's main work is in the field of advocacy; highlighting violations of media freedom and free expression, and exploring ways of ensuring that these fundamental freedoms become entrenched throughout Southern Africa. In 1994, MISA became a member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) network in a bid to increase international awareness of media freedom violations in Southern Africa. Membership of IFEX has enabled MISA to distribute as well as receive information on media freedom issues in a quick and relatively cheap way via the Internet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Action alerts'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994 and 1995, MISA issued via IFEX and its own electronic mail network, the MISANET (see below), more than 190 'action alerts' relating to media freedom infringements in Southern Africa, and effective campaigns against some of these violations have resulted. In August 1994, Lesotho journalist, Rabuka Chalatse, was shot by soldiers while covering a demonstration. An alert issued by MISA triggered a swift response, and within 24 hours, funds had been raised to pay for emergency treatment which saved the young journalist's leg. In November 1995, Angolan freelance journalist, Mario Paiva, had his life threatened by people who, it was alleged, were state security agents. MlSA's alert prompted protest from throughout the world, and resulted in several governments offering Paiva sanctuary in their embassies in Angola. The threat against the journalist was subsequently lifted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MlSA's advocacy work has also shown that democratisation does not necessarily result in guaranteed media freedom and free expression. In Zambia, for example, which had a multi-party election in 1991, arcane laws inherited from previous regimes have been used against the private media in particular, and free expression, in general. As this article was being written, Fred M'membe, the Editor-in-Chief of Zambia's privately-owned daily 'The Post', and two of his colleagues, were starting an indefinite prison term for contempt of Parliament. The sentence was passed not by a court of law, but by the Speaker, under legislation inherited from British colonial rule. Their 'crime' was to comment on criticism made in Parliament of a Supreme Court decision which declared unconstitutional, laws requiring anyone wishing to stage a demonstration to obtain police permission first.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five months prior to his arrest, M'membe received the MISA Press Freedom Award, which is presented annually to individuals or institutions considered to have made an outstanding contribution to the advancement of media freedom in Southern Africa. M'membe was the third recipient of the award.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free flow of information essential&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the Windhoek Declaration points out, 'the establishment, maintenance and fostering of an independent, pluralistic and free press' is essential to economic development, as well as for the growth of democracy. Accordingly, MISA argues that the free flow of information is vital to the development process. Effective communication within SADC-a 'development community'- has been hampered by the region's poor postal and telecommunications services. MISA considers that these logistical barriers to the free flow of information are a form of censorship. In a bid to break through the information voids which have kept Southern African media workers and their audiences isolated from each other for so long, it has made particular use of advances in information technology, including, most notably, the Internet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two years, MISA has been linking member organisations up to electronic mail (e-mail). This allows members throughout the region to exchange news, photographs and other information. To date, 25 MISA member organisations are linked to this network, called the MISANET, although further growth has been hampered by members' unfamiliarity with e-mail, and the lack of local technicians to train people and provide user support. Nonetheless, computerised communications have proved to be an appropriate technology, and development of the MISANET remains a top priority. By making some services available to non-MISA subscribers, MISA also intends to generate income and thus reduce its current dependency on donor funding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Focus on training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coordination of training and material support to independent media is another area where MISA looks to develop media freedom and diversity. The region's independent media sometimes operates in politically and economically hostile environments. Its survival-and thus the sustenance and growth of media diversity-hinges on these organisations becoming highly professional, well-managed concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Working through training institutions based primarily in the region, MISA coordinates workshops and other training programmes aimed at improving the skills of media workers, particularly in the fields of management and finance. Workshops in strategic and financial management, project management, advertising, marketing, sales and subscription management, ethics, subediting, and computerised design were staged during 1994 and 1995. For 1996, training is scheduled in economic reporting, project management, photography, advertising sales, circulation and sales management, computer-aided design, developing world and financial and strategic management. Instruction will also be provided to media workers without formal training. Meanwhile, research is to be carried out into setting up a media ombudsman for Southern Africa, printing press initiatives, media training needs, and the difficulties faced by women media workers in the region. The last-mentioned is in line with MlSA's policy of encouraging gender awareness and equality within the Southern African media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Private and community-based media organisations face constant problems securing adequate finance. As businesses, they often do not qualify for donor support, while banks are reluctant to lend them money. Therefore, MISA is looking to set up of a Media Development Fund to which independent media can apply for loans, credit guarantees and grants. A study is currently being conducted into the feasibility of such a fund, which MISA hopes to have up-andrunning by early 1997.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Broadcasting in Southern Africa is still largely state-controlled. Moves by some of the region's governments to 'deregulate' broadcasting have been erratic, and many private broadcasting licenses granted in the process have gone to organisations or individuals closely linked to the authorities. MISA is now drawing up a policy aimed at seeking the effective liberalisation of broadcasting legislation covering public, private and community broadcasting throughout the region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As part of this process, MISA will, this year, stage a conference on broadcasting and community media, to coincide with its Annual General Meeting-which has become one of the largest gatherings of media workers on the African continent. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.N.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Volunteers show their worth</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Thomas M. Neufing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Volunteers have become a major component in international development efforts. They make up a significant proportion of the total human resources available for development cooperation (up to a fifth of the skilled international personnel serving in developing countries). In the early days, volunteer service was strongly influenced by the idea of oneway technical assistance. Specialists, mainly from the North, served in developing nations where their expertise was desperately needed but not yet found among local citizens. Much has changed since.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After the US Peace Corps, the UN Volunteers Programme (UNV) ranks as the second largest volunteer-sendina agency with some 4000 professionals in the field every year. Its universality and internationality is reflected in the high number of UNV specialists (74%) who come from developing countries. The scope and size of the international volunteer contribution to development cooperation (notably areas such as HIV/AIDS and the environment), has increased significantly over the years as a result of the changing development challenge. The re-thinking of the role of technical cooperation is equally central to the volunteer debate and this has led to much greater flexibility in the ways in which volunteer services are provided. The important role volunteers can play in peace building efforts with a long-term development dimension, complementary to humanitarian relief, is increasingly being recognised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Working with rather than for people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the UNV's 25th anniversary, and the relocation of its headquarters to Bonn this summer, it is an appropriate time both to assess and to acknowledge the contribution made by these volunteers. Since the programme began in 1971, some 14 000 professionals have dedicated a period of their lives to serve as a UNV. The programme is administered by UNDP, and is therefore intimately linked to its structures, particularly in the field. Regarding community-based initiatives, the comparative advantage of UNVs is that of working with rather than for people over an extended period, thus facilitating their initiatives. The experience of many development agencies shows that in promoting socio-economic change at the village level, the type of person needed is one who-through long-term commitment and sensitivity -can learn as much from local partners as offer advice to them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International volunteers are engaged mainly in rural development tasks. Those working through specialised NGOs such as the Red Cross, and Medecins Sans Frontieres have proved to be highly effective agents, supporting governments faced with disaster situations. In the case of UNV, the value of using volunteer specialists from other developing nations, as a way of encouraging technical cooperation amongst developing countries, is particularly recognised. Most volunteers- perhaps two-thirds - serve in least developed and small island countries. And about three-quarters serve in rural areas, working mostly in programmes of agricultural and community development, health, education and the supply of basic services. Since the end of the Cold War, a growing number have been deployed in emergency relief, refugee and rehabilitation programmes. UNVs make up 10% of the UN's civilian component in Cambodia; 4096 of the field staff of the World Food Programme and almost 100% of outreach workers attached to the UN Mission in Guatemala. UNVs are increasingly involved in human rights promotion, the organisation of elections and conflict resolution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a consensus among the main international humanitarian and development actors that their programmes should be mutually supportive. For example, development efforts must respond to humanitarian crises by remaining on the scene and supporting immediate needs, as well as aiding in the prevention of crises which are known to be looming. Emergency humanitarian assistance should also pave the way for longer term development by viewing the immediacy of the moment through the lens of future sustainable rehabilitation. Both sets of activities should, ideally, be launched and implemented in tandem with local bodies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;External assistance efforts must include strengthening local capacity to cope with problems. Empowerment strategies which inform, educate and facilitate the people's own vision of peaceful and sustainable living environments (including respect for human rights) are fundamental to the future of communities coping in the aftermath of crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Relief, rehabilitation and development?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNV programme has been active in exploring the efficacy of volunteer support to communities in crisis in order to bridge the gap between immediate needs and longer term developmental goals. In 1994, the UNV held its 4th Special Consultation, entitled, Between Crisis and Development - Volunteer Roles and UNV's Contribution. At this event, donor governments, UN agencies and cooperating partners from civil society had an indepth discussion of the issues surrounding volunteer efforts, and the complementary nature of emergency interventions and follow-up measures. The participants reconfirmed the need for local capacity building. They also affirmed the usefulness of the UN Volunteer contribution in crisis prevention, emergency rehabilitation and 'building bridges' to sustainable development. The work of UNVs in preventive action and promoting post-conflict development was highlighted. There has been a significant increase in demand for specialist volunteer services in all types of crisis. These may be economic, natural or man-made, but they all have in common the need to provide essential relief and rehabilitation services for basic survival (to refugees and resident populations). In many countries, disasters and internal strife have put so much pressure on essential public services that the longterm capacity of the people to recover may be threatened. Governments in developing countries and donors both believe it is fully justified to use volunteer specialists to help provide such services during the adjustment period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Mixed' teams&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The contribution of both international and national volunteers is often essential to link immediate relief efforts to future long-term development. National volunteers-people working in their own countries within the UN framework-complement the international approach by providing the key grassroots perspective. UN Volunteers who speak local languages, live and work in remote communities, are familiar with community structures and are known to local leaders, play a key part in facilitating preventive action and providing follow-up in the aftermath of a crisis. UNV specialists are well-placed to build effective partnerships with national and local actors. In the last two years, some 2000 UN Volunteers have worked in various parts of the world in prevention and preparedness, peacekeeping, electoral support, human rights, rehabilitation and reconstruction, and humanitarian relief.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi offers an example of an initiative designed to stem a crisis through local capacity-building. The UNV is financing a project there which supports the mediation and dialogue efforts of the UN Secretary General's Special Representative (SRSG) through the recruitment of UNV peace advisers and conflict resolution facilitators. This project is being run successfully out of the SRSG's office, extending public awareness of the reconciliation process. It includes use of the mass media to promote understanding, and brings local actors together to work for peaceful solutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tasks undertaken by UN volunteers all fit into the spectrum which has 'crisis' et one end end 'development' at the other. The work, moreover, is undertaken in partnership-with civil society (NGOs and community-based organisations), government departments, UN agencies and regional international organisations (such as the KU).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through efforts that aim to link relief, rehabilitation and development, new productive partnerships are emerging to enhance coherence, coordination and complementarily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The growth of professionalism&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;30 years ago, the typical profile of an international volunteer was that of a generalist graduate from an industrialised country seeking first-time experience abroad before settling down to a career. Over time, the governments of developing countries made clear their need for practical and often specialised skills aimed at giving them the ability to manage their own programmes. They increasingly expressed impatience at hosting untrained volunteers. Professionalism became the key word. Unfortunately, the word 'volunteer' is still a source of confusion: it is often equated with 'amateur'. This is a perception that now needs to be corrected. The personnel sent out by most agencies that supply volunteers are likely to be in their thirties, with post-graduate qualifications and several years' practical experience in their fields. The typical UNV specialist is an example par excel/ence of this trend: 39 years of age, holding a Master's degree and with more than ten years of experience in a particular discipline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was not just the dedication, but also the professionalism of the hundreds of UN Volunteers serving in Mozambique that impressed Aldo Ajello, the former UN Special Representative in Mozambique (now EU Special Envoy for the Great Lakes Region). 'If I were to run another mission,' he said, 'I would ask immediately for volunteers.' In terms of monitoring-which was vital in building up the trust and confidence needed to ensure the election results were accepted-'UNV electoral officers were our only real presence and they proved to be extremely professional.' ~ T.N. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Study by the World Wide Fund for Nature&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Structural adiustment, the environment, and sustainable development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by David Reed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On 29 May, David Reed of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) was in Brussels to present the results of a study undertaken by the WWF, with the support of the European Commission, the longterm consequences of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) on the environment and the use of nature/ resources. Conclusions were drawn from nine country case studies from Cameroon, Mall Tanzania, Zambia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Venezuela, Vietnam and Pakistan. We publish here an abridged version of Mr Reed's general presentation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAPs, often implemented at the instigation of the international financial institutions, have responded to the pervasive economic problems of the 1980s and to profound changes in the economy in recent decades. The programmes have generally been successful in improving macroeconomic indicators in developing countries. The marketorientation of economies has been increased through liberalised trade and capital flows, privatisation, reductions in regulation and price setting, and cuts in government budgets and programmes. For most developing countries, these changes were essential to economic recovery and adjustment to the new global marketplace.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sustainable development in the social, economic, and environmental sense, has, however, been ignored in SAPs. Many reform programmes have been accompanied by increases in poverty and unemployment, worsening income distribution, and the collapse of social services, environmental protection and state institutional capacities. These immediate costs of adjustment inhibit countries' long-term ability to expand productivity and employment opportunities, as natural resources are exploited indiscriminately to meet short-term needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environmental impacts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The environmental effects of structural adjustment vary from country to country depending on the specific components of the reform package, the structure of the economy, and the implementation process. The WWF's country case studies reveal particular mechanisms through which structural adjustment has altered resource-use patterns. Some more general patterns also emerge from the studies. Everywhere, cuts in government institutions and funding have reduced the state's capacity to facilitate the transition process, to compensate for market failures, and to provide for long-term and social sustainability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many reforms associated with structural adjustment have the potential to improve both environmental and economic outcomes. However, the failure to implement complementary environmental policies or strengthen institutions and regulations, has created a very mixed environmental record. Increases in poverty, greater production incentives, and the loss of government regulatory capacity, have all aggravated patterns of poor resource use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Extractive and agricultural economies generally increased production in response to greater exposure to global markets. Without proper policies in place, this increase has put a strain on fragile ecosystems. Environmental pressures include increased land degradation and deforestation for agriculture, livestock and timber production; increased production of non-renewables without long-term investment of the proceeds or environmental safeguards; and increased pollution and damage to the ecosystem from unregulated tourism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The burden of fiscal retrenchment and price changes under structural adjustment have fallen most heavily on the poor, particularly women. The strong association between poverty and environmental degradation has been revealed, as efforts to maintain livelihoods have led to deforestation, land degradation, overhunting and other pressures on endangered species, as well as the unmanaged extraction of nonrenewable resources. Increasing poverty and unemployment associated with adjustment has also added to population pressures in urban areas with insufficient infrastructure exacerbating problems of pollution, disease and congestion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The implications of disregarding the environmental and social impact of adjustment are examined in the various case studies. Structural adjustment has been sustained by the promise that market-orientation and export-led - growth will raise living standards. Evidence from the studies, however, strongly suggests that long-term productive capacity is being destroyed by short-term exploitation of natural resources. Not only environmental but also economic and social sustainability are threatened by the loss of environmental goods and services. Drawing down natural capital has been encouraged by government policies that promote exports and open resources up to international markets. And the process is accelerated by the growing population of poor and unemployed who rely on natural resources for survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recommendations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following its study, the WWF offers a series of recommendations to reduce the environmental costs of structural adjustment and economic integration, and to reorient structural adjustment aims towards sustainable development. Most urgently, environmental issues must be integrated into structural economic reforms - environmental assessments must become part of the programmes. A strategic vision of the role that natural resources and environmental goods and services could play in the transformation of developing economies is essential to designing appropriate strategies. Efforts to industrialise economies must include consideration of the environmental implications. Social services and environmental institutions must be maintained during the adjustment process to prevent increases in poverty and environmental degradation that have both short-term and long-term consequences for development. Essential services include credit and marketing support to small farmers, income-generating opportunities for women, food-assistance programmes, and promotion of distributional equity. The state's role in providing services which neither the private sector nor civil society can provide, must be maintained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the great variety in economic structures and in the capacity of markets and civil society among developing countries, adjustment strategies and government roles must be tailored to each case. Everywhere, countries must implement national institutional reforms for environmental management. Civil society must be strengthened to allow participation in the adjustment process. International financial institutions promoting and designing SAPs must reform their policies and approaches to implementation in the light of the clear evidence that macroeconomic reforms are having a profound effect on the environment and on the possibilities for sustainable development. Continuing failure to correct these problems on a national level accentuates the concern for addressing issues of sustainability on a global level. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.R. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Culture and society</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Why a Biennial Festival of Contemporary African Art?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dak'Art 96&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first World Festival of Negro Art, held in 1966, was essentially a political exercise. In the post-independence period, it was felt necessary to show the world that the people of Africa (both the continent and the diaspora), had a rich culture which had long been suppressed. The festival - which has never been repeated-is viewed with a great deal of nostalgia by supporters of modern African art and black intellectuals. The better, brighter future, which seemed at the time to be just over the horizon, never quite lived up to expectation. Even before financing problems had surfaced, the festival's fate had already been sealed by petty political rivalries and a greedy pursuit of the limelight. Years later, attempts to relaunch the event met with a lukewarm reception. It was already the beginning of the end as far as ideologies were concerned. In complete contrast, Dak'Art 96 (Dakar, 915 May 1996) set its sights firmly on the market place, nowadays the yardstick by which all success is measured. Its goals were simple: to break into the art market and overcome the generally held prejudice that contemporary African art lacks modernity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An international market for African art does exist, but it concerns itself solely with ancient art- and Africa itself profits little from such trade. Indeed, it would be more accurate to speak of plundering than of trade. The seminar, organised last year by the Terveuren Museum in Brussels on the looting of African works of art, revealed the true extent of the phenomenon. Despite the fact that pirated works fetch considerable sums on the black market, contemporary African artists are faced with a 'Catch-22' situation. Major galleries in Europe, America and Japan do not exhibit their work because African art is ignored by the leading art periodicals; and their work never appears in these publications because it is never exhibited. One reason for the fact that African art is not put on show is that virtually no funds are allocated by international institutions to sponsor exhibitions by the artists in question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many third-world governments do not dare, are unwilling or are unable to include culture on their list of priorities within international cooperation agreements. One exception is Burkina Faso which now boasts a cinema industry as a result. Senegal is trying to follow in its footsteps. But there are not many places in Africa where artists are promoted for the quality of their creative output. The majority of initiatives have, in fact, been on a voluntary basis. The magazine Revue Noire is one of the most significant examples of this approach. A group of aficionados of contemporary African art - indeed with a passion for art pure and simple, whether African or European-decided to try and break the vicious circle. They looked at two options: the establishment of an art gallery of worldwide renown or of an equally prestigious arts publication, and came down in favour of the latter. Thus Revue Noire was born. However, its success was generally given very slim odds: it was seen as too glossy, too expensive and too intellectual. The sub-text here of course, is that a publication about African art had no right to be glossy, expensive or intellectual, especially since the money could have been used for something far more 'useful' to the development of these countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Others, such as Marie-Claire Mwanza from l'Espace Alizes in Brussels, have attacked the problem from a different angle-by exhibiting contemporary African art. Prior to her initiative, there was not a single gallery in Brussels that specialised in this sector of the market, and there are still none that figure on the shopping lists of the world's great collectors. Whatever the price set for a contemporary African work, it is generally perceived as being too high. The contrast with the prices demanded for works by even the youngest European or American artists, even for their very first exhibitions, speaks volumes. African art is too expensive in relation to what exactly ? The answer is in relation to the status accorded to it, which is of course determined by the art world. In other words, a big fat zero if one considers the fact that African art is never exhibited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thanks to Revue Noire, African art has been brought to the major galleries of the Western world. Similar projects have been launched or are in the process of being launched in various countries of the West, such as the magazine NKA in Brooklyn, for example. Exhibition organisers, museums, galleries and those looking to stage art festivals now know on whose door to knock, and the last few months have proved extremely promising. The Guggenheim Museum in New York is currently hosting a major exhibition of African art, and Africa 95, held in London, was swiftly followed by Copenhagen 96. The Guggenheim Museum, moreover, is in a completely different league to the Museum of African and Oceanic Art in Paris or the Museum of Central Africa in Tervueren, Belgium (formerly the Colonial Museum)-it is one of the world's most prestigious temples of modern art. What is more, London's Africa 95, which was so disparaged by African art specialists, who considered it nothing more than a meeting place for traders, did, whether we like it or not, act as a significant catalyst. And what about pirated works of art, such as those plundered from the Niger Valley ? These have found a 'home' in public as well as private collections, pointing to a real need to 'clean out the Augean stables'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few African artists are beginning to get themselves known within 'the market', but there are still not enough of them. It was with great foresight that the organisers of Dak'Art placed these artists at the top of their invitation list. Another shrewd move was to invite the art market's arbiters of taste to select those African artists who should present solo exhibitions, and to ask celebrated art critics and collectors to form part of the international panel of judges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is probably true to say that Africa has rarely known such a dynamic period of creativity which places it at the forefront of global aesthetic trends. The aim of the Biennial Festival was to underline this fact beyond any doubt. Among those artists who are currently in a position to break into the market, the Senegalese sculptor, Ousmane Sow, probably heads the list. Paradoxically, however, Ousmane Sow's work was not presented at Dakar although he himself was there, his tall, striking figure standing out from the crowd. Despite the fact that he lent his support to Dak'Art 96 and that the opening gala was partly dedicated to him with the magnificent film of Beatrice Soule, Ousmane Sow resolutely refused to display his own work. He has no wish to take part in gatherings of 'African artists'. He is an artist and he is African, but he is not an 'African artist'. 'A Japanese artist is a contemporary artist in this universal world', he argues, 'so why should I allow myself to be pigeon-holed in a ghetto ?' No matter how satisfied and pleased champions of contemporary African art may be with the organisation behind the Biennial Festival, they cannot deny that Ousmane Sow has a point. Having said this, there is no contradiction here, but rather a complementary vision. Sow's stance and the idea behind Dak'Art are part of a two-pronged attack, to borrow a military term. The organisers of the Biennial and Sow himself doubtless saw it in this way, and decided to join forces.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Each time Beatrice Soule tackles the work of an artist, she explores it in a very unusual way, reinventing the arts documentary. Her films are reminiscent of the music of Nino Rota in Fe//ini's films, Rota subjugating himself to the service of the director's work, sublimating his own originality through this extreme humility. It is impossible to picture the images of Federico Fellini without Rota's haunting music. Beatrice Soule saw in Sow's work a love affair between an artist and his sculpture, coming up with the idea of placing Sow's sculptures in the savannah and imagining the intimate interaction between Africa's natural world, which is at the heart of the artist's inspiration, and his works, which the natural world is able to absorb back into itself. The result of this juxtaposition is that the physical work of art is eclipsed by sheer creative force and spirit. The genius behind the work becomes the work, merges with it and is reincarnated in it. The one thing that Soule did not film was Ousmane Sow himself, her images concentrating solely on the creative act. It would be illusory to attempt to explain a Beatrice Soule film, especially this film. When she unveils how the artist tames physical matter, reinventing materials in order to create a work of art, technique simply recedes into the background, becoming blurred and intangible. Whereas others would have adopted a scientific or factual approach, her camera perceives the abstract aspects of the piece-and its gestation. The film was due to be broadcast on the international FrancoGerman arts channel Arte. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If Ousmane Sow's sculptures are characterised by their gigantic proportions, then those of Georges Adeagbo, a Beninois artist whose name is also beginning to be heard in the commercial art establishment, are characterised by their 'fugacity'. Adeagbo's artistic constructions are as fleeting as puffs of smoke, like voodoo symbols scratched out in the sand. His art is symbolic and ephemeral. Once one of his works has been exhibited, all that remains of it is a hollow shell which he has to reinvent over and over again. Adeagbo constructs ideas, using a host of assorted materials which he painstakingly selects over months, even years. Yet despite the meticulous care with which they are put together, as far as the artist is concerned, the materials per se are of no importance. He could convey exactly the same idea using other elements. An Adeagbo piece is not merely a pile of objects. It is neither conceptual art, nor scrap art. It consists rather of 'installations' which rise and spread outwards. Sometimes, he uses specially constructed sculptures. At other times he employs everyday objects- shoes, saucepans, stones, spectacles or footballs. He also works with written material; manuscripts, parchment, pieces of newspaper and books, portraying the written word as both a creative force and a deceptive screen. Adeagbo himself is a man of few words. Perpetually crouched on the ground, he constructs, modifies, touches and observes his creations. Why should these constructions remind us so much of paintings? They are as much a pile of objects as a painting is an accumulation of layers of paint. It is by forgetting the paint that we are able to admire the picture and it is by looking beyond the materials used by Adeagbo that his work truly reveals itself. Indeed, it is a sign of his genius as an artist that the materials never intrude upon our contemplation of his work. In Dakar, Adeagbo's work was shown in the AIDS exhibition organised by Revue Noire. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another artist who took part in the AIDS exhibition, and whose art could well be the impetus behind the new universal aesthetic, the avant-garde (if such a concept has a meaning), is Pascale Marthine Tayou from Cameroon. He was given the honour of presenting one of the five solo exhibitions. Tayou was sponsored by Yakuyi Kawagushi, the curator of the Setagaya Museum in Tokyo, who exhibited his work at the forum organised within the overall framework of the exhibition. While the term 'installation' may best describe the works of Georges Adeagbo's, Tayou's work falls unquestionably under the heading of sculpture. This is despite the fact that the two artists use virtually identical materials. Tayou sculpts from wood, covering his pieces with all manner of manufactured and salvaged objects such as shoes, nails, plastic bags and enormous condoms, or with natural objects such as bits of roots and stones. He then paints the arrangement. The work is dense, unyielding and mesmerising, often etching itself into the onlooker's mind. His sculpture lacks heavy ornamentation, yet its starkness has a rich quality, the theme encompassed by a jumble of material standing out clearly, like the outline of a silhouette. Take his work 'Fight against AIDS'. The piece consists of a wooden frame in the shape of figure-of-eight, with each horizontal line doubled, defining a key element in a tragic body with bulging eyes and a Pere Ubu belly. In contrast to this suffocatingly tragic figure, the brightly-coloured shoes of a Harlequin with a faded costume offer a comical note.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were other creators who could well ruffle a few feathers in the art market that ultimately makes or breaks an artist: Tamsir Dia of Cote d'lvoire (whose screaming figures are reminiscent of Munch), Cheikh Niass of Senegal, Mathilde Moro of Cote d'lvoire and Abdoulaye Konate of Mali. The last mentioned was honoured with the highest award of the festival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A decision was taken that Dak'Art 96 should encompass other areas of creativity, such as music, design and fashion, in addition to the visual arts. At the gala evening held to inaugurate the Festival, there was a fashion show choreographed in the manner of a ballet. The staging of this can only be described as mawkish. The audience were treated neither to a real performance, nor to a good fashion show. The second fashion spot, which was supposed to present an overview of African design, was also quite pitiful. If the event's organisers decide to keep these parallel areas of creativity in the Festival, then their decision will be solely thanks to the success of the International Design Exhibition. Apart from two or three 'exotic' pieces, this was generally of a very high standard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community's choice in awarding the prize for creativity to a designer, Vincent Amian Namien from the Cote d'lvoire, was particularly revealing. This artist strips everything down to its bare essentials, creating a line that is so purified as to leave only the quintessence of form. Thus, he creates a chair that is nothing more than a perfect metal triangle, with four boards and four metal wires-and yet offers perfect comfort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Claire Kane, a fashion designer of Franco-Senegalese descent, had the verve to go it alone and show her collection at the prestigious Salon of Design. Her clothes are characterised by the rejection of all superfluous detail, achieving a fluid line that stylises movement. Following an aesthetic code that has been decanted from the melting pot of the collective costume heritage of the entire continent, Claire Kane is directly involved in the creation of her designs, from the weaving of the cloth to the last finishing touches. In fact, she admits that her true passion is fabric rather than fashion, her favourite material being woven pagne. She often uses silk-screen printing to introduce pattern. She then adds words to the patterns in her designs and, abracadabra, one would think that this is the way it has always been done in Africa. A subtle modernity, combining both past and future, seems to be a recurring motif in African creativity. International artists, still few in number, travel from Dakar to be dressed by her.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If, in the future, the Festival's organisers decide to concentrate solety on the visual arts, this would come as no surprise. On the other hand, it would also make sense to continue to include design and fashion. A country's cultural heritage should be considered one of its raw materials and a source of economic wealth, and unimaginative accountants may have to resign themselves to this fact. Herein lies a possible answer to the question: 'why hold a Biennial Festival of Contemporary African Art?'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegei Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acting against AIDS</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Robert Rowe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many ways of raising money to fight AlDS have been tried, but one of the most unusual must surely be the approach taken by an official of the European Commission. Robert Rowe, who until last year was an assistant editor on The Courier, put on a oneman show in Brussels and then rook it to the other side of the world to raise money for a voluntary organisation working on AIDS prevention and care in Malaysia. Here is his story of fighting the virus with the power of the theatre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'By the year 2000, South-East Asia will be host to the majority of the world's AIDS cases.' So runs a stark prediction from the World Health Organisation, quoted in a recent paper from a grouping of NGOs affiliated to the Malaysian AIDS Foundation. It goes on to predict that 'the region faces a potential HIV spread of titanic proportions.' In Thailand, a country with a large population and a sad reputation for prostitution, the HIV threat was recognised relatively early and effective public awareness campaigns have successfully reversed the rise in the incidence of infection. But in neighbouring Malaysia, where stricter religious and social attitudes have inhibited wide public discussion of the disease and its methods of transmission, over 13000 people were HIV-positive at the last count-and that is just the figure derived from the small percentage of the population who have been tested. Activists say the true number is certainly higher and it is growing every day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first cases of HIV in Malaysia were found among intravenous drug users and sex workers, and one of the earliest organisations to begin working with people engaged in these high-risk activities was Pink Triangle. This is a voluntary, non-profit-making body which started up in 1987 by setting up AIDS prevention and support programmes for and with the general public and the gay community. Its name, in fact, refers to the pink triangle badge which men sent to concentration camps in Nazi Germany for homosexuality were made to wear. The group has always depended heavily on volunteers to plan and carry out its programmes, which now also involve running a support group for people with HIV or AIDS and a street outreach programme and drop-in centre providing AIDS information, basic medical care, temporary shelter and food for sex workers, injecting drug users and transsexuals. The centre can also provide legal referrals for members of these groups summonsed to appear in court. For the general public, talks, workshops and poster and photo exhibitions are held in schools, hospitals, factories, youth and corporate organisations and other NGOs. Pink Triangle trains its volunteers, too, to provide counselling and information about AIDS and sexuality to anyone who calls up on a confidential telephone line.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work is serious and vital, but the atmosphere is far from gloomy in Pink Triangle's premises in a lively part of the Malaysian capital, Kuala Lumpur. Though funding comes from several sources at home and abroad, including the European Union, the organisation still has to generate a lot of its own money, and one successful method they have used is to put on imaginative events where fund-raising can be combined with an opportunity to raise public awareness. Last December, for example, they marked the week surrounding World AIDS Day with a string of shows, dance parties, talk-ins and street activities called Pinkfest '95. In venues all over the town, and on television and radio, well-known personalities joined a hundred of Pink Triangle's own speakers and performers to provide education without moralising. The aim was to personalise the issue of AIDS by showing how anyone could be at risk, but at the same time dealing in facts, not fear. Thousands of attractively designed and very frank leaflets and posters put across the virus-busting message in catchy graphics and pithy phrases in several languages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I happened to be in Kuala Lumpur around New Year and saw a video of some of the Pinkfest highlights which set me thinking how admirable an impression of solidarity and self-help the anti-AIDS struggle in Malaysia conveys, and to wondering whether, back in Brussels, it might not be possible for us in Europe to do something to help. It particularly impressed and touched me that while Pink Triangle delivers its message to every single member of Malaysian society, it makes quite clear, even by its name, that it has a special care for some of that society's most downtrodden members, people for whom no one else had ever ventured to speak. Public silence, opprobrium and ridicule make it especially hard to get the safe-sex message through to gay men, especially the young, to transsexuals and sex workers, and as long as there is no cure the only way of containing the spread of infection is by education- and by changing social attitudes. The many women whose husbands or partners are careless about infection also stand to benefit from greater openness and more factual information. But organising all this takes money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It happens that among the multinational English-speaking expatriate community in Brussels there is a thriving amateur theatre scene-in fact they say that if two British people found themselves on an otherwise deserted island, one would immediately put on a play for the other, and the same seems to hold true of the Irish and the North Americans. However, it was less certain that anyone apart from me would want to exert themselves, for the many weeks required to stage a production, on behalf of an AIDS charity in a remote Asian country, so l decided to go ahead by myself and perform a one-man comedy. The play was Brief Lives; it has nothing whatever to do with AIDS, but in its day it was a huge success in London and New York. Adapted in the 1960s by the British actor Patrick Garland from the dusty old memoirs of a real historical figure, John Aubrey, it depicts a day in the life of this 1 7th-century English scientist, historian and wit. As he potters about, an extremely old man, in a garret full of manuscripts and curios, he reminisces about his contemporaries in hilarious and touching vignettes, the potted biographies which give the play its name. Aubrey died in penury, but the picture he gives of a vanished age is now reckoned to be the equal of the record we find in the diary of the better-known Samuel Pepys.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also a great deal funnier, and when I showed the script to various friends I was astounded and moved to discover how many of them wanted to be involved in the project. Eventually we put together a team headed by the director, Anne Wilkinson, a music impresario married to a coal expert from the European Commission, with production, design, stage management, lighting, sound effects, costume, music and offstage voices-not to mention publicity and box office-provided by other friends from the European institutions or the private sector. The five performances were given in June in a small theatre just adapted from a pottery workshop, and altogether the Brussels showing made a profit of some 110 000 Belgian francs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We had expected just to send this donation to Pink Triangle through the post, but to our immense pleasure they said they would like to see not just the money but, if possible, the play too. By ingenious compression the designer, Burt Baum, managed to cut the essentials of the set down to three sheets painted to give a three-dimensional effect, we put the voices and music on cassette, rolled up the costume tightly and worked out that the whole play, thus reduced, could be got into one suitcase. There is a little theatre company in the Pacific ACP state of Vanuatu called Wan Smol (One Small) Bag which actually gave me this idea. So off I went to Kuala Lumpur with this bag, and did the play another five times there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The staging in Malaysia was done by an adventurous outfit called Instant Cafe Theatre. This young company has a reputation for pushing forward the boundaries of public discussion with topical plays and supports Pink Triangle's aims and work. Brief Lives was well outside their usual repertoire, as well as being spoken in the English of 300 years ago. My worry was that bringing such a Western and Eurocentric entertainment might be resented as cultural imperialism in a country with three great and fascinating cultures of its own, Malay, Chinese and Indian, each with its own style of drama. But it turned out there was a local tradition of amateur dramatics in English, particularly Shakespeare, and that English is the usual lingua franca for speakers of different Asian languages. What went down unexpectedly well was the depiction of an old man nearing death and reviewing the best moments of his life; as the character puts it in the play, 'When a boy, I did always love to converse with old men, as living histories,' and Maiaysians have a particular regard and affection for the elderly. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I came away from Kuala Lumpur with many charming memories: the unfailing, sweet-natured enthusiasm of the audience; the relief on the first night as I stood on stage in a floor-length costume of three layers, designed to suggest London in midwinter rather than to cope with the equatorial heat of the Malay peninsula, and realised that the stage was air conditioned. The night when this air conditioning blew out a vital candle on the stage, and a man in the front row lent me his highly un-17th-century lighter to get my clay pipe going. The Chinese friend who gave me a genuine antique opium pipe to add to John Aubrey's collection of exotic curios. The delicious succession of Asian chicken dishes which the stage manager produced for me to eat on stage, cooked in very un-English coconut milk or glazed with rice wine. The work permit which specified I could perform as an artiste but must not 'sit out' or dance with the audience! The theatre's resident singer asking if she could add the play's Elizabethan theme song, with lute accompaniment, to her repertoire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taking this play to another continent was a fascinating cultural experience for me as a European, and I hope for the audiences too it was something more than just a painless way of being relieved of money in a deserving cause. At any rate the theatre asked if they could have another play soon, one in which Malaysian actors could be incorporated as well. As for Pink Triangle, some of its leading lights were packing their bags to go to Vancouver for this year's International AIDS Conference, but before they left it was a pleasure to hand over the proceeds of the whole venture and to hear that the organisation will use the money to develop a drop-in centre for people approaching them in person for the first time. Some first-timers are understandably timid about coming to the unfamiliar (and clearly signposted) premises for help or information, and a private space where they can talk in confidence is something Pink Triangle has always wanted to provide but could never find the funds for, as the project or programme money they get from their regular donors is invariably tied to what outsiders might think were more urgent priorities. It is not only the headline grabbing schemes which have useful effects: a quietly welcoming space where someone can be himself or herself may do more to dispel an individual's fear and ignorance than publicly visible campaigning, especially where religious and social pressures against certain types of nonconformity are strong. In fighting HIV/AIDS, we must try whatever works. And empowerment must begin with the self. It was a great privilege to be welcomed in like any other volunteer wanting to help bring about a necessary change. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.R. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA-Bulletin</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Earthen architecture</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Materials, techniques and knowledge at the service of new architectural applications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Hugo Houben and Hubert Guilland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major building material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The importance - both in quantity and quality- of unbaked earth constructions in the world is very little known. Believed to be of ancient origin, (it is associated with the early civilisations of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus and Huang He), nowadays, earth is not usually regarded as a major building material. This is despite the fact that it continues to leave an undeniable and distinctive imprint on the architectural landscapes, both rural and urban, of many countries. Unbaked earth is still, in fact, a major building material, being used extensively by people to erect homes and other buildings. Although sites of human occupation have seen constant regeneration with the passage of time, unbaked earth construction has persisted. Excavated from the soil itself, and moulded by the hand of man (or trampled by beasts of burden), the result is a building material which is used in all forms of construction-from simple huts and modest homes, to farm buildings, large houses, urban blocks, religious edifices, castles and palaces. The skills employed are based on knowledge acquired and refined over a long period of time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A contemporary building material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the use of earth in so called 'advanced' countries has declined in the 40 years since the end of the Second World War, in the developing countries it has continued unabated. In the former, the industrialisation of construction and other sweeping changes have rendered obsolete ancient techniques based on the use of local skills and materials, and on mutual help within communities. In the latter, various factors have dictated the continuing use of locally available solutions, materials and knowledge. These include shortages of processed materials (which are costly in both foreign currency and imported energy terms), the widening of the development 'gap', the accumulation of debt contracted within the international monetary system and the survival of local life-styles in which people are accustomed to coming to get her for mutual help for survival. In these countries, which have no industrial means, and which are to be found in various latitudes across the world, earth remains the main-if not the only- building material. Do these circumstances mean that it is a poor material, fashioned using outmoded techniques and unsuitable for promoting the development which is so necessary? The answer to this question is a clear 'no'. On the contrary, the materials and techniques involved are generally of a high standard. They can ensure true architectural quality, allowing communities to continue creating their private or public living environments, and to integrate their buildings into a coherent framework of self-generated development which makes the most of the resources available, both human and material. In fact, scientific and architectural research into earth as a building material, and on related building techniques, has made considerable progress in recent decades. Combined with investments made by industrialists and construction companies, the result is that we now have a wide range of properly mastered production procedures and technical solutions available. These offer great flexibility in meeting a wide range of possible applications.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Making a mark on world architecture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recent global surveys, although partial (covering about 30% of the world's housing), have given us an indication of how extensively earth is used in construction. In developing countries alone, 50% of the rural population and 20% of those living in urban areas are believed to be concerned. The figures, which are drawn from the combined data of statistical surveys in various areas, and from bibliographical information, almost certainly underestimate the true position. They show, for example, that 60% of the housing in Peru is in moulded bricks or rammed earth. 83% of the houses in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, are made of earth. More than 70%of India's housing stock is constructed out of moulded earth bricks or using successive layers of earth, and these buildings provide shelter for nearly six hundred million people. In France, many rural dwellings are built from unbaked earth and one finds, for instance, that in the Dauphine region, up to 90% of the buildings in certain villages are made out of rammed 'pise' earth. Finally, in California, there were estimated to be almost 200 000 'adobe' (sun-dried earth brick) dwellings by 1980 and the use of this material was growing at the rate of 30% a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Closer examination reveals that the whole world bears the indelible stamp of earthen architecture. Earth is used in Africa-in humble shelters built on leased land and in the great granaries of the continent. It is found in the palaces of the Hausa emirs of Nigeria, the ksours and kasbahs of Morocco and the mosques of Mali. In the Middle East, you come auoss it in the tightly-packed neighbourhoods of Ispahan and Iran, the fortified dwellings of Najran in Saudi Arabia, the multi-storey earth blocks of Shibam and the valley of the Hadramaut in Yemen. In Europe, there are the mouded brick farms of Aquitaine and the baroque and neo-classical castles of the Saone valley. And bringing in other parts of the world, we might mention the pueblos of the New Mexico Indians, and the houses built by the Hakkas in the Chinese province of Fujian, laid out in their characteristic concentric circles. The use of unbaked earth in building may be seen as a vestige of past history, but it is actually a living framework for history in the making.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Realistic uses for the future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Confronted with the energy crisis of the 1970s, oil-dependent industrialised countries were forced to look again at tried and tested technical solutions which were now proving to be too 'energy-greedy'. The building sector did not escape this reappraisal and the search began for ways of reducing energy consumption both at source (covering the production and use of building materials) and further down the production chain (maintenance). Research on biomass and solar energy ran in parallel with experiments to update traditional materials and to attempt to rationalise the production process. Earth again became a focus of interest, with government institutions supporting a considerable amount of new research and experimentation. This covered applications in both the industrialised world and in developing countries, research for the latter being undertaken in the context of bilateral or multilateral cooperation. With the threat to the ecological balance posed by pollution, degradation and the plundering of natural areas, this interest in developing materials and techniques that are inherently friendly to the environment has not lessened. In many places, people are becoming increasingly involved in controlling and managing their living environment. The field has been opened up by qualitative research, a new awareness of the available options and an increase in leisure time. With techniques now at hand that are easy to use and economical, a greater measure of (partial or complete) selfhelp building is now possible. The USA, Australia and Germany all encourage new forms of intervention in building which give greater responsibility to the occupier in the creation of his living environment. Viewed from this perspective, earth as a building material has definite advantages and plays an important role.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In developing countries, burdened by debt and confronted by an urgent need to build on a scale unprecedented in history, imported materials, techniques and energy are largely inaccessible to the majority of people, and their use may contribute to promoting 'bad' development. Building with earth emerges as an efficient shortterm way of producing houses or public buildings such as schools, which are both economical and of high quality (being culturally and climatically suitable). Decision-makers in these countries are well aware of this and have mobilised 'upstream' feasibility studies in their education and public housing programmes. The research covers local resources and knowledge, and the use of labour intensive techniques that generate employment and enable the population gradually to become 'monetarised'. The days of costly experimentation, often with no practical result, are now over. A new confidence in the resources that are available must be encouraged. There needs to be an increase in building completions and those who built them need more training. Today, this is happening in Mexico (850 earthen houses recently built in the state of Zacatecas) and in Burkina Faso (6000 school classrooms constructed by 1995.) No fewer than forty million homes will have to be built between now and the year 2000 for the urban population of Africa alone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies show that for most of the people involved, there is no choice but to employ local materials, most often earth. One can thus predict that at least 20% of urban and pert-urban housing in African countries (about eight million units), will be built in earth over the next ten years, at a rate of eight hundred thousand units per year. If demand from rural areas is added to this, one gets some idea of the scale of the task facing decision-makers and builders. The use of earth and other locally available materials is unavoidable, and should be encouraged.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environmental advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is particularly important to enumerate the many advantages of building in unbaked earth from the point of view of the environment. This issue, one of the contemporary problems facing society, is increasingly moving centre-stage, and in the future, it is sure to play a greater part in political, economic, social and cultural strategies linked to the planning and improvement of the quality of life. Here we refer to the concept of the environment in the widest sense of the word, ecological, economic, technical, health-wise and psychological, cultural and human.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the ecological environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In terms of pollution and degradation, unbaked earth offers a highly positive picture:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not contribute to the deforestation which results, for example, from the use of organic resources for firing baked earth materials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not consume any nonrenewable energy (oil, gas, etc.) at source for the processing and production of materials, or further down the production line in their application. This is in sharp contrast to the production of cement, lime and other conventional binding materials, and steel.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- By exploiting strata on construction sites, it allows a considerable saving in energy for the transport of materials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not contribute to a degradation of the landscape as does the extraction of minerals and ores which hollows out hillsides and creates open cast sites. A great deal of the earth excavated in the course of large public works (notably roads and motorways) can be recycled and used in building (allowing very easy decentralised distribution).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not contribute to the diminution of resources of aggregates such as gravel and sand, excavated either from quarries or from water courses, in insular sites or lagoons. The latter can endanger the ecological balance of these natural environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It uses very little water which is essential for the life of the people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It produces no industrial or chemical waste and has the additional advantage of being almost entirely recyclable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the economic environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It is often comparable in cost with, or indeed more economic than competing technologies and requires no major financial mobilisation for its generally light production infrastructure. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It guarantees rapid amortisement thresholds for bankable investments thanks to its low infrastructure requirements for usable production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It contribution to local flexibility, being readily susceptible to a decentralised approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Throughout the production process, it creates employment and monetary added-value which can be injected for development purposes into other sectors of the economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- By allowing savings in energy and foreign currency, it contributes at the macro and micro economic levels of the building sector, to a considerable reduction in developing countries' debt and to the balance of payments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the technical environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It has thermophysical and hydric properties (good conductivity, energy retention capacity, thermal differential, delayed temperature differences etc.) which help ensure comfortable temperatures:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It normally only requires simple production and application tools (moulds, presses, light shuttering, normal masonry tools, etc.) which are widely accessible to masons and self-help builders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of health and the psychological environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Not only non-polluting in its use, it also guarantees the absence of harmful effects in the context of daily life (no gaseous emissions or other toxic chemical components, radioactive emissions etc.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It contributes to psychological wellbeing by the architectural exploitation of its inherent characteristics; these include the surface texture, colour, form and luminosity of the material. It thus makes an active contribution to the beauty of the living environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the cultural and human environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It maintains the traditional architecture heritage of the area in question through the use of local materials and thus plays a part in the respect for, as well as the survival and updating of, cultural, architectural and urban environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It allows local populations to take charge of the production of their built environment and thus contributes to the expression of the democratic rights of all to control their living environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future of earth on the move&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In her work entitled 'A Fate Worse than Debt' (Penguin Books, 1988), the famous political commentator, Susan George, analysed the debt situation of developing countries and attempted to determine the basis for a positive resolution of the problem. Her approach focused in particular on solutions involving repayment in creative values or 'in kind' rather than in strictly monetary means. At the end of her analysis, she put forward eleven potential solutions to allow this repayment in kind and to launch a coherent approach for the development of less advanced societies. One of these recommendations was that it would be necessary to develop 'the study and survey (and if necessary the improvement) of local building techniques, in particular earth architecture ('pise' or 'banco').' Ms George argued that new buildings, particularly public ones, should be constructed using these techniques.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear that various solutions are being considered for the future: one in which building with earth, using a wide range of local techniques, will have a new technological, social, cultural, ecological, economic and political role of paramount importance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Various methods of utilisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The technical, constructional and architectural possibilities of earth are very extensive. The study of popular traditions and of traditional knowledge throughout the world has enabled some 18 different methods of utilisation of the material to be identified, each in itself capable of being applied in a wide variety of ways. This wide construction potential has enabled the building of modest shelters, village houses, urban blocks, religious edifices and palaces. This is not to say that other traditional materials do not have an important role, but the sheer diversity and flexibility of earthen architecture probably cannot be equalled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As was indicated earlier, the use of earth as a building material has given rise to numerous applications using a wide variety of production and construction techniques. Some of these techniques are still used in traditional construction many countries, some have been abandoned, while others have only recently been the subject of developmental experimentation. It is worth noting that there is a register of the principal techniques, mainly associated with processes using moulds, shuttering and direct shaping. The six most widely used techniques are: 'adobe', 'rammed earth', 'straw clay', 'wattle and daub', 'cob' and 'compressed blocks'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these six, three (wattle and daub, straw clay, and cob), are highly traditional, while the others (adobe, rammed earth and compressed earth blocks) have recently been the subject of spectacular evolution linked to the modernisation of production machinery and methods of application. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p094.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The use of earth&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The courierâs mailbag</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Plea for African solidarity&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thank you sincerely for your report on the second plenary of the Global Coalition for Africa which appeared in the March-April 1996 edition. As a 'displaced' Liberian, I would like to comment on some of the issues reported in the article.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First, I hope that Africans recognise and appreciate all that former President Jimmy Carter has done and continues to do for our beloved continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, I support the view of Ms Johnson-Sirleaf and President Afwerki of Eritrea that we, as Africans, must invest in ourselves and in productive endeavours in our own countries. However, given the number of civil wars, that have resulted in displacement of our peoples and migration of the labour force, it is imperative that we also begin to think of and recognise each other as Africans first - and only then as members of whatever ethnic group we belong to. As a Liberian with professional qualifications who relocated to Ghana in 1992, I met with opposition and resentment because of my nationality and sex. I subsequently went to the Caribbean where my acceptance as an African was easier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When there is a population movement, the psychological impact associated with feelings of rejection and intimidation is severe. Sub-Saharan Africa will never develop or reach its fullest potential until we begin to think and act as a united, yet diverse group of people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I agree that it is important to develop our homelands first, but in the case of Liberia, Burundi or Rwanda, where no one seems to understand the concept of peace or the idea of having a future, it is crucial that the displaced be respected and accepted as fellow Africans. It would be even better if we were afforded the opportunity to integrate and assimilate into society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ciata A. Bishop, Grand Cayman.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What about Guinea-Bissau ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I am a student from Guinea-Bissau reading international law and political science at the Social Science University in Toulouse. I have also been a faithful Courier reader for more than seven years. In the March-April issue of 1996, you published an article on fisheries by Anthony Acheampong entitled 'A vital food source in West Africa'. You gave the figures for fish production in 16 West African countries-but did not mention my native country! I should point out that Guinea-Bissau consumes and exports a great deal of fish, and the product is an important source of foreign exchange to the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.J. Alves d'Almada, Toulouse, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Media and democracy in Southern Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I refer to the article with the above title by Francis Caas which appeared in issue no. 154 of The Courier (November-December). I enjoyed reading the text which examined the emergence of a free press due to the advent of political liberalisation in the Southern African region. However, I wish to make a correction as to what I think is a misrepresentation of fact. The author said, and I quote: 'The installation of a democratic regime in 1994 (in Malawi) enabled the MBC to begin broadcasting in all languages spoken in the country'. This is not actually correct although the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation, apart from broadcasting in English and Chechewa, has since introduced Tumbuka on the radio. I felt it was important to put the record straight on this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Disher G.DJ. Pindani Lecturer in Public Administration, Chancellor College, Zomba, Malawi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corrigenda &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In issue no 157, a number of 'author' footnotes were inadvertently omitted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pascal Dotchevi, author of 'Togo: the victory of the taxi. bikes' (p.11) is a journalist on Kpakpa Desenchante, a satirical weekly published in LomÃ© &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Piritta Sorsa, author of 'Banking and securities' (p.13) works at the IMF office in Geneva.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yves Delafon, author of 'Developing consultancy work in the ACP countries' (p.15) is the director of a consultancy and President of the Federation of External Trade Associations in Provence/ Cote d'Azur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N'Gone Fall, author of 'Fashion; Out of Africa.. the breath of inspiration' (p.53) is a journalist.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also in issue 157, some errors appeared in the article entitled 'Sparks fly in Namibia'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the introductory section it was stated that secret harlots were held on resolutions relating to Nigeria, Niger and Sudan. This should have read Nigeria, Niger and Equatorial Guinea; a resolution on Sudan was passed by normal, open vote procedure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the heading 'The future of LomÃ©' the ACP Generai Rapporteur vvas refered to as Mr Firmin, which is the forename. The General Rapporteur's surname is Mr Jean-Louis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the fifth paragraph under the same heading, there was a reference to Helena Torres Couto. This should have read Mr Jose Manuel Torres Couto. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bibliography</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L'Afrique est-elle protectionniste- Les chemins buissonniers de la liberation exterieure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Is Africa protectionist ? Greater economic freedom via the maze)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Beatrice Hibou. Karthala Publications (22-24, boulevard Arago, F-75013 Paris). 1996. 334 pp. ISBN 286537-633-8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This volume offers a clearsighted analysis of the foreign trade policies of African states, fraud, smuggling and the way in which the franc zone operates, giving a definitive, reformulated account of structural adjustment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In her approach, the author is critical of both the liberal political economy and the new trends (the 'new political economy' end the neoinstitutionalist trends) which perpetuate the division between the economy and society. She refers to K Polanyi for whom Man's social relationships include economics and in whose opinion the economic system is managed as a function of non-economic motives.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From this starting point, Beatrice Hibou demonstrates the part played by the unexpected and the unintentional in economic policies as they currently exist, revealing that coherence in foreign-trade policies on the part of African countries is not an economic priority but a socio-political one. In this connection, she shows that structural adjustment programmes have been unsuccessful in making any real impact on protectionist practices, at least in terms of their political and historical bases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After an overview of (legal or illegal) foreign-trade practices in contemporary Africa, protectionism is clearly alive and well, although much less widely applied and effective than about a decade ago. The reduction in the State's legal powers has meant increased freedom for 'informal networks', various types of dispensation, and an increase in fraud and smuggling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the basis of Jean-Francois Bayart's opinion, dating from 1989, the author suggests that the explanation is to be found in the specific nature of Africa's economic history, which is one of independent means, a lack of production and management of dependency without the way in which it operates being affected. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Reality of Aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Independent review of international aid. Pub.: J. Randel and T. German. Earthscan Publications Ltd. (120, Pentonville Road, UK London N1 9JN). 1996. 244 pp. ISBN 1 85383 292 8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Reality of Aid (now an annual publication) compiled by two NGOs; Eurostep and ICVA, aims to highlight the extent to which donor aid helps developing nations, looking beyond the official publications of governments, banks and inter-governmental bodies. It contains a useful critique of the European Union's various aid policies and the respective bilateral policies of each of its 15 member states, as well as those of other Western nations like Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United States. This year's review highlights, in particular, the need to mount more projects to alleviate poverty, despite aid commitments becoming more scarce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It says, for example, 'Too much aid is being squandered by governments on projects which have more to do with commercial and political advantage than poverty eradication. Rigorous evaluation needs to identify those programmes which can make an impact -and aid must increasingly be directed only to these areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International aid to developing nations has fallen off over the years. In 1994, members of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee-21 of the world's richest countries-allowed their aid to fall to just 0.3 % of GNP, the lowest level for more than 20 years. The review stresses the need for donors to address in particular; policy coherence (environment, agriculture and consumption policies are all linked to poverty), the effectiveness of aid, the failure thus far to invest in people and the fact that the amount of assistance going to health and education is stagnating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The review also features analytical case studies of various donor activities in selected developing nations (India, Fiji, Cambodia, Peru, Zimbabwe) and looks at Western assistance to post communist countries in transition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A chapter on the European Union's current development policies, edited by Mirjam van Reisen, a Brussels-based Eurostep researcher, criticises the lack of coherence of EU aid with its Member States bilateral programmes-an issue which is likely to come more to the fore as other European nations join the Union in the next millennium. Ms van Reisen also claims that there are too few staff running the EU's development policies and suggests, in particular, that there is a lack of expertise in the social and poverty areas. She stresses the importance for the EU's political leaders of giving more political clout to the EU's development policies at the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC), which is currently engaged in revising the EU's treaties. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">News round-up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">In brief</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trafficking of women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European Commissioner for immigration policy and legal affairs, Anita Gradin, will set to work with fellow Commissioners over the coming months to draw up a European Union action programme to clamp down on the trafficking of women which she describes as, 'the modern slave trade'. This comes hot on the heels of the Vienna European conference on trafficking of women, held on June 10 and 11, which was co-hosted by the European Commission, the Austrian government and the International Organisation for Migration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ms Gradin told journalists on June 12: 'I will put forward to the Council and the European Parliament a communication on the trafficking in women for sexual exploitation. This will cover migration policy, police and judicial cooperation, and social aspects to support and protect the victims. It will also consider European relations with the source countries, where the women are recruited.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Vienna conference highlighted the need for cooperation between Member States and third countrie from which women are lured into prostitution in Western Europe. Recommendations, which are expected to be part of the EU policy, include setting up central national units in each Member State to exchange information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commissioner told the participants in Vienna: 'The slave trade in women is growing, a slave-trade that aims at sexual exploitation. No part of the world seems to be free from this degrading treatment of women. Women are bought and sold like cattle or commodities. They are deprived of their rights and their dignity. And the direction of the trade is the same all over-it is women from poor conditions that are forced into a deplorable life by men in richer countries.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;She cited a typical case of one woman from the Dominican Republic from the book 'Stolen Lives' by Sietske Altinks: 'One day I went to visit a friend who was going to discuss job opportunities in Europe. I went with her and met a schoolteacher who knew somebody called Juan who could get me a job in the Netherlands. When I went to see him, his associates told me that I would easily find employment in a beauty parlour.' She ended up in prostitution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ms Gradin continued: 'The consequences for the women are dreadful. Often, they find themselves deprived of their freedom to move and decide for themselves; they are often locked up and subjected to violence and sexual exploitation. And should they be able to free themselves, they are regarded as illegal residents and expelled.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; Aid for development in the field of communication&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A seminar was held under the auspices of the United Nations in the Belgian Parliament on 6 and 7 June, on 'the future of international development cooperation: new challenges for communication'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union was represented at the event, among others, by Colette Flesch and Steffen Smidt, the directors general respectively of DG X and DG VlII of the Commission. Mrs Flesch gave a presentation at the opening session in which she highlighted the various communication approaches adopted by the European Community in its efforts to counter what appears to be a growing lack of interest in development aid on the continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Smidt, who spoke in the second session of the seminar, began his presentation with an anecdote, citing a text displayed at the entrance to a Federal building in Washington. This states: 'Taxes are what we pay to have a civilised society'. Paraphrasing this sentiment, the Director-General argued that, 'development assistance is what we pay to have a civilised European Union.' The question, he went on to pose, was whether we were paying enough ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of the participants painted a discouraging picture of the situation facing the world's poorest countries in a world of advanced communications and increasing globalisation. Almost all were pessimistic about the impact of the socalled 'information super highways' on the least-developed nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most striking interventions came from Mabbub Ul Haq, the former Finance Minister of Pakistan, who spoke just after Mr Smidt in the plenary meeting, as well as at one of the discussion workshops. Mr Ul Haq urged the creation of a UN Economic Security Council, arguing that the main risk of global conflagration lies in the disparity that exists between rich and poor, now that the dangers associated with the Cold War have receded. One of the most acute issues under discussion was the growing challenge to the received wisdom that technical assistance is essential for consolidating national capacities. The evidence of 40 years of technical assistance would suggest otherwise (with 95% of funds set aside for this purpose going to foreign experts). Indeed, it was argued that those countries receiving most technical assistance per capita, had 'benefited' least from the system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In his second contribution, Mr Ul Haq painted a somewhat more encouraging picture, pointing out that the shaky 0.3% share of GNP allocated to development aid by the industrialised countries had achieved miracles in terms of increased life expectancy (up by 17 years) and the doubling of school enrolments in the countries of the South.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Round one of the South Africa-EU talks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa gave no immediate response to the European Union's proposals for a bilateral trade agreement at the first round of high level negotiations in Brussels on June 20. The talks were headed by Dr L. T Links who is South Africa's new Ambassador in Brussels and for the KU, by the Director General for Development, Steffen Smidt. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most difficult subject to negotiate will be future terms of access for South Africa's farm produce. The European mandate, which was agreed by EU Member States on March 25, foresees the exclusion of 39% of South Africa's farm produce currently sold to the EU from the planned free trade area. Applying World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules, the EU wants a scaled dismantling of barriers to trade in both farm and manufactured goods over a 10-year period, with a maximum of 12 years for a few highly sensitive items. But the EU has agreed to 'asymmetry' whereby, in some areas, it will open up its market to South Africa at a faster pace than vice versa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abdul Minty, deputy Director General at the Foreign Affairs Department in Pretoria, who is one of ,the chief negotiators, explained that South Africa had not yet responded to the terms because it is still consulting internally with the National Economic Development and Labour Council and with its partners of the Southern African Customs Union (Botswana, Swaziland, Namibia and Lesotho). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During a recent visit to Brussels, South Africa's former agriculture minister, Dr Kraai van Niekerk and his deputy, Mrs Thoko Didiza, told reporters that as it stood, the EU's mandate was 'anti-developmental'. Dr van Niekerk said he would like to see citrus fruit, in particular, removed from the list of exclusions. He also sought to dispel the fears of some EU Member States who wish to omit a larger proportion of South Africa's farm produce from the FTA, for fear of competition with equivalent EU produce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr van Niekerk stressed the 'complementary' nature of South Africa's farm production. He pointed out that his country's growing season was at the opposite time of year to that of the EU and noted that South Africa's output of farm produce could only increase by about 2%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EU spokesman, Joao Vale de Almeida, said that progress had been made during the Brussels talks on aspects of South Africa's 'tome protocol'. This is aimed at giving South Africa certain benefits from the LomÃ© Convention- some eligibility for South African companies to tender for LomÃ© contracts and the partial extension of the LomÃ© rules of origin to South African exports. It was originally planned that the LomÃ© protocol should be implemented at the same time as a bilateral trade accord, (on January 1 1997). Mr Vale de Almeida spelt out that although it would not be technically and legally impossible for the LomÃ© protocol to come on stream without the bilateral pact, it would be more practical if the two could be implemented at the same time. A second round of talks is expected to take place in the autumn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Echo Media Awards&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On 29 June, the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) launched a Television and Radio awards scheme to reward high-quality coverage of humanitarian affairs. Prizes will go to programmes produced or co-produced by independent production companies and/or broadcasting stations in the 15 EU countries which have been transmitted in a Member State on terrestrial or satellite television or radio between January 1 1995 and September 1 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Judging by a panel made up of NGOs, environmentalists, politicians and the media will be in six categories:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People on the move-a television documentary on the humanitarian consequences of sudden or forced population movements; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the minds of the people-a TV documentary on the psychological trauma in crisis situations; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forgotten conflicts-TV coverage of a long-running crisis forgotten by the mainstream; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vulnerable groups-TV coverage of the hazards encountered by women, children and the elderly in rebuilding their lives; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Broadcast commitment-to a radio or TV station for consistent, high-quality coverage of humanitarian issues; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio award-for the most incisive and analytical coverage of an emergency or humanitarian crisis. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Announcing the scheme, EC Commissioner, Emma Bonino, said: 'These awards give us an opportunity to acknowledge the vital role that broadcasters play in raising awareness of the issues at stake in imaginative, accurate and moving ways. They also serve to remind us of some of the basic European values such as solidarity and humanitarianism that have sometimes been eclipsed by barrages of headlines about mad cows and fish wars.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Entries for this inaugural year must be submitted by September 19, 1996. Details can be obtained from: Mandy Duncan-Smith, Media Natura (UK), tel: (44 171) 240 4936 fax: (44171) 240 2291 E-mail: medianatura@gn.apc.org&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Posters featuring contemporary Bantu art&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the framework of its cooperation programme with the Commission, CICIBA (Centre international des civilisations bantu-B.P. 770-Libreville- Gabon) has recently launched a series of large format reproductions featuring contemporary Bantu art. Thirteen works have been chosen, displaying a representative selection of art forms-painting, sculpture, engraving and moulded leather. The posters, more than 5000 of which have been printed in quadrichromic colour, have a 40 x 60 format. They are also available as postcards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The artists featured are Marcela Costa (Angola), Assouambo (Cameroon), Daikou (Central African Republic), Mouanga Nkodia (Congo), Abdou Moeou (Comoros), Pambou Boulaz (Gabon), Jose Menan (Equatorial Guinea), Protais Hakizimfura (Rwanda), Protasio Pina (Sao Tome &amp;amp; Principe), Silu Kinanga and Munyenz Tshibangu (Zaire) and Mulenga Chafilwa (Zambia).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CICIBA has also put together a similar series on ancient Bantu art. The fourth bi-annual exhibition of contemporary Bantu art, which has received some support from the European Commission, was due to be staged in Luanda (Angola) during July and August.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Links between technology and society&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For more than 50 years, technological innovation has been regarded by many writers in the field as the motor of economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, with rapid developments in the media sector and the emergence of 'information super-highways', the whole world is talking about the emergence of a new society dominated by 'smart' technology linked with research and creativity. This trend gives rise to many questions. Will the information be made available to all, and if so, when ? Will it lead to a change in North-South relations? Can we imagine what a world of 'tale-working', 'tale-education' and video on demand will be like ? What will the cost of all this be? Will biotechnology rescue the world or be the cause of its downfall ? What will the consequences be for the environment ? And in a globalised world, what standards and norms will be used ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In short, what is the real nature of the relationship between technology and society; between science and humankind ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fifteen universities of the EEA (European Economic Area) from Oslo to the Basque country and from London to Athens (taking in Roskilde, Maastricht, Louvainla-Neuve, Namur, Strasbourg, Lausanne, Sienna, Bari, Madrid, Valencia and Lisbon), have come together to offer a multidisciplinary course focusing on these key questions. During the first term, classes in theory and seminars are offered (in the local language of the institution) by experts from the academic world and the public and private sectors. Visits are also planned to multinational companies and laboratories. For the second half of the course, the students gain a wider European dimension by 'changing' university (with grants from the Socrates programme). The bulk of their time at this stage will be spent preparing a research dissertation in English on a topic which fits in with the specialisation of the host institution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For further information on the ESST&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;programme, contact:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. E Lints (UCL-Belgium)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. (32) 01047.82.60&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. T. Nguyen (FUNDP-Belgium)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. (32) 081-72.49.09&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The institutions at work</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Common foreign and security policy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the European Union has recently issued a number of statements, details of which are set out below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antipersonnel mines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 13 May 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the closure of the Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the European Union recalls that it has, in recent years, redoubled its efforts to combat the severe consequences caused to civilians by the indiscriminate use of land mines, in particular anti-personnel mines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The KU, which adopted joint action in May 1995 in order to reconfirm its commitment to the objective of an overall strengthening of Protocol 11 of the CCW, considers that the achievements of the Review Conference (such as the extension of the scope of Protocol II; the strengthening of restrictions on the use of mines; the new and immediate prohibitions regarding transfers; the provisions on technological cooperation and assistance; the regular review mechanism, etc), taken together, are significant steps forward, both in terms of the land mines protocol itself and of the development of international humanitarian law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The KU, however, underlines that the resuits of the Review Conference fall short of its expectations and of some of the goals set out in its joint action. In particular, the EU should have liked an effective and binding verification mechanism and no periods of deferral of compliance, or at least much shorter ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is convinced that the conclusion of this Review Conference is only the beginning of a challenging process which requires constant and widespread efforts and persistence in order to fully achieve its basic humanitarian objectives. The EU will continue to seek solutions to the problems caused by antipersonnel land mines and will strive towards the goal of their eventual elimination as stated in UN Resolution 50/70 (O). In the meantime, the Member States of the EU will seek early ratification of the amended Protocol II, as well as of the new Protocol IV on blinding laser weapons, and will take urgent steps to ensure their compliance with all the provisions of these two protocols pending their entry into force.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU will also continue to make active efforts with a view to achieving universal adherence to the CCW, since its objectives can only be effectively attained through implementation of its provisions by the widest number of states and parties to conflicts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Furthermore, the EU recalls its determination to pursue its contribution to the international mine clearance efforts. The EU has already contributed to the UN Voluntary Trust Fund, financing, in particular, projects in Angola and Mozambique as well as in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. In addition, the EU will consider the possibility of conducting specific demining actions and will continue to seek to that effect the contribution of the WEU to the elaboration and implementation of such actions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Central and Eastern European countries associated with the EU (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) and the associated countries Cyprus and Malta, as well as the EFTA country members of the EEA, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway, align themselves with this statement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Great Lakes region and the situation in Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 24 June 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU's objectives and priorities with regard to the Great Lakes region are to secure peace, to consolidate the process of national reconciliation in the countries concerned, to facilitate a return to normal democratic life, in particular by restoring the rule of law, and to encourage economic and social recovery.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aware as it is of the close links between the various political, economic and humanitarian problems in the region and of the serious risk of destabilisation which remains, the EU would emphasise the need for a comprehensive approach and a regional dimension in the search for lasting solutions to the crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It considers that the presence of over a million and a half refugees in the region constitutes a major factor of destabilisation and that their return to their countries of origin in safety and with dignity is essential if peace is to be restored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It appeals to the Heads of State who signed the Cairo and Tunis Declarations to comply with the undertakings they gave, so as in particular to stop trafficking in arms and the training of the various militia and armed groups which serve only to increase insecurity in the region. It would point to United Nations Resolution 1053 in this regard and also the measures in the plan of action adopted by the Bujumbura Conference (12 to 17 February 1995) for the prevention of subversive activities in countries of asylum. The EU also emphasises the importance of deploying United Nations observers in airports and at frontiers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is increasingly concerned at the deteriorating political and human rights situation in Burundi and at the increase in violence. The persistent clashes, spreading over different parts of the country, and the killings and atrocities committed against the civilian population could well involve Burundi in a spiral of permanent conflict.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU strongly condemns all recourse to violence, which will never bring about a solution to the country's problems, and appeals to all the factions in the country to begin negotiating a resolution of their differences and to agree on an immediate, general cessation of violence. It supports the initiatives taken by the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity to restore peace, as well as former President Nyerere's current efforts in this area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It fervently hopes that the talks taking place will result in a national dialogue open to all factions within the country. It also expresses its support for the ongoing efforts made by various bodies and eminent figures such as former Presidents Carter and Toure, and Archbishop Tutu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU would point out that it too has taken initiatives aimed at resolving the crisis and recently appointed a special envoy for the Great Lakes region, Mr Aldo Ajello, to assist the current efforts of the United Nations, the Organisation of African Unity and other bodies and individuals, and specifically to lend support to the organisation of a regional conference under the joint aegis of the UN and the OAU to examine and resolve the deep-rooted causes of the crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU remains convinced that such a conference must be convened as soon as possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reiterates that it is prepared to assist with specific measures to promote peace and reconciliation in Burundi, in particular the organisation of a national dialogue, support for action to promote human rights and the restoring of the rule of law. It is furthermore willing to continue funding the presence of OAU observers and United Nations human rights observers in the country. It is also prepared to help with the economic and social recovery of Burundi as soon as political and security conditions allow rehabilitation programmes to be set up in the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: progressive restoration of aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 28 June 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union takes note of the fact that the regime in Niger has announced the results of the country's constitutional referendum and has lifted the state of emergency and the ban on political parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU takes the view that Niger has thus met the conditions set out by the Council on 13 May 1996 for the progressive restoration of cooperation. In the first instance, this will take the form of: -support for the electoral process; -aid for structural adjustment which, at present, needs to be focused exclusively on the most pressing needs in the social sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Council will continue to follow closely the situation in Niger, in particular as regards the preparation and conduct of the presidential and legislative elections.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arusha summit on Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 5 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recalling its declaration of 25 June 1996, the European Union congratulates President Mkapa on the organisation of the Arusha regional summit, which has produced constructive proposals on the conflict in Burundi. It expresses appreciation for the untiring efforts of former President Nyerere and reiterates its support for his peace initiative.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU encourages the region's Heads of State and the Organisation of African Unity to commit themselves resolutely to supporting and giving substance to the Arusha recommendations and to contribute to the restoration of security in Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU expects the President and the Prime Minister of Burundi to fulfil the undertakings they gave at the Summit to overcome the crisis in Burundi and, with the help of the countries of the region, to put an end to the violence which is destroying the people of Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU calls on all the political forces of Burundi to seek a political solution and to give a favourable reception to regional initiatives to restore peace to their country. It calls the attention of all the parties to the conflict in Burundi to the fact that it condemns all forms of violence and that it will not recognise a government that has taken power by force of arms. Only peace, a peace consolidated at regional level, can guarantee the security of all and lay the foundations for economic and social development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is prepared to support the realisation of the Arusha objectives with a view to restoring peace and security in Burundi. It reiterates its readiness to help Burundi in its economic and social recovery when political and security conditions make it possible to begin its rehabilitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reiterates the need to convene the Conference on Peace, Security and Stability in the Great Lakes Region under the joint aegis of the United Nations and the OAU.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: support for the OAU Resolution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 15 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recalling its previous Declarations and Common Position on Burundi and, in particular, the Declarations of 25 June 1996 and 5 July 1996, the European Union warmly welcomes the Resolution on Burundi adopted by the Organisation of African Unity's Assembly of Heads of State and Government in Yaounde on 8 -10 July 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Union particularly welcomes the reaffirmation by the OAU of its support for the Mwanza Peace Talks under the facilitation of former President Nyerere and its encouragement to him to continue with his efforts based on and incorporating the principles of sustainable democracy and security for all the people of Burundi and an all-inclusive negotiation process. The Union reiterates its appreciation of the untiring efforts of former President Nyerere and its support for his peace initiative in this context.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The declaration in the Resolution of the OAU's full support for the outcome of the Arusha Summit of 25 June 1996, especially the acceptance of the request by the Government of Burundi for security assistance in order to complement and reinforce the Mwanza peace talks, as well as creating conducive security conditions for all parties to freely participate in the Mwanza process is also welcomed by the Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reaffirms its willingness to support the realisation of the Arusha objectives with a view to restoring peace and security in Burundi. It remains ready to help Burundi in its economic and social recovery when political and security conditions make it possible to begin its rehabilitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Visits</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The President of Haiti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The President of the Republic of Haiti, Rene Preval, visited the Commission on 11 June. He met with President Jacques Santer, Commissioner Joao de Deus Pinheiro (responsible for relations with the ACP States) and Commissioner Emma Bonino (responsible for humanitarian aid).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President Preval thanked the European Union for all the support it had provided both for the restoration of democracy in Haiti and for the country's economic development. He spoke in particular of the discussions that are currently under way with the Bretton Woods institutions aimed at restoring Haiti's economy. The President indicated that an economic recovery programme would need balance of payments support to the tune of $119m during 1996, as well as assistance for a range of economic sectors amounting to a billion dollars over a three-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For his part, Professor Pinheiro expressed satisfaction at being able to welcome the President at a time when the democratic process in Haiti was functioning normally and institutional consolidation was taking place. In a statement to the press, he said it was an appropriate moment 'to evaluate our cooperation and to strengthen it in a way that will contribute to economic and social development' in Haiti. He added that it was essential for the Haitian people to recognise that democracy was worthwhile. Professor Pinheiro also welcomed the normalisation of relations between Haiti and its neighbour, the Dominican Republic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The President of the Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The newly-elected President of the Dominican Republic, Leonel Fernandez Reyna, had a working session at the Commission on 15 and 16 July.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This trip to Brussels was the President's first overseas visit in his new capacity, following his election on 30 June. Indeed, he had not yet formally assumed office at the time of his visit. His inauguration was due to take place on 16 August and the President-elect extended an invitation to the Commission to attend the ceremony. Mr Fernandez Reyna's subsequent itinerary included visits to Spain, France and the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Support for human rights</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently approved the financing of the following projects under the budget line 'Human Rights and Democracy in the Developing Countries):&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea: ECU 120 000 for a project aimed at actively involving members of the National Assembly in the institution's functioning, and in the democratisation process taking place in the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: ECU 72 000 for a human rights training programme in schools in both urban and rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria: ECU 118 000 for a human -rights training programme to be run in educational establishments and through itinerant projects in regions lacking education infrastructures. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji: ECU 119 000 for a project to support a non-partisan, multi-ethnic civic forum, aimed at contributing to the achievement of a consensus among various social groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non-ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal: ECU 59 112 to safeguard texts which are essential to the preservation of Tibetan culture. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal: ECU 30196 for the archiving of slides and photographs depicting art objects in order to preserve the culture and traditional techniques of Tibet. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines: ECU 61 750 for a mission to identify the areas in which strategies for human rights and democracy could lead to positive and lasting changes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sri Lanka: ECU 84 314 for a programme of information in the field of promoting equal opportunities and non-discrimination &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Aid for rehabilitation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently decided to finance the following projects in developing countries affected by serious civil disturbances or natural disasters:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: ECU 847 000 for an integrated programme covering the rehabilitation of agriculture and basic infrastructures, training in demining, hygiene and self sustaining development in Kipungo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: ECU 185 000 for the rehabilitation of basic infrastructures (water, health, education and housing) In the province of Luanda. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea: ECU 353 947 to support the rehabilitation and development of basic &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;health care services in the south-west of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea: ECU 575 197 for the rehabilitation of water supplies and community development in the town of Hagaz. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 515.685 for the rehabilitation of primary care and water supplies in the Warder area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 455 630 to help the rehabilitation of repatriated people and displaced persons in the Borena area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 308 475 for the rehabilitation of health care and water supplies in the Hararghe area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 848 000 for a programme of support to upgrade medical infrastructures. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 590 000 to consolidate the water sector and rehabilitate livestock infrastructures in Maputo and Gaza provinces. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 500 000 for the second phase of a programme to help reestablish and reintegrate displaced people in Milange. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 241 259 for a project designed to revitalise livestock producer groups, make available essential veterinary products and support cattle production in the landward prefecture of Kigali. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 411 751 to provide professional training in primary health care. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 805 475 for an environment rehabilitation project in the prefecture of Kibungo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 437 622 for the rehabilitation of primary schools in the southwest of the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 94 650 to train laboratory technicians. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 626 439 for the rehabilitation of wells and water points in the Nugal region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 423 687 for the creation of enterprises involved in making bricks and earth blocks in order to assist in the rehabilitation of rural habitats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 1 491 117 for a tree-planting project around the Virungas National Park as part of a rehabilitation programme directed at Rwanda's immediate neighbours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 213 536 for operational and methodological support for rural development projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 645 120 for technical assistance in the follow-up and evaluation of rehabilitation projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 551980 for a programme to rehabilitate schools and provide support for the education sector. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">European development fund</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic and social infrastructure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi: ECU 1.9 million for the rehabilitation and construction of customs facilities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 11 million for resurfacing and improvements to the runway at Lusaka international Airport. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji ECU 1.8 million for the rebuilding of three bridges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade promotion/ structural adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Member states of SADC (Southern Africa), ECOWAS (West Africa) and ECOCAS (Central Africa): ECU 500 000 for a follow-up pilot project relating to industrial fore in different sectors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana: ECU 1.9 million for a tourism development programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djibouti: ECU 4.1 million to support the 1996-97 structural adjustment programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Netherlands Antilles/Aruba: ECU 5 million for a tourism promotion programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture/ rural development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madagascar: ECU 1.9 million to support professional organisations in the field of rural credit. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swaziland: ECU 1.4 million to build a bridge at Maphobeni, to facilitate rural development in this area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swaziland: ECU 1.5 million to improve the storage and commercialisation of maize. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benin: ECU 700 000 to enhance the security of blood supplies in the Oueme, Mono and Atlantique departments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Education/training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana: ECU 15 million for a training programme directed at SMEs, independent operators and the unemployed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 1.05 million for a programme designed to strengthen training and research capacity in the economic field. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Member states of IGAD (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda): ECU 1.9 million for a training programme for the commercialisation of cereals. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lesotho: ECU 1.3 million for a community reforestation programme in the Lesotho Highlands. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Institutional support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djibouti: ECU 250 000 to provide technical support for the computerisation of the National Bank's accounting system. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: ECU 1.8 million to support the electoral process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 1.7 million for an assistance programme for the National Authorising &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Officer covering the management of funds allocated by the European Community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 1.5 million for the first phase of a tourism development programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cariforum countries-Antigua &amp;amp; Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Bahamas, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St Kitts &amp;amp; Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent &amp;amp; the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago): ECU 725 000 in technical assistance for the programming unit of the Cariforum General Secretariat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All ACPs: ECU 5 million to strengthen fisheries management and biodiversity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 1.5 million for a pilot project in the field of decentralised cooperation. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 12.5 million for a community development programme in the battle against poverty. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 47 million for the second rehabilitation programme. The focus will be on productive activities (livestock, agriculture and fisheries), the social sectors (health, water, sanitation systems and education), the private sector (revenue generation, job creation, SMEs), the public sector (training, establishment of institutions), demobilisation, and the integration of former combatants &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 1.6 million for a programme to combat poverty including, in particular, the provision of credit to micro-enterprises. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 2 million to support the integration of displaced people in Kasai. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">European investment bank</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa: A loan of ECU 56 million for Eskom, the public electricity company, for the modemisation of part of its electricity distribution network.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Humanitarian aid</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: ECU 14 million for a global assistance programme covering food and medical aid, the distribution of equipment and demining operations. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 500 000 for the distribution of essential food products and to meet the special nutritional needs of children in the north of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cote d'lvoire: ECU 340 000 to help combat cholera and yellow fever among refugees from Liberia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 140 000 towards the setting up of a camp for 'boat people' arriving from Liberia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea: ECU 160000 for the distribution of food to refugees from Liberia and Sierra Leone. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Senegal: ECU 250 000 towards the fight against cholera, notably in the town of Touba.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sierra Leone: ECU 4.2 million for food and emergency medical aid (to combat cholera) for people displaced by the civil war. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 1.5 million for a measles vaccination programme and for medical and food aid for victims of the internal conflict. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Sudan: ECU 13 million to finance ECHO flights, and for food, medical aid and the provision of water supplies, for civilian victims of the conflict, notably in Khartoum and its environs and in the refugee camps in the north of Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non - ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua: ECU 1.5 million for medicines, essential provisions, drinking water supply equipment and training actions in the area of epidemic prevention. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru: ECU 800 000 for shelters and medical assistance to people in the process of reestablishing their homes having fled from the violence that has occurred over the past ten years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ex-Yugoslavia: ECU 102 million for various emergency operations. The breakdown of this aid, by country, is as follows: Bosnia-Herzegovina-ECU 77.45 million; Croatia-ECU 11.95 million; Serbia-Montenegro-ECU 12,6 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Russian Federation: ECU 900 000 for street children in St Petersburg and homeless people in Moscow. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Afghanistan: ECU 7 million for a coordinated aid programme covering public health measures, the provision of drinking water, hygiene and refuse collection. The aid will be directed both at the people of Kabul and at other provinces of the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kirghizistan: ECU 3.6 million for the purchase and distribution of food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tadilkistan: ECU 8.9 million for a food and medical programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangladesh: ECU 300 000 to help victims of the tropical storm that struck in the middle of May. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Food aid</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: 15 000 tonnes of cereals, 2000 tonnes of oils and 3000 tonnes of beans amounting to a total value of ECU 20.075 million. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASHe3aa.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASHe3aa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/HASHe3aa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b22bue/b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">75157</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b22bue/b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b22bue/b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (b22bue)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">start a butterfly farm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214927</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215030</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe3aa.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p08.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p16.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Managing Tropical Animal Resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First Printing, June 1983 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second Printing, May, 1985 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;CENTER&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Acknowledgements&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of International Affairs &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Cooperation with the Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Bulolo, Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing  Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of  the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the  Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were  chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to the  procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the  National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute  of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in  1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's  purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council  operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the  authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a  private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the  principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National  Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public,  and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both  Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the  Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter  of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the  Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which  science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the  complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of  bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts  special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes  topical reviews of technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to  developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee  on Technology I innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International  Development, Office of international Affairs, National Research Council. Program costs  for the study were provided by the Office of Technical Resources, Bureau for Asia,  Agency for International Development under Grant No. ASB-0249-SS-00-1026-00 and  the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant  No DAN/5538-GSS- 1023-00.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First Printing, June 1983 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second Printing, May, 1985 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Panel_on_Butterfly_Farming_in_P&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Panel on Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT M. PYLE, Chairman, Lepidoptera Specialist Group, International  Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland,  Switzerland, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian  Institution, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, JR., Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Director, Florida State Museum, C;ainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOlS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, Yale University, New  Haven, Connecticut &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS, Head of Subdivision of Invertebrate Ecology,  Furzebrook Research Station, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Wareham,  Dorset, England &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University  of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS, Representative, The Asia Foundation, Taipei,  Taiwan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Contributors_&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Contributors</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER CLARK, Manager, Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Bulolo &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CAROLE GABARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WASAM GARARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KAROL KISOKAU, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Waigani &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAVU KWAPENA, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and  Environment, Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MIRO LAUFA, Crocodile Section, Department of Lands and Environment,  Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEO NING, Division of Wildlife, East Sepik Province, Wewak &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODERICK ORARI, Butterfly farmer, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL PARSONS, Ecologist, Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Bulolo &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BLU RAIRI, Butterfly farmer, Maprik  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Countries &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. S. BROWN, JR., Department of Zoology, State University of Campinas, Sao  Paulo, Brazil &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. M. COLLINS, Co-compiler, Invertebrate Red Data Book, International Union  for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Cambridge, England &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WAYNE GAGNE, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGUS HUTTON, Garaina Farms, Gympie, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ASHLEY C. MORTON, Department of Biology, The University, Southampton,  England &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRED PARKER, Kirwan, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;* * *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Butterfly Study Director &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council Staff &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE REGES, Administrative Secretary &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Preface_&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly farming is a growing new industry in Papua New Guinea, and by  turning irdwings, mauve swallowtails, and other insects into a cash crop  villagers are both earning money and practicing sound wildlife conservation.  In this unique program butterfly farming is being used to complement the  preservation of species and of habitats. In balancing the utilization of  common butterflies with the protection of the most threatened species, Papua  New Guinea is providing a model for other countries, particularly those in the  tropics. The program demonstrates how village development can become an  integral part of conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel that produced this report convened in Papua New Guinea in  May 1981. Its purpose was to investigate the concepts underlying this  project and to assess their potential for application elsewhere. Panel members  met with staff of the government's Division of Wildlife in Port Moresby and  later visited butterfly farms in Popondetta and the insect trading agency in  Bulolo. The panel is grateful to Karol Kisokau, Navu Kwapena, and Miro  Laufa of the Division of Wildlife for arranging the itinerary in Papua New  Guinea and to Peter Clark and Michael Parsons for hosting the Bulolo and  Popondetta visits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report is one of the National Research Council series, Managing  Tropical Animal Resources. Current titles in the series are:*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (  1981 ) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future  (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea ( 1983)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These activities have been conducted under the auspices of the Advisory  Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research  Council (see page 29). The purpose of ACT}iS the assessment of  unconventional scientific advances that might prove especially applicable to  problems of developing countries. Since its founding in 1971, it has produced  about 30 reports covering subjects as diverse as ferrocement construction  materials, the winged bean (a high-protein tropical food crop), and techniques  to provide more water for arid lands. This study adds the dimension of  conservation and ecosystem protection to ACTI'S principal concerns of  promising but neglected resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACTI activities are supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International  Development (AID). Program costs for this study were supported by AID'S  Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which  also made possible the free distribution of this report.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;CENTER&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM1_Introduction_and_Summary_&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Introduction and Summary</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international demand for tropical butterflies is much greater than is  generally recognized. Each year millions of them are caught and sold  throughout the world. Many buyers are scientists engaged in research on  aspects of systematics, ecology, ethology, evolution, and conservation.  Others are individuals who like expensive curios that incorporate butterflies,  such as display cases, coffee tables, wall hangings, or other objects. But  increasingly, the fragile, iridescent creatures, mounted in plastic or glass, are  used to decorate less-expensive items such as purses, trays, platters, screens,  and other common objects in Europe, North America, and Japan. In addition,  amateur butterfly collecting, which reached a peak in Victorian times, is again becoming popular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this has produced a strong and active market. The current trade is  estimated to be between US $10 and $20 million annually, and the demand is  rising.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Remote regions of Papua New Guinea are benefiting from this burgeoning  interest in tropical insects, and several hundred villagers are rearing or  collecting butterflies, beetles, and other insects for export. The Papua New  Guinea government now considers insects a national resource, and it has  made butterfly farming part of the nation's village economic development. At Bulolo it has established an Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) to  handle the business details of a growing international trade. And Papua New  Guinea is the only country so far to specify insect conservation as a national  objective in its constitution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botanical research is the key to Papua New Guinea's butterfly farming  program. Local botanists and ecologists have identified the plants that the  various butterfly species use during their life cycle. The butterfly farmers  then build up their &quot;livestock&quot; by clearing small areas of ground  and planting leafy food plants for larvae, together with the nectar-producing  flowering plants that adult butterflies feed on. The combination of flowering  and leafy plants provides a complete habitat where butterflies find everything  they need to grow and reproduce. Therefore, most remain, and the farmer  retains his livestock without fences or walls.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are among the most unusual farms in the world. Around their edges  are hibiscus and bougainvillea that attract the adult butterflies, whose  mouthparts are adapted for drinking nectar from flowers. And inside are leafy  plants, such as the strange Dutchman's pipe vine (Aristolochia tagala), on  which the caterpillars of several birdwing butterflies feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The enriched butterfly habitat in the villager's garden attracts and holds a  breeding population that becomes a self-renewing resource. By varying the  plant species the farmer can even maintain colonies of different butterfly  species. And because insects are so prolific, some butterfly farmers are  beginning to have problems with overstocking and have had to shift larvae  from plant to plantârather like moving cattle from one field to the next as the  grazing runs out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic Development &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The IFTA program started in 1974 with fewer than 30 Papua New Guineans  from villages in two provinces. By 1978, more than 500 villagers in 10  provinces had been introduced to farming or collecting butterflies for export.  Since then, business has been increasing about 40 percent a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gram for gram, exotic butterflies are far more valuable than cattle. Prices  paid by dealers in Europe, North America, and Japan range from 30 cents for  individuals of common species to around $10 for the two birdwing species  whose export is allowed. A specimen of a rarer species (for example, a female  of the mauve swallowtail Graphium weiskei) may bring as much as $50.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project is still an embryonic activity; it is not large, as development  programs go. IFTA has only one professional staff person and two local  technicians to handle the distribution of specimens. The agency's goal is to  export between 5,000 and 10,000 specimens a month, from which the villages  can expect a return of $10,000 or more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency purchases butterflies from villagers and uses them to fill orders from overseas buyers. Colorful beetles, strange-looking stick and leaf insects, and some moths and cicadas are also caught in the wild and sent to Bulolo. The profits, less 25 percent, are returned to the villagers. At the time of the panel's visit, IFTA had received about 4,000 shipments of butterflies and other insects from the rural people and had paid out about US $180,000 to purchase them. In 1979, the average farmer or collector received about $37 per box of specimens. By 1980, this had risen to about $50 per box. In 1981 it was estimated that a diligent butterfly farmer could earn an annual income of about $1,200.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even so small an annual income is substantial in rural areas where the mean annual per capita income may be only $50. In many remote areas it is difficult to create income-producing opportunities because of illiteracy, dispersed population, and, in some cases, resistance to foreign ways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through butterfly farming many rural Papua New Guineans are for the first time participating in a cash economy. The product is a highvalue, low-volume crop. It brings needed or supplementary income to the people of the predominantly rural areas. Compared with farming coffee, another possible industry in Papua New Guinea's rural regions, it requires far less effort or land, and it involves minimal costs to the producer. And where a few expatriate opportunists once made small fortunes exploiting Papua New Guinea's butterflies, the profits now go to the villagers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat loss is by far the most critical issue in butterfly conservation. If habitat changes, the animals must change, leave, or die. Usually they die, since alternative habitats are already occupied or too distant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly all the world's butterfly species have suffered diminished ranges, and an estimated half of the world's butterfly populations face threats from human development. From Britain to Bhutan, the insects' habitats have come under siege. In Europe, perhaps one-third of all butterfly species are threatened, owing chiefly to the reductions in their various habitats. In California, half-a-dozen coastal butterflies have been lost since the 1860s, and an equal number are now endangered. In Madagascar and Rwanda, swallowtails and some species that occur nowhere else are being sacrificed to the clearing of forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The losses are much more than aesthetic, for many butterflies benefit people. They pollinate crops, are a major link in the food chain, and serve as sensitive indicators of ecological health.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A striking feature of the Papua New Guinea butterfly farming program is that it is designed to conserve and increase the species being traded. It is a pioneering conservation effort that has been endorsed by the Lepidoptera Specialist Group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The program helps relieve pressure on endangered populations, because for successful butterfly farms the villagers must retain - and even foster - a healthy wild population on or near their land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insect farming also helps preserve habitats because it leaves the bulk of the land intact and it helps landowners earn money without requiring them to cut down the rain forest as they would for timber or for cocoa, coffee, or oil palm plantations. Similarly, villagers can retain their traditional hunting grounds while cropping the insects that rely on these grounds for survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The existence of the butterfly farming project has served to focus attention on the status of all butterfly species. In 1968 this led to a law banning the taking of even a single specimen of the seven birdwing species threatened with extinction in Papua New Guinea. These large, brilliantly colored creatures can bring as much as $1,000 each in international trade, but there is a stiff fine in Papua New Guinea for even possessing one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enriching habitats with butterfly food plants (notably the Dutchman's pipe vine, Aristolochia tagala) has greatly increased the numbers of Papua New Guinea's two common birdwing species, Ornithoptera priamus and Troides oblongomaculatus. Now the country is taking on the challenge of increasing the seven endangered birdwing species that are protected and banned from trade. Already the IFTA staff has found that at least one of these rare species (Ornithoptera victoriae) is easily reared on the Dutchman's pipe vine. Farms are now being designed and sited with a view to building up the populations of this giant endangered species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conclusions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At this stage, the importance of this pioneering activity lies not in its size, but in the new vistas it opens up for the use of tropical resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Village Development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In farming butterflies, Papua New Guinea is showing that indigenous wildlife resources (especially those being depleted because of their commercial value) can contribute to economic development and that the farming of indigenous animals can be fitted smoothly into traditional village life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Providing employment in rural areas is a major problem of developing countries. And in a sense, butterflies are an &quot;appropriate&quot; livestock, particularly for remote areas of the tropics where other income-producing activities are difficult to establish or are harmful to traditional lifestyles and fragile environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterflies may seem unusual farm animals, but to villagers in the Papua New Guinea jungle it is cattle that are exotic. The villagers live in close contact with their local insects; invariably they know much about butterfly locations, behavior, habits, life cycle, and the food eaten by the caterpillars.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farming butterflies is proving a business to which villagers quickly adapt. Butterflies do not require the equipment or financing of a conventional farm; no capital is required, except for postage on the first shipment of specimens. Insect farming allows people to participate in the cash economy without causing disruptive changes in traditional village life. The villagers can work long and hard if they wish or they can put in only enough time to produce a little cash for necessities, leaving plenty of time for raising crops and other village activities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often claimed that economic development is necessarily destructive to the environment and detrimental to conservation - that as rural societies develop, their natural surroundings must suffer. The Papua New Guinea butterfly farming project is an innovative program that demonstrates this need not be true.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The program also shows that where human needs are given attention, conservation can be successful. Elsewhere in the tropics, attempts to conserve habitat without considering the needs of the people who live nearby have often failed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In sum, the butterfly farming program demonstrates that certain natural resources can be used profitably in a way that protects the environment. The program offers a culturally appropriate use of the land; on a broad scale, it could become a force in preventing clear-felling of the forest for timber exports or the wholesale conversion of rain forest to cash-crop monocultures such as coconut, coffee, or oil palm. Most of Papua New Guinea is still covered by primary rain forest; exploiting the economic value of the insects that live there is helping safeguard this increasingly rare habitat, which is fast disappearing in most parts of the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species Conservation &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The knowledge gained from farming Papua New Guinea's butterflies has already contributed to relieving the threat of extinction from seven endangered species of birdwings. This experience could be replicated in other places where there are endangered butterfly species. Indeed, the program provides a model for nations that could profitably farm butterflies while protecting their threatened butterfly species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Extension to Other Organisms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This project has a strategy and organizational structure that could well be applied to plants, such as rare orchids, and animals, such as crocodiles, that are endangered because of their commercial value. Indeed, using similar concepts of combining village income and conservation, the Papua New Guinea Division of Wildlife is farming crocodiles,* ruse deer, wallabies, and two native birds, the megapode and cassowary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through such husbandry practices, many species elsewhere might be saved from extinction, while providing income to the local people who traditionally have used the resource. Other countries should look with interest at the way Papua New Guinea is handling its wildlife enterprises. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM2_Butterfly_Status_and_Conserva&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Butterfly Status and Conservation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;About 100,000-150,000 species of butterflies have been described; perhaps half that number remain to be discovered. Although there are important concentrations in the Arctic and temperate regions, most species are found in the tropics. There, the diversity of colors and forms is dazzling; every imaginable combination of hue and color is displayed. And many tropical butterflies are enriched with &quot;structural&quot; colors, which cause the wings to flash iridescently in the sun as they bend the light they reflect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although butterflies have long been admired and often depicted in art, they have been seriously studied only since the end of the seventeenth century. Linnaeus, in his Systema Naturae, placed the small number of butterflies then known in the single genus Papilio. Today that genus is restricted to the true swallowtails, and more than 700 genera of butterflies are recognized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Butterfly Trade&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Last century, as knowledge of butterflies grew and methods of preserving them improved, they become popular collectors' items. Wealthy naturalists such as Rothschild and LeMoult dispatched collectors to all parts of the world for specimens. Today the trade in butterflies is even more extensive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are three major kinds of butterfly and insect trade. In one, large numbers of common species are collected in the wild and processed for use in ornamental objects such as coasters, mats, and lampshades. This is a low-value, high-volume industry that is both labor- and capital-intensive. It frequently uses &quot;chipped&quot; or slightly damaged butterflies. It often sells butterflies with paper bodies and only the wings of actual insects, which seem to be acceptable to a large part of the buying public.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Taiwanese butterfly trade is an example. It operates on a large scale. At least a dozen Taiwanese factories employ scores of workers to capture and process butterflies. Estimates of annual sales vary from 15 million to 500 million butterflies. Taiwanese butterfly wings pasted onto paper bodies with pig-bristle antennae are used in ornaments and household objects from wall hangings to clear-plastic toilet seats. The bodies are recycled as pig feed. Despite this massive trade, Taiwan's wild butterfly populations seem to be remaining steady.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Similar, though smaller, industries trafficking in common butterflies are found in Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Brazil, Honduras, and several African nations. The famous blue morpho butterflies of the American tropics enter the trade at the rate of some 50 million per year. Nearly all of these are the brilliant iridescent males, and biologists believe the number sold could be doubled without harming the overall population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second type of trade involves higher value and lower volume. This produces a vastly different product from the paper-bodied butterflies bound for novelty stores. It is exemplified by the operation in Papua New Guinea where sales are to collectors, museums, and students, and the specimens are high-quality insects in good to perfect condition, usually bearing scientific data. Because of the relatively high value per specimen, this trade can be carried on by fewer individuals in a nonfactory setting, and it is well suited to village industry, provided there is supervision and a quality-control checkpoint.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third type of butterfly trade is for high-quality, expensive ornamental items, such as glass cases, domes, wall mounts, or jewelry containing beautiful insects. Brazil, for example, has a thriving jewelry trade based on the iridescent blue morpho butterfly. This type of trade can also furnish high-paying outlets for village-farmed insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p08.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In all three divisions of the butterfly trade, dealers fulfill an essential role. Few collectors and scientists can travel the world collecting their own specimens. Some dealers have established reputations for honesty, some have not. Exploitation of suppliers and customers alike has been rife. Few dealers are careful to attach accurate locality data to their specimens; some make serious mistakes in identifying them. (To combat this problem, British insect dealers have formed an association to monitor conservation-related activities and improve professional practice.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Generally, dealers supply specimens bred from the caterpillar or chrysalis and described as &quot;ex pupa.&quot; Unless butterflies are caught immediately after emerging from the pupa the fragile wings tear and the scales detach to produce &quot;worn&quot; specimens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Taxonomy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Classifying butterflies is difficult. Their most obvious features, the color and pattern of the wings, vary greatly; individuals and populations of the same species often look quite different. This has led to the dubious naming of many species and subspecies. And the uncertainties it causes have led some biologists, especially those working in ecology and genetics, to name populations rather than species or subspecies. However, populations frequently evolve, and this introduces a further uncertainty. Much additional work on basic butterfly systematics is needed. The knowledge gained should contribute particularly to the conservation of endangered species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly conservation is still in an early state of development, bedeviled by scarce or incomplete information. The conservation status of even the most thoroughly studied butterfly species is known in only a few areas. The distribution and status of most species is essentially unknown, and proposals for conservation measures are largely based on guesswork. Nevertheless, some conservation programs have been enacted. Most have concentrated on designating endangered species and banning their collection.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The greatest threat to butterflies and other insects, however, is habitat alteration. On several continents some species have already become extinct or endangered when humans altered the special environment they require. The importance of protecting butterfly habitats should not be underrated. Many species are restricted to very small areas, particularly to individual islands (Corsica, Sardinia, Jamaica, Madagascar, Sumba, the Comoros, Fiji, the Solomon Islands, Manus, and the Duke of York Islands, for instance). Such species are vulnerable to extinction because nearly all island habitats are fragile and are changing rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it is uncommon for insect species to be dangerously reduced merely by the capture of specimens, renewed commercial interest in butterflies gives rise to concern for their conservation. Most insects reproduce rapidly, and their high fecundity enables them to replace such losses in a generation or two - provided the basic environment has not been altered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But there are certain species of butterfly that reproduce slowly and are therefore more threatened by collection. The unusual birdwing butterflies of New Guinea, for example, produce only small broods. Moreover, these rare species command higher prices. Because this makes them particularly vulnerable, legislation to protect birdwing butterflies has been instituted in both parts of New Guinea - Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Accordingly, to save Queen Alexandra's birdwing (the largest and most threatened of the birdwings) from extinction, several wildlife management areas have been set up in Popondetta on Papua New Guinea's north coast. The government is also setting up refuges, administered by village councils, to preserve and protect other birdwing butterflies and wildlife resources. This habitat conservation is an important adjunct to the butterfly farming program. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM3_History_and_Government_Policy&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 History and Government Policy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soon after Europeans discovered New Guinea's remarkable insect fauna around the turn of the century, collectors began arriving, and they have been coming ever since. Many were reputable professional or amateur scientists, gathering modest numbers of specimens for study and for museums, including Papua New Guinea's own national collection. Others, however, were plunderers who carried away large numbers of rare butterflies, giving little or no compensation to the local people and showing no concern for survival of the species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1966 the Papua New Guinea government responded to excessive collecting by designating seven rare birdwing butterflies as protected species. It became illegal to collect these huge, colorful birdwings, and strong measures were instituted - fines for nationals, deportation of expatriates - to halt black market trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1960s and early 1970s commercial collecting of the other butterfly species continued piecemeal and unsupervised. Income was erratic, and expatriate dealers often paid their Papua New Guinean suppliers only a few cents for specimens that retailed for several hundred dollars in Europe and Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Insect Farming and Trading Agency&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When Papua New Guinea achieved independence in 1975, the new government decreed that only nationals should profit from the country's butterfly resource. Since that time only Papua New Guineans have been able to export butterfly specimens (nonprotected species) for profit. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1978, to guarantee Papua New Guineans fair prices and stable sales, a marketing agency was established. Its purpose was to protect the resource, to foster butterfly farming, and to ensure a high-quality export product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modest in its beginnings, the Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) was organized by Angus Hutton, a former tea planter and amateur lepidopterist. The business side of the agency was later developed by Peter Clark, who had worked with Hutton. Identification and production of food plants was advanced by Michael Parsons, Robert Pyle, and others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IFTA provides a market for those Papua New Guinea nationals who farm and collect butterflies and other insects. The agency allows them to obtain fair and fixed prices, maintains quality control, and ensures that current data accompanies all specimens. It also pools the insects from many sources and fills large orders from overseas dealers. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the butterflies IFTA exports, about 30 percent are from village farms and 70 percent are collected in the field. However, more than 50 percent of the revenue is made up of the farmed butterflies because of their better quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quality Control&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency strives to sell only highest-quality insects; it rejects many butterflies as substandard. Most specimens are sold as named subspecies and to identify and name them requires much skill. Staff members have been specially trained to do this. (To a large extent, the area of origin, particularly in the case of the offshore islands, defines the subspecies concerned.) Locality data, usually consisting of village, province, and month and year of collecting or emergence, is affixed to all butterfly envelopes before they are pooled at the agency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IFTA stores its collection by species, in simple wooden boxes kept in cupboards lit from below (to lure potential pests away from the insects and to warm the cupboards and prevent mold). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marketing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency makes up orders and dispatches them (with the required export permits) to customers &quot;on trust.&quot; Although this is open to abuse, most buyers pay promptly and the system is easy and convenient. Careful records are kept of all suppliers, customers, and species in stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the time of the panel's visit, about 80 percent of the agency's business consisted of responding to requests from dealers. However, less than 10 percent of the orders received from all sources could be filled.Some requests were too small and others too specialized; in some cases the agency simply didn't have the specimens on hand (for example, a request for all the subspecies of a given butterfly). Furthermore, the agency has neither the office staff nor space to cope with every order in a business whose volume is almost doubling every two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Field Extension&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife extension officers periodically visit clients and new villages to sustain or develop enthusiasm for insect farming. They explain and demonstrate the procedures of butterfly farming and collecting and teach potential farmers how to recognize a valuable species in each of its life stages. Above all, they demonstrate how to prepare specimens for sale. This is because it is often difficult to convince farmers of the need for extreme care and delicacy in handling, and many inexperienced farmers send in bruised or hopelessly damaged specimens. Although about 500 villagers were farming butterflies at the time of the panel's visit, fewer than 50 were supplying good material regularly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These contacts are also important because the butterfly farmers easily become discouraged if no interest is shown in their work. In the Papua New Guinea countryside there is often little need for cash; people can obtain all their food, clothes, shelter, and resources from their gardens or from the bush. Money received from one shipment of butterflies may last a subsistence farmer for months, making it difficult for the agency to sustain his interest in providing regular shipments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency's extension officers have initiated a number of butterfly farming projects at primary, secondary, and vocational schools. These projects have proved most successful. Apart from the practical education they give students, they provide early insight into one of Papua New Guinea's most useful resources. Several vocational schools also provide training in mounting butterflies and beetles as souvenirs for tourists, as well as in the construction of hatching cages and solar driers. Beautiful wooden cabinets to hold butterflies have also been made by some teenage students.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Monitoring&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to teaching Papua New Guineans to collect and farm insects, IFTA promotes research both to conserve species and to make them available in quantity. Success has already been achieved in farming the common birdwing butterflies by planting large numbers of the Dutchman's pipe (Aristolochia tagala) vines that they feed on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency's staff includes an ecologist, indicating the importance of the scientific basis for conservation in this project. The ecologist is at hand to conduct research on life histories, farming methods, and management measures for rare species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IFTA staff are now identifying new food plants that will permit more species to be farmed. Research into the life histories of many butterflies with economic potential is well under way, so that an increasing number of species will become &quot;farmable&quot; and will be available in future in perfect ex pupa condition. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sources of all specimens received by IFTA are recorded on a map so that a butterfly's range and rarity or abundance can be assessed and conservation measures implemented where necessary. In this way, even insects too damaged for sale at least have value to conservation efforts. All specimens of unusual scientific interest are lodged in the national insect collection for future study. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM4_Operating_a_Butterfly_Farm&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Operating a Butterfly Farm</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Planting the Farm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key to farming butterflies is to establish a garden of the plants the various species need for their life cycles. The ideal farm area is about 0.2 hectares. This is spacious enough for growing food plants for adults and larvae and small enough to keep the plants watered, weeded, pruned, and generally well tended. Such a farm can contain about 500 vines, grown like bean plants on poles or shade trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to surround the site with a thick hedge of hibiscus, bougainvillea, ixora, poinsettia, or other nectar-bearing plants whose flowers attract adult butterflies and encourage them to remain in the area. The hedges also keep out pigs and other livestock that may damage the leafy plants inside the farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A good way to start a farm is to establish it in a vegetable garden. (Papua New Guinea butterfly farmers often plant butterfly vines between their rows of sweet potato or tarot) By the time the vegetables are ready to harvest, the area already has some thriving butterfly food plants and probably some winged livestock as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most successful butterfly food plants in Papua New Guinea is Aristolochia tagala, a vine on which the larvae of more common birdwing butterflies feed. Another is Evodea - a food plant of the large blue ulysses swallowtail and many colorful weevils.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shade trees also can be food plants for butterflies other than birdwings and for beetles or weevils. Examples are species of Annona (such as soursop), Citrus (such as lemon), Cerbera, and Graptophyllum. Wallace's Longhorn Beetle feeds on breadfruit (Artocarpus communis). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, one area of the farm is kept aside for growing seeds or cuttings. (IFTA sells seed of some suitable species.) In this nursery the butterfly food plants are watered and cared for, and unhealthy ones are easily spotted and weeded out. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p16.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Stylized diagram of a butterfly farm:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A Hedge of hibiscus, ixora, and poinsettia to keep pigs out and provide nectar.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B Fruits trees (such as lemon).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C The aristolochia vine grown on the branches of others trees (such as leucaena), to feed    caterpillar larvae.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D Nursery area.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E A hut for tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Diagram courtesy IFTA, Bulolo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Life Cycle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, each butterfly species has a preferred food plant for its larvae. After the female has mated she searches for the correct plant and lays her eggs on or near it. In a few days the eggs hatch, and the young caterpillars usually eat their own eggshells and begin feeding on the softer leaves and shoots of the food plant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As they grow, the caterpillars shed their skins. Each molt is called an instar, and five instars occur before a larva is big enough to pupate. Pupation is a resting stage during which the adult butterfly develops inside the hard, protective chrysalis. For pupation the larva selects the underside of a stem or leaf to protect it from rain and predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After 10 days to 3 weeks, depending on the type of butterfly, the pupal case splits open and the adult insect emerges. This usually occurs before 9 o'clock in the morning. The freshly emerged adult then takes from 3 to 4 hours to expand and dry its wings before flying off to feed on nectar and to search for a mate to begin the life cycle once again. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harvesting&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once the farm is well established, pupae can be collected daily. Ideally, about 50 percent should be left or released. At least as many females as males should be released. Pupae that are too high to reach are usually left to emerge naturally and repopulate the farm. Others are left because they are not quite perfect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The farmer can usually see that emergence will occur on the next day, since the pupa becomes darker in color as the adult wing and body colors develop. He then plucks off the stem or leaf to which the pupa is attached. (The soft, new pupae are not touched because this damages the adult.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He pins the leaf to a board or puts it in a net or in a small cage. Often these are kept inside to protect the pupae against pests and large predators. However, some farmers construct small houses out of bush materials to hold pupae ready for hatching. Others keep their pupae in the open and count on being able to collect the adults before they have flown away.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Care is taken to protect the specimens from ants and rats. For example, the legs of the cage are placed in bowls of water to deter ants from climbing up. The pupae are sprayed with water 2-3 times a week to speed up the hatching process and to prevent them from drying out. (Only a light spray is used; otherwise the pupa develop mold.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pupae are best kept in a shady place so the butterflies will remain calm after hatching and will not flap and damage their wings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Processing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the newly emerged butterfly has completely dried its wings, it is carefully caught by the thorax and injected with a small amount of a killing agent such as ethyl acetate or boiling water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small butterflies are particularly easily damaged if handled, so they are placed for about 10 minutes in a killing jar containing cotton (cotton wool) soaked with a little ethyl acetate. A layer of cardboard is placed above the cotton so that the butterflies are not stained by the solvent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The farmer places the dead butterflies in paper envelopes, being careful at all times not to touch or damage the wings. The envelopes are easily made from grease-proof paper, which the agency supplies on request.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To ensure that the butterflies will not mold, they are placed on a black plastic tray and dried in the sun, in their papers, for about 4 days. During this time they are protected from pests such as ants, and the drying trays have a screen on top to prevent the envelopes from blowing away or from being rained on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once properly dried, the insects, still in their envelopes, are stored in boxes, preferably airtight to prevent condensation and molding. When enough specimens have been collected, the villager packs them carefully in strong cardboard boxes (which the agency also supplies) with cotton or kapok. A few naphthalene crystals are added to keep away pests, and the box is wrapped and sent to Bulolo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM5_Application_to_Other_Nations&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5 Application to Other Nations</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the essence of the Papua New Guinea approach is the cultivation of food plants that the butterflies need to complete their life cycles. This is a process that could be replicated elsewhere, and the potential for butterfly farming exists in many countries. In fact, although Papua New Guinea is rich in butterfly species - some 700 of them - it is not unusually so. Other countries also have large numbers of species. There are, for instance 2,500 species known in Costa Rica.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are some 14,000 species of true butterflies in the world. Although there is possible competition, many countries have no overlap in species at all. As collectors and specialists usually want butterflies from many different parts of the world, the likely competition among countries exporting farmed or wild-caught butterflies is minimal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterflies are supplied to the trade from nearly every part of the world. But because they are most diverse in the tropics, it is likely that the best chance for success in farming them lies there. However, some temperate countries also have an abundance of particular species, and in Europe, the United States, and Japan, butterfly farming is already established on a small scale. This is mainly because many collectors like to rear their own material and they purchase eggs, caterpillars, or chrysalids instead of killed adults. Many dealers in these countries supply a few tropical species that are easy to rear, such as the orchard swallowtail (Papilio aegeus). However, this trade is generally low in volume and value, and temperate-zone butterfly farms are little more than a sideline to normal dealerships.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some general comments follow on the potential of butterfly farming in various parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Temperate regions of the Old World (Palaearctic Realm). East palaearctic species are in great demand internationally and obtainable with great difficulty. China, in particular, has species of both Parnassius and Papilio that might be farmed. However, all Parnassius species are montane to some degree and none has been farmed yet. Eurasian arctic satyrids, lesser fritillaries, and sulphurs are also in great commercial demand and could perhaps be farmed. Swallowtails are few and are frequently protected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Tropical Africa and associated islands (Afrotropical Region). The potential for butterfly farming has not yet been considered in Africa, although the diversity of desirable species is great and the potential market extensive. This area has important swallowtails and Charaxes species (Nymphalidae), but so far as is known, no farming enterprises exist. Experimental or trial farms for butterflies are needed in different parts of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asian tropics (Oriental Realm). Silk moths, such as Bombyx mori, are commercially farmed in Asia, and butterfly farming would seem to be a natural extension of this. Many Asian butterflies are supplied to dealers, especially from Taiwan and the Philippines, but there is little farming. A very large trade originates in Malaysia, especially for Rajah Brooke's birdwing (Trogonoptera brookiana). Farming is reputed to take place, but most specimens are actually collected. Desirable species of swallowtails, including the black and gold birdwings (Troides species), occur throughout the region. Species belonging to the families Nymphalidae and Pieridae are good candidates for farming, as they are in much demand from dealers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Australia, New Guinea, and associated islands to the west (Australasian Realm). Australia is not rich in butterflies, but it has some important endemic species. At least one &quot;farm&quot; exists in Australia, but this appears to be an offshoot of a normal dealership, which rears a few local species to supply at early stages to collectors. Farming is to be encouraged here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Guinea's most coveted butterflies, which it shares with Irian Jaya, are the Ornithoptera birdwings. But almost equally desired by collectors and specialists are the Troides birdwings, concentrated to the west of New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Temperate regions of the Americas (Nearctic Realm). There is a considerable trade in New World butterflies from nearly every family (few Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae), but almost all are caught in the wild. There is a strong market for far-northern species (Boloria, Colias, Erebia, Oenesis). Farming these might be possible among Canadian and Alaskan Indian or Eskimo groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Tropical regions of the Americas (Neotropical Realm). This is a likely area for the development of butterfly farming, particularly as its species are completely different from those of the tropics elsewhere. The Morpho and Agrias species of South America are much desired by collectors. It is possible that some of the highly prized morpho butterflies are already farmed (as the law, in fact, requires), but evidence is conflicting, and most biologists believe that the major supply of specimens is from wild populations. Other groups that lend themselves to farming include the swallowtails, nymphalids (including Agrias), and certain members of the family Satyridae. There are large fauna of Riodinidae and Lycaenidae that are potentially suitable for farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A dealer in preserved butterflies has recently set up business in the Dominican Republic, and butterfly farms have been established in Costa Rica.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· General. Butterflies in the family Riodinidae and, especially, Lycaenidae seem to be a neglected resource. Many species are relatively small but brightly colored. A major difficulty is that many Lycaenidae have to live with ants for part of their lives and this complicates their rearing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Parks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some regions with tourist industries are showing interest in establishing &quot;butterfly zoos&quot; or &quot;butterfly jungles.&quot; These displays have live butterflies (usually farmed or reared) in artificial habitats resembling the natural ones. Some species, such as the orchard swallowtail (Papilio aegeus), respond well to such conditions. One British dealer has a &quot;tropical jungle&quot; in an enclosed environment in which both temperature and atmospheric pressure are regulated. A large British butterfly zoo has been established and a smaller one has been proposed. The New York Zoological Society is developing a butterfly component in its Wild Asia Hall at the Bronx Zoo, and San Francisco, Portland, Cincinnati, and Tokyo all have thriving insect zoos. Also, the Colombo Zoo in Sri Lanka has a live display and a successful program of butterfly rearing. Similar enterprise could be shown in other places with tourist industries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting a Butterfly Farm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly farming is initially an ecological and botanical challenge. One must first observe, identify, and propagate the plants that the various species use for food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Success for butterfly farmers rests on their choosing commercially attractive species. Unfortunately, ecological details of the life histories of suitable species are known in only a few cases. The prospective farmer will be largely on his own and must first develop this information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the most desirable species are native to primary tropical forests, and they may need protection because of the rate at which their habitat is being destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any program to commercially exploit butterflies and other insects must either bypass the rarest, most restricted, and slowest reproducing species; farm them cautiously with a high percentage of adults released; or take them with the greatest of care. Further, there must be adequate habitat protection both in the natural state and in mixed land uses (rather than just agricultural croplands) to support the insects and furnish a continuing supply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some competition could occur if live butterflies were exported between countries and used to establish farming enterprises. In general, however, butterflies are easier to farm in their native habitats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Appendix_A&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A Selected Readings</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carvalho, J. C. M., and O. H. H. Mielke. 1972. The trade of butterfly wings in Brazil and its effect upon survival of the species. Proceedings 19th International Congress of Entomology (Moscow) 1 :486-488.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fenner, T. L. 1976. Aspects of butterfly conservation in Papua New Guinea, Pp. 121-127 in Ecology and Conservation in Papua New Guinea, K. P. Lamb and J. L. Gressitt eds. Pamphlet 2. Wau Ecology Institute, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parsons, M. n.d. Insect Farming and Trading Agency Farming Manual. Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Division of Wildlife, P.O. Box 129, Bulolo, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pyle, R. 1981. Butterflies: now you see them.... International Wildlife I I (1):4- 11.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pyle, R., M. Bentzien, and P. Opler. 1981. Insect conservation. Annual Review of Entomology 26:233-258.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pyle, R. M. and S. A. Hughes. 1978. Conservation and utilization of the insect resources of Papua New Guinea. Unpublished report, copies available from the author, see Research Contacts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Severinghaus, S. R. 1977. The butterfly industry and butterfly conservation in Taiwan. Atala 5(2):20-23.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unno, K. 1974. Taiwan's butterfly industry. Wildlife 16: 356-359.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vietmeyer, N. D. 1979. Butterfly ranching is taking wing in Papua New Guinea. Smithsonian 10(2):119-135. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Appendix_B&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix B</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Contacts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wayne Gagne, Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 6037, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96818 USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angus Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie 4570, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insect Farming and Trading Agency, P.O. Box 129, Bulolo, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea (Peter Clark, Manager; Michael Parsons, Ecologist)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Karol Kisokau, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Central Government Offices, Waigani, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navu Kwapena, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rudi Mattoni, 9620 Heather Road, Beverly Hills, California 90210, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Michael G. Morris, Chairman, Butterfly Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Furzebrook Research Station, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Wareham, Dorset BH20 5AS, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ashley C. Morton, Department of Biology, Building 44, The University, Southampton S09 5NH, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fred Parker, 717 Ross River Road, Kirwan, Queensland 4814, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert M. Pyle, Chairman, Monarch Project, Xerces Society, 369 Loop Road, Gray's River, Washington 98621, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheldon R. Severinghaus, Representative, The Asia Foundation, 42, Chien Kuo North Road, Taipei 104, Taiwan, Republic of China &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Appendix_C&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix C</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biographical Sketches of Panel Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director of the Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., is currently the Secretary-General of the International Union of Biological Sciences. He received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests are in comparative anatomy and phylogeny of flowering plants, commercial timbers, histology of monocotyledons, economic botany, and tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on tropical plants, he has published extensively in these areas and on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries. Dr. Ayensu was co-chairman of the Panel on Under exploited Tropical Plants of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, JR., is Graduate Research Professor in the Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville. As Technical Director of the Caribbean Conservation Corporation, he has directed a seasonal research program at the breeding ground of the green turtle at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, since 1952, with continuous grants from the National Science Foundation from 1955 to 1980, and has carried out investigations of marine turtle ecology and navigation in various parts of the world. The author of numerous papers, articles, and books, he received the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal of the National Academy of Sciences for Handbook of Turtles and the John Burroughs Medal for The Windward Road. He is Research Associate of the American Museum of Natural History; Affiliate Curator of Natural Sciences, Florida State Museum; Chairman of the Marine Turtle Specialist Group of the Survival Service Commission, International Union for the Conservation of Nature; Honorary Consultant of the World Wildlife Fund; Fellow of the Linnean Society of London; Fellow of the American Fisheries Society; and a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1973 he was awarded a gold medal from the World Wildlife Fund for the application of scientific findings to the conservation of marine turtles. In 1975 he received the Edward W. Browning Award for achievement in biological conservation. In 1978 Dr. Carr was awarded the Gold Medal of the New York Zoological Society for contributions to natural science and conservation; in 1978 he became Officer of the Order of the Golden Ark (The Netherlands).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING is the Director of the Florida State Museum, Gainesville. He received a B.S. in 1957 and an M.S. in 1961 from the University of Florida and a Ph.D. from 1966 from the University of Miami. His research interests are in wildlife conservation and habitat preservation, impact of international trade on wildlife populations, and ecology and behavior of reptile populations. He worked at the New York Zoological Society from 1967 to 1975. As an international wildlife consultant, Dr. King has received honors from the Dominican Republic, the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and from H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands. He has served on committees advising the State Department and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources on policies regarding the trade of crocodile skins, turtle products, and other wildlife materials. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOlS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry and Professor of Forest Genetics, Yale University, was Dean of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale from 1965 to 1975. He received a B.A. from Luxembourg College and a B.Sc.F. from the University of New Brunswick in 1950, an M.F. in ecology in 1951, and a Ph.D. in forest genetics from Yale in 1954. He is especially knowledgeable about francophone Africa and was chairman of the Sahel program of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development and a member of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation. From 1960 to 1965 he was research collaborator at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1966 he was the recipient of the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Biological Research from the Society of American Foresters and in 1975 was Distinguished Professor (Fulbright-Hays Program) in Yugoslavia. Before joining the Yale faculty, he served as project leader in forest genetics for the U.S. Forest Service in Florida. He has served as a consultant to FAO, various foreign governments, and private forestry companies, and he has traveled extensively in the tropical countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS is head of the Furzebrook Research Station of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (National Environment Research Council, U.K.). He received a B.A. in natural sciences (zoology) at the University of Cambridge of 1958, M.A. in 1962, and received his Ph.D. from London University in research on the integrated control of orchard pests. Dr. Morris worked at Monks Wood Experimental Station on the effects of grassland management on populations of invertebrates and developed a strong interest in community and applied ecology, particularly the conservation of insect populations. Recently he has become involved with problems of butterfly conservation and resource utilization. He is Secretary of the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects, a Vice-Chairman of the Lepidoptera Specialist Group of lUCN'S Survival Commission, and Chairman of the Habitat and Species Protection Committee of SEL (Societal Europaea Lepidoptero-Logica). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH L. POPENOE is Professor of Soils, Agronomy, Botany, and Geography and Director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California at Davis in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this sytem. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. He is past Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Escuela Agricola Panamericana in Honduras, Visiting Lecturer on Tropical Public Health at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Agronomy, the America Geographical Society, and the International Soils Science Society. He is Chairman of the Advisory Committee for Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT MICHAEL PYLE, a writer and consulting lepidopterist based in Gray's River, Washington, has served since 1979 as Co-Compiler of the lUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. In this capacity he is consultant to the Conservation Monitoring Centre in Cambridge, England. After receiving his B.S. and M.S. at the University of Washington, he took his Ph.D. through the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University in 1976. He worked for the Government of Papua New Guinea on the conservation and utilization of insect resources and then with the Nature Conservancy as Northwest Land Steward. A &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;former Fulbright Scholar to the United Kingdom, Dr. Pyle subsequently founded the Xerces Society for conservation of beneficial insects and their habitats. He has been chairman of IUCN'S Lepidoptera Specialist Group (Species Survival Commission) since 1976. His publications include the Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies. A comprehensive book on insect conservation in his next project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1977 in natural resources management. He has worked on various wildlife research projects in Asia since 1964 and is representative for the Asia Foundation in Taiwan. He has published articles on butterfly conservation and wildlife industries in Taiwan, where he has been studying the butterfly and wildlife farming projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, staff officer for this study, is Professional Associate of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with the Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science that are important for developing countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Advisory_Committee_on_Technolog&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (member through 1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L.GADEN,JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (member through 1982) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Board_on_Science_and_Technology&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Board on Science and Technology for International Development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAMUEL P. ASPER, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEONARD BERRY, Professor, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST J. BRISKEY, Dean, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON S. BROWN, Director, Resources Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Associate Professor, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND J. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM A. W. KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE 1. LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANICE E. PERLMAN, Executive Director, Committee for a New New York, New York City Partnership, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Assistant Dean for International Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN C. HURLEY, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL P. GREENE, Associate Director/Research Grants &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future (b17mie)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Little Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future (b18ase)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Managing Tropical Animal Resources - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (b20cre)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Water Buffalo: New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal (1984) (b21wae)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (b22bue)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°158 - July - August 1996 Dossier Communication and the media - Country report Cape Verde (ec158e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°159 - Sept- Oct 1996 Dossier Investing in People Country Reports: Mali ; Western Samoa (ec159e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°160 - Nov - Dec 1996 - Dossier Habitat - Country reports: Fiji , Tonga (ec160e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants (fb33fe)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Farming snails 2: Choosing snails; Care and harvesting; Further improvement (fb34fe)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Development in practice: Toward Gender Equality (wb34te)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215041
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215028
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,Title->TI	dc.Subject->SU	dls.Organization->ORG	dls.Keyword->KE
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,Title	dc.Subject	dls.Organization	dls.Keyword
+indexlevels	Sec	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,Title;dc.Subject;dls.Organization;dls.Keyword;->idx
+indexstem	Demo-MGPP
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	section->Sec	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	3071304
+numdocs	11
+numsections	395
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-MGPP/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future (b17mie)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017a991358d2ca61ab2c4596</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Little Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future (b18ase)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016d21c66d406c8d7c3daf8f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Managing Tropical Animal Resources - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (b20cre)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7ef9cf0c066197a1f1a0d5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Water Buffalo: New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal (1984) (b21wae)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01cf0ffe6473e722641e03d5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (b22bue)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe3aae2159b0dda6553cee4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°158 - July - August 1996 Dossier Communication and the media - Country report Cape Verde (ec158e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c7ce4e89ac65b6b45ea317</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°159 - Sept- Oct 1996 Dossier Investing in People Country Reports: Mali ; Western Samoa (ec159e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0e6674a712bbce48ed499</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°160 - Nov - Dec 1996 - Dossier Habitat - Country reports: Fiji , Tonga (ec160e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH172649484c3bb5630e9899</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants (fb33fe)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH4f7409598850236ba620b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Farming snails 2: Choosing snails; Care and harvesting; Further improvement (fb34fe)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01678cca1e4e56539bd7a23d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Development in practice: Toward Gender Equality (wb34te)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d8048ddc447444a4c729b9</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b17mie.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b17mie.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b17mie.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,7614 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b17mie/b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">834716</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b17mie/b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b17mie/b17mie.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future (b17mie)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">introduce small animals and micro-livestock in your farm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">b17mie</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215043</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">b17mie.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g001a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p9a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g002a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g003a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g004a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p24a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p39a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g005a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g006a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g007a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g008a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p81a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g009a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p96a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g010a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p112a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g011a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p117a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g012a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p129a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g013a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p138a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g014a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p149a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g015a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p159a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g016a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g017a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g018a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g019a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g020a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p203a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g021a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p210a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g022a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p219a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p227a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g023a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p236a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g024a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p243a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g025a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p252a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g026a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p260a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p265a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g027a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p274a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g028a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g029a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p292a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p293a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g030a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p301a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p309a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g031a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g032a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g033a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g034a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p323a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g035a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g036a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g037a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g038a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p349a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g039a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p357a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">g040a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Tecnology for International Development &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competence and with regard for appropriate balance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Their is president of the Institute of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report was prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Staff support was funded by the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. DAN-5538-G-SS-1023-00. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PANEL ON MICROLIVESTOCK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. PHILLIPS, Deputy Director General (Retired), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Senior Advisor to the President, African Development Bank, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BONNIE V. BEAVER, Professor of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT BENIRSCHKE, Professor of Pathology and Reproductive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROY D. CRAWFORD, Professor of Animal and Poultry Genetics, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus, University of Florida, Gainesville, and Dean Emeritus, School of Agriculture, California Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID E. DEPPNER, Director, New Forest Project, International Center, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH L. HENSON, Executive Director, American Minor Breeds Conservancy, Pittsboro, North Carolina, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. HUSS, Menard, Texas, USA (Formerly Regional Animal Production Officer, FAO, Santiago, Chile)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID R. LINCICOME, Guest Scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS E. LOVEJOY, Assistant Secretary for External Affairs, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARNE W. NORDSKOG, Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LINDA M. PANEPINTO, Director, Miniature Swine Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT J. PETERS, Professor of Animal Breeding and Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, West Germany, and Director of Research, International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. PINO, Senior Fellow, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Program in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL H. ROBINSON, Director, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSON, James B. Duke Professor of Physiology, Department of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALBERT E. SOLLOD, Associate Professor and Head, Section of International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEE M. TALBOT, Visiting Fellow, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAIR E. TERRILL, Sheep and Goat Scientist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHRISTEN M. WEMMER, Assistant Director for Conservation, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DANNY C. WHARTON, Associate Curator Animal Departments, New York Zoological Park, Bronx Zoo, The Bronx, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES A. WOODS, Professor and Curator, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS M. YUILL, Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Training, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;* * *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID), National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Microlivestock Study Director and Scientific Editor &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARK DAFFORN, Technical Writer&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH MOUZON, Senior Secretary&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN VREYENS, MUCIA Intern&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONTRIBUTORS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following individuals have made general contributions to the development of this book. All of the persons listed as research contacts in Appendix B also contributed - usually on one or two species that are their scientific specialty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ASHIQ AHMAD, Wildlife Management Specialist, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGEL C. ALCALA, Division Research, Extension and Development, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARTI AMMANN, Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PATRICK ANDAU, Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.P. ARORA, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. AYYAPPAN, CIFRI, Kausabyaganga, Bhubaneswar Orissa, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER BAKHUIS, Caribbean Marine Biological Institute, Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES R. BARBORAK, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PUSHKAR NATH BHAT, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STEVE BENNETT, Curepe, Trinidad, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. BLAND, Department of Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MELVIN BOLTON, Yeppoon, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOSEPH BONNEMAIRE, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D.S. BRANCKRAERT, Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques, Universite du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER BRAZAITIS, Herpetology, New York Zoological Society, The Bronx, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. DE LA BRETONNE, JR., Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. BRINCK, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LESLIE BROWNRIGG, CIAT, Cali, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. HOMER BUCK, Illinois Natural History Survey, Kinmundy, Illinois, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GERARDO BUDOWSKI, Natural Renewable Resources Programme, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BUTCHER, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JULIAN O. CALDECOTT, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GARY CALLIS, Texline, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. CAMOENS, Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. CHRISTOPHER CARMICHAEL, The Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. CHABRECK, School of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.M. CHAGULA, Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARAN CHANTALAKHANA, Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart  University, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER R. CHEEKE, Rabbit Research Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis,  Oregon, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.S. CHILD, Forest Resources Division, FAO, Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.S. CHOPRA, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation,  New Delhi, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Ross COCKRILL 29 Downs Park West, Bristol, England, BS6 7QH&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CRISOSTOMO CORTES, Dairy Promotion and Extension Section, Dairy Development  Division, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WYLAND CRIPE, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,  Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. BEN DAVID, Holon, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. DEVENDRA, International Development Research Centre, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODNEY DILLINGER, International Agency for Apiculture Development, Rockford,  Illinois, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DIRECTOR, Natal Parks Board, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLLANDE DUMONT, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques  Appliquees, Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.G. EHIOBU, Department of Agricultural Sciences, College of Education, Agbor,  Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD FARNER, Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle,  Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. FERGUSON, Overseas Development Administration, Eland House, London,  England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ABELARDO FERRER D., Quinta Nueva Exparta, San Bernardino, Caracas,  Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LYNWOOD A. FIEDLER, Section of International Programs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife  Service, Denver Wildlife Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. FISCHER, Tropical Science Centre, Division of Tropical Veterinary Medicine,  Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, West Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. FURTADO, Commonwealth Science Council, London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANK GOLLEY, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. GONZALES J., Instituto de Produccion Animal, Universidad Central de Venezuela,  El Limon-Maracay, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GRAHAM GOUDIE, Mainland Holdings, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALISTAIR GRAHAM, Tanglewood, Crowborough, East Sussex, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GORDON GRIGG, Zoology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.R. DE GUMAN, JR., Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COLIN P. GROVES, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian  National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. HARDOUIN, Institut de Medicine Tropicale &quot;Prince Leopold,&quot; Antwerp, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEOFFREY HAWTIN, International Development Research Centre, University of  British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GORDON HAVORD, Technical Advisory Division, UNDP, New York, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TIN HLA, Veterinary Department, Director General's Office, Rangoon, Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES HENTGES, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. HOLLANDER, Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RENE E. HONEGGER, Herpetology, Zurich Zoo, Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JACK HOWARTH, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUANG CHU-CHIEN, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGUS HUTTON, Gympie, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. JASIOROWSKI, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MUHAMMAD YAQUB JAVAID, Directorate of Fisheries, Government of the Punjab, Punjab, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MANGALARAJ JOHNSON, Nudumalai Sanctuary, Vannarpet, Udagamandalani, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MATI KAAL, Tallinn Zoo, ESSR Tallinn, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STELLAN KARLSSON, Simontorp Aquaculture AB, Blentarp, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JACKSON A. KATEGILE, International Development Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT E. KENWARD, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Furzebrook Research Station, Wareham, Dorset, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES M. KEARNEY, Miami, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.-G. KLOS Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Berlin, West Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NELS M. KONNERUP, Boom International, Stanwood, Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAVU KWAPENA, Office of Environment and Conservation, Boroko, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS E. LACHER, Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN K. LOOSLI, Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER LUTZ, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CRAIG MACFARLAND, CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE M. MCCORKLE, Department of Rural Sociology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT E. MCDOWELL, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEFFREY A. MCNEELY, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADRIAN G. MARSHALL, Institute of South-East Asian Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RICHARD R. MARSHALL, Veterinary Medicine, Sutter Hospitals Medical Research Foundation, Sacramento, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.H.G. MARTIN, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University College, Nairobi, Kenya &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IAN L. MASON, Edinburgh, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN C. MASON, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MAYO MARTIN, Fish Farming Experimental Station, Stuttgart, Arkansas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;YOLANDA MATAMOROS, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBIN MCKERGON, Livestock Development Corporation, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MGHENI, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. MONGIN, Station de Recherches Avicoles, INRA-Centre de Tours, Nouzilly, Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOSE ROBERTO DE ALENCAR MOREIRA, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Belem, Para, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.L.R. OLIVER, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WERNER PAUWELS, Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. PAYNE, Worcester, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IAN PLAYER, Wilderness Leadership School, Bellair, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES H. POWELL, JR., Plainview, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM R. PRITCHARD, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HECTOR HUGO LI PUN, International Development Research Centre, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VICENTE T. QUIRANTE, Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Project, Bureau of Animal Industry, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAN RATTNER, The Institute of Animal Research, Kibbutz Lahav, D.N. Negev, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. REDDY, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RHOEHEIT, Institute of Applied Science and Technology, University Campus, Turkeyen, Guyana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES T. ROBBINS, Department of Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARMEN MA. ROJAS G., CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.H.L. ROLLINSON, Sardinia, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JULIO E. SANCHEZ P., Museo Nacional, San Jose, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEFF SAYER, World Conservation Centre, Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. SEIFERT, Tropical Cattle Research Centre, CSIRO, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANDRES ELOY SEIJAS, Servicio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, Maracay, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. SHAH, Institute of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SIEH CHENXIA, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural College, Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.P. SINGH, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Chandra Sekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. CATIBOG SINHA, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. SMITH, Tropical Animal Health, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, Great Britain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. MITHAT EFENDI, Ankara, Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HENRY STODDARD, Shamrock Veterinary Clinic and Fisheries, Cross City, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUKUT SULARSASA, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjalu Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. SUTTON, Agricultural Research and Education Center, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NICHOLAS SMYTHE, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. SZUMIEC, Polish Academy of Sciences, Experimental Fish Culture Station, Chybie, Poland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. TABUNAKAWAI, Ministry of Primary Industries, Suva, Fiji&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANK M. THOMPSON, Wild Animal Brokers, Bradenton, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALLEN D. TILLMAN, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DON TULLOCH, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONRADO A. VALDEZ, Dairy Development Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LUIS VARONA, Havana, Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PRAN VOHRA, Department of Avian Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTOON DE VOS Whitford, Auckland, New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GRAHAME WEBB, Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAGMAR WERNER, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GARY WETTERBERG, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES H. WHARTON, Clayton, Georgia, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.W. BERT WHEELER, College Station, Texas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROMULUS WHITAKER, Madras Crocodile Bank, Perur, Tamil Nadu, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILDLIFE CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL, New York Zoological Society, The Bronx, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.R. YEO, USDA-ARS, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BRUCE A. YOUNG, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHAROON YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm and Zoo, Samutprakan, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS M. YUILL School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. ZEILLER, Miami Seaquarium, Miami, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The purpose of this report is to raise awareness of the potential of small livestock species and to stimulate their introduction into animal research and economic development programs. It is geared particularly towards benefiting developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Microlivestock&quot; is a term we have coined for species that are inherently small, such as rabbits and poultry, as well as for breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs that are less than about half the size of the most common breeds. These miniature animals are seldom considered in the broad picture of livestock development, but they seem to have a promising future. Wherever land is scarce it seems reasonable to assume that, things being equal, small animals would be more attractive than large ones. And land for livestock is becoming increasingly scarce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this report we have emphasized multipurpose species with promise for small  holders. In some species, the promise is immediate; in others, it is long term, and much research must be undertaken before that promise can be realized or even understood.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We have included wild species that seem to have potential as future livestock. Some are threatened with extinction but are described here because their economic merits may be the key to acquiring support for their protection. Also we have highlighted rare breeds of domesticated species because the current tendency has been to concentrate on a small number of large breeds, and many potentially valuable breeds are becoming extinct through neglect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The book was prepared after an intensive survey of more than 300 animal scientists in 80 countries. They suggested more than 150 species for inclusion. The staff then drafted chapters on about 40 species and these drafts were reviewed by more than 400 researchers worldwide. The thousands of resulting comments, corrections, and additions were integrated into the drafts. The panel then met to review the product, to select the most promising species, and to rework the chapters based on their own experiences and joint conclusions. The result is the current 35 chapters. Most of the case studies and accounts of innovations highlighted in the various sidebars were developed by the staff study director. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collectively, this study covers many species, but it by no means exhausts all the microlivestock possibilities. Lack of space and time precludes discussion of creatures such as edible insects, snails, worms, turtles, and bats, which in some regions are highly regarded foods. Similarly, we have not included aquatic life. These decisions were arbitrary; perhaps invertebrates and aquatic species can be included in future volumes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report is addressed to government administrators, technical assistance personnel, and researchers in agriculture, nutrition, and related disciplines who are concerned with helping developing countries achieve a more efficient and balanced exploitation of their biological resources. Hence, we deal with the animals in a general way and do not cover details of biology, husbandry, or economics. A selection of readings that contains such technical information is cited in Appendix A.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further goal of this project has been to explore the common ground between the disparate arms of animal science: to show that specialists in wildlife, zoology, and livestock science have much to learn from one another's field of expertise; to show that &quot;fanciers&quot; of pigeons, pheasants, chinchillas, iguanas, and other species may have much to offer livestock breeders - including germplasm; and that those who raise &quot;obsolete&quot; breeds are not only playing a vital role in the protection of rare genes but can offer the benefit of their experience to commercial livestock producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout this report, the scientific names of mammals follow those in: Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 1982. J.H. Honacki, K.E. Kinman, and J.W. Koeppl, editors. Published by Allen Press, Inc.; and the Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. All dollar figures are in U.S. dollars; all ton figures are in metric tons.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been produced under the auspices of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council. ACTI was mandated to assess innovative scientific and technological advances, with particular emphasis on those appropriate for developing countries. In this spirit, therefore, the current report includes some extremely unusual species. Whether these will eventually prove practical for widespread use is uncertain, but we present them here for researchers and others who look forward to challenges and enjoy the satisfaction of successful pioneering. The domestication of new poultry, as well as the management of rodents, iguanas, and small deer and antelope, should be viewed in this spirit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Current titles in the ACTI series on managing tropical animal resources are: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The production of these books has been supported largely by the Office of the Science Advisor of the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), which also made this report possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WARNING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If misunderstood, this book is potentially dangerous. Because of the severity of the food crisis, the panel has selected some animals - mainly in the rodent section - that are highly adaptable and grow quickly. These seem appropriate for raising only in areas where they already exist, which are clearly identified in those chapters. Such potentially invasive animals should not be introduced to other environments because they could become serious pests. In any trials, local species should always be given priority.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How to cite this report:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council. 1991. Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cover Design by David Bennett &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the developing countries, there are over 100 million farms of less than five hectares, supporting about 700 million people, who represent about 17 percent of the world population. Even more significant is the fact that about 50 million farms have less than one hectare of land. C. Devendra and Marcia Burns Goat Production in the Tropics We may now be in the wind down stage of bigger is better animal selection trend and it has certainly been a wild ride.... the lesson now being learned is that the bigger breeding animals . . . cost more to maintain, are often slower to reproduce, and may even have a shorter lifespan.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kelly Klober&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small Farmer's Journal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g001a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like computers, livestock for use in developing countries should be getting smaller and becoming more &quot;personal.&quot; Conventional &quot;mainframes,&quot; such as cattle, are too large for the world's poorest people; they require too much space and expense. &quot;Miniframes,&quot; such as the conventional breeds of sheep and goats, have an increasingly important role to play. But tiny, &quot;user-friendly&quot; species for home use are the ones highlighted in this report. We have called them &quot;microlivestock.&quot;'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two types of microlivestock. One consists of extremely small forms of conventional livestock - such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. The other consists of species that are inherently smallâ poultry, rabbits, and rodents, for instance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock are important because the developing world's animal production is only a fraction of what it should be. Throughout Latin America, Asia, and Africa, the poor eat almost no meat, milk, or eggs - the most nutritious foods. It is estimated, for example, that in Mexico 25 million campesinos cannot afford meat. In poor countries, even the middle class eats less meat in a year than the populations of North America and Europe eat in a month. Malnutrition is common and its effects, especially on children, can be debilitating. It is one of mankind's most serious imbalances - and most pressing problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural families in the Third World usually subsist mainly on the products from their homes or farms. Thus, if we are to help their livestock production, more attention must be given to animals that are sized for their situations. Examples discussed in the report are summarized here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microbreeds Small breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs are common in the developing world. Because they are often raised for subsistence rather than for commerce, the national and global contribution that they make is often overlooked. These small, hardy animals deserve much greater recognition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Later chapters highlight dozens of promising microbreeds. All are less than half average size; some are far smaller than that. The &quot;miniBrahman&quot; cow of Mexico is only 60 cm tall and weighs 140 kg; the southern Sudan dwarf sheep of eastern Africa can weigh as little as 11 kg; the Terai goat of Nepal weighs less than 12 kg; and the cuing pig of Mexico weighs merely 10 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry The widespread use of poultry in Third World villages demonstrates the importance of small, easily managed, household livestock. Small size, the ability to forage for themselves, and a natural desire to stay around the house put chickens, ducks, guinea fowl, and other birds among the most vital resources of rural Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Scratching a living out of the dirt, dust, ditches, and debris, these often-scrawny creatures are a resource to be taken seriously. For the most poverty stricken, a bony bird may be the only source of meat during much of a lifetime. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among poultry, there are many underrated, but highly promising, species, including:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Pigeon. These birds forage widely but return home, thereby providing the farmers with squab, one of the tastiest of all meats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Quail. Small and efficient, they, too, are suited to home rearing, and in Japan and a few other countries, large numbers are raised commercially in very small space. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Muscovy. A native of South American rainforests, this bird is a major poultry resource of France, Taiwan, and a few other countries. Tame, tolerant, and tough, it deserves greater recognition everywhere. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Guinea Fowl. One of the most self-reliant of all domestic birds, this native of Africa is raised in huge numbers in Europe - notably France. Its potential for increased production elsewhere is exceptional. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Turkey. The traditional turkey of Mexico still exists as a scavenger bird in villages and household backyards. Unlike the highly selected modern breeds, it is self-reliant, robust, and disease-resistant. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits Like chickens, rabbits exemplify the vast possibilities that microlivestock offer for increasing meat production in the most poverty-stricken parts of the world. Captive rabbits have been popular as food at least since the time of the Romans. Rabbit rearing has been well established in Europe and China, and now national rabbit projects have begun in many developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents Some 7,000 years ago, guinea pigs were domesticated as a source of food for the high Andes; even today in the uplands of Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador, most Indians raise them inside their homes and regard them as an essential part of life. For many Indians, these indoor livestock are the main source of meat. Prolific, tractable, and easy to feed, house, and handle, guinea pigs are even kept in downtown apartment buildings - often in boxes under the bed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other rodents might also be suited to domestication; for instance, the potentially tamable, clean-living species of South American fields and woodlands - agouti, capybara, hutia, mare, coypu, pace, and vizcacha. Two remarkable domestication programs have been started in Africa: the grasscutter in West Africa and the giant rat in Nigeria. Both animals provide popular &quot;bushmeat&quot; and researchers are now learning to raise them in captivity. (Because of its tangy taste, Ghanaians actually pay three times more for grasscutter meat than for beef!)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antelope Another wild African mammal with potential for &quot;household animal husbandry,&quot; the blue duiker, is a rabbit-sized antelope. In some areas of Central and Southern Africa the demand is so great that its population is declining at an alarming rate. Duiker rearing, if it can be made successful, might provide both food and an economic alternative to slaughtering the wild populations. It is reported that duikers are easy to maintain and they reproduce well in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat of several other tiny antelope species is also much sought in many African countries, and these animals are also suitably sized to feed the average family at one meal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer Several species of tiny deer - smaller than many dogs - might make useful microlivestock, although much research is needed before their true potential can be judged. Normal-sized deer were once considered too easily frightened to be reared as domestic livestock, but several species are now raised on thousands of deer farms in New Zealand as well as in at least a dozen other countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer and musk deer (which, strictly speaking, are not true deer at all) are of microlivestock size and are also possible future livestock. The musk deer produces one of the most valuable materials in the animal kingdom - more valuable, in fact, than gold. The musk from the male's glands is used in oriental medicines as well as in European perfumes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguanas Over much of the Caribbean and Latin America, iguanas are a traditional source of food. Indeed, the meat of these large herbivorous lizards is so delicious they are being hunted to extinction throughout their wide range. Their eggs are much enjoyed also. Programs in Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Curacao, and Argentina have developed simple methods to hatch and rear three iguana species. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bees Honey bees are present almost everywhere, and honey and wax are high-value products that demand little processing and can be stored and transported easily. Innovations in equipment and technique have made beekeeping successful in the tropics without requiring sophisticated hives or elaborate training. Raising bees can also benefit the many crops that require pollination.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE MICROLIVESTOCK ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although animal science has traditionally emphasized bigness, smallness has its advantages. Some of these are summarized below.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock lend themselves to economic niches that are not easily filled by large livestock. Much of their potential is for subsistence production. They are promising for the many peasants who, being outside the cash economy, are now unable to purchase meat, milk, cheese, or eggs. These people can afford only animals that can be raised within the home or backyard under ambient climatic conditions and on feeds that are cheap and easily available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A subsistence farmer is likely to benefit more from small species than from large because of several factors:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The animals are less expensive to buy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They are less of a financial risk to maintain. (A farmer with several small animals is less vulnerable to loss than a farmer with a single large animal, a feature that is particularly important in subsistence farming where success determines whether the family will survive.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They give a faster return on investment. (Small size generally signifies high reproductive capacity and a fast turnover.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They provide flexibility. (Farmers can more easily change the size of their herd or flock to match the amount of feed available at a given time. Also, they can sell animals according to the family's fluctuating needs for cash or food.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They provide a steadier source of income.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They increase the chances of successful breeding because greater numbers are usually kept. (This also means that breeding stock is more likely to be retained in times of scarcity.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- They are more easily transported. (Who hasn't traveled in a Third World bus or train without chickens, ducks, or guinea pigs as fellow passengers?)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- In some cases they are more efficient converters of food energy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are also a number of other benefits to small species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reduced Spoilage. A portion of meat that comes in a &quot;package&quot; of a size that can be readily consumed by a family is important in areas where refrigeration is unavailable or uneconomic. A family can eat the meat produced by most microlivestock in one meal or in one day to minimize the risk of spoilage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Efficient Use of Space. The space required for handling and feeding microlivestock is proportionately less than that required for large animals. Low space requirements make many microlivestock (such as guinea pigs, rabbits, pigeons, and quail) available to landless rural inhabitants who have no room for a cow. This is particularly important with respect to feed production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Cheaper Facilities. Facilities and equipment required for microlivestock are, by and large, smaller and simpler than those required for large animals. They often can be made from local products or scrap material or both.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Ease of Management. Farmers and villagers can manage small animals more easily than large, which is an advantage in the many places where women and children are the main keepers of livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Increased Productivity. Small animals tend to fit well into existing farming systems, thereby expanding the resource base and recycling nutrients. Some - for example bees, ducks, and geese - can feed themselves by scavenging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- By-Products. Many species have fur, feathers, skins, and other by-products that are often more valuable than their meat, milk, or eggs. Examples include the feet and tails of rabbits, musk from musk deer, and pelts from rodents such as coypu. Processing such byproducts creates diversification for the farmer and perhaps jobs for the village.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RATIONALE FOR LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many have argued that livestock raising should be discouraged, that it is a primary cause of desertification through overgrazing and that it is an inefficient converter of basic material and energy into human food. &quot;Grow more pulses, grow more grains,&quot; these people cry. Their arguments can be valid where the land has high potential for permanent cultivation. Much of the world's surface, however, does not fit into that category, and it is in these areas and for those people who have no access to arable lands that a convincing case for livestock can most easily tee mace. As W.J.A. Payne has written:*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Livestock, particularly ruminants, can process forage and waste crop materials inedible by man into nutritionally desirable food products, many of high protein, mineral and vitamin content and including some of high caloric value. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Approximately 40 percent of total land available in developing countries can be used only for some form of forage production and a further 30 percent is classified as forest with some potential for the production of forage. Some 12 percent of the world's total population live in areas where people depend almost entirely on the products obtained from ruminant livestock. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Livestock provide a range of extremely valuable by-products. Dung is not only a fertilizer and soil-stabilizer but also a fuel of often considerably greater value than the fodder consumed in its production. Other byproducts, especially hides and wool form the bases of rural enterprises that may provide significant incomes to the poorest members of society. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Animal plant and human life are ecologically interdependent. The establishment of agricultural systems in which livestock are integrated with crops, forestry and aquaculture is essential for the improvement of overall productivity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock produce food that adds to the nutritional quality and variety of human diets. Although it is possible for humans to exist without them, these foods are relished and sought after by the majority of humanity. These foods include meat, eggs and processed products such as biltong and cheese. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general, small species tend to expand the food base by using a wider array of resources than do major livestock such as cattle. Many can be raised on feeds that people discard: fibrous residues, industry by-products, or kitchen wastes. Some collect minute feeds that otherwise go unused. For example, chickens and pigeons gather scattered seeds, turkeys gobble up insects, geese graze water weeds, iguanas feed in the tops of trees, and bees collect nectar and pollen from flowers that may be miles away.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even some grazing microlivestock prefer different forages from those preferred by cattle. Antelope and deer, for instance, browse tree leaves; capybara and grasscutters eat reeds. Combining microlivestock with conventional livestock results in a more complete utilization of forage resources and greater animal production per hectare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under conditions of abundance, small size may be of no advantage in mammals, but if feed is limited, it is of great help. A small animal (or its keeper) needs to cover less area to fulfill its daily requirements, so that microlivestock may grow fat in areas where the forage is too sparse to support a larger animal. This is particularly vital when there are seasonal bottlenecks. For example, feed may be plentiful enough for most of the year to supply many large animals; however, the dry season may greatly restrict the numbers that can be kept.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although small animals generally require proportionately higher inputs of feed, they also grow proportionately faster (see sidebar opposite). In addition, species such as rabbits, guinea pigs, and grasscutters digest fibrous matter with surprising efficiency, even though they are not true ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many small animals have high reproductive capacity with short gestation periods, large numbers of offspring, and rapid juvenile growth. They tend to reach sexual maturity at a younger age than large animals, and the interval between the generations can be very short. Thus, meat or other products can be produced more rapidly and more evenly throughout the year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cows, for example, produce a maximum of one calf per year. A pig, on the other hand, may produce 7 or more young; a rabbit, 30 or more; a chicken, more than 100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adaptability and Hardiness&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The survival rates and manageability of many small breeds and species can be outstanding. Smallness is often an adaptation to harsh environment. Indeed, a major promise for microlivestock is in special environmental niches. Where cold, heat, temperature fluctuations, aridity, or humidity are extreme, microlivestock are likely to show their greatest advantage. Chickens, guinea fowl, goats, and many other small species already live in villages, homes, and backyards in harsh and disease-prone climates, and are usually given no care and sometimes no food: they have to scavenge for their sustenance and survive as best they can. Such selection pressures result in animals of remarkable adaptability, tolerance, and robustness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microlivestock can produce under conditions where conventional species die. The capybara, for instance, is at home in the Latin American lowlands, where the climate is hot and humid and floods cause seasonal inundations. Cattle, by contrast, die because of malnutrition, foot rot, or drowning. Other microlivestock species with a wide tolerance to ecological extremes include the turkey, pigeon, and bee. And some dwarf breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs show surprising tolerance to trypanosomes, the parasites that make conventional breeds impossible to maintain throughout much of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some small species can be raised in cities, where poverty and malnutrition are often worse than in rural areas. It is estimated, for instance, that one million livestock exist in Cairo, not counting the pigeons that are raised on countless rooftops. Goats and cattle are common in urban India, and many Third World cities have far more chickens than people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p9a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Food utilization versus body size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICROLIVESTOCK LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raising microlivestock is not a panacea for the Third World's food problems. Efforts to develop them will not be without difficulties. Some likely problems are noted here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High Energy Requirements&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smaller animals tend to have a higher feed requirement per unit of body weight than large animals. Anatomical and physiological constraints prevent them from meeting their relatively high energy requirements simply by increasing the rate of food ingestion. Therefore, for optimum production, some small animals, particularly nonruminants, require feed that is higher in protein and lower in fiber than large animals. This is particularly true when the small animals are compared with ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increased Labor Requirements&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The advantages of low investment, fast return on capital, flexibility, and efficient resource utilization are offset by higher demands for labor. Keeping small animals often requires considerable effort, and its economic viability may depend on the availability of cheap and willing labor. Many small animals are raised at home by family members, such as children, the elderly, and the handicapped, who have time available and whose labor costs are nominally zero.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diseases&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some potential microlivestock are undomesticated, and resistance to diseases and parasites is one justification for their consideration. However, the general healthiness of a species when it is free-ranging can be a misleading guide for its husbandry. Confining any animal in high density invariably increases the potential for the spread of infectious diseases and parasites. Moreover, mismanagement can foster respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases (such as salmonella or coccidiosis) that are rare among scattered populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microlivestock are potential reservoirs for diseases that affect not only local animals but people as well. This may limit their successful development in some areas. Although the dangers are often exaggerated, controls may be needed, particularly of rinderpest, tickborne diseases, and those diseases communicable to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Predation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small size makes microlivestock easy prey.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Techniques to manage some microlivestock species are not yet well established. The development of appropriate husbandry techniques, as well as a better understanding of the animals' particular biological and behavioral characteristics, will be needed before major progress can be made. These species (for instance rodents, deer, and iguanas) may require collection of different genotypes, as well as studies of diseases, nutrition, and management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Complex Logistics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is complicated and expensive to reach millions of widely scattered peasants, each having only a handful of small animals. Even though total production may far exceed that of commercial farms raising large animals, the smallholdings are often dispersed, their animals are often used for subsistence rather than commerce, and their managers are often ill-trained and illiterate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legislative Restrictions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The use of some microlivestock species may be restricted by legislation. For instance, some countries have meat and veterinary laws that work against the development of species other than cattle. Others have laws to protect wildlife, which could be important in the case of species such as antelope, deer, pace, and iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of Markets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock need not be just for home or local consumption; they can also be raised for market. But some commercial programs, including some with rabbits and guinea pigs, have failed because no public demand was developed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resistance to New Species&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People have close associations with livestock, and in most cultures they do not easily accept animals or animal foods that are radically different from their traditional ones. In general, the ties between certain ethnic groups and a particular species or breed is very strong (one reason, for example, why European colonists introduced their own large breeds of cattle and sheep to Africa and Asia, paying little attention to small indigenous breeds). Moreover, people who are used to bringing the animal to the feed rather than the feed to the animal may resist a small animal that has to be penned up and fed by hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Opposition to Smallness&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, there seems to be an innate human trait that considers bigger to be better, especially among the common livestock. For example, because many tropical cattle are small, there is strong inclination on the part of those responsible for livestock improvement to dismiss them or to increase their size by crossing them with large breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FUTURE OF MICROLIVESTOCK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small animals are likely to become increasingly important. As human populations increase, the space available for growing forage decreases, and this phenomenon favors small animals. Many villagers already have little or no pastureland. Some live in areas (the rice-growing areas of Southeast Asia, for instance) where crops are grown on almost every square meter almost every month of the year. Microlivestock are potentially important for urban areas of developing countries as well. There, too, land is at a premium and is usually inadequate for raising conventional livestock. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, however, microlivestock have been largely ignored. Compared with cattle, they have been accorded little scientific effort. In the drive towards larger animals, stimulated by experience in the temperate zone, the virtually unstudied gene pool of small species and breeds has been mostly bypassed. There have been few attempts to assess or improve their farm productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is unfortunate, and it is perhaps due to the fact that small animals may be less efficient at digesting certain foods and therefore technically less attractive than large, &quot;modern&quot; breeds. But to Third World peasants, an animal's efficiency is far less important than its survivability and manageability. If an animal cannot be raised under village conditions, its feed-use efficiency or milk yield is irrelevant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microlivestock production should be integrated into most ruraldevelopment projects. Small animals offer a way to improve the lives of people who are hard to reach by other methods. Only by expanding research on the husbandry, hygiene, nutrition, reproduction, physiology, and breeding can the promise of animals sized for small farms and villages be fulfilled. Moreover, the costs will be small compared with those of programs for large animals.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Specifically, experiment stations should produce and promote methods and materials for use in rearing microlivestock. Donors and development institutions, planners, and policymakers should note the potentials of microlivestock and the benefits that can be derived from them. Teaching manuals and materials are needed, and classes in microlivestock husbandry should be included in rural school curricula.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raising personal livestock on weeds and table scraps in cages beside the house or boxes under the bed will, in many instances, get quality protein to the most poverty stricken more effectively than raising large livestock on pastures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although small size confers many advantages, the question is not whether the large or small animal is &quot;best,&quot; but rather how well each can meet a person's varying requirements. In a given situation, livestock can be too small or too large. But the fact remains that not everyone who wants meat or money has the resources to acquire, keep, manage, or utilize a large animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key is balance. Both microlivestock and traditional livestock deserve serious attention. Indeed, it seems likely that the two will seldom compete. Most microlivestock complement traditional livestock because of unique physical, physiological, behavioral, or economic characteristics. They increase the range of options for the millions of poor for whom the choice may not even be between large and small livestock, but between microlivestock and no livestock at all. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It's an unfortunate fact that small animals don't have the prestige among Third World farmers that large animals do (perhaps this arose because children can look after goats and sheep but it takes men to look after cattle). Even sheep and goats are not accorded the same stature as cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hugh Popenoe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeds and varieties were created from mutant genes and thus haste become living reservoirs of these genes, holding them for use in future generations of mankind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g002a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part I : Microbreeds</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g003a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs supply millions of people around the world with the bulk of their cash and animal products. Yet scores of breeds - especially in the tropics - are left out of livestock development projects merely because they are considered too small. These &quot;microbreeds&quot;' have sometimes been considered genetic dead ends because they appear undersized and puny. Many of these traditional animals - some in local use for thousands of years - are disappearing, and even the small ancestors of large modern breeds are becoming extinct.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These small breeds deserve to be studied and developed in their own right. Throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America, these usually hardy animals are especially adapted to traditional husbandry practices and harsh local conditions. Some have remarkable qualities and are well adapted to resist hostile weather, ravaging pestilence, and poor diets. In remote places and in areas of extreme climate, they are often vitally important for basic subsistence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, because of stress or disease, or insufficient forage, land, or money, microbreeds may be the only practical livestock in many settings. Their individual output may be low, but it can be efficient considering the lack of care and poor feeds they are given. Their availability and the growing number of small-sized farms in the developing world make them increasingly worthy of consideration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following chapters in this section describe microcattle, microgoats, microsheep, and micropigs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Microcattle</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g004a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the purposes of this report, &quot;microcattle&quot; are considered to be small breeds of cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) with a mature weight of about 300 kg or less. In many areas of the developing world, these are actually the animals most widely held by farmers and pastoralists. They are often treasured because of their resilience and simple requirements. Many survive and produce under harsh conditions, grow rapidly, calve easily, show good maternal ability, yield lean meat, or have other advantages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle have generally been ignored in the push towards larger animals, but they seem inherently suitable for traditional and small-farm husbandry. As rural people in developing countries improve their own productivity, as they become more aware of nutritional needs, and as they depend more upon cash economies, microcattle could become vital means for improving personal, dietary, and economic status.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle have been classified in many ways, but they are generally designated as humped or humpless types. However, clear distinctions among them are sometimes difficult or impossible to make because they have intermingled for thousands of years. Representative microcattle types are listed at the end of the chapter. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than two-thirds of the world's 1.3 billion cattle are found in the developing world; one-third is in the tropics. As noted, a considerable number of these could be called &quot;microcattle.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many strains of microcattle are threatened with extinction because of replacement or crossbreeding with larger types. This is in some respects shortsighted because promoting just a few breeds contributes to narrowing of the genetic base, and valuable traits may be lost when selection is done to conform to any preconceived standard, including large size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle are adapted to a wide variety of habitats. Many types thrive - even with little or no attention - in climates that are hot, humid, arid, or beset by diseases and parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle are ruminants and digest fiber well, although they are selective foragers and prefer tender grasses and low-growing legumes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with other tropical cattle, microbreeds generally reach physical and sexual maturity in 2 or 3 years. Many can breed year-round when conditions are favorable (gestation lasts about 9 months). Cows may remain fertile 10 years or more, and can live more than 20 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle usually graze from as few as four hours to as many as eight hours a day. If feed is of poor quality, they must forage (and ruminate) longer to receive adequate nutrition. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle are commonly docile and undemanding animals, and many small breeds are surprisingly responsive to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like conventional breeds, microcattle produce the same well-known products: meat, milk, manure, hides, horn, blood, and bone. They are also used for traction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small cattle often produce only modest amounts of milk and meat per animal. However, given higher stocking rates, a herd of microcattle is often able to outyield larger, genetically improved animals on a per hectare basis, especially under stressful conditions. When their ability to survive adversity and poor management is taken into account, they may often be far and away the most efficient cattle for traditional husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surprisingly, there is a place even for small draft animals. They tend to be active, thrifty (efficient), and more maneuverable in tight spaces, and so are adapted for use in the small fields, terraces, and paddies that are becoming increasingly common. The small hill cattle of Nepal, for instance, are valued because they can negotiate steep slopes and narrow terraces on Himalayan mountainsides. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle are handled like their larger counterparts, but herding, tethering, fencing, and hobbling are generally easier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle are familiar animals that are accepted in nearly all cultures; their meat, milk, manure, and leather are in demand almost everywhere. In many societies, beef is preferred over other meats, even by those who can rarely afford it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas, organized breeding, production, and marketing associations are already in place. Microcattle can also integrate well into traditional forms of husbandry, whether in pastoral herds of hundreds or as solitary backyard milk cows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under humid and hot conditions, microcattle probably suffer less than larger breeds because their greater ratio of skin area to body mass enhances their ability to shed heat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of cattle that can be kept on a given parcel of land may be increased, sometimes even doubled, with smaller animals. Microcattle can also be penned and fed cut-and-carry forage more easily than can larger cattle, and more of them can be maintained on the same amount of feed. This permits more continuous production and less financial hardship when an animal perishes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small cattle may require less labor because they are generally easier to handle, herd, confine, and transport. They usually have few problems with calving, and as a rule require little or no assistance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microcattle have unusual tolerances to disease. In Africa, for instance, there are breeds that tolerate or resist trypanosomiasis, a parasitic disease that makes large areas of that continent uninhabitable for most other cattle breeds. Others seem more tolerant of internal or external parasites, theileriosis (east coast fever), rinderpest, or other afflictions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle often lack the prestige of larger breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When given quality forage and supplemental feeding, small unimproved cattle may not match the overall productivity of the large, highly developed breeds. Their greatest potential may prove to be for traditional husbandry and for grazing marginal areas where survival is more important than feed efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BONSAI BRAHMAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mexico, researchers are deliberately creating microcattle. Since 1970, Juan Manuel Berruecos Villalobos, former director of the Veterinary Medicine school at the National Autonomous University, has directed this enterprise. He and his colleagues have miniaturized cows by selecting the smallest specimens out of a herd of normal-sized Brahman cattle and breeding them with one another. After five generations, adult females average 15-180 kg adult males 20-220 kg. A few of the smallest cows are now only 60 cm tall and 140 kg in weight. Merely one-fifth of normal weight, they are shorter than the turkeys that share the barnyard with them. Indeed, they even get lost in the grassy pastures so that the farmers cannot see them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This program seems to have yielded a productive animal that can be cheaply and easily maintained in a small space. Berruecos has demonstrated that the tiny cows can be stocked on one-third the area needed to support one normal-sized cow. He reports that they are giving remarkable amounts of milk: up to four lifers a day, compared with six lifers from their full-sized counterparts. On a feed-intake to weight-gain basis, the tiny cattle are no less efficient than their normal-sized counterparts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although 17 years have gone into the selection of what Berruecos calls his &quot;bonsai cattle,&quot; the process is not yet finished. Future goals include testing embryo transplants to see if one normal-sized cow can support multiple &quot;microfetuses&quot; (possibly as many as eight). This would help to rapidly increase the numbers of the miniature form, which weigh merely 4-5 kg at birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All in all, the Mexican researchers see miniaturization as a new option for governments and farmers increasingly squeezed by shrinking farm land and rising production costs. Small livestock they say, are a way to produce more food on less land faster. For example, a campesino with almost no land can have one or two bonsais, but could never maintain a standard-sized cow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their adaptability and robustness make microcattle worthy of preservation, study, and greater use, and they should be incorporated into many ongoing programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selective breeding, although infrequently attempted, can probably improve productivity significantly. Records of breed history should be established, and unusual or special characteristics noted and the information disseminated. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p24a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Original distribution of wild cattle and banteng (Based on Mason , 1984)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In areas where small, indigenous breeds are being replaced, representative populations should be maintained and studied to increase understanding of their adaptive diversity and to retain a genetic storehouse for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROCATTLE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dwarf West African Shorthorn&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African coastal forests, and inland. Female 125 kg; male 150 kg. Adaptation to harsh, humid climates and good resistance to trypanosomiasis and other diseases allow these small animals to exist where other cattle die. They are perhaps the smallest cattle of all (often weighing less than 100 kg). In the areas of worst disease and highest rainfall, this hardy animal is often found thriving, but half wild. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muturu Nigeria. Female 160 kg; male 210 kg. This notable subtype is slightly larger. It is the most trypanotolerant of all cattle, showing no symptoms or loss of vitality. It is widely kept, mostly as a village scavenger and often as a pet, and yields a high percentage of meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N'Dama&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West Africa. 200-400 kg. These active, stocky animals utilize low-quality forage, produce good beef, and are used as light draft oxen. Milk production, though poor, improves with feeding level. N'Dama mature early and are exceptionally fertile, and they have already become important in breeding programs. They are resistant to trypanosomiasis, and can exist where temperatures average 30Ã C with 1,500 mm annual rainfall. In the least hospitable areas, N'Damas ranging down to 200 kg are often the only cattle that can remain productive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodope&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southeastern Europe. Female 200 kg; male 350 kg. A humpless multipurpose breed - draft, milk, and beef - that is exceptionally hardy. The milk is high in butterfat. Possibly adaptable to the subtropics. It is rapidly being lost to crossbreeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zebu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zebus are among the most important tropical domestic animals. However, the dwarfs are not well known, although in many areas they are preferred, especially as draft animals. Zebus use less water, even though their sweat glands are larger and more numerous than those of most other cattle. All have a low basal metabolism and resist heat well. In general, they also have high resistance to ticks and other parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan Black Taiwan. Female 250 kg; male 250 kg. Well adapted to poor tropical conditions, these work animals are also used for meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kedah-Kelantan Malaysia. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. Hardy, well adapted cattle with exceptional fertility on a poor diet, both sexes are used as draft animals as well as sources of meat and cash. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sinhala (Dwarf Zebu) Sri Lanka. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. An ancient type of zebu, preferred for its handiness in cultivating small paddies and terraced fields. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nuba Dwarf Sudan. 180-220 kg. These work animals are well proportioned but are not slaughtered for meat, and milk production is low. Although tolerant to trypanosomiasis, their numbers have dwindled because of crossbreeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small Zebu Somalia. 160-230 kg. These small native cattle are used for beef, milk, and for work. They are well adapted to poor feed in a desolate environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abyssinian Shorthorn Zebu (Showa) Central highlands of Ethiopia. Female 225 kg; male 305 kg. These widespread, small-humped cattle are very hardy. They produce beef and are generally milked, with surplus production about 2-4 kg daily. Resistant to many parasites, they also have a gentle disposition and make good work animals. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dwarf Zebu (Mongalla) Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. Female 150 kg; male 250 kg. A highly variable, long-entrenched, small, East-African zebu with some nonzebu blood. Pastoralists favor it because of its hardiness. Although slow-maturing, it is well-fleshed, can yield excellent beef, and some types are milked. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mashona Zimbabwe. Female 200 kg; male 250 kg. This hardy zebusanga type (see below) is widespread in drier areas and has a high resistance to disease and parasites. Since the 1940s, it has been bred for beef production and selected animals now weigh more than 500 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mini-Brahman Mexico. 135 kg. Downsized from 450-kg Brazilian zebus through selective breeding by Mexican researchers, these gentle animals are reported to yield two-thirds as much milk (3-4 liters daily) as the parent stock. Because of much higher stocking rates on grass, production per hectare is reportedly greater than with full-sized animals (see sidebar, page 22). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central and South America. Descendants of Spanish and Portuguese  cattle imported over 400 years ago, &quot;criollo&quot; cattle have adapted to a  wide range of harsh climates. Many varieties are small: mature females  often weigh 200-300 kg or less. They sometimes produce little beef or  milk under traditional conditions and management, but they are  extremely hardy and survive when other cattle perish. Through  importation and crossbreeding, many local types have been lost or are  threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chinampo Baja California, Mexico. 200-350 kg. Extremely tolerant of  wild desert conditions, these docile criollo cattle exist largely on scrub  and cactus. They get most of their water from succulent plants, have a  low metabolic rate and body temperature, and are mostly active at night. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Florida Scrub Florida, USA. 225-300 kg. Genetically isolated for more  than 300 years, the Florida Scrub is very hardy in harsh, subtropical  conditions. It has good resistance to ticks and screwworm, and can  subsist on forage with a high roughage content. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sanga&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This type - an ancient cross between longhorns or shorthorns and  humped animals - is found throughout eastern and southern Africa. It  weighs from 150 to 500 kg or more. Some types have been selectively  bred or crossed with European cattle and are quite productive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bavenda Transvaal, South Africa. 240-290 kg. This hardy and  disease tolerant tropical variety is small and prolific. It is generally used  for draft, barter, and beef. However, it has been crossbred with larger  animals so frequently that the smaller types are almost extinct; most  &quot;Bavendas&quot; now weigh more than 300 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ovambo' Northeastern Namibia. Female 160 kg; male 225 kg. A calm  and docile animal with a small hump, it is used by seasonal pastoralists  for beef and milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nilotic Sudan. 180-300 kg. These cattle of southern Sudan show great variation in size, partly due to environmental factors. They are generally resistant to local parasites and worms, have good potential for increased beef production, and their milk is very important locally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chadian &quot;Native&quot; and Dwarf Black Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad. Female 225 kg; male 275 kg. These two types are small, humped meat animals that graze the sparse savanna and are very drought resistant. Little scientific information exists about them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Arab Cattle&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East. Small types (female 225 kg; male 300 kg) are used for meat and some milk, especially in Lebanon. There are many local forms with variable appearance, but all have small humps. Well adapted to grazing sparse vegetation on rough land, they are becoming rare due to crossbreeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hill Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal. Female 160 kg; male 200 kg. A widespread type often recrossed with Indian zebu animals, they are bred to be small. They are thrifty creatures that maintain themselves well on poor forage. Bulls make sure-footed draft animals on rough ground and slopes, and the cows are milked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibetan Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibet. Less than 250 kg. These humpless cattle are used as pack animals and can tolerate poor forage and high altitudes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yellow Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southwest and south China. Female 220 kg; male 380 kg. In the subtropics and tropics, small multipurpose types of Yellow Cattle withstand high temperature and humidity. They are used mainly for work and meat, and seem well adapted to poor feed, harsh conditions, and rugged terrain. The Chowpei (190-380 kg) is a hardy working breed of more temperate areas in Hubei Province.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheju Hanwoo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Korea. Female 230 kg; male 280 kg. A yellowish-brown Cheju Island native that has almost no calving difficulty, it is well adapted to poor grazing conditions in harsh environments and is docile and obedient.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madura&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia. Female 220 kg; male 300 kg. An ancient cross between humped cattle and the banteng (see sidebar), these heat- and disease resistant hybrids also have good grazing and mothering ability, and are kept in the most extreme humid tropical environments. Breeding for fighting and racing has given them a poor disposition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dexter Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ireland and North America. 220-360 kg. This breed can be traced back to eighteenth-century Ireland and is believed to have been developed by peasant farmers living on rough land. It is exceptionally hardy and produces both milk and meat. In North America, it has become popular among city folk who acquire country property, as this microbreed is particularly well suited to their usually tiny farms. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BANTENG: THE CUTEST COW&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng (Bos Javanicus) is a small Southeast Asian bovine with a promising future.* It is a different species from cattle. The two will interbreed, but the hybrid offspring are normally sterile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although almost entirely neglected by the animal science community, the banteng is remarkable for an ability to thrive under hot, humid, and disease-ridden conditions where cattle often grow poorly. The sexes are easily distinguished: males are jet black, females are golden brown. Both have bright white socks and rumps as if they had been freshly whitewashed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng are found in remote areas of countries from Burma to Indonesia. But only Indonesia has used it as a farm animal so far. It has more than 1.5 million domesticated banteng - some 20 percent of the country's total &quot;cattle&quot; population. Indonesian farmers value the animal's agility, which allows them to cultivate Relds too narrow for cattle to turn the prow. In addition, gourmets consider banteng meat the tastiest of all. Indonesia appreciates the banteng so much that it has established a genetic sanctuary on the island of Bali - banning cattle in order to maintain the banteng's genetic purity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside Indonesia, only a few scientists have studied this animal, but it seems clear that it is particularly useful under tropical conditions. In heat and humidity, it thrives; even when cattle are starving, one rarely sees a skinny banteng. And demand for its meat is never ending.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Microgoats</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than 90 percent of the world's nearly half billion goats (Capra hircus) are found in developing countries; many weigh less than 35 kg fully grown.` Such &quot;microgoats&quot; are noted for their high reproductive rates, rapid growth, early maturity, tasty meat, and rich milk' as well as for their robust constitution, ease of handling, and tolerance of climatic stress and poor feeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To many people - especially where pigs and poultry are not common - meat and milk from microgoats are the primary animal proteins consumed during a lifetime. Perhaps the world's best foragers, goats eat practically anything made of cellulose, and are not dependent on grass. Because of their unselective feeding behavior, they are capable of living where the feeds - tree leaves, shrubs, and weeds - are too poor to support other types of livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such microgoats deserve wider recognition, for they are often the poor person's only source of milk, meat, and cash income. They are cheap to acquire and easy to maintain, even by people with little property and scarce resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, especially in arid and semiarid climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats generally have a long snout and an upright tail, by which they can be distinguished from most sheep. The mouth is unusual in having a mobile upper lip and a grasping tongue, which permits the animal to nibble even tiny leaves on spiny species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Common commercial goat breeds generally weigh between 60 and 100 kg, with some weighing more than 200 kg. Microgoats may weigh less than 15 kg. Representative examples are listed at the end of the chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, with half in Asia and one-third in Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The FAO projects that world numbers may nearly double by the turn of the century. Goats are thus not endangered, but in some areas select populations of feral goats are being deliberately eradicated, with the consequent loss of potentially valuable genes. Some small breeds are also threatened by excessive crossbreeding with larger types.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most adaptable of all livestock, goats can persist in conditions from arid to humid, and from sea level to high altitude. They are especially well adapted to hot, semiarid climates and to rocky, barren terrain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These ruminants can subsist on many feedstuffs that would otherwise be left to waste. Although selective browsers, they often prefer coarse leaves (including palm fronds) and shrubbery to palatable forage grass.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most microgoats mature quickly, and in the tropics they can generally breed year-round. Their reproductive potential has often been underestimated; kidding is rarely difficult, and many types produce twins and sometimes even triplets or quadruplets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In hot, dry areas, goats require less attention than other livestock, and smaller goats have the added advantage of better heat dissipation. Some microgoats may also show disease resistance. For example, tolerance to trypanosomiasis makes them an important livestock in many regions of Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are generally gentle, but can be easily frightened. They may become stubborn and aggressive when threatened or thwarted, and can prove hard to confine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If their feed smells of other animals - particularly of other goats -  they usually shun it unless nothing else is available. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoats mainly produce meat and form an important part of the diet in southern Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America, especially the Caribbean. Goat is sometimes a preferred meat, and there are few social or religious prohibitions against eating it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some microgoats are good milkers, and under stressful conditions they may keep producing when other livestock are dry. Goat milk is a valuable dietary supplement: it is nutritious, easily digestible, and usually commands premium prices. It makes excellent cheese and yogurt and can be used by people allergic to cow's milk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoats produce some of the finest and most valuable fibers in the world. Angora and Cashmere goats often weigh less than 30 kg fully grown, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats produce a fine-textured, durable leather that finds extensive uses both locally and internationally. Horns, hooves, blood, and bone meal also have commercial value. Manure is another important product, and comes in fairly dry pellets that are easy to collect, store, and distribute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats perform important functions in land management. Seeds of many trees (Acacia and Prosopis, for example) are &quot;scarified&quot; by passing through the goats' digestive system, fostering germination and natural revegetation. With care, goats can also be used to clear land of weeds and brush.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are often allowed to roam and scavenge for their own food. They form strong territorial attachments and can be trained to stay within a designated area. However, they cannot be kept from investigating - and quite probably devouring - anything within that territory. They are persistent browsers, so it is essential to prevent overstocking as well as raids on crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Variety of diet is important, and goats show much individuality in feed preferences. They are often raised on crop residue and kitchen refuse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats can be run with other livestock without creating serious competition. The goats browse weedy shrubs, whereas the sheep and cattle graze more on grasses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although perhaps the hardiest of all livestock, most breeds benefit when they are provided shelter from rain and high-noon sun. Abrupt chilling and poor ventilation can cause severe respiratory problems. They are also susceptible to various maladies, such as internal parasites, especially when confined. The highest mortality, however, is caused when very young kids are not supplied with adequate feed and clean, dry shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most developing countries goats are already prominent in rural life. Common almost everywhere in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, they are dependable multi-use animals. They are particularly important in providing ready cash, such as for school fees, taxes, marriages, or funerals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats integrate well in mixed agriculture, for example, by consuming leafy wastes, clearing land, and contributing fertilizer. In many places they are raised almost exclusively by women and children. If confined, goats require only simple, inexpensive shelters or pens, which makes them especially important as subsistence animals. In many situations, they may be the most efficient and economic producers for smallholders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals have a relatively fast rate of growth and early reproductive age, even under harsh conditions. They can graze rougher terrain than cattle and most sheep, can go for longer periods without water, and forage well in wooded areas where grass is lacking. They can derive most or all of their diet from roughage unusable by humans; high-energy feeds, such as protein supplements or carbohydrate supplements, are usually not needed even to fatten them for slaughter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are generally healthy and are not affected by many of the parasites and diseases that ravage other livestock. Some resistance to mange, internal parasites, foot-and-mouth disease, and other livestock scourges has been reported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some places (notably, in industrialized nations) there is a strong prejudice against goats and goat meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smallness makes microgoats targets for predators and thieves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many small goats are poor milkers, especially under hardship conditions; however, even small amounts of milk can often fulfill a child's daily nutritional requirement or reinforce a nursing mother's diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are independent and may wander away if not watched, and they can be difficult to pen. They may also have an unpleasant odor when kept confined (males are particularly malodorous during rutting season). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goats are often disparaged for degrading land and destroying vegetation because they continue to survive on overutilized lands often laid waste by mismanagement of sheep or cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRESH GENES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A rare wild animal with spectacular horns, the bezoar (Capra aegagrus) is the goat's wild ancestor. People domesticated it before 7000 B.C., probably in the mountains along the Iran/ Iraq border. Until recent times, it remained widely scattered across the vast region between Greece and Pakistan, but it now exists only in pockets and is threatened with extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This would be a tragedy because the bezoar is a resilient wild species that crosses readily with domestic goats, and it could pass on its genetic inheritance for heat, drought, and cold tolerance: disease resistance; and other survival qualities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p39a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of the bezoar. The arrow indicates the area where it was probably first domesticated, resulting in the goat as we know it (From Mason 1984)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fascinating science and valuable results probably await those willing to study this hardy, handsome creature and to explore the reharnessing of its genetic endowment. Today the bezoar is considered merely a trophy for hunters. The power of its genes to refresh - perhaps even revolutionize - the world's 500 million goats has been lost to sight. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The microgoat's potential has hardly been realized. More research on performance and husbandry is needed to preserve and restore small breeds. Selective breeding for prolificacy, viability, and rapid growth, as well as more selective on-site culling, could greatly improve both meat and milk yields and quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management systems that exploit smallness, stabilize production, and preserve the environment should be introduced and publicized in appropriate goat-rearing areas. Careful assessments of indigenous management methods should be made, particularly emphasizing their desirable characteristics. Improving hygiene in the wet season and supplemental feeding in the dry season are also important, as are disease- and parasite-control measures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The undomesticated ibex and markhor could possibly be major contributors in the development of new, useful breeds for tropical and arid regions (see sidebar, page 42). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE BREEDS OF MICROGOATS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African Dwarf (Djallon)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West and Central Africa. Female 20 kg; male 30 kg. Adapted to humid lowlands, this widespread goat is particularly valuable for meat and skin production. Generally, it is bred for meat, but milk is sometimes an important secondary product. Sexual maturity is very early (3-6 months), and quadruplets occasionally occur (most goat breeds normally produce only single births). Related types go by the names &quot;Cameroon Dwarf,&quot; &quot;Dirdi,&quot; and &quot;Nigerian Dwarf.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nubian Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States. 35-40 kg (often less). A stable miniature variety of the milking Nubian, this microgoat has been developed recently in the United States by crossing standard-sized Nubians with the West African Dwarf. It combines a good milk output with high levels of butterfat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;American Pygmy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States. 15-25 kg. Derived from the West African Dwarf, it is noted for its hardiness and good nature, good milk production, and adaptability to various climates. There are several varieties, some for milking, others for meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudanese Nubian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Sudan. 25-30 kg. Widespread milk goats of riverain and urban areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudanese Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Sudan. 11-25 kg. A very hardy desert goat similar to the West African Dwarf, it averages 15 kg, but some mature individuals may weigh as little as 11 kg. Used for meat and hides, it produces little milk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small East African&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania. 20-30 kg. A widely neglected meat and hide animal found over a wide range, it is fast growing (sexual maturity at four months) and extremely hardy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritius. 25-30 kg. A prolific, year-round breeder raised for meat production, it is often confined in simple shelters from birth to slaughter. Perhaps because of this isolation, mortality is less than 10 percent, even with little or no veterinary care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latin America. &quot;Criollo&quot; is a name given to several breeds of ancient Iberian blood with local adaptations to many unfavorable conditions. They are often small and hardy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Creole Caribbean. Females 20 kg; males 25 kg. Robust meat goats of Spanish or West African origin that are kept throughout the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crioulo Brazil. 30-35 kg. A meat and skin goat derived from Portuguese ancestors, it is hardy, prolific, undemanding, and adapted to harsh environments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chapper&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan. Female 20 kg; male 24 kg. Originating in dry regions, this meat and milk goat is a nonseasonal breeder with outstanding potential.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barbari&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan, India. Females 20-25 kg; males 20-40 kg. A prolific, fastgrowing &quot;urban&quot; goat with high twinning and low mortality. Often kept inside houses, they adapt well to confinement and are important for both milk and meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaddi (White Himalaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hill districts of northern India. 25-30 kg. Kept for meat and their long, lustrous white hair, they are pure-breeding and healthy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Changthangi (Ladakh)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kashmir, India. Male 20 kg. A pashmina (cashmere) goat of India, it is adapted to a high altitude, high humidity climate with extremes of temperature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Terai&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal. 8-12 kg. A very small, hardy animal of the southern lowlands, it kids year-round (sometimes twice), and often produces twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Hill Goat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal. 12-16 kg. A small, mid-altitude goat resembling the Terai. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Bengal (Teddy, Bangladesh Dwarf)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eastern India and Pakistan. Female 10 kg; male 14 kg. A widespread, humid-area, meat goat that is early maturing and very prolific. It kids twice a year, and produces 60 percent twins and 10 percent triplets. It produces a superior leather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katjang&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southeast Asia, China, and Pacific Islands. In places, less than 20 kg. A widespread, highly variable, hardy goat adapted to humid conditions, it usually has twins or triplets. Used for meat and skins, with exceptional females being milked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chinese Dwarf (Tibetan, Jining, Fuyang, or Chengdu Grey)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China. 20-40 kg. Well adapted to the humid tropics, it normally twins and is a good meat producer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heuk Yumso&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Korea. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. A prolific cold-climate goat with a year-round breeding season. The meat is highly prized, and often sells at a premium due to its supposed health-giving effects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hejazi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East. Female 20 kg; male 20 kg. A meat goat, usually black, for harsh desert conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sinai (Black Bedouin)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sinai, Egypt and Negev Desert, Israel. Female 20 kg; male 50 kg. Native to dry, hot deserts, this milk and meat goat matures at 5-8 months and has a twinning rate over 50 percent. A most important characteristic is its drought tolerance. The female, for instance, can drink only once a day - at a pinch, once every other day - without losing appetite or reducing milk flow. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILD RELATIVES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several wild relatives will cross with the goat. Surprisingly, they have the same chromosome number (2n=60), and the offspring are frequently fertile. Although essentially unknown to agricultural science, these hybrids may offer a new gene pool for creating new farm animals and for improving the world's goats. They seem to combine the self-reliance of wild species with the usefulness of domestic ones. Artificial insemination and other modern techniques could make them easier to produce today than ever before.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ibex*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A project in Israel has already produced a cross between the goat and the Nubian ibex (Capra ibex). The Sinai Desert goat, the breed that was used, ranks next to the camel in its ability to go without water - it often drinks only twice a week - but its meat has such a strong flavor that most people consider it dreadful. On the other hand, the ibex is compact and muscular and produces tender, mild meat that steak lovers find delicious. The product from crossbreeding the two is a creature seemingly able to endure extreme temperatures and drought, make use of poor pasture, and produce wonderful steaks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A herd of several hundred of these hybrids (dubbed 'ya-ez&quot;) has been created at Kibbutz Lahav in the northern Negev Desert area. Both sexes are fertile, and they can be bred with each other or with either parent. The meat is already in demand on the menus of elegant Tel Aviv hotels. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Markhor**&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Pakistan's northern uplands, it is not uncommon to find hybrids between domestic goats and the mountain goat known as &quot;markhor&quot; (Capra falconeri). Each year in Chitral and Gilgit, they can be found in the goat markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Markhors inhabit high elevations in rugged mountains and thrive on diets so meager as to be useless to goats. The hybrids are produced when markhor males - perhaps ousted by more dominant males - come in contact with feral domestic goats. However, some farmers raise young markhor and goats together (to overcome mutual resistance) and produce their own hybrids,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For a single hybrid animal local goatherds pay up to 5,000 rupees, a princely sum in this impoverished region. Traditionally, villagers have kept them as stud animals. They appreciate the animal's genetic endowment. Markhors tolerate extremes of cold and snow, are nimble and skilled at escaping predators, and survive on scanty fodder, Moreover, they have a high reproduction potential because they generally produce twins. As a result, they also tend to give more milk and it is rich in nutritive value. Instead of long body hairs, markhors possess insulating underfur - a soft and valuable raw material for the famous Kashmiri shawls.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apparently, the hybrids can possess many of these qualities together with a calm disposition. Thus they could be useful in themselves and as conduits for passing such traits on to goats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 Microsheep</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the hundreds of breeds of sheep (Ovis aries) in the world, those weighing less than 35 kg when mature have been largely ignored. Although these are common, the impression lingers that they are too small to be useful. Yet this virtually untapped gene pool is esnecially well adapted to traditional Third World animal husbandry. Given attention, these &quot;microsheep&quot; could boost meat, milk, skin, wool, and pelt production in many villages and small farms of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many microsheep thrive in environments that tax the ability of larger breeds to survive. They are adapted to poor feeds and can be grazed in uncultivated wastelands unsuited to any other livestock except goats or camels. Because of their size, microsheep can fatten in areas where forage is so scattered and sparse that larger animals cannot cover enough ground to fill their bellies each day. In addition, their foraging complements that of other livestock. For example, sheep can graze rough grasses and weeds that cattle find unpalatable. Some survive even the stress of extreme aridity and for this reason are the predominant livestock in North Africa and the Middle East.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many small breeds can be disease resistant. Some, for example, are widespread in the zones of Africa where trypanosomiasis is prevalent. They are generally less adversely affected by foot-and-mouth disease than are cattle, and some small native sheep seem to have fewer problems with insects and parasites than do most other livestock, including temperate-area sheep.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giving more attention to the management and improvement of microsheep could pay back abundantly in the form of food, income, and improved land utilization in many parts of the developing world. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, but notably in drier regions of the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An average weight for temperate sheep breeds is about 70 kg,' but the smallest microsheep weigh less than 20 kg fully grown. Many tropical microsheep are &quot;hairless,&quot; and have little or no wool. These are often difficult to distinguish from goats, but (like all sheep) they generally have blunter snouts, more fat, and hanging tails. Some have greatly enlarged rumps or tails that store fat. Unlike goats, sheep have no odor-producing glands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some representative microsheep are described at the end of this chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than one billion sheep occur worldwide, and they occupy every climatic zone in which people live. At least half are in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although more than 1,000 breeds are recognized, only a handful dominate the world's sheep industries. Lesser-known breeds are rapidly becoming extinct (especially in developed countries, although scattered efforts are being made to preserve them). Elsewhere, genetic resources have not been properly evaluated, and potentially valuable stock is being lost before it is even understood.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep are among the most adaptable animals. Various types are kept in areas of extreme heat, cold, altitude, aridity, humidity, and rainfall. They are especially widespread in hot, dry climates, but some breeds also thrive in humid areas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep make efficient use of a wide variety of fodder: tree leaves, fortes, grasses, crop residues, and agricultural by-products, for instance. They often survive privation by calling on their reserves of body fat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the tropics, sheep reach sexual maturity in about a year. Many breeds lamb year-round, which allows for a continuous production of premium meat. Gestation takes about five months, and lambing is usually timed to occur when feed is most abundant and nutritious. Microsheep often bear two or more young and, under good management, may produce lambs annually for more than five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These shy animals flock together and, in general, are managed with little effort. They are easily panicked, however, and rams can become aggressive during rutting or when threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE LITTLE SHEEP THAT COULD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dozens of the world's neglected breeds of tiny sheep should be preserved from extinction, for many will undoubtedely prove to have outstanding qualities. Current efforts to save the Navajo sheep in the United States exemplify what can be achieved&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Navajo is a microsheep, and is perhaps the oldest breed of sheep in the United States. It may have been introduced to North America in 1540 by the Spanish explorer Francisco Vazquez de Coronado, who was seeking the mythical Seven Golden Cities of Cibola in the region that is now Arizona and New Mexico. Smaller than many dogs, a full-grown Navajo sheep may weigh only 30 kg, but it became a big part of the culture of the Southwest. Although the Navajos and other local Indians had never seen sheep before the 1500s, they soon became shepherds and weavers, and their rugs made from the unique wool of this wiry little animal remain famous even today.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navajo sheep have white or brown wool hanging in ringlets around their bodies. The fleece is a double coat: long, coarse guard hairs on the outside and short wool on the inside. It yields warm, waterproof, and long-lasting products. Many of the sheep have four horns because the Indians believed that this trait was sacred, and they favored four-horned rams for breeding purposes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of Navajo sheep was reduced sharply between 1950 and 1950 because of severe overgrazing and replacement by improved wool breeds. In recent times there has been so little commercial and scientific interest in this microsheep that by the 1970s only a handful of purebred specimens survived. Since the late 1970s, however, Lyle McNeal, a Utah State University professor, has been working to save it from extinction. By 1988 he had a burgeoning flock at the university and was learning that this supposedly obsolete dwarf is amazingly useful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The breed originated in the arid south of Spain (where it is called the &quot;churro&quot;), and it thrives in the hot, dry climate. Unlike normal breeds, it can exist in the desert without supplementary food and with little water. As McNeal has pointed out, any sheep that can survive and raise a lamb in the aridity and searing heat of the American Southwest has to be superior. He has found that the ewes have a strong maternal instinct, which is vital for protecting lambs against the coyotes that are common in the region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thanks to the efforts of McNeal and his colleagues, Indians are beginning to use Navajo sheep again; by 1988 there were more than 400 on the Navajo reservation, with their wool fetching premium prices. This tough little sheep could prove valuable not only for American Indians but for poor people in many other dry regions as well. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microsheep are mainly kept for meat production, but - especially in arid regions - for milk as well. Their meat is usually lean with little &quot;muttony&quot; taste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wool or hair is taken from many breeds, although the yield is often small. Skins from hair sheep' thinner than cowhide, are widely used and are in international demand. In some places, manure is considered an important product. In Nepal, thousands of small sheep are used as pack animals, especially to carry salt into mountain valleys.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most sheep are maintained in free-ranging flocks. Many are grazed (often tethered) over a small area during the day and confined in a &quot;fold&quot; at night. Others are penned or kept as village scavengers. These are usually fed supplements of household scraps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep form an integral part of a mixed farming economy; for example, they may graze pastures during the wet season, and survive on crop residues and field weeds during the dry season. They have excellent foraging capabilities and are often kept alongside goats. This broadens the variety of forages utilized and often increases total production from a single piece of land, for sheep and goats have complementary feeding habits and male goats help protect the sheep from some predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In spite of the heavy toll that predators (such as feral dogs) can take on lambs and ewes, the largest proportion of sheep in the tropics are lost through lack of basic care. Modest supplemental feeding of lambs and inexpensive preventive medicines can do much to lower mortality and boost production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep are multipurpose animals, and almost everywhere they produce several products. The rich milk is often preferred to that of cows or goats, especially for making cheese and yogurt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lambs form an important part of the household economy for much of the rural world, and only rarely is social or religious stigma attached to keeping or eating them. Indeed, sheep are the traditional feast animals of several religions, and in some places sheep meat is preferred to beef and sells at a premium.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By and large, all sheep products can be processed, utilized, or marketed by the producer. In addition, sheep marketing and transportation systems exist in most countries, at least to some degree.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep are efficient producers and can provide a quick turnover for food and cash. On the brush and coarse grasses of marginal lands, they may be more productive than cattle, and on grass they may outproduce goats. As long as they are not overstocked, sheep do not degrade vegetation; unless starving they will not debark trees. Small breeds cause little erosion, even on steep slopes, heavily traveled paths, or near water holes.2 In South Asia, they have been continuously stocked on the same ground for thousands of years without causing apparent harm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because sheep have a natural tendency to accumulate fat, they &quot;finish&quot; well on grazing and usually do not require a high-energy finishing diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their general healthiness, sheep are affected by many internal parasites and diseases, a few of which are communicable to man. They are especially susceptible to infectious conjunctivitis (pinkeye).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Predators and thieves can be greater threats than sickness. Labor inputs can be high because of the almost continual protection sheep need.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some mutton has a strong taste that many find unappealing. However, the taste is carried mainly by the fat, and the generally lean microsheep are often commended for their fine-textured, sweet meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The numerous breeds of small sheep should be investigated. Assessments should be made for the animals' ability to thrive under adverse conditions and for resistance to particular diseases and parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, even minimal extension services and veterinary support for sheep could greatly decrease mortality, especially among lambs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving microbreeds without increasing their size is one of the most interesting challenges facing sheep scientists today. While efforts should be made to conserve and select within types, research should also be conducted on hybrid vigor. Efforts to improve the pelt and fleece of microsheep should also be encouraged.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More studies on the interactions between sheep and cropping systems are needed. Sheep (and the manure they produce) could become important components of forestry (see sidebar), crop rotation, alley cropping, and other forms of sustainable agriculture. For instance, sheep are especially effective for weed control in plantation crops such as oil palm and rubber as well as in forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SMALL SHEEP IN THE FOREST&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even in countries with long traditions of raising large sheep, there are opportunities for using small, agile, hardy breeds. The following is an example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seeking safer methods for stopping brush from smothering newly planted trees, U.S. government foresters have turned from chemical defoliants to flocks of sheep. Court decisions in 1983 and 1984 barred the use of herbicides along Oregon's Pacific Coast. Various alternatives were tried, and the animals proved the most successful. Sheep are now the favored method for controlling unwanted vegetation. Indeed, they have changed the foresters' whore approach to managing reforestation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Formerly, the U.S. Forest Service allowed the brush to grow on logged-over sites and then sprayed it down before planting tree seedlings. Now it plants grass to suppress brush and reduce erosion. The sites are later fertilized, tree seedlings are planted, and within a year sheep are brought in to graze. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, in the district around Alsea, Oregon sheep nimbly skirt old stumps to graze on the lush vegetation. Three times each summer since 1984, about 2,000 sheep have been guided across the replanted areas by a herder and a range conservationist. The sheep eat both the grass and the new buds on brush, but they leave most fir-tree seedlings untouched. The key, according to Rick Breckle, a forester, is to have enough sheep to graze an area evenly and to keep them moving so they don't resort to nibbling the young trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Previously, chemical brush treatments had annually cost $135-$353 per hectare. Now, sowing grass and grazing sheep costs about $300 per hectare. And there is a product to sell: the adult sheep don't fatten well, but the lambs bring a useful income at the end of the summer. What is more, Breckle reports that the trees seem to be growing faster - probably because of the manurings they receive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This method seems likely to be effective elsewhere - at least with trees that are unpalatable or too tall for their growing points to be nibbled. Malaysia, for instance, doubled its sheep population between 1986 and 1989, in part because it has begun raising sheep between the trees in rubber plantations. With the use of agroforestry increasing worldwide, small sheep could find a whole new application.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROSHEEP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Senegal to Nigeria, and south to Angola. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. Well adapted to warm, humid conditions. Prolific, and good disease resistance. Major meat producer in West Africa. Fast growing: by six months of age they approach adult weight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Landim (Small East African)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;East and Central Africa. 23-40 kg. Prolific, adaptable, long fat-tailed type. Large litter size for a sheep. In one recent test, ewes averaged more than 1.4 lambs.3 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berber&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Atlas Mountains. 25-41 kg. Needing little feed and remaining constantly outdoors, these extremely hardy sheep are exploited for meat and their coarse, hairy wool. They fatten easily when well fed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arab&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;North Africa. 40-50 kg. This thin-tailed sheep is exceptionally robust, and is resistant to extremes of temperature, drought, and poor nutrition. Primarily a meat producer, its wool is used for coarse cloths and carpets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Sudan Dwarf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the many small breeds of eastern and southern Africa, its weight ranges from 15 to 25 kg, but it may weigh as little as 11 kg. Yielding a fine, short fleece, this hardy, frugal sheep is often run with cattle to maximize grazing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hejazi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deserts of Arabia. 32 kg. A popular and ancient fat-tailed meat producer that is highly acclimatized to drought and privation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zel (Iranian Thin-Tailed)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caspian region of northern Iran. Female 30-32 kg. Well adapted to subtropical regions, they produce coarse wool, milk, and excellent meat that lacks the &quot;mutton taste&quot; and odor of some sheep meats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greek Zackel&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mountain and island types. Female 30 kg; male 40 kg. These common sheep are active, hardy, and resistant to extremes of climate and disease. Primarily a milking sheep, their wool is used locally and lambs are slaughtered for special occasions. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sitia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crete. Female 25 kg; male 30 kg. Another of the hardy, screwhorned &quot;zackel&quot; sheep common to the Balkans, they are adapted to poor pasturage and extensive herding. Quick maturing and highly fertile, they can be exploited for milk as well as for meat and coarse wool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Common Albanian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. Similar to the Greek Zackel, they are used as triple-purpose animals: meat, milk, and wool. They survive in low, marshy areas where parasites are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zeta Yellow&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yugoslavia. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. A small, hardy sheep used for milk and some meat, its primary product is wool. Often unshorn for several years, the long fibers are woven into expensive carpets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pag&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yugoslavia. Female 20-30 kg; male 25-35 kg. These wool, milk, and meat sheep are frugal and well adapted to scant vegetation and rocky terrain. Although they have a low birth rate and carcass yield, their milk and wool are commercially exploitable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roccia (Steinschaf)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Italy, Austria. Female 30 kg; Male 30-35 kg. These &quot;stone sheep&quot; resemble a goat in their ability to exploit the poor pastures of high, steep, rocky mountains. Although not highly productive, they are hardy and frugal and commonly produce twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corsican&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corsica (France). 25-30 kg. A hardy native breed that is well adapted to rather sparse feed conditions. Coarse wool, both white and black, is well suited for hand processing. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Entre Douro e Minho&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Portugal. Female 15-18 kg; Male 20-25 kg. These independent sheep yield a good wool in mountainous terrain that would otherwise be nonproductive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Churra do Campo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Portugal. Female 20 kg; male 30 kg. A coarse-woofed sheep extensively kept in Portugal's dry interior for milk and wool. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Galician&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Spain. Female 18 kg; male 25 kg. A milking breed that survives on  poor pasture, it also produces a marketable wool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scotland. Female 25 kg; male 30 kg. Adapted to wide temperature  variations. Possibly the most primitive domesticated sheep of Europe,  probably unchanged from Viking times. Immune to foot rot. A wool  sheep with short brown fleece that is shed annually.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;North Ronaldsay (Orkney)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Scotland. 27-32 kg. Surviving year-round on seaweed,  this rare breed is adapted to high salt intake and the associated digestive  problems. Yield 1-2 kg medium-coarse wool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latin America. Derived from ''native'' Spanish Churro and Merino  sheep. Many are small and very hardy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navajo-Churro Southwestern United States. Female 45 kg; male 70  kg. Maternal, and very resistant to internal parasites and hoof rot.  Although the Navajo subsists and reproduces on little feed and scarce  water in desert regions, it was widely replaced by improved breeds  earlier in this century. Because of its hardiness, however, and the use of  its wool in traditional weaving, its numbers are rebounding (see sidebar,  page 50). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Florida Native Southeastern United States. Females 35-45 kg;  males 45-6O kg. This long-isolated and highly variable sheep is  adapted to harsh subtropical climates and is known for its ability to  forage. A medium-wool breed, it is very resistant to intestinal parasites.  Verging on extinction due to neglect and uncontrolled crossbreeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Virgin Islands White Hair (St. Croix)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean. Female 35-45 kg; male 45-55 kg. Hair sheep with  some wool in young animals. Well adapted to warm humid conditions, it has fairly good disease and parasite resistance and produces good meat. Prolific, it breeds most of the year and commonly has twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Magra (Chokhla)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northwest India, Pakistan.4 20-25 kg. Adapted to hot, dry areas, the extremely white and shiny fleece is valued for carpet wool. Slowmaturing and low fertility (lambing at 45 percent) plus extensive crossbreeding have led to serious declines in population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marwari&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northwest India. 25-30 kg. A widespread, white-fleeced sheep that has a high resistance to disease and worms, good fertility, and low mortality. They do well in large flocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mandya (Bandur)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southwest India. Female 25 kg; male 35 kg. An outstanding meat breed with good mutton quality, it adapts well to mixed farming and has unusually low lamb mortality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hu (Huyang, Lake Sheep)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China. Female 35 kg; male 45 kg. These fat-tailed sheep have a six month lambing interval and are very prolific. They are used under intensive management to produce meat, wool, and a valuable lambskin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Javanese Thin-Tail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia. 25-40 kg. Widely held as a &quot;bank account,&quot; these meat, manure, and skin sheep are well known for being prolific. Although single lambs are not uncommon, litters of six have also been recorded. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILD AND WOOLLY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Considering that dozens of countries depend on the productivity of more than a billion domesticated sheep, it is remarkable that their wild ancestor is accorded no attention. This fast-declining animal is now little more than a trophy for hunters, a fact that should be of vital intemational concern.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheep were domesticated in the Middle East and Central Asia in the Stone Age era between 8,000 and 11,000 years ago.* Their wild ancestor was almost certainly the mouflon (Outs orientalis). However, domestication may have occurred in more than one place, and two other wild creatures, the urial (Outs vignei) and the argali (Outs ammon), also possibly provided genes to some sheep breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mouflon, urial, and argali still exist in the mountains of Central Asia, and a European subspecies of mouflon is also found in the Mediterranean, but only on Corsica, Cyprus, and Sardinia.** Because they live in remote, rugged, upland areas, these wild sheep are usually undisturbed, but the numbers are decreasing everywhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This may be a serious loss because these animals could be extremely valuable. They are capable of crossing with domestic sheep, and the offspring are viable and fully fertile.*** For developing new meat-producing breeds, their potential seems almost limitless.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the thousands of years that sheep have been protected by humans, their wild ancestors have continued to face predators, parasites, disease, extreme cold and seasonal starvation. Their genetic endowment, forged and tempered in unforgiving harshness, could be a benefit for all future sheep generations. These animals appear to resist various diseases. Their meat is reported to be of excellent quality, notably lacking the strong mutton flavor that many people find objectionable. They have relatively short, thin tails - a feature that might eliminate the need for docking (tail removal) in the domestic flock. Some (for instance, the Asian mouflon and the urial) have rates of effective reproduction up to 1.6 lambs per ewe, more than twice the average of most domestic types, especially under the conditions where these wild creatures live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That mouflon and other wild sheep could have practical utility is suggested by research at Utah State University. Scientists there have mated mouflon with farm sheep to create sheep better able to defend themselves against coyotes and other natural dangers. Half-wild, half-tame sheep hybrids have existed on a ranch in southern Utah for the past decade. Also, in Cyprus similar mouflon x sheep hybrids have shown considerable promise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the very least, this wiry little mountain sheep could be a model for educating students and the public. It is a living reminder of the fantastic changes that can be induced in animals by selection for various traits. Also, it is a &quot;map&quot; to the history of sheep domestication. Studies of mouflon genes, blood immunology, morphology, physiology, horn structure, skeleton, fleece, temperament, and a host of other features would help unravel the ancestry. These studies and various biochemical analyses would be a fascinating contribution to agriculture, science, history, and the public perception of the origins of our natural resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genes from wild sheep are not likely to quickly benefit wool production. Lack of fleece is one reason why these creatures have been neglected but throughout most of Asia and in North Africa, sheep are bred primarily for meat and milk, and there is a growing worldwide interest in the use of hair sheep. All of this brings new possibilities for the use of this old resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Micropigs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g005a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most breeds of swine (Sus scrofa) are too large to be considered microlivestock, but there are some whose mature weight is less than 70 kg. These micropigs are particularly common in West Africa, South Asia, the East Indies, Latin America, and oceanic islands around the world. At least one, the Mexican Cuino, may weigh a mere 12 kg full-grown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many miniature swine have been developed for use in medical research, but their agricultural potential has been largely ignored. This is unfortunate, for micropigs of all types - native, feral, and laboratory - deserve investigation. Swine provide more meat worldwide than any other animal, and micropigs are potentially important sources of food and income for poor people in many parts of the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smallness makes for nimble and self-sufficient pigs, in contrast to large, lethargic breeds. Small breeds are easier to manage and cheaper to maintain; the threat of injury from angry or frightened animals is lessened; and the sows are less likely to crush newborn piglets, often a major cause of mortality in large breeds. Some micropigs - particularly those from hot regions or wild populations - also have a higher resistance to heat, thirst, starvation, and some diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs adapt to a wide variety of management conditions, from scavenging to total confinement; some are even kept indoors.2 They gain weight quickly, mature rapidly, and help complement grazing livestock because they relish many otherwise unused wastes from kitchens, farms, and food industries, as well as other foods such as small roots, leafy trash, or bitter fruits that are not consumed by humans or ruminants. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For these reasons, micropigs could become useful household and village livestock in the developing world, and they deserve greater attention than they now receive. Although their growth may not be as rapid as that of improved breeds raised under intensive commercial production, with modest care and minimum investment, backyard micropigs can produce sizable yields of meat and other products, as well as improved income for rural and even urban populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, especially in warm, humid areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like full-sized breeds, micropigs are stout-bodied, short-legged animals with small tails and flexible snouts ending in flat discs. Examples of some micropigs are listed at the end of the chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic pigs are found all over the world, but their concentrations vary greatly. Africa has the fewest per capita, but in recent years they have gained increasing favor in the sub-Saharan regions. In Latin America, pigs have long been a major component of backyard agriculture. In the Middle East, an early center of domestication, pigs are not widely kept today because of religious dietary restrictions. In the Ear East, they are the major meat source, and China has more pigs than any other country. And in the Pacific region, pigs and chickens are often the only meat available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are becoming more popular: their worldwide numbers increased by about 20 percent in the 1970s. However, in most countries commercial pig production has focused on a mere handful of breeds, and much genetic diversity is unstudied or even threatened with extinction. Some microbreeds have already been lost, and others are dwindling in numbers.3 Many European breeds have been completely lost. The Cuino and some other Latin American criollo types are threatened, as are most of Africa's traditional breeds. China, however, has made notable efforts to preserve its native types. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although, as previously noted, pigs are found all over the world, they are in general adapted to warm, humid climates where many other livestock species are more susceptible to diseases and environmental stresses. They are also raised at high altitudes, such as in the Andes and Tibet. Although there are few climatic limitations to pig production, only about 20 percent of the world's pigs are currently kept in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are omnivores, willing and able to eat almost anything.4 Unlike most other livestock, they eat their fill and sleep as the food digests, allowing humans to establish a convenient eating and sleeping schedule.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are prolific; a few Chinese breeds routinely have litters of 20 or more. Micropigs are no exception; litters of 6-10 are common. Piglets gain weight rapidly and can be weaned after a few weeks. Sexual maturity is sometimes attained as early as 4-6 months, depending on breed and environment. Pigs are usually slaughtered at 67 months of age, allowing them to be produced on an annual cycle. They can live 10-20 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their smaller size, micropigs have a relatively greater skin-to-weight ratio than today's commercial breeds, and therefore they probably shed heat more effectively. Certainly they seem to perform better in tropical heat and humidity, which normally keep the heavier types from reaching their maximum productivity. Studies have suggested that an optimal size for some tropical environments - because of metabolic and feed efficiency - may be less than 65 kg.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are social animals; they enjoy companionship and ferociously defend their young and sometimes even the humans who care for them. They are employed as guard animals in some areas and have been used extensively in behavioral research.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contrary to common belief, pigs are clean and tidy if provided adequate space. Larger breeds, however, wallow in mud to stay cool in hot weather and require a wallow or shade (except for some Latin American types, which seem less susceptible to heat). Some lightcolored pigs sunburn easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs will dig up earth with their mobile snouts; some breeds do it constantly. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fresh pork is the major pig product in tropical areas. It usually fetches premium prices, and in many places (such as the Pacific Islands and China) it is the most important red meat available to rural people. Nutritious and tasty, it is one of the easiest meats to preserve, needing only salt or melted fat. Processed products such as bacon and sausages can be important for both home consumption and cash sales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig fat (lard) is a good source of food energy, and can substitute for cooking fats and oils. It is easily melted and clarified, is widely used to make soap, and is a valuable commercial product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig skin, once degreased, is easily tanned into leathers that are popular for garments, shoes, and other products demanding soft, light, and flexible leathers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig manure is a good fertilizer. Because the animals are often kept in confinement, it can be easily collected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many places, pigs are kept as free-roaming scavengers. They can be trained (by coaxing with feed, salt, or affection) to keep close to home, thereby helping to minimize destructive scavenging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herding is a higher level of management that requires more effort, but it allows pigs to be integrated into other types of agriculture while utilizing feeds that otherwise go to waste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because their exercise needs are minimal and dominance is quickly established within litters, pigs are the easiest hoofed livestock to raise in small enclosures (sties). However, fencing must be secure, and if sties are small, the animals must be moved frequently to prevent diseases and parasites from building up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are well-known, often traditional, animals in many areas, and people usually do not have to be taught how to manage and use them. Efficient scavengers, they can live, grow, and reproduce with a minimum of investment or specialized care. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs are highly efficient converters of feed to meat. They can provide the greatest return for the least investment of any hoofed livestock because of their fecundity, low management costs, broad food preferences, and rapid growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs normally accumulate fat during adolescent growth (making ''finishing&quot; feeds less necessary). Some micropigs (especially those from feral ancestors) have the ability to quickly mobilize and store these body-fat reserves; in times of extreme scarcity, it aids their survival.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigs work well in multiple-cropping schemes. They are often used to help clear small plots by uprooting weeds, shrubs, and even small trees. In Southeast Asia, they are frequently raised in conjunction with aquaculture, their manure providing food for the fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If improperly managed or maintained in filthy conditions, pigs may quickly succumb to disease and parasite epidemics. Most diseases are communicated only among pigs, but some can be transmitted to humans. For this reason, pork should always be fully cooked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some cultures never eat pork. Others do, but nonetheless accord pigs and their keepers low status.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young pigs are vulnerable to many predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major survey of small pig breeds is needed. They have the potential to be valuable producers in their own right, as well as to improve other pig breeds. For instance, they represent a little-known reservoir of disease resistance and climatic adaptation. Governments, research stations, universities, and individuals should make special efforts to preserve types that have outstanding or unusual qualities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When it is necessary to eradicate feral pig populations (as is common on Pacific islands), representative stocks should be preserved. These rugged animals have been genetically isolated for decades or even centuries and are likely to carry valuable traits for survival under adversity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large breeds may be promising candidates for genetic &quot;downsizing,&quot; which has already produced the many types of miniature pigs that are used in medical research. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE LITTLEST PIG&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although this chapter highlights the world's smallest breeds, there exists a pig that is even smaller. It is, however, an entirely different species and it is on the brink of extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog (Sus salvanius) is a shy and retiring wild creature of northeastern India. It is merely 60 cm long with a shoulder height of 25 cm, and weighs less than 10 kg. It was once found widely along the southern foothills of the Himalayas. Today, however, it apparently occurs in only one area, the Manas National Park in Assam. Despite this protection and the fact that it is listed among the 12 most endangered species on earth, it still falls victim to hunters and to habitat destruction - especially illegal grass fires.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If saved from extinction, this minute species - barely reaching a person's calf - might become useful throughout the world. Its chromosome number is the same as that of the common pig and its physiological processes are probably also similar. Therefore, were its numbers to be built up, it might become a valued and well-known resource for laboratories and small farms. Its daily food intake and its space requirements are only a fraction of a normal pig's. It probably has exceptional tolerance to heat, humidity, and disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not a domesticated species, and there is therefore much to learn before its usefulness can be clearly seen. Indeed, whether it can be reared in captivity is uncertain. Some attempts have ended in disaster, but this seems to have been the result of mismanagement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before there is any possibility of developing it, however, the pigmy hog must be preserved from ultimate loss. The last specimen could go into a villager's pot at any time now. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g006a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Adult male of the common pig (wild boar) and pigmy hog draw to same scale. (W.L.R. OLIVER)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF MICROPIGS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West African Dwarf (Nigerian Black, Ashanti)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West Africa. Mature weights of 25-45 kg are reported. In the humid lowland forests of West Africa this breed has long been kept by villagers, often as a scavenger. Indigenous to the hot, humid tsetse zones of West Africa, it seems resistant to trypanosomiasis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chinese Dwarfs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China (and Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam) has long had small pigs - often characterized by numerous teats and large litters - associated with traditional intensive agriculture as well as scavenging conditions. Some Chinese pigs weighing less than 70 kg are adapted to tropical and subtropical conditions, but the smallest (20-35 kg) live in the cold climates and high altitudes of Gansu, Sichuan, and Tibet. Small black Chinese pigs were crossed with European types in the early 1800s and produced the foundation stock of many modern Western breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Criollo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are a number of &quot;native&quot; breeds throughout Latin America commonly known as &quot;criollo.&quot; Many are quite small. Although, apparently, they are slow to mature and bear small litters, they adapt well to environmental extremes and are widely kept by rural inhabitants for food and income. Criollos are little studied and are being replaced by imported breeds before their possibly outstanding qualities can be quantified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cuino This micropig from the highlands of central Mexico may be descended from small Chinese types and is the smallest domestic pig, weighing as little as 10-12 kg fully grown. Hardy and an efficient scavenger, it can grow quickly when feed - especially corn - is abundant. A century ago the cuing was a widespread household animal and was used for a time for experimental work in central Mexico. It is now little known and could be threatened with extinction. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Hairless (felon, Tubasqueno, Birish) These small pigs of central and northern South America survive in hot, humid, adverse climates. They are adapted to bulkier feeds than most pigs and can thrive on fruit wastes. Many local types exist. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nilo (Macao, Tatu, Canastrinha) This small, widespread, black, hairless pig of Brazil is often kept inside the house. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yucatan Miniature Swine A subtype of the black hairless from Mexico's hot, arid Yucatan Peninsula, it was imported into the United States in 1960. It has been downsized for laboratory use in the United States and is known as the Yucatan Micropig (registered). Weight at sexual maturity has been lowered through selective breeding from 75 kg to, currently, between 30 and 50 kg, with an ultimate goal of 20-25 kg. There is no evidence of &quot;dwarfism,&quot; stunting, or loss of reproductive performance, and it appears to hold notable promise as microlivestock for developing countries. The parent stock, used for meat and lard production in Yucatan, is renowned for gentleness, intelligence, resistance to disease, and relative lack of odor. Exceptional docility, even in older boars and sows with litters, makes them easy to handle without the need for specialized housing or equipment.7 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Laboratory Breeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other miniature laboratory pigs have potential for tropical use. These include the Goettingen, Hanford, Kangaroo Island, Ohmini, Pitman-Moore, and Sinclair (Hormel). In general they weigh 30-50 kg when ready for slaughter and mature at less than 70 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ossabaw&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States. 20-30 kg. Feral on Ossabaw Island, South Carolina, for more than 300 years, this pig is well adapted to environmental extremes. Unlike most domestic animals, it can maintain itself in coastal salt marshes. It has perhaps the highest percentage of fat of any pig. The piglets are very precocious, self-reliant, and robust.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kunekune (Pua'a, Poaka)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Zealand. Female 40 kg; male 50 kg. Perhaps of Chinese origin, these black-and-white spotted pigs are docile, slow, and easy to contain. Although late maturing, they can fatten on grass alone. Like other native breeds throughout the Pacific region (for example, the Pauta of Hawaii), stock is being lost through crossbreeding, displacement by other breeds, and eradication efforts. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To find certain disease-resistant genes in poultry it may be necessary to go looking in the backyard chicken flocks in Latin America, Africa, or Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kelly Klober&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small Farmer's Journal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;. . . Policies are needed to encourage development of a labor-intensive small-scale livestock sector, which would increase employment and provide a major market for surplus cereals. This sector, however, is particularly restrained by poor technology, poor public support services, and poor marketing channels. Third World livestock production of this type could provide a natural focus for foreign assistance that earlier seemed inappropriate because of concerns about global food scarcity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John W. Mellor International Food Policy Research Institute&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Successful development of agriculture often requires an intimate understanding of the society within which it is to take place - of its systems of values, of its customary restraints.... It has been necessary to understand what incentives the farmer needs to change, what practical difficulties he encounters introducing change, what his traditional pattern of land use is and how this pattern or system can be upset by thoughtless innovation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John de Wilde&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experience with Agricultural Development in Tropical Africa &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part II : Poultry</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g007a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens, ducks, muscovies, geese, guinea fowl, quail, pigeons, and turkeys epitomize the concept of microlivestock. Throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America they are (collectively) the most common of all farm stock. In many - perhaps most - tropical countries, practically every family, settled or nomadic, owns some kind of poultry. In the countryside, in villages, even in cities, one or another species is seen almost everywhere; in some places, several may be seen together. Although raised in all levels of husbandry, these birds occur most often in scattered household flocks that scavenge for their food and survive with little care or management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their size bestows microlivestock advantages, including low capital cost, low food requirements, and little or no labor requirements. They are also &quot;family sized&quot;: easily killed and dressed, with little waste or spoilage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These poultry species help meet the protein needs of the poorest people in the world. Some are raised even in areas where domestic cattle cannot survive because of afflictions such as trypanosomiasis and foot-and-mouth disease. Some are maintained under conditions of intensive confinement - provided a source of feed is available - and can be produced in areas with insufficient land for other meat-producing animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, these birds grow quickly and mature rapidly. (For instance, a chicken can, under proper conditions, reach maturity in 26 months.) They adapt readily to being fenced or penned much, or all, of the time. And, compared with the major farm livestock, their life cycles are short and their production of offspring is high. Thus, farmers can synchronize production to match seasonal changes in the availability of feed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although poultry contribute substantially to human nutrition in the tropics, it is a small fraction of what it could be. The meat is widely consumed and is in constant demand. An excellent source of protein, it also provides minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and iron, as well as the B-complex vitamins riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin. Nutritionally as complete as red meat, it is much lower in cholesterol and saturated fats. Poultry eggs are also important sources of nutrients. They are a renewable resource, easy to prepare, and are among the best sources of quality protein and vitamins (except vitamin C).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In spite of their numbers and potential, poultry are rarely accorded primary consideration in economic development activities. All in all, these small birds lack the appeal of large, four-legged livestock. Indeed, most countries have little knowledge of the contribution household birds actually make to the well-being and diets of their peoples. In some countries - even those where birds are widely kept - there is little or no poultry research or extension. And where such programs do exist they usually focus almost exclusively on the production of chickens under &quot;industrial&quot; conditions near cities (see sidebar, page 75).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most developing countries now have these intensive chicken industries, in which birds are kept in complete confinement. However, these commercial operations provide food for people in the cash economy, not for subsistence farmers. Moreover, grain is sometimes diverted or imported to maintain these operations, perhaps causing food shortages, higher prices, or depleted foreign exchange. Thus, in this section we focus on other, neglected, aspects of poultry production.,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The neglect of poultry that scavenge around the rural farmhouses and in village yards is understandable. The birds are scattered across the countryside where extension programs are difficult to implement. Their presence is often so ingrained in traditional village life that they are taken for granted and ignored by the authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet village poultry deserve greater attention. As converters of vegetation into animal protein, poultry can be outstanding. In fact, it is estimated that, in terms of feed conversion, eggs rank with cow's milk as the most economically produced animal protein, and that poultry meat ranks above that of other domestic animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most Third World poultry flocks live a wary, half-wild existence, scrounging for insects, earthworms, snails, seeds, leaves, and leftovers from the human diet. From dung and refuse piles they salvage undigested grains, as well as insects and other invertebrates. Often the persons who care for them are women or children. Some keep the birds around the house, penning them at night for protection from predators and thieves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This almost zero-cost production has, in spite of high losses, a remarkable rate of return. Any improvements that require the purchase of supplies cut severely into the profitability. The first step in improving the production of free-ranging poultry is vaccination against diseases (especially Newcastle disease, fowl pox, and Marek's disease) and a modest, supplemental feeding during times of seasonal scarcity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE INDUSTRIAL CHICKEN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout modem livestock farming the trend is toward more intensive methods, and poultry specialists have set the pace. In many countries, since the 1920s, barnyard fowl have given way to egg and broiler factories. The old-fashioned chicken reared outside on corn stubbles for 5 or 6 months has been replaced by the broiler, mass-produced in controlled environment houses in 7 - 10 weeks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a result of this revolution in poultry raising, small farmers who once made a comfortable living from a few laying hens have been forced out of business. These economic changes have also forced poultry men to have larger and larger flocks to survive. The largest broiler-chicken companies even control their own breed development, feed production, house construction, slaughtering, and freezing, many even have wholesale outlets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rapid changes in poultry farming methods can be attributed to the application of advanced technology. The development of the incubator to replace the mother hen sitting her seasonal clutch of eggs was the first mayor step toward intensive poultry farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, chickens were the first livestock to receive serious attention from geneticists. Before World War II, it was discovered that crossbreeding selected pure and inbred lines could result in dramatic increases in production. Hybrids tailor-made for egg or meat production quickly ousted the old pure breeds such as the Rhode Island Red White and Brown Leghorns, Light Sussex, and the various crosses among them. Chicken broilers made by crosses involving parents derived from Cornish and Plymouth Rock have supplanted all others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This situation now prevails in most industrialized countries. The breeding of commercial stocks is in the hands of a few corporations for each commodity (white eggs, brown eggs, chicken broilers, turkeys) and each has national or even global distribution of its hybrid stocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A BREAKTHROUGH IN POULTRY HEALTH&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newcastle disease is endemic in developing countries and is a constant threat to poultry. Farmers dread this virus, first identified half a century ago in northern England that brings diarrhea, paralysis, and death to most poultry. It is severe, highly contagious, and can cause 100 percent mortality. When it strikes an area, farmers must kill all chickens - even healthy ones - to stop it from spreading.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only Australia, New Zealand, Northern Ireland and some Pacific islands are unaffected. But, although the disease is not found in Australia, certain strains of the virus are present in Australian chickens. These strains are completely harmless, but Australian researchers have found that they induce antibodies that are effective against Newcastle disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a joint project (funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research), scientists from Malaysia's University of Agriculture and Australia's University of Queensland* have put this to good use. They have produced a live culture of the harmless virus that farmers can spray onto feed pellets to vaccinate their birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Field tests of the new vaccine, carried out in Southeast Asia, have been extremely promising. Simply coating feeds with the virus seems to be enough to immunize some chickens, which then pass the immunity on to the others in the flock as well as to new hatchlings. In Malaysia, which has 49 million chickens and a population willing to pay a premium for tasty village poultry meat, one economist estimates that the vaccine might increase rural incomes by 25 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conventional vaccines must be stored under refrigerated conditions, which most villages lack. But the Malaysian workers made the Newcastle disease vaccine tolerant of heat. By selective breeding, they now have strains that resist 56ÃC for at least 2 hours. Thus, even in the tropics, the vaccine remains effective for several weeks without refrigeration. The researchers have also devised methods for coating the vaccine onto pelleted feeds. Because the virus can withstand heat, they use a machine designed for coating pharmaceutical tablets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At this stage, the project is showing every promise of producing a cheap means of reducing Newcastle disease losses among chickens throughout much of the world. Already inquiries have come from other Asian countries and from Africa, and it is hoped that the vaccine may eventually benefit many countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5 Chicken</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g008a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens (Gallus gallus or Gallus domesticus)1 are the world's  major source of eggs and are a meat source that supports a food  industry in virtually every country. There may be as many as 6.5 billion  chickens, the equivalent of 1.4 birds for every person on earth.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No other domesticated animal has enjoyed such universal acceptance,  and these birds are the prime example of the importance of  microlivestock. Kept throughout the Third World, they are one of the  least expensive and most efficient producers of animal protein.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To the world's poor, chickens are probably the most nutritionally  important livestock species. For instance, in Mauritius and Nigeria more  than 70 percent of rural households keep scavenger chickens. In  Swaziland, more than 95 percent of rural households own chickens,  most of them scavengers. In Thailand, where commercial poultry  production is highly developed, 80-90 percent of rural households still  keep chickens in backyards and under houses. And in other developing  countries from Pakistan to Peru, a similar situation prevails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clearly, these chickens should be given far more attention. They  represent an animal and a production system with remarkable qualities;  they compete little with humans for food; they produce meat at low  cost; and they provide a critical nutritional resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scavenger chickens are usually self-reliant, hardy birds capable of  withstanding the abuses of harsh climate, minimal management, and inadequate nutrition. They live largely on weed seeds, insects, and feeds that would otherwise go to waste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, however, quantitative information about the backyard chicken is hard to obtain. Few countries have any knowledge of its actual contribution to the well-being and diet of their people. Notably lacking is an understanding of the factors limiting egg production, which is markedly low and perhaps could be raised dramatically with modest effort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are so well known and ubiquitous that they need no further description. Varying in color from white through many shades of brown to black, they range in size from small bantams of less than 1 kg to giant breeds weighing 5 kg or more. Scavenger chickens tend to weigh about I kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The indigenous chickens of Asia are probably descended directly from the wild junglefowl. Those of West Africa are believed descended from European birds brought by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century; those of Latin America probably descend from Spanish birds introduced soon after the time of Columbus.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p81a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All countries have chickens in large numbers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are not endangered, but industrial stocks are replacing traditional breeds to such an extent that much potentially valuable genetic heritage is disappearing. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although chickens derive from tropical species, they adapt to a wide  variety of environments. The modern Leghorn, for example, is found  from the hot plains of India to the frozen tundra of Siberia, and from  sea level to altitudes above 4,000 m in the Andes. (There are, however,  hatching problems at such high altitudes because of oxygen deficiency.)  They also occur in desert countries such as Saudi Arabia, which has a  vast poultry industry and even exports broilers. (However, the birds  need shade and a lot of water where it is hot and dry.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are omnivorous, living on seeds, insects, worms, leaves,  green grass, and kitchen scraps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A commercial bird may produce 280 eggs annually, but a scavenger  may produce close to none. Commonly, a farmyard hen lays a dozen  eggs, takes three weeks to hatch out a brood of chicks, stays with the  chicks six weeks or more, and only then starts laying again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Egg production depends on daylength. For the highest production  rate, at least 12 hours of daylight are needed. The incubation period is  21 days. A hen can begin laying at 5 months of age or even earlier, but  in scavengers it may be much later. The average weight of the eggs is  approximately 55 g from industrial layers and approximately 40 g from  scavengers. Hatching success from breeder flocks often exceeds 90  percent. Industrial broilers can be marketed as early as 6 weeks, when  they are called &quot;Cornish hens.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These passive, gregarious birds have a pronounced social (pecking)  order. If acclimated, they remain on the premises and are unlikely to go  feral. If given a little evening meal of &quot;scratch,&quot; they learn to come  home to roost at night.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens have multiple uses. They were probably first used for cock  fighting; later they were used in religious rituals, and only much later  were raised for eggs and meat. Today, chickens can provide a family  with eggs, meat, feathers, and sometimes cash.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In different parts of the world, people keep scavenging chickens in  different ways. The managers are often women and children because  they have more time to spend at home to feed the birds and repel  predators. Some people leave the birds entirely to their own devices.  Many house them at night. Others take the birds each day to the fields,  where they may find much more food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are many ingenious local practices. In Ghana, for example,  farmers &quot;culture&quot; termites for poultry by placing a moist piece of cow  dung (under a tin) over a known termite nest. The termites burrow into  the dung, and some can then be fed to the chickens each day. Because  termites digest cellulose, this system converts waste vegetation into  meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A ratio of 1 male to 10-15 females is adequate for barnyard flocks.  Hens will lay eggs in the absence of a rooster - but of course the rooster  is needed if fertile eggs are wanted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Removing chicks stimulates the hen to lay more eggs. This results in  more chicks being hatched, but it requires that the chicks be nurtured  and fed until they are old enough to fend for themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are everywhere; every culture knows them and how to  husband them. They have been utilized for so many centuries that in  most societies their use is ingrained. Unlike the case with pork and beef,  there are few strictures against eating chicken meat or eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat is high in quality protein, low in fat, and easily prepared. In  many countries, the village chicken's meat is preferred to that of  commercial broilers because it has better texture and stronger flavor.  Even in countries with vast poultry industries there is a growing demand  for the tasty, &quot;organically grown,&quot; free-ranging chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chickens are more suited to &quot;urban farming&quot; than most types of  livestock and can be raised in many city situations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds are conveniently sized, easily transported alive, and, by and  large, do not transmit diseases to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the problems of village  chickens are mainly those discussed below.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High Hatching Mortality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commonly, a hatch of eight or nine village chicks results in only two  or three live birds after a few days. A survey in Nigeria, for instance,  showed that 80 percent died before the age of eight weeks. Losses  elsewhere are known to be similar. This is mostly because of starvation,  cold, dehydration, predators (hawks, kites, snakes, dogs, and cats, for  example), diseases, parasites, accidents, and simply getting lost - all of  which can be prevented without great effort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chronic and Acute Disease&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry diseases can become epidemic in the villages because there  are few if any veterinarians. Newcastle disease, fowlpox, pullorum  disease, and coccidiosis, for example - all of which are endemic in the  Third World - can destroy the entire chicken population over large  areas. Lice and other parasites are also prevalent. Scavengers and  industrial birds seem to show no differences in their tolerance for such  diseases and parasites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Low Egg Production&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey in Nigeria showed that the annual production per hen was  merely 20 eggs. Such low production is common throughout the Third  World and is caused by a combination of low genetic potential,  inadequate nutrition, and poor management. Villagers rarely provide nest  boxes or laying areas, so that some eggs are just not found. Some birds  have high levels of broodiness, and eggs accumulating in a nest  stimulates this. There are indications, however, that some village  chickens (for example, some in China) have quite substantial egg-laying  potential when provided with adequate feed.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Low Egg Consumption&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the tropics, many people choose not to eat eggs. Often this is  because eggs are the source of the next generation of chickens;  sometimes it is because of superstition. Further, eggs do not keep well  because most are fertile and, exposed to constant tropical heat, undergo  rapid embryo development.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crop Damage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often necessary to confine the birds to protect young crops or  vegetable gardens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike the situation with small cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs, there are  few named and recognized breeds of Third World chickens. Yet, nearly  every country has at least one kind of village chicken. These have  survived there for centuries and are highly adapted to local conditions.  In village projects, these unnamed chickens deserve priority attention  before other types are sought from elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Generally speaking, improving the production of scavenging poultry  does not require sophisticated research. Instead, simple precautions are  sufficient. These are discussed below.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Disease Control&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At a national or regional level, the initial approach to increasing  chicken production in tropical areas should be disease control. There are  several outstanding instances of success in this endeavor. For example,  the spectacular rise of poultry production in Singapore (from 250,000  birds in 1949 to 20 million in 1957) followed the control of Ranikhet  disease. Village flock-health programs, carried out regularly by visiting  veterinarians (&quot;barefoot veterinarians&quot;), might be the answer to some of  the routine health problems. Today, a prime target should be Newcastle  disease, for which there are good chances for success (see page 76).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first step in chicken production at the farm level is improved  management. With more care and attention, mortality can be greatly  reduced. Because incubating and brooding hens must spend the night on  the ground, they are extremely vulnerable. Even modest predator  controls can be highly beneficial. Building crude and inexpensive nest  boxes and constructing a simple holding area around them can  substantially raise production by ensuring that more chicks survive.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE CHICKEN'S WILD ANCESTOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although little known to most people, the red junglefowl has  contributed more to every nation than any other wild bird. It is  the ancestor of the chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given its descendants importance worldwide, the neglect of  this bird is baffling. If the cow's wild ancestor, the aurochs, had  not become extinct in the 1600s, it would now be worth millions  of dollars as the ultimate source of cattle genetic diversity. Yet  the world's chicken industry remains virtually unaware of the  origin of its source of livelihood.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the aurochs, the red junglefowl has a wealth of wild  genes, and it deserves more recognition and protection. For one  thing the modern chicken - selectively bred in the temperate  zone - is highly susceptible to heat and humidity; the junglefowl,  on the other hand, is not. It inhabits the warmest and most humid  parts of Asia: Sri Lanka, India, Burma, Thailand, and most of  Southeast Asia. It may also be resistant to various chicken  diseases and pests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not a rare species. Throughout the wide crescent  stretching from Pakistan to Indonesia, junglefowls are still seen  in the wild, especially in forest clearings and lowland scrub.  Although they are a prized bag for hunters, they survive by fast  running and agile flying. They are sometimes sold in village  markets, but can easily be mistaken for domesticated chickens,  which in this region are often very similar. The wild junglefowl,  however, has feathered legs, a down-curving tail, and an overall  scragginess.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Junglefowls should be under intensive study. They are easy to  rear in captivity and do well in pens, even small ones, as long as  they are sheltered from rain and wind. One drawback is their  craze for scratching unless provided plenty of space they  promptly tear up all grass and dirt. Another is that junglecocks  are violent fighters and must be kept apart. (Cockfighting is  probably a major reason why they were initially selected, and  thus their aggressiveness is perhaps the reason we have the  chicken today.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These highly adaptable creatures live in a variety of habitats,  from sea level to 2,000 m. Most, however, are found in and  around damp forests, secondary growth, dry scrub, bamboo  groves, and small woods near farms and villages. They are  amazingly clever at evading capture and thrive wherever there is  some cover.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other junglefowl species might also provide useful poultry.  They, too, can be raised in captivity with comparative ease, as  long as the cocks are kept apart. Perhaps they might be tamed with imprinting and could prove useful as domestic fowl,  especially in marginal habitats. They are everywhere considered  culinary luxuries and their meat commands premium prices.  Moreover, several have colorful feathers, giving them additional  commercial value. These other species are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- La Fayette's Junglefowl (Gallus lafayettei). Avery attractive  bird of Sri Lanka, it is little known in captivity, and only in the  United States are there any number in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gray or Sonnerat's Junglefowl (Gallus sonnerati). A native  of India, this colorful bird produces feathers that are used in  tying the most prized trout and salmon flies. Demand is so great  that certain populations have declined, and since 1968 India has  banned all export of birds or feathers. Nonetheless, there are  several hundred in captivity in various countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Green Junglefowl (Gallus varius). This is yet another striking  bird. The cock has metallic, greenish-black feathering set off by  a comb that merges from brilliant green at the base to bright  purple and red at the top. Native to Java, Bali, and the  neighboring Indonesian islands as far out as Timor, it is found  particularly near rice paddies and rocky coasts. This species, too,  can be raised without great difficulty, and there are at least 90 in  captivity in various parts of the world.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nutrition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving poultry nutrition is also of prime importance. There are no quantitative data on the quality of a scavenging chicken's diet. Surveys are badly needed so that appropriate, low-cost supplements can be devised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chances are that the diet for chicks of scavenging poultry is almost always deficient in available energy. Minimal supplementation in the form of cereals or energy-rich by-products can greatly improve both egg and meat production. However, caution must always be exercised and the supplements given only to chicks. Overfed adults will give up scavenging and stay around the owner's house, without really producing much more meat or eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetic Improvement&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it seems attractive to replace the scrawny village chicken with bigger, faster-growing imported breeds, it is a process fraught with difficulty. Exotic breeds lack the ability to tolerate the rigors of mismanagement and environmental stress. Many cannot avoid predators, as a result either of being overweight or of having a poor conformation for flight. The local birds, however, probably have a genetic potential that is much higher than can be expressed in the constraining environment. Thus, the environmental constraints should be tackled first.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, the village birds may have a feed-conversion efficiency that is far less than ideal because they are adapted to a scavenging existence. Modern breeds imported into Ghana, for instance, showed a feed-conversion efficiency of less that 3.5:1 (weight of food eaten: growth and eggs), but the local birds had efficiencies of 11:1.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need for preserving genetic variability is greater in poultry, especially in chickens, than in any other form of domestic animal. North America, for instance, which years ago had 50 or more common breeds, now relies on only 2 for meat production, and the others have been largely lost. Conservation of germplasm has become a matter of serious concern, and the saving of rare breeds in domestic fowl should not be delayed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE SOUTH AMERICAN CHICKEN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Early European explorers of South America were surprised to discover an abundance of unusual chickens that laid colored eggs and had feathers resembling earrings on the side of the head. While the origin of this bird - commonly called the araucanian chicken and classified as Gallus inauris - is debatable, scientists generally agree that it is pre-Columbian. There is archeological evidence that this bird is native to the Americas. It is reported to have occurred in Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Peru, and Easter Island. It still occurs in the wild in southern Chile and on Easter Island.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The araucanian has been called the &quot;Easter-egg chicken&quot; because it lays light green, light blue, and olive colored eggs. It lays well and has a delicious meat. In areas such as southern Chile the eggs are preferred over those of normal chickens because of their flavor and dark yellow yolk. This unusual bird has a high degree of variability; however, specimens of similar genetic background have been grouped to create &quot;breeds&quot; such as the White Araucanian, Black Araucanian, and Barred Araucanian. These are homozygotes and breed true.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The araucanian has been the subject of much public interest,. clubs dedicated to its preservation have been formed in the United States, Great Britain, and Chile. Its possible exploitation as a backyard microlivestock deserves serious consideration. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6 Ducks</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g009a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)1 are well known, but still have much unrealized promise for subsistence-level production. Although a major resource of Asia, where there is approximately one duck per 20 inhabitants, they are not so intensively used elsewhere. On a worldwide basis, for instance, they are of minor importance compared with chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is unfortunate because ducks are easy to keep, adapt readily to a wide range of conditions (including small-farm culture), and require little investment. They are also easily managed under village conditions, particularly if a waterway is nearby, and appear to be more resistant to diseases and more adept at foraging than chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, the products from ducks are in constant demand. Some breeds yield more eggs than the domestic chicken. And duck meat always sells at premium. A few recently created breeds (notably some in Taiwan) have much lower levels of fat than the traditional farm duck. This development could open up vast new markets for duck meat, especially in wealthy countries, where consumers are both concerned over fat in their diet and eager for alternatives to chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks are also efficient at converting waste resources - insects, weeds, aquatic plants, and fallen seeds, for instance - into meat and eggs. Indeed, they are among the most efficient of all food producers. Raised in confinement, ducks can convert 2.4-2.6 kg of concentrated feed into I kg of weight gain. The only domestic animal that has better feed conversion is the broiler chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raised as village birds and allowed to forage for themselves, ducks become less productive but become even more cost effective because much of the food they scavenge has no monetary value. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several distinctive types have been developed in various regions. Most have lost the ability to fly any distance, but they retain a characteristic boatlike posture and a labored, waddling walk. The Indian Runner, however, has an almost erect stance that permits it to walk and run with apparent ease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic ducks range in body size from the diminutive Call, weighing less than I kg, to the largest meat strains (Pekin, Rouen, and Aylesbury, for example) weighing as much as 4.5 kg. For intensive conditions, the Pekin is the most popular meat breed around the world. In confinement it grows rapidly - weighing 2.5-3 kg at a market age of 78 weeks. In addition, it is hardy, does not fly, lays well, and produces good quality (but somewhat fatty) meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Khaki Campbell breed is an outstanding egg producer, some individuals laying more than 300 eggs per bird per year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Taiwan Tsaiya (layer duck) is also a particularly efficient breed. It weighs 1.2 kg at maturity, starts laying at 120-140 days, and can produce 260-290 eggs a year. Its small body size, large egg weight, and phenomenal egg production make Brown Tsaiya the main breed for egg consumption in Taiwan. More than 2.5 million Brown Tsaiya ducks are raised annually for egg production.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domestic duck is distributed throughout the world; however, its greatest economic importance is in Southeast Asia, particularly in the wetland-rice areas. For example, about 28 percent of Taiwan's poultry are- ducks. In parts of Asia, some domestic flocks have as many as 20,000 birds. One farm near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, rears 40,000 ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although ducks are abundant, some Western breeds are becoming rare. Indigenous types are little known outside their home countries and have received little study, so their status is uncertain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These adaptable creatures thrive in hot, humid climates. However, during torrid weather they must have access to shade, drinking water, and bathing water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks are well adapted to rivers, canals, lakes, ponds, marshes, and other aquatic locations. Moreover, they can be raised successfully in estuarine areas. Most ocean bays and inlets teem with plant and animal life that ducks relish, but (unlike wild sea ducks) domestic breeds have a low physiological tolerance for salt and must be supplied with fresh drinking water. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks search for food underwater, sieve organic matter from mud, root out morsels underground, and sometimes catch insects in the air. Their natural diet is normally about 90 percent vegetable matter (seeds, berries, fruits, nuts, bulbs, roots, succulent leaves, and grasses) and 10 percent animal matter (insects, snails, slugs, leeches, worms, eels, crustacea, and an occasional small fish or tadpole). They have little ability to utilize dietary fiber. Although they eat considerable quantities of tender grass, they are not true grazers (like geese), and don't eat coarse grasses and weeds at all. Sand and gravel is swallowed to serve as &quot;grindstones&quot; in the gizzard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When protected from accidents and predation, ducks live a surprisingly long time. It is not unusual for one to continue reproducing for up to 8 years, and there are reports of exceptional birds living more than 20 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite large differences in size, color, and appearance, all domestic breeds interbreed freely. Eggs normally take 28 days to incubate, brooding and rearing is performed solely by the female.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Depending on breed, a female may reach sexual maturity at about 20 weeks of age. Most begin laying at 20-26 weeks, but the best egg- laying varieties come into production at 16-18 weeks and lay profitably for 2 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is generally well known that ducks are shy, nervous, and seldom aggressive towards each other or humans. Skilled and enthusiastic swimmers from the day they hatch, they spend many hours each day bathing and frolicking in any available water. However, most breeds can be raised successfully without swimming water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although wild ducks normally pair off, domestic drakes will mate indiscriminately with any females in a flock. In intensively raised flocks, I male to 6 females, and in village flocks, 1 male for up to 25 females, results in good fertility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most domestic ducks, particularly the egg-laying strains, have little instinct to brood. If not confined, they will lay eggs wherever they happen to be - occasionally even while swimming. To facilitate egg collection, some keepers confine ducks until noon. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p96a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a meat source, ducks have major advantages. Their growth rate is phenomenal during the first few weeks. (Acceptable market weights can be attained under intensive management with birds as young as 6-7 weeks of age.) Yet, even in older birds, the meat remains tender and palatable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eggs from many breeds are typically 20-35 percent larger than chicken eggs, weighing on average about 73 g. They are nutritious, have more fat and protein, and contain less water than hen's eggs. They are often used in cooking and make excellent custards and ice cream. Eggs incubated until just before the embryos form feathers produce a delicacy known as balut in the Philippines. Salted eggs are popular in China and Southeast Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feathers and down (an insulating undercoat of fine, fluffy feathers) are valuable by-products. Down is particularly sought as a filler for pillows, comforters, and winter clothing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks have a special fondness for mosquito and beetle larvae, grasshoppers, snails, slugs, and crustaceans, and therefore are effective pest control agents. China, in particular, uses ducks to reduce pests in rice fields.3 Its farmers also keep ducks to clear fields of scattered grain, to clear rice paddy banks of burrowing crabs, and to clear aquatic weeds and algae out of small lakes, ponds, and canals. This not only improves the conditions for aquaculture and agriculture, it also fattens the ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Southeast Asia, droving is a traditional form of duck husbandry, much as it was in medieval Europe. The birds are herded along slowly, foraging in fields or riverbanks as they march to market. The journey might cover hundreds of kilometers and take as long as six months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This process, however, is generally declining, and most ducks are raised under farm conditions where they scavenge for much of their feed. Throughout Southeast Asia, ducks have been integrated with aquaculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks can be raised on almost any kitchen wastes: vegetable trimmings, table scraps, garden leftovers, canning refuse, stale produce, and stale (but not moldy) baked goods. However, for top yields and quickest growth, protein-rich feeds are the key. Commercial duck farms rely on such things as fish scraps, grains, soybean meal, or coconut cake. Agricultural wastes such as sago chips, palm-kernel cake, and palm-oil sludge are being used in Malaysia.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks have a very high requirement for niacin (a B vitamin). If chicken rations are used, a plentiful supply of fresh greens must be provided to avoid &quot;cowboy legs,&quot; a symptom of niacin deficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of all domestic animals, ducks are among the most versatile and useful and have multiple advantages, including:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Withstanding poor conditions;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Producing food efficiently;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Utilizing foodstuffs that normally go unharvested;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Helping to control pests; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Helping to fertilize the soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also, they are readily herded (for instance, by children).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Excellent foragers, they usually can find all their own food, getting by on only a minimum of supplements, if any. Raising them requires little work, and they provide farmers with food or an income from the sale of eggs, meat, and down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks can grow faster than broiler chickens if they have adequate nutrients. Like guinea fowl and geese, they are relatively resistant to disease. They also have a good tolerance to cold and, in most climates, don't need artificial heat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING NEW DUCKS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many species of ducks adapt readily to captivity; it is surprising, therefore, that only the mallard and the muscovy have been domesticated so far. Several wild tropical species seem especially worth exploring for possible future use in Third World farms, Because of the year-round tropical warmth, their instinct to migrate is either absent or unpronounced, and the heavy layer of fat (a feature of temperate-climate ducks that consumers in many countries consider a drawback) is lacking. Moreover, because of uniform daylength, they are ready to breed at any time of the year. Candidates for domestication as tropical ducks include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Whistling ducks (Dendrocygna species). These large, colorful, gooselike birds are noted for their beautiful, cheerful whistle.* They are long-necked perching ducks that are found throughout the tropics. By and large, they are gregarious, sedentary, vegetarian, and less arboreal than the muscovy - all positive traits for a poultry species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The black-bellied whistling duck (D. auturunalis) seems especially promising. It is common throughout tropical America (southwestern United States to northwestern Argentina) and is sometimes kept in semicaptivity. Occasionally, in the highlands of Guatemala, for instance, Indians sell young ones they have reared as pets. When hand reared, the birds can become very tame. * * They eat grain and other vegetation, require no swimming water, and will voluntarily use nest boxes. In the wild, they &quot;dump&quot; large numbers of eggs so that even if substantial numbers were removed for artificial hatching, the wild populations should not be affected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Greater wood ducks (Cairina species). The muscovy (C. moschata) was domesticated by South American Indians long before Europeans arrived (see page 124). Its counterparts in the forests of Southeast Asia and tropical Africa are, however, untried as domesticates. The white-winged wood duck (C. scutulata) is found from eastern India to Java. Hartlaub's duck (C. hartlaubi) occurs in forests and wooded savannas from Sierra Leone to Zaire. Both are rare in captivity, but might well prove to be future tropical resources. Both are strikingly similar to muscovies in size and habits, being large, phlegmatic, sedentary, and omnivorous. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Predators are the most important cause of losses in farm flocks. Ducks are almost incapable of defending themselves, and losses from dogs and poachers can be high. Locking them in at night both protects the birds and prevents eggs from being wastefully laid outside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ducks do suffer from some diseases, mainly those traceable to mismanagement such as poor diet, stagnant drinking water, moldy feed or bedding, or overcrowded and filthy conditions. Of all poultry, they are the most sensitive to aflatoxin, which usually comes from eating moldy feed. They are also susceptible to cholera (pasteurellosis) and botulism, either of which may wipe out entire flocks. Duck virus enteritis (duck plague) and duck virus hepatitis also can cause severe losses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If not carefully managed, ducks can become pests to some crops, especially cereals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, ducks tend to be extremely poor mothers and can be helped by using broody chicken hens or female muscovies as surrogate mothers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Major limitations to large-scale, intensive production are mud, smell, and noise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Defeathering ducks is much more difficult than defeathering chickens because of an abundance of small pinfeathers and down feathers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds already function so well that no fundamental research needs to be done. Nonetheless, there are a number of topics that could improve their production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, different types of low-cost systems need to be explored and developed. These must be low-input systems since cash is a limiting factor for most subsistence farmers. One possibility is the integration of duck and fish farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of all breeds is needed to determine their status and likelihood of extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One need in countries that already have ducks is to encourage the consumption of duck meat. Indonesia, for instance, has 25 million egg-producing ducks, but little duck meat is consumed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research on economically significant diseases is needed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7 Geese</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g010a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Brown Chinese Geese&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although geese (Anser spp.) were one of the first domesticated animals, they have yet to receive the level of commercial or industrial exploitation of chickens or even ducks. Thus, their global potential is far greater than is generally recognized today.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic geese are easily managed and well suited to small-farm production; they are among the fastest growing avian species commonly raised for meat, and they have immediate application in many developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are especially appropriate for providing farmers a supplemental income. With little extra work they supply nutritious meat, huge eggs, and rich fat for cooking, as well as soft down and feathers for bedding and clothing. Moreover, their strident voices sound the alarm when strangers or predators approach. They are especially well suited to aquatic areas and marshy lands and are completely at home in warm shallow waterways. Nevertheless, they can thrive away from water. In fact, wherever pasture is available geese readily adapt to captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are grazers, and can be raised almost exclusively on pasture. They are excellent foragers, and on succulent grass can find most or all of their own food. With their powerful bills they pull up grasses and underwater plants and probe soil and water for roots, bulbs, and aquatic animals. Their long necks make them adept at gleaning weeds from hard-to-reach places - such as fence rows, ditches, and swampy areas that baffle larger livestock. They will also feast on vegetable trimmings, garden and table leftovers, canning refuse, and stale baked goods. Like other poultry, they pick up shattered grains of rice, wheat, barley, and other crops, which can reduce the bothersome problem of weeds volunteering in subsequent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are available worldwide. In most climates, they require little or no housing. Given reasonable care and protection from predators, mortality can be extremely low. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic geese come in an assortment of colors, sizes, and shapes. There are two main types, however. Descendants of the wild greylag goose (Anser anser) make up the domestic breeds common in North America and Europe, including the Embden, Toulouse, Pilgrim, American Buff, Pomeranian, Sebastopol, and Tufted Roman breeds. These are generally best suited to temperate climates. On the other hand, descendants of the wild &quot;swan goose&quot; (Anser cygnoides) make up the geese of Asia, including the Chinese and &quot;African&quot; types. These breeds seem better suited to hot climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to these, many European and Asian countries have their own local breeds and types, and there are even several wild species that show some potential for captive production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With their long legs and webbed toes, geese are equally at home walking or swimming. Avid walkers, they march long distances to find forage, but return home at dusk. Accomplished and graceful swimmers, geese are able to take to water soon after they hatch. Despite their large size, some domestic breeds - especially the leaner ones - have retained the ability to fly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are found worldwide, but goose farming is nationally important only in Asia and Central Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic geese are not threatened, although much local variation among the breeds is being lost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most geese adapt well to hot climates - as long as some shade is available. Their waterproof feathers help them adapt well to high rainfall regions. They also tolerate extreme cold. (For instance, in Canada, geese are wintered outdoors in subfreezing temperatures, with merely 'e simple shelter from wind.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For tropical developing countries, the Chinese type, which is widely kept in Southeast Asia, is especially promising. Smaller than most geese (although ganders can weigh over 5 kg), they are the best layers, the most active foragers (making them economical and useful as weeders), the most alert and &quot;talkative,&quot; and they produce the leanest meat. Some European breeds, such as Embden and Toulouse, have also been used in the tropics with notable success. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING GEESE&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Temperate Zones)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today's domestic geese are descended from two species: the greylag (Anser anser) and the swan goose (Anser cygnoides). These were domesticated in Europe and China, respectively. Their domestication occurred in ancient times, long before people knew about genetics, microorganisms, veterinary science, or behavior modifications such as imprinting. Today, armed with such knowledge, more geese may be amenable to domestication. Most of the 15 other wild species adapt to captivity. Compared to most birds, geese spend much time walking and swimming and are less inconvenienced by pinioning (removing the tip of the wing). Thus, they can be kept outdoors rather than in cages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both of the ancestors of today's domestic geese are native to the northern temperate zone. Two more wild species that might make useful domesticates are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Canada goose (Branta canadensis). North America. People feeding these birds in city parks and wildlife refuges are causing many local flocks to develop. These birds no longer migrate. They are increasing in numbers each year and are well on the way to de facto domestication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- American swan goose (Coscoroba coscoroba). Southern South America. Although most closely allied to swans in shape and physiology, this bird resembles a muscovy (see page 124) in size and behavior. Its calm disposition, as well as its attractive red feet and bill that accent its white plumage, have made it much sought as an ornament for parks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In its diet, the goose utilizes large quantities of tender forage. It can break down plant-cell walls and digest the contents. Although it has no crop for storing food, there is an enlargement at the end of the gullet that serves as a temporary storage organ. Sand and small gravel are swallowed to aid the gizzard in grinding hard seeds and fibrous grasses. Research has shown that geese can digest 15-20 percent of the fiber in their diet, which is 3-4 times the amount that other poultry species can digest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The natural diet consists of grasses, seeds, roots, bulbs, berries, and fruits, normally supplemented with a little animal matter (mainly insects and snails) picked up incidentally. Most feeding takes place on land. They characteristically feed for prolonged periods, even at night.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females may lay for 10 years or more. It is generally believed that reproduction is best in the second year and that it remains good until the fifth year. Geese outlive other types of poultry; life spans of 1520 years are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The eggs incubate in 27-31 days. The incubation time is more variable than in most poultry species, perhaps because geese have not been subjected to the selection pressure that is imposed by artificial incubators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most intelligent birds, the goose has a good memory and does not quickly forget people, animals, or situations that have frightened it. While personalities and habits vary among individual specimens, there are common behavioral patterns, such as the pecking order, that allow individuals to live peaceably together.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless conditions are crowded or there are too many males, geese normally live harmoniously both with themselves and with other creatures. The bond between male and female is strong. Changing mates is difficult, although most geese will eventually accept a new mate after a period of &quot;mourning.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese nest on the ground and prefer the water's edge, but they adapt readily to man-made nesting boxes. The gander usually stands guard while the goose incubates the eggs. He then assists in rearing the goslings. Most geese become irritated if intruders approach their nest or goslings, and will even attack people and large dogs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As previously noted, these birds provide meat, eggs, fat, and down. The meat is lean, flavorful, and of outstanding quality. The fat accumulates between the skin and the flesh and can be rendered into a long-lasting oil. The eggs are large and taste much like chicken eggs. The &quot;down&quot; (the small, fluffy feathers that lie next to the body of adult birds) is the finest natural insulating material for clothing and bedding, and can fetch a premium price. Worldwide markets exist for both down and other goose feathers. In France, in particular, some geese are raised for their livers (foie gras).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese can control many types of aquatic weeds in shallow water as well as grass and some types of palatable broad-leaf weeds on the banks of lakes, ponds, and canals. They can also be used as ''lawn mowers&quot; and &quot;weeders&quot; among cotton, fruit trees, and other crops (see sidebar).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Elongated necks not only allow geese to reach many different foods, they also help them keep a watchful eye on the surroundings. With their exceptional eyesight they can see great distances, and the position of the eyes gives them a wide field of vision. Geese are among the most alert of all animals, and strangers cannot calm them into silence. In the high Andes, in Southeast Asia, and in many other locations, they replace guard dogs. In Europe, they are used to guard whiskey warehouses and sensitive military installations (see page 111).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Methods of caring for adult geese vary according to climate, breed, and people's experiences and needs. Overall, however, the birds cause little trouble and require little expense. They range freely without restriction, feeding themselves and returning home of their own accord. They have strong flocking instincts and can readily be herded from one area to another.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like all young poultry, goslings are fragile. The highest mortality is caused by predators. Until the goslings are 6-10 weeks old, it is prudent to confine the parents and their young at night in a secure pen or building.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are the only domestic fowl that can live and reproduce on a diet of grass. They cannot remain healthy on coarse dry fodder, but when grass is succulent they need little else other than drinking water. Many legumes also make excellent goose forage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the tropics, eggs can be laid year-round. The production seldom exceeds 40 eggs per year, although with feed supplement and simple management, the Chinese breed may yield more than 100 eggs. Geese go broody quickly. To break up broodiness, the goose can be confined for 4 6 days away from, but in sight of, the ganders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goslings grow rapidly and can reach market size as early as 10-12 weeks; most geese, however, are marketed at 20-30 weeks of age, when they may weigh from 5 to 7 kg, depending on type and breed. Some young birds (also called green or junior geese), force-fed for rapid growth, are marketed at 4-6 kg when they are 8-10 weeks old.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If fed a good diet to maximize growth and if slaughtered at, say, 10 weeks, the Embden, Chinese, or African will have a carcass low in fat. However, the carcass normally has much more fat than other poultry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese must have a constant supply of reasonably clean drinking water during daylight hours. Although swimming water is not necessary, it promotes cleaner and healthier birds because they find it easier to care for their plumage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING GEESE&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Tropics)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese of the tropics have seldom if ever been considered for domestication, but they might provide poultry of considerable value. Presumably they are more heat tolerant and lack the layers of subcutaneous fat (which the ancestors of today's geese needed for warmth in the Arctic). They might thus produce lean birds that would fetch premium prices because excessive fat is the major drawback of today's commercial geese. Examples of tropical species that might be domesticable are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Egyptian goose (AIopochen aegyptiacus). Found throughout the African tropics, this bird is already partly domesticated. However, it is bad tempered and quarrelsome and, so far, this has limited its utility. It has therefore been kept only under semidomestication, without intensive breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nene (Branta sandvicensis). A native of the Hawaiian Islands, this is one of the most endangered species on earth. So few specimens are in existence that farming enterprises cannot now be envisaged. Yet, should this bird prove amenable and suitable, the possibility of an economic future could boost efforts to build up its now meager populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus). India and Central Asia. These smallish geese are handsome, dainty, and have a musical horn-like call. They have distinct black bars across the nape, which gives them their popular name. Hand-reared specimens breed well in captivity. Despite heavy hunting they are still abundant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Northern spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis gambensis). Tropical Africa (Senegal to Zimbabwe). This large bird is a ground nester, but it has long bony spurs on the wings that enable it to easily protect its eggs and young from predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Semipalmated (magpie) goose (Anseranas semipalmata). Australia and New Guinea. One of the most aberrant and primitive of all waterfowl, this long-legged sturdy-billed bird has only partially webbed feet. It perches high in trees and has a loud ungooselike whistling call. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE WADDLING WORK FORCE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because geese relish grasses and shun most broad-leafed plants, some enterprising U.S. farmers in the 1950s began using them to rid cotton fields of grassy weeds, which are difficult to kill with herbicides. The geese were put into the fields as soon as the crop came up. A brace of birds kept an acre of cotton weeded; a gaggle of 12 would gobble as many weeds as a hard-working man could clear with a hoe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This method of clearing fields was so effective that by 1960 more than 175,000 geese honked their way across the carefully tended farmland, mainly in the Southwest. Seven days a week, rain or shine, the feathered field hands slaved uncomplainingly from daybreak to dusk, even putting in overtime on moonlit nights. Many toiled so diligently that they worked themselves out of a job.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The geese cleared the fields more cheaply than hoe hands. They left the crop untouched and ate only the succulent young weeds. They did not damage crop roots (as hoes or tractors can), and they were safe and selective, unlike many herbicides. On top of all that they spread fertilizer for the farmer, and ultimately provided him meat for the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eventually, farmers found that geese could be used to weed nearly all broad-leafed crops: asparagus, potatoes, berry fruits, tobacco, mint, grapes, beets, beans, hops, onions, and strawberries, for example. Geese were used in vineyards and fruit orchards to eat both weeds and the fallen fruits that could otherwise harbor damaging insects. They were employed in fields producing trees for the forest industry and flowers for florists shops. Some growers turned goslings loose in cornfields to consume the &quot;suckers&quot; (cone, after all, is a grass) as well as the grain left on the ground. This eliminated the problem of corn as a weed when different crops were later planted in those fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the 1970s when cotton acreage dropped and herbicides selective for the troublesome grasses were developed, the use of geese declined. But today, some organic farmers are returning to the practice. From February to June in the Pacific Northwest, fields are resounding once more to the old-fashioned racket of White Chinese geese. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mature geese are independent creatures. When kept in small flocks and allowed to roam the farmyard or field, they require less attention than any other domestic bird with the possible exception of guinea fowl. In areas where grass is green for much of the year, they can be raised on less grain or concentrated feed than any other domestic fowl.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Durability is one of their most attractive features. Along with ducks, geese seem to be the most resistant of all poultry to disease, parasites, and cold or wet weather. They also do well in hot climates as long as drinking water and deep shade are available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Growth is not only rapid, it is also efficient. If managed properly, goslings can produce I kg of body weight for every 2.25-3.5 kg of concentrated feed consumed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are not usually thought of as prolific layers. However, as noted, some strains of the Chinese breed will yield well over 100 eggs per goose per year. At 140-170 g per egg, that compares favorably with the output of laying chickens. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p112a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are messy and their loud trumpeting is often irritating. However, unless they have been teased or mistreated or if they are nesting or brooding young, they are not aggressive. But kilo for kilo, they are stronger than most animals, and a harassed or angry adult can express its displeasure effectively with powerful bill and pounding wings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Excessive concentrations of geese on ponds or along creeks encourages unsanitary conditions, muddies water, hastens bank erosion, and destroys plant life. Where sanitation is poor, salmonellosis can devastate geese and be transmitted, via meat and eggs, to humans. Coccidiosis and gizzard worm are other infections.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Defeathering geese is more difficult than plucking chickens because there are two coats (feathers and down) to remove.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some situations, geese may need a diet supplement (such as grain) if they are grazing vegetation exclusively. A balance must be struck: too much supplement and they will quit foraging and become too fat; too little and they grow slowly and may suffer malnutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese are not fully mature until two years of age. Their overall reproductive rate, therefore, is lower than that of other poultry. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry researchers worldwide should begin studies to clarify the role that geese could play in helping to feed Third World nations. Studies might include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Management practices for tropical areas;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Breeding and management for increased egg production;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Incubation techniques;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutrition supplementation (for example, vitamins, minerals, energy, specific amino acids) needed by grazing geese;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Physiology of digestion and reproduction;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Clarifying the inheritance of various traits;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Genetic selection for specific meat, eggs, growth factors, or disease resistance;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Comparative studies of the relative efficiency (especially of feed utilization) of the various types and breeds for specific climates in underdeveloped countries;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Weeding tropical crops with geese; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Studying diseases and cross-infection with other birds. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8 Guinea Fowl</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g011a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Third World villages, the guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) could become much more valuable than it is today. The bird thrives under semi-intensive conditions, forages well, and requires little attention. It retains many of its wild ancestor's survival characteristics: it grows, reproduces, and yields well in both cool and hot conditions; it is relatively disease free; it requires little water or attention; it is almost as easily raised as chickens and turkeys; and it is a most useful all-round farm bird.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea fowl's potential to increase meat production among hungry countries should be given greater recognition. The birds are widely known in Africa and occur in a few areas of Asia, but they show promise for use throughout all of Asia and Latin America and for increased use in Africa itself. Strains newly created for egg and meat production in Europe - notably in France - show excellent characteristics for industrial-scale production. Also, many semidomestic types in Africa deserve increased scientific assessment as scavenger birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meat from domestic guinea fowl is dark and delicate, the flavor resembling that of game birds. It is a special delicacy, served in some of the world's finest restaurants. Several European countries eat vast amounts. Annual consumption in France, for example, is about 0.8 kg per capita.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl also produce substantial numbers of eggs. In Africa, these are often sold hard-boiled in local markets. In the Soviet Union, they are produced in large commercial operations. In France, guinea fowl strains have been developed that not only grow quickly but lay as many as 190 eggs a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside Europe, virtually all guinea fowl are raised as free-ranging birds. These find most of their feed by scratching around villages and farmyards. Their cost of production is small, and they yield food for subsistence farmers. In Europe, on the other hand, most are raised in confinement, with artificial insemination, artificial lighting, and special feeding. In the main, this is to produce meat for luxury markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl production is beginning to increase all over the world. During the last 20 years, for example, many of Europe's chicken farmers and breeders, wishing to diversify, have switched to this bird. The United States is now studying ways to establish industrial production, and both Japan and Australia are increasing their flocks. Nonetheless, there is still a vast untapped future for this bird.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide. This species is robust and resilient and adapts to many climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are somewhat larger than average scavenger-type chickens: adults weigh up to 2.5 kilograms. They have dark-grey feathers with small white spots. Their heads are bare with a bony ridge (helmet) on top, which makes them look something like vultures. The short tail feathers usually slope downwards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chicks, known as &quot;keels,&quot; resemble young quail. They are brown striped with red beaks and legs. The sexes are indistinguishable until eight weeks of age. After that, the males' larger helmets and wattles and the cries of the different sexes can be identified. Both sexes give a one-syllable shriek, but females also have a two-syllable call.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the chicken, the guinea fowl is a gallinaceous species and possesses the characteristic sternum with posterior notches and a raised &quot;thumb.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among domestic types are pearl, white, royal purple, and lavender. Pearl is the most common, and is probably the type first developed from the wild West African birds. Its handsome feathers are often used for ornamental purposes. The white is entirely white from the time of hatching and has a lighter skin. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p117a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe dominates industrial production. France, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Hungary all raise millions of guinea fowl under intensive conditions, just as they raise chickens. Elsewhere, guinea fowl have become established as a semidomesticated species on small family farms. Native flocks are found about villages and homes in parts of East and West Africa, and free-ranging flocks can be seen in many parts of India, notably Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Madhya Pradesh. During the slavery era, they were introduced from Africa to the Americas to be used for food. In Jamaica, Central America, and Malaysia, the birds have reverted to the wild state and are treated as game.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are abundant; in most places even wild populations are not threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are native to the grasslands and woodlands of most of Africa south of the Sahara where they occupy all habitats except dense forests and treeless deserts. Being native also to temperate South Africa, they appear to have an inherent adaptability to both heat and cold. However, in cool climates, regardless of daylength, they will not begin egg production until temperatures exceed 15ÃC. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl accept many foods: grains, leaves, ant eggs (for which they will tear anthills open), and even carrion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, they lay their first egg at about 18 weeks of age. Unlike many wild birds, which produce a single clutch a year, guinea hens lay continuously until adverse weather sets in.2 Free-range &quot;domestic&quot; guinea hens lay up to 60 eggs a season. And well-managed birds under intensive management lay close to 200. The eggs weigh approximately 40 g. Shells are stronger than those of chickens and are usually brown, but can be white or tinted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea hen goes broody after laying, which can be overcome by removing most of the eggs. A clutch of 15-20 is common. The incubation period is 27 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds never become &quot;tame,&quot; but neither do they leave the premises. Although they stray farther than chickens do, they always return. They like to hide their eggs in a bushy corner, often in hollows scratched in the ground. They can fly, although even in the wild they do not fly far. They prefer to roost on high branches and (unless pinioned) can be hard to catch during the day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although wild guinea fowl live in groups, they are monogamous by nature and tend to bond in pairs. However, in domestication a single male may serve four or more females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, guinea fowl are valuable sources of both meat and eggs. They can also be used to control insect pests on vegetable crops.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are good &quot;watch animals&quot;; they have fantastic eyesight, a harsh cry, and will shriek at the slightest provocation. Their agitation on sighting dogs, foxes, hawks, or other predators have saved the lives of many a chicken, duck, and turkey. They are brave and will attack even large animals that threaten them.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl can be kept in confinement using the methods for raising battery chickens. In this system, breeding stock are housed in cages and artificially inseminated. It gives the best egg production and fertility but requires housing, equipment, and skilled labor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds can also be kept in a semidomestic state in and around the farmyard. In such cases they are penned until they are 12 weeks old. Unaccustomed to foraging for natural food, they constantly return to their artificial food supply. Eventually, however, they learn to subsist by scavenging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds have been called &quot;the worst parents in the world,&quot; and are almost incapable of looking after their keets.5 Because the females are such indifferent mothers, the eggs are best hatched in incubators or under other birds, to avoid the keets' being lost by their natural mothers. In many African countries, eggs are hatched under chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Keets are often kept indoors until they are 3-4 weeks old to protect them from predators and wet weather. Sexual maturity can be delayed to as late as 32 weeks of age by holding the birds in windowless housing and controlling the lighting. This improves egg size and hatchability and reduces early mortality. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GUINEA FOWL AND THE ANCIENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The earliest reference to guinea fowl can be found in murals in the Pyramid of Wenis at Saqqara in Egypt, painted about 2400 B.C. Aviaries were quite fashionable at the time, and wealthy landowners maintained guinea fowl within their walled gardens. A thousand years later, by the time of Queen Hatshepsut (about 1475 B.C.), the junglefowl (the ancestor of the chicken) had arrived, and from then on it was raised on a substantial scale. Records of this period refer to &quot;walk-in&quot; incubators, constructed of mud bricks and heated by cameldung fires. The largest could hold up to 90,000 eggs (mainly from junglefowl but some from guinea fowl) and hatching rates of up to 70 percent were claimed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 400 B.C., guinea fowl were well established on farms in Greece. Later, they rose to importance in ancient Rome. Pliny the elder (in his Natural History, published 77 A.D.) stated that they were the last bird to be added to the Roman menu and that they were in great demand, both eggs and flesh being considered great delicacies. The emperor Caligula offered them as sacrifices to himself when he assumed the title of deity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea fowl then died out in Europe but was reintroduced by the Portuguese navigators returning from their African explorations in the late 1400s. They gave it the name pintada or &quot;painted chicken&quot; and this changed to pintade in French, while the name &quot;Guinea fowl&quot; (fowl from Africa) stayed in English, and gallina de Guinea in Spanish. Coincidentally, guinea fowl and turkeys were both introduced to England between 1530 and 1550, and the English, smitten with the original French misnomers, were left sorting out &quot;Ginny birds&quot; and &quot;Turkey birds&quot; for the remainder of the century. Both birds were adopted with great enthusiasm, and within 150 years they had utterly displaced the peafowl and swan as the major table birds for festive occasions.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adapted from R.H.H. Belshaw, 1985 Guinea Fowl of the World&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with the farmyard chicken the guinea fowl's advantages are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Low production costs;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Premium quality meat;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Greater capacity to utilize green feeds;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Better ability to scavenge for insects and grains;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Better ability to protect itself against predators; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Better resistance to common poultry parasites and diseases (for example, Newcastle disease and fowlpox).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surprisingly, this semidomestic bird, which has been farmed for centuries, retains the characteristics (feather morphology, hardiness, social behavior) of its wild ancestor - even when subjected to the most modern intensive-rearing methods employing battery cages and artificial insemination. Thus, it thrives under semicaptive conditions and needs little special care. The birds forage well for themselves and do not require much attention; their meat is tasty and they produce substantial numbers of eggs. Unlike chickens, they don't scratch to get insects out of the soil, so they are less destructive to the garden.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In backyard production the guinea fowl is supreme, but when produced intensively it costs more to raise than chickens. In Europe, for instance, day-old keets cost about twice as much as day-old broiler chicks. (The major reason is that guinea fowl produce fewer hatching eggs and require a longer feeding period.) Guinea fowl are also more expensive to feed. Their feed conversion (for meat production at the marketing age) is about 3.3-3.6 as compared with a broiler's feed conversion of 1.8-1.9. Moreover, guinea fowl take about twice as long to reach marketable size: they are marketed for meat at age 12-14 weeks, compared with 7-8 weeks for the broilers. Therefore, the selling price of guinea fowl in the Western world is up to twice that of broilers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea fowl are nervous and stupid. They can be difficult to catch' and when panicking they can easily suffocate their keets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are susceptible to some of the common diseases of chickens and turkeys. Salmonella is the most prevalent, but others are pullorum disease, staphylococcus, and Marek's disease. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE GUINEA FOWL'S WILD COUSINS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domesticated guinea fowl is descended from just one subspecies of the family's seven known species and numerous subspecies. Some of the others may also have promise as poultry. They, too, generally occur in flocks in bushy grasslands and open forests in Africa. All feed on vegetable matter such as seeds, berries, and tender shoots, and on invertebrates such as slugs. They rarely fly except to roost. They acclimatize well are easy to maintain in captivity, and can survive long periods away from water.** Their disposition is tame and nonaggressive, and they mix well with other birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild subspecies closely related to the domestic guinea fowl that might make future poultry in their own right include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gray-breasted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata). This subspecies is the principal ancestor of domestic guinea fowls. It is found throughout West Africa and probably has many valuable genetic traits. There is much variation in the size and other characteristics among the various individuals. People along the Gambia, Volta, and Niger rivers have long traditions of breeding these birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Tufted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris meleagris). This subspecies is quite large and has black plumage thickly spotted with white dots. It is the probable ancestor of the birds reared in ancient Egypt and in the Roman empire (see page 120). Hill farmers in the southern Sudan sometimes breed them in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Mitred guinea fowl (Numida meleagris mitrata). Probably the most popular game bird in East Africa, this type has a bright blue-green head and red wattles. It was once a common sight in the wild but it has now been decimated by overhunting. It is now most numerous in the Masai lands of Kenya and Tanzania. It has been kept in a semidomesticated form in Zanzibar for several centuries. Zoos and aviaries around the world have imported it, and it has bred well for them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild guinea fowl that are different species from the domestic one but that are still worth considering as potential poultry include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Black guinea fowl (Phasidus niger or Agelastes niger). This bird of the tropical rainforests of West and Central Africa is the size of a small chicken. It has sooty black plumage, a naked head, and a pink or yellow neck. It is seldom hunted because the meat tastes dreadful but this is probably because of a particularly pungent fungus they eat in the forest. Raised on fungus-free forages, these birds are probably very palatable. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Crested guinea hen (Guttera spp.). Three species. These strange-looking birds have a thick mop of inky black feathers above their black, naked faces. Widely distributed in the thickly forested areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Unlike the other species, they prefer the rainforest. They have a musical trumpeting call. At least one species has bred well in Europe. For example, a flourishing colony has been established in the Walsrode Bird Park in Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Vulturine guinea fowl (Acryllium vulturinum). The largest of all guinea fowl, this species is found in parts of Ethiopia, Somalia, and East Africa. One of the most striking looking of all birds, its head is bare and blue, its body black with white spots, and its breast bears long bright cobalt-blue patches on either side. This has been reared as an aviary bird in both Europe and America and might make a useful domesticate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agencies involved in international economic development should undertake guinea fowl assessment trials, evaluations, and coordinated introductions to stimulate programs for small farmers and for industries in dozens of countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeders have been working to improve guinea fowl only since the 1950s. There is a need for more information on growth rate, health, egg production, feed conversion, body weight, carcass yield, laying intensity, fertility, hatchability, and egg weight - especially under free-ranging conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husbandry research should also be directed towards feeds and feeding systems for growing and breeding stock. Other efforts are needed to increase the hatchability of eggs under natural conditions (under guinea hens or surrogate mothers), and to identify the best lighting regimes (both sexual maturity and rate of lay are influenced by changes in daylength).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea fowl that has become an important domesticated bird throughout the civilized world is descended from just one of seven known species in the family. These birds generally occur in flocks in bushy grasslands and open forest in Africa and Madagascar, and some of the others may also have promise as poultry (see sidebar opposite). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9 Muscovy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g012a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy (Cairina moschata), a unique ducklike species of the South American rainforest, belongs to a small group of waterfowl that perch in trees. In poultry science, however, it is normally grouped with domestic ducks for lack of a better classification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except in France, Italy and Taiwan muscovies have received little modern research. But their promise can be judged from the fact that they account for 50 percent of the duck meat consumed in France - about 60,000 tons per year - and they are often consumed in Italy and Taiwan as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Third World subsistence farming, muscovies have excellent possibilities. There is probably no better choice for a meat bird that requires minimal care and feed. Tame, quiet, and able to forage for much of their keep, they are inherently hardy, vigorous, and robust. They have heavily fleshed breasts and are highly prized for their meat, which is dark, more flavorful, and less fatty than that of common ducks. An average muscovy gives more meat than a chicken of the same age, and it also survives hot, wet environments better. In addition, muscovies are better parents than the domestic duck. Females are probably the best natural mothers of any poultry species, as measured by their success at incubating their eggs and caring for their young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All in all, this bird deserves more attention than it has received so far in Third World livestock projects. Dispersed around the warm and hot regions of the world, muscovies already exist in small numbers in backyards and villages, much like the domestic chicken in previous centuries. Despite a lack of research, the present unimproved stocks are already impressive meat yielders. Used more widely and more intensively, they could contribute much to poor people's meat supplies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossing the muscovy with the common duck produces a hybrid that combines many of the advantages of both. This cross, known as &quot;mulard,&quot; or &quot;mule duck&quot; in English, is raised in France for its liver and meat and is produced in quantity in Taiwan (see sidebar, page 132). It, too, has a major future role.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies are suitable for use almost anywhere that chickens can be kept. Moreover, their tropical ancestry and inherent robustness give them an advantage in hot and humid climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although a muscovy somewhat resembles a goose, it is one of the greater wood ducks of tropical South America. It was domesticated in pre-Columbian times, most likely in the rainforests of Colombia. Related wild types, looking very much like the muscovy, still occur in South American wetlands, particularly mangrove swamps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males have mature live weights of 5 kg and females about 2.5 kg. Both have broad and rounded wings. The adults have patches of bare skin around the eyes, rather than feathers. Much of this is covered in &quot;caruncles,&quot; which superficially resemble warty outgrowths. The feet have sharp claws. Both sexes raise a crest of feathers when alarmed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is much color variation among the various muscovy populations including types that are called white, colored, black, blue, chocolate, silver, buff, and pied.2 The most common types (they are not considered breeds) are the white and the colored. The white produces a cleaner looking carcass, but the colored is the most popular meat type in France. Its plumage is an iridescent greenish black, except for white forewings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The native range of the muscovy's probable wild ancestor covers much of Central America and northern South America. The domestic form also occurs over most of Latin America - from southern Chile to the northern limits of traditional culture in lowland Mexico - including the Caribbean, where it was present shortly after Columbus landed.3 The birds can be observed among the domestic fowl in the high Andes, for example, and are feral in southern coastal areas of the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carried across the Atlantic, probably in the early 1500s, the domesticated muscovy spread quickly in Europe, and thence to North America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Today, it finds favor with the food-loving French as &quot;canard de Barbarie,&quot; and France has the greatest concentration of muscovies in Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Down the centuries the muscovy became popular in tropical Asia (especially the Philippines and Indonesia) and in China and Taiwan. Throughout Indonesia (where it is known as &quot;entok&quot;) it is popular with villagers for incubating eggs from ducks, geese, and chickens. It is now spreading into Oceania, and has recently gained particular favor in the Solomon Islands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies are also known in Africa and can be found in many villages, especially in West Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not endangered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild muscovies occur mainly along tropical jungle streams, but domestic muscovies are found in many environments from the heat of Central America to the cold of Central Europe. They also tolerate dry conditions, but they thrive best where climates are both hot and wet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies utilize high-fiber feeds better than chickens and common ducks, and eat larger quantities of grass. They also consume other green vegetation and readily snap up any insects they can find. If quality forage is available, only a small daily ration of grain or pellets is required for them to reach peak production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy females normally hatch and raise large broods efficiently. It is not unusual to see them with a dozen or more fragile ducklings in tow - many of them adopted from other species. They bravely protect their young and have been known to beat off cats, dogs, foxes, and other marauders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, muscovies are healthy and live and breed for many years. They suffer few diseases, especially when free ranging. However, they seem to be more susceptible to duck virus enteritis (duck plague) than common ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p129a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While appearing to be slow and lethargic, muscovies can be quick and agile when one tries to catch them. Females are strong fliers and readily clear a standard fence. Males frequently become so ponderous that they cannot get airborne without an elevated perch or the aid of a strong wind. Although they forage over a larger area than chickens, they generally neither decamp nor wander as far as common ducks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated muscovies are either solitary or live together in small family groups, but sometimes in winter they flock together on bodies of water. They swim and dive well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds seldom make loud noises. A drake's voice resembles a muffled &quot;puff&quot;; females are almost mute. However, both can hiss or make a soft sound not unlike that of sleigh bells.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is polygamous (a young male will try to mate with almost any fowl, including chickens). Mating can occur on land or in water. Males are pugnacious and tolerate no opposition. Because of this, they do not do well in close confinement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A BETTER FLY TRAP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is a voracious omnivore that is particularly fond of insects. For years, some Canadian farmers have sworn that a few muscovies took care of all fly problems on their farms. In 1989, Ontario biologists Gordon Surgeoner and Barry Glofcheskie (see Research Contacts) decided to put this to the test.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting with laboratory trials, the entomologists first put a hungry five-week-old muscovy into a screened cage with 400 living houseflies. Within an hour it had eaten 326. Later, they placed four muscovies in separate cages containing 100 flies each. Within 30 minutes over 90 percent of the insects were gone. It took flypaper, fly traps, and bait cards anywhere from 15 to 86 hours to suppress the populations that much.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moving to fleld tests, the researchers placed pairs of twoyear-old muscovies on several Ontario farms. Videotapes showed the birds snapping at houseflies and biting flies about every 30 seconds and being successful on 70 percent of their attempts. With that efficiency, they achieved 80-90 percent fly control in enclosures such as calf rooms or piggeries. The birds were given only water and had to scavenge for all their food. Females seemed to eat about 10 percent more flies than males, and individuals of any age between eight days and two years were equally effective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds fit the practical needs for farmyard fly control. They stayed close to piglets and calves, to which flies are particularly attracted. They even snatched flies off the hides of resting animals without waking them up. On one farm, the birds huddled between sleeping piglets and were accepted by the sow lying beside them. This was noteworthy because most fly-catching devices (chemical, electrical, or mechanical) must be kept far from animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To the Canadians, the economic advantages are clear. A 35-cow dairy needs $150-$590 worth of chemicals for controlling flies during the fly season; muscovy chicks, on the other hand, cost less than $2 each, eat for free, and can be sold for a profit of 200-400 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The researchers point out that employing muscovies does not eliminate all need for insecticides, but it reduces the amounts required. And muscovies are biodegradable, will not cause a buildup of genetic resistance, and taste better than flypaper. Indeed, their meat is excellent, and the naturally mute birds seldom make any noise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reportedly, muscovies are kept in some houses in South America to control not only flies, but also roaches and other insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is generally raised only for its meat, which is of excellent quality and taste. In stews it is hard to distinguish from pork; cured and smoked it is similar to lean ham.4 The fat content is low.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy eggs are as tasty as other duck eggs, and a muscovy female can supply a large number if she is kept from sitting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are useful for clearing both terrestrial and aquatic weeds.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Down feathers are used, like those of other ducks, in clothing and comforters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies may be raised like common ducks. An ideal grouping is one male to five or six females. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except in Taiwan, France, Hungary, and a few other European countries, they exist predominantly in small flocks in farmyards and village ponds. However, they can be reared under intensive conditions in a shed or pen that is well lighted and equipped with low roosts and bedding. Under such conditions, they may be fed diets recommended for rearing common ducks or given coarse feeds, including whole grain. If chicken rations are used, fresh greens must be provided to avoid &quot;cowboy&quot; legs, a symptom of niacin deficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they thrive in areas where there is abundant water, they do not require access to swimming water. They prefer to nest under cover and will use nesting boxes. A normal clutch size is 9-14 eggs; however, clutches of up to 28 can occur. There may be 4 clutches annually, and (when the hen does not have to brood the ducklings) some muscovies have laid 100 eggs in a year.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The egg weight, which increases with the female's age, ranges from 65 to 85 g. The eggs require 33-35 days to hatch, a week longer than the common duck's. Hatching success of 75 percent or more is common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with domestic ducks early growth is slow, which is perhaps why muscovies have not enjoyed wider industrial use. However, after the slow period they grow rapidly and, because they forage on a broader range of vegetation than common ducks, they can scavenge a large proportion of their diet at little or no cost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When raised intensively, females average 2 kg and males 4 kg at 11-12 weeks of age. Females may reach sexual maturity by 28 weeks of age; males require a month more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE MULE DUCK OF TAIWAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In parts of Europe, hybrids between muscovies and common ducks are reared for fattening. However, Taiwan has made the most outstanding use of this &quot;mule duck.&quot; Thanks in part to this muscovy hybrid, Taiwan's duck industry has grown rapidly in the last decade. The total value of duck products now exceeds $346 million per year. Much of the boom in duck production is due to improved feeding disease control and management systems, but much is also due to the performance of the mule duck. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This hybrid is now Taiwan's major meat-duck breed, and about 30 million are consumed each year. Indeed, the duck industry has been so successful that Taiwan is increasingly exporting frozen duck breast and drumstick meat to Japan. It now provides 24 percent of the duck meat eaten in Japanâ most of it coming from mule ducks. Also, Taiwan is exporting partially incubated mule-duck eggs throughout Southeast Asia. And mule ducks supply most of the raw material for Taiwan's large feather industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan farmers have been producing mule ducks for 250 years, but the recent jump in production is due to the use of artificial insemination to overcome the natural reticence of the different species to mate. Fortunately, artificial insemination is well developed and is a standard part of farming practice in Taiwan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mule ducks are successful because they have less fat than a broiler chicken and they grow faster. Indeed, they can reach a market weight of 2.8 kg at 65 - 75 days of age, depending upon the weather, season, and management. In part, this fast growth is because they are sterile and waste no energy in preparing for a sexual existence or in laying eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The usual cross employs a muscovy male and a domesticduck female. The domestic breeds most employed for muleduck production are White Kaiya (Pekin male x White Tsaiya female), Large White Kaiya (Pekin male x White Kaiya female) and colored Kaiya. Both sexes of the hybrid offspring weigh about the same.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crosses between a muscovy hen and a domestic drake are much rarer (traditionally, this was because of the different mating behavior of the two species, but even with artificial insemination available they are not much used) and the males of these hybrids are much heavier than the females. Females of this cross do lay eggs, but the eggs are small (about 40 g) and their embryos do not develop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are almost 300 duck-breeding farms in Taiwan, annually producing more than 600,000 female domestic ducks for use in producing mule ducks. Some farmers combine duck raising with fish farming. The excrete of 4,000 ducks on one hectare of pond can provide 30,000 tilapia with 20 percent of their feed. It helps the farmer get rid of waste as well as giving him fresh fish to sell. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the muscovy is an extremely good forager and thrives under free-ranging conditions. Unlike other ducks, it grazes on grass and leaves and will maintain itself on pasture. Apparently, it can digest bran and other fibrous feeds better than common ducks can.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The males are larger than all but the largest strains of table duck. They have exceptionally broad, well-muscled breasts and provide one of the leanest meats of any waterfowl.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy is apparently more resistant to diseases that regularly decimate other poultry. This is one reason why villagers favored them: when chickens die, muscovies often survive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The female's strong parental qualities help assure the survival of ducklings with a minimum of human intervention. Her ability to incubate and hatch most other poultry eggs is an added advantage to small farmers who have neither the capital to buy, nor the knowledge to operate, artificial incubators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike other ducks, muscovies are not easily alarmed, and fright does not affect their egg production and laying. Indeed, they are so phlegmatic that automobiles can be major causes of death.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they are a tropical species, these birds are much less tolerant of cold than common ducks and require more protection from freezing weather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy's feed conversion is not as good as the chicken's. Also, compared with some other meat-duck breeds, muscovies have a slower rate of growth and require about 4 6 weeks longer to attain maximum development of breast muscles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies can be difficult to handle. If their legs are free, the handler may be badly lacerated by the claws.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although adults have a fair homing ability, muscovies may wander away when local forage is sparse, and young birds may be carried long distances downstream, never to return.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they feed on greenery, they can devastate gardens if the plants are very young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovies can be unsuspected carriers of poultry diseases, so that healthy-looking muscovies may infect the other species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry scientists should unite in efforts to advance technical knowledge and public appreciation of this bird. Governments and researchers should begin evaluations of local varieties and their uses and performances. The experiences of France, Italy, Eastern Europe, and Taiwan should be gathered and made available for a worldwide readership.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important that the many muscovy varieties within the countries of Latin America - where the bird has a centuries-long history of domestication - be maintained and studied. Many superior varieties and specimens may be awaiting discovery.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The muscovy's nutritional requirements, range and confined systems of management, and disease vulnerability are poorly understood and need study. Especially needed are ways to increase growth rate. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10 Pigeon</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g013a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons (Columba livia)1 are durable birds that can be raised with little effort. Able to survive in inhospitable climates, they fend for themselves - often ranging over many square kilometers to locate seeds and edible scraps. They have been raised for centuries, especially in North Africa and the Middle East. In parts of North America and Europe, they are produced as a delicacy for the gourmet market. But raising pigeons for food is not nearly as widespread as it could be; indeed, in modern times its potential has hardly been touched. Farmed pigeons are particularly promising as urban microlivestock because they require little space and thrive in cities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young pigeons (squab) grow at a rapid rate. Their meat is finely textured, has an attractive flavor, and is often used in place of game fowl. Tender and easily digested, it commands premium market prices. In many areas, the continuing demand is unfilled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are traditionally raised in dovecotes - &quot;houses&quot; that protect the birds from the elements and from predators. This system allows free-ranging flight and requires almost no human intervention. Dovecotes are a good source of both squab and garden manure, and they continue to be used, especially in Egypt. On the other hand, pigeons can also be raised in confinement - usually in enclosed yards - with all their needs supplied by the farmer. There are, for example, pigeon farms in the United States with up to 35,000 pairs of breeding birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeon production may never rise enough to compete with commercial poultry as a major source of food, but for Third World villages these birds could become a significant addition to the diet as well as a source for substantial supplemental income. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons have small heads, plump, full-breasted bodies, and soft, dense plumage. They weigh from about 0.5 to nearly I kg. A few large breeds (Runts, for instance, which commonly weigh 1.4 kg) are the size of small domestic chickens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many breeds have been developed for meat production. They produce squab that grow quicker and have larger breasts than unselected birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild ancestor of the common pigeon - domestic, wild, or feral -  is thought to be the rock pigeon or rock dove of Europe and Asia. Today its domestic descendants are bred in virtually every country, and those that have gone feral (reverted to the wild) occur in most of the world's cities and towns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are abundant. However, as with most other domestic species there is concern over the decline and loss of certain breeds. Societies have been organized (notably in the United Kingdom) to preserve rare types.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p138a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Natural habitat of the rock dove ancestor of the domestic pigeon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domestic pigeon can be raised equally well in temperate and tropical zones. Indeed, this adaptable species can be kept anywhere that wild pigeons exist, including arid and humid regions. It should be noted, however, that cold climates do not favor squab production and hot climates promote vermin and disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigeon's natural diet consists mostly of seeds, but includes fruits, leaves, and some invertebrates. Feral pigeons consume a wide array of materials, including insects, bread, meat scraps, weed seeds, and many kinds of spilled grains at mills, wharves, railway yards, grain elevators, and farm fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the first four or five days of life, the young are fed &quot;crop milk.&quot; This substance, common to pigeons and doves,2 is composed of cells from the lining of the crop and is very high in fats and nutritional energy. The phenomenal growth rate of young squab has been attributed to crop milk and to its early replacement (within 8-10 days) with concentrated foods, regurgitated by both parents. The parents feed the squab for about four weeks before pushing it out of the nest to prepare for the next clutch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In domestic birds, sexual maturity (as measured by age at first egg) is reached at 120-150 days. Life span can be 15 years, although growth and egg production decline rapidly after the third year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild pigeons often nest on cliff sides. Domestic pigeons prefer to nest around buildings, in nooks and shelves and under the eaves - that is, in &quot;pigeonholes.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In domestic varieties, the pair-bond often lasts until severe illness or death. Sometimes, however, a vigorous male will &quot;invade&quot; a nest and mate with the females there. Both sexes take nearly equal part in nest building, incubation, and caring for the young. Typically, there are two eggs to a clutch. Eight clutches a year is not uncommon for a breeding pair. The incubation period is 17-19 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike most birds, pigeons drink by inserting their beaks into water and sucking up a continuous draft. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Courtship is characterized by cooing, prancing, and displays of spread, lowered tail feathers. &quot;Bow and coo&quot; exhibitions are unique to pigeons and doves and differ among species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are usually raised exclusively for meat. The squab are harvested just before full feather development and before the youngster has started to fly, usually at 21-30 days of age. At this time the ratio of flesh to inedible parts is highest; once flying begins, the meat becomes tougher. Weight depends upon breed, nutrition, and other factors, but usually ranges from 340 to 680 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are extensively used for scientific research, notably in physiology and psychology. They are also widely kept as pets for plumage and for racing. The pigeon's unique homing ability was recognized in Roman times, and the birds have been trained to return to the dovecote from as far away as 700 km. Even today, homing pigeons are used to carry messages, especially during war.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are easily trained to recognize &quot;home.&quot; The wing feathers are clipped and the birds are fed close to the dovecote; by the time they refledge, their homing instinct has been developed. Alternatively, newly captured pigeons may be trained by confining them to the dovecote for at least one week. At first, a little grain is provided in the morning (this is to ensure the birds will return to the coop). The birds can obtain the rest themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any waterproof house that is easy to clean is suitable for keeping pigeons. Many traditional dovecotes are built of earthenware pots. In Asia and Europe, wooden pigeon towers are generally used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike chickens, pigeons do not prefer communal roosts. Instead, they prefer nesting shelves, of which there should be two for each breeding pair. The shelves are usually placed in dark corners and are fitted with low walls to keep eggs from rolling out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grit is important in the diet, both to provide minerals and to allow the birds to grind feed in their gizzards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commercial squab breeds are often kept permanently in pens, a process that requires care and experience. Growers expect an average of 12-14 squab per pair per year, although much depends on environment and management. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds need fresh water daily and water for bathing at least weekly. Since they feed their young by regurgitation, the adults must have a continuous supply of clean drinking water. Orphan squab can be fed egg yolk until old enough to consume adult feeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like all poultry, confined pigeons must be provided enough supplemental feed to ensure a balanced diet. A mixture of whole grains can be fed for maximum production. It is important that grains be dry and free of mold (pigeons will not thrive on mash). Peas, beans, or similar pulses make good supplements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARRIER PIGEONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most people consider message-carrying pigeons to be a quaint anachronism. But in a few countries (both developed and developing) carrier pigeons are making a comeback, and in the future they may be used routinely once again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New techniques are making this process far more practical than before. For example, in the past the pigeons would be flown in one direction only. They were transported away from home and at the appropriate time released to find their way back. That was very limiting. But it has since been found that pigeons can be trained to carry messages in two directions: flying from one point to another and then back again. They will do it twice a day, and with almost perfect reliability. The key is to place the feeding station at one end and the nest at the other. This limits the pigeon's range, but they still can handle round-trip distances up to 160 km.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a little ingenuity, there is no need for a person to monitor the stations to receive the messages as the bird arrives. One simple technique is to arrange the station with one-way doors - one opening inwards, the other outwards. Placing a bar across the outward door means that the bird cannot get out until someone releases it. Thus the message can always be retrieved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This system has been employed in Puerto Rico and Guatemala, but it could be used almost anywhere. In many parts of the Third World, in particular, there are remote areas with no phones and with hilly, rough terrain where delivering messages can take hours of strenuous travel. Some locations are subject to unexpected isolation by natural calamities or military or terrorist actions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Puerto Rico, for instance, we kept pigeons in a village 32 km from the capital. The pigeons could get downtown in 20-30 minutes. It took us 1.5-2 hours each way by road. What was easy for the birds was a major trip for us. Pigeons carried the villagers' requests for certain foods and medicines. Our contact in the city then sent up the supplies by bus. The birds never let us down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carrier pigeons are useful for more than just flying far and fast. They have been bred for racing and their large pectoral muscles make them excellent meat producers - much better than the common pigeons normally raised for food. A pair of carriers typically will raise 12 - 16 young each year, and those not needed for message carrying can be butchered at 28 days of age - yielding meat that is nutritious and considered a delicacy in many countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Holderread&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Every day on the northwest coast of France, Petit Gendamme, a black and white carrier pigeon, flies on average 23 km between hospitals on his blood delivery route. Trussed in tiny hand-sewn harnesses, he and a flock of carrier pigeons set out (except during the hunting season) with little red tubes of blood secured to their breasts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;It's a simple, effective, and cost-saving transport system,&quot; said Yves Le Henaff, head of the Avranches Hospital laboratory, Cotentin, France, a central blood-testing center that serves a number of isolated medical centers along the coast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The service becomes particularly valuable during the summer tourist rush, when travellers flock to the seashore to visit nearby Mont Saint Michel, crowding the small country roads and increasing the risk of traffic accidents.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds' average flight time between the hospitals of Avranches and Granville, for example, a distance of about 27 km, is 20 minutes, including the time for harnessing up. And with a favorable western wind their best time can reach 11 minutes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While gasoline costs the equivalent of $0. 75 a lifer in France, hospital officials say that a few grains of corn is all it takes to run this operation. According to Le Henaff, who supervises the carrier pigeon operation, the hospital is saving up to $46 a day on gas and auto maintenance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 40-year-old Le Henaff got the idea five years ago from an article in a scientific journal describing a similar experiment in Britain. A year later, he and an associate called on the local seamstress to design a light harness that could hold a tube, which, when filled, weighs approximately 39 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The flock now consists of 40 veteran fliers and 20 carrier pigeons in training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And what if the winged creatures stray en route? Le Henaff has devised a fall-back option: two pigeons carry two different test tubes containing the same blood sample.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds fly every day of the year with the exception of the three-month autumn hunting season. Since the beginning of the experiment four years ago, there have been two casualties. Le Henaff believes the birds probably met their fate in some Normand's oven.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sometimes weather is a factor, and heavy fog can keep the delivery team grounded.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, the new job seems to benefit the pigeons, too. Unlike sickly city pigeons, whose average life span is about four years, well-cared-for carrier pigeons can live up to 15 years, Le Henaff said. &quot;And how many people do you know who are willing to stay with the same outfit for that long?&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sabine Maubouche&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Washington Post&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;December 2, 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under extensive conditions - where the birds are released each day to feed themselves - almost no land is needed. Under intensive conditions, where the birds spend their lives in confinement, a mere half hectare can be enough space to raise 2,000 pairs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free-ranging pigeons forage over a wider area than most domestic fowl because they fly out to find their feed. Nutrient requirements3 are similar to those of chickens and other fowl (making allowance for the energy needed for flying), so commercial feed and other supplements - if needed at all - are generally available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In dovecote culture, pigeons require little or no handling. They brood the young with little intervention. Although not continuous, the production of meat from these fast-growing, rapidly reproducing birds is more sustained than with most livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost nowhere are there taboos against consuming pigeon meat. Prices received for squab are normally high, and in most places the demand is constant. The only limitation in some areas is the absence of an effective market, which is usually easy to create.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Squab contains a larger proportion of soluble protein and a smaller proportion of connective tissue than most meats and is therefore good for invalids and people with digestive disorders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As many hobbyists can testify, raising pigeons can be gratifying.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeons are subject to few diseases. However, worms, lice, diarrhea (coccidiosis), canker (trichomoniasis), and salmonella (paratyphoid) occur at some time in most domestic breeds. Salmonella exists in low levels in most flocks and will flare up if birds are stressed. Treatments recommended for domestic chickens are usually suitable for pigeons. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By flying over a wide area and eating grains and other foods, pigeons can cause conflicts with farmers. Indeed, in the 13th century the aristocracy's pigeons became a major grievance of the peasants who saw their seed devoured. On the other hand, &quot;croppers&quot; (breeds with large crops) were developed to steal grain from the lord's fields. The pigeon returned home and his crop was emptied of the grain, which was used by the peasant to make bread.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds can become nuisances. They leave droppings in annoying places, some people find them too noisy, and a few people are severely allergic to &quot;pigeon dust.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Every conceivable type of predator can be expected; therefore, precautions must be taken. The dovecote must be well protected against rats, which are the principal enemy of the eggs and the squabs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nesting birds need a high-protein diet to raise squab at the high rates of gain that are possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry researchers should study the increased role pigeons might play in Third World economic development. Nothing comparable to the sophisticated selection employed with the domestic chicken has so far been attempted. Given such attention the gains could be great.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among pressing research needs are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Breeding. This needs to be better understood. For example, the effects of hybridization and inbreeding need clarification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Environmental limits. Little work has been done outside the temperate regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Diseases. These deserve increased attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also the potential of &quot;dovecotes&quot; for wild pigeons. Numerous local species are well adapted to local conditions, and these deserve to be tested for &quot;domestication.&quot;4 Many wild species quickly lose their fear of man, and in time they can even become too fat to fly. Wild pigeons are already found throughout the humid tropics and are trapped for meat and rearing in New Guinea and other places. They are already an important food source for many subsistence farmers and shifting cultivators, and with some dovecote management could provide a greater, more dependable source of food and income. The potential for domesticating local pigeon species, especially those suited to the tropics, deserves exploration. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11 Quail</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g014a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native to Asia and Europe, quail' (Coturnix coturnix2) have been farmed since ancient times, especially in the Far East. They reproduce rapidly and their rate of egg production is remarkable. They are also robust, disease resistant, and easy to keep, requiring only simple cages and equipment and little space. Yet they are not well known around the world and deserve wider testing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are so precocious that they can lay eggs when hardly more than 5 weeks old. It is said that about 20 of them are sufficient to keep an average family in eggs year-round. Quail eggs are very popular in Japan, where they are packed in thin plastic cases and sold fresh in many food stores. They are also boiled, shelled, and either canned or boxed like chicken eggs. Quail eggs are excellent as hors d'oeuvres and they also are used to make mayonnaise, cakes, and other prepared foods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In France, Italy, the United States, and some countries in Latin America (Brazil and Chile, for example) as well as throughout Asia, it is the meat that is consumed. It is particularly delicious when charcoal broiled. One company in Spain annually processes 20 million quail for meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the domesticated strains seem to have originated in China, and migrating Chinese carried them throughout Asia. Today, millions of domestic quail are reared in Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indochina, Philippines, and Malaysia, as well as in Brazil and Chile. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commercial production is carried out, as in the chicken industry, in specialized units involving hatcheries, farms, and factories that process eggs and meat. However, quail have outstanding potential for village and &quot;backyard&quot; production as well. It is this aspect that deserves greater attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail come in various sizes. The smaller types are used for egg production, whereas the larger ones are better for meat. Adult females of improved meat strains may weigh up to 500 g. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several color varieties. However, mature females are characterized by a tan-colored throat and breast, with black spots on the breast. Mature males, which are slightly smaller than females, have rusty-brown throats and breasts. All mature males have a bulbous structure, known as the foam gland, located at the upper edge of the vent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the United States, the Pharaoh strain is the bird of choice for commercial production. Other available strains tend to be bred more for fancy than for food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail eggs are mottled brown, but some strains have been selected for white shells. These eggs are often preferred by consumers and are easier to candle (the process of holding eggs up to a light to check for interior quality and stage of incubation). An average egg weighs 10 g - about 8 percent of the female's body weight. (By comparison, a chicken egg weighs about 3 percent of the hen's body weight.) Quail chicks weigh merely 5-6 g when hatched and are normally covered in yellowish down with brown stripes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ancestral wild species is widely distributed over much of Europe and Asia as well as parts of North Africa. Although domestic quail are now available almost everywhere, Japan is probably the world leader in commercial production; quail farms are common throughout its central and southern regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not endangered. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p149a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are hardy birds that, within reasonable limits, can adapt to many different environments. However, they prefer temperate climates; the northern limit of their winter habitat is around 38ÃN.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A quail's diet in the wild consists of insects, grain, and various other seeds. To thrive and reproduce efficiently in captivity, it needs feeds that are relatively high in protein.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The females mature at about 5-6 weeks of age and usually come into full egg production by the age of 50 days. With proper care, they will lay 200-300 eggs per year, but at that rate they age quickly. The life span under domestic conditions can be up to 5 years. However, second-year egg production is normally less than half the first year's, and fertility and hatchability fall sharply after birds reach 6 months of age, even though egg and sperm production continue. Thus, the commercial life is only about a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crosses between the wild and domestic stocks produce fertile hybrids. Repeated backcrossing to either wild quail or domestic quail is successful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only females hatch the eggs and raise the chicks. Males go off and court other females when their partners begin the nesting process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail eggs taste like chicken eggs. They are often served hard boiled, pickled, fried, or scrambled. Because of their size they make attractive snacks or salad ingredients. They provide an alternative for some people who are allergic to chicken eggs. On frying, the yolk hardens before the albumen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail meat is dark and can be prepared in all of the many ways used for chicken. The two meats are similar in taste, although quail is slightly gamier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its hardiness, small size, and short life cycle, quail are now commonly used as an experimental animal for biological research and for producing vaccines - especially the vaccine for Newcastle disease, to which quail are resistant. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many fanciers and hobbyists have also become interested in raising this adaptable species as a pet. Science teachers find it an excellent subject for classroom projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;QUAIL IN JAPAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some areas of Japan, quail are widely raised for their eggs and meat. However, Japanese originally valued the quail as a songbird. Tradition has it that about 600 years ago people began to enjoy its rhythmic call. In the feudal age, raising song quail became particularly popular among Samurai warriors. Contests were held to identify the most beautiful quail song and birds with the best voices were interbred in closed colonies. Even photostimulation was practiced to induce singing in winter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Around 1910, enthusiastic breeders produced the present domestic Japanese quail from the song quail. It was created as a food source and became a part of Japanese cuisine. During World War II it was almost exterminated, but Japanese quail breeders restored it from the few survivors and from birds imported from China. The original song quail, however, were lost. In the 1960s, commercial quail flocks rapidly recovered and Japan's quail population again reached its prewar level of about 2 million birds. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A QUAIL IN EVERY POT: AN OLD DELICACY FINDS A NEW PUBLIC&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For centuries, quail were considered a great delicacy: a dish that only eminent chefs would cook and diners with an appreciative palate could enjoy. These small migratory birds, which are found in one variety or another throughout the world, were available until recently almost exclusively to hunters in the wild.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But now quail are in danger: in danger of becoming commonplace.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the last few years, quail have gone from being rarefied to a supermarket specialty item. They are on menus in the most elegant restaurants and the most casual cafes and bistros.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Why so much interest?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are now available semi-boneless, which makes them faster and easier to cook, and easier to eat as well. The breastbones are removed by hand before the birds are packaged and shipped to stores. The bones in the wings and legs remain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A stainless-steel V-shaped pin - invented and patented by a restaurant chef who wanted a way to keep quail flat for grillingâ is inserted into the breast. The pin can be left there throughout cooking and removed just before serving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While whole quail might require 45 minutes to cook, the semi-boneless variety can be grilled in less than 10 minutes, or pan-roasted, braised or sauteed in less than 20 minutes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The flavor of farm-raised quail has also helped bring them into the mainstream. Most farm-raised quail have tender meat like the dark meat of chicken, whose flavor is enjoyed by many people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And at a time when people are searching for foods, specifically animal protein, with low fat and cholesterol, quail fills the bill. The Agriculture Department says that quail skin has about 7 percent fat, about the same as dark meat of roasted chicken without the skin.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Judith Banrett Adapted from The New York Times &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;June 21, 1989&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is necessary to keep quail in battery cages on wire floors because males secrete a sticky foam (from the foam gland) with their feces; on a solid floor, this adheres to the feet and collects dung, leading to crippling and breakage of eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult quail can live and produce successfully if they are allowed 80 cm2 of floor space per bird. However, for reproduction about twice that is needed to allow for mating rituals.3 If properly mated, high fertility rates and good egg hatchability can be expected. To obtain fertile eggs, one male is needed for roughly six females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eggs hatch in about 17 days. Chicks require careful attention. Brooding temperatures of between 31 C and 35 C  are needed for the first week and above 21 C for the second week. From the second week on, chicks can survive at room temperature. (These temperatures are similar to those required for common chickens.) In cold climates, supplemental heat may be needed as well as protection from cool drafts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clean water must be provided at all times, with care taken to prevent the chicks from drowning in their water troughs. Shallow trays, jar lids, or pans filled with marbles or stones may be used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail production can be started with little money. These easy-care birds can be housed in small, simple, inexpensive cages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, they are resistant to Newcastle disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SIX OF ONE, HALF A DOZEN OF THE OTHER&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that chickens can be crossed with quail has been known for some time, but there has been little attempt to develop the fertile hybrids. Now Malaysia has begun a project aimed at producing a new poultry bird - a cross between a cockerel and a hen quail. Zainal Abidin bin Mohd Noor, of the Department of Veterinary Services in Kuala Lumpur, is creating a strain that produces eggs of good quality and meat with the flavor of both parents. The new bird is intermediate in size between chicken and quail which is convenient because it is about right for an individual helping.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The crossbreeding is done through artificial insemination. The progeny exhibit a range of appearances, sizes, and plumage colors, depending on the strains of cockerel and quail hens used. In the Malaysian research, cockerels have been local Ayam Kampung Bantam, Hybro, and Golden Comet hybrids. The quails have been local inbred Japanese quail (IJQ) and imported meat strain quail (IMSQ).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The trials show that the hybrids derived from the IMSQ flocks grew faster and bigger than those from the IJQ cross. The best have been the Hybro x IMSQ crosses, which weigh 475 g at 10 weeks of age. The best of the IJQ group weighed 290 g during the same period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This type of &quot;tropical game hen&quot; might be a way to introduce hybrid vigor into poultry production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The researchers who developed the hybrid have named it the &quot;yamyuh.&quot; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although generally disease resistant, quail are affected by several common poultry diseases, including salmonella, cholera, blackhead, and lice. They also suffer epidemic mortality from &quot;quail disease&quot; (ulcerative enteritis), which can, however, be controlled with antibiotics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail seem to require more protein than chickens, and produce best when given feed that is fairly high in protein.4 However, they also perform satisfactorily when fed rations designed for turkeys. They have high requirements for vitamin A, which they do not store.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail are not suitable as free-ranging &quot;scavengers.&quot; They must be kept confined, which is a major constraint. Unlike chickens or pigeons, they have no homing instinct and will not remain on a given site; if released, they will be lost. In addition, since they nest on the ground, they are highly susceptible to predation; they must be protected, especially where certain animals, the mongoose for example, are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Artificial incubation is essential. Natural incubation using the female is futile; the females do not go broody and rarely incubate their eggs. The shells are extremely thin, but the eggs can be incubated under a small chicken hen, such as a bantam.5 The eggs are also subject to minute fractures. However, the shell membrane is extremely tough and unfertilized eggs are generally unaffected, but the cracks cause fertilized embryos to dehydrate and die. This is a serious limitation. Whenever quail husbandry is introduced, artificial incubation should be included.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail deserve to be included in all poultry research aimed at helping the Third World. Through its international scientific program, Japan, in particular, could apply to developing nations its vast experience with quail farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiences with quail in the tropics (for example, Japanese farmers in the Amazon Basin) and in tropical highlands (for instance, in India, Nepal, or Central Africa) should be collected and assessed to improve understanding of the environmental limits to Third World quail farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cooperation between commercial and laboratory quail breeders should be encouraged. Mutants found at the commercial level would be useful for laboratory work. Conversely, introducing new stocks could help the farmer. In both cases, more genetic diversity might also lead to the production of hybrid vigor, and genetic variability would be conserved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sex-linked genes, if they can be found, would be useful to the commercial quail breeder for the rapid sexing of newly hatched chicks. This could lead to more efficient production techniques, like those in the chicken industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although virtually all work to date has been on the Japanese quail, other species and subspecies warrant research and testing. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">12 Turkey</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g015a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is well-known in North America and Europe, but in the rest of the world, especially in developing countries, its potential has been largely overlooked. Partly, this is because chickens are so familiar and grow so well that there seems no reason to consider any other poultry. Partly, it is because modern turkeys have been so highly bred for intensive production that the resulting birds are inappropriate for home production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, there is a much wider potential role for turkeys in the future. There are types that thrive as village birds or as scavengers, but these are little known even to turkey specialists. These primitive types are probably the least studied of all domestic fowl; little effort has been directed at increasing their productivity under free-ranging conditions. However, they retain their ancestral self-reliance and are widely used by farmers in Mexico. That they are unrecognized elsewhere is a serious oversight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native to North America, the turkey was domesticated by Indians about 400 BC, and today's Mexican birds seem to be direct descendants.' Unlike the large-breasted, modern commercial varieties, they mate naturally and they retain colored feathers and a narrow breast configuration. Their persistence in Mexico after 500 years of competition with other poultry highlights their adaptability, ruggedness, and usefulness to people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds complement chicken production. They are able to thrive under more arid conditions, they tolerate heat better, they range farther, and they have higher quality meat. Also, the percentage of edible meat is much greater than that from a chicken. Turkey meat is so low in fat that in the United States, at least, it is making strong inroads into markets that previously used chicken exclusively. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkeys are natural foragers and can be kept as scavengers. Indeed, they thrive best where they can rove about, feeding on seeds, fresh grass, other herbage, and insects. As long as drinking water is available, they will return to their roost in the evening.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appreciation for the turkey could rise rapidly. Interest already has been shown by several African nations. A French company has created a strain of self-reliant farm turkeys and is exporting them to developing countries.2 Researchers in Mexico are displaying increased interest in their national resource. And as knowledge and breeding stock continue to be developed, it is likely that village turkeys will become increasingly popular around the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modern turkey breeding has been so dominated by selection for increased size and muscling that commercial turkeys have leg problems and cannot mate naturally (they are inseminated artificially). These highly bred birds are adapted for large-volume intensive production, and must be raised with care. As noted, this chapter emphasizes the more self-reliant, less highly selected turkeys found in Mexico and a few other Latin American countries. They do not require artificial insemination, and with little attention can care for themselves and their young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fully grown &quot;criollo&quot; turkeys of Mexico are less than half the size of some improved strains. Males weigh between 5 and 8 kg; females, between 3 and 4 kg.3 They vary in color from white, through splashed or mottled, to black. The skin of the neck and head is bare, rough, warty, and blue and red in color. A soft fleshy protuberance at the forehead (the snood) resembles a finger. In males it swells during courtship. The front of the neck is a pendant wattle. A bundle of long, coarse bristles (the beard) stands out prominently from the center of the breast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The unimproved domestic turkey is essentially limited to central Mexico and scattered locations throughout nearby Latin American countries. Some village birds are also kept in India, Egypt, and other areas, but these are descended from semi-improved strains exported from North America and Europe in earlier times. Generally speaking, few turkeys are found in tropical countries outside Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated turkeys are not endangered; there are estimated to be about 124 million in the world. However, the wild Mexican varieties, ancestors to the first domesticated turkeys sent to Europe, may now be endangered since their distribution in southwestern Mexico has been greatly reduced. Certainly, some primitive domestic strains in the uplands of central Mexico are also being depleted. A separate type, independently domesticated by the Pueblo Indians of the southwestern United States, seems to have disappeared entirely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkeys can be reared virtually anywhere. Their natural habitat is open forest and wooded areas of the North American continent, but in Mexico they are raised from sea level to over 2,000 m altitude, from  rainforest to desert, and from near-temperate climates to the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p159a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The original distribution of the turkey and the occellated&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The range of diet is broad. Turkeys eat greens, fruits, seeds, nuts,  grasses, berries, roots, insects (locusts, cicadas, crickets, and  grasshoppers, for example), worms, slugs, and snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction is generally seasonal and is stimulated by increasing  daylength. (A minimum daylength of 12 hours is required.) The birds  can reach sexual maturity at six months of age and may start breeding at  this time. Ten days after first mating, the hen searches out a nest and  commences laying. Industrial birds in temperate climates lay, on  average, 90 eggs a year. The nondescript type of turkey in the tropics  seldom lays more than 20 small eggs (weighing about 60 am) before  going broody.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic turkeys walk rather than fly, and find almost all their food  on the ground. They can, however, fly short distances to avoid  predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The commercial birds have lost many abilities for survival in the wild;  they can no longer exist without human care. However, village types  can do well with little management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkeys prefer to make their own nests but can be induced to lay in a  convenient spot if provided with nest boxes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These birds are raised almost exclusively for meat. In many countries,  they are a treat for holidays, birthdays, and weddings. In their native  range of Mexico and Central America, the &quot;unimproved&quot; birds are  usually produced as a cash crop for market. They receive little care or  feed, and thus they are almost all profit - providing a significant income  supplement to many rural homes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The principles of turkey management (nutrition, housing, rearing' and prevention of disease, for example) are basically the same as those for other poultry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mexico, turkeys are usually kept under free-ranging conditions around houses and villages. Some shelter and kitchen scraps are occasionally provided. A number of them, however, are confined in backyards as protection from marauders and for shelter against rain and wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One male can service up to 12 females. Roomy nests are needed. (As a rule, turkeys require three times the space occupied by chickens.) Most range turkeys are corralled when they begin to lay, so as to protect them from predators. Eggs may be gathered to prevent broodiness and thereby increase production. The eggs may be kept for several days (cool, but not refrigerated) if turned daily, and then may be placed under a chicken hen. (A setting chicken can be used this way to hatch up to nine eggs at a time.) Hatching takes 28 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As in other birds, newly hatched turkeys (poults) must be kept warm during the first weeks of life. Until they begin foraging and have full access to pasture they are usually fed broken grain or fine mash, as well as finely chopped, tender green feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although free-ranging turkeys are simple to raise, confined turkeys require more complex management. The birds need uncrowded, well ventilated conditions and should be on a wire or slatted floor to reduce parasitic infections. Any feeds recommended for chicks are suitable, but the protein content should be somewhat higher; that is, about 27 percent. They can be fed mixed grains, corn, and chopped legume hay. It may be necessary to provide vitamin supplements and antibiotics and take steps to prevent coccidiosis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;AN INCOMPARABLY FINER BIRD&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The turkey was domesticated in Mexico some time before the Conquest. It is the one and only important domestic animal of North American origin. When the Spanish arrived, they found barnyard turkeys in the possession of Indians in all parts of Mexico and even in Central America. However, the Aztecs and the Tarascans, originating in west-central Mexico, seemed to have achieved the highest development of turkey culture, and it is probable that turkeys were domesticated in the western highlands, perhaps in Michoacan. Wild turkeys of that region are morphologically very similar to the primitive domestic bronze type. Both the Aztecs and Tarascans kept great numbers of the birds, including even white ones. They paid royal tribute to their respective kings in turkeys, according to the Relacion de Michoacan. The Tarascan king fed turkeys to the hawks and eagles in his zoo. The economy of some highland tribes was based on the cultivation of corn and the raising of turkeys.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Starker Leopold&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE INDUSTRIAL TURKEY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The modern domesticated turkey is thought to be descended from two differing wild subspecies, one found in Mexico and Central America and the other in the United States. The southern type is small, whereas the U.S. native is larger and has a characteristic bronze plumage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexican turkeys were exported to Europe soon after the Conquest, and spread rapidly. In the 17th century, some were returned to North America, where they interbred with the eastern subspecies of wild turkey, producing a heavier bird, which was then re-exported to Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These types underwent little change until this century, when the Englishman Jesse Throssel bred them for meat quality. In the 1920s, he brought his improved birds to Canada, where their large size and broad breasts quickly made them foundation breeding stock. Crossed with the narrow-breasted North American types, these heavily muscled meat birds quickly supplanted other varieties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;About the same time, the U.S. Department of Agriculture began the scientific development of a smaller meat turkey derived from a more diverse genetic base. By the 1950s, the Beltsville Small Whites predominated in the home consumption market in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds are efficient and generally take care of themselves. They tolerate dry, hot, or cold climates and forage farther than chickens. They are large, fast growing, highly marketable, low in fat, and tasty. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE TURKEY'S TROPICAL COUSIN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ocellated turkey (Agriocharis ocellata) occurs in Yucatan, Guatemala, and Belize. It is much like the common turkey in size, form, and behavior: however, unlike the common turkey, which in Mexico lives in the high mountain pine and oak forests, the ocellated turkey inhabits bushy, semiforested lowlands. This splendid bird lacks the kind of beard sported by the common turkey gobbler, is generally more metallic in appearance, and has brighter coppery colors. The chief character is a neck and head that are bare, blue, and profusely covered with coral-colored pimples. It also has a yellow-tipped protuberance growing on the crown between the eyes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is worthy of investigation by poultry researchers because it might prove to be domesticable. It was possibly domesticated by the Mayas, whose ruins often include appropriately sized stone enclosures whose soil has elevated levels of phosphorus and potassium. Even today, in the rural Peten area of Guatemala, ocellated turkeys are sometimes kept around houses as scavengers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young birds are readily affected by temperature changes and must be protected from the sun as well as from sudden chills, such as may occur at night. They are particularly susceptible to dampness, especially if associated with cold. One peculiarity is the turkey's aversion to any change in feeding routine or the nature of the food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young turkeys are susceptible to parasitic infestation as well as to the same type of bacterial and virus diseases as chickens (for example, fowlpox and coccidiosis). Blackhead, a devastating disease of young turkeys, is carried by a common parasitic nematode, and can be contracted from chickens. Medicines are available to prevent or treat most disease and pest problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkey development is almost nonexistent in the Third World (and much of the rest of the world, too). Although commercial turkeys are highly developed in some countries, little or no research has been conducted on the criollo turkey. Research on physiology, disease, and husbandry of the criollo turkey should be given high priority.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need for conservation of genetic variability is perhaps more critical in this species than in almost any other domesticated animal. The unimproved types in Mexico should be collected and assessed, and a program to conserve the stocks should be initiated. An analysis should also be made of the traditional management and performance of these birds. In addition, the four or five recognized turkey subspecies should be evaluated for their potential as seed stock for Third World countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">13 Potential New Poultry</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g016a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several preceding chapters have discussed the possibilities of domesticating certain wild birds.l Here, briefly, are highlighted other wild species with qualities that might make them suitable for sustained production. It should be understood that their practical use in the long run is pure speculation; they are included here merely to guide those interested in exploring the farthest frontiers of livestock science.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collectively, poultry have become the most useful of all livestockâ and the most widespread. Yet only a handful of species are employed. Of the 9,000 bird species, only a few (for instance, chickens, ducks, geese, muscovies, pigeons, and turkeys) have been domesticated for farm use. Strictly speaking, all birds are edible - at least none have poisonous flesh - so it seems illogical to conclude that these are the only likely candidates. Perhaps they are not even the best.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At first sight there may seem to be little need for new species, but poultry meat is in ever increasing demand and there are many niches where the main species are stricken by disease, or are afflicted by heat, humidity, altitude problems, or other hazards. For these areas, a new species might become a vital future resource. Perhaps some could even become globally important. The modern guinea fowl, for example, is a relative newcomer as a worldwide resource (see page 120).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The birds now used as poultry were domesticated centuries ago by people unaware of behavior modification, nutrition, genetics, microbiology, disease control, and the other basics of domestication. Today we can tame species that they couldn't. In particular, the new understanding of &quot;imprinting&quot; may make the domestication of birds easier today than ever before. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this highly speculative concept, the birds described on the following pages are worth considering. They all eat vegetation and tend to live in flocks, which makes them likely to be easy to feed and to keep in crowded conditions. Most are sedentary, nonmigratory, and poor fliers. All but three (tinamous, sand grouse, and trumpeters) are gallinaceous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gallinaceous birds are already the most important to people. The best known are chickens, turkeys, quail, and guinea fowl. But there are about 240 other species. Most are chickenlike: heavy bodied with short, rounded wings, and adapted for life on the ground. Although some are solitary, many are sociable. Basically vegetarian, they also eat insects, worms, and other invertebrates. The young birds are extremely precocious, walking and feeding within hours of hatching. All of these are advantageous traits for domestication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Game birds are also emphasized here. Many today are considered gourmet delights, and this should give them a head start in the marketplace. Indeed, some are already being raised in a small way on game farms and are at least partly on the way to domestication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHACHALACAS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These brownish birds (Ortalis vetula and nine other species) are found throughout Central and South America, and, given research, could possibly be raised on a large scale. A sort of &quot;tropical chicken,&quot; they tame easily, live together in dense populations, and protect their chicks extremely well. They commonly scavenge around houses and people often put out scraps to feed them.2 The chicks are easily hatched, grow fast, and can be fed standard chicken rations.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is already considerable demand for these birds. Everywhere they are found, they are prized as food. In some areas they constitute the single most important game species, and are heavily hunted to supply local communities. Although they have less meat than a chicken, it is tastier and darker.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chachalacas are very adaptable. They occur mainly around forest edges and thrive in the thickets that appear after tropical forests have been felled. They do well close to humans, and their populations are not threatened, despite much hunting. Indeed, they seem well adapted to existence around villages and towns. Although not strong fliers, they are one of the few tree-roosting gallinaceous species. Primarily fruit eaters, they also consume tender leaves, twigs, and buds, and they scratch up the ground, presumably for insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although excitable and noisy, chachalacas become remarkably tame when fed by people. In a few cases, full domestication has almost been reached. Farmers like to have chachalacas around and have even used them to guard domestic chickens. These very raucous and fearless birds will take on all potential threats, even weasels.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GUANS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Close relatives of the chachalacas, guans5 are glossy black birds about the size of small geese. They are highly gregarious and perhaps could be raised in larger numbers. They commonly live around houses, farms, and settlements in their native region of tropical America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike most game birds, guans are chiefly tree dwellers, but they also feed on the ground. Some 12 species are known. All are relentlessly hunted for food and sport - their tameness and inability to fly far or fast making them easy targets. The rapid destruction of tropical forests threatens their populations in some parts of their range. Conservation projects and specific plans of action are being proposed for the most threatened species. Perhaps for the other species, game-ranching projects or even outright domestication might provide just the right incentive for their protection and multiplication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CURASSOWS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Curassows are also relatives of guans and chachalacas, but they are even larger - up to 1 m tall and 5 kg in weight. At least seven species are found over the vast area from northern Mexico to southern South America.6 Among them are Latin America's finest game birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It might be possible to produce curassows in organized farming or ranching. They are commonly called &quot;tropical turkeys&quot; because they look like and run like turkeys. Indeed, Latin Americans normally refer to them as &quot;pavos&quot; or &quot;pavones,&quot; as if they were the real thing. Their plumage ranges from deep blue to black, invariably with a purple gloss, and all have rather curly crests on their heads. They are not good fliers and spend most of their time on the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Curassows are increasingly hunted; their tropical forest habitat is shrinking, and the subsequent loss of populations is a calamity. They are special targets, not only because they are large but also because their light-colored flesh makes exceptional eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is hope that these large wild fowls can be raised and managed in organized programs. Even now, people commonly keep them around their farms and villages. For example, on a number of Venezuelan ranches, yellow-raped curassows can be seen wandering around the cattle yards as if they were chickens.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOREST BIRD RANCHING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has intentionally focused on intensive farming - the type where people bring feed to animals in captivity. However, where this normal type of farming is of marginal value, `'ranching'' free-ranging birds may often be a more effective option. In this, the farmer simply monitors and improves the condition of the range and devises methods to harvest the birds on a sustainable basis. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Bird ranching&quot; may today have outstanding merit, particularly in tropical rainforests. Hence, in this chapter we emphasize birds of the jungle. These might help make standing rainforests profitable producers of income, and thereby provide economic incentives to stop felling trees for cow pastures. Indeed, forest birds might become part of a whole new &quot;salvation farming'' that makes forests more valuable than fields. It is a technique that may contribute to preserving both bird life and its vitally valuable habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MEGAPODES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Megapodes (family Megapodiidae) include some of the world's most interesting birds. They have temperature-sensitive beaks and employ nature's own heat sources as incubators. The best-known species build piles of leaves and use the heat of decomposition to incubate their eggs. The species of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, however, take advantage of sun-warmed sand or even geothermal activity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People have long revered these birds. Aborigines in Australia, Melanesians in New Guinea, and many Micronesians all protect the bizarre nesting sites, and &quot;farm&quot; them for eggs. Local people consider the large eggs special delicacies, and sometimes the egg-laying sites are owned and exploited for generations without a single bird being killed for food.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Programs that provide sustainable supplies of eggs have been established in Papua New Guinea. One is near Mt. Tovarvar, a simmering volcano on the island of New Britain. Here, megapodes gather in large numbers to lay eggs in the hot sands. They dig until they locate sand that is exactly 32.7ÃC, before laying their huge (more than 10 cm long and 6 cm wide) pink eggs. Each year the villagers dig up some 2O,OOO eggs, which are an important source of protein and cash income. The government now regulates the harvest in a way that protects the bird population while supplying a nourishing food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Megapodes are found in only a few parts of the world, but projects such as those in Papua New Guinea provide hope and guidance not only for the sustainable &quot;ranching&quot; of megapodes, but also for other species elsewhere. Many wild birds yield locally important productsâ down, colored feathers, eggs, meat, and skins, and they make excellent songbirds and pets, for example. Their management on a sustainable basis may in certain cases be the key to turning local people into the most dedicated conservationists of all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PARTRIDGES AND FRANCOLINS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Partridges include many small game birds native to the Old World. They are robust, precocious, and larger than quails. Some lay many eggs - the European partridge, for example, lays up to 26 in a clutch. Newly hatched chicks are soon able to feed themselves and can fly within a few weeks, sometimes even within the first few days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species that may make useful poultry include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The European (or gray) partridge (Perdix perdix); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The rock partridge (Alectoris), bantamlike birds of Africa; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The chukar (A. graeca). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A native of the vast area from southeastern Europe to India and Manchuria, the chukar is stocked as a game bird in many countries. It is now produced routinely under poultrylike husbandry in many parts of the United States, not only for hunting clubs, but also for expensive food markets. The birds are generally raised on turkey rations and dress out at about 500 g after 18 weeks. They sell for more than broiler chickens and are a profitable sideline for increasing numbers of poultry farmers.9&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A group of closely related birds are the francolins (genus Francolinus), of which there are 34 species in Africa and 5 in West and South Asia. These adaptable birds are sturdy, live in a variety of habitats, and tend to be rather noisy. Basically, they are partridges with leg spurs. They are highly regarded as a food source and are hunted and trapped wherever they are found.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Francolins are much like quail, but are several times larger. Arabs introduced one of the most beautiful species (Francolinus francolinus) into southern Spain, Sicily, and Greece during the Middle Ages. However, it was hunted so heavily that it soon became extinct in Europe. More recently, francolins have been introduced to the Soviet Union.'Ã&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Francolins inhabit steppes, savannas, primeval forests, and mountains. They thrive in cultivated land with much cover. The clutch consists of 6-8 hard, thick-shelled eggs. In recent times at least one program to domesticate them for food has been started in Africa.11&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MALAYSIA'S MOBILE MOUSETRAP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the report emphasizes microlivestock as food suppliers, it should be realized that small animals - even wild ones - can have other important uses as welt The following interesting example, with possible worldwide implications, comes from recent experiences in Malaysia. *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Certain rodents are major pests on farms and plantations. Now, however, Malaysian zoologists are finding that owls, particularly barn owls (Tyto alba), can help control them. An owl pair and its chicks annually consume 1,500 or more rodents. This is not new knowledge; indeed, on farms throughout the world the barn owl has always been a welcome guest. What is new is that Malaysians are showing how outstandingly effective this process is, and they have initiated major projects to attract and maintain these feathered friends. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barn owls are found in many parts of the world, but were formerly almost unknown in Peninsular Malaysia. In 1969, however, a pair began nesting in an oil-palm plantation in Johore State. Since then, these birds have steadily increased in numbers and have spread throughout most of the peninsula. Today, the population is increasing remarkably quickly as more and more managers erect nest boxes for the owls to live in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The owls are proving to be a good way to remove rats and are notably effective in plantations of oil palm. They perch on fronds and fly under and between the rows of trees. A cost of $1 - $2 per hectare per year is all that is required to install nest boxes, a negligible outlay for the control of such a serious and expensive problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is believed that the barn owls hunt mainly in plantations and other agricultural areas and not in the rainforest. Barn owls are, after all primarily adapted to open spaces and not dense forest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps this experience can be replicated and adopted in other locations and with other crops. Grain crops - notably rice - are particularly prone to the ravages of rodents, and one trial has commenced in Selangor State in a rice area. The concept of using owls for rodent control is also catching on in the United States. Indeed owl nest boxes are being erected in Central Park in the heart of New York City.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PHEASANTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One pheasant, the red junglefowl, gave the world the chicken (see page 86). The other 48 species may have some potential, too. These are rarely seen forest birds; all but one are confined to Asia.13 Because they are prolific they can sustain heavy predation, and many species, notably the ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), are constantly hunted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People in several countries have learned to exploit pheasants on farms and estates. As a result, there is a vast amount of information on how to rear and manage these birds. So far, however, it has been applied only to sport hunting in wealthy societies; the potential of raising pheasants for the mass market should now be seriously addressed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most dramatic-looking pheasant, the peacock (Pavo cristatus), is raised as a poultry species in Vietnam. The meat of the young birds is considered outstanding. In fine restaurants in New York, a peacock dinner is reputed to cost $150. Common peafowls are considered sacred in many parts of India, where they have become so tame that they are essentially domesticated. They also control snakes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;QUAIL&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic quail have been previously described (page 146)J but dozens of wild quail species and subspecies occupy many different habitats and ecological niches in almost all parts of the world. Out of all this genetic wealth only one species - the Japanese quail - is widely used. Yet many other species seem easy to raise, becoming exceedingly tame after about the sixth generation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The management and even perhaps intensive production of these various local quails might provide long-term benefits for many developing nations. Quail meat ranks among the finest.14 Some of these lesser-studied birds are more meaty than the Japanese quail or have other possibly useful traits. Much is known about rearing a few of them because they are used in sport hunting or laboratory research. The possibility of domestication, therefore, is not farfetched.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Particular quail that might be considered for domestication are the lesser-known subspecies of Coturnix coturnix. These subspecies are found in various places, including the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Europe (C. c. coturnix breeds in the area ranging from northern Russia to North Africa and from the British Isles to Siberia. In winter it migrates to tropical Africa, Asia, and southern India.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Azores (C. c. conturbans) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands (C. c. confisa) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Cape Verde Islands (C. c. inopinata) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- East Africa (C. c. erlangeri) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Tropical Africa, southern Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius (C. c. africana) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Japan (C. c. japonica, the most probable ancestor of the domesticated quail)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- China (C. c. ussuriensis, a possible ancestor of the domesticated Japanese quail)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TINAMOUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tinamous are quail-like birds of Central and South America's forests and grasslands. They are, however, much larger than quail and resemble small chickens, with plump bodies and no visible tail. There are more than 40 species, and all are much sought for food because their meat is tender and flavorful. The breast is surprisingly large, and its flesh is pale and translucent. One species, the great tinamou (Tinamus major), has been called &quot;the most perfect of birds for culinary purposes.&quot; Frozen tinamous from Argentina were formerly sold in the United States under the name &quot;South American quail.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tinamous are found mainly in tropical areas, but are also widely distributed in Argentina and Chile. They dwell in varied habitats: rainforests, thickets, bushlands, savannas, and grasslands up to 5,000 m altitude in the Andes. Some species sleep in trees, others on the ground. They spend their days creeping about in heavy cover, flying only when forced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At least some species tame readily. Indeed, during the nesting period males become so tractable that they can be picked up off the nest. At the turn of the century, many tinamous were raised as game birds in France, England, Germany, and Hungary. However, for reasons unknown, subsequent attempts to settle them in Europe have failed. Tinamous have been raised in Canada without undue difficulty; they showed little or no stress under captivity and there were few losses.15&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tinamous may also prove suitable for egg production. They lay clutches of 16-20 spectacular-looking shiny eggs that seem to be made of sky-blue and bright-green ceramic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAND GROUSE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sand grouse (mainly Pterocles species) are highly adapted to life in arid regions - desert, dry grasslands, arid savanna, and bushveld. Their entire body (including most of the bill and feet) is covered with dense down, which in the desert insulates them from the burning heat of midday and the freezing cold of night. It also protects the nostrils against blowing sand and dust.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These pigeonlike birds are found throughout the drier regions of Africa and Asia - for instance, the Sahara, Kalahari, Namib, Arabian, and Thar deserts. They live mainly on small seeds, and sometimes flocks of thousands may be seen at waterholes, flying in for a drink from up to 80 km away. For peoples of the driest spots on earth, these birds may make a useful food species: for one thing, they are not endangered. Indeed, they are proliferating as drought and overgrazing is increasing the amount of dry, desolate rangeland that they prefer. The bore holes provided for livestock have both boosted their populations and afforded a place where these wide-ranging birds can be easily captured. When nesting, sand grouse are highly vulnerable to foxes, jackals, mongooses, and other predators. Protection of the nesting sites may be the key to maintaining their populations if harvesting schemes are introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TRUMPETERS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trumpeters (Psophia species) might prove to be a useful species for sustainable production within tropical forests. As &quot;tree poultry,&quot; these relatives of cranes could help provide meat without destroying the trees, as is now done to raise cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These chicken-sized birds inhabit South America's jungles.16 They are nonmigrating, ground-dwelling, and are often kept as pets, notably by Amerindians. Under human protection, trumpeters become very tame. They recognize strangers and challenge them with a loud cackle. 17 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fully adapted to the forest environment, they can run fast, but fly poorly. In the wild, this makes them easy targets for hunters. Because of this and the fact that they make excellent eating, they are approaching extinction in some areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No attempts have been made to rear these birds in numbers, but this should be tried. They feed mainly on plant materials, particularly berries of all kinds. They also relish grasshoppers, spiders, and centipedes, and are particularly fond of termites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trumpeters require trees; they completely avoid cultivated land. Thus, as the destruction of forests in South America continues, their habitat is shrinking. Although their existence is not as yet threatened, the long-term prognosis is bleak. If managed in &quot;forest-ranching&quot; programs, however, they might be saved from extinction and thriving populations built up. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interest in rabbits continues to increase. It is now widely recognized that the raising of small animals in developing countries has great potential as a means of improving human nutrition and economic security. The famines in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia starkly illuminate the need for maximum efficiency in food production to maintain the quality of human life. Rabbit raising contributes to meeting these needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, N.M. Patton, S.D. Lukefahr, and J.I. McNitt Rabbit Production &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are especially well adapted to backyard rearing systems in which capital and fodder resources are usually limiting factors in animal production. When rabbits are reared according to the techniques appropriate to the environment they can do much to improve the family diet of many of the most needy rural families, while at the same time supplying them with a source of income. With more advanced technology rabbit production can also help to supply big city meat markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food and Agriculture Organization The Rabbit: Husbandry, Health, and Production &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g017a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part III : Rabbits</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contrary to popular opinion, the domestic rabbit is a substantial part of the world's meat supply. Annual production of rabbit meat is estimated to be one million metric tons, and the total number of rabbits is approximately 708 million.' However, rabbits are now intensively raised for food only in temperate, mostly industrialized, nations. France, Italy, and Spain, for example, have long consumed rabbit meat; West German production was 20,000 tons each year; Hungary raises rabbits in large numbers (two of its commercial rabbitries have more than 10,000 does each); and the United States raises almost 8.5 million rabbits each year for consumption in homes and restaurants.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most developing countries, on the other hand, rabbits are not well known - at least compared with other livestock. But they have great promise there, and in recent years there has been a dramatic increase in interest. For those developing countries where information is available, rabbit meat production almost doubled between 1966 and 1980. For instance, several African countries - among them Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Zambia - now have national rabbit-raising programs. A number of Asian countries - such as the Philippines, Indonesia, India, and Vietnam - are also encouraging rabbit farming. And some Latin American countries - Mexico, Costa Rica, and El Salvador, for instance - are actively promoting rabbits for subsistence farmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana is also extensively promoting rabbit farming. Although able to produce all the cereals its population needs, it cannot produce enough meat to satisfy demand. In response, the government organized &quot;Operation Feed Yourself.&quot; The National Rabbit Project was created &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hares&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The common hare (Lepus europus) has not been domesticated, but it is nevertheless a major cash crop of several countries. In Argentina, for example, there is a booming, million-dollar enterprise that exports hundreds of thousands of carcasses, mainly to Germany where they are sold as game meat. For Argentine campesinos, many of whom have few sources of livelihood, trapping hares provides a vital income. In New Zealand, too, hare has become an export item.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A closely related species (Lepus capensis) is native to Africa, and perhaps could be &quot;ranched in the same fashion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rainforest Rabbit&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The forest rabbit, or tapeti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis), is commonly eaten in its native habitat, which extends from southern Mexico to southern Brazil. It occurs in various hot and humid areas of Central and South America and probably within the Amazon Basin itself. Thus, this creature seems a possible candidate for a &quot;tropical rabbit&quot; that can be raised under sweltering conditions, perhaps even in rainforest regions. Although it seems to be heat resistant, it has an especially fine fur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is now known about the tapeti. It is rather secretive and its natural history and even its range are still uncertain. However, its populations appear stable and it is not threatened with extinction. It produces litters of 1 - 5 young after a 44-day gestation, and may bear 4 litters a year. This may seem a lot, but compared with other wild rabbits, the litter size is small and the gestation period long. under this program to provide farmers with breeding stock and practical information on rearing rabbits. (To qualify for the purchase of new breeding stock, would-be rabbit raisers are required to take an intensive three-day course in rabbit husbandry, which is provided at no charge.) With both official and popular support, the rabbit's potential for Ghana has been enhanced through media campaigns complete with radio jingles (examples: &quot;Get the bunny money!&quot; &quot;Grow rabbits - grow children.&quot; &quot;Get into the rabbit habit!&quot;), television spots, and large posters. Already, rabbit breeding is included in school curricula and rabbit meat is available in school lunches.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other countries have mounted similar campaigns. In Mexico, for instance, teachers raise rabbits in rural schools as a way of training students; scores of government officials have taken to breeding rabbits in their homes; and several army units are raising rabbits as mess-hall substitutes for costly beef, pork, and chicken. In Nigeria, farmers can now acquire rabbits from 18 government rabbit-breeding centers, which distribute thousands of animals each year. In Costa Rica, the government has similarly established a series of breeding, distribution, and rabbit-farming training centers. And in El Salvador, the technology of rabbit production is being transferred to farmers via the army.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although rabbits are ideal microlivestock in a general sense, rabbit rearing has many problems and limitations. Poor management is a common difficulty. Unlike the traditional method of keeping scavenger animals, rabbits have to be contained and cannot be left to find their own food. Raising rabbits requires more skills, more time, and much more effort than raising barnyard chickens or other familiar scavengers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For all that, rabbits produce more food than scavenging animals; they are less likely to damage crops because they are kept confined; they live exclusively on forage, which tends to grow vigorously in tropical zones; and they generally produce a more valuable product. The rabbit's potential is far from exploited, and rabbit farming will have to increase enormously before its promise for the small farms of the world is realized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is, however, an increasing concern over a recent outbreak of an exceptionally virulent viral rabbit disease - hemorrhagic tracheopneumonis, which attacks the lungs and lung tissue, killing 48 hours after the onset of symptoms. The virus, which has ravaged the animals in parts of Asia and Europe, was identified in China five years ago in Angora rabbits imported from Germany. It spread to Korea in 1986, and in early 1988 moved through southern and eastern Europe and spread as far as Egypt. It has also been identified in Mexico. Vaccination may become a future prerequisite of rabbit rearing in many countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAST FOOD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The order Lagomorpha includes more than 60 small quickmaturing, and rapidly reproducing species. It seems illogical to think that only one is useful as microlivestock. In principle, any rabbit, hare, or pike could be raised in captivity. All are clean, fast growing and rapid breeding. They are opportunistic feeders and can digest fibrous vegetation. Their meat tastes better than chicken and does not carry the stigma of rodent. The animals are small inoffensive, efficient at foraging, and generally tolerant of difficult environments. In theory, at least, they could be raised on vegetation not used by people or by many domesticated livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species worthy of exploratory research include the following.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">14 Domestic Rabbit</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g018a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)1 is suited to small-scale production and backyard farming. It is easily maintained, requires scant space, makes minimal demands on the family budget, and thrives on plant materials that are usually disdained by humans. It utilizes forage efficiently. even coarse vegetation that is high in fiber, and under ideal conditions it can grow so rapidly that its rate is only slightly lower than that of broiler chickens.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rabbit's capacity for reproduction is legendary. In theory, a single male and four females can produce as many as 3,000 offspring a year, representing some 1,450 kg of meat - as much as an average sized cow.3 The meat is pink, delicately flavored, and is usually considered a premium product that provides variety in the diet. It has more protein and less fat and calories per gram than beef, pork, lamb, or chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some breeds are raised for their wool. The long-haired Angora, for instance, yields a luxury fiber that makes a soft, lustrous fabric. It sells at high prices and makes these animals very valuable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbit pelts also bring cash. They are used in fur coats and other luxury garments. In addition, rabbit feet and tails are used in good luck charms and many curios.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are well known for their long ears, fluffy tails, and long hind legs. Many commercial breeds are white, although colored types are sometimes chosen because of special qualities in their meat or pelts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are many breeds and much genetic diversity within and between breeds. (Almost 160 varieties are recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association.) However, in both North America and Europe, the New Zealand White has traditionally displaced most other breeds for commercial meat production. This medium-weight breed bears large litters, is a good milk producer, and has good mothering ability. It reproduces best under intensive farming and, among purebreds, yields the most meat. A full-grown New Zealand White weighs 4-5 kg, giving about 2 kg of meat at 8-10 weeks of age. Large breeds include the Flemish Giant or the Checkered Giant, which weigh more than 6 kg at maturity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids are rapidly replacing purebreds in Europe for commercial production. Specific crosses of breeds have been shown experimentally to be more productive overall compared with purebred New Zealand Whites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Different meat breeds are preferred in various countries. For example, in Ghana the most popular are Flemish Giants, New Zealand Whites, Yellow Silvers, and Checkered Giants; in Tanzania and Nigeria, New Zealand Whites and Dutch are preferred; in China, Chinchillas and Japanese Large Whites are the most widely consumed. Some smaller breeds - for instance, the Polish - are also valuable for husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some Third World strains have already evolved. They show high tolerance to local conditions (for example, the Baladi - the main strain of the Sudan and the Near East - and the Criollo of Mexico). The Baladi has a small body and relatively low production, but it is hardy and tolerates harsh conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Specialized breeds have been developed for wool, fur, and laboratory research. The Angora wool breed has already been mentioned. The Rex breed produces a high-quality pelt used in furs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild ancestor of the domestic rabbit was originally restricted to Spain and Portugal. Today, its descendants are found worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Plentiful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic rabbits are best suited to temperate climates, but they do well in tropical and subtropical conditions if hutches are constructed and sited to take advantage of shade and cooling breezes. Ventilation is important (but care must be taken to avoid direct exposure to cold drafts). Prolonged exposure to temperatures higher than 30ÃC reduces both fertility and growth. Apparently, all breeds tolerate heat equally well. However, heat is shed through the ears, and the longer the ear, the more heat a rabbit will tolerate. Lop-eared varieties withstand heat poorly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits eat fibrous vegetation. In addition to normal feces, they produce special droppings called cecotropes. Softer and smaller than the regular fecal pellets, they are excreted in clusters and are swallowed as soon as they are eliminated. Cecotropes are rich in bacterial protein, and this double digestion (coprophagy) enables the animals to utilize the fermentation products formed in the cecum. This process is rather like that of ruminants, and rabbits are sometimes called pseudoruminants.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding begins at 4-6 months of age and may continue up to age 4, occasionally to age 6. Gestation takes 28-32 days. Females can conceive within 24 hours after giving birth and can produce a second litter merely 4 weeks later. With good feed and early rebreeding, 9 or more litters a year are possible. (Such a rate is only achievable under exceptional management, however.) Litter size depends on breed and body weight. Small breeds average 4 young per litter; large breeds 810. Births occur at any time of the year, but production slackens when the weather is exceptionally cold or hot, when feed is scarce, or when days are short. Extremes of heat or cold can also affect the survival of the young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits raised under subsistence conditions are likely to produce 4 or 5 litters a year, with an average of 5-8 young per litter' depending on management and feed quality.5 Annual production of about 20 weaned offspring per female per year under tropical and subtropical conditions is common. The young remain in the nest until they are 2-3 weeks old. Their eyes open at approximately 10 days of age. About 4 months are required to produce a 2-kg market rabbit under subsistence conditions. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits that receive human handling are very gentle and can be trained to live inside people's houses and even use a &quot;litter box.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are multipurpose animals yielding the following products:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Meat. Delicious hot or cold, fancy or plain, it can be breaded and fried, broiled, baked, or barbecued.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Wool. The fineness of rabbit hair is an asset in the production of wool, which is the plucked or shaved hair of the long-haired Angora breed. It is usually mixed with fine Merino sheep wool to give more substance and to improve its wearing quality. An average Angora rabbit produces about 850 g of wool each year. (Some specimens produce as much as 1,000 g.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Fur. The fur is dense.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Leather or vellum. Rabbit hide has the tension and strength required for tiny drive-belts in tape recorders and other delicate machines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Fertilizer. Rabbit manure often contains high proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash, and it comes in convenient drypellet form.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Tourist charms. In many societies, rabbits are connected with good luck. Feet and tails are used for car decorations, key chains, charms, and mementos that appeal to tourists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are also used in biochemical and physiological research.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits can be housed in hutches ranging from sophisticated commercial cages to simple packing crates with a few ventilation holes and rough troughs for food and water. In all cases, watertight roofing is essential. A floor space of only 0.25 mÃ is sufficient for one rabbit, but about 1 mÃ is recommended for a female and her young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting small-scale rabbit production is generally inexpensive. An almost infinite variety of backyard feeding and drinking equipment can be made from various scrap items, such as old bottles. The main criteria are that cleaning should be easy and spillage minimized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In practice, diets can be based largely on herbage: grass, leaves, legumes, crop residues, and kitchen scraps. However, the diet must be wholesome, and caged rabbits fed on forage usually need some grain or agricultural by-products (rice bran, for instance) as a dietary supplement. Supplementation is particularly important for newborns and lactating females, whose diet must contain about 16 percent protein and at least 18 percent fiber. When &quot;noncommercial&quot; feeds are used, salt must be added to prevent salt deficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of higher protein content, legumes (for instance, alfalfa, cowpea, vetch, or pea) are better than grass. Alfalfa is particularly valuable, and in the Sudan and Mozambique it is already grown extensively for feeding rabbits. On diets consisting of alfalfa and rye grass, weaned New Zealand Whites have demonstrated growth rates of 38-39 g per day in animals weighing up to 2 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits, as mentioned, can utilize almost any type of edible vegetation. Also, despite their diminutive size, they can collectively produce as much meat per unit of forage as large livestock, or even more (see page 183).6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is much genetic diversity. Differences in growth rate, fertility, maternal ability, milk production, disease resistance, heat resistance, and other features have been noted. This is useful, since a wide genetic base enhances the likelihood of success of selection programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbits are easy to handle and can be raised under primitive conditions. They require little financial investment and their husbandry is easily accomplished in the home by women and children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal's rapid reproduction is a big advantage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical conditions produce special problems. There, rabbits must be protected from heat and rain. Stress brought on by high temperatures, high humidity, and wet conditions can lead to respiratory disorders and even sudden death.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most diseases are caused by poor management. Dirty or wet cages lead to diarrhea, sores, mites, and ringworm, all of which can cause serious losses. Enteritis (diarrhea) often kills 20 percent or more of all rabbits before they attain market age and weight. A major disease problem in most countries is coccidiosis, which is particularly harmful to young rabbits. Again, damp and unsanitary conditions increase the susceptibility; better management can control it. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some countries - notably Australia and New Zealand - escaping rabbits have become a serious menace and have destroyed crops and grazing lands. Because of this threat, it is illegal to import rabbits into some countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, many people are unaccustomed to eating rabbit. Indeed, where commercial ventures have been established in areas with an otherwise plentiful meat supply, there have been financial failures. However, where rabbit meat is familiar, there is usually great demand for it. Also, in poorer areas where animal protein is in short supply, the tasty pink meat is widely appreciated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HOW RABBITS WERE DOMESTICATED&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For 30 or 40 million years the wild species Oryctolagus Cuniculus lived only in the area that today is Spain. Caves there contain Stone Age drawings of it. Phoenician traders landing on the Iberian Peninsula in about 1100 B.C. found huge numbers of these wild rabbits. The little animals were unknown to them and they mistook them for the hyraxes they had seen in Africa. (Although small and rabbitlike, the hyrax is actually related to elephants.) Since the Semitic name for hyrax was shaphan (&quot;one who hides&quot;), the Phoenicians named the peninsula l-shepan-im, from which the Latin name Hispania developed. Thus, &quot;Spain&quot; actually means &quot;island of hyraxes,&quot; even though these African animals have never occurred there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the rabbit's reproductive powers and adaptability it is surprising that it hadn't spread beyond Spain, but dense forests covered most of Europe after the last Ice Age. The rabbit, which is suited to open country, only spread rapidly after man had cleared most of the trees. Even then, the natural spread was slowed by the Pyrenees mountains blocking the way into the rest of Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ancient Romans became acquainted with rabbits after they invaded Spain, and they eagerly added wild rabbit meat to their banquets. The meat was so popular that around 1 A.D. Roman voyagers released a pair of rabbits onto the Balearic Islands. In time, these produced so many offspring that the islanders had to appeal to the Roman emperor for help. They even asked to be moved to another country if the emperor could not get rid of the plague of rabbits!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eventually, Romans in Italy, France, and other parts of the European mainland began raising rabbits for meat. They kept them in special cages called leporaria. Their rabbits were probably not truly domesticated; instead they were netted in the wild and caged for fattening before being prepared for the table. The Romans had little incentive to domesticate an animal that could be so easily captured.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tne rabbit was the last farm animal to be domesticated. It seems likely that this did not begin until the Christian era when monks in French monasteries began taming rabbits. In those days, rabbit embryos and newborn young were considered delicacies, called &quot;laurices.&quot; In 600 A.D. the Pope declared that laurices were &quot;not meatp,&quot; and permitted them to be eaten during fasts and in monasteries of strict discipline where meat was forbidden. Within a few years, the animal was domesticated, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government-sponsored rabbit-research stations and programs are found in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabbit husbandry is well known, but much basic research is needed; for example, specific nutrient requirements, breed comparisons, disease control, reproductive management, and efficient housing and equipment. There is a particular need to reduce the labor required for feeding, breeding, caging, and cleaning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the increasing number of rabbit programs in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, there is a need to share information and ideas among the various countries. The exchange of experiences with rabbit breeding, health and nutrition, and the practical experiences and field studies could be of great value.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further research in rabbit nutrition is necessary to identify nutrient requirements more precisely. Moreover, links between nutrition and disease should be clarified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further research into the cause and prevention of enteritis is needed. (At present, this condition is prevented by maintaining a fiber level in the diet of at least 18 percent and keeping the energy level relatively low.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legume shrubs could be an answer to the feed problems in the dry season. Deep-rooted shrubby legumes, such as gliricidia or leucaena, remain green well into the dry season and have high protein contents. Rabbits find the leaves of leucaena palatable (see companion report Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crop for the Tropics. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C. 1984), and they are fairly resistant to mimosine (a sometimes toxic amino acid found in leucaena foliage). More research on this promising approach is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted earlier (page 181), a killer virus has recently appeared. Studies into its epidemiology and control are most important. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outsiders who hope to improve conditions in underdeveloped areas, sometimes . . . introduce new food avoidances to the communities they came to help [if outsiders] show repugnance toward consuming goats, . . . rats, . . . crows, insects, intestines and blood, then the people they are educating may likewise give up those . . . foods and lose valuable proteins.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calvin W. Schwabe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unmentionable Cuisine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You can count on the fingers of one hand the domestic animals that produce virtually all of mankind's meat and milk - a selection made more than 10,000 years ago by our Neolithic ancestors. Yet the earth teems with thousands of species of animals; why limit ourselves to cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep? Given the world's shortages of energy and water and arable land, why not try to domesticate wild animals? The effort would save many species from extinction, provide the world with more food, and introduce gentle farming to fragile environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.D. Vietmeyer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g019a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part IV : Rodents</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents are the world's most widespread, adaptable, and prolific group of mammals. They reproduce well, grow fast, learn quickly, and adapt to a wide variety of local conditions. Many convert vegetation into meat efficiently, digesting some fiber, even though their stomach, like man's, is a simple one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems probable, therefore, that some species would make suitable microlivestock - a notion supported by the previous domestication of the guinea pig, laboratory rat and mouse, gerbil, and hamster. Indeed, &quot;ranching&quot; rodents might be an effective way to increase food supplies in remote areas. It could also be a mechanism to ensure the survival of rare rodents whose natural habitats are being rapidly destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODENTS AS FOOD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents are already common foods in many countries and are valued items of commerce. It has been estimated that 42 of 383 cultures eat rodents.! But the fact that they are a major meat source is almost unrecognized. This is due in part to cultural misunderstanding. Rodents suitable for human food or other products do not live in filth, like common rats. They are clean and vegetarian. Like rabbits, they eat grass and grains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some regions of the world, cooked rodent meat is regarded as the epitome of dining. In many countries, local rodent species are the most eagerly sought meats. City markets in different parts of Latin America carry guinea pig, pace, capybara, and vizcacha. Markets in Asia may carry rice rats, cloud rats, and bandicoot rats. Those of rural Africa are filled with &quot;bushmeats&quot; - usually including grasscutters, giant rats, and several other rodent species. These are often preferred to the meat of domestic stock and fetch higher prices than beef. And the amounts of rodent bushmeat available are not minor. In one year, for example, hunters in Botswana have brought to market 3.3 million kg of meat of the rodent called springhare (see page 278).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fondness for rodent meat is not restricted to the tropics. In the United States, squirrel was once a much sought treat. Fat, nut-fed grey squirrels went into Brunswick stew, which has been called the most famous dish to emerge from the campfires and cabins of Colonial America. Thomas Jefferson liked it. Today, squirrel is the country's number two game animal (after deer), and many are still eaten.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ancient Romans kept fat dormice in captivity, serving them as a delicacy. &quot;The fat dormice are fattened up in barrel-like pots like those in country houses,&quot; wrote Varro (116-27 BC). &quot;One feeds these animals large amounts of acorns, chestnuts, or other nuts.&quot;2 This small rodent remains a prized food in Europe and still appears on tables in certain areas. The meat is regarded as a delicacy because it tastes of almonds and other nuts. Often it is roasted, broiled, and cooked with its cracklings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodents have seldom been included in livestock programs or economic development plans. Yet human appetite has actually caused the extinction of a number of species. Caribbean Indians ate several endemic rodents (one of which was as big as a bear), and may have caused several species to become extinct just before the time of Columbus. Others may soon follow the same dismal route, including the beautiful cloud rat of the Philippines, the hare-like mare of Argentina, the vizcacha of southern South America, and the gentle hutias of the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guinea pig is described in a later chapter, but as it is the epitome of a rodent microlivestock species, some historical background is given here. It was domesticated for food use at least 7,000 years ago, probably in what is now the central highlands of Peru and Bolivia. With only llama and deer available, the prehistoric Andean peoples had few readily available sources of meat. They adopted wild cavies, and found that these rangeland rodents (which are more closely related to porcupines than to rats or mice) were gentle, manageable, and easy to rear. By the time the Spaniards arrived in the 1500s, the &quot;cuy&quot;  (pronounced &quot;coo-ee,&quot; like the faint cry it makes) was a major food from  Argentina to the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This impressed the conquistadores, who introduced cuys into Europe,  where they also became a delicacy.3 Within a century, these easily  transported animals began to appear on tables in many parts of the  Spanish empire. Guinea pigs are now reared in campesino huts in the  mountains of central Mexico, in the Philippines, and in several African  nations, along with other areas of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Elsewhere, guinea pigs came to be used only as house pets and  laboratory animals. Although during World War II Mussolini's  government urged Italians to keep them to supplement their meager  meat rations, their use as food was largely ignored in most parts of the  world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The idea of domesticating rodents may seem radical, but  domestication projects are already under way with capybara in  Venezuela (see page 206), pace in Panama (see next page and page  262), giant rat in Nigeria (see page 224), and the grasscutter in Ghana  (see page 232). Rodent husbandry is not complicated and the animals'  environmental requirements seem relatively simple and easy to satisfy.  Moreover, rodents are not usually fastidious feeders, and being  essentially vegetarian will readily accept a wide variety of commonly  available foodstuffs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with most animals with which man is in close contact, rodents can  transmit human diseases.4 With care, however, managed rodents need  not be any more dangerous to care for or to eat than pigs or  horses - both of which are worldwide food resources.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DOMESTICATING RODENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To domesticate the pace (see page 262) would seem to be impossible. These large rodents of Central and South America are nocturnal and fiercely territorial; they have low fecundity and take 10 months to reach weaning, and they have tender skin that is easily damaged Most researchers have written them off as candidates for domestication. But at least two have undertaken to beat the odds. We present the findings of one of them here to show that, using modem techniques, even species that normally fight each other to the death on sight are potential farm animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through years of studying paces in Panama, Smithsonian biologist Nicholas Smythe has found that with care and planning the aggressive behavior can be so radically altered that the animals become calm. Indeed, some become almost loving. Newborns, Smythe found, undergo &quot;imprinting&quot; and when he places them with docile adults or with humans, the fierce territoriality never develops. He nurses newborns on &quot;surrogate&quot; mothers that have been imprinted on people. The youngsters then welcome human company and, if fumed out of the cage, return there voluntarily. &quot;It's difficult to imagine a more manageable animal,&quot; Smythe said. &quot;Technically speaking they are behaviorally indistinguishable from traditional domestic animals.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As of this writing, Smythe has three generations totalling about 50 individuals, and has several &quot;families&quot; of gentle paces living together in harmony. He has observed that they lose their nocturnal habit and, although they live mainly on fruits in the wild, they readily eat leafy vegetables and other foods in captivity. His captive specimens have recently begun to breed. The offspring remain docile, but they have so far averaged only a little more than two young per female per year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;If we can just double the reproduction rate, then raising paces can compete economically with raising cattle,&quot; Smythe explained. &quot;The potential for a bigger brood is all in the animal's anatomy, and if successful, paces in the wet tropics could produce as much protein as cattle.&quot;*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas need the shade and protection of the forest. Thus, pace raising might provide an alternative to cutting down rainforests for cattle raising. Instead of toppling trees and planting pastures, people could farm paces in the forest, and perhaps make as much or more money at the same time. In tropical America, the ready acceptance of pace meat is a near guarantee that all they produce will be snapped up at premium prices. In the past, many territorial and aggressive species have been dismissed as being impossible to domesticate or manage. But Smythe has demonstrated that with imprinting and other methods of behavior modification, these need be dismissed no longer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, the pace may already be becoming a new domesticated species. In the first stage of his experiments, Smythe had to train his captive-born paces to be social and nonaggressive. Subsequent generations, however, need no training adopt the new behavior patterns of the parents, and do not revert to aggressive asocial behavior. By the third generation, they have become as accepting of, and indifferent to, people as cattle or sheep. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">15 Agouti</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g020a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the best known of all animals of the American tropics, agoutis (Dasyprocta species)' are prolific rabbit- or hare-sized rodents that are probably easily farmed. They are valued for food and are hunted throughout most of their range. Indeed, agouti meat, once common in Latin markets. is now difficult to find because of indiscriminate killing. Agouti hunting is already prohibited in Brazil; restaurants in Belem, for example, once offered a variety of &quot;cotta&quot; (agouti) dishes at prices equivalent to those of choice filet mignon, but since the early 1970s they have been banned from serving it. Other countries will probably have to institute similar bans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis are active, long-legged, and high-strung. They flee in panic at the slightest alarm. They do not climb but they do burrow occasionally, being essentially specialized ground-dwellers that live in tropical forest regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There have been no organized scientific attempts to raise these swift, shy animals in captivity, but Latin Americans sometimes keep them as &quot;domestics,&quot; especially in parks and large gardens. (Agoutis are well known, for instance at the Goeldi Museum in Belem, Brazil.) These animals seem to tame easily, and could perhaps be mass produced on a large scale like rabbits or guinea pigs. They make affectionate pets, sometimes refusing to return to the wild. A research project on captive breeding of two local agouti species (Dasyprocta mexicana and D. punctata) for food is already under way in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of lowland, tropical Latin America and the Caribbean. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis are delicately built, graceful, nimble, and beautifully proportioned. They have slender bodies, short ears, and look somewhat like a rabbit that has been &quot;jacked up&quot; in back. Generally, adults are 40-60 cm long and weigh 2-5 kg. Some are even bigger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They run well and are good jumpers. From a standing start an agouti reportedly can leap as high as 2 m or as far as 6 m; however, as long as they are well fed, there is little problem keeping them behind a wall only 1 m high.2 Reportedly, they sometimes climb easy-sloping trees to collect green fruits, but researchers studying Central American agoutis report that they are strictly terrestrial.3 They swim well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The body hair is thick, coarse, and glossy: pale orange to black on the back, and white to yellow on the belly. Some species have faint stripes, and some have a rump that contrasts with the rest of the back. The short tail is partially concealed under the long body hair.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis occur over a vast area from southern Mexico to Paraguay, including many islands in the Caribbean.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they occasionally damage sugarcane plantings and because the meat is particularly tasty, people hunt agoutis relentlessly, especially near cities and towns. Now, in the l990s, they are becoming rare because of excessive hunting and habitat destruction. Many Latin Americans have never heard of them. In Mexico, for instance, there are few places where agoutis survive, and Dasyprocta mexicana may become extinct if habitat destruction and overhunting continue in its restricted range. In Costa Rica and Panama, agoutis occur only where there is little or no hunting or human interference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From sea level to elevations of at least 2,500 m, the adaptable agouti lives in many habitats: moist lowland forests, dry upland forests, thick brush, and savannas. However, although they thrive in secondary growth areas, they are mainly forest dwellers. Nonetheless, they often enter fields to forage, and young animals occasionally are seen in open areas such as grassy stream banks and cultivated fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis shelter in hollows among boulders, in riverbanks, or under tree roots. They also hide in heavy brush and sometimes in holes dug out by other species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These herbivores eat seeds, fruit, stalks, leaves, roots, and other succulent plant parts, as well as occasional insects and fungi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They seem to mate twice each year. The estrous cycle is variable, but is only about 34 days long. The young are born after a gestation period of 3.5-4 months. Usually, there are twins; however, single births and triplets have been recorded. Newborns are fully developed and are able to run around within hours. They start feeding on solids within a few days. Puberty occurs at about 9 months of age. Life expectancy is 10 years or more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild, agoutis are shy and retiring. Every sense seems constantly triggered for instantaneous action and sometimes they become hysterical. If danger threatens, they usually &quot;freeze,&quot; but when discovered they stamp their feet as an alarm signal and dash away, nimbly dodging obstacles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite excessive timidity, they can be violent among themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In undisturbed forests, agoutis are diurnal and are often seen. But around villages they become nocturnal, as a means of self-preservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the most part, these rodents live in loosely formed pairs, with previous litters living around their territory as &quot;satellites.&quot; There is some &quot;bigamy,&quot; some &quot;philandering,&quot; and some &quot;divorce.&quot;5.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their long claws, they display much finger dexterity. To eat, they usually sit erect, crouching on their haunches and holding the food in their forepaws. If it has a skin' they carefully peel it before starting their meal. They save some nonperishable foods (nuts, for instance) by digging holes in scattered locations, dropping each one in a separate location, stamping it down, and covering it over. This behavior helps disperse the seeds of many species of trees so that agoutis benefit tropical forests and reforestation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p203a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, agoutis are popular game animals. They are often hunted with dogs that even follow them into the burrows. Agouti meat is tasty, although it is usually said to fall short of the meat of the pace (see page 262) because it is leaner and gamier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis adapt well to captivity. With appropriate care they can be bred without difficulty.6 The nervousness that is pronounced in nature is quickly lost in captivity. The young become tame pets. They can be fed on foods such as leafy vegetables, fruit, potatoes, and bread scraps. Although many wild specimens have become nocturnal, captives readily readapt to daylight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Being entirely terrestrial, agoutis require no trees, but they do need space. Given enough area, they get on well (with each other and with different species), and they breed freely. To avoid fighting, it seems necessary to separate females from males at puberty. Probably removing progeny from breeding pens at weaning could also help avoid most of the interpersonal aggression. In large areas with plenty of cover (banana plants, for instance), groups can be kept, but breeding may be disappointing. Husbandry may be most appropriate in large enclosures (50-100 agoutis) with some animals then removed to small cages 0.5-1 mÃ for selective feeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACOUCHIES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Close relatives, the green and red acouchies (Myoprocta acouchy and Myoprocta exilis) also deserve study. These are smaller animals with longer tails, bearing a little plume of white hairs. Although even more delicate and hypersensitive than agoutis, they can be kept in captivity and breed well. They then become less nervous and are easily handled. Acouchies. show remarkable intelligence and even some affection for those they trust. They frequent rainforests, but are rare or even absent in disturbed areas. Adults weigh up to 1.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The general biology (diet, reproduction, activity rhythm), is almost the same as that of the agouti, but they live in smaller home ranges (0.6-1.2 hectares versus 2.5 hectares for the agouti) and travel singly, although belonging to a well-established family unit. Adult males tolerate the juvenile males. They occur only in Colombia, the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farming methods would probably be the same as for the agoutis, but acouchies always need plant cover.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agoutis are appropriately sized: a dressed carcass can weigh 1-3 kg. The meat is good, and large commercial undertakings in urban centers could profit from the ready market that already exists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are prolific: females can produce up to two litters a year, each litter averaging two offspring. In protected areas, populations may grow fast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These forest dwellers might provide a source of meat and income without destroying the forests in favor of cattle pastures. Also, they thrive in disturbed areas as long as there is some cover. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiments in Brazil show that agoutis are highly susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals might become pests: they eat the roots, leaves, and fruit of agricultural crops and occasionally damage sugarcane and banana plants. However, current experience suggests that if they escape captivity they are quickly caught by hunters and do not reach pest levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Live agoutis have strong-smelling anal glands that may be offensive to breeders or could contaminate the meat if the animals are carelessly handled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where the rainforest is destroyed, the agouti population is destroyed. The animals were once well known throughout Latin America, but not anymore. In some areas, therefore, wild breeding stock may not be locally available. Moreover, people may have become sufficiently unfamiliar with them that their value may no longer be appreciated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, they can be the prey of large birds such as eagles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The taxonomy of agouti species needs clarification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husbandry experiments are required, including studies on topics such as:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutrition;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Growth rate;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Shelters and enclosures;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reproduction; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Techniques for catching, moving, marketing, and managing the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One area where agoutis might profitably be raised is in enclosures in palm plantations. Palms such as the babassu provide food, shade, and shelter, while fallen and rotten logs offer secure retreats from predators. This deserves investigation.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instead of clearing vast areas of rainforest for cattle pasture, as is being done in much of Latin America, people might well &quot;farm&quot; agouties in the forests. Few of the settlers flooding into such regions can afford, let alone raise, beef. Small-scale agouti farming offers a promising and inexpensive alternative that would be gentle on the fragile land. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">16 Capybara</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g021a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the world's largest rodent, can be as big as a sheep and weigh as much as a small person. Its natural habitat is the environs of South America's rivers, marshlands, and swamps, where it feeds on the grasses and reeds that grow near water.1&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its size, tasty meat, valuable leather, and rapid reproduction, the capybara is a candidate for both ranching and intensive husbandry throughout the hot and humid lowland tropical regions of Latin America. It seems easy to handle. It is commonly raised in zoos or occasionally as a pet, and has, in at least one instance, been proven successful in large commercial herds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In floodplain ecosystems, capybaras complement cattle because they prefer to graze swamp grasses rather than the dryland grasses on which cattle feed. They have simple stomachs, but are one of the more efficient herbivores. Although they are &quot;selective feeders&quot; that eat lush waterside grasses &quot;preserved in quality&quot; by the water, they also graze pasture, usually selecting new growth that is often too short and scattered for cattle, with their large muzzles, to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The floodplains of the South American subtropics and tropics where the animal is indigenous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they have blunt, horselike heads, capybaras look like gigantic guinea pigs. They are ponderous, barrel shaped, and have a tail too small to be seen from a distance. Their skin is tough and covered by sparse, bristlelike hairs: the color above is reddish brown to gray; beneath, it is yellowish brown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The front legs are shorter than the back. Slightly webbed toes - four on the front feet and three on the back - make them good swimmers. They dive with ease and can stay underwater for up to five minutes. They also move nimbly on land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara is extremely large for a rodent. In size and color, it looks much like a pig. Often more than 100 cm long and 50 cm high at the shoulder, it can exceed 50 kg liveweight. Indeed, specimens weighing up to 90 kg have been reported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before livestock were introduced, the capybara grazed widely over riverine regions throughout South and Central America. Today, it is found in the flooded grasslands from Panama to Paraguay. Mainly, it occurs in the watersheds of the Orinoco, Amazon, Paraguay, and Parana rivers. High population densities exist in the Pantanal of western Brazil and on the Llanos floodplains of Venezuela and Colombia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are few precise population counts, but capybaras can occur in large numbers.2 However, in many areas they appear to be on the verge of extinction, being deliberately eradicated by farmers who think they compete with cattle and transmit diseases. Also, in some areas illegal hunting goes on year-round and great numbers are killed. The animals are particularly vulnerable during the dry season, when they concentrate around the diminished river channels and water holes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, most capybaras live in swampy or grassy areas bordering rivers. However, some are found in other habitats, ranging from open plains to tropical rainforests. But even here they stay near ponds, lakes, streams, and swamps, and never venture much more than 500 m from water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p210a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The capybaraâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara, like all rodents, is a simple-stomached animal, but it is a true herbivore. Its digestive system is especially adapted for fibrous materials. The large cecum - the site of enzymatic digestionâ serves a function like that of the rumen of sheep, cattle, and goats. It has a digestive capacity similar to that of a sheep's rumen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like rabbits and all the rodents, capybaras are coprophagous. That is, during the morning hours when they are resting, soft feces from the cecum are passed a second time through the digestive system.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributing to the animal's digestive ability is its efficient mastication. It chews its forage seemingly incessantly, reducing it to extremely small particles before it is swallowed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under natural conditions, the females annually bear 1 or 2 litters, each averaging from 4 to 6 offspring. Birth weight is between 1 and 2 kg, depending on litter size and sex. Both males and females reach sexual maturity when they reach a liveweight of 30 kg or moreâ usually between the first and second year of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras are intelligent, shy, inoffensive, and harmless. In undisturbed ecosystems, they are gregarious and live in family groups of up to 30. The young follow the mother about for many months after birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike most rodents, they do not construct dens, but the groups have specific resting areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are both diurnal and nocturnal and, like many herbivores, they graze at daybreak and dusk, and perhaps also at midnight. They spend the morning resting in weeds on riverbanks, and at noon they cool off by bathing for an hour or so before grazing. They may feed belly deep in water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras wallow in mud, allowing it to dry on their skin before bathing again. Mange can develop in captivity when they cannot take a mud bath.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When startled, a capybara barks loudly and dashes away, but after running 200 m or so it tires, slows down, and may lapse into hyperthermia. At that point a hunter can easily catch it. However, if the animal reaches water, it usually eludes the pursuer because it swims so well - especially underwater.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybara meat is white and has qualities and properties (such as high emulsification) that might allow it to compete with pork and other meats in the food industry. Spanish-style sausages, Italian-style mortadellas, frankfurters, and German-style smoked chops have been produced experimentally.4 However, at present, the meat is mainly consumed only in the dried and salted form. It is particularly popular in Venezuela, where more than 400 tons are sold every year, especially during Easter festivities.5 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara's hide is one of the best for glove making. This luxury product, known in international commerce as carpincho leather, fetches high prices on European markets because it is more heat resistant than most leathers and because it stretches in only one direction. This one way grain allows gloves to stretch sideways without lengthening and looking sloppy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The capybara appears suitable for raising as a livestock animal. Amerindians traditionally collected capybara orphans during the hunting season and raised them until needed for food. Capybara breeding was reported in Brazil as early as 1565.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modern attempts have been made towards domestication. Researchers at the Institute of Animal Production in Venezuela, for instance, started a breeding program in the 1970s using 20 females and 5 males. Since that time they have continuously kept capybaras in confinement. Through selection and management, they have improved the reproduction of captive animals. The current aim is to get 16 offspring per mother per year. Newborns are weaned after 5 weeks and the mother is returned to the breeding pen.6 In Colombia, similar work is in progress, and guidelines for raising capybaras on breeding farms have been published.7 In Brazil, research has been carried out to study capybara nutrition, genetics, management, reproduction, and social behavior in total confinement.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout South America, the price of beef has increased greatly within the last few years, thereby providing a new incentive for capybara husbandry. It has also forced many campesinos to eat more wildlife, which adds another incentive for producing capybara meat on farms and thereby perhaps helping to relieve pressure on the wild stocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When tame, the animals are amenable to handling without physical restraint. They are so tractable that in Surinam a blind man once used one as a guide animal. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras can be raised on a variety of readily available vegetation: leaves, roots, fruits, and vegetables. They thrive in coarse grasses, if given opportunity to select nutritious parts. Their large incisors allow them to bite off short grasses that many herbivores cannot use. For instance, they eat &quot;capybara grass&quot; (Paspalum fasciculatum) that is abundant on river edges in Venezuela and is normally too short for cattle to graze. This makes for low-cost feeding and utilization of a resource that is otherwise unused.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras are at home in hot, humid environments and are fully adapted to life on the tropical floodplains and seasonally flooded savannas. They thrive in extreme climates where cattle struggle, such as in the parts of the lower Paraguayan Chaco where summer temperatures reach 45ÃC.9 An ecological benefit to raising capybaras is that there is no need to alter habitats by introducing exotic forage plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They reproduce quickly. Age at first conception for females is about 1.5 years, and the time between parturitions is generally shorter than that of goats or sheep in the tropics. Young capybaras grow so fast that in 18 months they can reach a liveweight of more than 40 kg. In their natural conditions, they are more disease resistant than cattle. The annual productivity is said to exceed that of cattle in many parts of its range.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is already so widely eaten in South America that the meat from farmed animals should be readily acceptable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybaras occasionally raid fields and can harm sugarcane, rice, bananas, sweet potatoes, cassava, corn, and other crops. In many parts of Brazil, they are considered agricultural pests and are shot.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Confining these animals in high density may create serious problems. Infectious diseases and parasite outbreaks seem to be worse than those that occur with conventional livestock. Aggression might prove a limitation to capybara husbandry: it is almost impossible to cage two adult males together or to introduce new animals to an existing group.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals may transmit disease to people and livestock. They can harbor foot-and-mouth disease and are known to be susceptible to brucellosis. They also carry a form of trypanosome, Trypanosoma evansi. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with cattle, capybara use only a small proportion of the total plant biomass. They are largely selective feeders, and for satisfactory performance must have sufficient area to select the plants they need. If placed in a paddock of only coarse grass, most will eventually die. Like goats and gazelles, capybara probably select a diet that is at least 15 percent richer in crude protein than a typical cattle diet.'Ã&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High mortality has never been observed in Venezuela, but keeping the animals alive on a farm in some areas may not be easy. In one trial, more than half (55 percent) of the capybara died of disease, and a few of septicemia (the result of wounds incurred during fights), but most apparently of trypanosomiasis. Other losses were caused by speeding vehicles (29 percent), poaching (6 percent), and predation, mainly by jaguars (12 percent).&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important for researchers to undertake the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gather specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Assess experiences of zoos and farms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Undertake nutritional trials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Initiate captive breeding trials - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, feed needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Characterize the animal's productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Study the capybara's basic physiology and production potentials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Investigate biological factors, such as reproductive physiology, and social behavior (both in the wild and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine the factors influencing capybara reproduction, growth, and development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine the animal's adaptability and economic merit in various farming systems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Study the influence of environment on reproduction rate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine their complementarily with water buffalo or other ruminants that normally use swampy habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determine relative causes of mortality (such as diseases specific to capybaras) and predation (especially of the young) by spectacled caiman, crested caracayes, black vultures, and others. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">17 Coypu</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g022a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu' (Myocastor coypus) is an aquatic rodent native to South America. It has been called the &quot;South American beaver,&quot; but its size is actually closer to that of a small dog or an agouti. It seems suited to be a microlivestock species because, compared with most rodents' it has a large body size and a relatively high reproduction rate. Moreover, it is easy to manage, and there is much literature on how to raise it in captivity.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fur is the main item of commercial value. In the late 19th century, it was in such high demand that the animal was nearly exterminated. However, in 1922 Argentineans began raising coypu in captivity and this practice spread through South America and to other regions. In many European countries and in various locations in the United States some specimens escaped or were released, and coypu have become established in the waterways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu meat is tasty and is consumed in many regions of South America as well as in parts of Europe. Because of the absence of musk glands, the meat is free of the &quot;gamy&quot; flavor found in squirrels and rabbits. It is moist, fine &quot;rained, medium light in color, and firm. It is one of the mildest and tenderest of wild meats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal has been widely distributed, but its area of safest use is within its natural range in South America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu is adapted to a semiaquatic existence and has webbed feet, valvular nostrils that can be closed to keep water out, and underfur that remains dry even under water. Its long, powerful claws on the forefeet are used for grooming, excavating burrows, and digging up and holding food. The tail is slender; the extremely large incisor teeth are orange-red.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An adult is 40-65 cm long and weighs 7-10 kg. Some occasionally weigh up to 17 kg. Males are larger than females. The pelage is thick, with coarse guard hairs overlying the underfur. The soft dense underfur (the commercially valuable pelt called &quot;nutria&quot;) is about 2 cm long on the belly, and 2-5 cm long and less dense on the back. The color is yellowish to reddish brown on the back and pale yellow on the belly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu is distributed through southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. It has been widely introduced in North America, Europe, northern Asia, and eastern Africa. As a result of escapes and releases from fur farms, the animals are now feral in Europe, North America, northern Asia, Japan, and East Africa. In the United States, they are abundant in Louisiana, Oregon, Florida, and the Chesapeake Bay region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In various countries, the animal's status ranges from that of a rarity to that of a pest. Wild coypu are protected by law in Argentina because of overhunting, but there are about 100 producers of farmed coypu.3 Elsewhere the animals are destroyed en masse to reduce the threat of damage to irrigation ditches, dams, and agricultural crops. In England a decade-long program has eradicated them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu mainly inhabit the banks of fresh or brackish waterways.4 They live in temperate zones and are highly sensitive to freezing conditions. Also, their heat tolerance is poor; lowland tropical regions may be too hot for them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p219a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coypu feeds mainly at night. The diet consists chiefly of plants, particularly water plants and reeds. Large amounts of fibrous vegetation is decomposed in the cecum, where bacteria break down cellulose particles. Mussels, snails, and other small organisms are also often eaten.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals burrow into soft soil or construct nests out of vegetation above ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu are relatively fast breeding. Females first give birth at ages ranging from 6 to 15 months. From then on, they produce 2 or 3 litters a year. They are able to mate and give birth at any time of the year, although more young are born during certain seasons. The gestation period is between 128 and 140 days. There are 5 or 6 (sometimes up to 12) young in each litter. Newborns are well developed, able to see, and fully covered with hair at birth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The female's four or five pairs of mammae are located on the side of the body, an adaptation that permits the young to nurse while floating with their mothers in the water. In captivity, young are nursed for two months, but can survive if weaned at five days. The mean body weight at birth is about 225 g, but growth is rapid during the first five months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu have a potential life span of more than six years. However, they seldom survive more than three years, and in the wild probably no animals are older than five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are passive creatures, usually entirely lacking in aggression. They are shy and fearful; the slightest disturbance will send them scurrying to the shelter of water, a burrow, or other hiding place. With their large incisors they can bite viciously, but in captivity they tame down, even to where they can be carried around by hand. Compared with domestic animals, they are very sanitary in their feeding and living habits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In hot climates they are nocturnal, in cooler climates crepuscular, and in cold weather they become diurnal. Captive animals become conditioned to diurnal activity if fed during daylight hours. Most of the active period is spent feeding, grooming, and swimming. Grooming is done by scratching and &quot;nibbling&quot; the fur, and an oily secretion from glands located near the mouth and anus lubricates the pelage. Secretions from the anal glands are also employed for marking out territory.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Excellent swimmers, coypu spend most of their time in the water. They can remain submerged for five minutes or more. On land, they lumber about with awkward, clumsy movements; however, when the need arises they can run fast and jump short distances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they usually live together in pairs, coypu will form large colonies. They tend to remain in one area throughout their lives: their daily &quot;cruising range&quot; has been measured at less than 45 m.5 However, drought or freezing weather can induce mass migrations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The burrows, which are dug in sloping banks, are usually short with no branching tunnels and generally end in a simple chamber. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In South America, the coypu has a long history of use. Nutria fur was in such high demand and the animal was hunted so avidly at the beginning of the last century that it became rare and had to be protected by government decree. As a result, populations increased dramatically. Nowadays, coypu are protected in many areas, but widespread poaching has reduced their numbers and range.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many thousands are killed each year just for the guard hairs, which are used in making felt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu are used in marsh management to reduce infestations of aquatic weeds and to keep waterways open.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas where it is found, the coypu is trapped by commercial hunters. However, as noted, several countries have coypu farms. In Germany, the animals have been raised on diets consisting chiefly of potatoes supplemented with oats, clover, corn, hay, green forage, legumes, turnips, or cabbage. Elsewhere, feeds generally include such materials as hay, corn, crushed oats, greens, root vegetables, apples, bread, and rabbit feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To confine coypu, a wall of stone or concrete or a fence of stout wire netting is necessary. It must be set 1 m deep into the ground and rise 1-1.5 m above ground. Water must be available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where selected strains of animals are kept, it is usual to house each female in separate small compartments, complete with pools and shelter boxes. Each is then paired with a male, which is removed after mating to leave the female to rear her brood in seclusion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fur is particularly valuable because the female's nipples are so high that the soft belly fur is unbroken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This herbivore is much cheaper to feed than the furbearing carnivores such as mink. Furs of coypu raised in captivity fetch a price about three times greater than furs from wild animals.6 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wherever the coypu has escaped it has damaged embankments and stream banks. The burrows sometimes weaken dikes that protect low lying areas from flooding. In northern Europe and eastern England, for example, it is considered a serious pest. In rice paddies, coypu could become particularly devastating. They can also damage crops and natural plant communities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu can carry viruses that result in toxoplasmosis, papillomatosis, rabies, and equine encephalomyelitis; bacteria that cause salmonellosis, paratyphoid, and leptospirosis; protozoans that produce sarcosporidiosis and coccidiosis; and rickettsia. Common diseases of captive specimens are bacterial pneumonia, hepatitis-nephritis, Strongyloides infection, and neoplasms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European winters often cause the coypu's tail (which is hairless) to freeze, but the animal hardly seems to notice. A more dangerous situation arises when lakes, streams, or rivers freeze over; beneath the ice, coypu cannot find their way as easily as beavers, and often drown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little research needs to be done. There is massive literature on farming coypu. Nonetheless, the animal's behavior is little studied, and there are few reliable published observations on its social organization. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">18 Giant Rat</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant rat, also known as the pouched rat, is one of Africa's largest rodents.! Two species have been distinguished: Cricetomys gambianus, which lives chiefly in savannas and around the edges of forests and human settlements; and Cricetomys emini, which occurs mainly in rainforests. Both are highly prized as food &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are solitary, but they are easy to handle, have a gentle nature, and make good pets. Researchers at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria have been developing techniques for managing them in captivity. Breeding stocks were established in 1973, and since then so many generations have been bred that this small population is considered domesticated. Commercial-scale giant rat farming is now being established in southern Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is a promising development because giant rats are a common &quot;bushmeat&quot; throughout much of Africa. Since these herbivores are well known there, and are acceptable as food, they may have as much or more potential as meat animals than the introduced rabbits that are getting considerable attention (see page 178).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The intertropical zone of Africa from the southern Sahara to the northern Transvaal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is among the most striking of all African rodents. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its large size, it often causes amazement - even alarm -  when seen for the first time. The body measures as much as 40 cm, and, on average, weighs about 1-1.5 kg. The record for a hand-reared specimen is 1.6 kg 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from its size, the best known species (Cricetomys gambianus) is noted for the dark hair around its eyes, a nose that is sharply divided into dark upper and pale lower regions, and a tail that has a dark (proximal) section and pale (distal) section. The overall body color is a dusky gray.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lesser known species (Cricetomys emini) has short, thin, and relatively sleek fur. Its upper parts are pale brown; the belly is white.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant rats are commonly found from Senegal to Sudan, and as far south as the northern region of South Africa. The main species is mostly found in moist savannas, patches of forests, and rainforests. However, it can also be found in all West African vegetation zones from the semiarid Sahel to the coast. It also exists at high altitudesâ up to about 2,OOO m in West Africa and 3,000 m in eastern Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rainforest species occurs in the great equatorial forest belts of Zaire and neighboring Central African countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are probably not threatened with extinction. However, they have been exterminated in some areas (such as in parts of eastern Zaire) where the human population is dense, the land fully cultivated, and the wildlife overhunted. Although common, they are not as well known as one might suppose from their bulk and from the fact that they are sometimes found around, and even inside, houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant rats occur largely in lightly wooded dryland regions or in forested humid regions. They cannot tolerate high temperatures or truly arid conditions. They often live in farm areas and in gardens. Their burrows are commonly found inside deserted termite mounds and at the base of trees. Some have also been found in the middle of cassava fields. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p227a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The giant ratâs distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are herbivores with a tendency to omnivory. They prefer fruits, but also subsist on tubers, grains, vegetables, leaves, legume pods, and wastes (such as banana peels). However, they are not grasseaters. Giant rats also kill and eat mice, insects (caterpillars, cockroaches, and locusts, for example), and probably many other small animals.3 They are particularly fond of mollusks (such as snails).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction is prolific and year-round. The female attains puberty at 20-23 weeks and the gestation period is about 20-42 days. The young are weaned at 21-26 days of age but stay with their mother until 2-3 months of age. So far, the record for the most litters has been 5 in 9 months. It thus seems possible that a female can reproduce 6 times a year. Litter size ranges between I and 5, but 4 is most common. Thus, in 1 year a single female could produce 24 or more young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These strictly nocturnal animals usually lead solitary lives and forage alone. Mostly, they occupy a burrow by themselves, except when the &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;young are being raised. The burrows can be complex. Below the entrances are vertical shafts leading to a system of galleries and chambers for storing food, depositing droppings, sleeping, or breeding. The home range is individual and limited (1-6 hectares). In the wild, one male &quot;supervises&quot; the home ranges of several females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, the animals are often seen sitting up and ramming large amounts of food into their spacious cheek pouches. With full cheeks, they return to their burrows and disgorge the food into a &quot;larder.&quot; Food (chiefly hard nuts) is stored there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They swim and climb well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A study carried out in Nigeria showed that the giant rat produces about the same amount of meat as the domestic rabbit.4 The meat's nutritional value compares favorably with that of domestic livestock, and African villagers know how to preserve it by smoking or by salting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant rat has recently attracted attention as a potential laboratory animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farmers in Nigeria have traditionally trapped the juveniles and fattened them for slaughter. They usually keep the animals in wire cages and feed them daily with food gathered in the wild as well as with scraps from the household.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the program at the University of Ibadan indicates that the giant rat can be domesticated. Already, specimens are being bred and reared in an intensive program. They adapt to captivity after about a month. They are subsequently transferred into breeding cages, which are wooden boxes with a rectangular wire-mesh &quot;playroom.&quot; Each cage holds a breeding pair or a nursing female with its young. Experimental feeding cages have also been designed.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food-preference trials show that palm fruits and root crops (especially sweet potato) are preferred to grains and vegetables. Nutritional studies show that the animals can tolerate up to 7 percent crude fiber in their rations. Although largely vegetarian, they eagerly consume dry and canned dog food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals have several advantages:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They are well known and much sought after for food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They have adapted to life in lowland tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They are able to live on locally available plant materials, including vegetable waste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They reproduce rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· They are more tolerant of captivity than the grasscutter (see next chapter). This is largely because omnivorous feeding makes them easier to feed than the grasscutter and other strict herbivores.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species could easily become a pest. It is recommended for rearing only in areas where it already exists. The crops it damages include cacao, root crops, peanuts, maize, sorghum, vegetables, and stored grains and foods. There is also the possibility that this rodent may transmit diseases to humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A project at the University of Kinshasa in Zaire reports problems in getting giant rats to reproduce in captivity. When two specimens were paired they sometimes fought so viciously that copulation was impossible.6 Special management may be required, such as housing animals in adjacent cages before actually introducing them to each other. Moreover, selection for docility may also be necessary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ratlike appearance is not attractive, and a few African tribes have taboos against consuming the meat of these animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout Africa south of the Sahara, giant rat domestication deserves experimentation and trials. Success would open up the potential for supplemental meat supplies in rural and urban areas where meat is now scarce. Tests are needed to determine the factors that favor breeding: temperature, aeration, light, privacy, and size and form of cages. Moreover, diets that are cheap and easy to make from local feedstuffs must be identified. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further research on the domestication of the giant rat might include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Identifying husbandry techniques that are applicable at low cost in rural areas;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Studying food digestibility and setting up various diets;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Illuminating social behavior: pairing of animals, the best moment for pairing, duration of pairing, age of partners;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Outlining the basics of husbandry (for instance, capital costs, food conversion ratios, growth rates) and making simple and cheap cages;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Studying biology (anatomy, physiology, birth records, growth rate); and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Testing the practical likelihood that this rodent may transmit diseases to people and other animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant rat has an interesting commensal relationship with Hemimerus, an insect that feeds on secretions in the skin. It seems to cause no irritation or damage, and may even benefit the host by helping to keep the skin clean. Caging these animals results in the general loss of the insect, but attempts should be made to maintain them and to determine their role and life cycle.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The potential of this species as a laboratory animal in nutritional, clinical, and pharmacological research also deserves exploration. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">19 Grasscutter</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g023a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus and Thryonomys gregorianus) is found in many forests and savannas of Africa. Its meat, said to resemble suckling pig, often sells for more per kilogram than chicken, beef, pork, or lamb. It is the preferred, and perhaps most expensive meat in West Africa. Indeed. in Ivory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coast it sells for about $9 per kg. With prices like that, grasscutter is a culinary luxury that only the wealthy can afford.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If domestication of this wild species were successful in providing meat at a price similar to that of poultry (the second most popular meat), markets would be unlimited.2 However, as production costs are high, long-term research will be required before grasscutter production can be profitable to the small farmer. This research should now be undertaken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an effort to capitalize on the markets for this delicacy, agricultural extension services of Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Togo, and particularly Benin are already encouraging farmers to rear grasscutters as backyard livestock. They furnish breeding stock and information, and maintain central offices for records. In addition, a bilateral cooperation project in Benin has started experimental work on improved breeding methods combined with the study of animal responses under domestication.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In future, this vegetarian animal might become the African equivalent of South America's guinea pig, playing an important role in reducing Africa's chronic protein shortage. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Humid and subhumid Africa south of the Sahara.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters are robust animals with short tails, small ears, and stocky bodies. Taxonomically, they are more closely related to porcupines than to common rats or mice.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although many varieties have been described, there are probably only two species. The larger (Thryonomys swinderianus) weighs 9 kg or more and has a head-and-body length of up to 60 cm. The smaller species (Thryonomys gregorianus) may occasionally reach 8 kg and a body length of 50 cm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species have yellow-brown to gray-brown bodies, with whitish bellies. The fur is extremely coarse, firm, and bristly - reflecting the animal's kinship to the porcupine. The tail is scaly and has short, sparse hairs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species have thick, heavy claws and enormous orange incisors that can chew through even the toughest vegetation. (Grasscutters have been known to tear holes in corrugated iron fences.) Nevertheless, they do not bite when handled, although their claws sometimes cause injuries.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters occur in grassland or in wooded savanna throughout the humid and subhumid areas of Africa south of the Sahara. They often live in forest-savanna habitats where grass is present. They do not inhabit rainforest, dry scrub, or desert, but they have colonized the road borders in forest regions. Distribution is determined by availability of adequate or preferred grass species for food. Specifically, Thryonomys swinderianus occurs in virtually all countries of west, east, and southern Africa. Thryonomys gregorianus occurs in savannas in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Zaire, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite heavy hunting, these animals are not threatened with extinction. Nonetheless, many individual populations are well below carrying capacity, or are extinct because of local overexploitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The larger grasscutter (T. swinderianus) generally lives in swampy, low-lying areas, especially along river banks and the borders of lakes and streams. Occasionally, it is found on higher ground among bushes and rocks, living where savanna grasses are dense and tangled enough to afford good cover. In Ivory Coast and southern Guinea, for instance, grasscutters are found (and hunted) throughout the savanna zones. And they can occur in close proximity to farmlands and people (for example, in southwest Nigeria).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the precise diet in the wild has not been determined, grasscutters are vegetarian. They consume nuts, bark, and the soft parts of grasses and shrubs. They particularly favor elephant grass and sweet potatoes. They commonly &quot;raid&quot; cassava and yam plantations, and are considered local pests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters reproduce year-round, although the births seem to peak at certain times of the year, correlated with weather conditions.5 Probably one male takes several females, and the family group possibly has more than one generation of young. The gestation is about 152 days. Apparently, litters normally contain between 2 and 4 young, but in Benin and Togo some litters of up to 11 or 12 are reported.6 Newborns are fully developed, their eyes are open, they weigh approximately 80 g, have thick fur, and quickly become accomplished runners.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p236a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they commonly forage in groups, grasscutters are generally solitary. They are nocturnal, and they travel at night through trails in reeds and grass, often to water. Most specimens seen in markets are males, possibly because males lead the groups and are thus most prone to being trapped.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When alarmed, these animals stamp their hind feet and give a strange booming grunt. When fleeing, they can run very fast and, given a chance, will take to water. They swim with ease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For shelter, grasscutters usually weave nests of matted vegetation or scoop out shallow burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a broad geographic band across sub-Saharan Africa, cattle raising is severely limited by trypanosomiasis. There, other sources of animal protein, including rodents, are traditionally used. Thus, grasscutter meat constitutes an important food for many Africans. The animals are mostly caught and eaten by families for their own use, but some are sold in markets and especially in roadside stalls. Many families depend exclusively on selling bushmeat, particularly that of grasscutters. In Accra, Ghana, during one year, 73 tons of grasscutter meat were sold in the local market. This represented more than 15,000 animals. In southern Africa, too, people find that these rodents make tasty food, although they may cut off the tail to make the carcass look less ratlike.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat is usually eaten smoked, and is so much in demand that grasscutters are hunted in organized drives with spears, dogs, and sometimes fire. It is considered excellent, especially when cooked in soups and stews or barbecued.7 It has been described as resembling venison in flavor, but it is dark like the meat of wild duck.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the savanna area of West Africa, people have traditionally captured wild grasscutters and raised them at home. As an extension of this, organized grasscutter husbandry has been initiated in West Africa. The animals are provided with marshy, tightly fenced areas with plenty of plant cover. The young are harvested from these areas and raised separately.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghanaian researcher Emanuel Asibey, a pioneer of this research, reports success at getting such captive stocks to reproduce. To this end, farmers are provided with breeding boxes and foundation grass cutter colonies. They are taught how to rear and feed the animals for home consumption or for cash income. Basically, the farmers make available large sheds where the animals can move freely. To prevent escape, the walls may be reinforced with cement plaster. The farmers also provide piles of grass, sugarcane, and other foods. A grasscutter reportedly takes about a month to adjust to such confinement. High mortality can occur in this period. The average weight of a mature, home-raised grasscutter is 4-7 kg. The average killing-out (dressed carcass) is 64 percent.8&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Wildlife Domestication Unit of Ibadan University in Nigeria, another pioneer of rodent domestication, has also reported the potential of domesticated grasscutter colonies.9&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research on grasscutter breeding, husbandry, and feeding is similarly being implemented by the Ministry for Rural Development in Benin and at the Lacena in Ivory Coast (see Research Contacts).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The demand for grasscutter meat is so large that it is not being met. Markets for it already exist over much of Africa,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutters can devastate such crops as rice, sugarcane, soybeans, peanuts, yams, cassava, sweet potatoes, oil-palm seedlings, maize, young rubber, sorghum, and wheat. Therefore, as with most rodents, they should be reared only in areas where they already exist.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In past years, captive animals in Benin have suffered fatal Clostridium infections during September and October. In 1986, a broad-spectrum antibiotic was given with outstanding results. During this season, the animals also suffered from ascarid worms, which were also successfully treated with standard drugs.10&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed in the following areas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Digestive physiology, feeding habits, feed preferences, feed conversion and growth rate; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Diseases (pathogens and parasites);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Captive breeding and management (growth rates, space requirements, feed needs, etc);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Performance under different environments;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Productivity; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Basic biology (for example, chromosome type, reproductive physiology, and social behavior both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, specimens should be gathered from different regions for comparative evaluation. A particular need is to select and breed docile specimens because today, even after several generations in captivity, the animal must still be handled with caution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although domestication of the grasscutter is encouraged, wild populations might also be managed to maximize and sustain production through habitat manipulation. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">20 Guinea Pig</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g024a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are promising microlivestock because they require little capital or labor; provide an inexpensive, readily available, palatable meat; have no odor, and are suitable for keeping indoors. In the highlands of the Andes, many Indians raise them to supplement diets based on grains  and vegetables. Families eat them mostly on special occasions such as weddings and first communions, or they sell them to restaurants or peddle them in village markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The low cost of these small animals makes them available even to many landless peasants. For both the small farmer and apartment dweller, the guinea pig is a possible food reserve. It converts kitchen scraps and marginal wastelands into meat. According to estimates, 20 females and 2 males may produce enough meat year-round to provide an adequate meat diet for a family of 6.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since husbandry practices are simple and cheap, the guinea pig is an excellent source of supplementary income. An FAO study at Ibarra, Ecuador, showed that on small mountain farms the guinea pig provided more profit than either pigs or dairy cows, partly because its meat fetched high prices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although domesticated guinea pigs are mainly a food resource of Latin America, their use has also spread to parts of Africa and Asia. They are raised, for instance, in Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Zaire. In southern Nigeria, at least 10 percent of all households raise guinea pigs for food, with colonies of up to 30 animals per household. Guinea pigs are also raised in small cages or cardboard boxes by small farmers in the Philippines.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The feeding efficiency is high: studies have shown that it takes between 3.2 and 5.7 kg of forage to produce 1 kg of growth. This makes guinea pigs more efficient than most farm mammals. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs seem especially adapted to the climate and forages of high-altitude zones, but the fact that they are being raised in Central and West Africa indicates that they are also adapted to the lowland tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p243a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The native distribution of the guinea pigâs wild ancestor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs have stocky bodies, fairly short hind legs, and short, unfurred ears. Adults can weigh up to 2 kg, but an average-sized specimen is about 0.5 kg. They are 20-40 cm long (average 28 cm) and have no tail. In domesticated forms, the pelage may be smooth or coarse, short or long, and in some types the hairs form rosettes.4 Domesticated types come in colors ranging from white to dark brown, as well as piebald.5 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The original home of the wild guinea pig is believed to have been the central highlands of Peru and Bolivia. Its domesticated descendants are important as meat animals mainly in that same area, but, as noted, they are also important in certain African and Asian countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few strains are distributed worldwide as laboratory animals and pets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated guinea pigs, as a whole, are in no danger of extinction, although some rare strains are threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These extremely adaptable animals are found in temperate zones and in the highland tropics, but they are usually kept indoors and protected from the extremes of weather. In Lambayeque and other departments of Peru, they are reared at elevations from sea level to more than 4,000 m. In areas where they are raised, daily temperatures fluctuate as much as 30ÃC. In the Bolivian or Peruvian puna region, for instance, day temperatures can be 22ÃC, while night temperatures are -7ÃC. However, they cannot survive freezing temperatures and they may not perform well when exposed to the full tropical heat and sunlight. Many people of the Peruvian highlands keep the animals in darkness (for example, in wood boxes with little or no light).6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal's original wild habitat is believed to have been an area of grasslands, forest edges, swamps, and rocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These herbivores can be raised on kitchen scraps, garden wastes, and weedy vegetation plucked from backyards or roadsides. Andean peasants mainly feed them potato peels, scraps of cabbage, lettuce, carrot, wild grasses, corn stalks, and the foliage of miscellaneous wild plants. Some barley and alfalfa is grown specifically for guinea pigs; it is cut green and sold in small bundles in the markets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs mate throughout the year except when climate is excessively adverse. Domestic breeds average 2-3 young per litter, although larger litters sometimes occur. The gestation period is 65-70 days with an average of 67. Females come into estrus every 13-24 days, and there is a fertile postpartum estrus.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females can become pregnant when merely 3 months old, and many produce 4 litters every year from then on. In principle, a farmer starting with 1 male and 10 females could see his herd grow to 3,000 animals in one year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newborns are so large that the female's pubic bones must separate for the birth. They emerge fully developed, with fur and open eyes. They look like miniature adults, and they start eating grass and other feedstuffs within hours. (For this reason, babies orphaned at birth have been known to survive.) Weaning may be reached as early as 21 days of age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The life span in captivity is as long as 8 years, but animals used for breeding usually live only 3.5 years. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUPER GUINEA PIGS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even in their native region, guinea pigs have traditionally received little research attention. However, that began changing in the 1970s with the onset of meat shortages in Peru. (For a time the government restricted beef sales to only 15 days a month.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For instance, in 1972 Peru began a guinea pig improvement project. Researchers from i a Molina National Agrarian University traveled throughout Peru gathering many kinds of guinea pigs short haired long haired black, white, yellow, brown, and even purple. Practically all the guinea pigs eaten in Peru are home grown, and researchers observed that the bigger ones were generally winding up in the stew, leaving the smaller ones for breeding. The people inadvertently were making the animals smaller. (This is a common phenomenon for many animals.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To overcome it, the university research workers compared the mature size and growth rates of all the different guinea pigs. They selected and cross-bred the biggest, meatiest, and fastest-growing ones. This program, later taken over by Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Promocion Agropecuaria (INIPA), produced remarkable results. The starting animals averaged little more than 0.5 kg, the resulting ones averaged almost 2 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru's &quot;super guinea pigs&quot; are now getting international recognition. They have been introduced into the highlands of Honduras, where the animal is also part of the Indian cuisine. The FAO has shipped some to the Dominican Republic. In addition, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia have all begun their own guinea pig improvement programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within Peru the government has established 11 breeding stations to encourage the farming of guinea pigs for food. The goal is to provide better stud males to the people so that future animals will grow more quickly and reach a greater weight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs generally congregate in small groups, normally made up of 5-10 adults. In favorable areas, however, such groups may coalesce into large colonies. The animals communicate incessantly among themselves, emitting a variety of squeaks and other noises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males, although good-natured with other species, often fight fiercely among themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs are raised mainly for meat. Peru has about 20 million, which annually provide 16-17,000 tons of meat (only 4,000 tons less than Peru's sheep meat production).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs are used worldwide for studies on disease, nutrition, heredity, and toxicology, as well as for the development of serums and other biomedical research. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea pigs require so little space that a small cage or pit can house up to 10 females and 1 male. They can be raised in cages with wire floors of small mesh as well. The labor required is low. A colony of 1,000 females reportedly can be properly cared for by one person. A layer of wood shavings, shredded paper, straw, and dried corncobs is usually recommended for bedding. The droppings are odorless, so the bedding does not need changing as often as with other animals. When the diet mainly consists of greens, much urine is produced, and then the beds have to be changed frequently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When grown for meat, the young are weaned at 3-4 weeks and are ready for market in a matter of 10-13 weeks. Weight gain is rapid for the first 4-6 weeks, and then decreases. The carcasses normally dress out at about 65 percent, including the skin and legs. The meat's protein content is approximately 21 percent.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a few regions of Peru, guinea pigs are &quot;herded&quot; on the open range and retired at night into small adobe coops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This small, inoffensive animal rarely bites, is easy to manage, and has no smell. It is an excellent supplemental meat supply. The improved breeds cannot climb or jump so that they are easy to contain. (Primitive &quot;criollo&quot; types, however, can jump.) If kept dry and given green vegetation, grain, and water, it survives in many environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major constraint is consumer reluctance. Even in Latin America, attempts to promote guinea pig consumption outside the Indian communities have failed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When raised in a clean environment and under normal feeding conditions, guinea pigs thrive and reproduce and do not need routine vaccinations or antibiotics that cattle, sheep, and pigs often require. However, guinea pigs can be carriers of Chagas' disease and salmonella. Further, they are susceptible to pneumonia if temperatures change abruptly when conditions are wet. Coccidiosis and internal and external parasites are also common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green forages and surplus fruits or by-products are critical to provide vitamin C, which the animal is unable to synthesize for itself. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the greatest concentration of guinea pigs is found in the Andes, particular efforts should be directed towards this region. Already, research on guinea pigs has begun in some universities and government research stations in Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia, but more work is needed on matters such as:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Breeding &quot;elite&quot; stock for distribution;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Feeding and nutritional-requirement trials, especially for creating alternate feeds that peasants and commercial producers can use during seasons when conventional feeds are hard to get;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Diseases and parasites that may limit production in small farming systems;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Management practices concerning reproduction, housing, herd size, and feeding; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The genetic basis for weight gain and productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some research should be directed towards developing rations or introducing drought-resistant forages for the dry season because green forage is needed year-round. A range of practical and economical diets needs to be created.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal geneticists in Latin American countries should establish &quot;elite&quot; populations that can provide superior stock throughout the world. It can be anticipated that applying modern breeding methods to existing improved strains will result in great advances in a relatively short period and at little cost (see sidebar).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three species of wild cavies (Cavia aperea, C. fulgida, and C. tschudii), close relatives of the guinea pig, are native to South America and are declining drastically. Research to preserve them is urgently needed. C. aperea is a widely used item of food in rural Brazil and other parts of South America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">21 Hutia</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g025a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Hispaniolan Hutia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first meat Christopher Columbus tasted in the New World was probably hutia, a rodent avidly hunted by the Carib Indians. Hutia bones have been unearthed from kitchen middens of pre-Columbian inhabitants of all the Greater Antilles. Indians carried live hutias on voyages possibly in a semidomestic state as a source of food. On some islands, hutias were so eagerly sought that their populations were destroyed long before Europeans arrived. Slaves in the cane fields also hunted hutias for food. The surviving species later suffered when forests were cleared and cats, dogs, mongooses, and other predators were introduced. Consequently, the majority of hutia species died out, and today most surviving members of the family (Capromyidae) are facing extinction. Human predation continues in some areas (for instance, in Jamaica) where the tradition of &quot;coneyhunting&quot; still endures in a few regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias should be tested as possible microlivestock: success could create the incentive for their complete protection. The animals seem to take well to captivity. The Jamaican hutia is already overproducing in zoos, causing a local glut of animals. And hutias are, or were until recently, kept in barns by some people in Cuba, who fed them on banana and other vegetable waste and ate them regularly.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POTENTIAL AREA OF USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias are broad-headed, short-legged, robust animals with small eyes and ears. The various species are from 20 to 60 cm long and weigh from 1 to 9 kg - a size range from that of a guinea pig to that of a small dog. They walk with a slow, waddling motion, but can hop quickly if frightened or pursued. They also climb well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 10 1iving species are all big enough to be candidates for microlivestock. The best known and easiest species to keep in captivity are the Cuban hutia (Capromys pilorides) and Jamaican hutia (Geocapromys brownii). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Cuban hutia (also called hutia conga) is about 60 cm long, with coarse fur, a raccoon-shaped body, and a thick tail covered with sparse bristles. A forest dweller, it weighs up to 7 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The short-tailed Jamaican hutia is smaller: it is 33-45 cm long and weighs up to 2.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p252a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The hutiaâs native range .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias are found only in the Caribbean (Greater Antilles and Bahamas). Most species are confined to a single island, where they represent the only remaining indigenous land mammals. The Cuban hutia is found only in Cuba. The Jamaican hutia is found only in Jamaica, although a close relative occurs on East Plana Cay, Bahamas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This once widely distributed and plentiful family is now failing. Of the 30 or so known recent taxa, more than half are already extinct, and the remainder all suffer from habitat alteration, predation by introduced animals, and hunting by man. With the exception of the Cuban hutia, all species are included on the list of the world's threatened mammals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia ranges have been so reduced that these animals survive only in the most inaccessible forests and rocky drylands. Both the Cuban and the Jamaican hutias occur in a variety of habitats from montane cloud forests to arid coastal semideserts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most species are terrestrial, but some live in trees. The Cuban and Jamaican species are terrestrial, but they can climb trees if circumstances demand. They maneuver well on trunks and larger branches, descending head first like squirrels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias are primarily vegetarian, their diets consisting of leaves, bark, fruits, and twigs, as well as incidental catches of small animals such as lizards and invertebrates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias seem to breed year-round, generally giving birth to litters of 1-4 offspring after a gestation period of 16-20 weeks. The young are well developed at birth, fully haired, open eyed, and capable of most adult movements. After 10 days they begin taking solid food, although they are not fully weaned for at least a month and a half (5 months for the Cuban hutia). Sexual maturity is at 10 months; life expectancy is 8-11 years in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Jamaican hutia has one of the highest diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 88) of any mammal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most hutias are wary and secretive and are easily displaced by human encroachment. They live like rabbits, hiding among tangled vegetation, in holes, and among rocks - communicating by voice and scent markings. They build shelters mainly in rock crevices, but also in the base of thick bushes or in natural cavities in trees. The Cuban hutia is often diurnal, whereas the Jamaican hutia is largely nocturnal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HISPANIOLAN HUTIA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Hispaniolan hutia, or zagouti (Plagiodontia aedium) as it is known in Haiti is smaller than the two Capromyids discussed here, weighing just 1.2 kg. It is difficult to breed in captivity and has a lower reproductive rate than either the Jamaican or Cuban hutia. It is therefore less suitable as an economic or food source.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, there is a significant need for supplemental protein sources in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It might be possible to develop a special captive-breeding program for this animal, but it should be done with great care. It is important that a hunting tradition for this animal not be reestablished in rural areas of Haiti or the Dominican Republic, and that local organizations not be misled into believing that there will be a rapid increase in the numbers of this species in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia meat is relished, especially in Jamaica. The animals are still hunted, often by using dogs that smell them out and retrieve them from a hole or hold them at bay in treetops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiences of zoos suggest that the Cuban and Jamaican hutias will thrive in captivity. The animals are generally long-lived and have survived up to 17 years. They are often friendly with their keepers and, when tame, can be held and carried about without any particular danger. However, if angered they can inflict deep bites and should normally be handled with considerable caution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are already much in demand. Their meat has an excellent flavor and they are big enough to provide a worthwhile quantity. If husbandry could be developed on a sustainable basis, it could be used as a mechanism for both economic development and for saving the remnant populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild populations are threatened. Any captive population must be built up without endangering them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All hutias are susceptible to predation by domestic cats, mongooses, dogs, and human poachers, so care must be taken to design predator-proof breeding facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are carriers of eastern equine encephalomyelitis, a serious disease of horses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutias deserve urgent conservation attention. In particular, the following steps should be taken:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Establish reserves in natural habitats containing breeding populations to ensure the survival of the genetic diversity of these animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Build up breeding populations in suitable zoos and livestock research centers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gather specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Investigate hutia biology, including chromosome type, reproductive physiology, nutrition, and diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Assess experiences of zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Perform captive breeding trials, measuring growth rates, space requirements, food needs, and social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Study the social organization and tameability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colonies of some species could be established on uninhabited islands, as has been done with the Bahamian hutia Geocapromys ingrahami. Even this rare species might eventually be raised to yield meat for local inhabitants, as it is well adapted to dry and barren environments and was a regular food of the pre-Columbian Indians. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">22 Mara</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g026a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many wild relatives of the guinea pig are native to South America. Some, such as the guinea pig itself, are small; others, such as the mare, are much bigger. Maras1 (Dolichotis patagonum) are as tall as terriers and, at first glance, look like dwarf antelopes or huge hares They have large ears and eyes, long legs, and short tails. They generally behave like hares or wild rabbits, but, like deer, they run with a stiff-legged gait when pursued by predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These strange-looking creatures are found in temperate regions in the southern half of South America. They are dry-country animals, living on the thorn-scrub, desert plains of Argentina and the stony wastes of Patagonia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although exceedingly shy, restless, and watchful, mares tame easily, make good pets, and are much favored by the local populace. They were introduced to France last century, and in Victorian times Europeans sometimes bred them. These big, handsome rodents, grazing in little herds, were considered an attractive addition to the lawns of country estates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POTENTIAL AREA OF USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras are best kept in their native region of southern South America. With care, however, they could be used in other areas because they are slow breeders and their population growth is easy to control.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At first sight, these large rodents look like some weird hybrid. They have the long ears of a hare and the tidy body and spindly legs of a small antelope. Although related to guinea pigs, they are long legged. The tail is short; the ears are long and erect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Average-size mares weigh about 8 kg, but large ones can be 1 m long and weigh up to 16 kg.2 Females are larger than males. The coat is light in color, with grey upper parts and whitish underparts. The limbs and feet are tinged a yellowish brown. The pelage is dense, with individual hairs standing at nearly right angles to the skin. This gives a harsh texture, even though the hairs are soft and fine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals can hop, walk, gallop, or run. They are extremely swift and can reach 45 km per hour over long distances. They are also accomplished jumpers, often leaping 2 m high from a standing start. The feet are compact and rather hooflike, but with sharp claws. The hind foot has three digits; the front foot has four.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mare's range in the thorn-scrub desert and Patagonian steppe of Argentina extends from about 28ÃS to 50ÃS.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Endangered. These animals, once plentiful, are now threatened because of the introduction of the European hare, which is more successful at competing for food. In many of the eastern parts of its distribution (see map) it is now extinct.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras inhabit open, dry plains and other treeless semidesert areas of coarse grass or scattered shrubs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras are pure vegetarians. They feed on short grasses and herbs that are sparsely distributed between patches of dry desert scrub. Usually, they are satisfied with a few coarse weeds and the shoots of bushes. However, their overall diet consists of any available vegetation: leaves, roots, fruits, and stems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female mares become sexually receptive within a few hours after giving birth. The estrous cycle is 35 days, plus or minus 5 days.3 The gestation period is 77 days. Each female gives birth to 1-3 young at the mouth of the den; the pups crawl inside to safety. Newborns are well developed, and within a few hours they begin grazing vegetation. They remain in the vicinity of the den for up to 4 months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially, at least, the young are nervous and easily frightened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras shelter in a burrow that they either construct for themselves or &quot;borrow&quot; from another animal that has abandoned it. They are active during the day and spend considerable time basking in the sun. They are always alert for danger. When alarmed, they flee at high speed. The white rump patch flashes a warning to the others, who then follow this &quot;flag.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A fundamental element of their social system is the monogamous pair bond. Certainly in captivity, and probably in the wild as well, the bond between a pair lasts for life. When breeding, 20 or more pairs may band together temporarily to share a single den for the pups.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals stand on straight legs, sit on bent haunches with the forepart of the body resting on the fully extended front legs, or recline in a catlike position with the front legs folded under the chest, an unusual position for a rodent. They travel in single file, with the female usually leading. Members of a pair maintain contact by means of a low grumble. Although the long legs can quickly carry it to safety, a mare usually stops every 20-30 m and turns to peer at its pursuer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals clean themselves by licking their sides and apparently by &quot;combing&quot; their fur with their teeth. They wipe their faces as cats do, with the inside of a foreleg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p260a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The maraâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the light-colored meat is said to be dry and flavorless, it is widely consumed in South America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras have been successfully raised and bred in many zoos, and, as noted, have been kept as pets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adults make little use of any shelter; they seem fond of being out and about in all weather. As long as they have a protected burrow for the use of the pups, mare populations can thrive in severe climates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In zoos, diets include straw, vegetables, and crushed oats. Drinking water is supplied, although the animals rarely take it if they are feeding on fresh plant materials. They like to have salt blocks, however.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In South America, one mare lived in captivity for almost 14 years; most specimens do not live beyond 10 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maras are a good size for microlivestock. They have a short gestation period, and they are social and easy to maintain in groups. They can be successfully kept in pens and can be fed relatively low-quality forage. Colonies can grow to be quite large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals can easily dig under the edges of cages and escape. Extra-deep foundations are needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following heavy rains, care must be taken to keep them from drowning in their subterranean burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If suddenly disturbed, mares can become hysterical, leaping away regardless of anything in the way, and often seriously injuring or even killing themselves as a result. They fear bodily contact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mare's monogamous nature in the wild is a likely limitation. But perhaps, like chinchillas, the animal will become polygamous in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are sensitive to tuberculosis when kept in humid conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research needs to increase understanding of the mare include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutritional trials;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Husbandry experiments - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, feed needs;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Productivity tests;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Grazing-efficiency measurements;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Exploration of commercial details; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Determination of diseases and parasites. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">23 Paca</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas (Agouti paca)1,2 are large, white-spotted, almost tailless rodents with the potential to become a source of protein for the American tropics. They are found in lowlands from Mexico to northern Argentina. The meat is white and is considered the best of all Latin American game meat. It is common in local markets and restaurants. Tasting like a combination of pork and chicken, it sells at higher prices than beef and is a regular item of diet in some areas. In Costa Rica, pace is served on special occasions such as weddings or baptisms. It has a higher fat content than the lean meat of agoutis, rabbits, and chickens, and has no gamy taste.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paca has promise as a microlivestock. In several countries, Belize and Mexico for example, people already keep them in cages beside their homes and fatten them on kitchen scraps. In Costa Rica, some are bred on farms, under houses, and even in apartments. Research on raising paces in captivity is under way at the Universidad Nacional in Heredia, Costa Rica; at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Balboa, Panama (see page 196); and at the Instituto de Historia Natural in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico. In Turrialba, Costa Rica, an entrepreneur is already breeding and raising pace commercially.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the pace has potential as a food source, many problems still must be resolved before it can be recommended for mass rearing. If solved, however, this species would become an attractive microlivestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pace has potential for use throughout its vast geographical range in Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general appearance, paces are somewhat like giant guinea pigs. The legs are short, the forefeet have four &quot;fingers,&quot; and the hindfeet have five small, hooflike &quot;toes.&quot; The feet are partially webbed and are adapted both for digging and for swimming. Pacas burrow with all four feet as well as their teeth; even large roots are no obstacle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adults weigh 6-14 kg, males being somewhat larger than females. Although they may become bulbously fat, paces remain &quot;one of the fastest things on four feet. &quot; From a standing start, even a fat specimen can jump at least 1 m off the ground. Pacas are also agile. However, their skin's epidermal layer is thin and fragile, and large strips may be ripped off as they rush headlong through spiky undergrowth. However, such wounds heal astonishingly fast - frequently within days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas are chocolate brown in colon The head is somewhat lighter in shade than the body, and the underparts are whitish or buff colored. There are usually four longitudinal rows of white spots that may merge into stripes along each side of the body. The fur is coarse, spiny, and slippery, and has no underwool. Each hair is stiff, relatively sharp, and very smooth, which makes paces extremely difficult for predators to hang on to.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parts of the cheekbones are enlarged, and the cheeks can open to form special pouches. This is more developed in adult males than in females - indeed, adults can be readily sexed by head shape. The pouches are outside of the mouth and are fully haired. The animals use them mainly to create a resonating chamber for their booming bark and noisy tooth grinding. These enlarged cheeks push the large bulging eyes toward the top of the skull. The eyes are suited for nocturnal conditions, the senses of smell and hearing are uncannily acute, and there is an array of long whiskers that is used when maneuvering at night.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lowland paces are found throughout most of Latin America from east central Mexico to northern Paraguay, Argentina, and Minas Gerais, Brazil. This includes all of Central America and most of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and the Guianas. The animal has also been introduced into Cuba.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p265a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The pacaâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burgeoning human populations are severely reducing many of Latin America's native animal resources, and the pace is one of the most persecuted. It has been exterminated within hunting range of virtually all cities, towns, and villages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several governments, recognizing the pace's plight, have passed laws prohibiting the hunting and marketing of its meat. Nevertheless, people continue to take it, usually at night, using trail dogs and headlights.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas thrive in a variety of tropical habitats but are most common in forests, swamps, and partly cleared grazing lands. They inhabit most types of forests from deciduous woodland to rainforest. Usually, they stay near streams or rivers, but they often live where there is no permanent water. They are abundant only in little-disturbed forest areas. Although preferring low, dense tree cover, paces sometimes inhabit open rocky areas and farmland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These herbivores feed mainly on fruits, young seedlings, and some seeds. However, when fruits are scarce they may switch to browsing leaves and roots. They probably sometimes eat large insects, and, on rare occasion, may perhaps eat small vertebrates. Captive paces, like many other &quot;frugivores,&quot; seem to develop a protein deficiency and will eagerly eat meat scraps on occasion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The young are usually born singly after a gestation period of 146 days. There are probably 2 births a year. Females have an estrous period that begins shortly after giving birth. If mating does not take place at this time, the female becomes unreceptive until after the 3-month (sometimes 4- to 6-month) lactation is over. The length of the estrous cycle is 30 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During daylight hours, paces seclude themselves in brushy cover, in or under fallen logs, or in extensive underground burrows. The burrows, which may be several meters long, are dug in moist soil or taken over from other animals; they are often in river banks, on slopes, among tree roots, or under rocks. Usually, several exits are provided, often being plugged with leaves as a disguise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild, paces dig large holes and rummage about the forest floor at night, gnawing on fruits. Pairs inhabit a defended area, sometimes living together in the same burrow, sometimes not. Also, they usually travel alone, following paths that lead to feeding grounds and water. Individual home ranges are small (1-3 hectares).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although paces are terrestrial, they enter water freely, they swim well, they copulate in water, and, when alarmed, they generally attempt to escape by swimming. They are also lively and playful; however, they can be exceedingly obstinate. Sometimes fighting among themselves becomes very savage. When angered they growl, sometimes noisily, and they can suddenly jump on aggressors, real or imagined, delivering frightful wounds with their chisel-like front teeth thrust forward like a spear. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, pace meat is tasty and brings high prices in the markets. It is considered a delicacy in fine restaurants and was served to Queen Elizabeth during her October 1985 visit to Belize. In Mexico, paces, like pigs, are usually boiled unskinned. Even the skin is then edible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If treated appropriately when young, paces become manageable. They undergo &quot;imprinting,&quot; a characteristic of most species that have been domesticated. An imprinted pace becomes so tame that it seeks out human company, follows people around like an amiable dog and, if turned out of its cage, returns voluntarily. (To achieve this degree of tameness it is necessary to remove the animal from its mother at an early age.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although wild paces are almost entirely nocturnal, tame paces are more active during daylight hours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young or partly grown paces are commonly exhibited in zoos. They eat prodigious quantities of almost any vegetation and have been called, &quot;a good substitute for a large garbage pail.&quot; Diets can include rolled oats, raw vegetables, bananas, apples, and bread. They probably need additional protein occasionally, and seem to appreciate some fat in their diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If husbandry can be developed, the clamor for pace meat throughout tropical America would be a big economic incentive for farming these animals. The excellence and wide acceptance of the meat is an indication that pace farming would be taken up both in rural and urban areas and by many levels of society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacas can harbor human diseases, including leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from the project in Panama (see page 194), paces have bred only sporadically in captivity, with few offspring surviving. However, successes have been recorded in zoos in London, San Diego, and Washington, D.C., and in a research project in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico. In Costa Rica, they are also reportedly breeding well, with a survival rate of 90 percent since 1982, and 80 percent of the females are reproducing.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All adult paces can be aggressive and dangerous. Their powerful incisors can inflict serious wounds. (They can even rip through planks.) Intraspecific aggression is one of the most serious impediments to captive breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike the capybara, the pace not only has a long gestation but usually bears a single young. Thus, the output of a single breeding female may be, at best, two offspring per year (at least this is the expected production in the wild). This &quot;slow&quot; breeding is a limitation. In captivity, however, there is a possibility that it can be speeded up.4 The fact that paces bond together in pairs is a limitation. If every female has to be accompanied by a male, then many (otherwise unnecessary) males have to be fed and maintained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male paces are considered difficult to keep as household pets because they spray females (or human substitutes) with a mixture of urine and glandular secretions. This can occur several times a day. In addition, they have anal glands that produce a musky odor that some people find objectionable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although paces are common in some areas over the vast region from Mexico to Argentina, they are little understood, even by zoologists. In fact, most data concerning this animal have come from interviews with local hunters. Intensive field work is needed to develop an understanding of the pace's biology, status, and habitat requirements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The popularity of pace meat makes it urgent to start this work as well as to begin breeding paces on an organized basis. Such projects would lay the groundwork for preserving the species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Particular research needs concern the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Age structure and reproductive performance;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Growth rates and feeding habits;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Behavioral patterns in captivity;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Nutritional requirements;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Meat quality;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Helminth and arthropod parasites;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Role in transmitting or perpetuating diseases;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reproduction (such as external manifestations of estrus in females); and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Genetic variations that would allow the selection of animals adapted to captivity and females that produce multiple offspring - twins, triplets, or more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ways must be found to introduce more than one female to each male without inciting aggression. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">24 Vizcacha</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g027a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas (Lagostomus maximus) are soft-furred South American rodents that look like long-tailed guinea pigs. They can weigh as much as 8 kg and are resilient animals, inhabiting dry pampas and shrub lands in northern Argentina and neighboring countries. They seem to have promise for producing meat and hides in marginal zones whithin their native habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like chinchillas (page 277), these rodents provide a prized furry pelt. They also provide meat that reportedly tastes &quot;as good as hare,&quot; which in Europe is considered the epitome of dining. They are easily trapped alive in cheap, homemade, multiple-catch, funnel traps. And they are thought to be suitable for farming on a large scale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, vizcachas are currently considered pests because they take grazing from cattle and sheep and because they build large burrows that undermine the land. Government campaigns have eradicated them in the richer agricultural areas of Argentina, but the animals are still common in marginal zones. There is evidence that they become more abundant when domestic livestock overgraze the land. In improverished marginal sites, where other livestock enterprises are unsuitable, the potential exists for game-ranching vizcachas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the potential hazard to new areas, vizcachas can be used only in the pampas regions of southern South America where they are already widespread.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas have short front legs, long, muscular hind legs, and round eyes and ears. Their heads seem oversized in proportion to their bodies. Males weigh 5-8 kg, females 2-4.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members of the same rodent subfamily as the chinchilla, they have a thick, soft, valuable fur that is grey or brown above, whitish or greyish below. They are, however, much larger than chinchillas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although basically running animals, vizcachas often jump bipedally (like kangaroos), and they sit erect while eating or grooming. The forefeet have four long flexible digits used to grasp food. Their soles and palms are naked and have fleshy pads (pallipes).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas once swarmed widely over the savannas of southern Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina, but they are being systematically exterminated. Today they inhabit isolated areas of north, central, and western Argentina and southern Paraguay.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1907, these animals have been mercilessly hunted. The governments of the Argentine provinces where they are mostly found, reward hunters for killing this &quot;pest.&quot; However, the numbers are so reduced that now there is no need for a bounty system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas live in flat, dry, steppelike plains; in dry woodland (Chaco), and in low mountains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that these rodents eat their own droppings (coprophagy) augments their ability to utilize natural forages, and allows them to abound in degraded zones. They feed on any plant materials they can find near their colonies, particularly grasses. In feeding trials, their daily dry matter intake was 2-5 percent of the body weight. The metabolic efficiency (dry matter per kg) was 33-56 percent; the digestive efficiency was 50-60 percent.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male vizcachas become sexually mature at about seven months of age and remain fertile throughout the year. The gestation period is long: 154 days. Litters contain one or two young. Newborns are well developed, fully furred, and open eyed, although they cannot fend for themselves for at least three weeks. In the wild, one or two litters are reared each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas are nocturnal and are active year-round. They inhabit underground burrows, living in colonies often containing many individuals. They collect a variety of materials (for example, bones, sticks, and stones), and heap them in piles above the entrances to their burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their hearing and sense of smell are acute. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p274a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Vizcachaâs native range&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas have long been hunted for food as well as for their fur. Their meat is often consumed in pickled form in southern South America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The skins are fabricated into table runners, rugs, bedspreads, slippers, and belts. The skins are also popular for overcoats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas can be kept in captivity without major difficulty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In zoos, vizcachas are fed the typical diets furnished for vegetarian rodents: rolled oats, green vegetables, bananas, apples, and bread. They are usually kept indoors in wire-fronted cages, about 1 x 2 m in size, and provided with sleeping boxes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about vizcacha husbandry, but in one trial, weight rose most rapidly in males until age 18 months (the average size was then 5.3 kg) and subsequently slowed. The heaviest male was 7.3 kg at 30-32 months. The female's weight gain was greatest until 16-18 months (average size 3.3 kg).3 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals seem well adapted to harsh sites where the climate and forage make raising conventional livestock difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The meat is white and has a good nutritive value because of its high digestibility, low levels of saturated fats, and high levels of proteins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In marginal zones of the pampas, these rodents appear far more productive than traditional livestock.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas may do considerable damage by foraging in cultivated crops. As noted, ranchers claim that they take grazing away from domestic animals, 10 vizcachas eating as much as a sheep. In addition, they claim, vizcachas destroy pasture with their acidic urine. And the large burrow systems sometimes create a hazard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because their reproductive rate is low and their growth rate is only moderate, their commercial breeding might not be profitable except in well-designed projects with clear markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas require sturdy pens, which implies a high initial cost for materials such as concrete and brick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcachas can be aggressive to one another, especially in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several possible research projects, including:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gathering specimens from different regions for comparative evaluation of characters such as biology, chromosome type, reproductive physiology, social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Attempting captive rearing and small-scale husbandry;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Assessing performance under various environments; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Quantifying productivity and population dynamics in relation to rangeland use and improvement practices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A rational cropping program based on wild stocks is perhaps more viable than captive breeding. This could be organized so as to keep vizcacha numbers in check while sustaining a small chain of processing plants by providing a constant supply of meat and skins. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">25 Other Rodents</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 10 previous chapters have described some rodent species that show promise as microlivestock. Rodentia, however, is one of the largest families of mammals, and the species highlighted by no means exhaust the possibilities. In this chapter we briefly mention others that deserve consideration and exploratory research. These might prove to be potential resources, at least in localized situations. Several are fast nearing extinction and they deserve protection and immediate attention from animal scientists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHINCHILLAS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the high Andes of South America are found the short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla brevicaudata) and the long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). These plump little rodents have fur that is possibly the thickest, softest, and warmest of any animal's.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the surface they would seem to be ideal candidates for microlivestock in Third World regions. Indeed, in recent years chinchilla-rearing has been successfully carried out in northern India. However, raising these animals for commercial markets is a highly specialized and costly business because only rare and expensive breeding stock produces top-quality pelts, and all other pelts are worthless in today's marketplace.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These guinea-pig-sized animals have round ears, a bushy tail, and range from 25 to 50 cm long. Adult males rarely weigh more than 500 g, but females may weigh up to 800 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PACARANA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pacarana (Dinomys branickii) is the third-largest living rodentâ only capybaras and some beavers are larger. But little is known about this seldom-encountered, forest-dwelling species. Nevertheless, pacaranas appear to be likely candidates for domestication. They are amazingly even-tempered and peaceful, and become surprisingly tame.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because these animals are endangered they are unlikely candidates for microlivestock in the short run, but their large size and good meat could be the stimulus for an international effort to study, protect, and rear them in large numbers before it is too late.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacaranas are found along the eastern foothills of the Andes, including parts of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Their area of potential use is in Latin America and the Caribbean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It would be advantageous for livestock scientists to investigate this species in captivity. Studies are needed of the animal's general biology, including its nutritional requirements, reproductive capacity, behavior, and physiology. For wildlife specialists, there is a compelling need to protect this species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SPRINGHARE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scattered through the dry lands of eastern and southern Africa - on numerous grasslands, plains, fossil lake beds, hill slopes, and floodplains - is the springhare (or springhaas). With its powerful hind legs, tiny forelegs, upright stance, and hopping gait, it looks something like a tiny kangaroo. It is commonly seen at night, eyes glowing a characteristic red in the headlights.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal is an important source of food and skins for rural peoples throughout southern Africa. In Botswana, it is the principal bushmeat in the human diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Springhares are 35-40 cm long and weigh 3-4 kg. There is one species (Pedetes capensis) and two subspecies: the East African springhare and the Cape springhare (formerly Pedetes cafer). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROCK CAVY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) is closely related to the guinea pig and occurs in the impoverished semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. It is large and lean and has a face somewhat resembling a dog's. It is hunted extensively and is an important source of meat for country people, who consider it a delicacy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This creature might be suitable as a microlivestock. It consumes leaves and bark, and breeds well in captivity. Famine is a serious periodic problem in the often-drought-stricken area, and protein deficiency is common. The rock cavy, like the guinea pig, may be amenable to domestication and may be able to provide the people with better nutrition. However, it is difficult to keep in a cage because it moves fast, climbs well, and easily slips out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because these rodents occur in rare and patchily distributed habitats, they are in desperate need of protection, whether or not they prove to have any long-term utility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SALT-DESERT CAVY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A smaller relative of the mare (page 256), the salt-desert cavy (Dolichotis salinicola) is rabbitlike in appearance and behavior. It has large ears and eyes, long legs, and a short tail. It lacks the mare's white rump patch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal inhabits dry, salty areas of the Chaco desert, particularly areas of dry, woody brush. Specifically, it is found in the saline western Chaco of Paraguay and northwestern Argentina, as well as in the extreme south of Bolivia. It is about 45 cm long and weighs up to 4 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it might make a useful microlivestock in its native habitat, the salt-desert cavy breeds rapidly and can cause much devastation; it should never be introduced to new regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The salt-desert cavy's life in the wild is largely unknown; however, some have been successfully raised and bred in zoos. Exploratory research on keeping and managing these little creatures is warranted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;OTHERS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted earlier (page 193), it has been estimated that 42 peoples of various cultures eat rodents. Most of these eat locally available species, some of which are listed below. Whether any have long-term usefulness is uncertain, but study of them in the wild and in captivity could result in some interesting and valuable scientific discoveries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Solomon Islands Rodents&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Solomon Islands in the southwest Pacific are home to a collection of six rare giant rodents that live in the rainforest canopy. At one time they were important food items. Archeologists have dug up tens of thousands of rodent bones on sites where people lived as long as 30,000 years ago. These mysterious animals were classified last century, but most have not been seen by biologists for decades. However, one, the thinking rat (Solomys sapientis), was rediscovered in 1987 - the first time it had been reported seen since 1901. The others may also be inhabiting the dense and undisturbed forests.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The thinking rat was located on the island of Santa Isabel. It proved to be gentle, unafraid, and friendly. It lives in the forest canopy, weighs up to 1 kg, and feeds on nuts and fruits. Efforts to build up the population are urgently needed. The other species should also be sought.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such animals could be a resource for rainforest production (perhaps in the manner of butterfly farming in Papua New Guinea2). They may never be plentiful enough to be food sources again, but they could nonetheless become valuable. Zoos the world over are likely first customers for these scientific curiosities if production can be boosted and the populations secured.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant New Guinea Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant New Guinea rat (Mallomys rothschildi) is often eaten in New Guinea. It is little known to science but is odorless and easily tamed. It grows so fast that it becomes as big as a guinea pig even before it is weaned. It feeds on a wide variety of tubers and vegetable products. An attractive species native to mountain forests, it has a long heavy tail and black fur with white ticking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Porcupines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Porcupines, brush-tailed porcupines, and their relatives are distantly related to guinea pigs and are widely consumed as food in tropical regions. Examples are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) and other species of South Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Cape porcupine (H. africaeaustralis) of southern Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Prehensile-tailed porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), which inhabits Central and South America. These nocturnal creatures live in the thick, leafy crowns of trees or in hollow trees or holes in the ground. Although often belligerent among themselves, they can be very friendly and tame toward humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kiore&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kiore (Rattus exulans) was formerly an important component of  the diet of most Polynesians, including the Maoris of New Zealand. It  has been successfully reared in captivity in recent times. Unlike many  other rodents, this animal is normally not a scavenger; it is a clean,  even fastidious feeder that is basically a vegetarian (flowers, berries,  nuts, and seeds) and is reckoned remarkably good eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soft-Furred Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The soft-furred rat (Praomys) is relatively large and slender and is  found in the tropical forests of Africa from sea level to more than  3,000 m. Among the most common rodents of the African jungle, it is  trapped almost everywhere. It feeds largely on plants, but eats large  quantities of ants and other insects. It has been raised successfully in  captivity and is eaten by villagers in Malawi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant Squirrels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) occurs throughout Indonesia,  Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. It is the largest squirrel on earth, almost the  size of a cat. A related species, the palm squirrel (Funambulus), also  gets very large. It can crop nuts in the very high treetops that are  inaccessible to people. It is widely used as food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Squirrels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Squirrels of the genus Callosciurus (notably C. notatus and C.  prevostii) are significant pests on cocoa, oil palm, and mixed fruit  plantations in Southeast Asia. They can be reared and bred on a diet of  most types of fruit as long as a little protein, in the form of insects or  cooked wheat, is available. The systematic use of this animal may  offer a chance to turn a pest to advantage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cloud Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two species of slender-tailed cloud rats (Phlocomys spp.) are found  only in southeastern Asia. They live in tree cavities, climb well, and  are well adapted to tree life.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of these (P. cumingi) lives in the northeastern part of Luzon in the Philippines, where it appears to be thriving. It has a large body and long tail and is the largest member of the mouse subfamily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other (Crateromys schadenbergi) has long, thick hair and a thick, bushy tail. It lives in the mountainous areas of northern Luzon. A nocturnal animal, it feeds on buds, bark, and fruits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both are attractive, even fascinating, creatures that are relentlessly hunted for food. They might make useful livestock in forest situations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Spiny Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Cayenne spiny rat (Proechimys guyannensis) is found throughout most of South America. It is tasty, easily kept in captivity, and is popularly used in Colombia for food. A nocturnal animal, it is one of the most common mammals in many areas. It has been raised in captivity on bananas, sweet corn, coconut, grain, and various seeds.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bamboo Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The bamboo rat (Rhyzomys spp.) is the largest rodent on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia; it weighs 2-4 kg and the body can be as long as 45 cm. It prefers to live in bamboo thickets and is hunted and eaten by many local peoples.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a need - in considering any sort of game farming - to relate the animal's &quot;preferred&quot; conditions (range, feed, temperature, etc.) to the varying land and climate types not being effectively utilized. In other words, rather than looking at animals that might be farmed, it might be necessary to consider the terrain and climate and then seek animals that would &quot;do&quot; well under those conditions. One major fault with traditional farming has been the tendency to force traditional livestock onto unsuitable land. This has given rise to numerous serious problems. In many cases the most suitable use of an area is provided by several species grazing together to mutual benefit (e.g., goats and sheep on New Zealand hill country improve grazing for each other if ratios are right).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Yerex&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g028a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part V : Deer and Antelope</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several types of tropical deer' and antelope are no bigger than an average-size dog. These &quot;microdeer&quot; and &quot;microantelope&quot;2 are the smallest of all ruminants. Although there is considerable experience with rearing and utilizing the larger species, little is known about these miniature ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given research, mouse deer, muntjac, musk deer, pudu, brocket, huemul, and water deer, as well as half a dozen small antelope, might prove to have considerable potential. Collectively, they come from diverse habitats, ranging from equatorial to subarctic and from moist rainforest to arid savanna. They are adapted to some environmental conditions that are only marginal for production of conventional livestock because of drought, heat, diseases, altitude, or other constraints.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEER FARMING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer appear to be unlikely candidates for livestock, but reindeer were probably among the first domesticated animals and have been draft animals for perhaps 2O,OOO years. Even today, tens of thousands of reindeer pull sleighs in the European arctic. On military expeditions, the ancient Romans took along herds of fallow deer as a source of meat, and more than 1,000 years ago deer were annually herded off the Scottish Highlands for winter meat supplies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, there have been breakthroughs in the &quot;domestication&quot; of deer. Species already being [armed are: red deer (New Zealand, Australia, Taiwan, Korea, Russia, China, Scotland, the United States), elk (New Zealand, Canada, the United States), fallow deer (New Zealand, Australia, England, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Germany, the United States), ruse deer (Australia, Mauritius, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea), sika deer (Taiwan, New Zealand), musk deer (China, India), and PFre David's deer (New Zealand). Although not truly domesticated, even the moose has been tamed in Scandinavia and the Soviet Union, the calves being bottle-raised from three days of age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Zealand has made particular progress in domesticating large deer (see sidebar). It seems probable, therefore, that similar success with small deer could be achieved. For those seeking interesting, pioneering research, microdeer are good candidates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTELOPE RANCHING AND FARMING&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The worldwide experiences in domesticating various deer species suggest that the organized production of small antelope should also be considered. Several large species have already been studied and are used in game farming in eastern and southern Africa. Similar research on the smaller species, which so far have received little or no attention, is one of the more speculative ideas in this report. We put it forward only for consideration by researchers, but if exploratory studies prove successful, this is a topic deserving international support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some parts of Africa there are large expanses of uninhabited lands, and producing any sort of livestock there is limited by aridity and by the presence of tsetse flies. But in this habitat live tiny antelope such as dikdik, suni, and klipspringer. In the rainforests and secondary forests are found duikers and the royal antelope. All these creatures have advantages that justify their consideration as microlivestock: they have a more rapid turnover than the big species, and they produce a high yield of quality meat. In addition, compared with cattle, these native ungulates make better use of the habitat. Cattle select a limited number of grass species; antelopes choose a wider range, and also include fortes, bushes, and trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More important perhaps is their resistance to many diseases. Most, if not all, are resistant to trypanosomiasis, the disease carried by the tsetse fly. They are not immune to this and other tropical diseases, but they are less susceptible than cattle. However, part of this may be owing to their ability to roam widely; if confined and treated like domestic animals, they may also require some protection against parasites and diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antelopes are also more productive than cattle; that is, they produce a given quantity of meat more quickly because they breed better in the African hinterlands and grow more rapidly on its existing forages. On the other hand, they generally require a richer diet than cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, in their favor, antelopes affect the habitat less than the same density of cattle does; they spread out more while feeding and thereby cause less erosion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two ways of exploiting this potential. One is by &quot;cropping&quot;âtaking a controlled offtake from free-ranging populations without depressing the overall population. Several methods for producing meat this way from large antelope have been attempted in countries such as Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. Few have persisted. Often this has been due to opposition from the vested interests of the cattle industry and from stringent veterinary requirements. Nonetheless, game ranching offers a means by which marginal lands could produce food of a high nutritional quality on a sustained basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other method is by farming - that is, domesticating or partially domesticating the animals, keeping them in pens or herding them like cattle. Experiments in farming antelopes have been less common than game ranching, but one of the most interesting is that conducted on the Galana Ranch in Kenya. Three wild species - buffalo, eland, and oryx - were selected for comparison with cattle. Half-grown animals were preferred for capture, and it was found that if they were kept in the dark for the first week after capture, and then gradually provided with more and more space while they became familiar with people, after about six weeks they could be released into the open and herded from place to place. Grazing during the day under the eye of a herdsman, they allowed themselves to be herded back to a pen at night in the traditional African manner, where they would sleep around the campfire. This was a promising advance in behavior modification leading toward domestication. The oryx, for example, gained weight on grazing that would not even sustain cattle, and it required only a quarter of the amount of water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At bottom, the question is not what contribution antelopes can make to the African larder, for they already make a significant contribution through (largely illegal) hunting. The question is whether farming could make them a sustainable asset rather than their being senselessly squandered, as is the case at present. Although its potential has yet to be realized, antelope farming is not a panacea for Africa's food problems, and certainly not the world's, but it might pave the way to a new and more gentle way to make savannas useful. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TAME GAME&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the 1970s, deer have taken the place of sheep on many New Zealand pastures, and today the country has more than 5, 000 deer farms carrying over one million head, mainly red deer. It is now common along country roads to see tall fences surrounding graceful deer quietly grazing ryegrass and clover. And there are all the appurtenances for deer that exist for cattle and sheep. Auctions and shows are held regularly. Deer farmers have a professional association and produce their own glossy magazine. Government scientists publish pamphlets on the care and management of deer. There are recognized stud stags, computerized recording schemes for breed improvement, and even veterinary services specifically for deer. Hybridization between wapiti and red deer, and PFre David's deer and red deer, is accepted practice. The animals are moved by use of dogs (which command by mere presence rather than by bark or bite), and herds of up to 80 are shifted by truck. Slaughter facilities specifically for deer are in operation throughout the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This transformation of a nervous, jumpy, and retiring wild species into a farm animal is a remarkable achievement. Once accustomed to people, many specimens become gentle, even affectionate, and will come at a farmer's call. Males are generally as easy to handle as females, except during the rutting season when they become aggressive and cannot be handled at all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, even at the best of times the farmed deer must be handled gingerly. If the causes of stress are not quickly suppressed, hysteria can erupt throughout a herd; in an instant, quiet animals can be leaping suicidally in all directions, disoriented, diving head-on into fences, charging gates. Chronic stress, the causes of which are not always obvious, can result in illness or death, although this trait diminishes in subsequent generations of farm-born stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A deer farm has to be laid out to certain special specifications. To prevent escapes, the boundary fences must be 2 m high with netting of 15- or 30-cm mesh. Inner fences need only be 1.5 m high. Water troughs are placed in the middle of the fields, and nothing is allowed to jut inwards from the fences because the animals tend to walk fencelines and take comfort from the illusion of openness. Because deer like to wallow in hot weather, some farmers also provide shallow waterholes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer yards can be of any design, but the sides of the passageways and holding pens should be solid, as deer do not see fences very well, particularly when under pressure, and may injure themselves in a leap towards what appear to be wide open space. (New Zealanders usually make the sides of plywood.) Also, the holding pens should be roofed, as semidarkness has a calming effect. Animals that in the sunlight become hysterical on seeing a person in the distance, can, in the relative darkness of a roofed shed, be touched and even given injections.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the special facilities, however, handling deer takes time and care and experience. The most successful farmers spend much time among the deer so that the animals become accustomed to human presence. This helps to make yard work easier. Also, new arrivals are allowed to wander through the yards on their own to become familiar with them. In addition, special tame deer are used as leads or decoys to encourage the rest of the herd to follow. Using such simple techniques, a formerly intractable species has become almost fully domesticated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">26 Mouse Deer</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g029a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Lesser Malayan Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer1 (Tragulus spp. and Hyemoschus aquaticus) are among the smallest ruminants known. The lesser mouse deer of Southeast Asia is probably the smallest; an adult stands only 20 cm high and weighs a merc 1-2.5 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although they look vaguely like tiny deer, mouse deer differ in several particulars. The stomach is simpler and (like the camel's) has three instead of four effective compartments. Rumination occurs, but mouse deer are the most primitive of all ruminants. Indeed, they share a number of characteristics with nonruminants, including lack of horns or antlers; continually growing, tusklike upper canines in males; sharp-crowned premolars; and four fully developed toes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Virtually unchanged in 25 million years of evolution, these are solitary, nocturnal, retiring animals that have seldom received detailed research. Whether they might make suitable microlivestock is unknown. However, they seem to be tractable, and people in Southeast Asia (Sarawak, for instance) have traditionally kept at least one of the species as backyard pets. Moreover, mouse deer are indigenous to tropical lowland regions and withstand the heat and humidity that are stressful to most conventional livestock species. They probably also are resistant to many diseases of those torrid regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the United States, mouse deer are being raised as laboratory animals for basic research on ungulates. This is because the animals are easier to handle than large deer or goats.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are graceful, lithe, and look somewhat like large rodents. The Asian species are the shape and size of an agouti (see page 198); the African species is more like the pace (see page 262). All have short legs, a small head, and a pointed snout. Adults weigh from 1 to 5 kg, depending on species. The head and body are only 04-1 m long, and the shoulder height is merely 20-36 cm. Males are generally smaller than females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most species the body is a rich brown with white spots and stripes. The belly is usually white. The animals stand on the middle toes, so that the lateral ones do not touch the ground. Neither sex bears antlers. In males the upper canines form long tusks that may extend outside the lips and even to below the line of the jaw.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty-five million years ago, early forms of mouse deer existed throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe. Today's species are restricted to tropical forests and mangrove thickets of Southeast Asia and Central Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the three Asian species, the Indian mouse deer occurs in southern India and Sri Lanka; the larger Malayan mouse deer occurs on the mainland of Southeast Asia and the lesser Malayan mouse deer occurs on Java as well. The water chevrotain, a related African animal, is found from eastern Zaire to the Atlantic coast. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p292a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p293a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Range of water chevrotain .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, human encroachment into the forest has caused the destruction of the mouse deer habitats and has put various mouse deer species under a pressure that is causing their populations to decline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals inhabit equatorial forests and mixed secondary tropical forest. They generally live among undergrowth on the edges of dense lowland rainforests. They especially haunt rivers and swampy bush areas, seeking escape by water when in danger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little about these animals is recorded. Essentially vegetarians, they feed chiefly on fruits, supplemented by leaves. They also eat insects (for instance, ants), if available. They do not seem to eat grass.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The premolars of the mouse deer are designed for piercing and chopping food rather than for chewing. As noted, the stomach consists of three functional compartments: the rumen, the reticulum, and the abomasum. (The omasum of ruminants is represented only by a rudimentary area.) The stomach occupies almost the whole of the abdominal cavity, extending from the diaphragm to the pelvic inlet, which provides this small animal with large food-storage capacity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The blood has a very high erythrocyte (red blood corpuscle) count as well as the smallest erythrocyte size of any mammal. The flesh is &quot;white&quot; and the muscles contain little myoglobin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mature females reproduce almost continuously, and usually regardless of season. In the female larger Malayan mouse deer, mating occurs within 2 days of giving birth. In the African species, many births are synchronized with the rainy seasons, when fruits are plentiful. The gestation period is about 5-6 months, depending on the species. There is only one young per birth. Weaning normally occurs at 2-3 months, but can occur as early as 3 weeks, with sexual maturity achieved at 4-5 months (Asian species) and 10 months (African species). The young stay alone, hidden in vegetation during the first month or two.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are shy, keeping to dense jungle and depending on concealment for protection. Although often present in large numbers, they are seldom seen. Preferring to be near lakes, rivers, or streams, they can nevertheless wander I km or more from water. They feed mostly at dusk or at night, sheltering in undisturbed areas or under shady bushes during the day. They utter weak, bleating sounds, and when frightened, jump a meter or more in the air.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Communication is by scent and calls. The African species possess anal and preputial glands, with which, along with urine and feces, they mark their home ranges. Males of both Asian and African species possess a chin gland to mark either the vegetation or their mates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are among the most excitable, nervous, and jumpy animals. One must tread softly in their presence for fear of causing absolute pandemonium and mishap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are widely sought by native people for food, and their meat is highly regarded. Dressed carcasses have a high proportion of muscle (84 percent in Asian species), low proportion of bone (15 percent), and an insignificant amount of fat. The ratio of muscle to bone is large - 5.6:1. The mean dressing percentage of 62.1 percent is greater than that reported for cattle, water buffalo, or goat.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adults are wild, generally intractable, and &quot;flighty,&quot; but young animals (at least of the Asian species) tame readily and make good pets. Nevertheless, these are delicate creatures and must always be handled gently. Individuals caught in the wild tend to bash against the sides of cages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite an unpromising temperament, Asian mouse deer are regularly bred in zoos, including those in Amsterdam, New York, and Zurich. They also have been reared successfully in small enclosures at several research institutes, such as the I.R.E.T. Institute, Makokou, Gabon; the Institute of Medical Research in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and at Fort Detrick in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps the best way to breed this animal is by using the battery system of small units comprising one male and two females per cage. The costs are mostly for obtaining suitable enclosures and for feeding and watering troughs.6 The cages must be covered with mesh because the mouse deer can jump. However, the covering must be sufficiently high to allow the male to stand with its body vertical during copulation.7 They can be fed a variety of foods and grow well on stems of bean plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, these are small, seemingly tractable creatures that are at home in the heat, humidity, and diseases of tropical lowlands. They might play a particularly important role as livestock for tropical rainforests; the forests could be left standing while the animal still produces meat. Today, in a widely condemned process, tropical rainforests are being felled in order to raise cattle for meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small size makes mouse deer easy prey for various predators. In the wild, snakes, crocodiles, eagles, and forest cats feed on them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse deer are among the most excitable, nervous, and jumpy animals. One must tread softly in their presence for fear of causing absolute pandemonium and mishap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The different species are solitary, and it is difficult to keep many individuals (especially males) in a restricted space. They must be kept in a quiet enclosure, with cover or good shelters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The survival of these four &quot;living fossils&quot; depends on conserving their rainforest habitat and restricting hunting, especially night hunting. But studies of their propagation and management are also imperative.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In particular, research is warranted on various aspects of their husbandry, such as enclosure design, space requirements, and health. A special research need is to understand the animal's nutritional requirements and to develop diets for use in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">27 Muntjac</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g030a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac, or barking deer (Muntiacus species), are among the most widespread but least known of all Asian animals.1 They are almost the size of an average dog and they bark, but they are true deer. These little animals adapt well to captivity and have been introduced to zoos and wildlife collections throughout the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years one species, the Reeves' muntjac, has become established in England, and a few specimens have settled into semicaptivity - staying behind fences, accepting human presence, and even eating out of people's hands. In Sarawak, villagers have also been known to keep muntjac, feeding them a diet of rice with some leafy matter occasionally added.2 Such experiences show that these small, shy deer can be calm and adaptable. It also shows that they can be raised on practical, artificial diets and that they are not strictly browsers. This creates the possibility (admittedly highly speculative) that they might make future microlivestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac produce lean, palatable venison and perhaps could be farmed on an organized basis. They are native to severe environments where heat, humidity, and endemic diseases make raising conventional livestock difficult. In future, given research, muntjac might become widespread contributors to Asian economic development. The lessons learned in captive breeding could also be important for conserving endangered muntjac species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One species, the Indian muntjac, has an incredibly low chromosome number (2n=7 in males; 2n=6 in females), which makes them particularly promising candidates for mammalian genetic studies. This species has regularly bred well in both zoos and research institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are small and slender. Reeves' muntjac, the smallest, has a shoulder height of 45-60 cm. Fully grown, it weighs less than 20 kg; commonly it is merely 10-12 kg. The Java subspecies of the Indian muntjac is the biggest, with a shoulder height of 58 cm and a mature weight of 43 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antlers on the males usually include a main prong as well as a much shorter brow tine. Even the main prong is no larger than a finger, but its pointed tip is hooked and must be treated with caution. There are also two tusklike canine teeth that protrude from the mouth. These have sharp points and a knifelike posterior edge, capable of cutting to the bone a person's finger or another muntjac's rump.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coloration varies from deep brown to yellowish or greyish brown with cream or whitish markings, depending on the species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are native to a vast region from eastern China to Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost a century ago, Indian and Reeves' muntjac were introduced to a deer park in southeast England. Some escaped, and (as noted) the Reeves' muntjac has adapted, spread, and settled down to life in the countryside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the five muntjac species, the Reeves' and the Indian are well known and in no danger. For instance, recent estimates of annual game production have shown that there are about 650,000 Reeves' muntjac in China. The other three are threatened with extinction. Black, Roosevelt's, and Fea's muntjacs are virtually untried in captivity, but the success of raising Reeves' muntjac in English country gardens suggests that perhaps their populations could be saved through captive breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In their native habitats, these small deer are usually found in dense vegetation on hilly ranges at elevations up to at least 3,000 m.3 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p301a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The native ranges of the various muntjacs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac seem to be primarily browsers. However, in captivity they eat fresh grass, alfalfa hay, and feed pellets. They also readily eat root crops such as potatoes, carrots, and parsnips. They are &quot;concentrate selectors,&quot; preferring foods low in fiber and rich in protein and nutrients. Captive specimens reportedly need; a supply of cut browse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding may occur year-round, but in practice it is synchronized with certain seasons. The first conception can occur as early as 6 months of age. One, occasionally two, young are born after a gestation of about 200 days. They weigh around I kg at birth, and the fawns usually remain hidden until they can move about with the mother. The females mate within a few days of giving birth. Life spans up to 16 years have been recorded.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the Indian muntjac is a species of great cytogenetic interest. It has the lowest diploid chromosome numbers yet found in a mammal.4 The large, easily distinguishable chromosomes are a great advantage in tissue culture, and many laboratories now have muntjac cell lines. The karyotypes of the different species' chromosomes are very different; the Indian and Reeves' muntjac can hybridize, but the offspring are infertile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are dainty and have a captivating charm. Always on the alert, they are active both day and night. Often they will bark for an hour or more, but typically they bark for only a minute or two. When panicked, captive muntjac may rush into fences or walls. They can easily leap barriers 1.5 m high.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males are highly territorial and defend their territories vigorously. Adult females also inhabit a specific territory, which they defend against strange individuals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males mark the ground at intervals by lowering the head and rubbing the frontal glands on the ground and by scraping their hooves against the ground. They mark trees by scraping the bark with the lower incisors and rubbing the base of their antlers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Asia, muntjac are hunted for meat, skins, and antlers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac thrive and, at least under ideal conditions, breed freely in captivity. However, they may stop breeding if they are crowded.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In England, zoos and private collections keep as many as six muntjac in an area of 40 x 20 m. Plenty of cover is provided for the animals to hide in. Fences almost 2 m high are used. (Lower fences are reportedly adequate where there is no risk of the deer being panicked by dogs or people.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like other deer, muntjac produce extremely lean meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They seem to be healthy animals. In Britain, wild and captive muntjac have few gastrointestinal worms, and ectoparasites such as ticks and lice are not a problem. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MUNTJAC&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In England, far from Asia's forests and mountains, the Reeves' muntjac is the subject of a peculiar chapter in the otherwise unhappy history of introduced species. Charmed by the deer's odd characteristics, the British have welcomed its invasion into gardens around the country. Now, there are tens of thousands of muntjacs on the loose, and some people have even adopted them as pets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although other alien species have wreaked havoc on native plants and animals, muntjacs appear to be a merciful exception. At least over the short term, muntjacs &quot;have proven to be an almost innocuous asset to the countryside. They give pleasure to thousands and pain to few. Eating mostly ivy, grass, leaves, and prickly bushes, they rarely feed in one place long enough to do much damage except to an occasional suburban garden.&quot; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life for many muntjacs is made soft by homeowners who find the deer's large, dewy eyes and tiny antlers irresistible. The kind-hearted suburbanites put out salt licks, water, and kitchen scraps, and they built snug little shelters against the cold north wind. &quot;All our adult deer will take food from the hand,&quot; says Walter Buckingham, who has kept muntjacs for five years in his garden in the county of &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hertfordshire, just north of London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The adaptable immigrant is colonizing new areas so rapidly, say biologists, that soon there may be more in England than in Asia. &quot;In time,&quot; predicts muntjac-researcher Oliver Dansie (pictured opposite), &quot;it may eventually establish itself as our most widely distributed deer species.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild these animals are not gregarious and are generally found alone or in pairs. Because of their strong territorial instincts, large males may not be able to be kept together without fighting. The upper canine teeth can inflict serious wounds. Some females are intolerant of each other as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac are fragile; they cannot be held by the legs, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some infectious diseases may prove to be of epizootic importance: foot-and-mouth disease, mucosal disease, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, rinderpest, and tuberculosis (all three types). This may be a problem, especially when people are raising the animals by hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To ensure a better understanding of their potential as microlivestock, muntjac deserve research and recognition from animal scientists and conservationists from Nepal to China. The English experience shows how populations of the endangered species might be built up. At present, however, none are receiving any husbandry research; only the two most common species can generally be found in zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals deserve investigation into physiology, reproductive requirements, fertility, nutrition (for example, food preferences, feeding strategies, and food utilization), growth, adaptability and environmental tolerance, diseases, management, social structure, and selection for calm temperament. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">28 Musk Deer</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The musk deer (Moschus species)1 is so small that (like other ungulates in this section) it is only as large as an average-size dog. A gland in males produces musk, a thick, oily secretion that is one of the most valuable substances in the animal kingdom. Musk is used in Oriental Medicine as well as in Europeans perfumes, and in recent year it has sometimes sold for as much as three times the price of gold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk is traditionally obtained by killing these deer and removing their glands. The dried glands, called pods, contain a reddish brown musk powder that has been a commodity in international commerce for more than 1,000 years. Despite bans in India (1972) and Nepal (1973), musk continues to be illegally exported, mainly via Hong Kong, for use in Japan and Europe. In Japan, for example, it is an ingredient in more than 200 different medicines.2 In Europe, musk goes into some of the most famous perfumes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international trade in Himalayan musk, originating from both northern and southern sides of the Himalayan divide, amounts to 200 kg per year, representing an annual slaughter of 20,000-32,000 male deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The commercial value of the animal makes it highly attractive for development as a livestock species. The economic force causing its slide toward extinction could be employed to protect and restore both the species and its habitat. Ranching these deer might put musk production on a sustainable footing. It might also encourage habitat protection, because in the harsh climate of the high Himalayas, rearing musk deer could be much more profitable to villagers than raising crops or cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer are already being farmed under primitive conditions in China, where techniques for extracting musk without killing the animal have been developed. In India, small collections of musk deer have been established by the forest departments of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. For several years authorities in Nepal have successfully extracted musk from an adult male at the Kathmandu Zoo' without apparent harm to the animal.3 These experiences suggest that musk might become a farmed product. So far, however, success has been limited. The Chinese animals, for example, have a high mortality rate and the musk is said to be of poor quality. Nonetheless, these examples are valuable pioneering case studies that deserve recognition, support, and further development.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With their long ears, arched back, and bounding gait, these diminutive deer remind one of large hares. The pointed face and large ears make their heads strikingly reminiscent of kangaroos. The coarse hair gives them a stocky appearance. The color varies according to species (and subspecies) from rich reddish brown to dark grey or black. The peculiarly brittle and wavy hair probably has good insulating properties, as it consists of air-filled cells arranged like a honeycomb.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer have an average mature weight of about 6-11 kg and a body length of 50-90 cm. They stand 50 60 cm high at the shoulder and 5 cm higher at the rump because the hind legs are longer than the forelegs. Some dwarf types are only 40-46 cm high. The tail is short, and in males it is naked, except for a terminal tuft of hair, because they mark their territories by constantly rubbing the caudal gland, which is located near the tail, onto objects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All four toes are flexible, which, compared to the rigid hoof of other ungulates, gives a firmer grip on precipitous slopes. The dew claws are enlarged and, together with the central digits, splay out, to minimize sinking in soft snow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Neither sex possesses antlers, but males have long upper canine teeth that project well below the lips. The lower front teeth have a spatulate form that probably helps the animals scrape lichens from the surfaces of rocks and trees in winter, when most vegetation is snow covered. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p309a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The musk deerâs native range.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The genus is distributed patchily throughout the forested mountainous parts of most of Asia. One population extends from just north of the Arctic Circle southward to the northern edge of Mongolia and Korea. Others occur in China, northern Vietnam, and the Himalayan region including Bhutan, Assam, Tibet, the Indian Himalayas, Nepal, and northern Pakistan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During this century, the musk deer has rapidly declined throughout its former regions. In many parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and probably Tibet, it is already regarded as rare, with a distribution that is becoming increasingly localized. Possible exceptions are Bhutan and most of China, where its population is thought to be stable. In southern China, a recent estimate puts the musk deer population at 100,000 head. In western and northwestern China, the population is estimated at 200,000-300,000 head.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is the uncontrolled hunt for musk that in most places is driving this animal toward extinction, but its habitat is also being increasingly destroyed by livestock and woodcutters. Part of the loss to hunters is owing to the mindless way in which the animals are caught. Most are snared in traps or nets or killed by poisoned stakes set on trails. This kills all the animals indiscriminately, even females and fawns, which produce no musk. This waste of reproductive animals is extremely destructive to the populations and is senselessly hastening the musk deer's extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer mainly occur in upland woodland and scrub areas. They prefer remote, dense vegetation, especially birch-rhododendron forests in mountainous terrain. They are seldom found in treeless regions or areas thickly populated by people. In the Himalayas, the upper limit coincides approximately with the tree line, which is as high as 4,600 m at the eastern end.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite its economic importance and wide distribution, little is known of the musk deer's biology. Nonetheless, it is known that musk deer have a gall bladder, a bovid feature that distinguishes it from the true deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are browsers, relying on young leaves, buds, fruits, and flowers. During the winter, as snow deepens, they depend more on lichens growing above the snow on rocks or tree bark, although in shallow snow they scrape for vegetation with their hooves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The male's musk sac is unique among deer. Situated between the umbilicus and penis, it contains the gelatinous, odoriferous oil. The amount varies with the season and the age of the animal, but pods of adult males usually weigh about 30 g; occasionally up to 45 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males also have a caudal gland under the tail, which secretes a viscous yellow substance with a goaty smell. They mark vegetation with this secretion by rubbing their hindquarters against stems and branches.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Males become sexually mature at about 18 months, but females seem capable of reproducing in their first year. The estrous cycle is 18-25 days; the receptive period lasts 36 60 hours. Gestation varies from 178 to 192 days. Each female usually bears one or two fawns, rarely three. The fawn is precocious - able to stand and move within 15 minutes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk deer are shy, furtive animals with keen senses of hearing, smell, and sight. They are normally solitary and are most active at dawn and dusk. Only under cover of darkness do they frequent the more open spaces. Except in the rutting season, more than two animals are seldom seen together; groups usually consist only of a female and her young. The alarm call, a loud hiss, is often accompanied by a highstepping, springy gait.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the wild, musk deer lead &quot;orderly&quot; lives. They use well established trails connecting well-established feeding places, resting places, and &quot;latrines&quot; where they deposit their droppings. Migration is uncommon.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Remarkably sure footed, musk deer climb cliffs and even the trunks of leaning trees. Being small and solitary, they rely on camouflage to avoid predators but flee through established escape routes when disturbed. If cornered, males defend themselves by slashing with their tusks, often inflicting deep cuts and severe injuries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The strong-smelling, reddish-brown musk is obtainable only from this animal.7 It is used as a fixative in expensive perfumes to increase the retention of the fragrance on the skin. In Oriental medicines it is used in stimulants, sedatives, and other products. Some medicinal properties appear to be genuine.8 Recently, highly purified musk has been selling for as much as $27 a gram.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade in the Himalayan musk deer or its products is banned by all countries that are parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). However, products from musk deer in the Soviet Union and China can be traded legally under license. It seems likely that if formal, self-sufficient, musk-deer farming projects can be established elsewhere, with safeguards to minimize poaching, a wider trade would be officially sanctioned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since at least 1919, Chinese scientists have been experimenting with the extraction of musk without killing the males. When the sexual activity is at its peak, the males are caught and musk removed from the pod with a runcible spoon (curved fork) inserted into the sac's aperture. The procedure takes only minutes. There are records of up to 9 g being recovered at a time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, China established formal musk deer farms in 1958. They are clustered in the Maerkang, Miyalo, and Manchuan areas of Sichuan Province; the Zhenping county of Shanxi Province; and the Fuziling area of Anhui Province. Despite heavy initial losses of animals, mainly during transportation and acclimatization, the Chinese now breed musk deer in considerable numbers. However, juvenile mortality is still high and longevity relatively short. Zoos in other parts of the world have also had difficulties maintaining the animals.9&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, musk deer readily accept many foods: lettuce, carrots, potatoes, apples, rolled oats, hay, alfalfa, bananas, some grass, bamboo leaves, and pumpkins, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The musk deer's social system may represent an impediment to its successful reproduction in captivity. It is irascible and scares easily. In close confinement, males fight and may have to be isolated from each other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is an inherent danger in any captive-breeding scheme in the Himalayas: resumption of legal trade in natural musk could damage the remaining populations by stimulating the market and providing an outlet for illicit musk from poached animals. Some biologists (notably in India) consider that a total ban on the trade in natural musk from all sources is essential.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, removing the musk without damaging the animals has not proved commercially successful because of market resistance. Most purchasers require the entire pod in order to be certain that they are receiving the genuine product. Given a regularized farming program, however, it seems likely that mutual trust would circumvent this lack of confidence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To protect this species will not be easy. It occurs in vast, remote areas that are difficult to patrol. The local people are poor and traditionally have used it as a source of income and food. The value of musk is so high that smuggling is already well organized and will be difficult to eradicate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is imperative that the status of existing musk deer populations be established. This is especially important in Nepal. The total population may be not more than 500 in the wild.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No matter what is achieved in farming, pressure on populations will only be reduced by protecting the wild specimens. Thus, the dietary requirements and behavior of musk deer should also be evaluated with a view to building up the wild populations directly. If the techniques of breeding and handling can be improved, farming the animal may also indirectly help wild populations by reducing the pressure to harvest them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An alternative to captive breeding might be ranching the wild animals. In this process, males would be caught periodically and the musk extracted before releasing them. The organized, sustainable harvesting is particularly attractive if developed at the rural level with revenue going directly to local people; it would provide them incentive to conserve not only &quot;their&quot; musk deer but also its habitat. For this purpose, today's musk deer hunters could be trained to extract musk from live animals, releasing and recapturing them on a controlled basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another alternative could be controlled culling at a sustainable level, as is now done in the Soviet Union, where about 5 percent of the population is harvested each year. However, elsewhere annual culls at any level would not be feasible for at least 10 years because the populations are now so low. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g031a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">29 South America's Microdeer</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g032a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Pudu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South America contains three types of tiny, indigenous deer. None are well known to science, yet they are of microlivestock size, and if given research attention at least two might respond to rearing in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PUDU&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pudu (pronounced &quot;poo-doo&quot;) is native to temperate forests of the Andean region. It is among the smallest of all true deer, adult males being merely the size of small terriers and the females being smaller still. It is very shy and retiring and is endangered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All things considered, this animal would appear to be an unlikely candidate for microlivestock. But wherever it is found, the pudu is mercilessly hunted, and captive rearing might be the only way to save its populations from extinction. Indeed, it is already being raised in experimental herds in Chile and Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pudus (also called the Andean dwarf deer) once ranged widely through the foothills, valleys, and lowlands of the Andes. They prefer the dark, dank underbrush of the cool rainforest, particularly thick bamboo stands. There are two species: Pudu pudu is distributed in parts of southern Bolivia and throughout much of southern Chile nearly to the Straits of Magellan. It is also found on islands off the Chilean coast. Pudu mephistophiles is distributed throughout the highlands of Ecuador, where it occurs only in cool areas at great height.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With their short legs, stocky bodies, and compact heads, pudus do not look much like deer - more like small antelopes with foxlike faces and spiky antlers. Full grown, they are only 40 cm tall and weigh less than 12 kg. They have thick fur ranging from reddish brown to pale gray.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the pudu's small size, shy and secretive nature, and forbidding habitat, few people have ever even seen one. Nonetheless, these animals tame easily and reportedly were once kept by South American Indians. Several generations were also once bred in a Paris apartment and were treated exactly like domestic dogs, which most people who saw them for the first time thought they were.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, habitat destruction has greatly reduced the range and numbers of these attractive and fascinating little creatures. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature already lists them as vulnerable to extinction. Pudu studies are highly recommended, and raising pudus promises to be an interesting and valuable activity that may one day lead to one of the most intriguing microlivestock of all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BROCKET&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brockets (Mazama spp.) are small deer that occupy the place in South America's environment that duikers occupy in Africa (see page 326). They typically reside in thick brush. They occur widely throughout South America and are found in every country except Chile and Uruguay. They also occur in Central America, the West Indies, and Mexico.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are four species:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Red brocket (Mazama americana), the most common and widespread, is found from Mexico to Argentina. It is also the largest species, with a mature weight of about 20 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Gray (brown) brocket (Mazama gouazoubira) is also found throughout Latin America. It is slightly smaller, weighing about 17 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Lesser brocket (Mazama rufina)2 resides in small and scattered locations in Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. It weighs 10-20 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Dwarf brocket (Mazama chunyi) is found only in pockets of forest and brush on certain mountainsides in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru. The smallest brocket, it weighs only 8-12 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except for their size and color, all brockets look alike. The head,  neck, and tail are short; the ears are wide. The lumbar region is higher  than the shoulders, and this, together with an arched back, gives them a  hunched appearance not unlike a duiker's. The antlers are simple  spikes, never longer than a person's hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The different species are similar in behavior, too.3 They generally  wander around singly or in pairs. Although frequenting dense cover  during the day, they emerge at night to feed in open areas. Little is  known of their food preferences. But farmers know only too well how  fond they are of melons, beans, peppers, and corn. Doubtless, wild  forest fruits dominate their native diet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although extensively hunted, brockets are so adept at dodging into  dense brush that relatively few get caught. However, small size makes  them vulnerable to many other predators: puma, jaguar, ocelot, and  eagles and other large birds of prey. Near villages the domestic dog is  probably their worst enemy. (Infuriated vegetable growers commonly  set their dogs on them.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although at first sight these retiring, nervous, and agile creatures  seem unlikely to be even potential microlivestock, young brockets are  sometimes caught and raised by people. It is not uncommon to find  them as pets on farms and in gardens. They seem to become very  tame and might therefore make useful livestock at some future time.  At least one species, the grey brocket, adjusts particularly well to life in  and around human settlements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUEMUL&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third type of South American microdeer, the huemul,4 is a much  less likely candidate. It is very rare, very shy, and has so far shown  little likelihood of settling into captivity. However, huemul conservation  is critical: without urgent attention, the animal will become extinct.  Although totally protected by law, it is declining owing to poaching,  farm dogs, habitat loss and diseases transmitted by cattle and other  livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two species:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Chilean huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus)5 occurs in high altitude forests, thickets, and grasslands in the Andes of southern Chile and Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- The Peruvian huemul, or taruca (H. antisepsis), occurs in parts of the Andes of southern Peru and Bolivia as well as of northern Chile and Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species live in small herds above the tree line. They are very shy, and even though the Chilean national seal bears the depiction of a huemul, almost no Chilean (or anyone else, for that matter) has ever seen a live one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At less than 85 cm tall and probably weighing under 15 kg, huemuls are sized to be microlivestock. However, previous attempts at rearing them in Chile have met with little success. Nevertheless, huemuls have been kept in zoos in Germany, and such experiences - together with the increasing knowledge of how to raise red deer and other species - may eventually provide the keys to their continued existence. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g033a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">30 Water Deer</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g034a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about the water deer' (Hydropotes inermis), but it should be considered along with mouse deer, muntjacs, musk deer, and others as a possible species for microlivestock development. It is comparable in size, and it is unusual among deer for producing large litters: births of triplets or more are common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with the other species in this section, this is a highly speculative notion; however, there is some justification for it. The Zoological Society of London has successfully established breeding colonies, and other zoos have also bred the animal in captivity. The water deer has the advantage of rapid growth, early maturity, and high fecundity. Indeed, given protection, its populations have been known to increase rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal has a graceful and delicate appearance, its best known characteristic being the male's long tusks. Both sexes are about the same size, standing 45-55 cm at the shoulder and weighing up to 19 kg. Body length is up to about I m, and the tail is so tiny that it is barely noticeable. The round-tipped ears are characteristically held erect above the head.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water deer are somewhat like muntjacs, but they are longer in the leg and lighter in build. Their forelegs are shorter than their hindlegs so that they stand slightly higher at the haunches than at the shoulders. This gives them a hunched appearance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hair is generally thick and coarse, longest on the flanks and rump. The backs and sides are usually yellowish brown, finely stippled with black. In winter, the coat is thick and variable in color; pale fawn and peppery gray-brown are common shades. In summer, the coat is sleek and reddish. Fawns are white spotted at birth, but this dappling soon fades.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Neither sex has antlers. The upper canine teeth, especially in the males, are enlarged, forming curved tusks 7 cm long. These are much bigger than those in muntjacs and can protrude well below the jawline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In both sexes there is a small inguinal gland present between the hind legs, the only instance among deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In China the water deer has a wide distribution range. It is mainly found in the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, and Fujian, the mid and lower Yangtze River Basin, and coastal areas and islands in central and eastern China. It is also found in Guilin, southern Sichuan Province, Guangxi Province, and Guangdong Province in the south.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Korea, the animal lives along the lower reaches of most rivers, except those in the extreme northeast. Its northern limit of distribution is probably about latitude 43ÃN.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At Woburn Park in England, a few escaped from a herd early this century and have increased and become established in a number of counties, particularly Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, and Norfolk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In China, owing to increasing reclamation and cultivation of wetlands, the habitat of the water deer is gradually shrinking. At present the animal is protected by the government, which designates appropriate hunting seasons. It is estimated that about 10,000 are killed each year by hunters. In Korea the water deer is still plentiful. As noted, in England it is maintaining itself and is thriving in some protected parks. It is also reported to be present in France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In its home range, the water deer is usually found among reeds and rushes in swampy areas. It also frequents the tall grasses and sparse shrubs of mountainsides and cultivated fields. In England it has adapted to a variety of habitats, including woodlands. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p323a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Native range of the water deer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer is chiefly a grazer. It feeds mainly on reeds, coarse grasses, and some tree leaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As previously mentioned, this is the most prolific species of deer. Up to seven fetuses have been observed in a single pregnant female, although the normal litters are two or three. The gestation period is about 176 days. Fawns are born in late spring or early summer, and weigh only about 0.5 kg at birth. Within 4 days the newborns can live almost exclusively on grasses. Usually, however, they are fully weaned after 4 8 weeks, but remain socially attached to the mother. They appear to become independent after about 4 months. Males become sexually mature at about 5-6 months; females at about 7-8 months.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water deer are generally seen alone. Even where abundant, they seldom congregate in herds. Females are sometimes intolerant of each other, as are adult males or young males. However, in captivity, several females can graze and rest in loose aggregations. The peak period of grazing activity occurs around dusk. Feeding sessions are interspersed with periods of passive cud-chewing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water deer &quot;bark&quot; at intruders. During the rut, males are especially noisy and aggressive, and defend their territories with vigor. Fighting involves striking their tusks into the shoulder or back of their opponents. 3 Information from Lu Houji. These are extremely excitable little animals. When upset, they often &quot;hump&quot; their backs and bound away like rabbits. They are also good swimmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In China the water deer are hunted for their meat and skins, and newly born fawns are killed to obtain the mother's colostrum for medicinal purposes. In a few localities in England, the species has become a game animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer is not yet known on &quot;farms.&quot; However, it seems to be easily kept, has bred well in zoos, and has thrived in many British wildlife parks. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The assets of early maturity and high fecundity mean that the potential exists for rapid population expansion. Such an event occurred at Britain's Whipsnade Zoo. In 1929 and 1930, 32 deer were released into undeveloped pasture; by 1937, 120 fawns had been raised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they are relatively small, and because in the wild state they aggregate only under exceptional conditions, water deer are unlikely to have any appreciable impact on vegetation in forests, farms, or gardens. Nonetheless, they can damage crops, and Chinese farmers, who consider them pests, often illegally kill them out of season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are swift and adept at escaping captivity. It is possible that because of territoriality only a single pair will live in a given area. Moreover, males are aggressive and must be kept apart.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They seem able to withstand chilly weather well, but a combination of wet and cold is harmful. Their heavy winter coat, essential to survival in the Far East, renders the animal susceptible to dehydration and heat exhaustion in comparatively mild climates, such as England's.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At birth, the tiny fawns are extremely vulnerable to a variety of predators, both birds and mammals. The species may need areas of dense cover or some shelter from wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer has been successfully kept in semicaptivity for many years; however, for it to reach a level of domestication suitable for use as microlivestock, research is needed in the following areas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Reproduction;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Performance under a range of environments;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Grazing efficiency;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Basic physiology;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Captive breeding and domestication - measurements of growth rates, space requirements, and feed needs; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Modifying behavior to overcome territoriality - for instance, imprinting on humans, selection of docile specimens, hand rearing, and castration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water deer is not an endangered species; however, efforts should be made to preserve the populations in their native ranges and habitats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">31 Duikers</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g035a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Red Duiker&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers (Cephalophus and Sylvicapra species) are small African antelopes. Although they are ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats, some are hardly bigger than hares or rabbits. One, the blue duiker, is less than 40 cm high and usually weighs a mere 4-6 kg. It and some of the slightly larger duikers might be suitable for household husbandry because their meat is an extremely popular food throughout much of Africa. In West Africa, for example, it is one of the most common meats sold in both rural and urban markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This idea, however, is highly speculative because, despite their popularity, little is known about these tiny animals. Their husbandry has been attempted only a few times, but the results were encouraging, and rearing duikers deserves further investigation. They are already being raised in captivity in the United States,' Zimbabwe,2 Togo,3 and Gabon. Researchers in Nigeria have bred blue duikers to the fourth generation and found that, if the animals were first handled by people while young, they remained docile.4 Even blue duikers caught in the wild tame quickly if they are very young, but by the time they reach 3.5 months, they become barely tolerant of man's presence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If duiker husbandry can be developed, it might provide not only a more regular source of meat, but also a lessening of the hunting pressures, thereby giving the wild populations a better chance of survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These antelopes are suitable for testing as microlivestock only in their native region, sub-Saharan Africa. Eventually, they might prove to have wider applicability. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duiker species vary from about the size of a small dog to that of a small donkey. Most are similar in shape and are characterized by short front legs, arched back, and pointed hoofs. The tail is stubby, often with a terminal tuft. The coat varies from reddish brown to nearly black, although a few species are blue-grey and one is zebra striped.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females are slightly larger than males, but the sexes look alike. In most species, both sexes bear small straight horns that project backward from the skull, frequently hidden in a long tuft of hair.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers inhabit virtually all regions of Africa below the Saharaâ from Gambia in the west to Ethiopia in the east, and all countries as far south as South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are so shy that they are rarely encountered by people. But almost anywhere in Africa (other than North Africa), the observant traveler may glimpse them ducking into forests or thickets. Although there are still countless numbers, people are eating so many that in some localized areas the populations are fast heading toward extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All but one species are found in rainforests or dense woodlands. The grey duiker, however, is found in savannas. If the vegetation is juicy, only a few of the species need a separate water source, so they can thrive in very dry sites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main foods are fruits and seeds supplemented by leaves and shoots. Fruits, which they eat to a much greater degree than other antelopes, are an important part of their diet. Some rare species (for example, the red-flanked duiker, C. rufilatus) can graze. Occasionally (especially in captivity), duikers are also omnivorous, eating fish, crabs, insects, snails, frogs, small animals, or carrion; they also readily accept chopped meat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers reach sexual maturity at 9-15 months; gestation lasts about 7-8 months. In some species, females conceive a few days after calving on a 3- to 5-day postpartum estrus. Apparently one calf per birth is normal. A newborn blue duiker weighs between 0.4 and 0.7 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before one year of age, young duikers leave their parents to find their own mates and territories. Life expectancy is more than 10 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In spite of habitat differences, most duikers behave alike. In the wild they are nervous, shy, and retiring. When alarmed, they plunge into the protection of dense vegetation - hence the origin of the name duiker, which means &quot;diver.&quot; Nonetheless, their behavior allows them to be easily netted. An experienced hunter can imitate duiker sounds and call the male out of the bush. Also, a startled animal freezes, thereby facilitating its capture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moving easily through dense vegetation, the head carried low, these tiny animals use regular runs. Forest duiker species are largely diurnal, although a few, such as the bay duiker, are nocturnal. Bush duikers are mainly nocturnal, feeding from early evening until morning. Such nocturnal species shelter during the day in holes (presumably dug by other animals) or inside fallen trees; the diurnal ones lie directly on the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blue duikers are the best-known species and are probably the most likely candidates for microlivestock (see page 332). They seem to be monogamous and apparently mate for life. Unlike most antelopes, their population densities can be high. The pairs reside in territories of 2-4 hectares, which both male and female stoutly defend against rivals. Other species appear to be polygamous and live in large territories (up to 80 hectares).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In captivity, the animals are generally calm. However, both males and females can be aggressive toward unfamiliar individuals of their own species. In an enclosure, one male can serve several females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large glands, located beneath each eye, exude a scent that is rubbed onto fences, trees, and other objects as territorial marking. In another form of marking the horns are rubbed against tree trunks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, duiker meat is much sought in many African countries, and the animals are regularly hunted. The meat is lean with little or no intramuscular fat (marbling). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers also have promise as experimental animals. They are true ruminants, with four-part stomachs, and they produce cud. Some are only rabbit size, they need far less room or feed than sheep, and thus are potentially an efficient test animal for determining the nutritional value of forages. Blue duikers, for instance, have a digestion efficiency comparable to that of sheep, but, because of their small size, a test needs only four rabbit cages and 5-10 kg of feed. Sheep, by comparison, require much more spacious facilities and 150 kg of feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Nigeria, blue duiker pelts are used in making karosses, a traditional dress. A single garment may contain up to 60 pelts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost nothing is known about rearing duikers, but they seem to tame easily and perhaps may be kept in backyards like goats. Indeed, they reportedly make good house pets when hand raised. They are attractive, and from the day of capture young ones can be handled and petted.5&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Nigerian researchers who bred blue duikers to the fourth generation bottle-fed young specimens five times a day. Older animals were given feeds that included banana, plantain, and papaya; leaves of hibiscus, cassava, and banana; and dried corn. Variety seemed to be important, and the researchers could not predict the quantity of particular foods the animals would choose on any given day. In addition to varied vegetables, a small dish of salt or a salt lick was sometimes required.6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are unlikely to run away, except when startled. However, providing an enclosure is worthwhile. It enables them to establish a territory by marking poles, bushes, and fences. Although needing space in which to run, as little as 10 mÃ is reportedly sufficient for 24 animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Satisfactory shelters include an open-ended oil drum laid on its side, a lean-to made of palm frond, or a small hut made of local matting. Apart from providing shade and protection, shelters should be built so that excited animals can run through them. When cornered, duikers tend to either flee for shelter or jump upwards; a run-through shelter can prevent a frightened one from accidentally leaping over the fence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Based on their own experiences, researchers at Pennsylvania State University in the United States report that blue duikers raised in captivity are easy to maintain, reproduce well, and are not fussy about environmental conditions. In fact, they say, blue duikers seem to enjoy living in cages.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In order to raise duikers successfully, post-pubertal males must be separated. A female should be bred with the same male throughout her productive life span.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE BLUE DUIKER&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In one sense, the blue duiker is the most important animal in Africa. It is the only one found throughout the continent south of the Sahara. It occurs at a greater range of altitudes than most - as low as sea level in many places to almost 5,000 m elevation in Kenya. It occurs in habitats from dense rainforests to dryland savannas. And, in sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, the blue duiker is eaten more than any other animal (although in West Africa it is generally called Maxwell's duiker).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This very small antelope, caught by snare or net, can be found in the meat markets of villages, towns, and cities in all countries from Senegal to Madagascar. It is a source of food for tens of millions. Bushmen, Pygmies, Dinkas, and Mandingos, thousands of miles apart; all share the same fondness for duiker meat and for duiker-skin clothes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, scientifically speaking, this is one of the world's least-known animals. And its numbers are diminishing rapidly. Areas that used to have plenty now have few or none. Overhunting and destruction of the rainforests are jointly contributing to their decline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the losses, people are snaring as many as they can, and there is no sense of concern - not even among most conservationists. However, in many locations there is already evidence that the animals won't be around much longer. Unless something is done - and soon - people will lose their major source of animal protein. If that happens, it is likely that they will move on to larger animals, such as gorillas, which would be an even worse disaster.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The best long-term solution is to organize duiker husbandry. Learning to rear duikers would benefit people throughout Africa. The blue duiker is the most suitable species; it is the most common and the most important. Also, it inhabits the edges of the forest and could therefore become a suitable species for ranching without denuding the forest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blue duikers are easy to maintain in captivity. They tame readily and like to shelter and sleep In boxes or cages. They are good converters of vegetation and produce top-quality lean meat. In addition, they are neither affected by tsetse flies nor are very susceptible to diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key now is to learn how to keep these very timid creatures under different conditions. We need to know their foods (especially foods that might be harvested from forests) and reproductive biology. We need to know the right numbers to house together. Most of all, we need projects aimed at rearing and breeding them in captivity under village conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vivian J. Wilson&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many African countries already have a ready market for duiker meat. It is somewhat similar to goat meat, but most people agree that it is superior.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal can live on fibrous vegetation. Unlike conventional ruminant livestock, it is suitable for feeding an average family at one meal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ability to forage in undergrowth where other domestic livestock do not thrive makes duikers potential livestock for tropical forest and bushland regions. They can be raised for meat without cutting the trees or bushes to create pastures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are easy prey for predators: eagles, pythons, wildcats, and people, among others. Thus, they probably require more sophisticated management than common livestock such as goats. However, the quality of their meat could more than compensate for the extra effort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some species are territorial, which means that they may do poorly in captivity, unless their social organization can be altered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under good conditions, the ideal slaughtering age reportedly occurs at 8-10 months, when the blue duiker can weigh 4 kg. Compared to rabbits and guinea pigs, production is relatively slow because of long gestation and lack of multiple births.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers are resistant to trypanosomiasis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One general problem is that duikers have short, sharp horns designed specifically for jabbing. This could be a potential danger, especially since the males of some species become aggressive when their females are receptive. However, the horns can easily be clipped and taped to limit the danger. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the duikers' secluded lifestyle, much has still to be learned about their habits. Specific information on behavior and breeding is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal scientists in Africa should gather small herds for comparative studies. This will provide insights into whether duiker temperaments facilitate or hinder their utilization. In addition, assessments of diet, growth rates, behavior in captivity, reproductive rate, adaptability, and future potential can be made. Management considerations include clipping horns, trimming hooves, and controlling lice and fleas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research of particular value would be chemical analysis of duiker milk and of other characteristic glandular secretions. The latter lend themselves especially to a study of animal communication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parming duikers might help rescue the wild populations by relieving hunting pressures. Programs in this area are recommended for locations where overhunting is occurring. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g036a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">32 Other Small Antelope</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g037a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Klipspringer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The least known and most obscure of all antelope are the delicate African creatures called dikdik, suni, royal antelope, pygmy antelope, and klipspringer. The smallest is a West African form of the royal antelope that stands a mere 25 cm high and weighs less than 2 kg. The four-horned antelope of South Asia is a similarly tough, tractable animal that is also the size of a small dog.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None of these has previously been seriously considered for use as livestock, but they are possibly amenable to rearing in captivity and they provide some of the finest game meat in the world. Given New Zealand's experience with various deer species (see page 288) and Africa's experience with large antelopes, basic research to test out the possibility of organized dwarf-antelope production could prove to be rewarding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AREA OF POTENTIAL USE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The areas where these antelopes might be used are sub-Saharan Africa for the African species and South Asia for the four-horned antelope.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these animals, some, such as the pygmy antelopes, have a crouched appearance with an arched back and short neck; others have a more upright posture with a long neck and a raised head. In all species, the males are smaller than the females and bear tiny spikelike horns. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collectively, these antelopes have native ranges covering huge areas of Africa and part of Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dikdik: Six species occur in two discontinuous distributions - one from Somalia and Ethiopia southward through Kenya and Tanzania, the other in Namibia and Angola. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sunis: Eastern Africa, from Kenya to South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Royal antelope: West African forests. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pygmy antelope: Central Africa from southeastern Nigeria to Zaire. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Klipspringer: Ethiopia to the Cape of Good Hope. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four-horned antelope: India. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many forms are protected by local laws, but none of the species is on the international endangered-species list.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals occupy habitats from dense, moist forests to dry, rocky outcrops and even to deserts. Their ranges have almost certainly been affected by humans - sometimes for the better, since many prefer the secondary growth that invades disturbed areas, notably after overgrazing or slash-and-burn agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although dikdik and klipspringer usually frequent dry areas with scattered brush, the other dwarf antelopes normally stay in dense vegetation. All seem to live in definite areas and do not migrate. For instance:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Dikdik live near streambanks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Sunis inhabit dry country with thick bush, but they can also be found in reed scrub along rivers and in forests up to 3,000 m elevation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Klipspringers live on stony mountain slopes, rocky outcrops' or the sides of steep gorges at altitudes from sea level to 4,000 m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Four-horned antelopes live in undulating or hill country and shelter in tall grass and open jungle, a terrain more common to deer than to antelope. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of these antelope browse on shrubs. They are &quot;concentrate selectors,&quot; taking easily digested vegetation such as buds, fruit, and succulent young leaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also, most obtain much of their water requirement from dew and the vegetation they consume. Klipspringers, for example, are able to live for months without drinking. Sunis and four-horned antelope, on the other hand, drink regularly and seldom live far from water sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known of the reproduction and general performance of these animals. Females become sexually mature at about 6 months in the smaller species and 10 months in the larger. Males become sexually mature at about 14 months. The young are born throughout the year, but births peak with the vegetation flush following the first rains. Where there are two rainy seasons a year, two birth peaks occur. Usually a single calf is born. Dikdik is the only one whose reproduction has been studied in detail. Its pregnancy lasts 172 days, one young is born at a time, and the birth weight is 600-800 g.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Their longevity is unknown but is probably in the range of 10-12 years.l&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These tiny creatures have some of the habits of deer. They are shy and elusive and generally rely on concealment to escape detection. Their first response to a predator is to freeze, and then to flee like hares - dashing off in a series of erratic, zigzag leaps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They live alone, in pairs, or in small family groups, but sometimes congregate in larger groups in thorn thickets. The species that have been studied most (dikdik and klipspringer) are strongly pair bonded. (A male, a female, and one or two young is typical, and a klipspringer rarely moves more than 5 m from its mate.) However, the royal and pygmy antelopes and the suni are more solitary in their behavior. Four-horned antelope are usually seen alone or in pairs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals feed mostly in the early morning and late afternoon Some species deposit dung and urine on particular sites. And they repeatedly daub secretions from glands in front of the eyes onto plant stems, where a sticky mass accumulates. Glands near the hooves mark the ground along frequently traveled pathways. Males also mark females with the scent, thus reinforcing the bond. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The four-horned antelope has a whistling call, which helps keep the family group together. Males repeat it frequently in hot weather. Gestation is 8-8.5 months. If taken young, they reportedly tame easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Much more research needs to be done before attempts are made to convince anyone to domesticate these antelope. There are likely to be considerable difficulties. Guinea pigs, rabbits, and giant rats can successfully be kept in cages or small enclosures, but most antelope probably cannot. Larger enclosures will be needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The food habits and general behavior of these small animals must be studied closely. They are strictly monogamous, and it may be necessary to keep them in pairs. Reproduction, growth, and general performance must become understood under different environmental and nutritional conditions. Mixing species is another aspect to be examined - whether these antelope can be kept with other species in the same enclosure (typical of livestock farming in most poor nations) is not known.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To settle such questions, representative species of microantelope should be gathered for comparative assessment. Researchers should focus on the animals' social structure, on husbandry methods for maintaining them over generations, and on how best to breed them. If the findings are promising, then a campaign to domesticate these antelope could be mounted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Throughout most of their ranges these animals are highly sought &quot;bushmeats.&quot; The meat is lean and of extremely high quality. In Zaire's Ituri Forest, for example, pygmies net and kill large numbers of pygmy antelope, hanging the carcasses on sticks by the roadside for sale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their small size, these species might make good laboratory animals for ruminant studies. The dikdik, for instance, becomes a fully functioning ruminant at a body weight of about only 1.5 kg.2 However, their digestive physiology is quite different from that of cattle, sheep, and goats, which makes them atypical ruminants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given organized production, it is likely that dwarf-antelope pelts could become commercially important. North Africa exports the hides of medium-size antelopes to Europe for use in fine sueded leathers. Hides of the small species would almost certainly be in demand as well if a steady supply could be obtained as a by-product of meat production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microantelope provide some of the finest game meat. They are small and perhaps tractable. Most are already widely eaten and are being eliminated over broad areas of their range. Turning them into a sustainable, economic food source could provide motivation for their conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These antelope can digest, and are adapted to, the indigenous forage over vast areas of Africa and South Asia. They are native to tropical habitats, where cattle and other livestock often grow poorly. They also appear to be resistant to trypanosomiasis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some African peoples (for example, the Kalahari Bushmen) have superstitions or social injunctions that prohibit the eating of some of these species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small antelope are probably not as efficient as larger ruminants in digesting fiber: the retention time in the rumen may be too short. On the other hand, quickly digestible cell walls of lush green plants can be used efficiently.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The territorial behavior of most of these species may limit their rearing in large numbers under captive conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, preliminary research on dwarf antelope husbandry is required. Specifically, studies should be conducted to assess:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Growth rates, feed efficiency, and reproductive rate;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Carcass quality;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Economics and the likely cost of production per animal unit; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Studies of digestion.4 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The few statistics available today on the use of wildlife as food are probably much below actual consumption. Most food consumption surveys record food obtained by hunting or trapping under the indiscriminate heading of &quot;Bushmeat&quot; and neglect to include the many small animals that are normally collected by children. In Africa, an amazing variety of wildlife is eaten, including all wild ungulates, primates, all cats, and many species of birds and reptiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food and Agriculture Organization Ceres magazine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All the world's people must begin to overcome in themselves - and even more so in their children - senseless taboos about what is edible and what is not. Only then can we stop today's universal animal-protein wastage. How ironic it would be, in this scientific age, for mankind to starve largely because of a bunch of old wives' tales, irational beliefs, silly associations, and the lack of a sufficient spirit of culinary and gustatory adventure.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calvin W. Schwabe Unmentionable Cuisine &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguana is really good, a thousand times better than chicken.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Omero Asinto, waiter Pochote Bar and Restaurant&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barranca, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part VI : Lizards</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large lizards have been important foods since prehistoric times and are still commonly hunted in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.1 Some (such as the monitor lizards seen in markets in Indochina) are carnivorous species that may be difficult to feed and raise economically. However, the iguanas of the Americas offer promise as microlivestock. They are herbivorous and feed primarily on leaves, flowers, and fruits, including many that are too high in the trees to be gathered by man or by other livestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguana meat is popular throughout much of Latin America, where consumers willingly pay more for it than for fish, poultry, pork, or beef. To fill the demand, several iguana species are hunted by rifle, slingshot, trap, and noose; they are even run down by trained dogs. Villagers (often small children) catch them for food for the family; professional hunters snare and sell them to vendors. Iguanas are hauled around in gunny sacks and wicker baskets by car, boat, horseback, and people on foot. In parts of El Salvador they have been known to arrive at the market by the truckload.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a result of this indiscriminate hunting, iguanas are now steadily becoming more scarce, and the destruction of their habitat makes the situation even worse. At present, many parts of Latin America's tropical forests are being cleared. The green iguana in particular depends on trees, and as forests disappear its populations are destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, iguanas are forest-edge species: they will grow well on ranches and farms as long as patches of trees are left standing. This offers the hope that they can be raised as microlivestock. They reproduce so prolifically that, in principle, populations can build up exponentially. Mature females, for example, may produce 30 or more eggs a year for up to 10 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past few years, a notable research program in Panama and Costa Rica (see page 351) has laid the practical foundation for iguana farming. It has artificially incubated and raised thousands of green iguana hatchlings. With less than half a square meter of living space per animal, the hatchlings have grown as fast or faster than their wild counterparts. Unlike their kin in the wild - which in their first year of life suffer 95 percent mortality from birds, snakes, and other predatorsâ the captive-raised iguanas show almost 100 percent survival. This research project demonstrates that ranching iguanas both for food or for repopulating depleted habitats is feasible. In addition, experimental projects for farming green iguanas have begun in Curacao and El Salvador.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As livestock, lizards have advantages. Being cold-blooded they do not carry human diseases (except for those such as salmonella that result from gross mismanagement). They can be kept in captivity in fairly high densities without diseases breaking out. Although often aggressive in the wild, they coexist in dense populations with few problems as long as they are well fed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is an important conservation component as well. Farming these lizards may help check and may even reverse the downward trends of their populations by allowing large numbers to be released back to the wild at a size that inhibits predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are three alternatives for utilizing iguanas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- To manage wild stocks as game animals;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- To raise iguanas on farms, like chickens and pigs; or&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- To raise young iguanas in captivity and then release them into the wild where they can grow to full size and later be harvested on a sustainable basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the green iguana has so far received the most attention, two other Latin American species are in farming trials. Black iguanas (garrobos) are being raised experimentally in El Salvador and Costa Rica. And the omnivorous tegu lizard, which produces a valuable leather, is beginning to be farmed in Argentina and is briefly described opposite. Both iguana species are described in the following chapters. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TEGU&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tegus (Tupinambis rufescens and T. teguixin) are large lizards of South America. They are highly prized for their skins, which are made into leather for handbags and similar items. Tegus are heavily exploited; on average, Argentina exports over one million skins a year - about $15 million worth. The 50-year-old tegu industry is estimated to support as many as 30,000 people, including tannery employees and people in rural areas who hunt the lizards full- or part-time. Poor agricultural conditions make farming difficult in the Chaco, and sale of a single tegu skin is worth more than a day's wages for a farmband. Some families also eat the tegu meat and use the fat for medicinal purposes. In many areas, the populations have already been driven to the verge of extinction. Husbandry, therefore, could be beneficial. Traders are hoping that captive operations run by families can eventually replace hunting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although usually associated with the arid regions of northern Argentina and Paraguay, the tegu's range actually covers much of South America - as far north as Colombia, including Trinidad and the Amazon basin. One species (T. rufescens) normally occurs in a dryland habitat, such as Argentina's Chaco region. It can occur in great numbers in pastures, probably because of the insects associated with cattle. But it also occurs in areas that are unsuitable for cattle. Some places where tegus are common are so dry that they can carry only a single cow in 10 hectares. There, farmers might find it profitable to raise tegus. This would maintain the native biological diversity while perhaps reducing the soil degradation that cattle cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other species (T. tegubixin) occurs in wet forests, such as those found in Argentina's Formosa Province.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tegus are scientifically interesting. Little is known about their biology, and basic studies are needed. They are not much eaten, but in some areas the tail is considered a delicacy. Indeed, deteriorating economic conditions are already making them more important as a food resource. Convincing campesinos that they can increase their cash income and their meat production by rationally exploiting these large lizards should not be difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sustainable exploitation could also benefit tegu conservation. Large populations still exist in some areas in Argentina and Paraguay, but, overall, the species are declining. A welldesigned management project could ensure the maintenance and reestablishment of large populations where numbers have drastically decreased. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">33 Green Iguana</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g038a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the green iguana (Iguana iguana) is consumed throughout Central America. It is already subject to heavy commercialization and its populations are plummeting. This is not likely to change: as human population increases, so does demand for iguana meat and eggs as well as for live iguanas, thousands of which are kept as house pets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its herbivorous diet, inoffensive nature, and high reproductive potential, this reptile is a prime species for intensive management. Alert, curious, and social, it is easily tamed from birth. Given minimal protection during the reproductive season, large populations can build up, and animals can be maintained in simple facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, although iguanas can be maintained as microlivestock, they may require three years to reach market size. Raising them to maturity entirely under captive conditions is thus probably uneconomic at present, when specimens can still be inexpensively (albeit often illegally) harvested from the wild. However, it has been found that if released into the wild, most will remain in nearby trees, especially if people erect simple feeding stations and keep them stocked with table scraps or weedy vegetation. This makes for very low-cost production during the years of waiting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given such findings, iguana farming has a promising future. With research, growth rates can undoubtedly be increased and maintenance costs reduced. Also, iguanas are becoming more valuable each year. Even now, farming them could be economic in some areas where wild iguanas are scarce, especially if the young are released into forested sites when they have grown to a size where mortality is low.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although green iguanas will happily graze pastures, they need trees. Iguana farming, therefore, provides a way to keep tropical forests standing while still providing people with meat and income. By growing lizards, farmers don't have to fell the forests to create space for growing food crops or cattle. Iguana farming thus gives an economic incentive to preserve the beleaguered tracts of remaining trees. It may even render reforestation economically attractive. And it may promote the use of shelterbelts and contour strips of trees in cattle-ranching areas. Today's researchers estimate that 200-300 kg of meat can be produced per year per hectare from iguanas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The green iguana can grow to more than 2 m long, but more than half of that length is in its whiplike tail. Adults of breeding size generally weigh 2-4 kg. The scaly skin is green, yellowish, or golden brown with dark markings; color is a function of age and reproductive stage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This large lizard is indigenous to a vast region stretching from Mexico to northern Brazil and Peru, including a number of Caribbean islands. In Mexico, it occurs in tropical forests along both coasts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green iguanas were formerly abundant throughout Central America, but no longer. In the mangrove forests along Mexico's Pacific coast, for instance, only 5 percent of the former population remains. In Guatemala's Pacific lowlands, mere remnants are left. In El Salvador's jungles, the animals have declined to 1 percent of their former density. And in both Panama and Costa Rica, the species is now officially classified as endangered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The green iguana usually lives near water in tropical lowland forests. It thrives only as long as some trees remain. The forests may be either humid or seasonally dry. The animal normally inhabits the treetops, feeding on tender shoots and fruits in the canopy; few other herbivores can convert such forest foliage into food for humans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like cattle and other herbivorous mammals, iguanas have a specialized digestive system with an enlarged fermentation chamber in which bacteria break down plant cells. Vegetation is converted into meat about as effectively as in cattle, but not as quickly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After reaching sexual maturity, at 2 or 3 years of age, females lay one clutch of 10 85 eggs each year. (For most specimens the average is probably about 35.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p349a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Native habitat of the green iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are generally slow moving and lethargic when cold, but during the heat of the day they become extremely alert and can run, swim, and climb with speed and agility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They have a complex social structure and a defined annual reproductive cycle. Hatchlings adapt easily to captivity both when artificially incubated and when captured in the wild. However, captured adults, used to living free, are hard to keep in small enclosures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green iguanas are used mainly for food. The meat tastes somewhat like chicken and in Latin America is typically cooked in a spicy stew. The eggs are also consumed. Small and leathery shelled, they are considered special delicacies and are said to cure various ailments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a sizable demand for live iguanas in the international pet trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exploitation has been mainly for the flesh; the skins are wasted in most cases. However, given organized production, green iguana skin could perhaps become a farm by-product. It sells in the international reptile-leather market under the trade name &quot;chameleon lizard.&quot; The hide is typically up to 20 cm wide. Thin and relatively fragile, it is glued to a fabric or cowhide backing to prevent it from tearing. The prime uses are for ladies' accessories, belts, wallets, and shoes. It is inappropriate for uses that involve flexure because the scales overlap and repeated flexing causes them to separate. The skin then becomes rough to the touch and loses its glossy finish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IGUANA MAMA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The program that now offers hope for raising green iguanas as microlivestock is the brainchild of zoologist Dagmar Werner. She began in 1983 by collecting 700 iguana eggs and then learning what to do with them &quot;on the job.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through a combination of luck and intuition, coupled with determination, she discovered appropriate conditions for incubating the eggs on the first try - no less surprising because her incubators (dirt-filled wooden boxes warmed with light bulbs) were in an apartment in a high-rise building in Panama City. Nonetheless, most of the eggs hatched and the several hundred squirming young lizards were quickly trucked to a forest park near the Panama Canal. Here, for five years, assisted by a steady stream of enthusiastic Panamanian biology students, Wemer experimented with cages, feeds, facilities, breeding genetic selection, and the myriad aspects of management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These dedicated researchers eventually devised what might be considered a production line, and they hatched and raised tens of thousands of green iguanas, reduced the animals' infant mortality rate, and created the basic underpinnings for economic production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1988, administration for the project was shifted to neighboring Costa Rica, where Werner established another research farm as well as a fund-raising foundation. From there, she hopes to catalyze all Central America to take up iguana production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Her immediate goal is, paradoxically, to preserve the lizards by putting an iguana in every pot. That will help reduce the indiscriminate hunting that is taking these animals toward extinction in the wild.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Her system is based on setting up feeding stations in the woods and releasing iguanas at seven months, an age at which they are virtually immune to predators. Iguanas need trees, and her ultimate goal is to help save the vanishing rainforests. With profitable iguana farming, she hopes to persuade farmers to save the trees as homes for iguanas, rather than clearing them for crops and cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Iguana management and an international marketing system will protect, rather than exterminate, the iguana,&quot; Werner says. &quot;I don't think iguana farming will stop deforestation. But I do think it will contribute a great deal.&quot; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The iguana farming project in Panama and Costa Rica (see sidebar) provides a model for what might be done elsewhere. In its first five years of operation, the project raised more than 10,000 green iguanas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To create the farms, enclosures are constructed with sheet-metal wails sunk 30 cm in the ground.' Inside, the animals sleep in shelters made of bamboo and vegetation. Each shelter has an adjustable entrance slit through which young lizards can slither, but predators, which usually are larger, cannot. Most are set on stilts and food is served in the shade underneath. With this system, from 20 to 60 young iguanas are kept in an area of 10 mÃ (0.5-0.17 mÃ of land area per individual). In another &quot;high-intensity&quot; design, 30 hatchlings are kept in cages I mÃ in size (only 0.05 mÃ per individual).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The iguana farms also include an artificial nest consisting of a &quot;tunnel&quot; leading to a sand-filled egg-laying chamber. (Both tunnel and chamber are made of concrete blocks or other predator-safe material.) Female iguanas (at least in captivity) prefer this to digging their own tunnels, and it is an important advance in iguana breeding because it produces a hatching success of close to 100 percent. Recent versions require no human intervention: the eggs incubate and hatch by themselves and the hatchlings climb out of the nest through a hollow bamboo &quot;pipe&quot; and fall into plastic bags, which can be easily emptied twice a day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The iguanas are fed mixtures of broken rice meal, meat meal, bone meal, fish meal, papayas, bananas, mangos, avocados, and a variety of leaves and flowers. Each day they receive fresh-cut leaves from plants such as beans, mustard, or hibiscus. Hatchlings are raised to an age of 6-10 months, when they are big enough to be released into forests, farmland with scattered trees, or into village backyards with almost no vulnerability to predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With each female producing an average of 35 eggs annually, these animals have inherently high reproductive potential. And if the young are protected from predators during their first few months, populations can build up rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iguanas adapt well to second-growth forest and to backyard conditions and can feed on the leaves of fruit trees or timber trees while the farmer can harvest the fruits or wood. Unless grossly overstocked, they are unlikely to affect the productivity of the trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These lizards may take three years to reach marketable size,2 and the cost of raising them to usable size entirely in captivity is currently greater than their market value as food. Less-expensive methods of raising the animals must be found if large-scale commercial iguana farming is to become economically feasible. The main problem is the high cost of the enclosures, not the cost of food. The food costs no more than that for raising a chicken to marketable size, but iguanas do not grow as fast as chickens. For smallholders the only cost of raising them is labor, and that is often unimportant. Free-ranging herbivorous lizards can damage home gardens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For conservation purposes, the main need is to educate people throughout Latin America to the iguana's plight. For example, in Central America people catch pregnant females and cut out the eggs for food. (There is a widespread misconception that the females survive this brutality.) This is devastating to the iguana populations, yet by installing artificial nests, farmers could let the females live and still harvest the eggs. Moreover, people could eat half the eggs and incubate the other half to repopulate the trees around their farms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also important to develop an understanding of iguana reproduction in the wild. At present, the longevity, growth rate, and age of sexual maturity are not well known. Such information would provide baseline data for creating conservation measures to reverse the depletion of this natural resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further husbandry research is needed. Costs must be reduced. The effectiveness of artificial nests must be tested in village practice. Survival rates of captive-raised young after release must be studied. And harvesting and recruitment schemes should be developed to secure optimum exploitation of the repopulated forests. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">34 Black Iguana</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g039a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work on green iguana husbandry may apply also to the black iguanas' (Ctenosaura similis, C. acanthura, C. hemilopha, and C. pectinata). These are similar lizards that live in dry habitats throughout Central America &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exploitation of wild black iguanas for food began in ancient times and has continued in most places over hundreds of years without much harm to the natural populations. Until the 1970s, Latin Americans could obtain the meat and eggs with little effort, and the animals sold cheaply in city markets. In recent years, however, the lizards have become scarce and prices have risen sharply. For instance, in 1976 the central market of San Salvador was selling large specimens for the equivalent of 80 cents, but by 1979 prices were generally from three to six times as much. Today, black iguana meat costs more than fish, poultry, pork, or beef.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eating small game animals is deeply rooted in the traditions of Central America and cannot readily be changed by legislation or education. Despite official edicts, campesinos on a subsistence diet will not willingly forego the little meat they get by capturing and eating lizards. Moreover, legislation is seldom effective because there are too few enforcement officials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with the green iguana, it seems likely that when the factors causing hatchling mortality are reduced, a large harvestable annual surplus can be produced. Black iguanas efficiently convert vegetation into high-grade protein suitable for human consumption. Young ones, however, are insectivorous and carnivorous rather than purely herbivorous, and during their first weeks of life may require a more expensive diet (perhaps meat scraps) than green iguanas require. Moreover, most insectivorous lizards require moving prey. They may or may not accept meat scraps as food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black iguanas are smaller and more stocky than green iguanas, but weigh up to 3 kg. Their tails are spiny and short. The scales on the tail are enlarged, grow in spirals, and are sharp-pointed. Other than that (apart from being generally greyish black in color), the two animals are similar in appearance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The different black iguana species range from northern Mexico along both coasts of Central America to Panama and Colombia's Caribbean islands. Most tolerate moderate human presence well, often thriving around town garbage dumps and cemeteries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As recently as 1981, black iguanas were shipped to markets by the truckload. Today, they are generally limited or even absent over much of their original range. Nevertheless, they are still the major game animals across extensive areas of Central America. Many of those taken are gravid females, which is disastrous for the populations. Excessive insecticide spraying is also thought to be reducing their populations in some areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black iguanas thrive in dry, open woodland. They particularly like rocky hillsides, for they depend for shelter on crevices, rock piles, or soft soil in which they dig burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These omnivores feed on foliage, flowers, and fruits, but also on insects and small vertebrates. Adults spend some of their time climbing trees, but they are much less arboreal than green iguanas. Hatchlings are initially terrestrial but have a mostly arboreal stage in their early weeks of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Females lay one clutch of 20-90 eggs each year. The eggs are much smaller than those of the green iguana and therefore are not as popular a food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p357a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of the black iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These lizards live in burrows or in holes in trees. A typical burrow has several entrances and is 1-2 m long. Several females may combine efforts to form a complex communal burrow with several individual nest chambers. They are such diligent diggers that many are caught while absorbed in the task of adding a new room.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some places, even where they are not common, black iguanas are still intensively hunted. Because their meat is valuable, the reward justifies the considerable effort involved in finding and killing them. Hence, where populations are so depleted that organized hunting is unprofitable, the animals are still subjected to relentless destruction by individuals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farming black iguanas is a novel idea. However, it is not a foolish one. In 1981 the Centro de Recursos Naturales (CENREN) in El &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Salvador started a black iguana farming project. Since then, its researchers have collected data on growth rates, feeding patterns, and the maintenance and reproduction of captive adults. The program offers some promise of maintaining breeding stock in large outdoor enclosures, of producing large numbers of hatchlings, and of restocking depleted areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;OTHER IGUANAS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other iguanas that deserve consideration for husbandry include the rock (rhinoceros) iguana (Cyclura cornuta), a herbivorous lizard of the Antillean region. This has been raised in considerable numbers at the National Zoo of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Captive-bred specimens have reproduced at the age of 32 months, average clutch size has been about 15, and the average incubation time has been 82 days (at 31ÃC). The innate tameness of these island iguanas renders them better adapted for captive rearing than either the green or the black iguana, and their greater size is an advantage as well. On the other hand, the length of time required to reach maturity, and the relatively small egg clutch (about half that of the green iguana and one-third that of the black iguana) are definite disadvantages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A related species, Iguana delicatissima, also deserves research and conservation attention. It occurs in the Leeward Islands and Martinique, and (as its specific name implies) is even better eating than the green iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latins believe that various ailments are cured or benefited by the flesh of these lizards, so they willingly pay much more for their meat than they would for equivalent amounts of other meats. In most places where the two occur together, the black iguana is preferred over the green iguana.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with green iguana, the black iguana reproduces readily in captivity and has an even higher reproductive potential (averaging 43 eggs per clutch). It has the additional advantage that it thrives in deforested and altered habitats. It can survive near human settlements despite the attacks of dogs and cats, and it attains dense populations in suburban lots or open spaces. (It survives even downtown in cities such as Managua, but not in dense populations because dogs, cats, and humans take so many.) Hence, even in towns and cities, there are habitats capable of supporting it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black iguanas will feed on weedy vegetation or garbage, and adults seem easier to maintain in captivity than their green iguana counterparts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The long delay (probably at least two years) before the animals reach marketable size might make it difficult for the grower to compete with common meats such as poultry or fish. Certain parasitic worms can make the flesh inedible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although smaller than green iguanas, black iguanas are much more aggressive and will defend what they perceive to be their territory. They can inflict a painful bite. They also tend to escape from captivity more readily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, these omnivores depend on animal matter during part of their life cycle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biology of the black iguana deserves much more study.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management techniques developed for the green iguana should be tested for their applicability for black iguana species. Harvesting and recruitment schemes must be developed to create sustainable populations in the wild. The specific needs for feeding the young also need to be addressed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I am convinced that in the Third World, it is only when poor people are assured of their livelihood that they will help us to safeguard their natural environments. So long as people remain hungry, it is very difficult to talk to them about conservation. As a result, I believe that development and conservation are inseparable. Only when conservation takes on a dimension of helping the poor, the downtrodden, the destitute, will it have an enduring impact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.S. Swaminathan International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I suspect that wildness is an inherited characteristic as was found for the turkey by Starker Leopold. So in attempting domestication one should expect to have difficulty until there are enough animals that you can select breeding stock for quietness and tractability.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ian McTaggart Cowan Emeritus Professor of Zoology&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of British Columbia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle will never be extinct for the simple reason that man eats cattle. The best way to preserve wild species is by demonstrating that they, too, can be a valuable resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ernie Matteram&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New York Times Magazine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife utilization should be considered a legitimate form of land use, just as much as livestock husbandry. In fact, what has happened in the past is that Man has domesticated a limited number of animals, mainly in the temperate zones, while overlooking a considerable potential of other animals, which could be domesticated or used with equal validity.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antoon De Vos &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part VII Others</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted in the preface, this report by no means exhausts all the microlivestock possibilities. Lack of space and time precludes discussion of creatures such as edible insects, snails, worms, frogs, turtles, and bats, which in some regions are highly regarded foods. Similarly, we have not included fish, shrimp, and other aquatic life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not to say that these are less worthy of consideration. The decision to leave them out was arbitrary, but with several recent breakthroughs in tropical beekeeping it seems prudent to include bees. Accordingly, the final chapter of this book describes the smallest livestock of all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bees are one of the most promising microlivestock. They forage on flowers that are otherwise little utilized and produce honey, wax, and other products of high value. They are important as plant pollinators and can greatly increase the production of some crops. Bees can be kept virtually anywhere with little disruption of other activities, and they are easily available. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">35 Bees</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/g040a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of all the livestock reviewed in this publication, bees are the smallest, the least demanding of space, probably the most familiar, and perhaps the most easily adapted to worldwide rural development efforts. For all that, however, they are an often forgotten component in agricultural programs. This is unfortunate because bees can be particularly valuable to tropical countries, providing pollination of crops, useful products, and a premium source of income.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost every village in every tropical country traditionally has had a beekeeper or two. Most use &quot;seat-of-the-pants&quot; methods and &quot;rustic&quot; hives, and this generally leads to low yields and inefficiencies. Today, numerous innovative methods and appropriate equipment are coming available. Many are still not widely known; however, their importance is slowly being recognized. Indeed, some developing countries are already turning bees into a valued natural resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, in less than 10 years Kenya has become self-sufficient in honey production and - despite increased local consumption - is now exporting. In seven years, Papua New Guinea has met its local honey requirements and now also exports its surplus. In only four years, Thailand increased yearly production from practically nothing to more than 1,000 tons. In Brazil, beekeeping is more widespread and production greater than before the outbreak of the African honey bee. These achievements can be largely attributed to the promotion of innovative equipment, modern beekeeping techniques, and extension support for small-scale beekeepers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;APPEARANCE AND SIZE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees are generally easily recognized and need no description here. The major species and subspecies are all roughly similar in appearance and size. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DISTRIBUTION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among several hundred species of bees that store honey and pollen in harvestable amounts, only two &quot;social&quot; species, Apis mellifera and Apis cerana, produce multiple combs and can be kept in hives.' Given adequate forage and proper management, they can build up a honey surplus that can be harvested without harming their colonies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apis mellifera, the most widely distributed and exploited honey bee, comes from Europe and Africa. The subspecies from Europe (especially the Italian type, A. mellifera ligustica) is normally preferred because of its docility and high honey yields. It is now the predominant honey bee throughout the temperate zones of Europe, North America, Australasia, and China. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the many subspecies in Africa, A. mellifera adansonii and A. mellifera scutellata have the widest native ranges. The latter was accidently released in Brazil in 1957. It has become naturalized and has dominated the European bees formerly kept by beekeepers. By l990, it had spread northwards to the southernmost areas of the United States and southwards deep into Argentina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The docile Asian hive bee, A. cerana, is found in Asia from the Middle East to Japan and as far south as Indonesia. Although it produces much less honey per hive than A. mellifera, its overall production in many Southeast Asian countries may be greater.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STATUS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees do not face extinction. However, genetic diversity is disappearing due to loss of habitat, insecticides, displacement by massproduced, genetically uniform queens and exotic breeds, destructive harvesting, and the spread of diseases and pests such as protozoans, bacteria, insects, and mites.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees can exist in locations from deserts to rainforests and from near the Arctic to the tropics. They occur wherever there is nectar, pollen, tree resin (for nest building), shelter, and a little water. Heat, drought, and especially rain and humidity may curtail their activities, but a well-managed colony can survive periods of extreme adversity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BIOLOGY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bees live in rigidly hierarchical colonies. Normally there is a  single queen. After mating, she begins laying hundreds of eggs a day.  Those that are fertilized become sterile females, called workers; those  that remain unfertilized develop into males (drones), whose only role is  to fertilize future queens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After two or three years the queen, worn-out, starts laying fewer  and fewer eggs, and the colony may replace her. At that time a few  female larvae are raised on royal jelly, a nutritious, little-understood  secretion that causes them to develop into queens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Workers perform different tasks as they mature. Young ones tend  the queen, guard the hive, and raise the larvae. Older ones, comprising  the vast majority of a colony's population, gather pollen and nectar and  water. Pollen provides the protein and fats, and the nectar, converted  into honey in the bee's body, provides carbohydrates to feed the colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEHAVIOR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey bee activities are dictated by weather, availability of food,  genetics, and the overall strength of the colony. They are mediated by  chemical interactions between the queen and the workers that control  almost all behavior.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the Asian and European hive bees are relatively docile, most  of the African subspecies are unpredictable and may defend their  colonies in great numbers and with great persistence. The threat of  &quot;killer bees&quot; has been greatly exaggerated, however. Africans have  provided them nests and hives - and harvested their honey - for  thousands of years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Occasionally, large numbers of the bees in a colony split off from  their nest or hive. They usually cluster on a nearby tree or building,  calmly waiting for &quot;scouts&quot; to find a suitable new home. These  homeless swarms can be captured and will readily move into a hiveâ  the simplest and cheapest way for beekeepers to acquire a colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey and beeswax are two of nature's best known and most  valuable products. Honey can be employed in hundreds of foods. It is  widely used in baking because, in addition to its flavor, it retains  moisture better than sugar or syrup, and the product keeps longer. Honey-based alcoholic beverages are popular in many parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beeswax also is used in many products, including candles, lubricants, polish, waterproofings, soaps, cosmetics, and electronics. Beeswax can be locally important for `'lost-wax&quot; metal-casting and sculptures as well as batik-dyed clothing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both bee pollen and royal jelly are used in cosmetics and can be eaten. Bee venom is used medicinally, particularly in Europe and the developing world. Bee larvae are eaten raw or fried in many parts of Asia and Africa and are considered a delicacy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUSBANDRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Keeping bees means managing a colony so that it produces surplus honey or wax. Specifically this requires:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Providing a suitable hive;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Obtaining bees by collecting a swarm, transferring a wild colony, or purchasing a colony complete with an active queen;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Maintaining the colony free from natural enemies in an area that allows it to produce excess honey; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Harvesting the excess honey without weakening the colony or causing it to flee (abscond).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADVANTAGES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Few other livestock enterprises require less capital, less space, or less attention. Moreover, scarcely any other provides higher quality, more marketable products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beekeeping is a respected and traditional activity in most areas of the world. It promotes self-reliance and requires little, if any, land or money. It is an easy-entry cottage industry that can be started with minimal equipment or training. It can be done by any member of a family as it requires no special strength or size. It is especially appropriate for increasing women's income in the many areas where men are away working.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beekeeping is suited to remote areas where many agricultural enterprises are at a competitive disadvantage because their products are bulky and far from the markets. Honey, wax, pollen, and other bee products can all be sold far from their point of origin, have high monetary value for their weight, and generally find a ready market. Local honeys often command premium prices (in part because many of them are considered medicinal). In addition, beekeeping encourages people to remain in rural areas rather than move to the city in search of an income.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pollination increases the productivity of many crops, and therefore a few hives can boost local food production. By rotating hives among farmers' fields and orchards, a beekeeper performs a valuable service.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beekeeping is also an important adjunct to reforestation and desert reclamation projects. It can provide income during the long wait for the trees to reach marketable size. Many forests are potential reservoirs of honey and other products. In some cases, the bees also enhance the fruitfulness and standing value of forests. They also increase pollination in tree-seed orchards and tree nurseries. And in newly established forests, bees improve reseeding potential. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BETTER BEEHIVES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So many hives have been developed in recent years that a design now exists for almost any level of expertise. One of the most important for Third World beekeeping is the top-bar hive. This crate-like box, derived from an ancient Greek design, incorporates modern beekeeping principles but adds the innovation of sloping sides. Beneath its lid are removable boards (top bars) from which the bees hang the combs (because the sides are sloping the bees do not attach the edges of the comb to them). By lifting a top bar, the comb can be inspected and handled - and the honey harvested - with little disturbance to the colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This simple hive can make beekeeping accessible to even the poorest people. It is easy to build and use, and can be locally constructed from scrap lumber. It is well suited for raising most types of honey bees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More elaborate and productive is the African long hive. In addition to having top bars, this square-sided box has removable frames within which the bees build their comb.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most elaborate is the Langstroth hive - the type most common in temperate zones.* These yield the most honey. They can be made only where there are facilities for precise carpentry, where durable, nonwarping parts are available, and where there are good extension services to aid and assist beekeepers. Although traditional Langstroth hives are demanding to build and maintain, simplified designs have been created for use in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STINGLESS BEES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By far the most common bees in the tropics, perhaps in the  world, are bees that cannot sting. Their stingers are so akophied  as to be essentially nonexistent (but some can deliver a pretty  fierce bite). They live in colonies and store their honey in wax  pots, some as large as egg cups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stingless bees can be abundant. In a two-block area in  downtown Panama City, 150 nests have been counted. However,  many species depend on trees and their populations are  plummeting as more and more tropical forests are felled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like honey bees, stingless bees have been &quot;domesticated.&quot; For  thousands of years in the tropical Americas, Indians have raised  them in special hives made out of logs, gourds, clay pots, and  other simple containers. Cortes reported in 1519 that Indians on  the island of Cozumel, the now popular tourist spot off the east  coast of Yucatan, practiced beekeeping. That was almost 300 years  before the European honeybee was introduced. A popular Mayan  drink was honey wine, and Mayan beekeepers carved stone  earplugs to keep these bees out of their ears.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honey from stingless bees has less sugar than normal honey.  However, it is usually more tasty. It is used throughout the  tropics: the Americas, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia, for  instance. Normally, the nests are just robbed, which devastates  the bees because the queen cannot fly, and when she is disturbed  the colony dies. In some areas people open a little hole in the nest.  By putting in a plug, they can then harvest honey a couple of  times a year without destroying the colony.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, a few scientists are reconsidering stingless beekeeping.  In the state of Maranhao in Brazil, an area of crushing poverty,  biologist Warwick Kerr is harnessing stingless bees. He began  after learning that peasants were spending a third of their meager  incomes buying sugar. As part of his experiments, he keeps 60  hives stacked in his garage on the outskirts of the city of San Luis.  (A notable feature of these bees is that there is no prohibition  against keeping them in populated areas.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kerr has found that stingless bees can be made to produce well.  After years of experimenting with different-sized boxes, he can  now obtain more than 4.5 lifers of honey per hive per year. He  reports that the stingless bees are easy to maintain, and can be  raised by poor peoole without land or equipment.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared to raising four-footed livestock, beekeeping is inexpensive and fairly trouble free, but it is not without problems. Many things can go wrong, and include, for example:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Losses. Bees are susceptible to various predators, pests, and diseases. Although ways to avoid or control most afflictions are available, once a colony becomes infested it may have to be destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Theft. Hives or combs - usually kept in secluded areas - that are full of honey are tempting targets and may be stolen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Swarming and absconding. Some or all of the bees may leave a hive and start a new nest, taking even the honey with them.2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Bad management. Beekeeping requires certain skills and knowledge, and sometimes frequent attention (such as when the colony is stressed, diseased, or swarming).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Lack of equipment. Beekeepers need hives, smokers (to quiet and repel the bees), hive tools, and - advisable but not absolutely necessary - gloves and a veil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Inadequate storage. Some areas lack the knowledge or the bottles in which to store liquid honey.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Pesticides and herbicides. Nectar- and pollen-collecting bees are vulnerable to insecticides, which farmers may apply (often inappropriately) at the time their crops are flowering. Herbicides can destroy important sources of bee forage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Neighborhood concerns. Bees can sting people and livestock. Although wild bees (and other insects) are the principal culprits, the beekeeper is often blamed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Stressful conditions. When rainfall, aridity, heat, or cold are excessive, bees often cannot produce surplus honey.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NEEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surprisingly, much remains to be learned about the natural science of bees. Although some of the research requires sophisticated equipment and facilities, much can (or must) be performed locally by beekeepers because many factors - such as colony behavior, foraging habits, and microclimatic adaptation - depend on the local conditions. This research may include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Adaptation. The provision of locally adapted bee varieties is an important basis for developing advanced beekeeping. This can be done by selecting an appropriate local queen. Further, local breeding of queens and workers lessens the probability of importing exotic diseases and pests. Recent developments promise to move the mass production of queens and workers from the realm of high technology to common practice.4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Integration. Continued developments in beekeeping cannot succeed without research, promotion, education, training, and extension services. These are essential for integrating beekeeping with agriculture and reforestation efforts. Thus, descriptions of agronomic plants should always include pollination requirements as well as nectar and pollen potentials. Planting nectar- and pollen-producing firewood species would increase the number of bees, which would in turn help ensure forest survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Bee plants. There is still much to be understood about the relative qualities that different plants bring to beekeeping. Recently, many valuable bee-forage plants have been identified.5 These deserve special consideration in any reforestation or beautification projects. Broad introduction of these plants may also encourage beekeeping that could produce high-value &quot;specialty&quot; honeys or ensure more continuous production of honey. There may also be a place for &quot;bee farms,&quot; where every plant is bee forage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- New bee species. Nontraditional species of Apis as well as other members of the bee family (such as Anthophora, Bombus, Megachilae, Nomia, Osmia, Xylocopa, and especially Trigona and Melipona, which are stingless) should be studied to determine their role in pollination and - for some species - their further exploitation for honey. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A Selected Readings</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A small selection follows of books and articles that are not too  difficult to locate and that will help readers explore each topic further. Obscure documents are accompanied by an address from which readers can obtain a reprint or photocopy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GENERAL&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grzimek, B. 1975. Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 1-13. Van Nostrand Reinhold  Company, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robbins, C.T. 1983. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICROBREEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1988. A World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties.  Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. Microcattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barnard, J.P. and J.P. Venter. 1983. Indigenous and Exotic Beef Cattle in South West  Africa - A Progress Report. Available from Department of Agriculture and Nature  Conservation, PB 13184, Windhoek 9000, Namibia. (Sanga)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health  Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett, eds. 1974. Animal Agriculture. 2nd edition. W.H. Freeman  and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. and l.L. Mason. 1984. Cattle. Pages 6-27 in Evolution of Domesticated  Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Felius, M. 1985. Genus Bos: Cattle Breeds of the World. MSD-AGVET, Merck and Co.,  Rahway, New Jersey. 234 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gryseels, G. 1980. Improving Livestock and Farm Production in the Ethiopian Highlands:  Initial Results. ILCA study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa,  Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, General Study.  International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joshi, N.R. and R.W. Phillips. 1953. Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan. FAO Agricultural  Study No. 19. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 297 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joshi, N.R., E.A. McLaughlin, and R.W. Phillips. 1957. Types and Breeds of African  Cattle. FAO Agricultural Study No. 37. Food and Agriculture Organization of the  United Nations, Rome. 297 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Koger, M., T.J. Cunha, and A.C. Warnick, eds. 1973. Crossbreeding Beef Cattle. Series 2. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Martinez Balboa, A. 1980. La Ganaderia en Baja California Sur. Vol. 1. Editorial J.B. La Paz, BCS: Mexico. 229 pp. (Criollo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maule, J.P. 1989. The Cattle of the Tropics. Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, L.R., ed. 1985. Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in Warm Climates. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, R.E. 1972. Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, R.E. 1983. Strategy for Improving Beef and Dairy Cattle in the Tropics. Cornell International Agricultural mimeo. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miller, W.J. 1979. Dairy Cattle Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council. 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council. 1981. Effect of Environment on Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perry, T.W. 1980. Beef Cattle Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rollinson, D.H.L. 1984. Bali cattle. Pages 28-34 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1970. World Cattle. Vol. 1, Cattle of Europe, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1970. World Cattle. Vol. 2, Cattle of Africa and Asia. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1973. World Cattle. Vol.3, Cattle of North America. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rouse, J.E. 1977. The Criollo-Spanish Cattle in the Americas. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, USA. 303 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shirley, R.L. 1986. Nitrogen and Energy Nutrition of Ruminants. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thrower, W.R. 1954. The Dexter Cow. Revised third impression, 1980. The Spaulding Press, Bethel, Vermont, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Acharya, R.M. 1982. Sheep and Goat Breeds of India. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 30. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ademosun, A.A. 1985. Capra spp.: The Emblem of Anarchy - The King-Pin of Man's Pastoral Life. Ife Lectures No. 3. University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copland, J.W. 1985. Goat Production and Research in the Tropics. Proceedings of a workshop held at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, February 6-8, 1984. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Proceedings Series No. 7, 118 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and M. Burns. 1983. Goat Production in the Tropics. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. 83 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and G.L. McLeroy. 1983. Goat and Sheep Production in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and J.E. Owen. 1983. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of meat production from goats. World Animal Review (FAO) 47:19-29.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fielding, D. Goat-keeping in Mauritius. Sonderdruck aus Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie. Vol 97(1)(1980):21-27.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gall, C., ed. 1981. Goat Production. Academic Press, London. 619 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haenlein, G.F.W. and D.L. Ace. 1983. Goat Extension Handbook. University of Delaware Cooperative Extension Service, Newark, Delaware, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husnain, H.V. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Pakistan. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Small Ruminant Production Systems in South and Southeast Asia, C. Devendra, ed. Proceedings of a workshop held in Bogor, Indonesia, October 6-10, 1986, cosponsored by the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1983. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Sheep and Goats, D.H. Hill, ed. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, September 24-26, 1980. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Humid West Africa. Proceedings of the International Workshop held in Ibadan, Nigeria, January 23-26, 1984. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, General Study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;King, J.W.B., ed. 1988. Directory of Research on Sheep and Goats. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International, Wallingford, Oxford, UK. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1981. Breeds. Pages 57-110 in Goat Production, C. Gall, ed. Academic Press, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1984. Goat. Pages 85-99 in Evolution of the Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council, 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.T. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Goat Production and Disease. January 10-15, 1982, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Copies can be obtained from Kent Leach, Dairy Goat Journal, P.O. Box 1808, Scottsdale, Arizona 85252, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilson, R.T., T. Murayi, and A. Rocha. 1989. Indigenous African small ruminant strains with potentially high reproductive performance. Small Ruminant Research 2: 107-117.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Winrock International, 1984. Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries. Winrock International Technical Paper. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Acharya, R.M. 1982. Sheep and Goat Breeds of lndia. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 30. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carles, A.B. 1983. Sheep Production in the Tropics. Oxford University Press, London. 213 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 217 pp. Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Francisco, Calffornia, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C. and G.L. McLeroy. 1983. Goat and Sheep Production in the Tropics. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Longman, London. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitzhugh, H.A. and G.E. Bradford, eds. 1983. Hair Sheep of Western Africa and the Americas. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Husnain, H.V. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Pakistan. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. International Development Research Centre (IDRC). 1987. Small Ruminant Production Systems in South and Southeast Asia, C. Devendra, ed. Proceedings of a workshop held in Bogor, Indonesia, October 6-10, 1986, cosponsored by the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program. IDRC, Ottawa, Canada. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1983. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Sheep and Goats, D.H. Hill, ed. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, September 24-26, 1980. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1985. Sheep and Goats in Humid West Africa. Proceedings of the International Workshop held in Ibadan, Nigeria, January 23-26, 1984. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILCA. 1979. Trypanotolerant Livestock in West and Central Africa. Vol. 1, Ceneral &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Study. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;King, J.W.B., ed. 1988. Directory of Research on Sheep and Goats. Commonwealth&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agricultural Bureaux International, Wallingford, Oxford, UK. 271 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. 1980. Prolific Tropical Sheep. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 17. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, l.L.1967. Sheep Breeds of the Mediterranean. Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. Phillips, R.W., R.C. Johnson, and R.T. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ponting, K. 1980. Sheep of the World. Blandford Press, Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ryder, M.L. 1984. Sheep. Pages 63-85 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ryder, M.L. 1983. Sheep and hIan. Monograph. Duckworth, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Terrill, C.E. 1970. Sheep breeds of the world. (505 breeds). USDA mimeo. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 163 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whitehurst, V.E., R.M. Crown, R.W. Phillips, and D.A. Spencer. 1947. Productivity of Columbia sheep in Florida and their use for crossing with native sheep. Florida Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 429. 34 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduotion to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilson, R.T., T. Murayi, and A. Rocha. 1989. Indigenous African small ruminant strains with potentially high reproductive performance. Small Ruminant Research 2: 107-117. Winrock International. 1984. Sheep and Goats in Developing Countries. Winrock International Technical Paper. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaltin, B.C. 1979. The Sheep Breeds of Afghanistan, lran, and Turkey. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Micropig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu. 1984. Livestock Breeds of China. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clutton-Brock, J. 1981. Domesticated Animals from Early Times. British Museum (Natural History), London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cole, H.H. and W.N. Garrett. 1980. Animal Agriculture. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, Calffornia, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cunha, T.J. 1977. Swine Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. and M. Bichard. 1984. Pigs. Pages 145-162 in Evolution of Domesticated &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Krider, J.L., J.H. Conrad, and W.E. Carroll. 1982. Swine Production. McGraw-Hill Company, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I.L. and J.P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, UK. National Research Council. 1983. Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 1980. Animal Science in China. CSCPRC Report No. 12. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panepinto, L.M. 1986. Miniature swine in biomedical research. LabAnimal 15(8)(November/December 1986):21-27.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panepinto, L.M., R.W. Phillips, L.R. Wheeler, and D.H. Will. 1978. The Yucatan miniature pig as a laboratory animal. Laboratory Animal Science 28(3):308-313.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W. and T.Y. Hou. 1944. Chinese swine and their performance compared with modern and crosses between Chinese and modern breeds. Journal of Heredity 35:365-79.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pond, W.G. and J.H. Maner. 1984. Swine Production and Nutrition. AVI Publishing Company, Westport, Connecticut, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G. and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. 2nd edition. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POULTRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World's Poultry Science Journal is published 3 times a year by the World's Poultry Science Association, (c/o Institut f-r Kleintierzucht, Dornbergstrasse 25/27, Postfach 280, C-3100 Celle, Germany). It has also published a multilingual poultry dictionary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry, an international journal on poultry, is published by Misset International, a department of Uitgeversmaatschappij, C. Misset b.v., Doetinchem-The Netherlands. (Address: Misset International, P.O. Box 4, 7000 BA Doetinchem, Netherlands.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poultry Science is published monthly by the Poultry Science Association, Inc., 309 West Clark Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA. British Poultry Science, a quarterly, is available c/o Longman Group Ltd., Subscriptions (Journals) Department, Fourth Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM195AA, UK. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicken&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attfield, H.H.D. 1990. Raising Chickens and Ducks. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Arlington, Virginia, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crawford, R.D. 1984. Domestic fowl. Pages 298-311 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ensminger, M.E.1971. Poultry Science. Interstate Printers and Publishers, Inc., Danville, Illinois, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fielding, D. 1984. The silent scavengers. African Farming September/October 1984: 11-13.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Howman, K.C. 1980. Pheasants: Their Breeding and Management. K&amp;amp;R Books, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Huchzermeyer, F.W. 1973. Free ranging hybrid chickens under African tribal conditions. Rhodesian Agricultural Journal 70:73-75.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latif, M.A. 1985. In-Depth Analysis on the Successful Experience of Poultry Production in Bangladesh. Report submitted to FAO-APHC Regional Animal Production and Health Office. FAD/UN, Bangkok, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savannah and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. M.Sc. thesis, University of Reading, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MTrat, P. 1986. Potential usefulness of the Na (Naked Neck) gene in poultry production. [Vorld's Poultry Science Journal 42:124-142.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nesheim, M.C., R.E. Austic, and L.E. Card. 1979. Poultry Production. 12th edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.C. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scott, M.L., M.C. Nesheim, and R.J. Young. 1982. Nutrition of the Chicken. M.L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smith, A.J. nd. Supplementation for scavenging animals. Unpublished paper. Copies available from A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somes, R. 1984. International Registry of Poultry Genetic Stocks. BuDetin 469, University of Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Araucanian&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilhelm, G.O.E. 1965-1966. La Gallina Araucana (Gallus inauris castelloi 1914). Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile, Boletia de Concepcion 40:5-26.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duck&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A film, Duck Farmingâan Indonesian Tradition, is available from the CSIRO Film and Video Unit, 314 Albert Street, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia. Soundtrack is in English or Indonesian and it is available in 16 mm or VHS/Beta Video.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attfield, H.H.D. 1990. Raising Chickens and Ducks. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Arlington, Virginia, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clayton, G.A. 1984. Common duck. Pages 334-339 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farrell, D. and P. Stapleton, eds. 1986. Duck Production, Science and World Practice. Proceedingsofaduckproductionworkshop, November 18-22, 1985, Bogor, Indonesia. Central Research Institute for Animal Science. Available from Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. 430 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holderread, D. 1978. The Home Duck Flock. The Hen House, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kingston, D.K., D. Kosasih, and I. Ardi. 1979. The Rearing of Alabio Dt~cklings -nd Management of the Laying Duck Flocks in the Swamps of South Kalimantan. Report No. 9. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Ciawi, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Petheram, R.J. and A. Thahar. 1983. Duck egg production systems in West Java. Agricultural Systems 2:75-86.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scott, M.L. and W.F. Dean. 1991. Nutrition and Management of Ducks. M.L. Scott of Ithaca, Publisher (P.O. Box 4464, Ithaca, New York 14852, USA)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Warren, A.G. 1972. Ducks and geese in the tropics. World Animal Review 3:35-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yi Yung and Yu-Ping Zhon. 1980. The Pekin duck in China. World Animal Review 34:11-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crawford, R.D. 1984. Goose. Pages 345-349 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1983. The Goose and its Possible Use for Controlling Weeds. Small Animals for Small Farms. GAN-I. FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Casilla 10095, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holderread, D. 1981. The Book of Geeseâa Complete Guide to Raising the Home Flock. Hen House Publications, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R.W., R.G. Johnson, and R.J. Moyer. 1945. The Livestock of China. U.S. Department of State Publication No. 2249, Far Eastern Series 9. U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C. 174 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soames, B. 1980. Keeping Domestic Geese. Blandford, London. 159 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USDA Extension Service. 1983. Raising Geese. Farmer's Bulletin No. 2251. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Warren, A.G. 1972. Ducks and geese in the tropics. World Animal Review 3:35-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Fowl&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many research papers have been published in French, Italian, Spanish, and Russian, but few in English.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ayeni, J.S.O. 1983. Studies of Grey Breasted Helmet Guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) in Nigeria. World's Poultry Science Journal 39(2):143-151.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Belshaw, R.H.H. 1985. Guinea Fowl of the World. Nimrod Book Services, P.O. Box No. 1, Liss, Hampshire, UK. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blum, J.C., J. Guillaume, and B. Leclercq. 1975. Studies of the energy and protein requirements of the growing guinea-fowl. Br-ish Poultry Science 16:157-168.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cauchard, J.C. 1971. La Pintade. Henri Peladan, UzFs, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chemillier, J. 1984. L'Alimentation de la Pintade. F. Hoffmann-La Roche and Cie, 52, Boulevard du Parc, 92521 Neuilly-sur-Seine, Cedex, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. 1968. Guinea Fowl Breeding and Managernent. Annotated Bibliography No. 85. The Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, King's Buildings, Edinburgh 9, Scotland, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leclercq, B. 1982. Alimentation des Futurs Reproducteurs Pintades. Pages 101-111 in FertilitT et Alimentation des Volailles. I.N.R.A. Edit.7 Versailles, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leclercq, R. and B. Sauveur. 1982. L'alimentation des reproducteurs pintades. Pages 113-135 in FertilitT et Alimentation des Volailles, I.N.R.A. edit., Versailles, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lukefahr, S. Raising guinea fowl. Paper available from author, c/o International Small Livestock Research Center, Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University. P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1985. Small-scale guinea-few! production. Pamphlet 934. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Publications), Lion House, Alnwick, Northumberland NE66 2PF, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mongin, P. and M. Plouzeau. 1984. Guinea-fowl. Pages 322-324 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I . L. Mason, ed. Longman, London .&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USDA. 1970. Raising Cuinea Fowl. Leaflet No. 519. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clayton, G.A. 1984. Muscovy duck. Pages 340-344 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;De Corville, H. 1972. La Production du Canard de Barbarie. Copies available from Institut nacional de la recherce agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farrell, D. and P. Stapleton, eds. 1986. Duck Production, Science and World Practice. Proceedings of a duck production workshop, November 18-22, 1985, Bogor, Indonesia. Central Research Institute for Animal Science. Copies available from D. Farrell, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffreys, M.D.W. 1956. The Muscovy duck. The Nigerian Field21(3):108-11.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kingston, D.J., D. Kosasih, and I. Ardi. 1978. The Use of the Muscovy Drrck for Hatching of Alabio Duck Ãggs in the Swamplands of Kalimantan. Centre Report No. 7. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Richet, M. 1985. La production du canard de Barbarie. Techniques Agricoles 3770.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abs, M., ed. 1983. Pltysiology and Behavior of the Pigeon. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hawes, R.O. 1984. Pigeons. Pages 351-356 in Evolution of Domesticated Anirnals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hollander, W.F. and W.J. Miller. 1981. Hereditary variants of behavior and vision in the pigeon. Iowa State Journal of Research 55(4):323-331.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Levi, W.M. 1965. Encyclopedia of Pigeon Breeds. T.F.H. Publications, Jersey City, New Jersey, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Levi, W.M. 1981. The Pigeon. 2nd edition revised. Levi Publishing, Sumter, South Carolina, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murton, R.K., R.P.J. Thearle, and J. Thompson. 1972. Ecological studies of the feral pigeon (Columba livia). 1. Population, breeding biology and methods of control. II. Flock behaviour and social organisation. Ecology 9:835-889.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Wisconsin. 1977. Pigeons. Bulletin 4-H 135. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;USDA. 1963. Squab Raising. Farmers Bulletin No. 684. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bourquin, O. 1980. Biology of rhe Quail (Coturnix coturnix Linnaeus 1758). Ph.D. thesis, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Republic of South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katoh, H. and N. Wakasugi. 1980. Studies on the blood groups in the Japanese quail: detection of three antigens and their inheritance. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 4:99-110.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kawahara, T. 1973. Comparative study of quantitative traits between wild and domestic Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Experimental Animals 22(supplement): 138-50.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marsh, A. Quail Manual. Marsh Farms, 7171 Patterson Drive, Garden Grove, Calffornia 92641, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Academy of Sciences. 1969. Coturnix (Coturnix coturnix japonica): Standards and Guidelines for the Breeding, Care, and Management of Laboratory' Animals. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail Production Technology. Leaflet No. 13/1982. Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somes, R.G., Jr. 1981. International Registry of Poultry Genetic Stocks. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Varghese, S.K. 1981. Coturnix Internationalâat home and in the Caribbean. Poultry Science 60:1747.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Varghese, S.K. 1982. Coturnix production proves to be a profitable business. Poultry Science 61:1560.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Varghese, S.K. 1983. Processing and yield of coturnix (Japanese quail). Poultry Science 62:1517&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wakasugi, N. and K. Kondo. 1973. Breeding methods for maintenance of mutant genes and establishment of strains in the Japanese quail. Experimental Animals 22(Supplement): I 51 -9.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Woodard, A.E., A. Abplanalp, W.O. Wilson, and P. Vohra. 1973. Japanese Quail Husbandry in the Laboratory. Department of Avian Sciences, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berg, R. and D. Halvorson. 1985. Turkey Management Guide. Minnesota Turkey Growers Association, 678 Transfer Road, St. Paul, Minnesota 55114, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crawford, R.D. 1984. Turkey. Pages 325-334 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ensminger, M.E. 1971. PoultryScience. InterstatePrintersandPublishers, Inc., Danville,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Illinois, USA. Sainsbury, D. 1980. Poultry Health and Management. Granada, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RABBITS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Rabbit Research Center has been established at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA. It publishes the Journal of Applied Rabbit Research, whose purpose is to convey current research information to those with an interest in commercial rabbit production. The journal describes research conducted at the center and reviews rabbit research results reported in the world's scientific literature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Founded in 1976 in Paris, the World Rabbit Science Association (Typing House, Shurdington, Cheltenhem, Gloucestershire, GL51 SXF, UK) publishes a newsletter of coming events and chronicles the progress of rabbit farming in most countries of the world. Its aims are to facilitate the advancement of the various branches of the rabbit industry, disseminate knowledge, and study problems of production and marketing. Its members represent individuals and associations in 20 countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The American Rabbit Breeder's Association (1925 South Main Street, Bloomington, Illinois 61701, USA) has published a book, Guide to Producing Better Rabbits, which contains an abundance of information concerning management and diseases of the domestic rabbit. The organization also publishes a bimonthly magazine, Domestic Rabbit, that includes a great deal of updated information on rabbit raising.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asociacion Espanola de Cunicultura (Spanish Rabbit Science Association), Now, 23 08785 Ballbona d'Anoia, Barcelona, Spain, has a set of slides for training, covering breeds, handling, pathology, and commercialization.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Report of the Workshop on Rabbit Husbandry. Copies of this report are available free of charge from the International Foundation for Science, Sibyllegatan 47, S-114 42 Stockholm, Sweden. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A Working Rabbit Literature Resources File. This materia, is directed at scientists working on some aspect of domestic rabbit research. It lists methods of computer searching for scientific reports in the world's scientific literature, various types of computer literature searches, including commerciaHy available ones, and government services. It a,so includes a list of prepared abstracts. The address is D.D. Caveny and H. L. Enos, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic Rabbit&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ministry of Livestock Development. 1981. Rabbit Production. Kenya Ministry of Livestock Development. Copies can be obtained from the Agricultural Information Centre, P.O. Box 14733, Nairobi, Kenya.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attfield, H.H.D. 1977. Rabbit Raising. Volunteers in Technical Assistance, 1815 Lynn&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209, USA. 90 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bennett, R. 1975. Raising Rabbits the Modern Way. Garden Way Publishing, Charlotte, Vermont 05445, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheeke, P.R. 1987. Rabbit Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheeke, P.R., N.M. Patton, S.D. Lukefahr, and J.I. McNitt. 1986. Rabbit Production. Sixth edition. The Interstate, Danville, Illinois, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1986. Cooking Rabbits. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,  Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1986. Self-Teaching Manual on Backyard Rabb- Rearing. Food and Agriculture  Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Latin America and the  Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1986. Backyard Rabbit Rearing: Some Basic Husbandry Practices. Small Animals  for Small Farms. GAN-16. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,  Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schlolaut, W., ed. 1985. A Compendium of Rabbit Production. Gesellschaft f-r  Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Publication No. 169. TZ-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH,  Postfach 36, D6101 Rossdorf, Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sicivaten, J. and D. Stahl. 1982. A Complete Handbook on Backyard and Commercial  Rabbit Production. CARE/Philippines.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vogt, D.W. 1982. Raising Rabbits in Hawaii. Circular 499, Cooperative Extension  Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at  Manoa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agouti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A report summarizing preliminary results in a captive-breeding project in Mexico is available from A. D. Cuaron (see Research Contacts for address).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deutsch, L.A., and G. Santos. 1984. Contribuitao pare o conhecimento do gOnero  Dasyproctaâreprodutao de cutiasâentre cruzamente das espTcies Dasyprocta aguti,  Dasyprocta azarae e Dasyprocta fuliginosa. Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, II,  BelTm, 1984. Resumos. . .BelTm, SBZ/UFPalMPEC, p. 383-4/(Resumos 390). Copies  available from the authors, see Research Contacts.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clark, M.M. and B.G. Galef, Jr. 1977. Patterns of agonistic interaction and space  utilization by agoutis, Dasyprocta punctata. Behavioral Biology 20:135-140.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leopold, A.S. 1959. Pages 388-393 in Wildlife of Mexico. University of California Press,  Berkeley and Los Angeles.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meritt, D.A., Jr. 1982. Bibliography of Dasyprocta (Rodentia). Brenesia 19/20:595-612.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meritt, D.A., Jr. 1983. Preliminary observations on reproduction in the Central  American agouti, Dasyprocta punctata. Zoo Biology 2:127-131.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Morris, D. 1962. The behaviour of the green acouchi (Myoprocta pratti) with special  reference to scatter hoarding. Proceedings Zoological Society of London 139:701732.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smith N. 1974. Agouti and babassu. Oryx 12(5):581-582.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smythe, N. 1978. The Natural History of the Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta  punctata). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 257. Smithsonian Institution,  Washington, D.C., USA. 52 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tribe, C.J., R. Leher, M.C.O. Doglio, M.I.L. Rebello, D.S. Mello, and E.M.M. Guimar es.  1985. Uma tentative de esclarecimento do uso de espato e estrutura social na cutia  Dasyprocta a. aguti (Rodentia). Pages 296-7 in Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, 12,  Campinas, 1985. Resumos. . .Campinas, SBZ/UNICAMP, 1985. (Resumo 614.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A capybara bibliography, Bibliograf a sobre Chiguires (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), is available from E. Gonzalez-Jimenez and JosT Roberto de Alencar Moreira (see Research Contacts for addresses).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1979. Produccion de Cuyes. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Puno.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baldizan, A., R.M. Dixon, and R. Parra. 1983. Digestion in the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). South African Journal of Animal Science 13(1):27-28.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1977a. The capybara, an indigenous source of meat in tropical America. World Animal Review', 21:24-30.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1977b. Digestive physiology and feeding of capybaras. Pages 167177 in Handbook Series in Nutrition and Food. Section G, Diets, Culture Media and Food Supplements, M. Rechcigl, ed. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. and R. Parra. 1975. The capybara, a meat-producing animal for the flooded areas of the tropics. Pages 81-86 in Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Animal Production, R.L. Reid, ed. Sydney University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. 1984. Capybara. Pages 258-259 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Macdonald, D.W., K. Krantz, and R.T. Aplin. 1984. Behavioural, anatomical and chemical aspects of scent marking amongst Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) (Rodentia:Caviomorpha). Journal of Zoology (London) 202:341-360.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mones, A. and J. Ojasti. 1986. Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. Mammalian Species 264: 1-7.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ojasti, J. 1968. Notes on the mating behavior of the capybara. Journal of Mammalogy 49:345-374.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ojasti, J. 1973. Estudio Biologico del Chiguire o Capybara. Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuaria, Caracas, Republica de Venezuela. 27 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zara, J.L. 1973. Breeding and husbandry of the capybara at Evansville Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 13:137-139.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Christen, M.F. 1978. Evaluacion nutritive de cuatro dietas mono especificas en la alimentacion del coipo (Myocastor coypus Molina 1782). Tesis. Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deems, E.F., Jr., and D. Pursley. 1978. North American Fur bearers. Maryland Wildlife Administration, Department of Natural Resources, Cheltenham, Maryland, USA. pp. 155.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CORFO. n.d. Pieles fieas. Especie coipos. Tomo 1, I! and III. Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murua, R., O. Newman, and J. Propelmann. 1981. Food habits of Myocastor coypus (Molina) in Chile. Pages 544-558 in Proceedings of rhe Worldwide Furbearer Conference, J.A. Chapman and D. Pursley, eds. Vol. 1. Worldwide Furbearer Conference, Inc., Frostburg, Maryland, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Willner, G.R. 1982. Nutria; Myocastor coypu. Pages 1059-1076 in Wild Mammals of NorthAmerica, J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer, eds. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ajayi, S.S. 1975. Domestication of the African Giant Rat. Department of Forest Resources, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faturoti, E.O., O.O. Tewe, and S.S. Ajayi. 1982. Crude fibre tolerance by the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) (Potential sources of protein, Nigeria.) African Journal of Ecology 20(4):289-292.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faturoti, E.O., O.O. Tewe, and S.S. Ajayi. 1983. Effect of varying dietary oil levels on the performance of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse). Nutrition Reports International 27(3):525-530.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Den Hartog, A.P. and A. de Vos. 1973. The use of rodents as food in tropical Africa. Nutrition Newsletter (FAO) 11 (2):1-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Halcrow, J.G. 1958. The giant rat of East Africa. Nature (London) 181:649-650.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savanna and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. Development Studies 24. Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Reading, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tewe, O.O., S.S. Ajayi, and E.O. Faturoti. 1984. Giant rat and cane rat. Pages 291-293 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutter&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asibey, E.O.A. 1979. Some problems encountered in the field study of the grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) population in Ghana. Pages 214-7 in Wildlife Management in Savannah Woodland, S.S. Ajayi and L. B. Halstead, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baptist, R. and G.A. Mensah. 1986. The Cane-RatâFarm animal of the future? [Vorld Animal Review 60:2-6.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matthewman, R.W. 1977. A Survey of Small Livestock Production at the Village Level in the Derived Savanna and Lowland Forest Zones of South West Nigeria. Development Study 24. Department of Agriculture and Horticulture, University of Reading, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pich, S. and K.J. Peters. 1985. Possibilities of using the cane cutter for meat production in Africa. Unpublished manuscript. Copies available from K.J. Peters, Institute of Animal Breeding, Gottingen, Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tewe, O.O., S.S. Ajayi, and E.O. Faturoti. 1984. Giant rat and cane rat. Pages 291-293 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals, I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Let's Raise Guinea Pigs,&quot; a filmstrip on guinea pig farming, is available from World Neighbors International Headquarters, 5116 North Portland Avenue, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma73112, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1979. Produccion de Cuyes. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Peru, Huancayo, Peru. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aliaga Rodriguez, L. 1983. improvement of Guinea Pig Breeding as a Means of Increasing the Productivity and Production of Meat for Consumption oy the Rural Population in Peru. National University of Central Peru, Huancayo, Peru.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bolton, R. 1979. Guinea pigs, protein, and ritual. Ethnology 18(3):229-252.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Huss, D.L. 1982. Small animals for small farms in Latin America. World Animal Ret~iew (FAO) 43:24-29.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1982. The Guinea Pig and a Hypothetical Development Centre. Small Animals for Small Farms. FAO, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loetz, E. and C. Novoa. 1983. Meat from the guinea pig. Span 26(2):84-86.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muller-Haye, B. 1984. Guinea-pig or cuy. Pages 252-257 in Evolution of Domesticated Animals I.L. Mason, ed. Longman, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stansfield, S.K., C.L. Scribner, R.M. Kaminski, T. Cairns, J.B. McCormick, and K.M. Johnson. 1982. Antibody to ebola virus in guinea pigs: Tandala, Zaire. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 146(4):483-486.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anderson, S., C.A. Woods, G.S. Morgan, and W.L.R. Oliver. 1983. Geocaprornys brownii. Mammalian Species 201:1-5.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Canet, R.S. and V. Berovides Alvares. 1984. Ecomorfologia y rendimiento de la jutia conga (Capromys pilorides Say). Poeyana 279:1-19.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Canet, R.S. and V. Berovides Alvares. 1984. Reproduccion y ecolog~a de la jutia conga (Capromys pilorides Say). Poeyana 220:1-20.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Howe, R., and G.C. Clough. 1971. The Bahamian hutia Geocapromys ingrahami in captivity. international Zoo Yearbook 11:89-93.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Johnson, M.L., R.H. Taylor, and N.W. Winnick. 1975. The breeding and exhibition of capromyd rodents at Tacoma Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 15:53-56.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W.L.R. 1977. The hutias (Capromyidae) of the West Indies. International Zoo Yearbook 17:14-20.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W.L.R. 1985. The Jamaican hutia or Indian Coney (Geocapromys brownii). A model programme for captive breeding and reintroduction? Symposium of the Association of British Wild Animal Keepers, 10:35-52. (Copies available from author, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rowlands, I.W., and B.J. Weir, eds. 1974. The Biology of Hystricomorph Rodents. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 34:1-482.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. and H. Genest. 1974. Le comportement social d'une colonide mares, Dolichotis patagonum Z. dans le Parc de BranfTrT. Zeitschrift fin Tierpsychologie 35:225-302.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taber, A.B. and D.W. Macdonald. 1984. Scent dispensing papillae and associated behaviour of the mare, Dolichotis patagonum (Rodentia: Caviomorpha). Journal of Zoology (London) 203:298-302. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paca&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A report summarizing progress in the captive-breeding project in Panama is available from Nicholas Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2071, Balboa, Panama. A report summarizing preliminary results in the captive-breeding project in Mexico is available from Alfredo D. Cuaron, (see Research Contacts).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collett, S.F. 1981. Population characteristics of Agouti paca (Rodentia) in Colombia. Michigan State University, Publications of the Museum, Biological Series 5(7): 485-602.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matamoros, Y. 1982. Investigaciones preliminares sobre la reproduccion, comportamiento, alimentacion y manego del tepezcuinte (Cuniculus paca, Brisson) en cautiverio. Pages 961-992 in Zoologia Neotropical, Actas del VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoologia, P.J. Salinas, ed. (Copies available from Y. Matamores, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcacha&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jackson, J.E. nd. Growth rates in vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus) in San Luis, Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, San Luis, Argentina. (Copies available from author, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Llanos, A.C., and J.A. Crespo. 1952. Ecologia de la vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus Blainv.) en el nordeste de la provincia de Entre Rios. Revista de Investigaciones Agricolas (Buenos Aires) 6:289-378.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Rodents&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. 1973. Lffe history and economic value of the springhare (Pedetes capensis Forster) in Botswana. Botswana Notes Record 5:209-213.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. 1979. Reproductive ecology of the springhaas Pedetes capensis in Botswana. Journal of Zoology 189:221-232.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. 1984. Nocturnal ecology of the springhare, Pedetes capensis, in Botswana. African Journal of Ecology 22:7-22.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butynski, T.M. and R. Mattingly. 1979. Burrow structure and fossorial ecology of the springhare Pedetes capensis in Botswana. African Journal of Ecology 17:205-215.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kofron, C.P. 1987. Seasonal reproduction of the springhare, Pedetes capensis, in southeastern Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 25.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rosenthal, M.A., and D.A. Meritt. 1973. Hand-rearing springhaas at Lincoln Park Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 18:206-208.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smithers, R.H.N. 1983. The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Velte, F.F. 1978. Hand-rearing springhaas Pedetes capensis at Rochester Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 18:206-208. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEER AND ANTELOPE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Deer Farmer, a quarterly magazine, is published by the New Zealand Deer Farmers' Association, P.O. Box 2678, Wellington, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deer Farming is the quarterly magazine of the British Deer Farmers Association (22 Levat Road, Inverness IV2 3NS, Scotland, UK).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoffman, R.R. 1985. Digestion and feeding in deer: their morphophysiological adaptation. In Proceedings International Conference on Deer Biology and Production, eds. P.F. Fennessy and K.R. Drew. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 22, Wellington, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fennessy, P.F. and K.R. Drew, eds. 1985. Biology of Deer Production. Proceedings of an international conference held February 13-18, 1983, Dunedin, New Zealand. Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin 22, Wellington, New Zealand. Available from Royal Society of New Zealand, Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wemmer C., ed. 1987. The Biology and Management of the Cervidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yerex, D. 1982. The Farming of Deer. Agricultural Publishing, Box 176, Carterton, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kay, R.N.B. 1987. The comparative anatomy and physiology of digestion in tragulids and cervids and its relation to food intake. In The Biology and Management of the Cenvidae, C. Wemmer, ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1975. Le comportement du chevrotain africain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia). Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 37:403-501.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1978. Un apertu sur l'Tcologie du chevrotain africain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby, Artiodactyle Tragulide. Mammalia 42:1-62.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralls, K., C. Barasch, and K. Minkowski. 1975. Behaviour of captive mouse deer, Tragulus napu. Zeitschrift Tierpsychology 37:356-378.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robin, K.P. 1979. Zum Verhalten des Kleinkantschils (Tragulus javanicus). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Zurich. (Copies available from K.P. Robin, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vidyadaran, M.K., M. Hilmi, and R.A. Sirimane. 1982. The gross morphology of the stomach of the Malaysian lesser mousedeer (Tragrrlus javanicus). Pertanika 5(1): 34-38.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vidyadran, M.K., S. Vellayan, and R. Karuppiah. 1983. Muscle weight distribution of the Malaysian lesser mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus). Pertanika 6(2):63-69. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wharton, D.C. 1987. Captive Management of Tragulids at New York Zoological Park. In Biology and Management of the Cervidae, C. Wemmer, ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anderson, J. 1981. Studies on digestion in Muntiacus reeves). M.Phil. thesis. Cambridge University. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barrette, C. 1977. The social behavior of captive muntjac Muntiacus reeves) (Ogilby  1839). Zeitschrift f-r Tierpsychologie 43: 188-213.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chapman, D.I., N.G. Chapman, J.G. Mathews, and D.H. Wurster-Hill. 1983. Chromosome  studies of feral muntjac (Muntiacus sp.) in England. Journal of Zoology, London  201:557-559.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dansie, O. 1970. Muntjac. British Deer Society, Welwyn Garden City, England. 22 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1970. L'organisation spatiale et sociale de Muntiacus reeves) Ogilby 1839 en  semi-liberte. Mammalia 34:331-355.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1971. Observations Tthologiques sur le muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak  Zimmermann 1780 et Muntiacus reeves) Ogilby 1839) en captivitT et semi-libertT.  Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 28:387-427.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jackson, J.E., D.I. Chapman, and O. Dansie. 1977. A note on the food of muntjac deer  (Muntiacus reeves)). Journal of Zoology (London) 183:546-548.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Ho-gee and Sheng He-lin. 1984. Status of the black muntjac Muntiacus crinifrons, in  eastern China. Mammal Review 14(1):29-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oli, Madan K. 1986. Studies on stereotyped behavior of barking deer (Muntiacus  muntjak). M.S. dissertation, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhauvan  University, Kathmandu, Nepal. 84 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shi Liming, Ye Yingying, and Duan Xinsheng. 1980. Comparative cytogenetic studies on  the red muntjac, Chinese muntjac, and their Fl hybrids. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics  26:22-7.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yonzon, Pralad B. 1978. Ecological studies on Muntaicus muntjack. Journal of Natural  History Museum (Nepal) 2(2):91-100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1974. Feeding musk deer in captivity and collecting musk from the live  animal. Dongwuxue Zhazi, China 2:11-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1975. Preliminary experience in raising the survival rate of musk deer.  Dongwuxue Zhazi, China 1 :17-19.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bannikov, A.G., S.K. Ustinov, and P.N. Lobanov. 1980. The musk deer Moschus  moschiferus in the USSR. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural  Resources (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bi, S.Z., Y.H. Yan, Z.X. Qing, P.T. Sheng, Y.M. Wu, C.F. Chen, G.K. Yang, T.B. Yin,  and Y.J. Lu. 1980. Dissection and analysis of the musk gland of M. moschiferus and a  preliminary investigation into its histology. The Protection and Use of Wild Animals  (China) 1: 14-19.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green, M.J.B. 1978. Himalayan musk deer (Moschus moschiferus moschiferus). Pages  56-64 in Threatened Deer. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural  Resources (IUCN), Morges, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green, M.J.B. 1985. The musk trade, with particular reference to its impact on the  Himalayan population of Moschus chrysogaster. In Conservation in Developir~g  Countries. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green, M.J.B. 1985. Aspects of the Ecology of the Himalayan Musk Deer. Ph.D.  dissertation, University of Cambridge, U.K. 280 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C.P. 1978. The taxonomy of Moschus, with particular reference to the Indian  Region. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 72:662-676.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holloway, C.W. 1973. Threatened deer of the world: conservation status. Biological  Conservation 5(4).  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IUCN. 1974. Red Data Book: Mammalia. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Morges.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jamwal, P.S. 1972. Collection of deer musk in Nepal. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 69(3):647-649.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seth, S.D., A. Muktiopadtiyay, K. Raghunatham, and R.B. Arora. 1975. Pharmodymamics of Musk. Central Council for Research on Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy, New Delhi, India.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zhang B. 1983. Musk-deer. Their capture, domestication and care according to Chinese experience and methods. Unasylva 35(139):16-24.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zhang, B.L., F.M. Dang, and B.S. Li. 1979. The Farming of Musk Deer. Agricultural Publishing Company, Peking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaplin, R.E. 1977. Deer. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cooke, A. and L. Farrell. 1983. Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis). British Deer Society Publication No. 2. Elvy and Gibbs, Canterbury, UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feer, F. 1982. Quelques observations Tthologiques sur l'Hydropote de chine, Hydropotes inennis (Swinhoe, 1870) en captivitT. Zeitschrift fitr Saeugetierkunde 47: 175-185.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheng Helin and L. Housl. 1984. A preliminary study on the river deer (Hydropotes inermis) population of Shoushau Island (China) and adjacent islets. Acta Theriologica Sinica 4:161-166.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dittrich, L. 1972. Beobachtungen bei der Haltung von Cephalophus-Arten sowie zur Fortpflanzung und Jugendentwicklung von C. dorsalis und C. rufilatus in gefangenschaft. Zoologische Garten Lpz (N.F.) 42:1-16.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubost, G. 1980. L'Tcologie et la vie sociale du cTphalophe bleu (Cephalophus monticola Thunberg), petit ruminant forestier africain. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 54: 205-266.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R.l.M. and E.P. Dunbar. 1979. Observations on the social organisation of common duiker in Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology 17:249-252.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R.I.M. and E.P. Dunbar. 1980. Animal Behaviour 28:219.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ketelhodt, H.F. Von. 1977. The lambing interval of the blue duiker, Cephalophus monticola Gray in captivity, with observations on its breeding and care. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 7:41-43.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralls, K. 1975. Agonistic behavior in Maxwell's duiker, Cephalophus max~elli. Marnrnalia 39:241-249.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schweers, S. 1984. The reproductive biology of the banded duiker Cephalophus zebra in comparison with other species of Cephalophus. Zeitschrift fur Saeugetierkunde 49(1):21-36.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whittle, C. and P. Whittle. 1977. Domestication and breeding of Maxwell's duiker. The Nigerian Field 42(4):13-21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antelope&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Spinage, C.A. 1986. The Natural History of Antelopes. Christopher Helm, UK. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Klipspringer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R. and P. Dunbar. 1974. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 35:481-493.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R.I.M. 1979. Energetics, thermoregulation and the behavioural ecology of klipspringer. African Journal of Ecology 17:217-230.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunbar, R. I . M . and E. P. Dunbar. 1 980 . The pairbond in klipspringer. A nimal Beha vior 28:219-229.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dikdik&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hendricks, H. 1975. Zeitschrift fdr Tierpsychologie 38:55-69.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feer, F. 1979. Observations Tcologiques sur le neotrague de Bates (Neltragus bates) de Winton, 1903, Artiodactyle, ruminant, Bovide) du nord-est du gabon. Terre et vie 33: 159-239.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1975. Acta Physiol. Scand. 95, 9A.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P. P. 1 976 . Tritiated water turnover in Kirk' s dikdik, Madoqua (Rhynchotragus) kirk), Gunther, 1880. Zeischrift far Sadgetierkunde, Mitt. 24:318-319.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1977. How to survive heat and aridity: ecophysiology of the dikdik antelope. Veterinary Medical Review 1:77-86.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1977. Comparison of voluntary food and water intake and digestion in Kirk's dik-dik and suni. East African Wildlife Journal 15:41-48.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P.P. 1977. Rumen fermentation and body weight in African ruminants. Pages 141-150 in Proceedings 13th International Congress of Game Biologists, T.J. Peterle, ed. Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C., USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoppe, P. 1984. Strategies of digestion in African herbivores. Pages 222-243 in Herbivore Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics. F.M.C. Gilchrist and R.I. Machie, eds. The Science Press, South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hungate, R.E., G.D. Phillips, A. McGregor, D.P. Hungate, and H.K. Buechner. 1959. Microbial fermentation in certain mammals. Science 130:1192-1194.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Morat, P. and M. Nording. 1978. Maximum food intake and passage of markers in the alimentary tract of the lesser mouse-deer. Malaysian Applied Biology 7:11-17.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yalden, D.W., M.J. Largen, and D. Kock. 1984. Catalogue of the mammals of Ethiopia. 5. Artiodactyla. Monitore Zoologico Italiano Supplemento 19:67-221.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIZARDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burghardt, G.M. and A.S. Rand, eds. 1982. Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitch, H.S. and R.W. Henderson. 1977. Age and Sex Differences, Reproduction and Conservation of Iguana iguana. Milwaukee Public Museum Press. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hirth, H.F. 1963. Some aspects of the natural history of Iguana iguana on a tropical strand. Ecology 44:613-615.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Klein, E.H. 1982. Reproduction of the green iguana (Iguana iguna L.) in the tropical dry forest of southern Honduras. Brenesia 19/20:301-310. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lazell, J.D., Jr. 1973. The lizard genus Iguana in the Lesser Antilles. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 145(1):1-28.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamsitt, J.R. and D. Valdivieso. 1963. The herpetofauna of the Caribbean Islands San Andres and Providencia. Revista de Biologfa Tropical 11(2): 131- 139. (Copies available from C. LardT, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Van Devender, R.W. 1982. Growth and ecology of spiny-tailed and green iguanas in Costa Rica. with comments on the evolution of herbivory and large body size. Pages 162-183 in Iguanas of the World. Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Werner, D. and T. Miller. 1984. Artificial nests for female green iguanas. Herpetological Review 15(2):57-58.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Werner, D. 1986. Iguana management in Central America. BOSTID Developments 6(1). 4 pp. (Available from BOSTID Publications, HA 476, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burghardt, G.M. and A.S. Rand, eds. 1982. Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitch, H.S. and R.W. Henderson. 1978. Ecology and exploitation of Ctenosaura similis. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 51 :483-500. (Copies available from the authors, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitch, H.S., R.W. Henderson, and D.M. Hillis. 1982. Exploitation of Iguanas in Central America. In Iguanas of the World: Behavior, Ecology, and Consen~ation. Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iverson, J.B. 1979. Behavior and ecology of the rock iguana, Cyclura carinata. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Science 24(3):175-358.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Martinez, M.G. 1986. Habitos alimenticios de iguanas y garrobos. La Prensa Grafica, San Salvador, May 5:55. (Copies available from G. LardT, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sanchez, S.A. 1985. El garrobo. El Diario de Hoy, San Salvador June 18:36. (Copies available from G. LardT, see Research Contacts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tegu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donadio, O.K. and J.M. Gallardo. 1984. Biologia y Conservacion de las Especies del GTnero Tupinambis (Squamata, Sauria Teiidae) en la Republica Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia&quot; Zoologia, 13(11):117-127. Agosto.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Revision Bibliografica de algunos aspectos de la Biologfa conservacion y explotacion de los lagartos del gTnero topinambis (Daudin, 1803) by Laura Venturino, Dr. Thesis, Universidad de la Republic (Uruguay) 1983).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report to World Wildlife Fund, USA, Biologia y aprovechamiento de una poblacion de Tupinambis references, by Claudio Blanco and Leohor Pessina (1985).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the publications listed, many countries run beekeeping programs, and have literature and extension services available based on local experiences. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The International Bee Research Association (IBRA) publishes a Newsletter for Beekeepers in Tropical and Subtropical Countries twice each year. Its purpose is to provide a forum for exchange of information about beekeeping. The Newsletter is funded by the United Kingdom Overseas Development Agency (ODA) and is distributed free of charge to those in developing countries involved with beekeeping. Write to the International Bee Research Association, 18 North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, United Kingdom, for subscription information. The IBRA can also provide information on forthcoming conferences, grant programs, and the names of other beekeepers in your country. The International Agency for Apiculture Development (IAAD) publishes a quarterly newsletter called Cornucopia that contains articles from beekeepers around the world, especially from the developing world. It provides information on producing, selling, and manufacturing hive products on a local level and discusses agroforestry and the pest and pesticide problems of honeybees. Write to Cornucopia, c/o M. Coleman, 6N 909 Roosevelt Avenue, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA, for a free sample. Subscriptions are $12 a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adjare, S. 1984. The Golden Insect: a Handbook on Beekeeping for Beginners. Technology Consultancy Centre, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, in association with Intermediate Technology Publications, Ltd., 9 King Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2 E8HN, UK. 103 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anderson, R.H., B. Buys, and M.F. Johannsmeier. 1983. Beekeeping in South Africa. Department of Agriculture BuHetin No. 394. Pretoria, South Africa. 207 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bradbear, N. and D. De Jong. 1985. The management of africanized honeybees. IBRA Leaflet No. 2. International Bee Research Association (IBRA). Available in English or Spanish from Hill House, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire SL9 ONR, UK. 4 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clauss, B. 1982. A Beekeeping Handbook. Agricultural Information Service, Gaborne, Botswana. 65 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crane, E., P. Walker, and R. Day. 1984. Honey plants of the world. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO. 1984. Proceedings of the expert consultation on beekeeping with Apis mellifera in tropical and sub-tropical Asia. 9-14 April, 1984. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Tropical Region, Paliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gentry, C. 1984. Small Scale Beekeeping. Manual M-17. Peace Corps, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1976. Apiculture in Tropical Climates. E. Crane, ed. Full report of the First Conference. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1982. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. New Delhi, 1980. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1985. Proceedings of the Third international Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. Nairobi, Kenya, November 5-9, 1984. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IBRC. 1988. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. Cairo, Egypt, November 1988. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kigatiira, K.I. 1974. Hive Designs for Beekeeping in Kenya. Proceedings Entomological Society of Ontario 105:118-128.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McGregor, S.E. 1976. Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 496. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 411 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Razafindrakoto, C. 1972. Beekeeping in Madagascar. UniversitT Paul-Sabaier de Toulouse, France. 123 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sammataro, D. 1985. Beekeeping in the Philippines. 2nd edition. International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sammataro, D. and A. Avitabile. 1986. Beekeepers Handbook. 2nd edition. Collier Books' MacMillan Co., New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saubolle, B.R, and A. Bachmann. 1979. Beekeeping: an Introduction to Modern Beekeeping in Nepal. Sahayogi Prahashan, Tripureshwar, Kathmandu, Nepal.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Silberrad, Roger E.M. n.d. Beekeeping in Zambia. Apimondia. Available through the International Bee Research Association, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, S. 1964. Beekeeping in India. Silver Jubilee Publication of the Entomological Society of India. Entomological Society of India, New Delhi.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Smith, Francis G. 1960. Beekeeping in the Tropics. Western Printing Service, Bristol UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Townsend, G.F. 1978. Preparation of Honey for Market. Ministry of Agriculture and Food Publication 544. Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ontario, Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Townsend, G.F. 1976. Transitional hives for use with the tropical African bee Apis mellifera adansonii. Pages 181-189 in Apiculture in Tropical Climates. E. Crane, ed. Full report of the First Conference. International Bee Research Association, London. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">B Research Contacts</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This section includes the names and addresses of individuals and institutions who are familiar with the animal listed. Each person has agreed to answer requests for information and advice. This personal follow-through is the main way this book can stimulate the development of microlivestock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICROBREEDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microcattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Ahunu, Animal Science Department, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 25, Legon, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Andres Poli, EEA San Luis INTA, CC 17, 5730 Mercedes (SL), Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.B. Bareeba, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Bennett, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Berruecos V., School of Veterinary Medicine and Zoology, Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de MTxico, Ciudad Universitaria, Alvaro Obreg6n, 04510, Mexico D.F., Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cai Li, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Southwest College of Minority Nationalities, Chengdu, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.L. Chan, B4-5 Nanyang Mansion, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Cheneau, Institut d'Elevage et de MTdecine VTtTrinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Laboratoire de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djamena, Chad&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheng Peilieu, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.R. Cockrill, 29 Downs Park West, Bristol BS6 7QH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.H. Conrad, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, La Verne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.E. Deppner, Trees for the Future, 11306 Estona Drive, Silver Spring, Maryland 20902, USA (breeds of the Himalayas, East Indies)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.l. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, Agriculture and Forestry, PB 13184, Windhoek 9000, Namibia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.M.S. Duarte, Instituto de Investigatao Veterinaria, C.P. 7, Huambo, Angola&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Felius, Kerkhoflaan 47C, 3034 TA Rotterdam, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fleharty, American Dexter Cattle Association, R.R. #1, Box 378, Concordia, Missouri 64020. USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Garcia Lagombra, Animal Husbandry Department, Universidad Nacional &quot;Pedro Henriquez Urena,&quot; Decanato Ciencias Agropecuarias, Km 5~/z Aut. Duarte, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Gebreab, College of Veterinary Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z.B. Jensen, Animal and Dairy Science Research Institute, PB X02, Irene, Transvaal 1675, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jin Xizhen, Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Southwest College of Minority Nationalities, Chengdu, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Kitsopanidis, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.E. Kodituwakku, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.M. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.Y.L. Li, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, South China Agricultural College, Ghangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Lwoga, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3000, Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Martinez Balboa, Legaspy 1025, Apartado Postal 43, 23000, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Masam, Livestock Training Institute, Tengeru, P.O. Box 3101, Arusha, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.P. Maule, Hannahfield Quarry House, 578 Lanark Road West, Balerno, Midlothian EH 14 7BN, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Mazid, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.R. McDowell, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Morgan, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Juba, P.O. Box 82, Juba, Sudan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.B. Mpiri, Livestock Production Research Institute, Private Bag, Mpwapwa, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ni Shicheng, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Nikolov, Institute of Cattle and Sheep Breeding, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Olson, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.W. Perry, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Pirchner, Technical University of Munich, D-8050 Munich-Weihenstephan, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animai Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3732, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sie Cheuxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.D. Tillman, 523 West Harned Place, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.C.M. Trail, Livestock Productivity and Trypanotolerance Group, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.C. Warnick, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microgoat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.A. Adebowale, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, University of Ife, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.A. Adeloye, Faculty of Agriculture, Adeyemi College of Education, Onjo, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.A. Ademosun, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, lle-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.F. Adu, N.A.P.R.I., Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Akinsoyinu, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Akonji, Institut de Recherches Zootechniques, Office National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (ONAREST), B.P. 65, Yaounde, Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baik Dong Hoon, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Jeonbug National University, JEONJU, 520, Republic of Korea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S.F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, University of the Virgin Islands, Box L, Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.E. Bradford, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.S. Browne, Nutrition Consulting Services, P.O. Box 788, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00801, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.D. Bunch, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.C. Cartwright, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Fitzhugh, Winrock International, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.C. Foote, Utah State University International Sheep and Goat Institute, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.R. Gerona, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Essa Haid, Essa International, Inc., 2550 M Street, Suite 405, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA (small East African)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Harding, Agrarian Society, Palazzo de la Salle, Valletta, Malta&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Hasnath, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, P.O. Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.S. Hoversland, Division of Research Grants, National Institutes of Health, 5333 Westbard Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20205, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Hulse, National Pygmy Goat Association, RFD #1, Fern Avenue, Amesbury, Massachusetts 01913, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.P. Husband, Department of Natural Resource Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA (bezoar, agrimi) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Hutchins, 2535 Halsted Road, Apartment 1, Rockford, Illinois 61103, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Iba+ez Herrera, Paraguay 160-Urbanizacion, Apartado 315, El Recreo, Trujillo, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Karam Shah, Livestock Experimental Station Rakh Khairewala, District Muzaffergarh, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Katongole, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Kiwuwa, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.Y.L. Li, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, South China Agricultural College, Ghangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.R. Lincicome, Animal Parasitology Institute, U.S. Department of AgricÂ£lture, Building 1180, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Chengxiang, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Guang^ dong Agricultural Academy, Guangdong, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Mahyuddin Dahan, Department of Animal Sciences, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C.H. Mandari, Livestock Research Centre, West Kilimanjaro, P.O. Box 103, Hai, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Mann, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Giessen, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Martinez Balboa, Legaspy 1025, Apartado Postal 43, 23000, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Mecha, Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Metcalf, School of Medicine, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Khusahry Mohd Yusuff, Malaysian Agricultural and Research Institute (MARDI), G.P.O. Box 12301, Kuala Lumpur 01-02, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Monsi, Departments of Animal Science/Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Montsma, Klomperweg 79, 6741 PD, Lunteren, Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Moore, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.M. Munyabuntu, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 7062, Makerere University' Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Th. Murayi, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, P.O. Box 138, Butare, Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.N.M. Mwenya, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Nivyobizi, FacultT des Sciences Agronomiques, UniversitT du Burundi, BP 2940, Bujumbura, Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Norman, Tropical Development Research Institute, 56/62 Gray's Inn Road, London WCIX 8LU, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Okello-Lapenga, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ramahefarison, DTpartement de Recherches Zootechniques et VTtTrinaires tCENRADERU), BP 904, Amatobe, Antananarivo, Madagascar&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.K. Rastogi, Department of Livestock Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Rasul, District Forest Officer &amp;amp; Wildlffe Warden, P.O. Box 501, Gilgit (northern area), Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Rattner, Institute of Animal Research, Kibbutz Lahav, Israel (Sinai goat, ya-ez hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Repollo, Jr., Palawan National Agricultural College, Aborlan, Palawan, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Pbilippines, Los Banos, Laguna 3732, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Rocha, Instituto de Reprodutao e Melhoramento Animal, C.P. 25, Matola, Mozambique&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Rodriguez, Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), Autopista Duarte Km 24, Apartado 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Nasim Siddiqi, Zoology Department, University of Peshawar, N.W.F.P., Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Shelton, Texas A &amp;amp; M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA (criollo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Shkolnik, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.C. Simpson, Cameroon Road, Prairie View A&amp;amp;M University, Prairie View, Texas 77445, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sie Chenxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of Cbina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Watts, Animal Science Department, Natural Resources Development College, Lusaka, Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Wood, Highland Game Farm, Route 4, Box 450, Alexandria, Indiana 46001, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.P. Husband, Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Microsheep&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.A. Adebowale, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, University of Ife, Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.F. Adu, N.A.P.R.I., Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Akinsoyinu, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Amin, Jammu and Kashmis State Sheep and Shearing Products Development Board, Nowshera, Srinigar, Kashmir 190 011, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ahmad Mustaffa B. HJ. Babjee, Veterinary Services Department, Ibu Pejabat Perkhidmatan Haiwan, Kementerian Pertanian, Malaysia, Jalan Mahameru, Kuala Lumpur 10-02, Malaysia (grazing in rubber plantations)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S.F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia (Indonesian breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, College of the Virgin Islands, Box L, Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.E. Bradford, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Breckle, U.S. Forest Service, Alsea, Oregon 97324, USA (grazing sheep in forests)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Bunch, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA (Iranian thin-tailed, Navajo, wild-sheep hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Carpio P., Departamento de Produccion Animal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apartado 456, La Molina, Lima, Peru &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Cottrell, Pippin Farm, 3081 Goshen Road, Bellingham, Washington 98226, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Courtney, Veterinary Faculty, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Deller, Virgin Islands Department of Agriculture, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00820, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Dettmers, 5620 Longwood Avenue, Port Charlotte, Florida 33953, USA (West African dwarf)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agricultural Food and Nutrition Sciences Division International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.l. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Drew, Invermay Agricultural Research Centre, Private Bag, Mosgiel, New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. El Amin, Department of Animal Husandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gholam-Hossein Erabi, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51664, Iran&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Fitzhugh, Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Foote, Animal' Dairy, and Veterinary Science Department, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA (Virgin Islands white hair, wild-sheep hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.-H. Gueye, Centre de Recherches Zootechniques de Kolda, Institut SenTgalais de Recherches Agricoles, (ISRA), B.P. 53, Kolda, Senegal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Garcia Lagombra, Animal Husbandry Department, Universidad Nacional &quot;Pedro Henriquez Urena,&quot; Decanato Ciencias Agropecuarias, Km 5 1/2 Aut. Duarte, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.F.W. Haenlein, Department of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717-1303, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Henson, Bemborough, Guiting Power, Cheltenham, Gloucester, UK (rare breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Ibanez Herrera, Paraguay 160 - Urbanizacion, Apartado 315, El Recreo, Trujillo, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Jewell, Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 ITN, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jones Sheep Farm, RR 2 Box 185-55, Peabody, Kansas 66866, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.E. Loggins, Animal Science Department, 108-D Suite, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C.H. Mandari, Livestock Research Centre, West Kilimanjaro, P.O. Box 103, Hai, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.P. Maule, Hannahfield Quarry House, 578 Lanark Road West, Balerno, Midlothian EH14 7BN, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.K. McNeal, Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Department, UNC 48, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Mecha, Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Anambra State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Monsi, Department of Animal Science, Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.M. Munyabuntu, Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Th. Murayi, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, P.O. Box 138, Butare, Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.N.M. Mwenya, School of Agriculture Sciences, University of Zambia, Box 32379, Lusaka,  Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Ngendahayo, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, B.P. 138, Butare, Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Njwe, DTpartement des Sciences Animales, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure Agronomique, Centre  Universitaire de Dschang, B.P. 138, YaoundT, United Republic of Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington,  Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.V. Raghavan, Animal Science Department, College of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh  Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, Andhra Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramamohana Rao, Postgraduate Studies, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University,  Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.K. Rastogi, Department of Livestock Science, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine,  Trinidad, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soedomo Reksohadiprodjo, Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry,  Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Blok N-42, Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.Y. Robles, Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos,  College, Laguna 3732, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Rocha, Instituto de Reprodutao e Melhoramento Animal, C.P. 25, Matola, Mozambique&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Ryder, c/o H.F.R.O., Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK (Barbados blackbelly, wool)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sie Chenxia, Department of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's  Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. David Simpson, Range and Wildlife Department, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 4349,  Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.E. Terrill, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Building 005, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705,  USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.N. Turner, Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, P.O. Box 184, North Ryde, New South  Wales 2113, Australia (Indonesian breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Vaccaro, Universidad Nacional Agraria, La Molina, P.O. Box 456, Lima, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Wildeus, College of the Virgin Islands, Agricultural Experiment Station, R.R. 2, Box 10051  Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wu Jitang, Animal and Veterinary Science, Jiangsu Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences,  Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Yenikoye, FacultT d'Agronomie, UniversitT de Niamey, B.P. 10662, Niamey, Niger&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Micropig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.A. Akinbode, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,  University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Andrews, Mesoamerican Ecology Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA (Yucatan pig)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Ashton-Peach, Box 17, Ohaeawai, Bay of Islands, New Zealand (kunekune)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Berruecos V. Muz, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico D.F., Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Blakely, Sedgwick County Zoo, Wichita, Kansas 67203, USA (Ossabaw)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Boateng, Cooperative Extension Service, University of the Virgin Islands, Box L., Kingshill, St. Croix, Virgin Islands 00850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.L. Brisbin, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA (Ossabaw)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Bustad, Veterinary School, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99163, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Catibog-Sinha, Forest Products Research and Development Institute, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Investigaciones Pecuarias (CENIP), A.P. 227-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles River Laboratories, Inc., 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887-0630, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.H. Conrad, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, PO Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Dederer, 712 Brown Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19123, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Dettmers, 5620 Longwood Avenue, Port Charlotte, Florida 33953, USA (miniature pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Agriculture Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Tanglin P.O. Box 101, 9124 Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Edgar, Greenhill, I R.D., Balfour, Southland, New Zealand (kunekune)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Hendricks, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.J. Hepburn, Swine Program, Charles River Laboratories, 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887-0630, USA (laboratory pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Holbrook, Aria Road' via Te Kuiti, New Zealand (kunekune)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.R. Hook, Jr., Sinclair Medical Research Farm, University of Missouri, Route 3, Columbia, Missouri 65203, USA (laboratory pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.O. Ilori, Faculty of Agriculture, University of If e, Ile-Ife, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. E. Kodituwakku, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Loosli, 406 S.W. 40th Street' Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.H. Maner, Winrock International, Route 3, Petit Jean Mountain, Morrilton, Arkansas 72110, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J. Mayer, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA (Ossabaw)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Monsi, Departments of Animal Science/Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 508O, Port Harcourt, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Mtimuni, Livestock Production Department, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.G. Mugisa, c/o Insure Consult, P.O. Box 30002, Nakivubo, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mull, 2834 Hamner Avenue #208, Norco, California 91760, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.L.R. Oliver, Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, Jersey Wildlife Prescrvation Trust, Les AugrFs Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, UK (pigmy hog) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Panepinto, Redstone Canyon, P.O. Box 105, Masonville, Colorado 80541, USA (miniature pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.C. Perdomo, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Suinos e Aves, BR 153, km 110, CP D-3, 89700 Concordia, SC, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA (Chinese breeds)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.G. Pond, Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Box 166, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Popenoe, International Programs in Agriculture, 3028 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (New Guinea pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.S. Reddi, CoHege of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Avendano Reyes, Instituto Nacional de las Investigaciones sobre los Recursos BiotTcnicos, (INIREB), Apartado Postal 97, MTrida, Yucatan, Mexico (Yucatan)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Robinson, Robinson's Racing Pigs, 5809 20th Avenue South, Tampa, Florida 336195457, USA (miniature pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Arellano Sota, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Casillo 10095, Santiago, Chile (Cuing)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Sriramamurty, College of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Tirupati 517 502, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.M. Swindle, Comparative Medicine/Lab Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA (laboratory pigs)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Tilakaratne, Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Wahome, Department of Animal Production, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wu Jitang, Animal and Veterinary Science, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yong Shen Lee, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;POULTRY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Information on poultry can generally be obtained from local ministries of agriculture or veterinary and livestock services. However, another source is the World's Poultry Science Association (c/o Institut fur Kleintierzucht, Dornbergstrasse 25/27, Postfach 280, C-3100 Celle, Germany). It has over 5,000 members from 40 national groups. Its objectives are (1) to advance poultry science and the poultry industry, (2) to disseminate and facilitate the exchange of knowledge pertaining to all branches of the poultry industry, (3) to encourage the promotion of world poultry congresses and regional conferences, and (4) to cooperate with other international organizations. It maintains working groups to explore and assess research work on tropical poultry problems. The World's Poultry Science Journal is published 3 times a year. It has also published a multilingual poultry dictionary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicken&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ben-David, Poultry Production Specialist, 5, Azar Street, Holon 58291, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.L. Brisbin, Jr., Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Senior Livestock Specialist, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. Couch, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Crawford, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Cuca G., Institucion de Ensenanza e Investigacion en Ciencias Agricolas, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.O. Hawes, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifih Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.H. Ketelaars, Department of Tropical Husbandry, P.O. Box 338, 6700 A.H. Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.T. Moran, Jr., Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-4291, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Parks, Route 1, Box 47-C, Brookshire, Texas 77423, USA (Araucanian chicken)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apt.810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramakrishman, Center for Advanced Studies in Poultry Science, Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy 680 651, Kerala, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Sexton, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 262, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Sunde, Poultry Science Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duck&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.E. Abdelsamie, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ahmed, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Bande, PATI, Popondetta Agricultural College, Box 131, Popondetta, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.S. Bird, Cherry Valley Farms Ltd., Rothwell, Lincoln LN7 6BR, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.D. Bulbule, Central Duck Breeding Farm, Government of India, Hessaraghatta, Bangalore 560 088, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Dean, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Edwards, Agricultural and Food Engineering Division, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Fishelson, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-ave, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Floresca, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte 7127, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Godoy, Ingeniero Agronomio, Simon Bolivar 2397, Santiago, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Hardjosworo, Fakultas Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Henry, Cherry Valley Farms Limited, Divisional Offices, North Kelsey Moor, Lincoln LN7 6HH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, lowa 5001O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Hoffmann, Canning, Nova Scotia BOP IHO, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifth Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Ibanez H., Bolivar 451, Trujillo, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z. Jungkaro, Research Institute for Inland Fisheries, Jalan Sempur No. 1, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.H. Ketelaars, Department of Tropical Husbandry, P.O. Box 338, 6700 A.H. Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I.P. Kompiang, BaliPenelitianTernak, P.O. Box 123, Bogor 16001, WestJava, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380 Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.T. Moran, Jr., Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-4291, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl-Marx-Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Poernomo, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Jalan R.E. Martadinata 32, P.O. Box 52, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ramakrishman, Center for Advanced Studies in Poultry Science' Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy 680 651, Kerala, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 49450 Roussay, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.S. Sandhu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Tai, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, 112 Farm Road Shin-hua, Tainan, Taiwan 71210&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Tangendjaja, Bali Penelitian Ternak, P.O. Box 123, Bogor 16001, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tian Fuh Shen, Department of Animal Husbandry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10764, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.S. Tsai, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, National Pintung Institute of Agriculture, Pintung, Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Romero Villanueva, Centro Tropical de Capacitaci6n Agropecuaria y Forestal, Apartado Postal #4S, Macuspana 86700 Tabasco, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yeong Shue Woh, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), G.P.O. No. 12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cha Tak Yimp, Poultry and Swine Unit, Department of Veterinary Services, Jalan Mahameru, 50630 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Geese&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many universities have a department of animal or poultry science that should know about the culture and management of these birds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Bande, PATI, Popondetta Agricultural College, Box 131, Popondetta, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.D. Chesterley, 4502 Loomis Trail, Blaine, Washington 98230, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Crawford, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.l. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Jackson, P.O. Box 3, Creenbank, Washington 98253, USA (weeder geese)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Fuan, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, l.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380, Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.R. Wilson, Poultry Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Fowl&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;American Guinea Club, c/o Angie Papp, 620 Payne Road, New Albany, Indiana 47150, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S.O. Ayeni, Kainji Lake Research Institute, P.M.B. 666, New Bussa, Kwara State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ben-David, 5, Azar Street, Holon 58291, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.S. Brah, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;X. Colonna C., 14 Cotham Road, Bristol BS6 6DR, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Dumont, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure des Sciences Agronomiques AppliquTes, 26, boulevard Docteur Petitjean 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Etches, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.F. Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie MS: 115, Queensland 4570, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.N. Johnson, Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board, P.O. Box 661, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;:M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Michie, Poultry Husbandry Division, North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Parkhead, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SX, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly, 37380 Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. Okaeme, Wildlife/Range Division, Kainji Lake Research Institute, P.M.B. 666, New Bussa, Kwara State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S. Sandhu, Poultry Breeder, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muscovy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.E. Abdelsamie, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Nutrition, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.P. Bilong, Department of Primary Industry, Monogastric Research Centre, P.O. Box 73, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. de Carville, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Centre de Tours, Nouzilly 37380, Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.D. Chesterley, 4502 Loomis Trail, Blaine, Washington 98230, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;X. Colonna C., 14 Cotham Road, Bristol BS6 6DR, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Dumont, Ecole Nationale SupTrieure des Sciences Agronomiques AppliquTes, 26, boulevard Docteur Petitjean 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.R. Gerona, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barry Glofcheskie, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada (fly control)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread' P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Hoffmann, Canning, Nova Scotia BOP IH0, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.H. Huang, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Fifth Floor, 14 Wenchow Street, Taipei, Taiwan (mule duck)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Michie, Poultry Husbandry Division, North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Parkhead, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SX, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donald E. Mock, Department of Extension Entomology, 239 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4004, USA (fly control)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Mongin, Station de Recherches Avicoles, I.N.R.A., Nouzilly 37380 Monnaie, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ochetim, School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Alafua Campus, Apia, Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl Marx Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 494S0 Roussay, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Romboli, Le Quericole, Universita Delgi Studi di Pisa 56010 S. Piero A Grado, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.S. Sandhu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Surgeoner, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada (fly control)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Tai, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, 112 Farm Road Shin-hua. Tainan, Taiwan 71210&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigeon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.O. Alonge, Meat Hygiene and Preservation Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Dillinger, 3201 Huffman Boulevard, Rockford, Illinois 61103, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.I. Dim, Animal Science Department, FacultyofAgriculture, AhmaduBello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.O. Hawes, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, U.S.A.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA (carrier pigeons) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.F. Hollander, Route 4, Box 168, Ames, lowa 5001O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.A. Latif, Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Le HTnaff, Laboratoire de l'H(pital Avranches, Avranches, Cotentin, France (carrier pigeons)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A.R. Kamar, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J. Miller, Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Owen, 6520 Wiscasset Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20816, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Pena PTrez, Apartado Postal 23, La Nucia, Alicante, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.D. Roush, Green Valley Squab Farm, 1348 Green Valley Road, Folsom, California 9563O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.S. Sandbu, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 217, Eastport, New York 11941, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.S. Sim, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TOG 2P5, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.T. Wilson, Bartridge House, Umberleigh, North Devon EX37 9AS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many people raise Japanese quail. Probably the best way to locate a local source is to consult local pet stores, the county farm advisor's office, university faculty of agriculture, game-bird fanciers, and the like. Finding people with local research experience is usually most useful to beginners. Coturnix International, Inc., is a nonprofit organization with primary interests in promoting small domesticated food animal production for both youth training and improved nutrition. The use of coturnix (Japanese quail) for these purposes is already well established in a number of Michigan schools and in the Dominican Republic, with special emphasis on science projects, especially where nutritional inadequacies exist. The address is Coturnix International Inc., International Headquarters, 1111 Michigan Avenue, Box 250O, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA. Avian Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.E. Deppner, Trees for the Future, 11306 Estona Drive, Silver Spring, Maryland 20902, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Holderread, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Science and Animal Industries, Alabama AOcM University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Marks, Genetics Unit, Room 107 Livestock-Poultry Building, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Marsh, Marsh Farms, 7171 Patterson Drive, Garden Grove, California 92641, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Martoyo, Faculty of Animal Science, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z. Abidin bin Mohd Noor, Department of Veterinary Services, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin, 50630 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (chicken-quail hybrids)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.K. Pani, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl Marx Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Polin, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rodale Research Center, RD #1, Box 323, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Ross, Department of Animal Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.K. Shingari, Department of Animal Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 006, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences, Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Tempest, Heifer Project International, P.O. Box 808, Little Rock, Arkansas 72203, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. K. Varghese, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1225, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Wakasugi, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusaku, Nagoya, Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.R. Wilson, Poultry Science Department, Archer Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Berruecos V. Muz, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico D.F., Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Crawford, Department of Animaland Poultry Science, UniversityofSaskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Cuca G., Institucion de Ensenanza e Investigacion en Ciencias Agricolas, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.E. Nestor, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Pingel, Karl-Marx-Universitat, Sektion TV, Lehrstuhl Geflugel- und Pelztierzucht, 7010 Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 12, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Scott, 16 Spruce Lane, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.J. Sexton, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 262, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.G. Somes, Nutritional Sciences. Box U-17, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential New Poultry&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Duckett, P.O. Box 12378, 50776 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (barn owls)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.R. Marion, Department of Wildlife and Range Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA (chachalaca)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Smal, Wildlife Service, Sidmonton Place, Bray County, Wicklow, Ireland (barn owls) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RABBITS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic Rabbit&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O. Aduku, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University,  P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Baselga, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agronomos, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. de Blas, Departamento Alimentacion Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agronomos, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Castell6, Real Escuela Oficial y Superior de Avicultura (REOSA), Calle Plana Parafso, s/n  Arenys de Mar, Barcelona, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.B. Chawan, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and  Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University,  Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Fekete, University of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Nutrition, Budapest, Pf.2,  H-1400 Hungary&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Fernandez C., Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Escuela TTcnica Superior de Ingenieros  Agronomos, Universidad PolitTcnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Cervera Fras, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad PolitTcnica de Valencia, Apartado  22012, Valencia, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.J. Harris, Pel-Freez Rabbit Meat, Inc., P.O. Box 68, Rogers, Arkansas 72756, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A.B. Hundleby, Ciskei Agricultural Corporation Ltd., P.O. Box 59, Bisho, Ciskei, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. de Jong, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Marykeweg 40, 6709 P.G. Wageningen,  The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.A. Kamwanja, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe,  Malawi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Leyun, Instituto TTcnico Gesti6n Porcino (ITGP), Seccion Conejos, Ctra. del Sadar, s/n 31006  Pamplona (Navarra), Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Loliger, Lisztstrasse 20, 3100 Celle, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and  Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.P.E. Makhambera, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe,  Malawi&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.I. McNitt, Center for Small Farm Research, Southern University, P.O. Box 11170, Baton Rouge,  Louisana 70813-1170, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Mgheni, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Animal Science and Production Department, P.O.  Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Mitchell, Baptist Bible Institute, P.O. Box 301, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Norman, Tropical Products Institute, Culham, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.N. Odonker, P.O. Box 11, Tsito-Awudome, Volta Region, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.C. Onwudike, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.G. Partridge, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.M. Patton, Rabbit Research Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.J. Paya, Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. PTrez, Departamento de Reproduccion Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Ramchurn, School of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, RTduit, Mauritius&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.E. Reed, Box 98, Markle, Indiana 46770, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Respaldiza, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Departamento de Higiene y Sanidad Animal, Calle Embajadores, 68, 28012 Madrid, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Retailleau, Grimaud FrFres S.A., La CorbiFre, 49450 Roussay, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Rodriguez, Departamento Microbiologia e Inmunologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Rodriguez de L., &quot;Conejos&quot; Centro de Investigacion Cientifica del Estado de MTxico A.C., Camino a Huexotla No. 5, San Miguel Coatlinchan, 56170 Texcoco, Estado de MTxico, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Schlolaut, Hessen Institute for Animal Production, Neu-Ulrichstein, 6313 Homberg, West Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.D. Semuguruka, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3018, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Sierra, Departamento Produccion Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Valls, Institut de Recerce i Tecnologia Agroalimentaria (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Zaragoza, Departamento de Genetica y Mejora, Facultad de Veterinaria, Calle Miguel Servet, numero 117, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODENTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agouti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brazilia, DF, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.H. Baker, 302 North Strickland Street, Eagle Lake, Texas 77434-1841, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, BogotG, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.D. Cuaron O., Instituto de Historia Natural, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas 29000, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.A. Deutsch, Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo, SGo Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratorie d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Escajadillo, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, P.O. Box 935, APO Miami, Florida 340020012, USA OR Avenida Justo Arosemena 34-30, Apartado 6991, Panama 5, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Hallwachs, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Hislop, Wildlife Section, Forest Division, Ministry of Food Production, Port-ofSpain, Trinidad and Tobago&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ingrand, I.N.R.A., Campus agronomique, B.P. 709, 97387 Kourou Cedex, French Guiana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.H. Janzen, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.A. Meritt, Jr., 2200 North Cannon Drive, Chicago, IHinois 60614, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencar Moreira, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.Ma. Rojas G., CATIE, 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Santos, Fundatao Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O. Sousa, Department of Microbiology, Cinuad Universitaria &quot;Dr Octavio MTndez Pereira,&quot; El Cangregio, Apartado Estafeta Universitaria, Panama City, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capybara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brasilia, DF, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. Bland, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.F. Eisenberg, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Golley, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30601, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Gonzalez-Jimenez, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Hemmer, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Anemonenweg 18, D-6500 Mainz-Ebersheim, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Ingrand, I.N.R.A., Campus agronomique, B.P. 709, 97387 Kourou Cedex, French Guiana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Lord, Biology Department, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. MacDonald, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencare Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Caixa Postal 48&quot; BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Muller-Haye, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Room F524, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Ojasti, Institute of Tropical Zoology, Apartado 47058, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.L. Rondon, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidada Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiaba-MT, 78000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.E. Sollod, Section of International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Sunquist, Route 1, Box 1434, Melrose, Florida 32666, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.D. Thelen, FAO Regional Of fice for Latin America and the Caribbean, CasiHa 10095, Santiago, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coypu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.C. Carmichael, The Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1045, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Chapman, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Contreras, Universidad Cat61ica de Valpariso, Avenida Brasi. 295O, Casilla 4059, Valparaiso, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.-G. Klos, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Aktiengesellschaft, Hardenbergplatz, 1000 Berlin 30, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Lutz, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Biology and Living Resources, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencar Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, ParG, 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Szumiec, Experimental Fish Culture Station, Polish Academy of Sciences, Golysz 43-422 Chybie, Poland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giant Rat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 20, Achimota, Chana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. Bland, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Brinck, Ecology Building, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, S223 62 Lund, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratorie d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.C.D. Happold, Department of Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.C. Heymans, BP 1910, Cotonou, Benin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag, Freetown, Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.H. Knight, Kalahari Gemsbok Park, Private Bag X5890, Upington 8800, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Malekani, DTpartement de Biologie, FacultT des Sciences, UniversitT de Kinshasa, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School for Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grasscutter&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Alexander, Department of Biology, Natal University, King George V Avenue, Durban 4001, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.O.A. Asibey, Department of Game and Wildlife, Ministry Post Office, Accra, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.S. Ayensu, African Development Bank, 01 B.P. No. 1837, Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Baptist, Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim (480), P.O. Box 700562, D-7000 Stuttgart 70, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.Y. Bimpong-Buta, Council for Law Reporting, P.O. Box M165, Accra, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Brinck, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Lund, Ecology Building, S223 62, Lund, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Dosso, Institut d'Ecologie Tropicale, Abidjan, Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.C.D. Happold, Department of Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Hardouin, Institut de Medicine Tropicale &quot;Prince Leopold,&quot; Nationalestraat 155, B2000 Antwerp, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.C. Heymans, BP 1910, Cotonou, Benin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie MS:115, Queensland 4570, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag, Freetown, Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Laboratoire Centrale de Nutrition Animale (LACENA), B.P. 353, Abidjan 06, Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Food Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.-P. Mack, Projet BTnino-Allemand Conseiller Technique auprTs du MDRAC, BP 504, Cotonou, Benin &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.H.G. Martin, Department of Zoology, Kenyatta University College, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Mensah, Responsable PBAA (Projet BTnino-Allemand d'Aulacodiculture), P.B. 2359, Cotonou, Benin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.A. Omole, Department of Animal Science, University of Ife, Ile-lfe, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.J. Peters, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Petter, MammifFres et Oiseaux, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Zoologie, 55 rue de Buffon 75005, Paris, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Schr(der, Institute of Animal Breeding, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 3400 Gottingen, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. Thomas, Department of Biology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec JIK 2RI, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;St. von Korn, Institute of Animal Breeding, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 3400 G(ttingen, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Walder, Presbyterian Rural Training Centre, P.O. Box 72, Bamenda, NW Province, Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.P. Bilong, Department of Pimary Industry, Monogastric Research Centre, P.O. Box 73, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.P. Bland, Department of Physiology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Bolton, Department of Anthropology, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Camoens, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila 2800, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Del Carpio R., Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional &quot;Pedro Ruiz Gallo,&quot; Calle Atahualpa No. 179, Apartado 48, Lambayeque, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.R. Cheeke, Rabbit Research Center, Department of Animal Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cunha, P.O. Box R, LaVerne, California 91750, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Descailleux, Laboratorio GenTtica Humana, C.P. 11010, Lima 14, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ferguson, Overseas Development Administration, Eland House, Stug Place, London, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Fielding, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RC, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Hardouin, Institut de MTdecine Tropicale &quot;Prince Leopold,&quot; Nationalestraat IS5, B2000 Antwerpen, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.E. Honegger, Zurich Zoo, Zurichbergstrasse 221, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calffornia, Davis, Calffornia 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.L. Huss, P.O. Box 426, Menard, Texas 76859, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Jenkins, PNG Institute Medical Research, P.O. Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. de Jong, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Marykeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Kamara, c/o Njala University College, Private Mail Bag Freetown, Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.J. Kohun, Department of Agriculture, PNG University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N.M. Konnerup, 74 North Sunrise Boulevard, Camano Island, Washington 98292, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.E. Lacher, Jr., Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.D. Lukefahr, International Small Livestock Research Center, Department of Feed Science and Animal Industries, Alabama A&amp;amp;M University, P.O. Box 264, Normal, Alabama 35762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.C. Malik, Department of Agriculture, PNG University of Technology, Lae, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Matthewman, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.R. Moreno, Departamento de Produccion Animal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apartado 456, La Molina, Lima, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Muller-Haye, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Room F524, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.L. Polley, Programme DTveloppement Plateau Bateke, CBZO, B.P. 4728, Kinshasa 2, Zaire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V. Purizaga A., Alcalde del Concejo Provincial de Pacasmayo, Dos de Mayo 360, Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.T. Quirante, Bureau of Animal Industry, Research Center, Alabang 3124, Metro Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.V. Reddy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.W. Robinson, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7621 Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7621, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Smith, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hutia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.C. Allen, Hope Zoo, Kingston, Jamacia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.S. Canet, Instituto de Zoologla, Academia Ciencias de Cuba, Calle 214, esq. a Avenida 19, No. 17A 09, Reparto Atabey, Havana 16, Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Jordan, Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.L.R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les AugrFs Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional (ZOODOM), Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Woods, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.T. Blankenship, Animal Resources Center, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4354, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Agentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. MacDonald, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.H. Pryor, Jr., School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4354, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.B. Taber, Animal Behaviour Research Group, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paca&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.R. de Alencar Moreira, Agricultural Research Center of the Humid Tropics, EMBRAPA-CPATU, Caixa Postal 48, BelTm, Para 66000, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.J.R. Alho, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasilia, 70910 Brasilia, DF, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.H. Baker, 302 North Strickland Street, Eagle Lake, Texas 77434-1841, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.D. Cuardn O., Instituto de Historia Natural, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas 29000, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. de Escalante, Zool6gico Nacional, Direccion del Patrimonio Natural y Cultural, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.K. Frenkel, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66013, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Hallwachs, Ecology and Systematics, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Hislop, Wildlife Section, Forest Division, Ministry of Food Production, Port-ofSpain, Trinidad and Tobago&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.H. Janzen, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Lavorenti, Animal Sciences Department, ESALQ Universidade de Sao Paulo, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Matamoros, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado 86, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Meritt, Jr., 2200 North Cannon Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.Ma. Rojas G., CATIE, 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O. Rosado, Ministry of Industry and Natural Resources, Belmopan, Belize&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smith, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V. Solis, Union Internacional pare la Conservacion de la Naturaleza y de los Recursos Naturales, Oficina Regional pare Centro AmTrica, Apartado Postal 91-1009-FECOSA, San JosT, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. VaidTs, Centro Universitario del Norte Carrera ZootTcnica, Coban, A.V., Ciudad Guatemala 16001, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vizcacha&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Bonilla Encizo, ICA Tibaitata, Apartado Aereo 151123, Bogota, Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Jackson, Terraza Turrado 80, 5730 Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.L. Marmillon, Estancias del Conlara S.A., Casilla de Correo 451, 5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.D. Thelen, FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Casilla 10095, Santiago, Chile&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. Wing, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Rodents&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.M. Butynski, Impenetrable Forest Conservation Project, Zoology Department, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Flannery, Australian Museum, 6-8 College Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia (Solomon Island rodents)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources, Maendeleo House, Monrovia Street, POB 30786, Nairobi, Kenya (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Jacobsen, Nature Conservation Division, Private Bag X209, Pretoria 0001, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.P. Kofron, Museum of Zoology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70893, USA (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. Leary, Ministry of Natural Resources, Honiara, Solomon Islands (Solomon Island rodents)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. McLaughlin, San Diego Zoo, San Diego 92112, California, USA (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.P. Millar, Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.D. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern African Wildlife Management Association, POB 413, Pretoria, South Africa ( s p ring hare )&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chitton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Van der Merwe, University of Pretoria, Mammal Research Institute, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (springhare)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife Society of Zimbabwe, POB 3497, Harare, Zimbabwe (springhare) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEER AND ANTELOPE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mouse Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.O. Caldecott, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, 7 Jalan Ridgeway, 93200 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Chaplin, Burnhouse, Fountainhall, Galashiels, Selkirk TDI 2RX, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.W.H. Davison, Zoology Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Ruiqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Muul, Integrated Conservation Research, P.O. Box 920, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Nordin, Bureau of Research and Consultancy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Pathak, Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4220, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Robin, Tierpark Dahlholzli Bern, Dalmaziquai 149, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.R. Schmidt, Zoological Garden, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.A. Sirimanne, Singapore Zooological Gardens, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore 2572&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.K. Vidyadaran, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wang Yingxiang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Whittow, Department of Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1960 East West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Muntjac&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Barrette, DTpartement de Biologie, FacultT des Sciences et de GTnie, UniversitT Laval, QuTbec, GIK 7P4, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Benirschke, 8457 Prestwick Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The British Deer Society, Church Farm, Lower Basildon, Reading, Berkshire RG8 9NH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.O. Caldecott, World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, 7 Jalan Ridgeway, 933200 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Chapman, Larkmead, Barton Mills, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6AA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Coe, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OXI 3PS, UK &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O. Dansie, The Chapel, 2 Hobbs Hall, Welwyn, Hertsfordshire, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. Dhungal, Department of Parks and Wildlffe, P.O. Box 860, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.J. Goss, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.P. Harding, Animal Ecology Research Group, Zoology Department, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Harris, Department of Zoology, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 JUG, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Heck, CatskiH Game Farm, Inc., RD #1, Box 133, Catskill, New York 12414, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Jacobson, Fish and Wildlffe Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Ruiqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.J.A. Manton, Zoological Society of London, Whipsnade Park, Dunstable, Bedfordshire LU6 2LF, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Miura, Department of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya, Hyogo-ken 663, Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Muul, Integrated Conservation Research, P.O. Box 920, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Pathak, Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik, DDR-1136 Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shi Liming, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Soma, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical College Hospital, 1-7, Nishishinjuku 6, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Stadler, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Bielefeld, 4800 Bielefeld, Universitatsstrasse 25, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Company, The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wang Yingziang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Wemmer, Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia 22630, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wharton, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. Wurster-HiH, Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.H. Yahner, 320 Forest Resources Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Musk Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Chaplin, Burnhouse, Fountainhall, Galashiels, Selkirk TDI 2RX, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. Dhungel, Department of Parks and Wildlife, P.O. Box 860, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.J. Gaston, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa KIA OE7, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.J.B. Green, IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219C Huntingdon Road, Carnbridge CB3 ODL, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Grubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. Hunter, Jr., Wildlife Department, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.A. Jacobson, Fish and Wildlife Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Kattel, P.O. Box 3070, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Riqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. McNeely, Program and Policy Division, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH1196 Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.W. O'Gara, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.T. Robbins, Wildlife Biology Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4220, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik, DDR-1136 Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shi Liming, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Co., The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wang Yingxiang, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water Deer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Cooke, Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI I UA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Farrell, Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI IUA, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Crubb, 35 Downhills Park Road, London N17 6PE, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu Riuqing, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica. Kunming Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lu Houji, Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.J.A. Manton, Zoological Society of London, Whipsnade Park, Dunstable, Bedfordshire LU6 2LF, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Seidel, Tierpark Berlin, Tierklinik DDR-1136, Berlin, Friedrichsfelde, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R Smith, Department of Zoology, Whiteknights Park, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 2AH, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Stadler, Fakultat fur Biologie, Universitat Bielefeld, 4800 Bielefeld, Universitats strasse 25, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.F. Taylor, Taylor Energy Company, The 2-3-4 Loyola Building, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Wemmer, Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 2263O, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South American Microdeer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Sampath, Trinidad and Tobago Wildlffe Breeders and Farmers Association, c/o 5 3/4 Mile Mark, Penal Rock Road, Penal, Trinidad, West Indies (red brocket)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. MacNamara, Fauna Research, Inc., 11 Park Avenue, Ardsley, New York 10502, USA (pudu)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duikers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Chardonnet, Projet Petits Ruminants, B.P. 65, Atakpame, Togo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.L. Cowan, 324 Henning Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Dubost, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RI.M. Dunbar, Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.R. Kranz, Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Lumpkin, Department of Zoological Research, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Player, Wilderness Leadership School, P.O. Box 15036, BeHair 4006, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Pond, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7621, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Schweers, Bahnhofstrasse 29, D-6744 Kandee, Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.D. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.E. SoHod, International Veterinary Medicine, Tufis University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafion, Massachusetts 01536, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.C. Udell, 14934 VaHey Vista Blouvard, Sherman Oaks, Calffornia 91403, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.A. Varga, Department of Dairy and Animal Science, 225B Borland Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;V.J. Wilson, Duiker Research and Breeding Centre, Chipangali Wildlife Trust, P.O. Box 1057, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Small Antelope&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Asibey, Department of Game and Wildlife, Ministry Post Office, Accra, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Baranga, Department of Zoology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.I. Boshe, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, P.O. Box 3031, Moshi, Tanzania (dikdik)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Chardonnet, Project Petits Ruminants, BP 65, Atakpame, Togo (oribi)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K. Dhungel, Department of National Parks and Wildife, Conservation, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal (four-horned antelope)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.I.M. Dunbar, Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK (dikdik, klipspringer)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Feer, Laboratoire d'Ecologie GTnTrale, 4 avenue Petit ChGteau, 91800 Brunoy, France&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.M. Goebel, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.P. Hoppe, Am Hauenstein 13, 6706 Wachenheim, Germany (dikdik, suni)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.R. Kranz, Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA (royal antelope, beira, dikdik, klipspringer, suni, four-horned antelope)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Player, Wilderness Leadership School, P.O. Box 15036, Bellair 4006, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.N.W. Oppong, UNDP/FGN/FAO Livestock Project, P.O. Box 6603, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.R. Pritchard, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Skinner, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa (otibi, steinbok)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.E. Sollod, International Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA (dikdik, klipspringer)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA (dikdik, klipspringer, four-horned antelope)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LIZARDS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Green Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Benirschke, 8457 Prestwick Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.M. Burghardt, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ferreira, Parque Zoologico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.S. Fitch, Route #3, Box 142, Lawrence, Kansas 66044, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Hemley, World Wildlife Fund, 1255 23rd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA (for trade information)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Henderson, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Higginson, Voluntaria del Cuerpo de Paz, #156 6a Avenida 1-46, Zona 2 Guatemala, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.B. Iverson, Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374, USA S.R. Kellert, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.W. King, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Larde, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia Planes de Renderos, Km. 10 Col. Los Angeles 13, CP 01196 San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Marcellini, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Mora, 200 m sur Pulperia la Uni6n, Cinco Esquinas, Carrieal, Alajuela, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J. Perez, Condominio Su. Antonio 7, C. San Antonio Abad, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Phillips, Research Department, San Diego Zoo, Box 551, San Diego, Calffornia 92112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apa,-tado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.S. Fitch, Route #3, Box 142, Lawrence, Kansas 66044, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Henderson, Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Higginson, Voluntaria del Cuerpo de Paz, #156 6a Avenida 1-46, Zona 2 Guatemala, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. Hillis, Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Larde, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Planes de Renderos Km. 10 Col. Los Angeles 13, CP 01196, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Marcellini, National Zoologica, Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Mora, 200 m sur Pulperita La Union, Cinco Esquinas, Carrieal, Alajuela, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J. Perez, Condominio Su. Antonio 7, C. San Antonio Abad, San Salvador, El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Phillips, Research Department, San Diego Zoo, Box 551, San Diego, Calffornia 92112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apartado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rock Iguana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Auffenberg, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Auth, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.J. Cullen, Cullen Vivarium, 3401 South 16th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215 USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Ferreira, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Henderson, Mi]waukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.B. Iverson, Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.A. Ottenwalder, Parque Zool6gico Nacional, Apartado 2449, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.A. Wiewandt, Wild Horizons, Inc., P.O. Box 5118, Tucson, Arizona 85703, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tegu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A. Blanco, Direccion Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, Avenida Paseo Colon 922 2Ãpiso, (1063) Buenos Aires, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.K. Donadio, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, CC 220, Avenida Angel Gallardo 470, Suc. 5, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.M. Gallardo, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, CC 220, Avenida Angel Gallardo 470, Suc. 5, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Hemley, World Wildlife Fund, 1255 23rd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Marcellini, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.L. Marmillon, Casilla de Correo 451, 5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.C. Packard, Department of Zoology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Werner, Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde, Apartado 1501-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEES&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Local Agriculture Extension Services and beekeepers are often the best source of information for beginning beekeeping. In addition, the following organizations can provide information: International Bee Research Association, 16/18 North Road, Cardiff CF1 3DY, UK; International Agency for Apiculture Development, 6N 909 Roosevelt, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Abt, Centre for International Agricultural Development Cooperation, Tel Aviv, Israel M. Adey. International Bee Research Association, 16/18 North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.O. Adjare, Technology Consultancy Centre, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All India Beekeepers' Association, 817 Sadashiv Peth, Poono 411 030, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.K.N. Atuahene, Forest Product Research Institute (Ghana Forestry Commission), University P.O. Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.S. Brar, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Bradbear, International Bee Research Association, North Road, Cardiff CFI 3DY, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. Caron, Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.S. Chahal, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Clauss, Beekeeping Survey, Kabompo, Zambia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.P. Coleman, International Agency for Apiculture Development, 6N 909 Roosevelt, St. Charles, Illinois 60174, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, or Resident Bee Specialist, Apiary Studies, Zoological Institute, Leningrad, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. DeJong, Departamento de Genetica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade Sao Paulo, 14.049âRibeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.W. Dutton, Centre for Overseas Research and Development (CORD), University of Durham, South Road, Durham DHI 3LE, UK (Apisflorea) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.H. Erickson, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Departamento de GenTtica, 14100âRibeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Fell, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. Flottum, Gleanings in Bee Culture, 623 West Liberty Street, P.O. Box 706, Medina, Ohio 44258-0706, USA (editor)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Free, Rothamstead Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire L5 2JQ, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Wolde-Semait Gebre-Wold, P.O. Box 7505, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.B. Habarugira, AHO (Apiary), Mbara Stockfarm, Beekeeping Section, P.O. Box 4, Mbarara, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.A.M. Hassan, Njiro Wildlife (Beekeeping) Research Centre, P.O. Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Hoopingarner, Department of Entomology, University of Michigan, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1115, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.E. Kerr, Departamento de Biolgia, Universidade Federal de UberlGndia, 38400 UberlGndia, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.G. Kevan, or Resident Bee Specialist, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2WI, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.K. Kigatiia, Beekeeping Branch, Ministry of Agriculture c~ Livestock Development, P.O. Box 30028, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.C. Killins, 163 Trowbridge Avenue, London, Ontario N6J 3M2, Canada&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.M. Kiwuwa, AHL (Apiary), Department of Veterinary Services, Headquarters, Beekeeping Section, P.O. Box 7141, Kampala, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Lanarolle, Apiculture Project, Bindunuwewa, Bandarawela, Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Y. Lensky, Triwaks Bee Research Center, Hebrew University Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot 76-100, Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.D. Levin, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Singh Limbu, Godavari Ashram, GPO Box 50, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. Mann, 14 Millimani Road, Box 20360, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.J. McGinley, Department of Entomology, NHB-105, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA (Apoidea, except Apis) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. McKay, Peace Corps, American Embassy, Asunci6n, Paraguay&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.D. Michener, Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.A. Morse, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Morton, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Box 248204, Coral Gables, Florida 37724, USA (bee plants)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.G. Mugisa, c/o Insure Consult, P.O. Box 30002, Nakiuubo, Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Bin Muid, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.C. Mulzac, International Agency for Apiculture Development, 393 Decatur Street, Brooklyn, New York 11233, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.S. Najar, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.E. Nightingale, Box 23, Njoro, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Patty, Foreign Agriculture Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 6095 South Building, Washington, D.C. 20250, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L.M. Phiri, Office of Chief Beekeeping Officer, P/BAC Mwekera, Kitwe, Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Pickard, Zoology Department, University College, P.O. Box 78, Cardiff CFI IXL, South Wales, UK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.W. Robins, GPO Box 50, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Roubik, Stop 105, Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA (stingless bees)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. Sammataro, 7011 Spieth Road, Medina, Ohio 44256, USA (editor, Cornucopia) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Schechtel, Cnel. Bogado/Itapua, Paraguay&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Shimanuki, Beneficial Insects Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, B-476 BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;O.R. Taylor, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.E. Tew, Agricultural Technical Institute, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Tomasko, Pennsylvania State University, 106 Patterson Building, University Park7 Pennsylvania 16802, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. Torchio, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bee Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5310, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Wadlow, 8381 San Mateo, Ft. Myers, Florida 33907, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.W. Whitehead, International Agency for Apiculture Development, c/o 1000 Connecticut Avenue NW, #707, Washington, D.C. 20036, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Siriwat Wongsiri, Department of Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok7 Thailand (Apis cerana) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wu Yan-ru, Department of Insect Taxonomy and Faunistics, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 7 Zhongguancun Lu, Haitien, Beijing, People's Republic of China &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">C BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF PANEL MEMBERS</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. PHILLIPS retired in 1982 from the post of deputy director general of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, a post he held for four years. Among his earlier posts were that of professor and head, Animal Husbandry Department, Utah State University; senior animal husbandman in charge, Genetic Investigations, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); chief, Animal Production Branch and deputy director, Agriculture Division, FAO; and executive director, International Organization Affairs, USDA. Among his special assignments were: serving as consultant on animal breeding to the governments of China and India for the U.S. Department of State in 1943-44; and as scientific secretary for agriculture of the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for the Benefit of Developing Countries, in Ceneva, Switzerland, 1962-63. Dr. Phillips holds a B.S. degree in agriculture from Berea College (1930), M.A. (1931) and Ph.D. (1934) degrees from the University of Missouri, and Honorary D.Sc. degrees from Berea College and West Virginia University. He has been awarded the Berea College Distinguished Alumnus Award and the USDA's Distinguished Service Award. He is author or coauthor of some 240 scientific papers, review papers, chapters in books, and books on various aspects of physiology of reproduction, genetics, livestock production, and international agriculture. In his research, writings, and international activities, Dr. Phillips has given particular attention to breeding in relation to the environment and to the identification and conservation of valuable animal genetic resources. He is also the author of a definitive history of FAO entitled FAO: Its Origins, Formation and Evolution, 19451981 and an autobiography, The World Was My Barnyard. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU is currently senior advisor to the president of the African Development Bank. He is also president of ESA Associates, Washington, D.C., and former director of the Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. A citizen of Ghana, he received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests cover many areas of tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries, he has also published extensively on tropical plants. Dr. Ayensu chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BONNIE V. BEAVER, professor of small animal medicine and surgery, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, is a specialist in animal behavior and problem behaviors, especially in domestic and laboratory animals. She received her B.S. and D.V.M. from the University of Minnesota and her M.S. from Texas A&amp;amp;M. In addition to being a popular speaker at scientific meetings, she is the author of five books and numerous book chapters and articles. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT BENIRSCHKE, professor of pathology and reproductive medicine, University of California at San Diego, received his M.D. from the University of Hamburg, Germany, in 1948. He served on the faculties of Harvard and Dartmouth medical schools before coming to San Diego in 1970. At the San Diego Zoo he initiated a research department to advance knowledge in endangered species and now serves as a trustee of that organization. He has written on comparative mammalian cytogenetics, vanishing species, and human reproductive pathology. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROY D. CRAWFORD is professor of animal and poultry genetics at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. He received his B.S.A. from the University of Saskatchewan in 1955, his M.S. in animal genetics from Cornell University in 1957, and his Ph.D. in poultry genetics from the University of Massachusetts in 1963. He was employed as a scientist with the Research Branch of Agriculture Canada from 1957 to 1964 in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. He joined the faculty of the University of Saskatchewan in 1964. He was made a fellow of the Agricultural Institute of Canada in 1986 in recognition of his teaching and research work. His research interests include single gene genetics of poultry, and conservation of genetic resources in poultry and livestock. He has discovered and studied many mutants in chickens; some of them have biomedical importance, including one shown to be an animal genetic model of human grand mal epilepsy; some of them are potentially useful in food production, including an albinism mutant that is being developed for autosexing of commercial chicken broilers. He maintains a very large conservation collection of poultry genetic resources at the University of Saskatchewan and has prepared an inventory and assessment of Canada's poultry and livestock genetic resources. Dr. Crawford is a member of the Expert Panel on Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Management, FAO/UNEP, Rome, and is a member of the Animal Resources Committee, Canadian Council on Animal Care, Ottawa. He serves on the International Scientific Committee for the French journal GTnTtique, STlection, +volution. He is a member of the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (UK) and is a board member of the American Minor Breeds Conservancy (USA). &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, distinguished service professor emeritus, University of Florida, Gainesville, and dean emeritus, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, received his Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin in 1944. He has given more than 100 lectures in livestock feeding and nutrition in 40 foreign countries. He served as chairman of the Animal Nutrition Committee of the National Academy of Sciences and as a member of the NAS-NRC Board of Agriculture and Renewable Resources, Latin American Science Board, and as chairman of the livestock committee of two world food studies by NAS-NRC. He served as a member of the organizing committee for the first two World Conferences on Animal Production in Rome (1963) and Washington, D.C. (1968). He served as a member of the Title XII Board of International Food and Agricultural Joint Committee on Research and as chairman of its research priorities committee 1977-1981. He is author, editor, coeditor, or contributor to 30 books and author of more than 1,423 scientific and professional articles. He is a winner of 42 campus, state, national, and international honors and awards. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID E. DEPPNER, director of Trees for the Future in Silver Spring, Maryland, has been a consultant for international development projects involving livestock and poultry management and marketing for the past 14 years. He has served in 17 countries of Asia, Africa, and Central America. He has written on processing livestock rations under tropical conditions and about the Madurese breed of cattle found in East Java, Indonesia, where he spent two years studying this ancient breed. He is currently providing technical assistance to projects in several countries for the development of improved forage production as an answer to destruction of natural resources of tropical uplands caused by overgrazing. He received his B.Sc. in animal science from Ohio State University in 1954 and M.Sc. in livestock economics from Araneta University, the Philippines, in 1977. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH L. HENSON is the director of the American Minor Breeds Conservancy, based in Pittsboro, North Carolina. She received an M.A. in zoology from Oxford University in 1980 and an M.Sc. in domestic animal breeding from Edinburgh University in 1981. Her primary interests are in the conservation of rare and endangered breeds and varieties of domestic livestock as a genetic resource for changing agricultural needs. She represented Britain at the first international conference on domestic animal conservation in Hungary in 1982, and was a member of the Office of Technology Assessment Committee on grassroots strategies to maintain genetic diversity in 1985. She is executive secretary for four British breed associations and is a member of the British Rare Breeds Survival Trust Technical Panel. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. HUSS was regional animal production officer of the FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile, before his retirement. He received a B.S. in 1949, an M.A. in 1954, and a Ph.D. in 1959, all at Texas A&amp;amp;M University. He was assistant professor of range management at Texas A&amp;amp;M before joining the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 1967. He founded the FAO Regional Office's Small Animals for Small Farms programme in 1980. Professional assignments and travels in Latin America, the Caribbean' Near and Middle East, and Africa have contributed to his knowledge and experience in microlivestock development. Dr. Huss was recognized by Texas A&amp;amp;M University by being chosen as the recipient of the Memorial Student Center Appreciation and Distinguished Service Awards in 1958 and 196O, respectively, and Honour Professor in the College of Agriculture in 1966 67. He also received the Society for Range Management's Outstanding Service and Achievement Award in 1975 and its Fellow Award in 1978. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID RICHARD LINCICOME has been a guest scientist with the Animal Parasitology Institute, United States Department of Agriculture Experiment Station, Beltsville, Maryland, since 1978, having retired as professor of parasitology, Howard University, Washington, D.C., in 1970. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees cum laude simultaneously in 1937 from the University of Illinois and a Ph.D. in tropical medicine from the Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1941. His principal research interests have centered around morphologic studies on Acanthocephala, molecular exchanges of dependent cells and their environments, and diagnosis of parasitic diseases. He has been a breeder of Nubian and American pygmy goats for the past 20 years. Dr. Lincicome is currently a member of the Board of Directors of the American Dairy Goat Association and is past president of the National Pygmy Goat Association. He was founder and long time trustee of the American Dairy Goat Association Research Foundation. He is also past president of the Helminthological Society and currently serves the society as archivist. He received the Helminthological Society's Anniversary Award in 1975. He was founder and, for 27 years, editor of the journal Experimental Parasitology, and is the author and editor of more than 180 scientific contributions. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS E. LOVEJOY is a tropical biologist and ornithologist. He is assistant secretary for external affairs, Smithsonian Institution' Washington, D.C. He was formerly executive vice president for the World Wildlife Fund-U.S., chairman of the Wildlife Preservation Trust International, and a member of two commissions of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resources. At present, Dr. Lovejoy is a principal investigator of the world's largest controlled ecological experiment, which is attempting to determine the optimum size for parks and reserves. This project, conceived and designed by Dr. Lovejoy, is called &quot;the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems&quot; and is a joint program of World Wildlife Fund-U. S. and Brazil's National Institute for Amazon Research. Dr. Lovejoy is also the principal advisor for NATURE (WNET/THIRTEEN, New York), a series that he started in 1980. As principal advisor, he recommends program content and oversees the factual accuracy of the program scripts. A member of 11 scientific societies, Dr. Lovejoy has received grants from 16 foundations and institutions and written more than 100 articles for various national and International publications. He has published three books, Key Environments, Pergamon Press, Oxford; Nearctic Avian Migrants in the Neotropics, a Department of the Interior publication; and Conservation of Tropical Forest Birds, an ICPB publication. He is currently working on The Magnificent Exception, a book on people and the biosphere.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARNE W. NORDSKOG is professor emeritus, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Minnesota between 1937 and 1943. His training and principal area of research has been in quantitative genetics, but by about 1960 his interests shifted to immunogenetics and more recently to molecular genetics. He has traveled widely, spending two years as an instructor in agriculture at the University of Alaska (1937-39), and has been an NSF Research Fellow at Cal Tech (1960), a visiting professor at the University of Minnesota (1966), an FAO lecturer at the Indian Veterinary Institute (1973), and an FAO-sponsored lecturer on poultry breeding in China (1979). He has acted as a consultant to a commercial breeder in Japan for 20 years. He has been the major professor at Iowa State for more than 60 M.S. and Ph.D. candidates and has published more than 150 scientific papers. Dr. Nordskog is an honorary member of the Norwegian Poultry Breeding Association, a fellow of the Poultry Science Association, and a fellow of the AAAS. In 1972, he was the recipient of the Poultry Science Distinguished Service Research Award. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LINDA M. PANEPINTO, swine research consultant, was director of the Colorado State University Swine Laboratory through 1988. She earned her B.S. in animal sciences at Colorado State University in 1972. In 1973 she joined the research team developing Yucatan miniature swine at Colorado State University, where she was given primary responsibility for colony management, protocol development, and genetic selection programs. In 1977, she designed an experimental research program for the development of a line of Yucatan pigs with a genetic propensity for exceptionally small size. She has continued her work in that area and has developed the Yucatan Micropig, described elsewhere in this publication. Her other major professional area of interest has been the design of facilities and equipment for swine with emphasis on animal comfort and minimizing stress. Her invention, known as the Panepinto Sling, has been widely adopted as the primary restraint method for numerous medical schools and research facilities using swine in the laboratory. She has published extensively in the field.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT J. PETERS is professor of animal breeding and husbandry in the tropics and subtropics, University of Gottingen, and is currently director of research at the International Livestock Centre for Africa. He received his Dr. Agr. degree from the Technical University of Berlin in 1975. He has undertaken research in livestock production development in Southeast Asia and Africa. The major focus of his research has been small animals, with special attention given to the potential of unconventional animals. Early in 1985 he assumed his present position directing research at the International Livestock Centre for Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. PINO is a senior fellow of the National Research Council, Board on Agriculture, and is currently the project director of the study &quot;Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives.&quot; He received his B.S. in agriculture in 1944-47 and Ph.D. in zoology in 1951 from Rutgers University. As an associate professor he taught and did research in the Department of Poultry Science at Rutgers until 1955 when he accepted a position with the Rockefeller Foundation as animal scientist with the Mexican Agricultural Program, becoming the associate director of that program in 1960. In 1965 he was transferred to the Rockefeller headquarters in New York and became director of the Agricultural Science Program in 1970. Most of his career has been in international agricultural development. He retired from the Foundation in 1983 and went to Washington to become agricultural science advisor at the InterAmerican Development Bank until July 1986 when he accepted his present position. Dr. Pino has been a member of the Board on Agriculture since 1983 and previously from 1973 to 1977. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE is professor of soils, agronomy, botany, and geography, and director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California at Davis in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this system. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. His current interests include improving indigenous agricultural systems of small landholders, particularly with the integration of livestock and crops. He was chairman of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development (under whose aegis this report is presented). He chaired the BOSTID report panels on water buffalo and little-known Asian animals. Currently, he is on the International Advisory Committee of the National Science Foundation and serves as U.S. Board Member for the International Foundation of Science.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL HILL ROBINSON, director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Zoological Park, is an animal behaviorist and a tropical biologist. Before his appointment to the National Zoo, Dr. Robinson served as deputy director of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, which he joined in 1966 as a tropical biologist. He received his Ph.D. from Oxford University after being awarded his B.S., summa cum laude, from the University of Wales. His scientific interests include predator-prey interactions, evolution of adaptations, tropical biology, courtship and mating behavior, phenology of arthropods, and freshwater biology. In the course of his studies, Dr. Robinson has done research in the United States and throughout the developing world. Recent publications include articles on predator-prey interactions, tropical forest conservation, reproductive behavior in spiders, and the function and purpose of zoos in relation to education and conservation. Dr. Robinson's favorite animals are cats, of all kinds. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSON, J.B. Duke Professor of Physiology in the Department of Zoology at Duke University, has studied animal responses to extreme environmental conditions. His major emphasis has been on life in hot deserts, and he is widely recognized for his studies of camels and other desert animals. His research has involved field studies in North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Dr. Schmidt-Nielson has written several books, which have been translated into more than a dozen languages, and he has published several hundred research papers. He has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, the French Academie des Sciences, and several other academies. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALBERT E. SOLLOD, is associate professor and head of the international veterinary medicine section at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine. He is currently stationed in Niger as chief of party of the integrated livestock project and policy advisor in the Ministry of Animal Resources. He has consulted in 15 countries in Africa and Asia, and his research interests include interdisciplinary systems analysis, indigenous pastoral technologies, monitoring change in agricultural production systems, and monitoring and assessing drought impact.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEE M. TALBOT received his Ph.D. in geography and ecology from the University of California at Berkeley in 1963 and has worked on environmental and natural resource ecology and management in over 110 countries. At present he is visiting fellow at the World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., and senior environmental consultant to the World Bank. He carried out pioneering research in Africa and elsewhere on the use of wild animals for food production. He has written more than 180 scientific and technical publications, including ten books and monographs. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAIR E. TERRILL, animal scientist, collaborator, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, Maryland, received his Ph.D. from the University of Missouri in 1936, served briefly at the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, and joined the USDA at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, Idaho, in the same year. His research concerned genetics and reproduction of sheep, leading to national and international responsibility regarding research and production of sheep, goats, and other animals, with primary emphasis on increasing efficiency of production of meat, wool, and other products. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHRISTIAN M. WEMMER is assistant director for conservation and captive breeding programs at the National Zoological Park and is also in charge of the zoo's 3,100 acre Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. He is vice chairman of the IUCN Deer Specialist Group and a member of the Mustelid and Viverrid Specialist Group of the same organization. His interest in evolutionary and conservation biology has been motivated by frequent travel to South Asia and his role as scientific coordinator of the Smithsonian Nepal Terai Ecology Project. For the past 12 years he has coordinated the development of facilities and programs at the Conservation and Research Center and with Dr. R. Rudran has promoted conservation training and wildlife research in developing nations. He has published over 50 papers on various aspects of mammalian biology and conservation and has co-edited with Benjamin Beck one book on PFre David's deer. His edited volume &quot;The Biology and Management of the Cervidae&quot; was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DANNY C. WHARTON is associate curator, Animal Departments, at New York Zoological Park, Bronx, New York. He received a B.S. from the College of Idaho and an M.Sc. in 1975 from the School for International Training in Brattleboro, Vermont. His Ph.D. in biology was earned at Fordham University. Dr. Wharton was a Peace Corps volunteer to Ecuador 1969-71 and a Fulbright scholar to Germany 1976-77. His research interests have been in the genetic and demographic management of small populations. He works on several committees including the IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group, Species Survival Plan Committee of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and is species chairman for the North American Propagation Group for the Snow Leopard.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES A. WOODS IS curator of mammals at the Florida State Museum and a professor of zoology at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. in zoology from the University of Denver and his Ph.D. in zoology from the University of Massachusetts. He worked at the University of Vermont from 1970 to 1979 when he assumed his present position at the University of Florida. His principle research interests have been in the areas of mammalian ecology (Rodentia) and systematics and evolution and he is especially concerned with island biology. He has spent many years working in the West Indies on a variety of projects and has worked closely with the government of Haiti in establishing a plan for the National Parks of Haiti and in completing a biogeophysical inventory of the natural resources of Hispaniola. He is the ecological consultant for the Institut de Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National in Haiti. He is the author of a number of scientific articles on the fauna of the Antilles including a multivolume series on the fauna of the mountains of Haiti. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS M. YUILL is associate dean for research and graduate training of the School of Veterinary Medicine, assistant director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, and professor of pathobiology and of veterinary science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He received his B.S. in wildlife management from Utah State University in 1959 and his Ph.D. jointly in veterinary science and wildlife ecology in 1964 from the University of Wisconsin. His principal research interests are animal health and diseases of wildlife, including those transmissible to domestic animals and to man. He worked in Thailand for two years and has had active research programs in Colombia for 17 years, and Costa Rica for 5 years. He has recently become involved in animal health and production development in the Gambia, West Africa. Dr. Yuill is an executive committee member and immediate past president of the Organization for Tropical Studies and currently serves as president of the Wildlife Disease Association. He completed a five-year term as Chairman of the U.S. Virus Diseases Panel of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Biomedical Sciences Program. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID)</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALEXANDER SHAKOW, Director, Strategic Planning and Review,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank, Washington, D.C., Chairman&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PATRICIA BARNES-MCCONNELL, Director, Bean/Cowpea CRSP, East Lansing, Michigan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JORDAN J. BARUCH, President, Jordan Baruch Associates, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER D. BELL, President, The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, New York, New York&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BARRY BLOOM, Professor, Department of Microbiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANE BORTNTCK, Assistant Chief, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE T. CURLIN, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DTRK FRANKENBERG, Director, Marine Sciences Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HARDY, Boyce-Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK HORNE, Dean, College of Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELLEN MESSER, Allan Shaw Feinstein World Hunger Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLEs C. MUSCOPLAT, Executive Vice President, Molecular Genetics, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES QUINN, Amos Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VERNON RUTTAN, Regents Professor, Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics, Saint Paul, Minnesota&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTHONY SAN PIETRO, Professor of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Bloomington, Indiana&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST SMERDON, College of Engineering and Mines, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GERARD P. DINEEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., ex officio &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES B. WYNGAARDEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., ex officio &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development Publications and Information Services (H A-476E)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of International Affairs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Washington, D.C. 20418 U SA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b18ase.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b18ase.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b18ase.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2956 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b18ase/b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">231099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b18ase/b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b18ase/b18ase.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Little Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Little Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future (b18ase)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">introduce little-known Asian farm animals with a promising future</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">b18ase</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215043</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">b18ase.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p00.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p06.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p09.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p13.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p23.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p26.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p29.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p33.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p40.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p43.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p45.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p48.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p52.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p55.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p58.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p61.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p63.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p66.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p68.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p70.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p73.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p77.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p79.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p82.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p84.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p87.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p88.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p91.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p93.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p94.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p101.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation Board on Science and Technology for International Development Office of International Affairs National Research Council &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Washington, D.C. 1983&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the Committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropiate balance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes topical reviews of technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council. Program costs for the study were provided by the Office of Technical Resources, Bureau for Asia, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. ASB-0249-SS-00-1026-00 and the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant No. DAN/ 5538-G-SS-1023-00.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Funding for this printing was provided by the Office of Agriculture, Bureau for Science and Technology, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., under Grant No. DAN 1406-G-SS-4001-00.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First Printing, June 1983&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second Printing, July 1984&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-061909&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Participants in the Study&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributors &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AMBAR ROESYAT, Research Institute for Animal Husbandry, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. B. ARKA, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. S. F. BARKER, Professor of Animal Sciences and Head of Department, The University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KURT BENIRSCHKE, Research Department, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BEN BERESKIN, Research Geneticist, Nonruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Animal Science Institute, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALEIGH A. BLOUCH, World Wildlife Fund, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. BONGERS, Nature Conservation Department, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. BONNEMAIRE, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, Dijon, France &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. BOSMA, Vakgroep Funktionele Morfologie, Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. BUTCHER, Assistant Director, Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. S. CHILD, Wildlife and Parks Management Officer, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. ROSS COCKRILL, International Animal Consultant, Almansil, Algarve, Portugal &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PAUL CONRY, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, Department of Agriculture, Guam &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD J. COOLIDGE, Former President, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Beverly, Massachusetts, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. P. CROWCROFT, General Director, Metropolitan Zoo, Toronto, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, Dean Emeritus, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. DEPPNER, Tropical Livestock Consultant, Washington, D.C., USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. DEVENDRA, Head, Feed Resources and Animal Nutrition Branch, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Selangor, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. M. DOLAN, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California, USA DUKUT SULARSASA, Department of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. EPSTEIN, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Israel (retired) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. FINNIE, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. FISCHER, Director, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, JustusLiebig-Universitat, Giessen, Federal Republic of Germany &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IAN FLETCHER, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANNIE P. GRAY, Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Edinburgh, Scotland (retired) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. B. GRIFFITHS, Director, Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. R. GRiMWOOD, Nairobi, Kenya &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COLIN P. GROVES, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ULRICH HALDER, Swiss League for Nature Conservation, Basel, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES G. HICKMAN, Livestock Consultant, A. Mithat Efendi Sokak No. 36/11, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. HOFFMAN, Veterinarian, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. H. G. HOLMES, Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. HUITEMA, Veterinarian, Osterbeek, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. H. HUTASOIT, Director-General, Livestock Services, Jakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BENT JORGENSEN, Director, Copenhagen Zoo, Copenhagen, Denmark &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAT KlEFFER, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&amp;amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Director and Professor, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GRAHAM W. M. KIRBY, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Production, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HEINZ-GEORG KLOS, Director, Zoologischer Garten, Berlin, West Germany &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KUSMAT TANUDIMADJA, Professor of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institut Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN K. LOOSLI, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN A. LUKAS, White Oak Plantation, Yulee, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. MACDONALD, Vakgroep Funktionele Morfologie, Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN MACKINNON, Representative, World Wildlife Fund, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT E. McDOWELL, Professor, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEFFREY A. McNEELY, Executive Officer, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ADRIAN G. MARSHALL, Honorary Secretary, Institute of South-east Asian Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;[AN L. MASON, Animal Breeding Consultant, Edinburgh, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEERT MONTSMA, Vakgroepen Veefokkerij, Veehouderij, Tropische Veehouderij, Wageningen, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. MORAN, Senior Research Officer, Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute, Kyabram, Victoria, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. MILLER, Chief, Milk Secretion and Mastitis Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAN NARI, Director, Central Research Institute for Animal Science, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARVEY NEESE, President, Agri-Food Systems International, Inc., Troy, Idaho, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. M. NITIS, Department of Animal Nutrition and Tropical Pasture Production, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM L. R. OLIVER, Chairman, lUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN PAYNE, Wildlife Section, Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W.J.A. PAYNE, Tropical Animal Breeding Consultant, London, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. PHILLIPS, Arlington, Virginia, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Scientific Advisor, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C., USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID W. ROBINSON, Associate Dean, International Programs, University of California, Davis, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PATRICK J. ROBINSON, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. H. L. ROLLINSON, Animal Production Officer, Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLIVE ROOTS, Director, Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. A. SAYER, Nature Conservation and National Parks Project, FAO, Rangoon, Burma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. E. SATTER, Nature Conservation and National Parks Project, FAO, Rangoon, Burma &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORCE B. SCHALLER, New York Zoological Society, New York, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN SCHOTTLER, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Industry, Lae, Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE SEIFERT, CSIRO, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROGER V. SHORT, Professor of Reproductive Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. C. SINHA, Outdoor Recreation and Wildlife Research Division, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna, Philippines &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK J. SIMOONS, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Davis, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. D. SIMPSON, Senior Extension Specialist, Department of Agricultural, Technical and Extension Services, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. SITORUS, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. J. SMITH, Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. J. STOLP-DIEPEVEEN, Department of Tropical Animal Production, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUBANDRlYO, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. SUMADI, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. M. TALBOT, World Wildlife Fund International, Gland, Switzerland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WARREN D. THOMAS, Director, Los Angeles Zoo, Los Angeles, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. L. THROP, Director, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALLEN D. TILLMAN, Private Consultant in Animal Production, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD G. TULLOCH, Division of Wildlife Research, CSIRO, Winnellie, Northern Territory, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HELEN NEWTON TURNER, Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. VAN PUIJENBROECK, Curator of Mammals, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. J. WARWICK, Visiting Professor, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WARTOMO HARDJOSUBROTO, Lecturer in Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. H. WHARTON, Chief Research Scientist, CSIRO, Long Pocket Laboratories, Brisbane, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. L. WHEELER, Project Manager, Project for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.H. WOODFORD, Wildlife Veterinarian, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B.A.YOUNG, Department of Animal Science, the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.ZULBARDI, Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Asian Animals Study Director &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council Staff&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE RECKS, Administrative Secretary &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is high time that the world was made aware of the valuable, large ruminant genetic resources of Southeast Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. MORAN Livestock Specialist Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute Kyabram, Victoria, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Without utilization preservation is doomed to failure. Local breeds able to perform well in difficult habitats, such as in sparse vegetation, mountainous terrain, or the tropics, should be used for their agricultural potential. Breeds that demonstrate hybrid vigor on crossing with improved or exotic breeds also merit utilization. Genetically unique breeds should be retained for scientific studies of genetics, evolution, and biochemistry. And aesthetically attractive and historically important breeds should be maintained in parks and preserves for their educational and cultural values.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. L. MASON Animal Breeding Consultant Edinburgh. Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p00.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ YAK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report began as a brief examination of the domesticated banteng, a little studied bovine that is an important livestock resource in eastern Indonesia. But the study expanded to include other possibly useful but obscure bovines of Asia: the madura (a hybrid between banteng and cattle), gaur, mithan, kouprey, anoa, tamaraw, yak, and yakowsâhybrids formed by crossing yaks with cattle. Four pig species were also included (the bearded pig, the Sulawesi warty pig, the Javan warty pig, and the pygmy hog) that are important traditional resources in parts of Asia, as well as the babirusaâa piglike, wild animal of Sulawesi that may have a rudimentary rumen. (Asia also has some interesting, little-known breeds of cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, and the common pig, but in this report we have chosen to highlight unconventional species only.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are unfamiliar to international animal science. This report aims to kindle awareness of their possible promise and to stimulate their introduction into projects in the world's animal research facilities. Only through active investigation will the potential of these species - most of which are now familiar only to a small number of wildlife specialists - become clear. Many are threatened with extinction; their genetic merits should be assessed before it is too late.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development agencies and governments in the tropics should regard local species, such as those described in this report, as important genetic material for bolstering the long-term success of domestic livestock breeding programs. These indigenous resources can probably be improved genetically to compare favorably with imported livestock, particularly in difficult tropical environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report was prepared after Hugh Popenoe, Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI), and Noel Vietmeyer of the ACT! staff visited banteng researchers in Indonesia, northern Australia, and Papua New Guinea in May 1981. More than 90 researchers (see contributor's list) provided information to the report through correspondence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACTI is a committee of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council. It assesses unconventional resources and technologies that might prove especially applicable to problems of developing countries. Current titles in the ACTI series Managing Tropical Animal Resources are: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (1981)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (1983). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The production of these books has been supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Program costs for this study were sponsored by AID'S Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which also made possible the free distribution of this report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is an exploratory volume. It will, perhaps, lead in a few years' time to a more complete book on indigenous Asian animals - and perhaps also to similar books on little-known animals of Africa and Latin America. If you have material to contribute to the future edition, please send it to Noel Vietmeyer, JH213, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20418, USA, who will contact you when any new publication on this subject is planned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asia has several domesticated animals about which little is known. Among them are the banteng (&quot;Bali cattle&quot;) of Indonesia, the yak of Central Asia's high country, and the mithan of the border region of India, Burma, and Bangladesh.( *The promise of another Asian animal, the water buffalo, is described in companion report no 32. ) Some Asian farmers use domesticated bovine hybrids: the madura (banteng-cattle hybrid) in Indonesia and the yakow (yak-cattle hybrid) in Central Asia. In addition, domesticated forms of at least two Asian pig species (the Indonesian wild boar and the Sulawesi warty pig) are important husbandry animals in parts of Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among Asia's undomesticated animals are five interesting and potentially valuable species of wild bovines: the kouprey in Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea; the gaur in India and much of Southeast Asia; two species of anoas in Indonesia; and the tamaraw in the Philippines. There are also three species of undomesticated Asian pigs: the bearded pig, the Javan warty pig and pigmy hog. Perhaps the strangest Asian animal of all is the babirusa, a piglike species of eastern Indonesia that may be a rudimentary ruminant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of these animals are either threatened or endangered species, and some will soon be extinct unless scientists, governments, and resource managers take forceful action to preserve them. Scientific management and a better understanding of the animals themselves is required.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important need is to investigate their potential as livestock resources. All seem to be disease resistant and well adapted to difficult natural conditions. Some will interbreed with conventional livestock and might thereby pass on important characters to hybrid progeny. A few of the wild species are ancestors of domestic livestock and could be important genetic reservoirs for maintaining or improving the quality of their domestic descendants. Others may make useful new domesticates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appreciation of their potential in the long-term for the world's agricultural development could create a momentum for the protection, preservation, and greater use of these little-known animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Imported Livestock&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, many thought that the best way to raise animal productivity in tropical developing countries was to introduce high-performing breeds from temperate industrialized areas. The fact that the exotic animals were much more productive than local stock made this seem very appealing. But many such importations ended in failure when the animals either quickly died or their growth or reproduction rates declined so drastically that the herds dwindled away or became uneconomic. These introductions had been made without adequate consideration of the local environment that was expected to support the imported animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More recently, some animal scientists have decried the idea of wholesale importing of temperate-zone livestock into tropical countries without also evaluating the indigenous livestock. In many cases the local animals' apparent poor performance results not from their lack of genetic potential, but from inadequate feeding, breeding, selection, management, and health care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indigenous Animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until an objective evaluation of particular indigenous breeds is undertaken, governments should regard local animals as vitally important for the long-term development of their domestic livestock industries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To achieve an agriculture that is compatible with nature, we should try to raise an animal as much as possible within its own natural environment. Indigenous species are necessarily well adapted to their surroundings and have survival qualities that imported livestock often lack. They generally select food, either graze or browse, better than foreign species and can therefore exploit the habitat more efficiently and live within it more harmoniously.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But most of the livestock species the world depends on today are best adapted to temperate conditions. This is because Stone Age peoples in what today are Europe, the Middle East, and eastern China domesticated the prototypes of agricultural animals that were available in those places. The world's best-known breeds of cattle, wool sheep, and horses, for example, usually perform well in temperate regions and poorly in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The species described in this report offer promise as new and important alternative livestock resources for tropical regions. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Embryo Transplants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems likely that modern technology will substantially improve our ability to use new species and breeds of livestock. One of the most encouraging of the new biotechnology techniques is embryo transplantation. In this process multiple eggs (produced by hormonally stimulating female animals) are fertilized and transplanted to other female animals. The hormonal cycles of the donor and receiving animals are synchronized so that a pregnancy results.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This technique is widely used to transfer embryos between cattle, but researchers are now exploring transfers between different species and even between different genera. In 1981, for example, animal scientists at the New York Zoological Garden transplanted a fertilized gaur ovum into a Holstein cow, which carried the gaur calf to term. Now veterinarians at the University of Florida are attempting to transplant water buffalo embryos into both zebu and Holstein-Friesian cattle, and vice versa. If such pioneering work can become everyday practice, it will open possibilities of using common livestock to raise rare animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, because embryos are thought to be free of many diseases, their shipment between nations may soon be permitted without elaborate quarantine precautions. Methods for freezing embryos have been worked out so that the tiny bundles of cells can be air freighted inexpensively in small, insulated containers. This may make animals such as those discussed in this report available to Africans, Latin Americans, North Americans, and Europeans. It may vastly simplify the worldwide exchange of animal genetic material and become the animal counterpart of exchanging seeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An additional benefit of embryo transplants is that the surrogate mother's placental blood supply provides the fetus with natural immunity to some local diseases, thus perhaps reducing one of the most serious causes of failure when exotic animals are introduced to new environments. And at Utah State University it has been noted that raising wildsheep embryos in domestic ewes produces lambs that are more docile than if they were raised by their biological mothers. Embryo transplants may be a small step toward domesticating new animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With these possibilities on the horizon, it becomes even more important that all countries preserve their indigenous animals. The rest of this report suggests and discusses Asian species for protection and study. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part I : Domesticated Bovine Species</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems probable that two of our widely used livestock species were domesticated in the Asian tropics: the zebu or humped cattle in India and the water buffalo in the humid marshlands of northeastern India or Southeast Asia. (Both the chicken and some races of pig may also have a tropical Asian origin, but the exact sites of their earliest domestication is unclear.) There are, however, other, much more localized, domesticated bovines in Asia. These are not well studied and deserve greatly increased recognition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This section highlights:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Domesticated banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Banteng-cattle hybrids&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Mithan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yak&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yakows. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is time for the world's scientific community to study the genetics, evolution, and biochemical parameters of the unique animal resources, that are found in Southeast Asia. ALLEN D. TILLMAN Animal Consultant Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Though well adapted for survival in their own harsh tropical environments, many domestic livestock breeds are being neglected in the race to achieve temperate zone levels of productivity. CHARLES HICKMAN Department of Dairy Cattle Breeding Ottawa, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies should be made of the present and potential role, productivity and efficiency of all domestic animals and birds, large and small, before they are replaced by imported types. Many wild species also could make important contributions to human welfare with proper management. J. K. LOOSLI Department of Animal Science University of Florida .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The conservation of endangered genetic resources represents a genuine and welcome synthesis of the concerns of the agriculturalist and the wildlife enthusiast.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN TINKER British Journalist&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p06.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ MITHAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Domesticated Banteng</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng (*Bos javanicus is now the accepted name, but Bos sondaicus, Bibos banteng, and other synonyms have been used in the past. (See Hooijer, 1956.) The name &quot;banteng&quot; has traditionally referred to the wild form of Bos javanicus; the name &quot;Bali cattle&quot; to the domesticated form. This chapter describes the domesticated form, but we retain the name banteng to reinforce the fact that the animal is not a breed of cattle, but a distinct species. Despite a cattle-like appearance, the animals are at least as genetically remote from cattle as is the bison. Both produce sterile males when hybridized with European cattle. Australia. (N.D. Vietmeyer)) is a bovine that resembles a small cow. It is, however, an entirely different species from either European cattle (Bos taurus) or zebus (Bos indicus). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These docile animals thrive under hot, humid conditions and, like the water buffalo, have high resistance to ticks and tick-borne diseases. In parts of Southeast Asia they have proved acceptable for draft power and meat production, and they may have potential for many other regions of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng are remarkably uniform in type and have changed little from their wild ancestors (see chapter 6). Bulls stand from 1.3 to 1.5 m high at the shoulders, while cows are about 1.2 m high. They have the general conformation of beef cattle. The skin is tight, the neck short, and the dewlap inconspicuous. The face is narrow and is carried horizontally with the large ears pointing forward. There is no hump, but the male possesses a distinctive crest over the thorax because the spines of the thoracic vertebrae are unusually elongated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On both sexes a striking white oval patch covers the rump and all four legs have white stockings. Calves and females are usually light brown with a thin black line along the middle of the back. Bulls are brown when young but usually turn near-black at maturity, unless castrated. Thus, in a herd the sexes - black males and brown females - are strikingly apparent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male horns grow sideways, upward, and outward from a horny mass on the forehead. Females lack this horny shield and their horns usually grow upward and back, eventually curving down again toward the head. Polled animals have not been reported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mature banteng bulls can weigh from 450 to 500 kg. Under exceptional conditions they may reach 550 kg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly all the world's domesticated banteng are found in Indonesia. They are particularly important on the islands of Bali, Kalimantan, Lombok, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, and Timor. On Bali and Sumbawa, they are virtually uncontaminated by crossbreeding with other cattle and are thought to have been domesticated there in prehistoric times. Since 1913 government officials have enforced a law that prohibits crossbreeding so as to maintain the purity of the breed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small numbers of banteng have been introduced to Sumatra, Malaysia, and northern Australia, and there are experimental herds in Texas, USA, and New South Wales, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p09.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ DISTRIBUTION OF DOMESTICATED BANTEG&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated banteng account for about 20 percent of Indonesia's total population of &quot;cattle.&quot; The banteng population increased from 1.1 million in 1967 to 1.4 million in 1975 and is now estimated to be more than 1.5 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng are found mainly in lowland areas on Indonesian islands straddling the equator. The environment is monsoonal with mean annual temperatures ranging from 23Â° to 31Â°C. Most of the region receives heavy rainfall throughout the year, but dry spells as long as five months occur at some locations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng normally have high conception rates. In northern Australia they regularly achieve 80-90 percent conception, as compared with the 50-60 percent of Brahman-Shorthorn crossbred cattle. Similar conception rates have been recorded in Sulawesi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little basic information on the banteng's reproductive physiology has been reported. However, it appears that this differs little from that of cattle. Sexual maturity has been observed as early as 13 months and mating at 16 months.* The gestation period is about one week longer than that of cattle and twinning is not common. At birth, males weigh about 16-17 kg and females about 14-15 kg (about half the size of Brahman-Shorthorn calves). Calves are not weaned at any specific time, and dams may continue suckling a calf until the next birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng will crossbreed with domestic cattle, producing hybrids with notable vigor and heat tolerance (see chapter 2).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has been reported that banteng have the ability to drink water with high salinity,&quot; and in northern Australia they have even been seen grazing seaweed on coral reefs at low tide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On high-quality diets, feed-conversion ratios approach those of other bovine species. For example, banteng bulls on high-concentrate diets have shown daily growth rates of 0.7 kg, compared with 0.7 kg in water buffalo, 0.8 kg in zebu cattle, and 0.9 kg in British cattle bulls.:&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the banteng matures, its weight remains lower than that of cattle of similar age. However, relative to mature liveweight, this disadvantage is only about 8 percent.Â§&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behaviour&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng cannot be handled as roughly as domestic cattle. Cows and calves are timid and easily upset. When stressed they may run into fences and walls, incurring head and spinal injuries. They also easily get into a state of shock. Special squeeze chutes and other special facilities, along with much care in handling the animals, are essential. However, despite their lively temperament banteng are docile if reared, as in Indonesia, with frequent human contact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These animals are promising beef producers. Gourmets consider banteng cuts among the finest of meats, and Indonesia cannot export enough to satisfy the demand in Hong Kong and Japan alone. The meat's outstanding characteristics are its tenderness and leanness. When the animals are maintained and finished under traditional village management, total fat content of the meat (both on a liveweight and carcass basis) is usually less than 4 percent. Little of the fat is deposited among the meat fibers (marbling); about two-thirds of it is mesenteric and the remainder is subcutaneous, laid down in small globules. The carcasses have a high dressing-out percentage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng have proved to be useful as draft animals for the farm but are reportedly less suitable than zebus for hauling carts on roads. Traditionally, both male and female animals are worked, but Balinese farmers normally use females for cultivating light soils only. Banteng are trained when they are about 2 years old and are reportedly easier to train than zebus.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like water buffaloes banteng can utilize low-quality feeds; they are similar in that they can live off forage unpalatable to cattle. It is rare to see banteng in poor condition. Animals of all ages appear to have an ability to maintain weight and body condition even when pasture quality is poor. In this respect, they have been noted to outperform cattle in Australia's Northern Territory. Moreover, due to their lower milk production banteng cows lose less weight and condition during lactation than, for example, Brahman-Shorthorn cows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In comparison with cattle (European breeds) kept under similar circumstances in Australia, banteng are less infested with external parasites. Their hair is short and their hide tough, which helps them resist ticks. Under field conditions few adult cattle ticks (Boophilus microplus) are observed on the animals, except on malnourished individuals, and the incidence of tick-borne disease is said to be very low. Sarcoptic mange is known to affect the animals, but it has a low incidence as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng also appear to tolerate several internal parasites. Liver fluke is probably the most prevalent. Although the animals themselves appear healthy at slaughter, some 80 percent or more of carcasses are found to have partially infected livers. In addition, intestinal worms are often present.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are only slightly affected by Asian trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma evansi). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are poor milkers; their udders are almost invisible. The lactation varies from 6 to 10 months and milk production is only 0.9-2.8 kg per day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To keep from reverting to the wild state, banteng may need close contact with humans or regular handling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An unidentified banteng disease first appeared on Bali in 1964. Known locally as &quot;jembrana,&quot; it spread rapidly, causing mortalities from 10 to 60 percent in certain localities. It was originally thought to be rinderpest; it is now believed to be caused by a rickettsia transmitted by cattle ticks. Outbreaks have occurred with decreasing intensity and virulence since the original outbreak. The disease is under intensive investigation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Bali ziekte,&quot; a disease affecting only banteng, has also been noted. It is characterized by dry eczema, followed by severe necrosis of the skin and exposed mucous membrances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their high susceptibility to bovine malignant catarrhal fever, banteng must not be brought in contact with sheep and some other animals. This virus is widely disseminated in sheep and several domestic and wild hoofed mammals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There have been few scientific studies of banteng and no coordinated attempt to improve their performance. They deserve more recognition and they merit testing in tropical locations outside their traditional home in Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The herds in northern Australia (descendants of animals remaining from an abortive colonization attempt in the 1820s) are in a relatively disease-free zone, and although they are feral, they can potentially provide animals for breeding and use in other nations. Although these few hundred banteng are a valuable resource, they are vulnerable to destruction if adverse environmental conditions arise or exotic diseases break out in Australia. Representatives of the herd should therefore be distributed and viable breeding stock established at several new locations. (Their genes and gene combinations may even prove valuable for the indigenous herds in Indonesia, and banteng research and development would make a valuable topic for cooperative research between Australia and Indonesia.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is particularly needed to identify the reasons for the banteng's apparent ability to maintain weight and body condition on poor-quality grazing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problems of bovine malignant catarrhal fever, Bali ziekte, and jembrana need increased attention, particularly directed toward prevention and control. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p13.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Banteng Cattle Hybrids</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng and cattle have the same number of chromosomes, and they will interbreed. Few scientific details on the hybrid progeny are available, but on the Indonesian island of Madura they are a &quot;stabilized crossbreed&quot; because they seem to be genetically uniform. This hybridization took place some 1,500 years ago, when Indian invaders brought zebus of the Sinhala, or Ceylonese, type to Madura and crossed them with the banteng.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These madurasâ  reportedly show better growth rate than the pure banteng species itself. They are thrifty, hardy, and able to perform well under extremes of heat and poor nutrition. Though a hybrid in origin, both sexes of the madura are fully fertile. â¡&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For more than 15 centuries the winners of the bull races (&quot;kerapan sap)&quot;) have been the herd sires of Madurese villages. This long breeding history has led to an animal with the following characteristics:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Long legs and small feet&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Elongated muscles of the rear legs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Heavy muscling over the back, loin, and shoulder&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Quick reactions and nervous temperament&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Great heat tolerance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The ability to perform well as a work animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng-cattle hybrids vary in appearance, depending on whether European or zebu cattle are used in the cross as well as on the amount of backcrossing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maduras (banteng x zebu) are graceful animals. Their bodies are neat, compact, and deep, with well developed forequarters. The cows attain an average weight of about 210 kg and bulls range from 350 to 375 kg at maturity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Superficially, maduras are like Jersey cattle, except for having a much smaller udder. In most of them the banteng dominates the body structure and coat color. Bulls have a well-developed hump; females have almost none. There is no distinct dewlap. Horns are medium sized and curve upwards and slightly backwards. Ears are medium length and horizontal. Breeders on Madura accept only red-brown animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, crossbreeds of banteng and zebu are distributed throughout Indonesia. On the other hand, hybrids between banteng and European cattle have been made only in small programs in the United States and Australia. For example, researchers in central Texas are producing a cross that is one-eighth banteng/seven-eighths Charolais. They believe this will result in a beef animal able to grow well in warm, humid conditions. In the Northern Territory of Australia, no problems have been encountered in mating banteng bulls to Brahman-Shorthorn cows. Calves that are one-fourth banteng/three-fourths Brahman-Shorthorn have since been produced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Virtually all of the 575,000 &quot;cattle&quot; on the Indonesian island of Madura are hybrid animals resulting from crossing indigenous domesticated banteng with zebus. More than 200 head of banteng/Charolais hybrids are found near Easterly, Texas, and a score or so banteng/ Brahman-Shorthorn hybrids are on a research station near Darwin, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The environment in Madura, where most of these hybrids occur, is monsoonal, with mean average temperatures as high as 31Â°C in the hot season, and dry spells as long as 5 months. It seems likely that judicious selection of the cattle breed could result in hybrids suitable for many other environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the animals on Madura are bred to be raced. They are probably the fastest running bovines. From a standing start, a yoked pair pulling a sled can reach 50 kph by the end of the 130-meter course. An unencumbered individual can approach the speed of a horse (about 68 kph).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When compared with other bovine genotypes in Indonesia, the performance of these hybrids is more closely related to the banteng than the zebu ancestry.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the cross between banteng and European cattle all F1 bulls are sterile; their sperm development ceases at the secondary spermatocyte stage.â¡ Infertility also exists in most one-fourth banteng (although some sperm are present) and in all three-fourths banteng bulls. The fertility of the F1 cows, on the other hand, is high - 90 percent as compared with 70 percent for Brahman-Shorthorn cows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hybrids have a lively temperament. However, when they are reared with other domestic cattle or handled on a regular basis, they are almost as docile as cattle. For instance, they remain calm even in Madura's extremely crowded towns. Nevertheless, personal contact probably must be maintained to keep them accustomed to human management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cows are very protective of their calves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several reports from the livestock service of the former Dutch colonial government, as well as several books on the East Indies, state that meat from the madura is the tenderest of any known breed. In addition, the hides are pliable and superior to those of cattle and are used in the highest quality leather goods. They command a price about 20 percent higher than zebu hides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The breed is reportedly one of the best draft animals for its size in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maduras have several desirable traits, including those outlined below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Feed efficiency. With grain rations, yearling bulls can gain 1 kg on less than 7 kg of ration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Thriftiness. The breed can maintain its body condition on low quality forages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Heat tolerance. The madura has a high rate of cutaneous evaporation and is therefore well adapted to the tropical monsoonal climate. Teams of madura can plow or cultivate land for more than 6 hours, even at high temperatures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Carcass quality. The madura fattens readily on a high-quality diet and  produces carcasses with high dressing percentages, a large rib-eye area, and  high yields of lean meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· External fat thickness. A well-finished madura normally has only a slight  covering of fat over ribs and lower round. Maximum thickness (over the top  round) is less than 1.5 cm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Intelligence. These animals are responsive and easily trained. The famous  dancing cattle of Madura, for instance, are actually these banteng-cattle  hybrids.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Parasite resistance. Despite often high levels of fluke infections, the  animals continue to work, reproduce, and maintain body condition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maduras have been bred for one thing - speed. Some of their genetic  limitations are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Low birth weight. The calves begin small, weighing 12-14 kg at birth, and  they continue to be slow weight gainers. [Feeding trials with yearling bulls  have shown daily gains of over 600 g for 180 days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Poor lactation. Milk production is normally less than 1.5 lifers per day and lactation ends after about 4 months. The cows often fail to produce milk. Much of this is probably caused by poor nutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the important features of the madura is that its genetic variation has been largely removed during 1,500 years of continuous breeding; with study much valuable information could be obtained that is beneficial to all bovine breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following topics need further study:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Fertility levels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crossbreeding to test the effect of using a wider range of cattle breeds*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Assessment of the hybrid's advantages over the pure banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Performance under a wide range of environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 Mithan</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan (Bos frontalis) is believed to be a domesticated form of gaur (see chapter 6).t (However, it resembles the banteng and some authors have proposed that it is a gaur-cattle cross, others a gaur-banteng cross.) The mithan is a domestic animal indigenous to parts of India, Burma, and Bangladesh. Because of large size and the high butterfat content of its milk it is widely used to crossbreed with cattle in Bhutan. It deserves greater recognition both in Asia and elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan is a handsome animal. Bulls may occasionally exceed 1.7 m at the shoulder and weigh 1,000 kg, but the average bull is about 1.5 m tall and weighs 540 kg. Cows are shorter and weigh less.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal has a dorsal ridge on the crest of the shoulders, a small but pronounced dewlap, and a generally flat forehead. Mithan horns are often of unusual girth; they are straight or gently curving, and many have an enormous base that practically covers the top of the skull.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most calves and females are brown, but adult males are generally black with white stockings on all four legs. Some, however, are light brown, white, or piebald.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the hill ranges of Assam, where gaur are still plentiful and interbreeding between mithan and gaur frequently occurs, the mithans are massive and gaurlike. But in the Chin Hills, where gaur are scarce, the mithans have lost their bulky proportions, probably by interbreeding with cattle. With them, the high dorsal ridge on the shoulder (which lends so much to the imposing stature of the gaur) has disappeared, the horns are cowlike, and the varied coloring of the domestic cow begins to appear.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithan are kept in a domesticated condition by the hill tribes of northeastern India (Mishmis, Mizo, Nagas), the Chittagong Hill tracts, and some Burmese hill ranges (Arakan and Chin Hills). It is the main domestic animal of the Nagas of Nagaland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In India feral herds totalling some 50,000 head roam the jungles of Arunachal Pradesh. Recently the Royal Government of Bhutan has established two herds by purchasing animals from Arunachal Pradesh. Bhutanese farmers have some 60,000 head of animals that are hybrids of mithan and the local breed of cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Bhutan is breeding mithans on government farms and distributing males to private breeders to improve the genetic base.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan is a grazing animal, but in some areas herds are allowed to browse freely in the woods; some return to the villages for protection at night, while others remain largely in the forests. The villagers keep the forest mithans nearby by providing salt, for which the animals have an insatiable craving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feral mithan live in the same habitat as gaurs and are said to move equally skillfully in mountainous terrain. Usually they are found at elevations from 600 to 3,000 m. However, in the Chittagong Hill tracts and the Mishmi country they descend to 300 m and lower, while in Bhutan they have been reported grazing in summer at altitudes as high as 3,300 m, for example around Thimphu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p23.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mithan distribution. (after Simoons and Simoons, 1968)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithans are fully fertile amongst themselves. Also, they interbreed freely with the gaur, banteng, yak, and cattle of both the taurus and zebu types. Naga owners encourage the interbreeding with gaur, regarding it as an improvement of the race. (They arrange this by placing salt licks in the forest. After gaur bulls have formed a habit of coming to the licks, mithan cows are left there and in due course mating takes place.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The crosses between mithan and zebu are also encouraged in certain districts. Unlike most crosses between bovine species, those between mithan and cattle result in fertile male and female offspring (although some owners indicate that the F1 male is not a reliable breeder).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is an unusually gentle animal with a quiet disposition, as revealed in the Chin tribe's expression &quot;gentle as a mithan.&quot; Normally even a stranger is safe to approach one; if he gives it a bit of salt, it will usually follow him about. Thus, mithans are easily managed in a regular cattlerearing operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many mithans are not domesticated in the strict sense. Their herds live in a semi-tame state near jungle villages and come to settlements only in the evening to lick salt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some regions of northern India, mithans are used for field work and as draft animals. They are also important as a meat supply. The Bhutanese government is establishing a national dairy-mithan breeding program, which could result in a valuable dairy animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To many tribes of northeast India and Burma, mithans serve mainly as sacrificial animals. The Nagas use them as a kind of &quot;currency&quot; to pay for goods, to buy brides, and to pay penalties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids resulting from backcrossing mithan with common cattle are also used as work animals. For at least a century, Bhutanese livestock breeders, particularly those in the eastern section, have mated mithan bulls to siri cows (Bos taurus) from India. This produces very profitable hybrid offspring that have high milk production. The milk is rich in total solids and produces exceptional yields of cheese and butter.* The male of the cross (called &quot;jatsha&quot;) is a powerful draft animal, and the female (&quot;jatshum&quot;) is a prized milk cow. To this day, extensive crossing continues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan is potentially an animal that can be used in difficult terrain where most domestic cattle breeds do not perform well. Mithans are superior when it comes to feeding on steep slopes and cliffs and for grazing native grass and the leaves of local fodder trees. They are also adapted to tropical and subtropical environments. And they are able to maintain themselves in small herds (6-10 head) in dense jungle.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mithan could prove valuable in other parts of the world, and it could be important particularly for the genetic improvement of cattle in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If they are disturbed, mature mithans can be temperamental. They can be difficult to hold with normal fences or chutes, because of their size. When given injections or otherwise subjected to pain, they are liable to bolt to the jungle and not return.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The productivity of these animals needs to be better characterized and defined. Attention should be given to their grazing efficiency as compared with that of cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The two farms the Bhutan government has established for breeding mithans provide an opportunity to gather genetic information on the species and to have experimental matings take place to establish the most suitable animal for various conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The genetic relationship of mithan to gayal, gaur, and cattle needs to be clarified. Although it is believed that the mithan and gayal are the same animal, one of this report's reviewers points out that the mithan of Bhutan are strikingly different in color, body shape, and horn structure from gayals seen in zoos in Europe and India. Although the mithan is now considered a domesticated gaur, many in the past have claimed it as a gaur-cattle hybrid. Physiological research could remove lingering doubts. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p26.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Yak</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yak (Bos grunniens), is a grazing animal that is accustomed to traveling great distances in a harsh environment. Nothing is known about when it was first domesticated, but there has probably been a close association between man and yaks ever since the first humans migrated into the high mountains of Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated yaks are about the size of ordinary cattle and rarely exceed heights of 1.3 m at the shoulder. Their liveweight is generally 250-550 kg for the males and 180-350 kg for the females. They differ little from wild yaks except that they are smaller, have shorter and thinner horns, and may be rusty brown, black, silver grey, or piebald instead of black.â  Often they have whitish spots on their faces.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yak's hair is long, especially on the flanks, where it forms a shaggy fringe that often reaches the ground. This, together with an underlying layer of thick, fine wool, protects the animal from the bitter cold of its native region. The yak has an enormous tail with a brush of long hair coming from its root, which is rare in bovines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Long extensions of the thoracic vertebrae give the yak shoulders that look like a hump, but this is different from the boneless hump in zebus. The body is long, short-legged, and compact, with particularly large forequarters because, like the bison, the yak has 14 or 15 pairs of ribs instead of the 13 of domestic cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The horns spread outward and upward, and the head is held low, like that of the bison. While no hornless domestic yaks have been reported in Nepal, more than 90 percent of those found in Mongolia lack horns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most yaks are found especially in the mountains and plateaus of Tibet and western China, however they occur from northern Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Bhutan to Mongolia, and the Soviet Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are more than one million domestic yaks in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Himalayas the domestic yak is almost always found above 2,000 m elevation. Males are sometimes brought as low as 1,700 m for mating with cattle (see chapter 6), but they do not fare well at such altitudes. In Mongolia and Buryatiya (U.S.S.R.), however, they are found as low as 1,500 m elevation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p29.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Yak distribution. (after J. Bonnemaire, 1976)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild yak lives in desolate mountain areas at altitudes of 4,000-6,000 m. Its habitat is the alpine tundra and the cold desert regions of the northern part of the Tibetan plateau. These barren mountain regions are remote and at higher elevations than the zones of human habitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks look ungainly, partly because they are covered with long hair, but they are agile climbers and can maneuver narrow mountain paths. Their long hair is one adaptation to the cold climate. Other adaptations are the small, compact scrotum of the male and udder of the female, the small teats (only 2-3 cm long) and covering of hair over the udder, and the covering of short hair over the muzzle, except just around the nostrils.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In early summer yaks graze the lush grass in valley bottoms, but for much of the year they live on dry, coarse mountain grass and for long periods obtain water by eating snow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gestation length is 258 days - slightly shorter than that of cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domestic yaks are docile and easily managed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks are especially useful as riding and pack animals; they can manage loads of more than 150 kg. At altitudes up to 6,000 m they may carry a pack or a person at a steady pace for days and still remain in good condition. In some regions they are the only feasible pack animal. Yak bulls (generally castrated) are also used for plowing and for threshing grain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Occasionally the yak is slaughtered for meat. The meat is particularly important in parts of the USSR and in Mongolia, where in the cold, high-altitude environments it reportedly costs only half as much to produce as beef.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas milk production is an essential aspect of yak husbandry. Yields vary considerably according to management and nutrition, but they average about 600 kg and can be more than 1,000 kg per lactation. Yak milk is golden colored. It is much richer than cow's milk; a typical analysis is: total dry matter, 17.35 percent; fat, 6.5 percent; protein, 5.3 percent; and sugars, 4.6 percent. The fat globules are much larger than those in cow's milk. People of Tibetan stock use yak butter as a food staple and as a lighting fuel.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yak hide, though apparently not as good as that of cattle, is used for many purposes. It makes outstanding saddles. Yak hair is used for making ropes, saddle blankets (purportedly the best in the world), grainstorage bags, and tents. The fine wool that occurs beneath the long hair is used for making felt. The annual yield of adult females and males is about 750 g and 1,600 g of hair and about 350 g and 600 g of wool, respectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because yaks are often found above the timberline their dung is an important fuel in many areas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks can live and work hard in a cold climate. They are the only bovines to thrive at high altitudes. In cold, high areas they can work and produce meat and milk more efficiently and cheaply than cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks are not well able to eliminate surplus heat because their heavy coat reduces their ability to sweat. In warm climates their respiration rate and body temperature increase and they become exhausted and susceptible to infections. At low altitudes in Nepal yaks die of a variety of diseases. Apparently not even yak-cattle hybrid animals (see next chapter) can successfully live below 700 m in that part of the world. This is probably due to overheating, since during the first half of this century yaks grew successfully in trials at low altitudes in Alaska and northern Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yak improvement programs are much needed. It seems probable that the genetic potential of the species is far from realized because Buddhist beliefs oppose the deliberate killing of stock. Techniques for deep freezing yak semen have been successfully developed at Regents Park Zoo, London and should prove invaluable for improving the breed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· As a result of uncontrolled hunting the wild yak is endangered and is now restricted to remote barrens on upland plateaus and highlands in northern Tibet and Chinghai, inhospitable even to domestic yaks. The numbers of wild yak are unknown. They require total protection throughout their range and the establishment of adequately protected reserves with good pasture. To preserve their genetic purity, it is important to isolate wild yaks from domestic yaks and thus keep them pure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A primary need is to catalog the numbers and locations of purebred yaks. Today we have little idea of the total breeding population. Gathering such information is difficult, owing to the geographical isolation of the communities involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It is also important to catalog the movement of yaks between different areas to see if enough genetic exchange occurs to prevent inbreeding of the population. Exchanges between local pastoralists were much more frequent in the past (for example, between Tibet and Nepal), but this is now more difficult because of border restrictions and because many yak &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;herders that used to move herds long distances have become sedentary farmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Breeding strategies, herd management, product processing, and herd hygiene in Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, northern India, and northern Pakistan, Tibet, Mongolia, and the Soviet Union all differ greatly. It is important to get an overall perspective so that the strengths of the different systems can be judged and the weaknesses reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· There are clearly different domestic yak &quot;breeds&quot; in terms of their appearance, and these need to be identified and compared systematically. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p33.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5 Yakows</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yaks and cattle have the same diploid number of chromosomes (60). And in the regions where yaks are found, they are often interbred with cattle, either the humpless cattle (Bos taurus) of Tibet and Mongolia or the zebu (Bos indicus) of South Asia. As with mules, the hybrid offspring of cattle and yak surpass their parents in strength and vigor. Yakows* grow faster than their parents, and they suffer less from high temperatures than yaks. The hybrid cow reaches sexual maturity earlier and yields larger quantities of milk than the yak cow. The males, however, are sterile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yakow's appearance varies with the type of cattle used in the cross. But because of the phenomenon of hybrid vigor (heterosis), the hybrids are considerably bigger than the mean size of their parents. (For instance, in one test the liveweight was approximately 18 percent higher than the average weight of the parents.) The hybrids also excel in hardiness, working ability, growth rate, and milk production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, their appearance and performance is closer to that of the mother than of the father. Because of this, the yakows can be &quot;custom designed&quot; for various altitude zones. For example, the farmer at lower altitudes may produce cattle-like yakows by breeding yak bulls to domestic cows, while farmers at higher altitudes would use the reverse cross.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yakows have shorter hair and a much less downy undercoat than purebred yaks. They are similar in color to yaks. (In Nepal, black is most frequent, but brown shades and even white may occur.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yakows are found in parts of northeastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, northeast and northwest India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Tibet, western China, Mongolia, and southeastern Russia. They are found notably in the Himalayan region of Nepal, where they are bred by people of Tibetan culture and language. Sherpas, for instance, supply hybrid cows and heifers to dairy farmers throughout northeastern Nepal. Hybrids are also much bred in Ladakh (northern Pakistan) and Mongolia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whereas farmers in Nepal tend to use zebus to cross with yak, the inhabitants of the Tibetan plateau generally use Bos taurus cattle. People in some areas favor mating yak bulls to cows, while those in other areas prefer the reverse. But even within one village there can be a degree of specialization by different families, depending on wealth and the location of traditional grazing grounds. Generally, however, the crosses between domestic cattle bulls and yak cows are the predominant ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of yak-cattle hybrids in the world is unknown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the yak, the hybrid can live in cold, barren, upland terrain, but it has the advantage of being able to adapt to lower altitudes. In winter, caravans of hybrids may come down as low as 1,600 m in some parts of Nepal, and hybrid herds (especially those resulting from crossing yak bulls with zebu cows) can spend several weeks grazing at altitudes as low as about 1,700 m in winter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female hybrids are fertile when mated with either parent stock. Male hybrids, however, are sterile. Although they have fully developed secondary sexual characters and show libido, their testes do not produce spermatozoa because the seminiferous tubules are poorly developed and the spermatogonia and their nuclei are degenerate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few normal or motile spermatozoa may be found in the semen of backcrosses of the F1 hybrids to either parent, but as a rule the spermatozoa are normal and dead.* Backcrossing is reportedly not common, however, as the progeny do not retain hybrid vigor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibetan farmers prefer the hybrids for plowing because of their docile temperament. The yak is said to be more stubborn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hybrids are valued as beasts of burden and draft, and are often preferred over yaks. Male hybrids are generally castrated at about 3 years of age so as to increase their strength and size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where pastures occur over areas of greatly varying altitude, the use of hybrid livestock is likely to be more efficient, in biological terms, than the use of yaks or cattle. By judiciously selecting cattle, yaks, or hybrids all altitudes from sea level to above 5,000 m can be utilized with best efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hybrid's milk is intermediate in composition between that of its parents. However, hybrids yield up to 7 kg of milk per day against the yak's 3 kg. (It seems that the hybrid derived from cattle bull and female yak produces considerably more milk, with a higher fat content than that derived from yak bull x cattle female.) Also the female hybrids produce larger quantities of milk than Nepalese zebu cows on the same hill pastures. They also produce a calf each year, while under normal herd management yaks tend to produce a calf every 2 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids do not tolerate extremes of altitude or cold as well as purebred yaks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The normal gestation period for yaks is about 1 month shorter than that of cattle, and the gestation period for a hybrid is intermediate between that of the parents - hence there may be problems at calving when a female yak is sired by a bull from a large cattle breed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed to identify differences in altitude tolerance between various hybrids. This should include measurements of hemoglobin count, respiration rate, and pulse rates at different altitudes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies are also needed on all production characteristics, particularly on the meat and milk production potentials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cataloging the breeding strategies of different areas where hybrids occur would be useful, along with a historical perspective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research to determine the most productive hybrids by crossing different yak and cattle &quot;breeds&quot; in areas with different environmental conditions could be extremely useful. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part II : Wild Bovine Species</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In various parts of Southeast Asia there exist little-known relatives of cattle and water buffaloes. Many of these wild animals are close to extinction, and attention is drawn to them in hope their populations will be preserved. All of them survive in tropical regions subject to environmental extremes - flooding annual rains, searing droughts, and swarming pests and parasites. These are conditions to which conventional livestock are poorly adapted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None of Africa's bovines is threatened with extinction, and both the European and American forms of bison are being preserved by governments and individuals. In Asia, however, there has been an alarming drop in the numbers of wild water buffalo, wild yak, wild banteng, kouprey, gaur, and tamaraw in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This section describes:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Wild banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Gaur&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Tamaraw&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If not molested, many of these animals can thrive side by side with human settlements. They may therefore have an important future role in the development of the tropics. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is little point in conservation for conservation's sake, but loss of irreplaceable resources through ignorance, greed, or thoughtlessness should be avoided. It may be that these Asian animals have little merit other than their uniqueness, but at the very least, sufficient numbers should be conserved until we have time to find out. A. J. SMITH Royal School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rapid human increase and relative poverty deny hope that any land can lie idle when so many would be robbed of an opportunity simply to exist. For wildlife to survive, let alone at its breathtaking best, we must think of new and better ways to justify its future, preferably by having it contribute to the welfare of those hard-pressed humans who inevitably are further disadvantaged by the creation of national parks. DAVID WESTERN New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is an urgency to conserve and study nontraditional animal species, especially for use in the environmentally challenging tropical areas of the world. The philosophy plant scientists apply to exploring the potential of the plant kingdom needs to be more enthusiastically adopted for the world's animal species. G. W. M. KIRBY, Principal Animal Production Officer Department of Primary Production Darwin, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p40.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ GAUR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6 Wild Banteng</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The wild banteng (Bos javanicus)* are the most cowlike of all the wild bovines and are the parent stock of the 1.5 million domesticated banteng in Indonesia (see chapter 1). They have a scattered distribution throughout Southeast Asia, and three subspecies are recognized:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Java banteng Bos javanicus javanicus (Java and Bali)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Borneo banteng Bos javanicus lowi (Borneo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Burma banteng Bos javanicus birmanicus (Burma, Thailand, Indochina).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng have been called the most beautiful of all wild relatives of cattle. The cows are usually a vibrant reddish brown, while adult bulls are mostly blackish-brown and sometimes even blue-black (although in Burma and Indochina bulls remain golden brown like the cows, and in Thailand a few banteng have been recorded with white, deerlike spots on their brown coats). Both sexes have white &quot;stockings&quot; and a large white patch on their rumps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng are larger than their domesticated counterparts. Average-sized bulls of the Java and Burma subspecies stand 1.6 m high and weigh 635 kg, but bulls as large as 1.9 m and 825 kg have been recorded. Cows average 1.4 m in height and weigh 400 kg. The Borneo subspecies is smaller.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The horns of banteng bulls are angular, turning out and then up, with inward-pointing tips and reaching a spread of 60-75 cm. The horns of cows are short and crescent shaped. There is a patch of thick, naked skin between the horns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are found in restricted localities scattered over an area ranging from the northeastern edge of India, through Burma, Thailand, the northern Malay Peninsula, central and southern Indochina, and the islands of Borneo, Java, and Bali.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only a few thousand wild banteng survive, and their numbers are decreasing. Most populations are endangered because their habitats are being encroached upon by the growing human population. In Sabah, Malaysia, for example, the areas where an estimated 300-550 banteng (the last remaining herds) occur are scheduled for conversion to permanent agriculture. The animals are being forced to use smaller and smaller habitats, thus increasing losses caused by malnutrition, diseases, and parasites. In addition, throughout much of the animal's range, hunting, military operations, and perhaps interbreeding with domestic cattle are further reducing the original stocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p43.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of wild banteng. (courtesy of C.H. Wharton)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng's general distribution lies in the zone of deciduous monsoon forest in Southeast Asia. Habitats vary between the extremes of dry wooded parkland with large grassy plains to tropical rain forest with small clearings. The animals prefer flat or undulating terrain. In northern Kampuchea and eastern Java, they inhabit grassland savannas. In western Thailand, they live in a belt of grass and bamboo thickets along upper slopes of dry mountains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng inhabit sites from sea level to around 2,000 m elevation. They avoid large human settlements and plantations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most areas there are no pronounced hot or cold seasons, but dry seasons can be long.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng prefer feeding on grass, but are fond of herbs, leaves, fruits and blossoms, as well as the sprouts of trees, brush, and young bamboo. Under favorable conditions they drink daily, preferring standing water. During droughts, they seem able to survive several days without water. In coastal areas where there are no mineral licks they can meet their need for salt by occasionally drinking seawater. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sex ratio at birth is 140 males to 100 females, but mortality of bulls is heavy and the adult ratio is about three cows for every bull.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calves are suckled until they are 14-16 months old.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In undisturbed conditions, the banteng's daily activity has a more or less fixed rhythm. During daytime, the animals alternate active and resting periods of 2-3 hours each. The active periods predominantly involve feeding, drinking, and social interactions. While resting, the animals commonly ruminate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a reaction to heavy rains or human disturbances, the animals retreat into dense vegetation. In regions with frequent human disturbance they generally appear in the open only at night. However, where they find particularly suitable localities they become somewhat accustomed to human presence and will venture out in daylight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng live alone or in small groups of up to eight members. Males separate from their mothers at an age of 2-3 years. Sometimes female calves continue living with their mother even beyond maturity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cows and dominant bulls command the best pastures, and young and weaker bulls roam widely, rarely leaving the protection of the thick forest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banteng bull has a reputation for extraordinary savagery, but stories of its lightning attack have been exaggerated. Wildlife biologists in Indonesia have not been able to document any such attacks and have no qualms about walking in banteng habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng show important promise for improving domesticated banteng (see chapter 1) or for interbreeding with cattle (chapter 2). Almost 170 years ago Sir Stamford Raffles, founder of Singapore, noted that in Java &quot;The degenerate domestic cows are sometimes driven into the forest to couple with the wild benteng, for the sake of improving that breed.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tourism could be developed in areas where these magnificent animals occur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng are large, robust animals fully at home both in the heat and humidity of the wet season and in the hot dry season. Their genetic &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;endowment for such tolerance could be of significant value fin improving domestic stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Possible Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild banteng may prove to have a special susceptibility to diseases of domestic animals. Blackleg (Clostridium chauvoli) and mucosal disease have caused heavy losses in banteng in European zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capture of wild banteng may prove difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research on the physiology, production potential, and possible uses of wild banteng is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hunting and destruction of its habitats menace the wild banteng over all of its range. The only promising means for conservation is creation of nature reserves where hunting and forest destruction are forbidden. Conservation efforts should particularly include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Supporting government of Thailand efforts to conserve banteng in western Thailand and the Petchabun Range;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cooperating with the Burmese government in surveys to locate the best banteng habitats;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cooperating with the governments of Kampuchea and Laos to identify banteng habitats and establish appropriate protective measures; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Carrying out research in Java's nature reserves (Ujung Kulon National Park and Baluran Reserve) to ascertain the genetic distinctiveness of the banteng, its status, and its characteristics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Sabah and other areas of Southeast Asia there are cattle breeding projects that use imported stock exclusively. Experimental crossbreeding of local banteng with this stock should be encouraged. There are some feral and domestic banteng, as well as hybrids between wild banteng and feral cattle, that should also be tested.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p45.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7 Gaur</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gaur (Bos gaurus) would seem to be an ideal meat-producing animal. It is a large bovine with massive muscular development, and it has already been domesticated (see mithan, chapter 3). Gaurs, which are threatened with extinction, deserve much greater attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two subspecies of gaurs are recognized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Bos gaurus gaurus (India, Nepal) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Bos gaurus laosiensis (Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Kampuchea, West Malaysia). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With its huge head, massive body, and sturdy limbs, the gaur is the embodiment of vigor and strength. It is among the biggest of bovines. Bulls weigh 600-940 kg and stand 1.6-1.9 m tall at the shoulder, but a record bull of 2.2 m and 1,225 kg has been recorded. Cows are only about 10 cm shorter in height, but they are more lightly built and weigh 150 kg less.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On their shoulders gaur bulls have a striking muscular ridge that slopes down to the middle of the back, where it ends in an abrupt dip. The horns are crescent shaped, creamy yellow, and taper to a sharp point, which is usually tipped in black.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newborns are a light golden yellow, but soon darken to coffee or reddish brown, the color of young bulls and cows. Old bulls are jet black, their bodies almost hairless. Gaurs have light colored forehead and yellowish or white stockings. Their eyes are brown but in certain lights, because of reflection, they appear blue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs excrete an oily, aromatic sweat, unique to this species and to the mithan. It gives the animals a strong bovine smell and may be an adaptation for keeping away insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once common throughout South and Southeast Asia, gaurs now survive only in scattered remnant herds of up to 30 animals in the hill forests of India, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Kampuchea, Vietnam, and the Malay Peninsula.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p48.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Gaur distribution. (courtesy of C.H. Wharton)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Historically, the largest concentrations have coexisted with farmers in areas of shifting cultivation. The animals adjust to disturbed land, and they also adapt to man's presence if not unduly harassed. For example, gaurs will feed in agricultural fields, along roadsides, and near occupied houses. Herds in national parks feed peacefully while tourists stand by. Gaurs in zoos also become quite tame and manageable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Populations not protected in parks and reserves are in immediate danger of extinction. Even in the remotest hill forests gaurs are harassed by hunting, exposed to the diseases of domestic cattle, and driven from their natural habitat by human invasion. Most herds outside of parks or wildlife reserves are threatened by agricultural development, hydroelectric dam projects, human settlement, or extensive logging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In India, large populations still exist in the larger sanctuaries such as &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mudumalai and Kanha Park. In Thailand diseases carried by domestic animals, poaching, and habitat destruction have reduced total gaur numbers to fewer than 500. In Malaysia, the population is estimated to be only 400 animals. â &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs typically live on gentle, undulating terrain with natural mineral licks. They inhabit gaps in the forest, such as abandoned clearings, where they can find grasses and shrubs. In the northern portions of their range, they inhabit deciduous and semideciduous hill and mountain forests with light brush and many grassy clearings. In the lowlands they live in open bamboo jungles, grassy plains near forests, or dense forests broken by glades or open meadows. (In the forest they probably depend to some extent on the slash and burn agriculture of hill people.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals appear to be adapting to increased human presence. They make use of such man-modified habitats as logged forests and fringe areas of agricultural estates that abound with grasses and early secondgrowth vegetation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs are combination grazers and browsers. They feed on the grasses of forest openings as well as on the young leaves, fruits, twigs, and bark of shrubs and juvenile trees. In one study in Malaysia, grasses comprised 41 percent of their diet, fortes 23 percent, and woody browse 36 percent.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs develop large muscular bodies and maintain excellent condition on relatively low-quality feed. In the Malaysian study, crude protein content of grass species varied from 7.0 to 7.6 percent and phosphorus content varied from 0.11 to 0.17 percent; yet calves reached weights of 300 kg or more during their first year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Birth and survival rates of up to 100 percent have been reported for wild gaur populations. Calves are born at any time of the year. The gestation period is 270 days, a little shorter than for banteng or domestic cattle and longer than for yak or kouprey.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Captive gaurs calve first at 2.5 years of age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gaur interbreeds with the mithan, and both have a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 58.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By nature gaurs are shy and timid. As with most wild bovines, their hearing and eyesight seem comparatively poor. Their defense lies in their massive size and acute sense of smell. When a herd with juveniles is threatened by a predator, the adults form a protective circle around the young. Although individuals retreat from danger if they can, they have a unique form of threat: they approach their opponents broadside instead of head on, displaying the huge muscular body and dorsal ridge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In common with other wild bovids, gaurs habitually visit mineral licks, which appear to be necessary to their habitat and influence the herd's movements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike water buffaloes, gaurs do not wallow. They take cover in the forest during the heat of the day and may feed at night and in the early morning during hot weather. In populated areas such as near agricultural estates, they may feed only at night to avoid people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, gaurs associated in loose herds of up to 400 animals, but today groups of only 5 to 12 animals are normally found. The herds, which are of more stable composition than those of banteng, are separated by sex for most of the year; however, during the rut stronger bulls form a series of &quot;tending bonds&quot; with estrous cows.â &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs are thought to be interfertile with domestic cattle. If so, their attributes of size, massive muscular development, tolerance of heat and humidity, and resistance to diseases and parasites can contribute to beef production in the tropics. A gaur-cattle hybrid might also have immunity to some cattle diseases; if it retained the mild temperament of the domesticated parent, an extremely powerful beast of burden could be produced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gaur is a truly majestic animal. Its habit of using grassy forest clearings and salt licks makes it a likely tourist attraction in parks and reserves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a climate and environment where domestic cattle are susceptible to heat stress and parasite infestation, gaur thrive and maintain body condition. Further, they are able to develop large muscular bodies and maintain excellent body conditions on relatively low-quality forage by feeding on a variety of woody browse, grasses, and fortes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Retaining its wild instincts for survival, the gaur is better able to withstand predator attacks them domestic cattle. This could be an advantage when animals graze in remote areas. Adult gaurs are strong enough to defend themselves against a predator as powerful as a tiger. In addition, they are also very protective of their young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs have little immunity to some cattle diseases. In many regions of India, cattle driven into the forests to graze infect gaur herds with rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, cattle plague, and other contagious diseases. Severe losses occur. Gaurs also appear very susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaur numbers are declining throughout their range. If this trend is not reversed, it could effectively prohibit the use of gaur for domestication or crossbreeding purposes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs are shy and excitable, making them difficult to catch, but once in captivity the animals calm down. Second generation zoo populations are easily worked and handled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaurs on occasion damage cultivated crops such as young rubber trees and cassava. They require sturdy and well-kept fences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Southeast Asia there is special need to support the efforts of the governments of Malaysia and Thailand to conserve this species and to identify important gaur populations. Similar protective measures are needed in Burma, Laos, Kampuchea, and Vietnam.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed to establish and manage new gaur herds in forest reserves and build up the gaur population in the world's zoos. Techniques have been developed to capture and release wild gaur safely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fertilized gaur ova have been successfully transferred into a foster Holstein cow. The cow carried the gaur fetus to a successful delivery. This could be the forerunner of an important means of rapidly expanding captive herds by transferring gaur embryos into cattle in different parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is also needed on the basic physiology and production potential of gaur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossbreeding experiments should be started immediately to establish the degree of interfertility between the gaur and other bovine species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p52.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8 Kouprey</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey (Bos sauveli) is the most primitive of living cattle. Its features are typical of some forms that existed in the Pleistocene era, 600,000 years ago. Discovered by Western scientists only in 1937,â  the kouprey was the last large mammal to enter the biology books. It is perhaps the most primitive of living cattle and is closely allied to Bos namadicus, the wild ancestor of zebu cattle. In 1964 it was declared Cambodia's national animal. It is now perilously close to extinction, and for a decade no koupreys have been observed close enough for a positive identification by a specialist. In 1982, however, five of the animals were believed sighted in Thailand, near the border with Kampuchea. Thus there are hopes that the kouprey still exists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey is large. Males stand 1.5-2 m high at the shoulder and may weigh 900 kg. Females are approximately three-quarters the height and weight of the males. The body is slender and long-legged. The hump from the withers to the center of the back is smaller than that of the gaur, but larger than that of the banteng. There is a well-developed dewlap from the throat to the mid-chest, which in old animals is sometimes so pendulous that it drags through the grass in front of the forelegs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young bulls are gray, with black on the head and dewlap. Old bulls are entirely black and cows are mouse gray or dullish light brown. As in the gaur and the banteng, the lower parts of the legs have white stockings, but kouprey stockings have a streak of dark hair down the front.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey. (P. Pfeffer)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey horns are among the longest and widest of any bovine. The tips of the adult male horns are surrounded by rough, frayed tissue caused by the animals' habit of digging in the soil with their horns. The females have slender, lyre-shaped horns that corkscrew upwards, unlike those of any other wild or domesticated cattle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey are said to have a grace more reminiscent of deer than cattle. They move at a light trot, as fast as 32 kph.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey's prevalence in ancient times is evidenced by prehistoric cave-paintings in Kampuchea. The animal was also a favorite of the ancient Khmers, who carved kouprey statues and featured the animal in bas-reliefs on temples, including the monuments of Angkor Wat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, whatever kouprey exist are restricted to an area along both sides of the Mekong River in northern Kampuchea, the Dangrek Range, and other parts of eastern Thailand to the far south of Laos, and to the westernmost part of Vietnam. Although one or two small herds may still exist in remote pockets of Laos and Vietnam, the bulk of the population has always been centered in Kampuchea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are no koupreys in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of their large size, gregarious behavior, comparatively low reproductive rate, and preference for open areas, kouprey are vulnerable to hunting. The impressive horns and other tissues are valued as trophies and as medicinals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1964 it was estimated there were about 500 kouprey in Kampuchea, but by 1970 fewer than 70 were left. The subsequent fate of the species is unknown because of the years of warfare in the area. (Early in 1970, the three nominal kouprey reserves of Kampuchea were overrun by military forces.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p55.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ KOUPREY DISTRIBUTION. (AFTER C.H. WHARTON )&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1975 the kouprey stocks in Laos and Thailand were estimated at only 50 and 20 animals, respectively. By now, hunting and habitat destruction probably have all but eliminated the kouprey from Thailand. However, a reported sighting of five animals that had strayed across the border from Kampuchea was made in July 1982. (By the time Thai zoologists arrived to investigate, the herd apparently had crossed back into Kampuchea.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the banteng, the kouprey inhabits open sites such as light savannas, woodland meadows, and scattered glades in the monsoon forests. It is adapted to dry country. This type of habitat is not widespread in Indochina, and the range of the kouprey is consequently limited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey spend most of the year among low rolling hills in open areas where grazing and visibility are good. These open areas are a fire climax mosaic of dry dipterocarp savannas and patches of dense forest. Fires occur each dry season, most of them deliberately set by man. Kouprey capitalize on the young growth in burned-over areas. They feed primarily on grasses, sedges, and tree leaves. They also require salt licks and a supply of water in the dry season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The gestation period is thought to be about 8.5 months. Cows leave the herd before parturition and return with their calves after about a month. They nurse their calves for about 6 months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey are said to be even more shy than banteng and gaur. They feed in erratic patterns and are always alert and nervous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loose herds of 20 or more have been reported. These were of mixed composition, often with more than one adult male, and were usually led by an old female. Adult bulls sometimes form bachelor herds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey utilize some of the same feeds as wild banteng, and the two animals often live in a loose association. They graze together, and, especially after the mating season, solitary kouprey bulls often associate with banteng herds. The two species do not, however, interbreed in the wild. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey is a candidate for domestication and has important potential as breeding stock. It is a wild animal, but it may have been domesticated temporarily during the Khmer culture, 400-800 years ago.* Both Vietnam and Laos have cattle breeds that resemble kouprey, and a kouprey bull, reputed to be a domestic animal of the Stieng tribe, was exhibited in the Paris Menagerie in the mid-nineteenth century. It may be that kouprey are domestic even today in parts of Indochina.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey survival has worldwide significance. The animals could be important for studies of bovine evolution and as a genetic resource for crossbreeding to improve disease resistance and other characteristics of domesticated bovines. For instance, the kouprey is thought to be resistant to rinderpest, a killer disease of domestic cattle. Also, kouprey bulls are distinctive for their long dewlap, and they probably have more skin area for their weight than other bovines and are therefore better able to eliminate body heat. This genetic trait may help large cattle breeds survive in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kouprey's potential may be moot - there may be none left in the world. It is feared that the warfare of recent years may have caused its extinction. However, if enough animals survive and can be protected, the kouprey could probably recover its numbers, as a higher calf-to-cow ratio (1:3) was reported for this species than for either banteng (1:4) or gaur (1:10).*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If wild kouprey are found, their capture is likely to be difficult.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a long-term sequence of research needs for the kouprey, which includes the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;.  Working with the governments of Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea to identify any remaining pockets of this species and to establish conservation programs;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establishing one or more captive breeding herds (because there is little chance of the animal surviving in the wild owing to the fighting and turmoil in the area);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Studying the animal's basic physiology and production potential;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Exploring its possible commercial utilization; and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Investigating the kouprey's genetic relationship to zebu cattle and the transferability of genetic characters through interbreeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p58.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9 Tamaraw</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) is related to the water buffalo, one of Asia's most important animal resources, but it has never been domesticated or studied and is threatened with extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw looks rather like a miniature water buffalo of the swamp type that is found in Southeast Asia. It reaches about I m in height and 300 kg in weight. It is much more stockily built and is blacker than the swamp buffalo. The tamaraw has white marks on the fetlocks, instead of completely white lower legs like the banteng, gaur, and kouprey. It has short (35-50 cm), very stout horns that curve out and back slightly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Endemic to the Philippine island of Mindoro the tamaraw is now virtually restricted to three small areas (Mount Iglet/Mount Baco, Mount Calavita, and Sablayon) in Mindoro Occidental.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its limited distribution, the tamaraw's future is of concern to conservationists. Until World War II, hunting was carefully regulated in its native region and no serious concern was felt for the animal's safety. Since then, however, increases in human population, lumbering, and ranching have restricted the tamaraw's habitat, and the availability of rifles and automatic weapons has seriously threatened its numbers. In 1971, research teams counted 148 head, consisting of 116 adults and 32 calves. The latest estimate is 150-200 head.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these last remaining animals, about 80 are located at Mount Iglit, a game refuge established in 1961 primarily to protect the tamaraw. Recently an active tamaraw conservation program has been started in a 400-hectare enclosed area on the refuge. Stockade traps have been built and tamaraw are beginning to move into them. The goal is to establish a small, semicaptive population that can be properly guarded, studied, and managed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p61.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Tamaraw distribution. (courtesy Wildlife magazine)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The habitat requirements of the tamaraw appear to be fairly flexible, and present habitat use reflects human pressures rather than the animal's preferences. In the past, tamaraw were found in virtually all parts of Mindoro, from sea level to mountain tops. They occupied open grasslands or glades, but hunting pressure and habitat change have forced it to retreat into forest environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present the tamaraw is found primarily in remote areas that have been partly cleared, largely by fire, so that only small pockets of trees remain among coarse grasses such as Imperata cylindrica (a widespread, unpalatable tropical weed commonly called cogon, kunai, alang alang, lalang, or blady grass), and &quot;tahalib&quot; (Saccharum spontaneum). The tamaraw uses the forest pockets for rest and retreat and the open land for grazing. It must have a supply of water for wallowing and drinking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to cattlemen, tamaraw eat both Imperata grass and tehalib but only when these are short and green. During the wet season when most forages are tall and unpalatable, the animals are known to feed on bamboo shoots.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy is about 20 years. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraw are reputed to be nocturnal, ferocious, and retiring. However, in earlier times they were reportedly relatively tame, diurnal animals of open areas. It was the continual hunting that made them increasingly nocturnal and secretive, and like other wild bovids they can become aggressive and dangerous when harassed or wounded. Given effective protection they doubtless would revert to placid, diurnal behavior.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw appears to be a possible livestock animal. Its meat and hides were highly regarded by local peoples, cattlemen, and visiting hunters. Because of its close relationship to the water buffalo, it may be able to provide genetic material for improving the health and hardiness of that valuable animal resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is renowned for hardiness and resilience to heat, humidity, and poor forage, as well as its capability to thrive in a variety of environmental conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraws have only once produced offspring in a zoo and may prove difficult to raise in captivity. However, they have been kept in captivity so seldom that the prospects are unclear. Experiences with other wild bovids suggests that captivity and captive breeding should be no problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tamaraw must be protected and preserved. There is urgent need, for example, to establish more secure parks in the Philippines to rebuild the wild population to safe levels. Other conservation measures should include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establishing and maintaining more reserves in natural habitats containing breeding populations, and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Building up breeding populations in suitable zoos and livestock research centers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed on the tamaraw's physiology, production characteristics, behavior, and genetic relationship to the water buffalo. None of these is well understood. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p63.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10 Anoas</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and the mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi)* are small bovines that are related to the water buffalo but that are scarcely bigger than goats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with other bovines, the anoa is tiny. It stands only 0.75-1 m tall at the shoulder. The mountain anoa is smaller than its lowland counterpart. The limbs are short, the body plump, and the neck thick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoa horns are short and straight, reaching a maximum length of about 380 mm; they are ringed and triangular in cross section at the base in lowland species and simple and conical in cross section in mountain species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the young are thickly covered with yellowish-brown woolly hair, the mountain anoa adults tend to have curly hair, while lowland anoa have straight hair or are hairless. Adults vary from dark brown to black, with frequent blotches of white on the face, nape, throat, and lower limbs. In mountain anoas the entire lower limbs are creamy white. The underbody parts are usually light brown. Males are generally darker than females.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The hide is exceptionally thick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas are native to dense, mature forests of Sulawesi in eastern Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both species are abundant and well distributed on Sulawesi. Most of the northern, eastern, and southeastern peninsulas and the central area of Sulawesi are still forested and have anoa populations, and there are several large nature reserves to protect them. *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several of the world's zoos have anoa collections (see Research Contacts).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The climate of Sulawesi is hot, but tempered by sea winds; annual rainfall varies from 500 mm to 4,000 mm. The eastern and southeastern peninsulas have a sparse population and a scattering of subsistence agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lowland species is found in forests and was once common along the coasts. The mountain anoa is found in primary forests at high altitudes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p66.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ DISTRIBUTION OF ANOA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas have a wide-ranging diet that includes grasses, ferns, saplings, palm, ginger, and fallen fruit, especially figs. It is of particular interest that the animals can live on a diet that contains no grass.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas have a high requirement for minerals. They visit mineral-rich hot springs and salt licks, and they even drink from the sea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The San Diego Zoo in the United States and Surabaya Zoo in Indonesia have successfully bred and reared the animals in captivity. The gestation period is 276-315 days, and there is generally only a single birth. The life expectancy is about 20-25 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas are shy animals, but they can be aggressive. The sideways and upwards stab of their straight, sharp horns can be dangerous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Except when the cows are about to give birth, anoas apparently associate in pairs rather than in herds. They enjoy water and frequently wallow in mud. Their gait is a trot, but a times they make clumsy leaps. During the morning they feed alone. In the heat of the afternoon they seek refuge under shade trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On Sulawesi anoas are prized for their hide, horns, and meat. The flesh, especially that of calves, is tender and well flavored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although somewhat aggressive and pugnacious, anoas might make a suitable livestock animal. They grow and reproduce well in captivity and are adaptable and intelligent. Their small size makes them easier to handle than many other wild bovines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about the habits of these animals because of their wary nature, secluded environment, and restricted range. They can be tamed enough to obey commands (&quot;lie down,&quot; for example) but they remain nervous and likely to butt strangers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surveys are needed throughout Sulawesi to determine the distribution and taxonomy of possible races of the two species, with a view to establishing a protected-area system that will ensure the survival of the genetic diversity of this group.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is also needed on social organization and tameability, as well as on the anoa's biological relationship to the tamaraw and water buffalo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One target should be to build up the zoo populations of both species. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p68.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part IlI : Pig and Piglike Species</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In parts of Asia wild and feral pigs are often the most abundant source of meat. These animals are predominantly variants of the domestic pig, Sus scrofa, or of its ancestor, the Eurasian wild boar. Also contributing to the pig population are five Asian species:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Bearded pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Sulawesi warty pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Javan warty pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Pigmy hog&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Babirusa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Southeast Asia hybridization between these species and common pigs has resulted in a confusing diversity of forms and interrelationships. Because of their value, these pigs have been spread since prehistoric times by traders and migrating peoples, creating odd and unpredictable distribution patterns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The species listed represent a gene pool of potential importance for the further development of one of man's most important sources of food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many areas of the world, one must start with the native animals adapted to that environment. In many cases, they are the only animals the native human population can afford to begin with. And it is amazing the increased animal production that can result from the use of better production practices with them. TONY J. CUNHA, Dean Emeritus California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fitting the animal to the vegetation might be a better approach than trying to fit the vegetation to the animal, especially on ranges that have been changed or degraded by man. JAMES TEER, Director Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is now widespread realization that breed importation is not necessarily the quickest route to increased animal production. Indigenous, adapted breeds should be examined more closely and, where necessary, steps should be taken to ensure conservation of at least some of them. HELEN NEWTON TURNER Genetics Research Laboratories, CSIRO, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maximizing the animal harvest, essentially of animal protein, assumes in concept that all animals will be fully exploited in efficient and economic production systems. C.DEVENDRA Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Selangor, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p70.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11 The Bearded Pig</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it apparently has never been domesticated, the bearded pig (Sus barbatus) has a long history as an important resource in Southeast Asia. Human remains from the Niah Caves in Sarawak are accompanied by large numbers of its bones and teeth, indicating that 40,000 years ago it was the most commonly eaten large animal. Today in Sarawak and some other areas the bearded pig is still probably the most sought after source of wild meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bearded pigs are large. Boars measure 1-1.6 m in length (crown to rump), up to 1 m in height, and may weigh as much as 150 kg. Sows are smaller. Adult males have small facial warts (infraocular and preocular) and a bushy tuft of hair on the cheek. Both sexes vary in color from pale red-brown to yellow-brown or black. They have elongated skulls with longer, more flexible snouts than the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five subspecies are recognized. They range through the Philippines (Balabac, Palawan and offshore islands, Calamianes, Luzon, Mainit, Mindanao, Jolo, Mindoro, and Cebu) to Borneo, Bangka, Sumatra, the Riau Archipelago, and the Malay Peninsula.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Borneo subspecies (Sus barbatus barbatus) is still abundant in some parts of Sabah, Sarawak (including several wildlife reserves), and &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kalimantan. It remains an important food resource for some hill tribes, although with the spread of Islam, attitudes toward pork are changing in some areas. The Malayan subspecies (Sus barbatus of) is now rare in the Malay Peninsula. It is also becoming rare in Sumatra as the lowland forests are logged and broken up by commercial interests and as the human population expands. The status of the three Philippine subspecies is currently unknown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The bearded pig is most commonly found in both primary and secondary evergreen forests. However, it seems to have wide adaptability, and in Sarawak bearded pigs are found in virtually all habitats from the beaches to the upland rain forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No biological research has yet been conducted on bearded pigs, but naturalists have made several observations. The pigs eat the seeds of trees (for example, those of species of Dipterocarpaceae and Fageceae), fallen fruits (of Moraceae, Bombacaceae, and other plant families), roots, stems of wild bananas, herbs, and probably earthworms, and along the coast they dig up and eat turtle eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Births occur throughout the year in Sabah, but the peak coincides with the fruiting season of forest trees, usually August-September. The litter size is from 3 to 11 piglets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p73.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No behavioral studies have been conducted, but observations suggest that bearded pigs are generally sedentary animals, although in some areas they congregate into large groups that may travel long distances together.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The species might be used (alone or together with other pig species) as a local source of meat, or even as the foundation of a meat industry. The bearded pig is accustomed to living in groups, which may make it suitable for husbandry or game management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is evidence that the bearded pig will interbreed with the common pig, producing young in which both sexes are fertile.* The progeny might have considerable hybrid vigor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The bearded pig may have tolerance (if not actual resistance) to tropical diseases and conditions that affect the common pig. The species survives in areas of Southeast Asia where feral herds of common pigs are not common, apparently owing to their inability to cope with disease or other environmental challenges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No negative qualities have been reported, but the animal's biology, behavior, management, and potential uses are so far virtually unstudied.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aspects of the animal's general biology that should be investigated include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Chromosome type and variability, and chromosomal differences between the bearded pig and other wild and domesticated pig species&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Reproductive physiology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nutritional physiology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Social behavior (both in its wild state and under controlled conditions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To assist in the selective capture of young bearded pigs in the wild, external features that characterize the species at an early age need to be identified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To assess the bearded pig's potential for contributing hybrid vigor, crossbreeding with other pig species should be attempted under controlled conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">12 The Sulawesi Warty Pig</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Sulawesi warty pig (Sus celebensis) is one of the world's few domesticated animals. It is maintained as a village or household animal in a few areas of Southeast Asia, such as on the Indonesian island of Roti. The common pigs of New Guinea and parts of the Moluccas group are hybrids between this species and the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sulawesi warty pigs are medium sized, averaging about 60 cm high and 40-70 kg. Boars are larger than females and have longer (10 cm) tusks on both jaws. Boars have three pairs of prominent facial warts: on the snout, the cheek, and on the angle of the jaw. In sows these warts are small or absent entirely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are usually red-brown with sharply marked white and yellow undersides; older animals have a round white spot (about 3 cm in diameter) on each side of the upper cheek. Piglets have horizontal stripes on the body, which disappear as they mature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The body is covered with scanty coarse hair, but stiff bristles, which become erect when the animal is alarmed, occur along the mid-dorsal line of the body. The longest and stiffest occur on the head and nape.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native to mainland Sulawesi and certain surrounding islands, the Sulawesi warty pig has been introduced to the Lesser Sunda Islands (Flores, Sumba, Roti, Semau, and Timor), the Moluccas (Malmahera and Buru), and Simaleue, a small island west of Sumatra. In some parts of the Philippines (for instance, Naujan and Mindoro Oriental) the animal either occur naturally or has been introduced. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrids between the Sulawesi warty pig and the common domestic pig occur on New Guinea, Ternate, Morotai, Bacan, Amron, Seram, Kei island, Aru island, and Sulawatti.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many islands of eastern Indonesia, this species is widespread and common. In a few places it is extremely abundant, particularly at higher altitudes; in others, it has been greatly reduced by overhunting, deforestation, and expanding human settlement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Overall, however, Sulawesi warty pig populations are declining, probably due to increased hunting and to human alterations of the animal's habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This pig inhabits varied environments, including rain forest, mountain forest, grasslands, and agricultural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p77.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the common pig, the Sulawesi warty pig has broad dietary preferences. It feeds on roots, fallen fruit, leaves, and young shoots. The bulk of its food consists of vegetable materials, but it also feeds on earthworms, insects, aquatic invertebrates, rats, birds, and even carrion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The uterus and placenta are anatomically indistinguishable from those of the common pig. The litter size is from 2 to 8 piglets, with an average of 5.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sows can give birth throughout the year, but usually have their young in April or May. The gestation period is about 4 months.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding and farrowing occur in the forest and in open Imperata cylindrica grasslands. The pregnant female makes a nest of grasses, leaves, twigs, and branches, which she collects and places over a hole (approximately 2 m long) that she has previously dug. Here she gives birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Foraging is the main activity of the day and usually takes up several hours, mainly in the early morning and evening. In the wild the pigs travel in small groups, the young always traveling with an adult female. On the move, warty pigs feed and rest intermittently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a source of meat the Sulawesi warty pig has been recognized and exploited by local populations since prehistoric times. The presence of feral specimens far outside the pigs' natural range indicates that traders or migrants have long carried it with them on voyages, either as domestic stock or as wild specimens to be released for later capture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tusks, which can be carved like ivory, are a resource for local artisans. Wild specimens are suitable for sport hunting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a body of unrecorded indigenous experience with this animal as a domesticate, but the information needs to be collected and appraised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Sulawesi warty pig may be expected to possess resistance or tolerance to the many diseases prevalent in its native habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is promising potential for hybridization between this species and domestic pigs, which might lead to the improvement of common pigs in tropical regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from the unwritten knowledge of the indigenous people who raise the species, very little information is available on the characteristics and management of this animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The genetic variability within the species, as well as the karyotypic differences with common pigs and other Sus species, should be defined. Further, the hybrid vigor resulting from crossbreeding with other Sus species should be- quantified under controlled conditions. Apart from producing potentially important heat-tolerant livestock, crossbreeding may shed important light on the origins of the common pig in Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal's nutritional requirements and reproductive biology also need study. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p79.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">13 Javan Warty Pig</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Javan warty pig (Sus verrucosus) apparently has never been domesticated, but it has been a resource for hunting peoples for centuries. Now, however, the human population in its native region is predominantly Moslem, and all pigs are widely regarded as agricultural pests. Increasing numbers of them are poisoned each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Javan warty pig can be up to 1.35 m long and 0.9 m tall. Mature males usually weigh between 80 and 120 kg; females are only half that weight - an unusually dramatic example of sexual dimorphism. The animal has a markedly elongated face with large warts, particularly the infraorbital wart and the smaller preorbital and mandibular warts. Body hairs can be black, red, or yellow, with black tips.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This species is found only on the Indonesian islands of Java and Bawean. It was formerly found on Madura as well, but because of deforestation it is now thought to be extinct there. Two extant subspecies are recognized. The nominate one, Sus verrucosus verrucosus, occurs on mainland Java. The second, Sus verrucosus blouchi, a smaller animal, has recently been described on Bawean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For years it was thought that the Javan warty pig was extinct in the wild, but in October 1981 a herd was found in a small area on Mount Penanggungan in East Java. This population may prove to be substantial, and there is reason to hope that other populations can be found. Overall, however, it is clear that the Javan warty pig is endangered and declining in numbers. In many areas the animals are subjected to uncontrolled poisoning and hunting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five new reserves have recently been proposed to protect the animal in a variety of habitats because it is not found in appreciable numbers in any of Java's nature reserves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Bawean subspecies is believed to be relatively secure since the establishment of a large reserve.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A breeding colony of 12 Javan warty pigs at the Surabaya Zoo includes 5 young ones born in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitats of the Javan warty pig appear to be confined to elevations below about 800 m. The animals prefer relatively large expanses of grassland or secondary vegetation, where human population is sparse. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p82.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The piglets can be born throughout the year; in one study of 8 sows the litter size ranged from 2 to 8, with a mean of 5.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The (diploid) chromosome number has been found to be 38, the same as that of the common pig. Hybridization between these species is thought to occur in the wild, but apparently not with enough frequency to contaminate the Javan warty pig gene pool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unreported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are omnivorous, adaptable animals that might make useful domesticates.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The small size of the sows could make this species particularly appropriate for households or smallholder farms. The animal's genetic &quot;distance&quot; from the domestic pig may make it a useful generator of hybrid vigor in crossbreeds. It could have particular value because its meat is much leaner than pork from the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The numbers in the wild are now too few to permit any cropping.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efforts should be directed towards locating and breeding up the Javan warty pig populations that still exist. An immediate need is to isolate pure populations in reserves because it is essential to protect the animal from crossbreeding with other species. In addition, current specimens in zoos should be cataloged and a breeding program established. Other captive breeding colonies should also be started.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to determine the genetic differences between the Javan warty pig and the common pig, as well as the levels of existing hybridization between them. It is also necessary to determine what variation in karyotype may exist within the populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Basic ecological and behavioral studies are needed, as well as studies of the dietary requirements, growth rates, and nutritional physiology of captive specimens. The reproductive biology of the animal should be studied, and the possibility of crossbreeding it with other Sus species should be examined under controlled conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Javan warty pig's potential for local meat production should be evaluated. The benefit to rural people of converting an agricultural pest into a profitable source of income should be explored within the local religious context. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p84.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">14 Pigmy Hog</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog (Sus salvanius), a shy and very small pig of northeastern India, is close to extinction because of hunters and the destruction of its habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog is only about 60 cm long, with a shoulder height of about 25 cm and a body weight of less than 10 kg. The hair is medium brown on the sides, darkening to blackish brown along the mid-dorsal line. A facial band of short, dark hair extends from the bridge of the nose to below the eye. The tiny tail is only 3 cm long.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This animal was once widely found along the southern foothills of the Himalayas; today, it is definitely known to occur in only one area, the Manas National Park in Assam.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy hogs are seriously endangered; in the wild they are close to extinction. Captive animals are now reduced to a single male in the Assam State Zoo and four male siblings in the Zurich Zoo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The few remaining pigmy hogs mainly inhabit tall-grass savannas, but it seems likely that they could adapt to other environments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy hog. (W.L.R. Oliver)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is omnivorous and consumes roots, tubers, grass, leaves, insects, earthworms, eggs, and carrion. While foraging, it undoubtedly consumes large quantities of earth as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chromosome number, 38, is the same as that of the common pig. The karyotype is similar to that the common pig, but small, significant differences have been demonstrated using chromosome banding techniques.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The age at puberty, time of weaning, length of gestation and estrous cycle, and season of breeding are not yet known with certainty. However, the animal is known to have a single well-defined birth peak (April/May) that coincides with the onset of the rainy season when the food supply increases. The uterus and placenta are anatomically similar to those of the common pig. The litter size varies from 2 to 6. It is not known if the animal can be crossbred with the common pig.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p87.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Distribution of pigmy hog. (W.L.R. Oliver)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals are shy, but can be tamed. They tend to forage and run in groups. Nest building is carried out by both males and females and is not restricted to pre-farrowing periods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is no evidence that the pigmy hog has ever been domesticated; it has, however, been extensively hunted and trapped, and recently it was still being sold for human consumption. There would probably be no inherent difficulty in maintaining this species in husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pigmy hog's small size may make it useful in studies of the physiology of pigs and like mammals. In particular, a study of the uterine capacity may contribute to our understanding of the maternal factors that influence the number and size of mammalian young at birth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is unknown if the animal carries genetic resistance to diseases of the domestic pig, but given its habitat, such resistance seems likely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The small numbers of surviving pigmy hogs obviate any consideration of its use in husbandry at the present time. Moreover, its nervous temperament might restrict its potential as a domesticate. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is essential to ensure the survival of this animal. Efforts should be directed towards locating and breeding up the populations that still exist. If its habitat could be protected by preventing the annual dry-season burning of grasses, it is possible that substantial populations could be established. Attempts should also be made to acquire two or more females as mates for the male pigmy hogs at the Assam and Zurich zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also an urgent need to ensure that the animals breed successfully in captivity, and the wealth of international expertise in pig reproduction should be applied to that end. For example, the reproductive biology of the animal could be studied by swine experts; the age at puberty, the length of the estrous cycle, the season of breeding (and whether it is influenced by light or temperature), the length of gestation, and time of weaning all need to be determined.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is an omnivore, but the physiology of its digestion has not been studied. Thus, its nutritive requirements are not well enough known to ensure its survival in captivity or reserves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiments should be made to determine if pigmy hog embryos can be brought to term in the uterus of the common pig. If so, such embryo transfers could be used to distribute embryos and set up new herds, lessening the risk of this species&quot; extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p88.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Adult male of the common pig (wild boar Sus scrofa) and pigmy hog drawn to the same scale. (W.L.R. Oliver) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">15 The Babirusa</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) is a piglike animal whose closest relative appears to be an ancestral animal that lived in Europe 35 million years ago. It is easily tamed, and in its native area there is an ancient tradition of raising young babirusa for meat and for the males' unique tusks. The animal appears to reproduce well in captivity, and with good management techniques it might gain wide use in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appearance and Size&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male babirusa can be up to 110 cm long and 80 cm tall and weigh up to 100 kg; females are smaller. The male has large upper canines that grow upwards, piercing right through the flesh of the snout and curving back and downwards towards the forehead without ever entering the mouth. The female may sometimes have small upper canines projecting through the skin of the upper lip.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animal is more slender than a pig of similar size. It has a gray or brown-grey skin color, although one subspecies, Babyrousa babyrussa babyrussa, has light body hair that is fawn colored or black.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa is unique to a few islands of eastern Indonesia: north, central, and southeast Sulawesi, the Togian Islands, and the Sula (Taliabu and Sulabesi) and Buru Islands. On Sula and Buru it is probably not native but was introduced in prehistoric times.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On Sulawesi the babirusa remains abundant, despite hunting and the widespread clearing of the forest. Nevertheless, disturbances created by wood and rattan collectors, hunters, loggers, and farmers threaten the babirusa's survival. Throughout the rest of its range, it is also vulnerable to extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biologists are particularly concerned about some of the babirusa subspecies. The one from the north of mainland Sulawesi, Babyrousa babyrussa celebensis, is still relatively abundant in places and is probably in no immediate danger. The Togian Islands' subspecies, Babyrousa babyrussa togeanensis, is abundant in small islands but is threatened by Indonesia's settlement programs and deforestation. The Buru and Sula Islands subspecies, Babyrousa babyrussa babyrussa, may already be extinct; there have been no confirmed sightings in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1981, there were 26 male and 27 female babirusa held in six zoo collections; 22 of these animals are in the Surabaya Zoo in Indonesia, where they breed well. Most, if not all, are believed to belong to the mainland Sulawesi race.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat and Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The animals mainly inhabit moist forests at low altitudes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p91.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biology&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Precise details of babirusa biology are unknown, but the stomach has an extra sac, suggesting that the animals may have some ability to break down cellulose. Indeed, they browse leaves, a behavior more often found in a deer than in a pig, and have been referred to as &quot;ruminant pigs.&quot; Babirusa also live on roots, berries, and grubs, making them true omnivores. Compared to other pigs, they do little rooting, and in captivity their enclosures remain quite grassy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Babirusa are said to be sexually mature at 5-10 months, but this depends on nutrition. Gestation length is about 158 days. One or two young are produced although there are some reports of litters of three.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One specimen was kept for 24 years in captivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Behavior&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa is a social animal that moves in groups. A retiring native of the dense jungle, it is a fast runner and swims readily. Mating behavior in captivity generally resembles that of domestic pig. Evidence from zoo animals suggests that the male must be removed from the young at birth but that by the time they are a month old the young are safe from paternal attack.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uses&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When captured young or reared in captivity, the babirusa is easily tamed. It has potential as a domesticated species, and with appropriate management may provide a useful source of meat. The meat is tasty and of good quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its unique tusks, the skull of the male finds ready markets. This could provide additional income to farmers raising babirusa for meat. The ivory of the tusks could also be a resource for local artisans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Potential Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the anatomy of the stomach suggests that the babirusa may be able to make more efficient use of fibrous foodstuffs than other pigs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The babirusa produces only one or two young after a gestation period of just over five months; it may therefore take considerable time to build up herds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the babirusa is easily tamed, it is not known whether it can be husbanded in large groups. Also, present lack of knowledge of the animal's nutrition may restrict its husbandry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Conservation Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The number of animals in the wild is decreasing, and attempts should be made to determine their exact status. Particular attention should be paid to the subspecies Babyrousa babyrussa togeanensis and Babyrousa babyrussa babyrussa. Captive breeding programs for these subspecies should be started.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p93.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ When seen in longitudinal section, the stomach of babirusa presents striking similarities  to that of a relatively simple ruminant such as the domestic sheep. Every part except the  omasum, even including a rudimentary reticulum, is represented and occupies the same  relative position. The babirusa stomach differs from that of the domestic pig chiefly in  the enormous size of the diverticulum ventriculi, the prominence of the constrictions  that delimit its three main divisions, and in the size and complexity of the cardia. Regions  corresponding to parts of the ruminant stomach are labeled in brackets. (Information  from Davis, 1940; diagram courtesy Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild populations should be maintained in several regions to ensure that  the species&quot; genetic base is retained. Advantage could be taken of the large  number of islands in eastern Indonesia to establish reserves for the different  babirusa subspecies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currently, little is known about the biology of the animal in the wildâ its  diet, social behavior, or reproductive performance are almost unstudied. In  view of the relatively small number of babirusa in zoos and the scarcity of  information about the animal's growth rate and general biology, coordinated  studies between zoos could provide much basic information. It has been  suggested that a studbook be initiated for this species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear from chromosome analysis that this pig differs markedly in  its karyotype from that of other pigs. However, more anatomical and  biochemical knowledge is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Basic parameters of the animal's reproductive physiology are not known.  Questions to be answered include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can the babirusa be induced to reproduce twice per year?&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can babirusa embryos be developed to term in the uterus of the domestic  pig? If so, can the number of babirusas be rapidly multiplied in this way?&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Does the babirusa genotypic and gestation-length difference with the  common pig prevent the two from successfully crossbreeding? And if  crossbreeding can be achieved, will the progeny be fertile?  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p94.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ FIGURE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Part IV : Recommendations and General Research Needs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Asian animals described in this report are a natural resource whose  potential is barely glimpsed. They are virtually unknown to established  livestock interests and there has been little thought to developing them as  livestock. As a result, the research and trials that could lead to further use of  these animals is scattered, small scale, and conducted outside the mainstream  of livestock science, mainly by wildlife conservationists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet these animals seem worth considering for use in husbandry in many  tropical regions, especially where poor grazing and harsh environments limit  the performance of conventional livestock. There is a pressing need for  research to develop these species and to explore their potential. Only through  rapid action can many of them be kept available for study and possible  inclusion in agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One suggestion is that funds be provided to establish an Asian  native-livestock research-support team. Its primary purpose would be to  assist in the funding of research projects and to coordinate research being  done in various Asian countries. The team's goal would be to establish a  network of animal scientists based at institutions in Asia and elsewhere to  work cooperatively on the region's little-known bovines and pigs. In this  manner, relatively small sums of money could be used to stimulate and  coordinate Asia-wide research on indigenous animals.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Basic Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The time has come for basic studies on each of the 15 animals discussed in  this book. For each species, the following areas should be investigated:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Physiology&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Reproductive requirements and fertility&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nutritional requirements (such as food preferences, feeding strategies, and food utilization)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Growth&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Adaptability and environmental tolerance (for instance, water balance, sweat rate, and shade-seeking habits, as well as temperature, pulse, and respiration rates, both under normal conditions and heat stress)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Diseases&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;. Management (including stocking rates and other production characteristics&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Genetic selection for calm temperament, quick growth, and other desirable qualities&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crossbreeding to take advantage of hybrid vigor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Social structure (for example population density and distribution, social organization, leadership, herding potential, aggressiveness of bulls)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Habitat characteristics (behavior-habitat interactions and herd dynamics, for instance).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies are also needed on better utilization of products, such as milk, meat, hides, horn, and hair, from these animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experimental transfer of fertilized eggs of all of these animals into domestic species should be explored with a view to establishing herds in secure and disease-free areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efforts specific to domesticated and wild species, and to hybrids of these species, are discussed below. The report concludes with brief discussions of a few promising species not taken up in the body of the text.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated Species Improving Performance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little data is available on the performance of the domesticated animals discussed in this report. Yet the main value of these species lies in the new and superior genes and gene combinations that can be adapted to animal production in the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies need to be conducted with the indigenous species and strains in their native countries to determine if they will respond to improved conditions with improved performance. These projects could provide opportunities for geneticists and animal breeders to improve livestock production while conducting challenging basic research. It would be helpful to establish studbooks of captive specimens and to select and breed for desirable genetic qualities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetic improvement must be directed towards remedying production deficiencies. Methods include selection of superior breeding animals, crossbreeding, and combinations of selection and crossbreeding. Different genetic improvement techniques will be required for each species. Progress should be regularly monitored against the unselected animals and the domestic livestock breeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Introductions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical countries should import breeding stock to evaluate the performance of some of these Asian animals in the local environment. Strict quarantine procedures must, of course, be observed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Special emphasis should be placed on the domesticated banteng of eastern Indonesia. These animals are already an important source of human food and they may have considerable potential for increasing production elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild Animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild animals contribute extensively to the welfare of people and economies of developing countries. In many areas they supply much of the animal protein consumed. But the contributions they make are largely unrecorded, and local officials and aid agencies seldom regard wildlife as an economic resource. As a result, few developing countries have analyzed how their people use indigenous animals for subsistence, and few nutritional studies recognize &quot;bushmeat,&quot; although large numbers of people eat it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife's contribution justifies more detailed and precise evaluations. In many tropical regions few people even know what species are present, let alone in what numbers. Ecologists and animal scientists should be employed to identify and collect data on the fauna of the tropical forests and how it is used by local people. Their work will provide baseline information on the species present and on the potential utility of the undisturbed natural ecosystems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initial Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All wildlife utilization must be based on a thorough knowledge of the resource, its numbers, the animals' condition, annual recruitment in the &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;various populations, and the seasonal movements of the herds. In addition, it is important to understand the interactions of the species with its habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thus, the immediate need is for action to assure the preservation of populations of these animals until research studies can be conducted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard, priority actions include the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establishing adequate preserves&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Providing total protection for remaining animals&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Preventing poaching.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With few exceptions, the wild species described in this report are under the pressures of agricultural and human expansion. Without efforts to preserve their habitats it will be difficult for these species to survive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing Wildlife Resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments cannot stop hungry people from hunting game, but they can use this impetus to help protect some indigenous animals as well as forest and woodland habitats. Fostering the production and supply of wild animals such as those described in this book could open up a new: source of meat and other products, particularly for subsistence farmers in remote areas. In the last analysis, this may be the only way of protecting and maintaining these animals and developing local awareness of their value.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International economic development organizations have traditionally shown little interest in wildlife or wildlife habitats. Yet maintaining these animals and their habitats is crucial to the continuing supply of many indigenous food animals, the most important of which are often the smaller ones that flourish in secondary growth. And the forests that support wildlife also protect some of the huge investments that AID, the World Bank, and other other agencies have made to help developing countries. The forest is the sponge that absorbs the water from tropical rains. Without trees covering the watersheds, heavy rains cause rushing water that erodes the land, despoils highways, silts up dams and reservoirs, knocks out bridges, and inundates towns, villages, and farm fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In principle, the farming of tropical wildlife could become a force in preventing clear-felling of the tropical forests. Rational utilization of tropical animals offers productive alternative use of the land. In some cases, the farming of indigenous animals can fit smoothly into tropical habitats and into traditional village life, because the livestock and its needs are usually familiar to local people and are often ingrained in their traditions.( For successful examples see companion reports nos. 44 and 45, Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea and Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybrid Animals)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hybridization may offer new prospects for using underexploited tropical animal resources. This is a speculative notion, but it deserves serious attention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossbreeding between the animals mentioned in this report holds exciting possibilities for expanding livestock options in the tropics. Some of the crosses, known or envisaged, are:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· gaur x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· banteng x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· kouprey x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· yak x cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· yak x banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· anoa x water buffalo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· tamaraw x water buffalo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· domestic pig x warty pigs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· warty pigs x bearded pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Care must be taken, however, to guard against the dilution of wild genes by the escape of hybrid or interbreeding domestic species, or the establishment of feral hybrid populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Exchange of Pig Germ Plasm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Present veterinary restrictions effectively prevent the movement of pigs between most countries. Relatively few species of wild pigs are therefore maintained in zoos outside their countries of origin. This stifles the promising potential for the species described in Part III, as well as for captive-breeding safeguards and research on the endangered species. It is important that attempts be made to identify channels for the future establishment of viable captive stocks both within Asia and elsewhere. Transfer of embryos should be verified as a means of permitting disease-free movement across frontiers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species Not Covered in this Report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This project, which began as a short report on banteng, quickly developed momentum as it brought in suggestion after suggestion of further species. Through pressures of time and budget, it was not possible to take up all of these interesting animals. Some of the omitted ones are listed below. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Takin (Budorcas taxicolor).* A heavily built, Southeast Asian hoofed mammal of the family Bovidae, the takin lives in small herds in the mountains, often above timberline. Though robust and short-legged, it can move about quickly and easily over difficult slopes. It stands up to about 1 m at the shoulder and has a shaggy yellowish- to blackish-brown coat. Both sexes have heavy horns that turn outward from the center of the forehead and then curve up and backward.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goral (Naemorhedus goral).* This small Asian goatlike bovine has slightly backward curving cylindrical horns and a coarse brownish-grey coat. It is related to the chamois and serow (see below) but is distinguished from them by peculiarities in skull form, as well as by smaller size, shorter horns, and the absence of face glands. Gorals are native to a vast area, ranging from the Himalayas to eastern Siberia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serow (Capricorhis sumatrensis). The serow has been called a &quot;goatantelope.&quot; Found in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Vietnam, Thailand, Burma, the eastern Himalayas, and China, it lives on forest-clad slopes, such as the mountains of southern China that are the home of the giant panda. Serows have coarse black hair, long pointed ears, a distinct mane, and short, backward pointing horns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Native species of goats are also valuable genetic resources of Asia and examples include ibex (Capra ibex), markhor (Capra falconeri), and bharal (Pseudois nayaur). There are also various species of sheep, including the various races of argalis (Ovis ammon), which form small herds in the mountains, often above timberline. Although robust and short-legged, these animals can move about quickly and easily over difficult slopes. Soviet animal breeders apparently are exploring some of the possibilities of using argalis in animal husbandry. They are crossing domestic sheep with arkhar (Ovis ammon karelini) to produce a commercially viable hybrid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The marketable size of lamb might be increased appreciably to provide larger, leaner cuts of meat by crossing domestic sheep with the Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii), which is as big as deer and has a mature body weight of 400-500 pounds. Marco Polo sheep meat is reported to have none of the &quot;mutton&quot; favor of domestic sheep. Thus, crosses might enhance consumer acceptance of sheep meat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asia also has several species of deer that could have been included.Â§ The musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) is now domesticated in China for musk production and is a resource with a promising future. Also, sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), Asia's largest deer, may prove useful in husbandry. Several deer species are being farmed in New Zealand and ruse deer (Cervus rusa), which are native to South and Southeast Asia, are being farmed in Mauritius, Australia, and Papua New Guinea for meat and medicinal by-products. Two small, goat-sized Asian deer, the hog deer (Cervus porcinus) and the barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), may also be worth considering. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p101.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ KOUPREY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Selected Readings</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bohlken, H. 1961. Haustiere und Zoologische Systematik. Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie76:107-113.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul, and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum of Natural History, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gray, A. P. 1972. Mammalian Hybrids: A Check-List with Bibliography. Commonwealth Technical Communication No. 10 (Rev.). Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Edinburgh, Scotland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honacki, J. H., K. E. Kinman, and J. W. Koeppl. 1982. Mammal Species of the World. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. 694 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mochi, U. and T. D. Carter. 1953. Hoofed Mammals of the World. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Payne, W. J. A. 1970. Cattle Production in the Tropics. Longman, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robbins, C. T. In Press. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, New York, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Walker, E. P. 1975. Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wharton, C. H. 1969. Man, fire and wild cattle in Southeast Asia. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 8: 107-167.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated and Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appleton, D. C., G. Dryden, and A. C. Kondos. 1976. A comparison of the digestive efficiency of the water buffalo and Brahman and Banteng cattle. In Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 11.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Budiarso, I. T., and S. Hardjosworo. 1976. Jembrana disease in Bali cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal 52(2):97.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copland, R. S. 1974. Observations on banteng cattle in Sabah. Tropical Animal Health and Production 6(2):89-94.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Darmadja, D., and P. Sutedja. 1975. Gestation period and calving interval in Bali cattle. Majalah Ilmiah Universitas Udayana 9:61 -65.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Darmadja, D., and P. Sutedja. 1976. Masa kebuntingan den interval beranak padas sapi Bali. In Proceedings, Seminar Reproduksi den Performance Sapi Bali, April 5-6, 1976. Dinas Peternakan Daerah Ternak Institute, Bali, Indonesia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Devendra, C., T. Lee Kok Choc, and M. Pathmasingam. 1973. The productivity of Bali cattle in Malaysia. Malaysian Agricultural Journal 49(2):183-197.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holmes, J. H. C., J. H. Schottler, and T. F. Leche. 1977. Southeast Asian cattle, buffalo, and beef in Papua New Guinea. In Agriculture in the Tropics, B. A. C. Enyi and T. H. Varghese, eds. University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoogerwerf, A. 1970. Udjung Kulan, The Land of the Last Javan Rhinoceros. E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hooijer, D. A. 1956. The valid name of the banteng Bibos javanicus d'Alton. Zoologische Mededelingenuitgegeven door het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden 34:223-226.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jellinek, P. J., J. Avenell, A. Thahar, and P. Sitorus. 1980. Infertility associated with crossbreeding of Bali cattle. In Proceedings, 2nd Ruminant Seminar, Ciawi, Indonesia. 79 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jenkinson, D. M., and T. Nay. 1975. The sweat glands and hair follicles of different species of Bovidae. Australian Journal of Biological Science 28:55-68.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kirby, G. W. M. 1979. Bali cattle in Australia. World Animal Review 31 :24-29.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, 1. L. In Press. Evolution of Domesticated Animals. Longman, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meijer, W. C. P. 1962. Das Balirind (Balinese Cattle). Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei, No. 303, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Federal Republic of Germany. (Translated from the Dutch by E. Mohr.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1973a. Liveweight changes of Brahman cross, Shorthorn, Banteng and buffalo steers grazing improved pastures at Darwin, Northern Territory. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 39:68-9.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1973b. Heat tolerance of Brahman cross, buffalo Banteng and Shorthorn steers during exposure to sun and as a result of exercise. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 24:775-782.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1978. Digestibility and water metabolism in Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers fed roughage diets. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 44: 57-59.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1980. The prediction of chemical content of the whole carcass from the physically-dissected rib in cattle and buffaloes. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 13:503.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1981. Beef and buffalo production by smallholders in Indonesia. World Review of Animal Production 17:55-64.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1982. The performance of Indonesian beef breeds under traditional and improved management systems. Pp. 347-351 in Animal Production and Health in the Tropics, M. R. Jainudeen and A. R. Omar, eds. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B., B. W. Norton, and J. V. Nolan. 1979. The intake, digestibility and utilization of a low quality roughage by Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 30:333-340.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Namikawa, T., and W. Widodo. 1978. Electrophoretic variations of hemoglobin and serum albumin in the Indonesian cattle including Bali cattle (Bos banteng). Japanese Journal of Zootechnical Science 49(11):817-827.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M., K. Rika, M. Supardjata, K. D. Nurbudhi, and L. R. Humphreys. 1976. Productivity of improved pastures grazed by Bali cattle under coconuts: a preliminary report. Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. 18 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M., and K. Rika. 1978. Bali cattle grazing improved pasture under coconuts. 1. Effects of stocking rate on steer performance and coconut yield. In Seminar on Integration of Animals with Plantation Crops, April 13-15. Preprint No. 10. Penang, Indonesia. 8 pp&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M. 1979a. Effects of replacing 30 percent of the green roughage with concentrate on the performance of Bali steer. Progress report to the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Centre file:3-P77-0087. 25 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M. 1979b. Performance of Bali cattle fed grass supplemented with stylosanthes. Progress report to the International Foundation for Science, Sweden. Project No. RR 76. 15 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nitis, 1. M., K. Lana, 1. B. Sudana, N. Sutji, and 1. C. N. Sarka. I980. Persediaan den kebutuhan hijauan ternak di Bali (Roughage supply and requirement of livestock in &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bali). Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan den Peternakan, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. 218 pp. (Report series mimeograph.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Norton, B. W., J. B. Moran, and J. V. Nolan. 1979. Nitrogen metabolism in Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers fed on low quality roughage. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 30:341.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nursamad, M. 1972. Berat lahir den petumbuhan anak sapi Bali selama 4 bulan di kecamatan Watang Pulu, kabupaten Sidenreng, Sulawesi Selatan. Laporan, Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Hasanuddin yang berafinasi dengan Fakultas Peternakan Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pastika, M., and D. Darmadja. 1976. Performance reproduksi sapi Bali. In Proceedings, Seminar Reproduksi den Performance Sapi Bali, April 5-6, 1976. Dinas Peternakan Daerah Ternak Institut, Bali, lndonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Payne, W. J. A., and D. H. L. Rollinson. 1973. Bali cattle. World Animal Review 7: 13-21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pulungan, H., and K. Ma'sum. 1977. Performance sapi Bali den hasil persilangannya dengan sapi Hereford den Shorthorn. Laporan Khusus Lembaga Penelitian Peternakan, Cabang Grati 1977 (Abstract).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977. Livestock in Indonesia. Research Report No. 1. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Siebert, B. D., and W. V. MacFarlane. 1969. Body water content and water turnover of tropical Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bibos banteng, and Bos bubalus bubalis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20:613-622.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Siregar, M. G., and 1. M. Suparjata. 1975. A half century existence of Bali cattle in South Sulawesi. Majalah llmiah Universitas Udayana 9: 13-21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Subandriyo, P. Sitorus, M. Zulbardi, and A. Roesyat. 1979. Performance of Bali cattle, as work animals and milk and beef producers. Indonesian Agricultural Research and Development Journal 1(1/2):9-10, 24.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sutedja, P., M. Kota, 1. B. Mantra, and D. Darmadja. 1976. Progress report beberapa performance pada sapi Bali. In Proceedings, Seminar Reproduksi den Performance Sapi Bali, April 5-6, 1976. Dinas Peternakan Daerah Ternak Institut, Bali, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thahar, A., J. B. Moran, and J. T. Wood. In press. Studies on the haemotology of Indonesian large ruminants. Tropical Animal Health and Production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thahar, A., J. B. Moran, and R. E. Soerifpo. In press. Observations on the hair and skin of Indonesian large ruminants and their relationships to heat tolerance. SABRAO Journal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vercoe, J. E., and J. E. Frisch. 1977. The importance of voluntary feed intake and metabolic rate to production in different genotypes of cattle in different environments. Pp. I(c)-42 in Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of the Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researchers in Asia and Oceania, Canberra, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yeates, N. T. M., and P. J. Schmidt. 1974. Beef Cattle Production. Butterworths Pty Ltd., Chatswood, Sydney, Australia. 323 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng Cattle Hybrids&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Payne, W. J. A., and D. H. L. Rollinson. 1976. Madura cattle. Zeitschrift fur Tiezuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie 93:89-100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simoons, F. J., and E. S. Simoons. 1968. A Ceremonial Ox of India: The Mithan in Nature, Culture, and History. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, 1. L. In Press. Evolution of Domesticated Animals. Longman, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scheurmann, E. 1975. Observations on the behaviour of the mithan (Bibos frontalis Lambert 1837) in captivity. Applied Animal Ethology I :321 -355. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yak and Yakow&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Accolas, J. P., and J. P. Deffontaines. 1970. Quelques donnees sur l'elevage du Yak en Republique Populaire de Mongolie. Pp. 133-141 in The Yak: Its Role in the Economic and Cultural Life of Breeders in Central Asia. Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, 25 Boulevard Arago, 75013 Paris, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bonadonna, T. 1970. Nuove possibilita per la Zootechnia dei tropic). Zootecnica e Veterinaria 25:202-221.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bonnemaire, J. 1976. Le Yak domestique et son hybridation. Pp. 46-77 in The Yak: Its Role in the Economic and Cultural Life of Breeders in Central Asia. Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, Paris, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dor, R. 1976. Note sur le Yak au Pamir. Pp. 126-131 in The Yak: Its Role in the Economic and Cultural Life of Breeders in Central Asia. Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, Paris, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ekvall, R. B. 1968. Fields on the Hoof: Nexus of Tibetan Nomadic Pastoralism. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. 1974. Yak and chauri. World Animal Review 9:8-12.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Epstein, H. 1977. Yak and Yak-cattle hybrids. Chapter 3 in Domestic Animals of Nepal. Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., New York, USA, and London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivanova, V. V. 1938. K voprosu izucenija plodovitosti samvoc gibridov jaka s rogatym skotom (On the fertility of male yak x cattle hybrids). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Biologicheskaya 883-884.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R. W., R. G. Johnson, and R. T. Moyer. 1945. The livestock of China. Pp. 67-76 in United States Department of State Publication No. 2249; Far Eastern Series 9.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phillips, R. W., I. A. Tolstoy, and R. G. Johnson. 1946. Yaks and Yak-cattle hybrids in Asia. The Journal of Heredity 37(6): 162-170; 37(7):206-215.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schley, P. 1967. Der Yak und seine Kreuzung mit dem Rind in der Sowjetunion. Giessener Abhandlungen zur Agrar- und Wirtschaftsforschung des Europaischen Ostens, Vol. 44. Otto Harassowitz, Weisbaden, Federal Republic of Germany. 131 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shahrani, M. Nazif Mohib. 1979. The Kirghiz and Wakki of Afghanistan. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, USA. 264 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vlasov, P., S. Gersenzon, and A. Poljakov. 1932. Gibridizacija mezdu jakom i krupnym rogatym skotom (Hybrids between yak and cattle). Problemy Zhivotnovodstva (1):48-57.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;White, W. T., R. W. Phillips, and E. C. Elting. 1946. Yaks and Yak-cattle hybrids in Alaska. Journal of Heredity 37:355-358.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zawadowsky, M. M. 1931. Zebu-Yak hybrids. Journal of Heredity 22:297.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zuitin, A. I. 1938. New data on the chromosome number in yak (Poephagus grunniens L.). Doklady Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR 19:201-202.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A unique, interesting film showing wild banteng, gaur and kouprey in Cambodia in 1951&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;is available for hire from The Coolidge Foundation, 38 Standley Street, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H., and E. Scheurmann. 1977. Cytogenetic investigations on domestic and wild animal populations in South and Southeast Asia. Animal Research and Development 6:63-71.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Halder, U. 1975. Okologie und Verhalten des banteng (Bos javanicus) in Java. Eine Feldstudie. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. 124 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoogerwerf, A. 1974. Report on a Visit to Wildlife Reserves in East Java. Mededelingen No. 21. Nederlandsche Commissie voor Internationale Natuurbescherming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McNeely, J. A. 1975. Wildlife and national parks in the Lower Mekong Basin. Unpub&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;lished report to the Committee for the Coordination of Investigations of the Lower  Mekong Basin, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, Bangkok, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sumardja, E. A. 1976. The relationships between banteng Bos javanicus (d'Alton) and  vegetation at the Pananjung-Pangandaran Nature Reserve. Research Grant No. 1237/  TF/VI/74. Preliminary Study Internal Report Biotrop. Bogor, Indonesia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wind, J., and H. Amir. 1977. Distribution of banteng (Bos javanicus) in Java and Bali,  Indonesia. Unpublished ms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wind, J., and H. Amir. 1977. Management Plan Baluran Reserve FAO INS/73/013.  Nature Conservation and Wildlife Management Project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaur&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul. 1965. The gaur. (Bos gaurus). Conservation News of South East  Asia 5:7-10.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the  Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conry, P. J. 1980. The impact of development and the behavioural response of the  Malaysian seladang. Pp. 279-286 in Tropical Ecology and Development, Proceedings  Fifth International Symposium of Tropical Ecology. International Society of Tropical  Ecology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conry, P. J. 1981. Habitat selection and use, movements, and home range of Malayan  gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki) in Central Pahang, Malaysia. M.S. thesis. University of  Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA. 120 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conry, P. J. (In press) Immobilizing Malayan gaur with etorphine. Journal of Wildlife  Management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H. 1975. The water buffalo and related species as important genetic resources:  their conservation, evaluation and utilization. In The Asiatic Water Buffalo.  Proceedings of an International Symposium, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Food and Fertilizer  Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H. 1980. Hybrids between Gaur and Gayal and between Gayal and Banteng as  zoological rarities in Thailand. Animal Research and Development 12:116-119.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fradrich, H., and H. G. Klos. 1976. Zur Haltung und Zucht des Gaurs, Bos gaurus.  Zoologische Garten 46(6):417-425.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hussain, M. Khader. 1969. The southern Asiatic gaur or Indian bison (Bos gaurus  gaurus H. Smith). Cheetal 12(1):29-47.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Krishnan, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India.  Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69:322-349.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Medway, Lord. 1978. The Wild Mammals of Malaya and Singapore. 2nd Edition. Oxford  University Press, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 128 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Momin Khan, M. K. bin 1973. Studies on the seladang (Bos gaurus) in the State of  Perak. Malaysian Nature Journal 26:163-169.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahai, R. C. 1972. Distribution, composition and herd size of Gaur (Bos gaurus) in  Palamau, Bihar. Cheetal 15:60-66.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schaller, G. B. 1967. The Deer and the Tiger. Chicago University Press, Chicago, USA.  370 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Weigun, L. E. 1971. The last refuge. Malaysian Nature Journal 24:132-137.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Weigun, L. E. 1972. The problems in the preservation of the seladang in the Malaysian  National Park. M.S. thesis. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.  55 pp&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul and J. A. McNeely. 1977. Mammals of Thailand. Association for the  Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, Thailand. 758 pp.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coolidge, H. J. 1940. The Indo-Chinese Forest Ox or Kouprey. Memoirs, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 54(6):421-431.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coolidge, H. J. 1955. The Forest Ox or Kouprey of South East Asia. P. 109 in Breeding Beef Cattle for Unfavorable Environments, A. O. Rhoad, ed. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Neese, H.C. 1976. Kouprey along the Laos/Cambodia border area. Unpublished report to the New York Zoological Society, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pfeffer, P., and O. Kim-San. 1967. Le kouprey, Bos(Bibos) sauvelli, Urbain, 1937: discussion systematique et status actuel. Hypothese sur l'origine du zebu (Bos indicus). Mammalia 31(4):521-536.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pfeffer, P. 1969. Considerations sur l'ecologie des forets claires du Cambodge oriental. Terre et Vie 23(1):3-24.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wharton, C. H. 1957. An Ecological Study of the Kouprey. Novibos sauveli (Urbain). Monograph No. 5. Institute of Science and Technology, Manila, Philippines. 111 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dolan, J. M. 1965. Breeding of the lowland anoa in the San Diego Zoological Garden. Zeitschrift Saugetierekunde 30(4):241-248.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duplaix-Hall, N., ed. 1975. International Zoo Yearbook 15. Zoological Society of London&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fradrich, H. 1973. Einige Bemerkungen uber den Anoa. Zeitschrift des Kolner Zoo 16(3):101-105.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H., and H. Hohn. 1976. Der Karyotyp eines weiblichen Tamarau (Anea mindorensis) [The Karyotype of a Female Tamaraw (Anoa mindorensis)]. Giessener Beitrage zur Erbpathologie und Zuchthygiene 6:173.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1969. Systematics of the anoa (Mammalia, Bovidae) Beaufortia 17(223): 1-12.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Koulischer, L., J. Tyskens, and J. Mortelsmanns. 1972. The chromosomes of a male specimen of Anoa depressicornis quarlesi. Acta Pathologica, Antwerp 56:21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scheurmann, E., H. Hohn, and H. Fischer. 1977. The karyotype of a male Bubalus (Anoa) depressicornis quarlesi Ouwens 1911. In Symposium, Domesticated Animal Cytogenetics, Jouy en Josas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraw&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alvarez, J. B., Jr. 1970. Philippines tamaraw, here to stay. IUCN Publication, New Series 18:46-51.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grimwood, l. R. 1975. National Parks and Wildlife Conservation in the Philippines. FAO: PHI/72/006. UNDP/FAO, Rome, Italy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harrisson, T. 1969. The tamaraw and its survival. Conservation News of South East Asia 8:60-61, 70.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kuchn, D. 1975. Tamaraw at Mt. Iglit Came Refuge, Philippines. Tigerpaper 2(3):26.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sitwell, N. 1975. On the track of the tamaraw. Wildlife 17:428-430.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Talbot, L. M., and M. H. Talbot. 1966. The tamaraw, Bubalus mindorensis (Heude). Observations and recommendations. Mammalia 30(1): 1 - 12.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bearded &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Allen, E. F. 1948. The bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 3(2):98-99.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cranbrook, Earl of. 1979. A review of domestic pig remains from archaeological sites in &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diong, C. H. 1973. Studies of the Malayan wild pig in Perak and Johore. Malaysian Nature Journal26(2):120-151.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Croves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Cenus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hertwig, P. 1936. Artbastarde bei Tieren. Handbuch Vererb Wissenschaften 2B:21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hislop, J. A. 1949. Field notes on the bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 4(2):62-64.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hislop, J. A. 1952. More about the bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 7:22-23.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 1972. Red Data Book 1: Mammalia. IUCN, Cland, Switzerland. (This is a loose-leaf binder that is updated from time to time.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kempe, J. E. 1948. The riddle of the bearded pig. Malaysian Nature Journal 3(1):36-42.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lotsy, J. P. 1922. Die Aufarbeitung des kuhn'schen kreuzungsmaterials im Institut fur Tierzucht der Universitat Halle. Cenetica 4:32-61.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Medway, Lord. 1978. The Wild Mammals of Malaya and Singapore, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohr, E. 1960. Wilde Schweine. Die Neue Brehm-Biicherei, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Federal Republic of Cermany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. First written report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist group. Unpublished report. 14 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pfeffer, P. 1959. Bologie et migrations du sanglier de Borneo (Sus barbatus Muller 1869). Mammalia 23:277-303.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sulawesi Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appelman, F. J. 1955. Uber Sus celebensis Muller und Schlegel. Der Zoologische Garten 21:152-156.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Catibog-Sinha, C. S. 1981. The quantity and quality of wild food plants and the depredation of wild pigs in the Philippines. Ph.D. thesis. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater Oklahoma, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Croves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Cenus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hooijer, D. A. 1968. Pleistocene Vertebrates from Celebes. 8. Sus celebensis Muller and Schlegel, 1845. Beaufortia 16:215-218.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Croup. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohr, E. 1960. Wilde Schweine. Die Neue Brehm-Bucherei, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Federal Republic of Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. Interim report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 14, pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Javan Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blouch, R. A. 1979. Proposed Bawean Island Wildlife Reserve Management Plan. World Wildlife Fund, Report to Directorate of Nature Conservation, Indonesia. Unpublished report. 63 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blouch, R. A. 1981. Results of a preliminary search for Sus verrucosus in the Mt. Arjuna area. World Wildlife Fund, Meru Betiri Project 1024. Unpublished report. 4 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoogerwerf, A. 1970. Udjung Kulonâthe Land of the Last Javan Rhinoceros. E. J. Brill, I.eiden. The Netherlands. Pp. 330-349. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. First written report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 14 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy Hog&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bosma, A. A., W. L. R. Oliver, and A. A. MacDonald. In press. The karyotype, including g- and c- banding patterns, of the pigmy hog Sus (Porcula) salvanius (Suidae, Mammalia).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. T. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1980. The Pigmy Hog: The Biology and Conservation of the Pigmy Hog Sus (Porcula) salvanius, and the Hispid Hare, Caprolagus hispidus. Special Scientific Report No. I. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. 93 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. Pigmy hog and hispid hare: further observations of the continuing decline (or, a lament for Barnadi and a good cause for skepticism). The Dodo, Journal of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust 18:10-20.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Babirus a&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bosma, A. A., 1980. The karyotype of the babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa); karyotype evolution in the Suidae. Fourth European Colloquium Cytogenetics Domestic Animals 1980:238-241.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bosma, A. A., and De Haan, N. A. 1981. The karyotype of Babrousa babyrussa (Suidae, Mammalia) Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 76: 17-27.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Davis, D. D. 1940. Notes on the anatomy of the babirusa. Field Museum of Natural History-Zoology 22(5):363-411.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fradich, H. 1974. A comparison of behaviour in the suidae. Pp. 133-144 in The Behaviour of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management. V. Ceist and F. Walther, eds. IUCN Publication No. 24.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Groves, C. P. 1981. Ancestors for the Pigs, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Department of Prehistory Technical Bulletin, No. 3. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia. 96 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Croves, C. P. 1980. Notes on the systematics of Babyrousa (Artiodactyla, Suidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Deel 55(3):29-46.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The structure and function of the tusks of babirusa. Mammal Review 1 1(1):37-40.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacKinnon, J. 1981. The distribution and status of wild pigs in Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 9 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oliver, W. L. R. 1981. First written report. IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. Unpublished report. 14 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selmier, V. J. 1978. Only in Indonesia: the babirusa. Unpublished report to Directorate of Nature Conservation (P.P.A.), Bogor, Indonesia. 40 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Research Contacts</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because Asia contains many livestock breeds about which little is known, an expert committee on Animal Genetic Resources has been recently formed by the Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researchers in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO). Its chairman is Professor J. S. F. Barker of the University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Species Survival Commission of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature has a Wild Cattle Specialist Group that concerns itself with wild banteng, gaur, and kouprey. Its chairman is Mr. Mohd. Khan bin Momin Khan, Director-General, Wildlife and National Parks, West Malaysia, Kompleks Pejabat-Pejabat Kerajaan, Block K-20, Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following have particular knowledge of the animals described in this book, have contributed to the various chapters, and (in most cases) have agreed to provide advice to bona fide researchers wishing to study further the animals in this report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Domesticated Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ida Bagus Arka, Faculty for Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Jalan Sudirman Sanglah, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia J. S. F. Barker, Department of Animal Science, University of New&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Bongers, Department of Nature Conservation, Wageningen Agricultural University, Ritzema Bosweg 32a, 6703AZ Wageningen, The Netherlands David Butcher, Western Plains Zoo, Box 813, Dubbo, New South Wales&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2830, Australia (Banteng are available for research projects and zoos.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quarantine for shipments between Australia and most countries are&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;straightforward)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. K. Camoens, Livestock Specialist, Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila, Philippines 2800&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Deppner, 1603 Dayton Road, Hyattsville, Maryland 20783, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Devendra, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.-M. Duplan, Institut Technique de l'Elevage Bovin, Section Amelioration Genetique, Maison Nationale des Eleveurs, 149, rue de Bercy F, 75595 Paris Cedex 12, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. I. Furtado, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 22-11, Malaysia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Hodges, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Huitema, Overzicht 60, 6862 CT, Oosterbeek, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham W. M. Kirby, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Production, P.O. Box 4160, Darwin, Northern Territory 5790, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moh. Zain Katoe, P.T. United Livestock, Jalan Bau Massepe 472, ParePare, South Sulawesi, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. -G. Klos, Director, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Hardenbergplatz 8 , 1000 Berlin 30, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. Kusmat, Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Jalan Oto Iskandardinata, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ian L. Mason, 8 Ramsay Garden, Edinburgh, EH1 1NA, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert E. McDowell, Department of Animal Science, Frank B. Morrison Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Montsma, Department of Animal Production, Wageningen Agricultural University, Ritzema Bosweg 32a, 6703 AZ Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. Moran, Senior Research Officer, Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute, Kyabram, Victoria 3620, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jan Nari, Director of Central Research Institute for Animal Science, Jalan Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. M. Nitis, Department of Animal Nutrition and Tropical Pasture Production, Udayana University, Jalan Sudirman Sanglah, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. J. A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donald L. Plucknett, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, 1818 H Street, Washington, D.C. 20433, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Institute for Animal Production, P.O. Box 123, Bogor, Indonesia (Amber Roesyat, Ian Fletcher, Dennis Hoffmann, P. Sitorus, Subandriyo, M. Zulbardi)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David W. Robinson, International Programs, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. H. L. Rollinson, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. Seifert, CSIRO, Tropical Cattle Research Centre, P.O. Box 5545, Rockhampton Mail Centre, N. Rockhampton, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. David Simpson, Senior Extension Specialist, Veld, Pastures and Wildlife, Agritex Box 363, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. J. Smith, Tropical Animal Health, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, EH9 1QH Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dukut Sularsasa, Department of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. Syamsul Arifin, Jalan Amin Jakfar 41, Pamekasan Madura, Jatim, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taronga Zoo, P.O. Box 20, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia (T. Finnie and J. L. Throp)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frank M. Thompson, Wild Animal Brokers, 15605 S. R. #64, Bradenton, Florida 33508, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Allen D. Tillman, 523 West Harned Place, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Don Tulloch, P.O. Box 38841, Winnellie, Northern Territory 5789, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Helen Newton Turner, P.O. Box 184, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antoon de Vos, P.O. Box 34, Whitford, Auckland, New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert Warren, Department or Range and Wildlife Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Everett J. Warwick, The Rockefeller Foundation, P.O. Box 63, Yogyakarta, D.I.Y., Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Woodward, 35AI, Sultan Hasanudin, Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Domesticated Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Askaniya-Nova, USSR (Zoologicheskii Park Askaniya-Nova)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park; banteng-mithan hybrid)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, German Democratic Republic (Tierpark Berlin)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark (Zoologisk Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia (Western Plains Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kiev, USSR (Kievskii Zoologicheskii Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madrid, Spain (Zoo de la Casa de Campo; mithan-banteng hybrid)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pretoria, South Africa (National Zoological Gardens of South Africa) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rome, Italy (Giardino Zoologico e Museo de Zoologia del Comune de Rome and Zoorama)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde; 2 male, 2 female, may be wild form)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banteng-Cattle Hybrids&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abubakar Aldjufri, Secretary, Asian Livestock Business Club, Kebun Pala I/79B Tanah Abang, Jakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saleh Aldjufri, Jalan Jakarta 42, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Deppner, 1603 Dayton Rd., Hyattsville, Maryland 20783, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Huitema, Overzicht 60, 6862 CT, Oosterbeek, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham W. M. Kirby, Principal Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Production, P.O. Box 4160, Darwin, Northern Territory 5790, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. B. Moran, Senior Research Officer, Animal and Irrigated Pastures Research Institute, Kyabram, Victoria 3620, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. J. A. Payne, 91 Bedwardine Road, London SE19 3AY, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David W. Robinson, International Programs, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. H. L. Rollinson, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Wheeler, 1000 Shady Lane, College Station, Texas 77840, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mithan&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaichana Satrulee, Dusit Zoological Park, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. von Furer Haimendorf, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London WC1, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles G. Hickman, Livestock Consultant, A. Mithat Efendi Sokak No. 36/11, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frederick J. Simoons, 140 Bartlett Ave., Woodland, California 95695, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Mithan (Gayal)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aalborg, Denmark (Aalborg Zoologiske Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijk Zoologisch) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arnhem, The Netherlands (Burgers' Zoo and Safari)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, German Democratic Republic (Tierpark Berlin)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calcutta, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany (Aktiengesellschaft Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany (Tiergarten Heidelberg)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kolmarden, Sweden (Koemardens Djurpark)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madrid, Spain (Zoo de la Casa de Campo; mithan-banteng hybrid)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rabat, Morocco (Pare Zoologique National)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vienna, Austria (Schonbrunn Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tallin, USSR (Tallinna Loomaaed)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yak&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joseph Bonnemaire, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, 26, Bd. Docteur Petitjean, 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corneille Jest, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1, Place Artistide-Briand, 92190 Meudon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. A. Kazarova, Director, Riga Zoological Garden, Meza prospekt 1, Riga 14 226014, Latvian SSR, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. K. Panday, Swiss Association for Technical Assistance (SATA), Box 113, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralph W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Patrick J. Robinson, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;George B. Schaller, New York Zoological Society, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. B. Singh, Director General, Department of Livestock, HMG, Harihar Bhawan, Pulchowk, Laitpur, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Societe d'Ethnozootechnie, 25, Boulevard Arago, 75013 Paris, France (R. Laurans)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Yak&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arnhem, The Netherlands (Burgers' Zoo and Safari)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baltimore, Maryland, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bronx, New York, USA (New York Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicago, Illinois, USA (Brookfield Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Denver, Colorado, USA (Denver Zoological Gardens)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Detroit, Michigan, USA (Detroit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evansville, Indiana, USA (Meeker Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Granby, Quebec, Canada (Societe Zoologique de Granby, Inc.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA (John Ball Zoological Gardens)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kansas City, Missouri, USA (Kansas City Zoological Gardens)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Knoxville, Tennessee, USA (Knoxville Municipal Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rochester, New York, USA (Seneca Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Wild Animal Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA (Great Plains Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Bend, Indiana, USA (Potawatomi Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Syracuse, New York, USA (Burnet Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Metro Toronto Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Utica, New York, USA (Utica Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wichita, Kansas, USA (Sedgwick County Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;West Orange, New Jersey, USA (Turtleback Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (Assiniboine Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yakows&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joseph Bonnemaire, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences Agronomiques Appliquees, 26, Bd. Docteur Petitjean, 21100 Dijon, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Agriculture, Hari Har Bhawan, Pulchok, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Kathmandu, Nepal (Tewari and Burathoky)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Livestock Development, Peking, China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Professor Karl Fredge, Department of Genetics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Division, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Sheep and Yak Development Project, Dechhen Pelrithang, P.O. Bumthang, Bhutan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ralph W. Phillips, The Representative, Apartment 810, 1101 South Arlington Ridge Road, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Patrick J. Robinson, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whipsnade Zoo, Whipsnade, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bruce A. Young, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta TOG 2P5, Canada &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Amir, c/o Ministry of Development Supervision and the Environment, JalanMirdekaBarat 15, Jakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. H. Blower, National Parks Project, c/o UNDP, Box 650, Rangoon, Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bonsong Lekagul, Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, No. 4 Customhouse Road, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaichana Satrulee, Dusit Zoological Park, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Z. Coto, Tropical Forest Biology, SEAMEO-BIOTROP, P.O. Box 17, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia (Patrick Andau, Assistant Chief Game Warden)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. R. Grimwood, P.O. Box 45079, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;U. Halder, Swiss League for Nature Conservation, P.O. Box 73, CH4020 Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Huitema, Overzicht 60, 6862 CT, Oosterbeek, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Wayne King, Director and Professor, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lembaga Biologi Nasional (LBN-LIPI), Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John A. Lukas, White Oak Plantation, Rt. 3 Box 224, Yulee, Florida 32097, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffrey A. McNeely, Executive Officer, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Payne, Wildlife Section, Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somtob Norapuckprutikorn, Captive Propagation Section, Wildlife Conservation Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkhen, Bangkok 9, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Wheeler, 1000 Shady Lane, College Station, Texas 77840, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Wild Banteng&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Albuquerque, USA (Rio Grande Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amsterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijk Zoologisch)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chicago, Illinois, USA (Brookfield Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany (Aktiengesellschaft Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark (Zoologisk Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany (Vivarium Darmstadt)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dortmund, Federal Republic of Germany (Tierpark Dortmund)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dresden, German Democratic Republic (Zoologischer Garten Dresden)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;St. Louis, Missouri, USA (St. Louis Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yogyakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yulee, Florida, USA (White Oak Plantation)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gaur&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Aspinal, Howlett's Wildlife Park, near Canterbury, Kent, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul, Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, No. 4 Customhouse Road, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paul Conry, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 23367, GMF Guam 96921, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. R. Grimwood, P.O. Box45079, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohd Khan bin Momin Khan, Director-General, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, P.O. Box 611, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. A. Kazarova, Director, Riga Zoological Garden, Meza prospekt 1, Riga 14 226014, Latvian SSR, USSR&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.-G. Klos, Director, Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Hardenbergplatz 8, 1000 Berlin 30, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adrian G. Marshall, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;George B. Schaller, New York Zoological Society, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lee Simmons, Omaha Zoo, Omaha, Nebraska 68108, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Janet Stover, Bronx Zoo, 185 and Southern Blvd., New York, New York 10460, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frank M. Thompson, Wild Animal Brokers, 15605 S. R. #64, Bradenton, Florida 33508, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Guar &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Berlin Zoo was assigned by the IUCN in cooperation with the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;lUDZG to keep the guar studbook records. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangkok, Thailand (Dusit Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bronx, New York, USA (New York Zoological Park; 7 male, 3 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brownsville, Texas, USA (Gladys Porter Zoo; 5 male, 10 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark (Zoologisk Have; 1 male, 2 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holiday Island, Eureka Springs, Arkansas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India (Nehru Zoological Park)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivey, Wilburton, Oklahoma, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kansas City, Missouri, USA (Kansas City Zoological Gardens; I male)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kings Mill, Ohio, USA (Wild Animal Safari,; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Los Angeles, California, USA (The Los Angeles Zoo; I male, 3 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Memphis, Tennessee, USA (Memphis Zoo and Aquarium; I male, 2 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Munich, Federal Republic of Germany (Munchener Tierpark Hellabrunn Ag)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mysore, Karnataka, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA (Oklahoma City Zoo; 7 male, 7 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Omaha, Nebraska, USA (Henry Doorly Zoological Gardens; 7 male, 15 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Riga, Latvian SSR, USSR (Riga Zoological Garden)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Wild Animal Park; 6 male, 6 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Bend, Indiana, USA (Potawatomi Park Zoo; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;St. Louis, Missouri, USA (St. Louis Zoological Park; 1 male, 2 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Metro Toronto Zoo; 3 male, 1 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vienna, Austria (Schonbrunn Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boonsong Lekagul, Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, No. 4 Customhouse Road, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harold Coolidge, 38 Standley Street, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffrey A. McNeely, Executive Officer, Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, 1196 Gland, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harvey C. Neese, P.O. Box 332, Troy, Idaho 83871, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Anthony Parkinson, White House, San Roque 1, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pierre Pfeffer, Zoologie, Mammiferes et Oiseaux Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 55, rue de Buffon 75005 Paris, France&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. Kelly Shelton, 211-A North Cordova, Burbank, California 91505, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Henry Stoddard, Branford Veterinary Clinics, Inc., P.O. Box 548, Branford, Florida 32008, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles H. Wharton, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA (Rt. 2, Clayton, Georgia 30525)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;World Conservation Centre, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH 1196 Gland, Switzerland (David Mitchell, Elizabeth Kemf)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Kouprey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. M. Dolan, San Diego Zoological Garden, San Diego, California 92112, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Anoas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp; mountain anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Zoologischer Garten; mountain anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;London, England (lowland anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leipzig, German Democratic Republic (Zoologischer Garten Leipzig; mountain anoa)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde; 1 male, 3 female)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Zoological Garden; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Diego, California, USA (San Diego Wild Animal Park; 1 male)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Taronga Park Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tamaraw&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Natural Resources, Quezon City, Manila, Philippines (J. B. Alvarez, Jr., Assistant Director)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Fischer, Institute of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, 63 Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I. R. Grimwood, P.O. Box 45079, Nairobi, Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Natural Resources Conservation Office, Ministry of Natural Resources, Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David Anthony Parkinson, White House, San Roque 1, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ian Player, P.O. Box 192, Howick 3290, Natal, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. Sitwell, c/o WWF(UK), 11-13 Ockford Rd., Godalming, Surrey GU7 lQU, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L. M. Talbot, 6656 Chilton Court, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna 3720, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bearded Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Julian Oliver Caldecott, Sub-Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The AustralianNationalUniversity, P.O. Box4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 10H, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Parks and Wildlife Office, Sarawak Forest Department, Jalan Gartak, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (Kron Aken, David Labang, Mike Kavanagh)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Payne, Wildlife Section, Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Bearded Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore, Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Manila, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sulawesi Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. Catibog-Sinha, Outdoor Recreation and Wildlife Research Division, Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna 3720, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The AustralianNationalUniversity, P.O. Box4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 10H, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Mackinnon, WWF/TUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, ChanneL Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Sulawesi Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;None.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Javan Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raleigh A. Blouch, 2125 Forest Glen, Lansing, Michigan 48906, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. Bosma, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, State University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80157, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Directorate of Nature Conservation (PPA), Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 9, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lembaga Biologi Nasional (LBN-LIPl), Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 10EI, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Werner Pauwels, Pfeffingerstrasse 48, CM-053, Basel, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perum Perhutani, Forest State Corporation, Jalan Jendral Gatot Subroto 17-18, Post Box 111, Jakarta, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M. H. Woodford, c/o FORW, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Javan Warty Pig&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pigmy Hog&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. Bosma, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, State University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80157, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. C. Gogoi, Adviser Forests, (Wildlife and Environmental Planning), Meghalaya, P.O. Shillong 793 001, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The AustralianNationalUniversity, P.O. Box4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 lOH, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Deb Roy, Manas National Park, P.O. Barpeta Road, Kamrup 781 315, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Pigmy Hog&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gauhati, India (Assam State Zoo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Babirusa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. A. Bosma, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, State University Utrecht, P.O. Box 80157, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C. P. Groves, Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alastair A. Macdonald, Department of Anatomy, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 lOH, Scotland, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. MacKinnon, WWF/IUCN Representative, P.O. Box 133, Bogor, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. L. R. Oliver, Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Victoria Selmier, 353 10th Street, San Francisco, California 94103, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zoos with Babirusa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antwerp, Belgium (Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, W. de Meurichy)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bandung, Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, (Zoologischer Garten)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copenhagen, Denmark, (Zoologisk Have)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jakarta, Indonesia, (Kebun Binatang Ragunan)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nuremberg, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poznan, Poland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Stichting Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surabaya, Indonesia, (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (member through 1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOlS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (member through 1982) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Board on Science and Technology for International Development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGElARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAMUEL P. ASPER, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEONARD BERRY, Professor, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST.J. BRISKEY, Dean, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON S. BROWN, Director, Resources Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Associate Professor, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND J. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM A. W. KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE I. LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANICE E. PERLMAN, Executive Director, Committee for a New New York, New York City Partnership, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Assistant Dean for International Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN G. HURLEY, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL P. GREENE. Associate Director/Research Grants &lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b20cre.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b20cre.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b20cre.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1149 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b20cre/b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">125734</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b20cre/b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b20cre/b20cre.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Managing Tropical Animal Resources - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Managing Tropical Animal Resources - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (b20cre)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">b20cre</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215043</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">b20cre.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">b20a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of International Affairs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Cooperation with the Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Washington, D.C. 1983&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development(BOSTID) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panel on Crocodile Farming&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HOWARD W. CAMPBELL (deceased) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, Jr., Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Director, Florida Museum, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS, Furzebrook Research Station, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Wareham, Dorset, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT M. PYLE, Species Conservation Monitoring Unit, Cambridge, England &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS, Representative, The Asia Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CAROL GABARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WASSAM GABARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KAROL KISOKAU, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Waigani &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAVU KWAPENA, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MIRO LAUFA, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GREG MITCHELL, Crocodile Farm, Lae &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEO NING, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Wewak &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MIGUEE AEVAREZE DEE TORO, Instituto de Historia Natural, Departamento de Zoologia, Chiapas, Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGUS D'A.BELLAIRS, Department of Anatomy, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, University of London, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER BRAZAITIS, Department of Herpetology, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H.CHABRECK, Louisiana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MAX C.DOWNES, The Game Conservation Centre, Melbourne, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KARLHEINZ FUCHS, hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAIRE HACEN, Reptile Products Association, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RENEE.HONEGGER, Zurich Zoo, Zurich, Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TED JOANEN, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Chenier, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN LEVER, Koorana Crocodile Farm, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM MAGNUSSON, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonia, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRY MESSEE, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRED PARKER, Kirwan Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANTHONY POOLEY, St. Lucia Estuary, Zululand, South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARLES A.ROSS, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.B.SALE, UNDP/FAO Crocodile Breeding and Management Project, Hyderabad, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LUISVARONA, La Habana, Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHAROON YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm, Samutprakan, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UTAl YOUNGPRAPAKORN, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm, Samutprakan, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MYRNA WATANABE, Co-editor of ICUN Newsleter, Brooklyn, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROMULUS WHITAKER, Guindy Deer Park, Madras, India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Crocodile Study Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council Staff&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY lANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE REGES, Administrative Secretary&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This publication is dedicated to the memory of panel member Howard W. &quot;Duke&quot; Campbell who devoted most of his professional life to the conservation of crocodilians. Dr. Campbell was Chairman of the Crocodilian Specialist Group of the Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources at the time of his death in 1981.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel that produced this report met in Papua New Guinea in May 1981. Its purpose was to consider the principles of the Papua New Guinea crocodile farming program and their implications for economic development and for the management and survival of crocodilians elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles are an integral part of the tropical fauna; they are ecologically important, biologically interesting, and, potentially, a renewable natural resource of considerable economic value. The panel hopes that through this report the possibility of saving and managing this animal throughout the tropics can be better assessed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members of the panel consulted officials of the Ministry of Wildlife and Conservation in Port Moresby and visited crocodile farms in Moitaka, Popondetta, and Lae. The panel is grateful to Karol Kisokau, Navu Kwapena, and Miro Laufa of the Division of Wildlife for arranging its itinerary and visits in Papua New Guinea. It also wishes to thank Yano Belo, Minister of Environment, for hosting an evening social at the Moitaka crocodile farm; Greg Mitchell and his wife Judy, who entertained the panel at their home in Lae and conducted a tour of their company's crocodile farm; and Wassam and Carol Gabara who acted as guides and hosts in Popondetta.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, is assessing scientific and technological advances that might prove especially applicable to problems of developing countries. This report is one of a series that explores promising areas of science previously unknown, neglected, or overlooked. Current titles in the ACT! series on Managing Tropical Animal Resources include:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These activities are supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Program costs for this study were sponsored by AID'S Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which also made possible the free distribution of this report. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials ( Present-day crocodilians are grouped into three families: crocodiles, alligators and caimans, and gavials (gharials). The animals differ from one another only in minor characters such as shape of snout, arrangement of scutes, and dental features. This report focuses mainly on crocodile species, but its conclusions are generally applicable to alligators, caimans, and gavials.) have existed for some 200 million years - much longer than mammals - but they are now disappearing at alarming rates. Of the 21 or so species of crocodilians distributed in the warm waters of the world, at least 18 are threatened with extinction in most of the countries where they are found.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although some species, such as the American alligator, appear to be out of danger because of strict conservation measures, many of the others survive mostly in national parks, protected preserves, or a few breeding stations. This is true for the slender-spouted crocodiles of Africa and Asia, the saltwater crocodile of Australia and Southeast Asia, the black caiman and Orinoco crocodile of South America, the Chinese alligator, the Siamese crocodile, and other species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat destruction is a major contributor to crocodilian decline; each year more breeding areas are disturbed as swamps and marshlands are drained, rivers dammed, estuaries reclaimed, and riverine forests denuded. However, illegal poaching by tribal people with their simple but effective traps, snares, and set hooks, as well as professional hunters operating with power boats, spotlights, and modern firearms are also decimating the animals over most of their ranges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To a large extent these animals are being destroyed because of their market value. Crocodile is regarded as the costliest and most fashionable leather in western markets. Since World War II, demand for crocodile leather shoes, handbags, luggage, wallets, watchbands, and other expensive luxury articles has far exceeded supply. Even small items such as purses and handbags sell for many hundreds of dollars each. For instance, a ladies' purse or handbag made from crocodile skin can command prices as high as $4,000. A pair of men's shoes may cost from $500 to $900, and a wallet from $150 to $250.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The crocodile trade peaked in the mid-1960s, when world markets absorbed more than 2 million crocodile skins each year. Today it is still large. In 1979, for instance, 1,000,000 caiman hides and 300,000 true crocodile hides entered international commerce. In 1981 the United States itself imported 100,000 hides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International markets for reptile hides and leathers are centered in France, Italy, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Japan. France, the single largest buyer of raw crocodilian hides, uses an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 skins a year. The major buyers of finished crocodile leather products are Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand, Singapore, and the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unrestricted hunting and poaching for hides are wiping out the large breeding animals. Excessive hunting has a devastating effect on crocodile populations because their age distribution is like a pyramid: a small number of breeding animals dominates a large number of juveniles and hatchlings, most of which never survive to maturity. Such societies, in which the size of future populations depends on only a few animals, are highly vulnerable to extinction; once some of the mature members are killed the population can crash. And it takes a long time for a crocodilian population to rebuild because for most large species the females do not begin breeding until they are at least 8 years old.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rearing Crocodiles&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there may seem to be no future for many crocodile populations, the situation is not hopeless. With intelligent intervention and under good conditions they can recover rapidly. Mature crocodiles have no enemies other than man, and, given some care and protection, a small number of breeders can produce a huge number of progeny each year. Mature females of the various crocodilian species usually lay between 30 and 70 eggs each year, and under normal conditions most of these eggs hatch successfully. The key to conserving the population is to protect the few mature animals and their habitats. Then, because of their fecundity, crocodilians can rapidly build up large numbers of young.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This has been exemplified by the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Ten years ago its future seemed doubtful, but the legal protection of the populations has brought a remarkable recovery. Numbers are now so high that two states have lifted the ban on harvesting alligators, and between lo,ooo and 20,000 American alligator hides now enter commerce each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The past few decades have seen several other examples of successful crocodile-rearing projects. Later chapters of this book highlight the national program in Papua New Guinea. In addition, three successful government-operated farms exist in India (where all the progeny is returned to the wild because current Indian law prohibits commercial crocodile farms). A remarkable farm with more than 3,000 breeding animals operates on the outskirts of Bangkok, Thailand. Australia has four crocodile farms, and a few African countries now have crocodile farms that are already beginning to supply hides internationally. For example, in 1982 Zambia had two such farms, Zimbabwe, five, South Africa, four (with five more planned or under construction), and Kenya, one. Appendix A lists these and other countries that are initiating farms for various crocodilian species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The early technical success of these projects offers the expectation that with an appropriate framework of safeguards and research, crocodiles might become a thriving resource for tropical nations. If such experiences can be replicated, crocodilians and their habitats may come to be considered as resources to be managed and treasured. This will require considerable investment, strict legislation and law enforcement, and international cooperation and research, as well as careful monitoring of the traffic in farmed hides. But national crocodile industries are a possibility, and they could result in thriving natural populations that are free from the danger of extinction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such prospects may also provide economic incentives for preserving the often-fragile ecosystem in which wild crocodilians live. Crocodile farming could play a part by slowing the uncontrolled draining of swamps and other wetlands that cover large areas of the lowland humid tropics of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles as a managed resource could economically benefit remote areas of the lowland tropics. Villagers there often have few alternative sources of income and possibilities for economic development are limited. Because the human population is relatively sparse, few opportunities exist for local trading; even where fish are abundant the problems of marketing are formidable. Indeed, in some areas crocodiles may constitute the only readily salvable resource.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles as Farm Animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Well-fed crocodiles grow quickly. Under ideal conditions they may reach lengths of 1 m or more in a year and 1.5 m in 2 years. They are normally harvested in the third year when they reach about 2 m in length. In this time their value may have risen from about $5 to as much as $200.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles have acquired a reputation as voracious feeders; investigations reveal this to be false. The animals actually have modest food requirements. Many hatchling animals have a food conversion rate of about 50 percent; that is, the crocodile adds 1 kg of weight for every 2 kg of food it consumes. Cattle, sheep, and pigs would have to eat 3-5 times as much food to achieve the same weight increase. After 2 years the crocodile's growth rate begins to slow down. During the third year the conversion falls to about 25 or 30 percent, which is still a high figure, and makes crocodiles probably the most nutritionally efficient land animal for commercial husbandry. Only the growth of some fish is comparable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The high food conversion efficiency is due to the fact that crocodiles have low metabolic rates and are normally extremely lethargic. They are active only in short bursts, spend hours immobile, and move only about one-third as much as mammals. Moreover, being reptiles, they spend almost no food energy maintaining body temperature. They bask in the sun to keep warm and seek shade or water to cool off. For these reasons crocodilians can thrive in marginal habitats unsuitable for mammals or birds (Investigations on the Nile crocodile showed that a pelican takes 3 days to consume food equal to its own weight, whereas a crocodile takes 125-160 days - Cott, 1961.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming is also space efficient. As long as they are sorted by size, hundreds of juveniles or dozens of larger animals can be penned together in a small area. Indeed crocodiles often choose to pile up on top of one another in stacks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about disease in reptiles. However, as farm animals, crocodiles have a major advantage: they produce antibodies readily and have few problems with external infections. In the wild it is common to find crocodiles missing limbs or tips of tails, with eyes gouged out, or enormous scars on the body. But the wounds heal readily, with little sign of infection (The American alligator is being used at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine as a model for studies on antibody formation.). This minimizes the need for veterinary services, a distinct benefit in remote village farms. Nevertheless, internal bacterial diseases, such as salmonella, can get out of hand and destroy a program by reducing growth rates, lowering hide quality, or killing the animals outright.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile Hides&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is the belly skin that is the valuable part of a crocodile, and the worth of a hide is determined by the size of the belly skin, the smallness of its scales, and the hide's general condition. (Holes, cuts, scars, and rot drastically reduce its value.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although international markets utilize any crocodile skin from 0.3 m to 6 m long, the most sought-after hides are not the biggest but the moderate-sized ones from animals about 1.5-2 m long. These hides are approximately 25-50 cm in belly width.( A crocodile's total length is approximately 4-4.5 times the width of its belly). Large hides, for example those more than 3 or 4 m in length, are suitable only for luggage and briefcases because their scales are large. Smaller hides, on the other hand, are suitable both for items such as shoes, handbags, and wallets and for larger items.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Internationally, the most desirable hides come from the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). It has proportionally the smallest belly scales of any crocodile, it lacks osteoderms,(Osteoderms are deposits of calcium carbonate under the skin. They are undesirable because they dissolve away during the tanning process, leaving a pitted surface),and on the side of its body the scales are uniformly small. The next most valuable hides probably come from Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii), the American alligator, the Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis), and the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rest of this report highlights the program in Papua New Guinea, where during the last 10 years the government has made crocodile rearing an organized industry, much as poultry farming is elsewhere. This program, which is beginning to establish crocodiles as a significant natural asset, is designed both to protect the wild populations and to integrate traditional uses of these reptiles into a scientifically managed hide industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Papua New Guinea crocodile farming (In the official terminology of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Papua New Guinea program is &quot;ranching&quot; rather than &quot;farming&quot; because the young livestock are mostly culled from wild populations and are not bred on the farm) has become the cornerstone for the economic improvement of some of the world's poorest people. It offers a means for bringing the rural poor into the process of economic development, and it can be blended into a traditional village structure where land and resources may be communally owned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The projects are small and many have had operational difficulties, but they suggest that conservation and economic development can be not only compatible, but also mutually reinforcing. The innovative idea is not that crocodiles can bring in money, but that sound conservation can be blended with marketing crocodile skins, meat, and by-products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important aspect of this approach to crocodile conservation is that it is based on protecting the existing landscape and resources. It provides a tool for conserving the species in their own wild habitats so that survival will not depend on a few captive specimens living under artificial conditions. It requires none of the bush clearing, fencing, forage planting or pesticide spraying that domestic animals often demand ,important advantages in an economic development project in a fragile tropical swamp or rain forest ecosystem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Papua New Guinea approach, then, provides an economic incentive for wildlife protection. Everyone ,from the villager to the minister of trade ,has a stake in keeping the wild populations healthy. Out of self-interest, in addition to natural respect, large numbers of people become the guardians of the resource and the habitat needed to keep it surviving and productive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The world's major conservation organizations have given Papua New Guinea's crocodile program their stamp of approval. In 1976 a team of scientists representing the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, one of the most prestigious conservation organizations in the world, inspected the program. As a result, Papua New Guinea was given special dispensation, and its crocodile skins can be legally traded internationally. For example, because of its endangered status the saltwater crocodile is banned from trade by the Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). An exemption, however, is granted to Papua New Guinea in recognition of the fact that its crocodiles now are sufficiently well managed to sustain a skin industry without seriously damaging the wild stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This program serves as a model for nations of the Americas, Asia, and Africa where crocodilian resources are still unmanaged or managed poorly. Crocodiles are being destroyed so fast that within about five years Papua New Guinea and other countries that have organized crocodile farming operations may be the only ones supplying significant numbers of skins to the international market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the principles developed in Papua New Guinea deserve international attention, the recipe will not be a cure-all for problems of rural development or crocodile conservation. Instead, the Papua New Guinea experience suggests that local social, political, economic, and conservation goals can become the impetus for a successful blend of village improvement and wildlife protection.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Crocodile Farming in Papua New Guinea</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As recently as the l950s, crocodiles were abundant in Papua New Guinea. Hunting was a major occupation and was unrestricted. Some Australians and Europeans made fortunes by shooting thousands of crocodiles a year to make shoes and handbags in Europe and North America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it was obvious that wild populations could not sustain such wholesale slaughter, the destruction continued. By 1967 both the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and the freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae) were threatened with extinction. By 1968, despite increased hunting, the yield of skins had dropped in half; along the easily accessible river systems, crocodile populations had been wiped out. By 1969 the saltwater crocodile had disappeared from much of its range throughout the country, and wildlife officers estimated that without protection most specimens of breeding size would be eliminated within five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But how could crocodiles be protected? Papua New Guinea is divided by mountain ranges, ravines, torrential rivers, forests, seas, malarial swamps, and more than 700 languages. It would take hundreds of trained wildlife officers to enforce a ban on crocodile hunting, particularly in the face of opposition from tribesmen who have traditionally harvested crocodiles for food, decorative items, and implements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge was given to the officers of the Wildlife Division. Under the leadership of Max C. Downes, these officials concluded that the best way to protect crocodile populations was to halt the slaughter of the large breeding adults and build up a new hide industry based on the increased numbers of young that would result.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Few young crocodiles ever reach breeding age in the wild. The tiny, virtually defenseless hatchlings are easy prey for large fish, birds, or other crocodiles. Almost all of them are killed by predators or by other natural causes, such as floods..&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main areas of crocodile distribution in Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What was needed, the wildlife officers concluded, were incentives to make these smaller animals economically attractive, incentives to encourage local people to raise small crocodiles to commercial size. If that could be accomplished, hundreds of hatchlings that would normally perish could be utilized without endangering the wild populations' future. Villagers could benefit by selling skins while the vital breeding-sized animals were being left alone to provide more hatchlings. The system could benefit both the villagers and the vulnerable crocodile populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/b20a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Main areas of crocodile distribution in Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The idea was viable partly because many Papua New Guineans - particularly those of the Sepik and Fly Rivers - have ancient spiritual and cultural attachments to crocodiles. To them, the idea of handling and managing the animals is not unusual. Crocodile motifs are common in their art and they live in harmony with the big beasts and do not consider them dangerous pests to be eliminated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legislation passed by the Papua New Guinea government in 1969 capitalized on this tradition by making the villagers themselves the real force in crocodile protection. The law did not ban crocodile hunting, but instead banned the possession, sale, and export of skins larger than 20 inches (51 cm) wide. In this way, it protected breeding-sized animals while allowing for the harvest of juveniles. It also allowed a person to kill a crocodile if attacked (but barred the selling of the skin, if it were oversized).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1980, the legislation was supplemented by a law banning the export of small skins. Together, the bans on possessing large skins and exporting small skins have created a stimulus for gathering small crocodiles from the wild and rearing them to moderate size on farms. The legislation has been the impetus for crocodile farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming officially started in Papua New Guinea in 1972. In the late 1970s, it was extensively supported by a UNDP/FAO assistance program that provided personnel and funds for technical support and program management. Today there are about 300 small village farms (The numbers vary, since some villagers go in and out of production depending on their need for income, seasonal variation in river levels, the cost of fuel, and the availability of government extension agents) supplying a number of larger business groups that rear crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife officers now teach crocodile farming, not crocodile conservation per se. They have introduced crocodile-rearing techniques to villagers all over Papua New Guinea. They help build pens and teach tribesmen how to care for the young reptiles, which are so vulnerable and timid that they can literally die of fright.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government loans of up to US$10,000, along with matching development bank loans, are available to help a farmer enter the crocodile farming business. The funds pay for pumps for changing the water in the pens and sometimes for an outboard motor used in gathering young crocodiles. Everything else a villager needs can be obtained from the forest, including materials for pen construction; a small farm can therefore be established inexpensively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Three Types of Farms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government's crocodile management program recognizes three levels of operation: village farms (up to 300 crocodiles), small-business farms (up to 1,000 crocodiles), and large-business farms (more than 1,000 crocodiles).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A village crocodile farm consists of a small pen fenced with posts lashed together with vines. This stockade fence is about 1.5 m high and is sunk about 60 cm in the ground so the crocodiles cannot burrow out. Much of the enclosure is planted with grass, cassava, and banana trees to provide secluded areas where the animals, which regulate their body temperature by the warmth of the sun, can find shade. A shallow pool is excavated in the center.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These village farms are usually run by only one or two people. Many are little more than pens scattered in the remote bush for holding young crocodiles until a buyer from a larger farm comes around. Small crocodiles bring less money than medium-sized animals, but the villager avoids having to feed and care for them for a long period.(Because of operational difficulties, many village farms were abandoned in 1982. Lack of proper husbandy - despite government efforts - were the main reason for these difficulties. Most villagers now collect and hold young only until buyers from commercial farms arrive. However, they are still earning money from crocodiles, and the concept of fully functioning village farms remains valid for the future in Papua New Guinea, as well as for appropriate sites elsewhere). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The small-business farm usually consists of a group of enclosures (each about 6 m x 6 m) constructed of bush materials. It is typically located near an airstrip. It buys crocodiles from the village farmer and, in turn, supplies them to the larger farms, which sometimes dispatch aircraft to pick the animals up (Special cardboard shipping containers have been devised. They can be folded to make cylinders of various diameters to fit crocodiles of different sizes). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Large-scale crocodile farms accommodate as many as 20,000 crocodiles and require a large investment. They serve to regulate the export of skins and are the major purchasers of live crocodiles from the smaller farms. During periods of drought, flooding, or diminished food supplies, the large-scale farms also act as emergency buyers. On the outskirts of Lae on Papua New Guinea's northern coast, there is a 100-hectare farm with nearly 8,000 crocodiles. It is associated with a poultry company, and the crocodiles are raised on the offal from the slaughterhouse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government Research and Extension&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Wildlife Division has constructed four demonstration farms across the country and one large research farm at Moitaka near Port Moresby, the capital city. After training at one of these, a tribesman can start his own farm alone or can call on the government for further assistance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moitaka is also the site of short courses in crocodile farming. Prospective farmers are brought in for several weeks' training. They learn how to build pens, to feed and care for crocodiles, to kill and skin them, and to prepare the hides for market. They also learn about the crocodile laws and the reason they were enacted. A farm at Lake Murray, in a remote and swampy area of the Western Province, serves the same purpose. It is built entirely from bush materials (see picture, pp. 6-7).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Wildlife Division provides instruction books, profusely illustrated for the illiterate. The books include vivid descriptions of all phases of farming the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic Gains&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 10 years, crocodile rearing has expanded remarkably in Papua New Guinea. It has already become the main source of income for the people of some swamp and river areas. The Ambunti area, for example, produces coffee and rice, but crocodile skins now bring in much of the area's income. By 1981 the farms nationwide contained a total of 30,000 crocodiles, ensuring a sustained production of at least 10,000 skins a year worth approximately US$ 1-2 million on the international market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because crocodiles are a familiar resource, villagers take to the program quickly. By contrast, introducing cattle or western-style crop raising requires massive education and training, in addition to some social and environmental disruption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On government farms in Papua New Guinea, fish-fed crocodiles have increased their belly width by 25 cm per year and are ready for slaughter in 2-3 years when the width approaches 50 cm. The selling price of the skin is then between $100 and $200, depending on species, flaws, and size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But skins are not the only product. A crocodile with a skin big enough to market can provide 20 kg of meat. The meat is white and is low in fat. Papua New Guinea is a net importer of meat, and crocodile farming is now augmenting local supplies. The large farm at Lae already sells frozen crocodile meat (including front and hind legs, tail steaks, ribs, and chops) both locally and on foreign markets. Some orders have come in from dealers in Paris who supply expensive French restaurants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 Conclusions</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benefits of Crocodile Farming&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming seems to be singularly appropriate for rural, isolated, lowland communities in the tropics. The land there is often unsuitable for conventional agriculture, and the people lead a tenuous existence or drift to the cities looking for work. In such areas, there are few opportunities for people to earn cash without drastic and expensive modifications to the environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farming has many advantages over hunting the animal in the wild. For instance, crocodiles farms can:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Permit government monitoring of the crocodile industry. (Hunters are more difficult to regulate since they work in remote areas, often undetected and crossing borders at will.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yield a regular harvest of a specific number of animals of a selected size.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Produce a standardized, premium product that better serves the needs of the international hide industry, making skins poached from the wild less desirable. (They may provide, for instance, a standard first grade 1-1.5 m long hide rather than hides of mixed size and quality.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Reduce the wasteful losses of hides from improper handling, the fate of a high proportion of skins now brought in from the wild.(*In remote areas, salt may become scarce late in the season as it is used for hides. This often results in insufficient salt being used when the supply runs out and hides subsequently rot or &quot;slip&quot;. In some isolated areas, as much as 25 percent of the hides are lost or downgraded because of improper curing for lack of salt. However, skins produced on farms, especially near urban areas or large villages, are usually properly salted; if salt becomes scarce, killing of the animals can be delayed) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Educate the public about crocodile ecology and the animal's importance to the habitat and the local economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Provide sites for scientific studies on crocodilians. Studies conducted on alligators at the Rockefeller Refuge in Louisiana, USA, for example, have provided reproductive, nutritional, and growth data directed specifically towards developing efficient farming techniques.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For some farms the earnings from hides, meat, and by-products may be supplemented by tourism (through gate admissions and the sale of curios), as well as by selling eggs and young to other farms for breeding stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A long-term program of wise utilization of crocodiles can benefit governments by providing revenue from hides, curios, craftwork, and manufactured articles, as well as from export duties. Furthermore, in their natural state in parks and preserves, crocodiles are an important tourist attraction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an effort to preserve crocodile habitats, the Papua New Guinea program has encouraged the collection of eggs or young from the wild and has discouraged the breeding of crocodiles in captivity. This is because a reliance on the wild creates economic incentives to conserve crocodile habitats; if the habitats are drained for human settlement or conventional agriculture the farmers lose the source of their stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contrary to popular impression, preliminary observations indicate that crocodiles benefit commercial fisheries. The animals are important links in the ecosystems of rivers and lakes and are often the largest inhabitants of the freshwater wetlands. Their movements inhibit the growth of aquatic plants in the waterways, and, in areas with prolonged dry seasons, some species maintain residual waterholes that benefit small aquatic organisms that would otherwise perish. In estuaries and lakes, crocodiles enrich the nutrient content of the water by converting terrestrial prey into feces that in turn feed invertebrates and fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where crocodiles have been eliminated, reductions in the tonnage of fish caught for human consumption can usually be demonstrated. For example, in Brazil, Kenya, and India, a decline in the fishermen's catch has paralleled the decline in crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations of Crocodile Farming&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments and individuals seeking rapid returns on investments should realize that a crocodile farming industry is not a get-rich-quick scheme. To build a stable national industry may require 10 years and an investment of at least $500,000 before it is biologically and economically successful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, an organized industry is vital. A village crocodile-rearing pond is only profitable if there is someone to buy, grade, package, and ship the product with all its documentation. Services will be needed at all levels to advise on disease control, nutrition, skinning, and preserving the hides. In many parts of the world crocodile farms have been financial and conservation failures not just because of poor husbandry management, but also because of fiscal shortsightedness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selection of a suitable farm site is basic to the economics of the entire operation. Farms demand a steady supply of meat or fish to feed the crocodiles, and are most successful when located near a reliable source of inexpensive food. Some farms take advantage of offal from nearby chicken or cattle abattoirs; others use the fish by-catch from shrimping operations. In the absence of an inexpensive animal protein feed, the farm will have to raise its own food (tilapia is frequently used) or harvest it from the wild, both of which can be expensive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodile farms also require a steady year-round supply of clean water for the holding ponds and tanks. If this cannot be supplied by gravity flow from nearby sources, it must be pumped from wells or from nearby lakes or ponds. This, too, is likely to be expensive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the general hardiness of crocodiles, the farms must have access to veterinary care. Most disease problems stem from poor sanitation, low water temperatures, and poor diet, all of which can be easily corrected. But with large numbers of animals crowded together, disease problems, if not quickly diagnosed and treated, can wipe out the young captive animals in epidemic proportions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capturing and transporting large crocodilians is dangerous and difficult. Dealing with a large captive population of crocodiles of different age groups and sizes requires a great deal of experience.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although crocodilians are common in zoos, successful breeding of these reptiles in captivity is so far a rare and remarkable event. However, researchers are now coming to understand the behavioral requirements for success. For instance, gravid females must have access to appropriate nesting sites, males must have ample space when they are penned in with other males, and juveniles and hatchlings must be separated from their parents and housed by size and feeding preferences. That prolific breeding can be achieved, however, is illustrated by the Samutprakan crocodile farm near Bangkok, Thailand, which reportedly has reared tens of thousands of its own animals and now aims for a population of 100,000 crocodiles by 1987.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The worldwide shortage of crocodile leather is becoming more acute each year, and it will be many years before any output from farms can significantly reduce pressure on wild populations. Thus, farming should be only one aspect of an overall conservation program that includes total protection of some populations in national parks and sanctuaries. In addition, the conservation of natural wetlands is an important part of overall economic planning. If wetlands are lost, many wild species in addition to crocodiles will be affected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Australia, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, many crocodilian populations are poorly protected because governments lack the manpower or the will to enforce conservation laws rigorously, especially in the remote areas where the last remaining crocodiles reside. Because most wildlife departments in the tropics are short staffed and have vast areas to police, their efforts at wildlife protection are frequently ineffective. Moreover, some countries have been slow to introduce protective legislation for an animal that does not engender public sympathy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea's program offers one of the best hopes for saving all endangered crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials. The methods developed there serve as a model for other nations. By providing an alternative, Papua New Guinea gives villagers the incentive to protect wild crocodiles that are breeding nearby so as to assure themselves of future supplies. The people themselves become the conservators of the local animals and habitats. In turn, watersheds, soils, and conventional agricultural development (including natural and forest products) can all benefit. The habitat is also preserved for many other wildlife species that share it, and genetic diversity can be maintained. Conversely, without a special incentive to conserve them, all these resources are normally degraded as a region develops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Regulations, Safeguards, and Research Needs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Papua New Guinea experience provides a model for other nations, but to implement such a program requires a foundation of legislation, government support, and legal safeguards. Prerequisites of any crocodile farming program are an overhaul of legislation, strict law enforcement, and reciprocal laws with neighboring countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The enforcement of wildlife regulations is so inadequate in most countries that crocodile farming is open to abuse. Farms can front for illegal poaching operations, and hides taken from the wild can be intermingled with hides produced on the ranch or farm unless government enforcement is stringent and inspection frequent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, the stimulation of world trade in crocodile hides through the sale of farmed hides might lead to increased poaching of wild crocodiles or eggs. Poachers have fewer operating expenses than farmers, and unscrupulous hunters and dealers can harvest hides, steal crocodile eggs or young, and subsequently sell them through countries that lack enforcement capabilities. This practice could be disastrous for countries where crocodile populations have almost disappeared.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government Regulations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before any farming scheme is attempted, protective legislation should be in operation throughout the country. This should make it unlawful to kill, capture by any means whatsoever, disturb willfully, or pursue any crocodiles, or to collect or gather any crocodile eggs without a permit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No crocodile eggs should be allowed to be imported or exported with out a permit. No persons should possess, sell, buy, donate, receive consequent upon a donation, convey, keep in captivity, or display any live crocodiles without being the holder of a permit. And no person should be allowed to import or export any crocodile, dead or alive, or any portion of a crocodile, processed or not, from any country without a permit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before granting a license for a commercial farm, the government should investigate the applicant's land tenure and financial resources, particularly since the farm will have to operate for three to four years before producing crocodiles suitable for culling. The applicant's ability and experience in rearing crocodiles should be determined. A plan of the proposed farm, including details of water and food supply and the proposed methods of harvesting food, should be examined.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is suggested that:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· No permit for egg harvesting should be issued until adequate rearing facilities have been prepared. The permit should state the name of the holder or his authorized representative, the annual total number of eggs allocated for harvesting, and the area where collection is permitted.(In some cases it is also important to specify a harvest time. Often it is best to take eggs laid early in the season because the female will then lay another clutch.) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Permits should be issued on a year-by-year basis. The applicant should understand that the department may refuse to renew or issue further permits if the farm is not managed satisfactorily or if permit conditions have not been observed.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The applicant should understand that the farm and all production records should be available for inspection by an official of the conservation department.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The farmer should be required to submit periodic reports detailing the total number of nests raided and eggs harvested, the egg mortality, and the number of eggs hatched. Thereafter, the number of animals held in captivity, the rate of mortality and its causes, if known, and the number of animals sold or culled should be included in each report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Furthermore, it is recommended that the permit holder release 5 percent of his annual crop of hatchlings in order to restock the natural habitat. In addition, a further 5 percent of the hatchling crop should be reared to a length of 1 m before being released, bringing the total release of young crocodilians to 10 percent of the annual crop of hatchlings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The distribution of hatchlings and young reared animals should be supervised by the conservation department.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless government agencies monitor the wild populations of crocodilians being harvested for hides, eggs, or young, the farms themselves could become a major drain on those populations, leading to their extinction. Therefore, before any farming program is started, a survey of the breeding grounds should be undertaken to determine the number of nests available and those from which eggs can be taken with least danger to the wild population (for example, from nests on grounds likely to be flooded).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These breeding grounds should be fully protected; tourists on foot, in vehicles, or in launches should not be allowed to visit or disturb crocodiles during the breeding season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Safeguards and Cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international traffic in millions of unmarked crocodilian hides and products poses one of the greatest obstacles to enforcement of national and international endangered species regulations. Hides and skins frequently cannot be traced to their source or country of origin. Legally harvested or farmed animals cannot readily be distinguished from those exported in secret from illegal sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need for internationally acceptable methods of marking individual hides and products is critical. Traffic in illegal crocodilian hides and products will continue as long as law enforcement agencies lack the means to detect them easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the United States a system has been developed in some states that enables conservation, police, and customs officials to monitor traffic in alligator hides. A conservation authority issues an official tag for each animal allowed by the license. All hides exported are tagged with a serially numbered plastic tag that cannot be removed without breaking it. The serial number is recorded on the export permit and with details of the buyer's and seller's name and address. This tag remains on the hide, right through the tanning process, until the hide reaches the manufacturer. Each tannery maintains a register of purchases that is available for inspection. This system also is being implemented in Zimbabwe and is worthy of trial in other countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tagging of all hides and products for individual identification is an important safeguard. Other safeguards include:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The use of engraved stamps or seals to authenticate legal licenses and export permits and make it more difficult for documents to be forged.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Internationally accessible data and a retrieval system that allows law enforcement personnel to corroborate the authenticity of documentation and the origin of hides and products;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Monitoring agencies to record and publish market statistics, traffic, and trends;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Laws limiting the sale of hides only to nations that cooperate in an internationally sanctioned program of safeguards; and&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Research funding to monitor populations and develop new marking and identification techniques. (For instance, the use of dyes, roll marking, and infusion of detectable chemical tracers has yet to be fully explored.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Needs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is urgent need for tannery owners, manufacturers, and conservation authorities to jointly work out the rational exploitation of crocodile populations. Commercial interests have reaped a rich reward over many years, and if the crocodile industry is to continue, its entrepreneurs must invest in management and conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Clearly, research to improve farming techniques will be a wise investment for both commercial operators and the countries concerned. Surveys to determine population numbers and size as well as the structure of breeding stocks and recruitment rates are essential. Such surveys may indicate the need to establish sanctuaries to protect breeding stock and nesting grounds, or perhaps to ban hunting to allow populations to recover. A rearing program and restocking of suitable habitats might be necessary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix A: Crocodile Farming Around the World</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiences with crocodile farming in Papua New Guinea, the main subject of this report, are described in chapter 2. Here we summarize the status of similar efforts in other countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four crocodile farms have been established in Australia, one in the Northern Territory and three in Queensland. To date, only the Edward River farm, operated by the government as an aboriginal development project, has developed a successful breeding program. There, seven-yearold saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) hatched on the farm from wild eggs are now breeding and laying fertile eggs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A farm for Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) has been established at Xuancheng, Anhui Province. Its purpose is to breed alligators for conservation, although the hide of this species is not in great demand because it has many osteoderms in the belly scales. Recently the government has expressed interest in establishing a farm for saltwater crocodiles in southern China. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan has one crocodile farm or rearing station, but it is too far north to breed its own stock, except in heated indoor enclosures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several buyers in the Philippines who maintain pens of crocodiles for short periods. None of these is a farm. A new experimental farm for the Philippine freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae mindorensis) was established by Silliman University in an attempt to preserve that endangered species and to promote an economic interest in crocodile conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Micronesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A farm for saltwater crocodiles has been established on Palau, where a small population of these crocodiles occurs in a brackish interior swamp. In the past, the government hired a hunter to reduce the population whenever the local people felt it had become sufficiently large to present a danger, about once a decade. Presumably the nuisance crocodiles will now end up in the farm. The farm, which has been in existence only for a year or two, earns money from tourist admissions as well as hide production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few crocodile-rearing stations have operated for several decades in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. These have been stocked with eggs and young animals collected from the wild in Sumatra and Kalimantan. In the early 1970s, three such operations in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, closed down for lack of wild stock. At least one operation in Jakarta, Java, continues to survive, but with virtually no output of stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of Irian Jaya (Indonesian New Guinea) in 1980 indicated a number of ranches in that region as well, but revealed that some were having difficulty obtaining stock because of overharvest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore has a famous crocodile farm that figures prominently in tourism. It breeds some of its stock, but also obtains wild stock from all over Southeast Asia. Singapore has a thriving crocodile hide trade. Many buyers and several tanneries are located there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singapore is not a member of CITES and openly trades in any and all species of crocodilians.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several crocodile farms in West Malaysia (at Penang, for example) and at least one in East Malaysia (near Sandakan, Sabah). These started out as rearing stations relying on wild young, but have moved slowly toward breeding their own stock. The Penang farm depends on tourism to pay many of its expenses. The Sandakan farm is operated in conjunction with a duck and pig farm that supplies it with offal. Its stock consists of saltwater crocodiles. Until at least 1980, it had very little production from captive animals, but the owner is hoping to broaden his stock from them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sarawak (East Malaysia) also used to have several rearing farms. The present status of these operations is unknown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm was started in 1950 with 20 wild crocodiles and an investment of US$500. Today it is reported to be the world's largest crocodile farm, with about 30,000 individuals. About 3,700 of these animals, placed in eight separate breeding ponds, are used for breeding stock, and there are plans for a population of 100,000 by 1987. The Samutprakan farm opened to the public 12 years ago and now receives about one million visitors annually.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of the farm's crocodiles are from the two species native to Thailand, the saltwater crocodile and the Siamese freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis). It also has hybrids of the two, as well as the indigenous false gavial (Tomistoma schlegelii) and five exotic species: South American caiman (Caiman crocodilus), New Guinea freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae), Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis), broad-spouted caiman (Caiman latirostris), and dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus). The farm has succeeded in breeding South American caiman (Caiman crocodilus); the other species are approaching maturity and it is hoped they will breed in the near future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The farm sells crocodile meat locally, mostly to restaurants as a delicacy (for US$5 per kg).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The commercial and biological success of the farm is largely due to favorable conditions at Samutprakan. The temperature and humidity are high year-round, and low costs of labor and building materials permit the physical plant to be profitably established and maintained. The main cost is for food; approximately 4,000-5,000 kg of by-catch fish are needed daily at a cost of US 20 cents per kg. If the supply of fish is inadequate, the diet is supplemented with chicken wings, legs, and necks from a slaughterhouse.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Rangoon there are some crocodile-holding pens operated by hide buyers. It is not clear whether breeding or farming of crocodiles occurs in them or whether the operation simply acts as a clearing center for wild hides. The government has expressed interest in establishing farms in the mangrove areas near the mouth of the Irrawaddy River. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1974 an FAO report on India's crocodiles noted that the Indian gavial (Gavialis gangeticus) was on the verge of extinction, the saltwater crocodile was extremely rare, and the Indian mugger (Crocodylus palustris was a depleted, although not threatened, species).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government, with United Nations assistance, then initiated a project for the conservation and management of all three species. This program aimed to protect and restock habitats. Animals for restocking were obtained by collecting eggs laid in the wild, incubating them under controlled conditions, raising the resulting hatchlings, and returning juveniles to specially selected sanctuaries when they reached about 1.2 m in length,at which time they are free from predation other than by man.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project has resulted in the comeback of the gavial. By March 1979, 200 gavials had been restored to the wild. The wild population now exceeds 1,000 animals of more than 2 m length, and the number is expected to increase rapidly through natural reproduction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project has also carried out extensive research on crocodiles, and since its founding in 1978 the Central Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute, located in Hyderabad, has trained many wildlife officers in crocodile protection. Crocodile-rearing facilities are also located near Madras, Lucknow, and Cuttack. All have had success in raising the animals and restocking their habitats.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Indian crocodile project has been a notable success and it coincided with (and perhaps helped create) a wave of local interest in India's wildlife and its conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Israel&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A farm stocked with American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) was established at a popular hotwater spring resort area, using animals supplied by a Florida farm. The Israeli program will earn money from tourist admissions and from future production of hides. The first successful hatching of captive-bred alligators was reported in 1982.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Near Mombasa a farm for the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) has been set up to produce hides from captive-bred stock. The farm is a demonstration project of a large cement factory that is attempting to return its limestone-mined areas to productive agriculture. Some sophisticated experiments are under way on crocodile nutrition, with food for the animals produced in an intensive aquaculture project using tilapia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia is planning a series of farms patterned after those in Zimbabwe (described below).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe has made great strides in captive breeding. In 1979, 87 captive females at two farms produced 1,906 eggs, and a third farm has set aside 30 captive females for breeding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four of the country's five crocodile farms are on the shores of Lake Kariba and the other is at Victoria Falls. The government allows each farm an annual allotment of wild eggs (averaging 2,000 to 2,500 eggs) for stocking its rearing programs. Each farm is also striving to become self sufficient in egg production by developing successful breeding programs. The government is considering reducing each farm's allotment by the number of eggs produced annually in the farm so that each will eventually become independent of the wild populations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe farmers operate on a system that obliges them to return a small percentage of live animals to the wild if the government requires it. At present, this requirement is being waived because the wild population is increasing on its own.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe has built its crocodile conservation program on a broad base. Crocodiles are protected throughout the country, as game animals in the country at large and as totally protected species in parks and sanctuaries. Populations have increased dramatically, from endangered status in the l950s to over 50,000 individuals today. In the 1950s a survey of the Zambesi River and Lake Kariba revealed no crocodiles; today thousands are seen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe's Department of National Parks and Wildlife is striving to ensure that its legitimate international trade in farm-raised hides does not provide illegal operators in other countries with the opportunity to sell poached hides (for example, forging papers that claim their hides originated on legitimate Zimbabwe farms). To make poaching difficult, Zimbabwe, taking a clue from the state of Louisiana, plans to use serially numbered nonremovable plastic tags to mark legitimate hides. Numbers of the tags will be noted on export permits. In addition, every export permit will be validated by the government with an engraved security stamp that is difficult to forge and that shows ink damage if any erasures or modifications are attempted. The use of such stamps is recommended by CITES, and Zimbabwe is the first nation to put them into use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa has four crocodile farms, and another five are planned or under construction. Apart from the Natal Parks Board Crocodile Research Station at St. Lucia Estuary, which breeds Nile crocodiles for restocking and conservation purposes, all farms are for tourism and hide production. So far only one farm, outside Pretoria, is reported to produce many offspring. Only the provinces of Transvaal and Natal have wild crocodiles, and neither allows eggs, young, or adults to be collected for stocking farms. Both provinces, however, permit the killing of nuisance crocodiles on private land. Transvaal will allow one or two nuisance crocodiles to be taken captive by farmers, but it refuses permission for removing larger numbers of nuisance animals,presumably for fear that this would generate a flood of spurious nuisance complaints. Natal will not permit the removal of any wild crocodiles to farms, nor will it supply offspring from the St. Lucia station to farmers. This makes the Pretoria farm the only source of crocodiles in South Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following the example of Zimbabwe, the South African farmers (present and potential) formed a crocodile farming association in 1982.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several farms patterned after those in Zimbabwe are planned for the Okavango area. Petitions for approval are currently before the Botswana government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1960s French businessmen established a farm for Nile crocodiles near Lake Chad. It collapsed after only a few years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivory Coast&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Ivory Coast has obtained assistance from Zimbabwe to establish a conservation program for its three native crocodiles: the Nile crocodile, African slender-spouted crocodile (Crocodylus cataphractus), and Congo dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis). Recommendations were made for conserving the wild populations as well as for establishing farms. Field studies are under way.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A commercial farm for the South American caiman (Caiman crocodilus) was established in southern Italy in the late 1970s. Stock was obtained from Colombia. The animals, numbering in the thousands, arrived in Rome in winter and were transported south to the farm in an open truck. Most died from cold. Later shipments fared no better, and the few animals that survived died from poor husbandry. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Americas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are between 15 and 20 successful alligator farms in the United States. Most are located in Florida and Louisiana, and there is at least one in California. All earn a portion of their money from tourist admissions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the 1960s the Cuban government established at least two farms for crocodiles. One is located in the Zapata Peninsula National Park; the other is near Cienfuegos. The purpose of these farms is to breed crocodiles whose wetland habitat has been converted to sugar cane fields. Eventually, the farms will also produce a cash crop of hides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, what started out as an admirable effort created several conservation problems because the farm managers did not realize there were two crocodiles in Cuba ,the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in brackish waters, and the Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) in freshwater areas. The two were mixed in the farms and hybridization resulted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Mexican government has established several farms for Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) in Chiapas and Veracruz. The purpose is to breed the species in captivity to relieve hunting pressure on the wild population and prevent its extinction. Original funding was provided by the World Wildlife Fund. At least one of these farms still exists. Breeding has been achieved, but there have been problems of survival in hatchlings. The cause of the deaths has not been discovered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years several businessmen in Mexico have expressed interest in starting one or more crocodile farms, but none has yet materialized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El Salvador&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1960s, the Louisiana Game and Fisheries Commission supplied specimens of the American alligator to a cattle rancher in El Salvador for the purpose of establishing an experimental farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Louisiana was interested in studying growth rates of American alligators in a tropical nation where the animals did not have to undergo winter hibernation. The husbandry on the farm followed methods worked out in Louisiana. The animals grew fast and presumably have started breeding. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A captive breeding program for the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) was established in Venezuela in the late 1970s on the ranch of Tomas Blohm. The operation is not commercial; its purpose is to prevent extinction of the species. The offspring may be used for restocking wild habitats in the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under Venezuelan law there can be no commercial export of any crocodilians. In addition, the Orinoco crocodile and the various caimans are protected. However, the reptiles are everywhere killed as vermin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru has proposed harvesting certain wild populations of caimans (Caiman crocodilus) to supply animals to a ranching operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BraziI&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Brazil is interested in establishing farms for several species of caiman, including the yacare (Caiman crocodilusyacare). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Latin American Nations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the past two years, other Central and South American nations that have indicated their intention to set up farms for crocodiles or caimans are Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, and Uruguay. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix B: Practical Crocodile Farming</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This appendix is adapted from a paper by A. Pooley that detailed the lessons learned from farming crocodiles to restock depleted habitats in Natal, South Africa. The information is presented here not as a blueprint for setting up a farm, but to show prospective farmers some of the points that they must first consider before attempting to rear crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farm Location&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reliable supplies of good water and suitable food are the most important considerations for establishment of a crocodile farm; the area selected must have both. Village farms also need to be close enough to wild crocodile populations for the animals to be obtained easily. Larger farms can be located farther from the source.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For small farms, a natural supply of food should also be readily available in the wild. Areas that have a fishing industry are ideal locations. For large farms, sites near slaughterhouses or fish-processing facilities are ideal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other considerations also include the volume of water available throughout the year, the distance over which water must be piped to the ponds, and pumping costs. The quality of the water should be established, with samples tested for salinity and acidity and, where the supply comes from mineral springs, analyzed for harmful chemicals. Chlorinated water must be tested regularly to ensure that the chlorine content is not too high, and the nature of any factory effluents present should be determined. It is important to establish whether fish, frogs, crabs, mollusks, or aquatic insects survive in the water intended for use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bacterial analysis is advisable where the water is drawn from a river that drains an area densely populated by humans and livestock. If the water is found to be contaminated, the stagnant pond rearing pen system should not be used, particularly when Salmonella spp. are present in high concentrations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A filter system has advantages if water is pumped straight from a river carrying a heavy silt load. Apart from enabling farmers to see the animals in the pools, filtered water makes the pools and pipes easier to clean. Filtration can be achieved by drawing water from a deep pit close to the river so that the water collected seeps through sand or mud.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A reservoir or a series of supply tanks is useful as an additional method of filtering water. In the event that pumping equipment fails, such a reserve supply may prove vital to the health and survival of the crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ponds should receive as much sun as possible, particularly during the winter months. A series of winter air temperature recordings would be useful in choosing the site of rearing pens, since valley temperatures are often several degrees lower than the temperatures some 50 to 100 m uphill. Preference should be given to the warmer locations, taking into account the direction of local winds and heavy rains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soil types are the next consideration. If soils are sandy and porous, earth ponds are impractical and a concrete lining is required to retain water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Drainage of the ponds must be carefully considered. Drainage is far easier if the ponds are built on a slight rise. Water from the ponds must not be allowed to stagnate nearby; the drainage system must be efficient. It is recommended that pens be spaced at least 8 m apart and that their drainpipes lead underground at least 10 m before emptying.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pen Construction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pens with rounded corners are the most successful. Crocodiles frequently choose to lie together in a pile. Square corners allow them to pile up against the angle, smothering those on the bottom and sometimes allowing animals to climb over the fence. With rounded corners, the pile cannot grow very high before the crocodiles slide sideways and the heap collapses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experiments in South Africa indicate that natural pools containing rooted vegetation are less prone to become sources of disease than are concrete pools. The surface of the concrete seems to become impregnated with liquid and debris from food and to become a breeding ground for bacteria. For hatchlings and very small juvenile crocodiles, concrete has an added disadvantage; its rough surface can abrade the belly skin when the animals slide in and out of the water, which can foster infection. In 5 or 10 years, even smooth concrete will erode sufficiently to become a problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Researchers elsewhere, however, report better results with concrete lined ponds, which they find easier to clean. Concrete pools are useful for summer because they can be scrubbed clean and because the volume of water used is small. Normally they need only be emptied, cleaned, and refilled every third day, and there is no wastage through seepage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pools are best built as channels. This provides more bank for basking and enables the pools to accommodate more crocodiles. Because the larger males become belligerent only when they can see each other, floating logs, patches of grass, or channel corners are visual barriers that reduce interactions. The channel system also gives more water edge, and this appears to satisfy the territorial instinct.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles are famous for basking in the sun, but they die surprisingly easily of heat prostration. At least one-third of the land area of a farm pen should be shaded with vegetation. The amount of space around each pool is calculated to allow ample basking room for each animal, and an area of shade must likewise be provided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On land, crocodiles often seek contact with each other (thigmotaxis) and frequently lie piled on top of each other, but this should be a matter of choice rather than of overcrowding. There should be few enough animals in the enclosure to allow every crocodile to get out of the water if it chooses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ideally, only half the available number of pools should be occupied at a time, so that they can be used in rotation. In this system, the animals can be moved to fresh pools every two months (or as necessary), leaving the &quot;used&quot; pools to be drained and dried out to bake in the sun. After two months, the pools will then be clean and ready for use again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important requirement is that the pools be at least 60 cm in depth; otherwise, the water becomes too hot in summer. The pool floor should be sloped towards the drain outlet to facilitate cleaning and flushing away uneaten food. Also, the outlet pipe should be 10 cm in diameter, with a stopcock outside the enclosure, so that the pool can be cleaned and emptied efficiently. It is essential to place a screen in the drainpipe to prevent small crocodiles from escaping or being sucked out of the pool during cleaning. After some time, stagnant ponds may become difficult to clean because of the heavy growth of algae on their sides. Hard-bristle scrubbing brushes are needed to dislodge this growth. Small amounts of copper sulfate in the water will help control algae if used regularly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The entire pond and surrounding apron must be smoothly plastered to facilitate cleaning. It helps to have a water source close to each pool from which a hose pipe can be led to pressure spray and clean the pool and its apron.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important part of the design is a partly submerged, gently sloping ledge, some 45 cm in width, around the perimeter of the pool. This provides a shallow resting zone for the crocodiles and gives them easy access to the water. The crocodiles rest there when feeding, and the ledge prevents them from scraping their bellies and damaging their claws when they enter or leave the pool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For small crocodiles it is advisable to roof over the entire pen with wire netting or cries-crossed strands of wire. This protects against predators. Further, young crocodiles can climb vertical wire netting with ease and will escape unless the enclosure is either roofed or has side walls that slope inwards. A skirting board (planking, sheet iron, tin, or plastic sheeting) placed against the wire netting can also prevent this. If wire netting is used for the sides of the pens it should have mesh no larger than 1 cm so that hatchlings will not injure themselves by trying to climb through. While these pools are being cleaned, care must be exercised to prevent crocodiles from falling into the empty pool.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water can be passed continuously through the pools. The advantage of this is that during hot summer weather, when crocodiles are feeding at their maximum rate, small uneaten food particles, feces, and urine are carried away. Constant dilution of the pond's water also ensures a low bacteria level. However, the pool must be drained and scrubbed clean at least weekly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Earthen pools are easy and cheap to build and are a &quot;natural&quot; habitat where vegetation can be planted and small live fish introduced; insects, frogs, and other creatures attracted to the dams will be an important addition to the diet and health of the crocodiles. Earthen pools are ideal in climates where low winter temperatures are likely to cause respiratory illness in the young animals. During cold weather the crocodiles burrow into the mudbanks and survive nights of heavy frost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the animal's burrowing capabilities, it is important to provide a strip of land 4 m wide between the pool's edge and the boundary fence. Otherwise, crocodiles may tunnel beyond the fence line. Fences must be buried at least 1 m deep to intercept the burrows and to prevent predators from burrowing in. Burrowing, however, can be hazardous, because the burrows can collapse and suffocate the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In areas where the soil is porous or sandy, the floor of an earth dam can be sealed with concrete or plastic irrigation sheets. A layer of earth can be used to conceal this artificial floor. The disadvantages of earth pools are that, because of seepage, they require more water than concrete ones and that they require more maintenance because they cannot be efficiently cleaned. Even if the pools are provided with constantly circulating water, they eventually become fouled, particularly during hot weather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Removing crocodiles from an earth pond can prove difficult, since most will take refuge in their burrows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capturing Crocodiles&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles are located at night, usually from a boat, by shining a light along the edges of rivers and lagoons. Because of a reflective tapetum, the eyes of crocodiles glow reddish or orange and are visible for a hundred meters or more. If the population has not become exposed to hunting and become wary of people, the animals will not submerge when the light strikes them. Dazzled by the beam, they tolerate a stealthy approach, and small animals can simply be grabbed by hand or scooped up in a net. They can then be transported in sacks to the rearing pens. Larger animals may be noosed or baited into cylindrical screen traps at places they frequent along the water's edge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Managing a Crocodile Farm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is a problem to sort the young crocodiles. From one clutch of eggs, some individuals will be aggressive and others may be shy or extremely timid; growth may vary from rapid to very slow, with a few individuals classed as runts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Larger animals can be so dominant that smaller individuals will not even attempt to feed. If sorting is not done, the smaller, less-aggressive individuals do not get a fair share of the food; they grow slowly and get bitten and harassed by the larger animals. At feeding time, some will flee to the opposite side of the pen and stop feeding altogether. Keeping the young animals sorted into classes of the same size avoids many of these problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nutrition and Feeding&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the crocodilian's reputation as a man-eater, small wild crocodiles live mainly on invertebrates and larger ones live mainly on fish. Papua New Guinea's farmers feed a varied diet of locally caught fish, crab, shrimp, frogs, snails, grasshoppers, beetles, and slaughterhouse waste. Whole animals minced up should be used, if necessary, because crocodiles require a diet of bone, intestine, scales, and other tissues to provide calcium and minerals. Bones in chopped fish must be minced thoroughly for hatchlings or very young crocodiles, or they should be fed very small fish supplemented by tadpoles or insects. One village in Papua New Guinea has shown remarkable success in rearing hatchlings on a diet of chopped fish and live freshwater shrimp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fish is an excellent food for the bulk feeding of a large captive population. Whole fish chopped into pieces, including the livers and hearts, forms a balanced diet that may be supplemented by meat, if available, to make up bulk. Small whole fish are particularly suitable; the crocodiles derive calcium from the bones and scales, plus roughage to facilitate digestion, while the flesh, liver, and heart are rich in nutrients and protein The main difficulty usually lies in harvesting enough fish to meet the crocodiles' demands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any method of supplementing the diet with live creatures is recommended. For instance, a light can be left burning in each pen about 15 cm above the water for attracting insects. Various types of insect traps may also be used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles also can be fed on a variety of wastes such as offal or noncommercial fish. Ideally, a large-scale farm should be located near a poultry slaughterhouse. (Cattle offal is also satisfactory, but it is not nutritionally adequate as a sole ration for crocodiles.) Even crocodile offal itself can be fed back to crocodiles. However, the use of offal will necessitate dietary supplements to assure sufficient phosphorus and calcium. These minerals are generally provided by feeding bones to the crocodiles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crocodiles usually consume their food in the water, but they can also be fed on land. They will eat daily, but are able to remain active for weeks without food. If they are fed in the water of a farm pen, the water will become polluted unless there is considerable flow to carry away the debris. In extreme cases, the pools become septic. To ensure the health of the growing animals, constantly flowing water is far superior to standing water. (The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm in Thailand feeds some of its animals in water, but the small feeding pools are separate from the large regular breeding pools and at a lower level to prevent their overflowing into the breeding pools.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to feed pieces of food small enough to be swallowed without difficulty. Large fish should be cut into elongated rather than square pieces, since the bones can cause damage during swallowing. Similarly, whole live fish should not be so large that the dorsal fin may cause damage to the reptile's throat and gullet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to know the amount of food that each group of animals will consume at each meal. By feeding at the same time each day, it is easy to calculate how much is required. Moreover, the crocodiles become accustomed to a routine and the food is consumed while it is still fresh. In the hot summer months the animals will devour a full meal every 24 hours, but the feeding rate slackens with the onset of colder weather. It is then wise to start reducing frequency and quantities until food is required only every second or third day, depending on the climate. Generally, young crocodiles will refuse food when the air or water temperature falls below 60Â°F (15.6Â°C). Even in midsummer sudden cold spells may occur; at such times, it is usually futile to feed the animals or try to coax them to eat until the weather warms up again. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During hot weather conditions it is preferable to feed late in the afternoon or evenings, mainly to avoid placing the food on a hot cement surface. The food should be spread out around the edge of the pool under the shaded area so that the animals do not have to climb over one another to reach it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In cemented pens the area where the food is laid out should be cleaned and scrubbed two hours after feeding time and any uneaten food removed from the water with a hand net. In earthen pools, the food should be placed at a different spot along the bank at each feeding. A useful aid to hygiene is keeping a few predacious fish, such as barbel (Clarias spp.), in each pool to clean up scraps of uneaten food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population Density&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty-five crocodiles are considered the maximum manageable number per unit; staying within this limit reduces competition for food, bullying and fighting, and the number of injuries. A low stocking rate also results in a more even average growth rate. Most important is the fact that the overall health of the crocodiles is better than in a more crowded pen; disease problems are fewer and the symptoms easier to detect in a small group. If the units are spaced 8 m apart, there is also less danger of infectious disease spreading to other pens. The cleaning of pens is facilitated, and the disturbance caused by capturing crocodiles to be moved to other units is minimized. Housing 500 crocodiles in groups of 25 will require 20 separate pens, and an additional two pens should be provided to allow for intensive care of sick, injured, and weaker animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the first year, when animals are graded frequently, they will often be moved from one pen to another. Recording the number of animals housed in each pen will make it possible to keep track of numbers and movements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeding&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction is impossible when crocodiles are kept in large groups composed of different species and sizes and in more or less unnatural enclosures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Healthy, sexually mature pairs of crocodiles are usually not enough to start a breeding program. Genetic diversity to maintain a long-term breeding group must be considered, and certain environmental factors are vital for success. The distinct size and age classes of a free-living population must also be taken into consideration. Optimal sex ratios for breeding in enclosed compounds must be determined and adhered to. If a breeding unit is not based on regard for the animals' basic needs for space, nesting sites, and retreats, the larger specimens will disturb, injure, and often kill smaller specimens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diseases and Parasites&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Disease symptoms may be easily overlooked if the observer is not familiar with the behavior of crocodiles under a variety of conditions. It is essential to know how they normally walk, swim, sleep, feed, and bask in relation to the time of day, the air and water temperatures, and the amount of sunlight or rain, by day, by night, and at different seasons of the year. Caretakers should notice the appearance of feces from healthy animals to be able to detect evidence of diarrhea, and to identify misaligned teeth and weakened limbs to detect nutritional deficiencies. Eggs are critically dependent on specific temperature and moisture requirements if the embryos are to develop normally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often difficult to determine the cause of illness or death, and even if the ailment has been correctly diagnosed, it is not easy to capture and administer drugs to large numbers of sick animals. Some animals may be injured during the handling process. Emphasis on preventing disease, rather than curing it, is the best way of ensuring a healthy crop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost inevitably, the water in the pools will harbor concentrations of bacteria such as salmonella. If strict hygiene is observed, however, the bacterial level will not be harmful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is recommended that whenever possible animals found newly dead should be dissected and vital organs such as the brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and stomach removed for veterinary research. Blood slides should also be taken and feces samples collected. The various specimens must be carefully labeled, frozen as quickly as possible, and packed on ice in a vacuum flask for immediate dispatch to the nearest veterinary research institute or pathologist. Alternatively, dying animals may be sent live for research purposes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is helpful for the handler to become thoroughly acquainted with the animal's internal anatomy, in order to distinguish between healthy and diseased organs. This knowledge, coupled with the symptoms noted before the animal dies, and the veterinary report, will be useful in future diagnosis and treatment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One problem for the crocodile farmer is a roundworm (nematode) parasite that burrows into the belly skin. When the burrow collapses it produces an undulating track across the belly and throat scales that ruins the hide. These parasites have been found in crocodiles from Latin America, Africa, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Asia. They seem more prevalent in some areas and some farms than in others. The organism has been identified, but no treatment or control has been discovered. It is, however, believed that damp, muddy conditions foster the nematode, and that to reduce it pens should have areas of dry land where the animals can bask.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Killing, Skinning, and Tanning&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some farmers kill the crocodiles themselves, but many rear the animals and then sell them to a larger concern that is better equipped to deal with the skins. Killing is done most quickly and humanely by catching the crocodile with a noose and severing the spinal cord just behind the skull.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many hides are ruined or severely damaged during skinning. Even a single hole resulting from a slip of the skinning knife may reduce a hide's value by 25 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After skinning, the hides are normally coated with about 0.5 cm of coarse salt and rolled up. Within 48 hours they are unrolled and resalted. If the hide is not sufficiently salted, it may become infected with bacteria or fungi that cause the epidermis of the scales to decay or slip. Although this layer is removed during tannage, scale slip is a symptom of rot and usually causes damage to the finished hide product. If the decay is intense, the salted hides may become reddish or brown in color. This is called &quot;red heat.&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although salt remains the universally used preservative for raw hides, the reptile leather industry has developed chemical fixatives that are used in addition to salt for preserving hides for tanning. Most of these pretannage fixatives are liquid and require soaking the hide in a vat, which may not be feasible in remote areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A pretanned hide is called a crust. It is green-gray (chrome tanned) or tan (vegetable tanned) and is stiff. The hide is dyed and glazed to its final finish. To increase the workability and to remove as many of the osteoderms as possible (if they are present), the underside of the hide is shaved to an even thickness. The shaving is done by craftsmen. If they shaved too much, the hide will be thin and weak, especially over the suture between the scales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix C: Selected Readings</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information on the management and status of crocodiles can be found in the following:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IUCN/Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter. Available from the editors, Peter Brazaitis and Myrna Watanabe, c/o New York Zoological Park, Bronx Zoo, The Bronx, New York 10460, USA.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A Field Guide of Captive Rearing and Management of Crocodiles in India is available from Mr. R. K. Rao, Director, Central Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute (Government of India), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blake, D. K. 1974. The rearing of crocodiles for commercial and conservation purposes in Rhodesia. The Rhodesia Science News 8(10):315-324.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blake, D. K., and J. P. Loveridge. 1975. The role of commercial crocodile farming in crocodile conservation. Biological Conservation 8(4): 261-272.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bolton, M. 1981. Crocodile Husbandry in Papua New Guinea. Field Document 4. FO: DP/ PNG/74/029. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 103 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bolton, M., and M. Laufa. 1982. The crocodile project in Papua New Guinea. Biological Conservation 22:169-179.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazaitis, P. (In press) Problems in the Identification of Commercial Crocodilian Hides and the Effect on Law Enforcement. Proceedings of the IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group meeting in Zimbabwe September-October, 1982. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazaitis, P. 1973. The identification of living crocodiles. Zoologica 58(3-4):59-101.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cott, H. B. 1954. Ecology and economic status of the crocodile in Uganda. Record of the Symposium on African Hydrobiology and Inland Fisheries, Committee on Technical Cooperation for Africa South of the Sahara 6:119-122.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cott, H. B. 1961. Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 29(4):211-337.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Downes, M. C. 1978. An explanation of the National Policy for the Crocodile Programme. Wildlife Division, Department of Lands, Surveys and Environment, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fuchs, K., nd. Die Krokodilhaut Eduard Roether Verlag Darmstadt, Frankfurt, West Germany.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham, A., 1981. Mapping the pattern of crocodile nesting activity in Papua New Guinea. Field Document No. 3, FO: DP/PNG/74/029. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 50 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joanen, T., and L. McNease. 1975. Notes on the Reproductive Biology and Captive Propagation of the American Alligator. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners 29:407-415. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joanen, T., and L. McNease. 1979. Culture of the American alligator. International Zoo Yearbook 19:61-66.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;King, F. W., and P. Brazaitis. 1971. Species identification of commercial crocodile skins. Zoologica 56(2): 15-72.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loveridge, J. P. ed. 1982. The Zimbabwe Science News 16(9):196-219. Causeway, Zimbabwe. (Contains five articles on crocodilian research and conservation; from Zimbabwe, Australia the United States, and lndia.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Millichamp, N. J. ;980. Medical aspects of disease in reptile collections. In The Care and Breeding of Captive Reptiles, The British Herpetological Society, London, England.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parker, F. 1981. New Crocodile Laws for Papua New Guinea. Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea. 50 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1969. Some observations on the rearing of crocodiles. Lammergeyer 10:45-59.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1971. Crocodile rearing and restocking. Pp. 104-130 in Crocodiles, IUCN Publications New Series Supplementary Paper 32. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1110 Gland, Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1973. Conservation and Management of Crocodiles in Africa. Journal of the South African Wildlife Management Association 3(2):101-103.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1977. A report on Crocodile Farming. Papua New Guinea. Wildlife leaflet No. 77/27. pp. 1-14.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. 1981. Disappearing African Crocodiles. Oryx 16(1):38-40.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C. (In press). The status of crocodiles in Africa. Paper Presented at 5th Meeting IUCN Survival Service Commission's Crocodile Specialist Group. Gainesville Florida, USA. September 1980.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pooley, A. C., and C. Gans. 1976. The Nile crocodile. Scientific American 234(4): 114-124.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wallis, B. E. 1980. Market prospects for reptile leathers. Report number ITC/DIP/12, International Trade Commission, Geneva, Switzerland. 50 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wermuth, Von H., and K. Fuchs. 1978. Bestimmen von Krokodilen und ihrer Haute. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whitaker, R. 1982. Export prospects from commercial crocodile farms in Bangladesh. ITC/UNCTAD, Geneva, Switzerland. 47 pp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whitaker, R., and M. Kemp. 1981. The crocodile industry in Papua New Guinea: Commercial Aspects. Field Document No. 2. FO:DP/PNC/74/029. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 35 pp. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix D: Research Contacts</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following individuals are involved in crocodilian research. Most are biologists concerned with the conservation or natural history of the animals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Applied Ecology Crocodile Farm, Edward River, Queensland 4870&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shelley Burgin, Total Environment Center, 18 Argyle Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2000&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Melvin Bolton, Woodbury Farm, Woodbury Road, M.S. 142, Via Yeppoon, Queensland 4703&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Max C. Downes, The Game Conservation Center, 24 Queens Parade, North Fitzroy, Victoria 3068&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alistair Graham, P.O. Box41266, Darwin, Northern Territory 5792&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gordon Grigg, Zoology A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Lever, Koorana Crocodile Farm, M.S.F. 76, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harry Messel, Head, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fred Parker, 717 Ross River Road, Kirwan, Queensland 4814&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grahame Webb, School of Zoology, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2033&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangladesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohd. Reza Khan, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Dacca, Dacca 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;William Magnusson, Depto de Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Caixa Postal 478, 69000, Manaus, Amazonia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ko Ko Gyi, Professor of Zoology, Rangoon Arts and Sciences University, Rangoon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nyan Taw, Research Officer, People's Pearl and Fishery Corporation, Myakhwanyo Street, Thaketa, Rangoon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People's Republic of China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Huang Chu-Chien, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Swatow Prefecture Crocodile Farm, Shantou, Guang Dong Province&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federico Medem, Instituto Roberto Franco, Apartado Aereo 2261, Villavicencio (Meta)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gerado Budowski, Head, Natural Renewable Resources Programme, CATIE, Turrialba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Luis Varona, Norte 29, Nuevo Vedado, La Habana 6&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jose Alberto Ottenwalder, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Plaza de la Cultura, Santo Domingo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Karlheinz Fuchs, Schillerstrasse 2, 6257 Hunfelder 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jaime Tres 1., Centro de Estudias Conservacionistas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Avenida de la Reforma 0-63, Zona IO, Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. C. Choudhury and Lala A. K. Singh, Central Crocodile Breeding and Management Training Institute, 19-4-319, Lake Dale, Rajendranagar Road, Hyderabad 500 264, Andhra Pradesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian Board for Wildlife, c/o Department of Environment, Bikaner House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi 110 011&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Sale, UNDP/FAO Crocodile Breeding and Management Project, 19-4-319, Lake Dale, Rajendranagar Road Hyderabad 500 264, Andhra Pradesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Shanmugunathan, Chief Wildlife Warden, Vivekananda Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudhakar Kar, Saltwater Crocodile Research and Conservation Unit, Danginal 754 220 Via Rejkanika, District Cuttack, Orissa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Romulus Whitaker, Madras Snake Park Trust, Guindy Deer Park, Madras, Tamil Nadu, 600 002&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. S. Child, Wildlife and Parks Management Of ficer FAO, Rome&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wataru Kimura, Proprietor, Atagawa Tropical and Alligator Garden, Atagawa Higashi Zlu Town, Shizuoka Prefecture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.D. Haller , Bamburi Portland Cement Co. ,Ltd., P.O. Box 90202 ,Mombasa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paul R. Wycherley, President, Malayan Nature Society, P.O. Box 150, Kuala Lumpur&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miguel Alvarez del Toro, Director, Instituto de Historia Natural, Departamento de Zoologia, Apartado Postal No. 6, Tuxtle Gutierrez, Chiapas, 29000&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marco Antonio Lascano B., INIREB, Apdo. No 281, Merida&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tirtha Maskey, National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Office, Thapathali, P.O. Box 107, Kathmandu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Zealand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antoon de Vos, Box 34, Whitford, Auckland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Milton G. Camacho B., Instituto Nicaraguense de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente (IRENA), Depto. de Fauna Silvestre, Kim 12 1/2 Carreterra Norte, Managua.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ashiq Ahmad, Wildlife Management Specialist, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abdul Latif Rao, Conservator of Wildlife, National Council for Conservation of Wildlife, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, U.G. St. 51, Sector F 6/4, Islamabad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miro Laufa, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, P.O. Box 2585, Konedobu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Karol Kisokau, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Central Government Offices, Waigani&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navu Kwapena, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Graham Goudie, Crocodile Farm, Lae&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Martin Hollands, Monitoring Ecologist, National Crocodile Project, P.O. Box 2585 Konedobu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pedro Vasques Ruesta, Departamento de Manejo Forestal, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Apdo. 456, La Molina&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angel C. Alcala, Division Research, Extension and Development, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, 6501, Negros&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;School of Agriculture, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, 6501, Negros.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. B. Anthony, The Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board, Box 662, Pietermaritzburg, Natal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antony Pooley, P.O. Box 42, St. Lucia Estuary, 3936 Zululand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Switzerland&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rene E. Honegger, Curator, Zurich Zoo, Zurichbergstrasse 221, 8044 Zurich&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;U. Srisomboon, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok Utai Youngprapakorn and Charoon Youngprapakorn, The Samutprakan Crocodile Farm and Zoo Co., Ltd., Talban Road, Samutprakan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angus d'A. Bellairs, Department of Anatomy, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School University of London, Paddington, London W2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Robert Bustard, Isle of Man&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Behler, New York Zoological Society, 185th Street &amp;amp; Southern Blvd., The Bronx, New York 10460&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peter Brazaitis, New York Zoological Society, 185th Street &amp;amp; Southern Blvd., The Bronx New York 10460&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gary Callis, Rt. I, Box 360, Clayton, New Mexico&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert H. Chabreck, Louisiana State University, School of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Michael Davenport, Department of Herpetology, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20008&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Claire Hagen, Representative, Reptile Products Association, 120 Cabrini Blvd., New York, New York 10033&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fred Hauptfuhrer, Director of Planning and Development, World Wildlife Fund, Inc., 910 17th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20006&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Howard Hunt, Atlanta Zoological Park, 518 Atlanta Ave. S.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30315&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ted Joanen, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Route 1, Box 20-B, Grand Chenier, Louisiana 70643&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. Wayne King, Director, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida 32611&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeffrey W. Lang, Biology Department, University of North Dakota, University Station, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles J. Lankester, UNDP, I United Nations Plaza, New York, New York 10017&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;James H. Powell, 1110 Kokomo Street, Plainview, Texas 79072&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles A. Ross, Division of Reptiles and Amphibians, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Myrna Watanabe, 141 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, New York 11201&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uruguay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federico Achaval, Departamento de Zoologia (Vertebrados), Universidad de la Republic Cerrito73, Montevideo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tomas Blohm, Apartado 69, Caracas 1010-A&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Andres Seijas Y., Servicio Nacional de Fauna Silvestre, MARNR, Apartado 184, Maracay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. K. Blake, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management, P.O. Box 8365, Causeway, Harare&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John Loveridge, Zoology Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kevin van Jaarsveldt, Crocodile Farmers Association of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 2569, Harare &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix E: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director of the Office of Biological Secretary General Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., is currently the Secretary General of the International Union of Biological Sciences. He received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests are in comparative anatomy and phylogeny of flowering plants, commercial timbers, histology of monocotyledons, economic botany, and tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on tropical plants, he has published extensively in these areas and on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries. Dr. Ayensu was co-chairman of the Panel on Underexploited Tropical Plants of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, JR., is Graduate Research Professor in the Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville. As Technical Director of the Caribbean Conservation Corporation, he has directed a seasonal research program at the breeding ground of the green turtle at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, since 1952, with continuous grants from the National Science Foundation from 1955 to 1980, and has carried out investigations of marine turtle ecology and navigation in various parts of the world. The author of numerous papers, articles, and books, he received the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal of the National Academy of Sciences for Handbook of Turtles and the John Burroughs Medal for The Windward Road. He is Research Associate of the American Museum of Natural History; Affiliate Curator of Natural Sciences, Florida State Museum; Chairman of the Marine Turtle Specialist Group of the Survival Service Commission, International Union for the Conservation of Nature; Honorary Consultant of the World Wildlife Fund; Fellow of the Linnean Society of London; Fellow of the American Fisheries Society; and a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi.In 1973 he was awarded a gold medal from the World Wildlife Fund for the application of scientific findings to the conservation of marine turtles. In 1975 he received the Edward W. Browning Award for achievement in biological conservation. In 1978 Dr. Carr was awarded the Gold Medal of the New York Zoological Society for contributions to natural science and conservation; in 1978 he became Officer of the Order of the Golden Ark (The Netherlands).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING is the Director of the Florida State Museum, Gainesville. He received a B.S. in 1957 and an M.S. in 1961 from the University of Florida and a Ph.D. from 1966 from the University of Miami. His research interests are in wildlife conservation and habitat preservation, impact of international trade on wildlife populations, and ecology and behavior of reptile populations. He worked at the New York Zoological Society from 1967 to 1975. As an international wildlife consultant, Dr. King has received honors from the Dominican Republic, the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and from H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands. He has served on committees advising the State Department and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources on policies regarding the trade of crocodile skins, turtle products, and other wildlife materials. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry and Professor of Forest Genetics, Yale University, was Dean of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale from 1965 to 1975. He received a B.A. from Luxembourg College and a B.Sc.F. from the University of New Brunswick in 1950, an M.F. in ecology in 1951, and a Ph.D. in forest genetics from Yale in 1954. He is especially knowledgeable about francophone Africa and was chairman of the Sahel program of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development and a member of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation. From 1960 to 1965 he was research collaborator at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1966 he was the recipient of the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Biological Research from the Society of American Foresters and in 1975 was Distinguished Professor (Fulbright-Hays Program) in Yugoslavia. Before joining the Yale faculty, he served as project leader in forest genetics for the U.S. Forest Service in Florida. He has served as a consultant to FAO, various foreign governments, and private forestry companies, and he has traveled extensively in the tropical countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS is head of the Furzebrook Research Station of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (National Environment Research Council, U.K.). He received a B.A. in natural sciences (zoology) at the University of Cambridge of 1958, M.A. in 1962, and received his Ph.D. from London University in research on the integrated control of orchard pests. Dr. Morris worked at Monks Wood Experimental Station on the effects of grassland management on populations of invertebrates and developed a strong interest in community and applied ecology, particularly the conservation of insect populations. Recently he has become involved with problems of butterfly conservation and resource utilization. He is Secretary of the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects, a Vice-Chairman of the Lepidoptera Specialist Group of lUCN'S Survival Commission, and Chairman of the Habitat and Species Protection Committee of SEL (Societal Europaea Lepidoptero-Logica). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH L. POPENOE is Professor of Soils, Agronomy, Botany, and Geography and Director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California at Davis in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this system. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. He is past Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Escuela Agricola Panamericana in Honduras, Visiting Lecturer on Tropical Public Health at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Agronomy, the America Geographical Society, and the International Soils Science Society. He is Chairman of the Advisory Committee for Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT MICHAEL PYLE, a writer and consulting lepidopterist based in Gray's River, Washington, has served since 1979 as Co-Compiler of the lUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. In this capacity he is consultant to the Conservation Monitoring Center in Cambridge, England. After receiving his B.S. and M.S. at the University of Washington, he took his Ph.D. through the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University in 1976. He worked for the Government of Papua New Guinea on the conservation and utilization of insect resources and then with the Nature Conservancy as Northwest Land Steward. A former Fulbright Scholar to the United Kingdom, Dr. Pyle subsequently founded the Xerces Society for conservation of beneficial insects and their habitats. He has been chairman of IUCN'S Lepidoptera Specialist Group (Species Survival Commission) since 1976. His publications include the Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies. A comprehensive book on insect conservation in his next project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1977 in natural resources management. He has worked on various wildlife research projects in Asia since 1964 and is representative for the Asia Foundation in Taiwan. He has published articles on butterfly conservation and wildlife industries in Taiwan, where he has been studying the butterfly and wildlife farming projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, staff officer for this study, is Professional Associate of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science that are important for developing countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (member through 1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (member through 1982) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Board on Science and Technology for International Development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAMUEL P. ASPER, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEONARD BERRY, Professor, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST I. BRISKEY, Dean, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON S. BROWN, Director, Resources Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Associate Professor, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND J. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM A. W. KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE I. LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANICE E. PERLMAN, Executive Director, Committee for a New New York, New York City Partnership, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Assistant Dean for International Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN G. HURLEY, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL P. GREENE, Associate Director/Research Grants &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b21wae.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b21wae.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b21wae.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1862 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b21wae/b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">195074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b21wae/b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b21wae/b21wae.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Water Buffalo: New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal (1984)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Cattle</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Water Buffalo: New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal (1984) (b21wae)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">utilize the Water Buffalo more effectively</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">b21wae</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215044</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">b21wae.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p04to05.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p27.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p31.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p32.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p59.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p68to69.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p98.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Original editon 1981&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second printing 1984&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission on International Relations&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Panel on Water Buffalo</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of  Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;STEVE P. BENNETT, Bennett's Animal Clinic, Port of Spain, Trinidad, West Indies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CHARAN CHANTALAKHANA, Dean, Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart  University, Bangkok, Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD D. CHARLES, Senior Lecturer, Meat Production, Department of Animal  Husbandry, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. ROSS COCKRILL, Livestock Expert, Food and Agriculture Organization (retired),  Rome, Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WYLAND CRIPE, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TONY J. CUNHA, Dean, School of Agriculture, California Polytechnic University,  Pomona, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. JOHN DE BOER, Winrock International Livestock Research and Training Center,  Morrilton, Arkansas, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MAARTEN DROST, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MOHAMED ALI EL-ASHRY, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of  Agriculture, Shoubra el Khiema, Cairo, Egypt &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ABELARDO FERRERD ., Former Director, Breeding Administration Centers,  Animal Sciences Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Caracas, Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JEAN K. GARDNER, Former Chief, Logistics Division USAID/Philippines, Jackson,  Mississippi, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES F. HENTGES, Department of Animal Science,University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JACK HOWARTH, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis,  California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NELS M. KONNERUP, Livestock Expert, Agency for International Development  (retired), Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. P LEONARDS, Water buffalo breeder, Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN K. LOOSLI, Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville,  Florida, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOSEPH MADAMBA, Director, Asian Institute of Aquaculture, Iloilo, Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CRISTO NASCIMENTO,Director, Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation  (EMBRAPA), Agriculture Research Center for Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem,  Para, Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural  Research, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM R. PRITCHARD, Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. THOMAS REID, (deceased), Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN H. SCHOTTLER, Animal Production Officer, Department of Primary Industries, Lae, Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DALBIR SINGH DEV, Dean, Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture, Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT W. TOUCHBERRY, Dean, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD G. TULLOCH, Division of Wildlife Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Winnellie, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Staff Study Director &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Staff Associate &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is an animal resource whose potential seems to have been barely recognized or examined outside of Asia. Throughout the world there are proponents and enthusiasts for the various breeds of cattle; the water buffalo, however, is not a cow and it has been neglected. Nevertheless, this symbol of Asian life and endurance has performed notably well in recent trials in such diverse places as the United States, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Trinidad, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Brazil. In Italy and Egypt as well as Bulgaria and other Balkan states the water buffalo has been an important part of animal husbandry for centuries. In each of these places certain herds of water buffalo appear to have equaled or surpassed the local cattle in growth, environmental tolerance, health, and the production of meat and calves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although these are empirical observations lacking painstaking, detailed experimentation, they do seem to indicate that the water buffalo could become an important resource in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate zones in developing and developed countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If this is the case, then it is clear that many countries should begin water buffalo research. Serious attention by scientists could help dispel the misperceptions and uncertainties surrounding the animal and encourage its true qualities to emerge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report describes the water buffalo's attributes as perceived by several animal scientists. It is designed to present the apparent strengths of buffaloes compared with those of cattle, to introduce researchers and administrators to the animal's potential, and to identify priorities for buffalo research and testing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel that produced this report met at Gainesville, Florida, in July 1979. It was composed of leading water buffalo experts (particularly those from outside Asia who have directed the beginnings of water buffalo industries in their countries) and leading American animal scientists, many of whom are also familiar with the animal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report complements The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. Ross Cockrill and published in 1974 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Cockrill's 933-page book is a &quot;bible&quot; of water buffalo knowledge and provides details of breeds, world distribution, physiology, and an extensive bibliography.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The present report is an introduction to the water buffalo and its potential. It is written particularly for decision makers, as well as scholars or students, in the hope that it will stimulate their interest in the animal and thereby increase the appreciation of, and funding for, buffalo research. The report includes much empirical observation, largely from the panel members. Some of these observations may, in the long run, prove not to be universally applicable. Much benchmark information needs to be obtained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since its creation in 1971, the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) has investigated innovative ways to use current technology and resources to help developing countries. Often this has meant taking a fresh look at some neglected and unappreciated plant or animal species. The committee assembles ad hoc panels of experts (usually incorporating both skeptics and proponents) to scrutinize the topics selected. The panel reports serve to draw attention to neglected, but promising, technologies and resources. (For a list of ACTI reports, see page 115.) ACTI reports are provided free to developing countries under funding by the Agency for International Development (AID).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Program costs for this study were provided by AID'S Office of Agriculture, Development Support Bureau, and staff support was provided by the Office of Science and Technology, Development Support Bureau.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The final draft of this report was edited and prepared for publication by F. R. Ruskin. Bibliographic editing was by Wendy D. White. Cover art was by Deborah Hanson.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The domesticated water buffalo Bubalus bubalis numbers at least 130 million-one-ninth the number of cattle in the world. It is estimated that between 1961 and 1981 the world's buffalo population increased by 11 percent, keeping pace with the percentage increase in the cattle population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there are some pedigreed water buffaloes, most are nondescript animals that have not been selected or bred for productivity. There are two general types-the Swamp buffalo and the River buffalo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swamp buffaloes are slate gray, droopy necked, and ox-like, with massive backswept horns that make them favorite subjects for postcards and wooden statuettes in the Far East. They are found from the Philippines to as far west as India. They wallow in any water or mud puddle they can find or make. Primarily employed as a work animal, the Swamp buffalo is also used for meat but almost never for milk production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;River buffaloes are found farther west, from India to Egypt and Europe. Usually black or dark gray, with tightly coiled or drooping straight horns, they prefer to wallow in clean water. River buffaloes produce much more milk than Swamp buffaloes. They are the dairy type of water buffalo. In India, River buffaloes play an important role in the rural economy as suppliers of milk and draft power. River buffaloes make up about 35 percent of India's milk animals (other than goats) but produce almost 70 percent of its milk. Buffalo butterfat is the major source of cooking oil (ghee) in some Asian countries, including India and Pakistan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although water buffaloes are bovine creatures that somewhat resemble cattle, they are genetically further removed from cattle than are the North American bison (improperly called buffalo) whose massive forequarters, shaggy mane, and small hindquarters are unlike those of cattle. While bison can be bred with cattle to produce hybrids,( This is not, however, very successful, the male progeny (at least of the F 1 generation) are sterile).there is no well-documented case of a mating between water buffalo and cattle that has produced progeny.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parts of Asia and even Europe have depended on water buffaloes for centuries. Their crescent horns, coarse skin, wide muzzles, and low-carried heads are represented on seals struck 5,000 years ago in the Indus Valley, suggesting that the animal had already been domesticated in the area that is now India and Pakistan. Although buffaloes were in use in China 4,000 years ago, they are not mentioned in the literature or seen in the art of the ancient Egyptians, Romans, or Greeks, to whom they were apparently unknown. It was not until about 600 A.D. that Arabs brought the animal from Mesopotamia and began moving it westward into the Near East (modern Syria, Israel, and Turkey). Water buffaloes were later introduced to Europe by pilgrims and crusaders returning from the Holy Land in the Middle Ages. In Italy buffaloes adapted to the area of the Pontine Marshes southeast of Rome and the area south of Naples. They also became established in Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Bulgaria and have remained there ever since.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Villagers in medieval Egypt adopted the water buffalo, which has since become the most important domestic animal in modern Egypt. Indeed, during the last 50 years, their buffalo population has doubled to over 2 million head. The animals now supply Egypt with more meat-much of it in the form of tender &quot;veal&quot;-than any other domestic animal. They also provide milk, cooking oil, and cheese.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other areas have capitalized on the water buffalo's promise only in very recent times. For instance, small lots of the animals brought to Brazil (from Italy, India, and elsewhere) during the last 84 years have reproduced so well that they now total about 400,000 head and are still increasing, especially in the lower Amazon region. Buffalo meat and milk are now sold widely in Amazon towns and villages; the meat sells for the same price as beef. Nearby countries have also become familiar with the water buffalo. Trinidad imported several breeds from India between 1905 and 1908, while Venezuela, Colombia, and Guyana have been importing them in recent decades. During the 1970s Costa Rica, Ecuador, Cayenne, Panama, Suriname, and Guyana introduced small herds. By 1979 the buffalo in Venezuela numbered more than 7,000 head.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Across the Pacific, the new nation of Papua New Guinea has found the water buffalo well suited to its difficult environment. For 9 years the government has attempted to run cattle on the Sepik and Ramu Plains on Papua New Guinea's north coast, where the temperatures are high and the forage of poor quality. But the cattle remain thin and underweight. In the 1960s animal scientists began evaluating water buffaloes already living in Papua New Guinea and, encouraged by the results, introduced additional buffaloes from Australia. These have performed remarkably well, producing greater numbers of calves and much more meat than the cattle in the region. The buffaloes appear to maintain appetite despite the heat and humidity, whereas cattle do not. The government of Papua New Guinea has since imported more water buffaloes and today has thriving herds totaling almost 3,500 head. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The United States has been slow to recognize the water buffalo's potential, but the first herd (50 head) ever imported for commercial farming arrived in February 1978.(Air-freighted from the wilds of Guam, the U.S. island possession on the western Pacific, by panel member Tony Leonards. Prior to that time (in 1974), four head of water buffalo were imported to the Department of Animal science' university of Florida, for study. The only other water buffaloes in North America were a few animals in zoos.) The humble water buffalo, normally considered fit only for the steamy rice fields of Asia, is now proving itself on farm fields in Florida and Louisiana. As a result, interest in the animal is on the rise in U.S. university and farm circles.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From experience accumulated in Asia, Egypt, South America, Papua New Guinea, Australia, the United States, and elsewhere, animal scientists now perceive that many general impressions about the water buffalo are incorrect.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, it is widely believed that the water buffalo is mean and vicious. Encyclopedias reinforce this perception, and in the Western world it is the prevalent impression of the animal. The truth is, however, that unless wounded or severely stressed, the domesticated water buffalo is one of the gentlest of all farm animals. Despite an intimidating appearance, it is more like a household pet-sociable, gentle, and serene. In rural Asia the care of water buffaloes is often fumed over to small boys and girls aged about four to nine. The children spend their days with their family's gentle buffalo, riding it to water, washing it down, waiting while it rolls and wallows, and then riding it to some source of forage, perhaps a grassy field or thicket. It is not uncommon to see a buffalo patiently feeding, with a young friend stretched prone on its broad gray back, asleep.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps the notion about the viciousness of water buffaloes stems from confusing them with the mean-tempered African buffalo Syncerus caffer, actually a distant relative with which they will not interbreed and which is classified in a different genus.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ferocity is the most blatant misconception concerning the water buffalo, although other fallacies are widely reported as well.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One generally held belief is that water buffaloes can be raised only near water. Actually, buffaloes love to wallow, but they grow and reproduce normally without it, although in hot climates they must have shade available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another belief is that the water buffalo is exclusively a tropical animal. River-type buffaloes, however, have been used to pull snow plows during Bulgarian winters. They are found in Italy (over 100,000 head), Albania, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, the Georgia and Azerbaijan areas of the Soviet Union (almost 500,000 head) and other temperate-zone regions as well. They are also found in cold, mountainous areas of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p04to05.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ World Distribution of Water Buffaloes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet another misconception is that the water buffalo is just a poor man's beast of burden. In addition to providing fine lean meat, buffaloes in fact provide rich milk. Mozzarella cheese, one of the most popular in Europe, comes from the buffaloes in Italy. Buffalo milk has a higher content of both butterfat and nonfat solids than cow's milk does. It therefore often brings higher prices than cow's milk. Throughout much of India it is in such demand that cow's milk is sometimes hard to sell.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the misconceptions generally held about buffaloes are based on little data and much prejudice. For instance, it is widely believed that water buffalo meat is tough and less desirable than beef. However, when the animals are raised for meat, buffalo steaks are lean, as tender as beef, and in appearance it is difficult to distinguish the two. In taste-preference tests at the University of Queensland, buffalo steaks were preferred over those from Angus and Hereford cattle. Tests conducted in Trinidad, Venezuela, the United States, and Malaysia produced similar results.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia has shipped water buffalo meat to Hong Kong, the United States, Germany, and Scandinavia. Buffalo meat is now available in stores in Australia's Northern Territory, where demand exceeds supply. It sells at competitive prices and is particularly sought for barbecues and the famous Australian meat pie. In the Philippines, two-thirds of the meat consumed in homes and restaurants is actually water buffalo, a fact that many Filipinos do not realize.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Compared with cattle,waterbuffaloes apparently have an efficient digestive system, one which extracts nourishment from forage so coarse and poor that cattle do not thrive on it. Thin cattle are commonly seen in Asia and northern Australia, for example, but it's rare to see a protruding rib on a buffalo, even though it uses the same source of feed.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, water buffaloes live on coarse vegetation on the marginal land traditionally left to the peasants. They help make human survival possible. An old Chinese woman in Taiwan once told panelist W. Ross Cockrill: &quot;To my family the buffalo is more important than I am. When I die, they'll weep for me; but if our buffalo dies, they may starve.&quot;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A better understanding of the water buffalo could be invaluable to many developing nations. In particular, improved production of water buffalo meat offers hope for helping feed India, the second most populous nation on earth. Although India for religious reasons forbids the slaughter of cows, it has no prohibitions regarding slaughter of water buffaloes or the consumption of buffalo meat.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most developing countries are in the tropics, and the water buffalo is inherently a tropical animal. It is comfortable in hot, humid environments. In the Amazon, for example, buffaloes are now common on the landscape and may even replace cattle completely.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical countries have more serious disease problems than temperate countries do. Although susceptible to most cattle diseases, the water buffalo seems to resist ticks and often appears to be more resistant to some of the most devastating plagues that make cattle raising risky, difficult, and sometimes impossible in the tropics. Several researchers report that when water buffaloes are allowed to wallow, their mud-coated skin seems to deter insect and tick ectoparasites and they consequently require greatly reduced treatment with insecticides. Although the buffalo fly (Siphona exigua) affects the animals, other pests such as the warble fly and the screwworm, for example, seldom affect healthy buffaloes. AIso, despite their inclination for living in swamps, Avers, and ponds, diseases of the feet such as foot rot and foot abscesses are rare.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another benefit to developing countries is the water buffalo's legendary strength. A large part of the total farm power available in South China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, the Indochina states, India, and Pakistan comes from this &quot;living tractor.&quot; Dependable and docile, the animals pull plows, harrows, and carts with loads that weigh several tons. In the Amazon buffalo teams pull boats laden with cargo and tourists through shallows and swamps.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The petroleum crisis has forced many farmers to reconsider animal power even in some of the technically advanced countries. Buffaloes are not only extraordinarily strong, they can also work in deep mud that may bog down a tractor. Even up to their bellies they forge on, dragging both plow and driver through the mud. Although its average walking speed is only about 3 kilometers per hour, the buffalo, unlike its mechanical competition, doesn't need gasoline or spare parts and its working life is often 20 years or more.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As already noted, the major genetic divisions of the water buffalo are the Swamp buffalo of the eastern half of Asia, which has swept-back horns, and the River buffalo of the western half of Asia, which usually has curled horns. There is also the Mediterranean buffalo, which is of the River type but has been isolated for so long that it has developed some unique characteristics. (Records of the buffalo in Italy date back 1,000 years, during which there have been no reported imports.) Mediterranean buffaloes are stocky, high yielding animals that combine both beef and dairy characteristics.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there is only one breed of Swamp buffalo, certain subgroups seem to have specific inherited characteristics. For example, the buffaloes of Thailand are noted for their large size, averaging 450-550 kg, and weights of up to 1,000 kg have been observed. Elsewhere, Swamp buffaloes range from 250 kg for some small animals in China to 300 kg in Burma and 500-600 kg in Laos.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only in India and Pakistan are there well-defined breeds with standard qualities. There are eighteen River buffalo breeds in South Asia, which are further classified into five major groups designated as the Murrah, Gujarat, Uttar  Pradesh, Central Indian, and South Indian breeds. These are the five groups and  main breeds:  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=484&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Group&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breeds&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murrah&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murrah, Nili/Ravi, Kundi&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gujarat&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surti, Mehsana, Jafarabadi&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uttar Pradesh&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhadawari, Tarai&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Indian&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nagpuri, Pandharpun, Manda, Jerangi, Kalahandi, Sambalpur&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Indian&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;79%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toda,  South Kanara&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The best-known breeds are Murrah, Nili/Ravl, Jafarabadi, Surti, Mehsana, and  Nagpuri. Most of the buffaloes of the Indian subcontinent belong to a nondescript  group known as the Desi buffalo. There is no controlled breeding among these  animals and most are quite small, yield little milk, and are variable in color.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Swamp buffalo has 48 chromosomes, the River buffalo, 50. The chromosomal  material is, however, similar in the two types and they crossbreed to produce fertile  hybrid progeny. Cattle, however, have 60 chromosomes and although mating  between cattle and buffaloes is common, hybrids from the union are unlikely to  occur.( In 1965 a reputed hybrid was born at Askaniya Nova Zoopark in the Soviet Union  (see Gray, A., 1971. Mammalian Hybrids, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux,  Slough, England, p. 126). Hybrids have also been reported from China (Van  Fu-Czao 1959, Gibridy buivolc i krupnogo  i rogatogo skota(buffalo and  cattlehybrids)Zhivotnovodstro, Mosk., 21:92). Both of these reports seem doubtful  because despite many attempts, no other hybrids have ever been claimed to have  been produced). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Individual buffaloes show large variation in milk yield, conformation, horn shape,  color, meat production, temperament, growth rate, and other characteristics.  Selection for survival under adverse conditions has occurred naturally (those that  could not stand adversity died early) and farmers have probably tended to select  animals of gentle temperament. But systematic genetic improvement has almost  never been attempted. It seems likely that further selection could quickly improve  their productivity.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, the large bulls that would be best for breeding purposes are often  being selected as draft animals and castrated, or sent to slaughter, or (as with  some feral animals in northern Australia and on the Amazon island of Marajo) shot  by hunters. The result is that the buffalo's overall size in countries such as Thailand  and Indonesia has been decreasing as the genes for large size and fast growth are  lost.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Limitations  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo is still largely an animal of the village, and many of its reported  limitations are caused more by its environment than by the animal itself. Moreover,  much of the animal's genetic potential is obscured by environmental influences. For  example, for many breeds and types the genetic variations in milk yield and growth  cannot be accurately determined because they are overwhelmed by the effects of  inadequate nutrition and management.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, some inherent limitations of buffaloes can be identified. For instance,  buffaloes suffer if forced to remain, even for a few hours, in direct sunlight. They  have only one-tenth the density of sweat glands of cattle and their coating of hair is  correspondingly sparse, providing little protection from the sun. Accordingly,  buffaloes must not be driven over long distances in the heat of the day. They must  be allowed time for watering and, if possible, for wallowing. Driving under a hot sun  for long hours will cause heat exhaustion and possibly death; losses can be very  high and can occur suddenly. Young calves are particularly affected by heat.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are also sensitive to extreme cold and seem less able than cattle to  adapt to truly cold climates(A rule of thumb is that buffaloes don't do well where the sun is inadequate to ripen,  say, cotton, grapes, or Ace. Kaleff, B., 1942. Der Hausbuffel und seine  Zuchtungsbiologie im Vergleich zum Rind. Zeitschsift Tierzucht Biologze,  51:131-178). Sudden drops in temperature and chill winds may lead  to pneumonia and death.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is usually found m areas where there is ready access to a wallow  or shower. This is not a necessity, but when temperatures are high the availability of  water is important for maintaining buffalo health and productivity. It seems clear,  then, that the buffalo is not suitable for arid lands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing buffalo productivity through breed improvement is just now beginning.  Throughout Asia buffalo mating is almost completely haphazard, and so the animal  lacks the quality improvement through breeding that most cattle have had.  Therefore, most buffaloes are of nondescript heritage and genetic potential.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On poor quality feed water buffalo grow at least as well as cattle, but under intensive  conditions they probably won't grow as fast as the best breeds of cattle. In feedlots,  therefore, the buffalo is likely to be less productive than improved cattle. Weight  gains of about 1 kg per day have been recorded, some exceptional cattle may gain  at almost twice that rate.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo has long been considered a poor breeder-slow to mature sexually,  and slow to rebreed after calving. Accumulated experience now shows, however,  that this is mainly a result of poor management and nutrition. Buffaloes are not  sluggish breeders. Nevertheless, their gestation period is about a month longer  than that of cows, buffalo estrus is difficult to detect, and many matings occur~at  night so that~ farmers are likely to encounter more problems breeding buffaloes  than cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are gentle creatures, but if roughly or inexpertly handled they can, through fear or pain, become completely unmanageable. Buffalo behavior sometimes differs from that of cattle. For example, most buffaloes are not trained to be driven. Instead, the herdsman must walk alongside or ahead of them; they then instinctively follow. Also, because of their innate attachment to an individual site or herd it is more difficult to move buffaloes to new locations or herds. In addition, buffaloes respect fences less than cattle do and when they have the desire to move they are harder to contain. (Electric fences, however, will stop them.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their general good health, buffaloes are probably as susceptible as cattle to most infections. However, the buffalo seems to be peculiarly sensitive to a few cattle diseases and resistant to a few others (see chapter 7). Reactions to some diseases seem to vary with region, environment, and breed, and the differences are not well understood.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Destruction of the environment is sometimes attributed to buffalo wallowing. This danger seems to have been overstated, except in cases where stocking rates were unreasonably high.(An ongoing study in Northern Australia of environmental degradation widely attributed to buffalo has now shown that the effects are caused by man and climatic changes and only very slightly by buffaloes. (information supplied by D. G. Tulloch.) ) However, buffaloes rub against trees more often than cattle do, and they sometimes de-bark the trees, causing them to die.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, some of the best genetic stocks of water buffaloes exist in areas where certain infections and viral and other diseases sometimes occur. Thus, many countries are reluctant to permit importation of water buffaloes, despite the fact that modern quarantine procedures under conditions of maximum security can essentially eliminate the risk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, it must be emphasized that because buffalo research has been largely neglected, most results reported in this and other buffalo writings cover small numbers of animals and short periods of time. Many are merely empirical observations that have not been subjected to independent confirmation.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1972.Buffalo at the crossroads. World Farming 14(n:l0-l3.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asian and Pacific Council. 1979. Priorities in buffalo research identified.ASPAC News letter No. 43.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bowman, J. c. 1977. Animals for Man. Edward Arnold Publishers, Ltd., London, United Kingdom.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo Bulletin. Newsletter published by the Buffalo Research Committee of Kasetsart University, Bangkok' Thailand. (In English and Thai.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo World. Newsletter published by the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chantalakhana, C. 1975. The buffaloes of Thailand-their potential, utilization and conservation. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chantalakhana, C., and Na Phuket, S. R. 1979. The role of swamp buffalo in small farm development and the need for breeding improvement in Southeast Asia. Extension Bulletin No. 125. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1967. The water buffalo. Scientific American 217:118.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R., ed. 1974. The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill W. R. 1975. The domestic buffalo. Blue Book for the Veterinary Profession No. 25. Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1976. The Buffaloes of China. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R., ed. 1977. The Water Buffalo. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1977. The water buffalo: domestic animal of the future. Bovine Practitioner 12:92-98.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1978. Domestic water buffaloes. In: The Care and Management of Farm Animals, edited by W. N. Scott. Bailliere TindaU, London, United Kingdom.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1980. The ascendant water buffalo-key domestic animal. World Animal Review 33:2-13.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DeBoer, A. J. 1972. Technical and economic constraints on bovine production in three villages in Thailand. Dissertation Abstracts International 33(5):1935.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DeBoer, A. J. 1975. Livestock and Poultry Industry in Selected Asian Countries. Report of Survey on Diversification of Agriculture: Livestock and Poultry Production. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;de Guzman, M. R., Jr. 1979. An overview of recent developments in buffalo research and management in Asia. Extension Bulletin No. 124. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Documentation Center on Water Buffalo. 1978. Abstract Bibliography on Water Buffalo, 1971-1975. Documentation Center on Water Buffalo, University of the Philippines at Los Banos Library, College, Laguna 3720, Philippines.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fahimuddin, M. 1975. Domestic Water Buffalo. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi, India  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fischer, H. 1975. The water buffalo and related species as important genetic resources: their conservation, evaluation and utilization. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6  1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ford, B. D., and Tulloch, D. G. 1977. The Australian buffalo-a collection of papers. Technical Bulletin No.18. Department of the Northern Territory, Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gupta, H. C. 1977. Possibilities and realities of developing buffalo's performance, breeding and feeding. Indian Dairyman 29(6):337-346.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kartha, K. P. R.1965. Buffalo. In: An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics edited by G. Williamson and W. J. A. Payne. Longman, London, United Kingdom.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McKnight, T. L. 1971. Australia's buffalo dilemma. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 61(4):759-773.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madamba, J. C., and Eusebio, A. N. 1979. Developments in the strengthening of buffalo research in Asia. Buffalo Bulletin 2(3):7-16.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mahadevan, P. 1978. Water buffalo research-possible future trends. World Animal Review 25: 2-7.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oloufa, M. M. 1979. Buffaloes as producers of meat and milk. Egyptian Journal of AnimalProduction 19:1-10. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pant, H. C., and Roy, A. 1972. The water buffalo and its future. In: Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates, edited by R. E McDowell. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research. 1978. The Philippines Recommends for Caraboo Production, PCARR, Los Banos, Laguna 3732, Philippines.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ranjhan, S. K., and Pathak, N. N. 1981. Management and Feeding of Buffaloes. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, India  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977a. Livestock in Indonesia. Research Report No. 1. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia. (In English and Indonesian.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977b. Preliminary Observations on the Productivity of Porking Buffalo in Indonesia. Research Report No. 2. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia. (In English and Indonesian.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sundaresan, D. 1979. The role of improved buffaloes in rural development. Indian Dairyman 31(2):73-78.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1978. The water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, in Australia: grouping and home range.Australian Wildlife Research 5:327-34.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wahid, A. 1973. Pakistani buffaloes. World Animal Review 7:22~28. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Meat</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo offers promise as a major source of meat, and the production of buffaloes solely for meat is now expanding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because buffaloes have been used as draft animals for centuries, they have evolved with exceptional muscular development, some weigh 1,000 kg or more. Until recently, however, little thought was given to using them exclusively for meat production. Most buffalo meat was, and still is, derived from old animals slaughtered at the end of their productive life as work or milk animals. As a result, much of the buffalo meat sold is of poor quality. But when buffaloes are properly reared and fed, their meat is tender and palatable.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are exported for slaughter from India and Pakistan to the Middle East and from Thailand and Australia to Hong Kong. Demand for meat is so great that Thailand's buffalo population has dropped from 7 million to 5.7 million head in the last 20 years, a period in which the human population has more than doubled.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carcass Characteristics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All buffalo breeds-even the milking ones-produce heavy animals whose carcass characteristics are similar to those of cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite heavier hide and head, the amount of useful meat (dressing percentage) from buffaloes is almost the same as in cattle. Mediterranean type buffalo and Zebu cattle steers in Brazil yielded dressing percentages of 55.5 and 56.6 percent respectively. Swamp buffalo dressing percentages have been measured in Australia at 53 percent. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are lean animals. Although a layer of subcutaneous fat covers the carcass, it is usually thinner than that on comparably fed cattle. Even animals that appear to be fat prove to be largely muscle. Australian research on Swamp buffaloes reveals that buffaloes with more than 25 percent fat are difficult to produce, whereas average choice-grade beef carcasses may contain  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general, the buffalo carcass has rounder ribs, a higher proportion of muscle, and a lower proportion of bone and fat than beef has.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo hide is so thick that it can be sliced into two or three layers before tanning into leather.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meat Quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo meat and beef are basically similar. The muscle pH (5.4), shrinkage on chilling (2 percent), moisture (76.6 percent), protein (19 percent), and ash (1 percent) are all about the same in buffalo meat and beef. Buffalo fat, however, is always white and buffalo meat is darker in color than beef because of more pigmentation or less intramuscular fat (2-3 percent &quot;marbling,&quot; compared with the 3-4 percent in beef).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eating Quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taste-panel tests and tenderness measurements conducted by research teams in a number of countries have shown that the meat of the water buffalo is as acceptable as that of cattle. Buffalo steaks have rated higher than beefsteaks in some taste tests in Australia, Malaysia, Venezuela, and Trinidad.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In taste-panel studies in Trinidad, cooked joints from three carcasses Trinidad buffalo, a crossbred steer (Jamaica-Red/Sahiwal), and an imported carcass of a top-grade European beef steer-were served. The 28 diners all had experience in beef production, butchery, or catering and were not told the sources of the various joints. All the carcasses were held in cold storage for one week before cooking. The buffalo meat was rated highest by 14 judges; 7 chose the European beef; 5 thought the crossbred beef the best; and 2 said that the buffalo and crossbred were equal to or better than the European beef. The buffalo meat received most points for color (both meat and fat), taste, and general acceptability. There was little difference noted in texture.( Information supplied by P. N. Wilson.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo veal is considered a delicacy. Calves are usually slaughtered for veal between 3 and 4 weeks of age; dressed weight is 59-66 percent of live weight.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is some evidence that buffaloes may retain meat tenderness to a more advanced age than cattle because the connective tissue hardens at a later age or because the diameter of muscle fibers in the buffalo increases more slowly than in cattle(Joksimonc, 1979) In one test the tenderness (measured by shearing force) of muscle samples from carcasses of buffalo steers 16-30 months old was the same as that from feedlot Angus, Hereford, and Friesian steers 12-18 months old. This gives farmers more flexibility in meeting fluctuating markets while still providing tender meat.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anonymous. 1976. Livestock Production in Asian Context of Agricultural Diversification. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arganosa, F. C., Sanchez, P. C., Ibarra, P. I., Gerpacio, A. L., Castillo, L. S., and Arganosa, V. G. 1973. Evaluation of carabeef as a potential substitute for beef. Philippine Journal of Nutrition 26(2).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arganosa, F. C., Arganosa, V. G., and Ibarra, P. I. 1975. Carcass evaluation and utilization of carabeef. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bennett, S. P. 1973. The &quot;buffalypso&quot;-an evaluation of a beef type of water buffalo in Trinidad, West Indies. Paper presented at the Third World Conference on Animal Production, Melbourne, Australia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Borghese, A., Gigli, S., Romita, A., Di Giacomo, A., and Mormile, M. 1978. Fatty acid composition of fat in water buffalo calves and bovine calves slaughtered at 20, 28, and 36 weeks of age. In: Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle: A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, held at Ghent, October 11-13,1977. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles, D. D., and Johnson, E. R. 1972. Carcass composition of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 23:905-911.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles, D. D., and Johnson, E. R. 1975. Live weight gains and carcass composition of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) steers on four feeding regimes. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 26:407-413.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1975. Alternative livestock: with particular reference to the wafer buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). In: Meat. Proceedings of the 21st Easter School in Agricultural Science, University of Nottingham, edited by D. J. A. Cole and R. A. Lawrie. Butterworth, London, England.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El-Ashry, M. A., Mogawer, H. H., and Kishin, S. S. 1972. Comparative study of meat production from cattle and buffalo male calves. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production 12:99-107.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El-Koussy, H. A., Afifi, Y. A., Dessouki, T. A., and El-Ashry, M. A. 1977. Some chemical and physical changes of buffalo meat after slaughter. Agriculture Research Review 55:1-7.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Johnson, E. R., and Charles, D. D. 1975. Comparison of live weight gain and changes in carcass composition between buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and Bos taurus steers. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 26:415- 422.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joksimovic, J. 1979. Physical, chemical and structural characteristics of buffalo meat. Arhiv za Polloprivredne Nauke 22:110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joksimovic, J., and Ognjanovic, A. 1977. A comparison of carcass yield, carcass composition, and quality characteristics of buffalo meat and beef Meat Science 1:105 -110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mai, S. C., and Wu, T. H. 1974. TSC's intensive feed-lot system for cow-calf and beef production program. Taiwan Sugar 21(6):198-211.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matassino, D., Romita, A., Cosentino, E., Girolami, A., and Cloatruglio, P. 1978. Myorheological, ohemical, and colour characteristics of meat in water buffalo and bovine calves slaughtered at 20, 28 and 36 weeks. In: Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle: A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, held at Chent, October 11-13, 1977. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mogawer, H. H., El-Ashry, M. A., and Mahmoud, S. A. 1976. Comparative study of meat production from cattle and buffalo male calves. II. Effect of different roughage concentrate ratios in ration on carcass traits. Journal of Agriculture Research {Tanta University) 2:6-12.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ognjanovic, A. 1974. Meat and meat production. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. CockrilL Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rastogi, R., Youssef, F. G., and Gonzalez, F. D. 1978. Beef type water buffalo of Trinidad-Beefalypso. World Review of Animal Production 14(2) :49 -56.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Romita, A., Borghese, A., Gigli, S., and Di Giacomo, A. 1978. Growth rate and carcass composition of water buffalo calves and bovine calves slaughtered at 20, 28 and 36 weeks. In: Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle: A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, Held at Chent, October 11-13, 1977. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wilson, P. N. 1961. Palatability of water buffalo meat. Journal of the Agricultural Society of Trinidad 61:457, 459-460. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 Milk</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than 5 percent of the world's milk comes from water buffaloes. Buffalo milk is  used in much the same way as cow's milk. It is high in fat and total solids, which  gives it a rich flavor. Many people prefer it to cow's milk and are willing to pay more  for it. In Egypt, for example, the severe mortality rate among buffalo calves is due in  part to the sale of buffalo milk, which is in high demand, thus depriving calves of  proper nourishment. This also occurs in India, where in the Bombay area alone an  estimated 10,000 newborn calves starve to death each year through lack of milk.  The demand for buffalo milk in India (about 60 percent of the milk consumed; over  80 percent in some states) is reflected in the prices paid for a liter of milk: about  130 paisa for cow's milk compared with about 200 paisa for buffalo milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twelve of the 18 major breeds of water buffalo are kept primarily for milk production  (although males may be used for traction and all animals are eventually used for  meat). The main milk breeds of India and Pakistan are the Murrah, Nili/Ravi, Surti,  Mehsana, Nagpuri, and Jafarabadi. The buffaloes of Egypt, Eastern Europe  (Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, and the USSR), and Italy are used for milk  production and there are also herds used principally for this purpose in Iran, Iraq,  and Turkey.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Composition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk contains less water, more total solids, more fat, slightly more lactose,  and more protein than cow's milk. It seems thicker than cow's milk because it  generally contains more than 16 percent total solids compared with 12-14 percent  for cow's milk. In addition, its fat content is usually 50-60 percent higher (or more)  than that of cow's milk. Although the butterfat content is usually 6-8 percent,( An analysis of 7,770 records of Nili/Ravi buffaloes in herds at the Pakistan  Research Institute showed that average butterfat content was 6.40 (a mean based  on 10 tests over 10 months). of all the samples tested, 77 percent ranged between  5 and 8 percent butterfat and 12 percent were below 5 percent butterfat.  -information supplied by R. E. McDowell.)  it can  go much higher in the milk of some well fed dairy buffaloes and in the milk of  Swamp buffaloes (which are not normally used for milking). Cow's milk butterfat content is usually between 3 and 5 percent.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of its high butterfat content, buffalo milk has considerably higher energy value than cow's milk. Phospholipids are lower but cholesterol and saturated fatty acids are higher in buffalo milk. Studies have shown that digestibility is not adversely affected by this. Because of the high fat content, the buffalo's total fat yield per lactation compares favorably with that of improved breeds of dairy cattle; it is much higher than that of indigenous cows.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally the protein in buffalo milk contains more casein and slightly more albumin and globulin than cow's milk. Several researchers have claimed that the biological value of buffalo milk protein is higher than that of cow's milk, but this has not yet been proved conclusively.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p27.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Tables 1 and 2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mineral content of buffalo milk is nearly the same as that of cow's milk except for phosphorus, which occurs in roughly twice the amount in buffalo milk. Buffalo milk tends to be lower in salt.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk lacks the yellow pigment carotene, precursor for vitamin A, and its whiteness is frequently used to differentiate it from cow's milk in the market. Despite the absence of carotene, the vitamin A content in buffalo milk is almost as high as that of cow's milk. (Apparently the buffalo converts the carotene in its diet to vitamin A. The two milks are similar in B complex vitamins and vitamin C, but buffalo milk tends to be lower in riboflavin.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Milk Products&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk, like cow's milk, can provide a wide variety of products: butter, butter oil (clarified butter or ghee), soft and hard cheeses, condensed or evaporated milks, ice cream,yogurt, and buttermilk. It is of great economic importance in India in preparing &quot;toned&quot; milk-a mixture of buffalo milk and milk made by reconstituting skim milk powder.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The richness of buffalo milk makes it highly suitable for processing. To produce 1 kg of cheese, a cheese maker requires 8 kg of cow's milk but only 5 kg of buffalo milk. To produce 1 kg of butter requires 14 kg of cow's milk but only 10 kg of buffalo milk. Because of these high yields, processors appreciate the value of buffalo milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo cheese is pure white. It many countries it is among the most desirable cheeses (mozzarella and ricotta in Italy, gemir in Iraq, the salty cheeses of Egypt, and pecorino in Bulgaria, for example). In Venezuela all the cheese produced from the small La Guanota milking herd in the Apure River basin (about 100 kg a day) is bought by the Hilton Hotel and sells for 15 bolivars per kg compared with 8 bolivars per kg for cheese made from cow's milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although much in demand for making soft cheese, buffalo milk is less desirable for making hard cheeses such as cheddar or gouda. During cheesemaking it produces acid more slowly than cow's milk, retains more water in the curd, and loses more fat in the whey.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cheeses are becoming increasingly popular throughout the world. Demand is rising at a rate that is among the highest for any food product. Cheese offers particular benefit to areas where refrigeration is not widely available, where transporting high-protein foods to remote areas is difficult, and where seasonal fluctuations affect milk supplies. Buffalo milk may make cheesemaking profitable on an even smaller scale than conventional dairying; it is more concentrated than cow's milk and requires relatively less energy to transport and process (an increasingly important factor where fuels are limited).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p31.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 3 Highest Milk Yield (kg per Day) Recorded in the All India Milk Yield&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yield&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In countries like India and Egypt, the milk yield of buffaloes is generally higher  (680-800 kg) than for local cattle (360-500 kg). However, since selection for  exceptional milk production is not conducted systematically, large variations in yield  occur between individual animals, and milk production of dairy buffaloes falls short  of its potential.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nonetheless, some outstanding yields have been recorded. On Indian government  farms, average yields for milking buffaloes range from 4 to 7 kg per day in  lactations averaging 285 days. Daily yields of 12 kg have been reported for some  Bulgarian buffalo cows and a daily production of over 20 kg has been reported for  some remarkable animals in India. A peak milk yield of 31.5 kg in a day has been  recorded from a champion Murrah buffalo in the All India Milk Yield Competition  conducted by the Government of India (see Table 3).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At Caserta, Italy, a herd of 1,600 machine-milked, pedigreed dairy buffaloes has  produced average yields of 1,500 kg during lactations of 270 days. In Pakistan an  analysis of over 6,000 lactations of Nili/Ravi buffalo cows showed an average yield  of 1,925 kg during lactations averaging 282 days(Average adjusted for year and  season and calving. Cady et al., in press.) . In India the average milks yield of  Murrah buffaloes in established herds is also reported to be about  1,800kg(*&quot;Williamson and Payne, 1965.)Table 4 lists some outstanding lactation  yields reported from different parts of the world. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with cattle, the percentages of fat, protein, and total solids decrease as the milks yield increases.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Swamp buffaloes of Southeast Asia are usually considered poor milk producers. They are used mainly as draft animals, but it may be that their milk potential has been underestimated. In the Philippines Swamp buffalo cows with nursing calves have produced 300-800 kg of milk during lactation periods of 180-300 days(*Philippines Council for Agriculture and Resources Research (PCARR). 1978. The Philippines Recommends for Caraboo Production, PCARR, Los Banos, Philippines)In Thailand Swamp buffaloes selected and reared for milk production have yielded 3-5 kg per day during 305-day lactations.(Information supplied by Charan Chantalakhana.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p32.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 4 Milk Production of Some Outstading Buffalo Cows and Dairy Herds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Nanning Livestock Research Institute and Farm in Kwangsi Province,which is representative of many others in South China, is upgrading the native  Swamp buffaloes (or Shui Niu) by selective breeding for size and weight and by  crossbreeding with dairy breeds such as the Murrah and Nili/Ravi. The crossbreeds  that are milked yield 4-5 kg daily.(*CockriH, W. R. 1976. The Buffaloes of China.  FAO, Rome.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dairy Management&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The characteristics of the dairy buffalo so closely approximate those of the dairy cow that successful methods of breeding, husbandry, and feeding for  milks production for the cow can be applied equally to the dairy buffalo. Buffaloes,  however, have not been bred for uniform udders and it is more difficult to milk them  by machine.(Some thousands of buffaloes are machine milked in Bulgaria and Italy, however. At  Ain Shams University in Egypt, buffaloes have adapted to machine milking. The  calves are separated from their dams immediately after birth and no problems of  milk letdown have been observed. -information supplied by M. El Ashry.)Also, some buffaloes have more of a problem with milks letdown than  dairy cows (although not as much of a problem as some native cattle breeds in the  tropics). Frequently, a calf is kept with the cow and is tied to her foreleg at milking  time. In India, Burma, and other countries a dummy calf may be provided; playing  music seems to work, too.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Addeo, F., Mercier, J. C., and Ribadeau-Dumas, B. 1977. The caseins of buffalo  milk. Journal of Dairy Research 44(3):455-468.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agarwala, O. P. 1962. Certain factors of reproduction and production in a water  buffalo herd. Indian Joumal of Dairy Science 15(2):45-51.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Albourco, F., Mincione, B., Addeo, F., and Ameno, M. 1969. Buffaloes' milk. II.  Variations in composition during lactation of milk produced without change in  feeding. Industrie Agraria 7(5):210-219.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associazione Italiana Tecnici del Latter. 1970. Buffaloes' milk and cheese. Scienza  e Tecnica 21(3):175-196.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhatnagar, V. K., Lohia, K. L., and Monga, O. P. 1961. Effect of the month of  calving on milk yield, lactation length and calving interval in Murrah buffaloes. Indian  Journal of Dairy Science 14(3): 102-108.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhasin N. R., and Desai, R. N. 1967. Effect of age at first calving and first lactation  yield on life time production in Hariana cattle. Indian Veterinary Journal 44:684694.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cady, R. A., Shah, S. K., Schermerhorn, E. C., and McDowell, R. E. In Press.  Factors affecting performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes in Pakistan. Journal of Dairy  Science.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Castillo, L. S. 1975. Production, characteristics and processing of buffalo milk. In:  The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at  Khon Kahn, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology  Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dassat, P. M., de Paolis, P., and Sartore, G. 1966. Environmental effects on milks  yield in Italian buffalo.Acta Medica Veterinaria 12(6):587-593.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dave, B. K., and Taylor, C. M. 1975. A study on relationship of persistency with other first production traits in Indian water buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Health 14(1) :77-80.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deshmukh, S. N., and Choudhury, P. N. R. 1971. Repeatability estimates of some economic characteristics in Italian buffaloes. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaer-medizen 18:104-107.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ganguli, N. C. 1979. Buffalo milk technology. World Animal Review 30:2-10.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gomez, I. V. 1977. The manufacture of semihard cheese (Danish type) from carabao milk. Philippine Agriculturalist 61(3/4) :78-86.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gurnani, M., and Nagarcenkar, R. 1971. Evaluation of breeding performance of buffaloes and estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters. Annual Report of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katpatal, B. G. 1977. Dairy cattle crossbreeding in India. I. Growth and development of crossbreeding. World Animal Review 22: 15-21.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kay, H. D. 1974. Milk and milk production. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kohli, M. L., and Malik, D. D. 1960. Effect of service period on total milk production and lactation length in Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 13(3): 105-111.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nascimento, C. N. B., Moura Carvalho, L. O. D., and Lourenco, J. B. 1979. Irnportancia do Bufalo para a Pecuarfa Brasileira. Agricultural Research Center for Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem, Para, Brazil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raafat, M. A., El-Sayed, Abou-Hussein, Abou-Raya, A. K., and El-Shirbiny A. 1974. Some nutritional studies of colostrum and milk of cows and buffaloes E:gyptian Journal of Animal Production 14(1) :137-148.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ragab, M. T., Asker, A. A., and Kamal, T. H. 1958. The effect of age and seasonal calving on the composition of Egyptian buffalo milk. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 11(1):18-28.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saudi Arabia Standards Institution. 1978. Raw milk. Saudi Arabia Standard 98.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sebastian, J., Panthulu, P. C, and Bhimasena, M. 1971. Composition of Surti buffalo milk. Annual Report of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sekhon, G. S., and Gehlon, M. S. 1966. Repeatability estimates of some economic traits in the Murrah buffalo. Ceylon Veterinary Journal 14:18-22.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, B. B., and Singh, B. P. 1971. Comparative study of lifetime economics of Hariana versus Murrah buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 48:485-489.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, R. P. 1966. A study of production up to ten years of age in buffaloes maintained at military farms. Indian Veterinary Journal 43:986-992.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, S. B., and Desai, R. N. 1962. Production character of Bhadawari buffalo cow. Indian Veterinary journal 39:332-343.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venkayya, D., and Anantakrishnan, C. P. 1957. Influence of age at first calving on the performance of Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 10(1):20-24.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Williamson, G., and Payne, W. J. A. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. Longman, London, United Kingdom. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Work</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is the classic work animal of Asia, an integral part of that  continent's traditional village farming structure. Probably the most adaptable and  versatile of all work animals, it is widely used to plow; level land; plant crops; puddle  rice fields; cultivate field crops; pump water; haul carts, sleds, and shallow-draft  boats; carry people; thresh grain; press sugar cane; haul logs; and much more.  Even today, water buffaloes provide 20-30 percent of the farm power in South  China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indochina(Figures provided by A. J. de veer. In India water buffaloes contribute much less to  farm power (6-12 percent); bullocks are more commonly used. In Pakistan  buffaloes are little used for farm power (1-2 percent) but provide much of the road  haulage. Papua New Guinea has no tradition of using any work animal, but villagers  are increasingly using buffaloes for farm work and the government is employing  Fillipinos to train them) . Millions of  peasants in the Far East, Middle East, and Near East have a draft buffalo. For them  it is often the only method of farming food crops.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As fuel becomes scarce and expensive in these countries, the buffalo is being used  more frequently as a draft animal. ln 1979 water buffalo prices soared in rural  Thailand because of the increased demand.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although Asian farms have increasingly mechanized in the last 20 years, it has  often proved difficult to persuade the farmer to replace his buffalo with a tractor  since the buffalo produces free fertilizer and does not require diesel fuel. Now there  is renewed official interest in draft power. Sri Lanka has recently opened up large  new tracts of farmland in the Mahawali Valley, creating such a demand for work  animals that buffalo shortages have become a national development problem.  Indonesia's transmigration schemes are also handicapped by shortages of animal  power.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For many small farmers the buffalo represents capital. It is often the major  investment they have. Buffalo energy increases their productivity and allows them to  diversify. Even small farms have work animals that, like the farmer himself, subsist  off the farm. Tractors usually require at least four hectares for economical operation,  which precludes their use on most peasant farms. Further, the infrastructure to  maintain machinery is often not readily available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are also used for hauling. Buffalo-drawn carts carry goods between  villages where road surfaces are unfit for trucks. The animals easily traverse  ravines, streams, paddies, and narrow and rocky trails. In the cities carts can  compete economically with trucks where the road surface is unprepared, where  loading or unloading takes longer than the journey itself, or where the loads are too  small and distances too short to make trucking economical. For road haulage  buffaloes are generally shod: the shoes are flat plates fitted to each hoof.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capacity for Work&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo is a sturdy draft animal Its body structure, especially the  distribution of body weight over the feet and legs, is an important advantage. Its  large boxy hooves allow it to move in the soft mud of rice fields. Moreover, the  buffalo has very flexible pastern and fetlock joints in the lower leg so that it can bend  back its hooves and step over obstacles more easily than cattle. This water-loving  animal is particularly well adapted to paddy farming because its legs withstand  continual wet conditions better than mules or oxen(Australian animal scientists working in Bogor, Indonesia, found that the puddling  effect of buffalo hooves on the soil was critical for rice cultivation in the local soils.  Tractors produced fields so porous that they drained dry. (Information supplied by  A. F. GurnettSmith.) On one research station near Darwin, Australia, buffaloes were  used to prevent water draining from a dam. (Information supplied by D. G. Tulloch.). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although buffaloes are preferred by farmers in the wet, often muddy lowlands of  Asia, mules, horses, and cattle move more rapidly and are preferred in the dryer  areas.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes do not work quickly. They plod along at about 3 km per hour. In  most parts of Southeast Asia they are worked about 5 hours a day and they may  take 6-10 days to plow, harrow, and grade one hectare of rice field. Their stamina  and drawing power increase with body weight.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because they have difficulty keeping cool in hot, humid weather (see next chapter),  it is necessary to let working buffaloes cool off, preferably in a wallow, every 2 hours  or so. Without this their body temperatures may rise to dangerous levels.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A pair of 3-year-old buffaloes costs about the same as a small tractor in Thailand.  But many farmers raise their own calves and there is no investment beyond labor.  The &quot;fuel&quot; for the animals comes mainly from village pastures and farm wastes such  as crop stubble and sugarcane tops. Buffaloes have an average working life of  about 11 years, but some work to age 20.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harness&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The yoke used on working buffalo in Asia has changed very little in the last 1,500 years. It is doubtful that a working buffalo can exert its full power with it. The hard wooden yoke presses on a very small area on top of the animal's neck, producing severe calluses, galls, and obvious discomfort. The harness tends to choke the animal as the straps under the neck tighten into the windpipe. Since the traditional hitch is usually higher than the buffalo's low center of gravity, the animal cannot pull efficiently. Considerably more pulling power and endurance can be obtained by improving the harness. The situation is not unlike that in Western agriculture in the twelfth century when the horse collar-one of the most important inventions of the Middle Ages first appeared. Before that, horses were yoked like buffalo and the harness passed across their windpipes and choked them as they pulled. Use of the horse collar improved pulling efficiency and speeded the development of transportation and trade.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The curved yoke now universally used on water buffalo contacts an area of the neck that is only about 200 cm2 (little more than half the size of this page). The entire load is pulled on this small area and causes the wood to dig into the flesh.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A horse collar is a padded leather device that encircles the animal's neck. One modified in Thailand for use on water buffalo (see page 43) had a contact area of 650 cm2, more than three times that of the yoke it replaced. The collar's padding pressed against the animal's shoulders, not its neck, and  therefore did not choke it. Attached to the collar were wooden hames with the traces for hitching the animal to a wagon or plow. In trials a buffalo pulled loads 24 percent heavier with the collar than with the yoke, and the horsepower it developed increased by 48 percent(These trials were conducted by J. K. Garner in Thailand in 1958. In the maximum-load test the yoked buffalo failed to move a load of 570 kg, but it moved a load of 640 kg when fitted with the horse collar. In an endurance test the yoked animal took 35 minutes to pull a load 550 m, but harnessed with the collar it took only 21 minutes). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another potentially valuable harness is the breast strap, a set of broad leather straps that pass over the animal's neck and back. One breast strap modified for water buffalo use had a contact area of 620 cm2, almost as much as that of the horse collar, and in trials the buffalo pulled a load 12 percent heavier than with a yoke and the horsepower it developed increased by almost 70 percent( The same animal used in the horse collar trials pulled 700 kg with the breast strap, in the endurance test it took 18.5 minutes to travel the 550-m distance). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These seem very good innovations. In the humid tropics, however, leather collars and breast straps may decay rapidly. To make them widely practical may require experimentation with, or development of, special leather treatments or more durable materials.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1974. The working buffalo. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domes tic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1976. The Buffaloes of China. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;de Guzman, M. R., Jr. 1975. The water buffalo-Asia's beast of burden and key to progress. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Garner, J. K. 1958 (Reprint 1980) Increasing the Work Efficiency of the Water Buffalo Through Use of Improved Harness. (Copies available from Office of Agriculture, Development Support Bureau, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. 20523)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kamal, T. H., Shehata, O., and Elbanna, I. M. 1972. Isotope Studies on the Physiology of Domestic Animals. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977. Preliminary Observations on the Productivity of Working Buffalo in Indonesia. Research Report No. 2, Center for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vaugh, M. 1945. Report on a detailed study of methods of yoking bullocks for agricultural work. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 15:186-198.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ward, G. M., Sutherland, T. M., and Sutherland, J. M. 1980. Animals as an energy source in Third World agriculture. Science 208:570. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5 Adaptability and Environmental Tolerance</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heat Tolerance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the buffalo is remarkably versatile, it has less physiological adaptation to extremes of heat and cold than the various breeds of cattle. Body temperatures of buffaloes are actually lower than those of cattle, but buffalo skin is usually black and heat absorbent and only sparsely protected by hair. Also, buffalo skin has one-sixth the density of sweat glands that cattle skin has, so buffaloes dissipate heat poorly by sweating. If worked or  driven excessively in the hot sun, a buffalo's body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and general discomfort increase more quickly than those of cattle(Failure to appreciate this has caused many buffalo deaths in northern Australia when the animals were herded long distances through the heat of the day as if they were cattle).. This is particularly true of young calves and pregnant females. During one trial in Egypt 2 hours' exposure to sun caused temperatures of buffalo to rise 1.3Â°C, whereas temperatures of cattle rose only 0.2-0.3Â°C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes prefer to cool off in a wallow rather than seek shade. They may wallow for up to 5 hours a day when temperatures and humidity are high. Immersed in water or mud, chewing with half-closed eyes, buffaloes are a picture of bliss.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In shade or in a wallow buffaloes cool off quickly, perhaps because a black skin rich in blood vessels conducts and radiates heat efficiently (Tests at the University of Florida have shown that buffaloes in the shade cool off more quickly than cattle. -Robey, 1976).  Nonetheless, wallowing is not essential. Experience in Australia, Trinidad, Florida, Malaysia, and elsewhere has shown that buffaloes grow normally without wallowing as long as adequate shade is available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cold Tolerance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although generally associated with the humid tropics, buffaloes, as already noted, have been reared for centuries in temperate countries such as Italy, Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and in the Azerbaijan and Georgian republics of the USSR. In 1807 Napoleon brought Italian buffaloes to the Landes region of southwest France and released them near Mont-deMarsan. They became feral and multiplied prodigiously in the woods and dunes of the littoral, but unfortunately the local peasants found them easy targets, and with the fall of Napoleon the whole herd was killed for meat(In the twelfth century Benedictine monks introduced buffaloes from their possessions in the Orient to work the lands of their abbey at Auge in northeastern France. In the thirteenth century a herd was introduced to England by the Earl of Cornwall, the brother of Henry III. Nothing is known about how well either herd survived). Buffaloes are also maintained on the high, snowy plateaus of Turkey as well as in Afghanistan and the northern mountains of Pakistan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo has greater tolerance of cold weather than is commonly supposed. The current range of the buffalo extends as far north as 45Â° latitude in Romania and the sizable herds in Italy and the Soviet Union range over 40Â° N latitude(Philadelphia and Peking are at comparable latitudes. In the Southern Hemisphere the 40Â° line of latitude easily encompasses Cape Town, Buenos Aires, Melbourne, and most of New Zealand's North Island).  Cold winds and rapid drops in temperatures, however, appear to have caused illness, pneumonia, and sometimes death. Most of the animals in Europe are of the Mediterranean breed, but other River-type buffaloes (mainly Murrahs from India) have been introduced to Bulgaria and the Soviet Union, which indicates that River breeds, at least, have some cold tolerance.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Altitude&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although water buffaloes are generally reared at low elevations, a herd of Swamp buffaloes is thriving at Kandep in Papua New Guinea, 2,500 m above sea level. And in Nepal, River buffaloes are routinely found at or above 2,800 m altitude.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wetlands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are well adapted to swamps and to areas subject to flooding. They are at home in the marshes of southern Iraq and of the Amazon, the tidal plains near Darwin, Australia, the Pontine Marshes in south-central Italy, the Orinoco Basin of Venezuela, and other areas.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Amazon, buffaloes (Mediterranean and Swamp breeds) are demonstrating their exceptional adaptability to flood areas. Buffalo productivity outstrips that of cattle, with males reaching 400 kg in 30 months on a diet of native grasses( Information supplied by C. Nascimento). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The advantage of water buffaloes over Holstein, Brown Swiss, and Criollo cattle was demonstrated in a test at Delta Amacuro, Venezuela, when the cattle developed serious foot rot In the wet conditions of the Orinoco Delta and had to be withdrawn from the test. The area of Venezuela is flooded 6 months of the year and creates constant problems for cattle, yet the buffalo seems to adapt well(*Information supplied by A. Ferrer). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High humidities seem to affect buffaloes less than cattle. In fact, if shade or wallows are available, buffaloes may be superior to cattle in humid areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In southern Brazil, trials comparing buffalo and cattle on subtropical riverine plains have favored the buffalo also. This work is being carried out on native pastures, mostly in  the State of Sao Paulo.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hafez, E. S. E., Badreldin, A. L., and Shafei,M. M. 1955. Skin structure of Egyptian buffaloes and cattle with particular reference to sweat glands. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 46:19-30.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Katyega, P. M. J., Masoud, A. J., and Kobo, E. 1980. Information on body and carcass characteristics of Egyptian water buffalo and Mpwapwa x Friesian steers raised in central Tanzania. Tanzania Veterinary Bulletin 2:86-90.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mason, I. L. 1974. Environmental physiology. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moran, J. B. 1973. Heat tolerance of Brahman cross, buffalo, Banteng and Shorthorn steers during exposure to sun and as a result of exercise. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 24(5) :775 -782.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nair, P. G., and Benjamin, B. R. 1963. Studies on sweat glands in the Indian water buffalo. 1. Standardization of techniques and preliminary observations. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 33:102.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pandey, M. D., and Roy, A. 1969a. Studies on the adaptability of buffaloes to tropical climate. I. Seasonal changes in the water and electrolyte status of buffalo cows. Indian Journal of Animal Science 39:367.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pandey, M. D., and Roy, A. 1969b. Studies on the adaptability of buffaloes to tropical climate. II. Seasonal changes in the body temperature, cardio-respiratory and hematological attributes in buffalo cows. Indian Journal of Animal Science 39:378.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prusty, J. N. 1973. Role of the sweat glands in heat regulation in the Indian water buffalo. Indian Journal of Animal Health 12(1):33-37.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robey, C. A., Jr. 1976. Physiological Responses of Water Buffalo to the Florida Environment. M.S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6 Nutrition</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most buffaloes are located in countries where land, cultivated forage crops, and pastures  are limited. Livestock must feed on poor-quality forages, sometimes supplemented with  a little green fodder or byproducts from food, grain, and oil seed processing. Usually  feedstuffs are in such short supply that few animals have a balanced diet, but the buffalo  seems to perform fairly well under such adverse conditions.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Growth Rate&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insufficient measurements have been taken to allow unequivocal state. meets about the  relative growth rates of cattle and buffaloes. However, many observations made in  various parts of the world indicate that the buffalo's growth is seldom inferior to that of  cattle breeds found in the same environments. Some observations are given below.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Trials in Trinidad in the early 1960s involved buffaloes grazing pangola grass (Digitaria  decumbens) together with Brahman and Jamaican Red cattle. Over a period of 20  months the buffaloes gained an average of 0.72 kg per day, whereas the cattle on a  comparable nearby pasture gained 0.63 per day(Experiments performed by P. N. Wilson. -Information supplied by S. P. Bennett.).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the Orinoco Delta of Venezuela unselected Criollo/Zebu crossbred cattle gained  0-0.2 kg per day on Paspalum fasciculatum, whereas the water buffaloes with them  gained 0.25-0.4 kg per day(Cunha  et al., 1975).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the Apure Valley of Venezuela, 100 buffalo steers studied in 1979 reached an  average weight of 508 kg in 30 months, whereas the 30-month old Zebu steers tested  with them weighed 320 kg. The feed consumed was a blend of native grasses (25  percent of the diet) and improved grasses (such as pangola, pare, and guinea grass)( Information supplied by A. Ferrer). In  the same valley 200 buffalo heifers (air freighted from Australia) produced weight gains  averaging 0.5 kg per day over a 2-year period (and 72 percent of them calved). Government statistics for the area record average weight gains in crossbreeds between Zebu and Criollo cattle as 0.28 kg per day (with 40 percent calving).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the Philippines, buffaloes showed weight gains of 0.75-1.25 kg per day, the same as those of cattle. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Daily weight gains of over 1 kg have been recorded for buffaloes in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Liveweight gains of 0.80 kg per day have been recorded for buffaloes in Papua New Guinea. In a very humid, swampy area of the Sepik River coastal plains liveweight gains by males averaged 0.47 kg per day and females 0.43 kg per day for more than a year. The average weight of 30 4-year-old female buffaloes was 375 kg, while the average weight of 4-year-old female Brahman/ Shorthorn crossbred cattle was 320 kg.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· At the research station near Belem in the Brazilian Amazon weaned Murrah buffaloes, pastured continuously on Echinochloa pyramidalis (a nutritious grass), gained 0.8 kg daily and reached 450 kg in about 18 months. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Liveweight gains of 0.74-l.i kg per day have been obtained in Australia. Buffalo steers grew as fast or faster than crossbred Brahman cattle on several improved pastures near Darwin, but on one very poor pasture, 40-year-old buffaloes each weighed only 400 kg, whereas the Brahman crossbred steers reared with them weighed 500 kg. The reason for this is not clear.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efficiency of Digestion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian animal nutritionists have investigated water buffaloes intensively over the past two decades. Many have reported that buffaloes digest feeds more efficiently than do cattle, particularly when feeds are of poor quality and are high in cellulose.One trial revealed that the digestibility of wheat straw cellulose was 24.3 percent for cattle and 30.7 percent for buffalo. The figures for berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) cellulose were 34.6 percent for cattle and 52.2 percent for buffalo. In another trial the digestion of straw fiber was 64.7 percent in cattle, 79.8 percent in buffalo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other nutrients reported to be more highly digested in buffaloes than in cattle (Zebu) are crude fat, calcium and phosphorus, and nonprotein nitrogen.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recent experiments in India suggest that buffaloes also are able to utilize nitrogen more efficiently than cattle. Buffaloes digested less crude protein than cattle in one trial but increased their body nitrogen more (and they were being fed only 40 percent of the recommended daily intake of crude protein).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ability of buffaloes to digest fiber efficiently may be partly due to the microorganisms in their rumen. Several Indian research teams have published data indicating that the microbes in the buffalo rumen convert feed into energy more efficiently than do those in cattle (as measured by the rate of production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also, in laboratory studies samples of buffalo rumen contents produced volatile fatty acids more quickly from a variety of animal feedstuffs than did samples from the rumen of cattle  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No single reason alone explains the buffalo's success in using poor quality forages. Rather, it is a combination of reasons that differ with the breed and conditions used. Studies by other researchers suggest that additional causes might include:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Higher dry matter intake; &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Longer retention of feed in digestive tract;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Ruminal characteristics more favorable to ammonia-nitrogen utilization;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Less depression of cellulose digestion by soluble carbohydrates (e.g., starch or molasses);  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Superior ability to handle stressful environment; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A wider range of grazing preferences.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Calf Growth Rates&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the buffalo's gestation period is more than a month longer than that of cattle, the calves are born weighing 35-40 kg, or about the same as that of a newborn Holstein calf. But because buffalo milk has about twice the butterfat of cow's milk, the calves grow very quickly. They also suffer more shock at weaning and have to be slowly changed to their new feeding program. Buffaloes can be marketed as full-grown animals for beef at the age of 2-3 years, sometimes even earlier.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p59.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 5 Some Coarse Grasses and Forages Palatable to Buffaloes but Less Readily&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, in Indonesia it has been found that buffalo steers can be marketed 6 months before Zebu steers because they may be 100 kg heavier. In Egypt some buffalo calves given feed supplemented with concentrates weighed 360 kg at 1 year of age. At Ain Shams University near Cairo, buffalo calves weaned at 7-14 days of age gained 0.7 kg per day from weaning to slaughter at 18 months of age and weighed 400 kg. Rice straw comprised 50 percent of the finishing diet.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes on Italian farms have reached 350 kg in 15-18 months and some year-old calves weighed 320 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grazing trials on native pasture (with mineral supplementation) in the Brazilian Amazon indicate that buffalo calves grew faster than cattle. At 2 years of age Mediterranean-type buffaloes averaged 369 kg, Swamp type, 322 kg, and Jafarabadi type, 308 kg. The Zebu cattle tested with them averaged 265 kg and the crossbred Zebu/Charolais, 282 kg. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feed Preferences&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes graze a wider range of plants than cattle. During floods near Manaus in the  Brazilian Amazon when cattle become marooned on small patches of high ground,  many suffer from foot rot and many starve to death. Their buffalo companions on the  other hand-bodies sleek and full-swim out to islands of floating aquatic plants and eat  them, treading water. Also, they dive almost 2 m to graze beneath the floodwaters. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Florida buffaloes in a lakefront voluntarily consumed vines, sedges, rushes, floating aquatic weeds, and the leaves and shoots of willows and other  trees along the water's edge. Few of these plants are voluntarily grazed by cattle. In  northern Australia water buffaloes graze the very pickily leaves of pandanus; they also  graze sedges, reeds, floating grass, and aquatic weeds. Hungry buffaloes will eat bark,  twigs, and other unpalatable vegetation.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the variety of their tastes they have been used in northern Queensland,  Australia, to clear pastures of woody weeds left untouched by cattle. In some countries  cattle are used to graze the palatable tops of pasture plants and are followed by  buffaloes to graze the less desirable lower parts.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Afifi, Y. A., El-Koussy, H. A., El-Khishen, S. S., and El-Ashry, M. A. 1977. Production of  meat from Egyptian buffaloes. I. The effect of using different sources of roughages on  rate of gain, gross and net efficiency during the growth and finishing periods. Egyptian  Journal of Animal Production 17(2).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appleton, D. c., Dryden, G., and Kondos, A. C. 1976. A comparison of the digestive  efficiency of the water buffalo and the Brahman and Banteng cattle. Proceedings of the  Australian Society of Animal Production 11.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhatia, L S. 1967. The Study of Factors Affecting the Utilization of Low Grade  Roughages and Production of Volatile Fatty Acids in the Rumen of Indian Cattle. Punjab  Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chalmers, M. 1.1974. Nutrition. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo  edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome,  Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Charles, D. D., and Johnson, E. R. 1975. Live weight gains and carcass composition of  buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) steers on four feeding regimes. Australian Journal of  Agricultural Research 26:407-413.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chaturvedi, M. L, Singh, u. B., and Ranjhan, 5. K 1973. Comparative studies on the  efficiency of feed unitization in cattle and buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Science  43(12):1034.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chutikul, K. 1975. Ruminant (Buffalo) nutrition. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kacn, Thailand, March 31April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cunha, E., Alvarez, F., Larez, O., and Bryan, W. B. 1975. Pasture and Livestock Investigations in the Humid Tropics: Orinoco Delta, Venezuela. 4. Beef Cattle and Water Buffalo Grazing Trials with Native and Introduced Grasses. IRI Research Institute, New York, New York, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Davendra, C. 1979. The potential value of grasses and crop by-products for feeding buffaloes in Asia. Extension Bulletin No. 126. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;de Guzman, M. R., Jr. 1975. A summary of research into buffalo feeding in the Philippines. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dunkel, R. 1981. Animal production using nutrient-deficient fodders in the tropics and subtropics. Animal Research and Development 13:32-39.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;El-Ashry, M. A., Mogawer, H. H., and Kishin, S. S. 1972. Comparative study of meat production from cattle and buffalo male calves. I. Effect of roughage: concentrate ratio in ration for rate of gain and feed efficiency of native cattle, Friesian and buffalo calves. Egyptian Journal of Animal Production 12(2) :99 -107.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Grant, R. J., Van Soest, P. J., McDowell, R. E., and Perez, C. B. 1974. Intake, digestibility and metabolic loss of Napier grass by cattle and buffaloes when fed wilted, chopped and whole. Journal of Animal Science 39(2):423.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ibrovic, M., Cvetkovic, A., Smrcek, A., and Janevski, K. 1972. A contribution to the knowledge of metabolism of carotene and seasonal dynamics of vitamin A in the buffalo. Veterinaria 21(4) :511.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., Sidhu, G. S., and Moxin, A. L. 1962. Cellulose digestion in water buffaloes and Zebu cattle. Journal of Animal Science 21:1001.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1966. Effect of urea on the voluntary intake of wheat skew in Zebu cattle and the buffalo. Indian Veterinary Journal 43:880-886.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1969. Biochemical processes in the rumen. 111. Effect of different carbobydrates on in vitro digestion of cellulose and utilization of urea nikogen by rumen micro-organisms from zebu and buffalo. Indian Journal of Animal Science 39 :27-32.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1971a. Studies on the biochemical process in the rumen. Vl. In vivo digestion of cellulose in buffalo and cattle. Indian Veterinary Journal 48:267-271.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1971b. Studies on the biochemical process in the rumen. VII. In vitro digestion of cellulose in cattle and buffalo. Indian Veterinary Journal 48:583-586.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1972. Studies on the biochemical processes in the rumen. VIIL The significance of molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids in the rumen on the growth rate of buffalo and Zebu. Indian Veterinary Journal 49:995-1000.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ichhponani, J. S., Gill, R. S., Makkar, G. S., and Ranjan, S. K. 1977. Work done on buffalo nutrition in India-a review. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 30(3): 173-191.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Langar, P. N., Sidhu, G. S., and Bhatia, I. S. 1969. Utilization of nitrogen and production of volatile fatty acids in the rumina of buffalo (Bos bubalis) and zebu (Bos indicus) at different time intervals, under a feeding regimen deficient in carbohydrates. Indian Veterinary Journal 46:593-598.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ludri, R. S., and Razdan, M. N. 1975. Effect of level and source of dietary nitrogen on water metabolism in cows and buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 28:107109.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ludri, R. S., and Razdan, M. N. 1980. Efficiency of nitrogen utilization by Zebu cows and buffaloes. I. Nutrient utilization and nitrogen balances on preformed protein diets. TropicalAgriculture (Trinidad) 57:83-90. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Makkar, G. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1964. The fractionation of carbohydrates in Indian feedstuffs and the digestion of different fractions in the rumina of cattle and buffalo. Journal of Research, Ludhiana 1:56-66.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Misra, R. K., and Ranhoka, G. S. 1969. Influence of energy levels on the utilization of peanut protein-urea nikogen by cattle and buffalo. Journal of Animal Science 28: 107-109.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mullick, D. N. 1964. Review of the investigations on the physiology of Indian buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Saience 17:45-50.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Naga, M. A., El-Shazly, K., Deif, H. I., Abaza, M. A., and El-Faham, R. H. 1975. Relationship between nitrogen balance, digested nitrogen and dry matter digestibility in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 40(2):366-373.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nangia, O. P., Aggarwal, V. K., and Singh, A. 1972. Studies on the utilization of dietary protein in cattle and buffaloes. Indian Joumal of Dairy &amp;amp;ience 25: 1-5.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nascimento C. N. B., Moura Carvalho, L. O. D., and Lourenco, J. B. 1979. Importdneia do Bufaio para a Pecubria Brasileira. Agricultural Research Center for Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem, Para, Brazil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nascimento, C. N. B., and Velga, J. B. 1973. Weight gains in stabled buffaloes of the Mediterranean breed. Boletim Tecnico do Instituto de Pesqutsas e Experimentacao Agropecuarias do Norte 58:24-72.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ponnappa, G. G., Nooruddin, M. D., and Raghavan, G. V. 1971. Rate of the passage of food and its relation to digestibility of nutrients in Murrah buffaloes and Hariana cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Science 41:1026-1030.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Punj, M. L., Kochar, A. S., Bhatia, I. S., and Sidhu, G. S. 1968. In vitro studies on the cellulolytic activity and production of volatile fatty acids by the inocula obtained from the rumen of Zebu cattle and Murrah buffalo on different feeding regimens. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 38 :325-332.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raghavan, G. V., Kakkar, B., Rao, M. V. N., and Mullick, D. N. 1963. Effects of air temperature and humidity on the metabolism of food nutrients in cattle and buffalo bulls. Annals of Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine 23 :23-28.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ray, S. N., and Mudgal, V. D. 1962. Rumen metabolism studies in cattle and buffalo. Proceedings of the 16th International Dairy Congress, Copenhagen. A:105-l11.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahai, L., Johri, P. N., and Kehar, N. D. 1955. Effect of feeding alkali and water-treated cereal straws on milk yield. Indfan Journal of Veterinary Science 25:201-212.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saini, B. S., and Ray, S. N. 1964. Comparative utilization of coarse fodders in cattle and buffalo. Annual Report of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schottler, J. H., Boromana, A., and Williams, W. T. 1977. Comparative performance of cattle and buffalo on the Sepik Plains, Papua New Guinea.AustralianJournal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 17(87) :550 -554. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sebastian, L., Mudgal, V. D., and Nair, P. G. 1970. Comparative efficiency of milk production by Sahiwal cattle and Murrah buffalo. Joumal of Animal Science 30:253256.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, C. B., and Mugdal, V. D. 1966. Studies on the lignin and cellulose contents of fedder crops and effect of lignification of cellulose digestion. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 19:100.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sidbu, G. S., Kochar, A. S., and Makkar, G. S. 1967. Effect of supplementing Bajra stalks with lucerne and concentrates and their part replacement by urea on the production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of cows and buffaloes. Journal of Research, Ludhiana 4:104-110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, B. K., and Mudgal, V. D. 1967. The comparative utilization of feed nutrients from lucerne hay in buffalo and crossbred zebu heifers. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 20: 142-145.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tandon, R. N.' Sharma, D. D., and Mugdal, V. D. 1972. Effect of feeding urea with different levels of energy on the biochemical changes in the rumen of cows and buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Science 42: 174-179  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Upadhyaya, R. S., Singh, U. B., and Ranjhan, S. K. 19i3. Digestibilit of nutrients and VFA concentation in zebu cattle and buffalo calves fed on green cowpea and maize. Indian Journal of Animal Science 43 :5 83-s 88.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Verma, M. L., Sidhu, G. S., and Kochar, A. S. 1968. Effect of frequency on the production of VFA in the rumen by zebu cattle and buffalo. Journal of Research, Ludhiana 5(3) :1 -6.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Verma, M. L., Singh, N., Sidhu, G. S., Kochar, A. S., and Bhatia, I. S. 1970. The in vitro cellulose digestion and VFA production from some of the common Indian feeds using rumen inocula from Zebu cattle and buffalo. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 23:155 -160. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7 Health</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When compared with other domestic livestock, the water buffalo generally is a healthy animal. This is particularly impressive because most of them live in hot, humid regions that are conducive to disease, and the buffalo is a bovine susceptible to most diseases and parasites that afflict cattle. Although the reasons are not specifically known, the effect of disease on the buffalo and its productivity is often less deleterious than on cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antibiotics and vaccines developed for cattle work equally well on buffaloes. As a result, treatments are available for most of the serious diseases of buffaloes, although some are not very effective for either animal.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The greatest buffalo losses are often among calves. Newborn buffalo calves, like bovine calves, can succumb in large numbers to viruses, bacteria, and poor nutrition. This is largely due to poor management during the calf's frst 2 months of life. For example, as noted previously, villagers in some countries often sell the valuable buffalo milk, thus depriving the calves.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo calf losses are often similar to those of the cattle around them, but the animal's proclivity for wallowing exposes calves to waterborne diseases. Further, a young one occasionally drowns when an adult rolls on top of it.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reactions to some specific diseases and parasites are discussed below.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pasteurellosis- Probably the water buffalo's most serious disease, pasteurellosis, or hemorrhagic septicemia, is caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida (P. septica). Buffaloes are more susceptible to it than cattle and die in large numbers where pasteurellosis occurs. A vaccine against pasteurellosis is effective in protecting both buffaloes and cattle; it is cheap and easily made.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tuberculosis- Despite some claims to the contrary, the water buffalo is susceptible to the bovine strain of tuberculosis (Alycobacterium bovis). Scattered reports from different parts of India indicate no difference in the incidence of infection between cattle and buffaloes(Information supplied by S. K. Misra, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India).  Other strains of mycobacteria have been isolated from feral buffaloes and cattle in northern Australia but seem to have little effect on the animals. Tuberculosis occurs among the buffalo herds of the world only because most are kept under unsanitary conditions(In 1905 buffaloes were introduced to Trinidad because the cattle herds (Zebu and srahman breeds) were infected with tuberculosis and, in those days, it was thought that buffaloes were resistant to the disease. Most were housed in muddy, ill-kept pens and forced to eat sugarcane tops off the ground; consequently, in 1949 over 30 percent of the buffaloes reacted to the tuberculin test. (The cattle herds had 80 percent reactors.) Tuberculosis was eliminated in Trinidad's buffaloes by improving the sanitary conditions: installing concrete floors and mangers and cleaning the pens regularly. This, together with regular tuberculin testing and removal of reactors, led to such a dramatic improvement that buffalo tuberculosis is now virtually unknown. -Information supplied by S. K. Bennett.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brucellosis-Buffaloes and cattle are equally susceptible to brucellosis. Although seldom reported as a problem elsewhere, brucellosis in Venezuela is increasing more rapidly among buffaloes than among cattle. In India the disease is no more prevalent among buffaloes than among cattle.  As many as 57 percent of some Venezuelan herds are infected with the disease. It is a frequent cause of abortion in buffaloes. Serologic procedures and measures developed for the control of the disease in cattle are also effective means of curbing this infection in buffaloes. (Consumption of raw milk or contact with aborted fetuses may cause undulant fever in humans.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mastitis- Among milking buffaloes mastitis is a problem as it is in dairy cows, but to a lesser extent. It is likely to increase, however, as the milk production per individual buffalo is increased. The bacteria that cause mastitis in the buffalo are similar to those in cattle. Treatment and control programs used for cattle are equally effective for buffaloes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Diseases -Among the epizootic diseases, rinderpest and piroplasmosis seem to affect buffaloes as much as cattle. Foot-and-mouth disease also affects buffaloes, but to a lesser degree than cattle, producing smaller lesions and having a lower incidence. In northern Australia buffaloes deliberately infected with bovine pleuropneumonia bacteria exhibited slight fever, but the disease never appeared. No naturally occurring eases have been reported in buffaloes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ticks -Buffaloes are notably resistant, although not immune, to ticks. In a tick-infested area of northern Australia only 2 engorged female ticks were found on 13 adult buffaloes during a 2-year test. Accordingly, healthy buffaloes are not commonly affected by diseases borne by ticks nor are the hides damaged by their bites. Since ticks are rarely found on buffaloes, anaplasmosis, theileriasis, and babesiosis, which are tick-borne, have little effect on buffaloes in the field. (Buffaloes and cattle are equally susceptible, however, if inoculated with East Coast fever, a form of theileriasis.) This is important because tick infestations in cattle are particularly troublesome in the tropics and the pesticides used to control them are becoming ineffective as the ticks develop resistance. The pesticides are also becoming expensive.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The basis of the buffalo's tick resistance is not known, but wallowing and rubbing may play a role in it; animals kept in experimental concrete pens in Australia have developed heavy tick infestation. (rials carried out on Magnetic Island by R. H. V/harton, Commonwealth Scientiflc and Industrial Research Organisation, Townsville, Queensland, Australia). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p68to69.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table 6 Some Infections and Parasites of Buffalo&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Screwworm- Larvae of the screwworm fly (Callitroge species), a major pest of livestock in Central and South America and some other tropical areas, do not affect adult water buffalo. In Venezuelan areas where cattle (Zebu type) are severely infested, adult water buffaloes are virtually free of screwworm larvae and the umbilicus of newborn calves seldom if ever becomes infected. ( Information supplied by A. Ferrer). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The same is true in Papua New Guinea. It is thought that the mud plaster produced by wallowing suffocates the larvae, but in India screwworms do not affect water buffaloes either, and there they wallow in fairly clear water and the farmer usually washes them off. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roundworm- The heavy losses of young buffalo calves throughout the world are caused, in large measure, by the roundworm Toxocara vitulorum. The calves seem more susceptible than mature animals and they become infected before birth or within 24 hours after birth through the mother's colostrum. The roundworm is the most serious buffalo parasite and in untreated calves the small intestine can get packed with worms to the point of complete occlusion. Although huge numbers of calves die each year, anthelmintic drugs that control roundworms are highly effective and widely available.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The adult water buffalo appears to have a high degree of resistance to strongyloid nematodes. Being such excellent converters of rough fodders they do not suffer the nutritional deficiency and the resulting liability to these roundworms experienced seasonally by cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liver Fluke- During wallowing, water buffaloes can easily become infected with the waterborne infective stages of liver fluke (Fasciola gigantica). Although the number of flukes in a buffalo may be phenomenally high, no clinical signs of the disease are usually evident. It seems likely that the resulting liver damage reduces the growth and the work and milk production of buffaloes more than is generally appreciated.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trypanosomiasis- The water buffalo is susceptible to trypanosomiasis and is reportedly more susceptible than cattle to Trypanosoma evansi.Experience with the animal in Africa is limited, but trypanosomiasis may be the reason why Egypt is the only African country that has traditionally employed water buffalo.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Parasites- The wallow and its resulting mud cake seem to protect water buffalo from many biting flies, but the main ectoparasite in Australia and Southeast Asia is the buffalo fly (Siphona spp.). Pediculosis, caused by the sucking louse (Hematopinus tuberculatus), occurs widely among buffalo, and sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. bubalus) is a serious disease, especially among calves and during dry seasons when wallowing opportunities are restricted. The lung worm Dictyocaulus ririparus thrives in warm, humid areas and sometimes infects buffaloes heavily, although its outward manifestations are rare.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barlow, J. N. 1977. Toxicology and safety evaluation of Phosvel to Egyptian water buffalo. Pages 517-522 in: Pesticide Management and Insecticide Resistance, edited by D. L. Watson and A. W. A. Brown. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhowmik, M. K., and Iyer, P. K. R. 1977. Studies on the pathology of chronic lesions in the mammary glands of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). 1. Actinomycosis, nocardiosis and lesions simulating tuberculosis. Indian Veterinary Journal 54(5):342-346.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhowmik, M. K., Singh, S. P., and Iyer, P. K. R. 1977. Studies on chronic mastisis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). lndian Journal of Animal Health 16(2) :157-160.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1974. Aspects of disease. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dhar, S., Bhattacharyulu, Y., and Gautam, O. P. 1973. Susceptibility of Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) to Theileria annulata infection. Haryana Agricultural University Journal of Research 3(1):27-30.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dwivedi, S. K., Mallick, K. P., and Malhotra, M. N. 1979. Babesiosis: clinical cases in Indian water buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 56(4):333-335.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Griffiths, R. B. 1974. Parasites and parasitic diseases. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hafez, S. M., and Krauss, H. 1979. Detection of antibodies against some respiratory pathogens in the sera of domestic animals in Egypt. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 27(3):209-214.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ho, T. M. 1976. Animal disease control program in Republic of China for better animal production. Korean Journal of Animal Science 18(4):317-321.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iannelli, D. 1978. Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Arnee) allotypes: identification of a multiple allelic system. Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics 9(2):105113.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kapur, M. P., and Singh, R. P. 1977. Diagnosis of mastitis: a comparative study of four indirect tests.Haryana Veterinarian 16(2):69-73.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leue, A. 1971. Buffaloes in Nepal. Tierartliche Umschau 26(4):173-178.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mohan, R. N. 1968. Diseases and parasites of buffaloes. I. Viral, mycoplasmal, and rickettsial diseases. II. Bacterial and fungal diseases. III. Parasitic and miscellaneous diseases. Veterinary Bulletin 38:567-576, 647-659, 735-756.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Murthy, D. K., and Sharma, S. K. 1974. Studies on reactivity and immunogenecity of cell-culture rinderpest vaccine in different species of ruminants. Indian Journal of Animal Science 44(6):359-365.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;San Agustin, F. 1973. Important diseases and parasites of Carabaos. Philippine Journal of Nutrition 26(2):68-79.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schneider, C. R., Kitikoon, V., Sornmani, S., and Thiachantra, S. 1975. Mekong schistosomiasis. III. A parasitological survey of domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) on Khong Island, Laos. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 69(2):227-232.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, K. N. S., Jain, D. K,, and Noble, D. 1975. Calf mortality in pure and crossbred Zebu cattle and Murrah buffaloes reared artificially from birth. Animal Production 20(2):207-211.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, S. K., Banegee, D. P., and Gautam, O. P. 1978. Anaplasma marginale infection in Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Indian Journal of Animal Health 17(2): 105-110.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shaw, J. J., and Lainson, R. 1972. Trypanosoma vivax in Brazil. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 66(1):25-32.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shukla, R. R., and Singh, G. 1972. Studies on tuberculosis amongst Indian buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 49(2):119-123.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soni, J. L. 1978. Suitability of different serological tests for diagnosis of brucellosis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Indian Journal of Animal Science 48(12) :873-881. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tantawi, H. H., Fayed, A. A., Shalaby, M. A., and Skalinsky, E. I. 1979. Isolation, cultivation and characterization of poxviruses from Egyptian water buffaloes .Journal of the Egyptian Veterinary Medical Association 37(4):15-23.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thomson, D. 1977. Diseases of water buffalo in the Northern Territory of Australia. Australian Veterinary Practioner 7(1):50-52.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young, P. L. 1979. Infection of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with bovine ephemeral fever virus. Australian Veterinary Journal 55(7):349-350. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8 Reproduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo has a reputation for being a sluggish breeder, but the average animal is so poorly fed that its reproductive performance is unrepresentative of its capabilities. Without reasonable nutrition the animals cannot reach puberty as early in life or reproduce as regularly as their physiology or genetic capability would normally allow.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Actually, adequately nourished buffaloes reach puberty at about the same age as cattle, as early as 18 months of age in buffalo bulls. In northern Australia Swamp females have conceived even as early as 14 months of age and feral buffaloes routinely conceive at 16 months of age. In the herd at Punjab Agricultural University in Ludhiana, India, 11 River buffalo heifers showed estrus at ages less than 18.5 months and a few came into heat when less than 15 months old. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo also can calve at an age comparable to that of cattle. At the Ain Shams University in Egypt a well-fed Egyptian buffalo herd of several hundred animals has an average age at first calving of 27 months, 22 days(Information supplied by M. El Ashry. Because of nutritional uncertainties, El Ashry and his colleagues believe that body weight is a better indicator of sexual preparedness than age is. These researchers at Ain Shams University recommend mating heifers when they weigh 365 kg no matter what their age. Research at Punjab Agricultural University shows that buffalo heifers can be bred when they weigh over 270 kg and manifest estrus).Most animals in the Punjab Agricultural University River buffalo herd calved before 35 months, one at 28.3 months.! In one Venezuelan herd almost all heifers 20-24 months old were pregnant; virtually all calved before age 38 months, most by 30 months, and one at age 23 months. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In trials in Queensland, Australia, and in Papua New Guinea buffaloes produced more calves over a 3-year period than the cattle tested with them. In the hot, humid Sepik Plains in northern Papua New Guinea it was noticed that female buffaloes (Swamp breed) came into estrus even while they were losing weight because of inadequate nutrition, whereas cattle did not. Under these stressful conditions the buffalo calves also reached sexual maturity earlier and the buffaloes had a higher calving percentage and a shorter calving interval because they came back into estrus more quickly than cattle(Information supplied by J. Schottler. The age at first calving of more than 60 nutritionally poor buffaloes was 38 months in one herd and 45 months for Brahman cross cattle) . Similar observations have been made in Florida, Trinidad, the Brazilian Amazon, Venezuela, and elsewhere. Although these are exceptions to the normal observations in Asia, where buffaloes seem to breed more slowly than cattle, they do demonstrate the buffalo's potential for improved breeding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Estrus in buffalo cows usually lasts about 24 hours, but duration varies and may range from 11 to 72 hours. It occurs on an average 21-day cycle. Determination of when a cow is in estrus is difficult because often the animal shows few outward signs of &quot;heat.&quot; This increases the chances of missing a cycle, especially for artificial insemination. Unclean surroundings, poor nutrition, and poor management, cause a high death rate among calves; this also contributes to the buffalo's often low reproductive rate.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many areas, calving is seasonal. This seems to be largely due to changes in nutrition. It may also be caused by heat stress, in either males or females, which results in a low breeding rate during the hot season. However, when buffalo cows are well fed, they come into estrus and will breed in any season.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many matings take place at night and are therefore unobserved. In one set of pregnancy diagnoses in northern Australia, the buffalo's conception rate (81 percent) was higher than that of the Brahman crossbreeds (70 percent) they were with. In India, artificial insemination of water buffaloes began in the late 1950s. Deep-frozen semen is now available and its use is spreading. Overall conception rates of 70-80 percent are obtained. It is estimated that some 100,000 buffaloes are now being artificially inseminated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo's gestation period is about one month longer and is more variable than that of cattle. Whereas cattle give birth after about 280 days (Angus, 279, Holstein, 279-280, Brown Swiss, 286), buffaloes take 300334 days (average 310) or roughly 10 months and 10 days (differences between breeds are unknown). In Punjab, India, River buffaloes have been observed to come into estrus as early as 40 days after calving. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nonetheless, only under uncommon circumstances can a buffalo cow produce a calf each year. In one herd of 800 cows in Venezuela the average female buffalo over age 4 produces 2 calves every 3 years. In response to a recent questionnaire, the majority of Indonesian farmers estimated that the calving rate was between 3 and 4 calves in 5 years. A few claimed a calf a year, some only 1 or 2 calves In 5 years. In Florida it has been noted that some buffalo cows having just calved became pregnant more quickly than cattle, so that a calf may indeed be produced each year. Regular yearly breeding has been noted also in northern Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The incidence of abortion, dystocia, retained placenta, and other parturition problems in buffaloes is similar to that in cattle. Twinning is very rare; probably no more than 0.01 percent of buffalo pregnancies produce twins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Preliminary results in northern Australia indicate that weaning can be carried out as late as 12 months of age without any effect on conception time of the buffalo dam.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bhattacharya, P. 1974. Reproduction. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chauhan, F. S., Singh, N., and Singh, M. 1977. Involution of uterus and cervix in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 30(4):286-291.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eusibio, A. N. 1975. Breeding, management and feeding practices of buffaloes in the Philippines. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. 1979. Buffalo Reproduction and Artificial Insemination. Proceedings of the Seminar Sponsored by FAO/SIDA/Government of India, held at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001-India, December 4-15, 1978. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghanem, Y. S. 1955a. Environmental causes of variation in the length of gestation of buffaloes. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 25 :301-311.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghanem, Y. S. 1955b. Genetic causes of variation in the length of gestation of buffaloes. Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 25:307-311.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health, E., and Gupta, R. 1976. Ultrastructure of water buffalo (Bos bubalis) spermatozoa. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaerrnedizin 23(2):106-120.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Liu, C. H. 1978. The preliminary results of crossbreeding of buffaloes in China. Research Institute for Animal Science of Kwangsi, People's Republic of China.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Matharoo, J. S., and Singh, M. 1980. Revivability of buffalo spermatozoa after deepfreezing the semen using various extenders. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaermedizin 27(5): 385-391.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rao, A. V. N., Murthy, T. S., and Dutt, K. L. 1979. Effect of lunar cyclicity on oestrus rhythmicity in the Indian water buffalo. Livestock Advisor 4(7):29-30.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rawal, C. V. S. 1978. A study on correlations of weight of pituitary gland and reproductive organs in males of Indian water buffalo. Indian Journal of Heredity 10(3):11-12.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robinson, D. W. 1977. Livestock in Indonesia. Research Report No. 1. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia. (In English and Indonesian.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roy, A. 1974. Observations on the physiology of reproduction. In: The Husbandry and Health of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. CockrilL Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahai, R., and Singhal, R. A. 1977. The sex chromatin profile of water buffaloes of Murrah breed. Indian Journal of Animal &amp;amp;Science 11(2):63-67.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sharma, A. 1978. Studies on the process of spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm reserve in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Thesis Abstracts, Haryana Agricultural University 4(4):331.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, M., Matharoo, J. S., and Chauhan, F. S. 1980. Preliminary fertility results with frozen buffalo semen in Tris extender. Theriogenology 13(3):191-194.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singh, N., Chauhan, F. S., and Singh, M. 1979. Postpartum ovarian activity and fertility in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Dairy Sefence 32(2): 134-139.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sunkaporn Ratanadilok Na Puket. 1975. The improvement of buffalo production through breeding and management under Thailand conditions. In: Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Takkar, P. O., Chauhan, F. S., Tiwana, M. S., and Singh, M. 1979. Breeding behaviour of buffalo cows. Indian Veterinary Journal 56: 168-172.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toelihere, M. R. 1975. Physiology of reproduction and artificial insemination of water buffaloes. In: The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1968. Incidence of calving and birth weights of domesticated buffalo in the Northern Territory. Proceedings of the Australian Society for Animal Productlon 7: 144-147.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1979. The water buffalo in Australia: reproductive and parent-offspring behaviour of buffalo. Australian Wildlife Research 6:265-287. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9 Management</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are adaptable and are managed in many ways. In general, they are raised like cattle. But in some operations they must be handled differently. This chapter highlights these differences.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Millions of water buffaloes are managed in &quot;backyards&quot; in Asia. They exist on the resources of small holdings. Management and expenditures are minimal. Care of the family buffalo is usually entrusted to children, old people, or women not engaged in other farm duties; the buffalo allows them to be useful and productive.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo fits the resources available on the farm, but it is also an urban animal. Thousands of herds of 2-20 buffaloes may be found in the cities and towns of India, Pakistan, and Egypt-all fed, managed, and milked in the streets.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, the buffalo has important qualities as a feedlot animal; it can be herded and handled with relative ease because of its placid nature. The Anand Cooperative in India's Gujarat State, which daily contributes thousands of gallons of milk to Operation Flood (the world's largest nutrition project), involves more than 150,000 Surti buffaloes that are fed, managed, and milked by their owners under feedlot-like conditions in their villages. Many of Italy's 100,000 buffaloes are maintained under similar conditions.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes can also be managed on rangelands. In Brazil, Venezuela, Trinidad, the United States, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and elsewhere there is rising interest in raising buffalo beef on the range. The production practices for raising them are similar to those used for range cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes in the humid tropics must be able to cool off. Shade trees are desirable, and although a wallow is not essential, it is probably the most effective way the animal has of coping with heat. Alternatively, water showers may be provided to wet down the animals 3-5 times during the hottest part of the day.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are intelligent animals. Young ones learn patterns quickly and often are reluctant to change their habits. Feral animals-even those born in the wild-tame down after a week or two in a fenced enclosure to the point where many can be handled, haltered, and hand fed(In one example, loo feral buffalo were captured in Northern Territory, Australia. With in 14 days all the animals-males and females, young and old-had become docile and amenable to handling. -Information supplied by D. G. Tulloch) . Among feral herds of northern Australia it has been observed that buffaloes have clans and families. A female calf seems to remain with its family and mother for many years (possibly for life). A male calf stays until it is about 2 years old, when it is driven from the group by an adult bull. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has also been noted in northern Australia that free-ranging buffaloes instinctively select clean water areas to drink from, other areas to wallow in, and still others as &quot;toilet areas.&quot; In addition, China's buffaloes reportedly are being &quot;toilet trained&quot; to defecate only at specific sites to avoid contaminating waterways with schistosome eggs.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another interesting observation from northern Australia is that most buffalo dams readily adopt a calf that has been orphaned by the death of its mother. In fact, females will allow several calves to nurse (including calves of other mothers and sometimes even adults).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes are also self-reliant. For several months each year in Vietnam and Malaysia, for instance, they are turned loose in the forests to fend for themselves.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Provision of adequate fencing is one of the great problems of buffalo management. The  animals have strong survival instincts and if feed runs short, such as in the dry season,  they will break through fences that would deter cattle who would remain and starve. They  will also break through fences if their family unit is split up. Barriers must be stronger  than those used for cattle and the wires closer together and lower to the ground because  buffaloes lift fences up with their horns rather than trample them down. In northern  Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Costa Rica it has been found that buffaloes are  particularly sensitive to electric fences (a single wire is all that is needed), and in Brazil a  special suspension fence has been devised(Moura Carvalho et al., 1979). Both of these  seem to be cheap and efficient answers to the fencing problem.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are easily handled from horseback and easily worked through a corral.  Actually, because of their docility they can be mustered on foot, even on ranges where  cattle require horses. Unless they come from different areas they tend to herd together  and can be mustered like sheep.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the major management adjustments to be made by cattlemen is understanding  and capitalizing on the buffalo's placid nature. Buffaloes are naturally timid and startle  easily; they must be handled quietly and calmly. Rough handling, wild riding, and loud  shouting make handling them more difficult and training them much harder.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Village buffaloes are led and managed by a ring threaded through the septum between  the nostrils. The technique is frequently applied crudely and cruelly, often resulting in a  ripped septum.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The identification of individual buffaloes is difficult. Fire brands do not remain legible on  the skin for long. Cryobranding (freeze branding) is more durable. Most types of ear tags  are not very successful; the numbers wear off and mud covers up the tag's color. In  northern Australia ear tattooing has been the most successful identification technique,  with tattoos remaining legible for at least 8 years(Between 1958 and 1962 hundreds of  Australian buffalo were shipped on the hoof to the meat markets in Hong Kong without  trouble, despite crowded shipboard conditions and the long sea voyage. But in 1962 one  roughly treated bull went berserk in Hong Kong and killed a handler, and the Hong Kong  authorities stopped the trade as a result, although the problem was really one of  mismanagement. Buffalo have since been sent by air from Australia to Venezuela,  Nigeria, and Papua New Guinea and by barge to Papua New Guinea. No handling  problems have been experienced en route).  When they pasture together, cattle and  buffaloes coexist satisfactorily. They segregate themselves into their own groups and do  not interfere with one another. The buffaloes, however, usually dominate the cattle and  tend to monopolize the areas with the best feed supply.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Feed troughs and mineral boxes used for cattle are suitable for buffaloes, but chutes and  crushes must be widened to accommodate the buffalo's broader body and, when  necessary, the Swamp buffalo's greater horn spread. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes are powerful  swimmers. In Brazil they have been known to escape by swimming down the Amazon River. An unusual management difficulty is caused by piranha in the rivers and swamps of Venezuela. In one herd of 100 heifer buffaloes, 40 have lost all or part of a teat to these voracious fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The horns of water buffaloes are seldom removed or prevented from growing, a  testament to the animal's docility. (When questioned, one Thai villager said that he wouldn't  allow it because it would be a disgrace to the buffalo.) However, the animals can be  dehorned as calves in the same manner as cattle. They are then easier to handle In  chutes and cause less accidental injury to neighboring animals, handlers, walls, and  trees.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benya, E. G. 1972. Cattle and buffalo production in Vietnam. Dairy Science Mimeo  Report, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cockrill, W. R. 1974. Management, conservation and use. In: The Husbandry and Health  of the Domestic Buffalo, edited by W. R. Cockrill. Food and Agriculture Organization of  the United Nations, Rome, Italy.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;De Boer, A. J. 1976. A further report on the Taiwan livestock industry: general policy  conclusions and further research needs. Journal of Agricultural Economics 19:116129.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lin, C. H. 1975. The breeding, management and feeding of water buffaloes in Taiwan. In:  The Asiatic Water Buffalo. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at Khon  Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taipei,  Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McDowell, R. E. 1972. Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates. W. H.  Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, USA.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moura Carvalho, L. O. D., LouIenco, J. B., Nascimento, C. N. B., and Costa, N. A. 1979.  Cerca de Contencao pare Bubalinos e Bovinos. Comunicado Tecnico No. 28,  Agricultural Research Center for the Humid Tropics (CPATU), Belem, Para, Brazil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rufener, W. H. 1975. Management and productive performance of water buffalo in  northeast Thailand. In: The Asiatic TVater Buffalo. Proceedings of an International  Symposium held at Khon Kaen, Thailand, March 31-April 6, 1975. Food and Fertilizer  Technology Center, Taipei, Taiwan.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1978. The water buffalo in Australia: grouping and home range. Australian  Wildlife Research 5:327-354.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1979. Redomestication of water buffaloes in the Northern Territory of  Australia. Animal Regulation Studies 2(1):5-20.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10 Environmental Effects</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The grazing and wallowing habits of water buffaloes may have unexpected consequences when the animals are introduced to new, perhaps fragile environments. The presence of several thousand feral buffaloes on the coastal plains of northern Australia, for example, has become a very emotional issue among Australian environmentalists, some of whom foretell the complete destruction of the environment if the uncontrolled feral herds are not destroyed( It is not at all clear, however, that the buffaloes (which have existed in the area for 150 years) are causing the observed environmental degradation. Other possibilities include: fire, climatic stress, overgrazing, and a variety of farming, hunting, and other human activities, especially the use of four-wheel-drive vehicles. Thousands of wild pigs also share the area, along with crayfish that burrow into and weaken the levees that keep out the sea, something for which the buffaloes have been blamed). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soil Compaction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes have larger hooves than cattle of comparable size and thus they compact the soil less. But buffaloes often live in damp, boggy areas where their feet may compact soft soils. Also, buffaloes are creatures of habit and, when able, they set up fixed points for drinking, feeding, defecating, wallowing, and sleeping. Between the points they wear sharply defined trails in the vegetation and soil.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wallowing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Possibly the water buffalo's greatest environmental limitation is its propensity to build wallows. In hot climates every buffalo will wallow at some time during the heat of the day if water is available. When they can, buffaloes will make their own wallows, enlarging a mud puddle by rolling in it or even using their heads to flip water out of a drinking trough and muddying the ground nearby.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pasture in the immediate area of the wallow is usually damaged by trampling and waterholes may become fouled, but buffaloes return to the same wallow day after day and do not build new ones indiscriminately. Thus, the muddied area is not a large proportion of the location in which they graze unless a large number of animals are confined in a small space(At Gainesville, Florida (possibly because of its subtropical but not hot climate), a herd of 52 buffaloes concentrated in a one-hectare field did not attempt to build a wallow at ale -Information supplied by H. Popenoe.) . In addition, man-made wallows can be dug at safe sites and the animals will use them. The problem of wallowing is therefore not generally a serious one.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Damage to Waterways&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because buffaloes often live near and enter water freely, they may cause erosion in ditches, river banks, canals, and levees. Also, their wallowing muddies the water, which may adversely affect some fish species and reduce the growth of algae. Buffaloes commonly urinate and defecate in the water, possibly creating a pollution hazard, although in most situations this contamination is likely to be minor.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The presence of this herbivore in natural waterways may reduce the number of water plants. Some plants are trampled, some eaten, and some underwater species are suppressed because the muddied water transmits less light. This (and several other of the buffalo's environmental effects) can be turned to advantage (see picture page 85) when, as often occurs, aquatic plants grow out of control and become obnoxious weeds.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Damage to Pastures&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water buffaloes have very strong jaws, and when forage is sparse they graze it close to the ground; this overgrazing can destroy a pasture. In addition, they eat virtually all available plant material (including many species that cattle shun), so that a densely stocked pasture can become completely defoliated. In northern Australia it has been found that, with time, buffaloes become accustomed to a given pasture, and unless fences are strong they will instinctively return to it until the forage has been depleted.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The buffalo's inclination to eat many plants can be used to improve the environment and suppress growth of coarse weedy species of plants. On the Sepik Plains in Papua New Guinea buffaloes are being used to graze and suppress sedges (Cyperus species), as a result, the more desirable Paspalum species are beginning to appear. At Mount Bundy in northern Australia native pastures are being improved on a commercial scale by overstocking them with buffaloes. The animals reduce or completely eliminate spear grass and other weeds-even those with thorns-and thus foster the survival and growth of introduced forage legumes such as stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis). In Sri Lanka buffaloes have been used to graze out the vigorous tropical grass Imperata cylindrica.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Damage to Trees&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffaloes instinctively rub against trees (and walls and fences), eagerly browse leaves, and sometimes nibble bark, so they damage trees more so than cattle. In northern Australia it has been noted that each &quot;family herd&quot; of feral buffaloes selects one or two trees for rubbing against so that the rubbing damage is confined to them. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Selected Readings&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rajapske, G., 1950. Death of illuk. Ceylon Coconut Quarterly, 1:7-9.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1969. Home range in feral water buffalo. Australian Journal of Zoology 17:143-152.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1970. Seasonal movement and distribution of the sexes in the water buffaloes in the Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Zoology 18:399-414.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1975. Buffalo in the northern swamplands. Proceedings III of the World Conference on Animal Production. Theme 1, Paper 7.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tulloch, D. G. 1977. Some aspects of the ecology of the water buffalo in the Northern Territory. In: The Australian buffalo-a collection of papers, edited by B. D. Ford and D. G. Tulloch. Technical Bulletin No. 18, Department of the Northern Territory, Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra, Australia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11 Recommendations and Research Needs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has outlined the water buffalo's apparent merits, but most of the statements made about the animal are based on empirical observations. Many of its most exciting and potentially valuable features have not been subjected to the careful scrutiny needed to confirm their validity.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the fact that there are 130 million or more water buffalo in the world, research on the animal is scanty and limited to only a few situations and sites. Quantitative information (especially for the various breeds), tests, trials, and comparison studies are needed.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The research to be done on the water buffalo offers scientific challenges that can be undertaken in laboratories and experiment stations in most parts of the world and in many disciplines: breeding, physiology, microbiology, veterinary science, nutrition, food science, dairy science, and other fields. Water buffalo research is an area worthy of financial support by philanthropic institutions and international development agencies concerned with problems of food and resource shortages. The dominant role of the buffalo in the rural economies of Egypt and Asian countries offers the opportunity for buffalo research that can bring improvements quickly and easily to the rural poor. For other countries the water buffalo is an untapped resource, and they should test its productivity on native pasturelands, marshy lowlands, hot and humid areas where cattle do not thrive, and on areas prone to cattle diseases and parasites that are difficult to control.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Specific recommendations follow.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Comparison with Cattle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal scientists worldwide should undertake trials to compare growth rate, feeding, nutrition, breeding, and other aspects of buffalo and cattle performance.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cattle and water buffaloes are obviously different animals. Each has its own limitations and advantages, and each deserves to be studied in its own right. Perhaps the quickest way for animal scientists to experience for themselves the merits of the water buffalo is to conduct their own comparative trials with buffaloes and cattle in their areas. The results will provide local guidance and will help extend recognition of the buffalo's value, especially under difficult conditions where it may exceed cattle in productivity and profitability.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Germ Plasm Preservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Urgent action is needed, especially in Southeast Asia, to preserve and protect outstanding buffalo specimens.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In some countries (Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, for example) buffalo populations are decreasing dramatically. High demands for meat are causing slaughter at younger and younger ages. Much of the meat is exported to restaurants and markets in Singapore and Hong Kong. Unfortunately, the largest and quickest growing animals are often selected for slaughter. This results in the loss of a major genetic resource, which is compounded by the practice of castrating the largest males to make them more tractable as work animals. Ten years ago in Thailand it was common to find buffalo weighing 1,000 kg; now it is hard to find 750-kg specimens. A similar situation exists in the Philippines where there is no dearth of good breeding stock, but butchers are paying such high prices that farmers are selling even quality animals for slaughter. In northern Australia, where some of the bulls weigh almost 1,200 kg, the largest animals are being shot for meat, hides, pet food, or sportsmen's trophies,  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A large number of high-yielding buffaloes are taken each year to big cities in India (for example, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras) for milking. At the end of lactation many are returned to the villages, but many others are slaughtered, rather than being fed and retired. This creates a huge loss of valuable germ plasm. In many locations most of the largest animals have already been lost. Only urgent action will protect those remaining.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International Shipment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo quarantine stations should be organized in &quot;disease-free&quot; areas to develop buffalo germ plasm pools for international exchange.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The importation of buffaloes presents difficulties for any government, researcher, or farmer wishing to obtain the animals for the first time or for breeding purposes. Quarantine laws make it extremely difficult and expensive to exchange genetic resources.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia is one of the few nations where there are large numbers of water buffalo in an area free of the major animal diseases. Papua New Guinea, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria, Colombia, Venezuela, and other nations have taken advantage of this and have  imported Australian buffaloes. But Australian herds are all Swamp buffaloes(The island  of Guam is also a safe source of Swamp animals, although the feral herds there are  depleted, only 300 or 400 animals were left on Guam in 1978) and so breeding centers  should be set up also (in Sri Lanka and Italy perhaps) where importers can obtain  River-type (including Mediterranean) buffaloes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genetic Improvement&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide efforts should be made to select superior buffalo bulls and cows for breeding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Performance testing, leading to the mass selection of superior animals, deserves high  priority. Virtually all buffalo breeding is haphazard and unplanned. Village animals graze  together and matings are usually not con&quot; trolled, observed, or recorded. Thus, the full  genetic potential of the water buffalo is not being realized.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A massive selection program is needed to bring about genetic progress. For each breed,  bulls and cows with the potential for improving production of meat and milk and  increasing draft power should be identified and used for breed improvement. However,  the wide variations between the characteristics of individual animals may make  exceptional genetic advances difficult to achieve quickly.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Important traits for culling and selection include behavior, temperament, reproduction  rate, easy milk letdown, average daily gain in weight or weight at a given age, carcass  quality (for example, large hindquarters), and milk production, as well as strength and  endurance for work.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Crossbreeding of Swamp and River buffaloes is a potentially important route to genetic  improvement. The progeny reportedly show hybrid vigor (heterosis) in milking ability,  fertility, meat production, and working ability. Infusing genes for high milk production into  the Swamp buffalo, now used mainly for meat and work, creates the potential for a  triple-purpose animal.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The use of artificial insemination and deep-frozen semen should be a major help in  upgrading the buffalo. Moreover, the transport of live embryos (rather than neonatal  animals) for implantation in the uterus of surrogate mothers could be important for water  buffalo. It seems unlikely, however, that buffalo embryos can be implanted in cattle.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most genetic selections should be made in Asia where 97 percent of the world's water  buffaloes are located. The improvements will depend on how accurately bulls can be  identified, selected, and mated. Performance and  progeny testing is sorely needed at research stations as well as &quot;on the farm.&quot; Governments should also institute bull-loan or artificial-insemination programs as a means for upgrading the village herds.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Comparison of Breeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The relative merits of the various buffalo breeds should be determined,  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little or no information is available on the comparative performance of the different buffalo breeds in various environments, especially the 17 or so River breeds in the Subcontinent and the Egyptian and Mediterranean breeds. Comparison trials of the breeds and breed-crosses are needed in a wide range of climates from the humid tropical to the temperate. In addition, the cytogenetic, immunogenetic, and inheritance relationships of breeds should be clarified.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel encourages countries such as India and Pakistan that have a number of buffalo breeds (for example, Murrah, Surti, Jafarabadi, Mehsana, and Nili/Ravi) to set up experimental farms for scientific reproduction of superior specimens. Substantial research benefits as well as profitable economic returns from using and exporting some of them would be realized.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meat and Milk Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and demonstration is needed to foster the widespread consumption of buffalo meat and milk.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo milk, cheese, and other dairy products are considered outstanding foods in all locations where they are produced. Taste tests so far have indicated that buffalo meat is similar or slightly superior to beef produced under the same conditions.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A specific need is to feed the male calves and use them for meat. Many are now slaughtered at a young age and light weight. Research that provides either a partial or complete milk substitute for feeding calves would have a major impact on meat supplies and farmer income. Diets being developed for calves in Egypt incorporate such ingredients as whey, soybean meal, corn flour (corn starch), and yeast.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other research topics include:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The effect of climate, thermoregulation, and wallowing on meat and milk production;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The meat characteristics of each of the breeds and the differences between them,  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Milk production and quality for each of the breeds;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Adapting buffaloes to machine milking by genetic selection or by designing new milking  machinery;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Developing new or improved milk products (such as yogurt, cottage cheese, and hard  cheese); and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Banking genetically superior germ plasm for later use.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Work Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel recommends research on new harnesses to replace the omnipresent yoke.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As already noted, the wooden yoke, which has not changed in 1,500 years or more, is an  inefficient harness. Research is needed to adapt horse collars, hames, breast straps,  and other devices for the buffalo. Because much of the farm power in Asia comes from  buffaloes, the impact of improved harness could be dramatic, widespread, and of  enormous value to millions of small farmers there. If the experiments in Thailand  described earlier are an indication, the farm power in Asia could be increased by 25  percent overnight with the adoption of an improved harness. The buffalo will continue to  be the small farmer's &quot;tractor,&quot; so the benefits from improved harnesses are likely to  continue for a long time.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are 13 million buffalo and bullock carts in India and 20 million Indians are engaged  in the business of road haulage. Application of appropriate technology would eliminate  the archaic wooden wheels, axles, and heavy carts and substitute lightweight carts,  perhaps with such features as metal wheels, pneumatic tires, ball bearings, and fixed  axles. With such improvements, loads might be increased and hauled over longer  distances at greater speed and with less work.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trials in New Areas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Testing of water buffalo production is needed in many areas where the animal is not  known.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A seemingly adaptable animal, the water buffalo should be productive throughout the  earth's warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical zones. Different breeds may adapt  differently to extremes of heat, humidity, and cold, and this needs further study.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The United States, the Mediterranean Basin of Europe, and some of the more temperate  European areas like southern England are worth considering for water buffalo trials. In the Southern Hemisphere River buffaloes are already found as far south as 25Â° latitude in Brazil's Sao Paulo State (where large herds are raised); an experimental herd of Swamp buffaloes has performed outstandingly in Brisbane, Australia (27Â°S); and there are a few Swamp buffalo in South Australia and Victoria (35Â°S or more). There is good reason to believe that water buffaloes may be productive in all of the states in Australia, New Zealand's North Island, South Africa, Argentina, and other warm temperate areas of the Southern Hemisphere.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biggest void in the water buffalo map is virtually the entire continent of Africa. It seems a paradox that the buffalo-Egypt's most important domestic animal-is not farmed commercially in any other African country. Experimental herds have been introduced to Nigeria, Uganda, Mozambique, Tanzania, and other countries in the past, and the initial success of three of them is described in Appendix A.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The water buffalo, with its tolerance for heat, disease, poor-quality feed, and mismanagement, appears to have outstanding promise for African nations such as Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco, Senegal, and The Gambia as well as all nations south of the Sahara (Nambia perhaps being an exception).  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More specific aspects of environmental tolerance deserving research attention are:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The physiology of the buffalo's response to heat, cold, humidity, and other environmental factors;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The effect of climate on growth, reproduction, milk production, health, respiration rate, behavior, and carcass quality; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Measurement of the calorific efficiency and chemical composition of all breeds of buffaloes and cattle to determine the environments best suited to each breed.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nutrition Research&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite observations of the buffalo's ability to utilize poor quality forage, research is needed to learn how the animal does it.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This research should:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Establish the buffalo's nutrient requirements by breed, sex, age, and weight for maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation, and work;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Determine voluntary forage consumption and the nutrient utilization of different forages in various stages of maturity;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Examine rumen microbiology and fermentation, the rate of digestion, production, and absorption of volatile fatty acids produced in the rumen, and utilization of energy, nitrogen, vitamins, and minerals; &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Develop milk replacements for early~weaned calves;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Observe the current village-level feeding of low~uality forages to learn their nutrient requirements, nutrient deficiency diseases, and nutrient supplementation needed;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Study the utilization of concentrated, high-energy feeds (especially byproduct feeds) to determine the upper limits of buffalo growth and productivity (milk, meat, and work) and carcass quality;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Compare various breeds of water buffaloes and other ruminants to determine possible differences in nutritional requirements and performance; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Apply economic research to production practices, including night feeding of cut forage and the use of improved pastures.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Management&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research to improve management practices could benefit small farmers, ranchers, and feedlot feeders alike.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Little is known about the farm management factors that influence water buffalo productivity. Studies and extension literature for farmers are needed on subjects such as:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Proper fencing;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Procedures for dehorning and for preventing horn growth in calves;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Grazing management methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Preservation of forages;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Methods and effect of castration;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Methods and effect of spaying;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Breeding methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Milking methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Artificial insemination, methodology and use;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Methods of handling animals under grazing conditions or in feedlots;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Age for weaning under different conditions;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Mineral and protein supplementation methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Semen freezing;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Ova transplantation methods;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cryobranding and other methods of animal identification;  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Control of internal parasites; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Disease prevention and treatments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed in areas where uncertainties about buffalo diseases are hindering  the animals' use.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The research should:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Develop control and management practices to prevent specific infections and parasites  for buffalo groups such as calves, yearlings, heifers, pregnant cows, newly calved cows,  and bulls;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Elucidate the factors (genetic, nutritional,management, disease) causing losses of  newly born calves;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Prevent and control the major diseases and parasites of the buffalo: hemorrhagic  septicemia, brucellosis, tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease, sarcoptic mange,  fascioliasis, nematode parasites, rinderpest and &quot;rinderpestlike&quot; diseases, nephritis, and  conjunctivitis;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Develop herd-health programs and specific disease-control programs for the various  production systems;  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Determine the level of susceptibility to trypanosomiasis, a disease that might mitigate  against introducing the animal widely to Africa; and  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Define the buffalo's role in malarial ecology.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproduction&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research is needed to improve water buffalo reproduction.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research topics should include:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Physiology and deep-freezing of buffalo semen. (Although it is possible to freeze the  buffalo semen now, further improvements are needed to achieve higher conception  rates.)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Incidence of sub-estrus and anestrus. This is fairly high in buffaloes. Work is needed to  determine the factors contributing to this problem and find solutions applicable in the  field. A simple, inexpensive test for the routine diagnosis of estrus is needed. It could  ensure that buffaloes are inseminated at the optimal time and could lead to the possible  synchronizing of estrus in groups of animals as well as the elimination of seasonal  breeding.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Seasonality of breeding. Investigations are needed into seasonal effects on the intensity  and deviation of estrus in buffaloes. Most of the buffaloes in northern India and Pakistan,  for example, calve between July and December, causing scarcity of milk in the summer  season and a flush of production in the winter months (this phenomenon causes serious  marketing problems).  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Low libido and low semen yield in buffalo bulls. Semen yield in buffalo bulls is less than half of the yield from cattle bulls.  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Effect of season and other factors on semen quality.  &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Variation in the freezability of semen from different bulls.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dissemination of Information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel recommends that two water buffalo publications be produced.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These should be:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· An international water buffalo newsletter. It is important to maintain communication among researchers working with the water buffalo in far flung research stations, universities, missions, and villages. Research findings may not be widely shared if technical animal science journals and the one or two national newsletters now available remain the only source of water buffalo information. A newsletter would bring together results from different parts of the world. It would provide rapid exchange of information as well as a forum for informal opinions, observations, and preliminary experimental data that are usually not accepted by journals.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A formal journal of water buffalo research.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, other methods for disseminating water buffalo information are to be encouraged. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix A</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Water Buffalo in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the water buffalo, Africa is the unknown continent. Apart from Egypt, where the  &quot;gamoosa&quot; is a major livestock resource, there have been few recorded experiences  with the animal in Africa. While this may be attributed to disease, chances are it is  because of historical oversight.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small herds of buffaloes were recently introduced to Uganda, Tanzania, and Nigeria, but  because there were so few animals no firm conclusions can be drawn. Initial  observations, however, suggest that the water buffalo could have an important future role  in Africa, south of the Sahara. There seems little reason to believe that they won't thrive  there as they have done elsewhere in the tropics.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The following statements were provided by researchers involved in the enterprises.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;Uganda imported a herd of 12 buffalo cows and one bull in 1969. Grazed on poor-quality  unimproved pasture they received neither supplementary feeding nor any preferential  treatment over the East African zebus kept with them. The herd stayed 7 years at  Entebbe before being moved to another part of the country. They proved to be very  efficient converters of the low protein, high-fber fodder. During this time the herd grew to  40 adult cows and 2 bulls (all other steers were slaughtered). The cows calved every  year. The calves matured at 2 to 21/2 years; the zebu calves took at least 3 years to  mature. Buffalo calves were much heavier than the zebus of comparable age.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;The buffalo cows averaged 7 liters of milk per milking. In taste it was preferred to zebu  milk. Also, the quality of the meat after slaughter was much better than that of the zebus.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&quot;A major advantage the buffaloes had over the cattle was that they were remarkably  unaffected by diseases endemic to the area. Apart from a few calves that died of  diseases that also killed cattle on the farm at Entebbe, the buffaloes resisted tick-borne  diseases, the biggest killers of cattle in Uganda, and were unaffected by the virulent  strains of East Coast Fever (Theileriosis), Uganda's most serious endemic animal  disease.&quot;(Information supplied by G. L. Corry, Director, Veterinary Research Services, Entebbe  Uganda)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Early in 1976, 194 buffaloes aged 6-9 months were imported from the environs of Darwin in Australia's Northern Territory. The animals settled down quite well, and by the end of 1978 the stock population had risen to about 320, the adults weighing about 400 kg with about 80 percent fertility. The animals were in excellent health when an outbreak of streptothricosis occurred early in 1979. Because of the intractable nature of this rare disease of cattle, sheep, and pigs, the apparent spread of the disease in the confined area of the ranch, and the persistence of the organism, the animals were slaughtered(nformation supplied by Dr. J. E. Erhiaganoma, Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Benin City, Bendel State of Nigeria)..  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania introduced 21 buffalo heifers and 2 buffalo bulls from Egypt in 1968 and 1970. By 1977 the herd had grown to 150 animals. They were kept at the Livestock Production Research Institute at Mpwapwa, a site representative of central Tanzania(Mpwapwa is located at an elevation of 1,000 m. It receives an annual rainfall of 700 mm during a single season between late November and early May. Mean minimum temperatures of 13Â°C occur in June, and mean maximum temperatures of 26Â°C occur in November). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over a period of 10 years the buffalo were studied and compared with crossbreeds of local Mpwapwa cows and Friesian steers. On average, the buffaloes conceived and calved 4 months earlier than the cattle, their mean calving intervals were about a month shorter, their birth and weaning weights were 1.5 times higher, and their daily weight gain was about double that of the crossbred cattle. The milk yield from the buffaloes was only about two thirds that of the crossbred cattle, but their rnilk's high butterfat content meant that the overall butterfat production was higher in buffaloes.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Figures reported are shown below:  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p98.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Table&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a second study (Shoo, R A. 1980. A study of the performance of Egyptian water buffaloes. Student project, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine, University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania.), 30 buffaloes and 34 Mpwapwa cattle (not the crossbreeds) were compared(Mpwapwa cattle are a Tanzanian breed with 55 percent Asian, 35 percent African, and 10 percent European blood). The calving intervals were 396 + 126 days for buffaloes and 437 + 109 days for cattle. The buffaloes first conceived at mean ages of 23-25 months (matings occurred in both wet and dry seasons), the cattle at 27-36 months. The buffaloes calved at 35 months, the cattle at 46 months.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On farms at Ruvu and Mabuki the calving rate was 63 percent, and the mortality rate 1.2-6.9 percent(Rakha, A. 1980. water buffalo Production, Tanzania. Report of the technical Cooperation Program TCP/URT/9002, Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Rome, Italy). The buffalo's overall milk yields averaged 1,237 kg in 225 days, or 5.5 kg per day.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The results of the introduction of buffalo to Tanzania are considered &quot;quite encouraging and the future of buffaloes in Tanzania will be bright.&quot; (Oloufa, M. M. 1981. The future of water buffaloes in Tanzania Paper presented at the Tanzania Society of Animal Production Eighth Scientific Conference, Arusha, Tanzania May 26-29, 1981.) Future plans call for increasing the herd to about 200 animals with a view toward establishing another buffalo herd. In addition, 5 buffalo sires have been selected in Egypt for shipment to Tanzania.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix B</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Contacts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A directory of names in buffalo studies and research is available from the International Buffalo Information Center, Kasetsart University Library, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Industry Branch, Department of Primary Production, P.O. Box 5160, Darwin, Northern Territory 5790 (D.R. Thomson, B. Ford)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Berrimah Agricultural Research Station, Darwin, Northern Territory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coastal Plains Research Station, near Darwin, Northern Territory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D. G. Tulloch, P.O. Box 38841, Winnellie 5789, Northern Territory&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Queensland, Department of Animal Husbandry, St. Lucia, Queensland (D.D. Charles)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associacao de Criadores de Bufalos do Brasil, Cx Postal 832, Sao Paulo (President, Dr. Paulo Joaquim Monteiro da Silva)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Tropico Umido (Agricultural Reseach Center of the Humid Tropics), Caixa Postal, 48, Belem, Para, 66000  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnology), Universidade Estadual &quot;Julio de Mesquita Filho,&quot; Campus de Botucatu, Estado de Sao Paulo  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto de Zootecnia (Institute of Zootechnology), Nova Odessa, Sao Paulo (Prof. Alberto Alves Santiago)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr. Geraldo Mosse, Rua Apinages 716-CEP, 05017, Sao Paulo, S.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr. Walmore Muller Lacort, Ministerio de agriculture Explanada des Ministerios, Bloco 8-50 Andar Sala 518, 70.000 Brasilia, D.F.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bulgaria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sofia (P. Ivanov, Z. Zahariev)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Buffalo Basis, Livestock Breeding Research Institute, Shumen (Dr. D. St. Polikhronov, Director; Dr. A. Alexis)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;China&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nanking Agricultural College, Nanking (Professor Sieh Chen-Hsia)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kwangsi Agriculture College, Nanning, Kwangsi (Professor Wang Pei Chien&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Farm, Lu Hsu, Pinyang County, Kwasngsi Chang Autonomous Region&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Institute for Animal Science, Nanning, Kwangsi (Dr. Chou Chi-Sheng)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Singchow Dairy Farm, Kwangtung Province&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Costa Rica&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jose Luis Pacheco, Director, Dept Formento, 8502 JAPDEVA, Puerto Limon&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Egypt&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ain Shams University, Kasr-EI-Zaafran, Abbasiyah, Cairo (M.A. El-Ashry, A.M. El-Serafy)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo (Dr. M.T. Ragab)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Alexandria, 22 Al-Gueish Avenue, Shatby, Alexandria (K. El-Shazly)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Federal Republic of Germany&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr. R. Dunkel, Herzeleidstrasse 39, 5330 Konigswinter 41, Bonn&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. Dr. H. Fischer, Insitut fur Tropische Veterinarmedizin, Wilhelmstr. 15, 6300 Giessen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gesellschaft fur Agrarentwicklung (GAE), Meckenheimer Allee 113, 5300 Bonn 1&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hungary&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Kovacs, Department of Animal Husbandry, Agricultural University, Deak F. -u16, 8361Keszthely  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;India&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Hyderabad, A.P. (Director of Research)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Husbandry Commissioner, Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Sciences, Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Buffalo Breeding Farm, Sambalpua, PO: Sunbeda, Distt. Kerapur, Orissa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Frozen Semen Bank, Hessarghatta, Bangalore, Kamataka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Murrah Breeding Farm, Almadi, Tamil Nadu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Surti Buffalo Farm, Dhamrod, Gujarat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chief Superintendent, Govenment Livestock Farm, Hissar, Haryana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Chandra Sekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Mathura Campus, Mathura, U.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Co-ordinator, All India Buffalo Improvement Project, Natioal Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, (Dr. V. N. Tripathi)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, Military Dairy Farm, Army Headquarters, Quatermaster, General Branch, DHQ PO New Delhi 11  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G.B. Pant, University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government Livestock Farm, Anjora Distt: Durg, Madhya Pradesh&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gujarat Agricultural University, Reproductive Biology Research Unit, PO Anand Agricultural Institute, Anand, Gujarat  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haryana Agricultural University , Hissar, Haryana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Barcilly, V.P. (Dr. S.K. Ranjan)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, 482004, M.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd., Anand, Gujarat (Dr. V. Kurien, Chairman)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Dairy Development Board, Anand, Gujarat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Dairy Research Institute (ICAR), Karnal 132002, Haryana (S.P. Arora, Dr. D. Sundaresan, Director)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab (Dr. J.S. Ichhponani, Dr. S.K. Misra)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwar Campus, Dharwar, Karnataka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;University of Udaipur, Udaipur, Rajasthan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balai Inseminasi Buatan Lembang, Jawa Barat (Dr. R.D. Simangunsong)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agriculture, Jl Salemba Raya 16, Jakarta (Dr. Jaman Zailani)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pusat Penelitian den Pengambangan Ternak (Centre for Animal Research and Development), Bogor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iraq&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Rearing Station, Abu Ghraib, Baghdad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Italy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Production and Health Division, FAO,00100 Rome&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associazione Provinciale Allevatori, via Redentare, Caserta (Professore de Franciscis,Presidente)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto de Ricerche soll'Adattamento Bovini e dei Bufali, Ponticelli, Napoli (Director: ProÂ£ Lino Ferrara)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnica, via Onofrio Panvino, Rome (Prof. A. Pilla)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Instituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnice di Roma, via Salaria 31, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (Dr. Augusto Romita)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ugo Jemma, Torre Lupara, 81050 Pastorano, near Caserta&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Japan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. Shimuzu, The University of Tsukuba, Sakura-mura niihar gun ibaraki-ken 300-311&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Animal Husbandry Station, Kluang&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University Pertanian, Serdang, Selangor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Serdang, Selangor&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Artificial Insemination Project, Tfipureshwar, Kathmandu (Dr. A.C. Gupta)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Division, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Kathmandu (Dr. N.D. Joshi)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pakistan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;College of Animal Husbandry, Lahore (Dr. Mohammad Shafi Chaudhry)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Reproduction, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Dr. Rashid Ahmad Chaudhary)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadurnagar District, Sahiwat, Punjab (Dr. S.K. Shah, Director)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Punjab Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore 13&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panama&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hugo Giraoud, Apartado 60-2745, El Dorado&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Primary Industry, ERAP, P.O. Box. 348, Lae (John H. Schottler)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sepik Plains Livestock Station, Ufimo via Wewak, E.S.P.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Science Department, Central Luzon State University, Muiloz, Nueva Ecija&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Systems, Diliman, Quezon City Dairy Development Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Sta. Mesa, Metro Manila (Dr. Conrado A. Valdez)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dairy Training and Research Institute, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3720  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Science, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna 3720 (Dr. V. C. Momongon)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Documentation Center on Water Buffalo, University of the Philippines at Los Banos Library, College, Laguna 3720  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research, Livestock Research Division, Los Banos, Laguna 3732 (Dr. Alfonso N. Eusebio)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Portugal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;W. Ross CockriII, 591 Vale do Lobo, Almansil, Algrave 8100&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sri Lanka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Animal Production and Health, Peradeniya (Dr. K. Balachandran)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;School of Veterinary Science, University of Sri Lanka, Peradenlya Dr. B.M.A.O. Perrera)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taiwan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, P.O. Box 22-149, Taipei City&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro (M.L. Kyomo)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAFCO Farm, Ruvu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director, Livestock Development Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Dar es Salaam&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.M.J. Katyega, Director, Livestock Production Research Institute, Private Bag, Mpwapwa M.M. Oloufa, FAO, Morogoro  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kasetsart University, Department of Animal Science, Bangkok (Dr. Charan Chantalakhana) Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Street, Bangkok 5 (Dr. Maneewan Kamonpatana)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Bangkok 10500  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO Regional Office, Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 2 (Dr. B. K. Soni)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of Livestock Development Project, Tha Phra, Khon Kaen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Buffalo Research and Training Center, Surin&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trinidad&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Steve Bennett, 61 Mucurapo Road, Port-of-Spain&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uganda&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;G. L. Corry, Director, Veterinary Research Services, P.O. Box 24, Entebbe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S. Mugerwa, Faculty of Agriculture, MaKerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T. B. Begg, Resident Veterinary Surgeon, Howletts and Port Lympne Estates, Ltd., Port Lympne, Lympne, Kent CT21 4PD  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P. N. Wilson, BOCM Silcock Ltd., Basing View, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2EQ&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wyland Cripe, Asst. Dean for Public Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Box J-125, JHMHC, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J. Harrington, IRI Research Institute, Inc. One Rockefeller Plaza, New York, New York 10020 James Hentges, Department of Animal Science, Room 2104 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jack Howarth, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nels M. Konnerup, 609 East Iverson Road, Camano Island, Washington 98292&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A. P. Leonards, P.O. Box 1094, Lake Charles, Louisiana 70602&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John K. Loosli, Department of Animal Science, Room 2103 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert E. McDowell, Department of Animal Science, Frank B. Morrison Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hugh Popenoe, International Programs in Agriculture, 3028 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;William R. Pritchard, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abelardo Ferrer D., Quinta Nueva Exparta, Avenida Jose Felix Rivas, San Bernardino, Caracas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix C</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANDREW HAY, President, Calvert-Peat, Inc., New York, New York (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Institute of Land Rehabilitation, Utah State University, Logan, Utah  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PEDRO BARBOSA, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FLETCHER L. BYROM, Chairman, Koppers Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON BROWN, Director, Resource Systems Institute, The East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DORIS GALLOWAY, Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY E. CARTER, Associate Administrator, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH COLSON, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, California  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BREWSTER C. DENNY, Dean, Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND I. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, ex-officio  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HERBERT I. FUSFELD, Director, Center for Science and Technology Policy, Graduate School of Public Administration, New York University, New York, New York (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARTIN GOLAND, President, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LINCOLN GORDON, Senior Fellow, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. (member through September 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JAMES P. GRANT, President, Overseas Development Council, Washington, D.C. (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, ax-officio  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE R. HERBERT, President, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM N. HUBBARD, JR., President, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT N. KREIDLER, Private Foundation Consultant, New York, New York  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RICHARD LASTER, Executive Vice President, General Foods Corporation, White Plains, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN LISTON, Director, Institute for Food Science &amp;amp; Technology, College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THOMAS F. MALONE, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, ex-officio  FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODNEY W. NICHOLS, Executive Vice President, Rockefeller University, New York, New York (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DANIEL A. OKUN, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E. RAY PARISER, Senior Research Scientist, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAMES BRIAN QUINN, Amos Tuck School of Business Administration, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PRISCILLA C. REINING, Director, Project on Desertification, International Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. (member through 1980)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH W. RICHARDSON, JR., Department of Horticulture, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (member through 1979)  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, Rockefeller University, New York, New York  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H. GUYFORD STEVER, Consultant, Washington, D.C.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Program Officer, Africa and the Middle East, International Agricultural Development Service, New York, New York  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VICTOR RABINOWITCH, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Deputy Director  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN G. HURLEY, Deputy Director&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b22bue.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b22bue.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/b22bue.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/b22bue/b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">75157</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://b22bue/b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://b22bue/b22bue.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Animal Husbandry and Animal Product Processing|Other animals (micro-livestock, little known animals, silkworms, reptiles, frogs, snails, game, etc.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (b22bue)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">start a butterfly farm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">BOSTID</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">b22bue</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215044</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">b22bue.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p08.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p16.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Managing Tropical Animal Resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First Printing, June 1983 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second Printing, May, 1985 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;CENTER&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Acknowledgements&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Board on Science and Technology for International Development &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Office of International Affairs &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Cooperation with the Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Bulolo, Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing  Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the Councils of  the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the  Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were  chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to the  procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the  National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute  of Medicine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in  1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's  purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council  operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the  authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a  private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the  principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National  Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public,  and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both  Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the  Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter  of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the  Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which  science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the  complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of  bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts  special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes  topical reviews of technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to  developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report has been prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Advisory Committee  on Technology I innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International  Development, Office of international Affairs, National Research Council. Program costs  for the study were provided by the Office of Technical Resources, Bureau for Asia,  Agency for International Development under Grant No. ASB-0249-SS-00-1026-00 and  the Office of the Science Advisor, Agency for International Development, under Grant  No DAN/5538-GSS- 1023-00.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First Printing, June 1983 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second Printing, May, 1985 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Panel_on_Butterfly_Farming_in_P&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Panel on Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT M. PYLE, Chairman, Lepidoptera Specialist Group, International  Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland,  Switzerland, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian  Institution, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, JR., Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Florida,  Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING, Director, Florida State Museum, C;ainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOlS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, Yale University, New  Haven, Connecticut &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS, Head of Subdivision of Invertebrate Ecology,  Furzebrook Research Station, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Wareham,  Dorset, England &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University  of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS, Representative, The Asia Foundation, Taipei,  Taiwan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Contributors_&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Contributors</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PETER CLARK, Manager, Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Bulolo &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CAROLE GABARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WASAM GARARA, Wildlife Division, Department of Oro Province, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;KAROL KISOKAU, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Waigani &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NAVU KWAPENA, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and  Environment, Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MIRO LAUFA, Crocodile Section, Department of Lands and Environment,  Konedobu &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEO NING, Division of Wildlife, East Sepik Province, Wewak &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RODERICK ORARI, Butterfly farmer, Popondetta &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL PARSONS, Ecologist, Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Bulolo &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BLU RAIRI, Butterfly farmer, Maprik  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Countries &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K. S. BROWN, JR., Department of Zoology, State University of Campinas, Sao  Paulo, Brazil &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. M. COLLINS, Co-compiler, Invertebrate Red Data Book, International Union  for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Cambridge, England &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WAYNE GAGNE, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ANGUS HUTTON, Garaina Farms, Gympie, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ASHLEY C. MORTON, Department of Biology, The University, Southampton,  England &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRED PARKER, Kirwan, Queensland, Australia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;* * *&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Professional Associate, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Butterfly Study Director &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National Research Council Staff &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. R. RUSKIN, BOSTID Editor &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Staff Associate &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CONSTANCE REGES, Administrative Secretary &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Preface_&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly farming is a growing new industry in Papua New Guinea, and by  turning irdwings, mauve swallowtails, and other insects into a cash crop  villagers are both earning money and practicing sound wildlife conservation.  In this unique program butterfly farming is being used to complement the  preservation of species and of habitats. In balancing the utilization of  common butterflies with the protection of the most threatened species, Papua  New Guinea is providing a model for other countries, particularly those in the  tropics. The program demonstrates how village development can become an  integral part of conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel that produced this report convened in Papua New Guinea in  May 1981. Its purpose was to investigate the concepts underlying this  project and to assess their potential for application elsewhere. Panel members  met with staff of the government's Division of Wildlife in Port Moresby and  later visited butterfly farms in Popondetta and the insect trading agency in  Bulolo. The panel is grateful to Karol Kisokau, Navu Kwapena, and Miro  Laufa of the Division of Wildlife for arranging the itinerary in Papua New  Guinea and to Peter Clark and Michael Parsons for hosting the Bulolo and  Popondetta visits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report is one of the National Research Council series, Managing  Tropical Animal Resources. Current titles in the series are:*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal (  1981 ) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Little-Known Asian Animals with a Promising Economic Future  (1983) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (1983)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea ( 1983)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These activities have been conducted under the auspices of the Advisory  Committee on Technology Innovation (ACTI) of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research  Council (see page 29). The purpose of ACT}iS the assessment of  unconventional scientific advances that might prove especially applicable to  problems of developing countries. Since its founding in 1971, it has produced  about 30 reports covering subjects as diverse as ferrocement construction  materials, the winged bean (a high-protein tropical food crop), and techniques  to provide more water for arid lands. This study adds the dimension of  conservation and ecosystem protection to ACTI'S principal concerns of  promising but neglected resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACTI activities are supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International  Development (AID). Program costs for this study were supported by AID'S  Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which  also made possible the free distribution of this report.  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;CENTER&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM1_Introduction_and_Summary_&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1 Introduction and Summary</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international demand for tropical butterflies is much greater than is  generally recognized. Each year millions of them are caught and sold  throughout the world. Many buyers are scientists engaged in research on  aspects of systematics, ecology, ethology, evolution, and conservation.  Others are individuals who like expensive curios that incorporate butterflies,  such as display cases, coffee tables, wall hangings, or other objects. But  increasingly, the fragile, iridescent creatures, mounted in plastic or glass, are  used to decorate less-expensive items such as purses, trays, platters, screens,  and other common objects in Europe, North America, and Japan. In addition,  amateur butterfly collecting, which reached a peak in Victorian times, is again becoming popular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this has produced a strong and active market. The current trade is  estimated to be between US $10 and $20 million annually, and the demand is  rising.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Remote regions of Papua New Guinea are benefiting from this burgeoning  interest in tropical insects, and several hundred villagers are rearing or  collecting butterflies, beetles, and other insects for export. The Papua New  Guinea government now considers insects a national resource, and it has  made butterfly farming part of the nation's village economic development. At Bulolo it has established an Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) to  handle the business details of a growing international trade. And Papua New  Guinea is the only country so far to specify insect conservation as a national  objective in its constitution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botanical research is the key to Papua New Guinea's butterfly farming  program. Local botanists and ecologists have identified the plants that the  various butterfly species use during their life cycle. The butterfly farmers  then build up their &quot;livestock&quot; by clearing small areas of ground  and planting leafy food plants for larvae, together with the nectar-producing  flowering plants that adult butterflies feed on. The combination of flowering  and leafy plants provides a complete habitat where butterflies find everything  they need to grow and reproduce. Therefore, most remain, and the farmer  retains his livestock without fences or walls.*&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are among the most unusual farms in the world. Around their edges  are hibiscus and bougainvillea that attract the adult butterflies, whose  mouthparts are adapted for drinking nectar from flowers. And inside are leafy  plants, such as the strange Dutchman's pipe vine (Aristolochia tagala), on  which the caterpillars of several birdwing butterflies feed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The enriched butterfly habitat in the villager's garden attracts and holds a  breeding population that becomes a self-renewing resource. By varying the  plant species the farmer can even maintain colonies of different butterfly  species. And because insects are so prolific, some butterfly farmers are  beginning to have problems with overstocking and have had to shift larvae  from plant to plantârather like moving cattle from one field to the next as the  grazing runs out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic Development &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The IFTA program started in 1974 with fewer than 30 Papua New Guineans  from villages in two provinces. By 1978, more than 500 villagers in 10  provinces had been introduced to farming or collecting butterflies for export.  Since then, business has been increasing about 40 percent a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gram for gram, exotic butterflies are far more valuable than cattle. Prices  paid by dealers in Europe, North America, and Japan range from 30 cents for  individuals of common species to around $10 for the two birdwing species  whose export is allowed. A specimen of a rarer species (for example, a female  of the mauve swallowtail Graphium weiskei) may bring as much as $50.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project is still an embryonic activity; it is not large, as development  programs go. IFTA has only one professional staff person and two local  technicians to handle the distribution of specimens. The agency's goal is to  export between 5,000 and 10,000 specimens a month, from which the villages  can expect a return of $10,000 or more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency purchases butterflies from villagers and uses them to fill orders from overseas buyers. Colorful beetles, strange-looking stick and leaf insects, and some moths and cicadas are also caught in the wild and sent to Bulolo. The profits, less 25 percent, are returned to the villagers. At the time of the panel's visit, IFTA had received about 4,000 shipments of butterflies and other insects from the rural people and had paid out about US $180,000 to purchase them. In 1979, the average farmer or collector received about $37 per box of specimens. By 1980, this had risen to about $50 per box. In 1981 it was estimated that a diligent butterfly farmer could earn an annual income of about $1,200.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even so small an annual income is substantial in rural areas where the mean annual per capita income may be only $50. In many remote areas it is difficult to create income-producing opportunities because of illiteracy, dispersed population, and, in some cases, resistance to foreign ways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through butterfly farming many rural Papua New Guineans are for the first time participating in a cash economy. The product is a highvalue, low-volume crop. It brings needed or supplementary income to the people of the predominantly rural areas. Compared with farming coffee, another possible industry in Papua New Guinea's rural regions, it requires far less effort or land, and it involves minimal costs to the producer. And where a few expatriate opportunists once made small fortunes exploiting Papua New Guinea's butterflies, the profits now go to the villagers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat loss is by far the most critical issue in butterfly conservation. If habitat changes, the animals must change, leave, or die. Usually they die, since alternative habitats are already occupied or too distant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly all the world's butterfly species have suffered diminished ranges, and an estimated half of the world's butterfly populations face threats from human development. From Britain to Bhutan, the insects' habitats have come under siege. In Europe, perhaps one-third of all butterfly species are threatened, owing chiefly to the reductions in their various habitats. In California, half-a-dozen coastal butterflies have been lost since the 1860s, and an equal number are now endangered. In Madagascar and Rwanda, swallowtails and some species that occur nowhere else are being sacrificed to the clearing of forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The losses are much more than aesthetic, for many butterflies benefit people. They pollinate crops, are a major link in the food chain, and serve as sensitive indicators of ecological health.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A striking feature of the Papua New Guinea butterfly farming program is that it is designed to conserve and increase the species being traded. It is a pioneering conservation effort that has been endorsed by the Lepidoptera Specialist Group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The program helps relieve pressure on endangered populations, because for successful butterfly farms the villagers must retain - and even foster - a healthy wild population on or near their land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insect farming also helps preserve habitats because it leaves the bulk of the land intact and it helps landowners earn money without requiring them to cut down the rain forest as they would for timber or for cocoa, coffee, or oil palm plantations. Similarly, villagers can retain their traditional hunting grounds while cropping the insects that rely on these grounds for survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The existence of the butterfly farming project has served to focus attention on the status of all butterfly species. In 1968 this led to a law banning the taking of even a single specimen of the seven birdwing species threatened with extinction in Papua New Guinea. These large, brilliantly colored creatures can bring as much as $1,000 each in international trade, but there is a stiff fine in Papua New Guinea for even possessing one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enriching habitats with butterfly food plants (notably the Dutchman's pipe vine, Aristolochia tagala) has greatly increased the numbers of Papua New Guinea's two common birdwing species, Ornithoptera priamus and Troides oblongomaculatus. Now the country is taking on the challenge of increasing the seven endangered birdwing species that are protected and banned from trade. Already the IFTA staff has found that at least one of these rare species (Ornithoptera victoriae) is easily reared on the Dutchman's pipe vine. Farms are now being designed and sited with a view to building up the populations of this giant endangered species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conclusions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At this stage, the importance of this pioneering activity lies not in its size, but in the new vistas it opens up for the use of tropical resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Village Development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In farming butterflies, Papua New Guinea is showing that indigenous wildlife resources (especially those being depleted because of their commercial value) can contribute to economic development and that the farming of indigenous animals can be fitted smoothly into traditional village life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Providing employment in rural areas is a major problem of developing countries. And in a sense, butterflies are an &quot;appropriate&quot; livestock, particularly for remote areas of the tropics where other income-producing activities are difficult to establish or are harmful to traditional lifestyles and fragile environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterflies may seem unusual farm animals, but to villagers in the Papua New Guinea jungle it is cattle that are exotic. The villagers live in close contact with their local insects; invariably they know much about butterfly locations, behavior, habits, life cycle, and the food eaten by the caterpillars.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Farming butterflies is proving a business to which villagers quickly adapt. Butterflies do not require the equipment or financing of a conventional farm; no capital is required, except for postage on the first shipment of specimens. Insect farming allows people to participate in the cash economy without causing disruptive changes in traditional village life. The villagers can work long and hard if they wish or they can put in only enough time to produce a little cash for necessities, leaving plenty of time for raising crops and other village activities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often claimed that economic development is necessarily destructive to the environment and detrimental to conservation - that as rural societies develop, their natural surroundings must suffer. The Papua New Guinea butterfly farming project is an innovative program that demonstrates this need not be true.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The program also shows that where human needs are given attention, conservation can be successful. Elsewhere in the tropics, attempts to conserve habitat without considering the needs of the people who live nearby have often failed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In sum, the butterfly farming program demonstrates that certain natural resources can be used profitably in a way that protects the environment. The program offers a culturally appropriate use of the land; on a broad scale, it could become a force in preventing clear-felling of the forest for timber exports or the wholesale conversion of rain forest to cash-crop monocultures such as coconut, coffee, or oil palm. Most of Papua New Guinea is still covered by primary rain forest; exploiting the economic value of the insects that live there is helping safeguard this increasingly rare habitat, which is fast disappearing in most parts of the tropics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Species Conservation &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The knowledge gained from farming Papua New Guinea's butterflies has already contributed to relieving the threat of extinction from seven endangered species of birdwings. This experience could be replicated in other places where there are endangered butterfly species. Indeed, the program provides a model for nations that could profitably farm butterflies while protecting their threatened butterfly species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Extension to Other Organisms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This project has a strategy and organizational structure that could well be applied to plants, such as rare orchids, and animals, such as crocodiles, that are endangered because of their commercial value. Indeed, using similar concepts of combining village income and conservation, the Papua New Guinea Division of Wildlife is farming crocodiles,* ruse deer, wallabies, and two native birds, the megapode and cassowary.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through such husbandry practices, many species elsewhere might be saved from extinction, while providing income to the local people who traditionally have used the resource. Other countries should look with interest at the way Papua New Guinea is handling its wildlife enterprises. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM2_Butterfly_Status_and_Conserva&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2 Butterfly Status and Conservation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;About 100,000-150,000 species of butterflies have been described; perhaps half that number remain to be discovered. Although there are important concentrations in the Arctic and temperate regions, most species are found in the tropics. There, the diversity of colors and forms is dazzling; every imaginable combination of hue and color is displayed. And many tropical butterflies are enriched with &quot;structural&quot; colors, which cause the wings to flash iridescently in the sun as they bend the light they reflect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although butterflies have long been admired and often depicted in art, they have been seriously studied only since the end of the seventeenth century. Linnaeus, in his Systema Naturae, placed the small number of butterflies then known in the single genus Papilio. Today that genus is restricted to the true swallowtails, and more than 700 genera of butterflies are recognized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Butterfly Trade&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Last century, as knowledge of butterflies grew and methods of preserving them improved, they become popular collectors' items. Wealthy naturalists such as Rothschild and LeMoult dispatched collectors to all parts of the world for specimens. Today the trade in butterflies is even more extensive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are three major kinds of butterfly and insect trade. In one, large numbers of common species are collected in the wild and processed for use in ornamental objects such as coasters, mats, and lampshades. This is a low-value, high-volume industry that is both labor- and capital-intensive. It frequently uses &quot;chipped&quot; or slightly damaged butterflies. It often sells butterflies with paper bodies and only the wings of actual insects, which seem to be acceptable to a large part of the buying public.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Taiwanese butterfly trade is an example. It operates on a large scale. At least a dozen Taiwanese factories employ scores of workers to capture and process butterflies. Estimates of annual sales vary from 15 million to 500 million butterflies. Taiwanese butterfly wings pasted onto paper bodies with pig-bristle antennae are used in ornaments and household objects from wall hangings to clear-plastic toilet seats. The bodies are recycled as pig feed. Despite this massive trade, Taiwan's wild butterfly populations seem to be remaining steady.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Similar, though smaller, industries trafficking in common butterflies are found in Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Brazil, Honduras, and several African nations. The famous blue morpho butterflies of the American tropics enter the trade at the rate of some 50 million per year. Nearly all of these are the brilliant iridescent males, and biologists believe the number sold could be doubled without harming the overall population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second type of trade involves higher value and lower volume. This produces a vastly different product from the paper-bodied butterflies bound for novelty stores. It is exemplified by the operation in Papua New Guinea where sales are to collectors, museums, and students, and the specimens are high-quality insects in good to perfect condition, usually bearing scientific data. Because of the relatively high value per specimen, this trade can be carried on by fewer individuals in a nonfactory setting, and it is well suited to village industry, provided there is supervision and a quality-control checkpoint.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third type of butterfly trade is for high-quality, expensive ornamental items, such as glass cases, domes, wall mounts, or jewelry containing beautiful insects. Brazil, for example, has a thriving jewelry trade based on the iridescent blue morpho butterfly. This type of trade can also furnish high-paying outlets for village-farmed insects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p08.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In all three divisions of the butterfly trade, dealers fulfill an essential role. Few collectors and scientists can travel the world collecting their own specimens. Some dealers have established reputations for honesty, some have not. Exploitation of suppliers and customers alike has been rife. Few dealers are careful to attach accurate locality data to their specimens; some make serious mistakes in identifying them. (To combat this problem, British insect dealers have formed an association to monitor conservation-related activities and improve professional practice.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Generally, dealers supply specimens bred from the caterpillar or chrysalis and described as &quot;ex pupa.&quot; Unless butterflies are caught immediately after emerging from the pupa the fragile wings tear and the scales detach to produce &quot;worn&quot; specimens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Taxonomy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Classifying butterflies is difficult. Their most obvious features, the color and pattern of the wings, vary greatly; individuals and populations of the same species often look quite different. This has led to the dubious naming of many species and subspecies. And the uncertainties it causes have led some biologists, especially those working in ecology and genetics, to name populations rather than species or subspecies. However, populations frequently evolve, and this introduces a further uncertainty. Much additional work on basic butterfly systematics is needed. The knowledge gained should contribute particularly to the conservation of endangered species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Conservation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly conservation is still in an early state of development, bedeviled by scarce or incomplete information. The conservation status of even the most thoroughly studied butterfly species is known in only a few areas. The distribution and status of most species is essentially unknown, and proposals for conservation measures are largely based on guesswork. Nevertheless, some conservation programs have been enacted. Most have concentrated on designating endangered species and banning their collection.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The greatest threat to butterflies and other insects, however, is habitat alteration. On several continents some species have already become extinct or endangered when humans altered the special environment they require. The importance of protecting butterfly habitats should not be underrated. Many species are restricted to very small areas, particularly to individual islands (Corsica, Sardinia, Jamaica, Madagascar, Sumba, the Comoros, Fiji, the Solomon Islands, Manus, and the Duke of York Islands, for instance). Such species are vulnerable to extinction because nearly all island habitats are fragile and are changing rapidly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it is uncommon for insect species to be dangerously reduced merely by the capture of specimens, renewed commercial interest in butterflies gives rise to concern for their conservation. Most insects reproduce rapidly, and their high fecundity enables them to replace such losses in a generation or two - provided the basic environment has not been altered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But there are certain species of butterfly that reproduce slowly and are therefore more threatened by collection. The unusual birdwing butterflies of New Guinea, for example, produce only small broods. Moreover, these rare species command higher prices. Because this makes them particularly vulnerable, legislation to protect birdwing butterflies has been instituted in both parts of New Guinea - Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Accordingly, to save Queen Alexandra's birdwing (the largest and most threatened of the birdwings) from extinction, several wildlife management areas have been set up in Popondetta on Papua New Guinea's north coast. The government is also setting up refuges, administered by village councils, to preserve and protect other birdwing butterflies and wildlife resources. This habitat conservation is an important adjunct to the butterfly farming program. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM3_History_and_Government_Policy&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3 History and Government Policy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Soon after Europeans discovered New Guinea's remarkable insect fauna around the turn of the century, collectors began arriving, and they have been coming ever since. Many were reputable professional or amateur scientists, gathering modest numbers of specimens for study and for museums, including Papua New Guinea's own national collection. Others, however, were plunderers who carried away large numbers of rare butterflies, giving little or no compensation to the local people and showing no concern for survival of the species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1966 the Papua New Guinea government responded to excessive collecting by designating seven rare birdwing butterflies as protected species. It became illegal to collect these huge, colorful birdwings, and strong measures were instituted - fines for nationals, deportation of expatriates - to halt black market trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1960s and early 1970s commercial collecting of the other butterfly species continued piecemeal and unsupervised. Income was erratic, and expatriate dealers often paid their Papua New Guinean suppliers only a few cents for specimens that retailed for several hundred dollars in Europe and Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Insect Farming and Trading Agency&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When Papua New Guinea achieved independence in 1975, the new government decreed that only nationals should profit from the country's butterfly resource. Since that time only Papua New Guineans have been able to export butterfly specimens (nonprotected species) for profit. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1978, to guarantee Papua New Guineans fair prices and stable sales, a marketing agency was established. Its purpose was to protect the resource, to foster butterfly farming, and to ensure a high-quality export product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modest in its beginnings, the Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) was organized by Angus Hutton, a former tea planter and amateur lepidopterist. The business side of the agency was later developed by Peter Clark, who had worked with Hutton. Identification and production of food plants was advanced by Michael Parsons, Robert Pyle, and others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IFTA provides a market for those Papua New Guinea nationals who farm and collect butterflies and other insects. The agency allows them to obtain fair and fixed prices, maintains quality control, and ensures that current data accompanies all specimens. It also pools the insects from many sources and fills large orders from overseas dealers. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of the butterflies IFTA exports, about 30 percent are from village farms and 70 percent are collected in the field. However, more than 50 percent of the revenue is made up of the farmed butterflies because of their better quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Quality Control&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency strives to sell only highest-quality insects; it rejects many butterflies as substandard. Most specimens are sold as named subspecies and to identify and name them requires much skill. Staff members have been specially trained to do this. (To a large extent, the area of origin, particularly in the case of the offshore islands, defines the subspecies concerned.) Locality data, usually consisting of village, province, and month and year of collecting or emergence, is affixed to all butterfly envelopes before they are pooled at the agency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IFTA stores its collection by species, in simple wooden boxes kept in cupboards lit from below (to lure potential pests away from the insects and to warm the cupboards and prevent mold). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Marketing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency makes up orders and dispatches them (with the required export permits) to customers &quot;on trust.&quot; Although this is open to abuse, most buyers pay promptly and the system is easy and convenient. Careful records are kept of all suppliers, customers, and species in stock.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the time of the panel's visit, about 80 percent of the agency's business consisted of responding to requests from dealers. However, less than 10 percent of the orders received from all sources could be filled.Some requests were too small and others too specialized; in some cases the agency simply didn't have the specimens on hand (for example, a request for all the subspecies of a given butterfly). Furthermore, the agency has neither the office staff nor space to cope with every order in a business whose volume is almost doubling every two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Field Extension&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wildlife extension officers periodically visit clients and new villages to sustain or develop enthusiasm for insect farming. They explain and demonstrate the procedures of butterfly farming and collecting and teach potential farmers how to recognize a valuable species in each of its life stages. Above all, they demonstrate how to prepare specimens for sale. This is because it is often difficult to convince farmers of the need for extreme care and delicacy in handling, and many inexperienced farmers send in bruised or hopelessly damaged specimens. Although about 500 villagers were farming butterflies at the time of the panel's visit, fewer than 50 were supplying good material regularly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These contacts are also important because the butterfly farmers easily become discouraged if no interest is shown in their work. In the Papua New Guinea countryside there is often little need for cash; people can obtain all their food, clothes, shelter, and resources from their gardens or from the bush. Money received from one shipment of butterflies may last a subsistence farmer for months, making it difficult for the agency to sustain his interest in providing regular shipments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency's extension officers have initiated a number of butterfly farming projects at primary, secondary, and vocational schools. These projects have proved most successful. Apart from the practical education they give students, they provide early insight into one of Papua New Guinea's most useful resources. Several vocational schools also provide training in mounting butterflies and beetles as souvenirs for tourists, as well as in the construction of hatching cages and solar driers. Beautiful wooden cabinets to hold butterflies have also been made by some teenage students.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research and Monitoring&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to teaching Papua New Guineans to collect and farm insects, IFTA promotes research both to conserve species and to make them available in quantity. Success has already been achieved in farming the common birdwing butterflies by planting large numbers of the Dutchman's pipe (Aristolochia tagala) vines that they feed on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agency's staff includes an ecologist, indicating the importance of the scientific basis for conservation in this project. The ecologist is at hand to conduct research on life histories, farming methods, and management measures for rare species.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;IFTA staff are now identifying new food plants that will permit more species to be farmed. Research into the life histories of many butterflies with economic potential is well under way, so that an increasing number of species will become &quot;farmable&quot; and will be available in future in perfect ex pupa condition. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sources of all specimens received by IFTA are recorded on a map so that a butterfly's range and rarity or abundance can be assessed and conservation measures implemented where necessary. In this way, even insects too damaged for sale at least have value to conservation efforts. All specimens of unusual scientific interest are lodged in the national insect collection for future study. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM4_Operating_a_Butterfly_Farm&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4 Operating a Butterfly Farm</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Planting the Farm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key to farming butterflies is to establish a garden of the plants the various species need for their life cycles. The ideal farm area is about 0.2 hectares. This is spacious enough for growing food plants for adults and larvae and small enough to keep the plants watered, weeded, pruned, and generally well tended. Such a farm can contain about 500 vines, grown like bean plants on poles or shade trees.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important to surround the site with a thick hedge of hibiscus, bougainvillea, ixora, poinsettia, or other nectar-bearing plants whose flowers attract adult butterflies and encourage them to remain in the area. The hedges also keep out pigs and other livestock that may damage the leafy plants inside the farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A good way to start a farm is to establish it in a vegetable garden. (Papua New Guinea butterfly farmers often plant butterfly vines between their rows of sweet potato or tarot) By the time the vegetables are ready to harvest, the area already has some thriving butterfly food plants and probably some winged livestock as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most successful butterfly food plants in Papua New Guinea is Aristolochia tagala, a vine on which the larvae of more common birdwing butterflies feed. Another is Evodea - a food plant of the large blue ulysses swallowtail and many colorful weevils.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shade trees also can be food plants for butterflies other than birdwings and for beetles or weevils. Examples are species of Annona (such as soursop), Citrus (such as lemon), Cerbera, and Graptophyllum. Wallace's Longhorn Beetle feeds on breadfruit (Artocarpus communis). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, one area of the farm is kept aside for growing seeds or cuttings. (IFTA sells seed of some suitable species.) In this nursery the butterfly food plants are watered and cared for, and unhealthy ones are easily spotted and weeded out. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p16.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Stylized diagram of a butterfly farm:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A Hedge of hibiscus, ixora, and poinsettia to keep pigs out and provide nectar.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B Fruits trees (such as lemon).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C The aristolochia vine grown on the branches of others trees (such as leucaena), to feed    caterpillar larvae.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D Nursery area.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E A hut for tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Diagram courtesy IFTA, Bulolo)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Life Cycle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Normally, each butterfly species has a preferred food plant for its larvae. After the female has mated she searches for the correct plant and lays her eggs on or near it. In a few days the eggs hatch, and the young caterpillars usually eat their own eggshells and begin feeding on the softer leaves and shoots of the food plant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As they grow, the caterpillars shed their skins. Each molt is called an instar, and five instars occur before a larva is big enough to pupate. Pupation is a resting stage during which the adult butterfly develops inside the hard, protective chrysalis. For pupation the larva selects the underside of a stem or leaf to protect it from rain and predators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After 10 days to 3 weeks, depending on the type of butterfly, the pupal case splits open and the adult insect emerges. This usually occurs before 9 o'clock in the morning. The freshly emerged adult then takes from 3 to 4 hours to expand and dry its wings before flying off to feed on nectar and to search for a mate to begin the life cycle once again. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Harvesting&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once the farm is well established, pupae can be collected daily. Ideally, about 50 percent should be left or released. At least as many females as males should be released. Pupae that are too high to reach are usually left to emerge naturally and repopulate the farm. Others are left because they are not quite perfect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The farmer can usually see that emergence will occur on the next day, since the pupa becomes darker in color as the adult wing and body colors develop. He then plucks off the stem or leaf to which the pupa is attached. (The soft, new pupae are not touched because this damages the adult.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He pins the leaf to a board or puts it in a net or in a small cage. Often these are kept inside to protect the pupae against pests and large predators. However, some farmers construct small houses out of bush materials to hold pupae ready for hatching. Others keep their pupae in the open and count on being able to collect the adults before they have flown away.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Care is taken to protect the specimens from ants and rats. For example, the legs of the cage are placed in bowls of water to deter ants from climbing up. The pupae are sprayed with water 2-3 times a week to speed up the hatching process and to prevent them from drying out. (Only a light spray is used; otherwise the pupa develop mold.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The pupae are best kept in a shady place so the butterflies will remain calm after hatching and will not flap and damage their wings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Processing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the newly emerged butterfly has completely dried its wings, it is carefully caught by the thorax and injected with a small amount of a killing agent such as ethyl acetate or boiling water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small butterflies are particularly easily damaged if handled, so they are placed for about 10 minutes in a killing jar containing cotton (cotton wool) soaked with a little ethyl acetate. A layer of cardboard is placed above the cotton so that the butterflies are not stained by the solvent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The farmer places the dead butterflies in paper envelopes, being careful at all times not to touch or damage the wings. The envelopes are easily made from grease-proof paper, which the agency supplies on request.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To ensure that the butterflies will not mold, they are placed on a black plastic tray and dried in the sun, in their papers, for about 4 days. During this time they are protected from pests such as ants, and the drying trays have a screen on top to prevent the envelopes from blowing away or from being rained on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once properly dried, the insects, still in their envelopes, are stored in boxes, preferably airtight to prevent condensation and molding. When enough specimens have been collected, the villager packs them carefully in strong cardboard boxes (which the agency also supplies) with cotton or kapok. A few naphthalene crystals are added to keep away pests, and the box is wrapped and sent to Bulolo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;BM5_Application_to_Other_Nations&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5 Application to Other Nations</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As noted, the essence of the Papua New Guinea approach is the cultivation of food plants that the butterflies need to complete their life cycles. This is a process that could be replicated elsewhere, and the potential for butterfly farming exists in many countries. In fact, although Papua New Guinea is rich in butterfly species - some 700 of them - it is not unusually so. Other countries also have large numbers of species. There are, for instance 2,500 species known in Costa Rica.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are some 14,000 species of true butterflies in the world. Although there is possible competition, many countries have no overlap in species at all. As collectors and specialists usually want butterflies from many different parts of the world, the likely competition among countries exporting farmed or wild-caught butterflies is minimal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterflies are supplied to the trade from nearly every part of the world. But because they are most diverse in the tropics, it is likely that the best chance for success in farming them lies there. However, some temperate countries also have an abundance of particular species, and in Europe, the United States, and Japan, butterfly farming is already established on a small scale. This is mainly because many collectors like to rear their own material and they purchase eggs, caterpillars, or chrysalids instead of killed adults. Many dealers in these countries supply a few tropical species that are easy to rear, such as the orchard swallowtail (Papilio aegeus). However, this trade is generally low in volume and value, and temperate-zone butterfly farms are little more than a sideline to normal dealerships.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some general comments follow on the potential of butterfly farming in various parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Temperate regions of the Old World (Palaearctic Realm). East palaearctic species are in great demand internationally and obtainable with great difficulty. China, in particular, has species of both Parnassius and Papilio that might be farmed. However, all Parnassius species are montane to some degree and none has been farmed yet. Eurasian arctic satyrids, lesser fritillaries, and sulphurs are also in great commercial demand and could perhaps be farmed. Swallowtails are few and are frequently protected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Tropical Africa and associated islands (Afrotropical Region). The potential for butterfly farming has not yet been considered in Africa, although the diversity of desirable species is great and the potential market extensive. This area has important swallowtails and Charaxes species (Nymphalidae), but so far as is known, no farming enterprises exist. Experimental or trial farms for butterflies are needed in different parts of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asian tropics (Oriental Realm). Silk moths, such as Bombyx mori, are commercially farmed in Asia, and butterfly farming would seem to be a natural extension of this. Many Asian butterflies are supplied to dealers, especially from Taiwan and the Philippines, but there is little farming. A very large trade originates in Malaysia, especially for Rajah Brooke's birdwing (Trogonoptera brookiana). Farming is reputed to take place, but most specimens are actually collected. Desirable species of swallowtails, including the black and gold birdwings (Troides species), occur throughout the region. Species belonging to the families Nymphalidae and Pieridae are good candidates for farming, as they are in much demand from dealers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Australia, New Guinea, and associated islands to the west (Australasian Realm). Australia is not rich in butterflies, but it has some important endemic species. At least one &quot;farm&quot; exists in Australia, but this appears to be an offshoot of a normal dealership, which rears a few local species to supply at early stages to collectors. Farming is to be encouraged here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Guinea's most coveted butterflies, which it shares with Irian Jaya, are the Ornithoptera birdwings. But almost equally desired by collectors and specialists are the Troides birdwings, concentrated to the west of New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Temperate regions of the Americas (Nearctic Realm). There is a considerable trade in New World butterflies from nearly every family (few Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae), but almost all are caught in the wild. There is a strong market for far-northern species (Boloria, Colias, Erebia, Oenesis). Farming these might be possible among Canadian and Alaskan Indian or Eskimo groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Tropical regions of the Americas (Neotropical Realm). This is a likely area for the development of butterfly farming, particularly as its species are completely different from those of the tropics elsewhere. The Morpho and Agrias species of South America are much desired by collectors. It is possible that some of the highly prized morpho butterflies are already farmed (as the law, in fact, requires), but evidence is conflicting, and most biologists believe that the major supply of specimens is from wild populations. Other groups that lend themselves to farming include the swallowtails, nymphalids (including Agrias), and certain members of the family Satyridae. There are large fauna of Riodinidae and Lycaenidae that are potentially suitable for farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A dealer in preserved butterflies has recently set up business in the Dominican Republic, and butterfly farms have been established in Costa Rica.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· General. Butterflies in the family Riodinidae and, especially, Lycaenidae seem to be a neglected resource. Many species are relatively small but brightly colored. A major difficulty is that many Lycaenidae have to live with ants for part of their lives and this complicates their rearing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly Parks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some regions with tourist industries are showing interest in establishing &quot;butterfly zoos&quot; or &quot;butterfly jungles.&quot; These displays have live butterflies (usually farmed or reared) in artificial habitats resembling the natural ones. Some species, such as the orchard swallowtail (Papilio aegeus), respond well to such conditions. One British dealer has a &quot;tropical jungle&quot; in an enclosed environment in which both temperature and atmospheric pressure are regulated. A large British butterfly zoo has been established and a smaller one has been proposed. The New York Zoological Society is developing a butterfly component in its Wild Asia Hall at the Bronx Zoo, and San Francisco, Portland, Cincinnati, and Tokyo all have thriving insect zoos. Also, the Colombo Zoo in Sri Lanka has a live display and a successful program of butterfly rearing. Similar enterprise could be shown in other places with tourist industries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting a Butterfly Farm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Butterfly farming is initially an ecological and botanical challenge. One must first observe, identify, and propagate the plants that the various species use for food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Success for butterfly farmers rests on their choosing commercially attractive species. Unfortunately, ecological details of the life histories of suitable species are known in only a few cases. The prospective farmer will be largely on his own and must first develop this information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the most desirable species are native to primary tropical forests, and they may need protection because of the rate at which their habitat is being destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any program to commercially exploit butterflies and other insects must either bypass the rarest, most restricted, and slowest reproducing species; farm them cautiously with a high percentage of adults released; or take them with the greatest of care. Further, there must be adequate habitat protection both in the natural state and in mixed land uses (rather than just agricultural croplands) to support the insects and furnish a continuing supply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some competition could occur if live butterflies were exported between countries and used to establish farming enterprises. In general, however, butterflies are easier to farm in their native habitats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Appendix_A&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendixes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A Selected Readings</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carvalho, J. C. M., and O. H. H. Mielke. 1972. The trade of butterfly wings in Brazil and its effect upon survival of the species. Proceedings 19th International Congress of Entomology (Moscow) 1 :486-488.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fenner, T. L. 1976. Aspects of butterfly conservation in Papua New Guinea, Pp. 121-127 in Ecology and Conservation in Papua New Guinea, K. P. Lamb and J. L. Gressitt eds. Pamphlet 2. Wau Ecology Institute, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parsons, M. n.d. Insect Farming and Trading Agency Farming Manual. Insect Farming and Trading Agency, Division of Wildlife, P.O. Box 129, Bulolo, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pyle, R. 1981. Butterflies: now you see them.... International Wildlife I I (1):4- 11.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pyle, R., M. Bentzien, and P. Opler. 1981. Insect conservation. Annual Review of Entomology 26:233-258.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pyle, R. M. and S. A. Hughes. 1978. Conservation and utilization of the insect resources of Papua New Guinea. Unpublished report, copies available from the author, see Research Contacts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Severinghaus, S. R. 1977. The butterfly industry and butterfly conservation in Taiwan. Atala 5(2):20-23.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unno, K. 1974. Taiwan's butterfly industry. Wildlife 16: 356-359.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vietmeyer, N. D. 1979. Butterfly ranching is taking wing in Papua New Guinea. Smithsonian 10(2):119-135. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Appendix_B&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix B</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Research Contacts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wayne Gagne, Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 6037, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96818 USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angus Hutton, Garaina Farms, Scrubby Creek Road, Gympie 4570, Queensland, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insect Farming and Trading Agency, P.O. Box 129, Bulolo, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea (Peter Clark, Manager; Michael Parsons, Ecologist)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Karol Kisokau, Director, Office of Environment and Conservation, Central Government Offices, Waigani, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Navu Kwapena, Division of Wildlife, Department of Lands and Environment, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rudi Mattoni, 9620 Heather Road, Beverly Hills, California 90210, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Michael G. Morris, Chairman, Butterfly Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Furzebrook Research Station, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Wareham, Dorset BH20 5AS, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ashley C. Morton, Department of Biology, Building 44, The University, Southampton S09 5NH, England&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fred Parker, 717 Ross River Road, Kirwan, Queensland 4814, Australia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert M. Pyle, Chairman, Monarch Project, Xerces Society, 369 Loop Road, Gray's River, Washington 98621, USA&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sheldon R. Severinghaus, Representative, The Asia Foundation, 42, Chien Kuo North Road, Taipei 104, Taiwan, Republic of China &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Appendix_C&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Appendix C</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Biographical Sketches of Panel Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director of the Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., is currently the Secretary-General of the International Union of Biological Sciences. He received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests are in comparative anatomy and phylogeny of flowering plants, commercial timbers, histology of monocotyledons, economic botany, and tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on tropical plants, he has published extensively in these areas and on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries. Dr. Ayensu was co-chairman of the Panel on Under exploited Tropical Plants of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ARCHIE F. CARR, JR., is Graduate Research Professor in the Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville. As Technical Director of the Caribbean Conservation Corporation, he has directed a seasonal research program at the breeding ground of the green turtle at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, since 1952, with continuous grants from the National Science Foundation from 1955 to 1980, and has carried out investigations of marine turtle ecology and navigation in various parts of the world. The author of numerous papers, articles, and books, he received the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal of the National Academy of Sciences for Handbook of Turtles and the John Burroughs Medal for The Windward Road. He is Research Associate of the American Museum of Natural History; Affiliate Curator of Natural Sciences, Florida State Museum; Chairman of the Marine Turtle Specialist Group of the Survival Service Commission, International Union for the Conservation of Nature; Honorary Consultant of the World Wildlife Fund; Fellow of the Linnean Society of London; Fellow of the American Fisheries Society; and a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1973 he was awarded a gold medal from the World Wildlife Fund for the application of scientific findings to the conservation of marine turtles. In 1975 he received the Edward W. Browning Award for achievement in biological conservation. In 1978 Dr. Carr was awarded the Gold Medal of the New York Zoological Society for contributions to natural science and conservation; in 1978 he became Officer of the Order of the Golden Ark (The Netherlands).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. WAYNE KING is the Director of the Florida State Museum, Gainesville. He received a B.S. in 1957 and an M.S. in 1961 from the University of Florida and a Ph.D. from 1966 from the University of Miami. His research interests are in wildlife conservation and habitat preservation, impact of international trade on wildlife populations, and ecology and behavior of reptile populations. He worked at the New York Zoological Society from 1967 to 1975. As an international wildlife consultant, Dr. King has received honors from the Dominican Republic, the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and from H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands. He has served on committees advising the State Department and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources on policies regarding the trade of crocodile skins, turtle products, and other wildlife materials. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOlS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry and Professor of Forest Genetics, Yale University, was Dean of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale from 1965 to 1975. He received a B.A. from Luxembourg College and a B.Sc.F. from the University of New Brunswick in 1950, an M.F. in ecology in 1951, and a Ph.D. in forest genetics from Yale in 1954. He is especially knowledgeable about francophone Africa and was chairman of the Sahel program of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development and a member of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation. From 1960 to 1965 he was research collaborator at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1966 he was the recipient of the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Biological Research from the Society of American Foresters and in 1975 was Distinguished Professor (Fulbright-Hays Program) in Yugoslavia. Before joining the Yale faculty, he served as project leader in forest genetics for the U.S. Forest Service in Florida. He has served as a consultant to FAO, various foreign governments, and private forestry companies, and he has traveled extensively in the tropical countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. MORRIS is head of the Furzebrook Research Station of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (National Environment Research Council, U.K.). He received a B.A. in natural sciences (zoology) at the University of Cambridge of 1958, M.A. in 1962, and received his Ph.D. from London University in research on the integrated control of orchard pests. Dr. Morris worked at Monks Wood Experimental Station on the effects of grassland management on populations of invertebrates and developed a strong interest in community and applied ecology, particularly the conservation of insect populations. Recently he has become involved with problems of butterfly conservation and resource utilization. He is Secretary of the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects, a Vice-Chairman of the Lepidoptera Specialist Group of lUCN'S Survival Commission, and Chairman of the Habitat and Species Protection Committee of SEL (Societal Europaea Lepidoptero-Logica). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH L. POPENOE is Professor of Soils, Agronomy, Botany, and Geography and Director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California at Davis in 1951 and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work on shifting cultivation is one of the major contributions to this sytem. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. He is past Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Escuela Agricola Panamericana in Honduras, Visiting Lecturer on Tropical Public Health at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Agronomy, the America Geographical Society, and the International Soils Science Society. He is Chairman of the Advisory Committee for Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT MICHAEL PYLE, a writer and consulting lepidopterist based in Gray's River, Washington, has served since 1979 as Co-Compiler of the lUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. In this capacity he is consultant to the Conservation Monitoring Centre in Cambridge, England. After receiving his B.S. and M.S. at the University of Washington, he took his Ph.D. through the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University in 1976. He worked for the Government of Papua New Guinea on the conservation and utilization of insect resources and then with the Nature Conservancy as Northwest Land Steward. A &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;former Fulbright Scholar to the United Kingdom, Dr. Pyle subsequently founded the Xerces Society for conservation of beneficial insects and their habitats. He has been chairman of IUCN'S Lepidoptera Specialist Group (Species Survival Commission) since 1976. His publications include the Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies. A comprehensive book on insect conservation in his next project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SHELDON R. SEVERINGHAUS received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1977 in natural resources management. He has worked on various wildlife research projects in Asia since 1964 and is representative for the Asia Foundation in Taiwan. He has published articles on butterfly conservation and wildlife industries in Taiwan, where he has been studying the butterfly and wildlife farming projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NOEL D. VIETMEYER, staff officer for this study, is Professional Associate of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with the Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science that are important for developing countries. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Advisory_Committee_on_Technolog&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (member through 1981) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L.GADEN,JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CYRUS MCKELL, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (member through 1982) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2 COLOR=&quot;#0000ff&quot;&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;Board_on_Science_and_Technology&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Board on Science and Technology for International Development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Members&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAMUEL P. ASPER, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEONARD BERRY, Professor, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ERNEST J. BRISKEY, Dean, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HARRISON S. BROWN, Director, Resources Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Associate Professor, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ROLAND J. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WILLIAM A. W. KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GEORGE 1. LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JANICE E. PERLMAN, Executive Director, Committee for a New New York, New York City Partnership, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WALTER A. ROSENBLITH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BILL C. WRIGHT, Assistant Dean for International Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;JOHN C. HURLEY, Director&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MICHAEL P. GREENE, Associate Director/Research Grants &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/ec158e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/ec158e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/ec158e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2783 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/ec158e/ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">467899</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://ec158e/ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://ec158e/ec158e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courier - NÂ°158 - July - August 1996 Dossier Communication and the media - Country report Cape Verde</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Communication, Information and Documentation|Communication, telecommunication, mass communication, mass media, film-making</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Development Periodicals and Magazines|The Courier ACP 1990 - 1996 Africa-Caribbean-Pacific - European Union</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Courier - NÂ°158 - July - August 1996 Dossier Communication and the media - Country report Cape Verde (ec158e)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">EC Courier</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">ec158e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215044</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">ec158e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p07a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p32a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p95a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AFRICA-CARIBBEAN-PACIFIC - EUROPEAN UNION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dossier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Communication and the media&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Press freedom, regarded as a fundamental human right, is also a key component in the democratization process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the help of experts in the field, we look at what various organizations are doing to combat censorship and promote a free press in ACP countries and elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We also highlight the new trend of donor support for projects aimed at promoting press freedom. These include, notably, provisions for the training of journalists. And as new means of communication, such as the World Wide Web, develop, we consider what is being done to prevent the opening up of a new divide - this time between the 'information rich' end the 'information poor'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the least-developed countries, Cape Verde is seen as a model of good governance and stable democracy. It is also admired for its perseverance in the struggle against the exigencies of history and climate. The country suffers from almost permanent drought and has virtually no regular supplies of fresh water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Its history has been punctuated by serious famines and while the people are no longer hungry, they still face formidable economic difficulties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde produces just 10% of what it consumes and its exports are one fifteenth of its imports. The one bright spot is in services, where it enjoys a positive trade balance. This sector (in particular, international transport and tourism), together with the country's cultural industries, offer the best hope for future development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Meeting point</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Robert MÃ©nard, Director of 'Reporters sans frontiÃšres'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Combating attacks on press freedom&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Reporters sans frontiÃšres' was founded in June 1985 in Montpellier where Robert MÃ©nard was working as a journalist with Radio France. Now based in Paris, RSF has two main policy areas. In the first place it alerts international public opinion and the media to situations involving violations of press freedom (via publications such as 'RSF News letter' the Annual Report and specific books and reports). Secondly, RSF actively intervenes by sending letters of protest to official bodies and assisting victims. Last year RSF dealt with more than 350 cases involving the press throughout the world. The organisation's ambition, according to Mr MÃ©nard, is to be a kind of Amnesty International in the press field. The interview began with Mr MÃ©nard giving a detailed description of RSF's work.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We do two things - we report violations of press freedom and help journalists who are the victims of such violations. Take the former Yugoslavia, for example. It would have been unthinkable to monitor what was going on in that war-torn country without, at the same time, helping the media who were victims of the repression. So we sent over lawyers to help in trials involving the press, helped the families of imprisoned journalists and gave general assistance to the media. In the case of Oslabodenje, the Sarajevo daily, this went on for four years. We did similar work in Rwanda where RSF helped the media to get back on its feet after the genocide. In Algeria at the moment we are involved in aiding  journalists who are obstructed when doing their work. We also give help in Europe - currently to refugee journalists in Belgium, France, Spain, Switzarland and Germany. That's basically what we do; reporting violations of press freedom and helping those who are the victims of it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you work with other organisations, for example the United Nations ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We work with various types of organisations. We have daily contact with other NGOs specialising in press freedom, such as Article 19 in London and the Committee for the Protection of Journalists in New York, to give just two examples. We also have contacts with NGOs involved in human rights issues in general and, above all, with Amnesty International.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then there are our links with international organisations and, first and foremost, with the UN system. RSF has submitted reports in response to requests from various organisations, ranging from the UN Committee for Human Rights to UNESCO. We also work with the Council of Europe and the Organisation of African Unity. But our closest  relationship is with the European Union, or two reasons; firstly because it is RSF's main financial backer and secondly Because the EU enables us to do three things. It has helped us set up and has Financed a vast network of correspondents in 130 different countries and, to my mind, this is the most important thing in terms of defending human rights and press freedom. We also publish reports, which we write in response to EU requests, on press freedom in one country or another and which are made available to the EU and European Parliament. Our third \\ink comes in the form of assistance. We manage an aid fund to help where the press is in difficulties, and the money is provided by the Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-You have mentioned a network of correspondents which has been set up. How does it operate ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is a network of people who are in daily contact with RSF and who tip us off when a situation requiring our attention arises. Whenever there is a violation of press freedom in a country where the network operates, our correspondent lets us know - that's the first priority. Then, they make enquiries at our request. The third stage is to set up events. For example May 3 was World Press Freedom Day and, on that day, in about 20 countries in Africa, our correspondents organised events on the theme of press freedom. A fourth aspect of our correspondents' work is that they are often responsible on the ground for helping journalists in difficulty. They also help the media in general because we give them documents and supply them with information which they distribute in their particular country. Their task, therefore, is to alert us to a situation, meet our requirements for information and, on our behalf, physically to assist people on the ground, set up events and disseminate information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Are the correspondents all nationals of the countries in which they work ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. Also, about 90% of them are joumalists and they are all paid for what they do. Their relationship with us is clear-cut. It is very important for them to be paid because this means that   we can ask certain things of them. If you   work as a volunteer no-one can give you  a deadline to produce such and such a   document. In our case, we pay them to   do this work for RSF.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you choose countries where the situation is already problematic ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Unfortunately, problems exist in many countries. Less than half the countries in the world show any degree of respect for press freedom and that means we have a great deal of work. In addition, information arriving at RSF from the correspondents is distributed to other organisations. We have set up a system called Infex which is an electronic mailbox.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All RSF's information is put on a computerised system and immediately disseminated to all the organisations involved in the defence of human rights, and press freedom in particular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So the technological revolution is a positive thing as far as you are concerned ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Absolutely. Both the Imais and Internet systems are unbelievably useful tools which have completely revolutionised our work. For example, RSF might protest about the situation in some country or other. Take China, for example - we regularly lodge protests against the lack of press freedom there. There are 17 journalists in jail, no freedom for the press and a great many problems. However, people in China are not aware of what we do and in order to get information they have to listen to international radio stations. On the Internet, RSF's services are available in French, English and Spanish and it is consulted by people the world over. It is thus one of their sources of information. Another example would be a case where we set up an operation and inundate a number of people in a particular country with faxes, in order to pass on the information. Modern technology enables us to break down the fortresses which totalitarian or dictatorial regimes attempt to construct around themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- RSF has just published its 1996 Report. What do you have to say regarding the current position of press freedom ? Has progress been made ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I would say two things. In the long term, the situation is improving. If you remember, 25 years ago, the regimes in half the countries in Latin America were dictatorships, communism dominated half of Europe and nearly all of Africa had single-party systems. Even in Europe, there were dictatorships - in Spain, Portugal and Greece. So we cannot deny that there has been progress. The problem is that, for three or four years now, there has been a noticeable rise in new threats to press freedom, and this is a great source of concern to us. Here I am thinking of the rise in power of fundamentalist movements, particularly religious fundamentalism. In a number of countries nowadays - the best example, or perhaps I should say the worst example, is Algeria - journalists are not only threatened by the state but are being killed by armed Islamic groups. The rise in religious fundamentalism is indeed a real danger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second type of threat confronting the press is the increased influence of mafia-type criminals. You will, of course, have heard about drug trafficking in places like Colombia or Peru. Nowadays, in some countries where communism has been overthrown, the big threat comes from these criminal gangs. Not so long ago in Russia, the star presenter on the main TV channel was killed because he got in the way of 'Mafia' interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third threat comes from uncontrolled actions by groups fighting for autonomy or independence, like the Kurdish movement in Turkey (the PKK), and a number of separatist groups in India. The EU is no stranger to this either&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ETA poses a continual threat to the press, as do members of the FLNC in Corsica. It is only a few months since members of the latter group machine gunned a journalist's house. A fourth and new kind of threat, particularly in countries with a democratic system, comes from the rise of the extreme right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lastly, a point I draw particular attention to in our recent report is, in fact, a dual phenomenon. On the one hand there are states which pass laws under which any criticism is a crime and may lead to prosecution. An example of this is Egypt where the government has enacted a law which has led to charges being brought against some 60 journalists since summer 1995. On the other hand, there are states where justice simply does not operate and there is no will to make it function.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Last year, 51 journalists were killed and a number of others were attacked, but there has not been a single trial or conviction. It is a real culture of impunity. In some countries, the justice system either does not operate, or it is not independent. In such places, the authorities are reluctant to identify and prosecute those responsible for attacks on journalists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· RSFcurrently has project running in Rwanda, in collaboration with the EU. Could you tell us something about this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The EU is helping us to meet a wide range of needs in Rwanda, as well as in Burundi, where sadly, the situation is rather similar. In Rwanda, there are those who governed the country before the genocide and those in power at the moment. There was a specific problem there in that nearly half of Rwanda's journalists were killed during the genocide - 49 out of about 100. We had virtually to reconstruct the press system and the EU gave us the means to do this.The press currently has difficulties vis-Ã -vis the authorities but it is attempting to do its job.  in Burundi, where our work is of a more conventional type, we see continuing attacks on press freedom. There, RSF is trying to resist the pressure, again supported by the EU. In fact, thanks to the EU, we are helping a   number of countries' media to survive despite difficult conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another quite new problem is that before and during the genocide in Rwanda, the media were used as vehicles for disseminating hatred. They issued calls for people to kill their compatriots, in this instance the Tutsis, and the language they used was unbelievably violent. On Radio Mille Collines, presenters would say - and I quote; 'The graves are not full yet'. They would give out the addresses of people who had to be killed and when the murders had been carried out they would actually say, 'You killed them too quickly - you should have killed them more slowly to make them suffer more', or, 'You didn't kill the children, go back and kill the childreni. We actually have recordings of statements like this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In such a situation, journalists must be made to answer for what they have done and be brought to justice.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has helped us conduct a number of surveys which will enable the international criminal court in The Hague to charge Rwandan journalists with complicity or incitement to genocide. We expect this to take place in the very near future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course in Rwanda, all that is in the past but the same thing is happening today in Burundi where there is a radio station called 'Radio Democracy' - what a joke! A number of journalists there are issuing calls for people to be killed and we have a copy of one of their newspapers whose front page offers a cash reward to anyone who kills such and such a person. This is not journalism. RSF has lodged complaints against these people and one of these 'journalists' has just been charged.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We are doing three things in Rwanda and Burundi: denouncing violations of press freedom by the authorities, helping media victims and - something new - reporting what has come to be known as 'the media of hatred'. Unfortunately, this type of media is not restricted to Rwanda and Burundi. it is a phenomenon that we see in a number of African countries, in the former Yugoslavia, the Caucasus and the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East. Perhaps you are aware that the 50th anniversary of the Nuremberg trials has just passed ? But did you know that there were two journalists among the accused? The press has forgotten that journalists played a part in the rise of Nazism. RSF is pointing out that the same thing is happening today in many countries and we have to fight it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; 'The EU is a  perfect partner&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Given what you have just said, should restrictions be placed on press freedom ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - This is a very complex subject. You have to remember that international texts, particularly the convention on civil and political rights, place restrictions on press freedom. Article 19, which defines press freedom, stipulates that there are certain limits to this and Article 20 forbids any dissemination of racist or antisemitic ideas and any incitements to violence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RSF has two things to say. First, governments which have signed the agreements must ensure they are observed. These set limits. Journalists are not above the law and they must be punished when they say certain things. So states must face up to their responsibilities and apply the treaties they have signed. Second, I feel that the international community, and Europe in particular - when it signs agreements or gives aid to third countries - should demand that they respect press freedom but clamp down on the media of hatred.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· RSF has just published a draft model legislation governing the press. In preparing this, were you influenced by your experience of the extremist media ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Perhaps we were influenced too much. I am my own worst critic. We sent a mission to Rwanda before the genocide but did not appreciate the full effects of the evil disseminated by the media of hatred, particularly Radio Mille &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collines. We underestimated the situation and are concerned at what is happening. We believe there must be express limits on press freedom and this draft framework law is one way of formulating such restrictions. It is not necessarily the best way of going about things, but our profession has to ask itself questions regarding the definition of press freedom and the limits we must not exceed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Are you satisfied with what the EU is doing in this area ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The EU is a perfect partner and has never exerted any pressure. With the Union, we are able to do things that would not be possible with individual Member-State government because the latter conduct foreign policy in defence of certain interests. Each country has its own cultural history linguistic links or links arising out of former colonial times which prevent it financing RSF's studies unconditionally. As far as our missions are concerned, RSF decides what it wants to do and we send our reports to the EU. They have also granted us a budget enabling us to give immediate aid to people in difficulty. This is the most positive action possible If the EU were not there, there would unfortunately be no-one else to finance an organisation like ours. 60% of our budget comes from the Union, 20%from various companies. We generate the remaining 20% ourselves through sales of books and contributions. Because the EU is a grouping of governments, the Commission has some room for manoeuvre. This is the only possible kind of support for organisations like RSF and, if it were not there, it would be the end for the people whom RSF supports.  interview by Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ACP</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The economy of Cameroon: Better prospects but still a long way to go</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is an astonishing sight to behold during the rainy season. As you drive along the road from YaoundÃ© to Bamenda, you come to a point where human habitation starts - and it then continues unbroken for more than 100 kiLomÃ©tres. Just before Bafoussam, and as far as the eye can see, every patch of land is cultivated. Bananas, oranges, mangoes, sugarcane, cassava, palm trees, groundnuts and maize grow luxuriantly in open fields and in the front and back gardens of many houses. This route, of course, takes you mainly through the western part of Cameroon, home to the BamilelrÃ©s, recognised as one of the country's most enterprising and industrious ethnic groups. The population density here is 200 per km2 as opposed to 1 per km2 in the East.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The impact of this widespread farming, carried out by a large number of smallholders, is visible in the local markets, whether in Bafoussam, Mbouda or Bamenda. There, the stalls overflow with fruits and vegetables and prices are very low - a virtual paradise for the middlemen whose unmistakable presence is signalled by the significant number of trucks loading the produce for distribution throughout the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These scenes come as no surprise to the long-time observer of Cameroon's economy. The country achieved virtual self-sufficiency in food over 15 years ago. It is one of the few African countries to have been able to do this, thanks both to its physical  endowments and an early recognition of its agricultural vocation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon is often described as a microcosm of Africa, not just in terms of its make-up of English- and French speaking communities, but because it enjoys almost all the continent's climatic conditions. The south is equatorial, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons of equal duration, the centre is Savannah country with one rainy season and one dry season, while the extreme north (part of the Sahel) is hot and dry. The country has a very good supply of rainfall - from 5000 mm annually in the southwest to around 600 mm near Lake Chad.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such varied climates favour the cultivation of a variety of crops. Timber is  produced mainly in the southern provinces while palm oil, tea, cocoa, coffee, rubber, timber and foodcrops are produced in the southwestern and western areas. The central and north provinces specialise in cattle and cotton production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Concentration on agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon has, not surprisingly, concentrated on agriculture. Indeed the government has given top priority to the sector in all its development plans   since independence in 1960. It has been involved in the marketing of the main export crops and has provided subsidies to farmers in the form of low-priced fertilisers and pesticides for their cocoa, coffee, rubber, palm oil, etc. Almost three-quarters of the working population (the majority of whom are smallholders) are engaged in farming. And despite a low level of mechanisation, they are very efficient. The rate of growth in food outstrips the rate of population growth. Only a few largescale farmers or firms are involved in the production of cash crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until the early 1980s, when oil came into the picture, these large scalefarmers and firms amounted for more than 70% of export earnings, 40% of state revenue and 32% of the Gross Domestic Product. The plan initially was to use oil revenues to further boost and transform agriculture. However, the dramatic increase in the country's oil production, combined with much higher world petroleum prices during the first half of the 1980s, made the sector not only Cameroon's biggest export earner, but also, in a certain sense, a 'spoiler' for agriculture. Increased revenues enabled the government to maintain the level of prices paid to farmers, even though world prices had slumped to disastrous levels. This created distortions in the market. (Later, when the oil price slumped, and revenues dropped sharply, producer prices were also reduced, bringing them closer into line with international prices.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture's contribution to GDP declined steadily to around 21 % in 1985, rose to 27% in 1989 and has hovered around 30% ever since. The sector's share of export earnings has also fallen to about 40% of total exports by value.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite this, Cameroon's agriculture remains, comparatively, in a much better shape than that of most African countries. Indeed, it contributed in large measure to the country's reputation as one of Africa's economic successes in the 1980s. During that decade, growth averaged 8% per annum. However, the period was also marked by dramatic increases in oil revenues which induced  significant policy changes as well as leading to maladministration. The government paid less attention to taxation and customs duties as sources of income and turned a virtual blind eye to smuggling which harmed the manufacturing sector. The civil service, on the other hand, expanded beyond reason, a phenomenon that some have attributed to patronage by the ruling single party.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Boom in public expenditure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Protected somewhat against fluctuations in earnings from export crops, by a strong but overvalued CFA franc, the government embarked on a wide range of capital expenditure and imports. Then, in 1987, international oil prices fell as dramatically as they had risen earlier in the decade. At the time, public spending was running at CFAF 8 billion - well above the CFAF 5.6bn the country actually earned. Revenues from oil continued their downward slide to CFAF4.5 bn in 1988, CFAF 2.8 bn in 1991 and CFAF 2.5 bn in 1994. 1995 saw a modest rise to CFAF 3 bn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1987 thus marked the beginning of a rapid deterioration in Cameroon's financial situation. In the period which followed, civil servants' salaries were unpaid for months, several of the country's foreign missions were left without resources and both domestic and foreign debts worsened. In 1993, the government owed commercial banks around CFAF 3.3bn. Its external debt stood at around $7.5bn with a service ratio of more than 25% of foreign exchange earnings. The devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 improved the internal debt situation significantly. In February, the government signed a letter of intent with the IMF after agreeing to a series of reforms which included, among other things, rationalising the banking and insurance sectors, raising revenue from non-oil sources, bringing inflation down and reducing the budget deficit. In return the IMF provided a stand-by loan equivalent to CFAF 1.4bn. However, the agreement was suspended just a few months later when the Fund reached the conclusion that the government lacked the will to carry the reforms through. The 1994/95 budget foresaw a deficit of 4.5% of GDP - well above the IMF's guideline of 1.5%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meanwhile the country's financial situation had become so critical that it could no longer service its debts, most notably, those it owed to the World Bank. France, which had traditionally been ready to come to the rescue, refused to bail Cameroon out and it finally dawned on the authorities that structural adjustment was unavoidable. When, in September 1995, talks resumed with the IMF, the commitment to adjustment was no longer in doubt. The government agreed, in addition to fiscal reforms, to liberalise trade in cocoa, coffee and timber, to prune the civil service and to privatise state enterprises which dominate the industrial sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commitment to reforms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since then the reform process has been in full swing. The first and most important task has been to improve the government's financial position. The civil service, which employs more than 175000 people, is gradually being reduced and salaries have been cut. Trade is also being liberalised and subsidies are being removed. The 1995/96 budget, unveiled in June last year, was welcomed by the IMF. It included, for the first time in a long while, increases in income tax and a widening of tax bands. A series of measures have also been introduced to combat tax evasion and fraud. External signs of wealth, water and electricity consumption, and telephone bills are now being used as means of assessing income tax.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Responsibility for the collection of customs duties has been removed from the Customs Department which was often accused in the past of corruption and inefficiency. The task has been given instead to a Swiss-based preshipment inspection company. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The donor community has responded positively. With French assistance, the government has been able to clear its outstanding debt to the World Bank. The IMF has provided a stand-by credit facility of $101 million in support of the adjustment programme for 1995/ 96 and debts to the Paris Club covering the same period have been rescheduled. In addition, now that Cameroon has been reclassified as a poor country, it is entitled to benefit from the terms of the Naples Agreement, which allow for up to 67% of debts to western govemments to be written off. A number of creditor nations have either forgiven the country its debts or have reduced them substantially. More loans have come from France and a number of other donors, including the World Bank and the European Community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EC is financing a series of projects within the framework of the adjustment programme, including the restructuring of the civil service and preparation of the ground for privatisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lately though, the donor community has been showing signs of disenchantment, following allegations of misuse of funds and perhaps even outright embezzlement. Last March, an IMF mission to YaoundÃ© failed to obtain an adequate explanation concerning the allocation of certain sums. The result, at the time The Courier went to press, was that an IMF loan for settlement of Cameroon's debt to the African Development Bank was being held up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dealing with the negative social impact&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p07a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sudden devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 halved Cameroon's purchasing power overnight. The government has since cut wages twice. The average salary of a top civil servant, which stood at around CFAF 300 000 before devaluation, is now less than CFAF 180 000 while the lowest paid government employees receive just CFAF 30 000. At the same time, prices, particularly of imported manufactured goods and inputs, have risen sharply. Increases of up to 150% have been  recorded. By way of example, the price of a baguette (french bread), which was only CFAF 80 in January 1994 had risen to CFAF 130 by March 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there is considerable hardship, Cameroonians are a great deal more fortunate than fellow Africans in many other countries undergoing a similar adjustment process. Staple food remains cheap and affordable to the vast majority, thanks to the continuing strength of agriculture. As a result, there are few, if any, cases of malnutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of donors, including China, Belgium and the EC, are concentrating on health and education with the specific aim of reducing the negative social impact of adjustment. The EC, for example, has a project designed to strengthen health provision at the grassroots. This entails rehabilitating  infrastructures (health centres and district hospitals in particular) and establishing medical supply centres in areas that are not covered by other donors. The project is governed by the principle of cost-recovery to ensure viability and sustainability. But one area where the donors cannot do much is in the field of job creation. There is growing unemployment and job prospects in the formal sector, at least in the short term, are not good.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In macro-economic terms, things are locking up slightly for Cameroon. After recording economic growth of 3% in 1994/95, the hope is for a 5% increase in 1995/96. However, Cameroon's main economic operators, grouped under the umbrella of GICAM (Groupement inter-patronal du Cameroun), expressed fears late last year   that the country would not achieve this level of growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon exports a variety of primary commodities, most of whose prices have recovered in recent years, and devaluation has had a positive impact on the country's balance of trade. Specifically, it has helped make exports more competitive and in 1994/ 95 the trade surplus was a healthy CFAF 349bn, almost double the CFAF 128bn recorded in the previous year. There was a noticeable slowdown in the export of timber in the latter half of last year and the qualities of coffee and cocoa being sold were not up to the usual standard, a situation that led to both crops being shunned in the world market. Bananas exported to France were also meeting stiffer competition from French Caribbean bananas. However, the fact that rubber production has risen by more than 10%, while aluminium output and sales have increased, should help Cameroon to record another positive trade balance when the figures are next published.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The forestry sector, which has huge foreign-exchange earning and employment potential, is being rationalised as part of the current structural adjustment programme. The Canadian Agency for International Development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(CAID) has a five-year project to conserve and regenerate some 30 000 hectares. In fact, half of Cameroon is covered by forest and less than 500 000 ha is currently being exploited. The objective is to ensure that forest resources are exploited in the future at a sustainable level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The private sector&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industry, which is still in its infancy, has been developed by the government since independence largely with a view to import-substitution, although with some gearing towards the regional market. It accounts for about 14% of GDP and is currently dominated by aluminium smelting. Although devaluation has lately improved the competitiveness of those enterprises that add value to locally available raw materials, the manufacturing sector as a whole faces two major challenges now that the government has accepted the idea that the economy is best driven by the private sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first relates to private investments, which have been sluggish  over the past ten years; a clear illustration of a lack of confidence in the economy. This was amply demonstrated when Cameroonians with funds abroad failed to repatriate them to take advantage of the CFAF devaluation as was widely expected. This phenomenon puts the whole privatisation exercise in jeopardy as it means that the government is more likely to have to rely on foreign entrepreneurs. The best the authorities can therefore expect in the short term, some observers say, is to convert those state enterprises that are not already joint-ventures into ones where private investors become the majority shareholders. Complete divestment will then take place gradually over a longer timescale. Overall, 150 state enterprises have been earmarked for sale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to AndrÃ© Siaka, director of Cameroon's Brewery, who is also Chairman of GICAM, another reason for the lack of investment was high interest rates. These hovered around 20% for many years. Even now, after the reform of the banking sector, interest rates remain very high and there are no borrowers, he told The Courier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donors again have been conscious of this and some of their interventions have reflected this concern. For example, Canada is providing funds for the establishment in Douala (the commercial capital) of a centre for the development of private enterprises. Meanwhile, the Chinese have promised to provide CFAF 7bn to enable a line of credit to be opened for small and medium sized enterprises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government itself is puting in place a number of incentives, according to Minister of Trade and Industry Eloundou Mani Pierre. The liberalisation of the economy and the reform of the customs regime in collaboration with UDEAC, to which Cameroon belongs, are part of these. Mr Mani told The Courier that with a population of under 12 million, Cameroun's most important market was Central Africa. He also, perhaps surprisingly, has high hopes for the new World Trade Aareement. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon meanwhile is reviewing its plan for the establishment of export processing zones with the help of its main donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also looking at other ways of attracting foreign investment, particularly in 'value-added' enterprises involved in the processing of locally available raw materials such as cotton, cocoa, coffee and timber.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social and political peace&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second, and by far the more serious challenge facing manufacturing, is the problem of large-scale smuggling by petty traders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evidence of this abounds in the booming central market of Douala, where goods of all kinds can be found at very reasonable prices. Ironically the measures which were being taken and judged to be relatively effective against smuggling in recent years have had to be abandoned under structural adjustment rules imposed on the government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As Mr Siaka pointed out, petty traders dealing in smuggled goods put pressure on enterprises, 'because they do not pay tax', and threaten to render domestic manufacturing uncompetitive. It is also widely acknowledged, however, that the small-scale traders, who dominate the informal sector, provide job opportunities to Cameroonians, which is important at a time of economic austerity. Indeed petty trading has arguably been the safety-valve, helping to ease the social pressures brought about by structural adjustment, and thus preventing civil unrest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the extent to which that safety-valve can withstand the emerging political pressures is a different matter. Democratisation, understandably, was one of the conditions imposed by donors for assistance to Cameroon. After a series of elections - presidential, legislative and municipal - which were marred by violence and deaths, there are still doubts about the health of democracy in the country. Indeed, there are signs that tension is  mounting. And few would dispute that if Cameroon is to succeed economically, it needs both social peace and political stability. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Jacques Santer commends regional initiative</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Alex Kremer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission President's visit to West Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union's commitment to regional development in sub-Saharan Africa is as strong as ever, but sustainable development can only come from Africa's own initiative. This was the message delivered by Jacques Santer, President of the European Commission, in his address to African heads of state at the UEMOA (Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa) summit in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, on May 10.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'I wish to emphasise from the start,' Mr Santer declared to the Presidents of Benin, Burkina Faso, CÃŽte d'lvoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo, 'that the European Commission and the European Parliament are both determined to make our partnership even more dynamic and in tune with today's rapidly changing world.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The presence of the Commission President at the UEMOA summit marks a milestone in the European Community's support for regional integration in the developing world. With its own Commission, Council of Ministers and Court of Justice, the UEMOA appears to be consciously  following the supranational model of regional integration pioneered by the European Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sequencing of UEMOA integration, however, is almost the reverse of the European model. Already linked by a single currency in the CFA franc, the West African Union's member states are now pressing ahead with plans for integration of their 'real' economies. The implementation timetable agreed in Ouagadougou covers freedom of establishment, free movement of capital, mutual macroeconomic monitoring and the first steps to customs union with the harmonisation of external tariffs and the lowering or removal of intra-regional barriers to trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President Santer indicated that the European Commission is keen to discuss how the European Development Fund (EDF) can support these initiatives. Such aid could take the form of technical assistance and training as well as direct budgetary support to mitigate the short-term costs of customs union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UEMOA is not, however, an aid project. Its member states have designed it to stand on its own feet financially from the start. A 'community solidarity levy' was due to come into effect on 1 July 1996. The money will be used for a structural fund programme beginning in late 1997, as well as to finance the Union's operating costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meeting with the President of Burkina Faso, Blaise CompaorÃ©, Mr Santer said that it was particularly significant that his first official visit to Africa as President of the European&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission was to Ouagadougou. Not only was it a reaffirmation of the partnership between Africa and the EU, and a statement of the EU's willingness to support regional integration in the developing world. It was also a tribute to the determination of the people of Burkina Faso and other African countries to promote their own development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community is Burkina Faso's second largest donor, contributing 10% of total aid payments in 1994. Since 1991, the EC has committed an average of ECU 45 million each year to development cooperation with this country, rising to a peak of ECU 100m in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Santer visited the EDF-financed road improvement site at Tougan, close to the frontier with Mali, and noted that intra-regional transport links were an essential complement to the legislative programme of the UEMOA. He concluded his tour of regional cooperation projects with a visit to a photovoltaic pumping system financed by the EC under its West African solar energy programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, on a more personal note, the Commission President was able to drop in on a project managed by the charity ChrÃ©tiens pour le Sahel. Mr Santer worked for this Luxembourg-based organisation before starting his career in politics and he was visibly pleased to see that it was still going strong - supporting home-grown African initiatives with a little financial help from the European Community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.K. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA - moving with the times</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) was inaugurated 11 years ago in Ede, Prince Claus of the Netherlands - whose interest in development issues is well-known - attestded as guest of honour. On 19 April, he returned to take part in the official opening of the CTA's new building in neigh bouring Wageningen in the Dutch province of Gelderland. The siting of the purpose built premises is significant. The town of Wageningen has long been an important European centre for agricultural research and the Dutch, of course, are renowned for their commitment to cooperation with developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CTA may only have moved a short distance from its previous headquarters, but the Centre's 38-strong staff are also aware of the need to move with the times when it comes to fulfilling  their role in the field of agricultural information. This point was particularly emphasised by CTA Director, Dr. R.D. Cooke in his presentation at the opening ceremony. Recalling the Centre's main tasks (see box) Dr Cooke spoke of the 'changing horizons and challenges' which they faced, and he focused on four specific aspects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first of these is the big change taking place in national agricultural systems, with the state withdrawing more and more in favour of the private sector and NGOs. This is being accompanied by a trend towards decentralisation with the result that the CTA has many more potential partners to cater for and work with.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Global liberalisation has also had an effect on the kind of information being sought by the CTA's 'customers'. In the past, demand was almost exclusively for scientific or technical information, notably aimed at increasing productivity. Dr Cooke reported that while this remained important, there was now  an increasing interest in marketing and socio-economic aspects to facilitate decision-taking.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It came as no surprise to hear the Director highlight the challenge posed by new technologies such as electronic networking and digital storage. The key point here, he stressed, was to find ways of adapting these to ACP needs and realities. 'In the next century,' he argued, 'the haves and the heve-nots will be defined by their access to information.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, Dr Cooke referred to the growing significance of regional linkages. He indicated that the CTA was locking at ways in which it could help its partners to devise regional development programmes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The declaration signalling the official opening of the building was made in the preceding presentation by E.F.C. Niehe who is Deputy DirectorGeneral for European Cooperation at the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In his speech, Mr Niehe emphasised the relevance of the CTA, pointing out that while the world food situation had improved, 'we are now on the threshold of structural food insecurity'. He also spoke in more general terms about the future of ACP-EU cooperation and acknowledged that 'partnership, sovereignty and equality had been somewhat neglected' by donors. However, he suggested that these concepts were now 'coming back'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the ACP side, the Swaziland ambassador, CS. Mamba,who is co-President of the Committee of Ambassadors, took up the theme of food shortages in sub-Saharan Africa and identified some of the difficulties encountered by African producers, particularly in respect of new technologies and marketing. He also referred to the environmental challenges facing ACP countries, especially in the Caribbean and Pacific. He was keen, however, to stress that the picture was 'not entirely negative'. Thus, for example, new technologies and methods had had a positive impact on grain production in Zimbabwe, horticulture in Kenya, and cocoa and coffee in West Africa. Mr Mamba echoed Dr Cooke in stressing the advantages of regional markets, and concluded with a firm statement of support for continuing ACP-EU cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'History,' he said, 'will show that the LomÃ© Convention played a central role in the momentum of development.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The final speaker was Steffen Smidt, Director-General for Development at the European Commission, who suggested that the CTA had played a pioneering role in developing a sectoral  approach at a time when the focus of development cooperation tended to be on individual projects. 'The Centre', he said, 'has become a well-respected international institution in the field of agricultural information.' The Director General focused on the need for ACP countries to develop their own capacities and on the gap that exists 'between potential and reality', because of capacity limitations. The Centre, he believed, could 'help bridge this gap.' Mr Smidt also reiterated a point made earlier that the information flow should not just be in one direction. 'Information from South to North is vital,' he argued, to ensure better targeting of programmes in future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After the speeches, guests had an opportunity to learn more about the CTA's work by speaking to the Centre's personnel and visiting a special exhibition illustrating the nature and purpose of the Centre's activities. _&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer About the CTA &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CIA's tasks are: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - to develop and provide services which improve access to information for agricultural and rural development ; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - to strengthen the Opacity of ACP countries to produce, acquire, exchange and utilise information in these areas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Programmes are organised around three principal themes: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strengthening information centres - designing strategies for improving agricultural information services; - promoting use of new information technologies; - providing training; - donating books. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Promoting contact and exchange of: experience among CTA's partners in rural development - seminars; - study visits. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Providing information on demand - publication s; - radio and audiovisual materials; - literature services for researchers; - Question and answer service. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(The address of the Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural cooperation can be found in the CTA section towards the end of the white pages in   this issue.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bananas, Hamlet and the Windward IsIands</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Martin Dihm&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What do the Windward Islands' banana industry and Hamlet have in common ? Both are intrigued by the same question: 'To be or not to be.' But unlike Hamlet, whose fete was decided rather quickly and tragically, the future of Windward Canibbean banana production is still open. And what is more, Windward producers have a distinct advantage over Hamlet. They can hire consultants to analyse their problem and come up with fresh solutions. That is what has happened. But before turning to the solutions, what have the problems been ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The four Windward Islands; Dominica, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenada, have long enjoyed preferential market access to the UK. This first permitted the creation of the industry and then secured its survival, even with production costs that are much higher than those of other producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A traumatic moment came when the European Community had to decide on a common market regime for bananas. Coming into effect in mid 1993 the regime maintained the principle of preferential access for traditional ACP producers. Nevertheless, it introduced a move towards greater market liberalisation. Fierce attacks on the regime by certain of the EU's trading partners have raised doubts about its viability. The system is due, in any case, to expire in 2002 when even further liberalisation seems likely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this could cause great difficulties for the Windward Islands which still depend substantially on banana exports to the EU. A decline in prices since mid-1993 and the appearance of new competitors in the previously protected UK market have further underlined the need for the Windwards to compete in a more liberal arena. The Islands commissioned a study, funded by the UK and the EC, into the competitiveness of their industry and on ways of improving its position. It was not the first study of this type, but earlier ones had had no real impact on the industry which had always been sufficiently protected to avoid swallowing the bitter pill of adjustment. This time, it was clear from the outset that action would have to be taken if the industry were to master the new situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The study provided a wealth of interesting insights and recommendations. The first big surprise - at least for outsiders - was the discovery that the industry was wasting considerable amounts each year through certain deficiencies in governance, management and production methods. The second theme of the study was the poor banana quality resulting from an inappropriate pricing system. In effect, price differences paid to farmers were not sufficient to reward extra attention to quality aspects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The study's recommendations pertaining to management, production and quality were all agreed in a meeting on 29 September 1995, which brought together the Prime Ministers, the EC and other donors. Prime Minister Mitchell of St Vincent labelled this chance for the industry to get its business right as 'the last train to San Fernando'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What has happened since then ? After some hesitation, the industry has indeed begun to 'take up arms against its sea of troubles' (to return to the Hamlet analogy). The EC, for its part, has taken the part of Horatio, the faithful friend. Its role is a delicate one though - for the EC has a lot of money available. Take, for example, the ECU 25m allocated to St Vincent in the 1994 STABEX exercise (roughly five times that  country's national indicative programme). How are such funds to be injected reasonably into the islands without undermining their own strength and sense of purpose in pursuing the right strategy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To answer this, one has to look at the actual requirements. Streamlining the banana industry is less a question of big infrastructure projects than of providing expertise to guide the necessary structural changes. It also means fewer people will be employed in the sector. Aid should, therefore, focus on technical assistance, promoting diversification, and social 'cushioning'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge, of course, remains considerable and the outcome will not be known for some time. But it is clear that the Windwards have taken bold steps in the right direction and that further steps are on the agenda. There is also little doubt that the islands small, sweet bananas can only be competitive in their market segment if they are produced and marketed professionally, and with dedication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So what could Hamlet have learnt from this experience ? In short - get sound analysis and fresh advice from outside - and then boldly implement. And stick close to your good old friend, Horatio! &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.D.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">British beef overshadows Development Council</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most recent meeting of the EC`s Development Council was one of the first to be hit by the non-cooperation policy adopted by the UK in protest at the export ban on British beef. The Overseas Development Minister, Linda Chalker, announced at the outset to her fellow ministers: 'I will not be able to agree today to the adoption of those texts... on which unanimity is required'. Britain is seeking agreement 'for a step-by-step lifting of the export ban', which was imposed after scientific evidence suggested a link between Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) - and its human 'equivalent', Creuzfeld Jakob Disease. Cases of BSE have been recorded across Europe, but the vast majority have been in the UK.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Texts which were approved included a regulation on refugees in non-LomÃ© developing countries. This makes available ECU 240 million over a four-year period (19961999) for longer term assistance to refugees and displaced persons - mainly in Asia and Latin America. Also agreed were two three-year programmes covering Aids control and environmental projects respectively. They will cover the period 1997-1999, and each has been allocated the sum of ECU 45m. In addition, ministers confirmed a regulation on the criteria for disbursing humanitarian aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the British stance meant that a number of important resolutions were blocked, including a text on mounting projects which link emergency, rehabilitation and longer-term aid. Rino Serri, Italy's Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs who presided the Council meeting, said that once adopted, this approach would represent a 'qualitative leap for the EU's development policy.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other resolutions awaiting approval relate to the strengthening of coordination between Member States, evaluation of the environmental impact of development policies, decentralised cooperation, and migration and development. Since good headway was made on these subjects despite the British attitude, the texts are expected  to be speedily agreed once the UK lifts its veto. Ministers also had an initial discussion on a paper presented by Commissioner Pinheiro on preventing conflicts in Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As is customary at these biannual meetings, several delegations raised points of particular national concern. Belgium, for example, is worried about the Commission's proposal which would finally establish the single market in chocolate products while leaving Member States the choice of adapting their legislation to allow a vegetable oil content of up to 5% in chocolate. Belgium feels that this approach could ultimately prove harmful to cacoa-producing countries and claims that it will be difficult to control the exact percentage of oil used. Sweden, meanwhile, wants action to reform the UN institutions while Italy is keen to increase public awareness of development policies. Finland emphasised the need for better coordination between the European Community and its Member States on environmentally sustainable projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Great Lakes region&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was backing for the June Round Table meeting on Rwanda organised by the UNDP, as well for the various diplomatic initiatives aimed at bringing stability to the Great Lakes region. On 27 May, the ministers dined  with Emma Bonino, the European Commissioner responsible for humanitarian issues, and with former US President, Jimmy Carter, who has played a major role in the search to find a solution to the region's problems. Others active in this effort include South Africa's Archbishop Tutu, and former Presidents Nyerere and TourÃ© of Tanzania and Mali respectively. Ministers also commended the efforts of the UN and the OAU.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Serri said there was a 'desperate need for a ceasefire' in Burundi and called for a 'speeding up of the peace process and full deployment of available humanitarian and development aid.' He told journalists it was vital for the EU to make special efforts to strengthen the judicial systems in Rwanda and Burundi - 'so that the justice system can work properly and identify those responsible for the genocide.' He pledged that 'substantial resources' would be made available once peace is secured. Ministers also called for a control of arms sales to the region, although they have no power to legislate in this area, which remains the preserve of the Member States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside the meeting place, Senegalese fishermen and NGOs joined forces to mount a protests against the effects of traditional EU fisheries agreements. These provide financial compensation to governments in exchange for access to their waters for EU vessels, but the protesters claim that they harm local fishing industries and disrupt food supplies. A significant number of agreements are due to come up for renewal later this year. NGOs are lobbying for a new and 'fairer' type of accord which provides for catch reductions, more selective fishing methods and the employment of locally-hired fishermen on EU boats. These proposals are all set out in a paper entitled 'The Fight for Fish: Towards Fair Fisheries Agreements,' published by Eurostep, a Brussels-based NGO. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Country report</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Cape Verde</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Making the best of history</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde has been shaped by the harmattan, the hot dry wind which blows from Africa, strong ocean currents and five hundred years of Portuguese colonialisation. Portugal has been a constant presence in the archipelago's history since the fifteenth century, when it granted the colonists who were to settle on the islands of Cape Verde a monopoly over the slave trade. The country became an interface between Africa, Europe and the Americas, at the centre of the triangle of trade in slaves, hardware and gold. The intermingling of black populations of every origin who  passed through the islands meant that the country was unable to present a united face against the colonialist culture. The colonists were therefore able to impose their own culture, with their fervent and proselytzing Catholicism becoming the principal ingredientin the mixture that is Cape Verde. Strong, scorching winds from the desert have shaped the islands' landscape and inhospitable ocean currents mean that approaches to the islands are difficult, their rocky cliff faces plunging into the sea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mythical Portuguese colonial oasis&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Up to the eighteenth century, Cape Verde was no more than a commercial centre for Portugal, its population at the end of that century barely exceeding 50,000, to be halved by the great drought between 1773-75. Other periods of drought regularly decimated the population and the arrival of new colonists and slaves did not offset such losses or compensate for the massive exodus which began in the early nineteenth century with the arrival of American whalers in search of crew members for their ships. Seven hundred thousand Cape Verdians currently live abroad, half of these in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only four hundred thousand  have stayed in their own country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the beginning of the twentieth century, a period which signalled a turning point in the country's history, the population still numbered no more than 150 000. At the time, major sea voyages were being undertaken and Cape Verde's geographical location was highly valued. Mindelo, on the island of SÃ£o Vicente in the north of the archipelago, developed as a coal-and-watersupply port for English vessels plying the route between India and the Americas, and England helped construct this port. However, Portugal's policy towards Cape Verde was double-edged. On the one hand, the islands were regarded as a natural extension of the home country, but as a competitor in terms of port activities. This led to Mindelo's slow development, although the trade in  skins, fishery produce, coffee and salt  could have made it a thriving centre. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mixing of races in Cape Verde has often been held up as, so-to-speak, 'humane colonisation', but this opinion is not corroborated by the under-developed state of the country at the time of independence and the fact that Portugal implemented food security measures to combat the ravages of catastrophic famines only when under pressure from public opinion, at the end of the first half of the twentieth century. The island's colonists had always used slave labour to produce food or fabrics which enabled them to purchase more slaves and it was only when the slave based economy began to decline, which   resulted in the impoverishment of the colonists, that a major grouping of free Blacks and rebel or emancipated slaves came into being. That is when the intermixing of races began. Therefore, before the abolition of slavery (18641869-1878), the vast majority of the black population of the island was free; both unmarried and married colonists would generally emancipate their children born of a secret relationship with female slaves. The aristocracy and white upper-middle classes continued to live a cloistered, aloof life and did not mix with other races. A second factor which would suggest that Portuguese colonisation of Cape Verde was sympathetic in outlook is the reputation of this small country's intellectuals; although colonisation created only a small intellectual elite which was the product of a single institution, the Mindelo College, opened in 1917. In a quote by Michel Lesourd, Deirdre Meintel refers to this phenomenon as the mythical 'cultural oasis'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A nation born of a middle class in tatters&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through its contradictions, it was this black, mulatto and 'petty white' middle class which was to forge the mixed-race culture and national identity, caught between its own privileges and its aspirations of aristocracy, between its rejection of African culture (they sought a 'lusotropical' culture) and the need to find allies amongst the lower classes who retained African cultural values. In order to acquire the wealth and attributes of power, this middle class was to take over the lands vacated by the decline of the slavebased economy and which were often much improved by the former slaves (renamed 'tenant farmers' without a major change in their living conditions) preventing a major economic upheaval which could have put an end to this iniquitous system. Their wholesale appropriation of land explains why, today, there is a very high proportion of landless farmers in Cape Verde, seasonal agricultural workers who survive only thanks to the State's welfare system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This petty bourgeoisie was to give birth to growing awareness which would lead to calls for independence. Officially, Cape Verde was not a colony but a province, and its inhabitants in theory had the same rights or lack of rights as Portuguese citizens in Salazar's 'New State', where the right to vote depended on social and cultural status. In other Portuguese territories, members of the petty bourgeoisie held the rank of colonial administrators and, from their ranks, the pro-independence movements emerged. Such was the case of the PAIGC (Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde pro-lndependence Party), created by Amilcar Cabral, a symbolic figure in Africa's striuggles for independence and Cape Verde's national hero. He was assassinated in mysterious circumstances in Guinea-Conakry in 1973. His brother, Luiz Cabral, was to become president of Guinea-Bissau, and Aristides Pereira his successor as Party leader and Cape Verde's first president.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's uneventful transition to independence in July 1975 mirrored Portugalts Carnation Revolution and was quite unlike the fierce war entered into by Portugal in Mozambique and Angola. There was a clandestine struggle during which a number of combatants were imprisoned, but there was never any real guerilla warfare. The Portuguese governor remained at his post until he was replaced by an ambassador. The PAIGC was to govern both Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde until the coup d'Ã©tat against Luiz Cabral in Guinea-Bissau in 1980, when it adopted the name of PAICV in Cape Verde, thereby signalling the end to any dream of a union between the two countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diplomatic ventures&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new state pursued an even-handed diplomatic approach and accomplished the considerable diplomatic feat of remaining equidistant between the Cold wer's principal adversaries, adapting over time to all the changes which occurred on the world  scene. Post-independence, embassies were opened by the United States, China and the Soviet Union. Cape Verde, with its marxist leanings, maintained the former links created with apartheid South Africa by Portugal. The arrival in power of a liberal party had no effect on this diplomatic tightrope-walking act. It was South Africa which was to provide aid to build the international airport at Sal. Ironically, after the establishment of democracy in South Africa, it was at this very airport that President Mandela was to stress his desire for strengthened links with the archipelago. Latterly, Cape Verde has demonstrated this flexible in its recent decision to Join the group of, French-speaking countries whilst still regarding itself as a mouthpiece for the Portuguese-speaking world, enjoying a privileged relationship with Portugal, the Azores, Brazil and African countries where the official language is Portuguese. It is also a very active member of the CEDAO (Community of West-African States) and its President is currently chairman of the CILSS (Inter  national Commitee to Combat Drought). Cape Verde receives as much aid from China as from the US, from Russia and Sweden as from Cuba and Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This diplomacy is in keeping with the atypical 'Marxist' Party which first initiated it. With its interventionist approach to economics, its highly developed social policy which gives priority to education, health and combating unemployment through public welfare, this party could be regarded as a socialist party, yet it opted decisively for a market economy. Its single-party structure mirrored the example of would-be popular democracies, but it never set up a system of repression and terror: only one opposition member's death is said to have taken place in suspicious circumstances on the island of Santo Antao. The population was able to discuss politics at popular assemblies and held no fear of openly criticising the government and, in the case of the well-off, of displaying its wealth. A mudanÃ§a (change) was implemented calmly and collectedly by the PAICV when it was in power, sowing the seeds of its own downfall. With no pressure from street demonstrations and no insistent demands from political classes, the government of President Aristides Pereira and Prime Minister Pedro Pires adapted to the new situation created by the fall of the Berlin Wall. In early 1990, the PAICV gave up its privileged position as the single party and, one year later, at the legislative elections in January 1991 and presidential elections in February 1991, Africa witnessed the first democratic overthrow of a single-party government which had achieved independence. After the legislative elections, the PAICV, which had placed too great a reliance on being credited for its good governance, was silenced. The desire for change was too great and the position adopted by the Catholic church, anxious to punish a party which had dared to opt for a referendum on abortion, did the rest. President Aristides Pereira's personal prestige stood for little in the full face of this onslaught.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What change?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister Carlos Veiga, who had founded the MPD only eight months before his overwhelming success in the 1991 elections, became the new figurehead in Cape Verde politics. His power sharing with Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro was again successful at the most recent elections (December 1995 and January 1996). Shortly before the poll, the MPD experienced a near-fatal split, but the new party which emerged, the PCD, had only one representative as against 50 (an absolute majority) for the MPD and 21 for the PAICV, which continued to exist. Three other parties taking part in the elections fell by the wayside and the polarisation of Cape Verde's politics into two camps locks set to continue. This is the second time that the MPD has surprised its opponents - this time, the political adversaries had attacked the MPD's attempt to curry favour, but the majority of the electorate, concentrated on the island of Santiago, continued to show their appreciation of the visible signs of modernisation in their lives and also the government's seductive politics, particularly in the ran-up to the elections. The country had also had a good harvest and, although this was unconnected with the MPD, that party could only benefit from it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite what MPD leaders might say, there has been no real ideological split, any political reorientation having been instigated in 1990 by the previous regime when it threw off its socialist trappings. Diplomacy remains  pragmatic and the new government's liberal rhetoric and social policy, particularly in the areas of education and health, has essentially been maintained. Suspension of the State's collective works programme, the symbol of the State's interventionist social policy, is only temporary, according to statements issued by the Prime Minister, counter to several rumours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More visible changes have taken place in the economy: partial liberalisation of the banking system; legislation relating to foreign investment; suspension of the requirement for preliminary import authorisation; despite the government's backtracking as regards certain basic products; privatisation of State assets, particularly in the hotel business, etc. Here, too, the PAICV government engineered the changes, but it can surely not be criticised for maintaining a delicate balance between the new demands of the global village and the social practices of a country which is very poor, but which is succeeding in putting an end to its poverty and creating a modest quality of life, but a secure one. Given its bleak geographical location, Cape Verde is simply  continuing to make the best of history. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The economy: too weak to worsen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The arrival in Praia on 30 April of a throng of IMF officials cannot have failed to cause the government some concern, despite its air of calm. Ministers repeated publicly that Cape Verde had already carried out its own programme of structural adjustments, that they were on the same wavelength as the Bretton Woods institutions, and that they could not, therefore, see any reason why any further adjustments  should be imposed upon them. Nevertheless, the fact that the Cape Verde escudo has had rather a bumpy ride since last year's elections, trading sometimes by as much as 15% under its official rate on the parallel market, caused a certain degree of anxiety within financial circles, with the banks taking action by freezing certain credit facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government insists that this situation has by no means arisen because of a sudden anxiety raised by opposition parties as to the effects of possible devaluation The truth is that there is a genuine structural imbalance caused by the trade deficit, a disequilibrium which is only being partially offset by official development assistance and the transfer of currency by Cape Verde emigres. As a percentage of the GDP, the overall budgetary deficit has tripled between 1993 and 1994 (increasing from 3.3% to 13.6%). For a country which could always be relied upon to pay its debts promptly, Cape Verde is now, for the first time, in arrears with its payments (see the 1995 report of the Bank of Portugal). The servicing of external debts represents 25.7% of goods and services exported - although these are relatvely small compared with neighbouring countries - the country's total outstanding debt is now nearing $200 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although Cape Verde is one of the LDCs (least developed countries) with a total GNP of approximately $850 per capita, out of a total of 174 States, it actually ranks 123 in the Human Development Indicator Tables, which take into account various factors such as life expectancy, education, etc. Its position near the middle of these tables clearly shows that, although the country is poor, its affairs are nevertheless being managed fairly efficiently. Boasting an adult literacy rate of 66% and a life expectancy of 64.7 years, Cape Verde is well ahead of those countries at the bottom of the list, which include a number of its Sahelian neighbours. Efficient administration of the State and the absence of rampant corruption are further feathers in the nation's cap. These achievements have earned Cape Verde much esteem from its sponsors, which goes to explain the prudence of the Bretton Woods institutions and their relative sympathies towards the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unkind Mother Nature&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's history has been punctuated by great famines. Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries the country suffered no less than 30 famines, with this century seeing some of the cruellest: 16 000 people died in 1903-1904, the death toll in 1921 was 17000, in 1941-43 it was 25000 and between 1946-48 famine claimed 20 000 lives - a figure which at the time represented 20% of the total population of the archipelago. After the last famine, the colonial authorities, under pressure from international opinion, adopted food programmes which made the country more able to cope with the consequences of subsequent droughts. The last great famine ended 50 years ago. The nation may no longer be hungry, but the factors which make its inhabitants' lives so difficult remain. The  main reason lies in the country's geography. Cape Verde has virtually no permanent springs and the topography of most of the islands, which are very mountainous, means that heavy rain simply runs down to the sea, the parched soil being unable to absorb it sufficiently. What is more, these downpours simultaneously wash away the little arable land that do&quot; exist, thereby aggravating erosion. The whole situation is further worsened by the fact that the winter in this Sahelian region is very short. Despite huge efforts by successive governments, barely half the population has access to drinking water, with this figure barely reaching 25% in rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a population of less than 400 000, there are just not enough people to pull off the miracle of making such an unforgiving soil bear fruit. Hence, although providing 50% of all jobs, agriculture represents only 17% of the nation's gross domestic product and produces only 10% of food consumed locally. The mountainous islands that make up Cape Verde are like teeth jutting out of the sea, and with virtually no continental shelf to speak of, small scale fishing is extremely difficult. Even with industrial equipment such as that installed on board large trawlers, catches are small - so small in fact that the country's fisheries agreement with the European Commission brings it only one million ECU over three years, one tenth of the proportional amount earned by neighbouring Senegal. Fishing thus represents less than 4% of the GDP.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mere survival - a&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herculean task&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Transport difficulties are another handicap for the economy. The sheer force of the harmattan, the strong ocean currents and the fog which often covers the region, make journeying by boat between the islands frequently hazardous. In addition, the volcanic relief of the islands makes them difficult to reach and means that there are very few locations that make suitable har  bours. construction is both complex and costly due to the steep rocky barriers that seal off deep valleys. Those roads which have been built under the FAIMO scheme (Highly Labour-lntensive Projects) have sometimes turned into real labours of Hercules, and many areas, especially those on sparsely-populated islands, remain completely cut-off. The use of aeroplanes only partly solves the problem. Although competitive, the prices charged by the national airline, TAICV, are still too high for the average inhabitant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not only does the soil on Cape Verde contain very little water, it has virtually no natural resources: a few stones, lime, pozzolana and a little salt. Within the manufacturing sector (which makes up less than 20% of the GDP), only the construction and civil engineering industries, representing more than 10% of the GDP, contribute in any significant way to the economy, thanks partly to the transfer of currency from emigres who invest in the construction  sector and works with wide public interest. These works, known as FAIMO schemes, have to some extent given this impoverished country a gloss that masks its poverty. Launched after Cape Verde gained its independence, they employ more than 25 000 people for up to ten months of the year in the construction of paved roads or in reafforestation projects, and ensure the survival of one hundred thousand people - over one quarter of the population. The workers are on the whole recruited from among farm labourers, with another large section of the workforce being made up of 'Solteiras' or 'single women', numerous in a country where the male population is constantly emigrating. Unfortunately, the liberal option adopted by the present government has cast some doubt as to whether these projects will continue and this year, for the first time, work ceased in April - three months ahead of the usual termination date. Yet the poor wages which these seasonal jobs pay (ECU 2 per day) are sometimes the only source of income for some families.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only the tertiary sector shows a healthy balance of trade, accounting for  more than 60% of the country's gross domestic production, with the biggest slice of the sector going to the hotel industry, followed by the transport industry. Although, overall, Cape Verde's balance of trade records a large deficit, the balance of trade for the services sector generally shows a profit, with the transport services provided by the international airport, Amilcar Cabral de Sal, alone accounting for 13% of exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; Barely 10% of commercial goods are domestically produced and this has at times fallen below 5%. Cape Verde is therefore genuinely dependent upon foreign aid. Official development assistance represents 27.8% of the GNP (1989 figures), having risen from 17.7% to 27.2% of the GNP between 1980 and 1986. Cape Verde also relies on a second source of income - its emigrant population. In 1990 the currency transfers of its emigres represented nearly 20% of the GNP. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The colonial heritage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contributing too to the country's poverty are relatively low educational standards. In this area too, successive governments have continued their predecessors' efforts to improve standards of education. However, at the time the country achieved independence, it was in a deplorable state. The reputation of a small intellectual elite of Cape Verdians had, over several decades, led the world to believe that Portuguese colonial rule had been 'enlightened'. This was a mere illusion. It was not until 1917, when the Mindelo grammar school was founded, that the country was able to claim an educational establishment of any cultural sophistication. The Mindelo school was the first state school in the country and it was to provide the nation with its first batch of 'home-grown' intellectuals. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the Church, which was in charge of all matters educational, had provided basic primary education; then, at the end of the last century, it opened two secondary schools with the purpose of training students for positions in government and the civil service.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even so, the Mindelo school remained an exception until the middle of this century. In 1950, no more than 5000 children received primary education and no more than 400 went to secondary school. Thirty years earlier, the figure was slightly higher, but Salazar, with his retrograde ideologies, saw education as dangerous and threatening and trimmed the number of schools on the islands from 150 to 60. True, Cape Verde was undoubtedly in a better state than other Portuguese colonies, but, with an illiteracy rate of 80% at the beginning of the 1960s, its position was nevertheless far from enviable. It was not until independence that any real progress was made, with 60% of children attending primary school in 1989 (the average for LDCs is 54%). However, this figure is still well below the average for developing countries, which stands at 90%, and even now, only 13 % of children have access to secondary education. As for higher education, this is virtually only available abroad; in Europe, Brazil, USA and Cuba, in particular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serious health problems still exist, exacerbated in particular by the scarcity of water. The cholera epidemic which has struck several African countries over the last two years has killed over 150 people in Cape Verde. The prevalence of AIDS exceeds the average for sub-Saharan Africa, with more than 2000 people being HIV positive and with some one hundred having developed the full-blown disease. According to official figures, 70 have died of the disease. The cholera epidemic which, unlike previous epidemics has affected towns much more than rural areas, is a sign of the deterioration of sanitary conditions in towns - particularly in Praia - affected by a lack of water, a dilapidated sewerage system and overcrowding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anchoring the country's economy in its culture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet, through all the doom and gloom, a small miracle is taking place in Cape Verde. Despite such a heavy burden of poverty, the country has, since gaining independence 20 years ago, managed to clamber up the league tables notably in the essential areas of health and education. Life expectancy at birth, which was only 52 years in 1950,  had increased in 1992 to 64.7 years, better than the average for developing countries and 13 years more than the average for sub-Saharan Africa. The infant mortality rate which stood at 110 per thousand in 1960, had dropped drastically to 50 per thousand by 1992, while virtually all children now receive essential vaccinations. Malaria is also now rare. In 1988 the GDP of Cape Verde amounted to only C.V.Esc 20 billion ($289 million), in other words, 6.9% of the GDP of Trinidad and Tobago, and 16.6% of that of Mauritius. But it is growing steadily. From 1980 to 1988, it grew by 6% per annum, compared with 3% per annum for the Sahel, and since 1980 the GDP per capita has doubled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The solution the nation's leaders should be seeking is greater integration in the global economy context by encouraging foreign investment. They do not need to create free zones but free enterprise, such as the shoe manufacturing concerns which, over the last two years, have contributed to achieving a considerable increase in exports. Various steps have been taken to attract investors, such as the adoption of the principle of tacit acceptance of applications for investment within 30 days. The Prime Minister, Carlos Veiga, and the 'Super-Minister' for Economic Coordination, Antonio Guelberto do Rosario, have highlighted the service, tourism and fishing industries as top government priorities. In order to develop these areas they intend to invest in infrastructures, with the aid, of course, of foreign backers. The modernisation of the port of SÃ£o Vicente and of the international airport of Sal are currently underway, and the telecommunications project to link the islands by cable has also already been launched. The government's short-term plans also include the development of industries connected with the islands' culture. In the words of Mr Veiga: 'We in Cape Verde should develop our culture and use it as our anchor, to prevent our country drifting into oblivion. That way, our tiny country, which is fortunate enough to have a strong cultural identity, will be a Nation rather than a just a State'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.G. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with President Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A wealth of culture and a realistic approach to diplomacy: Cape Verde's two major assets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- How the current government differ from the former administration which had Marxist leanings ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The two eras are distinct from each other in that, since 1990, the Cape Verde people have been able to choose a life of freedom and democracy. Before that, for the   first fifteen years after independence, there was a single-party system. So it is also valid to speak of a break - a break with the way in which institutions used to function at a political level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The single-party era does not seem to have been as strict as in other countries and the current regime appears to be continuing along the same lines in some areas. Was the former administration not, to some extent, responsible for initiating the change which has taken place ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No, that's something else entirely. I often say that we had a civilised single party, and I assume that is what you are referring to. However, it is not possible to speak of continuity when formerly we had a single party and now we have moved on to a system where there is freedom of expression and new parties can be set up. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Admittedly, the single party did initiate a change when it created the conditions necessary for the advent of democracy. It removed the infamous Article 4 from the constitution, which seates that the PAICV was the guiding force of society and the state. In fact, it was the PAICV which drew up the country's first electoral laws whereby we were elected. When I say 'we', I mean the party which is in power and also myself, President of the Republic. The single party thus opened the way to  democracy here: that much is undeniable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Am I also right in thinking that many of those who are in power today received their training in that single party ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - You are quite correct. When a change such as this comes about, one has to appreciate, and I do not wish to be elitist here, that it is the higher echelons of a party which lead the move towards change. Such people were there, working in the administration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Since politics gives direction to economic affairs, has there been a total turnaround in this sector, with a clear decision to opt for liberalisation and privatisation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Before 1990, we had a staterun economy. After that, the country's economy was opened up with a number of privatisations, fewer import restrictions, and so on. The word 'break' is also applicable in this area in that we now have a market economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Do you feel that the economy has really shaken off state control given that the govemment still manages important sectors, such as the price of raw materials ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That is necessary a market economy does not mean that the state is entirely absent. I am in favour of a market economy, but with state monitoring. As far as possible, the state has to correct the injustices which are necessarily generated by competition. This is not, as some would have it, ultraliberalism. The government is still entitled to monitor the economy, but the change has been greatest in terms of attitude, in terms of the way things are done.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Do you, like many leaders of developing countries, believe that the requirements set by international institutions as regards structure/ adjustment are too great ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We are not subject to compulsory adjustment - it is on a voluntary basis here. However, I do feel that adjustment, as implemented in Africa, sometimes has regrettable aspects. On occasion, it is asking a little too much to impose the same requirements on countries whose actual situations are very different. What is applicable to Nigeria is not necessarily suitable for SÃ£o Tome.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The 1992 constitution switched Cape Verde over from a presidential system to a parliamentary system. As President of the Republic, do you fee/ trapped by this constitution ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Cape Verde's constitution was never a presidential one. The system under which I was elected is effectively 'semi-presidential'. Admittedly, the constitution which was approved by Parliament in 1992 reduced the powers of the &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President, particularly as regards the right to dissolve Parliament - which was unrestricted in the 1980 text. The revision was made to permit democratisation and ensure the proper functioning of the institutions, and it was therefore fairly wide-ranging. Now, in order to dissolve Parliament, the President has to have the support of the Council of the Republic, which means that his hands are tied to some extent. Previously, the President could also dismiss the government, without too many restrictions. I would say that the President's prerogatives have undergone a substantial reduction in comparison with those exceptional powers. As for the rest, things are as they were. In a semi-presidential regime as that envisaged by the 1980 constitution, the President has no executive role.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You seem to have chosen to play the role of 'wise man' Some observers think you give the Prime Minister too much leeway.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - They are wrong. The Prime Minister's post is conferred on him by the constitution. He is Head of Government and it is he who governs. I cannot govern in his place. What is true is that there is a great deal of ignorance - people do not restrict themselves to their own fields and attempt to teach lessons in subjects they are unfamiliar with. Germany has a parliamentary  regime like we do - what is the position of the President of the Republic in Germany? If you were to ask a Cape Verde intellectual for the name of the President of Germany, he would be unable to answer you. The parliamentary regime does not give the President of the Republic any powers to run the country. I do not know what the Prime Minister can have taken away from me because I have no power for him to take over. However, I would say that, here, the President of the Republic does have a fairly high profile, in spite of his reduced powers, because all the country's citizens know him. In terms of foreign policy, he plays a significant role in that he represents the country abroad. I attend international conferences like the Rio Summit, go to meetings of the OAU and sign international undertakings on behalf of my country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The President is also the guarantor of the new democracy, which observers seem to regard as well-established. But there still seem to be some bad habits. For instance, I have heard criticism of MPD power and of the fact that state  resources are made available to one party at election time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Look, this is criticism from the government's opponents - it is a normal state of affairs and happens everywhere. Any party, in any country, which has a parliamentary majority, can govern easily. This is possible, even when the majority is very small - and even in Europe. Look at Portugal when Cavaquo Silva was Prime Minister. There were people who said it was a PSD State. You will be familiar with France when Pompidou and even de Gaulle were in power, and Francis Mitterrand used to speak of a Gaullist state. As far as the election campaign is concerned, I am not aware of the government here having monopolised state resources and I don't believe this has happened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Another important factor involved in democracy is the press. Several journalists from the private media sector are awaiting a decision from you on a number of points - for example the lack of pubic support for the private press - in contrast to thestate-run press which has access to all that it needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - What decision are they waiting for ? Do they want me to decide in favour of resourcess being given to the private media ? I have already done that on a number of occasions. Recently, I had a meeting with the Prime Minister and I brought this matter up. He told me that it was something that was currently being considered. Sometimes, however, I get the impression that some of my critics want me to do the work of an opposition leader and to oppose the Government. That is not my job. I think that the President of the Republic, in a regime such as ours, ought to be a unifying force and not someone who foments political tension and instability. That is something I have always tried to avoid, but I do have sufficient courage to tell the government and the Prime Minister exactly what I think and I have actually dared to criticise them publicly several times. I am sole judge of the criticism I make, and I decide if it is appropriate and also when the time is right. Sometimes, people would have   me criticise the government according to a timetable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A number of journalists in the private sector are currently being prosecuted and these actions nearly all originate from sources close to the government Surely if they were actually acting unprofessionally, we would see legal actions from parts of society, such as business, and not just from the political class.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The reason for this is very simple. It is the political class that they vilify. I myself have been insulted on a number of occasions and, despite having put up with it for five years, I have not instigated any lawsuits. There was one case which was taken seriously by the Attorney General's office and there  were other cases when the Prime Minister was called a thief. I would ask you, is this a normal state of affairs ? Does freedom of the press mean that it can call a Minister or the Mayor of Praia a thief? Is that what is meant by democracy ? You have to be aware of the background to these court cases - and there are a good many of them, some dating from 1991. They are not designed to 'get at' any particular newspaper. The reason many of these cases have been brought is because serious insults of the kind we are talking about are a crime. That is true of even the most advanced democracies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In economic terms, Cape Verde does not appear too badly off. But some economic indicators do give rise to concern, notably the big gap between the export and import figures. How do you see your country's future when it no longer relies so much on international aid ? Do you believe in the dream of many of your fellow countrymen, that Cape Verde will be Africa's 'little dragon'?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Unlike some people, I have never spoken of becoming a dragon. I don't like this expression. I do believe that, despite our enormous problems - Cape Verde has few resources and we have been in the grip of drought for many years - it does have a number of assets. We are capable of making progress and I believe that there are a number of promising areas which have already been identified: for example, fisheries, tourism and even 'foreign' investment. We have to be optimistic about Cape Verde's future. We are in a difficult situation, everyone knows that, but we are a hard-working and courageous people and our prospects are good. The country will be able to forge ahead.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-On the diplomatic front, Cape Verde appears something of an expert at maintaining good relations with different regimes: for instance, with both Israel and the Arab countries, with China, and with South Africa before and after apartheid. How do you manage this ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - There is no magic formula. Since independence, Cape Verde has tried to adopt a realistic and pragmatic foreign policy. We are a small country with no great influence on the international scene and we have to be on good terms with everyone. That is the principle on which we base our foreign policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau used to be fairly close - do you foresee any future rapprochement, perhaps in some form of federation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is difficult to say. I feel that there is already a degree of rapprochement in progress, particularly in economic terms. Recently, we signed a civil aviation cooperation agreement, and there are opportunities for similar achievements in the fisheries and shipping sectors as well. Relations between the Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau governments are excellent but, to my mind, the idea of our forming a federation is out of date. It would not be in our interests nor in those of Guinea Bissau. We do, however, intend to develop a closer economic relationship and our political relations are very good indeed. I would wager that our partners in Guinea Bissau would give you a similar analysis of the situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-In cultural terms, can it be said that your country has succeeded in becoming a multi-ethnic state ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The important thing is that the Cape Verde people should have their own identity; that there should be a specific Cape Verde culture. What I would say is that all the citizens of Cape Verde are proud of their culture and citizenship. This constitutes a great source of strength for a country such as ours which has major challenges to overcome. Our culture is also an asset in our country's development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview with Aristides Lima, leader of the Opposition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'The government owes its victory to abuse of the electoral system'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· As main leader of the Opposition, what are your views on the fact that the governing party has recently been reelected ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I believe the country's economy is in crisis. Growth rates are not very high, just like in the 1980s, for example, and there is a high level of structural imbalance. Unemployment has increased: in 1990, unemployment stood at approximately 25% and now it is 30%. There used to be 25 000 people who worked in what we call the high intensity labour sector and who had a job for about 10 months of the year. They were recently laid off early. Such jobs were part of a social programme which, amongst other things, enabled us to build roads. The prices of staple products, such as sugar, maize and rice, which were stable, have just gone up, and the price of cement, which was also controlled to promote economic growth, is no longer subject to the same control and I can foresee this giving rise to many problems in areas outside the towns and cities. In Praia, a 50-kg bag of cement used to cost 440 escudos and, although that price will stay more or less the same, on islands like Fogo, it will go up to about 660 escudos. This will generate problems for economic growth and a number of major projects in the tourism sector, for example, will suffer. The balance between exports and imports has also been adversely affected in that the level of coverage of imports by exports has fallen, despite announcements to the contrary made by the government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· From 1993 to 1995, exports tripled in volume, if the government is to be believed. What are your thoughts on that ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The problem is that, in this country, some exports rely on the import of considerable amounts of raw materials. For example, in SÃ£o Vicente, there is a shoe-manufacturing plant which gets its supplies of raw materials from abroad. The same applies to fishing and a number of fisheries products, such as anchovies, which are still canned in SÃ£o Vicente but which have to be imported from Chile or elsewhere. This causes great problems when it comes to managing the country's foreign currency reserves, which have fallen markedly. In 1990, reserves provided over 6 months' coverage for imports, but now we have to operate in terms of weeks or even days.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nevertheless, the government could say that it is not responsible for the economic picture you have just painted because the world economic situation is hitting all small countries harder.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No, the government is responsible, because it has been unable to implement the appropriate liberalization policy. For example, this should have been applied gradually to the trade sector, but the government rushed in and has now had to backtrack on goods which needed import authorization. What happened was that it lifted this authorization requirement but has now  had to bring it in once again. And another thing, the policy of liberalization has not been accompanied by very high levels of foreign investment and, in addition, the country's skilled workers feel marginalised, all of which goes to make the situation worse. As for structural adjustment, the government has always supported the idea of 'less State equals a better State', but, in practice, we have seen spending on the State's everyday activities go up and up. Civil service staff levels have now risen to about 12 000, compared with the former 10 000. However, increased spending is also a result of a not always equitable wages policy - the difference between the highest and lowest salaries is huge and, in some public bodies, one worker might be earning 15 times as much as another.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· According to the Minister for Economic Coordination, the currency is under pressure as a result of the Opposition's irresponsible scare tactics of announcing a future devaluation, leading to the stock-piling of currency and goods, a kind of artificial speculation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's a very good way of offloading one's responsibilities - the Opposition did no more than criticise the government's policy and point to the   facts of the situation. It was members of the government themselves who acknowledged the low levels of currency reserves and the State bank which suspended transfers abroad. The Minister would have people believe that the Opposition lacks any credibility so how could this same Opposition have any influence on peoples' behaviour? The problem is actually extremely basic: economic operators, society and foreigners are not really au fait with the country's real economic situation because the government does not issue information, which is one of our basic criticisms. Parliamentary representatives and political parties no longer receive the figures they need and the latter are sometimes forced to consult foreign sources or to rely on their personal links with people who are close to sources of information. I myself criticised the Prime Minister for adopting this attitude of regarding information as subversive. I asked the Prime Minister for a copy of the study on Cape Verde's economy by a Portuguese professor, which had been paid for with tax payers' money. I never received it. For our part, we hope that Cape Verde's partners will be able to recognise the true situation and persuade the government to act in a more equitable manner.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Nonetheless the people cannot be too disappointed, because they reelected the government for another term.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That could be explained in many ways - the government controls information and therefore holds the reins of power. It controls television, radio, part of the print media, and the private-press sector is fairly weak, so it has been able to manipulate information and give people the idea that the country is on the right track. The government did do things to change peoples' lives, but it exaggerated its achievements using the State social communication means available to it. In fact, it did not achieve the major objectives it set itself: firstly its fight against unemployment - a failure. Balancing foreign economic relations - another failure. Balancing the domestic  economic situation: differences between our various islands have become more acute. In matters of health, Cape Verde made major advances when our party was in power and, although, to all intents and purposes, the health sector is just as good when compared with other African countries, it has, in fact, deteriorated. Diseases which had been eradicated from the country are returning, like malaria, for example, cholera, etc. Health services are concentrated in the capital city, Praia, and there is no decentralisation, which has negative effects on even links between carers and patients. Humanism shows the effects of a situation such as this, and it applies not only to health: there is an unfair distribution of State financial resources between the central government and local government. The State has been unable to reform local finances and has politicised transfers of funds to those districts which are closest to it. The government has also profited from the structural problems encountered in the working of our democracy. One of these structural problems is Parliament's weakness: it sits only three times a year and the representatives do not work full-time - they are sometimes employed by the administration which they are supposed to monitor. Democracy has a price and although savings can be made in other spheres, when one is  seeking good governance, one of the conditions for which is a strong, functional and effective Parliament, this is not possible. The weakness of the private-press sector is yet another problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-And are you continuing to work in the administration ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I am a 'full-time' parliamentary representative. There are now about 10 out of 79 representatives who work on a full-time basis. They are members of Parliament's office, chairmen of committees and parliamentary leaders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The government says that it inherited a serious state of affairs when it took over power from the PAICV.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is simply not true that the good life began with this government's accession to power. Here's a little history lesson: think back to colonial times. Admittedly, there were negative aspects to our time in power but you must remember that the PAICV did, in fact, leave in place the subjective.  physical basis for the new policy direction. When we achieved independence, Cape Verde had no ports or airports, apart from small-scale port facilities at SÃ£o Vicente. We built the port at Praia, the port at Sal, the port at SÃ£o Nicolau and a number of airports. The telecommunications system was also set up by the PAICV government and we implemented the initial educational reforms. In the 1980s, the GDP growth rate was 7%and the per capita income was one of the highest in Africa, more than $820.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The party in power describes the PAICV as marxist and non-democratic claiming that it was they, not the PAICV, who introduced democracy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That is nothing more than rhetoric, because all of the current governing party's members were in the PAICV - they were radicals, more marxist than anyone. Everyone knows that here, in Cape Verde, we had a pragmatic party, not a marxist party, although marxism was a source of ideas for many people. The idea was not to build socialism here. In those days, we had an open, not a centralised economy and all trade was private. We always had a market economy and to describe us as non-democratic is idle rhetoric. The PAICV's ideology has always been one of national liberation based on political and economic independence, with power vested in the people. This was a normal state of affairs during a national liberation struggle and, although it would be true to say that we were influenced by a certain single-party model which had gained widespread acceptance in Africa, the single party here could not be compared with any other. Both the PAIGC and later the PAICV attempted to force people into taking part in citizens' assemblies in order to put forward suggestions to the candidates. The current Prime Minister, Mr Veiga, for example, was put forward by a militants' assembly - he was on the PAICV's lists and they used to sit one beside the other on the benches in Parliament. The regime was, I suppose, slightly paternalistic but it was the people themselves who were really responsible for national liberation, it was they who had an idea of justice, patriotism, of being African, which explains the total commitment of Cape Verde's people to our party in the struggle for independence and also the good results we achieved when in power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Why, then, were you not re-elected ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The party had been in power for a long time, with the same president, the same prime minister, the same president of the national assembly and virtually all the same ministers. People were hungry for change because the ruling elite had been in place for so long. The international scene, also, did not favour the old single-party system. Another element, too, was the Church, which fought us over the question of abortion. Perhaps I should point out that, from the very beginning, a section of the Catholic church was not in favour of independence, but younger members of the clergy, with more sympathetic feelings towards the population, supported us and, thus, we changed peoples' attitudes. The Church in Africa is a phenomenon worthy of greater analysis, particularly in Cape Verde, where, I feel, the current government was able to take advantage of the Cape Verde peoples) essentially religious nature to criticise us and present us as an anticlerical party. In fact, the situation is quite different: most PAICV leaders and militants are Roman Catholics and some church&quot; were damaged by opponents in an attempt to discredit the party. Another example of abuse of the electoral system, apart from taking advantage of the peoples' religious nature, is the country's poverty. During election campaigns, the government make it easier for people to obtain food, and it also creates more jobs, en masse, but these disappear again after the elections - precisely as is happening at the moment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· As it is governed at the moment, Cape Verde is regarded by other countries as a 'star pupil'. Surely this is another success for the government ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Cape Verde has always been regarded as a star pupil because, here, our society is fairly homogeneous and there are no major social or ethnic imbalances. However, in my opinion, the future depends on changes at a structural level and such changes cannot take place unless we have a functioning parliament and a strong private press. I cannot deny that the government has had some successes, but I also believe that the people will have an opportunity to judge how it keeps its promises.  interview by Hegei Gouger&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A portrait of towns and cities with atmosphere</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It suffices for an unruly little bird to escape&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For, suddenly, Fire to spark, Night to dissolve&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The walls of every prison to cave in&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the tidal-wave battering&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amassed, in its untamed heart,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By a tiny breathless bird.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Mario Fonseca in 'La Mer a tous les coupe')&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most cities in the Third World devote all their energy to mere survival and there are few imbued with the same atmosphere as Mindelo - the very air  appears to brim over with art and good taste, beauty and sensuality. Our guide to the city speaks slowly, measuring his words, his delivery not an indication that he is searching for a translation, although it could be interpreted as an affectation, but matching the modulation of the language which is closest to his heart: 'I believe the air in this city is imbued with hedonism. Here, we mix work and pleasure - today is a holiday, but I am working. However, my day is not so rigidly timetabled that I cannot do some work and, since you have invited me out for a drink, take some time off to accept'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antonio Firmino, director of the Craft Centre, continues to tell us about his favourite city in the same steady language, a dreamy look in his eyes and wearing a Che Guevara-style beret. The tale he tells is the story of a tiny country which has fallen in love with culture: the actual building housing the Craft Centre used to be a school, the 'Mindelo Technical College', founded in 1917, the first secular educational institution. It was to transform the city into a cultural haven. The story goes that a certain senator named Vera Cruz, who represented the island of SÃ£o Vicente in the Portuguese Senate, wanted to establish Cape Verde's first college. His peers objected, arguing that Mindelo had no building worthy of housing an institution of such a high standing but&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vera Cruz straight away replied: 'So, why not use mine?'. Thus, he casually handed over his private residence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Art even in the fish market&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How many inhabitants are there in Mindelo? According to Antonio Firmino, 'Just me and my friends'. How right he is. It would be impossible not to become part of such a captivating place. And so a long journey began, which included the creation of Claridade, a review (and cultural movement) established in 1938 by Balthasar Lopes, a writer and essayist of world renown who was born in SÃ£o Nicolau but taught in Mindelo, and other great artists who were to make up the country's literary and artistic roll of honour. Claridade was to be followed by Certeza which was also to influence the cultural elite. Although historians and other commentators feel that Claridade did no more than praise Cape Verde's 'latinity', rejecting its African side, artists are unanimous in regarding it as the cradle of Cape Verdian intellectual culture and the soil which was to nurture Mindelo and make it such an extraordinary little town. The impression is that everyone here is interested in art - the local authorities encourage and help sculptors in their creative activities all over the town, making it a living museum: here, there is a painting by Antonio ConceiÃ§Ã€o and, over there, a huge flat sculpture of couples in languorous embraces, by Ro and Anildo, an illustration of the marvellous hedonism evoked by our host.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The same assured but delicate touch of these two artists can be seen in the lobby of Fishpackers, an anchovy- and tunapacking company, this time in the form of a celebration of fishermen. One of the finest examples of this type of art, which can be seen everywhere in the streets and public places, is the sequence of four huge decorative-tile frescoes in the fish market. When Bela Duarte showed them to us, it was such a delight to see how much at ease this famous artist was in the company of the staliholders, to whom both she and her work seemed so familiar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over and above this hedonistic atmosphere, there is, in Mindelo, an eclecticism which can be detected just as widely in other towns and cities, which means that you can talk about painting with the President of the Republic, dancing with a factory manager and decorative tiles with the man in the street. And the latter is literally 'in the street' - the inhabitants of SÃ£o Vicente, the capital, derive immense pleasure from strolling in its squares and narrow streets, and around the port. A little stall, looking like a sugar loaf in the middle of one of the city's many squares, opposite a grand hotel, opens up in the early evening just like a flower, attracting hundreds of people to it who come to quench their thirst, to converse or woo, and to dance to the music escaping from the terrace of the Porto Grande Hotel, which has just reopened after being privatised and modernised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is as if a dress ball were taking place on two different levels, one in front of the other, dancing to the same music and with equal pleasure: above, in an enormous gallery open to the sky, elegant guests (who include a small gathering of government officials and pretty Brazilian actresses who are here to film television soaps) and, down in the square, the dancing promenaders, full of admiration, almost stimulating those above.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verdian nights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like all the island's intellectuals, Antonio Firmino has a number of different jobs. In addition to running the &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Craft Centre, he teaches 'nautical' English to would-be sailors, is an amateur painter and musician (he plays and composes for his wife, who is a singer). His spare time is devoted to writing a column. The Craft Centre exhibits, amongst other things, a large number of tapestries, an art form much prized in Cape Verde. These admirable examples are by JuÃ€n Fortes, Juamo Pento, and a good many others, in particular Bela Duarte, TchalÃª Figueira, Lucia Queiros and Miguel Figueira, Mindelo's top artistic foursome who appear to be  involved in everything, including the frescoes at the fish market. Bela, who showed us her studio, her house and the fish market, does not conceal the joy she derives from colour and allusion in her pictures, tapestries or decorative tiles, ranging from the most distant abstraction to an anecdotal figuration, using her native land with its doleful nuances, soft cries and romantic strength as raw  material. Above all, there is convivial artistic writing: 'Resistencia', which is at first sight a tapestry and then a patchwork of colour and sinuous lines. Scarcely has the artist begun to explain her work than everything becomes clear: this is a story, in threads and colours, about drought, representing roots, energy, space and struggle, all part of the Cape Verdian soul. She is also paying homage to those weavers of traditional African loincloth (badiu) from Cape Verde from whom today's artists inherited their technique.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So, where to meet Antonio's friends? To find them, look no further than the Cape Verdian nights (noite caboverdiana), those gatherings which take place everywhere and resemble both a nightclub and an artistic association, all those present sharing a fondness for Cape Verde mingled with nostalgia and yearning. One such place is the Piano Bar, which was closed on account of the departure of its owner Chico Serra, another notable in local society, who was accompanying a friend, CÃ©saria Evora, in her attempt to conquer new lands. Mission accomplished, Chico Serra is back and will soon be open for business again, his club's atmosphere just as intimate and warm as before - just enough room for his piano, his musician friends and others who come to sample grog and music.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa nonetheless&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mario Fonseca also adores Mindelo but he would not agree that that wind-blown city has a monopoly on art and culture. He is from an island in the lee of the wind, from Praia, capital of the island of Santiago and of the country. In his opinion, it is the whole of Cape Verde which is bubbling with creativity and he will enchant you with his tales of Praia and its old colonial district, the 'Plateau', which still retains much of the nostalgic character to be seen in the now yellowing photographs taken 50 years ago when the city was not so sprawling and the ambience of Sucupira market was almost tangible. He will also tell you everything about the island of Santiago, with Cidade Velha, the ancient capital  which was too difficult to defend against repeated pirate attacks. It bowed to Praia's supremacy and, today, has an old-fashioned feeling, nestling within a cove around the ruins of its castle, and dominated by the fort which perches above a cliff face. The architecture owes much of its charm to the predominant Creole style which is vaguely reminiscent of Portugal, in every pastel shade. Cidade Velha's central square is caressed by a gentle breeze and groups of young people can always be seen lazing around the monument to the slaves. Time seems to stand still. The pretty little white church whose walls are decorated with sheaves of bougainvillaea, Santa Maria do Rosario, is the oldest on the island and, indeed, along the entire West African coast. It was built in 1460 and the white marble paving in the central nave conceals the final resting place of grandees from colonial times, their epitaphs erased over five hundred years by the soles and knees of penitents.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The director of the INAC (National Cultural Institute), responsible for Praia National Museum (which is soon to open its doors), is Mario Alberto de Almeida Fonseca, who once taught French in Portugal; he is a former administrator who has worked in Mauritania and Turkey, a translator and also a former regional manager of the national airline. In addition he is a poet whose works have been translated into several languages, including Serbo-Croat and Russian. Above all, he is an amateur connoisseur of the art and artists of his country. As the INAC's director, he is responsible for cultural events, exhibitions, shows, publishing and also the compilation of an oral record of the country's history and the preparation of  a Creole dictionary. The INAC's work also involves a major history of Cape Verde, the first volume of which has already been published. He will show you the future National Museum's collection, moving from one painting to another, from an old photograph to an antique cimboa, a type of locally-manufactured violin from the 1 9th century, or to an old Massachusetts galleon, testament to the past explorations of his people. You will first of all discover the works of artists from Praia such as Mito and Kiki Lima, not on account of Fonseca's chauvinism but because he feels he has to 'convert' the visitor who may have left Mindelo with the impression that that city is Cape Verde's premier cultural centre. There is also the music from the island of Santiago - the funana, the batuque, the finaÃ§o - all more African than the languid style so influenced by the Portuguese fado of this island's musical groups (FinaÃ§on, Bulimundo, Tuvaroes, KodÃ© di Dona or the great traditional style singer Nha Inacia Gomes). Gomes is a 'women of the people' whose musical heritage consists of no more than local tradition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was she who 'reinvented' jazz and whom Alberto Fonseca admires a great deal. Cesaria Evora, moreover, is not the first musician to publicise Cape Verdian music abroad: FinaÃ§on or KodÃ© di Dona, for example, have captivated many music-lovers, particularly musicians, in Europe and America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Chamber and the stage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Daniel Brito is not from Mindelo either. He is from Sal but confesses to having to pay regular visits to Mindelo, to immerse himself in that city's hedonistic atmosphere. For three years he has been director of the National Cinematographic Institute which was established in 1967 and is currently exhibiting newfound dynamism on account of the 'production tax' (4% of the filming budget, paid to the Institute and generally converted into a holding, which the State supplements to make the sum up to slightly more than 10% in co-productions). There is also an agreement with Portugal which encourages co-productions between the two countries, thereby enabling Cape Verdian technicians to receive their training. Brito is working on a local video-film-production project (TV viewers are very fond of such things) and wants to set up a major production centre to be made available to lusophone African countries and, perhaps, others. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Daniel Spencer Brito is also Sal's parliamentary representative (10 000 inhabitants), musician, writer/composer and guitarist in his own group, Madrugada. His talents include the composition of morna and coladeira pieces, as well as jazz-rock. At the end of May, the MP was due to appear in his own production at the Cirque d'Hiver in Paris, as part of the lusophone music festival. You could say that he divides his time between the Institute, the Chamber and the stage; however, he is also involved in research into copyright protection in Cape Verde. Daniel (it would never occur to you to call him anything else, even five minutes after making his acquaintance) always gives the same advice to anyone wishing to discover Cape Verde, namely to get to know the atmosphere of a tocatinha, spontaneous jam sessions which take place at one location or another, usually even more intimate than the 'Cape Verdian nights'. By the way, I almost forgot - by training, Brito is a vet, having studied in Romania. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Cape Verd-EU Cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sponsors are delighted at the full use of aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's physical characteristics - its small size, the fact that its territory is scattered over a number of islands and islets, its Sahelian climate (continually rendering it vulnerable to drought), the arid nature of the soil and its low population (under five hundred  thousand inhabitants) - might explain its high levels of poverty and mean that, in order to survive and develop, it requires considerable amounts of foreign aid. However, it is the effort made by this small country to stabilise its economy and to gain maximum profit from foreign aid which has attracted special attention from sponsors. Last year the European Commission decided to increase its contribution to Cape Verde's National Indicative Programme, within the framework of the LomÃ© Convention (tome IV, first protocol 199-95, seventh EDF) by 7%, i.e. an extra ECU 1.7 million. Cape Verde had already put virtually all the ECU 23 million allocated to it to good use, an indication of the government's desire to use the aid granted to the full.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When realism is a luxury&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is difficult to imagine an island inhabited by 160 000 people - the island of SÃ£o Vicente, where the country's second largest city, Mindelo, with its population of 70 000, is located - having no source of drinking water. In former times, water was shipped in from the neighbouring island of Santo Antao, but Mindelo now has a number of seawater desalination plants, most of these provided by Israel, which meet 100% of its supply needs. The supply of both water and electricity is managed by&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Electra, a publicly-owned company, which, within the framework of the EDF (European Development Fund), has received European Commission aid to increase its electricity-generating capacity. It has set up three wind pumps, of Danish manufacture, which alone supply 13% of the island's non-industrial requirements. Elsewhere, such solutions as sea-water desalination and wind pumps might appear to be unrealistic but, for 160 000 people with no indigenous supply, realism is sometimes a luxury.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the island of Santiago, which is home to Praia, the capital city, does have some natural water sources, these are far from sufficient for its needs. One of the projects recently financed by the European Union concerned improvements to water-distribution systems, water purity and rainwater drainage. Amongst other things, this work involves the recycling of waste water which the island cannot afford to let drain away. Cape Verde's Achilles' heel is definitely its lack of water, its strong point unquestionably the dynamic outlook of its population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has an office on Cape Verde where the work done at Praia (water distribution and purity, support for poorer districts of the capital threatened with overpopulation) is regarded as symbolic of the EU's desire to take account of both weaknesses and strengths and represents the overall intention behind Community aid to this country. Generally speaking, such aid is geared towards infrastructures (water and electricity production and distribution, urban development) on the one hand and education and health on the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Praia's historic old town, the 'Plateau', with its wealth of fine colonial and neo-classical architecture, risks losing many of its buildings which have been abandoned by their owners who lack the means to maintain them. Community aid has also been provided to help save this part of the country's heritage. Funds are insufficient to finance a complete restoration of the 'Plateau', but, following the example of the Cape Verde government, which has maintained administrative buildings in good condition, the Commission will probably assume responsibility for renovation of a superb nineteenth-century building, the 'Case Cor-de-Rosa'. The purpose of this project is two-fold; not only will the building be restored, but also it will become the core of a more general project to train professionals in building techniques and restoration and it will serve as an example to motivate future purchasers, institutions, businesses and individuals to preserve the historic old town.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Community has also funded a study into the preservation of the capital's historic old town, which has been used as a basis by Praia Town Council. A project is currently underway, costing 1 million ECU, to restore an islet. The principal aim of this project is to train Cape Verdian technicians. Other work in the field of training has induded the building of the Praia Technical College. The next phase of this project, worth almost ECU 1 million, will fund the supply of equipment and teacher training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Still within the context of the overall project to develop Praia city, an EDF programme worth ECU 1.3 million has been created for the development of a designated area as an industrial site. A rural electrification project in the area around Praia was, at the end of 1995, granted a budget of ECU 1.5 million and will benefit a population of 7500 people living in the three most densely populated rural centres on the island of Santiago. The technical side of the works will be entrusted to Electra, with the private sector being responsible for supplying equipment and monitoring the works. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's 'essence' as a resource&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cape Verde's leaders regularly point to the richness, which they term the 'essence', of Cape Verde, contrasting this with the fact that their country is so poor. Indeed, despite limited resources, this country devotes a great deal of energy and ingenuity to 'cultivating' its culture. Two projects, financed within the framework of the National Indicative Programme and amounting to ECU 500 000, concern two feature-length films and will play a part in lessening the island's isolation by publicising its culture and people abroad. The first film, made during 1995 and entitled 'llhÃ©u de Contenda', is the first fiction-based feature film to be made in Cape Verde and is the work of Leao Lopes, a director who has drawn his inspiration from the work of another Cape Verdian citizen, Teixeira de Sousa, and which centres on the history of Cape Verde and the birth of its national identity. The EDF contribution (approximately ECU 250 thousand) amounts to 14% of the total production cost. The film is currently being shown in a number of European countries. Virtually the same amount of  money has been set aside to fund another production, this time by a Portuguese director, Francisco Manso, based on a novel by a Cape Verdian author, Germano de Almeida, and entitled 'O Testamento do Sr. Napuceno', which was being filmed on the island of SÃ£o Vicente at the time of our visit. 50% of the finance for this film comes from Portuguese producers, the other co-producers being French and Belgian.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Others EDF projects recently completed or being completed include one for improving roads on the islands of Santiago, SÃ£o Nicolau and Maio (ECU 3 million) and a micro-project programme (ECU 1 million). In addition to funds from the EDF, Cape Verde has received further finance under the LomÃ© Convention, including ECU 700 000 within the context of the Stabex transfer schemes to offset loses in the banana-production sector during 1994.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Design a micro climate&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Extemal food aid is essential in a country which cannot meet its own requirements and the Commission's most recent food-aid-budget contribution amounted to nearly ECU 2 million. Other special budget lines include funds provided under 'Human Rights and Democratisation in Developing Countries'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To an attentive foreign visitor, one of Cape Verde's most interesting achievements is the progress it has made in reforesting such an infertile soil. One of these reforested areas, covering 5000 hectares (1990-94) forms the basis of a regional project to disseminate knowhow accumulated in this sphere in Cape Verde. Training course. have enabled technicians and others involved in the reformtation of the Sahel countries to gain experience in methods which have proved succesful here. The production and distribution of teaching tools (books, posters, films, etc.) supplement the project. Since independence, Cape Verde has achieved a tenfold increase in the amount of land which is forested - admittedly there was little to start with, but since climatic conditions are so hostile this result can be regarded as a major accomplishment. There is even a hope that a micro-climate might form. On the island of Santiago, in some of these new green areas, wild duck which had long since disappeared have returned. It is nice to dream but the country cannot afford to rest on its laurels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 4 033 km2 Population: 390 000 (1990) Population density: 97 per km2 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population growth rate: 2.8 % (forecast for the period 19922000) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Praia (pop. 75 000)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other main town: Mindelo (pop. 65 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Languages: Portuguese, Creole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currency: Cape Verde Escudo (CVE). In May 1996,1 ECU was worth CVE 104 ($1 = CVE 83 approx.) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government: Mixed presidential/parliamentary system. The President is not the head of the executive but he represents the country and is guarantor of national unity and the Constitution. Unicameral Parliament. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President: Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro (elected in 1991 and reselected at the beginning of this year) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Carlos Veiga (since 1991) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Political parties represented in Parliament:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Movimento pare a Democracia (MPD)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Partido Africano pare a Independencia de Cabo Verde (PAICV)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Partido da Convergencia Democratica (PCD) - formed as a result of a break away from the MPD&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Party representation in Parliament: MPD 50, PAICV 21, PCD 1 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1992 figures)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP: CVE 23.9 billion&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP per capita: US $840&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Origin of GDP by sector: agriculture 13%, industry 17%, services 70% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Real GDP growth (estimate 1995): 4% Balance of payments: deficit of CVE 11.9 billion &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main trade partners: Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, Brazil. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual inflation rate: 9.1%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth: 64.7&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Infant mortality per 1000 live births: 56 Adult literacy: 66.4% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education (primary, secondary and tertiary): 59% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.536 (123rd out of 174) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: UNDP Human Development Report, 1995; Economic Intelligence Unit 1995; 'Etat et sociÃ©tÃ© aux iles du Cap Vert, by Michel Lesourd. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p32a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Europe</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The LomÃ© Convention in focus</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Poll results and new brochure launched in Brussels&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new poll of Europeans high lights a deficit of information about the European Community's development policies. A brochure just published on the LomÃ© Convention, available in all EU languages, seeks to fill some of the gaps.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At a press conference on May 21, Development Commissioner, Joso de Deus Pinheiro, unveiled the findings of a survey commissioned from the Brussels consultancy, International Research Associates (INRA). The aim of the exercise was to sound out how Europeans perceive developing countries. The sample was 16 346 people, of 15 years and upwards, who were polled in the 15 Member States during December 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The survey shows that since 1991, helping the poor in the developing countries has slipped in the 'league' of issues of most concern to Europeans. The subject now ranks eighth in a table topped by the fight against unemployment. But the better news is that Europeans believe development of these regions should be the fourth most important priority for joint actions between Member States. This comes just below combating terrorism, environmental questions and defending Europe's economic interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While 82% of Europeans are favourable to development cooperation, 12% are against. The degree of support varies, as one would expect, from one EU country to another. Interestingly, the survey shows that Member States facing an economic squeeze are the most reticent, irrespective of their past track record in development aid. In Belgium, only 65% are in favour while in&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Austria and France, the figures are 69% and 72% respectively. At the other end of the scale, Greece comes out top with 97% just ahead of Spain on 96% and Ireland on 91%. INRA's explanation for this variation is that it reflects the economic problems which are increasingly being felt in northern states of the Community. It is also worth pointing out that nations on EU's southern flank may be more convinced of the effectiveness of aid since they themselves are recipients of EC structural funds allocated to modernise the Union's disadvantaged regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But INRA's report also reveals some misconceptions about European development aid. These, says Commissioner Pinheiro, may be attributed to the lack of visibility of the relevant development policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57% of those questioned believe that the bulk of the Community's assistance consists of emergency aid, rather than longer-term project support. The reverse is actually true. More people answer 'no' then 'yes' to the question: 'Does aid contribute to reducing poverty in developing countries'? And most consider that United Nations agencies (UNICEF, UNESCO etc.) do more in the  field of helping developing countries than the EC. Non-governmental organisations also have a high profile, with the EU Member States and Bretton Woods institutions (IMF and World Bank) trailing behind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other key findings from the poll - which Professor Pinheiro says will provide much food for thought in the coming months as thoughts turn to cooperation after LomÃ© IV - are highlighted in the box.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mid-term review and beyond&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Professor Pinheiro feels that some of results, which signal the need to tighten up on the management of development aid, have already been addressed in the mid-term review of the LomÃ© Convention which will come on stream from the beginning of 1997. The programming of the eighth European Development Fund (EDF) is already well under way and, with a view to increasing the effectiveness of aid, just 70% of resources earmarked for each ACP state will be allocated at the outset (for a three year period). An analysis of how the remainder should be spent will take place at the end of the three years. In addition, Professor Pinheiro indicated that a 'strategic' document was being drawn up on each of the 70 ACP states prior to allocation of funds. This was being done in 'permanent consultation with Member States and Commission delegations, in the interests of achieving a real synergy between the two.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More sweeping changes to the relationship are likely after the current&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some key findings from the INRA report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Aid must reach its intended destination and arrive where it is needed 93.2%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Aid must meet the needs of the local people&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90.7%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The beneficiary state must raspect human rights&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;85.1%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Transparency, effective public management and the fight against  corruption are essential&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The beneficiary state must respect an overall development plan put forward by an  international aid organisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;78.3%  plan  put  forward&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by an  internati onal  aid  organisa tion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Aid must be used to fund action by local NGOs&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The beneficiary state must have a democratic system of government&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;59.3%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;56.0%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Convention expires at the turn of the century. Professor Pinheiro indicated that a first draft (green paper) on the possible shape of the ACP-KU relationship after 2000 will be published by the Commission by the end of the year. This, however, is likely to offer more questions than answers about future cooperation. 'I am not sure if we should keep the LomÃ© structure for every country, in the third millennium,' the Commissioner told the assembled journalists, highlighting the different levels of development now apparent between LomÃ© nations. Mauritius, now well on the way to becoming the 'Singapore' of Africa, was a case in point. He also pointed out the small island states of the Caribbean are at a very different stage of development from countries such as the Central African Republic or Burundi. He added that, in deciding what to do in future it would also be necessary to take stock of regional developments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Questions about LomÃ© answered&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the meantime, efforts are under way to boost the image of Community aid. With this in mind, the Information Unit of the Development Directorate-General has just published a brochure entitled 20 Questions and Answers about the LomÃ© Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Besides explaining in a nutshell what the Convention is, it answers some of the questions most frequently asked by sceptics about the benefits of development aid and trade preferences, highlighting the positive aspects for developing and developed economies alike. It points out, for example, that for every ECU 100 spent on aid, the Community recovers ECU 48 in the form of projects, supplies and technical assistance purchased from European companies!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The brochure provides a succinct explanation of how the Commission monitors aid to stop embezzlement and corruption. It highlights the right of the European Court of Auditors to check accounts of projects and fund transfers - and to investigate documents in the LomÃ© states, without the permission of the country concerned. Another precaution is that once a project is under way, financing is by banker's transfer. This involves a paper specifying that the holder of contract X, whose bank account number is Y. should be credited with Z amount of money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An explanation is given as to why the European Commission is involved in development aid when the Member States have their own bilateral development policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The brochure explains the advantages of EC assistance over bilateral arrangements and details how the LomÃ© system has been evolving in line with the increasing globalisation of the economy, in particular since the fall of the Berlin Wall.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It also contains some pocket statistics on official development assistance (ODA) flows which help to underline the message that the European Union (Community plus Member States) digs deeper into its pocket than its industrialised competitors in providing development aid. In 1994, the Community and its then 12 member states (excluding Austria, Sweden and Finland), contributed an average of 0.40% of their gross national product in ODA. The individual percentages varied from 1.03% in the case of Denmark to 0.20% in Italy. This compared with figures of 0.29% and 0.15% for Japan and the United States respectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, total ODA from the Twelve reached $26.59 billion. Of this, $4.83 billion came from the European Community in its own right. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The content of chocolate</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Months of heated debate in the EU over the maximum allowable content of vegetable fats in chocolate have culminated in a Commission proposal for a revised Directive which, claim officials, should be to the taste of most interested parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has proposed that the 'subsidiatity' principle should apply to the content of chocolate. This means leaving it to individual Member States to decide whether they will allow the use of vegetable oil - up to a maximum of 5% by weight - in their chocolate-making. The eight EU countries where this practice is currently prohibited  are free to modify their laws to take account of this 5% rule. The other cocoa butter and dry cocoa contents specified in the Directive - 18% and 35% respectively - may not be reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The addition of up to 5% vegetable fats was authorised under Directive 73/241 for the UK, Ireland and Denmark when they first joined the EC. Other Member States who acceded later - Austria, Finland, Portugal and Sweden - also use these oils in chocolate production. The remaining EU countries have continued to prohibit the use of vegetable fats - and the sale of chocolate containing such fats. The result has been a partitioning of the EU market, in direct conflict with the Single Market principle.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the proposal is approved by the Council and the Parliament, all 15 Member States will be free to decide whether vegetable oil can be used in making chocolate. Whatever their individual decisions, however, the barriers will come down, thus opening up the 'pure' chocolate markets to competition from less expensive varieties containing vegetable oil. Stricter labelling rules will also be introduced, with the precise nature of any substitute oils being clearly indicated. The simple mention 'vegetable oil' will no longer suffice. Martin Bangemann, the Commissioner responsible for industry, stressed the significance of revising the Directive in allowing  chocolate products to circulate freely throughout the KU. This, he argued, would be in the interests of consumers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Winners and losers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Traditional cocoa producers such as Cote d'lvoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon are fearful that the proposal may prompt some of Europe's 'pure' chocolate countries to change their laws - and that they will lose trade as a result. On the other hand, sheanut exporters in Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana, Togo and Benin are hoping for higher sales if the 5% rule is adopted by more EU countries. Sheanuts account for 20% of Burkinabe exports and 98% of these are used to make vegetable oil substitute for chocolate products. The sheanut price is just 10% of the cocoa bean price. The Commission calculates that the maximum saving a manufacturer could expect by substituting vegetable fat for cocoa butter is around 1.5% of the ax-factory price.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In weighing up what to do, the Commission also considered the objectives of the International Cocoa Organisation (ICCO). These include taking 'all practical measures to increase the cocoa consumption in their countries by eliminating or reducing all obstacles to the growth of consumption in cocoa.' The ICCO estimates that if the 5% rule is applied in the remaining eight states - Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain - it will lead to a reduction in cocoa butter usage of 36 000-50 000 tonnes, which amounts to a drop in demand for cocoa beans of between 88000 and 125000 tonnes. This represents between 9-12% of current consumption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some producers suggest that these estimates are too high since they assume that manufacturers will go for  almost full substitution, which is not necessarily seen as inevitable. In addition, there is a belief that overall demand for chocolate products may grow as a result of the legal change.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was not the view taken by NGOs who reacted promptly - and critically - to the Commission text. The Brussels NGO Liaison Committee issued a statement claiming that it would lead to a drop of between 6.25% and 12.5% in the main exporting countries' cocoa receipts - and an additional burden on the European Community's Stabex fund. But chocolate producers and others argue that this is speculative. The impact, they say, will depend on the legal response of the eight Member States, as well as on the reaction of manufacturers. There are signs that the latter may well stick to their traditional and distinctive methods. A spokesperson for the Belgian-based Cote d'Or/ Suchard, pointed out that the proposal had a long way to go before it was approved, and stressed that his company had no intention of changing their 'winning recipes which had served them well since 1883. At the same time, he admitted, vegetable oil could be useful in a more diversified range of chocolate products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The vegetable oil 'lobby' argues that the addition of vegetable fat makes chocolate easier to mould and less likely to melt in warm climates. And for those who fear the elimination of 'pure' chocolate from the market, they point to manufacturers in Britain, where vegetable oil has traditionally been used, who still exclude such fats from some of their brands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The proposal must now be debated by the Council and it is clear that the arguing is not over yet. But it is beginning to look as if the consumers may be the final arbiters. Through their purchasing habits, they are likely to be the ones who finally determine the winners and losers in the great chocolate debate. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Minority businesses in the UK</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In no country in Europe are ethnic minorities more organised than in the United Kingdom - though they are still not adequately organised, in the opinion of many, to pool their considerable resources together and overcome stereotypes, racism and unenployment. But this may  change if the morale engendered by a recent exhibition of minority businesses in the UK is anything to go by.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The statistics speak for themselves. There are 3.3 million Asians, Africans and Afro-Caribbeans in Britain, about 5% of the population (and the figure is projected to double in the next 25 years). They have six elected Members of Parliament - five Labour and one Conservative - as well as numerous personalities in the world of sports and the media. According to the 1994 Labour Force Survey, 48% of ethnic minorities are graduates or are in full time studies and 55% earn salaries well over &amp;amp;15 000 (ECU 18 000) annually. They have a combined gross annual income estimated at f42 billion and an annual spending power of at least f26 ten.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past 15 years, ethnic minority-owned businesses have grown considerably. In the last two years alone, they were responsible for more than 30 000 new business concerns throughout the country, according to the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE). Although many are in the retail trade, the 10% or so involved in production or manufacturing are extremely dynamic,  particularly those connected with the clothing industry or operating franchises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are considerable differences between Asians on the one hand and Africans and Afro-Caribbeans on the other. The former are more business oriented and account for well over 80% of all ethnic enterprises. This success in business is often attributed to Asians' industriousness, but there is another crucial and often neglected factor: Asians have a stronger sense of group solidarity and patronage than Africans and Afro-Caribbeans. Whereas the former spend virtually all their earnings within their community, the latter (who are mainly Christians and are known to make greater efforts at integration into the British society) spend theirs in the society at large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unemployment among the black population in general is 19% compared to 8% for whites (in London it is three times higher). They are much more likely to be turned down by employers even when they have better qualifications than their white counterparts. Often self-employment is the only way out. This explains why there has been a boom in business start-ups by ethnic minorities over the past two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although several black profffsional associations have come into being in recent years, it has been clear for some time to black leaders that the community's energies are dispersed and that these needed to be harnessed for the benefit of ethnic minorities as a whole. Blacks clearly have political and business clout to be exploited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The idea for an exhibition of black businesses in the United Kingdom was mooted by a black business couple who, were influenced by a similar event  held annually in the United States called 'Black Expo USA'. But the impetus came from the 'Race for Opportunity Campaign' launched in October last year by the Conservative Government through the Department of Trade and Industry. The campaign has so far seen more than 20 big British companies pledge to do business with ethnic minority enterprises. These include British Airways, British Gas, British Telecom, British Aerospace and several high-street banks and finance houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Held at the Barbican Centre in London on 4 and 5 May, the exhibition was aimed at creating awareness among ethnic minorities of their potentialities, showing the opportunities available to them not only in the UK but also in Europe, and at promoting networking amongst their businessmen and women. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cross-party support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The exhibition, which had a cross-party support, could not have come at a more favourable time. Both the Tory government and opposition Labour Party have expressed support for policies favourable to small and medium-sized enterprises, which means that there should be continuity in this area if Labour comes to power in the next general election.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was borne out by the enthusiasm with which the shadow minister for small business, Mrs Barbara Roche greeted the exhibition. To her, the event should be seen in the context of Labour's overall policy on small businesses. Speaking at one of the seminars which was run alongside the exhibition to discuss various aspects of minority business problems, Mrs Roche explained that there were three important reasons why her party was promoting small enterprises, especially those involved in exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first was that large companies were downsizing, and job-creation towards the end of this century and into the next would be largely by small and medium-sized enterprises. The second was that small businesses were efficient distributors of wealth and the third was that they were good at innovation and using new technologies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because a large number of small businesses are folding, or are struggling to survive in the UK today (often as a result of late payment of bills by large companies), Mrs Roche said a Labour government would introduce a statutory limit of 30 days for the settlement of bills by large companies. The latter would then have to pay interest to small businesses for any late payments. Ethnic minority businesses, she also said, were part and parcel of Labour's strategy for economic growth and jobs in Britain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Barbican exhibition attracted more than 80 exhibitors mainly in retailing, finance, telecommunications, consultancy, arts and crafts, publishing, electronics and education. There were  very few exhibitors from the manufacturing sector (a disappointment considering the number of Asians in the clothing industry) and virtually none in engineering. Some of the big companies connected with the 'Race for Opportunity Campaign' like British Airways and British Gas, as well as the newly created government-backed Business Link, the Customs and Excise department, the Inland Revenue, the Army and the Metropolitan Police were there. Also present was Louis Farrakan's 'Nations of Islam', (not necessarily on a recruitment drive, though that must have been part of the game), but as a reminder of its campaign for greater self-reliance by the black community which culminated late last year in the 'Million-Man' march on Washington DC. Video tapes of the march and speeches by Farrakan and other black leaders in the United States were on sale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Difficulties&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The seminar run concurrently with the exhibition attracted many notable speakers, among them Members of Parliament, Keith Vaz, Bernie Grant and Barbara Roche and Commissioner Dr Zaka Khan of the Commission for Racial Equality. Jessie Boseman, vice-president of 'Black Expo USA, who was also scheduled to speak, did not turn up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was general agreement on the main factors inhibiting the growth of ethnic minority businesses, the most obvious being racism and  discimination. Ethnic businesspeople not only have difficulties obtaining public contracts, but they are often denied access to finance, market and even premises. Furthermore, they suffer from lack of management skills, networks and feedback. Dr Khan of the Commission for Racial Equality highlighted mounting racist attacks, mostly against Asianowned shops, which have claimed a number of lives in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Integration into mainstream economy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is no longer a hidden fact that banks discriminate against black businesses. Surveys carried out by the NatWest and Midland banks have confirmed that fact. The latter though, it must be acknowledged, has a laudable Fellowship Programme, designed to encourage ethnic minority university students to take up careers in the Midland Bank on graduation. Lack of access to the market has effectively meant that black businesses have been left out of the mainstream of the British economy. Everyone agreed that it makes good economic sense to see them integrated into it. This was particularly   the position of both Barbara Roche and Zaka Khan. The question was: would it be possible ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some of the issues raised on the floor by businesspeople revealed that many were sceptical that racism and discrimination could be overcome in multiracial Britain. The Commission for Racial Equality symbolises the fight against these two evils and Dr Khan had a hard time defending its role. The CRE was criticised for constantly quoting statistics on improvements in the living conditions of ethnic minorities which, it was argued, were totally removed from reality. Despite this, Dr Khan remained upbeat. To him the future promises great things for ethnic minorities. He promised to look into the grievances aired by some businespeopie during the seminar. Barbara Roche, for her part, promised that a Labour government would encourage the banks to offer packages of assistance to small enterprises, in particular, black-owned ones. They would also ensure that local councils offered minority enterprises a share of local government contracts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greater self-reliance and global trade&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In view of the problems black businesspeople have had to contend with over the years, Bernie Grant, the Member of Parliament for Tottenham in North London, did not devote much time to the idea of integrating them into mainstream British economy. He felt that racism and discrimination were so prevalent that there was little chance of that happening. For him, the future for black businesspeople in Britain lay in greater self-reliance and entry into international trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a speech entitled 'political responsibility, and black import and export business', the M.P. set the Barbican exhibition in the context of the global economic situation - one where he said, 'the countries of the North are exploiting those of the South, in particular African countries.' Africa's heavy debts to the West should in fact be the other way round. He argued that the new world trade agreement, which  opens up the developing countries to competition, was unfair. 'This means that countries where minorities in the UK came from are going to have problems, and it is the duty of thee minorities to ensure that their countries have a fair deal,' he said. Mr Grant cited, by way of example, the EU's banana protocol under the LomÃ© Convention which gives preferential treatment to small Caribbean island producers and which is currently being 'unfairly' challenged by South American producers under the WTO rules. The role of multinationals, which are effectively acting es 'middleman', was, he believed, pernicious for developing countries. There was a need for black businessmen to step in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Minority enterprises in the UK do not exist in isolation from the rest of the world, he elaborated. They should seek to engage in international trade and take advantage of their connection with their countries of origin. To facilitate this, Mr Grant said that a group under his chairmanship had set up a Global Trade Centre in his constituency in North London with the aim of helping black and minority enterprises establish direct trade links with Africa, the Caribbean and black America. The Centre was already in contact with a number of African countries which have expressed interest in the idea. Such a link would not only ensure a better deal for African producers but also favour the growth of minority businesses across the world. This was, he confessed, 'a political agenda' designed to reduce the excessive profits of multinationals, if not put an end to their 'outright exploitation' of Africa and the Caribbean. Mrs Roche expressed support for the Centre for the role it could play in boosting British exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UK minorities and the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European Union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A self-confessed Eurosceptic, who would have preferred the UK to strengthen economic ties with the Commonwealth rather than with Europe, Mr Grant displayed an extraordinary understanding of the European&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Union's affairs. What worried him most about greater European integration, he said, was racism and the fact the UK job market, where black and ethnic minorities are already heavily disadvantaged, will be exposed to further competition from other Europeans most of whom speak several languages. However, he had no alternative but to support the Labour Party's line on Europe and work to secure the best advantage of British membership for ethnic minorities. He contrasted Tory 'divisions' on Europe with Labour's 'united' policy and condemned the British Government's attitude generally towards the Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development of the Union, Mr Grant said, was of great significance to black people. He was sure the Government's Immigration and Asylum bill, which had come up against strong opposition in the House of Lords, was aimed at harmonising immigration laws with other countries in the Union. The bill, if passed, will change the UK's visa regime and have serious implications for ethnic minorities and their businesses in Britain. He revealed that, with the support of ethnic minority members of the British Parliament, Bill Morris, the black General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union (the second biggest trade union in the UK) and other European trade union leaders, the Intergovernmental Conference was being lobbied for the inclusion of a stronger clause against racism in the Treaty of Rome. The aim, ultimately, is to see measures in line with the UK's laws against racism and discrimination enacted at the Union level. This would include the establishment of a European equivalent of the Commission for Racial Equality - with similar powers - so as to establish a level-playing field for ethnic minorities in competition for jobs and in business throughout Europe. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dossier</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Communication and the media</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Dossier coordinated by Debra Percival)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Press freedom is widely acknowledged as the cornerstone of democracy with a clamp-down anywhere in the world frequently interpreted as a sign of government repression. The rash of multi-party elections in African nations at the beginning of the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1990s brought new publications to news-stands. Many of these have since folded - often because of a lack of funds and sometimes because of government censorship.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many organisations are campaigning vigorously in the public eye for a free press in developing nations. These include Reporters Sans Frontieres, Article 19 and the International Federation of Joumalists - all of which are featured in this Dossier. The US-based Freedom House has also been monitoring the state of press freedom worldwide since 1979. In its recently published 1996 survey, it says that even today, only 22% of the world's population live in countries with a free press. 38% have a press sector that is 'partly free' while the description 'not free' is applied to the remaining 40%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are also regional organisations such as The Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA), which are playing a part in keeping media issues to the fore. David Nthengwe, a researcher with MISA, highlights the fact that democratisation does not necessarily guarantee a free media or free expression more generally. He also draws attention to the difficulties faced by private and community organisations in obtaining adequate finance. These are  typical of the problems facing the media in many countries, both in the ACP group and elsewhere in the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In seeking to tackle these issues, donors are showing increasing interest in backing media programmes with development finance (linked to democratisation and human rights). The European Union, UNESCO and a number of bilateral donors have expanded their activities in this area with a variety of projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One big change has been the rapid growth of the 'Information Superhighway'. This has prompted fears that the developing countries may fall further behind, although donors have indicated a willingness to help ensure this does not happen. One NGO closely monitoring the development of the Internet for the South is the PANOS Institute. Meanwhile, multilateral donors (notably the World Bank, through its INFODEV programme) are also becoming involved. A number of EU personalities lent their support to the development of the information society in the developing world, at a major conference staged in South Africa in May on the initiative of the country's Vice President, Thabo Mbeki. A work programme of projects was drawn up with the aim of making sure, in the words of European Commissioner, Martin Bangemann, that there is no divide between the 'information-poor' end the 'information-rich'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, although the world is undergoing an information revolution, the more traditional media (the press and above all, radio) will, for the foreseeable future, continue to have a central part in informing, educating and entertaining people in many developing  countries. It is important that those of us who increasingly communicate via our computer screens do not lose sight of this essential fact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this Dossier, we examine a number of the key issues affecting the media and highlight some innovative projects in this area - with the help of a series of experts. The subject has clearly moved higher up the development agenda, but there is still a long way to go, as the figures cited above show. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Aidan White of the IFJ</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Confronting the age-old problem&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the chance, 'governments would like to run and manipulate the media'. This is the view of Aidan White, General Secretary of the Brusselsbased International Federation of Journalists (IFJ), who says it is an 'ageold problem'. And the Federation, which has member organizations in 93 countries, works to prevent it from happening. It also provides a range of services to journalists throughout the world. We recently spoke to Mr White, who used to write for the British daily, The Guardian. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He began by outlining to us the Federation's key areas  of activity which include, in particular, the professional conditions in which journalists work and the defence of human rights. On the first of these, Mr White focused on the problem of economic pressures and difficult social conditions. 'We take a strong view that you can't have press freedom if journalists work in conditions of poverty or technical deprivation. It is a nonsense,' he stressed, 'to talk about a free press in a situation where journalists aren't paid, or if they are unable to function properly.' In seeking to tackle this, he spoke, in particular, of the 'need for independent organisations of journalists defending professional and social interests.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards human rights, the IFJ is active in the international community, working with bodies such as UNESCO and the UN Human Rights Commission. 'We are very interested in issues such as the legal environment in which journalists and the media operate, and are extremely active in the defence of physical safety.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr White went on to give more detailed information about the IFJ's work in Algeria, where many journalists have been killed in recent years. This country clearly has a bad international reputation and the General Secretary was anxious to offer a more balanced picture of the situation. 'In my view, there is a real malformation of Alaeria's  image in Europe and elsewhere. The view we get is of a paralysed society where nothing can function properly - a kind of international basket case. It is not like that. In Algeria, life continues. There is a form of democracy. There are a dozen newspapers which appear every day. The streets are full of traffic and people walking about. The reality is that there is a particularly horrifying and barbaric form of terrorism which is targeted against intellectuals including journalists. This means that the media has a terrible problem.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aidan White explained the strategy of the IFJ in seeking to confront this. 'We began by going to Algeria to investigate what was going on. Then we established an international office on the spot. This is a direct contact point of solidarity for local journalists and the local media. So we don't report Algeria through Paris. We don't see the need to go through some sort of middleman in order to find out what's going on in the country or have contact with Algerian journalists.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'And then we have two specific programmes which are very important', he continued. One involves providing humanitarian assistance to journalists and their families. The other is a series of practical activities in Algeria. Thus, for example, we are organising a round table on terrorism and information.' He pointed out that the Algerian government had resorted to the traditional method of press censorship in the face of ,the terrorist threat and stressed the 'need to counter this. 'We are also organising a practical seminar on personal safety, as well as one on professional social rights, the need for ethical standards and better social conditions.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The point, he emphasised was that events were being organised on the spot. Algeria may pose terrible difficulties 'but it doesn't mean we walk away from it.' The IFJ's emphasis was firmly on being a 'functional organisation working directly with the people who need help.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Funding and the EU link&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tuming to the issue of the IFJ's funding, Mr White explained how the core activities - his own salary and administrative costs - are paid for by the subscriptions of member organisations, which amount to roughly $1 million. On top of that, the Federation carries out projects with the EU and other donors. They also distribute funds, offering their expertise as a representative body to help other organisations that want to undertake work.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asked in what way the EU could do more, the General Secretary stressed the political dimension. 'It should intervene,' he argued, 'to establish certain standards in international relations. We say, for instance, that political, economic and military cooperation with any state outside the Union should be based on a commitment to and respect for freedom of expression and opinion.' He underlined the 'responsibility' of the EU to take a stand against countries that locked up journalists, implicitly criticising those who argued that freedom of expression was very important but who then shelved the issue when economic relations were involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He also urged a more proactive approach 'moving away from the strategy of counting bodies, complaining, and making reports about how bad the situation is' towards one based on comprehensive programmes of assistance. He described the IFJ's Media for Democracy programme in Africa as a 'first attempt' in that direction. Mr &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;White highlighted what he saw as a difficulty with existing projects. 'The problem is that the EU is confronted by all sorts of different NGOs who come and say: 'we have got this good project - give us support for it'. This is fine but it inevitably means that resources are spread very diffusely and often to no effect.' A lot of activities, he suggested, such as one-off seminars and conferences, were 'like fireworks in the night sky: they glow bright for a brief period and then they disappear.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He went on to plead for an integrated, comprehensive strategy. 'Until that exists, you will not be able to solve the fundamental problems facing journalists.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Training and status&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The discussion moved on to the subject of training. Perhaps surprisingly, Aidan White did not see this as an important priority in itself. As he explained: 'It's no use training journalists to be very high quality if they go off to work in a country where the legal environment does not allow them to function properly. And it's no use training them to be ethical if they go somewhere that is steeped in political or financial corruption, and where there is no culture which appreciates the media's role in democratic society.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With this in mind, he believes that training should be directly related to the strategic approach he referred to earlier. 'Yes, we need professional, well trained journalists, but it should be part of a range of programmes. And professional training is not just important for journalists. It should also be provided for managers, editors, advertisers... and perhaps even for politicians!'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The General Secretary noted that the status of journalists in most countries was quite high. They are seen as a filter for information 'coming from the government to the governed'. This was important, he thought, but 'tine real question is how the filter functions. On the one hand journalists have a relatively high status, and what they do is extremely important, but they work close to the political elites, which means they  are subject to pressure. They must retain their independent role, scrutinising and investigating what governments are doing.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the subject of access to information in developing countries, Aidan White observed that the situation is now better than it was ten years ago but pointed to the 'age-old problem of people in power wanting to control the media.' He gave the example of journalists in Indonesia, 'who really want to speak independently of the government, but who are being killed because they represent independent strands of opinion.' Overall, however, he believes the situation has been improving. 'This is partly due to changes in information technology. A government can no longer simply take a journalist out and beat him up. There are half a dozen press freedom organisations around the world watching for and reporting on such events.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a tendency in Europe to assume that 'everything in the garden is rosy' in terms of press freedom, and we were interested to hear what the Secretary General thought of this proposition. He was quick to offer a less complacent view. 'We have just issued a very strong statement against the EU about their secrecy policy,' he pointed out. 'You cannot claim the moral high ground for democracy in Africa or elsewhere if you have a system of secrecy in Europe which operates at the highest political level and which denies citizens access to information.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He was also concerned about the concentration of the media in enormous congLomÃ©rates. This trend, he argued, 'is actually profoundly damaging to the culture of information.' He cited, in this context, the action of the Murdoch organisation 'in banning all news from his cable channels going into China.' Mr White continued: 'They banned the BBC and they banned news coverage in the Chinese language in order to make a business arrangement with the Beijing government. That sort of activity, in our view, is direct censorship from the heart of western democracy.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, Aidan White gave some more detailed information about the Media for Democracy programme in Africa which he described as 'ground-breaking.' The Federation has used it to develop key themes, including the coverage of elections. 'The real test of press freedom,' he continued, 'is at an election, because that is when the political pressure is toughest and the professional quality of journalism is exposed. For Africa, we developed a manual on election reporting and, interestingly, it has become the source document worldwide for election reporting.' He explained how it formed the basis for developing a text which is universal. This has been translated into various European languages, and Arabic, and has been employed in Poland, Romania, Albania and Latin America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the first phase of the Media for Democracy programme, the Federation held a serf. of seminars and conferences on how the media covered elections. As Mr White stressed, this was a crucial time in Africa. Political change was taking place, multi-party democracy was being introduced and there was a need to clarify how elections operated and how they should be reported. 'People didn't have the experience. They wanted the information, and to discuss how things should be done.' The seminars covered aspects such as financial corruption, the organisation of journalists and the role of ethics. And what the IFJ found was that the same kind of things happen in Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa - and indeed across the world. In the words of the Secretary General, 'they have an echo everywhere because, at its root, the problem is the same - those in power want to manipulate the media and use whatever pressures they can.' The lesson learnt from the IFJ's experience in Africa is that common solutions are also valid. Or as Aidan White put it, 'there is no part of the world that can't teach the rest of the world something.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.M. &amp;amp; S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Freedom of expression: the first freedom</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Frances d'Souza&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frances d'Souza who is Executive Director of AROSE 19, a nom governmental organization which campaigns against censorship globally, explains why Freedom of Expression is for her the most important human right&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the absence of freedom of expression, it is almost impossible to protect other rights, including the right to life. Once governments can draw a cloak of secrecy round their actions and remain unaccountable, massive human rights violations can, and do, take place. For this reason alone, the right to free expression, specifically protected in international human rights treaties, must be considered a primary right. It is significant that one of the first indications of a government's intention to depart from democratic principles is when it increases its control over information, usually by gagging the media. At the one end of the spectrum, supposedly minor infringements of this fundamental right occur daily in western democracies; for example the abuse of national security laws to prevent publication of information which might embarrass the authorities. At the other end of the scale are regimes of terror which brutally suppress opposition, information and even the freedom to exercise religious beliefs. Without free speech and an independent media, it is easier for governments to employ propaganda to promote ethnic conflict, war and genocide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right to freedom of expression is formally protected in major international treaties including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;* This text is an abridged version of a submission made by the author to a public hearing hosted by the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defence and the Sub-Committee on Human Rights and the Committee on Culture, Youth, Education and the Media, April 25, 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Political Rights (Article 19), and the European Convention on Human Rights (Article 10). It is also enshrined in many national constitutions, although this does not always guarantee its protection. Freedom of expression is something which applies even in countries which have not ratified the relevant international treaties. This is because the Universal Declaration is so widely accepted that its provisions now form part of customary international law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While it is generally agreed that freedom of expression is the cornerstone of democracy, international treaties permit certain restrictions. Unlike the American First Amendment rights which allow few, if any, checks on free speech, the international treaties aim for a balance between competing rights. Thus, for example, free speech may be limited where it impinges on the individual's right to privacy, or where it involves incitement to violence or hatred. Given that the permitted restrictions are necessarily broad, the limits of free speech are constantly being tested in national courts and in regional tribunals such as the European Commission and Court of Human Rights. In recent years, several landmark cases have helped define what restrictions may be imposed by governments and under what circumstances. In particular, it has been emphasised by the European Court that any restriction should 'pass' a threepart test; it should be prescribed by law (and thus not be arbitrarily imposed), it should be proportionate to the legitimate aims pursued, and it should be demonstrably necessary in a democratic society in order to protect the individual and/or the state.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Who censors what?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the rules governing restrictions on free speech, many justifications are still invoked by governments in suppressing information which may be inimical to their policies or interests. These include arguments in defence of national security or the 'public interest'. The mechanisms used to restrict the free flow of information range from subtle economic pressures, and devious methods of undermining political opponents and the independent media, to the enactment of restrictive press laws and rules for licensing journalists. In extreme cases, they may involve the illegal detention, torture and disappearance of journalists and others associated with the expression of independent views.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right of free speech may appear less important than, for example, freedom from torture or extrajudicial killing. It is also sometimes difficult to persuade the public that censorship, generally associated with banning obscene materials, is a bad thing! It requires a recognition of some of the fundamental principles of democracy to understand why censorship is so dangerous. Democracy implies that people can make choices about the issues that affect their lives, including what they wish to see, read, hear or discuss. While this may seem a luxurious freedom, mainly preoccupying the wealthy West, it is a comparatively short distance between state censorship of an offensive book to the silencing of political dissidents. And the distance between this and the use of violence to suppress opposition is even shorter. Censorship tends to grow rapidly from small beginnings. Allowing a government the power to deny people information, however trivial, not only leads to laws and procedures which can and will be used by those in authority against those with less authority. It also denies people the information they need to render their governments accountable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There have been some terrible examples of the role of censorship in recent years. We have seen it in the republics of the former Yugoslavia   where the media were manipulated for propaganda purposes. We have seen it in Rwanda where the government associated radio incited citizens to kill each other in the name of ethnic supremacy. And we have seen it in Iran which maintains the threat of murder against a citizen of another country because he wrote a book which displeased the authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are clear links between access to information (or rather the lack of it), and war. Democracy empowers people by increasing participation in decision-making at all levels. The poor, who are denied access to information on decisions which deeply affect their lives, are powerless and have no voice. They cannot influence the ruling elites whose interest in consolidating their own power and position may be served by initiating conflict.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is significant that of the 126 developing countries listed in the 1993 Human Development Report, wars were being waged in 30 and a further 33 were suffering severe civil conflicts. 55 of these 63 countries were to be found at the lower end of the Human Development Index which is an indicator of poverty. It is reasonably safe to assume that most people never welcome war. They may be coerced into supporting 'their' side in a conflict by their governments, using propaganda designed to whip up fear and extreme nationalist sentiment. If the majority had a democratic voice, they would undoubtedly object to war. But voices are silenced. Thus, the freedom to express one's views, to challenge government decisions and to insist upon political rather than violent solutions, are necessary aspects of democracy which can, and do, avert war.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;State-sponsored propaganda in Rwanda, as in the former Yugoslavia, succeeded because there were no ways of challenging it. One can conclude that it is impossible for a country to wage war in the absence of a compliant media willing to indulge in government propaganda. Governments needs civilians to fight wars for them and the media is needed to reinforce government policies and intentions at every turn. In a  totalitarian state where the expression of political views, let alone the possibility of political organisation is suppressed, one has to ask what other possibilities are open to a genuine political movement intent on introducing justice. All too often, terrorism and violence are the only perceived options available to communicate the need for change.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What NGOs can do&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work of human rights organizations has to become much more proactive and should be concerned with providing early warning and preventive action. Monitoring freedom of exprmsion, especially freedom of the press, offers an excellent context because it is widely recognised that would-be dictators always seek to silence people's voices through banning newspapers or other methods of censorship. One has to assume that when censorship begins in earnest, worse human rights abuses will follow and this should be the point for action. Had there been a greater international lobby for an independent media, for access to information and for participation in decision-making in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Nigeria, Burma and many other countries, some of the gross violations which continue to occur, could have been prevented.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Censorship is the first instrument of a government intent on departing from democratic procedures. In this sense it is an early warning signal and at ARTICLE 19, we believe we have a special responsibility to understand better how democracy is destroyed through censorship and how we can alert the international community to act to prevent it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By way of conclusion, anything which can build strong and sound media infrastructures, at the earliest to pportunity, in transitional democracies, is both a gift and a great investment. A crusading press, prepared to separate fact from opinion and to verify its sources, can create a level playing field in which all sectors of society have a voice. This would preclude political control and manipulation for nationalistic power purposes. There is also a need to strengthen local monitoring groups which have the capacity to verify information. International organisations should amplify the voices of local organisations and bring them to the attention of the international community. It is only where there is a strong human rights culture in a given country, whether it has achieved democracy or not, that political changes can be seized upon and shaped into the democratic process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To achieve these objectives, NGOS need to work with governments which are obliged by international law to uphold fundamental rights. We need organisations such as the KU, the UN, ASEAN, and others, to insist on respect for human rights in their dealings with third countries. We also need the general public to be aware of what fundamental rights are, what are the consequences of infringement, and how they can, as individuals, successfully challenge restrictionss imposed on them by their governments. Above all, NGOS need to work with multilateral organisations to determine where slender resources can most fruitfully be targeted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.d'S.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Commission support for democratisation through the media</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Mark Leysen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Amongst the many cooperation activities in which it is involved, the LomÃ© Convention covers cultural cooperation, which includes information and communication, yet European Development Fund support for the media in ACP countries is negligible. Although considerable and increasing amounts of aid are granted for the cinema in such countries, EU support for TV, radio and the printed media is small.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, for some years now, the Commission has provided considerable aid to the printed media and radio in ACP countries under its 'Support for democratisation and respect for human rights' budget, which heralds a new approach to media questions. The EDF does not participate in the vast majority of big communications projects in Africa, namely PANA (Panafrican News Agency), URTNA (African National Television and Radio Union, the African equivalent of the European Broadcasting Union), the Programme Exchange Centre, Afrovision, Cierro, etc. The reluctance of EU and ACP partners to embark on such media projects can be explained both by EDF procedures and by the worldwide political context including the situation in most African countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until recently, the media was a matter for the State in Africa. The 'New World Information and Communications Order', announced in the 1 970s, foresaw the participation of not only African citizens, but also of their governments in the world information highway. However, the democratic credentials of such governments were open to question - they controlled the printed media, radio, television and press agencies and any support for such media amounted to a strengthening of the State monopoly and this is why the EDF did not take part.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, aid to the independent media was impossible because such entities did not exist in most African countries and the authorities were not prepared to back a request for aid to the press which they regarded as contrary to their country's interests. If support for the media did exist, it was indirect and restricted to backing of means of communication servicing development projects: literacy campaigns, the fight against AIDS, increasing awareness of ecological problems, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was not until the advent of the democratisation movement and the support that Europe decided to grant to it that a media-aid strategy was to take root. As a kind of 'Fourth Estate', the media monitor executive power and report any abuse of it. In parallel, they play a key role in strengthening civil society by providing information (if not objective information, then at least information from many sources) on current political, social, economic and cultural issues and by providing a medium which offers an opportunity to speak out on matters of importance to society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Commission focuses its media support in five areas in agreement with representatives of African press and specialist European . organisations in this area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Freedom of expression It provides direct aid to national, regional and international organizations to defend freedom of expression, specifically financing monitoring, surveys and the reporting of any violation of press freedom (censorship, intimidation, arrests and arbitrary trials, etc.), and direct assistance to the media and any journalists who are victims of such attacks on press freedom. This direct aid is channelled to, inter alia, the activities of Reporters sans frontieres (see 'Interview with Mr Robert Menard', in this issue), 'Article XIX' and Index on Censorship, all organisations which operate like an Amnesty International for the press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new independent press is often run by journalists who have had no journalistic training and the former State media often require being updated after many years of professional 'distortion' responding to 'his master's voice'. The Commission hence finances programmes offering training in basic journalistic techniques, election coverage; professional codes of ethics, etc. In this area, it is working with a number of European and African organizations, giving priority to long-term actions which are likely to spawn others and to programmes aimed at achieving a higher level of professionalism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid for vocational organizations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vocational organizations for journalists have a role to play in improving the profession's social standing, in strengthening its cohesion in the face of political division, in defending its interests and in coming to the aid of journalists who have been victims of repression. The Commission finances a vast 'Media for Democracy' programme conducted by the International Federation of Journalists and its affiliated regional and national organisations (see interview with Aidan White, in this issue). The programme aims to strengthen or create national and regional associations of journalists, but is also involved in more general actions to   increase the professional standing of the media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Access to sources of information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A credible and responsible press requires sources of information which the new and financially precarious press cannot allow itself. The Commission supports the creation or updating of documentation centres, North/South  and South/South exchanges between publications and radio stations, access to international press agencies or photographic libraries, etc., being shared between several media bodies. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legislative framework and code of ethics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not enough merely to guarantee freedom of expression in the   constitution. This principle must be embodied in all legislative and regulatory texts to prevent a journalist being prosecuted arbitrarily for 'defamation' or 'a breach of State security'. Moreover, to appear credible, the profession must observe a code of ethics. The Commission backs the drafting of press codes, codes of ethics and regulations to govern the air waves. It also backs the creation of press and air wave regulatory bodies as well as the provision of training in journalistic ethics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is obvious that the 'Democracy and Human Rights' budget cannot alone meet the needs of Africa's multi-faceted media scene. Moreover, although the media are a key element in any democratisation process, they are also much more than that - as a means of information and recreation, they have a role to play in the human development of society; as an instrument to create greater awareness, they can contribute to the strengthening of a civil society which is gradually taking charge; and as an economic sector in the full throes of development, they can make a contribution to the GDP and create jobs. All the more reason for national sponsors and the EDF to take more of an interest. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National television, victim of  democracy &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than the other media, television in Africa is controlled by the State and serves, first and   fore most, to disse minat e news about the leade r and his govern ment. The state of equip ment depen ds on when it was suppl ied by a friend ly count ry from the North, and as it was almos t certai nly offere d to the count ry's leade rs 'as a perso nal gift', it usual ly consi sts of oversi zed equip ment which the nation al televis ion statio n canno t maint ain correc tly owing to a lack of resou rces. Whils t Europ e is movin g over to digita l Betac am and 1619 forma t, many Africa n TV statio ns are still opera ting with Umat ic and with mach ines that are impos sible to maint ain. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With such deriso ry mean s, nation al TV statio ns have to conte nd with unfair comp etition from the intern ationa l statio ns which, from their satell ites, are inund ating the contin ent with their broad casts . The worldbroad castin g chann els of Europ ean statio ns are receiv ed clearl y (CFI, TV5 Afriqu e, BBC World Telev ision, Deut sche Welle, etc.). The numb er of religio us statio ns (gene rally Islam ic) contin ues to increa se and comm ercial televi sion is develo ping apace - CN N, MTV, Cana l Horizo ns, M-Ne t and others can be picke d up just about every where and can thus cream off the best of a comm ercial mark et which is still virtual ly non-e xisten t and awaiti ng better days . &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The URTN A is unabl e to defen d the intere sts of its memb ers, prope rly and its initiat ives (which are, nevert heles s, lauda ble) are stagn ating: the -progr amme rexch ange centre in Nairob i does not excha nge very much at all and Afrovi sion, . the syste m for excha nging news betw een   nation al TV statio ns via satell ite, is strugg ling to Get off the aroun d. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Never theles s, Africa n TV statio ns do not lack talent or motiva tion and many of them are capab le of produ dng more qualit y progra mmes . What can be done to help them ? Firstly, a decis ion has to be made regar ding who is to be helpe d. Certa inly not intern ationa l TV statio ns' be they private or public, which have their own strate gy (comm ercial or politic al and produ ce televis ion progra mmes for impor t which make only a very margi nal contri bution to the expre ssion of Africa n talent . It would also be wrong to rely or, privati sation and comm ercial statio ns in order to obtain quali ty televis ion - t his much has been demo nstrat ed by the Europ ean exper ience . As for direct aid to nation al televis ion, this would mere ly reinfo rce the State mono poly over inform ation. Wha t is requir ed is greate r suppo rt for the transi tion of State televi sion into a genui ne public servic e. with the benef it of an indep enden t statut e and also true editor ial indep enden ce. Conse quent ly, as things curre ntly stand, aid for trainin g teievis ion' profes siona ls, suppo rt for qualit y progra mme produ ction and any aid aimed at draftin g a public -servic e televis ion Statu te, are usefu l forms of suppo rt which are neutra l with regard to State -medi a contro l. Any direct aid to nation al &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; televis ion statio ns in the form of   hardw are and equip ment shoul d be &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; subje ct to their conve rsion into an auton omou s public servic e. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.L. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Images of Africa in the Western media</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Geoff Mungham&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It seems difficult to find an African leader or African journalist who has not, at some time, been either fiercely critical or quietly despairing of the way in which the continent is depicted by the western media. Their grievances have come to form part of a now familiar litany. Claims are made that the reporting of Africa is now almost entirely in terms of what has been called a'coup, crisis and famine syndrome', and that the western media focus only on 'bad news' out of Africa and ignore the 'positive' achievements of many African countries. These criticisms go hand-in-hand with accusations that Africa cannot ' tell its own story, in its own way', because the global news market is dominated by powerful, westerr-owned corporations, who have their own agenda for reporting Africa. For many Africans, their continent is becoming increasingly invisible in the trade in global news. For them, Rupert Murdoch's cynical remark that 'the Third World sells no newspapers' would appear to have been uttered with Africa specifically in mind. Finally there are those Africans who are concerned about 'western cultural imperialism' undermining traditional African values and culture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How true are these claims? Is Africa becoming once again a dark continent; one largely excluded from the glare of western media coverage? Are some of the correctives suggested by different African leaders worse than the problems they are complaining about? And if Africa is in danger of becoming a 'disappearing world' for news, to what extent are many African countries themselves to blame?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To begin with, there is no doubt that African critics have a case. First and most obvious, is the undeniable brute fact that global news and information flows are dominated by a small number of multinational operators, nearly all of whom - especially since the end of the Cold War - are western owned and controlled. This is true of the great international news agencies, whether the traditional wire services like Reuters or Agence France-Press, or the newer global television news services represented by WTN and CNN, among others. The major clients for their output are western news organizations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, most African countries are in no position to mount a challenge to this world news order. The continent has recently been described as one of the 'least dynamic regions in the global economy, where buying power of consumers is low' and in which many countries are burdened with crippling debt payments. In the same vein, a 1991 World Bank report not only pointed to the increasing 'communications gap' between Africa and the developed world, but went on to suggest that most of the continent offered poor prospects for those wanting to invest in telecommunications projects. These are among the reasons why Africa scores so poorly in terms of putting in place viable national communications infrastructures, let alone being able to take on the global market leaders in securing a higher profile for Africa in the world's news rooms. The same factors also help explain why most African countries remain so dependent on western-controlled news sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This dependency is not simply a question of the easy availability of copy or other material from the western news agencies. Puri (a Tanzanian journalist and Managing Editor of Newslink Africa)  presents other reasons why African editors are interested in what's happening in the West. These include the links between many African countries and their former colonial rulers, the realities of global and economic relations and his claim that African editors often have little interest in other parts of the continent. As he puts it, '...a newspaper reader in Botswana, for example, is not much interested in reading detailed reports from Morocco.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, there is plenty of evidence to support the criticisms of the 'coup, crisis, famine' coverage. Examples are too numerous to cite here, but the following small selection is fairly representative of the broader picture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Introducing the findings of a 'Global News Agenda Survey', Malik and Anderson noted: 'For the rest of the world, Africa means coupe, and largescale killings (covered usually only in the first few days), almost ritualistic famine relief... and the occasional travelogues in the guise of saving something or other'. Similar claims were made by Okigho when he wrote that while CNN and other satellite organisations have 'revolutionised international news coverage', the most common images of Africa still depict internecine warfare (in Angola, Liberia, Somalia), pogroms in Rwanda, political violence in Sierra Leone and ethnic conflicts in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa. In contrast, says Okigho, the 'many positive developments' are routinely ignored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A limited review that I made of wire service copy from the main international news agencies during the week of 13-20 May 1996, produced findings that seemed to echo some of these complaints. In this period, hard news stories were concentrated on a handful of the 50 plus countries of Africa; Burundi, the Central African Republic (C.A.R.), Egypt, Liberia, Somalia, Sudan and South Africa - together with stories of alleged financial irregularities in the World Health Organisation in Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Copy about Burundi dealt with ethnic violence and attacks inside Zaire   on Burundi by Hutu 'rebels'. Reports from the C.A.R. focused on an army mutiny, street battles and looting, but were angled on the mediating role of French troops (the C.A.R is a former French colony) and the fate of 100 Americans trapped in the capital, Bangui. Egypt was featured after its government accused Sudan of harbouring a 'vipers' nest of terrorists'. Out of Liberia came a torrent of wire copy about fighting in Monrovia along with assorted atrocity stories, but pinning the emphasis on the plight of foreign nationals (especially Britons and Americans) and the role being played by the USS Guam in air-lifting them to safety. Somalia rated a mention because of the release of two foreign aid workers (British and German) held by an unidentified 'rebel faction'. On South Africa, the wire services were fixed on further violence and killings in KwaZuluNatal, the result of ongoing struggles between rival supporters of the A.N.C and the Inkatha Freedom Party.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'agenda for Africa' sent out by the wire agencies, was replicated by  the menu offered by Reuters TV and APTV. For instance, on one day during the study period, the former was offering ten picture feeds; only one was from Africa (on the C.A.R.) while the rest included such compelling visuals as the British Queen's visit to the Chelsea Flower Show. For the fifteen picture feeds being touted by the APTV on a single day, one featured Africa ('news pictures to offer on the airlift by US marines'), which competed for the attention of western news rooms alongside visuals of a US woman who collected hubcaps (140 000 of them, no less!), Hugh Grant arriving by boat at the Cannes Film Festival, footage of the Monaco Grand Prix and a 'fun run' in Sarajevo (whether or not pictures are available, the idea of a 'fun-run' in Bosnia still seems a difficult concept to grasp) But what these studies show is not the whole picture about Africa which circulates in the West. Nor should they necessarily be used to support the usual criticisms about the performance of the western media in relation to the continent. In the first place, not all news  out of Africa fits into the syndrome the critics complain about. For example, a great deal of the coverage of South Africa has been 'positive' (if we trace the reporting of that country's transition to majority rule). So, too, have the moves towards multi-party politics in African states like Zimbabwe. Similarly, there is plenty of reporting of Africa's sporting successes (such as South Africa's Rugby World Cup triumph). Nor is the West unaware of the work of certain African musicians and film makers - indeed, it has been influenced by them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And even if 'positive' coverage is sometimes hard to find, the critics may still be missing some key points. The first is to do with western 'news values' or rather a failure to appreciate how they work - whether in relation to Africa or anywhere else. The staple diet of much of the global news flow is about 'bad news' and, in this respect, Africa prob  ably fares no worse or better than other parts of the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, a more 'systematic' reporting of much of Africa is still difficult. My point here is about a lack of efficient and developed communication infrastructures, but also a reluctance by many African leaders to tolerate - let alone actively encourage - free and honest open reporting. Too many African journalists have been, and are being, harassed, imprisoned or killed by their own governments. Much of the media in Africa - especially the broadcast media - remains under state control. Newspapers that show a 'lack respect' for the ruling party are frequently shut down. These realities help explain why some of the maligned western media are turned to by those Africans who want something more than state propaganda from their newspapers or broadcasters. This is why the BBC World Service has come to enjoy such a high reputation in many parts of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Third, the attempts made by the African states to try and take on western dominance of global news and information flows, have been misjudged. Two failed initiatives in particular are worth mentioning in this context; the launch in 1983 of the Pan African News Agency (PANA) and the long-time obsession with setting up a 'New World Information Order' (NWIO).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the start, PANA has been dogged by financial and management problems. African governments owe $18 million, journalists have gone unpaid, lines have been disconnected and in 1992 a UNESCO-funded audit found evidence of financial mismanagement. The main source of information PANA traded in was material from the domestic news agencies of OAU member states. Since most of these are state-controlled, the 'news' they were offering was never likely to attract many western users. To try and give PANA a new lease of life, UNESCO are backing a rescue package, which would allow for private investors to be shareholders along with state-owned African national news agencies. But the pro  posed partnership funding is unlikely to work, especially in one-party states where the ruling groups have always been suspicious of any media not under their direct ownership.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The NWIO project has chased even more impossible dreams. Any attempt fundamentally to change the global news order was always going to be beyond countries with severe national communication 'deficits'. Most African countries, with weak and undercapitalised information infrastructures were never in a position to take on the market leaders in the global news business. In pursuit of the NWIO idea, endless international conferences were held, declarations passed and ritual attacks made on ' western media dominance'. Nothing came of it all. If the sense of frustration which kept the concept alive was understandable, less easy to grasp was why African leaders focused on the NWIO idea, while their own grassroots communication systems remained impoverished and under-resourced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most recent attempt to develop 'top-down' communications facilities in parts of Africa comes with the attempts to push satellite-delivered payTV on the continent. Among the 'players' here are Multi-Choice (which will be offered to subscribers in over 30 countries in sub-Saharan Africa), Canal Horizons (targeted on North Africa and Francophone West Africa) and Panafnet (also aimed at buyers in Francophone West Africa). Because these enterprises are subscription-based there will be a clear bias in take-up towards upperincome groups; and - certainly in the case of Multi-Choice - the output will have a 'strong UK/USA programming flavour'. It is hard to see how these initiatives will ever meet the real news and information needs of the vast majority of African consumers, who have limited spending power and are often deprived of the most basic communication tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As Hans Dieter Klee (former Head of the Africa Service of Deutsche Welle) has rightly argued, what Africa urgently needs is large-scale international media aid to help strengthen its own media. This aid should not be targeted at projects designed somehow to allow Africa to 'compete' with Western media congLomÃ©rates. It should, instead, be aimed at building up diverse, viable and professional local and national media enterprises in African countries themselves. In this, the EU can play a leading role, working through the links established under the LomÃ© Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robust national communication structures in Africa will not, of course, alter the balance of global media power. They will be able to do little to stop the international news agencies reporting Africa in the way they have done in the past. And it will be a long time before most Africans becomes travellers on the 'information superhighway', since this, in essence, is an extension of existing computer and telephonic communications, which the continent lacks. But a vigorous local and national media, Africa-wide, would be good for Africa and the best barrier for resisting outside media influences. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6.M.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;References&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Okigho: 'National Images in the Age of the Information Super Highway &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African Perspectives', African Media Review, vol. 9,1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R. Malik and K. Anderson: 'TV: The Global New Agenda Survey', intermedia, January-February 1992. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B. Hicks 'North of the Limpopo', Cable and Satellite Europe, April 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A message of hope on the Burundi airwaves</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Parliament may seem an unlikely launch pad for a radio station, but two members of this elected body, who are committed to a free and fair press as one of the cornerstones of democracy, have set up Radio Espoir (Radio Hope) in Burundi with backing of the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Parliamentarians, Pierre Pradier (ERA-F) and Bernard Kouchner (PSE-F) are co-founders of Radio Espoir (Radio Umwizero, in Kirundi) which brings together a French association and a local Burundi radio station. Three expatriates are working on the Bujumbura-based project; an editor, a radio technician and an administrator. They have teamed up with local journalists who, for the moment, are providing their services free of charge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The station, which broadcasts in Kirundi, is targeted at an audience in the 15-25 age group. In a country with an 80% illiteracy rate, radio is the only way of reaching the population. 'The idea came to us in 1994, with Rwanda and Radio Libre des Mille Collines' says Pierre Pradier. 'If so much harm could be done with radio, then why equally could good not be achieved.' RLMC was the radio set up in July 1993 on the eve of the genocide in Rwanda. It became a mouthpiece  for the Akazu, a clan of Hutu extremists grouped around the then President's wife, Agathe Habyarimana, and it undermined the Arusha agreements by whipping up ethnic conflict in Rwanda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Pradier explains that Radio Hope journalists intentionally avoid speaking about Hutus and Tutsis. He also highlights the problems encountered in providing news coverage when local conditions are so difficult. As he points out; 'When you speak about the situation of a woman who has lost her husband in Burundi, you are talking politics.' Security considerations are important too while the MEP stresses that a proper analysis of events can only come with time: 'At the moment we are limited to reporting the facts. And it is only when the facts are verified that one can begin to interpret them.' The news items broadcast by the station rely on agency dispatches confirmed by a network of local people who call in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of such sensitivities and in an effort to find as much common ground as possible, the radio station gives music top billing. This has the added advantage of helping to attract listeners. It also offers general programmes on African roots, sport, culture and educational themes, in addition to its news items. It is currently broadcasting for six hours a day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pierre Pradier says he would like to see an end to the 'navel gazing' of Burundi's population. 'We want to show that peace is possible, by showing how it is progressing elsewhere: in Haiti, for example, where there is a legitimate President now, and amongst the Chiapas in Mexico.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But, like many fledgling stations, finding enough funds from donors to guarantee its future is a worry. The station's current ECHO grant runs out in September 1996. Indeed, the project, classified under emergency aid, was atypical for the humanitarian aid office. But Mr Pradier is hoping that continued support will come from one of the EU's budget lines. He believes that the Union is a particularly suitable donor because it tends to be less 'colonialistic' than some others. He also raises the possibility of seeking funds from private donors such as the Fondation de France. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking to the future of the station, Pierre Pradier argues that they cannot let the project 'drop' and hopes eventually to see it being handed over to local broadcasters, assuming 'they are people we can depend on'. The signs so far are encouraging. He would also like to see Radio Hope's programme content broadened to include game shows, with radios offered as prizes for the winners. As far as he is concerned, the more people who tune in, the better! _&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joint Assembly resolution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ACP/Ku Joint Assembly is pushing for EC institutions and LomÃ© signatories to be more supportive of media issues. A resolution on the role of communications media in the development and consolidation of democracy in ACP states. passed by the Assembly in March, contained the following points:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - freedom of expression and free communications and media are vital to the development of a democratic society;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - more ACP countries should give opposition parties access to the media' notably where this is controlled by the state;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - all candidates and political parties should be given access to the media in a 'balanced and fair manner'; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - laws which restrict press freedom and the electoral process should be repealed;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - any threat of physical attack against media organisations or their employees should be investigated by the authorities, with those responsible being brought to justice;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the media should be impartial, providing accurate information during elections, helping to educate the electorate, explaining the importance of elections, giving information on where, when and how to vote, and explaining the secret ballot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - EU assistance for free and a fair elections - and a free media sector in ACP countries - should be increased. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Catholic radio in Southern Africa</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Antonio Pacheco&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this abridged article, the author, who is a Portuguese journalist, gives details of two church-supported local radio projects in Southern Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the end of the 1980s, the Social Communication Department of IMBISA, the conference of Catholic bishops in Southern Africa (a kind of SADC for Roman Catholics) embarked on a local radio project. It had a two-pronged approach. First, it involved setting up a network of small community radio stations. The local population were involved, sharing responsibility for making programmes and broadcasting information and news about everyday life in the remotest places. In some cases, the programme content was retransmitted at a provincial or even national level. The second aspect was that it was supplemented by the creation of flexible and independent associations of journalists/presenters. They formed information agencies operating as a network to link up local radio stations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At that time, the main concern in Southern Africa was to rid South Africa of apartheid. There was also a desire to promote freedom of expression in Angola and Mozambique. Given that radio was (and still is) the most important means of communication in the region, the idea was to set up a regional network capable of overcoming all the constraints ranging from legal bans and restrictions on broadcasting to widespread illiteracy. The ultimate objective was to set up a Catholic radio station based in Swaziland. This project did not go ahead, however, because it was too expensive to finance and, above all, because it was dependent on the regional Catholic hierarchy. It proved difficult to reconcile the various ideological views and sensitivities of bishops in the various countries of the region. There was also a growing feeling amongst the Christian communities that the underlying need was not for a radio station which would be a vehicle for bishops' views, but rather a media system that served the people, offering recreation, training and information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio Pax&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another local radio project of interest, which is now up and running, involved reviving Radio Pax, the private Catholic radio station which made a significant contribution during the 1 960s to the struggle for a free Mozambique. The operation closed down in 1977 but the experience was not forgotten and 16 years later, the decision was made to bring the station back on air. Those behind the new project took advantage of the trend towards greater political openness in the country. Their aim was to offer a credible and informative alternative, which, they hoped, would be up and running in time for the elections scheduled for October 1994. A course was run between July and September 1994 which brought together young presenters chosen by small communities on the outskirts of Beira, Chimoio, Nampula, Quelimane and Maputo. The course involved honing the participants' presentation skills and providing practical training in technical subjects, and programme and information preparation. This was how the first association of young independent Christian journalists came into being.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For various reasons, including red-tape and customs regulations, the  new Radio Pax was unable to broadcast in the run-up to the general election. However, the young journalists, who received their training at various locations, were able to act as important independent sources of information. This was channelled to Maputo and used as backup for a number of international press officials and observers. The information relayed by the young presenters in the provinces made it possible to publish a newsletter which was circulated throughout the country, using fax, religious channels and a variety of other means.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio Pax is now in operation, although it faces major technical problems. It is based in a community centre in Inhamizua, 20 km from Beira. The station has already done important work in gathering information about local traditions, and has broadcast programmes aimed particularly at women and young people in suburban areas. The network also incorporates Mozambique's Radio Encontro, which broadcasts from Nampula in conjunction with the Anchilo training centre. There are plans for further local radio stations in Maputo in the south, Quelimane and Chimolo in the centre and Pemba in the north.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio Pax is managed entirely by the Association of Independent Young Christian Journalists in Beira. In terms of training, the current preoccupation is to teach the young people involved how to manage the small radio stations which have been made available to them, and to set up local self financing systems. Although equipment is important, what really counts in this project is the training of the presenters. Working in close collaboration with the community, it is they who are in the front lineâpromoting the inalienable right of free expression.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Voice of the Disabled in Chad!</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Mand RyaÃ¯ra Ngarara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Support Group for the Disabled in Chad (AEHPT) was set up in 1987 with the assistance of the International Christian Service for Peace (EIRENE), which has its headquarters in Germany. By coming together to form a group, disabled people hoped to take charge of their lives and break down the wall of silence that surrounds them. However, despite setting up various workshops (welding workshops, small printing works, musical groups) and publishing an information newsletter, entitled 'Perspectives'. the AEHPT has been unable to improve the image of disabled people within Chad society and has failed to  raise awareness that the work done by the disabled is not only of value, but deserves due recognition. From this status quo sprang the idea of broadcasting a national weekly radio programme called 'The Voice of the Disabled'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are two reasons why radio was chosen as the communication medium: firstly, the very strong oral tradition of the country, together with the population's weak purchasing power, which make access to newspapers difficult, means that radio remains the most appropriate medium for reaching a wide audience; and secondly, radio programmes are not difficult to produce, since they do not require vast technical, financial or human resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Letting the disabled have their say&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially launched by the AEHPT, The Voice of the Disabled is now jointly produced and broadcast by four associations actively involved in defending the interests of those with disabilities. It is broadcast nationwide every Monday at peak listening times.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The programme is not, however, aimed solely at those with disabilities but, on the contrary, seeks to increase awareness in Chad society as a whole. It also acts as a platform from which to urge the authorities to take concrete measures to help this section of the population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, more than a year after its launch, The Voice of the Disabled is enjoying tremendous success, with ever larger numbers of people, from all walks of life, tuning in. For the disabled themselves it provides a vast source of information, explaining the facts behind the causes of their disabilities and giving advice on how to prevent such disabilities and what can be done to treat them, and it keeps people informed about  what is happening within the various associations for the disabled, giving information about the activities, projects and special events that are taking place. As far as the rest of the population is concerned, The Voice of the Disabled has helped to raise the profile of disabled people in Chad. Slowly but surely, people's preconceptions are beginning to change and one of the programme's greatest achievements has been to eradicate gradually the negative image which people used to have of disabilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, the lamentable fact remains that this programme is broadcast solely in French, and this is why plans are now in the pipeline to broadcast The Voice of the Disabled in both Arabic and Sara - Chad's two national languages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.R.N. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">TV documentaries and development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Africa Express experiment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Richard Synge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'Africa Express' documentory series mounted by Channel4, an independent British TV station, has done more than just put a new slant on news provided by state-run African channels. it has also created jobs for African producers and reporters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Television viewers in Africa will soon get the chance to see documentaries on African current affairs and development topics which have hitherto only been seen on British TV sets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Channel Four's Africa Express programme has recently concluded its third series to much critical acclaim in Britain. it included items on a surprisingly diverse range of topics. One film showed how a cash-strapped Congolese prison saves money by sending its prisoners home one day in every month, and included lively interviews with the governor and the prisoners themselves as well as footage of the grim prison conditions. Others focused on the flourishing free currency market in Zaire, the spread of South Africa's 'shebeen' culture into the country's upmarket suburbs, political battles in Namibia over the rights to manage historic tourist sites and the Nigerian military government's blatant attempts to censor television reporting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The latest series supplemented the work of British film crews by incorporating several documentaries that were made entirely by African production teams. Special funding for this element of the Africa Express project came from the environmental television distribution agency TVE. As a result, Africa Express hired four African directors and used African-based crews to film half of the 24 films in the series.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other innovative part of the project was that the programmes are now becoming available to viewers in Africa at the lowest possible cost. To promote this concept of 'media feedback', TVE has been actively marketing the series to non-governmental organisations and facilitating arrangements for the distribution of the cassettes to African broadcasting stations, both state-owned and private.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'It is a way forward for us, because nothing like this has been done before,' says Raphael Tuju, a Kenyan film producer who runs a video resource centre in Nairobi, marketing documentaries to local broadcasting stations and the educational sector. 'There are too few opportunities for producers in African countries to break into the international networks. The subjects we cover are rarely of interest to the distribution companies, the differences in technology are too wide and getting wider, and there are not enough African producers who have reached the professional level to compete with their counterparts abroad.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peter Gill, who edited Africa Express for Channel Four, welcomed the opportunity to help promote the independent film industry in Africa. 'It was thoroughly stimulating,' he says, adding that one of the constant challenges was 'finding ways to bridge the gap between what is technically possible in Africa and the standards required for a European television production.' The four African directors hired for the series were two South Africans, Eddie Mbalo and Teddy Mattera, a Zimbabwean, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Albert Chimedza, and a Namibian, Bridget Pickering. They all worked directly under Peter Gill's management and in contact with a producer in the field. Gill was impressed with the level of journalistic and technical expertise available in Africa and the dedication of the teams working in difficult situations. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Even where the production teams were British, all the 24 films in the latest Africa Express series used African journalists and presenters. They researched and organised most of the films in advance of the actual shoot by the visiting film crews. Cameroonian journalist, Emmanual Wotany, played a prominent role in the films on Congo and Zaire. Kenyan reporter Joseph Warungu proposed and presented a film on the hazards of skin-bleaching in The Gambia. The presenter of the programme on Nigeria, Toyin Fane-Kayode, bravely challenged the censorship of the country's military regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An all-African camera and sound team led by Lawrence Mbada and Mandla Mlambo was responsible for the four films in the series that were shot by the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC). In the extremely difficult conditions of Angola and Namibia, an experienced SABC cameraman was used. Here there was a need to ensure that the less experienced directors were not further challenged by having to work with an inexperienced crew.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For TVE's Robert Lamb, one of the main breakthroughs made by Africa Express was in the agreement of Channel Four to collaborate both with the SABC and with TVE itself, which insisted on the involvement and participation of African journalists, film-makers and technicians. He was impressed by the results and hopes that thee could be 'an even greater African involvement in another series, if one is commissioned.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The latest series was a success, being regularly watched by up to two million viewers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Channel Four granted broadcasting rights for the series in lowincome countries to TVE and Worldview International Foundation as well as the non-broadcast rights to TVE and its partners in the third world. These   agreements allow TVE to provide the tapes at nominal cost to a network of video resource centres, similar to that run by Raphael Tuju in Nairobi. Such centres seek to get development-oriented documentary films shown by the local broadcasting stations but survive by supplying the needs of schools, colleges, non-governmental organisations and other categories of 'multipliers'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most successful documentary centres is the Film Resource Unit (FRU) in Johannesburg. From its origins as a way of sharing bootlegged foreign films and TV programmes during the political repression of the 1980s, FRU is now a major distributor of educational and documentary films.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To overcome the inexperience of state-owned African broadcasting networks in showing programmes of developmental relevance to their societies, video resource centres have to provide their own sponsorship. 'It is difficult for us to compete with the likes of Coca Cola, which will sponsor programmes like soap operas,' says Raphael Tuju, 'but one way round this obstacle is to sponsor a programme and at the same time advertise our services. The business we generate this way usually means that we can at least break even.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Film-making capacity in Africa has been severely limited by most governments' domination of the broadcasting media and a deep and institutional reluctance to encourage independent local productions. The mainly government-owned television stations rarely have a policy to buy in locallymade programmes and tend to look to Britain, France or the US for outside material, which is often dumped on the market at low prices, making it an even harder challenge for local producers to generate the funds to make their own programmes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decline of the once-active film industry in Nigeria, in particular, means that in English-speaking Africa, the field is now dominated by South Africa and Zimbabwe. In French-speaking Africa, the continuation of subsidies  has kept an 'art house' tradition alive, especially in Senegal and Burkina Faso. In most of the continent, however, the only development-oriented programmes shown to the public tend to be made by the governments' own propaganda departments rather than by independent film-makers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where there is a lack of access  to local broadcasting media, African film-makers continue to experiment with making their own dramas and documentaries, showing their work on video in village halls and schools. 'At the grassroots, African film-making can be stimulated simply by consumer demand,' says Russel Honeyman, who publishes the African Film and TV Yearbook in Harare. 'But local products do not usually translate into international products. Film and television is a global industry and film-makers should not insist on being too parochial. There is room for greater international collaboration.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Based on the experience of the latest Africa Express series, TVE now plans to build on its achievements. In May 1996, it exhibited the series to the directors of African television stations at a conference in Windhoek, Namibia, and discussed arrangements for distribution of the cassettes. It is also planning to  participate in a workshop for French speaking West African nations in Senegal under a grant from the European Union's human rights division. The consultative process will continue with a meeting of the African video resource centre network at the end of 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TVE's Robert Lamb hopes that the success of Africa Express might encourage international funding agencies in Europe to take up the challenge of funding films made in Africa for African consumption. He doubts that Channel Four on its own would take such a risk. Constraints are, perhaps inevitably, imposed on TVE's concept by the fact that programmes produced for European audiences use a production and editorial structure that requires 'post production' in European capitals. 'Although we came out owning the rights to the programmes in Africa, Channel Four still had 80% of the control over the production and editorial decisions,' he acknowledges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Robert Lamb is fully aware of the challenges that lie ahead. 'National broadcasters are in a parlous financial position and are still, for the most part, stifled by government controls,' he notes. 'Africans who have received formal training rarely find the funds to apply their newly-acquired skills.' But Mr Lamb and his TVE organisation are convinced that there will be increasing demand for more programmes like Africa Express, as much from Africa itself as from European audiences. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.S. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Internet and the South</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Renaud de la Brosse&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, who works at the Panos Institute in Paris, reflects on the pros and cons of new information technology for countries in the South and on their chances of success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Internet has become such a craze amongst users in Third-World countries (researchers, teachers, businesses,, liberal professions, etc.) that it amply demonstrates that a real and genuine need is being met, despite adverse comments from its detractors. The rapid increase in the number of connections to the network in the North is mirrored by an exponential growth in the South. Africa is a good example of the possibilities offered by access to the global network whilst at the same time revealing the technical and financial restrictions facing countries in the South.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Almost all of Africa's 55 countries are today connected to the network, from South Africa, which has over 800.000 computers, to Uganda, which has just a few thousand. The importance of the Internet in Africa must be viewed less in terms of the number of computers (means of access to the Internet) and more in terms of the constant increase it represents in numbers of subscribers to the network. In the last six months alone, the number of subscribers increased by over 50%, whilst the increase in France, for example, was only 20%. Another telling figure is the number of host computers per 1.000 inhabitants, which rose by 147% in South Africa between 1994 and 1995 whereas the increase for Taiwan and Australia was 83% and 50%, respectively!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because it is under-supplied in communications equipment, Africa is starting out with a disadvantage compared with other continents. However, the recent G7 Conference on Information and Development, which took place in mid-May in Midrand in South Africa, brought together 40 countries and 18 intergovernmental organizations and made it possible 'to build a bridge between developed countries and developing countries' so that the latter are not excluded from the world of new information technologies. The benefit to be gained from the Net for the Black Continent lies in the fact that African surfers are anxious to break free  from their scientific, cultural or economic isolation which comes not only from relationships between Africa and the rest of the world, but often from relationships between regions and countries on the African continent itself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Precursors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As in Europe and the United States, scientists and researchers in Africa are the first to have understood the importance of the Net and there are now - in French speaking Africa - networks such as the Intertropical Computer Network, which groups together approximately 3000 surfers in 11 countries. The importance of the Internet for these researchers is manifold; in most countries, the education system is in grave crisis, essentially because of diminishing budget resources which for years, on account of structural adjustment measures, have been melting away. This explains the absence of libraries or documentation centres. The Internet is therefore becoming a stopgap measure, offering access to all current scientific production and giving African researchers the chance to publicise and gain recognition for their work outside their own continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interesting experiments in North/South cooperation are also being set up, with the French-speaking Agency for Higher Education and Research currently establishing what it calls a 'virtual French-speaking campus', a kind of vast library to which affiliated universities will be connected. The project is also justified in economic terms since, through the medium of electronic mail (e-mail), which goes hand in hand with the Internet, exchanges of information will be cheaper than by fax, for example, which costs at least five times as much for the same amount of information transmitted. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Outside the academic community, heads of African businesses are also launching themselves into cyberspace, particularly in the case of several hundred of them who have grouped together within a West-African Business Network. Internet's financial viability in the South is dependent on membership of African businesses and multinational companies established in Africa. The cost of subscription is still beyond the means of private individuals and only 'institutional' subscribers are currently able to guarantee payment in the short term.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A useful tool&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the possibilities on offer remain to be explored, so the Internet can therefore be an important medium for promoting African culture - Niger has set up a Web via which it is possible to visit its archaeological sites and Benin has just set up a server dedicated to voodoo. In general terms, there is the challenge of mastering content, in other words the African suffers should not restrict themselves to a  passive use (sleeking information from the North) but should, on the contrary, move progressively as players providing content and information. For the countries of the South, it is a matter of mastering information and preserving their culture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The range of possibilities offered by the Net is limitless. Its development in Africa or in the South in general does, however, run up against a number of obstacles, including those of both a technical and financial nature. The importance of the Internet lies in being able to transmit greater quantities of information more cheaply than by using other communications techniques. However, the required technology is expensive and therein lies the principal difference between the North and the South.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The infrastructure which would permit rapid, longterm expansion of the Internet is nowhere near being installed in Africa, just as in the other developing countries. The continent is still under-equipped in terms of telephone lines; according to a survey by the BDT (Telecommunications Development Office), the number of main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants is less than 0.5 in sub-Saharan Africa, and in terms of equipment providing access to the Net (computer, modem, etc.). In real terms, this makes access to the network much more expensive for a user in the South than for one in the North. All these imported electronic goods are much more expensive than in the West, and this is without taking account of the additional cost, in most African countries, imposed by tariff barriers on IT goods, which are regarded with great suspicion by the authorities who perceive them as a potential danger more than as essential development tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fear is that the remote transmission of data might pose a threat to less than democratic regimes. Under the pretext of 'the control of information-based wealth', a State may decide to interfere with the 'consent' or even 'suppress' a site for producing and exchanging information deemed contrary to its interests. Once more, the question of freedom of expression arises in different terms in the South and North. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Panos Institute&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Panos Institute is a non-profit-making association set up in 1988. Together with its counterparts in London and Washington, the Paris Panos Institute founded Panos International The Institute's aim is to strengthen, particularly in Africa, local expression and information capabilities. Within the context of sustainable and  better-shared development, it aims to promote the emergence of a more democratic culture and of more democratic debate. To this end, the Panos Institute runs two main programmes in west Africa from Paris and its branch offices (Senegal, Mali, Chad and Ghana).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The programme to support pluralism in matters of information, which has four major objectives: - to expand and consolidate the legal, institutional and statutory framework of pluralist-type information - to increase professionalism in the media - to give institutional support to authors in west Africa who promote pluralism in information - to contribute to the production and circulation of more diversified and more qualified information on certain priority topics such as the environment, human rights, management and prevention of conflict, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The migration and cooperation programme seeks to enhance the value of the contribution made by citizens from Third World countries residing in the rich nations to development in their countries of origin. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union, UNESCO and the ACCT, American foundations (Ford, Rockefeller) or German foundations, and bilateral cooperation agreements (Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Germany, France) support the actions of the Panos Institute. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The press in Africa as a tool in the democratic process</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Florence WinÃ©ry&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although radio is 'king of the media' in Africa, the press is increasingly becoming an active player in the democratic process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This has been seen particularly over the last six years in the French-speaking African states where a burgeoning of political parties has been matched by the appearance of an unusually large number of  newspapers. In these countries, the press still requires rudimentary political stability - in contrast to English-speaking countries, where it has a much longer tradition and can nowadays be generally regarded as the 'Fourth Estate'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria is a good illustration of this. One need only cite the press campaigns mounted there to protest against the Federation's membership of the Islamic Conference Organisation in 1986, and more recently, the support given to Moshood Abiola. The vitality of the Nigerian press is something that deserves to be emphasised. Despite a series of measures over the years aimed at suppressing it (not exclusively by the military authorities) it is still much in evidence. There are demonstrations to support it, and it has 'gone underground' at times, continuing to publish clandestinely. The journalists' struggle intensified in June 1993, when it was recommended that they should exercise 'discretion and self-regulation'. In spite of the problems, the Nigerian press endeavours to remain a source of pressure in Nigeria's political and social arena.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Returning to the French-speaking media, we see that the pace of expansion varies considerably from one country to another. In Benin, for example, current discussions are centred  strongly on opening up the country's airwaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Is a private press a partisan press?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is debatable whether the private press is truly independent. In the political sphere, it is often highly partisan while 'economic' independence - in the sense of access to the materials needed to produce a newspaper - is not always possible. Printing and distribution are often subject to monopolies which may constitute a form of disguised censorship for the publishers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initiatives aimed at setting up press associations in one form or another have been launched in an attempt to overcome these problems. This helps explain why the SEP (publishers' Society) was established. This group, which hopes to extend its activities throughout the region, is based in Benin where the democratisation process (and the proliferation of press titles) first begun. In many countries, media associations have already been formed covering specific areas such as radio, the press and publishing. There are plans for similar organisations in the field of television. Sometimes, they have printing facilities which are available to other private publications.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The principal challenge facing a general information-based newspaper is that it should appear regularly and on time. The next stage, ideally, is for it to be able to increase its distribution. Initially, a number of newspapers only came out monthly or even every two months. After appearing regularly for several months - and thereby achieving  relative financial stability - they then moved to weekly publication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most countries, a new legal framework was also adopted, although the application of the legislation has often proved laborious. This is particularly true of the setting up of regulatory authorities. In Senegal, where the media was previously governed by a law passed in 1979 (and amended in 1986), new legislation was enacted at the beginning of 1996. The measure was prompted by concerns over ethical standards, a demand for a more 'responsible' approach, a desire to prevent monopolies developing, and fears of excessive foreign involvement. This year has also seen the implementation of media law amendments in Cote d'lvoire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The focus of the work of many newly-formed organisations has been the drawing up of a professional code of ethics, with a view to defining the basis of the journalist's profession. In Cote d'lvoire, the OLPED (Press Freedom and Professional Ethics Monitor) was created in September 1995 in Yamoussoukro at a seminar on journalists' responsibilities during elections. The OLPED is made up of 13 members representing publishers, civil society and the nation's journalists. Although the 'Monitor' has only moral authority, it has had considerable influence on journalists' professional consciences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The OLPED held weekly working sessions up to March 1996 and now meets every two months. One of its main achievements has been to define the criteria whereby a responsible attitude can be guaranteed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vigilance&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The press can expect to be subject to rigorous supervision during an election campaign - as happened recently in Benin. Indeed, Benin's press has attracted special attention from various national institutions including, most notably, the NGO community. This interest resulted In the organisation of seminars on journalism during an election period, designed to avoid incitements to violence. The HAAC (Audi  ovisual and Communications High Authority), responsible for statutory control of the media in the run-up to and during the campaign, took part in these meetings which were aimed at increasing awareness and highlighting the heavy responsibility carried by the media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite a number of incidents during the campaign (which were immediately reported) and although the situation threatened to get out of hand while the country was obliged to wait for the publication of the results of the second round, the press conducted itself in a fairly moderate manner. It should be recalled that there was a great deal of apprehension in Benin before the results were announced with a widespread fear that violence might break out. These fears were given extensive coverage by the media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The HAAC proved to be central to the electoral process and, ultimately, the press was congratulated by most political leaders in Benin, and by those from abroad who were involved in organising and observing the poll, for the role that it played in the process. By and large, it concentrated on portraying popular expectations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During an election period, the print media is an essential vehicle of opinion and power, justifying the creation of special titles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, the private press is playing an increasingly important role in the democratic process and the question of its survival appears to have attracted more serious attention from the authorities. In Senegal, a subsidy has been granted to a number of newspapers, subject to certain conditions, and Mali set an example this year by establishing a private press aid fund, with Cote d'lvoire about to follow suit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The political context which has favoured this flourishing of the private press has had a marked influence on the way it has developed and on the editorial content of most journals - which is strongly focused on politics and 'national' issues. The press has barely had a chance to find its feet on the media scene and in the political process, and it has had to contend with huge  economic constraints. Low circulation figures are one key reason for its precarious position - newspapers are read only by an educated, urban minority. However, the press is now embarking on a new course, attempting to establish a loyal readership with a view to guaranteeing its long-term survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Independence and integrity ought, of course, to be the hallmark of journalism, although currently it is not  possible to say that the profession is dissociated entirely from political militancy. In the past, the press has played  a part in undermining the national consensus by promoting division and, on occasion, fomenting exclusion and confrontation. The issue today is whether the sector can now take its place in states governed by the rule of law, representing public opinion and helping to bring about a rapprochement of ideas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.M. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Benin's press on parole?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Richard Lawson TÃšvi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When President Mathieu KÃ©rekou of Benin granted permission to set up private newspapers in his country, the result was an upsurge of new titles. The following article is written by a journalist who works on  one of these publications ('Tam-Tam Express'). He offers an assessment of the way the private press has developed in Benin, and in particular of the ethical and economic challenges it needs to overcome in the new democratic order.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1988, President KÃ©rÃ©kou's revolutionary regime authorised the setting-up of private newspapers in Benin. At the beginning, only a limited degree of freedom was granted to new publications but things have evolved quickly. 'La Gazette du Golfe' and 'Tam-Tam Express', the first independent weeklies to be set up (two years prior to the 1990 national conference), went beyond what the Marxist regime had in mind and effectively achieved press freedom in the face of opposition from the Ministry of Information and Propaganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalists took advantage of their initial limited freedom to publish reports about political and financial scandals and this, not surprisingly, gave a new lease of life to the media more generally in Benin. In particular, journalists from the national radio and television  channels were quick to switch their style of reporting, dispensing with the stereotyped formal language which had previously characterised the public-service media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meanwhile, several politically oriented publications came into being ('L'Opinion', 'La Recade', 'Le Canard du Golfe'). This development gave newfound dynamism to the emergence of a free and independent press in the crucial period prior to Benin's national conference, which was held in February 1990.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To date, 170 titles have been registered with the Ministry of the Interior, although barely half of these have been published more than five times. Some appeared only once and many have existed in name only. Publications which have had only a sporadic existence are legion and, in the years between 1991 and 1996, when political power alternated between Presidents Soglo and Kerekou, independent privatepress titles flourished. Unfortunately, they faced a number of problems - such as prohibitive paper and printing costs and poor distribution networks. The result was that many operators were financially ruined as a result of their decision to venture into this area of publication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currently, the Benin market has only 20 or so titles which appear on a   reasonably regular basis. For the most part, these are two-weekly and monthly publications which concentrate their activities in Cotonou. The audiovisual media are conspicuous by their absence, despite the provisions of the Constitution adopted in December 1990, which gave special powers to the HAAC (Audiovisual and Communications High Authority), particularly as regards guaranteeing 'press freedom' and 'opening up the audiovisual sector'. No one knows when this law will actually be implemented, but it does appear that the Benin Parliament, which sits in Porto Novo, has been giving more attention to this issue since General KÃ©rÃ©kou's accession to power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The relationship between the press and the state&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governmen/press relationships are not particularly healthy at the moment. The usual reflex of authorities in any country is to control or manipulate the press wherever possible. At the ORTB (Benin Broadcasting and Television Office), a branch of the public sector, journalists often complain of the pressures they face in processing information. The same is said at the national daily, 'La Nation'. Fortunately, such pressures have not always shaken the resolve of the professional journalists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The private press has a different problem. In this case, it is the newspaper proprietors who look to collaborate with the political parties. As one publishing editor has said, 'Our problem is more one of allegiance than of harassment'. Virtually all publications are political vehicles for one or other group - which makes nonsense of the code of ethics that is supposed to govern the profession. This phenomenon was most marked during the election period. All the titles that had been in 'hibernation' came to life again and new titles were born, only to disappear once the poll was over. This is also a reflection of the very meagre resources available to most private publishers. Those who do have sufficient means are usually quick to offer allegiance - for example to particular businesses - in order to position themselves more favourably from an economic  standpoint. Thus, some of the press rather overtly promotes particular economic interests. Others assiduously woo politicians and, in some cases, use blatant blackmailing techniques. In the latter situation, the 'market' operates on the basis that a file (sometimes assembled from a number of documents) will not be published if an endorsement is given or - what is worse - in return for hard cash. The justification for this shameful practice is that the market is highly restricted, sales of newspapers bring in very little income and advertising is non-existent but the newspaper has to keep going nonetheless. This situation also explains why defamation actions are frequently settled 'out of court' by the parties to the dispute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A profession fraught with difficulties&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another explanation for the existence of blackmail is the lack of training. The majority of journalists working for private publications come into the profession for want of something better to do, after they have finished their university courses. One experienced journalist refers to these people as mere 'hirelings'. It is only once they have entered the profession that they learn the basics through joining journalists' associations and by receiving support from some of the bilateral-cooperation missions and foundations that are operating in Benin. The country does not, itself, have any colleges of journalism to speak of. Only recently, the national daily newspaper inaugurated a course for young journalists receiving their training on the country's various publications. This course will be spread over one year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Young journalists working at the national agency, the Benin Press Agency, are trained by WANAD (the West-African National Agencies Development) centre, under the auspices of UNESCO, which is subregional in vocation. The 20 or so trainees have no clear idea of what awaits them when they finish their course - whether all, or just some of them, will be taken on full-time by the agency. Those who are not kept on at the end of their training period are likely to  swell the ranks of the 'hirelings' - who seem fated to remain at that level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new administration will have to tackle the more general question of aid to the press in order to give a fresh boost to the private sector. This has been facing a real struggle since the devaluation of the CFA franc. The effect of the devaluation was to increase the cost of all the inputs needed for publishing newspapers. A new initiative of the part of the authorities would make it possible to offer more work to journalists and to improve considerably the quality of work they produce. To quote the publisher of a private newspaper: 'The influence of money must be curbed. To do this, the state must grant genuine aid to the press so that the profession can be genuinely free and objective and thereby fulfil the important role it has to play in the consolidation of democracy'. R.L.T. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Current media in the English-speaking Caribbean</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Dr Marjan de Bruin&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this abridged article, who leaches et the Caribbean institute of Media and Communication (CARIMAC) at the Mona (Jamaica) Campus of the University of the West Indies, focuses on some of the peculiarities of press and media development in small island Caribbean states.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The English-speaking&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean comprises thirteen independent nations that are members of Caricom (the Caribbean Community) and a few  remaining small dependent territories. The total population is about six million. In most of these countries, the majority of the population is of African descent although in Trinidad and Guyana, about half the people are of Asian (Indian) origin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sea, whose name unites the islands, is a serious barrier to communication and social interchange between them. it takes as long to go by plane from Barbados to Jamaica (1200 miles direct, but 2000 miles via Miami) as it takes to cross the Atlantic from Paris to New York (3600 miles) - and the latter journey is usually cheaper! And until fairly recently, telephone calls from neighbouring Caribbean countries without a common language were routed through London, Paris or Miami.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The distances make communications difficult. Mail can take weeks, telephone circuits are often overloaded and, in some countries, unscheduled power cuts often disrupt computer systems at the most inopportune moments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Communication and the media&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Caribbean has a strong oral tradition. This, together with poverty and an estimated general literacy rate of about 80%, makes radio the most popular medium. Recent studies show,  for instance, that 99% of Jamaican households reported having at least one radio at home. In Jamaica alone, three large national radio stations between them broadcast nine hours of prime time call-in radio.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In all Caribbean countries, alongside the mass media, 'alternative' medias play an important role in communication for social change. In some countries, the term simply connotes non mainstream operations. In others it refers to alternative formats which are found in the mainstream media. The term also represents the use of other communication behaviour - popular theatre, dance, music, oral history, story telling. It has been suggested that the increased use of alternative media and alternative uses of mainstream media are an indication of the audience's dissatisfaction with the mainstream mass media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most English-speaking Caribbean countries, the government owns some of the major mass media, especially electronic. Only recently has the private sector developed its own strongholds in radio and television. Print has always been an area of mainly private ownership. Only the larger countries have daily newspapers; morning or evening papers - although usually not more than two or three. In the smaller countries the press consists of weeklies, or bi-weeklies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government ownership&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ownership or control of media houses by governments is recognised as  a serious obstacle to true investigative journalism.The economies of all Caribbean countries are heavily dependent on tourism. Stories on environmental hazards and crises which might affect this essential source of income are subject to explicit or implicit (selfl censorship.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government ownership in some instances means policy discontinuity over time; each new regime imports its own set of administrators and sometimes even entire newsroom staffs. In other instances, where the same party has ruled for a long time, positions within the media are very stable because they are tied to political loyalty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Private ownership, however, does not mean an absence of potential pressure or political influences. In Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago, the country's oldest daily - The Trinidad Guardian - recently lost its Managing Director, its editor and six of its top editorial executives, after the owners - a supermarket chain - pressurised the editor to moderate criticisms of the country's new administration. The owners also tried to convince the managing director and editor to dismiss a columnist who was a disaffected and now hostile former member of the new ruling party. In apparent justification, the owners produced a document which suggested that it was the policy of the Guardian not to endanger the commercial prospects of its owners by injudicious criticism of the powers that be. Caribbean journalists attacked the Guardian ownership for what some saw as an attempt to turn a respected newspaper into the public relations arm of a commercial congLomÃ©rate. Despite the protests, the Guardian's new editor, a veteran of forty years in journalism, argued that the proprietors had good reason to interfere with his predecessors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The region's oldest daily, The Jamaica Gleaner (established in 1834) went even further. In an editorial it said: 'In our view the owners have a right to oppose the way in which the judgment of the Editor and others is exercised. The right of the Guardian Board to query content cannot be questioned. It is impossible for a newspaper to be run   without the input of the Board of Governors.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small markets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most English-speaking Caribbean countries are relatively small in population as well as area. The number of media organizations is limited. The limited size of the market has important implications for the financial basis of the media, especially the part that is privately-owned. It limits the horizontal mobility of media workers - there are simply not that many options - and it makes the relationship between media and sources extremely vulnerable. There are not that many sources either. It also means that most Caribbean media houses have very limited resources. Many reporters have to cover a wide range of topics. Specialised reporting for instance on the environment, or health, is usually not feasible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the major problems in the Caribbean media is the high proportion of imported television programming. The region is geographically close to the United States and satellite broad  casting makes access to the Northern networks even easier. In the ten years from 1976 to 1986, the imported content of four large television stations in the region moved from an average of 78.5% to 87%. When the amount of imported content carried by the smaller stations was included, the average increased to 90% of all material televised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Privatisation and new technologies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several of the larger Caribbean countries have seen an explosive growth in the electronic media. Jamaica, which has a population of about 2.5 million living in some 620 000 households, and per capita GDP of $1563, has seen the number of radio stations grow from three to nine and TV stations from one two, in a period of just five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago, with 1.2 million inhabitants in 300 000 households, and per capita GDP of $4049, went through a similar process, with seven new radio stations and two new, privately-owned TV stations being set up over the last five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barbados, with a population of 260000 living in about 50000 households has long supported two daily newspapers. There are also two TV stations on the island, while viewers can receive television signals from neighbouring islands. This country has the highest per capita GDP in the region ($5562) after The Bahamas ($10,308).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One positive effect of this intensive growth is certainly to be found in the increased employment opportunities for broadcasters. In the past, journalists risked their careers if they disagreed with their employers. Now people have more options. However, increased competition in a relatively small market also enlarges the risk of commercialisation and a lowering of standards. One does not need to undertake in-depth research to discover that locally-produced television is scarce and not always of the highest standard. It is cheaper to buy foreign programming than to produce original content. Some   of the graduates of the Caribbean Institute of Media and Communication, who performed above average during their training and education in print journalism, can be seen sliding down the standards scale once they enter the mass media as working journalists. Similarly, the standards of newsrooms are not always high. In fairness to the professionals, it must be said that the decline in standards is partly due to the lack of resources in editorial departments. The major newsrooms in radio and television in Jamaica, still depend on typewriters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development of new technologies has contributed to two almost opposite movements. On the one hand, greater access to worldwide networks has widened horizons. On the other, the introduction of cable TV offers, at least in principle, the possibility for small-scale communication initiatives, such as community radio stations either for geographical communities or communities of interest (for example, people or groups interested in the environment).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Satellite dishes, VCRs and computers are breaking down traditional communication borders. In the Jamaican capital, Kingston, 28% of households have a dish and 21% a computer. The picture is very different just 20 miles away, in the neighbouring but rural parish of St Thomas, where the figures are just 1% and 2% respectively. New technologies are affordable for the happy few and are increasing the gap between the 'haves' and 'have-nots' of information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In all of these societies, computers sit uneasily in otherwise nondigital environments. The information that one works with is usually not computerised. Many records are still handwritten, with data kept on index cards. Computerisation is a costly process for which there is rarely a budget.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Once the hardware is available, it is easy to retrieve data from non Caribbean sources. At the same time, it is barely possible - at least at the moment - to tap into Caribbean data sources. There is no commercial Caribbean software. Page make-up and layout programmes, for instance, rely on  non-Caribbean electronic clip-art-images and symbols. It may simply be a matter of time before local products develop, but currently, the main constraints are to do with lack of funds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalism&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How is journalism faring in this environment ? The Caribbean context gives journalism a special professional profile. The small size of Caribbean societies has implications for the use of sources. Access is easier, but it also creates sharper dilemmas where loyalty is concerned: most sources are people you know personally and who know you. Anonymity is almost impossible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because the societies are so small, you will meet many of the same people in different roles on different occasions. The small scale of the market makes all enterprises in media and journalism very vulnerable to market forces: the withdrawal of one or two major advertisers would endanger the chances of survival of some media houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The situation of the press is most marginal in the smaller countries. In Antigua (population 66000), radio and television are controlled either by the Government or by people with close links to those in power. One opposition paper, a trade union publication, has survived several legal assaults by the authorities over the years. The other, little more than a newsletter, has managed to survive into its second year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Grenada (population 91000), journalists complain about police harassment of reporters on duty, and in most of the smaller countries, journalists are uneasily aware of the continuing hostility of long-ruling political parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The working environment of journalists in Caribbean media organisations is usually more modest compared to that of journalists in rich countries. There is less technology, smaller staffs and lower salaries. In the smaller Caribbean countries, it is not unusual for journalists to have to combine two jobs. Journalism alone cannot pay the bills.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a sharp difference between rich and poor in most developing countries. For large sections of the population, the big decisions will have nothing to do with buying a second or a third television set.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is more likely to be a simple matter of whether there is food on the table tonight. These different priorities obviously influence a journalist's agenda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In developing economies, this can create serious dilemmas for the journalists: if you know your story is likely to hurt the tourist industry - which happens to be the main national income earner of your country - will pursuing it be a waste of valuable time ? And how do you decide on the relevance of a scoop when people - some of whom are your friends - could lose their jobs ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.d.B.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; Sources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hilary Brown (1995): American Media Impact on Jamaican Youth: The Cultural Dependency Thesis in 'Globalization, Communications and Caribbean identity', Edited by Hopeton S. Dunn, Kingston, Jamaica, lan Randle Publishers. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aggrey Brown and Roderick Sanatan !1987). Talking With Whom ? A Report a the State of the Media in the Caribbean. Caribbean Institute of Media and Communication (Carimac), Kingston, Jamaica. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aggrey Brown (1995). Caribbean Cultures and Mass Communication Technology: Re-examining the Cultural/ Dependency Thesis, in 'Globalization, Communications and Caribbean Identity'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Doctoring' the image</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With modern computer technology, it is now very easy for publishers (and film-makers) to dabble with reality. Whereas in the past, you could be reasonably sure that what you saw was a fair representation of what actually happened, today there is no such guarantee.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recently in the United Kingdom, one of the country's regional newspapers came in for criticism when it published a 'doctored' photograph of a well-known opposition politician. He was captured on  film at a social function sitting at a table with a glass of beer in front of him. By the time the paper's computer experts had finished with the photo, it looked as if he was drinking champagne ! When the story broke, the journal thought it expedient to issue an immediate apology. For while  this kind of misrepresentation may appear trivial, in the modern age, image is crucial for those who are involved in public life. Put simply, voters' are more likely to look kindly on beer-drinking politicians than on those whose favourite tipple is champagne.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was a similar case involving an advertisement issued by a well-known car manufacturer. For their publicity in Britain, the company used a landscape photo portraying a selection of their employees. In Poland, the same picture was used but black and Asian workers were no longer to be seen. Their places in the line-up were miraculously taken by people of Caucasian appearance. The advertisers' rather surprising explanation was that this had been a 'mistake'!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other recent victims of 'doctored' pictures or socalled 'photo collages' have included members of the European Parliament and a senior EC official, although these particular misrepresentations received very little publicity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Should consumers of printed or broadcast material be entitled to assume that images are never tampered with ? And if some doctoring is acceptable, where do you draw the line ? The answer to the first question is clearly no. There are certain situations where photo or film enhancement techniques are unobjectionable. We sometimes use them on The Courier cover pages to remove blemishes or fill in gaps which may detract from the main image. In fashion  advertising, it is common for the 'look' of the model to be altered. The aim here is to draw the reader's eye to the page so that their attention can then be focused on the product. More dramatic alterations may even be acceptable if it is evident to the reader that a change has been made. Satirical articles, for example, can sometimes be amusingly illustrated with obviously altered images.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Where the practice is reprehensible is where the picture has been changed in a way that leads the reader to draw false conclusions about what he or she is observing. The  classic example of this is where the image of a person captured in one setting is placed against a different backdrop, without the reader being informed. This may be done to give either a more positive or a more negative impression (the latter approach is more usual) but in either case, it is dishonest. If a politician allows himself to be photographed on a Caribbean beach while on mission at the taxpayers' expense, even if he was only there during the lunch break for a quick dip, then he can't really complain. But if the picture was actually taken when he was on holiday in Majorca, and superimposed against a more exotic back  ground, then both the 'victim' and the reader are being cheated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There will always be borderline cases, but in principle, it ought to be possible to draw a reasonably clear distinction between 'right' and 'wrong' in this area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nonetheless, it is likely that distorted images will continue to be presented to us in the future. In pluralist societies, newspapers and broadcasters operate in a fiercely competitive environment and in theory, this should provide a deterrent. If one media organisation is found to have doctored images in a dishonest way, there will always be plenty of others willing to expose the misbehaviour.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In practice, however, the only real deterrent is the likelihood of a drop in circulation, or lower viewing figures. And while consumers may say they disapprove of journalistic dishonesty (whether in photographs or the written word), there is little evidence to suggest that they react by taking their custom elsewhere. Indeed, in some developed countries, the closer a journal sails to the wind, the more likely it is to enjoy a high circulation!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It used to be said that 'the camera never lies'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nowadays, we can't be so certain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Analysis</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Broadening the debate</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In issue 156 of The Courier, we announced the launch of a programme by the European Centre for Development Policy Management on the future of KU-ACP relations beyond LomÃ© IV. Here, we publish an abridged text supplied by the ECDPM reporting on progress.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After 20 years, the LomÃ© Convention is thought by some not to have lived up to expectations and now that East West rivalry is no longer an issue, many doubt its continued relevance. Questioning, as such, is no bad thing, provided it takes place in a fair and unbiased manner and is not used as a pretext to abandon the acquis  of more than 20 years of cooperation. This is the rationale behind a number of private and official initiatives to redefine KU-ACP cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Consultations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ECDPM's post-tome IV exercise has now been up and running for more than a year. Consultations have been held in more than 20 ACP countries, involving representatives from the private and non-governmental sectors, officials in the National Authorising Offices, EC delegations, regional organisations and research centres. A number of strong impressions have emerged from these interviews. In the first place, the initial comment of many NGOs and private sector representativ  was essentially 'what is in it for us ?'. This points to a lack of knowledge of the Convention in non-governmental circles and suggests that this complicated instrument is not entirely 'user-friendly'. Its government to government character was also criticised. There were calls for ACP-KU relations to be opened up to the private sector and civil society. In this context, experience with decentralised cooperation was seen as encouraging.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, the benefits of the LomÃ© trade provisions were highlighted with fears being expressed about what would happen after the year 2000. It was felt that at a time when many ACPs  are undergoing structural adjustment, and the private sector is getting its act together, a clearer European commitment in this area would benefit both sides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Various actors from the private, NGO and research communities indicated a willingness to engage in debate on redefining mutual ACP-KU interests and on the design of a new cooperation contract. Some of them had an opportunity to present their views at an ECDPM conference on the future of KU-ACP relations held on 12-14 June.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear that the process of reflection is now firmly under way. At the institutional level, the Joint Assembly began as far back as February 1995, when it launched an action plan to revitalise KU-ACP cooperation. This year, it asked Senator Jean-Louis Firmin of Haiti to draw up a report on the future of the LomÃ© Convention. It also requested the Social Partners to tackle the issue at their next annual meeting in November 1996. On the European side, the Commission will present a Green Paper later this year while the ACPs are also studying the question. Last November, the ACP Council resolved that Heads of State should meet before the end of 1997 to agree on a joint position.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Obstacles&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this activity suggests a real awareness of what is at stake. Many obstacles have to be overcome, however, if a new type of partnership is to emerge. The main pillars of Europe's commitment to the ACP countries - aid and trade - both appear under threat. It will be necessary to redefine mutual interests - beyond the negative interdependencies - so that they can serve as a basis for a more modern and effective partnership. Greater creativity  will also be required to find new forms of EU support on ACP trade issues that are compatible with World Trade Organisation obligations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An in-depth rethink of ACP-KU cooperation will significantly benefit from inputs by actors traditionally excluded from the discussions - who are anxious to participate in redefining cooperation ties. For instance, in Namibia, NGOs called for formal consultation mechanisms for non-governmental actors. Similarly, economic operators meeting in Trinidad in November called for a new Europe-Caribbean partnership. There should also be a role for applied research conducted in ACP centres. There is already a joint research project on the future of West Africa Europe relations and similar initiatives are being formulated elsewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The plea for a debate that is open to the key ACP actors should be taken on board by decision-makers and negotiators - and thus far, they have proved receptive. However, two conditions are needed to maintain this fruitful exchange. First, ACP stakeholders need to be able to base their views on full knowledge of the facts and issues. It is essential that the Convention's authors make a major effort to provide more and better information. The ECDPM is willing to play a part in this. Initiatives already under way include the development of EUFORIC - a Forum on the Internet for specialised information on European development cooperation - and the preparation of practical guides to the LomÃ© Convention. Enhanced access to information can help all partners move towards a real dialogue. Second, forms and channels for dialogue. need to be devised to ensure that an open debate is sustained beyond the initial reflections taking place within the EU and ACP groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ECDPM&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Re-compromising' development aid for the future</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Jos Jonckers&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this article offers an academy critique of *e challenges facing the global system of development cooperation in the post-cold War era. He argues that the old compromises that have shaped development assistance since the Second World War have broken down and pleads for a radical re-think of the strategy in order to 'enable' fess affluent societies to gain from the advent of global 'free market democracy'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let us face it. International development early 50 years, the developed world has taken aid for granted. It no longer does. In real terms, it has started to give less. The expected 'peace dividend' has not materialised and scepticism is rising. Aid and solidarity are considered old-fashioned concepts. Progress and development, it is increasingly argued, must come from cooperation based on mutual interest and a businesslike approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid scepticism is at its highest in the USA. A conservative majority in Congress promotes radical 'winner' recipes and aid has been slashed. Slowly but surely, America is getting out of the development business. Lacking domestic support, the Clinton administration seeks to 'rescue' the country's aid programme by seeking more cooperation with other donors - particularly the KU, whose solidarity horizons do not yet stop at its own borders. But even here, horizons are shrinking. European aid to its immediate neighbours in the East and the southern Mediterranean basin has risen. Happy and prosperous neighbours suddenly seem more important than distant friends in need.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Has the end of the cold war marked the beginning of a cold world - where international solidarity is being dismantled together with the nuclear warheads ? Or could we be experiencing the beginning of a fundamental reshaping of international solidarity and aid between nations?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond altruism - self interest&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International aid has always involved a compromise within affluent society. People and nations are not normally disposed to give something away unless they receive something in return. Any attempt at understanding and reshaping the future of development aid must therefore start from the premise that those providing development aid do so as a result of a complex and evolving compromise between altruism and self-interest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Affluent countries are usually only interested in assisting poorer ones when the effect is to strengthen their international leadership, and in some way to enhance their security and material wellbeing. Looked at in this context, we must recognise that development aid, whatever its altruistic aims, will only exist if it also serves the legitimate, albeit more selfish agenda of the donor. It also means that the compromise which gives aid its rationale in affluent society changes over time: aid is regularly 'recompromised'. In secure and prosperous times, donors are  more inclined to forego self-interest and to cooperate in the interest of less affluent countries. In times of insecurity, the altruistic dimension is likely to diminish in importance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In colonial times, systematic aid flows first emerged as a result of a compromise between expansionist Northern governments and Christian society with its own 'colonizing' clergy. Decolonisation had the effect of increasing insecurity in most former colonial powers. In an attempt to safeguard the capital they had 'invested' in their overseas territories, following the latter's independence, they increasingly shaped aid with a view to 'buying' goodwill from the new rulers. This process, which 'recompromised' aid from a colonial into a neocolonial form, resulted in the secular, institutionalised arrangement now known as 'bilateral aid'. In addition, during the Cold War, Western aid was used increasingly as a device to stop the Third World joining the Second World (the communist bloc). The result was an aid system which was both more internationalised and more politicised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The next stage came with the end of the Cold War. Communism had joined colonialism and fascism in the dustbin of history. Affluent Western society had emerged as the winner. With it came the Western vision for stability, peace and progress: a world of sovereign nations, organised on the basis of democratic and capitalist market principles and committed to respect for each other's territory and for basic human rights. Today, capitalism has become the norm in most nation states. Long-time sceptics such as India, and even convinced opponents such as China and Vietnam, have embraced it. Democracy has not yet achieved the same coverage, but it is sailing forward under favourable conditions. Political pluralism is steadily being consolidated in much of East and Central Europe, while dictatorial regimes in Africa, Asia and Latin America are now the exception.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The effect of all of this has been a speedy erosion of the terms of the compromise on which development aid thrived for so long. In a rapidly globalis  ing,multi-polar world, the old approaches appear increasingly redundant. From this perspective, the current aid crisis is not surprising and is not necesarily a bad thing. Western affluent society is essentially trying to come to terms with the demystification of its development aid, as part of a process of reshaping it for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three 'recompromising' strategies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As in the past, the recompromising process is influenced by both self-interest and altruism in affluent society. Three trends can be identified.. The first, which is the most idealistic, involves restoring altruism. This approach seeks to 'purge' aid of the perverse political and economic compromises and contradictions caused by decades of neocolonial and Cold-War self-interest. It has impacted on aid in several ways. First, it has given a significant boost to humanitarian aid - the most altruistic form - at the expense of development assistance. Second, it has led to a 'decentralisation' of aid - with more assistance being channelled through organisations such as NGOs, that have an 'uncompromised' altruistic profile. Third, it has led to a 'deconstruction' of development aid along idealistic-altruistic lines. 'Women in development', 'child health', 'environment'and 'poverty alleviation' are all examples of deconstructed labels around which aid is increasingly being structured and justified. Finally, it has prompted an 'intellectualisation' of development aid with the particular purpose of tightening its altruistic aims. For example, the Logical Framework Approach, the concept of 'sustainable development', the UNDP's Human Development Index and various experiments with more 'accountable' project management systems, have all essentially been devised as ways of encapsulating and supporting the altruistic intentions that lie behind aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second recompromising strategy, which may be summed up in the expression be businesslike, approaches development cooperation  much more skeptically. Aid, it is argued, only makes sense if it leads to real progress and development - and the prevailing view is that this is not happening. The approach is fueled by the obsession of trying to measure progress with the help of business tools such as 'output', 'impact', 'efficiency', 'rates of return' and so on. This has led to burgeoning aid 'evaluation'. It has also probably contributed to the discovery of aid failures which, in turn, has prompted growing criticism of aid agencies and operators. The businesslike strategy has gained further ground because of the failure of many countries to achieve any real progress in recent decades. Its advocates argue that the compromises which undermined aid's development impact in the past are inherently linked with its altruistic nature. The conclusion is that altruistic aid will seldom or never work. The strategy has impacted on aid in a number of ways being, for example, the major cause of so-called 'aid fatigue'. It has also prompted a search for ways to enhance cooperation for mutual benefit, indeed transforming the narrow, pre Cold War trade cooperation link with developing countries into a much broader and rapidly growing economic cooperation approach. Finally, it has sought to enhance aid's impact on the economic conditions and growth prospects of developing countries through more ambitious, structural-oriented forms of aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regionalism, the third major strategy, is linked to globalisation. Rooted in human survival psychology, this approach prompts nations in close proximity to form 'strategic' coalitions. In the post-Cold War era, development aid is one of the instruments used by affluent regions to strengthen their position in a 'globalising' environment. The strategy entails promoting 'open' regionalism elsewhere in the world and capitalising on this to create linkages and interactions which enhance their own influence or hegemony. From the point of view of the international political economy, this makes perfect sense. Having succeeded in making the 'world of nations' accept capitalism and democracy, it is through the consolidation   process of free market democracy in other countries and regions that powerful affluent nations will seek to gain maximum advantage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Need for a vision&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With this improved insight into the dynamics that have been reshaping development aid, is it now possible to go further and develop a more political vision of relations between affluent and less affluent nations in future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free market democracy, having endured the 'crises' of decolonisation, fascism and communism, has succeeded in promoting stability and peace within and between nations. Its main strength has probably been its crucial enabling function, with an increasing number of people and nations now in a position to 'earn' a better future. It appears that the model has the capacity to generate fairly equitable growth and progress, which is presumably why more and more countries are turning to it. As is so often the case, however, the strength of the system also contains the seeds of its weakness. Conceived as an 'enabling' mechanism, it results in the categorisation of those who fail to 'be enabled' as 'unable'. Marginalised because they cannot participate and perform in the   system, the excluded (whether individuals or states) are dubbed 'losers'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are seen as a burden and a threat by the 'winners'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The result is disparity in society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experience in most affluent nations suggests that despite the enabling environment created by free market democracy, up to a quarter of the population finds itself unable to perform effectively, and is marginalised as a result. Moreover, there seems to be an upward trend in the numbers affected by unemployment, underemployment and poverty. Disparity never occurs without some cost to society, which is a good reason why it ought to be minimised. The costs come mainly in the form of internal transfers earned (but foregone) by the active, 'winning' section of society. In more sociallyinspired, free market democracies, it is accepted that marginalisation resulting from the model's shortcomings must be minimised and/or adequately compensated for. In more conservative free market democracies, exclusion is seen more as a weakness of individuals than of the system. Compensatory transfers are generally kept to a minimum to induce people to 'break out' of their situation. But while such societies may save on 'empathetic' transfers, they will generally need to spend much more of their wealth defending against threats posed by growing disparity, such as crime, drug-trafficking and political extremism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The costs of disparity are political as well as financial. Genuine democracy is based on the participation of a representative majority of citizens. In affluent societies, however, a growing minority no longer participates. The real danger stems from the fact that this is highly skewed. It is the same, growing, marginalised minority that is 'unable' to participate which is also withdrawing from democratic involvement. The result is alienation from the political system and an erosion of democracy to the extent that its very survival may be threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is really at stake &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having conquered most of the world's nations, free market capitalism is now set to conquer the world of nations, helped by technological advances in communications, transport and computer technology. Economists have amply shown that the interdependence resulting from free international competition need not be detrimental. Indeed, because global capitalism ensures that ideas, initiatives and resources can be 'put to work' anywhere in the world - wherever they generate most profit - interdependence is usually seen as mutually beneficial. In essence, it confirms what might be called the global enabling effect of free-market capitalism. The basic thesis is that the adoption by less affluent nations of free market democracy should 'enable' many more of them to improve the lives of their people in the coming decades. The boost engendered by this 'enabling effect' will, in turn, help to sustain progress in the more affluent countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If this is the aim, then a new vision should progressively inspire future cooperation between the affluent and less affluent countries. The first concern should be to define 'purpose' and 'interest' much more in terms of system and process, than of output. What really matters is the 'enabling potential' of free market democracy in the specific context of the less affluent countries. How something is achieved and by whom should take precedence over what is achieved. The ultimate aim must be to ensure that free-market democracy 'takes root' in less affluent nations and is able to determine who does what and how.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A second major concern should be to maximise the 'enabling potential' of free market democracy for the most vulnerable sections of individual populations. As mentioned earlier, up to a quarter of the people in affluent societies are excluded. In poorer countries, the figure is much higher. If free market democracy fails to enable a significant proportion of this marginalised group, then it will not take root. And if the poor cannot be mobilised, the  growth that does occur will be highly skewed, leading to growing disparity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A third point is to ensure that the 'global enabling' effect of free market capitalism does not become the exclusive preserve of deregulated capital and the 'winners' who control it, leading to new forms of exploitation and disparity. The concern must be to find a way of directing the combined forces of 'capitalism without borders' and 'democracy within borders' in such a way that it leads to a genuinely better world in which the number of 'losers' is dropping and disparities are diminishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A historic perspective&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is useful at this stage to take a look at the history of capitalism. Freemarket democracy delivered affluence to about a third of the global population over the last century mainly because of the 'accommodation' between labour and capital in an enabling environment created by 'Fordist' mass-production and consumption. A similar accommodation is now needed to enable global free market democracy to extend material wellbeing to the remaining two thirds of the (continually growing) world population, while at the same time sustaining it among the existing affluent third. It is no longer an accommodation between capitalists and workers that is required, however, but one between the affluent and the less affluent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fordism basically transformed the 'interdependent' stake of capital and labour in the economic pie, into a 'joint stake' - leading to the production of a larger pie. By analogy, what is needed today is to ensure that affluent and less affluent societies develop a joint stake in the production of a larger 'global pie' as a result of new technologies and more efficient, globalised modes of production. Attracting and sustaining capitalist investment in such modes will increasingly depend on demand and consumption structures which guarantee that poorer societies share with affluent ones the benefits of such global production systems. In the same way that a larger 'mess-produced pie' was dependent on higher and more   equitable mass consumption, so will a larger 'globally-produced pie' depend increasingly on higher and more equitable global consumption. In this context, the principal policy aim of development cooperation should be to ensure that growth resulting from globalisationis both enabling and disparity-reducing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The disabling effect of&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'poor' competition&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Driven by the powerful motive of capital accumulation, globalisation has the tendency to promote competition. In principle, this should be a good thing, but left unchanneled, it can have negative effects. One might draw an analogy between the conquering of the global market and the spread of water during a flood. The water always takes the easiest route, entering the most vulnerable areas first where it causes the most damage. Likewise, globalization, fueled by 'deregulated' capital, often tends to promote competition where it is easiest, but where it is not necessarily beneficial. This is the case, for example, in less affluent countries, where poverty is exploited to achieve what might be dubbed a 'poor' competitive advantage - in the sense that it is based on disparity, but also in that, far from 'enabling', it may actually have the opposite effect. Child labour, sex tourism, environmentally destructive tourism, tropical forms logging, the export of industrial pollution and misuse of intellectual property are all examples of 'disabling' competition resulting from global disparity. In a rapidly globalising world this is ultimately damaging to all concerned, which is why both affluent and less affluent nations have an interest in reducing the gap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All of this points to the need for a major redefinition of society's role in general and of aid in particular. During the colonial and Cold War periods, development cooperation was progressively uprooted and alienated from society. Serving an increasingly complex and non-transparent agenda, it became more and more a 'cockpit' affair, piloted by a small specialised crew - and it  found itself flying higher and higher above society. In short, affluent society lost touch with development cooperation and aid. Occasionally, the media intervened to 're-establish contact' but the result was that development aid usually only attracted mainstream public attention when things had gone terribly wrong.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning vision into action&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the aim is to have affluent and less affluent society working together to ensure that the latter adopts 'free market democracy'- and can adapt it in a way which benefits both - it is vital that the former be reconnected to the business of development cooperation. The affluent must be challenged to help transform their less affluent partners, in the interested and creative manner of a minority stakeholder. They must be ready to share the wealth of knowledge and experience generated in their own process of development. Representatives of all walks of affluent life should therefore be provided with greater opportunity for dialogue and cooperation with their less affluent counterparts. Increasingly easy and cheap communications and transport should facilitate this. This new form of stakeholdership will not happen, however, unless affluent society can be imbued with the new vision.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donors should actively support the process. Instead of spending most of their time and resources determining the scope and content of development cooperation, they should step down from their cockpit. Their new role should be as brokers and facilitators of cooperation. An initial priority must be to extol the vision itself. As this gathers momentum, they should then turn to 'brokering' it in practice - acting as a catalyst between the affluent and less affluent in order to facilitate 'enabling' cooperation between them. The development of an effective brokerage profile and methodology will probably entail important changes in the way that donors work. They need to move much closer to their  constituency, and to be made democratically accountable again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As mentioned earlier, the concept of enabling cooperation concentrates on who does what, and how. Essentially, therefore, it should be seeking to mobilise democratic and free market forces in less affluent societies. The advantage of working this way is that change and progress will be determined primarily from within the society in question - with cooperation as a source of encouragement. Such an approach also entails acceptance of the fact that the pace of progrms must be left much more to the enabling forces of the maturing democracies and free markets, however weak and imperfect these may still appear. Indeed, the central purpose of cooperation should be to help these fore&quot; become stronger. To achieve this, cooperation will need to move away from an emphasis on engineering outputs to one which involves 'messaging' the system and process. And it is not just methodologies that need to be altered; there must also be a radical change in cooperation mentality. Thus, for example, donors should attempt to broker cooperation which is 'small but smart'. Advancing 'best practice' might be another creative way to pursue cooperation which is enabling. And while some output-related decision techniques can still be used, these must be creatively reshaped to support a more 'enabling' approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, this enabling vision entails an awareness of the imperfections of free-market democracy, combined with a conviction that it offers enormous potential for the less affluent countries of the world. 'Recompromising' development aid for the future will mean reshaping it to support a process of adoption and adaptation of free market democracy in less affluent countries which is highly 'enabling'. The result should be a system of international solidarity which is working for free-market democracy, rather than as a substitute for it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J.J.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The effects of corruption on development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Dieter Frisch&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corruption - defined as 'the abuse of public power for personal ends' - has always existed. During recent decades, however, it has grown both in terms of geographic extent and intensity. Since the mid 1970s, it has infiltrated virtually every country in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was hoped that the easing of political and economic restrictions that characterised the 1990s after the end of the Cold War would have gone some way to reducing this phenomenon. Through increased openness resulting from political pluralism and the freedom of the press, the process of democratisation should, under normal circumstances, mobilise efforts to overcome corruption. However, emergent democracies are still fragile and seem to find the task of tackling established self interests a formidable one.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By reducing state intervention and therefore the opportunities for corruption, economic liberalisation should improve matters. In the short term, however, the opposite would appear to be true. Weakened state structures, a lack of appropriate legislation, powerlessness on the part of the judicial system to combat corruption, the pursuit of easy money - mistakenly perceived by some as being equivalent to a market economy - all these factors together contribute to aggravating the phenomenon, at least in the transitional stages. Such a state of affairs cannot fail to have some effect on those who are involved in and concerned by development issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Needless to say, corruption and its effects can be seen from a multitude of viewpoints. There is always the ethical angle - but how can we possibly presume to preach to countries of the South and East when bribery is just as rife in the North and when, as far as corruption within international economic relations is concerned, it is in fact, virtually by definition, the North who is the corrupter and the South and East who are the corrupted ? The only possible reply to such an argument - and one which is morally disputable even though economically valid - would be that the rich North can afford the luxury of wasting some of its wealth whereas in the case of developing countries, their sparse financial resources need to be used in the best way possible! Other lines of reasoning emphasise the distortions that corruption causes in the fair application of conditions of competition by penalising successful, yet honest, undertakings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major obstacle in the path of development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In my opinion, corruption should be approached from the point of view of the effects it has on development. I say this because long professional experience has taught me that corruption is one of the major obstacles to progress, and that its effects on development are disastrous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some people would no doubt counter this assertion with the 'cultural' argument whereby they would have us believe that, in certain cultures, corruption is quite normal and morally acceptable. Well I do not know of a single place on earth where growing rich through taking bribes is considered lawful or morally acceptable! I should like to quote Olusegun Obansanjo,  former President of Nigeria, on the subject: 'In the African concept of appreciation and hospitality, a gift is a token. It is not demanded. The value is in the spirit of the giving, not the material worth. The gift is made in the open for all to see, never in secret. Where the gift is excessive, it becomes an embarrassment, and is returned. If anything, corruption has perverted the positive aspects of this age-old tradition'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then there are the cynics - including renowned professors - who claim that corruption oils the wheels of progress and enables development to take place. In this respect again, and putting all ethical aspects aside, it would be worthwhile distinguishing between the small baksheesh which 'helps' certain administrative procedures along ('acceleration fees') and large-scale corruption which perverts the course of de  velopment. This does not of course mean that we should underestimate the destructive effects that even small-scale corruption can have on society!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet others have simply resigned themselves to the situation. For them, corruption is intrinsically linked to underdevelopment. As long as a person's normal income does not provide him with a decent living, the door will always be open to bribes. It is, therefore, through development that we should be attempting to eradicate corruption. Yet this argument is reminiscent of the debate on the population explosion. It is only through development, some say, that the problems of population growth will be resolved. But by then, the planet will be inexorably overpopulated! In my opinion, the same argument is just as valid as far as corruption is concerned. We simply cannot wait for it to be stamped out through development. (In any case, development is hardly a miracle cure: true, we have the examples of Singapore and Hong Kong where corruption is extremely uncommon, but we could also mention Italy, where it was precisely at the height of the country's development that corruption became the norm). We must act therefore, and without delay, focusing our efforts on eradicating large-scale corruption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If we analyse some of the effects that corruption has on development, the first thing we notice is that it increases the cost of goods and services, and not insignificantly either. Although a 5% reduction in the profit margin might, at a pinch, be absorbed by the supplier, corruption levels of 10% to 20%, which have become commonplace, will inevitably be reflected in the price and will, consequently, be paid for through the national or foreign (in the case of foreign aid) resources of a country. It is therefore the national economy that ultimately suffers the consequences of an unjustified surcharge on the goods or services, with the difference being pocketed by some government official or politician who has abused his power for his own personal gain. Given that such operations are generally financed by bank  loans or, in the case of foreign aid, by concessional loans, these surcharges inevitably bring about a proportionate increase in that country's debts. In fact it is now assumed that the exchange value of sums paid out in backhanders makes up a considerable proportion of the foreign debts of developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, the damaging effects of such practices do not stop there. The corrupt decision-maker may well be tempted to accept a substandard quality of service which will make his personal profit all the greater. Thus, with a road building project for example, complicity between government departments and contractors may result in corner-cutting with regard to agreed standards of quality so that the savings made may be shared out between the two parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At their very worst, the disastrous effects of corruption mean that the conception of a project, and ultimately its very choice, are determined by corruption. As far as conception is concerned, a good example would be the purchase of a technology which is wholly unsuited to the particular needs of a country or the choice of a capital intensive project - more lucrative in terms of corruption - rather than a labour-intensive one which would nevertheless be far more beneficial to that nation's development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The absolute peak of perversion, however, is when the very choice of priorities - and therefore of projects - is determined by corruption. What we are referring to here are those situations in which the real development priorities of a country are neglected in favour of operations which generate the greatest personal gain for the decision-makers. At this point I would like to quote RÃ©mi Godeau, writing in Jeune Afrique: 'These currency-guzzling abortive projects have become a graveyard of white elephants. Africa is littered with vast deserted motorways which are being eroded by the Savannah, with fully functional but empty factories which have been left to fall into ruin only a few years after they were opened, with railway lines which are now impassable  through a lack of maintenance, and with hydroelectric dams abandoned because they cost too much to run'. Let us pick up on the point about empty factories. These 'follies of development' are to be found in many developing countries and in Africa in particular. Some have never produced, others have failed to reach full production capacity while others still face such prohibitive costs that big state subsidies are needed to keep them going. If we follow the thread right back to the beginning we find, more often than not, that factories have been sold without ensuring real competition between suppliers. Admittedly, such projects usually have only private-sector backing (they are rarely financed through official aid), but the funding is nonetheless backed by state-controlled bodies. The existence of corruption in such cases must be more than mere presumption - what other reason could there be for making decisions which run so counter to the interests of development ? In his work 'Grand Corruption in Third World Development', George Moody-Stuart identified those areas which are especially vulnerable to corruption. These are most notably, the procurement of military and other   technically sophisticated equipment, and large-scale works (in other words, any major, capital-intensive project and any scheme where objective valuation and comparison is hampered because of the technical sophistication involved).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is worthwhile mentioning at this point that a country which borrows money to finance projects that do not satisfy its real needs, and which may indeed be considered economically futile or absurd, will see its debt burden increase - and not simply by the 10% to 20% that is used to fund 'backhanders'. The loss will ultimately be 100% if one views it in terms of the cost of the unproductive investment to the national economy. Discussions about the debts of developing countries rarely focus on the mechanisms which have produced these debts. Yet in most cases, they have become unserviceable on account of the ineffective use of overseas aid - the sort of bad management to which corruption contributes considerably.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is more, by deflecting the sparse resources which do exist towards non-priority or low-priority areas, corruption contributes to a large extent to ensuring that fundamental needs such as food, health and education, are not met. It is therefore one of the causes of under development and of poverty in general. Needless to say, official aid is often called upon to make good the deficit left by the irresponsible management of otherwise available resources. Is it any surprise if, in the long run, public opinion in the countries of the North begins to grow weary of bridging gaps which efficient management of resources should never have allowed to appear in the first place ? How are we to convince European taxpayers that it is they who need to provide the money to fund bush clinics in countries which put their funds in prestige projects, if not directly into Swiss bank accounts?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A vicious circle that must be broken&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effectively, we find ourselves in a 'catch-22'situation. Corruption is one of the causes of under development and poverty, yet poverty is in part responsible for its continuation. If a person cannot earn an honest living for himself and his family, then he is more or less forced into earning it by less honest means. Hence corruption is both the cause and the consequence of under development. In order to break the pattern we must therefore combat large-scale corruption inasmuch as it is a significant cause of underdevelopment and we must work gradually to eradicate the reasons for its propagation in society, and in particular to remedy the notorious lack of adequate income to ensure a decent standard of living.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In general terms, we can say that corruption also kills off the spirit of development. Nothing is more destructive to a society than the pursuit of 'a fast and easy buck' which makes honest people who work hard appear naive or foolish. That is why, in the context of economic reforms under the heading of 'structural adjustment', it is vital that the model advocated be one of a market economy based on a sound framework of legislation and on an efficient state. It should not allow free rein to the sort of ruthless capitalism which is aimed at immediate profit at all costs. The example of certain transition countries in the East, where a market economy has become synonymous with the law of the jungle, the Mafia and corruption, really should make us stop and think.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the final analysis, an economy undermined by corruption has the effect of discouraging potential foreign investors and public donors. Yet if development is to succeed, countries have to be able to attract a flow of capital. As Serge Michailof put it: 'Success attracts money. Waste, failure and chaos drive it away'. And although investors are very keen to do business, with the exception of a few opportunists, they all look for host countries that have a stable and predictable climate. Entrepreneurs have been known to withdraw from certain African countries - which are nevertheless rich in resources - because of the constraints imposed on them by corruption on a scale which they considered to be unacceptable. As for public donors, they are increasingly reluctant to offer financial aid to those countries that manage their own resources poorly. It is precisely this failing which is one of the causes of what we now refer to as 'aid fatigue'. Financial aid institutions should go as far as suspending their cooperation in blatant cases of corruption and bad management, just as they do in cases of serious violation of human rights. Conversely, 'good governance' should be the determining factor when allocating aid, and it would appear that Article 5 of the revised LomÃ© IV Convention does in fact foresee such an approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, far from reserving the foregoing criticisms for countries of the South, I believe that the partners of the North have their part to play in the ravages wrought by corruption, be it only as a result of the inconsistencies between their development cooperation policies and their export promotion policies. Basing our assumptions on the principle that cooperation efforts are genuinely motivated by concerns for development - and I can attest that this is precisely the motivation behind the policies of the European Union, which I have served for a great many years - we should not forget that Western countries have a tendency to promote exports, by other means, without any consideration for the effects this has in terms of development. They thus contribute to the dishonest practices which we have been discussing. The fact that they tolerate, or even go as far as to encourage corruption as a means of promoting exports - restricting the application of the criminal law to acts committed on their own territory and allowing corruption to be taxdeductible under the heading of 'necessary expenses' - seems to me to be absolutely scandalous. In the AlortR too, the battle against the canker of international corruption is a formidable one. But it is a fight to which we are committed in the context of 'Transparency International' This NGO, which was created in 1993, makes its services available to any country which genuinely wishes to eradicate the scourge of corruption. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; D.F. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Close-up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">National park restoration in Chad: luxury or necessity ?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Phllippe Dejace&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Terms like 'democracy' and 'sustainable development' are increasingly used to keep donors happy, and to present new development projects in the most favourable possible light. With this in mind, it is interesting to look at an example from 'the field' to see how genuine the commitment actually is. Adherence to these concepts has undoubtedly made a positive contribution to environmental protection, but there is also a negative side&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1989, the Zakouma National Park in south-east Chad has been undergoing restoration in a   programme supported by the KU. Devastated by a decade of conflict, this wildlife sanctuary of nearly 3000 square kiLomÃ©tres was little more than a huge graveyard in 1986 when Pierre Pfeffer of the Paris Natural History Museum visited it and decided to campaign for its restoration. Today, this is recognised to have been a sensible decision. It is acknowledged that wildlife are better off when they have a reasonably large area in which to live, away from human activity. Aerial counts made in 1986, 1991 and 1995 confirm that animal numbers are on the increase in the park and that irreversible destruction has been averted. Currently, Zakouma is the only area effectively being protected in Chad. The other designated sites (one park and seven reservations) remain impoverished and in a state of near devastation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recognising the challenge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One should not be lulled into complacency. Even when a process involving local village communities is initiated, the low standard of living of the inhabitants, their educational level, and the progressive deterioration of vegetation around protected areas in  variably make the latter a tempting 'target'. In these circumstances, it is very hard to preserve their integrity. At Zakouma, a busy time lies ahead. The local people must be educated and informed as quickly as possible. This presents us with the first hurdle given the inadequacy of the education sector. The Ministry of Education is underfunded and with growing numbers of pupils in the system, it is virtually impossible to plan special programmes aimed at increasing awareness of this particular problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are other reasons why there should be short-term investment in this sector. There are good arguments for preserving a few control sites while the awareness programme is under way, since these will one day serve to illustrate what can be achieved. It is also much less difficult to preserve an area than to try to reconstitute it, once desertification has set in. The site is part of the national heritage whose value can only increase. Moreover, in most cases, the protected areas ensure the survival of fish stocks in lakes and rivers downstream and act as a reservoir for game: many of the animals which breed there provide food for the people living at the zone's edges. Even frequent wholesale slaughter of wildlife, as happens during a war, is reversible if the vegetation remains intact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the park is cut off from human activity (the area is flooded and therefore closed, to all intents and purpose, for four months of the year), it has an uncertain future. It faces pressure  from itinerant herdsmen and poachers, the latter tracking giraffe right up to the outskirts of Zakouma village, which is in the middle of the park. Although located in a wildlife reserve of 20 000 km2 - which is supposed to be a buffer zone - the park is not truly protected because human activity inside the reserve is not controlled. In the dry season, the park teems with wildlife. A clear density gradient has been identified with the animal population dropping as you move from the centre to the periphery. Indeed, only about a third of the 3000 km2 is intensively exploited by the wildlife which lives there - and even this area is relatively insecure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enclosure would give those who are keen to defend the park a grace period in which to set up long-term awareness strategies. Ironically, one danger results from the striking democratisation that has taken place in Chad. To win votes, some politicians have called for the bans applying to the park to be lifted. This approach has the potential to succeed because, owing to shortfalls in the education system, the electorate is insufficiently mature in political terms. Another factor is that traditional leaders, seeing their power progressively diminish, are inclined to 'revolt'. Thus, they may fail to intervene when stockmen deliberately invade the park, encouraged by demagogues in search of votes. When the grasslands are invaded by cattle, few wild animals can compete and they are forced to retreat to the central area of the park. Against this background of a need for urgent action, the Zakouma Park team is concentrating its awareness-raising efforts on traditional leaders and the administrative authorities - rather than on teaching schoolchildren about environmental protection (although such a campaign is also envisaged).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Participation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some argue that setting up a 'sustainable and participation-based development' strategy would make it possible to avoid the situation that now exists in Zakouma. The idea behind such a strategy - which clearly has its   attractions - is that man is perfectly capable of managing his native territory. All that is needed is for him to be granted land and to receive support for his initiatives. Many who espouse this approach continue to despatch teams to demonstrate that this is the ideal response. Unfortunately, in the particularly complicated case of managing the environment on the fringes of a national park, the local people are usually reluctant to make the investment. The more normal inclination is to reap a short-term profit from resources that are within reach. The inhabitants are also tired of the lectures they get from specialists who visit for just a few hours. The scope of the problem is such that expertise needs to be available on an ongoing basis. Considerable resources are also needed to ensure.that the effort is sustained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not easy to halt environmental destruction in a market economy which has overturned traditional values and gives priority to increasing personal wealth and consumption. A natural environment's potential for exploitation is always limited. Yet stock-rearing involves the use of animals 'selected' over thousands of years to take maximum advantage of the least scrap of vegetation. By contrast, a wild animal is much more selective and never ruins the environment it exploits. It may even be able to adapt its reproductive cycle to the available food resources! We are nowhere near this situation in domestic stockbreeding!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is where 'sustainable development', which sounds highly reassuring, appears at odds with reality. Beyond a certain threshold, one cannot avoid depleting the resource. If one is to adopt an approach that involves the population actively, one must acknowledge that their response may fall short of what is needed. Indeed, they may do things which provoke migration, and are thus damaging. Thus, for example, the opening-up of a water source may attract more nomadic herdsman, thereby undermining rather than enhancing the surrounding area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Awareness programme&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The single most significant step towards protecting the park would be to ease population pressure, but progress in this area is very limited. We can only wait for the birthrate to decrease; something which invariably happens as a country develops. But what will become of the national parks in the meantime ? In Zakouma, an eco-development team is currently listening to the villagers' claims. As elsewhere, an attempt is being made to gain time. Unfortunately, the current climate of transparency in Chad, which is one of the positive aspects of democratisation and should be a major asset, has not had much impact in this area. The awareness programme suffers from a serious lack of trained workers and when meetings are held, they usually turn into interminable discussions, simply increasing the level of frustration. On the other hand, a convincing discussion-leader can advance matters considerably and discussion is surely the right approach to adopt. Furthermore, the process must lead to concrete results. Otherwise, decisions taken may end up being postponed indefinitely because they conflict with the interests of political decision-makers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the difficulties, the Zakouma team is placing heavy reliance on this desire for transparency. Although the project's initial aims have essentially been to restore infrastructures and thereby promote an increase in wildlife, the addition of an ecodevelopment aspect and ecological monitoring has made it possible to create an important 'reservoir' of knowledge. A computerized map of the vegetation has been produced with the help of a microlight equipped with a GPS (satellite positioning) system. There have also been aerial inventories tracking the seasonal density and distribution of wildlife, as well as in-depth sociological surveys in the villages most hostile to the park's existence. This major database makes it possible to organise meetings, conferences and discussions to demonstrate that the park's contribution is greater than it seems. One big frustration for local people living on the  park's fringes concerns the redistribution of the income it generates. Looking first at tourism, Chad hardly qualifies as a major holiday destination and those who do visit the park are too few to make a significant contribution (the income raised barely covers the cost of replacing their bedlinen !)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One interesting conclusion has been drawn from studies of the animal distribution in the different seasons. It appears that when pressure from nomadic herdsman is at its strongest, during the dry season, the wildlife take refuge in the park and numbers multiply in safety. When the stockmen return northward, the wild animals then go beyond the park boundaries where they are hunted and eaten by villagers. This is surely a form of income redistribution! Moreover, many young fish in the park's only river (the bahr Salamat), take advantage of the flooding of the area during the rains. This releases huge volumes of nutrients back into the ecosystem. In the park, the fish are safe from the fishermen who work downstream and they can swim back to their spawning grounds. This guarantees the renewal of stocks depleted during the dry season. The level of fish stocks in Lake Iro - and probably in the River Chari as well - is thus linked to the existence of the Zakouma Park! When this version of income redistribution is explained, it often helps to convince traditional leaders who then use their influence to limit incursions by stockmen or poachers. However, a lot remains to be done because demographic pressure and standards of living both make it more difficult to get the message across.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We know that excessive human activity always results in environmental deterioration. Zakouma, although under pressure, has been 'spared' to some extent, and as such, it represents an important resource. But some see it as a luxury and it faces a suspended death sentence. If people stop regarding its conservation as something that is necessary, the sentence will end up being carried out. In my opinion, the most reliable way of guaranteeing its preservation would be to enclose it completely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P.H.D. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Developing World</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">European NGOs look ahead at annual meeting in Brussels</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Agostino Ambrogetti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 22nd annual General Assembly of European Development Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), and a thematic conference entitled 'A Europe open to the world', were held in Brussels from 18 - 20 April. Representatives of more than 800 NGOs attended, with the Assembly adopting 14 resolutions as well as issuing specific appeals on the European Union's Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) and on Lebanon. The Assembly renewed its approval of the development NGOs' 'Strategic Priorities', adopted the Work Plan for the 1996-98 period, and looked at the overall impact of the LomÃ© Convention with an eye to likely future developments. The subsequent Conference focused, among other things, on the issue of coherence between the EU's development cooperation and its other policies (notably trade and agriculture). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A general impression that emerged from the two events was that the NGO movement was attaching increasing importance to its role as advocate for the developing countries. A fundamental aspect of this is the ongoing dialogue that NGOs have with the European institutions, and the lobbying they carry out on policy issues. Commission representatives who spoke at the Assembly indicated their understanding and appreciation of this. For example, Development Commissioner, Jao de Deus Pinheiro, referred warmly to 'the very active role played by the NGO community in the debate on the mid-term revision of the LomÃ© Convention,' and acknowledged that the NGOs had mounted an 'important political lobby' in favour of increased funding for the next five-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commissioner was keen to emphasise the complementarily that existed between the European Commission and the NGO movement in support of emerging societies in the South. He also urged his audience to continue in their task of challenging the general apathy towards development cooperation. This, he said, entailed appealing directly to public opinion in order to influence political leaders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A similar tone was adopted by Bernard Ryelandt, who heads the unit responsible for cofinancing NGO projects in the Commission's development directorate-general (DG VIII) He spoke of the 'decisive' action of European NGOs in balancing other lobbies such as the agricultural one. This, he believed, had the effect of improving the coherence of EU policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Delegates from a number of countries set out their views on the advocacy issue, and what they saw as the growing NGO role in this area. Andy Rutherford from the United Kingdom said that he saw increased lobbying as necessary, complementing the work carried out in the field through development projects. He pointed out that Southern NGOs had themselves requested their Northern partners to pressurise European governments in the hope that the latter would adopt external policies more favourable to the developing world. Mr Rutherford also raised the thorny question of structural adjustment. The view that adjustment policies were not succeeding in eradicating poverty, had, he said, been acknowledged by the EU's Development Council in its resolution adopted in June 1995. With this in mind, the NGOs would be raising the issue with the World Bank and the IMF - where the EU Member States are among the most substantial contributors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guido Barbera, who headed the Italian delegation to the Assembly, took up this point, calling for more pressure to be exerted on the Bretton Woods institutions by European NGOs and indeed, by the European Commission itself. This was necessary, he believed, to promote coherent macroeconomic policies favouring the development of economic relationships with the less-developed countries. In more general terms, Mr Barbera applauded the growing NGO participation in the political arena, stating that this was both 'positive' and fundamental'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evaluation of the Liaison&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Committee's work&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A document was presented to the Conference by the NGDO-EU Liaison Committee containing an evaluation of its activities. The aim, in drawing up the document, was to 'review and critically assess the work and organization of the Committee, and evaluate whether it meets the expectations of its stake holders.' In order to do this, NGO members were consulted through questionnaires.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The evaluation revealed that support for the Liaison Committee as the representative umbrella organization of European NGOs remains strong, although there is widespread uncertainty about the future. This is reflected in the perception that the Committee has   gradually been losing momentum. There were also some doubts expressed about its representativeness. Large NGOs, it was noted, were able to spread their efforts across different networks. The fact that small NGOs tended not to be involved in the Committee emerged as one of the critical issues for discussion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Attention was also focused on the alleged weakness of many national platforms (the documents containing proposals drawn up by the various national NGO assemblies) in representing the aspirations of their member organizations. This issue, and the question of voting on resolutions without debating the documents in question gave rise to controversy. Some delegates boycotted the vote while others submitted a written protest and there is clearly some demand for reforms designed to make the Assembly's procedures more democratic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General conditions of cm  financing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another highly topical subject on the Assembly's agenda was the proposed revision of the General Conditions for the Co-financing of NGO &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Projects in Developing Countries. Commission speakers who touched on this subject included Professor Pinheiro and Jacob Houtman who is a Director in DG VIII Both referred to the revision process that was currently under way, and emphasised the higher priority that would be attached to capacity building for Southern NGOs. This involves providing support to strengthen the organisational structure of the bodies in question, and to improve the skills of their staff in managing and implementing projects. Such an approach is now recognised as essential for the long-term sustainability of NGO activities. As Mr Houtman was keen to stress, the principles underpinning the KU-NGO relationship (recognition of NGO independence and specificity, freedom of initiative for European NGOs in cooperation with their Southern partners) would be safeguarded in the revised conditions. Other priorities to be set out in the conditions would include the promotion &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Notice at the site of a non governmental organisation in&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe devoted to improving agricultural productivity&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Crucial to provide more institutional support for Southem&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NGOs' of democracy and human rights through reinforced structures of civil society, and a greater emphasis on the fight against poverty, income-generating activities and social development programmes. With these objectives in mind, it was all the more crucial to provide more institutional support for Southern NGOs. They, unlike their Northern partners, had a permanent presence in society in the developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The revised general conditions would also reflect the new orientation which favours a long-term programme approach over the traditional project by-project method. This should lead to a reduced administrative burden, and benefit long-standing NGO partners who have demonstrated viable approaches in working with their Southern counterparts, as well as good management and accountability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'A Europe open to the world'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Conference which took place following the NGO General Assembly focused on assessing the coherence of different EU policies and on ways of achieving coherence where it might be lacking. As the title of the Conference suggests, the question which was never far from participants' minds was 'what sort of Europe is being created.' Is it a Europe which stands in solidarity with the South (and East), or is it one which retreats into its fortress, concerned only with its own prosperity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the outset, EU policy - or rather its mode of implementation - came in for criticism. It was claimed, on the bask of the experience of both European and Southern NGOs, that the principles of development cooperation set out in the Maastricht Treaty (Title XVII) were not being applied universally and consistently. These principles include the sustainable economic and social development of developing countries, their integration into the world economy, the fight against poverty, and the development and consolidation of democracy, human rights and the rule of law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this connection, three specific discussion topics were selected: the EU's common foreign and security policy (CFSP), its common commercial and agriculture policies (CCP and CAP) and its immigration and asylum policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regarding the first of these, it was suggested that the EU's definition of 'security' tended to be viewed solely in terms of common defence, and that the concept of 'human security' drawn up by the UNDP had been neglected. The latter seeks to define the concept on a broader basis including aspects such as equitable and sustainable development, as well as human rights and democracy. The view was also expressed that a more firm and coordinated CFSP was needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the second topic - trade and agriculture - there was a strong feeling that the policies of the EU (and the USA) were heavily weighted in favour of 'home' producers and that this had the effect of undermining local production and food security in the&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing countries. The Union was urged to remove the policy 'contradictions' that allowed this situation to arise bearing in mind the specificity and sensitivity of the food trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, several speakers were highly critical of what they viewed as negative trends in the approach to immigration and asylum adopted by the EU and its Member States, with increasingly strict rules being implemented. There were also calls for measures designed to integrate resident migrants into society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, integration may well be seen as the key message to have emerged from the NGOs' gathering. The call was for the people and governments of the European Union, acting in the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC), to integrate the needs of the rest of the world's people into their actions and programmes. The talk was of common values of human rights and solidarity, in both internal and external polices. And it was clear from the commitment of those who attended that the NGOs are determined to maintain and strengthen their role - as active partners in the development of the South, as advocates for the developing countries and perhaps indeed as keepers of the European conscience.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.A.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Workshops&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As part of the proceedings of the NGO General Assembly, three workshops were organised dealing with specific themes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Workshop 1 was entitled Beyond LomÃ© IV. There was a general consensus among those taking part that the Convention's underlying philosophy helped to protect developing countries in today's global commercial environment. Without the LomÃ© system, it was felt that the ACP countries would have suffered even more from the deterioration in their terms of trade. With this in mind, the World Trade Organisation came in for criticism for its stance against regional preferential agreements (even if this does not apply to the least developed countries).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The major finding of Workshop 2, which dealt with Poverty in the North and the South, was that  poverty is the result of interactions at a global level - and is not 'nation specific'. It was therefore important to adopt a global approach in  seeking to tackle the causes of poverty, and to develop further North-South exchanges of experience for the benefit of both sides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third workshop was devoted to making the most of EU Presidencies. Here, the aim was to evaluate past experience of lobbying undertaken by the NGO community in those countries holding the EC Council Presidency, during the six-month period in question. The main recommendation to emerge was that more needed to be done in establishing contacts and exchanging information between the relevant national NGO communities. Such exchanges, it was felt, were needed before, during and after the six month Presidency period, in order to facilitate continuity of lobbying on key themes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resolutions &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Resolutions adopted by the NGO General Assembly, considerable emphasis was placed on human rights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; issues, with texts being agreed on Nigeria, the peoples of the Western&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sahara and the child sex 'industry'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade (in the widest sense of the word) also featured prominently. In addition to a general resolution on world trade, representatives passed motions on the arms trade, traffic in landmines and the production of the drug coca.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also adopted were resolutions on preventive diplomacy, cooperation with Cuba, the Euro-Mediterranean partnership and the 'deterioration' of the situation in the Great Lakes region of Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Africans seek bigger share of tourist dollar</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Godfrey Karoro&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe's government is under pressure to encourage greater African involvement in the predominantly white-run tourism industry, which is facing intense competition from neighbouring South Africa. 'Black participation in all sectors of tourism is a priority,' says Environment and Tourism Minister Chen Chimutengwende. 'Blacks have waited in the wings long enough,' he adds, 'and their entry on to centre stage is inevitable. The solution lies in nurturing black entrepreneurship and giving it the material and technical backup to ensure its growth.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Only 38 of the country's 436 tour operators are indigenous, and most focus on provision of goods and services, particularly transport. African interest in the business was kindled last year when the government identified tourism as one of the sectors which could benefit from an international $74 million credit facility. This prompted enquiries from  about 500 potential entrepreneurs. Interest was heightened during the election campaign earlier this year, when President Mugabe's government made an issue of the continuing economic domination of the white community which constitutes  less than 1% of the country's 11 million population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Chimutengwende pledged support for greater black participation, but the government itself is under fire for not doing enough. 'We have a time-bomb and the government should do something about it quickly before it explodes,' says Colin Blythe-Wood, managing director of a tour company and chairman of the Zimbabwe Association of Tour and Safari Operators (ZATSO), referring to the black-white imbalance in the whole economy. 'We are indeed fortunate that this industry, which has perhaps the greatest potential in our economy, is still in its infancy,' he says. He argues that the government holds the trump card, through its ownership of vast tracts of land in national parks, forests and communal areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 1994 Zatso report identified more than 100 sites on state-owned land suitable for development by African tourism ventures. At least half, says Mr Blythe-Wood, were in areas of abundant wildlife, including the 'big five' - elephant, lion, rhinoceros, hippopotamus and buffalo. Other opportunities could be provided he suggests, if the National Park service got out of the accommodation business and concentrated on flora and fauna conservation. 'The government cannot be a referee and a player at the same time. It should sell off its shares in the Rainbow Tourism Group' - a wholly-owned government company which is the third largest operator in the tourism sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the industry's problems is that South Africa, too, has found tourism to be an unexpectedly good economic performer. Arrivals there rose by 50% in 1995, and a new government discussion document suggests that tourism could double its foreign exchange earnings by the year 2000 and triple its contribution to national income. South Africa's parks and beaches are well developed, but entrepreneurs are also fostering attractions such as Boer War battle sites and 'Road to Freedom' tours in which visitors have breakfast with former freedom fighters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fear is that South Africa will be the regional hub for visitors, siphonino off  most of the earnings, with&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zimbabwe merely getting the overspill from short side-trips.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zatso chief executive, Elias Nyakuni, points out that South&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa is already using Zimbabwe's top attraction to lure visitors, urging them 'to come to South Africa to see the&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Victoria Falls'! Efficient train, luxury bus and air services connect several South African cities to the Falls, which are on the Zimbabwe-Zambia border. Mr Nyakuni says that Zimbabwe  could also lose out if things go wrong in their southern neighbour. 'Violence in South Africa could deter people from coming to Zimbabwe.' He accuses the government of not taking marketing in Europe and North America sufficiently seriously. 'The 4-5% annual growth is, in essence, through word of mouth. We need to investt more in marketing.' He says that the Zimbabwe Council for Tourism is underfunded and that it operates 'without brochures or pamphlets.' Neverthelms,  with 1.25 million visitors last year spending $252m (up from 1.04m spending $203m in 1994) - tourism is a growth area in which black people could take a bigger share - and not just, as at present, as guides, drivers, mechanics and cooks.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lovemore Chihota, who runs a booming Victoria Falls safari business, has shown the way. He admits that there is a lot of money to be made from tourism, but warns that careful preparation is needed, as well as determination, commitment and, a realisation that there are no quick returns. He also points to the need to have some equity. 'The promoter,' he stresses, 'must put his money where his mouth is.'&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; G.K.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Culture and society</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dak'Art 96</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most important exhibitions of African art, the Biennial Festival of Conternporary African Art, opened its doors to the public in Dakar, Senegal, on 8 May 1996. The 'Pan-African Art Exhibition', as it is still called, was being staged for the third time although it almost failed to take place at all, having been postponed several times over the last four years. All those who participated - from the artists who exhibited to the directors of art galleries and cultural  institions - were pleasantly surprised. The next edition of me Courier will include a more comprehensive account of the exhibition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President Abdou Diouf of Senegal inaugurated the event at the Daniel Sorano National Theatre in the company of a number of VlPs, including BartoLomÃ© Amat Armengol who represented the European Commission. The Commission was Dak'Art 96's main financial partner providing support to the tune of CFAF 200 million (ECU 300 000 approx). The Biennial Festival aims to be a showcase for African artists allowing them to break into the international plastic arts market. Hitherto, this has remained relatively closed to them despite the general recognition that Africa has a contribution to make to the art world in this area. Mr Ousmane Sow Huchard, chairman of the Festival's scientific board, stressed that success lay first in stimulating the art market in Africa itself. He gave the example of his own country which had voted the so-called '1 % law', which stipulated the proportion of works of art that should be used to decorate all new public buildings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Festival's main exhibition, at the Ifan Museum of African Arts, was devoted to major trends in African sculpture. 42 artists selected by an international panel took part and, despite some criticism, their choice was a  judicious one. The same cannot be said, unfortunately, of the second major exhibition, at the National Art Gallery. This was devoted to contemporary Senegalese art and the skill involved in producing the exhibits was not of a consistently high standard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were also five individual exhibitions featuring artists chosen by internationally famous judges. These might be expected to have a dynamic effect in setting standards on the market. Zeribun Yempeta of Ethiopia offered a quite original style, working on a support of leather straps fastened to a trellis of fine strips of wood. He draws his inspiration from a combination of African design, Coptic and Greek influences, and ancient Egyptian art. Ethiopian painting was one of the major revelations of the 'Africa 95' exhibition in London last year and the Festival gave a further opportunity for such art to be displayed. Another display presented work by the Moroccan painter, Mohamed Kacimi, whose pictures have been hung in various exhibitions - although the term 'pictures' is not always appropriate to this artist's work. It is perhaps more fitting to say that he 'occupies space'. In Dakar, he covered three walls of a large room with 'rolling art'. His skill, particularly in monumental works, is to offer excitement and calm simultaneously, through the use of animated forms and soft, rhythmic harmonies. Ezrom Legae of South Africa, Moustapha Dime of Senegal and Pascale Martine Tayou of Cameroon were the three other artists granted individual exhibitions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the trends which came to the fore at Dak'Art was the use of alternative media and recycled material. The latter, in a sense, is the man in the street's legacy to art. Initially, recycling was used predominantly in the informal sector to produce utilitarian objects. The 'Biennial Festival Village' was set aside for informal sculptors, and in an open area beside the Village, both inside a marquee and outdoors, one of the most individually striking exhibitions was presented. This combined a variety of artistic forms ranging from painting to video, not to mention Adeagbo's unusual montages, including 'African artists and AIDS'. This had already been exhibited in a number of countries and was staged by the Revue Noire team in parallel with its 'AIDS' issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Festival included dozens of on-site exhibitions as well as all the 'fringe' presentations. The AIDS exhibition was one of the boldest but the display entitled 'Love' offered the greatest degree of unity and uniformity of design. Dak'Art 96 also made an attempt to integrate other forms of creativity such as dance, design and fashion. The latter two, for example, were presented at the Espace Vema, a fine metal structure where the creations of the Senegalese designer Claire Kane were in perfect harmony with the highly original furnishings. The European Union's prize for creativity, one of the Festival's four major prizes, was awarded to Vincent Namien, a designer from Cote d'lvoire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hege'Goueier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">On creativity... in Africa and elsewhere</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; by Alain Nicolas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this article is head curator and director of the Museum of African, Oceanic and Amerindian Arts in Marseilles. Here he offers his thoughts on the (partially unconscious) reluctance of the 'official' art world in the West - museums, critics and art historians - to accept contemporary African artists. Even now, they tend to be relegated to the sphere of 'alternative' art. However, he believes that the abundance of creative Africans, and the pressure they are exerting on the art world and market will, sooner or later, generate a 'new revolution' in the museums. This iswhat happened in the early20th century when traditional African art first arrived in the West. This article is linked to the dossier on African creativity published in our previous issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When I was asked to make this small contribution on African creativity, I was happy to oblige since, as a non-specialist, I am able to content myself with a few generalisations. I believe that there are still barriers, sometime not very visible, but nonetheless real, which have to be broken down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, writing just a few lines on creativity is a difficult exercise given the amount of literature on the subject and so many divergent opinions. So, what line should I adopt? About 15 years ago - in the wake of hordes of specialists in the humanities from sociology, psychology, ethnology, anthropology and so on - a rational approach, known as 'the anthropology of art', was at last proposed. The term 'rational' should be seen here in the context of the distinction between exact or 'hard' sciences such as mathematics, physics and astronomy, and the humanities, which are essentially inexact or 'soft' disciplines. And in brief, the West tends to take a scientific approach, relying on empirical evidence, even when it seeks to study such subjects as human creativity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Creativity obviously is to be found in many different spheres. It is needed in technology, it is fundamental to story-telling, it underpins all forms of social organisation and has a part to play in religion. Similarly, what we term 'art'  is one of the spheres of creative endeavour. The anthropology of art seeks to document artistic creativity and to analyse the conditions surrounding its expression in various cultures. This is a laudable enterprise insofar as art is regarded as another means of expression, used in one form or another by all human groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The creative function is universal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The basic postulate is that any society - and any individual - possesses creative potential which may be expressed in any way. The first thing to examine, therefore, is the context of choice. There are various modes of artistic expression ranging from music, poetry, prose and dance to architecture, painting and fashion. Some individuals or societies may have no choice, perhaps because of socio-economic constraints. Others may favour a particular mode of expression while nonetheless dabbling in more than one area. The expression of creativity is, therefore, like an identifying mark, claimed by the group or by the individual. The concept of 'style' now comes into play. The expression of one group is different from that of another and no two can ever be the same. Fundamental elements are at work in this materialisation of creativity. Some  are due to the natural environment. Thus, for example, a society located in a place where wood is abundant may favour sculpture. Others come from the group or individual themselves. And in the final analysis, it is the groups or individuals that decide what to portray (or not) on the basis of their own social norms and what they want to express.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These few limited thoughts should be supplemented by the observation that sculpture or the plastic arts more generally can also be examined from at least two angles: as a means of conveying information, and as a form of linguistic expression.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards the former, some have proposed analysing any work of art, from whatever culture, as a message. Analysis of the work therefore includes an examination of the conditions surrounding the production and transmission of the message. What message is broadcast ? How does it function ? What does the addressee gain from it? This approach is fine in hypothetical terms but does not allow one to go beyond theoretical and formal data, teaching us nothing about the content of the message under study. It refers back to the originator who holds the keys to the way in which it was sent and thus to its form and meaning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linguistically speaking, we assume that all expression through sculpture is a language and that the techniques for studying language can therefore be applied to the work of art. This approach is more rewarding because it brings us closer both to the sources and to the function of communication.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Be that as it may, all methods involve knowledge of the group or of the individual (but also of the relationships between them) and thus of any organised knowledge. Art cannot be separated from perception. This is the position of the majority of scientists. Yet we are not completely certain of this. Briefly, we are led to imagine that art could be irreducible at a certain level. When we look at a sculpture or listen to a piece of music, aside from the emotional content which is at least   partly quantifiable, what are we able to understand about the culture which produced them ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having travelled widely throughout the world and kept my eyes open, without having become the 'observer-participant' which the ethnologist should be, I am certain that the same creative function can be seen everywhere, and it is not difficult to identify.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Frequent visits to the world's museums and, perhaps above all, to their vaults, further reinforces the impression that constants do exist and are worthy of more and better investigation. Art, and more particularly the art of others, from other continents, is still the domain of a happy few.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are usually highly literate people, and are seldom activists expounding a cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contemporary African art must find its niche&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The above statements relate as much to contemporary art as to what we term 'traditional' art. How many of the world's museums really show contemporary art from Africa ? It is as if this sector were cut off from current cultural reality. This is despite the fact that each week, new artists, musicians, designers, painters, sculptors, dancers, film-makers, stylists and photographers emerge from Africa, to be 'recognised' in the West (if anyone knows what 'recognition' really means!). The museums are, in fact, confused by this burgeoning of talent because they have no idea how to manage it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has been said that contemporary African art is an urban phenomenon aimed at those living in towns and cities - and that it rebels against essentially rural, traditional art.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The argument is that the usual methods for analysing traditional art cannot be fully mobilised because 'urban civilisation' conforms to a set of universal norms (more or less), which are distinct from those studied by ethnologists. It would, therefore, be more appropriate to consider contemporary art in the context of sociology and aesthetics. This may be true, but it still comes down to a matter of observation. Confusion reigns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When we staged an exhibition in Marseilles by the Senegalese sculptor, Ousmane Sow, the first individual showing of his works came as a major shock to many people, including the specialists. I can remember the reactions of at least   two colleagues from museums of contemporary art. What they said was almost identical, and was along the following lines:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What's the name of this sculptor ? I am not familiar with him...&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. Do you like his work ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, I do, but what's his name ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. Ousmane Sow &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I don't know him. Astonishing! Where's he from ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. Senegal - he lives in Dakar. Are you interested in his sculptures ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but..&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. You can buy one of his works - he's not very expensive yet and it would be good for your museum. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The problem is he's African.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AN. I see... &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· His works are more your sphere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. But they don't have anything to do with traditional art which is what I have in my museum. Ousmane Sow is a contemporary artist, isn't he ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but he's African, and your museum is a museum of African art.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A N. You're correct, I would love to buy one of his works. But it would be the only example of contemporary art in my museum and would represent a change of policy for me. You wouldn't have anything by Ousmane Sow. And we would then be rivals! &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Critics, artists and art historians have begun discussing contemporary African art, more and more good reviews of it are being published, talks are being given and some major exhibitions have been mounted. There are pioneers and supporters in France, Germany and elsewhere, and there is even a great museum - Washington's Smithsonian - which took it on board several years  ago - but we still seem to be a long way from a commitment from most institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I hope this statement will soon be proved wrong. Institutions do not like taking risks. Either they create 'ghettos' ('let's set up a museum of contemporary African art'), or they set up committees to consider the subject. It is up to us to set our houses in order, but we must not be too naive. This is the art market, after&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although we tend to cling to this somewhat short-sighted administrative view that there should be different institutions depending on whether we are dealing with heritage or contemporary creativity, museums of contemporary art must integrate all the world's sculptural expression. If not, they will be in conflict with the above; postulate which claims that creative  potential is the same everywhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for so-called museums of anthropology and also a few rare museums such as the Museum of African, Oceanic and Amerindian Art in Marseilles, the systematic exhibition of contemporary art does generate a number of problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When I have wanted to do this in the past, I have been reminded of the 'museographic landscape' and advised to consult the authorities, to organise a major debate on the topic: who, what, where ? That is the rational approach, we are told. There is no great hurry!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, the recent arrival of African artists comes at a moment in our history when we are questioning the existence of our museums. When I say 'we', I mean the West in general.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So, what might happen ? Traditional African art caused an explosion in Western art and traditional art history at the very beginning of the 20th century, with the cubists and their research which led them to develop a passion for African sculpture. We are all aware of what we owe to Africa and its traditional artists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Contemporary art from Africa is knocking on the closed door of Western museums, but the arrival of contemporary African artists and the pressure they exert on the art world and  market might trigger a new revolution in the museums, which are also the archives. Certainly, all the usual followers are ready to take up the cause, and that is how it should be. Let's be optimistic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.N. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The works of Ainsley Yearwood: Bombarded with colour</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Claude Smets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ainsley Yearwood is a Trinity dadian artist based in London. me Courier had the opportunity to meet him recently when an exhibition of his works was staged at his country's embassy in Brussels. Brought up in Trinidad, he moved to London to study fine arts at the Chelsea Art School. Feeling unable to express himself fully in this discipline, he ended up taking a degree in graphic design. Mr Yearwood is still based in the UK capital where, in addition to his work as a painter, he also designs costumes for the Notting Hill Carnival, a cousin of the famous Trinidad Carnival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The artist is fortunate to be able to live from his work. Besides the present exhibition which is touring Europe (Manchester, Brussels, Geneva and London), he has other works currently on show at three galleries in the US. He finds that the reaction of the American public is different from the European one. Americans, he believes, are more spontaneous and openminded. 'Europeans tend to stick more to things they already know; to which they are more accustomed.' The titles he gives to his art pieces are for him 'a basis for artistic conversation' with his audience. They express his emotions, feelings, and thoughts, but do not try to impose a specific interpretation of the painting on the viewer. Ainslie Yearwood dislikes the idea of being labelled or categorised - or as he describes it, 'to  be put into a box'. As such, he rebels against people who try to make him conform.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A world citizen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although Ainsley Yearwood recognises his African roots within Trinidadian society, he sees himself as 'a world citizen'. The influences in his paintings are many and varied - deriving from the multicultural background of Trinidad and Tobago, European art and graphic design, the memories of his own childhood and his recent experiences. 'I am like a sponge', he says. 'Everything influences me in my work... people, places and all that I see around me. They help me to view things from a different perspective.' These all then flow together to be visualised through his 'inner eye' (expressed, for example, by two blue dots in his work In the Company of Nature which represents the Grand Canyon). By paying particular attention to what he sees, his 'visual view' is transformed into an 'emotional view'. Thus, for example, his painting Evolution appears to be a landscape. A :loser look reveals that the rocks are in the shape of hands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The artist also uses symbols in dome of his work, as a personal means 'or him to express life. The butterfly :rapped in a jar, for example, in Love lost, is a symbol of the fragility of life. The glass of water in Soul of a Mother symbolises the way a child looks at the world as something exciting and new. he also draws strongly on the imagery of candles, inner eyes and doorways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strong colours, strong emotions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What unifies Mr. Yearwood's work, is his use of colours. As he says, they are 'strong colours to express strong emotions'. In this, he has been inspired by his childhood in Trinidad which, in his own words, 'was an environment that constantly bombarded you with colour - from crystal to aquamarine, sapphire and emerald - a perpetual rainbow of red, yellow, green and blue'. One painting where colour is used to striking effect is Carnival Bacchanal. This depicts Trinidad's Carnival and reflects both the island's multicultural society and its vividness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ainsley Yearwood has also produced more surrealist and psycho-biographical works, under the influence of artists such as Salvador Dali and Francis Bacon. Emotions are revealed through the use of darker though still vivid colours. These works (such as Evolution, &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Translucent State and Suspended in Limbo) show a fragmented self, stuck between past, present and future, looking for a way forward. They come in stark contrast to the brighter mood of paintings of island scenes - which are in a more African style - or of jazz musicians (such as Soul of a City or The Musician). According to the artist, this is being realistic. If he wants to paint life, he must show the different and contrasting emotions a human being experiences. 'You get up in the morning and you are feeling a little bit happy. You come home in the evening and you are feeling a little bit down. So emotions are continuously changing. If I said that I was always happy, that wouldn't be true.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As mentioned above, a number of Ainsley Yearwood's pieces portray jazz players. He enjoys going to New Orleans to listen to jazz bands and in Soul of a City he portrays one of the musicians. The title underlaines the importance of performers in a place like New Orleans - where indeed, they form an integral part of city life. In A Musical Love affair, the painter uses techniques learned as a graphic designer to help him express his feelings. By drawing graphic lines, the cello player and the instrument flow into one another. He explains: 'The cello player was not just playing the instrument. She was actually part of it. It is as if she were making love to the cello.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear from the foregoing that Mr. Yearwood's art is primarily visual. The onlooker is bombarded with strong colours - which are used, together with abstraction and symbolism, to express both optimistic and pessimistic feelings. The artist uses his multicultural background to great effect, drawing on influences from Trinidad, Africa and Europe, to create different modes of expression. These are the essential factors which make his paintings interesting and refreshing to look at.  c.s. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA-Bulletin</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fairness on the livestock field of play</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Sarah Reynolds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the town of Thies one of Senegal's regional capitals, there is an abattoir where nothing goes to waste. Even the horns of cattle are sold for making carvings for sale to tourists while the tips of the horns are exported to Japan. In a rural area of Chad, small-scale livestock farmers are preserving meat by the age-old process of cutting it into strips and drying it in the sun. Careful attention to hygiene and quality control has resulted in a product so consistently good that it has found an export market as far away as Gabon. Livestock producers in sub-Saharan Africa are responding to market opportunities, not because they recognise the need to improve national food requirements, but in pursuit of profit. Therein lies the best chance for stimulating the livestock sector's production capacity. The challenge is to design policies that protect consumers without crushing entrepreneurial potential for producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than half the population of sub-Saharan Africa is likely to be living in a town or city within the next 30 years. These city dwellers will have neither the skill, the time nor the space to raise livestock. There are indications on present trends that their demand for food of animal origin will increase. Where will they get it from ? Imported meat is more expensive than it used to be, largely as a result of the change in policies of the European Union. These have also affected the supply of low-cost milk powder and butter oil. Imports from countries outside the continent will  undoubtedly continue but intra-African   trade and local production will become   far more significant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has been estimated that the production of animal products in sub-Saharan Africa would have to increase by 4% per year to ensure an adequate supply of animal protein for the region's growing population, and to end the need for imports. This presents a major challenge to policy-makers. Already, the current pressure on land resources is causing conflict in some areas and the prospect of more people, more animals, and more strain on already inadequate resources, is perturbing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Information vacuum  in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of value&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Decisions on how to achieve sustainable and yet more productive land-use, while at the same time ensuring fair access to resources for other interested users, cannot be soundly based if made in an information vacuum. It was in recognition of the lack of information about the livestock sector that the CTA organised and sponsored a seminar on Livestock development policies in the humid and sub-humid zones of sub-Saharan Africa. This was held in Abidjan, Cote d'lvoire on 5-9 February 1996. It was attended by participants from 17 countries within the region and by representatives from international institutions and from Europe. The objective was to contribute to the ongoing debate on policies aimed at bringing about sustainable livestock development while respecting natural resources in developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of value&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effective planning of government action on issues such as import policy, provision of inputs and services, marketing and research priorities requires quantitative information on livestock production systems. Why is this information lacking when it is estimated that livestock products contribute about 25% of total agricultural GDP in subSaharan Africa? The livestock sector is too important to ignore and yet it is consistently undervalued. The reason is that economists and statisticians like to deal with a tangible unit that can be counted. Ideally, this should be a monetary unit but, failing that, it should at least be a unit that can be easily converted to money, such as the number of animals potentially available to the market. But if animals are used to sustain a traditional way of life, for people who do not have to pay before they can eat, it is difficult to put a monetary value on the food they consume. Similarly, if a herd of animals is sustained by forage that has no other use, on land that can be used for no other purpose, the cost of feeding cannot easily be measured in financial terms. Indeed producers have little to gain from allowing government   departments to acquire information about their assets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Livestock owners have their own objectives when deciding whether and how to increase production. Livestock provide energy in the form of draught power, and dung for fuel or biogas. Their manure restores structure and fertility to the soil. Social prestige may be measured in the quantity and quality of the animals one possesses. For some livestock owners, their animals are their 'barking' system. They represent a deposit account for accumulated wealth and a current account when an animal is sold to raise cash. Indeed it may be impossible to obtain credit from an orthodox bank. There is an added advantage in that there are no interest charges to pay when you raise cash by selling your own animals as opposed to taking out a loan from a bank. It may be difficult to measure real production when animals are treated as a capital reserve. For example, an increase in meat prices, perhaps as a response to a change in economic policy, may result in a short-term reduction rather than increase, in the number of animals being marketed. This is because producers are able to maintain their income by selling fewer animals and can simultaneously  increase their breeding herds. Alternatively, there may be little incentive to producers to sell more animals if they have no use for the extra money they earn. It is of course true that more people are joining the cash economy as they become aware of the desirability of consumer goods, or of services such as schooling. Governments may aspire to design policies which will develop the livestock sector for the economic welfare of society as a whole, but if these policies ignore the objectives of livestock owners, they will fail.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fair play&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a football match, the referee is there to see fair play. In the livestock sector, governments have to ensure fair play between the 'demand team' and the 'supply team', in other words the -consumers and the producers. Governments often make two mistakes. Either they help one team at the expense of the other, or else they join in the game themselves. The role of the authorities should be to make the rules that protect both teams from unfair or unsafe practices. For example, health and hygiene regulations must be in place, and  enforced, but not be so onerous that illegal and totally unregulated marketing channels are established.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Private traders have considerable power to manipulate markets if they collude to form cartels and prevent outsiders from entering their ring. Governments should ensure that this is not allowed to happen, that markets are open and that traders are free to operate provided that they observe health and hygiene regulations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Veterinary services&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most countries are no longer able to supply even minimum standards of veterinary support to their livestock producers. The efforts that have been made in recent years have been largely in the form of donor-funded projects where continuity is rarely guaranteed. The only viable alternative seems to be to transfer activities of this kind to service providers in the private sector. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work that they do under contract to the government, for example relating to the control of epidemic diseases, must be funded by government or other central agencies since cost-recovery from individual livestock owners is not feasible when participation has to be compulsory. The work that they do on behalf of individuals, or associations of livestock owners, should, however, be paid for by those who benefit directly from the increased productivity that should result - the farmers. The greatest difficulty lies in managing what will be a long and difficult transition period. The success of ventures to privatise veterinary services depends on whether the profession can deliver a decent living in the private sector, particularly in rural areas where the need is undoubtedly greatest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is in the rural areas that livestock production needs to be intensified. On the outskirts of Africa's major cities, intensive pig and poultry production is already being supported by commercial, joint venture capital. Dairy units, in which exotic, high performance cattle breeds are managed in a controlled environment, are producing fresh milk for cash-paying consumers in nearby towns and cities. Urban areas create the demand but it is the rural areas that need the development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Animal products are seasonal and prices fluctuate accordingly. However, consumers are more likely to develop the habit of using products that are consistently available at stable prices. Government intervention to stabilise  prices risks favouring the consumer at the expense of the producer. For example, if imports are used to counter temporarily high prices during periods of drought, then producers will receive less for their reduced output at the very time when they need support. The most effective policy of price stabilization is to encourage the adoption of production systems that are less vulnerable to seasonal changes. Processing achieves this to some degree and brings benefits to both producers and consumers. Furthermore, because animal products are perishable, and dangerous to human health when they deteriorate, processing extends storage life, and may even have an effect in improving food security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most countries, the time of greatest food shortage is at the beginning of the rainy season. This is also the time when milk production soars because cattle have good feed; and yet much of that milk is wasted because there is more than required for home consumption. If that surplus milk can be fumed into cheese, potential customers in more distant markets may be reached. Provided that the product is acceptable to the consumer, cheese-making reduces wastage, diversifies the producer's source of income and may also provide employment, and therefore income, to those brought in to help with the production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A technology that has been exhaustively tested by FAO for its suitability for use in Africa is lactoperoxydase. This is an enzyme which extends by three hours the length of time before milk begins to curdle and clot. This effectively doubles the time available for milk to reach the cooling centre, and thereby extends the catchment areas for producers wishing to supply fresh milk to urban markets. The trials that have been conducted show that it is entirely safe. When milk is brought to rural collecting points, it is the responsibility of the cooling centre employee, not the farmer, to add the enzyme at the prescribed rate as the milk is transferred into cans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On current trends, it seems probable that there will be more than 20 capital cities in Africa that have a population of 10 million people by the year 2010. How many other cities and towns will have developed by that time ? There are so many people migrating to the urban areas, and they are doing so because the type of activities that ought to be taking place in the countryside do not exist. If the livestock industry, both primary production and processing, can be encouraged in rural areas, and if the infrastructure is in place to ensure that animal products, in whatever form, can reach urban markets, rural dwellers will find it more comfortable to stay where they are rather than going to the cities to look for jobs that do not exist.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge for policy-makers is to deal even-handedly, not only in the interests of the livestock sector, but in the interests of other farmers, consumers, the national economy and the long-term sustainability of the nation's natural resources. For this task, reliable information, which is accessible to all countries within the region, is essential. The database structure of this information should be standardised so that it can form the basis of regional cooperation on trade and the sustainable use of land resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.R. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courierâs Mailbag</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WCL seeks a wider  expression views&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We refer to the article published by The Courier in issue no 156 (March-April 1996) entitled The changing face of trade unionism in Africa, which reflects the views of the ICFTU (AFRO) and OATUU.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We are surprised that you have not taken pains to solicit the views of the World Confederation of Labour (WCL) and its regional organisation, the Democratic Organisation of African Workers Trade Unions (DOAWTU) - which participated on the same footing as the two other trade union organisations at the ACP-KU Social Partners meeting in December last year. We strongly believe this omission on your part should be corrected in future in order to allow a wider expression of the views and stands of all representative trade unions in Africa on such important issues as structural adjustment programmes, the social clause, labour standards and working conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carlos L. Custer, Secretary-General, World Confederation of Labour, Brussels, Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linked destinies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The continuing dialogue between the ACP and EC Groups has exposed many mutual concerns about world affairs and has promoted a more complete understanding of the problems of both advanced and developing  nations. I am confident that in the future, we shall see further progress in our efforts to create a favourable financial climate for the resolution of our economic problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Global political and economic events have brought home to all of us how inextricably our social and economic destinies are linked. This is true of a whole range of subjects from human rights and political reform to economic development, conservation, health education and industrial promotion. None of these subjects can be put into independent boxes. We must seek more effective integration of our social and economic policies - both internally and internationally - if we are to serve the welfare of the people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I rejoice in your initiative in publishing The Courier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Teddyiniovo, International institute for Global Cooperation, Benin City, Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scope for energy selfsufficiency&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;May I congratulate you on the new layout of The Courier, which is a great deal clearer and which you have instituted as a result of comments made by a number of your readers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I am surprised to discover that you have not said anything about the question of energy dependence in the LomÃ© Convention countries. Energy self sufficiency is an extremely important issue. ACP countries face a famine in this area which is rarely mentioned. Most are majors exporters of petroleum, which is  costly and absorbs a significant proportion of their foreign exchange earnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Practically all the LomÃ© countries are in a position to produce alcohol from crops such as sugar cane and manioc without any negative impact on their food resources. These crops could be distilled to produce big-ethanol which is an excellent fuel. All that is needed - and it is a major challenge admittedly - is for production to be organised in each country, and for the required national and international financing to be set up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also required is the political will in these countries to overcome the various obstacles, including those lobbies who oppose this kind of production because they want petrol imports to be maintained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pierre Mariotte Consultant, Paris, France &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bibliography</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jean Monnet - 1888-1979  &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Eric Roussel. Published by Fayard, Paris. 1996. 1004 pages. FFR 198.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jean Monnet was almost 91 years old when he died and, despite the fact that he had no higher education qualifications and at times did not hold any official post, his public role was legendary. From the very first page of his book, Eric Roussel stresses the fact that, from the moment Jean Monnet met the Prime Minister, Rene Viviani, in September 1914 until 9 May 1975, the day the Action Committee for a United States of Europe was dissolved, he worked constantly for the European cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He applied the same tireless enthusiasm to all his duties, in whatever sphere of activity he was involved - and these were many and varied. Despite his provincial origins, Jean Monnet was, among other things, a cognac merchant, an advocate of the Allied coordination effort during the First World War, Deputy Secretary General of the League of Nations (for a short time), a banker in America and China during the 1930s and in charge of the Victory Program in the USA in 1941. From 1947 to 1952, he was the first Commissioner-General of the Economic Plan in France. He and Robert Schuman were the architects of the famous Declaration of 9 May 1950 which was to form the basis of European construction. He went on to become the first President of the ECSC's High Authority and, until 1975, he was the driving force behind the Action Committee for a United States of Europe. And that is just to highlight his renowned roles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, Jean Monnet was both a visionary and a pragmatist, who was to become adviser to some of the greatest names of his day. General de Gaulle, another great visionary, albeit with a very different ideology, called him 'the inspiration' behind European integration, although such an accolade was not completely devoid of irony given that the two men could hardly be said to see eye to eye.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jean Monnet was a purveyor of new ideas, but also an eternal realist who never failed to recognise the importance of the status quo. Indeed, he could have stepped right out of the pages of a Paul Morand novel. And yet, despite the fact that he was held in the highest esteem by world political heavyweights (Clemenceau, Roosevelt, Churchill, Adenauer, de Gasperi, Brandt, Pompidou, John Kennedy, Henry Kissinger, Heath and Giscard d'Estaing, to name but a few), in his private life he was a simple man, of modest disposition - in fact a bourgeois in the best sense of the word.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 'workaholic', like many great men, Jean Monnet defied categorization. He has recently been described as 'a man of fringe ideologies who was nevertheless always at the centre of things'. During the latter part of his life, he settled comfortably into his role as 'rather' of Europe. His fundamental thoughts on that topic could be summed up in one line from the Declaration of 9 May 1950, (now a public holiday in the European institutions). 'Europe will not be built in a day, nor as a single structure, but will come about through concrete actions which, first and foremost, create a de facto solidarity'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Monnet, nationalism meant only war and, from 1942 onwards, he set his sights on preparing for the future, surrounding himself with a team of extraordinary talent - people such as Etienne Hirsch, Herve Alphand, Rene Mayer and Robert Marjolin. These men strove to find ways to avoid war between the countries of Western Europe, to define the objectives of European unification and to establish European institutions which would be equal to such a task.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eric Roussel is a journalist with an arts degree and a doctorate in law, and this is an outstanding work on the 'pragmatic visionary' that was Jean&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Monnet. The book is comprehensive, extremely well-written and impressively documented. Most notably, the author had access, for the first time, to the famous journal kept by Jean Monnet in which he recorded his countlles conversations with the key players and set out his own thoughts. Today, his dream of 'a united Europe complemented by a partnership with the United States' is still one of the big issues. And as the arguments rage, we should perhaps recall some other famous words from Jean Monnet's Memoires: 'We do not seek to form a coalition of States, we seek to unite men . &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alain Lacroix &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Le Choix de l'Europe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Opting for Europe)  by Laurent Cohen-Tanugi. Pub/ished by Fayard, Paris. 225 pages. FFR 110 - BFR 748.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Laurent Cohen-Tanugi successfully reminds us of the modernity of the European project; that there are aspects of it that are essential to our independence and our prosperity, to preserving our model of society and maintaining our influence on the international stage. By urging Europeans and European leaders to look to the future so as to be better able to manage the risks and seize the opportunities that it offers and, ultimately, to be in a better position to change things, he brings us all hope'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was how Jacques Delors described this book, and, basically, there you have it in a nutshell. It would, however, be worthwhile adding that 'opting for Europe' is not quite as simple as it sounds - a fact which has not escaped the attention of the author, who is a graduate of France's elite Ecole normale superieure and of the Harvard Law School. He is also a barrister and member of a renowned firm of international lawyers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the Treaty of Rome, European progress has very often come about because Member States have set themselves deadlines for achieving particular objectives. 1996 sees the opening of the Intergovernmental Conference, an event of major importance, which is expected to continue at least until the spring of 1997 (with parliamentary elections planned in several Member States in 1997 and 1998). Among the items on the agenda for the IGC is the need to adapt the European institutions - which in essence have hardly changed since 1958 - and to open up the way for the third phase of Economic and Monetary Union in 1999 for those States which have fulfilled the economic convergence criteria set out in the Maastricht Treaty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, besides the technical and financial problems involved, there are also differences between certain Member States about the political future of Europe. The author rightly stresses, in this respect, that the situation has become even more complex since the demise of the Soviet Union. In particular, some politicians support an expansion of the EU towards Central and Eastern Europe, so as to avoid strengthening European integration. The author believes that, broadly speaking, there are two distinct positions. On the one hand, there is the United Kingdom, which would be happy with a large free trade area guided by a 'Secretariat-Commission'and with flexible and relatively loose inter-State cooperation structures at a political level. On the other hand, there is Germany, which wants expansion of the Union towards the East as well, but also wants a swift and concrete consolidation of a common monetary and political 'hard core'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In his book, the author expresses his view that France will play a vital role in maintaining and advancing the essential elements that form the basis of the European enterprise. And he nails his own colours firmly to the mast as someone who hopes to see the continent moving towards some form of federal structure. As one observer commenting   on the work has noted, 'This little Bible, brimming with faith in the concept of a unified Europe, will be invaluable - even to the doubting Thomases among us'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publications received&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Et.... qu'en pensent les villageois? Projets de developpement durable et be veins de base bÃ©nÃ©ficiaires&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(But... what do the villagers think about it ? Sustainable development projects and basic needs of aid recipients)  by Myriam Bacquelaine. Published by Ured (Research, Education and Development Unit) of the K.U. Brussels (17, avenue de la Liberte, B- 1080 Brussels). 1995. 3Z2 pages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Les problemes du monde rural vus par les habitants - Portraits de villages de Haute-Guinee&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(me problems of rural life as seen by the inhabitants - Profiles of villages in Upper Guinea)  by Myriam Bacquelaine. Published by Ured (Research, Education and Development Unit) of the KU. Brussels (17, avenue de la Liberte, B- 1080 Brussels). 1995. 222 pages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, who has a PhD in educational sciences and is a researcher at Ured, has written these two works on the basis of a study she carried out on behalf of the European Commission in Guinea (Conakr,v). This aimed at identifying the most urgent priorities of village communities within the context of an environment restoration project.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The conclusion of the first book underlines research results which point to the adoption of a different approach to development at local level: one which respects the wishes of the recipients and which finally breaks free from western ethnocentrism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the second volume, the author presents the results of the survey conducted in the villages of Upper Guinea. Six villages with varying characteristics in terms of size, geographical location and administrative status are featured in more detail. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Informations pour le Developpement: Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Information on development: Agriculture)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Published by Ibiscus (ibis, rue du Havre, F-75008 Paris) and by the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation. 1995. 271 pages. FFR 150.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More than just an index, this publication is a useful working tool for anyone seeking reliable information about development in the agricultural sector. It includes a list of the main organisations specialising in agriculture in 40 French-speaking countries and a list of the principal places and means from which to obtain information (documentation centres, data banks, optical discs, CDs and on-line data services). There is also a selection of periodicals, a bibliographic section (with more than 300 references, including abstracts) and contributions by specialists relating to major topics connected with rural development: landownership systems, links between cash crops and food crops, agricultural funding, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda - Trois jour qui ont fait basculer l'histoire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Rwanda - Three days that shook history)  by Filip Reyntjens. Published by L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole-Polytechnique, F75005 Paris). Cahiers africains no. /6! 1995. 148 pages FFR 9O. ISBN 2-738437044.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although much has been written about the tragic events in Rwanda, this work examines an aspect of the story which is still largely a mystery: the brief period which began on 6 April with the missile attack on the presidential jet and ended on 9 April, when the 'caretaker government' was swam into office. According to the author, these 72 hours were of critical importance since it was during  this time that the country's killing machine was set in motion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Essentially based on eye-witnffs accounts, it is a tale which is far from complete. The book, however, does provide some hitherto undocumented information which allow us to delve deeper in search of the truth behind one of the darkest pages of recent human history.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Les refugies rwandais a Bukavu au Zaire - De nouveaux Palestiniens?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(The Rwandan refugees in Bukavu, Zaire - the new Palestinians ?)  by Philippe de Dorlodot Published by L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole-Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris) and by the Jeremie Group. 1995. 253 pages. FM 150. ISBN 2-7384-3698-6.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author has brought together various stories, appeals, communiques, analyses and thoughts to write this book about the crisis facing the Rwandan refugees. The accounts cover the period from April 1994 to October 1995 and relate to the situation in South Kivu, Zaire, where an already volatile position has been greatly exacerbated by the arrival of the refugees. The people living in the regional centres of Goma and Bukavu are having to live with the tragedy of gross overcrowding and all its consequences - environmental deterioration, price increases, general insecurity and the threat of war on the border between Rwanda and Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire now wants the refugees to leave as quickly as possible, but their return to Rwanda is still problematic. Rejected at every turn, are these Rwandan refugees set to become the new Palestinians? In the postscript to the work, Filip Reyntjens (the author of the book reviewed previously) states that 'These new refugees will not accept eternal exile. H voluntary repatriation is not possible, and if forced repatriation is unacceptable, the only way left open to them may be armed repatriation... The civil society of South Kivu... is well aware of this, and the international community would do well to listen to their cries of alarm... If  it does not, the tragic events of the past year will have been merely a prelude, with the worst still to come'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;La tragedie rwandaise - Historique et Perspectives&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(The Rwandan tragedy - historical background and future prospects)  by Emmanuel Nkunzumwami. Published by L'Harmaffan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1995. 480 pages. FFR 250. ISBN 2-7384-3697-8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, a teiecommunications engineer and economist, was born and raised in Rwanda. He now lives in France and has had several articles about the situation in his country published. In this work, he seeks to Reconstruct the machine of central Rwandan power which first appeared in the eleventh century, seeking answers to questions such as: Who ruled the country and how? What alliances were forged and according to what criteria? What kinds of social structure existed and what forms did conflict take? He then goes on to describe the trauma of colonial rule which 'deliberately' fanned the flames of socio-ethnic conflict so that the people could be more easily controlled. From there, he takes us through the era of an 'independent' Rwanda under a dictatorial regime. Its power was progressively stripped away, initially under the pressure of internal calls for democracy, and then by the demands of Western aid donors. Finally, he recounts the events since April 1994.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having given the historical background, the author examines the country's future prospects. He believes that the 'siege mentality' of the new government does nothing to induce the return of the 2 million refugees who shuffle back and forth across the border and who find themselves stuck between a 'rock and a hard place'. Finally, the author poses a straightforward question - but one which has yet to be answered: How can we rebuild a country that has witnessed genocide on such a scale ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">News round-up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In brief&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNCTAD Report on the least-developed countries (LDCs)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to the annual report of UNCTAD (The UN Conference on Trade and Development), the 48 least developed countries of the planet, after several years of stagnation - and indeed, decline in some cases - enjoyed an average growth rate of 3% in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1994-95. The figure was 4.6% for LDCs in Asia and 2.2% for those in Africa (33 out 48).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNCTAD says that the renewed grovvth rate for Africa's least developed nations is due to an increase in commodity prices, to improved political and social stability in certain countries and to economic reforms which have been implemented. If these favourable conditions are maintained, further modest progress can be anticipated for 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the positive impact of these factors on the development of countries, notably in Asia, UNCTAD believes that there is still a short-term danger that the world's weakest economies will suffer further marginalisation. It is pointed out, in this context, that the LDCs' share of total world trade - which stood at 1.7% in 1970 - had fallen to 0.4% for exports and 0.7% for imports, by 1994.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the longer term it is thought that the LDCs, with their reliance on basic commodities for export receipts, may benefit from the globalization of their economies. This should happen notably through the regional trade agreements to which they are parties, alongside other developing countries. These regional markets, which are more attractive for investors, offer an opportunity for LDCs to try out their products and can, in time, help improve their competitiveness. In the  meantime, however, UNCTAD has noted that the immediate effects of the Uruguay Round have tended to be more negative, with reductions in the preferences enjoyed by LDCs in export markets and increases in the price of foodstuffs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, because they are dependent on official development aid (ODA) to finance investment, and even for their national budgets, LDCs are faced with possible further marginalisation as such aid flows are reduced. The figures show that, in terms of total resource flows, the amount of ODA provided by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD fell to 23% in 1994 from a figure of 27% a decade previously.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Likewise, the amount of aid, expressed as a proportion of the GDP of the donor countries, has been falling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNCTAD suggests a bolder policy as regards external debt - which, in 1994, amounted to 73% of the entire Gross Domestic Product of the LDCs. The organisation believes that the establishment of a new mechanism with sufficient resources to reduce multilateral indebtedness, combined with the expansion of existing mechanisms, could have the effect of reducing the overall debt burden to a more reasonable level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the subject of globalisation, UNCTAD argues that the international community should work to ensure that the LDCs' export markets do not become blocked by protectionist measures. It also believes that extensions to regional trade agreements, taking in the main industrialised countries, should not be allowed to have a damaging effect on the commercial interests of the LDCs. It points out that these countries have only limited scope for pursuing independent, national economic policies and that&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No agreement over banning landmines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Humanitarian organisations have expressed disappointment over the outcome of a recent United Nations conference, convened in Geneva to draw up a convention on 'Inhumane weapons). Both NGOs, and public agencies such as UNICEF, are particularly unhappy that state representatives at the meeting were unable to agree to an immediate and comprehensive ban on anti-personnel mines. These devices, which often lie hidden in the soil for many years, kill and maim thousands of civilians in current (and former) conflict areas across the globe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diplomats attending the Geneva conference were keen to emphasise what had been achieved. So-called 'dumb' mines, which do not self-destruct after a certain time will eventually be phased out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seif-destructing devices, which are still permitted under international law, will be subject to strict new standards, designed notably to ensure that they can be detected. And there will be new rules to ensure that minefieids are properly marked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Critics point out that signatories to the Convention will not be obliged to phase out 'dumb' mines immediately and that their use will remain legal for a further nine years after the agreement enters into force.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also an exception to the rule about marking the location of mines, 'where direct military action makes its impossible to comply' - a not uncommon circumstance in conflict situations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since the Geneva Conference, a number of countries, including the United States, have announced their intention to reduce their stockpiles of mines. Few nations, however, seem willing to renounce their use altogether. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.  their governments have little choice but to adopt the prevailing market oriented approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Long-term food security&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A seminar on 'Long-Term Food Security Policies' was held in Brussels on 1-3 April at the initiative of the European Commission. The meeting, which was opened by Professor Pinheiro, Commissioner with responsibility for relations with the ACP countries, brought together about a hundred participants representing Member States, third countries, international organisations and major cooperation agencies. It was also attended by experts and researchers in the field of food security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fulfilling a promise made by the Commission, the aim of the seminar was to clarify the long term strategic issues and take a closer look at food security policies with a view to preparing a European position for the World Food Summit scheduled for Rome in November under the auspices of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community and its Member States are the world's main donors of food aid having spent ECU 1.089 billion on this in 1994. This amounted to 53% of the global total with the United States providing 44% and Japan 3%. Despite the large amounts being given, the FAO, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the World Bank are all predicting that unless global food donations are boosted significantly, certain Asian and African countries will face an alarming food deficit by the beginning of the next century.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Between 600 million and 800 million people are likely to be facing hunger by the year 2010 and the cereal needs  of the developing countries could well double between now and then.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This projected scenario coincides with a period of market difficulty. World stocks are low and grain prices have risen by 40% in just one year. Whether or not this is a portent of future food shortage, it has given rise to renewed debate on the ability of certain countries and regions of the world to supply themselves and the extent to which they will have to have recourse to the international markets. Closer attention is also being paid to the wider strategies that need to be implemented to ensure food security in the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If one looks at the issue solely in terms of increasing supply, the projections are gloomy. Experience shows that the 'right' of access to a sufficient food supply for each of the planet's inhabitants cannot be guaranteed whether through world economic growth, food self-sufficiency at the national level, or the international markets and trade liberalisation. There is, therefore, a need for food security policies, in the developing countries in particular, which act on the conditions of demand as well as supply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In his presentation opening the seminar, Commissioner Pinheiro stressed the fact that of the ECU 7 billion allocated by the EU for development cooperation last year, ECU 1 billion was in the form of food aid. He also noted that this aid 'category' had evolved over the last decade in the context of the search for food security and explained how the Commission, in revising the policy towards the end of 1994, had set out three essential aspects:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the use of food aid as a policy instrument designed to achieve longterm food security with the emphasis on local purchases and 'triangular' operations - thereby encouraging the growth of the agricultural sector in the developing countries: this entailed developing a new aid instrument in which funds are available to import basic food products (as a way of encouraging the private sector to  take a more active part in the economic life of those countries facing a structural food deficit);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the integration of aid instruments into the actual development efforts of the beneficiary countries;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - improved access for the people who suffer most from food shortages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Professor Pinheiro indicated that the Commission would shortly be presenting a communication on the strengthening of the link between development aid on the one hand and emergency, rehabilitation and food aid on the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He stressed the important role that food aid operations could play in preventing conflicts and easing social tensions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to the Commissioner, the challenge in this area have been clearly identified but he believes that additional thinking is needed, notably on the impact of events in China and the countries of the former Soviet Union, and on the effect of US and EC agricultural policies on the world markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In conclusion, Professor Pinheiro expressed the view that food security was, above all, a national responsibility with all civil society actors having a role to play.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Citing the rise in the price of cereals during the second half of 1995 - which had prompted concerns about the availability of food aid and its impact on the balance of payments (notably in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian sub-continent) - he gave an assurance that the Commission would remain vigilant about this. At the same time, he was concerned not to see a return to situations where aid in the form of straightforward transfers of food increased. These, he observed,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· had at least partly contributed to food costs, the destabilisation of local production and constraints on intra-regional trade. As such, they had set   back or undermined the reforms in this sector in the countries concerned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean rice exporters fear changes in OCT . rules&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guyana and Suriname, together with a number of Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs), have expressed concern over the European Commission's recently announced intention to change the shape of its relations with the OCTs. In particular, they are worried that proposed new rules could harm their rice sales to the 15 European Union nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guyana currently exports 180 000 tonnes of rice (80% of its exports) to the KU. This is shipped initially to the Netherlands Antilles (CuraÃ§ao, Aruba and Bonaire) to be partially milled. It then enters the EU market duty-free by virtue of the Union's existing trade rules with the OCTs. But Caribbean exporters fear that this 'OCT route' could soon be blocked by changes currently being considered in Brussels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As already announced in issue no 157 of The Courier (May-June 1996), in the context of the mid-term review of the association with the OCTs, the Commission published a text on February 14 proposing some fine tuning to the trade preferences it grants to these territories. This has now gone forward to the Council of Ministers for decision. The Commission proposal is that while agricultural produce may continue being processed in the OCTs - and hence still benefit from the more relaxed rules - this should happen in future on a case-by-case basis, and only if priority is given to the least developed OCTs and the operations are economically justified.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, preferential arrangements do apply to direct rice exports from Guyana and Suriname to the KU, but it is argued that the levies are still too high to make the trade viable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to Yesu Persaud, who is Chairman of Guyana's Institute of Private Enterprise; 'it is only via the OCTs that we can export to the European Union.' Mr Persaud was speaking to journalists during a lobby visit to Brussels on April 16. He was accompanied by Charles P Kennard, Chairman of the Guyana Rice Development Board and David Jessop, director of the London-based Caribbean Council for Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Justifying the need for derange, some EU officials point to evidence that non-tome developing countries are 'abusing' the OCT rice route. Rice is a sensitive product for some EU nations such as Spain and Italy, who grow their own.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Persaud said that Guyana and Suriname were lobbying either for their own duty-free quota under the LomÃ© trade rules, or for 'a more reasonable levy'. At the same time, however, he indicated that the Caribbean rice growers were keen on keeping the route open via the Dutch and other OCTs (such as Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos) where major investments have been made on the  strength of the existing arrangements. A representative of the Turks and Caicos told reporters that his country earned half a million dollars a year from the trade, and that a new jetty had been built with British government support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guyana's rice exports have climbed from less than 39 000 tonnes in 1986 to more than 200 000 tonnes in 1995. And as Mr Persaud also stressed, the trade has done so well that Guyana is now investing in high-yielding varieties. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fight against locusts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fipronil, a recently developed pesticide, is said to be 10 times more effective than other products on the market in the control of locusts, according to representatives of the pharmaceutical giant, Rhone-Poulenc who organised a seminar on locust control &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Links between emergency, rehabilitation and development aid &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European commission has recently approved a communication &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; (COM(96) 153) which was due to be presented to the Development Council on 28 May. The document seeks to respond tO the challenge of I maintaining and improving the effectiveness of emergency aid  rehabilitation assistance and development cooperation with third countries - in the face of a wide variety of political, economic and social circumstances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Communication suggests ways of strengthening the links between the three types of aid within a strategic planning framework which includes intensified dialogue and political cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This initiative follows extensive consultations, both within the Commission (i_ service groups) and with representatives of numerous outside bodies (Member State experts, USAID, UN agencies, NGOs, academic institutions etc.). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the key phrase in the Communication may be 'strategy and global planning', emphasis is also placed on 'coordination' end 'opportunity'. This underlines a commitment to adapting procedures, where necessary, so that measures can be taken at the right time and the transition from emergency aid, to rehabilitation and subsequently to development cooperation can take place in the best possible conditions.  with the 70-member African, Caribbean and Pacific group. The event took place in Brussels in April.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new product, claims the company, fills a big gap that was left in the war against locust infestation when DDT was banned in 1986 (toxic residues from the chemical having been found to enter the food chain and damage the ecosystem).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is stated that Fipronil causes 99% mortality among locusts and gives complete protection for up to three weeks when applied in doses of six grammes per hectare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Its developers claim that it is three times cheaper than any other form of anti-locust pesticide used between 1987-1995, a calculation which includes the logistical costs involved in distributing the pesticide. It is said to be very effective in preventing locust infestations in countries in the Sahel that are particularly at risk.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Sahel has some 250 acridian species. Of these, about 15, are known regularly to attack crops in large numbers, according to Michel Launois, who heads the French agricultural research body, CIRAD-GERDAT-PRIFAS.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the Brussels seminar, emphasis was placed on the need for donors to set aside more funds for the prevention of locust infestations. It was also stressed that locust control must be at a regional level because of the migratory nature of the species, and the link between locust control and food security was underlined.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CIRAD-GERDAT-PRIFAS has just published an educational cartoon strip entitled 'Les Dents du Ciel 11' (available from Cirad-Gerdat-Prifas, B.P. 5035, F34032 Montpellier Cedex 1). This is intended to explain to a wide audience the need for an integrated approach to locust control.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I New fishing agreement between Angola and the EU&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new fisheries agreement between Angola and the EU was initialled on 2 May. It is due to run for three years (as opposed to two years for the previous one) and should ensure greater stability and better programming of the Community fleet's fishing activities in Angolan waters. The EU will pay Angola the sum of ECU 13.35 million per annum in exchange for improved fishing rights for European fishermen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is worth noting that the agreement contains certain innovations. These concern, for example, the legal status of catches (which are given Community origin). This should help to avoid the kind of dispute that has arisen in the recent past. There is also the possibility of imposing an annual biological 'rest-period' for shrimp fishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I African conference on consumer protection&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first African conference on consumer protection was held in Harare, Zimbabwe from 28 April to 2 May. This resulted from a joint initiative by the organization Consumers international and the United Nations, and it was supported financially by the European Commission. The latter was represented at the event by Mrs Emma Bonino, the Commissioner responsible for Consumer Policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The aim of the conference was to lay down the basis for a genuine consumer policy in Africa. Representatives of 45 African governments attended, together with officials from various regional and sub-regional organizations and delegates from a large number of&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African consumer bodies. Coinciding with the tenth anniversary of the adoption by the UN of the guiding principles for the protection of consumers, the Conference offered an opportunity to track progress on the application of these principles in African countries. It also saw the adoption of 'model' legislation setting out the essential rights which should be guaranteed to consumers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In her speech, Mrs Bonino stressed the Commission's commitment to supporting the efforts of African governments and consumer organisations in seeking to establish, in a clear and pragmatic way, the link between consumption and development. Evidence of this commitment, she pointed out, was to be seen in her very presence at the conference. She also lent her support to the broad application of the UN's guiding principles in Africa. This would ensure that the health, security and economic rights of African consumers could be protected.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the European Commissioner stressed that legislation, while important, was not enough in itself to tackle the fundamental problem - which was the satisfaction of basic needs. She appealed for global action in Africa deigned to break the vicious circle of poverty - based on voluntary action at all levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mrs Bonino added that the Commission would seek ways of supporting projects, in particular in the fields of food and health. This should assist citizens to meet their essential needs - with the opportunity to consume products which were different, 'local' and of better quality, and with risks to health and security minimised. The approach should avoid the exhaustion of scarce resources and respect nature. She indicated that an action plan would be drawn up by the Commission in collaboration with Consumers International. This, it was hoped, would allow financing of pilot programmes under a separate budget line which would be sought from the European Parliament for 1997. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE INSTITUTIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AT WORK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COMMON FOREIGN&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; AND SECURITY POLICY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the European Union has recently issued a number of statements, details of which are set out below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Towards national reconciliation in Angola&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 4 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Troika of the European Union Ambassadors in Luanda made a formal demarche with both the Government of Angola and UNITA in order to welcome the positive outcome of the Libreville Summit between the President of Angola, Jose Eduardo dos Santos, and the President of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, and in particular their commitment to establish an integrated national army by June and the creation of an appropriate institutional structure, including the formation of a government of unity and national reconciliation by June/July. The Government and UNITA were encouraged to continue to refrain from military activity and hostile propaganda and to provide for free circulation of persons and goods as soon as possible. The EU Ambassadors underlined also the importance of securing human rights as well as transparency in financial management, economic stabilisation and reforms. Having recalled the terms of reference of the EU Joint Position adopted on 2 October, 1995, the Ambassadors underlined that the Union will continue to monitor, with the greatest attention, the development of the situation particularly as regards respect for the implementation of the calendar agreed in Libreville. Welcoming the recent steps taken by UNITA, the EU expressed concern at the slow pace of the quartering and disarming of UNITA troops and urged UNITA to proceed with its commitments, in full cooperation with UNAVEM ill. The EU encouraged the Government to continue the quartering of the rapid intervention police and the disengagement and pulling back of the FAA to the nearest barracks. The importance of disarming the civilian population was also emphasised. The EU also reiterated their call to the Government and UNITA to refrain from acquiring lethal material and to cooperate fully with the de-mining process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has reiterated its full support to the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General, Maitre Blondin Beye, to the Joint Commission and to the United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia and Malta align themselves with this declaration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free elections in Sierra Leone&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 4 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union welcomes the fact that presidential and parliamentary elections took place in Sierra Leone in a free and fair atmosphere and in fulfilment of the established timetable for the return to democracy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The results reflect the will of the people of Sierra Leone to achieve a democratically elected civilian government despite attempts at intimidation by armed elements and the ongoing fighting in various parts of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU welcomes the peace talks between the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and the Freetown authorities as well as the intention expressed by President Kabbah to meet Mr Sankoh at the earliest possible opportunity. The EU calls on all the parties to work for peace and national reconciliation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serious threat to peace process in Liberia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 11 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses its deep concern at the outbreak of fighting in Monrovia, which represents a serious threat to the peace process in Liberia. The EU is firmly convinced that the AbuJa agreement provides the right framework for resolving the crisis and calls upon the Council of State, the Liberian national transitional government and the Liberian factions to implement it, and to put the peace process back on track, in order to avoid further deterioration of the situation, and the violation of human rights. The EU condemns the loss of human life and the harassment of the civilian population and humanitarian workers. All parties concerned should prove their willingness to re-establish and maintain the ceasefire which represents the necessary prerequisite to disarmament and demobilization. The relevant measures and the necessary preparations can no longer be delayed. The EU asks the factions to return all weapons seized during the fighting to ECOMOG. The EU will base its attitude to Liberia on the concrete steps taken by all parties concerned to implement the Abuja agreement and bring the conflict to an end.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Treaty of Pelindaba on a nuclear weapon-free zone in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 12 April 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union welcomes the signature in Cairo on 11 April 1996 of the Pelindaba Treaty establishing the African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone. The Treaty is in line with the Decision on Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament issued by the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference which   recognised that the creation of Nuclear Weapon Free Zones enhances global and regional peace and security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU considers that Nuclear Weapon Free Zones are welcome complementary instruments to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the universality of which the EU continues to promote.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Central and Eastern European countries associated with the EU and the associated countries Cyprus and Malta align themselves with this declaration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appeal for the 'boat people' of Liberia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 14 May 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses its deep concern at the grave humanitarian situation caused by the ongoing fighting in Monrovia and condemns the violence against the civilian population and the harassment of aid operations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While recognising the enormous efforts already made by neighbouring countries to assist the hundreds of thousands of existing Liberian refugees, the Council deplores the fact that the thousands of people crammed in precarious conditions on ships in the area are still in search of a friendly port.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It appeals on humanitarian grounds to the neighbouring countries to give at least temporary shelter to these victims of the fighting and affirms its own willingness to give humanitarian aid to cover their most urgent needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Council calls on all the Liberian factions to stop the fighting immediately and put the peace process back on track in order to avoid further suffering.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;VISITS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Prime Minister of Rwanda&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Prime Minister of Rwanda, Pierre Celestin Rwigema, visited Brussels from 26 to 29 March in the course of a tour aimed at informing the main donors about the work undertaken by his government in recent months and about the policies which would be implemented in the future. He was accompanied by the Minister of Planning and the Minister for Rehabilitation. The Prime Minister was received by Commissioner Pinheiro, who is responsible for relations with the ACP countries and by Mrs Bonino, the Commission member in charge of humanitarian actions. He also spoke at meetings of the External Relations and Development Committees of the European Parliament. Professor Pinheiro took the opportunity to highlight to the Prime Minister his concerns about the current situation in Rwanda, reiterating the Commission's commitment to the country and its people. He also spoke of the need for the authorities to pursue policies and implement measures leading to the restoration of normality. He said it was essential to have a dialogue with the Rwandan refugees in neighbouring countries (there are now about 1.7 million) and to pursue the pacification process under the auspices of the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity, with the involvement of all the heads of government in the Great Lakes region. Mr Rwigema's visit came at a crucial time for Rwanda. Even if the immediate crisis had passed, there was still a dire need for rehabilitation and development assistance, on top of the existing emergency aid programmes. The political situation remained delicate and the future was by no means secure, notwithstanding some encouraging signs of a progressive improvement as exemplified by the Tunis summit. The recent nomination of&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aldo Ajello as the EU's special envoy to the Great Lakes region underlined the political and moral dimension of the EU's commitment to the peace process in this troubled part of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SUPPORT FOR HUMAN&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RIGHTS&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently decided to provide the following financing for projects under the budget line 'Support for. democratisation and human rights'. Non-ACP countries &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central America: ECU 180.000 to support seven national and one regional fore aimed at providing training in the field of human rights for instructors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central America: ECU 100.000 for a democracy consolidation training programme for 30 teams from various organisations in Nicaragua, Guatemala and El Salvador. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central America/Colombia: ECU 263.000 for a series of actions, notably in Colombia, involving the provision of information on human and citizens' rights. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil: ECU 190.000 for a project designed to boost the civil rights of black people in the country, through the training of judicial personnel and the strengthening of legislation against race discrimination. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil: ECU 145.000 for a training programme for magistrates, prosecutors and the police aimed at facilitating the uniform application of the law in the State of SÃ£o Paulo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil: ECU 290.000 for a training programme in the sphere of democratic municipal management, in the cities of Recife, Porto Alegre, Santos and Fortaleza. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala: ECU 308.000 for a project to collect and make available the case law of the Constitutional Court, and  to train officials and members of civil society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honduras: ECU 326.000 to support the National Human Rights Commission with a view to promoting such rights in the Departments of Comayagua and Olancho. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honduras: ECU 131.000 for an education programme dealing with civic and electoral issues and the rights of children. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mexico: ECU 20.000 to support an initial Latin-American colloquium on the subject of the Ombudsman (in the face of the objectives and challenges of the region). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua: ECU 285.000 to support the social rehabilitation of minors in custody. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panama: ECU 125.000 for a training action in the field of the defence of human rights. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Panama: ECU 250.000 to support a communication campaign designed to strengthen the image of the 'people's ombudsman'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela: ECU 160.000 to strengthen the institution of Justices of the Peace in the country's municipalities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela: ECU 100.000 ECU for a training and promotion action in the field of human rights and the strengthening of civil society. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EUROPEAN&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DEVELOPMENT FUND&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic and social infrastructure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon: ECU 7.3 million for a programme aimed at protecting the urban boundary of the city of Kousseri from the encroachments of the Logone river, to improve sanitation and for the upgrading of an urban access route towards Chad. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 54 million for a transport infrastructure programme aimed at facilitating the social and economic development of the people living in the recisions in question (Western region, Brong Afaho, the Ashanti region). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 3.8 million for a human resource development programme designed to achieve better planning, management and implementation of development projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 1.9 million for a project to support the development of tourism. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 385 000 to extend the water supply system in the town of Mantola &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 13.5 million to upgrade the Ere-Kelo road &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade promotion/ structural adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benin-Cameroon CÃŽte-d'lvoire-GhanaGuinea-Togo: ECU 1.99 million for a regional programme of trade activities and training with a view to relaunching the pineapple business in West and Central Africa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burkina Faso: ECU 180 000 for the construction of an 'export and creativity' pavilion at the Salon international de l'artisanat in Ouagadougou. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Papua-New Guinea: ECU 5.3 million for the fourth structural adjustment support programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madagascar: ECU 1.9 million for a rice irrigation project. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enterpris&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana: ECU 33.7 million from the Sysmin fund, to support the work of the BCL, Tati and FEB mining companies in the SelebiPhikwe region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominican Republic: ECU 1.3 million to support the STD-HIV-AIDS prevention programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Education&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madagascar: ECU 1.9 million for a decentralised training project in favour of regional tourism operators. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tuvalu: ECU 300 000 for the rehabilitation of primary schools on the islands of Nukutetau and Nanumea. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Central Africa (Cameroon-Central African Republic-Congo-GabonEquatorial Guinea): ECU 16 million for phase 2 of the ECOFAC project (Conservation and rational utilisation of forest ecosystems in Central Africa). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Institutional support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi: ECU 1 million towards a study aimed at allowing the government to implement its land reform policy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea: ECU 4.5 million for a study aimed at allowing the government to undertake proper planning in the area of water resources and irrigation. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacific region: ECU 4.9 million for a project designed to improve the efficiency and security at certain airports. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUMANITARIAN AID&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali: ECU 1 million towards the reintegration of some 200 000 Malians who fled to Algeria and Mauritania during the rebellions of the 1980s. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 317 000 for victims of the severe floods that struck the centre and south of the country recently. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria: ECU 850 000 to help fight the meningitis epidemic affecting seven provinces of the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sierra Leone: ECU 700 000 in urgent food and medical assistance for some 250 000 refugees who fled to the areas around the towns of Bo and Kemena following the fighting. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 200 000 to help fight the meningitis epidemic. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 145 000 to help victims of the cholera epidemic and to assist in preventing its further spread (following the course of the Zaire river). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non-ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia: ECU 60 000 to help fight cholera in the municipality of Silvia, where some 40 000 are under threat due to a lack of drinking water and deficiencies in basic hygiene. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala: ECU 1.52 million to provide food aid and basic essentials to returnees from other parts of the country, and from Mexico, following years of civil war. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Armenia/Azerbaijan: ECU 11.57 million (ECU 4.07m for Armenia and ECU 7.5m for Azerbaijan), for food and medical assistance, targeted at the most vulnerable sections of the population, and for the provision of agricultural materials with a view to reducing progressively the dependence of the refugees, who are victims of the conflict in Nagomo-Karabakh.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caucasus-Georgia-Tadilkistan: ECU 3.2 million for food aid to be targeted at the most vulnerable sections of the population. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Georgia: ECU 7.43 million for victims of the internal conflict in this country where the loss of the Russian market has seriously undermined the rural economy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lebanon: ECU 600 000 for displaced people, to allow for the purchase of basic essentials including food, medicines, shelter and blankets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Afghanistan: ECU 600 000 for health infrastructures in the refugee camps   around Jalalabad, and for medical aid to refugees in the town of Herat. Indonesia: ECU 120 000 for toots and materials to construct shelters for the victims of the earthquake that struck in February. China (Tibetan nomads): ECU 550 000 for food aid, medicines and blankets for some 72 000 people living in the mountainous regions who have been badly hit by severe weather and a food shortage.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AID &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p95a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The Commission has recently taken decisions to finance food aid as set out in the chart which follows: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Aknowlegments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Address: Postal address (mail only) 'The ACP-KU Courier' Commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 Brussels Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier office address (visitors) First floor Astrid Building 1, rue de Geneve Evere - Brussels Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publisher Steffen Smide commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 - BRUSSELS (Belgium) Tel. 00-32-2-299 11 11 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Publications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assistant editors&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeanne Remade&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associate assistant  editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Joumalist:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Production Manager:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secretariat:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carmela Peters&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fax: 299-30~02&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Circulation:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Margriet Mahy-van der Werf&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/ec159e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/ec159e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/ec159e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2883 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/ec159e/ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">495767</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://ec159e/ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://ec159e/ec159e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courier - NÂ°159 - Sept- Oct 1996 Dossier Investing in People Country Reports: Mali ; Western Samoa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Society, Culture, Community, Woman, Youth, Population|Social sciences, sociology (works comprising several subgroups) incl. participatory research and training</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Development Periodicals and Magazines|The Courier ACP 1990 - 1996 Africa-Caribbean-Pacific - European Union</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Courier - NÂ°159 - Sept- Oct 1996 Dossier Investing in People Country Reports: Mali ; Western Samoa (ec159e)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">EC Courier</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">ec159e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215045</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">ec159e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p021.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p038.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p043.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p094.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AFRICA-CARIBBEAN-PACIFIC - EUROPEAN-UNION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali, which used to be the centre of great appears hemmed in by its frontiers, colonisation having culminated in the break-up of the old 'French Sudan'. Following the marxist regime of Modibo Keita (the 'founder' of the nation) and the dictatorship of Mousse TraorÃ©, Mali has discovered democracy. It is still one of the world's poorest countries but recent macro-economic trends are highly encouraging and there is a new dynamism. It seems that the ending of the Tuareg conflict has provoked a surge of optimism- even among ordinary citizens whose wallets have yet to feel the effects of an improving national economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacific island nations have a reputation for idyllic scenery and rich cultural traditions. Western Samoa has both of these assets in abundance, but it also faces many development challenges. With a population of just 165 000, the country has a limited local market, and it is a very long way from potential overseas customers. It is also susceptible to destructive tropical storms. Despite these constraints, there have been some promising signs of economic progress in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dossier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Investing in people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To say that investing in people makes economic sense is to state the obvious. But to what extent are the implications of this statement fully understood in the developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, in these days of constantly shifting development theories? We look at this subject in our Dossier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acnowledgements</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Address: Postal address (mail only) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'The ACP-EU Courier' Commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1049 Brussels &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Belgium &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier office address (visitors) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First floor Astrid Building 1, rue de GenÃšve &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evere - Brussels &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publisher Steffen Smidt &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Commission of the European communities &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;200, rue de la Loi &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1049 - BRUSSELS &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Belgium) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. 00-32-2-299 11 11 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Publications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assistant editors&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeanne Remacle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associate assistant editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HÃ©gel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalist:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Production Manager:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secretariat:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carmela Peters&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fax: 299-30-02&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Circulation:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Margriet Mahy-van der Werf&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(299-30-12)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cower page:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cover photo by&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;John and Penny Hubley&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Meeting points</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Ieremiah Tabai, Secretary General of the Forum Secretariat</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Pacific Forum: 'responding to the needs of the Member States'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although an accountant by training, leremiah Tabai has never had the opportunity to practise his profession, having pursued a successful political career instead since 1974. In 1978, he was annointed head of government in Kiribati and a year later he became his country's first President, when it achieved independence. He held this position for 12 years. In 1991, he took up the top post in one of the South Pacific's key regional bodies, the Forum Secretariat, which is based in Suva, Fiji. During a recent Courier visit to the region, we had the opportunity to interview the Secretary General. Our discussion was wide-ranging, covering issues such as the Forum Secretariat's role, the economic challenges facing the South Pacific, and the development of regional links with Australia, New Zealand and Asia. We began by asking Mr Tabai to outline the objectives of the organisation that he heads.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Like many other organisations in the region, the Forum was established essentially to try and assist the development process of the Member States. At the time it was set up, there was already an organisation in existence - the South Pacific Commission - which dates back to 1947. But there was a feeling that we needed an organisation that was not just restricted to economic issues; that could talk about other matters with a bearing on the development of the region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the early years, when the organisation was called the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation (SPEC), the focus was heavily on trying to assist the trade and economic development of the member countries. Later, the name was changed to the Forum Secretariat and its role evolved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In what way ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It has evolved in seeking to respond to the needs of the Member States. It started as a very small bureau essentially dealing, as I said, with trade and economic issues. Subsequently, it moved into areas like energy, civil aviation, maritime questions and telecommunications. It also became more involved in political issues. We have a division which deals specifically with these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1995 was a very important year in the history of the Forum. We had a review of the organisation, looking at ways we could perform better and taking account of the changes in the region and the world at large. The fundamental recommendation in the report which came out of that review was that the Secretariat should focus mainly in future on poliy-related issues, in the areas of trade and investment, economics and international relations. This report was discussed and endorsed at the last Forum in Madang, Papua New Guinea. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Does this mean, in practice, a withdrawal from project activity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It may. The essential focus of the work will be providing policy advice to countries. Having said this, there should still be some project work. For instance, we will be engaged in a programme to provide assistance for importers, particularly in the small island countries. The idea is to help people- who may not be familiar with all the legal requirements-to learn how to get into the business. This will involve running a workshop and inviting people with expertise to pass on their knowledge. So even though the focus will be on policy issues, there will still be room for project-type activities where needed -so long as these fit in with the policy priorities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mentioned the fact that the Forum now deals with political questions. Although the issue may now be seen as 'water under the bridge' to what extent was the Forum Secretariat involved in the diplomatic disagreement over French nuclear testing ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- We were very much involved from the beginning. In 1991, when the French testing was not underground but atmospheric, the region, at a Forum meeting, came out strongly in opposition to the tests. Right up to our last meeting in Madang, the subject was always a major item on the agenda, and we left France in no doubt as to the resolve of our region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the new President took the decision to resume testing after a gap of several years, I was in the group from the South Pacific that went to France to express our views to French ministers, face-to-face. Our team was led by the then Australian Foreign Minister, Gareth Evans, who was President of the Forum. And when the tests began again, the Chairman took a decision suspending the dialogue and partner status of France with the Forum. So, as you see, we have been heavily involved in the issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What resources does the Forum have at its disposal and where does the money come from ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- An important source of funds is our members' contributions. These tend to be used to cover the operational costs of the organisation. Then of course, there are the funds made available by our donors. The main ones are obviously Australia and New Zealand but there are many other countries and international organisations who provide assistance. The EU, of course, is an important partner. There was also a private donor who funded our conference centre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How many people are employed in the Secretariat ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Around 80, all based here in Suva. Most of these are support staff.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is the current state of relations between the Forum Secretariat and the main donors ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I would say our relations are good. We have an extensive mechanism for consultation with the donors. Every two years, we invite them here for a dialogue. We talk about the key issues and discuss ways in which they can assist us. There is also usually a dialogue associated with the Forum (ministerial) meetings. In September this year, after the Forum meeting, we will have more discussions with our main partners such as the EU, Canada, France, Japan and the UK. I should mention too the close links we have with international organisations like the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and the IMF.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I think it is fair to say that the Forum Secretariat is seen as a particularly important organisation in the region. That is why donors are quite keen to be seen assisting us in what we do.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are the key development issues facing the South Pacific nations ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Development is quite a difficult process for our region. There are various international reports (particularly from the World Bank) - that describe how we have fared over the last few years. If you compare our performance with the Caribbean countries, for example, you find that we have not done nearly so well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We face a number of problems. First, there is the fact that we are so small. Small communities find it much more difficult than large ones to achieve development. You need to have the market and the critical mass to do all the things that are needed and we lack these. A second, related point is that our countries are very isolated from the rest of the world. It is true that here in Fiji, there are quite good connections, but if you go to Tuvalu, Kiribati or Niue, you will soon discover how difficult it is to get out. And if you are so isolated in terms of communication, how can you hope to increase your exports ? How can you airfreight your fish to Japan when there is no aircraft available-or the one that is available is not fast enough to ensure that the product is still fresh when it arrives?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On this question, one of the things we are increasingly realising is the need to do more in terms of human resource development. We all recognise that, without an educated population and workforce, it is very hard to achieve the development that we are aiming for. To be fair, if you compare the literacy rates here with those of many other countries, say in Africa, they are not at all bad. Our literacy levels are quite high. But I think we have a long way to go in acquiring problem-solving skills of the type needed to compete internationally. We are now talking with the EU about how we can utilise funding from the second protocol of LomÃ© IV. And I suspect that human resource development will remain high on the agenda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is that view shared by the European side ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think so. l have a feeling that they will support it because it is so obvious. If you develop human skills, you are better placed when it comes to problem-solving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Going back to the key development issues, another point is the lack of natural resources. This is less of a difficulty for countries like Fiji or Papua New Guinea, but it certainly affects the small island states. It hardly needs saying that if you don't have the resources in the first place, it is much harder to develop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, I think there is a question of how the Pacific region can get a better return on the resources it does have. This theme of 'managing our resources' was discussed by the Forum in Brisbane two years ago. Fisheries is probably the most important area here. The question is how we can earn more from this than we are currently doing- and there is no easy answer. Likewise in the forestry sector. We have to ensure that logging is done on a sustainable basis. But we must also recognise that leaders of the Pacific nations are under pressure. On the one hand, they are trying to take a lona-term view. but they are also striving to tackle the immediate problems. In an ideal world, our region would obtain a far better return on our resources, and that is something that we have to work on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having said all this, I don't think one should be too pessimistic. This region is still a very good place to live in. That is clearly reflected in the number of visitors we get. The 'South Seas' still have a special connotation that draws people here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You effectively have two 'genera/' regional organisations, with overlapping memberships, covering the South Pacific -the Forum, and the South Pacifc Commission (SPC). Do you think there is room for bath ? Do you complement each other or is there a rivalry ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We have more than two regional organisations. We also have SPREP (South Pacifc Regional Environment Programme), the FFA (Forum Fisheries Agency)....&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but these are specialist bodies with distinct sectoral responsibilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, that's true. In answer to your question, my view is that we have no problem with things as they stand. I was very involved in the debate some years back on the question of what we called an SRO - a single regional organisation. There was a strong push to try and achieve an SRO. The subject was debated for a few years and, in the end, it was possible to resolve the question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mean it was resolved by the idea being abandoned ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I suppose it depends on the way you look at it. The outcome was a decision to leave the regional organisations as they are but with the establishment of a mechanism to ensure they work together more effectively. This mechanism is called SPOCC-the South Pacific Organisations Coordinating Committee. It is a meeting of heads of regional organisations which happens at least once a year. We talk about the issues that are common to our mandate and work out ways of doing things better. SPOCC has been operating for six or seven years now and I think it works fairly well. There is, after all, no conflict in our underlying objectives. So my answer here is no, I don't see any problem. I don't see any rivalry between us. It is a question of seeing how we can work together to achieve the goals that we share.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In the European Union, the fundamental goal, set out in the Treaty, is to move towards 'ever-closer union' We have been doing this in fits and starts over the past 35 years. Do you see the Forum perhaps taking on a similar role here-as the focus for economic, and perhaps ultimately, political integration in the South Pacifc ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- I think it is too early to speculate. We already have a number of sub-groups in the region like the MSG, the Melanesian Spearhead Group, whose members are the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and Fiji (admitted last year). Further north, we have the Micronesian grouping which brings together Nauru, Tuvalu, the Marshall Islands and Kiribati. These groups meet outside the Forum framework and they essentially have a common aim which is to work more closely together. I think they feel it is easier to do it at this level because they are closer to each other and have more in common.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for the Forum Secretariat, you can never tell what may come in the future. On balance, however, I think at the moment that integration is a long way off. Having said this, you do sometimes hear people putting the idea forward. There is, for example, something called the CER system, which stands for 'closer economic relations' between Australia and New Zealand. There have been suggestions that it might be possible to enlarge this grouping.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking at closer economic cooperation, and the general dismantling of trade barriers, we also need to recognise the growing importance of APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) for the region. We are trying strengthen our links with the APEC countries and in October, we will be establishing a trade office in Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mean a Forum Secretariat office ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, in Tokyo. We are also talking with the Chinese and will probably end up with an office in Beijing. This is all part of our attempt to integrate ourselves with the Asean region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mission statement of the Forum Secretariat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mission of the Forum Secretariat is to enhance the economic and social well being of the people of the South Pacific, in support of the efforts of the national governments. The Secretariat has particular responsibility to facilitate, develop and maintain cooperation and consultation between member governments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Secretariat must pursue its mission in accordance with the directives of the Forum and within its mandated areas of operation. it undertakes political and economic activities, regional in nature and complementary to the activities of the member governments. Its role requires it to act as the secretariat to the Forum and to disseminate the Forum's views, to coordinate activities with other regional institutions in particular through the SPOCC process, and to represent the Forum's interests intemationally, as required. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ACP</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Investment symposium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A success story for African mining</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency) symposium was held in Montreal from 22-24 May. It brought together some 40 African mining ministers, most of the important donor agencies and representatives of around 25 mining companies. MIGA, which is a specialised agency of the World Bank, promotes the flow of private investment to developing countries. It provides insurance against political risks and assists member countries in attracting foreign investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The purpose of the symposium was to attract investors from all over the world in order to exploit the rich mining possibilities offered by many African states. Several of the countries that attended went to considerable effort to present themselves well, and it was evident that some are quickly learning what it takes to attract foreign investors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The climate for mining investment in most African states has improved tremendously over the last two to three years. Most countries have introduced new mining codes, clearly defining the rights and obligations of foreign investors. State-owned companies are also being privatised, taxation has been made more reasonable and institutions in the mining sector, such as geological surveys, are becoming more efficient.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All this has led to a big increase in exploration for new deposits and a substantial increase in investment. At present, the activity is particularly heavy in West Africa, where many countries have very good gold potential. The European Community is contributing to this development in several ways. The biggest success so far has been the exploration campaign in Mali, funded under that country's LomÃ© National Indicative Programme (NIP), which led to the discovery of the Sadiola gold deposit. A world-class gold mine will be built here, bringing substantial benefits to the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank has also supported many African countries in their efforts to reform the legal and administrative framework for the mining industry. An important element, however, in attracting mining companies is the availability of good geological data. This is a very expensive activity, which does not bring immediate returns, if at all. So it is not appropriate to finance this through bank loans. The NlPs and SYSMIN Fund, on the other hand, are instruments that are well-suited to this kind of work. The Community has already financed a series of airborne geophysical surveys in Botswana and Namibia -to mention just two examples-and a new Sysmin project is currently being prepared for Burkina Faso.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission Unit responsible for Mining Cooperation and Sysmin (VIIIl.B.5) was represented at the symposium. Its main purpose for being there was to present the functioning of Sysmin and the Community's cooperation in the field of mining to ACP ministers, mining companies and other donor agencies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Current state of the mining sector&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mining sector is currently very active. Exploration in West Africa doubled between 1993 and 1995 and new mines are being opened all the time. A lot of this new activity is to be found in the gold sector. This is mainly due to the development of cheaper production methods combined with a much more positive investment climate in many African countries. A gold mine takes less time to reach the production stage than, for example, a copper mine, with the former being far less dependent on good infrastructure. Outside the gold sector, activity is much more subdued. While base-metal prices are at a reasonable level, the pay-back period is much longer and the lack of suitable infrastructure kills many projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For many countries, mining is a key area in the growth of the private sector. State-ownad mines are being privatised and the new mines that are being opened have little or no state participation. Foreign investors are bringing in the most up-to-date mining technologies and business methods, and they are faced with the need to train local people in technical and business skills. Supporting the mining sector is clearly an efficient way of supporting private sector development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SYSMIN's future role&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given that most metals are currently fetching quite high prices, it is probable that relatively few ACP countries will be eligible for SYSMIN assistance over the next two to three years. The viability of most existing mines is not thought to be under threat and they should continue to be profitable. Thus, countries that are heavily dependent on mining should not experience severe losses in export income, which in turn means that relatively few SYSMIN requests are expected during the period of LomÃ© IV's second financial protocol. At the same time, the financial allocation for SYSMIN has been increased from ECU 48Om to ECU 575m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When trying to attract new mining investors, it is essential for a country to have good geological information. Private companies are normally unwilling to undertake much general prospect ion, such as airborne geophysical surveys, because it is very expensive and, if they do, it is usually limited to very small areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, companies are tending to restrict their activities to areas for which general information is already available. These points were raised by several of the mining companies that attended the symposium.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the present mining boom is not going to last for ever. Metal prices are volatile and, with the next downturn in the business cycle, a decline in metal prices will surely follow. So it is essential to prepare the basis for future mining activities by collecting general data. Given that a significant part of the SYSMIN allocation may remain unused because of a lack of requests, it would be worthwhile to consider whether a part could be reallocated to prepare general geological data for mining activities in the next century. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F. B.-H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Joint Assembly to consider climate problem</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Hans van de Veen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Can the EU-ACP relationship be used to strengthen the dialogue between Europe and the main victims of climate change ? And can the LomÃ© Convention be one of the tools to promote climate protection measures, as well as the implementation of the Climate&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Treaty? These questions will be considered in depth at a hearing on climate derange scheduled for the next ACP-EU Joint Assembly, to be held in the last week of September 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Periods of heavy rain have always been part of normal life in Fiji. But the latest rains were different, says counsellor Taina Tudau of the Fiji Embassy in Brussels. 'They were much more extreme than what we were used to, and caused heavy damage. Normally it took several days of heavy rain before the floods came up. This time, the water flooded the islands almost immediately the rain began to fall.' Mrs Tudau sees two main causes for the recent flooding. First, there is heavy deforestation on the islands, causing widespread erosion. But she is sure there was another reason for the recent damage: 'In the Pacific we know the local climate is changing. We see that the sea is rising. We are experiencing more extreme weather events. There can be no doubt that global warming is already going on.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji is a prominent member of the Alliance of Small Island States (Aosis), the group of 36 nations which feel particularly threatened by global warming. At the first Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, held in Berlin in March 1995, Aosis called for industrialised nations to reduce their C02 emissions by 20% by 2005 (based on 1990 levels). At the end of the conference, the 150 national delegations agreed to begin negotiations on targets for industrialised nations to cut emissions in the early years of the next century.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So intentions may be good, but in practice not much has been done yet. The EU, for its part, risks losing credibility if firm action is not taken soon. According to a recent Commission White Paper on energy policy, the use of energy within the Union will increase by 1% a year up to 2020. Failing 'any strong policy interventions', the paper says, emissions of carbon dioxide are likely to show a 'substantial increase' during this period. Says Fiji-counsellor Tudau: 'As small island states we know what's at stake, but there seems to be no feeling of urgency in the rest of the world. We really wonder how long it will take before there is a definite move towards reduction of greenhouse gases.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EU-ACP cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the Berlin conference, the ACP countries-led by Aosis but with support from most of the African states -took a constructive and moderate position in the G77. The position adopted by the EU could also be described as moderate, certainly compared to that of other OECD countries. Several observers have pointed to the fact that these two moderate approaches by important blocks within the Climate Convention negotiations offer possibilities for some form of cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'No doubt the EU represents the most progressive group of countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;within the OECD, although its position is far from sufficient', says Sible Schone, a representative of the World Wide Fund for Nature. 'Besides that, the EU has a special relationship with a large group of developing countries. Quite obviously it will be significant to get a dialogue started between the EU and the ACPs on the subject of climate change.' Currently, there is no such dialogue. 'At the moment we are not in a dialogue with ACP countries on climate change', says Bertil Heerink of the European Commission's Environment Directorate-General who is a member of the EU delegation to the climate negotiations. 'I'm convinced this will happen some day, but first we have to agree on our own goals and measures. I am sure developing countries want us to give priority to this too.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The special ACP subcommittee to deal with tropical timber, the environment and fisheries, formed after the signing of the revised LomÃ© IV, only recently started its work. With respect to the global warming issue, it is waiting for the Joint Assembly hearing, according to ambassador Michael King of Barbados, who is a committee member. 'The specific interests of the different regions have to be articulated there, and then some kind of sustained effort has to be initiated.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The unit for Sustainable Development and Natural Resources in the Development Directorate-General of the Commission (DG VIII) not at present dealing with the subject of climate change. Says Head of Unit, Amos Tincani: 'We have worked on biodiversity and desertification, and we want to do more on the specific environmental problems of small island states. But we have done nothing similar on climate change. This is partly because it is so much a global problem, but the main reason is we simply lack the people and the time to go into it.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assembly hearing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At its meeting in Windhoek in March this year, the Joint Assembly adopted a resolution which had been proposed by representatives of 13 small island states. This urged the EU to take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof. More specifically, the Commission is being asked to update its climate change strategy for the period post-2000 and to achieve significant reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases over the coming decade and thereafter. The resolution riches on to call for extra assistance to ACP countries in the Caribbean, Pacific and Indian Ocean to help them improve their disaster preparedness. The Commission is also urged to accelerate the transfer of appropriate technologies and practices, to enable ACP states to develop coastal zone management strategies and to rehabilitate and protect areas stricken by drought and desertification as well as by hurricanes and floods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two representatives of the European Parliament, Maartje van Putter (PES) and Peter Liege (EPP), have been active on the situation of the small island states and climate change for several years. According to Mrs Van Putten, the main effect of the coming Assembly hearing should be to put extra pressure on the Commission to take its responsibility seriously. 'Talking about climate change,' she says, 'one should never forget who is to blame and who, therefore, must take decisive action. A European tax on energy or carbon dioxide would be an important first step, but no more than that.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Besides influencing the Commission's energy policy, Mrs Van Putten hopes the Assembly hearing will raise public awareness on the climate problem in those ACP countries which are not in the 'small island' category. 'If you are talking about rising sea levels, the African states with low-lying coastal zones face the same problems as the small island countries,' she points out. 'And they also face the problem of desertification and declining food production.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Integrating the climate dimension&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a recent briefing paperto the Commission, the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) concluded that, hitherto, the aid community (including the EU) had not incorporated measures on global warming into their strategic thinking on sustainable development. 'Indeed, the possibility of climate change has been considered of minor importance in comparison to other environmental concerns.' This is hardly surprising, says the London-based institute, as the climate issue has only recently been placed on the international agenda. Moreover, the long-term threat of global warming raises some difficult questions regarding priorities in circumstances where resources are limited. In other words: who wants to spend scarce funds on problems the full effects of which will probably not be felt for another 25 to 50 years? The best way forward, suggests the IIED, is to tackle the apparent conflict between shortterm development priorities and longterm climate protection, by 'integrating the climate dimension' rather than considering climate change as an issue in isolation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Technology transfer could be a central point, according to WWF's Sible Schone. 'Developing countries see technology transfer as a central theme in the Climate Convention, but the industrialised countries don't give enough weight to these There are a lot of paragraphs about technology transfer in the Convention as well as in LomÃ©. Now it's time to fill in these commitments.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strangely, there are hardly any LomÃ© projects currently under way in the field of energy efficiency. It is strange because experts have pointed to the large potential in developing countries for cost-effective energy improvement and energy conservation. Improved management could save at least 25% of the energy now being consumed. Quick realisation of this potential would significantly contribute to alleviating environmental Ã nd development problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Henri Martin, energy specialist in DG VIII, agrees a lot more could be done in this field, but he points out: 'We are dependent on requests. If you look at the wording of the Convention, everything has already been said. There are chapters on energy and technology transfer. The problem is that we don't get enough signals back from the ACP countries that these items are a priority for them. I'm afraid sustainable energy or energy efficiency is not high on the agenda of most countries.' Taina Tudau disagrees strongly: 'Our experience is that the projects that could make a difference and contribute to sustainable development, protection of the environment and local sustainable energy production, are found to be too small. It is the donor that sets the conditions for the projects, not us, the small island states.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New funding?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Can the EU build a credible policy linking climate and development cooperation, without reserving extra money? Not surprisingly, there is disagreement on this question. In Brussels, officials are inclined to point to possibilities that are already there but not being used. Amos Tincani, for instance, observes that 'there are budgets for this kind of problem under LomÃ©. We have provisions specially targeted for the islands'. He mentions regional budgets in particular: 'A lot can be started at the regional level which then trickles down to the national level. But after producing fine resolutions, everybody seems to forget the work still needs to be done. The idea is: 'oh yes, we can do it, provided it is with fresh money'. We say: a lot more can be done with existing budgets and instruments.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maartje van Putten, from the Parliament, says the discussion should not be 'dominated by southern demands for additional money'. She agrees that ACP countries could make better use of existing funds and possibilities, such as, for instance, the funds for intra ACP cooperation. But counsellor Tudau points to the fact that the Climate Convention urges industrialised countries to support the response of developing countries to climate problems through 'new and additional' money, besides the transfer of environmentally sound technologies and expertise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a financial mechanism built into the Climate Convention, which is administered by the Global Environmental Facility, to cover additional costs of appropriate measures. But much more could be done by the aid community, including the EU, according to Mrs Tudau. 'Most European countries will not succeed in stabilising, let alone reducing, their emissions. In reaction to this, as ACP countries we should say: European Union, you are not fulfilling your obligations. You have to try harder and you have to set extra money aside to compensate for the damage this is doing to us. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.v.d.V.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ACP-EU Council in Apia</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were no real surprises or unexpected developments at the ACP-EU Council meeting which took place in Apia, Western Samoa, on 27 and 28 June, 1996. The session was preceded by an ACP Council, which saw the adoption of three important decisions. The first of these was the appointment of a new ACP Secretary-6eneral, Mr Ng'andu P. Magande of Zambia. The post had been vacant for some time, following deadlock within the ACP Group over a successor to Berhane Ghebray (see issue 155 of The Courier, p.6). The ministers also agreed to hold a summit of ACP heads of government in Libreville, Gabon, during the second half of 1997. This meeting is expected to focus heavily on the future of ACPEU relations once the present LomÃ© Convention has expired.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the substantive area, the ACP Council adopted a resolution deploring the suspension of cooperation with Equatorial Guinea. Ministers urged the European Union to make use of the procedure in Article 366a of the revised LomÃ© Convention, and to set in train the consultation procedure envisaged in this provision.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This issue was raised again by the ACP side at the subsequent ACP-EU Council. This meeting, which was presided over by Mrs Toya (Italian Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs) and Mr Syamujaye (Zambia's Trade Minister) had a relatively light agenda. There was a discussion about the Commission proposal for a directive on the use of vegetable fats, other than cocoa fat, in chocolate (see issue 158 of The Courier, p.35). Somalia also featured in the debate, with representatives agreeing on the need to find ways of allowing this country to benefit from LomÃ© Convention provisions. The civil conflict in Somalia, and the absence of an effective central administration have prevented the deployment of regular development aid for many years, although significant amounts of emergency assistance have been and are still being provided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, the ACP-EU Council approved two reports drawn up by the development finance cooperation subcommittee and commodities sub-committee respectively. Representatives were able to reach a compromise on two outstanding points of contention in the resolution on development finance relating to tenders and the dissemination of the user's guide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note was taken of the number of countries that have so far lodged instruments of ratification for the revisad LomÃ© Convention (Mauritius agreement). At the time of the Apia meeting, only nine countries had ratified: seven on the ACP side (Barbados, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, Jamaica, Malawi, Mauritius and Solomon Islands) and two EU Member States (Denmark and Sweden). Appeals were made for the contracting parties to speed up their ratification procedures so that the Eighth European Development Fund can come on stream as speedily as possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The next ACP-EU Council meeting will take place in Luxembourg on 24 and 25 April 1997.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government of Western Samoa deserves a special mention for the warmth of their hospitality and the efficient way in which they organised the Council meeting. Delegates from all sides were keen to express their appreciation of the host country's efforts, which ensured the smooth running of the various meetings and gave the visitors a real taste of this Pacific country's unique culture. ed. S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New ACP Secretary-General&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ng`andu Peter Magande, is no stranger to the challenge of development at the grassroots. The new Secretary-General of the ACP Group, who was born in 1947, began his working career as a provincial development officer, planning and supervising projects in the Southern Province of his native Zambia. He is an economics graduate of the University of Zambia and also holds a master's degree in agricultural economics from Makerere university, Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From working in the field, he moved into government administration, rising to the position of Permanent Secretary-a post which he held in a number of ministries. Since the mid-1980s, he has had key jobs in a number of Zambian enterprises (including Managing Director of the Zambia National Commercial Bank) His most recent work has been on a project to develop private sector participation in agricultural input and produce marketing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Kenya's economy in the 1990s</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Elisabeth Pape&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya has enjoyed rare political stability since independence in 1963. It is one of the most famous holiday destinations in Africa, with abundant wildlife, fine beaches and stunning scenery. But despite having the most advanced economy in East Africa, it is still one of the world's poorest countries. Over 11 million Kenyans live below the poverty line. But better times may be ahead. The Government has embarked on an ambitious reform programme which promises to lay the foundations for strong growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The early 1990s marked the worst time in Kenyan history, in economic development terms. Real GDP growth dropped from 4.3% in 1990 to 2.1% in 1991 and was almost zero in 1992 and 1993. This poor performance was due to drought, structural rigidities, lack of monetary discipline, non-enforcement of banking regulations, and reduced donor assistance. While Kenya was used to receiving substantial foreign aid inflows, the present decade began with growing tensions between Government and donors. In the new post-Cold War atmosphere, the latter wanted to see political and economic reforms, and in November 1991 they decided to halt guick-disbursing aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Multi-party elections in December 1992 did not immediately restore relations with the donors, in particular as they were accompanied by a lack of fiscal and monetary discipline whose effects threatened economic ruin. Monetary expansion was fuelled, among other things, by discretionary exemptions to Banking Act provisions, which enabled over-borrowing by certain 'political' banks from the Central Bank. In early 1993, things came to a head. Foreign currency reserves were down to just a few weeks of imports, the banking system was on the verge of collapse, and consumer prices had shot up. Against this background, the Government went for a comprehensive, IMF-supported structural adjustment programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of far-reaching reforms were implemented with unprecedented speed. Exchange restrictions were removed, import licensing was ended, import procedures were made easier and tariffs were reduced. The export license requirement was also lifted and price controls were abolished. In March 1993, the Central Bank (CBK) began to tighten monetary policy. By issuing large amounts of treasury bills, it soaked up most of the excess liquidity which had been injected the previous year. There was also stricter bank supervision and a number of weak financial institutions were closed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Structural reforms&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Government began structural reforms aimed at reducing its own role in the economy in favour of the private sector. The privatisation programme, begun in 1991, was accelerated. By the end of 1995, the authorities had divested more than half of the 211 non-strategic parastatals-though critics complained the process often lacked transparency. The Government also substantially reduced its fiscal deficit through, above all, an improved revenue policy. The deficit fell from 11.4% of GDP in 1992/93 to 2.5% in 1994/95. The number of civil servants was reduced, mainly through voluntary early retirement, so that, by the end of 1995, the service had been trimmed by more than 30 000 (10% of the payroll).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1995, the reform programme lost momentum as proponents of the old and the new systems locked horns. Vested interests stood in the way of more radical reforms. Temporary import bans on maize and sugar were reimposed, key parastatal reforms were delayed and expensive but economically dubious projects were approved outside normal budgetary procedures. These included an international airport in Eldoret, a presidential jet and an identity card project. These further delayed the resumption of balance of payments support by the Bretton Woods Institutions and contributed to the frustration of efforts to improve relations with donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The economic crisis peaked in early 1993 and the shilling was sharply devalued. The official rate went from about KSh 36 to the dollar at the end of 1992 to KSh 60 in April 1993. On the market, the currency was being traded at a premium of more than 30% and that continued until July-i.e. about two months after the removal of exchange restrictions. The market premium then started to decline and the two rates converged in mid-October when the shilling stood at 69 to the dollar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The high interest rate on treasury bills under the liberalised foreign exchange regime was the main reason behind strong currency inflows which began in October 1993. Other factors, whose exact impact is difficult to gauge, included capital flight from neighbouring crisis-torn countries, the international money laundering one normally finds in places with newly liberalised foreign exchange regimes, and a surplus in the current account position. The shilling then started to rise, despite the CBK's massive currency purchases which led to a build up of reserves to the equivalent of six months of imports. The appreciation continued up to October 1994: indeed, at one point, the shilling reached a high of 35 to the dollar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That was the turning point. Strong import demand, fuelled in particular by a surge in oil imports in the wake of petroleum market liberalisation, and an outflow of portfolio investments due to lower interest rates, weakened the currency. By mid-1995, after two sharp falls, it reached a rate of 56 to the dollar. Since then, it has been relatively stable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic recovery&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Real GDP grew by 3% in 1994 and an estimated 5% in 1995. Good weather certainly helped, but the economy also benefited from the Government's reforms. Agriculture, the mainstay, grew by 2.8% in 1994 and by more than 5% in 1995. This compares with negative growth rates in 1992-93, when the sector was hard hit by bad weather. Elsewhere, the trends were more mixed. Many producers for the local market were affected by trade liberalisation and, in 1994, by the strong shilling. The former created a highly competitive environment almost overnight-after years of cosy protectionism. For cloth manufacturers, the liberalisation of imports of second-hand clothing further aggravated the problem. In 1994, the clothing sector's output dropped 35%. Tourism, the main foreign exchange earner, fared quite well in volume terms in 1994 despite the strong shilling. But while turnover may have gone up, it is likely that many operators did not earn enough extra to cover their increased local currency costs. In 1995, visitor arrivals fell by 20% to the lowest figure since 1988. In consequence, tourism earnings fell by a quarter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As intended, liberalisation led to higher trade volumes. In 1994, exports ( + 16%) rose by more than imports ( + 13%) in value terms, but the position was reversed in 1995 when the latter jumped by 35% while the former were 14% lower. One good sign was that the highest import growth was in industrial supplies and machinery (60% up) but the fact that the deficit almost doubled to reach record levels was obviously a cause for concern.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major revolution has also taken place in trade flows. In 1994, for the first time, Uganda overtook the UK as the biggest importer of Kenyan goods. In the same year, the value of Kenya's exports to African countries moved ahead of its combined exports to Europe and North America.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During 1994, the Nairobi Stock Exchange proved to be one of the worid's best-performing stock markets, the value of shares rising by 80%.1995 was disappointing, however. Although foreigners were allowed to invest for the first time, the index nonetheless fell by 25%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fighting inflation has been the CBK's main objective since 1993 and a tight monetary policy has brought the problem under control. Inflation dropped from 46% in 1993 to 29% in 1994 and to below 2% in 1995. Recently, however, an upward trend has bean observed. This follows a money supply increase far in excess of the expansion of economic activity, and is mainly due to a substitution of treasury bills for borrowing from the Central Bank since the end of 1994. If inflation is to remain within the 5% target for 1996-which already seemed highly unlikely by the middle of the year - the trend needs to be speedily reversed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially, the main way of mopping up excess liquidity was through the sale of treasury bills. When the sales began in March 1993, there was a huge liquidity overhang and high interest rates had to be offered to take money out of the market quickly. The rate earned on 90-day bills-which became the lead interest rate in the economy- rose from 17% to 80% between March and July 1993. It then declined steadily, reaching 18% at the end of 1994. This prompted an outflow of short-term capital, leading to currency depreciation and lower foreign reserves. Since mid 1995, treasury bill rates have been back above 20% and this seems to have stabilised the foreign exchange situation. It is generally believed that the high prevailing real interest rates are a major obstacle to investment and economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interest on domestic debt is still a big item in the state budget, although, the situation is much improved, thanks to the reduction in the stock of treasury bills and lower interest rates. In fiscal year 1993/94, interest payments on domestic debt alone swallowed one third of total gavernnnent expenditure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agriculture sector employs 70% of the total labour force and generates more than a quarter of Kenya's GDP. Much of industry is linked to agricultural processing, and tea, coffee and horticultural products are Kenya's major foreign exchange earners after tourism. The marketing of key farm products is dominated by large parastatals and cooperatives which are often run like parastatals. Most marketing organisations have been hard hit by the liberalisation, which brought both inefficiency and corruption to light. Tea growers have complained about improprieties at the Kenya Tea Development Authority. Imported sugar flooded the local market, often without paying import duties, leaving the mills with huge stocks. This, in turn, created severe cash flow problems. Most sugar farmers have not been paid for months. Kenya Cooperative Creameries was not able to pay farmers for milk deliveries for up to half a year, and could only start servicing the arrears when the Government came to its rescue with KSh 800 million in January 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Formidable challenges&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya's labour force, around 12.5 million in 1996, is growing at more than 4% a year. This means that at least half a million people enter the job market annually. The challenge of absorbing the new workers is formidable. Studies show that any strategy to deal with this must be based on three pillars: smallholder agriculture (to absorb most of the growth in the rural labour force), continuing substantial job creation in the informal sector, and high real GDP growth (+8% per year is needed to ensure that the modem sector absorbs a significant number of workers).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Informal sector employment has risen rapidly (up by 15-20% a year since 1991). By 1994, for the first time, there were more people working here than in the modern economy. The informal sector covers semi-organised and unregulated activities largely under taken by self-employed people or employers with just a few workers. Typically, they do not comply fully with tax, registration, and licensing rules, and this sometimes leads to conflict with the authorities. Workers are often paid below the minimum wage and have no social security. For many, the informal sector is, therefore, an 'employer' of last resort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is estimated that almost 50% of rural people and 30% of urban residents live in absolute poverty- unable to meet their minimum requirements for food and essential non-food items. While the percentage has remained fairly stable in recent decades, the increase in the number of 'absolute' poor is alarming. So too is the extent of the poverty: the gap between these people's minimum needs and their actual disposable income has reportedly increased over the last ten years. The bulk of the poor live in the central and western parts of the country, which have the best agricultural potential, the rich soils having always attracted settlers. For decades there was enough land to go around, but demographic trends have finally started to take their toll. The size of landholding has declined continuously, in many cases reaching levels which are no longer capable of sustaining a family.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There has been some progress in restructuring parastatals, but much remains to be done. The performance of key parastatals has been unsatisfactory by international standards and this has constrained growth. At Mombasa port, which is managed by the Kenya Ports Authority, handling charges are 50% higher than the global average, while container turnover is three times slower. Rail transport is unreliable, slow and more expensive than road haulage. The Kenya Power and Lighting Company has a shortage of generating capacity which means periodic power cuts. And intervention in the maize market by the National Cereals and Produce Board- at above-market prices-has prevented private sector involvement as well as placing a heavy burden on government finances. The Board has posted annual operating losses of between KSh 1.8bn and KSh 2.5bn each fiscal year since 1992/93.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corruption, misuse of funds, and the politics of patronage remain endemic and these clearly distort development. Elimination of corruption has been an aim of most reform programmes but it seems that the effect so far has only been to change its form. Trade liberalisation has killed cash cows such as import and foreign exchange licences, and the commercialisation of parastatals has stopped them from doing deals with cronies which were profitable only for the latter. But other forms of non-acceptable wealth accumulation have emerged. In the early 1990s, alleged exports of gold and diamonds are thought to have resulted in a loss of KSh 7 billion of public funds. Land grabbing has also become widespread. This either involves land being sold to individuals or companies with well-established political connections at well below market prices, or the purchase of land by public institutions from the same individuals or companies at inflated prices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After delays because of political differences, cooperation between the three states of the former East African Community (Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya) was revived in early 1996. The EAC Secretariat, based in Arusha, is headed by a Kenyan, Francis Muthaura, a former ambassador in Brussels. For the three countries, the new cooperation aims at facilitating movements of people, capital and trade within the region, and harmonisation of external tariffs and investment regulations. Currencies will be fully convertible. This revived cooperation is expected to have a major growth impact. The Nairobi Stock Exchange is currently assisting Kampala and Dar es Salaam to set up their own exchanges. And the NSE Chairman, Jimnah Mbaru, sees the future not only in a cross-listing of companies in the three places, but in a regional stock exchange.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy framework&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Policy Framework Paper (PFP) for 1996-1998, which was published in February ahead of the donors' Consultative Group (CG) Meeting, was highly applauded for both its content and form. The programme, which the media has dubbed 'the big push', promises finally to crack most of the 'hard nuts' of previous reform agendas, in particular in the parastatal and public sector. It also lays down measures aimed at supporting fiscal and monetary discipline through the next elections. These include cutting the budget deficit to 1.5 % of GDP by 1997/98, a tight monetary policy, and more autonomy for the Central Bank. In addition, it tackles some areas'that have emerged as avenues of corruption in recent years, such as the National Social Security Fund. While previous PFPs were highly confidential, this one was published, and the President appointed a Commission chaired by himself to oversee its implementation. These are seen as important steps in bridging the credibility gap which threatened to open up again in 1995. Donors are prepared to support the reform agenda and are eager to see it implemented speedily. Shortly after the positive outcome of the CG meeting, the IMF approved a three-year Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility programme for a total of $220m. The World Bank is expected to follow suit with a credit of $85m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An increasing number of donors, however, have pointed to the link between democratic governance/ human rights issues on the one hand, and aid and investment flows on the other. If Kenya is to meet its ambitious targets and turn into a newly-industrialising country by 2010, foreign inflows will be vital. The point was succinctly put by a delegate to the CG meeting. 'If its (the Government's) economic successes are matched by a commitment to democracy and human rights, Kenya may yet prove that surging economic growth is not just for Asian tigers, but for African lions, too.' The period leading up to the next general election will be the acid test. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E.P. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Country report</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mali : An omnipresent sense of history</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some countries have a strong folk memory. Despite its size, Mali appears hemmed in by its frontiers. For more than a thousand years, this state was a splendid empire, constantly spreading outward and reflecting the history of the African continent with its conquests and alliances, reversals of fortune and moments of glory. At its height, it extended from the Atlantic to the Sudanese border, from the south of Morocco to the north of Nigeria. Mali's history rests in the minds of its people rather than in any structures inherited from the past. This acts as an antidote to the 'amnesia' often brought on by colonisation, which has the effect of paralysing the future. Although poor, the country has a well-established sense of its place in the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A racial melting pot&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;`&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the eve of colonisation, Mali was known es 'west Sudan'. In 1924, the territory then known as 'French Sudan' was split up and small portions of the Malian nation were incorporated into the seven states bordering it-a move certainly not calculated to have a cohesive effect on the remnants of the old empire. Mali has long been a melting pot of races, ethnic groups and cultures. They have learned to live together- intermingling, sometimes forming unexpected alliances, and occasionally fighting one another. The result today is a potpourri where true racial or ethnic confrontation is difficult to imagine. The interplay of history and the mixing of ethnic groups, families and individuals, has created what one intellectual de scribed to us as 'the anti Rwanda vaccine'. Historical mythology offers, perhaps, further evidence of the fusion of cultures in this country. As in ancient Greece or Rome, to take European examples, each ethnic group and each Malian empire, was 'backed' by a host of gods, spirits and totems. In this nebulous world, where dreams beget history and where vastly differing ethnic groups can trace themselves back to a common ancestor, the result was a multiplicity of interrelationships. Under various names, the python totem belongs to many different peoples, including the Peal, Ma/inke and Sarakolle. A study of the migrations of the peoples who make up Mali also reveals a great many relationships - for example, between the Dogon, who are black, and the Shongoi; who are more half-caste. They regard one another as cousins, originating from Aswan in Egypt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malians appear to share a genuine sense of belonging in keeping with their shared culture. The 'people' of Mali came into being long before the state of the same name. The guerilla war fought in recent years by the Tuaregs (this is the English plural, Tuareg already being the plural form of Targul) against the Malian army, is often viewed abroad as a struggle between whites (or Arabs) and blacks. But this is an illusion. Although the Tuaregs are probably the only 'white' minority in the country, they are an integral ingredient in the melting pot. They are also known as 'Kel-Tamasheq' - those who speak Tamashek, which was originally the language of their Bella slaves. Like all the country's ethnic groups, they have dominated and have in turn been dominated. They have forged alliances with one another, and, more commonly, have united against Arab or Berber invasions. The relative absence of bitterness overall is probably due to the fact that each of Mali's peoples has had its era of glory and imperial dominance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali is lucky to have such knowledge of its history. For centuries, the most precise details have been collected by the griots. The same role has also been played by the many secret societies which have initiation periods lasting, in some cases, up to 50 years. They were, and sometimes still are, repositories for the secrets of history, magic, astrology and science, and also for the symbols of power-the religious objects and artefacts of the former emperors. There are written sources as well, something which is quite rare in Africa. These have been transcribed since the beginning of the millennium and, in recent decades, close collaboration between historians, griots and members of traditional societies has enabled a deeper knowledge to be gained of Mali's history.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A rich empire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asselar Man, discovered near Timbuktu in the centre of Mali, was a contemporary of Cro Magnon Man. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cave paintings from five thousand B.C. reveal similarities with those in Egypt and are probably the work of migrant populations from the east, who moved into Mali as the Sahara Desert expanded. Less reliable sources state that interbred populations of Jews and Egyptians under the command of an officer of the Pharaoh Dinga created the Soninke dynasty (originating from Aswan). These people probably laid the found ations of the first great Malian empire, that of Ouagadou. Other sources, equally unreliable, report that they were probably Judaeo-Syrians who arrived at the end of the third century A.D. and found a population already in place. What is more or less certain is that, during the first millennium, a Soninke dynasty was installed around the current frontier between Mauritania and Mali and that 40 princes ruled it in succession in the period prior to 750 A.D. Initially, these rulers were white but, with increasing intermarriage, their skins became darker and darker. To Arab chroniclers, Mali came to be known as Bafour or Bilad es-Soudan (the country of the blacks). At the beginning of the second millennium, the Ouagadou empire held sway over several kingdoms in the south, including the Nigerian delta and a number of Berber principalities. Documents dating from this period have replaced the name Ouagadou with that of Ghana, by analogy, perhaps, with the emperor's title. The empire was already very rich, the richest in the world according to an Arab chronicler who visited it in 970. A work by the writer A/ Bakri, which appeared a century later (1087) went into great detail about the empire's organisation-the system of matrilinear succession, the role of councils of dignitaries, and the capital, Koumbi (whose foundations were discovered in 1914 in southern Mauritania). This city was divided into two districts, one of these being the sacred, imperial city, home to the empire's python totem to which a young girl was sacrificed every year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A story of courage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The killing of the snake totem is the most significant myths in the country's history. The hero of the story is Amadou Sefedokete whose love for his beautiful fiancee Sia (who was about to be offered in sacrifice), prompted him to descend into the monster's lair and confront it. By killing the totem, he broke the thread of countless generations before him, who had carried out the ritual sacrifice. He is still remembered for this magnificent action, based on love and a sense of nobility, and he remains a subject for artists of all types. His brave action still causes young lovers in Africa to shudder in admiration. However, this act of deicide brought about a reversal of fortunes. The monster's seven heads, which the young hero is said to have cut off one after the other, are reputed to have been scattered to the four comers of the earth, thereby dispersing the empire's riches and leaving it penniless. The true story is more prosaic. Ghana's wealth was eyed greedily by the Arabs and Berbers who had long traded with it. The empire's resistance in the face of Islam gave Moroccan religious fanatics a pretext for organising a jihad. It was invaded by an army of 30000 devotees supported by forces from some of the empire's black vassal states. The 'holy war' began in 1042 ending 34 years later with the occupation of Koumbi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The occupation did not last long but was followed by internal clan wars which brought about the end of an era. Restoration came about at the end of the 72th century , in the small Sosso kingdom, south of Ouagadou (also set up by a small group of SoninkÃ©). One of the minor kings called Soumangourou Diarasso dreamed of recreating Ghana's empire, and, in 1203, he succeeded in sacking the ancient capital of Koumbi in a move designed to establish his own dynasty. This was an important symbolic act and in the fierce war which followed, Soumangourou subjugated MandÃ©, a region which was overflowing with wealth. One of Africa's greatest heroes, Soundjata, rose up against him. He was supposedly the legitimate heir to the Mandingo throne, but was unable to walk, having been born an invalid of a deformed mother who had been married at the recommendation of the king's sorcerer. His young half-brother took his place on the throne and sent the paralysed prince into exile. At the age of 18, Soundjata decided to seize his own place in history and a 'giant' was thus bom. In 1235, his army fought that of the bloodthirsty Sosso monarch whom he himself is said to have cut down in an extraordinary battle. It was a fight which, according to the legends, saw the use of all types of weapon, including magic. Soundjata had forged a grand alliance in order to gain victory. Rather than reducing to vassalage the small kingdoms which had allied themselves with him, the new emperor decided to form them into a federation-although he wisely declared that from Niani (his capital), 'I shall see all'. His empire took the name of 'Mali' (the hippopotamus) on account of that animal's strength and mastery of bath water and land. For 20 years, the empire was to stretch as far as the Atlantic Ocean. Its structure, based on a number of warrior clans, craftsmen, freemen and marabous, is still characteristic of Mali and neighbouring countries today. The empire was rich in gold once again but also in terms of agricultural organisation with the development of cotton and groundout farming. Soundjata disappeared mysteriously in 1255, leaving a prosperous empire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Conquest' of America?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1285, there was a struggle for succession between two princes and a third, Prince Sakoura (a freed slave), took advantage of the quarrel to take power for himself. Sakoura expanded the empire by subjugating the Timbuktu Tuaregs and the Gao Shongoi: After his short reign, a genuine heir of Soundjata, Aboubakar II, ascended the throne. He had his eye on conquests over the seas and, according to the story, he set sail westwards leading a fleet of 2000 vessels. He was never seen again. However, recent studies favour the hypothesis that he was not lost at sea as had always been supposed' but did, in fact, reach the Americas. A series of ineffective monarchs succeeded this 'conqueror of the impossible', who preceded Christopher Columbus by 200 years, leaving little real impression on history other than the records of their exuberant behaviour. One of them, for example, went on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 with a reported retinue of 60 000 and distributed considerable amounts of gold to all the dignitaries he encountered in that holy place. These kings, however, are acknowledged as having preserved the empire's unity, guaranteeing order without repression and allowing wide religious, moral and sexual tolerance, even for married women. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The kingdom centred on Gao dates back to at least the first millennium but it was usually a vassal of the Ouagadou empire and of Mali. One of its kings, Sonny Ali Ber (known as Sonny the Great), came to the throne in 1464, profiting from the decay of the Mali empire. His reign was marked by a bitter struggle against the UlÃ©mas of Timbuktu who, over a period of four centuries following the Almoravid conquest, had converted a large portion of the empire to Islam. The circumstances of Sonny's disappearance are uncertain, but he is thought to have drowned in 1492, the year when a certain Genoese navigator was to achieve the ancient goal of 'discovering' the Malian empire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sonny Ber's successor did not last long in the face of Islamic expansion. The new Askia dynasty was installed to lead the Shongoi empire, and this expanded with the annexation of Dahomey and part of Nigeria. However, a small part of the former Mali empire never passed under their rule. The Askia dynasty blew hot and cold in terms of religious fervour. Tyrannical at first, it later took a softer line. Under the reign of one monarch, the Gao court based in the university city of Timbuktu became a place of exceptional refinement-only to slide once again into a state of intolerance. One of the Askias, having destroyed the last symbols of the former Mali empire, the city of Niani, set upon his former Moroccan allies. Another emperor, Askia Daoud (1549-1582), turned out to be a fine administrator. He developed agriculture and set up a genuine bank in Gaol War with Morocco continued throughout his reign and beyond. In 1584, imperial force defeated 20 000 Moroccan soldiers, winning a victory which might have been decisive had it not been for internal dissent. This weakened the Askia side and enabled Morocco, with a band of Spanish mercenaries, to take over the empire, following a battle in April 1591. Success was due, above all on this occasion, to the firearms deployed by the winning side. Such weapons were unknown to the 45 000 Malian cavalry and infantry who were engaged. It also turned out to be a Pyrrhic victory. The occupying troops sent the great scholars from Timbuktu University to Morocco, where their peers took up their cause. Moreover, the foreign soldiers were won over by the easy life in Mali-and one of the first results of their presence was a big increase in the half-caste population. In 1612, the troops rejected the Moroccan command: the occupation was at an end and the last few Moroccans were later expelled from Timbuktu by the Tuaregs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Black religious proselytism and colonisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To each dog his day. In the 17th century, the Bambaras set up an empire around Segou, but the debauched lifestyle of several of the sovereigns and disapproval of the part they played in the slave trade proved to be their downfall. Once again, the history of the country was to be shaped by a slave- Ngolo Diarra-who founded his dynasty in 1766. He was able to restore a degree of prestige to the kingdom, but his efforts were undermined after his death. As a reaction, a proselytising Black Islam then began to evolve.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Massina became a theocratic state around the beginning of the 19th century, in common with other kingdoms which appeared at the same time. One of their most famous rulers, the conqueror El Hadj Oumar, was defeated by the troops of the French General Faidherbe who forced him to give up West Senegal. The days of Malian independence were now numbered. The courage of his successor only delayed the progress of French colonisation, which finally prevailed at the end of the century.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Resistance fighters carried on the war from other points in the old empire, particularly from what is now Guinea. The country was dismantled by the colonial system and pacified, but the end of the Second World War and the return of African soldiers brought a renewed desire for independence. French Sudan became the rallying point for freedom fighters in the French colonies-the old dream of reunification was not dead and buried. In 1946, the Rassemblement Democratique Africain was set up, later to become the USRDA (Union soudanaise-Rassemblement democratique africain). In 1956, the future architect of Mali's independence, Modibo Keita, was appointed leader of the movement and elected to represent the 'Sudan' in the French Assembly. A 'Malian Federation' project was drawn up to include Dahomey (Benin), Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Senegal and 'Sudan' (Mali). A constituent assembly of independence movement representatives was set up in 1959. However, the constitution adopted by the local Malian and Senegalese assemblies was rejected by the other two. The Federation now had only two members but was nonetheless proclaimed independent on 20 June 1960. In the event, the spirit of unity was lacking and, on the pretext of a rivalry between the two leaders (the 'Sudanese' Modibo Keita and the Senegalese Mamadou Dia), Senegal withdrew from the union in August. On 22 September 1960, the 'Sudan', now without an outlet to the sea, adopted one of the most prestigious names in its history: Mali.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new state was landlocked not only geographically but also, very soon, politically. Modibo Keita's socialist agenda prompted foreign investors to pull out, and the country was organised increasingly as a 'people's democracy'. Fortunately, the repression was not excessive but a sizeable proportion of the population disapproved of the system that had been chosen. Mali and Guinea still had modest aspirations to their old dream of unification. The founder of the Republic, Modibo Keita, was overthrown by a military coup on 19 November 1968. More than the break-up by colonisation, which left dreams of Sudan being reconstituted, this military putsch sounded the knell of the old empire. Mali became just another state whose colonial and post-colonial eras have been marked by a lack of success. Nevertheless, a sense of history is still omnipresent. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goueier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Three republics to create one democracy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is just something you have to get used to-in French-speaking Africa, virtually all countries have imitated France in assigning a number to each republic formed under a new constitution. At the time of its independence on 20 June 1960, Mali was a federation of two states; Senegal and the former 'French Sudan'. It was an alliance which failed after only a few weeks'existence end 'French Sudan' then adopted one of its most prestigious former names- Mali. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first regime, under Modibo Keita, became increasingly unpopular as its form of 'tropical' marxism caused it to become more and more isolated. One of its main shortcomings was its unrealistic five-year plans, none of which were ever implemented. Discontent became rife among various social groups. including the farmers who, opposed collectivisation and were adept at passive resistance which they employed to disrupt the supply of produce. The regime also modelled itself on the so-called 'people's democracies' in certain respects. For instance, it made a determined effort to improve education, health and social justice, while refraining from the more dictatorial excesses that often characterised such systems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initially welcomed by some sections of the population, the November 1968 putsch, by Lieutenant Moussa Traore quickly fumed into dictatorship although it was to be more than 10 years before there were any significant anti-government protests. At the end of 1990, opponents of the regime openly set up organisations which claimed opposition-party status. One of these was ADEMA (the Alliance for Democracy in Mali), formed by the current President of the Republic, Alpha Oumar Konare. Marches calling for a multi-party state attracted the support of tens of thousands of people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The dictator then sought to neutralise the opposition, beginning with the Tuaregs in the north who had been waging a guerilla war. This conflict was viewed by many as the 'front line' in the people's struggle against dictatorship, and the Tuareg cause was supported by opposition movements. The government, which had for some time opted for 'soft' repression, now revealed its claws and in January 1991 it began to imprison student leaders. The streets were filled with armoured vehicles and the first death amongst the students brought condemnation. Repression reached its height on 22 March 1991, when several dozen students were killed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prior to this, in February 1991, Moussa Traore's UDPM (Democratic Union of the Malian People) came out in support of a multi-party system - a move which marked the beginning of the end of the regime. The day after the students were killed, a democracy coordination committee launched an appeal for a general strike, to last until the dictator was overthrown. This began on 26 March, and amounted, in effect, to a 'democratic' coup d'etat. Its instigator was Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Toure, who took charge of the transition to-tether with the democratic movements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The former dictator was arrested and put on trial for his crimes. He was later condemned to death but his sentence was recently commuted by President Konare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Tuareg guerilla war continued despite the government's conciliatory attitude. The new administration also had to deal with a number of social claims which had long been stifled by the dictatorship. However, popular support for the regime remained firm. The new constitution was adopted virtually unanimously in a January 1992 referendum and, a week later, ADEMA won the municipal elections, the first in a series of electoral victories for Alpha Oumar Konare. He went on to win the Presidential election (for the Third Republic) in April, with almost 70% of the vote. Meanwhile, negotiations with the Tuareg rebels resulted only in signatures on agreements which were not observed. The situation grew worse with the Ghanda Koy counter-offensive, but this in turn led to a seemingly viable accord between the Azawad Arab Islamic front, the most important guerilla movement, and the Malian government. Last March, President Konare presided over an enormous bonfire of weapons seized from the former guerilla fighters. The flames lit up the skies above Timbuktoo, the symbol par excellence of rapprochement between the peoples of Mali.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the beginning of January 1994, the regime suffered the effects of the devaluation of the CFA franc. Economic liberalisation had enabled Mali to improve its macroeconomic position, but social discontent, particularly in the towns and cities, demonstrated that the average citizen was continuing to suffer economic hardship. The President still enjoys considerable support, and political democracy is greatly appreciated. Obviously, the government cannot be blamed for all the difficulties facing the country. There is, for example, a lack of professionalism in the press. However, it could have given a lead in the case of the State media, which still studiously avoids criticising the government's actions. The administration has also been taken to task for its apparently lax attitude towards 'economic' misdemeanours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Next year will see a series of elections. The government views these with apprehension, although it has stolen a march over its rivals by signing a political accord with several small parties. Opposition is centred around the MPR (Patriotic Movement for Renewal), the revamped former party of the dictator Moussa Traore. This has undergone a 'facelift, and now seems to be regaining support. lts trump card is decentralisation. Its former leaders, who held total power for a quarter of a century, can take advantage of the network of contacts they built up. The US-ADA, the party of the Republic's founder, Modibo Keita, which until recently appeared to be the herald of change, seems lately to have restricted its role to that of arbiter. Surprises are in the offing, but one thing is certain: the Third Republic's constitution will remain the guarantee of democracy in Mali. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;H.G.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with Ali N. Diallo, President of the National Assembly</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mali, the army has learnt if from the past&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali's institutions were radically remodelled in the wake of the recent vote on decentralisation. This is aimed at allowing, among other things, a degree of autonomy for the north of the country-which is essential to guarantee national reconciliation. The sudden growth in the number of small towns and villages may result in some political surprises during the long e/ection campaign period which is due to begin early next year. The President of the National Assembly, Ali N. Diallo, finds himself in a pivotal position: his Adema (A/fiance for Democracy in Mali) party current/y holds a comfortable majority in Parliament. With democracy being consolidated in Mali, he must find this an exhilarating time. Our frst question touched on this&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is certainly an excellent time to be in Mali, but freedom is the most difficult of man's needs to satisfy. Our National Assembly has 12 parties and most people in our country are inspired by ideas based on tolerance and respect for the right to be different. The main concern of those of us who lead the party currently in the majority, is to question constantly whether we are necessarily always right. We have a comfortable majority-72 members out of 115-but this certainly doesn't mean that the National Assembly is just a rubber stamp.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· There is, of course, another stumbling block when one has such a large majority, which is the possibility of internal divisions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, I would agree with you there. Mali's MPs have to realise that they came into this business after a three-stage process. First there was a popular uprising, then the army intervened to put an end to the bloodbath.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, we had the high level national conference to draft the constitution, the electoral code and the charter for the country's parties. MPs, therefore, must always bear in mind that, though they can claim legitimacy on the basis of the revolution, there is also a republican legitimacy they ought to respect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The second phase in the process was the intervention of the army-are you not a*aid that the 'Niger syndrome'will raise its ugly head in Mali, too ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Naturally, MPs have seen what happened in Niger and elsewhere, but fear is tempered here because officers in Mali's forces have also given a great deal of thought to the effects of military dictatorship. Democrats and republicans within the armed forces are very aware that only a minority of men in uniform profited to any degree from the previous regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think that because Mali had what might be called a 'moderate' dictatorship, it is now in a better position than it would have been had the previous administration been more repressive ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Let me put it this way. The military dictatorship went through three different stages. During the first stage, just after the coup on 19 November 1968, the junta chose Mao Tse Tung as a model, hammering home the idea that power could be won by force of arms-and it was carried away by the popular acclaim it initially received. Subsequent popular resistance then took them by surprise. People wanted more freedom, but they also wanted to keep what they had gained in social matters. Army officers asked the protestors to abandon their action so that normal constitutional life could be resumed, but the trade unions had their own ideas. They advocated things which the people in power opposed. The ensuing repression was therefore fierce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was a second phase during which the military were at odds with one another over the leadership question. The popular view was that the country had fourteen different heads of state at that time. This went on until 28 February 1978 when there was a brief Iuli and they were tempted to return power to the civil authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then came the third phase when, despite appearances, poverty was on the increase. At first, Malians said that there were two 'IMFs' on the loose in Mali-the International Monetary Fund and the intimate circle surrounding the Moussa family. When the social foundation of the regime contracted, and all the country's business became concentrated in the hands of Moussa, his wife and her relations, the popular forces went on the offensive. This was a period of vociferous protest. Moussa Traore reacted with brutality: hence the 200 dead amongst the schoolchildren and students who were protesting- we will never know the exact number.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yet, the former regime could be said to have made the crucial economic choices which your government has continued with. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I wouldn't agree with that. There was a half-hearted discussion at the time about liberalising the economy but, in reality, bureaucracy got in the way. It is the economic laws voted in by ourselves which form the true basis of a liberal economy. However, if you really want to look to the past, I would say that it was the February 1967 accords signed between Mali and France, when we came back into the franc zone, which set the whole process rolling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Tuaregs and the government have just signed an agreement but the question of the north of the country is still a sensitive one. What are your views on this subject ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The problem in the north of Mali is extremely complex. First, the Malian nation is made up of a patchwork of minorities, the largest being the Ban Mana (Ed. 'Bambara' in the colonial vocabulary), but no ethnic group is larger than all the others put together. Second, all groups have, at one time or another, held supremacy. But the fact is that the peoples involved have all lived in the same area throughout history- they have shared joys and sorrows, and their blood has mingled on Malian soil. l would accept that the Malian nation is not as well consolidated as it should be, but it is arguably one of the most advanced in the sub-region in terms of its constitution-though I don't mean to sound chauvinistic here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anyway, the problem in the north of the country seems to me to be one of development. The various regions have not all developed at the same rate on account of climate differences. In addition, the dictatorship did not show any great respect for minorities - although it did not direct its actions solely against the Tuaregs, who resorted to arms. The Tuaregs exaggerated the mistreatment they had suffered because they were unfamiliar with what was happening in the rest of the country. In fact, Moussa Traore oppressed everyone: the French-style Jacobin state we inherited did not allow for regional differences. After independence, the regime redoubled its efforts to centralise the state. both because it was Jacobin in outlook and because of Modibo Keita's communist leanings. In 1959, the French forced the Tamashek (ea. 'Tuaregs') to secede-Max Lejeune and Houphouet Boigny were mixed up in all that. This was when oil was first discovered in Algeria and the war with Algeria had been in full swing since 1954. Modibo Keita set up the Malian Federation and declared in 1959 that, upon independence, he would withdraw all soldiers from the Algerian front. Since the Malian Federation was dismantled, Gao virtually became an Algerian willaya, a base camp for its fighters. Mali did not accept this. Moreover, Algeria, around the time it achieved independence, took retaliatory measures and sealed off its borders, mercilessly sending back huge numbers of refugees. It mobilised them through humiliation, telling them that they were the last members of the white race-the only ones to allow themselves to be under black rule.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· But when Ganda Koy's militia halted the Tuareg movement, they appeared to have been supported by the black population. Doesn't that also suggest a racist attitude ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I addressed the Tuaregs in October 1992, and pointed out that their wish to regard themselves as overlords and the other peoples in Mali as vassals who ought to pay tribute would provoke a general uprising, with the risk of a slide into civil war. I told several of the Tuareg chiefs seated around me the legend of Ouagadou- about the serpent of the well who each year demanded that the Soninke people should sacrifice an 18-year-old girl in its honour. Then the day came when a young man refused to accept the sacrifice of his fiancee. He went down into the monster's lair, watched by a horrified crowd who saw his recklessness as folly, and cut off the serpent's head. In the beginning, the Malian people's sympathies in fact lay with the rebellion. On 26 March, when the rebellion against the dictatorship took place, the president at the time, Konare, asked for all the Tuareg chiefs to be brought to him so that they could set up a transition body. He got a nasty surprise when the Tuaregs resorted to arms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Was the government, as rumoured, behind the Ganda Koy ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Not the government as such. To my mind, it would be wrong to applaud when one faction of the people one governs wants to exterminate another faction.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It appears that some of the people are unhappy with the concessions that have been made to the Tuaregs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is a myth. The idea that we are frustrated because the Tuaregs were once our masters, is a story put about by Europe. The situation is quite the reverse. At the time of colonisation, they were unwilling to ream, like other nomads, such as the Peul people, for example. There were splits with them, of course, but no actual, all-out war. Forging a nation always requires tears, sweat and mourning. Those who return will find what they left broken or stolen and will want land which is less barren than that impoverished by the encroaching desert. However, those who stayed put in the face of rebel attacks had their houses smashed and their animals taken away. There will be problems when some Peals, for example, identify their cows which were stolen. We will have to negotiate, but I have confidence in the people. Just as they ended the war, they will be able to heal the wounds-of this I am sure. And the process has already started.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I gather that you continue to practice as a doctor, on top of your political duties. Is this to teach a moral lesson to your political colleagues ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I would say that it is more of a weakness, an inability to abandon a passion, even for supposedly good reasons. l am an 'internalist' and I have a passion for mechanisms. If you cure an infection and it returns, you have to look elsewhere to solve the problem. There are those in authority who spend money on trying to tackle problems without troubling to locate the cause. I would like to think that the analytical rigour of clinical science might also be put to good use in promoting understanding in politics. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 1 240 190 kmÂ²&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 10 million&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 8.15 per kmÂ²&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population growth rate: 3.1 % &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Bamako (pop.700 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other main towns: SÃ©gou (65 000), Mopti (52 000), Sikasso (50 000), Koutiala (37 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Languages: French (official language), Bambara, Peul, Shongoi, Tamashek &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Curreny: CFA franc. In July 1996,1 ECU was worth CFAF 647.5 ($1 = CFAF 515) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government: Mixed presidential and parliamentary system. Greater powers are due to be transferred to the regions after the next elections. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Head of State: Alpha Oumar KonarÃ©&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Ibrahim Boubacar Keita Political parties represented in Parliament: ADEMA (absolute majority). 'Opposition' - CNID, USRDA and numerous other smaller groupings. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p021.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Map&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1993 figures unless otherwise stated) GDP: CFAF 753.8 billion&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP per capita: $530&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Origin of GDP by sector: agriculture 42%, industry 11 %, services 47% &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Real GDP growth: 2.4%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balance of payments: deficit of CFAF 84.1 billion (estimated) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main trade partners (% of total trade) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exports: Thailand (24.2%), Brazil (19.1%), Ireland (9.7%), Belgium/Luxembourg (9.7%) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Imports: CÃŽte d'lvoire (22.2%), France (14.5%), Senegal (9.7%), Hong Kong (4.6%)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main exports: cotton 40%, livestock 28%, gold 17.5%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual inflation rate: 3%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth: 46.2 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Infant mortalityper 1000 live births: 158 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult literacy: 28.4% &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education (primary, secondary and tertiary): 16% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.223 (171st out of 174)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with Amadou Seydou TraorÃ©, opposition leader and USRDA spokesman</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Macro-economic indicators tell you nothing about the distribution of the country's resources'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It cannot be easy to be in opposition when Parliament is dominated by a majority which is given a good press and is regarded abroad as a good pupil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We do not really find it a problem. If one is familiar with Mali's current situation, the people's views, reactions and judgments count for more than outside opinion, despite the fact the latter may seem important. However, we do take account of others' opinions. We are pleased to be able to speak to you-to express our ideas and points of view- so that outsiders can see that the USRDA offers a credible alternative for Mali. We feel quite secure in our current position because the principles and values we stand for are those closest to the Malian people. So we have no problem in being the opposition party. We are not the kind of hysterical opposition which resorts to foul means as well as fair ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Given that most Malian political trends stem from the revolutionary democratic movement, what are your party's special features ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Our party's origins are in the movement which dates from 26 March 1960-which itself grew out of an underground movement. The main component of this was the USRDA whose government was overthrown by a reactionary military putsch. Adema won the last elections, and we do not contest this fact despite a number of irregularities. Indeed, we supported the Adema government's initial actions. We were one of seven parties who regarded the Third Republic as our own offspring. Between 1992 and 1994, even when we faced grave difficulties and they were asking for suggestions, the government ignored our proposals. This happened, for example, at the time the World Bank threatened to pull out. As it functions at the moment, the government is not meeting the Malian people's basic aspirations. They want to see a change from the previous regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are your essential criticisms of the way Adema works ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We are critical on a number of fronts. Looking at it first from an institutional standpoint, when the Malian people rejected the old regime, they wanted the existing set-up to be changed into a democratic one. The few institutions that have been established since then do not reflect this desire. They are virtually no different from what we had under the single-party system. True, we have an opposition party, but its views are ignored. Second, in terms of the management of democracy, a number of bodies, such as the State Commission on the public media, simply do not function. You have been in Mali for a week now, so you must have heard Adema spokesmen on the TV or radio. But you will never hear a member of the opposition. The space reserved for that -formerly an open forum for free political discussion-has been removed and the state-controlled TV and radio stations do not allow political parties to have a say. In the economic sphere, our approach is also completely different. We believe that support for the development of the private sector means that the state has to act as regulator. Economic development cannot simply be left to run its course as a kind of 'rat race'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Could you give us a few practical examples of what you describe as Use selling-off of the family jewels ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-With pleasure. Before the 26 March revolution, there was a general consensus that, in the process of privatisation, the state sector should be managed in a way that benefited the Malian economy. But the reality is that privatisation methods have not changed. They are no different from what they were in Moussa TraorÃ©'s time. The electricity sector, for example, which has not yet really been privatised, is now managed by the Bouyges group of France. And it costs more, which will hardly help the country's economic development. The state airline has simply been absorbed by Air Afrique. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· If you were in power, how much economic scope do you think you would have, given the prevailing trend towards international liberalisation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I recognise that there is a dominant international lobby which has drawn up its own conditions, laws and principles. Even if one does not agree with this approach, one has to take it into account. However, it should be feasible to achieve privatisation in a different way. We know what we are talking about because we used to run this country. Indeed, we set up the national economy. Before 1960, there was no economic system to speak of. l am currently completing the text of a work which looks at our economic position at the time of independence. The plain fact is that we had nothing at the time of independence. There were only three pharmacists, fewer than ten doctors, and about ten people qualified to teach in our grammar schools-not much to write home about after 70 years of colonialism! After 1960, we had to set everything up from scratch. If you trace the history of every country in the world, whether under a monarchy or a republic, you see that the state has always made the first move in bringing about industrialisation, developing the maritime sector, and stimulating imports and exports. If you think about it, at the outset, the main manufactured activities were the domain of royalty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You claim that your party left a legacy, but some might say that the highly interventionist regime of your hero, Modibo Keita, who brought about independence, contained the seeds of Moussa Traore's dictatorship.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-These are just fairy stories. When a regime is overthrown by a coup d'etat, it always becomes the victim of systematic defamation campaigns in the press. We were maligned for 23 years with no right of reply and no right to issue a statement to set the record straight. In a way, we are talking today about a past which did not exist. You know the saying 'you are not only what you are but also what people say you are'. This reference to dictatorship is one of the most serious calumnies. But no matter what lies are told, something of the truth will always remain. If our regime had been dictatorial or inquisitorial, a coup d'etat would not have been possible. Before the 1968 coup, Modibo Keita was given a file by the security services warning him of the plot by Moussa Traore, and giving a list of his accomplices. He was advised to arrest the conspirators and put them on trial. His response was that he would not agree to a Malian citizen being deprived of his liberty without a scrap of evidence. I knew Keita very well. It will be a long time before we have another head of state with such democratic convictions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The ordinary people, the farmers, say that they did better under Traore, than under Keita.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Yes, but it depends who you talk to. With Traore, there was an atmosphere of moral decline. We were free to plunder, steal and murder, but it was not real freedom. The farmers see it from a different perspective. However, l can still show you a copy of the 'Summary Report on the Seminar on Cooperation in the Rural Environment' which we drew up in 1968, just a few months before the coup d'etat. This highlighted the fact that socialism had not penetrated into the countryside during the seven or eight years we were in power. So you see our own self criticism appeared in a document published in May 1968. This demonstrates the fact that we were not complacent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is your view of the compliments the current government is receiving from many foreign observers, and the good marks it has been given in the macro-economic field by international institutions ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Good macro-economic results which are due to good management of public finances are beneficial for the country. However, such management must be accompanied by greater welfare and an improved standard of living for the people. There is no point hailing a GDP increase of 3-4% if more than 10% of the population does not have enough to eat. You have been through Bamako and other towns and cities and you have seen the construction sites and big buildings. But in their daily life, people are now more ill at ease. They have been disappointed by the Adema regime. The welfare of the ordinary citizen cannot be defined by reference to the personal wealth of someone who is having a seven-storey building put up. All of this new construction is reflected in the higher GDP. But the macro-economic indicators tell you nothing about the distribution of the country's resources-and the scales are currently tipped towards injustice. Those who are working are earning less but those who do not work are earning more. Embezzlement and corruption are currently worse than under Moussa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is the likelihood of a changeover of political power given that the opposition groups are at odds? The union between yourselves and Parena appears to have been suspended.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We are capable of winning the forthcoming elections without entering into an agreement with any other party. Having said this, we are the party to which most groupings in Mali are now turning and we are currently in the process of forming an alliance which will carry a great deal of weight. l am not one to speculate but I am sure that Parena's supporters will, in time, reach the same conclusions as ourselves regarding the timeliness and suitability of an alliance between us. We have contacts with a number of other parties but we do not want to form an electoral pact in the way one would make preparations for a coup-forming a group, ousting the regime and then shooting at each other! Moreover, it is important not to confuse change with restoration. There are those who advocate the restoration of Moussa's regime. Opposition of that kind would suit the current government very well because it would allow them to raise the spectre of our former dictator in the hope of attracting support from those who are frightened by such a pro spect. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by H.G.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The magnetism of the unfamiliar... but unexotic</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In West Africa, there is a dry, desert-like region which a river tried to bring under its sway. Instead of flowing seawards, the river's path went in the opposite direction to find this region, impulsively tracing a majestic loop of 2000 kiLomÃ©tres before heading seawards. The Niger may not have provided an ideal site for Mali's major towns and villages, but it was considerate enough to form a major waterway between them which is navigable over almost its entire course. Its network of tributaries has resulted in the formation of large landlocked lakes whose waters are full of fish-a reminder of the times when the Sahara was one huge expanse of water. It has also resulted in the extraordinary Niger basin, a central delta area the size of Belgium, criss-crossed by lesser tributaries which reach into the smallest valleys. The river has created a diverse landscape which entices the visitor back. The land is steeped in history and if one wishes to learn its secrets, one has no choice but to study the empires of the past, forged it is said, by mythological deities and heros.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the dry season, visitors marvel at the beauty of the plains, which stretch as far as the eye can see. They will be tempted to return to view the waters that will cover them for just a few months during the rains. This is when the towns and villages appear as islands in the flooded landscape. Later in the seasonal cycle, Nature divests itself of its watery raiment and prepares to welcome the egrets, pink flamingos and all the other richly coloured birds which have flown in from afar. The cultural life of this region is also imbued with a rare richness, combining mystery and individuality. Mali has a distinctive character: it is accessible but not adulterated by frippery, welcoming but not taken over, affable but able to treat everyone as its equal. There is no need to make constant reference to the past which existed before colonial times-the past simply exists, eloquent in its tranquil humility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of Mali should logically begin in Bamako, the likely port of arrival. But if one immediately journeys to the towns and villages that were the cradles of empire, one is better able to appreciate this young capital, barely 250 years old, whose history owes much to its smaller forebears. We arrived in the evening and departed at dawn the next day. So Bamako was no more than a blur. The River Niger, still known as the Djoliba in the capital, is crossed by two long bridges which offer a view over the wild river banks. Most of the constructions are brand-new and some have a style borrowed from their thousandyear-old 'Sudanese' architectural heritage. It would have been more romantic to travel by river to the central part of the delta but, despite the welcoming nature of the Niger as it flows through Mali, it is difficult to navigate over the Sotuba rapids, between Bamako and Koulikoro approximately 50 km away. When the waters are in spate from July to December, it takes no more than two days to reach Segou, three to reach Mopti, five to reach Gao and an extra day to arrive in Timbuktu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Segou, the rebel&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Our first stop after Bamako is Koulikoro, the departure point for Niger cruises. After the unusual houses of the bazo fisherman on the banks of the river, as one leaves Bamako, it is the river itself which is a source of curiosity, transforming the voyage into a wonderful promenade through a forest abounding in game. Then there are the thatched, circular mud huts. Those without a roof are built on piles and are often ovens for preparing karite-nut oil whose bitter-sweet fragrance mingles with the fruity scent of the mango trees which line our route. In Koulikoro, every day is market day. The market spills out into the road and then shrinks back to allow vehicles to pass. It is also a centre for hunters and poachers who come here to seek customers. Above all, it is the centre for the guilds of masons who jealously guard the secrets of traditional Sudanese building skills. For the visitor who cares to linger, the griots will sing the praises of the old magician-king Soumangourou whose spirit has haunted this small town for eight-and-a-half centuries. When he was overthrown by the hero Soundjata, he just vanished into thin air-in the land of mystery that is Mali, great kings do not die, they simply disappear.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first 250 kiLomÃ©tres of the river's course from Bamako are enchanting. One's first real encounter with Mali's past come at Segou-when the balanzans come into view. The charming, independent city is close by. Segou, the Bambara capital, did not form part of most of Mali's empires. Indeed, the word Bambara comes from 'Ban-Mane', which means 'those who reject a master'. There are 4444 + 1 balanzans to announce the city, all of which are numbered except the last one, which still guards its secret. The balanzans conceal another secret: during the dry season they are covered with leaves, which they lose during the winter. A curious traveller might arrive at Segou with memories of Maryse Conde's fine prose (Segou, Robert Laffont, France, 1984). Her work is an epic fresco of life at the court of the Bambara kingdom in the nineteenth century. The city itself stretches for eight kiLomÃ©tres along the river bank, with a promenade high above the river on an embankment from where there is an uninterrupted view over the water to the horizon. The richly coloured fabrics of the washer women create a dreamlike atmosphere, giving an impression of the shimmering tunics worn by princes, and the women who swim in the river are not given to excessive prudishness, another reminder of the city's enduring rebellious nature. The charm and cleanliness of the town are striking, its administrative buildings stretching along a grand boulevard lined with modern structures. We see in their profiles, the traditional architectural styles as well as a variety of colours. The whole scene is shaded by gardens full of flowers. It is easy to forget that Segou has retained none of its former architectural wealth. This was all destroyed by the organisers of a jihad who sacked this city of infidels who had never been won over to Islam or, later, to Catholicism. The city walls and the regal courtyards are all gone, so what remains is jealously protected: the sceptre and regal symbols of King Diarra, the kingdom's treasures and its secrets. On Mondays, market day, it is possible to see people kneeling at the feet of an old man. He is the custodian of the town's remaining riches, but will never reveal where they are held. Oumar Santara, one of Segou's intellectuals, is attempting to gain an insight into these mysteries in order to protect them better because, he says, the pillage is still going on. Mali's cultural heritage is being ransacked by outsiders. In some villages on the opposite bank of the river, it is still possible to find 13th-century coins in the village squares.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trial marriage&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly 500 kiLomÃ©tres separate Segou from Mopti. Midway between the two is San, barely more than a large village. San is bathed by the waters of the Bani, a major tributary of the Niger which it flows into it at Mopti. In the market, fine cotton fabrics can be bought, as can the skills of the blacksmiths. Here, however, there is above all an air of secrecy. The town's inhabitants are members of the Bobo people. The name translates es 'stammering', 'mute' being implied. This is the town which holds the secrets of fatal poisons- cocktails of poisonous plants and snake venom. There are also unguents of all kinds to relieve pain, alleviate scarring, and so on. San has another reputation, that of handing out severe punishment to adulteresses. This seems paradoxical when one discovers that women here enjoy exceptional sexual freedom during adolescence and up to the time of their marriage, and even afterwards. They enter into a trial marriage for three or four years, during which time they are free to 'play the field'. At the end of this period, on the occasion of a feast, they reveal whether or not they will accept their 'provisional' husband. If not, the woman regains her freedom and can start all over again as many times as she wishes. If she decides to become the man's wife, she chooses some of her husband's friends with whom she may 'have a fling' for two weeks, the aim being that she thereby lays to rest her unmarried freedom. She will then swear an oath of fidelity to her husband which she breaks on pain of being cast out of society and even, it would appear, at the risk of losing her life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 1 2-kiLomÃ©tre dyke, which seems to float on the water during the winter season, links Sevare, the crossroads of the major routes across Mali, to Mopti. Situated below water level, Mopti owes its existence to the embankments which protect it. The dyke offers a fine promenade which opens out onto the quayside of this bustling town. The streets are crowded and the settlement has a vitality and beauty, with coloured lights mirrored in the water. On land, the crowds drift in much the same way as the multitude of boats anchored in staggered rows along the riverbank. These stretch for hundreds of metres- as far as the eye can see. All this wealth of detail forms a tableau punctuated by the outlines of the slender fishing smacks (pirogues or dugout canoes). Despite their size, these vessels retain their uncluttered lines, always giving the impression that they are slicing through the water. The biggest of them are perhaps 50 metres long, carrying cargoes of up to 150 tonnes. This strange, animated scene, which resembles no other in the world, seems to have been staged as a way of reviving the buried images of the Mali of legend-provoking a memory of things unseen and prompting new sensations. Despite the fact that it is replete with Malian influences, Mopti did not develop until colonial times. Like Segou, it never really belonged to any of Mali's great empires, although it became their meeting point. It is a place where all the country's languages are spoken. Indeed, the word 'mopte' in Peal means 'place of assembly'. At Zigui's restaurant or in a cafe down by the port, one find groups of beribboned Tuareg artisans still with their belle servants (former slaves) in tow. One can watch the Peals, also followed by their servants, negotiating their deals. Some trade in gold jewellery, dogon or other ethnic sculptures. Others buy and sell the magnificent Segou carpets or cotton fabrics. Others still dabble in ancient archaeological artifacts (which it is forbidden to sell) and in sacred objects from all over the country. The town itself is an artifact: the apparent hotchpotch is regulated by an internal, almost natural organisation. The hundreds of boats, fishing smacks and other small craft are arranged along the river banks according to the goods they are importing. There is one place for fishing boats, another for furniture imports, and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mopti merits an overnight stay. In the curve of the great arc which forms the port, a soft light lingers on the congested river banks. It is not just the people who seem to tire of the day's hustle and bustle. The biggest boats with their gentle backwash, anchored in the mud until the next incoming tide, grow too lazy for their images to be reflected in the water and they seem to hold on to the last of the sun's glow, awaiting the first glimmers of moonlight&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Dogon region, poetry in stone&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As one approaches Bandiagara, on the threshold of the cliff faces which bear the name of this town, the landscape changes. Most of Mali is flat, but here, we find ourselves in the high land. In fact, the altitude is only a few hundred metres, but the landscape is dominated by sheer and rugged rock faces. This is Dogon country where everything seems to be made of stone: the roads, houses and hills appear in matching tones of salmon pink. The inhabitants, too, seem to have been hewn from the very rock. At first glance, the landscape is unremarkable apart from the sight of all this rock, but as one's perception grows keener, shapes can be made out. At the foot of the slopes are caves that are still lived in. And in the most vertical part of the cliff faces, we can pick out regular, sculpted barrel shapes, combining to form an impressive design. These stone cylinders are the ancient dwellings of the Telems, a mysterious people who preceded the Dogons and were conquered by them. Nothing is known about their disappearance. Today, the cylinders are used as Dogon graves. Access is gained to them during funeral services, by means of a system of ropes. At the top of the cliff is Shanga, the beauty of the Dogon region. It stands atop a 400metre sheer drop which extends over a length of 200 kiLomÃ©tres. Reaching Shanga from Bandiagara involves picking one's way through the rocky landscape and sliding over sandstone scree.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before the Europeans arrived to colonise the country, no one had succeeded in subjugating the Dogon region. Was it really ever under the sway of the colonists ? This region, whose beauty lies in its harshness, has no embellishments. And its language is as hard on the ears as the rock is underfoot. As everywhere, to feed themselves, the Dogons till the soil. But this must be carried on the backs of men and women over distances of several kiLomÃ©tres and then deposited on the rock. Every onion bulb and every root pulled from this thin layer is a testament to the tenacity of humankind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Dogon region is like a magnet-it attracts pilgrims from afar who come to venerate El Hadj Oumar, the founder of the Islamic brotherhood of the African Tidjani-a military and religious leader whose life and disappearance are shrouded in mystery. It also attracts people because of the beauty of its works of art. Some of these, apparently of recent manufacture, are actually centuries old. For the custodians of the sacred objects, the interest of outsiders is viewed as a catastrophe. The artefacts are constantly pilfered and sometimes, their keepers commit suicide in their horror at such desecration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fine regalia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djenne translates as 'the beloved of the waters' and is surrounded by two strekhes of the Bani river. Thus, apart from a short time in the dry season, when the river can be forded, it is an island accessible only by boat. The town has always been a rival of Timbuktu, the 'daughter' of the desert. Before Mopti was created, Djenne was the country's meeting point. The town is dominated by its mosque which is a masterpiece of Sudanese architecture. This imposing clay structure has been a magnet for the faithful since the thirteenth century. It has always been rebuilt in the same style, each version scrupulously identical to the previous one. The most recent reconstruction dates from the early 1900s.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Centre of the Malian empire, Djenne has retained all its finery, magnificence and prestige. It was annexed by the Shongoi empire at the end of the Middle Ages and its conquerors have always been seduced by the town's beauty. The mosque has been designated a World Heritage Site, and the entire town has protected status. For centuries, its architecture influenced other towns and cities in the Sahel and it continues to do so. The secrets of the knowledge and skills of its master masons are still jealously guarded, passed on only reluctantly to the initiated. The whole town is built around the mosque, revealing an interplay of balance and power. There are magnificent inner courtyards to which entry is gained through massive, ornate studded gates. The elaborate and finely carved windows, the intertwined leaves and scrolls of the arabesques and the moucharabies, all bear witness to the Moroccan influence. This has, however, been toned down and it now blends in with Djenne's indigenous forms of decoration and architecture. Whilst all Mali's former great towns and cities were known for their power and military glory, Djenne takes pride in having dispensed with brute force, its spirit protecting it from subjugation. All those who pass through take something of Djenne's spirit away with them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coca Cola kept at bay&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Returning to the capital from where we started, we discover that it was colonisation that turned Bamako from a village into the large city that it is today. It inhabitants now number approximately one million. Although a city of recent origin, the site on which it is built dates back to the dawn of time. The hills overlooking the city are home to cave paintings and the underground tombs provide more evidence of a human presence dating from ancient times. There is then a gap of several thousand years in Bamako's history. In early colonial times, just two centuries ago, the village had no more than 700 inhabitants. Bamako began to be developed at the beginning of the 1900s and it is the only city in Mali to have a colonial atmosphere. It has not, however, lost out to change. The ministerial buildings at Koulouba hill, one of five dominating the city, or the Point G houses in the National Museum area, may not equal the beauty of Sudanese architecture, but they are elegant nonetheless. Their plain style is softened by their leafy gardens. The administrative buildings in the lower part of the city are often a fusion of colonial or modern styles and traditional architecture. These edifices are also made more attractive by fine gardens, which lend originality to the city. One of the most successful combinations is the great market, unfortunately in the process of restoration at the time of our visit and whose beautiful interior we were unable to appreciate. It is interior beauty which characterises this city in comparison with other African capitals. Despite its congestion and the density of its population, Bamako still has the atmosphere of a lively village. There is little of what one might term a 'social scene', but it is enough to be invited into the 'squares' or respectfully to visit the block-shaped houses which are still home to entire families and where discussion sessions (grins) last into the small hours. These sessions are enhanced with food and the omnipresent cup of tea. Bamako still prefers tea to imported beverages and to receive guests in the family home rather than joining in the social round in the hotel foyers so characteristic of major capital cities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For those hesitant to venture into the traditional life of Bamako (although they would be assured of a welcome), there are many restaurants which make a good attempt at recreating a homely atmosphere. One is not, however, required to take part in the conversations. Two restaurants (the Djenne and the Santoro), which have opened recently, allow one to enjoy the pleasures of art and history. They are part of a wider project to promote Malian art and set up an organisation for artists and craftsmen. They contain areas modelled on the refinement of former imperial furnishing, interior design and architecture, as well as exhibits by Mali's greatest artists. Their creator, Aminata Traore, is an intellectual, art connoisseur and international expert. In Dakar or Abidjan, patrons of such establishments would probably be expatriates with perhaps a few local dignitaries. But at the Santoro and Djenne, prices have been kept reasonably low (no account having been taken of the 50% devaluation in the CFA franc) and the art remains accessible to middle-class Malians. Thus, the spirit of the 'grins' is preserved. The preferred beverage is still a cup of fragrant tea or perhaps a glass of refreshing juice. Whisky will never replace tea, nor will Coca Cola replace fruit juices. Mali is not a country which rejects other people, but it resists cultural encroachment, preferring the &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;familiar to the exotic. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mali-EU cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Roads and adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Theo Hoorntje&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For 1990-95, ECU 151.7m was allocated (mainly in project aid) under the seventh EDF National Indicative Programme (NIP). This is equivalent to about 1.5% of Mali's GDP and 13% of its public-sector investment programme for the period in question. European funds from sources other than the NIP-emergency aid, Stabex, European Investment Bank (EIB) venture capital and resources from the structural adjustment facility- reached ECU 87.2m over the same five-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1995, support for the structural adjustment programme represented 5.4% of the balance of payments deficit and 7.8% of the budget deficit. Looking at all instruments together, the amount involved in financing decisions taken by the Commission last year was ECU 42m, with the disbursement figure rising to ECU 40m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The NlP's primary commitment level under the 7th EDF rose from 76% at the beginning of the financial year to 92% at the end, which means that virtually all available programmable resources are now allocated to projects and programmes. The secondary commitment level, which involves the conversion of proposals into concrete agreements and contracts, rose from 33% to 45% by the end of the financial year. Disbursement rates remain relatively low (32% of available resources).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Allocations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid is distributed to the various sectors, as follows:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Roads (29% of the total);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Support for structural adjustment (20%);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Rural development / Environment (1 4%);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Support for the private sector (12%);&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Decentralisation (9%); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Public health (9%); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Water supplies (4%); &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Education/Culture (3%).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear that Community aid concentrates mainly on road infrastructures-covering both maintenance and the opening-up of remote regions. Support for structural adjustment, which comes second, is used to finance the State budget's current expenses, particular emphasis being placed on improvement of fiscal and customs income and greater efficiency in health-policy matters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In other areas, such as rural development, Community aid also makes an attempt to consolidate gains from previous actions, particularly through the development of rice growing and stock rearing, which should improve supplies to the domestic market and offer further export potential. As far as the environment is concerned, the aim is to contribute to the sustainable management of natural resources on the part of basic users, such as farmers, breeders, etc.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The private sector is supported by actions in key areas and by a programme that was recently set up which involves directing resources through a financial institution (Credit Initiative SA). The objective is to promote lending to SMEs, which is in keeping with the general aim of achieving economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the context of administrative reform, priority is given to the decentralisation process which aims to promote the emergence of new local decision making centres (which should, in the long term, become key players in project development and implementation), and to give such decentralised bodies the means they require to fulfil these new public-sector missions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for health, Community aid has contributed to the PSPHR project financed by other donors. Its main focus is initially on infrastructures and on the policy relating to the supply of essential medicines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the water-supply sector, actions are aimed at strengthening village infrastructures, particularly in the Bankass and Koro areas. A solar-pump programme has also been set up in the Mopti and Koulikoro regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to a school reconstruction programme in the north of the country, the Commission has been able to support education and culture through a dozen or so film projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the general 'heading' of non-programmable resources, there have been a number of interventions. These include extra support for structural adjustment, Stabex transfers, deployment of the balance from the 5th EDF and EIB projects. Emergency aid has been deployed in the north of the country where, despite difficult conditions, programmes have been able to continue without interruption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, Community regional aid is helping to combat rinderpest, as well as being directed towards road maintenance, and the provision of training and information on environmental protection. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;T.H. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">NGOs finally achieve tangible results</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Catherine Beauraind and her five colleagues in the small team of foreigners and Malians, woke early. It had been a short night: our fault, since we had arrived at Bandiagara on the edge of the Niger valley much later than expected having taken the Sevare route. This is the gateway to the rocky Dogon region and travellers on the road occacionaliy fall victim to bandits-which probably made our hosts somewhat apprehensive about our late arrival. The people we had come to see are road builders, working without sophisticated equipment in a region of rocks and cliffs. They seem very youth froml, particularly those who have come from afar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are 'Progress Volunteers', the name given to the many young people who come to this very poor African country to offer their commitment and dynamism, if not perhaps their experience. On this particular morning, still feeling fatigued, Catherine was having to coordinate the departure of escorts for seasonal workers who were being dispatched to various locations. Their job is to ensure the upkeep of the rocky roads, and the equipment they use is rudimentary to say the least. The Bandiagara-Dourou stretch is maintained by the AFVP (French Association of Progress Volunteers) and is one in a long list of NGO projects. In 1995 alone, the European Commission supported over 50 NGO schemes, to the tune of ECU 1.5 million. Most EU countries and a number of others also have their own projects. On top of this, there is the emergency help provided by the European Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO), which has just approved a grant of ECU 1 million for the north of Mali. Now that a peace accord has been signed between the government and the Tuareg rebels, this region is likely to see a huge influx of refugees returning to villages that are ill prepared to receive them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali is a least-developed nation and one of the most highly subsidised countries in terms of per capita aid, though recently, its political fortunes have been boosted by the democratisation process. And the efforts of the NGOs now seem to be paying off. The recent times of famine have faded in people's memories even in the Dogon region, where many families ate calabashes in desperation before succumbing to starvation. Mother nature is playing a part in the country's renewal: there has been ample rain over the last Many NGO projects are aimed at helping the population use its meagre resources to exploit the natural wealth of the River Niger and its tributaries. At Konna, for example, a striking village at the confluence of two rivers, the Regional Literacy and Self-Management Project is up and running. Financed, among others, by the European Development Fund, this is being implemented at a number of localities, and it has played a part in the renewal which can now be seen. Fresh coats of paint, repairs to houses, fewer starving children and the return of many migrants all underline this new vitality. Each of the 17 small cultivated areas in the village that are covered by the project (worked by about 60 people), receives no more aid than a motorised pump, a few cereals and a small amount of cash in the first year. A basic course in management is also provided. It is up to the villagers to use these resources to yield a profit. Results tend to be good, proof of success being the growing number of such schemes which are being set up without aid from the organisation. The project is now in its seventh year. It did experience one bad year-1992-when, despite bumper harvests, rice imports into Mali were excessive and prices dropped. The village has therefore made an attempt to diversify its crops. Its objective is to sell onions in Cote d'lvoire, where the inhabitants are very fond of this vegetable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most villages have been able to save money which was initially placed in banks and then invested elsewhere in the wake of devaluation's harsh lessons. Konna opted for purchasing livestock. In nearby Kotaka, surpluses partially funded the construction of an impressive mosque. Kotaka was one of the places most affected by the recent meningitis epidemic, but a hospital would probably have been too expensive. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Western Samoa</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A new spirit of enterprise</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Small countries with a limited resource base are frequently buffeted by economic forces over which they have no control. If you live in Western Samoa, however, you are likely to be preoccupied by forces of a different kind. For while most of the time, Mother Nature presents a benign face in this attractive and fertile Pacific state, every once in a while, she loses her temper.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tropical storms are an unavoidable reality in much of the Pacific and they breed a special form of resilience which should impress the inhabitants of more temperate climes. The people of Samoa, and other cyclone prone countries in the region, are adept at picking themselves up and, if necessary, starting all over again, once the winds have passed. But between 1989 and 1993, the Samoans' capacity for renewal was to be tested more than ever before. Like a plucky boxer facing a much stronger opponent, the country would just be struggling back to its feet when another hammer blow would send it reeling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The closest to a knock-out punch came in December 1991 in the shape of Cyclone Val-the worst storm to hit the islands in more than a century. This brought death and injury, as well as widespread economic devastation. The coconut and coffee trees on which the country depends for much of its export income were either swept away or stripped bare. Many homes were also destroyed and infrastructures were severely damaged. (The 1993 cyclone, although less powerful, caused further crop destruction.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the last five years, virtually all the damage has been repaired. Indeed, a great many facilities have been upgraded with plans for further improvements in the pipeline. To some extent, the credit for this remarkable recovery must be shared. Overseas donors played an important part in restoring key infrastructures while expatriate Samoans, whose remittances are an important 'invisible' earning for the country in normal times, also rallied round. But the key players, of course, were the people themselves, who rose to the challenge of reconstructing their country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, Western Samoa - which has a population of 165 000-is experiencing an economic mini-boom. Growth during 1996 is expected to be between 5% and 6% for the second consecutive year and there are encouraging signs of a new, home-grown entrepreneurial spirit. This is not to say that everything in the garden is rosy. The latest growth figures need to be set against the unavoidable recession caused by Cyclones Val and Ofa (which struck in 1990) and a mediocre economic performance throughout the 1980s. And while there is some evidence of diversification, the economy is still very narrowly based. There is also considerable room for improvements in health care and education provision. Doubts have been expressed, for example, as to the accuracy of the official literacy figures. Finally, there is a high level of dependence on foreign aid (the country's main donors are the Asian Development Bank, Japan, Australia and the European Community).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economists will tell you how notoriously difficult it is to express the wealth of a developing nation in statistical form. GDP figures can offer a pointer, but they do not present the whole picture as they take no account of the informal economy. Western Samoa provides a particularly good illustration. At US $950, the estimated per capita GDP is very low by Pacific standards. Yet there is clearly no starvation. A great deal of the food consumed by the Samoans simply does not 'show up' in the cash economy. The term subsistence agriculture seems peculiarly inappropriate here since locally available food sources are many and varied.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Similarly, many of the materials used to build the 'fares' (traditional houses) in the villages are obtained without recourse to builders' merchants. And when a Samoan wants a new house, he builds it himself-with the help of his family and neighbours. This involves skilled carpentry work-for which people would pay highly in industrialised societies - and which does not register either in the country's economic statistics. So it is clear that the basic GDP figures do not paint a complete picture. Nonetheless, they illustrate the relatively underdeveloped state of the formal economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking at exports, Western Samoa's traditional agricultural sector has gone through some rough times, for a variety of reasons. In the past, the mainstays were copra and coconut products (oil and cream), cocoa and tarot&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The storms destroyed or damaged many of the coconut and cocoa trees, wiping out exports for a number of years until new plantings could reach maturity. The market in food products derived from the coconut had been depressed in any case. One reason for this was negative publicity over the high cholesterol content of coconuts, although more recent research, suggesting that not all types of cholesterol are bad for you, has at least partly restored the reputation of this highly flexible crop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taro, which is Western Samoa's staple food crop, was exported in ever increasing quantities during the 1980s but the trade has suffered badly in recent years because of an outbreak of taro leaf blight.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, Western Samoa's most important primary exports are, once again, coconut-based (oil and cream). With the new trees reaching maturity, production recommenced on a small scale towards the end of 1994. The following year saw a big jump in exports and the figures for 1996 are expected to - come close to pre-cyclone levels,The marketing situation has also improved as a result of privatisation. The old Copra Board, a parastatal with a reputation for inefficiency, was abolished in 1990, its assets being bought for a nominal sum by a Samoan businessman who has invested heavily in refurbishment. This has all been achieved despite continuing low prices for coconut products in the world markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cocoa takes longer to recover but harvesting of the first new crop is due to take place this year with the emphasis on a high value, fine tasting variety. A new chocolate factory (Wilex C.C.P. Ltd), also masterminded by a local entrepreneur, Eddie Wilson, has been built with assistance from the EU's Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) and a credit from the European Investment Bank (EIB) channelled through the Development Bank of Western Samoa (DBWS). This is a particularly significant venture since it aims to maximise added value before export. The factory is currently operating well below full capacity, awaiting the arrival of the first local crop, but there are high hopes for its long term success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other main crops exported are bananas and kava. The latter is a mild narcotic based on the root of the pepper plant, which is used in pharmaceutical preparations. It also has an important place in Samoan (and wider Pacific) culture, being drunk in diluted form on ceremonial occasions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a view to achieving further export diversification, a number of other agricultural/horticultural export possibilities have also been identified. These include asparagus, mangos and cut flowers. The most likely potential market for new tropical production is New Zealand-already the destination for more than half of Western Samoa's exports. However, this country has stringent health rules with rigorous controls on the import of plant and animal material. The understandable aim is to protect the local farming sector from diseases introduced from outside, but it creates an additional hurdle for potential exporters in the developing countries of the Pacific. In particular, Western Samoa needs to come to grips with the fruit fly problem, if it wishes to make inroads into the New Zealand market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Timber also once featured prominently in the trade statistics before declining at the end of the 1980s. There are hopes for a revival here with the authorities keen to encourage value added processing of wood products within the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite its obvious association with the sea, Western Samoa has never really gone in for commercial fishing. While the Exclusive Economic Zone is small by Pacific standards, the country being 'hemmed in' by other island nations and territories, it is still more than 40 times the land area. The government would particularly like to attract foreign investment in fish processing and canning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industry&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is probably unrealistic to expect a small and geographically isolated nation such as Western Samoa to develop a highly diversified industrial base but there have been one or two notable ventures which show signs of potential. The above-mentioned chocolate factory is one such. The country also has a highly successful brewery. It is not uncommon for developing nations to produce their own local beer but Western Samoa's Vailima brand has managed to break out successfully into the regional market, bringing in useful foreign exchange in the process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biggest industrial success story-dwarfing all other manufacturing ventures-has been the establishment of a factory by the Japanese company Yazaki to produce wire harnesses for cars. The business employs some 2500 people (mainly women) in a highly labour-intensive operation-and it makes a significant contribution to the trade balance. The value-added electrical components are re-exported for incorporation into cars sold mainly in Australia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The company was attracted by a number of factors including low labour costs in this non-unionised society, and the political stability of Western Samoa. Perhaps most important, however, were the incentives offered by the government. These went well beyond the usual tax holidays provided by developing countries to attract foreign investors. Indeed, it was the government that built the factory and the company was allowed to occupy it rent-free. Some observers have expressed concern at such largesse but the authorities are insistent that it was still a good deal. They point to the jobs that were created (a huge number by Samoan standards) at a time when many people's livelihoods were threatened by taro blight. They also argue that the profits of the operation are retained in Western Samoa, thereby helping to boost the wider economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Services&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The service sector offers perhaps the best potential for expansion of Western Samoa's formal economy. Top of the list here comes tourism (featured in a separate article), which has been expanding much faster than the underlying rate of economic growth. Despite the increase in both visitors and income, tourism is still underdeveloped. The government (supported by the opposition) believes that this is one field where Western Samoa definitely has a 'comparative advantage'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linked to tourism, of course, is the air transport business. Although it might still be possible to obtain passage on a merchant ship bound for the South Sea islands, the vast majority of visitors arrive by plane, and good air connections are obviously essential. The history of the country's national carrier, Polynesian Airlines, offers two object lessons. The first is how not to run an airline and the second, more recent and encouraging one, is how to grasp the nettle when the crisis finally breaks. In 1992, with tourism in mind, the government owned airline decided to expand its operations substantially. It leased three long-haul aircraft which it hoped to fill with visitors in search of a new tropical haven. The market research was clearly inadequate and the planes flew with many empty seats. Other aspects of the company's management proved deficient and there was a chronic lack of financial. Debts mounted at such a frightening rate that the budgetary position of the entire country was threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, the government took decisive action, bringing in Richard Gates, the experienced airline entrepreneur, who is credited with having turned Air New Zealand around. Relatively small airline businesses in the Pacific are not likely to make a.fortune for anyone, but with proper management, they should at least be able to break even and perhaps even turn in a small profit. This was not something that even the prodigious talents of Mr Gates could achieve, however, with the crushing burden of debt accumulated by Polynesian Airlines. So the government assumed responsibility for the debts and then gave the new manager a free hand, on the firm understanding that the taxpayer would not come to the rescue again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the airline side, the operation was drastically slimmed down. The leases on the large aircraft were terminated, staff 'down-sizing' took place and bath ticketing and financial management were tightened up. The positive impact of these measures was soon evident, with a small operating profit registered in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Left with huge debts, the action of the authorities was equally impressive, although it entailed discomfort for most Western Samoans. In order to restore its own financial position, the government instituted 15% public expenditure cuts across the board. In macro-economic terms, it is generally acknowledged that this strong medicine was needed, but the social consequences were all too clear as well: reduced funds for health and education, and pressure on important capital investment budgets. Perhaps fortuitously for the country, the financial crisis caused by the Polynesian Airlines debacle coincided with the payment of a substantial Stabex payment from the European Community. The country's was eligible for Stabex funds because of the collapse in agricultural export receipts following the cyclones, and the money-which was directed mainly into infrastructure projects-could hardly have come at a better time. Meanwhile, the government has paid off a large portion of the airline's debt with the residue rescheduled for payment over a five-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government has taken a number of steps aimed at attracting offshore finance business to the country. Western Samoa now has a comprehensive legal framework governing such activities, including crucial provisions guaranteeing secrecy. Another vital factor in attracting offshore funds, which has already been mentioned, is political stability. There is even the suggestion that the country's time zone, which puts it almost a day behind Australia and New Zealand, might somehow be turned to its advantage in global financial dealings (although it is not clear how the benefit would be derived in otherwise legitimate transactions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The last three years have seen a big increase in company incorporations and there are now more than 2500 offshore companies (including 15 banks and eight insurance companies) registered. It is difficult to imagine Western Samoa ever challenging the likes of Liechtenstein, the Bahamas or Jersey in this market, given its geographical distance from the main industrialised nations, but even a successful 'niche' operation could bring some useful income to the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five years ago, when the Courier last covered Western Samoa, the emphasis was heavily on recent constitutional changes and most notably, the introduction of universal franchise. At the time, there was a lot of interest in how the traditional Samoan way of life (faa-Samoa) would be affected. This is based on the village structure and the matai system which vests considerable authority in family heads. There is also a strong attachment to the Christian faith, as exemplified by strict Sunday observance rules (also found in Tonga and other Pacific countries).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, the Samoans appear to have embraced their more 'westernised' system of government without any difficulty. Although everyone over 21 has a vote, one still has to be a matai to be eligible to stand for Parliament. In contrast to hierarchical structures elsewhere in the Pacific, however, the system here seems to be based largely on merit and it is not particularly exclusive (there are an estimated 19 000 matai). The matai, nonetheless, exercise considerable authority in village affairs, most notably over the use of customary land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In short, the change seems to have caused few problems because Western Samoa already had its own decentralised form of democracy. It was not a question of educating people about hitherto alien concepts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that change in Western Samoa is slow and progressive rather than sudden and violent, is recognised by most observers to be a good thing. An illustration of this evolutionary approach is the arrangement governing the position of Head of State. The post, which is held by His Highness Malietoa Tunamefili 11, currently appears to be a cross between a presidency and a monarchy. Under the 1962 independence constitution, two of the country's four paramount chiefs were given the position, to be held jointly, for life. With the death of Tupua Tamasese Meaole in 1963, the surviving incumbent became sole Head of State. There will be no automatic succession, however, and Parliament will decide who should have the post in future, with the term of office limited to five years. There is obviously a great deal of respect for the Head of State and his office among Western Samoans, although it should be stressed that his role is largely ceremonial, with political authority being vested in the elected government. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for party politics, there are two groupings represented in Parliament, the ruling Human Rights Protection Party and the opposition Samoa National Development Party. The party system is not particularly strong, however, being based more on personalities than ideology. Corruption is not seen to be a major problem although a major row did blow up recently over a critical report issued by the Auditor-General for 1994. This led to him being suspended and this issue had not yet been resolved at the time The Courier went to press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Western Samoa is not unique in having to adapt to a rapidly changing world. The phenomenon affects all societies, with modern communications technology increasingly breaking down the 'protection' that geographical isolation used to afford. In Westem Samoa, as elsewhere, there must be concern about the impact of this on the country's traditional way of life. Yet the indications are that this Pacific nation is managing the transition rather better than many other developing countries. The people seem to combine an unselfconscious pride in their traditions and cultural assets with a pragmatic welcoming of ideas from outside which help to improve their material wellbeing. The hope must be that this process can continue as we approach the third millennium. S'imon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Historical summary&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to archaeological evidence, the islands of Samoa were first settled about 3000 years ago, after gradual migration within the Pacific from people originally from South East Asia. Samoa, it seems, was the cradle of the Polynesian culture, and settlers from there spread to other islands of Polynesia in the east, north and south.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first European to sight the group in 1722 was Jacob Roggeveen, and although there was intermittent contact between European sailing vessels and the islanders during the 18th century, more permanent contact was established with the arrival of the European missionaries in the early 1980s. They were soon followed by traders looking for copra, beche de mer, sandalwood and other products. Later, some of the trading firms, notably German, fumed to large-scale production of copra and other products such as cotton, cacao and rubber, which also led a corresponding increase in interest on the part of colonial powers. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1800s, the Samoan group became the focus of colonial rivalry between Great Britain, the USA and Germany, leading, in 1900, to the partitioning of the islands between Germany and the United States. The eastern part of the group came under American control and has remained so to this day, while Germany controlled the western islands. Britain received territorial concessions elsewhere in the Pacific. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the outbreak of World War I, New Zealand took over what had come to be known as German Samoa, and became the administrative power there under the League of Nations and later the United Nations until Western Samoa became the first Patific island nation to become an independent state in 1962.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Source: Government of Western Samoa. this text is taken from the information brochure prepared by the authorities for distribution to delegates at the recent ACP-EU Council of Ministers meeting). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dream ticket ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Depart Nuku'alofa-12.00, January l 2000 Arrive Apia - 14.00, December 37 1999&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People with cash to burn are often ready to spend surprising amounts of money in their pursuit of the unusual. Tonga has already recognised this as it begins preparing for the third millennium Lying just to the west of the International Dateline, it believes it will the first country to see the sun rise on the new millennium, although other Pacific territories have also made the claim. (For this purpose, we ignore the purists who point out that the third millennium will not actually begin until January 1, 2001.) Celebrations are planned and bookings are already being taken.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Westem Samoa is obviously not in the running for this distinction since it is east of the dateline, but what this means is it will be the last nation in the world to say goodbye to the old millennium. This surely presents an opportunity for the local tourist industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And what about those intrepid voyagers who fancy greeting the year 2000 in Tonga and then 'seeing out' the old millennium 24 hours later in Samoa. If i were an airline manager, I would be examining the possibility of extra flights from Nuku'alofa on the big day. (Let's hope it's not a Sunday I)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">An interview with Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Economic future in tourism end manufacturing'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier visited Western Samoa at the end of June while the country was hosting the ACP-EU Council of Ministers meeting. At the time, veteran Prime Minister, Tofilau Eti Alesana, was recovering from an operation, and his duties were being carried out by his deputy, Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, who is also the Minister of Finance. Despite a hectic schedule, the Deputy Prime Minister kindly managed to find a slot for a keynote interview with The Courier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· There is growing evidence of a new economic dynamism in this island nation, which has managed to find its feet remarkably speedily after the destruction wrought by cyclones in 1989 and 1990. With this in mind, we began by asking the Minister about the economic prospects for the country ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think they are excellent. Our country suffered a major catastrophe as a result of the cyclones, coming, as they did, in two successive years. There was major damage to our infrastructure and forestry resources- coconuts and cocoa. At the time, we estimated the bill at more than $600m. But the rehabilitation of the infrastructure went ahead quickly, thanks to the major support provided by bodies like the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and of course, the European Union, not to mention the bilateral donor countries who answered our call for help. So in some ways, it was a blessing in disguise. We suffered badly, but with the assistance that came, we have been able to improve our roads and electricity supply, and the protection of our foreshore. It also encouraged us to embark on replanting to replace the trees-mainly cocoa and coconut -that had been destroyed. Last year, for the first time since the cyclones, our copra exports came back in strength. We have, at last, started to approach the pre-cyclone export levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are likely to be the key sectors for future economic activity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We believe that the economic future of our country now lies more in tourism and in manufacturing industries. Dealing with the latter first, we have already succeeded in attracting some industries. The major investment so-far has come from Yazaki, a Japanese company that produces wire harnessing systems (electrical components) for vehicles. This employs almost 3000 people in Western Samoa. In fact, the company set up here before the cyclones and it did not take long for us to see the benefits. The value added equivalent provided by just that one plant is roughly equivalent to our total agricultural exports for last year. So you can see the importance of manufacturing industry for us. We have provided very generous incentives and have also allocated sufficient government land to provide space for factories.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other industry which is now in the forefront, in terms of foreign exchange earnings, is tourism. We now earn four times more from this sector than we do from agriculture-and agriculture is supposed to be the mainstay of our economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course, we mustn't reduce the priority that we give to agriculture. It is one area where we have the resources. More specifically, I think that we have great potential for beef production. If we should have another cyclone, the trees will be damaged but cattle should not be affected. So I think we should look more towards beef production and other forms of agricultural diversification. We do have some good commercial farming in place at the moment, but it is not enough. We need to do more.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about the chocolate industry ? You have traditionally grown cocoa but you now also have a factory to process the raw material right up to the end product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is a direct result of our drive to promote more manufacturing - whether it is export-oriented or geared towards import substitution. The chocolate venture is a new one and I think there are good, prospects here as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An important point is that we are moving back into growing the fine flavour variety of cocoa here. We used to be one of the 14 producers of fine flavoured cocoa in the world, and we got premium prices for it. But somehow, over the years, we switched to producing inferior quality bulk cocoa. We regretted doing that and are now switching back to the higher quality variety-which is just coming back into production following the cyclones. So here we have another potential area for exports. On the other hand, taro which used to be our major export prior to 1993 is facing difficulties. It is affected by a disease, the taro blight, which seems to be uncontrollable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Thinking in particular of the impact of tourism, are you concerned that an influx of foreign visitors might damage Western Samoa's unique and very special culture ? I see, for example, that you now have a 'McDonalds' restaurant in the centre of Apia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- No. I am not really concerned. In 1992, we set up our own tourism festival. This takes place in the first week of September and is quite clearly intended to be a feature event with an emphasis on promoting tourism. All the activities at the festival focus on the various aspects of our culture-the arts, the dances, the preparation of food, the singing and so on. It seems to me that our drive for tourism is actually helping to revive some of the cultural aspects that would otherwise have been dvina out. So I believe there is a complementarily between culture and tourism, so long as we ensure that the relationship between the two is maintained. I think this point is backed up, if you look at the growing popularity of ecotourism nowadays. This is very much concerned with preservation-of both the environment and of local cultures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In international circles, Western Samoa is deemed to be a least-developed country on account of its low GDP per head figures. Yet nobody is starving here and you appear to have a very 'rich' lifestyle, even if people don't have a great deal of cash in their pockets. Do you think the international classification is a fair one ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- I think the first point to emphasise is that a lot of the signs of development you see here are of recent origin. They date back only to 1992-93. Infrastructures have improved considerably over a very short time and this could well create a certain impression about the people's standard of living. On the other hand, it is true that our economy is not completely based on cash. And, of course, our earnings are in Tala which go a lot further here than their dollar equivalent in the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Presumably, it is to your benefit to be classified as an LDC because it gives you access to more sources of foreign funding ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I am happy to leave the classification to the experts. They are the ones who come and estimate our average per capita income, which is then used as the yardstick for placing a country in one or other category. I think it is ironic though, that if you go to a country like the USA, which is supposed to be very rich, you find beggars on the street. It certainly makes you wonder. Perhaps it is not really the statistical wealth of a country that is important, but its social system. And our social system here ensures that no-one goes hungry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· That leads on rather neatly to my next question. What do you think are the main social challenges that need to be tackled here ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-We still have quite a lot of 'service care' needs in the villages that we need to attend to. That is why we have placed the highest priority on social services over the next five years. I am talking here in particular about health, education and water supplies. There are still a lot of villages that need to have piped water brought into the home. Education-wise, we have reasonable access, but we need to improve the teaching material that is available in the classes and upgrade the general level of village schooling. We need to dissuade families from moving to the capital in the belief that they can get better education for their children here. So we still have a lot of work to do to ensure that the primary schools in the villages are upgraded. It is not simply a question of ensuring that competent teachers are available, but also as I say, providing good teaching materials and laboratory equipment for science subjects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· All of this obviously needs to be paid for, which entails healthy government finances. You recently had a serious problem over the debts run up by Air Polynesia, and you took very stringent measures to tackle this which resulted in expenditure cuts. What do the figures look like today ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-They are OK. We are running a budget deficit which means we have to borrow both overseas and locally, but we try to keep the deficit at a reasonable level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What has been the effect of introducing the Value Added Goods and Services Sales Tax (VAGST) ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It has helped enormously. Of course, in order to sell the idea, we had to reduce other taxes and duties. As you know, there is an international trend towards removing customs duties and shifting revenue-raising in the direction of consumption taxes. Customs levies, which are the traditional source of revenue are diminishing. So what we have done is to lay the foundation for the eventual shift in our revenue base. Also, we promised to cut income taxes even more-from 38% to 25% within two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Has this measure been implemented yet ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-No, it is due to be introduced in 1998.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Finally, I would like to turn to a constitutional question. Western Samoa introduced universal franchise some five or six years ago, but you still have a system in which only matai (family heads) are entitled to stand as candidates in elections. Do you envisage any further changes to the system ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I cannot really see that we will ever change again. The Constitution stipulates that our government is based on Samoan traditions and Christian principles. When we introduced universal suffrage, we were applying something that had always been there in any case. Samoans have always taken part in the process of choosing their leaders and voting is simply another way of doing this. The only difference is that we would arrive at a decision by getting together through our village structures and talking, whereas your system involves marking a ballot. So the change was quite in accordance with our customs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let me say something about the way villages choose their matai. When there is a question of succession, everyone has a right to take part in the process. There is no age limit. So in that sense, you could argue that we are more advanced. And we always had female matai, even before the arrival of the Europeans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this respect, I believe we are quite different from Fiji and Tonga. In Tonga, the dividing line is quite clear. If you are born a noble, you remain a noble and if you are born a commoner, you will always be a commoner. It is the same in Fiji. There, you are automatically a ratu K your father was one. By contrast, here in Samoa, my son cannot automatically succeed to my title. So to become a matai, a person has to earn it, and to put his case at the family meeting which is convened to choose a successor. Usually, the person chosen is the one who displays the best leadership qualities. I think I should also point out that becoming a matai is not that difficult. If you want to be one, you inform the family and if they think you have matured sufficiently, you will generally get the position and then become eligible to be a parliamentary candidate. It is typical that when a family sees a fellow has matured, he becomes a matai.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 2934 kmÂ² (Exclusive Economic Zone of 130 000 kmÂ²)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 165000&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 57 per kiLomÃ©tres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Apia (situated on the island of Upolu)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;National language: Samoan (English is the business language)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currency: Tala (WS$) made up of 100 sene. In June 1996, 1 ECU was worth approximately WS$ 3. (US$1 = WS$ 2.3)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;System of government: A unicameral constitutional democracy with strong traditional elements. The current Head of State is one of the country's four paramount chiefs, and he holds the office for life. Thereafter, the Fono (Legislative Assembly) will elect the Head of State for five-year terms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is universal franchise (introduced in 1991) but in order to be a Parliamentary candidate, one has to be a matai (family head). Western Samoa is said to have about 19000 matai. The minimum voting age is 21.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Head of State: HH Malietoa Tanumafili II&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Tofilau Eti Alesana&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main political parties: Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), Samoa National Development Party (SNDP)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Party representation in Parliament: HRPP 35, SNDP 11, Independent 3. (The HRPP total includes 11 members elected as independents in the April 1996 election who subsequently joined the governing party).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p038.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Map&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy (1995 figures unless otherwise stated)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual GDP per capita: approx US$ 950&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP growth rate: 7%. The target for 1996 is 34%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Principal exports: coconut oil (WS $8m), coconut cream (WS $4.8m), copra (WS $2.2m).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balance of payments: exports - WS $21.7m, imports - WS $228.1m. 'Invisible' earnings, officially described as 'net foreign earnings' amounted to WS $171m, leaving a current amount deficit of WS $36.8m in 1995 (20%lower than the previous year). The main 'invisibles' are private transfers (remittances from Western Samoans living abroad), tourism, income from services and the value added trade of the Yazaki electrical components firm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inflation rate (end 1995): 1 %. Inflation tends to fluctuate a great deal. The figure for 1994 was 18.4%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government budget (projected for 1996/97): revenue WS $288.4m, expenditure WS $312.7m, deficit WS $24.3m.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Accumulated government debt: WS$ 389 m&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth (1993): 67.8 years&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult literacy (1993): 98% (A UNESCO report in 1994 suggested that real literacy levels were significantly below those indicated in official figures) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education: all levels from age 6-23: 74%&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.700 (88th out of 174) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Marketing a tropical idyIl</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Folasaito Joe Annandale and his wife Tui are the brains behind Western Samoa's latest tourist facility- the Sinalei Reef Resort, which has just opened on the beautiful south coast of Upolu island. They are among a growing number of Samoan entrepreneurs who are injecting new dynamism into the country's economy although they are somewhat unusual in the tourist trade. With the notable exception of the famous 'Aggie Grey's Hotel' in Apia, tourist accommodation in Western Samoa has tended to be the preserve of foreign investors, including some of the major international hotel chains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At first sight, it is surprising to discover how underdeveloped the tourism sector is in Western Samoa. Tour operators may be inclined to use the phrase 'tropical paradise' a little too freely but this island nation certainly seems to meet most of the essential criteria. It has the obligatory golden beaches fringed with palm trees, extensive coral reefs and striking mountain scenery overlaid with lush vegetation. The vivid colours leave a particularly strong impression. Greens predominate but there are also many copper-leafed trees and bushes, and an abundance of red, orange and yellow flowers. Western Samoa can also offer a number of special features which are important in marketing terms. There is, of course, the legendary hospitality of the Samoans and their distinctive and vibrant traditions. This must be one of the most musically 'literate' populations in the world, a talent which is reflected in the numerous choirs/dance groups. The harmonies are impressive and the traditional dances are both expressive and entertaining. There is also the unique 'fare' architecture which is a particular source of fascination to outsiders, not to mention the Robert Louis Stevenson connection. The famous author spent the last four years of his life in Western Samoa and the house where he lived- which used to be the Head of State's residence - has recently been converted into a museum.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Good prospects&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The potential for expanding tourism is something that has not escaped the government. In today's highly competitive free-market world, countries are being urged to exploit their 'comparative advantage' and the Western Samoan authorities recognise that this sector offers some of the best prospects for future growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like most other economic activities, the tourist trade was badly hit as a result of cyclone devastation in 1989 and 1990. However, visitor numbers have increased substantially since then. Indeed, looking at year on year earnings, the tourist sector is performing better than any other area of the economy. In 1994, income was WS$.58 million (50 000 + visitors). The following year, it reached WS$.78m and there are hopes that it could top WS$.100m in 1996. Of course, no-one in Samoa is talking about 'mass' tourism. The country is too far from the main industrialised nations to be able to offer traditional package holidays (perhaps fortunately !), and too small to absorb the cultural and environmental impact without lasting damage. Having said this, the market can be divided into two very distinct portions. At one end of the scale are the low spending 'back-packers'-often taking advantage of relatively cheap 'round the world' airline tickets to stop off and sample the pleasures of Western Samoa. These tourists may not spend very much on a daily basis but they are reasonably significant from a financial standpoint because they tend to stay for quite lengthy periods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the other end, you find the high-spending, 'exclusive' customer willing to pay for high quality accommodation and catering. Perhaps not surprisingly, the Government is more interested in attracting the latter, which is why they are keen to encourage investors such as the Annandales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier spoke to Joe Annandale about his business strategy when we recently visited the country. The Sinalei Reef Resort, which has received EIB loan financing channelled through the Development Bank of Western Samoa, has just 20 rooms (including four suites) giving it a capacity of less than 50. Customers will be offered a tropical idyll and a chance to escape completely from the pressures of modern living. The long term aim, according to Mr Annandale, is to entice Europeans in general and Germans in particular. The latter, it is said, have a preference for environmentally-friendly, 'escapist' vacations and, of course, there is a historical link between Germany and Western Samoa. Until a European clientele can be built up, the focus will be on attracting guests from Australia and New Zealand. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Culture clash?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there is no question of Western Samoa being swamped by visitors from overseas, even a modest increase in tourist numbers is bound to have an impact in this country of just 165000 inhabitants. On the negative side, the Samoan system of customary (village) land ownership sometimes appears at odds with entrepreneurship founded on individual ownership of property and resources. In the early stages, Joe and Tui Annandale encountered local difficulties-including squatters-when they bought the land to develop the resort. The usual arrangement is for overseas tourism operators to lease customary land, a process which may involve protracted and ultimately fruitless negotiations with the matai (village heads) who have traditionally used the land for other purposes. Of course, the clash between traditional land tenure systems and 'modern' capitalism is not restricted to tourist ventures-as mining operators in Papua New Guinea have discovered. But while one understands the frustrations for developers, who may find themselves embroiled in complex and interminable land disputes, we should also recognise the concerns of local people who see a possible threat to their way of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the positive side, new tourism developments mean jobs and trading opportunities. In the building of the Sinalei Resort, the Annandales drew heavily on local labour, employing 35 people from the neighbourhood. As Mr Annandale pointed out, this was essential for a complex designed to fit in with the local environment. The Samoans have always built their own houses and only they had the required carpentry skills. The resort also employs 35 regular staff for catering, housekeeping etc. and again, the majority are local people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, there is one criticism often levelled against tourist ventures which certainly does not apply at the Sinalei Reef (or other Samoan hotels). This is that most of the food and drink consumed by visitors is imported. The Annandales make a point of purchasing their fish, meat and fruit locally, thereby ensuring that some of the financial benefits of their venture flow back to their own community: in short, a happy combination of astute public relations and good economics. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with opposition leader Tupua Tamasese Efi</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Revive the agricultural base'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tupua Tamasese Efi a former Prime Minister of Western Samoa, is leader of the opposition Samoa National Development Party which won 11 of the 49 seats in the parliamentary elections held in April 1996. In this interview, he outlines his own and his party's views on some of the key political and economic issues in his country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In what ways does your party offer a different agenda from that of the governing HRPP ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think the differences are mainly of emphasis. The present government tends to focus on law-making and exploiting the country's least developed status. Our focus would be more on developing our indigenous agricultural industries. If you scrutinise the economic picture in Samoa, you will find that there has been a very substantial decline in agricultural exports in the last fifteen years. Our economy, if you can call it that, is increasingly sustained by largesse-the donations that we get from overseas. This has complicated our situation. Our relative economic independence has been sabotaged to a point where, suddenly, we are getting a proletariat. That might be unavoidable in a lot of places, but it doesn't have to happen in a small country like ours which has self-sustaining village units, and a potentially secure agricultural base supported by products like cocoa, copra and bananas. If you look at what is happening today, you see that, all of a sudden, we have a new class of under-privileged people with absolutely no income at all. And the tragedy is that it has happened without anyone really noticing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So our emphasis is to try and revive our agricultural base, and to seek out exports. In the past, our economy was sustained by cocoa and copra exports, and a lot of our food was sold to New Zealand. Now, you find that there are hardly any exports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So your focus would be more on boosting the traditional aspects of the Samoan economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Not necessarily traditional. Our party is not bound to cocoa, or copra or whatever. But we are committed to improving our agriculture. It matters little whether it is traditional or other crops. But we need to break back into the New Zealand market. This is the best place to aim for. Australia has its own tropical sector and nothing that we can produce is needed by them. New Zealand is different. One of the biggest challenges we have to overcome in getting back into that market is our fruit fly problem. It would seem sensible for us to channel substantial resources into overcoming this hurdle so that we can sell to New Zealand again. There is a tremendous potential market-and not just for copra. There are also products such as flowers, and a whole number of other possibilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Given what you have just said,what emphasis would you place on sectors like manufacturing and tourism ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-I think that tourism is an obvious way to go and this is where we are in agreement with the government. Of course, you will have heard of the debacle of the Air Polynesia finances. When you compare the losses that were run up with our foreign exchange reserves you get some idea of how enormous the problem was. It was a situation that went badly awry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This issue aside, we agree that we need to get into tourism-but it must be within reason. Part of the explanation for people gravitating towards tourism is that they see it as the only available avenue-or at least the most visible way of making money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another economic point I want to raise concerns debt. Loans can be a quick fix, but when your whole economy is tied to indebtedness, you are creating something that is built on sand. You end 'A potentially secure agricultural base' up acquiring more and more capital items that are totally unrelated to your present or likely future resources. This is one of the most destructive things that can happen to a society, and it is very clearly happening here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have a rich and vibrant living culture here in Western Samoa. Are you concerned that globalisation could ultimately pose a threat to this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-No, I am not worried. You have to accept it as a natural development. The things that are distinctive in our culture have to find their place in adapting to the new realities. There is no point putting your head in the sand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Turning to political aspects, you now have universal franchise, but you still have to be a matai to be eligible to stand for Parliament Does your party have any plans to change this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Some years ago, we had a constitutional convention which led to changes in the system. Attached to that was a provision requiring a further constitutional convention to be convened in 20 or 25 years (I can't remember the exact period). So we are committed to that. We have to sit down and look at the overall picture. We have gone a long way in terms of universal franchise and it is possible that we need to go even further.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But if one takes the United Kingdom as a model, I think the important lesson is that you should 'make haste slowly'. The genius of the Westminster model is that it involves careful evolution. I hope that this tradition will be followed by our country. The constitution, as it was put together some 30 or 40 years ago, has served its purpose very well but there are quite a few anomalies appearing now.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is your view about regional cooperation in the South Pacific What future do you see in working together with the other countries of the region- perhaps presenting a more united front to the outside world ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-There is a lot of sense in the SAS approach-I am referring here to the Scandinavian countries getting together to form an airline. It is sensible to take a common stand where we have a common interest. But there are obviously intricacies resulting from historical, economic and social factors. At the moment I am reading a book on lain Macleod, the British Conservative statesman. His experience in the failed attempt to form a federation in the Caribbean is very revealing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When you enter a common endeavour, there is always the pull of your own particular interests. And there can be a suspicion that the 'bigger boys' will use the others to promote their own interests. A lot of this may be perception rather than reality. Also, traditional rivalries can intrude. Sometimes you need to fall flat on your face before you Let me give you an example from the world of rugby. It took Rupert Murdoch to get Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa to realise that our fates are intertwined. He has come in with a commercial package that has taken over the entire rugby scene in the region- with a heavy emphasis on Australia and New Zealand-and this has hit us in a big way. For example, we find ourselves being cut out of traditional rugby tours. There is no point in us trying to claim that we are self-sufficient in this area. The big lesson is that we need to cooperate a lot more with the Tongans and Fijians in order to make an impact on the wider rugby scene._ &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Western Samoa-EU cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Focus on utilities&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Mylanwy van de Velde&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Western Samoa's cooperation with the European Community began in 1975 with its accession to the LomÃ© Convention. From the start, the sector to benefit most from programmable funds (ECU 4.6 m under LomÃ© I and ECU 6m under LomÃ© II) was the energy sector, with the financing of the Samasoni Hydroelectric Scheme in the late 1970s and the Sauniatu Hydropower Scheme in the early 1980s.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In parallel, a programme of 260 microprojects was funded involving the development of poultry and pig farming, and fisheries, covering 96 villages on the main islands of Upolu and Savai'i. A further ECU 890 000 was allocated to the Western Samoa Development Bank, in the form of a credit line, to increase the Bank's lending capacity. In addition, at a time when copra exports were still considerable, the Community financed storage and handling facilities for coconut oil and copra pellets (ECU 900 000).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On top of programmable aid, Western Samoa received 12 Stabex transfers totalling ECU 9.3m for export losses on copra, wood, bananas and cocoa in the period 1975-84.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under LomÃ© III, the development of the country's substantial hydroelectric power potential continued, and Western Samoa began to make considerable steps towards self-sufficiency in energy needs. While in 1980 some 78% of the electricity generated came from diesel plants, by 1986 this percentage had dropped to 26%. The volume of petroleum imports for electricity generation dropped to 36% in the period 1982-86. With the building of the Afulilo Hydropower Plant (LomÃ© III and IV), these volumes have decreased further, with positive benefits in terms of foreign exchange savings. The scheme (which was co-funded by the Asian Development Bank, the EIB, the World Bank and the Western Samoa Electric Power Corporation) involved the construction of a 10 million cubic metre reservoir, a penstock, a powerhouse, and the installation of mechanical equipment and transmission lines, and has contributed substantially to the quality of electricity supply on the island of Upolu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p043.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Community aid to Western Samoa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Additional work has been done with LomÃ© IV funds to address the question of rural water supply: a water master plan and design study for a number of rural areas have been completed, and a public awareness programme on the rational use of water resources has been designed for implemention at such time as planned infrastructural work goes ahead.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, an ECU 1 m microprojects programme has been initiated with the aim of financing the renovation of infrastructure for rural communities in the fields of water supply, health, education, tourism, agriculture and fisheries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stabex payments under LomÃ© 111 (1985-1989) and LomÃ© IV (1990-1994) amounted to ECU 11.1 m and ECU 5.7m respectively. These were paid to compensate for losses in coconut oil and copra products, especially, but also for losses on exports of cocoa beans and of wood in the rough.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the above grant aid, the EIB has provided a total of some ECU 9m in risk capital in the years since 1981, the bulk of which was used in connection with the Sauniatu and Afulilo Hydropower Schemes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further total of ECU 660 896 has been allocated in emergency aid to Western Samoa, in 1983 after a serious fire on Savai'i, and in 1990 and 1991 after the disastrous cyclones Ofa and Val.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Programming of the next tranche of EC funding under the eighth EDF has still to be completed, but the indications are that prominence will be given to extending and upgrading the water supply network. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;M.v.d.V.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new health-centre for Tafua&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sight that greeted the people of Tafua when they emerged from shelter in 1990, following the passage of Ccyclone Ofa,was one of complete devastation. The tropical storm had been one of the worst in living memory and this village community on the island of Savai'i, together with many others in the Samoas, found themselves having to start almost from scratch. Homes had been swept away' crops destroyed and much of the essential infrastructure Iay in ruins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is a testament to the resilience and determination of the people in these communities that there are few signs today of the havoc wrought by the winds just six years ago. In some places, rows of dead trees still stand in silent witness to the power of Mother Nature, although the scene is softened : by the new crops and lush vegetation growing beneath. But the villagers have rebuilt their houses and, with some help from outside, they have been able to re-establish i the essential community facilities as well. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through its micro-projects programme, the EC was able to offer a helping hand in the task of reconstruction. For the modest sum of just ECU 10 000, Tafua now has a new community health clinic adjacent to the site of the old one which was swept away by Ofa. In keeping with the rules of the scheme, the villagers were obliged to contribute 25% of the cost-which they provided in kind, in the shape of the labour for rebuilding the clinic. The Courier visited Tafua in June and was shownaround the facility by Nurse Agata Leuelu who provides primary health care for the 600 villagers. We also met local Methodist minister, the Rev. Siaosi Selesele, who explained how the people had taken shelter in the neighbouring school when the storm reached Samoa. It turned out to be the right choice as it was one of very few structures left standing in the neighbourhood. Villagers are obviously hoping that there won't be another 'Ofa' for a very long time' but if and when the next big wind does strike, the new ctinic-which has been built to withstand a lot more strain-should hopefully be able to weather the storm. In the meantime, it provides an important service in the delivery of health care to the people of the area. The European Community has also provided micro-project funding to help rebuild the health clinic at Taga on Savai'i. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;S.H.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dossier</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Investing in people</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Dossier coordinated by Augustine Oyowe)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Previous editions of The Courier have dealt, separately and at length, with various aspects of human resource development, especially in the context of recent dossiers on population and social development, education and training, public health, women, and poverty. Our current dossier looks at the issue from the investment perspective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To say that investing in people makes economic sense is to state the obvious. But to what extent are the implications of this statement fully understood in the developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa in these days of constantly shifting development theories?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Labour or 'human capital' has long been recognised as a key factor of economic growth. As opposed to sustainable human development, which places human beings at the centre of economic activities (the recipient of the fruits of economic progess), 'human capital' places them at the beginning of the process. The difference of approach is thus evident even though the objective is the same. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Investing in people is a concept which simultaneously combines 'human welfare' with the 'human capital' approach at the beginning of the economic development process. It encompasses nutrition, health and education, and should, under the right investment climate or conditions, enable any investor, whether State or individual, to reap an adequate return .&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After three decades of considerable efforts at investment in health and education by sub-Saharan African countries, the returns in terms of standards of living, economic grovvth and rate of development have been extremely disappointing. The conclusion which can be drawn is that the conditions necessary for adequate returns on these investments have been absent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colonial legacy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sub-Saharan Africa inherited from the colonial regimes, infrastructures in health delivery and education that were not only alien to its culture and traditions, but also totally inadequate for nation building. It is a well known fact that in 1960, there were no more than 1200 university graduates in Capital redefined&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is important when thinking of investnent in human resources to understand the real concept of capital. Below is an extract of a definition given by Stefan de Vylder (taken from his UNDP discussion paper: 'Sustainable Human Development and Macroeconomics strategic links and implications' . &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A child in the North is born wealthy. His or her share of the capital accumulated by earlier generations is worth a fortune. The higher wages and salaries in the North, compared with those in the South, largely reflect differences in endowment of the country, rather than of the individual. The fact that, for example, a nurse in Germany earns 30 times more than one in Bangladesh or Zambia has little to do with individual differences in training or skills; the higher salaries in the North simply reflect the higher dividend on the capital bestowed from the past. Part of this wealth or heritage is easily visible: factories, roads, schools hospitals, universities, telecommunications, and other infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, there are other, less tangible, forms of capital that constitute a crucial complement to physical and infrastructural capital; parliamentary democracy, a free press, respect for human rights' norms for social interaction, systems of rapid dissemination of new ideas, trade unions and a myriad of other large or small social organisations, a judiciary system which, by and large, defends law and justice, and other institutions. This latter form of capital may be called institutional or social capital. It is also highly unevenly distributed in the world, with large differences both between the North and the South and within individual countries of the North as well as in the South the region as a whole. Indeed, some countries had no graduates at all and in others, they could be counted on the fingers of one hand. In what was effectively a race against time, African leaders understandably responded by investing massively in human resource development. This was made possible partly by small, but steady rates of economic growth and partly by sustained foreign assistance. Between 1960 and 1980, sub-Saharan African governments consistently allocated high proportions of their annual budgets to health and education. Households and individuals made similar efforts (accounting for nearly 75% of all spending on health). They made sacrifices and gave a high premium to the education of their children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The results were tangible and very significant. By the late 1980s, sub-Saharan Africa was producing over 70 000 graduates a year. Major cities had hospitals and health centres and the rural areas, clinics and dispensaries. Amid a general improvement in nutrition and health-care delivery, the incidence of infectious disease, and maternal and infant mortality were considerably reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite these achievements, the approach to manpower building by the post-independent African leaders was, to say the least, haphazard. As a result, a number of problems, such as the appropriateness of school curricula, under staffing and the long-term budget implications of recurrent expenditures, were overlooked (although reform efforts have since been attempted in some countries with varying degrees of success).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The consequences were felt in the 1980s when Africa's economic crisis was only just beginning. Health and school infrastructures deteriorated for lack of maintenance. There were shortages of qualified teachers and teaching materials leading to falls in educational standards as well as in primary school enrolments. And health systems failed for lack of personnel and drugs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The situation has worsened as the continent's economic crisis has deepened-a crisis characterised by huge budget deficits, high inflation rates, sluggish growth rates and a heavy debt burden. Structural adjustment programmes (SAPs), introduced in response to this, have only served to undermine further the gains made in human resource development. SAPs have been aimed mainly at macroeconomic stabilisation, deregulation and privatisation of state enterprises, and the social sectors have lost out in the process. Subsidies on basic commodities, especially food, have been removed, civil servants and employees of state enterprises have been made redundant and cost-recovery has become the standard practice in medical services. These measures have all combined to produce a level of poverty never before seen in the region, a situation which has adversely affected nutritional standards, provoked malnutrition in many countries and reduced resistance generally to infectious diseases. Because of the rise in unemployment, large sections of the educated population have been rendered unproductive, a waste of several years investment by both the state and the individuals in question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Appropriateness of skills&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although sub-Saharan Africa produced a large number of graduates before the economic crisis began, few had the kinds of skills needed for industry and agriculture. The evidence of this lies in the unsuccessful attempts by some governments in the late 1970s to indigenise executive positions, most of which required high levels of technological knowledge or experience. The 1980s saw a dramatic increase in the number of foreign technical assistants working on the continent and, paradoxically, in the number of qualified African professionals leaving, mainly for Western Europe, the United States and Canada.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International technical assistance to, or cooperation with, subSaharan Africa has intensified. Organisations such as the World Bank, IMF, UNDP, UNCTAD, UNESCO, European Union and Commonwealth are all involved in one form or another. The effectiveness of this assistance varies, however. This dossier features articles on the work of three of these bodies (the Commonwealth, UNDP and VNESCO). The Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation was set up more than 25 years ago to mobilise Commonwealth skills to meet the needs of member states as required. The UNDP's TOKTEN programme is designed to reduce the negative impact of the brain drain by getting highly qualified developing country expatriates to contribute their skills to the development of their home countries without necessarily having to return permanently. Finally, UNESCO's university twinning programme is designed as a mechanism for the rapid transfer of technology and sharing of knowledge. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While international assistance or cooperation is indispensable, it is surely no substitute for Africa's own efforts at human resource development. Three years ago, Edward Jaycox, then World Bank Vice-President for the Africa Region, announced what appeared to be a change of policy at the annual conference of the African-American Institute in Washington DC. He said that the Bank would no longer pay for foreign technical assistants to help resolve African economic problems but would instead help African governments build their own capacity. Although the Bank has traditionally had enormous influence on development thinking and policy worldwide, the apparent policy change does not appear to have influenced other donors. Nor, indeed, is there any evidence that the Bank itself is implementing it vigorously. The number of foreign experts being sent to Africa continues to grow. There were over 100 000 in 1988.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rationality of investing in people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the negative social impact, ten years of structural adjustment have not produced the sought-after stabilisation or the economic growth that was initally anticipated. Even the World Bank and IMF, who spearheaded the structural adjustment idea, have admitted that it has flaws and the need for a new approach to sub-Saharan Africa's economic problems could hardly be more urgent. In the Dossier, Giovanni Andreas Cornia argues for a new focus for structural adjustment, based on restoring adequate levels of public spending on health, education, social welfare and water supplies, so as to enable sub-Saharan Africa to restore and develop its human resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evidence of the impact of a healthy and educated population on economic growth and development abound. Studies on the economies of the East Asian 'tigers' have all concluded that big investments in education in the late 1950s and 1960s were largely responsible for the rapid growth they have experienced in recent years. Malaysia, although a latecomer, appears to be following in the footsteps of its neighbours. After nearly two decades of investment in human resource development, and the introduction of a foreign investment policy which requires some technology transfer, the Government now predicts Malaysia will achieve 'fully developed' status by 2016-twenty years from now.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A relatively well-educated workforce and a certain amount of physical capital or natural resources are all a country needs to succeed economically. Sub-Saharan Africa has sufficient natural resources as is often pointed out. The other side of the equation-a relatively well-educated workforce-is missing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sub-Saharan Africa lags behind other regions in human resource development for a complex variety of reasons. The natural and political environment are not conducive to the delivery of social services: low population density and weak transport infrastructures make such delivery expensive and the achievement of economies of scale impossible. The region's climate favours a variety of diseases (such as malaria and sleeping sickness) and many areas have little or no access to natural water sources. Political instability and weak institutions also continue to cast a long shadow. Although these constraints are long-term, appropriate policy measures could reduce their negative impact significantly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Giovanni Cornia analyses the distributive effects of appropriate health care, nutrition and education on economic growth. He suggests ways of making rational use of available resources for maximum returns and of mobilising funds through taxation, foreign aid and other sources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an age of increasing globalisation, where technology is more easily transferable across borders, a healthy and educated population is essential, not only for the absorption and use of new technology but also for meaningful participation in international trade.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is insufficient, however, to have an educated workforce. Sub Saharan Africa must acquire the institutional and managerial capacity to make the right decisions, both in the public and private sectors. This is essential in the quest to eliminate poverty, achieve sustained and sustainable economic growth and ensure a realistic integration of the region into the global economy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A much needed new focus for SAPs</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Giovanni Andrea Cornia &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two decades, a clear consensus, supported by a growing amount of empirical evidence, has emerged on the growth and distributive effects of appropriate health care, nutrition and education, and on the rationality of investing in human resources to promote development in low-income economies, and in sub-Saharan Africa in particular. It is now clear that public and private rates of return on investment in primary and secondary education are substantially greater than those in most industrial sectors. Similarly, it is now well demonstrated that nutritional interventions in favour of workers at low levels of food intake has a very large impact on labour productivity. Also, provision of simple but adequate nutrition and health care at an early age has been shown to spare substantially greater health outlays over the longer term. While the number of these examples can be multiplied, the lesson is overwhelmingly clear: investing in people is a sound development policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the same two decades, a broad political consensus has also emerged on the need to establish realistic targets in these areas and mobilise adequate resources to achieve them. The latter decade, however, has also been characterised by a widespread and acute recession which has reached its lowest point in the African continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While there has been a general recognition of the link between the deterioration of the social sector and Africa's economic decline, the interpretations of the causes of this decline and how best to address them vary considerably.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1980s also witnessed the advent of structural adjustment, an approach aiming at revitalising economies affected by severe crises and which calls, amongst other things, for a reduction in public spending, including on social services. With sharp falls in revenues, it was argued, African governments could no longer afford to provide health and education free of charge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments were to encourage instead the role of the private sector (since competition between state, private and non-governmental agencies fosters efficiency and enhances quality) and make households bear a greater share of the cost of publicly provided social services (as-it was alleged-households had a strong 'willingness to pay' for better quality health care and education).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a debate characterised by an overwhelming concern for expenditure reduction, little thought was given to protecting the provision and effectiveness of basic health care and education for all. Nor was sufficient attention paid to the mobilisation of additional revenue through taxation, foreign aid or other measures Even the introduction of rationalisation measures, which would have allowed for use and preservation of limited resources, received scant attention. During this period, public policies often ignored a number of well-known public finance arguments concerning market failures, externalities, natural monopolies, etc. typical of basic health and education. It was all too often forgotten, for instance, that the market systematically undersupplies 'quasi-public goods' like education, safe water, immunisation and collective infrastructure (i.e. goods which produce benefits not only for consumers but also for society as a whole); that incomplete or non-existent markets alone are unable to provide complete insurance coverage against the risks of sickness and disability; that the free play of market forces can generate levels of poverty that are socially unacceptable, and that competition among many small providers does not allow for the realisation of the economies of scale which only the public sector can realise because of its size, administrative infrastructure and revenue raising ability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greater and better government involvement&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this paper, I will attempt to point out the main distortions in the social sector in sub-Saharan Africa and the major reforms, part of an alternative policy paradigm to the standard approach focusing on large expenditure reductions. My main line of argument is for more efficient and renewed but, in most cases, greater rather than less government involvement. I do not deny the important role of communities, nongovernmental bodies and private providers of social services, but the retreat of the state, which has been underway for several years in most of Africa, is palpably wrong: it may be a good survival strategy, it is definitely not a good development strategy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any approach to revitalisation of the social sector in Africa must aim at increasing both the quality and the relevance of services to the life, health and productivity of the population; enhancing efficiency; reducing distributive biases in the use of public expenditure, and improving the flow of both public and private resources to the social sector. These sets of measures are briefly discussed here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Raising relevance, reducing unit costs and enhancing quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two basic initiatives are essential to the achievement of this goal. Firstly, it is necessary to adapt the content of services to the demands placed on the child, the adolescent and the family by the external environment. Secondly, in doing so, it is necessary to provide minimum resources, particularly recurrent inputs, for every unit of service offered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Much can be done to improve the relevance of education in Africa. A key element in this is the wider use of African languages in the educational system. Admittedly such a step would probably encounter obstacles, but the results of pilot projects in the continent and experiences in several English speaking countries have been encouraging. The use of African languages should be expanded throughout primary and at least part of secondary schooling. And the curriculum of basic education should include basic health science, agriculture, food and nutrition, basic technological science, ecology and environmental studies as well as reading, writing, arithmetic, history, geography and elementary civics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While responding more appropriately to the life and developmental needs of children and adolescents, these measures offer the potential to improve substantially the cost effectiveness of the educational system by reducing the number of drop-outs and repeaters, particularly if the measures are accompanied by school-based nutritional support programmes and by steps to ensure a steady, if basic, supply of teaching materials such as books, chalk, slates, pens, exercise books and so on. Minimum expenditures for the latter, estimated at $5-10 per child per year, have been shown to have a profound impact on the quality and attractiveness of education.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving the relevance and quality of African secondary and higher education will require an increase in the number of courses in science, engineering, agronomy, management and other fields. Given the limited success of vocational training and yet the profound need for this type of education, a more flexible approach may be appropriate. Business associations and ministries of labour, rather than ministries of education, for example, could organise the type of vocational training that responds more closely to labour market conditions. Much needs to be done to gear university research to local and national needs. Rather than maintaining the model of independent residential universities, faculties could interact more with and rely upon local institutions and non-governmental organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the health sector, a more vigorous approach is necessary to implement the 'Health for All' strategy. In particular, more attention must be paid to the quality of the training imparted to village health workers, the provision of minimum supplies of essential drugs, adequate supervision, the mobilisation of communities and the strengthening of family planning services in the first tier of the primary health care pyramid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Greater efforts are needed to contain unit costs through the mobilisation of community resources (such as materials and time) and the introduction of 'product standards' and 'production techniques' more in line with local factor endowments. With respect to capital expenditure, one major source of potential savings is the substitution of imported materials with local ones in the construction of schools, clinics and other public health facilities. Through this approach, capital costs per student could be more than halved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In health care, savings are also possible, in some cases, in wages and other recurrent expenditures. The potential for savings through increased efficiency in the procurement, management, storage, distribution and prescription of pharmaceuticals is substantial. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And there is a need for more carefully articulated manpower policies, with recognition of the cost implications of alternative skill mixes. Many tasks carried out by senior professionals can be performed by auxiliary personnel. In this regard, there is substantial scope for the application of nominal fees as a tool to guide demand for health care and thus increase efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Similar considerations are valid in the education sector. Despite considerable declines during the 1980s in both French-speaking and Eastern and Southern Africa, teacher salaries in the late 1980s were still considerably higher than per capita GNP in several countries. While a cutback may be possible in some countries, reductions below the 'efficiency wage' should be avoided as they affect the quality of teaching.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are, of course, other approaches to reducing unit costs such as using teachers trained on crash courses and- paid salaries lower than that of fully trained ones, multi shift education to increase teaching hours, multigrade classes to increase class sizes and the creation of regional training centres with donor support. In addition, in most of sub-Saharan Africa, all university students receive fellowships to cover living expenses while at school. In many cases these fellowships represent a substantial proportion of total unit costs at the tertiary level. They add, in effect, to the regressive nature of educational subsidies and should be suppressed for all except for those who are least able to pay.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Substantial improvements in the distribution of benefits of public expenditure could be obtained through its restructuring towards basic services which benefit the poor more than they do the rich. This would mean, typically, the reallocation of part of the expenditure on hospitals to primary health care activities and part of the expenditure on universities to primary education. It would also mean that a greater share of investments in water supply and sanitation should be assigned to rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Correcting existing misallocation, however, is not simple, as capital and labour resources are only partially mobile. This is particularly true of capital expenditure which has already been invested in physical infrastructure. Inter sect oral reallocation is easier for recurrent expenditure, particularly when budgets are expanding, and it can lead to the achievement of more efficient and distributive gains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government subsidies need to be improved through effective targeting on 'merit goods' (such as food and shelter). Targeting is distributionally and administratively more effective when it is accomplished according to some objective criteria such as geography (the poorest areas), type of commodity ( low quality foods not consumed by the rich), easily identifiable population group (like pregnant women, young children, children in elementary school in poor areas, etc.) or season. It is less effective when carried out by means-testing or by targeting individuals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decentralisation of health care and education in the African context is likely to improve the geographical distribution of services. Poor communications and transport systems, population dispersion and the fact that the supervision of personnel, resource distribution and operations is easier at lower levels of administration, are all arguments in favour of such decentralisation. Nonetheless, where it means loss of control over the implementation of national policies (in curriculum development, manpower training, drug procurement and so forth) and excessive additional financial burdens on households and communities, decentralisation is potentially damaging. This was the experience of Kenya when the purchase of drugs was decentralised at the district level. It subsequently had to reverse this policy because of the problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing the flow of resources to basic social services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the considerable scope for protecting and, in some cases, expanding the delivery of cost-effective and high-impact social services, even during periods of declining resources, there are limits to what can be achieved through the measures discussed above, particularly in countries where the share in GDP of public health and education expenditure is already low. Indeed in most African countries, the flow of resources to these sectors must be vastly increased. The options available include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Increasing the share of government expenditure on key social services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Top priority should be given to a radical restructuring of government expenditure involving the shifting of resources towards those sectors with high social rates of return. Expenditure on defence can be cut substantially, while subsidies to chronically lossmaking public and private enterprises and interest payments on debt (the relief effect on foreign-debt interest payments of current provisions is utterly inadequate) should be reduced. If realistic expenditure restructuring like that proposed here were implemented, 1015% of overall public spending in many countries could be redirected to social activities with high rates of return. One half to two-thirds of these savings could be allocated to health care, nutrition, training, education and welfare, thus raising the share of these activities to about 30-35% of total expenditure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Increasing taxation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Between the late 1970s and the mid-1980s, the average tax to GDP ratio for sub-Saharan Africa fell from 18% to 16-17%. (Only recently are there signs of recovery, but these are confined to only a few countries). This resulted mainly from the recession affecting the region and from the limited priority attached to revenue collection in most adjustment programmes implemented during the first part of the 1980s. In these 'first generation' programmes, the stabilisation of deficits was achieved mainly by cutting expenditure and raising excise duties. Increases in income taxes and progressive indirect taxes were far less frequent and land and property taxes were almost never introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While taking effect rapidly, the measures implemented led to excessive drops in public expenditure on 'quasi public goods' and have had a regressive distributive impact. It is now widely recognised that a more active tax policy is needed. Such a policy should aim at improving revenue generation and enhancing the efficiency and equity of the overall tax system. This would permit a controlled rise in specific 'socially efficient' public expenditures, particularly basic health, primary and secondary education and public infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the 1980s, a number of countries, including Burkina Faso, Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe, initiated efforts to reform their tax systems. While the choice of optimal tax instruments has depended on specific country conditions, a few general principles of tax reform apply to all countries. First, colonial type tax systems emphasising the taxation of exports (and to some extent, of imports) should evolve towards systems which focus on income taxes, progressive and efficient indirect taxes and increases in the prices of such public utilities as telephone and electricity which benefit mainly the wealthier sections of society. Second, purchases of goods and services consumed by the poorest should be exempted from indirect taxes. Third, efforts should not concentrate on raising marginal tax rates but rather on broadening the tax base by reducing tax evasion and tax elusion, and fourth a low, uniform and broad-based tax on wealth (such as on land or other assets) should be introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A non-distortionary and equitably-spread increase in the tax ratio equivalent to 2-3% of GPD is technically feasible in a good number of African countries and would by itself add to the real flow of resources to health care and education by about 15%, even assuming no growth and no shift in priorities towards the social sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Introducing 'earmarked' taxes or raising local ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The flow of tax resources to the social sector could be augmented more readily if the new tax revenue thus generated, or at least part of it, were directly earmarked for specific health and education activities (for which there are guarantees that tax money is spent efficiently), or if these taxes were raised directly by district and provincial authorities, who are usually entrusted with responsibility for social services at the local level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Mobilising additional resources from households and communities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In sub-Saharan Africa, as in most other developing regions, households have long borne a substantial share of the national expenditure on health, education, water supply and so on by contributing resources (in kind, cash and time) for the construction of health and education facilities, covering direct and indirect costs (transport uniforms, fees, drugs etc.) associated with the provision of public services and making payments to private providers. Despite these already considerable contributions, user charges have been introduced or raised on a large scale in recent years in many countries to alleviate the burden on public expenditure imposed by the economic crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, while the small but significant contribution of user charges to health and education budgets should be acknowledged, the negative effects of the indiscriminate application of these charges should also be emphasised. Indeed, in many African countries the need for health care, education and other social services rarely coincides with the ability to pay. The implementation of user charges can have adverse effects in three ways. First, it may lead to a contraction in the demand for services. Second, in the health sector, it tends to discourage the use of preventive services for which potential patients may not see an immediate relevance (such as ante natal care and immunisation). Third, it may adversely affect a household's ability to meet other basic needs, such as the purchase of food, particularly if fees are charged simultaneously for health, education and other services and if the household's income declines. In addition to these problems, there is little evidence that the revenue from user charges is actually reinvested to improve the quality or expand the coverage of local services, as those who promote user charges argue. Despite recent attempts at keeping a share of the user fees at the local level (e.g. at the collecting facilities), in most cases revenue merely flows to the public treasury. Moreover, user charges usually generate a relatively small proportion of the total operating cost of the health care sector, with gross yields at around 5%. If the costs of fee collection are included, the yields are lower and, in some cases, negative.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, health care, education and the provision of water include different types of services, some clearly geared to the needs of the poor and others catering more for middle and upper-income groups. While user charges are not well suited to primary education, disease control programmes, basic curative services and communal water supply, the same cannot be said of university education and other 'income elastic' services. For the latter, cost recovery measures would be advisable, although subsidised access for the deserving poor must be assured. For the intermediate category, which includes most curative health services and secondary education, selective cost-recovery measures might be desirable, with low income individuals exempted or charged only a nominal fee.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While direct user fees (levied on patients at the moment of their treatment) are problematic from several perspectives, there are other indirect ways to mobilise resources from communities (generally before episodes of illness), such as various kinds of prepayment schemes, health insurance, lotteries, mutual funds and the sale of produce from community fields, in addition to their contributions in kind. These schemes have two main features which are attractive for health-care: they shift the moment of payment, so that individuals are not burdened with relatively more significant expenditure at the time of illness, and they spread the burden of costs (e.g. for drugs) over a larger group.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Increasing the volume of international aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There has been a considerable shift in official development assistance (ODA) in favour of Africa over the past two decades. Africa's share in total ODA rose from 19.4% in 1975/6 to 25.1% in 1980/1, and to 34.2% in 1988/9. However, the share assigned to human resource development has dropped, while- debt-service obligations have often absorbed a growing share of ODA. Greater flows are therefore needed. In the late 1980s, the World Bank estimated that additional annual aid of about $1 billion was required during the 1990s to halt social retrogression and ensure reasonable progress. But this flow of aid has not materialised on any appreciable scale. Indeed the trend in the 1990s has been towards an absolute decline in aid flows. The simplest and the most cost-effective way to effect such aid transfer would be through debt relief, although some increases in ODA are needed. Improvement in the quality of aid, including substantial shifts to programme aid, greater participation in the financing of recurrent costs and more focus on primary health care and education and on rural water supply are also required.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What role for NGOs and private providers?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While private providers, including church missions, have always been important in Africa, much of the market oriented literature tends to be very optimistic about the scope for expanding private services in order to replace government ones. Although a multiplicity of providers is desirable (and frequently unavoidable), there are several reasons why such optimism should be tempered. First, private sector services in Africa are typically concentrated in urban areas, and because of their cost, cater for upper-income groups. Although non-governmental providers (especially missions) are often located in rural areas, and they generally provide valuable services, they are seldom able to guarantee extensive coverage and in some cases may duplicate government services. Second, private providers are not without costs to governments; they often receive subsidies or preferential treatment in the allocation of foreign exchange and typically offer higher salaries and better working conditions which draw manpower away from the public sector. In Zambia, for instance, a teacher in a primary school run by the Consolidated Copper Mines can earn more than a lecturer at the University of Zambia. In countries with extremely limited numbers of doctors, certified nurses, qualified teachers and so on, greater privatisation would exacerbate the 'brain drain' from the public to the private sector and the undersupply of 'quasi public goods' for the majority, leading to harmful social differentiation. Third, quality is not necessarily an important incentive in the private sector in developing countries. The view that private institutions in health care and education are more efficient tends to be based largely on analyses in developed countries. Fourth, the growing pressure for pluralism in social service provision often gives scant attention to the problems of central coordination and planning and the development of an adequate 'regulatory framework' for private sector activities. While playing an important complementary role, the private sector and, to a lesser extent, the NGO sector, are thus affected by important objective limitations. Indeed, ironically, their proper functioning and social utility depends crucially on the existence of a stronger, not weaker, state able to regulate, coordinate and ensure that basic social services are provided - possibly through a multitude of public, NGO and private providers-to all citizens of a nation. G.A.C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Capacity building for management and development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Franklyn Lisk&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development experience of much of sub-Saharan Africa in past decades provides ample illustration of the importance of capacity building in the development process. The importance is related to the ability to manage economic and social processes, including the analysis and formulation of policy options, for attaining development objectives such as employment generation and poverty reduction. The consequences of failures in domestic economic management, compounded by the effects of a prolonged economic crisis in the region have, inter alla, contributed to high and rising levels of open unemployment and underemployment, declining per Capita incomes and real wages, and an increase in the incidence and intensity of poverty in a number of African countries. The persistence of these adverse consequences, which represent a serious threat to economic growth and sustainable development, are somehow linked-either as a cause or an effect -to weaknesses and instability in the institutional framework for management and public administration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem of weak institutional and general capacity for management in Africa today can be traced to the colonial legacy. This left many countries in the region, at the time of independence, with insufficient institutional and human capacity to cope with the transition from colony to independent sovereign state, particularly with respect to the responsibility for economic management. More specifically, this related to the unequal and disadvantageous manner of Africa's incorporation into the international economic system in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. Lack of technological know-how, inadequate infrastructure and limited investment resources compounded the immediate post-independence problem of weak institutional capacity, and left many African countries highly vulnerable to external shocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was extremely difficult for the majority of African countries to break out of the old 'protected' colonial production and trade systems and rapidly to diversify their economies in line with the requirements of participating effectively in a competitive world economy. Since independence, institutional and human capacity for management in many African countries has not grown fast enough to keep up with the requirements of changing socioeconomic circumstances at the national level and to face the challenge of increasing globalisation. Critical skill shortages in public administration and private sector management in Africa can hardly be addressed in the context of the current economic crisis. The consequences of this crisis can be seen, for example, in underfunded and poorly equipped training and management development institutions, and in low-paid and demoralised civil services. At the same time, the 'brain drain' from the continent, partly as a consequence of poor pay and career prospects, has further undermined capacity in Africa. The interaction of foreign donors and African governments has not always served the interest of capacity building. It has been admitted, even by the World Bank that 'aid has done much less than one might have hoped to reduce poverty (in Africa)'. There is now more or less a consensus in the international donor community that expatriate technical assistance does not and cannot solve all kinds of development problems in the region. Far from solving problems, the imposition of foreign technical assistance has, in some cases, become a destructive force which undermines the development of domestic capacity that is critical to solving local development problems. Where donor assistance is inappropriate in terms of project concept and design, or there is a mismatch between design and domestic implementation and management capacity, technical assistance could end up becoming part of the problem rather than the solution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conceptual issues&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Before examining the requirements for institutional capacity building in developing countries, and particularly African countries, it is necessary to clarify salient issues pertaining to the concept. Broadly speaking, capacity building in a development context refers to a comprehensive process which includes the ability to identify constraints and to plan and manage development. The process usually involves the development of human resources and institutions, and a supportive policy environment. Ideally, it aims at improving on existing capabilities and resources and using them efficiently to achieve sustainable economic and social development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Narrowing the concept to focus on institution-building, the emphasis will be on the development of particular institutions, their human and material resources, their organisational management and their administrative capacities. More specifically, the aim of institutional capacity building is to improve significantly the outputs and impacts of institutions concerned with economic management, public administration (including project management), enterprise development and so on-in both the public and private sectors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is obvious that relevant development-oriented institutions within an economy can exert a decisive influence on economic growth and employment prospects, and indeed on the attainment of sustainable economic and social development. From a macro standpoint,planning and similar development institutions are required for better management of the economy including, more crucially, the ability to mobilise, allocate and utilise human and material resources in an efficient and productive manner. At the micro level, human and institutional capacity is critical to sound project management and public administration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The framework&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The general situation in Africa today suggests that capacity building is required in relation to the following priority areas:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- good governance, to ensure stability;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-economic management, to maximise resource mobilisation and promote sustainable development;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- human resource development, to support employment creation and income generation, and reduce poverty;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- science and technology, to increase the efficiency of the population and facilitate infrastructural development;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-enterprise development, to enhance the critical role of the private sector in overall development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The degree of emphasis given to each of the above in a given context would vary according to the level and complexity of existing human and institutional capacities, the economic and financial means to support capacity, the relative roles of the public and private sectors, and the degree of involvement of civil society in the decision-making process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The policy context for institutional capacity building should be multi-sectoral and flexible, but coherent in relation to the desired objectives of development. This is to ensure that the process of capacity building is adaptable to changing circumstances-an issue that is particularly relevant in the context of countries undertaking structural adjustment and economic reform programmes when there is a need effectively to nurture and utilise local skills and to mobilise investment resources efficiently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the light of the development challenge facing African countries, the process of capacity building in the region requires, above all, appropriate and adequate human and institutional capabilities to plan and manage economic and social development processes. These capabilities should include the means of assessing the achievements and impact of capacity building on poverty reduction, employment creation, etc. Existing public sector institutions for development planning and management could provide the operational framework for national capacity building, but the process should also include the participation of diverse social forces, the private sector and non-governmental institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regarding the role of external donors and technical assistance agencies, the approach should be based on the concept of 'partners in development', which implies consultation and dialogue between donor and recipient on all aspects of project planning, design and implementation- with project 'ownership' resting with national authorities. Technical assistance from foreign donors should therefore go mainly towards developing the necessary domestic capacity, rather than contributing to the undermining of existing or potential capacity. Furthermore, assistance provided by external donors should be directed towards the building of capacity for promoting regional economic cooperation and integration through support for the development of viable African regional and sub-regional development organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Support initiatives&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The issue of domestic capacity building in Africa has more recently been the focus of attention by the international community as a whole. Indeed, the former World Bank vice-president for Africa, Edward Jaycox, has described 'capacity building' es the 'missing link in African development' which is 'critical to the development effort (of the region) and the chances of success'. UN agencies, spearheaded by the UNDP, have been active in promoting capacity building as a major requirement for attaining sustainable development. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1991, the UNDP Governing Council took a decision which resulted in the development of guidelines covering assistance to governments in the formulation and implementation of national capacity building strategies relating to all stages of the project cycle in the developing countries. The decision coincided with the introduction of the 'programme approach' by the UNDP which emphasised the centrality of national development programmes as the hub for the integration of UN technical assistance activities with national efforts. Emphasis on the use of national skills in the development process was consolidated within the general operational framework for 'national execution', which implied that overall responsibility for management of UN operational activities and accountability remained with the government and other national institutions and beneficiaries who 'owned' these activities. Under these new arrangements, a high priority was thus placed on the strengthening and sustaining of development management and administrative capacities on a long-term basis as an integral part of UNDP technical assistance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank's interest in capacity building in Africa has been more closely linked to the need for administrative and technical capacity at the national level to carry out policy analysis and economic management in the context of on-going structural adjustment and economic reform programmes. In a trailblazing address to the African American Institute Conference in 1993, Mr Jaycox came out strongly in favour of a new approach to lending to African countries which gave top priority to the development of critical human and institutional capacity. He admitted that the Bank's $4 billion a year lending programme in sub-Saharan Africa had not had the desired impact on development in the region because not enough attention had been paid to national capacity in the past. He went on to criticise the international donor community and financial institutions, including the World Bank itself, for designing and carrying out technical assistance activities which not only fail to solve problems but end up undermining the development of capacity in Africa. Mr Jaycox accordingly pledged to give direct support to capacity building in the Bank's lending programmes, mainly through human resource development and the creation of a 'demand for professionalism in Africa.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNDP, the African Development Bank and the World Bank, collaborated in the early 1990s to set up the 'African Capacity Building Foundation' (ACBF), based in Harare, Zimbabwe, with initial seed money of about $30 million and another $70 million attracted from bilateral donors and African governments themselves. The fund is to be used by the Foundation to support capacity building in Africa through training and institution building. Particular attention will be paid to the rehabilitation and strengthening of selected research and training institutions to meet the challenge of indigenous capacity building. Another initiative set up with foreign donors and African support, the Africa Research Consortium in Nairobi, is a good example of collaboration at regional level that is contributing to capacity building in the critical area of economic policy analysis and management. Similarly, the African Development Bank helped establish the African Business Round table which promotes entrepreneurship and enterprise development based on African ownership and control.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Role of the ILO&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For well over three decades the ILO, as part of its technical cooperation programme in Africa, has been involved in a wide range of management development, productivity and institution building initiatives at both national and regional levels. This is consistent with the need to strengthen African training institutions to play a crucial role in providing development managers with the necessary skills to analyse and formulate policy options and manage public and private enterprises efficiently.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most successful initiatives undertaken by the ILO, in collaboration with the UNDP and the Economic Development Institute (EDI) of the World Bank, is the UNEDIL programme for strengthening management training in Africa. Since its inception in 1987, the UNEDIL programme has proven to be a worthwhile initiative in institutional capacity building in the management field. Support for the programme has also come from national and regional management development institutes (MDIs) in Africa, regional and sub-regional organisations such as SADC and the Commonwealth Secretariat, and major bilateral donors such as USAID, CIDA, NORAD, the Netherlands and France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from aiming at strengthening institutional capacity, the UNEDIL programme has been instrumental in fostering networking among African development institutes and promoting professional contacts and the exchange of experience. One outcome of the programme has been the revival of three subregional MDI associations which enjoy the direct support of UNEDIL and serve as focal points for UNEDIL's subregional networking arrangements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Networking on a subregional basis has made it possible to optimise the use of scarce resources and talents, and this has helped to increase managerial capacity in the region as a whole. Collaboration has also permitted an exchange of experience among African institutions, and has brought together expertise both from within Africa and from outside to assist in the development of managerial capacity across the continent. This fits in with the goals of technical cooperation in general, and of South-South cooperation in particular. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.L. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The role of international academic cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing demands and diminishing resources in higher education&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Professor Dumitru Chitoran&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As we approach the end of the millennium, higher education world-wide finds itself in a paradoxical situation. On the one hand, it is witnessing unprecedented growth. Enrolments are on the increase and so are the expectations placed on it by society. The correlation between investment in higher education and research, and the level of social, economic and cultural development of nations is well-established and is gaining increasing ground at a time when all development has become knowledge-intensive. On the other hand, higher education is in a state of crisis in practically all countries of the world, under the pressure of serious financial constraints. It has to compete for public funds with many other sectors and very often it is among the first to undergo severe cuts. These cuts have reached a dramatic threshold in the developing countries. As a result, the gap between the developing and the developed countries with regard to higher learning and research is wider than ever and it continues to grow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inter-university cooperation has emerged as a major tool for the support of higher education in the developing countries and as a flexible mechanism for the rapid transfer and sharing of knowledge, channelled via university links and exchanges. As emphasised in the Policy Paper for Change and Development in Higher Education issued by UNESCO in 1995, 'the most pressing need for international cooperation in higher education is to reverse the process of decline of institutions in the developing countries, particularly in the least developed.' The internationalisation of higher education has advanced steadily, reinforced by current processes of economic and political integration and facilitated by the steady advances in information and communication technologies. But, as indicated in the UNESCO World Education Report (1993), it is increasingly subject to the competitive laws of the market. Universities have been urged to develop an entrepreneurial, commercial attitude and to regard international cooperation mainly as a source of additional income. Fees for foreign students have risen considerably in many countries. As a result, academic mobility is becoming more North-North and less South-North or South-South. The benefits of study abroad, of exchanges, networking and access to data are recognised, but the costs involved render them increasingly a privilege, restricted to those who can afford it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An innovative programme&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNESCO's response to these trends was the UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme, launched in 1991. While serving as an instrument to foster overall inter-university cooperation, it was aimed at giving a clear direction and goal, namely to support higher education in the developing countries. It was meant to mark a return to the spirit of international academic solidarity, through twinning, networking and other linking arrangements among universities. The programme was also designed as an innovative form for the rapid transfer of knowledge, and for institutional development in higher education, including the establishment of transnational centres for advanced studies and research, as a means of redressing the widening knowledge gap between industrially developed and developing countries. One other aim of the Programme was to alleviate the negative effects of the brain drain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme has seen steady and dynamic development from the very beginning, and has emerged as the major thrust of UNESCO's action in the field of higher education. The favoured institutional framework for carrying out activities is a UNESCO Chair. The programme's activities are extremely diverse. They include the appointment of visiting professors, provision of scholarships and fellowships, facilitating of staff and student exchanges and undertaking of joint research. The 'chairs' are typical of basic units of research and training, with a strong international dimension, since either the chairholder, or some of the professors or researchers associated with its programme come from abroad. Other projects involve complex inter university networks, varying in size from three to more than 50 institutions. Within networks, certain institutions serve as focal points, responsible for initiating activities and securing broad participation in their execution. Also included are cooperation programmes established by UNESCO with major university associations and networks in order to carry out UNITWIN-related activities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, there are 163 established UNESCO Chairs (a further 84 are under consideration) and 34 largescale networks (18 more are being developed). A total of over 750 teachers, researchers and other support staff are involved in their activities. It is estimated that 350 courses (mainly at the graduate level), attended by more than 7500 students, were organised by the established UNESCO Chairs during the 1992-1996 period. Also, 120 seminars, training workshops, symposia and colloquia were staged over the same period, attended by more than 6000 participants. Some 580 academics from developing countries spent short periods of time at partner universities in the developed countries to upgrade their training. In addition, 355 scholarships have been granted to students and young academics from developing nations within the framework of the Programme. Research has been encouraged through 240 projects (mainly joint ones) resulting, according to progress reports received so far, in the publication of 55 volumes, some 100 published articles and over 150 monographs and progress reports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ACPs in the programme&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A large number of these projects (UNESCO Chairs and networks) concern ACP countries. Africa has been given top priority. Over 30 of the established Chairs are located there and 18 more are under consideration for subSaharan Africa, in order to reinforce the contribution of the programme to the development of higher education in this region. In addition, certain projects located at institutions in Europe and North America carry on activities which are designed to support African universities. A few examples illustrate this. Starting from its bilateral links with several African universities, the University of Utrecht proposed developing these into a broader, multilateral project under the umbrella of UNITWIN. For this purpose, it joined forces with three other European institutions: the University of Lund in Sweden, the Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany and the University of Porto in Portugal. The result was the establishment of the Utrecht/Southern Africa/UNITWIN (USU) network. It includes, at its southern pole, the universities of Harare, Maputo, Namibia, and Western Cape, where UNESCO Chairs have been established in different fields. The aim is to develop each of them into (sub)regional centres of advanced study and research. This is well under way in the case of the UNESCO Chair in Mathematics and Science Education at Western Cape University in South Africa. A first step was to link its activities to those of the MESA (Mathematics Education in South Africa) project, a cooperation project between the Utrecht-Freundenthal Institute for Mathematics Education and the University of the Western Cape. A school for Science and Maths Education is to be established at the University of Western Cape.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another large scale project is the Network of African Teacher Training Institutions, built around a UNESCO Chair at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Dakar. This is designed to serve as a regional centre for postgraduate training and research in the field of education. After several years preparation, activities were launched in 1995. The strength of networking is illustrated by a number of other linking arrangements in support of African higher education institutions. These include the network initiated by the NATURA Group of European universities in the field of agriculture, the ORBICOM Network in the field of Communication, which is a global network but pays particular attention to the needs of African universities, and the UNESCO/John Hopkins University Networking and Partnership in Adolescent Youth Health and Development. The last-mentioned focuses on HlV/AIDS-related research, and includes institutions such as Addis Ababa and Makerere Universities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The agreement signed by UNESCO with the Association of African Universities (AAU) within the framework of UNITWIN provides for support of the latter's staff development and management programme. A UNESCO Chair in Educational Management and Administration is to be established. It will function on a rotating basis at several universities in South Africa, Botswana and Malawi. There are also a number of 'tailor-made' chairs which respond to more specific needs of institutions, notably to develop training and research capabilities in areas such as human rights, democray and peace (at the Universities of Namibia, Addis Ababa and Fianarantsoa in Madagascar), or in the field of Water Resources and Water Culture (at the Universities of Malawi and Omdurman in Sudan). In the latter field, an interesting example is the UNESCO Chair established at the University of Nice, which, although located in France, carries out its activities in Mauritania and has produced the most comprehensive study so far on water resource management in that country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The programme has also made a good start in the Pacific and the Caribbean, even if achievements there are on a more modest scale. There are already 22 established chairs with 14 more under consideration. They cover a wide spectrum of priority fields, including the sustainable use of rain forest resources at the University of Guyana, higher education management and information technology at the University of Havana in Cuba, educational sciences in Fiji, and the use of drugs in Chulalongkorn University in Thailand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNESCO works closely with the University of the South Pacific and the University of the West Indies, with which it has established four UNESCO Chairs. Moreover, it has signed a cooperation agreement, in the framework of UNITWIN, with the Commonwealth Secretariat and the Association of Commonwealth Universities for activities in both regions. There is great potential for the further development of the Chairs programme in the Pacific and Caribbean, given the existence of the two regional universities mentioned above and the strong interest of universities in a number of developed countries (such as Australia, Canada, Japan and Spain) in supporting the programme. It appears to be particularly well suited for the systems of higher education in the two regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Funding&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cost of international cooperation in higher education has risen steadily and this is currently one of the major obstacles preventing the full use of the potential of academic links. New information and communication technologies help reduce costs, but universities in the least-developed countries would first need considerable investment in order to procure and maintain the necessary equipment. That is why UNESCO has based the Chairs programme on funding principles aimed at lowering costs and sharing them in a genuine spirit of academic solidarity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the outset, UNESCO made it very clear that, since it was not a funding agency, it could not, by itself, assume the financial burden of such an ambitious programme, involving several hundred institutions and thousands of university teachers, researchers and students. However, it decided to make a commitment by providing some initial funds. Rough estimates indicate that, over the 1992-1995 period, UNESCO has contributed some $2.5 million (from its Regular and Participation Programmes, Fellowship Bank and Funds-in-Trust) to the UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme. At the same time, it has pressed for increased international development aid for higher education, particularly from the developed countries, and from international organisations, including the UN specialised agencies. A strong case is made for the benefit of pooling resources and for involving directly the higher education institutions themselves &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNITWIN-based projects, including UNESCO Chairs, are usually initiated through the direct contributions of UNESCO (the range is generally between $15 000 and $25 000 per individual project). This is meant to help prepare and launch projects and to secure further funding from other sources. The institutions themselves must include allocations for the respective projects in their own budgets and request their appropriate national authorities to make contributions. This applies equally to universities in the developing countries, however poor their resources may be. It serves to indicate that the project in question is indeed seen as a priority by them and by their national authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Experience of the UNITWIN funding formula so far gives cause for cautious optimism. Many projects have been able to secure funds by having recourse to the various sources mentioned above. Thus, the Utrecht/ Southern Africa/UNITWIN Project received a first UNESCO allocation of $50 000 in 1993, in order to launch its activities. The fact that it concerned a large-scale project (a network of eight universities, with four chairs established at four African universities and one at the University of Utrecht) explains the larger UNESCO allocation. This was followed by a second allocation of $70 000 in 1994 for the actual implementation of activities in Africa. The UNESCO seed money led to additional funding-$600 000 annually, for the 1992-1995 period, from various Dutch donors (mainly the Ministry of Development Cooperation, through NUFFIC) and from the European Union, and $450 000 from the University of Utrecht budget, including the total cost for the functioning of the UNESCO Chair on African Studies established at that university. The other three European universities participating in the network (Bochum, Lund and Porto) have also made contributions and are now looking for donor funding in their countries. It is important to mention that the four African universities belonging to the network have also allocated funds from their own budgets to the UNITWIN projects and are actively seeking additional resources from aid and development programmes established for their countries by various donor agencies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It can be fairly argued that in terms of cost-effectiveness, efficiency and the ability to generate funding from various sources, UNITWIN compares favourably with existing cooperation schemes in higher education and research. But it is still too early to conclude that the Chairs Programme can continue and develop further on the basis of the present funding arrangements. The needs are arguably too big for the institutions and individuals involved, who may find themselves in a perpetual search for funds. An evaluation of the programme is under way and this will be submitted to the Member States for their decision. UNESCO is hoping that its efforts to revive academic solidarity, and its campaign in favour of higher education in the developing countries will receive the support of the international community. More than ever before, these countries need to develop their capacity for advanced training and research in order to achieve self sustainable development. The academic community has already indicated its willingness to join forces with UNESCO in this undertaking. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Brain drain : Colossal loss of investments for developing countries</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When a highly qualified professional chooses to leave his own country for another, he does so for one or several legitimate political or economic reasons: peace and security for himself and his family, job satisfaction, better pay and conditions. a higher standard of living, etc. Throughout history, countries and centres of academic excellence which offer these attractions have received the largest numbers of professional migrants and these have, in turn, made substantial contributions, not only to the economic growth of their host countries, but also to the scientific and technological advancement of humanity. The wave of German scientists who moved to the United States after the Second World war, and their discoveries and inventions, come readily to mind. On a global level, therefore, the free movement and interaction of highly skilled people is a positive thing. But the costs to the home countries of losing their professionals is incalculable-in terms of both development opportunities and loss of investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whereas Western Europe was the main loser, especially to the United States, up until the 1960s, the developing countries have emerged in recent years as the biggest suppliers of qualified professionals to the industrialised world as a whole. Today there are more than a million and a half skilled expatriates from the developing countries settled in Western Europe, the USA, Japan and Canada. The USA's educational system and its research institutions are heavily dependent on them. These migrant professionals contribute in no small way to increasing the disparities between the world's rich and poor nations. And it is the developing countries that need them most.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa, which has serious shortages of manpower, has been worst hit. It is said to have lost 60 000 professionals (doctors, university lecturers, engineers, surveyors, etc) between 1985 and 1990 and to have been losing an average of 20 000 annually ever since.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are more than 21 000 Nigerian doctors practising in the United States alone. Meanwhile, Nigeria's own health system suffers a cruel lack of medical practitioners. 60% of all Ghanaian doctors trained locally in the 1980s have left the country, according to the UNDP's 1992 Human Development Report, while, in Sudan, 17% of doctors and dentists, 20% of university lecturers, 30% of engineers and 45% of surveyors have gone to work abroad.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it is difficult to calculate the cost of an expatriate professional in terms of the nutrition, health care and education provided by households and the State, it is clear developing countries are losing colossal amounts of investment annually to the developed countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The US Congressional Research Service, for example, computed in 197172 that the USA gained $20 000 annually on each skilled migrant from the developing countries. If this rather conservative amount is extrapolated for Africa, then the continent lost more than $1.2 billion of investment between 1985 and 1990 on the 60 000 or so African professionals who emigrated during that period. Much closer perhaps to the truth today would be the estimate made by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), using 1979 prices, which put a cash value of $184 000 on each African professional migrant (and this only for those between the ages of 25 and 35).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, expatriate remittances, particularly from skilled workers who earn higher salaries than the average migrant, constitute an important source of funds for development in their home countries. Throughout Africa, households are being maintained by remittances from relatives working abroad. Also, fine buildings are being put up and small-scale projects are financed in villages and cities across the continent with funds sent from overseas. But taken together, these will never be large enough to compensate Africa for the loss of investment suffered as a result of the 'brain drain'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Serious flaw in international cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The migration of highly qualified professionals from the developing countries is an extremely complex problem which presents the international community with a major dilemma. First, the 'brain drain' cannot be stopped by force nor can it be legislated against. It is linked to fundamental human rights- the right of individuals to move from one country to another, although the exercise of that right is governed by the immigration policies of individual countries. Second, it is fundamentally a national problem which can only be resolved at the national level by providing enough incentives for qualified nationals to remain at home. Third, some industrialised countries like the USA and Canada, have historically operated liberal immigration policies. Even European states, whose immigration policies tend to be more restrictive, have a good number of third world professionals, but there are over a million in the USA and Canada. It is arguable whether, under the circumstances, the liberalisation of the international labour market under the World Trade Organisation, as is being suggested (even by some developing countries), will actually be in Africa's interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The reasons for Africa's brain drain problem are legion and easily identifiable, being both structural and economic. The most often cited cause is the continent's school curricula which many see as still largely modelled on the systems of the former colonial masters. This, it is argued, has led to the production of graduates in disciplines that have little or no relevance to the socio-cultural and economic milieux of the continent. This is a highly debatable assertion, given the large numbers of the technical assistants currently working in Africa who are products of the educational systems of the former colonial powers-at least some of whom are having a positive impact on the continent's development. This, however, must not distract from the fact that African higher schools systems are illequipped to produce the right skills for Africa's development needs. Because of shortages of both science equipment and teachers, the system instructs the vast majority of pupils in arts rather than in science and technology-and it is the latter which hold the key to economic growth and development. Thus, there is overproduction of graduates in areas where there are few employment opportunities. This results in high levels of migration, even, paradoxically among the few trained scientists because of the absence of an environment conducive to full professional expression and satisfaction. It is not uncommon for things as simple as electricity and water supply to provide reasons for emigration. Examples abound of frustrated African scientists who have had their experimental work of several years destroyed overnight through power failures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Powerful factors in the brain drain include Africa's poor rates of economic growth over the past 30 years (worsened by structural adjustment measures which have resulted in dramatic falls in living standards) and political instability (disturbances in Nigeria and Zaire, civil war in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Somalia etc). Thousands of qualified professionals have been forced unwillingly into exile, and the majority of those left behind, in these times of serious economic crisis, are engaged in unskilled pursuits-in petty trading and taxi driving-far removed from their professional training. The loss of investment associated with this situation cannot be underestimated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sub-Saharan Africa is in the paradoxical situation today of having large numbers of graduates in various disciplines -from medicine and engineering to architecture and accountancy-who have either emigrated or are simply unemployed, while it hosts a large army of foreign technical assistants. Indeed, Africa receives more advice per capita than any other continent. In 1988, there were more than 80 000 technical assistants, and today the figure is well over 100 000. These experts are believed to cost donors a total of $4bn annually to maintain, a figure which represents nearly 35% of Africa's total official development aid. This situation reveals a serious flaw in the operation of international development cooperation. Would it not be more efficient and cost effective to employ qualified African expatriates in the place of many of these foreign technical experts. The former, after all, have both linguistic and cultural links with the continent. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has a programme in this area which points to a possible way forward. The article on that programme, TOKTEN, follows. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Brain gain' : A cost - effective UNDP programme</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the scale of the brain drain problem facing the developing countries, the UNDP's Transfer of Knowledge Through Expatriate Nationals (TOKTEN) project may not amount to much, but it has proved, in its 19 years of existence, to be a cost-effective way of getting highly qualified expatriates from the developing countries to contribute to the development of their countries of origin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It all started in Turkey in 1977 by pure accident. A Turkish mineral expert in Alberta, Canada, was asked by a compatriot if he would be kind enough to come over to Turkey and explain his innovative coal cleaning process to the staff and students of his old university in Ankara-the Middle East Technical University. He expressed his interest in the project. Soon afterwards he was contacted by the UNDP which offered to fund part of his trip to Ankara. The expert spent one month in Turkey giving a series of seminars, not only at the Middle East Technical University, but also at the Istanbul and Dokuz Eylul Universities. During these lectures, he made recommendations on resolving Turkey's specific coal utilisation problems. His impact was immense and such that the UNDP was inspired to set up the TOKTEN project along similar lines to help developing countries gain from the knowledge of their expatriate professionals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The system is simple. Member States of the United Nations can apply to join the project. The latter is administered in each country by a National Working Commitee (NWC) which is made up of representatives from the government, local organisations, the private sector and the UNDP. Institutions of that country (government ministries and agencies, private and public sector enterprises, universities, research and development institutions, hospitals, etc) can apply for assistance in a variety of areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Applications are processed by the NWC and recruitment of experts is usually in one or more of the following ways:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â through consultants with lists of experts recognised by the Government as having extensive contacts within their expatriate communities;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â through embassies and missions, alumni associations and research institutions;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â through prominent members of the country's expatriate community who identify and alert other high level expatriates of the opportunities to return home and serve their countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the Working Committee chooses a consultant, an offer of assignment is made. The beneficiary organisation and the consultant will then determine the timing of the mission and inform the UNDP.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TOKTEN assignments last between one and three months depending on the ability of the consultant and the needs of the beneficiary'. They are not meant to be highly remunerative. Consultants are only entitled to round trip economy fare tickets (by the most direct route) and a daily subsistence allowance at the prevailing UN rate. The costs are paid out of the beneficiary country's 'Indicative Planning Figure'(IPF) which is the amount of assistance the UNDP makes available to a developing country over a five-year programming cycle. Health insurance cover and accommodation is not provided. Usually these are the responsibilities of the beneficiary government or organisation. The salaries of the consultants during their absence are paid by their affiliated employers whose agreement is often necessary for the projects to go ahead.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TOKTEN consultants are thus not motivated by money but by a genuine desire (with a modicum of patriotism) to contribute to the development of their countries of origin to which they retain strong cultural and linguistic ties. And their impact on the ground is usually immediate and measurable. Pressures are not put on volunteers to return permanently to their countries, although many have chosen to do so since the programme began in 1977.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The system is not only low-cost and cost-effective. It covers a great variety of specialised fields and enables programmes to be implemented with speed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conditions for success&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A UNDP assessment of the programme in 1987, ten years after it began, concluded that regular monitoring of its operation had enabled information garnered to be applied to increase its effectiveness. It had been found, for example, that short-term expatriate consultancies were especially beneficial when the problem tackled was specific and the consultant selected was of international standing, when both the requesting organisation and the expatriate were well prepared in advance, and when the initial mission was followed up by a series of measures, often including a return visit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 1992, 35 countries were participating in the programme and over 3800 consultancies had been run. Since then, the number of countries has increased dramatically to 51 and con&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;sultancies to 5000. In 1994 and 1995 alone, 28 countries reported over 700 consultancies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It has also become clear that, whereas the main recipient institutions have been government agencies, science and technology research institutions, universities and organisations, the private sector is increasingly showing interest in the programme. The number of female specialists is also increasing: in 1991, 40 consultants were women and last year this figure rose to over 100.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So far, the ACP countries participating in the programme are; Benin, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Dominica, Ethiopia, Fiji, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Liberia, Nigeria, Sao Tome &amp;amp; Principe, Sierra Leone, St Lucia, Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago and Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Success stories include a highly skilled Guyanese medical practitioner in the United States who returned home after 17 years to assume the post of minister of health. He had been sent to oversee the introduction of certain aspects of health care such as preventive medicine (immunisation, general child care and nutrition), treatment of trauma (victims of accidents and violence etc) and the establishment and management of the physical facilities for emergency patients. During his stint, his recommendation on the upgrading of the emergency room facilities was rapidly implemented and this contributed significantly to improving patient care. Another story involved a Guinean banker who, after a consultancy stint in Guinea, abandoned a lucrative job in France to return home permanently to work at the Central Bank of Guinea, helping to set up a new loan system for commercial imprt and export businesses. Guinea, in fact, has been one of the greatest beneficiaries of the TOKTEN programme with numerous consultancies involving the University of Conakry, covering more than 20 disciplines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For very small sums the programme is ensuring that developing countries which have invested enormously in the education of their expatriate nationals have a return, at least, in the form of the knowledge they oquired.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A.O &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mobilising Commonwealth skills for Commonwealth development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The role of the Commonwealth in the economic and social progress of its member states is neither widely known nor widely publicised. Yet for over 25 years, the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC) has made significant contributions to the efforts of its developing member countries to accelerate the pace of their economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The recognition by the Commonwealth that people are its greatest resource forms the basis of its approach to development assistance-providing, in the short term, specialist technical skills which are either not available or are in short supply to governments to enable them to fill key positions in areas as diverse as export and industrial promotion, high-level economic and legal services etc, and in the longer term, a wide range of training programmes in areas that are crucial for economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation is funded by voluntary financial contributions from member governments which, as has just been mentioned, can also draw on it according to their needs and priorities. As a pioneer of technical cooperation between developing countries, the Fund recruits its experts from these countries and encourages South/South cooperation. It is thus not uncommon to see West Africans serving, on short-term contracts, as legal officers in remote Pacifc island states or Sri Lankans or Indians advising on new agricultural techniques in Africa. The Fund is administered by four separate divisions within the Commonwealth Secretariat: the management and training division; the general technical assistance division; the export and industrial development division, and the economic and legal advisory services division. In 1994-95 the CFTC's financial resources stood at around f23.6 million (ECU 30m).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human resource development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nearly one-third of the CFTC's budget is spent on human resource development, helping enhance people's skills through a mix of training workshops, study visits and individual attachments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some 4000 training fellowships were awarded in 1993-95 to enhance technical skills. These were given to middle and senior professional, technical and administrative managers to study at some of the Commonwealth's best institutions or to take up work attachments (63% of training takes place in less-developed countries).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Fund also enables universities and other institutions to become centres of excellence and upgrade the tuition they offer by appointing academic and technical specialists. In 1993-95, for example, it helped five universities in Africa and the Caribbean to run applied Masters courses through collaboration with other Commonwealth universities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the CFTC is usually able to meet only 60% of the requests it receives for specialised training, its programmes are held on a regional and pan-Commonwealth basis to maximise impact, especially in topics such as administrative reform, financial management and strategic planning.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Fund's training priorities include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- first and foremost, identifying needs (consultants are sent to countries to examine their development plans and help them to prioritise training needs).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- providing education and training in key areas that reflect CFTC concerns such as well-managed economic and financial reform by government, sustainable development, participation of women and application of technology.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- ensuring an integrated package of consultancy, advice and training to help managers in government, and public and private sector enterprises to coordinate and manage reforms and restructuring.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- organising policy workshops and seminars that bring together senior government officials, executives and academics from Commonwealth countries to pool experiences, learn examples of best practice, discuss problems and reflect on emerging issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- giving support to institutions to offer new and specialised education and training programmes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- providing technical and vocational training under the Commonwealth Industrial Training and Experience Programme (between 1993 and 1995, workshops were held in hospital equipment repairs, railway repairs and maintenance and computer-assisted manufacturing).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- providing training in information systems, new technologies and environmental issues (governments are helped to develop management information systems and apply information technology). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-setting up programmes for women with a particular focus on entrepreneurs and community managers (among other initiatives, the CFTC is helping three African universities develop specialised programmes in entrepreneurship for women in non-traditional sectors).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-coordinating wider linkages among professional networks to facilitate exchanges of information and examples of best practice (the CFTC recently helped to set up the Commonwealth Association for Public Administration and Management to assist in improving public service performance and in raising ethical standards).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Expertise on tap&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shortage of skills is one of the biggest stumbling-blocks facing countries trying to raise the living standards of their people. Providing experts accounts for about one-third of the CFTC's budget.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because its assistance is relatively small and carefully targeted, it avoids the potential waste associated with larger scale projects and poor technical planning. In 1993-95, the cost both of a typical long-term expert and an average project was around Â£50 000 (ECU 62 000) a year. Experts can be in place within three or four weeks of project approval.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the same period, over 200 long- and short-term experts were provided to 43 developing Commonwealth countries, six dependent territories and 18 regional organisations. The expertise requested is extremely diverse, from hydrography and agroforestry to tourism, statistics, legal affairs, health, social planning and computer science.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assignments for short-term experts can range from a few days to six months. Their role is advisory, helping governments to introduce new systems or technologies. Long-term experts stay usually from six months to two years; others may stay up to four years. Experts assist in the development and implementation of policies or in the provision of managerial skills and the training of counterpart staff to take over in due course. Some long-term experts are trainers in specialist fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CFTC makes every effort to appoint women experts. In 1993-95, they made up 13% of experts that were sent to the field. These included a consultant anaesthetist in Ghana, an agricultural economist in Mozambique, an information specialist in Barbados, a fisheries development officer in Papua New Guinea and an environmental lawyer in Seychelles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A scheme to allow suitably qualified and experienced people to volunteer as short-term experts for a maximum of three months was launched in mid-1995. The scheme draws on experts from the Commonwealth who are willing to give their services on a voluntary basis to developing countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Entrepreneurs come first&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In its help to small businesses, the CFTC focuses on those who manage the businesses and identify new entrepreneurial talent. Most assistance is given to small states, especially in the Pacific. The programme has three phases: the first relates to 'surveys of opportunity' which is aimed at identifying suitable entrepreneurs, investment opportunities and potential for expansion as well as specific problems. Next comes 'workshops on entrepreneurship development' during which business owners and operators are helped to think creatively, to become more aware of opportunities that are available and to act strategically when planning expansion. And the last are what we call 'business clinics' in which one-to-one counselling is provided to an entrepreneur at his or her business. This personal support has proved very successful in helping individual entrepreneurs to become more efficient and competitive and, by implication, adapt to changing world economic conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing exports&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CFTC has pioneered the use of Contact-Promotion programmes and 'Buyer-Seller Meets' forums to help small exporters. These forums allow company representatives, often from small Commonwealth countries, to display their wares and meet prospective buyers from other countries. CFTC consultants plan these activities well ahead, short listing producers that are likely to succeed, identifying suitable foreign markets and advising on redesigning of products. Sometimes exporters and factory staff also receive training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The CFTC funds a special 'export development programme' for women entrepreneurs. This includes detailed country studies of women engaged in exporting as well as sales promotions abroad. Studies of this type have recently been conducted in Cyprus, Sri Lanka and Zambia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are helped, under the programme, to adapt their handicrafts for export, improve their manufacturing techniques and undertake sales missions abroad. Training is also given in export marketing, product development, costing and pricing. If necessary, changes to government policy are recommended. In 1994, the assistance given to Ghanaian women to develop markets for their basket ware and handicrafts is estimated to have helped generate sales worth US$3.1 million (ECU 2.4m). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">EU's investments in education and training in the ACP states</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Digby Swift&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community's investments in human resource development-health, nutrition and education-in ACP states have regularly been covered in the pages of this magazine whether in the context of dosiers or of country resorts. Here we present a brief description of how the EU's policy in education and training evolved under the Yaounde and LomÃ© Convemntions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Educating all the people. This is not just a slogan. In a poor, underdeveloped country, there may be some short-term gains from supplying high quality education and training to an elite few. But, as the 'Asian Miracle' has proved, major long-term gains in development and wealth are possible only if the entire population possesses a reasonable level of education.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Now for the problem. For many countries, notably those of sub-Saharan Africa, a large proportion of school age children receive no education at all. Of those who do attend school, many receive little benefit from their education because of the very low quality of provision. Only a small minority reach secondary education. And yet a higher proportion than ever of national budgets is now going to the education sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem is urgent because of the time it will take to resolve. Even if we could wave a magic wand to provide all children with a good primary education, it would take a decade to see the benefits.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How is European aid helping to tackle this problem? What have been the guiding principles of European aid to education in the past? And why is the problem still acute in, for example, subSaharan Africa, despite decades of investment in aid to education ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid mirrors developments&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aid to education has mirrored developments in the education sectors of the countries concerned. For example, the low-income countries of Africa, which account for 73% of Africa's population, have seen a rapid expansion in their education systems followed by a collapse of funding. This has resulted in a serious decline in standards of provision. European aid, which began by providing piecemeal assistance to infrastructure and manpower, shifted to a 'project approach' to tackle these emerging problems and is now moving towards a coordinated sectoral approach to help tackle the reform of whole education systems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From 1970 to 1980, the number of pupils enrolling in the primary schools of developing countries more than doubled, and the numbers in secondary and tertiary education quadrupled. Even relative to the increasing population, there was a 90% increase in the proportion of primary-aged children in school, and a large increase in the proportion of girls. This growth was accompanied by a doubling of government budgetary resources made available to education.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the massive general economic decline between 1980 and 1985, the money made available for education from the public purse fell by 40%, yet the education systems continued to grow. The result was that teachers' salaries plummeted, and funds for non-salary recurrent costs such as teaching materials and maintenance virtually dried up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1985, the financial situation has somewhat improved and funding is now at an all-time high. Nevertheless, for many African states, the education sector is in a state of crisis. Buildings are crumbling and inadequate; teachers are untrained or undertrained and often absent because of low incentives and weak supervision. There are few books and other teaching materials. Consequently, many pupils leave school virtually illiterate and innumerate. Moreover, because of the low quality of instruction and increasing costs to parents, many parents are no longer bothering to send children to school even when places are available. Primary enrolment fell by around 10% between 1990 and 1992. Thus in many countries, a fundamental reform of the sector is seen as the only way forward.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Evolution of aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the early days of European aid, education and training were seen as suppliers of manpower for countries to modernise their economies. The priority themes of the 1970 Yaounde Convention for European Community aid were industrialisation, regional cooperation and international trade. Community support to education and training focused on the construction of colleges and university faculties to serve industrialisation and regional cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1975 LomÃ© I Convention referred specifically to 'the establishment of regional institutions of advanced technology, in the context of training programmes to enable nationals to participate fully in economic development'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1980 LomÃ© II Convention introduced multiannual training programmes, and support in the form of training awards and courses/seminars; experts and instructors; teaching equipment; collaboration between training or research establishments and universities. The emphasis was still on vocational training for other sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A significant proportion of European bilateral aid to education and training took the form of European teachers for secondary schools, colleges and universities. These helped to cover the shortage of locally trained teachers, whilst educating an elite able to fill senior and middle positions in the public and private sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 1985, problems were becoming all too apparent within the education systems being supported. As in other sectors, there was increased emphasis on the 'project approach' towards tackling these problems. Thus the LomÃ© Ill Convention includes support to education and training 'in the form of integrated programmes aimed at a well defined objective'. This could include, for example, 'assisting the ACP States' own efforts to restructure their educational establishments and systems and to update curricula, methods and technology employed, in order to step up the effectiveness and cut back the cost of all types of training'. A concern for under-represented groups, particularly women, was also becoming explicit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By 1990, the concept of investing in people through education and training had moved high on the donor agenda, and alongside it, a growing concern for sectoral reform. According to the 1989 LomÃ© IV Convention, 'Cooperation shall be aimed at supporting development in the ACP States, a process centred on man himself and rooted in each people's culture. It shall back up the policies and measures adopted by those States to enhance their human resources, increase their own creative capacities and promote their cultural identities. Cooperation shall also encourage participation by the population in the design and execution of development operations.' In a chapter entitled Operations to enhance the value of human resources, a section on Education and Training refers to supporting the ACP State's efforts to 'reform their basic education institutions and systems, in particular by providing overall primary education coverage and adjusting imported systems as well as building them into development strategies'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the late 1980s and early 1990s, European states and the Community joined the World Bank in support of structural adjustment. In a 1991 communication to the European Development Council, the Commission stated that it 'will give absolute priority to the social dimension of adjustment, in particular ensuring that the health and education sectors are adequately covered, in conjunction with sectoral reforms introduced or planned in these two areas.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balancing this concern for system reform has been a growing appreciation of the importance of decentralised cooperation. An example is the cost-sharing microprojects for grassroots development first introduced in LomÃ© I with explicit mention of support to primary schools. Another example is the need to support the activities of nongovernmental organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A new policy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two events in the early 1990s have had a profound impact on European support for education and training. The first was the World Conference on Education for All: Meeting the Basic Learning Needs held in Jomtien in 1990. This emphasised the need for universal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;primary education and adult literacy to be firmly placed on the political agenda, and has resulted in a profound swing of donor support away from higher education and towards primary education. The second important event was the 1992 Treaty of European Union which requires the coordination of Member States' policy and operations, particularly in the social sectors. Guidelines are contained in the 1994 Council Resolution on support to education and training in developing countries in which 'the Council emphasises that education, in particular basic education, is a fundamental right'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to the Resolution, 'the priority for the Community and the Member States must be both to maximise access to education within the limits of the resources available and to ensure that the quality of education provided is suited to the needs of the majority of students. 'This is to be achieved through 'a balanced, programme-based strategy, tailored to the specific circumstances of the individual developing country', with pride of place accorded to basic education. It should provide 'support to the developing countries' own policies and efforts', not acting as a substitute for local initiative, and should involve better integration of action under structural adjustment with education sector priorities and aid activities. The Council also recommends a special emphasis on coordination in a number of pilot countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the outset, Community aid to education and training in African, Caribbean and Pacific countries has been in response to requests from the ACP states with an emphasis on ownership of the resulting programme by those states. What the new policy introduces into this process is a dialogue between government and all donors on needs, priorities and approaches set in the context of the education sector as a whole. Only through such a comprehensive approach can developing countries and European states reach a true partnership in realising the education and training needs of all citizens on which the future of their countries so crucially depends. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.S.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Analysis</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">EU-ACP relations : Building for tomorrow</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Kenneth Karl&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1989 saw the end of the Yalta inspired twin-superpower dominance. Nations had to examine their priorities in their desire for integration in an international environment in which geostrategic and economic realignment would be unavoidable. The philosophy which had served as a basis and reference point for North/South relations throughout the Cold War period is now being called into question and necessary adjustments in ideas have been triggered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The LomÃ© Convention, which governs the development-cooperation relationship between the EU and the 70 ACP countries, is a unique North/South cooperation agreement on account of its contractual nature, its durability, the funds it allocates and the fact that it provides for a permanent dialogue. But it is also now at a decisive point in its history.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Those who regard the Convention as out-of-date and in need of renovation, and those more radical critics who believe that it no longer serves any useful purpose and must be phased out, both argue that a new direction is needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Beyond all the criticism formulated against this system, the fundamental question remains as to whether the LomÃ© Convention will be able, given the necessary changes, to carry on after its fourth version expires.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The years between now and the end of the century will, naturally, see the application of the revised LomÃ© IV, including the substantial improvements made to it. However, this same period must also be used to prepare the ground for ACP/KU development cooperation in the future, whatever form it might take.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shortly after his nomination as European Commissioner for relations with the ACP countries and South Africa, Professor Pinheiro commented, realistically, that the ACP countries are no longer 'in fashion'. The change of emphasis can be seen clearly if one looks at the EU's burgeoning relations with its eastern neighbours from the former Communist bloc (illustrated by the wide range of European programmes now benefiting these countries). One might also cite the strengthening of ties with countries in the Mediterranean basin. Economic and security concerns underpin this development, but it undoubtedly reduces the significance which was once accorded to the ACP states.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, the economic objectives of virtually all EU countries, as they seek to reduce budget deficits and deal with increasing internal social problems inevitably put pressure on the amount of development aid being granted to the Third World.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This situation is, of course, not restricted to the European Union - which in fact remains the world's main contributor of official development aid. At the instigation of a Republican dominated Congress, the United States is planning much more swingeing cuts in its contribution, both to certain international agencies and to certain regions (including Africa).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This undeniable cutback in public development aid has been offset in recent years by net increases in private capital flows, but the geographical distribution is highly skewed. Only a few of the poorest developing countries have benefited from the trend, the main 'winners' being the emerging states of Asia. These include countries such as China, India and Indonesia which, it is worth noting in passing, do not have particularly good human rights records, in the sense that the term is understood in Europe. Despite the fact that ACP countries have identified potential for attracting foreign investment, they have not actually benefited from this change in resource flows.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this climate, with official development aid in inaeasingly short supply, innovative methods for making optimum use of the available resources must be devised within the context of the LomÃ© Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On current indications, it is quite possible that in the year 2000, the LomÃ© Convention will be filed away in the archives. ACP/KU relations will certainly have to be more in step with recent developments on the international scene. The initial reasons for the establishment of a cooperative relationship between Europe and the ACPs, following the signature of the Rome Treaty, are now outmoded. As Paul Valery has commented: 'One of the worst mental aberrations is to think that things can survive when the reasons for their existence have gone'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So, what type of development cooperation should the countries of the European Union and their ACP partners aim for in the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Alternative trends&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has stated that it is in favour of a globalisation of aid within an innovative framework. One of the first questions to be asked is whether uniform cooperation with regions whose monolithic character is being increasingly called into question is still desirable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Variable geometry in development cooperation relations is increasingly being seen as the trend to be followed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If this option is chosen, there is a risk of the following scenario being created: The EU's relationship with the Caribbean could become diluted within its relationship with Latin-American countries and links with the Pacific countries could become confused with economic relations with Asia. What would then become of Africa, the continent needing most attention on account of the wide range of its difficulties and its increasing marginalisation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1990, the United Nations General Assembly, aware of the African question, adopted a new agenda on development in Africa, thus making that continent its number-one priority. Europe, on the other hand, must not simply focus on Africa but must invent new modes of action which are more concrete and more effective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secondly, recent trends imply greater conditionality. This has been taken on board not just by EU Member States. A number of multilateral aid agencies have also included it in their strategy. The OECD's Development Aid Committee believes that future relationships between North and South will be greatly influenced by conditionality and, indeed, the Organisation goes so far as to advocate this approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, conditionality in terms of development is a strategic element which must be handled with extreme caution. If cooperation, whether today or in the future, is to be based on conditionality, then it can only be rendered effective if aid recipients (both governments and the governed) are genuinely committed to the idea. They must be convinced, in a climate of resource-scarcity, than the approach is motivated above all by a desire for greater success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union thus has a vital role to play, making full use of its advantages in terms of dialogue and consultation in order to prevent conditionality being perceived as a condescending mechanism. Thereby, it can help to prevent conditionality from generating the well-known perverse effects of 'tied' aid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course, conditionality raises the thorny question of national sovereignty, but it is important to observe that modern international relations have moved on, both de jure and de facto, from a concept of absolute sovereignty to one of relative sovereignty. This is illustrated by the trend towards humanitarian intervention as a right, the requirements of the Bretton Woods institutions, supranationality in certain regional international organisations, and the very fact of world economic interdependence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This does not mean that the developing states should sell off their sovereignty to the highest bidder but that conditionality should be the subject of negotiation. Donors must be more flexible in their demands and thereby give the country in question such room to manoeuvre as is necessary for programmes to succeed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thirdly, development of the private sector appears now to be approved by all parties. Since independence, the State has been omnipresent and omnipotent in most productive areas of ACP economies. Given the failures of the public sector, private enterprise is now being called in to help. Its development is one of the sector specific policies which will and must receive most support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development of the private sector must permit better distribution of the fruits of the growth that it generates and promote integration of the ACP countries into the market economy. There can be no question of pitting private enterprise against the public sector, because any Manichean approach in this sphere might prove to be risky. It is important also to stress that free market development cannot take place overnight and that it is subject to inescapable macro and microeconomic preconditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indeed, the birth and expansion of a dynamic private sector depends on the politico-economic fabric. This includes reliable financial bodies, functioning financial intermediation, adequate infrastructures, technical qualifications and training, a suitable legal/ regulatory framework, institutions to support private businesses, the channelling of the informal sector and a public sector which is prepared to play fair, aware of its regulatory role. These, in short, are the necessary ingredients for the adjustment of the private sector to permit the development of a true enterprise culture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The development of a harmonious private sector will make it possible more easily to achieve the transformation and export objectives required by international competitiveness. It should, therefore, help to counteract the erosion of commercial preferences generated by the Uruguay Round. The latter's time limits should, in any case, be extended, because it seems clear that the ACP countries will be unable to fulfil their obligations by the end of the moratorium obtained by the EU during the negotiations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The notion of compensating for inequality that is found in international development law, implies the adoption of a normative system to counteract the weak trading position of developing countries vis-a-vis their competitors in the North. But in recent times, this idea has been losing ground and it is unlikely to cut much ice with the WTO authorities. Legal equality in a situation where there is structural inequality is not, in fact, equitable, and it is therefore necessary to find some other way of mitigating the adverse effects, looking at it in a global context.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Promotion of domestic and foreign investment should be better supported. People talk of the 'risk/ country' threshold that deters foreign investors. It may be that this can be measured objectively by looking at economic and other indicators, but even if this is not possible, it clearly exists as a psychological barrier. This is a problem for many ACP countries and it needs to be crossed, using measures which tackle the many obstacles to investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Changing the culture of development cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Besides all the technical aspects, one could argue that the shortcomings of the LomÃ© Convention stem also from the perceptions of those involved in development cooperation. In short, it is the actual concept and culture of development aid which must be changed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the European side, the colonial legacy has conditioned attitudes, imprinting on them a dominant patemalism which is prejudicial to the aim of development. This European concept of cooperation must be overturned. Moreover, development cooperation must not be seen as the art of the possible but as the art of making possible what is strictly necessary, by virtue of genuine negotiation with the countries which have resolved to move forward.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, it is desirable to have a better developed policy of informing European public opinion about development cooperation. An effort is needed to counter false impressions, such as the one left by the French journalist who wrote: 'Official development aid is like taking money from the poor in rich countries to give it to the rich in poor countries'. Better information is needed to ensure that the public can decide such matters for itself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coordinating the Union's policies with those of the Member States now presents an enormous challenge. The political obstacles are huge and development cooperation may well suffer as a result of them if the objectives of coordination, coherence and complementarity contained in the Maastricht Treaty are not achieved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for the ACP countries, success in their economic development depends on many factors, cooperation being only one of them. Many political leaders in these nations have too often described cooperation with the North as the only way in which they can develop. In fact, this should be seen as nothing more than an additional factor - supporting the national effort and a genuine desire for development. It is pure fantasy to believe that development can be set in motion solely on the basis of an external impetus. To succeed, it must come from within a country. This is why future cooperation between the EU and the ACP countries must progress towards reinforcing the aptitude of the latter to devise, master and control their own development process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the future, the ACP countries must propose concrete and responsible solutions to their partners, doing so by means of the dialogue system. They must also promote development based on participation, particularly with the involvement of young people and women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that the ACPs can offer a credible prospectus for development must be acknowledged. It is undoubtedly a challenge, but it can successfully be overcome if a climate of stability, security and confidence is created, matched by an unambiguous political will.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In KU/ACP relations, programmes must include the long-term vision necessary for sustainable development. Too often in the past, the strategy has been aimed at an immediate and ostentatious result. Successful development in the future will depend crucially on a change in such attitudes. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;K.K. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let us know what you think&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The debate about the future of cooperation between the European Union and the ACP states is now beginning to gash' pace. Last year, we established the 'Analysis' section in The Courier to report on this debate-and give readers an opportunity to express their own views on the subject.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The response so far has been encouraging, but it has come mainly from the European side. We are keen to receive contributions from ACP readers as well. If you have you own ideas or opinions about what should happen after LomÃ© IV expires, why not put them on paper and send them to us. Our address is on the inside front cover of the magazine. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The view of civil society on the future after LomÃ© IV</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was the subject of a conference which took place in Maastricht from 12-14 June, under the auspices of the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM). It brought together participants from ACP countries and Europe, including representatives of civil society (NGOs, the private sector, etc.). Four major topics were addressed:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How can a new KU/ACP commercial relationship be constructed ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was agreement that some form of preferential trade regime should continue after 2000. Some participants stressed the need to Promote 'fair trade', which would contribute not only to growth but also to development. The impact of individual trade preferences is not always clear-cut, but obviously there cannot be a single solution covering all problems in all ACP countries. An analysis of negative constraints demonstrated the difficulties involved in reconciling the rules of the LomÃ© Convention and those of the World Trade Organisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How can the private sector become involved in development ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most important aspect of this topic is knowing how to create a favourable and business-friendly environment which will enable the private sector to play its part-and the role the European Union could play in this process. The private sector was defined as both formal and informal, encompassing large, medium and small enterprises, whether local or foreign. The importance of a strong local private sector in guaranteeing long-term stability was particularly emphasised. In this respect, the view was expressed that the role of the state and its relationship with the European Commission should be redefined. There was also a call for time to be set aside time for effective dialogue, and to create the space for a partnership between the public and private sectors. It was felt that the role of Economic and Social Councils should be expanded and specified more clearly. As for the specific issue of privatisation, the point was made that this should not be seen as a panacea and that it should be approached on a country-by-country basis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards current instruments, it was noted that their objective is essentially to meet public-sector requirements. The role of the Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) attracted some criticism. Speakers felt that the private sector should be more involved in the preparation and implementation of cooperation programmes with the European Community. Direct financial support to the private sector was seen as desirable, including backing from the European Investment Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What partnership ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The partnership concept was seen to have been eroded over the past two decades, with the pretext of efficiency resulting in a more paternalistic approach. Mechanisms needed to be found to enable EU priorities and the prerogatives of ACP countries to be reconciled. Reference was made to the political nature of the origin of the partnership and the need to find a new political raison d'etre for this type of relationship. The problems of cohesion within the ACP group and its relations with the EU were also raised, and there was a discussion about the possibility of giving the Convention a regional character-although a number of speakers expressed reservations about this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the European side, two lacunae emerged, namely coordination between donors, and consistency between LomÃ© and other Community policies (including relationships with the Bretton Woods institutions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the principle of partnership, some participants were keen to stress the motives of solidarity and common interest that lay behind cooperation. It was not simply a matter of 'negative' interdependence. The appropriateness of the term 'partnership' was questioned, if this was only to mean financial and technical cooperation. The politicisation of LomÃ© appears to be on the agenda, involving a move from the current partnership to a genuine 'contractual approach' through political dialogue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As for the role of partnership in cooperation policy management, it was felt essential that civil society and the private sector be involved. There was also a discussion of the debt problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How can financial and technical cooperation be improved ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As usual, reference was made to the need to simplify and differentiate management of LomÃ© Convention instruments, particularly in the context of the programming process. As regards the role of non-state actors, a cautious approach was recommended. Finally, new instruments were called for to prevent conflict.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Conclusions&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This conference, coming after several others of the same type, was characterised essentially by private sector and NGO calls for greater participation in Community cooperation policy. Moreover, the need for 'politicisation' of the LomÃ© policy, shifting from purely financial and technical aid to a genuine cooperation contract, seems to have attracted the support of all participants. These questions are sure to figure in the 'Green Paper' on 'tome after 2000', which the European Commission plans to publish before the end of 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Democratising democracy'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On 6 and 7 June, the Belgian Par/iament hosted a UN seminar on 'me future of international development cooperation: new communication challenges' 'Democratising Democracy' was the succinct, journalistic way in which one of the speakers at the meeting summed up his solution to the problem of underdevelop meet. He was Jean-Bertrand Aristide, former President of Haiti, who observed that democracy, as advocated by the developed world, and increasingly accepted by developing countries, does not prevent the latter's slide into even greater poverty. The Courier had the opportunity to interview Mr Aristide. We began by asking him whether his statement implied that democracy is failing in a world striving to 'globalise' it J-B.A.-The word democracy comes from the Greek words 'demos', meaning people and 'kratein', meaning to govern. In other words, it signifies government of the people, for the people by the people-but if we take a look at the world today, the impression we get is that not all so-called democratic governments are in fact what they purport to be. Hence the need to 'democratise democracy', so as to create a situation in which all citizens can help set governments on a course towards such a model.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Concepts usually generate conflict and, therefore, when speaking of revolution, democracy or globalisation, it is necessary to be au fait with the subject matter so as not to become involved in a dialogue of the deaf. In the specific case of globalisation, my opinion is that this has a tendency to make what is an already precarious situation even more unbalanced. Concepts cannot be applied everywhere without thought being given to their harmful consequences. This does not mean to say that we should give up completely. It's one thing to speak of the globalisation of peace, as if an ineluctable need existed to promote peace on a world scale, but I'm not sure that everyone would define the globalisation of peace in the same way as I do.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Could we turn now to your own country, Haiti. How do you view the future of democracy there, bearing in mind the economic circumstances ? At the seminar, you mentioned several factors which demonstrate democracy's *agility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Democracy is indeed fragile. 1% of Haiti's population owns 48% of the country's wealth and it is estimated that about 65% of the working population is employed in agriculture as against 5.1% in the 'industrial' sector. But is this really the true picture ? Reality for most people is poverty-unacceptable and sub-human poverty. A man needs work to earn his daily crust by the sweat of his brow, but unemployment has reached catastrophic proportions. When people are unable to earn their living, there is little point in discussing the positive influence of democracy. What is needed is for those with a great deal of wealth and those with less wealth to talk to each other; a dialogue between the private and public sectors, so that we can head off futile conflicts and devote all our efforts to economic growth coupled with human development. I do believe that this is possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yet, the rich are so rich and the poor so poor. Is it not fantasy to think that the gulf which separates them, and their mutual mistrust, can simply be set aside so that genuine dialogue can take place ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-This is one of the challenges we have faced ever since 1960 and, although we have not yet reaped the harvest of this process, we have to carry on. It's not too late. We just have to approach the subject logically and with all the facts to hand, and we must have the intelligence to be patient. If we continue with dialogue, we will achieve real results. Only the citizens of Haiti can play a part in Haiti's development-this is not a task for outsiders. We, on the other hand, have to be more receptive to international cooperation, while maintaining mutual respect and dignity. But what we also need is for our own people to act together in order to enhance our own growth. This is not to say that geopolitical reality can be disregarded. Other countries have to be taken into account, but, as a starting point, we have to consider Haiti's human and material resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Thereisdialogueata world level, but there are rules to be applied. I am thinking, here, of free competition. Haiti has to play by the rules, just like any other country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-Since we gained independence, our history has seen a succession of coups d'etat and people have been over-eager in brandishing weapons to solve economic, political or social problems. Now that democracy has been restored in Haiti, weapons are not the solution to our problems-I cannot stress this enough. What we need is for those with money to sit down and negotiate with those who have none: for the government to get people round the table and devise a common plan to accommodate all interested parties- looking at both the nation's interests and the interests of investors. I do believe that it is possible to achieve this. We have, in fact, already begun to prepare the ground. I am not basing my words, here, on pure theory, but am speaking from experience. In concrete terms, we have to transcend class and racial differences to recognise that Haitian men and women, regardless of their colour and the country they might live in outside Haiti, regardless of their nationality, even, are still part of Haiti's indigenous population. The way must be kept open for dignified and balanced cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The other point you mentioned today was that there can be no development without the effective involvement of the population. Are you not leaving yourself open to accusations of having socialist or even communist tendencies ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-As I have just said, we have to be scientific in our approach and check our facts over and over again. I fail to see how anyone can claim to be working towards peace without looking at poverty which is the greatest threat to social cohesion. Of course, there are those who would deny this assertion, and that is their right. However, rational analysis of the situation can help us alleviate poverty and promote security. It needs to be underlined that security is also one of the essential factors in economics. The UN Security Council is called in to prevent or resolve conflicts. To my mind, we should also be talking about an economic security council to deal with the economic realities. The deeper one plunges into poverty, the greater one's feelings of insecurity-the two always go hand in hand. And insecurity can crop up anywhere in the world. Nor is it a question of charity. It is a real, rational question which must sharpen our awareness, stimulate our common sense and set us on a course to protect the world by alleviating poverty. That, at least, is one approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, you have to recognise that politics is essentially a question of power while economics is influenced by interests. Everyone uses the means at their disposal to defend their personal interests and we know perfectly well that there are no free gifts. The so-called developed countries allocate just 0.3% of their GDP to development aid, yet we are losing our tropical forests at the rate of the area of a football pitch every second. In Haiti, forests now cover only a small area of the country. But in the final analysis, environmental catastrophe threatens us all, rich and poor alike, even if certain countries do not face specific ecological risks. We either deal with it as reasonable people, or we close our eyes to the 'cause and effect' realities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Yes, but are we reasonable people ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-The crisis of ethics is indeed a reality and a great many values are now being called into question. These days, we have to love in order to prove we are not contradicting ourselves. If we believe in God, we might call this love 'God', just as we might call it 'justice'. It all depends on your philosophy, religion or beliefs. If I feel love, I cannot be indifferent to the situation of victims of injustice, both in Haiti and elsewhere. If a man is humiliated, crushed, exploited or marginalised, then 1, too, am humiliated, crushed and marginalised. It is love which makes us fight for justice everywhere. Either one is a demagogue revelling in big words or one is sincere and ready to die so that another might live-this brings immortality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· One final question. You were speaking just now of insecurity and economics. Is there a link, here, with one of your most recent decisions, the abolition of Haiti's army ? Could you tell us how you were able to pull off this 'coup'? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- I am perfectly happy to answer such an important question and would like to be able to give a clear and direct reply. But given that the struggle is still going on, I don't think I should go into too much detail. A decision was made. The Haitian people opted to rid themselves of the army. Supporting their democratic wish, it was our job to help bring about this dissolution. The army, it is worth recalling, had about 7000 men, absorbed 40% of the national budget-and had killed many of our compatriots. We have had to be logical and patient in achieving this goal, bearing in mind that the guarantors of the agreement which led to my return had their own views, which were different from ours. We also needed courage and wisdom and, above all, the determination of the people. My motto has always been that it is better to fail with the people than to succeed without them, and in this we did not fail. Our task now is not to bask in our own glory but to continue the work of structuring the police force, to prevent it becoming another army. To achieve this, we have to make steady progress and use sound judgment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interview by Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Close-up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Growing rice at high altitude in Burundi</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Jean-Pierre Tilquin and Miguel Amado&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This tiny country tucked away at the heart of Africa has, as is well known, been convulsed over the last three years by an acute socio-political crisis. The tragic consequences have included loss of human life, damage to the economic and social infrastructure, and a movement of refugees to neighbouring countries. Burundi, already one of the most densely populated nations in Africa, also has high population growth. It could be argued that it is only thanks to the hard work and perseverance of the farmers (admittedly, 90% of the population) that the country manages to keep going at all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture in Burundi follows traditional lines and is based on a farming system divided between food crops for consumption by the farmer and his family, and cash crops (mainly coffee, tea and cotton). Although at the beginning of the decade the crops grown for food were sufficient to meet the population's needs, today demographic pressures are forcing farmers to increase food-crop production. It is these pressures that have prompted them to descend into the marshlands which cover approximately 110 000 hectares (8% of cultivable land in Burundi). These marshes are flooded during the rainy season and so allow rice to be cultivated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population growth has also meant that fields cannot be left fallow for long periods. This has resulted in more intensive use of marginal land and an increase in forest clearing. Such practices exacerbate erosion of cultivated areas. The loss of organic matter and nutrients leads to reduced soil fertility and lower yields. Although rainfall in Burundi is high, the soil is only moderately fertile, because of factors such as acidity, aluminium toxicity, and phosphorus immobilisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While 20% of land suitable for cultivation is currently given over to growing dry beans-a staple in the Burundi diet - various factors now point towards farming the low-lying marshlands, with a particular emphasis on rice. This is one way of increasing the useful agricultural surface area of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The events of 1993 (democratic elections, followed by the assassination of President Ndadaye), have created a period of instability which has been highly damaging for the country's agriculture. Some people lost their property and livelihood, and are only now slowly re-establishing themselves. The environment has also suffered as a result of the sheer numbers of displaced people. They occupy areas, both urban and rural, which were completely unprepared for the flood of people. it is estimated that 50 000 hectares of forest have been destroyed as a result-with devastating consequences for the country's ecosystem. What is more, the rate of demographic growth has led to overfarming and to a reduction in the average surface area of farms (to 0.7 ha per household).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rice-a crop for the future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Against this background, the prospect of farming low-lying marshland offers some hope for the people of Burundi. In fact, the marshy valleys have long been used to grow beans, maize and sweet potatoes during the long dry season for later consumption during the short dry season. This practice, which was environmentally sound, provided a regular harvest, but also ensured the preservation of the marshlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The practice of growing rice during the rainy season, followed by a crop of maize and beans during the dry season, is a form of integrated agriculture. It should be economically viable and environmentally sustainable while ensuring product quality, delivering a good yield, limiting any risks involved and allowing a high degree of social integration. These are the criteria which need to be examined in determining whether high-altitude rice cultivation in Burundi succeeds or fails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rice crops have been grown in this region, on the shores of Lake Tanganyika and in the Ruzizi valley (altitude 800 m), for more than 200 years, having been introduced by successive migrations of people travelling along the old slave route from Zanzibar. Certain varieties, known as 'pandabilima' (which in Swahili means 'he who climbs the mountain') can be grown on land up to a height of 1300 metres. They cannot, however, be planted on the higher central plateau because low temperatures at night render them completely infertile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not surprising that the new scheme to grow rice at high altitudes was greeted with interest. Indeed, it became almost a craze among farmers -to the extent that in 1990, rice crops covered more than 20 000 ha of Burundi. The area planted with rice fell subsequently, and in some regions the crop disappeared altogether. This was due largely to the appearance of the fungal 'rice blast disease', which can wipe out an entire crop, and to inadequate planning and misguided husbandry. The extensive planting of only one variety left the crop particularly vulnerable and once the disease did take hold, it was virtually impossible to eradicate. Needless to say, in a country where access to pesticides is non-existent, the introduction of a new crop cannot be based on a single variety; if it is to establish itself successfully, varietal diversification is vital. We should point out here that attempts were made in 1984 to improve varietal diversification &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;in the framework of the EU's Scientific and Technical Programme run by DG XII of the Commission. At that time, it was necessary to familiarise farmers with the techniques for growing the new crop and this aspect of the programme was funded by the EDF, in particular through three integrated projects. These related to agriculture and pastoral forestry and were initiated during 198889 in three provinces of Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Without going into the technical details of the programme, it suffices to say that growing rice at high altitude in the tropics differs from rice-growing in temperate regions. The low night-time temperatures characteristic of high altitudes mean that the crop is subject to constant stress. In temperate regions, the stress caused by cold weather is a problem only at the beginning and end of the growing cycle. As for selection methods, rice varieties have been produced that are resistant to rice blast disease - which remains the main problem. Also, by mixing the varieties grown, the farmers have created a wide diversity which offers a stable basis for a sustainable crop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Transformation of an ecosystem&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the viewpoint of development aid specialists, turning marshland into cultivable land means draining it (digging a ditch and fitting pipes). But this leaves the land open to erosion, causes silting in rivers and ultimately leading to desertification. By changing water levels in a region and disturbing the thermal equilibrium, marshlands cease to be marshlands. The method may have been justifiable before rice growing became possible. Indeed, it was employed in the natural marshlands of Buyenzi by some experts who specialised in upland rice. But it also resulted in large-scale destruction of one ricevariety-Yunnan 3-by rice blast disease in 1990.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development projects which set themselves spectacular objectives can involve major alterations to the landscape. More often than not, these need to be rectified later. Thus, when it was decided to cultivate vast expanses of papyrus, the plants were moderately successful only thanks to constant artificial assistance. Put simply, the land could not sustain the crop on its own. In the process, the marshes were turned into floating peat bogs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The option chosen here was to adapt the small valleys for rice cultivation and teach the farmers the relevant techniques. Together with their families, they have eagerly embarked on the work needed to prepare the terrain for cultivation, although there are still some land tenure issues that need resolving. (Some people have refused to commit themselves to marshland reclamation projects as long as the land does not belong to them). It should be stressed that growing rice along a strip of water is an option which is in harmony with environmental needs. It promotes percolation of the water, thereby restoring underground water levels and preventing pollutants from being washed down towards the Nile or Zaire basins. It is therefore in keeping with global strategies for conserving resources and ensuring sustainable development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the marshlands, farmers traditionally plant beans and maize in banked-up beds during the dry season (from June to November). By skilfully selecting and growing different bean varieties, the farmer can stagger his crops and thereby ensure a continuous harvest from September until the time the maize is harvested. The marshes are then left fallow during the heavy rains which reach their peak in April. A rice variety which can be harvested in six months could thus be fitted in during this perriod with out disturbing the traditional hill-farming work schedule.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since farmers on the high plateaux had not traditionally grown rice, it was necessary to teach them the techniques needed to produce a successful crop. They were also informed of the benefits that improvements such as dykes, water supply pipes and drainage pipes could have on crop productivity. They have since applied this knowledge in their cultivation. During the dry season, without disrupting the infrastructures on which their rice cultivation is based, they have rebuilt banked-up beds and grown the traditional bean and maize crop. The system has been in place for about ten years and no drop in yield has been recorded. The yield averages 4.5 t/ha for rice, 1 t/ha for beans and 0.4 t/ha for maize-figures which are quite remarkable when compared with the yields of crops grown on the hills in acid soil with increasing levels of aluminium toxicity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By alternating two different farming systems, the problem of weeds -and therefore hoeing-and of pests is greatly limited. The extensive mixing of the soil that takes place accelerates the recycling of biogenic material-and the marshlands stay as marshlands!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Manageable land development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are three main types of marshy valley, each requiring specific programmes. The first consists of valleys lying above 1400 m with a rainfall in excess of 1500 mm. These areas are characterised by a clay soil, are constantly fed with water (with a high iron content) from the mountains, and are often very rich in organic matter. They require drainage using ditches and filtration channels, with changes of gradient so that the mountain water tables can be tapped and the water levels controlled. This is important to prevent a build-up of ferrous toxicity in the soil, which is extremely harmful to rice. A farming system involving paddy fields and banked-up beds can be accommodated perfectly in these types of valleys. Then there are the valleys lying between 800 and 1400 m with a rainfall of between 1100 and 1500 mm. These are known as 'dambos' in Swahili, and they extend from Northern Kenya right down to Southern Zimbabwe. Strewn with giant termite nests, the land here is well-suited to rice cultivation as long as water levels are carefully controlled. All the available water needs to be harnessed via filtration canals dug into the hillside. These allow the paddies to be irrigated speedily and, during the dry season, they can also be used to irrigate between the rows of ridgeplanted crops. It would, however, be very difficult to irrigate the entire valley during the dry season and so it is pointless digging a drainage ditch. The third and final type consists of small alluvial plains tucked away between the hills and stretching along the escarpments. Here, the level of soil fertility is determined by the heavy erosion resulting from farming on burnt land, and the practice of setting fire to the hills in order to 'regenerate' pastures. To grow rice in such locations, a filtration canal needs to be dug into the hillside, into which water then collects from the water table. The paddy fields also need to be terraced. These alluvial plains lend themselves perfectly to a farming system in which paddy fields are alternated with banked-up beds. All these land-adaptation schemes can be easily implemented and maintained by the farmers themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A sociological revolution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although rice grows quickly, it is highly labour-intensive. Thus, when&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;the young rice plants need to be planted out-which happens to coincide with the end-of-year school holidays-the whole family takes part. What is more, rice has become extremely important in sociological terms: reserved in days gone by for special occasions, it now forms part of the nation's staple diet, being mixed together with beans and dressed with palm oil and tomato sauce. The rice harvest is also a time for merrymaking and festivities which go on for the best part of a week.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rice cultivation has also engendered a vital sense of solidarity among farmers as far as sharing water is concerned, and rice-growing cooperatives have been a runaway success. These enable farming operations to be synchronised and running costs to be reduced, in particular by reducing the number of bird scarers needed. The crop, furthermore, can be harvested when fully ripe. On individual plots, farmers usually only allow the rice to mature to 75% before harvest for fear of theft. Finally, the cooperative helps to ensure that infrastructures such as drains and canals are properly maintained and that water supply installations are treated with respect. Each cooperative is run by a representative appointed by the group of farmers. These supervisors are then responsible for organising all operations: choosing and storing seed for the following season's crops, getting information about new varieties, consulting each other and pointing out any problems they may have to those in charge of research and advisory services. The area allotted to each cooperative depends on the number of households in the group and also takes into account the area available, with 10 ares per family being the usual maximum for planted-up paddy fields. Cooperatives may range in size from 5 to 25 families.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cooperatives like this are just the beginning. Networks of rural organisations, in which the farmers club together to buy equipment and fertilisers, need to be developed on a larger scale and they could provide a springboard for the development of the secondary sector, which is vital to the development of the country as a whole.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We would do well to recall that the cassava mills which have been so successful in Burundi and which still run today without any 'technical assistance' had equally humble beginnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It must be acknowledged that the people who migrated to this 'wild frontier' of rice cultivation in Burundi also introduced into these regions diseases such as bilharzia and malaria (the mosquitoes carrying the parasite were transported in the luggage of people travelling from the capital to the provinces). Despite this, rice cultivation at high altitude has proved a veritable lifesaver for Burundi. In the year that the FAO plans to stage a summit on famine, it is appropriate to highlight the important role of rice-growing in the food production strategy of this country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until recently, Burundi ensured that it had enough to feed its people through a delicate balancing act between growing food crops, leaving land fallow and rearing livestock which produced manure. At present, however, increased agricultural production is only possible by increasing the surface area of the country under cultivation-at the expense of fallow land and livestock farming. Such a move risks reducing soil fertility and could lead to the substitution of crops of high nutritional value, such as beans, with higher yield crops such as cassava or sweet potatoes which suck the subsoil dry of minerals and nutrients.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In short, traditional farming methods in Burundi are arguably now out of balance and the situation is getting worse. This may, indeed, be a root cause of the ethnic crisis. A systematic policy of re-establishing marshlands and organising rural communities around high-altitude rice cultivation would allow the country to look ahead with optimism to the next 20 years. Suitable varieties are currently available and the altitudes at which rice can be grown have been pushed back in Burundi as far as 1700 m. What is now needed is the funds! &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;J-P.T. &amp;amp; M.A.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Developing world</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Freedom of expression: the heartbeat of democracy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A view from UNESCO.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The article which follows is an abridged version of a text compiled by Carlos Amaldo, who heads UNESCO's research into communication and the free flow of information. Mr Arnaldo highlights some of the main aspects of the UN agency's support for the development of a free press in the African, Caribbean and Pacific regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution passed by the ACP/KU Joint Assembly in March 1996 in Windhoek, Namibia, reflected the spirit of many of UNESCO's communication programmes in these regions. Echoing the principal tenets of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the resolution declares: 'freedom of expression is a precondition for holding free and fair elections'; 'the monopoly of information media is a barrier to the development of democracy,'; 'there is a need to create a climate in which all part)&quot; can participate fully in political life.' It further holds: 'communication media must not only inform the electorate in an impartial and objective manner' but also; 'freedom of expression and the existence of free communications media are vital preconditions for the development of a democratic society.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution was timely, responding to a need to remind political leaders, as well as civic society, of the relation between free communication media and truly democratic practices. Just five years ago, on 3 May 1991,&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African journalists and media adopted the Windhoek Declaration at the UN/ UNESCO seminar on promoting an independent and pluralistic African press. Likewise, journalists and media practitioners of each major region adopted the Declarations of Alma Ata (October 1992), Santiago (May 1994) and Sana'a (January 1996), all of which affirmed the unwavering belief of professional communicators in freedom of expression, press freedom, independence and pluralism of the media, and the contribution of such freedoms to democratic processes. At their 28th General Conference, UNESCO Member States further declared that, 'press freedom is an essential component of any democracy.' All these declarations contain action programmes to strengthen press freedom in these regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning to look at some practical initiatives, a media project entitled 'Independent Press in Africa', which was put in place after the signing of the Windhoek declaration, soon attracted the interest of a number of donors (Italy, USA, France). Under this project, the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) organised four sets of courses for journalists in 1994. In April 1995, IPDC arranged a multi-theme workshop for 33 English-speaking journalists and editors from Central and West Africa on marketing, distribution techniques, managing mass media enterprises in Africa, new communication technologies, journalism and ethical issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are now plans afoot to study the situation of the press in Mauritius, Madagascar and Comoros, and to publish several handbooks about press enterprises. Efforts will also be made to attract increased donor contributions so that the successes achieved by these initial training activities can be strengthened and shared with other regions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further example of positive action in support of the media is the work of MISA (the Media Institute of Southern Africa-featured in more detail in the following article). This organisation has been receiving UNESCO support since 1994 under a funding arrangement with the Danish International Development Agency. The project seeks to strengthen links among the region's independent media so as to enhance the free flow of information. It also aims to boost cooperation and information-sharing with similar groups in developing and developed countries worldwide, to strengthen the ability of the region's independent media to stand on its own feet and to improve professional standards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MlSA, which was set up in 1992, has been monitoring and safeguarding press freedom in the region, facilitated by an electronic network for distribution of information on press freedom issues. It has mounted seminars and training workshops for professional journalists on computer-aided design, strategic financial management, journalism ethics and advertising management. MISA's campaigning material includes a bi-monthly magazine, Free Press: the Media Magazine of Southern Africa and a booklet, So this is Democray, which is a compilation of its 'action alerts' curing 1994 and 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another UNESCO initiative is the 'Communication and Good Governance in West and Central African Countries' project, supported by Germany. This aims to strengthen the human and technical capacity of the media in these regions so that they can make a contribution to good governance. The three year project is to be implemented in 10 countries - Benin, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Sao Tome &amp;amp; Principe and Togo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Together with other institutions such as legislatures, the judiciary and civic organisations, media bodies like MISA have a useful role to play. They can enhance transparency and accountability by systematic analysis and reporting of government programmes, policies and pledges, and by encouraging public discussions which help people to make informed decisions about public issues and about how their leaders discharge the power vested in them. Fulfilment of these functions requires access to the media, and qualified, well-trained practitioners who can effectively use the media for information, education and communication on good governance issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning our attention now to the Caribbean, the question of media freedom recently came to the fore in Trinidad and Tobago when 13 editors and journalists on The Guardian lost their jobs following publication of a number of controversial articles (some reports said they 'constructively resigned'). The events cast a shadow over the famous Carnival. Indeed, as one journalist put it, the Carnival quickly ceded to the 'sacrificial rites' of Holy Week. Six of the paper's youngest reporters were among those who lost their jobs-but out of the furore, a new newspaper was born.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 'Comparative Study of Media Laws in the CARICOM countries' by Ainsley Sahai, commissioned earlier by UNESCO, became a reference in the debates that followed. The study highlighted that all Caribbean countries guaranteed freedom of expression in their national constitutions. Indeed, Trinidad and Tobago's constitution explicitly guarantees press freedom as well. The Media Association of Trinidad and Tobago (MATT) organised two meetings. The first of these, on 10 April 1996, was a public forum on issues of press freedom. Although a full cross-section of society was not present, and not all the issues at stake were fully debated, it was nevertheless a start. Those who took the floor came from many sectors of society -women, the unemployed, workers, community organisations and at least three different religious groups. About a quarter of those who contributed spoke as individuals. While many criticised the press for errors in reporting, all confirmed the need to uphold a free press vis-a-vis both political pressures and economic and financial interests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The public gave strong support to MATT and demanded that the forum be replicated in other parts of the country. It was the first time that the public had been given the opportunity to speak out on these issues. It was not so much the content of the discussion which counted, but the very fact that the event took place, bringing the media closer to its 'customers'. The meeting gave the public an opportunity to put over their own perceptions of press freedom, impartial reporting and the strengthening of democratic processes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two days later, with support from UNESCO, the Media Association staged a journalists' symposium, moderated by George John, consulting editor at The Guardian. David de Caires, publisher of Guyana's Stabroek News was invited by MATT as an external consultant. Drawing on past and more recent examples of uneasy relations between a free press and governments, Mr de Caires concluded with a headlinehitting statement; the relations of the press with government should not be too cosy, the press must maintain its adversarial position.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many journalists took the floor to stress Trinidad and Tobago's constitutional guarantees for both freedom of expression and press freedom. They also stressed the need to safeguard editorial independence, not only in the printed press, but also in broadcasting, and urged the repeal of 'antiquated' libel laws-a point also made in the Sahai study. The preparation of a Freedom of Information Act was strongly urged to ensure access to public information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These events appear to have strengthened the resolve of the jobless journalists. They grouped together to set up a new weekly newspaper, called The Independent. The new publication focuses on investigative articles, comment and reviews. In addition, a monthly called The Formatt was launched by MATT to disseminate specialised news on press freedom issues and to provide print support for future public fore. Both newspapers brought out their first editions in early May amidst the celebrations of World Press Freedom Day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pacific&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Pacific, issues of freedom of expression and press freedom are no less salient, although a key issue for practitioners there is the modernisation of infrastructures. This is needed to ensure that this vast island region does not find itself in the slow lane of the information highway.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The computerisation of radio newsrooms, in places such as the Cook Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Solomon Islands and Tonga, is a priority. The Cook Islands already has a fully computerised newspaper operation. Indeed, this is the first newspaper in the Pacific with the capacity to transmit photographs from various parts of the country to the newsroom electronically by phone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Considerable concern has been expressed about the inadequacy of national television programming. There is a need for the people of the Pacific to see themselves and their culture, and not just the imported fare distributed by most international TV services. With UNESCO support, women media producers from seven island countries were able to meet to work out ways of cooperating on a series of television documentaries that they themselves produced and exchanged within the region. Preparations are now under way for the annual evaluation and awarding of prizes at the end of 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;C.A.A. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Campaigning for free expression in the SADC region</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by David Nthengwe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Media Institute of Southern Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Officially launched in September 1992, the role of the Media Institute of Southern Africa is primarily that of coordinator, facilitator and communicator in the promotion of media freedom and diversity, (as envisaged in the 1991 Windhoek Declaration). MISA operates in 11 of the 1 2 SADC countries and is currently investigating setting up a chapter in the twelfth-Mauritius- which joined the Community 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chapters are serviced by a regional secretariat based in the Namibian capital, Windhoek. The secretariat is accountable to a policy-making governing council of elected representatives from each national chapter, while funding for MISA and its projects is channeled through the MISA Education and Production Trust, overseen by a board of independent trustees. The organisation is currently almost entirely donor-funded, with UNESCO, NORAD, SIDA, the KU, the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, IBIS, and the Australian and German governments being the main contributors. Other income is generated through the sale of subscriptions to MISA publications and services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Institute's main work is in the field of advocacy; highlighting violations of media freedom and free expression, and exploring ways of ensuring that these fundamental freedoms become entrenched throughout Southern Africa. In 1994, MISA became a member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) network in a bid to increase international awareness of media freedom violations in Southern Africa. Membership of IFEX has enabled MISA to distribute as well as receive information on media freedom issues in a quick and relatively cheap way via the Internet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Action alerts'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994 and 1995, MISA issued via IFEX and its own electronic mail network, the MISANET (see below), more than 190 'action alerts' relating to media freedom infringements in Southern Africa, and effective campaigns against some of these violations have resulted. In August 1994, Lesotho journalist, Rabuka Chalatse, was shot by soldiers while covering a demonstration. An alert issued by MISA triggered a swift response, and within 24 hours, funds had been raised to pay for emergency treatment which saved the young journalist's leg. In November 1995, Angolan freelance journalist, Mario Paiva, had his life threatened by people who, it was alleged, were state security agents. MlSA's alert prompted protest from throughout the world, and resulted in several governments offering Paiva sanctuary in their embassies in Angola. The threat against the journalist was subsequently lifted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MlSA's advocacy work has also shown that democratisation does not necessarily result in guaranteed media freedom and free expression. In Zambia, for example, which had a multi-party election in 1991, arcane laws inherited from previous regimes have been used against the private media in particular, and free expression, in general. As this article was being written, Fred M'membe, the Editor-in-Chief of Zambia's privately-owned daily 'The Post', and two of his colleagues, were starting an indefinite prison term for contempt of Parliament. The sentence was passed not by a court of law, but by the Speaker, under legislation inherited from British colonial rule. Their 'crime' was to comment on criticism made in Parliament of a Supreme Court decision which declared unconstitutional, laws requiring anyone wishing to stage a demonstration to obtain police permission first.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Five months prior to his arrest, M'membe received the MISA Press Freedom Award, which is presented annually to individuals or institutions considered to have made an outstanding contribution to the advancement of media freedom in Southern Africa. M'membe was the third recipient of the award.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Free flow of information essential&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the Windhoek Declaration points out, 'the establishment, maintenance and fostering of an independent, pluralistic and free press' is essential to economic development, as well as for the growth of democracy. Accordingly, MISA argues that the free flow of information is vital to the development process. Effective communication within SADC-a 'development community'- has been hampered by the region's poor postal and telecommunications services. MISA considers that these logistical barriers to the free flow of information are a form of censorship. In a bid to break through the information voids which have kept Southern African media workers and their audiences isolated from each other for so long, it has made particular use of advances in information technology, including, most notably, the Internet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two years, MISA has been linking member organisations up to electronic mail (e-mail). This allows members throughout the region to exchange news, photographs and other information. To date, 25 MISA member organisations are linked to this network, called the MISANET, although further growth has been hampered by members' unfamiliarity with e-mail, and the lack of local technicians to train people and provide user support. Nonetheless, computerised communications have proved to be an appropriate technology, and development of the MISANET remains a top priority. By making some services available to non-MISA subscribers, MISA also intends to generate income and thus reduce its current dependency on donor funding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Focus on training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The coordination of training and material support to independent media is another area where MISA looks to develop media freedom and diversity. The region's independent media sometimes operates in politically and economically hostile environments. Its survival-and thus the sustenance and growth of media diversity-hinges on these organisations becoming highly professional, well-managed concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Working through training institutions based primarily in the region, MISA coordinates workshops and other training programmes aimed at improving the skills of media workers, particularly in the fields of management and finance. Workshops in strategic and financial management, project management, advertising, marketing, sales and subscription management, ethics, subediting, and computerised design were staged during 1994 and 1995. For 1996, training is scheduled in economic reporting, project management, photography, advertising sales, circulation and sales management, computer-aided design, developing world and financial and strategic management. Instruction will also be provided to media workers without formal training. Meanwhile, research is to be carried out into setting up a media ombudsman for Southern Africa, printing press initiatives, media training needs, and the difficulties faced by women media workers in the region. The last-mentioned is in line with MlSA's policy of encouraging gender awareness and equality within the Southern African media.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Private and community-based media organisations face constant problems securing adequate finance. As businesses, they often do not qualify for donor support, while banks are reluctant to lend them money. Therefore, MISA is looking to set up of a Media Development Fund to which independent media can apply for loans, credit guarantees and grants. A study is currently being conducted into the feasibility of such a fund, which MISA hopes to have up-andrunning by early 1997.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Broadcasting in Southern Africa is still largely state-controlled. Moves by some of the region's governments to 'deregulate' broadcasting have been erratic, and many private broadcasting licenses granted in the process have gone to organisations or individuals closely linked to the authorities. MISA is now drawing up a policy aimed at seeking the effective liberalisation of broadcasting legislation covering public, private and community broadcasting throughout the region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As part of this process, MISA will, this year, stage a conference on broadcasting and community media, to coincide with its Annual General Meeting-which has become one of the largest gatherings of media workers on the African continent. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.N.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Volunteers show their worth</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Thomas M. Neufing&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Volunteers have become a major component in international development efforts. They make up a significant proportion of the total human resources available for development cooperation (up to a fifth of the skilled international personnel serving in developing countries). In the early days, volunteer service was strongly influenced by the idea of oneway technical assistance. Specialists, mainly from the North, served in developing nations where their expertise was desperately needed but not yet found among local citizens. Much has changed since.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After the US Peace Corps, the UN Volunteers Programme (UNV) ranks as the second largest volunteer-sendina agency with some 4000 professionals in the field every year. Its universality and internationality is reflected in the high number of UNV specialists (74%) who come from developing countries. The scope and size of the international volunteer contribution to development cooperation (notably areas such as HIV/AIDS and the environment), has increased significantly over the years as a result of the changing development challenge. The re-thinking of the role of technical cooperation is equally central to the volunteer debate and this has led to much greater flexibility in the ways in which volunteer services are provided. The important role volunteers can play in peace building efforts with a long-term development dimension, complementary to humanitarian relief, is increasingly being recognised.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Working with rather than for people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the UNV's 25th anniversary, and the relocation of its headquarters to Bonn this summer, it is an appropriate time both to assess and to acknowledge the contribution made by these volunteers. Since the programme began in 1971, some 14 000 professionals have dedicated a period of their lives to serve as a UNV. The programme is administered by UNDP, and is therefore intimately linked to its structures, particularly in the field. Regarding community-based initiatives, the comparative advantage of UNVs is that of working with rather than for people over an extended period, thus facilitating their initiatives. The experience of many development agencies shows that in promoting socio-economic change at the village level, the type of person needed is one who-through long-term commitment and sensitivity -can learn as much from local partners as offer advice to them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International volunteers are engaged mainly in rural development tasks. Those working through specialised NGOs such as the Red Cross, and Medecins Sans Frontieres have proved to be highly effective agents, supporting governments faced with disaster situations. In the case of UNV, the value of using volunteer specialists from other developing nations, as a way of encouraging technical cooperation amongst developing countries, is particularly recognised. Most volunteers- perhaps two-thirds - serve in least developed and small island countries. And about three-quarters serve in rural areas, working mostly in programmes of agricultural and community development, health, education and the supply of basic services. Since the end of the Cold War, a growing number have been deployed in emergency relief, refugee and rehabilitation programmes. UNVs make up 10% of the UN's civilian component in Cambodia; 4096 of the field staff of the World Food Programme and almost 100% of outreach workers attached to the UN Mission in Guatemala. UNVs are increasingly involved in human rights promotion, the organisation of elections and conflict resolution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a consensus among the main international humanitarian and development actors that their programmes should be mutually supportive. For example, development efforts must respond to humanitarian crises by remaining on the scene and supporting immediate needs, as well as aiding in the prevention of crises which are known to be looming. Emergency humanitarian assistance should also pave the way for longer term development by viewing the immediacy of the moment through the lens of future sustainable rehabilitation. Both sets of activities should, ideally, be launched and implemented in tandem with local bodies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;External assistance efforts must include strengthening local capacity to cope with problems. Empowerment strategies which inform, educate and facilitate the people's own vision of peaceful and sustainable living environments (including respect for human rights) are fundamental to the future of communities coping in the aftermath of crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Relief, rehabilitation and development?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNV programme has been active in exploring the efficacy of volunteer support to communities in crisis in order to bridge the gap between immediate needs and longer term developmental goals. In 1994, the UNV held its 4th Special Consultation, entitled, Between Crisis and Development - Volunteer Roles and UNV's Contribution. At this event, donor governments, UN agencies and cooperating partners from civil society had an indepth discussion of the issues surrounding volunteer efforts, and the complementary nature of emergency interventions and follow-up measures. The participants reconfirmed the need for local capacity building. They also affirmed the usefulness of the UN Volunteer contribution in crisis prevention, emergency rehabilitation and 'building bridges' to sustainable development. The work of UNVs in preventive action and promoting post-conflict development was highlighted. There has been a significant increase in demand for specialist volunteer services in all types of crisis. These may be economic, natural or man-made, but they all have in common the need to provide essential relief and rehabilitation services for basic survival (to refugees and resident populations). In many countries, disasters and internal strife have put so much pressure on essential public services that the longterm capacity of the people to recover may be threatened. Governments in developing countries and donors both believe it is fully justified to use volunteer specialists to help provide such services during the adjustment period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Mixed' teams&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The contribution of both international and national volunteers is often essential to link immediate relief efforts to future long-term development. National volunteers-people working in their own countries within the UN framework-complement the international approach by providing the key grassroots perspective. UN Volunteers who speak local languages, live and work in remote communities, are familiar with community structures and are known to local leaders, play a key part in facilitating preventive action and providing follow-up in the aftermath of a crisis. UNV specialists are well-placed to build effective partnerships with national and local actors. In the last two years, some 2000 UN Volunteers have worked in various parts of the world in prevention and preparedness, peacekeeping, electoral support, human rights, rehabilitation and reconstruction, and humanitarian relief.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi offers an example of an initiative designed to stem a crisis through local capacity-building. The UNV is financing a project there which supports the mediation and dialogue efforts of the UN Secretary General's Special Representative (SRSG) through the recruitment of UNV peace advisers and conflict resolution facilitators. This project is being run successfully out of the SRSG's office, extending public awareness of the reconciliation process. It includes use of the mass media to promote understanding, and brings local actors together to work for peaceful solutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The tasks undertaken by UN volunteers all fit into the spectrum which has 'crisis' et one end end 'development' at the other. The work, moreover, is undertaken in partnership-with civil society (NGOs and community-based organisations), government departments, UN agencies and regional international organisations (such as the KU).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through efforts that aim to link relief, rehabilitation and development, new productive partnerships are emerging to enhance coherence, coordination and complementarily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The growth of professionalism&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;30 years ago, the typical profile of an international volunteer was that of a generalist graduate from an industrialised country seeking first-time experience abroad before settling down to a career. Over time, the governments of developing countries made clear their need for practical and often specialised skills aimed at giving them the ability to manage their own programmes. They increasingly expressed impatience at hosting untrained volunteers. Professionalism became the key word. Unfortunately, the word 'volunteer' is still a source of confusion: it is often equated with 'amateur'. This is a perception that now needs to be corrected. The personnel sent out by most agencies that supply volunteers are likely to be in their thirties, with post-graduate qualifications and several years' practical experience in their fields. The typical UNV specialist is an example par excel/ence of this trend: 39 years of age, holding a Master's degree and with more than ten years of experience in a particular discipline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It was not just the dedication, but also the professionalism of the hundreds of UN Volunteers serving in Mozambique that impressed Aldo Ajello, the former UN Special Representative in Mozambique (now EU Special Envoy for the Great Lakes Region). 'If I were to run another mission,' he said, 'I would ask immediately for volunteers.' In terms of monitoring-which was vital in building up the trust and confidence needed to ensure the election results were accepted-'UNV electoral officers were our only real presence and they proved to be extremely professional.' ~ T.N. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Study by the World Wide Fund for Nature&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Structural adiustment, the environment, and sustainable development</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by David Reed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On 29 May, David Reed of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) was in Brussels to present the results of a study undertaken by the WWF, with the support of the European Commission, the longterm consequences of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) on the environment and the use of nature/ resources. Conclusions were drawn from nine country case studies from Cameroon, Mall Tanzania, Zambia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Venezuela, Vietnam and Pakistan. We publish here an abridged version of Mr Reed's general presentation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SAPs, often implemented at the instigation of the international financial institutions, have responded to the pervasive economic problems of the 1980s and to profound changes in the economy in recent decades. The programmes have generally been successful in improving macroeconomic indicators in developing countries. The marketorientation of economies has been increased through liberalised trade and capital flows, privatisation, reductions in regulation and price setting, and cuts in government budgets and programmes. For most developing countries, these changes were essential to economic recovery and adjustment to the new global marketplace.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sustainable development in the social, economic, and environmental sense, has, however, been ignored in SAPs. Many reform programmes have been accompanied by increases in poverty and unemployment, worsening income distribution, and the collapse of social services, environmental protection and state institutional capacities. These immediate costs of adjustment inhibit countries' long-term ability to expand productivity and employment opportunities, as natural resources are exploited indiscriminately to meet short-term needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environmental impacts&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The environmental effects of structural adjustment vary from country to country depending on the specific components of the reform package, the structure of the economy, and the implementation process. The WWF's country case studies reveal particular mechanisms through which structural adjustment has altered resource-use patterns. Some more general patterns also emerge from the studies. Everywhere, cuts in government institutions and funding have reduced the state's capacity to facilitate the transition process, to compensate for market failures, and to provide for long-term and social sustainability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many reforms associated with structural adjustment have the potential to improve both environmental and economic outcomes. However, the failure to implement complementary environmental policies or strengthen institutions and regulations, has created a very mixed environmental record. Increases in poverty, greater production incentives, and the loss of government regulatory capacity, have all aggravated patterns of poor resource use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Extractive and agricultural economies generally increased production in response to greater exposure to global markets. Without proper policies in place, this increase has put a strain on fragile ecosystems. Environmental pressures include increased land degradation and deforestation for agriculture, livestock and timber production; increased production of non-renewables without long-term investment of the proceeds or environmental safeguards; and increased pollution and damage to the ecosystem from unregulated tourism.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The burden of fiscal retrenchment and price changes under structural adjustment have fallen most heavily on the poor, particularly women. The strong association between poverty and environmental degradation has been revealed, as efforts to maintain livelihoods have led to deforestation, land degradation, overhunting and other pressures on endangered species, as well as the unmanaged extraction of nonrenewable resources. Increasing poverty and unemployment associated with adjustment has also added to population pressures in urban areas with insufficient infrastructure exacerbating problems of pollution, disease and congestion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The implications of disregarding the environmental and social impact of adjustment are examined in the various case studies. Structural adjustment has been sustained by the promise that market-orientation and export-led - growth will raise living standards. Evidence from the studies, however, strongly suggests that long-term productive capacity is being destroyed by short-term exploitation of natural resources. Not only environmental but also economic and social sustainability are threatened by the loss of environmental goods and services. Drawing down natural capital has been encouraged by government policies that promote exports and open resources up to international markets. And the process is accelerated by the growing population of poor and unemployed who rely on natural resources for survival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recommendations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following its study, the WWF offers a series of recommendations to reduce the environmental costs of structural adjustment and economic integration, and to reorient structural adjustment aims towards sustainable development. Most urgently, environmental issues must be integrated into structural economic reforms - environmental assessments must become part of the programmes. A strategic vision of the role that natural resources and environmental goods and services could play in the transformation of developing economies is essential to designing appropriate strategies. Efforts to industrialise economies must include consideration of the environmental implications. Social services and environmental institutions must be maintained during the adjustment process to prevent increases in poverty and environmental degradation that have both short-term and long-term consequences for development. Essential services include credit and marketing support to small farmers, income-generating opportunities for women, food-assistance programmes, and promotion of distributional equity. The state's role in providing services which neither the private sector nor civil society can provide, must be maintained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the great variety in economic structures and in the capacity of markets and civil society among developing countries, adjustment strategies and government roles must be tailored to each case. Everywhere, countries must implement national institutional reforms for environmental management. Civil society must be strengthened to allow participation in the adjustment process. International financial institutions promoting and designing SAPs must reform their policies and approaches to implementation in the light of the clear evidence that macroeconomic reforms are having a profound effect on the environment and on the possibilities for sustainable development. Continuing failure to correct these problems on a national level accentuates the concern for addressing issues of sustainability on a global level. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.R. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Culture and society</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Why a Biennial Festival of Contemporary African Art?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dak'Art 96&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first World Festival of Negro Art, held in 1966, was essentially a political exercise. In the post-independence period, it was felt necessary to show the world that the people of Africa (both the continent and the diaspora), had a rich culture which had long been suppressed. The festival - which has never been repeated-is viewed with a great deal of nostalgia by supporters of modern African art and black intellectuals. The better, brighter future, which seemed at the time to be just over the horizon, never quite lived up to expectation. Even before financing problems had surfaced, the festival's fate had already been sealed by petty political rivalries and a greedy pursuit of the limelight. Years later, attempts to relaunch the event met with a lukewarm reception. It was already the beginning of the end as far as ideologies were concerned. In complete contrast, Dak'Art 96 (Dakar, 915 May 1996) set its sights firmly on the market place, nowadays the yardstick by which all success is measured. Its goals were simple: to break into the art market and overcome the generally held prejudice that contemporary African art lacks modernity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An international market for African art does exist, but it concerns itself solely with ancient art- and Africa itself profits little from such trade. Indeed, it would be more accurate to speak of plundering than of trade. The seminar, organised last year by the Terveuren Museum in Brussels on the looting of African works of art, revealed the true extent of the phenomenon. Despite the fact that pirated works fetch considerable sums on the black market, contemporary African artists are faced with a 'Catch-22' situation. Major galleries in Europe, America and Japan do not exhibit their work because African art is ignored by the leading art periodicals; and their work never appears in these publications because it is never exhibited. One reason for the fact that African art is not put on show is that virtually no funds are allocated by international institutions to sponsor exhibitions by the artists in question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many third-world governments do not dare, are unwilling or are unable to include culture on their list of priorities within international cooperation agreements. One exception is Burkina Faso which now boasts a cinema industry as a result. Senegal is trying to follow in its footsteps. But there are not many places in Africa where artists are promoted for the quality of their creative output. The majority of initiatives have, in fact, been on a voluntary basis. The magazine Revue Noire is one of the most significant examples of this approach. A group of aficionados of contemporary African art - indeed with a passion for art pure and simple, whether African or European-decided to try and break the vicious circle. They looked at two options: the establishment of an art gallery of worldwide renown or of an equally prestigious arts publication, and came down in favour of the latter. Thus Revue Noire was born. However, its success was generally given very slim odds: it was seen as too glossy, too expensive and too intellectual. The sub-text here of course, is that a publication about African art had no right to be glossy, expensive or intellectual, especially since the money could have been used for something far more 'useful' to the development of these countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Others, such as Marie-Claire Mwanza from l'Espace Alizes in Brussels, have attacked the problem from a different angle-by exhibiting contemporary African art. Prior to her initiative, there was not a single gallery in Brussels that specialised in this sector of the market, and there are still none that figure on the shopping lists of the world's great collectors. Whatever the price set for a contemporary African work, it is generally perceived as being too high. The contrast with the prices demanded for works by even the youngest European or American artists, even for their very first exhibitions, speaks volumes. African art is too expensive in relation to what exactly ? The answer is in relation to the status accorded to it, which is of course determined by the art world. In other words, a big fat zero if one considers the fact that African art is never exhibited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thanks to Revue Noire, African art has been brought to the major galleries of the Western world. Similar projects have been launched or are in the process of being launched in various countries of the West, such as the magazine NKA in Brooklyn, for example. Exhibition organisers, museums, galleries and those looking to stage art festivals now know on whose door to knock, and the last few months have proved extremely promising. The Guggenheim Museum in New York is currently hosting a major exhibition of African art, and Africa 95, held in London, was swiftly followed by Copenhagen 96. The Guggenheim Museum, moreover, is in a completely different league to the Museum of African and Oceanic Art in Paris or the Museum of Central Africa in Tervueren, Belgium (formerly the Colonial Museum)-it is one of the world's most prestigious temples of modern art. What is more, London's Africa 95, which was so disparaged by African art specialists, who considered it nothing more than a meeting place for traders, did, whether we like it or not, act as a significant catalyst. And what about pirated works of art, such as those plundered from the Niger Valley ? These have found a 'home' in public as well as private collections, pointing to a real need to 'clean out the Augean stables'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A few African artists are beginning to get themselves known within 'the market', but there are still not enough of them. It was with great foresight that the organisers of Dak'Art placed these artists at the top of their invitation list. Another shrewd move was to invite the art market's arbiters of taste to select those African artists who should present solo exhibitions, and to ask celebrated art critics and collectors to form part of the international panel of judges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is probably true to say that Africa has rarely known such a dynamic period of creativity which places it at the forefront of global aesthetic trends. The aim of the Biennial Festival was to underline this fact beyond any doubt. Among those artists who are currently in a position to break into the market, the Senegalese sculptor, Ousmane Sow, probably heads the list. Paradoxically, however, Ousmane Sow's work was not presented at Dakar although he himself was there, his tall, striking figure standing out from the crowd. Despite the fact that he lent his support to Dak'Art 96 and that the opening gala was partly dedicated to him with the magnificent film of Beatrice Soule, Ousmane Sow resolutely refused to display his own work. He has no wish to take part in gatherings of 'African artists'. He is an artist and he is African, but he is not an 'African artist'. 'A Japanese artist is a contemporary artist in this universal world', he argues, 'so why should I allow myself to be pigeon-holed in a ghetto ?' No matter how satisfied and pleased champions of contemporary African art may be with the organisation behind the Biennial Festival, they cannot deny that Ousmane Sow has a point. Having said this, there is no contradiction here, but rather a complementary vision. Sow's stance and the idea behind Dak'Art are part of a two-pronged attack, to borrow a military term. The organisers of the Biennial and Sow himself doubtless saw it in this way, and decided to join forces.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Each time Beatrice Soule tackles the work of an artist, she explores it in a very unusual way, reinventing the arts documentary. Her films are reminiscent of the music of Nino Rota in Fe//ini's films, Rota subjugating himself to the service of the director's work, sublimating his own originality through this extreme humility. It is impossible to picture the images of Federico Fellini without Rota's haunting music. Beatrice Soule saw in Sow's work a love affair between an artist and his sculpture, coming up with the idea of placing Sow's sculptures in the savannah and imagining the intimate interaction between Africa's natural world, which is at the heart of the artist's inspiration, and his works, which the natural world is able to absorb back into itself. The result of this juxtaposition is that the physical work of art is eclipsed by sheer creative force and spirit. The genius behind the work becomes the work, merges with it and is reincarnated in it. The one thing that Soule did not film was Ousmane Sow himself, her images concentrating solely on the creative act. It would be illusory to attempt to explain a Beatrice Soule film, especially this film. When she unveils how the artist tames physical matter, reinventing materials in order to create a work of art, technique simply recedes into the background, becoming blurred and intangible. Whereas others would have adopted a scientific or factual approach, her camera perceives the abstract aspects of the piece-and its gestation. The film was due to be broadcast on the international FrancoGerman arts channel Arte. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If Ousmane Sow's sculptures are characterised by their gigantic proportions, then those of Georges Adeagbo, a Beninois artist whose name is also beginning to be heard in the commercial art establishment, are characterised by their 'fugacity'. Adeagbo's artistic constructions are as fleeting as puffs of smoke, like voodoo symbols scratched out in the sand. His art is symbolic and ephemeral. Once one of his works has been exhibited, all that remains of it is a hollow shell which he has to reinvent over and over again. Adeagbo constructs ideas, using a host of assorted materials which he painstakingly selects over months, even years. Yet despite the meticulous care with which they are put together, as far as the artist is concerned, the materials per se are of no importance. He could convey exactly the same idea using other elements. An Adeagbo piece is not merely a pile of objects. It is neither conceptual art, nor scrap art. It consists rather of 'installations' which rise and spread outwards. Sometimes, he uses specially constructed sculptures. At other times he employs everyday objects- shoes, saucepans, stones, spectacles or footballs. He also works with written material; manuscripts, parchment, pieces of newspaper and books, portraying the written word as both a creative force and a deceptive screen. Adeagbo himself is a man of few words. Perpetually crouched on the ground, he constructs, modifies, touches and observes his creations. Why should these constructions remind us so much of paintings? They are as much a pile of objects as a painting is an accumulation of layers of paint. It is by forgetting the paint that we are able to admire the picture and it is by looking beyond the materials used by Adeagbo that his work truly reveals itself. Indeed, it is a sign of his genius as an artist that the materials never intrude upon our contemplation of his work. In Dakar, Adeagbo's work was shown in the AIDS exhibition organised by Revue Noire. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another artist who took part in the AIDS exhibition, and whose art could well be the impetus behind the new universal aesthetic, the avant-garde (if such a concept has a meaning), is Pascale Marthine Tayou from Cameroon. He was given the honour of presenting one of the five solo exhibitions. Tayou was sponsored by Yakuyi Kawagushi, the curator of the Setagaya Museum in Tokyo, who exhibited his work at the forum organised within the overall framework of the exhibition. While the term 'installation' may best describe the works of Georges Adeagbo's, Tayou's work falls unquestionably under the heading of sculpture. This is despite the fact that the two artists use virtually identical materials. Tayou sculpts from wood, covering his pieces with all manner of manufactured and salvaged objects such as shoes, nails, plastic bags and enormous condoms, or with natural objects such as bits of roots and stones. He then paints the arrangement. The work is dense, unyielding and mesmerising, often etching itself into the onlooker's mind. His sculpture lacks heavy ornamentation, yet its starkness has a rich quality, the theme encompassed by a jumble of material standing out clearly, like the outline of a silhouette. Take his work 'Fight against AIDS'. The piece consists of a wooden frame in the shape of figure-of-eight, with each horizontal line doubled, defining a key element in a tragic body with bulging eyes and a Pere Ubu belly. In contrast to this suffocatingly tragic figure, the brightly-coloured shoes of a Harlequin with a faded costume offer a comical note.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were other creators who could well ruffle a few feathers in the art market that ultimately makes or breaks an artist: Tamsir Dia of Cote d'lvoire (whose screaming figures are reminiscent of Munch), Cheikh Niass of Senegal, Mathilde Moro of Cote d'lvoire and Abdoulaye Konate of Mali. The last mentioned was honoured with the highest award of the festival.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A decision was taken that Dak'Art 96 should encompass other areas of creativity, such as music, design and fashion, in addition to the visual arts. At the gala evening held to inaugurate the Festival, there was a fashion show choreographed in the manner of a ballet. The staging of this can only be described as mawkish. The audience were treated neither to a real performance, nor to a good fashion show. The second fashion spot, which was supposed to present an overview of African design, was also quite pitiful. If the event's organisers decide to keep these parallel areas of creativity in the Festival, then their decision will be solely thanks to the success of the International Design Exhibition. Apart from two or three 'exotic' pieces, this was generally of a very high standard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Community's choice in awarding the prize for creativity to a designer, Vincent Amian Namien from the Cote d'lvoire, was particularly revealing. This artist strips everything down to its bare essentials, creating a line that is so purified as to leave only the quintessence of form. Thus, he creates a chair that is nothing more than a perfect metal triangle, with four boards and four metal wires-and yet offers perfect comfort.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Claire Kane, a fashion designer of Franco-Senegalese descent, had the verve to go it alone and show her collection at the prestigious Salon of Design. Her clothes are characterised by the rejection of all superfluous detail, achieving a fluid line that stylises movement. Following an aesthetic code that has been decanted from the melting pot of the collective costume heritage of the entire continent, Claire Kane is directly involved in the creation of her designs, from the weaving of the cloth to the last finishing touches. In fact, she admits that her true passion is fabric rather than fashion, her favourite material being woven pagne. She often uses silk-screen printing to introduce pattern. She then adds words to the patterns in her designs and, abracadabra, one would think that this is the way it has always been done in Africa. A subtle modernity, combining both past and future, seems to be a recurring motif in African creativity. International artists, still few in number, travel from Dakar to be dressed by her.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If, in the future, the Festival's organisers decide to concentrate solety on the visual arts, this would come as no surprise. On the other hand, it would also make sense to continue to include design and fashion. A country's cultural heritage should be considered one of its raw materials and a source of economic wealth, and unimaginative accountants may have to resign themselves to this fact. Herein lies a possible answer to the question: 'why hold a Biennial Festival of Contemporary African Art?'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegei Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acting against AIDS</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Robert Rowe&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many ways of raising money to fight AlDS have been tried, but one of the most unusual must surely be the approach taken by an official of the European Commission. Robert Rowe, who until last year was an assistant editor on The Courier, put on a oneman show in Brussels and then rook it to the other side of the world to raise money for a voluntary organisation working on AIDS prevention and care in Malaysia. Here is his story of fighting the virus with the power of the theatre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'By the year 2000, South-East Asia will be host to the majority of the world's AIDS cases.' So runs a stark prediction from the World Health Organisation, quoted in a recent paper from a grouping of NGOs affiliated to the Malaysian AIDS Foundation. It goes on to predict that 'the region faces a potential HIV spread of titanic proportions.' In Thailand, a country with a large population and a sad reputation for prostitution, the HIV threat was recognised relatively early and effective public awareness campaigns have successfully reversed the rise in the incidence of infection. But in neighbouring Malaysia, where stricter religious and social attitudes have inhibited wide public discussion of the disease and its methods of transmission, over 13000 people were HIV-positive at the last count-and that is just the figure derived from the small percentage of the population who have been tested. Activists say the true number is certainly higher and it is growing every day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first cases of HIV in Malaysia were found among intravenous drug users and sex workers, and one of the earliest organisations to begin working with people engaged in these high-risk activities was Pink Triangle. This is a voluntary, non-profit-making body which started up in 1987 by setting up AIDS prevention and support programmes for and with the general public and the gay community. Its name, in fact, refers to the pink triangle badge which men sent to concentration camps in Nazi Germany for homosexuality were made to wear. The group has always depended heavily on volunteers to plan and carry out its programmes, which now also involve running a support group for people with HIV or AIDS and a street outreach programme and drop-in centre providing AIDS information, basic medical care, temporary shelter and food for sex workers, injecting drug users and transsexuals. The centre can also provide legal referrals for members of these groups summonsed to appear in court. For the general public, talks, workshops and poster and photo exhibitions are held in schools, hospitals, factories, youth and corporate organisations and other NGOs. Pink Triangle trains its volunteers, too, to provide counselling and information about AIDS and sexuality to anyone who calls up on a confidential telephone line.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The work is serious and vital, but the atmosphere is far from gloomy in Pink Triangle's premises in a lively part of the Malaysian capital, Kuala Lumpur. Though funding comes from several sources at home and abroad, including the European Union, the organisation still has to generate a lot of its own money, and one successful method they have used is to put on imaginative events where fund-raising can be combined with an opportunity to raise public awareness. Last December, for example, they marked the week surrounding World AIDS Day with a string of shows, dance parties, talk-ins and street activities called Pinkfest '95. In venues all over the town, and on television and radio, well-known personalities joined a hundred of Pink Triangle's own speakers and performers to provide education without moralising. The aim was to personalise the issue of AIDS by showing how anyone could be at risk, but at the same time dealing in facts, not fear. Thousands of attractively designed and very frank leaflets and posters put across the virus-busting message in catchy graphics and pithy phrases in several languages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I happened to be in Kuala Lumpur around New Year and saw a video of some of the Pinkfest highlights which set me thinking how admirable an impression of solidarity and self-help the anti-AIDS struggle in Malaysia conveys, and to wondering whether, back in Brussels, it might not be possible for us in Europe to do something to help. It particularly impressed and touched me that while Pink Triangle delivers its message to every single member of Malaysian society, it makes quite clear, even by its name, that it has a special care for some of that society's most downtrodden members, people for whom no one else had ever ventured to speak. Public silence, opprobrium and ridicule make it especially hard to get the safe-sex message through to gay men, especially the young, to transsexuals and sex workers, and as long as there is no cure the only way of containing the spread of infection is by education- and by changing social attitudes. The many women whose husbands or partners are careless about infection also stand to benefit from greater openness and more factual information. But organising all this takes money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It happens that among the multinational English-speaking expatriate community in Brussels there is a thriving amateur theatre scene-in fact they say that if two British people found themselves on an otherwise deserted island, one would immediately put on a play for the other, and the same seems to hold true of the Irish and the North Americans. However, it was less certain that anyone apart from me would want to exert themselves, for the many weeks required to stage a production, on behalf of an AIDS charity in a remote Asian country, so l decided to go ahead by myself and perform a one-man comedy. The play was Brief Lives; it has nothing whatever to do with AIDS, but in its day it was a huge success in London and New York. Adapted in the 1960s by the British actor Patrick Garland from the dusty old memoirs of a real historical figure, John Aubrey, it depicts a day in the life of this 1 7th-century English scientist, historian and wit. As he potters about, an extremely old man, in a garret full of manuscripts and curios, he reminisces about his contemporaries in hilarious and touching vignettes, the potted biographies which give the play its name. Aubrey died in penury, but the picture he gives of a vanished age is now reckoned to be the equal of the record we find in the diary of the better-known Samuel Pepys.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also a great deal funnier, and when I showed the script to various friends I was astounded and moved to discover how many of them wanted to be involved in the project. Eventually we put together a team headed by the director, Anne Wilkinson, a music impresario married to a coal expert from the European Commission, with production, design, stage management, lighting, sound effects, costume, music and offstage voices-not to mention publicity and box office-provided by other friends from the European institutions or the private sector. The five performances were given in June in a small theatre just adapted from a pottery workshop, and altogether the Brussels showing made a profit of some 110 000 Belgian francs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We had expected just to send this donation to Pink Triangle through the post, but to our immense pleasure they said they would like to see not just the money but, if possible, the play too. By ingenious compression the designer, Burt Baum, managed to cut the essentials of the set down to three sheets painted to give a three-dimensional effect, we put the voices and music on cassette, rolled up the costume tightly and worked out that the whole play, thus reduced, could be got into one suitcase. There is a little theatre company in the Pacific ACP state of Vanuatu called Wan Smol (One Small) Bag which actually gave me this idea. So off I went to Kuala Lumpur with this bag, and did the play another five times there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The staging in Malaysia was done by an adventurous outfit called Instant Cafe Theatre. This young company has a reputation for pushing forward the boundaries of public discussion with topical plays and supports Pink Triangle's aims and work. Brief Lives was well outside their usual repertoire, as well as being spoken in the English of 300 years ago. My worry was that bringing such a Western and Eurocentric entertainment might be resented as cultural imperialism in a country with three great and fascinating cultures of its own, Malay, Chinese and Indian, each with its own style of drama. But it turned out there was a local tradition of amateur dramatics in English, particularly Shakespeare, and that English is the usual lingua franca for speakers of different Asian languages. What went down unexpectedly well was the depiction of an old man nearing death and reviewing the best moments of his life; as the character puts it in the play, 'When a boy, I did always love to converse with old men, as living histories,' and Maiaysians have a particular regard and affection for the elderly. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I came away from Kuala Lumpur with many charming memories: the unfailing, sweet-natured enthusiasm of the audience; the relief on the first night as I stood on stage in a floor-length costume of three layers, designed to suggest London in midwinter rather than to cope with the equatorial heat of the Malay peninsula, and realised that the stage was air conditioned. The night when this air conditioning blew out a vital candle on the stage, and a man in the front row lent me his highly un-17th-century lighter to get my clay pipe going. The Chinese friend who gave me a genuine antique opium pipe to add to John Aubrey's collection of exotic curios. The delicious succession of Asian chicken dishes which the stage manager produced for me to eat on stage, cooked in very un-English coconut milk or glazed with rice wine. The work permit which specified I could perform as an artiste but must not 'sit out' or dance with the audience! The theatre's resident singer asking if she could add the play's Elizabethan theme song, with lute accompaniment, to her repertoire.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taking this play to another continent was a fascinating cultural experience for me as a European, and I hope for the audiences too it was something more than just a painless way of being relieved of money in a deserving cause. At any rate the theatre asked if they could have another play soon, one in which Malaysian actors could be incorporated as well. As for Pink Triangle, some of its leading lights were packing their bags to go to Vancouver for this year's International AIDS Conference, but before they left it was a pleasure to hand over the proceeds of the whole venture and to hear that the organisation will use the money to develop a drop-in centre for people approaching them in person for the first time. Some first-timers are understandably timid about coming to the unfamiliar (and clearly signposted) premises for help or information, and a private space where they can talk in confidence is something Pink Triangle has always wanted to provide but could never find the funds for, as the project or programme money they get from their regular donors is invariably tied to what outsiders might think were more urgent priorities. It is not only the headline grabbing schemes which have useful effects: a quietly welcoming space where someone can be himself or herself may do more to dispel an individual's fear and ignorance than publicly visible campaigning, especially where religious and social pressures against certain types of nonconformity are strong. In fighting HIV/AIDS, we must try whatever works. And empowerment must begin with the self. It was a great privilege to be welcomed in like any other volunteer wanting to help bring about a necessary change. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;R.R. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA-Bulletin</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Earthen architecture</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Materials, techniques and knowledge at the service of new architectural applications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Hugo Houben and Hubert Guilland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major building material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The importance - both in quantity and quality- of unbaked earth constructions in the world is very little known. Believed to be of ancient origin, (it is associated with the early civilisations of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus and Huang He), nowadays, earth is not usually regarded as a major building material. This is despite the fact that it continues to leave an undeniable and distinctive imprint on the architectural landscapes, both rural and urban, of many countries. Unbaked earth is still, in fact, a major building material, being used extensively by people to erect homes and other buildings. Although sites of human occupation have seen constant regeneration with the passage of time, unbaked earth construction has persisted. Excavated from the soil itself, and moulded by the hand of man (or trampled by beasts of burden), the result is a building material which is used in all forms of construction-from simple huts and modest homes, to farm buildings, large houses, urban blocks, religious edifices, castles and palaces. The skills employed are based on knowledge acquired and refined over a long period of time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A contemporary building material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the use of earth in so called 'advanced' countries has declined in the 40 years since the end of the Second World War, in the developing countries it has continued unabated. In the former, the industrialisation of construction and other sweeping changes have rendered obsolete ancient techniques based on the use of local skills and materials, and on mutual help within communities. In the latter, various factors have dictated the continuing use of locally available solutions, materials and knowledge. These include shortages of processed materials (which are costly in both foreign currency and imported energy terms), the widening of the development 'gap', the accumulation of debt contracted within the international monetary system and the survival of local life-styles in which people are accustomed to coming to get her for mutual help for survival. In these countries, which have no industrial means, and which are to be found in various latitudes across the world, earth remains the main-if not the only- building material. Do these circumstances mean that it is a poor material, fashioned using outmoded techniques and unsuitable for promoting the development which is so necessary? The answer to this question is a clear 'no'. On the contrary, the materials and techniques involved are generally of a high standard. They can ensure true architectural quality, allowing communities to continue creating their private or public living environments, and to integrate their buildings into a coherent framework of self-generated development which makes the most of the resources available, both human and material. In fact, scientific and architectural research into earth as a building material, and on related building techniques, has made considerable progress in recent decades. Combined with investments made by industrialists and construction companies, the result is that we now have a wide range of properly mastered production procedures and technical solutions available. These offer great flexibility in meeting a wide range of possible applications.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Making a mark on world architecture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recent global surveys, although partial (covering about 30% of the world's housing), have given us an indication of how extensively earth is used in construction. In developing countries alone, 50% of the rural population and 20% of those living in urban areas are believed to be concerned. The figures, which are drawn from the combined data of statistical surveys in various areas, and from bibliographical information, almost certainly underestimate the true position. They show, for example, that 60% of the housing in Peru is in moulded bricks or rammed earth. 83% of the houses in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, are made of earth. More than 70%of India's housing stock is constructed out of moulded earth bricks or using successive layers of earth, and these buildings provide shelter for nearly six hundred million people. In France, many rural dwellings are built from unbaked earth and one finds, for instance, that in the Dauphine region, up to 90% of the buildings in certain villages are made out of rammed 'pise' earth. Finally, in California, there were estimated to be almost 200 000 'adobe' (sun-dried earth brick) dwellings by 1980 and the use of this material was growing at the rate of 30% a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Closer examination reveals that the whole world bears the indelible stamp of earthen architecture. Earth is used in Africa-in humble shelters built on leased land and in the great granaries of the continent. It is found in the palaces of the Hausa emirs of Nigeria, the ksours and kasbahs of Morocco and the mosques of Mali. In the Middle East, you come auoss it in the tightly-packed neighbourhoods of Ispahan and Iran, the fortified dwellings of Najran in Saudi Arabia, the multi-storey earth blocks of Shibam and the valley of the Hadramaut in Yemen. In Europe, there are the mouded brick farms of Aquitaine and the baroque and neo-classical castles of the Saone valley. And bringing in other parts of the world, we might mention the pueblos of the New Mexico Indians, and the houses built by the Hakkas in the Chinese province of Fujian, laid out in their characteristic concentric circles. The use of unbaked earth in building may be seen as a vestige of past history, but it is actually a living framework for history in the making.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Realistic uses for the future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Confronted with the energy crisis of the 1970s, oil-dependent industrialised countries were forced to look again at tried and tested technical solutions which were now proving to be too 'energy-greedy'. The building sector did not escape this reappraisal and the search began for ways of reducing energy consumption both at source (covering the production and use of building materials) and further down the production chain (maintenance). Research on biomass and solar energy ran in parallel with experiments to update traditional materials and to attempt to rationalise the production process. Earth again became a focus of interest, with government institutions supporting a considerable amount of new research and experimentation. This covered applications in both the industrialised world and in developing countries, research for the latter being undertaken in the context of bilateral or multilateral cooperation. With the threat to the ecological balance posed by pollution, degradation and the plundering of natural areas, this interest in developing materials and techniques that are inherently friendly to the environment has not lessened. In many places, people are becoming increasingly involved in controlling and managing their living environment. The field has been opened up by qualitative research, a new awareness of the available options and an increase in leisure time. With techniques now at hand that are easy to use and economical, a greater measure of (partial or complete) selfhelp building is now possible. The USA, Australia and Germany all encourage new forms of intervention in building which give greater responsibility to the occupier in the creation of his living environment. Viewed from this perspective, earth as a building material has definite advantages and plays an important role.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In developing countries, burdened by debt and confronted by an urgent need to build on a scale unprecedented in history, imported materials, techniques and energy are largely inaccessible to the majority of people, and their use may contribute to promoting 'bad' development. Building with earth emerges as an efficient shortterm way of producing houses or public buildings such as schools, which are both economical and of high quality (being culturally and climatically suitable). Decision-makers in these countries are well aware of this and have mobilised 'upstream' feasibility studies in their education and public housing programmes. The research covers local resources and knowledge, and the use of labour intensive techniques that generate employment and enable the population gradually to become 'monetarised'. The days of costly experimentation, often with no practical result, are now over. A new confidence in the resources that are available must be encouraged. There needs to be an increase in building completions and those who built them need more training. Today, this is happening in Mexico (850 earthen houses recently built in the state of Zacatecas) and in Burkina Faso (6000 school classrooms constructed by 1995.) No fewer than forty million homes will have to be built between now and the year 2000 for the urban population of Africa alone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Studies show that for most of the people involved, there is no choice but to employ local materials, most often earth. One can thus predict that at least 20% of urban and pert-urban housing in African countries (about eight million units), will be built in earth over the next ten years, at a rate of eight hundred thousand units per year. If demand from rural areas is added to this, one gets some idea of the scale of the task facing decision-makers and builders. The use of earth and other locally available materials is unavoidable, and should be encouraged.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environmental advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is particularly important to enumerate the many advantages of building in unbaked earth from the point of view of the environment. This issue, one of the contemporary problems facing society, is increasingly moving centre-stage, and in the future, it is sure to play a greater part in political, economic, social and cultural strategies linked to the planning and improvement of the quality of life. Here we refer to the concept of the environment in the widest sense of the word, ecological, economic, technical, health-wise and psychological, cultural and human.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the ecological environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In terms of pollution and degradation, unbaked earth offers a highly positive picture:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not contribute to the deforestation which results, for example, from the use of organic resources for firing baked earth materials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not consume any nonrenewable energy (oil, gas, etc.) at source for the processing and production of materials, or further down the production line in their application. This is in sharp contrast to the production of cement, lime and other conventional binding materials, and steel.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- By exploiting strata on construction sites, it allows a considerable saving in energy for the transport of materials.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not contribute to a degradation of the landscape as does the extraction of minerals and ores which hollows out hillsides and creates open cast sites. A great deal of the earth excavated in the course of large public works (notably roads and motorways) can be recycled and used in building (allowing very easy decentralised distribution).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It does not contribute to the diminution of resources of aggregates such as gravel and sand, excavated either from quarries or from water courses, in insular sites or lagoons. The latter can endanger the ecological balance of these natural environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It uses very little water which is essential for the life of the people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It produces no industrial or chemical waste and has the additional advantage of being almost entirely recyclable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the economic environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It is often comparable in cost with, or indeed more economic than competing technologies and requires no major financial mobilisation for its generally light production infrastructure. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It guarantees rapid amortisement thresholds for bankable investments thanks to its low infrastructure requirements for usable production.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It contribution to local flexibility, being readily susceptible to a decentralised approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Throughout the production process, it creates employment and monetary added-value which can be injected for development purposes into other sectors of the economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- By allowing savings in energy and foreign currency, it contributes at the macro and micro economic levels of the building sector, to a considerable reduction in developing countries' debt and to the balance of payments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the technical environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It has thermophysical and hydric properties (good conductivity, energy retention capacity, thermal differential, delayed temperature differences etc.) which help ensure comfortable temperatures:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It normally only requires simple production and application tools (moulds, presses, light shuttering, normal masonry tools, etc.) which are widely accessible to masons and self-help builders.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of health and the psychological environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Not only non-polluting in its use, it also guarantees the absence of harmful effects in the context of daily life (no gaseous emissions or other toxic chemical components, radioactive emissions etc.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It contributes to psychological wellbeing by the architectural exploitation of its inherent characteristics; these include the surface texture, colour, form and luminosity of the material. It thus makes an active contribution to the beauty of the living environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From the point of view of the cultural and human environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-It maintains the traditional architecture heritage of the area in question through the use of local materials and thus plays a part in the respect for, as well as the survival and updating of, cultural, architectural and urban environments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- It allows local populations to take charge of the production of their built environment and thus contributes to the expression of the democratic rights of all to control their living environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future of earth on the move&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In her work entitled 'A Fate Worse than Debt' (Penguin Books, 1988), the famous political commentator, Susan George, analysed the debt situation of developing countries and attempted to determine the basis for a positive resolution of the problem. Her approach focused in particular on solutions involving repayment in creative values or 'in kind' rather than in strictly monetary means. At the end of her analysis, she put forward eleven potential solutions to allow this repayment in kind and to launch a coherent approach for the development of less advanced societies. One of these recommendations was that it would be necessary to develop 'the study and survey (and if necessary the improvement) of local building techniques, in particular earth architecture ('pise' or 'banco').' Ms George argued that new buildings, particularly public ones, should be constructed using these techniques.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is clear that various solutions are being considered for the future: one in which building with earth, using a wide range of local techniques, will have a new technological, social, cultural, ecological, economic and political role of paramount importance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Various methods of utilisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The technical, constructional and architectural possibilities of earth are very extensive. The study of popular traditions and of traditional knowledge throughout the world has enabled some 18 different methods of utilisation of the material to be identified, each in itself capable of being applied in a wide variety of ways. This wide construction potential has enabled the building of modest shelters, village houses, urban blocks, religious edifices and palaces. This is not to say that other traditional materials do not have an important role, but the sheer diversity and flexibility of earthen architecture probably cannot be equalled.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As was indicated earlier, the use of earth as a building material has given rise to numerous applications using a wide variety of production and construction techniques. Some of these techniques are still used in traditional construction many countries, some have been abandoned, while others have only recently been the subject of developmental experimentation. It is worth noting that there is a register of the principal techniques, mainly associated with processes using moulds, shuttering and direct shaping. The six most widely used techniques are: 'adobe', 'rammed earth', 'straw clay', 'wattle and daub', 'cob' and 'compressed blocks'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these six, three (wattle and daub, straw clay, and cob), are highly traditional, while the others (adobe, rammed earth and compressed earth blocks) have recently been the subject of spectacular evolution linked to the modernisation of production machinery and methods of application. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p094.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The use of earth&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The courierâs mailbag</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Plea for African solidarity&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thank you sincerely for your report on the second plenary of the Global Coalition for Africa which appeared in the March-April 1996 edition. As a 'displaced' Liberian, I would like to comment on some of the issues reported in the article.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First, I hope that Africans recognise and appreciate all that former President Jimmy Carter has done and continues to do for our beloved continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, I support the view of Ms Johnson-Sirleaf and President Afwerki of Eritrea that we, as Africans, must invest in ourselves and in productive endeavours in our own countries. However, given the number of civil wars, that have resulted in displacement of our peoples and migration of the labour force, it is imperative that we also begin to think of and recognise each other as Africans first - and only then as members of whatever ethnic group we belong to. As a Liberian with professional qualifications who relocated to Ghana in 1992, I met with opposition and resentment because of my nationality and sex. I subsequently went to the Caribbean where my acceptance as an African was easier.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When there is a population movement, the psychological impact associated with feelings of rejection and intimidation is severe. Sub-Saharan Africa will never develop or reach its fullest potential until we begin to think and act as a united, yet diverse group of people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I agree that it is important to develop our homelands first, but in the case of Liberia, Burundi or Rwanda, where no one seems to understand the concept of peace or the idea of having a future, it is crucial that the displaced be respected and accepted as fellow Africans. It would be even better if we were afforded the opportunity to integrate and assimilate into society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ciata A. Bishop, Grand Cayman.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What about Guinea-Bissau ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I am a student from Guinea-Bissau reading international law and political science at the Social Science University in Toulouse. I have also been a faithful Courier reader for more than seven years. In the March-April issue of 1996, you published an article on fisheries by Anthony Acheampong entitled 'A vital food source in West Africa'. You gave the figures for fish production in 16 West African countries-but did not mention my native country! I should point out that Guinea-Bissau consumes and exports a great deal of fish, and the product is an important source of foreign exchange to the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;F.J. Alves d'Almada, Toulouse, France.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Media and democracy in Southern Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I refer to the article with the above title by Francis Caas which appeared in issue no. 154 of The Courier (November-December). I enjoyed reading the text which examined the emergence of a free press due to the advent of political liberalisation in the Southern African region. However, I wish to make a correction as to what I think is a misrepresentation of fact. The author said, and I quote: 'The installation of a democratic regime in 1994 (in Malawi) enabled the MBC to begin broadcasting in all languages spoken in the country'. This is not actually correct although the Malawi Broadcasting Corporation, apart from broadcasting in English and Chechewa, has since introduced Tumbuka on the radio. I felt it was important to put the record straight on this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Disher G.DJ. Pindani Lecturer in Public Administration, Chancellor College, Zomba, Malawi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Corrigenda &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In issue no 157, a number of 'author' footnotes were inadvertently omitted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pascal Dotchevi, author of 'Togo: the victory of the taxi. bikes' (p.11) is a journalist on Kpakpa Desenchante, a satirical weekly published in LomÃ© &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Piritta Sorsa, author of 'Banking and securities' (p.13) works at the IMF office in Geneva.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yves Delafon, author of 'Developing consultancy work in the ACP countries' (p.15) is the director of a consultancy and President of the Federation of External Trade Associations in Provence/ Cote d'Azur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;N'Gone Fall, author of 'Fashion; Out of Africa.. the breath of inspiration' (p.53) is a journalist.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also in issue 157, some errors appeared in the article entitled 'Sparks fly in Namibia'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the introductory section it was stated that secret harlots were held on resolutions relating to Nigeria, Niger and Sudan. This should have read Nigeria, Niger and Equatorial Guinea; a resolution on Sudan was passed by normal, open vote procedure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the heading 'The future of LomÃ©' the ACP Generai Rapporteur vvas refered to as Mr Firmin, which is the forename. The General Rapporteur's surname is Mr Jean-Louis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the fifth paragraph under the same heading, there was a reference to Helena Torres Couto. This should have read Mr Jose Manuel Torres Couto. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bibliography</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;L'Afrique est-elle protectionniste- Les chemins buissonniers de la liberation exterieure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Is Africa protectionist ? Greater economic freedom via the maze)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Beatrice Hibou. Karthala Publications (22-24, boulevard Arago, F-75013 Paris). 1996. 334 pp. ISBN 286537-633-8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This volume offers a clearsighted analysis of the foreign trade policies of African states, fraud, smuggling and the way in which the franc zone operates, giving a definitive, reformulated account of structural adjustment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In her approach, the author is critical of both the liberal political economy and the new trends (the 'new political economy' end the neoinstitutionalist trends) which perpetuate the division between the economy and society. She refers to K Polanyi for whom Man's social relationships include economics and in whose opinion the economic system is managed as a function of non-economic motives.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;From this starting point, Beatrice Hibou demonstrates the part played by the unexpected and the unintentional in economic policies as they currently exist, revealing that coherence in foreign-trade policies on the part of African countries is not an economic priority but a socio-political one. In this connection, she shows that structural adjustment programmes have been unsuccessful in making any real impact on protectionist practices, at least in terms of their political and historical bases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After an overview of (legal or illegal) foreign-trade practices in contemporary Africa, protectionism is clearly alive and well, although much less widely applied and effective than about a decade ago. The reduction in the State's legal powers has meant increased freedom for 'informal networks', various types of dispensation, and an increase in fraud and smuggling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the basis of Jean-Francois Bayart's opinion, dating from 1989, the author suggests that the explanation is to be found in the specific nature of Africa's economic history, which is one of independent means, a lack of production and management of dependency without the way in which it operates being affected. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Reality of Aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Independent review of international aid. Pub.: J. Randel and T. German. Earthscan Publications Ltd. (120, Pentonville Road, UK London N1 9JN). 1996. 244 pp. ISBN 1 85383 292 8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Reality of Aid (now an annual publication) compiled by two NGOs; Eurostep and ICVA, aims to highlight the extent to which donor aid helps developing nations, looking beyond the official publications of governments, banks and inter-governmental bodies. It contains a useful critique of the European Union's various aid policies and the respective bilateral policies of each of its 15 member states, as well as those of other Western nations like Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United States. This year's review highlights, in particular, the need to mount more projects to alleviate poverty, despite aid commitments becoming more scarce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It says, for example, 'Too much aid is being squandered by governments on projects which have more to do with commercial and political advantage than poverty eradication. Rigorous evaluation needs to identify those programmes which can make an impact -and aid must increasingly be directed only to these areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;International aid to developing nations has fallen off over the years. In 1994, members of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee-21 of the world's richest countries-allowed their aid to fall to just 0.3 % of GNP, the lowest level for more than 20 years. The review stresses the need for donors to address in particular; policy coherence (environment, agriculture and consumption policies are all linked to poverty), the effectiveness of aid, the failure thus far to invest in people and the fact that the amount of assistance going to health and education is stagnating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The review also features analytical case studies of various donor activities in selected developing nations (India, Fiji, Cambodia, Peru, Zimbabwe) and looks at Western assistance to post communist countries in transition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A chapter on the European Union's current development policies, edited by Mirjam van Reisen, a Brussels-based Eurostep researcher, criticises the lack of coherence of EU aid with its Member States bilateral programmes-an issue which is likely to come more to the fore as other European nations join the Union in the next millennium. Ms van Reisen also claims that there are too few staff running the EU's development policies and suggests, in particular, that there is a lack of expertise in the social and poverty areas. She stresses the importance for the EU's political leaders of giving more political clout to the EU's development policies at the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC), which is currently engaged in revising the EU's treaties. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">News round-up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">In brief</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trafficking of women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European Commissioner for immigration policy and legal affairs, Anita Gradin, will set to work with fellow Commissioners over the coming months to draw up a European Union action programme to clamp down on the trafficking of women which she describes as, 'the modern slave trade'. This comes hot on the heels of the Vienna European conference on trafficking of women, held on June 10 and 11, which was co-hosted by the European Commission, the Austrian government and the International Organisation for Migration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ms Gradin told journalists on June 12: 'I will put forward to the Council and the European Parliament a communication on the trafficking in women for sexual exploitation. This will cover migration policy, police and judicial cooperation, and social aspects to support and protect the victims. It will also consider European relations with the source countries, where the women are recruited.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Vienna conference highlighted the need for cooperation between Member States and third countrie from which women are lured into prostitution in Western Europe. Recommendations, which are expected to be part of the EU policy, include setting up central national units in each Member State to exchange information.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commissioner told the participants in Vienna: 'The slave trade in women is growing, a slave-trade that aims at sexual exploitation. No part of the world seems to be free from this degrading treatment of women. Women are bought and sold like cattle or commodities. They are deprived of their rights and their dignity. And the direction of the trade is the same all over-it is women from poor conditions that are forced into a deplorable life by men in richer countries.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;She cited a typical case of one woman from the Dominican Republic from the book 'Stolen Lives' by Sietske Altinks: 'One day I went to visit a friend who was going to discuss job opportunities in Europe. I went with her and met a schoolteacher who knew somebody called Juan who could get me a job in the Netherlands. When I went to see him, his associates told me that I would easily find employment in a beauty parlour.' She ended up in prostitution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ms Gradin continued: 'The consequences for the women are dreadful. Often, they find themselves deprived of their freedom to move and decide for themselves; they are often locked up and subjected to violence and sexual exploitation. And should they be able to free themselves, they are regarded as illegal residents and expelled.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; Aid for development in the field of communication&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A seminar was held under the auspices of the United Nations in the Belgian Parliament on 6 and 7 June, on 'the future of international development cooperation: new challenges for communication'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union was represented at the event, among others, by Colette Flesch and Steffen Smidt, the directors general respectively of DG X and DG VlII of the Commission. Mrs Flesch gave a presentation at the opening session in which she highlighted the various communication approaches adopted by the European Community in its efforts to counter what appears to be a growing lack of interest in development aid on the continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Smidt, who spoke in the second session of the seminar, began his presentation with an anecdote, citing a text displayed at the entrance to a Federal building in Washington. This states: 'Taxes are what we pay to have a civilised society'. Paraphrasing this sentiment, the Director-General argued that, 'development assistance is what we pay to have a civilised European Union.' The question, he went on to pose, was whether we were paying enough ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of the participants painted a discouraging picture of the situation facing the world's poorest countries in a world of advanced communications and increasing globalisation. Almost all were pessimistic about the impact of the socalled 'information super highways' on the least-developed nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the most striking interventions came from Mabbub Ul Haq, the former Finance Minister of Pakistan, who spoke just after Mr Smidt in the plenary meeting, as well as at one of the discussion workshops. Mr Ul Haq urged the creation of a UN Economic Security Council, arguing that the main risk of global conflagration lies in the disparity that exists between rich and poor, now that the dangers associated with the Cold War have receded. One of the most acute issues under discussion was the growing challenge to the received wisdom that technical assistance is essential for consolidating national capacities. The evidence of 40 years of technical assistance would suggest otherwise (with 95% of funds set aside for this purpose going to foreign experts). Indeed, it was argued that those countries receiving most technical assistance per capita, had 'benefited' least from the system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In his second contribution, Mr Ul Haq painted a somewhat more encouraging picture, pointing out that the shaky 0.3% share of GNP allocated to development aid by the industrialised countries had achieved miracles in terms of increased life expectancy (up by 17 years) and the doubling of school enrolments in the countries of the South.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Round one of the South Africa-EU talks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa gave no immediate response to the European Union's proposals for a bilateral trade agreement at the first round of high level negotiations in Brussels on June 20. The talks were headed by Dr L. T Links who is South Africa's new Ambassador in Brussels and for the KU, by the Director General for Development, Steffen Smidt. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most difficult subject to negotiate will be future terms of access for South Africa's farm produce. The European mandate, which was agreed by EU Member States on March 25, foresees the exclusion of 39% of South Africa's farm produce currently sold to the EU from the planned free trade area. Applying World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules, the EU wants a scaled dismantling of barriers to trade in both farm and manufactured goods over a 10-year period, with a maximum of 12 years for a few highly sensitive items. But the EU has agreed to 'asymmetry' whereby, in some areas, it will open up its market to South Africa at a faster pace than vice versa. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Abdul Minty, deputy Director General at the Foreign Affairs Department in Pretoria, who is one of ,the chief negotiators, explained that South Africa had not yet responded to the terms because it is still consulting internally with the National Economic Development and Labour Council and with its partners of the Southern African Customs Union (Botswana, Swaziland, Namibia and Lesotho). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During a recent visit to Brussels, South Africa's former agriculture minister, Dr Kraai van Niekerk and his deputy, Mrs Thoko Didiza, told reporters that as it stood, the EU's mandate was 'anti-developmental'. Dr van Niekerk said he would like to see citrus fruit, in particular, removed from the list of exclusions. He also sought to dispel the fears of some EU Member States who wish to omit a larger proportion of South Africa's farm produce from the FTA, for fear of competition with equivalent EU produce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr van Niekerk stressed the 'complementary' nature of South Africa's farm production. He pointed out that his country's growing season was at the opposite time of year to that of the EU and noted that South Africa's output of farm produce could only increase by about 2%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EU spokesman, Joao Vale de Almeida, said that progress had been made during the Brussels talks on aspects of South Africa's 'tome protocol'. This is aimed at giving South Africa certain benefits from the LomÃ© Convention- some eligibility for South African companies to tender for LomÃ© contracts and the partial extension of the LomÃ© rules of origin to South African exports. It was originally planned that the LomÃ© protocol should be implemented at the same time as a bilateral trade accord, (on January 1 1997). Mr Vale de Almeida spelt out that although it would not be technically and legally impossible for the LomÃ© protocol to come on stream without the bilateral pact, it would be more practical if the two could be implemented at the same time. A second round of talks is expected to take place in the autumn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Echo Media Awards&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On 29 June, the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) launched a Television and Radio awards scheme to reward high-quality coverage of humanitarian affairs. Prizes will go to programmes produced or co-produced by independent production companies and/or broadcasting stations in the 15 EU countries which have been transmitted in a Member State on terrestrial or satellite television or radio between January 1 1995 and September 1 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Judging by a panel made up of NGOs, environmentalists, politicians and the media will be in six categories:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People on the move-a television documentary on the humanitarian consequences of sudden or forced population movements; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the minds of the people-a TV documentary on the psychological trauma in crisis situations; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forgotten conflicts-TV coverage of a long-running crisis forgotten by the mainstream; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vulnerable groups-TV coverage of the hazards encountered by women, children and the elderly in rebuilding their lives; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Broadcast commitment-to a radio or TV station for consistent, high-quality coverage of humanitarian issues; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Radio award-for the most incisive and analytical coverage of an emergency or humanitarian crisis. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Announcing the scheme, EC Commissioner, Emma Bonino, said: 'These awards give us an opportunity to acknowledge the vital role that broadcasters play in raising awareness of the issues at stake in imaginative, accurate and moving ways. They also serve to remind us of some of the basic European values such as solidarity and humanitarianism that have sometimes been eclipsed by barrages of headlines about mad cows and fish wars.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Entries for this inaugural year must be submitted by September 19, 1996. Details can be obtained from: Mandy Duncan-Smith, Media Natura (UK), tel: (44 171) 240 4936 fax: (44171) 240 2291 E-mail: medianatura@gn.apc.org&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Posters featuring contemporary Bantu art&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the framework of its cooperation programme with the Commission, CICIBA (Centre international des civilisations bantu-B.P. 770-Libreville- Gabon) has recently launched a series of large format reproductions featuring contemporary Bantu art. Thirteen works have been chosen, displaying a representative selection of art forms-painting, sculpture, engraving and moulded leather. The posters, more than 5000 of which have been printed in quadrichromic colour, have a 40 x 60 format. They are also available as postcards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The artists featured are Marcela Costa (Angola), Assouambo (Cameroon), Daikou (Central African Republic), Mouanga Nkodia (Congo), Abdou Moeou (Comoros), Pambou Boulaz (Gabon), Jose Menan (Equatorial Guinea), Protais Hakizimfura (Rwanda), Protasio Pina (Sao Tome &amp;amp; Principe), Silu Kinanga and Munyenz Tshibangu (Zaire) and Mulenga Chafilwa (Zambia).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CICIBA has also put together a similar series on ancient Bantu art. The fourth bi-annual exhibition of contemporary Bantu art, which has received some support from the European Commission, was due to be staged in Luanda (Angola) during July and August.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Links between technology and society&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For more than 50 years, technological innovation has been regarded by many writers in the field as the motor of economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, with rapid developments in the media sector and the emergence of 'information super-highways', the whole world is talking about the emergence of a new society dominated by 'smart' technology linked with research and creativity. This trend gives rise to many questions. Will the information be made available to all, and if so, when ? Will it lead to a change in North-South relations? Can we imagine what a world of 'tale-working', 'tale-education' and video on demand will be like ? What will the cost of all this be? Will biotechnology rescue the world or be the cause of its downfall ? What will the consequences be for the environment ? And in a globalised world, what standards and norms will be used ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In short, what is the real nature of the relationship between technology and society; between science and humankind ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fifteen universities of the EEA (European Economic Area) from Oslo to the Basque country and from London to Athens (taking in Roskilde, Maastricht, Louvainla-Neuve, Namur, Strasbourg, Lausanne, Sienna, Bari, Madrid, Valencia and Lisbon), have come together to offer a multidisciplinary course focusing on these key questions. During the first term, classes in theory and seminars are offered (in the local language of the institution) by experts from the academic world and the public and private sectors. Visits are also planned to multinational companies and laboratories. For the second half of the course, the students gain a wider European dimension by 'changing' university (with grants from the Socrates programme). The bulk of their time at this stage will be spent preparing a research dissertation in English on a topic which fits in with the specialisation of the host institution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For further information on the ESST&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;programme, contact:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. E Lints (UCL-Belgium)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. (32) 01047.82.60&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prof. T. Nguyen (FUNDP-Belgium)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. (32) 081-72.49.09&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The institutions at work</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Common foreign and security policy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the European Union has recently issued a number of statements, details of which are set out below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Antipersonnel mines&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 13 May 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the closure of the Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the European Union recalls that it has, in recent years, redoubled its efforts to combat the severe consequences caused to civilians by the indiscriminate use of land mines, in particular anti-personnel mines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The KU, which adopted joint action in May 1995 in order to reconfirm its commitment to the objective of an overall strengthening of Protocol 11 of the CCW, considers that the achievements of the Review Conference (such as the extension of the scope of Protocol II; the strengthening of restrictions on the use of mines; the new and immediate prohibitions regarding transfers; the provisions on technological cooperation and assistance; the regular review mechanism, etc), taken together, are significant steps forward, both in terms of the land mines protocol itself and of the development of international humanitarian law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The KU, however, underlines that the resuits of the Review Conference fall short of its expectations and of some of the goals set out in its joint action. In particular, the EU should have liked an effective and binding verification mechanism and no periods of deferral of compliance, or at least much shorter ones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is convinced that the conclusion of this Review Conference is only the beginning of a challenging process which requires constant and widespread efforts and persistence in order to fully achieve its basic humanitarian objectives. The EU will continue to seek solutions to the problems caused by antipersonnel land mines and will strive towards the goal of their eventual elimination as stated in UN Resolution 50/70 (O). In the meantime, the Member States of the EU will seek early ratification of the amended Protocol II, as well as of the new Protocol IV on blinding laser weapons, and will take urgent steps to ensure their compliance with all the provisions of these two protocols pending their entry into force.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU will also continue to make active efforts with a view to achieving universal adherence to the CCW, since its objectives can only be effectively attained through implementation of its provisions by the widest number of states and parties to conflicts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Furthermore, the EU recalls its determination to pursue its contribution to the international mine clearance efforts. The EU has already contributed to the UN Voluntary Trust Fund, financing, in particular, projects in Angola and Mozambique as well as in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. In addition, the EU will consider the possibility of conducting specific demining actions and will continue to seek to that effect the contribution of the WEU to the elaboration and implementation of such actions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Central and Eastern European countries associated with the EU (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) and the associated countries Cyprus and Malta, as well as the EFTA country members of the EEA, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway, align themselves with this statement.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Great Lakes region and the situation in Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 24 June 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU's objectives and priorities with regard to the Great Lakes region are to secure peace, to consolidate the process of national reconciliation in the countries concerned, to facilitate a return to normal democratic life, in particular by restoring the rule of law, and to encourage economic and social recovery.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Aware as it is of the close links between the various political, economic and humanitarian problems in the region and of the serious risk of destabilisation which remains, the EU would emphasise the need for a comprehensive approach and a regional dimension in the search for lasting solutions to the crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It considers that the presence of over a million and a half refugees in the region constitutes a major factor of destabilisation and that their return to their countries of origin in safety and with dignity is essential if peace is to be restored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It appeals to the Heads of State who signed the Cairo and Tunis Declarations to comply with the undertakings they gave, so as in particular to stop trafficking in arms and the training of the various militia and armed groups which serve only to increase insecurity in the region. It would point to United Nations Resolution 1053 in this regard and also the measures in the plan of action adopted by the Bujumbura Conference (12 to 17 February 1995) for the prevention of subversive activities in countries of asylum. The EU also emphasises the importance of deploying United Nations observers in airports and at frontiers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is increasingly concerned at the deteriorating political and human rights situation in Burundi and at the increase in violence. The persistent clashes, spreading over different parts of the country, and the killings and atrocities committed against the civilian population could well involve Burundi in a spiral of permanent conflict.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU strongly condemns all recourse to violence, which will never bring about a solution to the country's problems, and appeals to all the factions in the country to begin negotiating a resolution of their differences and to agree on an immediate, general cessation of violence. It supports the initiatives taken by the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity to restore peace, as well as former President Nyerere's current efforts in this area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It fervently hopes that the talks taking place will result in a national dialogue open to all factions within the country. It also expresses its support for the ongoing efforts made by various bodies and eminent figures such as former Presidents Carter and Toure, and Archbishop Tutu.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU would point out that it too has taken initiatives aimed at resolving the crisis and recently appointed a special envoy for the Great Lakes region, Mr Aldo Ajello, to assist the current efforts of the United Nations, the Organisation of African Unity and other bodies and individuals, and specifically to lend support to the organisation of a regional conference under the joint aegis of the UN and the OAU to examine and resolve the deep-rooted causes of the crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU remains convinced that such a conference must be convened as soon as possible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reiterates that it is prepared to assist with specific measures to promote peace and reconciliation in Burundi, in particular the organisation of a national dialogue, support for action to promote human rights and the restoring of the rule of law. It is furthermore willing to continue funding the presence of OAU observers and United Nations human rights observers in the country. It is also prepared to help with the economic and social recovery of Burundi as soon as political and security conditions allow rehabilitation programmes to be set up in the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: progressive restoration of aid&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 28 June 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union takes note of the fact that the regime in Niger has announced the results of the country's constitutional referendum and has lifted the state of emergency and the ban on political parties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU takes the view that Niger has thus met the conditions set out by the Council on 13 May 1996 for the progressive restoration of cooperation. In the first instance, this will take the form of: -support for the electoral process; -aid for structural adjustment which, at present, needs to be focused exclusively on the most pressing needs in the social sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Council will continue to follow closely the situation in Niger, in particular as regards the preparation and conduct of the presidential and legislative elections.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arusha summit on Burundi&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 5 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recalling its declaration of 25 June 1996, the European Union congratulates President Mkapa on the organisation of the Arusha regional summit, which has produced constructive proposals on the conflict in Burundi. It expresses appreciation for the untiring efforts of former President Nyerere and reiterates its support for his peace initiative.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU encourages the region's Heads of State and the Organisation of African Unity to commit themselves resolutely to supporting and giving substance to the Arusha recommendations and to contribute to the restoration of security in Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU expects the President and the Prime Minister of Burundi to fulfil the undertakings they gave at the Summit to overcome the crisis in Burundi and, with the help of the countries of the region, to put an end to the violence which is destroying the people of Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU calls on all the political forces of Burundi to seek a political solution and to give a favourable reception to regional initiatives to restore peace to their country. It calls the attention of all the parties to the conflict in Burundi to the fact that it condemns all forms of violence and that it will not recognise a government that has taken power by force of arms. Only peace, a peace consolidated at regional level, can guarantee the security of all and lay the foundations for economic and social development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is prepared to support the realisation of the Arusha objectives with a view to restoring peace and security in Burundi. It reiterates its readiness to help Burundi in its economic and social recovery when political and security conditions make it possible to begin its rehabilitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reiterates the need to convene the Conference on Peace, Security and Stability in the Great Lakes Region under the joint aegis of the United Nations and the OAU.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: support for the OAU Resolution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 15 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recalling its previous Declarations and Common Position on Burundi and, in particular, the Declarations of 25 June 1996 and 5 July 1996, the European Union warmly welcomes the Resolution on Burundi adopted by the Organisation of African Unity's Assembly of Heads of State and Government in Yaounde on 8 -10 July 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Union particularly welcomes the reaffirmation by the OAU of its support for the Mwanza Peace Talks under the facilitation of former President Nyerere and its encouragement to him to continue with his efforts based on and incorporating the principles of sustainable democracy and security for all the people of Burundi and an all-inclusive negotiation process. The Union reiterates its appreciation of the untiring efforts of former President Nyerere and its support for his peace initiative in this context.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The declaration in the Resolution of the OAU's full support for the outcome of the Arusha Summit of 25 June 1996, especially the acceptance of the request by the Government of Burundi for security assistance in order to complement and reinforce the Mwanza peace talks, as well as creating conducive security conditions for all parties to freely participate in the Mwanza process is also welcomed by the Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reaffirms its willingness to support the realisation of the Arusha objectives with a view to restoring peace and security in Burundi. It remains ready to help Burundi in its economic and social recovery when political and security conditions make it possible to begin its rehabilitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Visits</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The President of Haiti&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The President of the Republic of Haiti, Rene Preval, visited the Commission on 11 June. He met with President Jacques Santer, Commissioner Joao de Deus Pinheiro (responsible for relations with the ACP States) and Commissioner Emma Bonino (responsible for humanitarian aid).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President Preval thanked the European Union for all the support it had provided both for the restoration of democracy in Haiti and for the country's economic development. He spoke in particular of the discussions that are currently under way with the Bretton Woods institutions aimed at restoring Haiti's economy. The President indicated that an economic recovery programme would need balance of payments support to the tune of $119m during 1996, as well as assistance for a range of economic sectors amounting to a billion dollars over a three-year period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For his part, Professor Pinheiro expressed satisfaction at being able to welcome the President at a time when the democratic process in Haiti was functioning normally and institutional consolidation was taking place. In a statement to the press, he said it was an appropriate moment 'to evaluate our cooperation and to strengthen it in a way that will contribute to economic and social development' in Haiti. He added that it was essential for the Haitian people to recognise that democracy was worthwhile. Professor Pinheiro also welcomed the normalisation of relations between Haiti and its neighbour, the Dominican Republic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The President of the Dominican Republic&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The newly-elected President of the Dominican Republic, Leonel Fernandez Reyna, had a working session at the Commission on 15 and 16 July.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This trip to Brussels was the President's first overseas visit in his new capacity, following his election on 30 June. Indeed, he had not yet formally assumed office at the time of his visit. His inauguration was due to take place on 16 August and the President-elect extended an invitation to the Commission to attend the ceremony. Mr Fernandez Reyna's subsequent itinerary included visits to Spain, France and the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Support for human rights</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently approved the financing of the following projects under the budget line 'Human Rights and Democracy in the Developing Countries):&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea: ECU 120 000 for a project aimed at actively involving members of the National Assembly in the institution's functioning, and in the democratisation process taking place in the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: ECU 72 000 for a human rights training programme in schools in both urban and rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria: ECU 118 000 for a human -rights training programme to be run in educational establishments and through itinerant projects in regions lacking education infrastructures. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji: ECU 119 000 for a project to support a non-partisan, multi-ethnic civic forum, aimed at contributing to the achievement of a consensus among various social groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non-ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal: ECU 59 112 to safeguard texts which are essential to the preservation of Tibetan culture. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nepal: ECU 30196 for the archiving of slides and photographs depicting art objects in order to preserve the culture and traditional techniques of Tibet. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines: ECU 61 750 for a mission to identify the areas in which strategies for human rights and democracy could lead to positive and lasting changes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sri Lanka: ECU 84 314 for a programme of information in the field of promoting equal opportunities and non-discrimination &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Aid for rehabilitation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently decided to finance the following projects in developing countries affected by serious civil disturbances or natural disasters:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: ECU 847 000 for an integrated programme covering the rehabilitation of agriculture and basic infrastructures, training in demining, hygiene and self sustaining development in Kipungo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: ECU 185 000 for the rehabilitation of basic infrastructures (water, health, education and housing) In the province of Luanda. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea: ECU 353 947 to support the rehabilitation and development of basic &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;health care services in the south-west of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea: ECU 575 197 for the rehabilitation of water supplies and community development in the town of Hagaz. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 515.685 for the rehabilitation of primary care and water supplies in the Warder area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 455 630 to help the rehabilitation of repatriated people and displaced persons in the Borena area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 308 475 for the rehabilitation of health care and water supplies in the Hararghe area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 848 000 for a programme of support to upgrade medical infrastructures. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 590 000 to consolidate the water sector and rehabilitate livestock infrastructures in Maputo and Gaza provinces. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 500 000 for the second phase of a programme to help reestablish and reintegrate displaced people in Milange. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 241 259 for a project designed to revitalise livestock producer groups, make available essential veterinary products and support cattle production in the landward prefecture of Kigali. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 411 751 to provide professional training in primary health care. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 805 475 for an environment rehabilitation project in the prefecture of Kibungo. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 437 622 for the rehabilitation of primary schools in the southwest of the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rwanda: ECU 94 650 to train laboratory technicians. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 626 439 for the rehabilitation of wells and water points in the Nugal region. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 423 687 for the creation of enterprises involved in making bricks and earth blocks in order to assist in the rehabilitation of rural habitats. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 1 491 117 for a tree-planting project around the Virungas National Park as part of a rehabilitation programme directed at Rwanda's immediate neighbours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 213 536 for operational and methodological support for rural development projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 645 120 for technical assistance in the follow-up and evaluation of rehabilitation projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 551980 for a programme to rehabilitate schools and provide support for the education sector. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">European development fund</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic and social infrastructure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi: ECU 1.9 million for the rehabilitation and construction of customs facilities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 11 million for resurfacing and improvements to the runway at Lusaka international Airport. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji ECU 1.8 million for the rebuilding of three bridges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade promotion/ structural adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Member states of SADC (Southern Africa), ECOWAS (West Africa) and ECOCAS (Central Africa): ECU 500 000 for a follow-up pilot project relating to industrial fore in different sectors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana: ECU 1.9 million for a tourism development programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djibouti: ECU 4.1 million to support the 1996-97 structural adjustment programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Netherlands Antilles/Aruba: ECU 5 million for a tourism promotion programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture/ rural development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Madagascar: ECU 1.9 million to support professional organisations in the field of rural credit. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swaziland: ECU 1.4 million to build a bridge at Maphobeni, to facilitate rural development in this area. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swaziland: ECU 1.5 million to improve the storage and commercialisation of maize. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Health&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Benin: ECU 700 000 to enhance the security of blood supplies in the Oueme, Mono and Atlantique departments. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Education/training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Botswana: ECU 15 million for a training programme directed at SMEs, independent operators and the unemployed. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 1.05 million for a programme designed to strengthen training and research capacity in the economic field. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Member states of IGAD (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda): ECU 1.9 million for a training programme for the commercialisation of cereals. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lesotho: ECU 1.3 million for a community reforestation programme in the Lesotho Highlands. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Institutional support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djibouti: ECU 250 000 to provide technical support for the computerisation of the National Bank's accounting system. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: ECU 1.8 million to support the electoral process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 1.7 million for an assistance programme for the National Authorising &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Officer covering the management of funds allocated by the European Community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 1.5 million for the first phase of a tourism development programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cariforum countries-Antigua &amp;amp; Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Bahamas, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St Kitts &amp;amp; Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent &amp;amp; the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago): ECU 725 000 in technical assistance for the programming unit of the Cariforum General Secretariat. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All ACPs: ECU 5 million to strengthen fisheries management and biodiversity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 1.5 million for a pilot project in the field of decentralised cooperation. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 12.5 million for a community development programme in the battle against poverty. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 47 million for the second rehabilitation programme. The focus will be on productive activities (livestock, agriculture and fisheries), the social sectors (health, water, sanitation systems and education), the private sector (revenue generation, job creation, SMEs), the public sector (training, establishment of institutions), demobilisation, and the integration of former combatants &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 1.6 million for a programme to combat poverty including, in particular, the provision of credit to micro-enterprises. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zaire: ECU 2 million to support the integration of displaced people in Kasai. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">European investment bank</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Africa: A loan of ECU 56 million for Eskom, the public electricity company, for the modemisation of part of its electricity distribution network.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Humanitarian aid</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: ECU 14 million for a global assistance programme covering food and medical aid, the distribution of equipment and demining operations. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 500 000 for the distribution of essential food products and to meet the special nutritional needs of children in the north of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cote d'lvoire: ECU 340 000 to help combat cholera and yellow fever among refugees from Liberia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ghana: ECU 140 000 towards the setting up of a camp for 'boat people' arriving from Liberia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guinea: ECU 160000 for the distribution of food to refugees from Liberia and Sierra Leone. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Senegal: ECU 250 000 towards the fight against cholera, notably in the town of Touba.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sierra Leone: ECU 4.2 million for food and emergency medical aid (to combat cholera) for people displaced by the civil war. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 1.5 million for a measles vaccination programme and for medical and food aid for victims of the internal conflict. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Southern Sudan: ECU 13 million to finance ECHO flights, and for food, medical aid and the provision of water supplies, for civilian victims of the conflict, notably in Khartoum and its environs and in the refugee camps in the north of Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non - ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua: ECU 1.5 million for medicines, essential provisions, drinking water supply equipment and training actions in the area of epidemic prevention. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peru: ECU 800 000 for shelters and medical assistance to people in the process of reestablishing their homes having fled from the violence that has occurred over the past ten years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ex-Yugoslavia: ECU 102 million for various emergency operations. The breakdown of this aid, by country, is as follows: Bosnia-Herzegovina-ECU 77.45 million; Croatia-ECU 11.95 million; Serbia-Montenegro-ECU 12,6 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Russian Federation: ECU 900 000 for street children in St Petersburg and homeless people in Moscow. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Afghanistan: ECU 7 million for a coordinated aid programme covering public health measures, the provision of drinking water, hygiene and refuse collection. The aid will be directed both at the people of Kabul and at other provinces of the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kirghizistan: ECU 3.6 million for the purchase and distribution of food. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tadilkistan: ECU 8.9 million for a food and medical programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bangladesh: ECU 300 000 to help victims of the tropical storm that struck in the middle of May. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Food aid</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Angola: 15 000 tonnes of cereals, 2000 tonnes of oils and 3000 tonnes of beans amounting to a total value of ECU 20.075 million. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/ec160e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/ec160e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/ec160e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2684 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/ec160e/ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">432133</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://ec160e/ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://ec160e/ec160e.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courier - NÂ°160 - Nov - Dec 1996 - Dossier Habitat - Country reports: Fiji , Tonga</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Settlements, Housing, Building - Infrastructure Construction (Roads etc)|Settlements and housing: general works incl. low- cost housing, planning techniques, surveying, etc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Development Periodicals and Magazines|The Courier ACP 1990 - 1996 Africa-Caribbean-Pacific - European Union</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Courier - NÂ°160 - Nov - Dec 1996 - Dossier Habitat - Country reports: Fiji , Tonga (ec160e)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">EC Courier</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">ec160e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215045</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">ec160e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p15.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p32.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p48.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p90.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country reports&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji is home to people of a variety of cultures but it would not be accurate to describe this Pacific island country as a 'melting pot'. Politics here are dominated by the difficult relationship between indigenous Fijians and the descendants of indentured Indian labourers brought in to work the sugar cane fields. We look at how this situation affects the economy -  which everyone acknowledges has considerable potential, and examine the prospects for ethnic rapprochement as the nation begins a 'great debase' on the future shape of its Constitution. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga appears like a haven of tranquility in a turbulent world. A society which respects hierarchies and is strongly attached to 'traditional values', it is also one of the few remaining places with a hereditary ruler who wields substantial power. But outside influences cannot be ignored altogether and nations everywhere are having to adapt to living in the 'global village'. Our report focuses on the possible consequences of this for the 'Friendly Islands' as the new millenium approaches. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dossier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Habitat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of 'habitat' conjures up different things to different people - from the right to a roof over one's head to the way in which we manage the flora and fauna of the planet. In our dossier, we consider the legacy of the United Nations 'Habitat' Conference held in Istanbul earlier this year. We also highlight some of the initiatives being taken to improve the quality of people's living environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgements</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier: Africa  - Caribbean - Pacific - European union&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Address: Postal address (mail only) 'The ACP-EU Courier' Commission of the European Communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 Brussels Belgium &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Courier office address (visitors) First floor Astrid Building 1, rue de Geneve Evere- Brussels Belgium&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publisher Steffen Smidt commission of the European communities 200, rue de la Loi 1049 - Brussels (Belgium) Tel. 00-32-2-299 1111 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Director of Publications&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominique David&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Simon Homer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Assistant editors&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Augustin Oyowe&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeanne Remacle&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Associate assistant editor&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hegel Goutier&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Journalist:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Debra Percival&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Production Manager:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dorothy Morrissey&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Secretariat:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Carmela Peters&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fax: 299-30-02&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Circulation:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Margriet Mahy-van der Werf (299-30-1 2)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Meeting point</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Jacques Bugnicourt, Executive Secretary of Enda Tiers Monde</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main development battle must be fought in the towns and cities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Founded in 1972, Enda Tiers Monde ('Enda' stands for 'environment and development') is one of the few large international NGOs to be based in a developing country. It has a presence in a number of states in Africa, Latin America and Asia and has been concentrating its efforts on towns and cities, in the belief that this is where deprived populations can be best assisted. Jacques Bugnicourt, who is Enda's Executive Secretary, has some strong views about what needs to be done to tackle the problem of urban deprivation. When we interviewed him at the Enda headquarters in Dakar, Senegal, we began by asking him about the history of the organisation that he heads.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - When we launched Enda, I am not sure that we had any particular goal in mind. You would have to go back to the end of the 1950s, with the war in Indochina, the approaching conflict in Algeria, the independence of countries in Africa and the last-ditch struggles of the colonial powers, notably France. It was in Paris that links were forged between activists from many Third-World countries - in particular, we all took part in the street demonstrations mounted by people from the French colonies. There were some very strong groupings like the Federation of Students from Black Africa, and its equivalents set up by students from the Maghreb, Latin America and Asia. Ten years later, in the 1970s, we could see that the independence experiment was turning sour and the hopes we vested in the actions of determined and brilliant people had come to nothing. The United Nations was becoming increasingly bureaucratic. Some of our friends and colleagues who had government posts had their hands tied, while others were in prison and were equally powerless. In addition, the communists were disappointed at not being able to apply their doctrine to local conditions. Some did, in fact, manage to achieve small-scale results locally when working at the grass-roots, but by and large, their efforts were not successful. I came to Dakar, where I taught in a United Nations institute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A lot of people had theories. But you cannot take up the battle for the poor without the poor themselves, or for those under the yoke of colonial rule without the participation of the subjugated population. To begin with, you have to appreciate the diversity of the various peoples in developing countries, and be aware of their daily life and struggle. Cesaire wrote that you had to ask questions about the soil, about cities, about men and about the sun. Later, once you have done this, you can act.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We need to dismantle the barriers. There can be no agronomy without economics, and no economics without sociology. If you are talking about jobs in Senegal, you also must talk about jobs in Mali and Guinea - treat Africa as a whole. Another thing is that you have to stand up for yourself and not allow yourself to be manipulated by people from the developed countries. One of the major problems we have noticed is that part of Africa's elite is out of touch with the general population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These are the underlying reasons for the foundation of Enda. Nowadays, it is a non-profit-making international organisation working with various communities - an 'INGO', if you like, with the 'I' standing for 'international'. We have bases almost everywhere in the Third World, from Ho Chi Minh City to La Paz.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is each section of Enda independent, then ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. We took the view that there was a danger of becoming too centralised and acting like a small-scale UNICEF or UNESCO, so we decided to guard our independence very carefully. We opted for the widest-ranging autonomy possible. This has its drawbacks of course, but these are far outweighed by the advantages.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mention drawbacks. Would it be true to say that the original enthusiasm which greeted the creation of Enda has fallen off somewhat ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's something we are always concerned about. It is not structures which maintain cohesion, but the sharing of goals and the channelling of our actions towards the common good.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the various sections get together, we find that we have a great many things in common. But there is no good reason why those of us in Dakar should try to influence the way people work in working-class districts in Santo Domingo, for example, where they are trying to tackle problems like AIDS and unemployment. We simply tell them what we are doing here and vice versa. If you want to serve the people, you have to have a decentralised set-up. It would be wrong to deal with a problem centrally, and to do so would be against our instincts. Most of us have no particular liking for institutions. An institution must be of service in the battle, not the other way round.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· How do you guarantee cohesion in practice ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It costs a great deal to travel of course, but we do have a lot of joint programmes. For example, the cities programme includes people from Bogota, Santo Domingo, Rabat, Dakar, Ho Chi Minh City and Bombay, all working together. They meet from time to time and, when they do, it is to get down to practical work. Together, their work is, say, three-quarters practical and one quarter reflective. Nevertheless, there is ongoing tension, particularly in the relationship between overall policy and local demands. Another conflict arises between grass-roots action and reflection.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The impression one gets is that you yourself are the 'cement' between the various groups which make up Enda. Could this not be seen as a weakness which may make things difficult in the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's what other people say, not what I think. I try to make my presence useful and those who come after me will do the same. What really holds us together is our belief in what we are doing. It is not a question of adhering to some kind of 'monolithic' faith. We simply believe that we can be of use, recognising that there are many limitations. Let me give you a practical example. If someone involved in recycling in Bogota were to meet up with someone from a poor district in Dakar who works at the rubbish tip, they would have a great deal in common and would find it useful to compare their problems and consider practical ways of solving them together.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What are your most important activities in Senegal ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - By far the most important is the one covering the city of Dakar. As well as being a focus for the country itself, Dakar is a metropolitan centre for the entire sub-region, with influence over Bamako, Conakry, Bissau and perhaps even Praia in Cape Verde and Nouakchott in Mauritania. What happens here has repercussions in all those cities. I do not want to sound too dramatic, but the decisive factor in our destiny will be the fate of young people and the poor in the major cities. Two-thirds of these people are facing chronic problems. Those under twenty make up more than half the population and their lives are continuing to spiral down into poverty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enda should obviously be operating in those areas where it can be of most use. And in the context of towns and cities, we have completely reviewed our strategy. For some years we gave priority to the countryside. For a long time, in fact, we believed that rural development would permit a much improved urbanisation process. There was even the view that people in developed countries would not object to paying a little more for agricultural produce, because they could be certain that the money was going to those who actually grew the cotton, groundnuts, cocoa or whatever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the last fifteen years or so, though, we have come round to the view that our actions must be directed principally at towns and cities. We found initially that there were some interesting projects involving small groups - working to improve the position of children or banding together in cooperative savings ventures. It was good, long-term work which gave results. But that is all out of date now. We have to speak in terms of much larger numbers  -  tens of thousands and not tens or hundreds. Otherwise, there is no chance of making a real difference. That is why we have considerably altered our strategy. Three years ago, approximately two thousand children were able to go to holiday camps. Most of these holidays were paid for by companies, but fewer than 10% of the beneficiaries were genuinely poor. Last year, no fewer than 10 000 children were sent away on five days' holiday -  to the coast near Dakar. Enda was involved in this programme working with 200 local cultural and sports associations. The idea was to give the children the chance to splash about in the sea, but also to use African resources to help them become full citizens and learn that our diversity is the source of our wealth. There are at least 100 000 children living in misery and many of them could end up joining the ranks of the street children. If you can give these youngsters five days holiday plus a bit of follow-up, you allow friendships to be built. It offers a brief escape from everyday reality. It may not be paradise, but it is something tangible.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another example is the tontines that have been formed into a federation. We currently have nineteen thousand women participating in these and if you bear the large family sizes in mind - there are perhaps ten people in every family - that represents a lot of people. The women pay into the tontines and the money is used, not just for the security of their immediate family, but also to help young people set themselves up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Then there is rubbish collection. Enda runs its own scheme but there are also a number of groups that have turned rubbish collection into a profession. The young people collect the rubbish and recycle it. There are about 50 000 people in the biggest district where we are involved in rubbish collection. There are also some young people in that district who are engaged in water recycling and although it only involves supplying about a hundred people at the moment, I believe this scheme will grow. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We also organise schools and are currently involved in making films for schools on the subjects of the environment, hygiene and solidarity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Enda has just opened an 'eco-centre'. If I understand it correctly, this is a showcase to promote a horizontal link between Enda's various activities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That is right. We want it to be a place of passage, meeting, exhibition, permeation and redistribution. We hope people will feel comfortable there, and that it will be a tool symbolising a new way of working. So the centre offers an experience, but we also want it to be used to promote activity. A variety of events have been organised there simultaneously - recently for example, a meeting of shoe-shiners, a gathering of teachers from a long-standing educational centre, an exhibition for the Biennial Festival of Contemporary African Art, and a local-community meeting about setting up a small production facility. Two days earlier, there was a preliminary holiday-camp meeting where the instructors got together to look at the best available teaching methods designed to make children more aware of the importance of solidarity. We believe that solidarity is essential in tackling problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So the centre has a multitude of uses, all of which contribute to the vitality of the local economy. You have to understand the crucial importance of the local economy. It responds to all the basic needs of the poorest people, who want to live their lives just like the rest of us.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You talk of depending on the local (what some would call the informal) economy to live - or at least survive. But this sector is not viewed with enthusiasm by the international authorities ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Their policy is based on domination and fear: fear of those who accumulate assets. To see these hordes of people in the developing countries frightens them. It's a bit like the horror of the wealthy classes at the end of the nineteenth century when faced with a working class which dared to aspire to wealth. They will give to charity but are not prepared to make a long-term investment. The lack of support for the local economy stems from the fact that foreign aid is geared, first and foremost, towards major projects or emergency aid. Four or five years ago, the UN conducted a survey in 10 towns and cities in West Africa, but the results were not published because they showed that the average rate of growth of the local economy was 7.5%. So, you see, we are far from just muddling along. Great things could be achieved if only there were a change in attitude. It also requires a change of terminology. How can one justify the use of the word 'informal' and, worse still, treat the work of the poorest people and fraudulent activities under the same heading. Fraud may be formal or informal. Knowing African society as I do, I am aware that fraud is statistically more widespread amongst the prosperous and highly respected. So we must not cast stones at the little man selling socks who has no trading licence because he cannot afford one, or at the woman who sets up a stall at a school entrance without complying with the law which requires a recent certificate stating that she does not have tuberculosis. What is the bottom line here ? Must we respect the law or the people who want to live without being thieves, beggars or prostitutes ? It is unacceptable for force to lie with the law and for the majority to be cast into wretchedness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Senegal, there used to be fixed prices for milk. The World Bank protested, declaring that this was a restriction on free competition. Now we have to pay much more and many people can no longer afford to give their children-milk every day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To put it in perspective, Senegal's economy is about the same size as that of the city of Bordeaux. So we must use all the available potential. Highly qualified managers should do their job looking after the high-tech sectors. But, at the same time, we should not be driving out the poor people who are just trying to eke out a living. The informal sector creates services for a very small investment, and people also require services. Economic policy must allow society to walk on two legs, not just one. What that means is that we need a great deal of flexibility, and perhaps a complete review of the law. Contraceptive implants have to be licensed so that there are no more back-street abortions. And it must be possible for girls to attend school even if they do not have a proper birth certificate - why should they be excluded from education for want of a piece of paper. It should be possible to trade with a simple one-day ticket which people should be able to buy in post offices or cinemas. What would be wrong with that? And we should have a moratorium on a number of regulations. We need to wage war on the destitution that we are suffering and that means taking decisive measure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ACP</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Joint Assembly begins discussions on future ACP-EU relations</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the agenda was, as usual, heavily laden with a variety of long-standing issues ranging from regional cooperation, fisheries, the cocoa content of chocolate and bananas to the situation in several ACP states (in particular Rwanda and Burundi), the future of ACP-EU relations was at the forefront of discussions at the ACP-EU Joint Assembly, which was held in Luxembourg from 23-26 September 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Opened in the presence of the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, the Assembly's general attitude was not one of speculation as to whether or not the European Union would abandon the ACP states when the LomÃ© IV Convention expires in the year 2000 - a feeling that was rife shortly after the signing of the revised version in Mauritius in November 1995. Instead, it was one of positive thinking and of exploring the kind of agreement that would succeed it. 'There is no question of the European Union getting out of a relationship which took decades to build', Luxembourg's Prime Minister Jean-Claude Junker, told participants in his welcoming address.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As pessimism gives way to guarded optimism, ACP-EU parliamentarians have taken an important initiative, even before the Commission's Green Paper is published, in what is bound to be a long and passionate debate. A special summit of ACP Heads of State is planned for Gabon later in 1997 to discuss the issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Options for the future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A general report, introduced by Mr Firmin Jean-Louis (Haiti), provided the main platform for the Joint Assembly's deliberation. Although presented too late for representatives to have the opportunity to examine it in detail, the exchange of views on the floor was wide-ranging and reflected the report's content to a considerable degree.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report encapsulates all the ideas that have emerged so far in various fore. It analyses framework options for future ACP-EU relations  -  bilateral, regional and multilateral - and raises pertinent questions and concerns. Noting that international cooperation is increasingly dictated by economic and security considerations, and that North-South solidarity is, as a result, being pushed to the background, it regrets the fact that certain EU member states appear to indicate a preference for bilateral over multilateral cooperation. The author of the report warns that this trend would not only diminish the credibility of the Union but also its international influence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any instrument of cooperation, the report says, should take into account the different levels of development among ACP states as well as the regional vocation of many others. Its objective must be poverty eradication, sustainable economic and social development, and the harmonious integration of the ACP states into the global economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It recognises the need to secure the support of European public opinion which is largely unconvinced that EU aid to ACP states has been effective over the past 20 years. Not enough publicity; it says, has been given to its positive aspects. The report goes on to warn that solidarity and development are at stake and that the debate on the future of ACP-EU relations should not be left to politicians and technocrats. It should also involve wider civil society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Joint Assembly debate, the commitment of EU political leaders to the development of the ACP states was often called into question. Francis Wurtz (EUL-F) summed it up when he said there were worrying signs that the EU intends to downgrade its relationship with the ACP states - signs which go back to the negotiations on the LomÃ© IV second financial protocol, when several countries refused to increase their contributions to the 8th EDF. The EU draft budget for 1997, which he said revealed a substantial reduction in the funds allocated to the developing countries outside the Mediterranean region, provided further evidence of this. 'We must be vigilant,' he told his colleagues, 'and must not allow the LomÃ© Convention to be revised downwards.' Mr Wurtz agreed that greater efforts were needed to create awareness and mobilise European opinion in favour of development. The European public should know that EU development policy was not based on charity but on self-interest. 'Without Africa developing, Europe has little chance of maintaining growth in the long run.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lord Plumb (EPP-UK), the European Co-President of the Joint Assembly, admitted that it would not be easy to influence European public opinion. 'One of the roles of the Joint Assemby,' he said, however, 'must be to ensure that the peoples of Europe have confidence in the progress being made by the countries of the South. We must all help in this task of confidence-building.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Glenys Kinnock (PES-UK) urged that there should be as much participation as possible in the ongoing dialogue over future ACP-EU relations in order to bridge what she saw as 'the gap between rhetoric and reality.' Equity, she argued, should be the main objective.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP Co-President, Sir John Kaputin (Papua New Guinea), said there was no doubt that the EU was forging closer ties with the former Eastern bloc countries at the expense of the ACPs. He pointed out, however, that the LomÃ© Convention had always encouraged a 'forward-looking' approach and argued that whatever succeeded the current ACP-EU relationship should be 'the most important' agreement ever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The representative from Barbados, Dr Richard Cheltenham, was of the opinion that whatever the outcome of the discussions, efforts were needed to avoid 'chaos'. There should, for example, be no immediate abandonment of the trade preferences that ACP states had acquired. Transformation must be gradual to enable them to adjust and restructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;European Commissioner, Professor Pinheiro, chose, first of all, to underline the importance of the role of 'the state and civil society' in development. He indicated that he saw this as growing more and more in importance. This was reflected in the agreement signed in Mauritius -  an agreement which seeks to encourage the consolidation of democracy, the rule of law, good governance and transparency, and which emphasises decentralised cooperation and the role of the private sector. the Commissioner spoke about the current programming exercise, reminding the Assembly that resources were being allocated in two tranches in accordance with the provisions of the revised Convention, to take account of each ACP state's development strategy and the objectives and priorities of the Community's development policy. He revealed that only 16 ACP countries and two EU Member States had ratified the revised Convention and urged those that have not done so to accelerate the process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He welcomed the Joint Assembly's initiative in debating future ACP-EU relations. The Commission's Green Paper, he told representatives, will be published in November. He was, therefore, not in a position to enter into detailed discussions with members on the subject at this stage. He stressed, nonetheless, that the document 'will not be a blueprint for future EU strategy towards the ACP countries. It will be a discussion paper.' there were a number of key questions that needed to be addressed regarding strategy, the scope of future relations and the use of the traditional instruments of aid and trade. 'This is not to say that we should start afresh', he argued. 'We should build on what has been achieved so far, and adapt where necessary.' Professor Pinheiro was certain that whatever the outcome of the discussions, there were a number of 'unchallengeable principles' on which ACP-EU relations should continue to be based. These were: partnership, ownership by ACP countries of their development policies, security in terms of EU support and predictability of relations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New areas of concern&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This session of the Joint Assembly saw the emergence of two new areas of concern: urban development, and the effects of climate change on small island states. An initial report on the former was presented by the rapporteur, Daby Diagne (Senegal). It did not give rise to much debate. The report emphasises the pivotal role towns play in economic development and urges the Community to adopt an integrated policy on urban development (See our interview with Mr Daigne in the Dossier). The latter was the subject of a full morning hearing, involving a panel of ACP-EU experts who are closely involved with the problem. They warned of the threat posed by global warming to the survival, and even existence, of many islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The emission of greenhouse gases, the Assembly was told, has reached levels never before experienced (see the article which follows). Representatives agreed on the need to integrate climate change considerations into sustainable development strategies. A Working Group on the issue was set up with Karin Junker (PES-G) as general rapporteur.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cocoa and babanas&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was no avoiding the intractable problems of cocoa and bananas. On cocoa, opinions were divided as usual. There were those who felt that the Commission's proposed new directive allowing chocolate to contain vegetable oils (up to 5% of total volume) in place of cocoa butter, was reasonable. The proposal also involves a labelling system to ensure that the exact contents of the product are clearly indicated Advocates of this strategy argued that it would not only widen consumer choice but would also promote the export of shea-butter and other vegetable oils which a number of ACP countries produce. Opponents were worried that if implemented, the directive could lead to a big fall in cocoa exports and a commensurate loss of earnings for ACP cocoa producers. Magda Aelvoet (Greens-B) argued in favour of maintaining the status quo, saying that this was preferable to what was being put forward in the draft directive. She warned that the Commission propose' would almost certainly result in everyone (cocoa producers, shea-butter producers and consumers) losing out. There was no guarantee that menu facturers would choose shea-butter given that they would be free to use whatever vegetable oils they liked She was certain they would go for the cheapest substitute or even for synthetic products. Accordingly, Mrs Aelvoet proposed a 'freeze' on all proposals. This view was reflected in the resolution passed by the Assembly, which called on the Council to reject the proposed directive. It also requested the sever member countries which currently authorise the use of vegetable oil to comply gradually with the existing directive  -  which bans their use altogether.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The banana issue proved even thornier. There is a dispute at the World Trade Organisation, where the LomÃ© Protocol is being challenged by the United States and Latin American banana producers. Mrs Kinnock expressed anger at the fact that the arbitration panel set up by the WTO is made UP of three countries known to advocate free trade. The panel, she said, is chaired by Hong Kong - which the Organisation told her was representing the 'developing countries!' The general feeling among representatives was that the odds were stacked against the European Union and the ACPs. The Assembly passed a resolution asking the Union to stand firm in defence of the banana regime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Democracy, human rights, peace and security&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty-seven questions were addressed to the Council of Ministers and a further 28 to the Commission. More than a third of these dealt with issues relating to emergency relief operations, democracy, human rights, peace and security  -  recurring themes throughout the four-day meeting. The emphasis, in this context, was on Burundi, Rwanda, Liberia and Nigeria, all of which were considered individually under the agenda item 'the situation in ACP states'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the detailed answers given by Commissioner Pinheiro to questions on Burundi and Rwanda, the Assembly had a long session with Aldo Ajello, the EU's Special Representative to the Great Lakes. The discussion focused on efforts to restore democracy and legitimate government in Burundi, national reconciliation, and the repatriation of refugees from neighbouring countries to both Burundi and Rwanda. Mr Ajello gave members a comprehensive picture of the complex political and humanitarian situation in the region. He spoke of the sanctions imposed on Burundi by neighbouring countries and the efforts of the former Tanzania President, Julius Nyerere, to bring about dialogue and a just political settlement in Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria was again in the dock. Its representative, Dada Olisa, acting Charge d'affaires at the Embassy in Brussels, gave an account of what he considered was the progress made by the Abacha regime on human rights and democracy since the Joint Assembly met in Windhoek last March. He mentioned the repeal of the decree under which Ken Saro-Wiwa and other minority activists were executed, the release of detainees and the transitional programme for a return to democracy by 1998. He pleaded for the Assembly's understanding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;His explanation cut no ice with any of the seven political groupings in the European Parliament, who came together to present a compromise draft resolution on Nigeria. They wish to see all political prisoners released immediately, and the restoration of civil and political rights, as well as a democratically elected civilian government, by the end of 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution on Nigeria was again passed by secret ballot - the very last act of the session. It calls, among other things, for a total arms embargo (preventing the trade in future but also covering existing supply agreements) and for the financial assets of the Nigerian government and of members of the country's ruling councils (and of their families), to be frozen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The resolution does not differ very much from the previous one. Mrs Junker, Johanna Maij-Weggen (EPP-NL) and Mrs Kinnock all expressed disappointment that the EU Council had failed to implement this fully. However, by repeating the demand for sanctions, they said, the Assembly was sending a very strong message to the Council that it was determined to see Nigeria return to democracy as quickly as possible. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Alarm bells sound on small island states</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Climate change&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A morning session of the ACP-EU Joint Assembly was devoted to a public hearing on the effects of climate change on small island states. It was appropriate that the issue should be brought to the attention of the Assembly by Maartje van Putten (PESNL). Representing a country much of which lies below sea-level. she is familiar with the devastating effects of sea flooding. At the hearing, which was very well attended, a panel of invited ACP-EU experts was on hand to enlighten the audience on the extent of the problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although global warning has been on the international agenda for more than 10 years, the seriousness of the threat it poses to the survival of small island states is only now beginning to be taken seriously - and it might already be too late, if some of the most apocalyptic scientific predictions are to be believed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is now growing evidence that global warming is taking place. In recent years, we have experienced more extreme weather conditions - heatwaves, floods and increasingly destructive tropical storms - while there are signs that icecaps are melting and sea levels rising. The increasing incidence of malaria in Africa has been linked to these changes. And it is all happening because of the influence our style of living is having on the planet - in particular the huge emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, from our factories, vehicles and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That the public hearing attracted a large audience was not only a reflection of the interest the problem is now commanding. It also symbolised the mounting international pressure for reductions in CO2 levels in the atmosphere, and for the adoption of more realistic strategies of sustainable development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel of experts comprised Dr Leonard Nurse, Manager of the Coastal Conservation Project in Barbados, Donald Stewart, Acting Director of the South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP), Dr Robert Watson, Senior Scientific Adviser at the Environment Department of the World Bank and Chairman of the second Working Group of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and Neroni Slade, Vice-Chairman of the Association of Small Island States (AOSIS) and AOSIS Coordinator on Climate Change. A separate workshop on climate change was also organised on the same afternoon outside the formal Joint Assembly setting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to Dr Nurse, current estimates based on most reliable models, suggest sea level is rising at the rate of 5mm a year (the 'range of uncertainty' is between 2mm and 9mm). This is two to five times the rate experienced in the last 100 years. This rise is expected to continue beyond the year 2100 even if greenhouse gases are stabilised. The implications for small island states, particularly the low-lying ones, would be severe. 'Atolls such as Tokelau, Marshall Islands, Tuvalu and the Maldives could possibly disappear', he said. 'Major population displacement would be experienced in Micronesia, Palau, Nauru, French Polynesia, the Cook Islands and Tonga.' Meanwhile, small islands with extensive coastal plains and limited upland areas such as Barbados, the Bahamas and Antigua, 'would be highly vulnerable to social and economic disruptions', as major cities, ports and tourist facilities, industries, freshwater sources, fertile agricultural lands and even coral reefs are destroyed by typhoons and cyclones, or washed away in floods. 'Given the limitations of climate models,' Dr Nurse said, 'it is not possible to state with certainty at this stage whether there will be a change in the behaviour of tropical storms and hurricanes. However, it is highly probable that an increase in the frequency and intensity of these phenomena could occur in a 'warmer world'. One study, he claims, predicts tropical storms would have a potential destructive force at least twice what they have today.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr Watson, similarly, struck a pessimistic note when he said that the potential for irreversible damage was great. He agreed with Dr Nurse that even if we took measures now to reduce CO2 emissions, stabilisation of the situation will take centuries. He pleaded for climate change to be taken into consideration 'in our everyday decisions.' Governments must not wait for cause and effect to be established before taking action. 'It is,' he said, 'economically feasible to reduce CO2' by introducing appropriate policy measures: looking at supply of and demand for energy, resorting to new and renewable energy sources, nuclear power, etc. and ensuring more efficient land management.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The question of 'burden-sharing' in the reduction of emissions between the industrialised world and the developing countries was debated at length. It was noted, for example, that small islands states are responsible for a very small proportion of the emissions, yet they bear the brunt of the consequences. There was a general consensus that burden-sharing should be based on equity and justice.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It should be noted that the Alliance of Small Island States (which was formed during the Second World Climate Conference in 1990) has called on the industrialised world to achieve a 20% reduction in their greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2005 (The 'Toronto objective'). This, it hopes, would bring CO2 in the atmosphere down to 1990 levels. Whether this is realistic is debatable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, a number of strategy options are being closely examined by the European Commision and the Council with a view to adopting Community-wide measures to reduce emissions significantly by 2005-2010. Member States have made phasing-out proposals with targets of 5-10% by 2005, 15-20% by 2020 and 50% by 2030. This works out at an average reduction of 196 2% annually from the year 2000.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Several parliamentarians wanted to know what the Commission, in particular, had done and will do to help small ACP island states overcome the effects of climate change. It was soon discovered during the discussion that a number of African countries were equally concerned. A Commission representative referred the Assembly to the provisions in the Convention which covered global warming and the special problems of island states. Although there is no specific reference to climate change, the Commission had dealt and would continue to deal with the issue in the broader context of its environmental action. Studies, projects and programmes are being implemented in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean in particular. Furthermore, DG VIII has drawn up internal briefing papers aimed at making departments aware of the issues of climate change and the environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Country reports</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fiji</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Political stability is the key to economic success</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In most of the ACP states featured in our Country Reports, the vital issues are usually economic and social ones. How is a nation with a poor natural resource base to achieve lasting development ? What can be done to improve the skills of the people? How can a vibrant private sector be created ? Can better health care be delivered and how should it be paid for? Some of these questions might well be valid for Fiji but the visiting journalist soon discovers that they are all secondary issues. For this is a country whose political system itself dominates the agenda. The fundamental issue here is the relationship between the indigenous people of Fiji and the descendants of indentured Indian labourers brought in by the British between 1879 and 1916 to work in the sugar cane fields.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji, in fact, is home to people of a variety of cultures. On the indigenous side, the majority are Melanesians but there are also some Polynesians (living on the island of Rotuma). The country even plays host to Banabans, from Kiribati, who were displaced from their homes on Ocean Island to make way for the phosphate diggers. They hold a freehold to the island of Rabi and enjoy a special self-governing status. And while the Indians form the bulk of the non-indigenous population, there are also small Chinese and European communities as well as a number of inhabitants of mixed race.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite this diversity, it would be inappropriate to describe Fiji as a melting pot. Ever since the rapid expansion of the Indian population, official policy has tended to accentuate the divisions. In the early days, it was the British who were responsible for this, although one has to be careful to avoid value judgments. The colonial administrators, it seems, were aware of the tensions that would arise by bringing in large numbers of people of a different culture, language and religion. Their eventual response was to provide guarantees for the local population, notably as regards land rights. The effect was to preserve the traditional land tenure system which was based on villages and families. At the time, it seemed a logical thing to do, but several generations on, the country now has a settled population of Indian origin (43% of the total) who have limited opportunities to own land - even though many of them work on it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the economy has developed, each of the two main communities has found itself 'specialising' in different fields. For example, cane farmers and retailers tend to be of Indian origin while the public service has traditionally attracted more native Fijians. Significantly, the army is almost exclusively filled by indigenous people - a crucial factor in the 1987 military coup.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the political front, as Fiji moved towards independence, the idea of providing separate representation for each ethnic group also took hold. The independence constitution of 1970 reflected this with the two main communities being given parity (22 seats each) in the House of Representatives.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Shattered illusion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there was no real assimilation between 1970 and 1987, Fiji was seen by many as a model of a successful multiracial society. It was only when the country got its first Indian-dominated administration (sustained in power by a smaller native Fijian party) that this illusion was shattered. There was a military coup led by Lieutenant-Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka, who is now the elected Prime Minister,. Shortly thereafter, Fiji became a republic (Queen Elizabeth was formerly Head of State) and in 1990, a new Constitution was adopted giving political primacy to the indigenous Fijians. Needless to say, it was a time of greatly heightened communal tension.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1987 coup and the events that followed have been well covered elsewhere (including our previous Country Report which was published in 1991). It suffices to say here that while the last few years have been a lot less turbulent, tensions remain. In 1997, the country must adopt a new set of constitutional proposals and a big debate is currently under way about the shape of the system of government for the 21st century. This subject is covered in a later article and also features prominently in our interviews with the Prime Minister and Opposition Leader.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main focus of this article is therefore on economic and social aspects although, as one soon discovers, this frequently leads us back to the ethnic question. This is particularly the case when one considers the overall economic performance of the country. Fiji is not poor by developing nation standards and it has enjoyed modest growth during 1995 and 1996, but there is a widespread view that it could be doing a great deal better were it not for the political uncertainties. The problem is summed up by the Economic Intelligence Unit in its Fiji Country Report for the first quarter of 1996: 'Political instability will continue to deter investment, other than that on highly favourable tax terms.' In other words, Fiji is paying a high economic price for its internal difficulties.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General unease about the future and, in particular, the outcome of the constitutional review process is compounded by specific concerns over land tenure. The long-term leases granted to (mainly Indian) farmers are approaching their end and the government must soon decide what it should do next. Will any of the sugar cane farmers be evicted and if so, how many ? What alternative arrangements will be made for them? These questions remained to be answered when The Courier visited Fiji in July although, as our keynote interviews show, the subject was clearly exercising the minds of the politicians.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A long-term strategy for agriculture?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The way in which the land question is dealt with will have a crucial impact on the sugar industry - still the country's most important product in terms of its contribution to GDP and the jobs that it generates (see the article entitled 'Sugar definitely has a future'). With other uncertainties facing this sector - in particular, the process of global liberalisation - there is a growing recognition of the need for a long-term strategy. The government has a two-pronged approach  -  improving efficiency within the sector and diversifying into other agricultural products. To learn more about this, we spoke to Luke Ratuvuki, who is the Permanent Secretary for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Ratuvuki began by stressing the scope for increasing the sugar yield per hectare by as much as 75% (and by even more with irrigation). If productivity could be boosted on this scale, Fiji sugar would be in a much better position to compete in open world markets. He admitted, however, that the country would still face a struggle in maintaining market share and, looking ahead ten years, foresaw a slimmed down industry providing high quality sugar with more of a focus on niche markets. This inevitably meant looking at other agricultural products as possible long-term substitutes. The coconut (or as the Permanent Secretary dubbed it, 'the tree of life') is traditionally grown here and seems poised to enjoy a new lease of life following a period of decline. Fiji has also picked up the taro trade at the expense of Western Samoa, which is affected by taro blight, while there are significant exports of ginger to Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Europe. Mr Ratuvuki spoke enthusiastically about branching out into other areas such as pawpaws, mangoes, bananas and aubergines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji has potential for growth in a range of non-agricultural sectors, but farming is sure to play a vital part in the economy for many years to come. Currently, sugar represents almost three quarters of all crops by value (excluding subsistence growing) and the Fijians are only too aware that this makes the country particularly vulnerable to external shocks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The other primary sectors are all present in Fiji, albeit on a more modest scale. There is some deep-sea fishing backed by Asian investors. This provides useful employment although perhaps not the best possible financial return to the country. As one would expect in a nation of three hundred islands, there is also extensive artisanal and subsistence fishing in the inshore areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The forestry sector divides into two parts: artificial softwood plantations which are said to be managed sustainably and the naturally growing hardwoods. As regards the latter, the EU is helping with a mapping project. Although Asian loggers do not operate in Fiji, there is considerable land clearance taking place, leading to problems of erosion and silting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prospects for mining&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gold is the main mineral being exploited with important deposits around Vatukoula. The sector has had its ups and downs but the Emperor Gold Mining Company has now embarked on an expansion project aimed at raising production from the current level of about 4000 kilos per annum to 6000 kilos by the year 2000. A huge copper and gold mine is also planned for Namosi, some 35 km from Suva. Other minerals discovered but not exploited include bauxite, iron, lead, zinc, phosphates and marble. Mining currently makes a modest contribution to overall GDP but represents an important component in the export earnings figures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With one key exception, manufacturing is on a fairly small scale with an emphasis on staple items (butter, beer, soft drinks, paint, soap etc.) for the local market. The exception is the garment industry which provides some 20% of the country's export income and a considerable amount of employment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The investments in garment manufacturing and mining have been important in jobs terms and in improving the trade figures, but there are those who criticise the fact that the government appears to derive little revenue from the operations. The exact fiscal benefits are not easy to determine, prompting some observers to suggest that official secrecy should be eased (see the article on the Constitutional Review later in this Country Report).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the service sector, long-term growth is foreseen in the key area of tourism. The number of holidaymakers choosing Fiji dipped sharply at the time of the coup, illustrating the importance of political stability in attracting visitors. Tourist arrivals bounced back once Fiji's internal difficulties had receded from the international headlines. The politicians must be hoping that nothing will occur during the current period of constitutional discussion and negotiation to put Fiji back on the front pages. It is worth mentioning here that Fiji's national carrier, Air Pacific, is an example of a relatively rare bird - an airline that makes money ! According to journalist Avin Rahish, writing in the July 1996 issue of The Review (the news and business magazine of Fiji): 'It is one of the few government investments that is profitable on its own.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If tourism is a success story, there is something of a shadow over the financial services sector, which is more extensive here than in most developing countries. The reason is the collapse last year of the National Bank of Fiji with losses of US$ 142m (equivalent to 10% of the annual GDP). The authorities were accused of a failure in supervision and the taxpayers have had to pick up some of the bill. More serious, however, is the undermining of confidence in the system and it will take time for this to be restored.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social challenges&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As a middle-income country, Fiji has relatively favourable social indicators in the areas of health and education. Medical facilities are provided by the government but it is said that the public health system is not as good as it once was. This is attributed, among other things, to the emigration of highly qualified staff in the aftermath of the events of 1987. Nonetheless, the country does have 27 hospitals and one doctor for approximately every 1900 people. At 72 years, life expectancy is high compared to the ACP average.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The education sector is well-developed with more than 800 primary and secondary schools (for a population of less than 800 000) and 41 technical or vocational institutions. As a result, primary school enrolment is close to 100% while the 1986 census revealed that 60% of 15-year olds were still in education. On the other hand, there are concerns over the proportion of teachers lacking qualifications, notably in the primary school system. In practice, there is considerable racial segregation at both primary and secondary levels, although there is no official policy to this effect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Educationally, the jewel in the crown is almost certainly the University of the South Pacific whose main campus is in Suva. This regional institution, which has departments in a number of other countries of the South Pacific, draws students from various island nations. Dr Vijay Naidu, who is the USP's Pro-Vice Chancellor, outlined some of the special features of this unique university which has to cater for a highly dispersed population. Like traditional tertiary institutions, it provides a wide range of degree programmes on campus, catering for 3500 students. It has a further 9000 who are being educated using the 'distance mode'. Distance learning is organised through centres in each of the participating countries. Students can attend these centres from time to time but much of their work is done through radio and telephone linkages and, increasingly nowadays, by e-mail and satellite communications. The University, Dr Naidu stressed, also provides continuing education at non-degree level 'in everything from computing to basket-weaving'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Like the health sector, the USP suffered a loss of highly qualified staff after 1987  -  and not just among employees of Indian origin. As the Pro-Vice Chancellor pointed out, the coup created 'a new sense of insecurity' all round and teachers who decided to emigrate were quickly accepted in Australia and New Zealand. The loss has been particularly serious in the scientific disciplines.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90% of the USP's recurrent expenditure is covered by member government contributions with the remainder coming from Australia and New Zealand. For capital investments, there is heavy reliance on external donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In both of Fiji's main ethnic communities, a strong commitment to the family ensures that there is relatively little absolute poverty although things may be changing as the country become more urbanised. It is rare to see beggars in the streets in the South Pacific but Suva, sadly, has a number of these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall picture is of a country with very considerable potential in both human and natural resource terms which needs to overcome a number of challenges to secure a more prosperous future. Some of these challenges - adapting to the world of free markets, tackling bureaucratic impediments, bringing development to rural villages, improving the infrastructure, and so on - are familiar to all developing countries. The single most important constraint, however, is the big ethnic divide, and the political uncertainty which flows from this. And this is something which can only be solved by the people of Fiji themselves. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'The last ten years have been very educational for me'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is almost ten years since Sitiveni Rabuka led the military coup which toppled the newly-electerl coalition government The stormy events of 1987 are long gast end Fiji has returned to more peaceful ways, but the country is arguably not yet at peace with itself. Major-General Rabuka is now the erected Prime Minister, having led the SVT to victory at the polls in 1992 and 1994. But the gulf between the native Fijians end citizens of Indian descent remains -  indeed, it is institutionalised in a political system which ensures a parliamentary majority for the former. A constitutional review is currently under way end a new text must tee adopted by July 1997. For both sides, the stakes are high. In this interview, Prime Minister Rabuka speaks frankly about the crucial issues facing Fiji as the nation gears up for the great constitutional debate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji also faces some formidable economic challenges and we began by asking the Prime Minister about these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The main challenge is the one that everybody faces: achieving an acceptable rate of growth to ensure job creation and address the unemployment problem. We also want to improve the standard of living of the people, to upgrade our infrastructure, and to develop both the urban and rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What sectors do you see as offering the best hope for future growth ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  We are looking particularly at tourism and the agro-based industries. In the international sphere, we are aiming to boost trade, particularly with our traditional trading partners, Australia and New Zealand, and with new partners that we are trying to cultivate in Asia.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We are very grateful for the LomÃ© Convention and the various arrangements associated with it - particularly as regards access to the EU market for our sugar products. Although it would be desirable for us not to have to rely on preferential pricing for sugar, for the moment, there is no alternative. And while we are looking for alternatives and seeking to diversify our economy, we will need that system to remain in place. We would like to continue the dialogue to ensure that this happens. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the area of trade, as I say, our focus is on Australia and New Zealand, and the regional trade agreement that the Pacific island territories have with them. This agreement is currently under review. One important aspect is the clause governing the rules of origin. If we can convince Australia and New Zealand to reduce the local input requirement from 50% to 35%, then we won't need any aid from them. The effect will be to secure existing jobs and, indeed, to increase employment, particularly in the garment industry. At the moment, most of the textiles we import for further processing come from Australia. Because of the market we have to sell to, it is very good quality material. This means the costs are high, in comparison with the local input needed to turn it into finished products, and this makes it difficult for us to get up to the required 50%.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If we don't get that reduction, things could go in the opposite direction. Manufacturers might relocate and we could be facing jobs losses. You have to remember that we are competing with Asian producers who have very low wage costs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is this proposal for a reduction in the local input requirement on the agenda with the Australians and New Zealanders ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The review actually excludes the clause on the rules of origin. Having said this, we have effectively raised the calculation of our local input in negotiations on a series of other points. On paper, the 50% figure is unchanged but in fact, there has been a reduction of about 5%, thus giving us a little margin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· On the sugar issue you said you were hopeful that some form of preferential access to the EU market would be maintained. Isn't there a concern that this may not last beyond the year 2000, particularly given the increasingly liberal world trading system ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, and we are looking at that. We should be gearing ourselves up for what happens at the end of the current LomÃ© agreement. It remains to be seen whether, with the WTO and the new trends, the curtain will suddenly be brought down on 1 January 2000, or whether there will be a grace period in which we are given time to consolidate our diversification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The other big issue in the sugar sector concerns the impending expiry of the land leases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That is a local issue and a very important one. It has high priority on our government agenda. We are currently talking to the landowners and lessees, explaining what will happen. The legislation (the Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act) makes no provision for further extensions to the leases, which are now nearing their end. Do we need a new act or should we amend the present law to allow extensions beyond the 50 years originally allowed for ? And if we are to do that, what happens to the compensation provisions? At the moment, these are viewed in a rather one-sided way. The emphasis is on the situation where the landlord compensates the tenant for improvements made to the land. But the rules also provide for compensation in the other direction where the value has been reduced. This may be due to constant cultivation over 50 years. What if the owner wants to return the land to its original use, planting taro, yams or cassava, as his father may have done fifty years ago, and finds he can no longer do so ? There has to be a balancing act here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hopefully, most of the land will be leased again under a new agreement or under an amendment to the existing law - because we will need to continue sugar production. It is also worth noting that some sugar farmers are beginning to diversify into other crops, both subsistence and commercial.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What arrangements do you envisage for those farmers who do not have their leases renewed ? Will they be relocated ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Right now, we are looking at the use of state land. There are two basic categories here - what used to be known as 'Crown Land under Schedule A' and 'Crown Land under Schedule B'. Schedule A covers the land not claimed by anybody during the Commission that was set up to determine the ownership of land in the very early colonial years. Schedule B is land that belonged to a community or landholding unit that has since died out: in other words, where there is no surviving member of the land-owning unit. So we have those parcels of land available. My party's policy is to restore land to the traditional owners where possible, but in those cases where you cannot identify the original owners, there will be land available for resettlement - although resettlement is perhaps not a very good term to use. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It is somewhat emotive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It implies taking a person, family or community from somewhere and planting them somewhere else -  and I hope we can avoid that. On the other hand, if you look at what people are doing nowadays, everybody's relocating. People are always resettling, moving away from home and setting up elsewhere. In this case it is perhaps a necessity, in the sense that the legislation has caught up with us. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can I turn now to the sensitive issue of the constitution. This is another area where decision day is looming. You currently have a constitutional review under way with the Commission's report due out soon. What do you think will emerge from this process over the next 12-18 months ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I don't feel that the constitutional issue is a sensitive one and do not think anyone should feel restrained in asking questions about it. It reflects the reality of the situation in Fiji. There is a requirement that the 1990 Constitution be reviewed and we have a Review Commission chaired by Sir Paul Reeves. He is a very capable man who is a former Governor-General of New Zealand and a very eminent constitutional lawyer. Assisting him, we have two party nominees - one from the main Fijian party and one nominated jointly by the Indian parties in Parliament. I have total confidence in that Commission. I believe they will come up with very objective observations and recommendations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let me explain the timetable to you. The report is expected by the end of August. It will be presented first to the President and then to me for submission to Cabinet. I envisage it being tabled in Parliament towards the end of September. We cannot debate it until three months have elapsed from the date it was tabled - which takes us to the end of the year. A lot of work will be needed during the first half of 1997. The Joint Parliamentary Select Committee, made up of members of both the upper and lower houses, will have to work on the report and try and build consensus on the various issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given that the house is racially divided, and the possibility that a premature discussion on the floor of the house may raise the temperature, I would prefer not to have a full parliamentary sitting in the early part of next year. Instead, we should go into committee and deal with it there. And then when we are satisfied that the issues can be brought out into the open, we will debate them fully in Parliament. As soon as we start talking next year, the legislative craftsmen should begin their work. On the basis of this programme, I believe we can meet the deadline to the day, promulgating a new Constitution which has been accepted by both houses on 25 July 1997. So I am very hopeful.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Without prejudging the final outcome, do you envisage a move away from strict communal separation ? I am thinking here, in particular, of the separate voting lists ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think there may be provision for some cross-communal voting. There was something like this in the 1970 Constitution which had both communal and national rolls.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about the longer term. Do you foresee a political system developing in Fiji where ethnic origin is irrelevant -  perhaps a 'right-left' divide, if that is still a meaningful concept ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I am not bold enough to say that that will happen. I have seen the darkest side of Fijian nationalism. I have seen the fear that was in the Indian population in 1987. But if we move too quickly to remove the racial safeguards that are in the Constitution, we may run the risk of prolonging the bad relationship between the races that we now have. So I would say we should proceed very cautiously and let the natural healing process take its course. We also need to look beyond the Constitution at aspects such as our education system and enhancing the ability of the Fijians to compete.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I believe the education system is also very divided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Some schools are reserved for Fijians although, slowly, there are Indians from families close to the schools who are beginning to enter them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think that this is a promising sign for the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think so. I went to a purely Fijian school and when I came out of that, everything was Fijian for me. I went straight into the army which is another Fijian-dominated institution. It was not planned that way. It is just the way it happened. My tolerance level of other races was very low. But you cannot expect somebody who gets to this level of leadership to have a low racial tolerance level. I must admit that the last ten years have been very, very educational for me - very good for my own being. I consider what I used to think before and the way I used to feel before. I have never been threatened by an Indian, but I had always been in Fijian 'safe' areas - a Fijian school and then in the army. But since coming out of that sort of cocoon, I have managed very well to accept that I have to compete with them, I have to look after them, and I have to devise policies and programmes that will be good for them as well as being good for us.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· One final question. Do you envisage Fiji seeking to rejoin the Commonwealth in the near future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think seeking is the wrong word. We will do what we feel is good for Fiji and its people. The people of Fiji are those who are here now but it will include some of those who have moved on looking for greener pastures and who are willing to come back. We were not expelled from the Commonwealth; our membership lapsed. It is up to the Commonwealth to say whether they are prepared to reconsider our member ship. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 18 272 kmÂ². Fiji has two main islands (Viti Levu and Vanua Levu) and about 300 smaller ones. It has an Exclusive Economic Zone of approximately 1.3 million kmÂ²). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 790 000&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 43 per kilometreÂ² &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Suva (situated on the island of Viti Levu) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main languaqes: English, Bauan &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(main Fijian language)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Currency: Fiji dollar (F$). In June 1996, 1 ECU was worth approximately F$ 1.80. (US$1 = F$ 1.40) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p15.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Fiji&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Politics&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;System of government: A bicameral parliamentary system consisting of an appointed Senate and an elected House of Representatives. The President is a non-executive head of state chosen by the Great Council of Chiefs. The President appoints the Prime Minister. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the Constitution, adopted in 1990, the Parliament is divided along racial lines. The Senate has 34 members, 24 of whom are indigenous Fijians. In the 70-member House of Representatives, 37 seats are reserved for native Fijians, 27 for Indo-Fijians, 5 for 'general voters' (other ethnic groups) and 1 for Rotuma Island (whose inhabitants are Polynesian). The 1990 Constitution provides for a review within seven years and discussions are currently under way with a view to amending the Constitution by the 1997 deadline.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;President: Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Major General Sitiveni Rabuka &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Main political parties: Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (SVT - Fijian), National Federation Party (NFP  -  Indian), Fiji Labour Party (FLP - Indian),  Fijian Association (FA - Fijian), General Voters Party (GVP).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Party representation in Parliament (1994 election result): SVT 31, NFP 20, FLP 7, FA 5, GVP 4, Others 3. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP: (1995) F$ 2.85 billion&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual GDP per capita: approx US$ 2600 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP growth rate (1995): 2.2% (2.9% predicted for 1996) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Principal exports (1994): Sugar (US$ 182m), Garments (US$ 96m), Gold (US$ 43m), Fish (US$ 38m), Timber (US$ 21 m) Main trading partners (in order of importance):&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exports - Australia, UK, USA, Japan, New Zealand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Imports - Australia, New Zealand, USA, Japan, Singapore.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade balance (1994): exports - US$ 547m, imports - US$ 826, deficit - US$ 279m. The current account figures also usually reveal a deficit but this is much smaller due to tourism earnings and official transfers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inflation rate (1995): 2.2%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Government budget (1996): revenue -  F$ 759m, expenditure  -  F$ 851 m, deficit - F$92 (about 3.5% of GDP) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Forma/sector employment: 98 112 (out of a total economically active population of about 265 000) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social indicators&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth (1993): 71.6 years &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adult literacy (1993): 90.6%&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enrolment in education: all levels from age 6-23: 79% &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Human Development Index rating: 0.853 (47th out of 174) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: Economic Intelligence Unit, UNDP Human Development Report, 1996, EC Commission. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">An interview with opposition leader Jai Ram Reddy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'We need to move to a more racially neutral system'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji is not unique in having a political system that is heavily influenced by racial or communel issues In places as diverse as Northern Ireland, Belgium, Guyana and Trinidad - not to mention many parts of Africa - people vote for parties which claim to represent the particular ethnic, religious or linguistic group to which they belong. Where Fiji is different, however, is in having a Constitution that gives primacy to one particular community. Since the 1987 coup, native Fijians have held the upper hand with a guaranteed majority in Parliament and a firm grip on the levers or power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1990 Constitution, adopted when communal feelings were still running high, contained a requirement for a constitutional review within seven years. When The Courier visited Fiji (July 19961 the work of a three-member Commission appointed to carry out the review and make recormmendations was nearing completion. All sides seem to accept the need for reforms designed to help bridge the sharp racial divide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The big question is how radical these reforms are likely to be. We sought the views of Jai Ram Reddy, the leader of the opposition National Federation Party (NFP) which has the support of most of the country's Indian (Indo-Fijian) community.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You are the first opposition leader I have met who cannot, constitutionally, become Prime Minister. How do you feel about that ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is something that rankles with me - the mere thought that I am not equal with my fellow citizens of other races. I think that's generally the way the Indians feel here. All the constraints and limitations, the denial of basic human rights, are the source of a great deal of unhappiness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You talk about basic human rights. Obviously, the political aspects are very important but I get the impression that, in other respects, this is a fairly free and easy society: there is free expression, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, but free expression is only one aspect of human rights. The fact is that discrimination based on race is widespread and institutionalised. About 45% of the population is Indo-Fijian but you will find they are not fairly represented in the higher levels of the public service. At the Permanent Secretary level, there is definitely a government policy to have a limited number of Indians - and there are hardly any in the more crucial ministries. The same is true of managerial positions throughout the public sector. In the statutory bodies and major public undertakings, there is a deliberate policy of excluding Indians. So we are very much a marginalised community in the public sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Wouldn't it be true to say that Indians have quite a lot of economic power ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No, I don't agree. There is a tendency for people who come here, end for some people in Fiji, to project this image of Indians controlling the economy. It is a fallacy. It all boils down to how you define economic power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let's take natural resources. The land, and therefore the forests, are almost exclusively owned and controlled by native Fijians. Even in the corporate sector, the largest business undertaking is the manufacture of sugar, and 80% of the shares are owned by the government. The Indians don't own this industry. They are the small sugar cane producers working on ten-acre plots. And who controls banking and insurance ? Certainly not the Indians. Most of the financial services companies are foreign-owned.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The area where the Indians are most visible is in the retail sector. But those little shops you see in the towns are small family businesses. The shopkeepers work up to 15 hours a day, and you will discover that many of them do not even own their premises; they are tenants. So the idea that Indians control the economy is a bit of a myth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Constitution, and in particular the system of racial differentiation for voting and holding certain offices, is obviously a key issue for you. With the Constitution currently under review, what is your party's policy in this area ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The first elections under the current Constitution took place in 1992 and we took part in them under protest. We made clear that our participation should not be construed as acceptance of the system. Indeed, the sole issue on which we campaigned was our rejection of the Constitution. But we accepted the fact that we needed to get into the system as it was, and to try and create an environment where there would be widespread appreciation that it had to change. The 1990 text, in fact, laid down that it had to be reviewed by the seventh anniversary of its promulgation. I think the architects of the Constitution realised themselves that it was deficient. And we laid great emphasis on the need for dialogue; a general recognition that the country would be much better off with everybody working together and that there was nothing to be gained by oppressing or marginalising a community. And that is the kind of environment we have tried to create.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The Constitutional review will shortly be published. What do you hope will come out of that exercise ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I am reasonably optimistic. I think the environment is more favourable now and there is a general recognition that the system has to change. I am sure you will get confirmation of this when you talk to the government side. We need to move away from this very polarised, compartmentalised political system to a more racially neutral one. I think views may diverge as to how far we should go. That will be the contentious issue. But I believe we will make progress.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I certainly think we will get a good report from the Constitutional Review Commission. One of our fears, when we started on this journey, was whether it would be independent and be given fair terms of reference. Largely because of the cooperative and accommodating attitude that we ourselves adopted, and to which the government responded, we were able to get a Commission that was well-balanced. We are very fortunate to have Sir Paul Reeves, a former Governor-General of New Zealand. His independence is taken for granted. The Commission also has one nominee from the indigenous side and one from the Indo-Fijian side. So we certainly expect a good report. There is already a kind of acceptance I think on all sides that political parties need to prepare themselves for a more multiracial approach to governance in the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· On this point, I see that the SVT (the governing party) is looking at the idea of opening up its membership to other groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - That's right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think there will be many nonnative Fijians interested in joining ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Not straight away but at least it is a beginning. It is an acceptance that they can't remain racially exclusive. If, for example, the Commission recommends a move toward a racially neutral system - at least for a certain number of seats - then it would be important for the SVT to have non-Fijians in their party.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can I turn to economic issues, which I presume cannot be divorced altogether from political ones ? There is a lot of discussion about the future of the sugar industry which is tied in with the question of renewing the land leases This is an issue which is due to be resolved soon. How concerned are you about the impending decision on the leases ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - This is something that concerns us very deeply. As you correctly observe, you can't separate the political and economic aspects. The two are very closely interlinked here - perhaps more so than in other countries - because of the land situation. The bulk of Indian peasant farmers, both within and outside the sugar industry, are on leases that will begin to expire next year. If these are not renewed, the problem will not just be an economic one but an enormous human one. What do we do with these people who all belong to a particular racial group. It really boils down to our very survival. Despite the growth in the towns, the bulk of the people are still rurally based. They are small subsistence farmers, living in the country areas with no more than 10 or 12 acres to cultivate. So the social implications of non-renewal in terms of poverty, dispossession and hardship are enormous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· But how real is the concern ? Surely, the overwhelming economic logic is for the leases to be renewed. After all the land is being put to productive use at the moment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Yes, but unfortunately, when you have a communal dimension to the problem, logic does not always prevail. If you think about it, there was no logic in the events of 1987. The trouble is that every issue here has a racial twist. After the coup, communal sentiments were aroused and sharpened. There was a prolonged period of anti-lndian propaganda and in that environment of anger, a highly racial constitution was adopted. There were people in positions of influence openly advocating non-renewal, threatening to take all the land back. Now they need to undo all this and it will not be easy, given the enormous strength of feeling that has been aroused. Having said this, I believe that we are now in the process of restoring sanity to our public life. It is also beginning to dawn on everybody that the sugar industry is vital for Fiji and it will continue to be so for some years to come.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· I have heard that view expressed on all sides, but I wonder if people are sufficiently aware of the implications of global liberalisation. It has been suggested that this will make sugar increasingly unviable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think a lot of people are unaware of the implications, because there has been very little public education in this field. But amongst those 'in the know', there is certainly an appreciation. I am a member of the Parliamentary Select Committee on Sugar and we were recently addressed by the head of the marketing company and the head of the Sugar Commission. At that level, there is an awareness, but if you speak to the average farmer who has been growing and selling sugar for many years, he will probably assume that life will just go on as before.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Isn't it true to say that sugar depends heavily on the LomÃ© Convention arrangement with the European Community ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Very much so. In my view, the sugar industry is run so inefficiently that but for the huge subsidy we get from the European Community, it would not be viable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Presumably, this means that measures must be taken to improve efficiency ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, absolutely. But the first issue to resolve is the land question.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is no point talking to the farmers about efficiency  -  asking them to improve their husbandry and focus on sugar content rather than the quantity of cane produced - when they don't know if they will have land to cultivate after next year. So you see all other issues have become completely subsidiary to the tenure question. At the moment, we are in a limbo. The government and the people urgently need to resolve this problem. Then we can put it behind us and address the other concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Are there any other economic sectors which you feel offer promise for the future of the country ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Any growth outside of tourism will, I think, have to be centred on the agricultural sector. We need more agro-based industries and more diversification. We could grow a lot of other crops here - mangoes for example. We also need to improve extension services to farmers, and make an aggressive effort to identify markets. The farmers will grow the crops but they must be sure that somebody will buy them. Every year, for example, we have a glut of tomatoes - so many that they can't even give them away in the markets. This kind of problem kills the incentive to produce.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is obviously heavy state involvement in the running of agriculture. Do you see scope for more privatisation or 'corporatisation' in line with global trends ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think that growth, even in the agricultural sector has to be private-sector driven. At the same time, you have got to create the right environment and infrastructure for this to happen. Unfortunately, it keeps coming back to this question of land. If big investors, for instance, want to come here and invest in agriculture, they need to know what sort of tenure they are going to get and whether they can buy the freehold. I am sure there are people, particularly now from the Asian region, who would be interested in investing in agriculture, but the land problem is a big constraint.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Do you think Fiji will rejoin the Commonwealth at any point ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Well, we hope so. You know we are all very strongly in favour of rejoining. One of the things that I personally feel very strongly about is the unfortunate severance of our link with the Queen. I don't know, constitutionally, whether it can be restored. Obviously, there are difficulties in that area, but I think a large majority of ordinary people in this country would like at least to see Fiji back in the Commonwealth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Seeking a lasting constitutional settlement</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When The Courier visited Fiji in July, the report of the Constitutional Review Commission headed by Sir Paul Reeves (former Governor-General of New Zealand) had not yet been completed  -  and what it would contain was a major topic of speculation. As readers will see from the interview we publish with the Prime Minister and Opposition Leader, the impartiality of the three-member Commission was not in question  -  at least within the political mainstream on both the native Fijian and Indian sides. Nonetheless, there were doubts about whether a consensus could be found. For the Indo-Fijians, a scaling down of the 'racial' features in the Constitution was seen as a prerequisite. Yet the ruling SVT, in its own submissions to the Commission, had effectively supported the status quo. In view of this apparently unbridgeable gulf, could the compilers of the Report come up with recommendations capable of forming the basis for a lasting constitutional settlement ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The long-awaited Report was formally transmitted to President Ratu Mara on 6 September and a few days later, it was tabled to a joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It now falls to a joint select committee of the two Houses to thrash out a new set of constitutional proposals. These will be presented to Parliament for debate and decision in the first half of next year with a view to meeting the July 1997 deadline foreseen in the 1990 Constitution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Report of the Review Commission is lengthy (almost 800 pages) and contains no fewer than 697 separate recommendations. The key ones, however, relate to the system for electing members of the House of Representatives. Currently, separate electoral lists based on race are used to fill all 70 seats (37 native Fijians, 27 Indo-Fijians, 1 Rotuman and 5 'General Electors', covering all other races). It was widely expected that the Commission would propose a mixture of 'reserve' seats and 'open' ones, with the latter, as their name implies, being chosen by the whole electorate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;45 'open' seats proposed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is precisely what they have done - but the suggested breakdown may have come as a surprise to some. The proposal is for 45 open seats (15 three-member constituencies) and 25 single-member 'reserve seats (12 native Fijian, 10 Indo-Fijian, 1 Rotuman and 2 'General Electors'). If adopted, the new system would no longer legally guarantee a majority for people of Fijian origin in the country's legislature. What would happen in practice would depend on a number of factors including the nature of the voting system in the three member open constituencies, the willingness of people to cast their ballots across the ethnic divide and the actual turnout of voters from the different communities. It should be pointed out, however, that native Fijians now constitute half the population, large numbers of Indians having emigrated over the past nine years. So long as communal voting patterns persist, this will presumably be reflected in the Parliamentary arithmetic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is also proposed that the bulk of the 35-member Senate (Bose e Cake) should be made up of elected representatives of Fiji's provinces. In the field of local government, it is suggested that the present system based on villages and provinces, which applies only to native Fijians, might be replaced by an arrangement applicable to all races. In this context, the rote of the Council of Chiefs (Bose Levu Vakaturaga) would be reduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the sections of the Report relating to representation are bound to attract most attention, the Commission also put forward a series of other proposals aimed at improving the governance of Fiji. One idea, which appears designed to alter the political culture, is for the 'Official Secrets Act' to be replaced by a 'Freedom of Information Act'. The presumption of secrecy would be replaced by a rule that official information should be accessible to the public except where there is good reason to withhold it. In a similar vein, the Report recommends an 'integrity code' to govern the behaviour of holders of public office.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Initial reactions to the outcome of the Commission's work were mixed. Key players, including the President, Prime Minister and opposition spokespersons broadly welcomed the Report but more nationalistic elements were quick to reject it and one group even mounted a ceremonial burning of the document.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is obvious that a great many more words will be exchanged - and some of them will no doubt be heated  - in the coming months. It is difficult to see how everyone can be 'brought on board' but the hope must be that a compromise can be crafted that is acceptable to the majority on both sides of the communal divide. The people of this Pacific island nation are well aware that prosperity and stability go hand in hand. The single most important achievement in ensuring stability for the longer term would be to secure a satisfactory settlement of the constitutional issue. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Sugar definitely has a future'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was the key sentiment expressed by Isimeli Bose, Fiji's Trade Minister, when he spoke to The Courier earlier this year. Mr Bose insisted that 'no matter what anybody says, sugar will be the backbone of this country's economy for years to come.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When we discussed Fiji's current economic situation and future prospects with the Minister, it was not surprising that sugar should have featured so prominently. The sector faces a difficult future for both internal and external reasons. At home, the long-term leases granted to the farmers (mainly Fiji Indians) under the Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act are due to expire over the next few years. No provision was made for their renewal and the resulting uncertainty has provoked widespread concern, not least among the leaseholders themselves. The external 'threat' comes from new international trade rules administered by the World Trade Organisation. At present, Fiji's sugar industry is heavily dependent on the preferential access to the EU market which was granted under the LomÃ© Sugar Protocol. No one is quite sure what will happen when LomÃ© IV expires at the turn of the century but it is clear that the stakes are high.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mr Bose was quick to acknowledge the importance of ending the uncertainty facing the sugar farmers. 'But the real challenge', he said, 'is to ensure the maintenance of our markets for sugar.' He was aware of the encroachment of global trade liberalisation but stressed that the industry's leaders and the government were 'doing the work now and planning for the future.' At the same time, the authorities are clearly hoping that the European Union will be able to continue with some form of preferential arrangement after the year 2000, if only to buy time so that the industry can adapt and farmers can diversify.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the subject of trade diversification, Mr Bose pointed out that 'the field is very limited'. He continued; 'However, since 1988, we have seen garment production picking up from very humble beginnings. By 1995, we had about F$185 million-worth of exports in this area.' He also spoke enthusiastically about the government policy of encouraging manufacturing in tax-free factories and zones. 'This developed well between 1989 and 1992 and then there was something of a slowdown.' Tax-free factories have been established in a number of locations and the first real tax-free zone is now being set up in Kalabo. Mr Bose indicated that EU assistance was being provided in this area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Privatisation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Our conversation then turned to the changing economic role of governments - throughout the world, they are withdrawing from active involvement in industrial and commercial operations. We asked how far this process had occurred in Fiji and, in particular, whether there was a privatisation policy. The Minister replied in the affirmative, pointing out that government departments 'do not usually make very good businesspeople.' The policy, therefore, was to 'corporatise' and 'privatise', although the process is still in its early stages. The Trade and Commerce Ministry has a public enterprise unit which is responsible for drawing up a policy framework for the government. In 1995, Mr Bose explained, a public enterprise bill was presented to Parliament, 'but there were so many concerns expressed to the previous Minister that it was referred to a select committee -  which, in fact was chaired by me before I took up my present poet.' The committee had now completed its work and the Minister indicated that the issue would go back to Parliament in September.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the legislative delay, Mr Bose was keen to stress that his department was already working on individual programmes. The post and telecoms business, for example, had just gone through another stage towards privatisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is, of course, an important distinction between 'corporatisation' and 'privatisation' - the former implies staying within the state sector but at arms-length from the administration. This point was acknowledged by our interviewee who explained that the approach was a step-by-step one. The first stage was to reorganise a department along commercial lines. Corporatisation came next 'and then finally you have privatisation by disposing of shares.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He stressed that the most important aim was to ensure an element of competition wherever possible. 'There is no point simply moving from a government monopoly to a private monopoly', he insisted, 'although obviously, there are utilities like water, electricity and even telephones where this may not be easy.' The minister concluded; 'Where they are natural monopolies, we will regulate them.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Our final topic of discussion was the possibility of regional integration in the Pacific.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How far had the South Pacific countries gone in this direction and did the Minister think there was a need for closer economic cooperation? Mr Bose replied that he thought economic integration was a good thing. He pointed to a document on his desk containing a draft proposal for a bilateral trade agreement with Papua New Guinea. 'We will soon be holding negotiations with them, and have also just signed an agreement with Tonga.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The focus on bilateral trade arrangements at this stage suggests that the region still has some way to go on the regional integration path.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But the Minister nonetheless insisted that it was something 'that can and will happen'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Our daily bread - courtesy of a remarkable Fijian businesswoman</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How can a businesswomen succeed in Fiji's patriarchal society? Mere Samisoni, the entrepreneur behind the 'Hotbread Kitchen' gave us an appropriate answer when she said 'I roll with it', although the pun was probably unintentional In fact, it is difficult to imagine this dynamic lady being pushed around. Anybody who manages to build up a chain of bakeries from scratch, capturing 35% of the country's urban consumer market in the process, must have a lot of determination. At the same time, Mrs Samisoni displays a strong sense of social commitment. She believes in community values, advocates group decision-making and consensus, and even describes the tax system as 'reasonably fair'. In short, she contradicts the widely-held view propagated by lurid American TV series, that a dogeat-dog attitude is needed for business success.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, Mrs Samisoni started out with the idea of working with one of the caring professions. Trained in nursing administration in Australia and New Zealand, she returned to Fiji only to find that there were no openings available. That was when she decided to go into the private sector, establishing 'Samisoni Enterprises'. And over the years, she has succeeded in building up one of the largest bread-making operations in the country. The Hotbread Kitchen operation is highly decentralised with the bread being baked in different locations for sale through the company's local outlets. Her business is also the first Fijian one to franchise out its operations. And having already won a big chunk of the urban market, she is now looking to expand operations in the rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Samisoni Enterprises, of course, is not simply a bread-making operation. The company now offers a line of 62 separate bakery products, with some local adaptations to suit varying tastes. It employs some 275 staff with perhaps another 50 working in the related franchise operations. And the business had an important breakthrough when it won the contract for 'MacDonalds' in Nadi. With branches of the famous hamburger chain likely to open in other parts of Fiji, this could be the start of something big. In fact, there is even a suggestion that Fiji could be used to source Macdonalds' operations in New Zealand, the rolls (or buns, as the Americans like to call them) being exported frozen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Constant quality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For Mrs Samisoni, the key to a successful and profitable operation is 'constant quality' and unfailing attention to customer service. As she puts its, 'if you let quality slip just once, you can end up losing customers for a very long time.' Baking is a labour-intensive business and she is keen to stress the importance of developing people's abilities - in particular, the human relaitons skills of those who deal direct with the customer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As if running a business wasn't enough, Mere Samisoni is also busy completing a Masters in Business Administration (MBA) at the University of the South Pacific, with a thesis on indigenous business. From what we discovered, speaking to this remarkable Fijian entrepreneur, she should have been helping to teach the course! &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Viti Levu - island of contrasts</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Anyone from overseas who is travelling to the Fijian capital, Suva, will soon discover that the country's largest island is a very diverse place. Roughly circular in shape, Viti Levu provides more than half of Fiji's total land area and is home to about three-quarters of the population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The journey to Suva on the south-east coast will almost certainly involve transiting through Nadi International Airport (pronounced Nandi) which is situated in the west. This is the country's only major international gateway and while it is ideal for tourists heading for the resort hotels, it is less convenient for business travellers whose destination is Suva. Their journey has to be completed either by road (which takes several hours) or on one of the small commuter planes which ply regularly between Nadi and Nausori (itself a half-hour drive from the capital).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The biggest surprise to those who are unfamiliar with the country is that the west and the south-east have very different weather patterns. When your aircraft lands at Nadi, the chances are high that the sun will be shining. On reaching Suva, you are more likely to encounter rain. This part of the country enjoys - if that is the correct term - a micro-climate which is good for tropical vegetation but less appealing to human beings. The 'blame' for locating the Fijian capital in such a spot is said (not too seriously) to lie with the country's former colonial rulers. According to the story, a British envoy visited Suva on one of its rare sunny days and, on the strength of this, designated it as the seat of administration. The British can hardly deny their involvement since it was in 1882, during the early years of colonial rule, that the capital moved from Levuka (situated on the much smaller island of Ovalau). But the key reason was almost certainly the fact that Suva, with its large bay, could be developed as a port. Whatever the explanation, one must have some sympathy with the foreign diplomats who keep a raincoat or umbrella to hand at all times, and yet are viewed with envy back home because they have a 'paradise' posting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To be fair, Suva has attributes other than its weather which make it an interesting place. It has, for example, some very attractive architecture, both local and colonial. The views across the bay can be dramatic - and, in this respect, the rolling cloud formations may actually enhance the picture. And the centre of the city buzzes with activity (except on Sunday because of the Sabbatarian influence).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The population of the greater Suva area is about 160 000. This may not be enormous, but it is the largest concentration of humanity to be found between Hawaii and Australia. In some ways, it is the 'capital' of the South Pacific - a point which is underlined by the fact that the Forum Secretariat is based here. It is also the site of the University of the South Pacific's main campus. The local population is mainly ethnic Fijian but there are Indo-Fijians as well as citizens of Chinese and European extraction. Add to this the diplomatic corps, foreign businesspeople and students from other parts of the region, and you get a very cosmopolitan mix. This is reflected in the variety of cuisines available in the local restaurants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The western part of Viti Levu is also cosmopolitan but in a very different way, with a stronger Indian influence and, of course, a constantly changing tourist population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most of the island's inhabitants live a relatively short distance from the sea. Thus, in demographic terms, Viti Levu is like a doughnut with a thick layer of humanity around the edge and a hole in the middle. The analogy may not be entirely apt since the 'hole' is, in fact, a spectacular mountainous area. This makes the road that runs round the island a key arterial route. Meanwhile, those who choose to fly from Nadi to Suva, assuming they are not of a nervous disosition, can enjoy the experience of travelling below the height of the surrounding peaks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The few people who do occupy the central region live in traditional Fijian villages and have a lifestyle far removed from either the town dwellers or the sugar cane farmers. Its size may be little more than ten thousand square kiLomÃ©tres but Viti Levu is truly an island of contrasts. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fiji-EU cooperation: comprehensive package</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Ernst Kroner&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji was a signatory of the first LomÃ© Convention in 1975 and, to date, the country has been allocated some ECU 190m in EU development cooperation funds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Starting with a relatively modest ECU 9.9m under LomÃ© I, the national indicative programme rose to ECU 13m under the following Convention. Without neglecting rural development (feeder roads in Vanua Levu), under LomÃ© I most of the resources were devoted to transport infrastructure (a main road on Vanua Levu). Under LomÃ© 11, cooperation concentrated clearly on agriculture and rural development, in particular by means of the funding of microprojects, with infrastructural programmes (the extension of the Vanua Levu road, social infrastructure) taking second place. Under this Convention, a new field of action was also addressed: trade development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tax free zone&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade development was addressed further under LomÃ© III (6th EDF, ECU 20m, of which ECU 5m in special loans), with support given to an Investment and Trade Development Programme. The longer-term objective of the project was to widen the economic base of Fiji and to create employment. The more immediate objective was the i establishment of a Tax Free Zone near Suva. In order to promote this scheme and to secure markets for exporting the goods which would eventually be produced, the project included a programme of trade and investment promotion to be implemented by the Fiji Trade and Investment Board. Due to problems linked with identifying an appropriate site, the project, which had been given the go-ahead in 1990, only came on stream in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural and agricultural development continued to be one of the main sectors of cooperation, with the funding of three major projects. The first was a coconut rehabilitation and development project, situated on the island of Taveuni, which aimed at improving the productivity of coconut plantations through the introduction and multiplication of high yield hybrids. The project also provided for the establishment of a 30 hectare coconut nursery centre, which was expected to finance itself through the sales of seedlings. EC support for this project ended in 1992, since when the scheme has been taken over by the Government. A second project (a large-scale microprogramme divided into two sub-programmes) aimed on the one hand at the construction of access roads to facilitate the development of cocoa plantations, and on the other at the introduction and development of pineapple plantations in Vanua Levu. The first component was closed after disappointing results. The second component, however, produced very interesting and promising results, which will, however, need private and governmental support in order to become sustainable. A rural electrification project involving 28 rural electrification schemes and the supply and installation of a small power plant is still ongoing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing human resources&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under LomÃ© III, the formerly prominent transport infrastructure sector lost some importance. The Kubulau Peninsula road project on Vanua Levu brought to an end the work started under previous Conventions. This road, which filled the last gap in the circuminsular road, was opened on in July 1994. LomÃ© III also saw the beginning of human resources development as a new theme of cooperation, with Technical Assistance funded for the logging school. This area, embodying strong links with forestry and environmental issues, has been further developed under LomÃ© IV with the reconstruction of the school burnt down in 1993, and the enlargement of the training and education provided to what now constitutes a Forest Training Centre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The national indicative programme relating to the first protocol of LomÃ© IV (7th EDF, ECU 22m in grant aid) identifies rural development and social infrastructure as the sectors of concentration to which 65% of resources are to be devoted. The remaining 35% will be used for non-focal activities, including trade and services, tourism, cultural cooperation, training and technical cooperation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Building bridges&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately, it was only following the very destructive cyclone Kina in January 1993 that cooperation activities could start in the form of the rebuilding of four bridges either severely damaged or completely destroyed by the post-cyclone floods.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Work on two smaller bridges of major importance to Viti Levu (Korovou and Vunidawa, ECU 1.135m) was started in 1994 by the Public Works Department and completed in January 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Financing Agreement for the two major bridges (ECU 10.24m) was signed in June 1994 and provides for the rebuilding of the bridges of Ba and Sigatoka. These form part of the main road around the island of Viti Levu and are therefore vital for the movement of people and goods on Fiji's main island. The new bridges, 190 and 182 metres long respectively, will be two-lane, and will provide for footpaths and utilities. To enable the traffic to by-pass the often congested towns of Ba and Sigatoka, new sites for both bridges have been chosen, which also call for the building of new approach roads. Building works were under way in early 1996 and completion is expected by April 1997.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non programmable aid for Fiji has been considerable over the years. While Stabex transfers for losses on coconut oil (totalling ECU 5.4m under LomÃ© I - LomÃ© III) came to a halt under LomÃ© IV (because levels of exports fell below the required dependency threshold), emergency aid (total ECU 9.5m) has continued, unfortunately, to be needed. Time and again the islands have been hit by cyclones (the most recent occasion being in January 1993, when the EU made available ECU 1 m for food rations following cyclone Kina).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, a significant feature of EU-Fiji cooperation was the credits provided by the European Investment Bank. It was very active under LomÃ© I to LomÃ© III, providing loans from its own resources to a total value of ECU 87.5m with a further ECU 6.1 m allocated in risk capital. Loans went to the energy sector (hydropower scheme), industry (wood processing) and services (telecommunications, sea and air transport). Considerable interest rate subsidies (totalling ECU 14.1m) have also been made available under the various EDFs in support of these loans. More recently, the EIB has financed an aircraft maintenance centre (1991) and a telecommunications project (1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade cooperation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over and above financial cooperation, Fiji benefits from the second largest quota (165348 tonnes per annum) under the Sugar Protocol annexed to the LomÃ© Conventions. This covers some 45% of its total sugar exports. The yearly benefit from this provision is estimated at between ECU 45m and ECU 55m - in other words, only slightly less than the total of all programme aid granted since LomÃ© I (ECU 64.9m). About two-thirds of these benefits reach the farmers, so that the EU subsidises every sugar smallholder, on average, to the extent of some ECU 1500 a year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recently, Fiji's quota under the Sugar Protocol was increased by 881 tonnes, as a result of the reallocation of the shortfall of deliveries by Barbados. Furthermore, Fiji benefits from an annual special tariff quota to the tune of some 30 000 tonnes up to the year 2001.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industrial development and external trade have been supported by the relaxation of the rules of origin for exports to the EU of canned tuna to the extent of 500 tonnes a year from 1993 to 1996. A similar arrangement, applicable for certain quantities of garments up the end of 1993 was recently extended to the end of 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fiji's main exports to the EU (sugar, fish and garments) - and the resulting surplus in its trade relations with the EU - are consequently highly dependent upon the continuity of these preferences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Support for tourism&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the field of services, and specifically in tourism, the EU - through its support of the Tourism Council of the South Pacific - has contributed to the fact that every sixth tourist or so arriving in Fiji comes from a member country of the Union. Tourism being by far Fiji's most important source of foreign exchange earnings, receipts from European tourists amount at present to some ECU 30m, and are greater than those from the export of fish and fish products&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Taking the Sugar Protocol into consideration, the EU is by far the most important of Fiji's development partners, followed by Australia. The country also benefits from bilateral cooperation arrangements with EU Member States (UK, France, Germany). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tonga</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Hoping to maintain harmony</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'None of the most civilised nations have ever exceeded these islanders in the great order and regularity maintained on every occasion, in ready and submissive compliance with the commands of their chiefs, and the perfect harmony that subsists among all ranks.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These were the words of Captain Cook who visited the Tonga archipelago several times on his voyages around the world in the eighteenth century. The famous explorer was obviously impressed by the social organisation of this island nation and, although it is more than two centuries since he undertook his Pacific voyages, many of his observations hold true today. Talk of submissive compliance may no longer be appropriate, but in contrast to the turbulence of much of the outside world, Tonga certainly ranks as a peaceful society, which is respectful of hierarchies and strongly attached to 'traditional values'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The reference to harmony is particularly apposite, as The Courier discovered when we visited Tonga earlier this year. It was fortunate that our trip coincided with the King's birthday celebrations and we had the opportunity to enjoy the superb choral music which plays a central part in many important ceremonies here. Like their Polynesian cousins in Western Samoa (featured in our last issue), the Tongans seem to have a natural flair for music and a talent for spontaneous harmony. The question is whether these 'Friendly Islands' - a name they certainly deserve  -  can maintain their reputation for social harmony into the third millenium.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In order to answer this, one has to identify where discordant notes could creep in. The biggest challenge appears to come from the process of globalisation. New technologies, particularly in the field of communications, are rapidly breaking down barriers. The tide of the international economic system, with its emphasis on mass production, con sumerism and free trade, is lapping at the islands' shores And political systems everywhere are under pressure to con form to a 'democratic' model which some would argue places the individual above the community. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of course, external influences can be both positive and negative Cultural exchanges can be enriching, and new ideas and techniques may offer opportunities for improving the quality of life. The key is to adapt without undermining the social fabric. And in Tonga, as in other countries, a harmonious future will ultimately depend on the way the country evolves both politically and economically.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking first at the current political set-up in Tonga, one cannot fault the use of the term constitutional monarchy which is the preferred description locally. It is important, however, to recognise that the constitution - which dates back to 1875 - gives considerable power to the monarchy. There is a measure of democracy in that all adults over 21 have a vote, but they only elect nine of the 30 Members of Parliament A further nine are chosen by the country's 30+ nobles while the twelve Cabinet Ministers, who sit in the House ex officio are nominated by the King. Tonga may' be small (it has fewer than 100 000 inhabitants) but it nonetheless attract: the interest of political scientists as one of the few remaining states with a hereditary ruler who wields substantial power.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Critics of the system view it as an anachronism, although their emphasis is on reform rather than revolutionary change. Defenders argue that the arrangement works well in a small, homogenous nation which values its unique culture and traditions (even if the constitution contains many 'British' elements). The latter also point, with some justification, to the attitude of the population. There are dissenting voices but the majority appears to be happy with the existing set-up, thereby lending it democratic legitimacy  -  at least indirectly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There may not, at present, be any overwhelming demand for constitutional reform but things can change. In particular, a people's view of their political system and how it might evolve is likely to be influenced by the prevailing economic conditions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic outlook&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga's economy is not exactly booming with the most recent estimates suggesting a 2% GDP drop in 1995-96. Several of the traditional problems faced by developing countries are to be found writ large here. The local market is not just small but tiny by global standards, and this makes it exceptionally difficult to achieve economies of scale. There is heavy demand for imported manufactured items and few viable export opportunities to balance the equation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The education system compares favourably with those of other developing nations but the pool is so small that Tonga inevitably suffers from human resource shortages. This is exacerbated by a steady 'brain drain'. Qualified Tongans, who may already have experienced life abroad at college or university, are tempted by a range of attractions including higher salaries, better housing and more extensive career prospects. The skills shortage is particularly severe in the medical profession. In a recent issue of Matangi Tonga (the 'national news magazine'), it was reported that the country would only have one anaesthetist by 1997 - with a local doctor observing wryly that there was no need for one since the main hospital's only specialist surgeon had recently left to take up a post abroad.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although it would be better for Tonga to retain its qualified people, the fact that the country 'exports' labour does have its positive side. Tongans have a strong sense of family and community, and overseas workers send significant amounts of money back home. This injection of 'foreign' funds boosts the local economy and reduces the overall balance of payments deficit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture is by far the most important economic sector, with most crops being grown for local consumption. The islands benefit from a fertile soil and a tropical climate, allowing the cultivation of a wide variety of fruit and vegetables. All land is vested in the Crown, with estates allocated to the nobles. By law, each adult male is also supposed to be allotted three hectares although there is not enough land to go round. Despite this difficulty, which means that some people do not receive their allocation, the result is that most Tongans are involved in farming. The advantage of the arrangement is that it guarantees a living for the bulk of the population even if their cash income is low. On the other hand, it is obviously a feudal system which favours the upper echelons of Tongan society. In addition, it tends to hinder the development of larger units which could benefit from economies of scale. While anxious to make farming more efficient (and export-oriented), the government currently has no plans to introduce land reform.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In export terms, the main crop is squash (pumpkins). Production increased dramatically in the early 1990s when a market niche was identified in Japan and it soon became the country's biggest foreign exchange-earner. More recently, income has been depressed, with overproduction in 1994 leading to a drop in prices, and poor rainfall the following year reducing yields. The November export figures for the last three years (November is the month when squash deliveries peak) illustrate the extent of Tonga's reliance on this single product. In November 1993, the country's overall export income was T$15m - more than half of the annual total. Twelve months later, the figure had dropped to T$9m and last year, it fell below T$6m. When The Courier visited Tonga, the authorities were talking about limiting the amount of squash exported to Japan this year to 15 000 tonnes, in the hope of maintaining premium prices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government is also acutely aware of the risks of mono-dependence and is looking for other outlets for its agricultural produce. Demand for copra, Tonga's traditional export, has apparently been reviving, but the price has not been high enough to attract local farmers back into the market. Other crops sold abroad include vanilla, cocoa, coffee, black pepper and ginger.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One farmer who is doing his bit in the quest for export diversification is Masao Soakai, a former general manager of the Copra Board. He is now the managing director of a company that specialises in the import and export of produce. This energetic 73 year-old gave us a guided tour of the plots he had rented. He cultivates an astonishing range of different crops which include potatoes (for Fiji), cassava, taro, yams, carrots, broccoli, cauliflowers, strawberries, bananas and capsicums. He also rears cattle and pigs (a Tongan tradition). Masao Soakai stresses the importance of rotation in maintaining yields and believes strongly in planting for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other sectors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wherever you happen to be in Tonga, the Pacific Ocean is never far away. Evidence of the country's maritime tradition can be found in accounts of the appropriately named William Mariner (see box article on this page). But while, in the past, Tongan vessels sailed far and wide, and the country has a huge exclusive economic zone (EEZ), the fishing industry is relatively undeveloped. The sector generates about 5% of GDP. A project sponsored jointly by the FAO and the UNDP revealed that there was considerable scope for expansion, both in the inshore and reef zones and in the deep sea area. The main species which could be exploited commercially are albacore, skipjack and yellowfin tuna. Tonga has received assistance to develop its fisheries from the USA and Japan, and the government has offered tax advantages in the hope of promoting investment, but there is still a long way to go before the country realises its full potential in this area. Hitherto, the country has not licensed foreign vessels to fish in its waters but there is talk of this policy changing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tourism could also generate a lot more income although it currently faces a number of infrastructural and practical constraints. The government is committed to expanding the sector but Mrs Papiloa Bloomlield Foliaki, the owner and manager of Nuku'alofa's third largest hotel (the 'Friendly Islander') feels that a lot more could be done. She pointed out to The Courier that a healthy tourist sector would provide employment as well as stimulating new business for food producers, builders and craft industries. She focused, in particular, on deficiencies in training and marketing, and suggested that some of the resources allocated to agriculture might be better spent in tackling these.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga's natural assets make it a 'dream' location for visitors looking for a complete change of scene - particularly if they happen to be keen on sailing, snorkelling or scuba diving. The problem is that the country is so far off the beaten track that it is expensive to get to (some would see this as an advantage in deterring mass tourism). Nothing much can be done to change this but it does mean that they have to aim at the upper end of the market. This requires top quality accommodation  -  of which there is a distinct shortage at the moment. As regards marketing, Mrs Foliaki was hopeful that the recent formation of a hotel association would enable the Tongan tourist industry to raise its profile abroad. Despite her optimism - echoed by all those we spoke to in official circles - the latest figures for visitor arrivals show a downturn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the manufacturing sector, the story is, sadly, one of long term decline. Clothing production ceased in 1994 and the output of leather items has been falling. There are very few industrial activities in which Tonga has a comparative advantage (whether actual, or potential) and this is something which is recognised locally. There may be some scope for adding value to agricultural products through processing but it is unlikely that industry will take off in a big way in the foreseeable future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sale of passports (see the interview with Prime Minister Baron Vaea) is an issue which attracted publicity - not all of it favourable - some years ago, when the government launched the TPPP (Tonga Protected Person's Passport). This was designed to be a travel document which did not confer the right of residence in the country. The authorities adopted the scheme with an eye firmly on Hong Kong, a British colony which is due to be transferred to China in 1997. Some passports were sold but the project never really took off as the immigration authorities of other countries refused to accept the document. Now there are suggestions that the idea may be revived, although this time involving normal passports.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The foregoing survey of Tonga's economy does not paint a particularly happy picture but it should be stressed that there is very little real poverty in the islands. In many ways, the informal economy is more important, and subsistence agriculture and fishing ensure that people do not go hungry. With their traditional family structures and strong attachment to the Christian faith, the Tongans have not yet encountered many of the social problems associated with more consumption-oriented societies. But to paraphrase a famous saying, 'no nation is an island' nowadays - even if it happens to be surrounded by water! In an era of increasing globalisation, the key question is how to manage change. Let us hope that the people of Tonga can find the right answer. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview, Prime Minister Baron Vaea</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Constrained by our geography'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;No-one can accuse Tonga's Prime Minister of being a starry-yed optimist. As the following interview reveals, Baron Vaea, who heads a twelve-member ministerial team, is refreshingly honest about the economic difficulties facing his small island country. The Courier interviewed him in July, at his office in Nuku'alofa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have suffered a GDP drop and a general slowdown of activity in recent years. What is the government doing to restore the situation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is true that the economy has been declining. The main cause is the excessive demand from the private sector for imports from New Zealand and Australia, combined with diminishing exports. Our exports fell when the price of copra dropped. Another problem is New Zealand's quarantine rules. New Zealand is very particular on quarantine against insects, notably fruit flies, which may damage their own export trade. We have endeavoured to balance this out by selling squash to Japan and indeed, it has been a saviour as far as our economy is concerned. Squash is something our farmers know how to grow. Of course, the market goes up and down. Recently, we made the mistake of over-producing and quite a lot of the crop could not be sold abroad. I think our farmers are now realising this, and that they have to plant according to the quota that we ourselves have imposed. Tourism is another important area although levels of room occupancy are very dependent&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;on the economic situation in other countries. Then there are passport sales.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is this something you are still doing ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, but it has been hit by technical difficulties. A number of Hong Kong Chinese bought our Tongan Protected Persons Passport (TPPP) in the hope that they could travel. The immigration authorities in other countries decided they would not accept the document so this source of income dried up. We have changed to national passports which people can use to travel. We are hoping to revive this in order to suit the conditions of the Hong Kong people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Is this being done on the assumption that the people who purchase such a passport would not ultimately settle here ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. The main reason people in Hong Kong want a passport is to keep open the option of leaving after the changeover.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Has this policy prompted any criticism from other countries ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - No. The main problem is the Chinese themselves who are due to take over Hong Kong next year. It is possible that they will not recognise these passports. We are planning to have discussions with the Chinese on this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Going back to the agricultural sector, are you not putting too many eggs in one basket in focusing so heavily on squash. What efforts are you making to diversify ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We have just signed a trade agreement with Fiji. They are such a close neighbour yet we have had virtually no trade with them. This should change with the agreement, to the benefit of our economy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What products are we talking about here ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Mainly vegetables, particularly those that are favoured by the Indian community, such as chills and spices. A trade mission has just returned from Fiji where they picked up a number of orders. The representative of a group of growers also recently returned from Japan. He took a sample of dried pawpaw, a crop which is popular with the Japanese, and apparently received an excellent response. This is an area which is promising.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The key issue, however, is the amount of space available in the aeroplane. You can't ask everyone to grow pawpaw when the airline tells us that they can only take eight tonnes at a time. Only a limited number of farmers can be involved, so that we can continue to supply the tonnage that the airline can handle. We will encourage the rest of the farmers to concentrate on other products.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What is your policy regarding foreign investment ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - We encourage overseas investors to engage in activities that local people are not involved in. Land leases are available for anything they want to do which fits in with this policy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga has an extremely limited manufacturing sector and there appears to have been a long-term decline. What prospects are there for reversing this trend ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - For many years, the policy of the government has been to encourage exports. We have had entrepreneurs here who have exported things like woollen garments, small boats, horse saddles and so on - but it didn't last. The sad fact is that hardy anything is exported from Tonga. The main reason is that we are constrained by our geography. We are so far away from the main markets. The raw materials have to be brought in and by the time the article is finished, there is no way that it can compete in price terms. This has always been our problem. We are always looking for new markets but it is not easy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A second limitation is the private sector in Tonga. This is weak in terms of technology, marketing and product quality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about further processing of local products - perhaps value-added agricultural activity ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, this is something that we would hope to do, though the same kinds of problem arise. People don't set up the processing plant because they say there isn't enough local cultivation to make it worthwhile. And the farmers don't grow the crop because they say there is no market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So it is 'chicken and egg' situation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. The result is that people only grow for home consumption.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I should mention here that there are other resources we have yet to exploit, notably in our waters. We have reserved these for ourselves and do not allow foreign fishing vessels. So we are trying to recover resources from the sea.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is also the possibility of drilling for oil. Research ships operating in the Pacific have found a limited number of locations where it would be worth looking for oil reserves and two of them are in our waters. We have been publicising this with a view to encouraging further exploration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· This would presumably involve drilling licences for oil multinationals.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes. Some companies have done this in the past although only on a small scale. The answer we got from the oil companies is that they are interested in exploitation - but not now because of the low oil price. When the price goes up, I think we may attract interest again but that is clearly only a long term possibility.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· A lot of young Tongans leave the islands to work overseas. What is the explanation for this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is true that a high percentage of our population migrates. These are people in search of a better life, who seek to reap the benefits of their abilities by working overseas. They can have a nice house and get a good education for their children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I should stress that we have a good education system here but there is a heavy emphasis on gaining qualifications in order to get into the civil service. Where we are lacking is in the field of technical education. We have some facilities of course - an Institute of Science and Technology and a Marine Institute to train people to go to sea. This is very much in its infancy and we hope it will help for the future. But even some who have gone through this system end up looking for jobs overseas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Turning to political issues, you have a monarchy here which is still very powerful. Do you anticipate any changes in the system ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - There has been some public pressure for change. I don't think people want a radical upheaval but there is a feeling in certain quarters that the present system could be improved upon. As you probably know, Parliament has nine members elected by the people and a further nine selected by the 28 nobles from among their own number. The third component is the government -  12 ministers who are appointed by the King. It has been suggested that qualified people who don't presently sit in Parliament should be there to help deal with the economy. One idea is to change the Constitution so that whole population elects 30 members. The King would then choose his ministers from these 30.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Has this idea made any headway ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  No, not so far. We are maintaining the old system. The proposal has been aired but it hasn't been passed in the House. There are a lot of people, I think, who prefer the present system because they feel the monarchy works for the benefit of all the people. Would a new team necessarily stick to this principle? There must be a danger that they would tend to favour just one section of the population.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Can you comment, finally, on Tonga' relations with its partners in development cooperation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - As you know, we have good relations with the EU through the LomÃ© Convention. We also have strong bilateral links with Australia and New Zealand which have been giving us assistance. But I think we have to face up to the fact that the aid cannot continue. The UK, for example, used to provide us with our judges. That has been taken over by Australia and New Zealand -  but for how long ? I think it is bound to be phased out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So we will continue to have relations with our partners, but we need to recognise that they are concentrating their efforts now and adapt accordingly. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Profile</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;General information&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Area: 669 kmÂ². Tonga has about 170 small islands and four main island groups (Tongatapu, Ha'apai, Vava'u and the Niuas). It has an Exclusive Economic Zone of approximately 700 000 km,). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Capital: Nuku'alofa (situated on Tongatapu) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population: 99 000 (1994 census) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population density: 149 per kilometreÂ² &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy at birth (1992): 68 years Official languages: Tongan and English Currency: Pa'anga (T$) made up of 100 seniti. The currency is pegged to the Australian dollar. In September 1996, 1 ECU was worth T$ 1.57 (US$1 T$ 1.22)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p32.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Tonga&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Polities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;System of government: Constitutional monarchy based on the Constitution promulgated in 1875. Considerable powers remain vested in the King. The Parliament has 31 members  -  the Speaker, 12 ministers (including the Governors of Vava'u and Ha'apai) who are appointed by the King, 9 nobles chosen by the 33 members of the nobility and 9 People's Representatives elected by universal suffrage. There are no political parties although there has been talk of setting up a 'people's Party'. The twelve cabinet ministers hold office until they reach retirement age.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Head of State: King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prime Minister: Baron Vaea of Houma&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economy (estimated 1995 figures unless otherwise stated) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Annual GDP per capita: approx US $1900&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;GDP growth rate: -2% (1995/96)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Principal exports: squash, vanilla, manufactured goods and fish. In the early 1990s, squash accounted for more than half the country's total export income. In 1995, however, the harvest was affected by drought and exports dropped significantly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Balance of payments: A trade deficit of US $38.8m (exports  -  US $18.3m, imports  -  US $57.1 m). The current account deficit is much smaller thanks to 'invisible' earnings, notably from tourism and remittances from Tongans living overseas. Inflation rate (April 1995): 4.5%. Total external debt: T$ 44m (1993)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: Tonga in Profile (on the Internet -  http: 11l www. netstorage. com/kami/ tonga) Economic Intelligence Unit Country Report 1996. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Interview with peopleâs representative, Teisina Fuko</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'There is much more political awareness'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;People's representative, Teisina Fuko offers an alternative view&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While Tonga has no political parties, and the main levers of power remain in the hands of the monarch, it would be a mistake to conclude that there is no questioning of the status quo in this small Pacific kingdom. As The Courier discovered on its recent visit, Tongans are happy to speak openly about their political system and to criticise (or praise) aspects of it me local media may not be particularly extensive but it nonetheless allowe for different viewpoints to be expressed, including criticism of the authorities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Those who advocate political reforms in Tonga face something of an uphill struggle. There is no overwhelming demand for change and although the lever of popular support for the current system is not easy to judge, there appears to be widespread acquiescence  -  which effectively amounts to the same thing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, the focus of 'opposition' has tended to be within the ranks of the people's representatives who sit in Parliament We spoke to one of these elected members, Teisina Fuko, who comes from the Ha'apai island group and began by asking how democratic the thought the system was.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I would say about 50%. Up until the 1970s, the system was very traditional but we now seem to be westernising quite quickly. People are returning from overseas with different ideas and this is having an impact on the way we are governed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think you will ultimately have a Parliament whose members are all elected by universal franchise ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I would say it is more certain now than ever before. There is much more political awareness. We see it in the schools, where children are being taught to think independently. There are also the new economic trends -  commercialisation and the focus on foreign earnings which imply the need for modernisation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You sound quite enthusiastic about the 'westernisation' process. Are you not concerned about the possible negative aspects in terms of the survival of your traditional culture ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think we have to strike a balance. We mustn't go to extremes. Our culture and traditions are important but there are new things we need to take on board and some old habits we should drop. Take business opportunities: we have to be more democratic in this area. If one group has all the power then they will tend to favour their friends which isn't necessarily efficient. What it boils down to is a lack of checks and balances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the present economic difficulties, I also think we need to move quite quickly. I recently wrote an article arguing that the King should transfer his power to appoint ministers to the people. Ministers should be elected so that they can be accountable to the taxpayer. We are a close-knit family here and there is no question of getting rid of the monarchy. But we need to sit down and hammer out a compromise which will allow us to improve our economy and make it more competitive.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Let me give you a practical example. Defence is now third on our list of priorities. That doesn't make sense to me. We would be better spending the money on economic development. We also need to boost the private sector so it can create jobs, instead of tying its hands. At present, 50% of our revenue goes on paying civil servants. What for 7 It may create employment, but it is not productive. So the government has to be minimised. Having said this, there are some positive signs. I am glad, for example, to see new blood being brought into the ministerial team.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Parliament is currently composed of three groups - twelve ministers, nine nobles and nine people's representatives. On paper, that suggests that no group can dominate ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- Yes, but the ministers and nobles often work together and we are  outvoted. It is difficult to imagine the nobles saying 'no' to the King although, to be fair, they do sometimes abstain and some of them recognise the need for certain reforms to the system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Turning to the economy, which areas do you think offer the best development prospects ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;-  Tonga's potential lies in fishing. We are an island nation that has always depended on the resources of the sea and we have the necessary labour force. What the people need is the know-how  -  advanced technologies to develop this sector. We also have to set up credit programmes so that people can invest in boats and equipment. I believe we should spend a lot more on fishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unfortunately the government does not take the same view. It has put a lot of resources into small industries, airlines and so on. Yet the reality is that these sectors are in decline. Manufacturing has fallen and so have agricultural exports. Fishing is the only sector that is expanding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· What about the prospects for agriculture ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think we have reached the limit in this sector. There is very little scope for expansion. I also believe we should be concentrating on what we can produce to use locally. There is very little more we can do in terms of commercial exploitation. Tonga is somewhat overcrowded and we cannot use too many chemicals because the water table is so low.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· One local issue, which presumably has economic implications, concerns the possible expulsion of foreigners who have been here for a certain amount of time. Apparently, the decision has been taken not to renew certain residence permits. What is your view on this ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think Tonga should encourage skilled people who are here to stay. We should use make use of their skills, particularly where they have expertise that is lacking locally. At the same time, there are some people here who just came for a visit and ended up staying without doing anything very productive. There are also a number who came after the coup in Fiji and I think we should give them some leeway.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the whole, I don't think it is a big problem. Tonga has traditionally been very liberal in the application of its immigration law. We have never been colonised so we tend not to have a suspicion of foreigners. And whatever we do must be in accordance with the law.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Could you sum up your vision for the future ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  You only need to look around you to see that we have a youthful population here: a lot of young people who need to be catered for. We are investing heavily in education which I think is good but we need to do more to adapt to the changing world. We were peaceful in the past because most Tongans were on roughly the same level in terms of wealth. Now the poor are getting poorer while the rich get richer. This could lead to an increase in social tensions. With a more democratic system, we should be able to close the gap and work for a peaceful and more prosperous future. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Seeking business overseas</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;New Minister outlines economic strategy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the policy of appointing Ministers for life - or at least until retirement age - is maintained, then Dr Giulio Masasso Tu'ikolongahau Paunga can look forward to a long career in the Tonga Cabinet. At just 32, he has recently been been given the job of Minister for Labour, Commerce and Industries (with responsibility also for tourism). He may be relatively young, but the new minister has impressive academic credentials. He took a master's degree in Japan (in Japanese) and as we soon discovered, he has some new ideas about how to achieve economic development in his country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dr Masasso's portfolio covers a wide range of economic activities and we began by asking what he thought the main focus of his work would be. He identified three areas  -  agriculture, which is the single most important sector; fisheries which has potential for growth; and tourism. He would also like to see more manufacturing, particularly for export, but acknowledged that the current prospects in this area were very limited.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Looking first at agricultural production for export, we noted that a significant change had taken place over the last decade. Coconut-related products had been largely replaced by squash, a 'gap' in the Japanese market having been identified when other sources of supply were not available. Tonga may have been the first to spot the opportunity but was there not a danger that other countries might 'muscle in'? The government was 'very aware of this danger', said the Minister and was trying very hard to diversify its export products. He mentioned vanilla, papaya, beans and, in particular, carrots. The last-mentioned crop grows well in the islands and there is apparently a growing taste for carrot juice in Japan. A list of products with export potential, which could be grown successfully in Tonga, had been drawn up in cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture, and Dr Masasso's department would be actively seeking new business overseas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The government is obviously interested in developing trade with Japan and other countries in Asia, but the Minister felt that New Zealand and Australia were likely to remain the principal markets for Tongan farm products in the future. He was looking forward to easier access to New Zealand once new quarantine facilities had been set up at the international airport on Tongatapu. This, he said, should allow for a larger throughput of export crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efficiency, of course, is the key to winning and keeping overseas customers. With this in mind, our discussion turned to the land tenure system. The allocation (at least in theory) of parcels of land to all male Tongans discourages the development of larger farms or plantations. Was this the most effective way of exploiting the country's fertile lands? Dr Masasso acknowledged that the system hampered efficiency but stressed that the question was a very sensitive one. The right to cultivate a plot of land is deeply rooted in Tongan culture, and radical changes to the property laws are not on the agenda. As the Minister put it; 'We are trying to maximise our efficiency under the present system of land tenure.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Turning to tourism, Dr Masasso observed that 'this has been the most stable industry over the past ten years,' bringing an average of T$ 12 million into the country every year. In looking at possible growth, however, he stressed the need to take account of the environmental and cultural impact. 'Tonga is a very small country, and it would not be right to build too many hotels and related facilities. It might be possible, but the long-term effects would be a little too much for the country.' Dr Masasso said he favoured tourism which has 'e closer relationship with people -  a cultural exchange, targeting people who really wish to understand our country.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fishing is a sector which appears to have huge potential given the size of Tonga's exclusive economic zone. Dr Masasso explained how Japanese assistance was being used in a boat building scheme designed to produce vessels that local people could afford. He also spoke enthusiastically of the research that had been carried out to determine the nature and size of the fish stocks. He recognised, however, that while most of Tonga's fishing was inshore, there was scope for a great deal more revenue from deep-sea fishing. In this connection, negotiations were underway with the United States, Taiwan and Japan, to allow vessels from these nations to fish in Tongan waters. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The conversation then moved on to the more general issue of entrepreneurship and the role of the state in the economy. The Minister indicated that the government believed in privatisation but stressed that this was not simply 'because other countries are doing ft.' The main issue at this stage, he said, was to create a sufficiently large pool of well-trained people to take over activities currently run by the authorities. 'The government wishes it didn't need to get involved but we are a small developing nation, and to get things started, you need capital and know-how  - which locals sometimes don't have access to.' In these circumstances, the state had to activate projects which could later be privatised once the necessary skills had been built up. Another 'major strategy' was to develop a much closer relationship between the Ministry and the private sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This led us into a discussion about Tonga's attitude to foreign investors who might also be in a position to supply capital and know-how. The authorities had recently threatened that a number of residence permits would not be renewed. Was this not a disincentive to potential overseas investors ? Dr Masasso was keen to offer clarification. 'The media makes it look as if Tonga doesn't like investors but they have misinterpeted the situation. He insisted; 'we want the foreign investment here and are encouraging it in those areas where locals cannot get involved.' Defending the actions of the immigration authorities, the Minister stressed that what they were doing was normal practice. 'Those who stay here illegally and do not extend their visa have to be deported.' The action, he argued, was not directed against foreign investors and indeed, the latter should be encouraged by the government's commitment to upholding the law.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tonga-EU cooperation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Developing the Vava'u islands&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Myfanwy van de Velde&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EC-Tonga cooperation began in 1975 with the first LomÃ© Convention, soon after Tonga gained full independence in 1970. Grant aid totalling ECU 19.8m (LomÃ© I - LomÃ© IV) has been allocated to the country during its 20-year membership of the Convention.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under LomÃ© I, funds were directed principally towards two main projects: the construction of the wharf at Neiafu, Vava'u, and funding for the Ministry of Works to procure road maintenance equipment and build schools, rural health centres and small wharves at Ha'apai and Vava'u. Remaining funds were used to finance studies involving dredging, trade promotion and designs for Vava'u and Faua fisheries harbours. The EIB also financed a line of credit of ECU 130 000, under LomÃ© I, to the Tonga Development Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LomÃ© II funds focused on the fisheries sector, and on initiating works relating to the upgrading of the Vava'u airport. There were also projects in the fisheries sector, aimed at encouraging fishermen to undertake commercial fishing to meet local demand. To this end, the Faua Fisheries Harbour for small boats was built, and marketing and cold storage facilities were provided.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By the time LomÃ© III funds came on stream, Tonga had adopted a regional development approach with regard to its various island groups. The aim was to have a coherent development programme taking account of the specific constraints and potential of each. The Vava'u group of islands became identified as the focal area for the use of EC assistance, and LomÃ© III resources (ECU 6.5m in grants and ECU 0.5m in the form of risk capital to be managed by the EIB) as well as LomÃ© IV funds (ECU 6m and ECU 1 m respectively) have duly focused on its development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Located in the north of the Kingdom, Vava'u is the second group of islands both in terms of population (16 000) and land area. With an abundance of natural resources, the group is thought to have greater potential for agriculture and tourism than other parts of the Kingdom. However, this potential was largely untapped at the time LomÃ© III was initiated. This was due to a variety of constraining factors including relatively low productivity, undeveloped marketing infrastructures, substantial import levels and poor distribution of utilities and other public services. One particular constraint preventing the development of tourism was limited access caused by a lack of transport infrastructures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two main projects aimed at addressing these problems have been implemented. The first, costing ECU 1.24m, involved completing the upgrading of the local airport at Lupepau'u (begun under LomÃ© II). In addition to runway improvements, a new terminal building was provided, complete with safety and navigational equipment. Passengers began using the new facilities in early 1995. The second project, entitled the 'Vava'u Development Programme', was allocated the sum of ECU 5m. This money is being used to pay for a series of activities including road upgrading, the provision of photovoltaic equipment for household energy needs and the supply of equipment for vocational training colleges. New buildings being funded include health clinics, a market and an agricultural quarantine building. The funds also cover the cost of establishing the Vava'u Development Unit as the monitoring and implementing agency for the programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Programme continues under LomÃ© IV, with about 85% of programmable resources for Tonga (approximately ECU 5m) set aside for activities in the focal area. Funds will be directed towards developing the Neiafu urban area, in recognition of the need to upgrade access and services in the commercial centre of Vava'u. The projects envisaged include upgrading the town centre and urban roads, port improvements, and measures to increase the capacity and improve the distribution of piped and rain water to households. In addition, a multi-annual micro-projects programme will lead to the construction of jetties on the inhabited outer islands of Vava'u, thereby improving access to Neiafu which is the main centre of the archipelago.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to the above grant aid, Tonga has received funds in the form of Stabex transfers for losses in export earnings in respect of coconut products, bananas and vanilla. It also received emergency aid in 1977, following an earthquake, and in 1982 following Hurricane Isaac.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EIB interventions have contributed to the share capital of the Tonga Development Bank and have increased the Bank's lending capacity to small and medium-sized enterprises. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Switching on the Iights</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Uelingatoni Tevita Vaea (known as 'T' to his friends), proved to be a mine of information for The Courier, when we visited the Vava'u island group in northern Tonga recently. 'T' is a Tongan engineer who returned to his native land from Australia to work as assistant project manager in the Vava'u Development Unit. His help was particularly useful during the highlight of our visit - a traditional celebratory feast laid on by the villagers of Nuapapu. This is one of Vava'u's inhabited outer islands and the celebration was staged to mark the installation of solar powered lighting, courtesy of LomÃ© Convention funds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nuapapu is one of a number of outlying villages to receive solar installations under the Vava'u Development Programme. In all, some 350 homes have been wired up. Units attached to individual buildings collect the power and convert it into electricity which is stored in a battery. When night falls, the lights can then be switched on. Although the bulk of the installation costs are covered by the project, each participating household is required to pay a lump sum to have a unit fitted. They are also contracted to pay a modest amount each month towards maintenance of the system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It may all seem rather prosaic to those of us accustomed to electrical power at the flick of a switch, but for the people of the villages in the Vava'u group, the project is little short of revolutionary. For centuries, their daily rhythm has been governed largely by the rising and setting of the sun. The only 'artificial' light available after darkness came from fuel-burning (and more recently, battery) torches or lamps  - enough perhaps to reveal a path or highlight the position of an object, but certainly not to read or do intricate work with one's hands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The formal 'switching on' ceremony was performed by the Dutch Ambassador, Mr van Thessen and Jonathan Rodwell, who is the European Commission's resident advisor in Tonga. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This was preceded by a courtesy visit to the village chief and the above-mentioned feast, which gave the European visitors an authentic and memorable taste of traditional Tongan hospitality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The food was brought from all quarters of the village on long rectangular trays covered with leaves. Each was laden with food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fare was predominantly local: the famous roast pigs featured prominently along with fish, chicken, bananas, coconuts and a variety of root and tuber vegetables.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were also some 'imported' items: the corned beef which is so popular here, some packets of crisps to add colour to the guest 'table' and boiled sweets woven into garlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The trays were laid end to end, stretching perhaps 20 metres and woven mats were placed all around. Having received our garlands of flowers, we were invited to sit down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The feast was interspersed by various speeches and 'T' helped out with a translation and explanation of the proceedings. We began with a prayer in Tongan, delivered by the local minister. This was followed by a speech of welcome and thanks by the matapule (spokesman) of the village chief.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;High ranking people in Tonga always have a matapule to speak on their behalf on such occasions. Ambassador van Thessen and Mr Rodwell then replied on behalf of the guests, (in English, with consecutive translation provided).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They expressed thanks to the people of Nuapapu for their hospitality and wished them success with their new electric lighting. There was then a short discourse by the District Officer followed by a closing prayer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;References to all this speechmaking could leave a false impression that this was a formal and stilted affair.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact the reverse was very much the case: the mood was relaxed throughout and there is no doubt that the villagers know how to enjoy themselves. Music was supplied by a group of men playing a variety of instruments and the women joined in the festivities with what appeared to be spontaneous bursts of dancing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were also special solo dances performed by two young ladies whose bodies had been smeared with coconut oil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As tradition dictates, once their performances (involving highly expressive hand and finger movements) were complete, the audience expressed their appreciation by slapping banknotes on the oily exposed surfaces of the dancers' bodies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The light was fading as the feast ended and we moved to the brief 'lighting up' ceremony, carried out to the accompaniment of applause.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The guests (including the staff of the Vava'u Development Unit who have guided the project through its various stages) then took their leave of this hospitable community and set off by boat on the return journey to Neiafu. As the vessel drew away from the shore, we were able to look up and see, for the first time, the twinkling lights of Nuapapu. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dossier</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Habitat</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Livable cities and rural rights</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(Dossier coordinated by Debra Percival and  Claude Smets)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The United Nations Conference, Habitat 11, on human settlements (Istanbul, June 3-14 1996) exposed the Herculean task of addressing the problems of ever-growing cities and called for 'shelter for all.' The special contribution of civil society in making cities more liveable was acknowledged at the conference - but the big question is, who will foot the bill ? The meeting also spoke of improving dwellings in rural areas to keep people on the land and halt the mass exodus to the cities. But the right to remain and prosper from one's habitat can be at odds with outside pressures for environmental conservation. The dossier looks at some of the issues raised by the conference, and the wider significance of 'Habitat II' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second UN gathering on the theme of 'habitat', staged two decades after the first conference in Vancouver, took place against a backdrop of rapid and alarming urban growth. In 1900, one person in ten lived in a city. By 1948, the ratio was three in ten and by the year 2000 half the world's population are expected to be urban dwellers. 25 years after that, the figure is expected to have climbed to 60%. Africa is the region that currently has the highest rate of urban growth. In 1950, it had only one city with a population of one million. By the end of this decade there could be 60 cities of this size, according to UN figures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The focus on human settlements and liveable cities inevitably meant that Habitat II covered some of the same ground as other UN conferences convened during the 1990s to explore the big issues facing mankind: the 1992 'Earth Summit' on environmental matters in Rio de Janeiro, the 1994 Population Conference in Cairo, the 1995 Social Summit in Copenhagen and the 1995 Women's Conference in Beijing. Issues common to all the agendas included rapid population growth, environmental degradation, access to clean water, poor sanitation, lack of infrastructures, and women's issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The rallying calls of Habitat II, set out in the Conference's conclusions, were 'shelter for all' and 'sustainable human settlements in an urbanising world.' The Nairobi-based Centre for Human Settlements is to be the focus for the follow-up. But as delegates dispersed, one of the pressing questions was where the money will come from to meet the host of agreed objectives -  which include clean water with improved technology, conservation and protection of the environment, and better health and education. In this dossier, European Commission officials from the Development Directorate General, who attended the conference, reflect on Istanbul and its likely followup.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whereas in the past, cities were associated with economic development, innovation and the diffusion of new ideas, nowadays they conjure up the vision of urban poverty, environmental degradation, poor sanitation and a host of health hazards. Urbanisation is the direct consequence of rapid population growth, according to the 1993 Human Development Report. In 1965, agriculture provided 77% of employment in developing countries and represented more than 41 % of Gross Domestic Product. By 1985, this sector was contributing a lot less to GDP but was still providing 72% of all employment. So a large number of people continue to depend on agriculture although its share of the global economy is declining. In these circumstances, it not surprising that many of the world's poorest people are migrating to cities - the annual estimate is 20-30 million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The dossier looks, in particular, at the environmental cost of rampant urbanisation and at the problems of city living for more vulnerable groups such as women. They are often among the poorest urban dwellers and can fall victim to exploitation and crime.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Paradoxically, poor people in cities are becoming even poorer as economies improve. Additional pressures on these marginalised groups living in cities are neatly summed up by Jeremy Seabrook, author of 'In the Cities of the South.' In a recent article for Gemini news agency: 'Tougher Struggle for Survival in the Concrete Jungle,' he writes; 'As the pace of development quickens, with high economic growth and increased migration to urban areas, land price in most big cities have soared. Poor people are being increasingly removed from their hoary&quot; - by mysterious fires, explosions and 'accidents'. Meanwhile, the urban poor's ability to mobilise and achieve has been used against them. The capacity of people to create homes and secure local communities has been used as a justification for the withdrawal of government services.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He continues: 'As inequalities become more glaring, enclaves of prosperity are sealed off from the slums by checkpoints, guards and fences - like frontiers to another country. Despite this, people are still flocking to the city  -  often refugees from intensifying, industrialised agriculture and.. megaprojects in the countryside...' Mr Seabrook points out that without decent jobs, they fall prey to sub-contractors, who exploit them, offering them low pay and demanding that they work long hours.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Civil society&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the cities of many developing nations, 'civil society' is taking a lead, with projects to bridge the gap between the 'haves' end the 'have note'. Numerous participants at the Istanbul conference applauded the urban programmes undertaken by various elements of civil society, which include NGOs, community groups and individuals. Their significance was recognised in Istanbul, where their voice came through loud and clear. Nigerian journalist, Paul Okunlola, writing in this dossier notes a move towards 'bottom up' projects in Lagos as a result of the tough times.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agostinho Jardim GonÃ§alves, the President of the NGO-EU Liaison Committee, was particularly pleased at the input of civil society to the conference's committees and conclusions. The debate, he said, had not just been about the macroeconomic aspects. Instead, it had come 'within the reach of the populations themselves.' The people, he argued, were both victims of the anomalies of inhumane settlement and the key players in efforts to construct a humane, dignified habitat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeremy Seabrook describes some of the inspiring international initiatives undertaken by civil society. Examples include the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC) in Bombay, which works with pavement dwellers; the Association of Basic Needs (ARBAN), and 'Health for All' in Dhaka; the Eddie Guazon Foundation in Manila, which seeks to protect the poor against private interests; and the Foundation for Women, which is trying to tackle the trafficking of girls for Bangkok's brothels. But Mr Seabrook also warns against overestimating the strengths of popular organisation. As he points out: 'They require an enabling and positive framework, which the free market can never provide. Government intervention, of a more benign and positive kind than hitherto, is vital if people are to help themselves. As it is, too often they are forced to struggle against the people elected to govern them.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The chair of the Habitat Conference, Wally N'Dow, emphasised local solutions. The conference, he said, 'recognised the changing global patterns of life' and that solutions must be found at the local level. 'National governments and international agencies', he argued, were not in a position to solve massive urban problems or to pay to put them right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were a number of donor pledges at the conference. The European Union countries, for example, reiterated their long-standing commitment to provide 0.7% of GNP for development by the year 2000  -  though many of the 15 member states are still well short of this target.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One scheme which has attracted the particular interest of donors is South Africa's Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). To a considerable extent, the success of President Mandela's government is likely to be judged on the success of this programme. It aims, among other things, to improve health, education, housing and sanitation and as such, it mirrors many of the 'Habitat II' goals. Launched in 1994, it is the centrepiece of the South African government's efforts to create a more democratic, prosperous, non-racial and non-sexist society. In the dossier, we look at the RDP's objectives, how it is faring and what sort of support the EU is giving.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural rights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond the city, the dossier looks at what is happening to some rural dwellers who have not taken flight to the city. Although, largely focused on the city, Habitat II acknowledged the importance of urban and rural linkages in its conclusions: 'Rural and urban settlements are interdependent... governments must work to extend adequate infrastructure and opportunities to rural areas to increase their attractiveness and thereby minimise... migration.' There was mention too of the need for more jobs and housing for rural areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But in some rural areas, the inhabitants have found themselves in dispute with conservationists. The latter seek to protect wildlife and the rural habitat by setting up national parks - a solution which is not necessarily in the interests of local people struggling to maintain their livelihood. We take a look at such dilemmas and the possible solutions being developed so that rural dwellers can continue to make the most of their habitat. This rural struggle, where solutions are also being called for at a local level, is not unlike the battle being waged for a better quality of life in the cities. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Towards a global concept of urban development - an interview with Daby Diagne</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Deputy mayor of the city of Louga, Daby Diagne is also President of the Finance Committee of Senegal's National Assembly, General Secretary of the Association of Mayors of Senegal and President of the World Federation of United Cities. He is the ACP-EU Joint Assembly's General Rapporteur on urban development and The Courier had the opportunity to interview him in September at the Assembly's meeting in Luxembourg.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have just submitted an initial report on urban development to the Joint Assembly. In it, you recommend that the Community adopt a specific and consistent global policy in this field, notwithstanding the fact that successive LomÃ© Conventions have contained a number of significant provisions relating to the subject. What is the reasoning behind your recommendation ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - There are several reasons. First, there is the fact that, in the past, cities were often viewed solely in terms of infrastructures and sectors. Experience shows that this approach is not effective. Specialists are increasingly opting for a more global 'city' concept. The Commission must therefore adapt itself to the new situation. It is true that it has financed infrastructures and launched health and clean-up programmes, but the problem is that this has been done in a somewhat unsystematic way without being linked to long-term regional development or a zonal policy. There is now an increasing need for an integrated regional development approach. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think ACP countries are aware of the importance of cities ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That's another question altogether. Obviously, the ACP countries are in the process of changing their views on this subject and a number have appointed ministers to look after urban affairs. The reality of city life has to be taken into account. The rate of urban growth in the ACPs far exceeds that in other parts of the world and it is in the towns and cities that one sees the most glaring instances of poverty and under-development. People have therefore been forced to take the 'city' phenomenon into account in the ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The political will must exist for a policy to be successful. Do the ACP countries have a genuine will to implement an urban policy ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I don't think it is possible to speak of a uniform trend in all ACP states. However, in certain regions - for example in West Africa, which I know well - a municipal culture is beginning to take shape. There is a growing political will, which is illustrated by the discussions on decentralisation, and people are increasingly recognising that central government cannot do everything by itself. One can find regional development and planning policies designed to create the fabric of mediumsized cities. Not everyone has them but it is something we are seeing more and more of.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· ACP countries face complex challenges and there are people who say that the actions of the European Community are too dispersed owing to the number of sectors it is involved in. Doesn't your recommendation simply add to this problem ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - On the contrary. I regard my recommendation as being pro-integration and therefore pro-globalisation  - which is not the complete opposite of a sectoral, diversified approach. I believe it would allow the Union's activities in certain fields to be better interlinked. I am thinking here of water, health, clean-up operations and infrastructures  - all of which are major problems for society. Naturally, a more global concept will require greater dedication, and if there are additional resources, so much the better, but, in my view, the situation could be improved even with what we currently have available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The rate of urbanisation in Africa is higher than elsewhere and the living conditions of city dwellers - particularly those in the shanty towns  -  are becoming increasingly difficult in terms of health, education, environment and so on. What, in your opinion, would be the optimum strategy for reversing the decline, at least in the short-term ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - First of all, I think we have to make a distinction here. Let's take the actual rate of urbanisation. Contrary to what is generally thought, this is lower than in the rest of the world. In other words, Africa has fewer towns and cities than the rest of the world. It is the rate of growth in the urban population that is higher. Populations are becoming increasingly concentrated in the cities, with the drift of people from the countryside. In addition, the phenomenon is being fed by demographic trends. You ask me if there is anything we can do to halt this. There are actions that can be taken to restore some balance. For example, we could make investments in the rural environment to keep people in the countryside, and we could implement suitable agricultural policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But we must not labour under too many illusions, because life in towns and cities will be an inevitable characteristic of the next century. Economists and urban planners have been considering the phenomenon for a long time now - perhaps 30 or 40 years. It is  something that cannot be halted, because it is a fact of civilisation. So, what should we do? Above all, we should devote our efforts to regional development, achieving a balanced distribution of human resources, and a more equitable exploitation of natural resources. Power has to be decentralised so that people do not abandon their roots but face up to local challenges. And we have to implement urban policies which are satisfactory in terms of investment, management and popular participation. In simple terms, urbanisation has to be managed. We cannot hope to reverse the trend overnight, particularly in the case of a continent like Africa where everything happens quickly. Africa is enormous and its population has not yet reached its maximum levels. We have to take all this into account.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We must acknowledge that scientific progress and improvements in the field of health have contributed to population growth, and a reduction in mortality rates. This means that urban civilisation is a reality that we have to manage. There is a risk of uncontrolled growth in urban centres. When infrastructures are lacking, when there is no water, when hygiene cannot be guaranteed and when there is no work, a country's security is threatened.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You have mentioned democracy end the decentralisation of government This also requires adequate financial resources. Where do you think the ACP countries will find the money to implement decentralisation strategies ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Democracy involves a search for freedom - freedom of opinion and expression, independent of material or financial problems. The problem with decentralisation lies in administrative method. It is not purely a matter of money. In the first instance, it is a question of choosing the right approach. It has been demonstrated that without any extra resources, one can still act differently by delegating and decentralising. And success is much more likely because the people are involved in the process. Admittedly, it requires an internal reallocation of resources. A proportion of everything that was formerly centralised has to be allocated to development and to basic needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To answer your question more directly, there is a great deal of talk of this alternative method of governing. It is inspiring new hope and a thirst for something better. It is even being viewed as an 'ideal' solution - which it cannot be entirely. However, by decentralising human and economic resources, and by allowing people to participate, hope can be inspired at local level. This should make for better administration and support, which is an improvement in itself. Of course, this may make people more demanding. Will it satisfy their requirements? As I have already said, internal resources will have to be reallocated, but resources must also come from outside. One cannot make an allout effort for decentralisation without doing something to improve international cooperation. This cooperation, however, must be adaptable, and the state must retain its pre-eminent position and its role as guarantor and arbiter. But in addition, local communities should have access to international cooperation either directly or indirectly through their organisations, municipal structures and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· In this context, what role do you see for international organisations - not just in terms of financial resources, but also of human resources ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I think what we now need to do is build up a pool of skills in each municipal area. The developed countries have experience in this field. We have to take their processes as a model without necessarily copying their experience. This is something which will be discussed. Secondly, in the context of relationships between towns and cities, I believe it is possible to make access to experts more flexible and that this can take place very quickly, with the provision of training and fairly basic technology transfers. General training is also extremely important. In order to build up a pool of skills in towns and cities, local government must form a dynamic, management-oriented team. The approach has to be one of business-like management and objectives have to be targeted using private-sector methods, although public-service requirements always have to be borne in mind. A great deal, therefore, can be done at international level, in terms of support for networks of associations and committees of locally elected representatives, enabling them to discuss matters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We could, for example, carry out a comparative study of legislation in a particular area, thereby gaining access to other types of experience. Internationally, aid can be given to associations to help them buy equipment and attain a degree of freedom of manoeuvre vis-Ã -vis the authorities. In the field of decentralised cooperation, the international community can help elected representatives to implement their projects through partnerships, conducting studies, and providing personnel. Cooperation is possible in all spheres -  implementation, management, financing and so on. I believe that a new type of cooperation will gradually come into being. It is not a question of creating 'white elephants', but rather small and medium-scale projects which are of genuine use to the population. And I am not talking here about acts of charity, such as the donation of medicines, but sustainable projects. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Habitat II: taking stock</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Christian Cure'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future of towns and cities is not what it was. In the 20 years between the first United Nations conference on human settlements (1976) and Habitat II which took place in Istanbul in June 1996, the situation has changed a good deal. The significance of urbanisation  - and its irreversible nature -  are now acknowledged, as is the powerlessness of the authorities to deal single handedly with the complex phenomena which result The author of this article points out that civil society has suddenly broken into a field hitherto the preserve of official agencies and qualified experts, claiming a 'right to the city' based on research into more equitable development models.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vancouver to Istanbul: two symbols for two eras&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Vancouver was the 1976 host of the first conference on human settlements organised by the United Nations. At that time, the UN was celebrating 30 years of existence and Vancouver, a model of urban development and modernity, provided inspiration for the developers and experts needed to plan the cities of the future. 'Appropriate technologies' heralded the possibility of mass-produced, cheap housing for everyone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Twenty years later, the UN chose Istanbul as the host city for the Habitat II conference on human settlements, forcing us to face up to a quite different situation: uncontrollable urban growth (400 000 migrants arrive there every year), social and environmental problems, and intercultural and political tensions (amply illustrated by the Turkish politicians' inability to form a government at the very time the Conference was taking place). In brief, Istanbul presents us with the usual list of problems facing most of the world's major cities - and those of developing countries in particular.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Against this backdrop, the international community  -  180 countries, 500 local dignitaries, a few thousand professionals and even some ordinary citizens - came together from 3 to 14 June to discuss a 'settlement action plan'. This document, which had been in preparation for two years, contains 183 articles. It sets out a series of goals, principles and undertakings as well as providing an action plan for cities, the initial results of which should begin to be seen by the year 2001.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The preparatory committee selected two basic topics for discussion: securing adequate shelter for all, a basic but nonetheless controversial theme; and sustainable urban development The latter encompasses housing, demographic factors, infrastructure, services, the environment, transport, energy, social and economic development, the future of underprivileged groups and combating exclusion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cycle initiated at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 (followed by the Copenhagen, Beijing and Cairo meetings) was continued by Habitat II. Two major handicaps had to be overcome - 'conference fatigue' (with the resulting fact that there were fewer delegates than anticipated) and ensuring that what had been accomplished at earlier conferences was not undermined. Given that the subject of the meeting was human settlements, it was inevitable that sensitive issues already debated at previous summits, relating to the environment and social aspects, would keep recurring.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Civil society as an active force&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of conclusions arose from the official sessions (hearings, dialogues and various forums) which took place over the two weeks of the conference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First, Habitat II represented a recognition of the fact of urbanisation. In the past, there was a tendency on the part of the international community to play down, or even ignore, the phenomenon of urban growth and this was reflected in the meagre resources allocated to this area by donors. Today, the issue is better understood than it was 10 or 20 years ago, and it is acknowledged that the growth trend is unstoppable. Statistical studies and a set of 'urban indicators' drawn up for Habitat II confirm the scale of the problem. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second, the Istanbul summit was a lesson in modesty. The obvious powerlessness of public authorities to deal single-handedly with the challenge of burgeoning towns and cities is recognised. The result was an understanding that a more pragmatic view is needed -  one which pays more attention to the complexities of urbanisation, to the wide variety of possible responses and, above all, to the multi-faceted nature of the players involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Conference therefore became a genuine forum for debate. One of its most significant aspects was the emergence of 'civil society' as an active force. Hitherto, the field has largely been the preserve of official agencies and qualified experts. For the first time in a UN forum, local authorities, community leaders, private sector representatives and other dynamic forces in civil society were invited to give their views and take part in discussion groups. Whereas in the past, the debate was dominated by macroeconomic and technical questions, in Istanbul, the political and social aspects were given prominence as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The effect of this was to improve the quality of the debate. The outlines of a new relationship between governments and civil society (NGOs, ordinary citizens and popular urban groups) were defined - with the local authorities slotting in somewhere in the middle. And there was a particular focus on the question of dimension or scale: what should be the basis for urban democracy and citizenship. Both of these are seen as essential if one is to have successful and sustainable urban development policies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A right to the city?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first stage of the analysis is to look at urban life from a macroeconomic standpoint. Urban growth is determined by the evolution of the world economic system and, in particular, by the globalisation of markets. This has generated increased competition, including competition between cities themselves. Since the end of the 1980s, cities have been responsible for between 50% and 80% of the GDP of most countries. In other words, they represent more than mere links in the global economy; they are, in fact, pivotal points.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hence the principles which broadly underpin the Habitat 11 programme. In fundamental terms, public policies must promote the capital, housing, property and employment markets, with a view to improving the efficiency of urban management (living conditions, infrastructures, services, environment, etc.). This is not just desirable in human terms but also essential if urban productivity is to be improved. Many decision-makers at the meeting agreed that privatisation of services, partnerships involving the authorities, the community and the private sector, and decentralisation were all part and parcel of a new standard for good local governance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Representatives of 'social' interests, on the other hand, were successful in focusing the debate on fundamental rights and principles, including individual and social rights. Indeed, these issues dominated the Conference and gave rise to the most difficult negotiations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There were prolonged talks, for example, on the central issue of the right to a roof over one's head. The outcome was a commitment by governments to promote 'the full and progressive acceptance of the right to adequate shelter'. The NGOs had been hoping for a more clear-cut undertaking. Questions relating to the status of vulnerable groups, women's rights and their equal access to land, and protection against eviction, were also the subject of heated exchanges.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perhaps the most important step forward, however, was the success of civil society representatives in sowing the seeds of a new idea - the 'right to the city'. This concept has been devised on the basis of research into more equitable and soundly-based development models to which local authorities are increasingly giving practical support. Thousands of individual experiences and issues were highlighted in Istanbul by NGOs and community groups. Thus, there is a mass of evidence that populations are capable of responding through local initiatives and of taking responsibility for improving their living and housing conditions. If this 'resource' is to be exploited to the full, urban politicians must develop a deeper understanding of the scale of micro-territories and local societies within cities. They also need to promote and coordinate their decision-making in a way which involves consulting and involving the local populations. In the modern era, this is the key to ensuring social cohesion.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond Istanbul&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There may have been a lot of new thinking on the basic principles, but there was no reference to financial undertakings in the Habitat 11 programme. On the latter issue, the international community was highly circumspect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The World Bank took the initiative, announcing the launch of an 'urban compact', involving an additional $15 billion in loans for urban projects over the next five years. It also revealed that it would triple its aid to NGOs involved in the urban environment. Recent World Bank estimates suggest that just 0.2% to 0.5% of a country's GDP would need to be set aside for the poor to gain access to basic urban services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As regards monitoring, the NGOs and local authorities won the right to sit on the Human Settlements Committee which will be responsible for implementing the habitat programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The most important points to emerge from Istanbul, however, were that local authorities were given both formal recognition, and a major practical role - in keeping with their current responsibilities. The habitat programme is, in fact, a powerful call for decentralisation and increased local autonomy, its action plan being built on the implicit principles of 'subsidiarily' and 'proximity'. To a large extent, the successful implementation of the programme will depend on the mobilisation of municipal politicians and officials - and on the policies they adopt at local level. The agenda for cities in the 21 st century that was adopted at the Rio Summit must now be fleshed out and become the future reference for action by local authorities, NGOs and citizens' associations. Finally, the importance of decentralised cooperation and the role of local councils in international cooperation have been reconfirmed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Local authorities and their international organisations decided to form a worldwide coordinating group to continue structured dialogue with the international community and to guarantee that the Istanbul resolutions are followed up.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some people predicted that Habitat 11 would be 'the revenge of the cities'. To quote P. Maragall, chairman of the Committee of the Regions, the conference at least provided the opportunity to build, and to give a wider audience to 'the voice of the United Cities within the United Nations'. That itself is a major step forward. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'A house to call my own'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tackling violence against women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Rosemary Okello&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author of this article is a journalist with the Nairobi-based Women's Feature Service (WFS) She contends that the Habitat 11 conference skirted around some of the issues affecting women city dwellers in Africa, such es violence and sexual abuse. Improving their lives, she argues, starts with a roof over their heads&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The lofty ideals set during this year's UN Conference on Human Settlements in Istanbul meant little to African women like Catherine Kaberu. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As she recalls the misery of living on the streets of Nairobi, she is just happy now to have a safe, secure room for her family. 'I thought by running away from home and coming to Nairobi, I would find a better life&quot; says Ms Kaberu. Instead, the streets became her home and her life was defined by the fear of violence against her. Her two children were born during that difficult period, following rapes. She cannot identify their father. There are an estimated 30 000 street people in Nairobi and Catherine Kaberu says that all street women and girls are regularly abused.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Every day we had to look for a place to sleep and we bribed the watchmen to guard us.' Often it was the same watchmen, employed to guard office blocks in the city's central district, who took advantage of the women's desperate situation. Not even age could protect them says 63-year old Felista Nyambura, herself a veteran of the streets. 'I suffered all manner of humiliation,' she states, referring to ten years spent on the streets with her seven children. 'The watchmen would rape me if I refused to give in to them - after they had offered me a place to sleep for the night with my children. I am just so happy to be off the streets. I will never go back,' she states firmly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The confidence of the two women comes from their new security as owners of simple one-roomed houses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'Having a house to call my own is the most important thing that ever happened to me,' says Ms Nyambura as she explains how she ended up on the street after the piece of land her husband left in their rural home was taken over by her in-laws.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The two women are part of a group of 114 who have benefited from the Urban Destitute Programme, a project of the African Housing Fund which is involved in participatory community development with the homeless women of Nairobi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Catalina Trujillo, the 'Women in Development' coordinator for the Habitat conference stresses: 'If a woman's place is in the house, we had better make sure she owns it.' These sentiments were supported in Istanbul by the conference Secretary General, Wally N'Dow: He stated: 'By conviction, by analysis and even by instinct, women's rights to ownership and inheritance of property is right. If Habitat II... does not also contribute to social progress by addressing some of the issues like property rights for women, then it will have failed.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the women of-Africa in particular, the most important thing that should have come out of Istanbul was an affirmation of their right to own and inherit property, and to security.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These issues affect most African women regardless of their status and they were presented to ministers concerned with shelter and settlements when they met in Johannesburg last year to prepare an African agenda for the Istanbul meeting.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Most African countries accept the theoretical premise that women must have access to land, credit and inheritance, and recognise that certain types of violence are targeted primarily at women. South Africa's President Mandela affirmed: 'When we talk about people-centred development, we should understand that the involvement of women is often the difference between success and failure.' Yet in reality, customary law and insensitivity to gender concerns continue to predominate. Unfortunately, when the African ministers adopted their declaration, the point on the &quot;unencumbered access of women to credit and land ownership' appeared in only 20th place. And while forced evictions were highlighted in Istanbul, violence against women did not feature at all among the 'key priorities'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet in parts of Africa these are major concerns affecting women every day. 'In South Africa, a women is raped every 83 seconds and in some areas, a girl can expect to be raped four times in her life,' says Emelda Boikanyo of the Johannesburg-based Women's Health Project. Idah Matou remembers how one Sunday morning in 1992, five men stormed into her shop in Alexandria township. They seized the day's earnings and anything else they could carry away before raping her 1 5-year old daughter. A few weeks earlier, they had called to demand protection money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Violence in the home is also a growing problem. Mmatshilo Motsei, Director of Agisanang Domestic Abuse Prevention and Training, an NGO based in Alexandria, South Africa, says the problem is so pervasive, 'it must be raised as a national concern.' Habitat II turned a deaf ear on these women's concerns. This was not their forum. Shawna Tropp of the NGO Women's Caucus criticised those attending the conference who claimed that it was not about women but cities. 'Women live in cities,' she says and adds: 'By and large, human settlements are still very much seen in terms of bricks and mortar'. She calls for greater understanding of the role played by women, usually in an unpaid capacity, in the management of communities. 'Everything begins with having a house in a secure neighbourhood where the dignity of women is protected.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Megacities</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The megacity personifies human misery for many in developing nations. As agglomerations proliferate in the twenty-first century, the United Nations Population Fund's 1996 report - The State of the World Population  -  considers how one might go about remedying the ills of city dwelling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The UNFPA's figures for urban growth make worrying reading. Over half the world's people will live in cities within ten years (3.3 billion out of a total of 6.59 billion). Between 1970 and 2020, the urban population will have risen by more than two billion - and 93% of these will be in developing nations. These increases will add to the strain of an estimated 600 million people already living in urban areas of developing nations without the resources to meet their basic housing and health needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Back in 1950, New York was the only city with more than 10 million inhabitants. Today, there are 14 in this category. Tokyo, which is home to 26.5 million people, is the largest. And by 2015, many others are expected to join the megacity 'club'  -  Djakarta (Indonesia), Karachi (Pakistan), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Delhi (India), Tianjin (China), Manila (Philippines), Cairo (Egypt), Istanbul (Turkey), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Lahore (Pakistan), Hyderabad (India), Bangkok (Thailand), Lima (Peru), Teheran (Iran) and Kinshasa (Zaire).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the majority of the world's people will be living in cities by 2005, it will take a little longer for the 50% threshold to be crossed in the less developed regions. However, this is expected to happen before 2015. Looking specifically at Africa, the current estimates reveal significant regional variations. In Southern Africa the rate of urbanisation is 48%. The figures for North, West, Central and East Africa are 45%, 36%, 33% and 21 % respectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Expanding populations are likely to add to the widely reported list of horrors emanating from cities that are bursting at their seams. Problems include the collapse of basic services such as water and waste management, escalating social conflict, millions of urban children open to labour exploitation, sexual exploitation, environmental degradation, traffic congestion and environmental hazards such as increased air pollution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the other hand, the UNFPA report acknowledges that cities are also 'concentrations of human creativity and the highest form of social organisation'. It continues: 'Cities provide capital, labour and markets for entrepreneurs and innovators at all levels of economic activity'. Indeed, between 60% and 80% of developing countries' GNP is generated by their major conurbations. Social transformation occurs at a faster pace in urban areas. Thus, health indicators tend to be better, literacy is higher and there is more social mobility. And there are more opportunities for women. The city presents fewer obstacles for women's education and female city dwellers are less likely to be constrained by traditions which may stifle their creativity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But harnessing this potential is no easy task. The final chapter of the UNFPA report, entitled 'Policies, strategies and issues for improving cities', argues that urban dwellers in developing nations have been badly affected by structural adjustment policies. These have resulted in the elimination of subsidies on food and other commodities, increases in school fees and job losses in the public sector. Cities will also be required to adapt to the 'mass global experience in decentralisation' involving the shifting of local decisions from central government to municipal authorities, parastatal bodies and the private sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p48.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Regional distribution of urban population&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women - a priority&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report stresses the importance of improving education and health, with a particular focus on women. As Dr Nafis Sadik, who is Executive Director of the UNFPA, observes; 'If urban centres are to be made liveable, and the quality of life of the poorer members of society is to be improved, women should be given the chance to play their role in the process.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report reiterates the specific targets for improving the lives of women that were drawn up by the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the field of education, these include 100% primary school enrolment (for both girls and boys) by 2015, improving access for girls and women to secondary, tertiary and vocational education, and closing the gender gap in the primary and secondary sectors by 2005.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other goals include a progressive reduction in infant and maternal mortality, making reproductive health services accessible to all through the primary health care system by 2015, greatly improved provision for family planning (allowing couples to make free and informed decisions on the number, spacing and timing of births) and providing better protection against sexually transmitted diseases.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The State of the World Population Report concludes: 'A successful urban future depends, as much as anything else, on engaging all members of the community - especially women and the poor  -  in a constructive political process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There will have to be partnerships struck between governments, nongovernmental organisations, the private sector, and local and community organisations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And global urbanisation will require that the international community  -  governments, NGOs and international institutions - act to exploit the potential of cities to improve the lives of the world's people and to establish the foundations of sustainable development in the 21st century.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Lagos under stress</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Paul Okunlola&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With a present population of some 7.5 million, the new millenium will propel Lagos to megacity status. The United Nations Population Fund predicts that 24 million people will live in the city by 2015, making it the third most populous conurbation on the globe. Whilst the donor community has supported urban projects in the past, tough times mean more reliance on 'bottom up' schemes backed by N60s and community-based groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When it began to rain in the small hours of Thursday 18 July 1996, residents of Lagos -  Nigeria's largest city and economic nerve centre -  merely stirred in their slumber. The gentle, but persistent showers, didn't rank among the heaviest downpours experienced by this coastal city, which gets rain on average for eight months in every year. Nor are Lagosians unfamiliar with spells of rain lasting up to seven days without break.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But by the time of the early morning 'rush hour', the traffic-laden streets of metropolitan Lagos were being swept with rampaging floods. Until well after noon, the city's social and economic life was at a standstill. Already difficult road conditions were rendered impossible for motorists, marooned at the wheel for hours. Exhausted school children eventually made it back home after spending the better part of the day in traffic. Crowds of commuters waited interminably at bus-stops for vehicles that never came.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The economic toll was expected to be heavy, with offices in both government and the private sector remaining empty all day. Commercial activities were put on hold as shops remained shuttered until well after noon. The communications network and electricity supply to key areas of the city were shut down for hours, to protect equipment. One state government official commented: 'It has never been so bad.' By the time the water receded and life had returned to normal, both government engineers and private sector consultants were in agreement: the main reasons for the flooding were illegal development along the natural courses of inner-city waterways, and the reduced drainage capacity of the overdeveloped metropolitan area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Exploding metropolis&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both the flood itself, and the acknowledgement of the human limitations of the city officials, illustrate the frustrations that have attended the management of this exploding metropolis over the last three decades. In the months leading up to the July flooding, a major controversy erupted over plans to landfill the inland Kuramo lake in the highbrow Victoria Island district and develop it as a housing estate. This pitted state government officials and a firm of developers on the one hand, against a motley band of citizens groups, non-governmental organisations and concerned environmentalists on the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The unusual strength of local feeling against the project reflects growing fears that the island itself could be submerged. Five years ago, this was thought to be a remote prospect but today it is seen as a real threat, given the increasing frequency of flooding incidents and ocean surges along the coastal area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More and more people are arguing that there is a correlation between the growing frequency of flooding incidents and the massive sandfilling activity that has taken place over the years. The Kuramo issue remains contentious but it is just one example of the wider dilemma facing the city's development planners. They have the daunting task of providing for legions of migrants to Lagos - whose swelling numbers are placing great stress on the failing infrastructure. The problem may be particularly acute in the Nigeria's largest city, but it reflects a wider trend of urbanisation in the country over the past half century, as the overall population has increased.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1921, Nigeria had just 18.7 million inhabitants. Current estimates put the population in the region of 103.5 million. And the growth in the proportion of urban dwellers has been equally dramatic. In 1931, fewer than 7% of the people lived in urban centres. The figure had risen to 10% by 1952,19% by 1963, 33% by 1984, and 42% at the last count, in 1991. Current figures suggest that there are now seven Nigerian cities with more than a million inhabitants and no fewer than 78 whose population exceeds 100 000.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The changing structure of the country's human settlement profile has been linked to broader economic and social changes. The situation has been exacerbated by the economic depression of the last two decades. Analysts have noted a trend of declining primary production in such areas as agriculture, mining, quarrying and exploitation of natural resources. This has resulted in greater attention being paid to secondary and tertiary economic activities -  which are generally city-based. The figures illustrate the dramatic nature of the change that has taken place. In 1952, the ratio of primary to secondary/ tertiary economic activity, as measured in Nigeria's GDP, was 68:32. Four decades later, the ratio was 38:62.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;According to World Bank consultant, Prof. Akin Mabogunje, the trend is exemplified by the expansion of a whole range of activities located in urban centres -  large, medium and small-scale enterprises in manufacturing and construction, utilities, transport and communications systems, wholesale and retail outlets, hotels, restaurants, finance and insurance companies, and estate agencies. Then there is the whole range of government activity. Until 1991, Nigeria's huge federal bureaucracy was located in Lagos, operating alongside a state administration and some 15 local authorities. Add to this the major docks and airports of Lagos, and you get an urbanisation phenomenon which has, to say the least, been intimidating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lagos, which only occupies 0.4% of the country's land area, gains an extra 300 000 inhabitants every year on top of its natural growth rate. That the city is a 'pole of attraction' is hardly surprising. It is clearly the economic nucleus of the country, reputed to account for about 57% of total value added in manufacturing and about 40% of the nation's most highly skilled manpower.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Urban toll&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The costs have also been high. Professor Poju Onibokun, a human settlements expert, enumerates these: grossly inadequate housing and infrastructure with millions dwelling in slums; social amenities under enormous pressure with a shortage of schools and poor health facilities; endemic crime and juvenile delinquency; the breakdown of traditional values, family cohesiveness and community spirit. The capacity of law enforcement institutions is also increasingly hampered by technological and resource limitations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Of these ills, the shortage of housing and lack of infrastructure are seen as the most acute. This is borne out by a recent World Bank study which notes that:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the quality of life and living conditions have deteriorated;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - economic production has plunged;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the inadequate provision of infrastructural services has negatively affected the operations of most private sector investors, who now need to spend between 22% and 25% of their capital outlay on providing their own infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over 90% of the city's housing is provided by the private sector. But this has been handicapped in recent times by spiralling development costs and a general shortage of funds. New private housing has consisted largely of thousands of individual units, built mainly in areas of existing large scale developments. The authorities have made their own efforts to plug the gap and over the last 15 years, no fewer than 6000 hectares of marshland have been sandfilled and reclaimed in six separate development schemes (some of which have proved controversial). The Land Use Act of 1978 vested all urban land in the state authorities, although the administration of the legislation has not always proved satisfactory.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public transport is another problem for Lagos residents. There is no integrated system of mass transport and the sector is essentially made up of hundreds of privately operated buses and a dwindling taxi fleet. Massive currency devaluations have meant that the purchase price of new vehicles has rocketed. Maintenance costs for the increasingly dilapidated fleet have also spiralled. As a result, the system is stretched to beyond its capacity and it is the commuters who bear the brunt.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public sector spending obviously has an important part to play in maintaining urban structures. The downturn in international aid flows has, therefore, had a visible impact with decline in infrastructure provision and maintenance, leading to a less favourable operating environment for private investors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the past, Lagos has been a notable beneficiary of urban support programmes with multi-million dollar schemes for water supply, storm water drainage, and infrastructure. Most of these have been World Bank-led but the support of the European Union and its Member States in this area is also considered crucial.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the positive side, adversity has proved a catalyst for greater community-based and NGO activity in environmental and human settlement issues over the last decade. This is a fresh approach, based on 'bottom-up' strategies, which should open up muchneeded new avenues to urban management in Nigeria more generally and in Lagos in particular. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A Eurocrat in Istanbul</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Gilles Fontaine&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, a specialist in urban development, offers us his thoughts on the Istanbul conference. This event, he believes, was a landmark in the collective process of raising awareness which was begun at the Rio Conference on the environment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;14 June 1996 - last day of Habitat II&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Night fell a long time ago. A feeling of hope permeates the hall. Most of the work is completed but there are still disputes over a few paragraphs of the text of the Habitat 11 Agenda. Some delegates have not slept for two days and they can be seen standing around, afraid they might fall asleep. The sense of fatigue increases further when, at midnight, the symbolic 'stopping of the clocks' (to permit a successful outcome of the final negotiations) is announced over the PA system.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At two in the morning, the wait has become almost unreal. It is virtually unimaginable that the Conference should come to nothing, after two years of intense work. Since Wednesday evening, the general atmosphere has been almost euphoric. Agreement has been reached on all the essential points within the allotted time and the Conference is already being heralded as another success story. All that remains to be done is to finalise the 'Istanbul Declaration', a four-page policy text broadly summarising the work of the Conference. The Conference would finally close about two hours later, amid general relief - but why the impasse?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Breaking new ground... and remaining steadfast&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some problems arose where they were least expected! To everyone's surprise, 'informal' working sub-groups had to be set up to discuss nuclear testing and anti-personnel mines! These themes were a far cry from the Habitat Agenda, but this sort of thing inevitably happens at major international conferences.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other stumbling blocks appeared without any real warning, when some delegates attempted to renegotiate the conclusions of the Beijing and Cairo conferences. The negotiators had to stand firm on two counts. The hard-won recognition of women's rights needed to be defended all over again. And, more importantly, the attempt in Istanbul to reopen the debate on everything that had been gained at previous conferences had to be avoided. The European Union's negotiators took an aggressive stance on both these issues.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The fact that so much negotiating effort is expended is a good illustration of the political significance governments attach to the topics debated on such occasions. A conference may be seen as resembling the proverbial half-bottle of water  - some regard it as half empty and others as half full. One's viewpoint depends on one's expectations  -  and much disappointment is caused by a misunderstanding of how such conferences operate.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meeting the delegates&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although I am no anthropologist, I think I was able to identify three major groups of participants. First, there were the 'negotiators', who have built up a common language from conference to conference. I was surprised at the extent to which reference was constantly made, in the negotiating groups, to the 'Languages' of Rio, Copenhagen or Beijing. This is not just a question of vocabulary or syntax, but represents a genuine revolution in thought at international level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second group, to which I myself belonged, was made up of national and international officials. These are the people who, to a greater or lesser extent, prepare the conference. They then attend it and, ideally, write a mission report on returning to their offices (bemoaning the fact that few people will read their words of wisdom !)'These delegates tend to offer the harshest judgments. A common refrain is: 'We have long argument about words in parenthesis in a huge document that no one will ever read!'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third group, which nowadays is the largest, consists of representatives of so-called civil society. Since Rio, every United Nations conference has seen the parallel organisation of an NGO Forum, and the latter's influence has constantly increased. At Beijing, the authorities banished the NGO Forum to a site 60 km from the capital, but Istanbul welcomed it with open arms on the same footing as the 'Cities Summit' and the meetings of researchers and industrialists. A more fundamental development was the invitation to NGOs and local authorities to take an active part in the working groups and at meetings. This was a 'first' in international conference history and I was struck by the motivation and competence of many of the participants, as well as by the ease with which they have adapted to the information society. Gone are the days when addresses are exchanged on scraps of paper, accompanied by the ritual 'We must keep in touch!'. These days, your business card must include your Internet Email address. Contacts are organised through networks connected to databases, and people swap CD ROMs with each other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What did Habitat II achieve?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'official' end most visible result of the Conference was obviously the adoption of the Habitat Agenda - the final fruit of long hours of work within the national committees set up for the occasion. This document, over a hundred pages in length, contains a 'World Action Plan', accompanied by the 'Istanbul Declaration'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is not so well-publicised is the fact that many countries  -  including a number of ACPs  -  took the opportunity to publish their own national reports containing individual action plans. The amount of preparation that went into these reports revealed a high degree of motivation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Having looked at them more closely since, I have gained a somewhat better understanding of the months of work put in tens of thousands of people across the world. This reassures me that the majority of state participants will monitor the Habitat 11 follow-up very closely.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One has to recognise that the mere adoption of a text, however significant it may be, cannot be regarded as a magic formula which will change the face of the world overnight. To the impatient among us who want everything straight away, and to unrepentant sceptics, I would say this. In environmental matters there are two major periods in our recent history - the period before Rio and the period after Rio. The Rio meeting, and each subsequent conference, have been milestones in a long, coherent process of collective reflection and growing awareness. Istanbul did, in fact, keep its promises: the right to adequate shelter is now recognised internationally as the fundamental right of every human being.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The exploding city</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Stephane Yerasimos&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Istanbul. Ten million inhabitants - with double that number expected in 20 years time. Financial irregularities, a chaotic house-building sector, a lack of infrastructure and rampant speculation. One needed to look no further than the host city to find the key issues facing the Habitat Conference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Istanbul is a city steeped in history. It is also one of the Third World's biggest conurbations. Over the last 16 centuries, it has been the capital of two great empires - the Byzantine and the Ottoman - resulting in a rich legacy of monuments and a historic centre on a par with that of Rome. From the Middle Ages to the beginning of the modern era, it was regarded as Europe's largest city. On the eve of the Second World War, it had a population of one million, but that figure has now multiplied tenfold. Almost half of its ten million inhabitants are living on a knife edge, and many are in 'illegal' housing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first big transformation of the city came in the middle of the 19th century when the Ottoman authorities opted for westernisation and embarked on an extensive management programme. By the time the Empire collapsed in 1922, much of the ancient fabric - and traditional housing -  of the city had already been lost. Under the new republic, the capital was transferred to Ankara, and the authorities stepped up their efforts at modernisation. In 1937, Ataturk gave Frenchman Henri Prost, a city planner who had helped preserve the old centres of a number of Moroccan towns, the job of devising major public works in the heart of the old city. The infrastructure was also updated and taken together, these works (which were completed during the 1950s) transformed the old walled city and its ancient suburbs (Galata and Uskudar) into a modern aggLomÃ©ration, interspersed with ancient monuments.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mass immigration&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unlike the colonial powers who attempted to preserve the traditional character of old city centres around the Mediterranean rim and in the rest of the Islamic world, the desire of successive Turkish governments to modernise the country resulted in the disappearance of most of Istanbul's ancient fabric, and the city no longer has a compact area of old districts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The transformation of the city centre was matched, after the Second World War, by an explosion of building on the outskirts - a phenomenon characteristic of Third World countries. Improved sanitation and hygiene standards led to a natural population increase of between 2.5% and 3% per year. Meanwhile, the modernisation of agricultural practices caused a mass rural exodus. Marginalised in both economic and social terms. the people who flooded into Istanbul soon over whelmed the resident population. Today, the bulk of the people living in the city have rural origins.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The new residents began by occupying the edges of the old quarters and taking over the open spaces which remained after the ravages of an earlier fire. They then began to settle in ever-increasing circles around Istanbul, establishing the first gecekondu districts (groups of huts constructed overnight). These have been incorrectly described as shanty towns. In fact, most buildings are permanent structures and they rapidly develop into multi-storey dwellings. Most of the land on which these illegal buildings have sprung up was originally privately owned. But the elected multi-party government in power at the time was quick to spot the electoral possibilities in these areas. Each district was a reservoir of potential voters and, on the eve of each election, the parties in power would distribute property titles to the illegal occupants. They, in turn hastened to consolidate and increase their assets. This explains the emergence of increasingly densely populated districts without infrastructure during the 1950s and early 1960s&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Industrialisation, and the arrival in the city of people who used to be rural landowners (driven out by the new market economy) later created a demand for housing which the normal market was unable to meet. This has given rise to a new phenomenon of urban marginalisation, involving the illegal division of land into plots. The system involves the purchase of agricultural properties by developers and speculative builders. These are divided into small plots and resold, quite legally, to purchasers  -  who then build unauthorised structures in contravention of the normal planning rules. Often, benefiting from political alliances, the developers take control of these districts and 'convert' the votes of the people living there into cash, in return for urban investments. This enables them to consolidate their power and increase the value of their remaining stock of plots.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An uncontrolled population increase&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, a third phenomenon, linked to the growth of a middle class, began to occur in the mid-1980s, when building cooperatives came into being. Their predecessors were the corporate associations which grouped together public officials (beginning with the army and the police). These developed into ad-hoc associations enabling a group of developers to tap people's savings, thereby dispensing with the need for loans in a country where chronic inflation makes credit prohibitive. Several thousands of dwellings are often constructed at the same time, in the form of tightly packed, multiple-occupancy blocks. The requirements of multi-storey construction mean that these buildings are of acceptable quality, but the related infrastructures are sorely lacking. Entire districts are built 'in the wilds' without any infrastructural investment by the developers or local authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The city is continuing to expand, without reference to any development plan. The fifteen or so major urban schemes drawn up since the 1950s have all remained in desk drawers and the only significant construction work has been on roads (notably bridges and ring roads). These generate further uncontrolled population increases on the outskirts of the city.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the natural rate of demographic growth is slowly declining - it has just dropped to under 2% per year -  the most recent census (in 1990) reveals that Turkey now has more people living in its cities than in its rural areas. Yet the statistics also show that half of the country's people are still involved in agriculture. Given the continuing natural growth, and the fact that in semi-industrialised countries, the rural population tends to settle at around a third or even just a quarter of the total, we can assume that the drift to towns and cities will continue for the next 30 or 40 years. This trend will affect all Turkish towns and cities, be they large, small or medium-sized. But Greater Istanbul, where the majority of the country's economic and social activity is concentrated, is set to experience a doubling of its population within the next twenty-five years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dilemma for urban planners&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem caused by demographic changes is exacerbated by economic constraints. For a number of years now, Turkey has suffered a high (albeit stable) inflation rate of about 70% per year. This situation discourages investment in industry, and makes people take refuge in ownership of land that they can build on. Land has thus become the target of speculation by people in all social classes. Against this background, it is virtually impossible to regulate the use of land  - something which must be at the heart of any urban-development programme. An alternative is to discuss the possibility of developing a social consensus involving a more liberal approach to property speculation, recgnising that land is a source of revenue at all levels. This might entail releasing central and local authorities from any responsibility to provide services or other infrastructural investment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the present circumstances, however, any scheme to redevelop Istanbul effectively would seem doomed to failure. The only intervention which might succeed would be at the 'cleaning-up' stage - coming in after the construction of the dwellings under the conditions described above. It is only once the new inhabitants' dream of having a roof over their heads is realised that they come face to face with the harsh daily realities of living in a self-built city of nearly ten million people. They may then be prepared to make some sacrifices in order to improve their living conditions. The moment when harsh reality replaces emotion, is the only time the urban planner has the slightest chance of being listened to. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Adequate housing in the EU: rights and realities</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Misia Coghlan&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are 2.7 million homeless people in the European Union and many millions more are badly housed. But the EU is said to be lagging in taking measures to provide adequate housing - one of the internationally recognised human rights. An expert from a leading campaign group for the homeless explains.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rights&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the weeks and months leading up to the Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), much argument and debate centred around the existence of the right to adequate housing. The legal basis of this right was challenged by a handful of delegates and the arguments continued right through the Conference itself. The outcome is that the final Declaration includes a reaffirmation of states to a 'commitment to the full and progressive realisation of the right to adequate housing as provided for in the international instruments.' (see first box)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The political impact of Habitat II as the culmination of the recent series of UN Conferences has been disappointing. The Istanbul Conference was originally heralded with the catch-phrase 'housing for all'. In the course of the preparatory process, this was watered-down to become 'shelter for all' and, as has been seen, the wording of the final Declaration simply refers to existing international commitments and allows for the 'full and progressive realisation of the right.' This of course begs the question of how such a right was ever supposed to have been achieved other than 'progressively' and how meaningful such a commitment can be in the absence of parallel undertakings as to implementation and enforcement. In short, very little has been achieved in progressing international commitment to the realisation of the right.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right to adequate housing has in fact been recognised for some time now by the Member States of the European Union, all of whom have ratified the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the most important legal basis of housing rights found in international law). Under article 11(1), the parties to the Covenant recognise, 'the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing...'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The concept of 'adequacy', it is generally acknowledged, is determined at least in part by social, economic, cultural and climatic factors. Adequate housing can be understood as including the following components: legal security of tenure, affordability, habitability, accessibility, location and availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It hardly needs pointing out that commitments in international law, whether legally binding or not, remain statements of intent and are of limited practical use unless accompanied by a comprehensive legislative framework in domestic law which will secure both the access to the right as well as providing enforcement mechanisms. What, then, is the reality ? Has the right to adequate housing been enacted into national legislation and, most importantly, is the right actually being respected across the European Union?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Realities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FEANTSA, the European Federation of National Associations Working with the Homeless, has been conducting the European Observatory on Homelessness with the support of the European Commission since 1991. FEANTSA's research findings have increasingly demonstrated both the extent and the gravity of the housing crisis in Europe: in what is one of the wealthiest subregions of the world, a large and growing group of the population is being excluded from adequate housing. (see box on next page)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moreover, FEANTSA's 1995 transnational research report (Home/essness in the European Union) has found that the right to housing does not exist in any Member State as a legally enforceable claim. Although the right is recognised in the constitution of several Member States, this remains a statement of intent and does not create any entitlement. Other Member States have adopted a different approach - housing legislation in the United Kingdom, for example, does create an obligation on the local authorities to provide housing for those homeless people assessed to be in priority need and found to be unintentionally homeless. There is no sign of convergence in the ways EU Member States address the right to housing and housing exclusion in their national legislation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The right to housing is not addressed in EU legislation as a legal principle and Member States have exclusive competence to deal with housing issues themselves. There is thus no overall European housing policy, nor is there yet any European policy on homelessness. FEANTSA has, however, identified common trends throughout Europe which have contributed to the escalation of homelessness and the lack of adequate housing provision.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall European trend has been an increased reliance on the competitive market to meet all housing needs, with an unwillingness on the part of government to commit public resources to assist lower income groups, who are therefore confronted with the limited choice available to them on the open housing market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The supply of housing has been undergoing change throughout Europe. In all countries, owner-occupation is on the increase, with tax relief generally being offered as an incentive. The private rented sector, on the other hand, has continued to decline. Social housing has generally suffered from cuts in funding. The result is that there is a shortfall in the supply of affordable housing for rent and rents have become correspondingly higher. It is clear that the competitive housing market cannot and will not meet the needs of the increasing numbers of people without the resources to afford market rents.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The type of housing required has also changed: demographic trends have meant that households are getting smaller but more numerous - thus, there is a need for more but smaller dwellings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The problem has been exacerbated by the lack of an overall strategy either at European level or, indeed, often at national level, to meet the realities of structural changes on the labour market. Indeed, in some countries, the increase in long-term unemployment has been accompanied by an erosion of social protection systems. Faced with escalating demand for longterm welfare assistance, the authorities have often responded by tightening up on eligibility criteria in an attempt to cut or limit benefit payments, with shortterm palliative measures to deal with emergency cases. Thus, increasing numbers of people living on or under the poverty threshold, coupled with the deregulation of the housing market, have led to severe housing stress and increased vulnerability to homelessness.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finland sets an example&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finland is one EU country tackling the housing problem. In 1987, the International Year of the Homeless, the Finnish government announced its intention to eliminate homelessness. At that time, the number of homeless people was put at close to 20 000. The programme for the development of housing set the objective of making 18 000 homes available for the homeless over a period of five years. Special funds were set aside in the national budget to permit the local authorities and other organisations to purchase housing for the homeless. State loans for the construction of housing for rent were made available to municipalities with a large homeless population. In under ten years, the number of homeless people in Finland has been reduced to half what it was in the mid-1980s. Finland now enjoys a comprehensive system of carefully targeted housing supply, housing subsidies, benefits and allowances and housing is seen as an integral part of a multi-dimensional strategy to combat poverty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For one in twenty citizens of the European Union, the criteria which, as a whole, constitute adequate housing remain inaccessible. Yet at Istanbul, the EU voiced its determination to make an important and constructive contribution to the implementation of the Habitat objectives. This included an acknowledgement that increased attention should be paid to people living in poverty and that appropriate action should be taken by governments at all levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European housing ministers were due to meet informally in Dublin, on 24 and 25 October of this year, specifically to tackle the question of 'housing for socially excluded people'. The time has come to devise and implement coherent strategies to prevent housing exclusion for low income groups. The market has neither the ethics nor the long-term planning capacity to do this; it remains the responsibility of the state. It can only be hoped that the housing ministers will recognise this and agree on the necessity of protecting housing as a product and as a service from the competitive market, at least for vulnerable groups. The housing ministers have been holding informal meetings since 1989. This year's meeting provides the opportunity, particularly in the light of the Habitat II debate, to exchange information on effective measures to help low income groups access and maintain a home. The result should be the drafting of a number of concrete goals to be achieved within a realistic time-scale.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Homelessness in Europe is not on the scale seen in other regions of the world - with the development and reinforcement of effective preventive policies, based on proven and cost-effective welfare models existing in some Member States, the housing crisis can still be contained. In short, where there is a political will, there is a way. Europe has the potential to serve as a model of good practice to the rest of the world and should do so, more especially in the light of all that was - and wasn't  - achieved at Istanbul. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;References&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Is the European Union Housing its Poor ? Dragana Avramov, Catherine Parmentier and Brian Harvey, FEANTSA, Brussels 1995 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Homelessness in the European Union, Dragana Avramov, FEANTSA, Brussels 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Invisible Hand of the Housing Market, Dragana Avramov, FEANTSA, Brussels 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Cities of the Third World</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Francis Cass&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In ten or so years' time, more than half the world's population will be living in built-up areas and, according to UN figures, by 2025 nearly two thirds of us will live in towns and cities. This is not a complete surprise -  over the last few decades, the ratio of city dwellers to rural people has consistently moved in 'favour' of the former. In 1950, 29% of people were city dwellers. Since 1985, the urban population has exceeded 40% of the global total.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Today, we are witnessing an acceleration in demographic growth, especially in developing countries. Of the 2.6 billion people who currently live in towns, 1.6 billion live in the world's least developed regions. By 2025, the urban population of the Third World will have risen to 3.2 billion, out of a global urban population of just over 4 billion. On the basis of these figures, it is estimated that the number of urban dwellers in developing countries is increasing by approximately 150 000 people each day! In Cape Town in South Africa, for example, as in many towns and cities of the Third World, this demographic explosion can actually be seen happening. All you need to do is drive regularly along the N2 motor way  - which passes through the shanty towns of Khayelitsha and Guguletu -  to see how, week by week, the makeshift dwellings are spreading - gradually expanding to every available plot of land. The same scene is repeated in all of Africa's large towns. In CotÃ© d'lvoire, the population of Abidjan rises by 400 inhabitants a day on average. In Gabarone, the capital of Botswana, whose population was barely 3000 at the time of independence in the 1960s, the population is increasing by 18% each year and today 160 000 people live there. Such growth is often accompanied by widespread indifference on the part of local authorities. Such indifference is due, in particular, to a shortage of financial resources, but it also reflects an absence of political will to do anything to tackle the problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Demography and poverty&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The demographic explosion which has taken place in the urban areas of developing countries is due to three main factors: natural population growth, rural emigration to towns and cities, and (less importantly) the redefinition of the administrative boundaries of built-up areas. The first two factors are equally to 'blame' but in future, it is predicted that rural depopulation in Africa will become the single most important element in urban population growth. This will be especially true of countries where there is rampant rural poverty. In this context, we need to recognise other circumstances, such as famine, desertification, a shortage of cultivable land and conflicts, which serve to exacerbate the phenomenon. If people living in the countryside decide to migrate to towns, it is because they are looking for a better life and hope to improve their standard of living. Few succeed. According to a World Bank study, 50% of people in abject poverty will be living in urban areas by the year 2000.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The effects that urban poverty has on the environment are often dramatic. The reverse is also true. A damaged environment constitutes a daily hazard for town and city dwellers, in particular the most destitute. The precarious nature of their living conditions means that only in extremely rare cases are these people able to guard against the degeneration of their immediate surroundings. Driven to the outer limits of the towns - where even basic infrastructures such as sewers and the collection of household waste are often lacking, the poorest sections of society are left to fend for themselves. Local authorities have neither the means nor (often) the inclination to do anything to help them. Even those who are comfortably off and who can afford to give part of their income to safeguard their immediate environment (thereby protecting themselves to some extent) cannot escape the consequences of more general ecological problems such as air pollution and the contamination of water supplies. Living in a modern house in a well-to-do district is simply not enough. It is not possible to shield oneself completely from the problems created by environmental destruction. For example, even an unofficial rubbish tip, located several kilometres away from a residential area, can have disastrous effects on groundwater - meaning that sooner or later, the quality of the drinking water will suffer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Towns gasping for water...&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At present, the vast majority of Third World towns are facing a series of ecological problems which directly or indirectly, affect the lives of their inhabitants. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 220 million city dwellers have no access to drinking water and 420 million have no latrines. It does not take much to imagine the potentially catastrophic health consequences of such a situation - in which people are forced to drink and irrigate their land with water from contaminated sources. The WHO has estimated that three million children died during 1993 as a direct result of diarrhoea, and that nearly two million of these victims had consumed drinking water contaminated with faecal matter. In developing countries, 90% of waste water is poured, completely untreated, into rivers, lakes and coastal waters. Again, one can easily imagine the impact on marine flora and fauna, and on the health of those who eat the products fished from these waters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;...and gasp for breath&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As far as air quality is concerned, the WHO intimates that more than a billion city dwellers throughout the world breathe highly polluted air. For the most part, this pollution is generated by industry and motor vehicles. A small improvement has been recorded in the urban areas of developed countries, but air quality in the towns and cities of the South has deteriorated considerably during recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are many reasons for this. First, there has been an increase in industrial activity, mainly concentrated around towns and cities. This is a result of economic development, but also of the fact that many factories - including some with the worst pollution records  - have relocated from the North to the South, where legislation governing emissions is less stringent. Second, in contrast to the trends seen in developed countries - where cars are usually well-maintained, (running on unleaded petrol and rarely more than five years old) motor vehicles in the Third World -  whose numbers are increasing significantly  -  are frequently old, badly maintained and run on leaded fuel. According to the World Bank, 95% of the lead polluting the air in the towns and cities of developing countries comes from vehicles which run on leaded petrol and studies carried out on the subject have revealed concentrations of up to 1.5 microgrammes of lead per cubic metre of air. In North America and Europe the concentration varies between 0.2 and 0.8 microgrammes per cubic metre.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another problem facing towns and cities in the southern hemisphere arises from the enormous amounts of waste they produce and from the fact that they have few treatment facilities. In many cases, the rubbish is not even collected and is left to accumulate into the piles which can often be seen on the edges of shanty towns. This accumulation of refuse encourages the proliferation of certain diseases and poses a real threat to the health of residents both nearby and further away. In addition to this ordinary, everyday waste, the countries of the Third World have to deal with problems generated by toxic waste  - not just their own, but also that which is 'exported' there by industrialised countries. Needless to say, the towns which actually have the means and facilities needed to treat this highly polluting waste are few and far between.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Linking development with environmental protection&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While environmental problems have a direct impact on human health and on the natural world, they also entail huge economic costs. The effect of pollution on human health translates into ever-increasing health costs and a decline in productivity. And it is not only city dwellers who suffer the consequences of a deteriorating urban environment. Depending on their size, the degree of industrial activity and population concentration, towns and cities pollute and destroy areas well beyond their own administrative boundaries. They swallow up enormous amounts of natural resources, suck their hinterlands dry and spit out 'what is left'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nowadays, there is an increasing global consensus over the need to tackle these growing problems rapidly. This was seen clearly at the Habitat II Conference in Istanbul. Most cities of the southern hemisphere urgently need to get to grips with their numerous ecological problems - the alternative is to sink further into chaos. In a similar vein, it has become obvious that some sort of balance must be found between economic development and safeguarding the environment - and that considerable investments are needed to achieve this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Solutions do exist. Recycling projects, for example, could provide jobs for large numbers of town and city dwellers, as well as cleaning up the environment. Governments of industrialised nations should take the necessary steps to ensure that their toxic waste does not end up in the rubbish dumps of the countries of the South. Authorities in urban areas in the Third World should set aside more of their budgets to help the most underprivileged sections of their populations, so that they can manage their own environment. Local authorities should also respond more efficiently to the basic needs of impoverished districts, not least by building roads and sewer systems, by ensuring that rubbish is collected and by guaranteeing all people access to drinking water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Last but not least, a concerted effort - especially a concerted financial effort - should be made by decision-makers at the local, national and international levels. We need to recognise that environmental damage is a phenomenon which rarely confines itself to the local level. Sooner or later, it becomes a problem for all of us. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When conservation is at odds with the local population</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Hendrik Smets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The clash between the interests of people living on the edges of the Zakouma National Park in Chad and the authorities' attempts at conservation illustrates the situation facing many other nature reserves in Africa. This article argues in favour of a form of eco-development to suit everyone.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the Zakouma National Park (PNZ) WAS officially set up in 1963 (it had been at the planning stage since 1956), the area it covered meant that local people had to be moved -  but the promised compensation was never paid. During the second phase of the PNZ's relaunch, financed by the European Development Fund (EDF), a perimeter path following the 1963 boundaries was marked out, but local villagers opposed this, regarding it as an extension of the Park's area. Subsequently, they rejected a move to build a dispensary in a village located at the edge of the park on the pretext that such a structure would again constitute an extension to the reserve's land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Conflict between the itinerant stockbreeders of the region and the authorities has simmered for many years. The latter have shrunk from enforcing the 1963 law on transhumance corridors which applies to the fringes of the national park. Under this law, it is prohibited (in principle) to gather wood, hunt for game, fish, or gather honey and other natural produce. The result is a tendency among locals to view the PNZ as an adversary rather than a potential partner in development. Safari tourism is developing too slowly and is not leading to sufficient benefits for example, from a craft industry, or more general redevelopment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the second phase of the project was at the planning stage, its organisers recognised that, in order to guarantee the park's future, support had to be given to the people living on its edges. A high-level 'cooperation committee' was therefore proposed. The membership of this committee, which would sit in N'Djamena, was to include ministers, directors-general, park authorities and Commission representatives. Unfortunately it has not yet been brought into operation. By contrast, the local authorities and park management have been able to set up their own committee which met for the first time in January 1996. This body has helped to tackle some of the most sensitive problems.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The second phase also saw the implementation of a series of microprojects. - school renovations, a dispensary, a bridge, the sinking of wells, a dam, a mill and a nursery. But these were set up without preliminary study, and no arrangements were made to sound out the views of the local people, or the form of development they would like promoted. Understandably, local hostility was encountered and the projects cannot, in any real sense, be viewed as offshoots of the wider PNZ scheme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project has not been extended to a third phase. Because of this, there is a risk that the capital invested -  and the positive results that have been achieved - could be lost altogether. Should any donor choose to 'pick up the baton' in future, they will need to recognise the key imperative of creating a symbiotic relationship between the park and the local population. To do this, there must be an awareness-raising effort, undertaken in parallel with any eco-development programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the first instance, a higher profile should be given to institutional issues. In particular, the cooperation committee in N'Djamena must be able to act, where necessary, as an appeal or arbitration chamber to deal with any disputes which cannot be resolved by the local authorities' committee. The latter, of course, would continue to meet on a regular basis to discuss any problems encountered.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, there should be campaigns to disseminate information and train local people who are in daily contact with the park's environment. The aim here would be to make them progressively more accountable for conservation and the exploitation of natural resources (cutting wood, gathering produce, hunting, fishing, and so on). They must also gain a better understanding of the effects of poaching and desertification. Above all, such campaigns should seek to convince the people of the benefits they stand to gain from the park, if they continue to respect its integrity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this context, some lessons might be drawn from a regional project dating from April 1987 (which was never fully implemented). This was aimed at halting the advance of the desert in the northern Central African Republic and southern Chad. The component of the project which is of interest to the present discussion was its programme to increase public awareness  -  which involved training organisers, preparing and disseminating information (posters, videos, films), organising information tours and giving support to the Training and Environmental Information Programme of the CILSS (Inter-State Committee to Combat Drought in the Sahel), of which Chad is a member.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One could also learn something from the approach adopted by the Manda National Park which is situated 270 km from Zakouma. This has 'volunteer villagers' appointed by the chiefs of the four cantons making up the park zone, who know the territory well. The volunteers take part in information, awareness and monitoring operations alongside national park and animal reserve employees. Dressed in pale olivegreen uniforms, they cycle between the villages and encampments, providing a link between the villagers and officials in N'Djamena. They have an invaluable role in convincing village people of the advantages of cooperating in the development of the park and its surrounding areas. And the cost of a volunteer is just CFAF 5 000 (ECU 7.5) per month.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eco-development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Returning to the PNZ, it is true that a small proportion of the population already benefits from the park's existence. Wages are paid to the patrols, and the permanent and seasonal workforce, while micro-projects have been set up. The park pays traders, artisans, farmers and stockbreeders for certain services and there are some tourists. But the bulk of the population does not see these advantages having been largely excluded up to now.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any future eco-development programme should therefore aim at reducing pressure on the park in order to guarantee its long-term integrity. This would obviously need to be preceded by a clear definition of the action to be undertaken, but in the meantime, it might be useful to offer a few guidelines. The programme should include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - a series of flanking or support activities providing infrastructure and equipment, such as a dispensary, a school, paths, wells and carts;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - a food-security programme providing for the conservation of agricultural areas, as well as measures to prevent erosion and safeguard harvests (cereal banks, stores, gardens, agro-forestry systems and pest control);&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- a project to promote natural resources such as fisheries, gum arable, honey, and straw fodder;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- a wood/energy management programme providing improved hearths and brick ovens, and the organised gathering and use of supplies;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- development of the craft industry and training of tourist guides.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If, in a third phase, an awareness and eco-development programme could be successfully implemented, the Zakouma National Park should be able to look forward to a brighter future. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A new 'eco-centre' in West Africa: Two Presidents amid the dust</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In April, on the eve of the International Conference on Human Settlements, the first West-African eco-centre ('Ecopole`) was opened in Dakar. It was set up by Enda, one of the few international non-governmental organisations of significant size based in a developing country. The 'eco' refers to two things - the economic life of the ordinary people and the ecological aspect of the centre. One of the most memorable images of the opening ceremonies was the sight of two Presidents  -  Abdou Diouf of Senegal and his Malian counterpart, Alpha Oumar Konare  -  striding through the dust in a working-class district of the Senegalese capital. For supporters of the 'Ecopole', the event epitomised the fight back of the popular urban economy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The dust which settled on the Presidents' fine clothes was that of the Rail district, so called on account of the railway which cut through it in former times. Built in an old, disused factory, the airy, clean 'eco-complex' adds a touch of style to this semi-industrial, semi-shanty town district. The old buildings were redeveloped with the help of members of some two hundred cultural and sports associations, working in partnership with the NGO. They used recycling techniques of which they are past masters.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The complex had, in fact, been in operation for some time prior to its formal inauguration, but the ceremony  -  which attracted the interest of international press agencies - provided an opportunity to publicise the venture. Since its formation in 1972, Enda has been working to give a higher profile to the 'popular' economy (they eschew the term 'informal') in Senegal and elsewhere. The NGO has focused, in particular, on trying to encourage those involved in the popular economy to collaborate more closely and integrate their activities, as well as on boosting awareness of what is happening in similar communities elsewhere. The opening of the 'Ecopole' provided a showcase for the achievements of the popular economy in West Africa, as well as a forum for dialogue. And it now has the seal of approval of two Heads of State, not to mention other VlPs who made supportive statements at the opening.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The popular economy fights back&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For the inaugural ceremony, the former sheds - now converted into airy vaults clustered around a central structure - hosted a major presentation of the popular economy in a series of exhibitions. It is a kind of 'eco-museum' with pride of place going to recycling. Exhibits ranged from 'fabrics' made of old plastic bags crocheted together, to toy sports cars fashioned from wire and tin cans. And the reaction to the exhibition went beyond the usual, somewhat condescending appreciation of 'the skill of these people'. There were, of course, some curios of interest to tourists such as the aforementioned children's toys, small metal suitcases and papier-mache boxes. But there were also works of art, masks and sculptures, which captured something of the nature of this 'recycling culture'. Indeed, international art critics at the Biennal Festival of Contemporary African Art, taking place in Dakar, were talking of a new artistic trend, also seen in the work of artists from other regions, based on reclamation. This, of course, begs the question: 'Has art not always been based on reclamation?'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Interesting though the subject may be, the artistic and aesthetic qualities of the fruits of recycling are of only secondary importance when one is dealing with everyday objects. The important thing is for deprived populations to use what means they have to survive and to improve the quality of their lives. Tourists may choose to buy decorative and unusual objects on the reclamation market, but more significantly, families can obtain essential items such as kitchen utensils, ploughing implements, carpentry tools and stoves  - all cast from vehicle wheels and bits of scrap metal. They are made using small forges and furnaces the size of a large saucepan, or cut from otherwise unusable pieces of metal sheet. The craftsmen can also supply somewhat more sophisticated equipment: ploughs, brick-moulding machines or soldering irons. One of the exhibitions staged at the 'eco-centre' was a co-production with the Quebec Museum of Civilisation and the Canadian Embassy in Senegal, which had previously toured Canada and four African countries. Entitled 'Africa's ingenuity', it covered a wide variety of styles, ranging from the utilitarian to the artistic. It will, in due course, form the eco-museum's centrepiece. Another temporary exhibition was called 'Antuka: Kinshasa, the art of living in the city', and this paid homage to the Zairean capital - a place which, of necessity, has become one of the 'capitals' of resourcefulness. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jet engines and donkeys&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One hopes that the two Heads of State found time to admire the jet engine constructed by a young Zairean from nothing but reclaimed materials: parts taken from cars, mopeds and unwanted metal sheet. And it works -  not on an aircraft, naturally, but on the bench. This engine is now a legend. Its constructor has apparently already been spotted by a European head-hunting company and offered a job in France. This is part of the 'fight-back' referred to by Enda officials, in which some recognition is finally being given to the economies of the world's poorest populations. During his visit, the President of Senegal issued a plea for greater integration of the informal sector into the overall economic fabric. His remarks were revealing: the West-African 'Ecopole', as its name implies, covers an entire region, and assumption of responsibility by the local people for the shanty towns and poorer districts has lifted a significant burden from central government.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another example of this trend is found in the Malian capital, Bamako, where a hundred or so local community associations have banded together to take over full responsibility for the collection of domestic waste. This organisation, whose initial efforts were ridiculed, is now fully operational. One wonders whether the authorities in other cities have heard about Bamako's scheme. What about Port-au-Prince in Haiti, for example, where they are struggling with mountains of rubbish which they cannot deal with owing to a lack of resources ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since their inception, economic interest groupings (ElGs) such as the one in Bamako have helped bridge the gap between the 'formal' and 'informal' economies. They rely on collaboration and their enterprise is exemplary. At the outset, the inhabitants of poor districts, acting on the initiative of the ElGs, expressed the desire to improve their neighbourhoods by organising refuse collection. They used whatever means were available - which in most cases meant donkeys and carts. In more central districts, delivery tricycles were employed for collection. Specially constructed, tipper-style carts, each costing CFAF 200 000 (ECU 300) have since been brought into service. The price of a donkey, by contrast, is about CFAF 50 000 (ECU 75). The animals and equipment belong to the ElGs and are looked after and maintained by them, with carters receiving a monthly income and social security benefits. A number of groups were set up eight years ago, promoted by young technicians, academics, architects and economists. Those who benefit are known as 'subscribers', with each family paying a contribution towards the service. Managing equipment and collecting contributions both require a well-structured administrative department, but the administrators are not confined to their offices. As employees of the business, they see nothing wrong in lending a hand and assisting the carters. In short, it is an enterprise based on a whole new approach. The contribution made by families varies according to the EIG and the district in question, but it is generally set at around CFAF 750 (ECU 1.2) per family per month. The price of the service may be up to twice this sum in the so called 'quartier des Blancs' (the 'white' district). In theory, the state ought to be subsidising the ElGs, but in practice, this does not happen. The authorities do not even fulfil the task allocated to them under agreements signed with the ElGs, which is to transport the refuse from temporary dumps to a final site. According to local people, the problem is not that the local authorities do not have the trucks available for the task. The vehicles, they allege, are used instead for the officials' own private purposes. The ElGs are forced to plug the gap as far as possible. At present, they appear to be the only ones taking any interest in waste recycling, aware as they are of the risk to the environment posed by permanent dumping grounds, and of the specific danger that the water table will be polluted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A modern concept of the 'informal' economy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'informal' economy is increasingly becoming the norm. According to an Enda survey, 90% of businesspeople in Senegal started out in the informal sector. The conclusion would seem to be that the necessary training for dealing with current conditions is not to be found in the formal education system. The popular economy is not out of step with the modern economy as some would claim. Indeed, one could argue that it is the modern economy, as adapted to today's conditions. The increasing involvement of ordinary people in the economic circuit, which they enter via parallel routes, should also guarantee the continuation of Africa's experiment with democracy. We have seen attempts by former dictators to backtrack in this respect. They cite as evidence, the failure of technicians trained abroad - the 'darlings' of the West who, they claim, are at the beck and call of international institutions. But a return to the past, as exemplified by the regime of Nicephore Soglo, strikes fear into many people. Their response is to generate productivity, social cohesion and political stability through the popular economy, by way of compensation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is suggested that small-scale traders, who distribute hardware from south-east Asia, constitute an obstacle to the development of local production. But there is a confusion here between cause and effect. In fact, the popular economy appears more as a response to the lack of consumer goods. The problem lies with the so-called 'major' local entrepreneurs who favour the import/ export business over production, and with the banks that prefer to focus on larger businesses (influenced by anonymous officials or major economic interests) and have no time for small-scale operators.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Rail district in Dakar has a long history. It is overpopulated, having been settled by workers and artisans, and their influx made it the most expensive poor district. It is a place where the rents, for even the humblest hut without water or electricity, accounted for most of the inhabitants' meagre income. This situation led to the appearance of squatters who built their own shacks on waste ground. For these people, the threat of eviction loomed constantly like a sword of Damocles. The district is also home to a large number of maids and other household employees. Two thousand of these people (from Rail and other parts of the city) set up their own friendly society to which they pay regular contributions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is a world which has always teemed with good ideas: artisans recycling materials, blacksmiths working at the forge and so on. In this sense, nothing much has changed, but the big difference now is that the people have organised themselves. In so doing, they have been able to provide training for adults and children in makeshift schools, and to purchase and renovate old huts  - having extracted a guarantee from officials that such moves would not be opposed. Nowadays, those who live in the district no longer pay rent. However, it will only be possible to measure the true success of the Rail district when there is no longer a need for an organisation like Enda to ensure that it operates effectively.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some years ago, a former sailor, who always dreamed of being a teacher, set up his own school in the main street which runs through the district. He worked on the pavement and in the car park in front of a furniture store, teaching children in the morning before the offices opened and adults in the evening after they had closed. Enda recently offered him a few pieces of furniture, but for many years, he received no help other than a few pieces of chalk, worn-down pencils and the remains of exercise books from his 'colleagues' in regular education. This is a man who has to supply his pupils not just with teaching materials but also sometimes with food. This year, with his voice catching in his throat, he told us that one of his former 'street pupils' is going to college. How can the learned economists calculate the value of this devoted 'academic'? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The RDP challenge</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Professor Willie Esterhuyse&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The cornerstone of South Africa's Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) announced by President Nelson Mandela on May 24 1994, shortly after taking office, is people-centred development with an accent on modern infrastructure, health, education, housing and sanitation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lessons have already been learnt from teething troubles.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The RDP is the government's response to the massive socio-economic needs of the bulk of the South African population. It is foremost a strategic framework aimed at human development and restructuring the country's economy. It involves housing projects and programmes to improve the socioeconomic infrastructure covering clean water, electricity, public works, schools, urban renewal and primary health care. Empowerment programmes have been developed, for example; micro and small businesses, support for emergent farmers and skills training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of the main achievements of the RDP has been to sensitise South Africans to the plight of the poor. Apartheid, amongst other things, succeeded in keeping this out of sight, effectively locking the poor out of the system. A veil of ignorance prevailed among the privileged class. The RDP tore away the veil and has led to a willingness to participate in development and reconstruction programmes, especially in private sector circles. It is succeeding in prioritising South Africa's socio-economic challenges, as well as mobilising funding and organising a common and sustainable approach. Its most important achievement to date is probably the idea of partnerships in development between the state, private sector institutions and non-governmental organisations. Through the RDP, South Africans have accepted that they will have to 'run with the development ball'. They are also aware that the state cannot go it alone, nor should it act as a 'super' development agency. Thus, a very high premium is put on involving the private sector and other actors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Problems&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But many problems have already been encountered. Unfortunately, the RDP was seen by some as a quick-fix solution to South Africa's socio-economic difficulties. Expectations over delivery were too high. Red tape and a growing bureaucracy stifled the initiative early on. Frustrations among the poor quickly surfaced. Many of those who wanted to participate, and applied for RDP funding, were unable to develop viable business plans - a strict requirement to get funds. The launch of projects was further complicated by the absence, at one stage, of legitimate local and governmental structures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But important lessons were learnt from the initial phases, in particular the need to involve people on the ground from day one - starting with the identification of needs, the design of a specific project and its execution. It was accepted that process is more decisive than the product. A second lesson was that a separate RDP office, with its own Ministry, complicated matters as far as delivery was concerned, tending to centralise development. This led to the announcement by President Mandela on March 28 1996 that the RDP office would be closed down. RDP programmes were thereafter integrated into the main budget administered by functional government agencies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another very important lesson was that socio-economic development and reconstruction had to go hand in hand with a dynamic macro-economic strategy - made public earlier this year. It was realised that one cannot have good projects in a bad policy environment - to quote a World Bank report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fact, it is generally accepted that the RDP, on its own, cannot launch South Africa on a road to sustainable and vigorous economic growth. We needed a twin-track approach.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Progress&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The RDP has notched up a number of successes. The provision of clean water to rural and urban communities has gone a long way under the leadership of Minister Kadar Asmal -  highlighting the fact that leadership strengthened by solid management, does make a difference. The electrification programme for low-income households, involving the parastatal, Eskom (Electricity Supply Commission), is another success story. The same goes for the Presidential projects, such as free health care for expectant mothers and infants, and some of the nutrition programmes. But the provision of housing for low-income groups has been less successful than anticipated. Rent and services boycotts, as well as unemployment, are some of the reasons for slow progress. Job creation is another problem area. It is envisaged that visible progress in these areas will emerge in the course of next year. Establishing a culture of learning is another great challenge. A restructuring of the educational system is underway, but progress is restricted by severe financial constraints.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Implementation of the RDP, the best strategic framework for socioeconomic development South Africa has ever had, will be a long process. Courage and sustainability are key issues. How to lead and manage expectations, without undermining hope, is a great challenge. The meaningful involvement of donors is another issue. Joint ventures between donors, the private sector, government agencies and communities are happening. Most of these, having been carefully negotiated and executed, are already making a significant difference.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But spectacular progress should not be expected. Development, reconstruction, and growth of the kind that South Africa needs, will take time. However, the lessons and achievements of the past two years have put South Africa in an excellent position to change the country's socio-economic environment. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Targeting South Africa's poor</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Christine Thompson&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The provision of basic amenities for the urban and rural poor rank high on the agenda of the EU's aid policy towards South Africa. In this respect, European cooperation has been tailored to fit with the government's own Reconstruction and Development Programme.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Programme for Reconstruction and Development (EPRD) is the name of the current EU development assistance package to South Africa and it seeks to help improve living conditions for all South Africans. The programme earmarks ECU 125 million a year until 1999. It has evolved from the so-called 'positive measures' programme launched in 1985 to help counter the negative effects of sanctions and to help the victims of apartheid.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under a Declaration of Intent drawn up with Minister Jay Naidoo, then at the helm of South Africa's Reconstruction and Development Programme, it was decided that EU aid should be channelled to the key sectors of education and training, health, rural development, water supply, urban development, economic cooperation, trade and investment promotion, and the promotion of good governance and democracy. In each of these areas, the EU actively encourages a partnership effort between governmental structures and NGOs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.5 million homes wanted&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over 60% of South Africa's population is urbanised. The apartheid government's restrictions on home ownership in urban areas for the past four decades resulted in a housing backlog estimated at 2.5 million units, with demand growing by 200 000 units per year. Estimates vary, but approximately seven million people are believed to be living in informal settlements throughout South Africa on land occupied both legally and illegally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improved housing and sanitation are seen as priority areas in urban and rural development. Between 1991 and 1996, the EU has funded 18 projects in the urban development sector valued at approximately R303.1 m (ECU 52m). The Urban Sector Network (USN) and the Cato Manor Development Programme are typical.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is providing the USN with a total of R26.2m (ECU 4.5m) between 1995 and 1998. The USN is a national network of nine affiliate NGOs, and its aim is to improve living conditions for the urban poor. The beneficiaries of the programme are city dwellers earning less than R2000 (ECU 344) a month and there is a particular emphasis on households with monthly incomes of under R800 (ECU 137) a month.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Through integrated, community-based development, the USN and its affiliates provide technical support and service provision to urban development projects, focusing on housing, local government transformation, skills transfer, project planning, facilitation, information dissemination, education and training.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Cato Manor Development Programme received funding in 1995, also for a three year period. The EU has contributed R117.6m (ECU 20.2m) to the project. Cato Manor, an area in Natal near Durban, was the location of the largest forced resettlement scheme implemented under apartheid. Today, it is the first area targeted for integrated housing in a former white township.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall objective of the programme is to improve living conditions through a policy that strengthens the delivery system for infrastructure and housing. The programme anticipates providing the community with primary and secondary schools, sports fields, community halls, libraries and a community health centre. Access to housing finance will be improved and opportunities for income generation provided through a vocational training centre and small-scale industry workshops. In addition, provision is being made to improve management and general policy-making capabilities. By continuing to fund such projects, the EU is working with the South African government to improve the living conditions of the urban and rural poor. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'Guardians of Eden'</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Theatre for Africa, a performing group from Southern Africa, went on tour this autumn to put across the message that the exploitation of Africa's fauna should remain in the hands of rural communities. They did this with a powerful mix of words, dance, mime and song, in a play entitled Guardians of Eden '. The Courier met the author and cast on the Brussels leg of their tour. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The setting for the Brussels' performance was the 'Grand Place' (Grote Markt). With its ornate mediaeval architecture, this famous square in the centre of the Belgian capital could hardly have been more removed from the theme of the play - which is about conservation and development problems in Africa and empowering rural people to manage, use and benefit from the wildlife around them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The play was commissioned by the Southern Africa Sustainable Use Specialist Group (SASUSG) and the idea was that it should reach as many people as possible in the run-up to the World Conservation Congress planned for Montreal in October 1996. South African writer and former economist, Nicolas Ellenbogen, travelled throughout Southern Africa to recruit the all-African cast. Many examples of cultural imperialism leading to the destruction of habitat, highlighted in the production, were actually encountered by Mr Ellenbogen as he travelled through the region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The play opens with a spirit medium summoning representatives from villages in several African countries to discuss the threat to their survival. The actors display their athletic skills performing mimes of the abundant wildlife with simple props, as the history of Africa is recalled from the dinosaurs to the present day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A parable is then told. An old chief informs his three sons that to prosper in the 21st century, the village must change. He instructs them to return a year later with ideas for prosperity, which will be discussed in an indaba (debate). Each chooses a different path. The wheeling and dealing first son seeks out quick fix schemes with NGOs and various city authorities. The second son learns from the difficulties of city life and comes up with a blend of simple wisdom and new ideas. The third spends his time in beer halls -  and his revelry provokes roars of laughter throughout the performance.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Arriving back in his village after almost a year has elapsed, the second son finds that his older brother returned several months earlier to implement his money raising projects. Enjoying the cash benefits of the scheme, the men of the village do not want to hold an indaba. They are forced to do so by the women and Midzimu - the old chief. The audience is then asked to vote and there is a unanimous show of hands for the second son who symbolises the sustainable use of natural resources. The dissolute third son, meanwhile, is eaten by a crocodile.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ivory ban fury&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the message goes out to developers and donors to respect rural autonomy, the play also raises serious questions for Europe's politicians. The frequent appearance of the destructive elephant, in the course of the play, allows Mr Ellenbogen to vent his anger at the ivory import ban imposed by many European states. 'I am furious about the ban', be told The Courier, 'as it is having a profound effect on the daily needs of the people.' He rejects the argument that it helps conservation, insisting that; 'with a stroke of a pen, you reduced the value of the elephant.' The playwrite argues that local people need to see wildlife as economically and socially valuable. Otherwise, they will adopt new forms of land use which will result in the extinction of the species. He also draws attention to the growing black market in ivory in Southern Africa since the ban was introduced.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'token' South African - symbolically played by the only woman in the cast - is given a 'rough time as the baby of Africa', says Ellenbogen. The play also contains numerous swipes at the donor community which frequently gives grants, without, it is said, any respect for local traditions. The Swiss doctoral student researching the potential for producing goat's cheese in Africa exits the stage squealing after asking a goat herder what he does with his animals. 'We slit their throats', is his reply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guardians of Eden was first launched at the Grahamstown Arts Festival in South Africa in July. It was performed in Zimbabwe and Kenya, and won a prize at the Edinburgh Festival 'Fringe' in August. From there, it moved to Frankfurt and Geneva before reaching Brussels. It was due to be performed in Antwerp, London and several American cities before a final staging at the Montreal Congress in October.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The play is in English and the languages of Southern Africa, but Nicolas Ellenbogen believes it can be readily understood by his multinational audiences. For him, the message - that local people must have the power to manage their own wildlife on their own land - needs no translating. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Analysis</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Europeans and development cooperation: there are opportunities too!</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Stelios Christopoulos&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If politicians in Europe see jobs as their primary concern, it is probably because the citizens regard unemployment as their most serious problem. In the Europe of the Fifteen, the average unemployment rate was about 10% in 1985 dropping to 7.5% in 1990. By 1994, it had risen to a record high of more than 11%. By contrast, unemployment in the United States fell below 6.5% in 1994 and the figures for 1995 reveal a continuing downward trend. In Japan, the proportion of people without work remained below 3% in 1994. Assuming there is no change in current trends, the most recent demographic projections suggest that there will be 70 million people over the age of 65 in the EU by the year 2020, out of a total population of 348 million. This is 18 million more than there are today. The proportion of over-65s is, thus, projected to rise from 15% at present to 20% in less than 25 years. These two elements  -  an ageing population and ongoing structural unemployment - clearly reveal that European society lacks a degree of dynamism compared with its competitors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In an attempt to address this problem, albeit partially, the President of the European Commission, Jacques Santer, launched a European employment pact in April 1996. There are three underlying reasons for this initiative -  Europe's endemic unemployment, the need to reestablish a climate of confidence as a prerequisite for renewed investment and consumption, and the need to fit the creation of the single currency into an overall economic strategy aimed at increasing growth, competitiveness and employment in Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'I'm young, help me find a job', is the heartfelt plea of many of young Europeans. But what chance is there that their cry for help will be answered in a difficult global environment?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We have seen the globalisation of strategic relationships in a range of key areas including the environment, the management of energy resources, health, demography and security. The trend has been accelerated by rapid technical progress in the fields of transport and telecommunications. This process has not taken the big multinational companies by surprise - they were already free of the constraints of sovereignty or space, and were quick to globalise their structures. These enterprises have become more competitive by taking advantage, wherever possible, of the most favourable production conditions, particularly regarding raw materials and employment conditions. More spectacular still has been the growth of international trade: in 1990, the volume of world trade was 11.5 times as great as it had been 40 years earlier. During the same period, global production only increased fivefold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What this means nowadays is that employment in the EU Member States is directly affected (and some would say threatened) by the world situation. Productivity and growth conditions in Europe are no longer sufficient to ensure full employment. Competition from developing countries, with their low wage bills and undervalued currencies, is too great for countries in the EU. Their position is not the same as that of the multinational companies. They do not have the structures to deal with swiftly evolving events, nor are they capable of controlling the process of globalisation. This is demonstrated, inter alia, by their inability to respond to the financial speculation which turns capital away from productive investment. Today, for example, for every US dollar in circulation, there are at least 30 dollars which are the product of financial speculation. This is not money from productive work by any particular person, but money which is the product of a financial 'virtual reality' and which is usually reinvested in financial speculation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Countries are beginning to realise the need to pool their national skills and cooperate at a regional level, in order to enhance their business competitiveness and take on the challenges of the globalised trading system. But the level of integration implied by this strategic choice must be sufficiently comprehensive if it is to make up for the reduced capability of countries to respond on an individual basis. This process of regionalisation may well be a prerequisite for regulating the world economy in such areas as exchange parities and financial speculation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;And what of Europe in particular? Despite having a head-start on other regional groupings (such Asean, Nafta and Mercosur), the situation is not too rosy. Owing to the lack of a full internal market, Europe is unable to compete on equal terms with the United States or Japan. The internal market still comes up against blocks in important areas, as evidenced by problems over the European employment pact. And there are a number of other defects which make the internal market insufficiently competitive in the context of globalisation. It is true that a more coherent environment has been created for European companies, with common regulations and rules of competition enabling them to distribute their goods and services among the EU's consumers. But despite the appearance of a domestic, or single, market, it is one which is devoid of a genuine internal policy in keeping with its size. This is what distinguishes it from the internal markets of the United States or Japan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The explanation for the disparity may lie in the fact that the most recent moves towards the single market, through 'Single Act', date from 1987. This was before the upheavals which so decisively signalled the globalisation trend. Despite the criticisms sometimes levelled at it, it is a genuine single market which is largely open to the outside world (with only a few exceptions, notably as regards the Common Agricultural Policy, where it is recognised that there is a need for progressive adaptation). But there is still no single currency, nor is there a genuine common commercial and economic policy. The EU is unable to react to change at world level in the same way as its competitors. The common customs tariff, together with protective measures such as the anti-dumping regulations, are still not sufficient to solve all the Union's problems. What is needed on top of this is an active common policy component.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yet, as the European employment pact makes clear, the EU holds a trump card in an increasingly interdependent world. The proviso is that it must speak with one voice, enforce multilateral rules and open up new markets for itself, because, as the document points out 'exports create jobs...'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, the developing world received 37% of global direct foreign investment ($84 billion) as against less than 20% at the beginning of the 1980s (the flow of foreign exchange is regarded nowadays as the principal factor influencing development). This is a spectacular increase but the resources are not 'fairly' distributed from the point of view of either the investing countries or the recipients. For example, southeast Asia is currently the world's most dynamic region. Yet, not to put too fine a point on it, it is virtually ignored by European investors. Only 3% of European overseas investment is directed towards this zone. Likewise, Europe's market share in the region is no more than 5%. The US has invested between two and three times more in south-east Asia while Japanese investment is four times higher.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1994, sub-Saharan Africa attracted just 0.8% of direct foreign investment ($1.8 billion). And there is no evidence that Europeans have invested more than the Japanese or Americans in this region. This is despite the highly optimistic outlook for the situation in Africa offered by the late Ron Brown, the former US Trade Secretary. On returning from a tour of Africa with American businesspeople in February 1994, he remarked that major opportunities were opening up in that continent, with spectacular returns on investments  - at the time, the best in the world. His regret was that so few people were aware of the situation. Undoubtedly more significant still was the declaration made in Washington before his departure for Africa to the effect that the United States would no longer leave African markets exclusively to the former colonial powers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;So although others are beginning to explore the possibilities offered by Africa, Europe is still sceptical. A similar scepticism prevailed during the 1960s when it was assumed that the lot of south-east Asia would be famine, and few development prospects. Given the historical links between Europe and Africa, the geographical proximity of the two continents, and the pressing problems faced by the 'old' continent vis-Ã -vis its competitors, such an attitude appears difficult to explain. In the years since the former European colonies in Africa gained independence - and despite the creation of an institutional cooperation framework (the LomÃ© Convention, which many regard as a model of development cooperation)  -  many Europeans clearly no longer wish to be involved in Africa. The explanation for this lack of interest may be the difficult conditions within African countries -  obstacles preventing access to markets, the lack of liberalisation or political instability.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But this analysis in not entirely convincing. More ACP countries are democracies than ever before in the post-independence era. As for Africa - a much-debated ACP region  -  it is wrong to talk purely in terms of internal conflict, famines or the AIDS epidemic. There are countries in this continent with growth rates of between 5% and 6%, and several examples of where European companies have successfully penetrated local markets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The need to highlight the existence of genuine business opportunities in ACP countries and to make the European public aware of development aid success stories, were among the main conclusions to come out of the first meeting of a television delegates' network, organised by the European Commission's Development Directorate-General on 31 January 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Any European company chairman interested in expanding into an ACP country - thereby enlarging the company's market and enhancing its competitiveness - is likely to acknowledge the possibilities, if offered back-up from the EU or from national governments. But they will then probably point to the complications which remain -  and with some justification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With this in mind, it is worth reiterating the fact that specialised institutions exist for facilitating contact with the ACP countries. In 1995, for example, the Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) was involved in 367 projects, assisting, free of charge, in the expansion or rehabilitation of industrial companies in ACP countries, in partnership with European business. Although the number of such projects is constantly increasing (190 in 1993,229 in 1994), it is still a long way short of what is needed. But it should be stressed that the CDl's approach, which involves promoting the creation of networks, appears to work. The establishment OF ACP contact networks in ACP countries makes it easier to identify potential areas for involvement and to prepare better for European institutional and sectoral networks. There are several successful projects which have led to the creation or safeguarding of jobs in Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Also in 1995, the European Investment Bank (EIB) granted ECU 430 million in loans to businesses in various sectors in 29 ACP countries. This includes an increase in the Bank's activity in Africa over previous years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What, then, of the effect of Europe's development cooperation policies on the European market ? According to the most conservative estimates, for every ECU 100 granted in aid, the Community 'gets back' ECU 48 in the form of jobs, supplies and technical assistance. This figure does not take account of additional 'secondary' business generated by, for example, the supply of spare parts or the provision of technical advice. This business can be quite significant given the degree of penetration achieved by European companies in the markets of many developing countries. Nor does the estimate include any new business opportunities directly arising from the links established between the companies involved in aid projects and the recipient countries. Thus, it is clear that when a project is set up, it may well have extra beneficial effects for Europe through additional flows of goods and services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 'return' on aid is even greater in Member States' individual bilateral programmes. For example, tied aid from countries such as Belgium, Italy and the United Kingdom leads to a payback of more than 70%. Another point is that as Europe's industrial rules are harmonised, the success of a single European company in penetrating a particular developing country market may pave the way for companies in other EU Member States, thus benefiting the Union as a whole. Tied aid creates favourable conditions for setting up European companies and for placing European goods and services in other markets. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While the return on aid may be described as satisfactory, the same is not true of the number of companies that benefit or of the actual turnover involved. One wonders whether this weakness is due to a lack of information about existing resources and facilities, or whether there still a lack of confidence about countries which, despite the progress they have made, are still politically unstable and therefore unpredictable.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One might also wonder whether the time is right for investment. Our answer would be that, even though financial speculation is currently governed by global economic considerations, which prevent productive targeting of capital, this situation cannot last. There is a worldwide move to rectify the situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We all need to be aware that time is no longer on our side. In many sectors, European companies still have a competitive edge over businesses from third countries, owing to their degree of specialisation and technological expertise. But if they are to survive, they must take on a worldwide dimension. In particular, they should pay attention to the comparative advantage that they have in the ACP countries on account of their special skills, historic links, geographical location and, above all, the institutional connections between these developing nations and the 'old' continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although problems do exist and although both European and ACP bureaucracy can sometimes discourage private operators from exploring the potential of the developing world (and more particularly the ACP region), they should not give up. Europe's challenge is to help them to exploit this potential whilst not raising false hopes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nothing can take the place of the shared experience and confidence which arises spontaneously in full knowledge of the facts. In this regard, we feel, there is still much to be done. In both Europe and the ACP countries, one way to succeed is to increase the number of networks representing industrial, economic and financial interests at various levels, and to assist them in identifying opportunities more effectively. This would help to create a new dynamism and renewed vigour in Europe. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Close - up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Eritrea: the start of a renaissance ?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the Courier's issue of July-August 1994, we published a country report on Eritrea. This country became independent in 1993 after almost 30 years of fighting which had bled the county white. Loss of human life, displaced persons, socio-economic disruption and environmental damage have been Eritrea's sad fate in recent times. However, there has now been peace for three years and the Eritrean people are attempting to pick up the threads. Alfonso Artico, a freelance journalist who recently travelled to Eritrea, now offers us a few on-the-spot impressions of his trip, focusing on some current projects which offer hope to this sorely afflicted people&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fisheries at Massawa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The port of Massawa is located on the Red Sea, whose blue waters are teeming with fish. In 1986, the European Union suggested that it would be a suitable place for fisheries development. At the time, the city was a maze of back streets, baking in the sun. Few could have predicted the fate that would befall it five years later. For in 1991, war came to Massawa and 80% of the city was destroyed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Italians, it is said, have 'always' been here, and they once had great plans for the city. Together with Assab, further to the south, Massawa was to be a key point of access to the sea, and a potential launch pad for the, country's struggling economy. The colonial days are long past but, when the Eritrean Popular Liberation Army took over the country after the recent war, the Italians came back to help tackle an immense task. The city, by then, was little more than a pile of rubble.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Help also came from somewhat further afield, in the shape of Professor Seichi Etoh, a Japanese specialist in marine biology. He had made a study of the city in 1989 and he chose to return in 1992 to help in fisheries development. At the outset, his working methods disconcerted the Eritreans who were used to a slightly more relaxed attitude to labour, under the hot sun and eternally blue sky.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Armed with the experience of working in Kenya and a number of other developing countries, Professor Etoh arrived in Massawa and installed himself in a house looking over the sea. After a period of adaptation, to gain his bearings, he took up his new challenge.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge in question is a fisheries project whose main funders are the UNDP, Japan, Italy and the African Development Bank. A total of $7 million has been committed with payments spread over a five-year period. The project began operating in January 1993.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main problem at the outset was one of skills and qualifications. Important posts were often filled by high-ranking former solders, whose administrative skills were less than satisfactory. Conversely, those with the right qualifications - some of whom were criticised for spending the war years in the lecture theatres of European universities  -  had problems finding work. This was particularly true in the closed and conservative world of the fisherman. After a few teething troubles, Etoh was able to announce that he had the confidence of the government, and his efforts rapidly bore fruit thereafter. He set about reorganising the fishermen's cooperative - a task which entailed overcoming the reluctance of members to adopt new practices. He also arranged for the construction of jetties where vessels could take on supplies. Fish were to be unloaded at one spot, and their diesel tanks would be refilled at a different location. The cost of diesel is 1.41 birr (ECU 0.17) per litre. The fishermen's cooperative, which has 440 members, has 35 000 birr (ECU 4000) in its funds. It is also making repayments on a 1.8 million-birr (ECU 200 000) loan.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'In the beginning, there was frenzied activity, which some regarded as chaos', Seichi Etoh recalls. However, in less than two years, the jetties have been completed and the ice plants -  essential for preserving the fish - are running flat out. Now they are producing eight tonnes of ice a day. The daily catch is about two tonnes of fish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The real revolution occurred when Seichi Etoh decided to try and organise cooperatives for women, who represent 25% of the workforce in the production chain. He followed up with an even more radical scheme, offering them paid work in the relatively unrewarding but essential field of ship maintainance and repair. This freed the fishermen, most of whom had no remunerative activity outside the fishing season (November to March), to seek work elsewhere during the other seven months of the year. Eritrea, a country where women's potential has not traditionally been acknowledged (or tapped) had never seen the like before. Nowadays, of the 200 who fish out of Massawa, 50 are women who have formed their own organisation - and they generate a considerable profit. They have even opened up a fish restaurant!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The overall standard of living has increased considerably. This year, fisheries-related production has risen 120% compared with 1995. And the port is doing reasonably well in quality terms. Using the international scale, which ranks the catches from 0 to 10, the quality of fish landings by the Massawa fishermen is rated 6 overall - as against 8 for Japan. 5 for China and 6.5 for Europe. The local market has expanded as a result of efforts to modify local eating habits. People have been taught to grill fish instead of frying it in expensive (and somewhat unhealthy) oil. The message - 'eat grilled fish' - is going out daily on national radio, and women are going into the schools and villages to teach this 'latest' cooking technique.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The local market may be important, but the main target for the increased production is Ethiopia. With the purchase of four refrigerated lorries, it is now possible to transport fish products over long distances. Another important customer is Italy, which currently takes about a third of the total production. Seichi Etoh is hopeful that, following this example, new markets can be found in other parts of Europe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The success of the Massawa project has exceeded all expectations and, although he downplays the achievement with typical oriental modesty, it is clear that Etoh's bet has paid off. The fishermen have come to understand the advantages to be gained in reorganisation and maintaining their 'tools' of production. And as anticipated, the bulk of the profit from the project is going back to the fishermen. The government has taken care not to cream off too much for itself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other projects are now under way. Etoh is attempting to persuade the fishermen to give up their wooden craft in favour of ferro-cement vessels but after centuries of doing things in a certain way, it will take more than a few months for the new plans to be adopted. The monthly meetings with representatives from the cooperatives are stormy and animated. However, two vessels are already being built, on the assumption that a practical demonstration is worth far more than a long speech. The 60 people working directly on the project are awaiting the outcome.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This change has become necessary owing to the cost of wood - which is one of the reasons why the fishermen have grown progressively poorer. Timber prices have been rising sharply for some years, particularly in Dubia, the regional centre of the wood trade. The war, in the meantime, sent incomes spiralling downwards.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Overall, the Eritrean fishing fleet has 500 vessels, all made of wood, of which 250 have Massawa as their home port. In previous years, the wood (known as tengi in Eritrean) came from Ethiopia. But this country is facing ecological problems and fishermen have been forced to search elsewhere for building and maintenance materials for their unstable and costly vessels (a 13-metre boat requires 8 mÂ³ of wood). Etoh explains that the new boats, while slower, glide more easily over the water on account of their stability. However, the first attempts at change have not been easy. Indeed, things got so bad that Etoh went on holiday 'for longer than expected', he said, though he took advantage of the break to visit Singapore and buy Chinese tricycles  -  which can now be seen in the streets of Massawa. The reign of the bicycle with a simple wicker basket which could carry just 20 kilos is over. Now, each tricycle can deliver 100 kg of fresh fish, packed in ice. All in all, the programme is running smoothly. Etoh has only to check it from time to time. After all this labour, will the smiling Japanese professor be taking a well-earned rest? 'Probably not,' he says, adding 'I am currently thinking about a chain of restaurants. Fish restaurants of course !'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An unusual 'bank'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The road leading to Gersteti village is so beautiful that it takes your breath away. Multicoloured birds fly lazily above the vehicle carrying the journalists and humanitarian aid workers - who are deep in discussion about the kind of world they wish to create. However, there is a switch in the conversation once they reach the Seraye plateaux. Their attention is drawn to the fields which stretch as far as the eye can see. It doesn't take long to discover that demand for land here far outweighs supply. The situation, which is already critical, has not been helped by the influx of refugees returning from neighbouring countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When the war ended in 1991, everyone's prime concern was to relaunch an agricultural sector ruined by 28 years of combat. Farmers and farming communities, the lifeblood of the countryside, had been mobilised to fight on the front line. In 1990, agricultural production was at such a low level that the word 'negligible' featured prominently in the Ministry of Agriculture's statistics.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Oxfam, which first came to Eritrea in 1978, has been running an unusual project on the Seraye plateaux. Located to the south of Asmara, the capital, this region is the second most densely populated part of the country. Five districts containing 65 villages and 17000 families, were chosen for the project  -  on account of their low rainfall and the fact that it is difficult, and in some cases, impossible, to cultivate the exhausted soil. Local communities, village leaders and politicians all understood that only full-scale collaboration could prevent a food-supply disaster in the province. An organisation was therefore created: the villagers elected 13 representatives (12 men and one woman) and began by setting up a seed bank. There was a severe shortage of seed materials in this devastated country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project got off the ground in November 1995 and is set to run for three years. Its objective is simple: to guarantee self-sufficiency in seeds and to provide a reserve during hard times. The 'Seed Bank Committee' has also given training to 40 farmers in seed conservation, terracing and basic agricultural economics. Two wells have been sunk, but these are insufficient for the 40 square kiLomÃ©tres that require irrigation. Oxfam is putting up the money for the various initiatives while the local community is providing the labour force. It is worth noting that a bag of averagequality cement costs 35 birrs (ECU4), equivalent to one third of a worker's monthly wage. Fourteen different varieties of seed have been stored in sheds - which the locals visit to obtain their supplies. The purchase of 230 quintals of local seeds and the donation of 70 quintals from elsewhere have started the programme off. Next year, Individual farmers will have to repay this 'loan' in kind, with a 10% 'interest payment', also in the form of seeds. The surplus generated will be retained by the bank as a resource to be drawn upon, if necessary, when times are hard.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Advantages&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The local community was quick to understand the advantages to be gained from this system. They were all too aware of the low productivity of their land and up to then, were powerless to resolve the situation. The possibility of falling back on traditional resources to offset production difficulties no longer existed. And the skills they had acquired over the generations were now insufficient, given the poor condition of the soil. In these circumstances, one can well understand their enthusiasm when they saw that 100 kg of seeds per hectare yielded a harvest six times larger than previously. Other elements which contributed to a progressive improvement in conditions were the sinking of new wells, a reduced influx of refugees from Sudan, and a slow but appreciable improvement in the country's general economic situation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As well as being involved in this project, Oxfam is an active member of Acord, an NGO association which extends cash loans at rates much lower than those demanded by the banks. (Acord's rate is 12% per annum with a minimum repayment of 5 birrs per month). Targeted mainly at the most deprived sections of the population, the loans enable the poor to set up small businesses or, more commonly, to purchase agricultural implements, repair irrigation channels and buy cattle. Once again, a village committee manages the transactions. The scheme has brought renewed hope to the most deprived groups. Individual loans have been available since 1994 and the association currently has 163 clients. The total amount lent so far is 878 000 birrs (ECU 110 000).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The combined effects of these programmes - seed banks and preferential loans - are already visible. It would take months to visit all the farms and fields, workshops and stores, where men and women have invested their energies and hopes. Seraye province now produces a third of Eritrea's cereals, a telling illustration of the fact that one does not need billions of dollars for development and humanitarian aid for the work to be effective. In the final analysis, a country's wealth lies in its citizens. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An up-to-date printing plant&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As one strolls down Liberation Avenue, which cuts the city of Asmara in two, one might be forgiven for thinking that 28 years of war have already been forgotten. Surveying the multi-coloured neon signs of the shops, it certainly appears as if the country has turned the corner and the wounds are healing rapidly. One building whose restrained frontage stands outs in sharp contrast is the Adulis printing-works. Adulis was the name of a semi-mythical city founded by the Greeks on the Red Sea in the third millennium before Christ. 'But there is nothing insubstantial about this place', comments Mohamad Shiffa Osman, with a smile. He is one of three expert typesetters who went on a training course in Belgium earlier this year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; The Adulis printing works has its own particular memories of the Eritrean people's struggle for independence. As far back as the 1960s, when the first shots were being fired, the resistance recognised that their fighters and the civil population both had to have access to information. However, it was not until the 1980s that a true propaganda structure came into being. During the war, the Eritrean People's Liberation Army ran a clandestine ministry of information. In Eritrea and elsewhere, this became the channel for conveying practical information, and providing the latest news from the front. It was also used to transmit personal messages, which were delivered to the heart of areas occupied by the Ethiopian Army. 'Our presses were hidden in caves, up in the mountains, and everything was run on generators', Mohamed remembers. The initial amateur approach was quickly replaced by a more professional one. 'We did have professional printers working for us, but it was mainly self-taught comrades'. On-the job apprenticeships had to be fitted in between bouts of fighting!&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'At the time of liberation, in 1991, we set about restoring this printing works, which was founded in 1896 by the Italians', Mohamed explained as he gave us a guided tour of the works. The effort put into relaunching this essential activity soon bore fruit. Within the year, the printing operation was running at a profit - indeed it had a virtual monopoly of printing in the country. The presses were brought down from the mountains on the backs of camels and then taken to Asmara by truck. 'You see this Aurelia 48?', asks Mohamed, pointing to a machine. 'Well, it was up in the north, hidden away in a village'. Throughout our visit, Mohamed draws attention to equipment from an earlier age  -  candidates for the museum which are still in operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some items have their own story to tell, like the press donated years ago by Oxfam which still churns out thousands of sheets every day. During the war, it was taken from cave to cave, following the army's advance as it conquered new terrain. Most of the Adulis machines, however, were already there, when the decision was taken to restart the operation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The initial budget for the works was a tidy five million birr (ECU 620 000). Today, Adulis has an annual turnover of 20 million birr. Monthly salaries range from 400 birr (ECU 50) for maintenance staff to 1800 birr (ECU 225) for the director, Michael G. Bakhli. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The printing works also acts as a testing ground for workers' social progress. According to Mohamed and the director, the 350 or so people employed at the works benefit from exceptional social cover. If a worker falls ill, his wage is guaranteed for one month, then it drops to 50% in the second month and stops altogether at the end of the third. if a woman is pregnant, she has to take a month's statutory leave and is granted a further two months on full pay. In the event of dismissal, an employee receives two months' wages, although this latter arrangement is gradually changing to one month's wages for each year of service.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Far from resting on the laurels of their success, the Adulis works' directors have appealed for assistance. In order to be at the cutting edge of technology and to have the resources to break into new markets, they need to supplement their knowledge. Therefore, three 'volunteers' spent the three months from January to March this year working in Belgian companies, to the satisfaction of everyone, both hosts and visitors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under Mohamed's gaze, the walls of the workshop have been brightened up with posters which provide a splash of colour. Although the noise from the presses often drowns out conversation, you cannot escape the feeling of hope here. It is like a breath of fresh air, and one leaves with the strong impression of a country that is rising from the ashes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Developing world</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ECHO fine-tunes disaster preparedness strategy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Eva Kaluzynska&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When a cyclone strikes in the Caribbean, beware of giant flying razorblades - airborne sheets of corrugated iron that kill and maim unsuspecting victims every time. 'The use of galvanised iron sheeting for roofing is extremely dangerous in cyclone-prone areas,' says Professor Debarati Guha-Sapir, Director of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) at the Universite Catholique de Louvain. 'We know this, and we need to encourage the use of lighter materials, such as thatching, which doesn't kill if it flies off in a gale,' she adds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;That is the kind of issue facing people exposed to unavoidable natural disasters  -  in the Caribbean's case, every year. In 1995, there were 27 tropical storms in the region. CRED has been in the vanguard of monitoring natural disasters and in coming up with solutions to the problems they create since it was set up in 1973. Now it is assisting the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) in developing its new Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness Programme (DIPECHO) to cover the next two years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since 1994, ECHO has spent almost ECU 7 million on 50 disaster prevention operations, at both national and regional levels. Now, instead of just responding to requests for funding from non-governmental organisations, international organisations and governments, ECHO has decided to fine-tune its strategy. It will concentrate its efforts on specific regions known to be particularly vulnerable and prone to natural disasters. We may not know exactly when disasters will strike, but we certainly know where to expect them. The regions selected at present are: the Caribbean, Central America, South East Asia and Bangladesh.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All of them are exposed to repeated emergencies. All of them have a struggle to develop when their efforts are disrupted so frequently. They cannot just pick up where they left off. Loss of life and property is just the most visible aspect of what happens when disaster strikes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The infrastructure, such as it is, takes a hammering. Road and rail links are severed. Communications, electricity and water supplies break down. Add loss of health care and sanitation, and you get populations exceedingly vulnerable to epidemics. Add loss of education facilites, and a vicious spiral of poverty sets in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An expert in emergency aid cites the sad example of the Aetas, a tribal group that used to live a secluded life on the remote slopes of Mount Pinatubo, the volcano that erupted spectacularly in 1991 in the Philippines. Though the volcano was known to be menacingly active, the Aetas were not evacuated and resettled in time. They fled in panic as disaster struck, to the plains, where they faced a deadly, invisible enemy: measles, a disease to which they had never been exposed. Measles claimed more victims than the volcano itself did in the months that followed. They could have been resettled earlier. And they could have been immunised years before, but weren't.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It's easy to be wise after the event. DlPECHO aims to encourage action before it's too late. The idea behind ECHO's new policy is to take each region, and to identify its hazards and capacity for dealing with disasters. This will help to pinpoint the gaps. Then it will draw up Action Plans that slot into the wider picture of potential development in each case.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DIPECHO projects will involve training personnel in the regions affected to handle disasters, and to strengthen the institutions that can contribute to effective prevention, preparedness and mitigation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some of the solutions are ingenious, low-cost, low-tech ideas. Take, for instance, the use of light, widely-available, inexpensive materials for roofing in earthquake or cyclone-prone zones - an idea poorer countries could adapt from wealthy Japan's experience. Or the construction of safe, raised 'islands' that will stay above the waterline amid flooding in Bangladesh to offer shelter. Or adapting drainage, and changing cropping patterns in Andhra Pradesh, India, to mitigate the effects of cyclones.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In earthquake-prone Central America, protecting roads and bridges, or building schools less prone to collapse is very important. Using the radio or even neighbourhood watch systems to sound the alarm when disaster is imminent can make a big difference to its impact in terms of injuries. Drilling all at risk, from school-age up, to know what to expect and to know what to do is vital.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;DIPECHO did not include Africa in its first selection of regions for Action Plans. This is not to underestimate the gravity or scale of the disasters experienced there, says Professor Guha-Sapir: 'Floods, drought and famine are very frequent events there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;They are often killers.' Overexploitation of scarce resources and political turmoil compound situations that lead to disasters which seem less dramatic than a volcano eruption, but are no less far-reaching in impact.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The instability in many of the areas worst affected means that African countries lack the institutions needed to prepare for disasters in an organised way, she says. 'There are limits on ECHO's ability to intervene. It's unrealistic to expect the kind of grassroots, technical preparedness we are talking about in the current situation.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ECHO's Jean-Claude Heyraud sums up the new policy: 'As far as preventing, mitigating and preparing for catastrophes goes, the new proactive approach reflects the importance ECHO attaches to this type of action. The DIPECHO programme meets the growing need to evaluate risks in order to reduce loss of life and damage to property. If and when emergency aid is needed, preparation and prevention can help to reduce the scale and cost of such actions.' &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Culture and society</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">African reflections</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by Seydou Sarr&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The third Festival of African Cinema was held in Brussels on 15-22 June. For one week, film-goers in the Belgian capital filled the auditoria of the Palais des Beaux-Arts, where they discovered new images of an alternative Africa. And as always, when the time came to assess how the Festival had gone, professionals and organisers alike were left pondering the problems facing the African film industry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Organised for the first time in 1994, on the initiative of Diaspora Productions, the Festival had a number of objectives, including that of bringing Africa's finest films to wider public notice. The initiative stemmed from two observations. In the first place, the European public's opinion of Africa is based on what it sees on television -  and that image is of a continent so ravaged by famine, misery and strife that it is incapable of progress. Second, from a professional standpoint, there is no effective distribution network in Belgium for African films. Samba Traore by Burkina Faso's Idrissa Ouedraogo and Hyenes by the Senegalese Djibril Diop Mambety were two rare exceptions in succeeding in getting on to the circuit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A forum for reflection&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In setting up film-industry meetings, the organisers of the Brussels Festival wanted the event to be a forum for reflection on the problems facing African cinema. In the 40 years it has existed, there has undoubtedly been some progress. It is even possible to speak of genuine mastery of images and cinematographic language. But there are also many problems -  involving production and distribution, a lack of official support, a shortage of private capital and limited access to international markets. At home, meanwhile, African firms face fierce competition from multi-million dollar productions coming out of the USA, Europe and Asia. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe has traditionally offered the only feasible route for those seeking technical and financial resources. The principal donors are the European Union, the ACCT (Cultural and Technical Corporation Agency) and the French Ministry of Cooperation. There are, of course, many instances of African directors producing films without taking this route, but these ventures usually have smaller budgets, and insufficient funds to devote to promotion (press releases, trailers etc). As regards distribution in Belgium, directors face an additional difficulty - they have to take the language issue into account (particularly when films are shown in Flanders).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African professionals are looking at various ways of solving these problems, including the possibility of coproduction with European operators. For some years now, public and private bodies have also been considering the idea of establishing combined co-production teams in a form of partnership, as a way of supporting African cinema. This topic has been on the agenda of other African film festivals (notably in Amiens) and it came up for discussion in Brussels as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A colloquium on the subject of ACP/Europe co-production was staged on the fringe of the Brussels event. This served to highlight a number of successful experiments in North/South collaboration. One example was the Cape Verdian film Ilheu de Contenda, by Leao Lopes which was made with support from a Belgian production company, Saga Films. This film was screened at the Festival. It also gave an opportunity to discuss a range of other topics. African journalists accredited to the Festival were given the task of drafting a resolution whose conclusions will be submitted to various contributors including FEPACI (the Pan-African Federation of Film-Makers), the European Union, producers and other donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There was general agreement that a coherent legal framework for organising relationships between directors and producers, on the basis of mutual trust, was badly needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Positive results&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is worth making a brief assessment of the efforts made by the organisers of the Brussels Festival to offer an improved programme. The showing of shorts at the beginning of a performance is undoubtedly a formula they should employ again. These works are a specialised genre which give young directors the chance to present their first work. The bulk of the shorts that were screened this year were in the form of 'documentaries' based on fiction - but with one foot in the real world. They dealt with people's lives, their daily concerns, and a variety of social phenomena. Thus, we were presented with films dealing with Aids, urban delinquency, the role of women in society and so on.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another positive point the organisers should concentrate on is the space resewed for English and Portuguese-language films. There were eight performances in this category including four feature films in English and two in Portuguese. A further worthwhile element was the space allocated to African women (from Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Burkina Faso) who have chosen to use the cinema as a means of expression.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Diaspora Productions' managers are said to be reasonably satisfied with the way the Festival went. They hope it can continue to be held at the Palais des Beaux-Arts, since they see this as one way of liberating African cultural events from the Afro-Brussels 'ghetto' where they have often been held. They are also keen, in future years, for African films to be shown in Brussels cinemas while the Festival is under way. If this happens, film-goers in Brussels will have the pleasure, from next year, of seeing quality works in their usual cinemas. The timing is appropriate since the 1997 Brussels event will follow the Ouagadougou Festival (Fespaco) which traditionally sees the launch of a number of new films.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Family meeting&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The organisers chose to close the 1996 Festival with a fashion parade which gave Pathe 'O, the designer from CotÃ© d'Ivoire, the chance to present his collection to the Brussels audience.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the fringes of the Festival, there was also a musical offering in the shape of the Toure Kunda brothers who came to lend their support to filmmakers and other African artistes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are those who would argue that the Brussels Festival has now entered the category of a 'not-to-bemissed' event. Every year, it attracts significant numbers of film-makers from Africa and the diaspora, even when they have no current projects or films to present. There was a real family atmosphere in the corridors of the Palais des Beaux-Arts, due in no doubt to the absence of competition. From the outset, the Diaspora Productions team chose to stage an event at which prizes were not awarded, thereby promoting reflection and contact with the public. It is generally agreed that the Brussels Festival offers a rare opportunity for film-makers to meet and discuss their productions and projects in a relaxed atmosphere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The credit for this, in the view of many of the participants, lies with Pape Mbaye Sene, one of the guiding lights of the event, who has also been dubbed the 'high priest' of African cinema. It has, in fact, been suggested tongue-in-cheek that 'in Brussels, they award a Pape, not an Oscar'. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">'We make films... but we do not exist!' - interview with Souleymane Cisse</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The future of African cinema seen through the eyes of the Malian film maker, &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In April, The Courier had the opportunity of meeting Souleymane Cisse, one of Africa's most celebrated film-makers, who has won several awards at major international film festivals. His films, such as Yeelen, which was awarded the Prix du Jury in Cannes in 1987 (the first African film to receive such a prestigious accolade), Waati, which was entered at the same festival, and Finye, have already become classics. Cisse is not just a director, he also produces his own films. In 1972, he impressed international critics by single-handedly producing a short film of exceptionally high quality Cinq jours d'une vie -  which won an award at the Carthage Film Festival. By relying, above all, on his own limited resources, combined with a powerful determination to develop and promote Africa's film industry, Souleymane Cisse has an implied but powerful message for the entire African continent. When he went on stage at the Palais des Festivals in 1987 to receive his award for Yeelen, he said that he was accepting it on behalf of all those who did not have the opportunity to speak for themselves. In particular, he dedicated the film to all the South African technicians who had worked together with him on the project. His has made spirited efforts to boost the African film industry and it was in this context that he helped set up the 'Union of African cinema and audiovisual producers and entrepreneurs' last March. This organisation aims to encourage African countries (especially in West Africa), to take the necessary political decisions to ensure the survival and grouwth of African cinema. When we spoke to Souleymane Cisse, our discussion ranged far and wide. We began by asking the film director whether African art gets the recognition it deserves in Europe? He seemed surprised at the question but then, without hesitation, proceeded to explain his own approach - with the emphasis on the political rather than the aesthetic.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The recognition that African art gets in the West has more to do with politics than aesthetic discernment. Such recognition evolves from the spirit of Africa's relations with the other continents, a spirit which is often devoid of all honesty. We stand at the threshold of the 21st century. We should be looking to develop ways of communicating with each other and finding common ground. We should be able to look each other in the eye. When, for example, people in France debate whether or not the Louvre should have a gallery of African art, it begs the question, 'who is asking for what ?'. When some people wonder whether or not African art really is art, they are asking themselves a pointless question. African art is. Nothing more, nothing less. In any case, the West has some highly contradictory views as far as the whole idea of art in Africa is concerned. On the one hand they dispute the fact that the culture of the Ancient Egyptians was, in essence, an African one, and yet on the other hand the characters of Ancient Egypt - in films for example - are always portrayed as dark-skinned. African art is the 'in' thing at the moment, despite the current tendency to belittle Africa. They think that today's Black Americans and Afro-Caribbeans can be made to forget their African roots, but that just will not happen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Generally speaking, do you think that African politicians should devote time and energy to this battle to defend African culture when their countries face such insurmountable material problems ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; -  Once they have gained power, the obsessive preoccupation of our politicians has been to concentrate on economic policies, neglecting their countries' cultural needs. But without a deeply-rooted culture, you cannot discuss matters on equal terms with representatives of other nations. In their heart of hearts, they will not respect you fully. There have been two or three countries which have tried to combine economic development with cultural development - I'm thinking of Guinea under Sekou Toure, Mali under Modibo Keita and Ghana under Kwame Nkrumah, but in one way or another, all three have been thwarted, for their perceptiveness. I am not now commenting on, or necessarily agreeing with, their domestic policies, but rather with the broad vision they shared for Africa as a whole. The fact that Europe is currently in the process of forging the European Union will be an instrumental force in the opening up of other regions of the globe. It was Europe, after all, which divided much of the world into English speakers, French speakers, Portuguese speakers, Spanish speakers and so on. Now that Europeans are themselves seeking to unite their countries, how could they possibly object to a similar union in Africa - for the sake of its cultural identity. This idea of a United Europe is, therefore, a welcome one. What is more, I believe that the issue has already been tackled within relations between the European Union and ACP countries. Not only is Africa the continent closest to Europe; it is in helping to develop the African continent that Europe has most to gain.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· The cultural aspect has already been incorporated into LomÃ© IV, but it seems that ACP countries do not attach as much importance as they should to such matters when drawing up their lists of priorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Many of the politicians in charge of these countries themselves lack any sort of culture. Alternatively, stripped of their own culture, they flaunt that of a foreign land. They say that health care is a priority, that food is a priority, but cultural needs do not figure on their list. Yet culture forms part of an urgent need. You'll see - as soon as any sort of cultural development takes place in a country, or wherever a country already has a viable, thriving culture, its economy will also flourish; of that there is no doubt. A nation which has a highly developed culture will always be able to stand on its own two feet economically. Take, for example, the nations of the former Soviet Union  - their economies may be unstable at the moment. It's only natural that they have to start from scratch, but as long as they manage to hold on to their cultures, they will pull through. These countries will not lag behind as Africa has done.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· It costs money to operate a film industry. Have you found that your reputation as a director has made the financial side of things any easier for you ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - I don't honestly think much has changed in the way we finance our films. Perhaps I should only speak for myself, but I do not believe it is any easier for me than it is for young filmmakers. Mali has no film production facilities, so we are all in the same boat. That is why we organised a colloquium in March this year, aimed at getting a picture of the exact state of West Africa's film industry. What we learned was that it is in pretty bad state. We make films but, in a certain sense, we don't really exist as a film industry. I would dearly like my works to be screened, for example, in Mali, Guinea and Senegal, but that is not possible because the distribution and screening networks are no longer there. Even the most liberal Western countries have passed laws to promote and protect their local film industries, so why don't we do the same ? I cannot make films in the United States without first going through various unions and other professional associations. In France, I cannot distribute my films the way I want, and if I want to make a film, I have to make it through French producers. If people come to work here, they should have to use national producers. The relevant laws were drawn up three or four years ago, but they still haven't been passed. We want all those involved in the film industry to have the opportunity to be true professionals. There should be assistance available to modernise projection rooms and theatres. We are currently in the process of setting up the 'Union of African cinema and audiovisual producers and entrepreneurs' which should help to persuade governments to take our requests into account.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Isn't African cinema also a victim of television ? &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - The problem in Mali is a very simple one. We live in a country where people like to get out and about. The cinema is somewhere they can do that quite easily. So people use it as a place where they can meet up in the evening, just as they like to congregate around the fire to sing and dance. So why are our cinemas empty ? Because when people do go to the cinema, they cannot see the screen properly or they cannot hear the soundtrack, or they are uncomfortable sitting on broken and rickety chairs. If you can provide a suitable and comfortable environment for them, people will start going to the cinema again. That doesn't mean that television doesn't have its place, but people like to go out. This is especially the case with our open air cinemas, which are the perfect places for people to come together, have a chat, enjoy each other's company and relax. A nice auditorium, a good film, and you'll see how the queues will form. All we need to do is upgrade the auditoria, re-equip the projection rooms, overhaul the sound systems, put new chairs in - just a few basic comforts. When people go out to the cinema, it's because they want to escape from their humdrum routine for a while, to dream and unwind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;African governments should do what they can to enable people to relax and enjoy themselves like this. Going to the cinema is like going to school. People go there to learn something - whether consciously or subconsciously - and to see something different. We really must get rid of this purely commercial vision of the cinema, especially in Africa. It should, first and foremost, be a cultural experience, and only subsequently a commercial exercise. But we also need to be realistic. When helping those involved in promoting the film industry, the government should lay down a precise set of conditions, specifying how and when the loans should be repaid and requiring something in return for their subsidies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· So you think that if the Ministries of Culture in African countries were given greater powers, they would be in a position to carry out this task ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - It is not something solely for the Ministry of Culture. This is the type of approach which should be adopted by the state as a whole, in each country. For example, the government should provide a support fund for the film industry and certain other branches of the arts. Even if they were increased substantially, the meagre budgets allocated to the Ministry of Culture in our countries would still represent paltry sums. In Africa, the department of culture is at the bottom of everybody's list.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· But if you look at the number of African films that have been shown in recent years at Cannes and other international festivals, surely one can afford to be a little more optimistic than you are ? More and more young African filmmakers are releasing films.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - True, but as I said earlier, no progress has been made as far as film production is concerned. In that respect, contrary to what people may think, we are still at square one. Young filmmakers are put off and, as more and more avenues are closed to them, they gradually lose their fighting spirit. A film director has no choice but to be his own producer, his own manager - to do everything himself in fact. The result is that he becomes a jack of all trades and a master of none. During our recent colloquium, we decided to set up smallscale facilities which will deal solely with film production and where young people can go and use their services, thus leaving them free to channel their energies into actually directing their films. In the same way, we intend to set up other structures which will deal exclusively with other aspects of the cinema industry. The goal we have set ourselves is that of fostering professionalism in the West African film industry. Maybe then our governments will listen to us.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· Do you think there is any difference between African countries as far as opportunities are concerned ? For example, Burkina Faso would appear to be the cinema capital of Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - Yes, and no. More often than not, it is African film-makers who have chosen Burkina Faso to stage events connected with the cinema industry because it is a landlocked country. This is what has made it the film capital of Africa, not any deliberate move on the part of the politicians. Having said this, the government in Burkina Faso is also making great efforts, despite its limited resources. But each country has its own potential. We must stop trying to tear this continent apart.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â· You mentioned the former President of your own country, Modibo Keita, as one of those far-sighted enough to appreciate the importance of nurturing African culture. Where does Mali stand at the moment in terms of strengthening its own cultural heritage identity ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - After independence, in the years from 1960 to 1968, there was a time when young people would get together and become involved in various biennial art festivals. We had a series of events which encouraged a kind of a 'cultural vision' nationwide. They were so successful that other countries were soon following our example. After the coup in 1968, however, everything fell apart. In the following 23 years there was a total cultural vacuum, in which young people felt completely disorientated, despite superficial attempts to relaunch the festivals. We are now only just trying to rediscover our cultural roots after a long period of upheaval. What we in Mali do have working in our favour, is the fact that our country is a harmonious patchwork of different peoples, all living together without the slightest trace of bitterness or hatred. We are lucky here because our rulers rarely tried to manipulate our ethnic loyalties to set one group against another. A Malian, irrespective of his roots, will always rejoice in the success of his fellow countrymen, whatever tribe they happen to belong to. We owe our good fortune to a heritage in which our peoples have always respected one another - even when they have faced each other as enemies. It is only as a result of this historic mutual respect that we can now speak of a Malian culture where each individual group of people has its own idiosyncrasies, its own customs, is sensitive towards other cultures and actually rejoices in their differences. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA Bulletin</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">CTA and the promotion of rural development through book distribution</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One of CTA's tasks is to provide information on request to researchers, extension workers, planners, farmers' organisations, trainers and information specialists involved in agricultural development in ACP states. In addition to requested publications, CTA also distributes publications on its own initiative to its target groups. These publications, some 550 titles, are also supplied free of charge and consist of books published by CTA, co-published, or purchased specially because of their relevance. In 1995, almost 65 000 books were posted to ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The people who receive the publications to some extent select themselves, because they write to CTA with requests for information. They find out about its existence through attending CTA seminars held in ACP countries or in Europe, or through seeing copies of Spore (CTA's bi-monthly bulletin in English, French and Portuguese which goes to around 50 000 addresses and is seen by many more), or by word of mouth. Over the years, CTA has built up a mailing list of 42 500 addresses of people and organisations active in some way in agriculture and rural development. Of the total, 37 800 are in ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But there are questions. Are our books getting to those who need them and is the targeting accurate enough? And, most importantly, is this the best way of doing things ? For CTA does not - and cannot - satisfy the total demand for books on agriculture and rural development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;What is the best way?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the number of addresses on the mailing list, many more people could in theory still be added. Should CTA even try to satisfy this demand ? The publications are free and, if CTA increased its coverage of the demand, it might in some countries hold back the development of local bookselling with a consequent detrimental effect on local publishing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The majority of those now on the mailing list are 'individuals' rather than institutions, libraries, documentation centres, associations, organisations, etc. On the face of it, more people could be reached by sending CTA publications to groups rather than to individuals, but it's not always clear who is an individual in the sense of information not being shared with others. Some individuals are teachers, some are extension agents, some receive publications on behalf of a cooperative, for example.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Because of the importance of information - the driving force behind development  -  CTA has been investigating and giving support to technical publishing and book distribution in Africa over the last few years and is currently examining its own policy on book distribution over the ACP countries as a whole. Part of the context for this policy re-appraisal is the state of bookselling.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Difficulty of book distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Everyone involved in the books business in and for the ACP countries knows that getting books where you want them to go, book distribution, is not straightforward. The reasons for the difficulty are not straightforward either. One development officer remarked of Papua New Guinea that the lack of books outside the capital, Port Moresby, couldn't simply be explained by lack of roads, because in the most out of the way places you could be sure of finding Coca Cola. Is it, then, that the Coca Cola company has superior marketing and distribution arrangements ? Probably so, but it is the nature of the two products which also determines how far they get. Traders will more readily take goods which they know they will be able to sell easily and the immediate satisfaction given by cigarettes or Coca Cola tends to put them before books in the list of priorities for purchase.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Among the ACP countries where CTA sends books and information, many have under-developed road and rail networks while the postal facilities provide a reliable service only to a relatively small part of the country. The local book publishing and bookselling industries are often themselves developing. Potential readers often cannot afford to buy the books and consequently book distribution is the weak link in the chain from writing and publishing a book to selling it. If books can't be sold, new ones can't be published, for the investment finance for a new publishing project has to come from somewhere.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Africa, the lack of a strong local book sector was attributed in part to the traditional oral culture of the continent which left little need for reading. The majority of students would read in order to pass their exams, after which they hardly sought books again to buy or to read.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main books distributed were therefore textbooks for schools, colleges and for higher education. As long as these were distributed through booksellers, a forum still existed for displaying and raising interest in other books.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Booksellers could also function as sources and conduits of information about the variety of books in print and of their interest to particular groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This development was stunted because of the low purchasing power of many people, lack of foreign exchange (except in the CFA franc states), high cost of importing (either books or the raw materials, print machinery and spare parts to manufacture books) and, consequentially, shortage and lack of variety of locally-published books.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition, in some countries the state intervened in school book publishing and supply (for example in Tanzania), so that the bread and butter of the bookselling business disappeared.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Booksellers then either diversified their stock so that they became bookseller-stationers or worse - books came after groceries, footballs, hats, etc., or the booksellers ceased trading in books or closed down.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The publishing-distribution chain in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Book distribution is part of a chain of activities in the book sector which depend on each other and support each other. The chain starts with an idea for a book which may come from an author or from potential readers who make known their needs and it ends with the published books being bought. The lack of a good book distribution infrastructure in Africa is linked to the lack of a wide variety of books from a good number of publishers and the lack of a market for the books.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At least until South Africa became a democracy, Nigeria probably had the most active publishing industry in Africa with a high level of publishing professionalism. In such a huge country this may not be surprising: there is a large market, state administrations with urban headquarters, and a variety of arrangements for publishing and distributing books. But publishers suffer from a scarcity of investment funds, with high costs of borrowing, which affects their ability to keep books in print and to start new publishing projects. Relatively few technical books are published locally because of the risks when compared with, for example, publishing school textbooks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In such a vast country, the state of book distribution varies from place to place, with cities and large towns obviously having a greater variety of books available for sale than small towns and rural areas. Small traders carry books to the latter; they do not take orders and the books they carry are those that they can get hold of which they think will sell. Would-be readers are frustrated unless they or their friends visit a city. Mail order is not a possibility because the domestic postal service is not trusted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the urban areas, where there are booksellers, an indeterminate number of potential readers cannot afford to buy books, especially those that have been imported. Book piracy is a consequence of this. Booksellers' sales have declined, their turnover has been reduced as has their ability to stay in business. Some institutions in the country buy direct from publishers or from overseas suppliers rather than from booksellers, which further damages them. Booksellers buy books from publishers in small quantities for a fast turn-round which affects publishers' ability to build up investment funds for the next publishing project or for a large reprint with its possibility of reducing unit book costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This is not to say that technical books are totally unavailable from Nigerian booksellers, but it is clear that only specialised outlets which know their book-buying customers well can risk stocking some of them. Rural dwellers have no chance of buying them without making a big effort in time and money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In contrast, Senegal has a less developed publishing and bookselling industry than Nigeria, with about a dozen professional publishers and a small network of booksellers, mostly in Dakar and the larger towns in the regions. The most important publishing opportunities in Senegal are in the field of primary school textbooks - where there is competition both within the country, with publishers from other developing states, and from the North. Senegal being a lot smaller than Nigeria, there is only room for one textbook, and primary school book production is not therefore the mainstay of local publishers. The publisher which used to supply all primary and secondary school textbooks for the Ministry of National Education is an exception and is still probably dependent upon educational publishing for its turnover. Few technical books are published; as with books for higher education, they are imported.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The network of booksellers has been decreasing and it is difficult to make a living just by selling books without the back-up of other products to sell. Thus there are bookseller-stationers, bookseller-grocers, kiosks and street sellers, especially of secondhand books. Booksellers tend to order titles in small quantities because they cannot risk being left with unsold stock which ties up their capital. They order little and often. Most school textbooks are distributed through the Ministry of National Education, but booksellers still sell a variety of textbooks, some official and approved and some not. Before the devaluation of the CFA franc, booksellers ordered more from abroad. These books have now doubled in price, making them unaffordable, with a consequent opportunity opened for local publishers to fill a gap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Apart from the professional publishers, various sorts of publications are being produced and distributed by literacy and post-literacy organisations and a delegated literacy ministry. Some organisations promote literacy for its own sake, while others use the attainment of literacy as the means through which development can spread in rural areas. The publications concern rural development, agriculture, health and nutrition, and rural democracy, amongst others. There is a good variety of different titles and a good supply of cheap and affordable books. Some are sold through booksellers, but most people buy them when they take their literacy courses, while small traders carry them up-country to sell and buy more copies from the publishers with the proceeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Book aid schemes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A whole literature exists on book aid schemes. Briefly, book aid comes in two forms, one using the local book sector and the other not to any great extent. The British Government's Educational Low Prices Books Scheme (sadly scheduled to end, at least in its present form, in April 1997) and the French Government's Programme Plus both use the local bookselling industry to make available standard tertiary textbooks and others at subsidised rates. Not all students could afford to buy them, but the two schemes nonetheless promote bookselling and commercial life within ACP countries and beyond. To some extent they safeguard the continuation of fore where up-to-date books can be seen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CTA's books aid scheme does not use the local book sector in terms of book distribution, although cooperation in co-publishing is beginning. The FAO, in distributing publications to ACP and other developing countries, is similar. Books supplied under multilateral and bilateral agencies' projects have tended to sidestep the local book sector, although this has been changing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As with food aid, the question to be answered is whether continuing the aid prolongs the condition ? Or does the analogy with food aid break down in certain circumstances because books are different ?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improving book distribution in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Various efforts are being made to improve book markets for African publishers. For example, the African Books Collective, based in Oxford, UK, markets and sells both anglophone and francophone African publishers' selected books in the North and also to other African countries. It is often easier for publishers in the North to sell their books in Africa than it is for African publishers to sell their books across frontiers and in the continent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publishers Associations have been formed in about a dozen countries with APNET, the African Publishers' Network, celebrating its fourth year as a continental association. CTA supported APNET in the production of the first catalogue of agricultural books published by African publishers. Very recently, an Africa-wide booksellers association has been created.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CTA and future book distribution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since CTA started distributing books on agriculture and rural development, publishing and bookselling activities in many ACP countries have multiplied and the context has changed somewhat. As noted at CTA's Montpellier conference in 1995, there is now much information and many documents going from North to South, suited to the planners, research workers and extension agents who process the information and pass it down to the small-scale farmers. Rather, a two-way information route would be more efficient, between farmers who have information to offer as well as information needs and information providers. The growth in requests to CTA for publications from co-operatives and farmer associations and from non-academic libraries and documentation units is evidence that the publications distribution service is fulfilling a need. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Courierâs mailbag</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Earthen architecture&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;I read your article on 'Earthen Architecture', published by the CTA Bulletin in the September-October 1996 issue of The Courier (nÂ° 159) with a great deal of interest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The article presents such traditional products as rammed earth and adobe which have been used by man since time immemorial as witnessed by constructions and monuments to be found in the countries cited by the authors of the article, as well as industrial products such as the compressed earth block (CEB), which have provoked much interest in many parts of the world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The authors also demonstrate that the use of the compressed earth block has a distinct advantage in that it valorises local raw materials, encourages the setting up of local enterprises and creates employment.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard, I would particularly wish to inform you that the Centre for the Development of Industry (CDI) has, for the last ten years, been working on the industrial development of the CEB sector through support to ACP promoters at various levels:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - diagnostic studies of projects and setting-up of production units;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - search for EU technical partners who have economically advantageous technologies and are ready to transfer their know-how;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- training of enterprise personnel in CEB production and in the utilisation of this product;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- support in the manufacturing of brick presses such as is currently the case in Nigeria.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some 100 small and mediumsized enterprises and non-governmental organisations in ACP countries involved in the CEB sector have benefited from direct CDI assistance. This assistance has, notably, led to the improved technical and economic performance of these enterprises.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beyond support to projects, the CDI in collaboration with CRATerre actively participates in the industrial promotion of this technology. The Centre recently disseminated 2000 copies of a technical guide entitled 'CEB: Production Equipment' throughout the ACP countries. An exhibition on the compressed earth block and its application took place during the Industrial Mining Forum held in Lusaka, Zambia, in December 1994. Similar exhibitions were held during the Matconstruct Forum (Libreville, Gabon, October 1995) and at the Industrial Partnership event (Bordeaux, France, February 1995). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The standardisation of the compressed earth block is a prerequisite for the development of this sector. The Centre therefore organised a workshop on this topic in Yaounde in 1996 as a follow-up to the Matconstruct Forum. This seminar brought together some 40 ACP and EU participants to discuss the 'CEB: Standardisation' guide currently being prepared by CRATerre for publication in December 1996.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main objective of the guide is to encourage ACP promoters to manufacture products in conformity with accepted norms and thus facilitate CEB integration in the industrial construction market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Efforts made by the CDI, in collaboration with CRATerre, to develop the CEB sector deserve to be better known. We would therefore look forward to an opportunity to present the Centre's activities in this sector in a future issue of me Courier. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Surendra Sharma, Director, Centre for the Development of Industry,&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brussels, Belgium.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Map insets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thank-you for your informative magazine. I wish you all the best in your endeavours to improve me Courier further. May I suggest that in the Country Report profiles, you include an inset map of the region highlighting the country in question for those readers who may not be familiar with the area.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Andrew Frederick Meya, Kampala, Uganda.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A number of readers have raised this point with us since we have rearranged the cover pages and transferred the ACP and Europe 'regional' maps to the inside back cover. In future, we will endeavour to ensure that there is a cross-reference to this page in the Country Report profile. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bibliography</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Publications received&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;La politique etrangere du Cameroun (Cameroon's foreign policy) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Narcisse Mouelle Kombi. Pub. L'Harmattan, Collection Â«Points de vueÂ» (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1996. 238 pp. ISBN 2-73843701-X.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cameroon belongs to the zone formerly called the 'Third World' which is nowadays labelled the 'South'. This region of great diversity currently faces major socio-economic and political conflict, and receives 'multiform' and 'tied' aid from the developed countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This does not, however, prevent it from having a degree of freedom of action in diplomatic terms.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author, who is a specialist in international law, believes that as a player on the world scene, Cameroon puts its foreign-policy skills to good advantage and has acquired a certain respect in international relations and in global institutions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He argues that Yaounde is attempting to implement a realistic and pragmatic foreign policy, reflecting its own sovereign status and the imperatives of development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, the country is endeavouring to implement the changes forced upon it by modern circumstances.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Le developpement institutionnel - Les organisations a l'epreuve de la specificite et de la concurrence (Institutional development - Organisations based on specificity and competition) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Arturo Israel. Translated from the English by Alain Claisse. Pub. L'Harmattan (5-7, me de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1996. 235 pp. 140 FF. ISBN 2-73844322-2.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A graduate of the University of Chile and the London School of Economics, the author has devoted most of his career (particularly within the World Bank) to examining the problems of economic and social development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He has been one of the pioneers of institutional development, a field which is nowadays seen as essential to all development strategies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He argues that institutional development requires not bureaucratisation but the promotion and recognition of two principles in both public and private organisations. These are competition and specificity. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The former induces those involved to improve the quality of their work, whilst forcing them to listen to the 'consumer'. The latter involves qualifications, specialisation and a precise definition of objectives, tasks, resources and results.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;After a critical review of assessment reports produced over a 15-year period by the World Bank in the field of institutional development, Arturo Israel tells us why such development is one of the keys to success in development projects. He demonstrates that a good project being implemented in an unfavourable institutional environment has little chance of achieving positive long-term effects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;La justice internationale face au drame rwandais (International justice confronted by the Rwandan crisis) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the direction of Jean-FranÃ§oise Dupaquier, with William Bourdon, Pierre-Serge Heger, Frederic Mutagwera, Fran,cois-Xavier Nsanzuwera, Rakiya Omaar, William A. Schabas and Anne-Marie Swartenbroekx. Pub. Karthala (22-24, boulevard Arago, F-75013, Paris). 1996. 248 pp. FF 130. BF. 715. ISBN 2-86537-662-1.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is two years since the genocide and political massacres which resulted in the death of a million people in Rwanda. In this work, the authors describe and analyse the progress made in various legal proceedings in Rwanda itself, in the international arena and in the jurisdictions of Belgium, France, Canada and Switzerland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some countries have been slow and apparently reluctant to fulfil their international obligations and this has resulted in disappointment and impatience on the part of the victims' families, jurists and human rights activists.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the example of the Nuremberg trials, the authors suggest there are good grounds for concluding that international human rights have become less important over the last 50 years. This work allows one to reach a considered opinion. Modern legal instruments provide for the punishment of those responsible for the appalling tragedy in Rwanda. These instruments could be seen as a significant advance in the recognition of human rights by the international community. But what is missing at the moment is the political will (and public pressure) to implement them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Methodologies d'analyse de la mortalite des enfants - Applications au Cameroun (Analytical methodologies in child mortality as applied to Cameroon) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Amadou Noumbissi. Pub. Braylant-Academia (25, Grand Rue, B-134B Louvainla-Neuve) and L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F-75005 Paris). 1996. 305 pp. ISBN 2-87209389-3 (Academia-Braylant) and ISBN 2-7384-3722-2 (L'Harmattan).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Child mortality, always very high in sub-Saharan Africa, varies according to social class, habitat and region. The identification of the social, economic and cultural factors which influence the survival of children depends on the quality of data, and on the relevance of the indicators and statistical models used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With the aid of specific examples, this work attempts to demonstrate the origin of a number of sources of bias in so-called classical approaches and the distortion of the truth which a poor choice or detrimental manipulation of statistical models can give rise to.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A teacher and researcher at the Demographic Institute of the Catholic University of Louvain (Belgium), the author proposes methods to take account of the interdependence and synergy which exist between the factors which affect the risk of mortality. He applies these methods to the data gained in two national surveys which were carried out in Cameroon in 1978 and 1991.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Revue Region et Developpement (Region and Development Journal)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pub. L'Harmattan (5-7, rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique, F75005 Paris). 1995. 238 pp. ISBN 2-7384-4125-4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This half-yearly journal, first launched in 1995, deals with the various socio-economic aspects of regional development. The second issue contains articles which may be of interest to our readers, including: 'Regionalisation, globalisation and polarisation of the world economy: is there room for developing countries?', and 'Housing models in developing countries'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Structural adjustment and ethnicity in Nigeria&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By Eghosa E. Osaghae. Pub. The Nordic Africa Institute (P.O. Box 1703, S-751 47 Uppsala, Sweden). 1995. 66 pp. ISBN 91-7106373-0.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The author is a lecturer who heads the politics department at the University of Transkei in South Africa. A significant conclusion from his study, undertaken at the Nordic Africa Institute, is that from the ethnic standpoint, the implementation of structural adjustment (with its corollary of reduced state involvement in public life), has had positive effects in Nigeria. This contrasts with the usual perception of the structural adjustment process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The migration experience in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collection prepared under the direction of Jonathan Baker and Tade Akin Aina. Pub. The Nordic Africa Institute (P.O. Box 1703, S-751 47 Uppsala, Sweden). 1995. 353 pp. ISBN-91-7106366-8.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This volume aims to take stock of migration in Africa. The causes of the phenomenon are varied and complex, and the authors have chosen an approach which illustrates the diversity of the theories, and methodological and analytical trends involved.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The book offers an empirical assessment of migration in contemporary Africa, focusing particularly on the problem of women migrants. Migration is an important element in the wider development equation and this work fills a gap in the literature.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Challenges to the Nation-State in Africa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collection prepared under the direction of Adebayo O. Olukoshi and Liisa Laakso. Pub. The Nordic Africa Institute (P.O. Box 1703, S-751 47 Uppsala, Sweden) in collaboration with the Institute of Development Studies, University of Helsinki. 1996. 213 pp. ISBN 91-7106381-1.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The challenge confronting the nation state in contemporary Africa are of great interest to specialists attempting to understand how deconstruction and recomposition of the political identity of populations affects the post-colonial unitarian project. The studies offered in this volume show that this process has often taken ethno-regionalist, religious or separatist forms -  reinforced by economic crisis and the negative effects of structural adjustment, not to mention the legacy of years of political authoritarianism and exclusion dating from the colonial period.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The authors believe that in order to promote national unity and a sense of citizenship in Africa, priority should be given, inter alia, to more representative forms of government, power-sharing and decentralisation, multi-party elections, the reinvention of the post-colonial social contract and cultural autonomy for minority groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agenda for Africa's economic renewal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Collection prepared under the direction of Benno Ndulu and Nicolas van de Walle. Pub. Overseas Department Council (1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 1012, Washington, DC 20009, USA). 1996. 246 pp. ISBN 1-56000900-4.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For 20 years, sub-Saharan Africa has been experiencing a severe economic crisis. Growth has been stagnant and the result has been reduced living standards for much of the population, and ever-increasing pressure on the continent's political structures. Structural adjustment, advocated by international organisations in an attempt to restore growth in Africa, has not had the anticipated results and has given rise to a number of disputes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this book, 10 African, US and European experts attempt to look beyond the immediate horizon and identify strategies which could be implemented to give renewed vigour to the African economy. They analyse the choices which should be made in key areas such as agriculture, trade and industry, the role of the state and the social sectors. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">News round - up</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">In brief</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;World congress against the sexual exploitation of children&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first international congress dealing with the problem of the sexual exploitation of children for profit was held in Stockholm from 27 to 31 August. The initiative for the meeting came from ECPAT (End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism), working in collaboration with the Swedish government, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and a group of NGOs supporting the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The congress was attended by government representatives from most of the UN countries, participants from various international and regional organisations (including the UN Centre for Human Rights, the International Labour Organisation, the World Health Organisation, UNESCO, UNHCR and Interpol), NGOs, health professionals and media representatives from across the globe.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The aim of the congress was to draw the international community's attention to the issue of the sexual exploitation of children and to promote the development of national plans to tackle all forms of abuse in this area. It focused particularly on three aspects: child prostitution, the 'trade' in children for sexual purposes, and child pornography.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although there are a number of legal instruments which refer to these problems, the key one for the purposes of the Stockholm meeting was the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In Article 34 of this multilateral treaty, which has been ratified by 186 countries, the signatory states commit themselves to protect children against all forms of exploitation and violence of a sexual nature. For the purposes of the Convention, a child is defined as any human being less than 18 years old, except where the age of majority is lower than 18 in the relevant local legislation (Article 1).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The committee that was responsible for planning the Congress drew up documents on a number of themes including: the revision and application of laws; psycho-social prevention; tourism and child prostitution; those who engage in abuse; hygiene and health; the role of the media; child pornography; education; and human values. These subjects were all examined by working groups during the two-day session.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The congress was addressed by Anita Gradin, Member of the European Commission with responsibility for internal and judicial affairs, and matters relating to immigration. She took the opportunity to underline the point that the traffic in women and children was international. Organised crime, she said, lay at the heart of the 'trade' and it was closely linked to a whole range of other criminal activities. She cited, in this context, kidnapping, forging of documents, 'false' marriages and adoptions, clandestine immigration, violence and forced labour. these, in turn were associated with the drug trade, extortion and murder. The conclusion was that a global action plan and more international cooperation were needed. Ms Gradin acknowledged that existing arrangements had been successful in exposing the existence of paedophile networks but she was convinced that international cooperation should be strengthened further, and that organisations such as Interpol and Europol would be called upon to play a bigger part in the future. The European Commissioner went on to declare that a commitment to the protection of children ought to be a priority. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child - which is now eight years old -  should not merely tee 'adopted' by all countries. It should, rather, be applied in full and integrated into the legislation of every nation. There was no point, she suggested, in enacting new laws, if the existing ones were not being implemented and the financial resources had not been provided. Ms Gradin reaffirmed the European Commission's commitment to the fight against the exploitation of children. This would be reflected in communications to be drawn up by the Commission for presentation to the Council of Ministers and European Parliament, on the following subjects:  - the treatment of women (on the basis of the recommendations made by the Vienna Conference on this subject, which was held in June 1996);  - sex tourism, notably in certain countries in Asia and Latin America;  - actions designed to eliminate paedophile rings and child pornography networks which make use of new information technologies such as the Internet. During the congress, the Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs announced that his country would be launching an initiative at the EC's Justice and Internal Affairs Council meeting scheduled for 26 and 27 September. They would be proposing common action designed to strengthen police and judicial cooperation in the fight against the sexual exploitation of children for profit. He believed that it should be possible to take measures both within the framework of the Europol Convention, and by means of new and specific cooperation instruments. The culmination of the Stockholm congress was the adoption of a declaration and an action plan. These foresee strengthened cooperation and coordination among local and national authorities, and a series of measures to protect children, prevent abuse and provide rehabilitation. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1997: European year against racism &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In a resolution adopted on 23 July, the Council of Ministers formally designated 1997 as the European year against racism. The aims, set out in the resolution, include:  - highlighting the threat posed by racism, xenophobia and antisemitism, in terms of both respect for fundamental rights, and in ensuring the economic and social cohesion of the European Community;  - encouraging reflection and discussion of the measures needed to tackle racism, xenophobia and antisemitism in Europe;  - promoting a sharing of experiences, best practice, and effective strategies drawn up at the local, national and European levels;  - disseminating information on the aforementioned best practice and strategies amongst those most closely involved in the fight against racism, xenophobia and antisemitism, with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of their actions in this area;  - highlighting the advantages of integration policies implemented at the national level, in particular in the fields of employment, education, training and housing;  - taking account, wherever possible, of the experiences of victims of racism, xenophobia and antisemitism, and promoting the participation of these people in society. ECU 6 million will be spent on a series of activities designed to help achieve these objectives during the 'year against racism'. A logo and slogan will be devised, and seminars and conferences will be staged with the aim of strengthening international cooperation (themes will include the role of education in eliminating racism, ways of establishing dialogue, and establishing mutual respect between different communities living in towns and cities). Documents and audiovisual material will be distributed, and an effort will be made to get the message across in the media. There will also be action to encourage information exchanges on best practice, and to increase public awareness of the issue. Prizes will be awarded to media organisations which safeguard the quality of the information they put out and which seek to promote tolerance. A specific effort will be made to counter the racist propaganda now appearing on the Internet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;WTO banana challenge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union has set out its legal defence of duty-free preferences for African and Caribbean banana producing countries that are members of the Fourth LomÃ© Convention. This took place in September at an initial hearing of a World Trade Organisation (WTO) panel  - convened at the request of a number of competing banana producer nations. African and Caribbean states were permitted to voice their opinion as third part)&quot; in the case, despite an objection from the United States. The EU's banana market arrangements  - notably Protocol 5 of the LomÃ© Convention, which sanctions duty-free access  - have twice before come under attack in the Geneva body. Two earlier hearings in the WTO's forerunner, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), concerned the EU's previous state-to-state regime, and the new single market arrangements which have been in operation since July 1993. The present panel was set up at the request of four Latin American banana producer nations - Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico and Guatemala - together with the United States which is arguing that its domestic banana companies are losing out. The complainants jointly claim that the tariff quota for Latin American nations, the core of regulation 404/93 establishing the EU regime, discriminates against them. They also challenge the licensing arrangements of the so-called 'framework agreement' made under the GATT framework in 1994 with four Latin American nations (Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Venezuela). In return for a bigger share of the EU market, these four agreed to refrain from further challenges in the WTO against the EU's banana arrangements.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The panel is expected to give its verdict in March 1997. The hearings are taking place behind closed doors, but it is understood that EU and ACP nations can count on the support of Japan - which currently imposes its own quotas on imports of other items and does not want to be challenged for these - and that of India which wants to show solidarity with the ACP countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Speaking in Geneva, CotÃ© d'lvoire's Commodities Minister, Alain Gauze, stressed the heavy dependence of many African and Caribbean states on banana growing. 90% of Dominica's commodity exports are bananas and the crop accounts for 70% of its export receipts and 25% of its Gross Domestic Product.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One ACP representative in Brussels described the task ahead es 'convincing them (the panel) that the banana regime and regulation 404/93 are required to fulfil the obligations of the EU under the LomÃ© Convention and the subsequent waiver.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The waiver to which he referred was accorded by GATT to the LomÃ© Convention's various non-reciprocal trade preferences in 1994, but it is up for renewal at the end of the year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU has already put in a request for its extension until February 29, 2000, coinciding with the expiry date of LomÃ© IV.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The WTO was expected to rule on the renewal of the waiver in mid-October ahead of the panel's decision. If the renewal of the waiver were to be disallowed, the EU and ACP 'defendants' at the panel could find themselves on shaky legal ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the meantime, the EU has fixed its 1996 tariff quota, allowing a maximum of 2.553 million tonnes of Latin American bananas to be imported into the Union with a tariff of ECU 75 per tonne.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A further quota of 72 440 tonnes has been allocated to this region following tropical storms Iris, Luis et Marilyn. The damage caused by these storms led to the suspension of supplies of bananas from several Caribbean islands. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EU banana production is expected to reach 750 000 tonnes in 1996, while preferential imports from the African and Caribbean members of the ACP group have been fixed at 680 000 tonnes. According to latest predictions, the total consumption of this fruit in the European Union in 1996 will be 4030440 tonnes. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;D.P.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Trade and labour standards&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ahead of the first ministerial meeting of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to be held in December in Singapore, the European Commission has published a discussion paper (COM (96) 402 final) on whether labour standards should be linked to trade - which could mean sanctions for nations which do not comply with globally recognised labour clauses. What is at stake is to draw up globally recognised criteria and implement them without accusations of protectionism from some developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At an informal meeting of EU trade ministers in Dublin on September 18, EC Trade Commissioner, Sir Leon Brittan, said that, in supporting an international code, the European Union had no intention of damaging the competitive advantage of developing nations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many Asian countries, who view the move of the EU and of other industrialised nations as veiled protectionism, do not even want the subject broached at the Singapore meeting. However, mention was made of the link between trade and internationally recognised labour standards in the conclusions of the Uruguay Round of GATT in Marrakesh in 1994, which requested that the WTO do more work on this issue.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The recent Commission paper advances the reasons for an international code: 'Workers in certain sectors in particular perceive that their jobs are under threat from imports from countries which allow unfair or unacceptable working practices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These concerns cannot be ignored and should be addressed by the world trading system. Otherwise the perception will be - wrongly - that trade liberalisation is the problem and not the solution to the challenge to all societies to create a higher standard of living for all their citizens.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It further makes the point that such a policy is in line with others such as the promotion of democracy, respect for human rights and adherence to the rule of law. The EU has always upheld the view that there is a positive correlation between social progress, economic growth and trade liberalisation. According to the paper: 'There is no question of imposing on developing countries the higher wage levels and better working conditions which pertain in the industrialised world. Nor is this an action designed to re-erect new barriers to trade under cover of a social agenda.'&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU and international bodies are already looking at the kind of global criteria that might be adopted. A report of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), published in 1994, as well as the conclusions of the 1995 World Social Summit in Copenhagen, both suggest that freedom of association, collective bargaining, prohibition of forced labour and the elimination of child labour are top of the list.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A report entitled: 'Trade, Employment and Labour Standards - a study of core workers' rights and international trade', produced this year by the Paris-based Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), looks at the options in depth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jeff Atkinson, trade policy advisor for the NGO, Oxfam UK, suggests that initial negotiations should be limited to matters covered in ILO Conventions 87 and 98. The former deals with freedom of association and protection of the right to organise, while the latter is on the right to organise and collective bargaining. He argues that other Conventions, covering such matters as the right to equal renumeration for men and women workers, freedom from discrimination and the abolition of forced labour, depend on the first two. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A notable omission from Jeff Atkinson's list is ILO Convention 138 on child labour. He does not feel that this Convention adequately addresses the issue. While international concern has focused on the most abusive forms of child labour such as slavery and prostitution, he points out not all child labour is so grossly abusive. Some forms can bring in money for food and shelter, which would otherwise not be available.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;He argues that if conditions are right, employment (say on a family farm or business) can contribute positively to a child's development, by providing an informal learning environment in which social and physical skills can develop.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;'To tackle the symptoms, for example by banning child labour, without addressing the underlying cause is likely to be counterproductive', says Mr Atkinson. He argues that it might induce children to seek illegal work in order to survive, or alternatively that they may end up becoming destitute.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some bodies are already trying to enforce improved standards. Although the ILO cannot implement sanctions, if an ILO member fails to comply with Conventions, a dialogue can be instituted with the defaulting country. It is also running an extensive public campaign against child labour and is assisting the development of social labelling for goods produced which fully respect ILO Conventions.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under its new Generalised System of Preferences (GSP), the EU can remove some trade preferences if goods imported from non-LomÃ© developing nations are found to have been made with forced or slave labour. And from January 1, 1998, extra preferences can be given to countries which so request and comply with Conventions 87, 98 and 138. But if the enforcement of a socalled 'Social Clause' does reach the WTO level, some voices are already calling for joint monitoring involving the WTO and that long-time champion of human rights, the ILO. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The 1996 UNCTAD Report&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A slow world growth rate is revealed in this year's annual report of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), published in September. The global economy expanded by only 2.4% in 1995 compared with a 2.8% increase in 1994. And production is below what it could be, says the report. On the whole, developing nations achieved higher growth rates than their industrialised counterparts in 1995.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1996, world growth is expected to slow further although there will still be 'star performers' in some regions, and particularly slow movers in others. Asia is the continent currently doing best and China has the fastest expanding economy - despite this having slackened in recent years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1995, Africa recorded higher growth than Latin America, according to the Rubens Ricupero, UNCTAD Secretary General. It also managed the first real increase in average per capita income for a long time. This was partly due to commodity prices picking up - they rose 10% on average.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;But not such good news for the continent was a drop in private capital flows, notably direct investment. And the growth rate was highly variable across Africa. In some countries it was above 5% but in others, the economic situation was hit badly by political and armed conflicts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Meanwhile, drought led to lower production in the Sahel. The prospects for 1996 are uncertain according to the report. It noted that even countries whose economies have expanded during 1995 and 1996 will need another ten concurrent years of good economic results to get back to the per capita income they enjoyed 20 years ago.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report highlights the tremendous difficulties facing many of the heavily-indebted, least developed nations. This is despite the fact that a number of donors have recently written off substantial amounts of some countries' public debts while the Paris Club has rescheduled repayments from other nations. Even if the new arrangements are followed through, UNCTAD is predicting that debt will remain a major burden for many countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One worrying factor is the weight of their multilateral debt and bilateral obligations to creditors other than the Paris Club. Multilateral institutions have implemented a number of measures, but these are of very limited scope. The UNCTAD Secretary General is encouraging multilateral creditors in particular, to put more muscle behind their debt relief plans.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The authors of the report are also recommending the establishment of an agency, within UNCTAD itself, to help developing nations achieve trade diversification and industrialisation strategies for economic growth. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Seminar on NGOs and government relations in humanitarian emergencies&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The British Council is organising an international seminar on the above subject in Oxford, UK, from 12-17 December 1996. The main themes to be covered at the meeting will include:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - the actors in humanitarian assistance;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - funder and donor policy;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- government sovereignty;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- rights and obligations of intervention;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- the role of the beneficiary;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- conflicts of interest and areas of cooperation between donor NGOs and host governments, and;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;- accountability and evaluation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Further information can be obtained from the Marketing Manager, International Seminars, The British Council, 1 Beaumont Place, GB-Oxford, OX1 2PJ.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tel. (44) 1B65 316 636, Fax. (44) 1865 57368.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;E-mail: International. Seminar@britcoun.org &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;I&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The institutions at work</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the European Union has recently issued a number of statements, details of which are set out below:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: condemnation of the massacre on 19 July&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 23 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses grave concern at the deteriorating situation in Burundi especially at the killing of civilians and other gross violations of human rights which continue to be perpetrated in that country. It vehemently condemns the massacre of civilians in the Bugendana camp for displaced persons on 19 July last and deplores the expulsions of Rwandan refugees against their will. This massacre, following as it does those at Gishubi, Kivyuka, Teza, Mutoyi, Songa and Kamenge, represents a new stage in the vortex of violence, action and reaction putting Burundi at risk of being drawn ever further into a full civil war, the effects of which would be catastrophic for the people of Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU calls on all Burundians to turn away from violence and move singlemindedly along the road to a peaceful and negotiated solution of their problems. It would point to the undertakings given on 25 June 1996 at Arusha during the Summit of Heads of State of the region in favour of dialogue open to all sectors of Burundi's population together with provision of the security measures needed to create the conditions for such dialogue. It would also point out that these undertakings were given formal backing by the Heads of State and Government of the entire continent of Africa when they met from 8 to 10 July at Yaounde under the aegis of the Organisation for African Unity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU believes that only compliance with the undertakings given at Arusha and their swift implementation can restore a climate of confidence and prevent Burundi becoming embroiled in a generalised conflict. As it has already stressed in the Council's statement of 15 and 16 July, the EU reiterates that it is prepared to assist in pursuit of the Arusha objectives in order to restore peace and security in Burundi and it supports the efforts of former President Nyerere and the countries of the region to achieve this.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: appeal for reconciliation following the coup d'Etat &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 26 July 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union shares the deep concern of the Secretary General of the United Nations, and others, about yesterday's military coup in Burundi.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU urges all sides to avoid recourse to violence and to take all steps to resolve the crisis by exclusively peaceful means.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU believes that the main immediate priority is the humanitarian situation. There must be no further loss of life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An immediate beginning of a national debate is essential, leading to a real process of national reconciliation, founded on democracy and security for all sections of society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard, the EU commends the efforts of former President Nyerere and regional leaders to broker an all-inclusive, negotiated settlement in Burundi, in peaceful conditions, and urges them to examine the possibility of continuing their efforts in this respect.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU reiterates its firm commitment to the re-establishment of peace in Burundi. The Union is following developments in the country closely, in active consultation with partners in the UN, with the OAU and others, towards the goal of restoring peace and security in Burundi. The EU Special Envoy, Mr Ajello, who is in the region, is actively assisting in this process.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Niger: doubts about the first round election results&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 1 August 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union expresses deep concern about the way in which the first round of the presidential elections in Niger on 7-8 July was conducted. In particular, it deplores the decision taken by the Niger authorities to dissolve the independent national electoral commission during the voting process and to replace it with an alternative body. It is the view of the EU that this decision, by the Niger authorities, casts serious doubts on the credibility of the election results. It requests the Niger authorities to explain this decision and why observers found it impossible to assist in gathering and collating the election results.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU urges the Niger authorities, in dealing with the critical situation which has resulted from their decision, to respect fully the fundamental freedoms of movement, expression and association of the Niger people. It attaches great importance to the restoration of all civil rights.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU will examine, in the light of recent developments, its policies of economic and development cooperation with the Niger authorities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU calls for the full restoration of democratic civilian government in Niger through transparent processes. Free and fair elections will be crucial in this respect. The EU will continue to follow the situation in Niger closely and in particular the preparation, holding and transparency of the forthcoming legislative elections on 22 September. Iceland, the Central European countries associated with the EU and the associated countries Cyprus and Malta align themselves with this declaration.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Swaziland: revision of the Constitution&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 6 August 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The European Union welcomes the announcement by King Mswati III of the names of the new Prime Minister of Swaziland and of the Constitutional Review Commission and is pleased that its membership represents all shades of political opinion in Swaziland.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU wishes to encourage all members of the Constitutional Review Commission to participate fully in its work and expresses confidence that their endeavours will bring about the adoption of a draft democratic constitution acceptable to the people of Swaziland as a whole. It hopes that the Commission will pursue its task energetically and is ready to offer appropriate assistance to the Commission if it so wishes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burundi: appeal for talks and reconciliation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Declaration of 19 August 1996&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recalling its declarations of 25 June and 5, 15, 23 and 26 July 1996, the European Union reiterates its deep concern about the situation in Burundi. It urges all sides to refrain from violence and to commit themselves to, and work actively towards, a negotiated and peaceful resolution of the crisis.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU wishes to express its support for the regional leaders, the Organisation of African Unity and the former President of Tanzania, Mr Julius Nyerere, in the efforts which they have been making to assist Burundi to overcome peacefully the grave crisis which it is experiencing, and encourages them to continue their efforts to facilitate the search for a political solution.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU considers it essential for a dialogue to be organised without delay, bringing together all of Burundi's political forces without exception, including representatives of civil society, in order to negotiate a democratic, institutional consensus ensuring security for all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU is convinced that national reconciliation and civil peace in Burundi can be restored on a lasting basis only through the participation of all sections of society in the principal institutions and bodies of the State.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The EU urges all sides in Burundi to call an immediate halt to the violence and respect the safety of all Burundians.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It reaffirms its willingness to support Burundi's recovery efforts, once the necessary national reconciliation is embarked upon with all the resolve required.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AID FOR REHABILITATION&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Within the framework of the 'European Programme for Reconstruction and Development in South Africa', the Commission has recently decided on financing for the following ten projects:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 19.2 million for a development programme covering the management of the public service;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 17.2 million for technical assistance to the Ministry of Education;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 16 million for a support programme for Parliament;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 15 million for the electrification of rural schools;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 9 million to support the reform process in the police services of the Eastern Cape province;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 8.9 million for a financing and investment development programme for SMEs;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 5 million for a programme of rural water supply and sanitation projects to be implemented &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;by the NGO Mvula Trust; &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 4.3 million to support the trade union movement;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 2.3 million for the 'Soul City 1996' project designed to make full use of the mass media to promote health and development issues;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt; - ECU 1.9 million to support the 'Truth and National Reconciliation Commission'.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENT FUND&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic and social infrastructure&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burkina Faso: ECU 4.125 million for studies relating to certain road infrastructures. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritius: ECU 9 million for an irrigation programme in the northern plains. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dominica: ECU 1.65 million towards the establishment of refuse treatments systems.  Trade promotion/ structural adjustment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CotÃ© d'lvoire: ECU 25.5 million to , support the structural adjustment programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lesotho: ECU 8.6 million for the fourth structural adjustment programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agriculture/rural development&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia-Kenya-Uganda: ECU 20 million for a programme to coordinate national activities aimed at achieving sustainable rural development in the region (notably involving the fight against the Tsetse fly)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Education/training&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Caribbean region: ECU 5.9 million towards a post-secondary education training programme in the countries of the OECS (Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States - Antigua &amp;amp; Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St Kitts &amp;amp; Nevis, St Lucia, St. Vincent &amp;amp; the Grenadines). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Environment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi: ECU 4.4 million for a social/ participatory programme in the forestry sector as part of the implementation of a national forestry policy. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Institutional support&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;SADC member states: ECU 1.7 million to support the SADC (Southern African Development Community) secretariat in order to strengthen the SADC-EU regional programme. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UEMOA (West Africa Economic and Monetary Union): ECU 12 million to support the regional integration process in the member states (Benin, Burkina Faso, CotÃ© d'lvoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 1.5 million for a support programme for the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EUROPEAN INVESTMENT  BANK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the first half of 1996, the Bank has provided the following loans from its own resources or in the form of risk capital:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Africa/Madagascar: ECU 30 million for ASECNA (I'Agence pour la securite de la navigation aerienne en Afrique et a Madagascar) for the renewal and modernisation of air safety equipment. Botswana: ECU 6.6 million to the Botswana Power Corporation to help increase electricity-generating capacity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burkina Faso: ECU 6 million to SOFITEX (Societe burkinabe des fibres textiles) for the renewal and extension of its cotton ginneries facility. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mali: ECU 5.3 million to the Societe Energie du Mali for the financing of the Balingue thermal power station. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritania: ECU 2 million to SNIM (Societe rationale industrielle et miniere) for the setting up and operation of a mechanical workshop. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mauritania: ECU 1.4 million to the Societe arabe du fer et de l'acier (Arab iron and steel company) for the construction of a foundry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mozambique: ECU 500 000 to Grafites de Ancuabe for the exploitation of a graphite mine.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia: ECU 2 million to the Zambia Venture Capital Fund, set up to subscribe for minority equity stakes in SMEs. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jamaica: ECU 40 million to Telecommunications of Jamaica Ltd for expansion and modernisation of the domestic and international telecommunications network. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;British Virgin Islands: ECU 600 000 to the government for the design and feasibility study of the main airport at Beef Island, Tortola. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tonga: ECU 3.7 million to the Tonga Telecommunications Commission for the development of the country's domestic telecommunications network.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HUMANITARIAN AID&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia: ECU 5 million for the purchase and distribution of vegetable oils and cereals to refugees living in the country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya: ECU 420 000 for emergency medical assistance in the fight against cholera in the Mandera region.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Somalia: ECU 1.9 million for emergency food aid to the victims of the continuing factional fighting. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudan: ECU 2.5 million for the purchase and distribution of maize in a transit camp close to the capital (154 000 people) and in the south of the country (1 million people), and for the distribution of sorghum to Ethiopian and Eritrean refugees in the east (200 000 people). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chad: ECU 150 000 to help tackle the cholera epidemic. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Haiti: ECU 10 million for a programme to counter malnutrition and improve basic health care, in particular for women and children in isolated locations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Montserrat: ECU 380 000 to help evacuees in the wake of the recent volcanic eruption. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Non-ACP countries&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia: ECU 1 million for people displaced as a result of drug terrorism and the fighting that has been taking peace between government forces and guerillas. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Costa Rica: ECU 400 000 for the victims of Hurricane Cesar. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Guatemala: ECU 220 000 to train teachers in order to improve education among repatriated communities in the department of Alta Verapaz. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nicaragua: ECU 440 000 to improve conditions for the social and economic reintegration of uprooted populations (people who have been repatriated, displaced or demobilised) in the department of Rio San Juan. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Northern Caucasus: ECU 4.18 million for civilian victims of the war in Chechnya and for refugees in Ossetia and Dagestan. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Iraq: ECU 9 million for food aid, medical provisions, rehabilitation of drinking water systems, sanitary equipment and educational material to assist 3 million people in the north and centre of the country.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Yemen: ECU 150 000 for flood victims. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Cambodia: ECU 290 000 for a programme to construct and distribute artificial limbs to land-mine victims. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand (Burmese refugees): ECU 220 000 for 'Mon' refugees from Burma (Myanmar) who have fled the violence in their country. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand (Burmese refugees): ECU 500 000 for medical aid in favour of 'Karen' refugees from Burma (Myanmar). &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AID&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Commission has recently decided to allocate the following aid: &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p90.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Table&lt;/P&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/fb33fe.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/fb33fe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/fb33fe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,968 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/fb33fe/fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41404</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://fb33fe/fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://fb33fe/fb33fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Agriculture and Food Processing|Better Farming series of FAO and INADES - 46 booklets</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Settlements, Housing, Building - Infrastructure Construction (Roads etc)|Settlements and housing: general works incl. low- cost housing, planning techniques, surveying, etc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants (fb33fe)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">FAO Better Farming series</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">fb33fe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215046</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">fb33fe.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p60a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p61a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p61b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p61c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p61d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p62a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p62b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p63a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p63b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p64a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p64b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p64c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p64d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p65a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p65b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p65c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p65d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p66a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p66b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p66c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p67a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p67b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p68a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p68b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p68c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p68d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p69a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p69b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p69c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p70a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p70b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p70c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p71a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p71b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p71c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p72a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p72b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p73a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p73b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p74a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p74b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p75a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p75b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p75c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p76a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p76b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p76c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p77a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p77b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p77c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p78a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p78b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p79a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p79b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p79c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p79d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p80a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p80b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p81a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p81b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p82a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p82b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p82c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p82d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p83a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p84a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p84b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p84c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p84d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p85a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p85b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p85c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p86a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p86b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p86c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p87a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p87b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p87c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f33p88a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rome 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P-69&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ISBN 92-5-102396-4&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â© FAO 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Introduction</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+ 
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Snails are good to eat.</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content> 
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Did you know that many kinds of snails are good to eat?&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2. Snail meat tastes good and it is also good for you. If you have snail meat to eat, it will help to keep you and your family strong and healthy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p60a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Family kept strong and healthy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3. If you want to have snails to eat you can get them in different ways.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4. Many people gather wild snails that live nearby. Sometimes you can buy snails at the market or from people who gather them to sell to others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5. You can also raise your own snails. This is called snail farming. Today, a great many people all over the world farm snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6. If you farm your own snails, you will always have a supply of fresh snail meat whenever you want it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7. Then, if your family is not too big and you grow more snails than you need to eat, you can sell what you do not use to your neighbours or at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Selling snails at the market&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8. With more food to eat and the money you get by selling snails, you and your family can live better.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9. However, if your family is big you will need to grow many more snails if you are going to have enough to eat and to sell at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ You need to grow more snails if your family is big&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">What do you need to start?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You will need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ enough snails to start your snail farm&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ a place near your house with the right kind of soil and the right amount of water for snails to live and grow&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p61d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ A place near your house&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the kinds of plants that snails need for food and shelter&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the materials to build a pen for the snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p62a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plants that snails need; The materials to build a pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;10. If you have or can get all of these things, you can raise snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Learning about snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;11. To farm snails is not hard; however, it is quite different from keeping chickens or ducks or from growing crops such as maize, rice, cassava or groundnuts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;12. Since farming snails is so different from other kinds of farming, you will have to learn a lot of new things.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;13. One way to learn about snails so that you will be able to farm them is to watch the wild snails that live near you.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p62b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Watch the wild snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;14. Try to see how they live, how they move and where they go, what plants they like best and what they eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;15. You can learn many things by watching wild snails that will help you later if you decide to start a snail farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p63a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wild snail&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;16. Another way to learn about snails is to ask an older farmer who knows a lot about your area. If there are people near you who gather snails to sell to others, they may be able to help you.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;17. In the next part of this booklet, you will begin to learn some things that you need to know to farm snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">What kind of snails can you farm?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;18. The kind of snails that you can farm are snails that live on land, and there are many kinds of land snails that are good to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;19. However, some kinds of land snails are not good to eat and they may even make you very, very sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;20. So, you must be very careful when you choose snails to farm. If you are not sure that a snail is good to eat, do not use it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p63b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Do not use snail unless you are sure it is good to eat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;21. Now look at the drawings on pages 8 to 11 and you will see four kinds of good snails that live in different places.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;22. You may be able to find one of these kinds of snails where you live. Notice that two of them are small and two of them are large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;23. The smaller kinds of snails, shown on pages 8 and 9, can often be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;24. The larger kinds of snails, shown on pages 10 and 11, can often be found in places where it is warm all year round.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix pomatia&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of small snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 15 to 25 grams and measures from 40 to 50 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a strong shell which is pale brown and off- white&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in two to three years if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from 30 to 50 eggs each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix Pomatia - 30 to 50 small eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix aspersa&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of small snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can often be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 4 to 20 grams and measures from 30 to 45 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a weak shell with broken stripes which are light brown to black&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in one year if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from 40 to 170 eggs one to three times each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p64d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Helix aspersa - 40 to 170 small eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Achatina achatina&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of large snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can often be found in places where it is warm all year round&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 150 to 200 grams or more and measures from 90 to 130 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a very strong brown shell&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in two years if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from 100 to 300 eggs one to two times each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Achatina achatina - 100 to 300 small eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Archchatina marginata&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This kind of large snail&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 can often be found in places where it is warm all year round&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 weighs from 150 to 200 grams or more and measures from 90 to 130 millimetres&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 has a very strong brown shell&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 grows to full size in two years if it is well fed&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 lays from five to ten eggs four to eight times each growing season&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p65d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Archchatina marginata - five to ten large eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;25. If you cannot get one of these snails, you may be able to get others very much like them where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;26. There are many other kinds of good snails. There may even be several kinds of good snails that are eaten where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;27. If snails are eaten where you live, you can farm one of these. Then you will be sure that it is good to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Where can you get snails?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;28. When you are ready to get snails, perhaps you can get them by gathering wild snails that live near you.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p66a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Gathering wild snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;29. Perhaps you can buy them from people who gather wild snails to sell to others.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p66b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Buying from one who gathers wild snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;30. You may even be able to buy them from another snail farmer.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p66c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Buying from another snail farmer&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Never term snails that you buy at the market. Snails at the market may have been washed, kept too cold or hurt and they may die soon.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Where can you farm snails?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;31. A good place for a snail farm is one where there already are snails. If there already are snails, you will know that the soil and the water in the soil are right for snails to live and grow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;32. However, if there are no snails near where you live it does not mean that you cannot raise snails there.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;33. If you have the right kind of soil with the right amount of water, you can bring good snails from another place to start your snail farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The soil and the water in the soil</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;34. Soil is important for snails. Part of the time they live on the soil and part of the time they live in the soil, and to live well, snails need good soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p67a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail on the soil; Snail in the soil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;35. When snails are not on the soil or in the soil, they are on plants which grow in the soil. So, the soil must also be good for the kinds of plants that snails need.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p67b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail on plant&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;36. When snails are in the soil, they are resting or laying their eggs. If the soil has the right amount of water, snails will live well, the eggs they lay will hatch well and the baby snails will come out of the soil easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;37. Snails cannot live in hard soil such as heavy clay soils. When heavy clay soil is too dry, snails cannot dig into it to rest and lay their eggs. When heavy clay is too wet, snails and the eggs they lay may die.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;38. Snails cannot live in loose soil such as soils that have a lot of sand. Sandy soils do not hold enough water for snail eggs to hatch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;39. The drawings on the next page show how a snail digs a hole, lays its eggs, closes the hole and how the baby snails come out when they have hatched.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;40. Snails need calcium from the soil to make their shells. All snails grow better and have stronger shells when there is a lot of calcium in the soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;41. So, if you are going to farm snails, you must have a good medium soil that has neither too much clay nor too much sand. It must also have enough calcium and the right amount of water for your snails to live and grow.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If you have a garden, you can easily tell if your soll is good for snails. If your green leafy vegetables grow well, snails will also grow well in the same kind of soil&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails will grow well in a garden&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 snail digging a hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 1 snail digging a hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 laying the eggs and closing the hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail laying eggs&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 baby snails hatching and coming out of the hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p68d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Baby snails hatching and coming out of the hole&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Plants for food and plants for shelter</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;42. Snails need plants for both food and sheller. Most kinds of snails use several kinds for food and several other kinds for shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p69a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plants for food and plants for shelter&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;43. They may also use different plants for food and shelter at different times of the year. Sometimes during the growing season snails eat and find shelter on the same plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;44. Snails usually hide on shelter plants during the day when it is dry and move to food plants to eat at night or early in the morning when they are wet with dew. However, sometimes snails do eat during the day after it has rained.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;45. If you live in a place which has a season when plants do not grow, snails will dig into the soil to rest and they do not eat then.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;46. During the growing season snails will eat a lot and grow very fast if they have food plants that they like.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;47. So, before you begin you will have to find out exactly what plants they like to eat. To do this you will have to watch snails at night when they eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p69b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ See what snails eat at night&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;48. You can tell that snails are eating when you see their heads moving as they scrape food into their mouths. You can also tell when a snail has been eating by the holes it makes in the leaves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p69c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snail on leaf&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;49. You will also have to find out what plants they like for shelter. To do this you will have to watch snails during the day when they rest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p70a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ See where snails rest during the day&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50. It is often difficult to find snails on shelter plants because they are hiding. So, you will have to look very carefully.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p70b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails are hiding on shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;51. In addition to the food plants, there are many other kinds of foods that you can put into a pen for your snails to eat. You will learn about these foods and when you should use them in the next booklet in this series.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Dew and rain</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;52. Dew at night in the growing season helps the plants to grow and makes the leaves and the ground wet so that snails can move about.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;53. Rain in the growing season also helps the plants to grow and it cleans the plants of dust and the dirt that snails leave when they move about. The dirt that snails leave may make them sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;54. So, it is very important that the food and shelter plants are wet and clean.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;55. When the leaves are wet, snails move easily, eat more and grow well. When the leaves are dry, snails move very little, or not at all, and they grow poorly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p70c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wet leaves are good for snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;56. When it rains and the plants are clean, the snails will be healthy. When it does not rain and the plants are dirty, the snails may get sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57. Dew and rain also keep the ground moist so that the snails can move easily and dig into it to rest and to lay their eggs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;58. In the next booklet, you will be told how to wet the leaves of plants and moisten the ground when it is too dry.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Land that is wet</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;59. Land that is very wet, low land that does not drain well or land that floods in the rainy season is not good for snail farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p71a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Low, wet land is bad for snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Wind</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60. Wind during the growing season is bad because it dries the dew and dries out the snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p71b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wind is bad for snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;61. If you decide to farm snails, try to keep them in a place that is protected from the wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p71c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails should be farmed in a place protected from the wind&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Where do you keep snails when you farm them?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;62. If you decide to farm snails you must keep them in a pen. Snails kept in a well- built pen will not get away easily and you can watch them and take care of them well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;63. After the first year you will need at least two pens. If you decide to farm more snails you may want even more pens. You will learn how to use two or more pens in the next booklet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p72a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Two pens the second year&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;64. In each pen you can give your snails the right kinds of plants for them to eat and to use as shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;65. In each pen you can put the food and shelter plants near each other so that the snails can move easily from one to the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;66. Each pen you build must also keep the snails safe from their enemies. Snails have many enemies. You must be careful to protect them from&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ mice and rats&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ shrews and moles&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ walking insects that live on the ground such as ants and beetles&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ slugs and other snails that eat snail meat&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ birds that eat snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ frogs and toads&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ thieves&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p72b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Protect them fromâŠ&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;67. A snail pen can be small or large depending on how many snails you want to raise. However, when you first begin, start with a small pen. You will need fewer materials. It will be easier to take care of.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;68. In addition, with a small pen you will need fewer snails to begin. When you know more about raising snails, you can build a bigger pen and get more snails to raise.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;69. A good size for a pen is 5 x 5 metres. Later in this booklet you will learn how to build a small pen of this size.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How many snails will you need when you first begin?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70. If you are using small snails like those you have seen on pages 8 and 9 in this booklet, you will need more snails to begin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;71. If you are using large snails like those you have seen on pages 10 and 11 in this booklet, you will need fewer snails to begin.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;72. With a pen of 5 x 5 metres (25 square metres) you will need&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 150 snails if you use the small kind (6 for each square metre)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 25 snails if you use the large kind (1 for each square metre).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p73a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 150 small snails; 25 large snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How much snail meat can you expect to get?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;73. The amount of snail meat that you will get from small snails will be about the same as what you would get from large snails. This is because you will use many more small snails than large snails and the meat will be about equal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;74. With one 5 x 5 metre pen you will get 12 to 13 kilograms of snail meat each year and with two 5 x 5 metre pens you will get 24 to 26 kilograms each year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p73b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 12 to 13 kilograms each year; 24 to 26 kilograms each year&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Now you must decide</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;75. In the first part of this booklet you have learned many things about snails and farming snails. You have learned&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ why it is good to farm snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ what you need to farm snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ what kinds of snails you can farm&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to find plants near you that are good for food and shelter&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ what kind of soil and how much water in the soil snails need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ where to keep snails and how many you need to start&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;76. You may also have been able to learn a lot about snails by watching the wild snails near where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;77. An old farmer may have told you what he knows about snails. Someone who gathers snails to sell to others or another snail farmer may have helped you to learn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;78. So, now that you know a lot about snails it is time to decide if you would like to start your own snail farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;79. If you would like to begin you will learn exactly what to do in the rest of this booklet and in the next booklet.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How to begin</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Choose a place on your land to put your snail farm</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;80. Try to choose a place that is close to your house. That way you will be able to watch your snails, protect them from their enemies and take care of them easily&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p74a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Close to your house&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;81. In Items 34 to 41 you were told that to farm snails you must have the right kind of soil with the right amount of water.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;82. Remember, if green leafy vegetables grow well in your soil, snails will also grow well in the same kind of soil.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p74b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ If your garden grows well, so will your snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;83. In Items 59 to 61 you were told that low, wet land and wind are bad for snails. So, avoid low, wet places and try to put your snail farm where it is protected from the wind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p75a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Avoid low, wet land; Find a place protected from wind&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;84. In Item 63 you were told that after the first year you will need at least two pens and later you may want even more. In Item 69 you were told that it is best to start with a small pen of 5 x 5 metres.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;85. So, try to find a place where you can put at least two or three 5 x 5 metre pens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p75b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ two or three 5 x 5 metre pens&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Clean the site and prepare the ground</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;86. Clean the site and prepare the ground a little before the growing season so that you can build the pen in time to plant the food and shelter plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;87. First, mark out a square of 8 x 8 metres on the place that you have chosen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p75c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark and clear the 8 x 8 metre square&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;88. That way, with a pen of 5 x 5 metres in the centre of the square, you will have a path of 1.5 metres all the way around it (see Item 92). If you have enough land, the path can be even wider.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;89. Clear the square of trees, bushes grass, creeping grass and weeds. Take away all of the roots and the big stones that you can.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p76a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take away roots and big stones&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90. Spread the plant material that you have cleaned evenly on the ground and cover the whole square. If there is not enough, bring more plant material from another place.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p76b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cover the square with plant materials&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;91. When the plant material is dry, burn it. This will kill the insects, the weed seeds and the roots of creeping grass, and rid the ground of mice, rats and shrews.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p76c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Burn the plant materials&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Insecticides and poisons can also be used to rid your pen of insects, mice, rats and other enemies of snails. However, if you use them, do not use them by yourself because they are very dangerous. Ask someone who knows how to use them, such as your extension agent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;92. Now mark out a smaller square of 5 x 5 metres inside the big square. This is for your first snail pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p77a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark the 5 x 5 metre square&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;93. Dig the ground in the smaller square to a depth of 20 centimetres and turn it over well. As you dig, remove any rubbish or roots that you find.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p77b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Dig in the ground&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94. While you are digging, if you see any more insects or any of the enemies of snails, bring more dry plant material and burn the ground again. To farm snails, the area must be free of insects, mice, rats and other enemies.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;95. When you have finished digging, the ground in the 5 x 5 metre square should be as smooth and well worked as it would be if you were planting a vegetable garden.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p77c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ The 5 x 5 metre square should be smooth&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;96. However, do not use any fertilizer, animal manure or compost as you might with a vegetable garden. Fertilizers may burn the snails and animal manure or compost may bring in insects and weed seeds.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Building a pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;97. Build a pen for your snails as soon as you can after you have burned the plant material. This is to keep other insects, mice, rats or shrews from getting into your pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;98. A snail pen is a simple fenced- in area and you can build a fence using&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ woven plant material&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ woven plant material with chicken wire&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p78a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Materials for fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Using corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;99. A fence of corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets makes the best pen for snails because it keeps out their enemies very well. However, sheet metal or plastic costs a lot of money.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p78b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ A fence of corrugated sheet metal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;100. If you are going to build a pen using corrugated metal or plastic, you must build it in such a way that the enemies of snails cannot get in between the sheets.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Using woven plant material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;101. To save money, you can build a fence of woven plant material such as split bamboo. If the woven material is tight, it will keep out enough of enemies for you to farm snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Using woven plant material with chicken wire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;102. If you can get fine- mesh chicken wire, you can improve a fence that is made of woven material.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Chicken wire&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;103. To do this, first make the fence of chicken wire and then cover it with woven material.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ First use chicken wire then cover it with woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;104. The chicken wire will keep out rats and other small animals. The woven plant material will keep most of the insects out and keep the snails in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p79d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Keep out small animals&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;With any kind of pen animals such as rats may get in, and this is especially true with pens made only of woven plant material. So, you must always watch for rats and other animals and keep them out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;How to build the fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;105. Build the fence as you would any fence, by driving posts into the ground. Use posts 1.40 metres long. When the posts are in place they should be 1.00 metre above and 0.40 metre below the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p80a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Drive posts into the ground&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;106. Whatever material you use for the fence of your pen, it should be buried 0.40 metre below the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;107. If you are using woven material you will have to change the bottom of the fence when it rots.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;108. This can be done more easily by making the woven material in two parts, one for the top and one for the bottom. When the bottom part rots, you can change it without having to change the whole fence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p80b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Attach top parts first; attach bottom parts second&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Keeping your snails in the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;109. Many of your snails may crawl over the fence and get out of the pen. If you build a flap on the inside at the top of the fence, it will be more difficult for your snails to get out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;110. However, even with a flap some snails may get out, and for this reason many snail farmers put two flaps on their fence. With two flaps they find that fewer snails get out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p81a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ With two flaps, your snails will not easily crawl out of the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If you make your pen using galvanized sheet metal, you will not need flaps. Snails will not crawl on galvanized sheet metal.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;111. The drawings show you how to build a 5 x 5 metre pen using woven plant material, with and without chicken wire and how to build flaps to keep your snails in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p81b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ How to build a 5 x 5 metre small pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 if you are using woven material only, attach it as you were told to do in Item 108&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Attach woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 If you are using chicken wire and woven material, attach the chicken wire first and then the woven material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Attach the chicken material first&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 be sure that the fence cover goes all the way to the bottom of the 0.40- m trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 0.40- m trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6 fill in the trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p82d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Fill in the trench&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7 attach the flaps to the inside of the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note: use woven material 0.25 m wide for the flaps&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8 first attach the bottom flap using heavy cord&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p83a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Use heavy cord&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9 then attach the top flap&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Plant the food and shelter plants</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;112. You have already been told that you should clean and prepare the site and build your snail pen in time for the planting season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;113. If it has been only a short time since you dug the ground and worked the soil in your pen, you can begin to plant.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;114. If it has been a long time, dig and work the soil again before you plant. However, as you were told in Item 96, do not use fertilizer, animal manure or compost.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;115. Now you can begin to plant the food and shelter plants. Remember that you should use&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ plants that grow well where you live&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ plants that last a long time&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ plants that snails like&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;116. The drawings, show you two ways to plant food and shelter plants in a 5 x 5 metre pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;117. On pages 50 to 55 you will see some food and shelter plants that snails are known to like. Look at them carefully. Perhaps you can find some of them where you live.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two ways plant food and shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 if your shelter plants are small, plant your pen like this&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark three places for small shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 plant the shelter plants first and then plant the food plants all around the shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ First plant the shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 if your shelter plants are large, plant your pen like this&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Mark only one place for large shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 plant the shelter plants first and then plant the food plants all around the shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p84d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Leave a path inside the fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;RAMPE&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p85a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Some plants for food&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rape is one of many kinds of smooth- leaved cabbage. It grows from seed and lasts a number of months. Rape is the best food plant for Helix snails (see pages 8 and 9 in this booklet). Many of the other kinds of smooth- leaved cabbage also make good food plants for snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p85b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Rape&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AFRICAN SPINACH (Amaranthus)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This green leafy vegetable is a good food plant for young Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, if you plant African spinach for your snails, they will need other kinds of food plants as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p85c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ African spinach&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PAPAYA&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You have already been told that snails can be given food to eat other than the food plants that you have planted in the pen (see also Items 175 to 179 in the next booklet). The tender green leaves and cut- up fruit of the papaya tree are very good for Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, the papaya should not be planted inside the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p86a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Papaya&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HORSE- RADISH&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Horse- radish is a good food and shelter plant for young Helix snails. However, when they are older they will need other kinds of food plants as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p86b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Horse- Radish&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;LEAF BEET&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leaf beet grows well from seed and lives for one year. It can be used with He/ix snails for both food and for shelter. As a food plant alone it is not the best and you will have to give your snails other food plants as well. However, as a shelter plant it is very good for Helix snails. These snails lay eggs under the beet plants and find shelter around the roots in cold weather.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p86c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Leaf Beet&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BURDOCK&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Burdock grows from seed and lives for more than a year. It grows very slowly and you should plant it as soon as you can so that it can grow big enough for your snails. However, once it has grown it makes a good food and shelter plant for almost any kind of snail.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p87a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Burdock&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BANANA and LOOFAH&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Banana and loofah plants together provide both food and shelter for Achatina and Archachatina snails. Ripe bananas can be cut up and fed to the snails and they can use the loofah plant for food and for shelter. However, your snails will need other food plants as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p87b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Banana and Loofah&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;PLANTAGO&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Plantago grows well from seed and lasts about two years. It is the best shelter plant for Helix snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p87c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plantago&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ASPARAGUS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Asparagus lives for many years and it is a good shelter plant for young Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, it is not good for older snails because they are too heavy for asparagus plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When are the plants big enough for food and for shelter?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;118. The food plants must be big enough to feed your snails and the shelter plants tall enough to cover them and to protect them from the sun.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;119. Depending on the kind of snails that you are raising, most plants will be big enough after they have been growing for about five to six weeks or when they have reached a height of 10 to 20 centimetres.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f33p88a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Plants will grow to a height of 10 to 20 cm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;120. When you are sure that the plants are big enough to provide food and shelter, you can begin to collect the snails and put them into the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;121. In Booklet No. 34, Farming snails 2, you will learn&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to choose good snails and how to put them in the pen&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to take care of your snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when and how to harvest snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ how to prepare snails for cooking&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;122. You will also be told some things that you can do to improve your snail farm so that later when you have more experience you can raise more and better snails.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/fb34fe.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/fb34fe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/fb34fe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,705 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/fb34fe/fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">31723</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://fb34fe/fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://fb34fe/fb34fe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Farming snails 2: Choosing snails; Care and harvesting; Further improvement</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Agriculture and Food Processing|Better Farming series of FAO and INADES - 46 booklets</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Settlements, Housing, Building - Infrastructure Construction (Roads etc)|Settlements and housing: general works incl. low- cost housing, planning techniques, surveying, etc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Farming snails 2: Choosing snails; Care and harvesting; Further improvement (fb34fe)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">farm snails</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">FAO Better Farming series</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">fb34fe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215046</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">fb34fe.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p093a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p094a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p094b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p095a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p095b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p095c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p096a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p096b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p096c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p097a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p097b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p098a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p099a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p099b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p101a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p101b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p102a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p103a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p103b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p104a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p104b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p105a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p105b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p105c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p106a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p106b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p106c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p106d.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p107a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p107b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p107c.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p108a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p108b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p109a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p109b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p110a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p110b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p111a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">f34p111b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT FACE=&quot;Arial&quot; SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rome 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;P-69&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ISBN 92-5-102397-2&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Â© FAO 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preface</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first twenty- six volumes in FAO's Better Farming Series were based on the Cours d'apprentissage agricole prepared in CÃŽte d'Ivoire by the Institut africain de dÃ©veloppement Ã©conomique et social for use by extension workers. Later volumes, beginning with No. 27, have been prepared by FAO for use in agricultural development at the farm and family level. The approach has deliberately been a general one, the intention being to constitute basic prototype outlines to be modified or expanded in each area according to local conditions of agriculture.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many of the booklets deal with specific crops and techniques, while others are intended to give the farmer more general information which can help him to understand why he does what he does, so that he will be able to do it better. Booklets No. 33 and 34 were added to the series owing to a growing interest in small- scale snail farming for food and profit in many countries where FAO's Better Farming Series is widely used.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adaptations of the series, or of individual volumes in it, have been published in Amharic, Arabic, Bengali, Creole, Hindi, Igala, Indonesian, Kiswahili, Malagasy, SiSwati, Thai and Turkish.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Requests for permission to issue this manual in other languages and to adapt it according to local climatic and ecological conditions are welcomed. They should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Choosing your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;123. All of the snails that you choose for your pen must be of the same kind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p093a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ All of the snails that you farm must be the same kind&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;124. You may have found one of the kinds of snails shown on pages 8 to 11 in the last booklet living in your area. You may also have found a different kind of snail.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;125. Now you must learn to choose the beat of the kinds of snails that you have found. When you first begin you will need fully grown snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;126. Remember, that all snails are both male and female and all snails lay eggs. So, when you are looking for snails, you can choose any one that is fully grown.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;127. You can tell that a snail is fully grown because it has a lip on the mouth of its shell. The drawings below show two fully grown snails with lips.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p094a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails which fill and which does not fill their cells&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;128. Look at the drawings again. Notice that although both snails are fully grown, one of them fills its shell and one of them does not.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;129. The snail that does not fill its shell may be sick or it may have lost its water because of dry weather. This snail may not grow well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;130. Choose only snails that fill their shells. Snails that fill their shells will usually grow well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;131. Choose snails that have good, strong shells. Strong shells protect snails from their enemies, and snails with strong shells sell better at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;132. Choose the largest of the fully grown snails that you can find from the kind of snail that you are going to farm.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p094b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Choose the largest snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;133. The larger snails of any kind of snail will be better and healthier and lay more eggs than a snail that is smaller.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;134. In addition, the eggs of large, healthy snails hatch better and the baby snails grow bigger and faster.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;135. Later, when you have more experience in choosing snails, you will learn just how large a fully grown snail should be. You will also learn the different colours of the kind of snail that you are farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;136. Then you can choose snails that are the same size and colour that you want your baby snails to be.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As you collect your snails, handle them very gently and put them carefully into a container such as a basket so that you can carry them to the pen without hurting them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p095a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Handle your snails carefully&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Putting your snails in the pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;137. Just before you put your snails in the pen, take out all the grass, the creeping grass and the weeds that may have grown while the food and shelter plants were growing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p095b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take out all grass, creeping grass and weeds&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;138. Never put snails in a pen in the morning or during the day when the sun is hot. Always put them in the evening when it is cool. This is when they begin to move about and to eat.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p095c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Always put snacks in the pen in the evening&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;139. If there is no dew and leaves of the plants and the ground are dry, wet them. Items 160 to 165 in this booklet will tell you how.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p096a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wet the plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;140. When you put snails in the pen, put an equal number of them in four different places.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;141. In the last booklet you were told that for a 5 x 5 metre pen you would need 150 snails if you use the small kind, and 25 snails if you use the large kind. So, if you need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 150 snails, put 35 to 40 snails in four places&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ 25 snails, put 6 snails in three places and 7 snails in one place.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;142. The arrows in the drawing at the top of the next page will show you where to put snails in a 5 x 5 metre pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p096b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Where to put the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When you put snails in a pen, never put them near the fence or in a corner of the fence. If you put them near the fence it is easier for them to get out than it is if you put them near the centre of the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p096c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Do not put snails in the corner or near the fence&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;143. The morning after you have put your snails in the pen, look to see that they have all moved. If any of them have not moved, put them under shelter plants.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;144. If any snails die, take them out and put in the same number of new snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p097a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take out the dead snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;145. At first your snails will try to crawl out of the pen. During this time, go around the pen each morning and put them back.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;146. After about two weeks your snails will become used to their new home and most of them will not try to crawl out.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;147. However, it is a good idea, even after the first two weeks, to check from time to time and put back any of the snails that may have got out of the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When to take out the fully grown snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;148. When you see a lot of baby snails in your pen, you will no longer need to keep the fully grown snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;149. So, take out all of the fully grown snails that you first put into your pen. You can either eat them or sell them at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p097b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Take out all fully grown snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;150. Now, with only the baby snails left, the food plants in the pen will be more likely to last until the baby snails are big enough to harvest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;151. Later in this booklet, you will be told when the baby snails are big enough to harvest and how to harvest them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Taking care of your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;152. After you have put your snails in their pen, watch them carefully to see that they are eating well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;153. If you have given them enough of the right kinds of food plants, they will eat a lot and you will have very little to do for them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;154. However, here are some things that you must do&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ wet the plants and moisten the ground&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ take care of the plants&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ take away the weeds and the creeping grass&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Wet the food and shelter plants and moisten the ground</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;155. You have already been told that the leaves of the food and shelter plants must be wet and clean and that the ground must be moist (see Items 52 to 58 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;156. If there is too lime dew and not enough rainfall during the time when the plants and the snails are growing, you will have to water the plants and the ground yourself.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;157. If it is dry, you should water the plants and the ground at least every second day. However, if it is very dry, you may have to water them every day.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;158. Never water in the morning or during the day when the sun is hot. Always water in the evening at about sunset.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;159. If you water when the sun is hot, the snails will begin to move away from the shelter plants and the hot sun may kill them before they can find shelter again.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;160. An easy way to wet the plants and moisten the ground is by hand. First fill a bucket with water and wrap a piece of cloth around your hand.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p098a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Wrap a cloth around your hand&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;161. Then, dip your hand with the cloth into the bucket of water and gently splash the plants and the ground.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p099a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Gently splash plants and ground&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;162. Continue to splash the plants and the ground gently until you have watered the whole pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;163. When you have finished, the leaves of the plants should be wet and the ground should be moist.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;164. You can tell when the plants are wet enough and the ground is moist enough when you can see your snails moving about easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p099b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Snails move about easily&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;165. Remember: the soil must be moist and not wet in order for snail eggs to hatch.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;You have already been told that if you live in a place that has a dry season when the plants do not grow, snails dig into the ground to rest. Never water at this time or your snails may come out of the ground when they should not.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tend the food and shelter plants</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;166. Watch all of your plants to see that they are growing well and that they do not get too tall or too thick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;167. Plants that are too tall or thick stop the dew from reaching the leaves and stop the rain from washing away the dust and the dirt that snails leave when they move about.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;168. If you see that the plants are not being wet or washed by dew or rain, cut them back.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p101a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cut back the plants&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Take away the weeds and creeping grass</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;169. After your snails are in their pen you must be sure to take away all weeds and especially creeping grass as soon as you see them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;170. Creeping grass grows very fast and so thick that it can kill the food and shelter plants. If this happens, your snails will have no food and no place to find shelter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;171. Taking away weeds and creeping grass when snails are in the pen is very difficult. So, you must be very careful not to hurt them or step on them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;172. If the weeds and creeping grass get too thick, it may be better to move the snails before you take weeds and creeping grass away (see Item 183 in this booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;173. Keep the path around the pen clear of weeds, grass and creeping grass. This will help to keep weed seeds and unwanted plants out of the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p101b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Keep the path clean&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;174. If the path is clean, insects will be less likely to cross it to get into the pen and you will be able to see signs of mice, rats and shrews.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Feeding your snails other kinds of food</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;175. There are a number of reasons for giving your snails other kinds of food. Here are a few&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when you have not planted the right kinds of food plants&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when you have too many snails for the number of food plants that you have planted&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ when most of the food plants in the pen have been eaten by the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;176. If you decide for any of these reasons that you must give your snails other kinds of food, here are some foods that snails like to eat&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the outside leaves of vegetables such as cabbage or cauliflower&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ the tops of vegetables such as carrots or beets&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ ripe banana fruit&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ most waste fruit and vegetables&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ cut- up papaya, melon or squash&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p102a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Food snails eat&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;177. There are many other foods that snails like to eat. If you have some food that you think might be good, try it with your snails and see if they like it.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;178. If your snails are not eating their food plants well, you also can try some others. Cut pieces from the plant that you want to try and put them in the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;179. If you see that your snails like the new food plants better, you can use these plants when you build the second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Building the second pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;180. In the last booklet you were told that to farm snails you will need at least two pens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p103a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Two pens needed&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;181 . With two pens you can move your snails from one pen to the other to get rid of any enemies that may have got in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;182. You can also move your snails to dig the ground and work the soil so that they can dig into the soil to rest and can lay their eggs easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;183. With two pens you can move your snails from one pen to the other if the weeds and creeping grass get too thick to take away with snails in the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;184. You can also plant new food plants when the old ones have been eaten. When you are moving the snails, you can get rid of any of them that have not grown well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When to build the second pen and how to build it</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;185. Build your second pen a little before the growing season and exactly one year after you built the first pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;186. Begin just as you did before, by cleaning and preparing the ground (see Items 86 to 96 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;187. However, if you put your second pen near your first pen, be very careful when you burn the plant material not to burn your first pen or harm the snails in it.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;188. For this reason it is best to leave an open space of at least 3 metres between your first and second pens.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p103b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Be very carefull when you burn the plant material&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;189. Now you are ready to build the second 5 x 5 metre pen and to plant the food and shelter plants (see Items 97 to 117 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Putting snails in your second pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;190. When the plants in your second pen have grown big enough to provide food and shelter, you can put in the snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p104a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ When the plants are grown, you can bring the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;191. If the snails in your first pen have grown well, you can use some of them for your second pen. So, collect the right number of the biggest and best snails from your first pen to put in your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;192. If the snails in your first pen have not grown well, you will have to begin again with new fully grown snails for your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;193. Remember, with your first pen you put in 150 snails if you used the small kind and 25 snails if you used the large kind.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;194. However, different snails lay different amounts of eggs. So with your second pen you may want to change the number of snails that you put in.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;195. If there were too many baby snails for the food plants in your first pen, put fewer fully grown snails in your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;196. If there were too few baby snails for the food plants in your first pen, put more fully grown snails in your second pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;197. If you are not sure how many snails to use, it is best to continue to put in 150 if you use small snails and 25 if you use large snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p104b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ 25 Large snails; 150 small snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;198. Later, when you have learned more about the kind of snails that you are using and how many baby snails they have, you will be better able to judge just how many fully grown snails that you should use.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Do not forget to take out all of the fully grown snails that you have put in after you see a lot of baby snails in your second pen (see Items 148 to 151 in this booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Harvesting your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">When to harvest your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;199. If your snails have grown well, some of them will be big enough to harvest about one year after you have first put snails in the pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;200. If you need any snails to put in another pen, collect them first. So, choose the right number (see Items 193 to 198 in this booklet) of the biggest and best snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;201. Carefully put these snails into a container so that you can carry them to the other pen without hurting them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p105a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put snails into a container&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;202. Now you are ready to harvest the rest of your biggest snails. Remember, the best way to harvest is a few snails at a time when you want some to eat or to sell at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;203. However, harvest all of the snails by the end of the second year so that you can plant the pen in time for the next growing season.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How to harvest your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;204. Harvesting snails is done by hand. It is often hard work to find them because they may be hiding.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p105b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Harvesting snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;205. The easiest time to find the snails is when the plants are wet, after it has rained or at night when there is dew and they are moving about or eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;206. You can also put out some of the food that snails like and when they come to eat it, you can collect them easily.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p105c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put out some food&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;207. When you are harvesting, handle your snails carefully and put them into a container such as a box or basket or a net sack. However, do not put more than 10 kilograms in a container or you may hurt them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put snails in a container&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">What to do with the snails you harvest</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;208. If you are going to sell the snails, you can carry them to the market in containers like the ones above. However, you must be very careful not to hurt them or break their shells.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;209. Remember, snails with clean shells and well- cared- for snails will sell better at the market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;210. If you want to keep the snails for you and your family to eat later, you can store them alive in containers filled with material such as sawdust or chopped maize husks.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;211. That way you can keep them for as long as six to eight weeks before you use them. The drawings below show you how to store snails this way.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1 a box is a good container to store snails in&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ A box&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2 cover the bottom of the box with about 5 cm of sawdust or chopped maize husks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cover the bottom of the box with sawdust&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3 carefully put in a layer of snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4 cover the snails with about 3 cm of sawdust or chopped maize husks&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p106d.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Cover the snails&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5 continue to do this until the box is full&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note: be sure that the top layer of snails is covered&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Preparing snails for cooking</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;212. Before snails can be used you must be sure that there is no food in them. They must be clean inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;213. Snails that have been stored in a container (see Items 210 and 211 in this booklet) for more than four days will have no food left in them. They are clean inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;214. However, snails which have just been taken from the pen have been eating and are usually full of food.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;215. So, before you can use them you must wait for them to become clean inside. To do this you need only to keep them from eating.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;216. Put them in a container where they can get no food but plenty of air. You can use a covered basket or a net sack.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p107a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Use a covered basket or a net sack&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;217. Put the basket or sack in a cool place away from the sun. After four days the snails will be clean inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p107b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put the container away from sun&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;218. All snails must be washed and boiled just before cooking them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;219. First, put them in clean, cool water with a little salt and vinegar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p107c.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Put them in clean water&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;220. After a short time the water will begin 10 turn white and you will know that the snails are being washed inside.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;221. When the water is very white, take the snails out and empty out the old water. Then put them again in clean, cool water with a little salt and vinegar.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p108a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Empty out dirty water; wash snails again&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;222. Continue to wash them this way until the water no longer turns white. Then you will know that the snails are completely washed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;223. Now put the snails in boiling water, again with salt and vinegar, and boil them at least five minutes. The snails are now ready to be cooked.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p108b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Boil snails with salt and vinegar for five minutes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Snail meat can be cooked like any meat or it can be cut into pieces and added to a stew or vegetables. If snails are eaten where you live, there will be many ways to cook them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Further improvement</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;224. After you have been farming snails using two pens for some time, you may find that you and your family could eat or sell more snails if you had them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;225. You can raise more snails by building another pen. You can either build another 5 x 5 metre pen or you can build a still bigger pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;226. You can also raise more snails by taking better care of the snails that you have. If you take better care of your snails, year after year they will become bigger, healthier and stronger and produce more baby snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Building the third pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;227. Perhaps the most important thing that you can do to improve your snail farm is to build a third pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p109a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Build a third pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;228. Up until now, using only two pens, you have had to use both of them all of the time so that you could take fully grown snails from one after you had harvested the other.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p109b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Using two pens&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;229. Today, farmers know that it is not good to grow the same crops in the same place all of the time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;230. This is also true if you grow the same food and shelter plants in the same pen all of the time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;231. However, if you plant vegetables in one of your three pens for a year, the vegetables will grow well because of the snail manure in the soil. Afterwards, your food and shelter plants will also grow better because the soil has had a rest.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;232. Also, if you raise snails in the same place all of the time, the sicknesses that they may get would do more harm year after year.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;233. So, if you plant something else for a year or two and then start with snails again, they will be less likely to get sick.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;234. The diagram below shows you how to improve a snail farm by planting a vegetable garden in each pen from to time.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p110a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Diagram&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Building a bigger pen</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;235. You may want to build a still bigger pen for your third pen so you can grow many more snails.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;236. If you build a 5 x 10 metre pen, you can grow two times as many snails. If you build a 10 x 10 metre pen, you can grow four times as many snails as you did in a 5 x 5 metre pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p110b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Pens&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;237. However, building a bigger pen is a lot more work and you will need&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more land&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more materials to build it&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more food and shelter plants&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ more fully grown snails to begin&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/DIR&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;238. You must also be sure that you and your family have enough time to take care of a bigger pen.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;239. If you do decide to build a bigger pen, build it exactly the same way that you built your first 5 x 5 metre pen (see pages 43 to 46 in the last booklet).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p111a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Building a bigger pen&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Taking better care of your snails</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;240. The better you understand the snails that you are farming, the better you can take care of them. So, you should always watch them and learn as much as you can.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;241. When you have learned the exact kinds of food plants that your snails like to eat, you will see that they grow well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;242. Then, if you always choose the biggest and best snails each time you begin, you will improve the quality of the snails that you are farming.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;243. So, with bigger and better snails and with more pens or bigger pens, you will be able to raise many more snails to eat or to sell and you arid your family will be able to live better.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/f34p111b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Your family will be able to live better&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future (b17mie)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/b17mie</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Little Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future (b18ase)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/b18ase</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Managing Tropical Animal Resources - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (b20cre)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/b20cre</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Water Buffalo: New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal (1984) (b21wae)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/b21wae</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (b22bue)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/b22bue</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°158 - July - August 1996 Dossier Communication and the media - Country report Cape Verde (ec158e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/ec158e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°159 - Sept- Oct 1996 Dossier Investing in People Country Reports: Mali ; Western Samoa (ec159e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/ec159e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°160 - Nov - Dec 1996 - Dossier Habitat - Country reports: Fiji , Tonga (ec160e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/ec160e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants (fb33fe)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/fb33fe</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Farming snails 2: Choosing snails; Care and harvesting; Further improvement (fb34fe)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/fb34fe</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Development in practice: Toward Gender Equality (wb34te)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/wb34te</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/wb34te.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/wb34te.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/archives/wb34te.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1883 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/wb34te/wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">193002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://wb34te/wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://wb34te/wb34te.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Development in practice: Toward Gender Equality</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">English</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Women, gender and development, women's organizations</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Development in practice: Toward Gender Equality (wb34te)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Keyword">achieve gender equality</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dls.Organization">World Bank</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">wb34te</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215046</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">wb34te.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p16.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p17.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p18.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p19.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p20.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p23.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p24.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p28.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p29a.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">p29b.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Role of Public Policy&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;@ 1995 The Intentional Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing July 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Development in Practice series publishes reviews of the World Bank's activities in different regions and sectors. It lays particular emphasis on the progress that is being made and on the policies and practices that hold the most promise of success in the effort to reduce poverty in the developing world.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This book is a product of the staff of the World Bank. and the judgments made herein, do not necessarily reflect the views of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Photo credits: Maurice Asseo&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Library of Congers Cataloging-in-Publication Data&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toward gender equality: the role of public policy.  p. cm-(Development in practice)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Includes bibliographer references (p. 70)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-8213-3337-2&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Women-Government policy. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2. Women's rights. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3. Sex discrimination against women. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4. Economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Series:&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Development in practice (Washington. D.C.)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HQ 1 236.T68; 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;305.4-dc20 95-631&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CIP&lt;/P&gt;
+
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Foreword</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;TWENTY years ago in Mexico the First World Conference on Women inspired a movement that has helped to reduce gender inequality worldwide. Illiteracy among women is declining, maternal mortality and total fertility rates are beginning to fall. and more women are participating in the labor force than ever before. However. much remains to be done.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In low-income countries women are often denied health care and basic education. Worldwide. women face limited access to financial services, technology. and infrastructure. They are locked into relatively low-productivity work. In addition to performing household tasks and child-rearing duties, women work longer hours for lower pay than most men. And. most discouraging of all. hundreds of thousands of women each year are subject to gender-related violence.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Persistent inequality between women and men constrains a society's productivity and, ultimately slows its rate of economic growth. Although this problem has been generally recognized evidence on the need for corrective action is more controlling today than ever.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report written for the Fourth World Conference on Women is intended as a reference to strategies for promoting gender equality and. consequently enhancing economic efficiency. It pulls together evidence, including case studies, that demonstrates the need for governor action to improve the economic status of women. It points out how public policy can and should support services and infrastructure that provide the highest social returns and that are most heavily used by women. The report also aims to stimulate creative solutions to the problem of gender inequality by high lilting innovative and sometimes not obvious strategies that have proved successful. A study in Morocco, for instance, shows that paving public roads to schools increases by 40 percent the probability that local girls will attend classes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy reform that provides an enabling environment for economic growth goes hand in hand with investing in people. The success of one strategy draws on the success of the other. No efforts at gender equality. however, can be successful without the participation of women themselves.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As the international community gathers in Beijing for the Fourth World Conference on Women, the World Bank stands ready to assist client governments in response to the challenges ahead. The Bank believes that by advancing gender equality, governments can greatly enhance the future well-being and prosperity of their people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Armeane M. Choksi Vice President Human Capital Development and Operations Policy The World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Acknowledgments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THIS REPORT was prepared by a team led by Kei Kawabata and comprising Alison Evans, Zafiris Tzannatos. Tara Vishwanath, and Rekha Menon. The work was carried out under the direction of Minh Chau Nguyen and the overall guidance of K. Y. Amoako. Valuable contributions were made by Joyce Cacho, Lionel Demery, Shahid Khandker, and Kalanidhi Subbarao.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Background papers for the report were prepared by team members and by Anjana Bhushan; Lynn Brown and Lawrence Haddad; Florencia Castro-Leal, with Ignacio Tavares and Ramon Lopez; Roberta Cohen; Monica Fong: Roger Key, with Beverly Mullings; Andrew Mason; and Veena Siddharth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;An external review group and a Bankwide advisory committee provided valuable guidance at all stages of the report's preparation. Kalpana Bardhan. Pranab Bardhan, Nancy Folbre. and T. Paul Schultz were the external reviewers. Harold Aldennan, Jean-Jacques Dethier, Louise Fox, Sunita Gandhi, Chris Grootaert, Jeffrey Hammer, Tariq Husahl, Elizabeth King, Augusta Molnar, Helena Ribe, and Paula Valad made up the advisory committee. The report was edited by Jo Bischoff, Richard M. Crum, and Fiona Mackintosh; Benjamin Crow provided word-processing and graphics support.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The report also reflects the contributions of the participants in consultations held with nongovenamental organizations on March 1S, 1995, in New York. Data supplied by the United Nations and its agencies. particularly the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Statistical Office, and the World Health Organization, were invaluable for the preparation of the report.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The production of the report was made possible by the assistance of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which has given unwavering support to the protnotion of gender equality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Definitions and Data Notes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Definitions</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Expected number of years of formal schooling The total number of years of schooling that a child of a certain age can expect to receive if current enrollment patterns remain unchanged.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Literacy rate. The proportion of the adult population that can read or write. This indicator is not always accurate because it is self-reported and represents past investments in schooling. It is often defined only with respect to selected languages and may not take into account the progress being made in many countries through literacy campaigns.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Life expectancy AT BIRTH The number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of birth were to remain unchanged throughout the child's life.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maternal mortality ratio. The number of women who die in pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 live births: A measure of the risk that women face of dying from pregnancy-related causes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Data Notes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless otherwise specified, dollar amounts are current U.S. dollars. A billion is a thousand million.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The data used in this report cover a range of time periods and are from more than 100 countries (both developing and industrial).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unless otherwise specified, geographic regions are those used by the World Bank in its analytical and operational work and are defined as follows:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;sub-Saharan  Africa countries south of the Sahara except Africa.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;East Asia and the Pacific: low- and middle-income economies of East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Europe and Central Asia. middle-income European countries and the countries that formed the former Soviet Union.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Latin America anti the Caribbean all American and Caribbean economies south of the United States.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Middle East and North Africa all the economies of North Africa and the Middle East.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India. Myantnar, Nepal, Pakistan. and Sri Lanka.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Summary</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THREE messages echo throughout this document:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ The causes of gender inequality are complex, linked as they are to the intrahousehold decisionmaking process. However the decisions are made. the intrahousehold allocation of resources is influenced by market signals and institutional norms that do not capture the full benefits to society of investing in women. Low levels of education and training. poor health and nutritional status, and limited access to resources depress women's quality of life and hinder economic efficiency and growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ It is therefore essential that public policies work to compensate for market failures in the area of gender equality. These policies should equalize opportunities between women and men and redirect resources to those investments with the highest social returns. Of these investments. female education, particularly at the primary and lower-secondary level, is the most important, as it is the catalyst that increases the impact of other investments in health, nutrition, family planning, agriculture, industry, and infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Women themselves are agents for change because they play a key role in shaping the welfare of future generations. Public policies cannot be effective without the participation of the target group-in this case. women, who make up more than half the world's people. Their views need to be incorporated into policy formulation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Progress to Date</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two decades considerable progress has been made in reducing the gender gap world wide.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ In 1960. for every 100 boys enrolled in primary school. there were 65 girls. In 1990 the ratio had risen to 85.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ In 1980 an average six-year-old girl in a developing country could expect to attend school for 7.3 years. By 1990 this figure had Increased to 8.4 years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Since the 1950s the female labor force has grown twice as last as the male labor force. Worldwide, more than 40 percent of women over 15 years of age are now in the labor force; in developing countries women account for 30 percent of the labor force (These figures. it should be noted, do not fully reflect women's participation in the informal sector as unpaid family members in agriculture.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nevertheless. inequalities between men and women persist in many important areas.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Despite women s biological advantage, their mortality and morbidity rates frequently exceed those of men, particularly during childhood and the reproductive years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Traditionally women are employed in lower-pay jobs and in a narrower range of occupations than are men. Women's wages are typically only 60-70 percent of wages earned by men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Whether in private sector employment or public sector decisionmaking, women are less likely to be in positions of responsibility than are men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Why Do Gender Inequalities Persist?</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The causes of the persistent inequality between men and women are only partially understood. In recent years attention has focused on inequalities in the allocation of resources at the household level. as seen in the higher share of education, health. and food expenditures boys receive in comparison with girls. The decisionmaking process within households is complex and is influenced by social and cultural norms market opportunities, and institutional factors. There is considerable proof that the intrahousehold allocation of resources is a key factor in determining the levels of schooling. health. and nutrition accorded household members.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inequalities in the allocation of household resources matter because education, health. and nutrition are strongly [hiked to well-being, economic efficiency. and growth. Low levels of educational attainment and poor health and nutrition aggravate poor living conditions and reduce an individual's capacity to work productively. Such economic inefficiency represents a significant loss to society and hampers future economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social returns to investments in women's education and health  a? e significantly greater than for similar investment in men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The social and economic losses are greatest when women are denied access to basic education and health care. Data from around the world show that private returns to investments in education are the same for women as for men and may even be marginally higher (Psacharopoulos 1994). More importantly. social returns (that is, total benefits to society) to investment in women's education and health are significantly greater than for similar investments in men, largely because of the strong correlation between women's education, health, nutritional status. and fertility levels and the education. health, and productivity of future generations. These correlation are even stronger when women have control over the way resources are allocated within the household.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wage differentials between women and men in the market are closely linked to educational levels and work experience. since on average. women earn 30-40 percent less than teen' it is not surprising that fewer women than men participate in the labor force. This wage disparity, reinforced by discriminality institutional norms, in turn influences the intrahousehold division of resources. A vicious circle ensues as households invest less in daughters than in sons in the belief that investment in girls yields fewer benefits. As a result. many women are unable to work outside the household because they lack the education or experience that men have.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decision not to participate in the labor force does not necessarily reflect a woman's own choice, no' does it always correspond to the optimum use of household resources. Furthermore. the market wage does not take into account the social benefits of educating and hiring women. Discrimination in households and in the market carries not only private costs for individuals and households but social costs for society as well.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public policies for reducing gender inequalities are therefore essential for counteracting market failure and improving the well-being of all members of society. Investing in women's education and health expands their choices in labor markets and other income-generating activities and increases the rate of return on a household's most valuable asset-its labor.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The decision to allocate women's time to the type of non wage work women typically carry out within the household. such as child care. food preparation, and, in low-income countries especially, subsistence farming and the collection of fuel wood and water, has less to do with economics than with social conventions and norms. These nones can have a strong influence on the household division of labor, even in industrial economies, where women's levels of human capital are equal to-and some times higher than those of most men&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The economy pays to this inequality in reduced labour productivity today and diminished national output tomorrow&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Whether this division of labor is appropriate is, essentially, for society to decide. However. there is no doubt that women's entry into the labor market and other spheres of the economy is directly affected by the extensive amounts of time they traditionally devote to household maintenance and family care. Most men do not make similar allocations of time in the home. Such inequality constrains women's employment choices and can limit girls' enrollment in schools. The economy pays for this inequality in reduced labor productivity today and diminished national output tomorrow. Public policy can address inequalities in the household division of labor by supporting initiatives that reduce the amount of time women spend doing unpaid work. Examples of such interventions include improved water and sanitation services, rural electrification, and batter transport infrastructure.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Constraints on female employment opportunities arising from the household division of labor are compounded by institutional norms operating within the labor market. Although overt wage discrimination is illegal in many countries, employers frequently segregate jobs or offer less training to women workers. Employers often perceive the returns to investing in women workers as lower than those for men mainly because of women's primary role in childbearing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of access to financial services, to land, and to intonation and technology compounds the unequal treatment of women. Requirements for collateral, high transaction costs, and limited mobility and education contribute to women s inability to obtain credit. When women do have access to credit, the effect on household and individual well-being is striking. Bon-owing by women is linked to increased holdings of non-land assets, to improve in the health status of female children, and to an increased probability that girls will enroll in school. Independent access to land is associated with higher productivity and. in some cases, with greater investments by women in land conservation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Strategies for the Future</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;If the benefits from investing in girls and women are so great and can be quantified. why do households and employers underinvest in women? The main reason is that. as discussed above. markets fail to capture the full benefit to society of' investing in women and girls. Where the market fails or is absent. government must take the lead Public policy can contribute directly and indirectly. to reducing gender inequalities by, for example:&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Modifying the legal and regulatory framework to ensure a opportunities &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Ensuring macroeconomic stability and improving, microeconomic incentives&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Redirecting public policies and public expenditures to those investments with the highest social returns&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;â¢ Adopting targeted interventions that correct for gender inequalities at the micro-level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modifying the law to eliminate gender discrimination and equalize opportunities for women and men is an important first step. However. legal reform by itself does not ensure equal treatment. Further public action is required to make sure that gender-neutral laws are enforced at the national and local levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sound economic policies and well-functioning markets are essential for growth, employment generation, and the creation of an environment in which the returns to divesting in women and owls can he fully realized. Economic instability and price distortions can hinder the process. Consequently. sound macroeconomic management is critical. In general. two sets of policies are necessary: one emphasizing macroeconomic stability and the elimination of price distortions. the other focusing on labor-demanding growth and a reorientation in public spending toward basic services with high social returns- such as education. health care and water supply.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender inequalities in the distribution of the benefits of public spending frequently arise because of a bias within households that limits women's access to publicly provided services. In addition, the services provided by public spending often are of less benefit to women than to men. Public policy can help remedy this problem by rearranging expenditure priorities among sectors and within the social sectors. It can ensure support for those services and types of infrastructure that offer the highest social returns to public spending and that are most heavily used by women and children. such as water supply anti sanitation services and rural electrification.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally general policy interventions may not be enough. and programs that specifically target women and girls may be required. Targeting is justified. Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women gable on two grounds. First. because women are disproportionately represented among the poor. targeting women can be an effective strategy for reducing poverty (broadly defined to include limited access to services. re sources, and other capability-enhancing factors). Second. where gender differences are wide, targeting-for example. the provision of stipends so that girls can attend school-they be needed to capture social gains and increase  internal efficiency&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Conclusion</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women. The evidence on the high private and social returns to investments in women and girls cannot be ignored. By directing public resources toward policies and projects that reduce gender inequality. policymakers not only promote equality but also lay the groundwork for slower population growth, greater labor productivity, a higher rate of human capital formation, and stronger economic growth However, none of these developments can be sustained without the participial of women themselves. Governments and collaborating institutions must listen more carefully to the voices of individual women. including policymakers. and to women's groups. By working with others to identity and implement policies that promote gender equality, governments can make a real difference to the future well-being and prosperity of their people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Chapter one</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Gender Inequalities Persist</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ALTHOUGH the gap between opportunities for men and women is narrowing. inequalities persist, especially in certain regions. This report examines four major development indicators: educational attainment, maternal mortality. life expectancy. and economic participation outside the household. All four are closely related to each other and in turn are closely correlated with individual well-being. These indicators provide a broad picture of trends in gender inequality and their impact on the relative well-being of women and of men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Education</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite the progress in raising educational enrollment rates for both males and females across all regions in the past three decades, growth in educational opportunities at all levels for females lags behind that for males (figure 1.1). In 1990 an average six-year-old girl in a developing country could expect to attend school for 8.4 years. The figure had increased from 7.3 years in 1980-but an average boy of the same age in a developing country could expect to attend school for 9.7 years The gender gap in expected years of schooling is widest in some countries in South Asia, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa (see figure 1.2). Gender differences in access to education are usually worse in minority populations such as refugees and internally displaced persons. of which only a few children go to school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p16.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ School enrollment ratios in developing countries &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The latest available figures show that 77 million girls of primary school age (6-11 years) are not in school, compared with 52 million boys (figure 1.3). Moreover, even these gross enrollment rates often mask high absenteeism and high dropout rates. Dropout rates are notably high in low-income countries but vary by gender worldwide and within regions. The rates for girls tend to be linked to age, peaking at about grade 5 and remaining high at the secondary level (Herz and others 1991) Cultural factors, early marriage, pregnancy, and household responsibilities affect the likelihood that girls will remain in school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the gross enrollment rate is an acceptable indicator of progress in education, most studies use literacy rates as an indicator of well-being. Overall illiteracy rates have decreased among adults in low- and middle-income countries, but the percentage of illiterate women in the world is still higher than the percentage of illiterate men. Older women constitute the largest share of the illiterates in the world today, a consequence of past inequalities in access to education. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia more than 70 percent of women age 25 and older are illiterate (United Nations 1991).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At post-secondary levels. where the gap in enrollment between women and men is wider, there is implicit &quot;gender streaming,&quot; or sex segregation, by field of study, even in areas with snore female than male enrollees. Gender streaming. which is widespread in both developing and industrial countries, prevents women from acquiring training in agriculture, forestry, fishing, &quot;hard&quot; sciences, and engineering (figure 1.4).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p17.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Expected years of schooling &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Health</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past two decades life expectancy at birth has increased for both men and women in all regions of the world. In industrial countries women tend to outlive men by six to eight years on average: in low-income countries gender differences are much narrower (two to three years). Despite women's biological advantage, female mortality and morbidity rates frequently exceed those of men, particularly during early childhood and the reproductive years.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;During the reproductive period the most Important causes of morbidity and mortality among women are high fertility and abortion rates, vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases (STDS), genital mutilation. and gender violence. Each year, about 500,000 women worldwide die from the complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal mortality ratios for developing and industrial countries vary greatly: the rates in parts of South Asia are among the world's highest, in some cases exceeding 1,500 per 100.000 live births. In Sub-Saharan Africa where the ratio is 700 maternal deaths per 100.000 live births, a woman runs a 1 in 22 lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes, but in northern Europe the risk falls to 10 in 100,000 (United Nations 1993). In the transition economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, the rates are around 40 to 50 per 100,000 live births&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p18.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.3 children not in school 1990 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A major cause of maternal deaths is complications from unsafe abortions. Abortion-related deaths are highest in South and Southeast Asia. followed by Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean. Lack of access to contraceptives can mean that abortion, is used as a form of birth control. For example, in parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia abortions are more numerous than live births (World Bank 1994b), and abortion rates were as high as 1.76 per live birth in Russia prior to the transition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As increasing numbers of women become aware of and learn to use contraceptives, total fertility rates are falling worldwide. The exception is Sub-Saharan Africa where the total fertility rate averaged 6.4 between 1985 have been infected by HIV. The World Health organization (WHO 1994) estimates that more than 13 million women will have been infected by HIV by 2000 and that about 4 million of that number will have died (figure 1.5 In Atrica, where 10 million adults are infected with the virus, ode-half of all newly infected adults are women, and more than 5 million are women of childbearing age. In Asia almost half of all adults newly infected with the virus are women, compared with less than 25 percent just six years ago.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p19.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.4 fields of study&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p20.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+  Figure 1.5 HIV infected women 1995 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The mortality risk for females is high during the reproductive years. but it is even higher during infancy and early childhood. Between 1962 and 1992 INFANT mortality in the developing world decreased by 50 percent (UNICEF 1993 However, in seventeen of the twenty-nine developing countries for which recent survey data are available, female children age 1-4 were found to have higher mortality rates than male children. despite girls? biological advantage (World Bank 1994b). In many of these countries the underlying cause of high mortality among girls is the parents' bias toward boys, who receive the best food and medical care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Genital mutilation, prevalent in twenty-eight countries, is performed on 2 million young girls yearly. The practice leads to long-term morbidity, complications during childbirth, mental trauma, and even death. Table 1.1 summarizes the best available statistics on this practice for selected countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Employment Work</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The time women spend on paid and unpaid work is typically greater than the time men spend in the labor market (see table 1.2 for an example). Unpaid family work is rarely recorded in official statistics. It manifests itself only indirectly in the labor market in the form of gender differences in labor force participation rates. sector of employment, hours of work, and wage level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;On the whole. labor force participation rates for women are lower than those for men (figure 1.6). However. these differences are often exaggerated because the definition of the participation rate fails to capture many aspects of women's work, particularly time spent on childbearing, childbearing. and other household tasks. Men are usually in the labor force throughout the prime working years (age 20-60), and their participation rates are typically more than 90 percent in virtually every country. Female participation rates vary widely across countries. In 1990, for every ten men in the labor force there were two women in the Middle East and North Africa, three in South Asia. six in Sub-Saharan Africa, and seven in Southeast Asia (United Nations 1991). Worldwide, 41 percent of women age 15 years or over are in the labor force, but in developing countries the corresponding figure is 31 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;These numbers are deceptive, however, because they do not take into account the agricultural work for which women in developing countries are responsible within the family For example, the Dominican census of 1981 reported that only 21 percent of rural women participated in the labor force, but just three years later a special study suggested a figure of 81 percent. The census had omitted such activities as cultivating gardens and caring for domestic animals In India different definitions of what constitutes &quot;work&quot; have resulted in estimated participation rates as low as 13 percent and as high as 88 percent (Beneria 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tens of Millions of Women Suffer Female Genital Mutilation.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 1.1 female genital mutilation&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=468&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Estimated prevalence (percent)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Estimated number of women affected (millions)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Djibouti&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;98&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Egypt&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;13.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Eritrea&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Ethiopia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;22.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6.3&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;29.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sierra Leone&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sudan&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;89&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;36%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;118&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Sri Lanka's Dry Zone, Women Work Longer Hours than Men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 1.2 distribution of monthly work hours per month)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=451&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;31%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Peal. Season&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;29%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Slack season&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Activity &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Male&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agricultural production&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;298&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;299&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;245&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;235&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Household tasks&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;90&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;199&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;220&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fetching water and firewood&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;30&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;:30&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social and religious duties&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;12&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;15&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;15&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Total work hours&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;426&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;560&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;350&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;530&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;40%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Leisure and sleep&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;294&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;17%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;160&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;10%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;370&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;190&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are usually employed in different sectors than men. Most of women's nonagricultural employment is in the service sector. but in developing countries female employment in manufacturing has been increasing and is catching up with female employment in services (ILO/ INSTRAW 1985). Women in manufacturing tend to be concentrated in only a few sub sectors: more than two-thirds of the global labor force in garment production is female. and this subsector absorbs almost one-fifth of the female labor force in manufacturing (UNIDO 1993). Men's employment is more evenly distributed across other sectors such as mining manufacturing, construction, utilities, and transport.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over their lifetime, women change their employment status more often than do men. They are also more likely to be self-employed or employed in occupations with flexible house such as subcontracted home work. Regardless of the sector in which they are employed, women tend to work in a narrow range of occupations. Only a few women are in high-paying jobs or in positions with significant responsibility. Nearly two-thirds of the women in manufacturing ate laborers, machine operators. and production workers; only 5 percent ate professional and technical workers and only 2 percent are administrators and managers (UNIDO 1993). However. there are regional differences: women occupy nearly 60 percent of clerical, sales. and service jobs in Latin America and the Caribbean but fewer than 20 percent of similar positions in South Asia North Africa. and the Middle East (figure 1.7).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p23.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.6 rates of participation in the labor force by gender&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Wages paid to women are typically about 60-70 percent of those paid to men. About one-quarter of the gender wage gap is explained by differences in educational levels, labor market experience, and other human capital'' characteristics (Psacharopoulos and Tzannatos 1992 Horton 1994). The gender wage gap can also be explained in part by women's lower participation in the labor market-a consequence of domestic and other demands on their time and, possibly, of discriminatory employment practices.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Significant changes in the global economy have affected patterns of employment and working conditions for men and women worldwide. &quot;Globalization&quot; is associated with the deregulation of product and labor markets, with regionalization. and with the liberalization of international trade. In turn. these processes at-e associated with increased female participation in the labor force and with the at-owing &quot;casualization'' of employment, as seen in the growth of part-time work in industrial economies. However, the net effect of globalization on women workers is not yet clear. Growth in the international traded service sector (for example, banking and telecommunications) seems to have offered women in developing countries greater employment opportunities. In addition, the participation rate of women in manufacturing jobs has increased faster than that of men. Women's average participation in the manufacturing labor force is now around 30 percent for both developing and industrial countries.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p24.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 1.7 types of jobs held by women &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Worldwide, the number of women employed in export manufacturing has been increasing rapidly, even though this sector employs only a small fraction of all women workers. In Mexico, for example, the number of women employed in export manufacturing rose by nearly 15 percent a year in the 1980s (Jurisman and Moreno 1990). However, employment in this sector has been increasing more rapidly for men than for women, partly because of&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;technological upgrading over time and partly; because women are less educated and tend to remain in low-skill occupations (Baden 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women now account for a growing share ret wage employment they tend to stay longer in the labor force than ever before&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite persistent gender inequalities in the labor market. some recent trends  are encouraging. Increasing educational opportunities and decreasing fertility  rates have fed to an increase in the number of women entering the labor market. since the 1950s the female labor force has expanded twice as fast as the male  labor force. Women now account for a growing share of wage employment. and they tend to stay longer in the labor force than ever before The narrowing of the gender gap in labor force participation is enabling women to accumulate the work experience necessary tot- improving their job opportunities and increasing their amines. In the formal sector more and more women are working in occupations and sectors once dominated by men. and in many countries women s wages relative to men s have increased over time&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The data in this chapter illustrate some aggregate trends but they cannot tell US anything about the processes behind the persistence of gender inequality. For a more detailed look at these processes. We turn in the next chapter to a growing body of empirical evidence generated at the household and enterprise level. These studies provide a telling insight into the way in which gender inequalities are being challenged particularly by women At the same time these inequalities are reinforced by economic, legal. and cultural incentive systems that discriminate against women Discrimination continues despite compelling evidence showing that less inequality especially within the household. is associated with heftier welfare outcomes for children and better economic outcomes for the household as a v hole.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Chapter two</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Gender Inequalities Hamper Growth</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inequality women and men limits productivity ultimately slows economic growth. early empirical studies (for example, Kuznets 1955) suggested that income inequality would increase with economic growth during the initial phases of development. This chapter, however. starts with the hypothesis that there is not necessarily a tradeoff between inequality and growth and. indeed that high inequality especially as it affects human capital. hampers growth (Fields 1992: Birdsall and Sabot 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Both theory and empirical evidence point to the importance of human capital in creating the necessary conditions for productivity growth and in reducing aggregate inequality in the future. In addition. women s human capital generates benefits for society in the form of lower child mortality.  higher educational attainment improved nutrition. and reduced population growth. Inequalities in the accumulation and use of human capital at-e related to lower economic and social well-being for all.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Household and Intrahousehold Resource Allocation</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In recent years, attempts to explain persistent gender inequalities in the accumulation and use of human capital have focused on the key role of household decisionmaking and tile process of resource allocation within household Households do not make decisions in isolation. however: their decision are linked to market prices and incentives and are influenced by cultural legal and state institutions. These institutions indirectly affect not only the returns on household investment but also access to productive resources and employment outside the house hold.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Household decisions about the allocation of resources have a profound effect on the schooling, health care, and nutrition children receive. The mechanisms used to make these decisions and the effect of the decisions on the well-being of individual household members are not fully understood. Two frameworks for thinking about household decisions are the unitary household model and the collective household model (see box 3.1)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BOX 2.1 &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Two models of household members having their own prefer decisionmaking encase. Decisions on allocating resources reflect market rates of return. The unitary household model assumes but they also mirror the relative bar that household members pool regaining power of household members sources and allocate them according within the collective (Manser and to a common set of objectives and Brown 1980: McElroy and Homey goals. Households maximize the joint 1981). Bargaining power is a function welfare of their members by allocating of social and cultural norms. as well income and other resources to the in as of such external factors as opposed individuals and enterprises that promise &quot;unities for paid work, laws governing the highest rate of return as reflected inheritance, and control over producing prices and wages. An increase initiative assets and property rights. These household income increases the well factors influence the terms governing being of all household members.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy interventions based on the sources and decisions about how unitary household model aim to in those resources are used within the crease household welfare, but they household. Thus, an increase in do not necessarily affect all household income may benefit some hold members in the same way. Some household members but leave others household members may be worse unaffected or worse off. The outcome off, for example, if they lose control depends on a member's ability to exover certain resources; others may excise control over resources both in be better off. in which case house-side and outside the household, and it hold welfare is not maximized. cannot be assumed that individual well&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Under the collective household being increases as household income model. the welfare of individual house-rises. (Collective household models do hold members is not synonymous with not exclude the possibility that the universal household welfare. Resources unitary model may be the best approximate not necessarily pooled, and the motion of household decisionmaking household acts as a collective, with in some contexts.)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The collective household model helps explain why gender inequalities persist even though household becomes increase over time The next sections adopt a collective household framework to explain how these inequalities exact costs in forgone productivity, seduced welfare for individuals and households, encl. ultimately. slower economic growth.(fender Inequalities in Human Capital )&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are strong complementaires between education. health. and nutrition on the one hand, and increased well-being, labor productivity, and growth. On the other. Inequalities in resource allocation that limit household members' educational opportunities. access to health care, or nutrition are costly to individuals, households, and the economy as a whole.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Linkages between Education Health, and Nutritious</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the household level. gender differences in access to education are closely related to inequalities in the shares of household education expenditures allocated to boys and to girls This finding stands even though private returns to girls' schooling are similar to or marginally higher than. those to boys' schooling (figure 2.1; see also Schultz 1988: Mwabu 1994). In this case. parental choice reflects the relatively greater restrictions on educational opportunities and employment choices for girls. in comparison with boys. and cultural norms on the appropriate role for girls within the household.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p28.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 2.1 private returns to education&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p29a.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 2.2 education, fertility. and child mortality (a)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/p29b.png&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ Figure 2.2 education, fertility. and child mortality (b)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;More importantly. the social externalities linked to female education are crucial. Evidence from a large number of countries shows that female education is linked with better health for women and their children and with lower levels (figure 2.2). This link stems from the direct effect of education on the value of a woman's time and consequently. on private returns to her labor. It also stems from the indirect effect of education on the average age at which women marry on their knowledge of basic health care and nutrition, and on reproductive choices (Rosenzweig and Schultz 1982, 1987).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Educating girls and women reduces maternal mortality and fertility rates and increases the demand for health services. A simulation study of seventy two developing countries shows that, with all other factors held constant, a doubling of female secondary school enrollments in 1975 would have reduced tile average fertility rate in 1985 from 5.3 to 3.9 children per household and would have lowered the number of births by 29 percent (Subbarao and Raney 1992. Studies for individual countries have found that one additional year of female schooling can reduce the fertility rate. on average, between 5 and 1 (i) percent (Summers 1994)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are more vulnerable than men to micronutrient deficiencies that aggravate poor health (World Batik 1994b). Poor health and nutrition reduce productivity and the chances of reaping gains from investment in education. Intrahousehold inequalities in consumption and nutritional allocations can therefore be a signal of inefficiency Recent estimates suggest that the com effects on morbidity and mortality of just three types of deficiency-in vitamin A, iodine. and iron-could waste as much as 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), yet correcting these deficiencies would cost less than 0.3 percent of low-income countries' GDP (World Bank 1994c, pp. 50-51). Studies of women tea producers in Sri Lanka and of women workers in Chinese cotton mills document the reduction in productivity associated with iron deficiencies and the positive effects of in-on supplementation on work and output (Edgerton and others 1979). A study of six villages in Andhra Pradesh, India, found that disabling conditions caused by malnutrition and the prevalence of diseases reduced female labor force participation by 22 percent (Chatterjee 1991).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Physical anti mental abuse can also have deleterious effects on the well-being and productivity of women (table 2.1). Violence against women is widespread in all cultures and cuts across all age and income groups Its consequences. include unwanted pregnancy. infection with STDs, miscarriage partial or permanent disability. and psychological problems such as depression anti low self-esteem. Recent World Bank estimates indicate that in both industrial and developing countries domestic violence and rape cause women of reproductive age to lose a significant percentage of really days. Domestic violence appears to be an example of how the relatively weaker bargaining power of women and the paucity of options for them outside the home can affect the intrahousehold distribution of welfare.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Violence against Women Starts in the Womb and Continues  trough Life&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.1 Violence against women through the life cycle&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Phase&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Type of violence&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pre birth&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Battering during pregnancy (emotional and physical effects on the ottoman) effects on birth outcome&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Infancy&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female infanticide: emotional and physical abuse&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Girl hood&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sexual abuse by family members and strangers: forced child prostitution&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Adolescence&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Dating and courtship violence: economically coerced sex: sexual abuse in the workplace: rape: farce prostitution and trafficking in women&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;22%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reproductive&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;78%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Coerced pregnancy: rape: abuse of women by male partners: down abuse and murder partner homicide psychological abuse sexual abuse of unmarried and childless women: abuse of women with disabilities&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Source: Heise 1993 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Prospects for gainful employment. as well as the availability of basic social services such as water supply and sanitation. also influence women's well-being. The survival chances of female children in India appear to increase as the employment rate for women rises and the earnings differential between men and women decreases Battilan 1988 Dowry and marriage practices. along with household ownership of land are closely linked to women's chances of survival The effect of such practices cannot be over late. Sen's (1990) comparison of female-male mortality rates in China. India. and Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that more than 100 million women are &quot;missing&quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public spending on social services affects the ability of individuals and households to benefit from their own private spending on human capital. In most industrial countries mortality rates decreased even before modern medical care became widely available, mainly because of improved water supplies and sanitation. The same is likely to hold for the developing world. Public interventions that address market under provision of water and sanitation facilities and shortages of health set-vices such as immunization and family planning-have a significant effect. and one that is probably greater for women than for men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lack of data makes it difficult to evaluate the effects of public spending on the educational attainment and health of women and men Very little empirical evidence in this area exists, but there is some indication that the proportion of public subsidies for education that benefits females is lower than the proportion that benefits males. In Kenya in 1992-93. for example. public spending on education amounted to the equivalent of an annual subsidy of 605 Kenyan shillings per capita: males received. on average. 670 shillings and females only 543 shillings. In Mexico the gender difference in public education subsidies was somewhat less: in Pakistan males received almost twice the female subsidy. Gender inequalities in the distribution of subsidies are greater at high than at primary levels. In Pakistan girls receive, on average. only 96 rupees a year for secondary school bag. compared with 58 rupees for boys. Box 2.2 explains how these figures are calculated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Supply-side differences are partly a function of poorly targeted resources (as. for example, when more is spent on tertiary than on primary schooling). More importantly. they reflect differences in household demand for education for girls and boys. If more girls attended anti stayed in school. the proportion of public subsidy going to girls would he greater.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In health care assessing the incidence of public spending by gender is particularly difficult because of the marked differences in the health needs of women and men. These differences are related to different biological re&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main advantage of this type of analysis is that it measures how well public  services are targeted to certain groups in the population, including women, the  poor, and residents of regions of interest.  Requirements anti to women's reproductive and childbearing roles. Some evidence suggests that because of these differences. per capita health cat-e subsidies to women are the same as and sometimes larger than those to men What is clearer is that women are less likely than men to seek health care. including in many countries. hospital care when it is netted and ate mote likely to consult a non medical health cat-e worker (lather than a qualified medical practitioner). Education tends to increase the likelihood that women will seek health care. whether public or  ace the likelihood that women will seek health care. whether public or private (World Bank 1994b). &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The importance of private and public investments in education and health services that will improve women's well-being is cleat. These services at-e also important for another season: these is important evidence that increases in women's well-being yield important intergenerational benefits and productivity gains in the future World Bank Living Standards Measure Study (LSMS) surveys car-tried out in Nicaragua (1993 Viet Nam 1993) Pakistan (1991), and Cote (1988) suggest that the probability of children being enrolled in school increases with their mother's educational level and that (controlling, for income and household size) girls. particularly those in non poor households. are mote likely to attend school if their mothers attended school. Other studies show that households with educated mothers lend to provide children with greater quantities of mote nutritious food often at a lower cost. than households with poorly educated mothers (Thomas 1990b)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Data from Brazil show that giving women more control over nonlabor income has a larger impact on child measures, nutritional intakes, and the proportion of the household budget devoted to human capital inputs than if men had control of this income (Thomas 1993) Other studies indicate that women spend proportionately mote of the income they control on health care for children than do men. Women also spend more on food products (as opposed to such goods as alcohol and tobacco) than men do (Duraiswamy 1992: Hoddinot and Haddad 1992) But fathers education is also important especially in interaction with mothers' education (Thomas 1990a) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other studies have shown that children's educational attainment is lowest in households whet-e the male head has no schooling In Ghana the impact of a mother's education on her children's schooling is reduced when  their father has no schooling. even after controlling for income and household size (Lavy 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Material health (which is linked to education) also has important intergenerational effects. Children of mothers who are malnourished or sickly or receive inadequate prenatal and delivery cat-e face a greater risk of disease and premature death. Iodine-deficient mothers run a greater risk of giving birth to infants with severe mental retardation and other congenital abnormalities than do healthy mothers. Reduced fertility and improved health for women can increase individual productivity and improve family well-being. When good health is combined with education and access to jobs. the result is higher rates of economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Household and Labor Market Linkages</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The link between the household and the labor market is particularly important. Specialization of labor within the household-whether individually chosen. socially determined. or legally induced-can accentuate gender inequalities in the formal and informal labor markets by leaving most of the unpaid work to women. This situation arises from convention rather than  from comparative advantage Inadequate public and community services.  transport. and housing also often have an uneven effect on the way men and women spend their time and can increase the demand for goods produced at home using unpaid labor (Moser 1994) Thus women may spend its much (or more time on unpaid work as on market work. In some countries this unpaid work contributes as much as one-third to the economy recorded GDP-and even mote to the welfare of poor families.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The amount of time women contribute to household production and maintenance, direct income generation. and family care combined is widely held to exceed that of men Analysis of data from Bangladesh. Botswana. Ghana. Kenya. Pakistan. the Philippines. and Zambia on how rural women spend their time confirms that, although use of time by women, and by different generations of women varies according to location. available technology. household characteristics. and cultural norms. gender bias in time use is widespread.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are generally responsible for collecting fuelwood and carrying water. Girls and alder women often do most of this work, although cultural norms in some countries affect women s mobility. The amount of time allocated to these activities is influenced by seasonal patterns of agricultural activity. the availability of substitute goods and services. and environmental changes. A study in Nepal, for instance, found that deforestation associated with a 75 percent rise in the time per trip would increase the time spent gathering fuelwood by 45 percent for all adults and by 50-60 percent for women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In addition to fuel and water collection, child care is another activity that dominates women s time-although. considering the importance of children to future household welfare, the amount of direct time spent with children is limited. The seven-country study suggests that more time is spent on child cat-e in female-headed households. Female-headed households tend to have high dependency ratios and relatively large numbers of children, Implying more child-care time overall, but not necessarily on a per child basis. (Kumar and Hotchkiss 1988).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;When a large proportion of women's use of time goes unrecorded the design of projects and policies can yield false evaluations of costs and benefits. For example, women's unpaid work may be assumed to have zero value. As a result, women's response to changing incentives may be predicted as being higher than their time constraints actually allow. Project benefits-such as the time saved by locating piped water close to homes or by expanding rural electrification-may also be undervalued. Conversely, the benefits of treeing up time may be far more significant than might have been thought. A study in Tanzania, for example. shows that relieving certain time constraints in a community of smallholder coffee and banana growers increases household cash incomes by 10 percent, labor productivity by 15 percent, and capital productivity by 44 percent (Tibaijuka 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Formal Sector Employment</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Unpaid work and family responsibilities. as well as lack of investment in women's education. are strongly associated with women's relatively low rates of participation and their limited earnings in formal sector labor. Women's participation rates usually dip in the childbearing years, and earnings tend to decline following an interruption in employment. Younger on average, work more hours than older women, and married women with young children tend to work less than childless women and mothers of grown children. The correlation of marriage and childbearing with labor market outcomes can be seen even in industrial countries, where wage differences between married women and men are larger than those between single women and men Similarly, in some developing countries relative earnings decline with age (table 2.2) Children are not the only treason for interruptions in women's labor force participation; caring for ill or aged family members is often a womanâs responsibility. A study from Hungary estimates that half of all absenteeism by women workers is the direct result of the need to care for sick relatives (Einhorn 1993).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Countries, Single Women Earn More Than Married Women and Younger Women More Than Older Women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.2 female-male earnings (adjusted for hours worked) by marital status and age (percent)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=345&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female-male&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Earnings ratio&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;By marital status&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Married &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Single&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;69&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;91&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Austria&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;66&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;97&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Germany&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;103&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Norway&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;72&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;92&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sweden&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;72&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Switzerland&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;58&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;95&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;59&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;96&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Age&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A 25 &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;B 45&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;75&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;63&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;94&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;81&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malaysia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;82&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;61&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;38%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Venezuela&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;27%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;92&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;35%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sources: Blau and Kahn 1992 Sedlacek Gutierrez. and Mohindra 1993 &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thus. women s labor market outcomes can be substantially poorer than those of men because women's employment opportunities are constrained by social arrangements at the family or household level. These social demands are reinforced by legal conventions. Within the labor market itself, social or employer discrimination can affect women and men differently. and these differences are reflected in the resource allocation decisions taken within the household. Although wage discrimination is illegal in many countries, employers may respond to an increase in the supply of workers by segregating jobs by gender or offering less training to women who they perceive as being temporarily attached to the labor force (even if in fact most women never drop out). For example, women in the former Soviet Union are fairly well educated and have high labor force participation. but they are concentrated in occupations requiring fewer skills and less vocational training than men, and, on average. they earn less than men (Fong 1993).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female Wages Are Lower than Male Wages, but This Is Changing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.3 female-male earnings ratio over time Female-male earning 1 ratio (percent) &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=496&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;First observation&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;25%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second observation&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A v Average annual percentage change&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;50.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1981) &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;51.6&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1990)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;67.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1984)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70 2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1990)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;CÃŽte d'Ivoire&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;75.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1985)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;81.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1988)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;55.6&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1986)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1997)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.3&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Philippines&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70.9&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1978)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;80.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1988)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;21%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thailand&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;73.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;15%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1980)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;11%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;79.8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;13%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(1990)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0.8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Note: Monthly earnings for Indonesia and Thailand rural and urban: for all others urban only&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Source: Tzanntors 1995&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women's earnings relative to men's tend to increase over time. A study of six developing countries shows that female earnings relative to male earnings increased by 1 percent a year in the 1980s (table 2.3). There were two reasons for this increase: over the years women entered higher-paying sectors. and within sectors, their pay increased in relation to that of men. This gain would have been even greater had it not been for the effect on wages of increased female participation in the labor force. However, the most visible dimension of gender inequality in the formal labor sector remains the wage difference between men and women. Women's wages are. on average lower those of men by about 30 to 40 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social or employer discrimination can affect women and men difference and these difference are reflected i/? the resource allocation decisions taken within the household&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A recent study of the gender wage gap in Russia shows that after controlling for education differences, the ratio of women's to men's average hourly earnings stands at just over 71 percent: it has remained at that level since the 1960s. Part of the reason for women s lower hourly earnings in Russia and many other countries lies in patterns of occupational segmentation by ,gender. Some analysts argue that women-who do most of the household work in Russian households and also have high participation in the formal labor market cope with the burdens imposed on them by taking less demanding work and devoting less time to advancing their careers (Newell and Reilly 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Informal Sector</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One difficulty analysts face in interpreting trends in women's labor force participation and employment in developing economies is the large number of women engaged in informal sector activities, many of which overlap with subsistence - orientated household or community-based activities. Informal sector employment in most developing countries. whether in microentreprises or in casual work, is an important source of livelihood for women and their households.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The L competitiveness of women's informal sector activities is  constrained by women's limited mobility and lack of access to financial and public sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A recent study in Mexico estimates that 41 percent of the work force in Mexico's major-cities is employed in the informal sector (World Bank 1995c). Data from a 1989 survey show that 60 percent of men working in the sector are salaried workers' compared with only 18 percent of women. By contrast. 80 percent of women working in the sector are unpaid family members, as against 27 percent of men. By far the most common activity in the informal sector is commerce (fixed-location or itinerant), followed by repair works food preparation. and sales, and small-scale manufacturing. The sectoral distribution of informal employment reflects the hey role informal workers play in supplying goods and services to low-income consumers. Women tend to be concentrated in commerce and men in services and manufacturing, although the percentage differences are relatively small. Two generalizations can be made on the basis of this study: informal sector workers earn less than workers in large firms and women earn less than men.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another recent study of tour communities in Lusaka. Guayaquil (Ecuador), Metro Manila, and Budapest shows that informal sector activities ate especially important for during periods of economic reform Although the numbers both of men and of women in the labor force tend to increase during these times women rely more on the informal sector than men clot The competitiveness of womenâs informal sector activities is informal by women's limited mobility and lack of access to financial and public services. Women also tend to specialize in non traded goods and services that show relatively low average returns to labor. Across the tour cities in the study, women earn between 46 and 68 percent of men's wages (Moser 1994)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ability of informal sector workers to increase their returns depends on access to physical and human capital and their relationship to the institutional and regulatory environment. Contrary to the common belief, many microenterprises face considerable costs associated with the regulatory environment, including registration and licensing fees, as well as outlays for contracts with public authorities concerning zoning regulations and use of public utilities. In Argentina regulatory costs are estimated to absorb as much as 21 percent of the average microfirm's operational expenses. In some sectors, such as manufacturing and construction, the costs of regulation are about 44 percent (World Bank 1994d). In Mexico real regulatory costs. including the costs of compliance and evasion, are about 20 percent of total costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Regulatory costs also inhibit Job creation in the informal sector. In Argentina across-the-board deregulation could generate as many as 170,000 jobs in small-scale manufacturing alone. Furthermore. poor workers in family-based firms or micro enterprises and particularly women entrepreneurs-often lack access to such basics as water and power. Targeting infrastructure investments to the poor, which takes account of the needs of women entrepreneurs s. can significantly enhance their productivity and earnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In rural area where formal markets often are not well developed. informal employment activities play a vital role. In Asia the proportion of female rural wage laborers increased sharply in the 1960s and 1970s. In India women make up a larger proportion of rural wage laborers than of the entire labor force, probably because of growing landlines and poverty among rural households. Rural household labor accounts for a disproportionately large share of employment among the poor and an even larger share among women. Furthermore, a larger proportion of female than male laborers are hired on a casual basis, largely because family arrangements, especially lack of control over property, limit women's ability to work (Hart 1986: Bardhan 1993). Low status in the labor market is also linked to low female indicators in education, health, and nutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Providing credit directly to women has a positive effect on  household and individual welfare and improved gender equality.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Social norms affecting decisions within the family about occupational choices or migration can also lead to differential patterns of male and female earnings in informal markets (Bhiswanger and Rosenzweig 1984). Family responsibilities hinder women's geographic mobility, constraining their ability to command high wages and limiting them to certain areas or industries. The concentration of women in certain sectors, especially nontraded goods and set-vices. intensifies competition between women entrepreneurs and wage workers and lowers the returns to female labor. These effects are compounded by women's lack of access to credit. training, and technology.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(fender Inequality in Access to Assets and Services )&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Access to Financial Markets</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The availability of financial services and access to them are considered important for several reasons. First. savings provide a kind of self-insurance. Second, credit helps households maintain a certain level of consumption at those times when their income fluctuates temporarily. Third, credit can be used to fund investments in capital or other inputs that will yield relatively high returns to production. if households cannot finance such investments from their own savings. A fourth and no less important reason is the role of savings and credit in increasing household members' options outside the home.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Inequalities between women and men in access to financial services- particularly credit--are widely documented. Collateral requirements, high transaction costs. limited mobility and education, and other social and cultural barriers contribute to women's inability to obtain credit (Holt and Ribe 1991). The implications tot household efficiency and individual well-being differ, however, depending on whether the household pools its financial resources. If, as the unitary household model assumes. a household pools its resources the characteristics of individual borrowers are less important than if there is little or no pooling. In the first case. credit resources will be used to meet household needs that have been jointly determined, regardless of who the borrower is. In the second case, the use credit is put to and the needs it then satisfies depend on which household member is borrowing.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A recent study of credit programs in Bangladesh sponsored by the World Bank shows that providing credit directly to women has a positive effect on variables typically associated with household and individual welfare and improved gender equality (Pitt and Khandker 1995). The study looks at three programs in Bangladesh: the Grameen Bank. the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), and the Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB). in 1992, women accounted for 94 percent of Grameen Bank members. 82 percent of BRAC members. and 68 percent of BRDB members (Khandker and Khalily 1995; Khandker, Lavy, and Filmer 1994). Only the results for the Grameen Bank are presented here.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.4 presents the impact of credit obtained by women and men on a variety of social and economic indicators. The results show a clear and positive impact of both male and female borrowing on all indicators of Toward gender equality family welfare especially through an increase in per capita expenditures increases in both boys' and girls schooling, anti a reduction in fertility. Females borrowing has a greater effect on girls' schooling anti per capita expenditure than does male loot-rowing: male borrowing has a greater effect on boys' schooling and fertility than does female borrowing. Interestingly. female borrowing also results in mote female ownership of nonoland assets and an increased supply of female labor to cash - income -earning activities (Pitt and Khandker 1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Loans to Women and Men Have Important Welfare Implications.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2 4 welfare effects of Grameen Bank loans (percentage increase)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=545&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Welfare e change&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effect of male borrowing&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effect female borrowing&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in boys' schooling&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7.2&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6.1&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in girls schooling&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4.7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in per capital expenditure&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.8&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4.3&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reduction in recent fertility&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in women's labor supply to cash-income earning activities&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;10.4&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;47%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increase in women nonland assents&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;28%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;26%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;19.9 &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The introduction of programs such as the Grameen Bank in a village has a positive effect on agricultural and nonagricultural production (Khatidketati Chowdhuty 1994: Rahman and Khandke 1994 The probability that women will be self-employed rather than work for wages increases by 52 percent. The latter finding is important because much of the wage employment open to women in rural areas is very poorly remunerated and can be quite exploitative. Self employment can bring the opportunity of higher returns for women, plus the freedom to integrate their earning activities into other work as they see fit.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Access to financial services alone cannot reduce gender inequalities in the allocation of household resources. A qualitative study reviewing several targeted credit programs in Bangladesh cautions against overgeneralizing about the benefits of giving women access to credit. The study finds that it is difficult to infer that increased borrowing alone improves women's bargaining power because in many rural Bangladesh households the question of who controls the resources is quite complex (Goetz and Sen Gupta 1994). Nevertheless. the possibility of receiving credit (or similarly of working for wages) may give women greater bargaining power within the household. This bargaining power can be used to improve child health and nutrition and may increase the likelihood that children will attend school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Access to Lund and Property</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The ownership of land and the distributions of land rights influence the productivity of labor and capital resources and the incentive to invest in resource management Private property rights. in particular. are associated with increased access to product and factor markets. especially credit markets. and to public services such as public utilities and agricultural extension. However. relatively little direct evidence exists to link independent owner of land by women with increased access and productivity. One obstacle to empirical work is that women s access to land and property is often mediated trough marriage (A married woman land rights are frequently limited to use rather than ownership.) Future more. complex systems of land tenure make it difficult to generalize about the effects of owner ship on productivity. None some evidence suggests that independent land rights for women could enhance both the efficiency with which resources are used and the well-being of women and their households: (Agarwal 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The possibility of receiving credit may give e women   greater bargaining power within the  household which  can be used to improve child health and nutrition.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;While independent land rights may increase efficiency and household welfare, lack of secure land  appears to be associated with low investments by women in land conservation. In Zimbabwe's communal areas, land that a women acquires is often allocated to her only temporarily: for example, the location of land allotment received from husbands or borrowed from neighbors is usually subject to periodic change (Jackson 1993). The same is true in parts of West Africa (David 1992 Jackson 1994). Uncertainly about the permanence of their control over the land means that women may be reluctant to invest in improvements that will benefit the landowner rather than the user.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A significant trend in recent decades in developing countries has been the move toward private ownership In some countries this trend has been encoulagecl by reforms dealing with land redistribution tenancy or land titling Such reforms are considered important for promoting long-term investments and the adoption of the latest technology They also provide the collateral people need to gain access to credit and other factor markets Ironically, evidence also suggests that perform inequalities in male and female land rights are reinforced by land reform programs For example, in Latin America most reforms are based on the premise that the man of the household its the household head. This presumption means that women (except for widows  and ownership. Even where women and men benefit equally from land reform differences exist between nominal and real land rights (see box 2.3).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the central part of European Russia and in Moldova the lands and assets of state and collective farms are being parceled out in allotments as part of wider economic reforms. Every person who lived and worked on a collective farm receives a share of the land Data show that although on average, women have received a slightly higher proportion of land shares than men, the nonland capital assets of the old farms ale being distributed as property shares on the basis of a formula heavily weighted toward an individual's wage rate and years of employment. Such criteria favor men over women and give men more valuable property chares. Dividends paid on these property shares also tend to be higher than those paid 011 land shares Holt 1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Land reform programs that fail to account for gender differences in rights&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 2.3 who gets access to land? Honduras and Cameroon&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Honduras' Agrarian Modernization Law of 1974 includes a provision giving men age 16 or older the right to access to land, independent of any other qualification. For women. however, this right is restricted to unmarried mothers or widows with dependent children. Furthermore. if a male beneficiary dies or becomes incapacitated. the law gives preference in inheritance rights to a male child over the child's legally married mother. Some 30 percent of rural Honduran households are headed by women at least part time because of the seasonal migration of men to look for work (Saito and Spurling 1992). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the northwest and southwest provinces of Cameroon. an estimated 50 percent or more of those who claimed land within the first ten years of land registration (1974-85) were classified as public servants. Over 32 percent of all the remaining land titles went to businesses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women make up more than 51 percent of Cameroon s population and do more than 75 percent of the agricultural work. but they are virtually absent from land registers. Only 3.2 percent of all land titles issued in the Northwest Province were given to women; in the Southwest Province the figure was 7.2 percent. For the country as a whole. it is estimated that women obtained under 10 percent of all land certificates (World Bank 1995a).  to own. use, and transfer land may actually exacerbate the insecurity of women's land claims and. as a result, harm household welfare. For example, there is evidence that land titling focused on male household heads has adversely affected women's ability to farm independently. Moreover. intrahousehold inequalities in income and decisionmaking have increased (FAO 1993) In Africa some titling programs have allowed men to take advantage of their control over land to redesignate land formerly cultivated by women as household land. This switch provided the opportunity for men to increase the amount of work they expect from women on household plots. In other cases women have received smaller and less fertile plots than they had before for their personal crops (FAO 1993).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Recognizing women's independent claims to land is therefore an important issue in property reform. In poor households. having rights to land could alleviate both women's own poverty and the household's risk of remaining poor. The season is mainly that women s access to economic resources has a positive effect on household welfare (Agarwal 1994). From the point of view of efficiency, secret land tenure increases the incentive to manage resources efficiently and expands access to formal credit markets. Because secure land tenure can mean greater productivity, it may also increase the household's incentives to invest in women's human capital.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Access to Extension Services</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agricultural extension services provide information training and technology to agricultural producers. Extension services have always been regarded as necessary for agricultural modernization. Given the importance of women's labor to agriculture in most regions, providing women with access to agricultural extension services is essential for current and future productivity. Types of agricultural extension services vary, hut in most countries publicly provided services dominate. Evidence suggests that women have not benefited as much as men have from publicly provided extension services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Given the importance of women's labor to agriculture it is in most regions providing women with access to agricultural extension services is essential for current  and future of productivity.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A review of five African countries shows that extension agents are most likely to visit male farmers than female farmers (table 2.5) The impact of this inequity on female productivity depends in part on whether women and men within households pool information. There is, however. little evidence to suggest that this happens (see box 2.4). It is important to ensure that extension services reach omen directly, not only to redress gender inequalities but also to maximize productive efficiency. omen play a critical role in production of food and cash crops for the household. in postharvest activities. and in livestock care Men and omen perform different tasks they can substitute for one another only to a limited extent. and this imitation creates different demands for extension information Also, as men leave farms in search of paid employment ill urban areas. women are increasingly managing and operating farms on a regular and full-time basis. Hence. omen are becoming a constituency for extension and research services in their own right (World Bank 1994e)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.5 visits by agricultural extension agents (percentage of households visited)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=439&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Country and year&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Households with female head&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Households with male head&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kenya. 1989&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;112&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Malawi, 1989&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;70&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;58&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Nigeria 1989&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;37&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;22&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tanzania, 1984&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;40&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;20&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;37%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot; COLSPAN=2&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Zambia&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;4%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;33%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1982&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;57&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;29&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;4%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;33%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1986&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;60&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;32%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;19&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 2.4 do women farmers learn from their husbands?&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A survey of women farmers in Burkina Faso found that 40 percent had some knowledge of modern crop and livestock production technologies. For most of these women, relatives and friends were the source of information; nearly one-third had acquired their knowledge from the extension service, and only 1 percent had heard of the technologies from their husbands.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Men are less likely to pass information on to their wives when crops and tasks are gender specific. In Malawi women claimed that their husbands rarely passed on advice to them: if their husbands did tell them something. the women did not find it relevant to their needs. In India women learned from friends, relatives. neighbors. and sometimes from their husbands. but this second-hand information seldom changed their production patterns (Saito and Spurling 1992). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The expansion of agricultural services beyond the public sector is a growing phenomenon in developing economies. The inadequacies of public funding plus the need to provide snore client-oriented services, suggest that the private sector has an important role to play However, women's limited access to land and credit put the many potential benefits offered by extension services out of reach. For example in Kenya's Meru and Maranga areas more than half the women surveyed cited a shortage of cash as their reason for not adopting, technologies that would maximize their output and increase their efficiency. The amount of education omen receive and the efficiency with which they run their farms are also closely linked This tie is particularly significant in light of the fact that one purpose of extension services is to advise farmers on use of modern technology.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three studies of Kenya found that the gender of the farm manager was, by itself. an insignification factor in output per hectare but that the manager's educational level had a significant effect on farm productivity (Moock 1976: Saito and Spurling 1992: Bindlish and Evenson 1993). Simulations based on these studies suggest that significant gains could accrue to increased investment in women's physical and human capital. As the data in table 2.6 show, if women and men shared the same educational characteristics and input levels. farm-specific yields would increase between 7 and 22 percent. Giving women primary schooling, by itself. would increase yields by 24 percent. Thus under investment in women's education limits growth of agricultural productivity. Well-targeted extension services can help to narrow the differences in productivity that arise from educational inequalities (Schultz 1988)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Increasing Human Capital and Input Levels Would Increase tile Yield for Women Farmers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Table 2.6 effects of increasing women farmers' human capital and input levels Increase  yields&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policy experiment &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;(percent)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Maize farmers Kenya, 1976&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving female farmers sample mean characteristics and input levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving female farmer s men's education and input levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;9&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving women primary schooling&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;24&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Food maize (maize beans and cow pears) farmers&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of giving female farmer men's education and input levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2.0&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of increasing land area to male farmers' levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;10.5&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;82%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effects of increasing fertilizer to male farmers' levels&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;TD WIDTH=&quot;18%&quot; VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1.6&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Conclusion</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Analysts must look beyond market outcomes to identity the sources of persistent inequality between women and men. The search must focus on the household and its role in the formation of present and future human capital and on institutions beyond the household that reinforce and perpetuate gender inequalities. Gender inequalities within the household affect market outcomes, and these feed back; into household decisionmaking. This process is reinforced by inequalities in access to assets and services beyond the household. Improving the relative status of women within the household and increasing their access to assets and services will increase the returns to investment in human resources and improve the prospects for sustainable economic growth.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;We must look for that which we have been trained not to see  Ann Scales, Yale Law Journal 1986&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Chapter three</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Public Policies Matter</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As CHAPTER 2 has shown underivesting in girls and women is inefficient for society as a whole. Correcting for past underinvestment will require a &quot;genders&quot; approach to public policy. How this can be concretely achieved is the topic of this chapter.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Equalizing Opportunities by Modifying, the Legal Framework</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Laws form tile functional framework of the economy and of civil society. Equality in the legal treatment of men and women creates the legitimacy policymakers need to seek change. Legal and regulatory provisions that discriminate against women-that. for example bar married women from seeking employment or prevent women from holding legal title to land-perpetuate gender inequalities and severely restrict women's ability to participate fully in social and economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Modifying the legal framework to  eliminate discrimination and equalize opportunities for women and men is an important goal for public policy at the national and international levels. A supportive legal environment is also vital for other aspects of public policy that have a direct bearing on the opportunities available to women. such as regulations affecting the formal and informal sectors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Four areas of the law are particularly important for equalizing the opportunities available to men and women: land and property rights; labor market policies and employment law: family law: and financial laws and regulations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Land and Property Rights</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Policymakers should ensure that women and men are treated equally in the public allocation of land. Eligibility for land reform programs, for example. should not discriminate against women's perform claims whether the women are heads of households or members of households headed by men. When communities have been resettled or when a project allocates land to participating producers, women should have the same rights to land as men For refugee and displaced women returning to their homelands. often as de facto heads of households. need fair and equal treatment to allow them to establish a Farming or enterprise base as soon as possible. Whet-e land is in short supply, it may be necessary to recognize the land rights of certain groups, as well as their individual rights. The Indian National Sericulture Project is an example; it has leased land to women's groups and promoted women's access to land under state land-grant schemes (Quisumbilig 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Some countries have enacted legislation to ensure gender equality in property and contractual rights. Under China's Law of Succession, for example males and females have equal rights to inheritance. Complementary measures are needed to ensure that women know their rights. Such measures include legal programs and campaigns to make judges and administrators sensitive to gender issues in the area of property rights (see box 2.1)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Labor Market Policies and Employment Law</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Discriminatory labor market policies and employment laws are widespread: examples are bans on hiring married women and restrictions on the type of work pregnant women may pet-form. Labor laws may also restrict female participation in jobs and deny women access to work settings. Even legislation that seeks to promote equal opportunity can have outcomes tot women workers. For example, generous maternity and child-care benefits tot women workers may make hiring women relatively mote costly than hiring men. perpetuating the gender wage gap.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The main issue for public policy its to ensure that fair and equal employment laws exist and are enforced.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.1 some NGO efforts to promote women's legal literacy&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schuler and Kadirgamar - Rajasingham (1992) describe innovative approaches by  non governmental organizations to provide women with useful legal knowledge and tools.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action (CAFRA) has launched &quot;women and the law&quot; projects in five English-speaking Caribbean countries. Using a participatory methodology. the projects aim to create awareness of the law. provide women with legal information that will be useful to them in their daily lives, identify specific areas for action, and influence overall legislative policy. The projects develop educational materials for legal literacy and offer topic specific paralegal training for women's organizations.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The legal literacy program of the Ugandan Women Lawyers' Association (FDA-Uganda) conducts legal literacy campaigns on specified dates each month in different districts. Pairs of FIDA volunteers conduct sessions, using role playing and discussions, on legal topics of relevance to women's lives and provide advice on contacting the FIDA legal clinic for advice and representation. In addition, FIDA and Action for Development broadcast regular radio and television programs on women and the law and publish pamphlets on legal issues of interest to women. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In India the Self - Employed Women's Association (SEWA) holds worker education meetings to provide members with legal information and offers one day training sessions on specialized legal information for community leaders. Members of SEWA paralegal staff research cases, prepare briefs, and argue all cases in labor courts for members. SEWA'S legal literacy efforts are part of its overall strategy of action for supporting self-employed women and women in the informal sector.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In this regard. the main issue for public policy is to ensure that fair and equal employment laws exist and are enforced. Such laws should cover employment and employment-related benefits and should not be applied in a way that restricts women's access to the labor market.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many countries women are protected by special standards in the workplace. These safeguards are of two types. The first includes measures intended to end discrimination in the labor market by requiring equal pay for work of equal value or by prohibiting the exclusion of workers from certain jobs because of gender. The second type protects women in their role as mottles by requiring employers to pay the full cost of maternity leave and provide childcare facilities. restricting night work, and limiting work categorized as dangerous or hazardous.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The first type of labor standard is often difficult to enforce. although nearly 120 countries have enacted equal opportunity laws. In most cases the law is in place but is not enforced. Furthermore. it often applies only to the formal sector of the labor market. leaving large number of women in the informal sector with little protection. More concerted public and private action is required to devise appropriate for enforcement. In additions complementary measures are needed to increase womenâs chances of entering the labor force. Such measures would include mote met-it-based hiring of women in the public sector and the creation of an appropriate regulatory framework that encourages the establishment of day-care centers private nursery schools. and kindergartens for the children of workers in both the formal and informal sectors. (Box 3.2 describes a day-care projects in Bolivia)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many countries have laws that limit night work. over theme and the use of heavy machinery by women. While well intentioned. these laws. too. can reduce women's employment options by raising the employer's cost of hiring women and perpetuating the notion that women workers are less flexible than male workers. This adverse result occurs because women already tend to have lower levels of capital than men and are limited by traditional notions of what womenâs work. Devising effective protective legislation for women is thus a difficult balancing act.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Effective laws to protect women must honor the fine line between ensuring sate working conditions for all workers, including women in the informal sector. and providing equal opportunities for all workers seeking employment. Standards relating to maternity leave and child-care benefits are common in the formal sector. To ensure that such standards do not raise the costs of female labor unnecessarily employment legislation should avoid having employers pay benefits directly. Maternity benefits should be funded through general revenue taxes&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.2 day-care center in Bolivia to enhance the status of women by increasing their employment opportunities in other Latin American countries, and their knowledge of women in Bolivia are over represented , health, and nutrition. The project among the poor, and many live in will establish day-care centers to proficult circumstances. They are twice vice non formal,  home-based, integrals likely as men to be illiterate, their child development for children unaccess to child care is limited, they the age of 6 in thirty-four poor subject to discrimination in hiring ban and purebred areas. Women and wages, and they are restricted benefit from the project either as by law from engaging in certain procure givers employed at the minimum ductive activities. wage or as clients of the centers. The Integrated Child Development children in day care gives women Project, financed by a credit from the more time to search for jobs or to in World Bank's International Development their current situations (Winkler opponent Association designed and Guedes 1995).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Or social security systems rather than by direct contributions from individual employers. In Eastern Europe and Latin America, however, this method of funding benefits has imposed a significant cost on the treasury, raising the question of how much should be paid and for how long.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;One way of addressing this issue is for governments to encourage women and men to share the responsibility for childrearing by adopting legislation allowing either parent to qualify for the leave and benefits associated with having a child (Folbre 1994). Such legislation can be supported by changes in the tax system to ensure equal treatment of workers within the household and a margin tax rate on the earnings of additional workers in the household low enough to avoid creating a disincentive to women's participation in the labor force (Mac Donald 1994). These tax changes can be complemented by legislation that encourages absent to pay child support. Such laws are in place in many Latin American and Caribbean countries. but none systematically monitors transfers (Folbre 1994). Greater efforts to enforce the law are needed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Family Law</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender inequality in family law can worsen women's bargaining position within and outside the household and affect household welfare and efficiency. As noted in chapter women's bargaining position in relation to Household resource allocation is often a key factor in determining the wellbeing of household members. particularly children. Reforms of family law can enhance women's economic and social opportunities while still respecting cultural norms. For instance the minim age of marriage for women  should be set high enough so that girls can complete secondary schooling: this would help lower fertility rates. (Allowing for exceptions such as parent consent negates the potential fertility benefit.) Marriage contracts should include stipulations guaranteeing the wife's rights. especially on separation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Women's bargaining position in relation to household</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Legal and policy measures can have a direct bearing on the health of women. The law and its enforcement are essential for combating domestic violence against women. If the laws on violence against women are to be enforced, women need to be made aware of the legal recourse available to them and the judiciary and police need to be sensitized to the existence and&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.3 innovative approaches to combating gender violence&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Brazil's women-only police stations are an innovative approach to the problem of violence against women. They have been so successful that other countries-including Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Peru, and Uruguay-have emulated them. The police stations have made it easier for women to report gender based crimes of violence, and, with that experience, women are now demanding more support from the police, such as legal counseling and advice. Despite the program's success, the number of convictions for gender-based crimes has not increased, largely because similar innovations have not been made in the  judicial system (Heise, Pitanguy, and Germain 1994). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Zimbabwe the Mussasa project provides support and counseling to abused women and sensitizes police and prosecutors to the issues of domestic violence and rape. To ensure the credibility and acceptability of the training, legal professionals are involved in the program. One branch of the criminal justice system-the police department, for example-often hosts training for another, such as prosecutors (Stewart 1992).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Costa Rica El Instituto Legal de las Naciones Unidas y Desarrollo runs gender sensitization training for prosecutors, judges, lawyers, and other professionals who deal with crimes of violence against women (Heise, Pitanguy, and Germain 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Implication of violence against women. Affirmative action policies can increase the number of women police officers lawyers, and judges. Trading police, lawyers, and judges can increase their gender sensitivity. making the legal system more responsive to women's needs. Legal literacy efforts can make women aware of their rights and show them how to use these rights to mobilize for change. Some approaches to dealing with domestic violence are illustrated in box 3.3&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Financial Laws and Regulations</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Access to credit is vital for women, allowing them to manage fluctuations in income and expenditures and to expand their businesses. As we saw in the preceding chapters, credit can be an important source of economic empowerment for women within the household. But in many countries. underdeveloped financial markets, controlled interest rates, and overly rigid backings regulations have led to systems of credit that tend to shut out the pool. many of whom are women If financial institutions are to lend to those unable to obtain credit in the current environment. interest rates must be liberalized. Positive interest rates have important effects on informational money markets, which tend to be more exploitative when formal sector credit is rationed.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Changes in the laws governing access to credit are also vital because women's business profiles often differ from men's. Compared with men. women are more likely to work in low-risk small, and home-based businesses (Rhyne and Holt 1994). This situation creates a demand for small loans that can be obtained without formal, legally secured collateral and that offer relatively flexible repayment terms. Legislation that encourages broad access to financial institutions can increase the availability of these types of loans. but legal changes may also be needed to extend the range of acceptable collateral.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In many countries the regulatory framework contains provisions that are especially punitive to small firms. This adds an additional constraint on women, whose businesses are concentrated at the small end of the size The deregulation of the microentreprise sector would remove implicit disincentives to small-film activity and would relieve some of these Such action would enhance women entrepreneurs' prospects of benefiting from training or credit programs targeted to the microentreprise sector (World Bank 1994d. 1995c).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Redirecting Public Policies and Expenditure to Promote (tender Equality)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is unlikely that legal reform by itself will be sufficient to ensure that women and men ate treated equally. Further public action may be required to guarantee that gentler-neutral laws are enforced at both national and local levels.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Macroeconomic: Policies</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Many developing countries are implementing important policy and institutional reforms to address changing economic conditions on both the domestic and international fronts. These reforms are often supported by international financial institutions and bilateral donors. The pace of reform has varied across countries Those countries that have implemented reforms early on, carried them out consistently, and received adequate financial support have generally enjoyed faster and stronger economic growth than count ties that have undertaken reforms too slowly, too intermittently, or not at all. Where implementation has been slow or the government's commitment weak, economic distortions have tended to multiply and economic trowels to slow. limiting the government's ability to invest in physical and human capital for the future.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is often the poorest groups in society that stand to lose the most from economic distortions. High and rising inflation places a disproportionate tax burden on the poor including low-paid wage workers and those with fixed incomes. For this and other reasons, inflation tends to hit women harder than men. An overvalued currency is also regressive; it keeps the price of goods artificially low. crowding out many locally produced goods. Women's businesses. which ate often concentrated in the informal sector, can be particularly vulnerable to competitions from cheap snorts. An overvalued currency reduces international competitiveness. limiting the availability of foreign exchange for domestic entrepreneurs and constraining business expansion and employment creation. A firm commitment to policy refortify is therefore essential to economic growth and sustainable initiatives for alleviating poverty.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Inflation tends to hit women harder than men.</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Such reforms generally include two kinds of necessary policies. The first emphasizes macroeconomic stability and the removal of price distortions: the second promotes labor-demanding growth in agriculture and industry and better. mote accessible basic social services. mightily in education, health care and water supply. Macroeconomic stability can be achieved by reducing large current account and government budget deficits and by curtailing excessive money and credit expansion. Correct pricing of foreign exchange and of domestic goods and services facilitates trade and investment and promotes growth Reforms of trade and price incentives encourage job creation and higher earnings.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In shots. broadly based economic reforms benefit the poor, as the experiences of diverse countries have shown. Data from the LSMS and similar studies confirm that in Costa Rica, Ethiopia. Than Indonesia, Peru, the Philippines, and Tanzania, declines in poverty rates have accompanied economic reforms. Because of underlying gender inequalities, reductions in poverty do not necessarily improve the economic status of women. Nonetheless. although empirical evidence on changes in women's welfare following reforms is scarce, data from the Philippines suggest that for women. economic reform is by improvements in social indicators and important employment gains (box 3.4). An analysis of household data from Peru indicates that reforms there have not only led to renewed growth and reduced poverty but have also improved the status of female-headed households (box 3.5).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Despite their seminal role in encouraging sustainable. long-term growth. some economic reforms involve transitional costs. for two reasons: the need to implement radical shifts in government policy, and the lag. perhaps of years, between acceleration of economic growth and the realization of the âŠ&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.4 social progress and labor force gains for women in the Philippines&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The Philippines began implementing economic reforms in the early 1980s. While political turmoil and some policy slippage have weakened GDP growth over the period and led to the need for further reforms, quality of life indicators have improved during adjustment. For example, by 1990 the incidence of absolute poverty had declined by about one-third (to approximately 20 percent of the population). Maternal and infant mortality rates also declined over the period: in 1980 the infant mortality rate was 52 per 1,000 live births, but by 1990 it had fallen to 41 per 1,000 births (Johansen 1993). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The percentage of the population with access to safe drinking water increased between 1980 and 1990, from 65 to 93 percent of the urban population and from 43 to 72 percent of the rural population. The figures for sanitation services showed the same increase, climbing from 81 percent with access in 1980 to 98 per  cent in 1990 among urban dwellers and from 67 to 85 percent among those in rural areas. Secondary school enrollment rates for boys and girls also showed gains. Girls and boys have traditionally reached similar educational levels in the Philippines, a trend that contributed to women's gains in the labor market during adjustment in the 1980s. While labor force participation rates for men rose only slightly, the rates for women increased dramatically, from 23 to 37 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;At the same time, women's wages as a percentage of men's grew from 71 to 80 percent between 1978 and 1988 (Tzannatos 1995). A recent study of a low-income community in Manila found that in some private sector jobs women earn more than men, reflecting in part the high educational level among women in the sector. Earnings in the informal sector are generally low for both women and men. although some women have been so successful in their informal sector businesses that their spouses have opted to leave low-paying jobs in the formal sector to participate in their wives enterprises (Moser 1994).  benefits of growth by large segments of the population. The short-term costs can include increases in food prices as subsidies are removed temporary restrictions on credit to control monetary expansion, and cuts in public spending as governments attempt to control budget deficits and reorient spending toward the most important public services. Moreover, inequalities in access to and control over resources and in entry into markets hamper some groups in taking advantage of the opportunities created by economic reform For example, people who are unable to acquire new skills may remain for some thee. Gender inequalities in access to and control over land in rural areas can keep women farmers from taking advantage of changes in the relative prices of tradable and non tradable crops.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.5 macroeconomic reform and improved living standards in Peru&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Between 1985 and 1990 Peru's economic regime was marked by expansionary monetary and fiscal policies and high levels of government intervention in most areas of the economy. Although these policies led to an initial period of growth, the approach proved unsustainable: by late 1987 growth had given way to hyperinflation and deep recession. During 1988-90 real GDP dropped by an average of 8 percent a year. Real wages and consumption expenditure also fell sharply as inflation soared to 7,600 percent a year in 1990.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In 1990 the new government of President Alberto Fujimori introduced macroeconomic reform measures designed to stabilize the economy, reduce fiscal deficits and inflation, increase market efficiency, and improve the country's competitiveness. Under this reform program inflation declined dramatically, falling to 57 percent in 1992 and to 17 percent in 1994. Real GDP grew by about 20 percent between 1991 and 1994, while real per capita consumption expenditure grew by more than 18.5 percent. LSMS data show that poverty declined by 11 percent-from 55 percent of the population in 1991 to 49 percent in 1994. Although the country experienced a brief contractionary period following the introduction of reform measures, household data from Lima for 1990, 1991, and 1994 indicate that in 1994 per capita expenditure was well above, and the incidence of poverty well below, 1990 levels. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Improvements in living standards have been widespread, and the largest gains have been made in some of the country's poorest regions, such as the urban and rural sierra (mountain areas). In most parts of the country, increases in per capita expenditure among households headed by women have been above the national average. In the urban and rural sierra, for example. consumption expenditure by these households increased by 47.7 and 44.8 percent. respectively-figures that compare favorably with increases in per capita expenditure among households headed by men (35 and 28 percent for the same regions).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although both women and men are expected to gain from economic reform in the long run. gender inequalities at the household and market levels can mean that the benefits of reform reach women, especially poor women. only slowly. Reforms must incorporate measures aimed at counter acting shot-term transitional costs. Among the most important are safety nets specifically targeted to vulnerable groups. For example, in fiscal 1994 seventeen of the twenty-three reform programs supported by the World Bank included components aimed specifically at reducing poverty: fourteen of them targeted programs or safety net measures such as labor-intensive public works projects. targeted and social assistance programs, and unemployment and social security schemes (see box 3.6).&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH=590&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD VALIGN=&quot;TOP&quot;&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.6 food coupons improve nutrition in Honduras&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The food coupon program in Honduras, part of a social safety net supported by the World Bank and financed by IDA and other donors, was put in place in 1990 to protect the country's most vulnerable people during economic reforms. Starting with about 182,000 participants, by 1994 the program had expanded its coverage to 345.000 of the estimated 430,000 children at risk of malnutrition. The effort also supports nutrition education for health workers, community groups, and mothers. Because coupons are used instead of food. the government saves some 30 percent over traditional food distribution costs, and the beneficiaries are able to choose the food  they will consume. Beginning in 1995, an adjustment for inflation will maintain the value of the coupons, enabling participants to satisfy a constant proportion of their food needs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The project also supports the development and implementation of a long-term nutrition assistance strategy for Honduras. Although attempting to measure changes in malnutrition is difficult in the short term, there have already been noticeable benefits. Between 1990 and 1993 the number of first-graders with severe or moderate malnutrition dropped by 4 percent. Organizers are now trying to graduate women participants from the program by offering training in basic skills such as food processing and helping them find assembly work in local factories (World Bank 1995b). &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However, safety nets are not a substitute for a mote integrated approach to economic and social policy that includes appropriate levels of harvest in social services and infrastructure. Recognizing this fact, governments and donors are increasingly incorporating into their reform packages antipoverty initiatives and measures to reduce gender inequality. In Pakistan, for example, the FIDA-financed Public Sector Adjustment. Program provides much needed the financial support for the balance of payments account and reinforces the emphasis on government investment in the social sectors. The program promotes increased access to and improvements in basic education. health. and water supply services that benefit girls and rural areas. It also supports a shift it government education and health spending toward the primary level.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In fiscal 1994 twelve of twenty-three World Bank economic reform pro emphasized the restructuring public expenditure, primarily to and increase spending on education. health care, and other areas important to poverty reduction such as water supply and sanitation. The Burkina Faso reform program is typical; it supports an increase in the total budgeted amounts for primary education and health services, which are particularly beneficial to the poor and to women. Uganda s program seeks to protect and enhance public expenditures for basic social services. including water supply primary health care and primary education. In the long term, the reform of public spending-especially in the social sectors, physical infrastructure and agricultural research and extension-promises significant benefits) trot women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Sectoral Investments</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In principle. public expenditures on social services and infrastructure are allocated on a gender-neutral basis; in practice men and women use these services differently. The resulting inequalities frequently perpetuate gender based differences in the accumulation and distribution of human capital within households. Public policy can address this problem by public expenditure priorities between secrets and within social sectors. Further it can support services and types of infrastructure that provide the highest social returns to public spending and are most heavily used by women  and children.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;EDUCATION. Estimations of the private returns to education for a number of countries (Psachatopoulos 1994) show that returns are at least equal for girls anti boys and are often higher for girls. Moreover, these rates do not capture the externalities generated by providing education to girls. The combination of private and social returns provides a clear signal for restructuring the allocations of public resources so as to support female education. Yet incidence analysis for a number of countries for which the necessary data are available reveals that educational subsidies per capita are higher for males than for females This difference is partly a result of the bias in allocation of subsidies toward higher levels of education, where female enrolled is lowest. Distortions in the allocation of public resources, such as the provision of mote money foe male-dominated tertiary institutions than for education that benefits girls, should be corrected by reallocating spending toward basic (primary and lower-secondary) schooling. Targeting these educational levels will have the maximum effect on girls' education and will yield higher social returns for society as a whole. In countries where universal basic education has been achieved and capital markets are unable to help households finance higher education, continuing subsidize higher education may be warranted. The rationale for the subsidy would be the productivity gains associated with a better-trained labor force.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;To correct the bias against enrollment of girls more targeted interventions are need to influence household (see decisionmaking)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;However reallocating public spending toward primary education and later toward higher levels is not sufficient to erase the gender gap in education The bias against enrolling girls in school is evident in both poor and no poor households and applies even at the primary level. To correct this bias, more targeted interventions are needed to influence household decision making&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;HEALTH. Correcting the gender bias in the public financing of health care IS a more complex process than correcting the bias in education. for two main reasons: the marked differences between the health needs of men and women, and the unreliability of household data on demand for health services in comparison with the data on demand tot education). However it is cleat that targeting health services to women implies provision of adequate funding for prenatal care. infant immunization, and mother and child health services. Because of the significant social benefits of providing women with appropriate health care, governments should make basic services ices that benefit women a top priority among, public health care expenditures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There is a critical link between the public provision of health care and women's access to educational opportunities. A mother educated to seek preventive care and early treatment of illness for herself and her children (particularly girls) will reduce the cost of health care and in many cases. prevent premature death. Most of these highly cost-effective services can be supplied in rural clinics and health centers. Public spending should be so allocated as to ensure sufficient funding for these primary health facilities.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES. Agricultural extension and research services are widely considered vital to increasing and sustaining agricultural productivity. Many of these services are being provided by the private sector. but in some countries private services need public support, either because certain markets have not yet been developed or because the infrastructure is poorly developed. However. women farmers and small holders are often not served as effectively by public agricultural extension systems as ate and male farmers (FAO 1993). This disparity stems paltry from expend priorities within agricultural extension services. which concentrate resources on the crops and the technology controlled primarily by male commercial farmers. Reallocating public spending on agricultural extension and research services toward crops and technology raised by or used by small holders and women farmers could yield high social returns to public investment and could increase private returns by improving the skills and productivity of small agricultural producers.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reallocating public spending on agricultural extension  and research services toward crops and technology &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Techniques for small holders and women farmers should take into account the need for quality and cost-effectiveness in public services, Economies of scale can be achieved if extension agents deal with groups of farmers instead of with individuals. This approach also provides a valuable forum for exchanging information. fostering peer learning. sharing expensive equipment. and pooling resources for- credit. Mobile trailing units and flexible hours that fit the crowded schedules of women farmers should also be considered. and more female extension agents should be trained to deal directly with female farmers. Such measures can be introduced without large additional resources if existing expenditures are carefully reallocated.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;INFRASTRUCTURE, Public investment in economic and social infrastructure is vital in facilitated individual and household investment in physical and human capital. However, public expenditures on roads, water supply, and sanitation infrastructure frequently do not meet the needs of those who use the services most heavily. Women are the main users of water services, and it is essential to involve them in designing and implementing water projects. For example. in areas where transport is inadequate and water collection is a daily burden for women and children, the population tends to use the closest available facility rather than the safest one. In such cases. projects that ensure a safe water supply and take into account the specific needs and constraints of the users often have a significant effect on users' health. In two villages in Zaire where a piped water network was installed to provide safe drinking water, the median incidence of diarrhea was halved among children in households located less than a five-minute walk from a public standpipe. Spending allocations that favor public water supply and sanitation improve the general health of the population, save time for women and children. and increase school attendance. A study from Morocco chows that access to tap and well water instead of pond or river water raised school enrollment for both boys and girls (Khandker, Lavy, and Filer 1994).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Women are the main users of water services and it is essential  to involve them in designing and implementing water projects.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Public spending on roads and energy-related facilities (for instance electrification or energy conservation) or other infrastructure is usually assumed to be gander neutral. Yet women and men use these facilities differently The Morocco study cited above found that the availability of electricity increased the rate for girls substantially more than for boys. The study also showed that the presence of a paved road increased by 40 percent the probability that girls would attend school and reduced by 5 percent their probability of dropping out. Overall, improved road conditions increased the probability of school attendance for girls by 32 percent and for boys by 20 percent.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rural electrification can also ease the time constraints on women who must balance household and productive work. Lack of time is often a primary season for women's weak response to economic incentives. especially in rural areas. The case for making public investments in infrastructure would be stronger if gender differences in the use of projects and services, as well as the potential effect of such investment on productivity and social development. were taken into account.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Using Targeting Measures to Narrow the Gender</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;As we have seen. policies that specifically target women or girls can address the needs or this group more efficiently and with greater cost-effectiveness than general policy measures. Female household members tend to allocate resources more directly to children. while men tend to allocate more resources to adults. In households in which resources are not pooled. targeting programs to the household as a where will not necessarily benefit all members equally.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Targeting women directly is justifiable on two grounds. First, to the extent that gender inequalities prevent an economy from realizing its full potential. targeting to women can be an effective strategy for increasing productivity and output Second, where gender differences are wide, targeting may be needed to capture social gains and to increase internal efficiency.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Targeting women is especially when doing so contributes directly to reducing poverty; or when women have particular needs-for example. when maternal mortality is very high. The exceptionally high gender gap in educational enrollments in some countries can be reduced only by policies (including subsidies) that target girls. An obvious example would be policies that affect the private costs of schooling. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Female household members tend to allocate resources more  directly to children it while men&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Reducing these direct costs to households Will mean setting new public spending priorities. For example. education institutions for girls especially at the primary level, might be exempted from cost recovery measures. thus increasing the implied public spending subsidy to girls. Similarly. a far; number of publicly funded scholarships can be provided for girls' as has been done in and Guatemala.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Opportunity and travel costs can discourage parents from enrolling especially daughters in school. Some counties have tried to overcome the constraints imposed by opportunity costs by introducing flexible school hours and calendar years and providing child care for younger siblings (box 3.7). In some cases girls who are responsible for looking after their younger brothels and sisters ate allowed to bring them to school.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In countries where cultural values may prevent girls from traveling alone to school. measures are needed that will increase access to safe transport.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;TABLE BORDER CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=7&gt;
+&lt;TR&gt;&lt;TD&gt;
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Box 3.8 economic reforms and gender targeting in Mongolia&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Since Mongolia began its transition to a market economy in 1990, the living conditions of the population have deteriorated dramatically. According to the government's estimates, a quarter of all Mongolians are now living below the poverty line. Single women with young children are among the &quot;new&quot; vulnerable groups that have emerged in the wake of the transition. As of December 1993 nearly 72 percent of households headed by single persons, usually women, were estimated to have incomes below the poverty line. (About 28 percent of all households in Mongolia are headed by women). The Mongolian Women's Federation reports that the divorce rate is rising among jobless low-income couples, increasing the number of single-parent households. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+&lt;/TR&gt;
+&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FONT SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Along with job loss women are affected by the decline in services such as day care and maternity homes.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mothers now have to look after their children at home, which restricts their ability to participate in the labor market and, ironically, increases their dependence on welfare. When herds were privatized, priority was given to people who, according to the government, could take better care of the animals. Unfortunately, this policy adversely affected female-headed households.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The maternal mortality rate has doubled over the past three years. in part because many more babies are being delivered at home. Other factors that have contributed to the rising maternal mortality rate include a decrease in the number of ambulances and the need for patients to pay for the food they consume while they are hospitalized.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In Mongolia, targeting female-headed households, pregnant women, and children is essential for reducing poverty. Social assistance, health care. education, and help in finding employment are particularly important (Subbarao and Ezemenari forthcoming).  change the geographic distribution of primary schools, of provide more boarding facilities. Projects in Pakistan are using school mapping techniques to establish criteria for placing new schools in currently underserved areas. Such programs benefit both girls and boys.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It may be necessary to target women when economic reforms of systemic transitions are occurring. For example, in Mongolia, as well as in other countries making the transition from a socialist to a market economy, women are disproportionately represented among the unemployed and otherwise disadvantaged (box 3.8). Thus, in designing safety nets to mitigate the short negative effects or economic transitions. policymakers need to recognize and evaluate the specific adverse effects on women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;It is not always necessary to restrict a particular program of benefit exclusively to women: the objective can sometimes be achieved indirectly.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Techniques based on self-selection appear to be particularly efficient. In Zambia. where men have a strong preference for cash wages, offering wages in kind (food) attracted more women workers than men to public works programs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the financial sector. women entrepreneurs are enabled to borrow at market rates of interest when banking institutions adopt innovate collateral requirements, reduce transaction costs, and offer small loans at repeated intervals The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and Badan Kredit Kecaman in Indonesia do not reserve loans for women specifically: instead. they adopt innovative lending policies the result of which is that women snake up the majority of participants-is 96 percent in a new branch of the Grameen Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Involving Beneficiaries in Public Policy</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Until recently. the absence of input from beneficiaries often let's ignorant about how the costs and benefits of policy changes would be distributed among the population Today the views and needs of potential beneficiaries are being taken into account at both the macroeconomic and sectoral levels. This trend should make it possible to determine who benefits. who does not, and why. A good example of a situation in which a beneficiary's point of view can make a significant difference is in public expenditure reviews. Governments with unsustainable budget deficits must make difficult decisions about the allocation of public resources. Their task can of ten be facilitated by suggestions from the potential beneficiaries themselves, since one of the key questions policymakers face is whether investments as presently allocated are reaching the intended populations efficiently and effectively&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Three broad approaches can be used to guarantee that the views of women and other intended beneficiaries are adequately reflected in policy and project formulation. First. surveys and other methods of collecting statistical data can be designed to ensure that gender-desegregated data are properly collected and analyzed. Second, beneficiary assessments, which use a range of qualitative research methods such as direct observation. selected individual of group interviews. and case studies. can be used to ensure that the views of all groups are adequately represented.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A third approach involves a range of participatory planning and management techniques that reflect a significant transfer of control to the community and local levels. Participatory evaluations use innovative research that allow illiterate and otherwise voiceless groups to express their concerns and priorities. Small grants and credits managed at the local level by NGOs or governments agencies permit a community to choose the projects that best reflect its OWN priorities. Social funds. whereby resources are channeled to demand-driven projects, are one such mechanism While these participatory approaches have been implemented primarily at the local level, they are also beginning to be used to involve the community in regional and national planning. Participatory methods, by helping to create local capacity. ensure the sustainability of projects and programs. They also help establish rational criteria for making public investment choices that incorporate both social and efficiency objectives.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Generating and Analyzing Gender-Desegregated Data</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender-desegregated data and the capacity to analyze these data provide public policymakers with essential information and enhance the dialogue with agents outside government. One of the most valuable instruments for collecting desegregated data is the household survey. which can provide detailed information that is invaluable in policymaking. Obtaining full gender information in many instances entails only a small increase in costs. since the desegregation itself involves little extra work. However additional resources ate often needed to analyze the data and make it useful to policymakers. Public statistical agencies might analyze gender-desegregated information in partnership with private and academic institutions in order to share the costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;There are several important steps in collecting useful and accurate data. First. in places where gender -desegregated household data have not yet been collected. special efforts should be made to obtain them. At a minimum data on how individuals use health and educational services should be collected routinely as part of national consumption and expenditure surveys. If household consumption. income or production surveys have already been carried out but little or no gender--desegregated data have been collected, the marginal cost of collection is likely to be quite modest-perhaps on the order of 10 percent of total costs.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Participatory methods help establish rational criteria  for making public investment choose that incorporate  both social and efficiency objectives. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Second. in places where basic gender-desegregated data have already been collected, it is important to gather more data from individuals on consumption and. as much as possible. on income and the ownership of assets. Such data ate vital for developing a deeper understanding of how access to and allocation and control of resources are determined within households. More data on men's and women's access to credit and information services, such as agricultural extension programs, are needed for an understanding of women's limited access to important production inputs. The data also indicate the effectiveness of projects and programs in providing such services to women.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Third, there should be an increased emphasis on collecting panel data (thee series) to facilitate snore detailed analyses of changes in household behavior over time. Because full panel surveys are costly, it may be necessary to adopt less-expensive panel methods and combine them with flexible data collection. Anthropological and participatory research methods can be used to enhance the quality and relevance of formal survey questions, as well as to provide a &quot;reality check&quot; on formal survey responses.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Finally, greater priority needs to be given to gender-disaggregated analysis of existing data sets. This analysis should be carried out not only in social sectors such as health and education but also on such issues as the intrahousehold allocation of time and labor and access to and use of productive resources.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Working in Collaboration</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments' ability to identify and implement policies that promote gender equality is greatly enhanced by the active participation of other players from the development community and civil society. These agents include individual women and men, community-based groups, private-for-profit firms, trade unions, non governmental organizations, and multilateral and bilateral agencies. Interaction between public institutions and other actors provides the basis for a more informed policy dialogue on gender issues. It also lays the foundation for operational collaboration and for broadly based support for public policy measures.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Over the past several decades NGOs have become major players in international development. NGOs are by no means homogenous. In the field of development, they range from large volunteer and charity organizations, many of them based in industrial countries, to community-based self-help groups. They also include research institutes, volunteer-sending agencies, religious organizations, professional associations, and lobbying groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;NGOs concerned with gender issues have had a particularly important role in designing and implementing gender programs, especially at the grassroots level, and in advocating policy change at the national level NGOs have been effective in providing information and education to women and in helping community-based women's organizations lobby for change. In many countries collaboration between NGOs and governments is still relatively new. Nonetheless, it is growing rapidly-most visibly in the delivery of social and financial services.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;For example, in Peru a proposed basic health and nutrition project aims to improve the quality and accessibility of health and nutritional services, with an emphasis on poor women and children. NGOs are expected to play a major role in implementing the project and will be responsible for 75 percent of training and research, 40 percent of education, and 20 percent of service delivery (World Bank 1994g). In Africa many HIV/AIDS support programs are managed by NGOs with assistance from governments and funds from international donors.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the long run choices made by private sector agents are profoundly important for the persistence  or reduction of gender inequalities &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;In the financial services sector NGOs have found innovative ways of overcoming barriers that women face in access to credit and savings facilities. Among the better-know programs are the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, ACCION International in Latin America, and the NGO consortium ACCORD in Africa. NGOs have been very successful in organizing village banks and mobile banking systems to reach the rural poor. These credit programs provide women not only with the funds to finance income-generating activities but also with opportunities to acquire basic business skills and to assume leadership positions within their peer groups.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments also seek to collaborate with a range of institutions from the private sector. In the long run the choices made by private sector agents- whether households, firms, or trade unions-are profoundly important for the persistence or seduction of gender inequalities. Joint public-private sector initiatives can be vital in changing peoples perceptions about the benefits of investing in or hiring women. The private sector has a comparative advantage in providing certain kinds of services to women-for example, vocational education and training. Collaboration with the private sector- often means that public resources can be reallocated to those investments that offer the highest rate of social return. such as basic education and health care.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Strengthening International Policies to Meet New Challenges</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Not all issues that bear on gender equality can be effectively addressed by individual nations. For example, refugee and displaced women and children account for up to 80 percent of the 50 million refugees and displaced persons worldwide. The sheer numbers of refugee and displaced women and children highlight the urgent need to devise international strategies for dealing with this problem.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The sheer numbers of refugee and displaced women and  children (estimated at 4 million) &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The constraints that refugee and displaced women lace are similar to those faced by other women, only magnified many times. They lack access to health services, even though their health risks are high. Girls often have less access to basic education than in their home countries. With little access to family planning, women s fertility rates may be extraordinarily high at a time when the burden of additional children hinders the chances of survival for both mothers and infants. In the absence of professional abortion services, women may rely on self-induced and unsafe abortions. The proportion of female-headed households is highest in refugee situations, yet the women's income-generating activities and skills are minimal&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;The international response to this type of crisis is usually limited to emergency relief measures. Although vital, these measures often fail to recognize the long-term economic and social costs involved in restructuring the lives of displaced women when they return to their home countries. International public policy has an important role in preparing refugee and displaced women for their future role in rebuilding their societies. Long-term repatriation and development on a regional basis along the lines of the International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREFCA) in Central America is one approach to involving governments, NGOs and development agencies in a coordinated response to refugee problems. Governments and agencies must make every effort to collaborate in making repatriation viable by establishing development programs that explicitly take account of refugees' needs. Otherwise, chances are high that people will once again be forced to leave their countries. putting at risk national reconciliation efforts.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Another area that demands an international response is the establishment of legal conventions for the enforcement of social justice and human rights. Equality under the law creates the legitimacy policymakers and private individuals need to seek change that will increase well-being and encourage economic opportunity. In certain instances, legitimacy needs to be established at the international level. For this reason it is vitally important that governments ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. This convention. adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979, provides a framework for action by countries to reduce discrimination against women in political and public life, law and education, employment, health care. commerce. and domestic relations. International conventions of this type provide an important policy lever for women's organizations and other groups in civil society.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Conclusions</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This chapter has presented the rationale for public interventions to promote gender equality. Such interventions are needed because of market failures and social externalities that extend beyond the individual household to affect society in general. For resources to be allocated efficiently, public spending should focus on those investments with the highest social returns. Given the evidence of high social and private returns to investments in women's human capital, public expenditures should give priority to the investments that have the largest impact on the welfare of girls and women, especially in basic education and reproductive and other health care services. Policymakers also need to identify areas in which actions can be taken that would have gender neutral outcomes, including sectoral programs addressing transport and infrastructure, water supply. and sanitation&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;BY directing  public resource toward policies and projects  that reduce gender inequality policy markers are promoting  not only equality today but also higher labor productivity &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women. The evidence on private and social returns to investments in women and girls cannot be ignored. By directing public resources toward policies and projects that reduce gender inequality, policy makers are promoted not only equality today but also higher labor productivity, a higher rate of human capital formation, slower population growth. and stronger economic growth tomorrows However, none of these goals can be reached without the participation of women  themselves. Governments and collaborating institutions must listen carefully to the voices of individual women, to women s groups, and to woman policymakers By working with others to identify and implement policies for greater gander equality, governments can take actions that will make a real difference to the future well-being and prosperity of their people.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Notes</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1. Birdsall and Sabot (1994) use earlier findings by Barro (1991) to test the relationship between inequality and growth. They find that in Latin America unequal distribution of education. in terms of both quality and quantity, constrained economic growth in the region by reducing opportunities for increasing labor productivity. In East Asia open and relatively equal access to high-quality basic education led to a virtuous circle of high educational performance that stimulated growth and reduced inequality&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;2. Subbarao and Raney (1993) estimate that a doubling of family planning services in 1982 would have reduced the fertility rate from 5.5 to 5 0 and the number of births by 3.5 percent&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;3. The Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) is a series of multitopic surveys designed to study multiple aspects of household welfare&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;4. Deforestation is represented by the time required to collect a standard load of fuelwood&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;5. It would be more illuminating to compare wage differences across three categories of women workers: women without children: women with children but with no interruption in employment except for statutory maternity leave: and women with children and with interrupted employment&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;6. Among women workers. 53 percent are in commerce. compared with 33 percent of men. In manufacturing. 16 percent of the workers are men. compared with 14 percent for women. In services, 37 percent are men anti 33 percent are women (World Bank 1995c)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;7. In Bolivia informal moneylenders require borrowers to write postdated checks. If borrowers tail to make timely repayments, these checks are deposited and, as the lender knows will bounce for lack of funds A bounced check is a criminal offense in Bolivia. and the lender can have the borrower arrested The World Bank estimates that about 20 percent of all Bolivian prison inmates-and 40 percent of female inmates imprisoned for 'bouncing' checks and for other collateral-related crimes. In many cases children must live in prison with their mothers (winkler and Guedes, 1995)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;8. The International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREECA) was held in Guatemala City in May 1989 A total of 126 projects in seven countries were introduced. with an overall investment of $365 million Areas with high densities of returnees were targeted. and special attention was given to projects to support displaced women&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;B&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">References</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agarwal. Bina. 1994. &quot;Gender and Command Over Property: A Critical Gap in Economic Analysis and Policy in South Asia.&quot; World/Development 22(10) 22(10): 145578.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Baden. Sally. 1993. &quot;The Impact of Recession and Structural Adjustment on Women's Work in Developing and Developed Countries.&quot; Working paper. International Labour Office. Geneva&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bardhan, Kalpana 1993. &quot;Women and Rural Poverty: Some Asian Cases&quot; In M G Quibria, ea., Rural Poverty in Asia Priority Issues and Policy Options. New York: Oxford University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bardhan, Pranab. 1988. &quot;Sex Disparity in Child Survival in Rural India In T. Srinivasan and Pranab Bardhan. eds., Rural Poverty in South Asia. New York: Columbia University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Barro. Robert 1991 &quot;Economic Growth in a Cross-section of Countries' Journal of Economics 106 (May):407 43.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Beneria. Lourdes. 1992. 'Accounting for Women's Work: The Progress of Two Decades.'' World Id Development 20(11): 1547-60.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bindlish. Vishva. and Robert Evenson. 1993. Evaluation of the Performance of T and V Extension it? Kenya. World Bank Technical Paper 208. Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Binswanger. Hans, and Mark R. Rosenzweig, eds. 1984 Contractual Arrangements Employment and Wages in Rural Labor Markets m Asia. New Haven. Conn.: Yale University Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Birdsall, Nancy, and Richard Sabot 1994 ''Inequality as a Constraint on Growth Working Paper. Manila: Asian Development Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Blau. Francine. and Lawrence N. Kahn. 1992 &quot; The Gender Earnings Gap: Learning from International Comparisons&quot; America Economic Review 82 (2):533-38.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Bouis Howarth E., and Eileen T. Kennedy. 1989. &quot;Traditional Cash Crop Schemes' Effects on Production, Consumption and Nutrition: Sugarcane in the Philippines and Kenya.&quot; Prepared for IFPRI-INCAP Policy Workshop. Antigua. Guatemala&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Chatterjee. Meera 1991. Indication Women Their Health and Productivity World Bank Discussion Paper 109. Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;David, Rosalind 1992 The Effects of Male Out-migration on Women's Management of the Natural Resource Base of the Sahel. SOs International, London.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Donors to African Education. 1994. A Statistical Profile of Education in Sub Saharan Africa in the 1980s. Paris.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Duraiswamy. P. 1992. &quot;Child Survival. Preventive Health Care and Schooling in Rural Households of Tamil Nadu: India.&quot; Yale University, New Haven, Conn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Edgerton, V. R. G. W Gardner, Y Ohira. K. A Gunarwardena, and B. Senewiratne 1979 'lron Deficiency Anaemia and Its Effects on Worker Productivity and Activity Patterns' British Medical Journal 2:1546-49.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Einhorn. Barbara. 1993 Citizenship. Gender and Women's Movements in East Cent/al Europe London: Verso&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) 1993 Rural Poverty Alleviation Polices and Trends Economic and Social Development Paper 113 Rome&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fields, Gary S. 1992 ''Changing Poverty and Inequality in Latin America&quot; Public Finance 47 (Supplement): 59-76.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Folbre. Nancy. 1994. Who Pays for the Kids:' Gender and the Structures of Constraint. London: Routledge&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Fong, Monica 1993. The Role of Women in Rebuilding the Russian Economy. Studies of Economics in Transformation 10 Washington, D.C.: World Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Goetz. Anne Marie. and Rina Sen Gupta. 1994 'Who Takes the Credit'? Gender. Power and Control over Loan Use in Rural Credit Programmes in Bangladesh.&quot; Draft University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies. Brighton, U.K.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hart, Gillian 1986 Power Labor and Livelihood: Processes of Change in Rural Java San Francisco: University of Berkeley Press.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heise, Lori. 1993 ''Violence Against Women: The Missing Agenda.&quot; In Marge Koblinsky. Judith Timyan. and Jill Gay. eds.. The Health of Women A Global&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Perspective Boulder. Colo: Westview&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Heise. Lori. Jacqueline Pitanguy, and Adrienne German. 1994 Violence Against Women The Hidden Health Burden World Bank Discussion Paper 255. Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herz, Barbara. and Shahidur Khandker. 1991 Women Work Education and Welfare in Peru. World Bank Discussion Paper 116. Washington. D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Herz Barbara, K Subbarao, Masooma Habib. and Laura Raney 1991 Letting Girls Lea/n. Promising Education. World Bank Discussion Paper 1. Washington, D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hoddinot, John, and Lawrence Haddad 1992. Does Female Income Insentience Household Expenditures  Evidence from CÃŽte d'Ivoire Trinity College. Oxford University, Oxford. U K&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Holt, Sharon. 1995 Gender and Property Rights: Women and Agrarian Reform in Russia and Moldova.' World Bank, Europe and Central Asia Region, Washington, D C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Horton, Susan 1994. &quot;Women and Industrialization in Asia&quot; University of Toronto. Institute for Policy Analysis&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Hosken, Fran P., ed 1992. Women's International Network News 18(4).&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ILO/INSTRAW. 1985. Women in Economic Activity: A Global Statistical Survey 1950-2000 Geneva&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jackson. Cecile 1993 &quot;Doing What Comes Naturally? Women and Environment in Development.&quot; World Development 21 (12): 1947-63.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Johansen. Frida 1993 Poverty Reduction in East Asia. World Bank Discussion Paper 203. Washington. D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Jurisman. Clara, and Araceli Moreno. 1990. ''Women, Labour and Crisis: Mexico.&quot; Prepared for International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) project on Weathering Economic Crises: Women's Economic Responses to Recession in Latin America and the Caribbean. ICRW, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kalima Rose. 1992. Where Women are Leaders The Sewa Movement in India. London Zed Press&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker. Shahidur R. and Osman H. Chowdhury 1994 &quot;Targeted Credit Programs and Rural Poverty in Bangladesh.&quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department. Washington, D.C. and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker, Shahidur R. and Baqui Khalily. 1995. &quot;Designing a Sustainable Poverty Alleviation Program: The BRAC Strategy in Bangladesh.&quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department. Washington, D.C., and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker, Shahidur R. Baqui Khalily. and Zahed Khan 1993 ''Sustainability of Grameen Bank: What Do We Know ? World Bank. Education and Social Policy Department. Washington. D C, and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Khandker, Shahidur R., Victor Lavy, and D Filmer. 1994. Schooling and Cognitive in World Bank Discussion Paper 264. Washington. &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kumar, Shubh K. and David Hotchkiss. 1988 Consequences of Deforestation for Women's Time Allocation Agricultural Production and Nutrition in Hill Areas of Nepal International Food Policy Research Institute Research Report 69 Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Kuzoets. Simon. 1955 Economic Growth and Income Inequalities.&quot; American Economic Review 45 (March): 1-28.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Lavy, Victor. 1992. Investment in Human Capital Schooling Supply in Rural Ghana Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper 93 Washington, D C: World Bank.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;MacDonald, Martha. 1994. 'Panel Presentation at the Gender Symposium&quot; World Bank. Poverty and Social Policy Department, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Manser Marilyn, and Murray Brown 1980 &quot;Marriage and Household Decision making: A Bargaining Analysis &quot; International Economic Review 21:11 44&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;McElroy, Marjorie, and Mary Jean Homey. 1981. &quot;Nash-bargained Household Decisions: Towards a Generalisation of the Theory of Demand&quot; International&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Economic Review 22 (June):333 49&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moock, Peter R 1976 &quot;The Efficiency of Women as Farm Managers: Kenya.&quot; American an Journal of Agricultural Economic 58(5):831-35.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Moser, Caroline O. 1992 &quot;Adjustment from Below: Low-income Women, Time and the Triple Role in Guayaquil. Ecuador&quot; In Haleh Ashar and Carolynne Dennis, eds., Women and Adjustment Policies in the Third World. New York: St. Martin Press&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;1994. &quot;Urban Poverty and Social Policy in the Context of Adjustment&quot; World Bank, Urban Development Division, Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Mwabu, Germano. 1994 &quot;Household Composition and Expenditures on Human Capital Inputs in Kenya&quot; Presented at Northeast Universities Development Conference, Economic Growth Center Yale University, New Haven, Conn&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Newell, Andrew and Barry Reilly 1994. &quot;Pine Gender Wage Gap in Russia. ' World Bank, Europe and Central Asia Country Department 3, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Pitt, Mark, and Shahidur Khandker. 1995 &quot;Household and Intrahousehold Impacts of the Grameen Bank and Similar Targeted Credited Programs in Bangladesh &quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population Reference Bureau 1994. The Wood'. Youth 1994 A Special Focus on Reproductive Health Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Psacharopoulos George 1994. &quot;Returns to Investment in Education: A Global Up-date ' World Development 22(9):1325 43&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Psacharopoulos. George, and Zafiris Tzannatos. 1992 Women's Employment and PUN in Latin America Overview and Methodology. A World Bank Regional and Sectoral Study Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Agnes. 1994. ''Improving Women's Agricultural Productivity as Farmers and Workers.&quot; Education and Social Policy Department Discussion Paper 37. World Bank, Washington. D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rahrnan. Rushidan I. and Shahidur Khandker 1994 &quot;Role of Targeted Credit Programs in Promoting Employment and Productivity of the Poor in Bangladesh.&quot; World Bank, Education and Social Policy Department. Washington, D.C. and Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. Dhaka&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rhyne, Elisabeth. and Sharon Holt 1994 ''Women in Finance and Enterprise Development'' Education and Social Policy Department Discussion Paper 40. World Bank. Washington, D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Rosenzweig, Mark. and T. Paul Schultz. 1982 'Market Opportunities. Genetic Endowments, and Intrafamily Resource Distribution: Child Survival in Rural India'' American an Economic Review 72:4:803-15.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;. 1987. 'Fertility and Investments in Human Capital: Estimates of the Consequences of Imperfect Fertility Control in Malaysia.' Journal of Econometrics 36: 163-84&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Saito, Katrine, and Daphne Spurlirio 1992 Developing Agricultural Extension to/ Women Farmers World Bank Discussion Paper 156 Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Scales, Ann 1986 &quot;The Emergence of Feminist Jurisprudence'' Yale Law Journal 95(7): 1373-1403.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schuler, Margaret, ed. 1986 Empowerment and the Law Strategies of Third World Women  Washington, D.C.: OEF&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schuler, Margaret. and Sakuntala Kadirgamar-Rajasingilam. eds 1992 Legal Literary. A TOOL for Women's Empowerment New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Schultz. T. Paul 1988 ''Education Investments and Returns'' In Hollis Chenery and T.R. Srinivasan. eds. Handbook of Development Economics Amsterdam: North land.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sedlacek, Guilhemie, Leah Gutierrez, and Amit Mohindra 1993. &quot;Women in the Labor Market&quot; World Bank. Education and Social Policy Department Washington, D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sen, Amartya 1990 'More Than One Hundred Million Women Are Missing: Women's Survival as a Development Problem.&quot; New York Review of Books (December 20):61-66.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Sivard, R L 1985. Women: A World Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Priorities&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Stewart, Sheelagh. 1992. ''Working the System: Sensitizing the Police to the Plight of Women &quot; In Margaret Schuler. ed. Freedom from Violence e: Women Strategies from around the World. New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Subbarao Kalanidlli. and Kene l Ezemenari Forthcoming &quot;Transition. Poverty and Social Assistance in Mongolia.'' World Bank. Education and Social Policy Department Washington, D C&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Subbarao Kalanidhi. and Laura Raney 1993 Social Gains from Female Education: A Cross-National Stud!. World Bank Discussion Paper 194. Washington! D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Summers, Lawrence H. 1994 Investing in All the People Education Women in Developing Countries ED' Seminar Paper 45 Washington, D.C: World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Thomas, Duncan 1990a &quot;Household Resources and Child Health in Zimbabwe.&quot; Working Paper. Yale University, Economic Grow Center, New Haven, Conn.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1990b Intrahousehold Resource Allocation: An Inferential Approach of Human Resources 25(4):635-64.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1991 Gender Differences in household Resource Allocation. Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper 79 Washington. D C: World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1993. &quot;The Distribution of Income and Expenditure within the Household.&quot; A Annals of Economics and Statistic 29: 109-35.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tibaijuka, Anna 1994 ''Cost of Differential Gender Roles in African Agriculture: A Case Study of Smallholder Banana-Coffee Fames in the Kagera Region, Tanzania.&quot; Journal of Agricultural Economics (U K) 45(1):69-81&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Toubia, Nahid 1993. Female Genital Mutilation: A Call for Global Action. New York: United Nations&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Tzannatos, Zafiris 1995. &quot;Growths, Adjustment, and the Labor Market: Effects on Women Workers.&quot; World Bank, Poverty and Social Policy Department, Washington. D.C.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization). 1991. 1991. Paris&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;ââ. 1993b Trends and Projections of Enrollment by Level of Education by Age and Sex, 1960-2025. Paris&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund! 1993. The Progress of Nations. New York&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization). 1993 11 Women in Manu&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Other Recent Development in Practice Books&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Priorities and Strategies for Education: A World Bank Review (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Better Urban Services: Finding the Right Incentives (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Strengthening the Effectiveness of Aid: Lessons for Donors&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Enriching Lives: Overcoming Vitamin and Mineral Malnutrition in Developing Countries (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;A New Agenda for Women's Health and Nutrition (also available in French)&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Population and Development: Implications for the World Bank&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;East Asia's Trade and Investment: Regional and Global Gains from Liberalization&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Governance: The World Bank's Experience&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Higher Education: The Lessons of Experience (also available in French and Spanish)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Better Health in Africa: Experience and Lessons Learned (also available in French)&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Argentina's Privatization Program: Experience, Issues, and Lessons Sustaining Rapid Development in East Asia and the Pacific&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;THE WORLD BANK A partner in strengthening economies and expanding markets to improve the quality of life for people everywhere, especially the poorest&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Gender equality is not only a matter of social justice but also good economics. It is of foremost importance to women's wellbeing and development. Discrimination means losses in productivity and lower welfare of women, their families, and society at large.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;Although the gender gap is narrowing in education, health, and many other areas, women are still less educated than men, work more hours, and are paid less. The reasons why gender disparities persist are complex, having to do with social and institutional norms, relationships within households, and even lack of information about the benefits of educating and employing women. Despite the weight of social and cultural factors, public policy can influence women's status and well-being. Governments have a leading role in widening the opportunities available to women and extending the services that are vitally important to them.&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P ALIGN=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot;&gt;This report outlines what governments and development agencies can do to work toward greater gender equality- one of the best investments a society can make. Public policy can affect investments in health, education, and infrastructure through laws and regulations. It can also affect land ownership, financial services, and access to employment. Not least important, public  policies can affect macroeconomic performance and create a favorable climate for economic development.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/FONT&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215053
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215042
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,Title->TI	dc.Subject->SU	dls.Organization->ORG	dls.Keyword->KE
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,Title	dc.Subject	dls.Organization	dls.Keyword
+indexlevels	Sec	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,Title;dc.Subject;dls.Organization;dls.Keyword;->idx
+indexstem	Demo-Section-Tagging
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	section->Sec	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	3071304
+numdocs	11
+numsections	395
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Demo-Section-Tagging/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Microlivestock - Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future (b17mie)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/b17mie</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Little Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future (b18ase)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/b18ase</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Managing Tropical Animal Resources - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics (b20cre)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/b20cre</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Water Buffalo: New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal (1984) (b21wae)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/b21wae</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Butterfly Farming in Papua New Guinea (b22bue)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/b22bue</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°158 - July - August 1996 Dossier Communication and the media - Country report Cape Verde (ec158e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/ec158e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°159 - Sept- Oct 1996 Dossier Investing in People Country Reports: Mali ; Western Samoa (ec159e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/ec159e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Courier - NÂ°160 - Nov - Dec 1996 - Dossier Habitat - Country reports: Fiji , Tonga (ec160e)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/ec160e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants (fb33fe)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/fb33fe</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Farming snails 2: Choosing snails; Care and harvesting; Further improvement (fb34fe)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/fb34fe</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Development in practice: Toward Gender Equality (wb34te)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/wb34te</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,668 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Enhanced-PDF/tmp/1395215070_1/pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Enhanced-PDF/tmp/1395215070_1/pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Applications for Bibliometric Research in the Emerging Digital Libraries Sally Jo Cunningham...</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215070_1/pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">35935</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">pdf03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">Paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Enhanced-PDF/import</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">644</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">35935</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">1999:09:27 16:05:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Microsoft Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat PDFWriter 2.0 for Macintosh</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Title">biblio_for_dl_scientometrics.do</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215070</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+ 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Applications for Bibliometric Research&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;in the Emerging Digital Libraries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Sally Jo Cunningham&lt;br&gt;
+Department of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;
+University of Waikato&lt;br&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+email:  sallyjo@waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Abstract:&lt;/b&gt;  Large numbers of research documents have recently become available on&lt;br&gt;
+the Internet through  âdigital librariesâ, and these collections are seeing high levels of&lt;br&gt;
+use  by  their  related  research  communities.  A  secondary    use  for  these  document&lt;br&gt;
+repositories and indexes is as a platform for bibliometric research.  We examine the&lt;br&gt;
+extent to which the new digital libraries support conventional bibliometric analysis, and&lt;br&gt;
+discuss  shortcomings  in  their  current  forms.    Interestingly,  these  electronic  text&lt;br&gt;
+archives also provide opportunities for new types of studies:  generally the full text of&lt;br&gt;
+documents are available for analysis, giving a finer grain of insight than abstract-only&lt;br&gt;
+online databases;  these repositories often contain technical reports or pre-prints, the&lt;br&gt;
+âgrey  literatureâ  that  has  been  previously  unavailable  for  analysis;  and  document&lt;br&gt;
+âusageâ  can  be  measured  directly  by  recording  user  accesses,  rather  than  studied&lt;br&gt;
+indirectly through document references.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1.  Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+In recent years a number of &amp;quot;digital libraries&amp;quot; have become available through the&lt;br&gt;
+Internet.  While the technology promises in the future to support large, heterogenous&lt;br&gt;
+collections, at present the most widely used of the academically-focussed digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries are generally repositories of one or two types of document (typically technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports, journal articles, pre-prints, or conference proceedings), grouped by discipline.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+A distinguishing characteristic of these digital libraries is that the full text of documents&lt;br&gt;
+are often available for retrieval, as well as bibliographic records.The sciences are&lt;br&gt;
+represented much more heavily in the present crop of digital libraries than the social&lt;br&gt;
+sciences, arts, or humanities. They are maintained by professional societies,&lt;br&gt;
+universities, research laboratories, and even private individuals.  Access is generally&lt;br&gt;
+free, both to search and to download documents.&lt;br&gt;
+The emergence of these subject-specific digital libraries is particularly important&lt;br&gt;
+given the pattern of access to materials presently employed by research scientists.&lt;br&gt;
+Informal exchanges of preprints, reprints, and photocopies of papers passed on by&lt;br&gt;
+colleagues currently are major venues for the transmission of scientific information&lt;br&gt;
+between researchers in the sciences.  In one study, the dependence on these sources&lt;br&gt;
+ranges from 12% (for chemistry)  to 39% (for mathematics) of all papers cited in&lt;br&gt;
+researchers' own publications [11]. A qualitative study of study of how computer&lt;br&gt;
+scientists locate and retrieve documents (computing is one of the domains considered&lt;br&gt;
+later in this paper) indicates that for that field, technical reports and research documents&lt;br&gt;
+found in various locations on the Internet are a preferred source of information [6].&lt;br&gt;
+Many of the digital library systems discussed in this paper are repositories for just this&lt;br&gt;
+type of literature.  The documents tend to be of high quality:  primarily  technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports or working papers from research institutions (both academic and commercial),&lt;br&gt;
+as well as advance copies of work accepted for publication in conventional paper&lt;br&gt;
+journals. Moreover, these digital libraries are also coming to include refereed work&lt;br&gt;
+published digitally (in electronic journals).  Anecdotal evidence suggests that in their&lt;br&gt;
+fields, these digital libraries are coming to be the resource of choice for locating cutting&lt;br&gt;
+edge work.&lt;br&gt;
+For specialized subjects such as high energy physics, this dependence on&lt;br&gt;
+informal or extra-library dissemination can be much higher. Ginsparg ([9], [10])&lt;br&gt;
+reports that fields in physics have traditionally relied heavily on preprint exchanges, and&lt;br&gt;
+the digital repositories of physics preprints begun in 1991 (the PHYSICS E-PRINT&lt;br&gt;
+ARCHIVES) have to a large extent supplanted conventional publishing and physical&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+paper mailing of technical reports.  By providing ready access to information sources&lt;br&gt;
+that are already preferentially utilized by scientists, the digital libraries show potential to&lt;br&gt;
+increase access to information that until recently was expensive or difficult to acquire in&lt;br&gt;
+paper form.  Indeed, in some fields (most notably physics) this process has already&lt;br&gt;
+begun, as researchers in less developed countries report access to ongoing research&lt;br&gt;
+through the Internet repositories that their local libraries could not afford to acquire&lt;br&gt;
+through conventional journal subscriptions ([9], [10]).&lt;br&gt;
+The primary use for new bibliographic resources is, of course, for the contents&lt;br&gt;
+of the documents involved.  A secondary use for emerging resources is as a basis for&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric analysis of the subject field.  With the conventionally published scientific&lt;br&gt;
+literature, the sheer difficulty of accumulating statistics discouraged bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+research until the advent of large bibliographic databases in the 1960's. Computerized&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases sparked a significant increase in the number of large-scale&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic studies, as significant portions of the collection and analysis of data could&lt;br&gt;
+be automated ([12], [13]).  The availability of CD-ROM versions of bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+databases has been of particular importance, since they provide a cheaper alternative to&lt;br&gt;
+the online commercial databases [3].&lt;br&gt;
+These computerized bibliographic resources have drawbacks, however.  The&lt;br&gt;
+greatest is that the full text of documents are rarely available, and even abstracts are not&lt;br&gt;
+always present.  This obviously limits the types of bibliometric research that can be&lt;br&gt;
+conducted &lt;i&gt;solely&lt;/i&gt; through these databases.  In addition, these databases are generally&lt;br&gt;
+limited to formally published documents (those appearing in selected books, journals,&lt;br&gt;
+and conference proceedings).  The &amp;quot;grey literature&amp;quot; of technical reports, pre-prints, and&lt;br&gt;
+other works not formally published are largely ignored, and it is this absence of easy&lt;br&gt;
+access to these documents that has hampered the analysis of these important forms of&lt;br&gt;
+scientific communication.&lt;br&gt;
+The digital libraries currently in existence complement the online and CD-ROM&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases.  They are best suited for examinations of the &amp;quot;physical&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+characteristics of documents (for example, document length), analysis based on&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+bibliographic information that can be automatically extracted from the document text or&lt;br&gt;
+the sometimes unevenly formatted bibliographic records (such as obsolescence&lt;br&gt;
+studies),  and usage studies (geographic or institutional origin of users, date/time of&lt;br&gt;
+access, individual patterns of document retrieval, etc.).  Because  references are present&lt;br&gt;
+in the document file but not identified by field, co-citation and bibliographic coupling&lt;br&gt;
+research is not well-supported, and conducting these studies requires considerable&lt;br&gt;
+effort on the part of the researcher.&lt;br&gt;
+The variety of bibliographic repositories in the available digital libraries in itself&lt;br&gt;
+has great potential in conducting bibliometric research.  Sigogneau et al [15] present a&lt;br&gt;
+case study illustrating the ways in which the strengths of different databases can be&lt;br&gt;
+played off each other; they conduct a fine-grained analysis of the emergence of research&lt;br&gt;
+fronts in molecular and cellular biology, and demonstrate that the observations gleaned&lt;br&gt;
+from two complementary bibliographic databases provide greater insight into their&lt;br&gt;
+problem. Similarly, it appears that  the types of bibliographic data that can be gleaned&lt;br&gt;
+from the relatively unstructured digital libraries can be profitably combined with data&lt;br&gt;
+from online databases, CD-ROMS, and other more conventional bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+resources.&lt;br&gt;
+This paper is organized as follows:  Section 2 discusses the types of indexing&lt;br&gt;
+and searching available with current digital libraries; Section 3 gives examples of&lt;br&gt;
+conventional bibliometric techniques applied to Internet-accessible archives; Section 4&lt;br&gt;
+discusses opportunities to directly measure usage of documents and to detect&lt;br&gt;
+information-seeking patterns in researchers; and Section 5 presents our conclusions.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;2.  Indexing and searching in current digital libraries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+At present, the types of indexing fields for most academically-oriented digital&lt;br&gt;
+library systems are limited.  Many schemes index on user-supplied document&lt;br&gt;
+descriptions, abstracts, or similar document surrogates (for example, the PHYSICS E-&lt;br&gt;
+PRINT ARCHIVE [10], a collection of physics pre-prints and technical reports). As will&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+be discussed below, the quality of this user-provided data can be highly variable, and&lt;br&gt;
+may unfavorably impact the usefulness of the index for searching. Alternatively, a&lt;br&gt;
+designated site librarian may maintain a catalog (eg, the WATERS [14] system, now&lt;br&gt;
+subsumed by NCSTRL (http://www.ncstrl.org/), both primarily collections of&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical reports);  in this case the quality of the bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+information may be expedited to be higher, but fewer sites will be likely to support&lt;br&gt;
+such a librarian and therefore fewer documents are likely to be included in the digital&lt;br&gt;
+library. In a âharvestingâ system such as the computer science technical report&lt;br&gt;
+collections supported by HARVEST  [2] or the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical report collection ([16], [17]), documents are indexed from&lt;br&gt;
+passive repositories (that may not even be aware that their documents are being&lt;br&gt;
+included in the digital library). Harvesting systems therefore cannot rely on the&lt;br&gt;
+presence of bibliographic data of any sort.&lt;br&gt;
+Because of the relative paucity of high-quality bibliographic data available to&lt;br&gt;
+many of the current academically- or research-focussed digital library collections, their&lt;br&gt;
+search interfaces tend to be more primitive than those ordinarily found in online&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases or library catalogs.  Systems such as NCSTRL can support&lt;br&gt;
+author, title, and subject searching, but  this more sophisticated search functionality&lt;br&gt;
+comes at the expense of requiring participating repositories to use specific software.  As&lt;br&gt;
+a consequence, these latter systems may provide access to a small number of sites than&lt;br&gt;
+harvesting systems. Harvesters may access a broader range of providers, but at the&lt;br&gt;
+penalty of being limited to unfielded, keyword searches over the raw text of the&lt;br&gt;
+document or document surrogate.&lt;br&gt;
+Specifically, the indexing in existing digital libraries has a variety of shortcomings for&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric applications:&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;lack of fielded indexing:&lt;/i&gt;   As noted above, some large and widely used digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries (such as the computer science technical report collection of the  NEW&lt;br&gt;
+ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY) may lack formal cataloging entirely, and rely on&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+keyword searching over the raw document text. Obviously this  makes  field-&lt;br&gt;
+dependent analysis more difficult (for example, locating documents produced by&lt;br&gt;
+specific authors), and in the worst case my require a manual examination of all&lt;br&gt;
+files in the collection in order to reliably identify a desired document subset.&lt;br&gt;
+However, keyword search techniques that approximate fielded searching results&lt;br&gt;
+may suffice:  for example in the  NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY computer&lt;br&gt;
+science technical report collection,  limiting the keyword search for âJohnsonâ&lt;br&gt;
+to a search of first pages only is likely to retrieve documents written by Johnson&lt;br&gt;
+(since for the  majority  of  computer  science  technical  reports,  the  first  page&lt;br&gt;
+contains little more than author, title, date, and institution details).&lt;br&gt;
+A more principled  approach to extracting bibliographic information is embodied&lt;br&gt;
+in  the  CiteSeer  tool  [1].  This  software  parses  raw,  unfielded  academic&lt;br&gt;
+documents and attempts to identify such indexing information as author, title,&lt;br&gt;
+reference list, etc. Obviously such a tool cannot attain 100% accuracy over a&lt;br&gt;
+heterogenous document collection, but in practice it appears useful in that it can&lt;br&gt;
+make a good first pass in processing a set of documents, providing an initial set&lt;br&gt;
+of parsed documents for analysis. The remaining (presumably much smaller) set&lt;br&gt;
+of unparsable documents can then be dealt with manually.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;lack of consistency in field formatting:&lt;/i&gt;  Current digital libraries usually acquire&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic  information  from  either  the  authors  of  submitted  articles  or&lt;br&gt;
+automatic extraction routines (retrieving bibliographic details from catalog files&lt;br&gt;
+that may or may not be in a given document site, and that may or may not be in&lt;br&gt;
+an  easily  parsable  form).  Neither  of  these  methods  produce  records  with&lt;br&gt;
+standard  formatting,  which  causes  problems  with  automated  bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+analysis.   Consider the following examples selected from entries in the hep-th&lt;br&gt;
+(high energy physics) collection of the PHYSICS E-PRINT ARCHIVES:&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+(i)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: A. Yu. Alekseev, V. Schomerus&lt;br&gt;
+(ii)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: Adel Bilal and Ian. I. Kogan&lt;br&gt;
+(iii)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: Paul S. Aspinwall and David R. Morrison (with an appendix &lt;br&gt;
+by Mark Gross)&lt;br&gt;
+(iv)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: A. H. Chamseddine and Herbi Dreiner (ETH-Zurich)&lt;br&gt;
+In this case, typical for existing digital libraries, there is no standardized format&lt;br&gt;
+for authors' names (here, appearing with full names, initials plus last name, and&lt;br&gt;
+a mixture of  the  two);  no  standard  convention  for  separating  author  names&lt;br&gt;
+(here, either a comma or &amp;quot;and&amp;quot; are  used);  and  parenthetical  information  can&lt;br&gt;
+include a variety of information such as the name of an associate author or the&lt;br&gt;
+institutional affiliations of an author.  Manual processing or specially  crafted&lt;br&gt;
+software would be required to reformat these fields for analysis.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;duplicate entries: &lt;/i&gt; Digital libraries that draw documents from a variety of sources&lt;br&gt;
+may  inadvertently  contain  duplicate  items.    Unfortunately,  the  irregular&lt;br&gt;
+formatting of the bibliographic information makes it difficult to  automatically&lt;br&gt;
+detect these duplicates.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;implicit field tagging:&lt;/i&gt;  In some repositories, items are not explicitly tagged with&lt;br&gt;
+certain  types  of  information  â  most  commonly  the  document's  date  of&lt;br&gt;
+publication or production.  Instead, the date is implicit in the document's title&lt;br&gt;
+(eg, its numeration in a technical report series) or in the location of the document&lt;br&gt;
+in the file structure of the repository  (eg,  separate  directories  exist  for  each&lt;br&gt;
+year).  A second common piece of  implicit  data  is  the  authorsâ  institutional&lt;br&gt;
+affiliations.  This may be contained in the document itself (typically on a cover&lt;br&gt;
+page),  or  may  be  implicit  in  the  documentâs  location  (for  example,  a&lt;br&gt;
+corporationâs technical reports are stored in its ftp repository).  Again, in these&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+cases  special  processing  is  required  to  append  this  field  information  to  a&lt;br&gt;
+document record for bibliometric analysis.  &lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;extraction of document text:&lt;/i&gt;  Few of  the  documents  stored  in  the  research-&lt;br&gt;
+oriented digital libraries discussed in this paper are straight ascii text; instead,&lt;br&gt;
+documents may appear in a variety of file formats, such as LaTeX, PostScript,&lt;br&gt;
+PDF, etc.  If the contents of the documents are to be automatically processed&lt;br&gt;
+(for  example,  to  count  the  words  in  a  document,  or  to  extract  reference&lt;br&gt;
+publication dates for an obsolescence study), then the text must be extracted.&lt;br&gt;
+Utilities are available to convert most common document formats to ascii.&lt;br&gt;
+It is likely that many of these problems will be addressed as the Internet-based&lt;br&gt;
+document indexing systems mature.  Even minor changes can greatly increase the&lt;br&gt;
+useability of a bibliographic database for bibliometric research.  For example, the&lt;br&gt;
+addition of an explicit date tag to many online databases in 1975 sparked new&lt;br&gt;
+applications in time series research [3].&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;3.  Opportunities for applications of bibliometric techniques&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+One type of bibliometric research concentrates on quantifying fundamental,&lt;br&gt;
+structural details about a subject literature:  how many items are published, how many&lt;br&gt;
+authors are publishing, over what time period documents are likely to be used, etc.&lt;br&gt;
+More complex studies analyze the relationships between documents, such as how&lt;br&gt;
+documents cluster into subjects.  The following examples give a flavour of the&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric research that is possible using the emerging digital libraries:&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;examining the âphysicalâ characteristics of archived documents&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+One relatively straightforward type of bibliometric study characterizes the&lt;br&gt;
+formats of different literatures.   For example, Figure 1 presents a the range of the size&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+of computer science technical reports as measured by their length in pages.   Of the&lt;br&gt;
+45,720 documents in the CSTR collection as of April 1998, nearly 1600 did not contain&lt;br&gt;
+page divisions in their files (and hence are excluded from analysis). Note that the&lt;br&gt;
+number of pages in the shorter documents (&amp;lt;50 pages) falls into an approximately&lt;br&gt;
+normal distribution (slightly skewed to the left), while presumably the longer&lt;br&gt;
+documents represent Mastersâ and Doctoral theses. A surprising number of documents&lt;br&gt;
+are very short (between one and 5 pages); these may represent the type of condensed&lt;br&gt;
+results frequently found in the âtechnical notesâ, âshort papersâ, and âposter sessionsâ&lt;br&gt;
+of computing conferences and journals. The average number of pages per document,&lt;br&gt;
+27.5, appears to be slightly longer than the common upper bound for a computing&lt;br&gt;
+journal article, although this observation must be confirmed by a similar study of the&lt;br&gt;
+lengths of formally published computing articles.&lt;br&gt;
+This type of analysis is of particular interest for technical reports, since they&lt;br&gt;
+have not been studied in the same detail as formally published papers.  A comparison of&lt;br&gt;
+the physical characteristics of the formal and informal literature could provide&lt;br&gt;
+supporting evidence for common beliefs about the relationship between the two types&lt;br&gt;
+of documents. For example,  do publishing constraints force journal and proceedings&lt;br&gt;
+articles to be shorter than technical reports, and therefore presumably omit technical&lt;br&gt;
+details of findings?  Do technical reports contain more/less extensive reference sections?&lt;br&gt;
+If reference sections of technical reports are longer than those of published articles, then&lt;br&gt;
+citation links are being ommitted in published works; if technical reports contain fewer&lt;br&gt;
+references, then this may confirm earlier indications that computer scientists tend to&lt;br&gt;
+âresearch firstâ and do literature surveys later [6].&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 1.  Range of sizes of CS technical reports, measured by number of pages&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;obsolescence studies.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+A document is considered obsolete when it is no longer referenced by the&lt;br&gt;
+current literature. Typically, documents receive their greatest number and frequency of&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+citations immediately after publication, and the frequency of citation falls rapidly as time&lt;br&gt;
+passes. One technique for estimating the obsolescence rate of a body of  literatureâ the&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;synchronous&lt;/i&gt; method â  is to find the median date in the references of the documents.&lt;br&gt;
+This median date is subtracted from the year of publication for the documents, yielding&lt;br&gt;
+the &lt;i&gt;median citation age&lt;/i&gt;.  As would be expected, this median varies between the&lt;br&gt;
+disciplines.  Typically the social sciences and arts have a higher median citation age&lt;br&gt;
+than the âhardâ sciences and engineering, indicating that documents obsolesce more&lt;br&gt;
+quickly for the latter fields.&lt;br&gt;
+As noted in Section 2, references are not generally explicitly tagged in existing&lt;br&gt;
+digital repositories.  However, reference dates can usually be extracted from the&lt;br&gt;
+document text by first locating the reference section (usually delimited by a &amp;quot;references&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+or &amp;quot;bibliography&amp;quot; section heading), and then extracting all numbers in the appropriate&lt;br&gt;
+ranges for dates  for the field under study.&lt;br&gt;
+To illustrate this process, 188 technical reports were sampled from Internet-&lt;br&gt;
+accessible repositories1 and used as source documents for a synchronous obsolescence&lt;br&gt;
+study.  Conveniently, the repositories chosen organize technical reports into sub-&lt;br&gt;
+directories by their date of publication.  The reference dates for each technical report&lt;br&gt;
+were automatically extracted by software that scanned the documentâs file for numbers&lt;br&gt;
+of the form 19XX, since previous studies indicate that few if any computing reports&lt;br&gt;
+reference documents published in previous centuries [5].  Table 1 presents the median&lt;br&gt;
+citation age calculated for these documents, broken down by repository and the year of&lt;br&gt;
+publication for the source documents from which the reference dates were extracted:&lt;br&gt;
+Table 1.  Median citation ages for technical report repositories&lt;br&gt;
+The median citation age ranges between 2 and 4 years, which is consistent with&lt;br&gt;
+previous examinations of computing and information systems literature ([5], [4]).&lt;br&gt;
+When graphed, the distribution of reference dates show the exponential curve typically&lt;br&gt;
+found in obsolescence studies, including the final droop due to an âimmediacy effectâ&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+as fewer very new documents are available for citation [7].  These types of results&lt;br&gt;
+provide confirmation that references used in computer science technical reports (the pre-&lt;br&gt;
+eminent âgrey literatureâ of  the computing field) conforms to the same patterns as&lt;br&gt;
+references found in the formally published literature.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;co-citation and bibliographic coupling studies&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The rate at which documents cite each other (co-citation) or cite the same&lt;br&gt;
+documents (bibliographic coupling) can be used to produce &amp;quot;maps&amp;quot; of a subject&lt;br&gt;
+literature.  These techniques rely on analysis of the references of documents, and these&lt;br&gt;
+references must be in a common format.  While digital libraries contain full text of&lt;br&gt;
+documents, their references are not standardized, and indeed are not  even tagged as&lt;br&gt;
+such.  To perform these studies the references must be manually extracted and&lt;br&gt;
+processedâa tedious process that is only worthwhile for documents (such as technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports) that are not included in existing citation databases such as the Science Citation&lt;br&gt;
+Index and Social Science Citation Index.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;detecting cycles or regularities in the rate of production of research&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Analysis of trends in the production of technical reports can give indications&lt;br&gt;
+about working conditions that affect research; for example, is more research produced&lt;br&gt;
+over the summer, when the teaching load is lighter?  or is research steadily produced&lt;br&gt;
+throughout the year?&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 2.  Distribution of the number of documents submitted to hep-th, 1992-1994&lt;br&gt;
+Figures 2 and 3 present statistics on document accumulation in the hep-th (high&lt;br&gt;
+energy physics) e-print server, a part of the PHYSICS E-PRINT ARCHIVE.  This system&lt;br&gt;
+is one of the oldest formal pre-print archives, and has become the primary means for&lt;br&gt;
+information dissemination in its field.  Examination of these figures reveals several&lt;br&gt;
+trends.  Clearly the absolute number of documents deposited in the repository has&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">12</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+tended to increase over the time period.  For all three years, research production has its&lt;br&gt;
+lowest point in January and February, increases through May and June, then decreases&lt;br&gt;
+until August and September.  At that point the rate of production steps up, reaching a&lt;br&gt;
+yearly peak in November and December.  This pattern is less clear for 1992, which&lt;br&gt;
+might be expected as the archive was established in mid-1991.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 3.  Distribution of the percentage of documents submitted to hep-th, 1992-1994&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;4.  Analysis of usage data&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The emerging Internet-based digital libraries will permit research on scientific&lt;br&gt;
+information collection and use at a much finer grain than is possible with current paper&lt;br&gt;
+libraries or online bibliographic databases.  Current bibliometric or scientometric&lt;br&gt;
+research of this type must measure information use indirectly â for example,  through&lt;br&gt;
+examination of the list of references appended to published articles.  However, it is well&lt;br&gt;
+known that authors do not necessarily include in the reference list all documents that&lt;br&gt;
+could have been cited, and conversely that not all references listed may have been&lt;br&gt;
+actually âusedâ in performing the research; citation behavior can be affected by a&lt;br&gt;
+number of motivating factors (Garfield lists &lt;i&gt;15&lt;/i&gt; possible reasons in [8]).&lt;br&gt;
+Digital library transaction logs provide a powerful tool for direct analysis of&lt;br&gt;
+document âusageâ: since  digital libraries contain the actual document (rather than only a&lt;br&gt;
+document surrogate), the relative amount of âuseâ that a digital libraryâs clients make of&lt;br&gt;
+a given document sees can be estimated from the number of times the document file is&lt;br&gt;
+downloaded (and, presumably, the document is read). Note that file downloading is a&lt;br&gt;
+much stronger statement on the part of the user than, for example, having a&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic record appear in the query result set for a conventional bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+system; the user downloads only &lt;i&gt;after&lt;/i&gt; the document has been found potentially relevant&lt;br&gt;
+through examination of its document surrogate. Additionally,  downloading is&lt;br&gt;
+frequently time-consuming  and sometimes costly (depending on local pricing for&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">13</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+Internet access). Downloaded documents are therefore highly likely at least to be&lt;br&gt;
+scanned, if not read closely.  The transaction logs for a digital library can provide a&lt;br&gt;
+global picture of the use of documents in the collection, since all user interactions with&lt;br&gt;
+the library can be automatically logged  for analysis. By contrast, it is of course&lt;br&gt;
+impossible to track usage of print bibliographies, and very difficult to monitor usage of&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic data available on CD-ROM across more than one or two sites.&lt;br&gt;
+Furthermore, analysis of search requests by geographic location, institution,&lt;br&gt;
+and sometimes even individual user are also possible.  As an example, Table 2 presents&lt;br&gt;
+a portion of the summary of usage statistics (broken down by domain code) for queries&lt;br&gt;
+to the computer science technical collection of the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY.&lt;br&gt;
+Examination of the data indicates that the heaviest use of the collection comes from&lt;br&gt;
+North America, Europe (particularly Germany and Finland), as well as the local New&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand community and nearby Australia.  As expected for such a collection, a large&lt;br&gt;
+proportion of users are from educational (.edu) institutions; surprisingly, however, a&lt;br&gt;
+similar number of queries come from commercial (.com) organizations, indicating&lt;br&gt;
+perhaps that the documents are seeing use in commercial research and development&lt;br&gt;
+units.&lt;br&gt;
+Table 2. Accesses to the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY CS collection  by Domain&lt;br&gt;Code&lt;br&gt;
+Of course, usage levels can also be further broken down by IP number&lt;br&gt;
+(indicating  institutions), and systems requiring users to register may also be able to&lt;br&gt;
+analyze usage on an individual basis. Since the query strings themselves are also&lt;br&gt;
+recorded in the transaction logs, this domain/institution/individual activity could also be&lt;br&gt;
+linked to specific subjects through the query terms.  Summaries of this type could be&lt;br&gt;
+invaluable for studies of geographic diffusion and distribution of research topics.&lt;br&gt;
+Transaction log analysis can also indicate time-related  patterns in the&lt;br&gt;
+information seeking behavior of digital library users.   As a sample of this type of&lt;br&gt;
+analysis,  Paul Ginsparg notes a seven day periodicity in the number of search requests&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">14</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+made to the PHYSICS E-PRINT archives (Figure 4, reproduced from [9]).  From this he&lt;br&gt;
+adduces that many physicists do not yet have weekend access to the Internet (an&lt;br&gt;
+alternative, slightly more cynical hypothesis is that even high energy theoretical&lt;br&gt;
+physicists take the weekend off).&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 4.  Summary of search requests to the physics pre-print archives&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;5.  Conclusion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+This study suggests opportunities for conducting bibliometric research on the&lt;br&gt;
+evolving digital libraries.  These repositories are suitable platforms for conventional&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric techniques (such as obsolescence studies, quantification of physical&lt;br&gt;
+characteristics of documents comprising a subject literature, time analysis, etc.).  The&lt;br&gt;
+ability to directly monitor access to documents in digital libraries also enables&lt;br&gt;
+researchers to explicitly quantify document usage, as well as to implicitly measure&lt;br&gt;
+usage through citations.  Additional facilities could aid in the performance of&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic experiments, such as: improved tagging of document fields; provision of&lt;br&gt;
+utilities to strip out titles, authors, etc. from common document formats; and the ability&lt;br&gt;
+to easily eliminate duplicate entries from downloaded library subsets.  Unfortunately,&lt;br&gt;
+the most useful of these additional facilities â those associated with a higher degree of&lt;br&gt;
+cataloging â run counter to the underlying philosophy of many digital libraries:  to&lt;br&gt;
+avoid, if possible,  manual processing and formal cataloging of documents.   While&lt;br&gt;
+adherence to this principle can limit the accuracy of fielded searching (or indeed,&lt;br&gt;
+preclude it altogether), it can also avoid the cataloging bottleneck and permit digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries to provide access to larger numbers of documents.&lt;br&gt;
+The digital libraries complement the information currently available through&lt;br&gt;
+paper, online, and CD-ROM bibliographic resources.  While these latter databases&lt;br&gt;
+generally have the advantage of standardized formatting of bibliographic fields, the&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries are freely accessible, often contain &amp;quot;grey literature&amp;quot; that is otherwise&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">15</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+unavailable for analysis, and generally make the full text of documents available.  The&lt;br&gt;
+insights gained from analysis of digital libraries will add to the store of &amp;quot;information&lt;br&gt;
+about information&amp;quot; that we have gained from older types of bibliographic repositories.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+[1] Bollacker, K.D., S. Lawrence, and C.L.Giles, CiteSeer: An Autonomous Web&lt;br&gt;
+Agent for Automatic  Retrieval  and  Identification  of  Interesting  Publications,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the Second International Conference  on  Autonomous  Agents&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+(Minneapolis/St. Paul, May 9-13), 1998.&lt;br&gt;
+[2] Bowman, C.M., P.B. Danzig, U. Manber,  and M.F. Schwartz,  Scalable Internet&lt;br&gt;
+resource discovery:  Research problems and approaches,  &lt;i&gt;Communications of&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;the ACM 37(8)&lt;/i&gt;  (1994)  98-107.&lt;br&gt;
+[3] Burton, Hilary D. , Use of a virtual information system for bibliometric analysis,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Informaton Processing &amp;amp; Management 24(1)&lt;/i&gt;  (1988) 39-44.&lt;br&gt;
+[4] Cunningham, S.J., An empirical investigation of the obsolescence rate for&lt;br&gt;
+information systems literature, &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Research&lt;/i&gt;., 1996, http://library.fgcu.edu/iclc/lisrissu.htm&lt;br&gt;
+ [5]  Cunningham,  S.J.,  and  D.  Bocock,    Obsolescence  of  computing  literature.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt;  &lt;i&gt;34(2) &lt;/i&gt; (1995), pp. 255-262.&lt;br&gt;
+ [6] Cunningham, S.J. and Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Information searching&lt;br&gt;
+preferences and practices of computer science researchers, &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;OZCHI '96&lt;/i&gt; (1996)  294-299.&lt;br&gt;
+[7] de Solla Price, D.J.,  Citation measures of hard science, soft science, technology,&lt;br&gt;
+and nonscience.  In: C.E. Nelson  and  D.K.  Pollock  (eds),  &lt;i&gt;Communication&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;among scientists and engineers&lt;/i&gt;  (Heath Lexington, 1970).&lt;br&gt;
+[8]  Garfield, E., &lt;i&gt;Citation Indexing:  Its theory and application in Science, Technology&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;and Humanities (&lt;/i&gt;Wiley, 1979).&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">16</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+[9]  Ginsparg, P.  After dinner remarks:  14 Oct â94 APS meeting at LANL, 1994&lt;br&gt;
+(&amp;lt;URL: http://xxx.lanl.gov/blurb&amp;gt; ).&lt;br&gt;
+[10] Ginsparg, P., First steps towards electronic research communication, &lt;i&gt;Computers&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;in Physics 8(4)&lt;/i&gt; (1994)  390-401.  &lt;br&gt;
+[11] Hallmark,  J., Scientists' access and retrieval of references cited in their recent&lt;br&gt;
+journal articles, &lt;i&gt; College and Research Libraries 55(3)&lt;/i&gt;  (1994) 199-210.&lt;br&gt;
+[12] Hawkins, D.T. , Unconventional uses of on-line information retrieval systems:&lt;br&gt;
+on-line bibliometric studies,  &lt;i&gt;Journal of the American Society for Information&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Science 28&lt;/i&gt;  (1977)  13-18.&lt;br&gt;
+[13] McGhee, P.E. , P.R. Skinner, K. Roberto,  N.J. Ridenour,  and S.M. Larson,&lt;br&gt;
+Using online databases to study current research trends:  an online bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+study, &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science Research 9&lt;/i&gt;  (1987)   285-291.&lt;br&gt;
+[14] Maly, K., E.A. Fox,  J.C. French,  and A.L. Selman,  Wide area technical report&lt;br&gt;
+server    (&lt;i&gt;Technical    Report  ,  &lt;/i&gt;  Dept.  of  Computer  Science,  Old  Dominion&lt;br&gt;
+University, &lt;br&gt;
+1994. &lt;br&gt;
+Also &lt;br&gt;
+available &lt;br&gt;
+at &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;URL:&lt;br&gt;
+http://www.cs.odu.edu/WATERS/WATERS-paper.ps&amp;gt; ).&lt;br&gt;
+[15] Sigogneau, M.J. , S. Bain, J.P. Courtial, and H. Feillet,  Scientific innovation in&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographical databases:  a comparative study of the Science Citation Index&lt;br&gt;
+and the Pascal database,  &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics 22(1)&lt;/i&gt;   (1991)  65-82.&lt;br&gt;
+[16] Witten, I.H., S.J. Cunningham, M. Vallabh,  and T.C. Bell,  A New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+digital library for computer science research,  &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of Digital Libraries&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;'95&lt;/i&gt; (1995) 25-30.&lt;br&gt;
+[17]  Witten, I.H., C. Nevill-Manning, and S.J. Cunningham, A public library based&lt;br&gt;
+on full-text retrieval, &lt;i&gt;Communications of the ACM&lt;/i&gt; 41(4), 1998, p. 71&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">17</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+                                    &lt;br&gt;
+1Documents were randomly sampled from the DEC&lt;br&gt;
+(ftp://crl.dec.com/pub/DEC/CRL/tech-reports/), Sony&lt;br&gt;
+(ftp://ftp.csl.sony.co.jp/CSL/CSL-Papers), and Ohio (ftp://archive.cis.ohio-&lt;br&gt;
+state.edu/pub/tech-report/) technical report repositories&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASH1a9c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASH1a9c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASH1a9c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,807 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Enhanced-PDF/tmp/1395215070/pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Enhanced-PDF/tmp/1395215070/pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System Ian H. Witten,* Rodger J....</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215070/pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">269487</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">pdf01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">Paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Enhanced-PDF/import</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">644</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">269487</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">2000:03:02 15:21:24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Microsoft Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat PDFWriter 4.0 for Power Macintosh</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215070</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1a9c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-2_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-3_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-4_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-5_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-7_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-8_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+ 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Greenstone:  A Comprehensive Open-Source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Digital Library Software System&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Ian H. Witten,* Rodger J. McNab,â  Stefan J. Boddie,* David Bainbridge*&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+* Dept of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;
+â  Digilib Systems&lt;br&gt;
+University of Waikato, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+E-mail:  {ihw, sjboddie, davidb}@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+E-mail:  rodger@digilibs.com&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+multilingual information retrieval to distributed computing&lt;br&gt;protocols, from interoperability to search engine&lt;br&gt;
+This paper describes the Greenstone digital library&lt;br&gt;
+technology, from metadata standards to multiformat&lt;br&gt;
+software, a comprehensive, open-source system for the&lt;br&gt;
+document parsing, from multimedia to multiple operating&lt;br&gt;
+construction and presentation of information collections.&lt;br&gt;
+systems, from Web browsers to plug-and-play DVDs.&lt;br&gt;
+Collections built with Greenstone offer effective full-text&lt;br&gt;searching and metadata-based browsing facilities that are&lt;br&gt;
+The Greenstone Digital Library Software from the New&lt;br&gt;
+attractive and easy to use. Moreover, they are easily&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project tackles this issue&lt;br&gt;
+maintainable and can be augmented and rebuilt entirely&lt;br&gt;
+by providing a new way of organizing information and&lt;br&gt;
+automatically. The system is extensible: software&lt;br&gt;
+making it available over the Internet. A &lt;i&gt;collection&lt;/i&gt; of&lt;br&gt;
+âpluginsâ accommodate different document and metadata&lt;br&gt;
+information comprises several (typically several thousand,&lt;br&gt;
+types.&lt;br&gt;
+or several million) &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, and a uniform interface is&lt;br&gt;provided to all documents in a collection. A library may&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+include many different collections, each organized&lt;br&gt;differentlyâthough there is a strong family resemblance in&lt;br&gt;
+Notwithstanding intense research activity in the digital&lt;br&gt;
+how collections are presented.&lt;br&gt;
+library field during the second half of the 1990s,&lt;br&gt;comprehensive software systems for creating digital&lt;br&gt;
+Making information available using this system is far more&lt;br&gt;
+libraries are not widely available. In fact, the usual solution&lt;br&gt;
+than âjust putting it on the Web.â The collection becomes&lt;br&gt;
+when creating a digital library is also the most&lt;br&gt;
+maintainable, searchable, and browsable. Each collection,&lt;br&gt;
+obviousâjust put it on the Web. But consider how much&lt;br&gt;
+prior to presentation, undergoes a âbuildingâ process that,&lt;br&gt;
+effort is involved in constructing a Web site for a digital&lt;br&gt;
+once established, is completely automatic. This process&lt;br&gt;
+library. To be effective it needs to be visually attractive&lt;br&gt;
+creates all the structures that are used at run-time for&lt;br&gt;
+and ergonomically easy to use, incorporate convenient and&lt;br&gt;
+accessing the collection. Searching is based on various&lt;br&gt;
+powerful searching capabilities, and offer rich and natural&lt;br&gt;
+indexes, while browsing is based on various metadata;&lt;br&gt;
+browsing facilities. Above all it must be easy to maintain&lt;br&gt;
+support structures for both are created during the building&lt;br&gt;
+and augment, which presents a significant challenge if any&lt;br&gt;
+operation. When new material appears it can be fully&lt;br&gt;
+manual organization is involved.&lt;br&gt;
+incorporated into the collection by rebuilding.&lt;br&gt;
+The alternative is to automate these activities through&lt;br&gt;
+To address the exceptionally broad demands of digital&lt;br&gt;
+software tools. But the broad scope of digital library&lt;br&gt;
+libraries, the system is public and extensible. It is issued&lt;br&gt;
+requirements makes this a daunting prospect. Ideally the&lt;br&gt;
+under the Gnu public license and, in the spirit of open-&lt;br&gt;
+software should incorporate facilities ranging from&lt;br&gt;
+source software, users are invited to contribute&lt;br&gt;modifications and enhancements. Only through an&lt;br&gt;international cooperative effort will digital library software&lt;br&gt;become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the worldâs&lt;br&gt;needs. Currently the Greenstone software is used at sites in&lt;br&gt;Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Romania, UK, and the&lt;br&gt;US, and collections range from newspaper articles to&lt;br&gt;technical documents, from educational journals to oral&lt;br&gt;history, from visual art to folksongs. The software has&lt;br&gt;been used for collections in many different languages, and&lt;br&gt;for CD-ROMs that have been published by the United&lt;br&gt;Nations and other humanitarian agencies in Belgium,&lt;br&gt;France, Japan, and the US for distribution in developing&lt;br&gt;countries (Humanity Libraries, 1998; PAHO, 1999;&lt;br&gt;UNESCO, 1999; UNU, 1998). Further details can be&lt;br&gt;obtained from &lt;i&gt;www.nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-2_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+become a first-class component of the library. And what&lt;br&gt;permits it to be integrated into existing searching and&lt;br&gt;browsing structures without any manual intervention is&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;metadata&lt;/i&gt;. This provides sufficient focus to the concept of&lt;br&gt;âdigital libraryâ to support the development of a&lt;br&gt;construction kit.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;OVERVIEW OF GREENSTONE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Information collections built by Greenstone combine&lt;br&gt;extensive full-text search facilities with browsing indexes&lt;br&gt;based on different metadata types. There are several ways&lt;br&gt;for users to find information, although they differ between&lt;br&gt;collections depending on the metadata available and the&lt;br&gt;collection design. Typically you can &lt;i&gt;search for particular&lt;br&gt;words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text, or within a section of a&lt;br&gt;document, or within a title or section heading. You can&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;browse documents by title&lt;/i&gt;: just click on the displayed book&lt;br&gt;icon to read it. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by subject&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;Subjects are represented by bookshelves: just click on a&lt;br&gt;shelf to see the books. Where appropriate, documents&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 1: Searching the HDL collection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+come complete with a table of contents (constructed&lt;br&gt;automatically): you can click on a chapter or subsection to&lt;br&gt;
+This paper sets the scene with a brief discussion of what a&lt;br&gt;
+open it, expand the full table of contents, or expand the full&lt;br&gt;
+digital library is. We then give an overview of the facilities&lt;br&gt;
+document.&lt;br&gt;
+offered by Greenstone and show how end users find&lt;br&gt;information in collections. Next we describe the files and&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;An example of searching is shown in Figure 1 where&lt;br&gt;
+directories involved in a collection, and then discuss the&lt;br&gt;
+documents in the Global Help Projectâs Humanity&lt;br&gt;
+processes of updating existing collections and creating new&lt;br&gt;
+Development Library (HDL) are being searched for&lt;br&gt;
+ones, including extending the software to provide new&lt;br&gt;
+chapters matching the word &lt;i&gt;butterfly&lt;/i&gt;. In Figure 2 the same&lt;br&gt;
+facilities. We conclude with an overview of related work.&lt;br&gt;
+collection is being browsed by subject: by clicking on the&lt;br&gt;bookshelf icons the user has discovered an item under&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;WHAT IS A DIGITAL LIBRARY?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Section 16, Animal Husbandry. Pursuing an interest in&lt;br&gt;butterfly farming, the user selects a book by clicking on its&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Ten definitions of the term âdigital libraryâ have been&lt;br&gt;
+book icon. In Figure 3 the front cover of the book is&lt;br&gt;
+culled from the literature by Fox (1998), and their spirit is&lt;br&gt;
+displayed as a graphic on the left, and the automatically&lt;br&gt;
+captured in the following brief characterization:&lt;br&gt;
+constructed table of contents appears at the start of the&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+document. The current focus, &lt;i&gt;Introduction and Summary&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;A collection of digital objects, including text,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+is shown in bold in the table of contents with its text&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;video, and audio, along with methods for access&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+starting further down the page.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;and retrieval, and for selection, organization&lt;br&gt;and maintenance of the collection&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In accordance with Leskâs advice, a statement of purpose&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+and coverage accompanies each collection, along with an&lt;br&gt;
+(Akscyn and Witten, 1998). Lesk (1998) views digital&lt;br&gt;
+explanation of how it is organized (Figure 1 shows the&lt;br&gt;
+libraries as âorganized collections of digital information,â&lt;br&gt;
+start of this). A distinction is made between &lt;i&gt;searching&lt;/i&gt; and&lt;br&gt;
+and wisely recommends that they articulate the principles&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;browsing&lt;/i&gt;. Searching is full-text, andâdepending on the&lt;br&gt;
+governing what is included and how the collection is&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs designâthe user can choose between indexes&lt;br&gt;
+organized.&lt;br&gt;
+built from different parts of the documents, or from&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Digital libraries are generally distinguished from the&lt;br&gt;
+different metadata. Some collections have an index of full&lt;br&gt;
+World-Wide Web, the essential difference being in&lt;br&gt;
+documents, an index of sections, an index of paragraphs,&lt;br&gt;
+selection and organization. But they are not generally&lt;br&gt;
+an index of titles, and an index of section headings, each of&lt;br&gt;
+distinguished from a web &lt;i&gt;site&lt;/i&gt;: indeed, virtually all extant&lt;br&gt;
+which can be searched for particular words or phrases.&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries manifest themselves as a web site. Hence&lt;br&gt;
+Browsing involves data structures created from metadata&lt;br&gt;
+the obvious question: to make a digital library, why not&lt;br&gt;
+that the user can examine: lists of authors, lists of titles,&lt;br&gt;
+just put the information on the Web?&lt;br&gt;
+lists of dates, hierarchical classification structures, and so&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+on. Data structures for both browsing and searching are&lt;br&gt;
+But we make a distinction between a digital library and a&lt;br&gt;
+built according to instructions in a configuration file,&lt;br&gt;
+web site that lies at the heart of our software design: one&lt;br&gt;
+which controls both building and serving the collection.&lt;br&gt;
+should easily be able to add new material to a library&lt;br&gt;
+Sample configuration files are discussed below.&lt;br&gt;
+without having to integrate it manually or edit its content&lt;br&gt;in any way. Once added, new material should immediately&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-3_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+matter of specifying all the necessary plugins. In order to&lt;br&gt;build browsing indexes from metadata, an analogous&lt;br&gt;scheme of âclassifiersâ is used: classifiers create indexes&lt;br&gt;of various kinds based on metadata. Source documents are&lt;br&gt;brought into the Greenstone system through a process&lt;br&gt;called &lt;i&gt;importing&lt;/i&gt;, which uses the plugins and classifiers&lt;br&gt;specified in the collection configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The international Unicode character set is used throughout,&lt;br&gt;so documentsâand interfacesâcan be written in any&lt;br&gt;language. Collections have so far been produced in&lt;br&gt;English, French, Spanish, German, Maori, Chinese, and&lt;br&gt;Arabic. The NZDL Web site provides numerous examples.&lt;br&gt;Collections can contain text, pictures, and even audio and&lt;br&gt;video clips; a text-only version of the interface is also&lt;br&gt;provided to accommodate visually impaired users.&lt;br&gt;Compression technology is used to ensure best use of&lt;br&gt;storage (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al &lt;/i&gt;., 1999). Most non-textual material is&lt;br&gt;either linked to textual documents or accompanied by&lt;br&gt;textual descriptions (such as photo captions) to allow full-&lt;br&gt;text searching and browsing. However, the architecture&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 2: Browsing the HDL collection by subject&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+permits the implementation of plugins and classifiers even&lt;br&gt;for non-textual data.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Rich browsing facilities can be provided by manually&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+linking parts of documents together and building explicit&lt;br&gt;
+The system includes an âadministrativeâ function whereby&lt;br&gt;
+indexes and tables of contents. However, manually-created&lt;br&gt;
+specified users can examine the composition of all&lt;br&gt;
+linking becomes difficult to maintain, and often falls into&lt;br&gt;
+collections, protect documents so that they can only be&lt;br&gt;
+disrepair when a collection expands. The Greenstone&lt;br&gt;
+accessed by registered users on presentation of a password,&lt;br&gt;
+software takes a different tack: it facilitates &lt;i&gt;maintainability&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+and so on. Logs of user activity are kept that record all&lt;br&gt;
+by creating all searching and browsing structures&lt;br&gt;
+queries made to every Greenstone collection (though this&lt;br&gt;
+automatically from the documents themselves. No links&lt;br&gt;
+facility can be disabled).&lt;br&gt;
+are inserted by hand. This means that when new&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Although primarily designed for Internet access over the&lt;br&gt;
+documents in the same format become available, they can&lt;br&gt;
+World-Wide Web, collections can be made available, in&lt;br&gt;
+be added automatically. Indeed, for some collections this is&lt;br&gt;
+precisely the same form, on CD-ROM. In either case they&lt;br&gt;
+done by processes that wake up regularly, scout for new&lt;br&gt;
+are accessed through any Web browser. Greenstone CD-&lt;br&gt;
+material, and rebuild the indexesâall without manual&lt;br&gt;
+ROMs operate on a standalone PC under Windows 3.X,&lt;br&gt;
+intervention.&lt;br&gt;
+95, 98, and NT, and the interaction is identical to accessing&lt;br&gt;
+Collections comprise many documents: thousands, tens of&lt;br&gt;
+the collection on the Webâexcept that response is faster&lt;br&gt;
+thousands, or even millions. Each document may be&lt;br&gt;
+and more predictable. The requirement to operate on early&lt;br&gt;
+hierarchically organized into &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt; (subsections, sub-&lt;br&gt;
+Windows systems is one that plagues the software design,&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and so on). Each section comprises one or&lt;br&gt;
+but is crucial for many usersâparticularly those in&lt;br&gt;
+more &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;. Metadata such as author, title, date,&lt;br&gt;
+underdeveloped countries seeking access to humanitarian&lt;br&gt;
+keywords, and so on, may be associated with documents,&lt;br&gt;
+aid collections. If the PC is connected to a network&lt;br&gt;
+or with individual sections of documents. This is the raw&lt;br&gt;
+(intranet or Internet), a custom-built Web server provided&lt;br&gt;
+material for indexes. It must either be provided explicitly&lt;br&gt;
+on each CD makes exactly the same information available&lt;br&gt;
+for each document and section (for example, in an&lt;br&gt;
+to others through their standard Web browser. The use of&lt;br&gt;
+accompanying spreadsheet) or be derivable automatically&lt;br&gt;
+compression ensures that the greatest possible volume of&lt;br&gt;
+from the source documents. Metadata is converted to&lt;br&gt;
+information can be packed on to a CD-ROM.&lt;br&gt;
+Dublin Core and stored with the document for internal use.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The collection-serving software operates under Unix and&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In order to accommodate different kinds of source&lt;br&gt;
+Windows NT, and works with standard Web servers. A&lt;br&gt;
+documents, the software is organized so that âpluginsâ can&lt;br&gt;
+flexible process structure allows different collections to be&lt;br&gt;
+be written for new document types. Plugins exist for plain&lt;br&gt;
+served by different computers, yet be presented to the user&lt;br&gt;
+text documents, HTML documents, email documents, and&lt;br&gt;
+in the same way, on the same Web page, as part of the&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic formats. Word documents are handled by&lt;br&gt;
+same digital library, even as part of the same collection&lt;br&gt;
+saving them as HTML; PostScript ones by applying a&lt;br&gt;
+(McNab and Witten, 1998). Existing collections can be&lt;br&gt;
+preprocessor (Nevill-Manning &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1998). Specially&lt;br&gt;
+updated and new ones brought on-line at any time, without&lt;br&gt;
+written plugins also exist for proprietary formats such as&lt;br&gt;
+bringing the system down; the process responsible for the&lt;br&gt;
+that used by the BBC archives department. A collection&lt;br&gt;
+user interface will notice (through periodic polling) when&lt;br&gt;
+may have source documents in different forms: it is just a&lt;br&gt;
+new collections appear and add them to the list presented&lt;br&gt;to the user.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-4_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;FILES IN A COLLECTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;When a new collection is created or material is added to an&lt;br&gt;existing one, the original source documents are first&lt;br&gt;brought into the system through a process known as&lt;br&gt;âimporting.â This involves converting documents into a&lt;br&gt;simple HTML-like format known as GML (for&lt;br&gt;âGreenstone Markup Languageâ), which includes any&lt;br&gt;metadata associated with the document. Documents are&lt;br&gt;assumed to be in the Unicode UTF-8 code (of which the&lt;br&gt;ASCII characters form a subset).&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Files and directories&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;There is a separate directory for each collection, which&lt;br&gt;contains five subdirectories: the original raw material&lt;br&gt;(&lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;), the GML files created from this (&lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;), the&lt;br&gt;final collection as it is served to users (&lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;), a directory&lt;br&gt;for use during the building process (&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;), and one for&lt;br&gt;any supporting files (&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;)âincluding the configuration file&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 3: Reading a book in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+that controls the collection creation procedure. Additional&lt;br&gt;files might be required: for example, building a hierarchy&lt;br&gt;of classifications requires a data file of sub-classifications.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;FINDING INFORMATION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Greenstone digital library systems generally include&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+several separate collections. A home page allows you to&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The imported documents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+select a collection; in addition, each collection has its own&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In order to identify documents internally, a unique object&lt;br&gt;
+âaboutâ page that gives you information about how the&lt;br&gt;
+identifier or OID is assigned to each original source&lt;br&gt;
+collection is organized and the principles governing what&lt;br&gt;
+document when it is imported (formed by hashing the&lt;br&gt;
+is included.&lt;br&gt;
+content, to overcome file duplication effects caused by&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;All icons in the screenshots of Figures 1â4 are clickable.&lt;br&gt;
+mirroring) and stored as metadata within that document. It&lt;br&gt;
+Those icons at the top of the page return to the home page,&lt;br&gt;
+is important that OIDs persist throughout the index-&lt;br&gt;
+provide help text, and allow you to set user interface and&lt;br&gt;
+building processâso that a userâs search history is&lt;br&gt;
+searching preferences. The navigation bar underneath&lt;br&gt;
+unaffected by rebuilding the collection. OIDs are assigned&lt;br&gt;
+gives access to the searching and browsing facilities,&lt;br&gt;
+by hashing the contents of the original source document.&lt;br&gt;
+which differ from one collection to another.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Once imported, each document is stored in its own&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Each of the five buttons provides a different way to find&lt;br&gt;
+subdirectory of &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, along with any associated&lt;br&gt;
+information. You can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that&lt;br&gt;
+filesâfor example, images. To ensure compatibility with&lt;br&gt;
+appear in the text from the âsearchâ page (or from the&lt;br&gt;
+Windows 3.0, only eight characters are used in directory&lt;br&gt;
+âaboutâ page of Figure 1). This collection contains indexes&lt;br&gt;
+and file names, which causes annoying but essentially&lt;br&gt;
+of chapters, section titles, and entire books. The default&lt;br&gt;
+trivial complications.&lt;br&gt;
+search interface is a simple one, suitable for casual users;&lt;br&gt;advanced searchingâwhich allows full Boolean&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Inside the documents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+expressions, phrase searching, case and stemming&lt;br&gt;controlâcan be enabled from the &lt;i&gt;Preferences&lt;/i&gt; page.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The GML format imposes a limited amount of structure on&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+documents. Documents are divided into paragraphs. They&lt;br&gt;
+This collection has four browsable metadata indexes. You&lt;br&gt;
+can be split hierarchically into sections and subsections.&lt;br&gt;
+can &lt;i&gt;access publications by subject&lt;/i&gt; by clicking the &lt;i&gt;subjects&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+OIDs are extended to identify these components by&lt;br&gt;
+button, which brings up a list of subjects, represented by&lt;br&gt;
+appending numbers, separated by periods, to a documentâs&lt;br&gt;
+bookshelves (Figure 2). You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+OID. When a book is read, its section hierarchy is visible&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;title&lt;/i&gt; by clicking &lt;i&gt;titles a-z&lt;/i&gt; (Figure 4), which brings up a list&lt;br&gt;
+as the table of contents (Figure 3). Chapters, sections,&lt;br&gt;
+of books in alphabetic order. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and pages are all implemented simply as&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;by organization&lt;/i&gt; (i.e. Dublin Core âpublisherâ), bringing up&lt;br&gt;
+âsectionsâ within the document. In some collections&lt;br&gt;
+a list of organizations. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+documents do not have a hierarchical subsection structure,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;âhow toâ listing&lt;/i&gt;, yielding a list of hints defined by the&lt;br&gt;
+but are split into pages to permit browsing within a&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs editors. We use the Dublin Core as a base and&lt;br&gt;
+retrieved document.&lt;br&gt;
+extend it in an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; manner to accommodate the&lt;br&gt;individual requirements of collection designers.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The document structure is used for searchable indexes.&lt;br&gt;There are three levels of index: &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-5_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked, which converts the files into&lt;br&gt;GML using the specified plugins. Old material for which&lt;br&gt;GML files have previously been created is not re-imported.&lt;br&gt;Then the &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked to build the requisite&lt;br&gt;indexes for the collection. Finally, the contents of the&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory are moved into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory, and&lt;br&gt;the new version of the collection automatically becomes&lt;br&gt;live.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;This procedure may seem cumbersome. But all the steps&lt;br&gt;are necessary for efficient operation with large collections.&lt;br&gt;The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process could be performed on the fly during&lt;br&gt;the building operationâbut because building indexes is a&lt;br&gt;multipass operation, the often lengthy importing would be&lt;br&gt;repeated several times. The &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process can take&lt;br&gt;considerable timeâa day or two, for very large&lt;br&gt;collections. Consequently, the results are placed in the&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory so that, if the collection already exists, it&lt;br&gt;will continue to be served to users in its old form&lt;br&gt;throughout the building operation.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Active users of the collection will not be disturbed when&lt;br&gt;the new version becomes liveâthey will probably not&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 4: Browsing titles in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+even notice. The persistent OIDs ensure that interactions&lt;br&gt;remain coherentâusers who are examining the results of a&lt;br&gt;query or browse operation will still retrieve the expected&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;, corresponding to the distinctions that GML&lt;br&gt;
+documentsâand if a search is actually in progress when&lt;br&gt;
+makesâthe hierarchical structure is flattened for the&lt;br&gt;
+the change takes place the program detects the resulting&lt;br&gt;
+purposes of creating these indexes. Indexes can be of text,&lt;br&gt;
+file-structure inconsistency and automatically and&lt;br&gt;
+or metadata, or any combination. Thus you can create a&lt;br&gt;
+transparently re-executes the query, this time on the new&lt;br&gt;
+searchable index of section titles, and/or authors, and/or&lt;br&gt;
+version of the collection.&lt;br&gt;
+document descriptions, as well as the document text.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;UPDATING EXISTING COLLECTIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;How it works&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Updating an existing collection with new files in the same&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The original material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory may be in any&lt;br&gt;
+format is easy. For example, the raw material for the HDL&lt;br&gt;
+format, and plugins are required to process each format&lt;br&gt;
+is supplied in the form of HTML files marked up with&lt;br&gt;
+type. The plugins that a collection uses must be specified&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;&amp;lt;TOC&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to split books into sections and&lt;br&gt;
+in the collection configuration file. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; program&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and &amp;lt;&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to indicate where an image is&lt;br&gt;
+reads the list of plugins and passes each document to each&lt;br&gt;
+to be inserted. For each book in the library there is a&lt;br&gt;
+plugin in order until it finds one that can process it. When&lt;br&gt;
+directory that contains a single HTML file representing the&lt;br&gt;
+updating an existing collection, all plugins necessary to&lt;br&gt;
+book, and separate files containing the associated images.&lt;br&gt;
+process new material should already have been specified in&lt;br&gt;
+An accompanying spreadsheet file contains the&lt;br&gt;
+the configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+classification hierarchy; this is converted to a simple file&lt;br&gt;format (using Excelâs &lt;i&gt;Save As&lt;/i&gt; command).&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The building step creates the indexes for both searching&lt;br&gt;and browsing. The MG software is generally used to do the&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Since the collection exists, its directory is already set up&lt;br&gt;
+searching (Witten  &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999), and the &lt;i&gt;mgbuild&lt;/i&gt; module is&lt;br&gt;
+with subdirectories &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;br&gt;
+automatically invoked to create each of the indexes that is&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;, and the &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt; directory will contain a suitable collection&lt;br&gt;
+required. For example, the Humanity Development Library&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+has three indexes, one for entire books, one for chapters,&lt;br&gt;and one for section titles. Subdirectories of the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+directory are created for each of these indexes.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The updating procedure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;To update a collection, the new raw material is placed in&lt;br&gt;the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, in whatever form it is available. Then&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+creator&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+1&lt;br&gt;
+maintainer&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+public&lt;br&gt;
+True&lt;br&gt;
+3&lt;br&gt;4&lt;br&gt;
+indexes&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+5&lt;br&gt;
+defaultindex&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+6&lt;br&gt;
+plugins&lt;br&gt;
+GMLPlug TEXTPlug ArcPlug RecPlug&lt;br&gt;
+7&lt;br&gt;8&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title&lt;br&gt;
+9&lt;br&gt;10&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;generic text collection&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+11&lt;br&gt;
+(a)&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+12&lt;br&gt;
+creator&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+1&lt;br&gt;
+maintainer&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+public&lt;br&gt;
+True&lt;br&gt;
+3&lt;br&gt;4&lt;br&gt;
+indexes&lt;br&gt;
+document:text document:From&lt;br&gt;
+5&lt;br&gt;
+defaultindex&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+6&lt;br&gt;
+plugins&lt;br&gt;
+GMLPlug EMAILPlug ArcPlug RecPlug&lt;br&gt;
+7&lt;br&gt;8&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title&lt;br&gt;
+9&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+DateList&lt;br&gt;
+10&lt;br&gt;11&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;Email messages&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+12&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+13&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:From    &amp;quot;email senders&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+14&lt;br&gt;15&lt;br&gt;
+format&lt;br&gt;
+QueryResults \\\\&lt;br&gt;
+16&lt;br&gt;
+(b)&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[link][icon][/link]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Title]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Author]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br&gt;
+17&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 5: Collection configuration files (a) generic, (b) for an email collection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;MG also compresses the text of the collection; and the&lt;br&gt;
+certain circumstances, however, it might be preferable to&lt;br&gt;
+image files are linked into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; subdirectory. Now&lt;br&gt;
+use a standardized format such as XML. This is&lt;br&gt;
+none of the material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directories&lt;br&gt;
+straightforward to implementï£§just write an XML&lt;br&gt;
+is needed to run the collection and can be removed from&lt;br&gt;
+pluginï£§although we have not done so ourselves. Given&lt;br&gt;
+the file system (though they would be needed if the&lt;br&gt;
+the transitory nature of the imported data, to date, we have&lt;br&gt;
+collection were rebuilt).&lt;br&gt;
+found GML a satisfactory and beneficial format.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Associated with each collection is a database stored in&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;CREATING NEW COLLECTIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+GDBM (Gnu database manager) format. This contains an&lt;br&gt;entry for each document, giving its OID, its internal MG&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Building new collections from scratch is only slightly&lt;br&gt;
+document number, and metadata such as title. Information&lt;br&gt;
+different from updating an existing collection. The key&lt;br&gt;
+for each of the browsing indexes, which appear as buttons&lt;br&gt;
+new requirement is creating a collection configuration file,&lt;br&gt;
+on the Greenstone search/browse bar, is also extracted&lt;br&gt;
+and a software utility is provided to help. Two pieces of&lt;br&gt;
+during the building process and stored in the database. A&lt;br&gt;
+information are required for this: the name of the directory&lt;br&gt;
+âclassifierâ program is required for each browsing index to&lt;br&gt;
+that the collection will use (into which the source data and&lt;br&gt;
+extract the appropriate information from GML documents.&lt;br&gt;
+other files will eventually be placed), and a contact e-mail&lt;br&gt;
+Like plugins, classifiers are written on an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; basis for&lt;br&gt;
+address for use if any problems are encountered by the&lt;br&gt;
+the particular information required, and where possible&lt;br&gt;
+software once the collection is up and running. The utility&lt;br&gt;
+reused from one collection to another.&lt;br&gt;
+creates files and directories within the newly-named&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+directory to support a generic collection of plain text&lt;br&gt;
+The building program creates the indexes based on&lt;br&gt;
+documents. With suitable data placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+whatever appears in the &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directory. The first plugin&lt;br&gt;
+directory, building the collection at this point will yield a&lt;br&gt;
+specified by all collections is one that processes GML&lt;br&gt;
+document-level searchable index of all the text and a&lt;br&gt;
+files, and so if &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; contains imported files they will be&lt;br&gt;
+browsable list of âtitlesâ (defined in this case to be the&lt;br&gt;
+processed correctly. If it contains material in the original&lt;br&gt;
+document filenames).&lt;br&gt;
+format, that will be converted using the appropriate plugin.&lt;br&gt;Thus the import process is optional.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;To enhance the functionality and presentationâ something&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+anything but the most trivial collection will requireâthe&lt;br&gt;
+GML is designed to be fast and easy to parse, an important&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file must be edited. For a collection sourced&lt;br&gt;
+requirement when millions of documents are to be&lt;br&gt;
+from documents in an already supported data format,&lt;br&gt;
+processed. Something as simple as requiring tags to be&lt;br&gt;
+presented in a similar fashion to an existing collection, the&lt;br&gt;
+lower-case, for example, yields a substantial speed-up. In&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-7_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;These are modules of code that can be slotted into the&lt;br&gt;system to enhance its capabilities. Plugins parse&lt;br&gt;documents, extracting the text and metadata to be indexed.&lt;br&gt;Classifiers control how metadata is brought together to&lt;br&gt;form browsable data structures. Both are specified in an&lt;br&gt;object-oriented framework using inheritance to minimize&lt;br&gt;the amount of code written.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;A plugin must specify three things: what file formats it can&lt;br&gt;handle, how they should be parsed, and whether the plugin&lt;br&gt;is recursive. File formats are normally determined using&lt;br&gt;regular expression matching on the filename. For example,&lt;br&gt;the HTML plugin accepts all files that end in &lt;i&gt;.htm&lt;/i&gt;, . &lt;i&gt;html&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;.HTM&lt;/i&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;.HTML&lt;/i&gt;. (It is quite possible, however, to write&lt;br&gt;plugins that âlook insideâ the file as well.) For other files,&lt;br&gt;the plugin returns &lt;i&gt;undefined&lt;/i&gt; and the file is passed to the&lt;br&gt;next plugin in the collectionâs configuration file (e.g.&lt;br&gt;Figure 5 line 7). If it can, the plugin parses the file and&lt;br&gt;returns the number of documents processed. This involves&lt;br&gt;extracting text and metadata and adding it to the libraryâs&lt;br&gt;content through calls to &lt;i&gt;add text&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;add metadata&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Some plugins (ârecursiveâ ones) add extra files into the&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 6: Searching bookmarked Web pages&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+stream of data processed during the building phase by&lt;br&gt;artificially reactivating the list of plugins. This is how&lt;br&gt;directory hierarchies are traversed.&lt;br&gt;
+amount of editing is minimal. Importing new data formats&lt;br&gt;and browsing metadata in ways not currently supported are&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Plugins are small modules of code that are easy to write.&lt;br&gt;
+more complex activities that require programming skills.&lt;br&gt;
+We monitored the time it took to develop a new one that&lt;br&gt;was different to any we had produced so far. We chose to&lt;br&gt;make as an example a collection of HTML bookmark files,&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Modifying the configuration file&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the motivation being to produce a convenient way of&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+searching and browsing oneâs bookmarked Web pages.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 5b shows simple alterations to the generic&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 6 shows a user searching for bookmarked pages&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file in Figure 5a that was generated by the&lt;br&gt;
+about &lt;i&gt;music&lt;/i&gt;. The new plugin took under an hour to write,&lt;br&gt;
+new-collection utility. &lt;i&gt;TEXTPlug&lt;/i&gt; is replaced with&lt;br&gt;
+and was 160 lines long (ignoring blank lines and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;EMAILPlug&lt;/i&gt; (line 7) which reads email files and extracts&lt;br&gt;
+comments)âabout the average length of existing plugins.&lt;br&gt;
+metadata (&lt;i&gt;From&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;To&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Date&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Subject&lt;/i&gt;) from them. A classifier&lt;br&gt;for dates is added (line 10) to make the collection&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Classifiers are more general than plugins because they&lt;br&gt;
+browsable chronologically. The default presentation of&lt;br&gt;
+work on GML-format data. For example, any plugin that&lt;br&gt;
+search results is overridden (line 17) to display both the&lt;br&gt;
+generates date metadata in accordance with the Dublin&lt;br&gt;
+title of the message (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Title&lt;/i&gt;) and its sender&lt;br&gt;
+core can request the collection to be browsable&lt;br&gt;
+(i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Author&lt;/i&gt;). Elements in square brackets,&lt;br&gt;
+chronologically by specifying the &lt;i&gt;DateList&lt;/i&gt; classifier in the&lt;br&gt;
+such as &lt;i&gt;[Title]&lt;/i&gt;, are replaced by the metadata associated&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs configuration file (Figure 7). Classifiers are&lt;br&gt;
+with a particular document. The built-in term &lt;i&gt;[icon]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+more elaborate than most plugins, but new ones are seldom&lt;br&gt;
+produces a suitable image that represents the document&lt;br&gt;
+required. The average length of existing classifiers is 230&lt;br&gt;
+(such as a book icon or page icon), and the &lt;i&gt;[link]âŠ[/link]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+lines.&lt;br&gt;
+construct forms a hyperlink to the complete document.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+Anything else in the format statement, which in this case is&lt;br&gt;
+Classifiers must specify three things: an initialization&lt;br&gt;
+solely table-cell tags in HTML, is passed through to the&lt;br&gt;
+routine, how individual documents are classified, and the&lt;br&gt;
+page being displayed.&lt;br&gt;
+final browsable data structure. Initialization takes care of&lt;br&gt;any options specified in the configuration file (such as&lt;br&gt;
+As this example shows, creating a new collection that stays&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;metadata=Title &lt;/i&gt;on line 9 of Figure 5b). Classifying&lt;br&gt;
+within the bounds of the libraryâs established capabilities&lt;br&gt;
+individual documents is an iterative process: for each one,&lt;br&gt;
+falls within the capability of many computer usersâfor&lt;br&gt;
+a call to &lt;i&gt;document-classify&lt;/i&gt; is made. On presentation of the&lt;br&gt;
+instance, computer-trained librarians. Extending&lt;br&gt;
+documentâs OID, the necessary metadata is located and&lt;br&gt;
+Greenstone to handle new document formats and browse&lt;br&gt;
+used to control where the document is added to the&lt;br&gt;
+metadata in new ways is more challenging.&lt;br&gt;
+browsable data structure being constructed.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Once all documents have been added, a request is made for&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writing new plugins and classifiers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the completed data structure. Some classifiers return the&lt;br&gt;data structure directly; others transform the data structure&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Extensibility  is  obtained through  plugins  and  classifiers.&lt;br&gt;
+before it is returned. For example, the &lt;i&gt;AZList&lt;/i&gt; classifier&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-8_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+a page number, next and previous page buttons, and&lt;br&gt;displaying a particular page at different resolutions. A text&lt;br&gt;version of the page is also available upon which a&lt;br&gt;searching option is also provided.&lt;br&gt;
+Started in 1994, Harvest is also a long-running research&lt;br&gt;project. It provides an efficient means of gathering source&lt;br&gt;data from the Internet and distributing indexing&lt;br&gt;information over the Internet. This is accomplished&lt;br&gt;through five components: &lt;i&gt;gatherer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;broker&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;indexer&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;replicator&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;cache&lt;/i&gt;. The first three are central to creating,&lt;br&gt;updating and searching a collection; the last two help to&lt;br&gt;improve performance over the Internet through transparent&lt;br&gt;mirroring and caching techniques.&lt;br&gt;
+The system is configurable and customizable. While&lt;br&gt;searching is most commonly implemented using Glimpse&lt;br&gt;(&lt;i&gt;glimpse.cs.arizona.edu&lt;/i&gt;), in principle any search engine&lt;br&gt;that supports incremental updates and Boolean&lt;br&gt;combinations of attribute-based queries can be used. It is&lt;br&gt;possible to control what type of documents are gathered&lt;br&gt;during creation and updating, and how the query interface&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 7: Browsing a newspaper collection by date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+looks and is laid out.&lt;br&gt;
+Sample collections cited by the developers include 21,000&lt;br&gt;
+divides the alphabetically sorted list of metadata into&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical reports and 7,000 home pages.&lt;br&gt;
+separate pages of about the same size and returns the&lt;br&gt;
+Other examples include a sizable collection of agriculture-&lt;br&gt;
+alphabetic ranges for each one (Figure 4).&lt;br&gt;
+related electronic journals and magazines called âtomato-&lt;br&gt;juiceâ (accessed through &lt;i&gt;hegel.lib.ncsu.edu&lt;/i&gt;) and a full-text&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;OVERVIEW OF RELATED WORK&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+index of library-related electronic serials&lt;br&gt;
+Two projects that provide substantial open source digital&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;sunsite.berkeley.edu/IndexMorganagus&lt;/i&gt;). Harvest is also&lt;br&gt;
+library software are Dienst (Lagoze and Fielding, 1998)&lt;br&gt;
+often used to index Web sites (for example&lt;br&gt;
+and Harvest (Bowman &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1994). The origins of Dienst&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;www.middlebury.edu&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;www.cs.cornell.edu/cdlrg&lt;/i&gt;) stretch back to 1992. The term&lt;br&gt;
+Comparing Greenstone with Dienst and Harvest, there are&lt;br&gt;
+has come to represent three entities: a conceptual&lt;br&gt;
+both similarities and differences. All provide substantial&lt;br&gt;
+architecture for distributed digital libraries; an open&lt;br&gt;
+digital library systems, hence common themes recur, but&lt;br&gt;
+protocol for service communication; and a software&lt;br&gt;
+they are driven by projects with different aims. Harvest,&lt;br&gt;
+system that implements the protocol. To date, five sample&lt;br&gt;
+for instance, was not conceived as a digital library project&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries have been built using this technology.&lt;br&gt;
+at all, but by virtue of its selective document gathering&lt;br&gt;
+They manifest themselves in two forms: technical reports&lt;br&gt;
+process it can be classed (and is used) as one. While it&lt;br&gt;
+and primary source documents.&lt;br&gt;
+provides sophisticated search options, it lacks the&lt;br&gt;
+Best known is NCSTRL, the Networked Computer&lt;br&gt;
+complementary service of browsing. Furthermore it adds&lt;br&gt;
+Science Technical Reference Library project&lt;br&gt;
+no structure or order to the documents collected, relying&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;www.ncstrl.org&lt;/i&gt;). This collection facilitates searching by&lt;br&gt;
+on whatever structures are present in the site that they&lt;br&gt;
+title, author and abstract, and browsing by year and author,&lt;br&gt;
+were gathered from. A proven strength of the design is its&lt;br&gt;
+across a distributed network of document repositories.&lt;br&gt;
+flexibility through configuration and customizationï£§an&lt;br&gt;
+Documents can (where supported) be delivered in various&lt;br&gt;
+element also present in Greenstone.&lt;br&gt;
+formats such as PostScript, a thumbnail overview of the&lt;br&gt;
+Dienstï£§best exemplified through the NCSTRL&lt;br&gt;
+pages, and a GIF image of a particular page.&lt;br&gt;
+workï£§supports searching and browsing, like Greenstone.&lt;br&gt;
+The &lt;i&gt;Making of America&lt;/i&gt; resource is an example of a&lt;br&gt;
+Both use open protocols. Differences include a high&lt;br&gt;
+collection based around primary sourcesï£§in this case&lt;br&gt;
+reliance in Dienst on user-supplied information when a&lt;br&gt;
+American social history, 1830â1900. It has a different&lt;br&gt;
+document is added, and a smaller range of document types&lt;br&gt;
+âlook and feelâ to NCSTRL, being strongly oriented&lt;br&gt;
+supportedâalthough Dienst does include a document&lt;br&gt;
+toward browsing rather than searching. A user navigates&lt;br&gt;
+model that should, over time, allow this to expand with&lt;br&gt;
+their way through a hierarchical structure of hyperlinks to&lt;br&gt;
+relative ease.&lt;br&gt;
+reach a book of interest. The book itself is a series of&lt;br&gt;
+There are also commercial systems that provide similar&lt;br&gt;
+scanned images: delivery options include going directly to&lt;br&gt;
+digital library services to those described. However, since&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;br /&gt;
+corporate culture instills proprietary attitudes there is little&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+opportunity for advancement through a shared&lt;br&gt;
+1.  Akscyn, R.M. and Witten, I.H. (1998) âReport on First&lt;br&gt;
+collaborative effort. Consequently they are not reviewed&lt;br&gt;
+Summit on International Cooperation on Digital&lt;br&gt;
+here.&lt;br&gt;
+Libraries.â ks.com/idla-wp-oct98.&lt;br&gt;
+2.  Bowman, C.M., Danzig, P.B., Manber, U., and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Schwartz, M.F. âScalable Internet resource discovery:&lt;br&gt;
+Greenstone is a comprehensive software system for&lt;br&gt;
+Research problems and approachesâ &lt;i&gt;Communications&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+creating digital library collections. It builds data structures&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;of the ACM,&lt;/i&gt; Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 98â107, 1994.&lt;br&gt;
+for searching and browsing from the material provided,&lt;br&gt;
+3.  Fox, E. (1998) âDigital library definitions.â&lt;br&gt;
+rather than relying on any hand-crafting. The process is&lt;br&gt;
+ei.cs.vt.edu/~fox/dlib/def.html.&lt;br&gt;
+controlled by a configuration file, and once a collection&lt;br&gt;exists new material can be added completely&lt;br&gt;
+4.  Humanity Libraries (1998) &lt;i&gt;Humanity Development&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+automatically. Browsing is based on Dublin Core&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Global Help&lt;br&gt;
+metadata.&lt;br&gt;
+Project, Antwerp, Belgium.&lt;br&gt;
+New collections can be developed easily, particularly if&lt;br&gt;
+5.  Lagoze, C. and Fielding, D âDefining Collections in&lt;br&gt;
+they resemble existing ones. Extensibility is achieved&lt;br&gt;
+Distributed Digital Librariesâ &lt;i&gt;D-Lib Magazine&lt;/i&gt;, Nov.&lt;br&gt;
+through software âpluginsâ that can be written to&lt;br&gt;
+1998.&lt;br&gt;
+accommodate documents, and metadata, in different&lt;br&gt;
+6.  PAHO (1999) &lt;i&gt;Virtual Disaster Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM&lt;br&gt;
+formats. Standard plugins exist for many document types;&lt;br&gt;
+produced by the Pan-American Health Organization,&lt;br&gt;
+new ones are easily written. Browsing is controlled by&lt;br&gt;
+Washington DC, USA.&lt;br&gt;
+âclassifiersâ that process metadata into browsing structures&lt;br&gt;
+7.  McNab, R.J., Witten, I.H. and Boddie, S.J. (1998) âA&lt;br&gt;
+(by date, alphabetical, hierarchical, etc).&lt;br&gt;
+distributed digital library architecture incorporating&lt;br&gt;
+However, the most powerful support for extensibility is&lt;br&gt;
+different index styles.â &lt;i&gt;Proc IEEE Advances in Digital&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+achieved not by technical means but by making the source&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 36â45.&lt;br&gt;
+code freely available under the Gnu public license. Only&lt;br&gt;
+8.  Nevill-Manning, C.G., Reed, T., and Witten, I.H.&lt;br&gt;
+through an international cooperative effort will digital&lt;br&gt;
+(1998) âExtracting text from PostScriptâ&lt;br&gt;
+library software become sufficiently comprehensive to&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;SoftwareâPractice and Experience&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp.&lt;br&gt;
+meet the worldâs needs with the richness and flexibility&lt;br&gt;
+481â491; April.&lt;br&gt;
+that users deserve.&lt;br&gt;
+9.  UNESCO (1999) &lt;i&gt;SAHEL point DOC: Anthologie du&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;dÃ©veloppement au Sahel&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by&lt;br&gt;UNESCO, Paris, France.&lt;br&gt;
+We gratefully acknowledge all those who have worked on&lt;br&gt;the Greenstone software, and all members of the New&lt;br&gt;
+10. UNU (1998) &lt;i&gt;Collection on critical global issues.&lt;/i&gt; CD-&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand Digital Library project for their enthusiasm and&lt;br&gt;
+ROM produced by the United Nations University&lt;br&gt;
+ideas.&lt;br&gt;
+Press, Tokyo, Japan.&lt;br&gt;
+11. Witten, I.H., Moffat, A. and Bell, T. (1999) &lt;i&gt;Managing&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Gigabytes: compressing and indexing documents and&lt;br&gt;images&lt;/i&gt;, Morgan Kaufmann, second edition.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASH2bdf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASH2bdf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASH2bdf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">612</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">792</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">pdf05-notext</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/notext/pdf05-notext.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215060/pdf05-notext/pdf05-notext.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">pdf05-notext.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf05-notext.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf05-notext.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">748503</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">pdf05-notext</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Enhanced-PDF/import/notext</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">pdf05-notext.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">644</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">748503</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">Administrator</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Company">University of Waikato</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">2007:06:13 12:28:29+12:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Acrobat PDFMaker 7.0.7 for Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Language">EN-US</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">true</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.ModifyDate">2007:06:13 12:29:51+12:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageLayout">OneColumn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat Distiller 7.0.5 &amp;#40;Windows&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.SourceModified">D:20070613002201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.TaggedPDF">true</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Company">University of Waikato</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.CreateDate">2007:06:13 12:28:29+12:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Creator">Acrobat PDFMaker 7.0.7 for Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.CreatorTool">Acrobat PDFMaker 7.0.7 for Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.DocumentID">uuid:5915f718-0b63-4b63-ae6e-1efee5151379</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Format">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.InstanceID">uuid:2518e5c5-f724-4ea7-8dfc-e024661fc8c5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.MetadataDate">2007:06:13 12:29:51+12:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.ModifyDate">2007:06:13 12:29:51+12:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Producer">Acrobat Distiller 7.0.5 &amp;#40;Windows&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.SourceModified">D:20070613002201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.VersionID">14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.XMPToolkit">3.1-702</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH2bdf3b19cf094fd01ac7ad</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215064</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2bdf.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-0.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-0_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-0_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-1_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-2_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-3_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-4.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-4_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-4_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-5.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-5_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-5_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-6.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-6_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-6_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-7.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-7_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-7_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-8.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-8_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf05-notext-8_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf05-notext-0.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf05-notext-0.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf05-notext-0.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">155045</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">612</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">792</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">151KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf05-notext-0.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf05-notext-0.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf05-notext-0_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf05-notext-0_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">773</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf05-notext-1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf05-notext-1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf05-notext-1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">169946</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">612</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">792</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">166KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf05-notext-1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf05-notext-1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf05-notext-1_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf05-notext-1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">773</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf05-notext-2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf05-notext-2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf05-notext-2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">161158</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">612</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">792</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">157KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf05-notext-2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf05-notext-2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf05-notext-2_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf05-notext-2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">773</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf05-notext-3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf05-notext-3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf05-notext-3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">155422</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">612</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">792</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">152KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf05-notext-3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf05-notext-3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf05-notext-3_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf05-notext-3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">773</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf05-notext-4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf05-notext-4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf05-notext-4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">156577</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">612</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">792</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">153KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf05-notext-4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf05-notext-4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf05-notext-4_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf05-notext-4_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">773</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf05-notext-5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf05-notext-5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf05-notext-5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">164279</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">612</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">792</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">160KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf05-notext-5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf05-notext-5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf05-notext-5_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf05-notext-5_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">773</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf05-notext-6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf05-notext-6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf05-notext-6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">180289</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">612</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">792</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">176KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf05-notext-6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf05-notext-6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf05-notext-6_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf05-notext-6_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">773</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf05-notext-7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf05-notext-7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf05-notext-7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">186051</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">612</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">792</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">182KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf05-notext-7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf05-notext-7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf05-notext-7_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf05-notext-7_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">773</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf05-notext-8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf05-notext-8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf05-notext-8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">161507</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">612</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">792</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">158KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf05-notext-8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf05-notext-8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf05-notext-8_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf05-notext-8_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">773</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASHbb6e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASHbb6e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/HASHbb6e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">pdf06-weirdchars</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/notext/pdf06-weirdchars.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215064/pdf06-weirdchars/pdf06-weirdchars.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">pdf06-weirdchars.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf06-weirdchars.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf06-weirdchars.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">846134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">pdf06-weirdchars</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Enhanced-PDF/import/notext</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">pdf06-weirdchars.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">644</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">846134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">rg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">10/7/2002 16:9:30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Pscript.dll Version 5.0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">AFPL Ghostscript 7.04</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Title">metsreportfinal.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHbb6e0c8f087c9c5b2e301a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215070</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHbb6e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-0.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-0_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-0_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-1_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-2_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-3_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-4.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-4_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-4_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-5.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-5_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-5_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-6.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-6_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-6_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-7.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-7_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-7_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-8.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-8_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-8_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-9.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-9_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-9_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-10.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-10_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-10_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-11.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-11_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf06-weirdchars-11_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf06-weirdchars-0.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf06-weirdchars-0.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf06-weirdchars-0.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">21851</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">21.3KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf06-weirdchars-0.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf06-weirdchars-0.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf06-weirdchars-0_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf06-weirdchars-0_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">707</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf06-weirdchars-1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf06-weirdchars-1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf06-weirdchars-1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">3.07KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf06-weirdchars-1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf06-weirdchars-1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf06-weirdchars-1_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf06-weirdchars-1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">707</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf06-weirdchars-2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf06-weirdchars-2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf06-weirdchars-2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">111927</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">109KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf06-weirdchars-2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf06-weirdchars-2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf06-weirdchars-2_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf06-weirdchars-2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">707</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf06-weirdchars-3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf06-weirdchars-3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf06-weirdchars-3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">141359</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">138KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf06-weirdchars-3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf06-weirdchars-3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf06-weirdchars-3_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf06-weirdchars-3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">707</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf06-weirdchars-4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf06-weirdchars-4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf06-weirdchars-4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">144250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">141KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf06-weirdchars-4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf06-weirdchars-4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf06-weirdchars-4_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf06-weirdchars-4_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">707</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf06-weirdchars-5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf06-weirdchars-5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf06-weirdchars-5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">78862</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">77KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf06-weirdchars-5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf06-weirdchars-5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf06-weirdchars-5_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf06-weirdchars-5_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">707</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf06-weirdchars-6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf06-weirdchars-6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf06-weirdchars-6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">95933</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">93.7KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf06-weirdchars-6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf06-weirdchars-6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf06-weirdchars-6_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf06-weirdchars-6_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">707</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf06-weirdchars-7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf06-weirdchars-7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf06-weirdchars-7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">154106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">150KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf06-weirdchars-7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf06-weirdchars-7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf06-weirdchars-7_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf06-weirdchars-7_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">707</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf06-weirdchars-8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf06-weirdchars-8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf06-weirdchars-8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">148801</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">145KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf06-weirdchars-8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf06-weirdchars-8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf06-weirdchars-8_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf06-weirdchars-8_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">707</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf06-weirdchars-9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf06-weirdchars-9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf06-weirdchars-9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">111515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">109KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf06-weirdchars-9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf06-weirdchars-9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf06-weirdchars-9_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf06-weirdchars-9_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">707</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf06-weirdchars-10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf06-weirdchars-10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf06-weirdchars-10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">77226</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">75.4KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf06-weirdchars-10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf06-weirdchars-10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf06-weirdchars-10_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf06-weirdchars-10_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">707</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">pdf06-weirdchars-11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf06-weirdchars-11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf06-weirdchars-11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36753</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">35.9KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">pdf06-weirdchars-11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">pdf06-weirdchars-11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">pdf06-weirdchars-11_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">pdf06-weirdchars-11_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">707</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">1000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">12</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH2bdf3b19cf094fd01ac7ad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbb6e0c8f087c9c5b2e301a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215071
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215058
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI	Source->SO
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title	Source
+indexlevels	Doc	Sec
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;Source;->idx
+indexstem	Enhanced-PDF
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc	section->Sec
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	79188
+numdocs	4
+numsections	51
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Enhanced-PDF/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH2bdf3b19cf094fd01ac7ad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbb6e0c8f087c9c5b2e301a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0101.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0101.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0101.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000035.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000035.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000035.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000035.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Smith, Tony C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;4-5&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer science Study and teaching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Computer concepts without computers : a first course in computer science / by Geoffrey Holmes, Tony C. Smith and William J. Rogers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000035</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01010705437f4665ed568b25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0101.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0101/8715447b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0101/8715447b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0101/8715447b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000174.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000174.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000174.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000174.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Wang, Shaochun.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Utting, Mark.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 19).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;December 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Object-oriented programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Object-orientation in standard Z / Mark Utting and Shaochun Wang.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000174</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01018715447b6669edd69b27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215086</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0101/8715447b.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0102.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0102.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0102.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000234.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000234.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000234.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000234.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jones, Matt, 1968-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Deo, Shaleen J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 22-24).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September 2003.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Keyword searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic information resource searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic records.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Using keyphrases as search result surrogates on small screen devices / Steve Jones, Matt Jones and Shaleen Deo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000234</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01020725457f866dee56ab29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215091</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0102.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0105.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0105.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0105.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000045.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000045.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000045.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000045.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Yeo, Alvin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;7-8&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Software localization.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Language use in software / by Alvin Yeo and Robert Barbour.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000045</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0105078553804685f1570b35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0105.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0105/8795547c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0105/8795547c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0105/8795547c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000184.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000184.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000184.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000184.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 20-21).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for discrete class data mining / Mark Hall and Geoffrey Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000184</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01058795547c6689f1d71b37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0105/8795547c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0105/87955484.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0105/87955484.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0105/87955484.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000105.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000105.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000105.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000105.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Bibliography: leaf &amp;#091;4&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">The development of Holte's 1R classifier / by Craig Nevill-Manning, Geoff Holmes and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0105879554846689f1d71b37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0105/87955484.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0109.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0109.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0109.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000055.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000055.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000055.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000055.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reed, Todd.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">PostScript (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Extracting text from PostScript / by Craig Nevill-Manning, Todd Reed and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000055</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01090805638146a5f5578b45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0109.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0109/8815647d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0109/8815647d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0109/8815647d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000194.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000194.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000194.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000194.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for data mining / by Mark A. Hall and Geoffrey Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000194</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01098815647d66a9f5d79b47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215088</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0109/8815647d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0109/88156485.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0109/88156485.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0109/88156485.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000115.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000115.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000115.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000115.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Donkin, Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 5).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">WEKA : a machine learning workbench / by Geoffrey Holmes, Andrew Donkin and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000115</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01098815648566a9f5d79b47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0109/88156485.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH010d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH010d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH010d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000065.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000065.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000065.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000065.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Legg, Shane.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Mathematical models Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">An MDL estimate of the significance of rules / by John G. Cleary, Shane Legg, and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000065</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH010d0885738246c5f9580b55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215077</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH010d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH010d/88957486.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH010d/88957486.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH010d/88957486.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000125.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000125.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000125.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000125.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Phan, Thong Huy, 1963-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 33-34).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Natural language processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Linear programming Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic data processing Numerical analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Data transformation : a semantically-based approach to function recovery / by Ian H. Witten &amp; Thong H. Phan.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH010d8895748666c9f9d81b57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH010d/88957486.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0111.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0111.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0111.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000075.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000075.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000075.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000075.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Low, Boon Toh.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Ting, Kai Ming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 19-22).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Combinatorial analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Theory combination : an alternative to data combination / Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01110905838346e5fd588b65</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0111.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0111/89158487.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0111/89158487.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0111/89158487.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000135.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000135.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000135.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000135.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McQueen, Robert J. (Robert John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">&amp;#091;Hamilton&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Speech processing systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Automatic speech recognition.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Voice input and information exchange in asynchronous group communication / R. J. McQueen.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000135</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01118915848766e9fdd89b67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215083</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0111/89158487.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0115.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0115.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0115.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000006.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000006.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000006.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000006.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine learning / by Mark A. Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000006</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01150985938c470601590b75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215072</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0115.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0115/09859384.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0115/09859384.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0115/09859384.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000085.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000085.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000085.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000085.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Inglis, Stuart.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">&amp;#091;1996&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;January 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton &amp;#091;N.Z.&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Image processing Digital techniques.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Document imaging systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Bi-level document image compression using layout information / by Stuart J. Inglis and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011509859384470601590b75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0115/09859384.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0115/89959488.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0115/89959488.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0115/89959488.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000145.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000145.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000145.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000145.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bittner, Sven.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-30).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data transmission systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic data processing Distributed processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Push technology (Computer networks)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Subscription tree pruning : a structure-independent routing optimization for general-purpose publish/subscribe systems / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000145</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011589959488670a01d91b77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0115/89959488.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0116.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0116.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0116.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000205.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000205.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000205.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000205.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Inglis, Stuart.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Compression-based template matching / Stuart Inglis, Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000205</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011609a5958c870e02592b79</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0116.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0119.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0119.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0119.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000016.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000016.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000016.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000016.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital libraries Management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Distributed databases Management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Managing multiple collections, multiple languages, and multiple media in a distributed digital library / by Ian H. Witten ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000016</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01190a05a38d472605598b85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215073</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0119.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0119/0a05a385.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0119/0a05a385.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0119/0a05a385.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000095.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000095.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000095.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000095.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McNab, Rodger J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Music Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital electronics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Towards the digital music library : tune retrieval from acoustic input / Rodger J. McNab ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01190a05a385472605598b85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0119/0a05a385.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0119/8a15a489.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0119/8a15a489.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0119/8a15a489.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000155.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000155.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000155.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000155.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bouckaert, Remco R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 23).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Bayesian statistical decision theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Bayesian network classifiers in Weka / Remco Bouckaert.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000155</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01198a15a489672a05d99b87</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0119/8a15a489.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH011a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH011a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH011a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000215.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000215.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000215.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000215.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Ford, Greg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;Describes ... the Ta Kupu Tamariki project ... a Maori word processor designed for teaching literacy in the Maori language ... the accompanying data logging and log analysis software Tirohia ... provides a means for teachers to determine student activity and performance&quot;--Leaf 2.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Prepared by Bob Barbour, Sally Jo Cunningham and Greg Ford.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September 1992.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Maori language Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Maori language Computer-assisted instruction Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Maori language Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Maori language Study and teaching (Elementary) Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer managed instruction New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Data logging &amp; performance analysis software for teachers of indigenous New Zealanders : early results.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000215</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011a0a25a58d872e0659ab89</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH011d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH011d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH011d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000026.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000026.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000026.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000026.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McNab, Rodger J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital libraries.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital libraries New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Online bibliographic searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">An analysis of usage of a digital library / by Steve Jones, Sally Jo Cunningham and Rodger McNab.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000026</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011d0a85b38e4746095a0b95</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH011d/8a95b48a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH011d/8a95b48a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH011d/8a95b48a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000165.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000165.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000165.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000165.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeve, Greg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 39).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Statecharts (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">The syntax and semantics of &amp;#091;mu&amp;#093;-charts / Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000165</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011d8a95b48a674a09da1b97</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011d/8a95b48a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000225.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000225.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000225.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000225.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Ting, Kai Ming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Inducing cost-sensitive trees via instance-weighting / by Kai Ming Ting.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011e0aa5b58e874e0a5a2b99</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0121.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0121.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0121.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000036.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000036.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000036.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000036.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Littin, James N.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Applications of machine learning in information retrieval / by Sally Jo Cunningham, James Littin and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000036</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01210b05c38f47660d5a8ba5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0121.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0121/8b15c48b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0121/8b15c48b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0121/8b15c48b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000175.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000175.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000175.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000175.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Utting, Mark.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 18-19).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;December 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">XML (Document markup language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">ZML : XML support for standard Z / Mark Utting ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000175</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01218b15c48b676a0dda9ba7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215086</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0121/8b15c48b.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000046.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000046.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000046.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000046.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cockburn, Andy.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 11-12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;January 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">World Wide Web.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Human-computer interaction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Design issues for World Wide Web navigation visualisation tools / by Andy Cockburn and Steve Jones.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000046</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01250b85d3904786115b0bb5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0125.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0125/8b95d48c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0125/8b95d48c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0125/8b95d48c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000185.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000185.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000185.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000185.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;13&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A logistic boosting approach to inducing multiclass alternating decision trees / by Geoffrey Holmes ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000185</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01258b95d48c678a11db1bb7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0125/8b95d48c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0125/8b95d494.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0125/8b95d494.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0125/8b95d494.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000106.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000106.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000106.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000106.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Martin, Brent.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-75).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Instance-based learning : nearest neighbour with generalisation / by Brent Martin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01258b95d494678a11db1bb7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0125/8b95d494.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0129.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0129.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0129.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000056.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000056.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000056.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000056.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Marsh, Steve.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. &amp;#091;13-14&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;January 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Teams in the workplace Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Trust.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A dynamic and flexible representation of social relationships in CSCW / by Steve Jones and Steve Marsh.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000056</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01290c05e39147a6155b8bc5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0129.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0129/8c15e48d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0129/8c15e48d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0129/8c15e48d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000195.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000195.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000195.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000195.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Food Quality Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A development environment for predictive modelling in foods / by G. Holmes and M. Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000195</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01298c15e48d67aa15db9bc7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215088</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0129/8c15e48d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0129/8c15e495.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0129/8c15e495.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0129/8c15e495.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000116.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000116.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000116.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000116.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 34).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">PICTCalc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A calculator for supporting derivation in constructive type theory : PICTCalc / by Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000116</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01298c15e49567aa15db9bc7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0129/8c15e495.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH012d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH012d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH012d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000066.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000066.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000066.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000066.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">OzCHI'96 Workshop on the Next Generation of CSCW Systems (1996 : Hamilton, N.Z.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Teams in the workplace Data processing Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Proceedings of the OzCHI'96 Workshop on the Next Generation of CSCW Systems / edited by John Grundy.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000066</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH012d0c85f39247c6195c0bd5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215077</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH012d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH012d/8c95f496.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH012d/8c95f496.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH012d/8c95f496.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000126.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000126.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000126.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000126.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hopper, K. (Keith)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Human-computer interaction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Human-machine systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Human factors.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computers and civilization.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Artificial intelligence.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Survival of the species vs survival of the individual / by R.H. Barbour and K. Hopper.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH012d8c95f49667ca19dc1bd7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH012d/8c95f496.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0131.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0131.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0131.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000076.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000076.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000076.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000076.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McQueen, Robert J. (Robert John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Thomson, Kirsten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 114).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Agriculture Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Agriculture New Zealand Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Agriculture New Zealand Experimentation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Machine learning applied to fourteen agricultural datasets / by Kirsten Thomson, Robert J. McQueen.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01310d06039347e61d5c8be5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0131.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0131/8d160497.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0131/8d160497.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0131/8d160497.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000136.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000136.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000136.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000136.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nichols, David M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Twidale, Michael.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital libraries.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Librarians Education.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Computational sense : the role of technology in the education of digital librarians / Michael B. Twidale and David M. Nichols.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01318d16049767ea1ddc9be7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215083</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0131/8d160497.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000007.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000007.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000007.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000007.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Trigg, Leonard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning Research.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A diagnostic tool for tree based supervised classification learning algorithms / by Geoffrey Holmes and Leonard Trigg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000007</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01350d86139c4806215d0bf5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215072</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0135.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0135/0d861394.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0135/0d861394.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0135/0d861394.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000086.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000086.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000086.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000086.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Empson, Nic.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Kamau, Rawinia.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Bibliometrics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Bibliometrics Case studies.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Bibliomania : what can we learn from the research literature / by Sally-Jo Cunningham, Nic Empson, Rawinia Kamau.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000086</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01350d8613944806215d0bf5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0135/0d861394.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0135/8d961498.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0135/8d961498.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0135/8d961498.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000146.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000146.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000146.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000146.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;12&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Constructing programs or processes / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000146</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01358d961498680a21dd1bf7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0135/8d961498.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0136.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0136.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0136.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000206.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000206.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000206.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000206.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Davies, Rod M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer programs Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Compressing computer programs / by Rod M. Davies and  Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000206</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01360da6159c880e225d2bf9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0136.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0139.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0139.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0139.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000017.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000017.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000017.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000017.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Williams, Michael Llewellyn.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">&amp;#091;1998&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 8-9).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Online bibliographic searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Online information services.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital libraries New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">An evaluation of passage-level indexing strategies for a technical report archive / by Michael Williams.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000017</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01390e06239d4826255d8c05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215073</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0139.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0139/0e062395.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0139/0e062395.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0139/0e062395.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000096.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000096.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000096.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000096.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Venable, John R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 9-10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database design.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data structures (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Teaching novice conceptual data modellers to become experts / by John R. Venable.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01390e0623954826255d8c05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0139/0e062395.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0139/8e162499.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0139/8e162499.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0139/8e162499.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000156.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000156.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000156.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000156.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Don, Katherine.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 6).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">User interfaces (Computer systems) New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Maori language Computer network resources.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital libraries New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Human factors New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Online bibliographic searching New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">New Zealand newspapers Computer network resources.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Language switching in a digital library / Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham and Katherine Don.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000156</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01398e162499682a25dd9c07</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0139/8e162499.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH013a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH013a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH013a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000216.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000216.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000216.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000216.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Prepared by Geoffrey Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September 1992.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Natural language processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Natural language processing in speech understanding systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000216</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013a0e26259d882e265dac09</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH013d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH013d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH013d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000027.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000027.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000027.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000027.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">CBISE'98 (1998 : Pisa, Italy)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 8-9, Pisa, Italy&quot;--Added t.p.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer-aided software engineering Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Systems engineering Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Proceedings of CBISE'98 : CAiSEÂ®98 Workshop on Component Based Information Systems Engineering / edited by John Grundy.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000027</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013d0e86339e4846295e0c15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH013d/8e96349a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH013d/8e96349a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH013d/8e96349a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000166.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000166.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000166.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000166.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Pfahringer, Bernhard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Kirkby, Richard (Richard Brendon)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;13&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Originally published 2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database management</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Mining data streams using option trees / Geoffrey Holmes, Richard Kirkby and Bernhard Pfahringer.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000166</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013d8e96349a684a29de1c17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013d/8e96349a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000226.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000226.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000226.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000226.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Turner, Kristine.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 16-27).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information retrieval.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Library use studies.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Information seeking, retrieving, reading and storing behaviour of library users / by Kristine Turner.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000226</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013e0ea6359e884e2a5e2c19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0141.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0141.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0141.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000037.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000037.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000037.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000037.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Humphrey, Matthew C. (Matthew Cameron)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-36)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Visualization Technique.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer graphics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A graphical notation for the design of information visualisations / by Matthew C. Humphrey.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000037</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01410f06439f48662d5e8c25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0141.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0141/8f16449b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0141/8f16449b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0141/8f16449b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000176.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000176.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000176.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000176.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Twidale, Michael.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nichols, David M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;12-15&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;December 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Open source software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Human factors.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Usability and open source software / David M. Nichols and Michael B. Twidale.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01418f16449b686a2dde9c27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215086</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0141/8f16449b.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0145.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0145.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0145.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000047.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000047.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000047.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000047.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Yeo, Alvin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;16-17&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">User interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Software localization.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Strategies of internationalisation and localisation : a postmodernist's perspective / by Robert Barbour and Alvin Yeo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000047</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01450f8653a04886315f0c35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0145.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0145/8f96549c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0145/8f96549c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0145/8f96549c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000186.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000186.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000186.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000186.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2001.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;13&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 2001.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Trees (Graph theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A simple approach to ordinal classification / by Eibe Frank and Mark Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000186</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01458f96549c688a31df1c37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0145/8f96549c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0145/8f9654a4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0145/8f9654a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0145/8f9654a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000107.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000107.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000107.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000107.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Vallabh, Mahendra.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;12-13&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Bibliometrics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information science Technological innovations.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Library science Technological innovations.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Library information networks.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Applications for bibliometric research in the emerging digital library / by Sally Jo Cunningham &amp; Mahendra Vallabh.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01458f9654a4688a31df1c37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0145/8f9654a4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0149.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0149.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0149.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000057.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000057.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000057.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000057.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 42).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Authorship Collaboration Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Teams in the workplace Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Microcomputer workstations.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Notes : an experiment in CSCW /  by Mark Apperley ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000057</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0149100663a148a6355f8c45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0149.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0149/9016649d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0149/9016649d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0149/9016649d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000196.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000196.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000196.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000196.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;8&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Filters (Mathematics)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Correlation-based feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine learning / by Mark A. Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000196</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01499016649d68aa35df9c47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215088</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0149/9016649d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0149/901664a5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0149/901664a5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0149/901664a5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000117.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000117.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000117.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000117.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Irvine, Sean.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Rinsma, Ingrid.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer arithmetic.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Numerical calculations Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">On the insecurity of arithmetic coding / by John G. Cleary, Sean Irvine, Ingrid Rinsma-Melchert.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0149901664a568aa35df9c47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0149/901664a5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH014d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH014d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH014d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000067.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000067.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000067.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000067.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;5-6&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database searching Study and teaching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information retrieval Study and teaching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Internet Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">World Wide Web Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Documents in machine-readable form Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Teaching students to critically evaluate the quality of Internet research resources / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000067</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH014d108673a248c639600c55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215077</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH014d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH014d/909674a6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH014d/909674a6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH014d/909674a6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000127.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000127.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000127.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000127.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McQueen, Robert J. (Robert John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Written by Robert J. McQueen, Steve R. Garner, Craig G. Nevill-Manning &amp; Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Agriculture Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Applying machine learning to agricultural data / by Robert J. McQueen .... (et al.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000127</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH014d909674a668ca39e01c57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH014d/909674a6.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0151.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0151.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0151.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000077.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000077.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000077.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000077.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hosking, J. G. (John G.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 17-19).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Teams in the workplace Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Visual programming languages (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Serendipity : integrated environment support for process modelling, enactment and improvement / by John C. Grundy, John G. Hosking.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000077</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0151110683a348e63d608c65</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0151.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0151/911684a7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0151/911684a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0151/911684a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000137.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000137.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000137.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000137.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">&amp;#091;2006&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 7-8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September 20, 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Object-oriented programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data structures (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer programs Verification.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">State- and event-based refinement / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0151911684a768ea3de09c67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215083</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0151/911684a7.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0155.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0155.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0155.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000008.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000008.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000008.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000008.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Bibliography: p. 9.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Trees (Graph theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Generating rule sets from model trees / Geoffrey Holmes, Mark Hall and Eibe Frank.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0155118693ac490641610c75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215072</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0155.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0155/118693a4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0155/118693a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0155/118693a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000087.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000087.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000087.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000087.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bocock, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 4-5).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information science Bibliography.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computers Bibliography.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic data processing Bibliography.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Obsolescence of computing literature / by Sally-Jo Cunningham &amp;#091;and&amp;#093; David Bocock.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0155118693a4490641610c75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0155/118693a4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0155/919694a8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0155/919694a8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0155/919694a8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000147.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000147.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000147.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000147.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Malik, Petra.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Malik, Robi.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 25-26).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Tourism Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer network architectures.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Towards a TIP 3.0 service-oriented architecture : interaction design / Annika Hinze, Petra Malik and Robi Malik.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000147</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0155919694a8690a41e11c77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0155/919694a8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0156.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0156.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0156.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000207.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000207.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000207.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000207.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Olthof, Ian.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Prolog (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Backtrack programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Parallel programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">The design of an optimistic AND-Parallel Prolog / by John G. Cleary and Ian Olthof.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000207</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH015611a695ac890e42612c79</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0156.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0159.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0159.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0159.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000018.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000018.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000018.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000018.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Apples Postharvest diseases and injuries Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Apples Handling Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Predicting apple bruising using machine learning / by G. Holmes ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000018</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01591206a3ad492645618c85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215073</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0159.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0159/1206a3a5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0159/1206a3a5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0159/1206a3a5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000097.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000097.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000097.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000097.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 9)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 1995&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;In this paper we describe the current progress of an attempt to develop a logic which will allow us to specify required properties of systems which typically consist of a single interactive program being used, probably simultaneously, by several agents, usually people.&quot;--Abstract.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Logic programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Modality (Logic)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Teams in the workplace Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A logic for specifying and reasoning about cooperative environments / by Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01591206a3a5492645618c85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0159/1206a3a5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0159/9216a4a9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0159/9216a4a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0159/9216a4a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000157.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000157.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000157.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000157.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jung, Doris.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-51)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Client/server computing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer networks.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Event notification services : analysis and transformation of profile definition languages / Annika Hinze and Doris Jung.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000157</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01599216a4a9692a45e19c87</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0159/9216a4a9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH015a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH015a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH015a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000217.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000217.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000217.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000217.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">&amp;#091;1992&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;TEX has facilities for drawing diagrams using the packages tpic and PiCTEX&quot;--Abstract.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">On t.p. TEX is printed as in the trademark, with the 'E' slightly subscript.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;January 1992.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">TeX (Computer system)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Mathematics printing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer graphics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computerized typesetting.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Drawing diagrams in TEX documents / W.J. Rogers and G. Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000217</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH015a1226a5ad892e4661ac89</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH015a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH015d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH015d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH015d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000028.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000028.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000028.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000028.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Trigg, Leonard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on standing order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Entropy (Information theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">An entropy gain measure of numeric prediction performance / by Leonard Trigg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000028</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH015d1286b3ae494649620c95</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH015d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH015d/9296b4aa.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH015d/9296b4aa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH015d/9296b4aa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000167.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000167.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000167.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000167.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Determinism (Philosophy) Mathematical models.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Unifying state and process determinism / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000167</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH015d9296b4aa694a49e21c97</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH015d/9296b4aa.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000227.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000227.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000227.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000227.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 10-12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Integrated software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information resources management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Coordinating collaborative work in an integrated information systems engineering environment / by John C. Grundy ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000227</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH015e12a6b5ae894e4a622c99</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH015e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0161.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0161.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0161.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000038.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000038.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000038.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000038.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Paynter, Gordon W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">&amp;#091;1997&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;January 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Online bibliographic searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Online information services.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital libraries.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Browsing in digital libraries : a phrase-based approach / by Craig Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, Gordon W. Paynter.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000038</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01611306c3af49664d628ca5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0161.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0161/9316c4ab.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0161/9316c4ab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0161/9316c4ab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000177.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000177.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000177.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000177.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Usability Laboratory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Thomson, Kirsten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;This report represents the results of a survey conducted by the University of Waikato Usability Laboratory of the research laboratories at the Department of Computer Science&quot;--Leaf i.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computation laboratories New Zealand Hamilton.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Human-computer interaction New Zealand Hamilton.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Human engineering New Zealand Hamilton.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Research laboratory survey / Kirsten Thomson.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000177</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01619316c4ab696a4de29ca7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215086</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0161/9316c4ab.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0165.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0165.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0165.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000048.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000048.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000048.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000048.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Yeo, Alvin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;7&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Software localization.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic spreadsheets Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Localising a spreadsheet : an Iban example / by Alvin Yeo and Robert Barbour.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01651386d3b0498651630cb5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0165.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0165/9396d4ac.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0165/9396d4ac.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0165/9396d4ac.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000187.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000187.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000187.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000187.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Utting, Mark.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2001.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;10-11&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 2001.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Testing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Data structures for Z testing tools / by Mark Utting.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000187</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01659396d4ac698a51e31cb7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0165/9396d4ac.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0165/9396d4b4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0165/9396d4b4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0165/9396d4b4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000108.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000108.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000108.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000108.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Bibliography: leaves &amp;#091;8-9&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information science Bibliography.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">An empirical investigation of the obsolescence rate for information systems literature / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01659396d4b4698a51e31cb7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0165/9396d4b4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0169.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0169.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0169.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000058.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000058.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000058.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000058.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Maulsby, David, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;12&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Intelligent tutoring systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Learning agents : from user study to implementation / by David Maulsby, Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000058</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01691406e3b149a655638cc5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0169.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0169/9416e4ad.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0169/9416e4ad.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0169/9416e4ad.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000197.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000197.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000197.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000197.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Mahoui, Abdelaziz.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-52).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer animation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Spline theory Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Curves, Algebraic Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">One dimensional non-uniform rational B-splines for animation control / by Abdelaziz Mahoui.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000197</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01699416e4ad69aa55e39cc7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215088</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0169/9416e4ad.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0169/9416e4b5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0169/9416e4b5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0169/9416e4b5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000118.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000118.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000118.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000118.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Written by John C. Grundy, John G. Hosking, Warwick B. Mugridge, Robert W. Armor.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Visual programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Collaborative, integrated software development with multiple views / by John C. Grundy ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000118</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01699416e4b569aa55e39cc7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0169/9416e4b5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000068.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000068.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000068.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000068.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McWha, J. A. David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Pearson, Murray William.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Sequential processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Timestamp representations for virtual sequences / by John G. Cleary, J.A. David McWha, Murray Pearson.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000068</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH016d1486f3b249c659640cd5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215077</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH016d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH016d/9496f4b6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH016d/9496f4b6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH016d/9496f4b6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000128.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000128.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000128.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000128.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Neal, Donna Liane.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">De War, Rhys.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Agriculture Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Farm management Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">WEKA machine learning project : cow culling / Rhys de War &amp; Donna Liane Neal.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH016d9496f4b669ca59e41cd7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH016d/9496f4b6.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0171.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0171.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0171.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000078.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000078.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000078.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000078.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Compression and explanation using hierarchical grammars / by Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0171150703b349e65d648ce5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0171.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0171/951704b7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0171/951704b7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0171/951704b7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000138.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000138.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000138.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000138.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 15-16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">B method (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">LSB = Live and Safe B : alternative semantics for Event B / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0171951704b769ea5de49ce7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215083</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0171/951704b7.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000009.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000009.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000009.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000009.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;December 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">New Zealand newspapers Computer network resources.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Maori newspapers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital libraries New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Online bibliographic searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">New Zealand Digital Library.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">The Niupepa collection : opening the blinds on a window to the past / Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham and Mark Apperley.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0175158713bc4a0661650cf5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215073</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0175.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0175/158713b4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0175/158713b4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0175/158713b4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000088.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000088.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000088.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000088.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Rinsma, Ingrid.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Irvine, Sean A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer arithmetic.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Numerical calculations Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">The subset sum problem and arithmetic coding / Sean A. Irvine, John G. Cleary, Ingrid Rinsma-Melchert.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000088</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0175158713b44a0661650cf5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0175/158713b4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0175/959714b8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0175/959714b8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0175/959714b8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000148.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000148.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000148.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000148.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 15-16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Programming languages (Electronic computers) Semantics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Stepwise refinement of processes / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000148</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0175959714b86a0a61e51cf7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0175/959714b8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0176.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0176.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0176.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000208.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000208.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000208.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000208.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Arithmetic functions.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Numerical calculations Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Interval analysis (Mathematics)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Prolog (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Proving the existence of solutions in logical arithmetic / by John G. Cleary.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000208</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017615a715bc8a0e62652cf9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0176.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0179.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0179.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0179.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000019.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000019.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000019.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000019.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Henson, Martin C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 20).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A logic for the schema calculus / by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000019</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0179160723bd4a2665658d05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215073</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0179.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0179/160723b5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0179/160723b5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0179/160723b5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000098.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000098.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000098.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000098.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 8)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;This paper describes an integrated environment for for software development which embodies the aim of formal program development... presents the design for a new refinement environment which extends previous work by the authors in supporting formal Object-Z specification views in an integrated CASE tool environment.&quot;--P. 1.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 1995&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Object-oriented programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">OO (Computer system) Programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Systems programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">SPE (Computer program)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Towards an integrated refinement environment for formal program development / by Steve Reeves and John C. Grundy.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0179160723b54a2665658d05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0179/160723b5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0179/961724b9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0179/961724b9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0179/961724b9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000158.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000158.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000158.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000158.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bittner, Sven.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-43).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;December 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Client/server computing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic data processing Distributed processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Design and analysis of an efficient distributed event notification service / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000158</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0179961724b96a2a65e59d07</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0179/961724b9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH017a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH017a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH017a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000218.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000218.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000218.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000218.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Graham, Ian D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McGregor, A. J. (Anthony James)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Pearson, Murray William.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;December 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Asynchronous transfer mode Mathematical models.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Wide area networks (Computer networks)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer networks.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">High precision traffic measurement by the WAND Research Group / by John Cleary, Ian Graham, Tony McGregor, Murray Pearson...&amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000218</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017a162725bd8a2e6665ad09</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH017a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH017d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH017d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH017d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000029.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000029.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000029.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000029.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Trigg, Leonard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Bayesian statistical decision theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Experiences with a weighted decision tree learner / by John G. Cleary and Leonard E. Trigg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000029</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017d168733be4a4669660d15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH017d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH017d/969734ba.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH017d/969734ba.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH017d/969734ba.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000168.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000168.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000168.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000168.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 7-8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Modular programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">System design.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Plug and play (Computer architecture)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Atomic components / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000168</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017d969734ba6a4a69e61d17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215086</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH017d/969734ba.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH017e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH017e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH017e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000228.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000228.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000228.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000228.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;7-8&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Metadata.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Cataloging of databases.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning Research.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Dataset cataloging metadata for machine learning applications and research / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000228</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017e16a735be8a4e6a662d19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH017e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0181.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0181.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0181.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000039.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000039.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000039.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000039.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McInnes, Shona.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 17-18).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;December 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database searching Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algebra, Boolean Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Venn diagrams Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A graphical user interface for Boolean query specification / by Steve Jones and Shona McInnes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000039</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0181170743bf4a666d668d25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0181.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0181/971744bb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0181/971744bb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0181/971744bb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000178.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000178.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000178.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000178.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McLeod, Laurie.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Thomson, Kirsten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;Presents the decisions made with regard to the usability problems identified and design recommendations made within the first report.&quot;--P. i.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information display systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">User interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Interactive computer systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Lids Research Project.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">The Lids Research Project : appendage to usability study report (1/2002) / Kirsten Thomson and Laurie McLeod.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000178</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0181971744bb6a6a6de69d27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215086</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0181/971744bb.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0185.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0185.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0185.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000049.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000049.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000049.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000049.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Yeo, Alvin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;14&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Software localization Pacific Area.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic spreadsheets Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Internationalising a spreadsheet for Pacific Basin languages / by Robert Barbour and Alvin Yeo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000049</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0185178753c04a8671670d35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0185.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0185/979754bc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0185/979754bc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0185/979754bc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000188.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000188.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000188.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000188.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957- .</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeve, Greg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2001.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 2001.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Experiences using Z animation tools / by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000188</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0185979754bc6a8a71e71d37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0185/979754bc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0185/979754c4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0185/979754c4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0185/979754c4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000109.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000109.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000109.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000109.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Mitchell, Scott.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Bibliography: p. 68-72.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Time-series analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">The application of machine learning techniques to time-series data / by Scott Mitchell.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0185979754c46a8a71e71d37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0185/979754c4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0189.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0189.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0189.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000059.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000059.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000059.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000059.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Treweek, Phillip.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;9&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer literacy Study and teaching (Higher) New Zealand Hamilton.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Grading and marking (Students) New Zealand Hamilton.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A non-linear, criterion-referenced grading scheme for a computer literacy course / by Bill Rogers, Phillip Treweek, Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000059</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0189180763c14aa675678d45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0189.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0189/981764bd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0189/981764bd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0189/981764bd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000198.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000198.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000198.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000198.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957- .</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeve, Greg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-24).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Statecharts (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">&amp;#091;Mu&amp;#093;-charts and Z : hows, whys and wherefores / by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000198</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0189981764bd6aaa75e79d47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215088</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0189/981764bd.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0189/981764c5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0189/981764c5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0189/981764c5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000119.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000119.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000119.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000119.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hopkins, Mike,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Goldson, Doug.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">MiraCalc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">UNIX (Computer operating system)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Miranda (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">MiraCalc : the Miranda calculator : the Unix version / by Doug Goldson, Mike Hopkins &amp; Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000119</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0189981764c56aaa75e79d47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0189/981764c5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH018d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH018d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH018d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000069.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000069.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000069.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000069.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 21).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Identifying hierarchical structure in sequences : a linear-time algorithm / by Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000069</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018d188773c24ac679680d55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215077</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH018d/989774c6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH018d/989774c6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH018d/989774c6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000129.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000129.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000129.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000129.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">&amp;#091;1994&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 4-5)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Library information networks.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer networks.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Libraries Automation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Document delivery.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information retrieval.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Navigating the virtual library : a 3D browsing interface for information retrieval / by Bill Rogers, Sally Jo Cunningham &amp; Geoff Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000129</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018d989774c66aca79e81d57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018d/989774c6.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0191.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0191.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0191.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000079.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000079.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000079.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000079.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Blackett, Colin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 18).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Teams in the workplace New Zealand Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer conferencing New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Microcomputer workstations.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">CSCW in New Zealand : a snapshot / by Colin Blackett and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0191190783c34ae67d688d65</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0191.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0191/991784c7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0191/991784c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0191/991784c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000139.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000139.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000139.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000139.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 11).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">B method (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Liberalising Event B without changing it  / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0191991784c76aea7de89d67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215083</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0191/991784c7.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0195.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0195.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0195.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000089.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000089.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000089.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000089.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;6-8&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer science Research New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic publishing Abstracting and indexing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Internet addresses Directories.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Wide area networks (Computer networks) New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Library information networks New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A New Zealand digital library for computer science research / by Ian H. Witten ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0195198793c44b0681690d75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0195.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0195/999794c8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0195/999794c8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0195/999794c8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000149.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000149.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000149.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000149.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Michel, Yann-Rudolf.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Query languages (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">ApproXFILTER : an approximative XML filter / Annika Hinze and Yann-Rudolf Michel.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000149</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0195999794c86b0a81e91d77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0195/999794c8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000209.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000209.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000209.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000209.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Smith, Tony C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Parody Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Parody Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Lexical grammar Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Models for computer generated parody / Tony C. Smith, Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000209</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019619a795cc8b0e82692d79</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0199.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0199.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0199.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000099.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000099.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000099.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000099.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;4-5&amp;#093;)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Written communication Psychological aspects.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Anxiety New Zealand Hamilton Testing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">College students Psychological testing New Zealand Hamilton.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Writing anxiety in computer science students / by Sally Jo Cunningham, Geoff Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01991a07a3c54b2685698d85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0199.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0199/9a17a4c9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0199/9a17a4c9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH0199/9a17a4c9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000159.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000159.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000159.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000159.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Genet, Bryan.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 27-29).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Relational databases.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Query languages (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Program transformation (Computer programming)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Open issues in semantic query optimization in relational DBMS / Bryan Genet and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000159</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01999a17a4c96b2a85e99d87</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0199/9a17a4c9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH019a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH019a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH019a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000219.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000219.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000219.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000219.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Henson, Martin C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 20).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">New foundations for Z / by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000219</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019a1a27a5cd8b2e8669ad89</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH019d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH019d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH019d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000169.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000169.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000169.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000169.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Xu, Xin, 1975-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 2003.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning Mathematical models.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Applying propositional learning algorithms to multi-instance data / Eibe Frank and Xin Xu.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000169</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019d9a97b4ca6b4a89ea1d97</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215086</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000229.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000229.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000229.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000229.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 14)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic spreadsheets Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Programming languages (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Character-less programming II : the spreadsheet / by by Robert H. Barbour.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000229</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019e1aa7b5ce8b4e8a6a2d99</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000179.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000179.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000179.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000179.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. &amp;#091;12&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;Work done as part of the Large Interactive Display Surface (LIDS) project&quot;-- p. &amp;#091;3&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Interactive video.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information display systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">User interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Communication in small groups.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Lids Research Project.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Use of video shadow for small group interaction awareness on a large interactive display surface / Mark Apperley ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000179</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a19b17c4cb6b6a8dea9da7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a1.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH01a5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH01a5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH01a5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000189.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000189.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000189.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000189.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Paynter, Gordon W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2001.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;8-9&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 2001.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Kea (Computer program language) Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer science Digital libraries.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Keyword searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Automatic indexing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Human evaluation of Kea, an automatic keyphrasing system / by Steve Jones and Gordon W. Paynter.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a59b97d4cc6b8a91eb1db7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000199.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000199.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000199.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000199.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Paynter, Gordon W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Gutwin, Carl.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Metadata Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">KEA : practical automatic keyphrase extraction / by Ian H. Witten ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000199</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a99c17e4cd6baa95eb9dc7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215088</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH5571.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH5571.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH5571.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000100.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000100.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000100.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000100.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Building a public digital library based on full-text retrieval / by Ian H.Witten, Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH557192942c610941c11877</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5571.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH58f2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH58f2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH58f2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000010.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000010.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000010.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000010.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Wang, Yong.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Cluster analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Mixture distributions (Probability theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Clustering with finite data from semi-parametric mixture distributions / by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH58f202a32d412545418885</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215073</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH58f2.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH5cf2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH5cf2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH5cf2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000020.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000020.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000020.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000020.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Henson, Martin C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 42).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Revising Z : semantics and logic / by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000020</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5cf282b32e414549420895</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215073</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5cf2.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH60f3.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH60f3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH60f3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000030.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000030.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000030.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000030.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database searching Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algebra, Boolean Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Venn diagrams Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">VQuery : a graphical user interface for Boolean query specification and dynamic result preview / by Steve Jones.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000030</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH60f302c32f41654d4288a5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH60f3.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH64f3.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH64f3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH64f3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000040.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000040.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000040.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000040.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Ting, Kai Ming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 18-20).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;January 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Combinatorial analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Neural networks (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Stacked generalization : when does it work? / by Kai Ming Ting and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000040</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH64f382d3304185514308b5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH64f3.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH65f3.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH65f3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH65f3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000200.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000200.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000200.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000200.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Ware, Malcolm.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Automatic classification.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Interactive computer systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Interactive machine learning : letting users build classifiers / by Malcolm Ware ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000200</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH65f3a2d534818d524328b9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215088</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH65f3.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH68f4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH68f4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH68f4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000050.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000050.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000050.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000050.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Rauterberg, Matthias.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Oestreicher, Lars.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">INTERACT97 Combined Workshop on CSCW in HCI-worldwide (1997 : Sydney, N.S.W.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Teams in the workplace Data processing Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Human-computer interaction Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Proceedings of the INTERACT97 combined workshop on CSCW in HCI-worldwide / &amp;#091;edited&amp;#093; by Matthias Rauterberg, Lars Oestreicher &amp; John Grundy.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000050</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH68f402e33141a5554388c5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH68f4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH6974.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH6974.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH6974.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000110.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000110.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000110.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000110.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frederikson, Lesley.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Masoodian, Masood.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Bibliography: leaves 17-18.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Communication in small groups.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Video recording.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Video support for shared work-space interaction :  an empirical study / by Masood Masoodian, Mark Apperley and Lesley Frederikson.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH697412e43561a955c398c7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6974.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH6cf4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH6cf4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH6cf4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000060.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000060.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000060.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000060.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Tsai, Jya-Jang.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 7).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">At head of p. 1: In Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS'96).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Asynchronous transfer mode Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Broadband communication systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Conservative parallel simulation of ATM networks / by John G. Cleary and Jya-Jang Tsai.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000060</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6cf482f33241c5594408d5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215077</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6cf4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH6d74.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH6d74.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH6d74.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000120.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000120.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000120.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000120.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hosking, J. G. (John G.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 21-22).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Graphic methods Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Constructing integrated software development environments with dependency graphs / by John C. Grundy and John G. Hosking.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000120</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6d7492f43661c959c418d7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6d74.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH70f5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH70f5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH70f5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000070.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000070.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000070.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000070.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Dillon, Stuart M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 7-8)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems Periodicals.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Authorship patterns in information systems / by Sally Jo Cunningham and Stuart M. Dillon.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000070</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH70f503033341e55d4488e5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215077</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH70f5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7175.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000130.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000130.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000130.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000130.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hopper, K. (Keith)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Programming languages (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Character-less programming / Keith Hopper, Robert H. Barbour.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000130</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH717513043761e95dc498e7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7175.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH74f5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH74f5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH74f5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000001.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000001.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000001.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000001.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McGregor, A. J. (Anthony James)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Chang, Chung-yi.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">World Wide Web.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Web sites Management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">World Wide Web servers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">The LRU*WWW proxy cache document replacement algorithm / by Chung-yi Chang, Tony McGregor and Geoffrey Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH74f583133c4205614508f5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215072</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH74f5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH74f5/83133442.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH74f5/83133442.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH74f5/83133442.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000080.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000080.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000080.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000080.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;10&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital libraries.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital libraries New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Digital libraries based on full-text retrieval / by Ian H. Witten, Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH74f58313344205614508f5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH74f5/83133442.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7575.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7575.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7575.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000140.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000140.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000140.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000140.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bittner, Sven.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-44).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 9, 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Booksellers and bookselling Colportage, subscription trade, etc. Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Advertising Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Filters (Mathematics)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Arbitrary Boolean advertisements : the final step in supporting the Boolean publish/subscribe model / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH7575931438620961c518f7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215083</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7575.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH78f6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH78f6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH78f6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000011.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000011.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000011.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000011.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Teahan, William John.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 19-20)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Chinese language Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A compression-based algorithm for Chinese word segmentation / by W.J. Teahan ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000011</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH78f603233d422565458905</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215073</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH78f6.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH78f6/03233542.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH78f6/03233542.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH78f6/03233542.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000090.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000090.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000090.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000090.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Venable, John R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 7).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">System analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">System design.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer-aided software engineering.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Integrated software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Developing CASE tools which support integrated development notations / by John C. Grundy and John R. Venable.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH78f6032335422565458905</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH78f6/03233542.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7976.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7976.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7976.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000150.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000150.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000150.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000150.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Kozuka, Takanori.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-42).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 2005.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Semantic Web.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">World Wide Web.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Metadata.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Artificial intelligence.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Design and implementation of a filter engine for semantic web documents / Annika Hinze and Takamori Kozuka.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000150</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH7976132439622965c59907</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7976.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH79f6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH79f6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH79f6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000210.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000210.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000210.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000210.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Smith, Tony C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;January 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Grammar, Comparative and general Function words.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Lexical grammar Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Language inference from function words/ Tony C. Smith, Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH79f623253d822d6645a909</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH79f6.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7cf6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7cf6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7cf6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000021.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000021.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000021.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000021.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bainbridge, David I.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 25).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Oral history Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Oral history Information resources.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">World Wide Web.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information retrieval.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Making oral history accessible over the World Wide Web / by David Bainbridge and Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000021</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH7cf683333e424569460915</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7cf6.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7d76.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7d76.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7d76.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000160.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000160.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000160.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000160.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">SÃ¢anchez, Alfredo, 1962-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Twidale, Michael.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nichols, David M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Silva, Nabani.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Authors include Michael Twidale, David M. Nichols and Nabani Silva.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Online information services.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information visualization.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Human factors.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Visual programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Analyzing library collections with starfield visualizations / Alfredo Sanchez ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000160</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH7d7693343a624969c61917</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7d76.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7df6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7df6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH7df6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000220.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000220.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000220.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000220.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Teahan, William John.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26-28).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;December 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">English language Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Linguistic models Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Lexicology Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computational linguistics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Adaptive models of English text / by W.J. Teahan and John G. Cleary.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000220</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH7df6a3353e824d6a462919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7df6.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH80f7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH80f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH80f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000031.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000031.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000031.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000031.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">January 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Generating accurate rule sets without global optimization / by Eibe Frank and Ian Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000031</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH80f703433f42656d468925</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH80f7.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8177.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8177.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8177.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000170.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000170.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000170.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000170.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. &amp;#091;21-22&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 2003.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Object-oriented programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data structures (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Comparison of data and process refinement / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000170</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH817713443b62696dc69927</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215086</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH8177.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH81f7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH81f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH81f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000230.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000230.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000230.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000230.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hosking, J. G. (John G.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Mugridge, Warwick B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 18-19).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;January 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer architecture.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">System design.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Supporting flexible consistency management via discrete change description propagation / by John C. Grundy, John G. Hosking and Warwick B. Mugridge.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000230</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH81f723453f826d6e46a929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH81f7.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH84f7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH84f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH84f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000041.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000041.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000041.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000041.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Phillips, Chris,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McKauge, Janis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">OZCHI '96. Industry Session (6th : 1996 : Hamilton, N.Z.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Human-computer interaction Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">OZCHI '96 Industry Session : Sixth Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction / edited by Chris Phillips &amp; Janis McKauge.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000041</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH84f7835340428571470935</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH84f7.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8577.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8577.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8577.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000101.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000101.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000101.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000101.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Smith, Lloyd A. (Lloyd Allan)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Sherlock, Robert A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Mitchell, R. Scott.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-24).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, Waikato University,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Estrus Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Cows Reproduction Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Dairy cattle Reproduction Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Milk production Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">An investigation into the use of machine learning for determining oestrus in cows / by R. Scott Mitchell, Robert A. Sherlock and Lloyd A. Smith.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH8577935444628971c71937</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH8577.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8577/93543c62.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8577/93543c62.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8577/93543c62.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000180.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000180.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000180.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000180.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McLeod, Laurie.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. LIDS Research Group.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Thomson, Kirsten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 160).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information display systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Interactive computer systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Teaching Aids and devices.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer graphics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Educational technology.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">The Lids Research Project usability study report &amp;#091;1/2002&amp;#093; / Kirsten Thomson and Laurie McLeod.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH857793543c628971c71937</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH8577/93543c62.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH88f8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH88f8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH88f8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000051.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000051.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000051.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000051.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Low, Boon Toh.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Ting, Kai Ming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 24-27).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Combinatorial analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Learning from batched data : model combination vs data combination / by Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low &amp; Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000051</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH88f803634142a575478945</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH88f8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8978.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8978.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8978.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000111.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000111.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000111.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000111.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Garner, S. R. (Stephen Robert)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Bibliography: leaf &amp;#091;10&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems Agriculture.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Machine learning in practice : experience with agricultural databases / by Stephen R. Garner ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH897813644562a975c79947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH8978.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8978/13643d62.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8978/13643d62.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8978/13643d62.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000190.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000190.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000190.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000190.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Lundy, Stephen.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Paynter, Gordon W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2001.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;10&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 2001.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Automatic abstracting Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computational linguistics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic information resource searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Interactive document summarisation / by Steve Jones, Stephen Lundy and Gordon W. Paynter.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000190</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH897813643d62a975c79947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH8978/13643d62.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8cf8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8cf8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8cf8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000061.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000061.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000061.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000061.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hosking, J. G. (John G.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 18-19).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data editing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Keeping free-edited textual and graphical views of information consistent / by John C. Grundy and John G. Hosking.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000061</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH8cf883734242c579480955</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215077</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH8cf8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8d78.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8d78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH8d78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000121.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000121.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000121.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000121.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Wilson, William J., computer consultant.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">&amp;#091;1994&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 6).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Cryptography.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computers Access control.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Chinks in the armor of public key cryptosystems / by William J. Wilson.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000121</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH8d7893744662c979c81957</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH8d78.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH90f9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH90f9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH90f9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000071.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000071.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000071.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000071.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Wang, Yong.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;12&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Trees (Graph theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Induction of model trees for predicting continuous classes / by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000071</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH90f903834342e57d488965</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215077</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH90f9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9179.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9179.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9179.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000131.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000131.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000131.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000131.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Conklin, Darrell.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 20-21)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;December 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Identifier">(pbk.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Multiple viewpoint systems for music prediction / Ian H. Witten, Darrell Conklin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000131</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH917913844762e97dc89967</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9179.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH94f9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH94f9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH94f9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000002.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000002.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000002.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000002.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nickson, Ray.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeve, Greg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957- .</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Utting, Mark.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Groves, Lindsay J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development Estimates.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development Estimates New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Software engineering.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A survey of software requirements specification practices in the New Zealand software industry / by Lindsay Groves...&amp;#091;et.al.&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000002</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH94f983934c430581490975</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215072</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH94f9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH94f9/83934443.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH94f9/83934443.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH94f9/83934443.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000081.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000081.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000081.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000081.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Chester, Michael (Michael Eric)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Trees (Graph theory) Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer graphics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data structures (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Tree browsing / by Mark Apperley and Michael Chester.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH94f9839344430581490975</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH94f9/83934443.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9579.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9579.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9579.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000141.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000141.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000141.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000141.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 10-12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 29 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Filters (Mathematics)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Bayesian statistical decision theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A decision tree-based attribute weighting filter for naive Bayes / Mark Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000141</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9579939448630981c91977</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215083</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9579.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH95f9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH95f9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH95f9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000201.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000201.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000201.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000201.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Chui, Chang.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;January 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data compression (Telecommunication)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Text categorization using compression models / by Eibe Frank, Chang Chui and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH95f9a3954c830d82492979</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215088</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH95f9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH98fa.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH98fa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH98fa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000012.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000012.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000012.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000012.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Wang, Yong.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-24)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Pace regression / by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000012</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH98fa03a34d432585498985</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215073</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH98fa.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH98fa/03a34543.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH98fa/03a34543.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH98fa/03a34543.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000091.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000091.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000091.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000091.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Maulsby, David, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 13).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Interactive computer systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Human-computer interaction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">End-user computing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Interactive concept learning for end-user applications / by David Maulsby and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000091</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH98fa03a345432585498985</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH98fa/03a34543.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH997a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH997a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH997a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000151.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000151.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000151.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000151.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-33).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 2005.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Tourism Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Advanced recommendation in a mobile tourist information system / Annika Hinze and Saijai Junmanee.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000151</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH997a13a449632985c99987</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH997a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH99fa.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH99fa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH99fa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000211.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000211.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000211.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000211.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Inglis, Stuart.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Thimbleby, Harold.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Three-dimensional display systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer graphics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Displaying 3D images : algorithms for single image random dot stereograms / by Ian H. Witten, Stuart Inglis and Harold W. Thimbleby.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000211</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH99fa23a54d832d8649a989</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH99fa.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9cfa.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9cfa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9cfa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000022.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000022.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000022.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000022.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McNab, Rodger J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Smith, Lloyd A. (Lloyd Allan)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bainbridge, David I.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Music Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Music libraries Databases.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital electronics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Melody based tune retrieval over the World Wide Web / by David Bainbridge, Rodger J. McNab and Lloyd Smith.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000022</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9cfa83b34e4345894a0995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9cfa.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9d7a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9d7a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9d7a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000161.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000161.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000161.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000161.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nichols, David M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Twidale, Michael.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 11).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Human factors.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Open source software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Usability discussions in open source development / Michale Twidale and David Nichols.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000161</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9d7a93b44a634989ca1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9d7a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9dfa.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9dfa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASH9dfa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000221.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000221.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000221.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000221.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Teahan, William John.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">English language Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Lexicology Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computational linguistics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Correcting English text using PPM models / by W.J. Teahan ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000221</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9dfaa3b54e834d8a4a2999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9dfa.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa0fb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa0fb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa0fb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000032.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000032.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000032.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000032.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Zheng, Zijian.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Ting, Kai Ming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;January 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Boosting trees for cost-sensitive classifications / by Kai Ming Ting and Zijian Zheng.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000032</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHa0fb03c34f43658d4a89a5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHa0fb.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa17b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa17b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa17b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000171.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000171.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000171.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000171.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jones, Matt, 1968-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;13-15&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 2003.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic information resource searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Pocket computers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">From sit-forward to lean-back : using a mobile device to vary interactive pace / Matt Jones ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000171</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHa17b13c44b63698dca99a7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215086</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHa17b.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa1fb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa1fb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa1fb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000231.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000231.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000231.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000231.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Bibliography: leaf 5.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1955.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Least squares.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Feature selection via the discovery of simple classification rules / by G. Holmes &amp; C.G. Nevill-Manning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000231</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHa1fb23c54f836d8e4aa9a9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHa1fb.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa4fb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa4fb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa4fb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000042.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000042.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000042.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000042.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Litten, Richard Henry.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Memory management (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Effects of re-ordered memory operations on parallelism / by Richard H. Litten &amp; John G. Cleary.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000042</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHa4fb83d3504385914b09b5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHa4fb.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa57b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa57b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa57b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000102.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000102.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000102.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000102.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Smith, Lloyd A. (Lloyd Allan)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McNab, Rodger J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 10-11).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Music Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Sight-singing Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Signal processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Signal processing for melody transcription / by Rodger J. McNab, Lloyd A. Smith and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHa57b93d454638991cb19b7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHa57b.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa57b/93d44c63.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa57b/93d44c63.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa57b/93d44c63.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000181.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000181.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000181.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000181.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Downie, J. Stephen.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;11&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Music Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems Music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">System design.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Toward a theory of music information retrieval queries : system design implications / Sally Jo Cunningham and J. Stephen Downie.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000181</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHa57b93d44c638991cb19b7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHa57b/93d44c63.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa8fc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa8fc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa8fc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000052.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000052.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000052.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000052.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Discovering inter-attribute relationships / by Geoffrey Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000052</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHa8fc03e35143a5954b89c5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHa8fc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa97c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa97c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa97c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000112.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000112.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000112.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000112.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Smith, Tony C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995..</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Bibliography: leaf 5.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Least squares.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Subset selection using rough numeric dependency / by Tony C. Smith &amp; Geoff Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000112</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHa97c13e45563a995cb99c7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHa97c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa97c/13e44d63.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa97c/13e44d63.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHa97c/13e44d63.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000191.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000191.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000191.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000191.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Mahoui, Malika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Cluster analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Keyword searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic records.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Hierarchical document clustering using automatically extracted keyphrases / by Steve Jones and Malika Mahoui.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000191</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHa97c13e44d63a995cb99c7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHa97c/13e44d63.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHacfc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHacfc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHacfc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000062.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000062.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000062.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000062.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Smith, Lloyd A. (Lloyd Allan)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McNab, Rodger J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">&amp;#093;1996&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 13-15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;December 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer composition.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer sound processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Music Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Sight-singing Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Signal processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Melody transcription for interactive applications / by Rodger J. McNab &amp; Lloyd A. Smith.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000062</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHacfc83f35243c5994c09d5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215077</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHacfc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHad7c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHad7c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHad7c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000122.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000122.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000122.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000122.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 18).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">College teachers Training of.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">College teachers Training of New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">College teaching New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">The induction and professional development of academics / Robert H. Barbour.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000122</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHad7c93f45663c999cc19d7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHad7c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb0fd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb0fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb0fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000072.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000072.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000072.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000072.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Humphrey, Matthew C. (Matthew Cameron)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Understanding what machine learning produces. Part II, Knowledge visualization techniques / by Matt Humphrey, Sally Jo Cunningham and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000072</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb0fd04035343e59d4c89e5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb0fd.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb17d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb17d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb17d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000132.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000132.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000132.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000132.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Melchert, Matthew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Pearson, Murray William.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Parallel programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">PICSIL1 (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Parallel programming with PICSIL1 / Murray Pearson, Matthew Melchert.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000132</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb17d14045763e99dcc99e7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215083</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb17d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb4fd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb4fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb4fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000003.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000003.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000003.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000003.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Paynter, Gordon W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 9).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N. Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">End-user computing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Automating iterative tasks with programming by demonstration : a user evaluation / by Gordon W. Paynter and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb4fd84135c4405a14d09f5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215072</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb4fd.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb4fd/84135444.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb4fd/84135444.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb4fd/84135444.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000082.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000082.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000082.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000082.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Pearson, Murray William.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">&amp;#091;1996&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-39).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Asynchronous transfer mode Mathematical models.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Wide area networks (Computer networks)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Current techniques for measuring and modeling ATM traffic / by Murray Pearson ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb4fd8413544405a14d09f5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb4fd/84135444.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb57d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb57d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb57d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000142.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000142.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000142.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000142.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Legeard, Bruno.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Pretschner, Alexander.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Utting, Mark.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 15-17).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Systems software Testing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Systems software Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A taxonomy of model-based testing / by Mark Utting, Alexander Pretschner and Bruno Legeard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb57d9414586409a1cd19f7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb57d.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb5fd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb5fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb5fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000202.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000202.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000202.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000202.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bainbridge, David I.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Yeates, Stuart Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;January 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computers Acronyms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data compression (Telecommunication)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Discourse analysis Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Using compression to identify acronyms in text / by Stuart Yeates, David Bainbridge and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000202</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb5fda4155c840da24d29f9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215088</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb5fd.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb8fe.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb8fe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb8fe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000013.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000013.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000013.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000013.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 4).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Java (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">WEKA : practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java implementations / by Ian H. Witten ... &amp;#091;et. al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000013</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb8fe04235d4425a54d8a05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215073</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb8fe.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb8fe/04235544.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb8fe/04235544.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb8fe/04235544.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000092.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000092.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000092.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000092.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Williams, Warren.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">&amp;#091;1995&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;8-9&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;December 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Language and languages Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer adventure games Study and teaching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">How Maui captured the sun : using a MUD for educational simulation / by Sally Jo Cunningham, Warren Williams.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000092</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb8fe0423554425a54d8a05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb8fe/04235544.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb97e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb97e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb97e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000152.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000152.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000152.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000152.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bittner, Sven.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-30).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 2005.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Filters (Mathematics)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Investigating the memory requirements for publish/subscribe filtering algorithms / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000152</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb97e1424596429a5cd9a07</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb97e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb9fe.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb9fe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHb9fe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000212.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000212.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000212.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000212.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Logic programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Starlog (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Informal introduction to Starlog / John G. Cleary.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000212</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb9fe24255d842da64daa09</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb9fe.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHbcfe.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHbcfe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHbcfe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000023.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000023.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000023.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000023.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Hypertext systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Link as you type : using key phrases for automated dynamic link generation / Steve Jones.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000023</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHbcfe84335e4445a94e0a15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHbcfe.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHbd7e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHbd7e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHbd7e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000162.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000162.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000162.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000162.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Marsden, Gary.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jones, Matt, 1968-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;7&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Telephone in education.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text messages (Telephone systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Lectures and lecturing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Interaction analysis in education.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Please turn on your mobile phone : first impressions of text-messaging in lectures / Matt Jones and Gary Marsden.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000162</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHbd7e94345a6449a9ce1a17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHbd7e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHbdfe.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHbdfe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHbdfe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000222.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000222.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000222.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000222.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Inglis, Stuart.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bainbridge, David I.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 9-10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Image compression.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Musical notation Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Score reading and playing Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Musical image compression / by David Bainbridge and Stuart Inglis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000222</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHbdfea4355e844daa4e2a19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHbdfe.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc0ff.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc0ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc0ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000033.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000033.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000033.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000033.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Ting, Kai Ming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 19-20).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Stacking bagged and dagged models / by Kai Ming Ting and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000033</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHc0ff04435f4465ad4e8a25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHc0ff.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc17f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc17f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc17f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000172.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000172.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000172.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000172.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 2003.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning Mathematical models.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Visualization Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Visualizing class probability estimators / Eibe Frank and Mark Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000172</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHc17f14445b6469adce9a27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215086</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHc17f.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc1ff.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc1ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc1ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000232.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000232.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000232.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000232.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">New Zealand Formal Program Development Colloquium (1st : 1994 : University of Waikato)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic digital computers Programming Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Proceedings of the first New Zealand Formal Program Development Colloquium / edited by Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000232</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHc1ff24455f846dae4eaa29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHc1ff.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc4ff.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc4ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc4ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000043.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000043.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000043.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000043.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Memory management (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer architecture.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Constraints on parallelism beyond 10 instructions per cycle / by John G. Cleary ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000043</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHc4ff8453604485b14f0a35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHc4ff.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc57f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc57f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc57f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000103.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000103.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000103.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000103.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A teaching and support tool for building formal models of graphical user-interfaces / by Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHc57f9454646489b1cf1a37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHc57f.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc57f/94545c64.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc57f/94545c64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc57f/94545c64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000182.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000182.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000182.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000182.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bouckaert, Remco R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 18-19).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Set theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Accuracy bounds for ensembles under 0 - 1 loss / Remco R. Bouckaert.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000182</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHc57f94545c6489b1cf1a37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHc57f/94545c64.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc900.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc900.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc900.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000053.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000053.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000053.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000053.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 11).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Trees (Graph theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Using model trees for classification / Eibe Frank .. &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000053</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHc90004636144a5b54f8a45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHc900.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc980.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc980.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc980.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000113.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000113.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000113.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000113.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Bibliography: leaves &amp;#091;7-8&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Statistics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Machine learning and statistics : a matter of perspective / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000113</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHc98014646564a9b5cf9a47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHc980.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc980/14645d64.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc980/14645d64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHc980/14645d64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000192.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000192.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000192.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000192.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Mahoui, Malika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital libraries Use studies.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Online bibliographic searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A comparative transaction log analysis of two computing collections / by Malika Mahoui and Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHc98014645d64a9b5cf9a47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215088</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHc980/14645d64.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHcd00.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHcd00.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHcd00.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000063.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000063.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000063.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000063.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;December 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Selecting multiway splits in decision trees / by Eibe Frank, Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000063</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHcd0084736244c5b9500a55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215077</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHcd00.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHcd80.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHcd80.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHcd80.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000123.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000123.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000123.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000123.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Venable, John R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 11)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Integrated software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Providing integrated support for multiple development notations / by John C. Grundy and John R. Venable.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHcd8094746664c9b9d01a57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHcd80.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd101.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd101.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd101.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000073.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000073.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000073.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000073.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;8&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Fractals.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer-aided design.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Crocheting Patterns Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Visual analogy in creative design : case study of fractals and crochet lace / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000073</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd10104836344e5bd508a65</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd101.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd181.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd181.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd181.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000133.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000133.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000133.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000133.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bell, Timothy C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 9-11)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;July 1992.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer science Graduate work.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer science Research Study and teaching, Graduate.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Graduate students Research.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science. Graduate work.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Getting research students started : a tale of two courses / Ian H. Witten, Timothy C. Bell.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000133</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd18114846764e9bdd09a67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215083</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd181.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd501.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd501.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd501.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000004.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000004.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000004.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000004.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Baker, Jay.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Fletcher, Dale.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text editors (Computer programs)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Facilitating multiple copy/paste operations / by Mark Apperley ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000004</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd50184936c4505c1510a75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215072</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd501.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd501/84936445.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd501/84936445.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd501/84936445.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000083.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000083.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000083.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000083.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">&amp;#091;1996&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Asynchronous transfer mode Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer networks.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">High performance simulation for ATM network development / by John Cleary ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000083</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd5018493644505c1510a75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd501/84936445.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd581.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd581.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd581.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000143.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000143.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000143.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000143.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bittner, Sven.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Book auctions Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Internet auctions Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Event distributions in online book auctions / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000143</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd5819494686509c1d11a77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd581.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd601.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd601.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd601.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000203.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000203.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000203.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000203.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Originally issued as the author's thesis (B.Comp.Math.Sc.), University of Waikato, 1991.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">&amp;#091;Hamilton&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer composition.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Improvisation (Music)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Blues (Music) Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Computer improvisation of blues melodies / Mark Andrew Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000203</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd601a4956c850dc2512a79</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215088</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd601.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd902.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd902.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd902.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000014.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000014.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000014.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000014.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-38).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept.  of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Reduced-error pruning with significance tests / by Eibe Frank and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000014</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd90204a36d4525c5518a85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215073</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd902.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd902/04a36545.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd902/04a36545.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd902/04a36545.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000093.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000093.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000093.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000093.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 6-7)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Information retrieval Study and teaching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database searching Study and teaching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Information retrieval programs on the Internet : tools for teaching IR / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000093</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd90204a3654525c5518a85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd902/04a36545.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd982.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd982.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHd982.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000153.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000153.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000153.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000153.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 2005.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">User interfaces (Computer systems) New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital libraries New Zealand Software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Greenstone (Computer file)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">DSpace.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">StoneD.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">StoneD : a bridge between Greenstone and DSpace / Ian Witten ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000153</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd98214a4696529c5d19a87</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd982.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHda02.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHda02.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHda02.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000213.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000213.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000213.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000213.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McQueen, Robert J. (Robert John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Smith, Lloyd A. (Lloyd Allan)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Agriculture Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Expert systems (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Practical machine learning and its application to problems in agriculture / Ian H. Witten .. &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000213</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHda0224a56d852dc651aa89</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHda02.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHdd02.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHdd02.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHdd02.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000024.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000024.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000024.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000024.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Trigg, Leonard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 16-17).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Identifier">spiral binding</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Bayesian statistical decision theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Trees (Graph theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Naive Bayes for regression / by Eibe Frank ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdd0284b36e4545c9520a95</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdd02.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHdd82.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHdd82.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHdd82.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000163.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000163.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000163.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000163.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Kramer, Stefan.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Logistic regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Ensembles of nested dichotomies for multiclass problems / Eibe Frank and Stefan Kramer.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000163</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdd8294b46a6549c9d21a97</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdd82.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHde02.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHde02.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHde02.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000223.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000223.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000223.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000223.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Teahan, William John.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">English language Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Lexicology Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Tag based models of English text / by W.J. Teahan and John G. Cleary.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000223</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHde02a4b56e854dca522a99</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHde02.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe103.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000034.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000034.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000034.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000034.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McNab, Rodger J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Smith, Lloyd A. (Lloyd Allan)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;March 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Sight-singing Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Music Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A sight-singing tutor / by Lloyd A. Smith and Rodger J. McNab.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000034</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe10304c36f4565cd528aa5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe103.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe183.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe183.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe183.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000173.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000173.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000173.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000173.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Paynter, Gordon W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 21-23).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Classification, Library of Congress Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Subject headings, Library of Congress Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Subject cataloging Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Predicting Library of Congress Classifications from Library of Congress Subject Headings / Eibe Frank and Gordon Paynter.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000173</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe18314c46b6569cdd29aa7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215086</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe183.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe203.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe203.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe203.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000233.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000233.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000233.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000233.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Pfahringer, Bernhard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Kirkby, Richard (Richard Brendon)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;10-11&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September 2003.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Mining data streams using option trees / Geoffrey Holmes, Bernhard Pfahringer and Richard Kirkby.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000233</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe20324c56f856dce52aaa9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215091</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe203.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe503.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe503.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe503.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000044.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000044.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000044.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000044.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Yeo, Alvin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Application software Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Human factors Malaysia.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Usability testing : a Malaysian study / by Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour &amp; Mark Apperley.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000044</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe50384d3704585d1530ab5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe503.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe583.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe583.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe583.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000104.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000104.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000104.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000104.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Summers, Brent.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;5&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Subject headings Information storage and retrieval.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Applying machine learning to subject classification and subject description for information retrieval / by Sally Jo Cunningham, Brent Summers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000104</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe58394d4746589d1d31ab7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe583.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe583/94d46c65.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe583/94d46c65.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe583/94d46c65.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000183.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000183.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000183.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000183.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. &amp;#091;12&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;June 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Racing committees for large datasets / Eibe Frank ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000183</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe58394d46c6589d1d31ab7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe583/94d46c65.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe904.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe904.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe904.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000054.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000054.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000054.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000054.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">World Wide Web Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Freezing rich fragments of the World Wide Web / by Geoffrey Holmes and William J. Rogers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000054</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe90404e37145a5d5538ac5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe904.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe984.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe984.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe984.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000114.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000114.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000114.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000114.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">McQueen, Robert J. (Robert John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">De War, Rhys.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Department of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Agriculture Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Farm management Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Analysis of cow culling with a machine learning workbench / by Rhys DeWar and Robert J. McQueen.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000114</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe98414e47565a9d5d39ac7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215081</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe984.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe984/14e46d65.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe984/14e46d65.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHe984/14e46d65.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000193.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000193.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000193.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000193.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Reeve, Greg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-31).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;August 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Statecharts (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">&amp;#091;Mu&amp;#093;-charts and Z : extending the translation / by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe98414e46d65a9d5d39ac7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215088</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe984/14e46d65.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHed04.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHed04.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHed04.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000064.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000064.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000064.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000064.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Humphrey, Matthew C. (Matthew Cameron)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;December 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer graphics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Visualization Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Napoleonic Wars, 1800-1815 Campaigns Russia Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Moscow, Battle of, 1941-1942 Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Reconstructing Minard's graphic with the relational visualisation notation / by Matthew C. Humphrey.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000064</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHed0484f37245c5d9540ad5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215077</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHed04.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHed84.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHed84.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHed84.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000124.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000124.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000124.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000124.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Pearson, Murray William.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Kinawi, Husam.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Replaces earlier issue of the same title (no. 11 in series)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;September, 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer architecture.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">The architecture of an optimistic CPU : the WarpEngine / by John G. Cleary, Murray Pearson, &amp; Husam Kinawi.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000124</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHed8494f47665c9d9d41ad7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHed84.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf105.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf105.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf105.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000074.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000074.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000074.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000074.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Yeo, Alvin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 15-16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Software localization.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software Marketing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer software industry.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Software for the rest of the world / by Alvin Yeo and Robert H. Barbour.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf10505037345e5dd548ae5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf105.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf185.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf185.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf185.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000134.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000134.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000134.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000134.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Manzara, Leonard Charles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Conklin, Darrell.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Melodic analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Comparing human and computational models of music prediction / by Ian H. Witten, Leonard C. Manzara, Darrell Conklin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf18515047765e9ddd49ae7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215083</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf185.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf505.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf505.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf505.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000005.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000005.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000005.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000005.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hodge, Stephen Brett.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Chester, Michael (Michael Eric)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Language">eng</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Trees (Graph theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data structures (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Graph theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Browsing tree structures/ by Mark Apperley...&amp;#091;et.al.&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf50585137c4605e1550af5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215072</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf505.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf505/85137446.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf505/85137446.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf505/85137446.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000084.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000084.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000084.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000084.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;7&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Utilities (Computer programs)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data structures (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Visible-C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Visible-C : a simple visualisation for C data structures / by William J. Rogers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf5058513744605e1550af5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf505/85137446.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf585.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf585.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf585.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000144.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000144.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000144.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000144.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Jung, Doris.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Computing Women Congress (2nd : 2006 : Hamilton, N.Z.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;February 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic data processing Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computers Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Women in computer science Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Proceedings of the Second Computing Women Congress (CWC 2006) : student papers, Hamilton, New Zealand, 11-19 February 2006 / editors, Annika Hinze, Doris Jung and Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000144</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf5859514786609e1d51af7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf585.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf605.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf605.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf605.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000204.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000204.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000204.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000204.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Maulsby, David, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Compression by induction of hierarchical grammars / Craig G. Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, David L. Maulsby.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000204</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf605a5157c860de2552af9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf605.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf906.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf906.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf906.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000015.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000015.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000015.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000015.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Bach, Joscha.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;January 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Sciences, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data compression (Telecommunication)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Lexicology.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Image processing Digital techniques.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Lexical attraction for text compression / by Joscha Bach and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000015</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf90605237d4625e5558b05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215073</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf906.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf906/05237546.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf906/05237546.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf906/05237546.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000094.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000094.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000094.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000094.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Lyons, Paul.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Pearson, Murray William.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 16-17)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;January 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computing Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">PICSIL (Computer hardware description language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer architecture.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Visual programming languages (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Computer hardware description languages.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">PICSIL : integrating graphic system design and automatic synthesis / by Murray W. Pearson, Paul J. Lyons and Mark D. Apperley.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000094</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf9060523754625e5558b05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf906/05237546.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf986.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf986.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHf986.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000154.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000154.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000154.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000154.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Buchanan, George.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 18).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;April 2005.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Directory services (Computer network technology)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Digital libraries Software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Greenstone.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">A distributed directory service for Greenstone / George Buchanan and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000154</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf9861524796629e5d59b07</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215084</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf986.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHfa06.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHfa06.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHfa06.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000214.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000214.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000214.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000214.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Semantic and generative models for lossy text compression / Ian H. Witten .. &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000214</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHfa0625257d862de655ab09</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215089</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHfa06.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHfd06.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHfd06.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHfd06.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000001/00000025.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000025.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000025.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000001/00000025.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Telecom Corporation of New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 15)..</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 22, 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;October 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Automated tellers Measurement Computer programs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Automated tellers New Zealand Statistics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Electronic funds transfers New Zealand Statistics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Measuring ATM traffic : final report for New Zealand Telecom / J. Cleary ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHfd0685337e4645e9560b15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215074</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHfd06.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHfd86.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHfd86.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHfd86.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000101/00000164.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000164.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000164.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000101/00000164.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Masoodian, Masood.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;12-13&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;May 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Word processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Text editors (Computer programs)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">User interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Human-computer interaction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">DeepDocument (Computer file)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Microsoft Word.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Deepdocument : use of a multi-layered display to provide context awareness in text editing / Masood Masoodian ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000164</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHfd8695347a6649e9d61b17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215085</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHfd86.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHfe06.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHfe06.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/HASHfe06.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.00000201/00000224.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">NulPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">00000224.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">00000224.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="null_file">CMSwp-all.00000201/00000224.nul</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Smith, Tony C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Creator">Peeters, Ross.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Subject">Lexicology Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="exp.Title">Fast convergence with a greedy tag-phrase dictionary / by Ross Peeters and Tony C. Smith.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">00000224</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHfe06a5357e864dea562b19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214952</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHfe06.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,936 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH74f583133c4205614508f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH94f983934c430581490975</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb4fd84135c4405a14d09f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd50184936c4505c1510a75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf50585137c4605e1550af5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01150985938c470601590b75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01350d86139c4806215d0bf5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0155118693ac490641610c75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0175158713bc4a0661650cf5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH58f202a32d412545418885</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH78f603233d422565458905</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH98fa03a34d432585498985</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb8fe04235d4425a54d8a05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd90204a36d4525c5518a85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf90605237d4625e5558b05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01190a05a38d472605598b85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01390e06239d4826255d8c05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01591206a3ad492645618c85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0179160723bd4a2665658d05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5cf282b32e414549420895</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7cf683333e424569460915</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9cfa83b34e4345894a0995</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbcfe84335e4445a94e0a15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdd0284b36e4545c9520a95</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfd0685337e4645e9560b15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011d0a85b38e4746095a0b95</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013d0e86339e4846295e0c15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015d1286b3ae494649620c95</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017d168733be4a4669660d15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH60f302c32f41654d4288a5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH80f703433f42656d468925</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa0fb03c34f43658d4a89a5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc0ff04435f4465ad4e8a25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe10304c36f4565cd528aa5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01010705437f4665ed568b25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01210b05c38f47660d5a8ba5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01410f06439f48662d5e8c25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01611306c3af49664d628ca5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0181170743bf4a666d668d25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH64f382d3304185514308b5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH84f7835340428571470935</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa4fb83d3504385914b09b5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc4ff8453604485b14f0a35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe50384d3704585d1530ab5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0105078553804685f1570b35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01250b85d3904786115b0bb5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01450f8653a04886315f0c35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01651386d3b0498651630cb5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0185178753c04a8671670d35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH68f402e33141a5554388c5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH88f803634142a575478945</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa8fc03e35143a5954b89c5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc90004636144a5b54f8a45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe90404e37145a5d5538ac5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01090805638146a5f5578b45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01290c05e39147a6155b8bc5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0149100663a148a6355f8c45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01691406e3b149a655638cc5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0189180763c14aa675678d45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6cf482f33241c5594408d5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8cf883734242c579480955</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHacfc83f35243c5994c09d5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHcd0084736244c5b9500a55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHed0484f37245c5d9540ad5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH010d0885738246c5f9580b55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012d0c85f39247c6195c0bd5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH014d108673a248c639600c55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016d1486f3b249c659640cd5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018d188773c24ac679680d55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH70f503033341e55d4488e5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH90f903834342e57d488965</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb0fd04035343e59d4c89e5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd10104836344e5bd508a65</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf10505037345e5dd548ae5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01110905838346e5fd588b65</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01310d06039347e61d5c8be5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0151110683a348e63d608c65</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0171150703b349e65d648ce5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0191190783c34ae67d688d65</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH74f58313344205614508f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH94f9839344430581490975</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb4fd8413544405a14d09f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd5018493644505c1510a75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf5058513744605e1550af5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011509859384470601590b75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01350d8613944806215d0bf5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0155118693a4490641610c75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0175158713b44a0661650cf5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0195198793c44b0681690d75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH78f6032335422565458905</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH98fa03a345432585498985</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb8fe0423554425a54d8a05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd90204a3654525c5518a85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf9060523754625e5558b05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01190a05a385472605598b85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01390e0623954826255d8c05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01591206a3a5492645618c85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0179160723b54a2665658d05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01991a07a3c54b2685698d85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH557192942c610941c11877</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8577935444628971c71937</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa57b93d454638991cb19b7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc57f9454646489b1cf1a37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe58394d4746589d1d31ab7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0105879554846689f1d71b37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01258b95d494678a11db1bb7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01458f9654a4688a31df1c37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01659396d4b4698a51e31cb7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0185979754c46a8a71e71d37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH697412e43561a955c398c7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH897813644562a975c79947</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa97c13e45563a995cb99c7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc98014646564a9b5cf9a47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe98414e47565a9d5d39ac7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01098815648566a9f5d79b47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01298c15e49567aa15db9bc7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0149901664a568aa35df9c47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01699416e4b569aa55e39cc7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0189981764c56aaa75e79d47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6d7492f43661c959c418d7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8d7893744662c979c81957</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHad7c93f45663c999cc19d7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHcd8094746664c9b9d01a57</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHed8494f47665c9d9d41ad7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH010d8895748666c9f9d81b57</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012d8c95f49667ca19dc1bd7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH014d909674a668ca39e01c57</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016d9496f4b669ca59e41cd7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018d989774c66aca79e81d57</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH717513043761e95dc498e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH917913844762e97dc89967</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb17d14045763e99dcc99e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd18114846764e9bdd09a67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf18515047765e9ddd49ae7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01118915848766e9fdd89b67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01318d16049767ea1ddc9be7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0151911684a768ea3de09c67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0171951704b769ea5de49ce7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0191991784c76aea7de89d67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7575931438620961c518f7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9579939448630981c91977</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb57d9414586409a1cd19f7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd5819494686509c1d11a77</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf5859514786609e1d51af7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011589959488670a01d91b77</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01358d961498680a21dd1bf7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0155919694a8690a41e11c77</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0175959714b86a0a61e51cf7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0195999794c86b0a81e91d77</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7976132439622965c59907</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH997a13a449632985c99987</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb97e1424596429a5cd9a07</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd98214a4696529c5d19a87</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf9861524796629e5d59b07</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01198a15a489672a05d99b87</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01398e162499682a25dd9c07</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01599216a4a9692a45e19c87</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0179961724b96a2a65e59d07</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01999a17a4c96b2a85e99d87</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7d7693343a624969c61917</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9d7a93b44a634989ca1997</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbd7e94345a6449a9ce1a17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdd8294b46a6549c9d21a97</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfd8695347a6649e9d61b17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011d8a95b48a674a09da1b97</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013d8e96349a684a29de1c17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015d9296b4aa694a49e21c97</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017d969734ba6a4a69e61d17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019d9a97b4ca6b4a89ea1d97</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH817713443b62696dc69927</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa17b13c44b63698dca99a7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc17f14445b6469adce9a27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe18314c46b6569cdd29aa7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01018715447b6669edd69b27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01218b15c48b676a0dda9ba7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01418f16449b686a2dde9c27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01619316c4ab696a4de29ca7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0181971744bb6a6a6de69d27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a19b17c4cb6b6a8dea9da7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH857793543c628971c71937</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa57b93d44c638991cb19b7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc57f94545c6489b1cf1a37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe58394d46c6589d1d31ab7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01058795547c6689f1d71b37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01258b95d48c678a11db1bb7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01458f96549c688a31df1c37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01659396d4ac698a51e31cb7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0185979754bc6a8a71e71d37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a59b97d4cc6b8a91eb1db7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH897813643d62a975c79947</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa97c13e44d63a995cb99c7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc98014645d64a9b5cf9a47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe98414e46d65a9d5d39ac7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01098815647d66a9f5d79b47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01298c15e48d67aa15db9bc7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01499016649d68aa35df9c47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01699416e4ad69aa55e39cc7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0189981764bd6aaa75e79d47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a99c17e4cd6baa95eb9dc7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH65f3a2d534818d524328b9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH95f9a3954c830d82492979</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb5fda4155c840da24d29f9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd601a4956c850dc2512a79</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf605a5157c860de2552af9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011609a5958c870e02592b79</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01360da6159c880e225d2bf9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015611a695ac890e42612c79</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017615a715bc8a0e62652cf9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019619a795cc8b0e82692d79</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH79f623253d822d6645a909</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH99fa23a54d832d8649a989</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb9fe24255d842da64daa09</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHda0224a56d852dc651aa89</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfa0625257d862de655ab09</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011a0a25a58d872e0659ab89</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013a0e26259d882e265dac09</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015a1226a5ad892e4661ac89</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017a162725bd8a2e6665ad09</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019a1a27a5cd8b2e8669ad89</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7df6a3353e824d6a462919</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9dfaa3b54e834d8a4a2999</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbdfea4355e844daa4e2a19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHde02a4b56e854dca522a99</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfe06a5357e864dea562b19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011e0aa5b58e874e0a5a2b99</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013e0ea6359e884e2a5e2c19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015e12a6b5ae894e4a622c99</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017e16a735be8a4e6a662d19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019e1aa7b5ce8b4e8a6a2d99</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH81f723453f826d6e46a929</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa1fb23c54f836d8e4aa9a9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc1ff24455f846dae4eaa29</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe20324c56f856dce52aaa9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01020725457f866dee56ab29</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215093
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215072
+indexfieldmap	allfields->ZZ	exp.Title->TI	exp.Subject->SU
+indexfields	allfields	exp.Title	exp.Subject
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	allfields;exp.Title;exp.Subject;->idx
+indexstem	MARC-Exploded
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	6084
+numdocs	234
+numsections	234
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Exploded/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,936 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH74f583133c4205614508f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH94f983934c430581490975</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb4fd84135c4405a14d09f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd50184936c4505c1510a75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf50585137c4605e1550af5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01150985938c470601590b75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01350d86139c4806215d0bf5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0155118693ac490641610c75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0175158713bc4a0661650cf5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH58f202a32d412545418885</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH78f603233d422565458905</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH98fa03a34d432585498985</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb8fe04235d4425a54d8a05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd90204a36d4525c5518a85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf90605237d4625e5558b05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01190a05a38d472605598b85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01390e06239d4826255d8c05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01591206a3ad492645618c85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0179160723bd4a2665658d05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5cf282b32e414549420895</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7cf683333e424569460915</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9cfa83b34e4345894a0995</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbcfe84335e4445a94e0a15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdd0284b36e4545c9520a95</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfd0685337e4645e9560b15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011d0a85b38e4746095a0b95</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013d0e86339e4846295e0c15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015d1286b3ae494649620c95</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017d168733be4a4669660d15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH60f302c32f41654d4288a5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH80f703433f42656d468925</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa0fb03c34f43658d4a89a5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc0ff04435f4465ad4e8a25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe10304c36f4565cd528aa5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01010705437f4665ed568b25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01210b05c38f47660d5a8ba5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01410f06439f48662d5e8c25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01611306c3af49664d628ca5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0181170743bf4a666d668d25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH64f382d3304185514308b5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH84f7835340428571470935</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa4fb83d3504385914b09b5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc4ff8453604485b14f0a35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe50384d3704585d1530ab5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0105078553804685f1570b35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01250b85d3904786115b0bb5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01450f8653a04886315f0c35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01651386d3b0498651630cb5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0185178753c04a8671670d35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH68f402e33141a5554388c5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH88f803634142a575478945</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa8fc03e35143a5954b89c5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc90004636144a5b54f8a45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe90404e37145a5d5538ac5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01090805638146a5f5578b45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01290c05e39147a6155b8bc5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0149100663a148a6355f8c45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01691406e3b149a655638cc5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0189180763c14aa675678d45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6cf482f33241c5594408d5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8cf883734242c579480955</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHacfc83f35243c5994c09d5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHcd0084736244c5b9500a55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHed0484f37245c5d9540ad5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH010d0885738246c5f9580b55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012d0c85f39247c6195c0bd5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH014d108673a248c639600c55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016d1486f3b249c659640cd5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018d188773c24ac679680d55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH70f503033341e55d4488e5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH90f903834342e57d488965</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb0fd04035343e59d4c89e5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd10104836344e5bd508a65</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf10505037345e5dd548ae5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01110905838346e5fd588b65</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01310d06039347e61d5c8be5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0151110683a348e63d608c65</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0171150703b349e65d648ce5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0191190783c34ae67d688d65</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH74f58313344205614508f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH94f9839344430581490975</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb4fd8413544405a14d09f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd5018493644505c1510a75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf5058513744605e1550af5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011509859384470601590b75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01350d8613944806215d0bf5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0155118693a4490641610c75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0175158713b44a0661650cf5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0195198793c44b0681690d75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH78f6032335422565458905</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH98fa03a345432585498985</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb8fe0423554425a54d8a05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd90204a3654525c5518a85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf9060523754625e5558b05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01190a05a385472605598b85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01390e0623954826255d8c05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01591206a3a5492645618c85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0179160723b54a2665658d05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01991a07a3c54b2685698d85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH557192942c610941c11877</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8577935444628971c71937</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa57b93d454638991cb19b7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc57f9454646489b1cf1a37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe58394d4746589d1d31ab7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0105879554846689f1d71b37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01258b95d494678a11db1bb7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01458f9654a4688a31df1c37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01659396d4b4698a51e31cb7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0185979754c46a8a71e71d37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH697412e43561a955c398c7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH897813644562a975c79947</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa97c13e45563a995cb99c7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc98014646564a9b5cf9a47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe98414e47565a9d5d39ac7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01098815648566a9f5d79b47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01298c15e49567aa15db9bc7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0149901664a568aa35df9c47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01699416e4b569aa55e39cc7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0189981764c56aaa75e79d47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6d7492f43661c959c418d7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8d7893744662c979c81957</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHad7c93f45663c999cc19d7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHcd8094746664c9b9d01a57</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHed8494f47665c9d9d41ad7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH010d8895748666c9f9d81b57</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012d8c95f49667ca19dc1bd7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH014d909674a668ca39e01c57</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016d9496f4b669ca59e41cd7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018d989774c66aca79e81d57</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH717513043761e95dc498e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH917913844762e97dc89967</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb17d14045763e99dcc99e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd18114846764e9bdd09a67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf18515047765e9ddd49ae7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01118915848766e9fdd89b67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01318d16049767ea1ddc9be7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0151911684a768ea3de09c67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0171951704b769ea5de49ce7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0191991784c76aea7de89d67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7575931438620961c518f7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9579939448630981c91977</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb57d9414586409a1cd19f7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd5819494686509c1d11a77</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf5859514786609e1d51af7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011589959488670a01d91b77</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01358d961498680a21dd1bf7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0155919694a8690a41e11c77</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0175959714b86a0a61e51cf7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0195999794c86b0a81e91d77</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7976132439622965c59907</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH997a13a449632985c99987</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb97e1424596429a5cd9a07</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd98214a4696529c5d19a87</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf9861524796629e5d59b07</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01198a15a489672a05d99b87</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01398e162499682a25dd9c07</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01599216a4a9692a45e19c87</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0179961724b96a2a65e59d07</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01999a17a4c96b2a85e99d87</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7d7693343a624969c61917</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9d7a93b44a634989ca1997</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbd7e94345a6449a9ce1a17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdd8294b46a6549c9d21a97</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfd8695347a6649e9d61b17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011d8a95b48a674a09da1b97</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013d8e96349a684a29de1c17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015d9296b4aa694a49e21c97</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017d969734ba6a4a69e61d17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019d9a97b4ca6b4a89ea1d97</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH817713443b62696dc69927</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa17b13c44b63698dca99a7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc17f14445b6469adce9a27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe18314c46b6569cdd29aa7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01018715447b6669edd69b27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01218b15c48b676a0dda9ba7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01418f16449b686a2dde9c27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01619316c4ab696a4de29ca7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0181971744bb6a6a6de69d27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a19b17c4cb6b6a8dea9da7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH857793543c628971c71937</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa57b93d44c638991cb19b7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc57f94545c6489b1cf1a37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe58394d46c6589d1d31ab7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01058795547c6689f1d71b37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01258b95d48c678a11db1bb7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01458f96549c688a31df1c37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01659396d4ac698a51e31cb7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0185979754bc6a8a71e71d37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a59b97d4cc6b8a91eb1db7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH897813643d62a975c79947</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa97c13e44d63a995cb99c7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc98014645d64a9b5cf9a47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe98414e46d65a9d5d39ac7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01098815647d66a9f5d79b47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01298c15e48d67aa15db9bc7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01499016649d68aa35df9c47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01699416e4ad69aa55e39cc7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0189981764bd6aaa75e79d47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a99c17e4cd6baa95eb9dc7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH65f3a2d534818d524328b9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH95f9a3954c830d82492979</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb5fda4155c840da24d29f9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd601a4956c850dc2512a79</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf605a5157c860de2552af9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011609a5958c870e02592b79</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01360da6159c880e225d2bf9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015611a695ac890e42612c79</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017615a715bc8a0e62652cf9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019619a795cc8b0e82692d79</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH79f623253d822d6645a909</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH99fa23a54d832d8649a989</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb9fe24255d842da64daa09</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHda0224a56d852dc651aa89</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfa0625257d862de655ab09</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011a0a25a58d872e0659ab89</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013a0e26259d882e265dac09</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015a1226a5ad892e4661ac89</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017a162725bd8a2e6665ad09</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019a1a27a5cd8b2e8669ad89</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7df6a3353e824d6a462919</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9dfaa3b54e834d8a4a2999</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbdfea4355e844daa4e2a19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHde02a4b56e854dca522a99</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfe06a5357e864dea562b19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011e0aa5b58e874e0a5a2b99</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013e0ea6359e884e2a5e2c19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015e12a6b5ae894e4a622c99</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017e16a735be8a4e6a662d19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019e1aa7b5ce8b4e8a6a2d99</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH81f723453f826d6e46a929</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa1fb23c54f836d8e4aa9a9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc1ff24455f846dae4eaa29</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe20324c56f856dce52aaa9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01020725457f866dee56ab29</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McGregor, A. J. (Anthony James)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">World Wide Web.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Web sites Management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">World Wide Web servers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Chang, Chung-yi.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The LRU*WWW proxy cache document replacement algorithm / by Chung-yi Chang, Tony McGregor and Geoffrey Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215094</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01115cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     352666
+005     20041014034150.0
+008     990611s1999    nz       b    000 0 eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11355888
+035    _a zbn99047346
+035    _9 ABQ-8644
+040    _a WU
+       _c WU
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/9
+100 1  _a Chang, Chung-yi.
+245 14 _a The LRU*WWW proxy cache document replacement algorithm /
+       _c by Chung-yi Chang, Tony McGregor and Geoffrey
+ Holmes.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1999.
+300    _a 11 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/9
+500    _a &quot;June 1999.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a World Wide Web.
+650  0 _a Web sites
+       _x Management.
+650  0 _a Information storage and retrieval systems.
+650  0 _a World Wide Web servers.
+700 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+700 1  _a McGregor, A. J.
+       _q (Anthony James)
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/9.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nickson, Ray.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeve, Greg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957- .</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Utting, Mark.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development Estimates.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development Estimates New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Software engineering.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Groves, Lindsay J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A survey of software requirements specification practices in the New Zealand software industry / by Lindsay Groves...&amp;#091;et.al.&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215094</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01204cam  2200325 a 4500
+001     352667
+008     990614s1999    n        b    000 0 eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11355815
+035    _a zbn99047210
+035    _9 ABQ-8645
+040    _a U
+       _c WU
+043    _a u-nz---
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/8
+100 1  _a Groves, Lindsay J.
+245 12 _a A survey of software requirements specification practices
+ in the New Zealand software industry /
+       _c by Lindsay Groves...[et.al.]
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1999.
+300    _a 22 p. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/8
+500    _a &quot;June 1999.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development
+       _x Estimates.
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development
+       _x Estimates
+       _z New Zealand.
+650  0 _a Software engineering.
+700 10 _a Nickson, Ray.
+700 10 _a Reeve, Greg.
+700 10 _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957- .
+700 10 _a Utting, Mark.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/8.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 9).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">End-user computing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Paynter, Gordon W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Automating iterative tasks with programming by demonstration : a user evaluation / by Gordon W. Paynter and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N. Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215094</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01012cam  22002655a 4500
+001     352629
+005     20031029034039.0
+008     990618s1999    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _9 ABQ-8590
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 005.1
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/7
+100 1  _a Paynter, Gordon W.
+245 10 _a Automating iterative tasks with programming by
+ demonstration :
+       _b a user evaluation /
+       _c by Gordon W. Paynter and Ian H. Witten.
+260    _a Hamilton, N. Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1999.
+300    _a 9 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/7
+500    _a &quot;May 1999.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 9).
+650  0 _a Computer programming.
+650  0 _a End-user computing.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/7.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s10.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s10.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s10.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Cluster analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Mixture distributions (Probability theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Wang, Yong.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Clustering with finite data from semi-parametric mixture distributions / by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215094</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s10.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01032cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     363519
+005     20031029034034.0
+008     000119s1999    nz       b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5477424
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _9 ABS-5076
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 519.53
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/14
+100 1  _a Wang, Yong.
+245 10 _a Clustering with finite data from semi-parametric mixture
+ distributions /
+       _c by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1999.
+300    _a 1, [5] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/14
+500    _a &quot;November 1999.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650 00 _a Cluster analysis.
+650 00 _a Mixture distributions (Probability theory)
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/14.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s100.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s100.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s100.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Building a public digital library based on full-text retrieval / by Ian H.Witten, Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s100.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01072cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     281657
+005     20031029034023.0
+010    _o zbn95-95857
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9301124
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABG-5395
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/24
+100 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+245 10 _a Building a public digital library based on full-text
+ retrieval /
+       _c by Ian H.Witten, Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Sally Jo
+ Cunningham.
+260 0  _a Hamilton :
+       _b Department of Computer Science, University of
+ Waikato,
+       _c 1995.
+300    _a 6, [6] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/24
+500    _a &quot;August 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Information storage and retrieval systems.
+650  0 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+700 2  _a Nevill-Manning, Craig G.
+700 1  _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/24.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s101.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s101.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s101.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-24).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Smith, Lloyd A. (Lloyd Allan)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Sherlock, Robert A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Estrus Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Cows Reproduction Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Dairy cattle Reproduction Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Milk production Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, Waikato University,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Mitchell, R. Scott.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">An investigation into the use of machine learning for determining oestrus in cows / by R. Scott Mitchell, Robert A. Sherlock and Lloyd A. Smith.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s101.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01211cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     280942
+010    _o zbn95-113526
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9291551
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABG-4263
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/23
+100 10 _a Mitchell, R. Scott.
+245 13 _a An investigation into the use of machine learning for
+ determining oestrus in cows /
+       _c by R. Scott Mitchell, Robert A. Sherlock and Lloyd A.
+ Smith.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, Waikato University,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a 42 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/23
+500    _a &quot;August 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-24).
+650  0 _a Estrus
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Cows
+       _x Reproduction
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Dairy cattle
+       _x Reproduction
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Milk production
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+700    _a Smith, Lloyd A.
+       _q (Lloyd Allan)
+700 1  _a Sherlock, Robert A.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/23.
+020    _c (pbk.)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s102.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s102.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s102.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 10-11).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Smith, Lloyd A. (Lloyd Allan)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Music Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Sight-singing Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Signal processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McNab, Rodger J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Signal processing for melody transcription / by Rodger J. McNab, Lloyd A. Smith and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s102.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01088cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     280940
+005     20031029034024.0
+010    _o zbn96-10515
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9291549
+008           s1995    nz ag    b          eng d
+035    _9 ABG-4261
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/22
+100 10 _a McNab, Rodger J.
+245 10 _a Signal processing for melody transcription /
+       _c by Rodger J. McNab, Lloyd A. Smith and Ian H.
+ Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a 15 leaves :
+       _b ill., music ;
+       _c c1995.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/22
+500    _a &quot;August 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 10-11).
+650  0 _a Music
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Sight-singing
+       _x Computer-assisted instruction.
+650  0 _a Signal processing.
+700    _a Smith, Lloyd A.
+       _q (Lloyd Allan)
+700 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/22.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s103.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A teaching and support tool for building formal models of graphical user-interfaces / by Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s103.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00972cam  2200241 a 4500
+001     280676
+010    _o zbn95-113581
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9284201
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABG-3887
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/21
+100 10 _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+245 12 _a A teaching and support tool for building formal models of
+ graphical user-interfaces /
+       _c by Steve Reeves.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a 8 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/21
+500    _a &quot;August 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).
+650  0 _a Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems)
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/21.
+020    _c (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s104.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s104.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s104.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">104</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;5&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Summers, Brent.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Subject headings Information storage and retrieval.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Applying machine learning to subject classification and subject description for information retrieval / by Sally Jo Cunningham, Brent Summers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s104</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s104.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00939cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     278942
+010    _o zbn95-71311
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9178812
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABG-1655
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/20
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 10 _a Applying machine learning to subject classification and
+ subject description for information retrieval /
+       _c by Sally Jo Cunningham, Brent Summers.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a [5] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/20
+500    _a &quot;June 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [5]).
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Subject headings
+       _x Information storage and retrieval.
+700 1  _a Summers, Brent.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/20.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s105.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s105.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s105.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Bibliography: leaf &amp;#091;4&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The development of Holte's 1R classifier / by Craig Nevill-Manning, Geoff Holmes and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s105.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00943cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     278948
+005     20041014034125.0
+010    _o zbn95-64474
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9142061
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABG-1661
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/19
+100 20 _a Nevill-Manning, Craig G.
+245 14 _a The development of Holte's 1R classifier /
+       _c by Craig Nevill-Manning, Geoff Holmes and Ian H.
+ Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a [4] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/19
+500    _a &quot;June 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Bibliography: leaf [4]
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+700 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/19.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s106.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s106.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s106.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-75).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Martin, Brent.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Instance-based learning : nearest neighbour with generalisation / by Brent Martin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s106.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00838cam  2200217 a 4500
+001     278945
+010    _o zbn95-65567
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9138795
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABG-1658
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/18
+100 10 _a Martin, Brent.
+245 10 _a Instance-based learning :
+       _b nearest neighbour with generalisation /
+       _c by Brent Martin.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a vii, 76 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/18
+500    _a &quot;May 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-75).
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/18.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s107.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s107.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s107.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;12-13&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Vallabh, Mahendra.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Bibliometrics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information science Technological innovations.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Library science Technological innovations.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Library information networks.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Applications for bibliometric research in the emerging digital library / by Sally Jo Cunningham &amp; Mahendra Vallabh.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s107.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01079cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     277936
+010    _o zbn95-58351
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9113387
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABG-0481
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/17
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 10 _a Applications for bibliometric research in the emerging
+ digital library /
+       _c by Sally Jo Cunningham &amp; Mahendra Vallabh.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a [14] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/17
+500    _a &quot;May 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [12-13]).
+650  0 _a Bibliometrics.
+650  0 _a Information science
+       _x Technological innovations.
+650  0 _a Library science
+       _x Technological innovations.
+650  0 _a Library information networks.
+700 1  _a Vallabh, Mahendra.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/17.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s108.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s108.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s108.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Bibliography: leaves &amp;#091;8-9&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information science Bibliography.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">An empirical investigation of the obsolescence rate for information systems literature / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s108.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00872cam  2200217 a 4500
+001     277935
+010    _o zbn95-63705
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9113915
+035    _9 ABG-0480
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/16
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 13 _a An empirical investigation of the obsolescence rate for
+ information systems literature /
+       _c by Sally Jo Cunningham.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a [11 ] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/16
+500    _a &quot;May 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Bibliography: leaves [8-9]
+650  0 _a Information science
+       _v Bibliography.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/16.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s109.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s109.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s109.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Bibliography: p. 68-72.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Time-series analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Mitchell, Scott.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The application of machine learning techniques to time-series data / by Scott Mitchell.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s109.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00856cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     276909
+010    _o zbn95-63714
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9113305
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABF-9093
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/15
+100 10 _a Mitchell, Scott.
+245 14 _a The application of machine learning techniques to
+ time-series data /
+       _c by Scott Mitchell.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a vii, 104 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/15
+500    _a &quot;May 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Bibliography: p. 68-72.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Time-series analysis.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/15.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s11.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s11.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s11.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 19-20)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Teahan, William John.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Chinese language Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A compression-based algorithm for Chinese word segmentation / by W.J. Teahan ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215094</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s11.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00995cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     359649
+008     991008s1999    nz a     b    000 0 eng d
+035    _9 ABR-8482
+040    _a PU
+082 04 _a 495.1028551
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/13
+245 02 _a A compression-based algorithm for Chinese word
+ segmentation /
+       _c by W.J. Teahan ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1999.
+300    _a 20 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/13
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;September 1999.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 19-20)
+650  0 _a Chinese language
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Computer algorithms.
+650  0 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+700 1  _a Teahan, William John.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/13
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s110.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s110.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s110.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Bibliography: leaves 17-18.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frederikson, Lesley.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Communication in small groups.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Video recording.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Masoodian, Masood.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Video support for shared work-space interaction :  an empirical study / by Masood Masoodian, Mark Apperley and Lesley Frederikson.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s110.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00986cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     278946
+010    _o zbn95-63741
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9111786
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABG-1659
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/14
+100 10 _a Masoodian, Masood.
+245 10 _a Video support for shared work-space interaction : 
+       _b an empirical study /
+       _c by Masood Masoodian, Mark Apperley and Lesley
+ Frederikson.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a 18 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1770-487X ;
+       _v 95/14
+500    _a &quot;May 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Bibliography: leaves 17-18.
+650  0 _a Communication in small groups.
+650  0 _a Video recording.
+700 1  _a Apperley, Mark D.
+700 1  _a Frederikson, Lesley.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/14.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s111.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s111.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s111.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Bibliography: leaf &amp;#091;10&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Garner, S. R. (Stephen Robert)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems Agriculture.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Machine learning in practice : experience with agricultural databases / by Stephen R. Garner ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s111.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00928cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     275996
+010    _o zbn95-63766
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9098801
+008           s1995    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABF-7994
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/13
+245 00 _a Machine learning in practice :
+       _b experience with agricultural databases /
+       _c by Stephen R. Garner ... [et al.].
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a [10] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/13
+500    _a &quot;May 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Bibliography: leaf [10]
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Information storage and retrieval systems
+       _x Agriculture.
+700 1  _a Garner, S. R.
+       _q (Stephen Robert)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/13.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s112.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s112.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s112.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">112</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995..</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Bibliography: leaf 5.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Least squares.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Smith, Tony C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Subset selection using rough numeric dependency / by Tony C. Smith &amp; Geoff Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s112</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s112.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00934cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     275496
+005     20041014034123.0
+010    _o zbn95-64055
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9093773
+008           s1995    nz       b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABF-7423
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/12
+100 10 _a Smith, Tony C.
+245 10 _a Subset selection using rough numeric dependency /
+       _c by Tony C. Smith &amp; Geoff Holmes.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995..
+300    _a 5 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/12
+500    _a &quot;April 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Bibliography: leaf 5.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Regression analysis.
+650  0 _a Least squares.
+700 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/12.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s113.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s113.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s113.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">113</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Bibliography: leaves &amp;#091;7-8&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Statistics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Machine learning and statistics : a matter of perspective / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s113</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s113.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00855cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     275491
+010    _o zbn95-64035
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9093785
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABF-7417
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/11
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 10 _a Machine learning and statistics :
+       _b a matter of perspective /
+       _c by Sally Jo Cunningham.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a [8] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/11
+500    _a &quot;April 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Bibliography: leaves [7-8]
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Statistics.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/11.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s114.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s114.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s114.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">114</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McQueen, Robert J. (Robert John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Agriculture Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Farm management Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Department of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">De War, Rhys.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Analysis of cow culling with a machine learning workbench / by Rhys DeWar and Robert J. McQueen.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s114</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s114.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00982cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     279845
+005     20070215034041.0
+010    _o zbn95-68417
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8876048
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABG-2748
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/1
+100 10 _a De War, Rhys.
+245 10 _a Analysis of cow culling with a machine learning workbench
+ /
+       _c by Rhys DeWar and Robert J. McQueen.
+260 0  _a Hamilton :
+       _b University of Waikato, Department of Computer
+ Science,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a 133 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/1
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Agriculture
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Farm management
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+700 1  _a McQueen, Robert J.
+       _q (Robert John)
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/1.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s115.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s115.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s115.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">115</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 5).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Donkin, Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">WEKA : a machine learning workbench / by Geoffrey Holmes, Andrew Donkin and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s115</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s115.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01004cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     261301
+005     20041014034120.0
+010    _o zbn94-83824
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8556071
+008           s1994    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABD-9965
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/9
+100 10 _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+245 10 _a WEKA :
+       _b a machine learning workbench /
+       _c by Geoffrey Holmes, Andrew Donkin and Ian H.
+ Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1994.
+300    _a 5 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/9
+500    _a &quot;July 1994.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 5).
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+700 10 _a Donkin, Andrew.
+700 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+740 01 _a Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/9.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s116.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s116.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s116.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">116</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 34).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">PICTCalc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A calculator for supporting derivation in constructive type theory : PICTCalc / by Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s116</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s116.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00877cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     261306
+010    _o zbn94-83735
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8527101
+008           s1994    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABD-9971
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/8
+100 10 _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+245 12 _a A calculator for supporting derivation in constructive
+ type theory :
+       _b PICTCalc /
+       _c by Steve Reeves.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1994.
+300    _a 34 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/8
+500    _a &quot;June 1994.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 34).
+650  0 _a PICTCalc
+650  0 _a Computer programming.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/8.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s117.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s117.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s117.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Irvine, Sean.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rinsma, Ingrid.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer arithmetic.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Numerical calculations Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">On the insecurity of arithmetic coding / by John G. Cleary, Sean Irvine, Ingrid Rinsma-Melchert.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s117.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00959cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     263597
+010    _o zbn94-96794
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8511706
+008           s1994    nz a                eng d
+035    _9 ABE-2655
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/7
+100 10 _a Cleary, John G.
+245 10 _a On the insecurity of arithmetic coding /
+       _c by John G. Cleary, Sean Irvine, Ingrid
+ Rinsma-Melchert.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1994.
+300    _a 11 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/7
+500    _a &quot;June 1994.&quot;
+650  0 _a Computer arithmetic.
+650  0 _a Numerical calculations
+       _x Computer programs.
+650  0 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+700 10 _a Irvine, Sean.
+700 10 _a Rinsma, Ingrid.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/7.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s118.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s118.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s118.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">118</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Visual programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Written by John C. Grundy, John G. Hosking, Warwick B. Mugridge, Robert W. Armor.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Collaborative, integrated software development with multiple views / by John C. Grundy ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s118</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s118.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01029cam  2200241 a 4500
+001     253145
+010    _o zbn94-44349
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8491323
+008           s1994    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABD-0237
+245 00 _a Collaborative, integrated software development with
+ multiple views /
+       _c by John C. Grundy ... [et al.]
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1994.
+300    _a 10 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/6
+500    _a Written by John C. Grundy, John G. Hosking, Warwick B.
+ Mugridge, Robert W. Armor.
+500    _a &quot;May 1994.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10)
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development.
+650  0 _a Visual programming (Computer science)
+700 10 _a Grundy, John C.
+       _q (John Collis)
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/6
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/6
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s119.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s119.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s119.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">119</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hopkins, Mike,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">MiraCalc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">UNIX (Computer operating system)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Miranda (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Goldson, Doug.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">MiraCalc : the Miranda calculator : the Unix version / by Doug Goldson, Mike Hopkins &amp; Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s119</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s119.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00950cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     261308
+010    _o zbn94-83830
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8453762
+008           s1994    nz a                eng d
+035    _9 ABD-9973
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/5
+100 10 _a Goldson, Doug.
+245 10 _a MiraCalc :
+       _b the Miranda calculator : the Unix version /
+       _c by Doug Goldson, Mike Hopkins &amp; Steve Reeves.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1994.
+300    _a 21 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/5
+500    _a &quot;April 1994.&quot;
+650  0 _a MiraCalc
+650  0 _a UNIX (Computer operating system)
+650  0 _a Miranda (Computer program language)
+700 10 _a Hopkins, Mike,
+700 10 _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/5.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s12.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s12.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s12.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-24)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Wang, Yong.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Pace regression / by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s12.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00885cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     359359
+005     20031029034037.0
+008     991006s1999    nz a     b    000 0 eng d
+035    _9 ABR-8041
+040    _a PU
+035    _a ABR8041
+082 04 _a 519.536
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/12
+100 1  _a Wang, Yong.
+245 10 _a Pace regression /
+       _c by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1999.
+300    _a 27 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/12
+500    _a &quot;September 1999.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-24)
+650  0 _a Regression analysis.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/12.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s120.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s120.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s120.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">120</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 21-22).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hosking, J. G. (John G.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Graphic methods Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Constructing integrated software development environments with dependency graphs / by John C. Grundy and John G. Hosking.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s120</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s120.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01018cam  2200241 a 4500
+001     261305
+010    _o zbn94-83740
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8374758
+       _z (nzNZBN)8381222
+008           s1994    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABD-9970
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/4
+100 10 _a Grundy, John C.
+       _q (John Collis)
+245 10 _a Constructing integrated software development environments
+ with dependency graphs /
+       _c by John C. Grundy and John G. Hosking.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1994.
+300    _a 22 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/4
+500    _a &quot;March 1994.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 21-22).
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development.
+650  0 _a Graphic methods
+       _x Computer programs.
+700 10 _a Hosking, J. G.
+       _q (John G.)
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/4.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s121.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s121.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s121.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">121</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1994&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 6).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Cryptography.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computers Access control.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Wilson, William J., computer consultant.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Chinks in the armor of public key cryptosystems / by William J. Wilson.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s121</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s121.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00879cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     261304
+010    _o zbn94-83767
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8409567
+008           s1994    nz       b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABD-9969
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/3
+100 10 _a Wilson, William J.,
+       _c computer consultant.
+245 10 _a Chinks in the armor of public key cryptosystems /
+       _c by William J. Wilson.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c [1994]
+300    _a 6 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/3
+500    _a &quot;March 1994.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 6).
+650  0 _a Cryptography.
+650  0 _a Computers
+       _x Access control.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/3.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s122.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s122.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s122.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">122</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 18).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">College teachers Training of.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">College teachers Training of New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">College teaching New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The induction and professional development of academics / Robert H. Barbour.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s122</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s122.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01014nam  2200265 a 4500
+001     249819
+010    _o zbn94-28152
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8347289
+008           s1994    nz       b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABC-6198
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/2
+100 10 _a Barbour, Robert H.
+245 14 _a The induction and professional development of academics
+ /
+       _c Robert H. Barbour.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1994.
+300    _a 18 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/2
+500    _a &quot;February 1994.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 18).
+650  0 _a College teachers
+       _x Training of.
+650  0 _a College teachers
+       _x Training of
+       _z New Zealand.
+650  0 _a College teaching
+       _z New Zealand.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/2.
+043    _a u-nz---
+020    _c Annual subscription (pbk.)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s123.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s123.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s123.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 11)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Venable, John R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Integrated software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Providing integrated support for multiple development notations / by John C. Grundy and John R. Venable.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s123.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00962cam  2200241 a 4500
+001     284550
+010    _o zbn95-100142
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8816916
+008           s1994    nz       b          eng d
+035    _9 ABH-0093
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/17
+100 10 _a Grundy, John C.
+       _q (John Collis)
+245 00 _a Providing integrated support for multiple development
+ notations /
+       _c by John C. Grundy and John R. Venable.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1994.
+300    _a 11 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/17
+500    _a &quot;November 1994.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 11)
+650  0 _a Integrated software.
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development.
+700 1  _a Venable, John R.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/17.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s124.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s124.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s124.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">124</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Pearson, Murray William.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Kinawi, Husam.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer architecture.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Replaces earlier issue of the same title (no. 11 in series)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September, 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The architecture of an optimistic CPU : the WarpEngine / by John G. Cleary, Murray Pearson, &amp; Husam Kinawi.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s124</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s124.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01011cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     261450
+010    _o zbn95-225
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8601447
+008           s1994    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABE-0151
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/16
+100 10 _a Cleary, John G.
+245 14 _a The architecture of an optimistic CPU :
+       _b the WarpEngine /
+       _c by John G. Cleary, Murray Pearson, &amp; Husam Kinawi.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1994.
+300    _a [11] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/16
+500    _a Replaces earlier issue of the same title (no. 11 in
+ series)
+500    _a &quot;September, 1994.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Computer architecture.
+700 1  _a Pearson, Murray William.
+700 1  _a Kinawi, Husam.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/16.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s125.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 33-34).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Phan, Thong Huy, 1963-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Natural language processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Linear programming Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic data processing Numerical analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Data transformation : a semantically-based approach to function recovery / by Ian H. Witten &amp; Thong H. Phan.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215102</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s125.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01095cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     261310
+005     20031029034021.0
+010    _o zbn94-83747
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8666974
+008           s1994    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABD-9975
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/15
+100 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+245 10 _a Data transformation :
+       _b a semantically-based approach to function recovery /
+       _c by Ian H. Witten &amp; Thong H. Phan.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1994.
+300    _a 33 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/15
+500    _a &quot;August 1994.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 33-34).
+650  0 _a Natural language processing (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Linear programming
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Electronic data processing
+       _x Numerical analysis.
+700 10 _a Phan, Thong Huy,
+       _d 1963-
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/15.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s126.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hopper, K. (Keith)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Human-computer interaction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Human-machine systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Human factors.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computers and civilization.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Artificial intelligence.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Survival of the species vs survival of the individual / by R.H. Barbour and K. Hopper.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s126.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01045cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     260064
+010    _o zbn94-69641
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8612904
+008           s1994    nz       b          eng d
+035    _9 ABD-8476
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/14
+100 10 _a Barbour, Robert H.
+245 10 _a Survival of the species vs survival of the individual /
+       _c by R.H. Barbour and K. Hopper.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1994.
+300    _a 7 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/14
+500    _a &quot;August 1994.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Human-computer interaction.
+650  0 _a Human-machine systems.
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Human factors.
+650  0 _a Computers and civilization.
+650  0 _a Artificial intelligence.
+700 10 _a Hopper, K.
+       _q (Keith)
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/14
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s127.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s127.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s127.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">127</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McQueen, Robert J. (Robert John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Agriculture Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Written by Robert J. McQueen, Steve R. Garner, Craig G. Nevill-Manning &amp; Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Applying machine learning to agricultural data / by Robert J. McQueen .... (et al.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s127</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s127.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01039cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     261307
+005     20070215034045.0
+010    _o zbn94-83836
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8602702
+008           s1994    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABD-9972
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/13
+245 00 _a Applying machine learning to agricultural data /
+       _c by Robert J. McQueen .... (et al.)
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1994.
+300    _a 15 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/13
+500    _a Written by Robert J. McQueen, Steve R. Garner, Craig G.
+ Nevill-Manning &amp; Ian H. Witten.
+500    _a &quot;July 1994.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15)
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Agriculture
+       _x Data processing.
+700 10 _a McQueen, Robert J.
+       _q (Robert John)
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/13.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s128.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s128.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s128.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Neal, Donna Liane.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Agriculture Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Farm management Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">De War, Rhys.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">WEKA machine learning project : cow culling / Rhys de War &amp; Donna Liane Neal.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s128.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00983nam  2200253 a 4500
+001     261303
+010    _o zbn94-83756
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8610702
+008           s1994    nz a                eng d
+035    _9 ABD-9968
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/12
+100 20 _a De War, Rhys.
+245 10 _a WEKA machine learning project :
+       _b cow culling /
+       _c Rhys de War &amp; Donna Liane Neal.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1994.
+300    _a 50 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/12
+500    _a &quot;July 1994.&quot;
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Agriculture
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Farm management
+       _x Data processing.
+700 10 _a Neal, Donna Liane.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+740 01 _a Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis machine
+ learning project.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/12.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s129.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s129.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s129.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">129</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1994&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 4-5)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Library information networks.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer networks.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Libraries Automation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Document delivery.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information retrieval.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Navigating the virtual library : a 3D browsing interface for information retrieval / by Bill Rogers, Sally Jo Cunningham &amp; Geoff Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s129</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s129.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01172cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     261302
+005     20041014034122.0
+010    _o zbn94-83844
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8571576
+008           s1994    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABD-9967
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/10
+100 10 _a Rogers, William J.
+       _q (William John)
+245 10 _a Navigating the virtual library :
+       _b a 3D browsing interface for information retrieval /
+       _c by Bill Rogers, Sally Jo Cunningham &amp; Geoff
+ Holmes.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c [1994]
+300    _a 5 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/10
+500    _a &quot;July 1994.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 4-5)
+650  0 _a Library information networks.
+650  0 _a Computer networks.
+650  0 _a Libraries
+       _x Automation.
+650  0 _a Document delivery.
+650  0 _a Information retrieval.
+700 10 _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+700 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/10.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s13.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s13.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s13.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 4).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Java (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">WEKA : practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java implementations / by Ian H. Witten ... &amp;#091;et. al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s13.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01031cam  22002655a 4500
+001     356787
+005     20031029034038.0
+008     990817s1999    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+035    _9 ABR-4618
+037    _c Gratis (pbk.)
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c WU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 006.31
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/11
+100 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+245 10 _a WEKA :
+       _b practical machine learning tools and techniques with
+ Java implementations /
+       _c by Ian H. Witten ... [et. al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1999.
+300    _a [4] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/11
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;August 1999.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 4).
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Java (Computer program language)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/11.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s130.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s130.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s130.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">130</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Programming languages (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 1994.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hopper, K. (Keith)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Character-less programming / Keith Hopper, Robert H. Barbour.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s130</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s130.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00849cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     249978
+010    _o zbn94-30941
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8332229
+008           s1994    nz               x  eng d
+035    _9 ABC-6385
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.94/1
+100 10 _a Hopper, K.
+       _q (Keith)
+245 10 _a Character-less programming /
+       _c Keith Hopper, Robert H. Barbour.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1994.
+300    _a 10 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/1
+500    _a &quot;February 1994.&quot;
+650  0 _a Computer programming.
+650  0 _a Programming languages (Electronic computers)
+700 11 _a Barbour, Robert H.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/1.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s131.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s131.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s131.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">131</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 20-21)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Conklin, Darrell.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;December 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">(pbk.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Multiple viewpoint systems for music prediction / Ian H. Witten, Darrell Conklin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s131</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s131.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00943cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     249807
+005     20031029034108.0
+010    _o zbn94-30568
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8332231
+008           s1993    nz ag    b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABC-6186
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.93/12
+100 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+245 10 _a Multiple viewpoint systems for music prediction /
+       _c Ian H. Witten, Darrell Conklin.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1993.
+300    _a 21 leaves :
+       _b ill., music ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 93/12
+500    _a &quot;December 1993.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 20-21)
+650  0 _a Computer music.
+700 10 _a Conklin, Darrell.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 93/12.
+020    _a (pbk.)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s132.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s132.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s132.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">132</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Melchert, Matthew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Parallel programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">PICSIL1 (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Pearson, Murray William.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Parallel programming with PICSIL1 / Murray Pearson, Matthew Melchert.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s132</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s132.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00850nam  2200217 a 4500
+001     249979
+010    _o zbn94-30703
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8332233
+008           s1993    nz a             x  eng d
+035    _9 ABC-6386
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.93/11
+100 10 _a Pearson, Murray William.
+245 10 _a Parallel programming with PICSIL1 /
+       _c Murray Pearson, Matthew Melchert.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1993.
+300    _a [9] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 93/11
+650  0 _a Parallel programming (Computer science)
+650  0 _a PICSIL1 (Computer program language)
+700 11 _a Melchert, Matthew.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 93/11.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s133.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s133.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s133.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">133</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 9-11)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bell, Timothy C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer science Graduate work.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer science Research Study and teaching, Graduate.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Graduate students Research.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1992.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science. Graduate work.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Getting research students started : a tale of two courses / Ian H. Witten, Timothy C. Bell.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s133</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s133.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01128cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     210433
+005     20031029034015.0
+010    _o zbn92-86540
+035    _a (nzNZBN)7166226
+008           s1992    nz       b       x  eng d
+035    _9 AAX-9099
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.5
+100 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+245 10 _a Getting research students started :
+       _b a tale of two courses /
+       _c Ian H. Witten, Timothy C. Bell.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1992.
+300    _a [3] 11 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v no. 5
+500    _a &quot;July 1992.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 9-11)
+650  0 _a Computer science
+       _x Graduate work.
+650  0 _a Computer science
+       _x Research
+       _x Study and teaching, Graduate.
+650  0 _a Graduate students
+       _x Research.
+610 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+       _x Graduate work.
+700 10 _a Bell, Timothy C.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v no. 5
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s134.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Manzara, Leonard Charles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Conklin, Darrell.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Melodic analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Comparing human and computational models of music prediction / by Ian H. Witten, Leonard C. Manzara, Darrell Conklin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s134.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01022cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     206507
+005     20031029034016.0
+010    _o zbn92-70330
+035    _a (nzNZBN)6874267
+008           s1992    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 AAX-4731
+100 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+245 10 _a Comparing human and computational models of music
+ prediction /
+       _c by Ian H. Witten, Leonard C. Manzara, Darrell
+ Conklin.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1992.
+300    _a 17, [2] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 1992/4
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16)
+650  0 _a Computer music.
+650  0 _a Electronic music.
+650  0 _a Melodic analysis.
+700 10 _a Manzara, Leonard Charles.
+700 10 _a Conklin, Darrell.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v no. 4
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.4
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s135.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">135</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Speech processing systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Automatic speech recognition.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McQueen, Robert J. (Robert John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Voice input and information exchange in asynchronous group communication / R. J. McQueen.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;Hamilton&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s135</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s135.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00835cam  2200217 a 4500
+001     205742
+005     20070215034048.0
+010    _o zbn92-65097
+035    _a (nzNZBN)6733830
+008           s1992    nz               x  eng d
+035    _9 AAX-3784
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.3
+100 10 _a McQueen, Robert J.
+       _q (Robert John)
+245 10 _a Voice input and information exchange in asynchronous
+ group communication /
+       _c R. J. McQueen.
+260 0  _a [Hamilton] :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1992.
+300    _a 9 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v no. 3
+650  0 _a Speech processing systems.
+650  0 _a Automatic speech recognition.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v no. 3
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s136.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s136.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s136.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nichols, David M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital libraries.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Librarians Education.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Twidale, Michael.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Computational sense : the role of technology in the education of digital librarians / Michael B. Twidale and David M. Nichols.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s136.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00970cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     589923
+005     20070323160218.0
+008     061204s2006    nz       b    000 0 eng d
+035    _a 11275070
+035    _9 11275070
+040    _a HU
+       _c HU
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2006/10
+100 1  _a Twidale, Michael.
+245 10 _a Computational sense :
+       _b the role of technology in the education of digital
+ librarians /
+       _c Michael B. Twidale and David M. Nichols.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2006.
+300    _a [7] leaves  ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 10/2006
+500    _a &quot;October 2006.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Digital libraries.
+650  0 _a Librarians
+       _x Education.
+700 1  _a Nichols, David M.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2006/10.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s137.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;2006&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 7-8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Object-oriented programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data structures (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer programs Verification.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September 20, 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">State- and event-based refinement / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s137.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01045cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     589924
+005     20070320085223.0
+008     061204s2006    nz       b    000 0 eng d
+035    _a 11275068
+035    _9 11275068
+040    _a HU
+       _c HU
+043    _a u-nz---
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2006/09
+100 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+245 10 _a State- and event-based refinement /
+       _c Steve Reeves and David Streader.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c [2006]
+300    _a 8 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 09/2006
+500    _a &quot;September 20, 2006.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 7-8).
+650  0 _a Object-oriented programming (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Data structures (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Computer programs
+       _x Verification.
+700 1  _a Streader, David.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science : Online) ;
+       _v 2006/09.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s138.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s138.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s138.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 15-16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">B method (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">LSB = Live and Safe B : alternative semantics for Event B / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-08.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s138.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01108cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     566639
+005     20061116115409.0
+008     060804s2006    nz       b    000 0 eng d
+035    _a 11102705
+035    _9 11102705
+040    _a HU
+       _c HU
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2006/08
+100 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+245 10 _a LSB =
+       _b Live and Safe B : alternative semantics for Event B /
+       _c Steve Reeves and David Streader.
+246 33 _a Live and Safe B
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 2006.
+300    _a 16 p. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 08/2006
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 15-16).
+650  0 _a B method (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Parallel processing (Electronic computers)
+700 1  _a Streader, David.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2006/08.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-08.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-08.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s139.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s139.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s139.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 11).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">B method (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Liberalising Event B without changing it  / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-07.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215104</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s139.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01056cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     566640
+005     20061116115334.0
+008     060804s2006    nz       b    000 0 eng d
+035    _a 11102709
+035    _9 11102709
+040    _a HU
+       _c HU
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2006/07
+100 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+245 10 _a Liberalising Event B without changing it  /
+       _c Steve Reeves and David Streader.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 2006.
+300    _a 11 p. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 07/2006
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 11).
+650  0 _a B method (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Parallel processing (Electronic computers)
+700 1  _a Streader, David.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2006/07.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-07.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-07.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s14.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s14.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s14.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-38).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept.  of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Reduced-error pruning with significance tests / by Eibe Frank and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s14.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01014cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     352665
+005     20031029034039.0
+008     990614s1999    nz a     b    000|0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11356334
+035    _9 zbn99047965
+035    _9 ABQ-8643
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 006.31
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/10
+100 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+245 10 _a Reduced-error pruning with significance tests /
+       _c by Eibe Frank and Ian H. Witten.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept.  of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1999.
+300    _a 42 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/10
+500    _a &quot;June 1999.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-38).
+650 00 _a Decision trees.
+650 00 _a Algorithms.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/10.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s140.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s140.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s140.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-44).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Booksellers and bookselling Colportage, subscription trade, etc. Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Advertising Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Filters (Mathematics)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 9, 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bittner, Sven.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Arbitrary Boolean advertisements : the final step in supporting the Boolean publish/subscribe model / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-06.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215104</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s140.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01267cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     564086
+005     20061204104957.0
+008     060622s2006    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+035    _a 11119154
+035    _9 11119154
+040    _a HU
+       _c HU
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2006/06
+100 1  _a Bittner, Sven.
+245 10 _a Arbitrary Boolean advertisements :
+       _b the final step in supporting the Boolean
+ publish/subscribe model /
+       _c Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 2006.
+300    _a 44 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 06/2006
+500    _a &quot;June 9, 2006.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-44).
+650  0 _a Booksellers and bookselling
+       _x Colportage, subscription trade, etc.
+       _x Computer programs.
+650  0 _a Advertising
+       _x Computer programs.
+650 00 _a Algorithms.
+650 00 _a Filters (Mathematics)
+700 1  _a Hinze, Annika.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2006/06.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-06.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-06.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s141.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s141.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s141.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">141</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 10-12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Filters (Mathematics)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Bayesian statistical decision theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 29 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A decision tree-based attribute weighting filter for naive Bayes / Mark Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-05.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s141</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s141.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01128cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     564084
+005     20061127115949.0
+008     060622s2006    nz       b    000 0 eng  
+035    _a 11118947
+035    _9 11118947
+040    _a HU
+       _c HU
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2006/05
+100 1  _a Hall, Mark Andrew.
+245 12 _a A decision tree-based attribute weighting filter for
+ naive Bayes /
+       _c Mark Hall.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 2006.
+300    _a 12 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 05/2006
+500    _a &quot;May 29 2006.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 10-12).
+650  0 _a Decision trees.
+650  0 _a Filters (Mathematics)
+650  0 _a Bayesian statistical decision theory.
+650  0 _a Computer algorithms.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2006/05.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-05.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-05.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s142.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s142.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s142.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 15-17).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Legeard, Bruno.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Pretschner, Alexander.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Systems software Testing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Systems software Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Utting, Mark.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A taxonomy of model-based testing / by Mark Utting, Alexander Pretschner and Bruno Legeard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-04.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s142.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01207cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     561872
+005     20060928135637.0
+008     060503s2006    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c (pbk.)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1187462
+035    _a 10790804
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2006/04
+082 04 _a 004.24
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Utting, Mark.
+245 12 _a A taxonomy of model-based testing /
+       _c by Mark Utting, Alexander Pretschner and Bruno
+ Legeard.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2006.
+300    _a 17 leaves :
+       _b ill.  ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 04/2006
+500    _a &quot;April 2006.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 15-17).
+650  0 _a Systems software
+       _x Testing.
+650  0 _a Systems software
+       _x Evaluation.
+700 1  _a Legeard, Bruno.
+700 1  _a Pretschner, Alexander.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 04/2006.
+856 40 _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-04.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-04.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s143.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s143.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s143.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">143</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Book auctions Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Internet auctions Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bittner, Sven.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Event distributions in online book auctions / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s143</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s143.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01125cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     554899
+005     20060928141456.0
+008     060307s2006    nz       b    000 0 eng d
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _9 10712406
+035    _a (NLNZils)1180306
+040    _a CU
+       _c CU
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2006/03
+100 1  _a Bittner, Sven.
+245 10 _a Event distributions in online book auctions /
+       _c Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2006.
+300    _a 24 p. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 03/2006
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 8).
+500    _a &quot;February 2006.&quot;
+650  0 _a Book auctions
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Internet auctions
+       _x Data processing.
+700 1  _a Hinze, Annika.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2006/03.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-03.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-03.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s144.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">144</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jung, Doris.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic data processing Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computers Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Women in computer science Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 2006.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Proceedings of the Second Computing Women Congress (CWC 2006) : student papers, Hamilton, New Zealand, 11-19 February 2006 / editors, Annika Hinze, Doris Jung and Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Computing Women Congress (2nd : 2006 : Hamilton, N.Z.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s144</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s144.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01260cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     554898
+005     20060329113946.0
+008     060307s2006    nz a     b    100 0 eng d
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _9 10712396
+035    _a (NLNZils)1180299
+040    _a CU
+       _c CU
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2006/02
+111 2  _a Computing Women Congress
+       _n (2nd :
+       _d 2006 :
+       _c Hamilton, N.Z.)
+245 10 _a Proceedings of the Second Computing Women Congress (CWC
+ 2006) :
+       _b student papers, Hamilton, New Zealand, 11-19 February
+ 2006 /
+       _c editors, Annika Hinze, Doris Jung and Sally Jo
+ Cunningham.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2006.
+300    _a 1 v. (unpaged) :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 02/2006
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+500    _a &quot;February 2006.&quot;
+650  0 _a Electronic data processing
+       _v Congresses.
+650  0 _a Computers
+       _v Congresses.
+650  0 _a Women in computer science
+       _v Congresses.
+700 1  _a Hinze, Annika.
+700 1  _a Jung, Doris.
+700 1  _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2006/02.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s145.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s145.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s145.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">145</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2006.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-30).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data transmission systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic data processing Distributed processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Push technology (Computer networks)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bittner, Sven.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Subscription tree pruning : a structure-independent routing optimization for general-purpose publish/subscribe systems / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s145</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s145.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01325cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     553290
+005     20060928141407.0
+008     060207s2006    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1175392
+035    _9 10676452
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2006/01
+082 04 _a 004.6
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Bittner, Sven.
+245 10 _a Subscription tree pruning :
+       _b a structure-independent routing optimization for
+ general-purpose publish/subscribe systems /
+       _c Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2006.
+300    _a 30 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 01/2006
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-30).
+530    _a Also available in an electronic ed.
+650  0 _a Data transmission systems.
+650  0 _a Electronic data processing
+       _x Distributed processing.
+650  0 _a Push technology (Computer networks)
+700 1  _a Hinze, Annika.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2006/01.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-01.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2006/uow-cs-wp-2006-01.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s146.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s146.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s146.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">146</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;12&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Constructing programs or processes / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-09.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s146</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s146.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01166cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     553288
+005     20060928141209.0
+008     060207s2005    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1175779
+035    _9 10679027
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+043    _a u-nz---
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2005/09
+082 04 _a 004.35
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+245 10 _a Constructing programs or processes /
+       _c Steve Reeves and David Streader.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2005.
+300    _a [12] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 09/2005
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [12]).
+650  0 _a Parallel processing (Electronic computers)
+650  0 _a Machine theory.
+700 1  _a Streader, David.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2005/09.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-09.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-09.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s147.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s147.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s147.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">147</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 25-26).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Malik, Petra.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Malik, Robi.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tourism Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer network architectures.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Towards a TIP 3.0 service-oriented architecture : interaction design / Annika Hinze, Petra Malik and Robi Malik.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-08.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s147</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s147.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01214cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     544264
+005     20060928141146.0
+008     050928s2005    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1154531
+035    _9 10476220
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2005/08
+082 04 _a 338.47910285422
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Hinze, Annika.
+245 10 _a Towards a TIP 3.0 service-oriented architecture :
+       _b interaction design /
+       _c Annika Hinze, Petra Malik and Robi Malik.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2005.
+300    _a 26 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 08/2005
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 25-26).
+650  0 _a Tourism
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Computer network architectures.
+700 1  _a Malik, Petra.
+700 1  _a Malik, Robi.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2005/08.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-08.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-08.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s148.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s148.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s148.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">148</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 15-16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Programming languages (Electronic computers) Semantics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Stepwise refinement of processes / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-07.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s148</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s148.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01285cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     553289
+005     20060928141123.0
+008     060207s2005    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1175366
+035    _9 10676451
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+043    _a u-nz---
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2005/07
+082 04 _a 004.35
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+245 10 _a Stepwise refinement of processes /
+       _c Steve Reeves and David Streader.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2005.
+300    _a [16] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 07/2005
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 15-16).
+530    _a Also available in an electronic ed.
+650  0 _a Parallel processing (Electronic computers)
+650  0 _a Programming languages (Electronic computers)
+       _x Semantics.
+650  0 _a Machine theory.
+700 1  _a Streader, David.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2005/07.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-07.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-07.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s149.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s149.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s149.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">149</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Michel, Yann-Rudolf.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Query languages (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">ApproXFILTER : an approximative XML filter / Annika Hinze and Yann-Rudolf Michel.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-06.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s149</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215105</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s149.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01127cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     547043
+005     20060928141059.0
+008     051028s2005    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1160110
+035    _9 10537338
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2005/06
+082 04 _a 005.1
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Hinze, Annika.
+245 10 _a ApproXFILTER :
+       _b an approximative XML filter /
+       _c Annika Hinze and Yann-Rudolf Michel.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2005.
+300    _a 16 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 06/2005
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16)
+650  0 _a Algorithms.
+650  0 _a Query languages (Computer science)
+700 1  _a Michel, Yann-Rudolf.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2005/06.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-06.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-06.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s15.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data compression (Telecommunication)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Lexicology.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Image processing Digital techniques.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;January 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Sciences, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bach, Joscha.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Lexical attraction for text compression / by Joscha Bach and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s15.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01162cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     348125
+005     20031029034041.0
+008     990205s1999    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11194037
+035    _a zbn99012045
+035    _9 ABQ-2384
+037    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c DUS
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/1
+100 1  _a Bach, Joscha.
+245 10 _a Lexical attraction for text compression /
+       _c by Joscha Bach and Ian H. Witten.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Sciences, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1999.
+300    _a 10 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/1
+500    _a &quot;January 1999.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).
+650  0 _a Data compression (Telecommunication)
+650  0 _a Lexicology.
+650  0 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Image processing
+       _x Digital techniques.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/1.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s150.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s150.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s150.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">150</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-42).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Kozuka, Takanori.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Semantic Web.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">World Wide Web.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Metadata.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Artificial intelligence.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 2005.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Design and implementation of a filter engine for semantic web documents / Annika Hinze and Takamori Kozuka.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-05.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s150</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s150.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01236cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     543177
+005     20060928141035.0
+008     050823s2005    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1150060
+035    _a 10185201
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2005/05
+082 04 _a 025.04
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Hinze, Annika.
+245 10 _a Design and implementation of a filter engine for semantic
+ web documents /
+       _c Annika Hinze and Takamori Kozuka.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2005.
+300    _a 79 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 05/2005
+500    _a &quot;August 2005.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-42).
+650  0 _a Semantic Web.
+650  0 _a World Wide Web.
+650  0 _a Metadata.
+650  0 _a Artificial intelligence.
+700 1  _a Kozuka, Takanori.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2005/05.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-05.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-05.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s151.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s151.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s151.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">151</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-33).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tourism Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 2005.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Advanced recommendation in a mobile tourist information system / Annika Hinze and Saijai Junmanee.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-04.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s151</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s151.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01117cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     543189
+005     20060928141009.0
+008     050823s2005    nz ab    b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1150059
+035    _a 10185199
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2005/04
+082 04 _a 338.47910285
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Hinze, Annika.
+245 10 _a Advanced recommendation in a mobile tourist information
+ system /
+       _c Annika Hinze and Saijai Junmanee.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2005.
+300    _a 33 p. :
+       _b ill., map ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 04/2005
+500    _a &quot;August 2005.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-33).
+650  0 _a Tourism
+       _x Data processing.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2005/04.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-04.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-04.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s152.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s152.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s152.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">152</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-30).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Filters (Mathematics)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 2005.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bittner, Sven.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Investigating the memory requirements for publish/subscribe filtering algorithms / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s152</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s152.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01175cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     540241
+005     20060928140942.0
+008     050823s2005    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1150052
+035    _a 10185196
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2005/03
+082 04 _a 005.1
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Bittner, Sven.
+245 10 _a Investigating the memory requirements for
+ publish/subscribe filtering algorithms /
+       _c Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2005.
+300    _a 30 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 03/2005
+500    _a &quot;August 2005.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-30).
+650 00 _a Algorithms.
+650 00 _a Filters (Mathematics)
+700 1  _a Hinze, Annika.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2005/03.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-03.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-03.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s153.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s153.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s153.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">153</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">User interfaces (Computer systems) New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital libraries New Zealand Software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 2005.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">StoneD : a bridge between Greenstone and DSpace / Ian Witten ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Greenstone (Computer file)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">DSpace.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">StoneD.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s153</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s153.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01143cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     554818
+005     20060306155129.0
+008     050502s2005    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1125479
+035    _a 9378322
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2005/02
+082 04 _a 025.00285
+       _2 22
+245 00 _a StoneD :
+       _b a bridge between Greenstone and DSpace /
+       _c Ian Witten ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2005.
+300    _a [10] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 01/2005 [i.e. 02/2005]
+500    _a &quot;April 2005.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).
+630 00 _a Greenstone (Computer file)
+630 00 _a DSpace.
+630 00 _a StoneD.
+650  0 _a User interfaces (Computer systems)
+       _z New Zealand.
+650  0 _a Digital libraries
+       _z New Zealand
+       _v Software.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2005/02.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s154.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s154.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s154.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">154</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2005.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 18).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Directory services (Computer network technology)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital libraries Software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 2005.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Buchanan, George.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A distributed directory service for Greenstone / George Buchanan and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Greenstone.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s154</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s154.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01227cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     531568
+005     20060928140908.0
+008     050502s2005    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1125482
+035    _a 9316353
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2005/01
+082 04 _a 005.758
+       _b BUC
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Buchanan, George.
+245 12 _a A distributed directory service for Greenstone /
+       _c George Buchanan and Annika Hinze.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2005.
+300    _a 18 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 01/2005
+500    _a &quot;April 2005.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 18).
+630 00 _a Greenstone.
+650  0 _a Directory services (Computer network technology)
+650  0 _a Digital libraries
+       _x Software.
+700 1  _a Hinze, Annika.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2005/01.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-01.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2005/uow-cs-wp-2005-01.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s155.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s155.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s155.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">155</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 23).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Bayesian statistical decision theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bouckaert, Remco R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Bayesian network classifiers in Weka / Remco Bouckaert.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-14.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s155</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s155.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01209cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     515480
+005     20060928140826.0
+008     041006s2004    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1040204
+035    _a 8874489
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/14
+082 04 _a 006.31
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Bouckaert, Remco R.
+245 10 _a Bayesian network classifiers in Weka /
+       _c Remco Bouckaert.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+300    _a 23 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 014/2004
+500    _a &quot;September 2004.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 23).
+530    _a Also available in an electronic ed.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Computer algorithms.
+650  0 _a Bayesian statistical decision theory.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/14.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-14.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-14.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s156.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s156.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s156.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">156</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 6).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Don, Katherine.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">User interfaces (Computer systems) New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Maori language Computer network resources.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital libraries New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Human factors New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Online bibliographic searching New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">New Zealand newspapers Computer network resources.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Language switching in a digital library / Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham and Katherine Don.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-13.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s156</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s156.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01597cam  2200373 a 4500
+001     515497
+005     20060928140754.0
+008     041005s2004    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1039562
+035    _a 8878145
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+043    _a u-nz---
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/13
+082 04 _a 005.437019
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory.
+245 10 _a Language switching in a digital library /
+       _c Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham and Katherine
+ Don.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+300    _a 6 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 13/2004
+500    _a &quot;September 2004.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 6).
+530    _a Also available in an electronic ed.
+650  0 _a User interfaces (Computer systems)
+       _z New Zealand.
+650  0 _a Maori language
+       _x Computer network resources.
+650  0 _a Digital libraries
+       _z New Zealand.
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Human factors
+       _z New Zealand.
+650  0 _a Online bibliographic searching
+       _z New Zealand.
+650  0 _a New Zealand newspapers
+       _x Computer network resources.
+700 1  _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+700 1  _a Don, Katherine.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/13.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-13.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-13.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s157.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s157.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s157.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">157</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-51)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jung, Doris.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Client/server computing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer networks.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Event notification services : analysis and transformation of profile definition languages / Annika Hinze and Doris Jung.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-12.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s157</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s157.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01153cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     547041
+005     20060928140703.0
+008     051028s2004    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1160116
+035    _9 10537340
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/12
+082 04 _a 004.36
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Hinze, Annika.
+245 10 _a Event notification services :
+       _b analysis and transformation of profile definition
+ languages /
+       _c Annika Hinze and Doris Jung.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+300    _a 51 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 12/2004
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-51)
+650  0 _a Client/server computing.
+650  0 _a Computer networks.
+700 1  _a Jung, Doris.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/12.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-12.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-12.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s158.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s158.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s158.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">158</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-43).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Client/server computing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic data processing Distributed processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;December 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bittner, Sven.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Design and analysis of an efficient distributed event notification service / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-11.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s158</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s158.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01227cam  2200289 a 450Q
+001     522499
+005     20060928140640.0
+008     041222s2004    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 9033420
+035    _a (NLNZils)1079539
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/11
+082 04 _a 004.36
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Bittner, Sven.
+245 10 _a Design and analysis of an efficient distributed event
+ notification service /
+       _c Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+300    _a 43 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 11/2004.
+500    _a &quot;December 2004.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-43).
+650  0 _a Client/server computing.
+650  0 _a Electronic data processing
+       _x Distributed processing.
+700 1  _a Hinze, Annika.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/11.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-11.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-11.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s159.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s159.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s159.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">159</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 27-29).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hinze, Annika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Relational databases.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Query languages (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Program transformation (Computer programming)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Genet, Bryan.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Open issues in semantic query optimization in relational DBMS / Bryan Genet and Annika Hinze.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-10.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s159</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s159.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01354cam  2200313 a 450Q
+001     509674
+005     20060928140559.0
+008     040820s2004    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _9 8769057
+035    _a (NLNZils)1020644
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/10
+082 04 _a 005.756
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Genet, Bryan.
+245 10 _a Open issues in semantic query optimization in relational
+ DBMS /
+       _c Bryan Genet and Annika Hinze.
+246 3  _a Open issues in semantic query optimization in relational
+ database management systems
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+300    _a 29 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 10/2004.
+500    _a &quot;August 2004.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 27-29).
+650  0 _a Relational databases.
+650  0 _a Query languages (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Program transformation (Computer programming)
+700 1  _a Hinze, Annika.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/10.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-10.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-10.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s16.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital libraries Management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Distributed databases Management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Managing multiple collections, multiple languages, and multiple media in a distributed digital library / by Ian H. Witten ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s16.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01164cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     339442
+005     20031029034044.0
+008           s1998    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98055645 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10853147
+035    _9 ABP-0976
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CUMB
+082 0  _a 005.74
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/9
+245 00 _a Managing multiple collections, multiple languages, and
+ multiple media in a distributed digital library /
+       _c by Ian H. Witten ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a [18] leaves :
+       _b ill., music ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/9
+500    _a &quot;May 1998.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Digital libraries
+       _x Management.
+650  0 _a Distributed databases
+       _x Management.
+650  0 _a Database management.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/9.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s160.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s160.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s160.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">160</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">SÃ¢anchez, Alfredo, 1962-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Twidale, Michael.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nichols, David M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Silva, Nabani.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Online information services.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information visualization.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Human factors.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Visual programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Authors include Michael Twidale, David M. Nichols and Nabani Silva.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Analyzing library collections with starfield visualizations / Alfredo Sanchez ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-09.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s160</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s160.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01563cam  2200373 a 4500
+001     515242
+005     20060928140530.0
+008     040802s2004    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1011970
+035    _a 8695143
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/09
+082 04 _a 025.04
+       _2 22
+245 00 _a Analyzing library collections with starfield
+ visualizations /
+       _c Alfredo Sanchez ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+300    _a [12] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 09/2004
+500    _a &quot;July 2004.&quot;
+500    _a Authors include Michael Twidale, David M. Nichols and
+ Nabani Silva.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12).
+530    _a Also available in an electronic ed.
+650  0 _a Online information services.
+650  0 _a Information visualization.
+650  0 _a Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems)
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Human factors.
+650  0 _a Visual programming (Computer science)
+700 1  _a SÃ¢anchez, Alfredo,
+       _d 1962-
+700 1  _a Twidale, Michael.
+700 1  _a Nichols, David M.
+700 1  _a Silva, Nabani.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/09.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-09.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-09.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s161.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s161.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s161.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">161</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 11).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nichols, David M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Human factors.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Open source software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Twidale, Michael.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Usability discussions in open source development / Michale Twidale and David Nichols.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-08.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s161</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s161.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01280cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     515226
+005     20060928140454.0
+008     040802s2004    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)1011994
+035    _a 8695146
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/08
+082 04 _a 005.3019
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Twidale, Michael.
+245 10 _a Usability discussions in open source development /
+       _c Michale Twidale and David Nichols.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+300    _a [11] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 08/2004
+500    _a &quot;June 2004.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 11).
+530    _a Also available in an electronic ed.
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Human factors.
+650  0 _a Open source software.
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development.
+700 1  _a Nichols, David M.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/08.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-08.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-08.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s162.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s162.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s162.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">162</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;7&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Marsden, Gary.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Telephone in education.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text messages (Telephone systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Lectures and lecturing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Interaction analysis in education.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jones, Matt, 1968-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Please turn on your mobile phone : first impressions of text-messaging in lectures / Matt Jones and Gary Marsden.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s162</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s162.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01146cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     506488
+005     20040728153656.0
+008     040610s2004    nz       b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)990616
+035    _a 8546385
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/07
+082 04 _a 371.33
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Jones, Matt,
+       _d 1968-
+245 10 _a Please turn on your mobile phone :
+       _b first impressions of text-messaging in lectures /
+       _c Matt Jones and Gary Marsden.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+300    _a [7] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 07/2004
+500    _a &quot;May 2004.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [7]).
+650  0 _a Telephone in education.
+650  0 _a Text messages (Telephone systems)
+650  0 _a Lectures and lecturing.
+650  0 _a Interaction analysis in education.
+700 1  _a Marsden, Gary.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/07.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s163.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s163.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s163.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">163</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Kramer, Stefan.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Logistic regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Ensembles of nested dichotomies for multiclass problems / Eibe Frank and Stefan Kramer.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s163</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s163.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01060cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     506469
+005     20040720120014.0
+008     040616s2004    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)992382
+035    _a 8558658
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/06
+082 04 _a 006.31
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+245 10 _a Ensembles of nested dichotomies for multiclass problems
+ /
+       _c Eibe Frank and Stefan Kramer.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+300    _a 15 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 06/2004
+500    _a &quot;February 2004.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15).
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Decision trees.
+650  0 _a Logistic regression analysis.
+700 1  _a Kramer, Stefan.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/06.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s164.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s164.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s164.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">164</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;12-13&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Masoodian, Masood.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Word processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text editors (Computer programs)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">User interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Human-computer interaction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Deepdocument : use of a multi-layered display to provide context awareness in text editing / Masood Masoodian ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">DeepDocument (Computer file)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Microsoft Word.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s164</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s164.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01212cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     506461
+005     20040720115440.0
+008     040616s2004    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)992358
+035    _a 8558655
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/05
+082 04 _a 005.52
+       _2 22
+245 00 _a Deepdocument :
+       _b use of a multi-layered display to provide context
+ awareness in text editing /
+       _c Masood Masoodian ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+300    _a [13] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 05/2004
+500    _a &quot;May 2004.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [12-13]).
+630 00 _a DeepDocument (Computer file)
+630 00 _a Microsoft Word.
+650  0 _a Word processing.
+650  0 _a Text editors (Computer programs)
+650  0 _a User interfaces (Computer systems)
+650  0 _a Human-computer interaction.
+700 1  _a Masoodian, Masood.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/05.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s165.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s165.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s165.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">165</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 39).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Statecharts (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeve, Greg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The syntax and semantics of &amp;#091;mu&amp;#093;-charts / Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s165</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s165.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01020cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     493630
+005     20040318150654.0
+008     040309s2004    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)952103
+035    _a 8324577
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/04
+082 04 _a 005.133
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Reeve, Greg.
+245 14 _a The syntax and semantics of [mu]-charts /
+       _c Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+300    _a 64 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 04/2004
+500    _a &quot;February 2004.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 39).
+650  0 _a Statecharts (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Z (Computer program language)
+700 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/04.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s166.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s166.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s166.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">166</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;13&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Pfahringer, Bernhard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Kirkby, Richard (Richard Brendon)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database management</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Originally published 2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Mining data streams using option trees / Geoffrey Holmes, Richard Kirkby and Bernhard Pfahringer.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s166</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s166.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01334cam  2200337 a 450Q
+001     509672
+005     20060928140407.0
+008     040820s2004    nz a     b    000 0 eng d
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _9 8769046
+035    _a (NLNZils)1021165
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/03
+082 04 _a 005.741
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey.
+245 10 _a Mining data streams using option trees /
+       _c Geoffrey Holmes, Richard Kirkby and Bernhard
+ Pfahringer.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+250    _a Rev. ed. 2004.
+300    _a [13] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 03/2004.
+500    _a &quot;August 2004.&quot;
+500    _a Originally published 2003.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [13]).
+650  0 _a Data mining.
+650  0 _a Algorithms.
+650  0 _a Database management
+700 1  _a Pfahringer, Bernhard.
+700 1  _a Kirkby, Richard
+       _q (Richard Brendon)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/03.
+856 4  _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-03.pdf
+       _z
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/pubs/wp/2004/uow-cs-wp-2004-03.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s167.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s167.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s167.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">167</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Determinism (Philosophy) Mathematical models.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Unifying state and process determinism / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s167</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s167.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01086cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     492897
+005     20040317154153.0
+008     040226s2004    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)947856
+035    _a 8298210
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/02
+082 04 _a 003.7
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+245 10 _a Unifying state and process determinism /
+       _c Steve Reeves and David Streader.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+300    _a 10 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 03/2004
+500    _a &quot;February 2004.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 10).
+650  0 _a Determinism (Philosophy)
+       _x Mathematical models.
+650  0 _a Machine theory.
+650  0 _a Parallel processing (Electronic computers)
+700 1  _a Streader, David.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/02.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s168.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s168.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s168.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">168</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2004.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 7-8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Modular programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">System design.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Plug and play (Computer architecture)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 2004.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Atomic components / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s168</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s168.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01104cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     492915
+005     20040311143338.0
+008     040224s2004    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)946705
+035    _a 8287741
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2004/01
+082 04 _a 005.112
+       _2 22
+100 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+245 10 _a Atomic components /
+       _c Steve Reeves and David Streader.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2004.
+300    _a 9 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 01/2004
+500    _a &quot;February 2004.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 7-8).
+650  0 _a Modular programming.
+650  0 _a Computer algorithms.
+650  0 _a System design.
+650  0 _a Machine theory.
+650  0 _a Plug and play (Computer architecture)
+700 1  _a Streader, David.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 2004/01.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s169.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s169.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s169.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">169</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Xu, Xin, 1975-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning Mathematical models.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 2003.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Applying propositional learning algorithms to multi-instance data / Eibe Frank and Xin Xu.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s169</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s169.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01035cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     463773
+005     20030825132448.0
+008     030708s2003    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)871309
+035    _a 7805836
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2003/06
+082 04 _a 006.31
+       _2 21
+100 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+245 10 _a Applying propositional learning algorithms to
+ multi-instance data /
+       _c Eibe Frank and Xin Xu.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2003.
+300    _a 12 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 06/03
+500    _a &quot;June 2003.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12).
+650  0 _a Machine learning
+       _x Mathematical models.
+650  0 _a Computer algorithms.
+700 1  _a Xu, Xin,
+       _d 1975-
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 06/03.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s17.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s17.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s17.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1998&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 8-9).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Online bibliographic searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Online information services.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital libraries New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Williams, Michael Llewellyn.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">An evaluation of passage-level indexing strategies for a technical report archive / by Michael Williams.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s17.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01108cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     335545
+008           s1998    nz       b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98037459 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10790983
+035    _9 ABO-5748
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+043    _a u-nz---
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/8
+100 1  _a Williams, Michael Llewellyn.
+245 13 _a An evaluation of passage-level indexing strategies for a
+ technical report archive /
+       _c by Michael Williams.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c [1998]
+300    _a 9 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/8
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;April 1998.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 8-9).
+650  0 _a Online bibliographic searching.
+650  0 _a Online information services.
+650  0 _a Digital libraries
+       _z New Zealand.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/8.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s170.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">170</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. &amp;#091;21-22&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Streader, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Object-oriented programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data structures (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 2003.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Comparison of data and process refinement / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s170</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s170.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01131cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     460745
+005     20030714163356.0
+008     030501s2003    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 7660802
+035    _a (NLNZils)846526
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2003/05.
+082 04 _a 005.117
+       _2 21
+100 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+245 10 _a Comparison of data and process refinement /
+       _c Steve Reeves and David Streader.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2003.
+300    _a [22] p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 05/03
+500    _a &quot;April 2003.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. [21-22]).
+650  0 _a Object-oriented programming (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Data structures (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Computer algorithms.
+650  0 _a Computer programming.
+700 1  _a Streader, David.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 03/05.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s171.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s171.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s171.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">171</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;13-15&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jones, Matt, 1968-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic information resource searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Pocket computers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 2003.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">From sit-forward to lean-back : using a mobile device to vary interactive pace / Matt Jones ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s171</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s171.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01116cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     416982
+005     20041011145114.0
+008     030324s2003    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 7586665
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)835415
+035    _9 ACF-6773
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 025.04
+       _2 21
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2003/03
+245 00 _a From sit-forward to lean-back :
+       _b using a mobile device to vary interactive pace /
+       _c Matt Jones ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2003.
+300    _a [15] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 03/03
+500    _a &quot;March 2003.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [13-15]).
+650  0 _a Electronic information resource searching.
+650  0 _a Pocket computers.
+650  0 _a Information storage and retrieval systems.
+700 1  _a Jones, Matt,
+       _d 1968-
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 03/03.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s172.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s172.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s172.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">172</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning Mathematical models.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Visualization Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 2003.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Visualizing class probability estimators / Eibe Frank and Mark Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s172</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s172.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01123cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     416981
+005     20030327084202.0
+008     030324s2003    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 7586671
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)835421
+035    _9 ACF-6772
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 006.31
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2003/02
+100 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+245 10 _a Visualizing class probability estimators /
+       _c Eibe Frank and Mark Hall.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2003.
+300    _a 13 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 02/03
+500    _a &quot;February 2003.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).
+650  0 _a Machine learning
+       _x Mathematical models.
+650  0 _a Computer algorithms.
+650  0 _a Visualization
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Decision trees.
+700 1  _a Hall, Mark Andrew.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 03/02.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s173.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s173.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s173.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">173</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 21-23).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Paynter, Gordon W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Classification, Library of Congress Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Subject headings, Library of Congress Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Subject cataloging Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Predicting Library of Congress Classifications from Library of Congress Subject Headings / Eibe Frank and Gordon Paynter.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s173</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s173.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01171cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     416980
+005     20030327084005.0
+008     030324s2003    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 7586650
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)835284
+035    _9 ACF-6771
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 025.4330285
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2003/01
+100 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+245 10 _a Predicting Library of Congress Classifications from
+ Library of Congress Subject Headings /
+       _c Eibe Frank and Gordon Paynter.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2003.
+300    _a 23 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 01/03
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 21-23).
+650  0 _a Classification, Library of Congress
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Subject headings, Library of Congress
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Subject cataloging
+       _x Data processing.
+700 1  _a Paynter, Gordon W.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 03/01.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s174.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s174.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s174.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">174</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 19).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Wang, Shaochun.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Object-oriented programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;December 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Utting, Mark.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Object-orientation in standard Z / Mark Utting and Shaochun Wang.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s174</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s174.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01051cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     415400
+005     20030304161808.0
+008     030113s2002    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 7450883
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)810795
+035    _9 ACF-3399
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 005.133
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2002/12
+100    _a Utting, Mark.
+245 10 _a Object-orientation in standard Z /
+       _c Mark Utting and Shaochun Wang.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2002.
+300    _a 20 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 12/02
+500    _a &quot;December 2002.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 19).
+650  0 _a Z (Computer program language)
+650  0 _a Object-oriented programming (Computer science)
+700 1  _a Wang, Shaochun.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 02/12.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s175.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">175</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 18-19).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Utting, Mark.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">XML (Document markup language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;December 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">ZML : XML support for standard Z / Mark Utting ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s175</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s175.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01113cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     415401
+005     20030127083701.0
+008     030122s2002    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 7436930
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 7436930
+035    _a (NLNZils)810642
+035    _9 ACF-3400
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 005.13
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2002/11
+245 00 _a ZML :
+       _b XML support for standard Z /
+       _c Mark Utting ... [et al.].
+246 3  _a Z Markup Language
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2002.
+300    _a 20 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 11/02
+500    _a &quot;December 2002.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 18-19).
+650  0 _a XML (Document markup language)
+650  0 _a Z (Computer program language)
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development.
+700    _a Utting, Mark.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 11/02.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s176.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s176.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s176.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;12-15&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Twidale, Michael.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Open source software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Human factors.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;December 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nichols, David M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Usability and open source software / David M. Nichols and Michael B. Twidale.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s176.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01051cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     409483
+005     20030110092146.0
+008     021223s2002    nz       b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 7390026
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)808865
+035    _9 ACD-5366
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 005.3019
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2002/10
+100 1  _a Nichols, David M.
+245 10 _a Usability and open source software /
+       _c David M. Nichols and Michael B. Twidale.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2002.
+300    _a [16] leaves  ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 10/02
+500    _a &quot;December 2002.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [12-15]).
+650  0 _a Open source software.
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Human factors.
+700 1  _a Twidale, Michael.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 02/10.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s177.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s177.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s177.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">177</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computation laboratories New Zealand Hamilton.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Human-computer interaction New Zealand Hamilton.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Human engineering New Zealand Hamilton.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Usability Laboratory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;This report represents the results of a survey conducted by the University of Waikato Usability Laboratory of the research laboratories at the Department of Computer Science&quot;--Leaf i.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Thomson, Kirsten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Research laboratory survey / Kirsten Thomson.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s177</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s177.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01417cam  2200337 a 4500
+001     408096
+005     20021120174947.0
+008     021115s2002    nz a          000 0 eng  
+010    _o 7287939
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 7287939
+035    _a (NLNZils)792915
+035    _9 ACC-9800
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c PU
+       _d NZNB
+043    _a u-nz---
+082 04 _a 378.19623099334
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2002/09
+100 1  _a Thomson, Kirsten.
+245 10 _a Research laboratory survey /
+       _c Kirsten Thomson.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2002.
+300    _a iv, 30, 13 leaves:
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 09/02
+500    _a &quot;This report represents the results of a survey conducted
+ by the University of Waikato Usability Laboratory of the
+ research laboratories at the Department of Computer
+ Science&quot;--Leaf i.
+500    _a &quot;November 2002.&quot;
+610 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+650  0 _a Computation laboratories
+       _z New Zealand
+       _z Hamilton.
+650  0 _a Human-computer interaction
+       _z New Zealand
+       _z Hamilton.
+650  0 _a Human engineering
+       _z New Zealand
+       _z Hamilton.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Usability Laboratory.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 09/02.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s178.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s178.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s178.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">178</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McLeod, Laurie.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information display systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">User interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Interactive computer systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;Presents the decisions made with regard to the usability problems identified and design recommendations made within the first report.&quot;--P. i.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Lids Research Project.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Thomson, Kirsten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Lids Research Project : appendage to usability study report (1/2002) / Kirsten Thomson and Laurie McLeod.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s178</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s178.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01609cam  2200373 a 4500
+001     403228
+005     20020820081627.0
+008     020809s2002    nz a          000 0 eng  
+010    _o 7094554
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 7094554
+035    _a (NLNZils)763433
+035    _9 ACB-6080
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 621.3987
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2002/08
+100 1  _a Thomson, Kirsten.
+245 14 _a The Lids Research Project :
+       _b appendage to usability study report (1/2002) /
+       _c Kirsten Thomson and Laurie McLeod.
+246 13 _a Lids Research Project appendage to usability study report
+ (1/2002)
+246 17 _a Application of large interactive display surfaces
+ (appendage to usability study report (1/2002))
+246 3  _a Large Interactive Display Surfaces Research Project
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2002.
+300    _a vii, 33 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 08/02
+500    _a &quot;July 2002.&quot;
+500    _a &quot;Presents the decisions made with regard to the usability
+ problems identified and design recommendations made within the
+ first report.&quot;--P. i.
+610 20 _a Lids Research Project.
+650  0 _a Information display systems.
+650  0 _a User interfaces (Computer systems)
+650  0 _a Interactive computer systems.
+650  0 _a Computer-assisted instruction.
+700 1  _a McLeod, Laurie.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 02/08.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s179.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s179.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s179.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">179</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. &amp;#091;12&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Interactive video.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information display systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">User interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Communication in small groups.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;Work done as part of the Large Interactive Display Surface (LIDS) project&quot;-- p. &amp;#091;3&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Lids Research Project.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Use of video shadow for small group interaction awareness on a large interactive display surface / Mark Apperley ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s179</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s179.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01361cam  2200349 a 4500
+001     403231
+005     20020820081647.0
+008     020809s2002    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 7094553
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 7094553
+035    _a (NLNZils)763500
+035    _9 ACB-6083
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 006.7
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2002/07
+245 00 _a Use of video shadow for small group interaction awareness
+ on a large interactive display surface /
+       _c Mark Apperley ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2002.
+300    _a [12] p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 07/02
+500    _a &quot;July 2002.&quot;
+500    _a &quot;Work done as part of the Large Interactive Display
+ Surface (LIDS) project&quot;-- p. [3].
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. [12]).
+610 20 _a Lids Research Project.
+650  0 _a Interactive video.
+650  0 _a Information display systems.
+650  0 _a User interfaces (Computer systems)
+650  0 _a Communication in small groups.
+650  0 _a Computer-assisted instruction.
+700 1  _a Apperley, Mark D.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 02/07.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s18.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s18.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s18.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Apples Postharvest diseases and injuries Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Apples Handling Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Predicting apple bruising using machine learning / by G. Holmes ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s18.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01055cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     335543
+005     20041014034142.0
+008           s1998    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98036776 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10782842
+035    _9 ABO-5746
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/7
+245 00 _a Predicting apple bruising using machine learning /
+       _c by G. Holmes ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a [8] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/7
+500    _a &quot;April 1998.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Apples
+       _x Postharvest diseases and injuries
+       _x Computer simulation.
+650  0 _a Apples
+       _x Handling
+       _x Computer simulation.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+700 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/7.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s180.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s180.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s180.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 160).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McLeod, Laurie.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information display systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Interactive computer systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Teaching Aids and devices.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer graphics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Educational technology.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. LIDS Research Group.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Thomson, Kirsten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Lids Research Project usability study report &amp;#091;1/2002&amp;#093; / Kirsten Thomson and Laurie McLeod.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s180.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01266cam  2200337 a 4500
+001     401455
+005     20020718112439.0
+008     020718s2002    nz a     b    000 0 eng d
+010    _o 7042461
+020    _c Gratis  (spiral binding)
+035    _9 ACB-0388
+040    _a DU
+       _c DU
+043    _a u-nz---
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2002/06
+100 1  _a Thomson, Kirsten.
+245 14 _a The Lids Research Project usability study report [1/2002]
+ /
+       _c Kirsten Thomson and Laurie McLeod.
+246 17 _a Application of large interactive display surfaces.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2002.
+300    _a 160 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 06/02
+500    _a &quot;July 2002.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 160).
+650  0 _a Information display systems.
+650  0 _a Interactive computer systems.
+650  0 _a Teaching
+       _x Aids and devices.
+650  0 _a Computer graphics.
+650  0 _a Educational technology.
+700 1  _a McLeod, Laurie.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b LIDS Research Group.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 02/06.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s181.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s181.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s181.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">181</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;11&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Downie, J. Stephen.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Music Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems Music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">System design.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Toward a theory of music information retrieval queries : system design implications / Sally Jo Cunningham and J. Stephen Downie.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s181</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215107</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s181.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01179cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     401453
+005     20041011145221.0
+008     020704s2002    nz       b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 7016578
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 7016578
+035    _a (NLNZils)750716
+035    _9 ACB-0386
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c DU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 780.28542
+       _2 21
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no.2002/05
+100 1  _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 10 _a Toward a theory of music information retrieval queries :
+       _b system design implications /
+       _c Sally Jo Cunningham and J. Stephen Downie.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2002.
+300    _a [11] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 05/02
+500    _a &quot;June 2002.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [11]).
+650  0 _a Music
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Information storage and retrieval systems
+       _v Music.
+650  0 _a System design.
+700 1  _a Downie, J. Stephen.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 02/05.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s182.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s182.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s182.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">182</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 18-19).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Set theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bouckaert, Remco R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Accuracy bounds for ensembles under 0 - 1 loss / Remco R. Bouckaert.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s182</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s182.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01057cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     401454
+005     20020724085127.0
+008     020703s2002    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 7023137
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 7023137
+035    _a (NLNZils)750723
+035    _9 ACB-0387
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 005.1
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2002/04
+100 1  _a Bouckaert, Remco R.
+245 10 _a Accuracy bounds for ensembles under 0 - 1 loss /
+       _c Remco R. Bouckaert.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2002.
+300    _a 19 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 04/02
+500    _a &quot;June 2002.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 18-19).
+650  0 _a Algorithms.
+650  0 _a Set theory.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Data mining.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 02/04.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s183.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s183.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s183.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">183</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. &amp;#091;12&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Racing committees for large datasets / Eibe Frank ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s183</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s183.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01029cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     400595
+005     20020624080843.0
+008     020618s2002    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 6985575
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)742354
+035    _9 ACA-9333
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 005.741
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2002/03
+245 00 _a Racing committees for large datasets /
+       _c Eibe Frank ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2002.
+300    _a [12] p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 03/02
+500    _a &quot;June 2002.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. [12]).
+650  0 _a Algorithms.
+650  0 _a Data mining.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Database management.
+700 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 02/03.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s184.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s184.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s184.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">184</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 20-21).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for discrete class data mining / Mark Hall and Geoffrey Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s184</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s184.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01086cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     399002
+005     20041014034128.0
+008     020501s2002    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 6884752
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)723197
+035    _9 ACA-0744
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 005.741
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2002/02
+100 1  _a Hall, Mark Andrew.
+245 10 _a Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for discrete
+ class data mining /
+       _c Mark Hall and Geoffrey Holmes.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2002.
+300    _a 21 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 02/02
+500    _a &quot;April 2002.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 20-21).
+650  0 _a Data mining.
+650  0 _a Algorithms.
+650  0 _a Database management.
+700 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 02/02.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s185.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s185.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s185.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">185</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;13&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 2002.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A logistic boosting approach to inducing multiclass alternating decision trees / by Geoffrey Holmes ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s185</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s185.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01084cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     395361
+005     20041014034129.0
+008     020418s2002    nz       b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 6850633
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 6850633
+035    _a (NLNZils)717978
+035    _9 ABZ-2779
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c DU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 006.31
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2002/01
+245 02 _a A logistic boosting approach to inducing multiclass
+ alternating decision trees /
+       _c by Geoffrey Holmes ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2002.
+300    _a [13] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 02/01
+500    _a &quot;March 2002.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [13]).
+650  0 _a Decision trees.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Computer algorithms.
+700 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 02/01.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s186.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s186.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s186.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">186</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2001.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;13&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Trees (Graph theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 2001.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A simple approach to ordinal classification / by Eibe Frank and Mark Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s186</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s186.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01122cam  2200325 a 4500
+001     393474
+005     20011212081010.0
+008     011130s2001    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 6625617
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 6625617
+035    _a (NLNZils)685638
+035    _9 ABZ-0178
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 519.536
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2001/5
+100 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+245 12 _a A simple approach to ordinal classification /
+       _c by Eibe Frank and Mark Hall.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2001.
+300    _a [13] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 01/5
+500    _a &quot;November 2001.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [13]).
+650  0 _a Regression analysis.
+650  0 _a Decision trees.
+650  0 _a Trees (Graph theory)
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+700 1  _a Hall, Mark Andrew.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 01/5.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s187.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s187.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s187.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">187</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2001.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;10-11&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Testing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 2001.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Utting, Mark.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Data structures for Z testing tools / by Mark Utting.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s187</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s187.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01018cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     384611
+005     20010710083544.0
+008     010706s2001    nz       b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 6373888
+020    _c Gratis (pbk.)
+035    _a (NLNZils)643393
+035    _9 ABV-9145
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 005.14
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2001/4
+100 1  _a Utting, Mark.
+245 10 _a Data structures for Z testing tools /
+       _c by Mark Utting.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2001.
+300    _a [12] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 01/4
+500    _a &quot;June 2001.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [10-11]).
+650  0 _a Z (Computer program language)
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Testing.
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Evaluation.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 01/4.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s188.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s188.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s188.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">188</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2001.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957- .</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 2001.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeve, Greg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Experiences using Z animation tools / by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s188</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s188.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01107cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     383743
+005     20010608093941.0
+008     010606s2001    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 6319471
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)635572
+035    _9 ABV-8002
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 003.353
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2001/3
+100 1  _a Reeve, Greg.
+245 10 _a Experiences using Z animation tools /
+       _c by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2001.
+300    _a 15 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 01/3
+500    _a &quot;May 2001.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 15).
+650  0 _a Computer simulation.
+650  0 _a Z (Computer program language)
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development.
+700 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957- .
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 01/3.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s189.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s189.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s189.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2001.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;8-9&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Paynter, Gordon W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Kea (Computer program language) Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer science Digital libraries.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Keyword searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Automatic indexing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 2001.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Human evaluation of Kea, an automatic keyphrasing system / by Steve Jones and Gordon W. Paynter.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s189.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01143cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     389035
+005     20010405093810.0
+008     010307s2001    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 6107517
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)614817
+035    _9 ABX-5896
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2001/2
+100 1  _a Jones, Steve,
+       _d 1966-
+245 10 _a Human evaluation of Kea, an automatic keyphrasing system
+ /
+       _c by Steve Jones and Gordon W. Paynter.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2001.
+300    _a [9] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 01/2
+500    _a &quot;February 2001.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [8-9]).
+650  0 _a Kea (Computer program language)
+       _x Evaluation.
+650  0 _a Computer science
+       _x Digital libraries.
+650  0 _a Keyword searching.
+650  0 _a Automatic indexing.
+700 1  _a Paynter, Gordon W.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 01/2.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s19.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s19.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s19.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 20).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Henson, Martin C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A logic for the schema calculus / by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s19.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01002cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     333852
+008           s1998    nz       b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98035548 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10772605
+035    _9 ABO-3462
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 0  _a 005.133
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/5
+100 1  _a Henson, Martin C.
+245 12 _a A logic for the schema calculus /
+       _c by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a 20 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/5
+500    _a &quot;March 1998.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 20).
+650  0 _a Z (Computer program language)
+700 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/5.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s190.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s190.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s190.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">190</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2001.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;10&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Lundy, Stephen.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Paynter, Gordon W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Automatic abstracting Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computational linguistics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic information resource searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 2001.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Interactive document summarisation / by Steve Jones, Stephen Lundy and Gordon W. Paynter.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s190</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s190.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01163cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     387576
+005     20010309075904.0
+008     010307s2001    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 6110548
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)614869
+035    _9 ABW-4904
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 025.4028
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2001/1
+100 1  _a Jones, Steve,
+       _d 1966-
+245 10 _a Interactive document summarisation /
+       _c by Steve Jones, Stephen Lundy and Gordon W.
+ Paynter.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2001.
+300    _a [10] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 01/1
+500    _a &quot;February 2001.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [10]).
+650  0 _a Automatic abstracting
+       _x Evaluation.
+650  0 _a Computational linguistics.
+650  0 _a Electronic information resource searching.
+700 1  _a Lundy, Stephen.
+700 1  _a Paynter, Gordon W.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 01/1.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s191.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s191.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s191.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">191</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Mahoui, Malika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Cluster analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Keyword searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic records.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Hierarchical document clustering using automatically extracted keyphrases / by Steve Jones and Malika Mahoui.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s191</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s191.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01115cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     375142
+005     20001128082242.0
+008     001122s2000    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5939825
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 5939825
+035    _a (NLNZils)607340
+035    _9 ABU-1162
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 519.53
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2000/13
+100 1  _a Jones, Steve,
+       _d 1966-
+245 10 _a Hierarchical document clustering using automatically
+ extracted keyphrases /
+       _c by Steve Jones and Malika Mahoui.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2000.
+300    _a [8] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 00/13
+500    _a &quot;October 2000.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650 00 _a Cluster analysis.
+650 00 _a Keyword searching.
+650 00 _a Electronic records.
+700 1  _a Mahoui, Malika.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 00/13.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s192.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s192.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s192.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital libraries Use studies.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Online bibliographic searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Mahoui, Malika.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A comparative transaction log analysis of two computing collections / by Malika Mahoui and Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s192.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01114cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     376135
+005     20000818092352.0
+008     000810s2000    nz       b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5737935
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (NLNZils)598473
+035    _9 ABU-2628
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 025.04
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2000/12
+100 1  _a Mahoui, Malika.
+245 12 _a A comparative transaction log analysis of two computing
+ collections /
+       _c by Malika Mahoui and Sally Jo Cunningham.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2000.
+300    _a [7] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 00/12
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;July 2000.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650 00 _a Digital libraries
+       _v Use studies.
+650 00 _a Online bibliographic searching.
+700    _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 00/12.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s193.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s193.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s193.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-31).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Statecharts (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeve, Greg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">&amp;#091;Mu&amp;#093;-charts and Z : extending the translation / by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s193.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01123cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     376134
+005     20001004103919.0
+008     000906s2000    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5772767
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 5772767
+035    _a (NLNZils)602842
+035    _9 ABU-2627
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c DUS
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 005.133
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2000/11
+100 1  _a Reeve, Greg.
+245 10 _a [Mu]-charts and Z :
+       _b extending the translation /
+       _c by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2000.
+300    _a 56 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 00/11
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;August 2000.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-31).
+650 00 _a Statecharts (Computer science)
+650 00 _a Z (Computer program language)
+700 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 00/11.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s194.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s194.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s194.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">194</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for data mining / by Mark A. Hall and Geoffrey Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s194</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s194.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01111cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     376133
+005     20041014034133.0
+008     000810s2000    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5719692
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 5719692
+035    _a (NLNZils)597617
+035    _9 ABU-2626
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c DUS
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 005.741
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2000/10
+100 1  _a Hall, Mark Andrew.
+245 10 _a Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for data
+ mining /
+       _c by Mark A. Hall and Geoffrey Holmes.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2000.
+300    _a 1, [13] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 00/10
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;July 2000.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650 00 _a Data mining.
+650 00 _a Database management.
+700 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 00/10.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s195.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s195.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s195.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">195</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Food Quality Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A development environment for predictive modelling in foods / by G. Holmes and M. Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s195</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s195.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01133cam  2200325 a 4500
+001     376132
+005     20041014034134.0
+008     000810s2000    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5719554
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 5719554
+035    _a (NLNZils)598538
+035    _9 ABU-2625
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 006.31
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2000/09
+100 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+245 12 _a A development environment for predictive modelling in
+ foods /
+       _c by G. Holmes and M. Hall.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2000.
+300    _a [14] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 00/9
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;July 2000.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650 00 _a Algorithms.
+650 00 _a Machine learning.
+650 00 _a Food
+       _x Quality
+       _x Data processing.
+700 1  _a Hall, Mark Andrew.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 00/9.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s196.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">196</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;8&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Filters (Mathematics)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Correlation-based feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine learning / by Mark A. Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s196</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s196.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01118cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     376131
+005     20000714095037.0
+008     000622s2000    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5617428
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 5617428
+035    _a (NLNZils)561531
+035    _9 ABU-2624
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 006.31
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2000/08
+100 1  _a Hall, Mark Andrew.
+245 10 _a Correlation-based feature selection for discrete and
+ numeric class machine learning /
+       _c by Mark A. Hall.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2000.
+300    _a [9] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 00/8
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;May 2000.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [8]).
+650 00 _a Machine learning.
+650 00 _a Algorithms.
+650 00 _a Filters (Mathematics)
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 00/8.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s197.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s197.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s197.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">197</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-52).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer animation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Spline theory Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Curves, Algebraic Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Mahoui, Abdelaziz.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">One dimensional non-uniform rational B-splines for animation control / by Abdelaziz Mahoui.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s197</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s197.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01147cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     376130
+005     20000714095020.0
+008     000622s2000    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5617290
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 5617290
+035    _a (NLNZils)561491
+035    _9 ABU-2623
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 006.696
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2000/07
+100 1  _a Mahoui, Abdelaziz.
+245 10 _a One dimensional non-uniform rational B-splines for
+ animation control /
+       _c by Abdelaziz Mahoui.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2000.
+300    _a 2, v, 52 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 00/7
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;March 2000.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-52).
+650 00 _a Computer animation.
+650 00 _a Spline theory
+       _x Data processing.
+650 00 _a Curves, Algebraic
+       _x Data processing.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 00/7.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s198.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s198.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s198.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">198</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-24).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957- .</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Statecharts (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeve, Greg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">&amp;#091;Mu&amp;#093;-charts and Z : hows, whys and wherefores / by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s198</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s198.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01065cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     376129
+005     20000510141335.0
+008     000501s2000    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5563486
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _9 ABU-2622
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 005.133
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2000/06
+100 1  _a Reeve, Greg.
+245 10 _a [Mu]-charts and Z :
+       _b hows, whys and wherefores /
+       _c by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2000.
+300    _a 24 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 00/6
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;March 2000.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-24).
+650 00 _a Statecharts (Computer science)
+650 00 _a Z (Computer program language)
+700 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957- .
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 00/6.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s199.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s199.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s199.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">199</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Paynter, Gordon W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Gutwin, Carl.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Metadata Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">KEA : practical automatic keyphrase extraction / by Ian H. Witten ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s199</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s199.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01172cam  2200325 a 4500
+001     376128
+005     20031029034030.0
+008     000501s2000    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5563484
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _9 ABU-2621
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 025.04
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2000/05
+245 00 _a KEA :
+       _b practical automatic keyphrase extraction /
+       _c by Ian H. Witten ... [et al.].
+246 30 _a Practical automatic keyphrase extraction
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2000.
+300    _a [9] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 00/5
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;March 2000.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650 00 _a Metadata
+       _x Data processing.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+700 1  _a Paynter, Gordon W.
+700 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+700 1  _a Gutwin, Carl.
+700    _a Nevill-Manning, Craig G.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 00/5.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s20.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s20.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s20.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 42).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Henson, Martin C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Revising Z : semantics and logic / by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s20.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00998cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     333853
+008           s1998    nz       b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98035528 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10772612
+035    _9 ABO-3463
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 0  _a 005.133
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/4
+100 1  _a Henson, Martin C.
+245 10 _a Revising Z :
+       _b semantics and logic /
+       _c by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a 42 p. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/4
+500    _a &quot;March 1998.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 42).
+650  0 _a Z (Computer program language)
+700 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/4.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s200.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s200.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s200.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">200</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ware, Malcolm.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Automatic classification.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Interactive computer systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Interactive machine learning : letting users build classifiers / by Malcolm Ware ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s200</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s200.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01202cam  2200337 a 4500
+001     376127
+005     20041014034104.0
+008     000501s2000    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5563452
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _9 ABU-2620
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+       _d NZNB
+082 04 _a 006.31
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2000/04
+245 00 _a Interactive machine learning :
+       _b letting users build classifiers /
+       _c by Malcolm Ware ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2000.
+300    _a [7] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 00/4
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;March 2000.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650 00 _a Machine learning.
+650 00 _a Automatic classification.
+650 00 _a Interactive computer systems.
+700 1  _a Ware, Malcolm.
+700 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+700 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+700 1  _a Hall, Mark Andrew.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 00/4.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s201.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s201.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s201.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Chui, Chang.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data compression (Telecommunication)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;January 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Text categorization using compression models / by Eibe Frank, Chang Chui and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s201.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01046cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     374996
+005     20031029034032.0
+008     000222s2000    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5517905
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _9 ABU-0974
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2000/02
+100 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+245 10 _a Text categorization using compression models /
+       _c by Eibe Frank, Chang Chui and Ian H. Witten.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2000.
+300    _a 10 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 00/2
+500    _a &quot;January 2000.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).
+650 00 _a Data compression (Telecommunication)
+650 00 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+700 1  _a Chui, Chang.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 00/2.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s202.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s202.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s202.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">202</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bainbridge, David I.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computers Acronyms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data compression (Telecommunication)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Discourse analysis Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;January 2000.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Yeates, Stuart Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Using compression to identify acronyms in text / by Stuart Yeates, David Bainbridge and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s202</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s202.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01175cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     374997
+005     20031029034031.0
+008     000201s2000    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5494134
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _9 ABU-0975
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c DUS
+       _d NZNB
+       _d CU
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2000/01
+100 1  _a Yeates, Stuart Andrew.
+245 10 _a Using compression to identify acronyms in text /
+       _c by Stuart Yeates, David Bainbridge and Ian H.
+ Witten.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2000.
+300    _a 10  leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 00/1
+500    _a &quot;January 2000.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).
+650 00 _a Computers
+       _v Acronyms.
+650 00 _a Data compression (Telecommunication)
+650 00 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+650 00 _a Discourse analysis
+       _x Data processing.
+700 1  _a Bainbridge, David I.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 00/1.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s203.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s203.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s203.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">203</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer composition.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Improvisation (Music)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Blues (Music) Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Originally issued as the author's thesis (B.Comp.Math.Sc.), University of Waikato, 1991.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Computer improvisation of blues melodies / Mark Andrew Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;Hamilton&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s203</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s203.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00914nam  2200229 a 4500
+001     205741
+010    _o zbn92-65106
+035    _a (nzNZBN)6733836
+008           s1992    nz g             x  eng d
+035    _9 AAX-3783
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.2
+100 10 _a Hall, Mark Andrew.
+245 10 _a Computer improvisation of blues melodies /
+       _c Mark Andrew Hall.
+260 0  _a [Hamilton] :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1992.
+300    _a 50 leaves :
+       _b music ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v no. 2
+500    _a Originally issued as the author's thesis
+ (B.Comp.Math.Sc.), University of Waikato, 1991.
+650  0 _a Computer composition.
+650  0 _a Improvisation (Music)
+650  0 _a Blues (Music)
+       _x Computer programs.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v no. 2
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s204.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s204.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s204.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">204</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Maulsby, David, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Compression by induction of hierarchical grammars / Craig G. Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, David L. Maulsby.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s204</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s204.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01052cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     247754
+005     20031029034109.0
+010    _o zbn94-17776
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8187004
+008           s1993    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABC-3755
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1993/9
+100 20 _a Nevill-Manning, Craig G.
+245 10 _a Compression by induction of hierarchical grammars /
+       _c Craig G. Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, David L.
+ Maulsby.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1993.
+300    _a 9 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v no. 1993/9
+500    _a &quot;October 1993.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Data compression (Computer science)
+700 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+700  0 _a Maulsby, David,
+       _d 1957-
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v no. 1993/9
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s205.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s205.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s205.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">205</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Inglis, Stuart.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Compression-based template matching / Stuart Inglis, Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s205</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s205.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00962cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     247763
+005     20031029034108.0
+010    _o zbn94-17732
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8187651
+008           s1993    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABC-3764
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1993/8
+100 10 _a Inglis, Stuart.
+245 10 _a Compression-based template matching /
+       _c Stuart Inglis, Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1993.
+300    _a 9 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v no. 1993/8
+500    _a &quot;October 1993.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Data compression (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+700 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v no. 1993/8
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s206.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s206.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s206.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">206</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer programs Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Davies, Rod M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Compressing computer programs / by Rod M. Davies and  Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s206</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s206.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01007cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     247753
+005     20031029034109.0
+010    _o zbn94-18134
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8187653
+008           s1993    nz       b          eng d
+035    _9 ABC-3754
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1993/7
+100 10 _a Davies, Rod M.
+245 10 _a Compressing computer programs /
+       _c by Rod M. Davies and  Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1993.
+300    _a 10 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v no. 1993/7
+500    _a &quot;October 1993.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Computer programs
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Data compression (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+700 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v no. 1993/7
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s207.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s207.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s207.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">207</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Olthof, Ian.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Prolog (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Backtrack programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Parallel programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The design of an optimistic AND-Parallel Prolog / by John G. Cleary and Ian Olthof.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s207</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s207.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00976nam  2200253 a 4500
+001     247871
+010    _o zbn94-18377
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8182818
+008           s1993    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABC-3910
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1993/6
+100 10 _a Cleary, John G.
+245 14 _a The design of an optimistic AND-Parallel Prolog /
+       _c by John G. Cleary and Ian Olthof.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1993.
+300    _a 9 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 1993/6
+500    _a &quot;October 1993.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Prolog (Computer program language)
+650  0 _a Backtrack programming.
+650  0 _a Parallel programming (Computer science)
+700 10 _a Olthof, Ian.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v no. 1993/6
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s208.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s208.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s208.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">208</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Arithmetic functions.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Numerical calculations Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Interval analysis (Mathematics)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Prolog (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Proving the existence of solutions in logical arithmetic / by John G. Cleary.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s208</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s208.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00994nam  2200253 a 4500
+001     247752
+010    _o zbn94-18293
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8182820
+008           s1993    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABC-3753
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1993/5
+100 10 _a Cleary, John G.
+245 10 _a Proving the existence of solutions in logical arithmetic
+ /
+       _c by John G. Cleary.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1993.
+300    _a [11] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 1993/5
+500    _a &quot;October 1993.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Arithmetic functions.
+650  0 _a Numerical calculations
+       _x Computer programs.
+650  0 _a Interval analysis (Mathematics)
+650  0 _a Prolog (Computer program language)
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v no. 1993/5
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s209.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s209.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s209.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">209</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Parody Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Parody Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Lexical grammar Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Smith, Tony C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Models for computer generated parody / Tony C. Smith, Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s209</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s209.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00993cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     244021
+005     20031029034110.0
+010    _o zbn94-889
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8091882
+008           s1993    nz       b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABB-9366
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1993/4
+100 10 _a Smith, Tony C.
+245 10 _a Models for computer generated parody /
+       _c Tony C. Smith, Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1993.
+300    _a [10] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v no. 1993/4
+500    _a &quot;August 1993.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Parody
+       _x Computer programs.
+650  0 _a Parody
+       _x Computer simulation.
+650  0 _a Lexical grammar
+       _x Computer simulation.
+700 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v no. 1993/4
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s21.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 25).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Oral history Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Oral history Information resources.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">World Wide Web.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information retrieval.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bainbridge, David I.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Making oral history accessible over the World Wide Web / by David Bainbridge and Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s21.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01216cam  2200325 a 4500
+001     344091
+005     20031028105122.0
+008           s1998    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn99007170 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11120218
+035    _9 ABP-6778
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CU
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/18
+100 1  _a Bainbridge, David I.
+245 10 _a Making oral history accessible over the World Wide Web /
+       _c by David Bainbridge and Sally Jo Cunningham.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a 25 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/18
+500    _a &quot;November 1998.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 25).
+650  0 _a Oral history
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Oral history
+       _x Information resources.
+650  0 _a World Wide Web.
+650  0 _a Database searching.
+650  0 _a Information retrieval.
+700 1  _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/18.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s210.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s210.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s210.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Grammar, Comparative and general Function words.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Lexical grammar Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;January 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Smith, Tony C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Language inference from function words/ Tony C. Smith, Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s210.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00974cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     244397
+005     20031029034110.0
+010    _o zbn94-2264
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8091881
+008           s1993    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABB-9811
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1993/3
+100 10 _a Smith, Tony C.
+245 10 _a Language inference from function words/
+       _c Tony C. Smith, Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1993.
+300    _a [25] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 1993/3
+500    _a &quot;January 1993.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Grammar, Comparative and general
+       _x Function words.
+650  0 _a Lexical grammar
+       _x Computer simulation.
+700 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 1993/3
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s211.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s211.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s211.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">211</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Inglis, Stuart.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Thimbleby, Harold.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Three-dimensional display systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer graphics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Displaying 3D images : algorithms for single image random dot stereograms / by Ian H. Witten, Stuart Inglis and Harold W. Thimbleby.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s211</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s211.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01043cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     244020
+005     20031029034111.0
+010    _o zbn94-2131
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8019612
+008           s1993    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABB-9365
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1993/2
+100 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+245 10 _a Displaying 3D images :
+       _b algorithms for single image random dot stereograms /
+       _c by Ian H. Witten, Stuart Inglis and Harold W.
+ Thimbleby.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1993.
+300    _a 11, [12] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 1993/2
+500    _a &quot;August 1993.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Three-dimensional display systems.
+650  0 _a Computer graphics.
+700 10 _a Inglis, Stuart.
+700 10 _a Thimbleby, Harold.
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 1993/2
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s212.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s212.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s212.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">212</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Logic programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Starlog (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 1993.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Informal introduction to Starlog / John G. Cleary.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s212</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s212.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00805nam  2200217 a 4500
+001     249639
+010    _o zbn94-29673
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8332235
+008           s1993    nz a                eng d
+035    _9 ABC-5978
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1993/10
+100 10 _a Cleary, John G.
+245 10 _a Informal introduction to Starlog /
+       _c John G. Cleary.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1993.
+300    _a 14 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 93/10
+500    _a &quot;October 1993.&quot;
+650  0 _a Logic programming.
+650  0 _a Starlog (Computer program language)
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v no. 1993/10.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s213.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s213.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s213.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">213</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McQueen, Robert J. (Robert John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Smith, Lloyd A. (Lloyd Allan)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Agriculture Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Expert systems (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Practical machine learning and its application to problems in agriculture / Ian H. Witten .. &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s213</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s213.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01063cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     232870
+005     20070215034046.0
+010    _o zbn93-81528
+035    _a (nzNZBN)7633351
+008           s1993    nz a                eng d
+035    _9 ABA-6140
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1993/1
+245 00 _a Practical machine learning and its application to
+ problems in agriculture /
+       _c Ian H. Witten .. [et al.]
+260 0  _a Hamilton :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1993.
+300    _a [18] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 1993/1
+650  0 _a Agriculture
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Expert systems (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+700 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+700 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+700 10 _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+700 10 _a McQueen, Robert J.
+       _q (Robert John)
+700  0 _a Smith, Lloyd A.
+       _q (Lloyd Allan)
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 1993/1
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s214.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s214.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s214.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">214</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Semantic and generative models for lossy text compression / Ian H. Witten .. &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s214</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s214.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00841cam  2200217 a 4500
+001     228344
+005     20031029034014.0
+010    _o zbn93-50199
+035    _a (nzNZBN)7327212
+008           s1992    nz                  eng d
+035    _9 ABA-0774
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1992/8
+245 00 _a Semantic and generative models for lossy text compression
+ /
+       _c Ian H. Witten .. [et al.]
+260 0  _a Hamilton :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c 1992.
+300    _a 9 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 1992/8
+650  0 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Data compression (Computer science)
+700 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 1992/8
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s215.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s215.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s215.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">215</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ford, Greg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Maori language Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Maori language Computer-assisted instruction Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Maori language Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Maori language Study and teaching (Elementary) Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer managed instruction New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;Describes ... the Ta Kupu Tamariki project ... a Maori word processor designed for teaching literacy in the Maori language ... the accompanying data logging and log analysis software Tirohia ... provides a means for teachers to determine student activity and performance&quot;--Leaf 2.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Prepared by Bob Barbour, Sally Jo Cunningham and Greg Ford.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September 1992.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Data logging &amp; performance analysis software for teachers of indigenous New Zealanders : early results.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s215</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s215.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01683cam  2200325 a 4500
+001     213791
+010    _o zbn92-103021
+035    _a (nzNZBN)7297247
+008           s1992    nz af    b       x  eng d
+035    _9 AAY-2712
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1992/7
+100 10 _a Barbour, Robert H.
+245 10 _a Data logging &amp; performance analysis software for teachers
+ of indigenous New Zealanders :
+       _b early results.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1992.
+300    _a 15 leaves, [2] leaves of plates :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series / University of Waikato, Department
+ of Computer Science,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 1992/7
+500    _a &quot;Describes ... the Ta Kupu Tamariki project ... a Maori
+ word processor designed for teaching literacy in the Maori
+ language ... the accompanying data logging and log analysis
+ software Tirohia ... provides a means for teachers to determine
+ student activity and performance&quot;--Leaf 2.
+500    _a Prepared by Bob Barbour, Sally Jo Cunningham and Greg
+ Ford.
+500    _a &quot;September 1992.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15).
+650  0 _a Maori language
+       _x Computer-assisted instruction.
+650  0 _a Maori language
+       _x Computer-assisted instruction
+       _x Evaluation.
+650  0 _a Maori language
+       _x Computer programs.
+650  0 _a Maori language
+       _x Study and teaching (Elementary)
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Computer managed instruction
+       _z New Zealand.
+700 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+700 10 _a Ford, Greg.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 1992/7.
+043    _a u-nz---
+020    _c Price unknown (pbk.)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s216.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s216.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s216.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">216</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Natural language processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Prepared by Geoffrey Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September 1992.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Natural language processing in speech understanding systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s216</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s216.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01032cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     213726
+005     20041014034103.0
+010    _o zbn92-103288
+035    _a (nzNZBN)7290412
+008           s1992    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 AAY-2641
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1992/6
+100 10 _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+245 10 _a Natural language processing in speech understanding
+ systems.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1992.
+300    _a 13 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 1992/6
+500    _a Prepared by Geoffrey Holmes.
+500    _a &quot;September 1992.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).
+650  0 _a Natural language processing (Computer science)
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 1992/6
+020    _c Gratis, distribution limited to computer science depts.
+ and libraries in N.Z. (pbk.)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s217.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s217.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s217.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">217</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1992&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">TeX (Computer system)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Mathematics printing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer graphics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computerized typesetting.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;TEX has facilities for drawing diagrams using the packages tpic and PiCTEX&quot;--Abstract.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">On t.p. TEX is printed as in the trademark, with the 'E' slightly subscript.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;January 1992.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Drawing diagrams in TEX documents / W.J. Rogers and G. Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s217</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s217.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01236cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     205028
+005     20041014034059.0
+010    _o zbn92-56966
+035    _a (nzNZBN)6472187
+008           s1992    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 AAX-3018
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.1
+100 10 _a Rogers, William J.
+       _q (William John)
+245 10 _a Drawing diagrams in TEX documents /
+       _c W.J. Rogers and G. Holmes.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b University of Waikato, Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c [1992]
+300    _a 12 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v no. 1
+500    _a &quot;TEX has facilities for drawing diagrams using the
+ packages tpic and PiCTEX&quot;--Abstract.
+500    _a On t.p. TEX is printed as in the trademark, with the 'E'
+ slightly subscript.
+500    _a &quot;January 1992.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 12).
+650  0 _a TeX (Computer system)
+650  0 _a Mathematics printing.
+650  0 _a Computer graphics.
+650  0 _a Computerized typesetting.
+700 10 _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+710 20 _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v no. 1.
+020    _c (pbk.)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s218.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s218.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s218.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">218</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Graham, Ian D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McGregor, A. J. (Anthony James)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Pearson, Murray William.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Asynchronous transfer mode Mathematical models.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Wide area networks (Computer networks)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer networks.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;December 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">High precision traffic measurement by the WAND Research Group / by John Cleary, Ian Graham, Tony McGregor, Murray Pearson...&amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s218</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s218.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01192cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     370155
+005     20000216112308.0
+008     000201s1999    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5494132
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _9 ABT-4545
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c DUS
+       _d NZNB
+092 00 _a QA75.5.W926 no. 99/17
+245 00 _a High precision traffic measurement by the WAND Research
+ Group /
+       _c by John Cleary, Ian Graham, Tony McGregor, Murray
+ Pearson...[et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1999.
+300    _a [11] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/17
+500    _a &quot;December 1999.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650 00 _a Asynchronous transfer mode
+       _x Mathematical models.
+650 00 _a Wide area networks (Computer networks)
+650 00 _a Computer networks.
+700 1  _a Cleary, John G.
+700 10 _a Graham, Ian D.
+700 10 _a McGregor, A. J.
+       _q (Anthony James)
+700 10 _a Pearson, Murray William.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/17.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s219.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s219.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s219.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">219</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 20).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Z (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Henson, Martin C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">New foundations for Z / by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s219</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s219.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00993cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     333851
+008           s1998    nz       b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98035385 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10772602
+035    _9 ABO-3461
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 0  _a 005.133
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 98/6
+100 1  _a Henson, Martin C.
+245 10 _a New foundations for Z /
+       _c by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a 20 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/6
+500    _a &quot;March 1998.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 20).
+650  0 _a Z (Computer program language)
+700 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/6.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s22.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s22.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s22.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McNab, Rodger J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Smith, Lloyd A. (Lloyd Allan)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Music Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Music libraries Databases.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital electronics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bainbridge, David I.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Melody based tune retrieval over the World Wide Web / by David Bainbridge, Rodger J. McNab and Lloyd Smith.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s22.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01115cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     344090
+005     20031028105039.0
+008           s1998    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn99000613 
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11120213
+035    _9 ABP-6777
+040    _a CU
+       _c CU
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/17
+100 1  _a Bainbridge, David I.
+245 10 _a Melody based tune retrieval over the World Wide Web /
+       _c by David Bainbridge, Rodger J. McNab and Lloyd
+ Smith.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a [9] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/17
+500    _a &quot;November 1998.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Music
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Computer music.
+650  0 _a Music libraries
+       _v Databases.
+650  0 _a Digital electronics.
+700 1  _a McNab, Rodger J.
+700 1  _a Smith, Lloyd A.
+       _q (Lloyd Allan)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/17.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s220.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s220.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s220.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">220</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26-28).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">English language Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Linguistic models Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Lexicology Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computational linguistics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;December 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Teahan, William John.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Adaptive models of English text / by W.J. Teahan and John G. Cleary.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s220</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s220.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01109cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     329915
+008           s1997    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98010435 
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10622749
+035    _9 ABN-7978
+040    _a CUMB
+       _c CUMB
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 97/30
+100 1  _a Teahan, William John.
+245 10 _a Adaptive models of English text /
+       _c by W.J. Teahan and John G. Cleary.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 28 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/30
+500    _a &quot;December 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26-28).
+650  0 _a English language
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Linguistic models
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Lexicology
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Computational linguistics.
+650  0 _a Data compression (Computer science)
+700 1  _a Cleary, John G.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/30.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s221.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s221.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s221.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">221</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Teahan, William John.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">English language Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Lexicology Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computational linguistics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Correcting English text using PPM models / by W.J. Teahan ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s221</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s221.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01080cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     329824
+008           s1997    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98013643 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10586188
+035    _9 ABN-7859
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CUMB
+082 0  _a 006.424
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 97/26
+245 00 _a Correcting English text using PPM models /
+       _c by W.J. Teahan ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 10 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/26
+500    _a CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.
+500    _a &quot;November 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).
+650  0 _a English language
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Lexicology
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Computational linguistics.
+700 1  _a Teahan, William John.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 27/26.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s222.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s222.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s222.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">222</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 9-10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Inglis, Stuart.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Image compression.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Musical notation Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Score reading and playing Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bainbridge, David I.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Musical image compression / by David Bainbridge and Stuart Inglis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s222</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s222.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01036cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     329912
+005     20031028105702.0
+008           s1997    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98005311 
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10586243
+035    _9 ABN-7975
+040    _a CUMB
+       _c CUMB
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 97/25
+100 1  _a Bainbridge, David I.
+245 10 _a Musical image compression /
+       _c by David Bainbridge and Stuart Inglis.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997
+300    _a 10 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/25
+500    _a &quot;November 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 9-10).
+650  0 _a Image compression.
+650  0 _a Musical notation
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Score reading and playing
+       _x Data processing.
+700 1  _a Inglis, Stuart.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/25.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s223.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s223.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s223.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">223</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">English language Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Lexicology Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Teahan, William John.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Tag based models of English text / by W.J. Teahan and John G. Cleary.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s223</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s223.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01010cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     329910
+008           s1997    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98005848 
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10586253
+035    _9 ABN-7973
+040    _a CUMB
+       _c CUMB
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 97/24
+100 1  _a Teahan, William John.
+245 10 _a Tag based models of English text /
+       _c by W.J. Teahan and John G. Cleary.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 10 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/24
+500    _a &quot;November 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).
+650  0 _a Data compression (Computer science)
+650  0 _a English language
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Lexicology
+       _x Data processing.
+700 1  _a Cleary, John G.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/24.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s224.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s224.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s224.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">224</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Smith, Tony C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Lexicology Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Peeters, Ross.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Fast convergence with a greedy tag-phrase dictionary / by Ross Peeters and Tony C. Smith.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s224</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s224.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00971cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     329909
+008           s1997    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98005270 
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10586266
+035    _9 ABN-7972
+040    _a CUMB
+       _c CUMB
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 97/23
+100 1  _a Peeters, Ross.
+245 10 _a Fast convergence with a greedy tag-phrase dictionary /
+       _c by Ross Peeters and Tony C. Smith.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 10 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/23
+500    _a &quot;November 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).
+650  0 _a Data compression (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Lexicology
+       _x Data processing.
+700 1  _a Smith, Tony C.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/23.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s225.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s225.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s225.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ting, Kai Ming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Inducing cost-sensitive trees via instance-weighting / by Kai Ming Ting.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s225.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00988cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     325886
+008           s1997    nz       b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98000758 
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10515651
+       _z (nzNZBN)10522385
+       _z (nzNZBN)10579611
+035    _9 ABN-2634
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c PU
+082 0  _a 006.31
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 97/22
+100 1  _a Ting, Kai Ming.
+245 10 _a Inducing cost-sensitive trees via instance-weighting /
+       _c by Kai Ming Ting.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 16 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/22
+500    _a &quot;September 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16).
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Decision trees.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/22.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s226.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s226.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s226.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">226</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 16-27).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information retrieval.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Library use studies.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Turner, Kristine.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Information seeking, retrieving, reading and storing behaviour of library users / by Kristine Turner.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s226</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s226.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01024cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     333850
+008           s1997    nz       b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98035229 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10772601
+035    _9 ABO-3460
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 0  _a 025.524
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 97/15
+100 1  _a Turner, Kristine.
+245 10 _a Information seeking, retrieving, reading and storing
+ behaviour of library users /
+       _c by Kristine Turner.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 28 p. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/15
+500    _a &quot;June 1997.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 16-27).
+650  0 _a Information retrieval.
+650  0 _a Library use studies.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/15.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s227.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s227.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s227.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">227</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 10-12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Integrated software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information resources management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Coordinating collaborative work in an integrated information systems engineering environment / by John C. Grundy ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s227</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215110</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s227.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00953cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     294920
+010    _o zbn96-41681
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9555704
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABI-5067
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 96/5
+245 00 _a Coordinating collaborative work in an integrated
+ information systems engineering environment /
+       _c by John C. Grundy ... [et al.].
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 12 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/5
+500    _a &quot;March 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 10-12).
+650  0 _a Integrated software.
+650  0 _a Information resources management.
+700 1  _a Grundy, John C.
+       _q (John Collis)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/5.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s228.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s228.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s228.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">228</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;7-8&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Metadata.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Cataloging of databases.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning Research.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Dataset cataloging metadata for machine learning applications and research / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s228</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s228.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00984cam  2200253   4500
+001     307800
+010    _o zbn96-123956
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9943914
+008                                             
+035    _9 ABK-5761
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 96/26
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 10 _a Dataset cataloging metadata for machine learning
+ applications and research /
+       _c by Sally Jo Cunningham.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Department of Computer Science, University of
+ Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a [8] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/26
+500    _a &quot;November 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [7-8]).
+650  0 _a Metadata.
+650  0 _a Cataloging of databases.
+650  0 _a Database management.
+650  0 _a Machine learning
+       _x Research.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/26.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s229.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s229.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s229.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">229</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 14)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic spreadsheets Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Programming languages (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Character-less programming II : the spreadsheet / by by Robert H. Barbour.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s229</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s229.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00962cam  2200241 a 4500
+001     287113
+010    _o zbn95-116060
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9420915
+008           s1995    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABH-3194
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 95/30
+100 10 _a Barbour, Robert H.
+245 00 _a Character-less programming II :
+       _b the spreadsheet /
+       _c by by Robert H. Barbour.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a 14 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/30
+500    _a &quot;November 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 14)
+650  0 _a Electronic spreadsheets
+       _x Computer programs.
+650  0 _a Computer programming.
+650  0 _a Programming languages (Electronic computers)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/30
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s23.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s23.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s23.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">23</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Hypertext systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Link as you type : using key phrases for automated dynamic link generation / Steve Jones.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s23</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s23.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00934cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     344010
+008           s1998    nz a     b    00010 eng d
+010    _o zbn98089472 
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11047949
+035    _9 ABP-6656
+040    _a DUS
+       _c DUS
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/16
+100 1  _a Jones, Steve,
+       _d 1966-
+245 10 _a Link as you type :
+       _b using key phrases for automated dynamic link
+ generation /
+       _c Steve Jones.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1998.
+300    _a [9] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper ;
+       _v 98/16
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;September 1998.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Hypertext systems.
+650  0 _a Database searching.
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/16.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s230.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s230.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s230.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">230</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 18-19).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hosking, J. G. (John G.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Mugridge, Warwick B.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer architecture.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">System design.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;January 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Supporting flexible consistency management via discrete change description propagation / by John C. Grundy, John G. Hosking and Warwick B. Mugridge.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s230</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s230.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01111cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     296268
+010    _o zbn96-37307
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8902948
+008           s1995    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABI-7697
+100 10 _a Grundy, John C.
+       _q (John Collis).
+245 10 _a Supporting flexible consistency management via discrete
+ change description propagation /
+       _c by John C. Grundy, John G. Hosking and Warwick B.
+ Mugridge.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c University of Waikato,
+       _d 1995.
+300    _a 19 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/2
+500    _a &quot;January 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 18-19).
+650  0 _a Database management.
+650  0 _a Computer architecture.
+650  0 _a Computer software.
+650  0 _a System design.
+700 1  _a Hosking, J. G.
+       _q (John G.)
+700 10 _a Mugridge, Warwick B.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/2
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 95/2
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s231.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s231.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s231.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">231</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Bibliography: leaf 5.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Least squares.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1955.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Feature selection via the discovery of simple classification rules / by G. Holmes &amp; C.G. Nevill-Manning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s231</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s231.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00940cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     275516
+005     20041014034124.0
+010    _o zbn95-63791
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9093777
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABF-7444
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 95/10
+100 10 _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+245 10 _a Feature selection via the discovery of simple
+ classification rules /
+       _c by G. Holmes &amp; C.G. Nevill-Manning.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a 5 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/10
+500    _a &quot;April 1955.&quot;
+504    _a Bibliography: leaf 5.
+650  0 _a Regression analysis.
+650  0 _a Least squares.
+700 2  _a Nevill-Manning, Craig G.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/10.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s232.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s232.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s232.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">232</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic digital computers Programming Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Proceedings of the first New Zealand Formal Program Development Colloquium / edited by Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">New Zealand Formal Program Development Colloquium (1st : 1994 : University of Waikato)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s232</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s232.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01070cam  2200241 a 4500
+001     279753
+010    _o zbn95-70849
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8825062
+008           s1994    n  a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABG-2630
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no. 94/18
+111 20 _a New Zealand Formal Program Development Colloquium
+       _n (1st :
+       _d 1994 :
+       _c University of Waikato)
+245 10 _a Proceedings of the first New Zealand Formal Program
+ Development Colloquium /
+       _c edited by Steve Reeves.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1994.
+300    _a ii, 126 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 94/18
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development
+       _v Congresses.
+650  0 _a Electronic digital computers
+       _x Programming
+       _v Congresses.
+700 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+246    _a Formal program development.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 94/18.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s233.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s233.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s233.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">233</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;10-11&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Pfahringer, Bernhard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Kirkby, Richard (Richard Brendon)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database management.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September 2003.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Mining data streams using option trees / Geoffrey Holmes, Bernhard Pfahringer and Richard Kirkby.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s233</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s233.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01120cam  2200301 a 450Q
+001     478897
+005     20041014034135.0
+008     030926s2003    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 7977372
+035    _a (NLNZils)897523
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c DU
+       _d NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no. 2003/08
+082 04 _a 005.741
+       _2 21
+100 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+245 10 _a Mining data streams using option trees /
+       _c Geoffrey Holmes, Bernhard Pfahringer and Richard
+ Kirkby.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2003.
+300    _a [11] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 08/03
+500    _a &quot;September 2003.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [10-11]).
+650  0 _a Data mining.
+650  0 _a Algorithms.
+650  0 _a Database management.
+700 1  _a Pfahringer, Bernhard.
+700 1  _a Kirkby, Richard
+       _q (Richard Brendon)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 03/08.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s234.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s234.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s234.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">234</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c2003.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 22-24).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jones, Matt, 1968-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Deo, Shaleen J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Keyword searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic information resource searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic records.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September 2003.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Relation">Also available in an electronic ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Using keyphrases as search result surrogates on small screen devices / Steve Jones, Matt Jones and Shaleen Deo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~mattj/KeyphraseSurrogatesWPAPER.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s234</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s234.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01281cam  2200325 a 450Q
+001     478896
+005     20031008105617.0
+008     030926s2003    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a 7977363
+035    _a (NLNZils)897516
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c DU
+       _d NZNB
+050 14 _a QA75.5
+       _b .W926 no. 2003/07
+082 04 _a 025.04
+       _2 21
+100 1  _a Jones, Steve,
+       _d 1966-
+245 10 _a Using keyphrases as search result surrogates on small
+ screen devices /
+       _c Steve Jones, Matt Jones and Shaleen Deo.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c2003.
+300    _a 33 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 07/03
+500    _a &quot;September 2003.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 22-24).
+530    _a Also available in an electronic ed.
+650  0 _a Keyword searching.
+650  0 _a Electronic information resource searching.
+650  0 _a Electronic records.
+700 1  _a Jones, Matt,
+       _d 1968-
+700 1  _a Deo, Shaleen J.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 03/07.
+856 41 _u
+ http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~mattj/KeyphraseSurrogatesWPAPER.pdf
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s24.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 16-17).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Trigg, Leonard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Bayesian statistical decision theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Trees (Graph theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">spiral binding</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Naive Bayes for regression / by Eibe Frank ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s24.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01137cam  2200325 a 4500
+001     344011
+005     20041014034145.0
+008           s1998    nz       b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98102698 
+020    _a spiral binding
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11060416
+035    _9 ABP-6657
+040    _a CU
+       _c CU
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/15
+245 00 _a Naive Bayes for regression /
+       _c by Eibe Frank ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a 17 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/15
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;October 1998.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 16-17).
+650  0 _a Bayesian statistical decision theory.
+650  0 _a Regression analysis.
+650  0 _a Trees (Graph theory)
+700 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+700 1  _a Trigg, Leonard.
+700 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/15.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s25.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s25.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s25.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 15)..</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Automated tellers Measurement Computer programs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Automated tellers New Zealand Statistics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic funds transfers New Zealand Statistics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Telecom Corporation of New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 22, 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Measuring ATM traffic : final report for New Zealand Telecom / J. Cleary ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215095</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s25.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01400cam  2200349 a 4500
+001     344012
+008           s1998    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98102894 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11076787
+035    _9 ABP-6658
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c DUS
+043    _a u-nz---
+082 0  _a 004.66
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/14
+245 00 _a Measuring ATM traffic :
+       _b final report for New Zealand Telecom /
+       _c J. Cleary ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a 15 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/14
+500    _a CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.
+500    _a &quot;October 22, 1998.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;October 1998.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 15)..
+650  0 _a Automated tellers
+       _x Measurement
+       _x Computer programs
+650  0 _a Automated tellers
+       _z New Zealand
+       _v Statistics.
+650  0 _a Electronic funds transfers
+       _z New Zealand
+       _v Statistics.
+700 1  _a Cleary, John G.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+710 2  _a Telecom Corporation of New Zealand.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/14.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v no.98/14.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s26.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s26.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s26.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McNab, Rodger J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital libraries.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital libraries New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Online bibliographic searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">An analysis of usage of a digital library / by Steve Jones, Sally Jo Cunningham and Rodger McNab.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s26.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01217cam  2200337 a 4500
+001     339443
+008           s1998    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98055627 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10859564
+035    _9 ABP-0977
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CUMB
+043    _a u-nz---
+082 0  _a 025.04
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/13
+100 1  _a Jones, Steve,
+       _d 1966-
+245 13 _a An analysis of usage of a digital library /
+       _c by Steve Jones, Sally Jo Cunningham and Rodger
+ McNab.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a [12] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/13
+500    _a &quot;June 1998.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Digital libraries.
+650  0 _a Digital libraries
+       _z New Zealand.
+650  0 _a Online bibliographic searching.
+650  0 _a Database searching.
+700 1  _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+700 1  _a McNab, Rodger J.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/13.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s27.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s27.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s27.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer-aided software engineering Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Systems engineering Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 8-9, Pisa, Italy&quot;--Added t.p.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Proceedings of CBISE'98 : CAiSEÂ®98 Workshop on Component Based Information Systems Engineering / edited by John Grundy.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">CBISE'98 (1998 : Pisa, Italy)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s27.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01201cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     350121
+008           s1998    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98061052 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10877827
+035    _9 ABQ-5059
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 0  _a 005.1
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/12
+111 2  _a CBISE'98
+       _d (1998 :
+       _c Pisa, Italy)
+245 10 _a Proceedings of CBISE'98 :
+       _b CAiSEÂ®98 Workshop on Component Based Information
+ Systems Engineering /
+       _c edited by John Grundy.
+246 10 _a CAiSE*98 Workshop on Component Based Information Systems
+ Engineering
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a 107 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/12
+500    _a &quot;June 8-9, Pisa, Italy&quot;--Added t.p.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Computer-aided software engineering
+       _v Congresses.
+650  0 _a Systems engineering
+       _v Congresses.
+700 1  _a Grundy, John C.
+       _q (John Collis)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/12.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s28.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s28.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s28.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">28</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Entropy (Information theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on standing order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Trigg, Leonard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">An entropy gain measure of numeric prediction performance / by Leonard Trigg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s28</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s28.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01015cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     339440
+008           s1998    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98055686 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10853127
+035    _9 ABP-0974
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CUMB
+082 0  _a 006.31
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/11
+100 1  _a Trigg, Leonard.
+245 13 _a An entropy gain measure of numeric prediction performance
+ /
+       _c by Leonard Trigg.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a 11 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/11
+500    _a &quot;May 1998.&quot;
+500    _a Received on standing order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Entropy (Information theory)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/11.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s29.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s29.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s29.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Trigg, Leonard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Bayesian statistical decision theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Experiences with a weighted decision tree learner / by John G. Cleary and Leonard E. Trigg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s29.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01127cam  2200313 a 4500
+001     339441
+008           s1998    nz       b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98055669 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10853134
+035    _9 ABP-0975
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CUMB
+082 0  _a 006.31
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/10
+100 1  _a Cleary, John G.
+245 10 _a Experiences with a weighted decision tree learner /
+       _c by John G. Cleary and Leonard E. Trigg.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a 15 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/10
+500    _a &quot;May 1998.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15).
+650  0 _a Decision trees.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Algorithms.
+650  0 _a Bayesian statistical decision theory.
+700 1  _a Trigg, Leonard.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/10.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s30.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s30.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s30.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database searching Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algebra, Boolean Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Venn diagrams Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">VQuery : a graphical user interface for Boolean query specification and dynamic result preview / by Steve Jones.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s30.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01138cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     333895
+008           s1998    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98026980 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10736737
+035    _9 ABO-3535
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c DU
+082 0  _a 025.04
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/03
+100 1  _a Jones, Steve,
+       _d 1966-
+245 10 _a VQuery :
+       _b a graphical user interface for Boolean query
+ specification and dynamic result preview /
+       _c by Steve Jones.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a [9] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 98/3
+500    _a &quot;March 1998.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Database searching
+       _x Computer programs.
+650  0 _a Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems)
+650  0 _a Algebra, Boolean
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Venn diagrams
+       _x Data processing.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/3.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s31.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s31.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s31.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">January 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Generating accurate rule sets without global optimization / by Eibe Frank and Ian Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s31.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01073cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     333893
+005     20031029034047.0
+008           s1998    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98014647 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10686244
+035    _9 ABO-3533
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 0  _a 006.31
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/02
+100 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+245 10 _a Generating accurate rule sets without global optimization
+ /
+       _c by Eibe Frank and Ian Witten.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a 15 leaves :
+       _b ill ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 2/98
+500    _a January 1998.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15).
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Decision trees.
+650  0 _a Computer algorithms.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/2.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s32.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s32.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s32.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">32</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Zheng, Zijian.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;January 1998.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ting, Kai Ming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Boosting trees for cost-sensitive classifications / by Kai Ming Ting and Zijian Zheng.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s32</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s32.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00986cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     333892
+008           s1998    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98014680 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10671368
+035    _9 ABO-3532
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 0  _a 006.31
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.98/01
+100 1  _a Ting, Kai Ming.
+245 10 _a Boosting trees for cost-sensitive classifications /
+       _c by Kai Ming Ting and Zijian Zheng.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a [14] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 1/98
+500    _a &quot;January 1998.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Decision trees.
+700 1  _a Zheng, Zijian.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 98/1.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s33.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s33.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s33.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">33</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 19-20).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ting, Kai Ming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Stacking bagged and dagged models / by Kai Ming Ting and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s33</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s33.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00939cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     314461
+005     20031029034052.0
+010    _o zbn97-31508
+008           s1997    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10187466
+035    _9 ABL-6892
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/9
+100 10 _a Ting, Kai Ming.
+245 10 _a Stacking bagged and dagged models /
+       _c by Kai Ming Ting and Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 20 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/9
+500    _a &quot;March 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 19-20).
+650  0 _a Machine theory.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/9.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s34.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s34.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s34.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">34</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McNab, Rodger J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Sight-singing Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Music Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Smith, Lloyd A. (Lloyd Allan)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A sight-singing tutor / by Lloyd A. Smith and Rodger J. McNab.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s34</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s34.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00944cam  2200241 a 4500
+001     314462
+010    _o zbn97-25807
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10187470
+008           s1997    nz ag    b          eng d
+035    _9 ABL-6893
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/8
+100  0 _a Smith, Lloyd A.
+       _q (Lloyd Allan)
+245 12 _a A sight-singing tutor /
+       _c by Lloyd A. Smith and Rodger J. McNab.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 21 leaves :
+       _b ill., music ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/8
+500    _a &quot;March 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-16).
+650  0 _a Sight-singing
+       _x Computer-assisted instruction.
+650  0 _a Music
+       _x Data processing.
+700 1  _a McNab, Rodger J.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/8.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s35.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;4-5&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Smith, Tony C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer science Study and teaching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Computer concepts without computers : a first course in computer science / by Geoffrey Holmes, Tony C. Smith and William J. Rogers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s35.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01027cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     313913
+005     20041014034138.0
+010    _o zbn97-32448
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10162757
+008           s1997    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABL-5745
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/7
+100 10 _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+245 10 _a Computer concepts without computers :
+       _b a first course in computer science /
+       _c by Geoffrey Holmes, Tony C. Smith and William J.
+ Rogers.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a [5] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/7
+500    _a &quot;February 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [4-5]).
+650  0 _a Computer science
+       _x Study and teaching.
+700 1  _a Smith, Tony C.
+700 1  _a Rogers, William J.
+       _q (William John)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/7.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s36.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s36.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s36.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">36</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Littin, James N.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Applications of machine learning in information retrieval / by Sally Jo Cunningham, James Littin and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s36</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s36.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01014cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     313826
+005     20031029034053.0
+010    _o zbn97-23538
+008           s1997    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10158151
+035    _9 ABL-5568
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/6
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 10 _a Applications of machine learning in information retrieval
+ /
+       _c by Sally Jo Cunningham, James Littin and Ian H.
+ Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 48 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/6
+500    _a &quot;February 1997.&quot;
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Information storage and retrieval systems.
+700 1  _a Littin, James N.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/6.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s37.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s37.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s37.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-36)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Visualization Technique.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer graphics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Humphrey, Matthew C. (Matthew Cameron)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A graphical notation for the design of information visualisations / by Matthew C. Humphrey.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s37.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00843cam  2200217 a 4500
+001     313346
+010    _o zbn97-29570
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10121656
+008           s1997    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABL-4722
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/5
+100 10 _a Humphrey, Matthew C.
+       _q (Matthew Cameron)
+245 12 _a A graphical notation for the design of information
+ visualisations /
+       _c by Matthew C. Humphrey.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1997.
+300    _a 36 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/5
+500    _a &quot;February 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-36)
+650  0 _a Visualization
+       _x Technique.
+650  0 _a Computer graphics.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/5.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s38.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s38.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s38.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">38</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1997&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Paynter, Gordon W.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Online bibliographic searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Online information services.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital libraries.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;January 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Browsing in digital libraries : a phrase-based approach / by Craig Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, Gordon W. Paynter.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s38</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s38.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01114cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     313468
+005     20031029034053.0
+010    _o zbn97-13855
+008           s1997    nz       n          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10103065
+035    _9 ABL-4988
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/4
+100 20 _a Nevill-Manning, Craig G.
+245 10 _a Browsing in digital libraries :
+       _b a phrase-based approach /
+       _c by Craig Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, Gordon W.
+ Paynter.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c [1997]
+300    _a 10 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/4
+500    _a &quot;January 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 10).
+650  0 _a Online bibliographic searching.
+650  0 _a Online information services.
+650  0 _a Digital libraries.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+700 1  _a Paynter, Gordon W.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/4.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s39.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s39.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s39.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">39</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 17-18).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McInnes, Shona.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database searching Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algebra, Boolean Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Venn diagrams Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;December 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A graphical user interface for Boolean query specification / by Steve Jones and Shona McInnes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s39</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s39.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01172cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     329916
+008           s1997    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98018273 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10625217
+035    _9 ABN-7979
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c CUMB
+082 0  _a 025.04
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/31
+100 1  _a Jones, Steve,
+       _d 1966-
+245 12 _a A graphical user interface for Boolean query
+ specification /
+       _c by Steve Jones and Shona McInnes.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 18 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/31
+500    _a &quot;December 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 17-18).
+650  0 _a Database searching
+       _x Computer programs.
+650  0 _a Graphical user interfaces (Computer systems)
+650  0 _a Algebra, Boolean
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Venn diagrams
+       _x Data processing.
+700 1  _a McInnes, Shona.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/31.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Baker, Jay.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Fletcher, Dale.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text editors (Computer programs)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Facilitating multiple copy/paste operations / by Mark Apperley ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215094</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01143cam  2200325 a 4500
+001     350730
+008     990614s1999    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 4953845
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11328114
+035    _a zbn99042631
+035    _a zbn99039043
+035    _9 ABQ-6063
+037    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 04 _a 652.5
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/6
+245 00 _a Facilitating multiple copy/paste operations /
+       _c by Mark Apperley ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1999.
+300    _a 8 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/6
+500    _a &quot;May 1999.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).
+650  0 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Text editors (Computer programs)
+700 1  _a Apperley, Mark D.
+700 10 _a Baker, Jay.
+700 10 _a Fletcher, Dale.
+700  0 _a Rogers, William J.
+       _q (William John)
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/6.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s40.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s40.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s40.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">40</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 18-20).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Combinatorial analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Neural networks (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;January 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ting, Kai Ming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Stacked generalization : when does it work? / by Kai Ming Ting and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s40</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s40.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00998cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     313467
+005     20031029034054.0
+010    _o zbn97-38311
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10103051
+008           s1997    bz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABL-4987
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/3
+100 10 _a Ting, Kai Ming.
+245 10 _a Stacked generalization :
+       _b when does it work? /
+       _c by Kai Ming Ting and Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 20 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/3
+500    _a &quot;January 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 18-20).
+650  0 _a Combinatorial analysis.
+650  0 _a Neural networks (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Algorithms.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/3.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s41.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">41</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Phillips, Chris,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McKauge, Janis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Human-computer interaction Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">OZCHI '96 Industry Session : Sixth Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction / edited by Chris Phillips &amp; Janis McKauge.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">OZCHI '96. Industry Session (6th : 1996 : Hamilton, N.Z.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s41</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s41.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01182cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     330488
+008           s1997    nz a     b    10000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98009561 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10650723
+035    _9 ABN-8739
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+082 0  _a 004.019
+       _2 21
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/29
+111 2  _a OZCHI '96.
+       _e Industry Session
+       _n (6th :
+       _d 1996 :
+       _c Hamilton, N.Z.)
+245 10 _a OZCHI '96 Industry Session :
+       _b Sixth Australian Conference on Human-Computer
+ Interaction /
+       _c edited by Chris Phillips &amp; Janis McKauge.
+246 30 _a Sixth Australian Conference on Human-Computer
+ Interaction
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a iii, 18 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/29
+500    _a &quot;November 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Human-computer interaction
+       _v Congresses.
+700 1  _a Phillips, Chris,
+700 1  _a McKauge, Janis.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/29.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s42.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s42.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s42.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">42</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Memory management (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Litten, Richard Henry.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Effects of re-ordered memory operations on parallelism / by Richard H. Litten &amp; John G. Cleary.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s42</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s42.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01005cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     329914
+008           s1997    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98010873 
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10606749
+035    _9 ABN-7977
+040    _a CUMB
+       _c CUMB
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/28
+100 1  _a Litten, Richard Henry.
+245 10 _a Effects of re-ordered memory operations on parallelism /
+       _c by Richard H. Litten &amp; John G. Cleary.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 13 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/28
+500    _a &quot;November 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).
+650  0 _a Parallel processing (Electronic computers)
+650  0 _a Memory management (Computer science)
+700 1  _a Cleary, John G.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/28.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s43.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s43.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s43.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Parallel processing (Electronic computers)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Memory management (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer architecture.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Constraints on parallelism beyond 10 instructions per cycle / by John G. Cleary ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215096</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s43.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00998cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     329913
+008           s1997    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn98010887 
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10616706
+035    _9 ABN-7976
+040    _a CUMB
+       _c CUMB
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/27
+245 00 _a Constraints on parallelism beyond 10 instructions per
+ cycle /
+       _c by John G. Cleary ... [et al.].
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 15 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/27
+500    _a &quot;November 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 15).
+650  0 _a Parallel processing (Electronic computers)
+650  0 _a Memory management (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Computer architecture.
+700 1  _a Cleary, John G.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/27.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s44.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s44.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s44.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">44</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Application software Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Human factors Malaysia.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Yeo, Alvin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Usability testing : a Malaysian study / by Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour &amp; Mark Apperley.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s44</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s44.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00923cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     325887
+010    _o zbn97-112493
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10514049
+008           s1997    nz       b          eng d
+035    _9 ABN-2635
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/21
+100 10 _a Yeo, Alvin.
+245 10 _a Usability testing :
+       _b a Malaysian study /
+       _c by Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour &amp; Mark Apperley.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 1 v. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/21
+500    _a &quot;September 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Application software
+       _x Evaluation.
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Human factors
+       _z Malaysia.
+700 1  _a Barbour, Robert H.
+700 1  _a Apperley, Mark D.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/13.
+043    _a a-my---
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s45.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s45.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s45.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;7-8&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Software localization.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Yeo, Alvin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Language use in software / by Alvin Yeo and Robert Barbour.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s45.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00943cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     324490
+010    _o zbn97-80559
+008           s1997    nz       b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10433317
+035    _9 ABN-0743
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/20
+100 10 _a Yeo, Alvin.
+245 10 _a Language use in software /
+       _c by Alvin Yeo and Robert Barbour.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a [8] leaves :
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/20
+500    _a &quot;July 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [7-8]).
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development.
+650  0 _a Software localization.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+700 1  _a Barbour, Robert H.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/20.
+043    _a am-----
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f pbk.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s46.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s46.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s46.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">46</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 11-12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">World Wide Web.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Human-computer interaction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;January 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cockburn, Andy.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Design issues for World Wide Web navigation visualisation tools / by Andy Cockburn and Steve Jones.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s46</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s46.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00931cam  2200241 a 4500
+001     313465
+010    _o zbn97-32451
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10103045
+008           s1997    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABL-4985
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/2
+100 10 _a Cockburn, Andy.
+245 10 _a Design issues for World Wide Web navigation visualisation
+ tools /
+       _c by Andy Cockburn and Steve Jones.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 16 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 92/2
+500    _a &quot;January 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 11-12).
+650  0 _a World Wide Web.
+650  0 _a Human-computer interaction.
+700 1  _a Jones, Steve,
+       _d 1966-
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/2.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s47.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;16-17&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Yeo, Alvin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">User interfaces (Computer systems)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Software localization.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Strategies of internationalisation and localisation : a postmodernist's perspective / by Robert Barbour and Alvin Yeo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s47.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01035cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     324489
+010    _o zbn97-88481
+008           s1997    nz       b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10433323
+035    _9 ABN-0742
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/19
+100 10 _a Barbour, Robert H.
+245 10 _a Strategies of internationalisation and localisation :
+       _b a postmodernist's perspective /
+       _c by Robert Barbour and Alvin Yeo.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a [19] leaves :
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X :
+       _v 97/19
+500    _a &quot;July 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [16-17]).
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development.
+650  0 _a User interfaces (Computer systems)
+650  0 _a Software localization.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+700 1  _a Yeo, Alvin.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/19.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (pbk.)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s48.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s48.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s48.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;7&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Software localization.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic spreadsheets Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Yeo, Alvin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Localising a spreadsheet : an Iban example / by Alvin Yeo and Robert Barbour.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s48.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01004cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     324488
+010    _o zbn97-88526
+008           s1997    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10433327
+035    _9 ABN-0741
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/18
+100 10 _a Yeo, Alvin.
+245 10 _a Localising a spreadsheet :
+       _b an Iban example /
+       _c by Alvin Yeo and Robert Barbour.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a [9] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/18
+500    _a &quot;July 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [7]).
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development.
+650  0 _a Software localization.
+650  0 _a Electronic spreadsheets
+       _x Computer programs.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+700 1  _a Barbour, Robert H.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/18.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (pbk.)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s49.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s49.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s49.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;14&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Yeo, Alvin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Software localization Pacific Area.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic spreadsheets Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Internationalising a spreadsheet for Pacific Basin languages / by Robert Barbour and Alvin Yeo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s49.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01053cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     324487
+010    _o zbn97-88417
+008           s1997    nz       b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10433342
+035    _9 ABN-0740
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/17
+100 10 _a Barbour, Robert H.
+245 10 _a Internationalising a spreadsheet for Pacific Basin
+ languages /
+       _c by Robert Barbour and Alvin Yeo.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a [19] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/17
+500    _a &quot;July 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [14]).
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development.
+650  0 _a Software localization
+       _z Pacific Area.
+650  0 _a Electronic spreadsheets
+       _x Computer programs.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+700 1  _a Yeo, Alvin.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/17.
+043    _a p------
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (pbk.)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hodge, Stephen Brett.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Chester, Michael (Michael Eric)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Trees (Graph theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data structures (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Graph theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">eng</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Browsing tree structures/ by Mark Apperley...&amp;#091;et.al.&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215094</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01035cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     350649
+008           s1999    nz       b    00010 eng d
+010    _o zbn99041712 
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11328115
+035    _9 ABQ-5902
+040    _a WU
+       _c WU
+041 0  _a eng
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/5
+100 1  _a Apperley, Mark D.
+245 10 _a Browsing tree structures/
+       _c by Mark Apperley...[et.al.]
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1999.
+300    _a 14 p. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/5
+500    _a &quot;May 1999.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Trees (Graph theory)
+650  0 _a Data structures (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Graph theory.
+700 10 _a Hodge, Stephen Brett.
+700 10 _a Chester, Michael
+       _q (Michael Eric)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/5.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s50.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s50.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s50.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">50</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rauterberg, Matthias.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Oestreicher, Lars.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Teams in the workplace Data processing Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Human-computer interaction Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Proceedings of the INTERACT97 combined workshop on CSCW in HCI-worldwide / &amp;#091;edited&amp;#093; by Matthias Rauterberg, Lars Oestreicher &amp; John Grundy.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">INTERACT97 Combined Workshop on CSCW in HCI-worldwide (1997 : Sydney, N.S.W.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s50</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s50.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01155cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     322098
+010    _o zbn97-76049
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10421632
+008           s1997    nz a     b    x     eng d
+035    _9 ABM-7347
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/16
+111 20 _a INTERACT97 Combined Workshop on CSCW in HCI-worldwide
+       _d (1997 :
+       _c Sydney, N.S.W.)
+245 10 _a Proceedings of the INTERACT97 combined workshop on CSCW
+ in HCI-worldwide /
+       _c [edited] by Matthias Rauterberg, Lars Oestreicher &amp;
+ John Grundy.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1997.
+300    _a 42 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/16
+500    _a &quot;July 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Teams in the workplace
+       _x Data processing
+       _v Congresses.
+650  0 _a Human-computer interaction
+       _v Congresses.
+700 1  _a Rauterberg, Matthias.
+700 1  _a Oestreicher, Lars.
+700 1  _a Grundy, John C.
+       _q (John Collis)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/16.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s51.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s51.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s51.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 24-27).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Low, Boon Toh.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine theory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Combinatorial analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;May 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ting, Kai Ming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Learning from batched data : model combination vs data combination / by Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low &amp; Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s51.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01091cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     320911
+005     20031029034050.0
+010    _o zbn97-72640
+008           s1997    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10351374
+035    _9 ABM-5849
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/14
+100 10 _a Ting, Kai Ming.
+245 10 _a Learning from batched data :
+       _b model combination vs data combination /
+       _c by Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low &amp; Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 28 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/14
+500    _a &quot;May 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 24-27).
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Machine theory.
+650  0 _a Combinatorial analysis.
+700 1  _a Low, Boon Toh.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/14.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s52.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s52.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s52.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">52</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Discovering inter-attribute relationships / by Geoffrey Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s52</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s52.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00943cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     319040
+005     20041014034139.0
+010    _o zbn97-88852
+008           s1997    nz       b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10322067
+035    _9 ABM-3430
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/13
+100 10 _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+245 10 _a Discovering inter-attribute relationships /
+       _c by Geoffrey Holmes.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a [4] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/13
+500    _a CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.
+500    _a &quot;April 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Algorithms.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/13.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s53.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s53.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s53.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">53</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 11).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Trees (Graph theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Using model trees for classification / Eibe Frank .. &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s53</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s53.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00815cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     319042
+010    _o zbn97-58928
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10308204
+008           s1997    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABM-3432
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/12
+245 00 _a Using model trees for classification /
+       _c Eibe Frank .. [et al.].
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1997.
+300    _a 11 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/12
+500    _a &quot;April 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 11).
+650  0 _a Regression analysis.
+650  0 _a Trees (Graph theory)
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+700 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/12.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s54.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s54.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s54.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">54</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">World Wide Web Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Freezing rich fragments of the World Wide Web / by Geoffrey Holmes and William J. Rogers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s54</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s54.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00966cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     319043
+005     20041014034140.0
+010    _o zbn97-50438
+008           s1997    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10308206
+035    _9 ABM-3433
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/11
+100 10 _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+245 10 _a Freezing rich fragments of the World Wide Web /
+       _c by Geoffrey Holmes and William J. Rogers.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a 8 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/11
+500    _a &quot;April 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).
+650  0 _a World Wide Web
+       _x Computer programs.
+700 1  _a Rogers, William J.
+       _q (William John)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/11.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (pbk.)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s55.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s55.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s55.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reed, Todd.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">PostScript (Computer program language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Extracting text from PostScript / by Craig Nevill-Manning, Todd Reed and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s55.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01047cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     316684
+005     20031029034051.0
+010    _o zbn97-40179
+008           s1997    nz       b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10264432
+035    _9 ABM-0145
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/10
+100 20 _a Nevill-Manning, Craig G.
+245 10 _a Extracting text from PostScript /
+       _c by Craig Nevill-Manning, Todd Reed and Ian H.
+ Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1997.
+300    _a [16] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/10
+500    _a &quot;April 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a PostScript (Computer program language)
+650  0 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+700 1  _a Reed, Todd.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/10.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s56.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s56.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s56.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">56</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1997.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. &amp;#091;13-14&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Marsh, Steve.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Teams in the workplace Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Trust.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;January 1997.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Jones, Steve, 1966-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A dynamic and flexible representation of social relationships in CSCW / by Steve Jones and Steve Marsh.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s56</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s56.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00931cam  2200241 a 4500
+001     313464
+010    _o zbn97-32459
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10103042
+008           s1997    nz       b          eng d
+035    _9 ABL-4982
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.97/1
+100 10 _a Jones, Steve,
+       _d 1966-
+245 12 _a A dynamic and flexible representation of social
+ relationships in CSCW /
+       _c by Steve Jones and Steve Marsh.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1997.
+300    _a [14] p. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 97/1
+500    _a &quot;January 1997.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. [13-14]
+650  0 _a Teams in the workplace
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Trust.
+700 1  _a Marsh, Steve.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 97/1.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s57.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 42).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Authorship Collaboration Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Teams in the workplace Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Microcomputer workstations.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Notes : an experiment in CSCW /  by Mark Apperley ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s57.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00939cam  2200241 a 4500
+001     296337
+010    _o zbn96-62876
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9620985
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABI-7803
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/9
+245 10 _a Notes :
+       _b an experiment in CSCW / 
+       _c by Mark Apperley ... [et al.]
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 42 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/9
+500    _a &quot;April 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 42).
+650  0 _a Authorship
+       _x Collaboration
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Teams in the workplace
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Microcomputer workstations.
+700 1  _a Apperley, Mark D.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/9.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s58.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">58</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;12&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Intelligent tutoring systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Maulsby, David, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Learning agents : from user study to implementation / by David Maulsby, Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s58</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s58.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00968cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     296324
+005     20031029034027.0
+010    _o zbn96-47494
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9612363
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABI-7785
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/8.
+100 10 _a Maulsby, David,
+       _d 1957-
+245 10 _a Learning agents :
+       _b from user study to implementation /
+       _c by David Maulsby, Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a [12] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/8
+500    _a &quot;April 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [12]).
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Intelligent tutoring systems.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/8.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s59.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s59.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s59.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;9&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Treweek, Phillip.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer literacy Study and teaching (Higher) New Zealand Hamilton.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Grading and marking (Students) New Zealand Hamilton.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A non-linear, criterion-referenced grading scheme for a computer literacy course / by Bill Rogers, Phillip Treweek, Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s59.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01106cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     296321
+010    _o zbn96-47555
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9612360
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABI-7782
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/7
+100 10 _a Rogers, William J.
+       _q (William John)
+245 12 _a A non-linear, criterion-referenced grading scheme for a
+ computer literacy course /
+       _c by Bill Rogers, Phillip Treweek, Sally Jo
+ Cunningham.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a [9] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/7
+500    _a &quot;April 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [9]).
+650  0 _a Computer literacy
+       _x Study and teaching (Higher)
+       _z New Zealand
+       _z Hamilton.
+650  0 _a Grading and marking (Students)
+       _z New Zealand
+       _z Hamilton.
+700 1  _a Treweek, Phillip.
+700 1  _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/7.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine learning / by Mark A. Hall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215094</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s6.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00929cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     349545
+008           s1999    nz a     b    00010 eng d
+010    _o zbn99032612 
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11303627
+035    _9 ABQ-4211
+040    _a DUS
+       _c DUS
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/4
+100 1  _a Hall, Mark Andrew.
+245 10 _a Feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine
+ learning /
+       _c by Mark A. Hall.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1999.
+300    _a 16 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/4
+500    _a &quot;April 1999.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Algorithms.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/4.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s60.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s60.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s60.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">60</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 7).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Tsai, Jya-Jang.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Asynchronous transfer mode Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Broadband communication systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">At head of p. 1: In Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS'96).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Conservative parallel simulation of ATM networks / by John G. Cleary and Jya-Jang Tsai.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s60</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215097</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s60.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01033cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     296318
+010    _o zbn96-44534
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9569164
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABI-7777
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/6
+100 10 _a Cleary, John G.
+245 10 _a Conservative parallel simulation of ATM networks /
+       _c by John G. Cleary and Jya-Jang Tsai.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 9 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/6
+500    _a &quot;March 1996.&quot;
+500    _a At head of p. 1: In Parallel and Distributed Simulation
+ (PADS'96).
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 7).
+650  0 _a Asynchronous transfer mode
+       _x Computer simulation.
+650  0 _a Broadband communication systems.
+700 1  _a Tsai, Jya-Jang.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/6.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s61.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s61.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s61.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 18-19).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hosking, J. G. (John G.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data editing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Keeping free-edited textual and graphical views of information consistent / by John C. Grundy and John G. Hosking.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s61.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00925cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     294919
+010    _o zbn96-41716
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9555707
+008           s1996    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABI-5066
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/4
+100 10 _a Grundy, John C.
+       _q (John Collis)
+245 10 _a Keeping free-edited textual and graphical views of
+ information consistent /
+       _c by John C. Grundy and John G. Hosking.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 19 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/4
+500    _a &quot;March 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 18-19).
+650  0 _a Data editing.
+700 1  _a Hosking, J. G.
+       _q (John G.)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/4.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s62.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s62.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s62.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">62</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#093;1996&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 13-15).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Smith, Lloyd A. (Lloyd Allan)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer composition.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer sound processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Music Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Sight-singing Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Signal processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;December 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McNab, Rodger J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Melody transcription for interactive applications / by Rodger J. McNab &amp; Lloyd A. Smith.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s62</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s62.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01116cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     309932
+010    _o zbn97-10910
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10013566
+035    _9 ABK-9126
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/32
+100 10 _a McNab, Rodger J.
+245 10 _a Melody transcription for interactive applications /
+       _c by Rodger J. McNab &amp; Lloyd A. Smith.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c ]1996]
+300    _a 24 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96-32
+500    _a &quot;December 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 13-15).
+650  0 _a Computer composition.
+650  0 _a Computer sound processing.
+650  0 _a Music
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Sight-singing
+       _x Computer-assisted instruction.
+650  0 _a Signal processing.
+700 1  _a Smith, Lloyd A.
+       _q (Lloyd Allan)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/32.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (pbk.)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s63.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s63.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s63.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">63</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;December 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Selecting multiway splits in decision trees / by Eibe Frank, Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s63</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s63.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00900cam  2200241 a 4500
+001     309931
+005     20031029034054.0
+010    _o zbn97-36433
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10013595
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABK-9125
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/31
+100 10 _a Frank, Eibe.
+245 10 _a Selecting multiway splits in decision trees /
+       _c by Eibe Frank, Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 16 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/31
+500    _a &quot;December 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16).
+650  0 _a Decision trees.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/31.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s64.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer graphics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Visualization Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Napoleonic Wars, 1800-1815 Campaigns Russia Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Moscow, Battle of, 1941-1942 Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;December 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Humphrey, Matthew C. (Matthew Cameron)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Reconstructing Minard's graphic with the relational visualisation notation / by Matthew C. Humphrey.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s64.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01109cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     309420
+010    _o zbn97-12257
+035    _a (nzNZBN)10005856
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABK-8292
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/30
+100 10 _a Humphrey, Matthew C.
+       _q (Matthew Cameron)
+245 10 _a Reconstructing Minard's graphic with the relational
+ visualisation notation /
+       _c by Matthew C. Humphrey.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 16 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/30
+500    _a &quot;December 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 16).
+650  0 _a Computer graphics.
+650  0 _a Visualization
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Napoleonic Wars, 1800-1815
+       _x Campaigns
+       _z Russia
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Moscow, Battle of, 1941-1942
+       _x Data processing.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/30.
+020    _c (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s65.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s65.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s65.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">65</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Legg, Shane.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Mathematical models Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">An MDL estimate of the significance of rules / by John G. Cleary, Shane Legg, and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s65</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s65.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00996cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     294917
+005     20031029034028.0
+010    _o zbn96-40474
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9555713
+008           s1996    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABI-5064
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/3
+100 10 _a Cleary, John G.
+245 13 _a An MDL estimate of the significance of rules /
+       _c by John G. Cleary, Shane Legg, and Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 11 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/3
+500    _a &quot;March 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).
+650  0 _a Mathematical models
+       _x Evaluation.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+700 1  _a Legg, Shane.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/3.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s66.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s66.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s66.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">66</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Teams in the workplace Data processing Congresses.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Proceedings of the OzCHI'96 Workshop on the Next Generation of CSCW Systems / edited by John Grundy.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">OzCHI'96 Workshop on the Next Generation of CSCW Systems (1996 : Hamilton, N.Z.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s66</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s66.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01103cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     308674
+010    _o zbn97-3423
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9986603
+008           s1996    nz a     b    x     eng d
+035    _9 ABK-7129
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/29
+111 20 _a OzCHI'96 Workshop on the Next Generation of CSCW Systems
+       _d (1996 :
+       _c Hamilton, N.Z.)
+245 10 _a Proceedings of the OzCHI'96 Workshop on the Next
+ Generation of CSCW Systems /
+       _c edited by John Grundy.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 53 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/29
+500    _a &quot;November 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Teams in the workplace
+       _x Data processing
+       _v Congresses.
+700 1  _a Grundy, John C.
+       _q (John Collis)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+246 30 _a OzCHI'96 Workshop on the Next Generation of CSCW
+ Systems
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/29.
+020    _c (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s67.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s67.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s67.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;5-6&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database searching Study and teaching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information retrieval Study and teaching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Internet Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">World Wide Web Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Documents in machine-readable form Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Teaching students to critically evaluate the quality of Internet research resources / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s67.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01132cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     308673
+010    _o zbn97-12213
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9954818
+008           s1996    nz       b          eng d
+035    _9 ABK-7128
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/28
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 10 _a Teaching students to critically evaluate the quality of
+ Internet research resources /
+       _c by Sally Jo Cunningham.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a [7] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/28
+500    _a &quot;November 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [5-6]).
+650  0 _a Database searching
+       _x Study and teaching.
+650  0 _a Information retrieval
+       _x Study and teaching.
+650  0 _a Internet
+       _x Evaluation.
+650  0 _a World Wide Web
+       _x Evaluation.
+650  0 _a Documents in machine-readable form
+       _x Evaluation.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/28.
+020    _c (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s68.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s68.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s68.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">68</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McWha, J. A. David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Pearson, Murray William.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Sequential processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Timestamp representations for virtual sequences / by John G. Cleary, J.A. David McWha, Murray Pearson.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s68</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s68.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01043cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     308672
+010    _o zbn97-6617
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9955057
+035    _9 ABK-7124
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/27
+100 10 _a Cleary, John G.
+245 10 _a Timestamp representations for virtual sequences /
+       _c by John G. Cleary, J.A. David McWha, Murray
+ Pearson.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 13 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/27
+500    _a &quot;November 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).
+650  0 _a Sequential processing (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Computer algorithms.
+700 1  _a McWha, J. A. David.
+700 1  _a Pearson, Murray William.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/27.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s69.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s69.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s69.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">69</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 21).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Identifying hierarchical structure in sequences : a linear-time algorithm / by Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s69</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s69.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00963cnm  2200241   4500
+001     307803
+005     20031029034055.0
+010    _o zbn96-116448
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9943907
+008           s1996    nz a             x  eng  
+035    _9 ABK-5765
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/25
+100 20 _a Nevill-Manning, Craig G.
+245 10 _a Identifying hierarchical structure in sequences :
+       _b a linear-time algorithm /
+       _c by Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1996.
+300    _a 21 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/25
+500    _a &quot;November 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 21).
+650  0 _a Computer algorithms.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/25.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Trigg, Leonard.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning Research.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data mining.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A diagnostic tool for tree based supervised classification learning algorithms / by Geoffrey Holmes and Leonard Trigg.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215094</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s7.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01103cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     349544
+005     20041014034148.0
+008           s1999    nz a     b    00000 eng d
+010    _o zbn99029085 
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11289639
+035    _9 ABQ-4209
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c DUS
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/3
+100 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+245 12 _a A diagnostic tool for tree based supervised
+ classification learning algorithms /
+       _c by Geoffrey Holmes and Leonard Trigg.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1999.
+300    _a [6] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/3
+500    _a &quot;March 1999.&quot;
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Algorithms.
+650  0 _a Machine learning
+       _x Research.
+650  0 _a Data mining.
+700 1  _a Trigg, Leonard.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/3.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s70.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s70.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s70.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">70</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 7-8)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Dillon, Stuart M.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems Periodicals.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Authorship patterns in information systems / by Sally Jo Cunningham and Stuart M. Dillon.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s70</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s70.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00920cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     307358
+010    _o zbn96-116438
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9931896
+008           s1996    nz       b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABK-5053
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/24
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 10 _a Authorship patterns in information systems /
+       _c by Sally Jo Cunningham and Stuart M. Dillon.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1996.
+300    _a [8] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/24
+500    _a &quot;October 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 7-8)
+650  0 _a Information storage and retrieval systems
+       _v Periodicals.
+700 1  _a Dillon, Stuart M.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/24.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s71.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s71.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s71.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;12&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Trees (Graph theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Wang, Yong.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Induction of model trees for predicting continuous classes / by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s71</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s71.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01036cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     307356
+005     20031029034059.0
+010    _o zbn96-122144
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9931892
+035    _9 ABK-5049
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/23
+100 10 _a Wang, Yong.
+245 10 _a Induction of model trees for predicting continuous
+ classes /
+       _c by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a [12] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/23
+500    _a &quot;October 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [12]).
+650  0 _a Regression analysis.
+650  0 _a Trees (Graph theory)
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/23.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s72.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s72.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s72.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Humphrey, Matthew C. (Matthew Cameron)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Understanding what machine learning produces. Part II, Knowledge visualization techniques / by Matt Humphrey, Sally Jo Cunningham and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s72.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01044cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     306648
+005     20031029034100.0
+010    _o zbn96-121821
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9925159
+008           s1996    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABK-3962
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/22
+100 10 _a Humphrey, Matthew C.
+       _q (Matthew Cameron)
+245 10 _a Understanding what machine learning produces.
+       _n Part II,
+       _p Knowledge visualization techniques /
+       _c by Matt Humphrey, Sally Jo Cunningham and Ian H.
+ Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1996.
+300    _a 12 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/22
+500    _a &quot;October 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12)
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+700 1  _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710    _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/22.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s73.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s73.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s73.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">73</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;8&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Fractals.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer-aided design.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Crocheting Patterns Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Visual analogy in creative design : case study of fractals and crochet lace / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s73</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s73.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00996cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     306646
+010    _o zbn96-122122
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9925357
+035    _9 ABK-3960
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/20
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 10 _a Visual analogy in creative design :
+       _b case study of fractals and crochet lace /
+       _c by Sally Jo Cunningham.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a [8] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/20
+500    _a &quot;October 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [8]).
+650  0 _a Fractals.
+650  0 _a Computer-aided design.
+650  0 _a Crocheting
+       _x Patterns
+       _x Data processing.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/20.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s74.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s74.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s74.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 15-16).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Barbour, Robert H.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Software localization.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Marketing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software industry.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Yeo, Alvin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Software for the rest of the world / by Alvin Yeo and Robert H. Barbour.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s74.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00925cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     294916
+010    _o zbn96-21520
+008           s1996    nz       b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9529020
+035    _9 ABI-5063
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/2
+100 10 _a Yeo, Alvin.
+245 10 _a Software for the rest of the world /
+       _c by Alvin Yeo and Robert H. Barbour.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 16 leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/2
+500    _a &quot;February 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 15-16).
+650  0 _a Software localization.
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Marketing.
+650  0 _a Computer software industry.
+700 1  _a Barbour, Robert H.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/2.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s75.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s75.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s75.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 19-22).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Low, Boon Toh.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Combinatorial analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Evaluation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;October 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ting, Kai Ming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Theory combination : an alternative to data combination / Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s75.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00983cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     306643
+010    _o zbn96-122091
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9925365
+035    _9 ABK-3956
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/19
+100 10 _a Ting, Kai Ming.
+245 10 _a Theory combination :
+       _b an alternative to data combination /
+       _c Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 22 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/19
+500    _a &quot;October 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 19-22).
+650  0 _a Combinatorial analysis.
+650  0 _a Learning.
+650  0 _a Evaluation.
+700 1  _a Low, Boon Toh.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/19.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s76.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s76.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s76.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">76</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 114).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McQueen, Robert J. (Robert John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Agriculture Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Agriculture New Zealand Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Agriculture New Zealand Experimentation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;September 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Thomson, Kirsten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Machine learning applied to fourteen agricultural datasets / by Kirsten Thomson, Robert J. McQueen.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s76</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s76.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01198cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     306636
+005     20070215034014.0
+010    _o zbn96-97681
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9886320
+008           s1996    n  a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABK-3948
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/18
+100 10 _a Thomson, Kirsten.
+245 10 _a Machine learning applied to fourteen agricultural
+ datasets /
+       _c by Kirsten Thomson, Robert J. McQueen.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a ii, 114 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/18.
+500    _a &quot;September 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 114).
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Agriculture
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Agriculture
+       _z New Zealand
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Agriculture
+       _z New Zealand
+       _x Experimentation.
+700 1  _a McQueen, Robert J.
+       _q (Robert John)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+246 3  _a Machine learning applied to 14 agricultural datasets
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/18.
+043    _a u-nz---
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s77.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s77.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s77.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 17-19).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hosking, J. G. (John G.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Teams in the workplace Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Visual programming languages (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Serendipity : integrated environment support for process modelling, enactment and improvement / by John C. Grundy, John G. Hosking.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s77</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s77.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01120cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     304215
+010    _o zbn96-98040
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9834457
+035    _9 ABK-0728
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/17
+100 10 _a Grundy, John C.
+       _q (John Collis)
+245 10 _a Serendipity :
+       _b integrated environment support for process modelling,
+ enactment and improvement /
+       _c by John C. Grundy, John G. Hosking.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 19 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/17
+500    _a CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.
+500    _a &quot;August 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 17-19).
+650  0 _a Teams in the workplace
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Visual programming languages (Computer science)
+700 1  _a Hosking, J. G.
+       _q (John G.)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/17.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s78.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">78</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer algorithms.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Compression and explanation using hierarchical grammars / by Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s78</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s78.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01055cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     302973
+005     20031029034101.0
+010    _o zbn96-85224
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9809351
+008           s1996    nz ag    b          eng d
+035    _9 ABJ-8897
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/16
+100 20 _a Nevill-Manning, Craig G.
+245 10 _a Compression and explanation using hierarchical grammars
+ /
+       _c by Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 19 leaves :
+       _b ill., music ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/16
+500    _a &quot;July 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 12-13).
+650  0 _a Data compression (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Computer algorithms.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/16.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s79.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s79.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s79.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">79</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 18).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Teams in the workplace New Zealand Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer conferencing New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Microcomputer workstations.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Blackett, Colin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">CSCW in New Zealand : a snapshot / by Colin Blackett and Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s79</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s79.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01008cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     302984
+010    _o zbn96-84960
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9804244
+035    _9 ABJ-8908
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/15.
+100 10 _a Blackett, Colin.
+245 10 _a CSCW in New Zealand :
+       _b a snapshot /
+       _c by Colin Blackett and Steve Reeves.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 18, [6] leaves : 
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/15
+500    _a &quot;July 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 18).
+650  0 _a Teams in the workplace
+       _z New Zealand
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Computer conferencing
+       _z New Zealand.
+650  0 _a Microcomputer workstations.
+700 1  _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/15.
+043    _a u-nz---
+037    _c Not for sale
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Bibliography: p. 9.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hall, Mark Andrew.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Frank, Eibe.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Trees (Graph theory)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Decision trees.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Machine learning.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Regression analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received on Standing Order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Generating rule sets from model trees / Geoffrey Holmes, Mark Hall and Eibe Frank.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215094</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00999cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     349035
+005     20041014034147.0
+008           s1999    nz       b    00010 eng d
+010    _o zbn99025163 
+035    _a (nzNZBN)11251350
+035    _9 ABQ-3536
+040    _a DUS
+       _c DUS
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/2
+100 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+245 10 _a Generating rule sets from model trees /
+       _c Geoffrey Holmes, Mark Hall and Eibe Frank.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1999.
+300    _a 9 p. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/2
+500    _a Received on Standing Order.
+500    _a &quot;March 1999.&quot;
+504    _a Bibliography: p. 9.
+650  0 _a Trees (Graph theory)
+650  0 _a Decision trees.
+650  0 _a Machine learning.
+650  0 _a Regression analysis.
+700 1  _a Hall, Mark Andrew.
+700 1  _a Frank, Eibe.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/2.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s80.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s80.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s80.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">80</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;10&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Nevill-Manning, Craig G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital libraries.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital libraries New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information storage and retrieval systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Digital libraries based on full-text retrieval / by Ian H. Witten, Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s80</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s80.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01157cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     302979
+005     20031029034101.0
+010    _o zbn96-86286
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9804278
+035    _9 ABJ-8903
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/14
+100 10 _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+245 10 _a Digital libraries based on full-text retrieval /
+       _c by Ian H. Witten, Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Sally Jo
+ Cunningham.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a [10] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/14
+500    _a &quot;July 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [10]).
+650  0 _a Digital libraries.
+650  0 _a Digital libraries
+       _z New Zealand.
+650  0 _a Information storage and retrieval systems.
+700 2  _a Nevill-Manning, Craig G.
+700 1  _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/14.
+043    _a u-nz---
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s81.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s81.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s81.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">81</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Chester, Michael (Michael Eric)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Trees (Graph theory) Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer graphics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data structures (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;July 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Tree browsing / by Mark Apperley and Michael Chester.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s81</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s81.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01006cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     302209
+010    _o zbn96-86359
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9793600
+035    _9 ABJ-7644
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/13.
+100 10 _a Apperley, Mark D.
+245 10 _a Tree browsing /
+       _c by Mark Apperley and Michael Chester.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a 12 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/13
+500    _a &quot;July 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12).
+650  0 _a Trees (Graph theory)
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Computer graphics.
+650  0 _a Data structures (Computer science)
+700 1  _a Chester, Michael
+       _q (Michael Eric)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/13.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s82.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s82.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s82.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">82</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1996&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-39).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Pearson, Murray William.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Asynchronous transfer mode Mathematical models.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Wide area networks (Computer networks)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Current techniques for measuring and modeling ATM traffic / by Murray Pearson ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s82</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s82.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00950cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     302205
+010    _o zbn96-79570
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9793598
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABJ-7640
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/12
+245 00 _a Current techniques for measuring and modeling ATM traffic
+ /
+       _c by Murray Pearson ... [et al.].
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c [1996]
+300    _a ii, 39 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/12
+500    _a &quot;June 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-39).
+650  0 _a Asynchronous transfer mode
+       _x Mathematical models.
+650  0 _a Wide area networks (Computer networks)
+700 1  _a Pearson, Murray William.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/12.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s83.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s83.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s83.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">83</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1996&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Asynchronous transfer mode Computer simulation.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer networks.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;June 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">High performance simulation for ATM network development / by John Cleary ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s83</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s83.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00910cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     302187
+010    _o zbn96-79616
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9793595
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABJ-7622
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/11
+245 00 _a High performance simulation for ATM network development
+ /
+       _c by John Cleary ... [et al.].
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c [1996]
+300    _a iii, 32, 16, 12 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/11
+500    _a &quot;June 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Asynchronous transfer mode
+       _x Computer simulation.
+650  0 _a Computer networks.
+700 1  _a Cleary, John G.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/11.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s84.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s84.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s84.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">84</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf &amp;#091;7&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Utilities (Computer programs)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data structures (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rogers, William J. (William John)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Visible-C : a simple visualisation for C data structures / by William J. Rogers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Visible-C.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s84</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s84.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00982cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     296338
+010    _o zbn96-62759
+008           s1996    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9620989
+035    _9 ABI-7804
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/10
+100 10 _a Rogers, William J.
+       _q (William John)
+245 10 _a Visible-C :
+       _b a simple visualisation for C data structures /
+       _c by William J. Rogers.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1996.
+300    _a [7] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/10
+500    _a &quot;April 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf [7]).
+630 00 _a Visible-C.
+650  0 _a Utilities (Computer programs)
+650  0 _a Data structures (Computer science)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/10.
+037    _c Gratis
+       _f (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s85.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s85.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s85.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1996&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data compression (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Image processing Digital techniques.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Document imaging systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;January 1996.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Inglis, Stuart.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Bi-level document image compression using layout information / by Stuart J. Inglis and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton &amp;#091;N.Z.&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s85.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01072cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     291509
+005     20031029034029.0
+010    _o zbn96-18905
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9491847
+008           s1996    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABI-0103
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.96/1
+100 10 _a Inglis, Stuart.
+245 10 _a Bi-level document image compression using layout
+ information /
+       _c by Stuart J. Inglis and Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton [N.Z.] :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c [1996]
+300    _a 9 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 96/1
+500    _a &quot;January 1996.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).
+650  0 _a Data compression (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Image processing
+       _x Digital techniques.
+650  0 _a Document imaging systems.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 96/1.
+020    _c (spiral binding)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s86.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s86.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s86.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Empson, Nic.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Kamau, Rawinia.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Bibliometrics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Bibliometrics Case studies.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;April 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Bibliomania : what can we learn from the research literature / by Sally-Jo Cunningham, Nic Empson, Rawinia Kamau.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s86.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00961cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     276907
+010    _o zbn95-82245
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9026936
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABF-9091
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/9
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 10 _a Bibliomania :
+       _b what can we learn from the research literature /
+       _c by Sally-Jo Cunningham, Nic Empson, Rawinia Kamau.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a [12] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/9
+500    _a &quot;April 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+650  0 _a Bibliometrics.
+650  0 _a Bibliometrics
+       _v Case studies.
+700 1  _a Empson, Nic.
+700 1  _a Kamau, Rawinia.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/9.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s87.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s87.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s87.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">87</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 4-5).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bocock, David.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information science Bibliography.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computers Bibliography.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic data processing Bibliography.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Obsolescence of computing literature / by Sally-Jo Cunningham &amp;#091;and&amp;#093; David Bocock.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s87</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s87.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00990cam  2200253 a 4500
+001     276906
+010    _o zbn96-64497
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9023140
+008           s1995    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABF-9090
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/8
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 10 _a Obsolescence of computing literature /
+       _c by Sally-Jo Cunningham [and] David Bocock.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1995.
+300    _a [5] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/8
+500    _a &quot;March 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 4-5).
+650  0 _a Information science
+       _v Bibliography.
+650  0 _a Computers
+       _v Bibliography.
+650  0 _a Electronic data processing
+       _v Bibliography.
+700 1  _a Bocock, David.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/8.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s88.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s88.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s88.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">88</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rinsma, Ingrid.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cleary, John G.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer arithmetic.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Numerical calculations Computer programs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Text processing (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Irvine, Sean A.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The subset sum problem and arithmetic coding / Sean A. Irvine, John G. Cleary, Ingrid Rinsma-Melchert.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s88</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s88.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01034cam  2200265   4500
+001     276905
+010    _o zbn96-64408
+008                                             
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9021930
+035    _9 ABF-9089
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/7
+100 10 _a Irvine, Sean A.
+245 14 _a The subset sum problem and arithmetic coding /
+       _c Sean A. Irvine, John G. Cleary, Ingrid
+ Rinsma-Melchert.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1995.
+300    _a 12 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/7
+500    _a &quot;March 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 11-12)
+650  0 _a Computer arithmetic.
+650  0 _a Numerical calculations
+       _x Computer programs.
+650  0 _a Text processing (Computer science)
+700 1  _a Rinsma, Ingrid.
+700 1  _a Cleary, John G.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/7
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s89.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s89.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s89.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">89</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;6-8&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer science Research New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic publishing Abstracting and indexing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Internet addresses Directories.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Wide area networks (Computer networks) New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Library information networks New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;March 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A New Zealand digital library for computer science research / by Ian H. Witten ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s89</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s89.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01163cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     276904
+005     20031029034105.0
+010    _o zbn95-64561
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9021926
+008           s1995    nz       b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABF-9088
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/6
+245 02 _a A New Zealand digital library for computer science
+ research /
+       _c by Ian H. Witten ... [et al.].
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a [8] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/6
+500    _a &quot;March 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [6-8]).
+650  0 _a Computer science
+       _x Research
+       _z New Zealand.
+650  0 _a Electronic publishing
+       _x Abstracting and indexing.
+650  0 _a Internet addresses
+       _v Directories.
+650  0 _a Wide area networks (Computer networks)
+       _z New Zealand.
+650  0 _a Library information networks
+       _z New Zealand.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/6.
+043    _a u-nz---
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1999.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">New Zealand newspapers Computer network resources.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Maori newspapers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital libraries New Zealand.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Online bibliographic searching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;December 1999.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">New Zealand Digital Library.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Niupepa collection : opening the blinds on a window to the past / Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham and Mark Apperley.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215094</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01257cam  2200325 a 4500
+001     370254
+005     20060526112528.0
+008     000301s1999    nz a     b    000 0 eng  
+010    _o 5521881
+020    _c Gratis (spiral binding)
+035    _9 ABT-4689
+040    _a NZNB
+       _c NZNB
+043    _a u-nz---
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.99/16
+100 1  _a Keegan, Te Taka Adrian Gregory.
+245 14 _a The Niupepa collection :
+       _b opening the blinds on a window to the past /
+       _c Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham and Mark
+ Apperley.
+260    _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1999.
+300    _a [10] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 99/16
+500    _a &quot;December 1999.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references.
+610 20 _a New Zealand Digital Library.
+650 00 _a New Zealand newspapers
+       _x Computer network resources.
+650 00 _a Maori newspapers.
+650 00 _a Digital libraries
+       _z New Zealand.
+650 00 _a Online bibliographic searching.
+700 1  _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+700 1  _a Apperley, Mark D.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 99/16.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s90.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s90.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s90.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">90</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 7).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Venable, John R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">System analysis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">System design.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer-aided software engineering.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Integrated software.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Developing CASE tools which support integrated development notations / by John C. Grundy and John R. Venable.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s90</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s90.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01095cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     284463
+010    _o zbn96-37939
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8949268
+       _z (nzNZBN)8954103
+008           s1995    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABG-9911
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/5
+100 10 _a Grundy, John C.
+       _q (John Collis)
+245 10 _a Developing CASE tools which support integrated
+ development notations /
+       _c by John C. Grundy and John R. Venable.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science,
+       _c University of Waikato,
+       _d 1995.
+300    _a 7 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/5
+500    _a &quot;February 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 7).
+650  0 _a System analysis.
+650  0 _a System design.
+650  0 _a Computer-aided software engineering.
+650  0 _a Integrated software.
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development.
+700 1  _a Venable, John R.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/5
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s91.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s91.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s91.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">91</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 13).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Witten, I. H. (Ian H.).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Interactive computer systems.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Human-computer interaction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">End-user computing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;February 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Maulsby, David, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Interactive concept learning for end-user applications / by David Maulsby and Ian H. Witten.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s91</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s91.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01015cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     301257
+005     20031029034102.0
+010    _o zbn96-64511
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8949151
+008           s1995    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABJ-6245
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/4
+100 10 _a Maulsby, David,
+       _d 1957-
+245 10 _a Interactive concept learning for end-user applications /
+       _c by David Maulsby and Ian H. Witten.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1995.
+300    _a 13 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/4
+500    _a &quot;February 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 13).
+650  0 _a Interactive computer systems.
+650  0 _a Human-computer interaction.
+650  0 _a End-user computing.
+700 1  _a Witten, I. H.
+       _q (Ian H.).
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/4
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s92.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s92.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s92.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">92</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1995&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;8-9&amp;#093;).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Williams, Warren.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Language and languages Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer adventure games Study and teaching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer-assisted instruction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;December 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">How Maui captured the sun : using a MUD for educational simulation / by Sally Jo Cunningham, Warren Williams.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s92</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s92.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01086cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     288595
+010    _o zbn95-118381
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9441984
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABH-5484
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/32
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 10 _a How Maui captured the sun :
+       _b using a MUD for educational simulation /
+       _c by Sally Jo Cunningham, Warren Williams.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c [1995]
+300    _a [10] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/32
+500    _a &quot;December 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [8-9]).
+650  0 _a Language and languages
+       _x Computer-assisted instruction.
+650  0 _a Computer adventure games
+       _x Study and teaching.
+650  0 _a Computer-assisted instruction.
+700 1  _a Williams, Warren.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/32.
+020    _c (pbk.)
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s93.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s93.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s93.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">93</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 6-7)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Information retrieval Study and teaching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database searching Study and teaching.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;November 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Information retrieval programs on the Internet : tools for teaching IR / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s93</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s93.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00939cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     287114
+010    _o zbn95-114702
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9420917
+008           s1995    nz       b          eng d
+035    _9 ABH-3195
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/31
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 00 _a Information retrieval programs on the Internet :
+       _b tools for teaching IR /
+       _c by Sally Jo Cunningham.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a [9] leaves ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/31
+500    _a &quot;November 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 6-7)
+650  0 _a Information retrieval
+       _x Study and teaching.
+650  0 _a Database searching
+       _x Study and teaching.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/31.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s94.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s94.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s94.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">94</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 16-17)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Lyons, Paul.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Apperley, Mark D.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">PICSIL (Computer hardware description language)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer architecture.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Visual programming languages (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer hardware description languages.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;January 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computing Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Pearson, Murray William.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">PICSIL : integrating graphic system design and automatic synthesis / by Murray W. Pearson, Paul J. Lyons and Mark D. Apperley.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s94</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s94.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01147cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     301256
+010    _o zbn96-64413
+035    _a (nzNZBN)8903274
+008           s1995    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABJ-6244
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/3
+100 10 _a Pearson, Murray William.
+245 10 _a PICSIL :
+       _b integrating graphic system design and automatic
+ synthesis /
+       _c by Murray W. Pearson, Paul J. Lyons and Mark D.
+ Apperley.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computing Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1995.
+300    _a 17 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/3
+500    _a &quot;January 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 16-17)
+650  0 _a PICSIL (Computer hardware description language)
+650  0 _a Computer architecture.
+650  0 _a Visual programming languages (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Computer hardware description languages.
+700 1  _a Lyons, Paul.
+700 1  _a Apperley, Mark D.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/3
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s95.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s95.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s95.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">95</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McNab, Rodger J.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Electronic music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Music Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Digital electronics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Towards the digital music library : tune retrieval from acoustic input / Rodger J. McNab ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s95</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s95.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00871cam  2200229 a 4500
+001     284024
+010    _o zbn95-109967
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9389114
+008           s1995    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABG-9285
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/29
+245 00 _a Towards the digital music library :
+       _b tune retrieval from acoustic input /
+       _c Rodger J. McNab ... [et al.].
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1995.
+300    _a 10 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/29
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 8).
+650  0 _a Electronic music.
+650  0 _a Music
+       _x Data processing.
+650  0 _a Computer music.
+650  0 _a Digital electronics.
+700 1  _a McNab, Rodger J.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/29.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s96.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s96.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s96.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">96</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves 9-10).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Database design.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Data structures (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Venable, John R.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Teaching novice conceptual data modellers to become experts / by John R. Venable.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s96</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s96.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00795cam  2200205 a 4500
+001     282258
+010    _o zbn95-109996
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9346597
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABG-6372
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/28
+100 10 _a Venable, John R.
+245 10 _a Teaching novice conceptual data modellers to become
+ experts /
+       _c by John R. Venable.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c 1995.
+300    _a 10 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/28
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves 9-10).
+650  0 _a Database design.
+650  0 _a Data structures (Computer science)
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/28.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s97.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s97.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s97.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">97</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaf 9)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Logic programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Modality (Logic)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Teams in the workplace Data processing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 1995&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;In this paper we describe the current progress of an attempt to develop a logic which will allow us to specify required properties of systems which typically consist of a single interactive program being used, probably simultaneously, by several agents, usually people.&quot;--Abstract.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A logic for specifying and reasoning about cooperative environments / by Steve Reeves.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s97</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s97.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01332cam  2200277 a 4500
+001     281651
+010    _o zbn95-98420
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9306097
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABG-5386
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/27
+100 10 _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+245 12 _a A logic for specifying and reasoning about cooperative
+ environments /
+       _c by Steve Reeves.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Department of Computer Science, University of
+ Waikato,
+       _c 1995.
+300    _a 9 leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/27
+500    _a &quot;August 1995&quot;
+500    _a &quot;In this paper we describe the current progress of an
+ attempt to develop a logic which will allow us to specify
+ required properties of systems which typically consist of a
+ single interactive program being used, probably simultaneously,
+ by several agents, usually people.&quot;--Abstract.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaf 9)
+650  0 _a Logic programming (Computer science)
+650  0 _a Modality (Logic)
+650  0 _a Computer programming.
+650  0 _a Computer programming.
+650  0 _a Teams in the workplace
+       _x Data processing.
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/27
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s98.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s98.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s98.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 8)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Grundy, John C. (John Collis)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Computer software Development.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Object-oriented programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">OO (Computer system) Programming.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Systems programming (Computer science)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;This paper describes an integrated environment for for software development which embodies the aim of formal program development... presents the design for a new refinement environment which extends previous work by the authors in supporting formal Object-Z specification views in an integrated CASE tool environment.&quot;--P. 1.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 1995&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Reeves, Steve, 1957-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Towards an integrated refinement environment for formal program development / by Steve Reeves and John C. Grundy.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">SPE (Computer program)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s98.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01481cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     281653
+010    _o zbn95-98355
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9306099
+008           s1995    nz a     b       x  eng d
+035    _9 ABG-5388
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/26
+100 10 _a Reeves, Steve,
+       _d 1957-
+245 10 _a Towards an integrated refinement environment for formal
+ program development /
+       _c by Steve Reeves and John C. Grundy.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Department of Computer Science, University of
+ Waikato,
+       _c 1995.
+300    _a 8 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/26
+500    _a &quot;This paper describes an integrated environment for for
+ software development which embodies the aim of formal program
+ development... presents the design for a new refinement
+ environment which extends previous work by the authors in
+ supporting formal Object-Z specification views in an integrated
+ CASE tool environment.&quot;--P. 1.
+500    _a &quot;August 1995&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 8)
+630 00 _a SPE (Computer program)
+650  0 _a Computer software
+       _x Development.
+650  0 _a Object-oriented programming (Computer science)
+650  0 _a OO (Computer system)
+       _x Programming.
+650  0 _a Systems programming (Computer science)
+700 1  _a Grundy, John C.
+       _q (John Collis)
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/26
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s99.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s99.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s99.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">CMSwp-all.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">99</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (leaves &amp;#091;4-5&amp;#093;)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holmes, Geoffrey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Written communication Psychological aspects.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Anxiety New Zealand Hamilton Testing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">College students Psychological testing New Zealand Hamilton.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">University of Waikato. Dept. of Computer Science.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;August 1995.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cunningham, Sally Jo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Writing anxiety in computer science students / by Sally Jo Cunningham, Geoff Holmes.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hamilton, N.Z. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s99</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6a30/b66a3a54/19ad674b/26s99.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01144cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     281654
+005     20041014034126.0
+010    _o zbn96-10587
+035    _a (nzNZBN)9301122
+008           s1995    nz a     b          eng d
+035    _9 ABG-5391
+092    _a QA75.5.W926 no.95/25
+100 10 _a Cunningham, Sally Jo.
+245 10 _a Writing anxiety in computer science students /
+       _c by Sally Jo Cunningham, Geoff Holmes.
+260 0  _a Hamilton, N.Z. :
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato,
+       _c c1995.
+300    _a [5] leaves :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 30 cm.
+490 1  _a Working paper series,
+       _x 1170-487X ;
+       _v 95/25
+500    _a CONTRIBUTED CATALOGUING.
+500    _a &quot;August 1995.&quot;
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (leaves [4-5])
+650  0 _a Written communication
+       _x Psychological aspects.
+650  0 _a Anxiety
+       _z New Zealand
+       _z Hamilton
+       _x Testing.
+650  0 _a College students
+       _x Psychological testing
+       _z New Zealand
+       _z Hamilton.
+700 1  _a Holmes, Geoffrey
+710 2  _a University of Waikato.
+       _b Dept. of Computer Science.
+830  0 _a Working paper series (University of Waikato. Dept. of
+ Computer Science) ;
+       _v 95/25.
+043    _a u-nz---
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,936 @@
+<item>
+   <title>The LRU*WWW proxy cache document replacement algorithm / by Chung-yi Chang, Tony McGregor and Geoffrey Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A survey of software requirements specification practices in the New Zealand software industry / by Lindsay Groves...&#091;et.al.&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Automating iterative tasks with programming by demonstration : a user evaluation / by Gordon W. Paynter and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Facilitating multiple copy/paste operations / by Mark Apperley ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Browsing tree structures/ by Mark Apperley...&#091;et.al.&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine learning / by Mark A. Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A diagnostic tool for tree based supervised classification learning algorithms / by Geoffrey Holmes and Leonard Trigg.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Generating rule sets from model trees / Geoffrey Holmes, Mark Hall and Eibe Frank.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Niupepa collection : opening the blinds on a window to the past / Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham and Mark Apperley.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Clustering with finite data from semi-parametric mixture distributions / by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s10</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A compression-based algorithm for Chinese word segmentation / by W.J. Teahan ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Pace regression / by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s12</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>WEKA : practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java implementations / by Ian H. Witten ... &#091;et. al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s13</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Reduced-error pruning with significance tests / by Eibe Frank and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Lexical attraction for text compression / by Joscha Bach and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Managing multiple collections, multiple languages, and multiple media in a distributed digital library / by Ian H. Witten ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s16</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>An evaluation of passage-level indexing strategies for a technical report archive / by Michael Williams.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Predicting apple bruising using machine learning / by G. Holmes ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s18</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A logic for the schema calculus / by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Revising Z : semantics and logic / by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s20</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Making oral history accessible over the World Wide Web / by David Bainbridge and Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Melody based tune retrieval over the World Wide Web / by David Bainbridge, Rodger J. McNab and Lloyd Smith.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s22</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Link as you type : using key phrases for automated dynamic link generation / Steve Jones.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Naive Bayes for regression / by Eibe Frank ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s24</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Measuring ATM traffic : final report for New Zealand Telecom / J. Cleary ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>An analysis of usage of a digital library / by Steve Jones, Sally Jo Cunningham and Rodger McNab.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Proceedings of CBISE'98 : CAiSEÂ®98 Workshop on Component Based Information Systems Engineering / edited by John Grundy.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>An entropy gain measure of numeric prediction performance / by Leonard Trigg.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s28</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Experiences with a weighted decision tree learner / by John G. Cleary and Leonard E. Trigg.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s29</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>VQuery : a graphical user interface for Boolean query specification and dynamic result preview / by Steve Jones.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s30</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Generating accurate rule sets without global optimization / by Eibe Frank and Ian Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Boosting trees for cost-sensitive classifications / by Kai Ming Ting and Zijian Zheng.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s32</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Stacking bagged and dagged models / by Kai Ming Ting and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s33</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A sight-singing tutor / by Lloyd A. Smith and Rodger J. McNab.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s34</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Computer concepts without computers : a first course in computer science / by Geoffrey Holmes, Tony C. Smith and William J. Rogers.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applications of machine learning in information retrieval / by Sally Jo Cunningham, James Littin and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A graphical notation for the design of information visualisations / by Matthew C. Humphrey.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Browsing in digital libraries : a phrase-based approach / by Craig Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, Gordon W. Paynter.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s38</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A graphical user interface for Boolean query specification / by Steve Jones and Shona McInnes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s39</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Stacked generalization : when does it work? / by Kai Ming Ting and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s40</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>OZCHI '96 Industry Session : Sixth Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction / edited by Chris Phillips & Janis McKauge.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s41</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Effects of re-ordered memory operations on parallelism / by Richard H. Litten & John G. Cleary.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Constraints on parallelism beyond 10 instructions per cycle / by John G. Cleary ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Usability testing : a Malaysian study / by Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour & Mark Apperley.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s44</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Language use in software / by Alvin Yeo and Robert Barbour.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Design issues for World Wide Web navigation visualisation tools / by Andy Cockburn and Steve Jones.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s46</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Strategies of internationalisation and localisation : a postmodernist's perspective / by Robert Barbour and Alvin Yeo.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Localising a spreadsheet : an Iban example / by Alvin Yeo and Robert Barbour.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s48</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Internationalising a spreadsheet for Pacific Basin languages / by Robert Barbour and Alvin Yeo.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s49</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Proceedings of the INTERACT97 combined workshop on CSCW in HCI-worldwide / &#091;edited&#093; by Matthias Rauterberg, Lars Oestreicher & John Grundy.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s50</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Learning from batched data : model combination vs data combination / by Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low & Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s51</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Discovering inter-attribute relationships / by Geoffrey Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s52</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Using model trees for classification / Eibe Frank .. &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s53</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Freezing rich fragments of the World Wide Web / by Geoffrey Holmes and William J. Rogers.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s54</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Extracting text from PostScript / by Craig Nevill-Manning, Todd Reed and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A dynamic and flexible representation of social relationships in CSCW / by Steve Jones and Steve Marsh.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s56</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Notes : an experiment in CSCW /  by Mark Apperley ... &#091;et al.&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s57</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Learning agents : from user study to implementation / by David Maulsby, Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s58</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A non-linear, criterion-referenced grading scheme for a computer literacy course / by Bill Rogers, Phillip Treweek, Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s59</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Conservative parallel simulation of ATM networks / by John G. Cleary and Jya-Jang Tsai.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s60</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Keeping free-edited textual and graphical views of information consistent / by John C. Grundy and John G. Hosking.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Melody transcription for interactive applications / by Rodger J. McNab & Lloyd A. Smith.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s62</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Selecting multiway splits in decision trees / by Eibe Frank, Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Reconstructing Minard's graphic with the relational visualisation notation / by Matthew C. Humphrey.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s64</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>An MDL estimate of the significance of rules / by John G. Cleary, Shane Legg, and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s65</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Proceedings of the OzCHI'96 Workshop on the Next Generation of CSCW Systems / edited by John Grundy.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s66</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Teaching students to critically evaluate the quality of Internet research resources / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Timestamp representations for virtual sequences / by John G. Cleary, J.A. David McWha, Murray Pearson.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s68</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Identifying hierarchical structure in sequences : a linear-time algorithm / by Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s69</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Authorship patterns in information systems / by Sally Jo Cunningham and Stuart M. Dillon.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s70</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Induction of model trees for predicting continuous classes / by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s71</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Understanding what machine learning produces. Part II, Knowledge visualization techniques / by Matt Humphrey, Sally Jo Cunningham and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s72</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Visual analogy in creative design : case study of fractals and crochet lace / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s73</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Software for the rest of the world / by Alvin Yeo and Robert H. Barbour.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s74</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Theory combination : an alternative to data combination / Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Machine learning applied to fourteen agricultural datasets / by Kirsten Thomson, Robert J. McQueen.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s76</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Serendipity : integrated environment support for process modelling, enactment and improvement / by John C. Grundy, John G. Hosking.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s77</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Compression and explanation using hierarchical grammars / by Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s78</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>CSCW in New Zealand : a snapshot / by Colin Blackett and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s79</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Digital libraries based on full-text retrieval / by Ian H. Witten, Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s80</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Tree browsing / by Mark Apperley and Michael Chester.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s81</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Current techniques for measuring and modeling ATM traffic / by Murray Pearson ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s82</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>High performance simulation for ATM network development / by John Cleary ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s83</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Visible-C : a simple visualisation for C data structures / by William J. Rogers.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Bi-level document image compression using layout information / by Stuart J. Inglis and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Bibliomania : what can we learn from the research literature / by Sally-Jo Cunningham, Nic Empson, Rawinia Kamau.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Obsolescence of computing literature / by Sally-Jo Cunningham &#091;and&#093; David Bocock.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s87</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The subset sum problem and arithmetic coding / Sean A. Irvine, John G. Cleary, Ingrid Rinsma-Melchert.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s88</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A New Zealand digital library for computer science research / by Ian H. Witten ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s89</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Developing CASE tools which support integrated development notations / by John C. Grundy and John R. Venable.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Interactive concept learning for end-user applications / by David Maulsby and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s91</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>How Maui captured the sun : using a MUD for educational simulation / by Sally Jo Cunningham, Warren Williams.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s92</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Information retrieval programs on the Internet : tools for teaching IR / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s93</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>PICSIL : integrating graphic system design and automatic synthesis / by Murray W. Pearson, Paul J. Lyons and Mark D. Apperley.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s94</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Towards the digital music library : tune retrieval from acoustic input / Rodger J. McNab ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s95</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Teaching novice conceptual data modellers to become experts / by John R. Venable.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s96</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A logic for specifying and reasoning about cooperative environments / by Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s97</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Towards an integrated refinement environment for formal program development / by Steve Reeves and John C. Grundy.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s98</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Writing anxiety in computer science students / by Sally Jo Cunningham, Geoff Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s99</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Building a public digital library based on full-text retrieval / by Ian H.Witten, Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s100</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>An investigation into the use of machine learning for determining oestrus in cows / by R. Scott Mitchell, Robert A. Sherlock and Lloyd A. Smith.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s101</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Signal processing for melody transcription / by Rodger J. McNab, Lloyd A. Smith and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s102</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A teaching and support tool for building formal models of graphical user-interfaces / by Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s103</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applying machine learning to subject classification and subject description for information retrieval / by Sally Jo Cunningham, Brent Summers.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s104</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The development of Holte's 1R classifier / by Craig Nevill-Manning, Geoff Holmes and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s105</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Instance-based learning : nearest neighbour with generalisation / by Brent Martin.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s106</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applications for bibliometric research in the emerging digital library / by Sally Jo Cunningham & Mahendra Vallabh.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s107</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>An empirical investigation of the obsolescence rate for information systems literature / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s108</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The application of machine learning techniques to time-series data / by Scott Mitchell.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s109</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Video support for shared work-space interaction :  an empirical study / by Masood Masoodian, Mark Apperley and Lesley Frederikson.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s110</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Machine learning in practice : experience with agricultural databases / by Stephen R. Garner ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s111</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Subset selection using rough numeric dependency / by Tony C. Smith & Geoff Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s112</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Machine learning and statistics : a matter of perspective / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s113</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Analysis of cow culling with a machine learning workbench / by Rhys DeWar and Robert J. McQueen.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s114</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>WEKA : a machine learning workbench / by Geoffrey Holmes, Andrew Donkin and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s115</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A calculator for supporting derivation in constructive type theory : PICTCalc / by Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s116</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>On the insecurity of arithmetic coding / by John G. Cleary, Sean Irvine, Ingrid Rinsma-Melchert.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s117</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Collaborative, integrated software development with multiple views / by John C. Grundy ... &#091;et al.&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s118</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>MiraCalc : the Miranda calculator : the Unix version / by Doug Goldson, Mike Hopkins & Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Constructing integrated software development environments with dependency graphs / by John C. Grundy and John G. Hosking.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s120</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Chinks in the armor of public key cryptosystems / by William J. Wilson.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s121</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The induction and professional development of academics / Robert H. Barbour.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s122</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Providing integrated support for multiple development notations / by John C. Grundy and John R. Venable.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s123</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The architecture of an optimistic CPU : the WarpEngine / by John G. Cleary, Murray Pearson, & Husam Kinawi.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s124</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Data transformation : a semantically-based approach to function recovery / by Ian H. Witten & Thong H. Phan.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s125</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Survival of the species vs survival of the individual / by R.H. Barbour and K. Hopper.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s126</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applying machine learning to agricultural data / by Robert J. McQueen .... (et al.)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s127</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>WEKA machine learning project : cow culling / Rhys de War & Donna Liane Neal.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s128</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Navigating the virtual library : a 3D browsing interface for information retrieval / by Bill Rogers, Sally Jo Cunningham & Geoff Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s129</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Character-less programming / Keith Hopper, Robert H. Barbour.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s130</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Multiple viewpoint systems for music prediction / Ian H. Witten, Darrell Conklin.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s131</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Parallel programming with PICSIL1 / Murray Pearson, Matthew Melchert.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s132</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Getting research students started : a tale of two courses / Ian H. Witten, Timothy C. Bell.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s133</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Comparing human and computational models of music prediction / by Ian H. Witten, Leonard C. Manzara, Darrell Conklin.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s134</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Voice input and information exchange in asynchronous group communication / R. J. McQueen.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s135</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Computational sense : the role of technology in the education of digital librarians / Michael B. Twidale and David M. Nichols.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s136</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>State- and event-based refinement / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s137</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>LSB = Live and Safe B : alternative semantics for Event B / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s138</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Liberalising Event B without changing it  / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s139</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Arbitrary Boolean advertisements : the final step in supporting the Boolean publish/subscribe model / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s140</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A decision tree-based attribute weighting filter for naive Bayes / Mark Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s141</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A taxonomy of model-based testing / by Mark Utting, Alexander Pretschner and Bruno Legeard.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s142</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Event distributions in online book auctions / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s143</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Proceedings of the Second Computing Women Congress (CWC 2006) : student papers, Hamilton, New Zealand, 11-19 February 2006 / editors, Annika Hinze, Doris Jung and Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s144</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Subscription tree pruning : a structure-independent routing optimization for general-purpose publish/subscribe systems / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s145</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Constructing programs or processes / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s146</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Towards a TIP 3.0 service-oriented architecture : interaction design / Annika Hinze, Petra Malik and Robi Malik.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s147</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Stepwise refinement of processes / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s148</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>ApproXFILTER : an approximative XML filter / Annika Hinze and Yann-Rudolf Michel.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s149</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Design and implementation of a filter engine for semantic web documents / Annika Hinze and Takamori Kozuka.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s150</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Advanced recommendation in a mobile tourist information system / Annika Hinze and Saijai Junmanee.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s151</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Investigating the memory requirements for publish/subscribe filtering algorithms / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s152</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>StoneD : a bridge between Greenstone and DSpace / Ian Witten ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s153</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A distributed directory service for Greenstone / George Buchanan and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s154</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Bayesian network classifiers in Weka / Remco Bouckaert.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s155</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Language switching in a digital library / Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham and Katherine Don.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s156</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Event notification services : analysis and transformation of profile definition languages / Annika Hinze and Doris Jung.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s157</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Design and analysis of an efficient distributed event notification service / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s158</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Open issues in semantic query optimization in relational DBMS / Bryan Genet and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s159</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Analyzing library collections with starfield visualizations / Alfredo Sanchez ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s160</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Usability discussions in open source development / Michale Twidale and David Nichols.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s161</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Please turn on your mobile phone : first impressions of text-messaging in lectures / Matt Jones and Gary Marsden.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s162</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Ensembles of nested dichotomies for multiclass problems / Eibe Frank and Stefan Kramer.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s163</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Deepdocument : use of a multi-layered display to provide context awareness in text editing / Masood Masoodian ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s164</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The syntax and semantics of &#091;mu&#093;-charts / Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s165</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Mining data streams using option trees / Geoffrey Holmes, Richard Kirkby and Bernhard Pfahringer.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s166</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Unifying state and process determinism / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s167</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Atomic components / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s168</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applying propositional learning algorithms to multi-instance data / Eibe Frank and Xin Xu.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s169</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Comparison of data and process refinement / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s170</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>From sit-forward to lean-back : using a mobile device to vary interactive pace / Matt Jones ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s171</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Visualizing class probability estimators / Eibe Frank and Mark Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s172</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Predicting Library of Congress Classifications from Library of Congress Subject Headings / Eibe Frank and Gordon Paynter.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s173</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Object-orientation in standard Z / Mark Utting and Shaochun Wang.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s174</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>ZML : XML support for standard Z / Mark Utting ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s175</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Usability and open source software / David M. Nichols and Michael B. Twidale.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s176</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Research laboratory survey / Kirsten Thomson.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s177</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Lids Research Project : appendage to usability study report (1/2002) / Kirsten Thomson and Laurie McLeod.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s178</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Use of video shadow for small group interaction awareness on a large interactive display surface / Mark Apperley ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s179</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Lids Research Project usability study report &#091;1/2002&#093; / Kirsten Thomson and Laurie McLeod.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s180</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Toward a theory of music information retrieval queries : system design implications / Sally Jo Cunningham and J. Stephen Downie.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s181</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Accuracy bounds for ensembles under 0 - 1 loss / Remco R. Bouckaert.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s182</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Racing committees for large datasets / Eibe Frank ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s183</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for discrete class data mining / Mark Hall and Geoffrey Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s184</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A logistic boosting approach to inducing multiclass alternating decision trees / by Geoffrey Holmes ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s185</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A simple approach to ordinal classification / by Eibe Frank and Mark Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s186</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Data structures for Z testing tools / by Mark Utting.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s187</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Experiences using Z animation tools / by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s188</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Human evaluation of Kea, an automatic keyphrasing system / by Steve Jones and Gordon W. Paynter.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s189</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Interactive document summarisation / by Steve Jones, Stephen Lundy and Gordon W. Paynter.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s190</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Hierarchical document clustering using automatically extracted keyphrases / by Steve Jones and Malika Mahoui.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s191</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A comparative transaction log analysis of two computing collections / by Malika Mahoui and Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>&#091;Mu&#093;-charts and Z : extending the translation / by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s193</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for data mining / by Mark A. Hall and Geoffrey Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s194</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A development environment for predictive modelling in foods / by G. Holmes and M. Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s195</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Correlation-based feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine learning / by Mark A. Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s196</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>One dimensional non-uniform rational B-splines for animation control / by Abdelaziz Mahoui.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s197</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>&#091;Mu&#093;-charts and Z : hows, whys and wherefores / by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s198</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>KEA : practical automatic keyphrase extraction / by Ian H. Witten ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s199</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Interactive machine learning : letting users build classifiers / by Malcolm Ware ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s200</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Text categorization using compression models / by Eibe Frank, Chang Chui and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s201</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Using compression to identify acronyms in text / by Stuart Yeates, David Bainbridge and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s202</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Computer improvisation of blues melodies / Mark Andrew Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s203</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Compression by induction of hierarchical grammars / Craig G. Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, David L. Maulsby.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s204</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Compression-based template matching / Stuart Inglis, Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s205</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Compressing computer programs / by Rod M. Davies and  Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s206</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The design of an optimistic AND-Parallel Prolog / by John G. Cleary and Ian Olthof.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s207</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Proving the existence of solutions in logical arithmetic / by John G. Cleary.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s208</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Models for computer generated parody / Tony C. Smith, Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s209</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Language inference from function words/ Tony C. Smith, Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s210</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Displaying 3D images : algorithms for single image random dot stereograms / by Ian H. Witten, Stuart Inglis and Harold W. Thimbleby.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s211</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Informal introduction to Starlog / John G. Cleary.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s212</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Practical machine learning and its application to problems in agriculture / Ian H. Witten .. &#091;et al.&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s213</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Semantic and generative models for lossy text compression / Ian H. Witten .. &#091;et al.&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s214</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Data logging & performance analysis software for teachers of indigenous New Zealanders : early results.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s215</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Natural language processing in speech understanding systems.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s216</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Drawing diagrams in TEX documents / W.J. Rogers and G. Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s217</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>High precision traffic measurement by the WAND Research Group / by John Cleary, Ian Graham, Tony McGregor, Murray Pearson...&#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s218</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>New foundations for Z / by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s219</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Adaptive models of English text / by W.J. Teahan and John G. Cleary.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s220</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Correcting English text using PPM models / by W.J. Teahan ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s221</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Musical image compression / by David Bainbridge and Stuart Inglis.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s222</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Tag based models of English text / by W.J. Teahan and John G. Cleary.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s223</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Fast convergence with a greedy tag-phrase dictionary / by Ross Peeters and Tony C. Smith.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s224</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Inducing cost-sensitive trees via instance-weighting / by Kai Ming Ting.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s225</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Information seeking, retrieving, reading and storing behaviour of library users / by Kristine Turner.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s226</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Coordinating collaborative work in an integrated information systems engineering environment / by John C. Grundy ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s227</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Dataset cataloging metadata for machine learning applications and research / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s228</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Character-less programming II : the spreadsheet / by by Robert H. Barbour.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s229</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Supporting flexible consistency management via discrete change description propagation / by John C. Grundy, John G. Hosking and Warwick B. Mugridge.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s230</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Feature selection via the discovery of simple classification rules / by G. Holmes & C.G. Nevill-Manning.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s231</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Proceedings of the first New Zealand Formal Program Development Colloquium / edited by Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s232</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Mining data streams using option trees / Geoffrey Holmes, Bernhard Pfahringer and Richard Kirkby.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s233</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Using keyphrases as search result surrogates on small screen devices / Steve Jones, Matt Jones and Shaleen Deo.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s234</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215114
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215093
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI	dc.Subject->SU
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title	dc.Subject
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;dc.Subject;->idx
+indexstem	MARC-Singlefile
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	252480
+numdocs	234
+numsections	234
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/MARC-Singlefile/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,936 @@
+<item>
+   <title>The LRU*WWW proxy cache document replacement algorithm / by Chung-yi Chang, Tony McGregor and Geoffrey Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A survey of software requirements specification practices in the New Zealand software industry / by Lindsay Groves...&#091;et.al.&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Automating iterative tasks with programming by demonstration : a user evaluation / by Gordon W. Paynter and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Facilitating multiple copy/paste operations / by Mark Apperley ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Browsing tree structures/ by Mark Apperley...&#091;et.al.&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine learning / by Mark A. Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A diagnostic tool for tree based supervised classification learning algorithms / by Geoffrey Holmes and Leonard Trigg.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Generating rule sets from model trees / Geoffrey Holmes, Mark Hall and Eibe Frank.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Niupepa collection : opening the blinds on a window to the past / Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham and Mark Apperley.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Clustering with finite data from semi-parametric mixture distributions / by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s10</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A compression-based algorithm for Chinese word segmentation / by W.J. Teahan ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Pace regression / by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s12</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>WEKA : practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java implementations / by Ian H. Witten ... &#091;et. al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s13</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Reduced-error pruning with significance tests / by Eibe Frank and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Lexical attraction for text compression / by Joscha Bach and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Managing multiple collections, multiple languages, and multiple media in a distributed digital library / by Ian H. Witten ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s16</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>An evaluation of passage-level indexing strategies for a technical report archive / by Michael Williams.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Predicting apple bruising using machine learning / by G. Holmes ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s18</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A logic for the schema calculus / by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Revising Z : semantics and logic / by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s20</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Making oral history accessible over the World Wide Web / by David Bainbridge and Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Melody based tune retrieval over the World Wide Web / by David Bainbridge, Rodger J. McNab and Lloyd Smith.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s22</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Link as you type : using key phrases for automated dynamic link generation / Steve Jones.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Naive Bayes for regression / by Eibe Frank ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s24</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Measuring ATM traffic : final report for New Zealand Telecom / J. Cleary ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>An analysis of usage of a digital library / by Steve Jones, Sally Jo Cunningham and Rodger McNab.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Proceedings of CBISE'98 : CAiSEÂ®98 Workshop on Component Based Information Systems Engineering / edited by John Grundy.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>An entropy gain measure of numeric prediction performance / by Leonard Trigg.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s28</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Experiences with a weighted decision tree learner / by John G. Cleary and Leonard E. Trigg.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s29</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>VQuery : a graphical user interface for Boolean query specification and dynamic result preview / by Steve Jones.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s30</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Generating accurate rule sets without global optimization / by Eibe Frank and Ian Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Boosting trees for cost-sensitive classifications / by Kai Ming Ting and Zijian Zheng.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s32</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Stacking bagged and dagged models / by Kai Ming Ting and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s33</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A sight-singing tutor / by Lloyd A. Smith and Rodger J. McNab.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s34</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Computer concepts without computers : a first course in computer science / by Geoffrey Holmes, Tony C. Smith and William J. Rogers.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applications of machine learning in information retrieval / by Sally Jo Cunningham, James Littin and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A graphical notation for the design of information visualisations / by Matthew C. Humphrey.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Browsing in digital libraries : a phrase-based approach / by Craig Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, Gordon W. Paynter.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s38</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A graphical user interface for Boolean query specification / by Steve Jones and Shona McInnes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s39</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Stacked generalization : when does it work? / by Kai Ming Ting and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s40</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>OZCHI '96 Industry Session : Sixth Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction / edited by Chris Phillips & Janis McKauge.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s41</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Effects of re-ordered memory operations on parallelism / by Richard H. Litten & John G. Cleary.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Constraints on parallelism beyond 10 instructions per cycle / by John G. Cleary ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Usability testing : a Malaysian study / by Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour & Mark Apperley.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s44</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Language use in software / by Alvin Yeo and Robert Barbour.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Design issues for World Wide Web navigation visualisation tools / by Andy Cockburn and Steve Jones.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s46</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Strategies of internationalisation and localisation : a postmodernist's perspective / by Robert Barbour and Alvin Yeo.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Localising a spreadsheet : an Iban example / by Alvin Yeo and Robert Barbour.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s48</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Internationalising a spreadsheet for Pacific Basin languages / by Robert Barbour and Alvin Yeo.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s49</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Proceedings of the INTERACT97 combined workshop on CSCW in HCI-worldwide / &#091;edited&#093; by Matthias Rauterberg, Lars Oestreicher & John Grundy.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s50</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Learning from batched data : model combination vs data combination / by Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low & Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s51</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Discovering inter-attribute relationships / by Geoffrey Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s52</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Using model trees for classification / Eibe Frank .. &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s53</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Freezing rich fragments of the World Wide Web / by Geoffrey Holmes and William J. Rogers.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s54</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Extracting text from PostScript / by Craig Nevill-Manning, Todd Reed and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A dynamic and flexible representation of social relationships in CSCW / by Steve Jones and Steve Marsh.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s56</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Notes : an experiment in CSCW /  by Mark Apperley ... &#091;et al.&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s57</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Learning agents : from user study to implementation / by David Maulsby, Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s58</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A non-linear, criterion-referenced grading scheme for a computer literacy course / by Bill Rogers, Phillip Treweek, Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s59</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Conservative parallel simulation of ATM networks / by John G. Cleary and Jya-Jang Tsai.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s60</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Keeping free-edited textual and graphical views of information consistent / by John C. Grundy and John G. Hosking.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Melody transcription for interactive applications / by Rodger J. McNab & Lloyd A. Smith.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s62</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Selecting multiway splits in decision trees / by Eibe Frank, Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Reconstructing Minard's graphic with the relational visualisation notation / by Matthew C. Humphrey.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s64</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>An MDL estimate of the significance of rules / by John G. Cleary, Shane Legg, and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s65</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Proceedings of the OzCHI'96 Workshop on the Next Generation of CSCW Systems / edited by John Grundy.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s66</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Teaching students to critically evaluate the quality of Internet research resources / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Timestamp representations for virtual sequences / by John G. Cleary, J.A. David McWha, Murray Pearson.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s68</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Identifying hierarchical structure in sequences : a linear-time algorithm / by Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s69</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Authorship patterns in information systems / by Sally Jo Cunningham and Stuart M. Dillon.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s70</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Induction of model trees for predicting continuous classes / by Yong Wang and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s71</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Understanding what machine learning produces. Part II, Knowledge visualization techniques / by Matt Humphrey, Sally Jo Cunningham and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s72</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Visual analogy in creative design : case study of fractals and crochet lace / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s73</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Software for the rest of the world / by Alvin Yeo and Robert H. Barbour.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s74</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Theory combination : an alternative to data combination / Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s75</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Machine learning applied to fourteen agricultural datasets / by Kirsten Thomson, Robert J. McQueen.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s76</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Serendipity : integrated environment support for process modelling, enactment and improvement / by John C. Grundy, John G. Hosking.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s77</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Compression and explanation using hierarchical grammars / by Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s78</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>CSCW in New Zealand : a snapshot / by Colin Blackett and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s79</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Digital libraries based on full-text retrieval / by Ian H. Witten, Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s80</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Tree browsing / by Mark Apperley and Michael Chester.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s81</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Current techniques for measuring and modeling ATM traffic / by Murray Pearson ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s82</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>High performance simulation for ATM network development / by John Cleary ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s83</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Visible-C : a simple visualisation for C data structures / by William J. Rogers.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Bi-level document image compression using layout information / by Stuart J. Inglis and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s85</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Bibliomania : what can we learn from the research literature / by Sally-Jo Cunningham, Nic Empson, Rawinia Kamau.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Obsolescence of computing literature / by Sally-Jo Cunningham &#091;and&#093; David Bocock.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s87</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The subset sum problem and arithmetic coding / Sean A. Irvine, John G. Cleary, Ingrid Rinsma-Melchert.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s88</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A New Zealand digital library for computer science research / by Ian H. Witten ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s89</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Developing CASE tools which support integrated development notations / by John C. Grundy and John R. Venable.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Interactive concept learning for end-user applications / by David Maulsby and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s91</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>How Maui captured the sun : using a MUD for educational simulation / by Sally Jo Cunningham, Warren Williams.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s92</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Information retrieval programs on the Internet : tools for teaching IR / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s93</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>PICSIL : integrating graphic system design and automatic synthesis / by Murray W. Pearson, Paul J. Lyons and Mark D. Apperley.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s94</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Towards the digital music library : tune retrieval from acoustic input / Rodger J. McNab ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s95</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Teaching novice conceptual data modellers to become experts / by John R. Venable.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s96</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A logic for specifying and reasoning about cooperative environments / by Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s97</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Towards an integrated refinement environment for formal program development / by Steve Reeves and John C. Grundy.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s98</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Writing anxiety in computer science students / by Sally Jo Cunningham, Geoff Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s99</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Building a public digital library based on full-text retrieval / by Ian H.Witten, Craig G. Nevill-Manning and Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s100</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>An investigation into the use of machine learning for determining oestrus in cows / by R. Scott Mitchell, Robert A. Sherlock and Lloyd A. Smith.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s101</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Signal processing for melody transcription / by Rodger J. McNab, Lloyd A. Smith and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s102</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A teaching and support tool for building formal models of graphical user-interfaces / by Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s103</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applying machine learning to subject classification and subject description for information retrieval / by Sally Jo Cunningham, Brent Summers.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s104</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The development of Holte's 1R classifier / by Craig Nevill-Manning, Geoff Holmes and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s105</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Instance-based learning : nearest neighbour with generalisation / by Brent Martin.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s106</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applications for bibliometric research in the emerging digital library / by Sally Jo Cunningham & Mahendra Vallabh.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s107</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>An empirical investigation of the obsolescence rate for information systems literature / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s108</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The application of machine learning techniques to time-series data / by Scott Mitchell.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s109</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Video support for shared work-space interaction :  an empirical study / by Masood Masoodian, Mark Apperley and Lesley Frederikson.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s110</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Machine learning in practice : experience with agricultural databases / by Stephen R. Garner ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s111</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Subset selection using rough numeric dependency / by Tony C. Smith & Geoff Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s112</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Machine learning and statistics : a matter of perspective / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s113</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Analysis of cow culling with a machine learning workbench / by Rhys DeWar and Robert J. McQueen.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s114</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>WEKA : a machine learning workbench / by Geoffrey Holmes, Andrew Donkin and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s115</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A calculator for supporting derivation in constructive type theory : PICTCalc / by Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s116</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>On the insecurity of arithmetic coding / by John G. Cleary, Sean Irvine, Ingrid Rinsma-Melchert.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s117</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Collaborative, integrated software development with multiple views / by John C. Grundy ... &#091;et al.&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s118</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>MiraCalc : the Miranda calculator : the Unix version / by Doug Goldson, Mike Hopkins & Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Constructing integrated software development environments with dependency graphs / by John C. Grundy and John G. Hosking.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s120</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Chinks in the armor of public key cryptosystems / by William J. Wilson.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s121</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The induction and professional development of academics / Robert H. Barbour.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s122</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Providing integrated support for multiple development notations / by John C. Grundy and John R. Venable.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s123</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The architecture of an optimistic CPU : the WarpEngine / by John G. Cleary, Murray Pearson, & Husam Kinawi.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s124</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Data transformation : a semantically-based approach to function recovery / by Ian H. Witten & Thong H. Phan.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s125</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Survival of the species vs survival of the individual / by R.H. Barbour and K. Hopper.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s126</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applying machine learning to agricultural data / by Robert J. McQueen .... (et al.)</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s127</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>WEKA machine learning project : cow culling / Rhys de War & Donna Liane Neal.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s128</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Navigating the virtual library : a 3D browsing interface for information retrieval / by Bill Rogers, Sally Jo Cunningham & Geoff Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s129</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Character-less programming / Keith Hopper, Robert H. Barbour.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s130</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Multiple viewpoint systems for music prediction / Ian H. Witten, Darrell Conklin.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s131</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Parallel programming with PICSIL1 / Murray Pearson, Matthew Melchert.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s132</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Getting research students started : a tale of two courses / Ian H. Witten, Timothy C. Bell.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s133</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Comparing human and computational models of music prediction / by Ian H. Witten, Leonard C. Manzara, Darrell Conklin.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s134</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Voice input and information exchange in asynchronous group communication / R. J. McQueen.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s135</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Computational sense : the role of technology in the education of digital librarians / Michael B. Twidale and David M. Nichols.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s136</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>State- and event-based refinement / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s137</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>LSB = Live and Safe B : alternative semantics for Event B / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s138</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Liberalising Event B without changing it  / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s139</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Arbitrary Boolean advertisements : the final step in supporting the Boolean publish/subscribe model / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s140</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A decision tree-based attribute weighting filter for naive Bayes / Mark Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s141</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A taxonomy of model-based testing / by Mark Utting, Alexander Pretschner and Bruno Legeard.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s142</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Event distributions in online book auctions / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s143</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Proceedings of the Second Computing Women Congress (CWC 2006) : student papers, Hamilton, New Zealand, 11-19 February 2006 / editors, Annika Hinze, Doris Jung and Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s144</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Subscription tree pruning : a structure-independent routing optimization for general-purpose publish/subscribe systems / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s145</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Constructing programs or processes / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s146</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Towards a TIP 3.0 service-oriented architecture : interaction design / Annika Hinze, Petra Malik and Robi Malik.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s147</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Stepwise refinement of processes / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s148</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>ApproXFILTER : an approximative XML filter / Annika Hinze and Yann-Rudolf Michel.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s149</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Design and implementation of a filter engine for semantic web documents / Annika Hinze and Takamori Kozuka.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s150</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Advanced recommendation in a mobile tourist information system / Annika Hinze and Saijai Junmanee.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s151</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Investigating the memory requirements for publish/subscribe filtering algorithms / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s152</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>StoneD : a bridge between Greenstone and DSpace / Ian Witten ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s153</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A distributed directory service for Greenstone / George Buchanan and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s154</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Bayesian network classifiers in Weka / Remco Bouckaert.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s155</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Language switching in a digital library / Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham and Katherine Don.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s156</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Event notification services : analysis and transformation of profile definition languages / Annika Hinze and Doris Jung.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s157</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Design and analysis of an efficient distributed event notification service / Sven Bittner and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s158</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Open issues in semantic query optimization in relational DBMS / Bryan Genet and Annika Hinze.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s159</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Analyzing library collections with starfield visualizations / Alfredo Sanchez ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s160</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Usability discussions in open source development / Michale Twidale and David Nichols.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s161</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Please turn on your mobile phone : first impressions of text-messaging in lectures / Matt Jones and Gary Marsden.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s162</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Ensembles of nested dichotomies for multiclass problems / Eibe Frank and Stefan Kramer.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s163</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Deepdocument : use of a multi-layered display to provide context awareness in text editing / Masood Masoodian ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s164</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The syntax and semantics of &#091;mu&#093;-charts / Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s165</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Mining data streams using option trees / Geoffrey Holmes, Richard Kirkby and Bernhard Pfahringer.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s166</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Unifying state and process determinism / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s167</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Atomic components / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s168</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applying propositional learning algorithms to multi-instance data / Eibe Frank and Xin Xu.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s169</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Comparison of data and process refinement / Steve Reeves and David Streader.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s170</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>From sit-forward to lean-back : using a mobile device to vary interactive pace / Matt Jones ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s171</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Visualizing class probability estimators / Eibe Frank and Mark Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s172</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Predicting Library of Congress Classifications from Library of Congress Subject Headings / Eibe Frank and Gordon Paynter.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s173</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Object-orientation in standard Z / Mark Utting and Shaochun Wang.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s174</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>ZML : XML support for standard Z / Mark Utting ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s175</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Usability and open source software / David M. Nichols and Michael B. Twidale.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s176</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Research laboratory survey / Kirsten Thomson.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s177</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Lids Research Project : appendage to usability study report (1/2002) / Kirsten Thomson and Laurie McLeod.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s178</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Use of video shadow for small group interaction awareness on a large interactive display surface / Mark Apperley ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s179</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Lids Research Project usability study report &#091;1/2002&#093; / Kirsten Thomson and Laurie McLeod.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s180</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Toward a theory of music information retrieval queries : system design implications / Sally Jo Cunningham and J. Stephen Downie.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s181</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Accuracy bounds for ensembles under 0 - 1 loss / Remco R. Bouckaert.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s182</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Racing committees for large datasets / Eibe Frank ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s183</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for discrete class data mining / Mark Hall and Geoffrey Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s184</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A logistic boosting approach to inducing multiclass alternating decision trees / by Geoffrey Holmes ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s185</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A simple approach to ordinal classification / by Eibe Frank and Mark Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s186</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Data structures for Z testing tools / by Mark Utting.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s187</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Experiences using Z animation tools / by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s188</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Human evaluation of Kea, an automatic keyphrasing system / by Steve Jones and Gordon W. Paynter.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s189</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Interactive document summarisation / by Steve Jones, Stephen Lundy and Gordon W. Paynter.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s190</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Hierarchical document clustering using automatically extracted keyphrases / by Steve Jones and Malika Mahoui.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s191</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A comparative transaction log analysis of two computing collections / by Malika Mahoui and Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>&#091;Mu&#093;-charts and Z : extending the translation / by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s193</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for data mining / by Mark A. Hall and Geoffrey Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s194</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A development environment for predictive modelling in foods / by G. Holmes and M. Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s195</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Correlation-based feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine learning / by Mark A. Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s196</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>One dimensional non-uniform rational B-splines for animation control / by Abdelaziz Mahoui.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s197</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>&#091;Mu&#093;-charts and Z : hows, whys and wherefores / by Greg Reeve and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s198</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>KEA : practical automatic keyphrase extraction / by Ian H. Witten ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s199</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Interactive machine learning : letting users build classifiers / by Malcolm Ware ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s200</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Text categorization using compression models / by Eibe Frank, Chang Chui and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s201</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Using compression to identify acronyms in text / by Stuart Yeates, David Bainbridge and Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s202</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Computer improvisation of blues melodies / Mark Andrew Hall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s203</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Compression by induction of hierarchical grammars / Craig G. Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, David L. Maulsby.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s204</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Compression-based template matching / Stuart Inglis, Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s205</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Compressing computer programs / by Rod M. Davies and  Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s206</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The design of an optimistic AND-Parallel Prolog / by John G. Cleary and Ian Olthof.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s207</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Proving the existence of solutions in logical arithmetic / by John G. Cleary.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s208</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Models for computer generated parody / Tony C. Smith, Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s209</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Language inference from function words/ Tony C. Smith, Ian H. Witten.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s210</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Displaying 3D images : algorithms for single image random dot stereograms / by Ian H. Witten, Stuart Inglis and Harold W. Thimbleby.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s211</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Informal introduction to Starlog / John G. Cleary.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s212</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Practical machine learning and its application to problems in agriculture / Ian H. Witten .. &#091;et al.&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s213</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Semantic and generative models for lossy text compression / Ian H. Witten .. &#091;et al.&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s214</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Data logging & performance analysis software for teachers of indigenous New Zealanders : early results.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s215</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Natural language processing in speech understanding systems.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s216</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Drawing diagrams in TEX documents / W.J. Rogers and G. Holmes.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s217</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>High precision traffic measurement by the WAND Research Group / by John Cleary, Ian Graham, Tony McGregor, Murray Pearson...&#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s218</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>New foundations for Z / by Martin C. Henson and Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s219</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Adaptive models of English text / by W.J. Teahan and John G. Cleary.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s220</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Correcting English text using PPM models / by W.J. Teahan ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s221</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Musical image compression / by David Bainbridge and Stuart Inglis.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s222</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Tag based models of English text / by W.J. Teahan and John G. Cleary.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s223</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Fast convergence with a greedy tag-phrase dictionary / by Ross Peeters and Tony C. Smith.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s224</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Inducing cost-sensitive trees via instance-weighting / by Kai Ming Ting.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s225</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Information seeking, retrieving, reading and storing behaviour of library users / by Kristine Turner.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s226</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Coordinating collaborative work in an integrated information systems engineering environment / by John C. Grundy ... &#091;et al.&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s227</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Dataset cataloging metadata for machine learning applications and research / by Sally Jo Cunningham.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s228</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Character-less programming II : the spreadsheet / by by Robert H. Barbour.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s229</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Supporting flexible consistency management via discrete change description propagation / by John C. Grundy, John G. Hosking and Warwick B. Mugridge.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s230</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Feature selection via the discovery of simple classification rules / by G. Holmes & C.G. Nevill-Manning.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s231</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Proceedings of the first New Zealand Formal Program Development Colloquium / edited by Steve Reeves.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s232</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Mining data streams using option trees / Geoffrey Holmes, Bernhard Pfahringer and Richard Kirkby.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s233</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Using keyphrases as search result surrogates on small screen devices / Steve Jones, Matt Jones and Shaleen Deo.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6a30b66a3a5419ad674b26s234</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASH017c.dir/docmets.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASH017c.dir/docmets.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASH017c.dir/docmets.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<mets:mets xmlns:mets="http://www.loc.gov/METS/"
+           xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+           xmlns:gsdl3="http://www.greenstone.org/namespace/gsdlmetadata/1.0/"
+           xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+           xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/METS/
+           http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/mets.xsd
+           http://www.greenstone.org/namespace/gsdlmetadata/1.0/
+           http://www.greenstone.org/namespace/gsdlmetadata/1.0/gsdl_metadata.xsd"
+  OBJID="HASH017c9afe86ea1866828ceb1b:2">
+<mets:dmdSec ID="DM1" GROUPID="1">
+  <mets:mdWrap  MDTYPE="OTHER" OTHERMDTYPE="gsdl3" ID="gsdl1">
+    <mets:xmlData>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_files/boleyn.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="FileSize">43939</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Source">boleyn.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Language">en</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Title">Anne Boleyn: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="URL">http://html_files/boleyn.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_files/boleyn.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017c9afe86ea1866828ceb1b</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215114</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH017c.dir</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyncardinalbig.gif:image/gif:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynmainjpg.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynsmall.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn3sepiatinged.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynstrong.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8boleyn.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynsketch2.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne3.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">visit.gif:image/gif:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+    </mets:xmlData>
+  </mets:mdWrap>
+</mets:dmdSec>
+<mets:fileSec>
+  <mets:fileGrp ID="FILEGROUP_PRELUDE1">
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="text/xml" ID="FILE1"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="file:doctxt.xml#xpointer(/Section[1]/text())" xlink:title="Hierarchical Document Structure"/>
+    </mets:file>
+  </mets:fileGrp>
+  <mets:fileGrp ID="default">
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="text/xml" ID="default.1"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="file:import/html_files/boleyn.html" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/gif" ID="default.2"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="boleyncardinalbig.gif" xlink:title="boleyncardinalbig.gif" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.3"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="boleynmainjpg.jpg" xlink:title="boleynmainjpg.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.4"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="boleynsmall.jpg" xlink:title="boleynsmall.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.5"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="aragon-min.jpg" xlink:title="aragon-min.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.6"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="boleyn3sepiatinged.jpg" xlink:title="boleyn3sepiatinged.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.7"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="boleynstrong.jpg" xlink:title="boleynstrong.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.8"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="henry8boleyn.jpg" xlink:title="henry8boleyn.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.9"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="boleynsketch2.jpg" xlink:title="boleynsketch2.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.10"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="anne2.jpg" xlink:title="anne2.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.11"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="anne3.jpg" xlink:title="anne3.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/gif" ID="default.12"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="visit.gif" xlink:title="visit.gif" />
+    </mets:file>
+  </mets:fileGrp>
+</mets:fileSec>
+<mets:structMap ID="Section" TYPE="Section" LABEL="Section">
+  <mets:div ID="DS1" TYPE="Section" 
+      ORDER="0" ORDERLABEL="1" 
+      LABEL="1" DMDID="DM1">
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="FILEGROUP_PRELUDE1" />
+  </mets:div>
+</mets:structMap>
+<mets:structMap ID="All" TYPE="Whole Document" LABEL="All">
+  <mets:div ID="DSAll" TYPE="Document" ORDER="0" ORDERLABEL="All" LABEL="Whole Documemt" DMDID="DM1">
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.1" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.2" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.3" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.4" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.5" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.6" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.7" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.8" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.9" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.10" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.11" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.12" />
+  </mets:div>
+</mets:structMap>
+</mets:mets>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASH017c.dir/doctxt.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASH017c.dir/doctxt.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASH017c.dir/doctxt.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Section SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Section>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; height=&quot;667&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;29&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;29&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'[A] woman who is the scandal of 
+      Christendom.'&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon describes her
+rival, 1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyncardinalbig.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Anne Boleyn&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;90&quot; width=&quot;352&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt; 
+      &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynmainjpg.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;the most famous portrait of Anne Boleyn; at the NPG, London&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;357&quot; width=&quot;275&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;portrait of Anne Boleyn by an unknown 
+      artist, late 16th century&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;br&gt;Anne Boleyn is one of the most famous queens
+in English history, though she ruled for just three years.&amp;nbsp; The
+daughter of an ambitious knight and niece of the duke of Norfolk, Anne
+spent her adolescence in France.&amp;nbsp; When she returned to England,
+her wit and style were her greatest charms.&amp;nbsp; She had a circle of
+admirers and became secretly engaged to Henry Percy.&amp;nbsp; She also
+entered the service of Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; But she soon caught
+the eye of Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; He ordered Percy from court and tried to
+make Anne his mistress.&amp;nbsp; She refused.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, Mary, had
+been the king's mistress and gained little from it but scandal.&amp;nbsp;
+Her hopes with Percy dashed, Anne demanded that the king marry
+her.&amp;nbsp; She waited nearly seven years for Henry to obtain an
+annulment.&amp;nbsp; It finally took an irrevocable breach with the Holy
+See before they wed in 1533.&amp;nbsp; But she was unable to give Henry the
+son he desperately needed and their marriage ended tragically for
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was executed on patently false charges of witchcraft,
+incest and adultery on 19 May 1536.&amp;nbsp; Her daughter, Elizabeth,
+would become England's greatest queen.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpsamepagelink_#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Anne&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;The
+romance between Anne &amp;amp; Henry Percy,&lt;/a&gt; c1523&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Eyewitness accounts of &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;her coronation in
+1533&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;her
+execution in 1536&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-lastdays.html&quot;&gt;An
+account of Anne's last days&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne3.html&quot;&gt;Anne's
+last words&lt;/a&gt;, 19 May 1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexanne.html&quot;&gt;Another
+account of her execution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;
+          &lt;b&gt;Secondary Sources&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Read JA Froude's 1891 work &lt;i&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;The Divorce 
+          of Catherine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Understandably, it also 
+          discusses Anne Boleyn as well as Henry VIII's rumored affair with her 
+          sister Mary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;Contemporary
+descriptions of Anne&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;Henry
+VIII's love letters to Anne&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn-poems.html&quot;&gt;Poetry
+about Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Anne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Anne's daughter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Read about Anne's sister, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Mary Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2ffiveanne.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;The
+Boleyn-Howard connection&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Anne's relationship to Henry VIII's fifth wife&lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Anne Boleyn's life at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Links&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fboleynfamily&quot;&gt;The Boleyns&lt;/a&gt;: A 
+        website dedicated to the entire Boleyn family, with particular emphasis 
+        upon Anne.&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fjack-of-all-trades.ca%2fmeandmine&quot;&gt;Me and Mine&lt;/a&gt;: 
+        Biography and images of Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Anne Boleyn enthusiasts at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.fine-eyes.net%2fanneboleyn%2findextwo.html&quot;&gt;Mistress
+Anne: The Official Anne Boleyn Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fsearch%3fquery%3dAnne%2bBoleyn&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Anne Boleyn at Yahoo! Groups&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; There are numerous groups
+dedicated to Anne.&amp;nbsp; I think you need a Yahoo! ID to join.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&amp;nbsp; It does
+not focus exclusively on Anne.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;NEWS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; September 2004&lt;br&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: 
+        The Most Happy&lt;/b&gt; by Eric Ives has just been published
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f026-3687195-0558069&quot;&gt;
+        in the UK&lt;/a&gt; and
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f002-7093489-7046463%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3dbooks%26amp;n%3d507846&quot;&gt;
+        US&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I will be posting a lengthy review soon.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Professor Ives had previously written the definitive 
+        biography of Anne in 1986; this work incorporates new research.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/b&gt; by Joanna Denny
+        was published
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-9295844-3953254&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt; 
+        in April 2004.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The above portrait of Anne Boleyn is a late
+16th copy of a lost original.&amp;nbsp; It can be viewed at the National Portrait
+Gallery, London.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is of middling stature, with a swarthy
+complexion, long neck, wide mouth, bosom not much raised, and in fact
+has nothing but the King's great appetite, and her eyes, which are
+black and beautiful - and take great effect on those who served the
+Queen when she was on the throne.&amp;nbsp; She lives like a queen, and the
+King accompanies her to Mass - and everywhere.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;the Venetian ambassador describes Anne, 1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Anne Boleyn's birthdate is unknown; even the year is widely
+debated.&amp;nbsp; General opinion now favors 1501 or 1502, though some
+historians persuasively argue for 1507.&amp;nbsp; She was probably born at
+Blickling Hall in Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Her father was Sir Thomas Boleyn, a
+minor courtier with a talent for foreign languages; he was of London
+merchant stock and eager to advance in the world.&amp;nbsp; Like most men,
+he chose to marry well.&amp;nbsp; His bride was Elizabeth Howard, daughter
+of the second duke of Norfolk and sister of the third duke.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne had two surviving siblings, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and George.&amp;nbsp; Their birthdates are also unknown, as is the order of their 
+  births.&amp;nbsp; We only know that all three Boleyn siblings were close in age.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In 1514, Henry VIII married his youngest sister, Mary, to the aged king of France.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+accompanied the Tudor princess as a very&lt;img alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynsmall.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;232&quot; width=&quot;175&quot;&gt; young lady-in-waiting; she remained in France after the French king died and
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;
+returned home.&amp;nbsp; Anne gained the subsequent honor of being educated
+under the watchful eye of the new French queen Claude.&amp;nbsp; This
+education had a uniquely French emphasis upon fashion and flirtation,
+though more intellectual skills were not neglected.&amp;nbsp; Anne became
+an accomplished musician, singer and dancer.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In 1521 or early 1522, with war between England and France
+imminent, Anne returned home.&amp;nbsp; When she first caught Henry VIII's
+eye is unknown.&amp;nbsp; He was originally attracted to her sister, Mary
+who came to court before Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was the king's mistress in the
+early 1520s and, as a mark of favor, her father was elevated to the
+peerage as viscount Rochfort/Rochford in 1525.&amp;nbsp; Mary herself would leave 
+  court with only a dull marriage, and possibly the king's illegitimate son, as 
+  her reward.&amp;nbsp; Anne learned much from her sister's example.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Her first years at court were spent in service to Henry VIII's
+first wife, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhtml%5ffiles%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She became quite popular among
+the younger men.&amp;nbsp; She was not considered a great beauty; her
+sister occupied that position in the family, but even Mary was merely
+deemed 'pretty'.&amp;nbsp; Hostile chroniclers &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;described Anne&lt;/a&gt;
+as plain, sallow, and possessing two distinct flaws - a large mole on
+the side of her neck and an extra finger on her left hand.&amp;nbsp; Such
+praise as she received focused on her style, her wit and charm; she was
+quick-tempered and spirited.&amp;nbsp; Her most remarkable physical
+attributes were her large dark eyes and long black hair.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's attraction was focused upon her sharp and teasing
+manner, and her oft-stated unavailability.&amp;nbsp; What he couldn't have,
+he pined for all the more.&amp;nbsp; This was especially difficult for a
+king used to having his own way in everything.&amp;nbsp; Anne was also
+seriously involved with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Henry Percy&lt;/a&gt;,
+the son and heir of the earl of Northumberland; there were rumors of an
+engagement and declarations of true love.&amp;nbsp; The king ordered his
+great minister, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, to end the match.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey did so, thus ensuring
+Percy's unhappy marriage to the earl of Shrewsbury's daughter and
+Anne's great enmity.&amp;nbsp; It was safer to blame the Cardinal than his
+king.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry's jealousy revealed the depth of his feelings,
+and Anne quite naturally thought - if she could not be an earl's wife,
+why not try for the crown of England? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When Anne avoided Henry's company, was sullen and evasive to him,
+he sent her from court; he hoped that a few months in the country would
+persuade her of his charms.&amp;nbsp; It did not work.&amp;nbsp; Anne was
+already playing a far more serious game than the king.&amp;nbsp; Later,
+after she had been arrested, Henry would claim he had been 'bewitched'
+and the term wasn't used lightly in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; But perhaps
+it was simply the contrast between her vivacity and Katharine's
+solemnity; or perhaps the king mistook the inexplicable ardor of true
+love for something more ominous, long after that love had faded.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is impossible to fully explain the mystery of attraction
+between two people.&amp;nbsp; How Anne was able to capture and maintain the
+king's attention for such a long while, despite great obstacles and the
+constant presence of malicious gossip, cannot be explained.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was headstrong and querulous.&amp;nbsp; But for several years, he remained
+faithful to his feelings for Anne - and his attendant desire for a
+legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-min.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;168&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;One cannot separate the king's desire for a
+son, indeed its very necessity, from his personal desire for
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; The two interests merged perfectly in 1527.&amp;nbsp; Henry had
+discovered the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhtml%5ffiles%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;invalidity
+of his marriage&lt;/a&gt; to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Now it was possible to annul
+his marriage and secure his two fondest hopes - Anne's hand in marriage
+and the long-desired heir.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; Cardinal Wolsey had long advocated an Anglo-French
+alliance.&amp;nbsp; For that reason, he disliked the Spanish
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhtml%5ffiles%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
+of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He now set about securing his monarch's annulment
+with the intention of marrying Henry to a French princess.&amp;nbsp; And if
+not a French princess, perhaps a great lady of the English court.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey did not like Anne, and she despised him.&amp;nbsp; It was Wolsey who
+had delivered the king's orders to Henry Percy, driving her suitor from
+court.&amp;nbsp; She never forgot that injury to her heart.&amp;nbsp; And while
+she could not revenge herself upon the king, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter8.html&quot;&gt;she could work
+against&lt;/a&gt; his Lord Chancellor.&amp;nbsp; His protÃ©gÃ© and successor &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; became a close ally. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Anne alone did not cause Wolsey's fall from grace, though she
+took the blame for it.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, 'Nan Bullen', as the common people
+derisively called her, became the scapegoat for all the king's
+unpopular decisions.&amp;nbsp; But it is important to remember that no one
+- not Wolsey, not Cromwell, and certainly not Anne Boleyn - ever
+controlled Henry VIII, or made him do other than exactly what he
+wanted.&amp;nbsp; He was a king who thoroughly knew and enjoyed his
+position.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas
+More&lt;/a&gt; would aptly point this out to his son-in-law, William Roper -
+'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold
+him.'&amp;nbsp; And later, when Roper commented upon the king's affection
+for More, the philosopher replied that if his head would win the king a
+castle in France, then Henry would not hesitate to chop it off.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But most people found it easier to hate Anne than to hate their
+monarch.&amp;nbsp; As the king's desire for an annulment became the gossip
+of all Europe, she was roundly criticized and condemned.&amp;nbsp; And she
+was not popular at the English court either.&amp;nbsp; Both her unique
+situation and her oft times abrasive personality offended many.&amp;nbsp;
+And Katharine's solemn piety had impressed the English court for three
+decades; her supporters were numerous, though not inclined to face the
+king's formidable wrath.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Anne was sustained only by the
+king's affection and she knew his mercurial temper.&amp;nbsp; It is
+possible that she was as surprised by his faithfulness as everyone
+else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As the struggle for an annulment proceeded and the pope
+prevaricated between Henry and Katharine's nephew, the Holy Roman
+Emperor Charles V, Anne's position at the English court became steadily
+more prominent.&amp;nbsp; There were at first little signs.&amp;nbsp; The king
+would eat alone with her; she received expensive gifts; she began to
+dress in the most fashionable and expensive gowns; the king paid her
+gambling debts since Anne, like most courtiers, enjoyed cards and dice.
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king was not too outlandish at first; he had no desire to
+prejudice the pope against his case by flaunting a new love.&amp;nbsp; But
+as the delays mounted, and rumors of his new love spread, Henry
+realized there was no purpose in hiding the truth.&amp;nbsp; By 1530, Anne
+was openly honored by the king at court.&amp;nbsp; She was accorded
+precedence over all other ladies, and she sat with the king at
+banquets and hunts while Katharine was virtually ignored.&amp;nbsp; The
+pretense of his first marriage was allowed to continue; Katharine
+continued to personally mend his shirts and send him gifts and
+notes.&amp;nbsp; But it was an untenable situation.&amp;nbsp; It grated on both
+women.&amp;nbsp; Anne perhaps taxed the king with it.&amp;nbsp; To placate her,
+she was titled marquess of Pembroke on 4 September 1532 at Windsor
+Castle; she wore a beautiful crimson gown and her hair hung
+loose.&amp;nbsp; Now elevated to the peerage in her own right, she had
+wealth and lands of her own.&amp;nbsp; But when she accompanied him to
+France on a state visit a short while later, the ladies of the French
+court refused to meet with her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is believed that her elevation to the peerage marked the
+physical consummation of Anne and Henry's relationship.&amp;nbsp; She would
+give birth to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;
+just a year later, and there were rumors of a secret marriage in late
+1532.&amp;nbsp; It is possible that she became pregnant after just a few
+months and a second, legitimate wedding became a necessity.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; 
+  &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn3sepiatinged.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sepia-tinged sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;344&quot; width=&quot;216&quot;&gt;The king had his fondest wish within his
+grasp.&amp;nbsp; Anne was pregnant with his long-awaited son, or so he
+thought, and this son must be legitimate.&amp;nbsp; He could no longer wait
+upon the pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry rejected the authority of the Holy See and
+Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, annulled his marriage to
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Anne married again in January 1533 in a
+small ceremony.&amp;nbsp; But though they were now husband and wife, few
+recognized the fact.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;Her
+coronation&lt;/a&gt; was a lavish affair; the king spared no expense.&amp;nbsp;
+But the people of London were noticeably unimpressed.&amp;nbsp; They cried
+out 'HA! HA!' mockingly as tapestries decorated with Henry and Anne's
+entwined initials passed by.&amp;nbsp; Henry asked, 'How liked you the look
+of the City?'&amp;nbsp; Anne replied, 'Sir, I liked the City well enough -
+but I saw a great many caps on heads, and heard but few tongues.'&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so her coronation was yet another reminder of her complete
+dependency upon the king.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne enjoyed her triumph as much as she could.&amp;nbsp; She ordered
+new blue and purple livery for her servants and set about replacing
+Katharine's badge of pomegranates with her own falcon symbol.&amp;nbsp; She
+chose as her motto, 'The Most Happy', in stark contrast to her
+predecessor.&amp;nbsp; Katharine had been 'Humble and Loyal'; Henry's
+mother, Elizabeth of York had chosen 'Humble and Reverent'.&amp;nbsp; But
+humility was not a marked characteristic of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was pious, though not as rigid and inflexible as Katharine of
+Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Anne's sympathies naturally lay with the progressive
+thought now challenging Catholic orthodoxy; with Henry's rejection of the papacy and his
+creation of a new Church of England, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;the
+Reformation&lt;/a&gt; had come to England.&amp;nbsp; It was not as revolutionary
+as Luther's movement in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Henry actually remained a devout
+Catholic, only denying what he now regarded as the illegitimate
+authority of the papacy.&amp;nbsp; Anne knew that her marriage and future
+children would never be recognized as legitimate by Catholic
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; She had to support the new church, otherwise she was no more than 
+  the king's mistress.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And this new emphasis upon debating even the most esoteric bits of
+theology appealed to her nature.&amp;nbsp; She was always curious and open
+to new ideas; she never blindly accepted&lt;img alt=&quot;The above portrait is of Anne Boleyn, painted by Lucas Horenbout; dated 1525-27.  Sir Roy Strong identified the portrait.  Anne wears a necklace with her falcon badge.&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynstrong.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;175&quot; width=&quot;175&quot;&gt; anything.&amp;nbsp; But this is not to deny her
+deep faith.&amp;nbsp; As queen, she was close friends with Thomas Cranmer
+and she also sponsored various religious books.&amp;nbsp; She had none of
+the hard-fought pragmatism of her daughter, 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Religious faith was a
+vital part of Anne's life, as it was for every person in the 16th
+century.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She entered confinement for the birth of her first child on 26
+August 1533.&amp;nbsp; The child was born on 7 September 1533.&amp;nbsp; The
+physicians and astrologers had been mistaken; it was not a
+prince.&amp;nbsp; But the healthy baby girl called Elizabeth was not the
+disappointment most assumed, nor did she immediately cause her mother's
+downfall.&amp;nbsp; The birth had been very easy and quick.&amp;nbsp; 'There
+was good speed in the deliverance and bringing forth,' Anne wrote to
+Lord Cobham that very day.&amp;nbsp; The queen recovered quickly.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had every reason to believe that strong princes would
+follow.&amp;nbsp; It was only when Anne miscarried two sons that he began
+to question the validity of his second marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth's christening was a grand affair, though the king did
+not attend.&amp;nbsp; This fact was much remarked-upon, but Henry
+confounded all by his continuing affection for Anne.&amp;nbsp; He also
+promptly declared Elizabeth his heir, thus according her precedence
+over her 17 year old half-sister, 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Princess Mary&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Anne could
+breathe a sigh of relief, recover, and become pregnant again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Immediately after Elizabeth's christening, Henry wrote to Mary and
+demanded that she relinquish her title of Princess of Wales.&amp;nbsp; The
+title belonged to his heiress.&amp;nbsp; He also demanded that she
+acknowledge the validity of his new marriage and legitimacy of her
+half-sister.&amp;nbsp; But Mary could be as obstinate as her mother; she refused.&amp;nbsp; Enraged, Henry evicted Mary from her
+home, the manor Beaulieu, so he could give it to Anne's brother, George.&amp;nbsp; In December, 
+  she was moved into Elizabeth's household
+under the care of Lady Anne Shelton, a sister of Anne's father.&amp;nbsp;
+It was an understandably miserable time for Mary.&amp;nbsp; When told to pay her
+respects to the baby Princess, she said that she knew of no Princess of
+England but herself and burst into tears.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry was infuriated and Anne encouraged the estrangement.&amp;nbsp;
+Her daughter's status depended upon Mary remaining out of favor.&amp;nbsp;
+In the two and a half years she lived after Elizabeth's birth, Anne
+proved herself a devoted mother.&amp;nbsp; Soon after the birth, Elizabeth
+had to be moved from London, for purposes of health; London was rife
+with a variety of illnesses - sweating sickness, smallpox, and
+plague.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth and Mary were sent to Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; Both
+Henry and Anne visited their daughter often, occasionally taking her
+back with them to Greenwich or the palace at Eltham.&amp;nbsp; During these
+visits, Mary was kept alone in her room.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;portrait of Henry VIII&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8boleyn.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;186&quot; width=&quot;150&quot;&gt;There are account books and
+letters which reveal certain facts about Elizabeth's early
+childhood:&amp;nbsp; bills for an orange satin gown and russet velvet
+kirtle, for the king's heir had to be fashionably dressed; a letter in
+late 1535, after her second birthday, from the wet nurse asking
+permission to wean her; a plan of study in classical languages, for
+Anne was determined her daughter would be as educated as Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The conflict with Mary dominated a great deal of Henry and Anne's
+thoughts.&amp;nbsp; In January 1534, the king's new chief minister, Thomas
+Cromwell, went to visit Mary at Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; He urged her to
+renounce her title and warned her that her behavior would lead to her
+ruin.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she simply wanted her father's blessing
+and the honor of kissing his hand.&amp;nbsp; When Cromwell chastised her,
+she left the room.&amp;nbsp; Mary, and indeed most of England, believed
+Anne to be the cause of Henry's disgust with his eldest child.&amp;nbsp; In
+truth, Henry had far more to do with it than Anne; this was proven
+after Anne's execution.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed that she would regain her
+favor with the wicked stepmother out of the way but she was proven
+terribly wrong.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, under threat of her life, she &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;wrote the letter&lt;/a&gt;
+her father had long desired.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;He and Anne also tried a gentler course with Mary; their goal was
+to show that she had brought Henry's displeasure upon herself and that
+he and Anne were quite willing - under reasonable conditions - to
+receive her.&amp;nbsp; At their next visit to Hatfield, Anne arranged to
+see her stepdaughter.&amp;nbsp; She invited Mary to come to court and
+'visit me as Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Mary responded with a cruel insult - 'I know
+no Queen in England but my mother.&amp;nbsp; But if you, Madam, as my
+father's mistress, will intercede for me with him, I should be
+grateful.'&amp;nbsp; Anne did not lose her temper; she pointed out the
+absurdity of the request and repeated her offer.&amp;nbsp; Mary then
+refused to answer and Anne left in a rage.&amp;nbsp; From then on, she made
+no attempts to gain Mary's friendship.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The problem with Mary highlights the untenable positions Anne and
+Elizabeth occupied in English politics.&amp;nbsp; Many of Henry's subjects
+did not know who to call Princess, who was the rightful heir, and who
+was the true wife.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon lived on, still calling
+herself Queen, and Mary, encouraged by the spiteful Imperial ambassador
+Eustace Chapuys, still called herself Princess.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+Chapuys, who openly despised Anne, told Mary that Anne was planning to
+have her murdered.&amp;nbsp; It was a terrible lie but one that Mary, in
+her hysterical state, was inclined to believe.&amp;nbsp; When word came
+that she and Elizabeth's household was moving from Hatfield to The
+More, she refused to go.&amp;nbsp; She believed she would be moved and
+quietly murdered.&amp;nbsp; Guards had to actually seize her and throw her
+into her litter.&amp;nbsp; Her distress naturally made her ill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth, meanwhile, was too young to notice any of this.&amp;nbsp;
+But such events helped cement the lifelong hatred Mary would have for
+her half-sister.&amp;nbsp; Her Spanish friends continued to spread rumors
+about Anne and Elizabeth, saying the infant princess was physically
+deformed and monstrous in appearance.&amp;nbsp; To dispel this, in April
+1534, Henry showed the naked infant to several continental
+ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; In that same month, Anne announced she was once
+again pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Nothing could have pleased Henry more.&amp;nbsp; She
+may have had a miscarriage in February for there were rumors she was
+pregnant in January but nothing came of it; given the heightened
+circumstances, it is unlikely she could have hidden her
+condition.&amp;nbsp; Even a suspicion of pregnancy was sure to become
+gossip.&amp;nbsp; But the main source of this miscarriage is Chapuys,
+hardly an impartial observer.&amp;nbsp; At any rate, she was definitely
+pregnant again in April 1534.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The elated king took his wife to the medieval palace at Eltham;
+there, they sent for the princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry was often seen
+carrying her about and playing with her.&amp;nbsp; The king&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynsketch2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;206&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;&gt; and queen soon returned to Greenwich and
+then Henry left on a progress, leaving Anne at the palace.&amp;nbsp; This
+was probably out of concern for her health and lends some credence to
+the belief she miscarried in February.&amp;nbsp; If she had, Henry would
+show special concern for her health, and this he did.&amp;nbsp; He was
+supposed to meet Francis I of France in June at Calais to sign a treaty
+but decided not to, writing that Katharine and Mary, 'bearing no small
+grudge against his most entirely beloved Queen Anne, might perchance in
+his absence take occasion to practice matters of no small peril to his
+royal person, realm, and subjects.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;His extra attention to Anne did not help her health.&amp;nbsp; In
+September 1534, she miscarried a six-month-old fetus; it was old enough
+for features to be discerned - it was a boy.&amp;nbsp; Henry was bitterly
+disappointed.&amp;nbsp; Anne was likewise.&amp;nbsp; She was also angry for
+Henry had begun a casual affair that summer.&amp;nbsp; She reproached him
+and Henry replied, 'You have good reason to be content with what I have
+done for you - and I would not do it again, if the thing were to
+begin.&amp;nbsp; Consider from what you have come.'&amp;nbsp; The scene was
+furious and overheard by her attendants.&amp;nbsp; But it was a passing
+storm.&amp;nbsp; Henry was already tired of his new mistress and, within
+days, Chapuys was sadly writing to Charles V of Henry's continued
+affection.&amp;nbsp; But there were signs that things were not progressing
+smoothly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;For example, Henry had hoped to cement his relationship with
+Francis I by betrothing Elizabeth to Francis's son, the Duc
+d'Angouleme.&amp;nbsp; After Anne suffered two miscarriages, as the French
+ambassador reported to Francis, the French king grew wary of such a
+betrothal.&amp;nbsp; To him, it must have seemed that Anne's position was
+weakening; after all, Henry had dismissed one wife because she had no
+sons - would he do the same to Anne?&amp;nbsp; And, if he did, then what
+good was a marriage to Elizabeth?&amp;nbsp; Of course, it was in France's
+interests to promote Anne for Katharine of Aragon and her daughter were
+Charles V's pawns.&amp;nbsp; But his doubts highlight the
+instability of Anne's position.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This undoubtedly affected her mental and physical health.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was never the mercenary adulterer of legend.&amp;nbsp; In fact, he
+was remarkably conventional in his sexual appetites, unlike his French
+rival.&amp;nbsp; Any affairs would have been widely reported and yet,
+during his long marriage to Katharine of Aragon, there were just a
+handful of mistresses.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed being around attractive
+women.&amp;nbsp; He was flirtatious and would joke with them, compliment
+them, but only rarely did he enter into a physical relationship.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But for Anne, any occasional fling was devastating, especially if
+it followed upon her miscarriage.&amp;nbsp; Such behavior was said to
+indicate his displeasure with her; this she could not afford.&amp;nbsp;
+They were occasionally estranged and the effect was to increase her
+already-noticeable anxiety.&amp;nbsp; In late 1534 Anne, accompanied by the
+duke of Suffolk, her uncle Norfolk, and other courtiers, visited
+Richmond Palace, where both Elizabeth and Mary resided.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+entered her daughter's rooms only to realize that the two dukes had
+left her.&amp;nbsp; They were paying court to Mary and remained with her
+until Anne had left.&amp;nbsp; Still, this slight could be forgotten when
+the Treason Act was passed in November.&amp;nbsp; It was now a capital
+crime to deny the legitimacy of her marriage or children.&amp;nbsp; By
+December, she and Henry had made up yet again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;A scandal occurred shortly thereafter which added further damage to Anne's 
+  reputation.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, Mary, who had been Henry's mistress years 
+  before, married Sir William Stafford without her family or the king's 
+  permission.&amp;nbsp; Because Stafford was poor, Mary's father was angry and cut 
+  off her allowance.&amp;nbsp; She appealed to the king and Anne but they would not 
+  help.&amp;nbsp; (Mary did not attend court during Anne's reign, since her presence 
+  would have been an embarrassment for the king and queen.)&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;194&quot; width=&quot;139&quot;&gt;Always fascinated with rumors surrounding his
+English 'brother', Francis I decided to hedge his bets in the mercurial
+Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he would remain friendly with Anne
+and also with Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; And so he instructed his new
+ambassador, Admiral Chabot, to ignore Anne when he arrived at
+court.&amp;nbsp; Chabot was received by Henry and two days passed without
+any mention of the queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry asked if Chabot wanted to visit
+her.&amp;nbsp; The ambassador replied, 'As it pleases Your Highness' and
+then asked permission to visit Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry refused, but Chabot
+made certain everyone knew of his request.&amp;nbsp; He also told courtiers
+that Francis wanted to marry the Dauphin to Mary; when Henry reminded
+him of the union with Elizabeth, the ambassador said nothing.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, Francis did enrage Charles V by acknowledging Elizabeth's
+legitimacy.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It was a tedious and frightening dance for Anne.&amp;nbsp; During the
+two and a half years after Elizabeth's birth, she was rarely secure,
+certain of her position and the king's affections.&amp;nbsp; Her little
+daughter received every favor she could bestow; Anne insisted Henry
+favor Elizabeth because it strengthened her position.&amp;nbsp; But she was
+surrounded by fair-weather friends who, at the slightest sign of
+Henry's disfavor, ignored her.&amp;nbsp; She only trusted her brother,
+George, whose wife, Jane Rochford, was a viper in their nest.&amp;nbsp;
+Meanwhile, Henry was again flirting openly with another woman.&amp;nbsp;
+This time it was Anne's cousin and lady-in-waiting, Madge
+Shelton.&amp;nbsp; Anne still had influence over her husband, but knew only
+one way to make his favor permanent.&amp;nbsp; She must bear a son.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry would never dismiss the mother of his long-awaited heir.&amp;nbsp;
+Her enemies would at last be silenced.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Henry's health had begun to worsen.&amp;nbsp; The first
+signs of the illness which would kill him appeared (occluded sinus on
+his leg).&amp;nbsp; Headaches became frequent and severe.&amp;nbsp; The king
+was a hypochondriac.&amp;nbsp; Now unable to indulge his love of sports, he
+instead indulged his fear of pain and illness.&amp;nbsp; And he was
+frequently impotent.&amp;nbsp; He was in his mid-forties and increasingly
+obese; this, combined with his other ailments, made his continued
+virility questionable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly his 'mistresses' did not
+conceive.&amp;nbsp; But the continued lack of an heir and Anne's
+miscarriages must have reminded him of Katharine.&amp;nbsp; How could it
+not?&amp;nbsp; Like most of his contemporaries, the king blamed his wife
+when she did not conceive or carry to term.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And, like Francis I, Thomas Cromwell - that influential and
+brilliant man - was keeping his options open as well.&amp;nbsp; He visited
+Mary and was rumored to promise support for her reinstatement.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne was terrified at this loss of her one-time supporter who was also
+the king's most trusted advisor.&amp;nbsp; But Anne had one last chance,
+and in June 1535, became pregnant again.&amp;nbsp; She lost that child as
+well, in January 1536; she was reported to have said, 'I have
+miscarried of my savior.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When her destruction came, it was rapid and unbelievable.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had always been one to plot against people while he pretended
+affection.&amp;nbsp; Anne suffered the same fate as Katharine.&amp;nbsp; She
+knew he was dissatisfied with her but he maintained their lifestyle
+together.&amp;nbsp; And all the while, he was seeking the best way to
+destroy her.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon died in January as well, just a
+few days before Anne's miscarriage.&amp;nbsp; These events, taken together,
+pushed Henry into action.&amp;nbsp; While Katharine had lived, most of
+Europe, and many Englishmen, had regarded her as his rightful wife, not
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; Now he was rid of Katharine; if he were to rid himself of
+Anne, he could marry again - and this third marriage would never be
+tainted by the specter of bigamy.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry's &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;decision
+to thoroughly destroy Anne&lt;/a&gt; baffled even her enemies.&amp;nbsp; There
+was a possible way out which would spare Anne's life.&amp;nbsp; Henry had
+admitted an affair with her sister,&lt;img alt=&quot;an 18th century portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne3.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;194&quot; width=&quot;144&quot;&gt; Mary.&amp;nbsp; He could have argued that was as
+damning as Katharine's marriage to his brother.&amp;nbsp; But he chose a
+more direct route.&amp;nbsp; He had her arrested, charged with adultery,
+witchcraft, and incest; the charges were ludicrous even to her
+enemies.&amp;nbsp; Her brother George was arrested as well.&amp;nbsp; His
+despised wife, Jane Rochford, testified about an incestuous love
+affair.&amp;nbsp; Whether anyone believed her was irrelevant.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VIII wanted Anne convicted and killed.&amp;nbsp; George would also lose his
+life, as did three of their friends.&amp;nbsp; Only one had confessed to
+the charge, and that was under torture; it was still enough to convict
+them all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As queen of England, Anne was tried by her peers; the main charge
+was adultery, and this was an act of treason for a queen.&amp;nbsp; No
+member of the nobility would help her; her craven uncle Norfolk
+pronounced the death sentence.&amp;nbsp; Poor Henry Percy, her first love,
+swooned during the trial and had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; As
+a concession to her former position, she was not beheaded by a clumsy
+axe.&amp;nbsp; A skilled swordsman was brought over from France.&amp;nbsp; She
+was assured that there would be little pain; she replied, with typical
+spirit, 'I have heard that the executioner is very good.&amp;nbsp; And I
+have a little neck.'&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have chosen me from low estate to be your
+queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire; if, then, you
+found me worthy of such honor, good your grace, let not any light fancy
+or bad counsel of my enemies withdraw your princely favor from me;
+neither let that stain - that unworthy stain - of a disloyal heart
+towards your good grace ever cast so foul a blot on me, and on the
+infant princess your daughter.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;from Anne Boleyn's &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;last letter&lt;/a&gt;
+to King Henry VIII, 1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;its authenticity
+is debated&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She had prayed for exile, to end her days in a nunnery, but now
+faced a more tragic fate.&amp;nbsp; She met it with bravery and wit.&amp;nbsp;
+She was brought to the scaffold at 8 o'clock in the morning on 19 May
+1536.&amp;nbsp; It was a heretofore unknown spectacle, the first public
+execution of an English queen.&amp;nbsp; Anne, who had defended herself so
+ably at her trial, chose her last words carefully:&amp;nbsp; 'Good
+Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law,
+and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing
+against it.&amp;nbsp; I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak
+anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray
+God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler
+nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a
+good, a gentle and sovereign lord.&amp;nbsp; And if any person will meddle
+of my cause, I require them to judge the best.&amp;nbsp; And thus I take my
+leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to
+pray for me.&amp;nbsp; O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my
+soul.'&amp;nbsp; She was then blindfolded and knelt at the block.&amp;nbsp; She
+repeated several times, 'To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu
+receive my soul.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It was a sardonic message to the king.&amp;nbsp; Even now he waited
+impatiently to hear the Tower cannon mark Anne's death.&amp;nbsp; He wished
+to marry Anne's lady-in-waiting, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; They wed ten days after the execution.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth was just three and a half when her mother died.&amp;nbsp;
+She was a precocious child, though; when her governess visited her just
+days after the execution, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;
+asked, 'Why, Governor, how hap it yesterday Lady Princess, and today
+but Lady Elizabeth?'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was buried in an old arrow box since no coffin was
+provided.&amp;nbsp; But the box was too short; her head was tucked beside
+her.&amp;nbsp; The remains were taken to St Peter ad Vincula, the church of
+the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; It was later rumored that her few remaining
+friends smuggled her body to a more suitable grave and she is buried
+under a plain slab in a Norfolk church.&amp;nbsp; The church is said to be
+haunted.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And if any person will meddle of my
+cause, I require them to judge the best.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;from Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This page receives 15,000+ unique visitors per 
+month.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/geov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/visit.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1180480885&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+</Section>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASH01c1.dir/docmets.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASH01c1.dir/docmets.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASH01c1.dir/docmets.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<mets:mets xmlns:mets="http://www.loc.gov/METS/"
+           xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+           xmlns:gsdl3="http://www.greenstone.org/namespace/gsdlmetadata/1.0/"
+           xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+           xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/METS/
+           http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/mets.xsd
+           http://www.greenstone.org/namespace/gsdlmetadata/1.0/
+           http://www.greenstone.org/namespace/gsdlmetadata/1.0/gsdl_metadata.xsd"
+  OBJID="HASH01c1e7e6aeea41090cb38bab:2">
+<mets:dmdSec ID="DM1" GROUPID="1">
+  <mets:mdWrap  MDTYPE="OTHER" OTHERMDTYPE="gsdl3" ID="gsdl1">
+    <mets:xmlData>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_files/cleves.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="FileSize">29443</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Source">cleves.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="SourceFile">cleves.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Language">en</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Title">Anne of Cleves: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="URL">http://html_files/cleves.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_files/cleves.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1e7e6aeea41090cb38bab</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215114</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1.dir</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevescardinal.gif:image/gif:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevesholbein2.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cleves-bio1.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cleves-bio2.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">visit.gif:image/gif:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+    </mets:xmlData>
+  </mets:mdWrap>
+</mets:dmdSec>
+<mets:fileSec>
+  <mets:fileGrp ID="FILEGROUP_PRELUDE1">
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="text/xml" ID="FILE1"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="file:doctxt.xml#xpointer(/Section[1]/text())" xlink:title="Hierarchical Document Structure"/>
+    </mets:file>
+  </mets:fileGrp>
+  <mets:fileGrp ID="default">
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="text/xml" ID="default.1"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="file:import/html_files/cleves.html" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/gif" ID="default.2"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="clevescardinal.gif" xlink:title="clevescardinal.gif" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.3"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="clevesholbein2.jpg" xlink:title="clevesholbein2.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.4"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="cleves-bio1.jpg" xlink:title="cleves-bio1.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.5"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="cleves-bio2.jpg" xlink:title="cleves-bio2.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/gif" ID="default.6"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="visit.gif" xlink:title="visit.gif" />
+    </mets:file>
+  </mets:fileGrp>
+</mets:fileSec>
+<mets:structMap ID="Section" TYPE="Section" LABEL="Section">
+  <mets:div ID="DS1" TYPE="Section" 
+      ORDER="0" ORDERLABEL="1" 
+      LABEL="1" DMDID="DM1">
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="FILEGROUP_PRELUDE1" />
+  </mets:div>
+</mets:structMap>
+<mets:structMap ID="All" TYPE="Whole Document" LABEL="All">
+  <mets:div ID="DSAll" TYPE="Document" ORDER="0" ORDERLABEL="All" LABEL="Whole Documemt" DMDID="DM1">
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.1" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.2" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.3" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.4" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.5" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.6" />
+  </mets:div>
+</mets:structMap>
+</mets:mets>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASH01c1.dir/doctxt.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASH01c1.dir/doctxt.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASH01c1.dir/doctxt.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Section SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Section>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; height=&quot;634&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My Lord, if it were not to
+satisfy the world, and My Realm, I would not do that I must do this day
+for none earthly thing.' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Henry VIII to Cromwell on his wedding day to
+Anne of Cleves&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevescardinal.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;95&quot; width=&quot;352&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevesholbein2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;325&quot; width=&quot;331&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves 
+      by Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Anne of Cleves was the fourth wife of King
+Henry VIII; it was a very brief marriage, to the astonishment of all
+observers but the relief of both spouses.&amp;nbsp; Henry infamously
+referred to his bride as a 'Flanders mare' and told courtiers and
+ambassadors that he could not perform his husbandly duties because of
+Anne's appearance.&amp;nbsp; Anne's reaction to Henry's physical charms was
+not recorded, but she agreed to an annulment very quickly and remained
+in England for the rest of her life.&amp;nbsp; Henry was grateful for her
+cooperation and granted her a generous income and several homes,
+including Hever Castle.&amp;nbsp; Anne enjoyed an independent lifestyle
+denied most women, often visiting Henry's court as an honored
+guest.&amp;nbsp; Her fondness for English ale and gambling were her only
+vices.&amp;nbsp; Along with her successor as Henry's wife, Catherine
+Howard, Anne remains a mysterious figure about whom too little is
+known.&amp;nbsp; Had she and Henry remained married and had children, the
+course of English history might have changed dramatically.&amp;nbsp; But
+the mysteries of physical attraction denied Anne her place on the
+throne, ended the brilliant career of Thomas Cromwell, and thrust the
+king into the arms of his ill-fated fifth queen, Catherine Howard.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Anne of Cleves.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Anne&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves meets Henry VIII for the first time&lt;/a&gt;, 1540&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Anne. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Anne's life at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'So she came to
+Greenwich that night, and was received as queen.&amp;nbsp; And the next
+day, being Sunday, the king's grace kept a great court at Greenwich,
+where his grace with the queen offered at mass, richly dressed.&amp;nbsp;
+And on Twelfth Night, which was Tuesday, the king's majesty was married
+to the said queen Anne solemnly, in her closet at Greenwich, and his
+grace and she went publicly in procession that day, she having a rich
+coronet of stone and pearls set with rosemary on her hair, and a gown
+of rich cloth of silver, richly hung with stones and pearls, with all
+her ladies and gentlewomen following her, which was a goodly sight to
+behold.' &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; Anne of Cleves marries King
+Henry VIII, 1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Anne of Cleves was Henry VIII's fourth wife, though not his first
+choice for the role by far.&amp;nbsp; His ambassadors searched out all the
+eligible heiresses of Europe and discovered their king had a very nasty
+marital reputation.&amp;nbsp; The beautiful Christina of Milan was told of
+the king's interest and wittily replied that if she had two heads she
+would risk it, but she had only one; Marie de Guise, who would later
+wed his nephew the King of Scots, replied much the same.&amp;nbsp; The
+tragic tale of his second queen, Anne Boleyn, had kept European gossips
+busy for three years now.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's poor and disrespectful treatment of his first wife (he
+was rumored to have bullied Katharine of Aragon to an unhappy death)
+and the quick end of his third (in his desperation for a healthy male
+heir, the king was rumored to have ordered Jane Seymour cut open,
+mangled and killed) only contributed to his low reputation. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;One wouldn't think a king would have too difficult a time finding
+a wife, but Henry VIII - who defied his contemporaries in so many other
+ways - did so in this respect as well. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the end, it was religion which brought Anne of Cleves to
+England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry had sought out Catholic princesses like Marie de Guise and
+his fifth wife would be a Catholic as well.&amp;nbsp; Despite the Henrician
+'reformation', England and its monarch remained a Catholic nation,
+albeit one in which supreme authority resided within the king rather
+than the pope.&amp;nbsp; But Henry's influential advisor, Thomas Cromwell,
+wanted England to ally herself with a Protestant nation that also
+rejected papal authority.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell recognized the inexorable
+Catholic decline which was only just beginning to occur; the king's
+assumption of supreme authority had merely been the first and most
+spectacular opening shot in a new religious war.&amp;nbsp; Raised to be a
+churchman until his brother's untimely death and deeply interested in
+theological debate, Henry VIII didn't appreciate the Pandora's Box of
+change he had opened.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell, younger and more philosophically
+attuned to the attitudes of the rising middle class, did appreciate
+it.&amp;nbsp; And he approved of it.&amp;nbsp; The marriage to Anne of Cleves
+would openly ally England with a Protestant duchy, thus making the
+'reformation' even more settled. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry VIII's previous two marriages had been love matches; he had
+been quite independent in choosing women of his own court to
+marry.&amp;nbsp; But this fourth marriage was necessarily a more diplomatic
+endeavor.&amp;nbsp; In this, the king returned to the traditional role of
+kings searching for brides; he also understood that, since the Act of
+Supremacy in 1534, England stood dangerously isolated amongst the
+Catholic powers of Spain and France. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There was a gap of over two years between Jane Seymour's death in
+October 1537 and Anne of Cleves's arrival in England in late December
+1539.&amp;nbsp; Romantics believe the king waited such a long while to
+marry again because he loved Jane so much.&amp;nbsp; Whether he loved her
+or not is beside the point, though there is ample evidence that he
+did.&amp;nbsp; Henry actually waited so long (and he did so quite
+impatiently) because marriage negotiations took an unexpectedly long
+time.&amp;nbsp; He actually sent out instructions regarding the search for
+a new wife barely a month after Jane's death. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But the French princesses would not assemble for his perusal; they
+also made it clear they preferred other suitors.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Likewise,
+other heiresses of Europe, some of which (like Christina of Milan) were
+related through tangled Hapsburg bloodlines to the king's first wife,
+Katharine of Aragon, avoided the English ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; And always,
+busy with his paperwork and contacts throughout Europe, Cromwell sought
+to arrange a Protestant alliance. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;During all of these negotiations, one must not forget the king's
+own views regarding his future wife.&amp;nbsp; Henry was used to making his
+own decisions about the women in his life; he had high standards for
+female beauty and insisted his next wife be physically
+attractive.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he told his ambassadors that no official
+overtures be made to certain ladies until he had approved of their
+looks.&amp;nbsp; 'The thing touches me too near,' said the king, which was
+true enough but not the sort of thing kings were supposed to say.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, he was not merely a man but a monarch; he was not supposed
+to marry for himself alone. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The ambassadors were often placed in embarrassing positions,
+commissioning portraits and sending back detailed descriptions of pock
+marks and hairstyles.&amp;nbsp; Finally, the choices were narrowed down to
+four serious contenders - Marie de Guise, the widow of the duc de
+Longueville, was tall, beautiful and already proven in
+childbirth.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned earlier, she chose the Scottish king
+James V.&amp;nbsp; Henry then looked to her younger sister, but she also
+became otherwise engaged.&amp;nbsp; Then there was the beautiful and
+intelligent Christina of Milan, just sixteen and one of the most
+sought-after heiresses of her generation.&amp;nbsp; But the king of England
+was three times her age, fat and with a cruel reputation; she allowed
+herself to be painted by Holbein but did nothing to solve the problem
+of her being a great-niece of Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; This
+impediment of affinity was a nice way to avoid the king of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The year of 1538 passed with no alliance.&amp;nbsp; Henry had intended
+to use his fourth marriage as a balance between France and the Hapsburg
+empire.&amp;nbsp; But it now seemed as if those two enemies might join
+forces against him in defense of the papal supremacy. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Suddenly Cromwell's moment had arrived.&amp;nbsp; The fourth serious
+contender was the sister of the duke of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The duke was not
+a Protestant himself but was allied through marriage with Saxony and
+the league of Lutheran princes; he was also at odds with the Hapsburg
+emperor Charles V over the duchy of Gelderland.&amp;nbsp; The duchy of
+Cleves might one day rival the Netherlands in terms of trade and
+strategic advantage.&amp;nbsp; The king was persuaded to send his favorite
+court painter, Hans Holbein the Younger, to the German duchy.&amp;nbsp;
+There he painted both Anne and her sister Amelia.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who by
+this time was wearying of the endless rounds of negotiations (and whom
+Cromwell feared would soon turn to another English noblewoman), was
+interested in Anne.&amp;nbsp; Negotiations began in earnest. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was 24 years old, and had spent most of her life at the ducal
+court of Dusseldorf.&amp;nbsp; She was well-educated in domestic skills but
+she was neither intellectual or flirtatious, both qualities the king
+admired.&amp;nbsp; She had no musical skills, and music was one of Henry's
+passions, and no interest in books.&amp;nbsp; On the trip to England, her
+escort (perhaps sensing disaster ahead) tried to teach her the king's
+favorite card games but Anne found them hopeless.&amp;nbsp; It was not her
+fault, nor that of Henry VIII, but she was raised in a different
+country and, as things turned out, was not given time to acclimatize
+herself before the king rejected her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+  &lt;img alt=&quot;Holbein's betrothal portrait of Anne of Cleves&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cleves-bio1.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;280&quot; width=&quot;190&quot;&gt;The issue of the betrothal portrait is the most fascinating part
+of this story.&amp;nbsp; Holbein was a man of vast talent; his best
+portraits are simply astounding, beautifully composed and possessing
+great psychological insight.&amp;nbsp; Look at the infamous portrait of
+Anne of Cleves to the left; it is clear that Holbein was more
+fascinated with the embroidery of her gown than with Anne's
+personality.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are downcast and her features lost beneath the ornate
+trappings of her dress and hood. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There has long been a rumor that Henry was so enraged with the
+work, believing that Holbein had deliberately duped him with a false
+portrait, that he fired the painter.&amp;nbsp; But that is not true.&amp;nbsp;
+At the time, there were a few remarks that she did not look as well as
+the portrait asserted, but this was not unlikely - she had arrived in
+England after a long journey, perhaps the sea air did not agree with
+her skin?&amp;nbsp; Or perhaps nervousness over the impending marriage
+caused a change in her complexion.&amp;nbsp; We cannot know.&amp;nbsp; But we
+do know that Henry's ambassadors, only too aware of their master's
+wishes, allowed the portrait to be sent as a fair likeness of
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; Would they have dared to mislead their monarch in such a
+way?&amp;nbsp; It's not likely.&amp;nbsp; Even Henry himself did not make much
+of the supposed difference between the painted and real Anne, aside
+from a comment to Cromwell that she was 'nothing so fair as she had
+been reported.'&amp;nbsp; Often expectations can be idealistic, and that
+was possibly the case with Henry.&amp;nbsp; Holbein continued to receive
+commissions from the English aristocracy before dying of plague in
+London in 1543. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;What actually happened to drive Anne and Henry apart was a simple
+matter of attraction.&amp;nbsp; Almost five hundred years later, we still
+don't understand why certain people are physically attracted to each
+other; it simply happens.&amp;nbsp; And it didn't happen with Anne and
+Henry; in fact, quite the opposite occurred and the king was repulsed
+by her.&amp;nbsp; Anne's feelings on the matter are not known but Henry was
+no longer the strong, athletic king of years past; various injuries had
+reduced his exercise but not his appetite.&amp;nbsp; He was increasingly
+obese and subject to its attendant problems. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There were other reasons for the king to look askance at this new
+bride.&amp;nbsp; The foreign crisis which had caused Cromwell to seek an
+alliance with the Protestant duchy had passed; France and Spain had
+returned to their old enmity.&amp;nbsp; England was no longer threatened by
+the Catholic powers.&amp;nbsp; Also, the dispute over Gelderland had become
+more serious and Henry was not eager to fight the suddenly genial
+Spanish in defense of Anne's brother.&amp;nbsp; These issues were clear in
+mid-autumn 1539 but the marriage negotiations continued.&amp;nbsp; By that
+point, they had a momentum of their own.&amp;nbsp; A proxy marriage
+occurred and Anne left her home in late November.&amp;nbsp; She reached
+Calais on 11 December; during the journey, she was addressed as Queen
+of England and treated accordingly.&amp;nbsp; For a fortnight she waited at
+Calais until the weather settled.&amp;nbsp; On 27 December she set out for
+Deal; it was a stormy crossing.&amp;nbsp; It was on the first day of 1540
+that the king, so impatient to see his new bride, entered her rooms in
+disguise.&amp;nbsp; The scene was recorded by the Imperial ambassador,
+Eustace Chapuys: &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And on New Years Day in the afternoon the king's grace with five
+of his privy chamber, being disguised with mottled cloaks with hoods so
+that they should not be recognized, came secretly to Rochester, and so
+went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne was looking out of a
+window to see the bull-baiting which was going on in the courtyard, and
+suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed here a token which the
+king had sent her for New Year's gift, and she being abashed and not
+knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her.&amp;nbsp; But she
+regarded him little, but always looked out the window.... and when the
+king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into
+another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of
+purple velvet.&amp;nbsp; And when the lords and knights saw his grace they
+did him reverence.... and then her grace humbled herself lowly to the
+king's majesty, and his grace saluted her again, and they talked
+together lovingly, and afterwards he took her by the hand and led her
+to another chamber where their graces amused themselves that night and
+on Friday until the afternoon.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;You can read the entire account at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+Henry had so far managed to conceal his dislike of Anne.&amp;nbsp; There is
+reason to believe it was not an immediate revulsion; it was only after
+their wedding night, which the king declared he could not consummate,
+that word spread of his physical distaste.&amp;nbsp; When Cromwell asked
+him the next morning, 'How liked you the Queen?', Henry replied, 'I
+liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse.' &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On Twelfth Night (6 January), they were married in the 'Queen's
+Closet' at Greenwich Palace, where Henry had also married his last
+bride.&amp;nbsp; But the king was already looking for ways out.&amp;nbsp; The
+very day of the ceremony, he told Cromwell, 'My Lord, if it were not to
+satisfy the world, and my Realm, I would not do that I must do this day
+for none earthly thing.'&amp;nbsp; These were ominous words. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is also possible that around this time, the king met &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;, cousin of his second wife, Anne Boleyn, and now destined to
+be lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves when her Flemish attendants were
+dismissed.&amp;nbsp; There is no doubt he felt an instant attraction to the
+lively, curvaceous Catherine.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry's nobility, which had long chafed against the power and
+influence of &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Cromwell&lt;/a&gt;
+(much as they had against Wolsey), welcomed this opportunity to
+discredit him.&amp;nbsp; The minister had pushed the king into the Cleves
+marriage, they reminded Henry gleefully.&amp;nbsp; The king's wrath turned
+against his former friend and Cromwell was executed on 28 July 1540, a
+decision Henry almost instantly regretted.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so four things pushed Henry towards an annulment - his dislike
+of Anne, foreign policy changes, his attraction to Catherine Howard,
+and his courtiers' hatred of Cromwell. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the few days between the first meeting and the wedding,
+Cromwell and the king had found a potential way out, though the
+ceremony continued as planned.&amp;nbsp; In the mid-1530s, Anne had briefly
+been engaged to Francis, duke of Lorraine.&amp;nbsp; The English had not
+explored the issue too much, merely asking the government of Cleves if
+negotiations had ended.&amp;nbsp; Now they looked more closely, with the
+king waiting impatiently for the right response.&amp;nbsp; They suddenly
+discovered there was no dispensation from the precontract; Anne was
+still officially betrothed to Francis.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The ambassadors from Cleves were not unaware of Henry's
+intent.&amp;nbsp; They struggled to find the right documents but, on 26
+February 1540, all they could produce was a report in their archives
+which stated that negotiations with Lorraine 'were not going to take
+their natural course.'&amp;nbsp; No actual papers of dispensation could be
+produced since they did not exist.&amp;nbsp; Thus Henry's marriage to Anne
+of Cleves was legally invalid from the start.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This is one of the more ironic moments in Henry's checkered
+marital career.&amp;nbsp; For once, his decision to end a marriage was
+legally valid and acceptable to all. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, the king made certain comments regarding Anne's body
+and virtue which reveal him in a less than gentlemanly light.&amp;nbsp; He
+told Anthony Denny, a member of the Privy Chamber, that she had
+'breasts so slack and other parts of body in such sort that [he]
+somewhat suspected her virginity.'&amp;nbsp; He further told his court
+physicians of the 'hanging of her breasts and looseness of her
+flesh.'&amp;nbsp; Clearly, consummation of the marriage would not
+occur.&amp;nbsp; The king bravely slept in the same bed at least every
+other night, yet he reported a month later that Anne 'was still as good
+a Maid.... as ever her Mother bare her.'&amp;nbsp; This contradiction - she
+was not a virgin, yet was - was never mentioned. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;What did Anne think of all this controversy?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Luckily for her, she had only a small knowledge of English and
+even less knowledge of the physical relationship between a man and
+wife.&amp;nbsp; Her English ladies were astounded by her innocence.&amp;nbsp;
+'When he [Henry] comes to bed, he kisses me and taketh me by the hand,
+and biddeth me 'Goodnight, sweetheart,' and in the morning, kisses me,
+and biddeth me, 'Farewell, darling.'&amp;nbsp; Is this not enough?' asked
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; No, she was told emphatically, it most certainly was not. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne's ignorance casts a bad light on her mother, Duchess Maria,
+but it served to protect her feelings in England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the end, she ruled as queen for just four months; her last
+official appearance as the royal consort was during the May Day
+celebrations.&amp;nbsp; She was never crowned, though even if the king had
+wished it, he could not have afforded such a ceremony.&amp;nbsp; During
+those months, the Catholic nobility pushed their advantage against the
+Protestant Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; The minister was too Lutheran for the king's
+taste.&amp;nbsp; Likewise, the Catholics encouraged the flirtations of
+young Catherine Howard, also a Catholic and the duke of Norfolk's
+niece.&amp;nbsp; Too young and ill-educated to be aware of how others used
+her as a pawn, she happily danced before the king and accepted his
+gifts.&amp;nbsp; She was granted lands in April and the next month received
+rich gifts of fabric and jewelry.&amp;nbsp; There is every possibility
+Catherine consummated her relationship with the king in May.&amp;nbsp; How
+else can we explain the sudden race to rid himself of Anne? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The investigation into her precontract with Lorraine had been
+hastily done in January and February but for two months afterwards, the
+king merely lamented his fate.&amp;nbsp; Parliament even confirmed Anne's
+dowry in April.&amp;nbsp; But suddenly in May there was a fierce new
+determination to annul the marriage; the king was no longer content to
+complain.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is possible, and was rumored, that Henry had slept with
+Catherine and consequently there was a chance she was pregnant.&amp;nbsp;
+Another male heir was never far from Henry's mind.&amp;nbsp; He was also
+deeply in love with his 'Rose without a Thorn', a somewhat pathetic
+attraction between an elderly (the king was almost 49 years old) man
+and a very young woman.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so Anne had to go.&amp;nbsp; She succumbed to the inevitable with
+surprising grace.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she was leery of the royal temper, or&lt;img alt=&quot;engraving of Anne of Cleves, after Holbein&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cleves-bio2.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;218&quot; width=&quot;154&quot;&gt; remembered the king's marital
+history, or she simply didn't care.&amp;nbsp; Henry was very
+grateful.&amp;nbsp; If she had not cooperated....&amp;nbsp; He knew, from the
+example of Katharine of Aragon, what could happen if a queen fought an
+annulment.&amp;nbsp; He had no desire to alienate Cleves or engage in
+another lengthy legal and theological dispute.&amp;nbsp; The king declared
+the marriage had not been consummated and, in any case, it was invalid
+from the start.&amp;nbsp; Would Anne agree? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She did agree, most readily.&amp;nbsp; She was shocked at first by the
+news; the king's representatives visited her at Richmond Palace, where
+she had gone to escape the threat of plague.&amp;nbsp; They brought an
+interpreter so there would be no misunderstanding.&amp;nbsp; For her part,
+Anne quickly grasped the situation.&amp;nbsp; She had no advisers and the
+king had already executed one wife and harassed another to death.&amp;nbsp;
+Certainly she enjoyed the role of queen, was more fluent in English and
+had taken a liking to her new country; even the people cheered her on
+the occasional public ride between palaces.&amp;nbsp; But did she dare
+fight Henry?&amp;nbsp; Of course not. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's servants wrote that she was 'content always with your
+Majesty', thus accepting Henry's judgment, and in her &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt;letter of&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt; submission&lt;/a&gt;
+she signed herself 'daughter of Cleves', not 'queen of England'.&amp;nbsp;
+She agreed the marriage had never been consummated and signed all
+necessary documents.&amp;nbsp; For his part, Henry was now prepared to be
+generous.&amp;nbsp; Anne was to enjoy precedence over all the ladies in
+England, except the Queen and the king's daughters.&amp;nbsp; She was to be
+known as the king's 'good sister' and received a very nice settlement
+of manors and estates, some of which belonged to Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; This
+guaranteed her an income of 3000 pds a year, making her one of the
+wealthiest women in England.&amp;nbsp; All this depended upon her remaining
+in England, and this Anne was more than willing to do.&amp;nbsp; 'The
+King's highness whom I cannot have as a husband is nevertheless a most
+kind, loving and friendly father and brother,' she wrote to her
+brother.&amp;nbsp; Why should she return home in ignominy, dependent upon
+her brother's generosity, when she could remain in England and live a
+comfortable, independent life? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was perhaps as content with the arrangement as Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+She grew to enjoy English ale and gambling; she spent large sums on
+gowns; she visited with the king's children and occasionally the king
+himself.&amp;nbsp; She was heard to remark that she was more attractive
+than Katharine Parr, to whom the king's attention turned in 1543.&amp;nbsp;
+In fact, upon Catherine Howard's execution in 1542, rumors circulated
+that perhaps the king would take back his former bride.&amp;nbsp; The
+French ambassador was suitably impressed with Anne's handling of a
+delicate situation, observing that 'all her affairs could never make
+her utter a word by which one might suppose that she was
+discontented.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;These rumors were understandable enough; Anne occupied a nebulous
+place in English society, unmarried but wealthy and independent.&amp;nbsp;
+She was not an heiress but still honored as a royal.&amp;nbsp; She answered
+to no male authority but that of the king, and he did not choose to
+trouble her.&amp;nbsp; For the rest of her life, rumors spread about her
+lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; For Anne's part, she was content and happy and had
+little reason to be otherwise. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She made her last public appearance at Mary Tudor's coronation in
+1553, riding alongside the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She died in 1557
+of a 'declining illness' and was buried with appropriate honor at
+Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; Her will is perhaps most representative of her
+kindly character.&amp;nbsp; In it, she remembered gifts to everyone who had
+ever served her, no matter how humble or long ago. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne had chosen as her motto 'God send me well to keep' and it
+proved apt, though in a way few could have predicted.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/geov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/visit.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1183331390&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+</Section>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASHea92.dir/docmets.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASHea92.dir/docmets.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASHea92.dir/docmets.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<mets:mets xmlns:mets="http://www.loc.gov/METS/"
+           xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+           xmlns:gsdl3="http://www.greenstone.org/namespace/gsdlmetadata/1.0/"
+           xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+           xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/METS/
+           http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/mets.xsd
+           http://www.greenstone.org/namespace/gsdlmetadata/1.0/
+           http://www.greenstone.org/namespace/gsdlmetadata/1.0/gsdl_metadata.xsd"
+  OBJID="HASHea9284af3b5d7ad3d4018b:2">
+<mets:dmdSec ID="DM1" GROUPID="1">
+  <mets:mdWrap  MDTYPE="OTHER" OTHERMDTYPE="gsdl3" ID="gsdl1">
+    <mets:xmlData>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_files/aragon.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="FileSize">20380</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Source">aragon.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="SourceFile">aragon.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Language">en</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Title">Katharine / Katherine / Catherine of Aragon: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="URL">http://html_files/aragon.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_files/aragon.html</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="Identifier">HASHea9284af3b5d7ad3d4018b</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215114</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHea92.dir</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragoncardinal.gif:image/gif:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonsittow1.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+      <gsdl3:Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">visit.gif:image/gif:</gsdl3:Metadata>
+    </mets:xmlData>
+  </mets:mdWrap>
+</mets:dmdSec>
+<mets:fileSec>
+  <mets:fileGrp ID="FILEGROUP_PRELUDE1">
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="text/xml" ID="FILE1"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="file:doctxt.xml#xpointer(/Section[1]/text())" xlink:title="Hierarchical Document Structure"/>
+    </mets:file>
+  </mets:fileGrp>
+  <mets:fileGrp ID="default">
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="text/xml" ID="default.1"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="file:import/html_files/aragon.html" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/gif" ID="default.2"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="aragoncardinal.gif" xlink:title="aragoncardinal.gif" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.3"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="aragonsittow1.jpg" xlink:title="aragonsittow1.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/jpeg" ID="default.4"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="aragonhorenbout1.jpg" xlink:title="aragonhorenbout1.jpg" />
+    </mets:file>
+    <mets:file MIMETYPE="image/gif" ID="default.5"  >
+      <mets:FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:href="visit.gif" xlink:title="visit.gif" />
+    </mets:file>
+  </mets:fileGrp>
+</mets:fileSec>
+<mets:structMap ID="Section" TYPE="Section" LABEL="Section">
+  <mets:div ID="DS1" TYPE="Section" 
+      ORDER="0" ORDERLABEL="1" 
+      LABEL="1" DMDID="DM1">
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="FILEGROUP_PRELUDE1" />
+  </mets:div>
+</mets:structMap>
+<mets:structMap ID="All" TYPE="Whole Document" LABEL="All">
+  <mets:div ID="DSAll" TYPE="Document" ORDER="0" ORDERLABEL="All" LABEL="Whole Documemt" DMDID="DM1">
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.1" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.2" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.3" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.4" />
+    <mets:fptr FILEID="default.5" />
+  </mets:div>
+</mets:structMap>
+</mets:mets>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASHea92.dir/doctxt.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASHea92.dir/doctxt.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/HASHea92.dir/doctxt.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Section SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Section>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; height=&quot;674&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;39&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;39&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In this world I will confess
+myself to be the king's true wife, and in the next they will know how
+unreasonably I am afflicted.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon, 1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;39&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragoncardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine of Aragon&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;114&quot; width=&quot;443&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonsittow1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Michael Sittow, c1502&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;541&quot; width=&quot;351&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by 
+      Michael Sittow, c1502&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;The youngest surviving child of
+the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Katharine was born on 16 December 1485,
+the same year that Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty.&amp;nbsp; At
+the age of three, she was betrothed to his infant son, Prince
+Arthur.&amp;nbsp; In 1501, shortly before her sixteenth birthday, Katharine
+sailed to England.&amp;nbsp; But her marriage to Arthur lasted less than
+six months and was supposedly never consummated.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+then betrothed to Arthur's younger brother, Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; When he
+became king in 1509, at the age of eighteen, he promptly married
+Katharine and they lived together happily for many years.&amp;nbsp; But
+their marriage produced just one living child, a daughter called Mary,
+and Henry was desperate for a male heir.&amp;nbsp; He also fell deeply in
+love with another woman.&amp;nbsp; Cast aside, Katharine fought against
+great odds to deny Henry an annulment.&amp;nbsp; But the king would not be
+denied and when the Catholic church would not grant the annulment, he
+declared himself head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+banished from court and died on 7 January 1536, broken-hearted but
+still defiant.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpsamepagelink_#Biography&quot;&gt;
+          &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Katharine of Aragon.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Katharine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8crown.html&quot;&gt;an account of her
+coronation&lt;/a&gt; at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;b&gt;Secondary Sources&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Read JA Froude's 1891 work &lt;i&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;The Divorce 
+          of Catherine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
+Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Katharine.&lt;br&gt;
+Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Mary I site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Katharine's daughter.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Interact&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk
+          &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by
+Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of
+the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My tribulations are so great, my life so
+disturbed by the plans daily invented to further the king's wicked
+intention, the surprises which the king gives me, with certain persons
+of his council, are so mortal, and my treatment is what God knows, that
+it is enough to shorten ten lives, much more mine.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon to Charles V, November 1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Katharine was born on 16 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, in the
+archbishop of Toledo's palace.&amp;nbsp; Her early life promised a future
+of splendor and success, if not personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; Her parents,
+Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, were legends throughout
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; Their marriage had united the kingdom of Spain and
+together they had driven the Moors from Granada.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+mother was deeply pious and very intelligent.&amp;nbsp; Her children, even
+the daughters, received excellent educations.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's brother
+Juan and sister Joanna were married off into the powerful Hapsburg
+family and two other sisters, Isabella and Maria, would each marry the
+king of Portugal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was promised to England; the
+betrothal contract was finalized before her fourth birthday.&amp;nbsp; The
+island nation, so long torn between Plantagenet cousins vying for the
+throne, was now ruled by Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; He had married the daughter
+of the former Plantagenet king, Edward IV, and in 1486 had a male heir
+and a desire to establish the stability and validity of his new
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; A match with a Spanish princess would give him
+both.&amp;nbsp; And so Katharine, proud and solemn and accompanied by a
+vast dowry, came to England in 1501.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; She
+wed Prince Arthur within a few weeks of her arrival.&amp;nbsp; It was a
+grand celebration; all of London rejoiced and there was every
+expectation of a glorious future for both husband and wife.&amp;nbsp; They
+left for Ludlow Castle, the government seat of the Prince of Wales, and
+within six months Arthur was dead.&amp;nbsp; It was the dreaded sweating
+sickness.&amp;nbsp; The news devastated his parents.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+returned to London but was not sent home.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was already
+writing to her parents about another marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine was now promised to Arthur's younger brother,
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; Born 28 June 1491, he was almost six years younger than
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But he was robust and healthy, and already regarded as
+a precocious intellect.&amp;nbsp; Before his brother's death, he had been
+destined for the church and educated accordingly.&amp;nbsp; But now he was
+the future king and as such he needed a future wife.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII
+betrothed young Henry to his brother's widow, a plan which required a
+papal dispensation.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand, at odds with France, was anxious
+to please his English ally; Isabella's piety may have ruined the plan
+but she was dying and did not protest.&amp;nbsp; Katharine and her duenna,
+Dona Elvira, both wrote that her marriage to Arthur had never been
+consummated.&amp;nbsp; Pope Julius II granted the dispensation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The new betrothal may have been spurred by Henry VII's legendary
+avarice.&amp;nbsp; Katharine had brought half of her dowry with her upon
+marriage to Arthur; if she returned home, her marriage contract
+required that the dowry be returned.&amp;nbsp; Also, her inheritance as
+dowager Princess of Wales was substantial.&amp;nbsp; If she left England,
+so would that steady income.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine herself &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;wrote to her father&lt;/a&gt;
+that she had no wish to remain in England but she would obey his
+decision.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she had already learned enough of Henry VII's
+character to know she would be shabbily treated.&amp;nbsp; Despite her
+royal position, she lived in poverty.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish ambassador was
+forced to buy her necessities and she was unable to pay her
+attendants.&amp;nbsp; And soon enough Henry VII was implying that he would
+break the Spanish betrothal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine spent the next seven years
+in a state of political limbo.&amp;nbsp; And when he turned fourteen, Henry
+VII had his son publicly repudiate the betrothal, claiming that the
+marriage contract was made without his knowledge or consent.&amp;nbsp; Yet
+Katharine remained in England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;In 1509, the situation was resolved with startling speed.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VII died and his eighteen year old son became king.&amp;nbsp;
+Handsome, proud, and imbued with the romantic spirit of chivalry, he
+promptly married Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Did he marry her out of a sense of
+obligation?&amp;nbsp; Was it because, as he later claimed, he wished to
+respect his father's last wish?&amp;nbsp; Were political councilors
+encouraging the Spanish alliance?&amp;nbsp; Or did he love the dignified
+and lovely young princess?&amp;nbsp; It is impossible to know.&amp;nbsp; But
+they certainly acted like a loving and affectionate couple, far beyond
+typical royal marriages.&amp;nbsp; There were public displays of affection,
+declarations of love and respect, and for a long while she was also a
+close political adviser.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry VIII's court was full of gaiety and celebration.&amp;nbsp; It
+was a welcome change from the austerity of his father's rule.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine proved herself to be the perfect consort, even when politics
+led her father to humiliate and betray Henry.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+recognized that she must choose between unwavering support of her
+father and loyalty to her husband.&amp;nbsp; She chose Henry, though his
+Lord Chancellor, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, never trusted her and instead favored an Anglo-French
+alliance.&amp;nbsp; His influence, and Henry's own suspicions, led the king
+to disregard her political advice.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine's primary duty was both personal and political - to
+bear children, as many as possible and preferably sons.&amp;nbsp; This was
+especially important in England since Henry VIII was the sole surviving
+son of his father.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was far from barren and did her
+best; in the first nine years of their marriage, she conceived at least
+six times.&amp;nbsp; She miscarried twice, once delivered a stillborn
+daughter, and two sons died within weeks.&amp;nbsp; The only surviving
+child was a daughter, Princess Mary, born in 1516.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+last recorded pregnancy was in 1518, when she was thirty-three years
+old.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry was not unhappy with the birth of Mary; he assured
+ambassadors that if it were a daughter this time, a son would surely
+follow.&amp;nbsp; But it was soon clear there would be no sons.&amp;nbsp; The
+age difference between he and Katharine was now more noticeable.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen, struggling with frequent pregnancies and constant stress,
+looked older than her years.&amp;nbsp; Henry was a far more prudent king
+than most; he had just two serious affairs during his marriage to
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But one of his mistresses, Elizabeth Blount, bore him
+a son.&amp;nbsp; It was clear he could have sons, but the queen could
+not.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;By 1527, the question of the succession was the most pressing
+issue facing the king.&amp;nbsp; Two years before, he had titled his
+illegitimate son the duke of Richmond and granted him vast estates.&amp;nbsp;
+Many, Katharine included, believed this was a preliminary step to
+naming him heir to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This never occurred and Richmond
+would die in 1536, but - until then - it was a possibility.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+sent Princess Mary to Ludlow Castle as Princess of Wales and his
+official heir, but even that did not stop the rumors or her mother's
+concerns.&amp;nbsp; Katharine confronted Henry; he responded angrily and
+dismissed several of her beloved Spanish attendants.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The king by now had hopes of a legitimate heir.&amp;nbsp; He had
+fallen in love the year previously with a young Englishwoman, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhtml%5ffiles%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+She was the sister of a former mistress and refused to take that
+position herself.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who was also deeply pious and a student
+of theology, now took a closer look at his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp;
+In particular, he looked at the text in Leviticus which seemed to
+directly reference his own life - 'If a man shall take his brother's
+wife it is an unclean thing..... they shall be childless.'(Leviticus,
+XX, 21)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Of course, they were not childless but a daughter was not the
+heir he needed.&amp;nbsp; No woman had attempted to rule England since the
+disastrous Matilda centuries&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;324&quot; width=&quot;329&quot;&gt; before.&amp;nbsp; Henry now firmly believed
+that his incestuous marriage had been doomed from the start.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But how could he annul the marriage?&amp;nbsp; He needed to convince
+the current pope, Clement VII, that the dispensation of his predecessor
+was inadequate.&amp;nbsp; It directly contradicted the Bible and had no
+merit.&amp;nbsp; This should have been a simple enough matter.&amp;nbsp; Royal
+marriages had been annulled for far less.&amp;nbsp; But Katharine's nephew,
+Charles V, was the Holy Roman Emperor and he had no intention of
+allowing his aunt to be cast off.&amp;nbsp; This was not out of personal
+love or loyalty, but a purely political stance.&amp;nbsp; And after the
+1527 'sack of Rome', Charles controlled the pope.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry was soon thwarted, despite extensive work by Wolsey and
+other advisers.&amp;nbsp; For her part, Katharine was kept in the dark for
+as long as the king could manage it.&amp;nbsp; But she was no fool.&amp;nbsp;
+She knew of the romance between her husband and Mistress Boleyn; she
+knew Henry avoided her company, though he was scrupulous about
+attending official functions with her.&amp;nbsp; He had always respected
+her unassailable dignity and eloquence.&amp;nbsp; He did not wish to fight
+Katharine; he wanted an amicable end to their union and he was prepared
+to be generous.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;When news of his intentions became official, she was given
+counsel but only that chosen by the king.&amp;nbsp; She turned to the
+Spanish ambassador and close friends at court for support.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+Boleyn was not popular and Katharine was a respected and beloved
+queen.&amp;nbsp; The king soon came under popular scorn for his
+plans.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But Henry was as firmly convinced of the righteousness of his
+cause as Katharine was of hers.&amp;nbsp; He had read the Bible; he had
+debated the issue with prominent theologians; he even sponsored
+hearings of the case at European universities.&amp;nbsp; Both king and pope
+knew there was a valid basis for the annulment, and a pressing national
+need for it.&amp;nbsp; Clement could have granted it without troubling his
+conscience.&amp;nbsp; And with the spread of Lutheranism in the German
+states, Clement had no wish to antagonize the loyal and devoted king of
+England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But the English king could not be helped at the Holy Roman Emperor's 
+    expense.&amp;nbsp; This was soon made abundantly clear.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The pope prevaricated; he could do little else.&amp;nbsp; And for
+several years, the 'King's Great Matter' consumed England and
+fascinated Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry inevitably tired of the endless parade of papal legates
+and repetitious hearings.&amp;nbsp; He was growing older and Anne was
+growing impatient.&amp;nbsp; Her youth was being wasted to no purpose, she
+told the king.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Katharine encouraged Mary to be
+obstinate in protecting her rights as princess.&amp;nbsp; Mary lost her
+father's favor and was forbidden to visit her mother.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Finally, in 1533, Henry did the only thing he could to end the
+marriage - he rejected the authority of the Holy See and declared
+himself Supreme Head of a new Church of England.&amp;nbsp; His archbishop
+of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, issued the long-awaited decree of
+nullity.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was no longer queen of England but 'Princess
+dowager of Wales'.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary was now illegitimate, and rumors
+spread that Anne Boleyn had finally succumbed to the king and was
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; Katharine was exiled from court and to a
+succession of damp and unpleasant castles.&amp;nbsp; She had but a handful
+of servants for few would call her queen and she refused to be called
+princess.&amp;nbsp; It was a mark of her early education that she was meek,
+deeply pious and believed in obedience to her husband - but she was
+also a proud and intelligent princess of Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would never
+allow her dignity, or that of her daughter, to be destroyed.&amp;nbsp; In
+the end, this stubborn spirit did both her and Mary far more harm than
+good.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was undoubtedly truthful when she declared her
+marriage to Arthur unconsummated but the truth was cold comfort in the
+last years of her life.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Her final years were lonely and sad; the Spanish ambassador kept
+her informed of outside events and smuggled letters to her daughter,
+but she was often ill and at prayer.&amp;nbsp; The wrongs she had suffered
+from Henry filled her with sadness rather than anger.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she
+was inspired by her motto, Humble and Loyal, for that is how she
+remained.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She died at Kimbolton Castle on 7 January 1536, three weeks
+after her fiftieth birthday.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that she had been
+poisoned.&amp;nbsp; But if Henry had been so inclined, he would have
+attempted it years before and spared himself much trouble.&amp;nbsp; A
+lingering illness and the psychological effects of her exile were the
+obvious causes.&amp;nbsp; She was buried at Peterborough Abbey with all the
+ceremony befitting the widow of the prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Henry did
+not attend the funeral; we do not know if he read Katharine's &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;last letter&lt;/a&gt; to
+him.&amp;nbsp; It was a love letter and she signed it 'Katherine the
+Queen'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The tragedy of their annulment was that both he and Katharine
+were equally convinced of their causes.&amp;nbsp; For the modern reader,
+both arguments are persuasive.&amp;nbsp; It is an ironic footnote to her
+life story that Katharine, such a devoted and pious Catholic,
+unintentionally brought the Reformation to England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt; to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/geov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/visit.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1180480931&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+</Section>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHea9284af3b5d7ad3d4018b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017c9afe86ea1866828ceb1b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1e7e6aeea41090cb38bab</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215116
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215114
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI	Source->SO
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title	Source
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;Source;->idx
+indexstem	METS
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	94764
+numdocs	3
+numsections	3
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/METS/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHea9284af3b5d7ad3d4018b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017c9afe86ea1866828ceb1b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1e7e6aeea41090cb38bab</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0100.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0100.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0100.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/letitbe.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5029</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letitbe.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letitbe.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">LET IT BE BY THE BEATLES</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01007f358672f1faecf04123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0100.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+LET IT BE BY THE BEATLES
+transcribed by MaxxDaddy
+
+
+First Solo:
+
+Keyboard part:
+
+ F  C/E  G7/D  C  Bb  F/A  G  F  C   F   C   G  F  C
+-5---3----1----0-----------------------------3--1--0-
+-6---5----3----1--3----1---0-----1---1---1---0--1--1-
+------------------3----2---0--2--0---2---0---0--2--0-
+------------------------------3--2---3---2---0--3--2-
+---------------------------------3---3---3---2--3--3-
+-------------------------------------1-------3--1----
+
+ C                    G               Am        F    C            
+---------------------------------------------------------8---------
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+-5----5-----------------------------5-7(9)-(9)7-5~---7/9---9\\7-5h7-
+-5h7--5----------------5-5---5--5/7--------------------------------
+---------7-5--3--3-5/7-----7---------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ G               F                C                        G  
+------5----------------------------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------------------8------8-----8-
+-7(9)----(9)7-5----------------------------5--5---5-7/9----7/9---7/9---
+-----------------7p5-7p5--------------5h7-------7----------------------
+--------------------------7\\5-3h5-3------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ Am         F                   C     G         F                     C
+----------8-10(12)--(12)10-8h10-8----(17)15------------------------------
+-10--8h10--------------------------0--------(17)15p13-15-(17)15p13h15-13-
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Second Solo(played during last chorus):
+
+        C            Am         C/G               F       C  
+------------------------------------------5----------------------
+----------------------------------------------------------8-8--8-
+-5--5---5--5--5---5-----5-----5-----5-7(9)--(9)7--5-7-7/9--------
+----5h7-------5h7----5h7---5h7--5h7------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+        C         G          F        C  
+-----------------------------------------
+-15(13)-10-8h10-8------------------------
+------------------9\\7-5-7(9)-5------5-5~-
+--------------------------------5h7------
+-----------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------
+
+outro(as played on keyboard)
+
+ F  C/E  G7/D  C  Bb  F/A  G  F  C 
+-5---3----1----0-----------------0-
+-6---5----3----1--3----1---0-----1-
+------------------3----2---0--2--0-
+------------------------------3--2-
+---------------------------------3-
+-----------------------------------
+
+
+Lyrics:
+
+C  G  Am  Fmaj7  F6  C  G  F  C
+
+       C              G                 Am          Fmaj7    F6
+When I find myself in times of trouble, Mother Mary comes to me
+   C                 G              F  C
+Speaking words of wisdom, let it be
+    C              G                 Am              Fmaj7    F6
+And in my hour of darkness, She is standing right in front of me
+   C                 G              F  G
+Speaking words of wisdom, Let it be
+       Am         C/G         F          C
+Let it be, let it be, let it be, let it be
+C                G              F  C
+Whisper words of wisdom, let it be
+
+     C              G                 Am          Fmaj7    F6
+And when the broken hearted people, Living in the world agree
+   C                 G              F  C
+There will be an answer, let it be
+       C              G                 Am                  Fmaj7    F6
+But though they may be parted, There is still a chance that they may see
+   C                 G              F  C
+There will be an answer, let it be
+
+       Am         C/G         F          C
+Let it be, let it be, let it be, let it be
+C                G              F  C
+There will be an answer, let it be
+       Am         C/G         F          C
+Let it be, let it be, let it be, let it be
+C                G              F  C
+Whisper words of wisdom, let it be
+
+F C/E G7/D C Bb F/A G F C  F  C  G F C
+
+(Solo)
+
+       Am         C/G         F          C
+Let it be, let it be, let it be, let it be
+C                G              F  C
+Whisper words of wisdom, let it be
+     C                 G                 Am                Fmaj7    F6
+And when the night is cloudy, There is still a light that shines on me
+   C                 G              F  C
+Shine on till tomorrow, let it be
+       C              G                 Am          Fmaj7    F6
+I wake up to the sound of music, Mother Mary comes to me
+   C                 G              F  C
+Speaking words of wisdom, let it be
+
+F C/E G7/D C Bb F/A G F C
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH010d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH010d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH010d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Beatles by Richie Unterberger So much has been said and written...</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215142_4/beatles_review.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215142_4/beatles_review.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/wordpdf/beatles_review.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215142_4/beatles_review.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">beatles_review.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beatles_review.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beatles_review.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">86172</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">beatles_review</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Supplementary</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/wordpdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">beatles_review.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">86172</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">2003:10:14 15:53:15Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.ModifyDate">2003:10:14 15:53:15Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Mac OS X 10.2.8 Quartz PDFContext</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH010d70309070a4209e962c3b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH010d.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Beatles&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+by &lt;b&gt;Richie Unterberger&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+So much has been said and written about the Beatles â and their story is so&lt;br&gt;mythic in its sweep â that it's difficult to summarize their career without restating&lt;br&gt;clichÃ©s that have already been digested by tens of millions of rock fans. To start&lt;br&gt;with the obvious, they were the greatest and most influential act of the rock era,&lt;br&gt;and introduced more innovations into popular music than any other rock band of&lt;br&gt;the 20th century. Moreover, they were among the few artists of &lt;i&gt;any&lt;/i&gt; discipline that&lt;br&gt;were simultaneously the best at what they did, &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; the most popular at what they&lt;br&gt;did. Relentlessly imaginative and experimental, the Beatles grabbed a hold of the&lt;br&gt;international mass consciousness in 1964 and never let go for the next six years,&lt;br&gt;always staying ahead of the pack in terms of creativity, but never losing their&lt;br&gt;ability to communicate their increasingly sophisticated ideas to a mass audience.&lt;br&gt;Their supremacy as rock icons remains unchallenged to this day, decades after&lt;br&gt;their breakup in 1970.&lt;br&gt;
+Even when couching praise in specific terms, it's hard to convey the scope of the&lt;br&gt;Beatles' achievements in a mere paragraph or two. They synthesized all that was&lt;br&gt;good about early rock &amp;amp; roll, and changed it into something original and even&lt;br&gt;more exciting. They established the prototype for the self-contained rock group&lt;br&gt;that wrote and performed their own material. As composers, their craft and&lt;br&gt;melodic inventiveness were second to none, and key to the evolution of rock&lt;br&gt;from its blues/R&amp;amp;B-based forms into a style that was far more eclectic, but&lt;br&gt;equally visceral. As singers, both John Lennon and Paul McCartney were among&lt;br&gt;the best and most expressive vocalists in rock; the group's harmonies were&lt;br&gt;intricate and exhilarating. As performers, they were (at least until touring had&lt;br&gt;ground them down) exciting and photogenic; when they retreated into the studio,&lt;br&gt;they were instrumental in pioneering advanced techniques and multi-layered&lt;br&gt;arrangements. They were also the first British rock group to achieve worldwide&lt;br&gt;prominence, launching a British Invasion that made rock truly an international&lt;br&gt;phenomenon.&lt;br&gt;
+More than any other top group, the Beatles' success was very much a case of&lt;br&gt;the sum being greater than the parts. Their phenomenal cohesion was due in&lt;br&gt;large degree to most of the group having known each other and played together&lt;br&gt;in Liverpool for about five years before they began to have hit records. Guitarist&lt;br&gt;and teenage rebel John Lennon got hooked on rock &amp;amp; roll in the mid-'50s, and&lt;br&gt;formed a band, the Quarrymen, at his high school. Around mid-1957, the&lt;br&gt;Quarrymen were joined by another guitarist, Paul McCartney, nearly two years&lt;br&gt;Lennon's junior. A bit later they were joined by another guitarist, George&lt;br&gt;Harrison, a friend of McCartney's. The Quarrymen would change lineups&lt;br&gt;constantly in the late '50s, eventually reducing to the core trio of guitarists, who'd&lt;br&gt;proven themselves to be the best musicians and most personally compatible&lt;br&gt;individuals within the band.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The Quarrymen changed their name to the Silver Beatles in 1960, quickly&lt;br&gt;dropping the &amp;quot;Silver&amp;quot; to become just the Beatles. Lennon's art college friend&lt;br&gt;Stuart Sutcliffe joined on bass, but finding a permanent drummer was a vexing&lt;br&gt;problem until Pete Best joined in the summer of 1960. He successfully auditioned&lt;br&gt;for the combo just before they left for a several-month stint in Hamburg,&lt;br&gt;Germany.&lt;br&gt;
+Hamburg was the Beatles' baptism by fire. Playing grueling sessions for hours on&lt;br&gt;end in one of the most notorious red-light districts in the world, the group was&lt;br&gt;forced to expand their repertoire, tighten up their chops, and invest their show&lt;br&gt;with enough manic energy to keep the rowdy crowds satisfied. When they&lt;br&gt;returned to Liverpool at the end of 1960, the band â formerly also-rans on the&lt;br&gt;exploding Liverpudlian &amp;quot;beat&amp;quot; scene â were suddenly the most exciting act on&lt;br&gt;the local circuit. They consolidated their following in 1961 with constant gigging in&lt;br&gt;the Merseyside area, most often at the legendary Cavern Club, the incubator of&lt;br&gt;the Merseybeat sound.&lt;br&gt;
+They also returned for engagements in Hamburg during 1961, although Sutcliffe&lt;br&gt;dropped out of the band that year to concentrate on his art school studies there.&lt;br&gt;McCartney took over on bass, Harrison settled in as lead guitarist, and Lennon&lt;br&gt;had rhythm guitar; everyone sang. In mid-1961, the Beatles (minus Sutcliffe)&lt;br&gt;made their first recordings in Germany, as a backup group to a British rock&lt;br&gt;guitarist/singer based in Hamburg, Tony Sheridan. The Beatles hadn't fully&lt;br&gt;developed at this point, and these recordings â many of which (including a&lt;br&gt;couple of Sheridan-less tracks) were issued only after the band's rise to fame â&lt;br&gt;found their talents in a most embryonic state. The Hamburg stint was also&lt;br&gt;notable for gaining the Beatles sophisticated, artistic fans such as Sutcliffe's&lt;br&gt;girlfriend, Astrid Kirchherr, who influenced all of them (except Best) to restyle&lt;br&gt;their quiffs in the moptops that gave the musicians their most distinctive visual&lt;br&gt;trademark. (Sutcliffe, tragically, would die of a brain hemorrhage in April 1962).&lt;br&gt;
+Near the end of 1961, the Beatles' exploding local popularity caught the attention&lt;br&gt;of local record store manager Brian Epstein, who was soon managing the band&lt;br&gt;as well. He used his contacts to swiftly acquire a January 1, 1962, audition at&lt;br&gt;Decca Records that has been heavily bootlegged (some tracks were officially&lt;br&gt;released in 1995). After weeks of deliberation, Decca turned them down, as did&lt;br&gt;several other British labels. Epstein's perseverance was finally rewarded with an&lt;br&gt;audition for producer George Martin at Parlophone, an EMI subsidiary; Martin&lt;br&gt;signed the Beatles in mid-1962. By this time, Epstein was assiduously grooming&lt;br&gt;his charges for national success by influencing them to smarten up their&lt;br&gt;appearance, dispensing with their leather jackets and trousers in favor of tailored&lt;br&gt;suits and ties.&lt;br&gt;
+One more major change was in the offing before the Beatles made their&lt;br&gt;Parlophone debut. In August 1962, drummer Pete Best was kicked out of the&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=3&gt;&lt;/a&gt;group, a controversial decision that has been the cause of much speculation&lt;br&gt;since. There is still no solid consensus as to whether it was because of his&lt;br&gt;solitary, moody nature; the other Beatles' jealousy of his popularity with the fans;&lt;br&gt;his musical shortcomings (George Martin had already told Epstein that Best&lt;br&gt;wasn't good enough to drum on recordings); or his refusal to wear his hair in&lt;br&gt;bangs. What seems most likely was that the Beatles simply found his personality&lt;br&gt;incompatible, preferring to enlist Ringo Starr (born Richard Starkey), drummer&lt;br&gt;with another popular Merseyside outfit, Rory Storm &amp;amp; the Hurricanes. Starr had&lt;br&gt;been in the Beatles for a few weeks when they recorded their first single, &amp;quot;Love&lt;br&gt;Me Do&amp;quot;/&amp;quot;P.S. I Love You,&amp;quot; in September 1962. Both sides of the 45 were&lt;br&gt;Lennon-McCartney originals, and the songwriting team would be credited with&lt;br&gt;most of the group's material throughout the Beatles' career.&lt;br&gt;
+The single, a promising but fairly rudimentary effort, hovered around the lower&lt;br&gt;reaches of the British Top 20. The Beatles phenomenon didn't truly kick in until&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;Please Please Me,&amp;quot; which topped the British charts in early 1963. This was &lt;i&gt;the&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;prototype British Invasion single: an infectious melody, charging guitars, and&lt;br&gt;positively exuberant harmonies. The same traits were evident on their third 45,&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;From Me to You&amp;quot; (a British number one), and their debut LP, &lt;i&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;Although it was mostly recorded in a single day, &lt;i&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/i&gt; topped the&lt;br&gt;British charts for an astonishing 30 weeks, establishing the group as the most&lt;br&gt;popular rock &amp;amp; roll act ever seen in the U.K.&lt;br&gt;
+What the Beatles had done was to take the best elements of the rock and pop&lt;br&gt;they loved and make them their own. Since the Quarrymen days, they had been&lt;br&gt;steeped in the classic early rock of Elvis, Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, Little&lt;br&gt;Richard, Carl Perkins, and the Everly Brothers; they'd also kept an ear open to&lt;br&gt;the early '60s sounds of Motown, Phil Spector, and the girl groups. What they&lt;br&gt;added was an unmatched songwriting savvy (inspired by Brill Building teams&lt;br&gt;such as Gerry Goffin and Carole King), a brash guitar-oriented attack, wildly&lt;br&gt;enthusiastic vocals, and the embodiment of the youthful flair of their generation,&lt;br&gt;ready to dispense with postwar austerity and claim a culture of their own. They&lt;br&gt;were also unsurpassed in their eclecticism, willing to borrow from blues, popular&lt;br&gt;standards, gospel, folk, or whatever seemed suitable for their musical vision.&lt;br&gt;Producer George Martin was the perfect foil for the group, refining their ideas&lt;br&gt;without tinkering with their cores; during the last half of their career, he was&lt;br&gt;indispensable for his ability to translate their concepts into arrangements that&lt;br&gt;required complex orchestration, innovative applications of recording technology,&lt;br&gt;and an ever-widening array of instruments.&lt;br&gt;
+Just as crucially, the Beatles were never ones to stand still and milk formulas. All&lt;br&gt;of their subsequent albums and singles would show remarkable artistic&lt;br&gt;progression (though never at the expense of a damn catchy tune). Even on their&lt;br&gt;second LP, &lt;i&gt;With the Beatles&lt;/i&gt; (1963), it was evident that their talents as&lt;br&gt;composers and instrumentalists were expanding furiously, as they devised ever&lt;br&gt;more inventive melodies and harmonies, and boosted the fullness of their&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=4&gt;&lt;/a&gt;arrangements. &amp;quot;She Loves You&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;I Want to Hold Your Hand&amp;quot; established the&lt;br&gt;group not just as a popular music act, but as a phenomenon never before seen in&lt;br&gt;the British entertainment business, as each single sold over a million copies in&lt;br&gt;the U.K. After some celebrated national TV appearances, Beatlemania broke out&lt;br&gt;across the British Isles in late 1963, the group generating screams and hysteria&lt;br&gt;at all of their public appearances, musical or otherwise.&lt;br&gt;
+Capitol, which had first refusal of the Beatles' recordings in the United States,&lt;br&gt;had declined to issue the group's first few singles, which ended up appearing on&lt;br&gt;relatively small American independents. Capitol took up its option on &amp;quot;I Want to&lt;br&gt;Hold Your Hand,&amp;quot; which stormed to the top of the U.S. charts within weeks of its&lt;br&gt;release on December 26, 1963. The Beatles' television appearances on &lt;i&gt;The Ed&lt;br&gt;Sullivan Show&lt;/i&gt; in February of 1964 launched Beatlemania (and the entire British&lt;br&gt;Invasion) on an even bigger scale than it had reached in Britain. In the first week&lt;br&gt;of April 1964, the Beatles had the Top Five best-selling singles in the U.S.; they&lt;br&gt;also had the first two slots on the album charts, as well as other entries&lt;br&gt;throughout the Billboard Top 100. No one had ever dominated the market for&lt;br&gt;popular music so heavily; it's doubtful that anyone ever will again. The Beatles&lt;br&gt;themselves would continue to reach number one with most of their singles and&lt;br&gt;albums until their 1970 breakup.&lt;br&gt;
+Hard as it may be to believe today, the Beatles were often dismissed by cultural&lt;br&gt;commentators of the time as nothing more than a fad that would vanish within&lt;br&gt;months as the novelty wore off. The group ensured this wouldn't happen by&lt;br&gt;making &lt;i&gt;A Hard Day's Night&lt;/i&gt; in early 1964, a cinÃ©ma vÃ©ritÃ©-style motion picture&lt;br&gt;comedy/musical that cemented their image as &amp;quot;the Fab Four&amp;quot;: happy-go-lucky,&lt;br&gt;individualistic, cheeky, funny lads with nonstop energy. The soundtrack was also&lt;br&gt;a triumph, consisting entirely of Lennon-McCartney tunes, including such&lt;br&gt;standards as the title tune, &amp;quot;And I Love Her,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;If I Fell,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Can't Buy Me Love,&amp;quot; and&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;Things We Said Today.&amp;quot; George Harrison's resonant 12-string electric guitar&lt;br&gt;leads were hugely influential; the movie helped persuade the Byrds, then folk&lt;br&gt;singers, to plunge all-out into rock &amp;amp; roll, and the Beatles (along with Bob Dylan)&lt;br&gt;would be hugely influential on the folk-rock explosion of 1965. The Beatles'&lt;br&gt;success, too, had begun to open the U.S. market for fellow Brits like the Rolling&lt;br&gt;Stones, the Animals, and the Kinks, and inspired young American groups like the&lt;br&gt;Beau Brummels, Lovin' Spoonful, and others to mount a challenge of their own&lt;br&gt;with self-penned material that owed a great debt to Lennon-McCartney.&lt;br&gt;
+Between riotous international tours in 1964 and 1965, the Beatles continued to&lt;br&gt;squeeze out more chart-topping albums and singles. (Until 1967, the group's&lt;br&gt;British albums were often truncated for release in the States; when their catalog&lt;br&gt;was transferred to CD, the albums were released worldwide in their British&lt;br&gt;configurations.) In retrospect, critics have judged &lt;i&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/i&gt; (late 1964) and&lt;br&gt;Help! (mid-1965) as the band's least impressive efforts. To some degree, that's&lt;br&gt;true. Touring and an insatiable market placed heavy demands upon their&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=5&gt;&lt;/a&gt;songwriting, and some of the originals and covers on these records, while brilliant&lt;br&gt;by many group's standards, were filler in the context of the Beatles' best work.&lt;br&gt;
+But when at the top of their game, the group was continuing to push forward. &amp;quot;I&lt;br&gt;Feel Fine&amp;quot; had feedback and brilliant guitar leads; &amp;quot;Ticket to Ride&amp;quot; showed the&lt;br&gt;band beginning to incorporate the ringing, metallic, circular guitar lines that would&lt;br&gt;be appropriated by bands like the Byrds; &amp;quot;Help!&amp;quot; was their first burst of&lt;br&gt;confessional lyricism; &amp;quot;Yesterday&amp;quot; employed a string quartet. John Lennon in&lt;br&gt;particular was beginning to exhibit a Dylanesque influence in his songwriting on&lt;br&gt;such folky, downbeat numbers as &amp;quot;I'm a Loser&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;You've Got to Hide Your&lt;br&gt;Love Away.&amp;quot; And tracks like &amp;quot;I Don't Want to Spoil the Party&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;I've Just Seen&lt;br&gt;a Face&amp;quot; had a strong country flavor.&lt;br&gt;
+Although the Beatles' second film, &lt;i&gt;Help!&lt;/i&gt;, was a much sillier and less&lt;br&gt;sophisticated affair than their first feature, it too was a huge commercial success.&lt;br&gt;By this time, though, the Beatles had nothing to prove in commercial terms; the&lt;br&gt;remaining frontiers were artistic challenges that could only be met in the studio.&lt;br&gt;They rose to the occasion at the end of 1965 with &lt;i&gt;Rubber Soul&lt;/i&gt;, one of the classic&lt;br&gt;folk-rock records. Lyrically, Lennon, McCartney, and even Harrison (who was&lt;br&gt;now writing some tunes on his own) were evolving beyond boy-girl scenarios into&lt;br&gt;complex, personal feelings. They were also pushing the limits of studio rock by&lt;br&gt;devising new guitar and bass textures, experimenting with distortion and multi-&lt;br&gt;tracking, and using unconventional (for rock) instruments like the sitar.&lt;br&gt;
+As much of a progression as &lt;i&gt;Rubber Soul&lt;/i&gt; was relative to their previous records,&lt;br&gt;it was but a taster for the boundary-shattering outings of the next few years. The&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;Paperback Writer&amp;quot;/&amp;quot;Rain&amp;quot; single found the group abandoning romantic themes&lt;br&gt;entirely, boosting the bass to previously unknown levels, and fooling around with&lt;br&gt;psychedelic imagery and backwards tapes on the B-side. Drugs (psychedelic and&lt;br&gt;otherwise) were fueling their already fertile imaginations, but they felt creatively&lt;br&gt;hindered by their touring obligations. &lt;i&gt;Revolver&lt;/i&gt;, released in the summer of 1966,&lt;br&gt;proved what the group could be capable of when allotted months of time in the&lt;br&gt;studio. Hazy hard guitars and thicker vocal arrangements formed the bed of&lt;br&gt;these increasingly imagistic, ambitious lyrics; the group's eclecticism now&lt;br&gt;encompassed everything from singalong novelties (&amp;quot;Yellow Submarine&amp;quot;) and&lt;br&gt;string quartet-backed character sketches (&amp;quot;Eleanor Rigby&amp;quot;) to Indian-influenced&lt;br&gt;swirls of echo and backwards tapes (&amp;quot;Tomorrow Never Knows&amp;quot;). Some would&lt;br&gt;complain that the Beatles had abandoned the earthy rock of their roots for clever&lt;br&gt;mannerism. But &lt;i&gt;Revolver&lt;/i&gt;, like virtually all of the group's singles and albums from&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;She Loves You&amp;quot; on, would be a worldwide chart-topper.&lt;br&gt;
+For the past couple of years, live performance had become a rote exercise for&lt;br&gt;the group, tired of competing with thousands of screaming fans that drowned out&lt;br&gt;most of their voices and instruments. A 1966 summer worldwide tour was&lt;br&gt;particularly grueling: the group's entourage was physically attacked in the&lt;br&gt;Philippines after a perceived snub of the country's queen, and a casual remark&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=6&gt;&lt;/a&gt;by John Lennon about the Beatles being bigger than Jesus Christ was picked up&lt;br&gt;in the States, resulting in the burning of Beatle records in the Bible belt and&lt;br&gt;demands for a repentant apology. Their final concert of that American tour (in&lt;br&gt;San Francisco on August 29, 1966) would be their last in front of a paying&lt;br&gt;audience, as the group decided to stop playing live in order to concentrate on&lt;br&gt;their studio recordings.&lt;br&gt;
+This was a radical (indeed, unprecedented) step in 1966, and the media was rife&lt;br&gt;with speculation that the act was breaking up, especially after all four spent late&lt;br&gt;1966 engaged in separate personal and artistic pursuits. The appearance of the&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;Penny Lane&amp;quot;/&amp;quot;Strawberry Fields Forever&amp;quot; single in February 1967 squelched&lt;br&gt;these concerns. Frequently cited as the strongest double A-side ever, the&lt;br&gt;Beatles were now pushing forward into unabashedly psychedelic territory in their&lt;br&gt;use of orchestral arrangements and Mellotron, without abandoning their grasp of&lt;br&gt;memorable melody and immediately accessible lyrical messages.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Sgt. Pepper&lt;/i&gt;, released in June 1967 as the Summer of Love dawned, was the&lt;br&gt;definitive psychedelic soundtrack. Or, at least, so it was perceived at the time:&lt;br&gt;subsequent critics have painted the album as an uneven affair, given a&lt;br&gt;conceptual unity via its brilliant multi-tracked overdubs, singalong melodies, and&lt;br&gt;fairy tale-ish lyrics. Others remain convinced, as millions did at the time, that it&lt;br&gt;represented pop's greatest triumph, or indeed an evolution of pop into art with a&lt;br&gt;capital A. In addition to mining all manner of roots influences, the musicians were&lt;br&gt;also picking up vibes from Indian music, avant-garde electronics, classical, music&lt;br&gt;hall, and more. When the Beatles premiered their hippie anthem &amp;quot;All You Need Is&lt;br&gt;Love&amp;quot; as part of a worldwide TV broadcast, they had been truly anointed as&lt;br&gt;spokespersons for their generation (a role they had not actively sought), and it&lt;br&gt;seemed they could do no wrong.&lt;br&gt;
+Musically, that would usually continue to be the case, but the group's strength&lt;br&gt;began to unravel at a surprisingly quick pace. In August 1967, Brian Epstein â&lt;br&gt;prone to suicidal depression over the past year â died of a drug overdose,&lt;br&gt;leaving them without a manager. The group pressed on with their next film&lt;br&gt;project, &lt;i&gt;Magical Mystery Tour&lt;/i&gt;, directed by themselves; lacking focus or even&lt;br&gt;basic professionalism, the picture bombed when it was premiered on BBC&lt;br&gt;television in December 1967, giving the media the first real chance they'd ever&lt;br&gt;had to roast the Beatles over a flame. (Another film, the animated feature &lt;i&gt;Yellow&lt;br&gt;Submarine&lt;/i&gt;, would appear in 1968, although the Beatles had little involvement&lt;br&gt;with the project, either in terms of the movie or the soundtrack.) In early 1968, the&lt;br&gt;Beatles decamped to India for a course in transcendental meditation with the&lt;br&gt;Maharishi; this too became something of a media embarrassment, as each of the&lt;br&gt;four would eventually depart the course before its completion.&lt;br&gt;
+The Beatles did use their unaccustomed peace in India to compose a wealth of&lt;br&gt;new material. Judged solely on musical merit, &lt;i&gt;The White Album&lt;/i&gt;, a double LP&lt;br&gt;released in late 1968, was a triumph. While largely abandoning their psychedelic&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=7&gt;&lt;/a&gt;instruments to return to guitar-based rock, they maintained their whimsical&lt;br&gt;eclecticism, proving themselves masters of everything from blues-rock to&lt;br&gt;vaudeville. As individual songwriters, too, it contains some of their finest work (as&lt;br&gt;does the brilliant non-LP single from this era, &amp;quot;Hey Jude&amp;quot;/&amp;quot;Revolution&amp;quot;).&lt;br&gt;
+The problem, at least in terms of the group's long-term health, was that these&lt;br&gt;were very much &lt;i&gt;individual&lt;/i&gt; songs, as opposed to collective ones. Lennon and&lt;br&gt;McCartney had long composed most of their tunes separately (you can almost&lt;br&gt;always tell the composer by the lead vocalist). But they had always fed off of&lt;br&gt;each other not only to supply missing bits and pieces that would bring a song to&lt;br&gt;completion, but to provide a competitive edge that would bring out the best in the&lt;br&gt;other. McCartney's romantic melodicism and Lennon's more acidic, gritty wit&lt;br&gt;were perfect complements for one another. By the &lt;i&gt;White Album&lt;/i&gt;, it was clear (if&lt;br&gt;only in retrospect) that each member was more concerned with his own&lt;br&gt;expression than that of the collective group: a natural impulse, but one that was&lt;br&gt;bound to lead to difficulties.&lt;br&gt;
+In addition, George Harrison was becoming a more prolific and skilled composer&lt;br&gt;as well, imbuing his own melodies (which were nearly the equal of those of his&lt;br&gt;more celebrated colleagues) with a cosmic lightness. Harrison was beginning to&lt;br&gt;resent his junior status, and the group began to bicker more openly in the studio.&lt;br&gt;Ringo Starr, whose solid drumming and good nature could usually be counted&lt;br&gt;upon (as was evident in his infrequent lead vocals), actually quit for a couple of&lt;br&gt;weeks in the midst of the &lt;i&gt;White Album&lt;/i&gt; sessions (though the media was unaware&lt;br&gt;of this at the time). Personal interests were coming into play as well: Lennon's&lt;br&gt;devotion to romantic and artistic pursuits with his new girlfriend (and soon-to-be-&lt;br&gt;wife) Yoko Ono was diverting his attentions from the Beatles. Apple Records,&lt;br&gt;started by the group earlier in 1968 as a sort of utopian commercial enterprise,&lt;br&gt;was becoming a financial and organizational nightmare.&lt;br&gt;
+These weren't the ideal conditions under which to record a new album in January&lt;br&gt;1969, especially when McCartney was pushing the group to return to live&lt;br&gt;performing, although none of the others seemed especially keen on the idea.&lt;br&gt;They did agree to try and record a &amp;quot;back-to-basics,&amp;quot; live-in-the-studio-type LP,&lt;br&gt;the sessions being filmed for a television special. That plan almost blew up when&lt;br&gt;Harrison, in the midst of tense arguments, left the group for a few days. Although&lt;br&gt;he returned, the idea of playing live concerts was put on the back burner;&lt;br&gt;Harrison enlisted American soul keyboardist Billy Preston as kind of a fifth&lt;br&gt;member on the sessions, both to beef up the arrangements and to alleviate the&lt;br&gt;uncomfortable atmosphere. Exacerbating the problem was that the Beatles didn't&lt;br&gt;have a great deal of first-class new songs to work with, although some were&lt;br&gt;excellent. In order to provide a suitable concert-like experience for the film, the&lt;br&gt;group did climb the roof of their Apple headquarters in London to deliver an&lt;br&gt;impromptu performance on January 30, 1969, before the police stopped it; this&lt;br&gt;was their last live concert of any sort.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=8&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Generally dissatisfied with these early-1969 sessions, the album and film â at&lt;br&gt;first titled Get Back, and later to emerge as &lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;/i&gt; â remained in the can as&lt;br&gt;the group tried to figure out how the projects should be mixed, packaged, and&lt;br&gt;distributed. A couple of the best tracks, &amp;quot;Get Back&amp;quot;/&amp;quot;Don't Let Me Down,&amp;quot; were&lt;br&gt;issued as a single in the spring of 1969. By this time, the Beatles' quarrels were&lt;br&gt;intensifying in a dispute over management: McCartney wanted their affairs to be&lt;br&gt;handled by his new father-in-law, Lee Eastman, while the other members of the&lt;br&gt;group favored a tough American businessman, Allen Klein.&lt;br&gt;
+It was something of a miracle, then, that the final album recorded by the group,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/i&gt;, was one of their most unified efforts (even if, by this time, the&lt;br&gt;musicians were recording many of their parts separately). It certainly boasted&lt;br&gt;some of their most intricate melodies, harmonies, and instrumental&lt;br&gt;arrangements; it also heralded the arrival of Harrison as a composer of equal&lt;br&gt;talent to Lennon and McCartney, as George wrote the album's two most popular&lt;br&gt;tunes, &amp;quot;Something&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Here Comes the Sun.&amp;quot; The Beatles were still&lt;br&gt;progressing, but it turned out to be the end of the road, as their business disputes&lt;br&gt;continued to magnify. Lennon, who had begun releasing solo singles and&lt;br&gt;performing with friends as the Plastic Ono Band, threatened to resign in late&lt;br&gt;1969, although he was dissuaded from making a public announcement.&lt;br&gt;
+Most of the early-1969 tapes remained unreleased, partially because the footage&lt;br&gt;for the planned television broadcast of these sessions was now going to be&lt;br&gt;produced as a documentary movie. The accompanying soundtrack album, &lt;i&gt;Let It&lt;br&gt;Be&lt;/i&gt;, was delayed so that its release could coincide with that of the film. Lennon,&lt;br&gt;Harrison, and Allen Klein decided to have celebrated American producer Phil&lt;br&gt;Spector record some additional instrumentation and do some mixing. Thus the&lt;br&gt;confusion that persists among most rock listeners to this day: &lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;/i&gt;, although&lt;br&gt;the last Beatles album to be released, was not the last one to be recorded.&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/i&gt; should actually be considered as the Beatles' last album; most of&lt;br&gt;the material on &lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;/i&gt;, including the title track (which would be the last single&lt;br&gt;released while the group was still together), was recorded several months before&lt;br&gt;the &lt;i&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/i&gt; sessions began in earnest, and a good 15 months or so before&lt;br&gt;its May 1970 release.&lt;br&gt;
+By that time, the Beatles were no more. In fact, there had been no recording&lt;br&gt;done by the group as a unit since August 1969, and each member of the band&lt;br&gt;had begun to pursue serious outside professional interests independently via the&lt;br&gt;Plastic Ono Band, Harrison's tour with Delaney &amp;amp; Bonnie, Starr's starring role in&lt;br&gt;the &lt;i&gt;Magic Christian&lt;/i&gt; film, or McCartney's first solo album. The outside world for&lt;br&gt;the most part remained almost wholly unaware of the seriousness of the group's&lt;br&gt;friction, making it a devastating shock for much of the world's youth when&lt;br&gt;McCartney announced that he was leaving the Beatles on April 10, 1970. (The&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;announcement&amp;quot; was actually contained in a press release for his new album, in&lt;br&gt;which his declaration of his intention to work on his own effectively served as a&lt;br&gt;notice of his departure.)&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=9&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The final blow, apparently, was the conflict between the release dates of &lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;and McCartney's debut solo album. The rest of the group asked McCartney to&lt;br&gt;delay his release until after &lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;/i&gt;; McCartney refused, and for good measure,&lt;br&gt;was distressed by Spector's post-production work on &lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;/i&gt;, particularly the&lt;br&gt;string overdubs on &amp;quot;The Long and Winding Road,&amp;quot; which became a posthumous&lt;br&gt;Beatles single that spring. Although McCartney received much of the blame for&lt;br&gt;the split, it should be remembered that he had done more than any other&lt;br&gt;member to keep the group going since Epstein's death, and that each of the&lt;br&gt;other Beatles had threatened to leave well before McCartney's departure. With&lt;br&gt;hindsight, the breakup seemed inevitable in view of their serious business&lt;br&gt;disagreements and the growth of their individual interests.&lt;br&gt;
+As bitter as the initial headlines were to swallow, the feuding would grow much&lt;br&gt;worse over the next few years. At the end of 1970, McCartney sued the rest of&lt;br&gt;the Beatles in order to dissolve their partnership; the battle dragged through the&lt;br&gt;courts for years, scotching any prospects of a group reunion. In any case, each&lt;br&gt;member of the band quickly established viable solo careers. In fact, at the outset&lt;br&gt;it could have been argued that the artistic effects of the split were in some ways&lt;br&gt;beneficial, freeing Lennon and Harrison to make their most uncompromising&lt;br&gt;artistic statements (&lt;i&gt;Plastic Ono Band&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;All Things Must Pass&lt;/i&gt;). George's&lt;br&gt;individual talents in particular received acclaim that had always eluded him when&lt;br&gt;he was overshadowed by Lennon-McCartney. Paul had a much rougher time&lt;br&gt;with the critics, but continued to issue a stream of hit singles, hitting a&lt;br&gt;commercial and critical jackpot at the end of 1973 with the massively successful&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Band on the Run&lt;/i&gt;. Ringo did not have the songwriting acumen to compete on the&lt;br&gt;same level as the others, yet he too had quite a few big hit singles in the early&lt;br&gt;'70s, often benefiting from the assistance of his former bandmates.&lt;br&gt;
+Yet within a short time, it became apparent both that the Beatles were not going&lt;br&gt;to settle their differences and reunite, and that their solo work could not compare&lt;br&gt;with what they were capable of creating together. The stereotype has it that the&lt;br&gt;split allowed each of them to indulge in their worst tendencies to their extremes:&lt;br&gt;Lennon in agit-prop, Harrison in holier-than-thou-mysticism, McCartney in cutesy&lt;br&gt;pop, Starr in easy listening rock. There's a good deal of truth in this, but it's also&lt;br&gt;important to bear in mind that what was most missing was a sense of group&lt;br&gt;interaction. The critical party line often champions Lennon as the angry, realist&lt;br&gt;rocker, and McCartney as the melodic balladeer, but this is a fallacy: each of&lt;br&gt;them were capable, in roughly equal measures, of ballsy all-out rock and sweet&lt;br&gt;romanticism. What is not in dispute is that they sparked each other to reach&lt;br&gt;heights that they could not attain on their own.&lt;br&gt;
+Despite periodic rumors of reunions throughout the 1970s, no group projects&lt;br&gt;came close to materializing. It should be added that the Beatles themselves&lt;br&gt;continued to feud to some degree, and from all evidence weren't seriously&lt;br&gt;interested in working together as a unit. Any hopes of a reunion vanished when&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=10&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Lennon was assassinated in New York City in December 1980. The Beatles&lt;br&gt;continued their solo careers throughout the 1980s, but their releases became&lt;br&gt;less frequent, and their commercial success gradually diminished, as listeners&lt;br&gt;without first-hand memories of the combo created their own idols.&lt;br&gt;
+The popularity of the Beatles-as-unit, however, proved eternal. In part, this is&lt;br&gt;because the group's 1970 split effectively short-circuited the prospects of artistic&lt;br&gt;decline; the body of work that was preserved was uniformly strong. However, it's&lt;br&gt;also because, like any great works of art, the Beatles' records carried an ageless&lt;br&gt;magnificence that continues to captivate new generations of listeners. So it is&lt;br&gt;that Beatles records continue to be heard on radio in heavy rotation, continue to&lt;br&gt;sell in massive quantities, and continue to be covered and quoted by rock and&lt;br&gt;pop artists through the present day.&lt;br&gt;
+Legal wrangles at Apple prevented the official issue of previously unreleased&lt;br&gt;Beatle material for over two decades (although much of it was frequently&lt;br&gt;bootlegged). The situation finally changed in the 1990s, after McCartney,&lt;br&gt;Harrison, Starr, and Lennon's widow Yoko Ono settled their principal business&lt;br&gt;disagreements. In 1994, this resulted in a double CD of BBC sessions from the&lt;br&gt;early and mid-'60s. The following year, a much more ambitious project was&lt;br&gt;undertaken: a multi-part film documentary, broadcast on network television in&lt;br&gt;1995, and then released (with double the length) for the home video market in&lt;br&gt;1996, with the active participation of the surviving Beatles.&lt;br&gt;
+To coincide with the &lt;i&gt;Anthology&lt;/i&gt; documentary, three double CDs of previously&lt;br&gt;unreleased/rare material were issued in 1995 and 1996. Additionally, McCartney,&lt;br&gt;Harrison, and Starr (with some assistance from Jeff Lynne) embellished a couple&lt;br&gt;of John Lennon demos from the 1970s with overdubs to create two new tracks&lt;br&gt;(&amp;quot;Free as a Bird&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Real Love&amp;quot;) that were billed as actual Beatles recordings.&lt;br&gt;Whether this constitutes the actual long-awaited &amp;quot;reunion&amp;quot; is the subject of much&lt;br&gt;debate. Certainly these cuts were hardly classics on par with the music the group&lt;br&gt;made in the 1960s. Some fans, even diehards, were inclined to view the whole&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Anthology&lt;/i&gt; project as a distinctly 1990s marketing exercise that maximized the&lt;br&gt;mileage of whatever could be squeezed from the Beatles' vaults. If nothing else,&lt;br&gt;though, the massive commercial success of outtakes that had, after all, been&lt;br&gt;recorded 25 to 30 years ago, spoke volumes about the unabated appeal and&lt;br&gt;fascination the Beatles continue to exert worldwide.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH010e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH010e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH010e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/Birthday.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">33281</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Birthday.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Birthday.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">Birthday.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Birthday.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Birthday.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Birthday</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH010e317aabc76711c4f5ba4f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH010e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Birthday.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH010f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH010f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH010f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/magicalmisterytour.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9451</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">magicalmisterytour.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">magicalmisterytour.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">MAGICAL MISTERY TOUR</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/magicalmisterytour.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/magicalmisterytour.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Magical Mystery Tour</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH010fee47dc6d43f3de5c094b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215124</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH010f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">76magicalmisterytourBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/76magicalmisterytourBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;MAGICAL MISTERY TOUR&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;MAGICAL MISTERY TOUR&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;19/11/1976 Apple (Parlophone) PCTC 255&lt;br&gt;
+    ??/05/1979 Parlophone PCTC 255 (Yellow Vinyl Edition)&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+MOBILE FIDELITY release&lt;br&gt;
+            ??/02/1981 MFSL 1-047&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            21/09/1987 Parlopohone CDP7480622&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Magical Mystery Tour&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Fool On The Hill&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Flying&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Blue Jay Way&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Your Mother Should Know&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt; Am The Walrus&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Hello, Goodbye&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Strawberry Fields Forever&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Penny Lane&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Baby, You're A Rich Man&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;All You Need Is Love&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH011a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH011a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH011a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/Penny_Lane.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">29255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Penny_Lane.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Penny_Lane.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">Penny_Lane.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Penny_Lane.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Penny_Lane.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Penny Lane</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011ab73874e2a9c5cac02137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Penny_Lane.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH011a/4d6e39cb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH011a/4d6e39cb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH011a/4d6e39cb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/revolution.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5414</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">revolution.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">revolution.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">REVOLUTION </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011a4d6e39cb8ee1126934de</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011a/4d6e39cb.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+REVOLUTION 
+transcribed by MaxxDaddy
+
+Intro:
+(triplets)
+-5/7-7-7--7-7-7--7-7-7--7-7-7----5/7-7-7--7-7-7--7-7-7--7-7-7----
+-5/7-7-7--7-7-7--7-7-7--7-7-7----5/7-7-7--7-7-7--7-7-7--7-7-7----
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-5/7-7-7--7-7-7--7-7-7--7-7-7--------------------------12~----
+-5/7-7-7--7-7-7--7-7-7--7-7-7----/10~-----10--12b(14)---------
+--------------------------------------11----------------------
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Verse (standard 12 bar blues):
+     B              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+-----9----9---9h11--9--9-----9h11--9--9--9h11--9--9--9h11--9--9--
+-----7----7---7-----7--7-----7-----7--7--7-----7--7--7-----7--7--
+ You say you want   a  rev   o     lu    ti  on      well     you
+
+     E                          
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+-----9----9---9h11--9--9-----9h11--9--9--9h11--9--9--9h11--9--9--
+-----7----7---7-----7--7-----7-----7--7--7-----7--7--7-----7--7--
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+    know                                 we  all want to change the...
+
+Guitar 2 strums chords
+
+Chorus:
+Guitar 2:(3X)
+               B             E
+-------------------------------------------------------11--------------
+---------------4-4-4----4---------------------------9--12--12-----12~--
+---------------4-4-4----4------------------9--9h11---------11h13--11~--
+---------------4-4-4h6--4---------9--9h11------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+... it's gonna be         alright
+
+
+  F#7
+-----------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------
+-------------2----------4----------2---------2-
+--------2h4--------4h6--------2h4--------2h4---
+--2--2----------2----------2----------2--------
+
+
+Guitar 2 play this repeatedly over the A B G# part in the last chorus:
+||-----------14--||
+||--14b(16)------||
+||---------------||
+||---------------||
+||---------------||
+||---------------||
+
+Solo:
+
+Guitar 2 plays this over the keyboard solo:
+                              (4X)
+---7-6-------------9-----7--||--------------------||
+-------10-9-8-7------7-9----||--7-----7-----7-----||
+-7--------------9-----------||--9(11)-9(11)-9(11)-||
+----------------------------||--------------------||
+----------------------------||--------------------||
+----------------------------||--------------------||
+
+Outro:
+
+Guitar 2 plays this repeatedly over the &quot;Alright&quot; part 
+||--9-------||
+||--12b(14)-||
+||----------||
+||----------||
+||----------||
+||----------||
+
+end:         C6 B6 
+-------------8---7~---
+--9(10)9--7--10--9~---
+-------------9---8~---
+-------------8---7~---
+-------------10--9~---
+-------------8---7~---
+
+
+Lyrics:
+     B                                    E
+You say you want a revolution   well you know
+                            B
+We all want to change the world
+     B                                     E
+You tell me that it's evolution  well you know
+                           F#
+We all want to change the world
+C#m                        F#
+But when you talk about destruction
+C#m                           A   B  G#   F#
+Don't you know that you can count me out 
+
+
+                          B       E
+Don't you know it's gonna be   Alright
+                          B       E
+Don't you know it's gonna be   Alright
+                          B       E     F#7
+Don't you know it's gonna be   Alright
+
+
+    B                                      E
+You say you got a real solution   well you know
+                         B  
+We'd all love to see the plan
+    B                                    E  
+You ask me for a contribution   well you know
+                    B
+We're doing what we can
+C#m                                     F#
+But when you want money for people with minds that hate
+C#m                                 A   B  G#   F#
+All I can tell you is brother you have to wait
+
+(chorus)
+
+    B                                           E  
+You say you'll change the constitution well you know
+                           B
+We all want to change your head
+    B                                     E
+You tell me it's the institution well you know
+                             B
+You better free your mind instead
+C#m                                F#
+But if you go carrying pictures of Chairman Mao
+C#m                                 A B G#   F#
+You ain't gonna make it with anyone anyhow
+
+(chorus)
+
+F#   
+Allright
+B
+Allright
+E
+Allright
+B
+Allright
+E
+Allright
+B
+Allright
+E
+Allright
+F#
+Allright
+
+B C6 B6
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH011d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH011d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH011d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG/65USbeatleVIBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">65USbeatleVIBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">65USbeatleVIBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">65USbeatleVIBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">65USbeatleVIBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">1.27KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">65USbeatleVIBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">65USbeatleVIBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">65USbeatleVIBIG_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">65USbeatleVIBIG_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">300x300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">65USbeatleVIBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BackgroundColor">255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BitsPerPixel">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ColorResolutionDepth">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.GIFVersion">89a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.HasColorMap">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">65USbeatleVIBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011d3bf233b89bb33b415e55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215122</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011d.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">65USbeatleVIBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">65USbeatleVIBIG_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">65USbeatleVIBIG_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/earlybeatles.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9330</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">earlybeatles.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">earlybeatles.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">THE EARLY BEATLES</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/earlybeatles.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/earlybeatles.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0125693cdfd49b06e5281eed</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215118</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0125.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/65USearlybeatlesBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;THE EARLY BEATLES&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;THE EARLY BEATLES&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt; 22/03/1965 (MONO) Capitol T-2309&lt;br&gt;
+            22/03/1965 (STEREO) Capitol ST-2309&lt;br&gt;
+28/07/1988 Capitol C1-90451&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;em&gt;never released&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt; Love Me Do&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Twist And Shout&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Anna (Go To Him)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Chains&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Boys&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Ask Me Why&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;P.S. I Love You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Baby It's You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;A Taste Of Honey&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Do You Want To Know A Secret&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/magical.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3160</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">magical.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">magical.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Magical Mystery Tour</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/magical.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/magical.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH012614b34d9389c7f3b97f1b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0126.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Magical Mystery Tour&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: McCartney&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Roll up, roll up for the mystery tour &lt;br&gt;
+Step right this way &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Roll up, roll up for the mystery tour &lt;br&gt;
+Roll up, roll up for the mystery tour &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Roll up, and that's an invitation, roll up for the mystery tour &lt;br&gt;
+Roll up, to make a reservation, roll up for the mystery tour &lt;br&gt;
+The magical mystery tour is waiting to take you away &lt;br&gt;
+Waiting to take you away &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Roll up, roll up for the mystery tour &lt;br&gt;
+Roll up, roll up for the mystery tour &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Roll up, we've got everything you need, roll up for the mystery tour &lt;br&gt;
+Roll up, satisfaction guaranteed, roll up for the mystery tour &lt;br&gt;
+The magical mystery tour is hoping to take you away &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Roll up, roll up for the mystery tour &lt;br&gt;
+Roll up, roll up for the mystery tour &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Roll up, and that's an invitation, roll up for the mystery tour &lt;br&gt;
+Roll up, to make a reservation, roll up for the mystery tour &lt;br&gt;
+The magical mystery tour is coming to take you away &lt;br&gt;
+Coming to take you away &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+The magical mystery tour is dying to take you away, &lt;br&gt;
+Dying to take you away, take you today. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0130.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0130.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0130.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/mp3/VGlsbCB0aGVyZSB3YXMgeW91.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MP3Plugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1301315</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Till there was you.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">VGlsbCB0aGVyZSB3YXMgeW91.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="mp3">Till there was you</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcurl">VGlsbCB0aGVyZSB3YXMgeW91.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MP3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconmp3_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">VGlsbCB0aGVyZSB3YXMgeW91.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">VGlsbCB0aGVyZSB3YXMgeW91.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Till there was you</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0130b5744991ff6fb25de0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0130.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">VGlsbCB0aGVyZSB3YXMgeW91.mp3:audio/mp3:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/yellow.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3220</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">yellow.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">yellow.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Yellow Submarine</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/yellow.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/yellow.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0134d5fd26957c5ee93d0c29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0134.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: Starr&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+In the town where I was born &lt;br&gt;
+Lived a man who sailed to sea &lt;br&gt;
+And he told us of his life &lt;br&gt;
+In the land of submarines &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+So we sailed up to the sun &lt;br&gt;
+'Till we found the sea of green &lt;br&gt;
+And we lived beneath the waves &lt;br&gt;
+In our yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+We all live in a yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+Yellow submarine, yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+We all live in a yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+Yellow submarine, yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+And our friends are all on board &lt;br&gt;
+Many more of them live next door &lt;br&gt;
+And the band begins to play &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+We all live in a yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+Yellow submarine, yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+We all live in a yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+Yellow submarine, yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+As we live a life of ease &lt;br&gt;
+Everyone of us has all we need &lt;br&gt;
+Sky of blue and sea of green &lt;br&gt;
+In our yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+We all live in a yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+Yellow submarine, yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+We al live in a yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Yellow submarine, yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+We all live in a yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+Yellow submarine, yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+We all live in a yellow submarine &lt;br&gt;
+Yellow submarine, yellow submarine &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/revolution9.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6722</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">revolution9.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">revolution9.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Revolution 9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/revolution9.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/revolution9.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0137d2c45f96770a73b7e7f0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0137.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Revolution 9&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) (montage of tape loops and spoken words)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;...then there's this Welsh rarebit wearing some brown underpants&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;...about the shortage of grain in Hertfordshire.&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Every one of them knew that as time went by they'd get a little bit&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;older and a little bit slower but...&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;It's all the same thing, in this cas manufactured by someone who's&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;always umpteen times [ ? ]. You're father's giving it diddly-i-dee &lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;district was leaving... Intended to die. [ ? ] Ottoman... [ ? ] &lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;...long gone through... [ ? ] I've got to say, irritably and... &lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;[ ? ] floors, hard enough to put on [ ? ] per day's MD in our &lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;district. There was not really enought light to get down, and &lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;ultimately [ ? ] slumped down. Suddenly...&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;They may stop the funding...&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Place your bets. The original. Afraid she'll die&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;[ ?] great colours for the season...&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Who's to know?&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Who was to know?&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;I sustained nothing worse than [ ? ]&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Also, for example&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Whatever you're doing&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;A business deal falls through.&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;I informed him on the third night, when fortune gives...&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;People ride, people ride, ride, ride, ride, ride, ride.&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Ri-i-i-i-de! Ri-i-i-i-i-i-i-ide!!&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;[ ? ] I've missed all of that.&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;It makes me a few days late&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Compared with, like, wow!&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;And weird stuff like that...&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;[ ? ] taking our sides sometimes&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;[ ? ] Floral bark.&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Rogue doctors have brought this specimen.&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;I have nobody's short-cuts, aha&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Nine, Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;[ ? ] with the situation&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;They are standing still.&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;The plan, the telegram...&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number...&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;A man without terros from beard to false, as the headmaster reported&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;to my son. He really can try, as they do, to find function...Tell&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;what he was saying, and his voice was low and his hive high, and his&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;eyes were low...&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Alright!&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;It was on fire and his glasses were the same.&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;This thing knows if it was tinted, but you know it isn't. To m it is..&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;So the wife called and we'd better go to see a surgeon, to price it&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;[ ? ] yellow undercloths. So, any road, we went to see the dentist&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;instead, who gave her a pair of teeth which wasn't any good at all.&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;So I said I'd marry, join the fucking Navy and went to sea.&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;In my broken chair, my wings are broken and so is my hair.&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;I am not in the mood for whirling. How? Dogs for dogging, hands &lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;for clapping, birds for birding and fish for fishing, them for &lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;themming and when for whimming. ...only to find the night-watchman &lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;unaware of his presence in the building.&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Number 9 Number 9 Number 9&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Industry allows financial imbalance.&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Thrusting it between his shoulder blades.&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;The Watusi, the Twist, Eldorado&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Take this brother, may it server you well&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Maybe it's nothing&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;What? What? Oh...&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;Maybe, even then, &lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;impervious to London&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;[ ? ] could be difficult thing...It's quick like to rush for peace&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;is because it's so much like being naked&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;It's alright, it's alright&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;It's alright, it's alright&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;It's alright, it's alright,&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;It's alright, it's alright, it's alright&lt;/dt&gt;
+  &lt;dt&gt;If, you become naked.&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/footer.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;34003&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH013a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH013a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH013a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/dontlet.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3523</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">dontlet.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">dontlet.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">DON'T LET ME DOWN </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013a2bdcb1fda160264c92ab</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+DON'T LET ME DOWN 
+transcribed by MaxxDaddy
+
+Intro riff:
+ E
+-------------------------
+-------------------------
+-------9-9----9----------
+-9--9--9-9h11-9-9-----9~-
+-9h11-----------9-12-11~-
+-------------------------
+
+Chorus:
+ F#m7   F#m7/B 
+--9--------9---
+--10-------10--
+--9--------9---
+--11-------9---
+--9--------9---
+---------------
+
+Verse:
+&quot;like she does: 
+          F#m7                                              Emaj7  Esus E
+-----------14\\12--12--12\\9---9---9----------------------------7-----7---0-
+-----------14\\12--12--12\\10--10--10---------------------------9-----10--0-
+-------------------------------------11\\9--9--9--9\\6--6--6----8-----9---1-
+--------------------------------------------------------------9-----9---2-
+--------------------------------------------------------------7-----7---2-
+------------------------------------------------------------------------0-
+
+&quot;like she do me&quot;
+           F#m7                                               Emaj7 Esus  E  
+-----------14\\12--12--12\\9---9---9------------------------------------------
+-----------14\\12--12--12\\10--10--10--10-----------------------9-------9-9---
+-------------------------------------11--11-11-11-9--9\\6-6/9--9--9----9-9-9-
+-----------------------------------------11-11-11-9-----------9--9h11-----9-
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Bridge:
+&quot;for the first time&quot;                             
+  E                                             B7  
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+----------------9--8--9--6--9-----9-----9-----9----------------------------
+-------------------------------9-----6--------------------7-----6----------
+-------------7-----------------------------9--------9--6-----9-----7--9--6-
+-------------------------------------------------7-------------------------
+                                               E   A  E
+----------------------------------------------
+----------------------------------------------
+----------------------------------------------
+--------------------7-----6-------------------
+-7-----6------9--6-----9-----7--9--6--7-----6-
+----7------7-----------------------------7----
+
+Lyrics:
+
+(*-intro riff)
+
+
+Chorus:
+
+*
+
+               F#m7   F#m7/B        E* A  E
+  Don't let me down   Don't let me down             
+             F#m7   F#m7/B        E*  A  E
+Don't let me down   Don't let me down
+
+
+E                             F#m7 
+Nobody ever loved me like she does  
+                     F#m/B      Emaj7 Esus  E
+oo she does  yes she does
+E                                      F#m7              
+And if somebody ever loved me like she do me  
+                      F#m/B      Emaj7  Esus  E 
+oo she do me, yes she does
+
+(chorus)
+
+E                                       F#m7 
+And from the first time that she really done me   
+                            F#m/B      Emaj7 Esus  E
+oo she done me, she done me good
+E                          F#m7 
+I guess nobody ever really done me  
+                            F#m/B      Emaj7 Esus  E
+oo she done me, she does me good
+
+(chorus)
+
+E                                                          B7
+I'm in love for the first time  Don't you know it's gonna last
+                                                           E *  A  E
+It's a love that lasts forever,   It's a love that had no past
+
+(chorus)
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH013b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH013b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH013b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG/80beatlesballadsBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">80beatlesballadsBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">80beatlesballadsBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">80beatlesballadsBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">80beatlesballadsBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">1.27KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">80beatlesballadsBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">80beatlesballadsBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">80beatlesballadsBIG_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">80beatlesballadsBIG_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">300x300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">80beatlesballadsBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BackgroundColor">255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BitsPerPixel">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ColorResolutionDepth">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.GIFVersion">89a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.HasColorMap">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">80beatlesballadsBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013b5774c41aabf4cbe99c3e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215124</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">80beatlesballadsBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">80beatlesballadsBIG_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">80beatlesballadsBIG_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/something.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4263</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">something.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">something.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Something by the Beatles</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013ebb9b233a11e3bda6cd61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+Something by the Beatles
+transcribed by Maxxdaddy
+
+Intro and signature riff:
+   F                  Eb  G   C
+-----------------------------------
+--10--12(13)12--10----11--12--13---
+-----------------------------------
+-----------------------------------
+-----------------------------------
+-----------------------------------
+
+Verse:
+   C                      Cmaj7
+Something in the way she moves
+C7                          F
+Attracts me like no other lover
+   D                      G
+Something in the way she woos me
+   Am                     Amdim7
+I don't want to leave her now
+     C/G               D   F  Eb  G  C
+You know I believe in how  (sig riff)
+
+Somewhere in her smile she knows
+That I don't need no other lover
+Something in her style that shows me
+I don't want to leave her now
+You know I believe in how
+(sig riff, but end with A instead of C)
+
+  A           C#m              F#m
+You're asking me will my love grow
+A/E      D     G        A   G#  G  F#  F  E
+I don't know   I don't know
+ A          C#m              F#m
+You stick around and it may show
+A/E      D     G        C   C B A# A  
+I don't know   I don't know
+
+(Solo)
+
+Something in the way she knows
+And all I have to do is think of her
+Something in the things she shows me
+I don't want to leave her now
+You know I believe in how
+
+(Outro)
+
+Guitar solo:
+     C            Cmaj7                C7
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+----------------------------------------8--10--8--11/13--13--
+--------12-------------12(14)12--9--7/9----------------------
+--12h14----14~---12h14---------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+
+             F                                                
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+--13(15)13--15(17)15--13-----------13--13---------------------------
+--------------------------14--/14----------14-------12--12----------
+-----------------------------------------------/14----------14------
+----------------------------------------------------------------12--
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  D                                   G
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------11--11--14(16)14--14(16)14--14(16)14--12----------
+--------------/12----------------------------------------------------
+--12--14--12---------------------------------------------------------
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+                           Am               G#+ 
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+------14--13--12/16--15--14-------------------------------------------
+--12-------------------------b(9)7--b(9)7--5--b(9)7--b(9)7--b(9)7--5--
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  C/G                      D                    F                 Eb  G   C
+---------------------------10/12--10--8--10--8-------------------------------
+------------------------8-----------------------10--12(13)12--10--11--12--13-
+--7(9)7--7(9)7--5--7/9-------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Ending:
+  F                 Eb  G   A                   F                 Eb  G   C
+------------------------------------16--15--14--------------------------------
+--10--12(13)12--10--11--12--14--14--------------10--12(13)12--10--11--12--14--
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/help.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3342</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">help.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">help.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Help!</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/help.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/help.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH014416d50e14c8870f6a6d7d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0144.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Help!&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: Lennon&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Help, I need somebody, &lt;br&gt;
+Help, not just anybody, &lt;br&gt;
+Help, you know I need someone, help. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+When I was younger, so much younger than today, &lt;br&gt;
+I never needed anybody's help in any way. &lt;br&gt;
+But now these days are gone, I'm not so self assured, &lt;br&gt;
+Now I find I've changed my mind and opened up the doors. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Help me if you can, I'm feeling down &lt;br&gt;
+And I do appreciate you being round &lt;br&gt;
+Help me, get my feet back on the ground, &lt;br&gt;
+Won't you please, please help me. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+And now my life has changed in oh so many ways, &lt;br&gt;
+My independence seems to vanish in the haze. &lt;br&gt;
+But every now and then I feel so insecure, &lt;br&gt;
+I know that I just need you like I've never done before. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Help me if you can, I'm feeling down &lt;br&gt;
+And I do appreciate you being round. &lt;br&gt;
+Help me, get my feet back on the ground, &lt;br&gt;
+Won't you please, please help me. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+When I was younger, so much younger than today, &lt;br&gt;
+I never needed anybody's help in any way. &lt;br&gt;
+But now these days are gone, I'm not so self assured, &lt;br&gt;
+No I find I've changed my mind and opened up the doors. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Help me if you can, I'm feeling down &lt;br&gt;
+And I do appreciate you being round. &lt;br&gt;
+Help me, get my feet back on the ground, &lt;br&gt;
+Won't you please, please help me, help me, help me, oh. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH014e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH014e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH014e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/andilove.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">andilove.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">andilove.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">AND I LOVE HER </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH014ece0a1fc6347b4e324e9b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH014e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+AND I LOVE HER 
+transcribed by MaxxDaddy
+
+Intro:
+           F#m             E6              F#m
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+------7--6--4---------7--6--4---------7--6--4----------------
+---7---------------7---------------7-------------------------
+
+Verse 1:
+F#m        C#m           F#m           C#m
+I give her all my love    That's all I do
+F#m        C#m             A             B7
+And if you saw my love    You'd love her too
+       E
+And I love her
+Verse 2:
+  F#m                          C#m
+----------9--------------9------------9-----------9----------
+------10-----10------10-----10-----9-----9-----9-----9-------
+--11-------------11-------------9-----------9----------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+         She    gives  me       every     thing
+   F#m                          C#m
+----------9--------------9------------9-----------9----------
+------10-----10------10-----10-----9-----9-----9-----9-------
+--11-------------11-------------9-----------9----------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+           And     tender        ly
+    F#m                          C#m
+----------9--------------9------------9-----------9----------
+------10-----10------10-----10-----9-----9-----9-----9-------
+--11-------------11-------------9-----------9----------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+           The     kiss my       lover     brings
+    A                           B7
+---------9-------------9--------------11---------------------
+-----10-----10-----10-----10------10------10-----------------
+--9-------------9-------------11-----------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+          She    brings to      me
+                    E6
+----------11------------9-----------9-----------9------------
+------10------10-----9-----9-----9-----9-----9-----9---------
+--11--------------9-----------9-----------9-----------9------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+       And  I  love    her
+Middle:
+C#m          B      C#m        G#m
+A love like ours    could never die
+C#m       G#m            B7
+As long as I   have you near me
+Verse 3:
+F#m             C#m               F#m         C#m
+Bright are the stars that shine   Dark is the sky
+F#m         C#m             A          B7
+I know this love of mine   Will never die
+        E
+And I love her
+
+Guitar Solo:
+    Gm       Dm           Gm       Dm            Gm       Dm
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------9--7/10---------------9--9\\7-----------------9--7/10--------
+--5--7--8---------------5--7--8----------------5--7--8-----------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    Bb        C7               F                     Gm
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+--10--7----------------------------------------------------------------
+---------8--7--7\\5--------------/7-------------------------------------
+-----------------------5--3--5--------3--------------------------------
+------------------------------------------5--3--1--1/3-----------------
+Verse 4: (guitar plays arpeggios shown for verse 2, one fret higher)
+Gm              Dm                Gm          Dm
+Bright are the stars that shine   Dark is the sky
+Gm          Dm              Bb         C7
+I know this love of mine   Will never die
+        F
+And I love her
+Ending:
+            Gm               F              Gm             D  
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+------8--7--5---------8--7--5---------8--7--5--------8--7--5----
+---8---------------8---------------8--------------8-------------
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0154.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0154.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0154.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/anthology1.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11563</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">anthology1.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">anthology1.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ANTHOLOGY 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/anthology1.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/anthology1.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01549197242544b65a05403b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215118</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0154.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">95anthology1BIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/95anthology1BIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;ANTHOLOGY 1&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;ANTHOLOGY 1&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;21/11/1995 Apple CDPCSP727 (CD)&lt;br&gt;
+            22/11/1995 Apple PCSP727 (LP)&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+            US release&lt;br&gt;
+            21/11/1995 Capitol CDP 8 34445 2 (CD)&lt;br&gt;
+??/11/1995 Capitol 8-34445 (LP)&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;CD 1&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Free As A Bird&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;We were four guys, that's all &lt;em&gt;(Speech)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;That'll Be The Day&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;In Spite Of All The Danger&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Sometimes I'd Borrow &lt;em&gt;(Speech)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Hallelujah, I Love Her So&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;You'll Be Mine&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Cayenne&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;First Of All &lt;em&gt;(Speech)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;My Bonnie&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Ain't She Sweet&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Cry For A Shadow&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Brian was a beautiful guy &lt;em&gt;(Speech)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Secured Them &lt;em&gt;(Speech)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Searchin'&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Three Cool Cats&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Sheik Of Araby&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Like Dreamers Do&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Hello Little Girl&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Well, the recording test ... &lt;em&gt;(Speech)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Besame Mucho&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Love Me Do&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;How Do You Do It&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;One After 909 (Sequence)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;One After 909 (Complete)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Lend Me Your Comb&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'll Get You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;We were performers &lt;em&gt;(Speech)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Saw Her Standing There&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;From Me To You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Money&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;You Really Got A Hold On Me&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Roll Over Beethoven&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;CD 2&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;She Love's You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Till There Was You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Twist And Shout&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;This Boy&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Want To Hold Your Hand&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Boys, what I was thinking ... &lt;em&gt;(Speech)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Moonlight Bay&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Can't Buy Me Love&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;All My Loving&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;You Can't Do That&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;And I Love Her&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;A Hard Day's Night&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Wanna Be Your Man&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Long Tall Sally&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Boys&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Shout&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'll Be Back (Take 2)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'll Be Back (Take 3)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;You Know What To Do&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;No Reply (Demo)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Mr Moonlight&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Leave My Kitten Alone&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;No Reply&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Eight Days A Week (Sequence)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Eight Days A Week (Complete)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Kansas City / Hey Hey Hey Hey&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH015c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH015c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH015c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/anthology2.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11156</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">anthology2.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">anthology2.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ANTHOLOGY 2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/anthology2.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/anthology2.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH015c91b724a544b65a05413b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215118</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH015c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">96anthology2BIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/96anthology2BIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;ANTHOLOGY 2&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;ANTHOLOGY 2&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;18/03/1996 Apple CDPCSP728 (CD)&lt;br&gt;
+            18/03/1996 Apple PCSP728 (LP)&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+            US release&lt;br&gt;
+            18/03/1996 Capitol CDP 8 34448 2 (CD)&lt;br&gt;
+??/??/1996 Capitol C1-34448 (LP) &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;CD 1&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Real Love&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Yes It Is&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'm Down&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;You've Got To Hide Your love Away&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;If You've Got Trouble&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;That Means A Lot&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Yesterday&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;It's Only Love&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Feel Fine&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Ticket To Ride&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Yesterday&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Help!&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Everybody's trying To Be My Baby&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'm Looking Through You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;12-Bar Original&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Tomorrow Never Knows&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Got To Get You Into My Life&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;And Your Bird Can Sing&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Taxman&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Eleanor Rigby &lt;em&gt;(Strings Only)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'm Only Sleeping &lt;em&gt;(Rehearsal)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'm Only Sleeping &lt;em&gt;(Take 1)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Rock And Roll Music&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;She's A Woman&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;CD 2&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Strawberry Fields Forever &lt;em&gt;(Demo Sequence)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Strawberry Fields Forever &lt;em&gt;(Take 1)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Strawberry Fields Forever &lt;em&gt;(Take 7 and Edit Piece)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Penny Lane&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;A Day In The Life&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Good Morning Good Morning&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Only A Northern Song&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Being For The Benefit Of Mr Kite! &lt;em&gt;(Take 1 and 2)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Being For The Benefit Of Mr Kite! &lt;em&gt;(Take 7)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Within You Without You &lt;em&gt;(Instrumental)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;You Know My Name (Look Up The Number)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Am The Walrus&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Fool On The Hill &lt;em&gt;(Demo)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Your Mother Should Know&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Foll On The Hill &lt;em&gt;(Take 4)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Hello, Goodbye&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Lady Madonna&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Across The Universe&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+          &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH015c/e869e478.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH015c/e869e478.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH015c/e869e478.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/pleasepleaseme.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9579</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pleasepleaseme.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pleasepleaseme.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">PLEASE PLEASE ME</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/pleasepleaseme.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/pleasepleaseme.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH015ce869e478ac10c3b2ce80</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH015c/e869e478.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">63UKpleasepleasemeBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/63UKpleasepleasemeBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;PLEASE PLEASE ME&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;PLEASE PLEASE ME&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;22/03/1963 (MONO) Parlophone PMC1202&lt;br&gt;
+            26/04/1963 (STEREO) Parlophone PCS3042&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            US release&lt;br&gt;
+            21/07/1987 Capitol CLJ46435&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+MOBILE FIDELITY release&lt;br&gt;
+            ??/06/1983 MFSL 1-101&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            26/02/1987 (MONO) Parlophone CDP7464352&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Saw Her Standing There&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Misery&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Anna (Go To Him)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Chains&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Boys&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Ask Me Why&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Love Me Do&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;P.S. I Love You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Baby, It's You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Do You Want To Know A Secret&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;A Taste Of Honey&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;There's A Place&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Twist And Shout&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0160.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0160.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0160.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/helpUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">helpUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">helpUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">HELP! - SoundTrack (US Version)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/helpUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/helpUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01600843ad973cff4dd91253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215118</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0160.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">65UShelpBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/65UShelpBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;HELP! - SoundTrack (US Version)&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;HELP! - SoundTrack (US Version)&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt; 13/08/1965 (MONO) Capitol MAS-2386&lt;br&gt;
+            13/08/1965 (STEREO) Capitol SMAS-2386&lt;br&gt;
+28/07/1988 Capitol C1-90454&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;em&gt;never released&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Help!&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Night Before&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;From Me to You Fantasy (Instrumental)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;You've Got To Hide Your Love Away&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt; I Need You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;In The Tyrol (Instrumental)&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Another Girl&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Another Hard Day's Night (Instrumental)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Ticket To Ride&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Bitter End/You Canât Do That (Instrumental)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;You're Going To Lose That Girl&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Chase (Instrumental)&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0164.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0164.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0164.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/anthology3.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10912</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">anthology3.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">anthology3.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ANTHOLOGY 3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/anthology3.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/anthology3.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH016491d7252544b65a05423b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215118</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0164.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">96anthology3BIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/96anthology3BIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;ANTHOLOGY 3&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;ANTHOLOGY 3&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;28/10/1996 Apple CDPCSP729 (CD)&lt;br&gt;
+            28/10/1996 Apple PCSP729 (LP)&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+            US release&lt;br&gt;
+            28/10/1996 Capitol CDP 8 34451 2 (CD)&lt;br&gt;
+30/10/1966 Capitol C1-34451 (LP)&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;CD 1&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;A Beginning&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Happiness Is A Warm Gun&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Helter Skelter&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Mean Mr Mustard&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Polythene Pam&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Glass Onion&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Junk&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Piggies&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Honey Pie&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Don't Pass Me By&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Good Night&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Cry Baby Cry&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Blackbird&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Sexy Sadie&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;While My Guitar Gently Weeps&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Not Guilty&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Mother's Nature Son&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Glass Onion&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Rocky Rackoon&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;What's The New Mary Jane&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Step Inside Love / Los Paranoias&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'm So Tired&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Will&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Why Don't We Do It In The Road&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Julia&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;CD 2&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I've Got A Feeling&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;She Came In Through The Bathroom Window&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Dig A Pony&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Two Of Us&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;For You Blue&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Teddy Boy&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Medley: Rip It Up / Shake, rattle &amp;amp; Roll / Blue Suede Shoes&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Long And Winding Road&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Oh! Darling&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;All Thing Must Pass&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Mailman, Bring Me No More Blues&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Get Back&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Old Brown Shoes&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Octopus's Garden&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Maxwell's Silver Hammer&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Something&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Come Together&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Come And Get It&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Ain't She Sweet&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Because&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Let It Be&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Me Mine&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The End&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH016a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH016a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH016a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">davidm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">pagea11.qxd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215142_3/beatles_georgeob.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215142_3/beatles_georgeob.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/wordpdf/beatles_georgeob.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215142_3/beatles_georgeob.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">beatles_georgeob.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beatles_georgeob.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beatles_georgeob.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">84054</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">beatles_georgeob</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Supplementary</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/wordpdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">beatles_georgeob.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">84054</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">davidm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">1910:11:20 10:00:24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">ADOBEPS4.DRV Version 4.10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.ModifyDate">2001:12:01 00:11:13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat Distiller 3.01 for Windows</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Title">pagea11.qxd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH016a1c118d0ebce15ef6b87f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH016a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Saturday, December 1, 2001&lt;br&gt;
+Laredo Morning Times&lt;br&gt;
+PAGE 11A&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;BEATLES&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Fans, musicians &lt;br&gt;mourn George &lt;br&gt;Harrison death&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;BY HILLEL ITALIE&lt;br&gt;Associated Press Writer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Paul McCartney called him âmy baby brother.â A fan&lt;br&gt;
+thought him âquiet and nice and powerful.â Musicians and&lt;br&gt;music lovers on Friday mourned the death of George&lt;br&gt;Harrison, the âquiet Beatleâ who fit in famously, if not always&lt;br&gt;happily, alongside his more colorful bandmates. &lt;br&gt;
+âI am devastated and very, very sad,â McCartney told&lt;br&gt;
+reporters outside his London home. âHe was a lovely guy&lt;br&gt;and a very brave man and had a wonderful sense of humor.&lt;br&gt;He is really just my baby brother.â &lt;br&gt;
+Harrison, at 58 the youngest Beatle, died at 1:30 p.m.&lt;br&gt;
+Thursday at a friendâs Los Angeles home after a battle with&lt;br&gt;cancer, longtime friend Gavin De Becker told The&lt;br&gt;Associated Press late Thursday. Harrisonâs wife, Olivia, and&lt;br&gt;son Dhani, 24, were with him. &lt;br&gt;
+âHe left this world as he lived in it, conscious of God, fear-&lt;br&gt;
+less of death, and at peace, surrounded by family and&lt;br&gt;friends,â the family said in a statement. &lt;br&gt;
+With Harrisonâs death, two Beatles survive: McCartney&lt;br&gt;
+and Ringo Starr. John Lennon was shot to death by a&lt;br&gt;deranged fan in 1980. &lt;br&gt;
+The Beatles were four distinct personalities joined as a sin-&lt;br&gt;
+gular force in the rebellious 1960s, influencing everything&lt;br&gt;from hair styles to music. Whether meditating, dropping acid&lt;br&gt;or sending up the squares in the film âA Hard Dayâs Night,â&lt;br&gt;the band inspired millions. &lt;br&gt;
+The story of the Beatles was as much a story of their fans:&lt;br&gt;
+the rebels who identified with Lennon, the girls who fell for&lt;br&gt;Paul, the little kids who adored Ringo. &lt;br&gt;
+Harrisonâs appeal was harder to define. He wasnât the&lt;br&gt;
+cleverest Beatle, that was John. Paul was the cutest and&lt;br&gt;Ringo the most lovable. But something about Harrison â&lt;br&gt;the mysticism, the quiet competence, even the moodiness&lt;br&gt;â endeared him to fans and musicians alike. &lt;br&gt;
+Edna McDonald, 49, from the Welsh mining town of Llanelli,&lt;br&gt;
+recalled seeing the Beatles perform in Bristol, England, as a&lt;br&gt;teen-ager. While her friends chose Paul McCartney as their&lt;br&gt;favorite Beatle, she said she was drawn to Harrison. &lt;br&gt;
+âHe was quiet, different from the others,â McDonald, vaca-&lt;br&gt;
+tioning in New York, said softly at Strawberry Fields, a Lennon&lt;br&gt;tribute site in Central Park. âI respected him more for that. I&lt;br&gt;was always influenced by how he was a silent partner but had&lt;br&gt;a lot of influence on the group. It showed me that you could&lt;br&gt;be quiet and nice and powerful at the same time.â &lt;br&gt;
+Ayessa Rourke, 43, a giraffe keeper at the Los Angeles&lt;br&gt;
+Zoo, brought roses and wiped away tears at the Beatles star&lt;br&gt;on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. &lt;br&gt;
+âHe was just a lovely person and a great example of what a&lt;br&gt;
+human can do, and the great things we are all capable of,â she said. &lt;br&gt;
+As the news of his death spread, radio stations played&lt;br&gt;
+music by the Beatles and by Harrison, and fans grieved.&lt;br&gt;They gathered at Strawberry Fields and left bouquets and&lt;br&gt;tributes at the gate of Harrisonâs 19th century Gothic man-&lt;br&gt;sion in Henley-on-Thames in England. &lt;br&gt;
+But Harrison never cared for all the attention. He preferred&lt;br&gt;
+being a musician to being a star, and soon soured on&lt;br&gt;Beatlemania â the screaming girls, the hair-tearing mobs,&lt;br&gt;the wild chases from limos to gigs and back to limos. Like&lt;br&gt;Lennon, his memories of the Beatles were tempered by&lt;br&gt;what he felt was lost in all the madness. &lt;br&gt;
+âThere was never anything, in any of the Beatle experiences&lt;br&gt;
+really, that good: even the best thrill soon got tiring,â Harrison&lt;br&gt;wrote in his 1979 book, âI, Me, Mine.â âYour own space, man,&lt;br&gt;itâs so important. Thatâs why we were doomed, because we&lt;br&gt;didnât have any. We were like monkeys in a zoo.â &lt;br&gt;
+Still, in a 1992 interview with The Daily Telegraph, Harrison&lt;br&gt;
+confided: âWe had the time of our lives: We laughed for&lt;br&gt;years.â &lt;br&gt;
+Peers enjoyed his company. He was close to Eric Clapton,&lt;br&gt;
+Bob Dylan, Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH016d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/I_Will.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">15271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">I_Will.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">I_Will.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">I_Will.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">I_Will.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">I_Will.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">I Will</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH016d1a8849536cecc6357e10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH016d.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">I_Will.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0174.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0174.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0174.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/foryou.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4648</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">foryou.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">foryou.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">FOR YOU BLUE </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017481d06dd87799186a620b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0174.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+FOR YOU BLUE 
+transcribed by MaxxDaddy
+
+guitar capoed up to 5th fret
+
+Intro:
+                    D7                    G7 
+---------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------1--1-1--1-
+--------------------------------------------2--2--2-2--2-
+------2p0-----------2--2-2--2-2--2-------------0--0-0--0-
+--------------0--2--0--0-0--0-0--0-----------------------
+---0-------3------------------------0--1--2--------------
+
+            E7                A7     
+------------2--2-2--2-2--2--------0--------0---------0-------0------
+------------0--0-0--0-0--0-------------3-------3---------3-------3--
+------------2--2-2--2-2--2----0h1----------------0h1----------------
+---------1--1--1-1--1-1--1------------------------------------------
+---0-1-2----2--2-2--2-2--2------------------------------------------
+------------------------------------0----0---0---------0---0---0----
+
+
+verse:
+
+open D7 tuning
+
+E--D
+B--C
+G--F#
+D--D
+A--D
+E--D
+
+played with slide on steel string acoustic
+
+(twelve bar blues in D)
+
+  D7               G7             D7
+-/12----12---12---/5----5----5---/12--12--12----12----/12---12---12-
+-/12----12---12---/5----5----5---/12--12--12----12----/12---12---12-
+-/12----12---12---/5----5----5---/12--12--12----12----/12---12---12-
+-/12----12---12---/5----5----5---/12--12--12----12----/12---12---12-
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ G7                              D7 
+-/5--5---5---5----/5--5---5---5--/12--12--12----12----/12---12--12-
+-/5--5---5---5----/5--5---5---5--/12--12--12----12----/12---12--12-
+-/5--5---5---5----/5--5---5---5--/12--12--12----12----/12---12--12-
+-/5--5---5---5----/5--5---5---5--/12--12--12----12----/12---12--12-
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ A7                G7            D7                      A7
+-/7---7---7---7---/5--5---5--5---0---0------------------/7--7--7-
+-/7---7---7---7---/5--5---5--5---0---0------------------/7--7--7-
+-/7---7---7---7---/5--5---5--5---0---0------------------/7--7--7-
+-/7---7---7---7---/5--5---5--5---0---0------------------/7--7--7-
+-----------------------------------------------------0-----------
+----------------------------------------0---4--5--6--------------
+
+
+solo:
+  D7                G7            D7
+-----12-------------5-------------12------------------12-----------
+--------12------------5---------------12--------------12--12-------
+-----------12------------5---/12----------12\\----------------12----
+-/12------------/5-----------/12--------------------------------12-
+-----------------------------/12--------------0--------------12----
+-------------------------------------------------/12---------------
+  G7                           D7
+-----5------------5------------12----------------------------------
+-/5-----5-----------5------------------12--------------------------
+-/5--------5----------5------------12-------12--12--12--12--12--12-
+-/5-----------/5----------/12--------------------------------------
+-/5----------------------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+ A7                  G7          D7                 A7  
+--------7---------------5--------------------------/7--7--7--7-
+-/7--7-----7--------/5----5------------------------/7--7--7--7-
+-/7--7--------7-----/5-------5---0-----------------/7--7--7--7-
+-/7--7--------------/5-----------------------------/7--7--7--7-
+-----------------7------------------------------0--------------
+------------------------------------0--4--5--6-----------------
+  D7              G7 
+-/12---------------------------
+-/12---12--12----/17---17---17-
+-/12----12--12---/17---17---17-
+-/12---12--12----/17---17---17-
+-------------------------------
+-------------------------------
+etc. 
+continue throughout piano solo in verse format
+
+
+
+ending:
+-------------------/12-
+-------------------/12-
+-------------------/12-
+-------------------/12-
+----------------0------
+-0--1--2--3--4---------
+
+
+Lyrics:
+Because you're sweet and lovely girl I love you
+Because you're sweet and lovely girl it's true
+I love you more than ever girl I do
+
+I want you in the morning girl  I love you
+I want you at the moment I feel blue
+I'm living every moment girl for you
+
+(spoken)
+Walk 
+Walk cat walk
+go Johnny go
+same old tale of blues
+Elmore James got nothin' on this baby
+
+I loved you from the moment I saw you
+You looked at me and that's all you had to do
+I feel it now I hope you feel it too
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/magicalmisterytourUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9396</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">magicalmisterytourUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">magicalmisterytourUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">MAGICAL MISTERY TOUR</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/magicalmisterytourUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/magicalmisterytourUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Magical Mystery Tour</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01753f2bc2f65465df2ac119</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215124</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0175.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">67USmagicalmisterytourBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/67USmagicalmisterytourBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;MAGICAL MISTERY TOUR&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;MAGICAL MISTERY TOUR&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt; 27/11/1967 (MONO) Capitol MAL-2835&lt;br&gt;
+            27/11/1967 (STEREO) Capitol SMAL-2835&lt;br&gt;
+01/07/1988 Capitol C1-48062&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            21/09/1987 Parlopohone CDP7480622&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Magical Mystery Tour&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Fool On The Hill&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Flying&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Blue Jay Way&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Your Mother Should Know&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt; Am The Walrus&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Hello, Goodbye&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Strawberry Fields Forever&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Penny Lane&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Baby, You're A Rich Man&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;All You Need Is Love&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0178.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0178.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0178.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/Eleanor_Rigby.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">13518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Eleanor_Rigby.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Eleanor_Rigby.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">Eleanor_Rigby.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Eleanor_Rigby.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Eleanor_Rigby.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Eleanor Rigby</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0178cad3d80ed3277abb31cb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0178.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Eleanor_Rigby.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0179.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0179.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0179.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/mp3/Michelle.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MP3Plugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">842605</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Michelle.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Michelle.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="mp3">Michelle</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcurl">Michelle.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MP3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconmp3_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Michelle.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Michelle.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Michelle</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01795e6b1a42bdaf93930d6c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0179.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Michelle.mp3:audio/mp3:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH017f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH017f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH017f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/images/Beatles_memorabilia.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">Beatles_memorabilia.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">Beatles_memorabilia.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Beatles_memorabilia.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Beatles_memorabilia.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">438010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">761</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">428KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Beatles_memorabilia.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Beatles_memorabilia.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">Beatles_memorabilia_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">Beatles_memorabilia_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">372</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1024x761</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">Beatles_memorabilia.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">438010</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">761</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">1 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.JFIFVersion">1 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.ResolutionUnit">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Beatles memorabilia</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017f640aea063898ca29f1f8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215130</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH017f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Beatles_memorabilia.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Beatles_memorabilia_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Beatles_memorabilia_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0180.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0180.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0180.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/aharddaysnightUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9556</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">aharddaysnightUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">aharddaysnightUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A HARD DAY'S NIGHT - SoundTrack</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/aharddaysnightUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/aharddaysnightUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018084e5b3857957d733e41f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215118</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0180.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">64USaharddaysnightBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/64USaharddaysnightBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;A HARD DAY'S NIGHT - SoundTrack&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;A HARD DAY'S NIGHT - SoundTrack&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt; 26/06/1964 (MONO) United Artists UA6366&lt;br&gt;
+            26/06/1964 (STEREO) United Artists UAS6366&lt;br&gt;
+12/03/1979 Capitol SW-11921&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;em&gt;never released&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;A Hard Day's Night&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Tell Me Why&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'll Cry Instead &lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Should Have Known Better (Instrumental)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'm Happy Just To Dance With You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;And I Love Her (Instrumental)&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Should Have Known Better &lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;If I Fell&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;And I Love Her&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Ringoâs Theme (This Boy) (Instrumental)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Can't Buy Me Love&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;A Hard Day's Night (Instrumental)&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0188.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0188.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0188.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/all_my_loving.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2920</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">all_my_loving.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">all_my_loving.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">All My Loving</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/all_my_loving.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/all_my_loving.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01888516961ed5d178d0c48a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0188.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;All My Loving&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: McCartney&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Close your eyes and I'll kiss you, &lt;br&gt;
+Tomorrow I'll miss you; &lt;br&gt;
+Remember I'll always be true. &lt;br&gt;
+And then while I'm away, &lt;br&gt;
+I'll write home everyday, &lt;br&gt;
+And I'll send all my loving to you &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+I'll pretend that I'm kissing, &lt;br&gt;
+the lips I am missing &lt;br&gt;
+And hope that my dreams will come true. &lt;br&gt;
+And then while I'm away, &lt;br&gt;
+I'll write home everyday, &lt;br&gt;
+And I'll send all my loving to you. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+All my loving I will send to you. &lt;br&gt;
+All my loving, darling I'll be true. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Close your eyes and I'll kiss you, &lt;br&gt;
+Tomorrow I'll miss you; &lt;br&gt;
+Remember I'll always be true. &lt;br&gt;
+And then while I'm away, &lt;br&gt;
+I'll write home everyday, &lt;br&gt;
+And I'll send all my loving to you. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+All my loving I will send to you. &lt;br&gt;
+All my loving, darling I'll be true. &lt;br&gt;
+All my loving, All my loving ooh, &lt;br&gt;
+All my loving I will send to you. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0189.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0189.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0189.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/yesterday.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2795</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">yesterday.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">yesterday.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Yesterday</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/yesterday.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/yesterday.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01895fa0fa200446cb168511</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215127</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0189.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Yesterday&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: McCartney&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Yesterday, all my troubles seemed so far away &lt;br&gt;
+Now it looks as though they're here to stay &lt;br&gt;
+Oh, I believe in yesterday. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Suddenly, I'm not half the man I used to be, &lt;br&gt;
+There's a shadow hanging over me. &lt;br&gt;
+Oh, yesterday came suddenly. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Why she had to go I don't know she wouldn't say. &lt;br&gt;
+I said something wrong, now I long for yesterday. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Yesterday, love was such an easy game to play. &lt;br&gt;
+Now I need a place to hide away. &lt;br&gt;
+Oh, I believe in yesterday. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Why she had to go I don't know she wouldn't say. &lt;br&gt;
+I said something wrong, now I long for yesterday. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Yesterday, love was such an easy game to play. &lt;br&gt;
+Now I need a place to hide away. &lt;br&gt;
+Oh, I believe in yesterday. &lt;br&gt;
+Mm mm mm mm mm mm mm. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/ahard_day.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3479</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ahard_day.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ahard_day.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A Hard Day's Night</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/ahard_day.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/ahard_day.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018ad3a056965b945b0ded0b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font FACE=&quot;Times New Roman CE&quot; SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A Hard Day's Night&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocals: Lennon and McCartney&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+It's been a hard day's night, and I been working like a dog &lt;br&gt;
+It's been a hard day's night, I should be sleeping like a log &lt;br&gt;
+But when I get home to you I find the things that you do &lt;br&gt;
+Will make me feel alright &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+You know I work all day to get you money to buy you things &lt;br&gt;
+And it's worth it just to hear you say you're going to give me everything &lt;br&gt;
+So why on earth should I moan, 'cause when I get you alone &lt;br&gt;
+You know I feel ok &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+When I'm home everything seems to be right &lt;br&gt;
+When I'm home feeling you holding me tight, tight &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+It's been a hard day's night, and I been working like a dog &lt;br&gt;
+It's been a hard day's night, I should be sleeping like a log &lt;br&gt;
+But when I get home to you I find the things that you do &lt;br&gt;
+Will make me feel alright Owww! &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+So why on earth should I moan, 'cause when I get you alone &lt;br&gt;
+You know I feel ok &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+When I'm home everything seems to be right &lt;br&gt;
+When I'm home feeling you holding me tight, tight &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+It's been a hard day's night, and I been working like a dog &lt;br&gt;
+It's been a hard day's night, I should be sleeping like a log &lt;br&gt;
+But when I get home to you I find the things that you do &lt;br&gt;
+Will make me feel alright &lt;br&gt;
+You know I feel alright &lt;br&gt;
+You know I feel alright &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0191.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0191.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0191.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/heyjude.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9182</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">heyjude.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">heyjude.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">HEY JUDE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/heyjude.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/heyjude.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0191aa5391803501672372d1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215119</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0191.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">79UKheyjudeBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/79UKheyjudeBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;HEY JUDE&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;HEY JUDE&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt; 11/05/1979 Parlophone PCS7184&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;em&gt;never released&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Can't Buy Me Love&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Should Have Known Better&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Paperback Writer&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Rain&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Lady Madonna&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Revolution&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Hey Jude&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Old Brown Shoe&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Don't Let Me Down&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Ballad Of John And Yoko&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0194.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0194.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0194.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/uk_usa_flag.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">uk_usa_flag.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">uk_usa_flag.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">uk_usa_flag.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">uk_usa_flag.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6022</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">232</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">199</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">5.88KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">uk_usa_flag.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">uk_usa_flag.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">uk_usa_flag_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">uk_usa_flag_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">429</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">232x199</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">uk_usa_flag.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">6022</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BackgroundColor">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BitsPerPixel">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ColorResolutionDepth">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.GIFVersion">89a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.HasColorMap">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageHeight">199</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageWidth">232</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">uk usa flag</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0194df1459c65370eb014b8b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0194.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">uk_usa_flag.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">uk_usa_flag_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">uk_usa_flag_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01a6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01a6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01a6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/mp3/RWxlYW5vciBSaWdieQ==.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MP3Plugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">274181</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Eleanor Rigby.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">RWxlYW5vciBSaWdieQ==.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="mp3">Eleanor Rigby</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcurl">RWxlYW5vciBSaWdieQ==.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MP3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconmp3_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">RWxlYW5vciBSaWdieQ==.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">RWxlYW5vciBSaWdieQ==.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Eleanor Rigby</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a61c27be78a33561bd3425</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">RWxlYW5vciBSaWdieQ==.mp3:audio/mp3:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/strawberry.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2473</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">strawberry.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">strawberry.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Strawberry Fields Forever</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a9b8f7432e72c7411bdf32</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+Strawberry Fields Forever
+transcribed by Maxxdaddy
+
+guitar tuned down 1 full step
+
+Intro:
+   G    Gmaj7  G7    Am E    Am        G       F     C
+-------------------------------------------------------
+---3--3--3--3--3--3--1--0--------1--------0---------1--
+---4--4--4--4--4--4--2--1------2--------0------2----0--
+---5-----4-----3--3----------2--------0--------3----2--
+--------------------------------------------------3----
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+Chorus:
+C                                   Gm7
+Let me take you down cos' I'm going to  Strawberry fields
+A7
+Nothing is real
+F               A7
+And nothing to get hung about
+F                 C
+Strawberry fields forever
+
+-1p0-----------------
+------1--------------
+--------3p0----------
+------------3p2------
+-----------------3---
+---------------------
+
+G         Gmaj7     G7          Am E
+Living is easy with eyes closed
+Am        Am/G               F
+Misunderstanding all you see
+F            G               C                   Am    
+It's getting hard to be someone but it all works out
+F          G               F  C
+It doesn't matter much to me
+
+(Chorus)
+
+No one I think is in my tree
+I mean it must be high or low
+That is you can't you know tune in but it's alright
+That is I  think it's not too bad
+
+(Chorus)
+
+Always, no, sometimes think it's me
+But you know I know when it's a dream
+I think a no I mean a yes but it's all wrong
+That is I think I disagree
+
+(Chorus)
+
+-5p3---1--0h1p0h1p0--------
+----------------------3-3--
+---------------------------
+---------------------------
+---------------------------
+---------------------------
+
+-----------------------------------------1--0h1p0h1p0h1p0h1p0--
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+-----------5------2--------------------------------------------
+--------------3-5---3----2-3-5---------------------------------
+--3/1---3--------------5-------3-------3-----------------------
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-------------------------------12--------------13--12--12---------15--13--
+-----------13--11-----11-----------13--11------------------11-------------
+---10--12-----------------12---------------12------------------12---------
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fade out
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01aa.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01aa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01aa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/herecomes.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2356</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">herecomes.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">herecomes.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">HERE COMES THE SUN</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01aa3350e74918b92bed82bd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01aa.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+HERE COMES THE SUN
+transcribed by Maxxdaddy
+Capo on 7th fret
+
+Intro/Chorus:
+  D                                 G           A7       
+------2-----0--2---------2-0-----------------------------0---
+----3----3---------3---3-----3------0-----3-0---2-----3------
+------2----------2-------2------------0-----------0--------2-
+--0---------0--------0---------0--------0-----0-----2--------
+------------------------------------------------0-------0----
+------------------------------------3------3-----------------
+
+  D                                 Gmaj7        E7         D
+------2-----0--2---------2-0---0-2-----2---0-2---------0--------2-0--------
+----3----3---------3---3-----3-------0---0-------3--------3---3-------3----
+------2----------2-------2-------------------------1------------2-------2--
+--0---------0--------0---------0-------0------0------0------0-------0------
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+------------------------------------3-------3----0-------0-----------------
+
+*D/F#     Em7                 D        A 
+-------0--------0----------0--------0-------------
+----3--------3--------3----------3-----3p2--------
+-/4--------2--------0----------2------------4p2---
+--------------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+Bridge:
+ A     F     C     G            D  
+----------------------------------
+-----------1--------------------3-
+---------2-------0-------0---0--2-
+-----2-3-------2-------0---0----0-
+-0-4---------3-------2------------
+-------------------3--------------
+
+Lyrics:
+
+Chorus:
+D                                  G              E7
+Here comes the sun doo doo doo doo Here comes the sun
+       D               *D/F# Em7 D A 
+and I say It's alright
+
+
+Verse:
+
+D                                      G      A7
+Little darling, it's been a long cold lonely winter
+D                              G                      A7
+Little darling, it seems like years since you've been here
+
+(Chorus)
+
+Little darling, the smiles returning to their faces
+Little darling, it seems like years since you've been here
+
+Bridge:
+F    C    G            D
+Sun, sun, sun, here it comes.
+
+Little darling, I feel that ice is slowly melting
+Little darling, it seems like years since its been clear
+
+(Bridge)
+
+(Chorus)
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01ab.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01ab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01ab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/I_Am_The_Walrus.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">25515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">I_Am_The_Walrus.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">I_Am_The_Walrus.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">I_Am_The_Walrus.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">I_Am_The_Walrus.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">I_Am_The_Walrus.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">I Am The Walrus</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01aba36b41d2810add1cf31c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ab.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">I_Am_The_Walrus.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01af.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01af.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01af.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Riff - Day Tripper (The Beatles</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215142_5/beatles_tab.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215142_5/beatles_tab.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/wordpdf/beatles_tab.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215142_5/beatles_tab.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">beatles_tab.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beatles_tab.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beatles_tab.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">16591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">beatles_tab</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Supplementary</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/wordpdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">beatles_tab.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">16591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">14:25 4/6/2003</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Windows NT 4.0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">GNU Ghostscript 7.05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Title">Riff - Day Tripper &amp;#40;The Beatles</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01afeb5e82a0ecc4fcd87b90</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215143</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01af.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;RIFF - DAY TRIPPER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+As recorded by The Beatles&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+8 8&lt;br&gt;
+1   , + +&amp;lt; + + + +8+&amp;lt; +8+ + , + +&amp;lt; + + + + + + + +&lt;br&gt;
+Gtr I&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;T&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+0&lt;br&gt;
+4&lt;br&gt;
+0 2&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+0&lt;br&gt;
+4&lt;br&gt;
+0 2&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;B&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+0&lt;br&gt;
+3 4&lt;br&gt;
+0&lt;br&gt;
+3 4&lt;br&gt;
+Sun, Apr 06, 2003, 02:25 PM&lt;br&gt;
+Generated using the Power Tab Editor by Brad Larsen.  http://powertab.guitarnetwork.org&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01b3.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01b3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01b3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/walrus.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3611</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">walrus.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">walrus.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">I Am The Walrus</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/walrus.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/walrus.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01b306f0c9137c5ee93afff8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01b3.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;I Am The Walrus&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: Lennon&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+I am he as you are he as you are me and we are all together &lt;br&gt;
+See how they run like pigs from a gun, see how they fly &lt;br&gt;
+I'm crying &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Sitting on a cornflake, waiting for the van to come &lt;br&gt;
+Corporation tee-shirt, stupid bloody Tuesday &lt;br&gt;
+Man, you been a naughty boy, you let your face grow long &lt;br&gt;
+I am the eggman, they are the eggmen &lt;br&gt;
+I am the walrus, goo goo g'joob &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Mister City Policeman &lt;br&gt;
+sitting pretty little policemen in a row &lt;br&gt;
+See how they fly like Lucy in the sky, see how they run &lt;br&gt;
+I'm crying, I'm crying &lt;br&gt;
+I'm crying, I'm crying &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Yellow matter custard, dripping from a dead dog's eye &lt;br&gt;
+Crabalocker fishwife, pornographic priestess, &lt;br&gt;
+Boy, you been a naughty girl you let your knickers down &lt;br&gt;
+I am the eggman, they are the eggmen &lt;br&gt;
+I am the walrus, goo goo g'joob &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Sitting in an English garden waiting for the sun &lt;br&gt;
+If the sun don't come, you get a tan &lt;br&gt;
+From standing in the English rain &lt;br&gt;
+I am the eggman, they are the eggman &lt;br&gt;
+I am the walrus, goo goo g'joob, g'gooo goo g'joob &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Expert textpert choking smokers &lt;br&gt;
+Don't you think the joker laughs at you? &lt;br&gt;
+See how they smile like pigs in a sty &lt;br&gt;
+See how they snied &lt;br&gt;
+I'm crying &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Semolina pilchard, climbing up the Eiffel Tower &lt;br&gt;
+Elementary penguin singing Hari Krsihna &lt;br&gt;
+Man, you should have seen them kicking Edgar Allan Poe &lt;br&gt;
+I am the eggman, they are the eggmen &lt;br&gt;
+I am the walrus, goo goo g'joob, g'goo goo g'joob &lt;br&gt;
+Goo goo g'joob, g'goo goo g'joob, g'goo &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01c0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01c0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01c0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/Cant_Buy_Me_Love.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">30548</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Cant_Buy_Me_Love.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Cant_Buy_Me_Love.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">Cant_Buy_Me_Love.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Cant_Buy_Me_Love.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Cant_Buy_Me_Love.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Cant Buy Me Love</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c0c4762f4cfc015d954683</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Cant_Buy_Me_Love.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/images/The_Cavern_Pub_Liverpool.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">The_Cavern_Pub_Liverpool.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">The_Cavern_Pub_Liverpool.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">The_Cavern_Pub_Liverpool.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">The_Cavern_Pub_Liverpool.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">329405</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">870</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">322KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">The_Cavern_Pub_Liverpool.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">The_Cavern_Pub_Liverpool.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">The_Cavern_Pub_Liverpool_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">85</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">The_Cavern_Pub_Liverpool_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">425</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1024x870</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">The_Cavern_Pub_Liverpool.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">329405</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">870</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">1 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.JFIFVersion">1 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.ResolutionUnit">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.XResolution">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.YResolution">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Cavern Pub Liverpool</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c6e4d9f16dc6a2fea30d67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215133</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">The_Cavern_Pub_Liverpool.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">The_Cavern_Pub_Liverpool_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">The_Cavern_Pub_Liverpool_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01c9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01c9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01c9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/fool.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3290</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fool.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fool.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Fool On The Hill</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/fool.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/fool.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c918511817bcaf1b3b0dac</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;The Fool On The Hill&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: McCartney&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Day after day alone on the hill &lt;br&gt;
+The man with the foolish grin is keeping perfectly still &lt;br&gt;
+But nobody wants to know him, &lt;br&gt;
+The can see that he's just a fool &lt;br&gt;
+And he never gives an answer &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+But the fool on the hill &lt;br&gt;
+Sees the sun going down &lt;br&gt;
+And the eyes in his head &lt;br&gt;
+See the world spinning round &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Well on the way, head in a cloud &lt;br&gt;
+The man of a thousand voices talking perfectly loud &lt;br&gt;
+But nobody ever hears him &lt;br&gt;
+Or the sound he appears to make &lt;br&gt;
+And he never seems to notice &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+But the fool on the hill &lt;br&gt;
+Sees the sun going down &lt;br&gt;
+And the eyes in his head &lt;br&gt;
+See the world spinning round &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+And nobody seems to like him &lt;br&gt;
+They can tell what he wants to do &lt;br&gt;
+And he never shows his feelings &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+But the fool on the hill &lt;br&gt;
+Sees the sun going down &lt;br&gt;
+And the eyes in his head &lt;br&gt;
+See the world spinning round &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Oh round, round, round, round, round &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+And he never listens to them &lt;br&gt;
+He know that they're the fool &lt;br&gt;
+They don't like him &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+The fool on the hill &lt;br&gt;
+Sees the sun going down &lt;br&gt;
+And the eyes in his head &lt;br&gt;
+See the world spinning round &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Oh round, round, round, round, oh &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01d1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/images/The_real_Penny_Lane.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">The_real_Penny_Lane.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">The_real_Penny_Lane.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">The_real_Penny_Lane.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">The_real_Penny_Lane.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">161069</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">600</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">400</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">157KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">The_real_Penny_Lane.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">The_real_Penny_Lane.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">The_real_Penny_Lane_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">The_real_Penny_Lane_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.0187613859071929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">32.9539663737578</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">60.8567996812642</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">15.3933190985255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">600x400</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">9.96578428466209</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">1.60149472845432</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 5547 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ApertureValue">5.00000636521841</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2005:10:13 07:01:59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CustomRendered">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2005:10:13 07:01:59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">2336</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">3504</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0220</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureMode">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">38</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalPlaneResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalPlaneXResolution">3959.322034</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalPlaneYResolution">3959.322034</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.HostComputer">Mac OS X 10.4.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">Canon</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">Canon EOS 20D</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2005:10:29 19:44:15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneCaptureType">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ShutterSpeedValue">0.0249999681652841</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">QuickTime 7.0.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">5547</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">9430</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.WhiteBalance">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.Warning">&amp;#91;minor&amp;#93; Possibly incorrect maker notes offsets &amp;#40;fix by 38?&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Comment">AppleMark</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">MM</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">The_real_Penny_Lane.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">161069</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">400</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">600</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CRWParam">&amp;#40;Binary data 5352 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration01">1023 1023 2108 3958</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration02">2234 1023 1023 1353</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration03">6309 2034 1023 1023</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration04">1538 5200 2034 1023</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration05">1023 1538 5200 387</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration06">993 -362 11661 401</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration07">942 -326 9907 424</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration08">865 -270 8000 446</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration09">814 -227 7000 475</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration10">750 -172 6000 496</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration11">713 -136 5600 515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration12">681 -104 5200 540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration13">631 -57 4792 573</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration14">583 -6 4352 605</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration15">549 35 4056 651</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CanonFlashInfo">0 0 65535 65535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CanonModelID">2147484021</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Canon_0x0019">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempAsShot">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempAuto">297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempCloudy">1806</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempCustom1">1421</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempCustom2">1822</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempDaylight">180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempFlash">2205</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempFluorescent">2349</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempShade">1806</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempTungsten">2034</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTone">2982</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalType">304</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.OriginalDecisionDataOffset">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SerialNumber">1420907287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SerialNumberFormat">2684354560</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ThumbnailImageValidArea">38 0 256 512</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.VRDOffset">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsAsShot">1024 1024 529 417</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsAuto">1024 782 257 297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsCloudy">1015 1015 1803 4315</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsCustom1">1023 1023 1397 6000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsCustom2">1023 1023 2471 3204</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsDaylight">98 220 372 371</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsFlash">1023 1023 1287 7000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsFluorescent">1023 1023 1538 5200</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsShade">158 388 387 278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsTungsten">1023 1023 1803 4315</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The real Penny Lane</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01d1ffc8207efd7075d21bfc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215133</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01d1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">The_real_Penny_Lane.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">The_real_Penny_Lane_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">The_real_Penny_Lane_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01d2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01d2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01d2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/obladi.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3805</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">obladi.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">obladi.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/obladi.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/obladi.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01d2fc3dcf4e7c5ee932e07a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01d2.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: McCartney&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Desmond has a barrow in the market place &lt;br&gt;
+Molly is the singer in a band &lt;br&gt;
+Desmond says to Molly-girl I like your face &lt;br&gt;
+And Molly says this as she takes him by the hand. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da life goes on bra &lt;br&gt;
+La-la how the life goes on &lt;br&gt;
+Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da life goes on bra &lt;br&gt;
+La-la how the life goes on. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Desmond takes a trolley to the jewelers store &lt;br&gt;
+Buys a twenty carat golden ring &lt;br&gt;
+Takes it back to Molly waiting at the door &lt;br&gt;
+And as he gives it to her she begins to sing. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da life goes on bra &lt;br&gt;
+La-la how the life goes on &lt;br&gt;
+Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da life goes on bra &lt;br&gt;
+La-la how the life goes on. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+In a couple of years they have built &lt;br&gt;
+A home sweet home &lt;br&gt;
+With a couple of kids running in the yard &lt;br&gt;
+Of Desmond and Molly Jones. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Happy ever after in the market place &lt;br&gt;
+Molly lets the children lend a hand &lt;br&gt;
+Desmond stays at home and does his pretty face &lt;br&gt;
+And in the evening she's a singer with the band. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da life goes on bra &lt;br&gt;
+La-la how the life goes on &lt;br&gt;
+Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da life goes on bra &lt;br&gt;
+La-la how the life goes on. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+In a couple of years they have built &lt;br&gt;
+A home sweet home &lt;br&gt;
+With a couple of kids running in the yard &lt;br&gt;
+Of Desmond and Molly Jones. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Happy ever after in the market place &lt;br&gt;
+Molly lets the children lend a hand &lt;br&gt;
+Desmond stays at home and does his pretty face &lt;br&gt;
+And in the evening she's a singer with the band. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da life goes on bra &lt;br&gt;
+La-la how the life goes on &lt;br&gt;
+Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da life goes on bra &lt;br&gt;
+La-la how the life goes on. &lt;br&gt;
+Chorus: And if you want some fun-take Ob-La-Di, B-La-Da &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01da.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01da.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01da.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/Honey_Pie.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">15331</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Honey_Pie.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Honey_Pie.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">Honey_Pie.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Honey_Pie.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Honey_Pie.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Honey Pie</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01da0af1bcf0e975d3d3f353</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01da.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Honey_Pie.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01db.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01db.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01db.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/yellowsubmarine.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9664</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">yellowsubmarine.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">yellowsubmarine.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">YELLOW SUBMARINE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/yellowsubmarine.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/yellowsubmarine.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01db0113e3e0976c570dee6f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01db.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">69yellowsubmarineBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/69yellowsubmarineBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;YELLOW SUBMARINE&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;YELLOW SUBMARINE&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt; 17/01/1969 (MONO) Apple (Parlophone) PMC7070&lt;br&gt;
+            17/01/1969 (STEREO) Apple (Parlophone) PCS7070&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            US release&lt;br&gt;
+            13/01/1969 (STEREO) Apple (Capitol) SW153&lt;br&gt;
+25/08/1987 Capitol C1-46445&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+MOBILE FIDELITY release&lt;br&gt;
+            ??/06/1984 MFSL 1-108&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            24/08/1987 (STEREO) Parlophone CDP7464452&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Only A Northern Song&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;All Together Now&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Hey Bulldog&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;It's All Too Much&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;All You Need Is Love&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Pepperland&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Sea Of Time&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Sea Of Holes&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Sea Of Monsters&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;March Of The Meanies&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Pepperland Laid Waste&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Yellow Submarine in Pepperland&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01db/2dc2853c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01db/2dc2853c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01db/2dc2853c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/michelle.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1162</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">michelle.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">michelle.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">MICHELLE </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01db2dc2853c313776d82881</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01db/2dc2853c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+MICHELLE 
+TAB BY MAXXDADDY
+
+Intro:
+-----8---8---8---8---8--6-----8-
+-----9---9---9---9---6--6--9--8-
+-/10---9---8---7-----6--------9-
+--------------------------------
+--------------------------------
+--------------------------------
+
+Verse:
+
+-8--8--9------9-------------------8----------8-
+-6--6--6--9----9----6---9--12--9--8---9------8-
+-5--5--6--6-----9---7--10--13-10--9-----10---9-
+-7--7--6--6--9------6---9--12--9------9----9---
+-----------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+
+Chorus:
+ Fm   G#6   C#    C    Fm
+-8-----4----9-----8----8--
+-9-----6----9-----8----9--
+-10----5----10----9----10- go to intro
+-10----4----11----10---10-
+-8-----6----11----10---8--
+-------4----9-----8-------
+
+
+Solo:
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+----------------------7~--8-10-11~--6~-5~-6-8-----5-6--------6------
+------7-8-10-8~--8-10-------------------------6-8-----5-7~-5---8-7~-
+-8-10---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01dd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01dd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01dd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,610 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">THE BEATLES - various MIDI files</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215143/beatles_tak.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215143/beatles_tak.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/wordpdf/beatles_tak.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215143/beatles_tak.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">beatles_tak.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beatles_tak.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beatles_tak.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28160</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">beatles_tak</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Supplementary</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ddac03854ce17b17b08748</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215143</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01dd.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+THE BEATLES - various MIDI files.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ALL IN GENERAL MIDI FORMAT (Drums Channel 10 etc.)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This is an edited collection of the various Beatles files knocking around
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+the Internet - I've tweaked a few notes, changed a few program sounds (or
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+'patches' as I believe you GUS guys like to call them), converted from
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+various formats and saved them all i
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many many thanks to all the people who sequenced these originally - some of
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+the text files have been separated from these sequences somewhere along the
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+line and I apologise profusely to their original transcribers for not
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+crediting them.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The files are - 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+BECAUSE.MID  - Because (!??)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+BIRTHDAY.MID - (you say it's your) Birthday - converted from MT-32 format
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+CANTBUYM.MID - Can't buy me love - translated from the brash synthy version
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+       on the archive 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ELEANOR.MID - Eleanor Rigby - Nice acoustic &amp;amp; stringy arrangement - none of
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+those multiple drum tracks that seem to be on all the
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+versions (four in total?)  I've come across.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+FOOLHILL.MID - Fool on the Hill - Quiet acoustic version - apologies for
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+       the voicings if they're wrong - my Beatles compilation tape
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+       was eaten by the dog. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GUITRWEP.MID - While my Guitar Gently Weeps - converted from MT-32
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+HEY_JUDE.MID - no , go on guess.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+HONEYPIE.MID - ditto
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+I_WILL - ditto ditto
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+IMWALRUS - I am the Walrus
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+LETITBE.MID - Let It Be - storming organ solo.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+OBLADIDA.MID - Ob-La-Di-Ob-La-Da etc.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PENNYLAN.MID - Penny Lane
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+STRAWBRY.MID - Strawberry Fields Forever - excellent version of a great
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+       song (sorry to be so sycophantic)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+YESTERDY.MID - Yesterday - nice quiet acoustic version, as it should be.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All these were downloaded at some point over the last six months and
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+converted via a 2.5Mb Atari STFM running a (legitimate) version of Cubase
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+v.2.  All voicings, pannings, reverb levels, chorus levels etc. are
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+embedded in each track so those of you with exotic sound cards or synth
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+modules that don't like them will have to dig 'em out and sort 'em
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+out. Sorry.  Tested on Roland Sound Canvas SC-55 (mark 1 I think -anyway,
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+the first one that came out) for GM compatability - and they all work.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+One final plea - will those of you nice enough to upload MIDI stuff onto
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+the Internet, actually send it in a format we can all use - i.e. Standard
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+MIDI Files (that's why they're called Standard!) - I can just about convert
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+from Cakewalk .WRK format but an
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PLEASE E-MAIL ANYTHING - comment, criticisms, 'you didn't credit me with
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+that sequence and I'm going to sue' etc. to :
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+               
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+          zchag05@ucl.ac.uk  (valid until July 95)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Who knows, if enough people send me message, I may well upload some more
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+stuff (original compositions etc. - YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Have a Fab-Four-Tastic time listening to these.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Enjoy !!
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ALEXI
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+P.S. If anyone out there has any MIDI sequences for Peter Gabriel (NOT
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sledgehammer), Depeche Mode, Thomas Dolby, or The The, could they please
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+drop me a line ? I'd love to hear from you; no, really I would. Ta.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01e3.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01e3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01e3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/Ob_la_di_Ob_la_da.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36875</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Ob_la_di_Ob_la_da.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Ob_la_di_Ob_la_da.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">Ob_la_di_Ob_la_da.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Ob_la_di_Ob_la_da.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Ob_la_di_Ob_la_da.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Ob la di Ob la da</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e39019035cf38831bc726a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e3.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Ob_la_di_Ob_la_da.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01eb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01eb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01eb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/images/Long_hair_for_men_1960s.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">Long_hair_for_men_1960s.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">Long_hair_for_men_1960s.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Long_hair_for_men_1960s.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Long_hair_for_men_1960s.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">180262</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">781</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">872</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">176KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Long_hair_for_men_1960s.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Long_hair_for_men_1960s.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">Long_hair_for_men_1960s_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">90</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">Long_hair_for_men_1960s_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">448</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.APP14.APP14Flags0">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.APP14.APP14Flags1">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.APP14.ColorTransform">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.APP14.DCTEncodeVersion">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">781x872</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">Long_hair_for_men_1960s.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">180262</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">872</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">781</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">1 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.JFIFVersion">1 2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.ResolutionUnit">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.XResolution">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.YResolution">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.ColorHalftoningInfo">/fflff/ffï¿œï¿œï¿œ2Z5-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.CopyrightFlag">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.DisplayedUnitsX">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.DisplayedUnitsY">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.GlobalAltitude">30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.GlobalAngle">30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.PhotoshopFormat">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.PhotoshopQuality">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.PhotoshopThumbnail">&amp;#40;Binary data 4802 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.ProgressiveScans">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.Slices">h
+group1
+h</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.VersionInfo">Adobe PhotoshopAdobe Photoshop 6.0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.XResolution">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.YResolution">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Long hair for men 1960s</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01eb4052fc7f3c2f7ef687ab</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215132</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01eb.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Long_hair_for_men_1960s.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Long_hair_for_men_1960s_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Long_hair_for_men_1960s_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01ec.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01ec.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01ec.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/please.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2382</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">please.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">please.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">PLEASE PLEASE ME </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ec5d334e07c0566cf5657d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ec.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+PLEASE PLEASE ME 
+transcribed by MaxxDaddy
+
+
+Intro:
+-----------------------------------------------------------------0-
+-----------------------------------------------------------------0-
+-----------9---8--6-----6---------------9---8--6-----6-----------1-
+---9-----------------9-----9--6-------------------9----9---6-----2-
+-------7---------------------------7-----------------------------2-
+-----------------------------------------------------------------0-
+
+Verse:
+E                                   A  E     G  A  B
+--0----0-----0--0----0----0-----0---0--0-----3--5--7--------------------
+--5----4-----2--0----2----0---------2--0-----3--5--7--------------------
+--------------------------------1---2--1-----4--6--8--------------------
+---------------------------------------------5--7--9--------------------
+---------------------------------------------5--7--9--------------------
+---------------------------------------------3--5--7--------------------
+ Last night  I said these words to my girl
+E                              A   E
+--0--0----0---0----0--0----0---0---0-----------------------------------
+--5--4----2---0----2--0--------2---0-----------------------------------
+---------------------------1---2---1-----------------------------------
+---------------------------------------------------2--2----------------
+---------------------------------------------------------2-------------
+---------------------------------------------0--0----------------------
+  I know you ne - ver e - ven try girl
+
+Chorus:
+     A              F#m             C#m              A
+Come on         Come on         Come on         Come on
+        Come on         Come on         Come on         Come on
+          E           A       B         E  
+Please please me oh yeah like I please you.
+
+(intro riff)
+
+E                                      G A B
+You don't need me to show the way girl
+E
+Why do I always have to say girl
+
+(chorus)
+
+Bridge:
+A                 
+I don't want to sound complaining
+ B                                  E
+But you know there's always rain in my heart
+A    
+I do all the pleasing with you
+ B                           E
+It's so hard to reason with you
+     A       B               E  
+Oh yeah, why do you make me blue?
+
+Third verse same as the first,
+
+Repeat chorus, but second line of chorus is repeated three times, then :
+
+Ending chords are:
+E   G   C   B   E
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01ed.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01ed.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01ed.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/eleanor.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3185</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eleanor.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eleanor.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Eleanor Rigby</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/eleanor.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/eleanor.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ed4b5e14d4bdb7f3b97f18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ed.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Eleanor Rigby&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: McCartney&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Ah, look at all the lonely people &lt;br&gt;
+Ah, look at all the lonely people &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Eleanor Rigby picks up the rice in the church where a wedding has been &lt;br&gt;
+Lives in a dream &lt;br&gt;
+Waits at the window, wearing the face that she keeps in a jar by the door &lt;br&gt;
+Who is it for? &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+All the lonely people &lt;br&gt;
+Where do they all come from? &lt;br&gt;
+All the lonely people &lt;br&gt;
+Where do they all belong? &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Father McKenzie writing the words of a sermon that no one will hear &lt;br&gt;
+No one comes near &lt;br&gt;
+Look at him working. Darning his socks in the night when there's nobody there &lt;br&gt;
+What does he care? &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+All the lonely people &lt;br&gt;
+Where do they all come from? &lt;br&gt;
+All the lonely people &lt;br&gt;
+Where do they all belong? &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Ah, look at all the lonely people &lt;br&gt;
+Ah, look at all the lonely people &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Eleanor Rigby died in the church and was buried along with her name &lt;br&gt;
+Nobody came &lt;br&gt;
+Father McKenzie wiping the dirt from his hands as he walks from the grave &lt;br&gt;
+No one was saved &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+All the lonely people &lt;br&gt;
+Where do they all come from? &lt;br&gt;
+All the lonely people &lt;br&gt;
+Where do they all belong? &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01f0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01f0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01f0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/Strawberry_Fields_For_Ever.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">53611</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Strawberry_Fields_For_Ever.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Strawberry_Fields_For_Ever.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">Strawberry_Fields_For_Ever.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Strawberry_Fields_For_Ever.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Strawberry_Fields_For_Ever.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Strawberry Fields For Ever</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01f01f7121594104946407b0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01f0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Strawberry_Fields_For_Ever.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01f2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01f2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01f2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/penny.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3412</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">penny.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">penny.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Penny Lane</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/penny.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/penny.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01f2b591f7f5496216a6c2cd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01f2.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Penny Lane&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: McCartney&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+In Penny Lane there is a barber showing photographs &lt;br&gt;
+Of every head he's had the pleasure to know &lt;br&gt;
+And all the people that come and go &lt;br&gt;
+Stop and say hello &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+On the corner is a banker with a motorcar &lt;br&gt;
+The little children laugh at him behind his back &lt;br&gt;
+And the banker never wears a mack &lt;br&gt;
+In the pouring rain, very strange &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Penny Lane is in my ears and in my eyes &lt;br&gt;
+There beneath the blue suburban skies &lt;br&gt;
+I sit, and meanwhile back &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+In Penny Lane there is a fireman with an hourglass &lt;br&gt;
+And in his pocket is a portrait of the Queen &lt;br&gt;
+He likes to keep his fire engine clean &lt;br&gt;
+It's a clean machine &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Penny Lane is in my ears and in my eyes &lt;br&gt;
+Full of fish and finger pies &lt;br&gt;
+In summer, meanwhile back &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Behind the shelter in the middle of a roundabout &lt;br&gt;
+The pretty nurse is selling poppies from a tray &lt;br&gt;
+And though she feels as if she's in a play &lt;br&gt;
+She is anyway &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+In Penny Lane the barber shaves another customer &lt;br&gt;
+We see the banker sitting waiting for a trim &lt;br&gt;
+And then the fireman rushes in &lt;br&gt;
+From the pouring rain, very strange &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Penny Lane is in my ears and in my eyes &lt;br&gt;
+There beneath the blue suburban skies &lt;br&gt;
+I sit, and meanwhile back &lt;br&gt;
+Penny Lane is in my ears and in my eyes &lt;br&gt;
+There beneath the blue suburban skies &lt;br&gt;
+Penny Lane &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/images/John_Lennon_circa_1972.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">John_Lennon_circa_1972.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">John_Lennon_circa_1972.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">John_Lennon_circa_1972.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">John_Lennon_circa_1972.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">243990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">454</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">958</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">238KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">John_Lennon_circa_1972.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">John_Lennon_circa_1972.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">John_Lennon_circa_1972_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">John_Lennon_circa_1972_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">237</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">454x958</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">John_Lennon_circa_1972.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">243990</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">958</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">454</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.JFIFVersion">1 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.ResolutionUnit">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.XResolution">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.YResolution">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">John Lennon circa 1972</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ff65c272016393a525a962</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215131</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ff.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">John_Lennon_circa_1972.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">John_Lennon_circa_1972_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">John_Lennon_circa_1972_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH028e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH028e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH028e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/get_back.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2987</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">get_back.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">get_back.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Get Back</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/get_back.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/get_back.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH028e665b2264c3b038691e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH028e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Get Back&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: McCartney&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Jojo was a man who thought he was a loner &lt;br&gt;
+But he knew it wouldn't last &lt;br&gt;
+Jojo left his home in Tucson, Arizona &lt;br&gt;
+For some California grass &lt;br&gt;
+Get back, get back &lt;br&gt;
+Get back to where you once belonged &lt;br&gt;
+Get back, get back &lt;br&gt;
+Get back to where you once belonged &lt;br&gt;
+Get back Jojo. Go home &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Get back, get back &lt;br&gt;
+Get back to where you once belonged &lt;br&gt;
+Get back, get back &lt;br&gt;
+Get back to where you once belonged &lt;br&gt;
+Get back Jo &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Sweet Loretta Martin thought she was a woman &lt;br&gt;
+But she was another man &lt;br&gt;
+All the girls around her say she's got it coming &lt;br&gt;
+But she gets it while she can &lt;br&gt;
+Oh get back, get back &lt;br&gt;
+Get back to where you once belonged &lt;br&gt;
+Get back, get back &lt;br&gt;
+Get back to where you once belonged &lt;br&gt;
+Get back Loretta. Go home &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Oh get back, Yeah get back &lt;br&gt;
+Get back to where you once belonged &lt;br&gt;
+Yeah get back, get back &lt;br&gt;
+Get back to where you once belonged &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH05a0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH05a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH05a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/sun.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2304</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">sun.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">sun.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Sun King</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/sun.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/sun.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH05a0244c41a05968e337e7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH05a0.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Sun King&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: Lennon&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Here comes the sun king &lt;br&gt;
+Here comes the sun king &lt;br&gt;
+Everybody's laughing &lt;br&gt;
+Everybody's happy &lt;br&gt;
+Here comes the sun king &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Quando paramucho mi amore de felice corazon &lt;br&gt;
+Mundo paparazzi me amore chica ferdy parasol &lt;br&gt;
+Cuesto obrigado tanta mucho que can eat it carousel &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0924.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0924.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH0924.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/sgtpepper.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">sgtpepper.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">sgtpepper.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">SGT. PEPPER'S LONELY HEART CLUB BAND </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH092471e90222c1f634d210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0924.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+SGT. PEPPER'S LONELY HEART CLUB BAND 
+transcribed by MaxxDaddy
+
+Intro:
+
+A7#9         C7                  G7
+------------------------8-10----------
+---8-10-10--------8-10-------8-6-8----
+-9--------------9------------------7~-
+--------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------
+
+       G7                 A7        C7                        G7  
+It was twenty years ago today, Sgt. Pepper taught the band to play
+             G7                  A7
+They've been going in and out of style 
+            C7                    G7
+But they're guaranteed to raise a smile.
+   A7                         C7 
+So may I introduce to you the act you've know for all these years,
+G7            C7                 G7    
+Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
+
+horn break:
+    C7                    F7                     C7       
+-----------------------|----------------------|---------------------
+------11-10-8----------|----------------------|-8----13-11-10-8-----
+---9----------9-----9--|-10----10---10--------|----------------10-9-
+----------------10-10--|-7--10-7--8-10--7---7-|-7-------10-10-------
+-----------------------|------------------8---|---7--10-------------
+-----------------------|----------------------|---------------------
+
+ D7
+-----------------------------------|------------------------10~-
+---------10-13------------------10-|-13------------------10-----
+----9-11-------------9-11----11----|----------9-11----11--------
+-12---------12-11-12------12-------|-12-11-12------12-----------
+-----------------------------------|----------------------------
+-----------------------------------|----------------------------
+
+      G             Bb      C7         G      
+We're Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, 
+   C7                      G7
+We hope you will enjoy the show,
+      G             Bb     C7          G         
+We're Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, 
+    A7                       D7  
+Sit back and let the evening go.
+C7                    G7  
+Sgt. Pepper's Lonely, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely, 
+A7                   C7      C7   G7
+Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Heart's Club Band.
+
+     C7                         F7   
+It's wonderful to be here, it's certainly a thrill.  
+       C7                           D7 
+You're such a lovely audience, We'd like to take you home with us,
+
+We'd love to take you home
+
+        G7                      A7 
+I don't really want to stop the show, 
+      C7                             G7   
+But I thought that you might like to know,
+    G7                       A7
+The singer's going to sing a song, 
+       C7                     G7 
+And he wants you all to sing along.
+   A7                          C7      
+So let me introduce to you The one and only Billy Shears
+    G7           C7                 G7
+And Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band.
+
+operative chords:
+
+A7#9   G7     A7     C7        D7    Bb
+-8-----3------5-----0----8-----------6---
+-8-----3------5-----1----8-----7-----6---
+-6-----4------6-----3-or-9-----5-----7---
+-5-----3------5-----2----8-----4-----8---
+-7-----5------7-----3----10----5-----8---
+-5-----3------5----------8-----------6---
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH159c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH159c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH159c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG/63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">1.27KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">300x300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BackgroundColor">255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BitsPerPixel">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ColorResolutionDepth">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.GIFVersion">89a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.HasColorMap">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH159c6df82a647b526bcaad</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215121</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH159c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">63USintroducingthebeatlesBIG_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH164a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH164a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH164a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG/66UKrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">66UKrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">66UKrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">66UKrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">66UKrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">1.27KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">66UKrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">66UKrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">66UKrevolverBIG_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">66UKrevolverBIG_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">300x300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">66UKrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BackgroundColor">255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BitsPerPixel">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ColorResolutionDepth">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.GIFVersion">89a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.HasColorMap">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">66UKrevolverBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH164a80c828e3cbfb539c84</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH164a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">66UKrevolverBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">66UKrevolverBIG_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">66UKrevolverBIG_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH184a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH184a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH184a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG/66USrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">66USrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">66USrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">66USrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">66USrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">1.27KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">66USrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">66USrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">66USrevolverBIG_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">66USrevolverBIG_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">300x300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">66USrevolverBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BackgroundColor">255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BitsPerPixel">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ColorResolutionDepth">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.GIFVersion">89a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.HasColorMap">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">66USrevolverBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH184a80c828e3cbff539e84</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH184a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">66USrevolverBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">66USrevolverBIG_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">66USrevolverBIG_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH205b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH205b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH205b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG/64USbeatles65BIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">64USbeatles65BIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">64USbeatles65BIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">64USbeatles65BIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">64USbeatles65BIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">1.27KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">64USbeatles65BIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">64USbeatles65BIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">64USbeatles65BIG_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">64USbeatles65BIG_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">300x300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">64USbeatles65BIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BackgroundColor">255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BitsPerPixel">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ColorResolutionDepth">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.GIFVersion">89a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.HasColorMap">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">64USbeatles65BIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH205bfaa2f9c97cf86f5b74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215121</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH205b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">64USbeatles65BIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">64USbeatles65BIG_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">64USbeatles65BIG_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH2dc8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH2dc8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH2dc8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG/63UKwiththebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">63UKwiththebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">63UKwiththebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">63UKwiththebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">63UKwiththebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">1.27KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">63UKwiththebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">63UKwiththebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">63UKwiththebeatlesBIG_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">63UKwiththebeatlesBIG_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">300x300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">63UKwiththebeatlesBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BackgroundColor">255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BitsPerPixel">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ColorResolutionDepth">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.GIFVersion">89a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.HasColorMap">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">63UKwiththebeatlesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH2dc87fb762a8488f866cd1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215121</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2dc8.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">63UKwiththebeatlesBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">63UKwiththebeatlesBIG_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">63UKwiththebeatlesBIG_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH30c9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH30c9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH30c9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/Let_It_Be.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">25623</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Let_It_Be.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Let_It_Be.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">Let_It_Be.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Let_It_Be.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Let_It_Be.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Let It Be</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH30c99573fb6ade907d14e3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH30c9.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Let_It_Be.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH3b69.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH3b69.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH3b69.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/hardday.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3049</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">hardday.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">hardday.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">HARD DAY'S NIGHT </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b699f5d52a14e3ba73ca0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b69.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+HARD DAY'S NIGHT 
+transcribed by MaxxDaddy
+
+Intro Chord:
+ Gsus
+--3~-
+--3~-
+--5~-
+--5~-
+--5~-
+--3--
+
+Verse:
+play G C G like this:
+
+ G   C   G
+-3---3---3-
+-3---3---3-
+-0---0---0-
+-0---2---0-
+-2---3---2-
+-3-------3-
+
+Solo (played on electric 12-string):
+ G    C       G    F                     G
+--------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------
+----------------------3---3---3---3---------
+------1-3-1-3/5~---3h5-3h5-3h5-3h5-5\\3-1----
+-3--3------------------------------------3~-
+
+ G    C       G    F                     G
+--------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------
+----------------------3---3---3---3---------
+------1-3-1-3/5~---3h5-3h5-3h5-3h5-5\\3-1----
+-3--3------------------------------------3~-
+
+Outro:
+F9/D    F/D     F9/D    F/D     F9/D    F/D     F9/D    F/D
+-3-------1-------3-------1-------3-------1-------3-------1-
+---1---1---1---1---1---1---1---1---1---1---1---1---1---1---
+-----2-------2-------2-------2-------2-------2-------2-----
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+LYRICS:
+
+Gsus
+
+             G    C      G                   F              G
+It's been a hard day's night, and I've been working like a dog,
+             G    C      G                 F               G
+It's been a hard day's night, I should be sleeping like a log,
+            C                            D   
+But when I get home to you, I find the things that you do,
+              G   C7   G
+Will make me feel alright.
+            G    C   G               F                   G
+You know I work all day, to get you money to buy you things,
+           G              C        G                  F            G
+And it's worth it just to hear you say, you're gonna give me everything.
+           C                              D
+So why I love to come home, 'cause when I get you alone,
+              G  C  G
+You know I'll be okay.
+          Bm   Em                      Bm
+When I'm home, everything seems to be right;
+          G     Em                     C7      D7
+When I'm home, feeling you holding me tight, tight, yeah.
+             G    C      G                   F              G
+It's been a hard day's night, and I've been working like a dog,
+             G    C      G                  F              G
+It's been a hard day's night, I should be sleeping like a log,
+            C                            D   
+But when I get home to you, I find the things that you do,
+              G    C7  G
+Will make me feel alright.
+
+(solo)
+           C                              D
+So why I love to come home, 'cause when I get you alone,
+              G  C  G
+You know I feel  o kay
+
+            G    C    G
+You know I feel all right,
+            G    C    F9/D  F/D
+You know I feel all right
+
+F9/D  F/D  F9/D  F/D  F9/D  F/D
+
+(fade out)
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH4533.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH4533.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH4533.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG/69abbeyroadBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">69abbeyroadBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">69abbeyroadBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">69abbeyroadBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">69abbeyroadBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">1.27KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">69abbeyroadBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">69abbeyroadBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">69abbeyroadBIG_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">69abbeyroadBIG_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">300x300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">69abbeyroadBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BackgroundColor">255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BitsPerPixel">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ColorResolutionDepth">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.GIFVersion">89a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.HasColorMap">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">69abbeyroadBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH45335eb56c0831f3ac60c9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215124</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH4533.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">69abbeyroadBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">69abbeyroadBIG_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">69abbeyroadBIG_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH5253.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH5253.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH5253.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,610 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">THE BEATLES - various MIDI files</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215141/beatles-1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215141/beatles-1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/wordpdf/beatles-1.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215141/beatles-1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">beatles-1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beatles-1.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beatles-1.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28160</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">beatles-1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Supplementary</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5253aa641bc3ed8c93f506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215141</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5253.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+THE BEATLES - various MIDI files.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ALL IN GENERAL MIDI FORMAT (Drums Channel 10 etc.)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This is an edited collection of the various Beatles files knocking around
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+the Internet - I've tweaked a few notes, changed a few program sounds (or
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+'patches' as I believe you GUS guys like to call them), converted from
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+various formats and saved them all i
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many many thanks to all the people who sequenced these originally - some of
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+the text files have been separated from these sequences somewhere along the
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+line and I apologise profusely to their original transcribers for not
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+crediting them.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The files are - 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+BECAUSE.MID  - Because (!??)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+BIRTHDAY.MID - (you say it's your) Birthday - converted from MT-32 format
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+CANTBUYM.MID - Can't buy me love - translated from the brash synthy version
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+       on the archive 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ELEANOR.MID - Eleanor Rigby - Nice acoustic &amp;amp; stringy arrangement - none of
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+those multiple drum tracks that seem to be on all the
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+versions (four in total?)  I've come across.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+FOOLHILL.MID - Fool on the Hill - Quiet acoustic version - apologies for
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+       the voicings if they're wrong - my Beatles compilation tape
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+       was eaten by the dog. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GUITRWEP.MID - While my Guitar Gently Weeps - converted from MT-32
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+HEY_JUDE.MID - no , go on guess.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+HONEYPIE.MID - ditto
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+I_WILL - ditto ditto
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+IMWALRUS - I am the Walrus
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+LETITBE.MID - Let It Be - storming organ solo.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+OBLADIDA.MID - Ob-La-Di-Ob-La-Da etc.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PENNYLAN.MID - Penny Lane
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+STRAWBRY.MID - Strawberry Fields Forever - excellent version of a great
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+       song (sorry to be so sycophantic)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+YESTERDY.MID - Yesterday - nice quiet acoustic version, as it should be.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All these were downloaded at some point over the last six months and
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+converted via a 2.5Mb Atari STFM running a (legitimate) version of Cubase
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+v.2.  All voicings, pannings, reverb levels, chorus levels etc. are
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+embedded in each track so those of you with exotic sound cards or synth
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+modules that don't like them will have to dig 'em out and sort 'em
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+out. Sorry.  Tested on Roland Sound Canvas SC-55 (mark 1 I think -anyway,
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+the first one that came out) for GM compatability - and they all work.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+One final plea - will those of you nice enough to upload MIDI stuff onto
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+the Internet, actually send it in a format we can all use - i.e. Standard
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+MIDI Files (that's why they're called Standard!) - I can just about convert
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+from Cakewalk .WRK format but an
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PLEASE E-MAIL ANYTHING - comment, criticisms, 'you didn't credit me with
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+that sequence and I'm going to sue' etc. to :
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+               
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+          zchag05@ucl.ac.uk  (valid until July 95)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Who knows, if enough people send me message, I may well upload some more
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+stuff (original compositions etc. - YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Have a Fab-Four-Tastic time listening to these.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Enjoy !!
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ALEXI
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+P.S. If anyone out there has any MIDI sequences for Peter Gabriel (NOT
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sledgehammer), Depeche Mode, Thomas Dolby, or The The, could they please
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+drop me a line ? I'd love to hear from you; no, really I would. Ta.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH5253/aa6423bc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH5253/aa6423bc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH5253/aa6423bc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Let It Be...Naked , which is scheduled for release on November 17,...</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215141_1/beatles-1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215141_1/beatles-1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/wordpdf/beatles-1.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215141_1/beatles-1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">beatles-1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beatles-1.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beatles-1.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">627782</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">beatles-1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Supplementary</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/wordpdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">beatles-1.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">627782</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">2003:11:10 03:04:25Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.ModifyDate">2003:11:09 22:04:47-05:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Mac OS X 10.2.8 Quartz PDFContext</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.CreateDate">2003:11:10 03:04:25Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.CreationDate">2003:11:10 03:04:25Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Creator">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.MetadataDate">2003:11:09 22:04:47-05:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.ModDate">2003:11:09 22:04:47-05:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.ModifyDate">2003:11:09 22:04:47-05:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Producer">Mac OS X 10.2.8 Quartz PDFContext</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5253aa6423bc9a175bed06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5253/aa6423bc.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Let It Be...Naked&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;which is scheduled for release on November 17, removes producer &lt;b&gt;Phil Spector&lt;/b&gt;'s&lt;br&gt;orchestrations, choirs and effects from the album to its original, intended low-tech version. The only&lt;br&gt;âoutsideâ musician featured on the album was keyboardist &lt;b&gt;Billy Preston.&lt;/b&gt; Otherwise, all instruments were&lt;br&gt;played by &lt;b&gt;the Beatles&lt;/b&gt; without the support of studio musicians.&lt;br&gt;
+For over 30 years, &lt;b&gt;Paul McCartney&lt;/b&gt; has voiced his displeasure with &lt;b&gt;Phil Spectorâs&lt;/b&gt; production,&lt;br&gt;particularly the orchestration on the track â&lt;b&gt;The Long And Winding Road&lt;/b&gt;.â&lt;br&gt;
+The majority of &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; was recorded in 1969 for an album and film project, originally called &lt;b&gt;Get Back&lt;/b&gt;,&lt;br&gt;showing &lt;b&gt;The Beatles&lt;/b&gt; returning to their roots as a four-piece rock-and-roll band.&lt;br&gt;
+The album was initially titled &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Get Back, Donât Let Me Down and Nine Others&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. The album title was&lt;br&gt;changed to &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Get Back&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; when &lt;b&gt;the Beatles&lt;/b&gt; consented to film the sessions for a documentary, which would&lt;br&gt;fulfill their three-movie deal with &lt;b&gt;United Artists&lt;/b&gt;. The first two movies were &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;A Hard Days Night &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;and&lt;i&gt; &lt;b&gt;Help.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+However, the group was falling apart and the album project was abandoned. Shortly thereafter, &lt;b&gt;the&lt;br&gt;Beatles&lt;/b&gt; completed their final album, &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Abbey Road.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+After the &lt;b&gt;Beatlesâ&lt;/b&gt; breakup, &lt;b&gt;John Lennon&lt;/b&gt; turned the tapes over to producer &lt;b&gt;Phil Spector&lt;/b&gt; to complete&lt;br&gt;the &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; album.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Spector's&lt;/b&gt; production was undertaken after the group had broken up became a cause of anger to &lt;b&gt;Paul&lt;br&gt;McCartney&lt;/b&gt;, who took exception to the string arrangement on &lt;b&gt;âThe Long and Winding Road&amp;quot;&lt;/b&gt; and the&lt;br&gt;additional music and mixes &lt;b&gt;Spector &lt;/b&gt;added to the other tracks.&lt;br&gt;
+The new release also features changes to the original track listing. The tracks &lt;b&gt;âDig Itâ&lt;/b&gt; and â&lt;b&gt;Maggie Maeâ&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;are not on the &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Let It BeâŠNaked&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; album and &lt;b&gt;âDon't Let Me Downâ&lt;/b&gt; is added.&lt;br&gt;
+ The new track listing reads:&lt;br&gt;
+â¢ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;'Get Back'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+â¢ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;'Dig A Pony'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+â¢ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;'For You Blue'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+â¢ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;'The Long And Winding Road'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+â¢ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;'Two Of Us'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+â¢ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;'I've Got A Feeling'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+â¢ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;'One After 909'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+â¢ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;'Don't Let Me Down'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+â¢ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;'I Me Mine'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+â¢ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;'Across The Universe'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+â¢ &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;'Let It Be'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The album will be issued together with a bonus disc that features tapes of &lt;b&gt;the Beatles&lt;/b&gt; rehearsing and&lt;br&gt;discussing the album, which were captured on film for the making of the &lt;b&gt;Let It Be&lt;/b&gt; movie in the late '60s.&lt;br&gt;
+The package will also include booklet featuring photos of the recording sessions and extracts of &lt;b&gt;Beatlesâ&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;dialogue from the original booklet that accompanied early British-released copies of the album, which was&lt;br&gt;released in 1970.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH55dd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH55dd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH55dd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/images/Homage_to_Abbey_Road.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">Homage_to_Abbey_Road.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">Homage_to_Abbey_Road.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Homage_to_Abbey_Road.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Homage_to_Abbey_Road.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1239883</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">1.182MB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Homage_to_Abbey_Road.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Homage_to_Abbey_Road.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">Homage_to_Abbey_Road_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">Homage_to_Abbey_Road_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.APP14.APP14Flags0">16384</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.APP14.APP14Flags1">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.APP14.ColorTransform">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.APP14.DCTEncodeVersion">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1024x1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 12729 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">65535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2005:07:23 19:10:39</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">Adobe Photoshop Elements 3.0 Windows</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">12729</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">340</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">MM</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">Homage_to_Abbey_Road.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1239883</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">1 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.JFIFVersion">1 2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.ColorHalftoningInfo">/fflff/ffï¿œï¿œï¿œ2Z5-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.CopyrightFlag">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.DisplayedUnitsX">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.DisplayedUnitsY">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.GlobalAltitude">30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.GlobalAngle">30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.IPTCDigest">00000000000000000000000000000000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.PhotoshopFormat">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.PhotoshopQuality">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.PhotoshopThumbnail">&amp;#40;Binary data 12729 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.ProgressiveScans">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.Slices">74990008nullboundsObjcRct1Top longLeftlongBtomlongRghtlongslicesVlLsObjcslicesliceIDlonggroupIDlongoriginenumESliceOrigin
+autoGeneratedTypeenum
+ESliceTypeImg boundsObjcRct1Top longLeftlongBtomlongRghtlongurlTEXTnullTEXTMsgeTEXTaltTagTEXTcellTextIsHTMLboolcellTextTEXThorzAlignenumESliceHorzAligndefaultvertAlignenumESliceVertAligndefaultbgColorTypeenumESliceBGColorTypeNonetopOutsetlong
+leftOutsetlongbottomOutsetlongrightOutsetlong</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.VersionInfo">Adobe Photoshop ElementsAdobe Photoshop Elements 3.0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Photoshop.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.About">uuid:3b5592de-fba4-11d9-832b-f0e48b3c9865</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.ColorSpace">65535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.CreateDate">2005:07:23 19:10:39Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.CreatorTool">Adobe Photoshop Elements 3.0 Windows</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.DocumentID">adobe:docid:photoshop:3b5592dd-fba4-11d9-832b-f0e48b3c9865</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.ExifImageHeight">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.ExifImageWidth">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.MetadataDate">2005:07:23 19:10:39Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.ModifyDate">2005:07:23 19:10:39</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.XMPToolkit">XMP toolkit 3.0-28&amp;#44; framework 1.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Homage to Abbey Road</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH55dd5b33f108b540345200</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215130</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH55dd.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Homage_to_Abbey_Road.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Homage_to_Abbey_Road_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Homage_to_Abbey_Road_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6797.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6797.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6797.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/Hey_Jude.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">49178</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Hey_Jude.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Hey_Jude.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">Hey_Jude.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Hey_Jude.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Hey_Jude.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Hey Jude</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH67975eb4efca94a4baa8f0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6797.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Hey_Jude.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6c12.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6c12.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6c12.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/lucy.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3496</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">lucy.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">lucy.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/lucy.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/lucy.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6c125d9e0be1c6ebcf6cef</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6c12.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: Lennon&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Picture yourself in a boat on a river, &lt;br&gt;
+With tangerine trees and marmalade skies &lt;br&gt;
+Somebody calls you, you answer quite slowly, &lt;br&gt;
+A girl with kaleidoscope eyes. &lt;br&gt;
+Cellophane flowers of yellow and green, &lt;br&gt;
+Towering over your head. &lt;br&gt;
+Look for the girl with the sun in her eyes, &lt;br&gt;
+And she's gone. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds &lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds &lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds. Ah &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Follow her down to a bridge by a fountain &lt;br&gt;
+Where rocking horse people eat marshmallow pies, &lt;br&gt;
+Everyone smiles as you drift past the flowers, &lt;br&gt;
+That grow so incredibly high. &lt;br&gt;
+Newspaper taxis appear on the shore, &lt;br&gt;
+Waiting to take you away. &lt;br&gt;
+Climb in the back with your head in the clouds, &lt;br&gt;
+And you're gone. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds &lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds &lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds. Ah &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Picture yourself on a train in a station, &lt;br&gt;
+With plasticine porters with looking glass ties, &lt;br&gt;
+Suddenly someone is there at the turnstile, &lt;br&gt;
+The girl with the kaleidoscope eyes. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds &lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds &lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds. Ah &lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds &lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds &lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds. Ah &lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds &lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds &lt;br&gt;
+Lucy in the sky with diamonds &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6c3b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6c3b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6c3b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/revolution.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3390</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">revolution.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">revolution.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Revolution 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/revolution.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/revolution.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6c3b679e129809b57d6f7f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6c3b.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Revolution 1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: Lennon&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+You say you want a revolution &lt;br&gt;
+Well you know &lt;br&gt;
+We all want to change the world &lt;br&gt;
+You tell me that it's evolution &lt;br&gt;
+Well you know &lt;br&gt;
+We all want to change the world &lt;br&gt;
+But when you talk about destruction &lt;br&gt;
+Don't you know you can count me out in &lt;br&gt;
+Don't you know it's gonna be alright &lt;br&gt;
+Alright...Alright &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+You say you got a real solution &lt;br&gt;
+Well you know &lt;br&gt;
+we'd all love to see the plan &lt;br&gt;
+You ask me for a contribution &lt;br&gt;
+Well you know &lt;br&gt;
+We're doing what we can &lt;br&gt;
+But if you want money for people with minds that hate &lt;br&gt;
+All I can tell you brother you have to wait &lt;br&gt;
+Don't you know it's gonna be alright &lt;br&gt;
+Alright...Alright &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+You say you'll changes the constitution &lt;br&gt;
+Well you know &lt;br&gt;
+we all love to change your head &lt;br&gt;
+You tell me it's the institution &lt;br&gt;
+Well you know &lt;br&gt;
+You better free your mind instead &lt;br&gt;
+But if you go carrying pictures of Chairman Mao &lt;br&gt;
+You ain't gong to make it with anyone anyhow &lt;br&gt;
+Don't you know it's gonna be alright &lt;br&gt;
+Alright...Alright &lt;br&gt;
+Don't you know it's gonna be alright &lt;br&gt;
+Alright...Alright &lt;br&gt;
+Don't you know it's gonna be alright &lt;br&gt;
+Alright...Alright &lt;br&gt;
+Al..al..al..al..al..&lt;br&gt;
+al..al..al..al..al..alright&lt;br&gt;
+Alright...alright..alright..alright..alright..&lt;br&gt;
+alright..alright..alright..alright..alright..&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1964?&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ifield, Frank. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Performed by the Beatles and Frank Ifield.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Popular music 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Please, please me -- Any time -- Lovesick blues -- I'm smiling now -- Nobody's darling -- From me to you -- I remember you -- Ask me why -- Thank you girl -- The wayward wind -- Unchained melody -- I listen to my heart.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Vee-Jay,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles and Frank Ifield on stage &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;S.l.&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01128cjm  22003137a 4500
+001     5745525
+005     19970714083147.0
+007     sdubumennmplue
+008     951109s1964    xx uun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   95768890
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a vn31
+010    _a    95768890 
+028 02 _a VJ-1085
+       _b Vee-Jay
+035    _a (OCoLC)33448757 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a Vee-Jay VJ-1085
+245 04 _a The Beatles and Frank Ifield on stage
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a [S.l.] :
+       _b Vee-Jay,
+       _c [1964?]
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm ;
+       _c 12 in.
+511 0  _a Performed by the Beatles and Frank Ifield.
+505 0  _a Please, please me -- Any time -- Lovesick blues -- I'm
+ smiling now -- Nobody's darling -- From me to you -- I remember
+ you -- Ask me why -- Thank you girl -- The wayward wind --
+ Unchained melody -- I listen to my heart.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Popular music
+       _y 1961-1970.
+700 1  _a Ifield, Frank.
+       _4 prf
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+953    _a TA28
+985    _a 9511
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Vee-Jay VJ-1085
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1989.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Hogan, Neil. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Neil Hogan, solo guitar.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Popular music 1981-1990.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Here, there and everywhere -- I'll follow the sun -- Girl -- The long and winding road -- Penny Lane -- If I fell -- Things we said today -- Because -- When I'm 64.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Joplin &amp; Sweeney Music,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A Beatles collection &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">092725710227</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Los Gatos, CA :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01122cjm  22003017a 4500
+001     5648705
+005     20030805111845.0
+007     sduzsnznnmlne
+008     920515s1989    cauuun                   
+035    _9 (DLC)   92758636
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 5
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a vn00 2003-07-31
+       _e vn34 2003-07-31 retro CD update to MBRS
+       _e vn34 2003-07-31 copy 2 to MBRS/RS
+010    _a    92758636 
+024 1  _a 092725710227
+028 02 _a JS 102-CD
+       _b Joplin &amp; Sweeney Music
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+050 00 _a SDA 73765
+245 02 _a A Beatles collection
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a Los Gatos, CA :
+       _b Joplin &amp; Sweeney Music,
+       _c p1989.
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b digital ;
+       _c 4 3/4 in.
+511 0  _a Neil Hogan, solo guitar.
+505 0  _a Here, there and everywhere -- I'll follow the sun -- Girl
+ -- The long and winding road -- Penny Lane -- If I fell --
+ Things we said today -- Because -- When I'm 64.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Popular music
+       _y 1981-1990.
+700 1  _a Hogan, Neil.
+       _4 prf
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+953    _a TA28
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Joplin &amp; Sweeney JS 102-CD
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Discography: p. 1131-1136.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music England.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;Full transcriptions from the original recordings : every song written &amp; recorded by the Beatles&quot;--Cover.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Staff and tablature notation; includes chord symbols.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">071193293X (England)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0793518326 (U.S.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Wise Publications ;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles : complete scores.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">London ;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01133ncm  2200301 a 4500
+001     5687935
+005     19930908113309.4
+008     930823s1993    enkrca   a     n    eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   93722302
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 2
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+010    _a    93722302 
+020    _a 071193293X (England)
+020    _a 0793518326 (U.S.)
+028 32 _a NO90548
+       _b Wise Publications
+028 32 _a HL00673228
+       _b H. Leonard Pub. Corp.
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+043    _a e-uk-en
+050 00 _a M1741.18
+       _b .B36 1993
+245 04 _a The Beatles :
+       _b complete scores.
+260    _a London ;
+       _a New York :
+       _b Wise Publications ;
+       _a Milwaukee, WI :
+       _b Exclusive distributors for U.S.A. and Canada, H.
+ Leonard Pub. Corp.,
+       _c c1993.
+300    _a 1 score (1136 p.) :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 27 cm.
+500    _a &quot;Full transcriptions from the original recordings : every
+ song written &amp; recorded by the Beatles&quot;--Cover.
+500    _a Staff and tablature notation; includes chord symbols.
+504    _a Discography: p. 1131-1136.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _z England.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+953    _a TA28
+991    _b c-Music
+       _h M1741.18
+       _i .B36 1993
+       _t Copy 1
+       _m Case
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs10.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs10.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs10.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1978, c1977.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Lester, Richard, 1932-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Di Franco, J. Philip.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Reprint of the ed. published by Chelsea House Publishers, New York.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0140047867</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Penguin Books,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles in Richard Lester's A hard day's night : a complete pictorial record of the movie / editor, J. Philip Di Franco ; introd., Andrew Sarris.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Hard day's night. &amp;#091;Motion picture&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Harmondsworth, Eng. ;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs10.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00899cam  2200241 i 4500
+001     3666022
+005     19910502170622.3
+008     770916r1978    enka          000 0 eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   77014950
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 1
+       _e ocip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+010    _a    77014950 
+020    _a 0140047867
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 10 _a PN1997.H2593
+       _b B4 1978
+082 00 _a 791.43/7
+245 04 _a The Beatles in Richard Lester's A hard day's night :
+       _b a complete pictorial record of the movie /
+       _c editor, J. Philip Di Franco ; introd., Andrew
+ Sarris.
+260    _a Harmondsworth, Eng. ;
+       _a New York :
+       _b Penguin Books,
+       _c 1978, c1977.
+300    _a xvi, 297 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 28 cm.
+500    _a Reprint of the ed. published by Chelsea House Publishers,
+ New York.
+630  0 _a Hard day's night. [Motion picture]
+700 1  _a Lester, Richard,
+       _d 1932-
+700 1  _a Di Franco, J. Philip.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs11.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs11.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs11.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1977.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Lester, Richard, 1932-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Di Franco, J. Philip.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0877540128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Chelsea House Publishers,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles in Richard Lester's A hard day's night : a complete pictorial record of the movie / editor, J. Philip Di Franco ; introd., Andrew Sarris.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Hard day's night. &amp;#091;Motion picture&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">New York :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215135</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs11.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00850cam  2200241 i 4500
+001     4612648
+005     19850827000000.0
+008     770623s1977    nyua          000 0 eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   77022792
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 1
+       _e ocip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+010    _a    77022792 
+020    _a 0877540128
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a PN1997.H2593
+       _b B4
+082 00 _a 791.43/7
+245 04 _a The Beatles in Richard Lester's A hard day's night :
+       _b a complete pictorial record of the movie /
+       _c editor, J. Philip Di Franco ; introd., Andrew
+ Sarris.
+260    _a New York :
+       _b Chelsea House Publishers,
+       _c 1977.
+300    _a xvi, 297 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 29 cm.
+630  0 _a Hard day's night. [Motion picture]
+700 1  _a Lester, Richard,
+       _d 1932-
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+700 1  _a Di Franco, J. Philip.
+991    _b c-GenColl
+       _h PN1997.H2593
+       _i B4
+       _t Copy 1
+       _w BOOKS
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs12.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs12.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs12.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1978.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Miles, Barry, 1943-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Marchbank, Pearce.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock musicians England Biography.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0399410139 (pbk.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Delilah/Putnam :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Beatles in their own words / compiled by Miles ; edited by Pearce Marchbank.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">New York :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215135</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs12.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00867cam  2200265 a 4500
+001     3684025
+005     20020731144419.0
+008     840125s1978    nyua          000 0ceng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   78056240
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 2
+       _e ocip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+010    _a    78056240 
+020    _a 0399410139 (pbk.)
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+043    _a e-uk-en
+050 00 _a ML421.B4
+       _b B43 1978
+082 00 _a 784.5/4/00922
+       _a B
+       _2 19
+245 00 _a Beatles in their own words /
+       _c compiled by Miles ; edited by Pearce Marchbank.
+260    _a New York :
+       _b Delilah/Putnam :
+       _b Distributed by the Putnam Pub. Group,
+       _c c1978.
+300    _a 125 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 26 cm.
+610 20 _a Beatles.
+650  0 _a Rock musicians
+       _z England
+       _x Biography.
+700 1  _a Miles, Barry,
+       _d 1943-
+700 1  _a Marchbank, Pearce.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+991    _b c-Music
+       _h ML421.B4
+       _i B43 1978
+       _t Copy 1
+       _w BOOKS
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs13.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs13.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs13.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1978.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Miles, Barry, 1943-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Marchbank, Pearce.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock musicians England Biography.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0860015408</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Omnibus Press,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Beatles in their own words / compiled by Miles ; edited by Pearce Marchbank ; designed by Perry Neville.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">London ;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs13.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00962cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     1629690
+005     20020731144437.0
+008     951212s1978    enka          000 0ceng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   95233484
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 2
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+955    _a uc16 to cat 12-12-95; vl00 02-15-96; vl19 03-26-96; vl16
+ 04-03-98
+010    _a    95233484 
+020    _a 0860015408
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+043    _a e-uk-en
+050 00 _a ML421.B4
+       _b B43 1978b
+082 00 _a 782.42166/092/2
+       _a B
+       _2 20
+245 00 _a Beatles in their own words /
+       _c compiled by Miles ; edited by Pearce Marchbank ;
+ designed by Perry Neville.
+260    _a London ;
+       _a New York :
+       _b Omnibus Press,
+       _c c1978.
+300    _a 125 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 26 cm.
+610 20 _a Beatles.
+650  0 _a Rock musicians
+       _z England
+       _x Biography.
+700 1  _a Miles, Barry,
+       _d 1943-
+700 1  _a Marchbank, Pearce.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+922    _a cf
+991    _b c-Music
+       _h ML421.B4
+       _i B43 1978b
+       _t Copy 1
+       _w BOOKS
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs14.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs14.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs14.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1978.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Performed by the Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Roll over Beethoven -- Hippy hippy shake -- Falling in love again -- Lend me your comb -- Sheila -- Red sails in the sunset -- Matchbox -- I'm gonna sit right down and cry over you -- Be-bop-a-lula -- Hallelujah I love her so -- 'Til there was you -- Besame mucho -- A taste of honey.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Pickwick,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Beatles live. Vol. 1 &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Minneapolis, MN :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs14.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01143njm  22003017a 4500
+001     5750764
+005     19950216074304.5
+007     sdubsmennmpluu
+008     950215s1978    mnuuun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   95775621
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a vn31
+010    _a    95775621 
+028 00 _a BAN-90051
+       _b Pickwick
+035    _a (OCoLC)31995193 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+050 00 _a Pickwick BAN-90051
+245 00 _a Beatles live.
+       _n Vol. 1
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a Minneapolis, MN :
+       _b Pickwick,
+       _c p1978.
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm, stereo. ;
+       _c 12 in.
+511 0  _a Performed by the Beatles.
+505 0  _a Roll over Beethoven -- Hippy hippy shake -- Falling in
+ love again -- Lend me your comb -- Sheila -- Red sails in the
+ sunset -- Matchbox -- I'm gonna sit right down and cry over you
+ -- Be-bop-a-lula -- Hallelujah I love her so -- 'Til there was
+ you -- Besame mucho -- A taste of honey.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+953    _a TA28
+985    _a 9502
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Pickwick BAN-90051
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs15.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1978.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Performed by the Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Ain't nothing shakin' -- Everybody's trying to be my baby -- Matchbox -- Talkin' 'bout you -- Long tall Sally -- Little Queenie -- Red sails in the sunset -- To know her is to love her -- Shimmy shake -- I remember you -- Kansas City ; Hey hey hey hey -- Roll over Beethoven.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Pickwick,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Beatles live. Vol. 2 &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Minneapolis, MN :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs15.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01134njm  22003017a 4500
+001     5750765
+005     19950216074310.2
+007     sdubsmennmpluu
+008     950215s1978    mnuuun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   95775622
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a vn31
+010    _a    95775622 
+028 00 _a BAN-90061
+       _b Pickwick
+035    _a (OCoLC)31995250 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+050 00 _a Pickwick BAN-90061
+245 00 _a Beatles live.
+       _n Vol. 2
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a Minneapolis, MN :
+       _b Pickwick,
+       _c p1978.
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm, stereo. ;
+       _c 12 in.
+511 0  _a Performed by the Beatles.
+505 0  _a Ain't nothing shakin' -- Everybody's trying to be my baby
+ -- Matchbox -- Talkin' 'bout you -- Long tall Sally -- Little
+ Queenie -- Red sails in the sunset -- To know her is to love
+ her -- Shimmy shake -- I remember you -- Kansas City ; Hey hey
+ hey hey -- Roll over Beethoven.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+953    _a TA28
+985    _a 9502
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Pickwick BAN-90061
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs16.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1975.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music Texts.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">First ed. published in 1974 under title: The Beatles lyrics complete.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes index.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Beatlemania (1962-5)--The Sergeants' mystery tour (1965-8)--The Apple years (1968-70)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dell Pub. Co.,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles lyrics illustrated / introduction by Richard Brautigan.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">New York :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs16.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00930cam  2200253 i 4500
+001     2712184
+005     19910502163735.1
+008     760812r19751974nyucf         001 0 eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   76370457
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 5
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+010    _a    76370457 
+020    _b Pbk. :
+       _c $1.75
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a ML54.6.B4
+       _b L9 1975
+240 04 _a The Beatles lyrics complete
+245 04 _a The Beatles lyrics illustrated /
+       _c introduction by Richard Brautigan.
+260    _a New York :
+       _b Dell Pub. Co.,
+       _c 1975.
+300    _a 208 p., [32] leaves of plates :
+       _b 104 ports. ;
+       _c 18 cm.
+500    _a First ed. published in 1974 under title: The Beatles
+ lyrics complete.
+500    _a Includes index.
+505 0  _a Beatlemania (1962-5)--The Sergeants' mystery tour
+ (1965-8)--The Apple years (1968-70)
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _x Texts.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+991    _b c-Music
+       _h ML54.6.B4
+       _i L9 1975
+       _t Copy 1
+       _w BOOKS
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs17.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs17.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs17.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1975.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970 Texts.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Cover title: The Beatles illustrated lyrics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">First published in 1969 under title: The Beatles illustrated lyrics; published in 1974 under title: The Beatles lyrics complete.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes index.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0860077306 :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Futura Publications,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles lyrics / with an introduction by Jimmy Savile.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">London :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs17.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01028cam  2200289 i 4500
+001     3657717
+005     19981112075903.5
+008     760910r19751969enkacf        001 0 eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   76374170
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+010    _a    76374170 
+015    _a GB76-00260
+020    _a 0860077306 :
+       _c Â£1.50
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a ML54.6.B4
+       _b I4
+082 00 _a 784/.3
+245 04 _a The Beatles lyrics /
+       _c with an introduction by Jimmy Savile.
+260    _a London :
+       _b Futura Publications,
+       _c 1975.
+300    _a 208 p., [64] p. of plates :
+       _b ill., ports. ;
+       _c 20 cm.
+490 0  _a An Omega book
+500    _a Cover title: The Beatles illustrated lyrics.
+500    _a First published in 1969 under title: The Beatles
+ illustrated lyrics; published in 1974 under title: The Beatles
+ lyrics complete.
+500    _a Includes index.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970
+       _x Texts.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+740 0  _a Beatles illustrated lyrics.
+991    _b c-Music
+       _h ML54.6.B4
+       _i I4
+       _t Copy 1
+       _w BOOKS
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs18.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs18.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs18.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;197-?&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McCartney, Paul.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Lennon, John, 1940-1980.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Performed by the Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Songs chiefly by John Lennon and Paul McCartney.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Back in the U.S.S.R. -- Dear Prudence -- Glass onion -- Ob-la-di, ob-la-da -- Wild honey pie -- The continuing story of Bungalow Bill -- While my guitar gently weeps -- Happiness is a warm gun -- Martha my dear -- I'm so tired -- Blackbird -- Piggies -- Rocky Racoon -- Don't pass me by -- Why don't we do it in the road -- I will -- Julia -- Birthday -- Yer blues -- Mother nature's son -- Everybody's got something to hide except me and my monkey -- Sexy Sadie -- Helter skelter -- Long, long, long -- Revolution 1 -- Honey pie -- Savoy truffle -- Cry baby cry -- Revolution 9 -- Good night.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Capitol,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Hollywood, Calif. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs18.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01555cjm  2200325 a 4500
+001     5660844
+005     19971008093926.7
+007     sdubsmennmplu
+008     921008q19701979caurcn              eng d
+035    _9 (DLC)   92772508
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c copycat
+       _d 4
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+010    _a    92772508 
+028 02 _a SEBX-11841
+       _b Capitol
+035    _a (OCoLC)6464550
+040    _a TM
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+042    _a lccopycat
+050 00 _a Capitol SEBX-11841
+245 04 _a The Beatles
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a Hollywood, Calif. :
+       _b Capitol,
+       _c [197-?]
+300    _a 2 sound discs :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm, stereo. ;
+       _c 12 in.
+500    _a Songs chiefly by John Lennon and Paul McCartney.
+511 0  _a Performed by the Beatles.
+505 0  _a Back in the U.S.S.R. -- Dear Prudence -- Glass onion --
+ Ob-la-di, ob-la-da -- Wild honey pie -- The continuing story of
+ Bungalow Bill -- While my guitar gently weeps -- Happiness is a
+ warm gun -- Martha my dear -- I'm so tired -- Blackbird --
+ Piggies -- Rocky Racoon -- Don't pass me by -- Why don't we do
+ it in the road -- I will -- Julia -- Birthday -- Yer blues --
+ Mother nature's son -- Everybody's got something to hide except
+ me and my monkey -- Sexy Sadie -- Helter skelter -- Long, long,
+ long -- Revolution 1 -- Honey pie -- Savoy truffle -- Cry baby
+ cry -- Revolution 9 -- Good night.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970.
+700 1  _a McCartney, Paul.
+700 1  _a Lennon, John,
+       _d 1940-1980.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+952    _a New
+953    _a TA28
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Capitol SEBX-11841
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs19.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs19.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs19.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">At head of title: Live from the pound.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Beatle songs accompanied by animal sounds.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Compact disc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0787104361</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">I want to hold your hand -- Love me do -- Ob-la di, ob-la da -- We can work it out -- I saw her standing there -- I feel fine -- Can't buy me love -- All my loving -- Day tripper -- She loves you -- A hard day's night -- Paperback writer.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dove Audio,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Produced by Gene Pierson.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093; : the lost tapes, a parody.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">2291760020</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Beverly Hills, Calif :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs19.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01404cjm  22003731a 4500
+001     12147625
+005     20020626181341.0
+007     sd|zsngnnmmned
+008     000817s1995    cau  n                  d
+028 02 _a DACD60020
+       _b Dove Audio
+035    _a (DLC)   00524842
+050 00 _a SDA 16559
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c copycat
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 20
+       _g y-genmusic
+010    _a    00524842 
+020    _a 0787104361
+024 1  _a 2291760020
+028 00 _a DACD60020
+       _b Dove Audio
+035    _a (OCoLC)ocm46719604 
+040    _a WRS
+       _c WRS
+       _d DLC
+042    _a lcderive
+245 04 _a The Beatles
+       _h [sound recording] :
+       _b the lost tapes, a parody.
+246 3  _a Live from the pound :
+       _b the Beatles
+260    _a Beverly Hills, Calif :
+       _b Dove Audio,
+       _c 1995.
+300    _a 1 sound disc (29 min. 18 sec.): :
+       _b digital,
+       _c 4 3/4 in.
+500    _a At head of title: Live from the pound.
+500    _a Beatle songs accompanied by animal sounds.
+508    _a Produced by Gene Pierson.
+500    _a Compact disc.
+505 0  _a I want to hold your hand -- Love me do -- Ob-la di, ob-la
+ da -- We can work it out -- I saw her standing there -- I feel
+ fine -- Can't buy me love -- All my loving -- Day tripper --
+ She loves you -- A hard day's night -- Paperback writer.
+650  0 _a Rock music.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+925 0  _a acquire
+       _b 2 copies
+       _x policy default
+955    _a to MBRS/RS vn42 08-17-00
+985    _c OCLC
+       _e srreplace 2002-02
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs20.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs20.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs20.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1995.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">At head of title: Live from the pound.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Beatle songs accompanied by animal sounds.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Compact disc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0787104361</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">I want to hold your hand -- Love me do -- Ob-la di, ob-la da -- We can work it out -- I saw her standing there -- I feel fine -- Can't buy me love -- All my loving -- Day tripper -- She loves you -- A hard day's night -- Paperback writer.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dove Audio,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Produced by Gene Pierson.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093; : the lost tapes, a parody.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">2291760020</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Beverly Hills, Calif :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs20.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01408cjm  22003731a 4500
+001     12547756
+005     20020628210652.0
+007     sd|zsngnnmmned
+008     010927s1995    cau  n                  d
+028 02 _a DACD60020
+       _b Dove Audio
+035    _a (DLC)   2001576553
+050 00 _a SDA 37803
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c copycat
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 20
+       _g y-genmusic
+010    _a   2001576553
+020    _a 0787104361
+024 1  _a 2291760020
+028 00 _a DACD60020
+       _b Dove Audio
+035    _a (OCoLC)ocm46719604 
+040    _a WRS
+       _c WRS
+       _d DLC
+042    _a lcderive
+245 04 _a The Beatles
+       _h [sound recording] :
+       _b the lost tapes, a parody.
+246 3  _a Live from the pound :
+       _b the Beatles
+260    _a Beverly Hills, Calif :
+       _b Dove Audio,
+       _c 1995.
+300    _a 1 sound disc (29 min. 18 sec.): :
+       _b digital,
+       _c 4 3/4 in.
+500    _a At head of title: Live from the pound.
+500    _a Beatle songs accompanied by animal sounds.
+508    _a Produced by Gene Pierson.
+500    _a Compact disc.
+505 0  _a I want to hold your hand -- Love me do -- Ob-la di, ob-la
+ da -- We can work it out -- I saw her standing there -- I feel
+ fine -- Can't buy me love -- All my loving -- Day tripper --
+ She loves you -- A hard day's night -- Paperback writer.
+650  0 _a Rock music.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+925 0  _a acquire
+       _b 2 copies
+       _x policy default
+955    _a vn17 2001-09-27 to MBRS/RS
+985    _c OCLC
+       _e srreplace 2002-04
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs21.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1980&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Eubanks, Bob. hst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Bob Eubanks, host; Beatles, performers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">United States. American Forces Radio and Television Service.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">AFRTS Collection (Library of Congress) DLC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Music of the Beatles; includes interviews and biographical information.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">AFRTS edition of a commercial radio program; contains information spot announcements.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Duration: 55:00 per disc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">American Forces Radio and Television Service,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Beatles special &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;Los Angeles&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs21.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01193cjm  22003134a 4500
+001     12955415
+005     20030502071303.0
+007     sd bumennmplue
+008     021002s1980    caurcn              eng  
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c origcop
+       _d 4
+       _e ncip
+       _f 20
+       _g y-soundrec
+925 0  _a acquire
+       _b 1 shelf copy
+       _x policy default
+955    _a vz03 2002-10-02
+       _i vz03 2002-10-02
+       _e vz03 2002-10-02
+010    _a   2002600493
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+042    _a pcc
+050 00 _a LPA 98955-LPA 98958
+245 00 _a Beatles special
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a [Los Angeles] :
+       _b American Forces Radio and Television Service,
+       _c [1980]
+300    _a 4 sound discs :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm ;
+       _c 12 in.
+500    _a Music of the Beatles; includes interviews and
+ biographical information.
+511 0  _a Bob Eubanks, host; Beatles, performers.
+500    _a AFRTS edition of a commercial radio program; contains
+ information spot announcements.
+500    _a Duration: 55:00 per disc.
+650  0 _a Rock music.
+610 20 _a Beatles.
+700 1  _a Eubanks, Bob.
+       _4 hst
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+710 1  _a United States.
+       _b American Forces Radio and Television Service.
+710 2  _a AFRTS Collection (Library of Congress)
+       _5 DLC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs22.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs22.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs22.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Interviews with The Beatles in 1964 and 1966.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music England History and criticism.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Jerden Records,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Beatles Interviews.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Beatles tapes I &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">739497700628</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Seattle, WA :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs22.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01125cim  22003491a 4500
+001     12501781
+005     20030708102150.0
+007     sd|zsngnnmmned
+008     010814p19921964waunnn         t    eng d
+035    _a (DLC)   2001567010
+050 00 _a SDA 31270
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c copycat
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 20
+       _g y-genmusic
+010    _a   2001567010
+024 1  _a 739497700628
+028 02 _a JRCD 7006
+       _b Jerden
+035    _a (OCoLC)ocm32678104
+040    _a OKI
+       _c OKI
+       _d OCLCQ
+       _d DLC
+042    _a lcderive
+245 00 _a Beatles tapes I
+       _h [sound recording]
+246 1  _i Container title:
+       _a Beatles tapes: the Beatles in the northwest
+246 30 _a Beatles in the northwest
+260    _a Seattle, WA :
+       _b Jerden Records,
+       _c p1992.
+300    _a 1 sound disc (25 min., 8 sec.) :
+       _b digital ;
+       _c 4 3/4 in.
+511 0  _a Interviews with The Beatles in 1964 and 1966.
+610 20 _a Beatles
+       _v Interviews.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _z England
+       _x History and criticism.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+925 0  _a acquire
+       _b 2 copies
+       _x policy default
+952    _a muzerec
+952    _a spokenwd
+955    _a vn40 2001-08-14 to MBRS/RS
+985    _c OCLC
+       _e srreplace 2002-04
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs23.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs23.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs23.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">23</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1989&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">eng</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Discography: p. 237-253.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Filmography: p. 260-263.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 279).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">GÃ³mez CÃ³rdoba, Gustavo.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Popular music England 1961-1970 Texts Translations into Spanish.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Spanish translations of 211 Beatles song texts.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes index.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Errata slip inserted.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">spa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">s.n.,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles : versiones libres / compilado y comentado por Gustavo GÃ³mez CÃ³rdoba.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;BogotÃ¡, Colombia :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs23</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs23.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01258cam  2200373 a 4500
+001     602604
+005     19910710161242.0
+008     910213s1989    ck af    bkq  001 0 spa  
+035    _9 (DLC)   91117848
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 4
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+955    _a vk13 02-28-91; vk90, 04-17-91
+010    _a    91117848 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+041 1  _a spa
+       _h eng
+043    _a e-uk-en
+050 00 _a ML54.6
+       _b .B39 1989
+082 00 _a 782.42164/0268
+       _2 20
+245 04 _a The Beatles :
+       _b versiones libres /
+       _c compilado y comentado por Gustavo GÃ³mez CÃ³rdoba.
+250    _a [1. ed.].
+260    _a [BogotÃ¡, Colombia :
+       _b s.n.,
+       _c 1989]
+300    _a 289 p., [9] p. of plates :
+       _b ill. (some col.) ;
+       _c 27 cm.
+500    _a Spanish translations of 211 Beatles song texts.
+504    _a Discography: p. 237-253.
+504    _a Filmography: p. 260-263.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 279).
+500    _a Includes index.
+500    _a Errata slip inserted.
+650  0 _a Popular music
+       _z England
+       _y 1961-1970
+       _x Texts
+       _x Translations into Spanish.
+610 20 _a Beatles.
+700 2  _a GÃ³mez CÃ³rdoba, Gustavo.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+922    _a ap
+952    _a *vk06 140 07-10-91
+991    _b c-Music
+       _h ML54.6
+       _i .B39 1989
+       _t Copy 1
+       _m Case
+       _w BOOKS
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs24.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1964&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Cole, Nat King, 1917-1965. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Black, Cilla. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Martino, Al. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Various artists.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Popular music 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beach Boys. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Peter and Gordon. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Popular music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Can't buy me love (The Beatles) -- I get around (The Beach Boys) -- A world without love (Peter and Gordon) -- You can't do that (The Beatles) -- Don't worry baby (The Beach Boys) -- Nobody I know (Peter and Gordon) -- I don't want to be hurt anymore (Nat King Cole) -- Suffer now I must (Cilla Black) -- Tears and roses (Al Martino) -- People (Nat King Cole) -- You're my world (Cilla Black).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Capitol,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Big hits from England and U.S.A. &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;Scranton, Pa.&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs24.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01820njm  2200493 a 4500
+001     5638356
+005     19911211095959.5
+007     sdubmmennmplu
+008     911023s1964    pauppn              eng d
+035    _9 (DLC)   91759576
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c copycat
+       _d 4
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+010    _a    91759576 
+028 02 _a T-2125
+       _b Capitol
+035    _a (OCoLC)13857024
+040    _a OBgU
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+042    _a lccopycat
+050 00 _a Capitol T-2125
+245 04 _a The Big hits from England and U.S.A.
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a [Scranton, Pa.] :
+       _b Capitol,
+       _c [1964]
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm, mono. ;
+       _c 12 in.
+500    _a Popular music.
+511 0  _a Various artists.
+505 0  _a Can't buy me love (The Beatles) -- I get around (The
+ Beach Boys) -- A world without love (Peter and Gordon) -- You
+ can't do that (The Beatles) -- Don't worry baby (The Beach
+ Boys) -- Nobody I know (Peter and Gordon) -- I don't want to be
+ hurt anymore (Nat King Cole) -- Suffer now I must (Cilla Black)
+ -- Tears and roses (Al Martino) -- People (Nat King Cole) --
+ You're my world (Cilla Black).
+650  0 _a Popular music
+       _y 1961-1970.
+700 1  _a Cole, Nat King,
+       _d 1917-1965.
+       _4 prf
+700 1  _a Black, Cilla.
+       _4 prf
+700 1  _a Martino, Al.
+       _4 prf
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+710 2  _a Beach Boys.
+       _4 prf
+710 2  _a Peter and Gordon.
+       _4 prf
+740 0  _a Can't buy me love.
+740 0  _a I get around.
+740 0  _a World without love.
+740 0  _a You can't do that.
+740 0  _a Don't worry baby.
+740 0  _a Nobody I know.
+740 0  _a I don't want to be hurt anymore.
+740 0  _a Suffer now I must.
+740 0  _a Tears and roses.
+740 0  _a People.
+740 0  _a You're my world.
+952    _a New
+953    _a TA28
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Capitol T-2125
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs25.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs25.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs25.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p2002.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Thackery, Jimmy.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Peterson, Lucky.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Osborne, Anders.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Neal, Kenny.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Benoit, Tab.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Muldaur, Maria.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Walker, Joe Louis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Wolk, T-Bone.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Duarte, Chris.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Linden, Colin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Musselwhite, Charlie.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Various artists covering songs from The Beatles' White album.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Blues (Music) 1991-2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Drivers (Blues group)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Compact disc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Why don't we do it in the road? / Jimmy Thackery &amp; the Drivers -- Yer blues / Lucky Peterson -- Happiness is a warm gun / Anders Osborne -- Revolution / Kenny Neal, Lucky Peterson, Tab Benoit -- Ob-la-di, ob-la-da / Maria Muldaur -- While my guitar gently weeps / Joe Louis Walker -- Don't pass me by / T-Bone Walker -- I'm so tired / Chris Duarte -- Blackbird / Colin Linden -- Dear Prudence / Charlie Musselwhite, Colin Linden.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Telarc,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The blues white album &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">089408355325</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">089408355325</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Recorded at The Studio, Portland, Me., June 2001.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Cleveland :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs25.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 02042cjm  22005291a 4500
+001     12699666
+005     20020717131202.0
+007     sd|zsngnnmmned
+008     020311p20022001ohubln                  d
+028 02 _a CD-83553
+       _b Telarc Blues
+035    _a (DLC)   2002563429
+050 00 _a SDA 44910
+906    _a 0
+       _b ibc
+       _c copycat
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 20
+       _g y-genmusic
+010    _a   2002563429
+024 10 _a 089408355325
+024 1  _a 089408355325
+028 02 _a CD-83553
+       _b Telarc
+033 00 _a 200106--
+035    _a (OCoLC)ocm49270538
+040    _a UOJ
+       _c UOJ
+       _d JED
+       _d DLC
+042    _a lcderive
+245 04 _a The blues white album
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a Cleveland :
+       _b Telarc,
+       _c p2002.
+300    _a 1 sound disc (51 min.) :
+       _b digital ;
+       _c 4 3/4 in.
+306    _a 005119
+511 0  _a Various artists covering songs from The Beatles' White
+ album.
+500    _a Compact disc.
+518    _a Recorded at The Studio, Portland, Me., June 2001.
+505 00 _t Why don't we do it in the road? /
+       _r Jimmy Thackery &amp; the Drivers --
+       _t Yer blues /
+       _r Lucky Peterson --
+       _t Happiness is a warm gun /
+       _r Anders Osborne --
+       _t Revolution /
+       _r Kenny Neal, Lucky Peterson, Tab Benoit --
+       _t Ob-la-di, ob-la-da /
+       _r Maria Muldaur --
+       _t While my guitar gently weeps /
+       _r Joe Louis Walker --
+       _t Don't pass me by /
+       _r T-Bone Walker --
+       _t I'm so tired /
+       _r Chris Duarte --
+       _t Blackbird /
+       _r Colin Linden --
+       _t Dear Prudence /
+       _r Charlie Musselwhite, Colin Linden.
+650  0 _a Blues (Music)
+       _y 1991-2000.
+700 1  _a Thackery, Jimmy.
+700 1  _a Peterson, Lucky.
+700 1  _a Osborne, Anders.
+700 1  _a Neal, Kenny.
+700 1  _a Benoit, Tab.
+700 1  _a Muldaur, Maria.
+700 1  _a Walker, Joe Louis.
+700 1  _a Wolk, T-Bone.
+700 1  _a Duarte, Chris.
+700 1  _a Linden, Colin.
+700 1  _a Musselwhite, Charlie.
+710 2  _a Drivers (Blues group)
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _t Beatles.
+925 0  _a acquire
+       _b 2 copies
+       _x policy default
+952    _a muzerec
+955    _a vn03 2002-03-11 to MBRS/RS
+       _e vn23 2002-07-17 copy 2 to MBRS/RS
+985    _c OCLC
+       _e srreplace 2002-05
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs26.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs26.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs26.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1981.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Filmography: v. 1, p. 86-91.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes discographies.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Okun, Milton. arr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music England 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Songs.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">For piano, with interlinear words; includes chord symbols and guitar chord diagrams.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0553013297 (set)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">v. 1. 1962-1966 -- v. 2. 1966-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">A Delilah/ATV/Bantam Book,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Compleat Beatles / produced by Delilah Communications/ATV Music Publications ; music arranged and edited by Milton Okun.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Toronto ;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs26.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01150ncm  2200325 a 4500
+001     5579071
+005     19880706000000.0
+008     880225s1981    oncrca   a     n    eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   81066605
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 2
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+010    _a    81066605 
+020    _a 0553013297 (set)
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+043    _a e-uk-en
+045 2  _b d1950
+       _b d1970
+050 00 _a M1741.18
+       _b .C65 1981
+245 04 _a The Compleat Beatles /
+       _c produced by Delilah Communications/ATV Music
+ Publications ; music arranged and edited by Milton Okun.
+260    _a Toronto ;
+       _a New York :
+       _b A Delilah/ATV/Bantam Book,
+       _c 1981.
+300    _a 1 score (2 v.) :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 32 cm.
+500    _a Songs.
+500    _a For piano, with interlinear words; includes chord symbols
+ and guitar chord diagrams.
+504    _a Filmography: v. 1, p. 86-91.
+504    _a Includes discographies.
+505 0  _a v. 1. 1962-1966 -- v. 2. 1966-1970.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _z England
+       _y 1961-1970.
+700 1  _a Okun, Milton.
+       _4 arr
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+952    _a ISBN from container.
+953    _a TA28
+991    _b c-Music
+       _h M1741.18
+       _i .C65 1981
+       _t Copy 1
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs27.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs27.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs27.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1981.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Performed by the Beatles (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Peter Best).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Love of the loved -- Sure to fall -- Money -- Talke good care of my baby -- Three cool cats -- Like dreamers do -- Searchin' -- Crying, waiting, hoping -- Till there was you -- Memphis.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Pac Records,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Dawn of the silver Beatles &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;S.l.&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs27.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01079njm  22003017a 4500
+001     5749286
+005     19950204073643.4
+007     sdubumennmpluu
+008     950203s1981    xx uun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   95774124
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a vn22
+010    _a    95774124 
+028 00 _a 38356
+       _b Pac Records
+035    _a (OCoLC)31926039 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+050 00 _a Pac Records 38356
+245 00 _a Dawn of the silver Beatles
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a [S.l.] :
+       _b Pac Records,
+       _c p1981.
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm ;
+       _c 12 in.
+511 0  _a Performed by the Beatles (John Lennon, Paul McCartney,
+ George Harrison, Peter Best).
+505 0  _a Love of the loved -- Sure to fall -- Money -- Talke good
+ care of my baby -- Three cool cats -- Like dreamers do --
+ Searchin' -- Crying, waiting, hoping -- Till there was you --
+ Memphis.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Rock music.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+953    _a TA28
+985    _a 9502
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Pac Records 38356
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs28.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs28.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs28.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">28</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Various artists.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1991-2000.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Knitting Factory (Nightclub)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Title from booklet.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Compact disc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Program notes in container.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Being for the benefit of Mr. Kite / Les Miserables Brass Band (2:36) -- Come together / Defunkt (5:56) -- I wanna hold your hand / Alex Chilton (2:23) -- Why don't we do it in the road / Lydia Lunch (3:31) -- Day in the life / Eugene Chadbourne (4:40) -- Dear Prudence / Samm Bennett and Chunk (4:40) -- We can work it out / King Missile (2:13) -- Taxman / Fred Longerg-Holm (5:54) -- Blue jay way / Buddha Pest (5:30) -- Don't let me down / Arto Lindsay, Mark Ribot, Syd Straw, Joe Baron, Greg Cohn (3:35) -- Revolution #9 / Kurt Hoffman's Band of Weeds (2:54) -- Eleanor Rigby / Les Miserables Brass Band (5:30).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Knitting Factory Works,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Downtown does the Beatles live at the Knitting Factory, 1992 &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">3582800113</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">All songs recorded live at the Knitting Factory, New York.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">New York, NY :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs28</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs28.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01822cjm  22003612a 4500
+001     12068267
+005     20030808160213.0
+007     sdufsngnnmmneu
+008     940302s1992    nyurcn              eng d
+035    _a (OCoLC)ocm29938701
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c copycat
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-soundrec
+955    _a vn00 2003-08-07
+       _e vn34 2003-08-07 retro CD update to MBRS
+       _e vn34 2003-08-08 copy 2 to MBRS/RS
+010    _a    99587427 
+024 1  _a 3582800113
+028 02 _a KFWCD-113
+       _b Knitting Factory Works
+033    _b 3804
+       _c N4
+040    _a PUL
+       _c PUL
+       _d DLC
+042    _a lcderive
+050 00 _a SDA 73844
+245 00 _a Downtown does the Beatles live at the Knitting Factory,
+ 1992
+       _h [sound recording]
+260    _a New York, NY :
+       _b Knitting Factory Works,
+       _c p1992.
+300    _a 1 sound disc (48 min.) :
+       _b digital, stereo. ;
+       _c 4 3/4 in.
+306    _a 004728
+500    _a Title from booklet.
+511 0  _a Various artists.
+518    _a All songs recorded live at the Knitting Factory, New
+ York.
+500    _a Compact disc.
+500    _a Program notes in container.
+505 0  _a Being for the benefit of Mr. Kite / Les Miserables Brass
+ Band (2:36) -- Come together / Defunkt (5:56) -- I wanna hold
+ your hand / Alex Chilton (2:23) -- Why don't we do it in the
+ road / Lydia Lunch (3:31) -- Day in the life / Eugene
+ Chadbourne (4:40) -- Dear Prudence / Samm Bennett and Chunk
+ (4:40) -- We can work it out / King Missile (2:13) -- Taxman /
+ Fred Longerg-Holm (5:54) -- Blue jay way / Buddha Pest (5:30)
+ -- Don't let me down / Arto Lindsay, Mark Ribot, Syd Straw, Joe
+ Baron, Greg Cohn (3:35) -- Revolution #9 / Kurt Hoffman's Band
+ of Weeds (2:54) -- Eleanor Rigby / Les Miserables Brass Band
+ (5:30).
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1991-2000.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+710 2  _a Knitting Factory (Nightclub)
+985    _c OCLC
+       _e Claimed Recordings
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs29.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs29.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs29.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1973.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Lennon, John, 1940-1980.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McCartney, Paul.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Harrison, George, 1943-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Arranged and performed by various artists and ensembles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Popular music 1971-1980.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Popular music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Words and music by John Lennon, Paul McCartney and George Harrison.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Hey Jude (Ray Conniff) -- Fool on the hill (Percy Faith, his orchestra and chorus) -- Yesterday (Ray Conniff) -- Eleanor Rigby (Johnny Mathis) -- You've got to hide your love away (Percy Faith and his orchestra) -- My sweet Lord (Johnny Mathis) -- Something (Peter Nero) -- The long and winding road (Andre Kostelanetz) -- Michelle (Andre Kostelanetz and his orchestra) -- Variations on the theme &quot;Ob-la-di ob-la-da&quot; (Peter Nero) -- Let it be (Jerry Vale).</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Columbia,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Easy listening Beatles &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093; : for people who hate rock and roll.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">New York, N.Y. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs29.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01585cjm  2200349 a 4500
+001     5677124
+005     20020523154210.0
+007     sdubsmennmplu
+008     930427s1973    nyuppn              eng d
+035    _9 (DLC)   93709825
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c copycat
+       _d 4
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+010    _a    93709825 
+028 02 _a KC 32525
+       _b Columbia
+035    _a (OCoLC)11663640
+040    _a TM
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+042    _a lccopycat
+050 00 _a Columbia KC 32525
+245 00 _a Easy listening Beatles
+       _h [sound recording] :
+       _b for people who hate rock and roll.
+260    _a New York, N.Y. :
+       _b Columbia,
+       _c p1973.
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm, stereo. ;
+       _c 12 in.
+500    _a Popular music.
+500    _a Words and music by John Lennon, Paul McCartney and George
+ Harrison.
+511 0  _a Arranged and performed by various artists and
+ ensembles.
+505 0  _a Hey Jude (Ray Conniff) -- Fool on the hill (Percy Faith,
+ his orchestra and chorus) -- Yesterday (Ray Conniff) -- Eleanor
+ Rigby (Johnny Mathis) -- You've got to hide your love away
+ (Percy Faith and his orchestra) -- My sweet Lord (Johnny
+ Mathis) -- Something (Peter Nero) -- The long and winding road
+ (Andre Kostelanetz) -- Michelle (Andre Kostelanetz and his
+ orchestra) -- Variations on the theme &quot;Ob-la-di ob-la-da&quot;
+ (Peter Nero) -- Let it be (Jerry Vale).
+650  0 _a Popular music
+       _y 1971-1980.
+700 1  _a Lennon, John,
+       _d 1940-1980.
+700 1  _a McCartney, Paul.
+700 1  _a Harrison, George,
+       _d 1943-
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+952    _a New
+953    _a TA28
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Columbia KC 32525
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs30.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs30.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs30.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;196-?&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">The Beatles, vocal and instrumental ensemble.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music To 1961.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Maxwell's silver hammer -- Besame mucho -- Two of us -- One after 909 -- Shake, rattle &amp; roll -- Get back -- Dig a pony -- Whole lotta shakin' -- Suzie parker -- I me mine -- Dig a pony -- Paul raps -- Let it be.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">More,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Get back session &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;United States?&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs30.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01093cjm  22003137a 4500
+001     5726097
+005     19970702113207.9
+007     sdubumennmpluu
+008     950106q19601969xxuuun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   94767779
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a vk15
+010    _a    94767779 
+028 00 _a 4347B
+       _b More
+035    _a (OCoLC)31773455 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a More 4347B
+245 00 _a Get back session
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a [United States?] :
+       _b More,
+       _c [196-?]
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm ;
+       _c 12 in.
+511 0  _a The Beatles, vocal and instrumental ensemble.
+505 0  _a Maxwell's silver hammer -- Besame mucho -- Two of us --
+ One after 909 -- Shake, rattle &amp; roll -- Get back -- Dig a pony
+ -- Whole lotta shakin' -- Suzie parker -- I me mine -- Dig a
+ pony -- Paul raps -- Let it be.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y To 1961.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+953    _a TA28
+985    _a 9501
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h More 4347B
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs31.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs31.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs31.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1993.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Presents a full-length film in which the Beatles escape the harassment of their manager and Paul's grandfather by taking a train from Liverpool to London. Includes original script; profiles of the Beatles, cast, and crew; clips from the director's early work; and word search feature.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Feature films.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Musical films.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Voyager Company.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">System requirements: Macintosh; 4MB RAM; System 6.0.7 or later; 256-color (thirteen-inch or larger) or 256-grayscale (twelve-inch or larger) monitor; QuickTime-compatible CD-ROM drive. Apple twelve-inch RGB color monitors support video, but not supplemental text.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Title from disc label.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">1559402652</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Voyager,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A hard day's night &amp;#091;computer file&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Hard day's night (Motion picture)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">New York :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs31.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01548cmm  2200325 a 4500
+001     5002322
+005     19990108085452.6
+008     961108s1993    nyu        m        eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   96802497
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d u
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencompf
+955    _a vb22 11-08-96
+010    _a    96802497 
+020    _a 1559402652
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a PN1997.H2593
+082 10 _a 791.43
+       _2 12
+245 02 _a A hard day's night
+       _h [computer file].
+246 1  _i Title on front cover of container:
+       _a Beatles in A hard day's night
+256    _a Computer data and program.
+260    _a New York :
+       _b Voyager,
+       _c c1993.
+300    _a 1 computer laser optical disc ;
+       _c 4 3/4 in. +
+       _e 1 user's guide.
+538    _a System requirements: Macintosh; 4MB RAM; System 6.0.7 or
+ later; 256-color (thirteen-inch or larger) or 256-grayscale
+ (twelve-inch or larger) monitor; QuickTime-compatible CD-ROM
+ drive. Apple twelve-inch RGB color monitors support video, but
+ not supplemental text.
+500    _a Title from disc label.
+520    _a Presents a full-length film in which the Beatles escape
+ the harassment of their manager and Paul's grandfather by
+ taking a train from Liverpool to London. Includes original
+ script; profiles of the Beatles, cast, and crew; clips from the
+ director's early work; and word search feature.
+630 00 _a Hard day's night (Motion picture)
+650  0 _a Feature films.
+650  0 _a Musical films.
+710 2  _a Voyager Company.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+991    _b c-MRC
+       _h PN1997.H2593
+       _i [1996 01505]
+       _t Copy 1
+       _w CF
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs32.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs32.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs32.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">32</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1964 ;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Harassed by their manager and Paul's grandpa, the Beatles embark from Liverpool by train for a London TV show.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Lester, Richard, 1932- direction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Shenson, Walter, production.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Owen, Alun, 1930- writing.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Martin, George, 1926- music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Starr.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Voyager Company.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Janus Films.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">LC Purchase Collection (Library of Congress) DLC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Copyright Collection (Library of Congress) DLC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Copyright: Proscenium Films, Ltd.; 6Jul64; LP28626.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Copyright notice on videodisc jacket: 1964 Proscenium Films, Ltd. ; 1987 The Criterion Collection.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Originally produced as motion picture in 1964.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes special features: Richard Lester's first film: The running jumping &amp; standing still film; video interview with Richard Lester; theatrical trailer.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">On disc jacket:  CC1113L.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Sources used: videodisc jacket; New York times film review, 8/12/64; The films of Richard Lester, 1985, p. 164; Catalog of copyright entries, motion pictures, 1960-1969, p. 239.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">United Artist,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Beatles Drama.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Musical director, George Martin.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received: bet. 1982 and 1990; viewing copy; purchase; LC Purchase Collection.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received: 9/90; viewing copy, copy 2; copyright deposit--407; Copyright Collection.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Type">Features. mim</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Type">Musicals. mim</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">A hard day's night / United Artist ; director, Richard Lester ; producer, Walter Shenson ; writer, Alun Owen.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Great Britain :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs32</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs32.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 02908cgm  22006017a 4500
+001     11671072
+005     19991122121438.0
+007     vdubgaizu
+007     vdubgaizu
+008     960325s1987    xxk090            vleng d
+035    _9 (DLC)   96505748
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c copycat
+       _d u
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-movingim
+010    _a    96505748 
+017    _a LP28626
+       _b U.S. Copyright Office
+035    _a (CSt)notisACP8002
+035    _a (CStRLIN)CSUG90-F860
+040    _a CSt
+       _c CSt
+       _d CStRLIN
+       _d DLC
+042    _a lccopycat
+050 00 _a DAA 0814 (viewing copy)
+050 00 _a DAA 1138 (viewing copy, copy 2)
+245 02 _a A hard day's night /
+       _c United Artist ; director, Richard Lester ; producer,
+ Walter Shenson ; writer, Alun Owen.
+246 0  _i Title on disc jacket:
+       _a Beatles in A hard day's night
+257    _a U.K.
+260    _a Great Britain :
+       _b United Artist,
+       _c 1964 ;
+       _a United States :
+       _b United Artist,
+       _c 1964 ;
+       _a United States :
+       _b Voyager Company,
+       _c 1987.
+300    _a 2 videodiscs of 2 (laser) (90 min.) :
+       _b sd., b&amp;w ;
+       _c 12 in. viewing copy.
+300    _a 2 videodiscs of 2 (laser) (90 min.) :
+       _b sd., b&amp;w ;
+       _c 12 in. viewing copy (copy 2).
+440  0 _a Criterion collection ;
+       _v 20
+500    _a Copyright: Proscenium Films, Ltd.; 6Jul64; LP28626.
+500    _a Copyright notice on videodisc jacket: 1964 Proscenium
+ Films, Ltd. ; 1987 The Criterion Collection.
+508    _a Musical director, George Martin.
+511 0  _a John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo
+ Starr.
+500    _a Originally produced as motion picture in 1964.
+520    _a Harassed by their manager and Paul's grandpa, the Beatles
+ embark from Liverpool by train for a London TV show.
+500    _a Includes special features: Richard Lester's first film:
+ The running jumping &amp; standing still film; video interview with
+ Richard Lester; theatrical trailer.
+500    _a On disc jacket:  CC1113L.
+500    _a Sources used: videodisc jacket; New York times film
+ review, 8/12/64; The films of Richard Lester, 1985, p. 164;
+ Catalog of copyright entries, motion pictures, 1960-1969, p.
+ 239.
+541    _d Received: bet. 1982 and 1990;
+       _3 viewing copy;
+       _c purchase;
+       _a LC Purchase Collection.
+541    _d Received: 9/90;
+       _3 viewing copy, copy 2;
+       _c copyright deposit--407;
+       _a Copyright Collection.
+610 20 _a Beatles
+       _x Drama.
+655  7 _a Features.
+       _2 mim
+655  7 _a Musicals.
+       _2 mim
+700 1  _a Lester, Richard,
+       _d 1932-
+       _e direction.
+700 1  _a Shenson, Walter,
+       _e production.
+700 1  _a Owen, Alun,
+       _d 1930-
+       _e writing.
+700 1  _a Martin, George,
+       _d 1926-
+       _e music.
+710 2  _a Voyager Company.
+710 2  _a Janus Films.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+710 2  _a LC Purchase Collection (Library of Congress)
+       _5 DLC
+710 2  _a Copyright Collection (Library of Congress)
+       _5 DLC
+953    _a TE01
+991    _b c-MP&amp;TV
+       _h DAA 0814 (viewing copy)
+       _w MUMS VM File
+991    _b c-MP&amp;TV
+       _h DAA 1138 (viewing copy, copy 2)
+       _w MUMS VM File
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs33.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs33.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs33.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">33</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1992.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Fink, Dr.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Damian Paul, vocals ; Dr. Fink, bass, keyboards, and drums ; James Behringer, guitars ; Hiram Titus, additional keyboards.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Mystery Band.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Compact disc.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Please me. Please please me ; All my loving ; Eight days a week ; A hard day's night ; Can't buy me love -- Help me. Help! ; Ticket to ride ; Day tripper ; Paperback writer ; Got to get you into my life -- Drive me. Lady Madonna ; Drive my car ; Nowhere man ; Taxman ; Eleanor Rigby -- The tribute. Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band ; Lucy in the sky with diamonds ; Magical mystery tour ; I am the walrus ; Strawberry fields forever -- The window. Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da ; Get back ; Back in the U.S.S.R. ; Polythene Pam ; She came in through the bathroom window -- The end. If I fell ; Michelle ; Yesterday ; Blackbird ; Hey Jude ; The end.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">K-tel,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Hooked on, a Beatles tribute &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093; : 31 nonstop hits / performed by Dr. Fink and the Mystery Band.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Plymouth, MN :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs33</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs33.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01653cjm  2200313 a 4500
+001     5654266
+005     19940414162606.6
+007     sduzsnznnmlne
+008     920723s1992    mnurcn              eng d
+035    _9 (DLC)   92764948
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c copycat
+       _d 4
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+010    _a    92764948 
+028 02 _a 60072
+       _b K-tel
+035    _a (OCoLC)25664171
+040    _a WM
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+042    _a lccopycat
+050 00 _a K-tel 60072
+245 00 _a Hooked on, a Beatles tribute
+       _h [sound recording] :
+       _b 31 nonstop hits /
+       _c performed by Dr. Fink and the Mystery Band.
+260    _a Plymouth, MN :
+       _b K-tel,
+       _c p1992.
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b digital ;
+       _c 4 3/4 in.
+511 0  _a Damian Paul, vocals ; Dr. Fink, bass, keyboards, and
+ drums ; James Behringer, guitars ; Hiram Titus, additional
+ keyboards.
+500    _a Compact disc.
+505 0  _a Please me. Please please me ; All my loving ; Eight days
+ a week ; A hard day's night ; Can't buy me love -- Help me.
+ Help! ; Ticket to ride ; Day tripper ; Paperback writer ; Got
+ to get you into my life -- Drive me. Lady Madonna ; Drive my
+ car ; Nowhere man ; Taxman ; Eleanor Rigby -- The tribute. Sgt.
+ Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band ; Lucy in the sky with
+ diamonds ; Magical mystery tour ; I am the walrus ; Strawberry
+ fields forever -- The window. Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da ; Get back ;
+ Back in the U.S.S.R. ; Polythene Pam ; She came in through the
+ bathroom window -- The end. If I fell ; Michelle ; Yesterday ;
+ Blackbird ; Hey Jude ; The end.
+650  0 _a Rock music.
+700 1  _a Fink,
+       _c Dr.
+710 2  _a Mystery Band.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+953    _a TA28
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h K-tel 60072
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs34.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs34.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs34.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">34</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1977.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Performed by the Original Marauders, in the style and manner of the Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Original Marauders (Musical group) prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Back in the U.S.S.R. -- I'm happy just to dance with you -- And your bird can sing -- All together now -- I'll keep you satisfied -- Bad to me -- I'll be on my way -- Step inside love.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Pied Piper Records,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Hot as sun &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093; : a tribute to the Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Chapel Hill, N.C. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs34</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs34.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01178njm  22003137a 4500
+001     5751829
+005     19950304073733.2
+007     sdubsmennmpluu
+008     950303s1977    ncuuun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   95776699
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a vn23
+010    _a    95776699 
+028 00 _a 7904
+       _b Pied Piper Records
+035    _a (OCoLC)32079450 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+050 00 _a Pied Piper Records 7904
+245 00 _a Hot as sun
+       _h [sound recording] :
+       _b a tribute to the Beatles.
+260    _a Chapel Hill, N.C. :
+       _b Pied Piper Records,
+       _c p1977.
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm, stereo. ;
+       _c 12 in.
+511 0  _a Performed by the Original Marauders, in the style and
+ manner of the Beatles.
+505 0  _a Back in the U.S.S.R. -- I'm happy just to dance with you
+ -- And your bird can sing -- All together now -- I'll keep you
+ satisfied -- Bad to me -- I'll be on my way -- Step inside
+ love.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Rock music.
+710 2  _a Original Marauders (Musical group)
+       _4 prf
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+953    _a TA28
+985    _a 9503
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Pied Piper Records 7904
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs35.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1992&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Bailey, Earle. hst</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Lennon, John, 1940-1980. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Earle Bailey, host.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">United States. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">AFRTS Collection (Library of Congress) DLC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Lennon, John, 1940-1980 Interviews.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">AFRTS edition of a commercial radio program; includes information spot announcements.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Duration: 220:00.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Armed Forces Radio and Television Service,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Lennon--the last interview &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;Los Angeles&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs35.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01244cim  22003254a 4500
+001     12951212
+005     20030501195547.0
+007     sd bumennmplue
+008     020930s1992    caunnn         t    eng  
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 4
+       _e ncip
+       _f 20
+       _g y-soundrec
+925 0  _a acquire
+       _b 1 shelf copy
+       _x policy default
+955    _a vz17 2002-09-30
+       _i vz17 2002-09-30
+       _e vz17 2002-09-30
+010    _a   2002593672
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+042    _a pcc
+050 00 _a LPA 98621-LPA 98624
+245 00 _a Lennon--the last interview
+       _h [sound recording].
+246 1  _i Title from audition:
+       _a Lennon, his last interview, his greatest music
+260    _a [Los Angeles] :
+       _b Armed Forces Radio and Television Service,
+       _c [1992]
+300    _a 4 sound discs :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm ;
+       _c 12 in.
+511 0  _a Earle Bailey, host.
+500    _a AFRTS edition of a commercial radio program; includes
+ information spot announcements.
+500    _a Duration: 220:00.
+600 10 _a Lennon, John,
+       _d 1940-1980
+       _v Interviews.
+650  0 _a Rock music.
+700 1  _a Bailey, Earle.
+       _4 hst
+700 1  _a Lennon, John,
+       _d 1940-1980.
+       _4 prf
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+710 1  _a United States.
+       _b Armed Forces Radio and Television Service.
+710 2  _a AFRTS Collection (Library of Congress)
+       _5 DLC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs36.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs36.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs36.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">36</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1981&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Lindsay-Hogg, Michael, direction.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">With: The Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">LC Purchase Collection (Library of Congress) DLC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Copyright: Apple Films, Ltd.; 13May70; LP37960.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Release date for original: 1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Reference source used: videodisc jacket.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Magnetic Video,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received: 7-8-83; viewing copies 1 and 2; purchase, purchse order no. 0124326; LC Purchase Collection.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Type">Videodiscs. gmgpc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Let it be / United Artists ; directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg ; produced by Neil Aspinall.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;United States :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs36</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs36.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01526ngm  22003615a 4500
+001     11592261
+005     00000000000000.0
+008     920108s1981    xxu080            vlund  
+035    _9 (DLC)   92500347
+906    _a 0
+       _b ibc
+       _c orignew
+       _d u
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-movingim
+010    _a    92500347 
+007     v| ||||||
+017    _a LP37960
+       _b U.S. Copyright Office
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _e amim
+050 00 _a DAA 0348 (viewing copy)
+050 00 _a DAA 0349 (viewing copy, copy 2)
+245 00 _a Let it be /
+       _c United Artists ; directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg ;
+ produced by Neil Aspinall.
+260    _a [United States :
+       _b Magnetic Video,
+       _c 1981]
+300    _a 1 videodisc of 1 (laser) (80 min.) :
+       _b sd., col. ;
+       _c 12 in. viewing copy.
+300    _a 1 videodisc of 1 (laser) (80 min.) :
+       _b sd., col. ;
+       _c 12 in. viewing copy (copy 2).
+500    _a Copyright: Apple Films, Ltd.; 13May70; LP37960.
+511 0  _a With: The Beatles.
+500    _a Release date for original: 1970.
+500    _a Reference source used: videodisc jacket.
+541    _d Received: 7-8-83;
+       _3 viewing copies 1 and 2;
+       _c purchase, purchse order no. 0124326;
+       _a LC Purchase Collection.
+700 1  _a Lindsay-Hogg, Michael,
+       _e direction.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+710 2  _a LC Purchase Collection (Library of Congress)
+       _5 DLC
+655  7 _a Videodiscs.
+       _2 gmgpc
+952    _a Not viewed; may be additional film and/or video material
+ M/B/RS.
+953    _a TE01
+991    _b c-MP&amp;TV
+       _h DAA 0348 (viewing copy)
+       _w MUMS VM File
+991    _b c-MP&amp;TV
+       _h DAA 0349 (viewing copy, copy 2)
+       _w MUMS VM File
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs37.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs37.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs37.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1991.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Besame mucho -- How do you do it -- One afther &amp;#091;sic&amp;#093; 909 -- I be on my way -- Some other guy -- Too much monkey business -- I got to find my baby -- Youngblood -- A shot of rhythm and blues -- Sure to fall -- That's allright mama -- Carol -- Soldier of love -- Lend me your comb -- Clarabel&amp;#091;l&amp;#093;a -- Sweet little sixteen.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Multi Coloured Music,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Live performances &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093; : 1962-1963.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;S.l.&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215137</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs37.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01194cjm  22003017a 4500
+001     5719999
+005     19941013102521.1
+007     sduzsnznnmlneu
+008     941012s1991    xx uun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   94761339
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a vn33
+010    _a    94761339 
+028 00 _a BUR 9103
+       _b Multi Coloured Music
+035    _a (OCoLC)31273712 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a Multi Coloured Music BUR 9103
+245 00 _a Live performances
+       _h [sound recording] :
+       _b 1962-1963.
+260    _a [S.l.] :
+       _b Multi Coloured Music,
+       _c p1991.
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b digital ;
+       _c 4 3/4 in.
+511 0  _a Beatles.
+505 0  _a Besame mucho -- How do you do it -- One afther [sic] 909
+ -- I be on my way -- Some other guy -- Too much monkey business
+ -- I got to find my baby -- Youngblood -- A shot of rhythm and
+ blues -- Sure to fall -- That's allright mama -- Carol --
+ Soldier of love -- Lend me your comb -- Clarabel[l]a -- Sweet
+ little sixteen.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+953    _a TA28
+985    _a 9410
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Multi Coloured Music BUR 9103
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs38.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs38.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs38.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">38</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1994.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes bibliographical references (p. 385-386) and index.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Giuliano, Geoffrey.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Devi, Vrnda.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock musicians England Interviews.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Transcripts of interviews with the Beatles and their associates, conducted 1963-1993 by Giuliano and others.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0525938184</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dutton,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The lost Beatles interviews / Geoffrey Giuliano and Brenda Giuliano ; afterword by Dr. Timothy Leary.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">New York :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs38</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs38.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01115cam  2200301 a 4500
+001     1125501
+005     20021119081211.0
+008     940712s1994    nyua     b    001 0ceng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   94029575
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 1
+       _e ocip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+955    _a pc18 to vp00 07-12-94; vk09 07-13-94; CIP ver. vl19
+ 06-15-95
+010    _a    94029575 
+020    _a 0525938184
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+043    _a e-uk-en
+050 00 _a ML421.B4
+       _b A5 1994
+082 00 _a 782.42166/092/2
+       _a B
+       _2 20
+245 04 _a The lost Beatles interviews /
+       _c Geoffrey Giuliano and Brenda Giuliano ; afterword by
+ Dr. Timothy Leary.
+260    _a New York :
+       _b Dutton,
+       _c c1994.
+300    _a xiii, 398 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 24 cm.
+500    _a Transcripts of interviews with the Beatles and their
+ associates, conducted 1963-1993 by Giuliano and others.
+504    _a Includes bibliographical references (p. 385-386) and
+ index.
+610 20 _a Beatles.
+650  0 _a Rock musicians
+       _z England
+       _v Interviews.
+700 1  _a Giuliano, Geoffrey.
+700 1  _a Devi, Vrnda.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+991    _b c-Music
+       _h ML421.B4
+       _i A5 1994
+       _t Copy 1
+       _w BOOKS
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs39.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs39.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs39.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">39</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1964?&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Performed by the Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Popular music 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">I want to hold your hand -- I saw her standing there -- This boy -- It won't be long -- All I've got to do -- All my loving -- Don't bother me -- Little child -- Till there was you -- Hold me tight -- I wanna be your man -- Not a second time.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Capitol,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Meet the Beatles! &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;Hollywood, Calif.&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs39</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs39.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01180cjm  22003017a 4500
+001     5657985
+005     19920911150500.7
+007     sdubsmennmplu
+008     920904s1964    cauuun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   92769313
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbu
+       _c orignew
+       _d 5
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+010    _a    92769313 
+028 02 _a ST-2047
+       _b Capitol
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a Capitol ST-2047
+050 00 _a Capitol ST-2047 (White House B3)
+245 00 _a Meet the Beatles!
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a [Hollywood, Calif.] :
+       _b Capitol,
+       _c [1964?]
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm, stereo. ;
+       _c 12 in.
+511 0  _a Performed by the Beatles.
+505 0  _a I want to hold your hand -- I saw her standing there --
+ This boy -- It won't be long -- All I've got to do -- All my
+ loving -- Don't bother me -- Little child -- Till there was you
+ -- Hold me tight -- I wanna be your man -- Not a second
+ time.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970.
+650  0 _a Popular music
+       _y 1961-1970.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+953    _a TA28
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Capitol ST-2047
+       _w MUSIC
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Capitol ST-2047 (White House B3)
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1969&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Aldridge, Alan, ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970 Texts.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Published in 1974 under title: The Beatles lyrics complete; published in 1975 under title: The Beatles lyrics.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Delacorte Press,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles illustrated lyrics &amp;#091;by&amp;#093; Julian Allen &amp;#091;and others&amp;#093; Edited by Alan Aldridge.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">New York,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00896cam  2200253   4500
+001     4561795
+005     19910502161618.9
+008     691114r1969    nyua          000 0 eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   73087052
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d u
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+010    _a    73087052 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a ML54.6.B4
+       _b I4
+082 00 _a 784.3
+245 04 _a The Beatles illustrated lyrics
+       _c [by] Julian Allen [and others] Edited by Alan
+ Aldridge.
+250    _a [1st American ed.
+260    _a New York,
+       _b Delacorte Press,
+       _c 1969]
+300    _a 2 v.
+       _b illus. (part col.)
+       _c 29 cm.
+490 0  _a A Seymour Lawrence book
+500    _a Published in 1974 under title: The Beatles lyrics
+ complete; published in 1975 under title: The Beatles
+ lyrics.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970
+       _x Texts.
+700 1  _a Aldridge, Alan,
+       _e ed.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+991    _b c-Music
+       _h ML54.6.B4
+       _i I4
+       _t Copy 1
+       _w BOOKS
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs40.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs40.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs40.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">40</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1996.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Performed by the Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1971-1980.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Real love.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Apple,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Real love &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;S.l.&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs40</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs40.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00822njm  22003017a 4500
+001     5787722
+005     19970617093519.0
+007     sdufungnnmmned
+008     970617s1996    cauuun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   97750602
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a vn30
+010    _a    97750602 
+028 00 _a DPRO-11187
+       _b Apple
+035    _a (OCoLC)37135390 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+050 00 _a Apple DPRO-11187
+245 00 _a Real love
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a [S.l.] :
+       _b Apple,
+       _c p1996.
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b digital ;
+       _c 4 3/4 in.
+511 0  _a Performed by the Beatles.
+505 0  _a Real love.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1971-1980.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+953    _a TA28
+985    _a 9706
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Apple DPRO-11187
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs41.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">41</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;196-?&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">The Beatles, vocal and instrumental ensemble.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music To 1961.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">The walk -- Teddy boy -- Two of us on the way home -- I've got a feelin' -- Long and winding road -- For you blue -- Dig a pony -- Across the universe -- Inner light -- Let it be -- Don't let me down -- Get back -- I'm down -- Instant karma.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Renaissance Minstrels,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Renaissance minstrels. Volume II &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;S.l.&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs41</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs41.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01200cjm  22003137a 4500
+001     5755557
+005     19950828153018.0
+007     sdubsmennmplue
+008     950516q19601969xx uun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   95780537
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a vn37
+010    _a    95780537 
+028 00 _a 726
+       _b Renaissance Minstrels
+035    _a (OCoLC)32483355 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a Renaissance Minstrels 726
+245 00 _a Renaissance minstrels.
+       _n Volume II
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a [S.l.] :
+       _b Renaissance Minstrels,
+       _c [196-?]
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm, stereo. ;
+       _c 12 in.
+511 0  _a The Beatles, vocal and instrumental ensemble.
+505 0  _a The walk -- Teddy boy -- Two of us on the way home --
+ I've got a feelin' -- Long and winding road -- For you blue --
+ Dig a pony -- Across the universe -- Inner light -- Let it be
+ -- Don't let me down -- Get back -- I'm down -- Instant
+ karma.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y To 1961.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+953    _a TA28
+985    _a 9505
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Renaissance Minstrels 726
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs42.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs42.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs42.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">42</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1976.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Performed by the Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1971-1980.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Dizzy Miss Lizzy -- Anytime at all -- Drive my car -- Everybody's trying to be my baby -- The night before -- I'm down -- Revolution -- Back in the U.S.S.R. -- Helter skelter -- Taxman -- Got to get you into my life -- Hey bulldog -- Birthday -- Get back.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">MFP,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Rock 'n' roll music. Vol. 2 &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Middlesex &amp;#091;England&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs42</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs42.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01084njm  22002897a 4500
+001     5699134
+005     19940701063550.0
+007     sdubsmennmpluu
+008     940113s1976    enkuun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   93853246
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a ns32
+010    _a    93853246 
+028 00 _a MFP 50507
+       _b MFP
+035    _a (OCoLC)29623998 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+050 00 _a MFP MFP 50507
+245 00 _a Rock 'n' roll music.
+       _n Vol. 2
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a Middlesex [England] :
+       _b MFP,
+       _c p1976.
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm, stereo. ;
+       _c 12 in.
+511 0  _a Performed by the Beatles.
+505 0  _a Dizzy Miss Lizzy -- Anytime at all -- Drive my car --
+ Everybody's trying to be my baby -- The night before -- I'm
+ down -- Revolution -- Back in the U.S.S.R. -- Helter skelter --
+ Taxman -- Got to get you into my life -- Hey bulldog --
+ Birthday -- Get back.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1971-1980.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+953    _a TA28
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h MFP MFP 50507
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs43.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs43.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs43.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1982.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Performed by the Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Searchin' -- Take good care of my baby -- Money -- To know him is to love him -- Three cool cats -- September rain -- Crying, waiting, hoping.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Phoenix 10,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Silver Beatles. Vol. 2 &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">New York, N.Y. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs43.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00995njm  22003017a 4500
+001     5750584
+005     19950215074543.2
+007     sdubsmennmpluu
+008     950214s1982    nyuuun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   95775435
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a vn30
+010    _a    95775435 
+028 00 _a PHX 353
+       _b Phoenix 10
+035    _a (OCoLC)31989340 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+050 00 _a Phoenix 10 PHX 353
+245 00 _a Silver Beatles.
+       _n Vol. 2
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a New York, N.Y. :
+       _b Phoenix 10,
+       _c p1982.
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm ;
+       _c 12 in.
+511 0  _a Performed by the Beatles.
+505 0  _a Searchin' -- Take good care of my baby -- Money -- To
+ know him is to love him -- Three cool cats -- September rain --
+ Crying, waiting, hoping.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+953    _a TA28
+985    _a 9502
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Phoenix 10 PHX 353
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs44.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs44.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs44.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">44</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;199-?&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Beatles, interviews.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock musicians Interviews.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Baktabak,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Talk downunder. Vol. I &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">London :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs44</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs44.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00824cjm  22002897a 4500
+001     5724501
+005     19970702132354.0
+007     sduzunznnmlneu
+008     941130q19901994enkuun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   94766149
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a vn06
+010    _a    94766149 
+028 00 _a CBAK 4024
+       _b Baktobak
+035    _a (OCoLC)31534460 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a Baktobak CBAK 4024
+245 00 _a Talk downunder.
+       _n Vol. I
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a London :
+       _b Baktabak,
+       _c [199-?]
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b digital ;
+       _c 4 3/4 in.
+511 0  _a Beatles, interviews.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Rock musicians
+       _x Interviews.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+953    _a TA28
+985    _a 9411
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Baktobak CBAK 4024
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs45.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs45.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs45.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1998.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Giuliano, Geoffrey.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Devi, Vrnda.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock musicians England Interviews.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock musicians England Quotations.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes index.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">1558506381 (paperback : alk. paper)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Adams Media,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Beatles Interviews.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Things we said today : conversations with the Beatles / Geoffrey and Brenda Giuliano.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Holbrook, MA :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs45.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01044cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     2123138
+005     20021119081139.0
+008     970501s1998    maua          001 0ceng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   97002579
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 1
+       _e ocip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+955    _a pc01 to VP00 05-01-97; vk06 05-01-97; vk05 05-02-97; CIP
+ ver. vl16 02-20-01; vl20 to BCCD 02-20-01
+       _e vl20 2001-12-12 2nd copy to BCCD
+010    _a    97002579 
+020    _a 1558506381 (paperback : alk. paper)
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+043    _a e-uk-en
+050 00 _a ML421.B4
+       _b A5 1997
+082 00 _a 782.42166/092/2
+       _a B
+       _2 21
+245 00 _a Things we said today :
+       _b conversations with the Beatles /
+       _c Geoffrey and Brenda Giuliano.
+260    _a Holbrook, MA :
+       _b Adams Media,
+       _c c1998.
+300    _a xiii, 274 p. :
+       _b ill. ;
+       _c 24 cm.
+500    _a Includes index.
+610 20 _a Beatles
+       _v Interviews.
+650  0 _a Rock musicians
+       _z England
+       _v Interviews.
+650  0 _a Rock musicians
+       _z England
+       _v Quotations.
+700 1  _a Giuliano, Geoffrey.
+700 1  _a Devi, Vrnda.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs46.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs46.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs46.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">46</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1980.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Discographies: p. 381-386.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Campbell, Colin, 1940-</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Murphy, Allan (Allan R.)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Popular music England Texts.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Popular music England Texts Concordances.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0876501048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Pierian Press,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Things we said today : the complete lyrics and a concordance to the Beatles' songs, 1962-1970 / by Colin Campbell and Allan Murphy.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;Ann Arbor, MI&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs46</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs46.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00987cam  2200289 a 4500
+001     4192096
+005     19900618170644.9
+008     810520s1980    miuh     b    000 0 eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   80083203
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 2
+       _e opcn
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+010    _a    80083203 
+020    _a 0876501048
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+043    _a e-uk-en
+050 00 _a ML54.6
+       _b .T37
+082 00 _a 784.5/405
+       _2 19
+245 00 _a Things we said today :
+       _b the complete lyrics and a concordance to the Beatles'
+ songs, 1962-1970 /
+       _c by Colin Campbell and Allan Murphy.
+260    _a [Ann Arbor, MI] :
+       _b Pierian Press,
+       _c 1980.
+300    _a xlii, 386 p. :
+       _b facsims. ;
+       _c 29 cm.
+504    _a Discographies: p. 381-386.
+650  0 _a Popular music
+       _z England
+       _x Texts.
+650  0 _a Popular music
+       _z England
+       _x Texts
+       _x Concordances.
+610 20 _a Beatles.
+700 1  _a Campbell, Colin,
+       _d 1940-
+700 1  _a Murphy, Allan
+       _q (Allan R.)
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+991    _b c-Music
+       _h ML54.6
+       _i .T37
+       _t Copy 1
+       _m Case
+       _w BOOKS
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs47.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1964&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Performed by the Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Love me do -- Please please me -- From me to you -- I saw her standing there -- Misery -- Do you want to know a secret -- There's a place -- Anna -- Chains -- Boys -- She loves you -- Till there was you -- Roll over Beethoven -- You really got a hold on me -- She's got the devil in her heart -- Money -- Long tall Sally -- Honey don't -- Kansas City -- Words of love.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Wizardo Records,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Words of love &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">&amp;#091;S.l.&amp;#093; :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs47.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01241njm  22003017a 4500
+001     5778143
+005     19960316050636.3
+007     sdubsmennmplue
+008     960315s1964    xx uun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   96791979
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+955    _a vn23
+010    _a    96791979 
+028 00 _a 2 WRMB 326
+       _b Wizardo Records
+035    _a (OCoLC)34373380 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+050 00 _a Wizardo Records 2 WRMB 326
+245 00 _a Words of love
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a [S.l.] :
+       _b Wizardo Records,
+       _c [1964]
+300    _a 1 sound disc :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm, stereo. ;
+       _c 12 in.
+511 0  _a Performed by the Beatles.
+505 0  _a Love me do -- Please please me -- From me to you -- I saw
+ her standing there -- Misery -- Do you want to know a secret --
+ There's a place -- Anna -- Chains -- Boys -- She loves you --
+ Till there was you -- Roll over Beethoven -- You really got a
+ hold on me -- She's got the devil in her heart -- Money -- Long
+ tall Sally -- Honey don't -- Kansas City -- Words of love.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+       _4 prf
+953    _a TA28
+985    _a 9603
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Wizardo Records 2 WRMB 326
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs48.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs48.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs48.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">c1983.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Lennon, John, 1940-1980.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">McCartney, Paul.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Duran, Elena.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Grappelli, StÃ©phane.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Holloway, Laurie.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Walley, Allen.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ganley, Allan.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Elena Duran, flute; Stephane Grappelli, violin; Laurie Holloway, piano; Allen Walley, basss; Alan Ganley, drums.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Yesterday -- All my loving -- Eleanor Rigby -- Norwegian Wood --Can't buy me love -- Here, there and everywhere -- Michelle -- Hey Jude -- The long and winding road -- A hard day's night.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">RCA,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Yesterday sound recording ; a recollection of the Beatles / all selections by &amp;#091;John&amp;#093; Lennon and &amp;#091;Paul&amp;#093; McCartney.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">7863546061</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">New York :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs48.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01343cjm  22003491a 4500
+001     12052014
+005     20000617180748.0
+007     sdrbsmenn-----
+008     840418s1983    nyuppn                   
+035    _a (OCoLC)ocm10640105
+906    _a 0
+       _b cbc
+       _c copycat
+       _d 3
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-soundrec
+010    _a    99574428 
+024 1  _a 7863546061
+028 02 _a CPL 1-4606
+       _b RCA
+040    _a DLC
+       _c IW
+       _d OCoLC
+       _d DLC
+042    _a lcderive
+050 00 _a RCA CPL 1-4606
+245 00 _a Yesterday
+       _h sound recording ;
+       _b a recollection of the Beatles /
+       _c all selections by [John] Lennon and [Paul]
+ McCartney.
+260    _a New York :
+       _b RCA,
+       _c c1983.
+300    _a 1 sound disc (ca. 29 min.) :
+       _b 33 1/3 rpm, stereo. ;
+       _c 12 in.
+505 0  _a Yesterday -- All my loving -- Eleanor Rigby -- Norwegian
+ Wood --Can't buy me love -- Here, there and everywhere --
+ Michelle -- Hey Jude -- The long and winding road -- A hard
+ day's night.
+511 0  _a Elena Duran, flute; Stephane Grappelli, violin; Laurie
+ Holloway, piano; Allen Walley, basss; Alan Ganley, drums.
+650  0 _a Rock music.
+700 1  _a Lennon, John,
+       _d 1940-1980.
+700 1  _a McCartney, Paul.
+700 1  _a Duran, Elena.
+700 1  _a Grappelli, StÃ©phane.
+700 1  _a Holloway, Laurie.
+700 1  _a Walley, Allen.
+700 1  _a Ganley, Allan.
+710 22 _a Beatles.
+985    _c OCLC
+       _e Claimed Recordings
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs49.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs49.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs49.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1972.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Performed by the Terry Baxter Orchestra and Chorus.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Orchestral music, Arranged.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Popular music 1971-1980.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Terry Baxter Orchestra and Chorus. prf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Michelle -- A hard day's night -- If I fell -- All my loving -- Can't buy me love -- Eleanor Rigby -- I call your name -- Lucy in the sky with diamonds -- Yellow submarine -- Good day sunshine -- Love -- What is life? -- My sweet Lord -- Let it be -- Here, there and everywhere -- Ob la di-- ob la da -- Here comes the sun -- Mother nature's son -- Something -- You never give me your money -- Ticket to ride -- Norwegian wood -- Blackbird -- She's leaving home -- We can work it out -- This boy -- Rocky Raccoon -- Bangla Desh -- Come together -- From me to you -- Get back -- She loves you -- Strawberry fields forever -- Imagine -- You're gonna lose that girl -- When I'm 64 -- Help -- Tell me why -- A day in the life -- Lovely Linda -- The fool on the hill -- All you need is love -- Long and winding road -- Paperback writer -- Lady Madonna -- Carry that weight -- I will -- It don't come easy -- Maybe I'm amazed -- Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Heart's Club Band -- With a little help from my friends -- Hey Jude -- And I love her -- Penny Lane -- Uncle Albert -- Day tripper -- Magical mystery tour -- You've got to hide your love away -- Yesterday -- Hello, goodbye.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Columbia House,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Yesterday &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093; : the wonderful music of the Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">New York, N.Y. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs49.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 02433njm  22003737a 4500
+001     5673930
+005     19930324081815.9
+007     sdubsmennmplu
+008     930318s1972    nyuuun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   93706173
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 5
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+010    _a    93706173 
+028 00 _a P6S 5748
+       _b Columbia House
+028 00 _a DS 937
+       _b Columbia House
+028 00 _a DS 938
+       _b Columbia House
+028 00 _a DS 939
+       _b Columbia House
+028 00 _a DS 940
+       _b Columbia House
+028 00 _a DS 941
+       _b Columbia House
+028 00 _a DS 942
+       _b Columbia House
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+050 00 _a Columbia House P6S 5748 (DS 937--DS 942)
+245 00 _a Yesterday
+       _h [sound recording] :
+       _b the wonderful music of the Beatles.
+260    _a New York, N.Y. :
+       _b Columbia House,
+       _c p1972.
+300    _a 6 sound discs :
+       _b analog, 33 1/3 rpm, stereo. ;
+       _c 12 in.
+440  2 _a A Columbia musical treasury
+511 0  _a Performed by the Terry Baxter Orchestra and Chorus.
+505 0  _a Michelle -- A hard day's night -- If I fell -- All my
+ loving -- Can't buy me love -- Eleanor Rigby -- I call your
+ name -- Lucy in the sky with diamonds -- Yellow submarine --
+ Good day sunshine -- Love -- What is life? -- My sweet Lord --
+ Let it be -- Here, there and everywhere -- Ob la di-- ob la da
+ -- Here comes the sun -- Mother nature's son -- Something --
+ You never give me your money -- Ticket to ride -- Norwegian
+ wood -- Blackbird -- She's leaving home -- We can work it out
+ -- This boy -- Rocky Raccoon -- Bangla Desh -- Come together --
+ From me to you -- Get back -- She loves you -- Strawberry
+ fields forever -- Imagine -- You're gonna lose that girl --
+ When I'm 64 -- Help -- Tell me why -- A day in the life --
+ Lovely Linda -- The fool on the hill -- All you need is love --
+ Long and winding road -- Paperback writer -- Lady Madonna --
+ Carry that weight -- I will -- It don't come easy -- Maybe I'm
+ amazed -- Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Heart's Club Band -- With a
+ little help from my friends -- Hey Jude -- And I love her --
+ Penny Lane -- Uncle Albert -- Day tripper -- Magical mystery
+ tour -- You've got to hide your love away -- Yesterday --
+ Hello, goodbye.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Orchestral music, Arranged.
+650  0 _a Popular music
+       _y 1971-1980.
+710 2  _a Terry Baxter Orchestra and Chorus.
+       _4 prf
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+953    _a TA28
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h Columbia House P6S 5748 (DS 937--DS 942)
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1999?&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Aldridge, Alan.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970 Texts.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Originally published: London : MacDonald, 1969.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes index.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">157912058X</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Black Dog &amp; Leventhal Publishers :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles illustrated lyrics / edited by Alan Aldridge.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">New York :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00961cam  22002534a 4500
+001     3090155
+005     20021016105301.0
+008     981110r19991969nyua          001 0 eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   98043707
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 1
+       _e ocip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+955    _a pc14 to vp00 11-10-98; vk09 11-10-98; vk05 11-12-98
+       _a ps11 2002-10-08 bk rec'd, to CIP ver.
+       _f vk05 2002-10-15 CIP ver. to Music Division
+010    _a    98043707 
+020    _a 157912058X
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a ML54.6.B4
+       _b I4 1999
+082 00 _a 782.42166/0268
+       _2 21
+245 04 _a The Beatles illustrated lyrics /
+       _c edited by Alan Aldridge.
+260    _a New York :
+       _b Black Dog &amp; Leventhal Publishers :
+       _b Distributed by Workman Pub. Co.,
+       _c [1999?]
+300    _a 267 p. :
+       _b ill. (chiefly col.) ;
+       _c 29 cm.
+500    _a Originally published: London : MacDonald, 1969.
+500    _a Includes index.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970
+       _x Texts.
+700 1  _a Aldridge, Alan.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs50.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs50.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs50.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">50</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">p1985.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Recorded accompaniments.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Renditions not by the original artists.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Side B has background version of songs in reverse order.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Lyrics enclosed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Brief record.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">She loves you -- Love me do -- All my lovin' -- We can work it out -- Hard day's night -- I feel fine.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Pocket Songs,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">You sing The Beatles. 1 &amp;#091;sound recording&amp;#093;.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Irvington, N.Y. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs50</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215138</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs50.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01064njm  2200313 a 4500
+001     5735623
+005     19950501154350.2
+007     ssulsnjlcnnncu
+008     950501s1985    nyuuun              eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   95702292
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 5
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-genmusic
+010    _a    95702292 
+028 00 _a PS 005
+       _b Pocket Songs
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+050 00 _a RZA 3880
+245 00 _a You sing The Beatles.
+       _n 1
+       _h [sound recording].
+260    _a Irvington, N.Y. :
+       _b Pocket Songs,
+       _c p1985.
+300    _a 1 sound cassette :
+       _b analog, stereo., Dolby processed.
+440  0 _a You sing the hits
+500    _a Renditions not by the original artists.
+500    _a Side B has background version of songs in reverse
+ order.
+500    _a Lyrics enclosed.
+505 0  _a She loves you -- Love me do -- All my lovin' -- We can
+ work it out -- Hard day's night -- I feel fine.
+500    _a Brief record.
+650  0 _a Recorded accompaniments.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+953    _a TA28
+991    _b c-RecSound
+       _h RZA 3880
+       _w MUSIC
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1991&amp;#093;, c1969.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Aldridge, Alan.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970 Texts.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Includes index.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">039559426X :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Houghton Mifflin/Seymour Lawrence,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles illustrated lyrics / edited by Alan Aldridge.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/hm021/91018777.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Boston :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs6.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01036pam  2200265 a 4500
+001     2959975
+005     20020905201247.0
+008     910429r19911969maua          001 0 eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   91018777
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 1
+       _e ocip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+955    _a pc16 to ea00 04-29-91; ea36 to SCD 04-30-91; vk12
+ 05-01-91; vk91 05-02-91; CIP ver. nb06 11-18-91
+010    _a    91018777 
+020    _a 039559426X :
+       _c $19.95 until 12/31/91 ($25.00 thereafter)
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a ML54.6.B4
+       _b I4 1991
+082 00 _a 782.42166/026/8
+       _2 20
+245 04 _a The Beatles illustrated lyrics /
+       _c edited by Alan Aldridge.
+260    _a Boston :
+       _b Houghton Mifflin/Seymour Lawrence,
+       _c [1991], c1969.
+300    _a 267 p. :
+       _b ill. (some col.) ;
+       _c 28 cm.
+500    _a Includes index.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970
+       _x Texts.
+700 1  _a Aldridge, Alan.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+856 42 _3 Publisher description
+       _u
+ http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/hm021/91018777.html
+991    _b c-Music
+       _h ML54.6.B4
+       _i I4 1991
+       _t Copy 1
+       _m Case
+       _w BOOKS
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1969.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Aldridge, Alan, ed.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970 Texts.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0356029247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">MacDonald,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles illustrated lyrics. Edited by Alan Aldridge. Illustrated by Julian Allen &amp;#091;and others&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">London,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs7.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 00815cam  2200253   4500
+001     2213295
+005     19981112075817.3
+008     700504s1969    enkach        001 0 eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   74458681
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d u
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+010    _a    74458681 
+015    _a B69-25928
+020    _a 0356029247
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 00 _a ML54.6.B4
+       _b I4 1969
+082 00 _a 784.7
+245 04 _a The Beatles illustrated lyrics.
+       _c Edited by Alan Aldridge. Illustrated by Julian Allen
+ [and others]
+260    _a London,
+       _b MacDonald,
+       _c 1969.
+300    _a 156 p.
+       _b illus. (some col.), facsims., ports. (some col.).
+       _c 28 cm.
+350    _a 25/-
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970
+       _x Texts.
+700 1  _a Aldridge, Alan,
+       _e ed.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+991    _b c-Music
+       _h ML54.6.B4
+       _i I4 1969
+       _t Copy 1
+       _w BOOKS
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">&amp;#091;1980&amp;#093;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Aldridge, Alan.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music 1961-1970 Texts.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">&quot;A Delta/Seymour Lawrence book.&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Reprint of the 1969 ed. published by Delacorte Press, New York.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Published in 1974 under title: The Beatles lyrics complete; published in 1975 under titles: The Beatles lyrics; The Beatles lyrics illustrated.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0440505038 (pbk. : v. 1) :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Identifier">0440505046 (pbk. : v. 2) :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Dell Pub. Co.,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">The Beatles illustrated lyrics / Julian Allen ... &amp;#091;et al.&amp;#093; ; edited by Alan Aldridge.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">New York, N.Y. :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 01045cam  2200265 i 4500
+001     4668242
+005     19981112075952.5
+008     801112r19801969nyua          000 0 eng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   80136962
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d 2
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-gencatlg
+010    _a    80136962 
+020    _a 0440505038 (pbk. : v. 1) :
+       _c $9.95
+020    _a 0440505046 (pbk. : v. 2) :
+       _c $9.95
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+050 10 _a ML54.6.B4
+       _b I4 1980
+082 00 _a 784.5/405
+       _2 19
+245 04 _a The Beatles illustrated lyrics /
+       _c Julian Allen ... [et al.] ; edited by Alan
+ Aldridge.
+260    _a New York, N.Y. :
+       _b Dell Pub. Co.,
+       _c [1980]
+300    _a 2 v. :
+       _b ill. (some col.) ;
+       _c 28 cm.
+500    _a &quot;A Delta/Seymour Lawrence book.&quot;
+500    _a Reprint of the 1969 ed. published by Delacorte Press, New
+ York.
+500    _a Published in 1974 under title: The Beatles lyrics
+ complete; published in 1975 under titles: The Beatles lyrics;
+ The Beatles lyrics illustrated.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _y 1961-1970
+       _x Texts.
+700 1  _a Aldridge, Alan.
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/marc/locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">locbeatles50.marc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceSegment">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MARCPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MARC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Date">1966-07-01.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Performers: Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Rock music Great Britain 1961-1970.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Beatles.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">NBC Television Collection (Library of Congress) DLC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Main title, credits, and end title lacking. DLC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Title taken from can.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">The 16 mm. neg trk goes with the 35 mm. archival neg. DLC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Introduction in Japanese and songs in English and Japanese.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Appears to be footage of a Beatles concert given on 6/30/66 at the Nippon Budokan Hall, Tokyo, Japan; concert was filmed on 6/30/66 and broadcast in color by NTV (Japanese television) on 7/1/66, but cannot determine if ever shown by NBC per Fred Gilmore, Science Librarian, Univ. of Michigan Engineering/Transportation Library, 10/7/91; dates of 3/15/68 and 3/18/68 appear on cans, but cannot determine to what these dates refer.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">NBC inventory box no. 67 and 1184. DLC</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Operation no. 68-369.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Reference sources used: Wiener, A. The Beatles : a recording history, p. 99; Lewisohn, M. The Beatles live, p. 192, 199.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Language">engjpn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">NTV,</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Received: 7/16/86; arch neg and neg trk; gift; NBC Television Collection.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Rights">Restricted; videocassettes only may be viewed; no physical handling by researchers.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Type">Television. mim</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Type">Music. mim</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Beatles in Japan / NTV.</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Publisher">Japan :</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f77/37a884fe/1d1c2b47/6fs9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ LDR 02262cgm  22004817a 4500
+001     11588468
+005     19940727115235.2
+007     mrucbbzfu
+007     mrunbaadu
+008     911008s1966    ja 047            mleng  
+035    _9 (DLC)   91793298
+906    _a 7
+       _b cbc
+       _c orignew
+       _d u
+       _e ncip
+       _f 19
+       _g y-movingim
+010    _a    91793298 
+040    _a DLC
+       _c DLC
+       _d DLC
+       _e amim
+041    _a engjpn
+043    _a e-uk---
+050 00 _a CQA 0480-0482 (arch neg)
+050 00 _a FTA 1469-1470 (neg trk)
+245 00 _a Beatles in Japan /
+       _c NTV.
+257    _a Japan.
+260    _a Japan :
+       _b NTV,
+       _c 1966-07-01.
+300    _a 3 reels (ca. 4300 ft.) :
+       _b si., col. ;
+       _c 35 mm. arch neg.
+300    _a 2 reels (ca. 1500 ft.) :
+       _b sd. ;
+       _c 16 mm. neg trk.
+500    _a Main title, credits, and end title lacking.
+       _5 DLC
+500    _a Title taken from can.
+511 0  _a Performers: Beatles.
+500    _a The 16 mm. neg trk goes with the 35 mm. archival neg.
+       _5 DLC
+500    _a Introduction in Japanese and songs in English and
+ Japanese.
+500    _a Appears to be footage of a Beatles concert given on
+ 6/30/66 at the Nippon Budokan Hall, Tokyo, Japan; concert was
+ filmed on 6/30/66 and broadcast in color by NTV (Japanese
+ television) on 7/1/66, but cannot determine if ever shown by
+ NBC per Fred Gilmore, Science Librarian, Univ. of Michigan
+ Engineering/Transportation Library, 10/7/91; dates of 3/15/68
+ and 3/18/68 appear on cans, but cannot determine to what these
+ dates refer.
+500    _a NBC inventory box no. 67 and 1184.
+       _5 DLC
+500    _a Operation no. 68-369.
+506    _a Restricted;
+       _3 videocassettes only may be viewed; no physical
+ handling by researchers.
+500    _a Reference sources used: Wiener, A. The Beatles : a
+ recording history, p. 99; Lewisohn, M. The Beatles live, p.
+ 192, 199.
+541    _d Received: 7/16/86;
+       _3 arch neg and neg trk;
+       _c gift;
+       _a NBC Television Collection.
+650  0 _a Rock music
+       _z Great Britain
+       _y 1961-1970.
+655  7 _a Television.
+       _2 mim
+655  7 _a Music.
+       _2 mim
+710 2  _a Beatles.
+710 2  _a NBC Television Collection (Library of Congress)
+       _5 DLC
+952    _a Screened for credits only.
+953    _a TE01
+991    _b c-MP&amp;TV
+       _h CQA 0480-0482 (arch neg)
+       _w MUMS VM File
+991    _b c-MP&amp;TV
+       _h FTA 1469-1470 (neg trk)
+       _w MUMS VM File
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH70be.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH70be.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH70be.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/revolut.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3065</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">revolut.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">revolut.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Revolution</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/revolut.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/revolut.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH70be8f4388af07f3b97f1d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH70be.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Revolution&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: Lennon&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+You say you want a revolution &lt;br&gt;
+Well you know &lt;br&gt;
+We all want to change the world &lt;br&gt;
+You tell me that it's evolution &lt;br&gt;
+Well you know &lt;br&gt;
+We all want to change the world &lt;br&gt;
+But when you talk about destruction &lt;br&gt;
+Don't you know you can count me out in &lt;br&gt;
+Don't you know it's gonna be alright &lt;br&gt;
+Alright...Alright &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+You say you got a real solution &lt;br&gt;
+Well you know &lt;br&gt;
+we'd all love to see the plan &lt;br&gt;
+You ask me for a contribution &lt;br&gt;
+Well you know &lt;br&gt;
+We're doing what we can &lt;br&gt;
+But if you want money for people with minds that hate &lt;br&gt;
+All I can tell you brother you have to wait &lt;br&gt;
+Don't you know it's gonna be alright &lt;br&gt;
+Alright...Alright &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+You say you'll changes the constitution &lt;br&gt;
+Well you know &lt;br&gt;
+we all love to change your head &lt;br&gt;
+You tell me it's the institution &lt;br&gt;
+Well you know &lt;br&gt;
+You better free your mind instead &lt;br&gt;
+But if you go carrying pictures of Chairman Mao &lt;br&gt;
+You ain't gong to make it with anyone anyhow &lt;br&gt;
+Don't you know it's gonna be alright &lt;br&gt;
+Alright...Alright &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH7a04.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH7a04.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH7a04.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/sheloves.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2720</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">sheloves.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">sheloves.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">SHE LOVES YOU </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH7a04458542cd5981061193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7a04.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+SHE LOVES YOU 
+transcribed by MaxxDaddy
+
+
+Riff 1:
+
+-------------------------
+-3-----------------------
+-3-----3--5/6\\5--3-------
+-3-----3--5/6\\5--3-----3-
+----5---------------5----
+-------------------------
+
+Riff 2:
+-3~---2~---0~-
+-0~---0~---0~-
+-0~---0~---0~-
+-5~---4~---2~-
+--------------
+--------------
+
+Riff 3:
+------------
+------------
+------------
+----0-------
+------------
+-3-----2--0-
+
+Outro:
+&quot;yeah yeah yeah..&quot;
+ Em6            C           G6
+-3~--2~--0~-----3~--2~--0~--------
+-2~--2~--2~-----1~--1~--1~---1p0~-
+-0~--0~--0`-----0~--0~--0~-----0~-
+----------------------------------
+----------------------------------
+----------------------------------
+
+
+Lyrics:
+
+    Em                                A7 
+She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah. She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah.
+    C                             G  
+She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah.
+
+(Riff 1)
+
+    G                        Em7        Bm           D7
+You think you've lost your love when I saw her yesterday.
+     G                  Em7        Bm              D7
+It's you she's thinking of and she told me what to say.
+             G                                    Em
+She says she loves you and you know that can't be bad.
+(Riff 2)
+        Cm                                         D7
+Yes she loves you and you know you should be glad. Oooh.
+
+(Riff 1)
+
+    G                Em7           Bm           D7
+She said you were to know that she almost lost her mind.
+     G                Em7         Bm              D7
+And now she says she knows you're not the hurting kind.
+             G                                    Em
+She says she loves you and you know that can't be bad.
+(riff 2)
+        Cm                                         D7
+Yes she loves you and you know you should be glad. Oooh.
+
+(Chorus)
+
+    G             Em7    Bm              D7
+And now its up to you, I think it's only fair.
+   G                 Em7   Bm           D7
+If I should hurt you too, apologize to her.
+             G                                    Em
+Because she loves you, and you know that can't be bad.
+(riff 2)
+        Cm                                         D7
+Yes she loves you and you know you should be glad. Oooh.
+
+    Em                                A7 
+She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah. She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah.
+           Cm                 D7                  G   Em 
+And with a love like that you know you should be glad
+(riff 3)
+           Cm                 D7                  G   Em 
+And with a love like that you know you should be glad
+(riff 3)
+           Cm                 D7                  G   
+And with a love like that you know you should be glad
+(riff 2)
+
+Em6
+yeah yeah yeah
+C              G6
+yeah yeah yeah yeah
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH7fc1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH7fc1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH7fc1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Beatles Â The greatest artists of the vinyl era</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215142_2/beatles_essay.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215142_2/beatles_essay.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/wordpdf/beatles_essay.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215142_2/beatles_essay.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">beatles_essay.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beatles_essay.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beatles_essay.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">14533</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">beatles_essay</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Supplementary</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH7fc157cffb3218fa23ca4b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7fc1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;h1&gt;
+&lt;a name=&quot;RTFToC1&quot;&gt;The
+Beatles Â The greatest artists of the vinyl era
+&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The Beatles are the greatest artists of the vinyl era, and possibly the
+greatest popular music artists of all time.  Rock music was still in early days
+at the time when The Beatles began recording in the early 60s, and they were
+therefore able to make a large difference in the way that rock music was
+shaped.  They broke many new grounds with both their music and styles, and
+created a previously unheard of mass hysteria in fans, often referred to as
+Beatlemania.   During their time together the released many singles which
+topped the charts, and many albums which crossed a variety of styles.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The Beatles were a phenomenon in popular music.  What they did for popular
+music, and their enormous worldwide popularity have never been seen repeated by
+any other group.   Although many other groups existed which were also
+enormously popular, none had quite the same combination of musical talent, nor
+accomplishments that the Beatles achieved.  &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The group was only officially together between 1959 to 1970, but in this time
+they managed to achieve what most groups could only dream of.   They set many
+new standards in both music and recordings, and their effect on society was
+enormous.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The Beatles phenomenon began in 1962, when four guys from Liverpool in England,
+Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr,  released their
+first single in Britain, called `Love Me Do.' `Love Me Do' reached the top 20
+in the music charts in the UK, but it wasn't until later that year when the
+single `Please Please Me' was released, that the phenomenon known as
+Beatlemania began.  `Please Please Me'  reached number 2 on the UK pop charts.
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+During this time, a classical music critic from the London Sunday Times
+declared them &quot;the greatest composers since Beethoven.&quot;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Beatlemania was enormous. Women would scream at the sight, and even mention, of
+the Beatles, and men would wish they were one of them.  Never before or after
+in the history of popular music has their been such a large united following of
+a popular group, then that of The Beatles. The Beatles eventually stopped
+performing in live concerts, as the deafening screams from the crowd were too
+loud to play over, and the hysteria of the crowd was unsafe for all involved.
+Therefore, they concentrated their creativity in the music studios.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+In 1964, two years after first appearing in Britain, the group travelled to
+America, where they appeared on the popular American television program, the
+`Ed Sullivan Show'.  They took America by storm, and began to spread
+Beatlemania all over the world. &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Before The Beatles, American Recording Companies did not take British pop
+seriously.  Even The Beatles were not taken seriously at first, and their
+earlier American released singles were released through independent recording
+companies.   The success in America of The Beatles paved the way for more
+British groups to make their mark in America.  This began the era known as the
+`British Invasion.'  Pop groups from Britain began to follow The Beatles'
+success, and began to take over the American music charts.   Popular and
+largely successful groups, such as `The Rolling Stones.' were part of this
+British Invasion. &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The success of The Beatles can be credited musically to the Lennon/McCartney
+song writing team, who created the diverse style of songs recorded by The
+Beatles during their time, and to the innovative management of Brian Epstein.
+During their time together they managed to have 45 Top Forty chart hits in
+America alone.  Their biggest achievement in the charts was during the week of
+April 4, 1964, when they occupied all of the top five positions in the
+`Billboard' music charts.  This achievement is one that is more then likely
+never to be repeated by any other group again.  20 of their singles reached the
+number one position in the American charts, which was even greater then Elvis
+who had 17 songs reach number one.  &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Their early music was influenced by the American Rock-n-Roll artists of the
+50s, such as Buddy Holly, Little Richard, and Chuck Berry, and by the style of
+music popular in the 20s and 30s called Tin Pan Alley.  Their particular style
+of rock was fairly unique when they began. The Rock-n-Roll styles and artists
+popular in the 50s, were starting to lose their flare as they became older, and
+rock at this time was said to be in `dire straits.'  When The Beatles came onto
+the pop scene with their fresh new type of Rock, it was just what the public
+were looking for.  There was nothing else like them around at the time, which
+was a large reason for their success. They helped shape the type of music
+created during the rest of the decade.  &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Over the years they changed their musical style as they became more
+experimental in the recording studio.  They created their music in ways that
+had never been attempted before, and the end result were more sophisticated
+albums that were more lyrically based and had a wide range of musical styles
+and sounds.  The experimentation with music, was then copied by other
+musicians, such as Bob Dylan, which in effect created many varying styles of
+rock music throughout the following years.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The image of The Beatles was another major part of their success.  Their
+manager, Brian Epstein, originally dressed them in `dapper collarless gray
+suits' to make them appear more friendly to the audience.   When Beatlemania
+took hold, boys copied their dress style, and their mop-top haircuts.  This
+look became the fashion of the time, and a must have for any serious male fan.
+   &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Their album `Sgt Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band,' was the first rock concept
+album ever made, that is, it had a theme which ran throughout the whole album.
+It set new standards for studio recordings, and showed that rock musicians can
+use creativity and artistry in their music.  A mould was also broken in that no
+songs were released from this album as singles, as the album was designed to be
+heard in full from beginning to end.  This concept was later followed by many
+other groups, and is still used today.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The Beatles also produced the first music video clip, that was more then just
+pictures of the band playing the song.  The clip was a reflection of the song,
+played out in specially designed images and movie sequences. This clip was for
+the song `Penny Lane.'  They also made a few movies based on their music, and
+acted in them.  They were not the first group to make a movie, but it was still
+an accomplishment to do so.  These movies included `Yellow Submarine', `Magical
+Mystery Tour,' and the documentary style movie `Hard Days Night.'&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+On April 10, 1970 the group formally announced their split when Paul McCartney
+announced his departure.  Each member of the group went on to pursue solo
+careers, each of varying success.  After their split, fans kept trying to push
+for a Beatles reunion, however it never occurred.  Hope of a reunion was lost
+after John Lennon was murdered by a crazed fan in December, 1980. The amount of
+media attention that surrounded John Lennons' death was enormous.  His death
+made front page news all over the world, and caused much heartache and shock
+for fans.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The Beatles contribution to popular music was credited when they were inducted
+into the Rock-n-Roll Hall of Fame in 1988.  They also won the Grammy Trustees
+award in 1972.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+In 1995, the remaining members of the group released a retrospective album of
+their music called the `Anthology.'  It included a previously unreleased track
+written by John Lennon before his death, called `Free as a Bird.'  The
+remaining members of the group recorded this song during 1994, and released it
+as a single from the `Anthology' album.  This album became one of the
+fastest-selling albums of all time, which shows that even 25 years after their
+split, the fans still wanted more.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The legacy of their popularity can still be seen today, as new generations of
+fans discover The Beatles, and old fans never forget the them. Thousands of
+books have been written about the group, and millions of albums have been sold
+around the world. There are still monthly magazines published about the
+happenings of the remaining members, and much memorabillia still being traded.
+Movies have even been made about Beatlemania and the early days of the group,
+such as `Secrets,' along with spoofs of their success such as `The Rutles.'&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+No other group in the history of popular music can ever claim the same amount
+of worldwide success, nor amount of innovation in music that The Beatles could.
+This is why they are the greatest artists of the vinyl era, and the greatest
+artists in the history of popular music as we know it.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;ol&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpsamepagelink_#RTFToC1&quot;&gt;The Beatles Â The greatest artists of the vinyl era&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/aharddaysnight.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9606</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">aharddaysnight.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">aharddaysnight.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A HARD DAY'S NIGHT</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/aharddaysnight.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/aharddaysnight.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH845f56948cf35479eddc35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215118</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH845f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">64UKaharddaysnightBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/64UKaharddaysnightBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;A HARD DAY'S NIGHT&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;A HARD DAY'S NIGHT&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt; 10/07/1964 (MONO) Parlophone PMC1230&lt;br&gt;
+            10/07/1964 (STEREO) Parlophone PCS3058&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            US release&lt;br&gt;
+            21/07/1987 Capitol CLJ46437&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+MOBILE FIDELITY release&lt;br&gt;
+            ??/06/1983 MFSL 1-103&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            26 /02/1987 (MONO) Parlophone CDP7464372&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;A Hard Day's Night&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Should Have Known Better&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;If I Fell&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'm Happy Just To Dance With You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;And I Love Her&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Tell Me Why&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Can't Buy Me Love&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Any Time At All&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'll Cry Instead&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Things We Said Today&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;When I Get Home&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;You Can't Do That&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'll Be Back&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH8afc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH8afc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH8afc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/images/Paul_McCartney_at_Madame_Tussauds.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">Paul_McCartney_at_Madame_Tussauds.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">Paul_McCartney_at_Madame_Tussauds.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Paul_McCartney_at_Madame_Tussauds.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Paul_McCartney_at_Madame_Tussauds.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">172211</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">168KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Paul_McCartney_at_Madame_Tussauds.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Paul_McCartney_at_Madame_Tussauds.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">Paul_McCartney_at_Madame_Tussauds_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">Paul_McCartney_at_Madame_Tussauds_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.0050077101048111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">15.8869570403194</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">129</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">32.967021304943</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">960x1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">6.87774424966046</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01666666667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 5858 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Contrast">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2006:04:04 14:04:54</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CustomRendered">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2006:04:04 14:04:54</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DigitalZoomRatio">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0220</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01666666667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">89</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">21.5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLengthIn35mmFormat">129</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.GainControl">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">400</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">Panasonic</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">DMC-FZ20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2006:04:20 14:29:17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Saturation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneCaptureType">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SensingMethod">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Sharpness">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">Adobe Photoshop CS2 Windows</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">5858</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">1052</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.WhiteBalance">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">Paul_McCartney_at_Madame_Tussauds.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">172211</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.JFIFVersion">1 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIMVersion">0250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x0001">1441814</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x0002">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x0003">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x0007">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x0008">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x0009">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x000a">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x000b">172</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x000c">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x000d">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x000e">196</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x0100">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x0101">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PrintIM.PrintIM_0x0110">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Paul McCartney at Madame Tussauds</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH8afc94656db8f1084d4915</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215132</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH8afc.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Paul_McCartney_at_Madame_Tussauds.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Paul_McCartney_at_Madame_Tussauds_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Paul_McCartney_at_Madame_Tussauds_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH8de2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH8de2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH8de2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/letitbe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9677</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letitbe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letitbe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">LET IT BE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/letitbe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/letitbe.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH8de255416da560ece3288f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215124</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH8de2.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">70letitbeBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/70letitbeBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;LET IT BE&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;LET IT BE&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt; 08/05/1970 (STEREO) Apple (Parlophone) PXS1 (Box Set Version)&lt;br&gt;
+            06/11/1970 (STEREO) Apple (Parlophone) PCS 7096 (Album Version)&lt;br&gt;
+ ??/12/1979 Parlophone PCS 7096 (White Vinile Edition)&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+            US release&lt;br&gt;
+            18/05/1970 (STEREO) Apple (Capitol) AR34001&lt;br&gt;
+12/03/1979 Capitol SW-11922&lt;br&gt;
+ 28/07/1988 Capitol C1-46447&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+MOBILE FIDELITY release&lt;br&gt;
+            ??/06/1984 MFSL 1-109&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            19/10/1987 (STEREO) Parlophone CDP7464472&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Two Of Us&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Dig A Pony&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Across The Universe&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Me Mine&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Dig It&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Let It Be&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Maggie Mae&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I've Got A Feeling&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;One After 909&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Long And Winding Road&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;For You Blue&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Get Back&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH944a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH944a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH944a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/help.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9596</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">help.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">help.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">HELP!</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/help.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/help.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH944aa48f5ed7e582fc4816</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215118</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH944a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">65UKhelpBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/65UKhelpBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;HELP!&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;HELP!&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt; 06/08/1965 (MONO) Parlophone PMC1255&lt;br&gt;
+            06/08/1965 (STEREO) Parlophone PCS3071&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            US release&lt;br&gt;
+            21/07/1987 Capitol CLJ46439&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+MOBILE FIDELITY release&lt;br&gt;
+            ??/06/1983 MFSL 1-105&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            30 /04/1987 (STEREO) Parlophone CDP7464392&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Help!&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Night Before&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;You've Got To Hide Your Love Away&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Need You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Another Girl&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;You're Going To Lose That Girl&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Ticket To Ride&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Act Naturally&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;It's Only Love&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;You Like Me Too Much&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Tell Me What You See&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I've Just Seen A Face&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Yesterday&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Dizzy Miss Lizzy&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH9619.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH9619.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH9619.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/cantbuy.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3157</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cantbuy.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cantbuy.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Can't Buy Me Love</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/cantbuy.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/cantbuy.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH96195284f8b24ff3b97f18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9619.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Can't Buy Me Love&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: McCartney&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Can't buy me love, love &lt;br&gt;
+Can't buy me love &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+I'll buy you a diamond ring my friend if it makes you feel alright &lt;br&gt;
+I'll get you anything my friend if it makes you feel alright &lt;br&gt;
+'cause I don't care too much for money, and money can't buy me love &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+I'll give you all I got to give if you say you'll love me too &lt;br&gt;
+I may not have a lot to give but what I got I'll give to you &lt;br&gt;
+I don't care too much for money, money can't buy me love &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Can't buy me love, everybody tells me so &lt;br&gt;
+Can't buy me love, no, no, no, no &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Say you don't need no diamond ring and I'll be satisfied &lt;br&gt;
+Tell me that you want the kind of thing that money just can't buy &lt;br&gt;
+I don't care too much for money, money can't buy me love &lt;br&gt;
+Owww! &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Can't buy me love, everybody tells me so &lt;br&gt;
+Can't buy me love, no, no, no, no &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Say you don't need no diamond ring and I'll be satisfied &lt;br&gt;
+Tell me that you want the kind of thing that money just can't buy &lt;br&gt;
+I don't care too much for money, money can't buy me love &lt;br&gt;
+Can't buy me love, love &lt;br&gt;
+Can't buy me love &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH9796.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH9796.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH9796.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/thebeatles.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10790</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">thebeatles.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">thebeatles.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">THE BEATLES</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/thebeatles.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/thebeatles.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH97968a280ec5614ea363ba</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9796.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">68whitealbumBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/68whitealbumBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;THE BEATLES White Album&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;THE BEATLES (a.k.a. &amp;quot;White Album&amp;quot;)&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt; 22/11/1968 (MONO) Apple (Parlophone) PMC7067-7068&lt;br&gt;
+            22/11/1968 (STEREO) Apple (Parlophone) PCS7067-7068&lt;br&gt;
+             ??/08/1978 (STEREO) Apple (Parlophone) PCS7067-7068 (White Vinyl Edition)&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+            US release&lt;br&gt;
+            25/11/1968 (STEREO) Apple (Capitol) SWBO101&lt;br&gt;
+  ??/08/1978 (STEREO) Apple (Capitol) SEBX-11841 (White Vinyl Edition)&lt;br&gt;
+  25/08/1987 Capitol C1-46443&lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+MOBILE FIDELITY release&lt;br&gt;
+            ??/01/1982 MFSL 2-072&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+              CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            24/08/1987 (STEREO) Parlophone CDP7464438&lt;br&gt;
+            23/11/1998 &lt;em&gt;special edition&lt;/em&gt; (STEREO) Parlophone CDP4968952&lt;br&gt;
+              &lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Back In The U.S.S.R.&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Dear Prudence&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Glass Onion&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Wild Honey Pie&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Continuing Story Of Bungalow Bill &lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;While My Guitar Gently Weeps&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Happiness Is A Warm Gun&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Martha My Dear&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I'm So Tired&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Blackbird&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Piggies&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Rocky Raccoon&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Don't Pass Me By&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Why Don't We Do It In The Road&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Will&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Julia&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side C&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Birthday&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Yer Blues&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Mother Nature's Son&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Everybody's Got Something To Hide Except For Me And My Monkey&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Sexy Sadie&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Helter Skelter&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Long, Long, Long&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side D&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Revolution 1&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Honey Pie&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Savoy Truffle&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Cry Baby Cry&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Revolution 9&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Good Night&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH992e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH992e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH992e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/lucy.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3357</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">lucy.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">lucy.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">LUCY IN THE SKY WITH DIAMONDS BY THE BEATLES</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH992e7033e1d1f6f101bc30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH992e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+LUCY IN THE SKY WITH DIAMONDS BY THE BEATLES
+transcribed by MaxxDaddy
+
+Intro (as played by keyboard):
+ A          A/G         A/F#        A/F
+--------12------12--------------12------10p9-----
+----10--------------10------10----------------10-
+-9----------12----------11----------10-----------
+-------------------------------------------------  
+-------------------------------------------------
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+Verse:
+repeat intro throughout first half of verse
+guitar 2 strums chords
+
+guitar 2 w/slide, guitar 1 strums:
+&quot;Cellophane...&quot;
+ C                                F                       Bb 
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+-5/7--7~--7--7--7--7\\5~--7--7~--5/7--7--7--7--7--7--7\\5--3-
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+   C                   G                 D 
+--------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------
+-5/7--7--7--7--7--7--5/7--7--7--7--5--4--2~-
+--------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------------
+
+Chorus:
+(guitar 2 echoes bassline while guitar 1 strums)
+(3X)
+ G           C        D    
+--------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------
+--------------------------------------
+----------------0--2--0--0--0--0--0-0-
+-------0--2--3------------------------
+-3--3---------------------------------
+
+
+Lyrics:
+
+ A          A/G       A/F#        A/F
+Picture yourself in a boat on a river 
+      A         A/G      A/F#        A/F
+With tangerine trees and marmalade skies
+ A        A/G           A/F#         A/F
+Somebody calls you, you answer quite slowly
+   A          A/G        A/F#    Dm    Dm/C
+A girl with kaleidiscope eyes
+Bb                        C                   F                      Bb
+Cellophane  flowers  of  yellow and green    towering over your head
+C                          G                            D
+Look for the girl with the sun  in  her  eyes and she's gone
+
+
+G           C        D          G           C        D
+Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds.  Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds
+G           C        D          D           
+Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds.  Ahhhhhhhhhhh
+
+
+ A          A/G       A/F#        A/F
+Follow her down to a bridge by a fountain 
+      A             A/G        A/F#        A/F
+Where rocking horse people eat marshmallow pies
+ A        A/G          A/F#           A/F
+Everyone smiles as you drift past the flowers 
+      A          A/G    A/F#   Dm    Dm/C
+That grow so incredibly high
+Bb                 C                 F                       Bb
+Newspaper taxis appear on the shore waiting to take you away
+C                            G                             D
+Climb in the back with your head in the clouds and you're gone
+
+(chorus)
+
+ A          A/G       A/F#        A/F
+Picture yourself on a train in a station 
+       A          A/G        A/F#          A/F
+With plasticine porters with looking glass ties
+ A        A/G       A/F#         A/F
+Suddenly someone is there at the turnstile
+  A           A/G        A/F#   Dm
+A girl with kaleidoscope eyes
+
+(chorus)
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH9bd9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH9bd9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASH9bd9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/images/The_real_Strawberry_Fields.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">The_real_Strawberry_Fields.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">The_real_Strawberry_Fields.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">The_real_Strawberry_Fields.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">The_real_Strawberry_Fields.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">211572</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">600</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">400</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">207KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">The_real_Strawberry_Fields.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">The_real_Strawberry_Fields.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">The_real_Strawberry_Fields_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">The_real_Strawberry_Fields_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.0187613859071929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">66.9411904358654</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">27.2254103837234</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">3.85099482295176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">600x400</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">6.32192809488736</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">1.60149472845432</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 6714 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ApertureValue">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2005:10:13 07:50:37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CustomRendered">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2005:10:13 07:50:37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">2336</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">3504</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0220</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureMode">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalPlaneResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalPlaneXResolution">3959.322034</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalPlaneYResolution">3959.322034</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.HostComputer">Mac OS X 10.4.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">400</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">Canon</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">Canon EOS 20D</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2005:10:29 19:44:29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneCaptureType">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ShutterSpeedValue">0.0499999363305683</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">QuickTime 7.0.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">6714</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">9430</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.WhiteBalance">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.Warning">&amp;#91;minor&amp;#93; Possibly incorrect maker notes offsets &amp;#40;fix by 38?&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Comment">AppleMark</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">MM</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">The_real_Strawberry_Fields.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">211572</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">400</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">600</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CRWParam">&amp;#40;Binary data 5352 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration01">1023 1023 2108 3958</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration02">2234 1023 1023 1353</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration03">6309 2034 1023 1023</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration04">1538 5200 2034 1023</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration05">1023 1538 5200 387</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration06">993 -362 11661 401</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration07">942 -326 9907 424</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration08">865 -270 8000 446</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration09">814 -227 7000 475</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration10">750 -172 6000 496</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration11">713 -136 5600 515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration12">681 -104 5200 540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration13">631 -57 4792 573</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration14">583 -6 4352 605</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraColorCalibration15">549 35 4056 651</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CanonFlashInfo">0 0 65535 65535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CanonModelID">2147484021</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Canon_0x0019">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempAsShot">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempAuto">297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempCloudy">1854</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempCustom1">1421</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempCustom2">1822</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempDaylight">180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempFlash">2205</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempFluorescent">2349</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempShade">1854</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTempTungsten">2034</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ColorTone">2982</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalType">285</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.OriginalDecisionDataOffset">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SerialNumber">1420907287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SerialNumberFormat">2684354560</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.ThumbnailImageValidArea">38 0 256 512</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.VRDOffset">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsAsShot">1024 1024 529 417</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsAuto">1024 782 257 297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsCloudy">1015 1015 1729 4286</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsCustom1">1023 1023 1397 6000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsCustom2">1023 1023 2471 3204</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsDaylight">98 220 372 371</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsFlash">1023 1023 1287 7000</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsFluorescent">1023 1023 1538 5200</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsShade">158 388 387 278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.WB_RGGBLevelsTungsten">1023 1023 1729 4286</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The real Strawberry Fields</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9bd93c634a95ff906e62af</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215134</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9bd9.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">The_real_Strawberry_Fields.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">The_real_Strawberry_Fields_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">The_real_Strawberry_Fields_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHa543.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHa543.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHa543.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG/66UKacollectionBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">66UKacollectionBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">66UKacollectionBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">66UKacollectionBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">66UKacollectionBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">1.27KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">66UKacollectionBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">66UKacollectionBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">66UKacollectionBIG_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">66UKacollectionBIG_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">300x300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">66UKacollectionBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BackgroundColor">255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BitsPerPixel">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ColorResolutionDepth">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.GIFVersion">89a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.HasColorMap">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">66UKacollectionBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHa543efe6af3b0b69158c92</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215123</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHa543.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">66UKacollectionBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">66UKacollectionBIG_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">66UKacollectionBIG_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHa650.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHa650.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHa650.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG/03letitbenakedBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">03letitbenakedBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">03letitbenakedBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">03letitbenakedBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">03letitbenakedBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">1.27KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">03letitbenakedBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">03letitbenakedBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">03letitbenakedBIG_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">03letitbenakedBIG_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">300x300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">03letitbenakedBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BackgroundColor">255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BitsPerPixel">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ColorResolutionDepth">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.GIFVersion">89a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.HasColorMap">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">03letitbenakedBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHa6508d45b5806d52e5a0b9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215121</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHa650.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">03letitbenakedBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">03letitbenakedBIG_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">03letitbenakedBIG_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHaca6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHaca6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHaca6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/Fool_On_The_Hill.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">24209</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Fool_On_The_Hill.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Fool_On_The_Hill.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">Fool_On_The_Hill.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Fool_On_The_Hill.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Fool_On_The_Hill.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fool On The Hill</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHaca6c688d642bc0848b0c2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHaca6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Fool_On_The_Hill.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHb0e3.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHb0e3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHb0e3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/Because.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">18549</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Because.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Because.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">Because.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Because.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Because.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Because</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb0e33d1860a87b3a6d2c5b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215116</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb0e3.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Because.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHb12c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHb12c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHb12c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/andyour.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4052</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">andyour.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">andyour.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">AND YOUR BIRD CAN SING BY THE BEATLES</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb12cda82075d6814ccdf0e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb12c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+AND YOUR BIRD CAN SING BY THE BEATLES
+transcribed by MaxxDaddy
+
+
+Intro:
+(can be played on one or two guitars)
+
+  E
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+----9-7-5-7-5-4-5-4-2-0-------0-2-9-9-9(10)-9----------12-12-------------
+----9-8-6-8-6-4-6-4-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-9-9-9(10)-9-9------9-11-13-11p9--------
+------------------------4-2-4------------------9-11--------------11-9---
+-----------------------------------------------------------------12-11--
+--0---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Verse:
+
+main chord:
+   E5
+---0---
+---0---
+---9---
+---9---
+---7---
+---0---
+
+Fill riff:
+---------------------------
+--------12-12--------------
+------9-11(13)-11-9--------
+-9-11---------------11-9---
+--------------------12-11--
+---------------------------
+
+Bridge:
+  G#m                  G+                 B/F#                 C#/F
+-----------4--------------------3-------------------2--------------------1-
+-----2--4-----4--2--------2--4----4--2--------2--4-----4--2--------2--4----
+---4----------------4--4----------------4--4-----------------4--4----------
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+          E                    F#m                                  B
+------------------0---------------------2-------------------2------------2-
+-2-------------0-----0---------------2-----2--------------2---2--------4---
+----1-------1-----------1---------2-----------2--------2--------2----4-----
+-------3--2----------------2---4-----------------4--4--------------4-------
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Guitar Solo:
+  E
+-----------------------------------------------------7-7--------
+----9-7-5-7-5-4-5-4-2-0-------0-2-9-9-9(10)9-------5-7(9)7-5----
+----9-8-6-8-6-4-6-4-2-1-2-1-2-1-2-9-9-9(10)9-9-4-6-----------6--
+------------------------4-2-4-----------------------------------
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ F#m              A                E
+--2-4-5-7-5-4-2-0---0-2-4-5-6-9-11-12-12-12(14)12---------------
+------------------4-------------------------------12------------
+--2-4-6-8-6-4-2-1---1-2-4-6-8-9-11-13-13-13(14)13-13-13---------
+------------------4----------------------------------14-14------
+--------------------------------------------------------14------
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Outro:
+    E                                                  A
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+----9-7-5-7-5-4-5-----9-7-5-7-5-4-5-----9-7-5-7-5-4-5--2---
+----9-8-6-8-6-4-6-----9-8-6-8-6-4-6-----9-8-6-8-6-4-6--2---
+-------------------------------------------------------2---
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+--0-----------------0-----------------0--------------------
+
+
+Lyrics:
+E      
+You tell me that you've got every thing you want  And your bird can sing
+                  F#m  A            E
+But you don't get me  You don't get me
+     E
+You say you've seen seven wonders And your bird is green
+                  F#m  A             E
+But you can't see me   You can't see me
+
+G#m                 G+       B/F#              C#/F
+When your prize possessions start to weigh you down 
+ E           F#m                               B
+Look in my direction I'll be 'round I'll be 'round
+
+(solo)
+
+G#m                 G+     B/F#               C#/F
+When your bird is broken   Will it bring you down?
+ E          F#m                               B
+You may be awoken   I'll be 'round   I'll be round
+
+
+E
+Tell me that you've heard every sound there is   And your bird can swing
+                   F#m  A              E   
+But you can't hear me   You can't hear me
+
+(Repeat guitar solo)
+
+(outro)
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHb6c7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHb6c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHb6c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">54013</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">While My Guitar Gently Weeps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb6c77338aaa0fcbc74bbe3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb6c7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHb8de.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHb8de.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHb8de.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG/64USsomethingnewBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">64USsomethingnewBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">64USsomethingnewBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">64USsomethingnewBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">64USsomethingnewBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">1.27KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">64USsomethingnewBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">64USsomethingnewBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">64USsomethingnewBIG_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">64USsomethingnewBIG_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">300x300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">64USsomethingnewBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BackgroundColor">255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BitsPerPixel">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ColorResolutionDepth">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.GIFVersion">89a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.HasColorMap">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">64USsomethingnewBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb8def35c1d29f9c7b5a43e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215122</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb8de.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">64USsomethingnewBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">64USsomethingnewBIG_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">64USsomethingnewBIG_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHbcc8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHbcc8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHbcc8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,610 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">THE BEATLES - various MIDI files</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215142/beatles.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215142/beatles.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/wordpdf/beatles.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215142/beatles.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">beatles.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beatles.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beatles.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28160</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">beatles</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Supplementary</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHbcc8ae84057582543a464b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHbcc8.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+THE BEATLES - various MIDI files.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ALL IN GENERAL MIDI FORMAT (Drums Channel 10 etc.)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This is an edited collection of the various Beatles files knocking around
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+the Internet - I've tweaked a few notes, changed a few program sounds (or
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+'patches' as I believe you GUS guys like to call them), converted from
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+various formats and saved them all i
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many many thanks to all the people who sequenced these originally - some of
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+the text files have been separated from these sequences somewhere along the
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+line and I apologise profusely to their original transcribers for not
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+crediting them.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The files are - 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+BECAUSE.MID  - Because (!??)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+BIRTHDAY.MID - (you say it's your) Birthday - converted from MT-32 format
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+CANTBUYM.MID - Can't buy me love - translated from the brash synthy version
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+       on the archive 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ELEANOR.MID - Eleanor Rigby - Nice acoustic &amp;amp; stringy arrangement - none of
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+those multiple drum tracks that seem to be on all the
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+versions (four in total?)  I've come across.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+FOOLHILL.MID - Fool on the Hill - Quiet acoustic version - apologies for
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+       the voicings if they're wrong - my Beatles compilation tape
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+       was eaten by the dog. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GUITRWEP.MID - While my Guitar Gently Weeps - converted from MT-32
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+HEY_JUDE.MID - no , go on guess.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+HONEYPIE.MID - ditto
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+I_WILL - ditto ditto
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+IMWALRUS - I am the Walrus
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+LETITBE.MID - Let It Be - storming organ solo.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+OBLADIDA.MID - Ob-La-Di-Ob-La-Da etc.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PENNYLAN.MID - Penny Lane
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+STRAWBRY.MID - Strawberry Fields Forever - excellent version of a great
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+       song (sorry to be so sycophantic)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+YESTERDY.MID - Yesterday - nice quiet acoustic version, as it should be.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All these were downloaded at some point over the last six months and
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+converted via a 2.5Mb Atari STFM running a (legitimate) version of Cubase
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+v.2.  All voicings, pannings, reverb levels, chorus levels etc. are
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+embedded in each track so those of you with exotic sound cards or synth
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+modules that don't like them will have to dig 'em out and sort 'em
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+out. Sorry.  Tested on Roland Sound Canvas SC-55 (mark 1 I think -anyway,
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+the first one that came out) for GM compatability - and they all work.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+One final plea - will those of you nice enough to upload MIDI stuff onto
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+the Internet, actually send it in a format we can all use - i.e. Standard
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+MIDI Files (that's why they're called Standard!) - I can just about convert
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+from Cakewalk .WRK format but an
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PLEASE E-MAIL ANYTHING - comment, criticisms, 'you didn't credit me with
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+that sequence and I'm going to sue' etc. to :
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+               
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+          zchag05@ucl.ac.uk  (valid until July 95)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Who knows, if enough people send me message, I may well upload some more
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+stuff (original compositions etc. - YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Have a Fab-Four-Tastic time listening to these.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Enjoy !!
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ALEXI
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+P.S. If anyone out there has any MIDI sequences for Peter Gabriel (NOT
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sledgehammer), Depeche Mode, Thomas Dolby, or The The, could they please
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+drop me a line ? I'd love to hear from you; no, really I would. Ta.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHbfd6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHbfd6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHbfd6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/mp3/Yesterday.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">MP3Plugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1170076</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Yesterday.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Yesterday.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="mp3">Yesterday</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcurl">Yesterday.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MP3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconmp3_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Yesterday.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Yesterday.mp3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Yesterday</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHbfd699bb9c78ea8e503e2e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHbfd6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Yesterday.mp3:audio/mp3:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHc422.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHc422.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHc422.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">tmp/beatles_midi/Yesterday.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">UnknownPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">13433</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Yesterday.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Yesterday.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">MIDI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MimeType">audio/midi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="unknown_file">Yesterday.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Yesterday.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Yesterday.mid</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconunknown_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Audio</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlzipfilename">import/beatles_midi.zip</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Yesterday</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHc4222b5f5dff4d7287f125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHc422.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Yesterday.mid:audio/midi:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHcadf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHcadf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHcadf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/sgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">sgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">sgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Sgt. PEPPER'S LONELY HEARTS CLUB BAND</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/sgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/sgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHcadf2b5df83ec022bef7dc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHcadf.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">67sgtpepperBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/67sgtpepperBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Sgt. PEPPER'S LONELY HEARTS CLUB BAND&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Sgt. PEPPER'S LONELY HEARTS CLUB BAND&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt; 01/06/1967 (MONO) Parlophone PMC7027&lt;br&gt;
+            01/06/1967 (STEREO) Parlophone PCS7027&lt;br&gt;
+              16/01/1979 (STEREO) Parlophone PHO 7027 (Picture Disc Edition)&lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+            US release&lt;br&gt;
+            02/06/1967 (MONO) Capitol MAS2653&lt;br&gt;
+            02/06/1967 (STEREO) Capitol SMAS2653&lt;br&gt;
+            ??/08/1978 (STEREO) Capitol SEAX-11840 (Picture Disc Edition)&lt;br&gt;
+??/??/198? Capitol C1-46442&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+MOBILE FIDELITY release&lt;br&gt;
+??/??/1981 UHQR 1-100 (UHQR Series)&lt;br&gt;
+            ??/06/1983 MFSL 1-100&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+              CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            01/06/1987 (STEREO) Parlophone CDP7464422&lt;br&gt;
+              &lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Sgt.Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;With A Little Help From My Friends&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Getting Better&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Fixing A Hole&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;She's Leaving Home&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Being For The Benefit Of Mr. Kite!&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Within You Without You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;When I'm Sixty-Four&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Lovely Rita&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Good Morning Good Morning&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Sgt.Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (reprise)&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;A Day In The Life&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+          &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHcedf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHcedf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHcedf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG/64USbeatlesstoryBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">64USbeatlesstoryBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">64USbeatlesstoryBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">64USbeatlesstoryBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">64USbeatlesstoryBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">1.27KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">64USbeatlesstoryBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">64USbeatlesstoryBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">64USbeatlesstoryBIG_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">64USbeatlesstoryBIG_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">300x300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/imagesBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">64USbeatlesstoryBIG.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BackgroundColor">255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.BitsPerPixel">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ColorResolutionDepth">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.GIFVersion">89a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.HasColorMap">128</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.GIF.ImageWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">64USbeatlesstoryBIG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHcedf795e223388d13420f8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215122</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHcedf.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">64USbeatlesstoryBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">64USbeatlesstoryBIG_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">64USbeatlesstoryBIG_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHd74d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHd74d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHd74d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/heyjudeUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9312</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">heyjudeUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">heyjudeUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">HEY JUDE!</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/heyjudeUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/heyjudeUS.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd74df165fea1b301754885</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215119</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd74d.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">70USheyjudeBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/70USheyjudeBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;HEY JUDE&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;HEY JUDE! (a.k.a. &amp;quot;The Beatles Again&amp;quot;)&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt; 26/02/1970 (STEREO) Apple SW-385&lt;br&gt;
+            26/02/1970 (STEREO) Apple SO-385&lt;br&gt;
+28/07/1988 Capitol C1-90442&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            CD release&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;em&gt;never released&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+            &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side A&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Can't Buy Me Love&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Should Have Known Better&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Paperback Writer&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Rain&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Lady Madonna&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Revolution&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;Side B&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Hey Jude&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Old Brown Shoe&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Don't Let Me Down&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Ballad of John and Yoko&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHdd10.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHdd10.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHdd10.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/images/The_Beatles_windswept_and_interesting.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">The_Beatles_windswept_and_interesting.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">The_Beatles_windswept_and_interesting.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">The_Beatles_windswept_and_interesting.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">The_Beatles_windswept_and_interesting.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">248938</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">683</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">243KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">The_Beatles_windswept_and_interesting.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">The_Beatles_windswept_and_interesting.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">The_Beatles_windswept_and_interesting_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">The_Beatles_windswept_and_interesting_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1024x683</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">The_Beatles_windswept_and_interesting.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">248938</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">683</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">1 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.JFIFVersion">1 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.ResolutionUnit">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Beatles windswept and interesting</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdd107cb6a65ee6be712af9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215132</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdd10.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">The_Beatles_windswept_and_interesting.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">The_Beatles_windswept_and_interesting_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">The_Beatles_windswept_and_interesting_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHe0b8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHe0b8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHe0b8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Beatles by Richie Unterberger So much has been said and written...</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215142_1/beatles.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/tmp/1395215142_1/beatles.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/wordpdf/beatles.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215142_1/beatles.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">beatles.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beatles.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beatles.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">86172</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">beatles</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Supplementary</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/wordpdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">beatles.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">86172</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">2003:10:14 15:53:15Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.ModifyDate">2003:10:14 15:53:15Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Mac OS X 10.2.8 Quartz PDFContext</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe0b83d7a6ab31b8bb68e2a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe0b8.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Beatles&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+by &lt;b&gt;Richie Unterberger&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+So much has been said and written about the Beatles â and their story is so&lt;br&gt;mythic in its sweep â that it's difficult to summarize their career without restating&lt;br&gt;clichÃ©s that have already been digested by tens of millions of rock fans. To start&lt;br&gt;with the obvious, they were the greatest and most influential act of the rock era,&lt;br&gt;and introduced more innovations into popular music than any other rock band of&lt;br&gt;the 20th century. Moreover, they were among the few artists of &lt;i&gt;any&lt;/i&gt; discipline that&lt;br&gt;were simultaneously the best at what they did, &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; the most popular at what they&lt;br&gt;did. Relentlessly imaginative and experimental, the Beatles grabbed a hold of the&lt;br&gt;international mass consciousness in 1964 and never let go for the next six years,&lt;br&gt;always staying ahead of the pack in terms of creativity, but never losing their&lt;br&gt;ability to communicate their increasingly sophisticated ideas to a mass audience.&lt;br&gt;Their supremacy as rock icons remains unchallenged to this day, decades after&lt;br&gt;their breakup in 1970.&lt;br&gt;
+Even when couching praise in specific terms, it's hard to convey the scope of the&lt;br&gt;Beatles' achievements in a mere paragraph or two. They synthesized all that was&lt;br&gt;good about early rock &amp;amp; roll, and changed it into something original and even&lt;br&gt;more exciting. They established the prototype for the self-contained rock group&lt;br&gt;that wrote and performed their own material. As composers, their craft and&lt;br&gt;melodic inventiveness were second to none, and key to the evolution of rock&lt;br&gt;from its blues/R&amp;amp;B-based forms into a style that was far more eclectic, but&lt;br&gt;equally visceral. As singers, both John Lennon and Paul McCartney were among&lt;br&gt;the best and most expressive vocalists in rock; the group's harmonies were&lt;br&gt;intricate and exhilarating. As performers, they were (at least until touring had&lt;br&gt;ground them down) exciting and photogenic; when they retreated into the studio,&lt;br&gt;they were instrumental in pioneering advanced techniques and multi-layered&lt;br&gt;arrangements. They were also the first British rock group to achieve worldwide&lt;br&gt;prominence, launching a British Invasion that made rock truly an international&lt;br&gt;phenomenon.&lt;br&gt;
+More than any other top group, the Beatles' success was very much a case of&lt;br&gt;the sum being greater than the parts. Their phenomenal cohesion was due in&lt;br&gt;large degree to most of the group having known each other and played together&lt;br&gt;in Liverpool for about five years before they began to have hit records. Guitarist&lt;br&gt;and teenage rebel John Lennon got hooked on rock &amp;amp; roll in the mid-'50s, and&lt;br&gt;formed a band, the Quarrymen, at his high school. Around mid-1957, the&lt;br&gt;Quarrymen were joined by another guitarist, Paul McCartney, nearly two years&lt;br&gt;Lennon's junior. A bit later they were joined by another guitarist, George&lt;br&gt;Harrison, a friend of McCartney's. The Quarrymen would change lineups&lt;br&gt;constantly in the late '50s, eventually reducing to the core trio of guitarists, who'd&lt;br&gt;proven themselves to be the best musicians and most personally compatible&lt;br&gt;individuals within the band.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The Quarrymen changed their name to the Silver Beatles in 1960, quickly&lt;br&gt;dropping the &amp;quot;Silver&amp;quot; to become just the Beatles. Lennon's art college friend&lt;br&gt;Stuart Sutcliffe joined on bass, but finding a permanent drummer was a vexing&lt;br&gt;problem until Pete Best joined in the summer of 1960. He successfully auditioned&lt;br&gt;for the combo just before they left for a several-month stint in Hamburg,&lt;br&gt;Germany.&lt;br&gt;
+Hamburg was the Beatles' baptism by fire. Playing grueling sessions for hours on&lt;br&gt;end in one of the most notorious red-light districts in the world, the group was&lt;br&gt;forced to expand their repertoire, tighten up their chops, and invest their show&lt;br&gt;with enough manic energy to keep the rowdy crowds satisfied. When they&lt;br&gt;returned to Liverpool at the end of 1960, the band â formerly also-rans on the&lt;br&gt;exploding Liverpudlian &amp;quot;beat&amp;quot; scene â were suddenly the most exciting act on&lt;br&gt;the local circuit. They consolidated their following in 1961 with constant gigging in&lt;br&gt;the Merseyside area, most often at the legendary Cavern Club, the incubator of&lt;br&gt;the Merseybeat sound.&lt;br&gt;
+They also returned for engagements in Hamburg during 1961, although Sutcliffe&lt;br&gt;dropped out of the band that year to concentrate on his art school studies there.&lt;br&gt;McCartney took over on bass, Harrison settled in as lead guitarist, and Lennon&lt;br&gt;had rhythm guitar; everyone sang. In mid-1961, the Beatles (minus Sutcliffe)&lt;br&gt;made their first recordings in Germany, as a backup group to a British rock&lt;br&gt;guitarist/singer based in Hamburg, Tony Sheridan. The Beatles hadn't fully&lt;br&gt;developed at this point, and these recordings â many of which (including a&lt;br&gt;couple of Sheridan-less tracks) were issued only after the band's rise to fame â&lt;br&gt;found their talents in a most embryonic state. The Hamburg stint was also&lt;br&gt;notable for gaining the Beatles sophisticated, artistic fans such as Sutcliffe's&lt;br&gt;girlfriend, Astrid Kirchherr, who influenced all of them (except Best) to restyle&lt;br&gt;their quiffs in the moptops that gave the musicians their most distinctive visual&lt;br&gt;trademark. (Sutcliffe, tragically, would die of a brain hemorrhage in April 1962).&lt;br&gt;
+Near the end of 1961, the Beatles' exploding local popularity caught the attention&lt;br&gt;of local record store manager Brian Epstein, who was soon managing the band&lt;br&gt;as well. He used his contacts to swiftly acquire a January 1, 1962, audition at&lt;br&gt;Decca Records that has been heavily bootlegged (some tracks were officially&lt;br&gt;released in 1995). After weeks of deliberation, Decca turned them down, as did&lt;br&gt;several other British labels. Epstein's perseverance was finally rewarded with an&lt;br&gt;audition for producer George Martin at Parlophone, an EMI subsidiary; Martin&lt;br&gt;signed the Beatles in mid-1962. By this time, Epstein was assiduously grooming&lt;br&gt;his charges for national success by influencing them to smarten up their&lt;br&gt;appearance, dispensing with their leather jackets and trousers in favor of tailored&lt;br&gt;suits and ties.&lt;br&gt;
+One more major change was in the offing before the Beatles made their&lt;br&gt;Parlophone debut. In August 1962, drummer Pete Best was kicked out of the&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=3&gt;&lt;/a&gt;group, a controversial decision that has been the cause of much speculation&lt;br&gt;since. There is still no solid consensus as to whether it was because of his&lt;br&gt;solitary, moody nature; the other Beatles' jealousy of his popularity with the fans;&lt;br&gt;his musical shortcomings (George Martin had already told Epstein that Best&lt;br&gt;wasn't good enough to drum on recordings); or his refusal to wear his hair in&lt;br&gt;bangs. What seems most likely was that the Beatles simply found his personality&lt;br&gt;incompatible, preferring to enlist Ringo Starr (born Richard Starkey), drummer&lt;br&gt;with another popular Merseyside outfit, Rory Storm &amp;amp; the Hurricanes. Starr had&lt;br&gt;been in the Beatles for a few weeks when they recorded their first single, &amp;quot;Love&lt;br&gt;Me Do&amp;quot;/&amp;quot;P.S. I Love You,&amp;quot; in September 1962. Both sides of the 45 were&lt;br&gt;Lennon-McCartney originals, and the songwriting team would be credited with&lt;br&gt;most of the group's material throughout the Beatles' career.&lt;br&gt;
+The single, a promising but fairly rudimentary effort, hovered around the lower&lt;br&gt;reaches of the British Top 20. The Beatles phenomenon didn't truly kick in until&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;Please Please Me,&amp;quot; which topped the British charts in early 1963. This was &lt;i&gt;the&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;prototype British Invasion single: an infectious melody, charging guitars, and&lt;br&gt;positively exuberant harmonies. The same traits were evident on their third 45,&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;From Me to You&amp;quot; (a British number one), and their debut LP, &lt;i&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;Although it was mostly recorded in a single day, &lt;i&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/i&gt; topped the&lt;br&gt;British charts for an astonishing 30 weeks, establishing the group as the most&lt;br&gt;popular rock &amp;amp; roll act ever seen in the U.K.&lt;br&gt;
+What the Beatles had done was to take the best elements of the rock and pop&lt;br&gt;they loved and make them their own. Since the Quarrymen days, they had been&lt;br&gt;steeped in the classic early rock of Elvis, Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, Little&lt;br&gt;Richard, Carl Perkins, and the Everly Brothers; they'd also kept an ear open to&lt;br&gt;the early '60s sounds of Motown, Phil Spector, and the girl groups. What they&lt;br&gt;added was an unmatched songwriting savvy (inspired by Brill Building teams&lt;br&gt;such as Gerry Goffin and Carole King), a brash guitar-oriented attack, wildly&lt;br&gt;enthusiastic vocals, and the embodiment of the youthful flair of their generation,&lt;br&gt;ready to dispense with postwar austerity and claim a culture of their own. They&lt;br&gt;were also unsurpassed in their eclecticism, willing to borrow from blues, popular&lt;br&gt;standards, gospel, folk, or whatever seemed suitable for their musical vision.&lt;br&gt;Producer George Martin was the perfect foil for the group, refining their ideas&lt;br&gt;without tinkering with their cores; during the last half of their career, he was&lt;br&gt;indispensable for his ability to translate their concepts into arrangements that&lt;br&gt;required complex orchestration, innovative applications of recording technology,&lt;br&gt;and an ever-widening array of instruments.&lt;br&gt;
+Just as crucially, the Beatles were never ones to stand still and milk formulas. All&lt;br&gt;of their subsequent albums and singles would show remarkable artistic&lt;br&gt;progression (though never at the expense of a damn catchy tune). Even on their&lt;br&gt;second LP, &lt;i&gt;With the Beatles&lt;/i&gt; (1963), it was evident that their talents as&lt;br&gt;composers and instrumentalists were expanding furiously, as they devised ever&lt;br&gt;more inventive melodies and harmonies, and boosted the fullness of their&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=4&gt;&lt;/a&gt;arrangements. &amp;quot;She Loves You&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;I Want to Hold Your Hand&amp;quot; established the&lt;br&gt;group not just as a popular music act, but as a phenomenon never before seen in&lt;br&gt;the British entertainment business, as each single sold over a million copies in&lt;br&gt;the U.K. After some celebrated national TV appearances, Beatlemania broke out&lt;br&gt;across the British Isles in late 1963, the group generating screams and hysteria&lt;br&gt;at all of their public appearances, musical or otherwise.&lt;br&gt;
+Capitol, which had first refusal of the Beatles' recordings in the United States,&lt;br&gt;had declined to issue the group's first few singles, which ended up appearing on&lt;br&gt;relatively small American independents. Capitol took up its option on &amp;quot;I Want to&lt;br&gt;Hold Your Hand,&amp;quot; which stormed to the top of the U.S. charts within weeks of its&lt;br&gt;release on December 26, 1963. The Beatles' television appearances on &lt;i&gt;The Ed&lt;br&gt;Sullivan Show&lt;/i&gt; in February of 1964 launched Beatlemania (and the entire British&lt;br&gt;Invasion) on an even bigger scale than it had reached in Britain. In the first week&lt;br&gt;of April 1964, the Beatles had the Top Five best-selling singles in the U.S.; they&lt;br&gt;also had the first two slots on the album charts, as well as other entries&lt;br&gt;throughout the Billboard Top 100. No one had ever dominated the market for&lt;br&gt;popular music so heavily; it's doubtful that anyone ever will again. The Beatles&lt;br&gt;themselves would continue to reach number one with most of their singles and&lt;br&gt;albums until their 1970 breakup.&lt;br&gt;
+Hard as it may be to believe today, the Beatles were often dismissed by cultural&lt;br&gt;commentators of the time as nothing more than a fad that would vanish within&lt;br&gt;months as the novelty wore off. The group ensured this wouldn't happen by&lt;br&gt;making &lt;i&gt;A Hard Day's Night&lt;/i&gt; in early 1964, a cinÃ©ma vÃ©ritÃ©-style motion picture&lt;br&gt;comedy/musical that cemented their image as &amp;quot;the Fab Four&amp;quot;: happy-go-lucky,&lt;br&gt;individualistic, cheeky, funny lads with nonstop energy. The soundtrack was also&lt;br&gt;a triumph, consisting entirely of Lennon-McCartney tunes, including such&lt;br&gt;standards as the title tune, &amp;quot;And I Love Her,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;If I Fell,&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Can't Buy Me Love,&amp;quot; and&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;Things We Said Today.&amp;quot; George Harrison's resonant 12-string electric guitar&lt;br&gt;leads were hugely influential; the movie helped persuade the Byrds, then folk&lt;br&gt;singers, to plunge all-out into rock &amp;amp; roll, and the Beatles (along with Bob Dylan)&lt;br&gt;would be hugely influential on the folk-rock explosion of 1965. The Beatles'&lt;br&gt;success, too, had begun to open the U.S. market for fellow Brits like the Rolling&lt;br&gt;Stones, the Animals, and the Kinks, and inspired young American groups like the&lt;br&gt;Beau Brummels, Lovin' Spoonful, and others to mount a challenge of their own&lt;br&gt;with self-penned material that owed a great debt to Lennon-McCartney.&lt;br&gt;
+Between riotous international tours in 1964 and 1965, the Beatles continued to&lt;br&gt;squeeze out more chart-topping albums and singles. (Until 1967, the group's&lt;br&gt;British albums were often truncated for release in the States; when their catalog&lt;br&gt;was transferred to CD, the albums were released worldwide in their British&lt;br&gt;configurations.) In retrospect, critics have judged &lt;i&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/i&gt; (late 1964) and&lt;br&gt;Help! (mid-1965) as the band's least impressive efforts. To some degree, that's&lt;br&gt;true. Touring and an insatiable market placed heavy demands upon their&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=5&gt;&lt;/a&gt;songwriting, and some of the originals and covers on these records, while brilliant&lt;br&gt;by many group's standards, were filler in the context of the Beatles' best work.&lt;br&gt;
+But when at the top of their game, the group was continuing to push forward. &amp;quot;I&lt;br&gt;Feel Fine&amp;quot; had feedback and brilliant guitar leads; &amp;quot;Ticket to Ride&amp;quot; showed the&lt;br&gt;band beginning to incorporate the ringing, metallic, circular guitar lines that would&lt;br&gt;be appropriated by bands like the Byrds; &amp;quot;Help!&amp;quot; was their first burst of&lt;br&gt;confessional lyricism; &amp;quot;Yesterday&amp;quot; employed a string quartet. John Lennon in&lt;br&gt;particular was beginning to exhibit a Dylanesque influence in his songwriting on&lt;br&gt;such folky, downbeat numbers as &amp;quot;I'm a Loser&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;You've Got to Hide Your&lt;br&gt;Love Away.&amp;quot; And tracks like &amp;quot;I Don't Want to Spoil the Party&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;I've Just Seen&lt;br&gt;a Face&amp;quot; had a strong country flavor.&lt;br&gt;
+Although the Beatles' second film, &lt;i&gt;Help!&lt;/i&gt;, was a much sillier and less&lt;br&gt;sophisticated affair than their first feature, it too was a huge commercial success.&lt;br&gt;By this time, though, the Beatles had nothing to prove in commercial terms; the&lt;br&gt;remaining frontiers were artistic challenges that could only be met in the studio.&lt;br&gt;They rose to the occasion at the end of 1965 with &lt;i&gt;Rubber Soul&lt;/i&gt;, one of the classic&lt;br&gt;folk-rock records. Lyrically, Lennon, McCartney, and even Harrison (who was&lt;br&gt;now writing some tunes on his own) were evolving beyond boy-girl scenarios into&lt;br&gt;complex, personal feelings. They were also pushing the limits of studio rock by&lt;br&gt;devising new guitar and bass textures, experimenting with distortion and multi-&lt;br&gt;tracking, and using unconventional (for rock) instruments like the sitar.&lt;br&gt;
+As much of a progression as &lt;i&gt;Rubber Soul&lt;/i&gt; was relative to their previous records,&lt;br&gt;it was but a taster for the boundary-shattering outings of the next few years. The&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;Paperback Writer&amp;quot;/&amp;quot;Rain&amp;quot; single found the group abandoning romantic themes&lt;br&gt;entirely, boosting the bass to previously unknown levels, and fooling around with&lt;br&gt;psychedelic imagery and backwards tapes on the B-side. Drugs (psychedelic and&lt;br&gt;otherwise) were fueling their already fertile imaginations, but they felt creatively&lt;br&gt;hindered by their touring obligations. &lt;i&gt;Revolver&lt;/i&gt;, released in the summer of 1966,&lt;br&gt;proved what the group could be capable of when allotted months of time in the&lt;br&gt;studio. Hazy hard guitars and thicker vocal arrangements formed the bed of&lt;br&gt;these increasingly imagistic, ambitious lyrics; the group's eclecticism now&lt;br&gt;encompassed everything from singalong novelties (&amp;quot;Yellow Submarine&amp;quot;) and&lt;br&gt;string quartet-backed character sketches (&amp;quot;Eleanor Rigby&amp;quot;) to Indian-influenced&lt;br&gt;swirls of echo and backwards tapes (&amp;quot;Tomorrow Never Knows&amp;quot;). Some would&lt;br&gt;complain that the Beatles had abandoned the earthy rock of their roots for clever&lt;br&gt;mannerism. But &lt;i&gt;Revolver&lt;/i&gt;, like virtually all of the group's singles and albums from&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;She Loves You&amp;quot; on, would be a worldwide chart-topper.&lt;br&gt;
+For the past couple of years, live performance had become a rote exercise for&lt;br&gt;the group, tired of competing with thousands of screaming fans that drowned out&lt;br&gt;most of their voices and instruments. A 1966 summer worldwide tour was&lt;br&gt;particularly grueling: the group's entourage was physically attacked in the&lt;br&gt;Philippines after a perceived snub of the country's queen, and a casual remark&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=6&gt;&lt;/a&gt;by John Lennon about the Beatles being bigger than Jesus Christ was picked up&lt;br&gt;in the States, resulting in the burning of Beatle records in the Bible belt and&lt;br&gt;demands for a repentant apology. Their final concert of that American tour (in&lt;br&gt;San Francisco on August 29, 1966) would be their last in front of a paying&lt;br&gt;audience, as the group decided to stop playing live in order to concentrate on&lt;br&gt;their studio recordings.&lt;br&gt;
+This was a radical (indeed, unprecedented) step in 1966, and the media was rife&lt;br&gt;with speculation that the act was breaking up, especially after all four spent late&lt;br&gt;1966 engaged in separate personal and artistic pursuits. The appearance of the&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;Penny Lane&amp;quot;/&amp;quot;Strawberry Fields Forever&amp;quot; single in February 1967 squelched&lt;br&gt;these concerns. Frequently cited as the strongest double A-side ever, the&lt;br&gt;Beatles were now pushing forward into unabashedly psychedelic territory in their&lt;br&gt;use of orchestral arrangements and Mellotron, without abandoning their grasp of&lt;br&gt;memorable melody and immediately accessible lyrical messages.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Sgt. Pepper&lt;/i&gt;, released in June 1967 as the Summer of Love dawned, was the&lt;br&gt;definitive psychedelic soundtrack. Or, at least, so it was perceived at the time:&lt;br&gt;subsequent critics have painted the album as an uneven affair, given a&lt;br&gt;conceptual unity via its brilliant multi-tracked overdubs, singalong melodies, and&lt;br&gt;fairy tale-ish lyrics. Others remain convinced, as millions did at the time, that it&lt;br&gt;represented pop's greatest triumph, or indeed an evolution of pop into art with a&lt;br&gt;capital A. In addition to mining all manner of roots influences, the musicians were&lt;br&gt;also picking up vibes from Indian music, avant-garde electronics, classical, music&lt;br&gt;hall, and more. When the Beatles premiered their hippie anthem &amp;quot;All You Need Is&lt;br&gt;Love&amp;quot; as part of a worldwide TV broadcast, they had been truly anointed as&lt;br&gt;spokespersons for their generation (a role they had not actively sought), and it&lt;br&gt;seemed they could do no wrong.&lt;br&gt;
+Musically, that would usually continue to be the case, but the group's strength&lt;br&gt;began to unravel at a surprisingly quick pace. In August 1967, Brian Epstein â&lt;br&gt;prone to suicidal depression over the past year â died of a drug overdose,&lt;br&gt;leaving them without a manager. The group pressed on with their next film&lt;br&gt;project, &lt;i&gt;Magical Mystery Tour&lt;/i&gt;, directed by themselves; lacking focus or even&lt;br&gt;basic professionalism, the picture bombed when it was premiered on BBC&lt;br&gt;television in December 1967, giving the media the first real chance they'd ever&lt;br&gt;had to roast the Beatles over a flame. (Another film, the animated feature &lt;i&gt;Yellow&lt;br&gt;Submarine&lt;/i&gt;, would appear in 1968, although the Beatles had little involvement&lt;br&gt;with the project, either in terms of the movie or the soundtrack.) In early 1968, the&lt;br&gt;Beatles decamped to India for a course in transcendental meditation with the&lt;br&gt;Maharishi; this too became something of a media embarrassment, as each of the&lt;br&gt;four would eventually depart the course before its completion.&lt;br&gt;
+The Beatles did use their unaccustomed peace in India to compose a wealth of&lt;br&gt;new material. Judged solely on musical merit, &lt;i&gt;The White Album&lt;/i&gt;, a double LP&lt;br&gt;released in late 1968, was a triumph. While largely abandoning their psychedelic&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=7&gt;&lt;/a&gt;instruments to return to guitar-based rock, they maintained their whimsical&lt;br&gt;eclecticism, proving themselves masters of everything from blues-rock to&lt;br&gt;vaudeville. As individual songwriters, too, it contains some of their finest work (as&lt;br&gt;does the brilliant non-LP single from this era, &amp;quot;Hey Jude&amp;quot;/&amp;quot;Revolution&amp;quot;).&lt;br&gt;
+The problem, at least in terms of the group's long-term health, was that these&lt;br&gt;were very much &lt;i&gt;individual&lt;/i&gt; songs, as opposed to collective ones. Lennon and&lt;br&gt;McCartney had long composed most of their tunes separately (you can almost&lt;br&gt;always tell the composer by the lead vocalist). But they had always fed off of&lt;br&gt;each other not only to supply missing bits and pieces that would bring a song to&lt;br&gt;completion, but to provide a competitive edge that would bring out the best in the&lt;br&gt;other. McCartney's romantic melodicism and Lennon's more acidic, gritty wit&lt;br&gt;were perfect complements for one another. By the &lt;i&gt;White Album&lt;/i&gt;, it was clear (if&lt;br&gt;only in retrospect) that each member was more concerned with his own&lt;br&gt;expression than that of the collective group: a natural impulse, but one that was&lt;br&gt;bound to lead to difficulties.&lt;br&gt;
+In addition, George Harrison was becoming a more prolific and skilled composer&lt;br&gt;as well, imbuing his own melodies (which were nearly the equal of those of his&lt;br&gt;more celebrated colleagues) with a cosmic lightness. Harrison was beginning to&lt;br&gt;resent his junior status, and the group began to bicker more openly in the studio.&lt;br&gt;Ringo Starr, whose solid drumming and good nature could usually be counted&lt;br&gt;upon (as was evident in his infrequent lead vocals), actually quit for a couple of&lt;br&gt;weeks in the midst of the &lt;i&gt;White Album&lt;/i&gt; sessions (though the media was unaware&lt;br&gt;of this at the time). Personal interests were coming into play as well: Lennon's&lt;br&gt;devotion to romantic and artistic pursuits with his new girlfriend (and soon-to-be-&lt;br&gt;wife) Yoko Ono was diverting his attentions from the Beatles. Apple Records,&lt;br&gt;started by the group earlier in 1968 as a sort of utopian commercial enterprise,&lt;br&gt;was becoming a financial and organizational nightmare.&lt;br&gt;
+These weren't the ideal conditions under which to record a new album in January&lt;br&gt;1969, especially when McCartney was pushing the group to return to live&lt;br&gt;performing, although none of the others seemed especially keen on the idea.&lt;br&gt;They did agree to try and record a &amp;quot;back-to-basics,&amp;quot; live-in-the-studio-type LP,&lt;br&gt;the sessions being filmed for a television special. That plan almost blew up when&lt;br&gt;Harrison, in the midst of tense arguments, left the group for a few days. Although&lt;br&gt;he returned, the idea of playing live concerts was put on the back burner;&lt;br&gt;Harrison enlisted American soul keyboardist Billy Preston as kind of a fifth&lt;br&gt;member on the sessions, both to beef up the arrangements and to alleviate the&lt;br&gt;uncomfortable atmosphere. Exacerbating the problem was that the Beatles didn't&lt;br&gt;have a great deal of first-class new songs to work with, although some were&lt;br&gt;excellent. In order to provide a suitable concert-like experience for the film, the&lt;br&gt;group did climb the roof of their Apple headquarters in London to deliver an&lt;br&gt;impromptu performance on January 30, 1969, before the police stopped it; this&lt;br&gt;was their last live concert of any sort.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=8&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Generally dissatisfied with these early-1969 sessions, the album and film â at&lt;br&gt;first titled Get Back, and later to emerge as &lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;/i&gt; â remained in the can as&lt;br&gt;the group tried to figure out how the projects should be mixed, packaged, and&lt;br&gt;distributed. A couple of the best tracks, &amp;quot;Get Back&amp;quot;/&amp;quot;Don't Let Me Down,&amp;quot; were&lt;br&gt;issued as a single in the spring of 1969. By this time, the Beatles' quarrels were&lt;br&gt;intensifying in a dispute over management: McCartney wanted their affairs to be&lt;br&gt;handled by his new father-in-law, Lee Eastman, while the other members of the&lt;br&gt;group favored a tough American businessman, Allen Klein.&lt;br&gt;
+It was something of a miracle, then, that the final album recorded by the group,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/i&gt;, was one of their most unified efforts (even if, by this time, the&lt;br&gt;musicians were recording many of their parts separately). It certainly boasted&lt;br&gt;some of their most intricate melodies, harmonies, and instrumental&lt;br&gt;arrangements; it also heralded the arrival of Harrison as a composer of equal&lt;br&gt;talent to Lennon and McCartney, as George wrote the album's two most popular&lt;br&gt;tunes, &amp;quot;Something&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Here Comes the Sun.&amp;quot; The Beatles were still&lt;br&gt;progressing, but it turned out to be the end of the road, as their business disputes&lt;br&gt;continued to magnify. Lennon, who had begun releasing solo singles and&lt;br&gt;performing with friends as the Plastic Ono Band, threatened to resign in late&lt;br&gt;1969, although he was dissuaded from making a public announcement.&lt;br&gt;
+Most of the early-1969 tapes remained unreleased, partially because the footage&lt;br&gt;for the planned television broadcast of these sessions was now going to be&lt;br&gt;produced as a documentary movie. The accompanying soundtrack album, &lt;i&gt;Let It&lt;br&gt;Be&lt;/i&gt;, was delayed so that its release could coincide with that of the film. Lennon,&lt;br&gt;Harrison, and Allen Klein decided to have celebrated American producer Phil&lt;br&gt;Spector record some additional instrumentation and do some mixing. Thus the&lt;br&gt;confusion that persists among most rock listeners to this day: &lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;/i&gt;, although&lt;br&gt;the last Beatles album to be released, was not the last one to be recorded.&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/i&gt; should actually be considered as the Beatles' last album; most of&lt;br&gt;the material on &lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;/i&gt;, including the title track (which would be the last single&lt;br&gt;released while the group was still together), was recorded several months before&lt;br&gt;the &lt;i&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/i&gt; sessions began in earnest, and a good 15 months or so before&lt;br&gt;its May 1970 release.&lt;br&gt;
+By that time, the Beatles were no more. In fact, there had been no recording&lt;br&gt;done by the group as a unit since August 1969, and each member of the band&lt;br&gt;had begun to pursue serious outside professional interests independently via the&lt;br&gt;Plastic Ono Band, Harrison's tour with Delaney &amp;amp; Bonnie, Starr's starring role in&lt;br&gt;the &lt;i&gt;Magic Christian&lt;/i&gt; film, or McCartney's first solo album. The outside world for&lt;br&gt;the most part remained almost wholly unaware of the seriousness of the group's&lt;br&gt;friction, making it a devastating shock for much of the world's youth when&lt;br&gt;McCartney announced that he was leaving the Beatles on April 10, 1970. (The&lt;br&gt;&amp;quot;announcement&amp;quot; was actually contained in a press release for his new album, in&lt;br&gt;which his declaration of his intention to work on his own effectively served as a&lt;br&gt;notice of his departure.)&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=9&gt;&lt;/a&gt;The final blow, apparently, was the conflict between the release dates of &lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;and McCartney's debut solo album. The rest of the group asked McCartney to&lt;br&gt;delay his release until after &lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;/i&gt;; McCartney refused, and for good measure,&lt;br&gt;was distressed by Spector's post-production work on &lt;i&gt;Let It Be&lt;/i&gt;, particularly the&lt;br&gt;string overdubs on &amp;quot;The Long and Winding Road,&amp;quot; which became a posthumous&lt;br&gt;Beatles single that spring. Although McCartney received much of the blame for&lt;br&gt;the split, it should be remembered that he had done more than any other&lt;br&gt;member to keep the group going since Epstein's death, and that each of the&lt;br&gt;other Beatles had threatened to leave well before McCartney's departure. With&lt;br&gt;hindsight, the breakup seemed inevitable in view of their serious business&lt;br&gt;disagreements and the growth of their individual interests.&lt;br&gt;
+As bitter as the initial headlines were to swallow, the feuding would grow much&lt;br&gt;worse over the next few years. At the end of 1970, McCartney sued the rest of&lt;br&gt;the Beatles in order to dissolve their partnership; the battle dragged through the&lt;br&gt;courts for years, scotching any prospects of a group reunion. In any case, each&lt;br&gt;member of the band quickly established viable solo careers. In fact, at the outset&lt;br&gt;it could have been argued that the artistic effects of the split were in some ways&lt;br&gt;beneficial, freeing Lennon and Harrison to make their most uncompromising&lt;br&gt;artistic statements (&lt;i&gt;Plastic Ono Band&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;All Things Must Pass&lt;/i&gt;). George's&lt;br&gt;individual talents in particular received acclaim that had always eluded him when&lt;br&gt;he was overshadowed by Lennon-McCartney. Paul had a much rougher time&lt;br&gt;with the critics, but continued to issue a stream of hit singles, hitting a&lt;br&gt;commercial and critical jackpot at the end of 1973 with the massively successful&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Band on the Run&lt;/i&gt;. Ringo did not have the songwriting acumen to compete on the&lt;br&gt;same level as the others, yet he too had quite a few big hit singles in the early&lt;br&gt;'70s, often benefiting from the assistance of his former bandmates.&lt;br&gt;
+Yet within a short time, it became apparent both that the Beatles were not going&lt;br&gt;to settle their differences and reunite, and that their solo work could not compare&lt;br&gt;with what they were capable of creating together. The stereotype has it that the&lt;br&gt;split allowed each of them to indulge in their worst tendencies to their extremes:&lt;br&gt;Lennon in agit-prop, Harrison in holier-than-thou-mysticism, McCartney in cutesy&lt;br&gt;pop, Starr in easy listening rock. There's a good deal of truth in this, but it's also&lt;br&gt;important to bear in mind that what was most missing was a sense of group&lt;br&gt;interaction. The critical party line often champions Lennon as the angry, realist&lt;br&gt;rocker, and McCartney as the melodic balladeer, but this is a fallacy: each of&lt;br&gt;them were capable, in roughly equal measures, of ballsy all-out rock and sweet&lt;br&gt;romanticism. What is not in dispute is that they sparked each other to reach&lt;br&gt;heights that they could not attain on their own.&lt;br&gt;
+Despite periodic rumors of reunions throughout the 1970s, no group projects&lt;br&gt;came close to materializing. It should be added that the Beatles themselves&lt;br&gt;continued to feud to some degree, and from all evidence weren't seriously&lt;br&gt;interested in working together as a unit. Any hopes of a reunion vanished when&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=10&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Lennon was assassinated in New York City in December 1980. The Beatles&lt;br&gt;continued their solo careers throughout the 1980s, but their releases became&lt;br&gt;less frequent, and their commercial success gradually diminished, as listeners&lt;br&gt;without first-hand memories of the combo created their own idols.&lt;br&gt;
+The popularity of the Beatles-as-unit, however, proved eternal. In part, this is&lt;br&gt;because the group's 1970 split effectively short-circuited the prospects of artistic&lt;br&gt;decline; the body of work that was preserved was uniformly strong. However, it's&lt;br&gt;also because, like any great works of art, the Beatles' records carried an ageless&lt;br&gt;magnificence that continues to captivate new generations of listeners. So it is&lt;br&gt;that Beatles records continue to be heard on radio in heavy rotation, continue to&lt;br&gt;sell in massive quantities, and continue to be covered and quoted by rock and&lt;br&gt;pop artists through the present day.&lt;br&gt;
+Legal wrangles at Apple prevented the official issue of previously unreleased&lt;br&gt;Beatle material for over two decades (although much of it was frequently&lt;br&gt;bootlegged). The situation finally changed in the 1990s, after McCartney,&lt;br&gt;Harrison, Starr, and Lennon's widow Yoko Ono settled their principal business&lt;br&gt;disagreements. In 1994, this resulted in a double CD of BBC sessions from the&lt;br&gt;early and mid-'60s. The following year, a much more ambitious project was&lt;br&gt;undertaken: a multi-part film documentary, broadcast on network television in&lt;br&gt;1995, and then released (with double the length) for the home video market in&lt;br&gt;1996, with the active participation of the surviving Beatles.&lt;br&gt;
+To coincide with the &lt;i&gt;Anthology&lt;/i&gt; documentary, three double CDs of previously&lt;br&gt;unreleased/rare material were issued in 1995 and 1996. Additionally, McCartney,&lt;br&gt;Harrison, and Starr (with some assistance from Jeff Lynne) embellished a couple&lt;br&gt;of John Lennon demos from the 1970s with overdubs to create two new tracks&lt;br&gt;(&amp;quot;Free as a Bird&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Real Love&amp;quot;) that were billed as actual Beatles recordings.&lt;br&gt;Whether this constitutes the actual long-awaited &amp;quot;reunion&amp;quot; is the subject of much&lt;br&gt;debate. Certainly these cuts were hardly classics on par with the music the group&lt;br&gt;made in the 1960s. Some fans, even diehards, were inclined to view the whole&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Anthology&lt;/i&gt; project as a distinctly 1990s marketing exercise that maximized the&lt;br&gt;mileage of whatever could be squeezed from the Beatles' vaults. If nothing else,&lt;br&gt;though, the massive commercial success of outtakes that had, after all, been&lt;br&gt;recorded 25 to 30 years ago, spoke volumes about the unabated appeal and&lt;br&gt;fascination the Beatles continue to exert worldwide.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHe1a7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHe1a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHe1a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/one.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9809</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">one.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">one.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/one.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://discography/www.thebeatlesarchive.com/discography/one.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Discography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe1a77c70ace7d301bcdb9d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215124</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe1a7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">title.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">00oneBIG.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;52%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2findex.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/title.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Beatles Archive&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; 
+      &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;24%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;OFFICIAL BRITISH DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpleasepleaseme.htm&quot;&gt;Please Please Me&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fwiththebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;With The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnight.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's night (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesforsale.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles for Sale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelp.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoul.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolver.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (UK version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2facollectionofbeatlesoldies.htm&quot;&gt;A Collection Of Beatles Oldies (But Goldies)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsgtpepperlonelyheartsclubband.htm&quot;&gt;Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1968&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1969&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarine.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fabbeyroad.htm&quot;&gt;Abbey Road&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbe.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - 1979&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19621966.htm&quot;&gt;1962-1966 (Red Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2f19671970.htm&quot;&gt;1967-1970 (Blue Album)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frockandrollmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Rock &amp;amp; Roll Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytour.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesatthehollywoodbowl.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2flovesongs.htm&quot;&gt;Love Songs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjude.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frarities.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1980 - 1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesballads.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Ballads&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2freelmusic.htm&quot;&gt;Reel Music&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethits.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fpastmasters.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles Past Masters - Volume I &amp;amp; II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1990 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fliveatthebbc.htm&quot;&gt;Live at the BBC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology1.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology2.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fanthology3.htm&quot;&gt;Anthology III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyellowsubmarinesongtrack.htm&quot;&gt;Yellow Submarine Songtrack&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fone.htm&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;tr&gt;
+        &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fletitbenaked.htm&quot;&gt;Let It Be... Naked&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;!-- Fine Tabella SINISTRA --&gt;
+  &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+ &lt;table class=&quot;disco&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/00oneBIG.gif&quot; alt=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;300&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;h1&gt;1&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;13/11/2000 Apple 7243 5 29970 2 (CD)&lt;br&gt;
+            15/11/2000 Apple 7243 5 29324 1 1 (LP)&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+            US release&lt;br&gt;
+            14/11/2000 Capitol CDP 5 29325 2 (CD)&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;p&gt;CD&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;ul&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Love Me Do&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;From Me To You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;She Loves You&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Want To Hold Your Hand&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Can't Buy Me Love&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;A Hard Day's Night&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;I Feel Fine&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Eight Days A Week&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Ticket To Ride&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Help!&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Yesterday&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Day Tripper&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;We Can Work It Out&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Paperback Writer&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Yellow Submarine&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Eleanor Rigby&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Penny Lane&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;All You Need Is Love&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Hello, Goodbye&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Lady Madonna&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Hey Jude&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Get Back&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Ballad Of John And Yoko&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Something&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Come Together&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;Let It Be&lt;/li&gt;
+              &lt;li&gt;The Long And Winding Road&lt;/li&gt;
+            &lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+          &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+   &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- Inizio Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+&lt;table class=&quot;menu&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;ONLY AMERICAN DISCOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1963&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fintroducingthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Introducing The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmeetthebeatles.htm&quot;&gt;Meet The Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlessecondalbum.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles second Album&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2faharddaysnightUS.htm&quot;&gt;A Hard Day's Night (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fsomethingnew.htm&quot;&gt;Something New&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesstory.htm&quot;&gt;The Beatles' Story&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatles65.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles '65&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fearlybeatles.htm&quot;&gt;The Early Beatles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fbeatlesvi.htm&quot;&gt;Beatles VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fhelpUS.htm&quot;&gt;Help! (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frubbersoulUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rubber Soul (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1966&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fyesterdayandtoday.htm&quot;&gt;Yesterday And Today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2frevolverUS.htm&quot;&gt;Revolver (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1967&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fmagicalmisterytourUS.htm&quot;&gt;Magical Mistery Tour&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1970&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fheyjudeUS.htm&quot;&gt;Hey Jude!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1971 - present&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2fraritiesUS.htm&quot;&gt;Rarities (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+        &lt;tr&gt; 
+          &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fdiscography%2fwww.thebeatlesarchive.com%2fdiscography%2ftwentygreatsethitsUS.htm&quot;&gt;20 Greatest Hits (US version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+        &lt;/tr&gt;
+      &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;!-- Fine Tabella DESTRA --&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHe612.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHe612.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHe612.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/ride.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3663</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ride.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ride.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Ticket To Ride</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/ride.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/ride.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe612d9920ce596efdeacff</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe612.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Ticket To Ride&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;(Lennon/McCartney) Lead Vocal: Lennon&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+I think I'm gonna be sad, &lt;br&gt;
+I think it's today, yeah. &lt;br&gt;
+The girl that's driving me mad &lt;br&gt;
+Is going away. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+She's got a ticket to ride, &lt;br&gt;
+She's got a ticket to ride, &lt;br&gt;
+She's got a ticket to ride, &lt;br&gt;
+But she don't care. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+She said that living with me &lt;br&gt;
+Is bringing her down yeah. &lt;br&gt;
+For she would never be free &lt;br&gt;
+When I was around. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+She's got a ticket to ride, &lt;br&gt;
+She's got a ticket to ride, &lt;br&gt;
+She's got a ticket to ride, &lt;br&gt;
+But she don't care. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+I don't know why she's ridin' so high, &lt;br&gt;
+She ought to think twice, &lt;br&gt;
+She ought to do right by me. &lt;br&gt;
+Before she gets to saying goodbye, &lt;br&gt;
+She ought to think twice, &lt;br&gt;
+She ought to do right by me. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+I think I'm gonna be sad, &lt;br&gt;
+I think it's today yeah. &lt;br&gt;
+The girl that's driving me mad &lt;br&gt;
+Is going away, yeah. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+She's got a ticket to ride, &lt;br&gt;
+She's got a ticket to ride, &lt;br&gt;
+She's got a ticket to ride, &lt;br&gt;
+But she don't care. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+I don't know why she's ridin' so high, &lt;br&gt;
+She ought to think twice, &lt;br&gt;
+She ought to do right by me. &lt;br&gt;
+Before she gets to saying goodbye, &lt;br&gt;
+She ought to think twice, &lt;br&gt;
+She ought to do right by me. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+She said that living with me, &lt;br&gt;
+Is bringing her down, yeah. &lt;br&gt;
+For she would never be free &lt;br&gt;
+When I was around. &lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Ah, she's got a ticket to ride, &lt;br&gt;
+She's got a ticket to ride, &lt;br&gt;
+She's got a ticket to ride, &lt;br&gt;
+But she don't care. &lt;br&gt;
+My baby don't care, my baby don't care. &lt;br&gt;
+My baby don't care, my baby don't care. &lt;br&gt;
+My baby don't care, my baby don't care. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHec12.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHec12.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHec12.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/jude.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3298</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">jude.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">jude.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">iso_8859_1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Hey Jude</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/jude.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_lyrics/www.boskowan.com/www/jirka/beatles/beatles/jude.htm</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Lyrics</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHec12d19e0cc5c6ef5f6cfd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215126</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHec12.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;../_private/header.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
+if (escape(top.document.referrer))
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+else
+document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.boskowan.com/a_boskowan/counter.asp?cAdresa=&quot; + location.href  + &quot;&amp;cOdkud=direct&quot; + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;!-- Na vrcholu --&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nvhit.pl?id=00026445&quot; WIDTH=&quot;1&quot;HEIGHT=&quot;1&quot; ALT=&quot;&quot; BORDER=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT LANGUAGE=&quot;JavaScript&quot;&gt;
+&lt;!-- document.write(&quot;&lt;IMG SRC=_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:///\\&quot;http://www.navrcholu.cz/cgi-bin/4web/nv_referer?id=00026445&amp;ref=&quot; + escape(top.document.referrer) + &quot;\\&quot; WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1 ALT=\\&quot;\\&quot; BORDER=0&gt;&quot;);
+// --&gt;
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;!-- Na vrcholu - konec --&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;49471&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;font SIZE=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Hey Jude&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Hey Jude, don't make it bad&lt;br&gt;
+take a sad song and make it better&lt;br&gt;
+Remember to let her into your heart&lt;br&gt;
+Then you can start to make it better&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Hey Jude, don't be afraid&lt;br&gt;
+You were made to go out and get her&lt;br&gt;
+The minute you let her under your skin&lt;br&gt;
+The you begin to make it better&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+And anytime you feel the pain&lt;br&gt;
+Hey Jude refrain&lt;br&gt;
+don't carry the world upon your shoulders&lt;br&gt;
+For now you know that it's a fool&lt;br&gt;
+who plays it cool&lt;br&gt;
+By marking his world a little colder&lt;br&gt;
+Da da da da da&lt;br&gt;
+da da da da&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Hey Jude don't let me down&lt;br&gt;
+You have found her, now go and get her&lt;br&gt;
+Remember to let get into your heart&lt;br&gt;
+then you can start to make it better&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+So let it out and let it in&lt;br&gt;
+Hey Jude begin&lt;br&gt;
+You're waiting for someone to perform with&lt;br&gt;
+And don't you know that it's just you&lt;br&gt;
+Hey Jude, you'll do&lt;br&gt;
+The movement you need is on your shoulder&lt;br&gt;
+Da da da da da&lt;br&gt;
+da da da da yeah&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Hey Jude&lt;br&gt;
+Hey Jude, don't make it bad&lt;br&gt;
+take a sad song and make it better&lt;br&gt;
+Remember to let her under your skin&lt;br&gt;
+Then you can begin to make it better&lt;br&gt;
+Better, better, better, better, better, oh&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+Da, da da da da da da&lt;br&gt;
+da da da da, hey Jude&lt;br&gt;
+Da, da da da da da da&lt;br&gt;
+da da da da, hey Jude&lt;br&gt;
+Da, da da da da da da&lt;br&gt;
+da da da da, hey Jude&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; U-Include=&quot;_private/footer1.htm&quot; TAG=&quot;BODY&quot; startspan --&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Copyright Â© 2003 by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:wag@volny.cz&quot;&gt;Jirka Wagner,
+Jr.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;strong&gt;All Rights Reserved.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;5922&quot; --&gt;
+
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHf45e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHf45e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHf45e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/flying.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1127</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">flying.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">flying.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">FLYING BY THE BEATLES</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf45e23adcbcf967e7c611f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf45e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+FLYING BY THE BEATLES
+transcribed by Maxxdaddy
+guitar 1 plays a 12 bar progression in C - (C C sus C Csus C F7  G7  F  C)
+
+F7 riff
+----------------------------
+-----------/6--5--3--1-0--1-
+----5---5--/7--5--3--2-0--0-
+-/3---3-------------------2-
+----------------------------
+----------------------------
+
+G7 turnaround
+-12\\10--8--7\\5--3--1--0--1/3--3--1/3--3--1--0-----0---------------
+-----------------------------------------------1-----1--1---------
+-12\\10--9--7\\5--4--2--0--2/4--4--2/4--4--3--0-----0---------------
+-----------------------------------------------2-----2--2---------
+-----------------------------------------------------------3p0----
+---------------------------------------------------------------3--
+
+melody
+   (2x)
+||---------------||---------------------------------------------
+||----------3-5~-||---------------------3-5~-----8~--6~--5~--3~-
+||----4--5-------||---4-5-4-2~-----4-5-----------7~--5~--5~--4~-
+||-5-------------||-3-----------5-------------------------------
+||---------------||---------------------------------------------
+||---------------||---------------------------------------------
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHf471.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHf471.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHf471.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/tablature_txt/members.aol.com/way2smug/allmy.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">TextPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2312</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">allmy.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">allmy.txt</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">ALL MY LOVING</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Tablature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf471015a83dd5e64e92dac</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf471.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+ALL MY LOVING
+transcribed by MaxxDaddy
+
+This song is a great practice song for rhythmic consistency.
+The chords are strummed very quickly in a triplet pattern:
+
+F#m               B                 E                 C#m
+/// /// /// /// | /// /// /// /// | /// /// /// /// | /// /// /// ///
+
+Verse Chords:
+ F#m B  E   C#m A   F#m D  B7
+-2---2--4---4---5---2---2--2-
+-2---4--5---5---5---2---3--0-
+-2---4--4---6---6---2---2--2-
+-4---4--6---6---7---4---0--1-
+-4---2----------7---4------2-
+-2--------------5---2--------
+
+Chorus Chords:
+
+ C#m C#mdim7  E
+-4---4--------4-
+-5---5--------5-
+-6---5--------4-
+-6---6--------6-
+----------------
+----------------
+
+Solo:
+ E          A                        E   
+--------------5~-------9--9---7--5---4--0-
+-------------------5----------------------
+--------------6~-------9--9---8--6---4--1-
+-2-----------------7----------------------
+------------------------------------------
+---0--2--4--5-----------------------------
+
+           F#m          B7           E
+-7--5--4---2-------2----9----5---9---0--------0-----0-
+-5--4----------2--------7--------7--------------------
+-------4---------------------6-------1----0h1---0h1---
+------------------------------------------------------
+------------------------------------------------------
+------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Lyrics:
+            F#m           B
+Close your eyes and I'll kiss you
+   E           C#m
+Tomorrow I'll miss you
+    A           F#m       D   B7
+Remember I'll always be true
+          F#m        B
+And then while I'm away
+           E          C#m
+I'll write home every day
+           A          B7        E
+And I'll send all my loving to you
+
+        F#m           B
+I'll pretend that I'm kissing 
+    E         C#m
+the lips I am missing
+    A            F#m               D   B7
+And hope that my dreams will come true
+            F#m       B
+And then while I'm away
+           E          C#m
+I'll write home every day
+           A          B7        E
+And I'll send all my loving to you
+
+CHORUS:
+         C#m   C#d7           E
+All my loving I will send to you
+          C#m    C#d7            E
+All my loving, darling I'll be true
+
+VERSE ONE
+CHORUS
+
+         C#m            E
+All my loving, all my loving 
+           C#m   
+Woo all my loving 
+               E   
+I will send to you
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHff57.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHff57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/HASHff57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/images/John_Lennon_statue.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">John_Lennon_statue.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">John_Lennon_statue.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">John_Lennon_statue.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">John_Lennon_statue.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">236019</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">230KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">John_Lennon_statue.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">John_Lennon_statue.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">John_Lennon_statue_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">John_Lennon_statue_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Format">Images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">500x375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Multimedia/import/images</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:19+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">John_Lennon_statue.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">236019</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">1 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.JFIFVersion">1 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.ResolutionUnit">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.XResolution">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.JFIF.YResolution">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">John Lennon statue</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHff57846674d41cb8bf2ed8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215131</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHff57.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">John_Lennon_statue.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">John_Lennon_statue_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">John_Lennon_statue_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,624 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb0e33d1860a87b3a6d2c5b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH010e317aabc76711c4f5ba4f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c0c4762f4cfc015d954683</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0178cad3d80ed3277abb31cb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHaca6c688d642bc0848b0c2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH67975eb4efca94a4baa8f0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01da0af1bcf0e975d3d3f353</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01aba36b41d2810add1cf31c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016d1a8849536cecc6357e10</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH30c99573fb6ade907d14e3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e39019035cf38831bc726a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011ab73874e2a9c5cac02137</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f01f7121594104946407b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb6c77338aaa0fcbc74bbe3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc4222b5f5dff4d7287f125</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH845f56948cf35479eddc35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018084e5b3857957d733e41f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01549197242544b65a05403b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015c91b724a544b65a05413b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016491d7252544b65a05423b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0125693cdfd49b06e5281eed</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH944aa48f5ed7e582fc4816</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01600843ad973cff4dd91253</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0191aa5391803501672372d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd74df165fea1b301754885</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa6508d45b5806d52e5a0b9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH2dc87fb762a8488f866cd1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH159c6df82a647b526bcaad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH205bfaa2f9c97cf86f5b74</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHcedf795e223388d13420f8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb8def35c1d29f9c7b5a43e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011d3bf233b89bb33b415e55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa543efe6af3b0b69158c92</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH164a80c828e3cbfb539c84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH184a80c828e3cbff539e84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH45335eb56c0831f3ac60c9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013b5774c41aabf4cbe99c3e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8de255416da560ece3288f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Magical Mystery Tour</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH010fee47dc6d43f3de5c094b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Magical Mystery Tour</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01753f2bc2f65465df2ac119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe1a77c70ace7d301bcdb9d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015ce869e478ac10c3b2ce80</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHcadf2b5df83ec022bef7dc</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH97968a280ec5614ea363ba</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0194df1459c65370eb014b8b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01db0113e3e0976c570dee6f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018ad3a056965b945b0ded0b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01888516961ed5d178d0c48a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH96195284f8b24ff3b97f18</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ed4b5e14d4bdb7f3b97f18</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c918511817bcaf1b3b0dac</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH028e665b2264c3b038691e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH014416d50e14c8870f6a6d7d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHec12d19e0cc5c6ef5f6cfd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6c125d9e0be1c6ebcf6cef</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012614b34d9389c7f3b97f1b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d2fc3dcf4e7c5ee932e07a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f2b591f7f5496216a6c2cd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH70be8f4388af07f3b97f1d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6c3b679e129809b57d6f7f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0137d2c45f96770a73b7e7f0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe612d9920ce596efdeacff</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH05a0244c41a05968e337e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b306f0c9137c5ee93afff8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0134d5fd26957c5ee93d0c29</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01895fa0fa200446cb168511</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017f640aea063898ca29f1f8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH55dd5b33f108b540345200</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ff65c272016393a525a962</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHff57846674d41cb8bf2ed8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01eb4052fc7f3c2f7ef687ab</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8afc94656db8f1084d4915</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdd107cb6a65ee6be712af9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c6e4d9f16dc6a2fea30d67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d1ffc8207efd7075d21bfc</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9bd93c634a95ff906e62af</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles and Frank Ifield on stage &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A Beatles collection &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles : complete scores.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles illustrated lyrics &#091;by&#093; Julian Allen &#091;and others&#093; Edited by Alan Aldridge.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles illustrated lyrics / edited by Alan Aldridge.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles illustrated lyrics / edited by Alan Aldridge.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles illustrated lyrics. Edited by Alan Aldridge. Illustrated by Julian Allen &#091;and others&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles illustrated lyrics / Julian Allen ... &#091;et al.&#093; ; edited by Alan Aldridge.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles in Japan / NTV.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles in Richard Lester's A hard day's night : a complete pictorial record of the movie / editor, J. Philip Di Franco ; introd., Andrew Sarris.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs10</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles in Richard Lester's A hard day's night : a complete pictorial record of the movie / editor, J. Philip Di Franco ; introd., Andrew Sarris.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles in their own words / compiled by Miles ; edited by Pearce Marchbank.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs12</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles in their own words / compiled by Miles ; edited by Pearce Marchbank ; designed by Perry Neville.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs13</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles live. Vol. 1 &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles live. Vol. 2 &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles lyrics illustrated / introduction by Richard Brautigan.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs16</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles lyrics / with an introduction by Jimmy Savile.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs18</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles &#091;sound recording&#093; : the lost tapes, a parody.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles &#091;sound recording&#093; : the lost tapes, a parody.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs20</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles special &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles tapes I &#091;sound recording&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs22</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles : versiones libres / compilado y comentado por Gustavo GÃ³mez CÃ³rdoba.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Big hits from England and U.S.A. &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs24</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The blues white album &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Compleat Beatles / produced by Delilah Communications/ATV Music Publications ; music arranged and edited by Milton Okun.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Dawn of the silver Beatles &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Downtown does the Beatles live at the Knitting Factory, 1992 &#091;sound recording&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs28</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Easy listening Beatles &#091;sound recording&#093; : for people who hate rock and roll.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs29</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Get back session &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs30</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A hard day's night &#091;computer file&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A hard day's night / United Artist ; director, Richard Lester ; producer, Walter Shenson ; writer, Alun Owen.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs32</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Hooked on, a Beatles tribute &#091;sound recording&#093; : 31 nonstop hits / performed by Dr. Fink and the Mystery Band.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs33</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Hot as sun &#091;sound recording&#093; : a tribute to the Beatles.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs34</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Lennon--the last interview &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Let it be / United Artists ; directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg ; produced by Neil Aspinall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Live performances &#091;sound recording&#093; : 1962-1963.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The lost Beatles interviews / Geoffrey Giuliano and Brenda Giuliano ; afterword by Dr. Timothy Leary.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs38</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Meet the Beatles! &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs39</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Real love &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs40</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Renaissance minstrels. Volume II &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs41</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Rock 'n' roll music. Vol. 2 &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Silver Beatles. Vol. 2 &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Talk downunder. Vol. I &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs44</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Things we said today : conversations with the Beatles / Geoffrey and Brenda Giuliano.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Things we said today : the complete lyrics and a concordance to the Beatles' songs, 1962-1970 / by Colin Campbell and Allan Murphy.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs46</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Words of love &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Yesterday sound recording ; a recollection of the Beatles / all selections by &#091;John&#093; Lennon and &#091;Paul&#093; McCartney.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs48</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Yesterday &#091;sound recording&#093; : the wonderful music of the Beatles.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs49</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>You sing The Beatles. 1 &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs50</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a61c27be78a33561bd3425</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01795e6b1a42bdaf93930d6c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0130b5744991ff6fb25de0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbfd699bb9c78ea8e503e2e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf471015a83dd5e64e92dac</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH014ece0a1fc6347b4e324e9b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb12cda82075d6814ccdf0e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013a2bdcb1fda160264c92ab</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf45e23adcbcf967e7c611f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017481d06dd87799186a620b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b699f5d52a14e3ba73ca0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01aa3350e74918b92bed82bd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01007f358672f1faecf04123</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH992e7033e1d1f6f101bc30</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01db2dc2853c313776d82881</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ec5d334e07c0566cf5657d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011a4d6e39cb8ee1126934de</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH092471e90222c1f634d210</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7a04458542cd5981061193</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013ebb9b233a11e3bda6cd61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a9b8f7432e72c7411bdf32</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5253aa641bc3ed8c93f506</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5253aa6423bc9a175bed06</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbcc8ae84057582543a464b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0b83d7a6ab31b8bb68e2a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7fc157cffb3218fa23ca4b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016a1c118d0ebce15ef6b87f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH010d70309070a4209e962c3b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01afeb5e82a0ecc4fcd87b90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ddac03854ce17b17b08748</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215145
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215116
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI	Source->SO
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title	Source
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;Source;->idx
+indexstem	Multimedia
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	580012
+numdocs	156
+numsections	156
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Multimedia/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,624 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb0e33d1860a87b3a6d2c5b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH010e317aabc76711c4f5ba4f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c0c4762f4cfc015d954683</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0178cad3d80ed3277abb31cb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHaca6c688d642bc0848b0c2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH67975eb4efca94a4baa8f0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01da0af1bcf0e975d3d3f353</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01aba36b41d2810add1cf31c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016d1a8849536cecc6357e10</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH30c99573fb6ade907d14e3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e39019035cf38831bc726a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011ab73874e2a9c5cac02137</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f01f7121594104946407b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb6c77338aaa0fcbc74bbe3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc4222b5f5dff4d7287f125</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH845f56948cf35479eddc35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018084e5b3857957d733e41f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01549197242544b65a05403b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015c91b724a544b65a05413b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016491d7252544b65a05423b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0125693cdfd49b06e5281eed</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH944aa48f5ed7e582fc4816</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01600843ad973cff4dd91253</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0191aa5391803501672372d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd74df165fea1b301754885</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa6508d45b5806d52e5a0b9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH2dc87fb762a8488f866cd1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH159c6df82a647b526bcaad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH205bfaa2f9c97cf86f5b74</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHcedf795e223388d13420f8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb8def35c1d29f9c7b5a43e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011d3bf233b89bb33b415e55</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHa543efe6af3b0b69158c92</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH164a80c828e3cbfb539c84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH184a80c828e3cbff539e84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH45335eb56c0831f3ac60c9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013b5774c41aabf4cbe99c3e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8de255416da560ece3288f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Magical Mystery Tour</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH010fee47dc6d43f3de5c094b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Magical Mystery Tour</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01753f2bc2f65465df2ac119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe1a77c70ace7d301bcdb9d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015ce869e478ac10c3b2ce80</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHcadf2b5df83ec022bef7dc</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH97968a280ec5614ea363ba</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0194df1459c65370eb014b8b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01db0113e3e0976c570dee6f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018ad3a056965b945b0ded0b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01888516961ed5d178d0c48a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH96195284f8b24ff3b97f18</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ed4b5e14d4bdb7f3b97f18</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c918511817bcaf1b3b0dac</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH028e665b2264c3b038691e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH014416d50e14c8870f6a6d7d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHec12d19e0cc5c6ef5f6cfd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6c125d9e0be1c6ebcf6cef</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012614b34d9389c7f3b97f1b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d2fc3dcf4e7c5ee932e07a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f2b591f7f5496216a6c2cd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH70be8f4388af07f3b97f1d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6c3b679e129809b57d6f7f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0137d2c45f96770a73b7e7f0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe612d9920ce596efdeacff</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH05a0244c41a05968e337e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b306f0c9137c5ee93afff8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0134d5fd26957c5ee93d0c29</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01895fa0fa200446cb168511</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017f640aea063898ca29f1f8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH55dd5b33f108b540345200</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ff65c272016393a525a962</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHff57846674d41cb8bf2ed8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01eb4052fc7f3c2f7ef687ab</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8afc94656db8f1084d4915</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdd107cb6a65ee6be712af9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c6e4d9f16dc6a2fea30d67</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d1ffc8207efd7075d21bfc</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9bd93c634a95ff906e62af</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles and Frank Ifield on stage &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A Beatles collection &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles : complete scores.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles illustrated lyrics &#091;by&#093; Julian Allen &#091;and others&#093; Edited by Alan Aldridge.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles illustrated lyrics / edited by Alan Aldridge.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles illustrated lyrics / edited by Alan Aldridge.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles illustrated lyrics. Edited by Alan Aldridge. Illustrated by Julian Allen &#091;and others&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles illustrated lyrics / Julian Allen ... &#091;et al.&#093; ; edited by Alan Aldridge.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs8</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles in Japan / NTV.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles in Richard Lester's A hard day's night : a complete pictorial record of the movie / editor, J. Philip Di Franco ; introd., Andrew Sarris.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs10</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles in Richard Lester's A hard day's night : a complete pictorial record of the movie / editor, J. Philip Di Franco ; introd., Andrew Sarris.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles in their own words / compiled by Miles ; edited by Pearce Marchbank.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs12</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles in their own words / compiled by Miles ; edited by Pearce Marchbank ; designed by Perry Neville.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs13</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles live. Vol. 1 &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles live. Vol. 2 &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs15</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles lyrics illustrated / introduction by Richard Brautigan.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs16</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles lyrics / with an introduction by Jimmy Savile.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs17</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs18</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles &#091;sound recording&#093; : the lost tapes, a parody.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs19</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles &#091;sound recording&#093; : the lost tapes, a parody.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs20</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles special &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Beatles tapes I &#091;sound recording&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs22</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Beatles : versiones libres / compilado y comentado por Gustavo GÃ³mez CÃ³rdoba.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Big hits from England and U.S.A. &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs24</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The blues white album &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs25</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The Compleat Beatles / produced by Delilah Communications/ATV Music Publications ; music arranged and edited by Milton Okun.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Dawn of the silver Beatles &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs27</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Downtown does the Beatles live at the Knitting Factory, 1992 &#091;sound recording&#093;</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs28</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Easy listening Beatles &#091;sound recording&#093; : for people who hate rock and roll.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs29</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Get back session &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs30</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A hard day's night &#091;computer file&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>A hard day's night / United Artist ; director, Richard Lester ; producer, Walter Shenson ; writer, Alun Owen.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs32</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Hooked on, a Beatles tribute &#091;sound recording&#093; : 31 nonstop hits / performed by Dr. Fink and the Mystery Band.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs33</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Hot as sun &#091;sound recording&#093; : a tribute to the Beatles.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs34</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Lennon--the last interview &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs35</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Let it be / United Artists ; directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg ; produced by Neil Aspinall.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Live performances &#091;sound recording&#093; : 1962-1963.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs37</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>The lost Beatles interviews / Geoffrey Giuliano and Brenda Giuliano ; afterword by Dr. Timothy Leary.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs38</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Meet the Beatles! &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs39</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Real love &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs40</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Renaissance minstrels. Volume II &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs41</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Rock 'n' roll music. Vol. 2 &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Silver Beatles. Vol. 2 &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Talk downunder. Vol. I &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs44</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Things we said today : conversations with the Beatles / Geoffrey and Brenda Giuliano.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs45</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Things we said today : the complete lyrics and a concordance to the Beatles' songs, 1962-1970 / by Colin Campbell and Allan Murphy.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs46</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Words of love &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs47</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Yesterday sound recording ; a recollection of the Beatles / all selections by &#091;John&#093; Lennon and &#091;Paul&#093; McCartney.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs48</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Yesterday &#091;sound recording&#093; : the wonderful music of the Beatles.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs49</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>You sing The Beatles. 1 &#091;sound recording&#093;.</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f7737a884fe1d1c2b476fs50</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a61c27be78a33561bd3425</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01795e6b1a42bdaf93930d6c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0130b5744991ff6fb25de0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbfd699bb9c78ea8e503e2e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf471015a83dd5e64e92dac</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH014ece0a1fc6347b4e324e9b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb12cda82075d6814ccdf0e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013a2bdcb1fda160264c92ab</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf45e23adcbcf967e7c611f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017481d06dd87799186a620b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b699f5d52a14e3ba73ca0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01aa3350e74918b92bed82bd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01007f358672f1faecf04123</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH992e7033e1d1f6f101bc30</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01db2dc2853c313776d82881</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ec5d334e07c0566cf5657d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011a4d6e39cb8ee1126934de</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH092471e90222c1f634d210</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7a04458542cd5981061193</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013ebb9b233a11e3bda6cd61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a9b8f7432e72c7411bdf32</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5253aa641bc3ed8c93f506</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5253aa6423bc9a175bed06</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbcc8ae84057582543a464b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0b83d7a6ab31b8bb68e2a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7fc157cffb3218fa23ca4b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016a1c118d0ebce15ef6b87f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH010d70309070a4209e962c3b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01afeb5e82a0ecc4fcd87b90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ddac03854ce17b17b08748</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0100.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0100.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0100.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dle3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dle3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dle3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dle3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dle3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">192487</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">188KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dle3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dle3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dle3_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dle3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:27 12:19:33</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:27 12:19:33</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:27 12:19:33</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dle3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">192487</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 213 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">lunch break</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dle3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Four</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dle3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dle3
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Four
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      lunch break
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-27
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle3.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle3.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dle3.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dle3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0100a941a7cb41c5c5837b4a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215212</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0100.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle3_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0110.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0110.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0110.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">65914</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">640</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">64.4KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla4_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla4_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">33.7725382248229</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">59.2961143494981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">4.8537284272224</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">640x480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">9.0380849475478</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.02083333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4583 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:29:25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:29:25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">640</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.02083333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">9.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:26:48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4583</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">65914</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">640</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-37 -42 -32 -11 17 45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Paul Mather and Ghaleb Abdulla</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla4
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Paul Mather and Ghaleb Abdulla
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla4.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla4.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla4.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0110ab41e7d74245d5857b8a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215183</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0110.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla4.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla4_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla4_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0114.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0114.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0114.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">219456</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">214KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb4_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb4_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">45.4231940294837</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">43.0059730446909</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">3.04733773804897</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">6.07189135312876</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.02857142857</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 10:47:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 10:47:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.02857142857</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">6.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 10:47:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">219456</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 203 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-149 -262 -277 -127 -210 -209</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Jeff Young speaking as part of the panel on OAI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb4
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Jeff Young speaking as part of the panel on OAI
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb4.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb4.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb4.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0114abc1f7d84265d985fb9a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215191</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0114.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb4.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb4_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb4_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0118.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0118.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0118.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlc4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlc4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlc4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlc4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlc4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">215190</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">210KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlc4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlc4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlc4_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlc4_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">28.4423372251832</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">71.0250160889593</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">6.60667284522706</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">8.07277757370249</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01754385965</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 12:55:07</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 12:55:07</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01754385965</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">10.9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">322</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 12:55:07</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlc4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">215190</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 220 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">17 61 76 43 110 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">registration desk during a quiet moment</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlc4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlc4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlc4
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Three
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      registration desk during a quiet moment
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc4.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc4.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlc4.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlc4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0118ac4207d94285dd867baa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215196</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0118.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc4.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc4_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc4_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH011c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH011c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH011c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">206814</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">202KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld4_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld4_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">9.44334142580467</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.009009009009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 17:57:29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 17:57:29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.009009009009</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 17:57:29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">206814</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 215 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Robert France and Christine Borgman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld4
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Robert France and Christine Borgman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld4.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld4.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld4.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011cacc217da42a5e186fbba</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215208</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld4.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld4_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld4_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0120.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0120.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0120.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dle4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dle4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dle4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dle4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dle4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">204146</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">199KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dle4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dle4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dle4_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dle4_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:27 12:20:21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:27 12:20:21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:27 12:20:21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dle4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">204146</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 216 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">lunch break</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dle4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle4.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Four</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dle4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dle4
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Four
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      lunch break
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-27
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle4.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle4.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dle4.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dle4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0120ad4227db42c5e5877bca</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215212</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0120.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle4.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle4_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle4_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0130.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0130.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0130.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">218823</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">663</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">214KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla5_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">52</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla5_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">156</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">35.2311946232959</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">56.689691740729</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">4.55963855421687</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1277x663</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">6.92865457021757</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.02127659574</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4714 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:29:43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:29:43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">663</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.02127659574</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">8.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:27:30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4714</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">218823</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">663</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-37 -42 -32 -11 17 45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">conference patricipants and attendees</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla5
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      conference patricipants and attendees
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla5.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla5.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla5.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0130af4267e74345f5897c0a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215183</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0130.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla5.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla5_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla5_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">219131</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">214KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb5_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb5_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">25.7202567580047</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">78.8442839152667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">7.74428445489274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.7937138440768</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01515151515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 10:47:51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 10:47:51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01515151515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">12.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 10:47:51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">219131</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 216 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">17 61 76 43 110 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">panelists representing the OAI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb5
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      panelists representing the OAI
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb5.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb5.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb5.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0134afc277e84365f989fc1a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215191</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0134.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb5.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb5_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb5_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0138.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0138.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0138.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlc5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlc5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlc5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlc5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlc5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">202791</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">198KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlc5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlc5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlc5_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlc5_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">39.4713517255115</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">50.1736352188061</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">3.78178596739901</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.81137849855585</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.0243902439</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 12:55:35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 12:55:35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.0243902439</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">7.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">211</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 12:55:35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlc5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">202791</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 219 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-65 -97 -93 -39 -40 -18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">hob-nobbing in the foyer, complete with wireless network access</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlc5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlc5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlc5
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Three
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      hob-nobbing in the foyer, complete with wireless network access
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc5.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc5.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlc5.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlc5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0138b04287e94385fd8a7c2a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215197</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0138.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc5.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc5_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc5_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">213700</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">209KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld5_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld5_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">10.0152477736052</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.006060606061</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 17:59:51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 17:59:51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.006060606061</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 17:59:51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">213700</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 201 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">at the performance arena</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld5
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      at the performance arena
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld5.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld5.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld5.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013cb0c297ea43a6018afc3a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215209</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld5.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld5_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld5_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0140.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0140.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0140.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dle5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dle5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dle5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dle5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dle5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">74479</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">640</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">72.7KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dle5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dle5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dle5_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dle5_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">19.9580611563025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">102.302087394189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">12.1490142387733</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">640x480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">6.65351867081131</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.07692307692</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4918 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:27 13:28:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:27 13:28:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">640</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.07692307692</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">15.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:27 21:42:49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dle5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">74479</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">640</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">14 52 65 35 91 108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">the most exciting and possibly most spoken about aspect of the conference - wireless networking :)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dle5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle5.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Four</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dle5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dle5
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Four
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      the most exciting and possibly most spoken about aspect of the conference - wireless networking :)
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-27
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle5.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle5.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dle5.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dle5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0140b142a7eb43c6058b7c4a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215213</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0140.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle5.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle5_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle5_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0150.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0150.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0150.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">88194</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">517</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">571</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">86.1KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla6_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">91</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla6_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">272</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">28.4423372251832</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">71.0250160889593</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">6.60667284522706</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">517x571</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.43791016715502</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01754385965</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4370 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:42:09</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:42:09</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">571</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">517</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01754385965</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">10.9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:29:17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4370</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">88194</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">571</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">517</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">17 61 76 43 110 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Robert France kicking off the evenings proceedings</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla6
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Robert France kicking off the evenings proceedings
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla6.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla6.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla6.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0150b342e7f74446158d7c8a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215183</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0150.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla6.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla6_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla6_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0154.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0154.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0154.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">217210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">212KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb6_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb6_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">25.7202567580047</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">78.8442839152667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">7.74428445489274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.7937138440768</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01515151515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 10:48:43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 10:48:43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01515151515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">12.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 10:48:43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">217210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 209 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">17 61 76 43 110 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">another audience shot</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb6
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      another audience shot
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb6.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb6.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb6.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0154b3c2f7f84466198dfc9a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0154.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb6.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb6_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb6_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0158.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0158.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0158.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlc6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlc6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlc6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlc6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlc6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">202457</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">198KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlc6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlc6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlc6_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlc6_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 14:49:24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 14:49:24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 14:49:24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlc6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">202457</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 217 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Unmil Karadkar, networking coordinator at the coffee break</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlc6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlc6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlc6
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Three
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Unmil Karadkar, networking coordinator at the coffee break
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc6.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc6.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlc6.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlc6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0158b44307f944861d8e7caa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215197</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0158.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc6.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc6_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc6_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH015c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH015c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH015c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">198607</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">194KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld6_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld6_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.0953356851659</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:01:26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:01:26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">172</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:01:26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">198607</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 219 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">and inside the main building</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld6
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      and inside the main building
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld6.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld6.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld6.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH015cb4c317fa44a6218efcba</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215209</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH015c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld6.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld6_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld6_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0160.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0160.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0160.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dle6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dle6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dle6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dle6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dle6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">188455</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">184KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dle6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dle6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dle6_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dle6_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.69331967895584</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.0303030303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:27 13:35:04</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:27 13:35:04</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.0303030303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:27 13:35:04</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dle6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">188455</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 213 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Ed Fox seeking assistance from the able volunteers</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dle6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle6.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Four</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dle6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dle6
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Four
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Ed Fox seeking assistance from the able volunteers
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-27
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle6.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle6.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dle6.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dle6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0160b54327fb44c6258f7cca</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215213</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0160.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle6.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle6_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle6_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">100334</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">823</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">98KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla7_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla7_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">19.9580611563025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">102.302087394189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">12.1490142387733</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">529x823</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">8.46087359268136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01098901099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 3023 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:43:17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:43:17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">823</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01098901099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">15.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:30:43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">3023</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">100334</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">823</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">14 52 65 35 91 108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Ed Fox, general chair of JCDL, welcoming everyone</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla7
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Ed Fox, general chair of JCDL, welcoming everyone
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla7.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla7.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla7.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0170b7436807454635917d0a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215184</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0170.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla7.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla7_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla7_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0174.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0174.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0174.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">196194</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">192KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb7_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb7_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 17:06:59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 17:06:59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 17:06:59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">196194</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 209 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb7
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb7.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb7.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb7.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0174b7c3780845663991fd1a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0174.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb7.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb7_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb7_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0178.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0178.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0178.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlc7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlc7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlc7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlc7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlc7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">189913</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">185KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlc7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlc7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlc7_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlc7_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 14:49:57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 14:49:57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 14:49:57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlc7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">189913</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 215 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">coffee break</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlc7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlc7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlc7
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Three
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      coffee break
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc7.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc7.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlc7.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlc7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0178b843880945863d927d2a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215197</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0178.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc7.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc7_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc7_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH017c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH017c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH017c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">196281</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">192KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld7_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld7_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">11.3597319930731</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.002386634845</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:03:16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:03:16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.002386634845</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:03:16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">196281</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 209 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">food, music and good company ...</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld7
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      food, music and good company ...
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld7.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld7.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld7.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017cb8c3980a45a64192fd3a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH017c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld7.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld7_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld7_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0180.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0180.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0180.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dle7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dle7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dle7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dle7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dle7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">208819</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">204KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dle7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dle7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dle7_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dle7_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">5.45628048148187</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.07142857143</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:27 13:45:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:27 13:45:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.07142857143</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:27 13:45:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dle7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">208819</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 212 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">conference staff hard at work in the office</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dle7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle7.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Four</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dle7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dle7
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Four
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      conference staff hard at work in the office
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-27
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle7.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle7.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dle7.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dle7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0180b943a80b45c645937d4a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215213</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0180.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle7.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle7_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle7_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0190.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0190.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0190.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">133566</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">772</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">718</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">130KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla8_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">93</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla8_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">279</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">19.9580611563025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">102.302087394189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">12.1490142387733</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">772x718</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">8.46087359268136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01098901099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4321 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:44:13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:44:13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">718</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">772</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01098901099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">15.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:31:16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4321</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">133566</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">718</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">772</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">14 52 65 35 91 108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Dean Bates welcoming the participants on behalf of Virginia Tech</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla8
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Dean Bates welcoming the participants on behalf of Virginia Tech
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla8.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla8.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla8.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0190bb43e817464655957d8a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215184</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0190.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla8.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla8_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla8_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0194.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0194.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0194.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">173281</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">169KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb8_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb8_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">8.83875011801575</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01369863014</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 18:27:26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 18:27:26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01369863014</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 18:27:26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">173281</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 218 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb8
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb8.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb8.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb8.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0194bbc3f81846665995fd9a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0194.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb8.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb8_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb8_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0198.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0198.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH0198.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlc8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlc8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlc8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlc8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlc8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">185918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">182KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlc8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlc8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlc8_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlc8_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 14:50:17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 14:50:17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 14:50:17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlc8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">185918</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 228 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">coffee break</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlc8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlc8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlc8
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Three
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      coffee break
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc8.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc8.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlc8.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlc8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0198bc44081946865d967daa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215198</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0198.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc8.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc8_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc8_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">198049</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">193KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld8_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld8_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">22.963249366387</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">88.618368698151</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">9.55043029259897</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">11.1851727750475</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.006060606061</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:03:36</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:03:36</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.006060606061</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">13.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:03:36</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">198049</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 208 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">17 61 76 43 110 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">the band hard at work at their Irish folk music</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld8.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld8
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      the band hard at work at their Irish folk music
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld8.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld8.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld8.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019cbcc4181a46a66196fdba</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld8.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld8_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld8_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH01b0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH01b0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH01b0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">144355</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">791</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">141KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla9_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">82</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla9_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">791x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4243 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:50:09</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:50:09</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">791</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:33:21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">144355</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">791</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">conference patricipants and attendees</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla9
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      conference patricipants and attendees
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla9.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla9.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla9.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01b0bf446827474675997e0a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215184</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01b0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla9.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla9_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla9_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH01b4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH01b4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH01b4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">201078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">196KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb9_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb9_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 18:29:03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 18:29:03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 18:29:03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">201078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 224 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb9
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb9.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb9.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb9.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01b4bfc4782847667999fe1a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01b4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb9.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb9_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb9_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH01b8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH01b8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH01b8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlc9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlc9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlc9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlc9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlc9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">186195</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">182KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlc9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlc9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlc9_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlc9_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 14:50:41</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 14:50:41</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 14:50:41</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlc9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">186195</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 216 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">coffee break</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlc9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlc9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlc9
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Three
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      coffee break
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc9.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc9.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlc9.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlc9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01b8c044882947867d9a7e2a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215198</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01b8.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc9.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc9_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc9_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH01bc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH01bc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH01bc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">215977</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">211KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld9_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld9_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">50.9348211494388</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">37.7931278271526</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.51566265060241</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">10.0539584537817</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.006329113924</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:05:48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:05:48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.006329113924</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:05:48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">215977</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 213 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-242 -445 -482 -225 -402 -425</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">conference attendees</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld9.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld9
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      conference attendees
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld9.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld9.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld9.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01bcc0c4982a47a6819afe3a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01bc.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld9.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld9_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld9_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">196794</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1228</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">822</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">192KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla10_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla10_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1228x822</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 5497 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:52:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:52:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">822</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1228</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:33:50</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">5497</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">196794</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">822</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1228</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">more VT people</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla10
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      more VT people
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla10.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla10.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla10.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b0fcab48aa543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215179</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b0f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla10.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla10_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla10_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cafdaf35.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cafdaf35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cafdaf35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">131311</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1039</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">664</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">128KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla11_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla11_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">25.7202567580047</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">78.8442839152667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">7.74428445489274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1039x664</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.7937138440768</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01515151515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 3948 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:52:21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:52:21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">664</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1039</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01515151515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">12.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:36:23</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">3948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">131311</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">664</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1039</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">17 61 76 43 110 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Ian Witten joining &quot;No Strings Attached&quot; to add to the festive atmosphere</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla11
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Ian Witten joining &quot;No Strings Attached&quot; to add to the festive atmosphere
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla11.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla11.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla11.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b0fcafdaf3543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b0f/cafdaf35.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla11.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla11_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla11_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cb46d3c5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cb46d3c5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cb46d3c5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">110248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">108KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla12_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">54</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla12_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">162</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">19.9580611563025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">102.302087394189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">12.1490142387733</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1103x595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">8.46087359268136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01098901099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 3286 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:52:45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:52:45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01098901099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">15.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:37:47</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">3286</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">110248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">595</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">14 52 65 35 91 108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">more Ian Witten</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla12
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      more Ian Witten
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla12.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla12.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla12.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b0fcb46d3c543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b0f/cb46d3c5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla12.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla12_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla12_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cb8ff855.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cb8ff855.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cb8ff855.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">200564</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">196KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla13_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla13_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">19.9580611563025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">102.302087394189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">12.1490142387733</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">9.23683331846343</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01098901099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:54:29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:54:29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01098901099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">15.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">292</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:24 17:54:29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">200564</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 219 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">14 52 65 35 91 108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">the very orange Volunteer t-shirt :)</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla13
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      the very orange Volunteer t-shirt :)
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla13.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla13.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla13.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b0fcb8ff85543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b0f/cb8ff855.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla13.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla13_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla13_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cbd91ce5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cbd91ce5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cbd91ce5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">189079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">185KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla14_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla14_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">48.030718939581</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">40.3995504359218</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.77879518072289</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.57277309185751</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.0303030303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:54:49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:54:49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.0303030303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">6.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">156</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:24 17:54:49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">189079</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 216 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-206 -375 -404 -188 -329 -343</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Chad Schennum and others chilling after a long day</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla14
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Chad Schennum and others chilling after a long day
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla14.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla14.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla14.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b0fcbd91ce543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215181</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b0f/cbd91ce5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla14.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla14_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla14_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cc224175.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cc224175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b0f/cc224175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">204619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">200KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla15_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla15_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">48.030718939581</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">40.3995504359218</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.77879518072289</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">960x1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.89239102605767</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.0303030303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 3602 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:55:58</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:55:58</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.0303030303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">6.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:39:03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">3602</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">204619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-206 -375 -404 -188 -329 -343</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Fernando Das Neves caught off-guard</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla15
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Fernando Das Neves caught off-guard
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla15.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla15.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla15.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b0fcc22417543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215181</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b0f/cc224175.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla15.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla15_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla15_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">173279</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">169KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb10_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb10_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.97085365434048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 3705 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 18:29:26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 18:29:26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:43:32</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">3705</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">173279</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb10
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb10.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb10.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb10.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b58ef448aa543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215185</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b58.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb10.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb10_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb10_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/ef8daf35.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/ef8daf35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/ef8daf35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">193432</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">189KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb11_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb11_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 18:30:31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 18:30:31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 18:30:31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">193432</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 217 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb11
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb11.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb11.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb11.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b58ef8daf3543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215186</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b58/ef8daf35.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb11.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb11_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb11_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/efd6d3c5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/efd6d3c5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/efd6d3c5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">188087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">184KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb12_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb12_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 18:31:14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 18:31:14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 18:31:14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">188087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 226 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb12
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb12.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb12.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb12.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b58efd6d3c543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215186</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b58/efd6d3c5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb12.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb12_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb12_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f01ff855.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f01ff855.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f01ff855.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">188358</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">184KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb13_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb13_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 18:31:55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 18:31:55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 18:31:55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">188358</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 220 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb13
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb13.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb13.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb13.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b58f01ff85543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215187</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b58/f01ff855.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb13.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb13_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb13_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f0691ce5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f0691ce5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f0691ce5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">195117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">191KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb14_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb14_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 18:32:46</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 18:32:46</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 18:32:46</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">195117</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 218 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb14
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb14.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb14.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb14.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b58f0691ce543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215187</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b58/f0691ce5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb14.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb14_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb14_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f0b24175.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f0b24175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f0b24175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">204818</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">200KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb15_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb15_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 18:33:59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 18:33:59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 18:33:59</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">204818</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 220 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb15
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb15.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb15.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb15.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b58f0b2417543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215188</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b58/f0b24175.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb15.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb15_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb15_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f0fb6605.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f0fb6605.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f0fb6605.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">186853</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">182KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb16_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb16_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 18:35:22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 18:35:22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 18:35:22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">186853</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 221 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb16
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb16.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb16.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb16.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b58f0fb660543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215188</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b58/f0fb6605.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb16.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb16_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb16_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f1448a95.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f1448a95.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f1448a95.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">190798</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">186KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb17_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb17_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 18:37:18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 18:37:18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 18:37:18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">190798</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 216 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb17
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb17.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb17.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb17.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b58f1448a9543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215188</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b58/f1448a95.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb17.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb17_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb17_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f18daf25.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f18daf25.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f18daf25.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">176999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">173KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb18_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb18_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 18:37:44</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 18:37:44</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 18:37:44</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">176999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 215 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb18
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb18.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb18.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb18.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b58f18daf2543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b58/f18daf25.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb18.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb18_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb18_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f1d6d3b5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f1d6d3b5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b58/f1d6d3b5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">181224</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">177KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb19_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb19_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 18:39:18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 18:39:18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 18:39:18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">181224</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 231 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb19
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb19.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb19.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb19.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b58f1d6d3b543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b58/f1d6d3b5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb19.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb19_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb19_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b59.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b59.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3b59.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">189814</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">185KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb20_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb20_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 18:40:31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 18:40:31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 18:40:31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">189814</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 216 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">demonstration and poster session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb20
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      demonstration and poster session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb20.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb20.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb20.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3b5938691aa543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215190</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3b59.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb20.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb20_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb20_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3ba2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3ba2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3ba2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlc10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlc10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlc10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlc10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlc10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">189574</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">185KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlc10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlc10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlc10_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlc10_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.02175455278479</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 14:51:53</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 14:51:53</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">181</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 14:51:53</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlc10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">189574</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 213 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">coffee break</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlc10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlc10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlc10
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Three
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      coffee break
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc10.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc10.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlc10.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlc10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3ba213d48aa543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215194</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3ba2.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc10.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc10_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc10_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3ba2/141daf35.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3ba2/141daf35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3ba2/141daf35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlc11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlc11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlc11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlc11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlc11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">66945</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">640</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">65.4KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlc11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlc11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlc11_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlc11_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">29.4794860857793</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">68.4185934801901</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">6.1306765523633</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">640x480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">5.18998265349503</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.1666666667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4449 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 15:08:48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 15:08:48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">640</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.1666666667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">10.5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:27 00:50:12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4449</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlc11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">66945</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">640</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">17 61 76 43 110 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Pamela Samuelson, keynote speaker on Digital Rights Management</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlc11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlc11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlc11
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Three
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Pamela Samuelson, keynote speaker on Digital Rights Management
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc11.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc11.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlc11.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlc11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3ba2141daf3543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215194</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3ba2/141daf35.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc11.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc11_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc11_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3ba2/1466d3c5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3ba2/1466d3c5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3ba2/1466d3c5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlc12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlc12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlc12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlc12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlc12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">78315</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">640</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">76.5KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlc12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlc12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlc12_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlc12_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">32.1064496337101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">62.5541426104596</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">5.25960684844642</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">640x480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">3.53007074222508</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 5233 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 15:39:30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 15:39:30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">640</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">9.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:27 00:50:22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">5233</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlc12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">78315</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">640</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-37 -42 -32 -11 17 45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">more of Pamela Samuelson</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlc12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlc12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlc12
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Three
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      more of Pamela Samuelson
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc12.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc12.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlc12.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlc12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3ba21466d3c543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215195</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3ba2/1466d3c5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc12.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc12_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc12_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">205388</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">201KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld10_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld10_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">10.5131117039602</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.004291845494</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:06:28</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:06:28</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.004291845494</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:06:28</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">205388</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 212 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">more conference attendees</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld10.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld10
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      more conference attendees
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld10.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld10.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld10.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb38648aa543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215199</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld10.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld10_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld10_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/38adaf35.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/38adaf35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/38adaf35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">194205</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">190KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld11_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld11_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">11.3597319930731</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.002386634845</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:08:08</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:08:08</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.002386634845</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:08:08</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">194205</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 202 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">even more conference attendees</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld11.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld11
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      even more conference attendees
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld11.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld11.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld11.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb38adaf3543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215200</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/38adaf35.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld11.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld11_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld11_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/38f6d3c5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/38f6d3c5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/38f6d3c5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">201057</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">196KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld12_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld12_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">19.9580611563025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">102.302087394189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">12.1490142387733</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">10.7079664548164</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.009259259259</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:14:51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:14:51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.009259259259</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">15.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:14:51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">201057</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 221 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">14 52 65 35 91 108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Ed Fox introducing the evening's activities</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld12.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld12
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Ed Fox introducing the evening's activities
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld12.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld12.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld12.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb38f6d3c543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215200</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/38f6d3c5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld12.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld12_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld12_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/393ff855.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/393ff855.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/393ff855.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">200012</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">195KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld13_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld13_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">19.9580611563025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">102.302087394189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">12.1490142387733</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">10.4706588741529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.007751937984</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:16:01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:16:01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.007751937984</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">15.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:16:01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">200012</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 216 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">14 52 65 35 91 108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Dennis Kafura, chair of VT-CS, welcoming participants</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld13.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld13
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Dennis Kafura, chair of VT-CS, welcoming participants
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld13.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld13.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld13.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb393ff85543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215200</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/393ff855.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld13.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld13_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld13_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/39891ce5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/39891ce5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/39891ce5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">203852</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">199KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld14_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld14_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">19.9580611563025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">102.302087394189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">12.1490142387733</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">10.2973748603985</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01098901099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:17:48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:17:48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01098901099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">15.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">140</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:17:48</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">203852</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 209 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">14 52 65 35 91 108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Rob Acksyn speaking on the history of the JCDL merger</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld14.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld14
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Rob Acksyn speaking on the history of the JCDL merger
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld14.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld14.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld14.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb39891ce543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/39891ce5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld14.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld14_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld14_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/39d24175.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/39d24175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/39d24175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">201554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">197KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld15_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld15_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">25.7202567580047</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">78.8442839152667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">7.74428445489274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">9.55945313855957</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01265822785</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:19:45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:19:45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01265822785</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">12.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:19:45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">201554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 220 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">17 61 76 43 110 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">... and how Hector Garcia-Molina had sworn to &quot;eat his slide&quot; if the merger was ever pulled off ...</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld15.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld15
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      ... and how Hector Garcia-Molina had sworn to &quot;eat his slide&quot; if the merger was ever pulled off ...
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld15.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld15.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld15.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld15</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb39d2417543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/39d24175.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld15.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld15_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld15_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/3a1b6605.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/3a1b6605.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/3a1b6605.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">193726</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">189KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld16_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld16_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">25.7202567580047</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">78.8442839152667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">7.74428445489274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">11.3417767619143</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.00518134715</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:20:49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:20:49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.00518134715</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">12.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:20:49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">193726</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 211 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">17 61 76 43 110 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">... and version 2 of the slide - a &quot;slide cake&quot;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld16.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld16
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      ... and version 2 of the slide - a &quot;slide cake&quot;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld16.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld16.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld16.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld16</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb3a1b660543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215202</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/3a1b6605.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld16.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld16_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld16_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/3a648a95.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/3a648a95.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/3a648a95.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">200530</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">196KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld17_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld17_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">25.7202567580047</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">78.8442839152667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">7.74428445489274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">10.5317967959236</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.006451612903</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:21:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:21:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.006451612903</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">12.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:21:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">200530</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 212 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">17 61 76 43 110 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">... presented by Robert France</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld17.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld17
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      ... presented by Robert France
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld17.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld17.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld17.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb3a648a9543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215202</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/3a648a95.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld17.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld17_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld17_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/3aadaf25.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/3aadaf25.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/3aadaf25.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">205820</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">201KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld18_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld18_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">41.9804188202877</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">46.9156069578447</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">3.40679079956188</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">9.71681946142228</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.007352941176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:22:19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:22:19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.007352941176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">7.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:22:19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">205820</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 211 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-103 -171 -175 -79 -116 -103</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Rob Acksyn, the sponsor of the Vannevar Bush award, introducing the award</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld18.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld18
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Rob Acksyn, the sponsor of the Vannevar Bush award, introducing the award
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld18.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld18.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld18.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb3aadaf2543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215203</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/3aadaf25.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld18.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld18_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld18_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/3af6d3b5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/3af6d3b5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/3af6d3b5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">198382</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">194KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld19_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld19_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">20.468948103646</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">99.6956647854199</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">11.8061641916503</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">10.1851048487796</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01176470588</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:23:01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:23:01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01176470588</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">15.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">135</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:23:01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">198382</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 207 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">14 52 65 35 91 108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Christine Borgman speaking about the process of selecting the awardee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld19.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld19
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Christine Borgman speaking about the process of selecting the awardee
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld19.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld19.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld19.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld19</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb3af6d3b543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215203</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/3af6d3b5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld19.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld19_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld19_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/81891aa5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/81891aa5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/81891aa5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">209525</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">205KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld20_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld20_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">40.4396507016622</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">48.8704239144215</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">3.69660460021906</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">10.1673980733671</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.007575757576</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:23:43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:23:43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.007575757576</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">7.5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:23:43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">209525</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 215 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-65 -97 -93 -39 -40 -18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">people looking on</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld20.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld20
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      people looking on
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld20.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld20.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld20.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb81891aa543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215204</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/81891aa5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld20.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld20_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld20_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/81d23f35.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/81d23f35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/81d23f35.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld21.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld21.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld21.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld21.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld21.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">210674</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">206KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld21.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld21.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld21_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld21_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">40.4396507016622</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">48.8704239144215</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">3.69660460021906</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">9.48733761523603</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.008620689655</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:23:50</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:23:50</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.008620689655</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">7.5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:23:50</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld21.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">210674</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 219 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-65 -97 -93 -39 -40 -18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">more people looking on</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld21.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld21.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld21
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      more people looking on
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld21.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld21.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld21.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb81d23f3543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215204</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/81d23f35.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld21.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld21_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld21_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/821b63c5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/821b63c5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/821b63c5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld22.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld22.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld22.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld22.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld22.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">196124</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">192KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld22.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld22.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld22_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld22_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">40.4396507016622</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">48.8704239144215</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">3.69660460021906</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">11.1915990440295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.002645502646</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:23:57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:23:57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.002645502646</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">7.5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:23:57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld22.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">196124</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 213 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-65 -97 -93 -39 -40 -18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">even more people looking on</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld22.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld22.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld22
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      even more people looking on
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld22.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld22.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld22.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb821b63c543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215205</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/821b63c5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld22.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld22_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld22_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/82648855.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/82648855.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/82648855.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld23.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld23.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld23.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld23.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld23.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">206949</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">202KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld23.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld23.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld23_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld23_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">40.4396507016622</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">48.8704239144215</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">3.69660460021906</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">9.6737507393919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.007575757576</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:25:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:25:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.007575757576</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">7.5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:25:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld23.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">206949</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 216 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-65 -97 -93 -39 -40 -18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">getting the award ready ...</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld23.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld23.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld23</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld23
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      getting the award ready ...
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld23.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld23.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld23.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld23</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb8264885543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215205</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/82648855.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld23.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld23_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld23_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/82adace5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/82adace5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/82adace5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld24.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld24.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld24.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld24.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld24.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">203993</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">199KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld24.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld24.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld24_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld24_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">35.2311946232959</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">56.689691740729</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">4.55963855421687</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">10.0199697365567</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.007092198582</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:26:34</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:26:34</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.007092198582</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">8.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:26:34</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld24.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">203993</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 221 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-37 -42 -32 -11 17 45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">presentation of the Vannevar Bush award</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld24.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld24.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      presentation of the Vannevar Bush award
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld24.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld24.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld24.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb82adace543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215206</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/82adace5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld24.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld24_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld24_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/82f6d175.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/82f6d175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/82f6d175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld25.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld25.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld25.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld25.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld25.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">203441</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">199KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld25.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld25.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld25_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld25_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">35.2311946232959</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">56.689691740729</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">4.55963855421687</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">10.1283458977832</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.006578947368</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:26:40</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:26:40</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.006578947368</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">8.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 18:26:40</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld25.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">203441</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 223 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-37 -42 -32 -11 17 45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">a few words from the awardee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld25.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld25.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      a few words from the awardee
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld25.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld25.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld25.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb82f6d17543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215206</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/82f6d175.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld25.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld25_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld25_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/833ff605.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/833ff605.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/833ff605.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld26.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld26.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld26.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld26.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld26.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">274865</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">268KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld26.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld26.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld26_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld26_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">22.963249366387</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">88.618368698151</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">9.55043029259897</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">960x1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">10.2320938225864</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.008333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4716 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:28:58</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:28:58</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.008333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">13.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">176</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:27 00:57:08</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4716</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld26.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">274865</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">17 61 76 43 110 136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Erich Neuhold, the man who brought everyone together</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld26.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld26.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Erich Neuhold, the man who brought everyone together
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld26.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld26.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld26.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb833ff60543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215207</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/833ff605.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld26.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld26_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld26_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/83891a95.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/83891a95.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASH3beb/83891a95.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld27.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld27.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld27.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld27.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld27.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">223864</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">219KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld27.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld27.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld27_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld27_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">10.7935838021191</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.003533568905</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 5824 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 18:32:52</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 18:32:52</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.003533568905</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:27 00:57:35</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">5824</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld27.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">223864</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">the winners of the Vannevar Bush award of 2001</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld27.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld27.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld27
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      the winners of the Vannevar Bush award of 2001
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld27.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld27.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld27.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3beb83891a9543cbf9f0d0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215207</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3beb/83891a95.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld27.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld27_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld27_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHb09f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHb09f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHb09f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">206529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1267</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">676</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">202KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla1_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">53</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">160</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">33.7725382248229</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">59.2961143494981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">4.8537284272224</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1267x676</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">5.03808494702843</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.1666666667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 5496 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:27:49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:27:49</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">676</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1267</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.1666666667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">9.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:23:53</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">5496</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">206529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">676</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1267</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-37 -42 -32 -11 17 45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">conference patricipants and attendees</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla1
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      conference patricipants and attendees
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla1.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla1.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla1.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb09f4067a73f4575797a0a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215179</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb09f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla1_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHb49f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHb49f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHb49f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">217880</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">213KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb1_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">5.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 09:11:02</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 09:11:02</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 09:11:02</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">217880</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 221 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Keynote venue</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb1
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Keynote venue
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb1.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb1.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb1.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb49fc077a83f657979fa1a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215185</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb49f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb1_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHb8a0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHb8a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHb8a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlc1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlc1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlc1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlc1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlc1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">208968</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">204KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlc1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlc1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlc1_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlc1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.08697221223127</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 12:46:55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 12:46:55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">173</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 12:46:55</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlc1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">208968</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 229 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">SMETE Panel</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlc1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlc1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlc1
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Three
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      SMETE Panel
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc1.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc1.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlc1.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlc1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb8a04087a93f857d7a7a2a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215194</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb8a0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc1_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHbca0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHbca0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHbca0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">212377</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">207KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld1_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">6.30728131906723</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 17:16:29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 17:16:29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 17:16:29</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">212377</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 213 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">the O-gauge model train ... some LoC people skirting the exhibit while others pay more attention to the food</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld1
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      the O-gauge model train ... some LoC people skirting the exhibit while others pay more attention to the food
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld1.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld1.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld1.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHbca0c097aa3fa5817afa3a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215199</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHbca0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld1_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHc0a1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHc0a1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHc0a1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dle1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dle1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dle1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dle1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dle1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">201181</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">196KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dle1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dle1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dle1_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dle1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:27 12:15:44</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:27 12:15:44</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:27 12:15:44</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dle1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">201181</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 207 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Jim French and Unmil Karadkar over lunch</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dle1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle1.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Four</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dle1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dle1
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Four
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Jim French and Unmil Karadkar over lunch
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-27
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle1.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle1.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dle1.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dle1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHc0a140a7ab3fc5857b7a4a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215211</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHc0a1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle1_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHd0a3.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHd0a3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHd0a3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">244715</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">763</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">239KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla2_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">60</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">179</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">33.7725382248229</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">59.2961143494981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">4.8537284272224</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1276x763</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.0380849475478</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.02083333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 5259 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:28:22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:28:22</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">763</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.02083333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">9.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:25:02</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">5259</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">244715</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">763</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">Unknown</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-37 -42 -32 -11 17 45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">conference patricipants and attendees</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla2
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      conference patricipants and attendees
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla2.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla2.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla2.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd0a340e7b74045957d7a8a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215182</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd0a3.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla2_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHd4a3.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHd4a3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHd4a3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">219078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">214KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb2_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">19.9580611563025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">102.302087394189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">12.1490142387733</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">8.46087359268136</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01098901099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 3656 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 09:12:37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 09:12:37</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01098901099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">15.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:41:01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">3656</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">219078</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">14 52 65 35 91 108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">Brewster Kahle speaks while Ed Fox looks on</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb2
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Brewster Kahle speaks while Ed Fox looks on
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb2.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb2.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb2.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd4a3c0f7b84065997dfa9a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215190</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd4a3.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb2_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHd8a4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHd8a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHd8a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlc2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlc2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlc2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlc2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlc2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">208895</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">204KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlc2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlc2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlc2_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlc2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">32.1064496337101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">62.5541426104596</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">5.25960684844642</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">6.53007074222508</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.0625</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 12:57:27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 12:57:27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.0625</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">9.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 12:57:27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlc2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">208895</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 228 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-37 -42 -32 -11 17 45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">SMETE Panel</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlc2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlc2
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Three
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      SMETE Panel
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc2.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc2.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlc2.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd8a44107b940859d7e7aaa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215195</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd8a4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc2_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHdca4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHdca4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHdca4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">212120</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">207KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld2_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">6.23388806005886</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.04166666667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 17:20:20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 17:20:20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.04166666667</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 17:20:20</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">212120</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 205 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">more of the train and more people</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld2
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      more of the train and more people
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld2.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld2.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld2.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdca4c117ba40a5a17efaba</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215204</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdca4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld2_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHe0a5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHe0a5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHe0a5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dle2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dle2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dle2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dle2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dle2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">198060</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">193KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dle2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dle2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dle2_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dle2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">7.55581615520591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:27 12:16:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:27 12:16:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.03333333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:27 12:16:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dle2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">198060</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 215 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">lunch break</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dle2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle2.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Four</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dle2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dle2
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Four
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      lunch break
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-27
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle2.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200105dle/01dle2.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dle2.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dle2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe0a54127bb40c5a57f7aca</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215211</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe0a5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle2_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dle2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHf0a7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHf0a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHf0a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dla3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dla3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dla3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dla3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dla3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">251505</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">246KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dla3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dla3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dla3_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dla3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">33.7725382248229</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">59.2961143494981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">4.8537284272224</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">8.04967292182301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.02083333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 5576 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:24 17:28:51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:24 17:28:51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.02083333333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">9.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 11:25:27</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">OLYMPUS CAMEDIA Master</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">5576</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dla3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">251505</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-37 -42 -32 -11 17 45</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">conference patricipants and attendees</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dla3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dla3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dla3
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day One
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      conference patricipants and attendees
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-24
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla3.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200101dla/01dla3.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dla3.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dla3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf0a74167c74145b5817b0a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215182</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf0a7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla3_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dla3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHf4a7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHf4a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHf4a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlb3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlb3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlb3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlb3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlb3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">215553</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">211KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlb3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlb3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlb3_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlb3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">3.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">40.4396507016622</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">48.8704239144215</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">3.69660460021906</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">6.40840617297478</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.02564102564</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:25 09:13:11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:25 09:13:11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.02564102564</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">3.3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">7.5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:25 09:13:11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlb3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">215553</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 206 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-65 -97 -93 -39 -40 -18</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-25</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">a rapt and rather large audience</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlb3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlb3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlb3
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Two
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      a rapt and rather large audience
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-25
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb3.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200102dlb/01dlb3.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlb3.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlb3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf4a7c177c84165b981fb1a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215191</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf4a7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb3_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlb3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHf8a8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHf8a8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHf8a8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dlc3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dlc3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dlc3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dlc3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dlc3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">211925</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">207KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dlc3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dlc3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dlc3_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dlc3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">19.9580611563025</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">102.302087394189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">12.1490142387733</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">5.27500704749987</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 12:54:03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 12:54:03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">4.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">15.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 12:54:03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dlc3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">211925</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 234 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">14 52 65 35 91 108</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">a typical paper session</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dlc3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Day Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dlc3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dlc3
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Day Three
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      a typical paper session
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc3.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200103dlc/01dlc3.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dlc3.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dlc3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf8a84187c94185bd827b2a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215196</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf8a8.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc3_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dlc3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHfca8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHfca8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/HASHfca8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs/01dld3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">01dld3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">01dld3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">01dld3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">01dld3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">203775</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">199KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">01dld3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">01dld3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">01dld3_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">01dld3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.Aperture">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.CircleOfConfusion">0.00461111111111111</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FOV">52.5130895707807</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.FocalLength35efl">36.4899165227681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.HyperfocalDistance">2.4289156626506</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ImageSize">1280x960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.LightValue">8.57966289727569</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ScaleFactor35efl">6.51605652192287</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ShutterSpeed">0.01639344262</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.Composite.ThumbnailImage">&amp;#40;Binary data 4048 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ColorSpace">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ComponentsConfiguration">1 2 3 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CompressedBitsPerPixel">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Compression">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.CreateDate">2001:06:26 17:54:30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.DateTimeOriginal">2001:06:26 17:54:30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExifVersion">0210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureCompensation">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureProgram">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ExposureTime">0.01639344262</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FNumber">2.8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FileSource">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Flash">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FlashpixVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.FocalLength">5.6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ISO">125</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ImageDescription">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropIndex">R98</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.InteropVersion">0100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.LightSource">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Make">OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.&amp;#44;LTD</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MaxApertureValue">2.82842712474619</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.MeteringMode">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Model">C960Z&amp;#44;D460Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ModifyDate">2001:06:26 17:54:30</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Orientation">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ResolutionUnit">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.SceneType">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.Software">v874u-74</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailLength">4048</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.ThumbnailOffset">2024</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.XResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YCbCrPositioning">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.EXIF.YResolution">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.BitsPerSample">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ColorComponents">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/OAI-Local/import/oai/JCDLPICS/srcdocs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.EncodingProcess">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ExifByteOrder">II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:28+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">01dld3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">755</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">203775</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageHeight">960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.YCbCrSubSampling">2 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.BWMode">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraID">OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.CameraType">SR874</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DataDump">&amp;#40;Binary data 225 bytes&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.DigitalZoom">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.FocalPlaneDiagonal">6.64</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.LensDistortionParams">-283 -524 -571 -267 -485 -518</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Macro">0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Quality">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.Resolution">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.MakerNotes.SpecialMode">0 0 0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Creator">Hussein Suleman</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Date">2001-06-26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Description">students and student volunteers tucking in</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Format">image/jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Identifier">srcdocs/01dld3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Language">en-us</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.OrigURL">http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld3.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Publisher">JCDL</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Rights">unrestricted</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Subject">JCDL Banquet</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Title">01dld3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.dc.Type">image</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="prettymd">
+&lt;table width=100% cellspacing=2 style='border-bottom: 4px solid #000080'&gt;  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Title
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      01dld3
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Creator
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      Hussein Suleman
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Subject
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL Banquet
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Description
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      students and student volunteers tucking in
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Publisher
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      JCDL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Date
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      2001-06-26
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Type
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Format
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      image/jpeg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.OrigURL
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld3.jpg&quot;&gt;http://rocky.dlib.vt.edu/~jcdlpix/pictures/200104dld/01dld3.jpg&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Identifier
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      srcdocs/01dld3.jpg
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Language
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      en-us
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr bgcolor=#b5d3cd&gt;
+    &lt;td width=30%&gt;
+      dc.Rights
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td&gt;
+      unrestricted
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">01dld3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHfca8c197ca41a5c182fb3a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214948</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215208</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHfca8.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld3_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">01dld3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb09f4067a73f4575797a0a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b0fcab48aa543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b0fcafdaf3543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b0fcb46d3c543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b0fcb8ff85543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b0fcbd91ce543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b0fcc22417543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd0a340e7b74045957d7a8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf0a74167c74145b5817b0a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0110ab41e7d74245d5857b8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0130af4267e74345f5897c0a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0150b342e7f74446158d7c8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0170b7436807454635917d0a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0190bb43e817464655957d8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b0bf446827474675997e0a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb49fc077a83f657979fa1a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58ef448aa543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58ef8daf3543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58efd6d3c543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f01ff85543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f0691ce543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f0b2417543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f0fb660543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f1448a9543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f18daf2543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f1d6d3b543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd4a3c0f7b84065997dfa9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b5938691aa543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf4a7c177c84165b981fb1a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0114abc1f7d84265d985fb9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0134afc277e84365f989fc1a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0154b3c2f7f84466198dfc9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0174b7c3780845663991fd1a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0194bbc3f81846665995fd9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b4bfc4782847667999fe1a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb8a04087a93f857d7a7a2a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ba213d48aa543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ba2141daf3543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ba21466d3c543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd8a44107b940859d7e7aaa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf8a84187c94185bd827b2a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0118ac4207d94285dd867baa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0138b04287e94385fd8a7c2a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0158b44307f944861d8e7caa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0178b843880945863d927d2a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0198bc44081946865d967daa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b8c044882947867d9a7e2a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbca0c097aa3fa5817afa3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb38648aa543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb38adaf3543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb38f6d3c543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb393ff85543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb39891ce543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb39d2417543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb3a1b660543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb3a648a9543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb3aadaf2543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb3af6d3b543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdca4c117ba40a5a17efaba</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb81891aa543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb81d23f3543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb821b63c543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb8264885543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb82adace543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb82f6d17543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb833ff60543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb83891a9543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfca8c197ca41a5c182fb3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011cacc217da42a5e186fbba</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013cb0c297ea43a6018afc3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015cb4c317fa44a6218efcba</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017cb8c3980a45a64192fd3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019cbcc4181a46a66196fdba</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01bcc0c4982a47a6819afe3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc0a140a7ab3fc5857b7a4a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0a54127bb40c5a57f7aca</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0100a941a7cb41c5c5837b4a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0120ad4227db42c5e5877bca</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0140b142a7eb43c6058b7c4a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0160b54327fb44c6258f7cca</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0180b943a80b45c645937d4a</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215216
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215146
+indexfieldmap	ex.dc.Description->DC
+indexfields	ex.dc.Description
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	ex.dc.Description;->idx
+indexstem	OAI-Local
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	2106
+numdocs	81
+numsections	81
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/OAI-Local/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb09f4067a73f4575797a0a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b0fcab48aa543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b0fcafdaf3543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b0fcb46d3c543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b0fcb8ff85543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b0fcbd91ce543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b0fcc22417543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd0a340e7b74045957d7a8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf0a74167c74145b5817b0a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0110ab41e7d74245d5857b8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0130af4267e74345f5897c0a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0150b342e7f74446158d7c8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0170b7436807454635917d0a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0190bb43e817464655957d8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b0bf446827474675997e0a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb49fc077a83f657979fa1a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58ef448aa543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58ef8daf3543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58efd6d3c543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f01ff85543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f0691ce543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f0b2417543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f0fb660543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f1448a9543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f18daf2543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b58f1d6d3b543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd4a3c0f7b84065997dfa9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3b5938691aa543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf4a7c177c84165b981fb1a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0114abc1f7d84265d985fb9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0134afc277e84365f989fc1a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0154b3c2f7f84466198dfc9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0174b7c3780845663991fd1a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0194bbc3f81846665995fd9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b4bfc4782847667999fe1a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb8a04087a93f857d7a7a2a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ba213d48aa543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ba2141daf3543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ba21466d3c543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd8a44107b940859d7e7aaa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf8a84187c94185bd827b2a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0118ac4207d94285dd867baa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0138b04287e94385fd8a7c2a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0158b44307f944861d8e7caa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0178b843880945863d927d2a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0198bc44081946865d967daa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b8c044882947867d9a7e2a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbca0c097aa3fa5817afa3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb38648aa543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb38adaf3543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb38f6d3c543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb393ff85543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb39891ce543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb39d2417543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb3a1b660543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb3a648a9543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb3aadaf2543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb3af6d3b543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdca4c117ba40a5a17efaba</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb81891aa543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb81d23f3543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb821b63c543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb8264885543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb82adace543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb82f6d17543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb833ff60543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3beb83891a9543cbf9f0d0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfca8c197ca41a5c182fb3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011cacc217da42a5e186fbba</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013cb0c297ea43a6018afc3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015cb4c317fa44a6218efcba</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017cb8c3980a45a64192fd3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019cbcc4181a46a66196fdba</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01bcc0c4982a47a6819afe3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc0a140a7ab3fc5857b7a4a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0a54127bb40c5a57f7aca</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0100a941a7cb41c5c5837b4a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0120ad4227db42c5e5877bca</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0140b142a7eb43c6058b7c4a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0160b54327fb44c6258f7cca</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0180b943a80b45c645937d4a</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/HASHccc7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/HASHccc7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/HASHccc7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">untitled</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/tmp/F675.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/tmp/F675.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/A9-access-best-practices.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/tmp/F675.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">F675.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">A9-access-best-practices.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">A9-access-best-practices.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1329651</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">A9-access-best-practices</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Adobe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Source">www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/accessibility/products/acrobat/pdfs/A9-access-best-practices.pdfâ</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Best Practices for Accessibility</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/PDFBox/import</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 15:04:52+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">A9-access-best-practices.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">644</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">1329651</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">2009:02:17 22:33:44Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">FrameMaker 9.0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">true</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.ModifyDate">2009:02:27 12:37:43-05:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">72</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageMode">UseOutlines</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat Distiller 9.0.0 &amp;#40;Windows&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.TaggedPDF">true</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Title">untitled</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.CreateDate">2009:02:17 22:33:44Z</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.CreatorTool">FrameMaker 9.0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.DocumentID">uuid:e09b572c-54b4-4dc6-9177-9daf38f3f1f7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Format">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.InstanceID">uuid:a355fe85-9ac6-433b-98c8-783bae38f4ed</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.MetadataDate">2009:02:27 12:37:43-05:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.ModifyDate">2009:02:27 12:37:43-05:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Producer">Acrobat Distiller 9.0.0 &amp;#40;Windows&amp;#41;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.Title">untitled</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.XMP.XMPToolkit">Adobe XMP Core 4.2.1-c041 52.342996&amp;#44; 2008/05/07-20:48:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHccc7f4b2749b7bf1174ade</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395194692</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395194980</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHccc7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;AdobeÂ® AcrobatÂ® 9 Pro Accessibility Guide: &lt;br /&gt;Best Practices for Accessibility&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Adobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, Acrobat Connect, the Adobe PDF logo, Creative Suite, LiveCycle, and Reader are either registered trade-&lt;br /&gt;marks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. AutoCAD is either a registered trade-&lt;br /&gt;mark or a trademark of Autodesk, Inc., in the USA and/or other countries. GeoTrust is a registered trademark of GeoTrust, Inc. Microsoft &lt;br /&gt;and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All &lt;br /&gt;other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â© 2008 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contents&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contents i&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Introduction 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;PDF Accessibility 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Each PDF File is Different 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two Workflows for Creating Accessible PDF Files 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making an Existing PDF File Accessible  1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Generating Accessible PDF Files from Authoring Applications  2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Characteristics of Accessible PDF files 2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Searchable text  2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fonts that allow characters to be extracted to text  2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Interactive form fields  2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other Features: Buttons, hyperlinks, and navigational aids  2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Document language  3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Security that will not interfere with assistive technology  3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Document structure tags and proper read order  3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alternative text descriptions  3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Reader Accessibility Features 3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Features for Accessible Reading of PDFs  3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Features for Creating Accessible PDFs  3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow 5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contentsii |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PDF Accessibility Workflow Summary 5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 1: Analyze the PDF File 5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 2: Determine if the PDF is a Scanned Document 5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;How to Tell if a PDF File is a Scanned Document  6&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;What to Do if the PDF is a Scanned Document  7&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;What to Do if the PDF is Not a Scanned Document  8&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 3: Add Interactive Features: Form Fields and Buttons 8&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;PDF Form Fields  9&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use Acrobat to Detect and Create Interactive Form Fields  9&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat Form Wizard  9&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enter Forms Editing Mode Directly  10&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create Form Fields Manually  10&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Forms Editing Mode  11&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating a New Form Field  11&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Form Field Properties  12&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tooltips for Form Fields  12&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tooltips for Radio Buttons  13&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Editing or Modifying an Existing Form Field  14&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Deleting a Form Field  14&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Buttons  15&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Set the Tab Order  15&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 4: Add Other Accessibility Features 16&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Document Language  16&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Set Security That Permits Accessibility  17&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create Accessible Links  19&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add Bookmarks  19&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contents | iii&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Step 5: Determine if the PDF File is a Tagged PDF File 20&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;How to Tell if a PDF File is Tagged  20&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;What to do if the PDF File is Not Tagged  22&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;About the Add Tags Report  22&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;What to do if the PDF File is Tagged  23&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Tagged 23&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;TouchUp Reading Order Tool (TURO)  23&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Selecting the TouchUp Reading Order Tool  24&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;TouchUp Reading Order Tool Options  25&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tips for using the TouchUp Reading Order tool  26&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Checking Read Order with the Touch Up Read Order Tool  26&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check reading order with the TouchUp Reading Order tool  27&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the reading order by dragging on the page  27&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the reading order using the Order panel  27&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Editing Tags with the TouchUp Reading Order Tool  28&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tag a region  28&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the tag for a region  28&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add or remove content from a tagged region  28&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Split a region into two regions  28&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apply a heading tag  29&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remove page elements from the tag structure  29&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apply a figure tag  29&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using TouchUp Reading Order to Check and Correct Figure Tags  29&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Adding Alternate Text with the TouchUp Reading Order Tool  30&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using the TouchUp Reading Order Tool Table Editor  31&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add a Table Summary  31&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Place the Table in Editing Mode  31&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remove or replace document structure tags  35&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contentsiv |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Replace the existing tag structure  35&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remove all tags from a PDF  35&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Complex Structures  35&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Content Panel  35&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Content Tab Options  37&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Order Panel  37&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tags Panel  38&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Edit tags with the Tags Panel  39&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Edit a tag title  40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Move a tag  40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the element type  40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tags tab options  40&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add alternate text and supplementary information to tags  41&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add alternate text to links  42&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add alternate text for a figure  42&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add alternate text for an abbreviated term  42&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create a new child tag  43&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add tags to comments  43&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Correct table tags with the Tags tab  43&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check table elements  43&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Set ColSpan and RowSpan attributes  44&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 7: Use the Accessibility Checker to Evaluate the PDF File 44&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quick Check  44&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quick Check Results  44&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Full Check  45&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Accessibility Full Check Options  46&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Continue Checking Until All Issues are Addressed  47&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Additional Validation Techniques  47&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contents | v&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications 49&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Introduction 49&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create an Accessible Microsoft Word Document 49&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use Styles  49&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Text  49&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Headings  50&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word 2003 Headings  50&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word 2007 Headings  50&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add Alternative Text to Word Graphics and Images  51&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word 2003  51&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word 2007  51&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Configure the PDFMaker 52&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Show or activate PDFMaker in Microsoft Word  53&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;For Office 2003 or earlier,  53&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;For Office 2007  53&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;View PDFMaker conversion settings  53&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Settings Tab  54&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Security Tab  56&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word Tab  57&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bookmarks Tab (Microsoft Word)  58&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Video Tab (Microsoft Word and PowerPoint)  59&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Settings for Other Microsoft Office Applications  60&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Excel-specific options on the Settings tab  60&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;PowerPoint-specific options on the Settings tab  60&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Convert the Word Document to Accessible PDF 61&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Microsoft Office 2003  61&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Contentsvi |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Microsoft Office 2007  61&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the Word Document is a Form 62&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check the PDF Version of the Document Using Acrobat 62&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Changes to the Conversion Settings  63&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Repairs You Should Make in the Source File  63&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Repairs You Should Make in the PDF File  63&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Document Language  63&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tab Order is Consistent with Structure Order  63&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Establish Table Headings for Tables  63&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Introduction&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;PDF Accessibility&lt;br /&gt;A document or application is accessible if it can be used by people with disabilitiesâsuch as mobility &lt;br /&gt;impairments, blindness, and low visionâand not just by people who can see well and use a mouse. &lt;br /&gt;Accessibility features in Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Reader, and Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) make &lt;br /&gt;it easier for people with disabilities to use PDF documents and forms, with or without the aid of assistive &lt;br /&gt;software and devices such as screen readers, screen magnifiers, and braille printers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDFs accessible tends to benefit all users. For example, the underlying document structure that &lt;br /&gt;makes it possible for a screen reader to properly read a PDF out loud also makes it possible for a mobile &lt;br /&gt;device to correctly reflow and display the document on a small screen. Similarly, the preset tab order of an &lt;br /&gt;accessible PDF form helps all usersânot just users with mobility impairmentsâfill the form more easily.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Each PDF File is Different&lt;br /&gt;Not all PDFs are the same. PDF files are created in a variety of ways, from a variety of applications, and for a &lt;br /&gt;variety of purposes. In addition to applying the proper accessibility enhancements to PDF documents, &lt;br /&gt;achieving your accessibility goals for an individual PDF file requires understanding the nature of the PDF &lt;br /&gt;and the uses for which it is intended. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using this guide, you will learn how to assess existing PDF files for certain characteristics which influence &lt;br /&gt;their accessibility. The order in which this assessment is conducted is important. By following these &lt;br /&gt;procedures in the recommended order, users can efficiently proceed through the analysis of a PDF file in a &lt;br /&gt;systematic fashion. Systematically ruling out or confirming certain characteristics which a PDF file may &lt;br /&gt;possess will guide you to the most appropriate next step for making an individual PDF accessible (See &lt;br /&gt;âAcrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflowâ on page 5).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;This guide also discusses techniques for converting source files to accessible PDF. Using the Adobe &lt;br /&gt;PDFMaker with Microsoft Word as an example, this guide provides best practices for designing your source &lt;br /&gt;document with accessibility in mind so that the original document can be efficiently transformed into an &lt;br /&gt;accessible PDF version (See âCreating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applicationsâ on page 53).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: These Best Practices techniques assume the user has access to Adobe Acrobat Pro 9 or &lt;br /&gt;Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro Extended for Windows. Adobe Reader 9 and Adobe Acrobat 9 &lt;br /&gt;Standard do not have the complete set of tools needed to create and validate PDF &lt;br /&gt;documents for accessibility.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two Workflows for Creating Accessible PDF Files&lt;br /&gt;The PDF format is a destination file format. PDF files are typically created in some other application. What &lt;br /&gt;this means is that the author who is concerned with PDF accessibility will be confronted with one of two &lt;br /&gt;situations: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Individuals working with an existing PDF file will want to know how to edit/update it to be &lt;br /&gt;an accessible PDF file.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Authors will want to know how to use some other software application, such as a word processing &lt;br /&gt;or desktop publishing application, to generate an accessible PDF file from that application if &lt;br /&gt;possible. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making an Existing PDF File Accessible&lt;br /&gt;âAcrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflowâ on pageÂ 5 provides a step-by-step approach for &lt;br /&gt;analyzing PDF files and making them accessible based upon that analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Introduction2 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generating Accessible PDF Files from Authoring Applications&lt;br /&gt;âCreating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applicationsâ on pageÂ 53 provides an example using &lt;br /&gt;Microsoft Word of how to use Acrobatâs PDFMaker to make an accessible PDF files from a word processing &lt;br /&gt;application. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even if you generate an accessible PDF file from an authoring application, you should then follow the steps &lt;br /&gt;in âAcrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflowâ on pageÂ 5 in order to identify any items that may &lt;br /&gt;have been missed in the initial conversion or to add PDF accessibility features that are not provided by the &lt;br /&gt;authoring tool.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Characteristics of Accessible PDF files&lt;br /&gt;The Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) is the native file format of the AdobeÂ® AcrobatÂ® family of &lt;br /&gt;products. The goal of these products is to enable users to exchange and view electronic documents easily and &lt;br /&gt;reliably, independently of the environment in which they were created. PDF relies on the same imaging &lt;br /&gt;model as the PostScriptÂ® page description language to describe text and graphics in a device-independent &lt;br /&gt;and resolution-independent manner. To improve performance for interactive viewing, PDF defines a more &lt;br /&gt;structured format than that used by most PostScript language programs. PDF also includes objects, such as &lt;br /&gt;annotations and hypertext links, that are not part of the page itself but are useful for interactive viewing and &lt;br /&gt;document interchange. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Accessible PDFs have the following characteristics:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Searchable text&lt;br /&gt;A document that consists of scanned images of text is inherently inaccessible because the content of the &lt;br /&gt;document is a graphic representing the letters on the page, not searchable text. Assistive software cannot &lt;br /&gt;read or extract the words in a graphic representation, users cannot select or edit the text, and you cannot &lt;br /&gt;manipulate the PDF for accessibility. You must convert the scanned images of text to searchable text using &lt;br /&gt;optical character recognition (OCR) before you can use other accessibility features with the document (See &lt;br /&gt;âStep 2: Determine if the PDF is a Scanned Documentâ on page 5). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fonts that allow characters to be extracted to text&lt;br /&gt;The fonts in an accessible PDF must contain enough information for Acrobat to correctly extract all of the &lt;br /&gt;characters to text for purposes other than displaying text on the screen. Acrobat extracts characters to &lt;br /&gt;Unicode text when you read a PDF with a screen reader or the Read Out Loud tool, or when you save as text &lt;br /&gt;for a braille printer. This extraction fails if Acrobat cannot determine how to map the font to Unicode &lt;br /&gt;characters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Interactive form fields&lt;br /&gt;Some PDFs contain forms that a person is to fill out using a computer. To be accessible, form fields must be &lt;br /&gt;interactiveâmeaning that a user must be able to enter values into the form fields (See âStep 3: Add &lt;br /&gt;Interactive Features: Form Fields and Buttonsâ on page 8). Interactive PDF forms also have a defined tab &lt;br /&gt;order allowing users of assistive technology to use the tab key in order to progress from one form field or &lt;br /&gt;interactive control in a logical manner.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Other Features: Buttons, hyperlinks, and navigational aids&lt;br /&gt;Navigational aids in a PDFâsuch as links, bookmarks, headings, a table of contents, and a preset tab order &lt;br /&gt;for form fieldsâassist all users in using the document without having to read through the entire document, &lt;br /&gt;word by word. Bookmarks are especially useful and can be created from document headings. Many of these &lt;br /&gt;aids can be accessed using the keyboard without relying on the mouse (See âStep 3: Add Interactive &lt;br /&gt;Features: Form Fields and Buttonsâ on page 8). and (See âStep 4: Add Other Accessibility Featuresâ on &lt;br /&gt;page 16)..&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Introduction | 3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Document language&lt;br /&gt;Specifying the document language in a PDF enables some screen readers to switch to the appropriate &lt;br /&gt;language (See âDocument Languageâ on page 16).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Security that will not interfere with assistive technology&lt;br /&gt;Some authors of PDFs restrict users from printing, copying, extracting, adding comments to, or editing text. &lt;br /&gt;The text of an accessible PDF must be available to a screen reader. You can use Acrobat to ensure that &lt;br /&gt;security settings donât interfere with a screen readerâs ability to convert the on-screen text to speech (See âSet &lt;br /&gt;Security That Permits Accessibilityâ on page 17).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Document structure tags and proper read order&lt;br /&gt;To read a documentâs text and present it in a way that makes sense to the user, a screen reader or other text-&lt;br /&gt;to-speech tool requires that the document be structured. Document structure tags in a PDF define the &lt;br /&gt;reading order and identify headings, paragraphs, sections, tables, and other page elements (See âStep 5: &lt;br /&gt;Determine if the PDF File is a Tagged PDF Fileâ on page 20).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alternative text descriptions&lt;br /&gt;Document features such as images and interactive form fields canât be read by a screen reader unless they &lt;br /&gt;have associated alternative text. Though web links are read by screen readers, you can provide more &lt;br /&gt;meaningful descriptions as alternative text. Alternative text and tool tips can aid many users, including those &lt;br /&gt;with learning disabilities (See âStep 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Taggedâ on page 23).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Reader Accessibility Features&lt;br /&gt;Accessibility features in Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Reader fall into two broad categories: features to make &lt;br /&gt;the reading of PDF documents more accessible and features to create accessible PDF documents. To create &lt;br /&gt;accessible PDF documents, you must use Acrobat, not Reader.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Features for Accessible Reading of PDFs&lt;br /&gt;Â Preferences and commands to optimize output for assistive software and devices, such as saving as &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;accessible text for a Braille printer&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Preferences and commands to make navigation of PDFs more accessible, such as automatic &lt;br /&gt;scrolling and opening PDFs to the last page read&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Accessibility Setup Assistant for easy setting of most preferences related to accessibility&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Keyboard alternates to mouse actions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Reflow capability to temporarily present the text of a PDF in a single easy-to-read column&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Read Out Loud text-to-speech conversion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Support for screen readers and screen magnifiers&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Features for Creating Accessible PDFs&lt;br /&gt;Â Creation of tagged PDFs from authoring applications&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Conversion of untagged PDFs to tagged PDFs from within Acrobat&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Security setting that allows screen readers to access text while preventing users from copying, &lt;br /&gt;printing, editing, and extracting text&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Ability to add text to scanned pages to improve accessibility&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Tools for editing reading order and document structure &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Tools for creating accessible PDF forms &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Introduction4 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though Acrobat Standard provides some functionality for making existing PDFs accessible, you must use &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat Pro or Acrobat Pro Extended to perform certain tasksâsuch as editing reading order or editing &lt;br /&gt;document structure tagsâthat may be necessary to make some PDF documents and forms accessible (See &lt;br /&gt;âTable 1: Features for Creating Accessible PDF Files by Productâ on pageÂ 4).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Table 1: Features for Creating Accessible PDF Files by Product  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reader 9 Acrobat 9 Standard&lt;br /&gt;Acrobat 9 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pro&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 &lt;br /&gt;Pro &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Extended&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create PDF documents from any &lt;br /&gt;application that prints&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Â Â&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Convert Microsoft Word, Excel, &lt;br /&gt;PowerPoint, Publisher, and &lt;br /&gt;Access files to PDF with one-&lt;br /&gt;button ease*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Â Â&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Capture web pages as rich, &lt;br /&gt;dynamic PDF files for review &lt;br /&gt;and archiving&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Â Â&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Scan paper documents to PDF &lt;br /&gt;and automatically recognize text &lt;br /&gt;with optical character recogni-&lt;br /&gt;tion (OCR)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Â Â&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Save PDF files as Microsoft &lt;br /&gt;Word documents, retaining the &lt;br /&gt;layout, fonts, formatting, and &lt;br /&gt;tables, to facilitate reuse of con-&lt;br /&gt;tent&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Â Â&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Easily create fillable PDF forms &lt;br /&gt;from paper or existing files using &lt;br /&gt;the Form Wizard&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Â Â&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enable users of Adobe ReaderÂ® &lt;br /&gt;(version 8 or later) to fill in and &lt;br /&gt;save PDF forms locally&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Â Â&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create dynamic XML forms with &lt;br /&gt;Adobe LiveCycleÂ® Designer ES &lt;br /&gt;(included)*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Â&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create and validate accessible &lt;br /&gt;PDF documents&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Â&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;* Windows Only&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility &lt;br /&gt;Repair Workflow&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;PDF Accessibility Workflow Summary&lt;br /&gt;At a high level, the process of making existing PDF files accessible consists of a few basic steps:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. Analyze and evaluate the PDF document before you (See âStep 1: Analyze the PDF Fileâ on &lt;br /&gt;page 5).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;2. Determine if the PDF file originated from a scan. If so, perform Optical Character Recognition &lt;br /&gt;(OCR) using the OCR Text Recognition command in Adobe Acrobat 9 (See âStep 2: Determine if &lt;br /&gt;the PDF is a Scanned Documentâ on page 5).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;3. Add fillable form fields and buttons with short descriptions if the PDF file is intended to work as an &lt;br /&gt;interactive document. Set the tab order for the form field (See âStep 3: Add Interactive Features: &lt;br /&gt;Form Fields and Buttonsâ on page 8).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;4. Add other accessibility features to the PDF such as bookmarks and security that does not interfere &lt;br /&gt;with assistive technology (See âStep 4: Add Other Accessibility Featuresâ on page 16).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;5. Add tags to the PDF if it has not been tagged (See âStep 5: Determine if the PDF File is a Tagged &lt;br /&gt;PDF Fileâ on page 20).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;6. Determine if the PDF file has been properly tagged (See âStep 6: Determine if the PDF File is &lt;br /&gt;Properly Taggedâ on page 23).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;7. Use the Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro accessibility checker to evaluate the PDF and repair tagging problems &lt;br /&gt;and other issues such as missing alternate text descriptions, missing short descriptions for form &lt;br /&gt;fields, and improper read order. Run the accessibility checker and follow its suggestions for repair &lt;br /&gt;until no problems are found (See âStep 7: Use the Accessibility Checker to Evaluate the PDF Fileâ &lt;br /&gt;on page 44).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Though these stages are presented in an order that suits most needs, you may perform tasks in these stages in &lt;br /&gt;a different order or iterate between some of the stages. In all cases, you should first examine the document, &lt;br /&gt;determine its intended purpose, and use that analysis to determine the workflow that you should apply.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 1: Analyze the PDF File&lt;br /&gt;When you open the PDF file, take a moment to analyze the document before you. Take a moment to note its &lt;br /&gt;characteristics. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Is it a short document with a small number of pages or a long document consisting of many pages? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Is the document mostly text or a mixture of text and graphics?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Does the document appear to have form fields?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Another item to note is the complexity of the documentâs layout. In some instances, documents of &lt;br /&gt;shorter length may be more challenging from an accessibility perspective than longer docments &lt;br /&gt;because their layout and read order are more complex.  Is the layout simple, a single column with a &lt;br /&gt;limited number of graphics, or is it complex with multiple columns, mixed layouts, tables and many &lt;br /&gt;graphics?  Complex layouts are an indicator that you may be spending more time with the &lt;br /&gt;document doing more detailed accessibility enhancements with the Touch Up Read Order Tool.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 2: Determine if the PDF is a Scanned Document&lt;br /&gt;A common method for making PDF documents is to place a paper copy of a document into a scanner and &lt;br /&gt;then opening the resulting electronic version using Adobe Acrobat to view the newly scanned document as a &lt;br /&gt;PDF file. Unfortunately, this process results in creating an image of text and not the actual text itself. This &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;5&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow6 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;means the content is not accessible to users who rely on assistive technology to hear the contents of the page. &lt;br /&gt;Additional work must take place to make the document accesible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: If you are certain that the PDF document is not a scanned document or it has previously &lt;br /&gt;undergone optical character recognition, you can skip this discussion and proceed to &lt;br /&gt;âStep 3: Add Interactive Features: Form Fields and Buttonsâ on pageÂ 8.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;How to Tell if a PDF File is a Scanned Document&lt;br /&gt;There are a number of indications that a PDF file originated from a scanned page. Onscreen, the document &lt;br /&gt;appears to contain text, but the page is actually an image. Choose the method that suits you best for &lt;br /&gt;determining if the PDF is from a scan and is an âimage onlyâ PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Note if the page appears to be skewed.  Sometimes sheets are not properly fed into the &lt;br /&gt;scanner with the effect being the page appears to be crooked, or skewed on the screen . &lt;br /&gt;Lines of text will not be straight but will appear to slant up or down (See âFigure 1 Skewed &lt;br /&gt;Text Indicates a Scanned PDFâ on pageÂ 6) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  1 Skewed Text Indicates a Scanned PDF&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Search for characters that appear on the page. Use the find command in Acrobat to &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;search for text that appears on the page. Select Edit &amp;gt; Find (Ctrl + F on Windows or &lt;br /&gt;Option + F on Mac OS) and type a term that appears on the page in the search field.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the document was scanned, Acrobat will not find the search but will display a message &lt;br /&gt;indicating âAcrobat has finished searching the document. No matches were foundâ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Zoom in and check for jagged edges on smooth characters. Scanned images are bitmaps &lt;br /&gt;(See âFigure 2 Bitmap text (top) and text that has undergone OCR (bottom)â on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 7)The edges of curves on bit maps will not appear to be smooth or rounded but will &lt;br /&gt;be jagged as shown in the top sample illustrating the word âOzoneâ in Figure 2 on pageÂ 7  &lt;br /&gt;Use the marquee zoom tool in Acrobat to define the area and magnify the edges of curved &lt;br /&gt;letters such as âcâ, âsâ, and âoâ. Text that has undergone the OCR process using the &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 7&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ClearScan option will display smoother edges as shown in the bottom illustration of the &lt;br /&gt;word âOzoneâ in Figure 2 on pageÂ 7 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  2 Bitmap text (top) and text that has undergone OCR (bottom)&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Use assistive technology or the Read Out Loud feature. Acrobat 9 Pro can detect the &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;presence of assistive technology and if it encounters a scanned document will announce an &lt;br /&gt;audible empty page warning and display the Scanned Page Alert dialog (See âFigure 3 &lt;br /&gt;Scanned Page Alert Dialogâ on pageÂ 7)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  3 Scanned Page Alert Dialog&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;What to Do if the PDF is a Scanned Document&lt;br /&gt;Perform Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to convert the bitmap image of text to actual characters. In &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro. You can do this by selecting âOKâ from the Scanned Page Alert dialog (See âFigure 3 &lt;br /&gt;Scanned Page Alert Dialogâ on pageÂ 7) You can also run the âRecognize Text Using OCRâ command in &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat 9. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Document &amp;gt; OCR Text Recognition &amp;gt; Recognize Text Using OCR...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â or use the keyboard accelerator: ALT + D + C + R &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;All three of these methods will result in the display of the Recognize Text dialog (See âFigure 4 Recognize &lt;br /&gt;Text Dialog and Recognize Text Settingsâ on pageÂ 8) Use the Edit button in the scanned page dialog to set &lt;br /&gt;the desired characteristics for the resulting file.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Primary OCR Language (user should select the applicable document language)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â PDF Output Style should be ClearScan. ClearScan will allow the resulting PDF to âreflowâ. The &lt;br /&gt;other two options, âSearchable Imageâ and âSearchable Image Exactâ will work with assistive &lt;br /&gt;technology but will result in a PDF file that cannot be reflowed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Downsample should be set to the lowest downsampling which results in the highest resolution as &lt;br /&gt;measured in dots per inch (dpi). This should be 600 dpi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow8 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  4 Recognize Text Dialog and Recognize Text Settings&lt;br /&gt;For additional information on performing optical character recognition using Adobe Acrobat, refer to the &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat 9 Help.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;What to Do if the PDF is Not a Scanned Document&lt;br /&gt;Proceed to âStep 3: Add Interactive Features: Form Fields and Buttonsâ on pageÂ 8.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 3: Add Interactive Features: Form Fields and Buttons&lt;br /&gt;Determining if a PDF file is meant to be an interactive form is a matter of visually examining the file and &lt;br /&gt;looking for the presence of form fields, or areas in the document where some kind of information is being &lt;br /&gt;asked for such as name, address, social security number. Boxes or fields drawn on the page are also typical &lt;br /&gt;indications that the document is meant to function as a form. If you want users to be able to complete the &lt;br /&gt;form online, rather than resort to printing a paper copy in order to complete the form, then the form is &lt;br /&gt;meant to be an interactive form. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: If you are certain the PDF document is not intended to have fillable form fields or buttons, &lt;br /&gt;you can skip this discussion and proceed to âStep 4: Add Other Accessibility Featuresâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 16.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can make form fields accessible to vision impaired users and users with mobility challenges by adding &lt;br /&gt;fillable fields to the PDF and by properly structuring it. In addition, you can use the Tooltip field property to &lt;br /&gt;provide the user with information about the field or to provide instructions. For example, using the Tooltip &lt;br /&gt;property value, the screen reader user would hear âCheck this box if you will be attending the luncheon.â  &lt;br /&gt;Without the tool tip property, a screen reader simply provides the name of  the form field (Check Box 1), its &lt;br /&gt;type (Check Box), and its state (Unchecked). It would not be clear to someone listening to the form that they &lt;br /&gt;are indicating their desire to attend a luncheon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can have Acrobat Pro detect and create the form fields automatically or you can manually create the &lt;br /&gt;necessary fields using Acrobat Proâs form tools.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 9&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This discussion limits itself to the accessibility issues involved with PDF forms. For a more detailed &lt;br /&gt;discussion of forms, refer to the Adobe Acrobat 9 Online Help.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;PDF Form Fields&lt;br /&gt;A PDF form created with Acrobat can contain the following types of fields:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Text field.  Lets the user type in text, such as name, address, or phone number. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Check box.  Presents yes-or-no choices for individual items. If the form contains multiple &lt;br /&gt;check boxes, the user can typically select as many or few of these as needed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Radio button. Presents a group of choices from which the user can select only one item. &lt;br /&gt;All radio buttons with the same name work together as a group.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ List box. Displays a list of options the user can select. You can set a form field property &lt;br /&gt;that enables the user to Shift-click or Control-click to select multiple items on the list.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Combo box.  Lets the user either choose and item from a pop-up menu or type in a value.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Button.  Initiates a change on the userâs computer, such as opening a file, playing a sound, &lt;br /&gt;or submitting data to a web server. These buttons can be customized with images, text, and &lt;br /&gt;visual changes triggered by mouse actions.  Action buttons have a different purpose than &lt;br /&gt;radio buttons, which represent data choices made by the user.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Digital signature field.  Lets the user electronically sign a PDF document with a digital &lt;br /&gt;signature.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Barcode.  Encodes the input form selected fields and diplays it as a visual pattern that can &lt;br /&gt;be interpreted by decoding software or hardware (available separately). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use Acrobat to Detect and Create Interactive Form Fields&lt;br /&gt;You can convert an existing electronic document (for example a Word, Excel, or PDF document) or scan a &lt;br /&gt;paper document to a PDF form, and then add interactive form fields to the form. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you convert a document to an Acrobat form, Acrobat can detect the form fields in the document. In &lt;br /&gt;many instances, Acrobat will use the form field labels to name the field and provide a Tooltip. While the &lt;br /&gt;results are often acceptable, this is not a foolproof process. You will need to examine the document carefully &lt;br /&gt;to verify that Acrobat accurately detected the fields and labelled them appropriately.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat Form Wizard&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can use the Form Wizard in Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro or Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro Extended to create &lt;br /&gt;interactive forms from an existing electronic document (for example a Word, PDF, or Excel document) or &lt;br /&gt;scan a paper form into a PDF form. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose Forms &amp;gt; Start Form Wizard.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;This displays the Create or Edit Form Dialog. From the Create or Edit Form Dialog, do one of the following, &lt;br /&gt;and then follow the on-screen instructions. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To convert an existing electronic document (for example Word or PDF) to a PDF form, select An &lt;br /&gt;Existing Electronic Document. This places the document in Form Editing Mode.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To scan a paper form and convert it to a PDF form, select A Paper Form. The form will be scanned &lt;br /&gt;and placed in Form Editing Mode.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To use LiveCycle Designer to create a form from scratch or from one of the available templates, &lt;br /&gt;select No Existing Form.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: Using the Adobe LiveCycle Designer, included in Adobe Acrobat Pro and Adobe Acrobat &lt;br /&gt;Pro Extended for Windows, to create accessible PDF forms is beyond the scope of this Best &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow10 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Practices Guide.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Form Wizard completes its analysis of the document, adds any form fields it may detect and places the &lt;br /&gt;PDF form in Forms Editing Mode where you can edit the automatically created fields or add additional form &lt;br /&gt;fields (See âForms Editing Modeâ on page 11).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;During form field detection, Acrobat may have missed some fields or created unneeded fields. It may have &lt;br /&gt;also created fields of the wrong type. Please verify the fields and field names on your form. You can select &lt;br /&gt;Add New Field on the Forms Editing toolbar to add more fields or right click on the form to edit or delete &lt;br /&gt;fields.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enter Forms Editing Mode Directly&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you donât want to use the Form Wizard, you can open the file, and  place the document in Form Editing &lt;br /&gt;Mode directly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â From the Acrobat Menu, select Forms &amp;gt; Add Or Edit Fields  (Keyboard shortcut is Shift + Ctrl 7).  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;This displays the Add or Edit Form Fields dialog (See âFigure 5 Add or Edit Form Fields Dialogâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 10)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Answering âYesâ to the Add or Edit Form Fields dialog question âDo you want Acrobat to detect form fields &lt;br /&gt;for you?â  results in the automatic detection of form fields prior to placing the document in Form Editing &lt;br /&gt;Mode. This is the same as if you had proceeded using the Form Wizard on the current PDF.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat completes its analysis of the document, adds any form fields it may detect and places the PDF form &lt;br /&gt;in Forms Editing Mode where you can edit the automatically created fields or add additional form fields (See &lt;br /&gt;âForms Editing Modeâ on page 11).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;During form field detection, Acrobat may have missed some fields or created unneeded fields. It may have &lt;br /&gt;also created fields of the wrong type. Please verify the fields and field names on your form. You can select &lt;br /&gt;Add New Field on the Forms Editing toolbar to add more fields or right click on the form to edit or delete &lt;br /&gt;fields.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Answering âNoâ to the Add or Edit Form Fields dialog question âDo you want Acrobat to detect form fields &lt;br /&gt;for you?â also places the document in Form Editing mode, but does not create form fields automatically. You &lt;br /&gt;will have to add the form fields manually.  Proceed to the next section, âCreate Form Fields Manuallyâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 10 for futher information.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create Form Fields Manually&lt;br /&gt;To add form fields manually you first select Forms &amp;gt; Add or Edit Fields (Keyboard shortcut is Shift + Ctrl 7) &lt;br /&gt;and answer âNoâ to the question âDo you want Acrobat to detect the Form Fields for you?â in the resulting &lt;br /&gt;dialog (See âFigure 5 Add or Edit Form Fields Dialogâ on pageÂ 10) This places the document in Forms &lt;br /&gt;Editing Mode without automatically creating any fields. You can now add new form fields to the PDF form. &lt;br /&gt;Proceed to the next section âForms Editing Modeâ on pageÂ 11 for further instruction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  5 Add or Edit Form Fields Dialog&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 11&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Forms Editing Mode&lt;br /&gt;With the PDF form in Forms Editing Mode, you can add new fields and buttons to the form and edit or &lt;br /&gt;delete any existing field or button (See âFigure 6 Adobe Acrobat 9 Forms Editing Modeâ on pageÂ 11) The &lt;br /&gt;Forms Editing Mode changes the Acrobat user interface slightly. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â A Forms Editing Toolbar provides access to the Select Object tool, the Add New Field button,  and &lt;br /&gt;the Form Preview button.  You can configure the Add New Field button to display the Forms tools &lt;br /&gt;on the toolbar instead of the Add New Field button if you prefer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â On the right hand side of the Forms Editing Toolbar, are the Distribute Form button and the Close &lt;br /&gt;Form editing button.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â A fields panel  appears on the left side of the document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â There is a forms menu bar which offers users choices that are mostly restricted to forms editing &lt;br /&gt;functions. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  6 Adobe Acrobat 9 Forms Editing Mode&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating a New Form Field&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Acrobat, you create a form field by choosing one of the form tools. For each field type, you can set a &lt;br /&gt;variety of options through the form field Properties dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can access the forms tools one of three ways.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â You can select âAdd New Fieldâ on the Forms Editing Toolbar to add more fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â From the Forms Editing menu you can select Forms &amp;gt; Form Tools (Keyboard accelerator ALT + R &lt;br /&gt;+ O). This will provide access to the Acrobat form tools.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow12 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Â You can right click over the form to present options that allow you to add, edit, or delete fields.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The cursor becomes a cross hair.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â On the page, click where you want to add the field to create a field with the default size. To create a &lt;br /&gt;field using a custom size, drag a rectangle to define the size of the field. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Field Name box, type the name of the field and specify if you want the field to be a required &lt;br /&gt;field.  Acrobat provides a default name based upon the field type and the number of fields drawn on &lt;br /&gt;the page. You should choose a name that is relevant and descriptive to make organizing and &lt;br /&gt;collecting the data easier (See âFigure 7 Field Name Boxâ on pageÂ 12)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To display the Properties dialog box and modify any other field properties, click Show All &lt;br /&gt;Properties (See âFigure 7 Field Name Boxâ on pageÂ 12)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: If you have selected the Keep Tool Selected option in the forms toolbar, the Field Name &lt;br /&gt;box doesnât appear after adding a field. Each time you click the page, a new field is added &lt;br /&gt;to the form. To exit this mode, press the Esc key or click the Select Object Tool button. To &lt;br /&gt;modify the properties of the field, double-click the field. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  7 Field Name Box&lt;br /&gt;To test your form, click the Preview button. Previewing a form allows you to view the form the same way the &lt;br /&gt;form recipients will and gives you a chance to verify the form. If you are previewing a form, you can click the &lt;br /&gt;Edit Layout button to go back to the Forms Editing mode.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Form Field Properties&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;How a form field behaves is determined by settings in the Properties dialog box for that individual field. You &lt;br /&gt;can set properties that apply formatting, determine how the form field information relates to other form &lt;br /&gt;fields, impose limitations on what the user can enter in the form field, trigger custom scripts, and so forth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can set a variety of properties for an Acrobat form field, depending on the form field type. The &lt;br /&gt;properties for each type of form field are selected on a series of tabs. When you change a property, it is &lt;br /&gt;applied as soon as you select another property or press Enter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;All the form field types have a General tab, Appearance tab, and an Actions tab. Other tabs appear only in &lt;br /&gt;specific types of form fields. The Options tab appears for most form field types but the options available are &lt;br /&gt;unique to each type of form field.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you are changing the properties of multiple fields, you can leave the Properties dialog box open. Click on &lt;br /&gt;each field to change its properties.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tooltips for Form Fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;For accessibility, the Tooltip option on the General tab is important for entering text that will be announced &lt;br /&gt;by screen readers. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can make form fields accessible to people with disabilities by adding tags to the PDF and by properly &lt;br /&gt;structuring it. In addition, you can use the tool tip form field property to provide the user with information &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 13&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;about the field or to provide instructions. For example, using the tool tip property value, the screen reader &lt;br /&gt;could say âYour first name.â Without the tool tip property, a screen reader announces the type and name of &lt;br /&gt;the form field (See âFigure 8 Adding a Tooltip for Form Fieldsâ on pageÂ 13)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â If necessary, choose Forms &amp;gt; Add or Edit Fields, and make sure that the Select Object tool is &lt;br /&gt;selected. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Double-click a selected form field to open the Properties window. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the General tab, type a description into the tool tip box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Tooltip also displays text that users may find helpful in filling in the form field. Tooltips appear when &lt;br /&gt;the pointer hovers briefly over the form field. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  8 Adding a Tooltip for Form Fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tooltips for Radio Buttons&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To create a set of mutually exclusive Radio Buttons, where only one field can be selected at a time, give each &lt;br /&gt;field the same name but different Button values. The Button value is a field in the options tab of the Radio &lt;br /&gt;Button Properties dialog &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To make a radio button accessible, in addition to entering  unique text in the Button Value field for each &lt;br /&gt;choice, you would enter identical text in the Tooltip field of the General properties tab for each radio button &lt;br /&gt;in the group (See âFigure 9 Tooltips and Button Values for Radio Button Short Descriptionsâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 14)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;For example, you may have a radio button group that asks the question, âAre You a Citizen?â. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â You would create two radio buttons. For each button, you would enter the text âAre You a &lt;br /&gt;Citizen?â in the Tooltip field. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â For one button you would enter âYesâ in the Button Value field under the options tab, for the other &lt;br /&gt;âNoâ should be entered in the Button Value field.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow14 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  9 Tooltips and Button Values for Radio Button Short Descriptions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Editing or Modifying an Existing Form Field&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can access Acrobat form field properties only when you are in editing mode (by choosing Forms &amp;gt; Add &lt;br /&gt;Or Edit Fields). You can change the properties for multiple form fields at a time. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Open the Properties dialog box using one of the following methods: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To edit a single form field, double-click it or right-click/Control-click it and choose Properties. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To edit multiple form fields, select the fields that you want to edit, right-click/Control-click one of &lt;br /&gt;the selected fields, and choose Properties. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the properties on each of the available tabs, as needed. The property is changed as soon as you select &lt;br /&gt;another property or press Enter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click Close to close the Properties dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you select form fields that have different property values, some options in the Properties dialog box are not &lt;br /&gt;available. Otherwise, changes to the available options are applied to all selected form fields. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To avoid accidental changes to the form field, select Locked in the lower left corner of the Properties dialog &lt;br /&gt;box before you close it. To unlock, click the check box again.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Deleting a Form Field&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;With the document in Forms Editing mode, click on the field you would like to delete and do any of the &lt;br /&gt;following.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Right mouse click and select delete&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Press the delete key.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â From the menu, select Edit &amp;gt; Delete (ALT + ED)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 15&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Note: You can select multiple fields by holding the Control key as you click on each one.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Buttons&lt;br /&gt;Buttons are most commonly associated with forms, but you can add them to any document. Buttons can &lt;br /&gt;open a file, play a sound or movie clip, submit data to a web server, and much more. When deciding on how &lt;br /&gt;to initiate an action, remember that buttons offer the following capabilities that links and bookmarks do not:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â A button can activate a single action or a series of actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â A button can change appearance in response to mouse actions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â A button can be easily copied across many pages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Mouse actions can activate different button actions. For example, Mouse Down (a click), Mouse Up &lt;br /&gt;(releasing after a click), Mouse Enter (moving the pointer over the button), and Mouse Exit &lt;br /&gt;(moving the pointer away from the button) can all start a different action for the same button.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Buttons are an easy, intuitive way to let users initiate an action in PDF documents. Buttons are added the &lt;br /&gt;same way as form fields while in Forms Editing mode. They also should be given a name and a Tooltip and &lt;br /&gt;their behavior is determined by the actions the user assigns the button on the actions tab of the Button &lt;br /&gt;Properties dialog. They also appear in the Tab order tree. See the Adobe Acrobat Help for a complete &lt;br /&gt;discussion of PDF fields and buttons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Set the Tab Order&lt;br /&gt;If a PDF document doesnât have a specified tab order, the default tabbing order is based on the document &lt;br /&gt;structure unless the user has deselected the Tab Order option in the Accessibility preferences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can change the tabbing order after you create the fields. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â If you are in Forms Editing mode, you can order the tabs by document structure (default), row, or &lt;br /&gt;column. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â You can also choose the order manually by dragging and dropping fields in the Fields panel. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â If you are not in Forms Editing mode, you can change the page properties to order the tabs by row &lt;br /&gt;or column. However, you canât customize the tab order manually.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To change the tab order, first select âOrder Tabs Manuallyâ from the Tab Order button on the Fields panel. &lt;br /&gt;Then you can drag and drop fields where you want them within the Fields panel to modify the tab order (See &lt;br /&gt;âFigure 10 Rearranging Tab Order with the Fields Panelâ on pageÂ 16)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To assist in determining tab order, you can select âShow Tab Numbersâ from the Tab Order button of the &lt;br /&gt;Fields panel (See âFigure 10 Rearranging Tab Order with the Fields Panelâ on pageÂ 16)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the example shown in Figure 10 on pageÂ 16 , the check box labelled âoperating systemâ is in the fifth &lt;br /&gt;position. Selecting the entry for operating system in the Forms panel highlights the corresponding field in &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow16 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;the document view. To move it to the second position, drag it up and drop it below the check box for âoffice &lt;br /&gt;suiteâ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  10 Rearranging Tab Order with the Fields Panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 4: Add Other Accessibility Features&lt;br /&gt;This stage includes setting the document language, making sure that security settings do not interfere with &lt;br /&gt;screen readers, creating accessible links, and adding bookmarks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Document Language&lt;br /&gt;Setting the document language in a PDF enables some screen readers to switch to the appropriate language. &lt;br /&gt;You can set the document language for an entire document with Acrobat Pro, Acrobat Pro Extended, or &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat Standard. You can set the document language for specific portions of a multilanguage document &lt;br /&gt;with Acrobat Pro or Acrobat Pro Extended (See âFigure 11 Setting the document languageâ on pageÂ 17)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To set the language for an entire document:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose File &amp;gt; Properties, (Cntrl + D for Windows, Cmnd + D Mac OS) and select a language from &lt;br /&gt;the Language menu in the Reading Options area of the Advanced tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To set the language for an entire document to a language not in the Language menu: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â choose File &amp;gt; Properties (Cntrl + D for Windows, Cmnd + D Mac OS), and enter the ISO 639 code &lt;br /&gt;for the language in the Language field in the Reading Options area of the Advanced tab. For more &lt;br /&gt;information, see the ISO Language Codes on http://www.loc.gov/standards. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can also set the language for individual sections or words: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the desired text element in the Tags tab and right click (See â Tags Panelâ on pageÂ 38)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose Properties from the Options menu. In the TouchUp Properties dialog box, select the Tag &lt;br /&gt;tab. Select a language from the Language menu, and click Close. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: The language that you specify for an element also applies to all elements nested under it &lt;br /&gt;in the logical structure tree.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 17&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  11 Setting the document language&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Set Security That Permits Accessibility&lt;br /&gt;You should ensure the Acrobat 9 security settings permit access to the document by assistive technology. &lt;br /&gt;You can verify the Acrobat 9 or Adobe Reader 9 security settings do not prohibit access to assistive &lt;br /&gt;technology by checking the security preferences tab of the document properties dialog.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select File &amp;gt; Properties (Cntrl + D for Windows, Cmnd + D Mac OS)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the Security Tab of the Document Properties dialog (See âFigure 12 Security Tab Location &lt;br /&gt;in Document Properties Dialogâ on pageÂ 18)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow18 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  12 Security Tab Location in Document Properties Dialog&lt;br /&gt;Â Select âPassword Securityâ as the security method from the drop-down list. In the Permissions &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;section of the Password Security Settings dialog, verify the box labelled âEnable text access for &lt;br /&gt;screen reader devices for the visually impairedâ is checked. This is the default setting for Adobe &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat 9 and Adobe Reader 9 (See âFigure 13 Password Security Settingsâ on pageÂ 18)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  13 Password Security Settings&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Certain applications allow you to set the security settings for PDF files you plan to generate from within the &lt;br /&gt;application (See âCreating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applicationsâ on page 53).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 19&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Create Accessible Links&lt;br /&gt;With thoughtfully provided links, users can quickly move from one part of a document to another, to related &lt;br /&gt;information in a different document, or to a website that is relevant to the content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;For URLs to be accessible to screen readers, you must convert them to active links and make sure that they &lt;br /&gt;are correctly tagged in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: If you tagged the Adobe PDF during conversion from an authoring application, the links &lt;br /&gt;and URLs in the document are probably already active and included in the tag tree so that &lt;br /&gt;they are accessible to screen readers. You probably donât have to do this task unless you &lt;br /&gt;want to add more links. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat provides several ways to create active links for text, objects, and URLs in a PDF. However, the &lt;br /&gt;methods differ in how they affect the tag tree. The best way to create accessible links is with the Create Link &lt;br /&gt;command.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Unlike the other methods for creating links in a tagged PDF (by using the Links tool or the Create From &lt;br /&gt;URLs In Document command), the Create Link command adds all three tags that screen readers require in &lt;br /&gt;order to recognize a link. The other methods create only one of the three tags, meaning that you must &lt;br /&gt;manually edit the tag tree to add the remaining two tags for each link and place these tags in the proper &lt;br /&gt;reading order in the tree. Although you must activate links one by one, using the Create Link command &lt;br /&gt;provides the fastest results and the least amount of follow-up work to make the links accessible to screen &lt;br /&gt;readers. All that is left to do is optional editing of the tag tree to add alternate text to the new links.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: Automatically detected URLs in PDF documents are not accessible. Avoid using the Create &lt;br /&gt;Links from URLs command (Advanced &amp;gt; Document Processing &amp;gt; Create Links from URLs... &lt;br /&gt;or ALT + A D C) . Also, ensure that the Basic Tools General Preference, âCreate Links from &lt;br /&gt;URLsâ is unchecked (Edit &amp;gt; Preferences &amp;gt; General). While these are a convenient way to &lt;br /&gt;detect text that is possibly a URL which allows users to click and go to the URL, the result is &lt;br /&gt;not an accessible link.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating links with Acrobat Standard doesnât generate any tags for the links. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do the following to make links active and add them to the tag tree:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the text or object for which you want to create a link. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Right-click the selection, and choose Create Link from the context menu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Create Link dialog box, select the appropriate options, and then follow the on-screen &lt;br /&gt;instructions to specify a URL, page view, or file as the link target. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;By default, the selected text for each link becomes the link text. After you add all the links, you can edit the &lt;br /&gt;tag tree to add alternate text to the links, further improving the accessibility of the PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add Bookmarks&lt;br /&gt;A bookmark is a type of link with representative text in the Bookmarks panel in the navigation pane. Each &lt;br /&gt;bookmark goes to a different view or page in the document. Bookmarks are generated automatically during &lt;br /&gt;PDF creation from the table-of-contents entries of documents created by most desktop publishing &lt;br /&gt;programs. These bookmarks are often tagged and can be used to make edits in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Initially, a bookmark displays the page that was in view when the bookmark was created, which is the &lt;br /&gt;bookmarkâs destination. In Acrobat, you can set bookmark destinations as you create each bookmark. &lt;br /&gt;However, it is sometimes easier to create a group of bookmarks, and then set the destinations later. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow20 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Acrobat, you can use bookmarks to mark a place in the PDF to which you want to return, or to jump to a &lt;br /&gt;destination in the PDF, another document, or a web page. Bookmarks can also perform actions, such as &lt;br /&gt;executing a menu item or submitting a form. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: An Acrobat user can add bookmarks to a document only if the security settings allow it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 5: Determine if the PDF File is a Tagged PDF File&lt;br /&gt;Tagging is essential for PDF accessibility, it is used to establish logical read order and to provide hooks for &lt;br /&gt;adding alternative text descriptions to non-text elements that are in the PDF document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you have been following the workflow up to this point,  you will have a PDF file that is searchable because &lt;br /&gt;you performed optical character recognition on a scanned document, or it was searchable to begin with. You &lt;br /&gt;have also added any desired interactivity in the form of navigational controls or interactive form fields. At &lt;br /&gt;this point it may or may not be a tagged PDF file.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: If you are certain the PDF document has been tagged, you can skip this discussion and &lt;br /&gt;proceed to âStep 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Taggedâ on pageÂ 23.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;How to Tell if a PDF File is Tagged&lt;br /&gt;There are several ways to determine if a PDF file has been tagged. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ View Document Properties. File &amp;gt; Document Properties (Ctrl +D) - In the lower left &lt;br /&gt;hand corner of the Description tab, is an indication as to whether or not the document is &lt;br /&gt;tagged (See âFigure 14 Tagged PDF File Propertyâ on pageÂ 21)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 21&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  14 Tagged PDF File Property&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Reveal the Tags Panel. View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Tags. An untagged document will &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;display the words &amp;quot;No Tags Available&amp;quot; as its root. A tagged document will show structure.  &lt;br /&gt;To expand the entire tree fully, Cntrl + click on the root node labelled âTagsâ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: In certain instances, a document may not be considered tagged by Acrobat even though a &lt;br /&gt;structure is visible in the Tags panel.  Select the tags options icon and ensure a check mark &lt;br /&gt;appears before the entry âDocument is Tagged PDF.â If it does not, simply select this entry &lt;br /&gt;to add the missing check mark (See âFigure 15 Document is Tagged PDF Indicator in a &lt;br /&gt;Structured Documentâ on pageÂ 22)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow22 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  15 Document is Tagged PDF Indicator in a Structured Document&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Run the Accessibility Quick Check . Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; Quick Check (Shift + &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ctrl + 6). If the document is not tagged, the Accessibility Quick Check will indicate the &lt;br /&gt;document is not structured.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Run the Accessibility Full Check. Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; Full Check. If the &lt;br /&gt;document is not tagged, the Accessibility Full Check will indicate the document is not &lt;br /&gt;tagged.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Use the Touch Up Read Order Tool. Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; TouchUp Reading &lt;br /&gt;Order - An untagged document will not appear to have undergone a change. A tagged &lt;br /&gt;document will display shaded areas on the page that are numbered. An untagged &lt;br /&gt;document will not display these numbered rectangles (See â TouchUp Reading Order &lt;br /&gt;Tool (TURO)â on pageÂ 23)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;What to do if the PDF File is Not Tagged&lt;br /&gt;Add tags to the document using Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â From the menu, select Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; Add Tags to Document (Keyboard Accelerator is &lt;br /&gt;ALT + AAA)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;About the Add Tags Report&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If Acrobat encounters potential problems while running the Add Tags To Document command, the Add &lt;br /&gt;Tags Report opens in the navigation pane. The report lists potential problems by page, provides a &lt;br /&gt;navigational link to each problem, and offers suggestions for fixing them. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 23&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You could choose to repair the problems at this time by following the suggestions in the Add Tags report or &lt;br /&gt;now that the file is tagged proceed to the next step âStep 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Taggedâ &lt;br /&gt;on pageÂ 23. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you choose to repair the document at this stage, remember to assess the context of any error before &lt;br /&gt;following a particular suggestion for fixing it. For example, the report might state that an element that has &lt;br /&gt;been tagged as a figure and requires alternate text to make it accessible. When you examine the figure in its &lt;br /&gt;context on the page, you may decide that the figure is a background design element, not an illustration that &lt;br /&gt;conveys valuable meaning to the user. In the case of a nonessential image, and you would change the Figure &lt;br /&gt;tag to a Background tag; in the case of an image intended to convey meaning to the reader, you would add &lt;br /&gt;the missing alternate text (See â Step 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Taggedâ on pageÂ 23) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: The Add Tags Report highlights tagging-related problems only, and it is a temporary file &lt;br /&gt;that you cannot save. You can assess other tagging, reading order, and accessibility &lt;br /&gt;problems by using Full Check.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If adding tags to a PDF in Adobe Acrobat results in a tagging structure that is overly complicated or too &lt;br /&gt;problematic to fix, you can use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to remove or replace the current structure. &lt;br /&gt;If the document contains mostly text, you can select a page and then remove headings, tables, and other &lt;br /&gt;elements to create a cleaner, simpler tagging structure (See âTouchUp Reading Order Tool (TURO)â on &lt;br /&gt;page 23).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;What to do if the PDF File is Tagged&lt;br /&gt;Proceed to the next step, âStep 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Taggedâ on pageÂ 23.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 6: Determine if the PDF File is Properly Tagged&lt;br /&gt;The easiest way to determine if the PDF file has been properly tagged is to use the TouchUp Reading Order &lt;br /&gt;Tool (See â TouchUp Reading Order Tool (TURO)â on pageÂ 23)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â From the menu, select Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; Touchup Reading Order.... (Keyboard &lt;br /&gt;Accelerator is ALT + AAT)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Touch Up Reading Order Tool divides a tagged page into shaded segments. Each segment is numbered &lt;br /&gt;indicating the read order of the item on the page. You can also verify the read order of items on the page by &lt;br /&gt;displaying the order panel from the Touch Up Read Order Tool.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: If you are certain the PDF document is properly tagged, you can skip this discussion and &lt;br /&gt;proceed to âStep 7: Use the Accessibility Checker to Evaluate the PDF Fileâ on pageÂ 44.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;TouchUp Reading Order Tool (TURO)&lt;br /&gt;The TouchUp Reading Order tool provides the easiest and quickest way to fix reading order and basic &lt;br /&gt;tagging problems. When you select the TouchUp Reading Order tool, a dialog box opens that lets you see &lt;br /&gt;overlay highlights that show the order of page content. Each highlighted region is numbered and highlighted &lt;br /&gt;with gray or colored blocks; the number indicates the regionâs placement in the pageâs reading order. After &lt;br /&gt;you check the reading order of the page, you can correct other, more subtle tagging issues as needed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The TouchUp Reading Order tool is intended for repairing PDFs that were tagged using Acrobat, not for &lt;br /&gt;repairing PDFs that were tagged during conversion from an authoring application. Whenever possible, you &lt;br /&gt;should return to the source file and add accessibility features in the authoring application. Repairing the &lt;br /&gt;original file ensures that you donât have to repeatedly touch up future iterations of the PDF in Acrobat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to perform the following accessibility tasks:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Visually check, and then repair, the reading order of page content&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow24 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Â Tag fillable form fields and their labels&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Add alternative text to figures and descriptions to form fields&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Fix the tagging of simple tables, and prepare complex tables for more advanced manipulation in the &lt;br /&gt;logical structure tree&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Remove nonessential content, such as ornamental page borders, from the logical structure tree&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  16 TouchUp Reading Order Dialog&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Selecting the TouchUp Reading Order Tool&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To select the TouchUp Reading Order Tool, do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; TouchUp Reading Order (ALT + AAT)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose Tools &amp;gt; Advanced Editing &amp;gt; TouchUp Reading Order Tool (ALT + TAG).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click the TouchUp Reading Order tool button in the Advanced Editing toolbar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you select TouchUp Reading Order, a dialog box opens that lets you see overlay highlights that show &lt;br /&gt;the order of page content (See âFigure 17 Result of Selecting the TouchUp Reading Order Toolâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 25)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 25&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Each highlighted region is numbered and highlighted with gray or colored blocks; the number indicates the &lt;br /&gt;regionâs placement in the pageâs reading order.l&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  17 Result of Selecting the TouchUp Reading Order Tool&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;TouchUp Reading Order Tool Options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can select TouchUp Reading Order options from the dialog box, from the pop-up menu that appears &lt;br /&gt;when you right-click a highlighted region, or from the Options menu in the Order tab. The TouchUp &lt;br /&gt;Reading Order tool includes the following options:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Text . Tags the selection as text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Figure . Tags the selection as a figure. Text contained within a figure tag is defined as part &lt;br /&gt;of the image and is not read by screen readers. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Form Field . Tags the selection as a form field. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Figure/Caption . Tags a selected figure and caption as a single tag. Any text contained in &lt;br /&gt;the tag is defined as a caption. Useful for tagging photos and captions and preventing &lt;br /&gt;caption text from being incorrectly added to adjacent text blocks. Figures may require &lt;br /&gt;alternate text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3 . Tags the selection as a first, second, or third level &lt;br /&gt;heading tag. You can convert heading tags to bookmarks to help users navigate the &lt;br /&gt;document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Table . Tags the selection as a table after the selection is analyzed to determine the location &lt;br /&gt;of headings, columns, and rows. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Cell . Tags the selection as a table or header cell. Use this option to merge cells that are &lt;br /&gt;incorrectly split. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow26 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Formula . Tags the selection as a formula. Because speech software may handle formula &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;tags differently from normal text, you may want to add a description using alternate text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Background . Tags the selection as a background element, or artifact, removing the item &lt;br /&gt;from the tag tree so that it doesnât appear in the reflowed document and isnât read by &lt;br /&gt;screen readers. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Table Editor . Automatically analyzes the selected table into cells and applies the &lt;br /&gt;appropriate tags. The table must be tagged as a table before you can use the Table Editor &lt;br /&gt;command on it. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Show Page Content Order . Shows content elements as highlighted areas that contain &lt;br /&gt;numbers to indicate the reading order. The rectangle next to this entry is a color swatch. &lt;br /&gt;Specify the desired highlight color for page content order by clicking the color swatch. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Show Table Cells . Highlights the content of individual table cells. The rectangle next to &lt;br /&gt;this entry is a color swatch. Specify the highlight color for Table Cells by clicking the color &lt;br /&gt;swatch. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Show Tables And Figures . Outlines each table and figure with a crossed-out box. The &lt;br /&gt;box also indicates whether the element includes alternate text. The rectangle next to this &lt;br /&gt;entry is a color swatch. Specify the highlight color for Tables and Figures by clicking the &lt;br /&gt;color swatch. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Clear Page Structure . Removes the tagging structure from the page. Use this option to &lt;br /&gt;start over and create a new structure if the existing structure contains too many problems. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Show Order Panel . Opens the Order tab to allow you to reorder highlighted content. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Edit Alternate Text . Available in the menu that appears when you right-click a &lt;br /&gt;highlighted figure. Allows the user to add or edit a text description about the figure &lt;br /&gt;properties that is read by a screen reader or other assistive technology. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Edit Form Field Text . Available in the menu that appears when you right-click a form &lt;br /&gt;field. Allows the user to add or edit a form field text description that is read by a screen &lt;br /&gt;reader or other assistive technology. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Edit Table Summary . Available in the menu that appears when you right-click a &lt;br /&gt;highlighted table. Allows the user to add or edit a text description about the table &lt;br /&gt;properties that is read by a screen reader or other assistive technology.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tips for using the TouchUp Reading Order tool&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;When using the TouchUp Reading Order tool, you should be mindful of the following tips for use:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Save the document (or a copy of it) before you use the TouchUp Reading Order tool. You canât use &lt;br /&gt;Undo to reverse changes made with this tool, so reverting to a saved document is the only way to &lt;br /&gt;undo such a change. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose View &amp;gt; Page Display &amp;gt; Single Page, when using the TouchUp Reading Order tool. When &lt;br /&gt;you click the Clear Structure button, Acrobat clears tags from all visible pagesâeven pages that are &lt;br /&gt;only partially visible. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Checking Read Order with the Touch Up Read Order Tool&lt;br /&gt;You can quickly check the reading order of tagged PDFs by using the TouchUp Reading Order tool. You can &lt;br /&gt;also use this tool to add alternate text to images and correct many types of tagging problems that are outlined &lt;br /&gt;in the report that Acrobat generates when you add tags to a PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reading-order problems are readily apparent when you use the TouchUp Reading Order tool. Each section &lt;br /&gt;of contiguous page content appears as a separate highlighted region and is numbered according to its &lt;br /&gt;placement in the reading order. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 27&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Within each region, text is ordered left to right and top to bottom. (You can change this order in the &lt;br /&gt;TouchUp preferences.) If a single highlighted region contains two columns of text or text that wonât flow &lt;br /&gt;normally, divide the region into parts that can be reordered. Because highlighted regions are rectangular, &lt;br /&gt;they may overlap somewhat, especially if their page content is irregularly shaped. Unless page content &lt;br /&gt;overlaps or is contained within two highlighted regions, no reading order problem is indicated. Page content &lt;br /&gt;should belong to no more than one highlighted region. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can change the reading order of the highlighted regions by moving an item in the Order Panel or by &lt;br /&gt;dragging it on the page in the document pane. By reordering highlighted regions on the page, you can make &lt;br /&gt;a figure and caption read at the specific point that they are referenced in the text. By changing the order of a &lt;br /&gt;highlighted region, you effectively change the reading order of that item without changing the actual &lt;br /&gt;appearance of the PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check reading order with the TouchUp Reading Order tool&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, select Show Page Content Order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: If highlighted regions donât appear in the document pane, the document doesnât contain &lt;br /&gt;tags.  You will need to tag the document (See â What to do if the PDF File is Not Taggedâ &lt;br /&gt;on pageÂ 22)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Optionally, do any of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To specify a highlight color, click the color swatch, and then click the color you want.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To highlight tables and figures, and to view alternate text for figures, select Show Tables And &lt;br /&gt;Figures.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Check the reading order of text within each highlighted region. Zooming in can make this step &lt;br /&gt;easier. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Check the numbered order of all highlighted regions. If consecutive, numbered regions donât &lt;br /&gt;follow one another, reorder them in the Order tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click Show Order Panel, and then select each content entry (in square brackets [ ]) in the Order tab &lt;br /&gt;to highlight that content region in the document pane. Use this method to find numbered regions &lt;br /&gt;that you canât see or locate on the page.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the reading order by dragging on the page&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, select Show Page Content Order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the document pane, place the pointer over the number for the highlighted region you want to &lt;br /&gt;move, and drag it to where you want it to be read. The text-insertion pointer shows target locations &lt;br /&gt;within the text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you release the highlighted region, the location of the text-insertion pointer becomes the &lt;br /&gt;dividing line as the underlying highlighted region is split into two new highlighted regions. All &lt;br /&gt;highlighted regions are renumbered to show the new reading order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the reading order using the Order panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, click Show Order Panel. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Order tab, navigate to view a list of highlighted regions that appear in the document pane. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Order tab, drag the tag for a highlighted region to the location you want. As you drag, a line &lt;br /&gt;appears to show potential locations. After you drag an item to a new location, the highlighted &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow28 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;regions are renumbered to show the new reading order. You can select and move multiple, adjacent &lt;br /&gt;regions (See âFigure 25 Acrobat 9 Pro Order Panelâ on pageÂ 38).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Editing Tags with the TouchUp Reading Order Tool&lt;br /&gt;You can use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to create tags in untagged PDFs or to add new tags to an &lt;br /&gt;existing structure. However, this manual tagging doesnât provide the same level of detail to the tagging &lt;br /&gt;structure as the Add Tags To Document command, such as paragraphs, bulleted and numbered lists, line &lt;br /&gt;breaks, and hyphens. Before you clear the existing structure, make sure that manual tagging is your only &lt;br /&gt;recourse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tag a region&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Using the TouchUp Reading Order tool, drag within the document pane to select a region of the &lt;br /&gt;page that contains one type of content (for example, a text block). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To add more page content to the current selection, Shift-drag.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To remove page content from the current selection, Ctrl-drag/Command-drag.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click the appropriate button in the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box to specify the tag type.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the tag for a region&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If Acrobat tags a page element incorrectly, you can change the tag type for the highlighted region. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, select Show Page Content Order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To select a highlighted region, do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Drag to select it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click the number of a highlighted region.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click the button for the tag type that you want for the highlighted region. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add or remove content from a tagged region&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The TouchUp Reading Order tool always displays as few highlighted regions as possible. If content within a &lt;br /&gt;highlighted region doesnât flow properly, you may need to split a region to reorder it. Highlighted regions &lt;br /&gt;may also contain adjacent page content that is unrelated or that requires a different tag type. Page content &lt;br /&gt;may become orphaned from related elements, particularly if the content doesnât fit within a rectangular &lt;br /&gt;shape. Use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to add or remove content from a region, or to split a region to &lt;br /&gt;reorder the content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, select Show Page Content Order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the document pane, select a highlighted region. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To add content to the current selection, Shift-click the content you want to add. The pointer &lt;br /&gt;changes to include a plus sign (+).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To remove content from the current selection, Ctrl-click/Command-click the content you want to &lt;br /&gt;remove. The pointer changes to include a minus sign (-).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click the button for the tag type that you want for the highlighted region. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Split a region into two regions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 29&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Â In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, select Show Page Content Order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the document pane, drag to select a small portion of content near the boundary of the first region &lt;br /&gt;that you want to create. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click the Background button in the dialog box. The highlighted region splits into two regions, &lt;br /&gt;numbered from right to left. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â If you need to correct the reading order, click Show Order Panel, and drag the new highlighted &lt;br /&gt;region to the correct location in the Order tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Drag to select the first content region you created, including the region you defined as Background, and then &lt;br /&gt;set the tag by clicking a button in the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apply a heading tag&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To help readers navigate a document and find the information they need, make sure that headings are tagged &lt;br /&gt;with the appropriate level to indicate their hierarchy in the content. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool, and then select the heading text in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, click the button corresponding to the appropriate &lt;br /&gt;heading tag (for example, Heading 1, Heading 2). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remove page elements from the tag structure&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;When tagging a PDF, Acrobat canât always distinguish between instructive figures and decorative page &lt;br /&gt;elements. Items that visually enhance page layout, such as decorative borders, lines, or background elements, &lt;br /&gt;can add clutter to the structure layout and should be removed. Therefore, Acrobat may incorrectly tag &lt;br /&gt;artifacts or page elements as figure tags. You can remove artifacts and irrelevant page elements from the tag &lt;br /&gt;structure by redefining them with the Background tag or by deleting their tags. If a tagged image in the &lt;br /&gt;document doesnât contain useful or illustrative information for the user, you can remove the element from &lt;br /&gt;the tagging structure so that it isnât read out loud or reflowed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, select Show Page Content Order and Show Tables And &lt;br /&gt;Figures. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Remove the page element by doing one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the document pane, select the page element, and then click Background in the dialog box.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Order tab, select the page element, and then press Delete.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Apply a figure tag&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can select an element and define it as a figure by using the TouchUp Reading Order tool. Once you &lt;br /&gt;define it as a figure, you can add alternate text to describe the figure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Using the TouchUp Reading Order tool, select the figure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, click Figure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the document pane, right-click the region and choose Edit Alternate Text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enter alternate text, and click OK. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using TouchUp Reading Order to Check and Correct Figure Tags&lt;br /&gt;You can use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to identify and correct tagging results for figures. Determine &lt;br /&gt;whether figures include or require alternate text in order to be read correctly with assistive technologies. &lt;br /&gt;Ideally, figure tags should identify image content that is meaningful to the document as a whole, such as &lt;br /&gt;graphs or illustrative photographs. If background elements that shouldnât be read are tagged as figures, &lt;br /&gt;redefine them as background.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool, and then click Show Tables And Figures in the dialog box. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow30 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Do any of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â If a figure isnât tagged as a figure, select the content region you want, and then click Figure or &lt;br /&gt;Figure/Caption in the dialog box.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To remove text that was incorrectly combined with a figure, drag to select the text, and click the &lt;br /&gt;Text button in the dialog box.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To include a caption that is grouped with the figure, select the figure and caption, and click the Figure/&lt;br /&gt;Caption button in the dialog box.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Adding Alternate Text with the TouchUp Reading Order Tool&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you want screen readers to describe graphical elements that illustrate important concepts in a document, &lt;br /&gt;you must provide the description using alternate text. Figures arenât recognized or read by a screen reader &lt;br /&gt;unless you add alternate text to the tag properties. If you apply alternate text to text elements, only the &lt;br /&gt;description, not the actual text, is read. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select Show Tables And Figures in the dialog box. Figures that are missing Alternate Text will have &lt;br /&gt;a flag indicating âFigure - No alternate text existsâ (See âFigure 18 Add / Edit Alternate Text with &lt;br /&gt;TouchUp Reading Orderâ on pageÂ 30).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Right-click the figure, and choose Edit Alternate Text from the pop-up menu. (See âFigure 18 Add &lt;br /&gt;/ Edit Alternate Text with TouchUp Reading Orderâ on pageÂ 30)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Edit Alternate Text dialog box, type a new (or edit an existing) description for the figure, and then &lt;br /&gt;click OK (See âFigure 19 TouchUp Reading Order Alternate Text Dialogâ on pageÂ 31) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  18 Add / Edit Alternate Text with TouchUp Reading Order&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 31&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  19 TouchUp Reading Order Alternate Text Dialog&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using the TouchUp Reading Order Tool Table Editor&lt;br /&gt;Tables pose a special challenge for screen readers because they present textual or numerical data to be easily &lt;br /&gt;referenced visually. Content within table cells can be complex and might contain lists, paragraphs, form &lt;br /&gt;fields, or another table.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The TouchUp Reading Order Table Editor automatically analyzes the selected table into cells and applies the &lt;br /&gt;appropriate tags. The table must be tagged as a table before you can use the Table Editor command on it. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;For best results when tagging tables, use the application that you created the document with to add tags &lt;br /&gt;when you create the PDF. If a PDF isnât tagged, you can add tags by using the Add Tags To Document &lt;br /&gt;command. Most tables are properly recognized using this command; however, the command may not &lt;br /&gt;recognize a table that lacks clear borders, headings, columns, and rows. Use the TouchUp Reading Order &lt;br /&gt;tool to determine if the table has been properly recognized and to correct recognition problems. To add &lt;br /&gt;specialized formatting to tables and table cells, use the Tags tab.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can use the Table Editor to automatically analyze a table into its components and apply the appropriate &lt;br /&gt;tags, but you may still need to check and correct some of these tags manually. By viewing table tags, you can &lt;br /&gt;determine whether columns, rows, and cells have been correctly identified. Tables that lack well-defined &lt;br /&gt;borders and rules are often tagged incorrectly or contain adjacent page elements. You can correct poorly &lt;br /&gt;tagged tables by selecting and redefining them; you can split combined cells by creating a tag for each cell. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool, and then click Show Tables And Figures. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â If the table isnât clearly labeled in the document pane, drag to select the entire table, and then click &lt;br /&gt;Table in the dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click Show Table Cells to make sure that all cells in the table are defined as individual elements.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If cells donât appear as separate elements, do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â If one or more cells are merged, use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to select the area within a &lt;br /&gt;single cell, and then click Cell in the dialog box. Repeat for each merged cell.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â If cells arenât highlighted, the table might not use standard table formatting. Re-create the table in &lt;br /&gt;the authoring application.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add a Table Summary&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â With the cursor over the table, right click to add a Table Summary. The Edit Table Summary option &lt;br /&gt;is available in the menu that appears when you right-click a highlighted table. This allows the user &lt;br /&gt;to add or edit a text description about the table properties that is read by a screen reader or other &lt;br /&gt;assistive technology.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Place the Table in Editing Mode&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are two ways to place Tables in Table Editing Mode with the TouchUp Reading Order Tool:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow32 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Â With the cursor over the table, right click to select Table Editor from the drop down list to place the &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;table in Table Editing mode.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â You can also click the Show Order Panel in the TouchUp Reading Order dialog and select the table &lt;br /&gt;from the Order Panel. One technique is to highlight the snippets of text in the Order Panel that &lt;br /&gt;match the headings of  the first row in the table. This often activates the Table Editor when it cannot &lt;br /&gt;otherwise be activated. You then select the Table Editor button on the TouchUp Reading Order &lt;br /&gt;dialog  to place the table in Table Editing Mode (See âFigure 20 Using the Order Panel to Activate &lt;br /&gt;the Table Editorâ on pageÂ 32)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  20 Using the Order Panel to Activate the Table Editor&lt;br /&gt;Once in Table Editing Mode, the borders of the table cells are highlighted. You can change the color of the &lt;br /&gt;border to suit your needs (See âFigure 21 Table Editing Modeâ on pageÂ 33). You can select individual cells &lt;br /&gt;by clicking within the borders with the mouse. You can select multiple table cells by holding down Shift and &lt;br /&gt;clicking. This is an effecient method for selecting the first row of data cells in a table which need to be &lt;br /&gt;changed to header cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 33&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  21 Table Editing Mode&lt;br /&gt;Once in Table Editing Mode, you can right click to display the Table Cell Properties dialog or the Table &lt;br /&gt;Editor Options dialog. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Table Cell Properties dialog (See âFigure 22 Table Cell Propertiesâ on pageÂ 34) allows you to: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Specify the type of cell the selected cell should be, whether a Header cell or Data cell&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Set the cells attibutes for row span and column span. Assign a unique header ID for Table Headers &lt;br /&gt;or associate Data cells with Header IDs that have been created for the table&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow34 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  22 Table Cell Properties&lt;br /&gt;The Table Editor Options dialog allows users to control how table cells and table headers are displayed by &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat when using the TouchUp Reading Order Table Editor (See âFigure 23 Table Editor Optionsâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 34).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  23 Table Editor Options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: To correct complex tagging problems for tables, you often must use the Tags Panel. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 35&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Remove or replace document structure tags&lt;br /&gt;If the tags in a PDF file in Acrobat appear to be overly complicated you can try retagging an already tagged &lt;br /&gt;document.  To do this,  you must first remove all existing tags from the tree. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If adding tags to a PDF in Adobe Acrobat results in a tagging structure that is overly complicated or too &lt;br /&gt;problematic to fix, you can use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to remove or replace the current structure. &lt;br /&gt;If the document contains mostly text, you can select a page and then remove headings, tables, and other &lt;br /&gt;elements to create a cleaner, simpler tagging structure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat can retag an already tagged document after you first remove all existing tags from the tree. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Replace the existing tag structure&lt;br /&gt;This procedure works best in pages that contain a single column of text. If the page contains multiple &lt;br /&gt;columns, each column must be selected and tagged individually.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the document pane, drag to select the entire page. The selection includes both text and nontext &lt;br /&gt;elements. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Ctrl-drag/Command-drag around nontext page elementsâsuch as figures and captionsâto &lt;br /&gt;deselect them, until only text is selected on the page. Click Text in the TouchUp Reading Order &lt;br /&gt;dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the document pane, select a nontext page element, such as a figure and caption, and click the appropriate &lt;br /&gt;button in the dialog box to tag it. Repeat until all page content is tagged. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Remove all tags from a PDF&lt;br /&gt;Â Open the Tags tab (View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Tags) and select the root (topmost) tag, Tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Tags tab, choose Options &amp;gt; Delete tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: The Clear Page Structure command in the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box removes all &lt;br /&gt;tags from the currently visible pages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Complex Structures&lt;br /&gt;While you can use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to create tags in untagged PDFs or to add new tags to an &lt;br /&gt;existing structure, this manual tagging doesnât provide the same level of detail to the tagging structure as the &lt;br /&gt;Add Tags To Document command, such as paragraphs, bulleted and numbered lists, line breaks, and &lt;br /&gt;hyphens. Before you clear the existing structure, make sure that manual tagging is your only recourse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To perform more advanced reading order and tagging tasksâsuch as fixing complex tables, removing &lt;br /&gt;obsolete tags after you delete pages, and adding alternative text to linksâyou may need to use the Content &lt;br /&gt;Panel and the Tags panel, which provide an alternate set of tools and features for manipulating PDF tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Content Panel&lt;br /&gt;Use the Content Panel to correct reflow problems in a PDF that canât be corrected by using the TouchUp &lt;br /&gt;Reading Order tool. Because you can damage a PDF by editing content objects, make sure that youâre &lt;br /&gt;familiar with PDF structure before you change anything. For comprehensive information about PDF &lt;br /&gt;structure, see the PDF Reference Sixth Edition: Adobe Portable Document Format Version 1.7, on the PDF &lt;br /&gt;reference page (English only) of the Adobe website.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Content Panel provides a hierarchical view of the objects that make up a PDF, including the PDF object &lt;br /&gt;itself. Each document includes one or more pages, a set of annotations (such as comments and links), and &lt;br /&gt;the content objects for the page, consisting of containers, text, paths, and images. Objects are listed in the &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow36 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;order in which they appear on the page, similar to tags in the logical structure tree. However, PDFs donât &lt;br /&gt;require tags for you to view or change the object structure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Content.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Content Panel may open in the document viewing area. It may be part of a panel group that also &lt;br /&gt;includes the Order Panel and the Tags Panel. You can drag the individual panel and dock it in the &lt;br /&gt;Navigation pane. You can also a the menu command to dock all panels in the Navigation Pane:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â  View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Dock All Panels (ALT + VNK) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click the plus sign (+) (Windows) or the triangle (Mac OS) next to the document name to view pages and &lt;br /&gt;objects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: You may find it helpful to have Acrobat highlight items in the document view when the &lt;br /&gt;associated item in the Content Panel is selected. From the Content Panel Options Menu, &lt;br /&gt;select âHighlight Contentâ (See âFigure 24 Set Highlighting On for the Content Panelâ on &lt;br /&gt;pageÂ 36). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Move a container or object by selecting it and doing one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Drag it to the location you want. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose Cut from the Options menu, select the tag above the location you want to paste the cut tag, &lt;br /&gt;and choose Paste from the Options menu&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  24 Set Highlighting On for the Content Panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: Container elements canât be pasted directly to page elements. To move a container to &lt;br /&gt;another page, cut the container you want to move, select a container on the page you &lt;br /&gt;want to move the container to, and choose Paste from the Options menu. Then, drag the &lt;br /&gt;container out one level to the location that you want. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 37&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Content Tab Options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Content tab, use the Options menu or right-click an object to choose from the following options:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ New Container . Adds a new container object at the end of the selected page or container. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Edit Container Dictionary . Specifies the dictionary for the container. Errors in this &lt;br /&gt;dialog box may damage the PDF. Available only for containers that include dictionaries. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Cut . Cuts and copies the selected object (not the related page content). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Paste . Pastes content directly below the selected object at the same hierarchical level. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Paste Child . Pastes content into the selected object as a child content item. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Delete . Removes the object (not the related page content) from the document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Find Content From Selection . Searches for the object in the Content tab that contains &lt;br /&gt;the object selected in the document pane. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Find . Searches for unmarked (untagged) artifacts, content, comments, and links. Options &lt;br /&gt;allow you to search the page or document, and to add tags to found items. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Create Artifact . Defines selected objects as artifacts. Artifacts are not read by a screen &lt;br /&gt;reader or by the Read Out Loud feature. Page numbers, headers, and footers are often best &lt;br /&gt;tagged as artifacts. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Remove Artifact . Removes the artifact definition from the selected object. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Highlight Content . When selected, highlights appear in the document pane around &lt;br /&gt;content that relates to a selected object in the Content tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Show Metadata . Allows viewing and editing of image or object metadata. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Properties . Opens the TouchUp Properties dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Order Panel&lt;br /&gt;You can change the reading order of the highlighted regions by moving an item in the Order tab or by &lt;br /&gt;dragging it on the page in the document pane. By reordering highlighted regions on the page, you can make &lt;br /&gt;a figure and caption read at the specific point that they are referenced in the text. By changing the order of a &lt;br /&gt;highlighted region, you effectively change the reading order of that item without changing the actual &lt;br /&gt;appearance of the PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To select the Order Panel, do one of the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the TouchUp Reading Order tool. In the TouchUp Reading Order dialog box, click Show &lt;br /&gt;Order Panel. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â From the Acrobat menu select View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Order (ALT + VNO)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Order Panel may open in the document viewing area. It may be part of a panel group that also includes &lt;br /&gt;the Content Panel and the Tags Panel. You can drag the individual panel and dock it in the Navigation pane. &lt;br /&gt;You can also use a menu command to dock all panels in the Navigation Pane:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â  View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Dock All Panels (ALT + VNK) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To change the order of content using the Order Panel:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Order panel, navigate to view a list of highlighted regions that appear in the document pane. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Order tab, drag the tag for a highlighted region to the location you want. As you drag, a line &lt;br /&gt;appears to show potential locations. After you drag an item to a new location, the highlighted &lt;br /&gt;regions are renumbered to show the new reading order. You can select and move multiple, adjacent &lt;br /&gt;regions. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow38 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  25 Acrobat 9 Pro Order Panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tags Panel&lt;br /&gt;The Tags Panel allows you to view and edit tags in the logical structure tree, or tags tree, of a PDF. In the &lt;br /&gt;Tags Panel, tags appear in a hierarchical order that indicates the reading sequence of the document. The first &lt;br /&gt;item in this structure is the Tags root. All other items are tags and are children of the Tags root. Tags use &lt;br /&gt;coded element types that appear in angle brackets (&amp;lt; &amp;gt;). Each element, including structural elements such as &lt;br /&gt;sections and articles, appears in the logical structure order by type, followed by a title and the elementâs &lt;br /&gt;content or a description of the content. Structural elements are typically listed as containerâor parentâtags &lt;br /&gt;and include several smaller elementsâor child tagsâwithin them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Though you can correct most tagging issues by using the TouchUp Reading Order tool, you must use the &lt;br /&gt;Tags Panel to address detailed tagging of tables and substructure itemsâsuch as paragraphs, lists, and &lt;br /&gt;sections that require multiple languages. Add tags manually to a document using the Tags tab only as a last &lt;br /&gt;resort. First consider using the Add Tags To Document feature.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: Important: Operations performed in the Tags tab cannot be undone with the Undo &lt;br /&gt;command.  Save a backup copy of a document before you begin work on it in the Tags tab.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To select the Tags Panel:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Then do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Expand the tag for the section you want.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Ctrl-click the plus sign (Windows) or Option-click the triangle (Mac OS) next to the Tags root to &lt;br /&gt;show all tags in the logical structure tree.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: You may find it helpful to have Acrobat highlight items in the document view when the &lt;br /&gt;associated item in the Tags Panel is selected. From the Content Panel Options menu, &lt;br /&gt;select âHighlight Contentâ (See âFigure 26 Set Content Highlighting On for the Tags &lt;br /&gt;Panelâ on pageÂ 39). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 39&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  26 Set Content Highlighting On for the Tags Panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Edit tags with the Tags Panel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can edit a tag title, change a tag location, or change the tag type for an element. All page content must be &lt;br /&gt;tagged, marked as an artifact, or removed from the logical structure tree.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To reveal the TouchUp Properties for any tag select the desired tag in the Tags panel and do one of the &lt;br /&gt;following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Right click and select Properties from the context menu&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select Properties from the Tags Panel Option Menu&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow40 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  27 Revealing TouchUp Properties for Tags &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Edit a tag title&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Tags tab, expand the section of the logical structure that you want to edit. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â To edit the title, Select the tag, choose Properties from the Options menu, enter text in the Title box, &lt;br /&gt;and click Close. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Move a tag&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Tags tab, expand the Tags root to view all tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the Tag icon of the element that you want to move. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Drag the tag to the location you want. As you drag, a line appears at viable locations. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose Cut from the Options menu, and select the tag that appears above the location you want to &lt;br /&gt;paste the cut tag. From the Options menu, choose Paste to move the tag to the same level as the &lt;br /&gt;selected tag, or choose Paste Child to move the tag within the selected tag.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Change the element type&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Tags tab, expand the section of the logical structure that you want to change. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select an element and choose Properties from the Options menu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose a new element type from the Type menu, and then click Close. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tags tab options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Tags tab, use the Options menu or right-click a tag in the logical structure tree to choose from the &lt;br /&gt;following options:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 41&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢ New Tag . Creates a new tag in the logical structure tree after the currently selected item. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Specify type and title of the new tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Cut . Removes the selected tag from its current location and puts it on the clipboard. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Paste . Places the tag thatâs on the clipboard into the location specified, replacing the &lt;br /&gt;selected tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Paste Child . Places the tag thatâs on the clipboard into the location specified, as a child of &lt;br /&gt;the selected tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Delete Tag . Removes the selected tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Find Tag From Selection . Searches for the tag in the Tags tab that contains the text or &lt;br /&gt;object selected in the document pane. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Create Tag From Selection . Creates a new tag in the logical structure tree after the item &lt;br /&gt;selected in the document pane. Specify type and title of the new tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Find . Searches for artifacts, OCR suspects, and unmarked (untagged) content, comments, &lt;br /&gt;links, and annotations. Options allow you to search the page or document and add tags to &lt;br /&gt;found items. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Change Tag To Artifact . Changes selected tags to artifacts and removes the tagged &lt;br /&gt;content from the structure tree. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Copy Contents To Clipboard . Copies all content contained within the selected tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Edit Class Map . Allows you to add, change, and delete the class map, or style dictionary, &lt;br /&gt;for the document. Class maps store attributes that are associated with each element. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Edit Role Map . Allows you to add, change, and delete role maps for the document. Role &lt;br /&gt;maps allow each document to contain a uniquely defined tag set. By mapping these &lt;br /&gt;custom tags to predefined tags in Acrobat, custom tags are easier to identify and edit. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Tag Annotations . When selected, all new comments and form fields are added to the tag &lt;br /&gt;tree after the selected tag element; existing comments and form fields arenât added to the &lt;br /&gt;tag tree. Highlight and Underline comments are automatically associated and tagged with &lt;br /&gt;the text that they annotate and donât require this option. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Document Is Tagged PDF . Flags the PDF as a tagged document. Deselect to remove the &lt;br /&gt;flag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Important: This option doesnât necessarily indicate that the PDF conforms to PDF guidelines and &lt;br /&gt;should be used judiciously. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Highlight Content . When selected, causes highlights to appear around content in the &lt;br /&gt;document pane when you select the related tag in the Tags tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Show Metadata . Opens a read-only dialog box that contains reference information about &lt;br /&gt;the selected tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Properties . Opens the TouchUp Properties dialog box.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add alternate text and supplementary information to tags&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Some tagged PDFs might not contain all the information necessary to make the document contents fully &lt;br /&gt;accessible. For example, if you want to make a document available to a screen reader, the PDF should &lt;br /&gt;contain alternate text for figures, language properties for portions of the text that use a different language &lt;br /&gt;than the default language for the document, and expansion text for abbreviations. Designating the &lt;br /&gt;appropriate language for different text elements ensures that the correct characters are used when you &lt;br /&gt;repurpose the document and that it is spell-checked with the correct dictionary. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow42 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You can add alternate text and multiple languages to a tag from the Tags tab. (If only one language is &lt;br /&gt;required, choose the language with File &amp;gt; Properties instead.) You can also add alternate text by using the &lt;br /&gt;TouchUp Reading Order tool.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: Note: Keep alternate text descriptions as concise as possible. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add alternate text to links&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Screen readers can read the URLs of web links out loud, but adding meaningful alternate text to links can &lt;br /&gt;help users immensely. For example, by adding alternate text you can have a screen reader tell a user to âgo to &lt;br /&gt;the Acrobat accessibility page of adobe.comâ rather than âgo to http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/&lt;br /&gt;solutionsacc.html.â &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You add alternate text to the &amp;lt;Link&amp;gt; tag of a link.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: Note: You must add alternate text only to tags that donât have child tags. Adding &lt;br /&gt;alternate text to a parent tag prevents a screen reader from reading any of that tagâs child &lt;br /&gt;tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the tag tree, select the &amp;lt;Link&amp;gt; tag for the link and choose Options &amp;gt; Properties. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the TouchUp Properties dialog box, select the Tag tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Type alternate text for the link, and click Close. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add alternate text for a figure&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Tags. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Expand the logical structure tree to find and select the &amp;lt;Figure&amp;gt; tag element for the image. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To find a tag more easily, use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to select the figureâor text near the &lt;br /&gt;figureâin the document pane, and then choose Find Tag From Selection from the Options menu &lt;br /&gt;in the Tags tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose Highlight Content from the Options menu in the Tags tab to see a highlighted area in the &lt;br /&gt;document that corresponds to the tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose Properties from the Options menu in the Tags tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the TouchUp Properties dialog box, click the Tag tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â For Alternate Text, type text that describes the figure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add alternate text for an abbreviated term&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Tags panel, locate the abbreviated term by doing one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Expand the tag tree as needed to see the elements that contain the abbreviation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Use the TouchUp Text tool or the Select tool to select the abbreviation in the document, and then &lt;br /&gt;choose Find Tag From Selection from the Options menu to locate the text in the tag tree.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the tag for that element, and choose Properties from the Options menu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: Note: If the abbreviation includes additional text, cut the additional text and place it in a &lt;br /&gt;new &amp;lt;Span&amp;gt; child tag within the same &amp;lt;Span&amp;gt; parent tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the TouchUp Properties dialog box, select the Tag tab. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â For Alternate Text, type the unabbreviated version of the term. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Click Close. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 43&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Create a new child tag&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Tags tab, select the parent node (the icon located at the same level at which you want to &lt;br /&gt;create a child tag) in the Tags tree for which you want to create a child tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose New Tag from the Options menu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Select the appropriate tag type from the Type pop-up menu, or type a custom tag type, name the tag &lt;br /&gt;(optional), and then click OK. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Add tags to comments&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you tag a PDF that includes comments, the comments are tagged as well. However, if you add &lt;br /&gt;comments to a PDF thatâs already tagged, your comments are untagged unless you enable comment tagging &lt;br /&gt;first. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: To Enable comment tagging in a PDF, in the Tags tab, choose Tag Annotations from the &lt;br /&gt;Options menu. Comments or markups that you add to the PDF are tagged automatically. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If a document contains untagged comments, you can locate them in the logical structure tree and tag them &lt;br /&gt;by using the Find command in the Tags tab.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Tags tab, choose Find from the Options menu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Find Element dialog box, choose Unmarked Comments from the Find pop-up menu, and &lt;br /&gt;click Find. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â When the comment type appears in the Type field (for example, Text), click Tag Element, choose &lt;br /&gt;Annotation from the Type pop-up menu in the New Tag dialog box, and then click OK. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Find Element dialog box, click Find Next to locate and tag all comments, and then click Close. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Correct table tags with the Tags tab&lt;br /&gt;Use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to make sure that tables are tagged correctly. If you need to structure &lt;br /&gt;figures and text within the cells of your table, you may prefer to re-create the table in the authoring &lt;br /&gt;application before you convert it as an accessible PDF. Adding tags on a cell level in Acrobat is a labor-&lt;br /&gt;intensive procedure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Before you make any changes to table elements, use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to determine that the &lt;br /&gt;table is tagged correctly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check table elements&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Tags tab, expand the tags root to view a table tag. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the table tag &amp;lt;Table&amp;gt; and verify that it contains one of the following elements: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Table Rows, each of which contains Table Header &amp;lt;TH&amp;gt; or Table Data &amp;lt;TD&amp;gt; cells.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;lt;THead&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;TBody&amp;gt;, and &amp;lt;TFoot&amp;gt; sections, each of which contains Table Rows. (The Table Rows &lt;br /&gt;contain &amp;lt;TH&amp;gt; cells, &amp;lt;TD&amp;gt; cells, or both.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do one or more of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â If the tag for the table doesnât contain these elements, but rows, columns, and cells appear in the &lt;br /&gt;table in the document pane, use the TouchUp Reading Order tool to select and define the table or &lt;br /&gt;individual cells.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â If the table contains rows that span two or more columns, set ColSpan and RowSpan attributes for &lt;br /&gt;these rows in the tag structure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Re-create the table in the authoring application, and then convert it to a tagged PDF.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow44 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Set ColSpan and RowSpan attributes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Tags tab, select a &amp;lt;TD&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;TH&amp;gt; element. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose Properties from the Options menu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the TouchUp Properties dialog box, click the Tag tab, and then click Edit Attribute Objects. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select Attribute Objects, and then click New Item to create a new Attribute Object Dictionary. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Expand the new dictionary, select the Layout attribute, and then click Change Item. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Change the Layout value to Table. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the Attribute Object Dictionary, and click New Item. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Add Key And Value dialog box, type ColSpan or RowSpan in the Key box, enter the number of &lt;br /&gt;columns or rows spanned in the Value box, choose Integer from the Value Type pop-up menu, and click &lt;br /&gt;OK. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Step 7: Use the Accessibility Checker to Evaluate the PDF File&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: The accessibility checker tools (Quick Check and Full Check) can help to identify areas of &lt;br /&gt;documents that may be in conflict with Adobe's interpretations of the accessibility &lt;br /&gt;guidelines referenced in the application and its documentation. However, these tools &lt;br /&gt;donât check documents against all accessibility criteria, including those in such referenced &lt;br /&gt;guidelines, and Adobe does not warrant that documents comply with any specific &lt;br /&gt;guidelines or regulations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quick Check&lt;br /&gt;Use Quick Check to check for document structure tags, searchable text, and appropriate security settings for &lt;br /&gt;accessibility. This method is often the best way to check for accessibility before attempting to use a PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quick Check Results&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ This document has logical structure but it is not a Tagged PDF.  Some accessibility &lt;br /&gt;information may be missing.â Quick Check has found an underlying document structure &lt;br /&gt;in the document, so Acrobat will use the available document structure to control the &lt;br /&gt;reading order, rather than analyzing the document itself. However, this untagged &lt;br /&gt;document structure might be incomplete or unreliable, so assistive software and the &lt;br /&gt;accessibility features in Acrobat (such as the Read Out Loud and the Save As Text features) &lt;br /&gt;may not read the page properly. If the reading order of the page seems to be wrong, select &lt;br /&gt;Override The Reading Order In Tagged Documents in the Reading panel of the &lt;br /&gt;Preferences dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ This document is not structured, so the reading order may not be correct. Try different reading &lt;br /&gt;orders using the Reading Preferences panel.â . Quick Check has found no underlying &lt;br /&gt;document structure that Acrobat can use for reading order. Acrobat will analyze the &lt;br /&gt;reading order of the document using the current analysis method set in the Reading Order &lt;br /&gt;preference, but this PDF might not be read correctly by screen readers. If the reading order &lt;br /&gt;seems wrong, select a different option for Reading Order in the Reading panel of the &lt;br /&gt;Preferences dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ No accessibility problems were detected in this quick check. Choose the Full Check command to &lt;br /&gt;check more thoroughly. Quick Check has found that the PDF contains searchable text, is &lt;br /&gt;tagged, has an underlying document structure, and has no security settings that prohibit &lt;br /&gt;access for screen readers. To check for other types of accessibility problems that may be &lt;br /&gt;present in the PDF, use Full Check. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 45&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢ This documentâs security settings prevent access by screen readers. Quick Check has &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;found that the PDF has security settings that interfere with screen readersâ ability to extract &lt;br /&gt;text for conversion to speech. You may be able to use a screen reader with this document if &lt;br /&gt;your assistive technology product is registered with Adobe as a Trusted Agent. Contact &lt;br /&gt;your assistive technology product vendor. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ This document appears to contain no text. It may be a scanned image. Quick Check has &lt;br /&gt;found that the PDF contains no searchable text, probably because the document consists &lt;br /&gt;entirely of one or more scanned images. This means that screen readers, Read Out Loud, &lt;br /&gt;Reflow view, and most other accessibility featuresâwhich rely on text as inputâwill not &lt;br /&gt;work with this document&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Full Check&lt;br /&gt;Use Full Check to perform a more thorough check for many characteristics of accessible PDFs, such as the &lt;br /&gt;use of fonts that can be mapped reliably to Unicode text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Full Check checks a PDF for many of the characteristics of accessible PDFs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can choose which kinds of accessibility problems to look for and how you want to view the results.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; Full Check. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select options for how you want to view the results.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can save the results as an HTML file or as comments that are located where the accessibility problems &lt;br /&gt;are detected. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select a page range if you prefer to do a full check on individual sections of a document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;When you have a large document, running a full check one section at a time can be more efficient. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select an accessibility standard (Adobe PDF, Section 508 (U.S.), or W3C ) from the Name menu, &lt;br /&gt;and then select the accessibility options to check for. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The standard that you select in the Name menu determines which accessibility options are &lt;br /&gt;available.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click Start Checking. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The results are displayed in the left panel, which also has helpful links and hints for repairing issues (See &lt;br /&gt;âFigure 28 Acrobat 9 Pro Accessibility Reportâ on pageÂ 46)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you created a report in step 2, the results are available in the selected folder. Clicking on the links &lt;br /&gt;highlights the problem areas in the document. The Accessibility Checker panel also provides hints for repair &lt;br /&gt;which you should follow &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow46 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  28 Acrobat 9 Pro Accessibility Report&lt;br /&gt;Because the Full Check feature is unable to distinguish between essential and nonessential content types, &lt;br /&gt;some issues it reports donât affect readability. Itâs a good idea to review all issues to determine which ones &lt;br /&gt;require correction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Accessibility Full Check Options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Create Accessibility Report . Creates an HTML report of accessibility issues, which is &lt;br /&gt;opened in the navigation pane and saved in the location indicated by the Folder field. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Include Repair Hints In Accessibility Report . Adds suggestions for fixing accessibility &lt;br /&gt;problems to the HTML report or comments. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Create Comments In Document . Adds comments to the document that indicate &lt;br /&gt;accessibility problems. Delete all accessibility comments from the PDF after you repair the &lt;br /&gt;accessibility issues. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Page Range . The range of pages to check. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Name . The set of accessibility criteria to check. For the Section 508 and W3C guidelines, &lt;br /&gt;the options area includes a Browse button that links to the website for the respective &lt;br /&gt;guidelines. Select Adobe PDF to choose from options for the Adobe PDF accessibility &lt;br /&gt;standard&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Alternative Descriptions Are Provided . Checks for tagged figures that are missing &lt;br /&gt;alternate text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Text Language Is Specified . Checks for paragraphs that donât have a language specified &lt;br /&gt;for them. Setting the language for an entire document in the Document Properties dialog &lt;br /&gt;box corrects all errors related to this option. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow | 47&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Reliable Character Encoding Is Provided . Checks for fonts that are inaccessible to &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;screen readers and other assistive software. Fonts must contain enough information for &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat to correctly extract all the characters to text. If one or more fonts donât allow for &lt;br /&gt;the correct extraction of all the characters, the PDF is inaccessible. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ All Content Is Contained In The Document Structure . Checks for page elements that &lt;br /&gt;may have been overlooked during tagging. Adding these elements to the tag tree (if &lt;br /&gt;necessary) ensures that a screen reader can present the content to a user. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ All Form Fields Have Descriptions . Checks for form fields that are missing descriptions. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Tab Order Is Consistent With The Structure Order . Checks whether tags properly &lt;br /&gt;reflect the documentâs structure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ List And Table Structure Is Correct . Checks whether tags that have been generated for &lt;br /&gt;lists and tables meet the requirements of tagged PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Continue Checking Until All Issues are Addressed&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Repeat the process of running the Accessibility Checker and using familiar repair techniques or following &lt;br /&gt;the Hints for Repair until the Accessibility Checker indicates âThe checker found no problems in this &lt;br /&gt;documentâ for the tests you have selected (See âFigure 29 A Successful Accessibility Checkâ on pageÂ 47)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: While the Accessibility Checker helps you evaluate the accessibility of your documents &lt;br /&gt;and helps identify areas that may be in conflict with Adobe's interpretations of the &lt;br /&gt;referenced guidelines, the Accessibility Checker does not check all accessibility guidelines &lt;br /&gt;and criteria, including those in such referenced guidelines, and Adobe does not warrant &lt;br /&gt;that your documents will comply with any specific guidelines or regulations. Please &lt;br /&gt;consult with your legal counsel for guidance on compliance with the referenced &lt;br /&gt;guidelines or any other accessibility guidelines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  29 A Successful Accessibility Check&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Additional Validation Techniques&lt;br /&gt;Of course, the best way to test the accessibility of a document is to attempt to use the document with the &lt;br /&gt;tools that your readers will use. However, even if you donât have a screen reader or braille printer, you can &lt;br /&gt;still use any of several methods provided by Acrobat for checking the accessibility of a PDF file.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Use Reflow view to quickly check reading order. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Use Read Out Loud to experience the document as it will be experienced by readers who use this &lt;br /&gt;text-to-speech conversion tool.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Save the document as accessible text and then read the saved text file in a word-processing &lt;br /&gt;application to experience the document as it will be experienced by readers who use a braille &lt;br /&gt;printer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Use the TouchUp Reading Order tool, Tags tab, and Content tab to examine the structure, reading &lt;br /&gt;order, and contents of a PDF in detail.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acrobat 9 Pro PDF Accessibility Repair Workflow48 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt; Creating Accessible PDF Files Using &lt;br /&gt;Authoring Applications&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Introduction&lt;br /&gt;In many cases, you can create tagged PDFs from within an authoring application, such as Adobe &lt;br /&gt;FrameMakerÂ®, Adobe InDesign, Adobe LiveCycle Designer. This functionality extends to applications that &lt;br /&gt;are not from Adobe Systems, such as MicrosoftÂ® Office and OpenOffice.org Writer. Creating tags in the &lt;br /&gt;authoring application generally provides better results than adding tags in Acrobat. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Windows, Acrobat installs both an Acrobat PDFMaker toolbar and an Adobe PDF menu in many &lt;br /&gt;popular authoring applications. PDFMaker provides conversion settings that let you create tagged PDFs in &lt;br /&gt;Microsoft Excel, PowerPoint, and Word among others. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can use either the toolbar buttons or the Adobe PDF menu (the Action menu in Lotus Notes) to create &lt;br /&gt;PDFs, but the menu also provides access to conversion settings. Although many of the conversion options &lt;br /&gt;are common to all authoring applications, a few are application-specific.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: For Microsoft Office 2007 applications such as Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Access, the &lt;br /&gt;options for creating PDFs are available from the Acrobat Ribbon. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In general, the following rules apply.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Design your source document with accessibility in mind&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Do NOT use character formatting for headings, use the programâs styles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Do add alternative text to graphics in the source file &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Do use a table editor if available to create tables&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Do NOT use a table editor to design layouts&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Do generate the PDF file in a way that generates tags&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Do set your PDF output preferences option to tagged PDF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Do check the results in Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro using Advanced &amp;gt; Accessibility &amp;gt; Full Check &lt;br /&gt;(shortcut: Alt + A + A + F)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Do follow the suggestions for repair and repeat checking until no errors are detected&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Create an Accessible Microsoft Word Document&lt;br /&gt;You should author the original source document with accessibility in mind. This means you should add &lt;br /&gt;structure to the document by using styles rather than character formats for such items as headings and lists. &lt;br /&gt;You should also add alternate text descriptions to graphics that appear in the Word file using the format &lt;br /&gt;picture dialog. You should use Wordâs column command and not tables to create multi-column documents. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use Styles&lt;br /&gt;Design your documents with styles. Styles add the structure necessary to make your documents usable to &lt;br /&gt;people with disabilities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Text&lt;br /&gt;The default text style for Microsoft Word is Normal. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Text should be at least 12 point type. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Avoid using Microsoft Word text boxes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;49&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications50 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Â Avoid using Enter to create space between paragraphs. Use the space before and space after &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;properties in your styles &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Headings&lt;br /&gt;Use Styles to create heading formats. Title, Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3, etc. Make styles progress in a &lt;br /&gt;logical manner , a Heading 2 should come after a Heading 1 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word 2003 Headings&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;To create headings in Microsoft Word 2003 do the following&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Format &amp;gt; Styles and Formatting to reveal the styles and formatting task pane (See âFigure 30 &lt;br /&gt;Microsoft Word 2003 Styles and Formattingâ on pageÂ 50).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Apply the appropriate heading from the Styles and Formatting panel to your document text &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  30 Microsoft Word 2003 Styles and Formatting&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word 2007 Headings&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the Home Ribbon in Word 2007 and select the proper heading from the styles group (See &lt;br /&gt;âFigure 31 Microsoft Word 2007 Styles and Formattingâ on pageÂ 50).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  31 Microsoft Word 2007 Styles and Formatting&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 51&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Add Alternative Text to Word Graphics and Images&lt;br /&gt;Alternative Text or Alt Text refers to text that can be read by a screen reader to describe graphics and images &lt;br /&gt;which people with visual dis-abilities cannot see.  All Graphics and Images should be provided with &lt;br /&gt;alternative text descriptions. Avoid placing graphics too close to text. This can cause problems when &lt;br /&gt;converting to PDF. Place white space between text and graphics. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word 2003 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Double Click on an image or right click and select the format picture dialog. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select the Web tab and enter the alternative text (See âFigure 32 Microsoft Word 2003 Web Tab &lt;br /&gt;for adding Alternative Textâ on pageÂ 51).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  32 Microsoft Word 2003 Web Tab for adding Alternative Text&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word 2007 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Right Click on an image and choose Size &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications52 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Â Select the Alt Text tab and enter the alternative text (See âFigure 33 Microsoft Word 2007 Alt Text &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;for adding Alternative Textâ on pageÂ 52) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  33 Microsoft Word 2007 Alt Text for adding Alternative Text&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Configure the PDFMaker&lt;br /&gt;Once you have authored your Microsoft Word document with accessibility in mind, you are ready to &lt;br /&gt;convert it to an accessible PDF file. To generate an accessible PDF document directly from the Microsoft &lt;br /&gt;Word source, you should use the Adobe PDFMaker to convert the file to PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;PDFMaker is an Acrobat feature that operates within many business applications, such as Microsoft Office &lt;br /&gt;applications and Lotus Notes. When you install Acrobat, PDFMaker controls appear in the work area of the &lt;br /&gt;authoring application. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using PDFMaker within an authoring application is a simple, one-click procedure. It involves clicking an &lt;br /&gt;Acrobat PDFMaker toolbar button or choosing a command on the Adobe PDF menu. It is not necessary to &lt;br /&gt;open Acrobat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Windows, Acrobat installs both an Acrobat PDFMaker toolbar and an Adobe PDF menu in many &lt;br /&gt;popular authoring applications. You can use either the toolbar buttons or the Adobe PDF menu to create &lt;br /&gt;PDFs, but the menu also provides access to conversion settings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: For Microsoft Office 2007 applications such as Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Access, the &lt;br /&gt;options for creating PDFs are available from the Acrobat ribbon (See âFigure 34 Microsoft &lt;br /&gt;Word 2007 Adobe Acrobat Ribbon and Groupâ on pageÂ 53).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 53&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  34 Microsoft Word 2007 Adobe Acrobat Ribbon and Group&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Show or activate PDFMaker in Microsoft Word&lt;br /&gt;If you donât see the PDF toolbar buttons in Microsoft Word, you must show or activate the PDF toolbar. Use &lt;br /&gt;one of the following methods to show or activate PDFMaker.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;For Office 2003 or earlier, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Choose View &amp;gt; Toolbars &amp;gt; Acrobat PDFMaker 9.0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;For Office 2007&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click the Office button, and then click the Word Options button&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click Add-Ins on the left side of the dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Do one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â If PDFMOutlook or Acrobat PDFMaker Office COM Addin is not listed, choose COM Add-&lt;br /&gt;Ins from the Manage pop-up menu and click Go.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â If PDFMOutlook or Acrobat PDFMaker Office COM Addin is listed under Disabled &lt;br /&gt;Application Add-ins, select Disabled Items from the Manage pop-up menu and click Go.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select PDFMOutlook or Acrobat PDFMaker Office COM Addin and click OK. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Restart the Office application.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;View PDFMaker conversion settings&lt;br /&gt;PDFMaker conversion settings determine what features of the Microsoft Word document will be included in &lt;br /&gt;the PDF and how they will be translated into the resulting PDF file.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do one of the following: &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications54 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Â  Choose Adobe PDF &amp;gt; Change Conversion Settings (See âFigure 35 Change PDFMaker Settings &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;in Word 2003â on pageÂ 54)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  35 Change PDFMaker Settings in Word 2003&lt;br /&gt;Â (Office 2007) In the Acrobat ribbon, click Preferences (See âFigure 36 Acrobat Preferences in &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word 2007â on pageÂ 54).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  36 Acrobat Preferences in Word 2007&lt;br /&gt;If you wish to revert to the original default settings, click Restore Defaults on the Settings tab.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Settings Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The settings available for PDFMaker depend on the application in which youâre using PDFMaker (See &lt;br /&gt;âFigure 37 PDFMaker Settings Tabâ on pageÂ 56). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Conversion Settings . Specifies the standard by which the PDF will be optimized. When &lt;br /&gt;you choose an item in the menu, a description of that preset appears immediately below it. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ View Adobe PDF Result . Opens the converted document directly into Acrobat. &lt;br /&gt;(Exception: when you choose Convert To Adobe PDF And Email.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Prompt For Adobe PDF File Name . Lets you enter a custom filename for the resulting &lt;br /&gt;PDF. Deselect this option to save the file in the same folder as the source file, using the &lt;br /&gt;same name but with a .pdf extension. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Convert Document Information . Adds document information from the Properties &lt;br /&gt;dialog box of the source file. This setting overrides the printer preferences and settings in &lt;br /&gt;the Advanced panel of the Adobe PDF Settings dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: The Advanced Settings button opens the Adobe PDF Settings dialog box, which contains &lt;br /&gt;many additional conversion options. These conversion settings apply to all Acrobat &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 55&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;features that create PDFs, such as Acrobat Distiller, PDFMaker, and the Acrobat &lt;br /&gt;application itself. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Create PDF/A Compliant PDF File . Creates the PDF so that it conforms to this ISO &lt;br /&gt;standard for long-term preservation of electronic documents. (In the Microsoft Publisher &lt;br /&gt;application alone, PDFMaker does not support the PDF/A standard.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: When Conversion Settings are opened from within Word, Excel, or PowerPoint, this &lt;br /&gt;option specifies PDF/A 1-a:2005. When opened from within Microsoft Visio, Access, &lt;br /&gt;Microsoft Project, or AutoCAD, it specifies PDF/A 1-b:2005.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Attach Source File . Includes the Word document that is being converted as an &lt;br /&gt;attachment to the resulting PDF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Create Bookmarks . Converts certain elements in original Office documents to PDF &lt;br /&gt;bookmarks: Word headings, Excel worksheet names, or PowerPoint titles. Selecting this &lt;br /&gt;option overrides any settings on the Bookmarks tab of the Conversion Settings dialog box. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Add Links . Includes active links and hypertext in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: If this option is deselected, but the recipient of the PDF has the Create Links From URLs &lt;br /&gt;preference selected, URLs in the PDF are still active. For more information, see &lt;br /&gt;Preferences for viewing PDFs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Enable Accessibility And Reflow With Tagged Adobe PDF . Embeds tags in the PDF &lt;br /&gt;(on by default).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications56 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  37 PDFMaker Settings Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Security Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Security tab settings available for PDFMaker depend on the application in which youâre using &lt;br /&gt;PDFMaker (See âFigure 38 PDFMaker Security Tabâ on pageÂ 57). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Require A Password To Open The Document . When selected, makes the Document &lt;br /&gt;Open Password option available, where you enter a password that users must use to open &lt;br /&gt;the document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Restrict Editing And Printing Of The Document . When selected, makes the other &lt;br /&gt;Permissions options available. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Change Permissions Password . Specifies a password you set that users must use in order &lt;br /&gt;to do any allowable printing or editing. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Printing Allowed . Specifies whether users who use the Permissions Password can print &lt;br /&gt;the document and at what resolution. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Changes Allowed . Specifies what kind of changes users who use the Permissions &lt;br /&gt;Password can make. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Enable Copying Of Text, Images, And Other Contents . Prevents or allows users from &lt;br /&gt;copying from the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Enable Text Access For Screen Reader Devices For The Visually Impaired . Prevents or &lt;br /&gt;allows screen reader devices to read text. (Selected by default.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Enable Plaintext Metadata . Specifies whether the search engine can read the document &lt;br /&gt;metadata. Available only when the PDF-compatibility is set to Acrobat 6.0 (PDF 1.5) or &lt;br /&gt;later.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 57&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  38 PDFMaker Security Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Word Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use the Word Tab to control how certain features in Microsoft Word will be rendered in PDF (See âFigure &lt;br /&gt;39 PDFMaker Word Tabâ on pageÂ 58).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Convert Displayed Comments To Notes In Adobe PDF . Changes any Word comment &lt;br /&gt;entries to PDF comments. If the currently open Word document contains comments, &lt;br /&gt;more options appear in the Comments list on this tab: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Reviewer. Lists the names of reviewers who have entered comments in the current &lt;br /&gt;Word document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Include. When deselected, does not include the comments in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Notes Open. Specifies whether the PDF comment windows automatically open or are &lt;br /&gt;closed for that reviewerâs comments. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Color . Shows the color for that reviewerâs comment icons. Clicking the color icon &lt;br /&gt;repeatedly cycles through a limited set of available colors. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ # Of Comments . Shows the number of comments that the reviewer made. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Convert Cross-References And Table Of Contents To Links (Word 2002 and 2003 only). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Enables one-click navigation of these elements in the new PDF. This option is not &lt;br /&gt;available in Word 2007. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Convert Footnote And Endnote Links . Integrates these into the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Enable Advanced Tagging . Integrates this into the PDF. Useful for Microsoft Word &lt;br /&gt;forms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications58 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  39 PDFMaker Word Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bookmarks Tab (Microsoft Word)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The options you specify on this tab determine which items are converted into PDF bookmarks in the PDF &lt;br /&gt;(See âFigure 40 PDFMaker Bookmarks Tabâ on pageÂ 59).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: To include bookmarks in the conversion process, the Add Bookmarks To Adobe PDF &lt;br /&gt;option on the Settings tab must be selected. If you deselect that option, it overrides any &lt;br /&gt;options you select on this tab and no bookmarks are created. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Convert Word Headings To Bookmarks . Selects all the headings in the Elements list for &lt;br /&gt;conversion to PDF bookmarks. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Convert Word Styles To Bookmarks . Selects all the text styles in the Elements list for &lt;br /&gt;conversion to PDF bookmarks. (Unselected by default.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Convert Word Bookmarks . Converts any user-created Word bookmarks to PDF &lt;br /&gt;bookmarks. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Element list . Specifies which Word headings and styles are converted to PDF bookmarks. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Element . Lists the names of all available Word headings and styles. The icons for &lt;br /&gt;Headings and Styles indicate the element types. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Type . Also indicates whether the element is a heading or style in the Word &lt;br /&gt;document. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Bookmark . Displays Xâs, indicating whether individual elements are converted to &lt;br /&gt;PDF bookmarks. Clicking an individual Bookmark option changes the selection &lt;br /&gt;status for that element. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 59&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Level . Specifies where the element fits in the hierarchy structure of the PDF &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bookmarks panel. Clicking an individual Level number opens a menu that you can &lt;br /&gt;use to change the value. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note: When some but not all of the available Word headings and styles are selected for &lt;br /&gt;conversion to PDF bookmarks, the marker in the corresponding check boxes at the top of &lt;br /&gt;the tab change. If all elements of the type are selected, a check mark appears. If only some &lt;br /&gt;of the elements of that type are selected, a colored square appears. Otherwise, the check &lt;br /&gt;box is empty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  40 PDFMaker Bookmarks Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Video Tab (Microsoft Word and PowerPoint)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The options you specify on this tab determine settings for multimedia files that are converted to FLV format &lt;br /&gt;and inserted into Word or PowerPoint files (See âFigure 41 PDFMaker Video Tabâ on pageÂ 60).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Save Video In . To save the converted video file in the same folder as the document, select &lt;br /&gt;Same As Document Folder. To save the converted video file in a different folder, select Use &lt;br /&gt;This Folder, and click Browse to locate and select a folder. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Video Quality . A higher Video Quality setting results in a larger PDF file size. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Deinterlace . Activates the video deinterlacing filter, which can improve video quality. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Encode Audio . If unselected, the converted video file does not include audio. If selected, &lt;br /&gt;specify the data rate at which to encode the audio in the FLV file.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications60 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  41 PDFMaker Video Tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Settings for Other Microsoft Office Applications&lt;br /&gt;There are application specific options on the settings tab of the PDFMaker for other Microsoft Office &lt;br /&gt;applications.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Excel-specific options on the Settings tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;These options are specific to the Settings tab in the PDFMaker for the Excel spreadsheet application.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Convert Comments . Converts user-created Excel comments to notes and lists them in &lt;br /&gt;the Acrobat Comments panel. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Fit Worksheet To A Single Page . Adjusts the size of each worksheet so that all the entries &lt;br /&gt;on that worksheet appear on the same page of the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Fit To Paper Width . Adjusts the width of each worksheet so that all the columns on that &lt;br /&gt;worksheet appear on one page in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Prompt For Selecting Excel Sheets . Opens a dialog box at the beginning of the file &lt;br /&gt;conversion process. In this dialog box, you can specify which worksheets are included in &lt;br /&gt;the PDF and the order in which the sheets appear in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;PowerPoint-specific options on the Settings tab&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;These options are specific to the Settings tab in the PDFMaker for the PowerPoint presenation application.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Convert Multimedia . Converts any linked audio-video file to an FLV file and embeds it &lt;br /&gt;in the PDF. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 61&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;â¢ Preserve Animation (PowerPoint 2002 and 2003 only) . Converts any animation effects &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;in the PowerPoint file to equivalent animations in the PDF. This option is not available in &lt;br /&gt;PowerPoint 2007. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Preserve Slide Transitions . Converts PowerPoint slide transition effects to PDF &lt;br /&gt;transition effects. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Convert Hidden Slides To PDF Pages . Converts any PowerPoint slides that are not seen &lt;br /&gt;in the usual playing of the presentation to PDF pages. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Convert Speaker Notes . Converts any speaker notes for the PowerPoint presentation &lt;br /&gt;into Text notes in the PDF. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;â¢ Use PowerPoint Printer Settings (PowerPoint 2002 and 2003 only) . Uses the same &lt;br /&gt;printer settings in the PDF as in the original file. This option is not available in PowerPoint &lt;br /&gt;2007.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Convert the Word Document to Accessible PDF&lt;br /&gt;Open the Microsoft Word file. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Microsoft Office 2003&lt;br /&gt;There are two controls on the Microsoft Word 2003 interface for converting to accessible PDF (See âFigure &lt;br /&gt;42 Convert to Adobe PDF in Word 2003â on pageÂ 61).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do one of the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click the Convert To Adobe PDF button on the Acrobat PDFMaker toolbar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Convert to Adobe PDF from the Adobe PDF menu&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  42 Convert to Adobe PDF in Word 2003&lt;br /&gt;Enter a filename and location for the PDF, and click Save. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Microsoft Office 2007&lt;br /&gt;Do one of the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click the Create PDF button from the Create Adobe PDF Group on the Acrobat ribbon (See &lt;br /&gt;âFigure 43 Create Accessible PDF in Word 2007â on pageÂ 61).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  43 Create Accessible PDF in Word 2007&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications62 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Â Select Save as Adobe PDF from the Office button (See âFigure 44 Save as Accessible PDF in Word &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;2007â on pageÂ 62).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure  44  Save as Accessible PDF in Word 2007&lt;br /&gt;Enter a filename and location for the PDF, and click Save. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;If the Word Document is a Form&lt;br /&gt;If the Word document has been designed as a form and you want it to be a fillable PDF form, prepare the &lt;br /&gt;document as described. When you are ready to import it into PDF, do so from within Acrobat using the &lt;br /&gt;Form Wizard. From Acrobat 9 Pro do the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select Forms &amp;gt; Start Form Wizard&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Check the box indicating âAn existing electronic documentâ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select âImport a file from file systemâ &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click the Browse button to locate the desired file&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click Next&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The document will be converted to PDF with Tags and fillable form fields. You may need to edit the results &lt;br /&gt;within Acrobat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Check the PDF Version of the Document Using Acrobat&lt;br /&gt;Once you have converted the document, you will still need to check the results in Adobe Acrobat. To check &lt;br /&gt;the results, begin at Step 5 of the PDF Accessibility Workflow (see  âStep 5: Determine if the PDF File is a &lt;br /&gt;Tagged PDF Fileâ on pageÂ 20).  Depending upon the type of error, you may have to make adjustments in a &lt;br /&gt;particular location.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Adjustments to the Conversion Settings&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Repairs You Make to the Source File&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Repairs You Make to the PDF File&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications | 63&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Changes to the Conversion Settings&lt;br /&gt;Some repairs will involve changes to the PDFMaker conversion settings. If, for example, your final check &lt;br /&gt;indicated that the PDF file was not tagged, you would need to verify that the Enable Accessibility and Reflow &lt;br /&gt;box was checked in the PDFMaker tabbed settings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Repairs You Should Make in the Source File&lt;br /&gt;Some repairs can be made on the PDF file, but they would be erased the next time a PDF file was created &lt;br /&gt;from the same source. A good example is missing alternative text descriptions. You can certainly use the &lt;br /&gt;Touchup Reading Order Tool in Acrobat to add these to a PDF file, but if you want the change to last during &lt;br /&gt;updates to the file, it is better to add the alternative text in the Word document using the format picture &lt;br /&gt;dialog (See âAdd Alternative Text to Word Graphics and Imagesâ on page 51).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Repairs You Should Make in the PDF File&lt;br /&gt;Some repairs must take place on the PDF file using Adobe Acrobat 9.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Document Language&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In some instances, even if the document language has been specified in the source file, the information about &lt;br /&gt;document language is not conveyed to the PDFMaker.  Setting the language for an entire document in the &lt;br /&gt;Document Properties dialog box corrects all errors related to this option. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Select File &amp;gt; Properties (Ctrl + D)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Language drop down of the Reading Options section choose the appropriate language for the &lt;br /&gt;document.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tab Order is Consistent with Structure Order&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;In some instances, even though the tags have been inherited from the source file, the Accessibility Checker &lt;br /&gt;will indicate that tab order is inconsistent with structure order. To correct this issue, do the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Open the Pages icon or select View &amp;gt; Navigation Panels &amp;gt; Pages (ALT + VNP)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â Click on any page icon and  type Cntrl + A (Command + A for the Mac OS) to select all the pages&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â From the Options button on the pages panel select âPage Propertiesâ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Â In the Tab Order Panel, check âUse Document Structureâ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Establish Table Headings for Tables&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Table headers are not always properly defined after the conversion from Microsoft Word to PDF. Use the &lt;br /&gt;TouchUp Reading Order Table Editor to change table data cells that should be table headings to table &lt;br /&gt;headers or change the TD tags directly into TH tags within the tags panel.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=0&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;page-break-before:always; page-break-after:always&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Creating Accessible PDF Files Using Authoring Applications64 |&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Making PDF Accessible with Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/PDFBox/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Best Practices for Accessibility</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHccc7f4b2749b7bf1174ade</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH01b0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH01b0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH01b0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/09/09_1_1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Te Waka o Te Iwi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Date">185710</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Volume">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Number">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">2349</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PagedImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01b058d81d87cbb75516422b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395215217</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215218</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01b0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_3.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_4.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_4_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">469563</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2151</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">459KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_1_1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">298</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">459333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2349</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">449KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_1_2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">272</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">408099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2168</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">399KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_1_3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">479652</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2348</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">468KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_1_4_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">273</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH01b5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH01b5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH01b5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/10/10_1_1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Te Whetu o Te Tau</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Date">18580601</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Volume">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Number">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">1999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PagedImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01b565a2db6de54cd0e27556</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395215219</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215220</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01b5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_3.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_4.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_4_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">358500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1946</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">350KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_1_1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">329</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+No. 1.
+AKARANA, HUNE 1, 1858.
+VOL. 1.
+HAERE atu ra e taku aroha i runga i nga hihi o te ra
+ki nga tangata katoa,âahakoa tane, ahakoa wahine,
+ahakoa tamariki,âi aroha ki au, i atawhai ki au, i
+toku haerenga i roto o Waikato, o Rangiaohia, o Mo-
+kau. Haere e taku aroha ki nga tangata o Pukorokoro,
+ki nga tangata o Nakunaku, ki nga tangata o Takinga-
+wairua, ki nga tangata o Meremere, ki nga tangata o
+Rangiriri, ki nga tangata o Paetai, ki nga tangata o
+Kupakupa, ki nga tangata o Te Whakapaku, ki nga
+tangata o Karakariki, ki nga tangata o Whatawhata,
+ki nga tangata o Tiongahemo ki nga tangata o Kihi-
+kihi, ki nga tangata o Rangiaohia ki nga tangata o Te
+Kopua, ki nga tangata o Hangatiki hui katoa.
+E tai ma, tena ra ko koutou i runga i te atawhai o
+te Atua nana nei tatou i tiaki, i tohutohu taeanoatia
+tenei takiwa o to tatou haerenga manenetanga, i runga
+i te mata o te whenua.
+Na, kia rongo mai koutou ki taku, kahore aku utu
+ki a koutou mo ta koutou atawhai nui ki au. Heoi
+ano te utu ki a koutou ko te kupu o te Karaiti, e ki
+nei, &quot; A, ko ia, e whakainu ana i tetahi o enei hunga
+nonohi ki to oko wai matao anake i runga i te ingoa o
+te akonga, he pono, e mea atu nei ahau ki a koutou,
+Kore rawa e kahore i a ia tona utu.&quot;âMatiu x 42.
+E tai ma, i toka haerenga i roto i a koutou, i kite au
+i te tika, i kite au i te he; i kite au i te pai, i kite au
+i te kino; i kite au i te matau, i kite au i te kuare.
+Heoi, e rapu ana au i te take 1 whakauru ai te he ki
+te tika, i whakauru ai te kino ki te pai, i whakauru ai
+te kuaretanga ki te matauranga. Ki au ano e tai ma,
+tuhituhi &quot;Kia tika koutou me to koutou matua i te
+rangi e tika ana.âMatiu, v 48.
+E hoa ma, ekore au e hamu i nga he katoa i kitea e
+au, engari ko te he nui i pouri ai toku wairua, ko o
+koutou pakanga. I nga wa o te kuaretanga, i hoe te
+tangata, whaka-te-ihu etahi, i hoe whaka-te-kei etahi;
+ko tenei, he ao hou me ona ritenga ano. Tenei te kupu
+a Paora, &quot;Kotahi ia taku, wareware ake i au nga mea o
+muri, totoro atu ana au ki nga mea o mua.&quot;âPiripai
+iiii 13. ^ '
+Ko tenei e oku hoa aroha, me whakarere te he, me
+hopu nui i te tika; me whakarere te kino, mo hopu
+nui i te pai; me whakarere te kuaretanga, me hopu
+nui te matauranga. Kia maia, hia whaingoi, kia tara
+ki te rapu i nga tikanga e nui ai koutou. Kati te titiro
+ki te Pakeha hei tauira, engari kia mana ta te Atua i
+a koutou. Ko reira koutou e oku hoa aroha whiwhi ai
+ki te ngakau marama, ki to ngakau koa, ki te ngakau
+kaha. &quot;
+Kia toa ki te inoi, a, taria ta te Atua 1 runga i te
+ngakau whakapono, ka oti hoki te tuhituhi &quot;Ko ratou e
+tatari ana kia Ihowa ka hira ke ake to ratou kaha; ka
+rere whakarunga ratou i to parirau, me te ehara ; ka
+oma ratou, ekore e ruwha, ka haere ratou, ekore e
+ngaikore Ihaia, xi., 31.
+Heoi ano enei kupu. Kia tau ki a koutou te ata-
+whai o te Ariki.
+Akarana,' Mei 1858.
+NA HARE REWETI.
+KO NGA PUKAPUKA O NGA IWI.
+Kua roa tenei takiwa kihai nei i puta ki nga iwi
+&quot;Te Waka o te Iwi.&quot; E hara i te mangere noku, ehara
+i to mahara kore noku; engari, he ware no nga kai ta
+ki te tini o a ratou nei mahi. Ko tenei, ekore-e
+mohiotia nga ra e tu ai tenei nupepa nga ra  take ai
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ra nei; ahakoa ra u a te iwi me timata te mahi i  te
+mea e ao ana te ra, e rere whakawairua mai nei te po
+e mutu ai te mahi o te kai tuhituhi, o te kai korero
+hoki. Ahakoa kotahi kupu ua nga hoa me tuku atu.â
+Na Hare Reweti.]
+Makiri, Hanuere 29, 1858.
+Haere atu ra e to maua nei aroha ki a Hare Reweti
+e tae koe ki a ia, mihi atu ki a ia, a, korero atu ki a
+ia kua oti to whakatakoto he tikanga mo aotearoa.
+E hoa e Hare Reweti kua takoto to matou kapa ki
+waenga nui o nga iwi, puta ana Â£10 18s. U hui ki
+nga mea kua rongo koe i mua Â£28 13s.1d. Ka titiro
+te iwi katoa ka whiu i ta ratou kapa ki runga i taua
+moni kua takoto, puta ana Â£80 1s 1d pena ano me ta
+matou kohinga moni i Ihumatao
+E hoa, tenei matou ko te iwi te tu nei i roto i ta
+atawhai o to Atua, i te kaha o to Atua, i te aroha, o te
+Atua.
+E hoa tena koe. E Hare kia tika te tia i te waka,
+kei pakia e te ngaru. Kia maia, kia kaha, kia toa;
+koi tahuri te waka i te kaha o te ngaru. E pa, kia tu
+koe i runga i te kaha o te Atua, kia mau ai te tia o te
+waka o te iwi. E pa, kei te inoi te iwi ki te Atua mea.
+Kua tau te aroha o nga Hahi ki runga ki a koe.
+Heoi ano to maua aroha ki a koe.
+NA WIREMU TAMIHANA TARAPIPIPI.
+NA TE WETINI TAIPORUTU. 
+Ki a Hare Reweti kei Akarana.
+[Ka ora ianei te ngakau i nga korero aroha o tenei
+reta a Wiremu raua ko Te Wetini. He mea iti te
+moni he mea iti te taonga tena ko te aroha mawai ia
+e whakaiti? na Hare Reweti.]  
+Pakanae Hokianga, Hanuere 16, 1858.
+E mara e Hare Reweti, tena ra ko koa. KUA tae
+mai to pukapuka ki a Hemi. Ka miharo te hinengaro
+o te tangata, Erua nga kupu o to pukapuka. Ko te
+taha ki te Atua kua tika, i te Hahi ki Pakanae 200
+tangata, ka runangatia te ritenga o to kupu whakanui
+i Hokianga. Kia kaha mai koe ki te tuku mai i nga
+painga o tou whenua. Mau te whakaaro mo matou.&quot;
+NA RAWIRI TUKIATA.
+Ki a Haro Reweti, kei Akarana.
+Pakanae, Hokianga, Hanuere 16, 1858.
+E mara e Hare Reweti, tena ra ko koe. Kia rongo
+mai koe ki taku whakaaro. Ko nga kupu o te Atua
+kua oti nei te tuku mai e koe hei tiaki mo toku tinana,
+me toku wairua katoa, me toku kaha katoa. E hoa,
+ko nga tamariki me nga kaumatua koi runga kei te
+ritenga o to pukapuka.
+NA HORI TE HAUORA.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+Pakanae, Hokianga, Hanuere 18, 1858.
+E mara o Hare Reweti, tena ra ko koe. Tene; ano
+to aroha to takoto nei i te ngakau, Kore hoki a taua
+noi whakaaro e mahue. Hei tiaki moku, tau kupu, i
+te roa o te tau;âotira, mo matou katoa ko nga tama-
+riki e whakaaro aua ki a koe; otira, mo nga tangata e
+noho ana i runga i te ngakau tatu. Heoi ano te
+whakaaro, ko to Atua, inahoki, kua tae mai nei tau
+aroha ki a matou katoa. Kua oti nga awaawa katoa
+to whakaki ki te rongo pai. Heoi ano taku whakaaro.
+NA HEMI PIPIKO,
+KAIWHAKAAKONO PAKANAE
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">335582</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">328KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_1_2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">321</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+
+
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+Nimaru, Waikato
+E hoa e Hare Reweti, tena koe Ka nui to matou
+aroha ki a koe E hoa, kua tae mai to nupepa ki a
+matou, kua kite matou. E pai ana nga korero o roto
+E hoa he raruraru to matou, kua rongo pea koe, mo
+Ngaruawahia otiia, kua oti He raruraru ano kei
+Rangiaohia kei i a Hoani Papata raua ko Toma Ka
+nui te raruraru ki Waikato ki Rangiriri, ki a te
+Ngaungau, ki te Matetakahia E hoa, me tahuri
+mai hoki koe me mahi ki enei hara, ta te mea hoki
+kua mo ko koe hei upoko mo enei tikanga pai. E
+hoa, kia kaha koe ki te patu i enei raruraru, o to iwi,
+ta te mea, ko koe hei kai whakatika mo matou mahi
+Heoi ano .Na o hoa aroha,
+NA TAKEPEI Te Rau
+NA PANAPA NOAUMU
+NA TE REWETI
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana
+HE PUPURU WHENUA
+Whangape
+E hoa e Hare Reweti tena koe i runga i te atawhai
+o te Ariki, koia nei hoki te kai whakatika a o nga wha
+kawa Kua tae mai nei tau kupu ki ahau me tou aroha
+ka taea mai noi ahau e koe te rapu mai i te whenua
+tawhiti rawa E hoa, ho korero tenei naku u ki muri
+whenua, Epupuru ana ahau i taua pihi ki ahau, ua
+te mea, i matau ahau. no aku tupuna ia whenua
+Kore au e pai ma te tangata e tuku i tena whenua
+Tenei taku tikanga maku ano te ae te kahore ra nei
+Te mea i penei ai au, poto noa aka whenua te hoko
+hoko kahore i hoki mai ki au tetahi, koia taku e pupuru
+nei. E hoa purutia mai, ki te korero te tangata kia
+tukua kahaka e whakaaetia Mau e whakamau enei kupu
+ki te nupepa. Ko nga tangata enei e noho ana i tau i
+whenua i Muriwhenua 50, ko Te Hira te rangatira
+me ana tamariki Kei Ahipara etahi, kei Hokinga
+etahi Ka huihuia enei tangata katoa he nui noa atu
+Ko te iwi tenei o te whenua; no taua iwi ahau, koia
+au i pakeke ai ki taua whenua Ka mutu
+Na to hoa aroha,
+NA TE ANGA TE Huhu
+Ki a Hare Reweti kei Akarana
+[Ka tika te mahi o toku hoa o Te Anga, me panui ano
+kia ata kitea e te mano nga korero âNa. Hare Reweti]
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+AKARANA, HUNE 1, 1858
+Ko &quot; Te Waka o te Iwi &quot; kua oti te to kauta Ko
+nga ra e manu ai ano ki ta moana, ekore e kitea
+Otiia, e takoto pai ana, kua oti te hipoki Ko ngakau
+o runga kua whakaratohia ki nga iwi, kua pakeha i a
+ratou, a, e kua mai nei ki te taringa, ko te ha o nga
+kai e mau tonu ana i te waha E pai ana na te iwi
+Na he whetu tenei ka ara i te takiwa o te rangi
+He hira nga whetu, ko Tawera, ko Meremere, ko Rehua,
+ko Matariki me te tini atu, otiia, i pokara noatia tenei,
+ko &quot;Te Whetu o Te Tau &quot; Ko te torengitanga ekore e
+matauria. Kowai ano tena tohunga ki te titiro i nga
+hau o te rangi ? I poka noa ake tana tiaho i te po,
+mawai e mihi tana rerenga ki te pae ? Ki te mea ka
+marama te huarahi o tetahi ruruhi, tamaiti ia nei i nga
+hihi o &quot;Te Whetu o Te Tau&quot; he mahi tena, a, i roto
+i taua mahi, ka koa te ngakau mona i &quot;hikitia ki te
+ripa &quot;
+TE HAERENGA A REWI RAUA KO Te- Wahere
+Me T0 RAUA PAKEHA
+No te 16 o nga ra o Maehe ka eke matou i te
+kaipuke o Ngatimaniapoto a &quot;Aotearoa ' i Akarana,
+ahiahi rawa ake ka u ki Taupo hika atu e uhunga
+ana, ko Enoka te tupapaku he rangatira no Ngatipaoa
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ka mutu ki te tupapaku, kei runga ko Hori Pokai
+Te Ruinga, kei runga ko Patara, kei runga ko
+Wiremu Te Raurowha wha, kei runga ko Patene, kei
+runga ko Ahipene, me ara atu rangatira o Ngatipaoa
+Ka mea i ratou,âKa tika kia tangi nga, manu o uta
+ki nga manu o tai, kia tangi o tai ki nga manu o uta
+Me whakatahe te wai o Waikato ki Hauraki Me
+moe te wahine, marena i aku ringaringa kei mahi
+totoro atu Ko Waikato te awa, ko Io Rauanganga
+te tangata, ko Taupiri te maunga ko Potatau te
+tangata, ko Taupo te whenua ko Ko Haupa me
+tangata Haere mai haere mai ki uta haere mai e
+Waikato, haere mai e to matou matua e Hare Reweti
+haere mai ki te kainga, haere mai ki te iwi
+Kei runga ko Hare RewetiâKarangatia e te iwi
+e aku matua e aku tuakana, e aku teina 1 enei
+te haere nei He haere aha ta te he haere &quot; kei nga 
+rangatira te korero Kaore au i kite i te tika i te
+tai tonga, i te tai marangai i te tai hauauru ra nei ko
+taku i matau ai ko te taura e maio iho ia e te rangi
+tatu noa ki te whenua Ko enei e to iwi kia mau
+ki te whakapono
+Muri iho o tenei ka tu te kohikohi mo te perehi
+No te putanga mai a Ngatipaoa ki a Tamati 
+te ruru ki te kawe nga moni ka whakahua te
+nge&quot;,â
+Ko Tu.ko Rongo koia ko ngatai
+Ko Tu ko Rongo koia ko ngatai
+Potehe, potehe e potehe te kai -
+Ki te whenua potehe
+Na Ngatipaoa ki o te Paraone ngeri
+i te kawenga moni mai mo te penei!!
+Ka mate au ka mate au
+Ka mate au i te whakama
+I te kai kore o te oneone
+I te tuaruatanga ki te piwaiwai
+Piwai atu piwai atu
+Na Patene Puhina tenei i te -
+moni â
+te koha a rua tu mutu a tautahi
+Na Ngatipaoa ki a kini tenei ngeri i te-
+tanga o a ratou moni â
+Mawai ta ngaowheâa
+Hei topetope ariki
+Ki moeiho ki te po ka ao te ra
+&quot;Whiua te paipa ki a Kona ârara 
+Tumu kau ana te kuku
+Ketekete kau ana te kaka
+Teoteo kau ana te kotare âTeo 
+Haere ake nga moni Â£22 6
+Ka rere to matou kaipuke i te 180 nga ra tu rawa
+atu i Pohokuwao te motutere i mate nei nga ope a
+Ngapuhi i mua ai tukua ana i konei nga kai keri
+koma ki uta, haere ana etahi o matou ki te korero ki
+a Paoa Te Putu mo aua kai keu he tangata Maori
+Ka ai tika te a mahi a matou, ka rere ki Pukorokoro
+ki a Te Paraone tumukere ma .No te wiki ka 
+noa iho to matou puke, ki waho ake o -
+Haere ana etahi o matou kia -ki te
+karakia hoki
+No te a a o te mine Pukorokoro haere tonu
+i taua rangi, moe tawa ata i Matapu i waenga ara,
+ko Paraone to matou hoa haere i te ata, i te 5 o nga
+haora ka koke ano, kihai i mataka te haerenga 
+marere ki te awa o Maramarua Tae rawa atu
+tatahi, kaore he waka Na ka atarakina i -
+e to matou hoa o Tipene, a no te - i
+o tera ka tae matou ka Nakunaku -
+Piripi Te Aho raua ko tou i tuahine Ka tukua te kai
+nei a te tuna ki a matou ehara i te hanga Ka haere
+ka maruahiahi, ka marere ki tatahi ka eke ka te waka
+i te awa o Whakangutu Hoe tonu i te atarau a
+Meremere moe roa iho ki te waka kua mo hoki ika
+tangata o te kainga e whakarapopoto ana hoki nga
+iwi ki te whakawa whenua i Ranginui
+No te 21 u Maehe ka u matou ki Rangiriri a taua ra
+ka tu a Harepata ka mea â
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">351345</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">343KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_1_3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">320</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+Haere mai e aku potiki, kawea mai te taonga
+kawea mai kiuta, kawea mai ki Waikato, kawea
+kia kite nga iwi. Haere mai e Hare Reweti,
+haere mai ki Waikato, haere mai ki to iwi; kawea
+mai te tika; kawea mai te marama. Haere mai kiuta
+haere mai te pai.
+Ka tu ko Hare Reweti; â &quot;Karangatia e taku
+â¢tamaiti karangatia. He tika ano kia tangi mai nga
+manu o tai ki nga manu o uta; he tika kia rere te
+waimaori ki te waitai. Ko Maramarua ano toku
+kaha, e whakaae ana au ki ta te iwi.
+&quot; Hore te tukituki te tahu o taku
+A te whakama ra e tahu nei a
+Ku kamo aku rongo au raki
+Te makau a Torengi taku rawhi
+Nga mai te ngu i tona ihu e pono
+Tikanga kia hoe i runga ra ngonge
+Kei te here te hipi ra i a Rewi
+Nuku mai ki ahau he whakahau
+Ka pakaru ka wehe taku kiri
+Ho tunga ka ana mai nau e Hare
+Pata ki tahau tikanga hore ko a
+Ku mahi ka tuia e te ngutu te ao
+O ta ko runga ka pehi ki
+Te tonga wai roro tu ana te ngaru
+Ki kai waka rite i te tinana ka wai rori ianei.&quot;
+No te mutunga o te waiata ka haere ki te karakia.
+Moe iho ao ake ka kareretia mai matou e nga
+rangatira o Paetai. No taua ra ano ka haere matou,
+no te tatanga ki nga paenga kainga ka pa te karanga:
+Haere mai e te manuwhiri tuarangi
+Na taku potiki koe i tiki atu ki
+To taha tu o to rangi kukume mai aiâ
+Haere mai!â
+No to matou taonga atu ki te nohoanga ka tu nga
+rangatira ki te ruru, me to ratou Pakeha me Amutiti 
+E tare ana nga kara a Kuini, e pao ana te mano
+Noho kau ano matou kei runga ko Te Wharepu:â
+Haere mai, haere mai e Hare Reweti te matua o nga
+iwi; haere mai kiuta, haere mai ki Waikato kawea
+mai te maramatanga Kawea mai to ora haere mai. E
+te matua o nga iwi, kahore he whakaaro ke atu; koia
+ano tena; kei i a koe te whakaaro o te iwi. Haere
+mai iana kia kite i to iwi, takahia mai i Hauraki
+kawea mai te pai.
+Kei runga ko Hare Reweti:-Karangatia e taku
+tamaiti e Te Wharepu, karangatia. Tenei te haere
+nei. He haere aha ta te mokai? He whakarite kau
+tenei i te kupu o te iwi, kia mihi ki nga owha o nga
+tupuna i waiho iho. E ki te tangata ki a koe, te mea
+ra meatia, he teka rawa koe nei. Waiho atu ki a ia
+ona he; ko koe e taku tamaiti hei pai anake ano mou.
+titiro ki te rangi e heke mai ana i reira te tomairangi
+ki tenei otaota, ki tenei otaota; koia hoki ko tenei, ko
+te matua mo taua kei runga. E taku tamaitiâto taua
+matua, kia u te pupuri, ahu whakarunga te titiro.
+ehara i te ara pungawerewere i piki ai a Tawhaki
+engari kua maro to taua ara i a te Karaiti.
+Kei runga ko Waikato:-Haere mai te matua o te
+maramatanga, haere mai e Hare Reweti, ki Waikato
+haere mai te whetu marama o te ata. Haere mai; ka
+nga to haere mai kia kite koe i nga iwi. Haere mai
+ki Taupiri haere mai ki Pirongia ka ora tenei,
+ka kite atu na matou i a koe. Haere atu he
+iwi, haere atu he iwi, kawea to tika, a ââ te
+ngutu ra ano o te manu. [Ko te waiata pai a Waikato
+kihai i mohiotia kihai i tuhituhia
+Kei runga ko Hare Reweti âKaranga mai o taku
+tamaiti, karanga mai ana. Ki au ano e taku tamaiti
+ne kupapa noa iho, ka po, he tangata aha te haua. E
+ki ana koe me haere au, a,-te ngutu ra ano o te manu.
+He whakaaetanga tenei naku ki to kupu Ko aku
+koiwi tenei kua oti te pupu, kua kawea mai ki a koe.
+E taea teaha?-Kua eke tenei kei runga kei o turi.
+E taku tamaiti ko te tika kei runga; ko te taonga nui
+ano tena ko te kupu o to matua i te rangi.
+E wero e te tonga wero tonu ki te kiri
+Katahi te mamae kaata rangona iho
+Ngau kinikini ana ki taku tinana nei
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Na Tiki ra e nana i hahau
+roa te taha tika i kawea mai ai
+Nga rae ka wero o Taupo i waho
+E peka kauta ra kiata tirohia
+He tuhinga pukapuka nau o Patene
+i Ka ai ha tutara ina te rau e pae&quot;
+Ka mene ki awhea ko au tonu ano
+Te hara taua nei ki to poti o te ngutu
+Hui rua o te iwi te rongo whai makau
+Naku i kawe atu te whare i a Te Rau
+E hira taku rongo te rongo haere mai
+I a Po i uta e angi ana mai
+Kaiana ki te tihi o Taupiri i runga
+Mei tata ki te mate ka koraweke au
+Ka itiitiano aku rangi ki te ao
+Ka huri nei au ki taku moenga ia.
+Ka mutu te waiata a Hare Reweti ka tonoa ki te
+whare ka tukua ta kai. Muri ihowa tonoa matou e Te
+Wharepu kia haere kia kite i a Te Kihiringi Te Kanawa
+Tae atu ka korero a Te Wharepu, a Karaka Te Tani-
+wha me ara atu rangatira. Kei runga ko Te Kihi-
+ringi;âHaere mai e Hare Reweti, haere mai ki Wai-
+kato, haere mai ki Kawhia, haere mai kiuta eto matou
+matua. Kawea mai te tika ki o tamariki. E pa e
+Hare Reweti, ko te tikanga tena kei i a koe
+Ka whakahua te waiata, kaore i matauria.
+Koi runga ko Hare Reweti:âAe e taku papa, ae,
+karangatia. He tangata aha ia i karangatia ai o koe.
+Me pewhea koa ianei i te aroha ki te iwi;' Kahore ho
+tikanga ke atu, kuia ano tena. E ki ana au ko te tika
+tenei. E ai ana tika i tenei hanga i to pakanga?âE
+taea taeha ua taku papa
+Tera nga rae rehurehu ana mai e
+Kakarauri e ki Rewatemura e
+Kore e kitea atu i te korehutanga e
+I te ahi whakapo ki Waikato raia e
+Taua to pai kei tawhiti rawa, i.
+I te aonga ake o te ra ka tu te whakawa mo Rangi*
+riri, haere ake ana te Ngaungau ki Rangiriri; a,
+aratakina ana e Ngatimahuta ki runga ki te toropuke,
+e tu ana nga kara, e pae ana te Kaimatakitaki. Tenei
+nga korero o taua whakawakanga nui.
+Rangiriri, Maehe 26, 1858.
+Ko nga korero o te whakawakanga o Kumukumu.
+Ka rupeke ki te nohoanga, ka whakatika a Maneha
+Te Rotorua ka mea; ki a Kihi, &quot;Haere mai e taku matua,
+haere mai, ta te mea, nau te take o te he. Ko tenei
+ki a koe te whenua.&quot; Ka mutu ta Maneha. Kei
+runga ko Waata Kukutai ka mea, &quot;Kahore he kai
+korero i naianei, ko au anake. Whakarongo mai e
+aku matua, ko te tamaiti nei tenei, kua whanau hu
+tamaroa; kua tupu nga niho, kua kai i te kai. Na
+te Wairua Tapu pea tenei tamaiti; titiro hoki, kua
+haere tu.&quot; Ka patai a Waata ki a Wiremu Te
+Kumete, ka mea &quot;E Wi, ki awai te tamaiti nei?&quot;
+Ka ki atu a Wiremu &quot;Ki a komako Kihi.&quot; Ka mea
+atu a Waata, &quot;E aku matua ko te tamaiti nei tenei e
+hikitia atu nei e au Na, i naianei, ki a koutou te
+tamaiti nei; kia pai te atawhai, ta, te mea, he kauma-
+tua koutou, Ko te tamaiti nei, me oti atu ki a kou-
+tou.&quot; Ka mutu a Waata. Kei runga ko Te Kau,
+ka haere tuohu, ka mea. &quot;Ehara au i te Kai whakawa
+kia kia te mai, kahore ano i tika noa taku tuara, no
+te toru o aku haerenga ka tika taku tuara, ka tu nei
+au ki runga. Ko tenei e taku potiki, ki a koe ano te
+whenua.&quot; Ka mutu. a Te Kau. Kei runga ko Wai-
+kato,' ka mea &quot;Kaua e whakaroaina te korero, ka
+pahoahoa nga matenga i te ngaunga o to ra. Ka ora
+au, rara! ka ora au, ka ora au! Ko tenei tamaiti ka
+hemo i te kai, kahore aku waiu, engari me whakahoki
+ki tona whaea, kei taetae nga u o te whaea, ka mate.&quot;
+Ka mea ano a Waikato, &quot;E Kihi, tangaengaetia to
+mokopuna.&quot; Ka tahuri a Waikato ki a Maneha, ka
+mea, &quot;E toma ki a koe ano te tamaiti nei. Kei pa te
+he ki tenei tamaiti, ako, ake Amene.&quot; Ka mutu.
+Kei runga ko Kihi, ka mea, &quot;E mea ma, e whakaae
+tika ana ra nei te tangata nei kia - taku moko-
+puna;'&quot;' Ka oho -ake'&quot;Ae.&quot; Ka patai ano. a Kihi,
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">316512</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1896</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">309KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_1_4_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">338</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+&quot;Koia e whakaae tika ana kia tangaengaetia taku moko-
+puna?&quot; Ka karanga ake&quot;Ae.&quot; Ka patai ano a Kihi, &quot;Me
+iriiri e au taku mokopuna,âne?&quot; Ka oho katoa &quot;Ae.&quot;
+
+Ka tu a Kihi i konei ka tuhi, ka tangaengae i te tamai-
+ti, ka tu ta tuahu ka whakahua i ana karakia, ana
+waiata:â
+
+E tama kimihanga rau na te tini
+Tikina kahauria ki tawhiti i pu
+I tupu mai ai te ewa te muru
+Ka kukune &amp; 
+Ka whakahua ano i tetahi:â
+Homai, homai taku tamaiti
+Kia hikihiki au ki runga
+I aku turi, aue' ka mate au nei
+1 te whakataute 
+
+Ka mutu a Kihi, kei runga ko To Kereihi ka mea,
+&quot;Heoi ano. Ka ora au i te pikitanga, haere tonu ake
+te wai ora i raro i taku waitohi mauri, ka ora au.
+&quot;Tera te whetu takina mai o te ruru
+
+Ko taku tau pea tenei ka hoki mai e 1.
+
+Ki mai ki au kia hokona koe ki
+
+Toroa whakaura kai o tuakana
+
+Hei hoko akahu waero moho ki to uru e i
+
+Wetewete mai ra taku komutu karamea
+
+Nonutuai te tonga ma rau rangi e
+
+Haramai mana e homai horahia
+
+Mai taku taonga kia rahiri au e.
+Ka mutu a te Kereihi
+
+Na ko te hiri nei tenei; ko te kawanata nei tenei;
+
+ko te oati nei tenei- Na To Kau, na Waikato na Te
+Kihiringi tenei hiri o to tika. Ekore matou e pai kia
+wahia ake ake amene noa, ahakoa raruraru noa i muri
+iho, ekore rawa e pai kia wahia, no te mea he tikanga
+pai tenei, he tikanga whakaora tangata,
+
+(Tera atu ano te hiku o tenei korero.)
+
+TE HAHI O TE KARAITI ME ONA MANGANGATANGA
+
+He tokomaha nga rangatira. Maori kua ki mai ki au
+kia taia ki te nupepa, nga ingoa o nga Hahi i roto i te
+Pakeha. He whakaaetanga tenei ki. to tatou kupu.
+Na, kei poauau te whakaaro o nga iwi Maori ki te tika-
+
+nga o enei tini Hahi e tuahae nei, e ngangau nei ki a
+ratou ano; ehara i te mea i ahu mai i te Atua; a, ko
+te whakamangangatanga  o te Hahi o te Karaiti kihai
+i ritea mai i a ia, inahoki te kupu o tona pononga o
+Paora e mea neiâ&quot;Ko taku korero tenei; o mea ana
+koutou, No Paora ahau; ko ahau no A? oro; no Kipa
+ahau; ko ahau no te Karaiti; Kua oti koia a te
+Karaiti te wehewehe? i ripekatia ra nei a Paora mo
+koutou? i mina ra nei koutou ki te ingoa o Paora?&quot;
+â1. Koroiti iâ12, 13.
+
+Waihoki,&quot; ko te whakarangatiratanga o nga minita
+o nga Hahi i a ratou ano, kihai i ahu mai i to Atua:
+
+engari, no te kikokiko tera ritenga, no te rewera hoki.
+Tenei te kupu, &quot;Ko koe ia o te tama o te Atua, oma
+atu i enei; a, whaia te tika, te karakia pai, te whaka-
+pono, te aroha, ta manawanui, te ngakau marie.&quot;â
+1. Timoti viâ11.
+Ko nga ingoa o etahi o nga Hahi koia enei:â
+
+1. Nga Hapariana 18. Nga Inipenara  
+
+2. Nga Materiarite 19. Nga Paraonihi
+
+3. Nga Karawinihi  20. Nga Papita
+
+4. Nga Aminiana 21. Nga Kueka
+
+5. Nga Paketenana 22. Nga Morewiana
+
+6. Nga Nehitoriana 23 Nga Weteriana Meterika
+
+7. Te Hahi Kirika 
+
+8. Te Hahi Pikopo 24. Nga Mohorika Niu
+
+9. Nga Ruteriana 25. Nga Meterika Pirimita
+
+10. Nga Hakaenota 26 Nga Hamipa
+
+11. Te Hahi o Ingarangi 27. Nga Hapateriana
+
+12. Nga Nonihuro 28. Nga Hutihoniana
+
+13. Nga Tihoneta 29. Nga Tungikora
+
+14. To Hahi o Katarangi 30. Nga Weronipohiana
+
+15. Te Hainora Rihama 31. Nga Iwingaiti
+
+16. Nga Hihira 32. Te Hahi Katorika Heamani-
+
+17. Te Hainora Riwhi
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 
+
+[Ko enei e kitea nuitia ana; tera atu ano etahi.
+Ahakoa he tini ke enei Hahi, kihai i takina paitia te
+whakapono; e tupu nui ana te taru i roto i te witi.]
+
+KO TE HAHI O TE KARAITI Me Ona MANGANGATANGA
+
+UPOKO I,
+
+Ko te take o te Hahi tapu puta noa i te ao, ko Ihu
+Karaiti te tama a te Atua. I te takiwa i whakaritea ai
+
+e te Atua, i te mangai o ana Poropiti, ka puta a Ihu'
+te Ariki ki tenei ao. Tenei ano te kupu:â&quot;Otira, ka
+tino rite nga wa, ka tonoa mai e te Atua tona tamaiti
+i meatia e te wahine, i meatia i raro i te ture.&quot; ivâ4.
+
+I mahi ano a to Karaiti, i te tamarikitanga ai, i nga
+tikanga o tona matua i te rangi, inahoki, mo te 12 o
+ona tau, i rokohanga, e tona whaea, e Meri, i roto i te
+temepara o te Atua e patai ana ki nga kaumatua o nga
+Hurai, Pukai!â46. Otira, no te 30 o nga tau o te
+Ariki ki tenei ao, ka timata 
+
+tana mahi kauwhau haere.
+
+Etoru nga tau o to Karaiti i rui haere ai i ana tika-
+nga whakaora tangata, ki whakawatea e nga Hurai ki
+Hiruharama Ko te tangata i whakaae ia ai ta reo i
+
+nga Hurai kia ripekatia a Ihu, ko Ponana Pirata, he
+Kawana ia no Huna, na Roma i whakanoho ki reira i
+te tau o te Ariki 27. E rua nga iwi i tino whakaao
+kia mate a te Karaiti, ko nga Hurai, ko Roma. Ko
+te tangata nana noi a te Karaiti i hoko, ko Hura, 
+Hurai; ko to tangata nana nei i whakaae kia kohu-
+ruhia) ko Parate, no Roma. Ko tenei hunga tokorua,
+ehara i to ringa tangata i mate ai; a, kihai raua i.
+mate kongenge, engari, na o raua ringa ake raua i patu.
+Ko Hura he mea tarona e ia ano ki Huna; ko Pirata,
+he mea wero ki to hoari, e ia ano, ki Rawhiti, i Parani,
+
+te whenua o nga Wiwi; no Romi ia taua whenua i
+tera takiwa.
+
+E 33 o nga tau o te Karaiti 3 hoki marama ka mate
+ia No te aranga i to mate, ka noho i te ao, ka whaka-
+kitekite ia ki ona akonga i nga ra 40. No te 6 o nga ra
+o Mei, i to Taite, ka arahina nga akonga, e te Karaiti,
+ki Maunga Oriwa; a, ka mutu tana mihi ki a ratou,
+me tana whakapai, &quot;ka tangohia atu ia, a, na te kapua
+ia i whakangaro i o ratou kanohi.&quot;âNga Mahi iâ9
+Otira, kake rawa ako a Ihu ki te rangi, ki te noho i
+to ringaringa matau o tona matua kua waiho tika o ia
+nga ritenga o te whakapono ki ona akonga. Whaka-
+rongo ki te kupu o to Ariki:â&quot;Ko to mana katoa i to
+rangi, i te whenua, ka oti te tuku mai ki au. Mo
+konei ra, Haere koutou, akona nga tauiwi katoa,
+ratou ki te ingoa o to Matua, o te Tamaiti, o to Wairua
+Tapu: Akona ratou kia rongo ki nga mea katoa i
+korerotia e ahau ki a koutou: a. e noho ana i a
+koutou i nga ra katoa, taea noatia te -
+âMatiu xxviii -18, 19, 20.
+
+NGA RONGO O TAWHITI.
+
+Kua manu ki te moana to tima nui o Ingarangi  
+te roa 692 putu, ko to raununui  83 putu.
+
+Whano mate a Ponupata te kohuru, no Roma nga
+tangata i whakangakau nei ki te kohura i a ia.
+
+Kua oti to whakawa te Kingi o Inia, kua wairua e te
+Ingarihi ki te motutere noho ai.
+
+Ko nga moni o tetahi peke i riro i te korero tini-
+hanga o tetahi keia,â, Â£ â¢20, 000.
+
+Ko te pakanga a Haina raua ko Ingarangi kahore
+ano i oti noa, kotahi pa nui o Haina kua horo.
+
+Kua tao mai nga nupepa whakaatu o te hurihanga
+ru ki Nepara, haere ake nga taumata i mate, 30, 000;
+
+haere ake nga whare i hinga 50, 000.
+
+Ko nga tangata o Inia,âte whenua e whawhai mai
+nei ki Ingarangiâ60; 000, 000.
+
+I taia tenei e Piripi Kuaha, ki Akarana.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH01c9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH01c9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH01c9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1204 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/xml/23/23__2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">23__2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">23__2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Matariki 1881</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Date">18810515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Number">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">hierarchy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">1689</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PagedImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c96027ed13b2ddf6cefa6e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395215225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215226</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c9.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__2_1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__2_1_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__2_1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__2_2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__2_2_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__2_2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__2_3.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__2_3_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__2_3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__2_4.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__2_4_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__2_4_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Supplementary Material</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Abstract</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+The saviour in a dying land
+
+Editorial discussing benefits promised to Maori by a lawyer [William
+Lee Rees] for administering their land, which have not eventuated.
+Cites as examples the case of Paaka [Parker] and Makitanara
+[MacDonald], the Whataupoko land block debacle.  Questions the ethics
+of lawyers' charges for administration of Maori land and asserts that
+60,000 pounds charged for one block, had gone up in smoke.  Names
+other land blocks where Maori had suffered similar detrimental
+effects.  Questions the unnamed lawyer's ability to be a trustee for
+Maori land.
+
+A trustee for the trustees
+
+Discusses the role of a trustee and advises against the establishment
+of landholding companies.  Advises about the authority of government
+to purchase Maori land and the untrustworthiness of land-grabbers.
+
+Raetotara
+
+A story for children about a minister who becomes a lawyer to
+represent Maori in land deals.
+
+A story.  The doctor and the oysters
+
+An entertaining story about a doctor, his trainee and the result of
+possible ways to diagnose a patient's illness.
+
+To all the Maori people of this land
+
+Notice of the Supreme Court judgement regarding the case between
+Tareha Te Moananui and Te Riihi [William Lee Rees].
+
+Notice from H.J.Wiini, lawyer, Gisborne, on behalf of Perihiwa Paaka
+to Wiremu Rii Riihi [William Lee Rees], Wiremu Pere and Riperata
+Kahutia, that land registered as 13175 is for sale.
+
+To our Maori friends of the East Coast
+
+Notice from Panera and Paerana, Gisborne, goods for sale.
+
+The sale of Whataupoko
+
+Notice from H.J.Wiini, lawyer, that the Whataupoko land block is
+available for sale.
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Newspaper pages</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">23__2_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">23__2_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">23__2_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">265553</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1689</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">259KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">23__2_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">23__2_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">23__2_1_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">76</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">23__2_1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">379</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Page One</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+MATARIKI
+
+&quot; KO IA HE TARINGA ONA HEI WHAKARONGO ME WHAKARONGO.&quot;
+
+No. 2. TAURANGANUI, MEI 14, 1881.
+
+
+
+Matariki.
+
+MEI 14, 1881.
+
+
+
+Te Kaiwhakaora i nga
+Whenua mate.
+
+I nga tau e toru kua hori ake nei, ka
+tae mai te Roia hei whakahaere i nga
+Maori o tenei takiwa, ara, o Turanga.
+
+I ki ia i reira, he pirau rawa nga
+tikanga hoko i nga whenua Maori o
+tenei takiwa. A, hei mea, kia taea ai
+te tika me te pono, koia te take i kara-
+ngatia ai ia kia haere mai, mana e
+whakatikatika aua mea katoa, kia
+takoto ai nga mahi pera mo a muri ake
+i runga i nga huarahi marama. I mea
+ano ia &quot; e hara taku i te whakahe, i te
+whakararuraru, erangi, he whakatika-
+tika i nga he katoa u mua, a, he hapai
+hoki i nga mea i tika.&quot;
+
+Na, e hoa ma, e haere ana tenei ki te
+toru o nga tau, He aha te mea kua
+pahure i a ia? Kaore noa iho. I pau
+tena takiwa roa i a ia ki te mahi wha-
+kawa tekateka noa iho i nga tangata e
+whakatete ana ki aia. He kai pakari
+nana te maua hara. Kua kitea he
+parati tona rupahu. I te tuatahi ra he
+tangata ia e mau ana ki te rangimarie. 
+He aha ra i hoa riri ai nga tangata o
+nga wahi kotoa ki aia? He aha ra i
+kore ai e taea e ia te whakaotioti nga
+mahi nunui i tangohia nei e ia ki roto
+ki tona ringaringa i tona taenga mai?
+Kua rite ano ranei ana mea i korero ai
+mo Whataupoko?
+
+I mangai nui ia, i ki, kaore rawa i tika
+te take o Paaka raua ko Makitanara,
+erangi ko te whenua ka hoki katoa mai
+i a ia. He aha ra i kore ai e tutuki
+tera kupu ana? Ehara ia nei i te mea
+na tona kore-roro ki te whakahaere
+ritenga mo runga i taua whenua i hore
+ai e puta ake he pai ki runga ki nga
+Maori?
+
+I whakaatu tetahi tino tohunga-mahi-
+whika i mua ra, he nui te mate mo nga
+Maori i roto i aua whakaritenga, no te
+mea, i runga i te haua o te Kaiwhaka-
+rite, tau ke ana te painga ki te taha
+Pakeha. A, tika tonu taua kupu. Kei
+whea koki a Whataupoko inaianei?
+Kei whea hoki ra te Â£60, 000 i kiia nei e
+taua Wahahuka, ka puta mai i roto i
+tana mahi, a,, ka whakahaerea hei oranga 
+mo nga tangata o te Karaati o Whatau-
+poko? Me he auahi te whakangaro-
+manga atu!âte kiteaâ
+
+Otira, ka pena katoa nga mahi a tena
+tangata i whakatu noa nei i a ia hei
+âKaitiaki. - Ko nga tangata kua ate
+mataki taki i nga mahi a tena Pakehaâ
+i nga wahi katoa e noho ana ia, kei te
+tino mohio he pera anake nga mahi e
+hangaia ana i roto i a Ia, ara, kaore rawa
+atu he paku kiko o roto. Kaore ia e
+mohio ki te whakahaere tikanga mo te
+ora. Ki tana mahara pena tonu te
+titiro atu a te katoa ki ana ritenga, me
+tana tonu ake. Nowhea hoki e pena te
+tangata marama? Ko nga tangata
+kore whakaaro anake e raru ana i tana
+tinihanga.* A, ko nga Maori ano hoki
+tetahi i te mea, kaore ano ratou i whi-
+whi ki nga matauranga o te Pakeha.
+Kaore e ahei ia ratou te whiriwhiri, te
+utu tika mo ana rawa. Heoi mo Wha-
+taupoko.
+
+Tena! He aha te oranga, te painga
+ranei, kua puta ki nga Maori i runga i
+Pakowai, i whakaaetia e Te Honehana
+kia whaka hokitia tonutia ki nga Maori
+hei whenua tuturu mo ratou Kei a
+wai a Pakowai inaianei? Kei nga
+Maori? Ehara. He aha te oranga, te
+painga ranei kua puta ki nga Maori i
+runga i Maraetaha, Te Kuri Te Kaiparo,
+nga poraka whenua Matawhero, ara, nga
+whenua katoa i tukuna e nga Maori kia
+ whakahaeretia e taua roia. Kei whea
+nga Heke i haere mai nei i tawahi hei
+noho mo Pouawa? A whea ra oti ai a
+Kaiti? Kua hoki ano ki nga Maori
+nga whenua i hokona nei kia Te Rire
+kua mate?&quot;E hara i a nei hoki.&quot; Ka-
+tahi ano te waha huka, ko te Pakeha e
+
+tiaki nei i nga whenua o nga Maori,
+nana hoki te ki ka Taea katoatia e ia
+era mahi. Heoi. &quot; E kore hoki te ra-
+kau ataahua e hua i te hua kino; e kore
+ano hoki te rakau kino e hua i te hua
+ataahua.&quot;
+
+
+
+He Kai Tiaki Mo Nga Kai
+Tiaki.
+
+No te nui rawa o te tikanga o rotu i
+tenei mea i te Kaitiaki, kitea ana e te
+Kawanatanga e tika ana kia whakaturia
+tetahi tangata whakaaro rangatira, whi-
+whi  matauranga hoki, hei tiaki, hei
+whakahaere i o nga rawa o era tangata, e
+noho haua ana, kaore nei e kaha ki te
+whakahaere ia ratou taonga. I peneitia
+te tikanga, no te mea i kitea te whaka-
+haere kino a nga kaitiaki whakatunoa 
+iho nei, ara, te tahuri ki te whakawhiwhi
+i nga tangata e whakahaera ana e ratou
+i runga i te tiaki, anga ke aua te kaitiaki 
+ki te whakapau, ki te whakangaro, ki te
+kai noa iho i nga mea i tukua ra ki te
+ratou ringa pupuri ai. No reira ka kitea
+
+he tikanga nui kei roto i tenei mea u
+Kai tiaki. He mana nui kei roto i tera 
+mea. E taea ana e te ngakau kino te 
+whakahaere kino, e te ngakau pai te
+whakahaere pai. Ko nga mea e hiahia
+ana ki te hoko i o ratou whenua, me
+hanga tonu te haere ki te kai hoko me
+riro rawa mai ki o ratou ringaringa te 
+utu o te ratou whenua, me nooti, ma
+hiriwa, me koura ranei. Kia tupato
+rawa i nga mahi. Kamupene, e noho
+nei he pukapuka ke, he kupu a waha ke 
+
+te moni ia ratou.
+
+Kaua rawa e moumou i nga moni utu
+o o koutou whenua. Ko nga whapu, ko
+nga pereti, ko nga mea hei painga mo te
+katoa, a, ma nga tangata katoa e utu,
+no te mea, ko te Kawanatanga ke to
+hunga whakahaere i era mea; a, ma nga
+tangata katoa, Pakeha, Maori, e whai
+kohaki a ia mo aua mahi.
+
+Ko nga tangata e whakahau aua ia
+koutou kia mahi i era mahi, a ma koutou
+tonu e utu, he kohuru tena ia koutou, e
+hara i te mea he whai ta ratou kia ora
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">23__2_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">23__2_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">23__2_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">306587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1591</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">299KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">23__2_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">23__2_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">23__2_2_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">80</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">23__2_2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">402</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Page Two</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+MATARIKI.
+
+koutouâKaoreâhe mea ke, kia whiwhi
+ko ratou, kia mate ko koutou.
+
+Heoi. Kia tupato i te wa e taea ana;
+
+kei maro tonu te haere, te whai okioki-
+nga, te aha.
+
+Whakakorea atu nga tikanga Kaitiaki
+inaianei tonu kei taka rawa ake ki ona
+ra a pouri nei, kua tureiti, te whai mahara.
+
+
+Rae-Totara.
+
+Rae-Totara. He korero tara mo nga
+tamariki.
+
+UPOKO I.
+
+Tena, ka noho matou, a, ka tahi ratou
+ka haere ki te moana ki te hi ika. Hi ana,
+a, ka ahiahi ka hoki mai. To matou unga
+mai ki uta ka totoia o matou waka ki
+tahaki. Ka tahi matou ka haere ki te
+kainga, me a matou ika. Haere atu ana, e
+ka ana nga hangi. Ka tae atu hoki nga
+ika, a, ka whakataona. Ka tao nga umu,
+ka tahi ka hui matou ki roto ki te whare
+runanga.
+
+Ka rokohanga atu o matou tetahi
+kaumatua, ko Te Toonga Ra tona ingoa,
+e korero ana tona korero ki te iwi kainga.
+Ka tae Ia tenei kupu, nana, &quot; E hikama, i
+au e haere ana i te whenua i mua ra; ka
+rongo au i te korero mo tetahi tangata i
+whakaturia hei minita karakia.
+
+Na, mahi ana taua minita i taua mahi.
+A, kitea ana e tona hahi, tona he. Ka tahi
+ka nui te riri o nga tangata ki a ia. Ka
+tahi a ia ka whakatakatia  ki raro i te torona.
+Na, E hika ma, ka hinga taua tangata i
+runga i tona mahi karakia.
+
+Ko te ingoa o taua tangata ko RAE-
+TOTARA.
+
+UPOKO II.
+
+No te mutunga o te mahi a, Rae-Totara i
+reto o te hahi, katahi pa mai te wehi ki a
+ia. Katahi ka whakaaro a ia, &quot; Me pehea
+ra, he oranga moku, ina hoki, kua hinga au
+i era i mahi karakia oku.&quot;
+
+UPOKO III.
+
+Na, i tahuri a ia kite mahi roia, ma reira
+ka whiwhi ai ki tatahi oranga mona. Na,
+mahi ana a ia i tana mahi. Kitea ana e
+nga tangata o tona iwi he he ana mahi.
+
+No te mohiotanga o nga tangata o tona
+
+ iwi ki a ia, katahi ka riri atu ratou ki a ia.
+Katahi ka omaoma haere a ia ki ia kainga,
+ki ia kainga. Na wai ra hoha noa iho taua
+roia i te nui o te whakatete ki a ia. Kaore
+he taunga iho mo ona waewae i te nui o te
+riri.
+
+UPOKO IV.
+Na, i te whenua i mahi ai taua roia.
+
+minita i tana mahi roia, e rua nga tino iwi e
+noho ana i* reira. Ko te Iwi Tawhito, ko
+te Iwi Hou. No te Iwi Hou Rae-Totara.
+Otira kihai tona iwi ake i whakaaro nui ki
+a ia. Kua marama hoki te take.
+
+Katahi ka pena te whakaaro a Rae-Totara
+
+Kua mutu taku mahi minita. Kua kore
+
+toku iwi i pai mai ki au, hei kaiwhakaako
+mo ratou i runga i taku mahi roia. Heoi.
+Me pehea ra ahau.&quot;
+
+UPOKO V.
+
+Ko taua iwi ko Iwi Tawhito nui noa atu
+to ratou, matauranga ki o ratou tikanga
+whakahaere, ki o ratou ture ake Otira,
+ngaro ana ia ratou etahi o nga tikanga nui
+o te Iwi Hou, koia hoki te tino iwi o aua
+iwi erua.
+
+Na, whakatika ana a Rae - Totara,
+whakaaro ana a ia i roto i aia, '&quot;Kaore toku
+iwi ake i pai mai ki au hei minita hei kai
+whakaako ranei mo ratou. Heoi ka huri
+au ki te Iwi Tawhito ki te Iwi kaore ano
+mohio ki te kino o taku Iwi ki au.&quot;
+
+A haere atu ana a ia ki tetahi wahi ke, i
+roto i te Iwi Tawhito kauhau ai. Ko tona
+arero tona hoari.
+
+Ka mea atu aia ki te Iwi Tawhito i te
+kino o te mahi a tona iwi kia ratou. I mea
+atu ano hoki a ia kua tinihangatia ratou o
+te Iwi Hou, ara etahi o tona iwi ake. Ki
+tana ki i whanakotia  e etahi o ratou nga
+whenua o te Iwi Tawhito he kore kaore
+ratou e mohio ki nga ture o to Iwi Hou.
+
+A, tetahi ki ano ana, koia ko Rae-Totara
+te tangata kaha ki te whakaora i o ratou
+whenua mate, ara i nga whenua i tangohia
+hetia etona iwi ia ratou. I ki atu ano hoki
+a ia Ko te Atua Kaha Rawa tona hoa
+tautoko, ma te Atua a ia e whakakaha i
+runga i tana mahi whakatika i nga he o
+mua.
+
+UPOKO VI.
+
+Na, i to takiwa i uru ai a Rae-Totara i
+roto i nga mahi kauhau ki te Iwi Tawhito,
+kei te noho marire tatou, tena hapu i tona
+kainga, tena hapu i tona kainga.
+
+Kaore ho tangata i te mato. Erangi he
+torutoru ratou i te noho whakatete ki
+tetahi tangata kotahi o te Iwi mohio, mo
+etahi whenua. E ki ana tetahi nana etahi
+wahi o aua whenua; ki ta tetahi i ki
+na ratou. Otira, ko te iwi nui tonu, ora noa
+atu ratou i taua takiwa. Nui noa atu te
+whenua hei kainga noho mo ratou me o
+ratou tamariki i muri ia ratou
+
+UPOKO VII
+
+Pena ana te ahua o nga ritenga i te wa i
+whakatika ai a Rae-Totara ki te mahi whai-
+korero ki te Iwi Tawhito, ki to whakaora
+i o ratou mate.
+
+Korero nui ana a ia kia ratou. Huihui
+mai ana nga hapu katoa o taua iwi ki te
+whakarongo ki ana korero.
+
+Ko te tu o ana korero katoa koia tenei.
+&quot; Ehoa ma o te Iwi Tawhito! Ka nui to
+koutou mate, ara, o koutou whenua.
+Kaore koutou e mohio ko enei papa whenua
+pai e whakaarohia ana e koutou kua riro
+ki te Iwi Mohio, a, e nohoia ano hoki e
+ratou, Na Koutou tonu ake aua whenua, nga
+whenua o koutou tipuna. He he te noho a
+taua iwi ki runga ki a koutou whenua.
+Maku o koutou whenua e whakaora e
+whakahoki.
+
+Me tuku mai ki au te whakahaere kia
+whiti mai ano te ra ki runga i a koutou,
+Te Iwi i arohaina nuitia e au. Na, i runga
+i taku mahi ka puta nui ai te moni mo
+koutou a muri atu. Ko te tangata, kaore
+he hikipene i roto i tana pakete ka whai
+
+koura a ia; ko te tangata kaore ona piihi
+whenua kotahi, ka whai eka a ia. Koia
+kaore he rapaki, ka riro ki a ia, he whare,
+he kiki, he kakahu. Ko nga tangata e
+mea ana kia haere i runga rerewe, ka
+hangaia ano he rerewe mo ratou. Ko nga
+tangata, e mea ana, mo nga whapu, hei
+unga kaipuke, timu, aha ranei, ka nui to
+ratou he, ki te kore ratou e haere wawe atu
+ki a ia, whakaatu ki a ia i o ratou mea
+katoa e hiahia ana kia meatia e ia.&quot;
+
+Ko nga korero ena a Rae-Totara ki te
+Iwi Tawhito.
+
+UPOKO VIII.
+
+No te rongonga o te Iwi Tawhito ki nga
+korero a Rae-Totara, mihi nui ana ratou ki
+te pai.
+
+Manawa reka ana ratou i tona kupu mo
+to nui o te moni kia puta mai kia ratou i
+runga i tona whakahaere i o ratou whenua,
+i o ratou taonga. Katahi ano ka marama
+kia ratou te nui o te he a ta Iwi hou e tau
+ana kia ratou mo to taha ki o ratou
+whenua.
+
+Kihai i roa o whiriwhiri ana, whakaae
+ana te nuinga o nga tangata o te Iwi
+Tawhito o taua takiwa ki nga korero katoa
+a Rae-Totara. Me te whakaae ano kia
+hoatu o ratou whenua mate, o ratou whenua
+ora, mo a ratou mea katoa ki a ia,
+whakahaere ai, pupuri ai, mo ratou.
+
+UPOKO IX.
+
+Na, i taua whenua i mahi nei a Rae-Totara
+i tana mahi, he nui nga taniwha o reira.
+Engari ho tu taniwha ke atu i a Pekehaua,
+ia Hotupuku, ia Kataore. Ko nga taniwha
+horo tangata enei o mua. Ko tetahi o nga
+tino Taniwha o te whenua i noho nei a
+Rae-Totara, ko tona ingoa ko te HUPI-
+RIMI KOOTI. Ko taua taniwha he mahi
+tika anake tana mahi. Ma taua taniwha
+e ki, kia pena, ka pena,âkia
+pera, ka pera Kaore i kitea e ia te
+mahi he. Ko nga iwi katoa i noho ra a
+Rae-Totara i to ratou kainga e tino wha-
+karongo ana aua iwi katoa ki ki taua Tani-
+
+wha. Ko nga taniwha i raro iho i tenei
+ko HOKO, ko RETI, ko MOKETE me etahi
+atu. Ko HOKO, ko RETI, he taniwha ahua
+pai ano aua taniwha â Ko MOKETE, he
+taniwha whaiwhakaaro tora ki nga iwi u
+taua whenua. He taniwha whakaputa
+moni kia ratou. Otira, ko tona he, he nui
+rawa te pakeke o ana ritenga katoa.
+
+Me ho mea ka hoatu etahi moni ki te
+tangata, a, me he mea ka kore e whakaho- 
+kitia a tonutia aua moni i te takiwa tonu i
+whakaritetia ai; mehemea ka whakapuku-
+riritia ranei a ia, he tino autaia a ia, he tino
+nanakia, he taniwha horo whenua.
+
+Nui atu nga tangata i tae atu ki a ia i
+mate i runga i te pukuriritanga o taua
+taniwha o Mokete. Koia ano te take i
+ahua wehi ai nga tangata mohio ki te wha-
+katata atu ki a ia, kei mato ratou i a ia, kei
+horomia e ia o ratou whenua.
+
+UPOKO X
+
+Riro katoa ana ki te ringaringa o Rae-
+
+Totara nga whenua mate, me nga whenua
+ora o etahi o nga hapu rangatira o te Iwi
+Tawhito, i runga i nga ritenga whakahaere
+mo ratou.
+
+A, no te rironga mai ki a ia i aua whenua
+a te Iwi Tawhito, katahi ka haere tonu atu
+a ia ki te Ana o te taniwha Mokete.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">23__2_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">23__2_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">23__2_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">314914</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1598</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">308KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">23__2_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">23__2_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">23__2_3_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">80</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">23__2_3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">401</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Page Three</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+MATARIKI.
+
+Tomo rawa atu a ia ki roto i taua Aua.
+UPOKO XI
+
+Heoi.
+
+Ka tohetohe, ka tohetohe a Rae-Totara
+
+ki te taniwha ki a Mokete kia hoatu he
+
+moni ki a ia. Kaore te taniwha e pai.
+
+I ki atu a Mokete ki a ia, &quot;E Rae-Totara
+
+E matau ana ahau ki a koe, ki ou mahi
+
+kino katoa, ki ou mahi patipati ki te Iwi
+
+Tawhito, ki ou mahi tinihanga ki a ratou,
+
+mo o ratou whenua. E mohio ana hoki
+wha Tika, e te Hupuirimi Kooti mo ou
+
+hara.
+UPOKO XII.
+
+Pouri Kerekere te ngakau o Rae-Totara
+ki tenei korero a Te Taniwha ki a ia.
+
+Kaore rawa atu he moni a Rae-Totara,
+hei hoko kai mana, kaore he whare ona
+kaore he hoiho, kaore he kiki, he aha
+ranei. 
+
+Ka haere atu a ia, a, ka hoki atu ano a
+ia ki tu Taniwha  kia Mokete.
+
+Ka tahi ka whakaatu atu a Rae-Totara
+
+ki te Taniwha i etahi pukapuka he mea
+
+tuhituhi ki runga. Ka ki atu Rae-Totara
+
+ki te Taniwha, &quot;Tirohia! Kia mohio koe
+
+ko enei pukapuka, na Te Iwi Tawhito i tuhi
+
+o ratou ingoa ki roto. Kua tukua mai 
+
+e ratou kia au o ratou whenua katoa, me
+
+nga mana whakahaere katoa, me te mea
+
+tonu naku tonu ake te whenua. Ka hiahia
+ahau ki etahi moni, heoi, ka hoatu enei
+pukapuka e au, ka tahi ka riro mai te moni
+ki au. Mawai hoki e whakaatu atu ki a
+ratou He tangata mohio hoki ahau ki
+nganga kopikopikotanga o te ture.&quot;
+
+Ka rongo te Taniwha ki enei korero, ka
+noho puku a ia. Ahua pouri ana a ia ki
+ena korero a Rae-Totara. He aroha nona
+ki te Iwi Tawhito, ki te iwi, na ratou i
+tuku atu o ratou whenua ki te roia-minita.
+
+UPOKO XIII.
+
+Katahi rawa ka whai kupu tu Taniwha.
+Ka ki atu a ia kia Rae-Totara, '' Kia
+mohio koe ka hoatu e au nga moni katoa e
+hiahiata ana e koe i runga i enei pukapuka
+tuku a te Iwi Tawhito i o ratou whenua ki
+a koe. Mau te whakaaro, mau to tikanga
+kia ratou. Kia mohio ana hoki Koe, ki te
+kore koe e whakahokimai i aku moni
+koura katoa e hoatu ana e au kia koe, tera
+ranei au e hoatu ki a koe i te ra tonu i
+whakaritetia e tana. Kore rawa atu toku
+ngakau aroha. Ka hamama toka waha, ka
+horomia e au nga whenua a te Iwi Ta-
+whito.
+
+Mo ratou, me a ratou tamariki a muri
+tonu atu te mate. E hara hoki &quot;i au to
+ratou KAITIAKI.&quot;
+
+UPOKO XIV
+
+Na, tangohia ana e Rae-Totara, nga
+peeke koura, e hia ranei miriona pauna te
+moni, e hia ranei, a, haere atu ana.
+
+E ngari, puritia ana e Te Taniwha nga
+pukapuka tuku katoa mo te wa hei whaka-
+hokitanga mai i nga koura, nga moni katoa
+i namai a Rae-Totara.
+
+UPOKO XV
+
+Rekareka ana te manawa o Rae-Totara
+
+ki te nuinga o te moni i riro mai ki aia.
+Katahi ano a ia ka whiwhi ki te moni.
+Katahi ano ka noho a ia i roto i tetahi
+
+whare pai. Katahi ano ia ka haere i
+
+runga kiki hoiho ranei.
+
+E hika ma, ko Horomia i roto i ana
+
+kororia katoa kihai rawa i rite ki a Rae-
+
+Totara i nga takiwa e nama ana i nga
+
+moni ki te Taniwha Mokete i runga i nga 
+
+whenua o te Iwi Tawhito.
+
+UPOKO XVI
+
+&quot;Rekareka, rangi tahi, ko Kararu tona
+
+mutunga iho.&quot;
+
+Pau katoa ia Rae\_Totara nga moni i riro
+
+mai ki a ia i te Taniwha Mokete. 
+
+UPOKO XVII. 
+
+Tera ano etahi tino Taniwha i tana
+whenua kaore nei i whakahuatia i konei.
+
+Ko tetahi o ratou ko KAIWHAKAATU-
+HARA tona ingoa. Tetahi ingoa ona, ko
+NIUPEPA -PEREHI, he taniwha mohio ia.
+
+Na, pa mai ana te mataku kia Rae-
+Totara. Nui rawa atu tonu wehi koi
+whaaki atu te taniwha Nuipepa-Perehi i ona
+hara ki tu ao katoa. Tetahi kei whakatika
+ te taniwha tika ko Te Hupirimi Kooti ki te
+putu i a ia mo ona he. Kihai taua taniwha
+i aro mai kia Rae-Totara  ki ona mahi ranei.
+
+ UPOKO XVIII.
+
+No te taenga atu ki te? ra hei whaka hoki-
+tanga i nga moni kia Mokete, Aue!
+Tiro tiro kau una! Tahuri kau ana!
+Paki paki kau ana ki nga pakeke.
+Nowhea to pene kotahi? Kua rere noa
+atu ra hoki te weta o te mahi, o nga
+whenua hoki.
+
+Ko te rarunga tenei o te Iwi Tawhito.
+
+Riro ana o ratou whenua katoa ki te
+Taniwha Mokete hei whakangata  i tona
+puku. E hia ranei poraka nunui i horo-
+mia o ia, o hia ranei?
+
+Mate rawa atu te iwi i te Minita-Roia.
+UPOKO XIX.
+
+Ko te pakanga nui i taua whenua i muri
+ko te riri a te Taniwha ko Te Hupirimi  
+Kooti kia Rae-Totara, mo ona hara ki
+runga ki te Iwi Tawhito.
+
+A, mate ana ko Rae-Totara.
+UPOKO XX.
+
+No te mutunga o nga korero a Taonga-
+Ra, katahi ka whiriwhiri te iwi kainga.
+A, Ka tohe atu ratou ki a ia kia korero atu
+a tetahi po etahi korero atu mo nga mea i
+kitea e ia i ona haerenga. Whakaae ana
+a Te Toonga-Ra.
+
+
+
+He Korero Tara.
+Ko te Takuta me nga Tio.
+
+Na e noho ana ki tetahi Takuta, tetahi
+tamaiti tane, e akona ana a ia e Tu Takuta
+ki nga mahi rongoa, ki etahi mahi Takuta
+hoki. I whakatika taua Takuta i haere ki
+te toro) i tetahi turoro. I haere tahi raua
+ko taua tamaiti. Tae atu raua ki roto kia
+kite i taua turoro. Ka titiro te Takuta,
+katahi ka ki atu ki a ia, &quot; E hoa, whatero
+to arero.&quot; Na, no te kitenga o te Takuta
+i te arero o taua turoro, katahi ka ki atu te
+Takuta ki a ia &quot; E hoa, akuanei koe ka tino
+mate rawa atu. I te kai tio koe.&quot; Katahi,
+ka nai te wehi o te turoro. Ka '? wiriwiri
+tona tinana katoa. No te hokinga atu o te
+Takuta raua ko tona hoa te tamaiti raka,
+katahi ka patai atu te tamaiti ki te Takuta;
+
+&quot; E hoa, na te aha koe i mohio ai i te kai
+tio te turoro.&quot; Katahi, ka kata atu taua
+
+Takuta  i a ia &quot;Te take i mohio ai ahau, i
+kitea e au nga anga e tawheta una i raro i
+tona moenga.'' Katahi ka noho mohio
+tamaiti.
+
+Na, muri iho i tena, katahi ka tonoa atu
+te Takuta ki te toro i te turoro ra i etahi
+rangi noa o muri mai. Te taenga atu te
+tamaiti ra, ka ui atu a ia ki te turoro. '&quot; E
+hoa kei te pewhea to mate.&quot; Katahi ki
+atu te tamaiti - 
+
+ki atu &quot; E hoa, akuanei koe ka mate rawa
+atu, no te mea, i te kai hoiho koe, ki taku
+titiro atu ki te ahua o tou arero.&quot; Katahi
+ka tino mataku rawa taua turoro, muri iho
+ka puku riri. Ka tahi ka whakatika mai
+nga whanaunga' a taua turoro, me tona
+wahine, ka pana i taua tamaiti. Ka tahi ka
+hoki tangi tana tamaiti, ki tona rangatira,
+ara ki te tino Takuta. Te taenga atu o
+tiwa. tamaiti ki tona rangatira puhipuhi ana
+nga kanohi o te tamaiti. Katahi ka patai
+
+ano te Takuta ki a ia &quot;E hika, heaha to
+
+mate, i puhipuhi na o kanohi? Me te
+
+mea tonu i te tangi koe&quot; Katahi ano ka
+
+ki atu tana tamaiti ki tona rangatira. &quot;E
+
+koro E! He mate tonu. No taku taenga
+
+atu kia kite i te turoro, katahi au ka ki atu,
+
+kia whatero tona arero. No tona whate-
+
+rotanga katahi au ka ki atu. &quot;E hoa,
+
+akuanei koe ka tino mate rawa atu. Katahi
+
+ka ki mai te turoro ra ki au, na te aha koe
+
+i mohio ai. Ka ki atu au, i te kai hoiho
+
+koe.&quot; Katahi te Takuta ka ki atu ki tona
+
+tamaiti. Na te aha koe i -
+
+korero pena ki te whakawehi te turoro
+ra.&quot; Katahi te tamaiti ka ki atu. &quot;E hoa
+
+he kitenga atu naku i tetahi nohoanga
+
+hoiho me te paraire i raro i te moenga ra o
+
+te turoro ra. Pena hoki me tahau i ki mai
+
+ki au i runga i taku patai ki a koe. &quot;Na
+
+te aha koe e mohio ai, i te kai tio te turoro
+
+ra.&quot; A, ka ki mai ra koe ki au, no te
+
+kitenga atu i nga anga i raro i tona moenga.
+
+Ka waihoki me tenei, na reira au i mohio
+
+ki te korero pena ki taua turoro. Mai ra,
+
+ko ahau raru ana ahau te patu.
+
+
+Ki nga tangata Maori katoa
+o te Motu nei.
+
+HE whakaatu tenei kia kite mai koutou i
+tu whakataunga .1 te Hupirimi Kooti i te
+whakawa a TAREHA TE MOANANUI
+rami ko TE RIIHI, Roia.
+
+Kotahi tau o tenei whakawa e haere ana
+i Poneke, a. tao mai ki Nepia. Na, whiri-
+whiritia ana e te Hupirimi Kooti, kitea ana
+KO TE RIIHI TE MEA I HE. I TINO
+WHAKAHENGIA TE RUHI E TE
+HUPIRIMI KOOTI mo nga moni a Tare-
+ha i riro kia aia, ani, i puritia e iaâtana
+kii mo ana, mahi roia, mo nga whenua a
+Tareha. Na, ki ana Te Hupirimi Kooti,
+me Tareha hoki, he he tana puritanga e ia-tana
+taua moni, ara, i te waru rau pauna, i te te
+kau ma iwa hereni, me etoru kapa-â
+Â£819 198 3 (d.
+
+Ko tu kupu tenei; i Te Hupirimi Kooti,
+kia utua e ia, o To Riihi tenei moni 819
+193 3d kia Tareha INAIANEI.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">23__2_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">23__2_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">23__2_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">281956</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1584</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">275KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">23__2_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">23__2_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">23__2_4_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">81</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">23__2_4_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">404</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Page Four</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+MATARIKI.
+
+Kua tae atu hoki kia Te Riihi, i Tura-
+nganui te tino tono a te Hupirimi Kooti
+kia utua taua moniâme te kupu hoki
+a Te Hupirimi Kooti kia Te Ruhi, kaore e
+tika taua mau i te Â£819 19s 3d moni a
+Tareha.
+
+I ki ano hoki Te Hupirimi Kooti,
+
+Kaore i marama nga mahi i kiia e To
+Ruhi i mahia e ia ma Tareha.
+
+Kaore i marama te ra, te marama, te tau
+ranei, i mahia ai e i Te Riihi ana mahi mo 
+Tareha.
+
+Kaore hoki i marama i mahia ranei taua
+mahi mo Tareka, mo etahi Maori ke atu
+ranei.
+
+Kaore hoki i marama mo te
+whenua, mo te ahu ranei, aua
+mahi a te Riihi.
+
+I whakakorea rawatia e Tareha aua mahi
+a Te Riihi ki runga ki a ia. 1 ki hoki taua
+kaumatua, kaore rawa a ia i whakatu i a te
+Ruhi hei mahi i nga mahi mo te taha ki te
+waru rau pauna. Na, tae noa ki te kai
+
+whakamaori a te Riihi o mua, ara, kia Te
+Waiti kaumatua, he kaiwhakawa hoki ia.
+Ko taua kupu tenei ki te Hupirimi Kooti,
+i tino whakakorea rawatia a Te Riihi e
+Tareha i runga i aua mahi.
+
+No muri mai i taua whakakoretanga 
+tohe tonu te Ruhi ki te tono utu kia
+Tareha, A, kitea ana e Te Hupirimi Kooti,
+ehe ana te mahi a te Riihi.
+
+KATI, KO TE TINO WHAKATAU-
+NGA TENEI A TE HUPIRIMI KOOTI
+âME UTU E TE RUHI. KIA TARE-
+HA INAIANEI -
+
+Na Tareha taua moni ua Te Riihi i pu-
+puri pokanoa.
+
+Na, e haere atu ana tenei panui, i te
+Tonga nei. E ahu atu ana ki o matou
+whanaunga ki o matou hoa i te Tai Ra-
+whiti, a rauna noa te Motu nei.
+
+E hoa ma! Kia noho tatou i runga i
+te matauranga, i te mohiotanga,âMehemea
+ka tono tatou ki te tahi roia kia mahia
+e ia a tatou mahi, tonoa ki a ia, kia mara
+
+ma tana utu mo tana mahi i to tuatahi, a,
+ka tiro atu tatou e pai ana, a, tuhia rawa-
+tia ki te pukapuka tana whakaaetanga-a-
+katahi tatou ka whakaae. Tenei, ko te
+kahu noa i roto i te pouritanga. AUE!
+E hika ma E! Ka mate tatou! Ka mate
+tatou! Ko totatou tino takanga tena ki
+te ahi-whanariki, mamae mutunga kore,
+ake tonu atu.
+
+Kia WIREMU RU RIIHI, no
+Nepia aia i mua, engari, no Kihi-
+pane, Papete Pei, inaianei, i roto
+i te koroni o Nui Tireni, roia, kia
+WIREMU PERE, kia RIPE-
+RATA KAHUTU, no taua
+Papeti Pei, ano raua, he tangata
+Maori.
+
+KIA MOHIO KOUTOU, kia kotahi
+marama i muri iho i te panuitanga
+i tenei panui i roto i nga nupepa erua i taia
+i Kihipane me nga niupepa erua i taia i
+Poneke, ka hokona e au ka tukuna atu
+ranei e au kia hokona kia maketetia, nga
+whenua i whakaatutia i roto i tehaki puka-
+puka mokete i tuhia i te 26 o nga ra o Pepuere,
+1879, (i rehitatia i te tari Rehita Pukapuka
+i Nepia i raro i te nama 13175). Ko taua
+pukapuka i waenganui ia koutou o tetahi
+taha, me au ko PEREHIWA PAAKA, i
+whakahuatia i raro iho nei o tetahi taha.
+Na, ka hokona, ka maketetia aua whenua,
+kite kore koutou e utu mai ki au i nga tino
+moni pukai i whakatuturitia mai ki au i runga
+i taua pukapuka mokete, te toenga ranei, me
+nga inateretiânga moni whakapiki katoa,
+e tika ana kia uta ki au i runga i taua puka-
+puka mokete. 
+
+Na, tenei ano hoki tetahi, kia mohio
+koutou, ko te take i tukuna atu e au tenei
+panui kia panuitia, koia tenei,âaraâkaore
+ano koutou i utu mai ki au i nga tino moni
+pukai me nga moni inateretiânga moni
+whakapiki i whakaaetia i runga i nga ritenga
+i whakaatutia i roto i taua pukapuka mokete.
+
+I tuhia i tenei te 12 o nga ra o Maehe
+1881.
+
+NA PEREHIWA PAAKA.
+Hiu J. WIINI.
+Roia, Kihipane.
+
+KI O MAUA HOA MAORI O TE TAI
+RAWHITI.
+
+Ehoa ma,âTena koutou kua tae ki te
+takiwa pupuhi manu. Na, Kanui te manu
+o tenei tau. Ka nui te momona. Kati Kia
+kaha koutou ki te pupuhi manu i tenei tau.
+Ki te hiahia koutou ki te Paura, ki te Hota,
+ki te Tingara, me haere mai koutou ki te
+whare maitai o Panera rana ko Paerana hoko
+ai. Kei a maua hoki nga pu tino pai, hei
+pupuhi manu, he pu tupara, he pu haki
+mana, me etahi tu pu atu. Mehemea e hia-
+hia ana koutou kia whakapaitia a koutou pu
+me haere mai ano koutou ki a Panera raua
+ko Paerana. He maha hoki nga pu kei a
+maua. He ngawari te utu. Kia mohio
+koutou me haere mai koutou kia maua, kia
+Panera raua ko Paerana i te whare maita
+i Kihipane. Ko te tino whare tenei o te
+Tai Rawhiti hei hoko i nga Paura, Hota,
+Tingara, Pu, me aua tu mea katoa. Kei a
+maua hoki nga Kakahu Wahine, Kakahu
+tane, Kakahu tamariki nga hu tane nga hu
+wahine me nga nohoanga tane nohoanga wa-
+hine, me te Te Huka, Paraoa. Kei a maua
+hoki nga parau, nga rakuraku me aua tu
+mea katoa hei mahi paamu.
+
+ENGAWARI ANA TE UTU,
+
+Kei wareware koutou, na o koutou hoa, na
+PANERA RAUA KO PAERANA,
+I TE WHARE MAITAI,
+KIHIPANE.
+
+TE HOKO O WHATAUPOKO
+Ka tino hokona rawatia
+
+12,400 nga eka o Whataupoko
+ Poraka, nui atu, iti iho
+ranei.
+
+Ko taua whenua e takoto ana i te takiwa
+o Papati Pei, e tutata ana ki te taone o Kihi-
+pane.
+
+Ko tenei hoko i runga i te tono o Paaka,
+te kaitango mokete. Ka haere hoki tenei
+hoko i ronga i te whakahaere o te Kai Rehi-
+ta o te Hupirimi Kooti i Nepia i raro i nga
+tikanga o te Tare whakatikatika i te ture
+hoko whenua, 1860, i raro hoki i nga tikanga
+o te Ture, 1870, e whakamana ana i nga kai-
+tango mokete ki te hoko i nga whenua i
+moketetia kia ratou.
+
+Na, kua tae atu te tono ki a PITI raua ko
+PENETI, na Paora A. F. Paata, kai Rehita
+o te Hupirimi  Kooti o Nepia i tuku atu taua
+tono kia raua I RUNGA I TE WHAKAAE-
+TANGA o ke kaitango o te mokete, e kia ho-
+kona, kia maketetia  nuitia i ta raua
+whare makete i te taone o Kihipane a
+TE PARAIRE, te 29 o nga ra o APEREIRA,
+1881, i te rua haora me te hawhe i muri iho
+i te tina.
+
+WAHI TUATAHI e hokona ana.
+Katoa o taua piihi whenua tona nuinga
+12, 400 nga eka, nui atu iti iho ranei, tetahi
+wahi o
+
+WHATAUPOKO,
+
+i te takiwa o Turanga, Papati Pei. Koia te
+whenua i whakahuatia i roto i tetahi puka-
+puka, a, i raro i te mana o taua pukapuka, i
+runga hoki i ana tikanga e hokona ana e te
+kai tango i te Mokete e PAAKA, taua whenua
+
+KO TE WAHI TUARUA.
+
+Te whaitaketanga, me te paanga, tera e
+riro mai ki te kai tango i te mokete i runga
+i tetahi kotahi mano eka kaore i uru ki roto
+ki te 12, 400, i muri mai i te utunga atu i nga
+moni 6500 me nga inatereti i whakatu
+turutia ki tetahi tangata ke (kote wahi tenei
+e mohiotia ana kei a Makitanara) e nga kai
+tuku i te mokete.
+
+KO WHATAUPOKO
+
+Ko tenei whenua e hokona aua i runga i te
+tono a PAAKA e takoto ana ki te hangai-
+tanga ki te taone, a, ko te awa o Waimate
+te rohe i Waenganui i taua whenua, me nga
+whenua e mohiotia nuitia ana ko Pouawa me
+Kaiti.
+
+Ko nga ritenga enei mo te hoko. Kotahi
+wahi o nga wahanga e wha o te moni, ara
+tetahi koata ha utua tonutia i te takiwa tonu
+ka hokona te whenua ko WHATAUPOKO
+Ko te toenga o te moni me utu i te whakao-
+tinga o te pukapuka tuku i roto, i nga ra i
+whakaritetia i runga i nga tikanga o te hoko.
+
+Ko nga tangata e hiahia ana ki te patai mo
+nga tikanga mo te taha ki te hoko. me ui
+atu ratou ki te Roia mo Paaka i Kihipane
+ara kia.
+
+H. J. WIINI.
+
+Roia, Kihipane.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH3069.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH3069.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH3069.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/09/09_1_2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Te Waka o Te Iwi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Date">185711</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Volume">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Number">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">2319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PagedImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3069e92e87edd9751a8670</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395215218</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215219</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3069.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_5.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_5_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_6.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_6_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_7.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_7_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_8.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_8_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">522910</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2299</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">511KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_2_5_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">458823</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">448KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_2_6_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">485842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">474KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_2_7_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">515950</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2284</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">504KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_2_8_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH3576.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH3576.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH3576.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/10/10_1_2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Te Whetu o Te Tau</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Date">18580701</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Volume">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Number">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">2206</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PagedImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3576b3ec6e076ef0e6b99b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395215220</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215221</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3576.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_5.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_5_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_6.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_6_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_7.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_7_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_8.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_8_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_9.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_9_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">259536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1900</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">253KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_2_5_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">337</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+
+
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+N0.2.
+
+AKARANA, HURAU. 1858.
+
+VOL. 1.
+
+Kenana, Maketu.
+
+Ki a Hare Reweti, ko te kai-atawhai i te tutua
+i te pani, i te pouaru, i te rawakore. Roma
+xiiiâ8.
+
+E hoa tena ra ko koe i runga i te mahi tohu
+a to tatou matua i te rangi. E hoa, kua tae mai
+tau pukapuka ki ahau; kua kite ahau i au wha-
+karitenga tika; a, e hari ana toku ngakau ki tou
+rongo pai e takahi mai nei, i runga i nga ngaru
+whakaporaruraru o tenei ao;âi runga i nga
+ritenga a te tangata, a te Pakeha.
+
+Ko tenei, e hoa, kia kaha koe, ki te whaka-
+marama i nga tikanga ki te ao. Matiu, ^â
+15, 16. Ma te Atua koe o whakakaha;, mana
+koe e tiaki; mana koe e whakaora,
+
+Ka hari koe ki te mahi, ki nga mahi a tou
+rangatira. Matiu, xxi^â46. Matiu, xx^â16,
+
+â¢ 17. Matiu, xx^â21.
+
+Ko tenei, e hoa, ka tika to arahanga i nga
+matapo. Ki te kahore e arahina, ka mate, ekore
+e tika, i i te huarahi. Matiu, xvâ14.
+
+E hoa, tena ra ko koe. Kia manawanui ki nga
+anea whakapouri, kia tohe ki te inoi. Roma,
+xiiâ1: 2.
+
+He waiata tangi tenei naku ki a koe
+
+Kia kaha ake ra to piko ki te ao
+Kai tamia koe te whakaruhia
+Patuparehe, to taonga i kimi ai ki tawhiti.
+I rangahaua e, o karihi ki te putere,
+O tapu tinitiaia mai te manu a
+Te Tipua ka purotu hine, te waka takohe-
+kohe rai.
+Naku na to hoa aroha,
+
+NA PAORA PARUHI.
+
+[Ka nui te aroha a o toku ngakau ki nga korero
+pai a Paora Paruhi, tapoko ana ki te hinengaro,
+me he kowhitanga marama te panga mai kei
+ahau.âNa Hare Reweti.]
+
+Waiomio, Peiwhairangi, Hanuere 18, 1858.
+E hoa,
+
+Tenei taku kupu ki a koe,âkia tukua e koe
+
+enei korero ki te perehi hei matakitaki mo nga
+iwi katoa, o runga, o raro nei. Otira, e hoa,
+kihai, i pau atu aku kupu; maku ano e rapu i
+muri nei, he 'kupu pono, kia mutu tenei mahi,â
+te mahinga o te kara; ko reira ano matou huihui
+ai, whakaoti&quot; ai i tenei mahi. Heoi ano ena kupu
+ki a koe.
+
+Kia tau te rangimarietanga ki a koe, i roto
+i nga ra katoa, ma te AtaÂ» koe e tiaki, ake ake.
+E hoa tena koe. Tenei ano toku aroha ki a koe.
+Heoi ano tena kupu a tou hoa aroha.
+
+A MAIHI PARAONE KAWITI.
+
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+Peiwhairangi, Hanuere 18, 1858.
+No te huihuinga o Ngapuhi -ki Kororareka
+i te whakaarahanga o te kara ki Maiki, enei
+korero. I te putanga o te mahi &amp; tenei ranga-tira, 
+
+Maihi Paraone Kawiti To Kuhanga, i tona
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+whakaaro nui i taea ai e ia te rapu nga whakaaro
+e tupu ai te pai ki runga ki te whenua. Kia
+rongo ra e te iwi katoa, i te kupu a Maihi
+Paraone Kawiti. Ka peia atu e ia e te Atua
+te kino ki te pouritanga i waho ko te wahi tera
+o te tangihanga, me te teteatanga o nga nihoâ
+Matiu viii.â12. Engari me tahuri nga iwi katoa,
+me tango i te kupu o te Atua kia tika ai to tatou
+awhi tanga atu ki a te Kuini, me toa araitanga
+mai ki a tatou.
+
+He kaha no tenei tangata ki te rapu i tetahi
+whakaaro e ora ai tenei motu, e tau ai te mahi
+tohu a te Atua, ki nga tauiwi katoa. Koia a
+Maihi Paraone Kawiti i mea ai, ko nga iwi katoa
+o tenei motu me tomo atu ki roto ki te ture o te
+Kuini.
+
+Ko nga tangata enei i whakaae ki Maiki kia
+whakaarahia te kara, 1379. Ko nga hapu enei
+32; ko nga moni enei Â£86 188. 3d. Heoi ano.
+NA MAIHI PARAONE KAWITI ENEI
+WHAKATAKI.
+
+Pakanae, Hokianga, Hanuere 16, 1858.
+
+E hoa e Hare Reweti, tena ra ko koe. Tenei
+ano taku kupu ki a koe- mo taku korero kua tae
+atu ki a koe i mua. Ekore e Hare Reweti, tena
+ra ko koe, i runga i te kaha o te Atua Heoi ano,
+NA TE MANGUMANGU KAIWHAKAWA.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+Whangaruru, Hanuere 15, 1858.
+E hoa e Hare Reweti, tena ra ko koe. Ka nui
+
+toku aroha ki a koe ki tau kupu, i ho mai nei i
+
+tau pukapuka.
+
+Tekoreotehangameheumutuhiekeiia
+
+&quot;Waiarikikarawetakuringateataotepiau
+
+TaongakiInienahakutaiterarangaitu
+
+KiaurutomoautewhareoHareRewitimekore
+
+Eriromaiemekoparetetaitongakawhiwhi
+
+Karawekahokiauei.
+
+NA WIREMU KOROKORO.
+NA PITORE HU.
+NA PEPENE.
+
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+Emara e Hare Reweti, tena ra ko koe. Etahi
+toku aroha atu ki a koe. Ko te rua tenei o aku
+taonga mai, kahore ano aku kupu ki a koe, katahi
+ano. Kei nga tai o te korekore ka whakaputa
+te toka i Rangitahu. Ehoa e Reweti, he huna
+ra nei te marama, he tirea ra nei te marama, he
+mawaru ra nei, he rakau nui ra nei. Ka hua te
+kai, ka hua te kupu. He waiata.
+
+Tenei e whakangaoko ana ra te ngakau
+Ka hara mai te ra a ka wananga kia uru
+Koutou i te hinga o kai, ka uru
+Rapea koutou, i te tokitokinga o kai.
+
+Heoi ano, ka mutu
+
+NA PARATENE TE MANU.
+Ki a Hare Reweti kei Akarana.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">295693</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1914</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">289KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_2_6_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">334</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+                        TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+        K  tama kimihanga rau na to tini
+        Tikina hahauria ki tawhiti i pu
+        I tupu mai ai te e wa to rauru
+       Ka kukune &amp;c.
+   Ka whakahua ano i tetahi:â
+       Homai, homai tuku tamaiti
+        Kia  hikihiki au ki runga
+        I aku turi, aue ! ka mato au nei
+        1 te whakataute &amp;c.
+  Ka  mutu a Kihi, kei runga ko Te Kereihi, ka mea,
+''Heoi ano.  Ka ora au i te pikitanga, haere tonu ake
+te wai ora i raro i taku wai tohi mauri, ka ora au
+       &quot;Tera  to whetu  takina mai o to ruru
+        Ko taku tau poa tenei ka hoki mai e i.
+        Ki mai ki au kia hokona koe; ki
+        Toroa  whakaura kei o tuakana
+        
+
+
+ 1. Timoti viâ11.
+   Ko nga ingoa o etahi o nga Hahi koia enei :â
+  1. Nga Hapariana      1S. Nga Inipenara
+  2. Nga Materiarite     1D. Nga  Paraonihi
+  3. Nga Karawinihi     20. Nga Papita
+  4. Nga Aminiana       21. Nga Kaeka
+  5. Nga Paketenana       21  Nga  Morewiana
+  G. Nga  Nehitoriana     23 Nga  Weteriana  Mete-
+  7. Te Hahi Kiriki          rika
+  8. Te Hahi Pikopo      24. Nga Metorika Niu
+  9. Nga  Ruteriana       25. Nga Motorike. Pirimita
+ 10. Nga Hukuenota     2 i. Nga Hamipa
+ 11. To Hahi o Ingarangi 27. Nga Hapateriana
+ 12. Nga Nonihuro       28. Nga Hutihoniana
+ 13. Nga Tiheneta        20. Nga Tungikera
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">305526</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2206</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">298KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_2_7_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">290</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+                    TE WHETU   O TE TAU
+  TE  HAERENGA A REWI RAUA  KO   TE
+      WAITERE ME TO RAUA   PAKEHA.
+
+   
+
+ Wiremu 
+
+
+
+Whatawhata
+
+
+ Waikato.
+
+
+Kawhia
+
+
+ Hare Reweti
+
+
+Mangapouri
+
+
+ Rewi o To Katea, 
+ ki a Hoani Papita raua ko Toma, ki te pehi i tera
+ pakanga whenua.
+  
+
+Hare Reweti
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  TE  WHETU   O TE  TAU,
+           AKARANA,  
+
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">299257</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2145</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">292KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_2_8_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">298</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU  O TE TAU
+
+NGA RONGO O TENEI MOTU
+
+Ko Potatau Te Wherowhero kua hoki ki
+
+Waikato ki tona iwi, ko Ngaruawahia te kainga e
+
+noho ana.
+
+TE MAHI HIPI
+
+Ko nga iwi e pupuru nei i te whenua, ka tika
+kia karanga koutou ki te mahi hipi ma koutou
+
+anake ano tena karanga, ta te mea hoki, e whiu
+papa ana hei haerenga Erua nga painga o te
+hui) i, ko nga tinana hei hoko ki nga taone, ko nga
+huruhuru hoki i roto i nga tau katoa Kia
+
+ te whakanoho i nga hipi, kia wawe kou
+tou te whiwhi ki nga painga e ahu mai ana i
+tenei tu mahi
+
+NGA KURA MAORI
+
+Kua tu te Kura Maori kei Whatawhata, e wha
+ te kua o nga tamariki Ko te whenua, na
+te tangata Maori ko nga kai me nga kakahu na
+te tangata Maori Ko nga whakaako he
+tangata Maori, ko Hami Ngai  ko Pera, ko
+Hohepa Kua tu to ratou whare pa', kua nga
+kia paina nga marae o te kainga Kahore he
+ a nga Pakeha i taua, kura Ka tia i ano e
+mara ma, ka tika.
+
+NGA TAONE MAORI
+
+E rua nga taone Maori i roto o Waikato kui
+rangona, ko Ngaruawahia, ko Te Kopua Ko te
+ -Ngaruawahia hei mahinga kai, kua ata
+kitea Ko maramarua, te awa mo nga kai o Nga a
+ ko. Maupu te ara mai ki Hauraki
+Ko nga whare o te taone ki te Kopua he
+papa ko enei ki Ngaruawahia he pipi etahi, he
+ Ka purero ano iwi Maori, ka purero
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TE HOKO PUKU I TE WHENUA
+I roto i tenei mahi whakatau pakanga, i te
+hoko puku i te whenua, na te tangata Maori ra
+nei te he, na te Pakeha ra nei Ko tehea taringa,
+ano o te Pakeha kia rongo? Kua ti nga taringa
+i te korerotanga atu, ehara i te tangata kotahi te
+whenua, Kua rongo tuturu i ratou, no nga tangata
+katoa te whenua No nga rangatira, no nga
+tu ua, no nga tane, no nga wahine, no nga
+ tamariki I runga i tana
+mohiotanga i ta te Pakeha, ka anga, ka tuku
+moni ki nga tangata poka noa ki te tuku whenua
+Ki te mei ki mau te whenua kauaka ia e riri,
+e he ana hoki i tana ki te mea ka pau
+ki atu ina moni, auaka
+ano, i a te Pakeha te he
+
+TE HE O TE NAMA
+He mahi he te nanu He tikanga whaka
+he tikanga whakangoikore i nga ringaringa, he
+tikanga whakapouri i te wairua, he tikanga
+ tikanga whakamana
+ pakanga Ko koutou katoa e pai ana ki enei he nunui haere ki te
+nama ko koutou  katoa e kino ana ki enei he,
+whakamama  mahi nama, ahakoa
+ i nama taonga
+
+KO TE HAHI O TE KARAITI ME ONA
+
+UPOKO 11
+
+Hiruharama i runga i te inoi ki te Atua, i runga
+ i te ahua ki te kupu o te Ariki   atu ki a ratou,
+&quot;Maku e tuku itu  a koutou te mea  korero
+me taku Mahu i otiia, kia noho koutou,  te pa,
+  nama, kia whiwhi ra ano koutou  te
+kaha o aunga&quot; Ruki xx 17â49 Kotahi te kau
+o nga ra i noho tatari 11 nga Apotoro  te kupu
+o te Ariki,  muri iho o te kakenga, a, no te 16
+o nga ra o Mei,  te wiki, &quot;Puta whakarere mai
+ana  hau matangi  te tangi, ano he hau wha
+kaha ra e kii ana, a,  katoa te whare  noho
+ai ratou A, ka puta mai  i tatou nga arero
+manganga, ano ue ahi, tiu iho ana  a tatou
+katoa, a, whakaki! a  ana tatou kite
+Wairua Tapu Nga Mahi 11â2, 3, 4
+noa  nga 100 o nga tauiwi Kihai  roa 
+rangona taua mea ui iti iro, a, ka huihui te mano
+ki te aroaro o nga Apotoro Kotahi  tawai 
+nga akonga o, ka ana enei
+(unreadable text)
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_2_9.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_2_9.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_2_9.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">290404</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1916</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">284KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_2_9.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_2_9.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_2_9_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">334</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+Tapu, kua ringihia mai tenei e kite nei, o rongo
+nei koutou &quot; Nga Mahi 11â33
+
+Ko te kauwhau a Pita mana tonu, i reira, aue
+ana to mano, i te mamae mo a ratou hara, kara
+nga tonu mai ki a Pita ki nga Apotoro katoa, ' E
+nga tangata, me nga tuakana, me pehea e ma
+tou ? ' Nga Mahi 11â36 Ka rongo a Pita ki
+enei kupu, ka mea atu ki te mano, &quot;Ripeneta,
+kia mira koutou katoa, i te ingoa o Ihu Karaiti
+mo te murunga hara, a, ka riro mai ki a koutou
+te horomatanga o te Wairua Tapu ' Nga Mahi
+11â38
+
+Whakaae ana te mano i konei ki te kupu o te
+Atua i whakapuakina ra e Pita, a, &quot;Ko ratou i
+tango hari i te kupu, i mira, a huihuia ana ki a
+matene toru mano o nga wairua&quot; Ngatahi
+11â41
+
+UPOKO HI
+
+Na, ka kite nei tatou, ko Hiruharama te Hahi
+tuatahi, te matua o nga Hahi katoa o te ao, a,
+ka kite hoki tatou i te tika o nga minita i whaka
+rerea iho e te Karaiti, hei hapai i tana kupu
+No te mahinga paotanga o te Hahi ki Harahara
+ma, ka wawahi nga Apotoro Kawea ana te
+rongo pai ki Anatioka, ki etahi atu whenua o
+Ahia, ko etahi i pakaru mai ki Oropi, ki nga
+whenua o Kirihi, ki Roma, ki Paniora, ki Inga
+rangi hoki Haunga te taonga o te kupu ki
+Kateiha, me etahi atu whenua o Awherika.
+
+Ko te pihopa tuatahi o te Hahi i Hiruharama,
+ko Hemi tama a Arapiu he teina a Hemi ki te
+Ariki I taua takiwa, he kupu noa iho nei te
+pihopa, kahore i ahua ke nga kakahu, me nga
+tikanga, i rite te whakaaro o te Hahi katoa, a,
+ko nga pihopa me nga kaumatua i whakapononga
+i a ratou, na te Karaiti hoki tera tikanga pai i
+whakatakoto i mua atu o te matenga I tau-
+tohetohe hoki nga akonga i mea, ko tehea ra hei
+rangatira mo ratou Ka rongo te Ariki, ka mea
+atu, &quot;Ko nga kingi o nga tauiwi hei rangatira mo
+ratou, ko o ratou kai tohutohu e meinga ana
+he hunga mahi pai Otira, kaua koutou e pena,
+engari, ko te mea nui o koutou hei muringa, a,
+ko te rangatira, kia pera mo ia e whakapononga
+ana &quot; Ruka xxiiâ25, 26
+
+Ko te runanga tuatahi o te Hahi o te Ariki, i
+tuna ki Hiruharama, i reira a Paora, a Pita, a
+Panapa, me te tini atu, ko Hemi ia te upoko o
+taua runanga, i a ia te kupu whakamutunga, a,
+ko tana kupu i mana i te mano Nga Hahi xv
+
+â13 Ko te tau i tu ai tenei runanga, ko te 51
+Ko te take i tu ai taua runanga he korero no
+etahi o nga Parihi ki te Hahi o Anatioka, &quot;ki te
+kore koutou e kotea ki te ritenga a Mohi, ekore
+koutou e ora &quot; Nga Maki xvâ1
+
+Noho noa nei a Hemi hei kaumatua mo te
+
+Hahi matua i Hiruharama, taea noatia te tau 62,
+Ka mate ia, he mea kohuru na nga Hurai Tonoa
+ana e nga rangatira o nga Hurai, i kino nei ki te
+rongo pai, kia kake a Hemi ki tetahi o nga keo
+koanga o te temepara whakapuaki ai i ana kupu
+kia ata rangona e te mano No te ekenga, ka
+whakataka iho o ratou, a, akona ana ki te kohatu
+Ka whakaaio a Hemi ka mate ia, ka tuturi nga
+tini, kawea, &quot;E te Ariki te Atua te Matua, ka
+mai atu nei ahau mo ratou, no te mea, ekore
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ratou e matau ki tenei mahi a ratou ' Puta kau
+ano enei kupu i te mangai o Hemi, ka rere atu
+he tangata me te pouwhenua, akona ana ki te
+matenga Na taua rakau, na te kohatu whiu
+mai o te tokomaha, ka mate a Hemi te Tika i to
+whenua i kohurutia ai tona Ariki a Ihu Ko te
+
+ roa tenei o nga Hemi i mate ki Hiruharama, i o
+Hemi te tama a Heperi, na Herora te kingi
+patu Nga Mahi xiiâ2
+
+Ka mate a Hemi te Tika, ka tangotango wha
+kaaro te Hahi ki tetahi tangata hei whakakapi
+mo tona turanga, hei upoko mo te Hahi matua
+Ko ta ratou tangata i pai ai, ko Hamiora, tama
+a Kereopa raua ko Meri Ko nga tau i Kawana
+ai a Haimona i te Hahi i Hiruharama 43, no
+te tau o te Ariki 107 ka mate a Haimona te tua
+rua onga pihopa o Hiruharama, i kohurutia he
+mea ripeka Otira ko te mana anake o te Hahi
+i Hiruharama i kitea i te tau 107, ko te mana o
+te iwi kua ngaro noa atu kia rite ai hoki te
+poropititanga o te Ariki e kii nei, ' E tae mai nga
+ia ki a koe, e tu ai te maioro a o hoa riri i waho
+ake i a koe; a, ka kamapotia koe, a, ka tauaraitia
+koe i tetahi taha, i tetahi taha A, ka whaka
+horoa koe ki raro ki te whenua, me ou tamariki
+i roto i a koe, a, ekore e waiho tetahi kamaka i
+runga i tetahi kamaka i roto i a koe, no te mea
+kihai koe i matau ki te wa a to tirohanga '
+Ruka x1xâ43, 44.
+
+TE TANGI A RAWIRI MO HAORA RAUA KO
+
+HONOTANA
+
+Hinga ana te ataahua o Iharaira,
+
+Ki runga ra ki ou wahi tiketike,
+
+Ano te hinganga o nga nui'
+
+Kauraka ra e korerotia ki Kata,
+
+Kauaka ra nge e panuitia ki nga ara o Ahakorono
+
+Kei hari ra e nga tamahine a nga Parihitini
+
+Kei whakakoakoa nga tamahine a te kokoti kore
+
+E nga maunga o Karapoa, kauraka he tomairangi
+
+Kauaka ra he ua ki runga ki a koutou,
+
+Nga mara hoki mo nga whakahere,â
+
+Na te mea koa, i whiua kinotia ki rena
+
+Te tauarai o nga nui, te tauarai o Haora,
+
+Engia ano ia kihai ia i whakamahia ki te hinu
+
+I te toto o nga mea mate, i te ngako e nga nui
+
+Kahore i hoki ki muri te kopere a Honatana,
+
+Te hoari ra a Haora kaore i hoki kau mai
+
+Ko Haora raua ko Honatana i humarie,
+
+I ahuareka i te oranga ai,
+
+A, i to raua matenga, kihai i wehewehea
+
+Hira ake to raua roto i nga nehera,
+
+Rahi ake te kaha i nga raiona
+
+E nga tamahine o Iharaira,
+
+Tangihia mai a Haora,
+
+Nana nei koma i hipoki
+
+Ki nga mei pakurakura,
+
+Me etahi atu whakahari,â
+
+I whakapiri ki o korua kakahu
+
+Nga koma hei whakapai iho
+
+Ano te hinganga o nga nui,
+
+I waenga parekura'
+
+Patua iho koe e Honatana
+
+Ki ou wahi tiketike
+
+i, koera ana au ki a koe,
+
+E toku tuakana e Honatana
+
+Nui atu to ahuareka ki au,
+
+He aroha whakamiharo tau ki ahau,
+
+Hua ake i to aroha wahine
+
+Ano te hinganga o nga nui '
+
+Nga patu hoki o te whainga ngaro noa ia e
+
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH9829.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH9829.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASH9829.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,592 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/12/12_3_6.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">12_3_6.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">12_3_6.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Te Haeata 1859-1862</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Date">18610902</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Volume">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Number">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">1526</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PagedImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9829c53d3b69998a917df0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395215222</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215223</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9829.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">12_3_6_1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">12_3_6_1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">12_3_6_2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">12_3_6_2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">12_3_6_3.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">12_3_6_3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">12_3_6_4.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">12_3_6_4_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">12_3_6_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">12_3_6_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">12_3_6_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">222552</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1522</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">217KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">12_3_6_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">12_3_6_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">12_3_6_1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">420</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+
+  TE HAEATA
+  TE UTU MO TE TAU }
+KOTAHI 2s 6d}               &quot; Tatou ka haere i to Ihowa Maramatanga.&quot;       { TE  MO TE PUKAPUKA
+KOTAHI 3d
+   VOL. 111.1                    AKARANA,     HEPETEMA      2, 1861.                     [No. 6.
+   MARAMATAKA   MO HEPETEMA.
+
+  Hei te 5 o nga ra Hua ai te Mamma.
+  Hei te 19 o nga ra Kowiti ai te Marama.
+
+
+ 1   Ra Tapu    Waiata 1 âo.
+ 2  Manei    
+ 3   Turei     
+ 4  Wenerei    
+ 5  Taroi     
+ 6  Parairei
+ 7  Hatarei
+
+ 8  Ra Tapu    Waiata 58, 59. 40.
+ 9   Manei
+10  Turei
+11  Wenerei
+12  Tarei
+13  Parairei
+14  Hatarei
+
+15  Ra Tapu    Waiata .
+16   Manei   
+17   Turei   
+18  Wenerei
+19  Tarei    
+20  Parairei   
+21   Hatarei   
+                                               
+22   Ra Tapu   Waiata 107.
+23   Manei    
+24  Turei      
+25   Wenerei   
+26  Tarei
+27   Parairei
+28   Hatarei   
+
+29   Ra Tapu    Waiata .
+30   Manei
+
+
+E taia ana Te Haeata i te tahi o nga ra
+o nga marama katoa.
+Te utu  mo  tenei niupepa hia rua hereni
+mo te  Tau te kau ma  rua nga niupepa e
+taia i te tau kotahi.
+Ko nga tangata e mea ana kia taia o ratou
+whakaaro ki tenei niupepa, me tuhituhi a ratou
+pukapuka ki te Kai-Tuhi o Te Haeata, ara ki a
+Te Patara, kei Onehunga.  Ko  te tangata
+e hiahia ana  kia taia tona panuitanga ki
+te Haeata nei, me kawe i tana pukapuka kia
+Te  Wirihana ki te Whare  Perehi o &quot;The
+New  Zealander,&quot; ma Te Wirihana e whaka-
+rite utu mo te panuitanga ka taia. 
+
+TE   HAEATA.
+
+      AKARANA, HEPETEMA 2, 1861.
+   NGA TIKANGA  E MUTU AI TE
+              WHAWHAI.
+
+                    NA  RONGOMAU.
+I   III. Ko nga Tikanga e mutu ai te Wha-
+ whai. Kei mea  mai te tangata, kahore
+ he tikanga e mutu ai te whawhai. Ka-
+: ore, he ukanga ano. Kere, i penei o ma-
+ tou tupuna i mua me koutou, otiia, kua
+ mutu ke o matou whawhai penei me a
+, koutou. Ahakoa, Mano tini nga Pakeha,
+âhe iwi nui rawa, kua mahue noa atu
+| ona pakanga whenua, ona pakinga Maori
+i nei. He iwi maia ano ki te whawhai me
+ ka pokanoa te kino io a ratou, he iwi ma-
+ ia ki te whawhai kaipuke i waenga mo-
+ ana, ki te whawhai parekura i te tua-
+ whenua; otiia, ekore ratou e whawhai ki
+i a ratou ano, pena me komou. Na te aha
+ koia i pai ai? Na te Whakapono. Na  te
+ Mahara !
+    1 Na te  Whakapaho.   Koia tenei ko
+ te kino putake tenei o nga tikanga ka-
+ toa, o mutu  ai te whawhai.   E ki ana a
+ Paora, &quot;E pai ana (e whakapono mo nga
+ mea  katoa, kei reira hoki te korero o te
+ oranga  mo naianei nei, 
+
+
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">12_3_6_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">12_3_6_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">12_3_6_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">306742</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1501</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">300KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">12_3_6_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">12_3_6_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">12_3_6_2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">426</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+                                     TE HAEATA.
+tena, te kura, te mahi Pakeha, te mohio-
+tanga o te Pakeha. Kahore he Kura i o
+koutou matua, kuare ana ratou, tupu ku-
+are ana  koutou.  Engari tenei, kua wai
+kura mo a koutou tamariki, kura Maori,
+kura Pakeha, kura pukapuka, kura tuhi-
+tuhi, kura whika, kura whakaatu i nga ti-
+kanga  katoa o te moni, o te rakau, o te
+taonga, o te hoko, o nga mea katoa. Na,
+kia aroha koutou ki te kura mo a koutou
+tamariki, kia ngakau nui ki tena mea.
+Kia mea  he kura ki nga kainga katoa.
+Kia  tika hoki te whakaaro ki te kai-wha
+kaako: e mahi ana ia i te kura mo a kou-
+tou tamariki, e mahi ana koutou i te ora-
+nga mona.   &quot;He  utu ki a ia, e tika nei
+te utu.&quot;  Kati te hoko paura, pu, mata;
+engari, ko o koutou taonga kia rongoatia.
+hei utu mea  mo te kura, kia pono ai te
+kura mo  a koutou tamariki.
+   Tetahi: Tukua a koutou  tamariki kia
+akona ratou ki nga mahi Pakeha; kia
+meinga ai ratou he tohunga Pakeha. He
+aha te pai o te tohunga Maori? Kahore
+ra hoki. Heoti ano  tona tohungatanga,
+he kuwaretanga. Ka  ngaro tena tohu-
+ngatanga.  Engari te tohungatanga Pa-
+keha e nui haere ana. Koia ahau ka mea
+ai. kei ngaro o koutou tamariki i te ku-
+waretanga ; tukua kia whakaakona ratou
+e te Pakeha, kia waiho ratou i muri i u
+koutou, hei tohunga mo  te ao nei; hei
+tohunga hanga kaipuke, hei tohunga hu-
+nga whare, hei tohunga ruri whenua, hei
+tohunga mahi rongoa, hei tohunga whatu
+kakahu, hei tohunga tui hu, hei tohunga
+tahu toki, hei tohunga hoki mo nga tini
+mahi  a te Pakeha. Na,  kia tika hoki te
+whakaaro ki nga Kai-tohutohu. E wha-
+kaako ana ia i a koutou tamariki, e mahi
+ana koutou i te oranga mona. He utu ki
+a ia e tika nei te utu.&quot; Kati te hoko pau-
+ra, pu mata, ko o koutou taonga, me ro-
+ngoa, hei hoko mea mo o koutou tamariki,
+mo  ta ratou mahi hou, mo ta ratou mahi
+tohunga.
+  Tenei  hoki tetahi. Ko nga mohiota-
+nga o te Pakeha kia riro i u koutou ta-
+mariki : te reo Pakeha, te tuhituhi Pake-
+ha, nga pukapuka Pakeha, nga mohiota-
+nga o te Pakeha ki nga tini mea katoa. E
+taea te korero ena  mohiotanga? Titiro
+ki ona kaipuke tima, ki ona kaata tima,
+ki ona mira, ki ona karaka, ki ona perehi
+ta pukapuka, ki ona mea katoa, kia maha,
+mana  noa atu.  Na ! kia riro enei mea i
+a koutou tamariki, ka tahi ka tino ranga-
+tira, kia ki o ratou ngakau i enei mea, na
+ka tahi ka mutu te whawhai, aro, ka tahi
+ka  kore rawa te ngakau tutu, te hiahia
+whawhai.  Kei mea koutou e kore enei
+mea  e riro i a koutou tamariki, kahore,
+ka riro ano  i a ratou ki te ako. E tika
+ana, e kore e riro katoa i te tau kotahi,
+otiia, rae mahi, me ako, me kura, me ma-
+nawanui, me  ngakau nui. Kua mohio
+ano etahi ki etahi o enei mea, kua mohio
+ki te kamura ware, kua mohio ki te mahi
+paamu,  ki te mahi whiti, ki te huri para-
+oa, ina, kia whai ngakau koutou ki enei
+mea,  ka kitea katoatia. E hoa  ma, kia
+penei ta tatou mahara ki a koutou tama-
+riki, kia whakatupu Pakeha.
+   2. Kia tika hoki te mahara ki o koutou
+kainga, ara, ki o koutou nohoanga.  Ti-
+tiro ki o te Pakeha kainga, e noho huihui
+ana, ara e noho taone ana ; otiia, e noho
+tika ana, he whare ano mo tena tangata
+me  tona hoa, me o rana tamariki, he ru-
+ma ano mo nga, matua. he ruma ano mo
+ia tamariki, mo ia tamariki, he ruma ano
+mo  te manuhiri ; e kore e moe huihui,
+koia tena e te whanau, kia pena koutou.
+Waihoki,  ko nga kai tiaki, ko nga katipa,
+ko  nga kai-whakawa, hei pehi i te kino.
+Ka tino tetahi tangata, ka tahae ranei, kai
+kohuru  ranei, e kore e oho katoa te ta-
+ngata ; e whakaaro ana  ki nga katipa,
+nga kai-whakawa, kua  oti te whakarite
+hei rami i te kino. Haere arm nga katipa,
+hopu  marie ana i te tangata hara, kawe
+marie ana ki te kai-whakawa, whakawha-
+kia marietia ana e ia, whakarite marie
+ana i te utu mo ana kino; heoi ano, ko te
+mano  o nga tangata o te taone, e mahi
+tonu ana  ia tangata, ia tangata, i tana
+mahi  ake ano.  E kore e oho katoa te 
+kainga mo  te hara o  te tangata kotahi, 
+Waihoki, e te. whanau, kia penei he taone
+mo koutou, kia penei he whare mo kou-
+tou, ahakoa, he whare raupo, e pai una.
+kei a koutou hoki te rakau, te toetoe te
+raupo, te harakeke katoa ; kia tika ai te
+noho, kia tika ai te moe: kati te moe hui-
+hui, kia kore ai tenei take o te whawhai.
+Whakaritea  marietia o koutou tamahine, 
+o koutou  taitama, kia marenatia tikatia,
+kia pai hoki he whare mo raua; kia pai
+ai te noho, kia tika ai. Me  ki atu hoki
+ki te Pakeha, kia whakaritea he katipa,
+he kai-whakakawa mo  o koutou taone.
+Ko etahi o o koutou tangata, hei katipa,
+ko o koutou Rangatira, hei whakawa, hei
+pehi i te kino.  Otiia, kia tika te whaka-
+aro o te tangata  ki te inana o te katipa,
+o te kai-whakawa, kia rongo, kia tupato,
+kia whakaao., kaua e whakakake, kaua e
+turi, kaua e pakeke.  Kia penei, e kore
+e tupu te kino i roto i a koutou.
+
+   TE TIKANGA    O TE  NOHO   PUKU.
+HE  mahi tika tenei te noho puku, ki te
+mania  tikatia e te tangata. I whakaritea
+tenei mahi e nga iwi o namata hei tohu
+ripeneta, hei whakamamae i te ngakau,
+hei whakaiti i te tangata.  I whakaritea
+tenei e te Karaiti i tona nohoanga i te
+ao, e whakaritea ana hoki tenei mahi e
+nga  tangata pai inaianei hei whakanui i
+to ratou mahi ki te Atua.
+  Tenei  nga ritenga e tika ai te noho
+ puku, e paingia ai tenei mahi e te Atua.
+  Tetahi, kia pono te mahi, kia kaua te
+ tangata e  kai i te ra e  whakaritea  ;Â»i
+ tenei mea.  Ka ara po  te iwi ki te tao
+ kai, kai marire ana, a awatea noa e kai
+ ana, kaiahi ka whakamui u, mea tonu iho,
+ e noho puku ana, kahore matou e mo-
+ hio he  noho puku  tenei.  Huaatu, he
+ whakarite kau tena, e tango kau ana i te
+ kupu noho puku, i te mea e ki ana te
+ kopu i te kaiânoho puku ana i runga i
+ te kopu ki. Engari, ka noho puku, kaua
+ e kai i te ata a ahiahi noa, kei whakarite
+ ngutu kau i tenei mahi tapu. I pera a
+ Ninewe: te kupu  tenei, &quot;Kei  pa kai
+ ratou, me he  aha, me he aha, kei kai,
+ kei inu wai.&quot;
+   Tetahi, me whakarite tenei moa i runga
+ i te ngakau ripeneta ki te Atua. Tona
+ tikanga tenei, he tohu ripeneta, e whaka-
+ mamae  ana i te tinana kia rite ki to te
+wairua  mamae,  kua  koingo nei, kua
+ pouri mo ana kino. Na, ko te tangata e
+ mahi tika ana i tenei mahi, e mahi ana i
+ runga i te ngakau pouri mo ana hara,
+ mo nga hara o tona iwi, e kohikohi anu
+ i una kino, e whakina ana ki te aroaro o
+ te Atua, e whakanui ana i tana mahi
+ inoi kia murua nga kino e te Atua. Mo
+ konei te kupu mo Ninewe. kia hipokina
+ te tangata ki  te kakahu  taratara, kiu
+ kaha to ratou karanga ki te Atua. Nu,
+ ko te tangata e mahi kau ana i tenei mahi
+i runga i te whakapehapeha, i te pakeke,
+i te ngakau mahara kore, koingo kore, e
+ mahi a Parihi ana, he mahi tinihanga hoki
+tana ki le aroaro o te Ama.
+   Tetahi, me tahuri ke te iwi e noho puku
+ana i tana ara kino, me whakarere hoki
+ nga he katoa. Ko  tetahi tikanga tenei i
+roto i tenei mahi, he whakaaetanga no te
+ngakau  kia tahuri ke i tana ara kino, kia
+whakarerea.  Ka  kaiponuhia ana he, ka
+purutia tonutia, ka kati tonu ano i runga
+i ana  huarahi haere ai, he horihori to
+noho  puku, e mamingaminga ana ki te
+Atua.  Engari ta Ninewe:  mea ana te
+ kingi, &quot;Kia hoki atu ano hoki nga tangata
+ i tana ara kino i tana ara kino, i te unu
+ ano hoki o o ratou ringaringa.&quot; &quot; A te
+ kitenga o te Atua i a ratou mahi, kua
+ tahuri atu ratou i to ratou ara kino, na,
+ ka ripeneta te Atua ki te kino 5 kiia e ia
+ kia meatia ki a ratou, kihai hoki i meatia.&quot;
+ Tena ka noho puku te tangata i runga i
+ te he, ka pupuru tonu i ana lake he, me
+ana pakanga, me nga taonga pahua, me
+ nga mauahara, me nga aha noa, he mahi
+ pehea ranei tona ki to aroaro o te Atua?
+ Ma te Poropiti ma Ihaia tatou e korero :
+ tirohia te 58 o nga upoko o tana poropiti-
+ tanga, e ki ana, &quot; Nana, i tera.e noho
+ puku ai koutou e kitea ana e koutou te
+ ahuareka, e akiakina ana hoki e koutou a
+ koutou mea whakamauiui katoa. Nana
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">12_3_6_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">12_3_6_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">12_3_6_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">298271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1526</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">291KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">12_3_6_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">12_3_6_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">12_3_6_3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">419</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE  HAEATA.
+Ki te Kai-tuhituhi o te Haeata Waikato NA TE MANIHERA Burmah 
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">12_3_6_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">12_3_6_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">12_3_6_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">309328</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1435</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">302KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">12_3_6_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">12_3_6_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">12_3_6_4_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">446</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+                                    TE  HAEATA.
+TE IWI 1 A IA NGA KARAIPITURE.
+
+  TE TAKIWA o NEHEMIA o TE KARAITI.
+KUA  kite tatou na nga kingi o Pahia nga
+Hurai  i whakahoki atu ki to ratou whe-
+nua.  Na Hairuha  hoki, na Tariuha, na
+Arataherehe  Ringaroa.  Na, pai tonu te
+mahi a nga Pahi ki nga Hurai tae noa ki
+te wa i kore ai to ratou rangatiratanga.
+  Muri iho i te matenga o Nehemia, i te
+tau 408 ki a te Karaiti, i hanga tetahi te-
+mepara ki runga  ki maunga Kerihimi,
+kei Hamana, na Hanaparata Horoni taua 
+whare.  Te take o tenei temepara, ko te
+painga a Nehemia i a Manahe, hunaonga
+o Hanaparata-  Ko  taua Manahe, he ta-
+ma ia na Toara, na te tino tohunga, a ka-
+hore i tika kia marena ia i te wahine iwi
+ke.  Riri rawa atu a Hanaparata, a, i te
+mea kua mate a Nehemia, hanga ana e ia
+tona  temepara, whakaturia ana e ia a
+Manahe  hei tino tohunga. Tu ana taua
+whare  hei rerenga atu ma nga tangata
+tatu o Hiruharama.  Heoiano nga Ka-
+raipiture i whakaaetia e nga Hamari ko
+nga pukapuka a Mohi.  Tirohia te kupu
+a te wahine o Hamaria, Hoani, 4, 20.
+   * &quot;533  nga tau  ki a  te Karaiti, ka
+ puta mai tetahi kingi nui i te taha ki te
+ hauauru, a Arekahanara, kingi o Kariki,
+ e haere atu ana ki te rawhiti, whawhai
+ ai ki nga Pahi, ki nga rangatira o nga
+ Hurai.   Puta mai ana  ki Taira, ki tetahi
+ pa nui ki te taha o te moana nui. i te taha
+ ki te nota o Kanaana. Horo ana i a ia.
+ Na, ko te ahunga mai ki te tonga, te
+ tino wehinga o nga Hurai. Tonoa mai
+ ana e ratou a ratou tangata nunui me te
+ tino tohunga, a Tarua, hei whakamarie
+ i a Arekahanara.
+   &quot;Te  kitenga a taua kingi i te ingoa o
+ Ihowa  e piri ana ki te potae o te tino
+ tohunga, tuohu ana ia ki taua ingoa i
+ tae atu nei te rongo ki a ia. Na, wha-
+ kakitea ana e ratou ki a ia nga kupu a
+ Kamera  mona, ara, te whakaritenga a ta-
+ ua  poropiti i a ia, i mua, ki te koati toa
+ e haere mai ana i te taha ki te hauauru,
+ e rere atu ana ki te hipi toa, ara, ki nga
+ Pahi, e tu ana i te taha o te awa, o Upa-
+ rati, whawhai ai, a hinga ana i a ia.
+    &quot;Te kitenga o Arekehanara i aua ko-
+ rero a ta ratou poropiti, whakapai tonu
+ atu ki nga Hurai;  whakaorangia ake e
+ ia. Haere  tonu atu, riro tonu atu i a ia
+ nga Pahi me nga iwi maha o era wahi i
+  tera taha o Uparati.
+    &quot;Tona  matenga, ka riro a Kanaana i
+  te kingi o Hiria.  Kihai i taro kua riro
+  ano hoki i te kingi o Ihipa. Horo ana
+  a Hiruharama i a ia. Tini noa iho nga
+  Hurai i whakaekea  atu e ia ki tetahi pa
+  i hunga e Arekahanara ki Ihipa, ara, ki
+ Arekehanara.&quot;
+
+    *No Te  &quot;Whakapapa&quot;  tenei wahi o te korero.
+  Ko Toreme  Hotere te ingoa o taua ki-
+ngi i Ihipa, nana nga Hurai i whakaeke
+ki Arekehanara.  I te rima o nga tau o
+tona kingitanga i whakaturia a Haimona
+Tika hei tino tohunga  ki Hiruharama.
+E iwa nga tau i mahi ai ia ki te mahi to-
+hunga.  He tangata pai a Haimona, he
+tangata mohio.  Nana nga pukapuka a
+aua tangata, a Nehemia, a Etera, a Ma-
+raki, i apiti ki nga Karaipiture. (292 ki
+a te Karaiti.)
+  Te matenga o Hotere, ka tu ko tona ta-
+maiti, ko Toreme Pirarepena. Na tenei
+te tikanga i tuhituhia nga Karaipiture ki
+te reo Kariki. He  reo Hiperu  hoki le
+reo o nga  Hurai; kahore i mohiotia e
+nga iwi ke atu.  Engari te reo Kariki i
+mohiotia.  E whitu  tekau ma  rua nga
+Hurai nana  nga Karaipiture i whaka-
+maori  ki te reo Kariki.  Ko  Ereatara,
+teina o Haimona Tika, to ratou kauma-
+tua.  Ko  te Hepetuakuniti (Septuagint),
+te ingoa i karangatia ki taua whakamao-
+ritanga mata ati o nga Karaipiture. Te
+tau o tenei whakamaoritanga, 254 ki a te
+Karaiti.  Ko te pukapuka tenei i kore-
+rotia e Paora ma.   He  mahi pai tenei
+whakamaoritanga, no te mea ka tahi ka
+taea e nga tangata iwi ko te korero i nga
+kupu  a te Atua pono.   Ko tetahi mahi
+tenei i whakatikaia nga ora a to tatou
+Ariki a te Karaiti.
+
+  KEI WHAKAWIRIA    KETIA NGA
+          KARAIPITURE.
+
+
+
+
+ano taua mahi i ahu mai i te Atua, he
+pokanoa  hoki na Iharaira. Rokohanga
+mai he kingi ano to ratou ko Ihowa hoki,
+ titiro ano ratou ka whakahawea ki to
+ratou Kingi nui ki a Ihowa, ka mea me
+tangata ano hei kingi mo  ratou.  Kihai
+a Ihowa  i pai i te tuatahi, otiia tohe ana
+ te iwi tutu, kaiahi ia ka whakaaeâwha-
+kaae ana i runga i te pakeke, whakahe-
+ngia iho, (tirohia 1 Hamuera 10. 18. 19;
+upoko  12, rarangi 17  hoki.  Oti me
+ tango tatou i nga tikanga katoa a Iharaira
+ hei tauira mo tatou ? â Nga tikanga tutu,
+amuamu,  puremu, karakia whakapakoko,
+aha, aha? Kahore,  ekore e tika. Kihai
+ era i tuhituhia kia tauiratia e tatou, engari
+ hei whakatupato era i a tatou, kia tirohia
+ nga ho, kia tirohia nga utu. kei pera tahi.
+ Waihoki   ta ratou tangi ki to kingi mo
+ ratou, ehara i le tauira mo tatou.
+   Te  tuatoru o nga he.  Te kapenga o
+ tetahi wahi o le kupu : e ki ana taua ture
+ a Mohi ki a Iharaira, &quot;Ko ta Ihowa ta
+ tou Atua e whiriwhiri ai ko ia anake tau
+ e mea ai hei kingi mou.&quot; Na te Atua ta
+ ratou kingi i whiriwhiri, ka mutu, tonoa
+ ana e ia a Hamuera poropiti ki le whaka-
+ wahi, ki te whakaatu ano ki a Iharaira
+ tana i pai ai. Kihai i waiho ma te tangata
+ e whiriwhiri, ma te tangata e whakaatu.
+ Engari mana ano e whiriwhiri, mana ano,
+ a a, ma tana pononga ma Hamuera e
+ whakaatu.  Tena kowai te poropiti kua
+ tae mai ki nga tangata Maori korero mai
+ ai, me pera ratou, me whakatu a mea
+ hei kingi?
+   Kati te whakawiri ke i nga kupu a te
+ Atua, kei penatia tatou me   nga iwi o
+ namataâwhakawiria  ketia ana nga kupu,
+ a &quot;' ngaro iho ratou,&quot; e ai ta Pita. Aua
+ te tangata kuare e tango noa i nga kupu
+ tapu, whakangaua ketia e ia ona ritenga;
+ engari me rapu marire ki ona kai-wha-
+ kaako ki nga mea mohio nga mea ngaro.
+ Kei arahi matapo ia i nga tangata, kei
+ tokomaha  ratou ki te he, hinga tahi ana
+ ki le waikeri.
+
+ E KOWHIUWHIU  ana tatou i te witi, otiia e
+ tahuna ana nga papapa ki le ahi. Wai-
+ ho ko te Atua e whiu ana i ana tamariki
+ kia whai hua.  Otiia e whiu ana i te ta-
+ ngata he kia mate.
+i NA te nui o te waipuke i hoki ai te kuku-
+
+
+  
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASHb587.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASHb587.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASHb587.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,869 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/10/10_1_3.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_3.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_3.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Te Whetu o Te Tau</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Date">18580901</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Volume">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Number">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">2201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PagedImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb587c4fd6e299110eafddf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395215221</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215222</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb587.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_10.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_10_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_11.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_11_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_12.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_12_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_13.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_13_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_14.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_14_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_3_10.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_3_10.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_3_10.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">279618</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2187</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">273KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_3_10.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_3_10.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_3_10_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">293</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+No. 3.
+
+AKARANA, HEPETEMA 1, 1858.
+
+VOL 1.
+
+Haere atu ra e taku kupu i runga i te aroha wha-
+katohua ki oku hoa Maori katoa. E hoa ma, tena
+koutou. Kia mau mai te whakaaro ki te Atua,
+no te mea hoki, ko te matua ia mo te tangata.
+Tenei tana kupu. &quot;E haere mai ratou i runga i
+te tangi, a, ka arahina e au i runga i te inoi; ka
+meinga ratou o ahau kia haere i te taha o nga
+awa wai, i roto i te ara tika, ekore e tutuki te
+wae i reira, no te mea, ko au hei Matua mo Iha-
+raira, ko Eparaina ano hei matamua ki ahau.&quot;â
+Heremaia xxxiâ9.
+
+Ko tenei e oku hoa aroha kia piri pu ki te
+whakapono kia rokohanga noatanga e te he e
+noho tika ana i te aroaro o te Atua, i te aroaro o
+te tangata, ka oti hoki te tuhituhi, &quot;E mau ki
+nga mea whawhai katoa a te Atua, kia taea ai e
+koutou te tu atu ki te riri i te ra kino a, te oti-
+nga o nga mea katoa kia tu.&quot;âEpeha viâ13.
+
+Kia tau ki a koutou katoa te atawhai o to tatou
+Ariki, ma ona toto tapu e horoi o koutou hara
+katoa, mana koutou katoa e whakawhiwhi ki tona
+Wairua Tapu, kia waiho ai koutou hei mangaro te
+Waina Pono i tenei ao, a, hei Tohunga, hei Kingi
+i tera ao atu. Ko taku inoi tenei mo koutou
+katoa.
+
+NA HARE REWETI.
+
+Akarana, Akuhata, 1858.
+
+KO NGA PUKAPUKA O NGA RANGATIRA.
+
+E hoa e Hare Reweti, tena koe. Ka nui toku
+aroha ki a koe no te mea koa tauwehe o taua
+tinana. E hoa o te whetu o te ata, tena koe.
+Tena koe te tangata nana i tui te waka kia mau.
+E hoa, e mohio ana koe ki nga tangata katoa. E
+hoa tena koe.
+
+NA POTATAU TE WHEROWHERO.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+Rangiaohia.
+
+Haere ra e taku aroha ki a Hare Rewiti
+E hoa e Hare Reweti, tena koe. Ka nui taku
+mihi ki a koe i roto i nga marama i nga ra. E
+hoa tena koe, te mahi mai na i nga mahi tohu o
+te Atua. He waiata aroha.
+
+Taku turanga kei te ihi o te whare
+
+Me te kai aohia te roimata i ahau,
+
+Aroha i mahuki ki te tau ka wehea
+
+Ka ngaro ki te kore
+
+Naku koe i tuku atu i te mata i rarau
+
+Te rehia i te ara koa
+
+Te ringa toro, i te ringa horahora.
+
+Heoi ano,
+
+Na to hoa aroha,
+
+NA HOHEPA TAMAMUTU,
+
+Kei Taupo.
+
+Haere atu ra e taku aroha i nga hihi o te
+marama ka rakaunuitia ki a Hare Reweti. E
+hoa e Hare Reweti, tena koe. Ka nui toku aroha
+ki a koe. Katahi ano au ka tao mai i te kawe i te
+aroha kua honea e te Karaiti ki te ao ki a tatou
+hoa i Taranaki e mahi aua i nga ritenga pouri o
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 
+
+te ao. E pa, i haere au i runga i nga ture i
+whakatakotoria  hei mahi mo nga tangata katoa
+kia whiwhi ki te kotahitanga. E ki ana hoki a
+Paora ko te mea nui ano o enei ko te aroha
+Koriniti xiiiâ13. Me te kupu e mea ana, ka
+kawea hoki matou e te aroha o te Karaiti. Na
+konei au i mea ai kia mahia nga mahi pai ki to
+tangata. E hoa tena koe i roto i te ture atawhai.
+He waiata aroha.
+
+I muri ahiahi ka tata mai te aroha
+
+Ki te tau ra e i whakaepa
+
+I taku ohinga kei te ruru au
+
+E ko reira huaki nei to kai e anga
+
+Te wero hope te maringi nei
+
+Nana nei i hokirua mai ki te whare
+
+Taku whakara ki ngai mua ra
+
+I nga rangi raia.
+
+Heoi ano,
+
+Na to hoa aroha,
+
+NA KEREI KATEA.
+
+Kihikihi, 1858.
+
+Haere ra e taku rota ki a Hare Reweti. E
+hoa tena koe. Kia mau mai te whakaaro ki au
+tamariki i atawhainga ai e koe, i to po i te ao,
+ara i runga i te atawhai o te Ariki. Heoi ka
+mau tonu nei te aroha ki a koe me te tumanako
+tonu o te ngakau ki a koe i te po i to ao kia kite
+ra ano au i a Koe e Hare Reweti.
+
+NA HONE TERI TE PAERATA.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+Rangiaohia, Mei 26, 1858.
+Nau mai ra e taku reta ki toku matua aroha
+ki a Hare Reweti. E pa tena ra koe te noho mai
+na i tou kainga. E hoa, kotahi te mea kua kitea
+e matou ko ta te Atua kupu i ki ai ia &quot;rapua e
+koutou nga Karaipiture kei reira te orangatonu-
+tanga mo koutou.&quot; Kia rongo mai koe kua
+whakakahore matou i etahi o nga tikanga Pakeha
+i runga i to matou whenua ta te mea kua kite te
+Atua ko te moni te putake o nga kino katoa. E
+hoa kia mau mai te aroha ki nga tangata Maori
+katoa. Heoi ano
+
+NA PAORA MATENGA TE PAHUPAHU.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana,
+
+[Ae e te hoa aroha e Paora, mo rapu tonu te
+tangata i nga karaipiture ko te ora kei reira, ko
+te tika, ko te pai]
+
+Warau, Hurae 1, 1858.
+
+E hoa e Te Reweti, tena koe. E hoa ko au
+anake kei te pupuru i ta taua tikanga; otira, ko
+nga rangatira o Ngatitamatea  o Ngatimaru o
+pupuri nei i ta tatou tika. E hoa kia kaha mai.
+Ki a Te Reweti,
+
+Ngaruawahia.
+
+E hoa e Hare Reweti, tena koe i roto i te ata-
+whai o te Ariki.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_3_11.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_3_11.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_3_11.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">296516</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1924</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">290KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_3_11.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_3_11.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_3_11_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+tonu nei ki a koe, no te mea, kua piri mai koe ki
+a matou i runga i te aroha o te Atua. E hoa,
+ekore e mutu taku whakawhetai mo tana homai-
+tanga i tenei pai e mahia nei e nga runanga. E
+hoa kua tae mai tau reta, ara tau kupu e rapu
+nei koe i te tika mo to iwi, to matou kitenga i
+tau reta hari ana etahi, ka pouri etahi no te mea
+e ngaro ana koe i o ratou kanohi. E hoa tena
+koe. Ko taku kupu ki a koe ka mau toku nga-
+kau ki a koe. E hoa ekore au e wareware ki a
+koe.
+
+NA TIPENE TAHATIKA,
+
+Kaiwhakaako.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+[Kei hea hoki te mea nui u a te hoa u a Tipene,
+ka mea au koia ano tena ko te aroha.âNa HARE
+REWETI.]
+
+No Mangere.
+
+E tama e Hare Reweti, tena koe, te whaka-
+puta na i te aroha, i te marama, o runga, i
+te wahi pouri o nga tangata; ara, o te whenua.
+E tama, kia rongo mai koe i taku whakaaro mo
+nga Maori. Rere! ka rito pea te Maori ki nga
+manu, ki nga ika. To nga ika wahi to nga manu,
+to nga kiore, to nga ngarara;âhe mea whaka-
+rite ano e te Atua o ratou whare. To te ika
+haerenga, he wai; to te manu he ngaherehere;
+
+to te kiore, he rua oneone. Ko onei mea katoa,
+kihai i rite te matau ki te tangata. Na, ki ta te
+manu mohio, he ngaherehere; kai ana, inu ana,
+hauhau ana, korero ana. Tena huakina te nga-
+here, ahu kau ana nga manu. Kua mutu te
+koroki o te manu i te ata, hua tangi 
+kao. Ko te rite tenei mo nga Maori. Ka mea,
+no nga Pakeha te he; kaore no ratou ano te he.
+He mea pea kia rite ki nga manu e haerere ana i
+te taha tai. Kua pari te tai, kua nekeneke kiuta;
+
+kua timu, kua matara atu te haerenga. Tera
+ano te tai punaha te haere mai ra, ngaro aua nga
+tahuna, ka kimi i te wahi hei nohoanga mo
+ratou:âkua kitea te wahi i purero, kua popo ki
+reira, ke! ke! kau ana. Mou enei korero, e te
+tangata hoko whenua. E pai kia whiwhi koe ki
+te moni hei utu eka mou. E pai kia uri kore
+koe. Kua tupu o uri, o mokopuna, kua rongo
+ratou, no te Maori ano tenei whenua, i mua mo
+tau kupu e ki na koe, &quot;Hei oneone mawai kia
+puritia, ka mate nei au.&quot; E tama e Hare
+Reweti, e penei ana nga whakaaro o te tangata
+hoko whenua. Kua reka hoki te maunu ki te
+waha. E hoa tena koe, E tama he whakaaro
+enei naku. Me he mea pea, e rongo ana nga
+tangata, ka riri ra nei, ka pai ra nei.
+Heoi ano.
+
+NA TO HOA TATA KEI MANGERE.
+
+Ki a Hare Reweti, o Niu Tireni, o Ingarangi, ra
+nei. E mahara ana au no tawahi ano pea
+koe i whanau ai, no konei ano ra nei.
+[Ekore e toku hoa tata, no tawahi ano au; he
+heka au nei ki tenei whenua ki Niu Tireni.âNa
+HAKE REWETI.]
+
+Mangere, 1858.
+
+Tenei ano te Atua o namata ko Uenuku.
+Kahore he Hurihanga o te whakaaro o mua;
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+kotahi tonu te tikanga. E hoa ma, me tuku atu
+taku kupu i te muri raro, kia kite koutou katoa i
+taku timatanga, nohoanga ki te pakeha 1835 o
+nga tau. Ka noho au i runga i te ritenga
+pakeha. Ehara te matua poriro; engari tona
+matua tupu. Titiro hoki; no te Atua te wairua,
+no te Atua hoki te tinana. He whakaaro tupu
+enei korero. He waiata:â
+
+Ra paki au ki runga ki te tawa
+
+Kia marama hau te titiro ki
+
+Wharekahokaho ki te tauira engia
+
+Ki te haramaitanga o te pai,
+
+Rakau ka tairi ia taua.
+
+Heoi ano
+
+NA HEMI KARENA,
+
+Kei Mangere.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+TE HAERENGA A REWI RAUA KO TE -WAI
+
+TERE ME TO RAUA PAKEHA.
+(He roanga no tera nupepa.)
+
+Ko te atawhai a Hoani Papita, me tona hoa
+wahine, me nga tangata katoa me nga wahine,
+nui atu. Patua ana e Hoani he poaka ma matou,
+tukua ana te paraoa me era atu kai, ko te aporo
+he ope noa mai.
+
+No te otinga o nga korero ka hoki ki Kihikihi,
+ka noho ki te kainga a Rewi, ka tukua a Te
+Waitete kia haere ki Te Kopua ki Hangatiki ki
+te tirotiro i te iwi.
+
+No to matou nohoanga Ki .Kihikihi ka tu te
+runanga, etoru te kau o nga tane ki taua runanga
+ko; kupu nei waewae; ko nga Kai whakapono
+karaipiture tokorua, ko Hemi, ko Epiha hei
+ringaringa era; ko nga pane ko Te Katea, ko Te
+Ngahuru, ko Rewi; ko Manuera te kai tuhituhi
+Ka tu te runanga tuatahi he wahine puremu,
+puta ana nga moai â¬Â£15 wahia ana mo te runanga
+etahi mo to tane o te wahine i he etahi. No te
+rua o nga turanga he hoiho te hara, puta ana ko
+te hoiho ko te wati. Ko te wati i te runanga ko
+te hoiho i te tangata nana te he. Ko te tuatoru
+he tahae, puta ana Â£5 wahia ana mo te runanga,
+mo te tangata nana te he. Te tuawha he ekenga
+no tetahi i te hoiho o tona hoa, puta ana erima
+hereni, wahia ana era. He tini nga ture i mahia
+e tenei runanga i to matou nohoanga ki reira,
+mo te waipiro, mo te korero teka, mo te puremu
+me te tini atu.
+
+He nui noa iho te mahi o tenei iwi i te ao i te
+po ki te whakatakoto tikanga hei pehi mo te he,
+hei whakatu mo te tika. I whakaae ano matou
+ki te kaha me te marama o ta ratou mahi.
+
+Ko te atawhai o nga tangata katoa o Kihikihi
+ki a matou heaha ra i korerotia ai! Kahore he
+mea i mahue, ko nga poaka, ko nga paraoa, ko
+nga heihei, ko nga ti, ko nga huka, me te tini atu
+o te kai he whiu noa mai tiketike ana. Ko to
+taonga nei ko te wahine ki te taka kai ma matou,
+ko tana mahi maori tera. Ko te hoa a Manuera
+ko etahi iho, ko etahi iho. Nawai hoki tau aroha
+e Kihikihi ki tenei hanga ki te Pakeha I
+
+No te po ka whakatomokia  te whare te tane,
+te wahine, te tamariki erua pea rau tangata. Ka
+puta te mihi o tana iwi, ka waiata mai ki a Hare
+Reweti.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_3_12.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_3_12.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_3_12.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">330424</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">323KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_3_12.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_3_12.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_3_12_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">292</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+Kei runga ko Mare:â
+
+Haere mai e Hare Reweti, haere mai e aku
+matua, kawea mai to kiri ma ki au ki to kiri
+pango. Katahi ano au ka mohio tenei te aroha
+nei te kiri ma ki au ki te kiri mangu, ki Niu
+Tireni. Kawea mai tou aroha e taku papa, ae,
+hei papa ano koe ki au.
+
+E titi te kowhiti tiaho i runga ra o
+
+Au ki raro nei whakaraupeka a i e
+
+Me pewhea ra e he mahara mahaku, e
+
+Me tahu tonu ra ki te ahi totara e
+
+Ki te ahi kapana ki a kawa i roto ra e
+
+Me aha koa ra nga mahi a te pito e
+
+Maku nei e titiro tautoru i runga ra e
+
+Matariki rahi nui ko te ahua ia e
+
+Ka whakapaiori au ka takoto kei te whare ra i a
+
+Kei runga ko Pahata;â
+Haere mai e Hare Reweti me tou teina me
+Neri kawea mai nga pai. Haere mai ki te iwi
+i hutia ake i roto i te he. Haere mai te papa o
+nga iwi Maori.
+
+[Pa katoa i konei ki te waiata, te tane te
+wahine me te tamariki, ano te reo o te tangata
+me nga wai maha.]
+
+Kahore te aroha ki te kororia tapu
+
+E wawae ake ana i te ara kuiti,
+
+Nau mai e Hare ka haere taua
+
+Ki a Ihaia, kia monitatia,
+
+Kia huihui tatou koe nohoanga nui
+
+Kia hopukia iho te kupu o te Atua
+
+Kia ahu taua ki a Ihu Karaiti
+
+Kia murua te hara i taku tinana nei.
+
+Ka mutu tenei waiata ka tu ano etahi ki te
+korero, mo te tika o te mahi, me te aroha, mo te
+tapu, kia kauaka te he e tomo mai ki nga runa-
+nga. A ka whakahua tenei waiata tangi, te
+katoa te iti me te rahi.
+
+E ao mauru e rere pokai nei
+Tangi kau ana au ki aku nei tamariki e
+Ka wehe ra i nga tau ka wehe ra i nga nohoanga
+Tahuri mai ki muri kei te mihia atu koe
+Patua a i te moana tara i te rangi
+KIA maori kia puta taua  tai a Kupe
+Kai te tai hauhuru
+E mihi ana 'au e tangi ana au
+Ki taku tane naku i mataati i nga rangi ra
+Nau mai ra ka tu kia kawhakina koe
+E hara te kuri he iti tangata
+Tena te hanga kei tai e patu ana.
+
+Tenei ano tetahi:â
+
+E au mahara iti e au mahara kore
+Ki te rau o te kaho e takoto mai noi
+Naku koe mau mai hei matua moku
+Hei whakawehi mai te tauranga kiuta
+Te atua i a koe te pa rawa mai
+To reo kia whitirere ake ko taku mauri ora
+Ki runga, ka riro ra koe i runga te au heke
+Te pae matua o Hawaiki
+
+Te hauhunuitanga awatea
+
+Ka tangi te aweawe i runga
+Mo ko uru ko ngangana
+Ka tau ana ko tawhiti, hoatu ai au
+I te tapuwae o taku waka, tuhikitia,
+Tahapainga atu, ka rere i opiki ake ai au
+Ki runga o &quot;Whitireia ki te taumata o te ra
+Me te marama, i whatetu ai te uiratanga mai
+Tupe rawa atu au tupe i nuku
+Tupe i rangi, hihi haha, te uru
+O Tangaroa kiuta mangai nuku
+Mangai rangi, mangai papa, mangai tauaia
+Io tauranga te kutikuti ai
+Te tauranga te aweawe, aweawe nui o rangi
+Ka tapu au ka hoka ka hokahoka te manu &quot;
+Nui a Tane tupea mai kia piri,
+Tupea mai kia tata, ka whitirere i manu
+Ka whiwhi au, ha rawe au, ka mau.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NGA RONGO O TAWAHI.
+
+Ko te whainga i Inia e ngahau tonu ana, e kiia
+ana ekore e oti wawe.
+
+Kotahi pa nui o Inia i horo, ko Pokeno; i
+takiri te tangata whenua.
+
+Kua tae mai nga nupepa e ki ana, ka tata ka
+whawhai te Wiwi raua ko TE INGARIHI; kua manu
+nga manuwao.
+
+Ko te whawhai ki Haina e kaha tonu ana; ko
+te Wiwi raua ko te Ingarihi nga hoa riri o Haina.
+
+Kua puta mai nga rongo whawhai o Marikena
+raua ko Ingarangi.
+
+Kua whakahoa a Ruhia raua ko te Wiwi, e rere
+mai ana nga manuwao o Ruhia ki Parani.
+
+Kua hinga te parekura ki Monetenikoro, 2, 000
+o Takei i mate; ko te Wiwi kua whakakoa ki
+Monetenikoro.
+
+E riri puku ana a Ateria raua ko te Wiwi, o
+meinga ana ka tata te pakanga.
+
+KO TE HAHI O TE KARAITI Me ONA
+MANGANGATANGA.
+
+UPOKO IV.
+I te tau o te Ariki 67 ka hapainga mai te taua
+o Roma ki te patu i nga Hurai; ko nga rangatira
+o tenei ope, ko Weteriana, ko Titaha, tama ano
+ona. Ko nga hoia o to raua ope 60, 000. No te
+horonga o Kariri, me etahi atu wahi, i Huna, ka
+hoki a Weteriana ki Roma, waiho iho ana te
+tikanga a te taua ki tana tama, ki a Titaha. Ka
+taea etahi o nga pa e te ope o Roma, ka tae atu
+ki te tau i Hiruharama; a karapotia ana e ratou
+taua pa, keria ana ki te maioro a waho, te puta
+te tangata whenua ki te rapu kai. I ia whakae-
+kenga, i ia whakaekenga, ka hinga te parekura,
+mano tini ki te moenga o tetahi o tetahi. Nawai
+ra ka taea te taiepa tuatahi, te tuarua, te tuatoru.
+Nui atu te kaha o nga Hurai, me to ratou maia;
+
+ka taea tetahi wahi o te pa, rewa ana te toto,
+kauika ana te tupapaku, ka whati iti atu, ka
+tupu ano te whana. E toru marama, tango atu
+ki te wha, i kakawa ai i roto i te pa, ka tae nga
+hoia o Roma ki te taiepa kohatu o te Temepara.
+Ko tetahi mate o to tangata whenua i roto i tenei
+whawhai, ho hiakai. Ota noa to tangata i nga
+mea kai e takoto ana, hamu noa etahi ki nga
+otaota, ki nga paru o nga huarahi, a, ko etahi i
+kai tangata. No konei koa i rite ai te porotiti-
+tanga a Mohi i mua i ki nei, &quot;A, ka kai koe i te
+hua o to kopu, i te kikokiko o o tama, o o tama-
+hine, i homai e Ihowa e tou Atua ki a koe, i te
+whakapaenga, i to kopaninga hoki o kopania ai
+koe e ou hoa riri.&quot; Tiuteronomi xx^iiiâ53.
+Ko tetahi ho i roto i tenei whainga, he putu no
+nga Hurai i a ratou ano; puke ana te toto i roto
+i te pa i ta ratou mahi kohuru i a ratou ano.
+
+No te timatanga o te whawhai ka mahara nga
+akonga ki te kupu o to Ariki, i ki nei, &quot;Ka kite
+koutou i te whakarikarika whakamarakerake i
+korerotia e Raniera te poropiti, e tu ana i to
+wahi tapu (ko ia e titiro pukapuka ana, ki a
+matau ia). Hei reira ko ratou i Huria, me  rere
+ki nga maunga.&quot; Matiu xxi^ââ¢15, 16. A, oma
+ana ratou' ki tetahi pa i nga maunga, ko Pera
+tona ingoa, ka ora i te riri o te taua waiho iho
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_3_13.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_3_13.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_3_13.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">331104</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2160</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">323KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_3_13.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_3_13.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_3_13_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+nga he ki nga Hurai kihai nei i whakapono kiate
+Karaiti.
+
+No te marama o Mei, ka taea e te ope o Roma,
+te pito ki raro o te pa; a, no nga ra o Akuhata
+ka horo te pito i tu ai te temepara. No te eke-
+nga a nga hoia ki reira, ka whiua atu e tetahi he
+mounga ahi ki roto ki taua whare, inamata! ka
+pongere, ka mura, tinei noa etahi o ratou, kihai
+i mate, pa tonu atu te ahi ki nga rakau whaka'
+iro, ki nga koura, me nga hiriwa, a, haruru haere
+ana te ahi i roto i nga ruma katoa, i te wahi
+tapu hoki. I te toronga o to temepara he mano
+nga tangata i piki ki runga ki nga keokeonga, ki
+te tuanui, tena e tae ake te ahi ki reira, ka horo
+te tuanui, pau tonu ake ratou i te kapura. Hau-
+nga nga tangata i kohurutia i roto i te temepara,
+e tere ana te toto o nga Hurai, ano he wai i roto
+i te whare o te Atua.
+
+No te patunga o tenei hunga ki te temepara,
+ka rere nga morehu ki te pito whakarunga o te
+pa, tangi ana te aru e te taua, a, horoa ana tera
+wahi. Ka patua nei te tane, te wahine, te tama-
+riki, me te awa nei te toto, a, mano tini ki te
+moenga i nga marae o nga kainga, puta ana te
+haunga, kahore hoki he kai tanu. Ara i patu
+nga hoia o Roma, i patu, ka hoha noa iho, nge-
+nge aua te ringa i te patunga. Takoto rawa iho
+kotahi miri ona kotahi rau mano, 1, 100, 000; ko
+nga herehere hei hoko mo Roma, eiwa te kau ma
+whitu mano 97, 000. Na, murua ana nga tao-
+nga katoa i toe, tahutahu rawa nga whare katoa,
+turakina ana nga pa kohatu, whakahoroa katoatia
+ana nga whare taua, pakira kau ana taua pa, en-
+gia ano kihai i nohoia tera wahi e te tangata. Pa
+ana te he nui ki nga iwi o Hiruharama, whaka-
+ritea ana e te Atua ta ratou kupu i ki atu Ki a
+Pirato, &quot;Ko ona toto, hei runga i a matou, me o
+matou tamariki.&quot; Matiu xx^uâ25.
+
+UPOKO V
+No te mutunga o to whawhai, ka, hoki a Ti-
+taha ki Roma ki te kawe i o ratou taonga, i nga
+herehere hoki. Ko nga hoia i waiho iho e Hiha
+hei tiaki mo Hiruharama, 800; ko te wahi i tu
+ai to ratou whare tiaki, ko maunga mona. A i
+roto i aua ra ka hapainga e nga Kiriki e nga
+Ratini hanga ana he pa mo ratou ki Hiruharama,
+tapa iho taua pa, ko Ena Kapitorina. I a ratou
+e noho ana, ka ngoki atu etahi o nga Hurai ki
+reira noho ai, takitahi nei.
+
+Noho noi nga Hurai i nga taone i pahaki atu i
+Hiruharama, a, ka whakatika tetahi tangata i
+roto i a ratou, ko Haimona Pukarara te ingoa.
+Mea ai taua tangata ko te Karaiti ia, whai tonu
+atu nga Hurai i a ia, haere rawa ake taea ope
+erua rau mano 200, 000. Huaki tonu atu taua
+ope ki Hiruharama, nohoia ana e aua Hurai te
+pa, me nga whare taua, me nga taone o reira.
+Ka rongo a Roma, ka hapainga mai e Hewara.
+Ka whakaekea e te taua, ka horo ho pa, ka horo
+he pa, a, turia ana ki waho, mimiti ana nga
+Hurai i a Roma, takoto rawa iho erima rau,
+e waru te kau mano 580, 000 haunga nga mea i
+tahuna ki te ahi, me nga mea i mato i te kai
+kore.
+
+I muri mai o tenei i nga ra o Anatonina Paura
+i te tau o te Ariki 138 ka waiho nga Hurai kia
+noho marire ana i etahi o nga whenua o Huria
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+otira, kihai a Hiha i whakaae kia noho ratou ki
+te pa o Hiruharama. I te tau 806 ka puta ki te
+karauna o Roma a Kanitaina nui. I whakaae tenei
+Ehara ki te whakapono, a, i roto i tana Ehara-
+tanga, mano tini te tangata i tahuri ki te Hahi.
+Tokorua raua ko tona whaea ko Herena ki te
+whakamana i te whakapono. Haere atu ana a
+Herena ki Hiruharama ki te titiro i nga wahi i
+haerea e te Karaiti, a, whakahaua iho e ia kia
+hanga he whare karakia ki te tini o te wahi i
+Hiruharama. Whakatakariri noa nga Hurai i to
+ratou kitenga i nga whare karakia o nga Karaiti-
+ana; otira, kahore he toa i kitea e ratou hei taki-
+taki i to ratou mate.
+
+I te Eparatanga o Huriana, i te tau 361 ka
+koa nga Hurai, no te mea, kahore tera Epara i
+whakaae ki a te Karaiti. I mea a Huriana kia
+whakakahoretia e ia nga korero poropiti o te
+Ariki, whakahaua ana e ia nga kai mahi kia
+hanga he temepara ki runga ki Maunga Moria;
+
+ko te ahua kia poka ke ake i te whare karakia i
+hanga e Herena ki runga ki Maunga Kaware.
+Ka rongo nga Hurai ki te whakaaro o Huriana te
+Ehara o Roma, ka whakarapopoto i a ratou ki
+Hiruharama ki te hanga i te temepara. Otira,
+kahore i puta ta ratou whakaaro, ko te whare
+karakia i tu ki Maunga Moria, na Takei, a, e tu
+mai nei ano. No konei i rite ai te kupu poro-
+piti o te Ariki i mea nei, &quot;A ka takahia a Hiru-
+harama e nga tauiwi, kia rite ra ano te wa o nga
+tauiwi.&quot;-'Ruka xxiâ24.
+
+WAIATA A RAWIRI.
+
+Tau ana te manaakitanga ki te tangata
+
+Kaore e haere i roto i te korerotanga
+
+O te hunga kino,
+
+A, kaore e turia te ara
+
+O te hunga hara;
+
+A, kaore e nohoia te nohoanga
+O nga whakahihi.
+
+Otira, ko tana whakaahuarekatanga
+Kei te ture a Ihowa,
+
+A, ko ia e whakaaro ana ki. tona ture,
+I te ao, i te po,
+
+E pera ia we te rakau whakato
+Ki te parenga o nga awa wai,
+E puta nei nga hua i ona tau;
+
+Kaore he memengetanga o tona rau
+
+A, e mana nga mea katoa,
+
+E mahia ana e ia.
+
+Ko te hunga kino ia, ekore e penei,
+
+E rite ana ki te papapa
+
+E kahakina nei e te hau;
+
+Mo konei ra, kaore he turanga
+
+O te hunga kino, ki te whakawakanga;
+
+O te hunga hara hoki
+
+Ki te menenga o te hunga tika;
+
+E matau ana hoki a Ihowa
+Ki te ara o te hunga tika;
+
+Ko te huarahi ia o te hunga kino,
+E ngaro noa iho.
+
+I taia tenei e PIRIPI KUNITA, ki Akarana.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_3_14.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_3_14.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_3_14.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">338090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">330KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_3_14.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_3_14.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_3_14_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">291</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+nga he ki nga Hurai kihai nei i whakapono kiate Karaiti. No te marama o Mei, ka taea e te ope o Koma, te pito ki raro o te pa ; a, no nga ra o Akuhata ka horo te pito i tu ai te temepara. No te eke-nga a nga hoia ki reira, ka whiua ata e tetahi he mounga ahi ki roto ki taua whare, inamata ! ka pongere, ka mura, tinei noa etahi o ratou, kihai i mate, pa tonu atu te ahi ki nga rakau whaka-iro, ki nga koura, me nga hiriwa, a, haruru haere ana te ahi i roto i nga ruma katoa, i te wahi tapu hoki. I te toronga o to temepara be mano nga tangata i piki ki runga ki nga keokeonga, ki te tuanui, tena e tae ake te ahi ki reira, ka horo te tuanui, pau tonu ake ratou i te kapura. Hau-nga nga tangata i kohurutia i roto i te temepara, e tere ana te toto o nga Hurai, ano he wai i roto i te whare o te Atua. No te patunga o tenei hunga ki te temepara, ka rere nga morehu ki te pito whakarunga o te pa, tangi ana te ara e te taua, a, horoa ana tera wahi. Ka patua nei te tane, te wahine, te tama-riki, me te awa nei te toto, a, mano tini ki te moenga i nga marae o nga kainga, puta ana te haunga, kahore hoki he kai tanu. Ara i patu nga hoia o Roma, i patu, ka hoha noa iho, nge-nge ana te ringa i te patunga. Takoto rawa iho kotahi miri ona kotahi rau mano, 1,100,000 ; ko nga herehere hei hoko mo Roma, eiwa te kau ma whitu mano 97,000. Na, murua ana nga tao-nga katoa i toe, tahutahu rawa nga whare katoa, turakina ana nga pa kohatu, whakahoroa katoatia ana nga whare taua, pakira kau ana taua pa, en-gia ano kihai i nohoia tera wahi e te tangata. Pa ana te he nui ki nga iwi o Hiruharama, whaka-ritea ana e te Atua ta ratou kupa i ki atu ki a Pi ra to, &quot;Ko ona toto, hei runga i a matou, me o matou tamariki.&quot; Matiu xxviiâ 25. UPOKO V. No te mutunga o to whawhai, ka hoki a Ti-taha ki Roma ki te kawe i o ratou taonga, i nga herehere hoki. Ko nga hoia i waiho iho e Hiha hei tiaki mo Hiruharama, 800 ; ko te wahi i tu ai to ratou whare tiaki, ko maunga Hiona. A i Toto i aua ra ka hapainga e nga Kiriki e nga Ratini, hanga ana he pa mo ratou ki Hiruharama, tapa iho taua pa, ko Eria Kapitorina. I a ratou e noho ana, ka ngoki ata etahi o nga Hurai ki reira noho ai, takitahi nei. Noho ooi nga Hurai i nga taone i pahaki ata i Hiruharama, a, ka whakatika tetahi tangata i roto i a ratou, ko Haimona Pukapara te ingoa. Mea ai taua tangata ko te Karaiti ia, whai toua atu nga Hurai i a ia, haere rawa ake tana ope erua rau mano 200,000. Huaki tonu atu taua ope ki Hiruharama, nohoia ana e aua Hurai te pa, me nga whare taua, me nga taone o reira. ka rongo a Roma, ka hapainga mai e Hewara. Ka whakaekea e te taua, ka horo ho pa, ka horo he pa, a, turia ana ki waho, mimiti ana nga Hurai i a Roma, takoto rawa iho erima rau, e waru te kau mano 580,000 haunga nga mea i tahuna ki te ahi, me nga mea i mato i te kai kore. I muri mai o tenei i nga ra o Anatonina Piura i te tau o te Ariki 138 ka waiho nga Hurai kia noho marire ana i etahi o nga whenua o Huria ;otira, kihai a Hiha i whakaae kia noho ratou ki te pa o Hiruharama. I te tau 306 ka pata ki te karauna o Roma a Kanitaina nui. I whakaae tenei Epara ki te whakapono, a, i roto i tana Epara-tanga, mano tini te tangata i tahuri ki te Hahi. Tokorua raua ko tona whaea ko Herena ki te whakamana i te whakapono. Haere atu ana a Herena ki Hiruharama ki te titiro i nga wahi i haerea e te Karaiti, a, whakahaua iho e ia kia hanga he whare karakia ki te tini o te wahi i Hiruharama. Whakatakariri noa nga Hurai i to ratou kitenga i nga whare karakia o nga Karaiti-ana ; otira, kahore he toa i kitea e ratou hei taki-taki i to ratou mate. I te Eparatanga o Huriana, i te tau 361 ka koa nga Hurai, no te mea, kahore tenei Epara i whakaae ki a te Karaiti. I mea a Huriana kia whakakahore tia e ia nga korero poropiti o te Ariki, whakahaua ana e ia nga kai mahi kia hanga be temepara ki runga ki Maunga Moria ; ko te ahua kia poka ke ake i te whare karakia i hanga e Herena ki runga ki Maunga Kaware. Ka rongo nga Hurai ki te whakaaro o Huriana te Epara o Roma, ka whakarapopoto i a ratou ki Hiruharama ki te hanga i te temepara. Otira, kahore i puta ta ratou whakaaro, ko te whare karakia i tu ki Maunga Moria, na Takei, a, e tu mai nei ano. No konei i rite ai te kupu poro-piti o te Ariki i mea nei, &quot;A ka takahia a Hiru-harama e nga tauiwi, kia rite ra ano te wa o nga tauiwi. &quot;-'Ruka xxi â 24. WAIATA A RAWIRI. TE I. Tau ana te manaakitanga ki te tangata Kaore e haere i roto i te korerotanga O te hunga kino, A, kaore e turia te ara O te hunga hara; A, kaore e nohoia te nohoanga O nga -whakahihi. Otira, ko tana whakaahuarekatanga Kei te ture a Ihowa, A, ko ia e whakaaro ana ki tona ture, I te ao, i te po E pera ia me te rakau whakato Ki te parenga o nga awa wai, E puta nei nga hua i ona tau; Kaore he memengetanga o tona rau A, e mana nga mea katoa, E mahia ana e ia. Ko te hunga kino ia, ekore e penei, E rite ana ki te papapa E kahakina nei e te hau ; Mo konei ra, kaore he turanga O te hunga kino, ki te whakawakanga . O te hunga hara hoki Ki te menenga o te hunga tika ; E matau ana hoki a Ihowa Ki te ara o te hunga tika; Ko te huarahi ia o te hunga kino, E ngaro noa iho. I taia tenei e PIRIPI KUNITA, ki Akarana.
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASHc058.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASHc058.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/HASHc058.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,703 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/xml/23/23__1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">23__1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">23__1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Matariki 1881</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Date">18810423</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Number">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">hierarchy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">1570</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PagedImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHc0581facd370dbe6bee9ee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395215223</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215225</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHc058.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__1_1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__1_1_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__1_1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__1_2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__1_2_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__1_2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__1_3.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__1_3_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">23__1_3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Supplementary Material</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Abstract</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+Matariki
+
+Editorial explaining the principle of the newspaper as to be an
+evening star watching and reporting the deeds of the land-hungry.
+
+Advises that Maori who possess crown grants should retain those lands
+in individual titles rather than place them in trusteeship with a
+committee, trust or company because the lands will be sold with all
+their resources.
+
+A new law for trustees
+
+Subtitled: A defence against wrong.  Reports an article from the
+Herald of Gisborne concerning the devastation brought on Maori from
+misdeeds by trustees of the land.  Describes the introduction of
+legislation regarding succession by a public trust, to land formerly
+possessed by those who left no will.
+
+Judgement of the Supreme Court regarding Pouawa
+
+Report of a court case against Te Riihi [William Lee Rees] and two
+associates who acted as trustees for the Maori land block known as
+Pouawa.  Case overseen by Judges Te Hiira and Oparaina, and assessor
+Retireti Tapihana [Tapsell].  Judgement against the defendants with Te
+Riihi appealing to the Supreme Court, which supports the Maori Land
+Court judgement.
+
+A spider web
+
+Discussion of new legislation for corporatising Maori land, which is
+described as a Pakeha wrong.
+
+To all the Maori people of this land
+
+Notice of the Supreme Court judgement regarding the case between
+Tareha Te Moananui and Te Riihi [William Lee Rees], concerning Rees
+charging Tareha 819pounds 19s 3d as legal costs in relation to land.
+Judgement made against Rees, who is ordered to repay the amount
+immediately.  Writer requests readers submit names of ethical lawyers.
+
+To our Maori friends of the East Coast
+
+Notice from Panera and Paerana, Gisborne, goods for sale.
+
+The sale of Whataupoko
+
+Notice from H.J.Wiini, lawyer, regarding 12,400 acres of the
+Whataupoko land block in the district of Gisborne, Poverty Bay, being
+available for sale.
+
+Notice from H.J.Wiini, lawyer, Gisborne, on behalf of Perihiwa Paaka
+to Wiremu Rii Riihi [William Lee Rees], Wiremu Pere and Riperata
+Kahutia, that land registered as 13175 is for sale.
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Newspaper pages</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">23__1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">23__1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">23__1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">221310</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1550</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">216KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">23__1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">23__1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">23__1_1_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">83</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">23__1_1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">413</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+MATARIKI.
+
+
+
+&quot; KO IA HE TARINGA ONA HEI WHAKARONGO ME WHAKARONGO.&quot;
+
+NO. 1. SUPPLEMENT TO THE &quot; AUCKLAND FREE LANCE,&quot; APRIL 23, 1881.
+
+
+
+MATARIKI
+
+APERIRA 23, 1881.
+
+
+
+Ko ahau, ko MATARIKI, te whetu o te
+ahiahi, e tarewa atu nei i runga i te pae,
+
+e titiro atu ana, e whakina atu ana tau
+
+whetu ki nga mahi a nga Kaiwhakamate
+
+i a koutou whenua. E ara tonu ana
+ahau i te ra, i te po, e heteri aua ahau, i
+nga mahi kino, e mahi ana ki runga ki a
+koutou whenua. E karanga atu ana
+hoki ahau. Aue! E hika ma E! Ka
+mate koutou! Ka mate koutou! Ara
+o koutou whenua.
+
+E rite ana ki tetahi pukapuka u kore-
+rotia ana e koutou, i pena taku mohio-
+tanga ki to korero kia koutou i nga wha-
+kaaro a nga kaiwhakamate i o koutou
+whenua.
+
+I roto i nga tau kua pahure ake noi
+he nui nga mate mo nga whenua i kitea
+atu. I kitea atu e au nga tane, nga
+wahine, nga tamariki, nga pani, nga
+pouaru e tuku atu ana o ratou whenua
+ki te ringaringa o tetahi tangata ke pu-
+puri ai. Kia ki atu ahau, kaore e mau
+âAâka hoki atu ano kia koutou.
+
+Whakina atu ana hoki taku whetu ki
+ana pononga-utu, e haere ana ki roto i a
+koutou, e whakawai ana ia koutou, e
+mea ana kia koutou &quot; Tuhi tuhi! tuhi
+&quot; tuhi! Kia matou pukapuka. Kei
+&quot; konei he oranga mo a koutou whenua.
+&quot; Ma reira hoki ka puta nui te moni kia
+&quot; koutou. Ka pena tonu te nui o te
+
+&quot; moni, me te hirere wai e maringi mai
+'' ana i runga i nga maunga.&quot;
+
+Katahi ano, ka tiro atu, E! Ka koa
+nga ngakau u tu hunga whakawai, a,
+mai ra.
+
+No taku kitenga atu i enei mahi he
+ki runga ki au, no tu mea, ko to koutou
+matua tenei i te ao nui, ku u koutou
+whenua, hei oranga mo koutou, ara, mo
+o koutou tamariki e tupu aku ana i rutu
+i te takiwa o tu Pakeha. Koia anu
+hoki te mea hei whakarangatira ia ratou
+hei whangai i a ratou, E mohio ana
+huki koutou ki nga tu tangata kaore
+nei o ratou whenua e haere noa aua i
+nga rori, a, kaore he taunga iho mona
+ki raro, a, matu noa ia. Na, E hika
+ma, ko taku mua, kia pena koutou inai-
+anei. Kaore he aroha e te tangata ke
+kia koutou. Kua hoatu e te Kawana-
+tanga he Karauna Karaati ki koutou,
+
+mo o koutou whenua. Puritia nga wahi
+hei oranga mo koutou. Ko nga wahi e
+toe ana, me he mea ka hiahia koutou ki
+te tuku, he huarahi marama ano mo
+tena. Kaua e tuku atu i o koutou
+whenua, ki etahi Komiti, ki etahi kaiti-
+aki noa iho ranei Kaua ano hoki e tuku
+i o koutou whenua i runga i nga ritenga
+Kamupene. Kia ki atu ahau kia kou-
+tou, he mate ano kei roto i ena mahi.
+Te mea tika anake ina ka hoko atu te
+whenua, me noti, me koura, me hirivva,
+Haere atu ana te whenua, haere mai ana
+te moni. Inakoa i runga i tetahi wha-
+kataua kia o koutou tupuna,' &quot; Haere
+maaha, Waiho maaha.&quot; Tena, ko te
+
+tuku atu ki nga tangata ke noa iho wha-
+kahaere ai, kaore he tika mo koutou i
+roto. Ko te whenua te rawe i pahure?
+
+
+
+He Ture hou mo nga Kai-
+tiaki.
+
+He arai atu i te he.
+
+
+
+KUA kitea nuitia te he o te mea o to kai-
+tiaki. He nui nga tangata e mate ana i
+runga i tu ratou tukunga atu i o ratou
+whenua, taonga, ki etahi tangata hei tiaki
+ui. Kitea iho ana, tino pau atu aua whenua
+me nga huanga o roto i; ma kaitiaki. Ko
+nga tangata nona eke nga whenua, nga
+taonga, tino mate atu. Ko te mate hoki
+ra tenei, i tino poharu rawa atu nga ta-
+ngata nona tu whenua i runga i te whaka-
+haere he a nga kaitiaki.
+
+E ki ami te nupepa Pakeha, tu Herald
+o Turanga, kei te mohio noa atu nga ta-
+ngata o taua kainga ki nga mahi he i
+mahia e etahi o nga kaitiaki o Nui Tireni.
+E ki ana hoki taua niupepa, he nui rawa
+atu to mate o nga tangata nona nga
+whenua, ngu taonga, i runga i te pokanoa
+o nga kaitiaki ki te kai ngaro i nga moni
+u puta ana i roto i nga whenua nga taonga
+ranei e tiakina o ratou. Na, i tenei, ka
+titiro to Paremata a tenei tau, i enei he.
+Ka tu te Paremata, ia Mei ia Hune ranei e
+haere aku nei ka tahuri ratou ki te hanga
+i tetahi ritenga hou, mo tenei mahi, hei
+whakaora i nga tangata e tukuna atu ana
+o ratou whenua ki nga kaitiaki noa iho,
+kia taea ai hoki to titiro ki te tika ki te he
+ranei o nga mahi a nga kaitiaki noa iho.
+
+He whakaatu atu tenei ki nga Maori,
+tenei ano Te Tino Kaitiaki a te Kawana-
+tanga, he Kaitiaki mo Te Katoa, ara, mo
+nga tangata e mate wira-kore ana, mo nga
+tamariki e ona whanaunga kore ana, mo
+ngu whenua, me nga whenua taonga ranei
+kaore e mohiotia, nowai ranei, no wai
+ranei. Me hemea ka ho te mahi a taua
+Tino Kaitiaki ma te koroni tonu o Nui
+Tireni e utu to hunga no ratou te whenua
+tiaki i mahia hetia. Na, ko etahi kaitiaki
+noa iho, me he mea ka he o ratou, whaka-
+haere, mehemea ka tangohia ketia nga
+moni. mehemea kaore a ratou moni hei niu
+ia ratou hara, katahi ka tino mate rawa
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">23__1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">23__1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">23__1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">267973</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1570</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">262KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">23__1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">23__1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">23__1_2_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">82</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">23__1_2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">408</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+MATARIKI.
+
+koutouâara, te hunga na ratou i whaka-
+tu nga kaitiaki.
+
+Koia ra te takeâhei arai atu i tenei, tu
+mate, i whakaarohia nuitia, kia hangaia e
+te Paremata, tetahi ritenga hou, kia ahei
+ai te whiu i nga kaitiaki e mahi he ana.
+Ko te ritenga hou tenei; Mehemea ka
+tuku atu tetahi tono ki te Tino Kaitiaki
+mo te Katoa e whakaatu atu ana kiaaia
+nga take, katahi ka whaimana ia ki te tono
+atu ki aua kaitiaki kia whakaatutia mai e
+ratou kiaia, a ratou mahi Tiaki katoa, me
+nga moni katoa i riro mai kia ratou, me
+nga tikanga katoa o te ratou whakahaere.
+
+Na, mehemea, e kite ana, he e te wha-
+kahaere a aua Kaitiaki noa iho, ka whai-
+mana te Tino Kaitiaki kia tuku atu ratou
+kia tino whakawa kia, kia homai utu ranei
+aua kaitiaki noa iho mo a ratou he, kia
+tukuna atu ranei ratou ki te whareherehere
+mo to a ratou hara.
+
+Akuanei ka piri te ngakau o nga kaiti-
+aki e mahi he ana.
+
+
+
+Whakatunga a te Hupirimi
+Kooti mo Pouawa
+
+
+
+I ENEI ra kua hori ake i tuhituhi etahi
+tangata Maori no ratou Pouawa o ratou
+ingoa ki tetahi Pukapuka Tiaki e whaka-
+tutia ana ko Te Riihi me ona hoa tokorua
+hei kaitiaki mo taua whenua. Na, no te
+taenga mai o nga Kaiwhakawa o te Kooti
+Whenua Maori ki Turanganui katahi ka
+tono atu Te Ruhi kia wehewehe a taua
+whenua, kia whakataua ki a ia me ona hoa
+tokorua te kau ma rua mano eka o taua
+Poraka. He roa te whakarongotanga a
+nga kaiwhakawa ko Te Hiira raua ko Opa-
+raina, me to raua hoa Retireti Tapihana te
+Ateha ki nga korero a Te Riihi. Ko ta Te
+Riihi i tohe atu ai ki te Kooti, ko taua
+Pukapuka Tiaki a nga Maori ki a ia me
+ona hoa tokonui nga kaitiaki mo Pouawa,
+he tino hoko tika i runga i nga ritenga o te
+Ture. A, kia whakapumautia tonutia kia
+ratou tokotoru taua wahi, me te mea no
+ratou tonu ake te kainga. Heoi. Kaore
+te Kooti Whenua Maori e whakaae ki te
+tono a te Riihi. Na, ka tahi ka whakaaro
+te Riihi ki haere ki te Hupirimi Kooti, ma
+reira e whakamana mai ona tikanga
+Ehara. Kore ana te Hupirimi Kooti e
+whakaae. Ko te whakataunga a te Hupi-
+rimi kaore e whaimana taua Pukapuka.
+
+
+
+He Tukutuku Pungawere-
+ware.
+
+KUA rongo matou ko te tikanga hou e wha-
+kaarohia ana inaianei mo te taha ki nga
+whenua Maori, he mahi Kamupene. He
+Pakeha he. Maori nga tangata o taua
+hunga. Ma nga Maori e tuku atu o ratou
+whenua ki tana hunga. Na, he hoa ma,
+ko te mahi tenei a tenei hanga, te pure-
+hua, Ae rere tonu ki runga ki nga kanara i
+te tukuia e ka ana.
+
+
+
+Ki nga tangata Maori katoa
+o te Motu nei.
+
+HE whakaatu tenei kia kite mai koutou i
+te whakataunga a te Hupirimi  Kooti i te
+whakawa a TAREHA TE MOANANUI
+mua ko TE RUHI, Roia.
+
+Kotahi tau o tenei whakawa e haere anu
+i Poneke, a, tae mai ki Nepia. Na, whiri-
+whiritia ana e te Hupirimi Kooti, kitea ana
+KO TE RUHI TE MEA I HE. I TINO
+WHAKAHENGIA TE RUHI E TE
+HUPIRIMI KOOTI mo nga moni a Tare-
+ha i riro kia aia, ara, i puritia e iaâtana
+kii mo ana mahi roia, mo nga whenua a
+Tareha. Na, ki ana Te Hupirimi Kooti,
+me Tareha hoki, he he taua puritanga i
+taua moni, ara, i te waru rau pauna, i te te
+kau ma iwa hereni, me etoru kapaâ
+Â£819 19s 3d.
+
+Ko te kupu tenei a Te Hupirimi Kooti,
+kia utua e ia, e Te Riihi tenei moni Â£819
+198 3d kia Tareha INAIANEI.
+
+Kua tae atu hoki kia Te &quot;Riihi, i Tura-
+nganui te tino tono a te Hupirimi Kooti
+kia utua taua moniâme te kupu ki hoki
+a Te Hupirimi Kooti kia Te Riihi, kaore e
+tika tana mau i te Â£819 19s 3d moni a
+Tareha.
+
+I ki ano hoki Te Hupirimi Kooti,
+Kaore i marama nga mahi i kiia e Te
+Riihi i mahia e ia ma Tareha.
+
+Kaore i marama te ra, te marama, te tau
+ranei, i mahia ai e Te Riihi ana mahi mo
+Tareha.
+
+Kaore hoki i marama i mahia ranei taua
+mahi mo Tareha, mo etahi Maori ke atu
+ranei.
+
+Kaore hoki i marama mo te
+whenua, mo te whenua ranei, aua
+mahi a te Riihi.
+
+I whakakorea rawatea e Tareha aua mahi
+a Te Riihi ki runga ki a ia. 1 ki hoki taua
+kaumatua, kaore rawa a ia i whakatu te
+Riihi hei mahi i nga mahi mo te taha ki te
+waru rau pauna. Na, tae noa ki ta kai-
+whakamaori a te Riihi o mua, ara, kia Te
+Waiti kaumatua, he kaiwhakawa hoki aia.
+Ko tona kupu tenei ki te Hupirimi Kooti,
+i tino whakakorea rawatia a Te Riihi e
+Tareha i runga i aua mahi.
+
+No muri mai i taua whakakoretanga
+tohetohe tonu te Riihi ki te tono utu kia
+Tareha, A, kitea ana e Te Hupirimi Kooti,
+e he ana te mahi a te Ruhi.
+
+KATI, KO TE TINO WHAKATAU-
+NGA TENEI A TE HUPIRIMI KOOTI
+âME UTU E TE RIIHI. KIA TARE-
+HA INAIANEI EWARU RAU PAUNA
+TE EAU MA IWI HERENI ME TE
+TORU KAPAâÂ£819 198 3d
+
+Na Tareha taua moni na Te Riihi i pu-
+puri pokanoa.
+
+Na, e haere atu ana tenei panui, i te
+Tonga nei. E ahu atu ana ki o ratou
+whanaunga ki o matou hoa i te Tai Ra-
+whiti, a rauna noa te Motu nei.
+
+E hoa ma i Kia noho tatou i runga i
+te matauranga, i te mohiotanga, Mehemea
+ana ka tono tatou ki te tahi roia kia mahia
+e ia a tatou mahi, tonoa ki a ia, kia mara
+
+ma tana utu mo tana mahi i te tuatahi, a,
+ka tiro atu tatou e pai ana, a, tuhia rawa-
+tia ki te pukapuka tana whakaaetanga-a-
+
+katahi tatou ka whakaae. Tenei, ko te
+kuhu noa i roto i te pouritanga. AUE!
+E hika ma E! Ka mate tatou! Ka mate
+tatou! Ko totatou tino takanga tena ki
+te ahi whanariki, mamae mutunga kore,
+ake tonu atu.
+
+
+
+KIA O MAUA HOA MAORI O TE TA
+RAWHITI.
+
+Ehoa ma,âTena koutou kua tae ki te
+takiwa he pupuhi manu. Na, Kanui te manu
+o tenei tau. Ka nui te momona. Kati Kia
+kaha koutou ki te pupuhi manu i tenei tau.
+Ki te hiahia koutou ki te Paura, ki te Hota,
+ki te Tingara, me haere mai koutou ki te
+whare maitai o Panera raua ko Paerana hoko
+ai. Kei a maua hoki nga pu tino pai, hei
+pupuhi manu, he pu tupara, he pu haki
+mana, me etahi tu pu atu. Mehemea e hia-
+hia ana koutou kia whakapaitia a koutou pu
+me haere mai ano koutou ki a Panera raua
+ko Panera. He maha hoki nga pu kei a
+maua. He ngawari te utu. Kia mohio
+koutou me haere mai koutou kia maua, kia
+Panera raua ko Paerena i te whare maita
+i Kihipane. Ko te tino whare tenei o te
+Tai Rawhiti hei hoko i nga Paura, Hota,
+Tingara, Pu, me aua tu mea katoa. Kei a
+maua hoki nga Kakahu Wahine, Kakahu
+tane, Kakahu tamariki nga hu tane nga hu
+wahine me nga nohoanga tane nohoanga wa-
+hine, me te Te Huka, Paraoa. Kei a maua
+hoko nga pamu, nga rakuraku me aua tu
+mea katoa hei mahi paamu.
+
+ENGAWARI ANA TE UTU.
+
+Kei wareware koutou, na o koutou hoa, na
+PANERA RAUA KO PAERANA,
+
+I TE WHARE MAITAI,
+KIHIPANE.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="PageNum">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">23__1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">23__1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">23__1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">163387</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1015</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">160KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">23__1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">23__1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">23__1_3_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">79</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">23__1_3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">396</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+MATARIKI.
+
+TE HOKO O WHATAUPOKO.
+Ka tino hokona rawatia to
+
+12,400 nga eke o Whataupoko
+Poraka, nui atu, iti iho
+ranei.
+
+Ko taua whenua e takoto ana i te takiwa
+o Papati Pei, e tutata ana ki te taone o Kihi-
+pane.
+
+Ko tenei hoko i runga i te tono o Paaka,
+te kaitango mokete. Ka haere hoki tenei
+hoko i runga i te whakahaere o te Kai Rehi-
+ta o te Hupirimi Kooti i Nepia i raro i nga
+tikanga o te Ture whakatikatika i te ture
+hoko whenua, 1860, i raro hoki i nga tikanga
+o te Tare, 1870, e whakamana ana nga kai-
+tango mokete ki te hoko i nga whenua i
+moketetia kia ratou.
+
+Na, kua tae atu te tono ki a PITI raua ko
+PENETI, na Paora A.F. Paata, kai Rehita
+o te Hupirimi Kooti o Nepia i tuku atu taua
+tono kia rana I RUNGA I TE WHAKAAE-
+TANGA o ke kaitango o te mokete kia ho-
+kona, kia maketetia mutia i ta raua
+whare makete i te taone o Kihipane a
+TE PARAIRE, te 29 o nga ra o APEREIRA,
+1881, i te rua haora me te hawhe i muri iho
+i te tina.
+
+WAHI TUATAHI e hokona ana.
+Katoa o taua piihi whenua tona nuinga
+12, 400 nga eka, nui atu iti iho ranei, tetahi
+wahi o
+
+WHATAUPOKO,
+
+i te takiwa o Turanga, Papati Pei. Koia te
+
+whenua i whakahuatia i roto i tetahi puka-
+puka, a, i raro i te mana o taua pukapuka, i
+runga hoki i ana tikanga e hokona ana e te
+kai tango i te Mokete e PAAKA taua whenua.
+
+KO TE WAHI TUARUA.
+
+Te whaitaketanga, me te paanga tera e
+riro mai ki te kai tango i te mokete i runga
+i tetahi kotahi mano eka kaore i uru ki roto
+ki te 12, 400, i muri mai i te utunga atu i nga
+moni Â£6600 me nga inatareti i whakata
+turutia ki tetahi tangata ke (ko te wahi tenei
+e mohiotia ana kei a Makitanara) e nga kai
+tuku i te mokete.
+
+KO WHATAUPOKO
+
+Ko tenei whenua e hokona ana i runga i te
+tono a PAAKA e takoto ana ki te hangai-
+taunga ki te taone, a, ko te awa o Waimate
+te rohe i Waenganui i taua whenua, me nga
+whenua e mohiotia nuitia ana ko Pouawa me
+kaiti.
+
+Ko nga ritenga enei mo te hoko. Kotahi
+wahi o nga wahanga e wha o te moni, ara
+tetahi koata ka utua tonutia i te takiwa tonu
+ka hokona te whenua ko WHATAUPOKO.
+Ko te toenga o te moni me utu i te whakao-
+tinga o te pukapuka tuku i roto, i nga ra i
+whakaritetia i runga i nga tikanga o te hoko.
+
+Eo nga tangata e hiahia ana ki te patai mo
+nga tikanga mo te taha ki te hoko, me ui
+atu ratou ki te Roia mo Paaka i Kihipane
+ara kia.
+
+H. 3. WIINI,
+
+Roia, Kihipane.
+
+Kia WIREMU RII RIIHI, no
+Nepia aia i mua, engari, no Kihi-
+pane, Papete Pei, inaianei, i roto
+i te koroni o Nui Tireni, roia, kia
+WIREMU PERE, kia RIPE-
+RATA KAHUTIA, no tana
+Papeti Pei, ano raua, he tangata
+Maori.
+
+KIA MOHIO KOUTOU, kia kotahi
+marama i muri i ho i te panuitanga
+i tenei panui i roto i nga nupepa erua i taia
+i Kihipane me nga niupepa erua i taia i
+Poneke, ka hokona e au ka tukuna atu
+ranei e au kia hokona kia maketetia, nga
+whenua i whakaatutia i roto i tetaki puka-
+puka mokete i tuhia i te 25 o nga ra o Pepuere,
+1879, (i rehitatia i te tari Rehita Pukapuka
+i Nepia i raro i te nama 13175). Ko taua
+pukapuka i waenganui ia koutou o tetahi
+taha, me au ko PEREHIWA PAAKA, i
+whakahuatia i raro iho nei o tetahi taha.
+Na, ka hokona, ka makete tia aua whenua,
+ki te kore, koutou e utu mai ki au nga tino
+moni pukai i whakatuturitia mai ki au i runga
+i taua pukapuka mokete, te toenga ranei, me
+nga inatareteânga moni whakapiki katoa,
+e tika ana kia utua ki au i runga i taua puka-
+puka, mokete.
+
+Na, tenei ano hoki tetahi, kia mohio
+koutou, ko te take i tukuna atu e au tenei
+panui kia panuitia, koia tenei,âara,âkaore
+ano koutou i atu mai ki au nga tino moni
+pukai me nga moni inatereti  ânga moni
+whakapiki i whakaaetia i ranga i nga ritenga
+i whakaatutia i roto i taua pukapuka mokete.
+
+I tuhia i tenei te 12 o nga ra o Maehe
+1881.
+
+NA PERIHIWA PAAKA.
+HIU J. WUNI,
+
+Roia, Kihipane.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b058d81d87cbb75516422b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3069e92e87edd9751a8670</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b565a2db6de54cd0e27556</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3576b3ec6e076ef0e6b99b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb587c4fd6e299110eafddf</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9829c53d3b69998a917df0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc0581facd370dbe6bee9ee</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c96027ed13b2ddf6cefa6e</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215227
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215217
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title
+indexlevels	Doc	Sec
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;->idx
+indexstem	Scanned-Img-Advanced
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc	section->Sec
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	127775
+numdocs	8
+numsections	47
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Advanced/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b058d81d87cbb75516422b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3069e92e87edd9751a8670</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b565a2db6de54cd0e27556</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3576b3ec6e076ef0e6b99b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb587c4fd6e299110eafddf</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9829c53d3b69998a917df0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHc0581facd370dbe6bee9ee</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c96027ed13b2ddf6cefa6e</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASH01b0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASH01b0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASH01b0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/09/09_1_1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Te Waka o Te Iwi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Date">185710</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Volume">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Number">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">2349</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PagedImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01b058d81d87cbb75516422b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395215228</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215229</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01b0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_3.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_4.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_1_4_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">469563</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2151</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">459KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_1_1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">298</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">459333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2349</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">449KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_1_2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">272</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">408099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2168</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">399KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_1_3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">479652</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2348</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">468KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_1_4_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">273</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASH01b5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASH01b5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASH01b5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/10/10_1_1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_1.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Te Whetu o Te Tau</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Date">18580601</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Volume">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Number">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">1999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PagedImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01b565a2db6de54cd0e27556</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395215230</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215231</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01b5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_1_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_2_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_3.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_3_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_4.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_1_4_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">358500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1946</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">350KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_1_1.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_1_1_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">329</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+No. 1.
+AKARANA, HUNE 1, 1858.
+VOL. 1.
+HAERE atu ra e taku aroha i runga i nga hihi o te ra
+ki nga tangata katoa,âahakoa tane, ahakoa wahine,
+ahakoa tamariki,âi aroha ki au, i atawhai ki au, i
+toku haerenga i roto o Waikato, o Rangiaohia, o Mo-
+kau. Haere e taku aroha ki nga tangata o Pukorokoro,
+ki nga tangata o Nakunaku, ki nga tangata o Takinga-
+wairua, ki nga tangata o Meremere, ki nga tangata o
+Rangiriri, ki nga tangata o Paetai, ki nga tangata o
+Kupakupa, ki nga tangata o Te Whakapaku, ki nga
+tangata o Karakariki, ki nga tangata o Whatawhata,
+ki nga tangata o Tiongahemo ki nga tangata o Kihi-
+kihi, ki nga tangata o Rangiaohia ki nga tangata o Te
+Kopua, ki nga tangata o Hangatiki hui katoa.
+E tai ma, tena ra ko koutou i runga i te atawhai o
+te Atua nana nei tatou i tiaki, i tohutohu taeanoatia
+tenei takiwa o to tatou haerenga manenetanga, i runga
+i te mata o te whenua.
+Na, kia rongo mai koutou ki taku, kahore aku utu
+ki a koutou mo ta koutou atawhai nui ki au. Heoi
+ano te utu ki a koutou ko te kupu o te Karaiti, e ki
+nei, &quot; A, ko ia, e whakainu ana i tetahi o enei hunga
+nonohi ki to oko wai matao anake i runga i te ingoa o
+te akonga, he pono, e mea atu nei ahau ki a koutou,
+Kore rawa e kahore i a ia tona utu.&quot;âMatiu x 42.
+E tai ma, i toka haerenga i roto i a koutou, i kite au
+i te tika, i kite au i te he; i kite au i te pai, i kite au
+i te kino; i kite au i te matau, i kite au i te kuare.
+Heoi, e rapu ana au i te take 1 whakauru ai te he ki
+te tika, i whakauru ai te kino ki te pai, i whakauru ai
+te kuaretanga ki te matauranga. Ki au ano e tai ma,
+tuhituhi &quot;Kia tika koutou me to koutou matua i te
+rangi e tika ana.âMatiu, v 48.
+E hoa ma, ekore au e hamu i nga he katoa i kitea e
+au, engari ko te he nui i pouri ai toku wairua, ko o
+koutou pakanga. I nga wa o te kuaretanga, i hoe te
+tangata, whaka-te-ihu etahi, i hoe whaka-te-kei etahi;
+ko tenei, he ao hou me ona ritenga ano. Tenei te kupu
+a Paora, &quot;Kotahi ia taku, wareware ake i au nga mea o
+muri, totoro atu ana au ki nga mea o mua.&quot;âPiripai
+iiii 13. ^ '
+Ko tenei e oku hoa aroha, me whakarere te he, me
+hopu nui i te tika; me whakarere te kino, mo hopu
+nui i te pai; me whakarere te kuaretanga, me hopu
+nui te matauranga. Kia maia, hia whaingoi, kia tara
+ki te rapu i nga tikanga e nui ai koutou. Kati te titiro
+ki te Pakeha hei tauira, engari kia mana ta te Atua i
+a koutou. Ko reira koutou e oku hoa aroha whiwhi ai
+ki te ngakau marama, ki to ngakau koa, ki te ngakau
+kaha. &quot;
+Kia toa ki te inoi, a, taria ta te Atua 1 runga i te
+ngakau whakapono, ka oti hoki te tuhituhi &quot;Ko ratou e
+tatari ana kia Ihowa ka hira ke ake to ratou kaha; ka
+rere whakarunga ratou i to parirau, me te ehara ; ka
+oma ratou, ekore e ruwha, ka haere ratou, ekore e
+ngaikore Ihaia, xi., 31.
+Heoi ano enei kupu. Kia tau ki a koutou te ata-
+whai o te Ariki.
+Akarana,' Mei 1858.
+NA HARE REWETI.
+KO NGA PUKAPUKA O NGA IWI.
+Kua roa tenei takiwa kihai nei i puta ki nga iwi
+&quot;Te Waka o te Iwi.&quot; E hara i te mangere noku, ehara
+i to mahara kore noku; engari, he ware no nga kai ta
+ki te tini o a ratou nei mahi. Ko tenei, ekore-e
+mohiotia nga ra e tu ai tenei nupepa nga ra  take ai
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ra nei; ahakoa ra u a te iwi me timata te mahi i  te
+mea e ao ana te ra, e rere whakawairua mai nei te po
+e mutu ai te mahi o te kai tuhituhi, o te kai korero
+hoki. Ahakoa kotahi kupu ua nga hoa me tuku atu.â
+Na Hare Reweti.]
+Makiri, Hanuere 29, 1858.
+Haere atu ra e to maua nei aroha ki a Hare Reweti
+e tae koe ki a ia, mihi atu ki a ia, a, korero atu ki a
+ia kua oti to whakatakoto he tikanga mo aotearoa.
+E hoa e Hare Reweti kua takoto to matou kapa ki
+waenga nui o nga iwi, puta ana Â£10 18s. U hui ki
+nga mea kua rongo koe i mua Â£28 13s.1d. Ka titiro
+te iwi katoa ka whiu i ta ratou kapa ki runga i taua
+moni kua takoto, puta ana Â£80 1s 1d pena ano me ta
+matou kohinga moni i Ihumatao
+E hoa, tenei matou ko te iwi te tu nei i roto i ta
+atawhai o to Atua, i te kaha o to Atua, i te aroha, o te
+Atua.
+E hoa tena koe. E Hare kia tika te tia i te waka,
+kei pakia e te ngaru. Kia maia, kia kaha, kia toa;
+koi tahuri te waka i te kaha o te ngaru. E pa, kia tu
+koe i runga i te kaha o te Atua, kia mau ai te tia o te
+waka o te iwi. E pa, kei te inoi te iwi ki te Atua mea.
+Kua tau te aroha o nga Hahi ki runga ki a koe.
+Heoi ano to maua aroha ki a koe.
+NA WIREMU TAMIHANA TARAPIPIPI.
+NA TE WETINI TAIPORUTU. 
+Ki a Hare Reweti kei Akarana.
+[Ka ora ianei te ngakau i nga korero aroha o tenei
+reta a Wiremu raua ko Te Wetini. He mea iti te
+moni he mea iti te taonga tena ko te aroha mawai ia
+e whakaiti? na Hare Reweti.]  
+Pakanae Hokianga, Hanuere 16, 1858.
+E mara e Hare Reweti, tena ra ko koa. KUA tae
+mai to pukapuka ki a Hemi. Ka miharo te hinengaro
+o te tangata, Erua nga kupu o to pukapuka. Ko te
+taha ki te Atua kua tika, i te Hahi ki Pakanae 200
+tangata, ka runangatia te ritenga o to kupu whakanui
+i Hokianga. Kia kaha mai koe ki te tuku mai i nga
+painga o tou whenua. Mau te whakaaro mo matou.&quot;
+NA RAWIRI TUKIATA.
+Ki a Haro Reweti, kei Akarana.
+Pakanae, Hokianga, Hanuere 16, 1858.
+E mara e Hare Reweti, tena ra ko koe. Kia rongo
+mai koe ki taku whakaaro. Ko nga kupu o te Atua
+kua oti nei te tuku mai e koe hei tiaki mo toku tinana,
+me toku wairua katoa, me toku kaha katoa. E hoa,
+ko nga tamariki me nga kaumatua koi runga kei te
+ritenga o to pukapuka.
+NA HORI TE HAUORA.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+Pakanae, Hokianga, Hanuere 18, 1858.
+E mara o Hare Reweti, tena ra ko koe. Tene; ano
+to aroha to takoto nei i te ngakau, Kore hoki a taua
+noi whakaaro e mahue. Hei tiaki moku, tau kupu, i
+te roa o te tau;âotira, mo matou katoa ko nga tama-
+riki e whakaaro aua ki a koe; otira, mo nga tangata e
+noho ana i runga i te ngakau tatu. Heoi ano te
+whakaaro, ko to Atua, inahoki, kua tae mai nei tau
+aroha ki a matou katoa. Kua oti nga awaawa katoa
+to whakaki ki te rongo pai. Heoi ano taku whakaaro.
+NA HEMI PIPIKO,
+KAIWHAKAAKONO PAKANAE
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">335582</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1995</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">328KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_1_2.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_1_2_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">321</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+
+
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+Nimaru, Waikato
+E hoa e Hare Reweti, tena koe Ka nui to matou
+aroha ki a koe E hoa, kua tae mai to nupepa ki a
+matou, kua kite matou. E pai ana nga korero o roto
+E hoa he raruraru to matou, kua rongo pea koe, mo
+Ngaruawahia otiia, kua oti He raruraru ano kei
+Rangiaohia kei i a Hoani Papata raua ko Toma Ka
+nui te raruraru ki Waikato ki Rangiriri, ki a te
+Ngaungau, ki te Matetakahia E hoa, me tahuri
+mai hoki koe me mahi ki enei hara, ta te mea hoki
+kua mo ko koe hei upoko mo enei tikanga pai. E
+hoa, kia kaha koe ki te patu i enei raruraru, o to iwi,
+ta te mea, ko koe hei kai whakatika mo matou mahi
+Heoi ano .Na o hoa aroha,
+NA TAKEPEI Te Rau
+NA PANAPA NOAUMU
+NA TE REWETI
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana
+HE PUPURU WHENUA
+Whangape
+E hoa e Hare Reweti tena koe i runga i te atawhai
+o te Ariki, koia nei hoki te kai whakatika a o nga wha
+kawa Kua tae mai nei tau kupu ki ahau me tou aroha
+ka taea mai noi ahau e koe te rapu mai i te whenua
+tawhiti rawa E hoa, ho korero tenei naku u ki muri
+whenua, Epupuru ana ahau i taua pihi ki ahau, ua
+te mea, i matau ahau. no aku tupuna ia whenua
+Kore au e pai ma te tangata e tuku i tena whenua
+Tenei taku tikanga maku ano te ae te kahore ra nei
+Te mea i penei ai au, poto noa aka whenua te hoko
+hoko kahore i hoki mai ki au tetahi, koia taku e pupuru
+nei. E hoa purutia mai, ki te korero te tangata kia
+tukua kahaka e whakaaetia Mau e whakamau enei kupu
+ki te nupepa. Ko nga tangata enei e noho ana i tau i
+whenua i Muriwhenua 50, ko Te Hira te rangatira
+me ana tamariki Kei Ahipara etahi, kei Hokinga
+etahi Ka huihuia enei tangata katoa he nui noa atu
+Ko te iwi tenei o te whenua; no taua iwi ahau, koia
+au i pakeke ai ki taua whenua Ka mutu
+Na to hoa aroha,
+NA TE ANGA TE Huhu
+Ki a Hare Reweti kei Akarana
+[Ka tika te mahi o toku hoa o Te Anga, me panui ano
+kia ata kitea e te mano nga korero âNa. Hare Reweti]
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+AKARANA, HUNE 1, 1858
+Ko &quot; Te Waka o te Iwi &quot; kua oti te to kauta Ko
+nga ra e manu ai ano ki ta moana, ekore e kitea
+Otiia, e takoto pai ana, kua oti te hipoki Ko ngakau
+o runga kua whakaratohia ki nga iwi, kua pakeha i a
+ratou, a, e kua mai nei ki te taringa, ko te ha o nga
+kai e mau tonu ana i te waha E pai ana na te iwi
+Na he whetu tenei ka ara i te takiwa o te rangi
+He hira nga whetu, ko Tawera, ko Meremere, ko Rehua,
+ko Matariki me te tini atu, otiia, i pokara noatia tenei,
+ko &quot;Te Whetu o Te Tau &quot; Ko te torengitanga ekore e
+matauria. Kowai ano tena tohunga ki te titiro i nga
+hau o te rangi ? I poka noa ake tana tiaho i te po,
+mawai e mihi tana rerenga ki te pae ? Ki te mea ka
+marama te huarahi o tetahi ruruhi, tamaiti ia nei i nga
+hihi o &quot;Te Whetu o Te Tau&quot; he mahi tena, a, i roto
+i taua mahi, ka koa te ngakau mona i &quot;hikitia ki te
+ripa &quot;
+TE HAERENGA A REWI RAUA KO Te- Wahere
+Me T0 RAUA PAKEHA
+No te 16 o nga ra o Maehe ka eke matou i te
+kaipuke o Ngatimaniapoto a &quot;Aotearoa ' i Akarana,
+ahiahi rawa ake ka u ki Taupo hika atu e uhunga
+ana, ko Enoka te tupapaku he rangatira no Ngatipaoa
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ka mutu ki te tupapaku, kei runga ko Hori Pokai
+Te Ruinga, kei runga ko Patara, kei runga ko
+Wiremu Te Raurowha wha, kei runga ko Patene, kei
+runga ko Ahipene, me ara atu rangatira o Ngatipaoa
+Ka mea i ratou,âKa tika kia tangi nga, manu o uta
+ki nga manu o tai, kia tangi o tai ki nga manu o uta
+Me whakatahe te wai o Waikato ki Hauraki Me
+moe te wahine, marena i aku ringaringa kei mahi
+totoro atu Ko Waikato te awa, ko Io Rauanganga
+te tangata, ko Taupiri te maunga ko Potatau te
+tangata, ko Taupo te whenua ko Ko Haupa me
+tangata Haere mai haere mai ki uta haere mai e
+Waikato, haere mai e to matou matua e Hare Reweti
+haere mai ki te kainga, haere mai ki te iwi
+Kei runga ko Hare RewetiâKarangatia e te iwi
+e aku matua e aku tuakana, e aku teina 1 enei
+te haere nei He haere aha ta te he haere &quot; kei nga 
+rangatira te korero Kaore au i kite i te tika i te
+tai tonga, i te tai marangai i te tai hauauru ra nei ko
+taku i matau ai ko te taura e maio iho ia e te rangi
+tatu noa ki te whenua Ko enei e to iwi kia mau
+ki te whakapono
+Muri iho o tenei ka tu te kohikohi mo te perehi
+No te putanga mai a Ngatipaoa ki a Tamati 
+te ruru ki te kawe nga moni ka whakahua te
+nge&quot;,â
+Ko Tu.ko Rongo koia ko ngatai
+Ko Tu ko Rongo koia ko ngatai
+Potehe, potehe e potehe te kai -
+Ki te whenua potehe
+Na Ngatipaoa ki o te Paraone ngeri
+i te kawenga moni mai mo te penei!!
+Ka mate au ka mate au
+Ka mate au i te whakama
+I te kai kore o te oneone
+I te tuaruatanga ki te piwaiwai
+Piwai atu piwai atu
+Na Patene Puhina tenei i te -
+moni â
+te koha a rua tu mutu a tautahi
+Na Ngatipaoa ki a kini tenei ngeri i te-
+tanga o a ratou moni â
+Mawai ta ngaowheâa
+Hei topetope ariki
+Ki moeiho ki te po ka ao te ra
+&quot;Whiua te paipa ki a Kona ârara 
+Tumu kau ana te kuku
+Ketekete kau ana te kaka
+Teoteo kau ana te kotare âTeo 
+Haere ake nga moni Â£22 6
+Ka rere to matou kaipuke i te 180 nga ra tu rawa
+atu i Pohokuwao te motutere i mate nei nga ope a
+Ngapuhi i mua ai tukua ana i konei nga kai keri
+koma ki uta, haere ana etahi o matou ki te korero ki
+a Paoa Te Putu mo aua kai keu he tangata Maori
+Ka ai tika te a mahi a matou, ka rere ki Pukorokoro
+ki a Te Paraone tumukere ma .No te wiki ka 
+noa iho to matou puke, ki waho ake o -
+Haere ana etahi o matou kia -ki te
+karakia hoki
+No te a a o te mine Pukorokoro haere tonu
+i taua rangi, moe tawa ata i Matapu i waenga ara,
+ko Paraone to matou hoa haere i te ata, i te 5 o nga
+haora ka koke ano, kihai i mataka te haerenga 
+marere ki te awa o Maramarua Tae rawa atu
+tatahi, kaore he waka Na ka atarakina i -
+e to matou hoa o Tipene, a no te - i
+o tera ka tae matou ka Nakunaku -
+Piripi Te Aho raua ko tou i tuahine Ka tukua te kai
+nei a te tuna ki a matou ehara i te hanga Ka haere
+ka maruahiahi, ka marere ki tatahi ka eke ka te waka
+i te awa o Whakangutu Hoe tonu i te atarau a
+Meremere moe roa iho ki te waka kua mo hoki ika
+tangata o te kainga e whakarapopoto ana hoki nga
+iwi ki te whakawa whenua i Ranginui
+No te 21 u Maehe ka u matou ki Rangiriri a taua ra
+ka tu a Harepata ka mea â
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">351345</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1999</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">343KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_1_3.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_1_3_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">320</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+Haere mai e aku potiki, kawea mai te taonga
+kawea mai kiuta, kawea mai ki Waikato, kawea
+kia kite nga iwi. Haere mai e Hare Reweti,
+haere mai ki Waikato, haere mai ki to iwi; kawea
+mai te tika; kawea mai te marama. Haere mai kiuta
+haere mai te pai.
+Ka tu ko Hare Reweti; â &quot;Karangatia e taku
+â¢tamaiti karangatia. He tika ano kia tangi mai nga
+manu o tai ki nga manu o uta; he tika kia rere te
+waimaori ki te waitai. Ko Maramarua ano toku
+kaha, e whakaae ana au ki ta te iwi.
+&quot; Hore te tukituki te tahu o taku
+A te whakama ra e tahu nei a
+Ku kamo aku rongo au raki
+Te makau a Torengi taku rawhi
+Nga mai te ngu i tona ihu e pono
+Tikanga kia hoe i runga ra ngonge
+Kei te here te hipi ra i a Rewi
+Nuku mai ki ahau he whakahau
+Ka pakaru ka wehe taku kiri
+Ho tunga ka ana mai nau e Hare
+Pata ki tahau tikanga hore ko a
+Ku mahi ka tuia e te ngutu te ao
+O ta ko runga ka pehi ki
+Te tonga wai roro tu ana te ngaru
+Ki kai waka rite i te tinana ka wai rori ianei.&quot;
+No te mutunga o te waiata ka haere ki te karakia.
+Moe iho ao ake ka kareretia mai matou e nga
+rangatira o Paetai. No taua ra ano ka haere matou,
+no te tatanga ki nga paenga kainga ka pa te karanga:
+Haere mai e te manuwhiri tuarangi
+Na taku potiki koe i tiki atu ki
+To taha tu o to rangi kukume mai aiâ
+Haere mai!â
+No to matou taonga atu ki te nohoanga ka tu nga
+rangatira ki te ruru, me to ratou Pakeha me Amutiti 
+E tare ana nga kara a Kuini, e pao ana te mano
+Noho kau ano matou kei runga ko Te Wharepu:â
+Haere mai, haere mai e Hare Reweti te matua o nga
+iwi; haere mai kiuta, haere mai ki Waikato kawea
+mai te maramatanga Kawea mai to ora haere mai. E
+te matua o nga iwi, kahore he whakaaro ke atu; koia
+ano tena; kei i a koe te whakaaro o te iwi. Haere
+mai iana kia kite i to iwi, takahia mai i Hauraki
+kawea mai te pai.
+Kei runga ko Hare Reweti:-Karangatia e taku
+tamaiti e Te Wharepu, karangatia. Tenei te haere
+nei. He haere aha ta te mokai? He whakarite kau
+tenei i te kupu o te iwi, kia mihi ki nga owha o nga
+tupuna i waiho iho. E ki te tangata ki a koe, te mea
+ra meatia, he teka rawa koe nei. Waiho atu ki a ia
+ona he; ko koe e taku tamaiti hei pai anake ano mou.
+titiro ki te rangi e heke mai ana i reira te tomairangi
+ki tenei otaota, ki tenei otaota; koia hoki ko tenei, ko
+te matua mo taua kei runga. E taku tamaitiâto taua
+matua, kia u te pupuri, ahu whakarunga te titiro.
+ehara i te ara pungawerewere i piki ai a Tawhaki
+engari kua maro to taua ara i a te Karaiti.
+Kei runga ko Waikato:-Haere mai te matua o te
+maramatanga, haere mai e Hare Reweti, ki Waikato
+haere mai te whetu marama o te ata. Haere mai; ka
+nga to haere mai kia kite koe i nga iwi. Haere mai
+ki Taupiri haere mai ki Pirongia ka ora tenei,
+ka kite atu na matou i a koe. Haere atu he
+iwi, haere atu he iwi, kawea to tika, a ââ te
+ngutu ra ano o te manu. [Ko te waiata pai a Waikato
+kihai i mohiotia kihai i tuhituhia
+Kei runga ko Hare Reweti âKaranga mai o taku
+tamaiti, karanga mai ana. Ki au ano e taku tamaiti
+ne kupapa noa iho, ka po, he tangata aha te haua. E
+ki ana koe me haere au, a,-te ngutu ra ano o te manu.
+He whakaaetanga tenei naku ki to kupu Ko aku
+koiwi tenei kua oti te pupu, kua kawea mai ki a koe.
+E taea teaha?-Kua eke tenei kei runga kei o turi.
+E taku tamaiti ko te tika kei runga; ko te taonga nui
+ano tena ko te kupu o to matua i te rangi.
+E wero e te tonga wero tonu ki te kiri
+Katahi te mamae kaata rangona iho
+Ngau kinikini ana ki taku tinana nei
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Na Tiki ra e nana i hahau
+roa te taha tika i kawea mai ai
+Nga rae ka wero o Taupo i waho
+E peka kauta ra kiata tirohia
+He tuhinga pukapuka nau o Patene
+i Ka ai ha tutara ina te rau e pae&quot;
+Ka mene ki awhea ko au tonu ano
+Te hara taua nei ki to poti o te ngutu
+Hui rua o te iwi te rongo whai makau
+Naku i kawe atu te whare i a Te Rau
+E hira taku rongo te rongo haere mai
+I a Po i uta e angi ana mai
+Kaiana ki te tihi o Taupiri i runga
+Mei tata ki te mate ka koraweke au
+Ka itiitiano aku rangi ki te ao
+Ka huri nei au ki taku moenga ia.
+Ka mutu te waiata a Hare Reweti ka tonoa ki te
+whare ka tukua ta kai. Muri ihowa tonoa matou e Te
+Wharepu kia haere kia kite i a Te Kihiringi Te Kanawa
+Tae atu ka korero a Te Wharepu, a Karaka Te Tani-
+wha me ara atu rangatira. Kei runga ko Te Kihi-
+ringi;âHaere mai e Hare Reweti, haere mai ki Wai-
+kato, haere mai ki Kawhia, haere mai kiuta eto matou
+matua. Kawea mai te tika ki o tamariki. E pa e
+Hare Reweti, ko te tikanga tena kei i a koe
+Ka whakahua te waiata, kaore i matauria.
+Koi runga ko Hare Reweti:âAe e taku papa, ae,
+karangatia. He tangata aha ia i karangatia ai o koe.
+Me pewhea koa ianei i te aroha ki te iwi;' Kahore ho
+tikanga ke atu, kuia ano tena. E ki ana au ko te tika
+tenei. E ai ana tika i tenei hanga i to pakanga?âE
+taea taeha ua taku papa
+Tera nga rae rehurehu ana mai e
+Kakarauri e ki Rewatemura e
+Kore e kitea atu i te korehutanga e
+I te ahi whakapo ki Waikato raia e
+Taua to pai kei tawhiti rawa, i.
+I te aonga ake o te ra ka tu te whakawa mo Rangi*
+riri, haere ake ana te Ngaungau ki Rangiriri; a,
+aratakina ana e Ngatimahuta ki runga ki te toropuke,
+e tu ana nga kara, e pae ana te Kaimatakitaki. Tenei
+nga korero o taua whakawakanga nui.
+Rangiriri, Maehe 26, 1858.
+Ko nga korero o te whakawakanga o Kumukumu.
+Ka rupeke ki te nohoanga, ka whakatika a Maneha
+Te Rotorua ka mea; ki a Kihi, &quot;Haere mai e taku matua,
+haere mai, ta te mea, nau te take o te he. Ko tenei
+ki a koe te whenua.&quot; Ka mutu ta Maneha. Kei
+runga ko Waata Kukutai ka mea, &quot;Kahore he kai
+korero i naianei, ko au anake. Whakarongo mai e
+aku matua, ko te tamaiti nei tenei, kua whanau hu
+tamaroa; kua tupu nga niho, kua kai i te kai. Na
+te Wairua Tapu pea tenei tamaiti; titiro hoki, kua
+haere tu.&quot; Ka patai a Waata ki a Wiremu Te
+Kumete, ka mea &quot;E Wi, ki awai te tamaiti nei?&quot;
+Ka ki atu a Wiremu &quot;Ki a komako Kihi.&quot; Ka mea
+atu a Waata, &quot;E aku matua ko te tamaiti nei tenei e
+hikitia atu nei e au Na, i naianei, ki a koutou te
+tamaiti nei; kia pai te atawhai, ta, te mea, he kauma-
+tua koutou, Ko te tamaiti nei, me oti atu ki a kou-
+tou.&quot; Ka mutu a Waata. Kei runga ko Te Kau,
+ka haere tuohu, ka mea. &quot;Ehara au i te Kai whakawa
+kia kia te mai, kahore ano i tika noa taku tuara, no
+te toru o aku haerenga ka tika taku tuara, ka tu nei
+au ki runga. Ko tenei e taku potiki, ki a koe ano te
+whenua.&quot; Ka mutu. a Te Kau. Kei runga ko Wai-
+kato,' ka mea &quot;Kaua e whakaroaina te korero, ka
+pahoahoa nga matenga i te ngaunga o to ra. Ka ora
+au, rara! ka ora au, ka ora au! Ko tenei tamaiti ka
+hemo i te kai, kahore aku waiu, engari me whakahoki
+ki tona whaea, kei taetae nga u o te whaea, ka mate.&quot;
+Ka mea ano a Waikato, &quot;E Kihi, tangaengaetia to
+mokopuna.&quot; Ka tahuri a Waikato ki a Maneha, ka
+mea, &quot;E toma ki a koe ano te tamaiti nei. Kei pa te
+he ki tenei tamaiti, ako, ake Amene.&quot; Ka mutu.
+Kei runga ko Kihi, ka mea, &quot;E mea ma, e whakaae
+tika ana ra nei te tangata nei kia - taku moko-
+puna;'&quot;' Ka oho -ake'&quot;Ae.&quot; Ka patai ano. a Kihi,
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">316512</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1896</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">309KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_1_4.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_1_4_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">338</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+&quot;Koia e whakaae tika ana kia tangaengaetia taku moko-
+puna?&quot; Ka karanga ake&quot;Ae.&quot; Ka patai ano a Kihi, &quot;Me
+iriiri e au taku mokopuna,âne?&quot; Ka oho katoa &quot;Ae.&quot;
+
+Ka tu a Kihi i konei ka tuhi, ka tangaengae i te tamai-
+ti, ka tu ta tuahu ka whakahua i ana karakia, ana
+waiata:â
+
+E tama kimihanga rau na te tini
+Tikina kahauria ki tawhiti i pu
+I tupu mai ai te ewa te muru
+Ka kukune &amp; 
+Ka whakahua ano i tetahi:â
+Homai, homai taku tamaiti
+Kia hikihiki au ki runga
+I aku turi, aue' ka mate au nei
+1 te whakataute 
+
+Ka mutu a Kihi, kei runga ko To Kereihi ka mea,
+&quot;Heoi ano. Ka ora au i te pikitanga, haere tonu ake
+te wai ora i raro i taku waitohi mauri, ka ora au.
+&quot;Tera te whetu takina mai o te ruru
+
+Ko taku tau pea tenei ka hoki mai e 1.
+
+Ki mai ki au kia hokona koe ki
+
+Toroa whakaura kai o tuakana
+
+Hei hoko akahu waero moho ki to uru e i
+
+Wetewete mai ra taku komutu karamea
+
+Nonutuai te tonga ma rau rangi e
+
+Haramai mana e homai horahia
+
+Mai taku taonga kia rahiri au e.
+Ka mutu a te Kereihi
+
+Na ko te hiri nei tenei; ko te kawanata nei tenei;
+
+ko te oati nei tenei- Na To Kau, na Waikato na Te
+Kihiringi tenei hiri o to tika. Ekore matou e pai kia
+wahia ake ake amene noa, ahakoa raruraru noa i muri
+iho, ekore rawa e pai kia wahia, no te mea he tikanga
+pai tenei, he tikanga whakaora tangata,
+
+(Tera atu ano te hiku o tenei korero.)
+
+TE HAHI O TE KARAITI ME ONA MANGANGATANGA
+
+He tokomaha nga rangatira. Maori kua ki mai ki au
+kia taia ki te nupepa, nga ingoa o nga Hahi i roto i te
+Pakeha. He whakaaetanga tenei ki. to tatou kupu.
+Na, kei poauau te whakaaro o nga iwi Maori ki te tika-
+
+nga o enei tini Hahi e tuahae nei, e ngangau nei ki a
+ratou ano; ehara i te mea i ahu mai i te Atua; a, ko
+te whakamangangatanga  o te Hahi o te Karaiti kihai
+i ritea mai i a ia, inahoki te kupu o tona pononga o
+Paora e mea neiâ&quot;Ko taku korero tenei; o mea ana
+koutou, No Paora ahau; ko ahau no A? oro; no Kipa
+ahau; ko ahau no te Karaiti; Kua oti koia a te
+Karaiti te wehewehe? i ripekatia ra nei a Paora mo
+koutou? i mina ra nei koutou ki te ingoa o Paora?&quot;
+â1. Koroiti iâ12, 13.
+
+Waihoki,&quot; ko te whakarangatiratanga o nga minita
+o nga Hahi i a ratou ano, kihai i ahu mai i to Atua:
+
+engari, no te kikokiko tera ritenga, no te rewera hoki.
+Tenei te kupu, &quot;Ko koe ia o te tama o te Atua, oma
+atu i enei; a, whaia te tika, te karakia pai, te whaka-
+pono, te aroha, ta manawanui, te ngakau marie.&quot;â
+1. Timoti viâ11.
+Ko nga ingoa o etahi o nga Hahi koia enei:â
+
+1. Nga Hapariana 18. Nga Inipenara  
+
+2. Nga Materiarite 19. Nga Paraonihi
+
+3. Nga Karawinihi  20. Nga Papita
+
+4. Nga Aminiana 21. Nga Kueka
+
+5. Nga Paketenana 22. Nga Morewiana
+
+6. Nga Nehitoriana 23 Nga Weteriana Meterika
+
+7. Te Hahi Kirika 
+
+8. Te Hahi Pikopo 24. Nga Mohorika Niu
+
+9. Nga Ruteriana 25. Nga Meterika Pirimita
+
+10. Nga Hakaenota 26 Nga Hamipa
+
+11. Te Hahi o Ingarangi 27. Nga Hapateriana
+
+12. Nga Nonihuro 28. Nga Hutihoniana
+
+13. Nga Tihoneta 29. Nga Tungikora
+
+14. To Hahi o Katarangi 30. Nga Weronipohiana
+
+15. Te Hainora Rihama 31. Nga Iwingaiti
+
+16. Nga Hihira 32. Te Hahi Katorika Heamani-
+
+17. Te Hainora Riwhi
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 
+
+[Ko enei e kitea nuitia ana; tera atu ano etahi.
+Ahakoa he tini ke enei Hahi, kihai i takina paitia te
+whakapono; e tupu nui ana te taru i roto i te witi.]
+
+KO TE HAHI O TE KARAITI Me Ona MANGANGATANGA
+
+UPOKO I,
+
+Ko te take o te Hahi tapu puta noa i te ao, ko Ihu
+Karaiti te tama a te Atua. I te takiwa i whakaritea ai
+
+e te Atua, i te mangai o ana Poropiti, ka puta a Ihu'
+te Ariki ki tenei ao. Tenei ano te kupu:â&quot;Otira, ka
+tino rite nga wa, ka tonoa mai e te Atua tona tamaiti
+i meatia e te wahine, i meatia i raro i te ture.&quot; ivâ4.
+
+I mahi ano a to Karaiti, i te tamarikitanga ai, i nga
+tikanga o tona matua i te rangi, inahoki, mo te 12 o
+ona tau, i rokohanga, e tona whaea, e Meri, i roto i te
+temepara o te Atua e patai ana ki nga kaumatua o nga
+Hurai, Pukai!â46. Otira, no te 30 o nga tau o te
+Ariki ki tenei ao, ka timata 
+
+tana mahi kauwhau haere.
+
+Etoru nga tau o to Karaiti i rui haere ai i ana tika-
+nga whakaora tangata, ki whakawatea e nga Hurai ki
+Hiruharama Ko te tangata i whakaae ia ai ta reo i
+
+nga Hurai kia ripekatia a Ihu, ko Ponana Pirata, he
+Kawana ia no Huna, na Roma i whakanoho ki reira i
+te tau o te Ariki 27. E rua nga iwi i tino whakaao
+kia mate a te Karaiti, ko nga Hurai, ko Roma. Ko
+te tangata nana noi a te Karaiti i hoko, ko Hura, 
+Hurai; ko to tangata nana nei i whakaae kia kohu-
+ruhia) ko Parate, no Roma. Ko tenei hunga tokorua,
+ehara i to ringa tangata i mate ai; a, kihai raua i.
+mate kongenge, engari, na o raua ringa ake raua i patu.
+Ko Hura he mea tarona e ia ano ki Huna; ko Pirata,
+he mea wero ki to hoari, e ia ano, ki Rawhiti, i Parani,
+
+te whenua o nga Wiwi; no Romi ia taua whenua i
+tera takiwa.
+
+E 33 o nga tau o te Karaiti 3 hoki marama ka mate
+ia No te aranga i to mate, ka noho i te ao, ka whaka-
+kitekite ia ki ona akonga i nga ra 40. No te 6 o nga ra
+o Mei, i to Taite, ka arahina nga akonga, e te Karaiti,
+ki Maunga Oriwa; a, ka mutu tana mihi ki a ratou,
+me tana whakapai, &quot;ka tangohia atu ia, a, na te kapua
+ia i whakangaro i o ratou kanohi.&quot;âNga Mahi iâ9
+Otira, kake rawa ako a Ihu ki te rangi, ki te noho i
+to ringaringa matau o tona matua kua waiho tika o ia
+nga ritenga o te whakapono ki ona akonga. Whaka-
+rongo ki te kupu o to Ariki:â&quot;Ko to mana katoa i to
+rangi, i te whenua, ka oti te tuku mai ki au. Mo
+konei ra, Haere koutou, akona nga tauiwi katoa,
+ratou ki te ingoa o to Matua, o te Tamaiti, o to Wairua
+Tapu: Akona ratou kia rongo ki nga mea katoa i
+korerotia e ahau ki a koutou: a. e noho ana i a
+koutou i nga ra katoa, taea noatia te -
+âMatiu xxviii -18, 19, 20.
+
+NGA RONGO O TAWHITI.
+
+Kua manu ki te moana to tima nui o Ingarangi  
+te roa 692 putu, ko to raununui  83 putu.
+
+Whano mate a Ponupata te kohuru, no Roma nga
+tangata i whakangakau nei ki te kohura i a ia.
+
+Kua oti to whakawa te Kingi o Inia, kua wairua e te
+Ingarihi ki te motutere noho ai.
+
+Ko nga moni o tetahi peke i riro i te korero tini-
+hanga o tetahi keia,â, Â£ â¢20, 000.
+
+Ko te pakanga a Haina raua ko Ingarangi kahore
+ano i oti noa, kotahi pa nui o Haina kua horo.
+
+Kua tao mai nga nupepa whakaatu o te hurihanga
+ru ki Nepara, haere ake nga taumata i mate, 30, 000;
+
+haere ake nga whare i hinga 50, 000.
+
+Ko nga tangata o Inia,âte whenua e whawhai mai
+nei ki Ingarangiâ60; 000, 000.
+
+I taia tenei e Piripi Kuaha, ki Akarana.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASH3069.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASH3069.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASH3069.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/09/09_1_2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Te Waka o Te Iwi</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Date">185711</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Volume">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Number">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">2319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PagedImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3069e92e87edd9751a8670</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395215229</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215230</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3069.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_5.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_5_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_6.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_6_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_7.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_7_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_8.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">09_1_2_8_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">522910</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2299</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">511KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_2_5_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">458823</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">448KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_2_6_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">485842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">474KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_2_7_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">09_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">09_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">09_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">515950</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2284</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">504KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">09_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">09_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">09_1_2_8_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASH3576.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASH3576.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASH3576.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/10/10_1_2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_2.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Te Whetu o Te Tau</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Date">18580701</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Volume">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Number">2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">2206</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PagedImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3576b3ec6e076ef0e6b99b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395215231</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215232</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3576.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_5.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_5_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_6.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_6_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_7.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_7_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_8.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_8_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_9.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_2_9_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">259536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1900</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">253KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_2_5.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_2_5_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">337</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+
+
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+N0.2.
+
+AKARANA, HURAU. 1858.
+
+VOL. 1.
+
+Kenana, Maketu.
+
+Ki a Hare Reweti, ko te kai-atawhai i te tutua
+i te pani, i te pouaru, i te rawakore. Roma
+xiiiâ8.
+
+E hoa tena ra ko koe i runga i te mahi tohu
+a to tatou matua i te rangi. E hoa, kua tae mai
+tau pukapuka ki ahau; kua kite ahau i au wha-
+karitenga tika; a, e hari ana toku ngakau ki tou
+rongo pai e takahi mai nei, i runga i nga ngaru
+whakaporaruraru o tenei ao;âi runga i nga
+ritenga a te tangata, a te Pakeha.
+
+Ko tenei, e hoa, kia kaha koe, ki te whaka-
+marama i nga tikanga ki te ao. Matiu, ^â
+15, 16. Ma te Atua koe o whakakaha;, mana
+koe e tiaki; mana koe e whakaora,
+
+Ka hari koe ki te mahi, ki nga mahi a tou
+rangatira. Matiu, xxi^â46. Matiu, xx^â16,
+
+â¢ 17. Matiu, xx^â21.
+
+Ko tenei, e hoa, ka tika to arahanga i nga
+matapo. Ki te kahore e arahina, ka mate, ekore
+e tika, i i te huarahi. Matiu, xvâ14.
+
+E hoa, tena ra ko koe. Kia manawanui ki nga
+anea whakapouri, kia tohe ki te inoi. Roma,
+xiiâ1: 2.
+
+He waiata tangi tenei naku ki a koe
+
+Kia kaha ake ra to piko ki te ao
+Kai tamia koe te whakaruhia
+Patuparehe, to taonga i kimi ai ki tawhiti.
+I rangahaua e, o karihi ki te putere,
+O tapu tinitiaia mai te manu a
+Te Tipua ka purotu hine, te waka takohe-
+kohe rai.
+Naku na to hoa aroha,
+
+NA PAORA PARUHI.
+
+[Ka nui te aroha a o toku ngakau ki nga korero
+pai a Paora Paruhi, tapoko ana ki te hinengaro,
+me he kowhitanga marama te panga mai kei
+ahau.âNa Hare Reweti.]
+
+Waiomio, Peiwhairangi, Hanuere 18, 1858.
+E hoa,
+
+Tenei taku kupu ki a koe,âkia tukua e koe
+
+enei korero ki te perehi hei matakitaki mo nga
+iwi katoa, o runga, o raro nei. Otira, e hoa,
+kihai, i pau atu aku kupu; maku ano e rapu i
+muri nei, he 'kupu pono, kia mutu tenei mahi,â
+te mahinga o te kara; ko reira ano matou huihui
+ai, whakaoti&quot; ai i tenei mahi. Heoi ano ena kupu
+ki a koe.
+
+Kia tau te rangimarietanga ki a koe, i roto
+i nga ra katoa, ma te AtaÂ» koe e tiaki, ake ake.
+E hoa tena koe. Tenei ano toku aroha ki a koe.
+Heoi ano tena kupu a tou hoa aroha.
+
+A MAIHI PARAONE KAWITI.
+
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+Peiwhairangi, Hanuere 18, 1858.
+No te huihuinga o Ngapuhi -ki Kororareka
+i te whakaarahanga o te kara ki Maiki, enei
+korero. I te putanga o te mahi &amp; tenei ranga-tira, 
+
+Maihi Paraone Kawiti To Kuhanga, i tona
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+whakaaro nui i taea ai e ia te rapu nga whakaaro
+e tupu ai te pai ki runga ki te whenua. Kia
+rongo ra e te iwi katoa, i te kupu a Maihi
+Paraone Kawiti. Ka peia atu e ia e te Atua
+te kino ki te pouritanga i waho ko te wahi tera
+o te tangihanga, me te teteatanga o nga nihoâ
+Matiu viii.â12. Engari me tahuri nga iwi katoa,
+me tango i te kupu o te Atua kia tika ai to tatou
+awhi tanga atu ki a te Kuini, me toa araitanga
+mai ki a tatou.
+
+He kaha no tenei tangata ki te rapu i tetahi
+whakaaro e ora ai tenei motu, e tau ai te mahi
+tohu a te Atua, ki nga tauiwi katoa. Koia a
+Maihi Paraone Kawiti i mea ai, ko nga iwi katoa
+o tenei motu me tomo atu ki roto ki te ture o te
+Kuini.
+
+Ko nga tangata enei i whakaae ki Maiki kia
+whakaarahia te kara, 1379. Ko nga hapu enei
+32; ko nga moni enei Â£86 188. 3d. Heoi ano.
+NA MAIHI PARAONE KAWITI ENEI
+WHAKATAKI.
+
+Pakanae, Hokianga, Hanuere 16, 1858.
+
+E hoa e Hare Reweti, tena ra ko koe. Tenei
+ano taku kupu ki a koe- mo taku korero kua tae
+atu ki a koe i mua. Ekore e Hare Reweti, tena
+ra ko koe, i runga i te kaha o te Atua Heoi ano,
+NA TE MANGUMANGU KAIWHAKAWA.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+Whangaruru, Hanuere 15, 1858.
+E hoa e Hare Reweti, tena ra ko koe. Ka nui
+
+toku aroha ki a koe ki tau kupu, i ho mai nei i
+
+tau pukapuka.
+
+Tekoreotehangameheumutuhiekeiia
+
+&quot;Waiarikikarawetakuringateataotepiau
+
+TaongakiInienahakutaiterarangaitu
+
+KiaurutomoautewhareoHareRewitimekore
+
+Eriromaiemekoparetetaitongakawhiwhi
+
+Karawekahokiauei.
+
+NA WIREMU KOROKORO.
+NA PITORE HU.
+NA PEPENE.
+
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+Emara e Hare Reweti, tena ra ko koe. Etahi
+toku aroha atu ki a koe. Ko te rua tenei o aku
+taonga mai, kahore ano aku kupu ki a koe, katahi
+ano. Kei nga tai o te korekore ka whakaputa
+te toka i Rangitahu. Ehoa e Reweti, he huna
+ra nei te marama, he tirea ra nei te marama, he
+mawaru ra nei, he rakau nui ra nei. Ka hua te
+kai, ka hua te kupu. He waiata.
+
+Tenei e whakangaoko ana ra te ngakau
+Ka hara mai te ra a ka wananga kia uru
+Koutou i te hinga o kai, ka uru
+Rapea koutou, i te tokitokinga o kai.
+
+Heoi ano, ka mutu
+
+NA PARATENE TE MANU.
+Ki a Hare Reweti kei Akarana.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">295693</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1914</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">289KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_2_6.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_2_6_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">334</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+                        TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+        K  tama kimihanga rau na to tini
+        Tikina hahauria ki tawhiti i pu
+        I tupu mai ai te e wa to rauru
+       Ka kukune &amp;c.
+   Ka whakahua ano i tetahi:â
+       Homai, homai tuku tamaiti
+        Kia  hikihiki au ki runga
+        I aku turi, aue ! ka mato au nei
+        1 te whakataute &amp;c.
+  Ka  mutu a Kihi, kei runga ko Te Kereihi, ka mea,
+''Heoi ano.  Ka ora au i te pikitanga, haere tonu ake
+te wai ora i raro i taku wai tohi mauri, ka ora au
+       &quot;Tera  to whetu  takina mai o to ruru
+        Ko taku tau poa tenei ka hoki mai e i.
+        Ki mai ki au kia hokona koe; ki
+        Toroa  whakaura kei o tuakana
+        
+
+
+ 1. Timoti viâ11.
+   Ko nga ingoa o etahi o nga Hahi koia enei :â
+  1. Nga Hapariana      1S. Nga Inipenara
+  2. Nga Materiarite     1D. Nga  Paraonihi
+  3. Nga Karawinihi     20. Nga Papita
+  4. Nga Aminiana       21. Nga Kaeka
+  5. Nga Paketenana       21  Nga  Morewiana
+  G. Nga  Nehitoriana     23 Nga  Weteriana  Mete-
+  7. Te Hahi Kiriki          rika
+  8. Te Hahi Pikopo      24. Nga Metorika Niu
+  9. Nga  Ruteriana       25. Nga Motorike. Pirimita
+ 10. Nga Hukuenota     2 i. Nga Hamipa
+ 11. To Hahi o Ingarangi 27. Nga Hapateriana
+ 12. Nga Nonihuro       28. Nga Hutihoniana
+ 13. Nga Tiheneta        20. Nga Tungikera
+
+
+
+
+
+  
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">305526</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2206</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">298KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_2_7.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_2_7_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">290</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+                    TE WHETU   O TE TAU
+  TE  HAERENGA A REWI RAUA  KO   TE
+      WAITERE ME TO RAUA   PAKEHA.
+
+   
+
+ Wiremu 
+
+
+
+Whatawhata
+
+
+ Waikato.
+
+
+Kawhia
+
+
+ Hare Reweti
+
+
+Mangapouri
+
+
+ Rewi o To Katea, 
+ ki a Hoani Papita raua ko Toma, ki te pehi i tera
+ pakanga whenua.
+  
+
+Hare Reweti
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  TE  WHETU   O TE  TAU,
+           AKARANA,  
+
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">299257</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2145</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">292KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_2_8.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_2_8_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">298</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU  O TE TAU
+
+NGA RONGO O TENEI MOTU
+
+Ko Potatau Te Wherowhero kua hoki ki
+
+Waikato ki tona iwi, ko Ngaruawahia te kainga e
+
+noho ana.
+
+TE MAHI HIPI
+
+Ko nga iwi e pupuru nei i te whenua, ka tika
+kia karanga koutou ki te mahi hipi ma koutou
+
+anake ano tena karanga, ta te mea hoki, e whiu
+papa ana hei haerenga Erua nga painga o te
+hui) i, ko nga tinana hei hoko ki nga taone, ko nga
+huruhuru hoki i roto i nga tau katoa Kia
+
+ te whakanoho i nga hipi, kia wawe kou
+tou te whiwhi ki nga painga e ahu mai ana i
+tenei tu mahi
+
+NGA KURA MAORI
+
+Kua tu te Kura Maori kei Whatawhata, e wha
+ te kua o nga tamariki Ko te whenua, na
+te tangata Maori ko nga kai me nga kakahu na
+te tangata Maori Ko nga whakaako he
+tangata Maori, ko Hami Ngai  ko Pera, ko
+Hohepa Kua tu to ratou whare pa', kua nga
+kia paina nga marae o te kainga Kahore he
+ a nga Pakeha i taua, kura Ka tia i ano e
+mara ma, ka tika.
+
+NGA TAONE MAORI
+
+E rua nga taone Maori i roto o Waikato kui
+rangona, ko Ngaruawahia, ko Te Kopua Ko te
+ -Ngaruawahia hei mahinga kai, kua ata
+kitea Ko maramarua, te awa mo nga kai o Nga a
+ ko. Maupu te ara mai ki Hauraki
+Ko nga whare o te taone ki te Kopua he
+papa ko enei ki Ngaruawahia he pipi etahi, he
+ Ka purero ano iwi Maori, ka purero
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TE HOKO PUKU I TE WHENUA
+I roto i tenei mahi whakatau pakanga, i te
+hoko puku i te whenua, na te tangata Maori ra
+nei te he, na te Pakeha ra nei Ko tehea taringa,
+ano o te Pakeha kia rongo? Kua ti nga taringa
+i te korerotanga atu, ehara i te tangata kotahi te
+whenua, Kua rongo tuturu i ratou, no nga tangata
+katoa te whenua No nga rangatira, no nga
+tu ua, no nga tane, no nga wahine, no nga
+ tamariki I runga i tana
+mohiotanga i ta te Pakeha, ka anga, ka tuku
+moni ki nga tangata poka noa ki te tuku whenua
+Ki te mei ki mau te whenua kauaka ia e riri,
+e he ana hoki i tana ki te mea ka pau
+ki atu ina moni, auaka
+ano, i a te Pakeha te he
+
+TE HE O TE NAMA
+He mahi he te nanu He tikanga whaka
+he tikanga whakangoikore i nga ringaringa, he
+tikanga whakapouri i te wairua, he tikanga
+ tikanga whakamana
+ pakanga Ko koutou katoa e pai ana ki enei he nunui haere ki te
+nama ko koutou  katoa e kino ana ki enei he,
+whakamama  mahi nama, ahakoa
+ i nama taonga
+
+KO TE HAHI O TE KARAITI ME ONA
+
+UPOKO 11
+
+Hiruharama i runga i te inoi ki te Atua, i runga
+ i te ahua ki te kupu o te Ariki   atu ki a ratou,
+&quot;Maku e tuku itu  a koutou te mea  korero
+me taku Mahu i otiia, kia noho koutou,  te pa,
+  nama, kia whiwhi ra ano koutou  te
+kaha o aunga&quot; Ruki xx 17â49 Kotahi te kau
+o nga ra i noho tatari 11 nga Apotoro  te kupu
+o te Ariki,  muri iho o te kakenga, a, no te 16
+o nga ra o Mei,  te wiki, &quot;Puta whakarere mai
+ana  hau matangi  te tangi, ano he hau wha
+kaha ra e kii ana, a,  katoa te whare  noho
+ai ratou A, ka puta mai  i tatou nga arero
+manganga, ano ue ahi, tiu iho ana  a tatou
+katoa, a, whakaki! a  ana tatou kite
+Wairua Tapu Nga Mahi 11â2, 3, 4
+noa  nga 100 o nga tauiwi Kihai  roa 
+rangona taua mea ui iti iro, a, ka huihui te mano
+ki te aroaro o nga Apotoro Kotahi  tawai 
+nga akonga o, ka ana enei
+(unreadable text)
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_2_9.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_2_9.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_2_9.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">290404</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1916</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">284KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_2_9.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_2_9.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_2_9_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">334</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+Tapu, kua ringihia mai tenei e kite nei, o rongo
+nei koutou &quot; Nga Mahi 11â33
+
+Ko te kauwhau a Pita mana tonu, i reira, aue
+ana to mano, i te mamae mo a ratou hara, kara
+nga tonu mai ki a Pita ki nga Apotoro katoa, ' E
+nga tangata, me nga tuakana, me pehea e ma
+tou ? ' Nga Mahi 11â36 Ka rongo a Pita ki
+enei kupu, ka mea atu ki te mano, &quot;Ripeneta,
+kia mira koutou katoa, i te ingoa o Ihu Karaiti
+mo te murunga hara, a, ka riro mai ki a koutou
+te horomatanga o te Wairua Tapu ' Nga Mahi
+11â38
+
+Whakaae ana te mano i konei ki te kupu o te
+Atua i whakapuakina ra e Pita, a, &quot;Ko ratou i
+tango hari i te kupu, i mira, a huihuia ana ki a
+matene toru mano o nga wairua&quot; Ngatahi
+11â41
+
+UPOKO HI
+
+Na, ka kite nei tatou, ko Hiruharama te Hahi
+tuatahi, te matua o nga Hahi katoa o te ao, a,
+ka kite hoki tatou i te tika o nga minita i whaka
+rerea iho e te Karaiti, hei hapai i tana kupu
+No te mahinga paotanga o te Hahi ki Harahara
+ma, ka wawahi nga Apotoro Kawea ana te
+rongo pai ki Anatioka, ki etahi atu whenua o
+Ahia, ko etahi i pakaru mai ki Oropi, ki nga
+whenua o Kirihi, ki Roma, ki Paniora, ki Inga
+rangi hoki Haunga te taonga o te kupu ki
+Kateiha, me etahi atu whenua o Awherika.
+
+Ko te pihopa tuatahi o te Hahi i Hiruharama,
+ko Hemi tama a Arapiu he teina a Hemi ki te
+Ariki I taua takiwa, he kupu noa iho nei te
+pihopa, kahore i ahua ke nga kakahu, me nga
+tikanga, i rite te whakaaro o te Hahi katoa, a,
+ko nga pihopa me nga kaumatua i whakapononga
+i a ratou, na te Karaiti hoki tera tikanga pai i
+whakatakoto i mua atu o te matenga I tau-
+tohetohe hoki nga akonga i mea, ko tehea ra hei
+rangatira mo ratou Ka rongo te Ariki, ka mea
+atu, &quot;Ko nga kingi o nga tauiwi hei rangatira mo
+ratou, ko o ratou kai tohutohu e meinga ana
+he hunga mahi pai Otira, kaua koutou e pena,
+engari, ko te mea nui o koutou hei muringa, a,
+ko te rangatira, kia pera mo ia e whakapononga
+ana &quot; Ruka xxiiâ25, 26
+
+Ko te runanga tuatahi o te Hahi o te Ariki, i
+tuna ki Hiruharama, i reira a Paora, a Pita, a
+Panapa, me te tini atu, ko Hemi ia te upoko o
+taua runanga, i a ia te kupu whakamutunga, a,
+ko tana kupu i mana i te mano Nga Hahi xv
+
+â13 Ko te tau i tu ai tenei runanga, ko te 51
+Ko te take i tu ai taua runanga he korero no
+etahi o nga Parihi ki te Hahi o Anatioka, &quot;ki te
+kore koutou e kotea ki te ritenga a Mohi, ekore
+koutou e ora &quot; Nga Maki xvâ1
+
+Noho noa nei a Hemi hei kaumatua mo te
+
+Hahi matua i Hiruharama, taea noatia te tau 62,
+Ka mate ia, he mea kohuru na nga Hurai Tonoa
+ana e nga rangatira o nga Hurai, i kino nei ki te
+rongo pai, kia kake a Hemi ki tetahi o nga keo
+koanga o te temepara whakapuaki ai i ana kupu
+kia ata rangona e te mano No te ekenga, ka
+whakataka iho o ratou, a, akona ana ki te kohatu
+Ka whakaaio a Hemi ka mate ia, ka tuturi nga
+tini, kawea, &quot;E te Ariki te Atua te Matua, ka
+mai atu nei ahau mo ratou, no te mea, ekore
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ratou e matau ki tenei mahi a ratou ' Puta kau
+ano enei kupu i te mangai o Hemi, ka rere atu
+he tangata me te pouwhenua, akona ana ki te
+matenga Na taua rakau, na te kohatu whiu
+mai o te tokomaha, ka mate a Hemi te Tika i to
+whenua i kohurutia ai tona Ariki a Ihu Ko te
+
+ roa tenei o nga Hemi i mate ki Hiruharama, i o
+Hemi te tama a Heperi, na Herora te kingi
+patu Nga Mahi xiiâ2
+
+Ka mate a Hemi te Tika, ka tangotango wha
+kaaro te Hahi ki tetahi tangata hei whakakapi
+mo tona turanga, hei upoko mo te Hahi matua
+Ko ta ratou tangata i pai ai, ko Hamiora, tama
+a Kereopa raua ko Meri Ko nga tau i Kawana
+ai a Haimona i te Hahi i Hiruharama 43, no
+te tau o te Ariki 107 ka mate a Haimona te tua
+rua onga pihopa o Hiruharama, i kohurutia he
+mea ripeka Otira ko te mana anake o te Hahi
+i Hiruharama i kitea i te tau 107, ko te mana o
+te iwi kua ngaro noa atu kia rite ai hoki te
+poropititanga o te Ariki e kii nei, ' E tae mai nga
+ia ki a koe, e tu ai te maioro a o hoa riri i waho
+ake i a koe; a, ka kamapotia koe, a, ka tauaraitia
+koe i tetahi taha, i tetahi taha A, ka whaka
+horoa koe ki raro ki te whenua, me ou tamariki
+i roto i a koe, a, ekore e waiho tetahi kamaka i
+runga i tetahi kamaka i roto i a koe, no te mea
+kihai koe i matau ki te wa a to tirohanga '
+Ruka x1xâ43, 44.
+
+TE TANGI A RAWIRI MO HAORA RAUA KO
+
+HONOTANA
+
+Hinga ana te ataahua o Iharaira,
+
+Ki runga ra ki ou wahi tiketike,
+
+Ano te hinganga o nga nui'
+
+Kauraka ra e korerotia ki Kata,
+
+Kauaka ra nge e panuitia ki nga ara o Ahakorono
+
+Kei hari ra e nga tamahine a nga Parihitini
+
+Kei whakakoakoa nga tamahine a te kokoti kore
+
+E nga maunga o Karapoa, kauraka he tomairangi
+
+Kauaka ra he ua ki runga ki a koutou,
+
+Nga mara hoki mo nga whakahere,â
+
+Na te mea koa, i whiua kinotia ki rena
+
+Te tauarai o nga nui, te tauarai o Haora,
+
+Engia ano ia kihai ia i whakamahia ki te hinu
+
+I te toto o nga mea mate, i te ngako e nga nui
+
+Kahore i hoki ki muri te kopere a Honatana,
+
+Te hoari ra a Haora kaore i hoki kau mai
+
+Ko Haora raua ko Honatana i humarie,
+
+I ahuareka i te oranga ai,
+
+A, i to raua matenga, kihai i wehewehea
+
+Hira ake to raua roto i nga nehera,
+
+Rahi ake te kaha i nga raiona
+
+E nga tamahine o Iharaira,
+
+Tangihia mai a Haora,
+
+Nana nei koma i hipoki
+
+Ki nga mei pakurakura,
+
+Me etahi atu whakahari,â
+
+I whakapiri ki o korua kakahu
+
+Nga koma hei whakapai iho
+
+Ano te hinganga o nga nui,
+
+I waenga parekura'
+
+Patua iho koe e Honatana
+
+Ki ou wahi tiketike
+
+i, koera ana au ki a koe,
+
+E toku tuakana e Honatana
+
+Nui atu to ahuareka ki au,
+
+He aroha whakamiharo tau ki ahau,
+
+Hua ake i to aroha wahine
+
+Ano te hinganga o nga nui '
+
+Nga patu hoki o te whainga ngaro noa ia e
+
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASHb587.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASHb587.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/HASHb587.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,869 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/10/10_1_3.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_3.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_3.item</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlthistype">paged</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Te Whetu o Te Tau</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Date">18580901</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Volume">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Number">3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="MaxImageHeight">2201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PagedImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb587c4fd6e299110eafddf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395215232</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215233</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb587.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_10.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_10_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_11.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_11_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_12.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_12_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_13.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_13_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_14.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">10_1_3_14_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content></Content>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">10</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_3_10.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_3_10.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_3_10.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">279618</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2187</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">273KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_3_10.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_3_10.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_3_10_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">293</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+No. 3.
+
+AKARANA, HEPETEMA 1, 1858.
+
+VOL 1.
+
+Haere atu ra e taku kupu i runga i te aroha wha-
+katohua ki oku hoa Maori katoa. E hoa ma, tena
+koutou. Kia mau mai te whakaaro ki te Atua,
+no te mea hoki, ko te matua ia mo te tangata.
+Tenei tana kupu. &quot;E haere mai ratou i runga i
+te tangi, a, ka arahina e au i runga i te inoi; ka
+meinga ratou o ahau kia haere i te taha o nga
+awa wai, i roto i te ara tika, ekore e tutuki te
+wae i reira, no te mea, ko au hei Matua mo Iha-
+raira, ko Eparaina ano hei matamua ki ahau.&quot;â
+Heremaia xxxiâ9.
+
+Ko tenei e oku hoa aroha kia piri pu ki te
+whakapono kia rokohanga noatanga e te he e
+noho tika ana i te aroaro o te Atua, i te aroaro o
+te tangata, ka oti hoki te tuhituhi, &quot;E mau ki
+nga mea whawhai katoa a te Atua, kia taea ai e
+koutou te tu atu ki te riri i te ra kino a, te oti-
+nga o nga mea katoa kia tu.&quot;âEpeha viâ13.
+
+Kia tau ki a koutou katoa te atawhai o to tatou
+Ariki, ma ona toto tapu e horoi o koutou hara
+katoa, mana koutou katoa e whakawhiwhi ki tona
+Wairua Tapu, kia waiho ai koutou hei mangaro te
+Waina Pono i tenei ao, a, hei Tohunga, hei Kingi
+i tera ao atu. Ko taku inoi tenei mo koutou
+katoa.
+
+NA HARE REWETI.
+
+Akarana, Akuhata, 1858.
+
+KO NGA PUKAPUKA O NGA RANGATIRA.
+
+E hoa e Hare Reweti, tena koe. Ka nui toku
+aroha ki a koe no te mea koa tauwehe o taua
+tinana. E hoa o te whetu o te ata, tena koe.
+Tena koe te tangata nana i tui te waka kia mau.
+E hoa, e mohio ana koe ki nga tangata katoa. E
+hoa tena koe.
+
+NA POTATAU TE WHEROWHERO.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+Rangiaohia.
+
+Haere ra e taku aroha ki a Hare Rewiti
+E hoa e Hare Reweti, tena koe. Ka nui taku
+mihi ki a koe i roto i nga marama i nga ra. E
+hoa tena koe, te mahi mai na i nga mahi tohu o
+te Atua. He waiata aroha.
+
+Taku turanga kei te ihi o te whare
+
+Me te kai aohia te roimata i ahau,
+
+Aroha i mahuki ki te tau ka wehea
+
+Ka ngaro ki te kore
+
+Naku koe i tuku atu i te mata i rarau
+
+Te rehia i te ara koa
+
+Te ringa toro, i te ringa horahora.
+
+Heoi ano,
+
+Na to hoa aroha,
+
+NA HOHEPA TAMAMUTU,
+
+Kei Taupo.
+
+Haere atu ra e taku aroha i nga hihi o te
+marama ka rakaunuitia ki a Hare Reweti. E
+hoa e Hare Reweti, tena koe. Ka nui toku aroha
+ki a koe. Katahi ano au ka tao mai i te kawe i te
+aroha kua honea e te Karaiti ki te ao ki a tatou
+hoa i Taranaki e mahi aua i nga ritenga pouri o
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 
+
+te ao. E pa, i haere au i runga i nga ture i
+whakatakotoria  hei mahi mo nga tangata katoa
+kia whiwhi ki te kotahitanga. E ki ana hoki a
+Paora ko te mea nui ano o enei ko te aroha
+Koriniti xiiiâ13. Me te kupu e mea ana, ka
+kawea hoki matou e te aroha o te Karaiti. Na
+konei au i mea ai kia mahia nga mahi pai ki to
+tangata. E hoa tena koe i roto i te ture atawhai.
+He waiata aroha.
+
+I muri ahiahi ka tata mai te aroha
+
+Ki te tau ra e i whakaepa
+
+I taku ohinga kei te ruru au
+
+E ko reira huaki nei to kai e anga
+
+Te wero hope te maringi nei
+
+Nana nei i hokirua mai ki te whare
+
+Taku whakara ki ngai mua ra
+
+I nga rangi raia.
+
+Heoi ano,
+
+Na to hoa aroha,
+
+NA KEREI KATEA.
+
+Kihikihi, 1858.
+
+Haere ra e taku rota ki a Hare Reweti. E
+hoa tena koe. Kia mau mai te whakaaro ki au
+tamariki i atawhainga ai e koe, i to po i te ao,
+ara i runga i te atawhai o te Ariki. Heoi ka
+mau tonu nei te aroha ki a koe me te tumanako
+tonu o te ngakau ki a koe i te po i to ao kia kite
+ra ano au i a Koe e Hare Reweti.
+
+NA HONE TERI TE PAERATA.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+Rangiaohia, Mei 26, 1858.
+Nau mai ra e taku reta ki toku matua aroha
+ki a Hare Reweti. E pa tena ra koe te noho mai
+na i tou kainga. E hoa, kotahi te mea kua kitea
+e matou ko ta te Atua kupu i ki ai ia &quot;rapua e
+koutou nga Karaipiture kei reira te orangatonu-
+tanga mo koutou.&quot; Kia rongo mai koe kua
+whakakahore matou i etahi o nga tikanga Pakeha
+i runga i to matou whenua ta te mea kua kite te
+Atua ko te moni te putake o nga kino katoa. E
+hoa kia mau mai te aroha ki nga tangata Maori
+katoa. Heoi ano
+
+NA PAORA MATENGA TE PAHUPAHU.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana,
+
+[Ae e te hoa aroha e Paora, mo rapu tonu te
+tangata i nga karaipiture ko te ora kei reira, ko
+te tika, ko te pai]
+
+Warau, Hurae 1, 1858.
+
+E hoa e Te Reweti, tena koe. E hoa ko au
+anake kei te pupuru i ta taua tikanga; otira, ko
+nga rangatira o Ngatitamatea  o Ngatimaru o
+pupuri nei i ta tatou tika. E hoa kia kaha mai.
+Ki a Te Reweti,
+
+Ngaruawahia.
+
+E hoa e Hare Reweti, tena koe i roto i te ata-
+whai o te Ariki.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_3_11.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_3_11.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_3_11.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">296516</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1924</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">290KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_3_11.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_3_11.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_3_11_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+tonu nei ki a koe, no te mea, kua piri mai koe ki
+a matou i runga i te aroha o te Atua. E hoa,
+ekore e mutu taku whakawhetai mo tana homai-
+tanga i tenei pai e mahia nei e nga runanga. E
+hoa kua tae mai tau reta, ara tau kupu e rapu
+nei koe i te tika mo to iwi, to matou kitenga i
+tau reta hari ana etahi, ka pouri etahi no te mea
+e ngaro ana koe i o ratou kanohi. E hoa tena
+koe. Ko taku kupu ki a koe ka mau toku nga-
+kau ki a koe. E hoa ekore au e wareware ki a
+koe.
+
+NA TIPENE TAHATIKA,
+
+Kaiwhakaako.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+[Kei hea hoki te mea nui u a te hoa u a Tipene,
+ka mea au koia ano tena ko te aroha.âNa HARE
+REWETI.]
+
+No Mangere.
+
+E tama e Hare Reweti, tena koe, te whaka-
+puta na i te aroha, i te marama, o runga, i
+te wahi pouri o nga tangata; ara, o te whenua.
+E tama, kia rongo mai koe i taku whakaaro mo
+nga Maori. Rere! ka rito pea te Maori ki nga
+manu, ki nga ika. To nga ika wahi to nga manu,
+to nga kiore, to nga ngarara;âhe mea whaka-
+rite ano e te Atua o ratou whare. To te ika
+haerenga, he wai; to te manu he ngaherehere;
+
+to te kiore, he rua oneone. Ko onei mea katoa,
+kihai i rite te matau ki te tangata. Na, ki ta te
+manu mohio, he ngaherehere; kai ana, inu ana,
+hauhau ana, korero ana. Tena huakina te nga-
+here, ahu kau ana nga manu. Kua mutu te
+koroki o te manu i te ata, hua tangi 
+kao. Ko te rite tenei mo nga Maori. Ka mea,
+no nga Pakeha te he; kaore no ratou ano te he.
+He mea pea kia rite ki nga manu e haerere ana i
+te taha tai. Kua pari te tai, kua nekeneke kiuta;
+
+kua timu, kua matara atu te haerenga. Tera
+ano te tai punaha te haere mai ra, ngaro aua nga
+tahuna, ka kimi i te wahi hei nohoanga mo
+ratou:âkua kitea te wahi i purero, kua popo ki
+reira, ke! ke! kau ana. Mou enei korero, e te
+tangata hoko whenua. E pai kia whiwhi koe ki
+te moni hei utu eka mou. E pai kia uri kore
+koe. Kua tupu o uri, o mokopuna, kua rongo
+ratou, no te Maori ano tenei whenua, i mua mo
+tau kupu e ki na koe, &quot;Hei oneone mawai kia
+puritia, ka mate nei au.&quot; E tama e Hare
+Reweti, e penei ana nga whakaaro o te tangata
+hoko whenua. Kua reka hoki te maunu ki te
+waha. E hoa tena koe, E tama he whakaaro
+enei naku. Me he mea pea, e rongo ana nga
+tangata, ka riri ra nei, ka pai ra nei.
+Heoi ano.
+
+NA TO HOA TATA KEI MANGERE.
+
+Ki a Hare Reweti, o Niu Tireni, o Ingarangi, ra
+nei. E mahara ana au no tawahi ano pea
+koe i whanau ai, no konei ano ra nei.
+[Ekore e toku hoa tata, no tawahi ano au; he
+heka au nei ki tenei whenua ki Niu Tireni.âNa
+HAKE REWETI.]
+
+Mangere, 1858.
+
+Tenei ano te Atua o namata ko Uenuku.
+Kahore he Hurihanga o te whakaaro o mua;
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+kotahi tonu te tikanga. E hoa ma, me tuku atu
+taku kupu i te muri raro, kia kite koutou katoa i
+taku timatanga, nohoanga ki te pakeha 1835 o
+nga tau. Ka noho au i runga i te ritenga
+pakeha. Ehara te matua poriro; engari tona
+matua tupu. Titiro hoki; no te Atua te wairua,
+no te Atua hoki te tinana. He whakaaro tupu
+enei korero. He waiata:â
+
+Ra paki au ki runga ki te tawa
+
+Kia marama hau te titiro ki
+
+Wharekahokaho ki te tauira engia
+
+Ki te haramaitanga o te pai,
+
+Rakau ka tairi ia taua.
+
+Heoi ano
+
+NA HEMI KARENA,
+
+Kei Mangere.
+Ki a Hare Reweti, kei Akarana.
+
+TE HAERENGA A REWI RAUA KO TE -WAI
+
+TERE ME TO RAUA PAKEHA.
+(He roanga no tera nupepa.)
+
+Ko te atawhai a Hoani Papita, me tona hoa
+wahine, me nga tangata katoa me nga wahine,
+nui atu. Patua ana e Hoani he poaka ma matou,
+tukua ana te paraoa me era atu kai, ko te aporo
+he ope noa mai.
+
+No te otinga o nga korero ka hoki ki Kihikihi,
+ka noho ki te kainga a Rewi, ka tukua a Te
+Waitete kia haere ki Te Kopua ki Hangatiki ki
+te tirotiro i te iwi.
+
+No to matou nohoanga Ki .Kihikihi ka tu te
+runanga, etoru te kau o nga tane ki taua runanga
+ko; kupu nei waewae; ko nga Kai whakapono
+karaipiture tokorua, ko Hemi, ko Epiha hei
+ringaringa era; ko nga pane ko Te Katea, ko Te
+Ngahuru, ko Rewi; ko Manuera te kai tuhituhi
+Ka tu te runanga tuatahi he wahine puremu,
+puta ana nga moai â¬Â£15 wahia ana mo te runanga
+etahi mo to tane o te wahine i he etahi. No te
+rua o nga turanga he hoiho te hara, puta ana ko
+te hoiho ko te wati. Ko te wati i te runanga ko
+te hoiho i te tangata nana te he. Ko te tuatoru
+he tahae, puta ana Â£5 wahia ana mo te runanga,
+mo te tangata nana te he. Te tuawha he ekenga
+no tetahi i te hoiho o tona hoa, puta ana erima
+hereni, wahia ana era. He tini nga ture i mahia
+e tenei runanga i to matou nohoanga ki reira,
+mo te waipiro, mo te korero teka, mo te puremu
+me te tini atu.
+
+He nui noa iho te mahi o tenei iwi i te ao i te
+po ki te whakatakoto tikanga hei pehi mo te he,
+hei whakatu mo te tika. I whakaae ano matou
+ki te kaha me te marama o ta ratou mahi.
+
+Ko te atawhai o nga tangata katoa o Kihikihi
+ki a matou heaha ra i korerotia ai! Kahore he
+mea i mahue, ko nga poaka, ko nga paraoa, ko
+nga heihei, ko nga ti, ko nga huka, me te tini atu
+o te kai he whiu noa mai tiketike ana. Ko to
+taonga nei ko te wahine ki te taka kai ma matou,
+ko tana mahi maori tera. Ko te hoa a Manuera
+ko etahi iho, ko etahi iho. Nawai hoki tau aroha
+e Kihikihi ki tenei hanga ki te Pakeha I
+
+No te po ka whakatomokia  te whare te tane,
+te wahine, te tamariki erua pea rau tangata. Ka
+puta te mihi o tana iwi, ka waiata mai ki a Hare
+Reweti.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">12</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_3_12.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_3_12.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_3_12.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">330424</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">323KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_3_12.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_3_12.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_3_12_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">292</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+Kei runga ko Mare:â
+
+Haere mai e Hare Reweti, haere mai e aku
+matua, kawea mai to kiri ma ki au ki to kiri
+pango. Katahi ano au ka mohio tenei te aroha
+nei te kiri ma ki au ki te kiri mangu, ki Niu
+Tireni. Kawea mai tou aroha e taku papa, ae,
+hei papa ano koe ki au.
+
+E titi te kowhiti tiaho i runga ra o
+
+Au ki raro nei whakaraupeka a i e
+
+Me pewhea ra e he mahara mahaku, e
+
+Me tahu tonu ra ki te ahi totara e
+
+Ki te ahi kapana ki a kawa i roto ra e
+
+Me aha koa ra nga mahi a te pito e
+
+Maku nei e titiro tautoru i runga ra e
+
+Matariki rahi nui ko te ahua ia e
+
+Ka whakapaiori au ka takoto kei te whare ra i a
+
+Kei runga ko Pahata;â
+Haere mai e Hare Reweti me tou teina me
+Neri kawea mai nga pai. Haere mai ki te iwi
+i hutia ake i roto i te he. Haere mai te papa o
+nga iwi Maori.
+
+[Pa katoa i konei ki te waiata, te tane te
+wahine me te tamariki, ano te reo o te tangata
+me nga wai maha.]
+
+Kahore te aroha ki te kororia tapu
+
+E wawae ake ana i te ara kuiti,
+
+Nau mai e Hare ka haere taua
+
+Ki a Ihaia, kia monitatia,
+
+Kia huihui tatou koe nohoanga nui
+
+Kia hopukia iho te kupu o te Atua
+
+Kia ahu taua ki a Ihu Karaiti
+
+Kia murua te hara i taku tinana nei.
+
+Ka mutu tenei waiata ka tu ano etahi ki te
+korero, mo te tika o te mahi, me te aroha, mo te
+tapu, kia kauaka te he e tomo mai ki nga runa-
+nga. A ka whakahua tenei waiata tangi, te
+katoa te iti me te rahi.
+
+E ao mauru e rere pokai nei
+Tangi kau ana au ki aku nei tamariki e
+Ka wehe ra i nga tau ka wehe ra i nga nohoanga
+Tahuri mai ki muri kei te mihia atu koe
+Patua a i te moana tara i te rangi
+KIA maori kia puta taua  tai a Kupe
+Kai te tai hauhuru
+E mihi ana 'au e tangi ana au
+Ki taku tane naku i mataati i nga rangi ra
+Nau mai ra ka tu kia kawhakina koe
+E hara te kuri he iti tangata
+Tena te hanga kei tai e patu ana.
+
+Tenei ano tetahi:â
+
+E au mahara iti e au mahara kore
+Ki te rau o te kaho e takoto mai noi
+Naku koe mau mai hei matua moku
+Hei whakawehi mai te tauranga kiuta
+Te atua i a koe te pa rawa mai
+To reo kia whitirere ake ko taku mauri ora
+Ki runga, ka riro ra koe i runga te au heke
+Te pae matua o Hawaiki
+
+Te hauhunuitanga awatea
+
+Ka tangi te aweawe i runga
+Mo ko uru ko ngangana
+Ka tau ana ko tawhiti, hoatu ai au
+I te tapuwae o taku waka, tuhikitia,
+Tahapainga atu, ka rere i opiki ake ai au
+Ki runga o &quot;Whitireia ki te taumata o te ra
+Me te marama, i whatetu ai te uiratanga mai
+Tupe rawa atu au tupe i nuku
+Tupe i rangi, hihi haha, te uru
+O Tangaroa kiuta mangai nuku
+Mangai rangi, mangai papa, mangai tauaia
+Io tauranga te kutikuti ai
+Te tauranga te aweawe, aweawe nui o rangi
+Ka tapu au ka hoka ka hokahoka te manu &quot;
+Nui a Tane tupea mai kia piri,
+Tupea mai kia tata, ka whitirere i manu
+Ka whiwhi au, ha rawe au, ka mau.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NGA RONGO O TAWAHI.
+
+Ko te whainga i Inia e ngahau tonu ana, e kiia
+ana ekore e oti wawe.
+
+Kotahi pa nui o Inia i horo, ko Pokeno; i
+takiri te tangata whenua.
+
+Kua tae mai nga nupepa e ki ana, ka tata ka
+whawhai te Wiwi raua ko TE INGARIHI; kua manu
+nga manuwao.
+
+Ko te whawhai ki Haina e kaha tonu ana; ko
+te Wiwi raua ko te Ingarihi nga hoa riri o Haina.
+
+Kua puta mai nga rongo whawhai o Marikena
+raua ko Ingarangi.
+
+Kua whakahoa a Ruhia raua ko te Wiwi, e rere
+mai ana nga manuwao o Ruhia ki Parani.
+
+Kua hinga te parekura ki Monetenikoro, 2, 000
+o Takei i mate; ko te Wiwi kua whakakoa ki
+Monetenikoro.
+
+E riri puku ana a Ateria raua ko te Wiwi, o
+meinga ana ka tata te pakanga.
+
+KO TE HAHI O TE KARAITI Me ONA
+MANGANGATANGA.
+
+UPOKO IV.
+I te tau o te Ariki 67 ka hapainga mai te taua
+o Roma ki te patu i nga Hurai; ko nga rangatira
+o tenei ope, ko Weteriana, ko Titaha, tama ano
+ona. Ko nga hoia o to raua ope 60, 000. No te
+horonga o Kariri, me etahi atu wahi, i Huna, ka
+hoki a Weteriana ki Roma, waiho iho ana te
+tikanga a te taua ki tana tama, ki a Titaha. Ka
+taea etahi o nga pa e te ope o Roma, ka tae atu
+ki te tau i Hiruharama; a karapotia ana e ratou
+taua pa, keria ana ki te maioro a waho, te puta
+te tangata whenua ki te rapu kai. I ia whakae-
+kenga, i ia whakaekenga, ka hinga te parekura,
+mano tini ki te moenga o tetahi o tetahi. Nawai
+ra ka taea te taiepa tuatahi, te tuarua, te tuatoru.
+Nui atu te kaha o nga Hurai, me to ratou maia;
+
+ka taea tetahi wahi o te pa, rewa ana te toto,
+kauika ana te tupapaku, ka whati iti atu, ka
+tupu ano te whana. E toru marama, tango atu
+ki te wha, i kakawa ai i roto i te pa, ka tae nga
+hoia o Roma ki te taiepa kohatu o te Temepara.
+Ko tetahi mate o to tangata whenua i roto i tenei
+whawhai, ho hiakai. Ota noa to tangata i nga
+mea kai e takoto ana, hamu noa etahi ki nga
+otaota, ki nga paru o nga huarahi, a, ko etahi i
+kai tangata. No konei koa i rite ai te porotiti-
+tanga a Mohi i mua i ki nei, &quot;A, ka kai koe i te
+hua o to kopu, i te kikokiko o o tama, o o tama-
+hine, i homai e Ihowa e tou Atua ki a koe, i te
+whakapaenga, i to kopaninga hoki o kopania ai
+koe e ou hoa riri.&quot; Tiuteronomi xx^iiiâ53.
+Ko tetahi ho i roto i tenei whainga, he putu no
+nga Hurai i a ratou ano; puke ana te toto i roto
+i te pa i ta ratou mahi kohuru i a ratou ano.
+
+No te timatanga o te whawhai ka mahara nga
+akonga ki te kupu o to Ariki, i ki nei, &quot;Ka kite
+koutou i te whakarikarika whakamarakerake i
+korerotia e Raniera te poropiti, e tu ana i to
+wahi tapu (ko ia e titiro pukapuka ana, ki a
+matau ia). Hei reira ko ratou i Huria, me  rere
+ki nga maunga.&quot; Matiu xxi^ââ¢15, 16. A, oma
+ana ratou' ki tetahi pa i nga maunga, ko Pera
+tona ingoa, ka ora i te riri o te taua waiho iho
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">13</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_3_13.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_3_13.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_3_13.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">331104</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2160</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">323KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_3_13.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_3_13.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_3_13_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+
+nga he ki nga Hurai kihai nei i whakapono kiate
+Karaiti.
+
+No te marama o Mei, ka taea e te ope o Roma,
+te pito ki raro o te pa; a, no nga ra o Akuhata
+ka horo te pito i tu ai te temepara. No te eke-
+nga a nga hoia ki reira, ka whiua atu e tetahi he
+mounga ahi ki roto ki taua whare, inamata! ka
+pongere, ka mura, tinei noa etahi o ratou, kihai
+i mate, pa tonu atu te ahi ki nga rakau whaka'
+iro, ki nga koura, me nga hiriwa, a, haruru haere
+ana te ahi i roto i nga ruma katoa, i te wahi
+tapu hoki. I te toronga o to temepara he mano
+nga tangata i piki ki runga ki nga keokeonga, ki
+te tuanui, tena e tae ake te ahi ki reira, ka horo
+te tuanui, pau tonu ake ratou i te kapura. Hau-
+nga nga tangata i kohurutia i roto i te temepara,
+e tere ana te toto o nga Hurai, ano he wai i roto
+i te whare o te Atua.
+
+No te patunga o tenei hunga ki te temepara,
+ka rere nga morehu ki te pito whakarunga o te
+pa, tangi ana te aru e te taua, a, horoa ana tera
+wahi. Ka patua nei te tane, te wahine, te tama-
+riki, me te awa nei te toto, a, mano tini ki te
+moenga i nga marae o nga kainga, puta ana te
+haunga, kahore hoki he kai tanu. Ara i patu
+nga hoia o Roma, i patu, ka hoha noa iho, nge-
+nge aua te ringa i te patunga. Takoto rawa iho
+kotahi miri ona kotahi rau mano, 1, 100, 000; ko
+nga herehere hei hoko mo Roma, eiwa te kau ma
+whitu mano 97, 000. Na, murua ana nga tao-
+nga katoa i toe, tahutahu rawa nga whare katoa,
+turakina ana nga pa kohatu, whakahoroa katoatia
+ana nga whare taua, pakira kau ana taua pa, en-
+gia ano kihai i nohoia tera wahi e te tangata. Pa
+ana te he nui ki nga iwi o Hiruharama, whaka-
+ritea ana e te Atua ta ratou kupu i ki atu Ki a
+Pirato, &quot;Ko ona toto, hei runga i a matou, me o
+matou tamariki.&quot; Matiu xx^uâ25.
+
+UPOKO V
+No te mutunga o to whawhai, ka, hoki a Ti-
+taha ki Roma ki te kawe i o ratou taonga, i nga
+herehere hoki. Ko nga hoia i waiho iho e Hiha
+hei tiaki mo Hiruharama, 800; ko te wahi i tu
+ai to ratou whare tiaki, ko maunga mona. A i
+roto i aua ra ka hapainga e nga Kiriki e nga
+Ratini hanga ana he pa mo ratou ki Hiruharama,
+tapa iho taua pa, ko Ena Kapitorina. I a ratou
+e noho ana, ka ngoki atu etahi o nga Hurai ki
+reira noho ai, takitahi nei.
+
+Noho noi nga Hurai i nga taone i pahaki atu i
+Hiruharama, a, ka whakatika tetahi tangata i
+roto i a ratou, ko Haimona Pukarara te ingoa.
+Mea ai taua tangata ko te Karaiti ia, whai tonu
+atu nga Hurai i a ia, haere rawa ake taea ope
+erua rau mano 200, 000. Huaki tonu atu taua
+ope ki Hiruharama, nohoia ana e aua Hurai te
+pa, me nga whare taua, me nga taone o reira.
+Ka rongo a Roma, ka hapainga mai e Hewara.
+Ka whakaekea e te taua, ka horo ho pa, ka horo
+he pa, a, turia ana ki waho, mimiti ana nga
+Hurai i a Roma, takoto rawa iho erima rau,
+e waru te kau mano 580, 000 haunga nga mea i
+tahuna ki te ahi, me nga mea i mato i te kai
+kore.
+
+I muri mai o tenei i nga ra o Anatonina Paura
+i te tau o te Ariki 138 ka waiho nga Hurai kia
+noho marire ana i etahi o nga whenua o Huria
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+otira, kihai a Hiha i whakaae kia noho ratou ki
+te pa o Hiruharama. I te tau 806 ka puta ki te
+karauna o Roma a Kanitaina nui. I whakaae tenei
+Ehara ki te whakapono, a, i roto i tana Ehara-
+tanga, mano tini te tangata i tahuri ki te Hahi.
+Tokorua raua ko tona whaea ko Herena ki te
+whakamana i te whakapono. Haere atu ana a
+Herena ki Hiruharama ki te titiro i nga wahi i
+haerea e te Karaiti, a, whakahaua iho e ia kia
+hanga he whare karakia ki te tini o te wahi i
+Hiruharama. Whakatakariri noa nga Hurai i to
+ratou kitenga i nga whare karakia o nga Karaiti-
+ana; otira, kahore he toa i kitea e ratou hei taki-
+taki i to ratou mate.
+
+I te Eparatanga o Huriana, i te tau 361 ka
+koa nga Hurai, no te mea, kahore tera Epara i
+whakaae ki a te Karaiti. I mea a Huriana kia
+whakakahoretia e ia nga korero poropiti o te
+Ariki, whakahaua ana e ia nga kai mahi kia
+hanga he temepara ki runga ki Maunga Moria;
+
+ko te ahua kia poka ke ake i te whare karakia i
+hanga e Herena ki runga ki Maunga Kaware.
+Ka rongo nga Hurai ki te whakaaro o Huriana te
+Ehara o Roma, ka whakarapopoto i a ratou ki
+Hiruharama ki te hanga i te temepara. Otira,
+kahore i puta ta ratou whakaaro, ko te whare
+karakia i tu ki Maunga Moria, na Takei, a, e tu
+mai nei ano. No konei i rite ai te kupu poro-
+piti o te Ariki i mea nei, &quot;A ka takahia a Hiru-
+harama e nga tauiwi, kia rite ra ano te wa o nga
+tauiwi.&quot;-'Ruka xxiâ24.
+
+WAIATA A RAWIRI.
+
+Tau ana te manaakitanga ki te tangata
+
+Kaore e haere i roto i te korerotanga
+
+O te hunga kino,
+
+A, kaore e turia te ara
+
+O te hunga hara;
+
+A, kaore e nohoia te nohoanga
+O nga whakahihi.
+
+Otira, ko tana whakaahuarekatanga
+Kei te ture a Ihowa,
+
+A, ko ia e whakaaro ana ki. tona ture,
+I te ao, i te po,
+
+E pera ia we te rakau whakato
+Ki te parenga o nga awa wai,
+E puta nei nga hua i ona tau;
+
+Kaore he memengetanga o tona rau
+
+A, e mana nga mea katoa,
+
+E mahia ana e ia.
+
+Ko te hunga kino ia, ekore e penei,
+
+E rite ana ki te papapa
+
+E kahakina nei e te hau;
+
+Mo konei ra, kaore he turanga
+
+O te hunga kino, ki te whakawakanga;
+
+O te hunga hara hoki
+
+Ki te menenga o te hunga tika;
+
+E matau ana hoki a Ihowa
+Ki te ara o te hunga tika;
+
+Ko te huarahi ia o te hunga kino,
+E ngaro noa iho.
+
+I taia tenei e PIRIPI KUNITA, ki Akarana.
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="Title">14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">10_1_3_14.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">10_1_3_14.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">10_1_3_14.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">338090</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">GIF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1280</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">2201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">330KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">10_1_3_14.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">10_1_3_14.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">10_1_3_14_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">291</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PagedImage</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+TE WHETU O TE TAU.
+nga he ki nga Hurai kihai nei i whakapono kiate Karaiti. No te marama o Mei, ka taea e te ope o Koma, te pito ki raro o te pa ; a, no nga ra o Akuhata ka horo te pito i tu ai te temepara. No te eke-nga a nga hoia ki reira, ka whiua ata e tetahi he mounga ahi ki roto ki taua whare, inamata ! ka pongere, ka mura, tinei noa etahi o ratou, kihai i mate, pa tonu atu te ahi ki nga rakau whaka-iro, ki nga koura, me nga hiriwa, a, haruru haere ana te ahi i roto i nga ruma katoa, i te wahi tapu hoki. I te toronga o to temepara be mano nga tangata i piki ki runga ki nga keokeonga, ki te tuanui, tena e tae ake te ahi ki reira, ka horo te tuanui, pau tonu ake ratou i te kapura. Hau-nga nga tangata i kohurutia i roto i te temepara, e tere ana te toto o nga Hurai, ano he wai i roto i te whare o te Atua. No te patunga o tenei hunga ki te temepara, ka rere nga morehu ki te pito whakarunga o te pa, tangi ana te ara e te taua, a, horoa ana tera wahi. Ka patua nei te tane, te wahine, te tama-riki, me te awa nei te toto, a, mano tini ki te moenga i nga marae o nga kainga, puta ana te haunga, kahore hoki he kai tanu. Ara i patu nga hoia o Roma, i patu, ka hoha noa iho, nge-nge ana te ringa i te patunga. Takoto rawa iho kotahi miri ona kotahi rau mano, 1,100,000 ; ko nga herehere hei hoko mo Roma, eiwa te kau ma whitu mano 97,000. Na, murua ana nga tao-nga katoa i toe, tahutahu rawa nga whare katoa, turakina ana nga pa kohatu, whakahoroa katoatia ana nga whare taua, pakira kau ana taua pa, en-gia ano kihai i nohoia tera wahi e te tangata. Pa ana te he nui ki nga iwi o Hiruharama, whaka-ritea ana e te Atua ta ratou kupa i ki atu ki a Pi ra to, &quot;Ko ona toto, hei runga i a matou, me o matou tamariki.&quot; Matiu xxviiâ 25. UPOKO V. No te mutunga o to whawhai, ka hoki a Ti-taha ki Roma ki te kawe i o ratou taonga, i nga herehere hoki. Ko nga hoia i waiho iho e Hiha hei tiaki mo Hiruharama, 800 ; ko te wahi i tu ai to ratou whare tiaki, ko maunga Hiona. A i Toto i aua ra ka hapainga e nga Kiriki e nga Ratini, hanga ana he pa mo ratou ki Hiruharama, tapa iho taua pa, ko Eria Kapitorina. I a ratou e noho ana, ka ngoki ata etahi o nga Hurai ki reira noho ai, takitahi nei. Noho ooi nga Hurai i nga taone i pahaki ata i Hiruharama, a, ka whakatika tetahi tangata i roto i a ratou, ko Haimona Pukapara te ingoa. Mea ai taua tangata ko te Karaiti ia, whai toua atu nga Hurai i a ia, haere rawa ake tana ope erua rau mano 200,000. Huaki tonu atu taua ope ki Hiruharama, nohoia ana e aua Hurai te pa, me nga whare taua, me nga taone o reira. ka rongo a Roma, ka hapainga mai e Hewara. Ka whakaekea e te taua, ka horo ho pa, ka horo he pa, a, turia ana ki waho, mimiti ana nga Hurai i a Roma, takoto rawa iho erima rau, e waru te kau mano 580,000 haunga nga mea i tahuna ki te ahi, me nga mea i mato i te kai kore. I muri mai o tenei i nga ra o Anatonina Piura i te tau o te Ariki 138 ka waiho nga Hurai kia noho marire ana i etahi o nga whenua o Huria ;otira, kihai a Hiha i whakaae kia noho ratou ki te pa o Hiruharama. I te tau 306 ka pata ki te karauna o Roma a Kanitaina nui. I whakaae tenei Epara ki te whakapono, a, i roto i tana Epara-tanga, mano tini te tangata i tahuri ki te Hahi. Tokorua raua ko tona whaea ko Herena ki te whakamana i te whakapono. Haere atu ana a Herena ki Hiruharama ki te titiro i nga wahi i haerea e te Karaiti, a, whakahaua iho e ia kia hanga he whare karakia ki te tini o te wahi i Hiruharama. Whakatakariri noa nga Hurai i to ratou kitenga i nga whare karakia o nga Karaiti-ana ; otira, kahore he toa i kitea e ratou hei taki-taki i to ratou mate. I te Eparatanga o Huriana, i te tau 361 ka koa nga Hurai, no te mea, kahore tenei Epara i whakaae ki a te Karaiti. I mea a Huriana kia whakakahore tia e ia nga korero poropiti o te Ariki, whakahaua ana e ia nga kai mahi kia hanga be temepara ki runga ki Maunga Moria ; ko te ahua kia poka ke ake i te whare karakia i hanga e Herena ki runga ki Maunga Kaware. Ka rongo nga Hurai ki te whakaaro o Huriana te Epara o Roma, ka whakarapopoto i a ratou ki Hiruharama ki te hanga i te temepara. Otira, kahore i puta ta ratou whakaaro, ko te whare karakia i tu ki Maunga Moria, na Takei, a, e tu mai nei ano. No konei i rite ai te kupu poro-piti o te Ariki i mea nei, &quot;A ka takahia a Hiru-harama e nga tauiwi, kia rite ra ano te wa o nga tauiwi. &quot;-'Ruka xxi â 24. WAIATA A RAWIRI. TE I. Tau ana te manaakitanga ki te tangata Kaore e haere i roto i te korerotanga O te hunga kino, A, kaore e turia te ara O te hunga hara; A, kaore e nohoia te nohoanga O nga -whakahihi. Otira, ko tana whakaahuarekatanga Kei te ture a Ihowa, A, ko ia e whakaaro ana ki tona ture, I te ao, i te po E pera ia me te rakau whakato Ki te parenga o nga awa wai, E puta nei nga hua i ona tau; Kaore he memengetanga o tona rau A, e mana nga mea katoa, E mahia ana e ia. Ko te hunga kino ia, ekore e penei, E rite ana ki te papapa E kahakina nei e te hau ; Mo konei ra, kaore he turanga O te hunga kino, ki te whakawakanga . O te hunga hara hoki Ki te menenga o te hunga tika ; E matau ana hoki a Ihowa Ki te ara o te hunga tika; Ko te huarahi ia o te hunga kino, E ngaro noa iho. I taia tenei e PIRIPI KUNITA, ki Akarana.
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b058d81d87cbb75516422b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3069e92e87edd9751a8670</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b565a2db6de54cd0e27556</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3576b3ec6e076ef0e6b99b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb587c4fd6e299110eafddf</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215234
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215228
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title
+indexlevels	Doc	Sec
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;->idx
+indexstem	Scanned-Img-Basic
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc	section->Sec
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	65752
+numdocs	5
+numsections	27
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Scanned-Img-Basic/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b058d81d87cbb75516422b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3069e92e87edd9751a8670</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b565a2db6de54cd0e27556</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3576b3ec6e076ef0e6b99b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb587c4fd6e299110eafddf</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/Bear.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">Bear.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">Bear.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Bear.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Bear.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12976</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">210</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">12.7KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Bear.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Bear.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">Bear_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">Bear_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">429</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Bear in the Rocky Mountains</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Bear</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bear</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">D0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215235</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">D0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Bear.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Bear_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Bear_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/Cat.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">Cat.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">Cat.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Cat.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Cat.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">59841</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">640</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">480</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">58.4KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Cat.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Cat.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">Cat_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">Cat_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Kathy's Kouskous</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Cat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Cat</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">D1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215235</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">D1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Cat.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Cat_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Cat_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/Cheetah.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">Cheetah.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">Cheetah.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Cheetah.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Cheetah.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">247681</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">800</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">533</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">242KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Cheetah.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Cheetah.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">Cheetah_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">Cheetah_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Fastest land mammal</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Cheetah</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Cheetah</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">D2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215235</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">D2.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Cheetah.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Cheetah_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Cheetah_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D3.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/Fish.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">Fish.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">Fish.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Fish.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Fish.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">286405</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">800</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">533</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">280KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Fish.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Fish.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">Fish_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">Fish_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Colourful fish</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Fish</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fish</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">D3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215236</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">D3.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Fish.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Fish_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Fish_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/Gopher.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">Gopher.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">Gopher.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Gopher.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Gopher.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">213823</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">800</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">600</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">209KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Gopher.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Gopher.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">Gopher_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">Gopher_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Looking out over the field</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Gopher</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Gopher</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">D4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215237</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">D4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Gopher.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Gopher_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Gopher_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/Lemur.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">Lemur.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">Lemur.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Lemur.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Lemur.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">447740</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1600</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1200</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">437KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Lemur.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Lemur.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">Lemur_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">Lemur_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Striped tail</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Lemur</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Lemur</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">D5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215238</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">D5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Lemur.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Lemur_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Lemur_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/Rhino.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">Rhino.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">Rhino.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Rhino.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Rhino.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">360910</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">1600</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">1200</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">352KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Rhino.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Rhino.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">Rhino_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">Rhino_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Four rhinos</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Rhino</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Rhino</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">D6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215238</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">D6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Rhino.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Rhino_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Rhino_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/Shark.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">Shark.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">Shark.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Shark.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Shark.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">220748</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">800</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">533</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">216KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Shark.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Shark.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">Shark_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">67</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">Shark_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">333</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">Ancient sea creature</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Shark</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Shark</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">D7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215238</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">D7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Shark.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Shark_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Shark_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/D8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/Tiger.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">ImagePlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Image">Tiger.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">Tiger.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">Tiger.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">Tiger.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">238189</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageType">JPEG</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageWidth">800</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageHeight">600</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ImageSize">233KB</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">Tiger.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">Tiger.jpg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]&quot; width=&quot;[ImageWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ImageHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbType">gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Thumb">Tiger_thumb.gif</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="thumbicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Thumb]&quot; alt=&quot;[Thumb]&quot; width=&quot;[ThumbWidth]&quot; height=&quot;[ThumbHeight]&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbWidth">100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ThumbHeight">75</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenType">jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Screen">Tiger_screen.jpeg</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="screenicon">&lt;img src=&quot;_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[assocfilepath]/[Screen]&quot; width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenWidth">500</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ScreenHeight">375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NoText">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Description">A cat that likes a swim</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Tiger</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tiger</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">D8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215239</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">D8.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Tiger.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Tiger_thumb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">Tiger_screen.jpeg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>This document has no text.</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Bear</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Cat</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Cheetah</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Fish</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Gopher</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Lemur</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Rhino</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Shark</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Tiger</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D8</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215239
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215234
+indexfieldmap	dc.Description->DE
+indexfields	dc.Description
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	dc.Description;->idx
+indexstem	Simple-Image
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	234
+numdocs	9
+numsections	9
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Simple-Image/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<item>
+   <title>Bear</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Cat</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Cheetah</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Fish</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Gopher</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Lemur</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Rhino</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Shark</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Tiger</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/D8</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASH017c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASH017c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASH017c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,690 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_files/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">43939</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Anne Boleyn: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_files/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_files/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017c9afe86ea1866828ceb1b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215240</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH017c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">geov2.js:unknown:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyncardinalbig.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynmainjpg.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynsmall.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn3sepiatinged.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynstrong.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8boleyn.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynsketch2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">visit.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; height=&quot;667&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;29&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;29&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'[A] woman who is the scandal of 
+      Christendom.'&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon describes her
+rival, 1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyncardinalbig.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Anne Boleyn&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;90&quot; width=&quot;352&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt; 
+      &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynmainjpg.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;the most famous portrait of Anne Boleyn; at the NPG, London&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;357&quot; width=&quot;275&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;portrait of Anne Boleyn by an unknown 
+      artist, late 16th century&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;br&gt;Anne Boleyn is one of the most famous queens
+in English history, though she ruled for just three years.&amp;nbsp; The
+daughter of an ambitious knight and niece of the duke of Norfolk, Anne
+spent her adolescence in France.&amp;nbsp; When she returned to England,
+her wit and style were her greatest charms.&amp;nbsp; She had a circle of
+admirers and became secretly engaged to Henry Percy.&amp;nbsp; She also
+entered the service of Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; But she soon caught
+the eye of Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; He ordered Percy from court and tried to
+make Anne his mistress.&amp;nbsp; She refused.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, Mary, had
+been the king's mistress and gained little from it but scandal.&amp;nbsp;
+Her hopes with Percy dashed, Anne demanded that the king marry
+her.&amp;nbsp; She waited nearly seven years for Henry to obtain an
+annulment.&amp;nbsp; It finally took an irrevocable breach with the Holy
+See before they wed in 1533.&amp;nbsp; But she was unable to give Henry the
+son he desperately needed and their marriage ended tragically for
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was executed on patently false charges of witchcraft,
+incest and adultery on 19 May 1536.&amp;nbsp; Her daughter, Elizabeth,
+would become England's greatest queen.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpsamepagelink_#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Anne&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;The
+romance between Anne &amp;amp; Henry Percy,&lt;/a&gt; c1523&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Eyewitness accounts of &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;her coronation in
+1533&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;her
+execution in 1536&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-lastdays.html&quot;&gt;An
+account of Anne's last days&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne3.html&quot;&gt;Anne's
+last words&lt;/a&gt;, 19 May 1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexanne.html&quot;&gt;Another
+account of her execution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;
+          &lt;b&gt;Secondary Sources&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Read JA Froude's 1891 work &lt;i&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;The Divorce 
+          of Catherine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Understandably, it also 
+          discusses Anne Boleyn as well as Henry VIII's rumored affair with her 
+          sister Mary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;Contemporary
+descriptions of Anne&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;Henry
+VIII's love letters to Anne&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn-poems.html&quot;&gt;Poetry
+about Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Anne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Anne's daughter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Read about Anne's sister, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Mary Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2ffiveanne.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;The
+Boleyn-Howard connection&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Anne's relationship to Henry VIII's fifth wife&lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Anne Boleyn's life at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Links&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fboleynfamily&quot;&gt;The Boleyns&lt;/a&gt;: A 
+        website dedicated to the entire Boleyn family, with particular emphasis 
+        upon Anne.&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fjack-of-all-trades.ca%2fmeandmine&quot;&gt;Me and Mine&lt;/a&gt;: 
+        Biography and images of Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Anne Boleyn enthusiasts at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.fine-eyes.net%2fanneboleyn%2findextwo.html&quot;&gt;Mistress
+Anne: The Official Anne Boleyn Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fsearch%3fquery%3dAnne%2bBoleyn&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Anne Boleyn at Yahoo! Groups&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; There are numerous groups
+dedicated to Anne.&amp;nbsp; I think you need a Yahoo! ID to join.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&amp;nbsp; It does
+not focus exclusively on Anne.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;NEWS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; September 2004&lt;br&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: 
+        The Most Happy&lt;/b&gt; by Eric Ives has just been published
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f026-3687195-0558069&quot;&gt;
+        in the UK&lt;/a&gt; and
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f002-7093489-7046463%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3dbooks%26amp;n%3d507846&quot;&gt;
+        US&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I will be posting a lengthy review soon.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Professor Ives had previously written the definitive 
+        biography of Anne in 1986; this work incorporates new research.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/b&gt; by Joanna Denny
+        was published
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-9295844-3953254&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt; 
+        in April 2004.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The above portrait of Anne Boleyn is a late
+16th copy of a lost original.&amp;nbsp; It can be viewed at the National Portrait
+Gallery, London.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is of middling stature, with a swarthy
+complexion, long neck, wide mouth, bosom not much raised, and in fact
+has nothing but the King's great appetite, and her eyes, which are
+black and beautiful - and take great effect on those who served the
+Queen when she was on the throne.&amp;nbsp; She lives like a queen, and the
+King accompanies her to Mass - and everywhere.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;the Venetian ambassador describes Anne, 1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Anne Boleyn's birthdate is unknown; even the year is widely
+debated.&amp;nbsp; General opinion now favors 1501 or 1502, though some
+historians persuasively argue for 1507.&amp;nbsp; She was probably born at
+Blickling Hall in Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Her father was Sir Thomas Boleyn, a
+minor courtier with a talent for foreign languages; he was of London
+merchant stock and eager to advance in the world.&amp;nbsp; Like most men,
+he chose to marry well.&amp;nbsp; His bride was Elizabeth Howard, daughter
+of the second duke of Norfolk and sister of the third duke.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne had two surviving siblings, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and George.&amp;nbsp; Their birthdates are also unknown, as is the order of their 
+  births.&amp;nbsp; We only know that all three Boleyn siblings were close in age.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In 1514, Henry VIII married his youngest sister, Mary, to the aged king of France.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+accompanied the Tudor princess as a very&lt;img alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynsmall.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;232&quot; width=&quot;175&quot;&gt; young lady-in-waiting; she remained in France after the French king died and
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;
+returned home.&amp;nbsp; Anne gained the subsequent honor of being educated
+under the watchful eye of the new French queen Claude.&amp;nbsp; This
+education had a uniquely French emphasis upon fashion and flirtation,
+though more intellectual skills were not neglected.&amp;nbsp; Anne became
+an accomplished musician, singer and dancer.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In 1521 or early 1522, with war between England and France
+imminent, Anne returned home.&amp;nbsp; When she first caught Henry VIII's
+eye is unknown.&amp;nbsp; He was originally attracted to her sister, Mary
+who came to court before Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was the king's mistress in the
+early 1520s and, as a mark of favor, her father was elevated to the
+peerage as viscount Rochfort/Rochford in 1525.&amp;nbsp; Mary herself would leave 
+  court with only a dull marriage, and possibly the king's illegitimate son, as 
+  her reward.&amp;nbsp; Anne learned much from her sister's example.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Her first years at court were spent in service to Henry VIII's
+first wife, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhtml%5ffiles%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She became quite popular among
+the younger men.&amp;nbsp; She was not considered a great beauty; her
+sister occupied that position in the family, but even Mary was merely
+deemed 'pretty'.&amp;nbsp; Hostile chroniclers &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;described Anne&lt;/a&gt;
+as plain, sallow, and possessing two distinct flaws - a large mole on
+the side of her neck and an extra finger on her left hand.&amp;nbsp; Such
+praise as she received focused on her style, her wit and charm; she was
+quick-tempered and spirited.&amp;nbsp; Her most remarkable physical
+attributes were her large dark eyes and long black hair.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's attraction was focused upon her sharp and teasing
+manner, and her oft-stated unavailability.&amp;nbsp; What he couldn't have,
+he pined for all the more.&amp;nbsp; This was especially difficult for a
+king used to having his own way in everything.&amp;nbsp; Anne was also
+seriously involved with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Henry Percy&lt;/a&gt;,
+the son and heir of the earl of Northumberland; there were rumors of an
+engagement and declarations of true love.&amp;nbsp; The king ordered his
+great minister, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, to end the match.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey did so, thus ensuring
+Percy's unhappy marriage to the earl of Shrewsbury's daughter and
+Anne's great enmity.&amp;nbsp; It was safer to blame the Cardinal than his
+king.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry's jealousy revealed the depth of his feelings,
+and Anne quite naturally thought - if she could not be an earl's wife,
+why not try for the crown of England? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When Anne avoided Henry's company, was sullen and evasive to him,
+he sent her from court; he hoped that a few months in the country would
+persuade her of his charms.&amp;nbsp; It did not work.&amp;nbsp; Anne was
+already playing a far more serious game than the king.&amp;nbsp; Later,
+after she had been arrested, Henry would claim he had been 'bewitched'
+and the term wasn't used lightly in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; But perhaps
+it was simply the contrast between her vivacity and Katharine's
+solemnity; or perhaps the king mistook the inexplicable ardor of true
+love for something more ominous, long after that love had faded.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is impossible to fully explain the mystery of attraction
+between two people.&amp;nbsp; How Anne was able to capture and maintain the
+king's attention for such a long while, despite great obstacles and the
+constant presence of malicious gossip, cannot be explained.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was headstrong and querulous.&amp;nbsp; But for several years, he remained
+faithful to his feelings for Anne - and his attendant desire for a
+legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-min.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;168&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;&gt;One cannot separate the king's desire for a
+son, indeed its very necessity, from his personal desire for
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; The two interests merged perfectly in 1527.&amp;nbsp; Henry had
+discovered the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhtml%5ffiles%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;invalidity
+of his marriage&lt;/a&gt; to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Now it was possible to annul
+his marriage and secure his two fondest hopes - Anne's hand in marriage
+and the long-desired heir.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; Cardinal Wolsey had long advocated an Anglo-French
+alliance.&amp;nbsp; For that reason, he disliked the Spanish
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhtml%5ffiles%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
+of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He now set about securing his monarch's annulment
+with the intention of marrying Henry to a French princess.&amp;nbsp; And if
+not a French princess, perhaps a great lady of the English court.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey did not like Anne, and she despised him.&amp;nbsp; It was Wolsey who
+had delivered the king's orders to Henry Percy, driving her suitor from
+court.&amp;nbsp; She never forgot that injury to her heart.&amp;nbsp; And while
+she could not revenge herself upon the king, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter8.html&quot;&gt;she could work
+against&lt;/a&gt; his Lord Chancellor.&amp;nbsp; His protÃ©gÃ© and successor &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; became a close ally. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Anne alone did not cause Wolsey's fall from grace, though she
+took the blame for it.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, 'Nan Bullen', as the common people
+derisively called her, became the scapegoat for all the king's
+unpopular decisions.&amp;nbsp; But it is important to remember that no one
+- not Wolsey, not Cromwell, and certainly not Anne Boleyn - ever
+controlled Henry VIII, or made him do other than exactly what he
+wanted.&amp;nbsp; He was a king who thoroughly knew and enjoyed his
+position.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas
+More&lt;/a&gt; would aptly point this out to his son-in-law, William Roper -
+'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold
+him.'&amp;nbsp; And later, when Roper commented upon the king's affection
+for More, the philosopher replied that if his head would win the king a
+castle in France, then Henry would not hesitate to chop it off.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But most people found it easier to hate Anne than to hate their
+monarch.&amp;nbsp; As the king's desire for an annulment became the gossip
+of all Europe, she was roundly criticized and condemned.&amp;nbsp; And she
+was not popular at the English court either.&amp;nbsp; Both her unique
+situation and her oft times abrasive personality offended many.&amp;nbsp;
+And Katharine's solemn piety had impressed the English court for three
+decades; her supporters were numerous, though not inclined to face the
+king's formidable wrath.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Anne was sustained only by the
+king's affection and she knew his mercurial temper.&amp;nbsp; It is
+possible that she was as surprised by his faithfulness as everyone
+else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As the struggle for an annulment proceeded and the pope
+prevaricated between Henry and Katharine's nephew, the Holy Roman
+Emperor Charles V, Anne's position at the English court became steadily
+more prominent.&amp;nbsp; There were at first little signs.&amp;nbsp; The king
+would eat alone with her; she received expensive gifts; she began to
+dress in the most fashionable and expensive gowns; the king paid her
+gambling debts since Anne, like most courtiers, enjoyed cards and dice.
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king was not too outlandish at first; he had no desire to
+prejudice the pope against his case by flaunting a new love.&amp;nbsp; But
+as the delays mounted, and rumors of his new love spread, Henry
+realized there was no purpose in hiding the truth.&amp;nbsp; By 1530, Anne
+was openly honored by the king at court.&amp;nbsp; She was accorded
+precedence over all other ladies, and she sat with the king at
+banquets and hunts while Katharine was virtually ignored.&amp;nbsp; The
+pretense of his first marriage was allowed to continue; Katharine
+continued to personally mend his shirts and send him gifts and
+notes.&amp;nbsp; But it was an untenable situation.&amp;nbsp; It grated on both
+women.&amp;nbsp; Anne perhaps taxed the king with it.&amp;nbsp; To placate her,
+she was titled marquess of Pembroke on 4 September 1532 at Windsor
+Castle; she wore a beautiful crimson gown and her hair hung
+loose.&amp;nbsp; Now elevated to the peerage in her own right, she had
+wealth and lands of her own.&amp;nbsp; But when she accompanied him to
+France on a state visit a short while later, the ladies of the French
+court refused to meet with her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is believed that her elevation to the peerage marked the
+physical consummation of Anne and Henry's relationship.&amp;nbsp; She would
+give birth to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;
+just a year later, and there were rumors of a secret marriage in late
+1532.&amp;nbsp; It is possible that she became pregnant after just a few
+months and a second, legitimate wedding became a necessity.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; 
+  &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn3sepiatinged.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sepia-tinged sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;344&quot; width=&quot;216&quot;&gt;The king had his fondest wish within his
+grasp.&amp;nbsp; Anne was pregnant with his long-awaited son, or so he
+thought, and this son must be legitimate.&amp;nbsp; He could no longer wait
+upon the pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry rejected the authority of the Holy See and
+Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, annulled his marriage to
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Anne married again in January 1533 in a
+small ceremony.&amp;nbsp; But though they were now husband and wife, few
+recognized the fact.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;Her
+coronation&lt;/a&gt; was a lavish affair; the king spared no expense.&amp;nbsp;
+But the people of London were noticeably unimpressed.&amp;nbsp; They cried
+out 'HA! HA!' mockingly as tapestries decorated with Henry and Anne's
+entwined initials passed by.&amp;nbsp; Henry asked, 'How liked you the look
+of the City?'&amp;nbsp; Anne replied, 'Sir, I liked the City well enough -
+but I saw a great many caps on heads, and heard but few tongues.'&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so her coronation was yet another reminder of her complete
+dependency upon the king.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne enjoyed her triumph as much as she could.&amp;nbsp; She ordered
+new blue and purple livery for her servants and set about replacing
+Katharine's badge of pomegranates with her own falcon symbol.&amp;nbsp; She
+chose as her motto, 'The Most Happy', in stark contrast to her
+predecessor.&amp;nbsp; Katharine had been 'Humble and Loyal'; Henry's
+mother, Elizabeth of York had chosen 'Humble and Reverent'.&amp;nbsp; But
+humility was not a marked characteristic of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was pious, though not as rigid and inflexible as Katharine of
+Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Anne's sympathies naturally lay with the progressive
+thought now challenging Catholic orthodoxy; with Henry's rejection of the papacy and his
+creation of a new Church of England, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;the
+Reformation&lt;/a&gt; had come to England.&amp;nbsp; It was not as revolutionary
+as Luther's movement in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Henry actually remained a devout
+Catholic, only denying what he now regarded as the illegitimate
+authority of the papacy.&amp;nbsp; Anne knew that her marriage and future
+children would never be recognized as legitimate by Catholic
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; She had to support the new church, otherwise she was no more than 
+  the king's mistress.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And this new emphasis upon debating even the most esoteric bits of
+theology appealed to her nature.&amp;nbsp; She was always curious and open
+to new ideas; she never blindly accepted&lt;img alt=&quot;The above portrait is of Anne Boleyn, painted by Lucas Horenbout; dated 1525-27.  Sir Roy Strong identified the portrait.  Anne wears a necklace with her falcon badge.&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynstrong.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;175&quot; width=&quot;175&quot;&gt; anything.&amp;nbsp; But this is not to deny her
+deep faith.&amp;nbsp; As queen, she was close friends with Thomas Cranmer
+and she also sponsored various religious books.&amp;nbsp; She had none of
+the hard-fought pragmatism of her daughter, 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Religious faith was a
+vital part of Anne's life, as it was for every person in the 16th
+century.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She entered confinement for the birth of her first child on 26
+August 1533.&amp;nbsp; The child was born on 7 September 1533.&amp;nbsp; The
+physicians and astrologers had been mistaken; it was not a
+prince.&amp;nbsp; But the healthy baby girl called Elizabeth was not the
+disappointment most assumed, nor did she immediately cause her mother's
+downfall.&amp;nbsp; The birth had been very easy and quick.&amp;nbsp; 'There
+was good speed in the deliverance and bringing forth,' Anne wrote to
+Lord Cobham that very day.&amp;nbsp; The queen recovered quickly.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had every reason to believe that strong princes would
+follow.&amp;nbsp; It was only when Anne miscarried two sons that he began
+to question the validity of his second marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth's christening was a grand affair, though the king did
+not attend.&amp;nbsp; This fact was much remarked-upon, but Henry
+confounded all by his continuing affection for Anne.&amp;nbsp; He also
+promptly declared Elizabeth his heir, thus according her precedence
+over her 17 year old half-sister, 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Princess Mary&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Anne could
+breathe a sigh of relief, recover, and become pregnant again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Immediately after Elizabeth's christening, Henry wrote to Mary and
+demanded that she relinquish her title of Princess of Wales.&amp;nbsp; The
+title belonged to his heiress.&amp;nbsp; He also demanded that she
+acknowledge the validity of his new marriage and legitimacy of her
+half-sister.&amp;nbsp; But Mary could be as obstinate as her mother; she refused.&amp;nbsp; Enraged, Henry evicted Mary from her
+home, the manor Beaulieu, so he could give it to Anne's brother, George.&amp;nbsp; In December, 
+  she was moved into Elizabeth's household
+under the care of Lady Anne Shelton, a sister of Anne's father.&amp;nbsp;
+It was an understandably miserable time for Mary.&amp;nbsp; When told to pay her
+respects to the baby Princess, she said that she knew of no Princess of
+England but herself and burst into tears.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry was infuriated and Anne encouraged the estrangement.&amp;nbsp;
+Her daughter's status depended upon Mary remaining out of favor.&amp;nbsp;
+In the two and a half years she lived after Elizabeth's birth, Anne
+proved herself a devoted mother.&amp;nbsp; Soon after the birth, Elizabeth
+had to be moved from London, for purposes of health; London was rife
+with a variety of illnesses - sweating sickness, smallpox, and
+plague.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth and Mary were sent to Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; Both
+Henry and Anne visited their daughter often, occasionally taking her
+back with them to Greenwich or the palace at Eltham.&amp;nbsp; During these
+visits, Mary was kept alone in her room.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;portrait of Henry VIII&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8boleyn.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;186&quot; width=&quot;150&quot;&gt;There are account books and
+letters which reveal certain facts about Elizabeth's early
+childhood:&amp;nbsp; bills for an orange satin gown and russet velvet
+kirtle, for the king's heir had to be fashionably dressed; a letter in
+late 1535, after her second birthday, from the wet nurse asking
+permission to wean her; a plan of study in classical languages, for
+Anne was determined her daughter would be as educated as Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The conflict with Mary dominated a great deal of Henry and Anne's
+thoughts.&amp;nbsp; In January 1534, the king's new chief minister, Thomas
+Cromwell, went to visit Mary at Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; He urged her to
+renounce her title and warned her that her behavior would lead to her
+ruin.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she simply wanted her father's blessing
+and the honor of kissing his hand.&amp;nbsp; When Cromwell chastised her,
+she left the room.&amp;nbsp; Mary, and indeed most of England, believed
+Anne to be the cause of Henry's disgust with his eldest child.&amp;nbsp; In
+truth, Henry had far more to do with it than Anne; this was proven
+after Anne's execution.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed that she would regain her
+favor with the wicked stepmother out of the way but she was proven
+terribly wrong.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, under threat of her life, she &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;wrote the letter&lt;/a&gt;
+her father had long desired.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;He and Anne also tried a gentler course with Mary; their goal was
+to show that she had brought Henry's displeasure upon herself and that
+he and Anne were quite willing - under reasonable conditions - to
+receive her.&amp;nbsp; At their next visit to Hatfield, Anne arranged to
+see her stepdaughter.&amp;nbsp; She invited Mary to come to court and
+'visit me as Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Mary responded with a cruel insult - 'I know
+no Queen in England but my mother.&amp;nbsp; But if you, Madam, as my
+father's mistress, will intercede for me with him, I should be
+grateful.'&amp;nbsp; Anne did not lose her temper; she pointed out the
+absurdity of the request and repeated her offer.&amp;nbsp; Mary then
+refused to answer and Anne left in a rage.&amp;nbsp; From then on, she made
+no attempts to gain Mary's friendship.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The problem with Mary highlights the untenable positions Anne and
+Elizabeth occupied in English politics.&amp;nbsp; Many of Henry's subjects
+did not know who to call Princess, who was the rightful heir, and who
+was the true wife.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon lived on, still calling
+herself Queen, and Mary, encouraged by the spiteful Imperial ambassador
+Eustace Chapuys, still called herself Princess.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+Chapuys, who openly despised Anne, told Mary that Anne was planning to
+have her murdered.&amp;nbsp; It was a terrible lie but one that Mary, in
+her hysterical state, was inclined to believe.&amp;nbsp; When word came
+that she and Elizabeth's household was moving from Hatfield to The
+More, she refused to go.&amp;nbsp; She believed she would be moved and
+quietly murdered.&amp;nbsp; Guards had to actually seize her and throw her
+into her litter.&amp;nbsp; Her distress naturally made her ill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth, meanwhile, was too young to notice any of this.&amp;nbsp;
+But such events helped cement the lifelong hatred Mary would have for
+her half-sister.&amp;nbsp; Her Spanish friends continued to spread rumors
+about Anne and Elizabeth, saying the infant princess was physically
+deformed and monstrous in appearance.&amp;nbsp; To dispel this, in April
+1534, Henry showed the naked infant to several continental
+ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; In that same month, Anne announced she was once
+again pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Nothing could have pleased Henry more.&amp;nbsp; She
+may have had a miscarriage in February for there were rumors she was
+pregnant in January but nothing came of it; given the heightened
+circumstances, it is unlikely she could have hidden her
+condition.&amp;nbsp; Even a suspicion of pregnancy was sure to become
+gossip.&amp;nbsp; But the main source of this miscarriage is Chapuys,
+hardly an impartial observer.&amp;nbsp; At any rate, she was definitely
+pregnant again in April 1534.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The elated king took his wife to the medieval palace at Eltham;
+there, they sent for the princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry was often seen
+carrying her about and playing with her.&amp;nbsp; The king&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynsketch2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;206&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;&gt; and queen soon returned to Greenwich and
+then Henry left on a progress, leaving Anne at the palace.&amp;nbsp; This
+was probably out of concern for her health and lends some credence to
+the belief she miscarried in February.&amp;nbsp; If she had, Henry would
+show special concern for her health, and this he did.&amp;nbsp; He was
+supposed to meet Francis I of France in June at Calais to sign a treaty
+but decided not to, writing that Katharine and Mary, 'bearing no small
+grudge against his most entirely beloved Queen Anne, might perchance in
+his absence take occasion to practice matters of no small peril to his
+royal person, realm, and subjects.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;His extra attention to Anne did not help her health.&amp;nbsp; In
+September 1534, she miscarried a six-month-old fetus; it was old enough
+for features to be discerned - it was a boy.&amp;nbsp; Henry was bitterly
+disappointed.&amp;nbsp; Anne was likewise.&amp;nbsp; She was also angry for
+Henry had begun a casual affair that summer.&amp;nbsp; She reproached him
+and Henry replied, 'You have good reason to be content with what I have
+done for you - and I would not do it again, if the thing were to
+begin.&amp;nbsp; Consider from what you have come.'&amp;nbsp; The scene was
+furious and overheard by her attendants.&amp;nbsp; But it was a passing
+storm.&amp;nbsp; Henry was already tired of his new mistress and, within
+days, Chapuys was sadly writing to Charles V of Henry's continued
+affection.&amp;nbsp; But there were signs that things were not progressing
+smoothly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;For example, Henry had hoped to cement his relationship with
+Francis I by betrothing Elizabeth to Francis's son, the Duc
+d'Angouleme.&amp;nbsp; After Anne suffered two miscarriages, as the French
+ambassador reported to Francis, the French king grew wary of such a
+betrothal.&amp;nbsp; To him, it must have seemed that Anne's position was
+weakening; after all, Henry had dismissed one wife because she had no
+sons - would he do the same to Anne?&amp;nbsp; And, if he did, then what
+good was a marriage to Elizabeth?&amp;nbsp; Of course, it was in France's
+interests to promote Anne for Katharine of Aragon and her daughter were
+Charles V's pawns.&amp;nbsp; But his doubts highlight the
+instability of Anne's position.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This undoubtedly affected her mental and physical health.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was never the mercenary adulterer of legend.&amp;nbsp; In fact, he
+was remarkably conventional in his sexual appetites, unlike his French
+rival.&amp;nbsp; Any affairs would have been widely reported and yet,
+during his long marriage to Katharine of Aragon, there were just a
+handful of mistresses.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed being around attractive
+women.&amp;nbsp; He was flirtatious and would joke with them, compliment
+them, but only rarely did he enter into a physical relationship.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But for Anne, any occasional fling was devastating, especially if
+it followed upon her miscarriage.&amp;nbsp; Such behavior was said to
+indicate his displeasure with her; this she could not afford.&amp;nbsp;
+They were occasionally estranged and the effect was to increase her
+already-noticeable anxiety.&amp;nbsp; In late 1534 Anne, accompanied by the
+duke of Suffolk, her uncle Norfolk, and other courtiers, visited
+Richmond Palace, where both Elizabeth and Mary resided.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+entered her daughter's rooms only to realize that the two dukes had
+left her.&amp;nbsp; They were paying court to Mary and remained with her
+until Anne had left.&amp;nbsp; Still, this slight could be forgotten when
+the Treason Act was passed in November.&amp;nbsp; It was now a capital
+crime to deny the legitimacy of her marriage or children.&amp;nbsp; By
+December, she and Henry had made up yet again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;A scandal occurred shortly thereafter which added further damage to Anne's 
+  reputation.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, Mary, who had been Henry's mistress years 
+  before, married Sir William Stafford without her family or the king's 
+  permission.&amp;nbsp; Because Stafford was poor, Mary's father was angry and cut 
+  off her allowance.&amp;nbsp; She appealed to the king and Anne but they would not 
+  help.&amp;nbsp; (Mary did not attend court during Anne's reign, since her presence 
+  would have been an embarrassment for the king and queen.)&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;194&quot; width=&quot;139&quot;&gt;Always fascinated with rumors surrounding his
+English 'brother', Francis I decided to hedge his bets in the mercurial
+Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he would remain friendly with Anne
+and also with Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; And so he instructed his new
+ambassador, Admiral Chabot, to ignore Anne when he arrived at
+court.&amp;nbsp; Chabot was received by Henry and two days passed without
+any mention of the queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry asked if Chabot wanted to visit
+her.&amp;nbsp; The ambassador replied, 'As it pleases Your Highness' and
+then asked permission to visit Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry refused, but Chabot
+made certain everyone knew of his request.&amp;nbsp; He also told courtiers
+that Francis wanted to marry the Dauphin to Mary; when Henry reminded
+him of the union with Elizabeth, the ambassador said nothing.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, Francis did enrage Charles V by acknowledging Elizabeth's
+legitimacy.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It was a tedious and frightening dance for Anne.&amp;nbsp; During the
+two and a half years after Elizabeth's birth, she was rarely secure,
+certain of her position and the king's affections.&amp;nbsp; Her little
+daughter received every favor she could bestow; Anne insisted Henry
+favor Elizabeth because it strengthened her position.&amp;nbsp; But she was
+surrounded by fair-weather friends who, at the slightest sign of
+Henry's disfavor, ignored her.&amp;nbsp; She only trusted her brother,
+George, whose wife, Jane Rochford, was a viper in their nest.&amp;nbsp;
+Meanwhile, Henry was again flirting openly with another woman.&amp;nbsp;
+This time it was Anne's cousin and lady-in-waiting, Madge
+Shelton.&amp;nbsp; Anne still had influence over her husband, but knew only
+one way to make his favor permanent.&amp;nbsp; She must bear a son.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry would never dismiss the mother of his long-awaited heir.&amp;nbsp;
+Her enemies would at last be silenced.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Henry's health had begun to worsen.&amp;nbsp; The first
+signs of the illness which would kill him appeared (occluded sinus on
+his leg).&amp;nbsp; Headaches became frequent and severe.&amp;nbsp; The king
+was a hypochondriac.&amp;nbsp; Now unable to indulge his love of sports, he
+instead indulged his fear of pain and illness.&amp;nbsp; And he was
+frequently impotent.&amp;nbsp; He was in his mid-forties and increasingly
+obese; this, combined with his other ailments, made his continued
+virility questionable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly his 'mistresses' did not
+conceive.&amp;nbsp; But the continued lack of an heir and Anne's
+miscarriages must have reminded him of Katharine.&amp;nbsp; How could it
+not?&amp;nbsp; Like most of his contemporaries, the king blamed his wife
+when she did not conceive or carry to term.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And, like Francis I, Thomas Cromwell - that influential and
+brilliant man - was keeping his options open as well.&amp;nbsp; He visited
+Mary and was rumored to promise support for her reinstatement.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne was terrified at this loss of her one-time supporter who was also
+the king's most trusted advisor.&amp;nbsp; But Anne had one last chance,
+and in June 1535, became pregnant again.&amp;nbsp; She lost that child as
+well, in January 1536; she was reported to have said, 'I have
+miscarried of my savior.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When her destruction came, it was rapid and unbelievable.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had always been one to plot against people while he pretended
+affection.&amp;nbsp; Anne suffered the same fate as Katharine.&amp;nbsp; She
+knew he was dissatisfied with her but he maintained their lifestyle
+together.&amp;nbsp; And all the while, he was seeking the best way to
+destroy her.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon died in January as well, just a
+few days before Anne's miscarriage.&amp;nbsp; These events, taken together,
+pushed Henry into action.&amp;nbsp; While Katharine had lived, most of
+Europe, and many Englishmen, had regarded her as his rightful wife, not
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; Now he was rid of Katharine; if he were to rid himself of
+Anne, he could marry again - and this third marriage would never be
+tainted by the specter of bigamy.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry's &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;decision
+to thoroughly destroy Anne&lt;/a&gt; baffled even her enemies.&amp;nbsp; There
+was a possible way out which would spare Anne's life.&amp;nbsp; Henry had
+admitted an affair with her sister,&lt;img alt=&quot;an 18th century portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne3.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;194&quot; width=&quot;144&quot;&gt; Mary.&amp;nbsp; He could have argued that was as
+damning as Katharine's marriage to his brother.&amp;nbsp; But he chose a
+more direct route.&amp;nbsp; He had her arrested, charged with adultery,
+witchcraft, and incest; the charges were ludicrous even to her
+enemies.&amp;nbsp; Her brother George was arrested as well.&amp;nbsp; His
+despised wife, Jane Rochford, testified about an incestuous love
+affair.&amp;nbsp; Whether anyone believed her was irrelevant.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VIII wanted Anne convicted and killed.&amp;nbsp; George would also lose his
+life, as did three of their friends.&amp;nbsp; Only one had confessed to
+the charge, and that was under torture; it was still enough to convict
+them all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As queen of England, Anne was tried by her peers; the main charge
+was adultery, and this was an act of treason for a queen.&amp;nbsp; No
+member of the nobility would help her; her craven uncle Norfolk
+pronounced the death sentence.&amp;nbsp; Poor Henry Percy, her first love,
+swooned during the trial and had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; As
+a concession to her former position, she was not beheaded by a clumsy
+axe.&amp;nbsp; A skilled swordsman was brought over from France.&amp;nbsp; She
+was assured that there would be little pain; she replied, with typical
+spirit, 'I have heard that the executioner is very good.&amp;nbsp; And I
+have a little neck.'&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have chosen me from low estate to be your
+queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire; if, then, you
+found me worthy of such honor, good your grace, let not any light fancy
+or bad counsel of my enemies withdraw your princely favor from me;
+neither let that stain - that unworthy stain - of a disloyal heart
+towards your good grace ever cast so foul a blot on me, and on the
+infant princess your daughter.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;from Anne Boleyn's &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;last letter&lt;/a&gt;
+to King Henry VIII, 1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;its authenticity
+is debated&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She had prayed for exile, to end her days in a nunnery, but now
+faced a more tragic fate.&amp;nbsp; She met it with bravery and wit.&amp;nbsp;
+She was brought to the scaffold at 8 o'clock in the morning on 19 May
+1536.&amp;nbsp; It was a heretofore unknown spectacle, the first public
+execution of an English queen.&amp;nbsp; Anne, who had defended herself so
+ably at her trial, chose her last words carefully:&amp;nbsp; 'Good
+Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law,
+and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing
+against it.&amp;nbsp; I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak
+anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray
+God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler
+nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a
+good, a gentle and sovereign lord.&amp;nbsp; And if any person will meddle
+of my cause, I require them to judge the best.&amp;nbsp; And thus I take my
+leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to
+pray for me.&amp;nbsp; O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my
+soul.'&amp;nbsp; She was then blindfolded and knelt at the block.&amp;nbsp; She
+repeated several times, 'To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu
+receive my soul.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It was a sardonic message to the king.&amp;nbsp; Even now he waited
+impatiently to hear the Tower cannon mark Anne's death.&amp;nbsp; He wished
+to marry Anne's lady-in-waiting, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; They wed ten days after the execution.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth was just three and a half when her mother died.&amp;nbsp;
+She was a precocious child, though; when her governess visited her just
+days after the execution, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;
+asked, 'Why, Governor, how hap it yesterday Lady Princess, and today
+but Lady Elizabeth?'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was buried in an old arrow box since no coffin was
+provided.&amp;nbsp; But the box was too short; her head was tucked beside
+her.&amp;nbsp; The remains were taken to St Peter ad Vincula, the church of
+the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; It was later rumored that her few remaining
+friends smuggled her body to a more suitable grave and she is buried
+under a plain slab in a Norfolk church.&amp;nbsp; The church is said to be
+haunted.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And if any person will meddle of my
+cause, I require them to judge the best.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;from Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This page receives 15,000+ unique visitors per 
+month.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/geov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/visit.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1180480885&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASH017c.dir/geov2.js
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASH017c.dir/geov2.js	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASH017c.dir/geov2.js	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// This file was missing, so adding a placeholder in order to build without warning 
+// and for the page to display in the browser without firebug js warnings
+function geovisit(){}
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASH01c1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASH01c1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASH01c1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_files/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">29443</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Anne of Cleves: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_files/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_files/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c1e7e6aeea41090cb38bab</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215240</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">geov2.js:unknown:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevescardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevesholbein2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cleves-bio1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cleves-bio2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">visit.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; height=&quot;634&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My Lord, if it were not to
+satisfy the world, and My Realm, I would not do that I must do this day
+for none earthly thing.' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Henry VIII to Cromwell on his wedding day to
+Anne of Cleves&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevescardinal.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;95&quot; width=&quot;352&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevesholbein2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;325&quot; width=&quot;331&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves 
+      by Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Anne of Cleves was the fourth wife of King
+Henry VIII; it was a very brief marriage, to the astonishment of all
+observers but the relief of both spouses.&amp;nbsp; Henry infamously
+referred to his bride as a 'Flanders mare' and told courtiers and
+ambassadors that he could not perform his husbandly duties because of
+Anne's appearance.&amp;nbsp; Anne's reaction to Henry's physical charms was
+not recorded, but she agreed to an annulment very quickly and remained
+in England for the rest of her life.&amp;nbsp; Henry was grateful for her
+cooperation and granted her a generous income and several homes,
+including Hever Castle.&amp;nbsp; Anne enjoyed an independent lifestyle
+denied most women, often visiting Henry's court as an honored
+guest.&amp;nbsp; Her fondness for English ale and gambling were her only
+vices.&amp;nbsp; Along with her successor as Henry's wife, Catherine
+Howard, Anne remains a mysterious figure about whom too little is
+known.&amp;nbsp; Had she and Henry remained married and had children, the
+course of English history might have changed dramatically.&amp;nbsp; But
+the mysteries of physical attraction denied Anne her place on the
+throne, ended the brilliant career of Thomas Cromwell, and thrust the
+king into the arms of his ill-fated fifth queen, Catherine Howard.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Anne of Cleves.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Anne&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves meets Henry VIII for the first time&lt;/a&gt;, 1540&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Anne. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Anne's life at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'So she came to
+Greenwich that night, and was received as queen.&amp;nbsp; And the next
+day, being Sunday, the king's grace kept a great court at Greenwich,
+where his grace with the queen offered at mass, richly dressed.&amp;nbsp;
+And on Twelfth Night, which was Tuesday, the king's majesty was married
+to the said queen Anne solemnly, in her closet at Greenwich, and his
+grace and she went publicly in procession that day, she having a rich
+coronet of stone and pearls set with rosemary on her hair, and a gown
+of rich cloth of silver, richly hung with stones and pearls, with all
+her ladies and gentlewomen following her, which was a goodly sight to
+behold.' &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; Anne of Cleves marries King
+Henry VIII, 1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Anne of Cleves was Henry VIII's fourth wife, though not his first
+choice for the role by far.&amp;nbsp; His ambassadors searched out all the
+eligible heiresses of Europe and discovered their king had a very nasty
+marital reputation.&amp;nbsp; The beautiful Christina of Milan was told of
+the king's interest and wittily replied that if she had two heads she
+would risk it, but she had only one; Marie de Guise, who would later
+wed his nephew the King of Scots, replied much the same.&amp;nbsp; The
+tragic tale of his second queen, Anne Boleyn, had kept European gossips
+busy for three years now.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's poor and disrespectful treatment of his first wife (he
+was rumored to have bullied Katharine of Aragon to an unhappy death)
+and the quick end of his third (in his desperation for a healthy male
+heir, the king was rumored to have ordered Jane Seymour cut open,
+mangled and killed) only contributed to his low reputation. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;One wouldn't think a king would have too difficult a time finding
+a wife, but Henry VIII - who defied his contemporaries in so many other
+ways - did so in this respect as well. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the end, it was religion which brought Anne of Cleves to
+England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry had sought out Catholic princesses like Marie de Guise and
+his fifth wife would be a Catholic as well.&amp;nbsp; Despite the Henrician
+'reformation', England and its monarch remained a Catholic nation,
+albeit one in which supreme authority resided within the king rather
+than the pope.&amp;nbsp; But Henry's influential advisor, Thomas Cromwell,
+wanted England to ally herself with a Protestant nation that also
+rejected papal authority.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell recognized the inexorable
+Catholic decline which was only just beginning to occur; the king's
+assumption of supreme authority had merely been the first and most
+spectacular opening shot in a new religious war.&amp;nbsp; Raised to be a
+churchman until his brother's untimely death and deeply interested in
+theological debate, Henry VIII didn't appreciate the Pandora's Box of
+change he had opened.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell, younger and more philosophically
+attuned to the attitudes of the rising middle class, did appreciate
+it.&amp;nbsp; And he approved of it.&amp;nbsp; The marriage to Anne of Cleves
+would openly ally England with a Protestant duchy, thus making the
+'reformation' even more settled. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry VIII's previous two marriages had been love matches; he had
+been quite independent in choosing women of his own court to
+marry.&amp;nbsp; But this fourth marriage was necessarily a more diplomatic
+endeavor.&amp;nbsp; In this, the king returned to the traditional role of
+kings searching for brides; he also understood that, since the Act of
+Supremacy in 1534, England stood dangerously isolated amongst the
+Catholic powers of Spain and France. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There was a gap of over two years between Jane Seymour's death in
+October 1537 and Anne of Cleves's arrival in England in late December
+1539.&amp;nbsp; Romantics believe the king waited such a long while to
+marry again because he loved Jane so much.&amp;nbsp; Whether he loved her
+or not is beside the point, though there is ample evidence that he
+did.&amp;nbsp; Henry actually waited so long (and he did so quite
+impatiently) because marriage negotiations took an unexpectedly long
+time.&amp;nbsp; He actually sent out instructions regarding the search for
+a new wife barely a month after Jane's death. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But the French princesses would not assemble for his perusal; they
+also made it clear they preferred other suitors.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Likewise,
+other heiresses of Europe, some of which (like Christina of Milan) were
+related through tangled Hapsburg bloodlines to the king's first wife,
+Katharine of Aragon, avoided the English ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; And always,
+busy with his paperwork and contacts throughout Europe, Cromwell sought
+to arrange a Protestant alliance. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;During all of these negotiations, one must not forget the king's
+own views regarding his future wife.&amp;nbsp; Henry was used to making his
+own decisions about the women in his life; he had high standards for
+female beauty and insisted his next wife be physically
+attractive.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he told his ambassadors that no official
+overtures be made to certain ladies until he had approved of their
+looks.&amp;nbsp; 'The thing touches me too near,' said the king, which was
+true enough but not the sort of thing kings were supposed to say.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, he was not merely a man but a monarch; he was not supposed
+to marry for himself alone. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The ambassadors were often placed in embarrassing positions,
+commissioning portraits and sending back detailed descriptions of pock
+marks and hairstyles.&amp;nbsp; Finally, the choices were narrowed down to
+four serious contenders - Marie de Guise, the widow of the duc de
+Longueville, was tall, beautiful and already proven in
+childbirth.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned earlier, she chose the Scottish king
+James V.&amp;nbsp; Henry then looked to her younger sister, but she also
+became otherwise engaged.&amp;nbsp; Then there was the beautiful and
+intelligent Christina of Milan, just sixteen and one of the most
+sought-after heiresses of her generation.&amp;nbsp; But the king of England
+was three times her age, fat and with a cruel reputation; she allowed
+herself to be painted by Holbein but did nothing to solve the problem
+of her being a great-niece of Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; This
+impediment of affinity was a nice way to avoid the king of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The year of 1538 passed with no alliance.&amp;nbsp; Henry had intended
+to use his fourth marriage as a balance between France and the Hapsburg
+empire.&amp;nbsp; But it now seemed as if those two enemies might join
+forces against him in defense of the papal supremacy. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Suddenly Cromwell's moment had arrived.&amp;nbsp; The fourth serious
+contender was the sister of the duke of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The duke was not
+a Protestant himself but was allied through marriage with Saxony and
+the league of Lutheran princes; he was also at odds with the Hapsburg
+emperor Charles V over the duchy of Gelderland.&amp;nbsp; The duchy of
+Cleves might one day rival the Netherlands in terms of trade and
+strategic advantage.&amp;nbsp; The king was persuaded to send his favorite
+court painter, Hans Holbein the Younger, to the German duchy.&amp;nbsp;
+There he painted both Anne and her sister Amelia.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who by
+this time was wearying of the endless rounds of negotiations (and whom
+Cromwell feared would soon turn to another English noblewoman), was
+interested in Anne.&amp;nbsp; Negotiations began in earnest. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was 24 years old, and had spent most of her life at the ducal
+court of Dusseldorf.&amp;nbsp; She was well-educated in domestic skills but
+she was neither intellectual or flirtatious, both qualities the king
+admired.&amp;nbsp; She had no musical skills, and music was one of Henry's
+passions, and no interest in books.&amp;nbsp; On the trip to England, her
+escort (perhaps sensing disaster ahead) tried to teach her the king's
+favorite card games but Anne found them hopeless.&amp;nbsp; It was not her
+fault, nor that of Henry VIII, but she was raised in a different
+country and, as things turned out, was not given time to acclimatize
+herself before the king rejected her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+  &lt;img alt=&quot;Holbein's betrothal portrait of Anne of Cleves&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cleves-bio1.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;280&quot; width=&quot;190&quot;&gt;The issue of the betrothal portrait is the most fascinating part
+of this story.&amp;nbsp; Holbein was a man of vast talent; his best
+portraits are simply astounding, beautifully composed and possessing
+great psychological insight.&amp;nbsp; Look at the infamous portrait of
+Anne of Cleves to the left; it is clear that Holbein was more
+fascinated with the embroidery of her gown than with Anne's
+personality.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are downcast and her features lost beneath the ornate
+trappings of her dress and hood. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There has long been a rumor that Henry was so enraged with the
+work, believing that Holbein had deliberately duped him with a false
+portrait, that he fired the painter.&amp;nbsp; But that is not true.&amp;nbsp;
+At the time, there were a few remarks that she did not look as well as
+the portrait asserted, but this was not unlikely - she had arrived in
+England after a long journey, perhaps the sea air did not agree with
+her skin?&amp;nbsp; Or perhaps nervousness over the impending marriage
+caused a change in her complexion.&amp;nbsp; We cannot know.&amp;nbsp; But we
+do know that Henry's ambassadors, only too aware of their master's
+wishes, allowed the portrait to be sent as a fair likeness of
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; Would they have dared to mislead their monarch in such a
+way?&amp;nbsp; It's not likely.&amp;nbsp; Even Henry himself did not make much
+of the supposed difference between the painted and real Anne, aside
+from a comment to Cromwell that she was 'nothing so fair as she had
+been reported.'&amp;nbsp; Often expectations can be idealistic, and that
+was possibly the case with Henry.&amp;nbsp; Holbein continued to receive
+commissions from the English aristocracy before dying of plague in
+London in 1543. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;What actually happened to drive Anne and Henry apart was a simple
+matter of attraction.&amp;nbsp; Almost five hundred years later, we still
+don't understand why certain people are physically attracted to each
+other; it simply happens.&amp;nbsp; And it didn't happen with Anne and
+Henry; in fact, quite the opposite occurred and the king was repulsed
+by her.&amp;nbsp; Anne's feelings on the matter are not known but Henry was
+no longer the strong, athletic king of years past; various injuries had
+reduced his exercise but not his appetite.&amp;nbsp; He was increasingly
+obese and subject to its attendant problems. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There were other reasons for the king to look askance at this new
+bride.&amp;nbsp; The foreign crisis which had caused Cromwell to seek an
+alliance with the Protestant duchy had passed; France and Spain had
+returned to their old enmity.&amp;nbsp; England was no longer threatened by
+the Catholic powers.&amp;nbsp; Also, the dispute over Gelderland had become
+more serious and Henry was not eager to fight the suddenly genial
+Spanish in defense of Anne's brother.&amp;nbsp; These issues were clear in
+mid-autumn 1539 but the marriage negotiations continued.&amp;nbsp; By that
+point, they had a momentum of their own.&amp;nbsp; A proxy marriage
+occurred and Anne left her home in late November.&amp;nbsp; She reached
+Calais on 11 December; during the journey, she was addressed as Queen
+of England and treated accordingly.&amp;nbsp; For a fortnight she waited at
+Calais until the weather settled.&amp;nbsp; On 27 December she set out for
+Deal; it was a stormy crossing.&amp;nbsp; It was on the first day of 1540
+that the king, so impatient to see his new bride, entered her rooms in
+disguise.&amp;nbsp; The scene was recorded by the Imperial ambassador,
+Eustace Chapuys: &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And on New Years Day in the afternoon the king's grace with five
+of his privy chamber, being disguised with mottled cloaks with hoods so
+that they should not be recognized, came secretly to Rochester, and so
+went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne was looking out of a
+window to see the bull-baiting which was going on in the courtyard, and
+suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed here a token which the
+king had sent her for New Year's gift, and she being abashed and not
+knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her.&amp;nbsp; But she
+regarded him little, but always looked out the window.... and when the
+king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into
+another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of
+purple velvet.&amp;nbsp; And when the lords and knights saw his grace they
+did him reverence.... and then her grace humbled herself lowly to the
+king's majesty, and his grace saluted her again, and they talked
+together lovingly, and afterwards he took her by the hand and led her
+to another chamber where their graces amused themselves that night and
+on Friday until the afternoon.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;You can read the entire account at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+Henry had so far managed to conceal his dislike of Anne.&amp;nbsp; There is
+reason to believe it was not an immediate revulsion; it was only after
+their wedding night, which the king declared he could not consummate,
+that word spread of his physical distaste.&amp;nbsp; When Cromwell asked
+him the next morning, 'How liked you the Queen?', Henry replied, 'I
+liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse.' &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On Twelfth Night (6 January), they were married in the 'Queen's
+Closet' at Greenwich Palace, where Henry had also married his last
+bride.&amp;nbsp; But the king was already looking for ways out.&amp;nbsp; The
+very day of the ceremony, he told Cromwell, 'My Lord, if it were not to
+satisfy the world, and my Realm, I would not do that I must do this day
+for none earthly thing.'&amp;nbsp; These were ominous words. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is also possible that around this time, the king met &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;, cousin of his second wife, Anne Boleyn, and now destined to
+be lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves when her Flemish attendants were
+dismissed.&amp;nbsp; There is no doubt he felt an instant attraction to the
+lively, curvaceous Catherine.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry's nobility, which had long chafed against the power and
+influence of &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Cromwell&lt;/a&gt;
+(much as they had against Wolsey), welcomed this opportunity to
+discredit him.&amp;nbsp; The minister had pushed the king into the Cleves
+marriage, they reminded Henry gleefully.&amp;nbsp; The king's wrath turned
+against his former friend and Cromwell was executed on 28 July 1540, a
+decision Henry almost instantly regretted.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so four things pushed Henry towards an annulment - his dislike
+of Anne, foreign policy changes, his attraction to Catherine Howard,
+and his courtiers' hatred of Cromwell. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the few days between the first meeting and the wedding,
+Cromwell and the king had found a potential way out, though the
+ceremony continued as planned.&amp;nbsp; In the mid-1530s, Anne had briefly
+been engaged to Francis, duke of Lorraine.&amp;nbsp; The English had not
+explored the issue too much, merely asking the government of Cleves if
+negotiations had ended.&amp;nbsp; Now they looked more closely, with the
+king waiting impatiently for the right response.&amp;nbsp; They suddenly
+discovered there was no dispensation from the precontract; Anne was
+still officially betrothed to Francis.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The ambassadors from Cleves were not unaware of Henry's
+intent.&amp;nbsp; They struggled to find the right documents but, on 26
+February 1540, all they could produce was a report in their archives
+which stated that negotiations with Lorraine 'were not going to take
+their natural course.'&amp;nbsp; No actual papers of dispensation could be
+produced since they did not exist.&amp;nbsp; Thus Henry's marriage to Anne
+of Cleves was legally invalid from the start.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This is one of the more ironic moments in Henry's checkered
+marital career.&amp;nbsp; For once, his decision to end a marriage was
+legally valid and acceptable to all. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, the king made certain comments regarding Anne's body
+and virtue which reveal him in a less than gentlemanly light.&amp;nbsp; He
+told Anthony Denny, a member of the Privy Chamber, that she had
+'breasts so slack and other parts of body in such sort that [he]
+somewhat suspected her virginity.'&amp;nbsp; He further told his court
+physicians of the 'hanging of her breasts and looseness of her
+flesh.'&amp;nbsp; Clearly, consummation of the marriage would not
+occur.&amp;nbsp; The king bravely slept in the same bed at least every
+other night, yet he reported a month later that Anne 'was still as good
+a Maid.... as ever her Mother bare her.'&amp;nbsp; This contradiction - she
+was not a virgin, yet was - was never mentioned. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;What did Anne think of all this controversy?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Luckily for her, she had only a small knowledge of English and
+even less knowledge of the physical relationship between a man and
+wife.&amp;nbsp; Her English ladies were astounded by her innocence.&amp;nbsp;
+'When he [Henry] comes to bed, he kisses me and taketh me by the hand,
+and biddeth me 'Goodnight, sweetheart,' and in the morning, kisses me,
+and biddeth me, 'Farewell, darling.'&amp;nbsp; Is this not enough?' asked
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; No, she was told emphatically, it most certainly was not. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne's ignorance casts a bad light on her mother, Duchess Maria,
+but it served to protect her feelings in England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the end, she ruled as queen for just four months; her last
+official appearance as the royal consort was during the May Day
+celebrations.&amp;nbsp; She was never crowned, though even if the king had
+wished it, he could not have afforded such a ceremony.&amp;nbsp; During
+those months, the Catholic nobility pushed their advantage against the
+Protestant Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; The minister was too Lutheran for the king's
+taste.&amp;nbsp; Likewise, the Catholics encouraged the flirtations of
+young Catherine Howard, also a Catholic and the duke of Norfolk's
+niece.&amp;nbsp; Too young and ill-educated to be aware of how others used
+her as a pawn, she happily danced before the king and accepted his
+gifts.&amp;nbsp; She was granted lands in April and the next month received
+rich gifts of fabric and jewelry.&amp;nbsp; There is every possibility
+Catherine consummated her relationship with the king in May.&amp;nbsp; How
+else can we explain the sudden race to rid himself of Anne? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The investigation into her precontract with Lorraine had been
+hastily done in January and February but for two months afterwards, the
+king merely lamented his fate.&amp;nbsp; Parliament even confirmed Anne's
+dowry in April.&amp;nbsp; But suddenly in May there was a fierce new
+determination to annul the marriage; the king was no longer content to
+complain.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is possible, and was rumored, that Henry had slept with
+Catherine and consequently there was a chance she was pregnant.&amp;nbsp;
+Another male heir was never far from Henry's mind.&amp;nbsp; He was also
+deeply in love with his 'Rose without a Thorn', a somewhat pathetic
+attraction between an elderly (the king was almost 49 years old) man
+and a very young woman.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so Anne had to go.&amp;nbsp; She succumbed to the inevitable with
+surprising grace.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she was leery of the royal temper, or&lt;img alt=&quot;engraving of Anne of Cleves, after Holbein&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cleves-bio2.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;218&quot; width=&quot;154&quot;&gt; remembered the king's marital
+history, or she simply didn't care.&amp;nbsp; Henry was very
+grateful.&amp;nbsp; If she had not cooperated....&amp;nbsp; He knew, from the
+example of Katharine of Aragon, what could happen if a queen fought an
+annulment.&amp;nbsp; He had no desire to alienate Cleves or engage in
+another lengthy legal and theological dispute.&amp;nbsp; The king declared
+the marriage had not been consummated and, in any case, it was invalid
+from the start.&amp;nbsp; Would Anne agree? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She did agree, most readily.&amp;nbsp; She was shocked at first by the
+news; the king's representatives visited her at Richmond Palace, where
+she had gone to escape the threat of plague.&amp;nbsp; They brought an
+interpreter so there would be no misunderstanding.&amp;nbsp; For her part,
+Anne quickly grasped the situation.&amp;nbsp; She had no advisers and the
+king had already executed one wife and harassed another to death.&amp;nbsp;
+Certainly she enjoyed the role of queen, was more fluent in English and
+had taken a liking to her new country; even the people cheered her on
+the occasional public ride between palaces.&amp;nbsp; But did she dare
+fight Henry?&amp;nbsp; Of course not. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's servants wrote that she was 'content always with your
+Majesty', thus accepting Henry's judgment, and in her &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt;letter of&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt; submission&lt;/a&gt;
+she signed herself 'daughter of Cleves', not 'queen of England'.&amp;nbsp;
+She agreed the marriage had never been consummated and signed all
+necessary documents.&amp;nbsp; For his part, Henry was now prepared to be
+generous.&amp;nbsp; Anne was to enjoy precedence over all the ladies in
+England, except the Queen and the king's daughters.&amp;nbsp; She was to be
+known as the king's 'good sister' and received a very nice settlement
+of manors and estates, some of which belonged to Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; This
+guaranteed her an income of 3000 pds a year, making her one of the
+wealthiest women in England.&amp;nbsp; All this depended upon her remaining
+in England, and this Anne was more than willing to do.&amp;nbsp; 'The
+King's highness whom I cannot have as a husband is nevertheless a most
+kind, loving and friendly father and brother,' she wrote to her
+brother.&amp;nbsp; Why should she return home in ignominy, dependent upon
+her brother's generosity, when she could remain in England and live a
+comfortable, independent life? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was perhaps as content with the arrangement as Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+She grew to enjoy English ale and gambling; she spent large sums on
+gowns; she visited with the king's children and occasionally the king
+himself.&amp;nbsp; She was heard to remark that she was more attractive
+than Katharine Parr, to whom the king's attention turned in 1543.&amp;nbsp;
+In fact, upon Catherine Howard's execution in 1542, rumors circulated
+that perhaps the king would take back his former bride.&amp;nbsp; The
+French ambassador was suitably impressed with Anne's handling of a
+delicate situation, observing that 'all her affairs could never make
+her utter a word by which one might suppose that she was
+discontented.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;These rumors were understandable enough; Anne occupied a nebulous
+place in English society, unmarried but wealthy and independent.&amp;nbsp;
+She was not an heiress but still honored as a royal.&amp;nbsp; She answered
+to no male authority but that of the king, and he did not choose to
+trouble her.&amp;nbsp; For the rest of her life, rumors spread about her
+lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; For Anne's part, she was content and happy and had
+little reason to be otherwise. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She made her last public appearance at Mary Tudor's coronation in
+1553, riding alongside the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She died in 1557
+of a 'declining illness' and was buried with appropriate honor at
+Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; Her will is perhaps most representative of her
+kindly character.&amp;nbsp; In it, she remembered gifts to everyone who had
+ever served her, no matter how humble or long ago. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne had chosen as her motto 'God send me well to keep' and it
+proved apt, though in a way few could have predicted.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/geov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/visit.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1183331390&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASH01c1.dir/geov2.js
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASH01c1.dir/geov2.js	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASH01c1.dir/geov2.js	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// This file was missing, so adding a placeholder in order to build without warning 
+// and for the page to display in the browser without firebug js warnings
+function geovisit(){}
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASHea92.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASHea92.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASHea92.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/html_files/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">20380</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Katharine / Katherine / Catherine of Aragon: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://html_files/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://html_files/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHea9284af3b5d7ad3d4018b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215240</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHea92.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">geov2.js:unknown:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragoncardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonsittow1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">visit.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; height=&quot;674&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;39&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;39&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In this world I will confess
+myself to be the king's true wife, and in the next they will know how
+unreasonably I am afflicted.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon, 1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;39&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragoncardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine of Aragon&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;114&quot; width=&quot;443&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonsittow1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Michael Sittow, c1502&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;541&quot; width=&quot;351&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by 
+      Michael Sittow, c1502&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;The youngest surviving child of
+the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Katharine was born on 16 December 1485,
+the same year that Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty.&amp;nbsp; At
+the age of three, she was betrothed to his infant son, Prince
+Arthur.&amp;nbsp; In 1501, shortly before her sixteenth birthday, Katharine
+sailed to England.&amp;nbsp; But her marriage to Arthur lasted less than
+six months and was supposedly never consummated.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+then betrothed to Arthur's younger brother, Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; When he
+became king in 1509, at the age of eighteen, he promptly married
+Katharine and they lived together happily for many years.&amp;nbsp; But
+their marriage produced just one living child, a daughter called Mary,
+and Henry was desperate for a male heir.&amp;nbsp; He also fell deeply in
+love with another woman.&amp;nbsp; Cast aside, Katharine fought against
+great odds to deny Henry an annulment.&amp;nbsp; But the king would not be
+denied and when the Catholic church would not grant the annulment, he
+declared himself head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+banished from court and died on 7 January 1536, broken-hearted but
+still defiant.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpsamepagelink_#Biography&quot;&gt;
+          &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Katharine of Aragon.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Katharine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8crown.html&quot;&gt;an account of her
+coronation&lt;/a&gt; at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;b&gt;Secondary Sources&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Read JA Froude's 1891 work &lt;i&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;The Divorce 
+          of Catherine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
+Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Katharine.&lt;br&gt;
+Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Mary I site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Katharine's daughter.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Interact&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk
+          &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by
+Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of
+the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My tribulations are so great, my life so
+disturbed by the plans daily invented to further the king's wicked
+intention, the surprises which the king gives me, with certain persons
+of his council, are so mortal, and my treatment is what God knows, that
+it is enough to shorten ten lives, much more mine.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon to Charles V, November 1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Katharine was born on 16 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, in the
+archbishop of Toledo's palace.&amp;nbsp; Her early life promised a future
+of splendor and success, if not personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; Her parents,
+Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, were legends throughout
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; Their marriage had united the kingdom of Spain and
+together they had driven the Moors from Granada.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+mother was deeply pious and very intelligent.&amp;nbsp; Her children, even
+the daughters, received excellent educations.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's brother
+Juan and sister Joanna were married off into the powerful Hapsburg
+family and two other sisters, Isabella and Maria, would each marry the
+king of Portugal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was promised to England; the
+betrothal contract was finalized before her fourth birthday.&amp;nbsp; The
+island nation, so long torn between Plantagenet cousins vying for the
+throne, was now ruled by Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; He had married the daughter
+of the former Plantagenet king, Edward IV, and in 1486 had a male heir
+and a desire to establish the stability and validity of his new
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; A match with a Spanish princess would give him
+both.&amp;nbsp; And so Katharine, proud and solemn and accompanied by a
+vast dowry, came to England in 1501.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; She
+wed Prince Arthur within a few weeks of her arrival.&amp;nbsp; It was a
+grand celebration; all of London rejoiced and there was every
+expectation of a glorious future for both husband and wife.&amp;nbsp; They
+left for Ludlow Castle, the government seat of the Prince of Wales, and
+within six months Arthur was dead.&amp;nbsp; It was the dreaded sweating
+sickness.&amp;nbsp; The news devastated his parents.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+returned to London but was not sent home.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was already
+writing to her parents about another marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine was now promised to Arthur's younger brother,
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; Born 28 June 1491, he was almost six years younger than
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But he was robust and healthy, and already regarded as
+a precocious intellect.&amp;nbsp; Before his brother's death, he had been
+destined for the church and educated accordingly.&amp;nbsp; But now he was
+the future king and as such he needed a future wife.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII
+betrothed young Henry to his brother's widow, a plan which required a
+papal dispensation.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand, at odds with France, was anxious
+to please his English ally; Isabella's piety may have ruined the plan
+but she was dying and did not protest.&amp;nbsp; Katharine and her duenna,
+Dona Elvira, both wrote that her marriage to Arthur had never been
+consummated.&amp;nbsp; Pope Julius II granted the dispensation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The new betrothal may have been spurred by Henry VII's legendary
+avarice.&amp;nbsp; Katharine had brought half of her dowry with her upon
+marriage to Arthur; if she returned home, her marriage contract
+required that the dowry be returned.&amp;nbsp; Also, her inheritance as
+dowager Princess of Wales was substantial.&amp;nbsp; If she left England,
+so would that steady income.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine herself &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;wrote to her father&lt;/a&gt;
+that she had no wish to remain in England but she would obey his
+decision.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she had already learned enough of Henry VII's
+character to know she would be shabbily treated.&amp;nbsp; Despite her
+royal position, she lived in poverty.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish ambassador was
+forced to buy her necessities and she was unable to pay her
+attendants.&amp;nbsp; And soon enough Henry VII was implying that he would
+break the Spanish betrothal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine spent the next seven years
+in a state of political limbo.&amp;nbsp; And when he turned fourteen, Henry
+VII had his son publicly repudiate the betrothal, claiming that the
+marriage contract was made without his knowledge or consent.&amp;nbsp; Yet
+Katharine remained in England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;In 1509, the situation was resolved with startling speed.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VII died and his eighteen year old son became king.&amp;nbsp;
+Handsome, proud, and imbued with the romantic spirit of chivalry, he
+promptly married Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Did he marry her out of a sense of
+obligation?&amp;nbsp; Was it because, as he later claimed, he wished to
+respect his father's last wish?&amp;nbsp; Were political councilors
+encouraging the Spanish alliance?&amp;nbsp; Or did he love the dignified
+and lovely young princess?&amp;nbsp; It is impossible to know.&amp;nbsp; But
+they certainly acted like a loving and affectionate couple, far beyond
+typical royal marriages.&amp;nbsp; There were public displays of affection,
+declarations of love and respect, and for a long while she was also a
+close political adviser.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry VIII's court was full of gaiety and celebration.&amp;nbsp; It
+was a welcome change from the austerity of his father's rule.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine proved herself to be the perfect consort, even when politics
+led her father to humiliate and betray Henry.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+recognized that she must choose between unwavering support of her
+father and loyalty to her husband.&amp;nbsp; She chose Henry, though his
+Lord Chancellor, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, never trusted her and instead favored an Anglo-French
+alliance.&amp;nbsp; His influence, and Henry's own suspicions, led the king
+to disregard her political advice.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine's primary duty was both personal and political - to
+bear children, as many as possible and preferably sons.&amp;nbsp; This was
+especially important in England since Henry VIII was the sole surviving
+son of his father.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was far from barren and did her
+best; in the first nine years of their marriage, she conceived at least
+six times.&amp;nbsp; She miscarried twice, once delivered a stillborn
+daughter, and two sons died within weeks.&amp;nbsp; The only surviving
+child was a daughter, Princess Mary, born in 1516.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+last recorded pregnancy was in 1518, when she was thirty-three years
+old.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry was not unhappy with the birth of Mary; he assured
+ambassadors that if it were a daughter this time, a son would surely
+follow.&amp;nbsp; But it was soon clear there would be no sons.&amp;nbsp; The
+age difference between he and Katharine was now more noticeable.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen, struggling with frequent pregnancies and constant stress,
+looked older than her years.&amp;nbsp; Henry was a far more prudent king
+than most; he had just two serious affairs during his marriage to
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But one of his mistresses, Elizabeth Blount, bore him
+a son.&amp;nbsp; It was clear he could have sons, but the queen could
+not.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;By 1527, the question of the succession was the most pressing
+issue facing the king.&amp;nbsp; Two years before, he had titled his
+illegitimate son the duke of Richmond and granted him vast estates.&amp;nbsp;
+Many, Katharine included, believed this was a preliminary step to
+naming him heir to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This never occurred and Richmond
+would die in 1536, but - until then - it was a possibility.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+sent Princess Mary to Ludlow Castle as Princess of Wales and his
+official heir, but even that did not stop the rumors or her mother's
+concerns.&amp;nbsp; Katharine confronted Henry; he responded angrily and
+dismissed several of her beloved Spanish attendants.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The king by now had hopes of a legitimate heir.&amp;nbsp; He had
+fallen in love the year previously with a young Englishwoman, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhtml%5ffiles%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+She was the sister of a former mistress and refused to take that
+position herself.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who was also deeply pious and a student
+of theology, now took a closer look at his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp;
+In particular, he looked at the text in Leviticus which seemed to
+directly reference his own life - 'If a man shall take his brother's
+wife it is an unclean thing..... they shall be childless.'(Leviticus,
+XX, 21)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Of course, they were not childless but a daughter was not the
+heir he needed.&amp;nbsp; No woman had attempted to rule England since the
+disastrous Matilda centuries&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;324&quot; width=&quot;329&quot;&gt; before.&amp;nbsp; Henry now firmly believed
+that his incestuous marriage had been doomed from the start.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But how could he annul the marriage?&amp;nbsp; He needed to convince
+the current pope, Clement VII, that the dispensation of his predecessor
+was inadequate.&amp;nbsp; It directly contradicted the Bible and had no
+merit.&amp;nbsp; This should have been a simple enough matter.&amp;nbsp; Royal
+marriages had been annulled for far less.&amp;nbsp; But Katharine's nephew,
+Charles V, was the Holy Roman Emperor and he had no intention of
+allowing his aunt to be cast off.&amp;nbsp; This was not out of personal
+love or loyalty, but a purely political stance.&amp;nbsp; And after the
+1527 'sack of Rome', Charles controlled the pope.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry was soon thwarted, despite extensive work by Wolsey and
+other advisers.&amp;nbsp; For her part, Katharine was kept in the dark for
+as long as the king could manage it.&amp;nbsp; But she was no fool.&amp;nbsp;
+She knew of the romance between her husband and Mistress Boleyn; she
+knew Henry avoided her company, though he was scrupulous about
+attending official functions with her.&amp;nbsp; He had always respected
+her unassailable dignity and eloquence.&amp;nbsp; He did not wish to fight
+Katharine; he wanted an amicable end to their union and he was prepared
+to be generous.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;When news of his intentions became official, she was given
+counsel but only that chosen by the king.&amp;nbsp; She turned to the
+Spanish ambassador and close friends at court for support.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+Boleyn was not popular and Katharine was a respected and beloved
+queen.&amp;nbsp; The king soon came under popular scorn for his
+plans.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But Henry was as firmly convinced of the righteousness of his
+cause as Katharine was of hers.&amp;nbsp; He had read the Bible; he had
+debated the issue with prominent theologians; he even sponsored
+hearings of the case at European universities.&amp;nbsp; Both king and pope
+knew there was a valid basis for the annulment, and a pressing national
+need for it.&amp;nbsp; Clement could have granted it without troubling his
+conscience.&amp;nbsp; And with the spread of Lutheranism in the German
+states, Clement had no wish to antagonize the loyal and devoted king of
+England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But the English king could not be helped at the Holy Roman Emperor's 
+    expense.&amp;nbsp; This was soon made abundantly clear.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The pope prevaricated; he could do little else.&amp;nbsp; And for
+several years, the 'King's Great Matter' consumed England and
+fascinated Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry inevitably tired of the endless parade of papal legates
+and repetitious hearings.&amp;nbsp; He was growing older and Anne was
+growing impatient.&amp;nbsp; Her youth was being wasted to no purpose, she
+told the king.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Katharine encouraged Mary to be
+obstinate in protecting her rights as princess.&amp;nbsp; Mary lost her
+father's favor and was forbidden to visit her mother.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Finally, in 1533, Henry did the only thing he could to end the
+marriage - he rejected the authority of the Holy See and declared
+himself Supreme Head of a new Church of England.&amp;nbsp; His archbishop
+of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, issued the long-awaited decree of
+nullity.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was no longer queen of England but 'Princess
+dowager of Wales'.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary was now illegitimate, and rumors
+spread that Anne Boleyn had finally succumbed to the king and was
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; Katharine was exiled from court and to a
+succession of damp and unpleasant castles.&amp;nbsp; She had but a handful
+of servants for few would call her queen and she refused to be called
+princess.&amp;nbsp; It was a mark of her early education that she was meek,
+deeply pious and believed in obedience to her husband - but she was
+also a proud and intelligent princess of Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would never
+allow her dignity, or that of her daughter, to be destroyed.&amp;nbsp; In
+the end, this stubborn spirit did both her and Mary far more harm than
+good.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was undoubtedly truthful when she declared her
+marriage to Arthur unconsummated but the truth was cold comfort in the
+last years of her life.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Her final years were lonely and sad; the Spanish ambassador kept
+her informed of outside events and smuggled letters to her daughter,
+but she was often ill and at prayer.&amp;nbsp; The wrongs she had suffered
+from Henry filled her with sadness rather than anger.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she
+was inspired by her motto, Humble and Loyal, for that is how she
+remained.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She died at Kimbolton Castle on 7 January 1536, three weeks
+after her fiftieth birthday.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that she had been
+poisoned.&amp;nbsp; But if Henry had been so inclined, he would have
+attempted it years before and spared himself much trouble.&amp;nbsp; A
+lingering illness and the psychological effects of her exile were the
+obvious causes.&amp;nbsp; She was buried at Peterborough Abbey with all the
+ceremony befitting the widow of the prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Henry did
+not attend the funeral; we do not know if he read Katharine's &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;last letter&lt;/a&gt; to
+him.&amp;nbsp; It was a love letter and she signed it 'Katherine the
+Queen'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The tragedy of their annulment was that both he and Katharine
+were equally convinced of their causes.&amp;nbsp; For the modern reader,
+both arguments are persuasive.&amp;nbsp; It is an ironic footnote to her
+life story that Katharine, such a devoted and pious Catholic,
+unintentionally brought the Reformation to England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt; to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/geov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/visit.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1180480931&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASHea92.dir/geov2.js
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASHea92.dir/geov2.js	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/HASHea92.dir/geov2.js	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// This file was missing, so adding a placeholder in order to build without warning 
+// and for the page to display in the browser without firebug js warnings
+function geovisit(){}
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHea9284af3b5d7ad3d4018b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017c9afe86ea1866828ceb1b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1e7e6aeea41090cb38bab</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/assoc/HASH017c.dir/geov2.js
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/assoc/HASH017c.dir/geov2.js	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/assoc/HASH017c.dir/geov2.js	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// This file was missing, so adding a placeholder in order to build without warning 
+// and for the page to display in the browser without firebug js warnings
+function geovisit(){}
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/assoc/HASH01c1.dir/geov2.js
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/assoc/HASH01c1.dir/geov2.js	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/assoc/HASH01c1.dir/geov2.js	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// This file was missing, so adding a placeholder in order to build without warning 
+// and for the page to display in the browser without firebug js warnings
+function geovisit(){}
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/assoc/HASHea92.dir/geov2.js
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/assoc/HASHea92.dir/geov2.js	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/assoc/HASHea92.dir/geov2.js	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// This file was missing, so adding a placeholder in order to build without warning 
+// and for the page to display in the browser without firebug js warnings
+function geovisit(){}
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215241
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215240
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI	Source->SO
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title	Source
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;Source;->idx
+indexstem	Small-HTML
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	94761
+numdocs	3
+numsections	3
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Small-HTML/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHea9284af3b5d7ad3d4018b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017c9afe86ea1866828ceb1b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c1e7e6aeea41090cb38bab</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0103.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1944</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01037187e8d73031bf360f70</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0103.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt; 
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;This page has been moved to&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;
+    http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082768&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082768&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0104.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0104.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0104.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6424</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01048cb86f86d5e1a3309782</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215242</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0104.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">annedesc.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/annedesc.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;374&quot; height=&quot;171&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; height=&quot;194&quot;&gt;Contemporary descriptions of 
+    Henry VIII's infamous second wife vary widely.&amp;nbsp; Even her 
+    admirers and supporters found it difficult to praise her physical 
+    appearance.&amp;nbsp; She was striking but not beautiful; her sister Mary was 
+    considered the beauty of the Boleyn family.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;There were occasional comments from hostile sources
+that Anne had the attributes of a witch - a large mole on her neck, possibly
+an extra finger.&amp;nbsp; The latter is probably true.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;When reading the following comments, 
+      remember
+that most observers at Henry's court were not friendly with Anne.&amp;nbsp;
+Naturally, their descriptions of her were colored by their dislike. &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Also, contemporary views about her lifestyle were
+influenced by one overriding fact: most people believed she was the sole
+force behind the Henrician reformation.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon was popular 
+and respected.&amp;nbsp; Cast as the interloper, Anne was suitably despised.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;In the early 1530s, the Venetian ambassador 
+  Savorgnano wrote:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Anne was 'a young woman of noble birth, though many say of bad character,
+whose will is law to him, and he is expected to marry her should the divorce
+take place, which it is supposed will not be effected, as the peers of
+the realm.... and the people are opposed to it.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;The Abbot of Whitby describes the
+political situation in 1530:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'The King's Grace is ruled by one common stewed whore, Anne Boleyn,
+who makes all the spirituality to be beggared, and the temporality also.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Henry VIII ordered Katharine of
+Aragon to relinquish certain jewels (property of the crown) to Anne Boleyn;
+Katharine replied:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'I will not give them up to a person who is the scandal of Christendom
+and a disgrace to you.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;In 1532, a new Venetian ambassador described Anne 
+thusly:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'not one of the handsomest women in the world.&amp;nbsp; She is of middling
+stature, with a swarthy complexion, long neck, wide mouth, bosom not much
+raised, and in fact has nothing but the King's great appetite, and her
+eyes, which are black and beautiful - and take great effect on those who
+served the Queen when she was on the throne.&amp;nbsp; She lives like a queen,
+and the King accompanies her to Mass - and everywhere.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;And the French ambassador contradicts Anne's 
+enemies; he reports that she is controlled by the king:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'....all that the Lady does is by the king's order.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;The Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, described circumstances in early 1533 to his master, Charles V:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'Your Majesty must root out the Lady and her adherents.... This accursed
+Anne has her foot in the stirrup, and will do the Queen and the Princess
+all the harm she can.&amp;nbsp; She has boasted that she will make the Princess
+her lady-in-waiting, or marry her to some varlet.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Chapuys describes Anne's attendance
+at Mass on 14 April 1533:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'It looks like a dream, and even those who take her part know not whether
+to laugh or to cry.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Henry and Anne's conversation at
+her coronation procession was reported by Chapuys:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'How liked you the look of the City?' Henry asked.
+&lt;br&gt;Anne replied, 'Sir, I liked the City well enough - but I saw a great
+many caps on heads, and heard but few tongues.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury,
+was Anne's friend and champion.&amp;nbsp; When news reached him of her arrest,
+he bravely wrote to Henry VIII protesting - only to think better of offending
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer added a suitably apologetic postscript to the letter.&amp;nbsp;
+Here are excerpts in which he describes Anne:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'If it be true that is openly reported of the Queen's Grace... I am
+in such perplexity that my mind is clean amazed; for I never had better
+opinion in woman than I had in her; which maketh me to think that she should
+not be culpable...&amp;nbsp; Next to Your Grace, I was most bound to her of
+all creatures living... I wish and pray for her that she may declare herself
+inculpable and innocent... I loved her not a little for the love which
+I judged her to bear towards God and His Gospel.'
+    
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082598&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082598&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4805</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Selections from King Henry VIII's love letters to Anne Boleyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01049ab9a58175e2833a5645</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ablovelett.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ablovelett.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: Selections from King Henry VIII's love letters to Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;452&quot; height=&quot;113&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;These famous 
+      love letters from King Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn are undated.&amp;nbsp; They 
+      were found in the Vatican Library, possibly stolen from Anne and sent to 
+      the papacy during Henry VIII's struggle for an annulment of his marriage 
+      to Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Though Henry argued for an annulment on the 
+      basis of his conscience (he stated that the marriage was in direct 
+      contradiction to the Bible), most people believed he simply wanted to 
+      marry Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anne's replies to these letters 
+      are lost.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The letters were written in French.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;My mistress and friend:&amp;nbsp; I and my heart put ourselves in your
+hands, begging you to have them suitors for your good favour, and that
+your affection for them should not grow less through absence.&amp;nbsp; For
+it would be a great pity to increase their sorrow since absence does it
+sufficiently, and more than ever I could have thought possible reminding
+us of a point in astronomy, which is, that the longer the days are the
+farther off is the sun, and yet the more fierce.&amp;nbsp; So it is with our
+love, for by absence we are parted, yet nevertheless it keeps its fervour,
+at least on my side, and I hope on yours also:&amp;nbsp; assuring you that
+on my side the ennui of absence is already too much for me:&amp;nbsp; and when
+I think of the increase of what I must needs suffer it would be well nigh
+unbearable for me were it not for the firm hope I have and as I cannot
+be with you in person, I am sending you the nearest possible thing to that,
+namely, my picture set in a bracelet, with the whole device which you already
+know.&amp;nbsp; Wishing myself in their place when it shall please you.&amp;nbsp;
+This by the hand of &lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Your loyal servant and friend&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;H. Rex&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;No more to you at this present mine own darling for lack of time but that
+I would you were in my arms or I in yours for I think it long since I kissed
+you.&amp;nbsp; Written after the killing of an hart at a xj. of the clock minding
+with God's grace tomorrow mightily timely to kill another: by the hand
+of him which I trust shortly shall be yours.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry R.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Mine own sweetheart, these shall be to advertise you of the great loneliness
+that I find here since your departing, for I ensure you methinketh the
+time longer since your departing now last than I was wont to do a whole
+fortnight:&amp;nbsp; I think your kindness and my fervents of love causeth
+it, for otherwise I would not have thought it possible that for so little
+a while it should have grieved me, but now that I am coming toward you
+methinketh my pains been half released....&amp;nbsp; Wishing myself (specially
+an evening) in my sweetheart's arms, whose pretty dukkys I trust shortly
+to kiss.&amp;nbsp; Written with the hand of him that was, is, and shall be
+yours by his will.&lt;p&gt;H.R.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082597&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082597&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH011b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH011b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH011b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6608</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: A contemporary description of Henry VIII, 1515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011b71775a26d74fef192962</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1515.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1515.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1515: A contemporary description of King Henry VIII&quot; width=&quot;397&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The accounts 
+      at right were written by the Venetian ambassador to Henry's court.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They are among the most famous descriptions of Henry VIII and capture his 
+      exuberance, vanity and wit.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry VIII was born on 
+      28 June 1491, the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; 
+      He was originally destined to be archbishop of Canterbury, but his older 
+      brother, Prince Arthur, died in 1502, shortly after marrying the Spanish 
+      princess Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; And so Henry became king of England at 
+      the age of 18.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;He was strong, handsome, athletic and very intelligent.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The English people at first idolized him.&amp;nbsp; His thirty-eight year 
+      reign, however, disabused them of their early worship.&amp;nbsp; Henry married 
+      six times, executed two of his wives, was rumored to have poisoned one and 
+      secretly ordered the death of another.&amp;nbsp; He was increasingly mercurial 
+      and tyrannical.&amp;nbsp; He imprisoned or executed, or both, many of the 
+      great nobles; he also executed several religious and intellectual leaders, 
+      most famously Sir Thomas More.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Much of the drama and confusion of Henry's reign was 
+      caused by his pressing need for a male heir.&amp;nbsp; His first marriage, to 
+      his brother's widow, Katharine of Aragon, lasted over twenty years but 
+      produced only a surviving daughter.&amp;nbsp; In order to marry again, Henry 
+      eventually rejected papal authority in England and named himself supreme 
+      head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; This decision forever altered English 
+      history; it also threw the English people into a social and religious 
+      upheaval which superficially ended during Queen Elizabeth I's reign.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;As king, Henry was as efficient as his father, though 
+      far more of a spendthrift.&amp;nbsp; He effectively controlled Parliament and 
+      chose brilliant advisers (first Wolsey, then Cromwell.)&amp;nbsp; His foreign 
+      policy was largely inconsequential, driven by his desire to interfere in 
+      continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; He remains one of the most famous and 
+      influential kings in English history.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;After dinner, we were taken to the King [Henry VIII], who embraced
+us, without ceremony, and conversed for a very long while very familiarly,
+on various topics, in good Latin and in French, which he speaks very well
+indeed, and he then dismissed us, and we were brought back here to London....
+&lt;br&gt;His Majesty is the handsomest potentate I ever set eyes on; above the
+usual height, with an extremely fine calf to his leg, his complexion very
+fair and bright, with auburn hair combed straight and short, in the French
+fashion, his throat being rather long and thick.&amp;nbsp; He was born on the
+28th of June, 1491, so he will enter his twenty-fifth year the month after
+next.&amp;nbsp; He speaks French, English, and Latin, and a little Italian,
+plays well on the lute and harpsichord, sings from book at sight, draws
+the bow with greater strength&amp;nbsp; than any man in England, and jousts
+marvelously.&amp;nbsp; Believe me, he is in every respect a most accomplished
+Prince; and I, who have now seen all the sovereigns in Christendom, and
+last of all these two of France and England in such great state, might
+well rest content. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;[And later that year....] His Majesty came into our arbor, and addressing
+me in French, said: 'Talk with me awhile!&amp;nbsp; The King of France, is
+he as tall as I am?'&amp;nbsp; I told him there was but little difference.&amp;nbsp;
+He continued, 'Is he as stout?'&amp;nbsp; I said he was not; and he then inquired,
+'What sort of legs has he?'&amp;nbsp; I replied 'Spare.'&amp;nbsp; Whereupon he
+opened the front of his doublet, and placing his hand on his thigh, said
+'Look here! and I have also a good calf to my leg.'&amp;nbsp; He then told
+me that he was very fond of this King of France, and that for the sake
+of seeing him, he went over there in person, and that on more than three
+occasions he was very near him with his army, but that he never would allow
+himself to be seen, and always retreated, which his Majesty attributed
+to deference for King Louis, who did not choose an engagement to take place;
+and he here commenced discussing in detail all the events of that war,
+and then took his departure....
+&lt;br&gt;After dinner, his Majesty and many others armed themselves &lt;i&gt;cap-a-pie&lt;/i&gt;,
+and he chose us to see him joust, running upwards of thirty courses, in
+one of which he capsized his opponent (who is the finest jouster in the
+whole kingdom), horse and all.&amp;nbsp; He then took off his helmet, and came
+under the windows where we were, and talked and laughed with us to our
+very great honor, and to the surprise of all beholders.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082595&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082595&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8053</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England 1485 to 1603 images biographies primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor dynasty Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, Mary I, Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey, 16th century England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England 1485 to 1603: Table of Contents</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011ece88697ed785c02e7622</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215244</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorenglandcontents1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorrosemain.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">biography.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">questions.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">portraits.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newquizzes.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newsources.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newmedia.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newsearch.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newemail.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newconstruction.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorenglandcontents1.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Tudor England: Contents&quot; width=&quot;316&quot; height=&quot;181&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnews.html&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Site News&lt;br&gt;New Exhibits, Books, Films etc&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;updated 29 September '04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;354&quot; alt=&quot;crowned Tudor rose&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorrosemain.jpg&quot; width=&quot;190&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2f&quot;&gt;to EnglishHistory.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/biography.gif&quot; width=&quot;124&quot;
+ height=&quot;27&quot; alt=&quot;Biographies&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;MONARCHS&lt;/a&gt;:
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;King Henry VII - King
+Henry VIII - King Edward VI - Queen Mary I - Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;THE SIX
+WIVES OF KING HENRY VIII&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon
+- Anne Boleyn - Jane Seymour - Anne of Cleves - Catherine Howard -
+Katharine Parr&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;ROYAL
+RELATIVES&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
+Grey - Mary, Queen of Scots - Princess Mary Tudor - Princess Margaret
+Tudor - Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;TUDOR
+CITIZENS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sir
+Thomas More - The Boleyn Family - Thomas Wolsey - Thomas Cromwell -
+Thomas Cranmer - Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/questions.gif&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;
+ height=&quot;26&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;Visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England FAQ&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Frequently Asked Questions, including a
+brief history of
+Tudor England.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/portraits.gif&quot; width=&quot;96&quot;
+ height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt;
+to view portraits of the Tudors and their contemporaries.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newquizzes.gif&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;
+ height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Test your
+knowledge of Tudor England&lt;/a&gt; at the Quizzes page.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newsources.gif&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;
+ height=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;PRIMARY
+SOURCES&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp; Read eyewitness
+accounts of people and events in Tudor England, including letters
+written by the six wives of Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;SECONDARY
+SOURCES&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp; Read &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Biographies;
+Histories; Studies, etc about the Tudor era.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newmedia.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;69&quot; height=&quot;23&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbiblio.html&quot;&gt;Bibliography&lt;/a&gt;
+- &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffilms.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Films&lt;/a&gt;
+- &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html&quot;&gt;Links&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newsearch.gif&quot; width=&quot;74&quot;
+ height=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Can't find what you need?&amp;nbsp; Visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsearch.html&quot;&gt;the Tudor England
+search engine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newemail.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;63&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2femail.html&quot;&gt;the Email
+page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newconstruction.gif&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;
+ height=&quot;23&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+You can also visit the incomplete &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html&quot;&gt;Life in Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealogy.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;
+webpages.&amp;nbsp; Some information is available, including a graphic
+image of the Tudor family tree.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Meet other Tudor enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor
+Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+Would you like to learn more about Tudor
+England? &lt;br&gt;
+Visit the following sites - &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.suite101.com%2fwelcome.cfm%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Suite101.com:
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org&quot;&gt;Tudorhistory.org&lt;/a&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fCollegePark%2f2809&quot;&gt;Claire Webb's
+Tudor Website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudor-portraits.com&quot;&gt;Tudor-Portraits.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;338&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;th&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;86&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Tudor History Web Ring&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/graphic.jpg&quot; width=&quot;189&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/th&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;th&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;[&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fpub39.bravenet.com%2fsitering%2fnav.php%3fusernum%3d3350046640%26amp;action%3dlist%26amp;siteid%3d%2528siteid%2529&quot;&gt;List
+Sites&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fpub39.bravenet.com%2fsitering%2fnav.php%3fusernum%3d3350046640%26amp;action%3drandom%26amp;siteid%3d%2528siteid%2529&quot;&gt;Random&lt;/a&gt;]
+[&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fpub39.bravenet.com%2fsitering%2fnav.php%3fusernum%3d3350046640%26amp;action%3djoin%26amp;siteid%3d%2528siteid%2529&quot;&gt;Join&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;This site created and
+maintained by Marilee &lt;br&gt;
+with help from the loveliest person in the world.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcopyright.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Click
+here for copyright information&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082525&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082525&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3121</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Anne Boleyn, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01251438e98f926ef093edfa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215245</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0125.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynex.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynex.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1536: The execution of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;372&quot; height=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution was recorded in the &lt;i&gt;Annals of John Stow&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The execution took place on 19 May 1536 at 8 o'clock in the 
+    morning.&amp;nbsp; It was the first public execution of an English queen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This account mentions the famous 'hangman of Calais' who was 
+    brought to London for the execution.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;p&gt;
+All these being on a scaffold made there for the execution, the said
+Queen Anne said as followeth: Masters, I here humbly submit me to the law,
+as the law hath judged me, and as for mine offences, God knoweth them,
+I remit them to God, beseeching him to have mercy on my soul; and I beseech
+Jesu save my Sovereign and master the King, the most goodliest, and gentlest
+Prince that is, and long to reign over you, which words she spake with
+a smiling countenance: which done, she kneeled down on both her knees,
+and said, To Jesu Christ I commend my soul and with that word suddenly
+the hangman of Calais smote off her head at one stroke with a sword: her
+body with the head was buried in the choir of the Chapel in the Tower.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082600&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082600&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4825</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford Dudley, 1554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01267a30e99b515ef0aa4d7a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215245</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0126.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">exjane.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/exjane.gif&quot; width=&quot;426&quot; height=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley, were executed on 12 February 
+      1554 at the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The account at right was found in the 
+      anonymous &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;i&gt;Chronicle of Queen
+Jane and of Two Years of Queen Mary&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The decision to 
+      execute her cousin was not easy for Queen Mary I.&amp;nbsp; But when Jane's 
+      father led another rebellion against her rule, she could no longer 
+      tolerate the Protestant threat.&amp;nbsp; Also, Philip II of Spain would not 
+      come to England for their marriage until the rebels were defeated.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+His [Guildford's] carcase thrown into a cart, and his head in a cloth,
+he was brought to the chapel within the Tower, where the Lady Jane, whose
+lodging was in Partidge's house, did see his dead carcase taken out of
+the cart, as well as she did see him before alive on going to his death
+- a sight to her no less than death.&amp;nbsp;By this time was there a scaffold
+made upon the green over against the White Tower, for the said Lady Jane
+to die upon....&amp;nbsp; The said lady, being nothing abashed....with a book
+in her hand whereon she prayed all the way till she came to the said scaffold....&amp;nbsp;
+First, when she mounted the said scaffold she said to the people standing
+thereabout: 'Good people, I am come hither to die, and by a law I am condemned
+to the same.&amp;nbsp; The fact, indeed, against the queen's highness was unlawful,
+and the consenting thereunto by me: but touching the procurement and desire
+thereof by me or on my behalf, I do wash my hands thereof in innocency,
+before God, and the face of you, good Christian people, this day' and therewith
+she wrung her hands, in which she had her book.&amp;nbsp; And then, kneeling
+down, she turned to Feckenham [the dean of St Paul's] saying, 'Shall I
+say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; And he said, 'Yea.'&amp;nbsp; Then she said the psalm
+of &lt;i&gt;Miserere mei Deus&lt;/i&gt;, in English, in most devout manner, to the
+end.&amp;nbsp; Then she stood up and gave...Mistress Tilney her gloves and
+handkercher, and her book to master Bruges, the lieutenant's brother; forthwith
+she untied her gown.&amp;nbsp; The hangman went to her to help her therewith;
+then she desired him to let her alone, and also with her other attire and
+neckercher, giving to her a fair handkercher to knit about her eyes.
+&lt;p&gt;Then the hangman kneeled down, and asked her forgiveness, whom she gave
+most willingly.&amp;nbsp; Then he willed her to stand upon the straw: which
+doing, she saw the block.&amp;nbsp; Then she said, 'I pray you dispatch me
+quickly.'&amp;nbsp; Then she kneeled down, saying, 'Will you take it off before
+I lay me down?' and the hangman answered her, 'No, madame.'&amp;nbsp; She tied
+the kercher about her eyes; then feeling for the block said, 'What shall
+I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; One of the standers-by guiding her thereto,
+she laid her head down upon the block, and stretched forth her body and
+said: 'Lord, into thy hands I commend my spirit!'&amp;nbsp; And so she ended.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;
+to the Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082605&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082605&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0127.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0127.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0127.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9699</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01274681a7875c3f90e5f588</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0127.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqoschronology.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1575.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;608&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img height=&quot;96&quot; alt=&quot;Mary, Queen of Scots Chronology&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqoschronology.gif&quot; width=&quot;706&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1575.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Mary, queen of Scots, c1575, by an unknown artist&quot;
+ width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;437&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Miniature portrait of Mary, queen of Scots,
+c1575, by an unknown artist.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;If you would like to look at
+Scottish royal genealogy, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscottish.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Read &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryqos-letter.html&quot;&gt;Mary's last
+letter&lt;/a&gt;, an eyewitness account of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexmary.html&quot;&gt;her execution in
+1587&lt;/a&gt;, and other documents relating to her life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I wrote a letter
+to Mary at her trial, and about the execution to Mary's son, King James
+VI.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;Read
+her letters here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Portraits of Mary, her
+parents, husbands and child, with commentary, can be found at the
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;If you are interested in
+further research, &lt;i&gt;The Catholic Encyclopedia&lt;/i&gt; features &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.newadvent.org%2fcathen%2f09764a.htm&quot;&gt;an article on Mary's
+life&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Encyclopedia Britannica&lt;/i&gt; also has &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.britannica.com%2feb%2farticle%3feu%3d52479&quot;&gt;an article about
+Mary&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;And the most comprehensive
+website about the Scottish queen is maintained by &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart Society of
+Scotland&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1542&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+8 December; Mary Stuart is born at Linlithgow Palace&lt;br&gt;
+14 December; James V, King of Scots, Mary's father, dies at 31 &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1543&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Mary crowned Queen of Scots &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1546&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Cardinal Beaton is murdered; ascendancy of pro-French party&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1547&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/big&gt;January; King Henry VIII of England dies&lt;br&gt;
+March; King Francis I of France dies&lt;br&gt;
+10 September; battle of Pinkie; Scots defeated by English forces led by
+duke of Somerset; new French king, Henry II, sends troops and money to
+Scotland; Mary is betrothed to Henry II's heir Francis, dauphin of
+France&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1548&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+August; Mary sent to France &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1550&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Mary's mother, Mary of Guise, visits her in France &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;big&gt;1554&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Mary of Guise is officially named Regent in Scotland &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1558&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/big&gt;Fifteen-year-old Mary marries the 14-year-old Francis,
+dauphin of France, in Paris&lt;br&gt;
+        Queen Mary I of England dies and
+Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen&lt;br&gt;
+Mary's father-in-law quarters her arms with those of England, offending
+Elizabeth
+        &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1559&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Death of King Henry II of France; Francis and Mary are crowned king and
+queen of France &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1560&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;/big&gt;June; Mary of Guise passes away in Scotland&lt;br&gt;
+December; Mary's husband, Francis, Mary's husband, passes away &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;big&gt;1561&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Mary returns to Scotland &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1562&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Northern campaign and
+visit to Inverness; aged 19 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1563&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary visits
+Inveraray,Dunure Castle, Dumfries, and Peebles; aged 20 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1564&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary hunts near Blair
+Atholl, Tayside; aged 21 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1565&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary marries her
+19-year-old cousin Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley; aged 22 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1566&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary's Piedmontese
+secretary, David Riccio/Rizzio, is murdered; Mary's only child born
+(James, later king of Scotland and England); aged 23 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1567&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary's husband, Lord
+Darnley, murdered; Mary weds James Hepburn, the 30-year-old Earl of
+Bothwell; the Carberry Hill confrontation; Mary is imprisoned at
+Lochleven Castle; Mary's one-year-old son James is crowned as James VI
+of Scotland; aged 24 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1568&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary escapes from
+Lochleven Castle; Battle of Langside, Glasgow; Mary flees to England;
+aged 25 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1568-87&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary is held captive
+in various English prisons; aged 25-44 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1569&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth exonerates
+Mary from the charges made against her; aged 26 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1578&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary's third husband,
+the earl of Bothwell (age 41), dies in a prison in Denmark; aged 35 &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1580&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary writes &lt;i&gt;Essay
+on Adversity&lt;/i&gt; in prison; aged 37 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1586&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary is tried for
+conspiring to kill Elizabeth; aged 43 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1587&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; on 8 February, Mary is
+executed in the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1603&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Queen Elizabeth I dies
+in March &amp;amp; Mary's only child, James VI of Scotland, becomes James I
+of England.&amp;nbsp; He is the first King of both Scotland and
+England.&amp;nbsp; He moves his mother's&amp;nbsp; body to Westminster Abbey
+and has a grand monument built. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;center&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html#Biography&quot;&gt;Read
+the biography of Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to Mary,
+queen of Scots main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+Relatives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/center&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082705&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082705&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH012c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH012c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH012c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">21906</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Relatives - Margaret Tudor, queen of Scotland</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH012c77d02a2d42eb08c5227c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH012c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">margaretb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">margsket.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">jamesiv.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/margaretb.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Margaret Tudor&quot; height=50 width=296&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Margaret Tudor's life was in many respects as contrary and
+tempestuous as that of her granddaughter, Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Certainly
+the parallels between their second marriages are the most obvious and entertaining.&amp;nbsp;
+Both women married handsome younger earls with powerful fathers who embroiled
+them in conflict with the notoriously fractious Scottish lords and the
+English monarch.&amp;nbsp; And though both women married those earls for love,
+without regard for any effect upon their rule and reputation, they came
+to bitterly regret their hasty decisions.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/margsket.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;sketch of Margaret Tudor&quot; BORDER=2 height=329 width=200 align=LEFT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+They also entered Scotland as foreigners who found their new home backward
+and unsettling.&amp;nbsp; Margaret was the eldest daughter of Henry VII of
+England and Elizabeth of York, born on 28 November 1489 at the Palace of
+Westminster, a year and a half before her famous brother, Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp;
+The elaborate and costly preparations for her birth were recorded by contemporary
+chroniclers; Elizabeth of York had officially retired from court life in
+October 1489 and, when labor began, the queen was accompanied by the earls
+of Oxford and Derby to Mass.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards she entered the state bedchamber
+where she presided over a meal of spiced wines and sweet cakes.&amp;nbsp; The
+queen's chamberlain then asked all present to pray for a successful labor.&amp;nbsp;
+The noblemen then left and Elizabeth, attended by twenty ladies and their
+various attendants, entered the inner chamber where she would actually
+give birth.&amp;nbsp; Her bed was a magnificent creation with a gold canopy
+and embroidered red roses for her husband's house of Lancaster.&amp;nbsp; At
+nine o'clock that night Princess Margaret Tudor was born.&amp;nbsp; She was
+christened by John Morton, the archbishop of Canterbury, at the chapel
+in Westminster two days later; her godparents were her grandmother Lady
+Margaret Beaufort for whom she was named, the duchess of Norfolk, Lady
+Berkeley and the earl of Shrewsbury.&amp;nbsp; After the celebrations, she
+was returned to her room where four nurses (her two head nurses were Alice
+Davy and Alice Bywimble) and six rockers, along with their various attendants,
+waited to serve their new charge.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her first year was spent mostly in an oak cradle
+lined with ermine and draped in cloth of gold, an ornate setting to which
+she became accustomed and sorely missed later in life.&amp;nbsp; As the first
+Tudor princess, Margaret was immediately placed on the European marriage
+market since Henry VII was eager to strengthen foreign support for his
+new dynasty.&amp;nbsp; She spent her first fourteen years in England and was
+imbued with a self-righteous belief that England was meant to control Scotland,
+if not subjugate it entirely, and that Tudor rule was as valid as any other
+European dynasty.&amp;nbsp; Despite the general view that the Tudors were upstarts
+and her father's claim to the throne was rather dubious, Margaret embraced
+her royal title and lineage with passion.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The atmosphere of those early years in England was
+still medieval, and she lived in Gothic palaces with ornate decoration
+and rituals.&amp;nbsp; All of Henry VII's children came to participate publicly
+in court life while still children.&amp;nbsp; Before the age of five, Margaret
+attended court ceremonies and played her part with aplomb.&amp;nbsp; She had
+an early love of pomp and pageantry which was never lost, and her father's
+court was rather extravagant considering Henry's reputation as a shabby
+miser.&amp;nbsp; As a child, Margaret shared a household with her older brother,
+Prince Arthur.&amp;nbsp; Born on 20 September 1486, barely nine months after
+his parents' marriage, Arthur was the hope and joy of the Tudors.&amp;nbsp;
+He and Margaret traveled with their own households from Eltham to Westminster
+to Windsor and back again, visiting their parents as often as possible.&amp;nbsp;
+Their education was guided by their formidable grandmother, Lady Margaret
+Beaufort, who was a shining example of female piety and learning.&amp;nbsp;
+Lady Beaufort's impact upon Margaret ensured her a thorough education but
+Margaret never shared her grandmother's love of scholarship.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VII was a busy and oft-distracted king whose reign was a constant struggle
+in the early years of Margaret's life; he loved his daughter, but had little
+time for any of his children.&amp;nbsp; Her mother, Elizabeth of York, was
+a quiet and gentle woman whose motto 'Humble and Reverent' aptly summarized
+her way of life.&amp;nbsp; She was a loving mother but spent most of her marriage
+either pregnant or recovering from increasingly difficult births.&amp;nbsp;
+Her ill health often forced her into confinement and her role at court
+functions was filled by her mother-in-law.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret reveled in court life and enjoyed her position
+as princess to the full; she began a lifelong love affair with beautiful
+clothes, delighted in dancing and music as well as archery and playing
+cards.&amp;nbsp; She had no responsibilities other than to fulfill her public
+duties as princess and, as a result of her privileged position, developed
+a very stubborn personality.&amp;nbsp; It was Margaret's lot to be impatient
+and disappointed when things did not go her way.&amp;nbsp; In this, however,
+she can be forgiven; most royal children were equally stubborn and certainly
+the two siblings who survived childhood with her shared this trait.&amp;nbsp;
+It is worth remembering, too, that her acute awareness of her position
+included the knowledge that she would one day leave England, perhaps forever.&amp;nbsp;
+It was not the fate of princesses to live and die in their own countries.&amp;nbsp;
+But as Margaret's later actions make clear, those early years in England
+left an indelible mark upon her; she always put English interests first,
+even when it was not the sensible thing to do.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her fifth birthday coincided with Henry's elevation
+to the dukedom of York in 1494.&amp;nbsp; There was a grand celebratory tournament
+in Westminster which lasted three days and the appearance of the 'right
+high and excellent Princess, the Lady Margaret' was recorded for posterity.&amp;nbsp;
+She wore a gown of buckram and velvet trimmed in gold lace with a winged
+white cap, an unflattering but popular style from the Low Countries.&amp;nbsp;
+Her best features were her clear complexion and fair hair, both inherited
+from her mother.&amp;nbsp; But her temperament was that of her maternal grandfather,
+Edward IV, a trait she shared with her brother Henry.&amp;nbsp; While Prince
+Arthur was a reserved and thoughtful boy dedicated to scholarship, Margaret
+and Henry were gregarious and energetic.&amp;nbsp; They danced at the tournament,
+to the amusement of the adults, and Margaret presented the prizes to the
+jousters.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Traveling with a great retinue from one palace to
+another, she was hardly aware of the struggles her father faced; plague,
+rebellion, and war marked Henry's years on the throne as he constantly
+struggled to fill his treasury and placate his people.&amp;nbsp; One of the
+more serious struggles led to Margaret's betrothal in 1496 to James IV,
+king of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Henry wanted an alliance with Scotland for two
+pressing reasons.&amp;nbsp; First, James was following the old Scottish tradition
+of angering the English by supporting Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the
+English throne who claimed to be Prince Richard of York.&amp;nbsp; This debacle
+lasted from 1491 to 1497, but was made more pressing by Prince Arthur's
+engagement to Princess Katharine of Aragon, the daughter of Ferdinand and
+Isabella of Spain.&amp;nbsp; At the time, only Spain recognized Henry's rule
+and he was desperate to secure a marriage alliance between the two countries.&amp;nbsp;
+But the Spanish would not send Katharine to England unless Henry was secure
+on the throne and their daughter could arrive safely and peacefully in
+England.&amp;nbsp; In 1493, they brokered an agreement between Scotland and
+England which ended Scottish support of Warbeck and gave hope for a more
+comprehensive peace in the future.&amp;nbsp; Second, Scotland had long been
+allied with France in what was termed the 'Auld Alliance', essentially
+the partnership of two English enemies.&amp;nbsp; French money and troops had
+often threatened the English-Scots border and Henry was desperate to avoid
+further unrest.&amp;nbsp; He and his councilors thought a marriage between
+James and Margaret would create a bond between England and Scotland which
+would allow England some desperately needed peace and tranquility.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; James IV of Scotland was amenable to the idea as
+well.&amp;nbsp; He was sixteen years older than Margaret, but such differences
+in age were common enough in royal marriages.&amp;nbsp; For the security of
+his own realm, as well as an impressive dowry, he was content to marry
+Margaret.&amp;nbsp; James's own life had been tempestuous and unhappy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/jamesiv.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;King James IV of Scotland&quot; BORDER=2 height=230 width=199 align=LEFT&gt;Born
+on 17 March 1473, he was barely sixteen years old when disaffected Scottish
+lords led by the Humes and Hepburns forced him to ride in battle against
+his own father, James III.&amp;nbsp; At the climactic battle of Sauchieburn
+in the summer of 1488, James III was murdered by a man pretending to be
+a priest and his son was crowned king of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; James IV was traumatized
+by his role in his father's death; for the rest of his life he wore an
+iron chain around his waist as penance and made frequent pilgrimages to
+the shrine of his patron St Ninian.&amp;nbsp; His personality was both charismatic
+and melancholy and he was quite brilliant.&amp;nbsp; His varied interests included
+dentistry, golf, and hunting; he was also very energetic, and exhausted
+his nobles with his ceaseless traveling across his kingdom.&amp;nbsp; He was
+quite dedicated to the ideal of the chivalrous knight and admired the tales
+of King Arthur.&amp;nbsp; This romantic notion led him to numerous love affairs
+(by the time of his betrothal to Margaret, he already had five healthy
+illegitimate children) and a lifelong desire to lead a Crusade.&amp;nbsp; His
+people loved him and his court attracted a number of brilliant poets, including
+William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas and David Lindsay.&amp;nbsp; Also, Scotland had
+three universities while England had only two, a fact which few historians
+have noted when dismissing any evidence of Scottish learning in the late
+15th century.&amp;nbsp; But the country remained fractious and dangerous, largely
+because of its squabbling nobility.&amp;nbsp; Certainly James's reign was marked
+by increased prosperity and the flowering of the arts, but he could not
+subdue the clans or even intimidate them much.&amp;nbsp; And the lesson of
+his father's reign haunted him as he attempted to provide some order and
+stability for his people.&amp;nbsp; He was more successful at this than most
+Scottish kings, but not successful enough.&amp;nbsp; In Scotland, the nobles
+controlled far more land than the king and were savage opponents of royal
+authority.&amp;nbsp; The burgeoning middle class was terrified of warfare and
+also susceptible to English bribes.&amp;nbsp; Shifting loyalties and simmering
+resentment marked relations between the king and his nobles.&amp;nbsp; Poor
+James did not have an easy life as king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But his prolific romantic life was legendarily successful.&amp;nbsp;
+James cut quite a swath through the common and noble women of Scotland,
+eventually losing his heart to Lady Margaret Drummond.&amp;nbsp; James had
+earlier attempted to marry a Spanish princess himself (much as Henry VII
+secured a Spanish bride for Prince Arthur) but, when that failed, his love
+for Margaret Drummond was such that he seriously considered marrying her.&amp;nbsp;
+His councilors were understandably aghast; any marriage to a subject would
+necessarily elevate that subject's family to pre-eminence in the realm.&amp;nbsp;
+They would not allow it and did their utmost to persuade James to reconsider.&amp;nbsp;
+The king began negotiations for Margaret Tudor's hand even as Margaret
+Drummond gave birth to their daughter.&amp;nbsp; James moved mother and child
+to his palace of Linlithgow and showed them every favor.&amp;nbsp; Rumors of
+a secret marriage between the two were rampant but the Scots successfully
+concluded the marriage treaty with Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; Still, James's ministers
+were concerned that Henry VII would learn of Margaret Drummond and it might
+complicate relations.&amp;nbsp; But the problem was solved when Margaret Drummond
+and her two sisters were poisoned in spring 1502.&amp;nbsp; The king was devastated.&amp;nbsp;
+No one was arrested for the crime, for which most of his councilors were
+secretly grateful.&amp;nbsp; James almost immediately began another affair
+with Lady Janet Kennedy, but his grief for Margaret Drummond did not lessen.&amp;nbsp;
+She was the great love of his life and he never forgot her.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Margaret Drummond's death freed him to openly
+plan his marriage to Margaret Tudor, who until then had been merely a bargaining
+chip with the English.&amp;nbsp; James was determined that his marriage would
+restore Scottish pride which had suffered much from English harassment
+along its borders.&amp;nbsp; He ordered a grand trousseau from Paris, as well
+as presents for Margaret and new clothing for his courtiers.&amp;nbsp; His
+own clothes included several pairs of scarlet hose, robes of black velvet
+trimmed in fur, a crimson jacket lined with cloth of gold, and a truly
+grand wedding outfit of white damask embroidered with silver and gold thread.&amp;nbsp;
+To Margaret he sent a gown worth almost 160 pds and his courtiers received
+sumptuous clothes and jewelry.&amp;nbsp; His spending grew so extravagant that
+he was forced to acknowledge his penury to Henry VII; the English king
+had written to find out the salaries of Margaret's ladies-in-waiting who
+would accompany her to Scotland.&amp;nbsp; James was forced to prevaricate
+on that matter, replying only that they would receive 'competent fees'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In England, meanwhile, preparations for Katharine
+of Aragon's marriage to Prince Arthur consumed far more time and energy
+than Margaret's betrothal.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish princess was married to the
+Tudor heir in the autumn of 1501 and Margaret attended the wedding feast
+at Westminster Hall; she wore a gown of crimson velvet trimmed in fur and
+sat, along with Prince Henry, on a wooden stool covered with scarlet cloth
+beside their parents.&amp;nbsp; Prince Henry had apparently flown into a rage
+when told that his sister would soon be known as queen of Scots and thus
+accorded precedence over him in public ceremonies.&amp;nbsp; This essentially
+meant that Margaret would be announced before him at court functions, a
+relatively trivial matter, but observers noted the young prince's love
+of his own high position.&amp;nbsp; The tantrum resolved itself and Henry was
+on perfect behavior during the wedding festivities which followed.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The earl of Bothwell, the bishop of Moray, and the
+archbishop of Glasgow were sent as ambassadors from Scotland.&amp;nbsp; They
+were also present at Westminster during those celebratory days, under orders
+to observe Margaret and report on her appearance and behavior.&amp;nbsp; If
+they found it 'most convenient and advisable' they were to marry her at
+once by proxy.&amp;nbsp; Many of the intricacies of the marriage negotiation
+had already been decided upon and Pope Alexander VI had given the necessary
+dispensation, though he advised Margaret to remain in England for another
+year so she would be ready for child-bearing upon her arrival in Scotland.&amp;nbsp;
+The matter of dower lands was soon settled as well.&amp;nbsp; James was to
+be responsible for 'the apparatus of her body, the ornamenting of her residences,
+her vehicles, stud, furniture, dress, private and domestic affairs, and
+all other things whatsoever necessary and becoming the honour, state and
+dignity of the said Lady Margaret.'&amp;nbsp; Margaret's dowry was 30,000 gold
+nobles to be paid over three years.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once Prince Arthur and his new wife had left for
+Ludlow Castle, their seat as Prince and Princess of Wales, Margaret's betrothal
+was celebrated at Richmond Palace.&amp;nbsp; There everyone gathered in Queen
+Elizabeth's official presence chamber and the archbishop of Glasgow conducted
+the proxy marriage ceremony.&amp;nbsp; He asked Margaret and her parents, 'Doth
+Your Grace know of any impediment other than there is dispensed withal?&amp;nbsp;
+Doth the Queen likewise?&amp;nbsp; Or the Princess?'&amp;nbsp; In their turn, the
+three said, 'There is none.'&amp;nbsp; Then Henry VII asked, 'Is it the very
+will and mind of the king of Scotland that the said earl Bothwell should
+in his name assure the said Princess?'&amp;nbsp; Both archbishop and earl gave
+assent and then Margaret was asked, 'Are you content without compulsion,
+and of your own free will?'&amp;nbsp; The princess answered composedly, 'If
+it please my lord and father the king, and my lady mother the queen.'&amp;nbsp;
+Her father said, 'It is my will and pleasure' and Margaret knelt for her
+parents' blessing.&amp;nbsp; Bothwell took her hand and repeated his marriage
+vows.&amp;nbsp; He did so easily enough; soon all eyes were upon Margaret,
+who spoke clearly and with no noticeable nervousness, 'I, Margaret, the
+first begotten daughter of the right excellent, right high and mighty prince
+and princess, Henry by the Grace of God king of England, and Elizabeth
+queen of the same, wittingly and of deliberate mind, having twelve years
+complete in age in the month of November last past, contract matrimony
+with the right excellent, right high and mighty prince, James king of Scotland,
+and the person of whom, Patrick earl of Bothwell, procurator of the said
+prince, represents, and take the said James king of Scotland into and for
+my husband and spouse, and all other for him forsake, during his and mine
+lives natural, and thereto I plight and give to him, in your person as
+procurator aforesaid, my faith and troth.'&amp;nbsp; And then, continues the
+herald's account, 'the trumpets....blew up, and the loud noise of the minstrels
+played in the best and most joyful manner.'
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The king then led the Scots to his rooms while Elizabeth
+of York took Margaret's hand and led her to the royal dais.&amp;nbsp; The mother
+and daughter sat side by side now, equal in title and precedence.&amp;nbsp;
+The next few days were spent in celebratory tournaments and banquets at
+Westminster Hall, all of which had Margaret's participation.&amp;nbsp; And
+yet, just as it seemed that Henry VII's most fervent ambitions were being
+realized, news soon arrived from Wales that Arthur and his bride had fallen
+ill.&amp;nbsp; The young prince died while his new bride recovered.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+and Elizabeth were devastated; accounts of their grief can be read at the
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.&amp;nbsp; The court was thrown into mourning and a few
+weeks after the death Elizabeth of York became pregnant yet again.&amp;nbsp;
+It did not help her delicate health.&amp;nbsp; A son was born prematurely and
+christened Edward, but died soon after.&amp;nbsp; The queen's strength never
+recovered and, upon yet another stillbirth on 2 February 1503, she became
+deathly ill.&amp;nbsp; She died on 11 February 1503, her thirty-seventh birthday,
+having given birth nine times and leaving three surviving children.&amp;nbsp;
+An account of Elizabeth's death, which coincided with Margaret's departure
+for Scotland, can also be read at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret's feelings on her brother's death and mother's
+ill
+health are not recorded.&amp;nbsp; She was obviously closer in temperament
+to Henry, but also she was consumed with preparations for her departure
+to Scotland.&amp;nbsp; And for a young woman with Margaret's great love of
+expensive gifts, pageantry, and magnificent gowns, the preparations were
+a delightful diversion.&amp;nbsp; She also enjoyed being queen of Scotland.&amp;nbsp;
+Since she had to wait a year before going to Scotland, she was given her
+own establishments at Windsor and Westminster where she was served from
+golden plates engraved with the Scottish arms.&amp;nbsp; Scores of footmen
+served her, dressed in the white and green Tudor livery while her litter
+bearers wore green and black.&amp;nbsp; The litter which would carry her on
+progress north was itself a grand creation lined with blue velvet and cloth
+of gold; her state carriage was lined with bearskin, the horses hung with
+black and crimson velvet and her own saddle lavishly embroidered with red
+roses.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The rest of this article will be published&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;as soon as I finish scanning color portraits of Margaret.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;written by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Marilee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082576&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082576&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH012e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH012e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH012e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">29115</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Anne of Cleves fourth wife of King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Anne of Cleves fourth wife of King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Anne of Cleves: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH012e83f21d0fa1913aff5c90</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215249</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH012e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevescardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevesholbein2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cleves-bio1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cleves-bio2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;634&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My Lord, if it were not to
+satisfy the world, and My Realm, I would not do that I must do this day
+for none earthly thing.' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Henry VIII to Cromwell on his wedding day to
+Anne of Cleves&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevescardinal.gif&quot; width=&quot;352&quot; height=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevesholbein2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; width=&quot;331&quot; height=&quot;325&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves 
+      by Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Anne of Cleves was the fourth wife of King
+Henry VIII; it was a very brief marriage, to the astonishment of all
+observers but the relief of both spouses.&amp;nbsp; Henry infamously
+referred to his bride as a 'Flanders mare' and told courtiers and
+ambassadors that he could not perform his husbandly duties because of
+Anne's appearance.&amp;nbsp; Anne's reaction to Henry's physical charms was
+not recorded, but she agreed to an annulment very quickly and remained
+in England for the rest of her life.&amp;nbsp; Henry was grateful for her
+cooperation and granted her a generous income and several homes,
+including Hever Castle.&amp;nbsp; Anne enjoyed an independent lifestyle
+denied most women, often visiting Henry's court as an honored
+guest.&amp;nbsp; Her fondness for English ale and gambling were her only
+vices.&amp;nbsp; Along with her successor as Henry's wife, Catherine
+Howard, Anne remains a mysterious figure about whom too little is
+known.&amp;nbsp; Had she and Henry remained married and had children, the
+course of English history might have changed dramatically.&amp;nbsp; But
+the mysteries of physical attraction denied Anne her place on the
+throne, ended the brilliant career of Thomas Cromwell, and thrust the
+king into the arms of his ill-fated fifth queen, Catherine Howard.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Anne of Cleves.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Anne&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves meets Henry VIII for the first time&lt;/a&gt;, 1540&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Anne. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Anne's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'So she came to
+Greenwich that night, and was received as queen.&amp;nbsp; And the next
+day, being Sunday, the king's grace kept a great court at Greenwich,
+where his grace with the queen offered at mass, richly dressed.&amp;nbsp;
+And on Twelfth Night, which was Tuesday, the king's majesty was married
+to the said queen Anne solemnly, in her closet at Greenwich, and his
+grace and she went publicly in procession that day, she having a rich
+coronet of stone and pearls set with rosemary on her hair, and a gown
+of rich cloth of silver, richly hung with stones and pearls, with all
+her ladies and gentlewomen following her, which was a goodly sight to
+behold.' &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; Anne of Cleves marries King
+Henry VIII, 1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Anne of Cleves was Henry VIII's fourth wife, though not his first
+choice for the role by far.&amp;nbsp; His ambassadors searched out all the
+eligible heiresses of Europe and discovered their king had a very nasty
+marital reputation.&amp;nbsp; The beautiful Christina of Milan was told of
+the king's interest and wittily replied that if she had two heads she
+would risk it, but she had only one; Marie de Guise, who would later
+wed his nephew the King of Scots, replied much the same.&amp;nbsp; The
+tragic tale of his second queen, Anne Boleyn, had kept European gossips
+busy for three years now.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's poor and disrespectful treatment of his first wife (he
+was rumored to have bullied Katharine of Aragon to an unhappy death)
+and the quick end of his third (in his desperation for a healthy male
+heir, the king was rumored to have ordered Jane Seymour cut open,
+mangled and killed) only contributed to his low reputation. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;One wouldn't think a king would have too difficult a time finding
+a wife, but Henry VIII - who defied his contemporaries in so many other
+ways - did so in this respect as well. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the end, it was religion which brought Anne of Cleves to
+England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry had sought out Catholic princesses like Marie de Guise and
+his fifth wife would be a Catholic as well.&amp;nbsp; Despite the Henrician
+'reformation', England and its monarch remained a Catholic nation,
+albeit one in which supreme authority resided within the king rather
+than the pope.&amp;nbsp; But Henry's influential advisor, Thomas Cromwell,
+wanted England to ally herself with a Protestant nation that also
+rejected papal authority.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell recognized the inexorable
+Catholic decline which was only just beginning to occur; the king's
+assumption of supreme authority had merely been the first and most
+spectacular opening shot in a new religious war.&amp;nbsp; Raised to be a
+churchman until his brother's untimely death and deeply interested in
+theological debate, Henry VIII didn't appreciate the Pandora's Box of
+change he had opened.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell, younger and more philosophically
+attuned to the attitudes of the rising middle class, did appreciate
+it.&amp;nbsp; And he approved of it.&amp;nbsp; The marriage to Anne of Cleves
+would openly ally England with a Protestant duchy, thus making the
+'reformation' even more settled. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry VIII's previous two marriages had been love matches; he had
+been quite independent in choosing women of his own court to
+marry.&amp;nbsp; But this fourth marriage was necessarily a more diplomatic
+endeavor.&amp;nbsp; In this, the king returned to the traditional role of
+kings searching for brides; he also understood that, since the Act of
+Supremacy in 1534, England stood dangerously isolated amongst the
+Catholic powers of Spain and France. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There was a gap of over two years between Jane Seymour's death in
+October 1537 and Anne of Cleves's arrival in England in late December
+1539.&amp;nbsp; Romantics believe the king waited such a long while to
+marry again because he loved Jane so much.&amp;nbsp; Whether he loved her
+or not is beside the point, though there is ample evidence that he
+did.&amp;nbsp; Henry actually waited so long (and he did so quite
+impatiently) because marriage negotiations took an unexpectedly long
+time.&amp;nbsp; He actually sent out instructions regarding the search for
+a new wife barely a month after Jane's death. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But the French princesses would not assemble for his perusal; they
+also made it clear they preferred other suitors.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Likewise,
+other heiresses of Europe, some of which (like Christina of Milan) were
+related through tangled Hapsburg bloodlines to the king's first wife,
+Katharine of Aragon, avoided the English ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; And always,
+busy with his paperwork and contacts throughout Europe, Cromwell sought
+to arrange a Protestant alliance. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;During all of these negotiations, one must not forget the king's
+own views regarding his future wife.&amp;nbsp; Henry was used to making his
+own decisions about the women in his life; he had high standards for
+female beauty and insisted his next wife be physically
+attractive.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he told his ambassadors that no official
+overtures be made to certain ladies until he had approved of their
+looks.&amp;nbsp; 'The thing touches me too near,' said the king, which was
+true enough but not the sort of thing kings were supposed to say.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, he was not merely a man but a monarch; he was not supposed
+to marry for himself alone. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The ambassadors were often placed in embarrassing positions,
+commissioning portraits and sending back detailed descriptions of pock
+marks and hairstyles.&amp;nbsp; Finally, the choices were narrowed down to
+four serious contenders - Marie de Guise, the widow of the duc de
+Longueville, was tall, beautiful and already proven in
+childbirth.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned earlier, she chose the Scottish king
+James V.&amp;nbsp; Henry then looked to her younger sister, but she also
+became otherwise engaged.&amp;nbsp; Then there was the beautiful and
+intelligent Christina of Milan, just sixteen and one of the most
+sought-after heiresses of her generation.&amp;nbsp; But the king of England
+was three times her age, fat and with a cruel reputation; she allowed
+herself to be painted by Holbein but did nothing to solve the problem
+of her being a great-niece of Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; This
+impediment of affinity was a nice way to avoid the king of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The year of 1538 passed with no alliance.&amp;nbsp; Henry had intended
+to use his fourth marriage as a balance between France and the Hapsburg
+empire.&amp;nbsp; But it now seemed as if those two enemies might join
+forces against him in defense of the papal supremacy. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Suddenly Cromwell's moment had arrived.&amp;nbsp; The fourth serious
+contender was the sister of the duke of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The duke was not
+a Protestant himself but was allied through marriage with Saxony and
+the league of Lutheran princes; he was also at odds with the Hapsburg
+emperor Charles V over the duchy of Gelderland.&amp;nbsp; The duchy of
+Cleves might one day rival the Netherlands in terms of trade and
+strategic advantage.&amp;nbsp; The king was persuaded to send his favorite
+court painter, Hans Holbein the Younger, to the German duchy.&amp;nbsp;
+There he painted both Anne and her sister Amelia.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who by
+this time was wearying of the endless rounds of negotiations (and whom
+Cromwell feared would soon turn to another English noblewoman), was
+interested in Anne.&amp;nbsp; Negotiations began in earnest. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was 24 years old, and had spent most of her life at the ducal
+court of Dusseldorf.&amp;nbsp; She was well-educated in domestic skills but
+she was neither intellectual or flirtatious, both qualities the king
+admired.&amp;nbsp; She had no musical skills, and music was one of Henry's
+passions, and no interest in books.&amp;nbsp; On the trip to England, her
+escort (perhaps sensing disaster ahead) tried to teach her the king's
+favorite card games but Anne found them hopeless.&amp;nbsp; It was not her
+fault, nor that of Henry VIII, but she was raised in a different
+country and, as things turned out, was not given time to acclimatize
+herself before the king rejected her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+  &lt;img height=&quot;280&quot; alt=&quot;Holbein's betrothal portrait of Anne of Cleves&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cleves-bio1.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;190&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The issue of the betrothal portrait is the most fascinating part
+of this story.&amp;nbsp; Holbein was a man of vast talent; his best
+portraits are simply astounding, beautifully composed and possessing
+great psychological insight.&amp;nbsp; Look at the infamous portrait of
+Anne of Cleves to the left; it is clear that Holbein was more
+fascinated with the embroidery of her gown than with Anne's
+personality.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are downcast and her features lost beneath the ornate
+trappings of her dress and hood. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There has long been a rumor that Henry was so enraged with the
+work, believing that Holbein had deliberately duped him with a false
+portrait, that he fired the painter.&amp;nbsp; But that is not true.&amp;nbsp;
+At the time, there were a few remarks that she did not look as well as
+the portrait asserted, but this was not unlikely - she had arrived in
+England after a long journey, perhaps the sea air did not agree with
+her skin?&amp;nbsp; Or perhaps nervousness over the impending marriage
+caused a change in her complexion.&amp;nbsp; We cannot know.&amp;nbsp; But we
+do know that Henry's ambassadors, only too aware of their master's
+wishes, allowed the portrait to be sent as a fair likeness of
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; Would they have dared to mislead their monarch in such a
+way?&amp;nbsp; It's not likely.&amp;nbsp; Even Henry himself did not make much
+of the supposed difference between the painted and real Anne, aside
+from a comment to Cromwell that she was 'nothing so fair as she had
+been reported.'&amp;nbsp; Often expectations can be idealistic, and that
+was possibly the case with Henry.&amp;nbsp; Holbein continued to receive
+commissions from the English aristocracy before dying of plague in
+London in 1543. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;What actually happened to drive Anne and Henry apart was a simple
+matter of attraction.&amp;nbsp; Almost five hundred years later, we still
+don't understand why certain people are physically attracted to each
+other; it simply happens.&amp;nbsp; And it didn't happen with Anne and
+Henry; in fact, quite the opposite occurred and the king was repulsed
+by her.&amp;nbsp; Anne's feelings on the matter are not known but Henry was
+no longer the strong, athletic king of years past; various injuries had
+reduced his exercise but not his appetite.&amp;nbsp; He was increasingly
+obese and subject to its attendant problems. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There were other reasons for the king to look askance at this new
+bride.&amp;nbsp; The foreign crisis which had caused Cromwell to seek an
+alliance with the Protestant duchy had passed; France and Spain had
+returned to their old enmity.&amp;nbsp; England was no longer threatened by
+the Catholic powers.&amp;nbsp; Also, the dispute over Gelderland had become
+more serious and Henry was not eager to fight the suddenly genial
+Spanish in defense of Anne's brother.&amp;nbsp; These issues were clear in
+mid-autumn 1539 but the marriage negotiations continued.&amp;nbsp; By that
+point, they had a momentum of their own.&amp;nbsp; A proxy marriage
+occurred and Anne left her home in late November.&amp;nbsp; She reached
+Calais on 11 December; during the journey, she was addressed as Queen
+of England and treated accordingly.&amp;nbsp; For a fortnight she waited at
+Calais until the weather settled.&amp;nbsp; On 27 December she set out for
+Deal; it was a stormy crossing.&amp;nbsp; It was on the first day of 1540
+that the king, so impatient to see his new bride, entered her rooms in
+disguise.&amp;nbsp; The scene was recorded by the Imperial ambassador,
+Eustace Chapuys: &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And on New Years Day in the afternoon the king's grace with five
+of his privy chamber, being disguised with mottled cloaks with hoods so
+that they should not be recognized, came secretly to Rochester, and so
+went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne was looking out of a
+window to see the bull-baiting which was going on in the courtyard, and
+suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed here a token which the
+king had sent her for New Year's gift, and she being abashed and not
+knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her.&amp;nbsp; But she
+regarded him little, but always looked out the window.... and when the
+king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into
+another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of
+purple velvet.&amp;nbsp; And when the lords and knights saw his grace they
+did him reverence.... and then her grace humbled herself lowly to the
+king's majesty, and his grace saluted her again, and they talked
+together lovingly, and afterwards he took her by the hand and led her
+to another chamber where their graces amused themselves that night and
+on Friday until the afternoon.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;You can read the entire account at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+Henry had so far managed to conceal his dislike of Anne.&amp;nbsp; There is
+reason to believe it was not an immediate revulsion; it was only after
+their wedding night, which the king declared he could not consummate,
+that word spread of his physical distaste.&amp;nbsp; When Cromwell asked
+him the next morning, 'How liked you the Queen?', Henry replied, 'I
+liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse.' &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On Twelfth Night (6 January), they were married in the 'Queen's
+Closet' at Greenwich Palace, where Henry had also married his last
+bride.&amp;nbsp; But the king was already looking for ways out.&amp;nbsp; The
+very day of the ceremony, he told Cromwell, 'My Lord, if it were not to
+satisfy the world, and my Realm, I would not do that I must do this day
+for none earthly thing.'&amp;nbsp; These were ominous words. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is also possible that around this time, the king met &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;, cousin of his second wife, Anne Boleyn, and now destined to
+be lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves when her Flemish attendants were
+dismissed.&amp;nbsp; There is no doubt he felt an instant attraction to the
+lively, curvaceous Catherine.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry's nobility, which had long chafed against the power and
+influence of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Cromwell&lt;/a&gt;
+(much as they had against Wolsey), welcomed this opportunity to
+discredit him.&amp;nbsp; The minister had pushed the king into the Cleves
+marriage, they reminded Henry gleefully.&amp;nbsp; The king's wrath turned
+against his former friend and Cromwell was executed on 28 July 1540, a
+decision Henry almost instantly regretted.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so four things pushed Henry towards an annulment - his dislike
+of Anne, foreign policy changes, his attraction to Catherine Howard,
+and his courtiers' hatred of Cromwell. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the few days between the first meeting and the wedding,
+Cromwell and the king had found a potential way out, though the
+ceremony continued as planned.&amp;nbsp; In the mid-1530s, Anne had briefly
+been engaged to Francis, duke of Lorraine.&amp;nbsp; The English had not
+explored the issue too much, merely asking the government of Cleves if
+negotiations had ended.&amp;nbsp; Now they looked more closely, with the
+king waiting impatiently for the right response.&amp;nbsp; They suddenly
+discovered there was no dispensation from the precontract; Anne was
+still officially betrothed to Francis.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The ambassadors from Cleves were not unaware of Henry's
+intent.&amp;nbsp; They struggled to find the right documents but, on 26
+February 1540, all they could produce was a report in their archives
+which stated that negotiations with Lorraine 'were not going to take
+their natural course.'&amp;nbsp; No actual papers of dispensation could be
+produced since they did not exist.&amp;nbsp; Thus Henry's marriage to Anne
+of Cleves was legally invalid from the start.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This is one of the more ironic moments in Henry's checkered
+marital career.&amp;nbsp; For once, his decision to end a marriage was
+legally valid and acceptable to all. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, the king made certain comments regarding Anne's body
+and virtue which reveal him in a less than gentlemanly light.&amp;nbsp; He
+told Anthony Denny, a member of the Privy Chamber, that she had
+'breasts so slack and other parts of body in such sort that [he]
+somewhat suspected her virginity.'&amp;nbsp; He further told his court
+physicians of the 'hanging of her breasts and looseness of her
+flesh.'&amp;nbsp; Clearly, consummation of the marriage would not
+occur.&amp;nbsp; The king bravely slept in the same bed at least every
+other night, yet he reported a month later that Anne 'was still as good
+a Maid.... as ever her Mother bare her.'&amp;nbsp; This contradiction - she
+was not a virgin, yet was - was never mentioned. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;What did Anne think of all this controversy?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Luckily for her, she had only a small knowledge of English and
+even less knowledge of the physical relationship between a man and
+wife.&amp;nbsp; Her English ladies were astounded by her innocence.&amp;nbsp;
+'When he [Henry] comes to bed, he kisses me and taketh me by the hand,
+and biddeth me 'Goodnight, sweetheart,' and in the morning, kisses me,
+and biddeth me, 'Farewell, darling.'&amp;nbsp; Is this not enough?' asked
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; No, she was told emphatically, it most certainly was not. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne's ignorance casts a bad light on her mother, Duchess Maria,
+but it served to protect her feelings in England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the end, she ruled as queen for just four months; her last
+official appearance as the royal consort was during the May Day
+celebrations.&amp;nbsp; She was never crowned, though even if the king had
+wished it, he could not have afforded such a ceremony.&amp;nbsp; During
+those months, the Catholic nobility pushed their advantage against the
+Protestant Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; The minister was too Lutheran for the king's
+taste.&amp;nbsp; Likewise, the Catholics encouraged the flirtations of
+young Catherine Howard, also a Catholic and the duke of Norfolk's
+niece.&amp;nbsp; Too young and ill-educated to be aware of how others used
+her as a pawn, she happily danced before the king and accepted his
+gifts.&amp;nbsp; She was granted lands in April and the next month received
+rich gifts of fabric and jewelry.&amp;nbsp; There is every possibility
+Catherine consummated her relationship with the king in May.&amp;nbsp; How
+else can we explain the sudden race to rid himself of Anne? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The investigation into her precontract with Lorraine had been
+hastily done in January and February but for two months afterwards, the
+king merely lamented his fate.&amp;nbsp; Parliament even confirmed Anne's
+dowry in April.&amp;nbsp; But suddenly in May there was a fierce new
+determination to annul the marriage; the king was no longer content to
+complain.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is possible, and was rumored, that Henry had slept with
+Catherine and consequently there was a chance she was pregnant.&amp;nbsp;
+Another male heir was never far from Henry's mind.&amp;nbsp; He was also
+deeply in love with his 'Rose without a Thorn', a somewhat pathetic
+attraction between an elderly (the king was almost 49 years old) man
+and a very young woman.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so Anne had to go.&amp;nbsp; She succumbed to the inevitable with
+surprising grace.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she was leery of the royal temper, or&lt;img
+ height=&quot;218&quot; alt=&quot;engraving of Anne of Cleves, after Holbein&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cleves-bio2.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;154&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; remembered the king's marital
+history, or she simply didn't care.&amp;nbsp; Henry was very
+grateful.&amp;nbsp; If she had not cooperated....&amp;nbsp; He knew, from the
+example of Katharine of Aragon, what could happen if a queen fought an
+annulment.&amp;nbsp; He had no desire to alienate Cleves or engage in
+another lengthy legal and theological dispute.&amp;nbsp; The king declared
+the marriage had not been consummated and, in any case, it was invalid
+from the start.&amp;nbsp; Would Anne agree? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She did agree, most readily.&amp;nbsp; She was shocked at first by the
+news; the king's representatives visited her at Richmond Palace, where
+she had gone to escape the threat of plague.&amp;nbsp; They brought an
+interpreter so there would be no misunderstanding.&amp;nbsp; For her part,
+Anne quickly grasped the situation.&amp;nbsp; She had no advisers and the
+king had already executed one wife and harassed another to death.&amp;nbsp;
+Certainly she enjoyed the role of queen, was more fluent in English and
+had taken a liking to her new country; even the people cheered her on
+the occasional public ride between palaces.&amp;nbsp; But did she dare
+fight Henry?&amp;nbsp; Of course not. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's servants wrote that she was 'content always with your
+Majesty', thus accepting Henry's judgment, and in her &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt;letter of&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt; submission&lt;/a&gt;
+she signed herself 'daughter of Cleves', not 'queen of England'.&amp;nbsp;
+She agreed the marriage had never been consummated and signed all
+necessary documents.&amp;nbsp; For his part, Henry was now prepared to be
+generous.&amp;nbsp; Anne was to enjoy precedence over all the ladies in
+England, except the Queen and the king's daughters.&amp;nbsp; She was to be
+known as the king's 'good sister' and received a very nice settlement
+of manors and estates, some of which belonged to Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; This
+guaranteed her an income of 3000 pds a year, making her one of the
+wealthiest women in England.&amp;nbsp; All this depended upon her remaining
+in England, and this Anne was more than willing to do.&amp;nbsp; 'The
+King's highness whom I cannot have as a husband is nevertheless a most
+kind, loving and friendly father and brother,' she wrote to her
+brother.&amp;nbsp; Why should she return home in ignominy, dependent upon
+her brother's generosity, when she could remain in England and live a
+comfortable, independent life? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was perhaps as content with the arrangement as Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+She grew to enjoy English ale and gambling; she spent large sums on
+gowns; she visited with the king's children and occasionally the king
+himself.&amp;nbsp; She was heard to remark that she was more attractive
+than Katharine Parr, to whom the king's attention turned in 1543.&amp;nbsp;
+In fact, upon Catherine Howard's execution in 1542, rumors circulated
+that perhaps the king would take back his former bride.&amp;nbsp; The
+French ambassador was suitably impressed with Anne's handling of a
+delicate situation, observing that 'all her affairs could never make
+her utter a word by which one might suppose that she was
+discontented.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;These rumors were understandable enough; Anne occupied a nebulous
+place in English society, unmarried but wealthy and independent.&amp;nbsp;
+She was not an heiress but still honored as a royal.&amp;nbsp; She answered
+to no male authority but that of the king, and he did not choose to
+trouble her.&amp;nbsp; For the rest of her life, rumors spread about her
+lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; For Anne's part, she was content and happy and had
+little reason to be otherwise. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She made her last public appearance at Mary Tudor's coronation in
+1553, riding alongside the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She died in 1557
+of a 'declining illness' and was buried with appropriate honor at
+Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; Her will is perhaps most representative of her
+kindly character.&amp;nbsp; In it, she remembered gifts to everyone who had
+ever served her, no matter how humble or long ago. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne had chosen as her motto 'God send me well to keep' and it
+proved apt, though in a way few could have predicted.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082569&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082569&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0132.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0132.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0132.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5898</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The death of Prince Arthur Tudor, 1502</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0132187a4b019d5742a6bdd2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215244</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0132.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">arthurdeath.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/arthurdeath.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1502: The death of Prince Arthur&quot; width=&quot;474&quot; height=&quot;68&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The first 
+      account listed at right was taken from a contemporary herald's report, 
+      first published in 1715.&amp;nbsp; The second account was written by Tudor 
+      citizen Richard Grafton.&amp;nbsp; Its spelling has been modernized.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Arthur was the eldest son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth 
+      of York.&amp;nbsp; He was born on 20 September 1486, barely a year after the 
+      pivotal battle of Bosworth Field, and died on 2 April 1502.&amp;nbsp; Arthur 
+      was indeed named after the mythical King Arthur; Henry VII was Welsh and 
+      the legend was popular in medieval England.&amp;nbsp; In fact, it was 
+      generally believed at the time that Winchester was built upon the ruins of 
+      Camelot.&amp;nbsp; And so Elizabeth of York was sent to Winchester to give 
+      birth and Arthur was christened at its cathedral.&amp;nbsp; He was titled 
+      Prince of Wales (and was the first to receive the title) when he was 3 
+      years old.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Negotiations for his marriage to Katharine of Aragon, 
+      daughter of the famous Ferdinand and Isabella, began in 1488.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      terms were settled in 1500 and the couple were married in London on 14 
+      November 1501.&amp;nbsp; They journeyed to Ludlow Castle, the traditional seat 
+      of the Prince of Wales, and established a small court.&amp;nbsp; However, 
+      Arthur died suddenly on 2 April 1502, possibly of tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      two accounts at right record his parents' reaction to the news.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;When his Grace [Henry VII] understood that 
+      sorrowful heavy tydings, he sent for the Queene [Elizabeth of York], 
+      saying that he and his Queene would take the painful sorrows together.&amp;nbsp; 
+      After that she was come and saw the Kyng her Lord, and that naturall and 
+      paineful sorrowe, as I have heard saye, she with full great and constant 
+      comfortable words besought his Grace that he would first after God 
+      remember the weale of his own noble person, the comfort of his realme and 
+      of her.&amp;nbsp; She then saied that my Lady his mother had never no more children 
+      but him only, and that God by his Grace had ever preserved him, and 
+      brought him where he was.&amp;nbsp; Over that, howe that God had left him yet a 
+      fayre Prince, two fayre Princesses and that God is where he was, and we 
+      are both young ynoughe. &lt;br&gt;
+      ....Then his Grace of true gentle and faithful love, in good hast came and 
+      relieved her, and showed her howe wise counsell she had given him before, 
+      and he for his parte would thanke God for his sonn, and would she should 
+      doe in like wise. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;When
+the king by his high policy had completed his alliance with Spain in this
+way, there suddenly came a lamentable mischance and loss to the king, queen
+and all the people.&amp;nbsp; For that noble prince Arthur, the king's first
+begotten son, after he had been married to the Lady Catherine for five
+months, departed this transitory life at Ludlow on 2 April 1502. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;With great funeral obsequies he was buried in the cathedral church of
+Worcester.&amp;nbsp; After his death the name of prince belonged to his brother
+the duke of York, since his brother died without his issue, and so without
+being thus created he ought to be called, unless some apparent cause was
+a let or obstacle to it.&amp;nbsp; But the duke, suspecting that his brother's
+wife was with child, as was thought possible by the expert and wise men
+of the prince's council, was by a month or more delayed from his title,
+name and pre-eminence, in which time the truth might easily appear to women.
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is reported that this lady Catherine thought and feared such an unhappy
+chance might come, for when she had embraced her father and taken leave
+of her noble and prudent mother, and sailed towards England, she was continually
+so tossed and tumbled hither and thither with boisterous winds that what
+with the raging of the water and the contrary winds her ship was prevented
+many times from approaching the shore and landing.&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082591&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082591&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">23069</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Elizabeth I: Poetry</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01329ea865e97888f7dcb1be</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215245</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+        
+&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;   
+&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;   
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;I am redesigning the Elizabethan &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html#Speeches&quot;&gt;speeches &lt;/a&gt;- &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html#Letters&quot;&gt;letters &lt;/a&gt;- &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html#Poetry&quot;&gt;poetry&lt;/a&gt; pages - as of 15 October 2002.&lt;br&gt;
+   Until I'm finished, all the text is posted here. &amp;nbsp;Click the above 
+links  to visit the different sections.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;/div&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Poetry&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;COMPOSED 1554-5&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;Much suspected by me, &lt;br&gt;
+   Nothing proved can be, &lt;br&gt;
+   Quoth Elizabeth prisoner. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;WRITTEN ON A WALL AT WOODSTOCK, 1554-5&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;Oh Fortune, thy wresting wavering state &lt;br&gt;
+   Hath fraught with cares my troubled wit, &lt;br&gt;
+   Whose witness this present prison late &lt;br&gt;
+   Could bear, where once was joy's loan quit. &lt;br&gt;
+   Thou causedst the guilty to be loosed &lt;br&gt;
+   From bands where innocents were inclosed, &lt;br&gt;
+   And caused the guiltless to be reserved, &lt;br&gt;
+   And freed those that death had well deserved. &lt;br&gt;
+   But all herein can be nothing wrought, &lt;br&gt;
+   So God send to my foes all they have thought. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;    
+&lt;h3&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
+     
+&lt;h3&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;small&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;+0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;WRITTEN IN HER FRENCH PSALTER, 1554-5&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
+    No crooked leg, no bleared eye, &lt;br&gt;
+   No part deformed out of kind, &lt;br&gt;
+   Nor yet so ugly half can be &lt;br&gt;
+   As is the inward suspicious mind.&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;/div&gt;
+   &lt;/div&gt;
+       
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;THE DOUBT OF FUTURE FOES, 1568-70&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;The doubt of future foes exiles my present joy, &lt;br&gt;
+   And wit me warns to shun such snares as threaten mine annoy; &lt;br&gt;
+   For falsehood now doth flow, and subjects' faith doth ebb, &lt;br&gt;
+   Which should not be if reason ruled or wisdom weaved the web. &lt;br&gt;
+   But clouds of joys untried do cloak aspiring minds, &lt;br&gt;
+   Which turn to rain of late repent by changed course of winds. &lt;br&gt;
+   The top of hope supposed the root upreared shall be, &lt;br&gt;
+   And fruitless all their grafted guile, as shortly ye shall see. &lt;br&gt;
+   The dazzled eyes with pride, which great ambition blinds, &lt;br&gt;
+   Shall be unsealed by worthy wights whose foresight falsehood finds. &lt;br&gt;
+   The daughter of debate that discord aye doth sow &lt;br&gt;
+   Shall reap no gain where former rule still peace hath taught to know.
+&lt;br&gt;
+   No foreign banished wight shall anchor in this port; &lt;br&gt;
+   Our realm brooks not seditious sects, let them elsewhere resort. &lt;br&gt;
+   My rusty sword through rest shall first his edge employ &lt;br&gt;
+   To poll their tops that seek such change or gape for future joy. &lt;/p&gt;
+       
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;THAT WHICH OUR SOVEREIGN LADY WROTE IN DEFIANCE OF FORTUNE, 1568-70&lt;/b&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;Never think you fortune can bear the sway &lt;br&gt;
+   Where virtue's force can cause her to obey. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz%2fpoetry.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+0&quot;&gt;ON MONSIEUR'S DEPARTURE, 1582&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;I grieve and dare not show my discontent, &lt;br&gt;
+   I love and yet am forced to seem to hate, &lt;br&gt;
+   I do, yet dare not say I ever meant, &lt;br&gt;
+   I seem stark mute but inwardly do prate. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; I am and not, I freeze and yet am burned, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Since from myself another self I turned. &lt;br&gt;
+   My care is like my shadow in the sun, &lt;br&gt;
+   Follows me flying, flies when I pursue it, &lt;br&gt;
+   Stands and lies by me, doth what I have done. &lt;br&gt;
+   His too familiar care doth make me rue it. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; No means I find to rid him from my breast, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Till by the end of things it be supprest. &lt;br&gt;
+   Some gentler passion slide into my mind, &lt;br&gt;
+   For I am soft and made of melting snow; &lt;br&gt;
+   Or be more cruel, love, and so be kind. &lt;br&gt;
+   Let me or float or sink, be high or low. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Or let me live with some more sweet content, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Or die and so forget what love ere meant. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;a name=&quot;Speeches&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;ELIZABETH'S MARRIAGE SPEECH TO PARLIAMENT, 1559&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's Parliament thought to bully her into marriage.&amp;nbsp;
+  From Henry VIII's accession in 1509 onwards, the Tudor dynasty was always
+  consumed by the problem of succession.&amp;nbsp; For a hundred years, Englishmen
+  - and many Europeans - discussed the topic.&amp;nbsp; It was of vital importance.&amp;nbsp;
+  Elizabeth, however, would not be bullied and refused to marry.&amp;nbsp; She
+ responded to Parliament's demand for her marriage with a wonderful extemporaneous
+ speech.&amp;nbsp; This was in 1559, barely a year into her reign.&lt;/font&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;When the Assembly of Parliament was now to be dissolved, they all thought
+  good that the Third Estate, or Lower House, should advise the Queen to
+marry  betimes: yet would not the Temporal Lords joyn with them, lest any
+of them  might seem to propound it in hope to prefer himself. Thomas Gargrave
+therefore,  Speaker of the Lower House, with some few selected men, after
+leave obtained,  came unto the Queen, and making his excuse by his Office,
+the Queen's Courtesie,  and the Weightiness of the matter, went forward to
+this purpose: There is  nothing which with more ardent affection we beg of
+God in our daily prayers,  than that our Happiness hitherto received by your
+most gratious Government  may be perpetuated to the English Nation unto all
+eternity, Whilstin our mind and cogitation we cast many ways how this may
+be effected, we can find none at all, unless your Majesty should either reign
+for ever, (which to hope for is not lawfull;) or else by Marriage bring forth
+Children, Heirs both of their Mother's Vertue and Empire, (which God Almighty
+grant.) This is the single, the onely, the all-comprehending Prayer of all
+English-men. All other men, of what place and degree soever, but especially
+Princes, must have a care, that though themselves be mortal, yet the Commonwealth
+may continue  immortal. This immortality may your Majesty give to the English,
+if (as your  humane nature, Age, Beauty and Fortune do require,) you will
+take some man  to your Hus band, who may be a Comfort and Help unto you,
+and a Consort in  Prosperity and Adversity. For (questionless) more availeth
+the Help of one  onely Husband for the effecting of matters, than the joynt
+Industry of many  men. Nothing can be more contrary to the publick Respects,
+than that such  a Princess, in whose Marriage is comprehended the Safety
+and Peace of the  Commonwealth, should live unmarried, and as it were a Vestal
+Virgin. A Kingdom  received from Ancestours is to be left to Children, who
+will be both an Ornament  and Strength to the Realm. The Kings of England
+have never been more carefull  of any thing, than that the Royal Family might
+not fail of Issue. Hence it  was, that within our fresh memory Henry the
+VII. your Grandfather, provided  his Sons Arthur and Henry of Marriage even
+in their tender years. Hence it  was that your Father sought to procure Mary
+Queen of Scots to be a Wife for  his young Son Prince Edward, then scarce
+eight years old: and very lately  your Sister, Queen Mary, being well in
+years, married Philip of Spain . If  lack of Children use to be inflicted
+by God as a great Punishment as well  upon Royal as private Families; what
+and how great a Sin may it be, if the  Prince voluntarily pluck it upon himself, 
+whereby an infinite heap of Miseries  must needs overwhelm the Commonwealth 
+with all Calamities which the mind even dreadeth to remember? Which that it
+may not come to pass, not onely we few that are here to present, but even 
+all England , yea all English men, do prostrate our selves at your feet, and
+with humble voice and frequent Sighs do from the bottom of our hearts most
+submissively pray and beseech you. These things spake he eloquently and more
+amply. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;ELIZABETH'S REPLY:&lt;small&gt; &lt;big&gt;(&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;small&gt;She 
+answered briefly:)&lt;/small&gt; In a  matter most unpleasing, most pleasing to 
+me is the apparent Good will of you and my People, as proceeding from a very 
+good mind towards me and the Commonwealth. Concerning Marriage, which ye so
+earnestly move me to, I have been long since perswaded, that I was sent into
+this world by God to think and doe those things chiefly which may tend to
+his Glory. Hereupon have I chosen that kind of life which is most free from
+the troublesome Cares of this world, that I might attend the Service of God
+alone. From which if either the tendred Marriages of most Potent Princes, 
+or the danger of Death intended against me, could have removed me, I had long
+agone enjoyed the honour of an Husband. And these things have I thought upon
+when I was a private person. But now that the publick Care of governing the
+Kingdom is laid upon me, to draw upon me also the Cares of Marriage may seem
+a point of inconsiderate Folly. Yea, to satisfie you, I have already joyned
+my self in Marriage to an Husband, namely, the Kingdom of England. And behold
+(said she which I marvell ye have forgotten,) the Pledge of this my Wedlock
+and Marriage with my Kingdom. (And therewith she drew the Ring from her Finger,
+and shewed it, wherewith at her Coronation she had in a set form of words
+solemnly given her self in Marriage to her Kingdom.) Here having made a pause,
+And do not (saith she) upbraid me with miserable lack of Children: for every
+one of you, and as many as are Englishmen, are Children and Kinsmen to me;
+of whom if God deprive me not, (which God forbid) I cannot without injury
+be accounted Barren. But I commend you that ye have not appointed me an Husband,
+for that were most unworthy the Majesty of an absolute Princess, and unbeseeming
+your Wisedom, which are Subjects born. Nevertheless if it please God that
+I enter into another course of life, I promise you I will doe nothing which
+may be prejudicial  to the Commonwealth, but will take such a Husband, as
+near as may be, as will have as great a Care of the Commonwealth as my self.
+But if I continue in this kind of life I have begun, I doubt not but God
+will so direct mine own and your Counsels, that ye shall not need to doubt
+of a Successour which may be more beneficial to the Commonwealth than he
+which may be born of me, considering that the Issue of the best Princes many
+times degenerateth. And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the
+memorial of my Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath,
+it be ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a
+Virgin, and died a Virgin. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH'S SPEECH AT TILBURY, 1588&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The English forces were gathered to fight the Spanish
+Armada;  their unlikely victory was one of the great highlights of Elizabeth's
+reign.&lt;/font&gt;   &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+ My loving people, &lt;br&gt;
+   We have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take 
+heed  how we commit our selves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; 
+but I assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving 
+people.  Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself that, under God, 
+I have  placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and 
+good-will  of my subjects; and therefore I am come amongst you, as you see, 
+at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the 
+midst and heat of the battle, to live and die amongst you all; to lay down 
+for my God, and for my kingdom, and my people, my honour and my blood, even 
+in the dust. I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I 
+have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and think 
+foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade 
+the borders of my realm; to which rather than any dishonour shall grow by 
+me, I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, judge, and 
+rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know already, for your 
+forwardness you have deserved rewards and crowns; and We do assure you in 
+the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time, my lieutenant 
+general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble 
+or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your 
+concord in the camp, and your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a
+famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my  people.
+ &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;a name=&quot;Letters&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;To King Edward VI, 15th May 1546.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;Like as the rich man daily gathereth riches to riches, and one bag of
+money layeth a great sort till it come to infinite, so methinks your Majesty,
+not being sufficed with many benefits and gentleness showed to me afore this 
+ time, doth now increase them in asking and desiring where you may bid and 
+ command, requiring a thing not worthy the desiring for itself, but made worthy
+ for your Highness's request. My picture, I mean, in which if the inward
+good  mind toward your Grace might as well be declared as the outward face
+and countenance shall be seen, I would not have tarried the commandment but
+prevent it, nor have been the last to grant but the first to offer it. For
+the face, I grant, I might well blush to offer, but the mind I shall never
+be ashamed to present. For though from the grace of the picture the colours
+may fade by time, may give you weather, may be spotted by chance; yet the
+other nor time with her swift wings shall overtake, nor the misty clouds
+with their lowerings may darken, nor chance with her slippery foot may overthrow.
+Of this although yet the proof could not be great because the occasion hath
+been but small, notwithstanding as a dog hath a day, so may I perchance have
+time to declare it in deeds where now I do write them in words. And further
+I shall most humbly beseech your Majesty that when you shall look on my picture,
+you will vouchsafe to think that as you have but the outward shadow of the
+body before you, so my inward mind wisheth that the body itself were oftener
+in your presence; howbeit because both my so being I think could do your
+Majesty little pleasure, though myself great good; and again because I see
+as yet not the time agreeing thereunto, I shall learn to follow this saying
+of Horace, ' Feras non culpes quod vitari non potest.' And thus I will (troubling
+your Majesty I fear) end with my most humble thanks. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Beseeching God long to preserve you to His Honour,
+to  your comfort, to the Realm's profit, and to my joy.&amp;nbsp; From Hatfield 
+this  15th day of May. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your Majesty's most humble sister and servant, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;b&gt;To the Dowager Queen Katharine Parr, 31st July 1548.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This was written after Elizabeth had left Katharine's
+home  (after the Thomas Seymour debacle.)&amp;nbsp; Katharine was due to deliver
+her  first child soon; she died shortly after childbirth.&lt;/font&gt; Although
+your  Higness's letters be most joyful to me in absence, yet, considering
+what pain it is for you to write, your Grace being so sickly, your commendations 
+were enough in my Lord's letter. I much rejoice at your health, with the well
+liking of the country, with my humble thanks that your Grace wished me with
+you till you were weary of that country. Your Highness were like to be cumbered,
+if I should not depart till I were weary of being with you; although it were
+the worst soil in the world, your presence would make it pleasant. I cannot
+reprove my Lord for not doing your commendations in his letter, for he did
+it; and although he had not, yet I will not complain on him; for he shall
+be diligent to give me knowledge from time to time how his busy child doth;
+and if I were at his birth, no doubt I would see him beaten, for the trouble
+he hath put you to. Master Denny and my lady, with humble thanks, prayeth
+most entirely for your Grace, praying the Almighty  God to send you a most
+lucky deliverance, and my mistress wisheth no less,  giving your Highness
+most humble thanks for her commendations. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Written with very little leisure this last day of July.
+  &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your humble daughter, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;b&gt;To Princess Mary, 27th October 15--.&lt;/b&gt; Good Sister, as to hear of 
+your  sickness is unpleasant to me, so is it nothing fearful; for that I understand
+ it is your old guest that is wont oft to visit you, whose coming though
+it  be oft, yet is it never welcome, but notwithstanding it is comfortable 
+for  that iacula prÃŠuisa minus feriunt. And as I do understand your 
+need  of Jane Russel's service, so am I sorry that it is by my man's occasion 
+letted,  which if I had known afore, I would have caused his will give place 
+to need  of her service. For as it is her duty to obey his commandment, so 
+is it his  part to attend your pleasure; and, as I confess, it were meeter 
+for him to  go to her, since she attends upon you, so indeed he required the
+same, but  for that divers of his fellows had business abroad that made his
+tarrying  at home. &lt;br&gt;
+   Good Sister, though I have good cause to thank you for your oft sending
+ to me, yet I have more occasion to render hearty thanks for your gentle
+writing,  which how painful it is to you, I may well guess by myself; and
+you may well  see by my writing so oft, how pleasant it is to me. And thus
+I end to trouble  you, desiring God to send you as well to do, as you can
+think and wish, or  I desire or pray. From Ashridge, scribbled this 27th
+of October. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your loving sister, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;b&gt;To Queen Mary, 16th March 1554.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This was written when the order came that Elizabeth was
+ to be sent to the Tower, on suspicion that she was implicated by Wyatt's
+rebellion. Wyatt's correspondence with Elizabeth was seized, and amongst
+the evidence produced was an alleged copy of a letter written by Elizabeth
+to Henri II of France.&amp;nbsp; It was a forgery.&lt;/font&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;If any ever did try this old saying, 'that a king's word was more than
+  another man's oath,' I most humbly beseech your Majesty to verify it to
+me, and to remember your last promise and my last demand, that I be not not
+condemned without answer and due proof, which it seems that I now am; for
+without cause proved, I am by your council from you commanded to go to the
+Tower, a place more wanted for a false traitor than a true subject, which
+though I know I desire it not, yet in the face of all this realm it appears
+proved. I pray to God I may die the shamefullest death that any ever died,
+if I may mean any such thing; and to this present hour I protest before God
+(Who shall judge my truth, whatsoever malice shall devise), that I never
+practised, counselled, nor consented to anything that might be prejudicial
+to your person anyway, or dangerous to the state by any means. And therefore
+I humbly beseech your Majesty to let me answer afore yourself, and not suffer
+me to trust to your Councillors, yea, and that afore I go to the Tower, if
+it be possible; if not, before I be further condemned. Howbeit, I trust assuredly
+your Highness will give me leave to do it afore I go, that thus shamefully
+I may not be cried out on, as I now shall be; yea, and that without cause.
+Let conscience move your Highness to pardon this my boldness, which innocency
+procures me to do, together with hope of your natural kindness, which I trust
+will not see me cast away without desert, which what it is I would desire
+no more of God but that you truly knew, but which thing I think and believe
+you shall never by report know, unless by yourself you hear. I have heard
+of many in my time cast away for want of coming to the presence of their
+Prince; and  in late days I heard my Lord of Somerset say that if his brother
+had been  suffered to speak with him he had never suffered; but persuasions
+were made to him so great that he was brought in belief that he could not
+live safely if the Admiral lived, and that made him give consent to his death.
+Though these persons are not to be compared to your Majesty, yet I pray to
+God the like evil persuasions persuade not one sister against the other,
+and all for that they have heard false report, and the truth not known. Therefore, 
+ once again, kneeling with humbleness of heart, because I am not suffered 
+to bow the knees of my body, I humbly crave to speak with your Highness, which
+I would not be so bold as to desire if I knew not myself most clear, as I
+know myself most true. And as for the traitor Wyatt, he might peradventure 
+ write me a letter, but on my faith I never received any from him. And as 
+for the copy of the letter sent to the French King, I pray God confound me 
+eternally if ever I sent him word, message, token, or letter, by any means, 
+and to this truth I will stand in till my death. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your Highness's most faithful subject, that hath been 
+ from the beginning, and will be to my end, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;/p&gt;
+   I humbly crave but only one word of answer from yourself. &lt;font
+ size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;(added as a postscript)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   Read Elizabeth's last letter to Mary, queen of Scots and her letter to 
+King  James VI informing him of Mary's execution.&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;/div&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082607&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082607&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,956 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Sir Thomas More: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Sir Thomas More: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Sir Thomas More: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01346c967faef427754dacc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215244</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0134.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">more.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">more.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">moresketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">morefamilysmall.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;IMG height=51 alt=&quot;Sir Thomas More&quot; 
+
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/more.gif&quot; width=310&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/more.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Sir Thomas More&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;315&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Thomas More's most famous literary 
+
+work, &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt;, was first conceived in 1515 when More was sent on a 
+
+diplomatic mission to Flanders.&amp;nbsp; The story, inspired by and modeled upon 
+
+Plato's &lt;I&gt;Republic&lt;/I&gt;, has given its name to a whole genre of 
+
+literature.&amp;nbsp; I do not wish to ignore More's literary and philosophical 
+
+accomplishments at this page, but I simply don't have the time to discuss 
+
+&lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt; within the context of the following biography.&amp;nbsp; I urge 
+
+readers to visit the following links to learn about More's work:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt; &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;gopher://gopher.cc.columbia.edu:71/11/miscellaneous/cubooks/offbooks/more&quot;&gt;Read 
+
+the entire text of &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt; at this link&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt; &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.d-holliday.com%2ftmore%2futopia.htm&quot;&gt;Another electronic version of 
+
+the text&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt; &lt;br&gt;This website lists various 
+
+essays on &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt; available in electronic format:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt; &lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.d-holliday.com%2ftmore%2fmore.htm&quot;&gt;More about More&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.d-holliday.com%2ftmore%2ferasmus.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Click 
+    here to read 
+    Erasmus's famous description of More in a letter from 1519&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Other online biographies of Sir Thomas More:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;br&gt;William 
+    Roper was More's son-in-law;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.fordham.edu%2fhalsall%2fmod%2f16Croper-more.html&quot;&gt;click here 
+    to read his famous biography&lt;/a&gt; of More.&lt;br&gt;John Farrow's
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.cin.org%2ffarmor.html&quot;&gt;biography of More&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;The 
+    Catholic Encyclopedia's
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.newadvent.org%2fcathen%2f14689c.htm&quot;&gt;biography of More&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;br&gt;An &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2f1535exec.html&quot;&gt;eyewitness account of 
+
+More's execution&lt;/A&gt; can be read at the Primary Sources section.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;You can also read &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimore.html&quot;&gt;More's final letter&lt;/A&gt;, 
+
+written to his beloved daughter Margaret while he was imprisoned in the 
+
+Tower.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Chronology of major events in More's life:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Born 7 
+
+  February 1478 at Milk Street, London &lt;BR&gt;Entered Parliament in 1504 
+
+  &lt;BR&gt;Appointed undersheriff of London in 1510 &lt;BR&gt;Became a member of the Privy 
+
+  Council in 1518 &lt;BR&gt;Knighted in 1521 &lt;BR&gt;Made Speaker of the House of Commons 
+
+  in 1523 &lt;BR&gt;Made Lord Chancellor of England in 1529 &lt;BR&gt;Imprisoned in the 
+
+  Tower of London on charges of treason in 1534 &lt;BR&gt;Executed 6 July 1535 at 
+
+  Tower Hill, the Tower of London &lt;BR&gt;Canonized as a saint by the Catholic 
+
+  Church in 1935&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'[E]ven though we should have no word or deed to charge upon 
+  you, yet we have your silence, and that is a sign of your evil intention and a 
+  sure proof of malice.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry 
+
+    VIII's attorney-general at the trial of Thomas More, 1535&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Thomas More is perhaps the most famous victim of Henry VIII's 
+
+  perverse judicial policies.&amp;nbsp; He was England's most famous and respected 
+
+  intellectual, close friends with the great philosopher Erasmus, and beloved by 
+
+  his closely-knit family and wide circle of friends.&amp;nbsp; He was that most 
+
+  rare of intellectuals - one who was humble, patient, and truly kind; he spent 
+
+  his life in ceaseless study, both intellectual and spiritual, and was a 
+
+  dedicated public servant.&amp;nbsp; He was also an astute judge of character, and 
+
+  capable of witty, trenchant observations - he once said of his famous king, 
+
+  'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold him.'&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  And, of course, when his son-in-law mentioned Henry VIII's fondness for More, 
+
+  the philosopher noted even more famously that if the king thought 'my head 
+
+  could win him a castle in France it should not fail to go!' &lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;
+
+  &lt;IMG height=236 alt=&quot;sketch of Thomas More as Lord Chancellor, by Holbein&quot; 
+
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/moresketch1.jpg&quot; width=175 align=left border=0&gt;In the end, Henry did not want More's head in exchange for any French 
+
+  castles; he wanted it because More refused to recognize the king's sovereignty 
+
+  over the English church.&amp;nbsp; But Henry had wanted More's approval 
+
+  desperately, and kept his former Lord Chancellor imprisoned for months in 
+
+  increasingly dire conditions, alternating between threats and flattery in 
+
+  desperate attempts to secure More's acknowledgment of the king's new 
+
+  role.&amp;nbsp; Henry knew, none better, that More's approval would carry great 
+
+  weight throughout Europe, and he offered More his life in return for a few 
+
+  simple words.&amp;nbsp; But More refused, and he learned the truth of the medieval 
+
+  adage that 'the king's wrath is death'. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More was the sole surviving son of Sir John More, a prominent lawyer and 
+
+  later judge, and Agnes Graunger.&amp;nbsp; He was born on 7 February 1478 (some 
+
+  sources say 1477), and entered Parliament in 1504.&amp;nbsp; One of his first acts 
+
+  in public life was to speak against one of Henry VII's more austere financial 
+
+  policies; as a result, Sir John was imprisoned and only released after a fine 
+
+  was paid and Thomas retired from public life.&amp;nbsp; After the king's death in 
+
+  1509, however, Thomas once again entered public service.&amp;nbsp; His early 
+
+  education had prepared him well for such a life.&amp;nbsp; His father had sent him 
+
+  to St Anthony's School at Threadneedle Street, under the direction of Nicholas 
+
+  Holt; upon reaching adolescence, More was sent to the household of Cardinal 
+
+  Morton, then archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England.&amp;nbsp; As 
+
+  Morton was the most powerful man in England next to the king, and the most 
+
+  prominent ecclesiastic, his household was an invigorating blend of political 
+
+  and religious life.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly here that More first learned how 
+
+  to reconcile a deeply spiritual character with a devotion to secular 
+
+  affairs.&amp;nbsp; Morton was living proof that a religious leader did not have to 
+
+  be monkish or retiring; he was also an inveterate gossip, and his twisted tale 
+
+  of Richard III's brief reign inspired More's awful &lt;I&gt;Life&lt;/I&gt; of the last 
+
+  Plantagenet king.&amp;nbsp; That biography is the only blight upon More's literary 
+
+  career. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Morton was sufficiently impressed with his young charge to sponsor More at 
+
+  Oxford.&amp;nbsp; The young man entered Canterbury Hall (now part of Christ 
+
+  Church) probably around 1492.&amp;nbsp; His time at Oxford was well-spent; under 
+
+  the tutelage of great scholars such as Thomas Linacre, More studied the 
+
+  classics and classical languages, as well as the other liberal arts.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  was a bright and engaging student, enthusiastic about learning but also 
+
+  accustomed to more basic pleasures (he loved to play upon the flute and viol, 
+
+  and began his lifelong passion for collecting pets - apparently his adult home 
+
+  in Chelsea was a veritable zoo.)&amp;nbsp; But like many university students, More 
+
+  found himself constantly short of money, a ploy his father used to keep the 
+
+  young man's mind upon his studies and not other, less academic pursuits. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;He returned to London after about two years at Oxford, and entered as a law 
+
+  student at the New Inn in late 1494; in early 1496 he was admitted to 
+
+  Lincoln's Inn as well, and then called to the outer bar and made a 
+
+  bencher.&amp;nbsp; He was once again a successful student, now following in his 
+
+  father's footsteps.&amp;nbsp; He was made a 'reader' (or tutor) at Furnival's Inn, 
+
+  and was successful enough to retain the appointment for three years.&amp;nbsp; But 
+
+  the law was not his true passion, and perhaps More already recognized this 
+
+  fact; he wrote poetry in his spare time, and entered into correspondence with 
+
+  the great English intellectuals of his age.&amp;nbsp; Most of these men were 
+
+  introduced to him through his former professor at Oxford, Thomas 
+
+  Linacre.&amp;nbsp; More's own reputation as a man of learning and wit was already 
+
+  begun, but he was beginning to suffer great spiritual conflict.&amp;nbsp; The law 
+
+  was not wholly satisfying to his character, but religious study might be, or 
+
+  so he thought.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps his introduction to the famous Dutch humanist 
+
+  Desiderius Erasmus in 1497 spurred his intense personal examination; the men 
+
+  became fast friends, and corresponded until More's execution.&amp;nbsp; Whatever 
+
+  the cause, it is certain that around the turn of the century, More turned his 
+
+  attention to religious matters; he delivered well-attended lectures on St 
+
+  Augustine's &lt;I&gt;The City of God&lt;/I&gt;, and was seriously considering becoming a 
+
+  priest.&amp;nbsp; He underwent a dramatic personal struggle, debating whether he 
+
+  had a true vocation, or calling, to be a priest; he left his comfortable home 
+
+  in Chelsea and moved near the London Charterhouse. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;At the Charterhouse, More began to examine the possibility of a wholly 
+
+  religious life.&amp;nbsp; He joined the monks in daily prayer, and wore a hair 
+
+  shirt; he wavered between joining the Franciscans or Carthusians, and both 
+
+  orders were particularly dedicated to lives of strictness and denial.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  Perhaps their extreme fervor dismayed More, for he possessed an ironic wit 
+
+  which would not rest easy with their single-minded worship.&amp;nbsp; Or perhaps 
+
+  he remembered his comfortable home and lifestyle in London.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the 
+
+  case, he decided to abandon his brief dream of becoming a priest. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;(It is worth noting that Erasmus later referred to his friend's decision in 
+  a letter, writing that More 'chose, therefore, to be a chaste husband rather 
+
+  than an impure priest.'&amp;nbsp; The implication is obvious, but sexual desires 
+
+  are normal enough in young men, and - even if Erasmus is correct - it does not 
+
+  speak ill of More's character.) 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;After finally deciding that the priesthood was not his true vocation, More 
+
+  returned to his law practice with a vengeance.&amp;nbsp; He was soon enough 
+
+  elected to Parliament, and found himself firmly on the side of his friends, 
+
+  mostly London merchants, as they battled Henry VII's unjust 'grants'.&amp;nbsp; As 
+
+  mentioned at the beginning of this biography, his speeches in defense of the 
+
+  merchants irked the king; as a result of More's persuasive oratory, Parliament 
+
+  lessened the amount from Henry's request of over Â£100,000 to about 
+
+  Â£30,000.&amp;nbsp; Immediately, the temperamental king imprisoned More's father 
+
+  upon some pretext, and demanded that the hefty sum of Â£100 as a fine.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  More paid the fine, and thought it wise to disappear a bit from public 
+
+  life.&amp;nbsp; He had other, more personal matters to occupy him anyway; in 1505, 
+
+  he married Jane, the eldest daughter of Master John Colte.&amp;nbsp; It was a 
+
+  happy marriage, and Jane bore four children before her untimely death in 1511 
+
+  (daughters Margaret, Elizabeth, and Cecilia, and son John.)&amp;nbsp; His 
+
+  son-in-law William Roper's biography implies that More married Jane out of 
+
+  pity; he preferred her younger sister, but thought it would bring shame upon 
+
+  the eldest daughter for her younger sister to be married before her.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  This anecdote was perhaps Roper's attempt to further enshrine More's generous 
+
+  character.&amp;nbsp; In truth, More loved his wife deeply, and two decades after 
+
+  her death he called her 'uxorcula Mori'. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;In any case, More was not a widower for long.&amp;nbsp; He was left with four 
+
+  young children to care for, and soon decided to marry again.&amp;nbsp; This time 
+
+  he chose a widow, Alice Middleton, seven years his senior.&amp;nbsp; She had a 
+
+  good dowry and became exceptionally devoted to More and his children.&amp;nbsp; The 
+
+  marriage was quite happy, and Alice maintained the household in London as a 
+
+  refuge for her busy, scholarly husband.&amp;nbsp; More became a renowned 'family 
+
+  man', loathe to leave his home and kin, and truly dedicated to their 
+
+  happiness.&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/morefamilysmall.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Holbein's famous portrait of Sir Thomas More and his family&quot; width=&quot;550&quot; height=&quot;370&quot;&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Rowland Lockey's 1593 copy of Holbein's famous portrait of 
+  Sir Thomas More and his family&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;P&gt;But More's love of family and learning were soon to become secondary to the 
+
+  desires of his king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was crowned in 1509, and More's 
+
+  reputation for learning and wit was already well-known.&amp;nbsp; In 1510, he was 
+
+  made Under-Sheriff of London, and four years later the Lord Chancellor, 
+
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, appointed More as ambassador to Flanders.&amp;nbsp; The 
+
+  mission was close to More's heart for it involved the rights of London 
+
+  merchants.&amp;nbsp; But he was unhappy in Flanders; the salary was insufficient 
+
+  for his needs, and he missed his family.&amp;nbsp; But it was in Flanders that he 
+
+  first began his most famous literary work, &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt;; it was published 
+
+  shortly after his return to England and helped secure his fame throughout 
+
+  Europe. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Wolsey and Henry VIII were impressed enough by More's services that they 
+  offered him a position at Court.&amp;nbsp; In 1516, after returning from Flanders, 
+  he was officially granted a pension of Â£100 for life, a significant sum at the 
+  time.&amp;nbsp; In 1517, the government 
+
+  duties began in earnest - missions to the all-important Calais, and 
+
+  appointment to the Privy Council.&amp;nbsp; Other honors soon followed; he 
+
+  attended Henry personally at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, was knighted and 
+
+  made treasurer to the king in 1521, and secured lands in Kent and 
+
+  Oxford.&amp;nbsp; In 1523 Wolsey secured More's appointment as Speaker of the 
+
+  House of Commons, and a few years later More was appointed High Steward of 
+
+  Cambridge University and Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, all honorable 
+
+  and important offices. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;It is obvious that both Henry VIII and Wolsey greatly favored More, though 
+
+  how More himself thought of his government service is unclear.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  performed his offices with aplomb, but undoubtedly wished for 
+
+  more time with his family - and even more time with his studies.&amp;nbsp; Life at 
+
+  court held little attraction for him; he was not ambitious (which intrigued 
+
+  the king and Wolsey) and he thought little of the gossip and mad scramble for 
+
+  power which characterized the Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; But he did admire Henry and 
+
+  the king's intelligent and pious wife, Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; For her 
+
+  part, Henry's queen once commented that, of all her husband's ministers, only 
+
+  Thomas More had deserved the title 'Lord Chancellor', a remarkable comment 
+
+  considering More was the first layman to hold the office. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More first purchased the land for his famous home in Chelsea in 1523; soon 
+
+  enough his mansion upon the Thames was built, complete with a large garden 
+
+  bordering the river.&amp;nbsp; It was here that he retreated as often as possible 
+
+  from court; here, too, that he entertained his many friends, including 
+
+  Erasmus.&amp;nbsp; Often the king would arrive unannounced for dinner and stroll 
+
+  about the garden with More.&amp;nbsp; Despite his later decision to imprison and 
+
+  execute More, it is clear that the king was truly fond of his councilor.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  Henry enjoyed intellectual debate and More was arguably the most learned man 
+
+  in England; he was also witty and kind-hearted.&amp;nbsp; And for a long while, he 
+
+  basked in the king's service. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;The conflict within More between government service and personal time was 
+
+  never fully resolved, though for many successful years he remained a respected 
+
+  and influential friend to the king and an independent philosopher.&amp;nbsp; It 
+
+  was simply that he and Henry, for a long while, shared similar philosophical 
+
+  and religious views.&amp;nbsp; Henry had, after all, jumped to the defense of the 
+
+  Catholic faith with a religious treatise of his own, and thus won the title 
+
+  'Defender of the Faith' from the pope.&amp;nbsp; More had little reason to suspect 
+
+  that Henry, originally raised as the second son destined for the church, would 
+
+  one day force papal power from England.&amp;nbsp; But in the mid-1520s, More was 
+
+  aware - like everyone in England - that the king's long marriage to 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine 
+
+  of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; was unlikely to produce a male heir.&amp;nbsp; Of the four sons 
+
+  Katharine had borne, all had died - and only the Princess Mary, born in 1516, 
+
+  survived as a viable heir for the Tudor throne.&amp;nbsp; It was clear to everyone 
+
+  - especially the king - that something had to be done, though Henry never 
+
+  envisioned anything as drastic as what has come to be known as the '&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Henrician 
+
+  Reformation&lt;/a&gt;'.&amp;nbsp; It was only after years of frustration, delays, 
+
+  double-talk, and interference from Charles V that Henry finally denounced the 
+
+  pope's authority on religious matters. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Both the king and More had responded to the growing threat of Lutheranism 
+
+  with religious works (as mentioned above, Henry's work won special praise from the 
+
+  pope.)&amp;nbsp; Today More's work strike us as bigoted and narrow-minded, but 
+
+  it should be read within the context of his time and beliefs, and it is often less inflammatory than other Catholic polemics.&amp;nbsp; Also, the 
+
+  Lutherans were hardly decorous in their prose.&amp;nbsp; More was eventually 
+
+  persuaded to write in English so he could reach a wider audience; he had also 
+
+  watched as the Lutheran 'heretics' wrote in the vernacular and attracted 
+
+  numerous followers. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;But More's response to this new heresy was reinforced by the fall of 
+
+  Cardinal Wolsey, once his great patron.&amp;nbsp; Henry's decision to annul his 
+
+  marriage to Katharine of Aragon was simple enough, and quite common among 
+
+  monarchs and other high nobles in Europe.&amp;nbsp; It was a necessary way to end 
+
+  unsuccessful (i.e., childless) unions.&amp;nbsp; Henry had every reason to expect 
+
+  that the pope would grant his petition for an annulment; he even had a 
+
+  stronger claim that most men.&amp;nbsp; Henry could quote liberally from 
+
+  Leviticus, particularly the injunction against marrying a brother's 
+
+  wife.&amp;nbsp; On grounds of strict theology, he certainly had a case for 
+
+  annulment.&amp;nbsp; But he had two problems - a stubborn wife who refused to see 
+
+  reason, and her very powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who 
+
+  virtually controlled the pope.&amp;nbsp; As a result, the simple matter of an 
+
+  annulment became a major European political issue. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn, whose marriage to King Henry VIII brought about More's downfall&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; height=&quot;194&quot;&gt;Matters were complicated by Henry's growing - and 
+  scandalously open - passion for 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+
+  Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;, the daughter of Thomas Boleyn and niece of the duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; More knew 
+
+  the Boleyns well enough for Thomas was an ambassador and well-liked; like 
+
+  More, he was from humble beginnings but used his skill and intelligence to 
+
+  rise quickly in Henry's service.&amp;nbsp; His eldest daughter Mary had been 
+  Henry's mistress, and possibly borne his son.&amp;nbsp; Anne, however, was more 
+  ambitious than her sister.&amp;nbsp; She recognized 
+
+  the king's predicament; he needed heirs, and she was young and healthy.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  And Henry loved her passionately, at least for a time.&amp;nbsp; But it is far too 
+
+  simplistic to argue, as many biographers have, that Henry defied the Catholic 
+
+  Church because of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; The king was dissatisfied with his 
+
+  marriage before they met and there had been talk of an annulment as 
+
+  well.&amp;nbsp; His love for Anne simply gave new impetus to an existing desire to 
+
+  break with Katharine. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;
+
+  Wolsey's hatred of the Boleyns was spurred by jealousy.&amp;nbsp; He had been the king's closest advisor and confidante 
+
+  until his failure to secure an annulment earned royal displeasure.&amp;nbsp;  Anne and her supporters were quick to put distance between Henry 
+
+  and the elderly cardinal.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey's time had passed, and he died while on 
+
+  the way to the Tower for trial.&amp;nbsp; And so, in October of 1529, Thomas More 
+
+  became the first layperson appointed Lord Chancellor of England.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+
+  now Keeper of the Great Seal, and second only to the king in power.&amp;nbsp; It 
+
+  was a heady appointment, but More probably greeted the appointment with his 
+
+  usual ironic stance - particularly since he had just witnessed Wolsey's fall 
+
+  from grace. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More did not like the Boleyns.&amp;nbsp; They represented a new generation at 
+
+  court - greedy, flamboyant, and openly ambitious.&amp;nbsp; They were quick to 
+
+  make enemies, and difficult to please.&amp;nbsp; More, who had no love of gossip 
+
+  and admired Katharine of Aragon's deep piety (the old queen spent several 
+
+  hours a day on her knees in prayer), was aware that Henry was drifting from 
+
+  him intellectually and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn had come to represent 
+
+  the Lutheran cause in More's mind as well, though not because she was a 
+
+  Lutheran.&amp;nbsp; It was simply that her marriage to Henry would mean defiance 
+
+  of papal law, and would place England in spiritual jeopardy.&amp;nbsp; And so, to 
+
+  More and most Englishmen, Katharine represented the piety and virtues of the 
+
+  old faith, and Anne represented the startling spiritual changes sweeping 
+
+  throughout Europe. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More used his position as Lord Chancellor to wipe out as much of the new 
+
+  heresy as possible; he had always been a great lawyer and judge, and he used 
+
+  these talents formidably.&amp;nbsp; He never equaled Wolsey's power or prestige, 
+
+  simply because Henry had temporarily lost his taste for all-powerful political 
+
+  advisors.&amp;nbsp; But More was completely successful in ridding the English 
+
+  court of cases - he actually exhausted the case log!&amp;nbsp; And, of course, he 
+
+  didn't simply judge cases; he also enforced the existing heresy laws with 
+
+  great zeal.&amp;nbsp; One cannot condemn More for following the tenets of his own 
+
+  religious convictions, and it is worth noting that he specifically 
+
+  distinguished between the vice of heresy and the actual heretic.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  hesitated to bring the full force of the law against heretics; he was 
+
+  scrupulous about offering them every possible opportunity to recant.&amp;nbsp; In 
+
+  this he was successful, and only four people were actually executed for heresy 
+
+  during his tenure as Lord Chancellor. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More's religious views were shortly to conflict with his king's 
+
+  desires.&amp;nbsp; Henry was frustrated with the pope's endless delays in deciding 
+
+  his case, and he was determined to establish some control over the church in 
+
+  England.&amp;nbsp; He did not tell More of his plans, preferring to confide in 
+
+  more liberal members of his council and parliament.&amp;nbsp; And so, just a few 
+
+  months after More's elevation to the position of lord chancellor, a new 
+
+  parliament began to pass the sweeping laws which would end the supremacy of 
+
+  the Roman Catholic Church in England.&amp;nbsp; First there was a royal 
+
+  proclamation that all members of the clergy must acknowledge the king as 
+
+  'Supreme Head' of English affairs 'as far as the law of God will 
+
+  permit'.&amp;nbsp; More realized the threat to his own spiritual beliefs and 
+
+  immediately proffered his resignation.&amp;nbsp; Henry refused angrily, and 
+
+  promised More that he would never have to agree to anything proclamation that 
+
+  went against his conscience.&amp;nbsp; Was this promise a deliberate lie on the 
+
+  king's part?&amp;nbsp; Probably not, for Henry truly believed in the religious 
+
+  righteousness of his own cause and undoubtedly expected all to do the same. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;But More could not hold out for long, and nor could Henry - whose designs 
+
+  were becoming more sweeping and offensive to the old faith - ignore his chief 
+
+  minister's open opposition.&amp;nbsp; It was an embarrassment, and in May 1532 he 
+
+  finally accepted More's resignation.&amp;nbsp; By this time, More had lost his 
+
+  close friendship with the king; there were no more impromptu dinner visits, or 
+
+  intense conversations about philosophical matters.&amp;nbsp; It was clear to 
+
+  everyone that a line would soon be clearly drawn, and everyone would be either 
+
+  for or against the king - always remembering, of course, the old adage that 
+
+  'the king's wrath is death'. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More still had powerful friends and allies, and Henry was always far more 
+
+  eager to have More's cooperation than his disobedience.&amp;nbsp; More was still, 
+
+  after all, the most famous English philosopher, widely read and respected on 
+
+  the continent.&amp;nbsp; And in England he even had the friendship of Thomas 
+
+  Cranmer, the very Protestant archbishop of Canterbury and, along with Thomas 
+
+  Cromwell, the chief advisor to the king.&amp;nbsp; But English Catholics, feeling 
+
+  their faith under siege, were also looking to More as their most prominent 
+
+  champion.&amp;nbsp; And so he was faced with the simple fact that despite his own 
+
+  longing for retirement and personal peace, he was too much a public figure to 
+
+  fade into the background.&amp;nbsp; His opinion mattered too much, and was sought 
+
+  by too many. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;After resigning from the lord chancellorship, More had immediately lost a 
+
+  great deal of his income but he scaled back his lifestyle and happily returned 
+
+  to Chelsea.&amp;nbsp; His greatest wish was to simply stay at home with his 
+
+  beloved family and write; he wanted no part in the politics of Henry's 
+
+  court.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't escape so easily.&amp;nbsp; Still, it is worth 
+
+  remembering that More did not hurry toward his fate; he did not accept death 
+
+  as inevitable and put himself directly in opposition to the king.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  wanted to live, and in the following years he did much to avoid his eventual 
+
+  fate - everything except betray his conscience. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;For about eighteen months he was able to escape the king's wrath.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  stayed away from Anne Boleyn's coronation, deliberately avoiding a public 
+
+  confrontation with the king.&amp;nbsp; And when his nephew, William Rastell, wrote 
+
+  a pro-Catholic treatise, More immediately wrote to Cromwell and Henry denying 
+
+  any involvement.&amp;nbsp; More specifically stressed that he knew his duty as a 
+
+  citizen, and supported his prince completely - too completely to criticize any 
+
+  of his decisions.&amp;nbsp; But such dissembling - and from such a famous man - 
+
+  would not please Henry for long.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough More's name was included in 
+
+  the Bill of Attainder against the Catholic mystic Elizabeth Barton, the Holy 
+
+  Maid of Kent.&amp;nbsp; More had once visited the woman, but was too skeptical to 
+
+  believe in her increasingly dramatic 'visions'.&amp;nbsp; He was brought before 
+
+  the Council and asked about his religious views; he explained that he had 
+
+  discussed his feelings to the king on various occasions, and never incurred 
+
+  Henry's wrath.&amp;nbsp; More was popular enough, and quite innocent, and so Henry 
+
+  grudgingly removed his name from the bill.&amp;nbsp; But he had intended the 
+
+  measure as a warning to More, and it was well-taken.&amp;nbsp; The duke of 
+
+  Norfolk, Anne Boleyn's uncle, warned More that 'the king's wrath is death' and 
+
+  More replied wittily, 'Is that all, my lord?&amp;nbsp; Then, in good faith, 
+
+  between your grace and me is but this - that I shall die today, and you 
+
+  tomorrow'.&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;hr&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Thou wilt give me this day a greater benefit than ever any mortal man 
+
+    can be able to give me.&amp;nbsp; Pluck up thy spirits, man, and be not afraid 
+
+    to do thine office.&amp;nbsp; My neck is very short: take heed, therefore, thou 
+
+    strike not awry for saving of thine honesty.'&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;Thomas 
+
+    More's last words to his executioner, 6 July 
+
+1535&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Today came quickly for More; in March of 1534, just months after the birth 
+
+  of Henry and Anne's 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;daughter&lt;/a&gt;, the Act of Succession was passed which ordered 
+
+  everyone the government called upon to swear an oath acknowledging the 
+
+  legitimacy of Anne and Henry's heirs, and - most significantly - including a 
+
+  clause which repudiated the power of any 'foreign authority' in English 
+
+  affairs.&amp;nbsp; On the 14th of April More was summoned from Chelsea to take the 
+
+  oath at Lambeth; he refused.&amp;nbsp; He was turned over to the custody of the 
+
+  abbot of Westminster, and four days later taken to the Tower of London where he was 
+
+  lodged in the Bell Tower.&amp;nbsp; Months passed, and the king both threatened 
+
+  and cajoled his former friend, sending various emissaries while also keeping 
+
+  More in increasingly dire conditions.&amp;nbsp; More did not break.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  Imprisoned with John Fisher, the bishop of Rochester, More took strength from 
+
+  that great man's equal courage. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;When not entertaining a rare visitor with his wit and charm, More engaged 
+
+  in prayer and writing.&amp;nbsp; In the spring of 1535 Cromwell visited the Tower 
+
+  personally to ask More's opinion of recently-passed statutes which gave Henry 
+
+  the title 'Supreme Head of the Church of England'.&amp;nbsp; More judiciously 
+
+  replied that he was a faithful servant of the king; in June, the 
+
+  solicitor-general interviewed him and reported to Henry and Cromwell that More 
+
+  had denied parliament's power to confer supreme ecclesiastical authority upon 
+
+  the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry now turned both petty and cruel - he used the pretext of 
+
+  More and Fisher's occasional letters to one another to confiscate all of 
+
+  More's writing materials.&amp;nbsp; He was now reduced to writing upon scraps with 
+
+  a stick of charcoal. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;The king was further angered when the pope made Fisher a cardinal, 
+
+  essentially a prince of the church, even while the bishop was imprisoned for 
+
+  treason.&amp;nbsp; The king caustically remarked that he would soon send Fisher's 
+
+  head to Rome so it could wear the red cardinal's hat.&amp;nbsp; By now, Henry had 
+
+  pushed aside all thought of popular reaction; he was flush with his own power, 
+
+  and determined to have his way.&amp;nbsp; More refused to submit to royal 
+
+  authority, and he would pay the ultimate price.&amp;nbsp; And so, on the 1st of 
+
+  July 1535, he was indicted for high treason at Westminster Hall.&amp;nbsp; More 
+
+  denied the chief charges and defended himself ably, but it was of no 
+
+  matter.&amp;nbsp; The jury found him guilty and he was sentenced to hang at 
+
+  Tyburn.&amp;nbsp; A few days later news arrived that the king would be merciful - 
+
+  More would instead be beheaded at Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; On the 6th of July, a bit 
+
+  before nine o'clock in the morning, More was executed; he met his end with 
+
+  great dignity, grace, and courage.&amp;nbsp; His body was buried at the Tower 
+
+  church of St Peter ad Vincula, but his head was parboiled and stuck on a pike 
+
+  in Tower Bridge.&amp;nbsp; His beloved daughter Margaret bribed a worker to give 
+
+  it to her and it was interred in the Roper family vault in Canterbury, 
+
+  Margaret having married William Roper some years before. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;King Henry VIII was increasingly tyrannical and hated as his reign 
+  progressed.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn was beheaded less than a year after More on 
+  false charges of witchcraft, adultery and incest; the king would eventually 
+  marry four more times.&amp;nbsp; His fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was also 
+  executed.&lt;/P&gt; 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;On 29 December 1886, Pope Leo XIII formally beatified Thomas More, and his 
+
+  reputation for learning and saintliness has only grown.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note:&lt;/b&gt; Modern studies of More often discuss his religious 
+conservatism and intolerance of more progressive views.&amp;nbsp; He openly 
+denounced and persecuted members of the Protestant faith, and much of his 
+writing was both vitriolic and inflammatory on this point.&amp;nbsp; But to condemn 
+More for his religious intolerance is unfair.&amp;nbsp; He (and Bishop Fisher, et 
+al) represented the last gasp of Catholicism in England.&amp;nbsp; After his death, 
+the faith never regained its intellectual breadth and stature.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;In our own increasingly secular age, it is easy to be cynical and 
+
+dismissive of deeply held religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; But to judge More by modern 
+
+standards is obviously wrong; the following books do an admirable job of placing 
+
+More in the context of his time, and I recommend them to students for further 
+
+study:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The Life of Thomas More&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;by Peter 
+
+Ackroyd.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The King's Good Servant but God's First: The 
+
+Life and Writings of Saint Thomas More&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;by James 
+
+Monti.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Thomas More: A Biography&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;by Richard Marius.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Thomas More: A Portrait of 
+
+Courage&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;by Gerard B. Wegemer.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Citizens&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;i&gt;Tudor 
+England: Images&lt;/i&gt; to view portraits of the Tudor monarchs and their courtiers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082582&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082582&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1477 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">106237</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Lady Jane Grey The Nine Days Queen biography portraits primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Nine Days' Queen 1553</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0135.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janegrey.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janegrey-nga.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parr-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward6-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-eworthcr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janecrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;IMG height=47 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey.gif&quot; width=320&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=287 
+      alt=&quot;The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul Delaroche&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey-nga.jpg&quot; width=358 border=2&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read 
+        the biography of Lady Jane Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account 
+        of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;, 1553. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;Jane's letter to 
+        Queen Mary from the Tower of London&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account 
+        of Jane's execution&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: 
+        Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady 
+        Catherine Grey site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's tragic 
+        sister.&lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward 
+        VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's cousin who left her the throne. 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Grey's life at &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's 
+        Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/A&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bitterwisdom.com%2fladyjanegrey&quot;&gt;The Lady Jane Grey Internet 
+        Museum&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Tudor Dynasty enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor 
+        Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign 
+        of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or 
+        other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt; 
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; 
+      &lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt; 
+      &lt;B&gt;Jane Grey remains one of the most compelling and tragic figures in 
+      Tudor history.&amp;nbsp; She possessed royal blood through her grandmother, 
+      Princess Mary Tudor, and this heritage brought her to the scaffold in 
+      1554.&amp;nbsp; Jane had been named heiress to the English throne in her 
+      great-uncle Henry VIII's will, but only if his son Edward and daughters 
+      Mary and Elizabeth died without issue.&amp;nbsp; But Edward ruled for just six 
+      years and his ambitious advisor, John Dudley, was determined to remain in 
+      power.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he persuaded Edward to write his own will and 
+      leave the throne to his pious cousin, Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; Though just fifteen 
+      at the time, she was known for her Protestant piety and learning; it was 
+      this religious devotion which persuaded Edward to alter the succession.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Deeply pious himself, he could not leave the throne to his Catholic 
+      sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Jane was quickly wed to Dudley's son and crowned queen 
+      of England in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; But she ruled for just nine days, trapped 
+      and unhappy.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor claimed the throne with great popular 
+      support and Jane was imprisoned in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+      subsequent execution was a political necessity for Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Despite her youth, Jane met her end with great dignity and courage.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I think that at the supper I neither receive flesh nor 
+  blood, but bread and wine; which bread when it is broken, and the wine when it 
+  is drunken, put me in remembrance how that for my sins the body of Christ was 
+  broken, and his blood shed on the cross. ...I ground my faith upon God's word, 
+  and not upon the church...&amp;nbsp; The faith of the church must be tried by 
+  God's word, and not God's word by the church; neither yet my faith.'&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane Grey to John Feckenham, 
+      1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt; 
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Ancestry&lt;/B&gt; 
+        &lt;BR&gt;Lady Jane Grey was the eldest child of Lord Henry and Lady Frances 
+        Grey, the duke and duchess of 
+      &lt;IMG height=205 
+      alt=&quot;Princess Mary Tudor, grandmother of Lady Jane Grey&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey1.jpg&quot; width=101 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; She was a viable heir to 
+        the English throne because of her maternal grandmother, &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess 
+        Mary Tudor&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; After the death of her first husband, King Louis 
+        XII of France in 1515, Mary secretly wed her true love, &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Charles 
+        Brandon&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was her brother &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry 
+        VIII&lt;/A&gt;'s best friend; the king's friendship and Brandon's service to 
+        the Crown led to his creation as duke of Suffolk in 1514.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+        Mary had a son, Henry, who died as teenager.&amp;nbsp; Their next eldest 
+        child was a daughter, Frances.&amp;nbsp; Under the terms of the Third Act of 
+        Succession (1544) and Henry VIII's last will and testament (1547), the 
+        Suffolk line would inherit the throne after Henry VIII's children died 
+        childless.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the throne would pass to Henry's son &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward&lt;/A&gt;; 
+        if Edward died childless, it passed to Henry's eldest daughter &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/A&gt;; 
+        if she died childless, it passed to Henry's youngest daughter &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+        If Elizabeth died childless, the throne passed to Lady Frances.&amp;nbsp; 
+        This plan completely disregarded the children of Henry's elder sister &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;Margaret&lt;/A&gt;, 
+        the former queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not care for Margaret and, 
+        more importantly, did not want the English throne in Scottish hands. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So it was through Princess Mary that Jane Grey was 
+        bequeathed her deadly heritage.&amp;nbsp; Still, no one in the 1540s 
+        expected the Suffolk line to rule.&amp;nbsp; After all, Henry VIII had left 
+        three heirs and it was unlikely all three would die childless.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+        course, we know that this did occur and the Tudor dynasty died with 
+        Elizabeth I in 1603.&amp;nbsp; It was only in 1552, with Edward VI's health 
+        rapidly failing, that people realized there would be a succession 
+        crisis.&amp;nbsp; According to parliament and Henry VIII's will, Mary was 
+        Edward's heir - but she was Catholic, in her late thirties, and never 
+        robust.&amp;nbsp; More importantly, Edward was a devout Protestant and did 
+        not want Roman Catholicism restored in England.&amp;nbsp; Urged on by 
+        self-interested advisors, he removed Mary from the succession on the 
+        grounds of her illegitimacy (she was declared so by parliament in 
+        1532.)&amp;nbsp; But if he removed Mary, he also had to remove Elizabeth 
+        even though she was a Protestant; Elizabeth had also been declared a 
+        bastard by parliament in 1536.&amp;nbsp; In his &lt;I&gt;Device for the 
+        Succession&lt;/I&gt;, written in his own hand, Edward wrote that they were 
+        both &quot;illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward's course of action removed the succession 
+        from the heirs of Henry VIII and gave it to the heirs of Henry's younger 
+        sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was a tumultuous course for many reasons.&amp;nbsp; 
+        For example, the king of France, Henry II, was raising &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary 
+        Stuart&lt;/A&gt;, Margaret Tudor's granddaughter; he planned to marry this 
+        ten-year-old &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;queen 
+        of Scots&lt;/A&gt; to his son and heir, Francois.&amp;nbsp; By all the accepted 
+        laws of primogeniture, she had a better claim to the English throne than 
+        her Suffolk cousins.&amp;nbsp; In fact, most European Catholics believed 
+        Mary's claim better than her Tudor cousins, Mary and Elizabeth, since 
+        both were illegitimate by acts of constitutional and canon law.&amp;nbsp; 
+        However, Mary of Scotland was in France - not England; also, the 
+        Suffolks were Protestant and she was not.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI never 
+        considered leaving her the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The above paragraph illustrates the complexity of 
+        blood ties within the Tudor family.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary Tudor was 
+        half-Spanish and thus cousin to the Holy Roman Emperor, the succession 
+        crisis interested most of the major powers of Europe - France, the 
+        Hapsburg Empire, Italy (the pope hoped to bring England back to his 
+        authority), and the Protestant princes of Germany.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI 
+        died in 1553, all of these nations waited to see who would 
+        triumph.&amp;nbsp; Mary....&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth....&amp;nbsp; Mary of 
+        Scotland....&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey....&amp;nbsp; Which would become queen?&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Europe waited to see how England would 
+        welcome a queen as their sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; All of the possible 
+        candidates for the throne were women, an unprecedented occurrence.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The only woman to attempt to rule England as her father's sole heir had 
+        been Matilda in the 12th century; she had been forced out of the country 
+        by popular revolt and a male cousin named Stephen of Blois became 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; Now it seemed the English had no choice but to accept a 
+        woman ruler.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And because of the secret marriage of Mary Tudor 
+        and Charles Brandon, the first woman to rule England in her own right 
+        would be Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Early Life and Education&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;'I will tell you a truth which perchance ye will marvel 
+          at.&amp;nbsp; One of the greatest benefits that God ever gave me is that 
+          he sent me so sharp and severe parents and so gentle a 
+          schoolmaster.&amp;nbsp; For when I am in the presence of Father or Mother, 
+          whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry 
+          or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do 
+          it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as 
+          God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly 
+          threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and 
+          other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them), so 
+          without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time 
+          comes that I must go to Mr Aylmer, who teacheth me so gently, so 
+          pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all 
+          the time nothing while I am with him.&amp;nbsp; And when I am called from 
+          him, I fall on weeping because whatsoever I do else but learning is 
+          full of grief, trouble, fear and wholly misliking to me.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
+          &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Lady Jane Grey to Roger Ascham, 
+        1550&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Jane Grey was not close to her 
+        parents.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was the marquess of Dorset; he became the duke 
+        of Suffolk in 1551.&amp;nbsp; He married Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon's 
+        eldest daughter Frances when she was sixteen.&amp;nbsp; At the time, Grey 
+        was a ward of Brandon's.&amp;nbsp; He was also an appropriate match for a 
+        Princess's daughter.&amp;nbsp; The Grey family had an ancient and impressive 
+        lineage, originally receiving lands from Richard the Lionheart.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Later, they rose to prominence under Edward IV; he had married Elizabeth 
+        Woodville, the widow of Sir John Grey and mother of his two sons.&amp;nbsp; 
+        When she became queen, she tirelessly promoted the interests of the Grey 
+        family.&amp;nbsp; In fact, her eldest Grey son, Thomas, was created marquess 
+        of Dorset during Edward IV's reign.&amp;nbsp; His son, also called Thomas, 
+        was a companion to Charles Brandon - soldiering with him in France in 
+        1513 and journeying there a year later to celebrate Princess Mary 
+        Tudor's wedding to the French king.&amp;nbsp; In 1530, Thomas Grey died and 
+        Brandon became his son's guardian.&amp;nbsp; The marriage between Frances 
+        and the heir, Henry Grey, was a satisfactory way to join two noble 
+        families together.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their marriage was celebrated at Suffolk Place in 
+        London.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor died some months later.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon 
+        remarried, this time to an heiress called Catherine Willoughby.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She bore him two sons (his son with Mary Tudor had recently died).&amp;nbsp; 
+        When Brandon passed away in 1545, he and Catherine's eldest son, called 
+        Henry after his late half-brother, became duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+        his younger brother died of the dreaded sweating sickness a few years 
+        later.&amp;nbsp; This left the dukedom of Suffolk vacant until 1551, when 
+        Edward VI would award it to Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry VIII had left the throne to 
+        his children and, if they died without issue, &quot;to the heirs of the body 
+        of the lady Frances our niece, eldest daughter to our late sister the 
+        French Queen lawfully begotten....&quot;&amp;nbsp; This meant that the Grey 
+        children (by this time Frances and Henry had 3 daughters - Jane born in 
+        1537, Catherine born in 1540, and Mary born in 1545) had enhanced 
+        social status.&amp;nbsp; In 1547, when the will was read, no one seriously 
+        expected them to gain more.&amp;nbsp; Edward was small and blond, like his 
+        long-dead uncle Arthur, lacking Henry VIII's robust athleticism and good 
+        health.&amp;nbsp; But he was expected to live, marry, and provide 
+        heirs.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, any immediate interest in the Grey children 
+        centered on how Edward would favor them.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, it was 
+        thought that he might marry the eldest, his cousin Jane.&amp;nbsp; They were 
+        the same age, both precocious, very serious, and fervently 
+        Protestant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane had been raised, with her two sisters, at 
+        Bradgate.&amp;nbsp; This was the principal family home on the edge of 
+        Charnwood Forest.&amp;nbsp; It was a beautiful and luxurious estate, suited 
+        to the Grey's semi-regal status.&amp;nbsp; Lady Frances was very conscious 
+        of her royal heritage and, as she grew older, became quite like her 
+        uncle Henry.&amp;nbsp; She and her husband were well-known for their love of 
+        riding, hunting, hawking and gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were not, however, the 
+        most interested of parents.&amp;nbsp; In this, they resembled their 
+        aristocratic contemporaries. They provided very well for their three 
+        daughters.&amp;nbsp; While Frances and Henry spent time in London, their 
+        daughters remained at Bradgate, in the hands of capable servants.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Jane's nurse was a woman called Mrs Ellen and would remain with her 
+        until Jane's execution; her first tutor was probably the house chaplain, 
+        Dr Harding.&amp;nbsp; The first ten years of Jane's life, from her birth in 
+        October 1537 (the exact date is not known) to her residence in Katharine 
+        Parr's household in 1547, are not documented.&amp;nbsp; It is likely she 
+        received the typical upper-class girl's education - its primary emphasis 
+        would be on instilling good manners and the 'feminine' virtues of 
+        obedience and docility.&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly learned needlework and was 
+        taught dancing and how to play some musical instruments.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        neither of her parents were scholars and no one in the sixteenth century 
+        expected women to be well-educated.&amp;nbsp; She may have visited London, 
+        accompanying her parents to Dorset Place in Westminster; she may have 
+        met her royal cousins.&amp;nbsp; No one knows.&amp;nbsp; But in March 1547, Lady 
+        Jane Grey finally emerges into the historical landscape.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+        then that she entered the household of the dowager queen &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine 
+        Parr&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's sixth and last wife.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine had retired from court upon Edward VI's 
+        accession, though she remained close to London.&amp;nbsp; Her&lt;IMG height=191 alt=&quot;Jane's guardian, Katharine Parr&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; dower manor, 
+        Chelsea, was in the suburbs.&amp;nbsp; It was a comfortable brick home with 
+        modern amenities.&amp;nbsp; Here, Katharine planned to live with the man she 
+        had longed to marry before Henry laid claim to her, Thomas Seymour, 
+        Edward VI's uncle.&amp;nbsp; She also brought with her the 13 year old 
+        Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr was justly celebrated for her 
+        warm and open nature; she was a good stepmother to all of Henry's 
+        children, particularly the youngest two.&amp;nbsp; A few weeks after 
+        Katharine and Elizabeth settled at Chelsea, Jane Grey came to join 
+        them.&amp;nbsp; She was sent to acquire polish and learn social graces, a 
+        common practice for daughters of the nobility.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane acquired much more than social skills at 
+        Katharine's household.&amp;nbsp; For the first time in her young life, she 
+        was truly happy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was a devout Protestant and the most 
+        intellectual of Henry's queens.&amp;nbsp; Her home was the center of the 
+        Protestant 'New Learning'; there was instruction and frequent 
+        debates.&amp;nbsp; Jane, quiet and studious by nature, thrived.&amp;nbsp; And 
+        though her parents were Protestant, it was at Katharine Parr's that she 
+        became devoutly committed to the faith.&amp;nbsp; The Greys, after all, had 
+        become Protestants like many nobles - because it was a matter of 
+        political necessity.&amp;nbsp; At Katharine's, Jane became a Protestant 
+        because she truly believed in its tenets.&amp;nbsp; This serious and intense 
+        study of faith would remain with her throughout her short life.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During Edward VI's reign, the Lord Protector was 
+        Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr had married his 
+        younger brother, Sir Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was very ambitious and 
+        angered that his brother had so much authority while he had to be 
+        content with a baronetcy, a seat on the Privy Council, and the office of 
+        Lord Admiral.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Katharine Parr had planned to marry years 
+        before but Henry's sudden interest in the twice-widowed heiress delayed 
+        their plans.&amp;nbsp; Within months of his death, however, they were wed in 
+        a secret ceremony; the exact date is not known but it was probably April 
+        1547. Their whirlwind courtship offended some but Edward VI gave them 
+        his blessing.&amp;nbsp; Some people remarked that the new Lord Admiral would 
+        have preferred marrying Princess Elizabeth, such was his ambition.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He certainly lacked the evangelical zeal of his new wife, always 
+        remembering important business when it was time for prayers.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        possessed great charm, particularly with women and children; and his 
+        desire to advance his own career led to some indiscreet behavior - 
+        notably bursting into Princess Elizabeth's bedroom in the early morning, 
+        still in his bedclothes, to tickle her awake.&amp;nbsp; This was dangerous 
+        play for an ambitious man and a thirteen-year-old heiress to the 
+        throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Thomas had wed the dowager queen and 
+        she loved him passionately.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, other supporters of his 
+        brother Edward, the Lord Protector, were also rewarded for their 
+        loyalty.&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, for example, became earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Meanwhile, Thomas was also becoming interested in the other young 
+        heiress who lived with his wife - Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When news of 
+        Henry VIII's will came out, he wasted no time in becoming friends with 
+        the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He sent his most trusted friend and servant, John 
+        Harington, to talk to Jane's father, Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; Harington was to 
+        use 'all the persuasions he could' to gain Jane Grey's wardship and 
+        marriage rights.&amp;nbsp; Later, Harington would say he never promised 
+        anything explicitly but Henry Grey remembered a guarantee that&amp;nbsp; 
+        Jane would marry King Edward.&amp;nbsp; On this basis, Grey sold his 
+        daughter to Seymour for the sum of Â£2000.&amp;nbsp; Seymour paid a few 
+        hundred immediately, promising to pay the rest in installments.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In other words, Thomas Seymour was hedging his 
+        bets - if Edward VI died unexpectedly (as Tudor boys often did), he 
+        could arrange something with the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; If Edward 
+        lived, he could gain influence by marrying his ward, Jane Grey, to the 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; Jane, of course, was oblivious to Seymour's plans.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        remained in Katharine Parr's household, moving from Chelsea, to Hanworth 
+        in Middlesex, or Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Her sensitive and eager 
+        mind, long starved for affection and knowledge, was finally engaged on a 
+        course of study - Latin, Greek and modern languages as well as religious 
+        instruction.&amp;nbsp; As relations between the Seymour brothers 
+        deteriorated for a variety of reasons, Katharine Parr became 
+        pregnant.&amp;nbsp; About halfway through the pregnancy, she happened upon a 
+        very unpleasant sight - her husband and stepdaughter, Princess 
+        Elizabeth, locked in a passionate embrace.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's reaction 
+        was a testament to her good character.&amp;nbsp; She successfully averted an 
+        ugly scandal; a few weeks later, Elizabeth and her household staff were 
+        sent to Cheshunt on a visit to old family friends.&amp;nbsp; She parted from 
+        Katharine with real affection and sadness; Elizabeth undoubtedly felt 
+        embarrassed and guilty.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey remained with Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There is 
+        no evidence she was ever particularly close to Elizabeth; the gulf 
+        between nine and thirteen is great.&amp;nbsp; Though they lived in the same 
+        homes for over a year, there are no surviving letters or 
+        reminisces.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane was grateful for Elizabeth's departure; 
+        the princess was described as proud and disdainful, not good company for 
+        a shy child.&amp;nbsp; On 13 June 1548 Jane accompanied Katharine and Thomas 
+        to their Gloucestershire estate, Sudeley Castle.&amp;nbsp; On 30 August 
+        Katharine gave birth to a baby daughter, Mary; within a week, the 
+        dowager queen was dead, buried in the chapel at Sudeley.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+        yet another victim of puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, small for her 
+        age, freckled and with red hair, acted as chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents were becoming 
+        restless.&amp;nbsp; More than a year had passed since Seymour purchased 
+        their daughter's wardship.&amp;nbsp; In that time, no match had been made 
+        with Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; Also, they wondered if it would be better to marry 
+        Jane to the Lord Protector's son.&amp;nbsp; They wrote to Thomas Seymour, 
+        consoling him on the loss of his wife and remarking that, since 
+        Katharine was dead, her household would be dispersed - therefore, Jane 
+        should be sent home; Seymour was not to be outfoxed.&amp;nbsp; He wrote that 
+        his own mother was coming to Sudeley, to take charge of Katharine's 
+        household (none of which would be dispersed); she would be 'as dear unto 
+        Jane as though she were her own daughter.'&amp;nbsp; He did let Jane go home 
+        briefly in September.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly an unpleasant journey for 
+        the young girl.&amp;nbsp; However, Seymour was able to regain her parents' 
+        favor.&amp;nbsp; He stressed his determination to wed her to Edward (the 
+        greatest prize) and agreed to pay another Â£500 on his bond.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        Greys were chronically short of cash and wanted this grand 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; Jane returned to the Seymour household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the noose was tightening around Thomas 
+        Seymour's neck.&amp;nbsp; He had been boasting about his intent to destroy 
+        his overbearing brother and he had encouraged gossip that he would marry 
+        Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; This gossip was perhaps the most damaging, 
+        particularly to the eyes of the young king.&amp;nbsp; Was Seymour attempting 
+        to seize the throne?&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, earl of Warwick, had long waited 
+        for the opportunity to destroy the Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to 
+        be Lord Protector himself and was quite prepared to turn on his old 
+        friend, Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He used the arrogant and ambitious Thomas 
+        to destroy them both.&amp;nbsp; On 17 January 1549, Thomas Seymour was 
+        arrested at Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey was immediately 
+        brought home by her alarmed parents.&amp;nbsp; Because Parliament was in 
+        session, it was decided that Thomas would not have a trial - instead a 
+        bill of attainder was drawn up and passed through both houses in early 
+        March.&amp;nbsp; All that was needed was for the Lord Protector to sign the 
+        bill.&amp;nbsp; For about a week, Edward Seymour did nothing.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        understandably hesitant to execute his brother.&amp;nbsp; Seizing his 
+        chance, Dudley urged the council to appeal to the king - flattering his 
+        authority, they asked for him to sign the bill so they could proceed 
+        without further troubling the Protector.&amp;nbsp; Edward cared little for 
+        either of his uncles (the Protector kept him short of pocket money and 
+        assigned him cold-hearted tutors.)&amp;nbsp; He signed the bill.&amp;nbsp; On 20 
+        March 1549, Thomas Seymour was executed on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Dudley moved to take control of the 
+        government.&amp;nbsp; The year 1549 was marked by discontent - rising 
+        prices, high unemployment, bad harvests; also, people resented the 
+        radical religious changes passed since Henry VIII's death.&amp;nbsp; There 
+        were two serious revolts, in the West Country and Norfolk, both of which 
+        alarmed the land-owning gentry.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had once been popular with 
+        the common people but his execution of his own brother struck many as 
+        cold-blooded and evil.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had counted on this reaction.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He also counted on the support of the gentry; he was a capable soldier 
+        and put down the rebellion in the West Country.&amp;nbsp; This pleased the 
+        landowners and the king.&amp;nbsp; Also, it allowed Dudley to gather a 
+        well-armed and experienced group of soldiers about him.&amp;nbsp; On 10 
+        October, he and his supporters captured the fleeing Edward Seymour at 
+        Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; He was arrested and taken under guard to the 
+        Tower.&amp;nbsp; Dudley became one of the six prime attendants on the King 
+        but - very intelligently - did not take the title of Lord 
+        Protector.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley was on the list of sixteen executors Henry 
+        VIII had appointed in his will.&amp;nbsp; In 1543 he had been appointed Lord 
+        High Admiral, a post he relinquished reluctantly to the unqualified 
+        Thomas Seymour; in 1549, he regained that title.&amp;nbsp; He was also a 
+        family man with several sons.&amp;nbsp; But Dudley had learned from his 
+        dealings with Henry VIII; he knew to treat Edward not as one of his own 
+        sons but as a king.&amp;nbsp; He flattered the king, allowed him greater 
+        access to money, more physical freedom.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Dudley, his 
+        coup coincided with Edward's own physical maturity.&amp;nbsp; He became a 
+        sportsman, which Dudley encouraged, and began to travel a bit outside of 
+        London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His cousin Jane was not so fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        had returned to a home devoid of affection which also included physical 
+        abuse normal in the sixteenth-century (smacks, pinches, and the 
+        like).&amp;nbsp; The Greys were discovering that their daughter had matured 
+        into a thoughtful, intelligent, and self-righteously pious young 
+        woman.&amp;nbsp; She openly disapproved of their lack of piety, their 
+        devotion to material gain and social advancement, as well as their 
+        gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were happy to hire a tutor, John Aylmer, to 
+        continue her education - and take her off their hands.&amp;nbsp; Aylmer was 
+        a friend of Roger Ascham, the former tutor of Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On a visit to Aylmer, Ascham met Jane Grey; she impressed him 
+        greatly.&amp;nbsp; He preserved their meeting in his educational treatise, 
+        &lt;I&gt;The Schoolmaster&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Were the Greys really such terrible parents?&amp;nbsp; 
+        There is no doubt that Jane and her parents were not affectionate to one 
+        another.&amp;nbsp; Yet this was normal in an age which expected children to 
+        be dutiful and obedient and that discipline built character.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        fairness to them, Jane was openly critical of their pleasure-loving 
+        lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She encouraged the chaplain to deliver sermons against 
+        gambling, told visitors that she found her parents foolish and 
+        irritating, and she was very self-righteous.&amp;nbsp; What parent would 
+        enjoy the company of such a devout thirteen-year-old?&amp;nbsp; At home, 
+        Jane met John ab Ulmer, a Swiss Protestant and student of Henry 
+        Bullinger, chief pastor of the Protestant church in Zurich.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        were both friends of Aylmer and Ascham.&amp;nbsp; The four men corresponded 
+        about the education of this most pious young girl.&amp;nbsp; There are many 
+        surviving letters - Jane thanking Bullinger for sending a copy of his 
+        treatise on Christian Perfection - and some reveal her as more than a 
+        pious Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; In one, Aylmer is concerned that she is 
+        taking too much of an interest in music and her appearance.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        distressed - but what good news for the student of Jane's life!&amp;nbsp; 
+        She is human, after all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the European reformers were hopeful 
+        that Edward VI would marry this most proper cousin.&amp;nbsp; Their union 
+        would make England a most blessed Protestant realm.&amp;nbsp; But Jane 
+        turned fourteen and was still not betrothed to anyone while Edward was 
+        in serious talks to wed the French princess Elisabeth.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Charles Brandon's two sons with 
+        Catherine Willoughby had died.&amp;nbsp; This meant that their half-sister 
+        Frances Grey was sole surviving heir to the Brandon estates.&amp;nbsp; On 4 
+        October 1551, the title of duke of Suffolk was given to her husband in 
+        right of his wife.&amp;nbsp; And on 11 October, just a week later, Dudley 
+        was made duke of Northumberland; two years of Edward's favor had 
+        sufficiently emboldened him to petition the king.&amp;nbsp; He was the first 
+        man to receive a ducal title who had no ties of marriage or blood to the 
+        reigning royal family.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane Grey, that week in 1551 was to have 
+        terrible consequences. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Marriage&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The political situation in England during 
+        Edward's reign is fully explored in the Edward VI pages.&amp;nbsp; Suffice 
+        to say, the duke of Northumberland, John Dudley, had replaced Edward 
+        Seymour as the true power behind the throne.&amp;nbsp; In spring 1552, his 
+        young master fell ill.&amp;nbsp; No one was especially concerned; Edward VI 
+        had been ill before and recovered well enough.&amp;nbsp; But this time he 
+        did not fully recover.&amp;nbsp; It seemed as if his physical resemblance to 
+        the long-dead Prince Arthur went beyond their fair coloring and delicate 
+        physique - they were both consumptive as well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This naturally terrified the Protestant lords who 
+        had prospered during his six-year reign.&amp;nbsp; The Princesses Mary and 
+        Elizabeth were rarely seen at the king's court, Mary in 
+        particular.&amp;nbsp; She could no longer persuade herself that Edward was 
+        simply a misguided Protestant pawn.&amp;nbsp; He had, like Henry before him, 
+        ordered her to change her religion; he was king and expected 
+        obedience.&amp;nbsp; He was closer to Elizabeth (only 4 years older than 
+        him) and she was suitably Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she, too, was rarely at 
+        court.&amp;nbsp; His Grey family, however, was increasingly present.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary of Guise, mother of Mary queen of Scots 
+        and regent of Scotland, visited England in November 1551, Mary and 
+        Elizabeth were not invited.&amp;nbsp; But Frances and Henry Grey were there, 
+        bringing their fourteen-year-old daughter Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary of Guise's 
+        two-day visit to Hampton Court was Jane's official debut on the English 
+        political scene.&amp;nbsp; In early February, Jane contracted an unspecified 
+        illness.&amp;nbsp; It was serious enough to warrant mention from Aylmer (in 
+        a letter to Ascham.)&amp;nbsp; After her recovery, Jane's parents persuaded 
+        her to devote less time to study and more to social concerns.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+        course, an educated and pious daughter was an asset but they also wanted 
+        a daughter who could attract a king in marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 April 1552, Edward became ill with the 
+        measles.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, he recovered somewhat - enough to&lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin, King Edward VI&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6-crop.jpg&quot; width=137 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; attend St 
+        George's Day services at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; He also jousted, 
+        played on the tennis courts, and went hunting.&amp;nbsp; And on 27 June, he 
+        began his most extensive progress through the south and west of his 
+        kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed himself (he had never traveled so far 
+        outside London) but the pace was exhausting; combined with the illness 
+        in April and his strenuous athletics, it wore him down.&amp;nbsp; Passer-by 
+        thought he was ill; he was pale, losing weight, and lost his 
+        appetite.&amp;nbsp; He returned to Windsor in mid-September.&amp;nbsp; By then, 
+        the tuberculosis which killed him had begun in earnest.&amp;nbsp; By 
+        Christmas 1552, his condition was obvious.&amp;nbsp; The holiday 
+        celebrations were unusually festive, perhaps to take notice from the 
+        king's health.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary came to visit in February but his 
+        illness prevented their meeting for three days.&amp;nbsp; Still, the king's 
+        illness meant an increased respect for Mary, his heir under Henry VIII's 
+        will.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The exact nature and course of Edward's illness is 
+        discussed at the Edward VI page.&amp;nbsp; It was tuberculosis, or 
+        consumption as it was then called.&amp;nbsp; On 11 April 1553, Edward moved 
+        his household to his favorite residence, Greenwich Palace.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+        managed to open parliament in March but those who hadn't seen him since 
+        the holidays were shocked at his appearance; he was terribly thin and, 
+        oddly, his left shoulder seemed higher than his right.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+        obvious Edward was suffering terribly.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland, his closest 
+        advisor, was torn - he talked of retiring from political life but this 
+        was a passing dream.&amp;nbsp; He had made too many enemies - particularly 
+        the Catholic nobles and churchmen who would rally around Mary.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        truth, if Mary succeeded, the best Dudley could hope for was complete 
+        financial and political ruin.&amp;nbsp; More than likely, he would lose his 
+        head.&amp;nbsp; He could, of course, attempt to marry Princess Elizabeth to 
+        his one remaining unmarried son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; Why didn't he?&amp;nbsp; 
+        It certainly seems less convoluted than attempting to place Jane Grey on 
+        the throne.&amp;nbsp; The truth was that Elizabeth Tudor, nearly twenty 
+        years old, had seasoned political acumen - she would never be Dudley's 
+        pawn.&amp;nbsp; Dudley knew her well enough to guess as much.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Therefore, only Jane Grey (fourth in line, after her mother Frances) 
+        remained.&amp;nbsp; She would be amenable enough, the duke thought.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Frances and Henry were happy enough to 
+        encourage Dudley.&amp;nbsp; With Edward dying, there was no possibility of 
+        Jane marrying him.&amp;nbsp; They may have been put off by Dudley's 
+        ambition; he first attempted to marry Guildford to Eleanor Brandon's 
+        only child, Margaret Clifford (Eleanor was Frances's younger 
+        sister.)&amp;nbsp; But, swayed by the prospect of wealth and power, they 
+        agreed to marry Jane to Guildford.&amp;nbsp; In late April or&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;171&quot; height=&quot;215&quot; alt=&quot;Cary Elwes and Helena Bonham Carter as Guildford and Jane in the 1986 film 'Lady Jane'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; early May, the 
+        betrothal was announced.&amp;nbsp; Jane had protested the union but was 
+        persuaded by 'the urgency of her mother and the violence of her father'; 
+        in other words, persuaded by verbal and physical abuse.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Many have argued that Jane protested because she 
+        didn't like Guildford.&amp;nbsp; That is unlikely.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome 
+        enough (like most of the Dudley men), fair-haired and about her 
+        age.&amp;nbsp; He was arrogant and spoilt; his mother openly favored 
+        him.&amp;nbsp; But he had no other documented flaws.&amp;nbsp; When considered 
+        against other men of the age, he was a good match.&amp;nbsp; Jane's 
+        reservations centered on his father.&amp;nbsp; She disliked and feared 
+        Dudley, as most people did.&amp;nbsp; But the duke had a weapon against Jane 
+        which he would wield effectively - religion.&amp;nbsp; She was a devout and 
+        committed Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She didn't want Mary as queen any more than 
+        he did.&amp;nbsp; And, unlike Dudley, Jane's desire was based on real 
+        principle, not simple greed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So on 25 May 1553, Jane married Guildford at the 
+        Dudley's London residence, Durham House.&amp;nbsp; It was one of the great 
+        homes of Tudor England; her sister &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt; 
+        was also married that day, to the earl of Pembroke's heir.&amp;nbsp; Orders, 
+        signed by the king, had been sent to the Master of the Wardrobe so that 
+        the grandest clothing and jewels could be used.&amp;nbsp; Edward was 
+        supposed to attend but was far too ill.&amp;nbsp; He did not watch as his 
+        cousin marched down the aisle, richly appareled in cloth of gold and 
+        silver, her red hair braided with pearls.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For many, Jane and Guildford's marriage marks the 
+        beginning of the attempt to change the line of succession.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        reality, Edward VI had been pondering the problem for months.&amp;nbsp; Ever 
+        since he became ill, he had wondered how to prevent his Catholic sister 
+        from becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; His reasoning was purely religious.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Edward was a devout Protestant; he wanted his nation, for its own sake, 
+        to remain Protestant.&amp;nbsp; Just as Mary believed Catholicism was the 
+        path to righteousness, Edward believed in Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        king, charge by God with responsibility for his people's religious 
+        welfare.&amp;nbsp; It was a sacred duty.&amp;nbsp; For the sake of his immortal 
+        soul, Mary had to be prevented from leading England on the path to 
+        damnation.&amp;nbsp; This necessity overcame all else.&amp;nbsp; What was Henry 
+        VIII's will when compared to divine retribution?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So in late 1552/early 1553, he first began his 
+        Device for the Succession.&amp;nbsp; At first he left the throne to Lady 
+        Frances Grey and her male heirs, then to Jane Grey and her male 
+        heirs.&amp;nbsp; But it was evident that Frances Grey would have no more 
+        children and none of her daughters would bear children in time.&amp;nbsp; So 
+        he made a change - simple and explosive - he left the throne to 'the 
+        Lady Jane and her heirs male.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was the beginning of the end for Jane Grey. 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jane the Quene'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Edward's &lt;I&gt;Device for the Succession&lt;/I&gt; 
+        was eventually issued with the title &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the 
+        Limitation of the Crown&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It disinherited Mary and Elizabeth 
+        because they were 'illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        Furthermore, they were only half-sisters of the king, not entitled to 
+        succeed him, and might marry foreign husbands who would 'tend to the 
+        utter subversion of the commonwealth of this our realm.'&amp;nbsp; But 
+        Edward's device would have no legal validity as long as Henry VIII's 
+        1544 Act of Succession was still acknowledged by parliament.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        there was no time to wipe that law from the statute book.&amp;nbsp; Instead, 
+        Dudley planned to gain support from government and then carry out a coup 
+        so quickly that its legality would not matter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To gain government support, he spent June 1553 
+        persuading the Privy Council, judiciary, and various churchmen to 
+        endorse Edward's device.&amp;nbsp; The Lord Chief Justice, Sir Edward 
+        Montague, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, were uneasy; 
+        but Dudley was desperate and called them traitors.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, 
+        the king ordered them to obey.&amp;nbsp; So the &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the 
+        Limitation of the Crown &lt;/I&gt;was endorsed with the Great Seal on 21 
+        June.&amp;nbsp; It was recognized by the Lord Chancellor, the Privy 
+        Councilors, twenty-two peers of the realm, the Lord Mayor of London, 
+        various aldermen and sheriffs, the secretaries of state (including 
+        William Cecil, Elizabeth I's great statesman), and various judges and 
+        churchmen.&amp;nbsp; King Edward VI did not live long after this 
+        triumph.&amp;nbsp; After months of agony, he died in the early evening of 
+        Thursday 6 July.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, meanwhile, had been married to 
+        Guildford Dudley for almost six weeks.&amp;nbsp; She disliked her in-laws 
+        more than she disliked her parents so, immediately after the marriage, 
+        returned to Suffolk Place at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; From there, she moved to 
+        her parents' new residence in London, a former Carthusian monastery they 
+        were converting into a grand home.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's wife, the duchess of 
+        Northumberland and Jane's mother-in-law, was not happy with this 
+        arrangement.&amp;nbsp; She informed the Greys that Edward VI was dying and 
+        Jane had been made heir to his throne; she must hold herself in 
+        readiness (in other words, come to the Dudley home.)&amp;nbsp; Jane later 
+        said this was the first she knew of the king's impending death.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She didn't believe the duchess and told her as much; she accused the 
+        Dudleys of lying so they could steal her away from her parents.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The duchess accused the Greys of deliberating keeping Guildford and Jane 
+        apart.&amp;nbsp; Such petty conflict indicated rougher waters ahead for all 
+        involved.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the end, there was no reason Jane should not be 
+        with her husband.&amp;nbsp; She went to the Dudley's residence, Durham 
+        House, and possibly consummated her marriage.&amp;nbsp; But, after only a 
+        few days, she became ill and accused the Dudleys of poisoning her.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The charge was ludicrous (she was the key to their political salvation) 
+        and showed a surprising lack of logic on Jane's part.&amp;nbsp; But the 
+        Dudleys were concerned with her physical and mental state.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        sent her to Chelsea, Catherine Parr's former home where Jane had been so 
+        happy.&amp;nbsp; It was there that, on Sunday 9 July, Dudley's eldest 
+        daughter, Mary Sidney, came to visit her; they were to leave Chelsea and 
+        go to Syon House, a former convent on the Thames which Dudley 
+        controlled.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At this point, it is right to question Jane's true 
+        knowledge of Dudley's plans.&amp;nbsp; Remember, even if she knew Dudley 
+        intended to make her queen, there was nothing she could do to prevent 
+        it.&amp;nbsp; She was not stupid; the charge of poisoning was probably a 
+        result of nervousness and hysteria.&amp;nbsp; She knew her own 
+        lineage.&amp;nbsp; She knew that she was fourth in line for the English 
+        throne, after Mary, Elizabeth and her own mother Frances.&amp;nbsp; She also 
+        knew that, for some reason, the Dudleys and her parents were desperate 
+        to marry her to Guildford as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; She also watched 
+        her sister wed into another influential noble family on the same 
+        day.&amp;nbsp; Something was afoot and she undoubtedly suspected Dudley's 
+        plan.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her awareness of the plot was undoubtedly a 
+        greater strain than ignorance.&amp;nbsp; After all, she could do nothing to 
+        escape her family or in-laws.&amp;nbsp; She was, quite literally, 
+        trapped.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When she arrived at Syon House with Mary Sidney, 
+        she found her parents, in-laws, and a variety of distinguished nobles - 
+        the earls of Arundel, Huntington, and Pembroke, and the marquess of 
+        Northampton.&amp;nbsp; They greeted her very pleasantly and then knelt 
+        before her in reverence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was naturally embarrassed.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Dudley, in his capacity as President of the Council, then announced 
+        Edward's death.&amp;nbsp; The young king had led a 'virtuous life' and 
+        always cared for his kingdom - cared enough to disinherit his unworthy 
+        sisters and appointed his cousin Jane as his successor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was stunned.&amp;nbsp; She may have suspected as 
+        much but the actual moment of declaration was too much for her.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She muttered that she was 'insufficient' for the task.&amp;nbsp; The Lords 
+        of the Council then took a solemn oath to shed their blood in defense of 
+        her claim.&amp;nbsp; Jane murmured a quick prayer - if it was God's will 
+        that she be queen, then she would trust in God to help her govern 
+        England for His glory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her reaction was not what those gathered 
+        expected.&amp;nbsp; She was not openly thrilled, excited, or even 
+        pleased.&amp;nbsp; She made no stirring speech to raise their spirits - she 
+        simply uttered a prayer to God.&amp;nbsp; Did Jane want to be queen?&amp;nbsp; 
+        That is a much-debated question, impossible to answer.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        whatever her desire, she was queen and - for nine long days - ruled 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jana Regina'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;On Monday 10 July 1553, the new queen, Jane 
+        Grey, was taken in full state from Syon to Westminster (this journey was 
+        along the Thames in barges.)&amp;nbsp; They dined at the Dudley home, Durham 
+        House, and then journeyed by barge again to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; 
+        It was an ancient custom that all new sovereigns must come tot the Tower 
+        and take possession of it at the beginning of their reigns.&amp;nbsp; Jane 
+        and her various attendants arrived at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.&amp;nbsp; 
+        There was an eyewitness account by a Genoese merchant named Baptista 
+        Spinola.&amp;nbsp; He was standing with a group of spectators outside the 
+        main Tower gates, waiting to catch a glimpse of this new queen.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        wrote:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;She is very short and thin, but prettily shaped and 
+          graceful.&amp;nbsp; She has small features and a well-made nose, the mouth 
+          flexible and the lips red.&amp;nbsp; The eyebrows are arched and darker 
+          than her hair, which is nearly red.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are sparkling and 
+          reddish brown in color. &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Her complexion was good, unmarked by the 
+        pox, but freckled; she had sharp white teeth and a lovely smile.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Because she was so short, she wore chopines; these were shoes with a 
+        special cork sole designed to make her appear taller.&amp;nbsp; Her gown was 
+        made of green velvet stamped with gold (the colors undoubtedly flattered 
+        her red hair.)&amp;nbsp; Her husband Guildford, Spinola wrote, was 'a very 
+        tall strong boy with light hair' and clothed in white and silver 
+        velvet.&amp;nbsp; He 'paid her [Jane] much attention.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;
+        &lt;IMG height=343 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey or Katharine Parr? by Master John&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=170 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once in the Tower, Jane was installed in the royal 
+        apartments (now destroyed.)&amp;nbsp; There, another rift occurred between 
+        her and the Dudleys, much more serious than the first.&amp;nbsp; Jane was 
+        visited by the Lord Treasurer, the Marquess of Winchester, who brought a 
+        selection of the royal jewels for her to try on.&amp;nbsp; Among them was 
+        the crown.&amp;nbsp; Jane would later stress that she never asked for the 
+        crown - it was brought to her.&amp;nbsp; Winchester asked her to check if it 
+        fitted properly.&amp;nbsp; Jane would not.&amp;nbsp; She had played at being 
+        queen for nearly twenty-four hours but this, the most sacred symbol of 
+        the monarchy, was another reminder of the danger - and importance - of 
+        her role.&amp;nbsp; If she put it on, there was no turning back.&amp;nbsp; This 
+        was how she viewed it.&amp;nbsp; So she hesitated, would not take it from 
+        Winchester.&amp;nbsp; He didn't recognize her uneasiness.&amp;nbsp; He told her 
+        to take it, remarking that another would be made to crown her husband 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was then Jane realized the extent of Dudley's 
+        duplicity.&amp;nbsp; He had manipulated Edward, knowing the devout 
+        Protestant king wanted the throne to go to his equally devout cousin 
+        Jane; but, all along, Dudley simply wanted his own son crowned 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; None of the lords cared whether England was a righteous 
+        nation; no one cared about Edward's will.&amp;nbsp; Instead, her royal blood 
+        was to be used to maintain Dudley's control of England, to make his 
+        family into royalty.&amp;nbsp; She was outraged and angry.&amp;nbsp; And Jane 
+        was a Tudor herself, as proud of her royal background as she had a right 
+        to be.&amp;nbsp; The Dudleys, that arrogant, pretentious family, had no 
+        right to exploit her.&amp;nbsp; She told those assembled that she would 
+        gladly make Guildford a duke, but he would never be king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Guildford was present for this declaration.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He rushed out and fetched his mother.&amp;nbsp; The duchess, no admirer of 
+        Jane's anyway, joined her son in an attack - Jane was an unnatural wife 
+        and behaved like a child; in the end, Jane did not give in.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        duchess said Guildford would be leaving with her for Syon House.&amp;nbsp; 
+        When they had left, Jane called in the earls of Arundel and 
+        Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were ordered to prevent Guildford from 
+        leaving.&amp;nbsp; Jane did not like her husband - she probably pitied him 
+        for he was a pawn as well - but they had to stay together.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        the consort to the monarch and could not act like a spoiled child.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Later, Jane would tell Mary I's officers this 
+        story, adding, 'I was compelled to act as a woman who is obliged to live 
+        on good terms with her husband; nevertheless I was not only deluded by 
+        the duke and the Council, but maltreated by my husband and his 
+        mother.'&amp;nbsp; The battle, however, had been domestic.&amp;nbsp; Jane would 
+        soon have much greater problems to confront.&amp;nbsp; For, later that 
+        evening, the Sheriff of London and various heralds and trumpeters, 
+        marched to the Cross in Cheapside to proclaim Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        announcement was met with silence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane's father-in-law, the architect of the 
+        plan to make her queen, her accession had gone smoothly.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        controlled London - with the Tower and armory, the treasury, and navy - 
+        and no councilors offered resistance.&amp;nbsp; Jane's only rival for the 
+        crown was Mary Tudor, thirty-seven, often ill, with no organized support 
+        or wealth.&amp;nbsp; Her situation was so dire that her champion, the 
+        Emperor Charles V, urged his ambassador to be friendly with Dudley; he 
+        wanted the duke's promise to protect Mary.&amp;nbsp; Every observer 
+        considered the throne won by Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But none of these learned men 
+        considered the feelings of ordinary Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; And they, unlike 
+        their aristocratic lords, would not gain wealth of prestige by 
+        supporting Jane or Mary.&amp;nbsp; So their support was based solely on 
+        ideas of right and wrong - to them, it was wrong for Jane to be queen 
+        and right for Mary to be queen.&amp;nbsp; It was that simple.&amp;nbsp; (&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;Click here 
+        to read an eyewitness account of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley understood popular opinion.&amp;nbsp; He also 
+        recognized the limits of his support - after all, most of the nobles 
+        would not stand by him if things turned ugly.&amp;nbsp; But he believed that 
+        a quick coup, eliminating all opposition, was the key to success.&amp;nbsp; 
+        So he had to get hold of Mary and Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary, the daughter of 
+        Katharine of Aragon, was much-loved by the English people.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        had always been sympathetic to her mother's plight; most believed Mary 
+        was legitimate, that Katharine had been forced aside by the king's lust 
+        and Anne Boleyn's ambition.&amp;nbsp; Did Mary understand the importance of 
+        this support?&amp;nbsp; She had been receiving regular letters from Dudley 
+        about her brother's condition.&amp;nbsp; They were accurate for Dudley 
+        wanted to remain in her good graces as long as possible.&amp;nbsp; In early 
+        July, he sent summons for Mary to come to Edward's deathbed.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        set out from Hunsdon (an old palace in Hertfordshire) but had not 
+        traveled far before a message reached her - the summons was a 
+        trap.&amp;nbsp; Mary, oddly for her, acted decisively and immediately turned 
+        back.&amp;nbsp; With half a dozen attendants, she went to Kenninghall in 
+        East Anglia.&amp;nbsp; She had friends there and, if need be, would be near 
+        the coast and safety in the Spanish Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When he realized she had fled, Dudley sent his son 
+        Robert after her.&amp;nbsp; But they couldn't capture her and, on 9 July, he 
+        was forced to act without her in his power.&amp;nbsp; The Bishop of London, 
+        Nicholas Ridley, preached at St Paul's Cross, calling Mary and Elizabeth 
+        bastards, and specifically singling out Mary as a papist who would 
+        destroy the true religion and make England the pawn of foreign 
+        powers.&amp;nbsp; The next day, of course, Jane was proclaimed queen.&amp;nbsp; 
+        But it was on that day that the Council received a letter from 
+        Mary.&amp;nbsp; It expressed her surprise that they hadn't announced her 
+        brother's death to her, his heir; furthermore, they were commanded to 
+        proclaim her queen in London.&amp;nbsp; They responded by reminding her of 
+        her illegitimacy and inability to inherit 'the Crown Imperial of this 
+        realm'; she must demonstrate her obedience to the 'Sovereign Lady Queen 
+        Jane' and turn herself over to the authorities.&amp;nbsp; It was hardly 
+        reassuring for Mary.&amp;nbsp; Also, her old allies, the Spanish envoys, 
+        were not responding to her desperate pleas for help.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane spent little time with her lords during her 
+        nine days as queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent an order to the Master of the 
+        Wardrobe for twenty yards of velvet, twenty-five ells of fine Holland 
+        linen cloth, thirty-three ells of coarser material for lining; she also 
+        collected the royal jewels, a motley assortment of fish-shaped 
+        toothpicks and Henry VIII's shaving materials.&amp;nbsp; This reveals an 
+        important fact about Jane's nine-day reign.&amp;nbsp; She made no explicit 
+        political statements; she was Dudley's puppet.&amp;nbsp; He was the one who 
+        met with the council, he was the one who wanted to capture Mary Tudor; 
+        he was the one tried to shore up their perilous situation.&amp;nbsp; When 
+        they fell from power, Jane never protested or attempted another 
+        coup.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine that she felt relieved to be simply Lady 
+        Jane Grey again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley spent the nine days attempting to 
+        strengthen their position.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative to capture Mary; when 
+        that failed, he needed to at least track her movements.&amp;nbsp; If he 
+        could reach her potential supporters first, there was a chance he could 
+        sway them to his side.&amp;nbsp; Dudley undoubtedly feared that (like his 
+        father during Henry VIII's reign), he would be the sacrificial lamb of 
+        Edward's unsuccessful government.&amp;nbsp; But he worked well under 
+        pressure, leaving Jane to fight domestic battles with her husband and 
+        mother-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, meanwhile, remained in the 
+        country.&amp;nbsp; She was no admirer of her half-sister Mary but knew that 
+        if Jane Grey was recognized as queen, her own claim to the crown was 
+        forfeit.&amp;nbsp; So she chose the safest course - she remained quiet, 
+        neither supporting nor rejecting Jane.&amp;nbsp; Like all of England and 
+        most of Europe, she was watching and waiting.&amp;nbsp; It became evident on 
+        11 July, just a day after her coronation, that Jane's hold on England 
+        was flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had prepared a letter for circulation 
+        to all the sheriffs and lieutenants in England; it announced Jane's 
+        succession and ordered them to resist any appeal from Mary.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        Dudley knew the issue would not be settled so easily.&amp;nbsp; It would be 
+        decided on the field of battle.&amp;nbsp; He was an experienced soldier and 
+        determined to succeed.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered a muster on 12 July at 
+        Tothill Fields, offering 10 pence a day as pay (a very high rate.)&amp;nbsp; 
+        Dudley intended to put Jane's father, Henry Grey, in charge of this army 
+        and remain in London himself.&amp;nbsp; He realized that most of his hold on 
+        the council was based on personal intimidation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen would not hear of it.&amp;nbsp; When 
+        told that her father was going to battle, Jane burst into tears and 
+        begged the council to let him remain at home, 'in her company.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        The councilors were already preparing to make Dudley a scapegoat for 
+        their treason.&amp;nbsp; Since the queen was so distraught, they argued, it 
+        would be better for Dudley to command the army.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was 
+        a great soldier, renowned for his defeat of the rebels in East Anglia 
+        (that triumph had begun his rise to power.)&amp;nbsp; It was up to Dudley, 
+        the councilors said, 'to remedy the matter.'&amp;nbsp; And Dudley had no 
+        choice but to leave.&amp;nbsp; 'Since ye think it good, I and mine will go, 
+        not doubting of your fidelity to the Queen's majesty which I leave in 
+        your custody.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did doubt their fidelity and he had every 
+        reason to doubt it.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't turn back now.&amp;nbsp; On 13 
+        July he had his personal armor delivered and appointed a retinue to meet 
+        him at Durham Place.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards, he addressed the councilors for 
+        the last time.&amp;nbsp; They were to send reinforcements to meet him at 
+        Newmarket, he said, for he and his companions would need much 
+        support.&amp;nbsp; They were leaving their wives and children behind, 
+        trusting in the loyalty of the council.&amp;nbsp; And, Dudley warned, if any 
+        man thought to betray him or the queen, their punishment would be 
+        eternal.&amp;nbsp; Remember, Dudley said, the oath you took 'to this 
+        virtuous lady the Queen's highness, who by your and our enticement is 
+        rather of force placed therein than by her own seeking and 
+        request.'&amp;nbsp; The assembled lords assured him of their loyalty; one of 
+        them said, 'If we should shrink from you as one that were culpable, 
+        which of us can excuse himself as guiltless?&amp;nbsp; Therefore herein your 
+        doubt is too far cast.'&amp;nbsp; Dudley's final words?&amp;nbsp; 'I pray God it 
+        be so,' he said and left for battle.&amp;nbsp; It was not an auspicious 
+        beginning.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did not trust the lords so he sent his 
+        cousin Henry Dudley on a secret mission to France that day, promising 
+        Calais and Ireland in exchange for immediate military assistance.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He did not tell the lords of this; nor did they tell him they were 
+        meeting secretly with the Imperial ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; A report arrived 
+        that Buckinghamshire had declared Mary to be queen but Mary herself was 
+        still unsure.&amp;nbsp; She retreated from Kenninghall to Framlingham 
+        Castle, nearer the coast.&amp;nbsp; She sent an urgent message to the 
+        Imperial envoys; if her cousin Charles V did not help her, she was 
+        doomed.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this confusion and treachery, Dudley had 
+        assembled an army of three thousand.&amp;nbsp; Early on Friday, the 14th of 
+        July, he left Durham Place for Cambridge.&amp;nbsp; The villagers he passed 
+        were silent, staring at the side of the road - 'The people press to see 
+        us, but not one sayeth God speed us.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As Dudley marched on, his situation became more 
+        perilous.&amp;nbsp; Norwich, one of the wealthiest towns in England, 
+        declared Mary queen, as did Colchester, Devon, and Oxfordshire.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Dudley had sent six royal ships to the port near Framlingham to cut off 
+        Mary's possible escape; the ships deserted Dudley and, with crews and 
+        heavy guns, proclaimed Mary queen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the loyal towns were 
+        sending money, men, and supplies.&amp;nbsp; The ordinary Englishman, ordered 
+        by his lord to fight in Dudley's army, refused to go.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's own 
+        army was - understandably - racked with dissension; no one wanted to be 
+        on the losing side.&amp;nbsp; Once the news had reached London that the 
+        ships had deserted Dudley, the councilors decided to save 
+        themselves.&amp;nbsp; They attempted to leave the Tower, where they had been 
+        stationed since Dudley's departure.&amp;nbsp; On the 16th of July, at about 
+        7 o'clock in the evening, the main gates of the Tower were locked; they 
+        keys were delivered to Jane.&amp;nbsp; Jane suspected one of the lords 
+        (possibly Winchester, the lord treasurer) of trying to leave the 
+        city.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, she was continuing her rule - sending 
+        out letters signed 'Jane the Quene' which instructed her loyal subjects 
+        to suppress Mary's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; But she must have realized the 
+        futility of it all.&amp;nbsp; She was just a teenage girl, inexperienced and 
+        frightened.&amp;nbsp; It was simply a question of waiting for the end.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On the 18th of July, most of her councilors had left the Tower on the 
+        pretext of visiting the French ambassador.&amp;nbsp; In reality, they were 
+        planning a visit to the Imperial embassy.&amp;nbsp; Once there, they assured 
+        Charles V's envoys that they had always been loyal to Mary; they had 
+        been kept prisoner by Dudley, forced to declare Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        now they were free and determined to proclaim Mary queen of 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; They did so around 5 o'clock in the evening, on Thursday, 
+        the 19th of July.&amp;nbsp; London erupted into a joyous celebration.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The foreign ambassadors were astonished, with the French envoy writing: 
+        'The atmosphere of this country and the nature of its people are so 
+        changeable that I am compelled to make my despatches correspondingly 
+        wavering and contradictory.'&amp;nbsp; They all agreed it owed more to 
+        Providence than anything else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was terribly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She had long 
+        fought with her parents but, upon becoming Dudley's pawn, had sought 
+        support from them, particularly her father.&amp;nbsp; He came to Jane as she 
+        ate supper that night and told her she was deposed.&amp;nbsp; Together, they 
+        took down the cloth of estate from above her head.&amp;nbsp; He ordered his 
+        men to leave their weapons and then went to Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Those near 
+        him heard him mutter, 'I am but one man.'&amp;nbsp; He proclaimed Mary queen 
+        and then left for his London residence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was left alone in the 
+        Tower.&amp;nbsp; Lady Throckmorton, one of her ladies-in-waiting, returned 
+        to the Tower for her duties but could not find Jane.&amp;nbsp; She asked for 
+        the queen's whereabouts and was told that the &lt;I&gt;Lady&lt;/I&gt; Jane was now a 
+        prisoner, detained elsewhere in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was in the deputy lieutenant's house, 
+        awaiting her fate.&amp;nbsp; The indignities began.&amp;nbsp; Her belongings 
+        were sorted through, all her money confiscated; within the day, she was 
+        accused of stealing valuables from the royal wardrobe.&amp;nbsp; Mary was 
+        riding to London, now accepted as queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was arrested by 
+        his former ally, the earl of Arundel.&amp;nbsp; His entire family was taken 
+        to the Tower; as they were marched through the streets, the crowd pelted 
+        them with filth and insults.&amp;nbsp; Even the Imperial envoy called it 
+        'dreadful' and 'a strange mutation.'&amp;nbsp; For Dudley's fall from power 
+        had been rapid, extraordinarily so - the nine days' progress from ruler 
+        to traitor was a confusing mix of treachery, rumor, and disgrace.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary did release Dudley's wife from the Tower, 
+        almost immediately; the duchess hurried to the queen to beg for her 
+        family's release.&amp;nbsp; Mary ordered her from the city.&amp;nbsp; Her cousin 
+        Frances, however, was more fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She had a private audience 
+        with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Within days, Henry Grey (who had been arrested at 
+        his London home and sent to the Tower on the 28th) was released.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On 3 August, Mary made her state entry into London.&amp;nbsp; As she rode 
+        past cheering crowds, clad in purple velvet and rich jewels, Jane Grey 
+        waited in prison, along with her husband and father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What would be their fate?&amp;nbsp; All Europe 
+        pondered this, even as Jane prepared to plead her case.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'I pray you despatch me quickly'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Grey possessed the 
+        committed idealism of a religious fanatic and the events following her 
+        brief reign allowed her a place in history as a Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Her cousin Mary never questioned her passionate Catholicism; Jane did 
+        question her own Protestantism but the quest for spiritual meaning only 
+        reinforced her 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Princess Mary Tudor, later Queen Mary I; also painted by Master John (note the stylistic similarities)&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;already strong convictions.&amp;nbsp; Had she remained queen, 
+        there is every possibility she would have persecuted Catholics with the 
+        same energy Mary persecuted Protestants (thus earning the nickname 
+        'Bloody Mary.')&amp;nbsp; Instead, Jane's fate was to be executed and later 
+        celebrated as a Protestant martyr, the greatest sacrificial lamb of 
+        Mary's misguided policies.&amp;nbsp; The truth is, of course, more 
+        complex.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not execute Jane because of their religious 
+        differences.&amp;nbsp; Rather, she was motivated by political necessity and 
+        her own desire to marry and reinstate the Catholic church in 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Immediately after her accession, Mary had 
+        imprisoned Jane in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The former queen was 
+        well-treated but undoubtedly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She probably expected 
+        imminent execution for she had long since realized the severity of her 
+        crime.&amp;nbsp; Since it became clear no one would intercede for her, she 
+        wrote to Mary herself.&amp;nbsp; Only an Italian translation of the letter 
+        exists.&amp;nbsp; In it, Jane described events since her marriage to 
+        Guildford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She was wrong for accepting the crown - she 
+        freely admitted this; but she had relied on the advice of others.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She knew the queen's 'goodness and clemency'; Mary must realize that 'I 
+        might have taken upon me that of which I was not worthy, yet no one can 
+        ever say either that I sought it.... or that I was pleased with 
+        it.'&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her cousin, an honest, plain-spoken child, for 
+        all her heretical ways.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;(&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary%2fjanemary.html&quot;&gt;Click 
+        here to read Jane's letter to Mary&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was in the midst of arranging her marriage to 
+        Philip of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; It was the 
+        culmination of a decades-old dream.&amp;nbsp; She had spent the last few 
+        years in the countryside, surrounded by a Catholic household and 
+        sympathetic nobles.&amp;nbsp; Thus, she never realized the extent of 
+        Protestantism in the vital areas of London and its surrounding 
+        countryside.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed all of England wanted to return to the 
+        early 1520s, the years before Henry VIII had decided to abandon her 
+        beloved mother and break with the church of Rome.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed 
+        that the popular support which had taken the throne from Jane&amp;nbsp; 
+        indicated support not simply for her rule - but for &lt;I&gt;Catholic&lt;/I&gt; rule 
+        in general.&amp;nbsp; In this misguided view, she was initially supported by 
+        her most trusted political advisor - a Spaniard named Simon Renard, the 
+        newly arrived Imperial ambassador.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles V had instructed Renard to guide Mary 
+        through the crucial first months of her reign.&amp;nbsp; At first, signs 
+        were good - Mary attended Mass with her privy councilors but, on 12 
+        August 1553, told her council that she would not 'compel or constrain 
+        other men's consciences.'&amp;nbsp; She hoped her subjects would open their 
+        hearts to the truth and, shortly thereafter, return to the religion she 
+        supported.&amp;nbsp; Renard was also instructed to urge moderate punishment 
+        upon those who had supported Jane.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not want his cousin 
+        to be too cruel; that would hurt her reputation.&amp;nbsp; He needn't have 
+        worried.&amp;nbsp; Mary was, in fact, too lenient for Renard.&amp;nbsp; 'As to 
+        Jane of Suffolk, whom they tried to make Queen, she [Mary] could not be 
+        induced to consent that she should die.'&amp;nbsp; Mary firmly believed her 
+        cousin was innocent of any intrigue; Jane had never intended to be 
+        queen, but had been the unwilling dupe of Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She could not 
+        put this innocent young woman to death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard admitted that Jane was 'morally' innocent 
+        but, nevertheless, she had worn the crown of England.&amp;nbsp; In times of 
+        trouble, those nine days may be used as a precedent for deposing Mary 
+        and restoring Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary was commended for her trusting nature but 
+        she must remember that kindness could be destroyed by duplicity.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Renard was somewhat mollified when, on 18 August, Dudley was sentenced 
+        to die.&amp;nbsp; He was convicted along with his eldest son and William 
+        Parr, marquess of Northampton.&amp;nbsp; The following day a group of lesser 
+        nobles were convicted.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's execution was set for Monday 21 
+        August but, at the last minute, Dudley announced he wanted to reconciled 
+        to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Did he hope to avert his own death, 
+        appealing to Mary's religion?&amp;nbsp; Or did he genuinely wish to 
+        convert?&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, his execution was delayed for one day 
+        while he made his peace with God.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock the next morning, 
+        he was escorted - with his son and Parr - to St Peter ad Vincula, the 
+        church within the Tower of London grounds.&amp;nbsp; There, he attended mass 
+        and, upon receiving the sacrament, Dudley addressed the crowd:&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;My masters, I let you all to understand that I do most faithfully 
+          believe this is the very right and true way, out of the which true 
+          religion you and I have been seduced these sixteen years past, by the 
+          false and erroneous preaching of the new preachers....&amp;nbsp; And I do 
+          believe the holy sacrament here most assuredly to be our Saviour and 
+          Redeemer Jesus Christ and this I pray you all to testify and pray for 
+          me. &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;He died the next morning, before a great crowd of 
+        spectators.&amp;nbsp; He repeated his speech at the mass; it had a great 
+        effect on the crowd.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this point, Jane Grey knew she was safe from 
+        imminent death.&amp;nbsp; She was still in the Tower but treated with 
+        increasing respect.&amp;nbsp; A week after Dudley's execution, Rowland Lea 
+        (an official of the royal mint who lived in the Tower and was the author 
+        of the &lt;I&gt;Chronicle of Queen Jane&lt;/I&gt;) ate with her.&amp;nbsp; She had a 
+        staff of four (two attendant ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob, one 
+        manservant, and her nurse and lifelong companion, Mrs Ellen.)&amp;nbsp; The 
+        government paid them each 20 shillings a week; Jane was allowed a 
+        generous allowance of 90 shillings a week.&amp;nbsp; She was allowed books 
+        and spent most of her time reading and studying.&amp;nbsp; When she wished 
+        it, she walked in the Queen's garden.&amp;nbsp; She no longer had to deal 
+        with her parents or her in-laws, undoubtedly a welcome relief.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        gentleman gaoler, called Partridge, and his wife were kind and 
+        respectful.&amp;nbsp; Lea recorded Jane's comments on Dudley:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;'Woe worth him! he hath brought me and our stock in most miserable 
+          calamity and misery by his exceeding ambition.&amp;nbsp; But for the 
+          answering that he hoped for life by his turning, though other men be 
+          of that opinion, I utterly am not; for what man is there living, I 
+          pray you, although he had been innocent, that would hope of life in 
+          that case; being in the field against the Queen in person as general, 
+          and after his taking so hated and evil spoken of by the commons? and 
+          at his coming into prison so wondered at [reviled] as the like was 
+          never heard by any man's time.&amp;nbsp; Who was judge that he should hope 
+          for pardon, whose life was odious to all men?&amp;nbsp; But what will ye 
+          more?&amp;nbsp; Like as his life was wicked and full of dissimulation, so 
+          was his end thereafter.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, I, nor no friend of mine, 
+          die so.&amp;nbsp; Should I, who am young and in my few years, forsake my 
+          faith for the love of life?&amp;nbsp; Nay, God forbid!&amp;nbsp; Much more he 
+          should not, whose fatal course, although he had lived his just number 
+          of years, could not have long continued.&amp;nbsp; But life was sweet, it 
+          appeared; so he might have lived, you will say, he did not care 
+          how.&amp;nbsp; Indeed the reason is good; for he that would have lived in 
+          chains to have had his life, by like would leave no other mean 
+          [un]attempted.&amp;nbsp; But God be merciful to us, for he sayeth, Whoso 
+          denieth him before me, he will not know him in his Father's Kingdom.'
+          &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Jane's intense religious convictions and her hatred of Dudley are 
+        evident in this passage.&amp;nbsp; She further demonstrated her religious 
+        intolerance when writing to Dr Harding, a former chaplain at her 
+        parents' home of Bradgate and her first tutor.&amp;nbsp; Harding had joined 
+        other Protestant chaplains in renouncing his reformed faith and becoming 
+        Catholic once again.&amp;nbsp; Jane was completely disgusted and appalled by 
+        his cowardice:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;'I cannot but marvel at thee and lament thy case, who seemed 
+          sometime to be the lively member of Christ, but now the deformed imp 
+          of the devil; sometime the beautiful temple of God, but now the 
+          stinking and filthy kennel of Satan; sometime the unspotted spouse of 
+          Christ, but now the unshamefaced paramour of Antichrist; sometime my 
+          faithful brother, but now a stranger and apostate; sometime a stout 
+          Christian soldier, but now a cowardly runaway.&amp;nbsp; Yea, when I 
+          consider these things, I cannot but speak to thee, and cry out upon 
+          thee, thou seed of Satan.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;Oh wretched and unhappy man, what 
+          art thou but dust and ashes?&amp;nbsp; And wilt thou resist thy Maker that 
+          fashioned thee and framed thee?&amp;nbsp; ....Wilt thou refuse the true 
+          God, and worship the invention of man, the golden calf, the whore of 
+          Babylon, the Romish religion, the abominable idol, the most wicked 
+          mass?' &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Such rhetoric reveals insight into Jane's character.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She was pious, devout, and kind - but she was also self-righteous and 
+        intolerant.&amp;nbsp; She and Mary were more alike than many realized.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Both were plain-spoken, transparently honest, and passionately believed 
+        their religion was the sole path to salvation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While Mary prepared for her coronation, Jane 
+        remained in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The Dudley brothers were now allowed to 
+        exercise on the roof of their prison, Beauchamp Tower, though there is 
+        no evidence that Jane and Guildford saw one another.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not 
+        speak of her imprisoned cousin.&amp;nbsp; Her time was taken up with her 
+        coronation and impending marriage, as well as the conflict her marriage 
+        was causing.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen did not want Mary to wed a Spaniard, 
+        for the same reasons Edward VI had excluded her from the succession - 
+        she was past middle-aged and would probably bear no children.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Therefore, she would leave the throne to a Catholic husband and England 
+        would become yet another state of the Imperial empire.&amp;nbsp; But as the 
+        weeks passed, Mary's leniency began to be questioned.&amp;nbsp; So Mary gave 
+        in to pressure and ordered Jane and the four Dudley sons to stand trial; 
+        the order had been prepared in mid-September but Mary did not allow the 
+        trial to take place until two months later.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;
+        &lt;IMG height=184 alt=&quot;engraving of Lady Jane Grey&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey2.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As they were led out of the Tower to be arraigned 
+        at Guildhall, the executioner walked before them.&amp;nbsp; He carried an 
+        axe, as was the custom.&amp;nbsp; Jane dressed soberly for the occasion, as 
+        befitted a proper young lady of the reformed church.&amp;nbsp; She was clad 
+        all in black; she wore a black cloth gown, black cape trimmed with 
+        velvet, and a black French hood trimmed with velvet.&amp;nbsp; At her girdle 
+        hung a prayer book also bound in black velvet.&amp;nbsp; She held a book of 
+        prayers open in her hands as she walked behind Guildford.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+        attended by her two ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        proceedings were a mere formality.&amp;nbsp; Jane and the four Dudleys pled 
+        guilty to the charge of high treason.&amp;nbsp; Sentence was passed against 
+        them; the men would be hung, drawn, and quartered and Jane would be 
+        burnt or beheaded at the Queen's pleasure.&amp;nbsp; They returned to the 
+        Tower, this time with the edge of the axe turned towards them.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        this way, spectators knew they were condemned.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the passing of the sentence was simply a 
+        formality.&amp;nbsp; As Renard reported in his subsequent dispatches, 'It is 
+        believed that Jane will not die' and, a week later, 'As for Jane, I am 
+        told her life is safe.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents had left the 
+        reformed church.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was forced to pay a 20000 pd fine but 
+        given a general pardon.&amp;nbsp; He returned to court.&amp;nbsp; His wife was 
+        Queen Mary's favorite lady and their two daughters, Catherine and Mary, 
+        were her ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Frances Grey was shown great 
+        favor at court, even gaining precedence over Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Most observers believed Jane would soon be pardoned and released, free 
+        to join her family at court.&amp;nbsp; The rehabilitation of the Greys 
+        seemed complete.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary's fervent desire to wed Philip of 
+        Spain was soon to have tragic consequences for the sixteen-year-old Jane 
+        Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'So perish all the Queen's enemies'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The complexities of 
+        Mary Tudor's decision to marry the twenty-six widower, Philip of Spain, 
+        are discussed at her &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;website&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+        They can be outlined briefly here.&amp;nbsp; Mary - and most of her 
+        contemporaries - believed she must marry; she needed a husband for 
+        support and guidance.&amp;nbsp; No woman had ruled England in her own right 
+        before.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen wanted Mary to wed the great-grandson of 
+        Edward IV, Edward Courtenay.&amp;nbsp; He was the last of the Plantagenets, 
+        young, good-looking, and charming; his high birth led him to spend most 
+        of his youth in prison.&amp;nbsp; Mary was kind to him.&amp;nbsp; She released 
+        him from the Tower and restored he and his mother to favor.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        remembered that Edward's parents had supported her mother during the 
+        great divorce.&amp;nbsp; But she also made it clear she would not marry 
+        him.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, whose life had possessed little happiness and peace 
+        after her adolescence, had always turned to her mother's family for 
+        advice and support.&amp;nbsp; And she continued to do so when she became 
+        queen.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Philip of Spain, heir to the Hapsburg empire, was 
+        the most sought-after prince in Europe.&amp;nbsp; But he was also the 
+        grandson of her aunt, which meant a great deal to the sentimental Mary 
+        Tudor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, she did not immediately plan to marry 
+        him.&amp;nbsp; She was deeply religious and had spent the past twenty years 
+        essentially alone and unloved.&amp;nbsp; She was naturally fearful of 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; She asked Renard - was Philip too young for her?&amp;nbsp; 
+        would she be able to satisfy him for she was ignorant of 'that which was 
+        called love' ?&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a deeply devout and chaste maiden 
+        and he was a twenty-six-year-old widower.&amp;nbsp; Would he be happy with 
+        her?&amp;nbsp; Renard assured her that Philip was delighted to wed 
+        Mary.&amp;nbsp; And, he added, they would have children together, providing 
+        England with a Catholic succession.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she had 
+        never considered marriage until God had raised her to the throne but - 
+        now that she was queen - she would lead her subjects down the path of 
+        righteousness.&amp;nbsp; With the might of the Holy Roman Empire behind her, 
+        her faith would be triumphant.&amp;nbsp; So she agreed to marry Philip in 
+        late October 1553; their engagement was made official.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was faced with a hostile reaction.&amp;nbsp; Both 
+        her subjects and the king of France made their anger known.&amp;nbsp; Many 
+        Englishmen believed Charles V wanted to drag England into war against 
+        France, another costly and ineffectual enterprise.&amp;nbsp; In truth, 
+        Charles really wanted control of that vital sea route between Spain and 
+        the Netherlands; he needed to control the English coast in order for his 
+        trade route to operate at its maximum profitability.&amp;nbsp; But England 
+        has always been an insular nation.&amp;nbsp; With Protestant propagandists 
+        and the French ambassador spreading all sorts of rumors (from Spanish 
+        invasions to immediate wars), the people were in an uproar.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Furthermore, Mary's councilors were an ineffectual bunch and their 
+        policies were roundly criticized.&amp;nbsp; It seemed that, just months into 
+        her reign, Mary was steadily falling from favor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 January 1554, Charles V's envoys arrived to 
+        iron out the details of the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; To secure his 
+        valuable trade route, Charles was prepared to be generous.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        fact, he included every provision possible to stifle English 
+        fears.&amp;nbsp; But it was no use.&amp;nbsp; The people didn't want the 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, word reached London of uprisings in the 
+        countryside - Carew in Devonshire, Wyatt in Kent, Crofts in 
+        Wales....&amp;nbsp; The councilors were alarmed.&amp;nbsp; And then word reached 
+        them that Henry Grey, the duke of Suffolk, had disappeared from his 
+        country home, Sheen.&amp;nbsp; They had planned the uprising for March when 
+        Philip was due to arrive but Courtenay, timid after years in the Tower, 
+        betrayed them.&amp;nbsp; So the conspirators were forced into action.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Carew could not raise his force without Courtenay's help so he fled to 
+        France and Crofts plans fell through.&amp;nbsp; But, by the end of January, 
+        Wyatt had taken Rochester and the royal ships at the Medway.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        duke of Norfolk left with a force from London but many men 
+        deserted.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt was encouraged and pressed on to London.&amp;nbsp; For 
+        two days, the fate of the Spanish marriage hung in the balance.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Londoners were undecided; Mary decided to sway the balance.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        went to Guildhall and made a rousing speech exhorting the Londoners to 
+        support her.&amp;nbsp; She did so against the advice of her council for they 
+        feared for her safety.&amp;nbsp; They needn't have worried.&amp;nbsp; When Wyatt 
+        reached London, he found the bridge closed to him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused to let the Tower guns be turned 
+        on the traitors.&amp;nbsp; She feared the innocent citizens of Southwark 
+        would be harmed if they were fired.&amp;nbsp; The rebels eventually 
+        surrendered but Mary had learned a valuable lesson - she discovered the 
+        depth of her subjects' hatred of the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it did 
+        not cause her to change her plans.&amp;nbsp; She was bewildered and angry 
+        but also hurt.&amp;nbsp; She had shown mercy and&lt;IMG height=226 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin Mary Tudor in 1554, by Hans Eworth&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworthcr.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; forgiveness and was 
+        rewarded by rebellion.&amp;nbsp; She was now particularly susceptible to Renard's advice.&amp;nbsp; Renard immediately questioned Mary's safety as 
+        well as Philip's - would the prince be safe when rebellions were 
+        occurring throughout the nation?&amp;nbsp; The queen was exhorted to ensure 
+        his safety.&amp;nbsp; She must do this by punishing the rebels so none would 
+        dare rebel again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard's advice was supported by Mary's 
+        council.&amp;nbsp; Inevitably, all her advisors urged Mary to execute Jane 
+        Grey.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt had been supported by the vanished Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; 
+        When he had disappeared from Sheen, he had gone to raise an army against 
+        the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But he gained little support.&amp;nbsp; Grey 
+        owed his life to Mary's kindness and he responded by seeking to 
+        overthrow her.&amp;nbsp; His intent was to lead men of the midland shires 
+        and join Wyatt near London.&amp;nbsp; His actual course fell far short of 
+        this goal - he fled from one county to another until he reached his 
+        manor of Astley.&amp;nbsp; He apparently hid in a tree trunk or under some 
+        hay; accounts vary.&amp;nbsp; He was promptly arrested by the earl of 
+        Huntingdon.&amp;nbsp; Later, rumors spread that he had proclaimed Jane queen 
+        during his ride through the midlands.&amp;nbsp; This was untrue but it 
+        didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; Jane had once been queen and, as Mary's advisors 
+        put it, she would be the figurehead of any Protestant plot.&amp;nbsp; Once 
+        again, she was &lt;I&gt;morally&lt;/I&gt; innocent but she was still 
+        dangerous.&amp;nbsp; She had to die.&amp;nbsp; To this, Renard added that Philip 
+        could not arrive until the Protestant threat had been destroyed.&amp;nbsp; 
+        All the opposition to her marriage had simply made the obstinate Mary 
+        more determined to marry Philip.&amp;nbsp; So the suspended sentence on Jane 
+        was revoked and she was condemned to die immediately.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The date of the execution was set for Friday 9 
+        February 1554.&amp;nbsp; Mary, who so hated executing her cousin, tried one 
+        last time to save her soul.&amp;nbsp; She sent John Feckenham, dean of St 
+        Paul's, to Jane.&amp;nbsp; He was given a few days to sway Jane to the 
+        Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Jane, long deprived of intellectual company and 
+        theological debate, was polite.&amp;nbsp; But she rebutted each of 
+        Feckenham's arguments with her own.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she relished this last 
+        chance to elucidate her precious faith.&amp;nbsp; After hours of argument, 
+        she remained Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she had also come to like Feckenham 
+        very much.&amp;nbsp; So she accepted his offer to accompany her to the 
+        scaffold and she promised to 'pray God in the bowels of his mercy to 
+        send you his Holy Spirit; for he hath given you his great gift of 
+        utterance, if it pleased him also to open the eyes of your heart.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Feckenham's work had delayed the executions until 
+        Monday 12 February.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Jane was also preparing to die with 
+        as much grace and dignity she could summon.&amp;nbsp; She chose her dress, 
+        composed her speech, and appointed the two members of her household who 
+        would accompany her and dispose of her body.&amp;nbsp; She sent a letter to 
+        her sister Catherine and one to her father (brought to the Tower on 10 
+        February.)&amp;nbsp; The latter included a remonstration that his actions 
+        had hastened her death.&amp;nbsp; But she did not write to her mother nor 
+        did Frances attempt to visit her or her husband.&amp;nbsp; There exists a 
+        story that Guildford asked to see Jane before they died and that Mary 
+        granted his request.&amp;nbsp; Jane, however, refused to see him, waiting 
+        until they met 'in a better place.'&amp;nbsp; But there is no evidence the 
+        story is true.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Jane and her husband showed no interest in 
+        seeing one another while in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane did watch her husband's execution.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        was taken from Beauchamp Tower at 10 o'clock in the morning and led to 
+        the execution area on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Jane stood by her window and 
+        watched as he went to his death.&amp;nbsp; Guildford died with great courage 
+        and dignity and, when the cart rolled past carrying his corpse, Jane 
+        muttered his name and a comment about 'the bitterness of death.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        Perhaps she realized that he had been a victim, too.&amp;nbsp; In any case, 
+        she saw his blood-splattered body, thrown atop equally stained straw, 
+        driven to St Peter-ad-Vincula; his head was wrapped in a cloth beside 
+        the body.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was now Jane's turn to face death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;(Click here to read 
+        an eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SMALL&gt;She 
+        wore the  &lt;IMG height=360 
+      alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey kneeling before the block, from Delaroche's painting&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janecrop.jpg&quot; width=165 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;same black outfit she had worn at her trial.&amp;nbsp; She carried 
+        her prayer book in her hands; she was escorted by Sir John Brydges, the 
+        lieutenant of the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Her nurse, Mrs Ellen, and her attendant, 
+        Mrs Tylney, also accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; They both cried but Jane was 
+        calm and composed.&amp;nbsp; She had, after all, watched her scaffold being 
+        erected near the White Tower; her rooms provided an excellent view of 
+        its construction.&amp;nbsp; Since she was a princess of royal blood, her 
+        execution was private.&amp;nbsp; Only a small crowd had been invited.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At the steps of the scaffold, he greeted 
+        Feckenham: 'God grant you all your desires and accept my own hearty 
+        thanks for all your attention to me. Although indeed, those attentions 
+        have tried me more than death can now terrify me.' She then ascended the 
+        steps and addressed the crowd.&amp;nbsp; She admitted she had committed 
+        treason when she accepted the crown but 'I do wash my hands in innocency, before God and the face of you, good Christian people this 
+        day.'&amp;nbsp; She wrung her hands and asked that they witness her death, 
+        and affirm that she died a good Christian.&amp;nbsp; She ended with yet 
+        another indication of her strong Protestant faith; she said, 'And now, 
+        good people, while I am alive, I pray you to assist me with your 
+        prayers.'&amp;nbsp; Protestants, unlike Catholics, did not believe in 
+        prayers for the dead.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt and asked Feckenham, 'Shall I 
+        say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; She read the fifty-first psalm in English and he 
+        followed her in Latin.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After the prayer, she told Feckenham, 'God I 
+        beseech Him abundantly reward you for your kindness to me.'&amp;nbsp; She 
+        then rose to her feet and completed her final duties.&amp;nbsp; She handed 
+        her gloves and handkerchief to her attendant, Mrs Tylney and her 
+        prayer-book to the lieutenant's brother, Thomas Brydges.&amp;nbsp; She then 
+        began to untie her gown; as was the tradition, the executioner stepped 
+        forward.&amp;nbsp; It was the custom that the victim's outer garments became 
+        the executioner's property.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane did not know this; or 
+        perhaps she was simply terrified as that masked figure came toward 
+        her.&amp;nbsp; She stepped back and 'desired him to leave her alone.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        Her attendants completed the unlacing.&amp;nbsp; They then gave her a 
+        handkerchief to tie over her eyes.&amp;nbsp; Next, the executioner knelt 
+        before her and begged her forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; This, too, was a custom and 
+        one Jane had expected.&amp;nbsp; She gave her forgiveness 'most 
+        willingly.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now there was nothing to do but end it all.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The executioner asked her to stand upon the straw.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she saw 
+        the actual block for the first time.&amp;nbsp; Her composure faltered for 
+        just a brief moment.&amp;nbsp; She whispered, 'I pray you despatch me 
+        quickly,' and began to kneel.&amp;nbsp; She hesitated and asked, 'Will you 
+        take it off before I lay me down?', referring to the blindfold.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The executioner replied, 'No, madame' and so she tied the handkerchief 
+        around her eyes.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt but, blindfolded, could not find 
+        the block.&amp;nbsp; Her arms flailed about for several moments and she 
+        cried out, 'What shall I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; Those standing on 
+        the scaffold were hesitant - should they help her?&amp;nbsp; A member of the 
+        crowd climbed the scaffold and helped her.&amp;nbsp; He guided her hands to 
+        the block.&amp;nbsp; She lowered her head and stretched forth her body; her 
+        last words were, 'Lord into thy hands I commend my spirit.'&amp;nbsp; The 
+        executioner swung his axe and severed her head.&amp;nbsp; Blood splattered 
+        across the scaffold and many of the witnesses.&amp;nbsp; The executioner 
+        then lifted her head and said, 'So perish all the Queen's enemies. 
+        Behold, the head of a traitor.'&amp;nbsp; It was the end of Lady Jane 
+        Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Permission had to be granted for her burial at St 
+        Peter-ad-Vincula since the church had recently become Catholic 
+        again.&amp;nbsp; Feckenham was forced to go to court for the 
+        permission.&amp;nbsp; So Jane's body lay exposed and unattended for nearly 
+        four hours, spread obscenely across the blood-soaked straw.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        French ambassador reported seeing it there hours after the 
+        execution.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants kept watch, though they were not allowed 
+        to cover the corpse.&amp;nbsp; Finally, Feckenham returned and Jane's body 
+        was laid to rest between the bodies of two other headless queens - 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+        Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; and 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; During the reign of her Protestant 
+        cousin, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;, Jane was celebrated as a martyr to her faith 
+        and she remains one of the most famous queens of England.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Live still to die, that by death you may purchase eternal life.... As 
+      the preacher sayeth, there is a time to be born and a time to die; and the 
+  day of death is better than the day of our birth.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;Jane Grey's message to John Brydges, lieutenant of the Tower of 
+      London, 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's 
+        lovely tribute to Lady Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;; it's a wonderful website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;CENTER&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: &lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;My favorite 
+        biographies of Lady Jane Grey are by Hester Chapman and Alison Plowden.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Thanks for reading / exploring this website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082561&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082561&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4354</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">index page for EnglishHistory.net gateway to John Keats Lord Byron Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">index page for EnglishHistory.net gateway to John Keats Lord Byron Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">EnglishHistory.net: John Keats, Lord Byron, Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01371ab2334fa85c63413933</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215242</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0137.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#996600&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td nowrap bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#666600&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;18%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#996600&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/indexkeats.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the John Keats website&quot; width=&quot;160&quot; height=&quot;200&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/indexbyron.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Lord Byron site&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;200&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;8&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;54%&quot; bgcolor=#CCCC66&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Hello.&amp;nbsp; This page is a gateway of sorts to 
+      my four websites.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You can visit my two never-ending 
+      website tributes to the wonderful poets
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;John Keats&lt;/a&gt; and
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;Lord Byron&lt;/a&gt;, as well as 
+      my &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England&lt;/a&gt; site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You can also visit
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; 
+      and view portraits of 16th century kings, queens, and various courtiers.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It's a reasonably entertaining way to pass the time.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, a study 
+      of Henry VIII's progression from handsome young king to bloated tyrant 
+      leads one to all sorts of reflections, most of them unpleasant.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The websites were originally posted 
+      in June 1997.&amp;nbsp; Of the three, the Keats site is my personal favorite.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The Tudor site gets the most visitors, with Byron in second place and 
+      Keats in third.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The visitors (such as you) are the 
+      main reason I haven't taken the sites down.&amp;nbsp; When thousands of people 
+      visit your work each month, you start to feel unaccountably responsible 
+      and mature about things.&amp;nbsp; So I can't keep a goldfish or plant alive, 
+      but my websites are still around.&amp;nbsp; Impressive.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Enjoy your visit.&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;8&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;18%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666600&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/indextudor1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Tudor England site&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;201&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082528&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082528&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3065</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">search the Tudor England website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">search the Tudor England website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Search the Website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013c14e9791797c35503f8f5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorsearch.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;36&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;
+  &amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;
+  &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorsearch.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Search the website&quot; width=&quot;338&quot; height=&quot;138&quot;&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;
+  &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Simply enter the names or words in the box below and 
+  click 'Search'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;DIV align=center&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;!-- Begin PicoSearch Query Box --&gt;
+  &lt;FORM action=http://www.picosearch.com/cgi-bin/ts.pl method=post&gt;&lt;INPUT 
+  type=hidden value=158772 name=index&gt; 
+  &lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 bgColor=white border=0&gt;
+    &lt;TBODY&gt;
+    &lt;TR&gt;
+      &lt;TD&gt;
+        &lt;TABLE cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 bgColor=white border=0&gt;
+          &lt;TBODY&gt;
+          &lt;TR&gt;
+            &lt;TD&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.picosearch.com&quot; target=_gsdltop_&gt;
+            &lt;IMG 
+              alt=PicoSearch src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.picosearch.com/picosmall.gif&quot; border=0 width=&quot;56&quot; height=&quot;24&quot;&gt; &lt;/A&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+            &lt;TD&gt;&lt;INPUT name=query size=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+            &lt;TD&gt;&lt;INPUT type=submit value=Search name=SEARCH&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;&lt;!-- End PicoSearch Query Box --&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;P align=center&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082549&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082549&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,478 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">16721</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary Boleyn: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013ee95ca136b7e320400a8d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215244</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryboleyn.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryboleynunknown.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryboleyn.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Mary Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;493&quot; height=&quot;144&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryboleynunknown.jpg&quot; width=&quot;359&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Mary Boleyn by an unknown artist&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Mary Boleyn was the sister of 
+      King Henry VIII's second wife, the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; But she was 
+      also the king's mistress before her sister's ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; She may also have given birth 
+      to Henry's son.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;Information about the life of Mary Boleyn is sketchy at best.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Before her sister's ascendancy, Mary was the most famous member of her
+
+family, a dubious honor since it was based upon her adulterous affair with
+
+King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; There has been great debate over the exact year
+
+of her birth, with many researchers unable to agree on which Boleyn sister
+
+was older.&amp;nbsp; Some speculate Anne was born in 1501 or 1502; others place
+
+it at 1507.&amp;nbsp; The most recent scholarship supports 1507 as the year
+
+of Anne's birth.&amp;nbsp; Mary was born a year later, in 1508.&amp;nbsp; Their
+
+only surviving sibling was an older brother George, born in 1503.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was born at Hever Castle, the family seat.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She was named after Princess Mary Tudor, the youngest child of Henry VII
+
+and Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; Her family was loyal to the Tudor dynasty
+
+but had Yorkist connections.&amp;nbsp; Her mother was Elizabeth Howard, daughter
+
+of Thomas, earl of Surrey.&amp;nbsp; His father, the 1st duke of Norfolk, had
+
+died fighting for Richard III against Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; Mary's father, Thomas
+
+Boleyn, could trace his ancestry only to the 13th century.&amp;nbsp; His family
+
+was originally from Norfolk where they lived as tenant farmers.&amp;nbsp; In
+
+1457, a Sir Geoffrey Boleyn was serving as Lord Mayor of London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He wed Anne, heiress of Lord Hoo and Hastings, and - through her - acquired
+
+Hever Castle in Kent and Blickling Hall in Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; His son became
+
+a knight under Richard III and a baron under Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; He married
+
+a great heiress as well; she was Margaret, daughter of Thomas Butler, 7th
+
+earl of Ormond.&amp;nbsp; He was incredibly wealthy and bequeathed Margaret
+
+36 manors.&amp;nbsp; Their eldest child was Thomas Boleyn, Mary's father.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Thomas had married Elizabeth Howard by 1501.&amp;nbsp; Their three surviving
+
+children were born within the next 10 years.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1512, Thomas was one of three envoys assigned
+
+to the regent of Netherlands court.&amp;nbsp; His skill in speaking French
+
+and his family connections secured the appointment.&amp;nbsp; Once there, he
+
+was a great success with the regent, Margaret, archduchess of Austria.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He used this friendship to secure a prestigious appointment for his eldest
+
+daughter, Anne; she was to reside with the regent's wards, sharing their
+
+royal education.&amp;nbsp; This is the primary evidence that Anne was the elder
+
+sister.&amp;nbsp; In such cases, the elder sister would receive the opportunity
+
+first.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary was married before Anne - an unusual
+
+occurrence and one which led many to believe Mary was older.&amp;nbsp; However,
+
+it is completely plausible that Anne was not married first because she
+
+was still in Europe, gaining a royal education and hoping to wed a foreign
+
+nobleman.&amp;nbsp; Mary, on the other hand, wed a man named William Carey,
+
+a gentleman of the royal privy chamber on 4 February 1520.&amp;nbsp; Though
+
+he was not a titled lord, his duties meant he had intimate contact with
+
+the king on a daily basis.&amp;nbsp; He would be a valuable connection for
+
+the Boleyns.&amp;nbsp; Henry used his attendants, with whom he spent his leisure
+
+hours, to carry out government work.&amp;nbsp; Carey was 24 years old and Mary
+
+not quite twelve, young even for 16th century marriage.&amp;nbsp; The consummation
+
+of the marriage was probably delayed for a few years.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's wedding was held a few weeks before her father
+
+returned from a mission abroad.&amp;nbsp; This indicates that Thomas Boleyn
+
+had planned the marriage well in advance.&amp;nbsp; The king gave the newlyweds
+
+a cash present - 6s.8d.; this was undoubtedly welcome since William Carey
+
+was a younger son and lacked money and lands.&amp;nbsp; Henry's favor (and,
+
+more particularly, Mary's affair with Henry) helped in this respect - before
+
+his death in 1528, William had received two keeperships, a stewardship,
+
+an annuity, and manors in two counties.&amp;nbsp; As to William's ancestry,
+
+he could trace his descent from Edward III; his mother was a cousin of
+
+Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII's mother.&amp;nbsp; His aunt Catherine Spencer
+
+was married to Henry, fifth earl of Northumberland.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As William's wife, Mary had lodgings at court, information
+
+about royal policies, and the great opportunity to participate in all court
+
+events.&amp;nbsp; Their first child, Catherine, was born about 1524 when Mary
+
+was just sixteen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her family continued its ascendancy
+
+during these years.&amp;nbsp; Personally, she and her sister Anne were two
+
+of eight women who participated in a celebration at York Place, Cardinal
+
+Wolsey's home.&amp;nbsp; Anne played Perseverance and Mary was Kindness; they
+
+were clothed in white satin with bejeweled headdresses.&amp;nbsp; This was
+
+in 1522; Mary was just fourteen.&amp;nbsp; By the time she was seventeen, Mary
+
+was a first-time mother and Henry VIII's mistress.&amp;nbsp; There is much
+
+circumstantial evidence to support this:
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;* in 1527, Henry was planning to marry Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+sought and received a papal dispensation to marry the sister of a woman
+
+with whom he had engaged in illicit/unlawful intercourse.&amp;nbsp; Anne had
+
+only one sister - Mary. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;* Reginald Pole reported the following - in 1528, a member of Parliament
+
+insulted the king's morals by accusing Henry of sleeping with Anne's mother
+
+&lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt;
+
+sister.&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly flustered, the king replied:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Never with
+
+her mother.&quot;
+
+&lt;p&gt;* the affair was known of in diplomatic circles - in 1532, Francis I
+
+of France met Mary face-to-face when she accompanied Henry and Anne to
+
+Calais.&amp;nbsp; He mentioned her infamous behavior with her sister's spouse
+
+&lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt;
+
+the marriage to Anne.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The affair was brief, ending in mid-1525 (probably July.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+On 4 March 1526, Mary gave birth to a son, called Henry.&amp;nbsp; He was widely
+
+assumed to be the king's son.&amp;nbsp; He physically resembled the king, a&amp;nbsp;
+
+fact often remarked upon.&amp;nbsp; In 1535, for example, a man called 'young
+
+Master Carey' the king's son. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Perhaps more telling, Henry granted the Careys actual
+
+manors and estates during the affair and immediately before the child's
+
+birth.&amp;nbsp; Before, the Careys had been granted rather minor offices.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(You may recall that Henry publicly acknowledged another illegitimate son,
+
+born in 1519.&amp;nbsp; This boy was called &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffitzroy.html&quot;&gt;Henry
+
+Fitzroy&lt;/a&gt; - the surname traditionally given to royal bastards - and was
+
+ennobled, given the title duke of Richmond.&amp;nbsp; If Henry Carey was also
+
+his son, why didn't Henry do the same for him?&amp;nbsp; The answer lies in
+
+his determination to divorce Katharine of Aragon and marry &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne
+
+Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;, the child's aunt.&amp;nbsp; It is likely that even Henry VIII would
+
+have been too embarrassed to recognize his bastard son by his fiancee's
+
+younger sister.)&amp;nbsp;  Henry Carey was eventually ennobled as Lord Hunsdon by 
+Elizabeth I, the queen who may have been his half-sister and was undoubtedly his 
+cousin.&amp;nbsp; Though he served her ably, Elizabeth only offered Hunsdon a title 
+upon his deathbed.&amp;nbsp; To this dubious honor, the old man aptly replied that 
+if the queen hadn't thought him worth it while he was in health, he would not 
+accept it while ill.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Boleyn was referenced in &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;Henry's
+
+love letters to Anne&lt;/a&gt; in 1528, the year her husband died.&amp;nbsp; William
+
+had asked Mary to seek her sister's influence with the king; his elder
+
+sister, Eleanor, wanted the position of abbess at St Edith's Nunnery.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The nuns wanted their prioress elevated to the position instead.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Anne asked the king to intervene.&amp;nbsp; In the end, Eleanor's dubious moral
+
+destroyed her chances.&amp;nbsp; But the episode demonstrates Anne's willingness
+
+to help Mary; also, Mary clearly expected to benefit from her sister's
+
+closeness to the king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; William Carey died on 23 June 1528 and Henry VIII
+
+promptly granted Anne Boleyn the wardship of her nephew (and possibly his
+
+son), two-year-old Henry Carey.&amp;nbsp; In another letter to Anne, Henry
+
+remarked upon Mary's easy virtue.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne were concerned that,
+
+after William's death, Mary's behavior would degenerate; in other words,
+
+she would be an embarrassment to the king and his intended wife.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In November 1530, Henry gave Anne 20 pds to redeem
+
+a jewel from Mary; it was probably a gambling debt.&amp;nbsp; Two years later,
+
+Mary was one of thirty ladies who accompanied Henry and Anne on a visit
+
+to France (colorfully known to history as 'The Field of the Cloth of Gold'.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+They stayed in Calais in late October, attending various events with Francis
+
+I; ostensibly, they were celebrating a new peace agreement.&amp;nbsp; But it
+
+was also a chance to present Anne to a foreign king.&amp;nbsp; When Henry wed
+
+Anne in 1533, Mary became a lady-in-waiting to her sister.&amp;nbsp; It was
+
+only in 1534 that she and Anne had a serious conflict.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1534, Mary secretly married William Stafford.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was the younger son of Humphrey Stafford of Blatherwick in Northampton.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This marriage was a disaster for her, excepting her personal happiness.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Mary undoubtedly loved Stafford, a soldier she had met at Calais (he had
+
+been part of Henry VIII's retinue.)&amp;nbsp; But her relatives - all newly
+
+ennobled and very self-conscious about their status - were outraged.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was a commoner, not fit for the queen's sister.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, Mary
+
+and her new husband were banished from court.&amp;nbsp; (It is quite possible
+
+that her relatives planned to wed Mary to a nobleman, further cementing
+
+their rise to prominence; instead, her marriage was a step backwards socially.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+In late 1534, while her father and brother received numerous grants, titles,
+
+and other gifts, Mary was reduced to begging Thomas Cromwell for assistance.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Would he speak to Henry on her behalf?&amp;nbsp; Mary hoped Henry would persuade
+
+Anne to forgive her but her former lover was less than helpful.&amp;nbsp; So
+
+Mary asked Cromwell to speak to her father, her uncle, and her brother.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her son was still living with his
+
+aunt, Queen Anne.&amp;nbsp; He was being tutored by the great French poet,
+
+Nicholas Bourbon, clearly benefiting from the wardship.&amp;nbsp; His mother's
+
+life between 1534 and her sister's execution in 1536 is difficult to trace.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She seems to have resided at Rochford, Essex from the time of her disgrace
+
+to her death on 19 July 1543.&amp;nbsp; When her sister fell into disfavor
+
+and Henry sought a divorce, his earlier affair with Mary was mentioned.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Perhaps this would justify an annulment, even as Katharine of Aragon's
+
+marriage to his brother had?&amp;nbsp; But no one seriously considered this
+
+(after all, there had been a papal dispensation) and it was more expedient
+
+to press other charges.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not visit her sister when Anne was
+
+imprisoned in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Nor did she visit their brother George,
+
+also condemned to death.&amp;nbsp; There is no evidence that she wrote to them,
+
+either.&amp;nbsp; Like their uncle, the duke of Norfolk, she may have thought
+
+it wise to avoid association with her disgraced relatives.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary lived to see her children gain some royal favor.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her teenage daughter Catherine (born 1524) was appointed a maid of honor
+
+to Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII's fourth wife.&amp;nbsp; Sometime in 1540, she
+
+made a good match, marrying Sir Francis Knollys.&amp;nbsp; He was a member
+
+of Henry VIII's household.&amp;nbsp; She also became one of her cousin Elizabeth
+
+Tudor's closest friends.&amp;nbsp; Her daughter, Lettice Knollys, would later
+
+marry Elizabeth's great love, Robert Dudley; her son, the earl of Essex,
+
+would also be one of Elizabeth's favorites (though eventually executed
+
+for treason.)&amp;nbsp; Henry Carey, whose paternity was the subject of such
+
+speculation, would be ennobled as Lord Hunsdon in Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Elizabeth was kind to her Boleyn relatives, especially Mary's children.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Twenty-two years after Anne Boleyn's execution, a Boleyn was sole ruler
+
+of England.&amp;nbsp; It was a triumph few could have predicted.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Some other stuff about Mary Boleyn that I've found: &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;* Mary was considered more conventionally beautiful than Anne but lacked
+
+her sister's style and wit.
+
+&lt;br&gt;* As a child, Mary was taught French by Mademoiselle Semmonet;&amp;nbsp;
+
+she also studied music (practicing on the lute, harp, viol, and virginals.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;* Mary also spent time in Archduchess Margaret's service; she was removed
+
+in 1518/19 by her father and placed in Katharine of Aragon's service.
+
+&lt;br&gt;* Anne and George Boleyn were very close and reportedly had little
+
+use for their sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; (This was reported by several foreign
+
+ambassadors.) &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Note:&amp;nbsp; I have read that Mary Boleyn accompanied Princess Mary Tudor
+
+to France, as a lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; However, the trip occurred in 1515;
+
+Mary would have been just 7 years old - so the assertion seems unlikely. &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;So the following questions remain:
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; * did she accompany Mary to France?
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; * did she use her influence with Mary Tudor to get
+
+Anne a position as lady-in-waiting to Katharine of Aragon (thus allowing
+
+Henry VIII and Anne to meet?)&amp;nbsp; This has been mentioned in several
+
+books but, as I stated, it would mean Mary was a lady-in-waiting at the
+
+age of seven. &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;I have used the spelling 'Boleyn' instead of 'Bullen'
+
+for one simple reason - it is how the family chose to spell it when they
+
+first rose to prominence.&amp;nbsp; Certainly they thought 'Boleyn' was more
+
+elegant - I'll stay mum on that issue, but since most history texts also
+
+use 'Boleyn', it remains less confusing than switching between two surnames.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Visit the 
+    Anne Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082580&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082580&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3357</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of the duke of Somerset, 1552</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0144a552cf4079e32cc6d23d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0144.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">somerset.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/somerset.gif&quot; width=&quot;537&quot; height=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This account 
+      of Somerset's execution was made by Henry Machyn, a London undertaker.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Somerset was the brother of Henry VIII's third wife Jane 
+      Seymour and thus uncle to King Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; He was a popular leader 
+      amongst the common people.&amp;nbsp; He attempted to reform agricultural 
+      policies and led a successful army against the Scots.&amp;nbsp; But the 
+      treachery of his younger brother (whom he was forced to execute) and the 
+      ambitions of other noblemen (most notably the earl of Warwick) doomed him.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On 22 January, soon after 8 o'clock in the morning, the duke of Somerset
+was beheaded on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; There was as great a company as has been
+seen... the king's guard being there with their halberds and a thousand
+more with halberds of the privilege of the Tower, Ratcliffe, Limehouse,
+Whitechapel, St Katherine's and Stratford Bow, as well as Hoxton and Shoreditch;
+and the two sheriffs being present there, seeing the execution of my lord,
+and his head being cut off, and shortly after his body was put into a coffin
+and carried into the Tower, and there buried in the church, on the northside
+of the choir of St Peter's, and I beseech God to have mercy on his soul,
+amen!&amp;nbsp; And there was a sudden rumbling a little before he died, as
+if it had been guns shooting and great horses coming, so that a thousand
+fell to the ground for fear, for they who were at one side thought no other
+but that one was killing another, so that they fell down to the ground,
+one upon another with their halberds, some fell into the ditch of the Tower
+and other places, and a hundred into the Tower ditch, and some ran away
+for fear.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082604&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082604&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0147.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0147.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0147.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2460</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England: 1485 to 1603: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources and more King Henry VIII Anne Boleyn Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots etc history of Tudor England 16th century English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England: 1485 to 1603: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources and more King Henry VIII Anne Boleyn Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: 1485 to 1603: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources and more</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01477115e16674d4e7dacac2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215256</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0147.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;map name=&quot;FPMap0&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;19, 14, 430, 499&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;/map&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudorroyalarms1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;434&quot; height=&quot;500&quot; alt=&quot;the royal arms of the Tudor dynasty, from a stained glass window&quot; usemap=&quot;#FPMap0&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/yearscastellar.gif&quot; width=&quot;451&quot; height=&quot;347&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082527&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082527&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0157.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0157.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0157.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12507</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The romance between Anne Boleyn and Henry Percy, 1523</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0157ce8f12563b15c09acf31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215242</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0157.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1523.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1523.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1523: The romance between Anne Boleyn &amp;amp; Henry Percy&quot; width=&quot;417&quot; height=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;was written by George Cavendish, Cardinal Wolsey's gentleman-usher.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; BORDER=0 height=194 width=139 align=LEFT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn was the second wife of King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The year of her birth is unknown; it was possibly 1501 or 1507.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      spent her adolescence at the French court but returned home to England in 
+      1522.&amp;nbsp; As the daughter of an ambitious courtier and niece of the duke 
+      of Norfolk, she was invited to serve at court as lady-in-waiting to 
+      Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; It was here that she caught the attention of 
+      King Henry.&amp;nbsp; Anne, however, had fallen in love with Lord Henry Percy, 
+      heir to the earl of Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; They were secretly engaged and 
+      planned to marry.&amp;nbsp; As Cavendish's account makes plain, Henry ordered 
+      Cardinal Wolsey to end the engagement.&amp;nbsp; The Cardinal did so, thus 
+      earning Anne's lasting enmity.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry's 'secret love' for Anne was highly controversial, 
+      and not merely because he was already married.&amp;nbsp; Kings did, after all, 
+      have mistresses.&amp;nbsp; But he had already had an open affair (and possibly 
+      a son) with her sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; His relationship with Anne, however, 
+      was far more serious.&amp;nbsp; In love and desperate for a legitimate male 
+      heir, Henry planned to annul his marriage to Katharine of Aragon and marry 
+      Anne.&amp;nbsp; The pope's refusal to help eventually led Henry to break with 
+      the church of Rome and declare himself supreme head of a new English 
+      church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It was all for naught.&amp;nbsp; Anne did not give Henry a 
+      surviving son and she was executed on 19 May 1536.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;    I will tell you as best I can how the king's love came about and what 
+    followed thereafter.&amp;nbsp; When this lady, Mistress Anne Boleyn, was very 
+    young she was sent to France to be a lady-in-waiting to the French queen.&amp;nbsp; 
+    When the queen died she was sent back to her father who arranged for her to 
+    become a lady-in-waiting to queen Catherine, wife of Henry.&amp;nbsp; Such was 
+    her success in this post, shown both by her exemplary behavior and excellent 
+    deportment that she quickly outshone all the others.&amp;nbsp; To such an 
+    extent, in fact, that the flames of desire began to burn secretly in the 
+    king's breast, unknown to all, least of all to Anne herself. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;At this time Lord Percy, the son and heir of the earl of Northumberland,
+
+was aide and secretary to Wolsey, the lord cardinal, and whenever the lord
+
+cardinal happened to be at court Lord Percy would pass the time in the
+
+queen's quarters where he would dally with the ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Of these, he was most familiar with mistress Anne Boleyn, to such an extent
+
+that a secret love grew up between them and they pledged that, in time,
+
+they intended to wed.&amp;nbsp; When knowledge of this reached the king's ears
+
+he was greatly distraught.&amp;nbsp; Realizing that he could no longer hide
+
+his secret love, he revealed all to the lord cardinal and discussed with
+
+him ways of sundering the couple's engagement to each other.
+
+&lt;p&gt;When the lord cardinal had left the court and returned to Westminster,
+
+he remembered Henry's request and summoned Lord Percy to his presence,
+
+saying in front of us, his servants: 'I am amazed at your foolishness in
+
+getting entangled, even engaged, to this silly girl at court - I mean Anne
+
+Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Have you not considered your position?&amp;nbsp; After the death
+
+of your noble father you stand to inherit one of the greatest earldoms
+
+in the country.&amp;nbsp; It would thus have been more proper if you had sought
+
+the consent of your father in this affair and to have made his highness
+
+the king privy to it, requesting his royal blessing.&amp;nbsp; Had you done
+
+so, he was not only have welcomed your request but would, I can assure
+
+you, have promoted you to a position more suited to your noble estate.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And thence you might have gained the king's favor by your conduct and wise
+
+council and and thus risen further still in his estimation.
+
+&lt;p&gt;'But now look what you have done by your thoughtlessness.&amp;nbsp; You
+
+have not only offended your own father but also your sovereign and pledged
+
+yourself to someone whom neither would agree to be suitable.&amp;nbsp; And
+
+do not doubt that I shall send for your father and when he comes he will
+
+break off this engagement or disinherit you forever.&amp;nbsp; The king himself
+
+will make a complaint to your father and demand no less an action than
+
+I have suggested.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, I happen to know that the king has already
+
+promised this lady to someone else and that though she is not yet aware
+
+of it, the arrangements are already far advanced.&amp;nbsp; The king however,
+
+being a man of great prudence and diplomacy, is confident that, once she
+
+is aware of the situation, she will agree to the union gladly.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Sir,' said Lord Percy, weeping, 'I knew nothing of the king's involvement
+
+in all this, and I am sorry to have incurred his displeasure.&amp;nbsp; I considered
+
+myself to be of sufficient age and in a good enough situation to be able
+
+to take a wife of my own choosing and never doubted that my father would
+
+have accepted my decision.&amp;nbsp; And though she is just a simple maid and
+
+her father is only a knight, yet she is of very noble descent.&amp;nbsp; On
+
+her mother's side she has Norfolk blood and on her father's side she is
+
+a direct descendant of the earl of Ormond.&amp;nbsp; Why then, sir, should
+
+I query the suitability of the match when her pedigree is of equal worth
+
+to mine?&amp;nbsp; Thus I humbly beg your favor in this matter and ask you
+
+to beg the king to be benevolent concerning this issue of my engagement,
+
+which I cannot deny, still less break it off?'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'See, gentlemen,' said the lord cardinal to us, 'what nonsense there
+
+is in this willful boy's head!&amp;nbsp; I though that when you heard me explain
+
+the king's involvement in this business you would have relented in your
+
+suit and have submitted yourself to the king's will, allowing his highness
+
+to decide on the matter as he thinks fit.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Sir, and so I would,' said Lord Percy, 'but in this matter I have gone
+
+so far that I am no longer able to renounce my commitment in full conscience.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'What?' said the cardinal, 'Do you think that the king and I do not
+
+know what to do in such a serious matter as this?&amp;nbsp; One thing's for
+
+sure, I can see no point in your making any further pleas in this case.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Very well,' said Lord Percy, 'if it please you, I will submit myself
+
+completely to the king's will in this matter and will release my conscience
+
+from the heavy burden of the engagement.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'So be it, then,' said the cardinal, 'I will send for your father in
+
+the north, and he, the king and I will take whatever measure for the annulment
+
+of this hasty folly the king thinks necessary.&amp;nbsp; And in the meantime,
+
+I order you - and in the king's name command you - not to see her again
+
+if you intend to avoid the full wrath of his majesty.'&amp;nbsp; Having said
+
+this, he got up and went off to his study.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Then the earl of Northumberland was sent for, who, learning of the request
+
+being at the king's command, made great speed to court.&amp;nbsp; his first
+
+port of call after leaving the north was to lord cardinal, by whom he was
+
+briefed about the cause of his hasty summons and with whom he spent a considerable
+
+time in secret discussions.&amp;nbsp; After their long talk, the cardinal ordered
+
+some wine and after they had drunk together the meeting broke up and the
+
+earl left.
+
+&lt;p&gt;As he was leaving, he sat down on a bench that the servants used and
+
+called his son Lord Percy to him, saying, in our presence: 'Son, you have
+
+always been a proud, presumptuous, headstrong wastrel.&amp;nbsp; And you have
+
+so proved yourself once more.&amp;nbsp; What possible joy, comfort, pleasure
+
+or solace could I ever receive from you who have so misconducted yourself
+
+without discretion and in such secrecy.&amp;nbsp; With no regard for your own
+
+father, nor for your sovereign to whom all honest and loyal subjects give
+
+faithful and humble obedience, nor even for your own noble estate, you
+
+have ill-advisedly become engaged to this girl and thereby incurred the
+
+king's displeasure - an action intolerable in any of his subjects!
+
+&lt;p&gt;'If it wasn't for the wisdom of the king and his benevolence towards
+
+your empty-headedness and willful stupidity, his wrath would have been
+
+sufficient to cast me and all my family for generations to come into abject
+
+poverty and desolation.&amp;nbsp; But by the supreme goodness of his grace
+
+and the worthy lord cardinal, I have been excused your transgression -
+
+they have decided to pity your stupidity rather than blame it - and have
+
+presented me with a command concerning you and your future conduct.
+
+&lt;p&gt;'I pray to God that this may serve as sufficient warning to you to conduct
+
+yourself with more care hereafter, for I can assure you that, if you do
+
+not amend your ways, you will be the last earl of Northumberland if I have
+
+anything to do with it.&amp;nbsp; You do nothing but waste and consume everything
+
+that all your ancestors have built up and cherished with great honor.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But in the name of the good and gracious king, I intend - God willing -
+
+so to arrange my succession that you will benefit from it but little.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For I have no intention, I can assure you, of making you my heir.&amp;nbsp;
+
+I have, after all, praise be to God, a wide choice of sons who will, I
+
+am sure, prove themselves worthier than you and abler to conduct themselves
+
+as true nobles should.&amp;nbsp; And from these I will choose the best as my
+
+successor.
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Now gentlemen,' he said to us servants, 'it may so happen that when
+
+I am dead you will see these things that I have spoken of to my son prove
+
+to be the case.&amp;nbsp; Yet in the meantime, I would be grateful if you could
+
+be his friends and tell him when he strays from the path or is at fault.'&amp;nbsp;
+
+And with that he took his leave of us and said to his son: 'Go on your
+
+way and serve the lord cardinal, your master, and make sure you carry out
+
+your duty.'&amp;nbsp; And thus he departed and went down through the hall and
+
+out to his barge.
+
+&lt;p&gt;After much debate and consultation about lord Percy's case it was finally 
+decided that his engagement to Anne Boleyn should be dissolved and that he 
+should instead marry one of the earl of Shrewsbury's daughters, Mary Talbot, 
+which he later did.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082595&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082595&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0157/f87feabc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0157/f87feabc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0157/f87feabc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,552 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">39021</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0157f87feabc783416248d4b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0157/f87feabc.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER ONE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Prospects of a disputed succession to the 
+      crown -- Various claimants -Catherine incapable of having further children 
+      -- Irregularity of her marriage with the King -- Papal dispensations -- 
+      First mention of the divorce -- Situation of the Papacy -- Charles V. -- 
+      Policy of Wolsey -- Anglo-French alliance -- Imperial troops in Italy -- 
+      Appeal of the Pope -- Mission of Inigo de Mendoza -- The Bishop of Tarbes 
+      -Legitimacy of the Princess Mary called in question -- Secret meeting of 
+      the Legates' court -- Alarms of Catherine -- Sack of Rome by the Duke of 
+      Bourbon -- Proposed reform of the Papacy -- The divorce promoted by Wolsey 
+      -- Unpopular in England -- Attempts of the Emperor to gain Wolsey.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;IN the year 1526 the political prospects of England became 
+    seriously clouded. A disputed succession had led in the previous century to 
+    a desperate civil war. In that year it became known in private circles that 
+    if Henry VIII. was to die the realm would again be left without a certain 
+    heir, and that the strife of the Roses might be renewed on an even more 
+    distracting scale. The sons who had been born to Queen Catherine had died in 
+    childbirth or had died immediately after it. The passionate hope of the 
+    country that she might still produce a male child who would survive had been 
+    constantly disappointed, and now could be entertained no longer. She was 
+    eight years older than her husband. She had &amp;quot;certain diseases&amp;quot; which made it 
+    impossible that she should be again pregnant, and Henry had for two years 
+    ceased to cohabit with her. He had two children still living -- the Princess 
+    Mary, Catherine's daughter, then a girl of eleven, and an illegitimate son 
+    born in 1519, the mother being a daughter of Sir John Blount, and married 
+    afterwards to Sir Gilbert Talboys. By presumptive law the Princess was the 
+    next heir; but no woman had ever sat on the throne of England alone and in 
+    her own right, and it was doubtful whether the nation would submit to a 
+    female sovereign. The boy, though excluded by his birth from the prospect of 
+    the crown, was yet brought up with exceptional care, called a prince by his 
+    tutors, and probably regarded by his father as a possible successor should 
+    his sister go the way of her brothers. In 1525, after the King had 
+    deliberately withdrawn from Catherine, he was created Duke of Richmond -- a 
+    title of peculiar significance, since it had been borne by his grandfather, 
+    Henry VII. -- and he was granted precedence over the rest of the peerage. 
+    Illegitimacy was a serious, but, it might be thought, was not an absolute, 
+    bar. The Conqueror had been himself a bastard. The Church, by its habits of 
+    granting dispensations for irregular marriages or of dissolving them on 
+    pleas of affinity or consanguinity or other pretext, had confused the 
+    distinction between legitimate and illegitimate. A Church Court had 
+    illegitimatised the children of Edward IV. and Elizabeth Grey, on the ground 
+    of one of Edward's previous connections; yet no one regarded the princes 
+    murdered in the Tower as having been illegitimate in reality; and to prevent 
+    disputes and for an adequate object, the Duke of Richmond, had he grown to 
+    manhood, might, in the absence of other claims, have been recognised by 
+    Parliament. But the Duke was still a child, and might die as Henry's other 
+    sons had died; and other claims there were which, in the face of the bar 
+    sinister, could not fail to be asserted. James V. of Scotland was next in 
+    blood, being the son of Henry's eldest sister, Margaret. There were the 
+    Greys, inheriting from the second sister, Mary. Outside the royal house 
+    there were the still popular representatives of the White Rose, the Marquis 
+    of Exeter, who was Edward IV.'s grandson; the Countess of Salisbury, 
+    daughter of Edward's brother the Duke of Clarence, and sister of the 
+    murdered Earl of Warwick; and Henry's life was the only obstacle between the 
+    collision of these opposing pretensions. James, it was quite certain, would 
+    not be allowed to succeed without a struggle. National rivalry forbade it. 
+    Yet it was no less certain that he would try, and would probably be backed 
+    by France. There was but one escape from convulsions which might easily be 
+    the ruin of the realm. The King was in the flower of his age, and might 
+    naturally look for a Prince of Wales to come after him if he was married to 
+    a woman capable of bearing one. It is neither unnatural nor, under the 
+    circumstances, a matter to be censured if he and others began to reflect 
+    upon the peculiar character of his connection with Catherine of Aragon. It 
+    is not sufficiently remembered that the marriage of a widow with her 
+    husband's brother was then, as it is now, forbidden by the laws of all 
+    civilised countries. Such a marriage at the present day would be held &lt;i&gt;
+    ipso facto&lt;/i&gt; invalid and not a marriage at all. An irregular power was 
+    then held to rest with the successors of St. Peter to dispense, under 
+    certain conditions, with the inhibitory rules. The popes are now understood 
+    to have never rightly possessed such an authority, and therefore, according 
+    to modern law and sentiment, Henry and Catherine never were husband and wife 
+    at all. At the time it was uncertain whether the dispensing power extended 
+    so far as to sanction such a union, and when the discussion rose upon it the 
+    Roman canonists were themselves divided. Those who maintained the widest 
+    view of thepapal faculty yet agreed that such a dispensation could only be 
+    granted for urgent cause, such as to prevent foreign wars or internal 
+    seditions, and no such cause was alleged to have existed when Ferdinand and 
+    Henry VII. arranged the marriage between their children. The dispensation 
+    had been granted by Pope Julius with reluctance, had been acted upon after 
+    considerable hesitation, and was of doubtful validity, since the necessary 
+    conditions were absent. The marriages of kings were determined with little 
+    reference to the personal affection of the parties. Between Henry and 
+    Catherine there was probably as much and as little personal attachment as 
+    there usually is in such cases. He respected and perhaps admired her 
+    character; but she was not beautiful, she was not attractive, while she was 
+    as proud and intractable as her mother Isabella. Their union had been 
+    settled by the two fathers to cement the alliance between England and Spain. 
+    Such connections rest on a different foundation from those which are 
+    voluntarily entered into between private persons. What is made up for 
+    political reasons may pardonably be dissolved when other reasons of a 
+    similar kind require it; and when it became clear that Catherine could never 
+    bear another child, that the penalty threatened in the Levitical law against 
+    marriages of this precise kind had been literally enforced in the death of 
+    the male offspring, and that civil war was imminent in consequence upon the 
+    King's death, Henry may have doubted in good faith whether she had ever been 
+    his wife at all -- whether, in fact, the marriage was not of the character 
+    which everyone would now allow to attach to similar unions. Had there been a 
+    Prince of Wales, the question would never have arisen, and Henry, like other 
+    kings, would have borne his fate. But there was no prince, and the question 
+    had risen, and there was no reason why it should not. There was no trace at 
+    the outset of an attachment to another woman. If there had been, there would 
+    be little to condemn; but Anne Boleyn, when it was first mooted, was no more 
+    to the King than any other lady of the court. He required a wife who could 
+    produce a son to secure the succession. The powers which had allowed an 
+    irregular marriage could equally dissolve it, and the King felt that he had 
+    a right to demand a familiar concession which other sovereigns had often 
+    applied for in one form or another, and rarely in vain. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus as early as 1526 certainly, and probably as much as a 
+    year before, Cardinal Wolsey had been feeling his way at Rome for a 
+    separation between Henry and Catherine. On September 7 in that year the 
+    Bishop of Bath, who was English Ambassador at Paris, informed the Cardinal 
+    of the arrival there of a confidential agent of Pope Clement VII. The agent 
+    had spoken to the Bishop on this especial subject, and had informed him that 
+    there would be difficulties about it. The &amp;quot;blessed divorce&amp;quot; -- &lt;i&gt;benedictum 
+    divorcium&lt;/i&gt; the Bishop calls it -- had been already under consideration at 
+    Rome. The difficulties were not specified, but the political features of the 
+    time obliged Clement to be circumspect, and it was these that were probably 
+    referred to. Francis I. had been defeated and taken prisoner by the 
+    Imperialists at Pavia. He had been carried to Spain, and had been released 
+    at Henry's intercession, under severe conditions, to which he had 
+    reluctantly consented, and his sons had been left at Madrid as hostages for 
+    the due fulfilment of them. The victorious army, half Spanish, half German, 
+    remained under the Duke of Bourbon to complete the conquest of Italy; and 
+    Charles V., with his already vast dominions and a treasury which the world 
+    believed to be inexhaustibly supplied from the gold mines of the New World, 
+    seemed advancing to universal empire. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;France in the preceding centuries had been the hereditary 
+    enemy of England; Spain and Burgundy her hereditary friends. The marriage of 
+    Catherine of Aragon had been a special feature of the established alliance. 
+    She was given first to Prince Arthur, and then to Henry, as link in the 
+    confederacy which was to hold in check French ambition. Times were changing. 
+    Charles V. had been elected emperor, largely through English influence; but 
+    Charles was threatening to be a more serious danger to Europe than France 
+    had been. The Italian princes were too weak to resist the conqueror of Pavia. 
+    Italy once conquered, the Papacy would become a dependency of the empire, 
+    and, with Charles's German subjects in open revolt against it, the Church 
+    would lose its authority, and the organisation of the Catholic world would 
+    fall into hopeless decrepitude. So thought Wolsey, the most sharp-sighted of 
+    English ministers. He believed that the maintenance of the Papacy was the 
+    best defence of order and liberty. The only remedy which he could see was a 
+    change of partners. England held the balance between the great rival powers. 
+    If the English alliance could be transferred from the Empire to France, the 
+    Emperor could be held in check, and his supposed ambition neutralised. 
+    Wolsey was utterly mistaken; but the mistake was not an unnatural one. 
+    Charles, busy with his Italian wars, had treated the Lutheran schism with 
+    suspicious forbearance. Notwithstanding his Indian ingots his finances were 
+    disordered. Bourbon's lansquenets had been left to pay themselves by 
+    plunder. They had sacked monasteries, pillaged cathedral plate, and ravished 
+    nuns with irreverent ferocity. The estates of the Church had been as little 
+    spared by them as Lombardy; and to Clement VII. the invasion was another 
+    inroad of barbarians, and Bourbon a second Attila. What Bourbon's master 
+    meant by it, and what he might intend to do, was as uncertain to Clement as 
+    perhaps it was to Charles himself. In the prostrate, degraded, and desperate 
+    condition into which the Church was falling, any resolution was possible. To 
+    the clearest eyes in Europe the Papacy seemed tottering to its fall, and 
+    Charles's hand, if he chose to raise it, might precipitate the catastrophe. 
+    To ask a pope at such a time to give mortal offence to the Spanish nation by 
+    agreeing to the divorce of Catherine of Aragon was to ask him to sign his 
+    death-warrant. No wonder, therefore, that he found difficulties. Yet it was 
+    to France and England that Clement had to look for help in his extremities. 
+    The divorce perhaps had as yet been no more than a suggestion, a part of a 
+    policy which was still in its infancy. It could wait at any rate for a more 
+    convenient season. Meantime he sent his secretary, Sanga, to Paris to beg 
+    aid; and to Henry personally he made a passionate appeal, imploring him not 
+    to desert the Apostolic See in its hour of extreme need. He apologised for 
+    his importunacy, but he said he hoped that history would not have to record 
+    that Italy had been devastated in the time of Clement VII. to the dishonour 
+    of the King and of Wolsey. If France and England failed him, he would 
+    himself be ruined. The Emperor would be universal monarch. They would open 
+    their eyes at last, but they would open them too late. So piteous was the 
+    entreaty that Henry when he read the Pope's letter burst into tears. Clement 
+    had not been idle. He had brought his own small army into the field to 
+    oppose Bourbon; he joined the Italian League, and prepared to defend 
+    himself. He was called the father of Christendom, yet he was at open war 
+    with the most Catholic king. But Wolsey reasonably considered that unless 
+    the Western powers interfered the end would come. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;If England was to act, she could act only in alliance with 
+    France. The change of policy was ill understood, and was not popular among 
+    Henry's subjects. The divorce as yet had not been spoken of. No breath of 
+    such a purpose had gone abroad. But English sentiment was imperial, and 
+    could endure with equanimity even the afflictions of a pope. The King was 
+    more papal than his people; he allowed Wolsey to guide him, and negotiations 
+    were set on foot at once for a special treaty with France, one of the 
+    conditions of which was to be the marriage of the Princess Mary -- allotted 
+    like a card in a game -- either to Francis or to one of his sons; another 
+    condition being that the English crown should be settled upon her should 
+    Henry die without a legitimate son. Sir John Russell was simultaneously 
+    despatched to Rome with money to help the Pope in paying his troops and 
+    garrisoning the city. The ducats and the &amp;quot;kind words&amp;quot; which accompanied them 
+    &amp;quot;created incredible joy,&amp;quot; encouraged his Holiness to reject unjust 
+    conditions which had been offered, and restored him, if for the moment only, 
+    &amp;quot;from death to life.&amp;quot; If Russell described correctly what he saw in passing 
+    through Italy, Clement had good cause for anxiety. &amp;quot;The Swabians and 
+    Spaniards,&amp;quot; he wrote, &amp;quot;had committed horrible atrocities. They had burnt 
+    houses to the value of two hundred million ducats, with all the churches, 
+    images, and priests that fell into their hands. They had compelled the 
+    priests and monks to violate the nuns. Even where they were received without 
+    opposition they had burned the place; they had not spared the boys, and they 
+    had carried off the girls; and whenever they found the Sacrament of the 
+    Church they had thrown it into a river or into the vilest place they could 
+    find. If God did not punish such cruelty and wickedness, men would infer 
+    that He did not trouble Himself about the affairs of this world.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The news from Italy gave a fresh impulse to Wolsey's policy 
+    and the Anglo-French Alliance, which was pushed forward in spite of popular 
+    disapproval. The Emperor, unable to pay, and therefore unable to control, 
+    his troops, became himself alarmed. He found himself pressed into a course 
+    which was stimulating the German revolt against the Papacy, and he professed 
+    himself anxious to end the war. Inigo de Mendoza, the Bishop of Burgos, was 
+    despatched to Paris to negotiate for a general pacification. From Paris he 
+    was to proceed to London to assure Henry of the Emperor's inalienable 
+    friendship, and above all things to gain over Wolsey by the means which 
+    experience had shown to be the nearest way to Wolsey's heart. The great 
+    Cardinal was already Charles's pensionary, but the pension was several years 
+    in arrear. Mendoza was to tell him not only that the arrears should be 
+    immediately paid up, but that a second pension should be secured to him on 
+    the revenues of Milan, and that the Emperor would make him a further grant 
+    of 6,000 ducats annually out of the income of Spanish bishoprics. No means 
+    was to be spared to divert the hostility of so dangerous an enemy.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Wolsey was not to be so easily gained. He had formed large 
+    schemes which he did not mean to part with, and in the matter of pensions 
+    Francis I. was as liberal in promises as Charles. The Pope's prospects were 
+    brightening. Besides the English money, he had improved his finances by 
+    creating six new cardinals, and making 240,000 crowns out of the disposition 
+    of these sacred offices. A French embassy, with the Bishop of Tarbes at its 
+    head, came to England to complete the treaty with Henry in the Pope's 
+    defence. Demands were to be made upon the Emperor; if those demands were 
+    refused, war was to follow, and the cement of the alliance was to be the 
+    marriage of Mary with a French prince. It is likely that other secret 
+    projects were in view also of a similar kind. The marriage of Henry with 
+    Catherine had been intended to secure the continuance of the alliance with 
+    Spain. Royal ladies were the counters with which politicians played; and 
+    probably enough there were thoughts of placing a French princess in 
+    Catherine's place. However this may be, the legality of the King's marriage 
+    with his nominal queen was suddenly and indirectly raised in the discussion 
+    of the terms of the treaty, when the Bishop of Tarbes inquired whether it 
+    was certain that Catherine's daughter was legitimate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Mr. Brewer, the careful and admirable editor of the &amp;quot;Foreign 
+    and Domestic Calendar of State Papers,&amp;quot; doubts whether the Bishop did 
+    anything of the kind. I cannot agree with Mr. Brewer. The Bishop of Tarbes 
+    was among the best-known diplomatists in Europe. He was actively concerned 
+    during subsequent years in the process of the divorce case in London, in 
+    Paris, and at Rome. The expressions which he used on this occasion were 
+    publicly appealed to by Henry in his addresses to the peers and to the 
+    country, in the public pleas which he laid before the English prelates, in 
+    the various repeated defences which he made for his conduct. It is 
+    impossible that the Bishop should have been ignorant of the use which was 
+    made of his name, and impossible equally to suppose that he would have 
+    allowed his name to be used unfairly. The Bishop of Tarbes was 
+    unquestionably the first person to bring the question publicly forward. It 
+    is likely enough, however, that his introduction of so startling a topic had 
+    been privately arranged between himself and Wolsey as a prelude to the 
+    further steps which were immediately to follow. For the divorce had by this 
+    time been finally resolved on as part of a general scheme for the alteration 
+    of the balance of power. The domestic reasons for it were as weighty as ever 
+    were alleged for similar separations. The Pope's hesitation, it might be 
+    assumed, would now be overcome, since he had flung himself for support upon 
+    England and France, and his relations with the Emperor could hardly be worse 
+    than they were. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The outer world, and even the persons principally concerned, 
+    were taken entirely by surprise. For the two years during which it had been 
+    under consideration the secret had been successfully preserved. Not a hint 
+    had reached Catherine herself, and even when the match had been lighted by 
+    the Bishop of Tarbes the full meaning of it does not seem to have occurred 
+    to her. Mendoza, on his arrival in England, had found her disturbed; she was 
+    irritated at the position which had been given to the Duke of Richmond; she 
+    was angry, of course, at the French alliance; she complained that she was 
+    kept in the dark about public affairs; she was exerting herself to the 
+    utmost among the friends of the imperial connection to arrest Wolsey's 
+    policy and maintain the ancient traditions; but of the divorce she had not 
+    heard a word. It was to come upon her like a thunderstroke.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Before the drama opens a brief description will not be out 
+    of place of the two persons who were to play the principal parts on the 
+    stage, as they were seen a year later by Ludovico Falieri, the Venetian 
+    ambassador in England. Of Catherine his account is brief. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The Queen is of low stature and rather stout; very good and 
+    very religious; speaks Spanish, French, Flemish, and English; more beloved 
+    by the Islanders than any queen that has ever reigned; about forty-five 
+    years old, and has been in England thirty years. She has had two sons and 
+    one daughter. Both the sons died in infancy. One daughter survives.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On the King, Falieri is more elaborate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;In the 8th Henry such beauty of mind and body is combined 
+    as to surprise and astonish. Grand stature, suited to his exalted position, 
+    showing the superiority of mind and character; a face like an angel's, so 
+    fair it is; his head bald like CÃŠsar's, and he wears a beard, which is not 
+    the English custom. He is accomplished in every manly exercise, sits his 
+    horse well, tilts with his lance, throws the quoit, shoots with his bow 
+    excellent well; he is a fine tennis player, and he practises all these gifts 
+    with the greatest industry. Such a prince could not fail to have cultivated 
+    also his character and his intellect. He has been a student from his 
+    childhood; he knows literature, philosophy, and theology; speaks and writes 
+    Spanish, French, and Italian, besides Latin and English. He is kind, 
+    gracious, courteous, liberal, especially to men of learning, whom he is 
+    always ready to help. He appears religious also, generally hears two masses 
+    a day, and on holy days High Mass besides. He is very charitable, giving 
+    away ten thousand gold ducats annually among orphans, widows, and cripples.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such was the King, such the Queen, whom fate and the 
+    preposterous pretensions of the Papacy to dispense with the established 
+    marriage laws had irregularly mated, and whose separation was to shake the 
+    European world. Pope Clement complained in subsequent years that the burden 
+    of decision should have been thrown in the first instance upon himself. If 
+    the King had proceeded at the outset to try the question in the English 
+    courts; if a judgment had been given unfavourable to the marriage, and had 
+    he immediately acted upon it, Queen Catherine might have appealed to the 
+    Holy See; but accomplished facts were solid things. Her case might have been 
+    indefinitely protracted by legal technicalities till it died of itself. It 
+    would have been a characteristic method of escape out of the difficulty, and 
+    it was a view which Wolsey himself perhaps at first entertained. He knew 
+    that the Pope was unwilling to take the first step.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On the 17th of May, 1527, after a discussion of the Treaty 
+    with France, he called a meeting of his Legatine court at York Place. 
+    Archbishop Warham sate with him as assessor. The King attended, and the 
+    Cardinal, having stated that a question had arisen on the lawfulness of his 
+    marriage, enquired whether the King, for the sake of public morals and the 
+    good of his own soul, would allow the objections to be examined into. The 
+    King assented, and named a proctor. The Bull of Julius II. was introduced 
+    and considered. Wolsey declared that in a case so intricate the canon 
+    lawyers must be consulted, and he asked for the opinions of the assembled 
+    bishops. The bishops, one only excepted, gave dubious answers. The aged 
+    Bishop of Rochester, reputed the holiest and wisest of them, said decidedly 
+    that the marriage was good, and the Bull which legalised it sufficient. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;These proceedings were not followed up, but the secrecy 
+    which had hitherto been observed was no longer possible, and Catherine and 
+    her friends learnt now for the first time the measure which was in 
+    contemplation. Mendoza, writing on the day following the York Place meeting 
+    to the Emperor, informed him, as a fact which he had learnt on reliable 
+    authority, that Wolsey, for a final stroke of wickedness, was scheming to 
+    divorce the Queen. She was so much alarmed that she did not venture herself 
+    to speak of it, but it was certain that the lawyers and bishops had been 
+    invited to sign a declaration that, being his brother's widow, she could not 
+    be the wife of the King. The Pope, she was afraid, might be tempted to take 
+    part against her, or the Cardinal himself might deliver judgment as Papal 
+    Legate. Her one hope was in the Emperor. The cause of the action taken 
+    against her was her fidelity to the Imperial interests. Nothing as yet had 
+    been made formally public, and she begged that the whole matter might be 
+    kept as private as possible.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;That the Pope would be willing, if he dared, to gratify 
+    Henry at Charles's expense was only too likely. The German Lutherans and the 
+    German Emperor were at the moment his most dangerous enemies. France and 
+    England were the only Powers who seemed willing to assist him, and a week 
+    before the meeting of Wolsey's court he had experienced in the most terrible 
+    form what the imperial hostility might bring upon him. On the 7th of that 
+    same month of May the army of the Duke of Bourbon had taken Rome by storm. 
+    The city was given up to pillage. Reverend cardinals were dragged through 
+    the streets on mules' backs, dishonoured and mutilated. Convents of nuns 
+    were abandoned to the licentious soldiery. The horrors of the capture may 
+    have been exaggerated, but it is quite certain that to holy things or holy 
+    persons no respect was paid, and that the atrocities which in those days 
+    were usually perpetrated in stormed towns were on this occasion eminently 
+    conspicuous. The unfortunate Pope, shut up in the Castle of St. Angelo, 
+    looked down from its battlements upon scenes so dreadful that it must have 
+    appeared as if the Papacy and the Church itself had been overtaken by the 
+    final judgment. We regard the Spaniards as a nation of bigots, we consider 
+    it impossible that the countrymen of Charles and Philip could have been 
+    animated by any such bitterness against the centre of Catholic Christendom. 
+    Charles himself is not likely to have intended the humiliation of the Holy 
+    See. But Clement had reason for his misgivings, and Wolsey's policy was not 
+    without excuse. Lope de Soria was Charles's Minister at Genoa, and Lope de 
+    Soria's opinions, freely uttered, may have been shared by many a Catholic 
+    besides himself. On the 25th of May, a fortnight after the storm, he wrote 
+    to his master the following noticeable letter: -- &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The sack of Rome must be regarded as a visitation from God, 
+    who permits his servant the Emperor to teach his Vicar on earth and other 
+    Christian princes that their wicked purposes shall be defeated, the unjust 
+    wars which they have raised shall cease, peace be restored to Christendom, 
+    the faith be exalted, and heresy extirpated. . . . Should the Emperor think 
+    that the Church of God is not what it ought to be, and that the Pope's 
+    temporal power emboldens him to promote war among Christian princes, I 
+    cannot but remind your Majesty that it will not be a sin, but a meritorious 
+    action, to reform the Church; so that the Pope's authority be confined 
+    exclusively to his own spiritual affairs, and temporal affairs to be left to 
+    CÃŠsar, since by right what is God's belongs to God, and what is CÃŠsar's to 
+    CÃŠsar. I have been twenty-eight years in Italy, and I have observed that the 
+    Popes have been the sole cause of all the wars and miseries during that 
+    time. Your Imperial Majesty, as Supreme Lord on earth, is bound to apply a 
+    remedy to that evil.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Heretical English and Germans were not the only persons who 
+    could recognise the fitness of the secular supremacy of princes over popes 
+    and Churches. Such thoughts must have passed through the mind of Charles 
+    himself, and of many more besides him. De Soria's words might have been 
+    dictated by Luther or Thomas Cromwell. Had the Emperor at that moment placed 
+    himself at the head of the Reformation, all later history would have been 
+    different. One statesman at any rate had cause to fear that this might be 
+    what was about to happen. Wolsey was the embodiment of everything most 
+    objectionable and odious to the laity in the ecclesiastical administration 
+    of Europe. To defend the Papacy and to embarrass Charles was the surest 
+    method of protecting himself and his order. The divorce was an incident in 
+    the situation, but not the least important. Catherine represented the 
+    Imperialist interest in England. To put her away was to make the breach with 
+    her countrymen and kindred irreparable. He took upon himself to assure the 
+    King that after the last outrage the Pope would agree to anything that 
+    France and England demanded of him, and would trust to his allies to bear 
+    him harmless. That the divorce was a thing reasonable in itself to ask for, 
+    and certain to be conceded by any pope who was free to act on his own 
+    judgment, was assumed as a matter of course. Sir Gregory Casalis, the 
+    English agent at Rome, was instructed to obtain access to Clement in St. 
+    Angelo, to convey to him the indignation felt in England at his treatment, 
+    and then to insist on the illegality of the King's relations with Catherine, 
+    on the King's own scruples of conscience, and on the anxiety of his subjects 
+    that there should be a male heir to the crown. The &amp;quot;urgent cause&amp;quot; such as 
+    was necessary to be produced when exceptional actions were required of the 
+    popes was the imminence or even certainty of civil war if no such heir was 
+    born. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Catherine meanwhile had again communiated with Mendoza. She 
+    had spoken to her husband, and Henry, since further reticence was 
+    impossible, had told her that they had been living in mortal sin, and that a 
+    separation was necessary. A violent scene had followed, with natural tears 
+    and reproaches. The King endeavoured to console her, but it was not a matter 
+    where consolation could avail. Wolsey advised him to deal with her gently, 
+    till it was seen what the Pope and the King of France would do in the 
+    matter. Wolsey himself was to go immediately to Paris to see Francis, and 
+    consult with him on the measures necessary to be taken in consequence of the 
+    Pope's imprisonment. It was possible that Clement, finding himself helpless, 
+    might become a puppet in the Emperor's hands. Under such circumstances he 
+    could not be trusted by other countries with the spiritual authority 
+    attaching to his office, and schemes were being formed for some interim 
+    arrangement by which France and England were to constitute themselves into a 
+    separate patriarchate, with Wolsey at its head as Archbishop of Rouen. 
+    Mendoza says that this proposal had been actually made to Wolsey by the 
+    French Ambassador. In Spain it was even believed to be contemplated as a 
+    permanent modification of the ecclesiastical system. The Imperial 
+    Councillors at Valladolid told the Venetian Minister that the Cardinal 
+    intended to separate the Churches of England and France from that of Rome, 
+    saying that as the Pope was a prisoner he was not to be obeyed, and that 
+    even if the Emperor released him, he still would not be free unless his 
+    fortresses and territory now in the Emperor's hands were restored to him. 
+    Wolsey had reason for anxiety, for Catherine and Mendoza were writing to the 
+    Emperor insisting that he should make the Pope revoke Wolsey's Legatine 
+    powers. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In spite of efforts to keep secret the intended divorce, it 
+    soon became known thoughout England. The Queen was personally popular. The 
+    nation generally detested France, and looked on the Emperor as their 
+    hereditary friend. The reasons for the divorce might influence statesmen, 
+    but did not touch the body of the people. They naturally took the side of an 
+    injured wife, and if Mendoza can be believed (and there is no reason why he 
+    should not be believed), the first impression was decidedly unfavourable to 
+    a project which was regarded as part of the new policy. Mendoza made the 
+    most of the opposition. He told the Emperor that if six or seven thousand 
+    men were landed in Cornwall, forty thousand Englishmen would rise and join 
+    them. He saw Wolsey -- he reasoned with him, and when he found reason 
+    ineffectual, he named the bribe which the Emperor was willing to give. 
+    Knowing what Francis was bidding, he baited his hook more liberally. He 
+    spoke of the Papacy: &amp;quot;how the chair was now in the Emperor's hands, and the 
+    Emperor, if Wolsey deserved it, would no doubt promote his elevation.&amp;quot; The 
+    glittering temptation was unavailing. The papal chair had been Wolsey's 
+    highest ambition, but he remained unmoved. He said that he had served the 
+    Emperor in the past out of disinterested regard. He still trusted that the 
+    Emperor would replace the Pope and restore the Church. Mendoza's answer was 
+    not reassuring to an English statesman. He said that both the spiritual and 
+    temporal powers were now centred in his master, and he advised Wolsey, if he 
+    desired an arrangement, to extend his journey from France, go on to Spain, 
+    and see the Emperor in person. It was precisely this centering which those 
+    who had charge of English liberties had a right to resent. Divorce or no 
+    divorce, they could not allow a power possessed of so much authority in the 
+    rest of Christendom to be the servant of a single prince. The divorce was 
+    but an illustration of the situation, and such a Papacy as Mendoza 
+    contemplated would reduce England and all Catholic Europe into fiefs of the 
+    Empire. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudetwo.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter Two&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082631&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082631&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8777</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I / Mary Tudor - Marian Government Policies</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH015e9ea6386857edec159d2e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215251</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH015e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">marygovt.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;IMG 
+height=45 alt=&quot;Marian Government Policies&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/marygovt.gif&quot; 
+width=343&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The following is a list of government policies &amp;amp; officials. 
+&lt;BR&gt;It also includes religious legislation. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;When did Parliament meet during Mary's reign?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;5 October 1553 to 5 December 1553 &lt;BR&gt;2 April 1554 to 5 May 1554 &lt;BR&gt;12 
+November 1554 to 16 January 1555 &lt;BR&gt;21 October 1555 to 9 December 1555 &lt;BR&gt;20 
+January 1558 to 17 November 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Who were the Speakers of the House of Commons?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;Sir John Pollard, M.P. for Oxfordshire - elected 5 October 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
+Robert Brooke, M.P. for the City of London - elected 2 April 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
+Clement Higham, M.P. for West Looe - elected 12 November 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Sir John 
+Pollard, M.P. for Chippenham - elected 21 October 1555 &lt;BR&gt;Sir William Cordell, 
+M.P. for Suffolk - elected 20 January 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester&amp;nbsp; 1553-1555 &lt;BR&gt;Nicholas Heath, 
+Archbishop of York&amp;nbsp; 1556-1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Keepers of the Privy Seal&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;John Russell, 1st 
+Lord Russell, created 1st earl of Bedford, 1550)&amp;nbsp; 1542-1555 &lt;BR&gt;William 
+Paget&amp;nbsp; 1555-1559 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Principal Secretaries&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Sir John Cheke&amp;nbsp; 
+1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir John Bourne&amp;nbsp; 1553-1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Justices of the King's Bench&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Thomas 
+Bromley&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;William Portman&amp;nbsp; 1555 &lt;BR&gt;Edward Saunders&amp;nbsp; 1557 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Justices of Common Pleas&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Richard 
+Morgan&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Robert Brooke&amp;nbsp; 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Anthony Browne&amp;nbsp; 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Lord Treasurers&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;William Paulet, 1st earl of 
+Wiltshire (1550) and 1st marquis of Winchester (1551) &lt;BR&gt;held office of Lord 
+Treasurer from 1550 to 1572 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Barons of the Court of Exchequer&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;David 
+Brook&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Clement Heigham&amp;nbsp; 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Masters of the Rolls - Court of Chancery&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
+Nicholas Hare&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir William Cordell&amp;nbsp; 1557&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Religious Developments&amp;nbsp; 1553-1558&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;UL&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT color=#990000&gt;Compare the religious acts of January - July 1553 to 
+  those passed after Mary became queen.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine the confusion 
+  caused by such rapid shifts in ideology.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/UL&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;1553&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - Sir Richard 
+Cotton ordered to seize Church plate and vestments.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;12 June - the Forty-Two Articles issued (includes the statement 
+that Justification before God is by faith alone; also, good works play no part 
+in salvation &amp;amp; there is no purgatory.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;19 
+July - Mary Tudor proclaimed queen of England.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;Immediate &amp;amp; rapid religious changes ensue.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;September - Bishops Bale, Coverdale, Ponet, Scory &amp;amp; 
+Barlow are deprived of their offices &amp;amp; eventually flee overseas.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Bishops Gardiner and Bonner are released from prison and 
+reinstated to former offices.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Mary orders that 
+Archbishop Cranmer be arrested.&amp;nbsp; His fellow Protestant leaders - Latimer, 
+Hooper &amp;amp; Ridley (and a score of others) are also arrested.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;October - Parliament in session.&amp;nbsp; It refuses to repeal the 
+Act of Supremacy, despite Mary's insistence.&amp;nbsp; They do pass an Actof Repeal 
+which essentially voids the Edwardian reformation - and reinstates Mass, 
+clerical celibacy &amp;amp; ritual worship.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;December 
+- Mary responds to Parliament's refusal to repeal the Act of Supremacy &amp;amp; 
+rejects the title of Supreme Head of the English Church.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - 
+prominent English Protestants flee to Germany and Switzerland, trying to avoid 
+Marian prosecution of married/non-celibate clergy.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;March - Mary issues Royal Injunction - orders bishops to remove 
+married clergy from office; suppress heresy; only ordain clergy who have been 
+ordained under the English Ordinal; restore Holy Days and attendant 
+ceremonies.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Gardiner begins a methodical purge of 
+married clergy.&amp;nbsp; This practice eventually claims almost a quarter of parish 
+clergy.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;April - Parliament meets again - and once 
+more clash with Mary.&amp;nbsp; They eventually agree to pass heresy laws - &lt;I&gt;if 
+&lt;/I&gt;there is no restoration of monastic lands.&amp;nbsp; Mary reluctantly agrees to 
+the condition.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;November - Cardinal Reginald Pole 
+(whose Plantagenet mother, Margaret, was brutally murdered by Henry VIII) 
+returns to England and the sentence of excommunication is lifted from 
+England.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Also, Parliament meets again and passes 
+a 2nd Act of Repeal which voids all religious legislation since 1529.&amp;nbsp; In 
+other words, the Henrician Reformation never occurred!&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1555&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - Mary 
+begins the new year by appointing a commission to re-establish various religious 
+houses.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;4 February - The first Protestant martyr 
+is publicly burned - John Rogers, translator of the Bible, is convicted under 
+the new heresy laws.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;16 October - Bishops Ridley 
+and Latimer are burnt for heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;12 November - Stephen Gardiner, Mary's Catholic adviser, 
+dies.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;13 November - Archbishop Cranmer is 
+officially deprived of the See of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;December - Cardinal Reginald Pole is given Cranmer's former 
+position - named Archbishop of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1556&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;The public 
+burning of Protestant martyrs continues unabated.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;21 March - Thomas Cranmer recants all retractions and is burnt for 
+heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford - where Ridley and Latimer were also 
+killed.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;22 March - Pole is officially consecrated 
+as Archbishop of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Cardinal Pole 
+becomes enmeshed in arguments with Pope Paul IV and is deprived of his position 
+as Papal Legate.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1557&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Many small 
+religious houses are re-established.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;June - Pole 
+is recalled to Rome to answer charges of heresy, referencing his arguments with 
+the pope.&amp;nbsp; Mary refuses to let him go.&amp;nbsp; The pope appoints Friar 
+William Peto as Papal Legate in Pole's place.&amp;nbsp; Mary refuses to recognize 
+the appointment.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1558&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;10 November - 
+five prominent Protestants burnt for hersey at Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; In total, about 
+300 Protestants were killed during Mary's reign.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;The prominent Protestant exile Thomas Bentham returns to London 
+and leads Protestant meetings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;17 November - Mary 
+and Pole both die.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Queen Mary I main page&lt;/A&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082673&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082673&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0163.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0163.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0163.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,722 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">51569</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH016311805c5894048320a34c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0163.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER VI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;FOREIGN AFFAIRS : 1572-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;THE year 1572 witnessed two events of capital 
+    importance in European history: the rising in the Netherlands, which 
+    resulted in the establishment of the Dutch Republic (April); and the 
+    massacre of St. Bartholomew, which marked the decisive rejection of 
+    Protestantism by France (August). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the beginning of that year--a few weeks 
+    before the proceedings in Parliament just narrated--Elizabeth had at last 
+    concluded the defensive alliance with France for which she had been so long 
+    negotiating (19 April). It cannot be too often repeated that this was the 
+    corner-stone of her foreign policy. For the sake of its superior importance 
+    she had abstained from the interference in Scotland which her Ministers were 
+    always urging. The more she interfered there the more she would have to 
+    interfere, till it would end in her having a rebellious province on her 
+    hands in addition to the hostility of both France and Spain; whereas an 
+    alliance with France would give her security on all sides, Scotland 
+    included. In the treaty it was agreed that if either country were invaded 
+    &amp;quot;under any pretence or cause, none excepted,&amp;quot; the other should send 6000 
+    troops to its assistance. This was accompanied with an explanation, in the 
+    King's handwriting, that &amp;quot;any cause &amp;quot; included religion. The article 
+    relating to Scotland is not less significant. The two sovereigns &amp;quot;shall make 
+    no innovations in Scotland, but defend it against foreigners, not suffering 
+    strangers to enter, or foment the factions in Scotland; but it shall be 
+    lawful for the Queen of England to chastise by arms the Scots who shall 
+    countenance the English rebels now in Scotland.&amp;quot; Mary was not mentioned. 
+    France therefore tacitly renounced her cause. Immediately after the 
+    conclusion of the treaty Charles IX. formally proposed a marriage between 
+    Elizabeth and his youngest brother, AlenÃ§on. This proposal she managed to 
+    encourage and elude for eleven years. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was just at this moment that the seizure 
+    of Brill by some Dutch rovers, who had taken refuge on the sea from the 
+    cruelty of Alva, caused most of the towns of Holland and Zealand to blaze 
+    into rebellion (1 April). Thus began the great war of liberation, which was 
+    to last thirty-seven years. The Protestant party in England hailed the 
+    revolt with enthusiasm. Large subscriptions were made to assist it, and 
+    volunteers poured across to take part in the struggle. Charles IX. and his 
+    mother, full of schemes of conquest in the Netherlands, urged Elizabeth to 
+    join them in a war against Philip. But, with a sagacity and self-restraint 
+    which do her infinite honour, she refused to be drawn beyond the lines laid 
+    down in the recent defensive alliance. Security, economy, fructification of 
+    the tax-payers' money in the tax-payers' pocket--such were the guiding 
+    principles of her policy. She was not to be dragged into dangerous 
+    enterprises either ambitious or Quixotic. Schemes for the partition of the 
+    Netherlands were laid before her. Zealand, it was said, would indemnify her 
+    for Calais. What Englishman with any common sense does not now see that she 
+    was right to reject the bribe? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;To Elizabeth no rebellion against a 
+    legitimate sovereign could be welcome in itself. Since Philip was so 
+    possessed by religious bigotry as to be dangerous to all Protestant States, 
+    she was not sorry that he should wear out his crusading ardour in the 
+    Netherlands; and she was ready to give just as much assistance to the Dutch, 
+    in an underhand way, as would keep him fully occupied without bringing a 
+    declaration of war upon herself. But she would have vastly preferred that he 
+    should repress Catholic and Protestant fanatics alike, and get along quietly 
+    with the mass of his subjects as his father had done before him. Charles IX. 
+    was eager to strike in if she would join him. Those who blame her so 
+    severely for her refusal seem to forget that a French conquest of the 
+    Netherlands would have been far more dangerous to this country than their 
+    possession by Spain. To keep them out of French hands has indeed been the 
+    traditional policy of England during the whole of modern history. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But, it is said, such a war would have 
+    clinched the alliance recently patched up between the French court and the 
+    Huguenots; there would have been no Bartholomew Massacre; &amp;quot;on Elizabeth 
+    depended at that moment whether the French Government would take its place 
+    once for all on the side of the Reformation.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Whether it would have been for the advantage 
+    of European progress in the long-run that France should settle down into 
+    Calvinism, I will forbear to inquire. Fortunately for the immediate 
+    interests of England, Elizabeth understood the situation in France better 
+    than some of her critics do, even with the results before their eyes. The 
+    Huguenots were but a small fraction of the nation. Whatever importance they 
+    possessed they derived from their rank, their turbulence, and the ambition 
+    of their leaders. In a few towns of the south and south-west they formed a 
+    majority of the population. But everywhere else they were mostly noblemen, 
+    full of the arrogance and reckless valour of their class, anything but 
+    puritans in their morals, and ready to destroy the unity of the kingdom for 
+    political no less than for religious objects. They had been losing ground 
+    for several years. The mass of the people abhorred their doctrines, and 
+    protested against any concession to their pretensions. Charles and his 
+    mother were absolutely careless about religion. Their feud with the Guises 
+    and their designs on the Netherlands had led them to invite the Huguenot 
+    chiefs to court, and so to give them a momentary influence in shaping the 
+    policy of France. It was with nothing more solid to lean on than this 
+    ricketty and short-lived combination that Burghley and Walsingham were eager 
+    to launch England into a war with the most powerful monarchy in Europe.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The massacre of St. Bartholomew (24 August) 
+    was a rude awakening from these dreams. That thunderclap did not show that, 
+    in signing the treaty with England and in proposing an attack on Philip, the 
+    French Government had been playing a treacherous game all along, in order to 
+    lure the Huguenots to the shambles. But it did show that when the Catholic 
+    sentiment in France was thoroughly roused, the dynasty itself must bend 
+    before it or be swept away. England might help the Huguenots to keep up a 
+    desultory and harassing civil war; she could no more enable them to control 
+    the policy of the French nation and wield its force, than she could at the 
+    present day restore the Bourbons or Bonapartes. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The first idea of Elizabeth and her 
+    ministers, on receiving the news of the massacre, naturally was that the 
+    French Government had been playing them false from the first, that the 
+    Catholic League for the extirpation of heresy in Europe, which had been so 
+    much talked of since the Bayonne interview in 1565, was after all a reality, 
+    and that England might expect an attack from the combined forces of Spain 
+    and France. Thanks to the prudent policy of Elizabeth, England was in a far 
+    better position to meet all dangers than she had been in 1565. The fleet was 
+    brought round to the Downs. The coast was guarded by militia. An expedition 
+    was organised to co-operate with the Dutch insurgents. Money was sent to the 
+    Prince of Orange. Huguenot refugees were allowed to fit out a flotilla to 
+    assist their co-religionists in Rochelle. The Scotch Regent Mar was 
+    informed, with great secrecy, that if he would demand the extradition of 
+    Mary, and undertake to punish her capitally for her husband's murder, she 
+    should be given up to him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A few weeks sufficed to show that there was 
+    no reason for panic. Confidence, indeed, between the French and English 
+    Governments had been severely shaken. Each stood suspiciously on its guard. 
+    But the alliance was too well grounded in the interests of both parties to 
+    be lightly cast aside. The French ambassador was instructed to excuse and 
+    deplore the massacre as best he could, and to press on the AlenÃ§on marriage. 
+    Elizabeth, dressed in deep mourning, gave him a stiff reception, but let him 
+    see her desire to maintain the alliance. The massacre did not restore the 
+    ascendancy of the Guises. To the Huguenots, as religious reformers, it gave 
+    a blow from which they did not recover. But as a political faction they were 
+    not crushed. Nay, their very weakness became their salvation, since it 
+    compelled them to fall into the second rank behind the &lt;i&gt;Politiques&lt;/i&gt;, 
+    the true party of progress, who were before long to find a victorious leader 
+    in Henry of Navarre. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Philip, for his part, was equally far from 
+    any thought of a crusade against England. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, commanding 
+    several companies of English volunteers, with the hardly concealed sanction 
+    of his government, was fighting against the Spaniards in Walcheren and 
+    hanging all his prisoners. Sir John Hawkins, with twenty ships, had sailed 
+    to intercept the Mexican treasure fleet. Yet Alva, though gnashing his 
+    teeth, was obliged to advise his master to swallow it all, and to be 
+    thankful if he could get Elizabeth to reopen commercial intercourse, which 
+    had been prohibited on both sides since the quarrel about the Genoese 
+    treasure. A treaty for this purpose was in fact concluded early in 1573. 
+    Thus the chief result of the Bartholomew Massacre, as far as Elizabeth was 
+    concerned, was to show how strong her position was, and that she had no need 
+    either to truckle to Catholics or let her hand be forced by Protestants. A 
+    balance of power on the Continent was what suited her, as it has generally 
+    suited this country. Let her critics say what they will, it was no business 
+    of hers to organise a Protestant league, and so drive the Catholic 
+    sovereigns to sink their mutual jealousies and combine against the common 
+    enemy. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Scotch Regent was quite ready to 
+    undertake the punishment of Mary, but only on condition that Elizabeth would 
+    send the Earl of Bedford or the Earl of Huntingdon with an army to be 
+    present at the execution and to take Edinburgh Castle. It need hardly be 
+    said that there was also a demand for money. Mar died during the 
+    negotiations, but they were continued by his successor Morton. Elizabeth was 
+    determined to give no open consent to Mary's execution. She meant, no doubt, 
+    as soon as it should be over, to protest, as she did fifteen years 
+    afterwards, that there had been an unfortunate mistake, and to lay the blame 
+    of it on the Scotch Government and her own agents. This part of the 
+    negotiation therefore came to nothing. But money was sent to Morton, which 
+    enabled him to establish a blockade of Edinburgh Castle, and by the 
+    mediation of Elizabeth's ambassador, the Hamiltons, Gordons, and all the 
+    other Marians except those in the Castle, accepted the very favourable terms 
+    offered them, and recognised James. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All that remained was to reduce the Castle. 
+    Its defenders numbered less than two hundred men. The city and the 
+    surrounding country were--as far as preaching and praying went--vehemently 
+    anti-Marian. The Regent had now no other military task on his hands. 
+    Elizabeth might well complain when she was told that unless she sent an army 
+    and paid the Scotch Protestants to co-operate with it, the Castle could not 
+    be taken. For some time she resisted this thoroughly Scotch demand. But at 
+    last she yielded to Morton's importunity. Sir William Drury marched in from 
+    Berwick, did the job, and marched back again (May 1573). Among the captives 
+    were the brilliant Maitland of Lethington, once the most active of 
+    Anglophiles, and Kirkaldy of Grange, who had begun the Scottish Reformation 
+    by the murder of Cardinal Beaton, and had taken Mary prisoner at Carberry 
+    Hill. A politician who did not turn his coat at least once in his life was a 
+    rare bird in Scotland. Maitland died a few days after his capture, probably 
+    by his own hand. Kirkaldy was hanged by his old friend Morton. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;By taking Edinburgh Castle Elizabeth did not 
+    earn any gratitude from the party who had called her in. What they wanted, 
+    and always would want, was money. Morton himself, treading in the steps of 
+    his old leader Moray, remained an unswerving Anglophile. But his coadjutors 
+    told the English ambassador plainly that, if they could not get money from 
+    England, they could and would earn it from France. Elizabeth's councillors 
+    were always teasing her to comply with these impudent demands. If there had 
+    been a grown-up King on the throne, a man with a will of his own, and whose 
+    right to govern could not be contested, it might have been worth while to 
+    secure his good-will by a pension; and this was what Elizabeth did when 
+    James became real ruler of the country. But she did not believe in paying a 
+    clique of greedy lords to call themselves the English party. An English 
+    party there was sure to be, if only because there was a French party. Their 
+    services would be neither greater nor smaller whether they were paid or 
+    unpaid. The French poured money into Scotland, and were worse served than 
+    Elizabeth, who kept her money in her treasury. It was no fault of Elizabeth 
+    if the conditions of political life in Scotland during the King's minority 
+    were such that a firmly established government was in the nature of things 
+    impossible. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As Mary was kept in strict seclusion during 
+    the panic that followed on the Bartholomew Massacre, she did not know how 
+    narrow was her escape from a shameful death on a Scottish scaffold. When the 
+    panic subsided she was allowed to resume her former manner of life as the 
+    honoured guest of Lord Shrewsbury, with full opportunities for communication 
+    with all her friends at home and abroad. Any alarm she had felt speedily 
+    disappeared. If Elizabeth had for a moment contemplated striking at her life 
+    or title by parliamentary procedure, that intention was evidently abandoned 
+    when the Parliament of 1572 was prorogued without any such measure becoming 
+    law. The public assumed, and rightly, that Elizabeth still regarded the 
+    Scottish Queen as her successor. Peter Wentworth in the next session (1576) 
+    asserted, and probably with truth, that many who had been loud in their 
+    demands for severity repented of their forwardness when they found that Mary 
+    might yet be their Queen, and tried to make their peace with her. 
+    Wentworth's outburst (for which he was sent to the Tower) was the only 
+    demonstration against Mary in that session. She told the Archbishop of 
+    Glasgow that her prospects had never been better, and when opportunities for 
+    secret escape were offered her she declined to use them, thinking that it 
+    was for her interest to remain in England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The desire of the English Queen to reinstate 
+    her rival arose principally from an uneasy consciousness that, by detaining 
+    her in custody, she was fatally impairing that religious respect for 
+    sovereigns which was the main, if not the only, basis of their power. The 
+    scaffold of Fotheringay was, in truth, the prelude to the scaffold of 
+    Whitehall. But as year succeeded year, and Elizabeth became habituated to 
+    the situation which had at first given her such qualms, she could not shut 
+    her eyes to the fact that, troublesome and even dangerous as Mary's presence 
+    in England was, the trouble and the danger had been very much greater when 
+    she was seated on the Scottish throne. The seething caldron of Scotch 
+    politics had not, indeed, become a negligible quantity. It required 
+    watching. But experience had shown that, while the King was a child, the 
+    Scots were neither valuable as friends nor formidable as foes. This was a 
+    truth quite as well understood at Paris and Madrid as at London, though the 
+    French, no less keen in those days than they are now to maintain that 
+    shadowy thing called &amp;quot;legitimate French influence&amp;quot; in countries with which 
+    they had any historical connection, continued to intrigue and waste their 
+    money among the hungry Scotch nobles. It was a fixed principle with 
+    Elizabeth, as with all English statesmen, not to tolerate the presence of 
+    foreign troops in Scotland. But she believed--and her belief was justified 
+    by events-that a French expedition was not the easy matter it had been when 
+    Mary of Guise was Regent of Scotland and Mary Tudor Queen of England. And, 
+    more important still, in spite of much treachery and distrust, the French 
+    and English Governments were bound together by a treaty which was equally 
+    necessary to each of them. Scotland, therefore, was no longer such a cause 
+    of anxiety to Elizabeth as it had been during the first ten years of her 
+    reign. Her ministers had neither her coolness nor her insight. Yet modern 
+    historians, proud of having unearthed their croaking criticisms, ask us to 
+    judge Elizabeth's policy by prognostications which turned out to be false 
+    rather than by the known results which so brilliantly justified it. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;How to deal with the Netherlands was a much 
+    more complicated and difficult problem. Here again Elizabeth's ministers 
+    were for carrying matters with a high hand. In their view, England was in 
+    constant danger of a Spanish invasion, which could only be averted by openly 
+    and vigorously supporting the revolted provinces. They would have had 
+    Elizabeth place herself at the head of a Protestant league, and dare the 
+    worst that Philip could do. She, on the other hand, believed that every year 
+    war could be delayed was so much &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;gained for England. There were many ways in 
+    which she could aid the Netherlands without openly challenging Philip. A 
+    curious theory of international relations prevailed in those days--an 
+    English Prime Minister, by the way, found it convenient not long ago to 
+    revive it--according to which, to carry on warlike operations against 
+    another country was a very different thing from going to war with that 
+    country. Of this theory Elizabeth largely availed herself. English generals 
+    were not only allowed, but encouraged, to raise regiments of volunteers to 
+    serve in the Low Countries. When there, they reported to the English 
+    Government, and received instructions from it with hardly a pretence of 
+    concealment. Money was openly furnished to the Prince of Orange. English 
+    fleets-also nominally of volunteers--were encouraged to prey on Spanish 
+    commerce, Elizabeth herself subscribing to their outfit and sharing in the 
+    booty. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We are not to suppose, because the revolt of 
+    the Netherlands crippled Philip for any attack on England, that Elizabeth 
+    welcomed it, or that she contemplated the prolongation of the struggle with 
+    cold-blooded satisfaction. Its immediate advantage to this country was 
+    obvious. But Elizabeth had a sincere abhorrence of war and disorder. She was 
+    equally provoked with Philip for persecuting the Dutch Protestants into 
+    rebellion, and with the Dutch for insisting on religious concessions which 
+    Philip could not be expected to grant, and which she herself was not 
+    granting to Catholics in England. At any time during the struggle, if Philip 
+    would have guaranteed liberty of conscience (as distinguished from liberty 
+    of public worship), the restoration of the old charters, and the removal of 
+    the Spanish troops, Elizabeth would not only have withheld all help from the 
+    Dutch, but would have put pressure on them to submit to Philip. The presence 
+    of Spanish veterans opposite the mouth of the Thames was a standing menace 
+    to England. &amp;quot;As they are there,&amp;quot; argued Burghley, we must help the Dutch to 
+    keep them employed. &amp;quot;If the Dutch were not such impracticable fanatics,&amp;quot; 
+    rejoined Elizabeth, &amp;quot;the Spanish veterans need not be there at all.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The &amp;quot;Pacification of Ghent&amp;quot; (November 1576), 
+    by which the Belgian Netherlands, for a short time, made common cause with 
+    Holland and Zealand, relieved Elizabeth, for a time, from the necessity of 
+    taking any decisive step. Philip was still recognised as sovereign, but he 
+    was required to be content with such powers as the old constitution gave 
+    him. It seemed likely that Catholic bigots would have to give up 
+    persecuting, and Protestant bigots to acquiesce in the official 
+    establishment of the old religion. This was precisely the settlement 
+    Elizabeth had always desired. It would get rid of the Spanish troops. It 
+    would keep out the French. It would relieve her from the necessity of 
+    interfering. If it put some restriction on the open profession of Calvinism 
+    she would not be sorry. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If this arrangement could have been carried 
+    out, would it in the long-run have been for the benefit of Europe? Those who 
+    hold that the conflict between Protestantism and Catholicism was simply a 
+    conflict between truth and falsehood will, of course, have no difficulty in 
+    giving their answer. Others may hold that freedom of conscience was all that 
+    was needed at the time, and they may picture the many advantages which 
+    Europe would have reaped during the last three centuries from the existence 
+    of a united Netherlands, independent, as it must soon have become, of Spain, 
+    and able to make its independence respected by its neighbours. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Short-lived as the coalition was destined to 
+    be, it secured for the Dutch a breathing-time when they were most sorely 
+    pressed, and enabled Elizabeth to avoid quarrelling with Spain. The first 
+    step of the newly allied States was to apply to her for assistance and a 
+    loan of money. The loan they obtained-Â£40,000--a very large sum in those 
+    days. But she earnestly advised them that if the new Governor, Don John of 
+    Austria, would accept the Pacification, they should use the money to pay the 
+    arrears of the Spanish troops; otherwise they would refuse to leave the 
+    country for Don John or any one else. This was done. Don John had treachery 
+    in his heart. But the departure of the Spaniards was a solid gain; and if 
+    the Protestants and Catholics of the Netherlands had been able to tolerate 
+    each other, they would have achieved the practical independence of their 
+    country, and achieved it by their own unaided efforts. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But Don John, the crusader, the victor of 
+    Lepanto, the half-brother of Philip, was a man of soaring ambition. His 
+    dream was to invade England, marry the Queen of Scots, and seat himself with 
+    her on the English throne. It was in vain that Philip, who never wavered in 
+    his desire to conciliate Elizabeth, and was jealous of his showy brother, 
+    had strictly enjoined him to leave England alone. He persisted in his 
+    design, and sent his confidant Escovedo to persuade Philip that to conquer 
+    the Netherlands it was necessary to begin by conquering England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;For a pair of determined enemies, Elizabeth 
+    and Philip were just now upon most amicable, not to say affectionate, terms. 
+    She knew well that he had incited assassins to take her life, and that 
+    nothing would at any time give him greater pleasure than to hear that one of 
+    them had succeeded. But she bore him no malice for that. She took it all in 
+    the way of business, and intended, for her part, to go on robbing and 
+    damaging him in every way she could short of going to war. Philip bore it 
+    all meekly. Alva himself insisted that he could not afford to quarrel with 
+    her. Diplomatic relations by means of resident ambassadors, which had been 
+    broken off by the expulsion of De Espes in 1571, were resumed; and English 
+    heretics in the prisons of the Inquisition were released in spite of the 
+    outcries of the Grand Inquisitor. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the summer of 1557 it seemed as if Don 
+    John's restless ambition would interrupt this pacific policy which suited 
+    both monarchs. He had sent for the Spanish troops again. He was known to be 
+    projecting an invasion of England. He was said to have a promise of help 
+    from Guise. Elizabeth's ministers, as usual, believed that she was on the 
+    brink of ruin, and implored her to send armies both to the Netherlands and 
+    to France. But she refused to be hustled into any precipitate action, and 
+    reasons soon appeared for maintaining an expectant attitude. The treaty of 
+    Bergerac between Henry III. and Henry of Navarre (September 1557) showed 
+    once more that the French King had no intention of letting the Huguenots be 
+    crushed. The invitation of the Archduke Matthias by the Belgian nobles 
+    showed that they were deeply jealous of English interference. Here, surely, 
+    was matter for reflection. The most Elizabeth could be got to do was to 
+    become security for a loan of Â£100,000 to the States, on condition that 
+    Matthias should leave the real direction of affairs to William of Orange, 
+    and to promise armed assistance (January 1578). At the same time she 
+    informed Philip that she was obliged to do this for her own safety; that she 
+    had no desire to contest his sovereignty of the Netherlands; on the 
+    contrary, she would help him to maintain it if he would govern reasonably; 
+    but he ought to remove Don John, who was her mortal enemy, and to appoint 
+    another Governor of his own family; in other words, Matthias. Her policy 
+    could not have been more candidly set forth, and Philip showed his 
+    disapproval of Don John's designs in a characteristic way--by causing 
+    Escovedo to be assassinated. Don John himself died in the autumn, of a fever 
+    brought on by disappointment, or, as some thought, of a complaint similar to 
+    Escovedo's (September 1578). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Elizabeth feared that Don John's scheme 
+    was countenanced by his brother, she had risked an open rupture by promising 
+    to send an army to the Netherlands. The murder of Escovedo and the arrival 
+    of the Spanish ambassador Mendoza (March 1578) reassured her. Philip was 
+    evidently pacific to the point of tameness. Instead, therefore, of sending 
+    an English army, she preferred to pay John Casimir, the Count Palatine, to 
+    lead a German army to the assistance of the States. As far as military 
+    strength went, they were probably no losers by the change. But what they 
+    wanted was to see Elizabeth committed to open war with Philip, and that was 
+    just what she desired to avoid. Indirect and underhand blows she was 
+    prepared to deal him, for she knew by experience that he would put up with 
+    them. Thus in the preceding autumn she had despatched Drake on his famous 
+    expedition to the South Pacific. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Don John was succeeded by his nephew, 
+    Alexander of Parma. The fine prospects of the revolted provinces were now 
+    about to be dashed. In the arts which smooth over difficulties and 
+    conciliate opposition, Parma had few equals. He was a head and shoulders 
+    above all contemporary generals; and no soldiers of that time were 
+    comparable to his Spanish and Italian veterans. When he assumed the command, 
+    he was master of only a small corner of the Low Countries. What he effected 
+    is represented by their present division between Belgians and Dutch. The 
+    struggle in the Netherlands continued, therefore, to be the principal object 
+    of Elizabeth's attention. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Shortly before the death of Don John, the 
+    Duke of AlenÃ§on, (1) brother and heir-presumptive of Henry III. had been 
+    invited by the Belgian nobles to become their Protector, and Orange, in his 
+    anxiety for union, had accepted their nominee. AlenÃ§on was to furnish 12,000 
+    French troops. It was hoped and believed that, though Henry had ostensibly 
+    disapproved of his brother's action, he would in the end give him open 
+    support, thus resuming the enterprise which had been interrupted six years 
+    before by the Bartholomew Massacre. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Now, how was Elizabeth to deal with this new 
+    combination? The Protectorship of AlenÃ§on might bring on annexation to 
+    France, the result which most of all she wished to avoid. For a moment she 
+    thought of offering her own protection (which Orange would have much 
+    preferred), and an army equal to that promised by AlenÃ§on. But upon further 
+    reflection, she determined to adhere to the policy of not throwing down the 
+    glove to Philip, and to try whether she could not put AlenÃ§on in harness, 
+    and make him do her work. One means of effecting this would be to allow him 
+    subsidies--the means employed on such a vast scale by Pitt in our wars with 
+    Napoleon. But Elizabeth intended to spend as little as possible in this way. 
+    She relied chiefly on a revival of the marriage comedy--now to be played 
+    positively for the last time; the lady being forty-five, and her wooer 
+    twenty-four. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A dignified policy it certainly was not. All 
+    that was ridiculous and repulsive in her coquetry with Henry had now to be 
+    repeated and outdone with his younger brother. To overcome the incredulity 
+    which her previous performances had produced, she was obliged to exaggerate 
+    her protestations, to admit a personal courtship, to simulate amorous 
+    emotion, and to go through a tender pantomime of kisses and caresses. But 
+    Elizabeth never let dignity stand in the way of business. What to most women 
+    would have been an insupportable humiliation did not cost her a pang. She 
+    even found amusement in it. From the nature of the case, she could not take 
+    one of her counsellors into her confidence. There was no chance of imposing 
+    upon foreigners unless she could persuade those about her that she was in 
+    earnest. They were amazed that she should run the risk of establishing the 
+    French in the Netherlands. She had no intention of doing so. When Philip 
+    should be brought so low as to be willing to concede a constitutional 
+    government, she could always throw her weight on his side and get rid of the 
+    French. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The match with AlenÃ§on had been proposed six 
+    years before. It had lately slumbered. But there was no difficulty in 
+    whistling him back, and making it appear that the renewed overture came from 
+    his side. After tedious negotiations, protracted over twelve months, he at 
+    length paid his first visit to Elizabeth ( August 1579). He was an 
+    under-sized man with an over-sized head, villainously ugly, with a face 
+    deeply seamed by smallpox, a nose ending in a knob that made it look like 
+    two noses, and a croaking voice. Elizabeth's liking for big handsome men is 
+    well known. But as she had not the least intention of marrying AlenÃ§on, it 
+    cost her nothing to affirm that she was charmed with his appearance, and 
+    that he was just the sort of man she could fancy for a husband. The only 
+    agreeable thing about him was his conversation, in which he shone, so that 
+    people who did not thoroughly know him always at first gave him credit for 
+    more ability than he possessed. Elizabeth, who had a pet name for all 
+    favourites, dubbed him her &amp;quot;frog&amp;quot;; and &amp;quot;Grenouille&amp;quot; he was fain to subscribe 
+    himself in his love-letters. This first visit was a short one, and he went 
+    away hopeful of success. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The English people could only judge by 
+    appearances, and for the first time in her reign Elizabeth was unpopular. 
+    The Puritan Stubbs published his &lt;i&gt;Discovery of a Gaping Gulf wherein 
+    England is like to be swallowed by another French Marriage&lt;/i&gt;. But the 
+    excitement was by no means confined to the Puritans. Hatred of Frenchmen 
+    long remained a ruling sentiment with most Englishmen. Elizabeth vented her 
+    rage on Stubbs, who had been so rude as to tell her that childbirth at her 
+    age would endanger her life. He was sentenced to have his hand cut off. &amp;quot;I 
+    remember,&amp;quot; says Camden, &amp;quot;being then present, that Stubbs, after his right 
+    hand was cut off, put off his hat with his left, and said with a loud voice, 
+    'God save the Queen.' The multitude standing about was deeply silent.&amp;quot;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Not long after AlenÃ§on's visit, a treaty of 
+    marriage was signed (November 1579), with a proviso that two months should 
+    be allowed for the Queen's subjects to become reconciled to it. If, at the 
+    end of that time, Elizabeth did not ratify the treaty, it was to be null and 
+    void. The appointed time came and went without ratification. Burghley, as 
+    usual, predicted that the jilted suitor would become a deadly enemy, and 
+    drew an alarming picture of the dangers that threatened England, with the 
+    old exhortation to his mistress to form a Protestant league and subsidise 
+    the Scotch Anglophiles. But in 1572 she had slipped out of the Anjou 
+    marriage, and yet secured a French alliance. She confided in her ability to 
+    play the same game now. Though she had not ratified the marriage treaty, she 
+    continued to correspond with AlenÃ§on and keep up his hopes, urging him at 
+    the same time to lead an army to the help of the States. This, however, he 
+    was unwilling to do till he had secured the marriage. The French King was 
+    ready, and even eager, to back his brother. But he, too, insisted on the 
+    marriage, and that Elizabeth should openly join him in war against Spain.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the summer of 1580, Philip conquered 
+    Portugal, thus not only rounding off his Peninsular realm, but acquiring the 
+    enormous transmarine dominions of the Portuguese crown. All Europe was 
+    profoundly impressed and alarmed by this apparent increase of his power. 
+    Elizabeth incessantly lectured Henry on the necessity of abating a 
+    preponderance so dangerous to all other States, and tried to convince him 
+    that it was specially incumbent on France to undertake the enterprise. But 
+    she preached in vain. Henry steadily refused to stir unless England would 
+    openly assist him with troops and money, of which the marriage was to be the 
+    pledge. He did not conceal his suspicion that, when Elizabeth had pushed him 
+    into war, she would &amp;quot;draw her neck out of the collar&amp;quot; and leave him to bear 
+    the whole danger. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was, in fact, her intention. She 
+    believed that a war with France would soon compel Philip to make proper 
+    concessions to the States; whereupon she would interpose and dictate a 
+    peace. &amp;quot;Marry my brother,&amp;quot; Henry kept saying, &amp;quot;and then I shall have 
+    security that you will bear your fair share of the fighting, and expenses.&amp;quot; 
+    &amp;quot;If I am to go to war,&amp;quot; argued Elizabeth, &amp;quot;I cannot marry your brother; for 
+    my subjects will say that I am dragged into it by my husband, and they will 
+    grudge the expense. Suppose, instead of a marriage, we have an alliance not 
+    binding me to open war; then I will furnish you with money &lt;i&gt;underhand&lt;/i&gt;. 
+    You know you have got to fight. You cannot afford to let Philip go on 
+    increasing his power.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Henry remained doggedly firm. No marriage, no 
+    war. At last, finding she could not stir him, Elizabeth again concluded a 
+    treaty of marriage, but with the extraordinary proviso that six weeks should 
+    be left for private explanations by letter between herself and AlenÃ§on. It 
+    soon appeared what this meant. In these six weeks Elizabeth furnished her 
+    suitor with money, and incited him to make a sudden attack on Parma, who was 
+    then besieging Cambray, close to the French frontier. AlenÃ§on, thinking 
+    himself now sure of the marriage, collected 15,000 men; and Henry, though 
+    not openly assisting him, no longer prohibited the enterprise. But, as soon 
+    as Elizabeth thought they were sufficiently committed, she gave them to 
+    understand that the marriage must be again deferred, that her subjects were 
+    discontented, that she could only join in a defensive alliance, but that she 
+    would furnish money &amp;quot;in reasonable sort&amp;quot; &lt;i&gt;underhand&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All this is very unscrupulous, very 
+    shameless, even for that shameless age. Hardened liars like Henry and 
+    AlenÃ§on thought it too bad. &lt;i&gt;They&lt;/i&gt; were ready for violence as well as 
+    fraud, and availed themselves of whichever method came handiest. Elizabeth 
+    also used the weapon which nature had given her. Being constitutionally 
+    averse from any but peaceful methods, she made up for it by a double dose of 
+    fraud. &lt;i&gt;Dente lupus, cornu taurus&lt;/i&gt;. It would have been useless for a 
+    mate statesman to try to pass himself off as a fickle impulsive, susceptible 
+    being, swayed from one moment to another in his political schemes by 
+    passions and weaknesses that are thought natural in the other sex. This was 
+    Elizabeth's advantage, and she made the most of it. She was a masculine 
+    woman simulating, when it suited her purpose, a feminine character. The men 
+    against whom she was matched were never sure whether they were dealing with 
+    a crafty and determined politician, or a vain, flighty, amorous woman. This 
+    uncertainty was constantly putting them out in their calculations. AlenÃ§on 
+    would never have been so taken in if he had not told himself that any folly 
+    might be expected from an elderly woman enamoured of a young man. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On this occasion Elizabeth scored, if not the 
+    full success she had hoped from her audacious mystification, yet no 
+    inconsiderable portion of it. Henry managed to draw back just in time, and 
+    was not let in for a big war. But AlenÃ§on, at the head of 15,000 men, and 
+    close to Cambray, could not for very shame beat a retreat. Parma retired at 
+    his approach, and the French army entered Cambray in triumph (August 1581). 
+    AlenÃ§on therefore had been put in harness to some purpose. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Though Henry III. had good reason to complain 
+    of the way he had been treated, he did not make it a quarrel with Elizabeth. 
+    His interests, as she saw all along, were too closely bound up with hers to 
+    permit him to think of such a thing. On the contrary, he renewed the 
+    alliance of 1572 in an ampler form, though it still remained strictly 
+    defensive. AlenÃ§on, after relieving and victualling Cambray, disbanded his 
+    army, and went over to England again to press for the marriage (November 
+    1581). Thither he was followed by ambassadors from the States. By the advice 
+    of Orange they had resolved to take him as their sovereign, and they were 
+    now urgently pressing him to return to the Netherlands to be installed. 
+    Elizabeth added her pressure; but he was unwilling to leave England until he 
+    should have secured the marriage. For three months (November 1581 to 
+    February 1582) did Elizabeth try every art to make him accept promise for 
+    performance. She was thoroughly in her element. To win her game in this way, 
+    not by the brutal arbitrament of war, or even by the ordinary tricks of 
+    vicarious diplomacy, but by artifices personally executed, feats of cajolery 
+    that might seem improbable on the stage,--this was delightful in the highest 
+    degree. The more distrustful AlenÃ§on showed himself, the keener was the 
+    pleasure of handling him. One day he is hidden behind a curtain to view her 
+    elegant dancing; not, surely, that he might be smitten with it, but that he 
+    might think she desired him to be smitten. Another day she kisses him on the 
+    lips (&lt;i&gt;en la boca&lt;/i&gt;) in the presence of the French ambassador. She gives 
+    him a ring. She presents him to her household as their future master. She 
+    orders the Bishop of Lincoln to draw up a marriage service. It is a 
+    repulsive spectacle; but, after all, we are not so much disgusted with the 
+    elderly woman who pretends to be willing to marry the young man, as with the 
+    young man who is really willing to marry the elderly woman. Unfortunately 
+    for Elizabeth, her acting was so realistic that it not only took in 
+    contemporaries, but has persuaded many modern writers that she was really 
+    influenced by a degrading passion. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Henry III. himself was at last induced to 
+    believe that Elizabeth was this time in earnest. But he could not be driven 
+    from his determination to risk nothing till he saw the marriage actually 
+    concluded. Pinart, the French Secretary of State, was accordingly sent over 
+    to settle the terms. Elizabeth demanded one concession after another, and 
+    finally asked for the restitution of Calais. There was no mistaking what 
+    this meant. Pinart, in the King's name, formally forbade AlenÃ§on to proceed 
+    to the Netherlands except as a married man, and tried to intimidate 
+    Elizabeth by threatening that his master would ally himself with Philip. But 
+    she laughed at him, and told him that she could have the Spanish alliance 
+    whenever she chose, which was perfectly true. AlenÃ§on himself gave way. He 
+    felt that he was being played with. He had come over here, with a &lt;i&gt;fatuilÃ©&lt;/i&gt; 
+    not uncommon among young Frenchmen, expecting to bend a love-sick Queen to 
+    serve his political designs. He found himself, to his intense mortification, 
+    bent to serve hers. Ashamed to show his face in France without either his 
+    Belgian dominions or his English wife, he was fain to accept Elizabeth's 
+    solemn promise that she would marry him as soon as she could, and allowed 
+    himself to be shipped off under the escort of an English fleet to the 
+    Netherlands (February 1582). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;According to Mr. Froude, &amp;quot;the Prince of 
+    Orange intimated that AlenÃ§on was accepted by the States only as a pledge 
+    that England would support them; if England failed them, they would not 
+    trust their fortunes to so vain an idiot.&amp;quot; This statement appears to be 
+    drawn from the second-band tattle of Mendoza, and is probably, like much 
+    else from that source, unworthy of credit. But whether Orange sent such an 
+    &amp;quot;intimation&amp;quot; or not, it cannot be allowed to weigh against the ample 
+    evidence that AlenÃ§on was accepted by him and by the States mainly for the 
+    sake of the French forces he could raise on his own account, and the 
+    assistance which he undertook to procure from his brother. Neither Orange 
+    nor any one else regarded him as an idiot. Orange had not been led to expect 
+    that he would bring any help from England except money supplied underhand; 
+    and money Elizabeth did furnish in very considerable quantities. But the 
+    Netherlanders now expected everything to be done for them, and were backward 
+    with their contributions both in men and money. Clearly there is something 
+    to be said for the let-alone policy to which Elizabeth usually leant. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The States intended AlenÃ§on's sovereignty to 
+    be of the strictly constitutional kind, such as it had been before the 
+    encroachments of Philip and his father. This did not suit the young 
+    Frenchman, and at the beginning of 1583 he attempted a &lt;i&gt;coup d'Ã©tat&lt;/i&gt;, 
+    not without encouragement from some of the Belgian Catholics. At Antwerp his 
+    French troops were defeated with great bloodshed by the citizens, and the 
+    general voice of the country was for sending him about his business. But 
+    both Elizabeth and Orange, though disconcerted and disgusted by his 
+    treachery, still saw nothing better to be done than to patch up the breach 
+    and retain his services. Both of them urged this course on the 
+    States--Orange with his usual dignified frankness; Elizabeth in the crooked, 
+    blustering fashion which has brought upon her policy, in so many instances, 
+    reproach which it does not really deserve. Norris, the commander of the 
+    English volunteers, had discountenanced the &lt;i&gt;coup-d'Ã©tat&lt;/i&gt; and taken his 
+    orders from the States. Openly Elizabeth reprimanded him, and ordered him to 
+    bring his men back to England. Secretly she told him he had done well, and 
+    bade him remain where he was. Norris was in fact there to protect the 
+    interests of England quite as much against the French as against Spain. 
+    There is not the least ground for the assertion that in promoting a 
+    reconciliation with AlenÃ§on, Orange acted under pressure from Elizabeth. 
+    Everything goes to show that he, the wisest and noblest statesman of his 
+    time, thought it the only course open to the States, unless they were 
+    prepared to submit to Philip. Both Elizabeth and Orange felt that the first 
+    necessity was to keep the quarrel alive between the Frenchman and the 
+    Spaniard. The English Queen therefore continued to feed AlenÃ§on with hopes 
+    of marriage, and the States patched up a reconciliation with him (March 
+    1583). But his heart failed him. He saw Parma taking town after town. He 
+    knew that he had made himself odious to the Netherlanders. He was covered 
+    with shame. He was fatally stricken with consumption. In June 1583 he left 
+    Belgium never to return. Within a twelvemonth he was dead. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;1. He had received the Duchy of 
+    Anjou in addition to that of AlenÃ§on, and some historians call him by the 
+    former title.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterseven.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    VII The Papal Attack: 1570-1583&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082625&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082625&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01708e9450c45ca1c118dd6e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215242</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0170.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1535.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1535.gif&quot; width=&quot;519&quot; height=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Th&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;e account at right was written by 
+    the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The summer of 1535 was one of the bloodiest of King Henry 
+    VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; The deaths of John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, and Sir 
+    Thomas More shocked and appalled Europe.&amp;nbsp; Henry's reputation never 
+    recovered and was further blemished when he later executed two wives.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;This year on 11 June were arraigned in the king's bench at
+Westminster three monks of the Charterhouse of London, and there condemned
+of high treason against the king, and sentenced to be drawn, hanged, disemboweled,
+beheaded and quartered.&amp;nbsp; One of them was called Francis Nitigate,
+another Master Exmew, storekeeper of the same place, and the third was
+called Master Middlemore, vicar of the same place.&amp;nbsp; This year also
+on 17 June was arraigned at Westminster in the king's bench John Fisher,
+bishop of Rochester, for treason against the king, and he was condemned
+there by a jury of knights and esquires (the lord chancellor sitting as
+high judge), who passed this sentence on him - that the said John Fisher
+should go from thence to the place where he came from, which was the Tower
+of London, and from thence to be drawn through the City of London to Tyburn,
+there to be hanged, cur down alive, his bowels taken out of his body and
+burnt before him, his head cut off, and his body be divided into four parts
+and his head and body be set in such places as the king should assign.&amp;nbsp;
+The effect of the treason was denying the king to be Supreme Head of the
+Church of England, according to a statute, The Act of Supremacy, made in
+the last session of Parliament.
+&lt;p&gt;On 19 June, a Saturday, the three monks of the Charterhouse, aforementioned,
+were drawn from the Tower to Tyburn, and there executed according to their
+sentence, and their heads and bodies hung at different gates around the
+city.
+&lt;p&gt;Also on 22 June, Tuesday, John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, was beheaded
+at Tower Hill, and the rest of his execution pardoned.&amp;nbsp; His body was
+buried in Barking churchyard, next to the Tower of London, and his head
+was set on London Bridge.
+&lt;p&gt;This year also on 1 July, being Thursday, Sir Thomas More, sometime
+chancellor of England, was arraigned at Westminster for high treason and
+there condemned, and the Tuesday after, being 6 July, he was beheaded at
+Tower Hill and his body was buried within the chapel in the Tower of London,
+and his head was set on London Bridge.&amp;nbsp; The effect of his death was
+for the same cause that the bishop of Rochester died for.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082599&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082599&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1002 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">69904</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdaa2febb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215249</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-rainbow.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizmom.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-scrots.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizsig-sm.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward4-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizsister.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-eworth.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=444 
+      alt=&quot;'The Rainbow Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1600&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-rainbow.jpg&quot; width=350 align=center border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Elizabeth Tudor is considered by many to be the greatest monarch in 
+      English history.&amp;nbsp; When she became queen in 1558, she was twenty-five 
+      years old, a survivor of scandal and danger, and considered illegitimate 
+      by most Europeans.&amp;nbsp; She inherited a bankrupt nation, torn by 
+      religious discord, a weakened pawn between the great powers of France and 
+      Spain.&amp;nbsp; She was only the third queen to rule England in her own 
+      right; the other two examples, her cousin Lady Jane Grey and half-sister 
+      Mary I, were disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Even her supporters believed her position 
+      dangerous and uncertain.&amp;nbsp; Her only hope, they counseled, was to marry 
+      quickly and lean upon her husband for support.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth had 
+      other ideas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;She ruled alone for nearly half a century, 
+      lending her name to a glorious epoch in world history.&amp;nbsp; She dazzled 
+      even her greatest enemies.&amp;nbsp; Her sense of duty was admirable, though 
+      it came at great personal cost.&amp;nbsp; She was committed above all else to 
+      preserving English peace and stability; her genuine love for her subjects 
+      was legendary.&amp;nbsp; Only a few years after her death in 1603, they 
+      lamented her passing.&amp;nbsp; In her greatest speech to Parliament, she told 
+      them, 'I count the glory of my crown that I have reigned with your 
+      love.'&amp;nbsp; And five centuries later, the worldwide love affair with 
+      Elizabeth Tudor continues.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Proud 
+      and haughty, as although she knows she was born of such a mother, she 
+      nevertheless does not consider herself of inferior degree to the Queen, 
+      whom she equals in self-esteem; nor does she believe herself less 
+      legitimate than her Majesty, alleging in her own favour that her mother 
+      would never cohabit with the King unless by way of marriage, with the 
+      authority of the Church....&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;She prides herself on her father and 
+  glories in him; everybody saying that she also resembles him more than the 
+  Queen does and he therefore always liked her and had her brought up in the 
+  same way as the Queen.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;I&gt;the Venetian 
+      ambassador Giovanni Michiel describes Elizabeth; spring 1557&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth Tudor was born on 7 September 1533 at Greenwich 
+      Palace.&amp;nbsp; She was the daughter of &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;King Henry 
+      VIII&lt;/A&gt; and his second wife, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+      Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Henry had &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;defied the 
+      papacy&lt;/A&gt; and the Holy Roman Emperor to marry Anne, spurred on by love 
+      and the need for a legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; And so Elizabeth's birth 
+      was one of the most exciting political events in 16th century European 
+      history; rarely had so much turmoil occurred on behalf of a mere 
+      infant.&amp;nbsp; But the confident predictions of astrologers and physicians 
+      were wrong and the longed-for prince turned out to be a princess.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Eustace Chapuys, the Imperial ambassador and enemy of Anne Boleyn, 
+      described the birth to his master as 'a 
+      &lt;IMG height=324 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizmom.jpg&quot; width=250 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;great disappointment and sorrow to 
+      the King, the Lady herself and to others of her party.'&amp;nbsp; But for the 
+      next two years, Henry VIII was willing to hope for a son to join this 
+      healthy daughter.&amp;nbsp; Immediately after Elizabeth's birth, he wrote to 
+      his 17 year old daughter, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Princess 
+      Mary&lt;/A&gt;, and demanded she relinquish her title Princess of Wales and 
+      acknowledge both the annulment of his marriage to her mother, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of 
+      Aragon&lt;/A&gt;, and the validity of his new marriage.&amp;nbsp; Mary refused; she 
+      already blamed Anne Boleyn (and, by extension, Elizabeth) for the sad 
+      alteration of her own fortunes.&amp;nbsp; In December, she was moved into her 
+      infant half-sister's household.&amp;nbsp; When told to pay her respects to the 
+      baby Princess, she replied that she knew of no Princess of England but 
+      herself, and burst into tears.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Henry already ignored Mary and Katharine's constant pleas to meet; now 
+      he began a more aggressive campaign to secure Anne and Elizabeth's 
+      position.&amp;nbsp; For one mother and daughter to be secure, the other pair 
+      must necessarily suffer.&amp;nbsp; Most Europeans, and indeed Englishmen, 
+      still believed Katharine to be the king's valid wife.&amp;nbsp; Now old and 
+      sickly, imprisoned in one moldy castle after another, she remained a very 
+      popular figure.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn was dismissed in polite circles as the 
+      king's 'concubine' and their marriage was recognized only by those of the new 
+      Protestant faith.&amp;nbsp; Henry attempted to legislate popular acceptance of 
+      his new queen and heiress.&amp;nbsp; But the various acts and oaths only cost 
+      the lives of several prominent Catholics, among them &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas 
+      More&lt;/A&gt; and Bishop John Fisher.&amp;nbsp; The English people never accepted 
+      'Nan Bullen' as their queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But while she had the king's personal favor, Elizabeth's mother was 
+      secure.&amp;nbsp; And she held that favor far longer than any had 
+      expected.&amp;nbsp; It was only after she miscarried twice that Henry began to 
+      consider this second marriage as cursed as the first.&amp;nbsp; The last 
+      miscarriage occurred in January 1536; Katharine died that same 
+      month.&amp;nbsp; With her death, the king's Catholic critics considered him a 
+      widower, free to marry again.&amp;nbsp; And this next marriage would not be 
+      tainted by the specter of bigamy.&amp;nbsp; It was only necessary to get rid 
+      of Anne, and find a new wife - one who could hopefully deliver a 
+      son.&amp;nbsp; The king already had a candidate in mind; her name was &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane 
+      Seymour&lt;/A&gt;, a lady-in-waiting to both Katharine and Anne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In the end, Henry VIII was not merely content to annul his marriage to 
+      Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was arrested, charged with a variety of crimes which even 
+      her enemies discounted, and executed on 19 May 1536.&amp;nbsp; Her little 
+      daughter was now in the same position as her half-sister, Princess 
+      Mary.&amp;nbsp; However, all of Europe and most Englishmen considered Mary to 
+      be Henry's legitimate heir, despite legislation to the contrary.&amp;nbsp; No 
+      one believed Elizabeth to be more than the illegitimate daughter of the 
+      king.&amp;nbsp; Also, there were already disparaging rumors of her mother's 
+      infidelities; perhaps the solemn, red-headed child was not the king's 
+      after all?&amp;nbsp; It was to Henry's (small) credit that he always 
+      acknowledged Elizabeth as his own, and took pride in her intellectual 
+      accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; As she grew older, even Catholic courtiers noted 
+      Elizabeth resembled her father more than Mary did.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Henry married Jane just twelve days after Anne's execution and his 
+      long-awaited son, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince 
+      Edward&lt;/A&gt;, was born in October 1537.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth participated in the 
+      christening, carried by Thomas Seymour, the handsome young brother of the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Jane died shortly after the birth of childbed fever.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Henry VIII married &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;Anne of 
+      Cleves&lt;/A&gt; on Twelfth Night (6 January) 1541.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was a disaster, 
+      and Henry quickly divorced Anne and married &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine 
+      Howard&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was a cousin of Anne Boleyn; they were both 
+      related to Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk and perhaps Henry's most 
+      nervous peer.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed a brief few months of happiness with 
+      his fifth wife.&amp;nbsp; But Catherine was thirty years younger than Henry 
+      and soon enough resumed an affair with a former lover.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      executed in February 1543 and buried beside Anne Boleyn in the Tower of 
+      London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For Elizabeth, these changes in her father's marital fortunes did not 
+      pass unnoticed.&amp;nbsp; She was part of her half-brother Edward's household; 
+      her days were spent mostly at lessons, with the occasional visit from her 
+      father.&amp;nbsp; As a child, no one expected her to comment upon her 
+      various stepmothers.&amp;nbsp; It was only when she reached adulthood and 
+      became queen that its psychological effects were revealed.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+      had a dim view of romantic love and, given her father's example, who can 
+      blame her?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It was Henry's sixth and final wife, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine 
+      Parr&lt;/A&gt;, who had the greatest impact upon Elizabeth's life.&amp;nbsp; A kind 
+      woman who believed passionately in&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-scrots.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;Princess Elizabeth, c1546, attributed to William Scrots&quot; width=&quot;370&quot; height=&quot;495&quot;&gt; education and religious reform, 
+      Katharine was a devoted stepmother.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, she had far more 
+      of an impact with the young Edward and Elizabeth than with Mary, who was 
+      just four years her junior.&amp;nbsp; Katharine arranged for 10 year old 
+      Elizabeth to have the most distinguished tutors in England, foremost among 
+      them Roger Ascham.&amp;nbsp; As a result, Elizabeth was educated as well as 
+      any legitimate prince, and she displayed a genuine love and aptitude for 
+      her studies.&amp;nbsp; 'Her mind has no womanly weakness,' Ascham would write 
+      approvingly, 'her perseverance is equal to that of a man.'&amp;nbsp; And 
+      later, 'She readeth more Greek every day, than some Prebendaries of this 
+      Church do in a whole week.'&amp;nbsp; And so she did; Elizabeth's love of 
+      scholarship never faltered and, in an age when women were considered 
+      inferior to men, she was a glorious exception.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      Along with 
+      such classical subjects as rhetoric, languages, philosophy, and history, 
+      Elizabeth also studied theology.&amp;nbsp; Ascham and her other tutors were 
+      famous Cambridge humanists who supported the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Likewise, Katharine Parr was devoted to the reformed faith.&amp;nbsp; Unlike 
+      their half-sister Mary, both Edward and Elizabeth were raised Protestant 
+      during its most formative years.&amp;nbsp; Yet while Edward was known for his 
+      piety and didacticism, Elizabeth already displayed the pragmatic character 
+      which would make her reign successful.&amp;nbsp; She studied theology and 
+      supported the Protestant cause; she had been raised to do so and knew 
+      only Protestants recognized her parents' marriage.&amp;nbsp; But she was never 
+      openly passionate about religion, recognizing its divisive role in English 
+      politics.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;Most people viewed the adolescent Elizabeth as a serious young 
+      woman who always carried a book with her, preternaturally composed.&amp;nbsp; 
+      She encouraged this perception, which was as accurate as any, by dressing 
+      with a degree of severity virtually absent at the Tudor royal court.&amp;nbsp; 
+      But she was not so serious that she avoided all the material trappings of 
+      her position.&amp;nbsp; Her household accounts, which came under the 
+      management of William Cecil (who later became her secretary of state), 
+      show evidence of a cultivated and lively mind, as well as a love of 
+      entertainment:&amp;nbsp; fees for musicians, musical instruments, and a 
+      variety of books.&amp;nbsp; As she grew older and her position more prominent, 
+      her household also expanded.&amp;nbsp; During her brother Edward's reign, she 
+      lived the life of a wealthy and privileged lady - and apparently enjoyed 
+      it immensely.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was thirteen years old when her father died.&amp;nbsp; They 
+      were never particularly close though he treated her with affection on her 
+      few visits to his court.&amp;nbsp; He even occasionally discussed the 
+      possibility of her marriage for, in the 16th century, royal bastards were 
+      common and often used to great advantage in diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; Under the 
+      1536 'Second Act of Succession', which declared both her and the 19 year 
+      old Mary illegitimate, Parliament gave Henry the ability to determine his 
+      children's status, as well as the actual succession.&amp;nbsp; Typically for 
+      Henry, he simply let both his daughters live as princesses and gave them 
+      precedence over everyone at court except his current wife.&amp;nbsp; But they 
+      had no real claim to the title of 'princess' and were known as 'the lady 
+      Elizabeth' and 'the lady Mary'.&amp;nbsp; This was often followed by the 
+      explanatory 'the king's daughter.'&amp;nbsp; It was an awkward situation which 
+      the king saw no reason to resolve.&amp;nbsp; His will did recognize his 
+      daughters' crucial place in the succession.&amp;nbsp; If Edward died without 
+      heirs, Mary would inherit the throne; if Mary died without heirs, 
+      Elizabeth would become queen.&amp;nbsp; He also left them the substantial 
+      income of 3000 pds a year, the same amount for each daughter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Did Elizabeth mourn her father?&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly so, for at least 
+      under Henry VIII she was three steps from the throne and protected by his 
+      rough paternal affection.&amp;nbsp; After his death, she had good cause to 
+      wish him alive again.&amp;nbsp; Ten year old Edward was king in name 
+      only.&amp;nbsp; The rule of England was actually in the hands of his uncle, 
+      the Lord Protector Edward Seymour, soon titled duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth was now separated from her brother's household, moving to 
+      Katharine Parr's home in Chelsea.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps the happiest time 
+      of her adolescence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But Katharine married again quickly, to the man she had loved before 
+      Henry VIII had claimed her.&amp;nbsp; Her new husband was Thomas Seymour, the 
+      younger brother of Lord Protector Somerset and uncle to the new King 
+      Edward.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome, charming, and very ambitious.&amp;nbsp; He also 
+      had terrible political instincts.&amp;nbsp; Seymour was not content to be 
+      husband of the Dowager Queen of England.&amp;nbsp; He was jealous of his 
+      brother's position and desperate to upstage him.&amp;nbsp; And so he 
+      inadvertently played into the hands of the equally ambitious John Dudley, 
+      earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; Dudley wished to destroy the Seymour protectorship 
+      and seize power for himself.&amp;nbsp; He allowed the feuding brothers to 
+      destroy each other.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For Elizabeth, the main problem with Seymour was his inappropriate and 
+      very flirtatious behavior.&amp;nbsp; As a teenaged girl with little experience 
+      of men, she was flattered by his attention and also a bit 
+      frightened.&amp;nbsp; Certainly it placed great strain on Katharine Parr, who 
+      had become pregnant soon after her marriage.&amp;nbsp; The queen originally 
+      participated in Seymour's early morning raids into Elizabeth's room, where 
+      he would tickle and wrestle with the girl in her nightdress.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      while Katharine considered this simple fun, her husband was more 
+      serious.&amp;nbsp; He soon had keys made for every room in their house and 
+      started visiting Elizabeth while she was still asleep and he was clad in 
+      just his nightshirt.&amp;nbsp; She soon developed the habit of rising early; 
+      when he appeared, her nose was safely in a book. Edward's council heard 
+      rumors of these romps and investigated.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth proved herself 
+      circumspect and clever; she managed to admit nothing which would 
+      offend&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She left the Seymour home for Hatfield House in May 1548, ostensibly 
+      because the queen was 'undoubtful of health'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth and 
+      Katharine exchanged affectionate letters, but they would not meet 
+      again.&amp;nbsp; The queen died on 4 September 1548 of childbed fever.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;After her death, Seymour's position became more dangerous.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      rumored that he wished to marry Elizabeth and thus secure the throne of 
+      England in case Edward died young.&amp;nbsp; He had already bought the 
+      wardship of &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt;, a Tudor cousin and heir in Henry VIII's will.&amp;nbsp; He planned 
+      to marry Jane and Edward, thus securing primary influence with his 
+      nephew.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, his grandiose plans unraveled and he was 
+      arrested.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps the most damning charge was his planned marriage 
+      to Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Immediately, the council sent Sir Robert Tyrwhit to 
+      Hatfield with the mission to take control of Elizabeth's household and 
+      gain her confession.&amp;nbsp; He immediately arrested Elizabeth's beloved 
+      governess Kat Ashley and her cofferer, Thomas Parry; they were sent to the 
+      Tower.&amp;nbsp; Now, Tyrwhit told the princess, confess all; he wanted 
+      confirmation of the charge that Seymour and Elizabeth planned to 
+      wed.&amp;nbsp; If she confessed, Tyrwhit said, she would be forgiven for she 
+      was young and foolish - her servants should have protected her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=122 alt=&quot;Elizabeth's signature as Princess of England&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsig-sm.jpg&quot; width=200 align=left border=2&gt;Elizabeth did not hesitate to demonstrate her own wit and 
+      learning.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she drove Tyrwhit to exasperation; 'in no way will 
+      she confess any practice by Mistress Ashley or the cofferer concerning my 
+      lord Admiral; and yet I do see it in her face that she is guilty and do 
+      perceive as yet she will abide more storms ere she accuse Mistress 
+      Ashley,' he wrote to Somerset, 'I do assure your Grace she hath a very 
+      good wit and nothing is gotten of her but by great policy.'&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth refused to scapegoat her loyal servants and defiantly asserted 
+      her complete innocence.&amp;nbsp; She told Tyrwhit she cared nothing for the 
+      Admiral and when he had mentioned some vague possibility of marriage, she 
+      had referred him to the council.&amp;nbsp; She also secured permission to 
+      write to Somerset and, upon doing so, demanded a public apology be made 
+      regarding her innocence.&amp;nbsp; She also demanded the return of her loyal 
+      servants for if they did not return, she said, her guilt would be 
+      assumed.&amp;nbsp; She read Ashley and Parry's 'confessions' in which they 
+      described Seymour's romps with her at Katharine Parr's home.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      details were undoubtedly embarrassing but she recognized their 
+      harmlessness.&amp;nbsp; In short, she demonstrated every aspect of her 
+      formidable intelligence and determination.&amp;nbsp; Poor Tyrwhit left for 
+      London with no damaging confession.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But the council didn't need Elizabeth's confession to execute 
+      Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He was charged with thirty-three other crimes, and he 
+      answered only three of the charges.&amp;nbsp; He was not given a trial; a 
+      messy execution was always best passed by a Bill of Attainder.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      was executed on 20 March 1549, dying 'very dangerously, irksomely, 
+      horribly... a wicked man and the realm is well rid of him.'&amp;nbsp; Contrary 
+      to some biographies, Elizabeth did not say, 'This day died a man with much 
+      wit, and very little judgment.'&amp;nbsp; The 17th century Italian novelist 
+      Leti invented this, as well as several forged letters long supposed to be 
+      hers.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Soon enough, Seymour's brother followed him to the scaffold.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Somerset was a kind man in private life and genuinely dedicated to 
+      economic and religious reform in England but, as a politician, he failed 
+      miserably.&amp;nbsp; He lacked charisma and confidence; he preferred to bully 
+      and bluster his way through council meetings.&amp;nbsp; He simply did not 
+      understand how to manage the divisive personalities of Edward VI's privy 
+      council.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, John Dudley had been quietly manipulating other 
+      councilors and the young king to gain ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; Upon Somerset's 
+      execution, Dudley became Lord Protector; he was also titled duke of 
+      Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; He was the first non-royal Englishman given that 
+      title.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For Elizabeth, these events were merely background noise at 
+      first.&amp;nbsp; Dudley took pains to cultivate a friendship with her, which 
+      she wisely avoided.&amp;nbsp; He sent her and Mary amiable letters.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Since Mary was a Catholic, and Dudley a Protestant who had benefited 
+      materially from the Reformation, he was necessarily more friendly to 
+      Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For example, Edward VI had given Dudley Hatfield House, 
+      which was currently Elizabeth's residence.&amp;nbsp; Dudley graciously 
+      returned it to her in exchange for lesser lands in her possession.&amp;nbsp; 
+      He also passed the patents to her lands, which allowed her more 
+      income.&amp;nbsp; This, of course, should have been done at Henry VIII's 
+      death.&amp;nbsp; So Elizabeth at first benefited from Dudley's rise to 
+      power.&amp;nbsp; She was now a well-respected and popular princess, a landed 
+      lady in her own right with a large income and keen mind.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      also an heir to the English throne, though still officially recognized as 
+      a bastard.&amp;nbsp; But she was shown every respect, and a degree of 
+      affection from Edward VI completely lacking in his relations with their 
+      sister Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Their mutual faith was an important connection with the increasingly 
+      devout Edward.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth visited Court occasionally, corresponded 
+      with her brother, and continued her studies mainly at Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      had always been excessively cautious and very intelligent, qualities she 
+      displayed to great effect during the Seymour crisis.&amp;nbsp; The only time 
+      in her life when she demonstrated any recklessness had been during the 
+      Seymour debacle; she had learned its lesson well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She also cultivated the image of a sober Protestant young lady.&amp;nbsp; 
+      When queen, she became known for her love of beautiful gowns and 
+      jewels.&amp;nbsp; But before 1558, she took care to dress soberly, the image 
+      of chastity and modesty.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps a conscious attempt to 
+      distance herself from Mary, a typical Catholic princess who dressed in all 
+      the glittering and garish finery she could afford.&amp;nbsp; It is an ironic 
+      note on Mary's character that she has become known as a dour, plain woman; 
+      she was as fond of clothes and jewelry as her sister would become.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It was Elizabeth who dressed plainly, most often in severely cut black or 
+      white gowns.&amp;nbsp; She wore each color to great effect.&amp;nbsp; She had 
+      matured into a tall, slender and striking girl, with a fair, unblemished 
+      complexion and the famous Tudor red hair.&amp;nbsp; She wore her hair loose 
+      and did not use cosmetics.&amp;nbsp; When she traveled about the countryside, 
+      crowds gathered to see her, a Protestant princess renowned for her virtue 
+      and learning, her appearance modest and pleasing.&amp;nbsp; In this respect, 
+      she was emulated by her cousin Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When Jane was invited to a 
+      reception for Mary of Guise, the regent of Scotland, Mary Tudor sent her 
+      'some goodly apparel of tinsel cloth of gold and velvet laid on with 
+      parchment lace of gold.'&amp;nbsp; Jane, a devout Protestant, was offended; 
+      such apparel reflected the material trappings of Catholicism.&amp;nbsp; When 
+      her parents insisted she wear it, Jane replied, 'Nay, that were a shame to 
+      follow my Lady Mary against God's word, and leave my Lady Elizabeth, which 
+      followeth God's word.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was honorably and extravagantly received at her brother's 
+      court.&amp;nbsp; For example, on 17 March 1552, she arrived at St James's 
+      Palace with 'a great company of lords, knights and gentlemen' along with 
+      over 200 ladies and a company of yeomen.&amp;nbsp; Two days later she left St 
+      James for Whitehall Palace, her procession accompanied by a grand 
+      collection of nobles.&amp;nbsp; The visit was a marked success for Edward was 
+      open in his affection.&amp;nbsp; She was his 'sweet sister Temperance,' unlike 
+      Mary who continued to defy his religious policy.&amp;nbsp; The Primary Sources 
+      section of this site contains an excerpt from Edward VI's journal in which 
+      he records a religious argument with Mary.&amp;nbsp; In that matter, Elizabeth 
+      remained distant, preferring to let her siblings argue without her.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Edward's ministers, especially after the Seymour affair, were careful 
+      with her.&amp;nbsp; Dudley recognized Elizabeth's formidable 
+      intelligence.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI became ill in 1553 and it was clear he 
+      would not survive, Dudley had a desperate plan to save himself from Mary 
+      I's Catholic rule - place Henry VIII's niece, Lady Jane Grey on the 
+      throne.&amp;nbsp; (This is discussed in great length at the &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt; site.)&amp;nbsp; Simply put, Dudley believed he would be supported 
+      because Jane was Protestant and the English would not want the Catholic 
+      Mary on the throne.&amp;nbsp; Of course, the question arises - Elizabeth was 
+      Protestant, so why not put her on the throne instead of Jane?&amp;nbsp; The 
+      main reason is that Dudley was well aware that Elizabeth Tudor would not 
+      be his puppet, unlike Jane Grey whom he had married to his son 
+      Guildford.&amp;nbsp; As for Edward VI, he went along with the plan because of 
+      two main reasons: Elizabeth was illegitimate so there might be resistance 
+      to her rule and, as a princess, she might be persuaded to marry a foreign 
+      prince and England would fall under foreign control.&amp;nbsp; Jane was 
+      already safely wed to an Englishman.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=228 
+      alt=&quot;a profile portrait of Elizabeth's half-brother, King Edward VI&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward4-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Edward VI's decision should not indicate any great dislike of 
+      Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; He was primarily determined to preserve the Protestant 
+      regime in England.&amp;nbsp; He believed this was necessary for his personal 
+      and political salvation.&amp;nbsp; He was also practical.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      disinherited Mary because of her Catholicism; however, it was officially 
+      sanctioned because of her illegitimacy.&amp;nbsp; Like Elizabeth, Mary had her 
+      illegitimacy established by an act of Parliament during Henry VIII's 
+      reign.&amp;nbsp; Since he had ostensibly disinherited Mary because of this 
+      act, he couldn't let Elizabeth inherit - it simply wasn't logical.&amp;nbsp; 
+      So the throne would pass to the legitimate - and Protestant - Lady Jane 
+      Grey.&amp;nbsp; As most know, she ruled for just nine days before Mary became 
+      queen of England.&amp;nbsp; It should be noted that Edward originally told 
+      Dudley that, though he didn't want Mary to succeed him, he saw no logical 
+      reason for Elizabeth to be disowned.&amp;nbsp; It was Dudley who pointed out 
+      the logical inconsistency - that Mary 'could not be put by unless the Lady 
+      Elizabeth were put by also.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Dudley attempted to place Mary and Elizabeth in his power while Edward 
+      was dying.&amp;nbsp; He knew that if he imprisoned the two princesses, they 
+      would be unable to rouse popular support against his plan.&amp;nbsp; But if 
+      that failed, he was determined to prevent them from seeing Edward, 
+      especially Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Dudley feared that Edward's affection for his 
+      sister, and Elizabeth's cleverness, might persuade Edward to rewrite his 
+      will in her favor.&amp;nbsp; Like her sister, Elizabeth would undoubtedly 
+      destroy Dudley, making him the scapegoat for Edward's ineffectual 
+      regime.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Elizabeth had suspected her brother was ill and set 
+      out from Hatfield to visit him just a few weeks before Edward died, but 
+      Dudley's men intercepted her and sent her home.&amp;nbsp; She then wrote her 
+      brother a number of letters, inquiring about his health and asking 
+      permission to come to Court.&amp;nbsp; These were intercepted as well.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But as Edward's health continued to deteriorate and death was imminent, 
+      Dudley sent a message to Hatfield, ordering Elizabeth to Greenwich 
+      Palace.&amp;nbsp; She may have been warned of his intentions - more likely she 
+      guessed them.&amp;nbsp; She refused the summons, taking to her bed with a 
+      sudden illness.&amp;nbsp; As a further precaution, her doctor sent a letter to 
+      the council certifying she was too ill for travel.&amp;nbsp; As for Mary, 
+      Dudley had told her that Edward desired her presence; it would be a 
+      comfort to him during his illness.&amp;nbsp; She was torn - though Dudley hid 
+      the true extent of the king's illness, the Imperial ambassador had kept 
+      Mary informed.&amp;nbsp; He was the agent of her cousin, the Holy Roman 
+      Emperor Charles V; Mary's mother had been his aunt.&amp;nbsp; Conscious of her 
+      sisterly duty, Mary set out for Greenwich from Hunsdon the day before 
+      Edward died.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Dudley was enraged by Elizabeth's refusal but he could do 
+      nothing.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, events moved too quickly for the princess to 
+      be his primary concern.&amp;nbsp; It was being whispered that Dudley had 
+      poisoned the king to place his daughter-in-law on the throne.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+      course, this was untrue since Dudley needed Edward to live as long as 
+      possible for his plan to work.&amp;nbsp; To this end, he had engaged a female 
+      'witch' to help prolong the king's life.&amp;nbsp; She concocted a mix of 
+      arsenic and other drugs; they worked, at least for Dudley's purpose.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The young king lived for a few more weeks though he suffered 
+      terribly.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 6 July 1553, Edward VI died.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Immediately, Dudley had Jane Grey proclaimed queen, an honor she had not 
+      sought and did not want.&amp;nbsp; It was only Dudley's appeal to her 
+      religious convictions which convinced her to accept the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Meanwhile, Jane's cousin, Mary Tudor, was still on her way to Greenwich 
+      to see her brother, until a sympathizer (sent by Nicholas Throckmorton or 
+      William Cecil) rode out to meet her; the summons was a trap, he told her, 
+      and Dudley intended to imprison her.&amp;nbsp; Mary rode to East Anglia, the 
+      conservative section of England where her support would be 
+      strongest.&amp;nbsp; Eventually she would realize the true extent of her 
+      support.&amp;nbsp; Protestants and Catholics alike rallied to her cause since 
+      she was Henry VIII's daughter and the true heir under his will.&amp;nbsp; As 
+      she left for East Anglia, she didn't know her brother was already dead but 
+      she sent a note to the Imperial ambassador Simon Renard; once she knew of 
+      Edward's death, she said, she would declare herself queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent 
+      another note to Dudley, telling him she was too ill to travel.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The failure of Dudley's ambitions is discussed at the &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt; site.&amp;nbsp; Suffice to say, he was overthrown and executed and 
+      Mary Tudor, at the age of thirty-seven, was declared queen of England in 
+      her own right.&amp;nbsp; During the nine days of Jane's reign, Elizabeth had 
+      continued her pretense of illness.&amp;nbsp; It was rumored that Dudley had 
+      sent councilors to her, offering a large bribe if she would just renounce 
+      her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth refused, remarking, 'You must 
+      first make this agreement with my elder sister, during whose lifetime I 
+      have no claim or title to resign.'&amp;nbsp; So she remained at her beloved 
+      Hatfield, deliberately avoiding a commitment one way or another.&amp;nbsp; 
+      When word reached her that Mary was finally queen, she sent a letter of 
+      congratulation to her sister and set off for London.&amp;nbsp; On 29 July, she 
+      entered the capital with 2000 mounted men wearing the green and white 
+      Tudor colors.&amp;nbsp; There she awaited Mary's official arrival into the 
+      city.&amp;nbsp; On 31 July, Elizabeth rode with her attendant nobles along the 
+      Strand and through the City to Colchester, the same path her sister would 
+      take.&amp;nbsp; It was here she would receive her sister as queen.&amp;nbsp; They 
+      had not seen each other for about five years.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary had always disliked her half-sister for many reasons, not least 
+      because she sensed an innate shiftiness in Elizabeth's character.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth, Mary believed, was never to be trusted.&amp;nbsp; Originally, this 
+      dislike was because of Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Mary had 
+      long blamed Anne for her own mother's tragic end as well as the alienation 
+      of her father's affections.&amp;nbsp; After Anne died and Elizabeth, too, was 
+      declared illegitimate, Mary found other reasons to hate Elizabeth, chief 
+      among them religion.&amp;nbsp; Like her mother, Mary was a devout Catholic; 
+      she recognized Elizabeth's lack of religious zeal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth's half-sister, Queen Mary I; she ruled England from 1553 to 1558&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt; But at her 
+      accession, the moment of her great triumph, she was prepared to be 
+      conciliatory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary ordered that Elizabeth share her triumphal march through 
+      London.&amp;nbsp; Their processions met at Wanstead on 2 August.&amp;nbsp; There, 
+      Elizabeth dismounted and knelt in the road before her sister.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      dismounted and raised her sister, embracing and kissing her with 
+      affection.&amp;nbsp; She even held her hand as they spoke.&amp;nbsp; Their two 
+      parties entered London together, the sisters riding side by side.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The contrast between their physical appearances could not have been more 
+      striking.&amp;nbsp; Mary, at thirty-seven, was old beyond her years.&amp;nbsp; An 
+      adulthood passed in anxiety and tribulation had marred her health and 
+      appearance.&amp;nbsp; She was small like her mother and thin, with Katharine's 
+      deep, almost gruff voice.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was nineteen years old, taller 
+      than her sister and slender.&amp;nbsp; While Mary was richly attired in 
+      velvets covered in jewels and gold, Elizabeth was dressed in her usual 
+      strikingly severe style.&amp;nbsp; Neither sister was conventionally beautiful 
+      but onlookers commented upon Mary's open compassion and kindness and 
+      Elizabeth's innate majesty.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary was thirty-seven, quite 
+      old to have a child, Elizabeth was viewed as her probable heir.&amp;nbsp; As 
+      such, she was cheered as much as the new queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;On 1 October, Elizabeth rode to Mary's coronation with Henry VIII's 
+      discarded fourth wife, Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; She was once again accorded a 
+      place of honor amongst the English ladies, though not the highest position 
+      as was her due.&amp;nbsp; The Imperial ambassador Renard reported that she 
+      spoke often with the French ambassador de Noailles.&amp;nbsp; For his part, de 
+      Noailles reported that Elizabeth complained her coronet was too heavy and 
+      made her head ache.&amp;nbsp; He replied to her that, God willing, she would 
+      soon wear a heavier crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This was dangerous talk, as Elizabeth soon discovered.&amp;nbsp; Mary's 
+      mood was fickle regarding her clever half-sister.&amp;nbsp; For every kind 
+      word or gesture, there were public statements dismissing Henry VIII as 
+      Elizabeth's father, or allowing distant cousins precedent at court.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It was simply impossible for Mary to forget the past, etched so acutely 
+      upon her spirit.&amp;nbsp; She could not like Elizabeth, nor trust her.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth responded to this emotional hostility by retreating to 
+      Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; There she continued her studies and attempted to remain 
+      safe in the morass of English politics.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But however much she might wish for peace, she was not to have 
+      it.&amp;nbsp; She was destined to be the focal point for all discontent over 
+      Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; And there was soon much reason for discontent.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Edward VI's council had left the economy in shambles; currency was debased 
+      and near worthless.&amp;nbsp; There was a series of bad harvests.&amp;nbsp; Prices 
+      rose and discontent spread.&amp;nbsp; And worst of all, Mary soon decided to 
+      marry King Philip II of Spain, son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; This was 
+      yet another example of her inability to forget the past.&amp;nbsp; Philip 
+      represented the homeland of her beloved mother, and a chance to bring all 
+      the weight of the Holy Roman Empire to bear upon the heretics of 
+      England.&amp;nbsp; Mary was determined to turn back the clock on twenty years 
+      of religious reform and make England a Catholic nation again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Understandably, her subjects were less than thrilled.&amp;nbsp; Even 
+      English Catholics did not want their country to become a powerless 
+      appendage of the Hapsburg empire.&amp;nbsp; Certainly a queen had to marry, 
+      but not the emperor's son!&amp;nbsp; In this climate of rebellion and 
+      repression, Elizabeth's life was in great danger.&amp;nbsp; It could not be 
+      otherwise; she was the only alternative to Mary's rule.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth conformed outwardly to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; But she 
+      could not distance herself too much from her Protestant supporters.&amp;nbsp; 
+      When Sir Thomas Wyatt, the son of her mother's great poetic admirer, led a 
+      rebellion in January 1554, matters came to an unpleasant impasse.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Wyatt had written to Elizabeth that he intended to overthrow Mary but his 
+      letter was intercepted, as was a letter from de Noailles to the king of 
+      France.&amp;nbsp; His letter implied that Elizabeth knew of the revolt in 
+      advance, and repeated rumors that she was off gathering armed 
+      supporters.&amp;nbsp; The government was able to suppress the rebellion before 
+      it spread very far and Wyatt was arrested.&amp;nbsp; Mary's council could find 
+      no real proof that de Noailles's suppositions were true but they decided 
+      to summon Elizabeth back to London for questioning.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      understandably frightened and ill; she sent word that she could not 
+      travel.&amp;nbsp; Two of Mary's personal physicians were sent to evaluate her 
+      condition.&amp;nbsp; They diagnosed 'watery humors' and perhaps an 
+      inflammation of the kidneys.&amp;nbsp; She was ill, they reported, but not too 
+      ill to travel the 30 miles to London in the queen's own litter.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Three of the queen's councilors - Howard, Hastings, and Cornwallis, all of 
+      whom were friendly with Elizabeth - escorted her back to London.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They traveled quite slowly, covering just six miles a day.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth kept the curtains of the litter pulled back as she entered 
+      the city, and the citizens were able to see her pale, frightened 
+      face.&amp;nbsp; She had good cause for her fear; the heads and corpses of 
+      Wyatt and his supporters were thrust upon spikes and gibbets throughout 
+      the city.&amp;nbsp; The queen waited for her at Whitehall but they did not 
+      meet immediately.&amp;nbsp; First, Elizabeth's household was dismissed and she 
+      was told that she must undergo close interrogation about her 
+      activities.&amp;nbsp; She was questioned by the unfriendly bishop of 
+      Winchester, Stephen Gardiner, but she was not intimidated.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      denied any involvement in the rebellion and repeatedly asked to see the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; But she was told that Mary was leaving for Oxford where she 
+      would hold a Parliament.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth would be leaving Whitehall as 
+      well, though at first the council could not decide where to send 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; No councilor wanted the responsibility of keeping her in close 
+      confinement at their homes; it was too unpleasant and potentially 
+      dangerous.&amp;nbsp; And so Gardiner and Renard had their way and she went to 
+      the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The earl of Sussex and the marquess of 
+      Winchester were sent to escort her from Whitehall.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was terrified.&amp;nbsp; The mere mention of the Tower was enough 
+      to shatter her already fragile nerves.&amp;nbsp; She begged to be allowed to 
+      write to her sister, and the men agreed.&amp;nbsp; The letter was long, 
+      rambling, and repetitious - proof of her fear and trepidation:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;I have heard in my time of many cast away for want of coming 
+        to the presence of their Prince....&amp;nbsp; Therefore once again kneeling 
+        with humbleness of my heart, because I am not suffered to bow the knees 
+        of my body, I humbly crave to speak with your Highness, which I would 
+        not be so bold to desire if I knew not myself most clear as I know 
+        myself most true.&amp;nbsp; And as for the traitor Wyatt, he might 
+        peradventure write me a letter but on my faith I never received any from 
+        him; and as for the copy of my letter sent to the French king, I pray 
+        God confound me eternally if ever I sent him word, message, token or 
+        letter by any means, and to this truth I will stand it to my 
+        death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;....Let conscience move your Highness to take some 
+        better way with me than to make me be condemned in all men's sight afore 
+        my desert know.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;After finishing, she carefully drew lines 
+      throughout the rest of the blank sheet so no forgeries could be added, and 
+      she signed it 'I humbly crave but one word of answer from yourself.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Your Highness's most faithful subject that hath been from the beginning 
+      and will be to my end, Elizabeth'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The letter had taken too long to write; they had missed the tide.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They could wait a few hours and take her to the Tower in the darkest part 
+      of night, but the council disagreed.&amp;nbsp; There could be an attempt to 
+      rescue her under cover of darkness.&amp;nbsp; They decided to wait until the 
+      next morning, Palm Sunday, when the streets would be nearly deserted since 
+      everyone would be in church.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her letter was sent to Mary 
+      who received it angrily and refused to read it through.&amp;nbsp; She had not 
+      given permission for it to be written or sent, and she rebuked her 
+      councilors fiercely.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The next morning, 17 March 1554, arrived cold and grey; there was a 
+      steady rain.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock in the morning, Elizabeth was taken from 
+      her rooms and through the garden to where the barge waited.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      accompanied by six of her ladies and two gentleman-attendants.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      waited under a canopy until the barge began to slow; she then saw that 
+      they would enter beneath Traitor's Gate, beneath St Thomas's Tower.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This was the traditional entrance for prisoners returned to their cells 
+      after trial at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; The sight terrified her and she begged 
+      to be allowed entry by any other gate.&amp;nbsp; Her request was 
+      refused.&amp;nbsp; She was offered a cloak to protect her from the rain but 
+      she pushed it aside angrily.&amp;nbsp; Upon stepping onto the landing, she 
+      declared, 'Here landeth as true a subject, being prisoner, as ever landed 
+      at these stairs.&amp;nbsp; Before Thee, O God, do I speak it, having no other 
+      friend but Thee alone.'&amp;nbsp; She then noticed the yeoman warders gathered 
+      to receive her beyond the gate.&amp;nbsp; 'Oh Lord,' she said loudly, 'I never 
+      thought to have come in here as a prisoner, and I pray you all bear me 
+      witness that I come in as no traitor but as true a woman to the Queen's 
+      Majesty as any as is now living.'&amp;nbsp; Several of the warders stepped 
+      forward and bowed before her, and one called out, 'God preserve your 
+      Grace.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She still refused to enter the Tower.&amp;nbsp; After the warder's 
+      declaration, she sat upon a stone and would not move.&amp;nbsp; The Lieutenant 
+      of the Tower, Sir John Brydges, said to her, 'You had best come in, 
+      Madame, for here you sit unwholesomely.'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth replied with 
+      feeling, 'Better sit here, than in a worse place, for God knoweth where 
+      you will bring me.'&amp;nbsp; And so she sat until one of her attendants burst 
+      into tears.&amp;nbsp; She was taken to the Bell Tower, a small corner tower 
+      beside Brydges's own lodgings.&amp;nbsp; Her room was on the first floor, and 
+      had a large fireplace with three small windows.&amp;nbsp; Down the passageway 
+      from the door were three latrines which hung over the moat.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      not as destitute or uncomfortable as she had feared, but it was still the 
+      Tower of London and she was a prisoner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This was the beginning of one of the most trying times of her 
+      life.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth spent just two months in the Tower of London, but she had no 
+      idea that her stay would be so brief - and it did not feel particularly 
+      brief.&amp;nbsp; She truly believed some harm would come to her and she dwelt 
+      most upon the possibility of poison.&amp;nbsp; She knew Mary hated her and 
+      that many of her councilors constantly spoke ill of her, encouraging 
+      either her imprisonment or execution.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;However, Elizabeth had enough popular support that she would not face 
+      death at her sister's orders.&amp;nbsp; But Lady Jane Grey, the unfortunate 
+      Nine Days' Queen, and her husband were neither so popular or lucky.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They, too, had lived in the Tower under threat of execution; both had been 
+      convicted of treason.&amp;nbsp; But Mary had always been fond of Jane and was 
+      close friends with her mother Frances; she allowed her cousin to live very 
+      comfortably in the Tower while her fate remained undecided.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      probably intended to release Jane as soon as the country settled under her 
+      own rule.&amp;nbsp; But Renard wanted both Jane and her husband 
+      executed.&amp;nbsp; He warned Mary that the emperor would not allow Philip to 
+      enter England as long as Jane lived.&amp;nbsp; She was a traitor, and it was 
+      only a matter of time before the Protestants tried to place either Jane or 
+      Elizabeth upon the throne.&amp;nbsp; Mary was not persuaded by Renard's 
+      arguments, but his threat carried greater force - she wanted to marry 
+      Philip and he would not come to England until it was safe.&amp;nbsp; The small 
+      rebellion led by Jane's father clearly did not help matters.&amp;nbsp; And so 
+      Jane and the equally unfortunate Guildford Dudley were executed.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth herself arrived at the Tower just six weeks later, and her 
+      cousin's fate must have weighed heavily on her mind.&amp;nbsp; After all, she 
+      and Jane had lived and studied together briefly under Katharine Parr's 
+      tutelage, and Jane's admiration of Elizabeth had been open and 
+      obvious.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It was abundantly clear to Elizabeth that her position was precarious 
+      and dangerous.&amp;nbsp; During the first weeks of her imprisonment, she was 
+      allowed to take exercise along the Tower walls but when a small child 
+      began to give her flowers and other gifts, Brydges was told to keep her 
+      indoors.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had always been active, both physically and 
+      mentally.&amp;nbsp; She chafed at her confinement and its boring 
+      routine.&amp;nbsp; She was occasionally interrogated by members of Mary's 
+      council, but she held firm to her innocence.&amp;nbsp; She had faced such 
+      interrogations during Thomas Seymour's fall from grace, and could not be 
+      easily intimidated.&amp;nbsp; Still, the stress - which she handled with 
+      outward aplomb - took its toll on her physical health.&amp;nbsp; She lost 
+      weight, and became prone to headaches and stomach problems.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Ironically enough, it was the impending arrival of Philip of Spain 
+      which led to her freedom.&amp;nbsp; Renard had urged Mary to execute Jane and 
+      imprison Elizabeth so that Philip would be safe in England.&amp;nbsp; Philip, 
+      however, was far more sensitive to the political implications of such an 
+      act.&amp;nbsp; He knew the English were acutely sensitive to any shift in 
+      Mary's policies simply because she had chosen to marry a foreigner.&amp;nbsp; 
+      If she made an unpopular decision, it would be blamed upon his 
+      influence.&amp;nbsp; He knew, too, that the Protestant faith was still popular 
+      in the country, and that Elizabeth embodied its greatest hope.&amp;nbsp; If 
+      she were harmed in any way, his arrival in England would be even more 
+      unpopular and dangerous.&amp;nbsp; And the Wyatt rebellion had merely 
+      reinforced Philip's natural inclination to tread lightly.&amp;nbsp; His 
+      intention was to wed Mary, be crowned king of England, and find a suitable 
+      husband for Elizabeth, preferably one of his Hapsburg relations.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Then, if Mary died without bearing a child, England would remain within 
+      the Hapsburg sphere of influence, a willing and useful adjunct of the 
+      empire.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Accordingly, Philip wrote to Mary and advised that Elizabeth be set at 
+      liberty.&amp;nbsp; This conciliatory gesture was not appreciated by Mary, 
+      always inclined to believe the worst in her half-sister, but - once again 
+      - her eagerness for Philip's arrival made her desperate to please 
+      him.&amp;nbsp; She dispensed with Renard's advice and on Saturday 19 May at 
+      one o'clock in the afternoon, Elizabeth was finally released from the 
+      Tower; incidentally, her mother had been executed on the same day eighteen 
+      years earlier.&amp;nbsp; She spent one night at Richmond Palace, but it was 
+      clear that her release had not lifted Elizabeth's spirits.&amp;nbsp; That 
+      night she summoned her few servants and asked them to pray for her, 'For 
+      this night,' Elizabeth said, 'I think to die.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She did not die, of course, but she was still frightened and 
+      lonely.&amp;nbsp; She had been released into the care of Sir Henry 
+      Bedingfield, a Catholic supporter of Queen Mary whose father had guarded 
+      Katharine of Aragon during her last years at Kimbolton Castle.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      had come to the Tower on 5 May as the new Constable, replacing Sir John 
+      Gage, and his arrival had caused Elizabeth no end of terror.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      believed he was sent to secretly murder her for, not long before, a 
+      credible rumor had reached her; it was said that the Catholic elements of 
+      Mary's council had sent a warrant for her execution to the Tower but that 
+      Sir John Brydges, the strict but honest Lieutenant, had not acted upon it 
+      because it lacked the queen's signature.&amp;nbsp; With Bedingfield's arrival, 
+      Elizabeth lost her almost preternatural self-control and she asked her 
+      guards 'whether the Lady Jane's scaffold was taken away or no?'&amp;nbsp; When 
+      told it was gone, she asked about Bedingfield, and if 'her murdering were 
+      secretly committed to his charge, he would see the execution 
+      thereof?'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;From Richmond, Bedingfield took his cowed charge to Woodstock, a 
+      hunting-lodge miles from London and once favored by her Plantagenet 
+      grandfather, Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; She was neither officially under arrest nor 
+      free, a nebulous position which confused nearly everyone.&amp;nbsp; She could 
+      not be received at court, but she could not be set at liberty in the 
+      countryside.&amp;nbsp; And so Bedingfield was essentially her jailer, but not 
+      referred to as such; and Woodstock was her prison, but also not called 
+      such.&amp;nbsp; The journey to Woodstock certainly raised her spirit.&amp;nbsp; 
+      She was greeted by throngs of people shouting 'God save your grace!' and 
+      other messages of support.&amp;nbsp; Flowers, sweets, cakes and other small 
+      gifts were given to her.&amp;nbsp; At times, the reception was so enthusiastic 
+      that Elizabeth was openly overwhelmed.&amp;nbsp; It was now clear to her that 
+      the English people loved her, perhaps as much as they did Queen 
+      Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But the love of the people was small comfort when faced with the 
+      dilapidation of Woodstock.&amp;nbsp; The main house was in such disrepair that 
+      Elizabeth was lodged in the gatehouse.&amp;nbsp; The queen had ordered that 
+      her sister be treated honorably and given limited freedom; Elizabeth was 
+      allowed to walk in the orchard and gardens.&amp;nbsp; She also requested 
+      numerous books.&amp;nbsp; After a few weeks, her initial fear of Bedingfield 
+      had settled into a bemused appraisal of her jailer.&amp;nbsp; She now 
+      recognized him for what he was - a conscientious, unimaginative civil 
+      servant with a difficult assignment.&amp;nbsp; They got on tolerably well, and 
+      Bedingfield even forwarded her numerous letters to the Council and the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was concerned that her imprisonment in the 
+      countryside would remove her too much from the public eye and her 
+      ceaseless letter-writing was an attempt to reassert her position as 
+      princess of England.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not read the letters and angrily order 
+      Bedingfield to stop sending them along.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;At the end of June, Elizabeth fell ill and asked that the queen's 
+      physician Dr Owen be sent to her.&amp;nbsp; But Dr Owen was busy tending to 
+      Queen Mary and told Bedingfield that his charge must be patient.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      recommended the services of Drs Barnes and Walbeck.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+      refused to allow their examination; she preferred to commit her body to 
+      God rather than to the eyes of strangers, she told Bedingfield.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Finally, on 7 July, Mary finally sent permission to Woodstock for 
+      Elizabeth to write to her and the Council about her various 
+      concerns.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was petulant and took her time with the 
+      composition of this most important letter.&amp;nbsp; When it was finally sent, 
+      written in Bedingfield's hand from her dictation, it was a typically 
+      shrewd and pointed document.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth wanted the Council to 
+      consider 'her long imprisonment and restraint of liberty, either to charge 
+      her with special matter to be answered unto and tried, or to grant her 
+      liberty to come unto her highness's presence, which she sayeth she would 
+      not desire were it not that she knoweth herself to be clear even before 
+      God, for her allegiance.'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth specifically requested that the 
+      members of the queen's council who were executors of 'the Will of the 
+      King's majesty her father' read the letter and be allowed to visit with 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; It was a pointed reminder that despite her deprived 
+      circumstances, she was still next in line to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      Council heard the document uneasily.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary, however, had other matters on her mind.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 20 
+      July, even as Elizabeth mulled over her letter, Philip II of Spain finally 
+      landed at Southampton.&amp;nbsp; The handsome, fair-haired 27 year old King 
+      was already a widow with a male heir; his first wife Maria of Portugal had 
+      died in childbirth in 1545 after two years of&lt;IMG height=480 
+      alt=&quot;another portrait of Elizabeth's half-sister, Queen Mary I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworth.jpg&quot; width=332 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; marriage.&amp;nbsp; He was a 
+      conscientious and pious man who impressed all who met him with his 
+      discipline and work ethic.&amp;nbsp; But he also had a tendency toward 
+      religious asceticism which worsened as he grew older.&amp;nbsp; As a child, he 
+      had accompanied his father to the inquisition in Spain, watching 
+      impassively as heretics were burned alive.&amp;nbsp; But his marriage to Mary 
+      was one of political necessity and Philip had no intention of threatening 
+      its success with unpopular religious policies.&amp;nbsp; He was willing to 
+      move England slowly back into the Catholic fold; faced with Mary's 
+      impatience, it was Philip who advised moderation.&amp;nbsp; He wed his cousin 
+      at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July in a splendid ceremony.&amp;nbsp; On 18 
+      August they finally entered London in triumph, its citizens plied with 
+      enough free drinks and entertainment to greet Philip 
+      enthusiastically.&amp;nbsp; But there were already signs of trouble; the 
+      anonymous pamphlets condemning foreigners and the queen's marriage 
+      circulated, and Philip's Spanish entourage were unhappy over a number of 
+      petty slights and insults from their English hosts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had hoped the marriage would result in some change in her 
+      circumstances.&amp;nbsp; But she was sadly mistaken.&amp;nbsp; Instead she passed 
+      the months needling Bedingfield for more books, scribbling more letters, 
+      and listening to the occasional rumor from her servants.&amp;nbsp; The rumors 
+      were hardly comforting.&amp;nbsp; The queen was reportedly pregnant and she 
+      and Philip would open Parliament together on 12 November.&amp;nbsp; From then 
+      on, the reunion between England and the papacy could begin in force.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Mary was the happiest she had been since childhood, but the problem of 
+      Elizabeth remained.&amp;nbsp; Gardiner wanted her executed; he argued that 
+      Protestantism could not be completely eradicated until its great hope, 
+      Elizabeth herself, was gone.&amp;nbsp; But Philip and most other councilors 
+      were more pragmatic.&amp;nbsp; Parliament had already agreed that if Mary died 
+      in childbirth, Philip would be regent of England during their child's 
+      minority.&amp;nbsp; However, if both mother and child died, then Elizabeth 
+      once again assumed prominence.&amp;nbsp; Philip, always prudent, preferred to 
+      know his sister-in-law before making an enemy of her.&amp;nbsp; With his 
+      encouragement, and flush with happiness at her marriage and pregnancy, 
+      Mary finally invited Elizabeth to court.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In the third week of April 1555, almost a year since she was sent to 
+      Woodstock, Elizabeth was brought to Hampton Court Palace.&amp;nbsp; Mary had 
+      gone there to prepare for her lying-in.&amp;nbsp; They did not meet 
+      immediately.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was brought into the palace through a side 
+      entrance, still closely guarded.&amp;nbsp; According to the French ambassador, 
+      Philip visited her three days later but Mary never came.&amp;nbsp; Two weeks 
+      later, the most powerful members of the council appeared to chide her for 
+      not submitting to the queen's authority; she was told to admit her past 
+      wrongdoing and seek the queen's forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth replied that 
+      she had done nothing wrong in the past and wanted no mercy from her sister 
+      'but rather desired the law'.&amp;nbsp; She told Gardiner she would rather 
+      remain in prison forever than admit to crimes she had never 
+      committed.&amp;nbsp; He went off immediately to tell Mary of her sister's 
+      continued stubbornness.&amp;nbsp; The queen was not pleased.&amp;nbsp; The next 
+      day, Gardiner told Elizabeth that the queen marveled that 'she would so 
+      stoutly use herself, not confessing that she had offended'.&amp;nbsp; Did 
+      Elizabeth really believe she was wrongfully imprisoned? Gardiner asked.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth refused the bait.&amp;nbsp; She did not criticize her sister 
+      explicitly, telling him only that the queen must do with her as her 
+      conscience dictated.&amp;nbsp; Gardiner replied that if she wanted her liberty 
+      and former position, she must tell a different story; only by admitting 
+      her past faults, confessing all sins, could she hope for 
+      forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; It was a stalemate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth again told him she 
+      would rather be unjustly imprisoned than gain freedom with lies.&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The next week passed with no word from anyone.&amp;nbsp; And then, around 
+      10 o'clock one evening, a message arrived that the queen would see 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had begged for an interview for more than a year but 
+      now that the moment had at last arrived, she was understandably 
+      nervous.&amp;nbsp; She was accompanied into Mary's apartments by one of her 
+      own ladies-in-waiting and Mary's close friend and Mistress of the Robes 
+      Susan Clarencieux.&amp;nbsp; The queen's bedroom was lit with flickering 
+      candlelight; the queen herself was half-hidden in shadow.&amp;nbsp; Without 
+      asking permission, Elizabeth immediately prostrated herself and declared 
+      her innocence.&amp;nbsp; And though she and Mary sparred for a short while, 
+      the queen was willing to be generous at her own moment of triumph.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It was rumored that Philip watched the sisters from behind a curtain; 
+      whether or not he was there, Mary was content to make peace of 
+      sorts.&amp;nbsp; She sent Elizabeth away amicably enough and a week later poor 
+      Bedingfield was relieved of his duties.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth would remain at 
+      Hampton Court, still under light guard but with her own household and 
+      permission to receive certain guests.&amp;nbsp; It was the end of over a year 
+      of tiresome captivity and she was delighted.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;While she enjoyed her newfound liberty, the burning of Protestant 
+      heretics began in earnest.&amp;nbsp; These killings have earned Mary the 
+      nickname 'Bloody Mary' and blighted her reputation.&amp;nbsp; In truth, the 
+      roughly 300 people killed (about 60 women) was not considered excessive by 
+      Mary's European contemporaries; and in the government's mind, 
+      Protestantism had become dangerously linked with treason, sedition, and 
+      other secular crimes.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, who was perhaps the most personally 
+      kind and gentle of the Tudor rulers, the killings were necessary to save 
+      the heretics' souls as well.&amp;nbsp; It is a telling feature of her 
+      character that she could often forgive treason against herself, but would 
+      not countenance treason against God.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The burnings, coupled with the Spanish marriage, caused enough 
+      resentment; but, unfortunately for Mary, famine and poverty added to her 
+      list of woes.&amp;nbsp; But the greatest tragedy of all for the queen was the 
+      humiliating and heartbreaking realization that her pregnancy was not 
+      real.&amp;nbsp; Mary had truly believed she was pregnant; her stomach had 
+      become swollen and she had felt the child quicken.&amp;nbsp; But she had 
+      always suffered from digestive and menstrual troubles.&amp;nbsp; It is 
+      probable that she developed a tumor in her stomach which, combined with 
+      the lack of a cycle and her own fervent prayers, made her believe she was 
+      pregnant.&amp;nbsp; All of April was spent in a state of readiness.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Dozens of nurses and midwives crowded into Hampton Court, joined by a 
+      throng of noble ladies who would assist in the delivery.&amp;nbsp; On 30 April 
+      a rumor reached London that a male child had been born and celebrations 
+      ensued.&amp;nbsp; But it was a false alarm; the next three months were spent 
+      in a state of suspended disbelief.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 3 August, the queen's 
+      household departed to Oatlands and the pregnancy was not mentioned 
+      again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary's heartache was soon worsened by the impending departure of 
+      Philip.&amp;nbsp; He had spent over a year in a country he disliked, married 
+      to a woman he pitied but did not love.&amp;nbsp; He used the excuse of 
+      pressing business in the Low Countries to leave England.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      protested passionately, begging him to stay; it was clear to everyone that 
+      she truly loved her husband.&amp;nbsp; But Philip was equally determined to 
+      go.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps clear to him that Mary was seriously ill and 
+      would never have children.&amp;nbsp; If that was the case, he had no reason to 
+      remain in England.&amp;nbsp; He left explicit instructions that she treat her 
+      sister well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was sent to a small manor house a few miles from Oatlands 
+      where she played another waiting game, only this time with some measure of 
+      freedom and hope.&amp;nbsp; But it was to be another three years before she 
+      would become queen of England.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082564&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082564&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,578 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36987</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdac520db219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215249</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-coronation.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ditchley.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cecil-sm1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1woodcrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliztruelove.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-coronation.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The 'Coronation Portrait' of Elizabeth I; late 16th copy of a lost original&quot; width=&quot;294&quot; height=&quot;427&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Some have fallen from being Princes of this land to be 
+  prisoners in this place; I am raised from being prisoner in this place to be 
+  Prince of this land.&amp;nbsp; That dejection was a work of God's justice; this 
+  advancement is a work of His mercy.' &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth 
+      I at the Tower of London, during her coronation ceremonies, 
+      1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;There is an apocryphal story about Elizabeth's accession.&amp;nbsp; In it, 
+      she was out in the meadows surrounding Hatfield when the courtiers 
+      approached.&amp;nbsp; They bowed before her, and presented Mary's signet 
+      ring.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth supposedly fell upon her knees and exclaimed, most 
+      aptly, 'A Domino factum est illud et est mirabile in oculis nostris.' 
+      ('This is the Lord's doing, and it is marvelous in Our eyes.')&amp;nbsp; The 
+      citizens of London undoubtedly felt the same; upon receiving word of 
+      Mary's death, bonfires were lit and tables were set in the streets for a 
+      grand celebratory feast.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;A glorious accession, then, and much celebrated.&amp;nbsp; A 
+      contemporary observer, however, commented wryly upon the state of affairs 
+      in England in 1558: 'The Queen poor; the realm exhausted; the nobility 
+      poor and decayed; want of good captains and soldiers; the people out of 
+      order; justice not executed; justices of peace unmeet for office; all 
+      things dear; excess of meat and drink, and apparel; division among 
+      ourselves; war with France and Scotland; the French King, having one foot 
+      in Calais and the other in Scotland; steadfast enmity, but no steadfast 
+      friendship abroad.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was well aware of the dire situation she faced.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      herself had been the victim of the religious and political confusion of 
+      Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; And&lt;IMG height=412 
+      alt=&quot;'The Ditchley Portrait' of Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ditchley.jpg&quot; width=281 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; even the weather had been uncooperative for Queen 
+      Mary; the droughts which had plagued farmers led to high prices and much 
+      poverty.&amp;nbsp; Most of the poor flocked to London where they crowded into 
+      ever-expanding slums.&amp;nbsp; Mary's attempts to reform the debased currency 
+      of Henry VIII and Edward VI's reign had been somewhat successful, but 
+      England was still considered a poor credit risk on the Continent.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;And so the new queen, though popular and much-admired, did not inherit 
+      a stable and prosperous country - and the quest for stability and 
+      prosperity became the guiding force of her reign.&amp;nbsp; To that end, she 
+      came to eschew foreign entanglements and religious extremism.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Practical and pragmatic, Elizabeth chose as her motto 'Semper Eadem' 
+      ('Always the Same'), and it was highly appropriate.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Her succession was assured and untroubled.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth knew 
+      that when the celebrations ended, the real work would begin.&amp;nbsp; Almost 
+      immediately, she would be forced to consider a rival claim to the throne 
+      by her cousin, Mary Stuart.&amp;nbsp; Queen of Scotland since infancy, and now 
+      the wife of the French dauphin (and crowned queen of France in 1559), Mary 
+      was denied a place in the Tudor succession by Henry VIII's will.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      she was a Catholic and had the French monarchy behind her.&amp;nbsp; For her 
+      part, she was content to stay in France.&amp;nbsp; But she did - with spirit 
+      and not much sense, as was her wont - choose to quarter the royal arms of 
+      England, Wales and Ireland upon her heraldry, thus openly laying claim to 
+      the throne of England.&amp;nbsp; Even this symbolic act was fraught with 
+      political danger for the queenly cousins.&amp;nbsp; From her accession on, 
+      Elizabeth knew her Scottish 'sister' was a serious concern; and while Mary 
+      was safely in France, it was all for the better.&amp;nbsp; Scotland was 
+      already turning Protestant and England could continue to support its 
+      religious dissension and political upheaval.&amp;nbsp; If their northern 
+      neighbor was kept busy with its own troubles, it was less likely to clash 
+      with England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;As for her English subjects, even the Catholics were largely against 
+      Mary Stuart's claims.&amp;nbsp; In this case, nationalism trumped 
+      religion.&amp;nbsp; There were other English claimants, of course; the younger 
+      sisters of the unfortunate &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; But of the two, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt; 
+      was flighty and foolish and Mary was barely four feet tall.&amp;nbsp; Neither 
+      was a popular choice to be queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Her smooth accession was further assured by the Lord Chancellor, 
+      Nicholas Heath.&amp;nbsp; Parliament had been in session while Mary lay dying 
+      and, on 17 November, Heath announced her death to the assembled lords and 
+      commons.&amp;nbsp; He then said, 'Which hap as it is most heavy and grievous 
+      unto us, so have we no less cause another way to rejoice with praise to 
+      Almighty God for that He hath left unto us a true, lawful and right 
+      inheritrice to the crown of this realm, which is the Lady Elizabeth, of 
+      whose lawful right and title we need not to doubt.&amp;nbsp; Wherefore the 
+      lords of this house have determined with your assents and consents, to 
+      pass from hence into the palace, and there to proclaim the said Lady 
+      Elizabeth Queen of this realm without further tract of time.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;There was no dissension at Heath's words.&amp;nbsp; Traditionally, 
+      Parliament dissolved upon the death of the reigning monarch - but Heath's 
+      prompt actions ensured Elizabeth's lawful recognition as queen before the 
+      lords and commons dispersed.&amp;nbsp; And, as a leading Catholic, Heath also 
+      secured the loyalty of his religious party for the new queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth held court at Hatfield for about a week, assembling statesmen 
+      and studying English affairs more acutely.&amp;nbsp; Nicholas Throckmorton 
+      wrote to her immediately; he advised her to be wary and careful, so that 
+      neither 'the old or the new should wholly understand what you mean.'&amp;nbsp; 
+      She did not need such advice; it was already central to her 
+      character.&amp;nbsp; How else had she survived the reigns of Edward and 
+      Mary?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=206 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's greatest advisor, Sir William Cecil&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cecil-sm1.jpg&quot; width=140 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On 20 November, she held her first council meeting and appointed the 
+      loyal William Cecil as her Principal Secretary of State.&amp;nbsp; They had 
+      been friends for a long while, since his appointment as her accountant 
+      many years ago.&amp;nbsp; And, for the next forty years, they were to rule 
+      England as a virtually inseparable team.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's words to Cecil 
+      have become justly famous: 'I give you this charge, that you shall be of 
+      my Privy Council and content to take pains for me and my realm.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      judgment I have of you that you will not be corrupted by any manner of 
+      gift and that you will be faithful to the state; and that without respect 
+      of my private will you will give me that counsel which you think best and 
+      if you shall know anything necessary to be declared to me of secrecy, you 
+      shall show it to myself only.&amp;nbsp; And assure yourself I will not fail to 
+      keep taciturnity therein and therefore herewith I charge you.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;All monarchs use such appointments to reward loyalty and friendship; 
+      Cecil's was also a reward for ability.&amp;nbsp; On a more personal note, 
+      Elizabeth rewarded the faithful servants who had been her companions since 
+      childhood, among them Thomas Parry and Kat Ashley.&amp;nbsp; The handsome 
+      Robert Dudley was appointed Master of the Horse; he was the son of the 
+      late Lord Protector and had been imprisoned in the Tower with Elizabeth 
+      during Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; Not coincidentally, this position required 
+      close contact with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Thus from the very beginning, a source 
+      of rivalry was established amongst Elizabeth's closest councilors.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Cecil and Dudley disliked one another, each man viewing the other as his 
+      main rival for the queen's attention.&amp;nbsp; But even this potentially 
+      untenable situation benefited the young queen; it meant that she alone 
+      dominated her government while two rival factions developed, each centered 
+      around Cecil and Dudley.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Everything depends upon the husband this woman takes.'&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 1560&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'If I were a milkmaid with a pail on my 
+      arm, whereby my private person might be little set by, I would not forsake 
+      that poor and single state to match with the greatest monarch.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I 
+      to Parliament, regarding marriage&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth well understood the importance of public relations and knew 
+      her entry into London must be a lavish spectacle; the coronation which 
+      would follow must be even more impressive.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was placed in 
+      charge of the coronation plans.&amp;nbsp; He was well-suited to the 
+      task.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's favorite astronomer, Dr John Dee, was consulted 
+      and Sunday, 15 January 1559 was selected as the perfect date.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;On 23 November, Elizabeth left Hatfield for London; she stayed at the 
+      Charterhouse, and for the next five days she made regular appearances 
+      before adoring crowds.&amp;nbsp; On Monday 28 November, she left the 
+      Charterhouse to ride through London and to the Tower.&amp;nbsp; She wore a 
+      purple velvet gown and had a scarf tied loosely around her neck.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Dudley rode closely behind her.&amp;nbsp; When they neared the Tower, both the 
+      queen and her Master of the Horse appreciated the irony of the 
+      moment.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth said simply, and wittily: 'Some have fallen from 
+      being Princes of this land to be prisoners in this place; I am raised from 
+      being prisoner in this place to be Prince of this land.&amp;nbsp; That 
+      dejection was a work of God's justice; this advancement is a work of His 
+      mercy.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She spent the next ten days at the Tower, holding council meetings and 
+      slowly but steadily learning how to rule.&amp;nbsp; She had been welcomed to 
+      the throne with great celebration, but few monarchs have inherited such a 
+      dire predicament.&amp;nbsp; Religious turmoil was inevitable; though 
+      the Protestants regarded Elizabeth as their savior, many Marian exiles 
+      believed she would maintain her sister's religious changes.&amp;nbsp; She had 
+      to tread carefully - and fortunately for both Elizabeth and her nation, 
+      she was uniquely suited to do so.&amp;nbsp; She made it clear to her 
+      councilors that she wanted no windows into men's souls.&amp;nbsp; Also, she 
+      would not be dominated by one religious party at the expense of 
+      another.&amp;nbsp; For Elizabeth, her citizens were Englishmen first; their 
+      religious loyalties - whether Catholic or Protestant - were to remain 
+      subservient to their loyalty to her as queen of England.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      explains her later disregard for Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; She characteristically 
+      remarked that she preferred loyal Catholics to Puritans; this may have 
+      confused some of her subjects since she was a Protestant queen, and the 
+      Puritans were simply Protestant extremists.&amp;nbsp; However, Elizabeth 
+      recognized that, by the end of her reign, most of her Catholic subjects 
+      were loyal to her instead of the pope (despite her excommunication) and 
+      accepted royal prerogative.&amp;nbsp; Her Puritan subjects, however, did not 
+      recognize the sanctity of the crown, and their presence in Parliament 
+      ensured a steady erosion of royal power.&amp;nbsp; The end result of this 
+      conflict occurred during the reign of Charles I, when a powerful Puritan 
+      populace revolted against their Catholic king and beheaded him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Luckily, most of Elizabeth's councilors were of the same mind as the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Their first priority was the stability of the realm, and they 
+      wanted to negotiate a truce of sorts between the two factions.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+      course, the more extreme members of both parties could not be 
+      satisfied.&amp;nbsp; Also, Philip II of Spain and Henri II of France had 
+      recently ended their near-constant warfare, and now England remained 
+      outside Continental affairs; perhaps it would become the prey of both 
+      powers.&amp;nbsp; When Elizabeth's court moved to Whitehall for Christmas, the 
+      Spanish ambassador De Feria tried to secure a possible marriage between 
+      Elizabeth and one of Philip's innumerable relatives.&amp;nbsp; Already her 
+      expected marriage dominated European politics.&amp;nbsp; No one expected her 
+      to rule alone.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The Christmas festivities at Whitehall were quite extravagant.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The English court had not had cause for much celebration in years; Mary's 
+      reign had been increasingly insular and solemn.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth, young 
+      and beautiful, was determined to celebrate her near-miraculous 
+      triumph.&amp;nbsp; And yet Christmas would pale in comparison to her 
+      coronation festivities.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;On the 12th of January, she set out once again to the Tower, traveling 
+      by river from Whitehall.&amp;nbsp; Two days later, at two o'clock in the 
+      afternoon, she rode in an open litter for her recognition procession 
+      throughout London.&amp;nbsp; She wore a gown of crimson velvet and cloth of 
+      gold with an ermine cape for warmth, and was surrounded by richly-dressed 
+      lords and ladies.&amp;nbsp; Crowds of Londoners thronged the streets, to the 
+      queen's open delight.&amp;nbsp; It was a cold and wet Saturday with snow 
+      flurries settling upon the brocade canopy of the queen's litter, but the 
+      weather could not distract from the spectacle.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The entire route through the city was marked by pageants, plays, and 
+      orations; even Anne Boleyn appeared in a tableau beside Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth's replies to each presentation were memorable and kind; to the 
+      Recorder of London, she memorably said, 'Whereas your request is that I 
+      should continue your good lady and Queen, be ye assured that I will be as 
+      good unto you as ever Queen was to her people.&amp;nbsp; No will in me can 
+      lack, neither do I trust shall there lack any power.&amp;nbsp; And persuade 
+      yourselves, that for the safety and quietness of you all, I will not spare 
+      if need be to spare my blood.'&amp;nbsp; These words were not merely facile 
+      endearments.&amp;nbsp; Long ago, during the dark days of Mary's reign, she had 
+      realized the importance of public relations and popular support.&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The next day she was crowned queen of England.&amp;nbsp; She entered 
+      Westminster on foot, walking upon a long blue carpet which the crowd 
+      promptly cut up for souvenirs.&amp;nbsp; The great Abbey was crowded full of 
+      both rural and urban dignitaries, and their ladies.&amp;nbsp; They watched as 
+      the queen marched slowly forward, the long red velvet train of her gown 
+      carried by the duchess of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Hundreds of candles and lamps 
+      burned, and the boys' choir sang beautifully while a medley of pipes, 
+      drums, and the church organ played.)&amp;nbsp; She was crowned by Owen 
+      Oglethorpe, the bishop of Carlisle.&amp;nbsp; The&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1woodcrop.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I on wood; c1565&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;285&quot;&gt; archbishop of Canterbury, 
+      Reginald Pole, had died the same day as Queen Mary; the archbishop of York 
+      asked to be excused on grounds of conscience; the bishop of Durham said he 
+      was too old to perform the ceremony.&amp;nbsp; And so it fell to Dr 
+      Oglethorpe, who was as good as anyone else in Elizabeth's eyes.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      ceremony itself was a mish-mash of Catholic and Protestant rituals - the 
+      Mass was said in Latin but the celebrant did not elevate the Host; the 
+      epistle and gospel were read in Latin and English; and the coronation oath 
+      itself was read from an English Bible.&amp;nbsp; In other words, it was a 
+      ceremony which accurately reflected the religious confusion of mid-16th 
+      century England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Oglethorpe placed the heavy Crown of St Edward on her head, but it was 
+      quickly removed after the oath was administered.&amp;nbsp; Then, wearing a 
+      lighter crown, the new queen was presented to the congregation.&amp;nbsp; 
+      There was an explosion of noise (the Venetian ambassador said it sounded 
+      like the end of the world) as bells were rung, trumpets were blown, and 
+      every other musical instrument played with such force that spectators 
+      winced.&amp;nbsp; The coronation banquet was held at Westminster Hall at three 
+      o'clock and lasted until one o'clock Monday morning.&amp;nbsp; The new queen, 
+      who now wore a becoming gown of purple velvet, sat beneath the great 
+      window on a raised dais.&amp;nbsp; There were eight hundred guests, and the 
+      queen was served by the Lord Chamberlain and the Chief Steward.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      spoke little during the banquet, and was so tired when it ended that a 
+      tournament planned for Monday afternoon was canceled.&amp;nbsp; She had also 
+      caught a cold; the opening of Parliament was thus delayed from the 23rd of 
+      January to the 25th.&amp;nbsp; Her arrival at Parliament, however, was another 
+      moment of triumph for Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She wore a crimson gown and a cap 
+      decorated with pearls and was quite lovely and energetic despite her 
+      recent cold.&amp;nbsp; When the crowd called out, 'God save and maintain 
+      thee!', she responded with enthusiasm, 'God a' mercy, good people!'&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;All things considered, these first two months on the throne had gone 
+      very smoothly.&amp;nbsp; But most European powers were convinced she wouldn't 
+      last a year as queen.&amp;nbsp; If she did, it would only be due to a 
+      quick marriage.&amp;nbsp; And so, over the next several years, the dominant 
+      issue of her reign would be one which she personally detested - who would 
+      the queen marry, and when?&amp;nbsp; For Elizabeth, treading carefully and 
+      conscious of the novelty of her position, the issue was a personal and 
+      political threat - and one which she handled with exquisite care.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She [Elizabeth] is incomparably more feared than her 
+  sister, and gives her orders and has her way as absolutely as her father did.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 
+  1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's seeming obliviousness to marriage, her refusal to discuss 
+      it, or her occasional witty but vague comments - all these infuriated her 
+      councilors.&amp;nbsp; They seemed incapable of appreciating the impact 
+      marriage would have upon her life, while its impact was distressingly 
+      clear to Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; The councilors wanted a king, and an heir, a 
+      natural enough desire since her throne could not be completely secure without 
+      them.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth knew herself to be intellectually superior to 
+      most men and she relished her independence.&amp;nbsp; And, of course, her 
+      father's marital history - as well as her sister's - made her question 
+      both the personal and political cost of marriage.&amp;nbsp; The new queen always 
+      had a low opinion of marital happiness, and saw little reason to change 
+      her mind.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Even in her own lifetime, rumors abounded that Elizabeth was physically 
+      deformed, incapable of pleasing a husband or bearing a child.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      also whispered that she was a sexual deviant whose appetites could not be 
+      satisfied by marriage.&amp;nbsp; However, it is clear enough that Elizabeth's 
+      character - pragmatic, rational, and calculating - was not overly 
+      romantic; she was openly fond of many courtiers, particularly Robert 
+      Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But she never wed Dudley, and a healthy flirtation does not 
+      indicate sexual deviancy.&amp;nbsp; Rather, it shows Elizabeth to be a normal 
+      young woman who enjoyed the company of a handsome man.&amp;nbsp; If she had 
+      not flirted with Dudley, or her other courtiers, then speculation about 
+      her character would be understandable.&amp;nbsp; In truth, she was no less 
+      flirtatious than her father, but the simple, unavoidable fact of her 
+      gender made her flirtations far more politically charged.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Furthermore, any sexual activity would have been immediately 
+      reported.&amp;nbsp; 'I do not live in a corner,' the queen once commented. 'A 
+      thousand eyes see all I do, and calumny will not fasten on me for 
+      ever.'&amp;nbsp; A foreign ambassador was caught paying one of her laundresses 
+      for proof of the queen's regular menstrual cycle; everyone at court 
+      gossiped about her relationships with the handsome courtiers who soon 
+      flocked to London.&amp;nbsp; The queen herself preferred to rise above such 
+      discussion.&amp;nbsp; If she fulfilled her royal duties with care and 
+      diligence, and if she brought prosperity and peace to her country, then 
+      she was successful.&amp;nbsp; And since she had great faith in her own 
+      talents, she saw no reason to share her throne with a husband.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;And so, out of love of independence and power, and a native distrust of 
+      marriage, Elizabeth was determined to remain single.&amp;nbsp; Her councilors, 
+      for their part, pretended to believe otherwise for quite a long 
+      time.&amp;nbsp; Despite her repeated vows to 'live and die a virgin', they 
+      embarked upon countless rounds of diplomatic negotiations searching for a 
+      husband.&amp;nbsp; They visited her in private, they 
+      openly begged her; they eventually forced a parliamentary showdown upon 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; William Cecil prayed that 'God would send our mistress a 
+      husband, and by time a son, that we may hope our posterity shall have a 
+      masculine succession.'&amp;nbsp; Despite their close friendship, and mutual 
+      respect, even Cecil succumbed to the sexism of their age - he rebuked a 
+      messenger for talking to the queen of something that 'was too much for 
+      woman's knowledge.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But over the years, her councilor's discomfort lessened.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      Stuart bore a son, James, in 1566 and was imprisoned in England shortly 
+      afterwards.&amp;nbsp; James was raised as a Protestant and was soon the only 
+      Tudor relative with a viable claim.&amp;nbsp; His religion allowed most 
+      Englishmen to look favorably upon him as Elizabeth's eventual heir.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The queen wisely dangled its possibility before him and thus ensured 
+      Scottish political cooperation throughout the later years of her 
+      reign.&amp;nbsp; Also, as the years passed, so did the possibility that 
+      Elizabeth would bear a child.&amp;nbsp; And why marry, if not for an 
+      heir?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It is also worth noting the endless difficulties in selecting a 
+      suitable husband.&amp;nbsp; A foreign match would have dragged England into 
+      the morass of European politics, with possibly the same disastrous results 
+      of Mary's marriage.&amp;nbsp; But marriage to an Englishman would have given 
+      too much power to one political faction or the other.&amp;nbsp; And so 
+      Elizabeth's personal dislike of marriage turned out to be a shrewd 
+      political decision, though it confounded everyone for several years.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;From the earliest days of her reign, one of Elizabeth's greatest 
+      political attributes was her endless prevarication.&amp;nbsp; Many historians 
+      have described it less as an attribute, and more as her greatest failing.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They mention her inability to decide upon marriage, or - most famously - 
+      her refusal to execute Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; They argue that these 
+      incidents prove she was hesitant and indecisive.&amp;nbsp; But it actually 
+      reveals a formidable political talent, and one which greatly benefited her 
+      nation.&amp;nbsp; The new queen was not one to whole-heartedly plunge into any 
+      scheme, personal or political; thus, she refused to become involved in 
+      foreign entanglements which would have bankrupted her country and produced 
+      strife and discontent.&amp;nbsp; She sent money and a few troops to 
+      continental Protestants, but no more.&amp;nbsp; In terms of religion, she 
+      sought to strike a balance between two extremes through careful thought 
+      and debate.&amp;nbsp; In doing so, she negotiated a truce of sorts which 
+      lasted through most of her reign - in contrast to the religious turmoil 
+      which marked the reigns before and after her own.&amp;nbsp; One could label 
+      her indecisive since she did not strike a definitive stance on either 
+      issue.&amp;nbsp; But she preserved the peace and prosperity of her nation; she 
+      put England, and the welfare of its citizens, first.&amp;nbsp; Thus, the 
+      ability to prevaricate was an essential tool of her political success, 
+      however much it frustrated those who wanted her to take sides.&amp;nbsp; In 
+      Elizabeth's case, one could argue that she took only the English side.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is a very vain and clever woman.&amp;nbsp; She must have 
+  been thoroughly schooled in the manner in which her father conducted his 
+  affairs.&amp;nbsp; She is determined to be governed by no one.' &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=307 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's greatest love, Sir Robert Dudley&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliztruelove.jpg&quot; width=300 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This understandably caused strife within her council.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      clear from the beginning that Robert Dudley was the queen's favorite 
+      courtier.&amp;nbsp; They were openly affectionate and Dudley enjoyed flaunting 
+      the queen's favor.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was often terrified that Elizabeth would 
+      wed Dudley, but that fear at least was soon put to rest.&amp;nbsp; At the 
+      start of Elizabeth's reign, Dudley was still married to an heiress called 
+      Amy Robsart; she was safely tucked away in the country while her husband 
+      flirted at court.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth knew of the match; she had attended the 
+      wedding.&amp;nbsp; But the marriage, which had begun happily, was soon torn 
+      apart by Dudley's ambition.&amp;nbsp; But whatever he planned for the future, 
+      it was soon impossible for him to dream of becoming king.&amp;nbsp; Amy was 
+      living in secluded and deprived circumstances at Cumnor Place, the 
+      Oxfordshire manor of Anthony Forster, an MP and close friend of 
+      Dudley's.&amp;nbsp; She had been ill for some time.&amp;nbsp; On Sunday the 8th of 
+      September 1560, roughly nine months after Elizabeth's coronation, she gave 
+      her few servants permission to visit a fair.&amp;nbsp; When they returned, 
+      they found her lying dead at the bottom of the staircase with a broken 
+      neck.&amp;nbsp; There had been other ladies in the home; they reported playing 
+      backgammon with Amy until, suddenly and without explanation, she left the 
+      room and fell to her death.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was informed of the news while at 
+      Windsor Castle with the queen.&amp;nbsp; He immediately ordered a thorough 
+      investigation.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; His close relationship with the queen was 
+      already a minor scandal; Amy's suspicious death could make it 
+      explosive.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Amy had been ill for some months, with a 'canker in her breast', as the 
+      doctors said.&amp;nbsp; They had assured Dudley that his wife would not live 
+      much longer.&amp;nbsp; So the immediate supposition after her death - that 
+      Dudley had murdered Amy so he could marry the queen - does not make 
+      sense.&amp;nbsp; There were only three other conclusions to draw - first, that 
+      Amy, knowing her own condition, was depressed and angry at her husband; 
+      she therefore took her own life in an attempt to end her suffering and 
+      Dudley's hopes to be king.&amp;nbsp; Second, that one of Dudley's enemies had 
+      murdered Amy in an attempt to discredit him and make marriage with the 
+      queen impossible.&amp;nbsp; Or third, that nothing so nefarious occurred and 
+      her death was completely accidental; she simply fell while walking down 
+      the stairs.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But everyone enjoyed gossip and scandal too much to let it pass.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And Amy's maid told a jury that her mistress had often 'prayed to God to 
+      deliver her from desperation', and many courtiers remembered Dudley's 
+      public speculation about divorcing his wife.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was forced to 
+      send Dudley from court until the funeral, but he did not attend the 
+      service.&amp;nbsp; The queen sent Lady Norton as her representative, and it 
+      was known that other ladies had been asked but refused to go because of 
+      the scandal.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth's affection for Dudley was at its 
+      greatest during these early years and could not be denied.&amp;nbsp; Soon 
+      enough he was back at court and in as much favor as always.&amp;nbsp; Once, 
+      during a boating party on the Thames, he asked the ambassador de Quadra, 
+      who was also Bishop of Avila, to marry he and Elizabeth immediately.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The ambassador remarked that he would do so as soon as the queen dismissed 
+      her Protestant councilors from service.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In light of Amy Robsart's death, it is worth considering Elizabeth's 
+      own feelings on the matter.&amp;nbsp; Her closest advisors thought she had 
+      good cause to dread the woman's death, though not because of any 
+      scandal.&amp;nbsp; The queen, they realized, enjoyed flirting with Dudley and 
+      occasionally encouraged his fantasies, but she did not want to be given 
+      the opportunity to marry him.&amp;nbsp; When Amy Robsart died, Elizabeth had 
+      no ready excuse for denying Dudley's proposals.&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But the queen had other, far more appropriate suitors.&amp;nbsp; Cecil's 
+      natural inclination was to make peace with England's 
+      traditional enemy, France.&amp;nbsp; He urged a match with one of Queen Catherine d'Medici and 
+      King Henry II's sons.&amp;nbsp; These Francophile maneuvers began seriously 
+      after Mary Stuart's French husband died in 1560 and she returned to 
+      Scotland.&amp;nbsp; To thwart Cecil, other councilors pressed a Spanish 
+      marriage, perhaps even to her former brother-in-law Philip.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      queen expertly considered all options but never committed to any.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This routine would continue until advancing age made childbirth 
+      impossible.&amp;nbsp; Only then was Elizabeth truly free of parliamentary 
+      meddling in her private affairs, a situation which had inspired several 
+      famously bitter outbursts in 1566.&amp;nbsp; After insisting that the 
+      succession was too weighty an issue for such &amp;quot;a knot of harebrains&amp;quot; as the 
+      House of Commons, she later invoked her own arrest during Wyatt's 
+      rebellion as the reason for her refusal to name a successor (if she would 
+      not marry): &amp;quot;I did differ from her [Mary I] in religion and I was sought 
+      for divers ways.&amp;nbsp; And so shall never be my successor.&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp; And, she 
+      warned them, &amp;quot;as your Prince and head&amp;quot;, it was up to her to judge such 
+      weighty political issues without parliamentary interference, &amp;quot;For it is 
+      monstrous that the feet should direct the head.&amp;quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In other words, they could discuss and debate and suggest - but only 
+      Elizabeth could rule.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen 
+      Elizabeth I, part one&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082680&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082680&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,440 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">27296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdae742fb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-metsys.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz3-maryqos1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizfan.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=476 
+      alt=&quot;'The Sieve Portrait' of Elizabeth I by Quentin Metsys&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-metsys.jpg&quot; width=350 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my 
+      Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be 
+      ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a 
+  Virgin, and died a Virgin.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I to 
+      Parliament, 1559&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was content to ignore potential suitors; she considered 
+      religion to be the most pressing and divisive issue in England.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Having lived through years of spiritual upheaval, she well understood her 
+      subjects' need for peace.&amp;nbsp; But it would not be easy to find. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Both Protestants and Catholics had suffered throughout the reigns of 
+      Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Henry's religious policies had 
+      been muddled and disarming; no one, even the king, knew the definition of 
+      heresy.&amp;nbsp; Or rather, they knew heresy was whatever the king commanded, 
+      and that changed from year to year.&amp;nbsp; Edward had been a devout 
+      Protestant, as had his councilors.&amp;nbsp; The six years of his rule 
+      witnessed its political and social triumph, primarily through southern 
+      England.&amp;nbsp; The independent north remained conservative and 
+      Catholic.&amp;nbsp; Mary had been an equally devout Catholic, imbued with 
+      genuine religious fervor.&amp;nbsp; She brought papal privilege back to 
+      England after a twenty-year absence.&amp;nbsp; And now Elizabeth came to the 
+      throne, having been Protestant and Catholic, for she had tacked to the 
+      treacherous winds of her siblings' courts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Each faith harbored grievances against the other.&amp;nbsp; Her Protestant 
+      councilors increasingly felt that Catholics were political traitors, as if 
+      their very faith implied a lack of patriotism.&amp;nbsp; They warned Elizabeth 
+      that the pope commanded her Catholic subjects, not she; only a swift and 
+      strong blow could ensure their fear and forced loyalty.&amp;nbsp; But for the 
+      queen, her Catholic subjects were also, quite simply, subjects.&amp;nbsp; If 
+      they recognized her rule, she had no qualms about their private 
+      worship.&amp;nbsp; Let them go publicly to Protestant services and then do as 
+      they wished at home.&amp;nbsp; So long as they did not rebel, she was content 
+      not to pry. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This generosity, echoed in Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland, was 
+      considered a weakness by many.&amp;nbsp; And many Catholics did not trust the 
+      queen's promises. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's first parliament met from January to April 1559.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      new queen did not bother to revoke her illegitimacy, as Mary had.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This was indicative of Elizabeth's self-confidence and her ability to let 
+      the past go.&amp;nbsp; She even welcomed her former jailer Bedingfield to 
+      court, though with a caustic wit.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Religious turmoil was soon the subject of impassioned debate.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      royal supremacy - the royal title of Supreme Head of the Church of England 
+      - was reinstated, though altered to 'Supreme Governor'.&amp;nbsp; In the House 
+      of Lords, many bishops resisted the changes but they were quickly replaced 
+      by others, led by Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth pressed for a restoration of the 1549 Prayer Book, which she 
+      felt would be acceptable to Protestants and most complacent 
+      Catholics.&amp;nbsp; But the new bishops preferred the 1552 Prayer Book; it 
+      was rather vague about most controversial maters and thus less offensive 
+      to Catholics.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth assented and the Act of Uniformity was 
+      passed.&amp;nbsp; She was particularly successful in making religious 
+      dissension a political matter, rather than a troublesome question of 
+      doctrine.&amp;nbsp; In the Oath of Supremacy, in which her authority as 
+      Supreme Governor was recognized, the queen's powers were explicitly 
+      outlined.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple matter to remove Marian stalwarts from 
+      positions of authority, and about 300 clergy were dismissed.&amp;nbsp; In 
+      total, one third of parish clergy were replaced.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Most Englishmen were content with this settlement, though extremists on 
+      both sides felt it inadequate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth effectively placed the 
+      church under control of the crown, thus merging religious and political 
+      power in her person.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'From the very beginning&amp;nbsp; of her reign she has treated all 
+      religious questions with so much caution and incredible prudence that she 
+      seems both to protect the Catholic religion and at the same time not 
+      entirely to condemn or outwardly reject the new Reformation.... &lt;BR&gt;In my 
+      opinion, a very prudent action, intended to keep the adherents of both 
+      creeds in subjection, for the less she ruffles them at the beginning of 
+      her reign the more easily she will enthrall them later on.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;the Imperial envoy Count con Helffstein, March 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This balance was maintained successfully through most of her 
+      reign.&amp;nbsp; However, in later years, two great problems emerged.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The first was the growing popularity of the Puritan movement.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      extreme form of Protestantism was a direct attack upon the royal 
+      supremacy.&amp;nbsp; In England, the Puritans were directly influenced by 
+      continental Presbyterians.&amp;nbsp; They believed passionately in one rule 
+      only, that of Holy Scripture.&amp;nbsp; They also believed in a fellowship of 
+      ministers; parishes would elect their own religious leaders, under the 
+      supervision of a group of elders.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the parishes would 
+      usurp the power of the queen. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For the Puritans, it became distressingly clear that the Church of 
+      England was more dedicated to England and its ruler than to God.&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement 
+      underground.&amp;nbsp; John Whitgift, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 
+      1583, attempted to neutralize their cause by adopting some needed 
+      reforms.&amp;nbsp; But he did not wish to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I 
+      had created Protestant ones.&amp;nbsp; He was also more interested in 
+      establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.&amp;nbsp; A few 
+      Puritans were executed and many others banished under Whitgift; his use of 
+      the church courts robbed the new doctrine of its momentum.&amp;nbsp; It 
+      remained troublesome to the queen, but never a real threat.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth's rule was preferable to any other; she had become, however 
+      unwillingly, the champion of the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; Puritan attempts 
+      to check the royal prerogative would only succeed in the next generation. 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The Catholics, however, became a genuine threat to the queen's very 
+      life.&amp;nbsp; While the Puritans used words against the queen, the Catholic 
+      extremists were eventually prepared to kill her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The first decade of Elizabeth's reign found the Catholics relatively 
+      quiet and content.&amp;nbsp; They were settled mainly in the north and west of 
+      England, and accepted the 1559 religious settlement.&amp;nbsp; They believed 
+      Elizabeth to be illegitimate and thus ineligible to be queen, but neither 
+      Pope Paul IV or his successor, Pius IV, seriously challenged her 
+      title.&amp;nbsp; She was not even excommunicated until 1570.&amp;nbsp; The two 
+      greatest European powers, Spain (the Hapsburg Empire) and France, were 
+      cautious but friendly.&amp;nbsp; England had long been a balance between their 
+      competing interests.&amp;nbsp; And as mentioned earlier, Philip II of Spain 
+      had even sought to marry Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For her part, the queen took 
+      care not to disturb calm waters. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But calm can be deceptive and misleading.&amp;nbsp; In 1568, ten years into 
+      her reign, Elizabeth was forced to abandon her studied disinterest and 
+      choose sides.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Europe was caught in bloody religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp; There was a 
+      Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands and Philip 
+      &lt;IMG height=216 
+      alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's troublesome cousin, Mary queen of Scots, c1565&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz3-maryqos1.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;II sent the duke of 
+      Alva to crush it.&amp;nbsp; There was now a massive military power directly 
+      across the Channel from England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's council could only 
+      wonder - once Alva's force completed its bloody business there, would he 
+      then look to England?&amp;nbsp; And that same year, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.ne%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary 
+      Stuart&lt;/A&gt; fled her disastrous reign in Scotland to seek Elizabeth's 
+      help.&amp;nbsp; She needed an army to recover her throne from Protestant 
+      rebels who had forced her abdication and imprisoned her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+      and her councilors were aghast.&amp;nbsp; Mary was the true queen of England 
+      in the eyes of Catholic Europe, as well as some Catholic Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And she was now in England, on her way to becoming the greatest quandary 
+      of Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp; Just as Elizabeth had been the inevitable 
+      focus of conspiracies and plots against Mary I's rule, Mary queen of Scots 
+      would be the focus of discontent against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And if Elizabeth 
+      should die, naturally or otherwise, Mary had the strongest claim to the 
+      English throne.&amp;nbsp; All of the Protestant councilors were terrified; 
+      what should they do with Mary Stuart? &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Also, a Catholic missionary college was founded at Douai in Flanders by 
+      the Englishman William Allen.&amp;nbsp; He planned to take a proactive role in 
+      reasserting his faith in England, and he attracted many dedicated 
+      followers.&amp;nbsp; Douai was soon a flourishing center for anti-Elizabethan 
+      plots and propaganda. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For the queen, her cherished and precarious balance, successfully 
+      maintained for a decade, was falling to pieces.&amp;nbsp; She took the 
+      precaution of imprisoning Mary queen of Scots in a variety of secure 
+      castles.&amp;nbsp; At first, this 'imprisonment' was little more than an 
+      inconvenience since Mary wished to return home.&amp;nbsp; She sincerely 
+      believed Elizabeth would help her, as a fellow queen and cousin.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      never recognized the political danger she brought to bear upon her 'sweet 
+      sister'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was told by the Protestant lords in Scotland that 
+      Mary was unwelcome; she faced certain death if she returned.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+      infant son (whose birth caused Elizabeth to exclaim, 'Alack, the Queen of 
+      Scots is lighter of a bonny son, and I am but of barren stock!') was now king.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      Scots also plied Elizabeth's council with 
+      evidence of Mary's complicity in her second husband's murder.&amp;nbsp; Would 
+      the queen of England lend her support to such a woman?&amp;nbsp; It was indeed 
+      a vexing problem.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth settled upon appointing a commission to 
+      investigate the charges against Mary. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;And soon enough, she had even more pressing concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The common people are ignorant, superstitious, and altogether blinded 
+      with the old popish doctrine.' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Sir Ralph Sadler to 
+      Sir William Cecil, 1569&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The conservative north had never been friendly to the Tudor 
+      dynasty.&amp;nbsp; The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, had been their 
+      lord; they led rebellions against his killer and successor, Henry 
+      VII.&amp;nbsp; The first Tudor king succeeded in establishing nominal 
+      authority over the fractious northern earls.&amp;nbsp; His son, Henry VIII, 
+      was equally troubled.&amp;nbsp; His Reformation led to the great northern 
+      rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.&amp;nbsp; Henry dealt 
+      brutally with the rebels and made only one northern progress 
+      afterwards, taking his fifth queen, Catherine Howard, to York soon 
+      after their marriage.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI's Protestant council was also troubled by the 
+      north while the Catholic Mary I gained her greatest support there.&amp;nbsp; She rode north 
+      after Dudley seized control of London and had Lady Jane Grey crowned 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had long recognized its intransigence.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      was never particularly close to the great northern lords of her reign, the 
+      earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, and the only duke in England, her 
+      Howard cousin Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; She showed Norfolk some 
+      degree of personal affection, as she did all of her maternal 
+      relatives.&amp;nbsp; But she recognized his ambition and their religious 
+      differences.&amp;nbsp; As a duke, he was one of the wealthiest men in England 
+      and thus had great influence.&amp;nbsp; Yet he was never a close advisor to 
+      the queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The arrival of Mary Stuart was the great topic at Elizabeth's court in 
+      1569.&amp;nbsp; What would the queen do?&amp;nbsp; Some of her councilors, 
+      including Dudley and Throckmorton, thought Mary should wed the premier 
+      peer in England.&amp;nbsp; This was, of course, the queen's cousin 
+      Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was vehemently opposed; he disliked Norfolk and his 
+      opposition only strengthened Dudley's support.&amp;nbsp; Two problems could 
+      possibly be solved by the marriage - Mary Stuart would be safely settled 
+      in England and the succession would be assured.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth recognized 
+      this short-sighted solution for the mirage it was, for how long would she 
+      live after the marriage?&amp;nbsp; Her realm would be bitterly divided and 
+      torn, with rival factions centered upon herself and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; As 
+      future king of England, he might dare to rebel against her.&amp;nbsp; And what 
+      support would she gain, a 'Virgin Queen' with only her subjects' love to 
+      sustain her?&amp;nbsp; And despite her pragmatism, Elizabeth was Protestant 
+      and the Norfolk marriage would be a Catholic triumph.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The queen soon let both Dudley and Norfolk know of her 
+      displeasure.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was roundly chastised and Norfolk left court for 
+      his country estate Kenninghall.&amp;nbsp; He refused a summons to appear 
+      before Elizabeth at Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; Her anger was further 
+      roused.&amp;nbsp; There were whispers of a rebellion, that&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and 
+      his supporters would free Mary and march on London.&amp;nbsp; The northern 
+      earls were less keen on the marriage; as Northumberland put it, he did not 
+      plan 'to hazard myself for the marriage.'&amp;nbsp; He and Westmorland and 
+      Lord Dacre had local grievances against the queen, mainly religious but 
+      also including the erosion of their local authority.&amp;nbsp; As hereditary 
+      nobles, they felt pushed aside at court and not given the proper respect.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This had been a common aristocratic complaint during her father's reign as 
+      well.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But they had also heard stories of Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland 
+      and distrusted her character.&amp;nbsp; It is also not certain they wished for 
+      Norfolk to be king.&amp;nbsp; Their primary purpose was to undo the 1559 Act 
+      of Uniformity and crush the 'new found religion and heresy.'&amp;nbsp; As 
+      their proclamation asserted: &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles, Earl of 
+        Westmorland, the queen's most true and lawful subjects and to all her 
+        highness's people sendeth greeting:&amp;nbsp; Whereas divers new set up 
+        nobles about the Queen's Majesty have and do daily, not only go about to 
+        overthrow and put down the ancient nobility of this realm but have also 
+        misused the Queen's own person and have also by the space of twelve 
+        years now past set up and maintained a new found religion and heresy 
+        contrary to God's word.&amp;nbsp; For the amending and redressing thereof 
+        divers foreign powers do purpose shortly to invade this realm which will 
+        be to our utter destruction if we do not speedily forfend the same 
+        .....we will and require each and every of you as your duty to God for 
+        the setting forth of his true and Catholic religion ....come and resort 
+        unto us with all speed with all the armour and furniture as you or any 
+        of you have.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;And throughout the north, they found ready 
+      adherents for their cause.&amp;nbsp; The rebellion made clear to Elizabeth 
+      that a quiet decade had not eased religious change upon all her 
+      subjects.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic appeal was so strong that the earl of Sussex, 
+      sent to crush the rebellion, did not fully trust his own forces.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It began in 1569, but the queen was fortunate in her enemies.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Norfolk was indecisive; should he risk his grand title and privileges for 
+      the possibility of&lt;IMG height=345 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfan.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; becoming king?&amp;nbsp; While he hesitated, the earl of 
+      Sussex led his troops on a steady course north.&amp;nbsp; The rebels 
+      themselves were often conflicted in their duties to the queen and their 
+      church.&amp;nbsp; When faced with the queen's army, they returned home.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The noble leaders escaped abroad or bought their freedom by giving their 
+      property to the crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The Northern Rebellion was a frightening experience, but it ended 
+      satisfactorily enough.&amp;nbsp; It was clear, however, that northern England 
+      must be more carefully watched and controlled.&amp;nbsp; And as a result of 
+      the rebellion, &lt;I&gt;Regnans in excelsis&lt;/I&gt; was issued by the papacy in 
+      March 1570.&amp;nbsp; This was the official excommunication of Queen Elizabeth 
+      I; she was formally deposed and her Catholic subjects absolved of all 
+      loyalty and obedience to her office.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic powers of Europe 
+      were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen.&amp;nbsp; She was a 
+      heretic and enemy of the true faith.&amp;nbsp; This moment had been long 
+      expected in England.&amp;nbsp; And it brought fresh impetus to the Protestant 
+      councilors to protect Elizabeth's life. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;A papal bull could be a powerful document.&amp;nbsp; It could be used by 
+      any Catholic prince, though Elizabeth's mind turned immediately to her 
+      former brother-in-law Philip II, to justify an invasion.&amp;nbsp; In 1571, 
+      parliament took action.&amp;nbsp; It was now treason to declare Elizabeth a 
+      heretic or impugn her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; The fines for recusants, 
+      those who did not attend Protestant church services, were increased 
+      dramatically, from a shilling a week to 20 pds a month.&amp;nbsp; Many noble 
+      Catholic families would not compromise their faith and paid the fines; 
+      they were driven into poverty.&amp;nbsp; In later years, it would become 
+      treason to convert to Catholicism and all Catholic priests were ordered to 
+      leave England.&amp;nbsp; This happened only after Catholic plots against 
+      Elizabeth's life had been discovered.&amp;nbsp; Many of these plots were led 
+      by agents from Douai, dozens of whom had secretly returned to 
+      England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had reason to hope these measures would be successful.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Mary Stuart's son was growing up safely Protestant in Scotland and 
+      Elizabeth was friendly with his ministers.&amp;nbsp; English Catholics were 
+      deprived of priests, unable to attend universities, and support from 
+      European allies was slowly being cut off.&amp;nbsp; This support was 
+      particularly troubling; the first Catholic martyr of her reign, Cuthbert 
+      Mayne, was executed in 1577, but only because he had committed political 
+      treason.&amp;nbsp; There was no need to make martyrs, the council thought, and 
+      it should be remembered that the Catholic problem coincided with the rise 
+      in Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often wondered aloud at her subjects' 
+      ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; She had kept them safe and secure at home, thought only 
+      of their welfare, and yet it seemed plots against her abounded. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Perhaps the most confused subjects were those Catholics loyal to the 
+      queen but now deemed traitors because of their faith.&amp;nbsp; They were 
+      condemned to political limbo because of extremist actions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The insularity of Elizabeth's reign was thus broken in 1568, and she 
+      was forced into continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; This was not of her 
+      choosing.&amp;nbsp; But the papal bull could not be ignored, nor the brutal 
+      actions of Alva in the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she didn't seek the 
+      role, or relish it, but Elizabeth was regarded as the champion of 
+      Protestantism in Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;At first, Spanish hostility was tempered by Philip's conflict with 
+      France.&amp;nbsp; He wanted Elizabeth's support and she encouraged him by 
+      considering a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; Of course, she had no intention of 
+      accepting his proposal but it was a useful diplomatic tool.&amp;nbsp; But then 
+      Alva's 50,000 troops arrived in the Netherlands, and began to 
+      systematically attack its Protestant population.&amp;nbsp; They in turn sought 
+      Elizabeth's aid.&amp;nbsp; Also, the Huguenots (French Protestants) were under 
+      attack, most famously in the gruesome St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 
+      1572. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Cecil urged support; after all, where would Alva's army go once it finished 
+      with the Netherlands?&amp;nbsp; They would have a secure base for either destroying 
+      English trade or invasion.&amp;nbsp; Dudley and Norfolk (tentatively pardoned 
+      by the queen after he promised to never contact Mary Stuart) urged 
+      caution.&amp;nbsp; The queen must abandon the Dutch and the Huguenots, or she 
+      faced wars with France and Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would save her precious 
+      treasury as well; Elizabeth had inherited an empty treasury and hence 
+      loathed to part with money.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She prevaricated as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; She allowed English ships 
+      under Drake and Hawkins to harass and seize Spanish ships returning from 
+      the New World; she did not officially approve of their actions but she 
+      gladly accepted stolen Spanish bullion.&amp;nbsp; She sent small contingents 
+      of troops to the Netherlands, though the situation deteriorated steadily 
+      over the next several years.&amp;nbsp; Philip retaliated by supporting 
+      insurrection in Ireland. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This conflict with Spain and the problem of Mary queen of Scots 
+      continued to vex Elizabeth for many years.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen 
+      Elizabeth I, part two&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082753&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082753&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">21375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdb09651b219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-zuccaro2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz4-four.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-bettes1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-zuccaro2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Zuccaro's sketch of Queen Elizabeth I; c1570s; the most authentic likeness of the queen&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;482&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I cannot but deplore my evil fortune, seeing 
+      you have been pleased not only to refuse me your presence, causing me to 
+      be declared unworthy of it by your nobles; but also suffered me to be torn 
+      in pieces by my rebels.... not allowing me to have copies of their false 
+      accusations, or affording me any liberty to accuse 
+      them.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;Mary, queen of Scots to Elizabeth I after the Northern 
+      Rebellion&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;There were three main plots concerning &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots&lt;/A&gt; - the duke of Norfolk's scheme of 1569, the Throckmorton Plot of 
+      1583, and the Babington Plot of 1586.&amp;nbsp; For as long as Mary lived, she 
+      was a potential threat to Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And since she was now 
+      imprisoned on English soil, she was an even greater menace.&amp;nbsp; Domestic 
+      enemies of the queen made no secret of their admiration for Mary 
+      Stuart.&amp;nbsp; And foreign ambassadors often communicated secretly with 
+      her, particularly the French and Spanish ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; As a former 
+      queen of France, Mary had many friends in that country.&amp;nbsp; And as a 
+      Catholic queen, she was friendly with the increasingly pious Philip II of 
+      Spain.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was always of two minds regarding her cousin.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      recognized the danger which Mary represented, but she was acutely 
+      conscious of Mary's status as a sovereign queen unlawfully deposed by her 
+      subjects.&amp;nbsp; She could not impugn her cousin's dignity without risking 
+      damage to the ideal of royal prerogative.&amp;nbsp; The trick was to deprive 
+      Mary of her standing as a sovereign.&amp;nbsp; Mary's own behavior, in 
+      Scotland and England, gave Elizabeth a distinct advantage.&amp;nbsp; Even 
+      staunch Catholic allies were troubled by Mary's reported crimes.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Perhaps she was innocent of complicity in her second husband's murder, but 
+      she had married James Hepburn, the earl of Bothwell in a Protestant ceremony.&amp;nbsp; And the 
+      evidence of the 'Casket Letters' (now believed to be false) supported the 
+      theory that Mary and Bothwell had an adulterous affair and then plotted 
+      Darnley's murder.&amp;nbsp; This erosion of Mary's reputation necessarily 
+      alienated her moderate supporters.&amp;nbsp; But for the extremists, such flaws 
+      could be overlooked for the greater good of overthrowing the heretic 
+      Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;At first, Mary was content to avoid plotting against her cousin.&amp;nbsp; 
+      But when it became clear that Elizabeth would not help her return to 
+      Scotland, she was forced into a corner.&amp;nbsp; She wrote constantly to the 
+      English queen, begging for a personal meeting, much as Elizabeth had 
+      requested an audience with Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth refused.&amp;nbsp; Mary was 
+      originally placed in the care of the wealthy earl of Shrewsbury and his 
+      formidable wife, Bess of Hardwick.&amp;nbsp; She was kept in comfortable 
+      quarters, with a large retinue of servants and accorded respect as a 
+      sovereign queen; she even ate beneath a cloth of estate.&amp;nbsp; But she was 
+      essentially a prisoner and no material comforts could obscure that 
+      essential fact. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=229 
+      alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I's cousin, Mary queen of Scots&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz4-four.jpg&quot; width=155 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Those early years in England were spent in various hearings and 
+      meetings, with Mary proclaiming her innocence of Darnley's murder and the 
+      duplicity of her Scottish nobles.&amp;nbsp; When these ended with her freedom 
+      still denied, she became understandably bitter.&amp;nbsp; She had been 
+      condemned to prison without a fair hearing, with no end in sight.&amp;nbsp; 
+      For a lively young woman who had always lived openly and passionately, 
+      with as great a love of the outdoors as Elizabeth, used to being her 
+      own mistress and the former queen of two countries, the situation was intolerable.&amp;nbsp; She was only 25 years 
+      old when she arrived in England and all of her natural energy and 
+      enthusiasm became fixed upon one goal - freedom. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She was essentially powerless.&amp;nbsp; And so she turned to subterfuge, 
+      relying upon a small network of Catholic and foreign allies.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      was surprisingly successful.&amp;nbsp; She gained important news from the 
+      continent and Elizabeth's court.&amp;nbsp; But Shrewsbury complained 
+      incessantly about the expense of Mary's imprisonment and Elizabeth's 
+      councilors complained about her ceaseless correspondence with 
+      Catholics.&amp;nbsp; And so she was eventually removed from Shrewsbury's care 
+      into less comfortable quarters. &amp;nbsp;This had the paradoxical effect of 
+      encouraging more plotting on Mary's part. &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;After the plot to marry Norfolk and the Northern Rebellion failed in 
+      1569, Mary increasingly turned to her foreign supporters. &amp;nbsp;They were 
+      able to provide crucial encouragement as well as the names of trusted 
+      English sympathizers. &amp;nbsp;In 1583, the second serious plan to free Mary 
+      and kill Elizabeth was discovered. &amp;nbsp;It is known as the 'Throckmorton 
+      Plot', after its leader Sir Francis Throckmorton. &amp;nbsp;A well-born 
+      Catholic Englishman, Throckmorton was given money and guidance by the 
+      French prince, the duc de Guise. &amp;nbsp;De Guise wished to invade Scotland 
+      and England simultaneously, murder Elizabeth with the assistance of 
+      English Catholics, and then place Mary on the throne. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth's 
+      great spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham was notoriously suspicious, a trait 
+      which most (including Elizabeth) often condemned. &amp;nbsp;But in this case, 
+      his prudence, and an agent named Fagot, foiled the plot. &amp;nbsp;The 30 year 
+      old Throckmorton was arrested and tortured on the rack before confessing 
+      everything. &amp;nbsp;He was executed at Tyburn on 10 July 1584. &amp;nbsp;Based 
+      upon his confession, the complicity of the Spanish ambassador Bernadino de 
+      Mendoza was discovered; he was expelled from England in January 1584.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In June 1584, even as Throckmorton awaited execution, the Protestant leader William of Orange was assassinated 
+      at Delft by a Catholic. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth's councilors became even more terrified for 
+      her safety. &amp;nbsp;It did not help matters that France was in the midst of 
+      terrible religious turmoil. &amp;nbsp;Catherine de Medici had sought to 
+      placate both parties by tolerating Protestant services; she also married 
+      her daughter Marguerite to the Protestant prince Henri of Navarre in 1572. 
+      &amp;nbsp;The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre was the result. &amp;nbsp;Henri had 
+      saved his own life by renouncing Protestantism, but in 1576 he was able to 
+      escape imprisonment and publicly embraced his faith again. &amp;nbsp;In 1584, 
+      King Henri III of France named Henri of Navarre his heir presumptive. 
+      &amp;nbsp;None of Catherine de Medici's sons had produced a male heir and so the 
+      throne would pass to a Protestant king.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This decision led to 'The War of the Three Henrys' and, indirectly, 
+      Henri III's assassination in 1589 by a Catholic fanatic, Jacques Clement.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Henri of Navarre was then 
+      crowned king of France, but was forced to fight against the Catholic 
+      League. &amp;nbsp;He could not enter Paris until 1594, after once again 
+      renouncing his faith with the famous remark, 'Paris is well worth a Mass.' 
+      &amp;nbsp;But he continued at war with Spain for several more years and 
+      embarked upon a policy of religious toleration which culminated in the 
+      Edict of Nantes in 1598.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth and her council carefully considered the events in France. 
+      &amp;nbsp;There were three great Protestant leaders in Europe - Elizabeth I 
+      (however unwilling she was to accept the role), William of Orange, and 
+      Henri of Navarre. &amp;nbsp;Of the three, William was assassinated in 1584 and 
+      Navarre was once again forced to convert. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth survived 
+      unscathed, but the Throckmorton plot was a very troubling development. 
+      &amp;nbsp;It meant that foreign powers were determined to destroy her; there 
+      would be no more marriage proposals, only a shadowy network of 
+      plots.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In October, Cecil and Walsingham were concerned enough to draft the 
+      'Bond of Association', a document which pledged protection of the queen 
+      and destruction of her enemies. &amp;nbsp;Walsingham was now secretary of 
+      state, having assumed the more onerous duties of that office from Cecil in 
+      1568; his focus was primarily on diplomacy and espionage. &amp;nbsp;In January 
+      1585, he arranged for Mary, queen of Scots to be moved to Tutbury Castle.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Her personal papers were minutely examined during the process, without her 
+      knowledge. Walsingham wished to know all, but without rousing Mary's 
+      suspicions.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth approved of these plans. &amp;nbsp;She was personally courageous 
+      and refused to alter her many public appearances for fear of an assassin. 
+      &amp;nbsp;This caused her councilors many sleepless nights. &amp;nbsp;But they 
+      could not help but admire her bravery. &amp;nbsp;She also took to keeping a 
+      small sword beneath her pillow in case of an attack. &amp;nbsp;It was her only 
+      sign of distress and perfectly in keeping with her pragmatic approach to 
+      life. &amp;nbsp;The assassins might come, but she would be armed and ready to 
+      fight&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;In February 1585, Parliament banished Catholic priests and 
+      ordered the return of all Englishmen studying at seminaries abroad. 
+      &amp;nbsp;The 'Bond of&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-bettes1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Elizabeth I, painted by John Bettes the Younger, c1580s&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;478&quot;&gt; Association' was also given legal force, which meant 
+      that noncompliance with its terms would be a treasonable offense. &amp;nbsp;It 
+      would be officially ratified by Parliament in July 1586. &amp;nbsp;And in May, 
+      relations with Spain deteriorated further when Philip II ordered the 
+      seizure of English ships in Atlantic ports. &amp;nbsp;Three months later, 
+      England signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Alliance at Nonsuch Palace, in 
+      which Elizabeth pledged military assistance to the Protestant Dutch 
+      rebellion against Spain. &amp;nbsp;Almost 7000 English soldiers under the 
+      command of Robert Dudley immediately left for the Netherlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It was clear to everyone that conflict between England and Spain was 
+      fast becoming inevitable. &amp;nbsp;As much as she preferred to prevaricate 
+      and remain neutral, Elizabeth was being forced to choose sides. &amp;nbsp;The 
+      problem of Mary, queen of Scots only encouraged Elizabeth's support for 
+      the Protestant cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In December 1585, Mary was moved to Chartley Manor. &amp;nbsp;Walsingham 
+      knew she was plotting again, this time with increasing desperation. 
+      &amp;nbsp;Throckmorton's failure had shaken her badly, though she professed 
+      innocence. &amp;nbsp;Her exact role in that conspiracy remains unclear; it is 
+      possible she only knew of it, but did not actively encourage it. &amp;nbsp;But 
+      she did enthusiastically support the treason of another English Catholic, 
+      a young man named Sir Anthony Babington.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Another well-born Englishman, Babington had served as a page in 
+      Shrewsbury's household during the early years of Mary's imprisonment. 
+      &amp;nbsp;His romanticized memories of the queen, as well as his passionate 
+      Catholicism, made him susceptible to the plans of Thomas Morgan, one of 
+      Mary's trusted agents. &amp;nbsp;In 1580, the 19 year old Babington was 
+      traveling in France when he met Morgan. &amp;nbsp;After he returned to 
+      England, he became increasingly associated with Mary's admirers, 
+      eventually smuggling letters from the French embassy to the imprisoned 
+      queen. 
+      &amp;nbsp;Babington was only a half-hearted conspirator, but Walsingham was 
+      content to use him to lure Mary into a final trap. &amp;nbsp;When Babington 
+      learned the Catholic priest Ballard planned to murder Elizabeth, he tried 
+      to escape abroad but Walsingham refused him a passport. &amp;nbsp;Babington 
+      was frantic and turned to a friend for advice, confessing everything. 
+      &amp;nbsp;His friend then ran to Walsingham with the information. &amp;nbsp;But 
+      the queen's secretary of state did not act at once. &amp;nbsp;He sensed this 
+      was his best opportunity to catch Mary in the act, so to speak, and with 
+      enough evidence to finally convince Elizabeth of her cousin's complicity. 
+      &amp;nbsp;The queen's refusal to condemn Mary was no longer a benevolent 
+      quirk; for her councilors, it was a matter of life and death.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Walsingham had soon collected a number of letters between Morgan, Mary, 
+      and Babington. &amp;nbsp;And in one of those, Mary explicitly approved the 
+      murder of Elizabeth. &amp;nbsp;It was this letter that Walsingham needed. 
+      &amp;nbsp;When confronted with it, Elizabeth was at first disbelieving and 
+      then angry. &amp;nbsp;She approved of moving Mary to Fotheringhay Castle and 
+      sending a commission of statesmen there to investigate the Babington Plot. 
+      &amp;nbsp;She also sent along a letter to be delivered to her captive cousin. 
+      &amp;nbsp;It read:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my 
+        life and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never 
+        proceeded so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected 
+        and maintained you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you and 
+        all made manifest. Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles and 
+        peers of the kingdom as if I were myself present. I therefore require, 
+        charge, and command that you make answer for I have been well informed 
+        of your arrogance. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Act plainly without reserve, 
+        and you will sooner be able to obtain favour of me. 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Mary defended herself at 
+      the resulting trial; her most potent argument was that she was a sovereign 
+      queen and thus not liable to the laws of England. &amp;nbsp;She also denied 
+      ever plotting the death of Elizabeth. &amp;nbsp;But it was too late. &amp;nbsp;She 
+      was condemned to death. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth at first refused to sign the 
+      warrant for execution, much as she had earlier with Norfolk. &amp;nbsp;It was 
+      an agonizing decision. &amp;nbsp;There is a possibility she was tricked into 
+      signing it. &amp;nbsp;Mary was finally beheaded on 8 February 1587. &amp;nbsp;On 
+      the 14th, Elizabeth sent the following letter to Mary's son, King James VI 
+      of Scotland:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the 
+        extreme dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which 
+        (far contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman 
+        of mine, whom ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you 
+        truly of that which is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you 
+        that as God and many more know, how innocent I am in this case : so you 
+        will believe me, that if I had bid aught I would have bid by it. I am 
+        not so base minded that fear of any living creature or Prince should 
+        make me so afraid to do that were just; or done, to deny the same. I am 
+        not of so base a lineage, nor carry so vile a mind. But, as not to 
+        disguise, fits not a King, so will I never dissemble my actions, but 
+        cause them show even as I meant them. Thus assuring yourself of me, that 
+        as I know this was deserved, yet if I had meant it I would never lay it 
+        on others' shoulders; no more will I not damnify myself that thought it 
+        not. &lt;BR&gt;The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And 
+        for your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, 
+        nor a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more 
+        carefully to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise 
+        persuade you, judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in 
+        haste I leave to trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long 
+        reign. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and 
+        cousin, &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth R.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth had been 
+      queen for almost thirty years, surviving numerous obstacles and 
+      conspiracies. &amp;nbsp;Her councilors now believed the greatest threat to her 
+      reign was over. &amp;nbsp;But they were wrong, as the momentous events of 1588 
+      would soon prove.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz5.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen 
+      Elizabeth I, part three&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;Mary, 
+      queen of Scots Images site&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen, with 
+      commentary.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+     
+
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082759&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082759&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">30106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdb2b873b219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz5-mainpic.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">philipos-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-oldercrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=427 alt=&quot;crop from the famous 'Armada Portrait' of Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz5-mainpic.jpg&quot; width=325 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is certainly a great Queen and were she only a Catholic 
+  she would be our dearly beloved.&amp;nbsp; Just look how well she governs!&amp;nbsp; 
+  She is only a woman, only mistress of half an island, and yet she makes 
+  herself feared by Spain, by France, by the Empire, by all....&amp;nbsp; Our 
+  children would have ruled the whole world.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+  Pope Sixtus V describes Elizabeth, c1588&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;When news of the execution of Mary, queen of Scots reached Europe, it 
+      gave Philip II of Spain yet another reason to look askance at his former 
+      sister-in-law.&amp;nbsp; English harassment of Spanish shipping and their 
+      support of rebellions against his rule had long angered him.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+      tried diplomacy; it had been successful enough until Elizabeth's 
+      Protestant councilors grew suspicious of his motives and angry over his 
+      treatment of continental Protestants.&amp;nbsp; After diplomacy came a gradual 
+      cooling between the countries; Philip even tried his hand at encouraging 
+      Irish rebellions against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And Philip grew increasingly 
+      pious as the years passed, and thus more inclined to take the 
+      excommunication of 1570 more seriously.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/philipos-crop.jpg&quot; lowsrc=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/Philip%20II%20of%20Spain&quot; width=&quot;155&quot; height=&quot;282&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Serious consequences were avoided for the first thirty years of 
+    Elizabeth's rule due to her own prevarication and Philip's more pressing 
+    problems.&amp;nbsp; But as the 1580s began, it was clear that something must 
+    give.&amp;nbsp; Philip could no longer afford the blatant piracy of the English, 
+    publicly disavowed but privately approved by Elizabeth (who always received 
+    the largest share of profits.)&amp;nbsp; She had even gone so far as to knight 
+    her greatest pirate, Sir Francis Drake, in 1581.&amp;nbsp; Four years later, the 
+    English openly supported the Netherlands when it revolted against Philip, a 
+    dangerous but popular policy for Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Philip had 
+    long claimed the throne of Portugal but had only recently seized it by force 
+    of arms.&amp;nbsp; If he wished to maintain control, he needed to defend the 
+    rich and wide-ranging Portuguese colonies.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Philip also needed to end the Protestant menace to Europe.&amp;nbsp; He 
+    supported plans to free Mary, queen of Scots and place her on the English 
+    throne.&amp;nbsp; His ambassador Mendoza had been peripherally involved in the 
+    Babington Plot and was expelled from England as a result.&amp;nbsp; Many of 
+    Elizabeth's councilors, most importantly the influential Robert Dudley, had 
+    advocated a tougher approach to Spanish meddling.&amp;nbsp; But always the 
+    queen, mindful of her treasury and always desiring peace, had held back.&amp;nbsp; 
+    She would send a few troops and some money, but little else.&amp;nbsp; Philip, 
+    however, had less love of peace and a more pressing piety.&amp;nbsp; England 
+    would be brought back into the Catholic fold, as the pope had commanded in 
+    1570.&amp;nbsp; The execution of Mary, queen of Scots in early 1587 gave him 
+    added impetus to act.&amp;nbsp; The English had sought to publicize Mary's 
+    various crimes, but most Europeans, even the Scots who had applauded her 
+    overthrow years ago, preferred the more tragic image of an innocent queen 
+    trapped by Elizabeth's wily councilors.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Philip spent much of 1587 finally preparing his long-rumored 'Armada' 
+    against England.&amp;nbsp; While Elizabeth's council had long warned her of this 
+    possibility, Philip's own advisors believed he could ill afford this new 
+    battle.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish fleet and army had fought too long and hard over 
+    the years.&amp;nbsp; They comprised the largest and best-prepared army and navy 
+    in the world; they had been successful against the Turks, had watched their 
+    traditional enemy, France, succumb to internal religious turmoil, had seized 
+    Portugal, and fought throughout the Low Countries.&amp;nbsp; But victories could 
+    be as tiresome and expensive as defeats.&amp;nbsp; Morale was low and leadership 
+    was lacking.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Philip's advisors consistently stressed the expense of the proposed 
+    battle.&amp;nbsp; But for the king, expenses were driving him to fight.&amp;nbsp; He 
+    needed to stop the English from seizing Spanish ships filled with precious 
+    coin and goods.&amp;nbsp; Each loss was a further blow to a nearly empty 
+    treasury.&amp;nbsp; There was no better time to fight than now, he declared, for 
+    the murder of Mary Stuart had at last united European opinion against 
+    Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; In July 1587, he received official approval from the pope 
+    for the invasion, provided England returned to Catholicism.&amp;nbsp; The pope 
+    even agreed to allow Philip to choose the next English ruler.&amp;nbsp; It would 
+    in all likelihood be the Spanish king himself for he claimed descent from 
+    the famous Edward III.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;As further impetus to Philip, even as he negotiated approval of the 
+    invasion with the pope, Drake led an expedition into Spain itself, seizing 
+    and destroying many vessels.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth protested that Drake had acted 
+    without her knowledge; this may have been true.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the queen 
+    had no desire for war.&amp;nbsp; But her protestations did not matter.&amp;nbsp; It 
+    was an audacious act which could not go unpunished.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth, of course, knew of the Spanish army lodged in the Low 
+    Countries, so close to English shores and able to intercept English 
+    shipping.&amp;nbsp; When word came that these forces were being steadily 
+    increased and an armada of Spanish ships was being prepared for battle, she 
+    could no longer debate and hesitate.&amp;nbsp; The impending threat was too 
+    obvious to ignore.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Yet what could England do against the great Spanish fleet?&amp;nbsp; All of 
+    Europe, and many Englishmen, believed England could not withstand the 
+    overwhelming Spanish force.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved 
+    myself that, under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in 
+  the loyal hearts and good-will of my subjects... I know I have the body but of 
+  a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a 
+  king of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince 
+  of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm...'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/font&gt; &lt;i&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;from Elizabeth I's speech to the troops at Tilbury, 1588&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The Armada which sailed against England is sometimes called 'The 
+    Invincible Armada', but its correct name is La Armada Grande.&amp;nbsp; Its 
+    supreme commander was the duke of Medina Sidonia, a nobleman who had done 
+    all he could to avoid this appointment.&amp;nbsp; He spent hours urging Philip, 
+    in the most polite and obsequious way possible, 
+    to find someone else, pointing out his own lack of experience in naval 
+    matters.&amp;nbsp; But the king would not listen.&amp;nbsp; Spain's greatest naval 
+    commander Don Alvaro de Bazan the elder, the marquess of Santa Cruz, had 
+    died and there had been a long, fruitless search for a suitable replacement.&amp;nbsp; 
+    The conscientious Medina Sidonia was Philip's choice, much to the duke's 
+    everlasting regret.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The Armada sailed from Lisbon on 20 May 1588, a grand procession of 130 
+    ships and over 30,000 men.&amp;nbsp; However, half of the vessels were transport 
+    ships and the majority of men were soldiers, not sailors.&amp;nbsp; Medina 
+    Sidonia was to sail to Flanders, where he would join the prince of Parma who 
+    waited with more soldiers and transports.&amp;nbsp; But the Armada stopped first 
+    in Corunna for some repair work and Medina Sidonia wrote to Philip, asking 
+    for the invasion to be postponed indefinitely.&amp;nbsp; The king was adamant, 
+    however, and the fleet sailed to Flanders.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Their arrival was expected and observed by the English.&amp;nbsp; Under the 
+    command of Lord Howard, they set out from Plymouth, under cover of night.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They managed to destroy some of the chief Spanish ships so that, with 
+    reinforcements, their numbers roughly equaled the Spanish.&amp;nbsp; More 
+    importantly, in terms of command and gunnery, the English had a far superior 
+    advantage.&amp;nbsp; By the time of the great battle off Gravelines, each fleet 
+    had roughly sixty warships.&amp;nbsp; The Spaniards fought heroically, but 
+    Howard was relentless.&amp;nbsp; The English ships were more agile and their 
+    commanders more inventive.&amp;nbsp; They did not allow the Spanish time to regroup 
+    and refit.&amp;nbsp; Only one Spanish ship was captured but several sank or ran 
+    ashore.&amp;nbsp; Medina Sidonia decided to lead the remaining fleet home, 
+    sailing along the north of Scotland and Ireland.&amp;nbsp; They met constant 
+    storms and rough seas, and not one pilot remained in the whole fleet.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Each passing storm destroyed more ships until, when the Armada finally 
+    limped home in the mid-September, half the fleet and most of its men were 
+    gone.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The defeat of the Armada was justly celebrated in Elizabeth's time.&amp;nbsp; 
+    It continues to be one of the most famous naval victories in history.&amp;nbsp; 
+    There is an engaging aspect to the whole story - the English fleet taking on 
+    the greatest naval power in the world and, against all odds, winning a 
+    stunning victory.&amp;nbsp; The psychological effect upon both nations was 
+    enormous.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Yet, upon closer inspection, the victory was neither as unexpected or 
+    immediately successful as is often believed.&amp;nbsp; The English navy had 
+    always been superior in tactics and gunnery than the Spanish, but had 
+    suffered from Elizabeth's penny-pinching support.&amp;nbsp; They simply never 
+    had enough money to build the ships and pay the sailors needed to become a 
+    world-class naval power.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish took so long to rebuild their 
+    navy that England finally had their opportunity, and they seized it with 
+    enthusiasm.&amp;nbsp; England would become the undisputed master of the seas.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But Spain was not nearly finished as a world power.&amp;nbsp; Barely two 
+    years after the Armada, they were virtually omnipotent in European affairs.&amp;nbsp; 
+    The religious turmoil in France had weakened their traditional enemy to such 
+    an extent that Spain stood unchallenged until 1598, when Henri of Navarre 
+    converted to Catholicism.&amp;nbsp; The balance of power in Europe was thus 
+    restored.&amp;nbsp; But Spain's army continued to grow until their dominance of 
+    land warfare equaled England's naval power.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;For Elizabeth, of course, the most important development was the most 
+    immediate - a brilliant victory over her greatest enemy, whose threats to 
+    invade had haunted most years of her reign.&amp;nbsp; She could breathe a 
+    much-deserved sigh of relief.&amp;nbsp; And she deserved no small credit for the 
+    success.&amp;nbsp; Her speech to the troops at Tilbury, rallying them to fight, 
+    remains justly famous; it is among her most stirring:&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My loving people,
+    We have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed 
+    how we commit our selves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; but I 
+    assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving 
+    people. Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself that, under God, I 
+    have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and 
+    good-will of my subjects; and therefore I am come amongst you, as you see, 
+    at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the 
+    midst and heat of the battle, to live and die amongst you all; to lay down 
+    for my God, and for my kingdom, and my people, my honour and my blood, even 
+    in the dust. I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I 
+    have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and 
+    think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare 
+    to invade the borders of my realm; to which rather than any dishonour shall 
+    grow by me, I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, 
+    judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know 
+    already, for your forwardness you have deserved rewards and crowns; and We 
+    do assure you in the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the 
+    mean time, my lieutenant general shall be in my stead, than whom never 
+    prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your 
+    obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the 
+    field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over those enemies of my God, 
+    of my kingdom, and of my people. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She enjoyed a renaissance of sorts among her people after the Armada.&amp;nbsp; 
+    She had already ruled for thirty years.&amp;nbsp; Those years of peace and 
+    general prosperity had led to an inevitable resentment amongst her subjects, 
+    particularly the young noblemen who now dominated her court.&amp;nbsp; They 
+    wanted adventure, glory, grand military exploits; they were fervent 
+    nationalists who wanted England to finally challenge the great powers of 
+    Europe; they believed themselves capable of anything.&amp;nbsp; And Elizabeth, 
+    nearing sixty, would regard them with either amusement or anger.&amp;nbsp; They 
+    did not know the price of war, she would complain; they did not understand 
+    how difficult it had been to bring peace and security to England.&amp;nbsp; They 
+    had not lived through the tumultuous reigns of her father and siblings.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They did not remember the bitter religious divide, which even now she only 
+    bridged with her inestimable charm and intellect.&amp;nbsp; England was at peace 
+    and her young courtiers chafed at peace.&amp;nbsp; But for the queen, peace was 
+    her greatest gift to her 'loving people.'&amp;nbsp; She knew its importance, the 
+    dear price it had cost her.&amp;nbsp; 'To be a King and wear a crown is a thing 
+    more pleasant to them that see it, than it is pleasant to them that bear 
+    it,' she remarked in her Golden Speech of 1601.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But she also knew those young courtiers disagreed, however much they 
+    fawned over her, pretending she was still the young queen of thirty.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Elizabeth was content to play the game for her vanity would not allow 
+    otherwise.&amp;nbsp; To grow old was a curse to her, she remarked; 'I am not 
+    sick, I feel no pain, yet I pine away.'&amp;nbsp; To have a young mind in an old 
+    body was another common lament.&amp;nbsp; She felt the loss of her youth keenly 
+    and did what she could to create a timeless role for herself.&amp;nbsp; She wore 
+    wigs and heavy make-up and still dressed in the opulent gowns of a maid, a 
+    fetching style when she was younger but now merely a reminder of her lack of 
+    marriage and family.&amp;nbsp; Her older subjects understood her melancholy; of 
+    the younger ones, Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Bacon were clever 
+    enough to guess its cause.&amp;nbsp; But most did not.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And the queen no longer had the comfort of loyal Cecil and her beloved 
+    Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Though Dudley had commanded the troops at Tilbury, he had died 
+    barely a month afterwards.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was now very old and had ceded much 
+    of his influence to his ambitious son Robert and Sir Francis Walsingham, who 
+    died in 1590.&amp;nbsp; The queen thus turned to another favorite, a young man 
+    who was a last link to Dudley.&amp;nbsp; His name was Robert Devereux, earl of 
+    Essex; he was Dudley's stepson and his mother was Elizabeth's cousin, 
+    Lettice Knollys.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Essex remains one of the more interesting courtiers of Elizabeth's later 
+    years.&amp;nbsp; He was the mortal enemy of Raleigh (who found him arrogant and 
+    overbearing) and close friends with Bacon.&amp;nbsp; He became the great 
+    favorite of Elizabeth's later years because, for a while, he was the ablest 
+    flirt and wit at court.&amp;nbsp; But his ambitions went far beyond being the 
+    queen's 'wild-horse'.&amp;nbsp; In this, he was encouraged by his flighty mother 
+    and sycophantic admirers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Essex believed in the primacy of the nobility at Elizabeth's court and 
+    disliked the influence of Cecil and his son, Robert, and other 'upstarts' 
+    such as Raleigh.&amp;nbsp; He was too proud, which the queen - depending upon 
+    her mood - found endearing or infuriating.&amp;nbsp; And he dreamed of military 
+    glory, badgering the queen to send him to Ireland to quell rebellions or 
+    with the navy to harass Spanish ships.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often refused; she 
+    genuinely enjoyed his company and would not risk his life.&amp;nbsp; And when 
+    she did succumb, Essex performed disastrously.&amp;nbsp; Though a daring and 
+    brave soldier, he was a terrible commander and his exploits cost the frugal 
+    queen dearly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;His worst offense, however, was a slip of the tongue.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+    would respond to Essex's tantrums by banishing him to the country until he 
+    begged forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Once, he decided to pretend illness instead.&amp;nbsp; 
+    When news of his condition reached Elizabeth, she sent a letter asking after 
+    his health - but nothing more.&amp;nbsp; Someone mentioned the queen's 
+    conditions for letting him return.&amp;nbsp; Infuriated, Essex cried out, 'Her 
+    conditions!&amp;nbsp; Her conditions are as crooked as her carcase.'&amp;nbsp; Those 
+    words reached the queen and she never forgot them.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Essex did return to court.&amp;nbsp; But his subsequent behavior was 
+    outlandish and insulting; he even dared to turn his back on Elizabeth during 
+    a council meeting.&amp;nbsp; The final blow came when he led a rebellion against 
+    the queen.&amp;nbsp; With his friend, the earl of Southampton, he planned to 
+    gather a small army and seize the queen and throne.&amp;nbsp; When captured, as 
+    inevitably he was, for his supporters were few and even those deserted him, 
+    Essex declared he only meant to save the queen from evil counsel.&amp;nbsp; But 
+    Elizabeth, who had so often vacillated over executions, only hesitated once 
+    with Essex.&amp;nbsp; He was executed on 25 February 1601.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Despite scurrilous gossip, Elizabeth's affection for Essex was more 
+    maternal than romantic.&amp;nbsp; She had no choice but to sign his 
+    death-warrant but it broke her heart.&amp;nbsp; When her godson, Sir John 
+    Harington, visited in the winter of 1602, he found her taste for old 
+    pleasures gone.&amp;nbsp; Harington read some of his rhymes and Elizabeth, with 
+    a little smile, remarked, 'When thou dost feel creeping time at thy gate, 
+    these fooleries will please thee less; I am past my relish for such 
+    matters.'&amp;nbsp; To the earl of Nottingham, mourning the loss of his wife, 
+    she said, ' I am tied with a chain of iron about my neck.&amp;nbsp; I am tied, 
+    I am tied, and the case is altered with me.'&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She mentioned Essex at times, but this was merely a symptom of her 
+    awareness that all of the work and struggle of her reign had ended in 
+    solitude.&amp;nbsp; She had often remarked on the essential loneliness of the 
+    crown but she felt it most deeply now.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Her council, led by Robert Cecil, whose father had died in 1601, watched 
+    her slow decline while preparing&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-oldercrop.jpg&quot; lowsrc=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/portrait%20of%20Elizabeth%20I%20in%20old%20age&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I in old age&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;171&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; for the future.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth still had 
+    not named a successor.&amp;nbsp; She had always understood its dangerous 
+    implications.&amp;nbsp; Yet there was no real doubt that she meant for James VI 
+    of Scotland, son of Mary queen of Scots, to succeed her.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+    married a Protestant princess and was already a father.&amp;nbsp; And he had 
+    long since made his peace with Elizabeth, exchanging frequent letters and 
+    accepting her political advice.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth retired to Richmond Palace, her 'warm, snug box' in March 1603.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Her death was preceded by physical weakness and mental depression, but there 
+    were no overt causes.&amp;nbsp; She was almost seventy years old, ancient for 
+    her time.&amp;nbsp; She rested in a low chair by the fire, refusing to let 
+    doctors examine her.&amp;nbsp; As the days passed, her condition slowly 
+    worsened.&amp;nbsp; She stood for hours on end until, finally, she was persuaded 
+    to lay upon cushions on the floor.&amp;nbsp; She rested there for two days, not 
+    speaking.&amp;nbsp; A doctor ventured close and asked how she could bear the 
+    endless silence.&amp;nbsp; She replied simply, 'I meditate.'&amp;nbsp; For the third 
+    and fourth day, she continued to rest in silence, with a finger often in her 
+    mouth.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants were terrified; they must move her but she 
+    refused.&amp;nbsp; The younger Cecil visited and said, 'Your Majesty, to content 
+    the people, you must go to bed.'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth replied, with some of her 
+    old spirit, 'Little man, little man, the word &lt;i&gt;must&lt;/i&gt; is not used to 
+    princes.'&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Finally, she grew so weak that they could carry her to bed.&amp;nbsp; She 
+    asked for music and, for a time, it brought some comfort.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+    councilors assembled; did she have any instructions regarding the 
+    succession?&amp;nbsp; She made a sign when Cecil mentioned the king of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; 
+    It was enough.&amp;nbsp; He returned to his office to begin the paperwork for a 
+    new ruler.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Archbishop Whitgift, whom she once called her 'little black 
+    husband', arrived to pray.&amp;nbsp; He was old and his knees ached terribly, 
+    but he knelt at the royal bedside until she finally slept.&amp;nbsp; She slept on into 
+    the early hours of 24 March until, at last, as the courtiers watched and 
+    waited, the steady breathing stopped.&amp;nbsp; 'Her Majesty departed this life, 
+    mildly like a lamb, easily like a ripe apple from the tree,' John Manningham 
+    was told.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;That same morning, the chief councilors rode to Whitehall where Cecil 
+    drafted the proclamation of the queen's death and James's succession.&amp;nbsp; 
+    He read it aloud first at Whitehall and then at St Paul's and finally 
+    Cheapside cross.&amp;nbsp; The councilors then formally demanded entrance to the 
+    Tower of London in the name of King James I of England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's 
+    maids and ladies were still waiting in the Coffer Room at Richmond Palace.&amp;nbsp; 
+    When news of the peaceful transition of power came, they began to prepare 
+    for Elizabeth's funeral.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The new king received the news of his accession on 27 March, for the 
+    ambitious Robert Carey had ridden at top speed to Edinburgh; his journey was 
+    so quick that its speed would not be matched until 1832.&amp;nbsp; But while 
+    James was initially welcomed peacefully and happily, his reign would quickly 
+    turn sour.&amp;nbsp; It was not long before even Robert Cecil, who became the 
+    most powerful statesman of James's reign, wrote to Harington:&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;You know all my former steps: good knight, rest content, and give heed to 
+    one that hath sorrowed in the bright lustre of a court, and gone heavily 
+    even on the best-seeming fair ground.&amp;nbsp; Tis a great task to prove one's 
+    honesty, and yet not spoil one's fortune.&amp;nbsp; You have tasted a little 
+    hereof in our blessed Queen's time, who was more than a man and, in troth, 
+    sometimes less than a woman.&amp;nbsp; I wish I waited now in her Presence 
+    Chamber, with ease at my foot, and rest in my bed.&amp;nbsp; I am pushed from 
+    the shore of comfort, and know not where the winds and waves of a court may 
+    bear me.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And the common people realized their loss as well, as Godfrey Goodman, 
+    bishop of Gloucester wrote:&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;After a few years, when we had experience of a Scottish government, the 
+    Queen did seem to revive; then was her memory much magnified: such ringing 
+    of bells, such public joy and sermons in commemoration of her, the picture 
+    of her tomb painted in many churches, and in effect more solemnity and joy 
+    in memory of her coronation than was for the coming-in of King James.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth's funeral procession, composed of more than a thousand 
+    mourners, began on 28 April.&amp;nbsp; It was a stirring tribute to the queen, 
+    never forgotten by those who witnessed its passing.&amp;nbsp; But her tomb, paid 
+    for by the new king, was less impressive than that provided to his disgraced 
+    mother, and cost far less.&amp;nbsp; It can still be visited in Westminster 
+    Abbey, where Elizabeth rests alongside her half-sister Queen Mary I.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My good mistress is gone, I shall not 
+    hastily put forth for a new master.'&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sir John Harington, Nugae Antiquae&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;blockquote&gt;
+            &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;back to 
+      Queen Elizabeth I, part four&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note:&lt;/b&gt; The complicated story of Robert 
+      Devereux, earl of Essex, is most beautifully told in Lytton Strachey's 
+      'Elizabeth and Essex: A Tragic History'.&amp;nbsp; Strachey often wanders far 
+      off course, and his psychological portrait of Elizabeth is flawed, but he 
+      writes like a dream.&amp;nbsp; As for conventional biographies of Elizabeth I, 
+      my favorite is by Lacey Baldwin Smith.&lt;br&gt;Thanks for 
+      exploring / reading my Queen Elizabeth I website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+          &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;last 
+      revised 8 March 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+          
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082767&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082767&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,552 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36127</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Mary I of England half-sister of Elizabeth I 'Bloody Mary' : Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0173cf29888ba0debb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0173.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1cardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizsister.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryage28.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In thee, O lord, is my trust, let me never be 
+      confounded: if God be for us, who can be against us?' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;Mary Tudor's constant exclamation as queen of England&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1cardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Queen Mary I&quot; width=&quot;455&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I, by a follower of Anthonis Mor, c.1555-58&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Queen Mary I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmarygovt.html&quot;&gt;Marian 
+      government policies and religious legislation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;the letter Mary 
+        wrote to Henry VIII, acknowledging her illegitimacy,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;her speech at the 
+        Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary 
+        description of the queen&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;a letter from 
+        Katharine of Aragon to her daughter&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit 
+      the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of 
+      Aragon site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Mary's mother. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt; site to learn more about Mary's cousin.&lt;br&gt;Visit the
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen 
+      Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; site to learn more about Mary's half-sister.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Queen Mary's life at &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+        A comprehensive exploration of Mary's life, featuring a lengthy 
+        biography and numerous portraits.&amp;nbsp; It also has ancillary studies of 
+        music, portraiture, genealogy, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have four certain and open enemies: the heretics 
+      and schismatics, the rebels and adherents of the duke of Northumberland, 
+      the king of France and Scotland, and the Lady Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;the Imperial ambassador Renard to Queen Mary, 1553&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The sad life of England's first female 
+        ruler is rendered even more tragic in comparison with her half-sister 
+        and successor's reign.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary Tudor, destined - like her 
+        half-brother and predecessor - to languish between those two giants of 
+        English history, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Yet there is much to 
+        warrant even a brief examination of her life and reign.&amp;nbsp; Though her 
+        hated half-sister would outshine her in virtually every sphere - 
+        physical, political, intellectual, artistic - Mary also had a formidable 
+        impact upon English history.&amp;nbsp; Throughout the first thirty-seven 
+        years of her life, she was tossed about by the whims of her father and, 
+        later and perhaps more galling, her Protestant brother and his 
+        council.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps inevitable that when she first tasted real 
+        power, the experience would be both intoxicating and unfortunate.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;When Mary came to the throne, she 
+        was thirty-seven years old.&amp;nbsp; She had never been married though, in 
+        her youth, several matches had been suggested and abandoned.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Contrary to later beliefs, Henry VIII was pleased with her birth in 
+        1516, proudly displaying the infant Mary to visiting ambassadors and&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=387 alt=&quot;Princess Mary, age 28, painted by Master John&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryage28.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; 
+        noblemen.&amp;nbsp; It was only years later, with Mary as his sole 
+        legitimate offspring, that Henry began his desperate search for a 
+        son.&amp;nbsp; This search would forever brand him as a misogynist and cruel 
+        tyrant who discarded, divorced, and beheaded the women who did not bear 
+        him sons.&amp;nbsp; But one must be fair to Henry and judge him by the 
+        standards of his time, which certainly his contemporaries did.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        was only the second Tudor monarch and, as such, he understood the 
+        necessity of stabilizing the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, his father 
+        had only won the crown in 1485, barely thirty years before Mary's 
+        birth.&amp;nbsp; And if Henry VII, born the unprepossessing earl of 
+        Richmond, could steal the crown then his son's actions can be 
+        understood.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, Henry VIII was determined the crown 
+        would remain in Tudor hands.&amp;nbsp; Mary, like her half-sister Elizabeth, 
+        was always recognized as his daughter.&amp;nbsp; But England had never had a 
+        woman ruler, one who ruled in her own right without a male consort or as 
+        regent for an infant son.&amp;nbsp; The only possible precedent was Matilda, 
+        Henry I's heir, and the precedent was not good - Matilda was expelled by 
+        the English barons and her cousin Stephen of Blois was made king.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Though this had happened four centuries before, its lesson was still 
+        valid.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With this in mind, Henry's 
+        treatment of Mary's mother becomes - if not palatable - at least 
+        understandable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the petty cruelties and humiliations he 
+        forced upon her were his own doing but the overall aim was to ensure the 
+        Tudor succession.&amp;nbsp; But all this happened years after Mary's 
+        birth.&amp;nbsp; From 1516 to about 1530, Mary led a happy, sheltered 
+        life.&amp;nbsp; She was considered one of the most important European 
+        princesses and Henry used her as every king used his daughter - as a 
+        pawn in political negotiations.&amp;nbsp; She was also well-educated with a 
+        fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic skill.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+        mother, Katharine of Aragon, was deeply devoted to Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was 
+        a reflection of Katharine's strongly domestic nature as well as the 
+        numerous miscarriages she suffered.&amp;nbsp; Any mother would naturally 
+        love a child but Katharine had lost enough children to make her 
+        especially devoted to the one who survived.&amp;nbsp; When Henry proposed 
+        the idea of divorce, Katharine fought it passionately, not least because 
+        divorce would destroy her daughter's future.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was the 
+        youngest daughter of those great Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand of Aragon 
+        and Isabella of Castile, the 'Catholic Kings' who united Spain 
+        geographically and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Through her mother, she could 
+        trace her lineage to John of Gaunt, that legendary figure in English 
+        history.&amp;nbsp; She grew up as an Infanta of Spain; and, unlike Henry, 
+        her claim to royalty was not a mere few decades old.&amp;nbsp; As such, she 
+        was naturally proud and dignified.&amp;nbsp; Mary inherited this pride as 
+        well as her mother's enduring affection for Spain.&amp;nbsp; When she became 
+        queen, this affection was to have terrible consequences.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Educated by her mother and a ducal 
+        governess, Mary was at last betrothed to her cousin, the Holy Roman 
+        Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain.)&amp;nbsp; Charles made the 
+        unfortunate demand that she come to Spain immediately, accompanied by a 
+        huge cash dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry ignored the request and Charles jilted 
+        Mary, concluding a match with a more accommodating princess.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Meanwhile, Henry invested his daughter as Princess of Wales in 1525 and 
+        she held court at Ludlow Castle.&amp;nbsp; With this decision, Henry meant 
+        to soothe Katharine's fears that Mary's position as the only legitimate 
+        Tudor heir was being undermined.&amp;nbsp; Only a few weeks before the 
+        investiture, Mary had attended a ceremony in which her father ennobled 
+        his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as duke of Richmond (among various 
+        other titles.)&amp;nbsp; And though he sharply rebuked Katharine for 
+        criticizing his open affection for Fitzroy, and the accompanying titles 
+        and wealth he gave the boy, Henry did not neglect his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        fact, Mary was the first princess of Wales, and the first female royal 
+        to hold court at Ludlow.&amp;nbsp; But of course, sending Mary to Wales was 
+        not the same as sending a son and heir; Henry never intended her to rule 
+        England, at least not as its sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; Her role in Wales would 
+        be primarily symbolic, and she would be replaced as soon as he had a 
+        legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; This elusive son - Henry's most fervent wish 
+        - occupied his mind even as he continued to scour Europe for a suitable 
+        husband for Mary.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Yet even as new betrothal plans 
+        were being made, the king's attention was increasingly elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Henry had met Anne Boleyn, daughter of a simple knight and sister of a 
+        former mistress.&amp;nbsp; His passionate attraction to Anne, coupled with 
+        the increased need for a male heir, made Henry restless.&amp;nbsp; He looked 
+        at Katharine, nine years his senior and as domestic as Anne was exotic, 
+        with new eyes.&amp;nbsp; At first he sought a quiet, amicable annulment of 
+        their long 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; Certainly such a decision was not revolutionary; Henry 
+        could cite numerous examples in European history where kings had 
+        annulled marriages to barren queens.&amp;nbsp; Since he and Katharine had a 
+        mutual respect and affection for one another, Henry anticipated her 
+        cooperation.&amp;nbsp; Certainly he would tread with delicacy but - in the 
+        end - his will would be done.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;But Henry had not anticipated his 
+        wife's immediate and intense anger.&amp;nbsp; For he had based his argument 
+        upon theology - in short, Henry argued that because Katharine had been 
+        briefly married to his brother, Arthur, her marriage to Henry was 
+        incestuous.&amp;nbsp; Katharine responded that this matter was already 
+        resolved.&amp;nbsp; Before she wed Henry, the Pope had granted a 
+        dispensation.&amp;nbsp; He did so under political pressure from Henry VII 
+        and Ferdinand - but also because Katharine swore she and Arthur had 
+        never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a virgin when 
+        she wed Henry, a fact Henry would be certain to know.&amp;nbsp; Cynics could 
+        not help but mock the King's sudden attack of conscience, occurring some 
+        twenty years into the marriage and in the midst of his affair with Anne 
+        Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to argue 
+        that Anne had no role in his decision.&amp;nbsp; In his mid-thirties, Henry 
+        had entered into the most passionate romantic attachment of his 
+        life.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, after her death, he would complain that Anne had 
+        'bewitched' him.&amp;nbsp; It was true that Henry displayed an intensity of 
+        feeling toward her which shocked their contemporaries.&amp;nbsp; Today we 
+        can read his love letters to her; across the span of four centuries, 
+        they retain their power.&amp;nbsp; Anne was not beautiful but she possessed 
+        greater gifts - she was witty, graceful, and stylish.&amp;nbsp; She had been 
+        educated at the glittering French court so she sang and danced 
+        beautifully, skills which Henry admired.&amp;nbsp; She was also very 
+        intelligent and confident.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her older sister Mary, Anne 
+        Boleyn had no desire to be the king's temporary mistress.&amp;nbsp; In fact, 
+        she had intended to wed Henry Percy, heir to the earl of Northumberland, 
+        until the king - already enchanted - put a stop to the match.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        wrote to Percy's father, arguing against the unsuitable match.&amp;nbsp; A 
+        knight's daughter wed to one of the most important peers of the 
+        realm?&amp;nbsp; Percy's angry father immediately sent for his son, ending 
+        the romance but not the attachment.&amp;nbsp; Percy wrote poetry about Anne 
+        and, at her trial, he had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; Unlike the 
+        other peers, he could not bear to sit in judgment of her.&amp;nbsp; For 
+        Anne, the loss of Percy was undoubtedly galling.&amp;nbsp; After all, had 
+        the king ended the engagement simply to make her his mistress?&amp;nbsp; 
+        Henry's disregard for her personal feelings, his interference in her 
+        personal life, was not endearing.&amp;nbsp; But it convinced Anne of the 
+        king's attraction and she resolved to be his wife or nothing.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;For Mary, the sudden ascent of 
+        Anne Boleyn signaled the end of her world.&amp;nbsp; Her beloved mother, 
+        equally loved by the English people, was being forced aside by a former 
+        lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Her father was determined to declare her a 
+        bastard; in effect, Henry's charge of incest dissolved his marriage and 
+        illegitimized his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this, Mary developed a 
+        lasting hatred of Anne Boleyn which extended to Anne's daughter, 
+        Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She never openly blamed her father for his actions, 
+        though she considered them unlawful and impious.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she 
+        persuaded herself that he had been Anne Boleyn's pawn.&amp;nbsp; Such a 
+        reaction was perhaps inevitable.&amp;nbsp; However, it was to have an 
+        unfortunate impact upon Elizabeth's life.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The Pope refused to recognize 
+        Henry's argument for an annulment or divorce and thus began a power 
+        struggle between the Vatican, Spain, and England.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's 
+        nephew, Charles V, naturally agreed with his aunt for personal and 
+        political reasons. He exerted considerable military and political 
+        pressure against the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry's numerous petitions were 
+        disregarded.&amp;nbsp; Eventually he simply gave up and decided the matter 
+        himself.&amp;nbsp; In 1534 Henry took the unprecedented step of breaking 
+        with Rome, establishing the Church of England with himself as Supreme 
+        Head.&amp;nbsp; The annulment was granted and Katharine and Mary were 
+        officially outcasts.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Mary continued 
+        her somewhat restricted life.&amp;nbsp; Despite her declared illegitimacy, 
+        Henry continued to propose various husbands for her.&amp;nbsp; The searches 
+        were not particularly thorough or serious, however, and Mary remained a 
+        spinster.&amp;nbsp; She was now in her late twenties, leaving behind her 
+        youth and - most importantly for a woman - her safest reproductive 
+        years.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Even before the official decree, 
+        Henry had stopped living with Katharine and recognizing her as 
+        Queen.&amp;nbsp; He took Anne Boleyn with him to France to meet his rival 
+        Francis I; this was an important state visit and her appearance was 
+        commented upon.&amp;nbsp; Henry, however, had already ordered Katharine to 
+        surrender her jewelry; Anne now wore it.&amp;nbsp; He also sent Katharine to 
+        one decaying residence after another, dismissing several of her devoted 
+        servants.&amp;nbsp; Though deprived of her title, home, jewels, and 
+        companionship, Katharine never recognized the divorce.&amp;nbsp; She refused 
+        the title of Princess Dowager, offered by Henry as recognition of her 
+        marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She continued to assert that 
+        she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, above 
+        all else, she professed faith in the judgment of the Pope.&amp;nbsp; A 
+        devout Catholic, daughter of the monarchs who introduced the Inquisition 
+        to Spain, Katharine never acknowledged the Church of England.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Since she had raised her daughter to be equally devout, Mary also 
+        refused to acknowledge both the Church and her father's position as 
+        Supreme Head.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Henry 
+        VIII, though ostensibly head of a new church which overthrew the 
+        Catholic supremacy, remained a devout Catholic&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; throughout his 
+        life.&amp;nbsp; He continued to attend Mass and heartily despised 'heretics' 
+        like Martin Luther.&amp;nbsp; But Henry possessed the ability to separate 
+        the secular from the spiritual, a quality which Mary completely lacked 
+        and Elizabeth honed to fine perfection.&amp;nbsp; Though his son would 
+        become a bigoted Protestant determined to stamp out Catholicism and his 
+        eldest daughter a bigoted Catholic determined to stamp out 
+        Protestantism, Henry was a Catholic who lapsed when it suited him.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Of course, he always asserted theological justification for the lapses.&amp;nbsp; 
+        However, he would not allow Katharine or Mary to deny his authority.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Both paid a stiff penalty for their refusal to submit.&amp;nbsp; Katharine, 
+        as noted, was sent from court and deprived of all accustomed luxuries.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Mary was equally disgraced.&amp;nbsp; Now a bastard, declared such by 
+        Parliament, she was denied any communication with her mother and made 
+        lady-in-waiting to Anne and Henry's daughter, Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Unlike 
+        Mary, Elizabeth was recognized as a Princess of the realm.&amp;nbsp; For the 
+        seventeen-year-old Mary, the complete reversal of her fortune was 
+        devastating.&amp;nbsp; She began to suffer from a variety of illnesses, 
+        undoubtedly stress-related.&amp;nbsp; These plagued her until her death, 
+        causing such symptoms as severe headaches, nausea, insomnia, and 
+        infrequent menstruation.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Anne took an equal dislike of 
+        Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple fact that if Anne and Elizabeth's fortunes 
+        rose, Mary's would fall.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was legitimate only 
+        if Mary was not, and vice versa.&amp;nbsp; Anne would have been foolish to 
+        encourage any reconciliation between Henry and Mary, quite possibly she 
+        did the opposite.&amp;nbsp; But after her fall from grace, Henry offered to 
+        pardon Mary and restore her to favor - but only if Mary acknowledged him 
+        as head of the Church of England and admitted the 'incestuous 
+        illegality' of his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; To Mary's credit, she 
+        refused to do so until her cousin, Charles V, persuaded her 
+        otherwise.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;She gave in to 
+        Henry's demands&lt;/A&gt;, an action she was to always regret.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Meanwhile, Katharine of Aragon had died at Kimbolton Castle, loving - 
+        and defying - Henry to the last; &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;her final letter&lt;/A&gt; 
+        to him was signed 'Katharine the Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine and Mary had 
+        not seen one another for years though they had written one another, 
+        against Henry's orders, in great secrecy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's last 
+        thoughts were undoubtedly of her daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry, however, was soon 
+        reconciled to Mary.&amp;nbsp; Flush with marriage to the meek Jane Seymour 
+        and her quick pregnancy, he welcomed Mary home.&amp;nbsp; She was given a 
+        household befitting her position as his daughter and included in court 
+        festivities; there were even rumors of a possible marriage in her 
+        future.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour encouraged Henry's reconciliation with both 
+        of his daughters.&amp;nbsp; Mary, in turn, respected and liked the new 
+        queen.&amp;nbsp; She was named godmother to Henry and Jane's son, Prince 
+        Edward, born in October 1537; and when Jane died shortly after her son's 
+        birth, Mary was the chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; Their friendship was not so 
+        unlikely.&amp;nbsp; They were relatively close in age and Mary, having lost 
+        her mother and longing for her father's affection, was grateful for any 
+        kindness.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, she had the satisfaction of knowing 
+        Elizabeth, too, was bastardized; Anne Boleyn's execution on charges of 
+        incest and treason had illegitimized her daughter.&amp;nbsp; It is revealing 
+        to note that, upon her ascension, Mary revoked the Act of Parliament 
+        which made her a bastard.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, upon ascension, didn't bother 
+        to do so.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;However, Mary and Elizabeth were 
+        not forgotten.&amp;nbsp; After Jane's death, Henry determined the line of 
+        succession as follows:&amp;nbsp; first, Edward or Edward's heirs; if Edward 
+        died without issue, the throne passed to Mary; after Mary, to 
+        Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry recognized the fragility of his succession, 
+        resting as it did upon just one son.&amp;nbsp; He, after all, was a second 
+        son.&amp;nbsp; But there was little he could do.&amp;nbsp; His fourth marriage, 
+        to Anne of Cleves, had ended disastrously.&amp;nbsp; She was too 
+        unnattractive for the king so she was titled 'the king's sister' and 
+        given a generous pension.&amp;nbsp; Anne preferred this solution to 
+        returning home.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=352 
+      alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-cr.jpg&quot; width=270 
+      align=right border=2&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Soon 
+        enough, Henry's attentions were captured elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; He wed 
+        Catherine Howard, cousin to the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; It was a 
+        pathetic match.&amp;nbsp; Henry was old enough to be her grandfather, 
+        plainly in lust with a young woman who exuded sex appeal.&amp;nbsp; Mary's 
+        opinion on the match is not known but it would be safe to assume that 
+        even if she disapproved, she would never say so.&amp;nbsp; Mary recognized 
+        her father's secular authority as king even as she disapproved of his 
+        spiritual authority as head of the English Church.&amp;nbsp; In any case, 
+        there was barely time to know Catherine before she, too, was executed on 
+        charges of adultery.&amp;nbsp; Whether she was guilty is a matter of 
+        conjecture; if she was, one can hardly blame her and, if she wasn't, she 
+        was yet another blot upon Henry's conscience.&amp;nbsp; In her defense, she 
+        refused the easy path of divorce.&amp;nbsp; Henry offered to recognize a 
+        pre-contract with another nobleman.&amp;nbsp; If she, too, recognized it, 
+        their marriage would be invalid.&amp;nbsp; Catherine would be divorced but 
+        still alive.&amp;nbsp; She refused to admit such an arrangement, however, 
+        and met her end at the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry's last queen was the 
+        Protestant Katharine Parr, twice-widowed and chosen for her excellent 
+        character and nursing abilities.&amp;nbsp; Like Jane Seymour, Katharine Parr 
+        was determined to bring the royal family closer together.&amp;nbsp; To that 
+        end, she provided the only true home and maternal guidance Edward and 
+        Elizabeth would ever know.&amp;nbsp; She also befriended Mary, a difficult 
+        task because of their opposing religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however, 
+        did respect Katharine's intellectual accomplishments.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr was the product of 
+        the changing climate in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; When he ended Catholic 
+        supremacy in England, dissolving the monasteries and granting their 
+        lands to various nobles and the crown, Henry had begun a process whose 
+        end he never foresaw.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry never became a 
+        Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But his decision to use Protestantism for his own ends 
+        allowed Protestantism to flourish.&amp;nbsp; Toward the end of his reign, 
+        there were few councilors who could remember the Catholic 
+        supremacy.&amp;nbsp; They had benefited from the break with Rome, both 
+        spiritually and materially; Henry, meanwhile, never understood the force 
+        he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine made the mistake of arguing about 
+        theology with him, she came very close to losing her head.&amp;nbsp; Only a 
+        timely intervention and her own impassioned apology saved her.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        upon Henry's death and Edward's ascension, the Protestant faction was in 
+        control.&amp;nbsp; The new king, just nine years old, had Protestant tutors 
+        and a Protestant step-mother.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, Edward VI is revealed in his 
+        journal as a priggish, unfeeling boy who noted the executions of his 
+        uncles with no trace of compassion.&amp;nbsp; His letters to Katharine Parr, 
+        however, are the only examples of feeling and affection which he left 
+        behind.&amp;nbsp; To her, he confided his insecurity and 
+        vulnerability.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr's influence on 
+        Edward VI was to simply strengthen the Protestantism which his tutors 
+        and the English court encouraged.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, the situation was 
+        disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Edward, swayed by religious fervor and his advisors, 
+        made English compulsory for church services.&amp;nbsp; Mary continued to 
+        celebrate Mass in the old form and in Latin.&amp;nbsp; During the six years 
+        of her brother's reign, she tread the fine line between piety and 
+        treason.&amp;nbsp; Edward attempted to reason with her at court yet she 
+        refused his advice.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was a woman in her thirties and he 
+        was still a child.&amp;nbsp; Edward was also under the control of the Duke 
+        of Somerset, Jane Seymour's staunchly Protestant brother.&amp;nbsp; Though 
+        Henry VIII's will had specified a specific group of councilors to guide 
+        his son's regency, his wishes were disregarded.&amp;nbsp; His fellow 
+        councilors, most of whom had profited from the Catholic expulsion, 
+        titled Somerset Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; The nine-year-old king had no deep 
+        affection for his uncle; Somerset kept Edward short of pocket money and 
+        hired harsh tutors who regularly beat the boy.&amp;nbsp; But their religious 
+        sympathies were similar.&amp;nbsp; Mary managed to disregard the combined 
+        pressure of Somerset and Edward, largely because she stayed away from 
+        court.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was firm with her.&amp;nbsp; He told her she was 
+        misguided and occasionally threatened her.&amp;nbsp; Mary was intelligent 
+        enough to not risk open disobedience, preferring the quiet celebration 
+        of Mass in her country home.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, in 1549, Somerset had 
+        overstepped his authority and was executed.&amp;nbsp; His fall was largely 
+        engineered by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and soon-to-be Duke of 
+        Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; From then on, Edward was under Dudley's 
+        control.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Edward VI ruled for just seven 
+        years.&amp;nbsp; The last year of his life was one of near-constant pain and 
+        suffering.&amp;nbsp; Various illnesses have been suggested,  &lt;/FONT&gt;
+        &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;consumption 
+        being the most likely.&amp;nbsp; He had never been of robust health, unlike 
+        his father, and the Protestant councilors did all they could to prolong 
+        his life.&amp;nbsp; To that end, Edward was given arsenic and various other 
+        poisons which were believed to prolong life even as they increased 
+        suffering.&amp;nbsp; For Dudley and his supporters, Edward's death was 
+        inevitable but they needed every available moment to prevent Mary from 
+        ascending the throne.&amp;nbsp; They were not fools and knew their fate with 
+        a Catholic queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley hurriedly married his son Guildford to &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+        Grey&lt;/A&gt;, Edward VI's Protestant, scholarly cousin.&amp;nbsp; Like Edward, 
+        Jane was a pawn in Dudley's schemes.&amp;nbsp; She was the granddaughter of 
+        Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor and, thus, a remote claimant to 
+        the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Working together, Edward and Dudley 
+        disregarded Henry VIII's will yet again and barred both Mary and 
+        Elizabeth from the succession.&amp;nbsp; In turn, Edward willed the throne 
+        to Jane and her heirs.&amp;nbsp; When he finally died, Jane was declared 
+        Queen by Dudley and the Protestant lords.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Jane Grey's ascension to the 
+        throne lasted but nine days.&amp;nbsp; Though the Protestant councilors were 
+        not fond of Mary's religious views, many still regarded her as the 
+        rightful heir.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, Bluff King Hal's daughter.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Like her mother, Mary had enormous sympathy from the English people, a 
+        gift she was to squander recklessly.&amp;nbsp; Many viewed her as the poor 
+        victim of Anne Boleyn's scheming, a quiet, kindly, and pious woman.&amp;nbsp; 
+        It should be noted that &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;the 
+        English people cared not so much for her religious views as they did her 
+        parentage.&amp;nbsp; She was the old king's child and therefore, she should 
+        follow Edward to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This loyalty to Mary's dynastic 
+        claims was something she never fully understood.&amp;nbsp; As queen, Mary 
+        was capable of both extreme affection and disdain for her English 
+        subjects.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With Jane declared queen, Mary 
+        fled to Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though her closest friends advised against it, 
+        she soon decided to ride to London and stake her own claim to the 
+        throne.&amp;nbsp; The people of London welcomed her ecstatically.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+        arrested Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley, though she displayed her 
+        typical leniency by not immediately executing them.&amp;nbsp; When Jane's 
+        fugitive father attempted to lead an uprising for her, Mary had him 
+        executed along with John Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Jane and Guildford, however, 
+        remained in the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
+        &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+        &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;The PRIMARY 
+        SOURCES section contains many documents related to Queen Mary:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;-&lt;/B&gt;read a letter to Mary from her mother, Katharine of 
+        Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read the entire text of Mary's letter to her father, in which 
+        she acknowledged Henry as head of the church of England, the dissolution 
+        of his marriage to Katharine of Aragon &amp;amp; her own illegitimacy (a 
+        letter she later disavowed)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a journal entry of 
+        Edward VI, in which he recorded a religious dispute with 
+        Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;- read a letter from Catherine Parr to Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read Mary's speech 
+        at the Guildhall, in which she asked for loyalty in the face of Wyatt's 
+        uprising&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a letter from Lady Jane Grey to Mary, in which Jane 
+        explains the circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine 
+        days&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford 
+        Dudley&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the execution of Archbishop Thomas 
+        Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a contemporary description of Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        
+        &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+        England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;CENTER&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082562&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082562&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">The Six Wives of Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Kathryn Howard Catherine Parr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">The Six Wives of Henry VIII Katharine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Katharine Parr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Six Wives of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017525905f72432afb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215251</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0175.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wivesmain.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-aragon.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-boleyn.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-seymour.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-cleves.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-howard.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-parr.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
+ height=&quot;329&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
+ height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;56&quot;
+ alt=&quot;The Six Wives of Henry VIII&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives.gif&quot; width=&quot;588&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;45%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;23%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wivesmain.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine Parr by Lucas Horenbout&quot;
+ width=&quot;225&quot; height=&quot;225&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;45%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;35&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Katharine of Aragon page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-aragon.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;281&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;34&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Anne Boleyn page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-boleyn.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;169&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;33&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Jane Seymour page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-seymour.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;186&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+ height=&quot;34&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Anne of Cleves page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-cleves.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;204&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+ height=&quot;35&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Catherine Howard page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-howard.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;248&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+ height=&quot;36&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Katharine Parr page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-parr.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;211&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Simply click on the above 
+      names.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you would like to meet 
+      fellow Six Wives enthusiasts, please visit
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A fanlisting for 
+      the six wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;center&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;The above portrait is of Katharine
+Parr by Lucas Horenbout.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/center&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Portraits of the
+Six Wives can be viewed at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Read 
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by the Six Wives&lt;/a&gt; and other 
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;primary sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082529&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082529&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018af2318cbf41644af1cd84</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215245</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">exmary.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/exmary.gif&quot; width=&quot;321&quot; height=&quot;110&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;Mary Stuart 
+      was executed on 8 February 1587 at Fotheringhay Castle, after a trial 
+      whose outcome forever troubled Queen Elizabeth I.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;This famous account of the execution was written by Robert 
+      Wynkfielde.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Accounts such as these, and woodcuts of the scene, were 
+      very popular throughout Europe.&amp;nbsp; The great scandals of Mary's life 
+      were forgotten and she was mourned as a Catholic martyr.&amp;nbsp; The truth 
+      of her demise was not so simple.&amp;nbsp; Mary &lt;i&gt;did&lt;/i&gt; plot against 
+      Elizabeth's life; and Elizabeth did consistently reject petitions to 
+      execute Mary over the 19-year course of her imprisonment.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Eventually, however, the Catholic threat was deemed too great and 
+      Elizabeth reluctantly signed the warrant for execution.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+Her [Mary queen of Scots] prayers being ended, the executioners, kneeling,
+desired her Grace to forgive them her death: who answered, 'I forgive you
+with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles.'&amp;nbsp;
+Then they, with her two women, helping her up, began to disrobe her of
+her apparel: then she, laying her crucifix upon the stool, one of the executioners
+took from her neck the &lt;i&gt;Agnus Dei&lt;/i&gt;, which she, laying hands off it,
+gave to one of her women, and told the executioner he should be answered
+money for it.&amp;nbsp; Then she suffered them, with her two women, to disrobe
+her of her chain of pomander beads and all other her apparel most willingly,
+and with joy rather than sorrow, helped to make unready herself, putting
+on a pair of sleeves with her own hands which they had pulled off, and
+that with some haste, as if she had longed to be gone.
+&lt;br&gt;All this time they were pulling off her apparel, she never changed
+her countenance, but with smiling cheer she uttered these words, 'that
+she never had such grooms to make her unready, and that she never put off
+her clothes before such a company.'
+&lt;br&gt;Then she, being stripped of all her apparel saving her petticoat and
+kirtle, her two women beholding her made great lamentation, and crying
+and crossing themselves prayed in Latin.&amp;nbsp; She, turning herself to
+them, embracing them, said these words in French, 'Ne crie vous, j'ay prome
+pour vous', and so crossing and kissing them, bade them pray for her and
+rejoice and not weep, for that now they should see an end of all their
+mistress's troubles.
+&lt;br&gt;Then she, with a smiling countenance, turning to her men servants,
+as Melvin and the rest, standing upon a bench nigh the scaffold, who sometime
+weeping, sometime crying out aloud, and continually crossing themselves,
+prayed in Latin, crossing them with her hand bade them farewell, and wishing
+them to pray for her even until the last hour.
+&lt;br&gt;This done, one of the women having a &lt;i&gt;Corpus Christi &lt;/i&gt;cloth lapped
+up three-corner-ways, kissing it, put it over the Queen of Scots' face,
+and pinned it fast to the caule of her head.&amp;nbsp; Then the two women departed
+from her, and she kneeling down upon the cushion most resolutely, and without
+any token or fear of death, she spake aloud this Psalm in Latin, &lt;i&gt;In
+Te Domine confido, non confundar in eternam&lt;/i&gt;, etc.&amp;nbsp; Then, groping
+for the block, she laid down her head, putting her chin over the block
+with both her hands, which, holding there still, had been cut off had they
+not been espied.&amp;nbsp; Then lying upon the block most quietly, and stretching
+out her arms cried, &lt;i&gt;In manus tuas, Domine&lt;/i&gt;, etc., three or four times.&amp;nbsp;
+Then she, lying very still upon the block, one of the executioners holding
+her slightly with one of his hands, she endured two strokes of the other
+executioner with an axe, she making very small noise or none at all, and
+not stirring any part of her from the place where she lay: and so the executioner
+cut off her head, saving one little gristle, which being cut asunder, he
+lift up her head to the view of all the assembly and bade &lt;i&gt;God save the
+Queen&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Then, her dress of lawn falling from off her head, it
+appeared as grey as one of threescore and ten years old, polled very short,
+her face in a moment being so much altered from the form she had when she
+was alive, as few could remember her by her dead face.&amp;nbsp; Her lips stirred
+up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off.
+&lt;br&gt;Then Mr Dean [Dr Fletcher, Dean of Peterborough] said with a loud voice,
+'So perish all the Queen's enemies,' and afterwards the Earl of Kent came
+to the dead body, and standing over it, with a loud voice said, 'Such end
+of all the Queen's and the Gospel's enemies.'
+&lt;br&gt;Then one of the executioners, pulling off her garters, espied her little
+dog which was crept under her clothes, which could not be gotten forth
+but by force, yet afterward would not depart from the dead corpse, but
+came and lay between her head and her shoulders, which being imbrued with
+her blood was carried away and washed, as all things else were that had
+any blood was either burned or washed clean, and the executioners sent
+away with money for their fees, not having any one thing that belonged
+unto her.&amp;nbsp; And so, every man being commanded out of the hall, except
+the sheriff and his men, she was carried by them up into a great chamber
+lying ready for the surgeons to embalm her.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;nt&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082608&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082608&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH018b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH018b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH018b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5093</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor Citizens: Charles Brandon, The Boleyn Family, Mary Boleyn, Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer, St Thomas More</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Citizens: Charles Brandon, The Boleyn Family, Mary Boleyn, Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer, St Thomas More</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018bb3389e577e540b31c8e7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215244</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">citizens-morpheus.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cranmercitizens.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=53 alt=&quot;Tudor Citizens&quot; 
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/citizens-morpheus.gif&quot; width=284&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;The Tudor citizens profiled here 
+      lived through a century of incredible change; their lives reflect the 
+      tumultuous spirit of Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; They also provide insight into 
+      the personalities and politics of the Tudor monarchs.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Follow the links on this page to learn more about these fascinating men 
+      and women.&amp;nbsp; 
+      You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the 
+      courtiers.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt; includes contemporary 
+      chronicles and letters.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cranmercitizens.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Thomas Cranmer&quot; width=&quot;235&quot; height=&quot;313&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;the above portrait is of Thomas Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;
+                Charles Brandon&lt;br&gt; &lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;duke of Suffolk &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;The 
+                Boleyn Family&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Thomas 
+                Wolsey&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Cardinal and Lord 
+                Chancellor&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;
+                Thomas Cromwell&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lord 
+                Chancellor and earl of Essex &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcranmer.html&quot;&gt;Thomas 
+                Cranmer&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;archbishop of Canterbury 
+                and martyr&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+                &lt;/font&gt;
+                &lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;St 
+                Thomas More&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lord 
+                Chancellor, author, and martyr&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082530&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082530&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH018c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH018c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH018c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1040 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">76440</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter IV</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018ca23021dc0cdbf824e592</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER IV&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;ELIZABETH AND MARY STUART: 1559-1568&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;WHEN Elizabeth mounted the throne, it was 
+    taken for granted that she was to marry, and marry with the least possible 
+    delay. This was expected of her, not merely because in the event of her 
+    dying without issue there would be a dispute whether the claim of Mary 
+    Stuart or that of Catherine Grey was to prevail, but for a more general 
+    reason. The rule of an unmarried woman, except provisionally during such 
+    short interval as might be necessary to provide her with a husband, was 
+    regarded as quite out of the question. It was the custom for the husbands of 
+    heiresses to step into the property of their wives and stand in the shoes, 
+    so to speak, of the last male proprietor, in order to perform those duties 
+    which could not be efficiently performed by a woman. Elizabeth's sister, 
+    while a subject, had no thought of marrying. But her accession was 
+    considered by herself and every one else to involve marriage. If the nobles 
+    of England could have foreseen that Elizabeth would elude this obligation, 
+    she would probably never have been allowed to mount the throne. Her marriage 
+    was thought to be as much a matter of course, and as necessary, as her 
+    coronation. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Accordingly the House of Commons, which met a 
+    month after her accession, immediately requested her to select a husband 
+    without delay. Her declaration that she had no desire to change her state 
+    was supposed to indicate only the real or affected coyness to be expected 
+    from a young lady. There was no lack of suitors, foreign or English. The 
+    Archduke Charles, son of the Emperor and cousin of Philip, would have been 
+    welcomed by all Catholics and acquiesced in by political Protestants like 
+    Cecil. The ardent Protestants were eager for Arran, and Cecil, till he saw 
+    it was useless, worked his best for him, regardless of the personal 
+    sacrifice his mistress must make in wedding a man who was not always quite 
+    sane and eventually became a confirmed lunatic. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Not many months of the new reign had passed 
+    before it began to be suspected that Elizabeth's partiality for Lord Robert 
+    Dudley had something to do with her evident distaste for all her suitors. To 
+    her Ministers and the public this partiality for a married man became a 
+    cause of great disquietude. They not unnaturally feared that with a young 
+    woman who had no relations to advise and keep watch over her, it might lead 
+    to some disastrous scandal incompatible with her continuance on the throne. 
+    Marriage with Dudley at this time was out of the question. But within four 
+    months of her accession, the Spanish ambassador mentions a report that 
+    Dudley's wife had a cancer, and that the Queen was only waiting for her 
+    death to marry him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;About the humble extraction of Elizabeth's 
+    favourite much nonsense was talked in his lifetime by his ill-wishers, and 
+    has been duly repeated since. He was as well born as most of the peerage of 
+    that time; very few of whom could show nobility of any antiquity in the male 
+    line. The Duke of Norfolk being the only Duke at Elizabeth's accession, and 
+    in possession of an ancient title, was looked on as the head of his order. 
+    Yet it was only seventy-five years since a Howard had first reached the 
+    peerage in consequence of having had the good fortune to marry the heiress 
+    of the Mowbrays. Edmund Dudley, Minister of Henry VII. and father of 
+    Northumberland, was grandson of John, fourth Lord Dudley; and 
+    Northumberland, by his mother's side, was sole heir and representative of 
+    the ancient barony of De L'Isle, which title he bore before he received his 
+    earldom and dukedom. In point of wealth and influence, indeed, the favourite 
+    might be called an upstart. The younger son of an attainted father, he had 
+    not an acre of land or a farthing of money which he did not owe either to 
+    his wife or to the generosity of Elizabeth. This it was that moved the 
+    sneers and ill-will of a people with whom nobility has always been a 
+    composite idea implying, not only birth and title, but territorial wealth. 
+    Moreover his grandfather, though of good extraction, was a simple esquire, 
+    and had risen by helping Henry VII. to trample on the old nobility. After 
+    his fall his son had climbed to power under Henry VIII. and Edward VI. in 
+    the same way. Lord Robert Dudley, again, had to begin at the bottom of the 
+    ladder. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;No one will claim for Elizabeth's favourite 
+    that he was a man of distinguished ability or high character. He had a fine 
+    figure and a handsome face. He bore himself well in manly exercises. His 
+    manners were attractive when he wished to please. To these qualities he 
+    first owed his favour with Elizabeth, who was never at any pains to conceal 
+    her liking for good-looking men and her dislike of ugly ones. Finding 
+    himself in favour, and inheriting to the full the pushing audacity of his 
+    father and grandfather, he professed for the Queen a love which he certainly 
+    did not feel, in order to serve his soaring ambition. Elizabeth, it is my 
+    firm conviction, never loved Dudley or any other man, in any sense of the 
+    word, high or low. She had neither a tender heart nor a sensual temperament. 
+    But she had a more than feminine appetite for admiration; and the more she 
+    was, unhappily for herself, a stranger to the emotion of love, the more 
+    restlessly did she desire to be thought capable of inspiring it. She was 
+    therefore easily taken in by Dudley's professions, and, though she did not 
+    care for him enough to marry him, she liked to have him as well as several 
+    other handsome men, dangling about her, &amp;quot;like her lap-dog,&amp;quot; to use her own 
+    expression. Further she believed--and here came in the mischief --that his 
+    devotion to her person would make him a specially faithful servant. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We know, though Elizabeth did not, that in 
+    1561, Dudley was promising the Spanish ambassador to be Philip's humble 
+    vassal, and to do his best for Catholicism, if Philip would promote his 
+    marriage with the Queen; that, in the same year, he was offering his 
+    services to the French Huguenots for the same consideration; that at one 
+    time he posed as the protector of the Puritans, while at another he was 
+    intriguing with the captive Queen of Scots; whom, again, later on, he had a 
+    chief share in bringing to the block. But we must remember that very few 
+    statesmen, English or foreign, in the sixteenth century could have shown a 
+    record free from similar blots. Those who, like Elizabeth and Cecil, were 
+    undeniably actuated on the whole by public spirit, or by any principle more 
+    respectable than pure selfishness, never hesitated to lie or play a double 
+    game when it seemed to serve their turn. William of Orange is the only 
+    eminent statesman, as far as I know, against whom this charge cannot be 
+    made. When this was the standard of honour for consistent politicians and 
+    real patriots, what was to be expected of lower natures? Dudley's conduct on 
+    several occasions was bad and contemptible; and he must be judged with the 
+    more severity, because he sinned not only against the code of duty binding 
+    on the ordinary man and citizen, but against his professions of a tender 
+    sentiment by means of which he had acquired his special influence. I have 
+    said that he was not a man of great ability. But neither was he the 
+    empty-headed incapable trifler that some writers have depicted him. He was 
+    not so judged by his contemporaries. That Elizabeth, because she liked him, 
+    would have selected a man of notorious incapacity to command her armies, 
+    both in the Netherlands and when the Armada was expected, is one of those 
+    hypotheses that do not become more credible by being often repeated. Cecil 
+    himself, when it was not a question of the marriage--of which he was a 
+    determined opponent--regarded him as a useful servant of the Queen. I do not 
+    doubt that Elizabeth estimated his capacity at about its right value. What 
+    she over-estimated was his affection for on, he had a chief share in 
+    bringing to the block. But we must remember that very few statesmen, English 
+    or foreign, in the sixteenth century could have shown a record free from 
+    similar blots. Those who, like Elizabeth and Cecil, were undeniably actuated 
+    on the whole by public spirit, or by any principle more respectable than 
+    pure selfishness, never hesitated to lie or play a double game when it 
+    seemed to serve their turn. William of Orange is the only eminent statesman, 
+    as far as I know, against whom this charge cannot be made. When this was the 
+    standard of honour for consistent politicians and real patriots, what was to 
+    be expected of lower natures? Dudley's conduct on several occasions was bad 
+    and contemptible; and he must be judged with the more severity, because he 
+    sinned not only against the code of duty binding on the ordinary man and 
+    citizen, but against his professions of a tender sentiment by means of which 
+    he had acquired his special influence. I have said that he was not a man of 
+    great ability. But neither was he the empty-headed incapable trifler that 
+    some writers have depicted him. He was not so judged by his contemporaries. 
+    That Elizabeth, because she liked him, would have selected a man of 
+    notorious incapacity to command her armies, both in the Netherlands and when 
+    the Armada was expected, is one of those hypotheses that do not become more 
+    credible by being often repeated. Cecil himself, when it was not a question 
+    of the marriage--of which he was a determined opponent--regarded him as a 
+    useful servant of the Queen. I do not doubt that Elizabeth estimated his 
+    capacity at about its right value. What she over-estimated was his affection 
+    for herself, and consequently his trustworthiness. Sovereigns--and 
+    others--often place a near relative in an important post, not as being the 
+    most capable person they know, but as most likely to be true to them. 
+    Elizabeth had no near relatives. If we grant--as we must grant--that she 
+    believed in Dudley's love, we cannot wonder that she employed him in 
+    positions of trust. A female ruler will always be liable to make these 
+    mistakes, unless her Ministers and captains are to be of her own sex. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On the 3rd of September 1560, two months 
+    after the Treaty of Leith, Elizabeth told De Quadra that she had made up her 
+    mind to marry the Archduke Charles. On the 8th, Lady Robert Dudley died at 
+    Cumnor Hall. On the 11th, Elizabeth told De Quadra that she had changed her 
+    mind. Dudley neglected his wife, and never brought her to court. We cannot 
+    doubt that he fretted under a tie which stood in the way of his ambition. 
+    Her death had been predicted. It is not strange, therefore, that he should 
+    have been suspected of having caused it. Nevertheless, not a particle of 
+    evidence pointing in that direction has ever been produced, and it seems 
+    most probable that the poor deserted creature committed suicide. A coroner's 
+    jury investigated the case diligently, and, it would seem, with some animus 
+    against Foster, the owner of Cumnor Hall, but returned a verdict of 
+    accidental death. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Anyhow, Dudley was now free. The Scotch 
+    Estates were eagerly pressing Arran's suit, and the English Protestants were 
+    as eagerly backing them. The opportunity was certainly unique. Though 
+    nothing was said about deposing Mary, yet nothing could be more certain than 
+    that, if this marriage took place, the Queen of France would never reign in 
+    Scotland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;At her wits' end how to escape a match so 
+    desirable for the Queen, so repulsive to the woman, Elizabeth had announced 
+    her willingness to espouse the Archduke in order to gain a short 
+    breathing-time. Vienna was at least further than Edinburgh, and difficulties 
+    were sure to arise when details began to be discussed. At this moment, by 
+    the sudden death of his wife, Dudley became marriageable. If Elizabeth had 
+    been free to marry or not, as she pleased, it seems to me in the highest 
+    degree improbable that she would ever have thought of taking Dudley. But 
+    believing that a husband was inevitable, and expecting that she would be 
+    forced to take some one who was either unknown to her or positively 
+    distasteful, it was most natural that she should ask herself whether it was 
+    not the least of evils to put this cruel persecution to an end by choosing a 
+    man whom at least she admired and liked, who loved her, as she thought, for 
+    her own sake, and would be as obedient &amp;quot;as her lap-dog.&amp;quot; When nations are 
+    ruled by women, and marriageable women, feelings and motives which belong to 
+    the sphere of private life, and should be confined to it, are apt to invade 
+    the domain of politics. If Elizabeth's subjects expected their sovereign to 
+    suppress all personal feelings in choosing a consort, they ought to have 
+    established the Salic law. No woman, queen or not queen, can be expected 
+    voluntarily to make such a sacrifice. Her happiness is too deeply involved.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the autumn, then, of 1560, when Elizabeth 
+    had been not quite two years on the throne, she seriously thought of 
+    marrying Dudley. It is difficult to say how long she continued to think of 
+    it seriously. With him, as with other suitors, she went on coquetting when 
+    she had perfectly made up her mind that nothing was to come of it. Perhaps 
+    we shall be right in saying that, as long as there was any question of the 
+    Archduke Charles, she looked to Dudley as a possible refuge. This would be 
+    till about the beginning of 1568. It seems to be always assumed, as a matter 
+    of course, that Cecil played the part of Elizabeth's good genius in 
+    persistently dissuading her from marrying Dudley. I am not so sure of this. 
+    If she had been a wife and a mother many of her difficulties would have at 
+    once disappeared, and the weakest points in her character would have no 
+    longer been brought out. It ended in her not marrying at all. I am inclined 
+    to think that another enemy of Dudley, the Earl of Sussex, showed more good 
+    sense and truer patriotism when he wrote in October 1560:-- &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;I wish not her Majesty to linger this 
+      matter of so great importance, but to choose speedily; and therein to 
+      follow so much her own affection as [that], by the looking upon him whom 
+      she should choose, omnes ejus sensus titillarentur; which shall be the 
+      readiest way, with the help of God, to bring us a blessed prince which 
+      shall redeem us out of thraldom. If I knew that England had other rightful 
+      inheritors I would then advise otherwise, and seek to serve the time by a 
+      husband's choice [seek for an advantageous political alliance]. But seeing 
+      that she is ultimum refugium, and that no riches, friendship, foreign 
+      alliance, or any other present commodity that might come by a husband, can 
+      serve our turn, without issue of her body, if the Queen will love anybody, 
+      let her love where and whom she lists, so much thirst I to see her love. 
+      And whomsoever she shall love and choose, him will I love, honour, and 
+      serve to the uttermost.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Perhaps I may be excused for expressing the 
+    opinion that the ideal husband for Elizabeth, if it had been possible, would 
+    have been Lord James Stuart, afterwards Earl of Moray. Of sufficient 
+    capacity, kindly heart, undaunted resolution, and unswerving rectitude of 
+    purpose, he would have supplied just those elements that were wanting to 
+    correct her defects. King of Scotland he perhaps could not be. Regent of 
+    Scotland he did become. If he could, at the same time, have been Elizabeth's 
+    husband, the two crowns might have, in the next generation, been worn by a 
+    Stuart of a nobler stock than the son of Mary and Darnley. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Mary Stuart, on the death of her husband 
+    Francis II., returned to her own kingdom (August 1561), she found the 
+    Scotch nobles sore at the rejection of Arran's suit. Bent on giving a 
+    sovereign to England, in one way or another, they were now ready, 
+    Protestants as well as Catholics, to back Mary's demand that she should be 
+    recognised as Elizabeth's heir-presumptive. To this the English. Queen could 
+    not consent, for the very sufficient reason, that not only would the 
+    Catholic party be encouraged to hold together and give trouble, but the more 
+    bigoted and desperate members of it would certainly attempt her life, lest 
+    she should disappoint Mary's hopes by marrying. &amp;quot;She was not so foolish,&amp;quot; 
+    she said, &amp;quot;as to hang a winding-sheet before her eyes or make a funeral 
+    feast whilst she was alive,&amp;quot; but she promised that she would neither do 
+    anything nor allow anything to be done by Parliament to prejudice Mary's 
+    title. To this undertaking she adhered long after Mary's hostile conduct had 
+    given ample justification for treating her as an enemy. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Openly Mary was claiming nothing but the 
+    succession. In reality she cared little for a prospect so remote and 
+    uncertain. What she was scheming for was to hurl Elizabeth from her throne. 
+    This was an object for which she never ceased to work till her head was off 
+    her shoulders. Her aims were more sharply defined than those of Elizabeth, 
+    and she was remarkably free from that indecision which too often marred the 
+    action of the English Queen. In ability and information she was not at all 
+    inferior to Elizabeth; in promptitude and energy she was her superior. These 
+    masculine qualities might have given her the victory in the bitter duel, but 
+    that, in the all-important domain of feeling, her sex indomitably asserted 
+    itself, and weighted her too heavily to match the superb self-control of 
+    Elizabeth. She could love and she could hate; Elizabeth had only likes and 
+    dislikes, and therefore played the cooler game. When Mary really loved, 
+    which was only once, all selfish calculations were flung to the winds; she 
+    was ready to sacrifice everything, and not count the cost--body and soul, 
+    crown and life, interest and honour. When she hated, which was often, 
+    rancour was apt to get the better of prudence. And so at the fatal 
+    turning-point of her career, when mad hate and madder love possessed her 
+    soul, she went down before her great rival never to rise again. Here was a 
+    woman indeed. And if, for that reason, she lost the battle in life, for that 
+    reason too she still disputes it from the tomb. She has always had, and 
+    always will have, the ardent sympathy of a host of champions, to whom the 
+    &amp;quot;fair vestal throned by the west&amp;quot; is a mere politician, sexless, coldblooded, 
+    and repulsive. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In 1564 Mary, as yet fancy-free, was seeking 
+    to match herself on purely political grounds. She was not so fastidious as 
+    Elizabeth, for she does not seem to have troubled herself at all about 
+    personal qualities, if a match seemed otherwise eligible. The Hamiltons 
+    pressed Arran upon her. But he was a Protestant. He was not heir to any 
+    throne but that of Scotland; and, though a powerful family in Scotland, the 
+    Hamiltons could give her no help elsewhere. Philip, who, now that the Guises 
+    had become his protÃ©gÃ©s, was less jealous of her designs, wished her to 
+    marry his cousin, the Archduke Charles of Austria. But this prince, whom 
+    Elizabeth professed to find too much of a Catholic, was, in the eyes of 
+    'Mary and her more bigoted co-religionists, too nearly a Lutheran; and she 
+    doubted whether Philip cared enough for him to risk a war for establishing 
+    him and herself upon the English throne. For this reason the husband on whom 
+    she had set her heart was Don Carlos, Philip's own son, a sort of wild 
+    beast. But Philip received her overtures doubtfully; the fact being that he 
+    could not trust Don Carlos, whom he eventually put to death. Catherine de' 
+    Medici loved Mary as little as she did the other Guises, but the prospect of 
+    the Spanish match filled her with such terror that she proposed to make the 
+    Scottish Queen her daughter-in-law a second time by a marriage with Charles 
+    IX., a lad under thirteen, if she would wait two years for him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On the other hand, Elizabeth impressed upon 
+    Mary that, unless she married a member of some Reformed Church, the English 
+    Parliament would certainly demand that her title to the succession, whatever 
+    it was, should be declared invalid. The House of Commons was strongly 
+    Protestant, and had with difficulty been prevented from addressing the Queen 
+    in favour of the succession of Lady Catherine Grey. Apart from religion 
+    there was deep irritation against the whole Scotch nation. Sir Ralph Sadler, 
+    who had been much employed in Scotland, denounced them as &amp;quot;false, beggarly, 
+    and perjured, whom the very stones in the English streets would rise 
+    against.&amp;quot; When Elizabeth was dangerously ill in October 1562, the Council 
+    discussed whom they should proclaim in the event of her death. Some were for 
+    the will of Henry VIII. and Catherine Grey. Others, sick of female rulers, 
+    were for taking the Earl of Huntingdon, a descendant of the Duke of 
+    Clarence. None were for Mary or Darnley. Mary's chief friends--Montagu, 
+    Northumberland, Westmoreland, and Derby--were not on the Council. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Parliament and the Council being against her, 
+    Mary could not afford to quarrel with the Queen. Elizabeth told her that she 
+    would regard a marriage with any Spanish, Austrian, or French prince as a 
+    declaration of war. Help from those quarters was far away, and at the mercy 
+    of winds and waves: the Border fortresses were near, and their garrisons 
+    always ready to march. Besides, whichever of the two she might 
+    obtain--Charles IX. or the Archduke--she drove the other into the arms of 
+    Elizabeth. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But there was another possible husband who 
+    had crossed her mind from time to time; not a prince indeed, yet of royal 
+    extraction in the female line, and, what was more, not without pretensions 
+    to that very succession which she coveted. Henry Lord Darnley, son of 
+    Matthew Stuart, Earl of Lennox, was, by his father's side, of the royal 
+    family of Scotland, while his mother was the daughter of Margaret Tudor, 
+    sister of Henry VIII., by her second husband, the Earl of Angus. Born and 
+    brought up in England, where his father had been long an exile, he was 
+    reckoned as an Englishman, which, in the opinion of many lawyers, was 
+    essential as a qualification for the crown. He was also a Catholic, and if 
+    Elizabeth had died at this time, it was perhaps Darnley, rather than Mary, 
+    whom the Catholics would have tried to place on the throne. Elizabeth had 
+    promised that, if Mary would marry an English nobleman, she would do her 
+    best to get Mary's title recognised by Parliament. To Elizabeth, therefore, 
+    Mary now turned, with the request that she would point out such a nobleman, 
+    not without a hope that she would name Darnley (March 1564). But, to Mary's 
+    mortification, she formally recommended Lord Robert Dudley. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This recommendation has often been treated as 
+    if it was a sorry joke perpetrated by Elizabeth, who had never any intention 
+    of furthering, or even permitting, such a match. But nothing is more certain 
+    than that Elizabeth was most anxious to bring it about; and it affords a 
+    decisive proof that her feeling for Dudley, whatever name she herself may 
+    have put to it, was not what is usually called love. Cecil and all her most 
+    intimate advisers entertained no doubt that she was sincere. She undertook, 
+    if Mary would accept Dudley, to make him a duke; and, in the meantime, she 
+    created him Earl of Leicester. She regarded him, so she told Mary's envoy 
+    Melville, as her brother and her friend; if he was Mary's husband she would 
+    have no suspicion or fear of any usurpation before her death, being assured 
+    that he was so loving and trusty that he would never permit anything to be 
+    attempted during her time. &amp;quot;But,&amp;quot; she said, pointing to Darnley, who was 
+    present, &amp;quot;you like better yonder long lad.&amp;quot; Her suspicion was correct. 
+    Melville had secret instructions to procure permission for Darnley to go to 
+    Scotland. However, he answered discreetly that &amp;quot;no woman of spirit could 
+    choose such an one who more resembled a woman than a man.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;How was Elizabeth to be persuaded to let 
+    Darnley leave England? There was only one way to disarm suspicion: Mary 
+    declared herself ready to marry Leicester (January 1565). Darnley 
+    immediately obtained leave of absence for three months ostensibly to recover 
+    the forfeited Lennox property. In Scotland the purpose of his coming was not 
+    mistaken, and it roused the Protestants to fury. The Queen's chapel, the 
+    only place in the Lowlands where mass was said, was beset. Her priests were 
+    mobbed and maltreated. Moray, who till lately had supported his sister with 
+    such loyalty and energy that Knox had quarrelled with him, prepared, with 
+    the other Lords of the Congregation, for resistance. Elizabeth, and Cecil 
+    also, had been completely overreached. A prudent player sometimes gets into 
+    difficulties by attributing equal prudence to a daring and reckless 
+    antagonist. Elizabeth, as a patriotic ruler, desired nothing but peace and 
+    security for her own kingdom. If she could have that, she had no wish to 
+    meddle with Scotland. Mary, caring nothing for the interests of her 
+    subjects, was facing civil war with a light heart; and, for the chance of 
+    obtaining the more brilliant throne, was ready to risk her own. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Undeterred by Elizabeth's threats, Mary 
+    married Darnley (29 July 1565). Moray and Argyll, having obtained a 
+    promise of assistance from England, took arms; but most of the Lords of the 
+    Congregation showed themselves even more powerless or perfidious than they 
+    had been five years before. Morton, Ruthven, and Lindsay, stoutest of 
+    Protestants, were related to Darnley, and were gratified by the elevation of 
+    their kinsman. Moray failed to elicit a spark of spirit out of the 
+    priest-baiting citizens of Edinburgh, and the Queen, riding steel cap on 
+    head and pistols at saddle-bow, chased him into England. Lord Bedford, who 
+    was in command at Berwick, could have stepped across the Border and 
+    scattered her undisciplined array without difficulty. He implored Elizabeth 
+    to let him do it; offered to do it on his own responsibility, and be 
+    disavowed. But he found, to his mortification, that she had been playing a 
+    game of brag. She had hoped that a threatening attitude would stop the 
+    marriage. But as it was an accomplished fact she was not going to draw the 
+    sword. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was shabby treatment of Moray and his 
+    friends, and to some of her councillors it seemed not only shameful but 
+    dangerous to show the white feather. But judging from the course of events, 
+    Elizabeth's policy was the safe one. The English Catholics--some of them at 
+    all events, as will be explained presently--were becoming more discontented 
+    and dangerous. The northern earls were known to be disaffected. Mary 
+    believed that in every country in England the Catholics had their 
+    organisation and their leaders, and that, if she chose, she could march to 
+    London. No doubt she was much deceived. In reluctance to resort to violence 
+    and respect for constituted authority, England, even north of the Humber, 
+    was at least two centuries ahead of Scotland, and, if she had come attended 
+    by a horde of savage Highlanders and Border ruffians, &amp;quot;the very stones in 
+    the streets would have risen against them.&amp;quot; It was Elizabeth's rule--and a 
+    very good rule too--never to engage in a war if she could avoid it. From 
+    this rule she could not be drawn to swerve either by passion or ambition, or 
+    that most fertile source of fighting, a regard for honour. All the old 
+    objections to an invasion of Scotland still subsisted in full strength, and 
+    were reinforced by others. It was better to wait for an attack which might 
+    never come than go half-way to meet it. An invasion of Scotland might drive 
+    the northern earls to declare for Mary, which, unless compelled to choose 
+    sides, they might never do. Some people are more perturbed by the 
+    expectation and uncertainty of danger than by its declared presence. Not so 
+    Elizabeth. Smouldering treason she could take coolly as long as it only 
+    smouldered. As for the betrayal of the Scotch refugees, Elizabeth never 
+    allowed the private interests of her own subjects, much less those of 
+    foreigners, to weigh against the interests of England. Moray, one of the 
+    most magnanimous and self-sacrificing of statesmen, evidently felt that 
+    Elizabeth's course was wise, if not exactly chivalrous. He submitted to her 
+    public rebuke without publicly contradicting her, and waited patiently in 
+    exile till it should be convenient for her to help him and his cause. Mary, 
+    too, though elated by her success, and never abandoning her intention to 
+    push it further, found it best to halt for a while. Philip wrote to her that 
+    he would help her secretly with money if Elizabeth attacked her, but not 
+    otherwise, and warned her against any premature clutch at the English crown. 
+    Elizabeth's seeming tameness could hardly have received a more complete 
+    justification. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary had determined to espouse Darnley, 
+    before she had set eyes on him, for purely political reasons. There is no 
+    reason to suppose she ever cared for him. It is more likely, as Mr. Froude 
+    suggests, that for a great political purpose she was doing an act which in 
+    itself she loathed. A woman of twenty-two, already a widow, mature beyond 
+    her years, exceptionally able, absorbed in the great game of politics, and 
+    accustomed to admiration, was not likely to care for a raw lad of nineteen, 
+    foolish, ignorant, ill-conditioned, vicious, and without a single manly 
+    quality. One man we know she did love later on--loved passionately and 
+    devotedly, no slim girl-faced youngster, but the fierce, stout-limbed, 
+    dare-devil Bothwell; and Bothwell gradually made his way to her heart by his 
+    readiness to undertake every desperate service she required of him. What 
+    Mary admired, nay envied, in the other sex was the stout heart and the 
+    strong arm. She loved herself to rough it on the war-path. She surprised 
+    Randolph by her spirit:--&amp;quot;Never thought I that stomach to be in her that I 
+    find. She repented nothing but, when the Lords and others came in the 
+    morning from the watches, that she was not a man, to know what life it was 
+    to lie all night in the fields or to walk upon the causeway with a jack and 
+    a knapscap, a Glasgow buckler and a broadsword.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;She desires much,&amp;quot; says 
+    Knollys, &amp;quot;to hear of hardiness and valiancy, commending by name all approved 
+    hardy men of her country, although they be her enemies; and she concealeth 
+    no cowardice even in her friends.&amp;quot; Valuable to Mary as a man of action, 
+    Bothwell was not worth much as an adviser. For advice she looked to the 
+    Italian Rizzio, in whom she confided because, with the detachment of a 
+    foreigner, he regarded Scotch ambitions, animosities, and intrigues only as 
+    so much material to be utilised for the purpose of the combined onslaught on 
+    Protestantism which the Pope was trying to organise. Bothwell was at this 
+    time thirty, and Rizzio, according to Lesley, fifty. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In spite of all the prurient suggestions of 
+    writers who have fastened on the story of Mary's life as on a savoury 
+    morsel, there is no reason whatever for thinking that she was a woman of a 
+    licentious disposition, and there is strong evidence to the contrary. There 
+    was never anything to her discredit in France. Her behaviour in the affair 
+    of Chastelard was irreproachable. The charge of adultery with Rizzio is 
+    dismissed as unworthy of belief even by Mr. Froude, the severest of her 
+    judges. Bothwell indeed she loved, and, like many another woman who does not 
+    deserve to be called licentious, she sacrificed her reputation to the man 
+    she loved. But the most conclusive proof that she was no slave to appetite 
+    is afforded by her nineteen years' residence in England, which began when 
+    she was only twenty-five. During almost the whole of that time she was 
+    mixing freely in the society of the other sex, with the fullest opportunity 
+    for misconduct had she been so inclined. It is not to be supposed that she 
+    was fettered by any scruples of religion or morality. Yet no charge of 
+    unchastity is made against her. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Darnley found that his wife, though she 
+    conferred on him the title of King, did not procure for him the crown 
+    matrimonial or allow him the smallest authority, he gave free vent to his 
+    anger. No less angry were his kinsmen, Morton, Ruthven, and Lindsay. They 
+    had deserted the Congregation in the expectation that when Darnley was King 
+    they would be all-powerful. Instead of this they found themselves neglected; 
+    while the Queen's confidence was given to Catholics and to Bothwell, who, 
+    though nominally a Protestant, always acted with the Catholics. The 
+    Protestant seceders had in fact fallen between two stools. It was against 
+    Rizzio that their rage burnt fiercest. Bothwell was only a bull-headed, 
+    blundering swordsman. Rizzio was doubly detestable to them as the brain of 
+    the Queen's clique and as a low-born foreigner. Rizzio, therefore, they 
+    determined to remove in the time-honoured Scottish fashion. Notice of the 
+    day fixed for the murder was sent to the banished noblemen in England, so 
+    that they might appear in Edinburgh immediately it was accomplished. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Randolph, the English ambassador, and 
+    Bedford, who commanded on the Border, were also taken into the secret, and 
+    they communicated it to Cecil and Leicester. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It is unnecessary here to repeat the 
+    well-known story of the murder of Rizzio. It was part of a large scheme for 
+    bringing back the exiled Protestant lords, closing the split in the 
+    Protestant party, and securing the ascendancy of the Protestant religion. At 
+    first it appeared to have succeeded. Bedford wrote to Cecil that &amp;quot;everything 
+    would now go well.&amp;quot; But Mary, by simulating a return of wifely fondness, 
+    managed to detach her weak husband from his confederates. By his aid she 
+    escaped from their hands. Bothwell and her Catholic friends gathered round 
+    her in arms. In a few days she re-entered Edinburgh in triumph, and Rizzio's 
+    murderers had to take refuge in England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But if the Protestant stroke had failed, Mary 
+    was obliged to recognise that her plan for re-establishing the Catholic 
+    ascendancy in Scotland could not be rushed in the high-handed way she had 
+    proposed as a mere preliminary to the more important subjugation of England. 
+    At the very moment when she seemed to stand victorious over all opposition, 
+    the ground had yawned under her feet, and, while she was dreaming of 
+    dethroning Elizabeth, she had found herself a helpless captive in the hands 
+    of her own subjects. The lesson was a valuable one, and if she could profit 
+    by it her prospects had never been so good. The barbarous outrage of which, 
+    in the sixth month of pregnancy, she had been the object could not but 
+    arouse widespread sympathy for her. She had extricated herself from her 
+    difficulties with splendid courage and clever-ness. The loss of such an 
+    adviser as Rizzio was really a stroke of luck for her. All she had to do was 
+    to abandon, or at all events postpone, her design of reestablishing the 
+    Catholic religion in Scotland, and to discontinue her intrigues against 
+    Elizabeth. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Her prospects in England were still further 
+    improved when she gave birth to a son (19 June 1566). Once more there was 
+    an heir-male to the old royal line, and, as Elizabeth continued to evade 
+    marriage, most people who were not fierce Protestants began to think it 
+    would be more reasonable and safe to abide by the rule of primogeniture than 
+    by the will of Henry VIII., sanctioned though it was by Act of Parliament. 
+    There can be no doubt that this was the opinion and intention of Elizabeth, 
+    though she strongly objected to having anything settled during her own 
+    lifetime. But she had herself gone a long way towards settling it by her 
+    treatment of Mary's only serious competitor. Catherine Grey had contracted a 
+    secret marriage with the Earl of Hertford, son of the Protector Somerset. 
+    Her pregnancy necessitated an avowal. The clergyman who had married them was 
+    not forthcoming, and Hertford's sister, the only witness, was dead. 
+    Elizabeth chose to disbelieve their story, though she would not have been 
+    able to prove when, where, or by whom her own father and mother had been 
+    married. She had a right to be angry; but when she sent the unhappy couple 
+    to the Tower, and caused her tool, Archbishop Parker, to pronounce the union 
+    invalid and its offspring illegitimate, she was playing Mary's game. The 
+    House of Commons elected in 1563 was still undissolved. It was strongly 
+    Protestant, and it favoured Catherine's title even after her disgrace. In 
+    its second session, in the autumn of 1566, it made a determined effort to 
+    compel Elizabeth to marry, and in the meanwhile to recognise Catherine as 
+    the heirpresumptive. The zealous Protestants knew well that the Peers were 
+    in favour of the Stuart title, and they feared that a new House of Commons 
+    might agree with the Peers. To get rid of their pertinacity Elizabeth 
+    dissolved Parliament, not without strong expressions of displeasure (2 January 1567). Cecil himself earned the thanks of Mary for his attitude on this 
+    occasion. It cannot be doubted that he dreaded her succession; but he saw 
+    which way the tide was running, and he thought it prudent to swim with it.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was at this moment that Mary flung away 
+    all her advantage, and entered oh the fatal course which led to her ruin. 
+    Her loathing for Darnley, her fierce desire to avenge on him the insults and 
+    outrage she had suffered, left no room in heart or mind for considerations 
+    of policy. She would have been glad to obtain a divorce. But the Catholic 
+    Church does not grant divorce for misconduct after marriage. Some pretext 
+    must be found for alleging that the marriage was null from the beginning. 
+    This did not suit Mary. It would have made her son illegitimate, and would 
+    have placed her in exactly the position of Catherine Grey. A mere separation 
+    a toro would not have suited her any better, for it would not have enabled 
+    her to contract another marriage. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Mary's reliance on Bothwell grew into 
+    attachment, when her attachment warmed into love, it is impossible to fix 
+    with any exactness. Her infatuation presented itself to him as a grand 
+    opening for his daring ambition. A notorious profligate, he loved her--if 
+    the word is to be so degraded--as much or as little as he had loved twenty 
+    other women. What, however, he desired in her case, was marriage. A more 
+    sensible man would have foreseen that marriage would mean certain ruin for 
+    himself and the Queen. But he was accustomed to despise all difficulties in 
+    his path, being intellectually incapable of measuring them, and believing in 
+    nothing but audacity and brute force. Husband of the Queen, why should he 
+    not be master of the kingdom? Why not King? When such an idea had once 
+    occurred to Bothwell, Darnley's expectancy of life would be much the same as 
+    that of a calf in the presence of the butcher. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The wretched victim had alienated all his 
+    friends among the nobility. Some owed him a deadly grudge for his treachery. 
+    Others had been offended by his insolence. To all he was an encumbrance and 
+    a nuisance. Several, therefore, of the leading personages were more or less 
+    engaged in the compact for putting him out of the way. Moray, Argyll, and 
+    Maitland offered to assist in ridding Mary of her husband by way of a 
+    Protestant sentence of divorce, on condition that Morton and his friends in 
+    exile should be pardoned and recalled. The bargain was struck, and Mary 
+    assented to it. Nothing was said about murder. No one had any interest in 
+    murder except Mary and Bothwell, whose project of marriage was as yet 
+    unsuspected. At the same time, if Bothwell liked to kill Darnley on his own 
+    responsibility, as no doubt he made it pretty plain that he would--why, so 
+    much the better. It relieved the other lords of all trouble. It was a 
+    simple, thorough, old-fashioned expedient, which had never been attended 
+    with any discredit in Scotland, and had only one inconvenience --that it 
+    usually saddled the murderer with a blood feud. In the present case Lennox 
+    was the only peer who would feel the least aggrieved; and he was in no 
+    condition to wage blood-feuds. Anyhow, that was Bothwell's look-out. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;So obvious was all this that it was hardly 
+    worth while to observe secrecy except as to the exact occasion and mode of 
+    execution. Many persons were more or less aware of what was going to be 
+    done; but none cared to interfere. Moray was an honourable and conscientious 
+    man, if judged by the standard of his environment--the only fair way of 
+    estimating character. But Moray chose to leave Edinburgh the morning before 
+    the deed; and thought it sufficient to be able to say afterwards that &amp;quot;if 
+    any man said he was present when purposes [talk] were held in his audience 
+    tending to any unlawful or dishonourable end, he spoke wickedly and 
+    untruly.&amp;quot; The inner circle of the plot consisted of Bothwell, Argyll, Huntly, 
+    Maitland, and Sir James Balfour. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;That Darnley was murdered by Bothwell is not 
+    disputed. That Mary was cognisant of the plot, and lured him to the 
+    shambles, has been doubted by few investigators at once competent and 
+    unbiassed. She lent herself to this part not without compunction. Bothwell 
+    had the advantage over her that the loved has over the lover; and he used it 
+    mercilessly for his headlong ambition, hardly taking the trouble to pretend 
+    that he cared for the unhappy woman who was sacrificing everything for him. 
+    He in fact cared more for his lawful wife, whom he was preparing to divorce, 
+    and to whom he had been married only six months. Mary was tormented by 
+    jealousy of her after the divorce as well as before. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The murder of Darnley (10 February 1567) was 
+    universally ascribed to Mary at the time by Catholics as well as Protestants 
+    at home and abroad, and it fatally damaged her cause in England and the rest 
+    of Europe. In Scotland itself--such was the backward and barbarous state of 
+    the country--it would probably not have shaken her throne if she had 
+    followed it up with firm and prudent government. She might even have 
+    indulged her illicit passion for Bothwell, with little pretence of 
+    concealment, if she had not advanced him in place and power above his 
+    equals. There was probably not a noble in Scotland, from Moray downwards, 
+    who would have scrupled to be her Minister. The Protestant commonalty 
+    indeed, who with all the national laxity as to the observance of the sixth 
+    commandment, were shocked by any trifling with the seventh, would no doubt 
+    have made their bark heard. But their bite had not yet become formidable; 
+    and in any case they were not to be propitiated. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;What brought sudden and irretrievable ruin on 
+    Mary was not the murder of Darnley, but the infatuation which made her the 
+    passive instrument of Bothwell's presumptuous ambition. The lords, Catholic 
+    and Protestant alike, allowed the murder to pass uncondemned and unpunished; 
+    but they were furious when they found that Darnley had only been removed to 
+    make room for Bothwell, and that they were to have for their master a noble 
+    of by no means the highest lineage, bankrupt in fortune, and generally 
+    disliked for his arrogant and bullying demeanour. The project of marriage 
+    was not disclosed till ten weeks after the murder (19 April 1567). Five 
+    days later, Bothwell, fearing lest he should be frustrated by public 
+    indignation or interference from England, carried off the Queen, as had been 
+    previously arranged between them. His idea was that, when Mary had been thus 
+    publicly outraged, it would be recognised as impossible that she should 
+    marry any one but the ravisher. In this coarse expedient, as in the clumsy 
+    means employed for disposing of Darnley, we see the blundering foolhardiness 
+    of the man. The marriage ceremony was performed as soon as Bothwell's 
+    divorce could be managed (15 May). Just a month later Mary surrendered to 
+    the insurgent lords at Carberry Hill, and Bothwell, flying for his life, 
+    disappears from history. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The feelings with which Elizabeth had 
+    contemplated the course of events in Scotland during the last six months 
+    were no doubt of a mixed nature. At the beginning of 1567, her seven-years' 
+    duel with Mary appeared to be ending in defeat. The last bold thrust, aimed 
+    in her interest if not by her hand --the murder of Rizzio--had not improved 
+    her position. It seemed that she would soon be obliged to make her choice 
+    between two equally dreaded alternatives: she must either recognise Mary as 
+    her heir or take a husband. From this unpleasant dilemma she was released by 
+    the headlong descent of her rival in the first six months of 1567. But all 
+    other feelings were soon swallowed up in alarm and indignation at the 
+    spectacle of subjects in revolt against their sovereign. As tidings came in 
+    rapid succession of Mary's surrender at Carberry Hill, of her return to 
+    Edinburgh amidst the insults and threats of the Calvinist mob, of her 
+    imprisonment at Loch Leven, of the proposal to try and execute her, 
+    Elizabeth's anger waxed hotter, and she told the Scotch lords in her most 
+    imperious tones that she could not, and would not, permit them to use force 
+    with their sovereign. If they deposed or punished her, she would revenge it 
+    upon them. If they could not prevail on her to do what was right, they must 
+    &amp;quot;remit themselves to Almighty God, in whose hands only princes' hearts 
+    remain.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This language, addressed as it was to the 
+    only men in Scotland who were disposed to support the English interest, was 
+    imprudent. In her fellow-feeling for a sister sovereign, and her keen 
+    perception of the revolutionary tendencies of the time, Elizabeth spoilt an 
+    unique opportunity of placing her relations with Scotland on a footing of 
+    permanent security, of providing for the English succession in a way at once 
+    advantageous to the nation and free from risk to her own life, and lastly, 
+    of escaping from the constant worry about her own marriage. She had seen 
+    clearly enough what might be made of the situation. Throgmorton had been 
+    despatched to Scotland with instructions to do his best to get the infant 
+    Prince confided to her care. Once in England, she would virtually have 
+    adopted him. She would have possessed a son and heir without the 
+    inconvenience of marriage. To a Parliamentary recognition, indeed, of his 
+    title she would assuredly not have consented. It would have made him 
+    independent and dangerous. But if he behaved well to her, his succession 
+    would be more certain than any Act of Parliament could make it. Mary, if 
+    released and restored to power, would no longer be formidable. If she were 
+    deposed or put to death, Elizabeth would indirectly govern Scotland, at all 
+    events, till James should be of age. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This splendid opportunity Elizabeth lost by 
+    her peremptory and domineering language. The old Scotch pride took fire. The 
+    Anglophile lords, who would have been glad enough to send the young Prince 
+    to England, could not afford to appear less patriotic than the Francophiles. 
+    Throgmorton's attempt to get hold of James was as unsuccessful as that of 
+    the Protector Somerset to get hold of James's mother had been twenty years 
+    before. He was told that, before the Prince could be sent to England, his 
+    title to the English succession must be recognised; a condition which 
+    Elizabeth could not grant. Her claim that Mary should be restored without 
+    conditions was equally unacceptable to the Anglophile lords. They might have 
+    been induced to release her if she would have consented to give up Bothwell, 
+    or if they could have caught and hanged him. But such was her devotion to 
+    him, that no threats or promises availed to shake it. It was in vain that 
+    they offered to produce letters of his to the divorced Lady Bothwell, in 
+    which he assured her that he regarded her still as his lawful wife, and Mary 
+    only as his concubine. The unhappy Queen had been aware even before her 
+    marriage--as a pathetic letter to Bothwell shows--that her passionate love 
+    was not returned. Two days after the marriage, his unkindness had driven her 
+    to think of suicide. But nothing they could say could shake her constancy. 
+    &amp;quot;She would not consent by any persuasion to abandon the Lord Bothwell for 
+    her husband. She would live and die with him. If it were put to her choice 
+    to relinquish her crown and kingdom or the Lord Bothwell, she would leave 
+    her kingdom and dignity to go as a simple damsel with him; and she will 
+    never consent that he shall fare worse or have more harm than herself. Let 
+    them put Bothwell and herself on board ship to go wherever fortune might 
+    carry them.&amp;quot; This temper made it difficult for the Anglophile lords to know 
+    what to do with the prisoner of Loch Leven. They were disappointed and angry 
+    that Elizabeth, instead of approving their enterprise, and sending the money 
+    for which, as usual, they were begging, should treat them as rebels, and 
+    even secretly urge the Hamiltons to rescue Mary by force. The Hamiltons were 
+    in arms at Dumbarton. They wanted either that the Prince should be 
+    proclaimed King, with the Duke of Chatelherault for Regent, or that Mary 
+    should be divorced from Bothwell and married to Lord John Hamilton, the 
+    Duke's second son, and, in default of the crazy Arran, his destined 
+    successor. With Argyll, too, disgust at Mary's crime was tempered by a 
+    desire to marry her to his brother. Lady Douglas of Loch Leven herself, for 
+    whom Sir Walter Scott has invented such magnificent tirades, desired nothing 
+    better than to be her mother-in-law. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The prompt action of the confederate lords 
+    foiled these schemes. By the threat of a public trial on the charge of 
+    complicity in her husband's murder, or, as her advocates believe, by the 
+    fear of instant death, Mary was compelled to abdicate in favour of her son, 
+    and to nominate Moray Regent (29 July 1567). Elizabeth would not recognise 
+    him; partly from a natural fear lest she should be suspected of having been 
+    in collusion with him all along, partly from genuine abhorrence of such 
+    revolutionary proceedings. The French Government, on the other hand, casting 
+    principle and sentiment alike to the winds, courted his alliance. He might 
+    keep his sister in prison, or put her to death, or send her to be immured in 
+    a French convent: only let him embrace the French interests, and an army 
+    should be sent to support him --a Huguenot army if he did not like 
+    Catholics. But Moray turned a deaf ear to these solicitations, and waited 
+    patiently till Elizabeth's ill-humour should give way to more statesmanlike 
+    considerations. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The escape of Mary from Loch Leven (2 May 
+    1568), and the rising of the Hamiltons in her favour, were largely due to 
+    the unfriendly attitude assumed by Elizabeth to the Regent's government. 
+    After the defeat of Langside (13 May) it would perhaps have been difficult 
+    for the fugitive Queen to make her way to France or Spain. But it was not 
+    the difficulty which deterred her from making the attempt. Both Catherine 
+    and Philip, later on, were disposed to befriend her, or, rather, to make use 
+    of her; but at the time of her escape from Scotland, she had nothing to 
+    expect from them but severity. Elizabeth was the only sovereign who had 
+    tried to help her. Moreover, Mary had always laboured under the delusion 
+    that because most Englishmen regarded her as the next heir to the crown, and 
+    a great many preferred the old religion to the new, she had as good a party 
+    in England as Elizabeth herself, if not a better. During her prosperity, she 
+    had made repeated applications to be allowed to visit the southern kingdom. 
+    She was convinced that, if she once appeared on English ground, Elizabeth's 
+    throne would be shaken; and Elizabeth's unwillingness to receive the visit 
+    had confirmed her in her belief. If she now crossed the Solway without 
+    waiting for the permission which she had requested by letter, it was not 
+    because she was hard pressed. The Regent had gone to Edinburgh after the 
+    battle. At Dundrennan, among the Catholic Maxwells, Lord Herries guaranteed 
+    her safety for forty days; and, at an hour's notice, a boat would place, her 
+    beyond pursuit. Her haste was rather prompted by the expectation that 
+    Elizabeth, alarmed by her application, would refuse to receive her. To 
+    Elizabeth the arrival of the Scottish Queen was, indeed, as unwelcome as it 
+    was unexpected. For ten years she had governed successfully, because she had 
+    managed to hold an even course between conflicting principles and parties, 
+    and to avoid taking up a decisive attitude on the most burning questions. 
+    The very indecision, which was the weak spot in her character, and which so 
+    fretted her Ministers, had, it must be confessed, contributed something to 
+    the result. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Cecil might groan over a policy of letting 
+    things drift. But it may be doubted whether they had not often drifted 
+    better than Cecil would have steered them if he might have had his way. To 
+    do nothing is not, indeed, the golden rule of statesmanship. But at that 
+    time, England's peculiar position between France and Spain, and between 
+    Calvinism and Catholicism, enabled her ruler to play a waiting game. This 
+    was the general rule applicable to the situation. Elizabeth apprehended it 
+    more clearly than her Ministers did, and she fell back on it again and 
+    again, when they flattered themselves that they had committed her to a 
+    forward policy. It was safe. It was cheap. It required coolness and 
+    intrepidity--qualities with which Elizabeth was well furnished by nature. 
+    But it was not spirited: it was not showy. Hence it has not found favour 
+    with historians, who insist that it ought to have ended in disaster. As a 
+    matter of fact, England was carried safely through unparalleled 
+    difficulties; and, when all is said, Elizabeth is entitled to be judged by 
+    the general result of her long reign. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary's arrival was unwelcome to Elizabeth, 
+    because it seemed likely to force her hand. To do nothing would be no longer 
+    possible. The Catholic nobles and gentry of the north flocked to Carlisle to 
+    pay court to the heiress of the English crown. It was not that they believed 
+    her innocent of her husband's murder. The suspicion of her complicity was at 
+    that time universal. But they supposed that it would never amount to more 
+    than a suspicion. They did not expect that the charge would ever be formally 
+    made. They were not aware that it could be supported by overwhelming 
+    evidence. Later on, when the proofs were produced, they had already 
+    committed themselves to her cause, and were bound not to be convinced.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If the attitude of these Catholics be thought 
+    to indicate some moral callousness, it may be fairly argued that it was less 
+    cynical than that of Elizabeth herself, who, while not unwilling that Mary 
+    should be suspected, would not allow her to be convicted. Steady to her main 
+    purpose, though hesitating, and even vacillating, in the means she adopted, 
+    she still adhered, notwithstanding all that had lately taken place, to her 
+    intention that Mary, if her survivor, should be her successor. Like all the 
+    greatest statesmen of her time, she placed secular interests before 
+    religious opinions. She was persuaded that the maintenance of the principle 
+    of authority was all-important. Nothing else could hold society together or 
+    prevent the rival fanaticisms from tearing each other to pieces. For 
+    authority there was no other basis left than the principle of hereditary 
+    succession by primogeniture. This principle must, therefore, be treated as 
+    something sacred--not to be set aside or tampered with in a short-sighted 
+    grasping at any seeming immediate utility. To allow it to be called in 
+    question was to shake her own title. Already, in France, the Jesuits were 
+    preaching that orthodoxy and the will of the people were the only legitimate 
+    foundation of sovereignty. Few English Catholics had learned that doctrine; 
+    but they would not be slow to learn it if the hereditary claim of Mary was 
+    to be set aside. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If Mary had been content to claim what 
+    primogeniture gave her--the right to the succession--there would have been 
+    no quarrel between her and Elizabeth. But it was notorious that she had all 
+    along been plotting to substitute herself for Elizabeth. Never had she 
+    cherished that dream with more confidence than when the Percys and Nevilles 
+    crowded round her at Carlisle. In her sanguine imagination, she already saw 
+    herself mistress of a finer kingdom than that which had just expelled her, 
+    and marching, at the head of her new subjects, to wreak vengeance on her old 
+    ones. She seemed likely to be no less dangerous as an exile in England than 
+    as a Queen in Scotland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had now reason to regret the 
+    unnecessary warmth with which she had espoused Mary's cause. To suppose that 
+    she had any sentimental feelings for one whom she knew to be her deadly 
+    enemy is, in my judgment, ridiculous. Elizabeth was not a generous 
+    woman--especially towards other women; and in this case generosity would 
+    have been folly, and culpable folly. She did not hate Mary--she was too cool 
+    and self-reliant to hate an enemy--but she disliked her. She was jealous, 
+    with a small feminine jealousy, of her beauty and fascinations. The 
+    consciousness of this unworthy feeling made her all the more anxious not to 
+    betray it. And so, at a time when she did not expect to have Mary on her 
+    hands, she had been tempted to use language implying a pity, sympathy, and 
+    affection which assuredly she did not feel, and which it would not have been 
+    creditable to her to feel. Petty insincerities of this kind have usually to 
+    be paid for sooner or later. She had now to exchange the language of 
+    sympathy for the language of business with what grace she could; and she has 
+    not escaped the charge, certainly undeserved, of deliberate treachery. It 
+    was awkward, after such exaggerated professions of sympathy, to be obliged 
+    to hold the fugitive at arm's-length, and even to put restraint on her 
+    movements. But no other course was possible. No sovereign, at any time in 
+    history, has allowed a pretender to the crown to move about freely in his 
+    dominions and make a party among his subjects. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Wince as she might, and did, under the 
+    reproach of treachery, Elizabeth was not going to allow her unwise words to 
+    tie her to unwise action. Only one arrangement appeared to her to be at once 
+    admissible in principle and prudent in practice. Mary must be restored to 
+    the Scottish throne; but in such a way that she should thenceforth be 
+    powerless for mischief. She must be content with the title of Queen. The 
+    real government must be in the hands of Moray. Thus the principle of 
+    legitimacy and the sacredness of royalty would be saved, and the English 
+    Catholics would be content to bide their time. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Cecil, for his part, was also anxious to see 
+    Mary back in Scotland; but not as Queen. Though regarded in Catholic circles 
+    as a desperate heretic, he was really a &lt;i&gt;politique&lt;/i&gt;, a worldly-minded 
+    man--I mean the epithet to be laudatory--and he would probably have admitted 
+    in the abstract the wisdom of Elizabeth's opinion--that it was of more 
+    importance to England to have a legitimate sovereign than a gospel religion. 
+    But he was not prepared to submit frankly to the application of this 
+    principle. His personal prospects were too deeply concerned. It was all very 
+    well for Elizabeth to lay down a principle in which she might be said to 
+    have a life-interest. She was thirteen years his junior; but she might 
+    easily predecease him; and, with Mary on the throne, his power would 
+    certainly go, and, not improbably, his head with it. It was not in human 
+    nature, therefore, that he should cherish the principle of primogeniture as 
+    his mistress did; and, as far as his dread of her displeasure would allow 
+    him, he was always casting about for some means of defeating Mary's 
+    reversion. Her sudden plunge into crime was to him a turn of good fortune 
+    beyond his dreams. If he could have had his will she would have been 
+    promptly handed over to the Regent on the understanding that she was to be 
+    consigned to perpetual imprisonment, or, still better, to the scaffold.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In order to carry out her plan, Elizabeth 
+    called on Mary and the Regent to submit their respective cases to a 
+    Commission, consisting of the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Sussex, and Sir 
+    Ralph Sadler. Mary was extremely reluctant, as she well might be, to face 
+    any investigation; but she was told that, until her character was formally 
+    cleared, she could not be admitted to Elizabeth's presence; and she was at 
+    the same time privately assured that her restoration should, in any case, be 
+    managed without any damage to her honour. Moray received an equally positive 
+    assurance that if his sister was proved guilty, she should not be restored. 
+    The two statements were not absolutely irreconcilable, because Elizabeth 
+    intended to prevent the worst charges from being openly proved. Her sole 
+    object--and we can hardly blame her--was to obtain security for herself and 
+    her own kingdom. She did not wish the Queen of Scots to be proved a 
+    murderess in open court; but she did desire that the charge should be made, 
+    and also that the Commissioners should see the originals of the casket 
+    letters. Any public disclosure of the evidence might be prevented, and some 
+    sort of ambiguous acquittal pronounced, on grounds which all the world would 
+    see to be nugatory: such, for instance, as the culprit's own solemn denial 
+    of the charge; which was, in fact, the only answer Mary intended to make. 
+    What was known to the Commissioners would come to be more or less known to 
+    all persons of influence in England, and would surely discredit Mary to such 
+    a degree that even her warmest partisans would cease to conspire in her 
+    favour. Mary herself (so Elizabeth hoped), when made aware that this 
+    terrible weapon was in reserve, and could at any moment be used against her, 
+    would be permanently humbled and crippled, and would be glad to accept such 
+    terms as Elizabeth would impose. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Commissioners opened their court at York 
+    (October 1568). But they had not been sitting long before Elizabeth 
+    discovered that Norfolk was scheming to marry Mary, and that the project was 
+    approved by many of the English nobility. Their purpose was not, as yet, 
+    disloyal. They thought that, married to the head of the English peerage, and 
+    residing in England, Mary would have to give up her plots with France, while 
+    her presence would strengthen the Conservative party, which desired to keep 
+    up the old alliance with Spain, and looked for the re-establishment sooner 
+    or later of the old religion. This scheme, though not disloyal, was 
+    extremely alarming to Elizabeth. Norfolk was nominally a Protestant. But she 
+    had placed him on the Commission as a representative of the Conservative 
+    party, believing that, while he would lend himself to hushing up Mary's 
+    guilt, his eyes would be opened to her real character. Yet here he was, like 
+    the Hamiltons, Campbells, and Douglases, ready to take her with her smirched 
+    reputation, simply for the chance of her two crowns. It was not a case of 
+    love, for he had never seen her. He seems to have been staggered for a 
+    moment by the sight of the casket letters, and to have doubted whether it 
+    was for his honour or even his safety to marry such a woman. But in the end, 
+    as we shall see, he swallowed his scruples. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On discovering Norfolk's intrigue, Elizabeth 
+    hastily revoked the Commission, and ordered another investigation to be held 
+    by the most important peers and statesmen of England. The casket letters and 
+    the depositions were submitted to them. Mary's able and zealous advocate, 
+    the Bishop of Ross, could say nothing except that his mistress had sent him 
+    on the supposition that Moray was to be the defendant: let her appear in 
+    person before the Queen, and she would give reasons why Moray ought not to 
+    be allowed to advance any charges against her. To make no better answer than 
+    this was virtually to admit that the charges against her were unanswerable.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was thought that she was now sufficiently 
+    frightened to be ready to accept Elizabeth's terms, and they were 
+    unofficially communicated to her. Her return to Scotland was no longer 
+    contemplated, for Moray had absolutely declined to charge her openly with 
+    the murder or produce the letters unless she were detained in England. But 
+    in order to get rid of the revolutionary proceedings at Loch Leven she 
+    herself, as it were of her own free will, and on the ground that she was 
+    weary of government, was to confer the crown on her son and the regency on 
+    Moray. James was to be educated in England. She herself was to reside in 
+    England as long as Elizabeth should find it convenient. It was not mentioned 
+    in the communication, but it was probably intended, that she should marry 
+    some Englishman of no political importance, in order to produce more 
+    children who would succeed James if, as was likely enough, he should die in 
+    his infancy. If she would accept these conditions the charges against her 
+    should be &amp;quot;committed to perpetual silence;&amp;quot; if not, the trial must go on, 
+    and the verdict could not be doubtful (December 1568). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A woman less daring and less keen-sighted 
+    than Mary would assuredly, at this point, have given up the game, and 
+    thankfully accepted the conditions offered. They would not have prevented 
+    her from ascending the English throne if she had outlived Elizabeth. But 
+    that was a delay which she had always scouted as intolerable, and she was 
+    one to whom life was worth nothing if it meant defeat, retirement, even for 
+    a time, from the public scene, and the abandonment of long-cherished 
+    ambitions. Moreover her quick wit had divined that Elizabeth was using a 
+    threat which she did not mean to put into execution. There would be no 
+    verdict--not even any publication to the world of the evidence. Guilty 
+    therefore as she was, and aware that her guilt could be proved, she coolly 
+    faced &amp;quot;the great extremities&amp;quot; at which Elizabeth had hinted, and rejected 
+    the conditions. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Perhaps even Mary's daring would have 
+    flinched from this bold game but for a quarrel between Elizabeth and Philip, 
+    to be mentioned presently. Hitherto Philip, much to his credit, had declined 
+    to interfere in Mary's behalf. To him, as to every one else, Catholic as 
+    well as Protestant, her guilt seemed evident. She had been only a scandal 
+    and embarrassment to the Catholic cause. But if there was to be war with 
+    England, every enemy of Elizabeth was a weapon to be used. Accordingly he 
+    now began, though reluctantly, to think of helping the Queen of Scots, and 
+    even of marrying her to his brother Don John of Austria. With the prospect 
+    of such backing it was not wonderful that she declined to own herself 
+    beaten. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's calculations, though reasonable, 
+    were thus disappointed. The inquiry was dropped without any decision. The 
+    Regent was sent home with a small sum of money, and Mary remained in England 
+    (January 1569). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfive.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    V: Aristocratic Plots: 1568-1572&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082623&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082623&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0192.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0192.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0192.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The coronations of King Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon, 1509</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0192fd262ce3b45d11d58e8a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0192.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">h8crown.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/h8crown.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1509: The coronations of King Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon&quot; width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;114&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry VIII was born on 28 June 1491, the second son of King 
+      Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; He was originally destined to be 
+      archbishop of Canterbury, but his older brother, Prince Arthur, died in 
+      1502, shortly after marrying the Spanish princess Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And so Henry became king of England at the age of 18.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry married his brother's widow mere weeks after his 
+      father died.&amp;nbsp; He claimed it had been Henry VII's dying wish, but this 
+      is doubtful.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's plight appealed to Henry's chivalric 
+      streak; he respected and admired her.&amp;nbsp; They were married for over 
+      twenty years and, for a long while, were happy together.&amp;nbsp; But the 
+      lack of a male heir and increasingly different lifestyles led to an 
+      emotional separation; not surprisingly, Henry became infatuated with 
+      another, much younger woman.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry and Katharine were married on 11 June 1509 and 
+      crowned together at Westminster Abbey on the 24th.&amp;nbsp; Over the next 
+      nine years, Katharine bore six children, only one of whom survived.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Her marriage to Henry was annulled against her will in 1533 and she died 
+      three years later.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The following day being a Sunday, and also Midsummer's Day, the noble 
+    prince with his queen left the palace for Westminster Abbey at the appointed 
+    hour.&amp;nbsp; The barons of the Cinq Ports held canopies over the royal couple 
+    who trod on striped cloth of ray, which was immediately cut up by the crowd 
+    when they had entered the abbey.&amp;nbsp; Inside, according to sacred tradition 
+    and ancient custom, his grace and the queen were anointed and crowned by the 
+    archbishop of Canterbury in the presence of other prelates of the realm and 
+    the nobility and a large number of civic dignitaries.&amp;nbsp; The people were 
+    asked if they would take this most noble prince as their king and obey him.&amp;nbsp; 
+    With great reverence, love and willingness they responded with the cry 'Yea, 
+    Yea'. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;When the ceremony was finished, the lords spiritual and temporal paid homage 
+to the king and, with the queen's permission, returned to Westminster Hall - 
+each one beneath his canopy - where the lord marshal bearing his staff of office 
+ushered all to their seats.&amp;nbsp; Each noble and lord proceeded to his allotted 
+place arranged earlier according to seniority.&amp;nbsp; The nine-piece table being 
+set with the king's estate seated on the right and the queen's estate on the 
+left, the first course of the banquet was announced with a fanfare.&amp;nbsp; At the 
+sound the duke of Buckingham entered riding a huge charger covered with richly 
+embroidered trappings, together with the lord steward mounted on a horse decked 
+with cloth of gold.&amp;nbsp; The two of them led in the banquet which was truly 
+sumptuous, and as well as a great number of delicacies also included unusual 
+heraldic devices and mottoes.
+&lt;p&gt;How can I describe the abundance of fine and delicate fare prepared for this 
+magnificent and lordly feast, produced both abroad and in the many and various 
+parts of this realm to which God has granted his bounty.&amp;nbsp; Or indeed the 
+exemplary execution of the service of the meal itself, the clean handling and 
+distribution of the food and the efficient ordering of the courses, such that no 
+person of any estate lacked for anything.
+&lt;p&gt;.....
+&lt;p&gt;The following day the aforementioned defending team, lady Pallas's scholars, 
+presented themselves before the king ready for the tourney.&amp;nbsp; All on 
+horseback and armed from head to foot they each had one side of their 
+armor-skirts and horse-trappings made of white velvet embroidered with gold 
+roses and other devices, and the other made of green velvet embroidered with 
+gold pomegranates.&amp;nbsp; On their headpieces each wore a plume of gold damask.
+&lt;p&gt;At the same time the other side rode in, the aforementioned eight knights 
+fully armed and dressed, like their mounts, in green satin embroidered with fine 
+golden bramble branches.&amp;nbsp; Following them, blowing horns, came a number of 
+men dressed as foresters or gamekeepers in green cloth, with caps and hose to 
+match, who arranged a set like a park with white and green fencing around it.&amp;nbsp; 
+Inside this paddock were fallow deer and artificial trees, bushes, ferns, and so 
+forth.&amp;nbsp; Once set up before the queen the paddock gates were unlocked and 
+the deer ran out into the palace grounds.&amp;nbsp; Greyhounds were then let loose 
+which killed the deer, the bodies of which were then presented to the queen and 
+the assembled ladies by the above-mentioned knights.
+&lt;p&gt;Crocheman, who had brought in the golden lance the previous day, then 
+declared that his knights were the servants of the goddess Diana and whilst they 
+had been indulging in their pastime of hunting had received news that lady 
+Pallas's knights had come into these parts to perform feats of arms.&amp;nbsp; 
+Thereupon they had left off the chase and come hither to encounter these nights 
+and to fight with them for the love of the ladies.
+&lt;p&gt;He added that if lady Pallas's knights vanquished them or forced them to 
+leave the field of battle then they would receive the deer that had been killed 
+and the greyhounds that slew them.&amp;nbsp; But if Diana's knights overpowers their 
+opponents they were to be given the swords of those knights and nothing more.
+&lt;p&gt;Hearing this, the queen and her ladies asked the king for his advice on the 
+matter.&amp;nbsp; The king, thinking that perhaps there was some grudge between the 
+two parties and believing that to grant the request might lead to some 
+unpleasantness, decided not to consent to these terms.&amp;nbsp; Instead, to defuse 
+the situation, it was decided that both parties should fight the tourney but 
+that only a limited number of strokes would be permitted.
+&lt;p&gt;This was done and the two sides then left the field.&amp;nbsp; The jousts then 
+came to an end and the prizes were awarded to each man according to his deserts.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082593&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082593&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9769</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10707efb2c8a0005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on.... Are you trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  1495&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  1503&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Louis XII of France&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  the Mirror of Naples&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Holyrood House&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  in battle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Thomas Wolsey &amp; Catherine Courtenay&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  he was her grandson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  she was her granddaughter&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. she married without the king's consent&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=6&gt;Tudor Quizzes:  &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+2&gt;The Sisters of Henry VIII&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Princesses Margaret &amp;amp; Mary Tudor&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=606 border=0 height=&quot;671&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+
+      
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. What year was Princess Mary born?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1494&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1495&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1496&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1497&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2. In what year did Princess Margaret marry 
+
+      the King of Scots?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1503&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1505&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1507&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1510&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Who was Mary's first 
+
+    husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Francis I of 
+
+        France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles of Castile&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Louis X of 
+
+        France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Louis XII of France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; What famous jewel did Mary's husband 
+
+      send her as a gift?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the Mirror of 
+
+        Naples&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Queen's Sapphire&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Jewel of 
+
+        the Seine&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Eleanor of Aquitaine's wedding 
+
+      ring&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Where did Margaret wed her first 
+
+      husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Greenwich 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Holyrood 
+
+        House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Berwick Abbey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. How did Margaret's first husband 
+
+    die?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;of a 
+
+        seizure&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;of syphilis&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he killed 
+
+        himself&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;in battle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;92&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Who were the godparents of Mary's first 
+
+      son, Henry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;92&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry VIII &amp;amp; Catherine 
+
+        of Aragon&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Wolsey &amp;amp; Catherine 
+
+        Courtenay&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry VIII &amp;amp; Anne 
+
+        Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Wolsey &amp;amp; Margaret de la 
+
+      Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;97&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Mary queen of Scots was Margaret 
+
+      Tudor's granddaughter.&amp;nbsp; She chose Henry Stuart, earl of Darnley, as 
+
+      her second husband.&amp;nbsp; How was he related to Margaret Tudor?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;97&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;he was her 
+
+        great-nephew&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was her 
+
+        great-grandson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was her grandson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he 
+
+        was not a blood relation&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. How was Lady Jane Grey related to Princess 
+
+      Mary Tudor?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she was her 
+
+        granddaughter&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was her 
+
+        great-granddaughter&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was not related to 
+
+        Mary&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was her great-niece&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Margaret's granddaughter Arabella Stuart 
+
+      was imprisoned and died in the Tower of London for what crime?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she poisoned her 
+
+        husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she had a child out of 
+
+        wedlock&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she insulted Queen Anne&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she 
+
+        married without the king's consent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082614&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082614&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1072.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1072.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1072.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10204</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz - Catherine Howard</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10723efb2c8a0021</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1072.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on.... You can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#101040' text='#FFFFFF'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Ford Madox Ford&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  silver&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Anne Boleyn&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  twenty-three&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Lady Margaret Douglas&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  rape and murder&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  dismissed it as a forgery&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Oatlands Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Hampton Court Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. No Other Will Than His&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #800000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#800000 aLink=#000000 link=#800000 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+2&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt; 
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=849 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=625 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=70&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Who wrote 
+
+      'The Fifth Queen', a fictionalized account of Catherine's 
+
+    life?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=70&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Victoria Holt&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ford Madox 
+
+        Ford&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jean Plaidy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ruth 
+
+      Rendell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=65&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;2. What 
+
+      color gown did Queen Catherine prefer to dance in?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=65&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;dark 
+
+        green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=82&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      Lady Rochford was executed along with Catherine.&amp;nbsp; She had been the 
+
+      sister-in-law of which of Henry's former wives?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=82&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne 
+
+        Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=74&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      Catherine's paternal grandfather sired how many children?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=74&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;seven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;twelve&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;nineteen&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;twenty-three&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=65&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Which of 
+
+      Henry VIII's nieces had&amp;nbsp; affairs with two Howard 
+
+    cousins?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=65&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady 
+
+        Margaret Douglas&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Eleanor 
+
+        Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Frances Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady 
+
+        Arabella Stuart&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=84&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Two years 
+
+      before he was executed for adultery with the queen, Thomas Culpeper was 
+
+      accused of what crimes?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=84&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;treason&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;counterfeiting 
+
+        money&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;rape and murder&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;theft and 
+
+        assault&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=112&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. On 1 
+
+      November 1541, Henry VIII was given a letter detailing Catherine's 
+
+      adultery.&amp;nbsp; What was his immediate reaction?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=112&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;he 
+
+        ordered her arrest&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he dismissed the letter as a 
+
+        forgery&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he confronted Catherine 
+
+        personally&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he dismissed her 
+
+    household&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=360 height=59&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+      face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Where were Catherine &amp;amp; Henry VIII 
+
+      married on 28 July 1540?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=237 height=59&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Greenwich Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Oatlands Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nonsuch 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=67&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Catherine 
+
+      spent her only New Year's holiday as queen at what palace?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=67&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Hampton Court Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Greenwich 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=51&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. What was 
+
+      Catherine's motto?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=51&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;The 
+
+        Most Happy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Bound to Obey and Serve&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;The 
+
+        Rose Without a Thorn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;No Other Will Than 
+
+      His&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;questions &amp;amp; answers taken from the following sources 
+
+-&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;LB Smith, A Tuudor Tragedy: The Life and Times of 
+
+Catherine Howard&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;&amp;amp; Antonia Fraser, The Wives of 
+
+Henry VIII&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082615&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082615&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1073.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1073.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1073.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9284</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Thomas Cranmer</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f1073fefb2c8a003d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1073.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Jesus&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  he married&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  eight years&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  1533&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Josiah&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  1549&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  13 Nov 1553&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Reginald Pole &lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Juan de Villagarcia&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. burned at the stake&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #0000ff}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=#000000 size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=#000000 
+
+size=+2&gt;Thomas Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=554 border=0 height=&quot;792&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At which Cambridge 
+
+      college did Cranmer study&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+      face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;St&amp;nbsp; 
+
+        John's&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Trinity&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jesus&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Magdalene&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Which event forced 
+
+      Cranmer to forfeit his college fellowship?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;he 
+
+        married&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;his father died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he failed 
+
+        exams&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he suffered a breakdown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. How long did it take for Cranmer 
+
+      to receive his BA?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;two 
+
+        years&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;five years&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;eight 
+
+        years&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;ten years&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;When was Cranmer 
+
+      appointed archbishop of Canterbury?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1531&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1535&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1537&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. At Edward VI's coronation, 
+
+      Cranmer compared him to which Biblical figure?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;David&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Solomon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Moses&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Josiah&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;71&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;In what year did use of 
+
+      Cranmer's new &lt;I&gt;Book of Common Prayer&lt;/I&gt;&amp;nbsp; become 
+
+      compulsory?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;71&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1547&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1549&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1551&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. On what date was Cranmer formally 
+
+      charged with treason at Guildhall?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;13 Nov 
+
+        1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 Nov 1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;14 Dec 
+
+        1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 Feb 1554&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. Who replaced Cranmer 
+
+      as archbishop of Canterbury?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Stephen 
+
+        Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John, Lord Lumley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Reginald 
+
+        Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward Courtenay&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;69&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. Which Spanish friar accompanied 
+
+      Cranmer to his execution on 21 March 1556?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;69&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Juan de 
+
+        Villagarcia&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pedro de Villanova&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Eustace 
+
+        Chapuys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pietro Carmeliano&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;10.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How was Cranmer 
+
+      executed?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;beheaded&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;hanged&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;poisoned&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;burned 
+
+        at the stake&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to 
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082615&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082615&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1075.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1075.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1075.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9501</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f1075befb2c8a0059</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1075.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Greenwich&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  New Year's Day 1511&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  1520&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Leo X&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  None&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Thomas Cranmer&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Stephen Gardiner&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Whitehall&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  constable of Dover Castle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Jane Seymour&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #800000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=#000000 size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; 
+
+color=#000000 size=+2&gt;King Henry VIII&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=721 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=556 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=58&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At 
+
+      which Palace was Henry born on 28 June 1491?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=58&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Hampton 
+
+        Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Greenwich&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Oatlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=39&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;When was Henry's first son born?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=39&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;New 
+
+        Year's Day 1511&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Christmas 1511&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;New 
+
+        Year's Day 1514&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Christmas 1510&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=82&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. The Field of 
+
+      the Cloth of Gold, the famous meeting between Henry and Francis I of 
+
+      France, was held in what year?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=82&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1517&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1518&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1519&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1520&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=58&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;Henry was given the title Fidei Defensor by which pope?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=58&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Julius 
+
+        II&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Leo X&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Paul 
+
+        XII&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Clement VII&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=47&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. How many 
+
+      wives did Henry divorce?&lt;FONT size=+2&gt;*&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=47&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;None&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Two&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Three&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Four&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=60&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who 
+
+      broke the news of Catherine Howard's adultery to Henry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=60&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the duke 
+
+        of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duke of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=77&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. Who wed Henry 
+
+      to his last wife, Katharine Parr?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=77&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John Fisher&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen 
+
+        Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;William Warham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=355 height=69&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. 
+
+      After Wolsey's fall from grace, Henry took over the Cardinal's home of 
+
+      York Place.&amp;nbsp; What did Henry rename the palace?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=184 height=69&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Hampton Court 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nonsuch&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Oatlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Whitehall&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=62&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. On 5 April 
+
+      1493, the toddler Henry received his first official office.&amp;nbsp; What was 
+
+      it?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=62&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;constable of Dover Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord of the 
+
+        North&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;constable of Calais&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;sheriff of 
+
+        Leicester&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=49&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. Which wife 
+
+      is buried beside Henry VIII?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=49&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Katharine 
+
+        Parr&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;P&gt;*&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fquizstuff.html&quot;&gt;click here for a 
+
+brief discussion of&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fquizstuff.html&quot;&gt;the answer to question 
+
+five&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082616&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082616&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1077.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1077.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1077.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10259</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: General History</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10777efb2c8a0075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1077.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  1513&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  23 April&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Countess of Oxford&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  duc d'Longueville&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  fornication&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  royalty, dukes &amp; marquesses&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Lord Willoughby d'Eresby&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  none&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  France and the Papacy&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Jericho House at Blackmore&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #990000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;: &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;General 
+
+History&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=977 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=587 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=82&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;What 
+
+      year did Bessie Blount (mother of Henry VIII's illegitimate son, Henry 
+
+      Fitzroy) come to court?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=82&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1513&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1515&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1517&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1519&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=66&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;On what day was Henry VIII's 'official' birthday 
+
+    celebrated?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=66&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;28 
+
+        June&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;19 February&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 
+
+        April&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;15 August&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=123&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. Before her 
+
+      marriage to the King of France, Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor was 
+
+      betrothed to the Archduke Charles of Austria, Prince of Castile. Who was 
+
+      appointed her chief lady-in-waiting?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=123&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Duchess 
+
+        of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Countess of Norwich&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Countess 
+
+        of Oxford&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Duchess of Buckingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=94&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;On 13 August 1514, Mary Tudor was married by proxy to Louis XII of 
+
+      France. Who stood in for the king at the ceremony? &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=94&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;dauphin 
+
+        Francis&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duc d'Anjou&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duc 
+
+        d'Angouleme&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duc d'Longueville&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=108&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. In 1515, 
+
+      Fray Diego Fernandez, Katharine of Aragon's Spanish confessor, was sent 
+
+      from court. Of what charge had an ecclesiastical court convicted 
+
+      him?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=108&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;heresy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;fornication&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;murder&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;sedition&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=64&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At 
+
+      Henry VIII's court, who was allowed to wear cloth of gold?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=64&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;royalty, 
+
+        dukes and marquesses&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;royalty and 
+
+        dukes&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;royalty&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;anyone who could afford 
+
+        it&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=97&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. Maria de 
+
+      Salinas was Katharine of Aragon's favorite lady-in-waiting. In June 1516, 
+
+      she married which English gentleman?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=97&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lord 
+
+        Howard of Parham Park&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duke of 
+
+        Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord Penham d'Este&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord 
+
+        Willoughby d'Eresby&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=342 height=59&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. 
+
+      After 1517, how many more times did Henry VIII see his older sister 
+
+      Margaret?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=217 height=59&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;none&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;once&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;twice&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;all 
+
+        the time&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=81&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. In 1518, 
+
+      England signed the 'Treaty of Universal and Perpetual Peace' with which 
+
+      countries?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=81&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Spain 
+
+        and the Low Countries&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;France and 
+
+        Spain&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;France and the Papacy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;France and 
+
+        Scotland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=83&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. Where was 
+
+      Henry VIII's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, born?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=83&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Eltham 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jericho House at 
+
+        Blackmore&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Penshurst Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Riding Manor 
+
+        in Durham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- row 01 --&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;FONT size=2&gt;Some of these questions are extra 
+
+hard, simply to give Tudor enthusiasts a challenge.&amp;nbsp; All answers can be 
+
+verified in Weir's 'Henry VIII: The King and His 
+
+Court.'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082616&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082616&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1079.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1079.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1079.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: General History</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10793efb2c8a0091</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1079.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  12 April 1533&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Lady Mary Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  blue and purple&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Lord Mountjoy&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  26 August&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  never&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Princess Mary Tudor&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  8 August 1540&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Stephen Gardiner&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;: &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;General 
+
+History&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+color=#000000&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=642 border=0 height=&quot;844&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;On 4 September 1532, Anne 
+
+      Boleyn was titled Marquess of Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; What color gown did she wear 
+
+      to the ceremony at Windsor Castle?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;purple&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;cloth of 
+
+        gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;73&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;On what day did Anne 
+
+      Boleyn appear in public as Queen of England for the first time? &lt;FONT 
+
+      size=2&gt;(Please note - I'm not asking for the coronation 
+
+      date!)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;73&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;2 April 
+
+        1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;10 April 1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 April 
+
+        1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;22 April 1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. Which lady of the court carried 
+
+      the train of her gown during that appearance?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Anne 
+
+        Bassett&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Duchess of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Mary 
+
+        Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Duchess of Buckingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;What color livery 
+
+      did Anne's servants wear? &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;green and 
+
+        yellow&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green and blue&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;yellow and 
+
+        red&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;blue and purple&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. On 3 July 1533, who was sent to 
+
+      Ampthill to tell Katharine of Aragon that Henry VIII had married Anne 
+
+      Boleyn and that she must relinquish her title of Queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lord 
+
+        Mountjoy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord Taillyboys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of 
+
+        Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;On what day in 1533 did 
+
+      Anne enter confinement, awaiting the birth of her first 
+
+    child?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;15 August&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;26 
+
+        August&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1 September&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;5 
+
+      September&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;113&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. On 2 June 1536, Henry VIII dined 
+
+      in public with Jane Seymour for the first time; they had married on 30 
+
+      May.&amp;nbsp; But when was Jane's formal coronation as queen of 
+
+      England?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;113&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she was never 
+
+        crowned&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;5 June 1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;15 August 
+
+        1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 December 1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. Who was chief mourner 
+
+      at Jane Seymour's funeral obsequies?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Margaret 
+
+        Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Stanhope&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. On what day was Henry's marriage 
+
+      to Catherine Howard made public?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 August 
+
+        1540&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 August 1540&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 December 
+
+        1540&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;it was never officially 
+
+  announced&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. Who preached the sermon at Henry 
+
+      VIII's funeral?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Reginald 
+
+        Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas 
+
+More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- row 01 --&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;FONT size=2&gt;Some of these questions are extra 
+
+hard, simply to give Tudor enthusiasts a challenge.&amp;nbsp; All answers can be 
+
+verified in Weir's 'Henry VIII: The King and His 
+
+Court.'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082617&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082617&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f107a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f107a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f107a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Lady Jane Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f107afefb2c8a00ad</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f107a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  green and white&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Guilford&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  her father&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Katharine Parr&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Durham House&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Dr John Feckenham&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Mary, Elizabeth, Jane&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  2000 pounds&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  marquess of Dorset&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. three weeks&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;: &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;&lt;B&gt;Lady Jane Grey&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=692 border=0 height=&quot;887&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At Jane Grey's 
+
+      coronation, her husband Guilford wore white, gold and silver.&amp;nbsp; What 
+
+      colors were Jane's bodice and kirtle?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;purple and cloth 
+
+        of gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green and white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson and 
+
+        cloth of silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson and white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;During the 
+
+      first three days of her reign, Jane did not attend any council 
+
+      meetings.&amp;nbsp; Who sat in her place at the head of the council 
+
+      table?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;John Dudley, duke 
+
+        of Northumberland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry Grey, duke of 
+
+        Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of 
+
+        Canterbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Guilford Dudley, her 
+
+    husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. On 19 July 1553, who 
+
+      came to to the Tower and told Jane she was no longer queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her 
+
+        husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her mother&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her 
+
+        mother-in-law&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her father&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;In 1548, 
+
+      Jane acted as chief mourner at whose funeral? &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her sister 
+
+        Mary&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her sister Catherine&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her guardian 
+
+        Katharine Parr&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. Where did Jane wed 
+
+      Guilford Dudley on 25 May 1553?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Durham 
+
+        House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Syon House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sheen 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Tower of London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who did Queen 
+
+      Mary send to the Tower in an attempt to convert Jane before her 
+
+      execution?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Sir John 
+
+        Brydges&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Dr John Feckenham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen 
+
+        Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Roger Ascham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. According to Henry 
+
+      VIII's will, if Edward VI died without issue, how would the line of 
+
+      succession proceed?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Mary Tudor, 
+
+        Elizabeth Tudor, Jane Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Tudor, Elizabeth Tudor, 
+
+        Mary Stuart&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane Grey, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth 
+
+        Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Tudor, Elizabeth Tudor, Edward 
+
+        Courtenay&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=384 height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. How much 
+
+      money did Thomas Seymour pay to Jane's parents for her wardship and 
+
+      marriage?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=280 height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;500 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1000 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;2000 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;5000 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. Before he received the 
+
+      title duke of Suffolk, what title did Jane's father hold?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;earl of 
+
+        Oxford&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;marquess of Pembroke&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord High 
+
+        Admiral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;marquess of Dorset&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. How long did Jane's 
+
+      mother wait after her husband's execution before marrying again (to Adrian 
+
+      Stokes)?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;three 
+
+        weeks&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;five weeks&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;six 
+
+        weeks&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;two 
+
+months&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;to the Lady Jane 
+
+Grey site&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082617&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082617&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f107c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f107c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f107c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10446</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Elizabeth I and Mary, queen of Scots</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f107cbefb2c8a00c9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f107c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  nine&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  five&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  ear infection&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  duke of Orkney&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  he was strangled&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Thomas Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  free Mary from captivity&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  debate&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  the Casket Letters&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Essay on Adversity&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+   &lt;/script&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #990000}
+
+   &lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/head&gt;
+
+&lt;body text=&quot;#000000&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; link=&quot;#990000&quot; vlink=&quot;#990000&quot; alink=&quot;#000000&quot; background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+3&gt;Tudor
+
+Quizzes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;Elizabeth I and Mary, queen of
+
+Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&lt;form name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Mary, queen of Scots in 1565&quot; BORDER=2 width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH=&quot;668&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;1395&quot; &gt;
+
+&lt;caption&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/caption&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;1.
+
+How old was Elizabeth when Mary Stewart was born?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;five&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;eight&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;nine&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;eleven&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;89&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;2.
+
+How old was Mary Stewart when she left Scotland and sailed to France as
+
+the betrothed of the dauphin?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;89&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;four&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;five&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;ten&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;twelve&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;106&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;3.
+
+In 1560, Mary's first husband Francois died.&amp;nbsp; What was the cause of
+
+death?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;106&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;syphilis&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;broken
+
+neck&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;sweating sickness&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;ear infection&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;112&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;4.What
+
+title did Mary give Bothwell a few days before their wedding in 1567?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;112&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;duke
+
+of Edinburgh&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;duke of Orkney&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;duke of Leith&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;duke
+
+of Glasgow&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;160&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;5.
+
+In February 1567, the home of Mary's second husband Darnley was blown up.&amp;nbsp;
+
+However, Darnley's body was found in the garden; he had escaped from the
+
+house.&amp;nbsp; What was the real cause of his death?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;160&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;he
+
+was strangled&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;he was poisoned&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;he was stabbed&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;he
+
+was shot&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;111&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;6.
+
+In 1571, Mary planned to marry which cousin of Elizabeth's in connection
+
+with the 'Ridolfi Plot'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;111&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Francis
+
+Knollys&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;William Carey&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Thomas Howard&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Thomas
+
+Parry&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;186&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;7.
+
+In 1567, Mary was imprisoned by her Scottish enemies.&amp;nbsp; When she heard
+
+the news, Elizabeth wrote to the captors.&amp;nbsp; What did she tell them?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;186&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;they
+
+must free Mary from captivity&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;they must keep Mary imprisoned
+
+indefinitely&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;they must exile Mary to France&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;they
+
+must exile Mary to England&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;8.
+
+In a letter written in 1569, Elizabeth referred to Mary as 'the daughter
+
+of' what?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;strife&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;wrath&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;discord&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;debate&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;209&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;9.
+
+In 1569, a collection of letters supposedly written by Mary and her third
+
+husband Bothwell were presented at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; They offered conclusive
+
+proof that Mary and Bothwell had plotted Darnley's murder.&amp;nbsp; These
+
+letters had a nickname; what was it?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;209&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;the
+
+Edinburgh Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;the Casket Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;the
+
+Coffer Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;the Caisson Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;146&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;10.
+
+In 1580, Mary wrote an essay which included this observation on monarchs
+
+- 'Tribulation has been to them as a furnace to fine gold - a means of
+
+proving their virtue.'&amp;nbsp; What was this essay called?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;146&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Essay
+
+on Imprisonment&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Essay on the Cares of Kingdoms&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Essay
+
+on Adversity&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Essay on the Virtue of Monarchy&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;input onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;input onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/form&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;!-- row 01 --&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082618&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082618&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f107e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f107e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f107e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10618</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz - Queen Mary I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f107e7efb2c8a00e5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f107e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on.... You can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#101040' text='#FFFFFF'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Reginald&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Naples&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  blue and green&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  countess of Arundel&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Prudent&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Philip left for Flanders&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  countess of Lennox&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  he was put under house arrest&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. her unborn child&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #800000}
+
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#800000 aLink=#000000 link=#800000 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+2&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt; 
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=1214 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=625 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=139&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. The 
+
+    countess of Salisbury was Mary's governess; she was  executed by King 
+
+    Henry VIII in 1541.&amp;nbsp; When she became queen, Mary summoned the countess' 
+
+    eldest son 
+
+    home to England.&amp;nbsp; What was his name?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=139&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Reginald&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ambrose&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Robert&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=116&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;2. When Philip 
+
+    of Spain arrived in England to marry Mary I, he was a mere prince.&amp;nbsp; But 
+
+    the night before the wedding, his father titled him king of....?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=116&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Ghent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Netherlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Naples&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sicily&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=82&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; What 
+
+    were the colors of Mary's livery?&amp;nbsp; (In other words, what colors did her 
+
+    servants/attendants wear?)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=82&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;crimson and white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green and gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;white and silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;blue and green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=146&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      Three women rode at Mary's side on the way to the Tower to prepare for her 
+
+    coronation.&amp;nbsp; Two were the marchioness of Exeter and the 
+
+    marchioness of Winchester.&amp;nbsp; Who was the third?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=146&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;countess of Arundel&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Princess Elizabeth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duchess of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duchess of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=99&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. In the 
+
+    above procession, Princess Elizabeth and Anne of Cleves wore cloth of 
+
+    silver.&amp;nbsp; What color did all other noblewomen and the members of Mary's 
+
+    household wear?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=99&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;black&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=83&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Mary's 
+
+    future husband was known as Philip the....?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=83&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Good&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Silent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Proud&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Prudent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=138&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Mary 
+
+    believed she was pregnant until late July 1555.&amp;nbsp; Finally recognizing 
+
+    she was not, she left Hampton Court Palace for Oatlands.&amp;nbsp; A month 
+
+    later, another event saddened the queen.&amp;nbsp; What was it?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=138&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her close friend Susan Clarencieux died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Philip left for Flanders&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Katharine of Aragon's tomb was defaced&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;a London mob burned Mary's portrait&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=360 height=42&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+      face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Who was the chief mourner at Mary's 
+
+    funeral?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=237 height=42&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;the marchioness of Exeter&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duchess of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the countess of Lennox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duchess of Feria&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=141&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. The bishop of Winchester preached Mary's funeral sermon 
+
+    on 12 December 1558.&amp;nbsp; What happened to him the next day?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=141&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;he died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was put under house arrest&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was sent to the Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was appointed archbishop of Canterbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=108&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. In 1558, 
+
+    Mary wrote her will.&amp;nbsp; To whom did she leave the throne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=108&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her half-sister, Princess Elizabeth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her husband, Philip of Spain&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her cousin, Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her unborn child&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;questions &amp;amp; answers taken from the following source 
+
+-&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;Carolly Ericksoon, Bloody Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082618&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082618&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1080.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1080.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1080.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10261</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Tudor Films</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10803efb2c8a0101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1080.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Congratulations! You're a Tudor Genius!- 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Judi Dench&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Vanessa Redgrave&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  'Lady Jane'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Glenda Jackson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Joseph Fiennes&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  'Mary, Queen of Scots'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  'Young Bess'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Fanny Ardant&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Bette Davis&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. at Katharine's bedside&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+   &lt;/script&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #0000ff}
+
+   &lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/head&gt;
+
+&lt;body text=&quot;#000000&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; link=&quot;#0000FF&quot; vlink=&quot;#0000FF&quot; alink=&quot;#000000&quot; background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+3&gt;Tudor
+
+Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;Tudor
+
+Films&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films3.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;a scene from 'Elizabeth', 1998&quot; BORDER=2 width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;231&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;form name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH=&quot;554&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;1230&quot; &gt;
+
+&lt;caption&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/caption&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;1.
+
+Which actress played Queen Elizabeth I in the film 'Shakespeare in Love'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Gwyneth
+
+Paltrow&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Cate Blanchett&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Glenda Jackson&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Judi
+
+Dench&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;2.Which
+
+actress had an unbilled cameo role as Anne Boleyn in 'A Man for All Seasons'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Genevieve
+
+Bujold&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Vanessa Redgrave&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Glenda Jackson&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Susannah
+
+York&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;3.
+
+Which of the following Tudor films was NOT nominated for the Academy Award
+
+for Best Picture?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Shakespeare
+
+in Love&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;A Man for All Seasons&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Anne of the
+
+Thousand Days&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Lady Jane&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;4.Which
+
+actress played Queen Elizabeth I in the BBC miniseries 'Elizabeth R'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;Glenda
+
+Jackson&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Imelda Staunton&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Rosalie Crutchley&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Nicola
+
+Bryant&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;5.
+
+Which actor played Robert Dudley in 'Elizabeth' and William Shakespeare
+
+in 'Shakespeare in Love'? &lt;font size=-1&gt;(see picture above)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;Geoffrey
+
+Rush&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Rupert Everett&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Joseph Fiennes&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Ralph
+
+Fiennes&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;6.
+
+All of the following Tudor films were nominated for Best Costume Design
+
+at the Academy Awards.&amp;nbsp; Which film did NOT win the award?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;Anne
+
+of the Thousand Days&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;A Man for All Seasons&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Mary,
+
+Queen of Scots&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Shakespeare in Love&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;163&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;7.
+
+In which Tudor film is Elizabeth Tudor asked, &quot;If you were queen of England,
+
+what would you do, eh?&amp;nbsp; Would you give your admiral the opportunity
+
+to do great deeds?&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;163&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Fire
+
+Over England&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Young Bess&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;The Virgin Queen&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Elizabeth
+
+R&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;8.
+
+Which of the following actresses has NOT portrayed Anne Boleyn?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Dorothy
+
+Tutin&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Genevieve Bujold&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Merle Oberon&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Fanny
+
+Ardant&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;9.
+
+Which of the following actresses has NOT portrayed Mary, queen of Scots?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Katharine
+
+Hepburn&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Vanessa Redgrave&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Bette Davis&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Vivian
+
+Pickles&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;147&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;10.
+
+Some historical liberties are taken in the film 'Anne of the Thousand Days'.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In reality, Princess Mary Tudor was at Hatfield when her mother Katharine
+
+of Aragon died.&amp;nbsp; But in the film, where is Mary when her mother dies?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;147&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;at
+
+Katharine's bedside&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;imprisoned in the Tower of London&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;serving
+
+Anne Boleyn at court&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;imprisoned at a country estate&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;input onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;input onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/form&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1 color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1 color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082618&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082618&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1230.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1230.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1230.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9383</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quizzes: The Six Thomases</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f12307efb2c8a1c05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1230.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  1523&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  earl of Southampton&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  More&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Christ Church&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Anne of Cleves&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Reginald Pole&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Wolsey&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  More&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#0000FF link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/goldback.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;The Six Thomases&lt;/u&gt;:&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Wolsey, More, Cromwell,&lt;br&gt;Howard, Wriothesley, Cranmer&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=539 border=0 height=&quot;562&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; In what year was  Cromwell&amp;nbsp; nominated for a seat in the House of Commons?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1519&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1521&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1523&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1525&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;  Wriothesley's title was....?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;earl of Southampton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of Somerset&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;
+    earl of Chester&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of Northumberland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Which of the six 
+    Thomases wrote &lt;i&gt;The History of Richard III&lt;/i&gt;?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wolsey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey endowed 
+    Cardinal's College at Oxford University; it is now called....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Corpus Christi&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Christ Church&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;All Souls&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jesus&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&amp;nbsp; Which of King Henry 
+    VIII's marriages did Cromwell arrange?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Jane Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&amp;nbsp; Which Thomas had a 
+    son who was executed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Who succeeded Cranmer as archbishop of Canterbury?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;John Whitgift&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Reginald Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;William Warham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8.&amp;nbsp; Which 
+    Thomas inspired John Skelton to write the following verse:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+    'Ye are so puffed with pride / That no man may abide / Your high and lordly 
+    looks'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wolsey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Which Thomas said of King 
+    Henry VIII, 'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold 
+    him.'&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wolsey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Which of the six Thomases was the only one to die of natural causes in his own home?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt; 
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082619&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082619&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1232.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1232.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0196/254f1232.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9912</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz 21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f12323efb2c8a1c21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1232.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You are a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Guise&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  white&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  It was traditionally worn during mourning.&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  marigold&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  dysentery&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  she thought she was pregnant&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Calais&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  she was never crowned&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Darnley asked for her hand in marriage&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Lady Fleming&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#0000FF link=#0000FF bgColor=#FFE1F0&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mary, queen of Scots: Life in France&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=725 border=0 height=&quot;542&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; Mary's relatives in 
+    France belonged to which powerful family?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Valois&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Huguenot&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;
+    Guise&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Montmorency&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; What scandalous 
+    color did Mary choose for her wedding gown?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;*This 
+    question refers, of course, to her French marriage to the dauphin Francis.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;purple&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;scarlet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. Why was this color 
+    considered so scandalous?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;it was traditionally worn by prostitutes&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;it was traditionally worn by male monarchs&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+        &lt;OPTION&gt;it was traditionally worn by the Queen Regent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;it was traditionally worn during mourning&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4. Mary chose which flower 
+    as her emblem?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;lily&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;marigold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;hyacinth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;violet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Which of the following illnesses did Mary NOT suffer from 
+    while living in France?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;'the sweat'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;dysentery&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;smallpox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;toothache&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In late summer 1560, Mary ordered the French royal court 
+    to leave Fontainebleau for St-Germain.&amp;nbsp; Why did she give the order?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her husband was seriously ill&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;she had a bitter argument with Catherine d'Medici&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was ill with smallpox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she thought she was pregnant&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. While Mary lived in 
+    France, one of her uncles recaptured which English outpost on the continent?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Boulogne&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nancy&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Calais&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Aquitaine&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Where was Mary 
+    crowned Queen of France?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was never crowned&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Rheims Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Notre-Dame Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;at the Louvre Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Mary's second  husband's name was mentioned to her while 
+    she lived in France.&amp;nbsp; In what context did Lord Darnley's name appear?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Darnley asked for restoration of family lands&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Darnley asked for her hand in marriage&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Darnley joined the Scottish rebels&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Darnley offered to escort her home to Scotland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Which governess of 
+    Mary's had an affair (and an illegitimate son) with Mary's father-in-law, 
+    King Henry II of France?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Seton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Morton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Campbell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Fleming&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to Mary, queen 
+of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082620&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082620&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10656</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, 2 December 1505</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, 2 December 1505</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019edd59d035237e0e9c4a03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+    Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon &lt;br&gt;2 December 1505&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;The following letter was written in Spanish by 
+  Katharine while she was Princess Dowager of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Katharine only wrote 
+  in English after her marriage to King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; Her mother, the famous 
+  Queen Isabella of Castile, had died in the previous year; her father was beset 
+  by diplomatic troubles, particularly with the English (he was unable to force 
+  Castilian acceptance of a trade agreement with England, which resulted in loss 
+  of money for the parsimonious King Henry VII.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In 
+  1502, Katharine's husband and Henry VII's heir, Prince Arthur, had died.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Katharine was put in an untenable position, and spent seven years of miserable 
+  widowhood in England before Arthur's brother married her.&amp;nbsp; Her father was 
+  never able to pay the full amount of her dowry to Prince Arthur.&amp;nbsp; This 
+  issue became even more pressing when she was then betrothed to Prince 
+  Henry.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand and Henry VII were equally wily monarchs, each 
+  unwilling to compromise in order to make Katharine's life in England 
+  bearable.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The marriage to Prince Henry, though 
+  formally recognized in 1504, was not to be celebrated until two years later 
+  when the prince came of age.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish ambassador Dr De Puebla had 
+  negotiated the contract, and assumed Henry VII would gladly support Katharine 
+  for those two years.&amp;nbsp; But Henry gave her barely enough money for food; 
+  she had no money to pay servants' wages or buy clothing, among other 
+  things.&amp;nbsp; She lived in extreme poverty and with a frightening lack of 
+  attention or respect.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII made it clear that if her dowry was not 
+  paid, he would renege on the marriage to Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; And Ferdinand 
+  made it clear that he lacked the funds to pay the dowry; indeed, it was not 
+  even a priority in his tumultuous life.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In this 
+  letter, Katharine mentions an 'Infanta Isabel'; this was her older sister 
+  Isabella.&amp;nbsp; She also unfairly maligns the amiable Dr De Puebla.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Katharine's duenna Dona Elvira despised De Puebla for political reasons and 
+  poisoned the young woman's mind against him.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This letter, a litany of complaints - all politely phrased - 
+  is fascinating, and offers invaluable insight into Katharine's life as 
+  Princess of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She was poor, hungry, and desperately ill; 'I shall 
+  soon die,' she wrote to her father in despair.&amp;nbsp; She survived, of course, 
+  but these conditions explain why she considered her marriage to King Henry 
+  VIII to be so miraculous.&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This letter also offers a 
+  funny glimpse into Henry VII's miserly nature.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Most high and most puissant lord, &lt;BR&gt;Hitherto I have not wished 
+    to let your highness know the affairs here, that I might not give you 
+    annoyance, and also thinking that they would improve; but it appears that 
+    the contrary is the case, and that each day my troubles increase; and all 
+    this on account of the doctor de Puebla, to whom it has not sufficed that 
+    from the beginning he transacted a thousand falsities against the service of 
+    your highness, but now he has given me new trouble; and because I believe 
+    your highness will think I complain without reason, I desire to tell you all 
+    that has passed. &lt;BR&gt;Your highness shall know, as I have often written to 
+    you, that since I came into England, I have not had a single maravedi, 
+    except a certain sum which was given me for food, and this such a sum that 
+    it did not suffice without my having many debts in London; and that which 
+    troubles me more is to see my servants and maidens so at a loss, and that 
+    they have not the wherewith to get clothes; and this I believe is all done 
+    by hand of the doctor, who, notwithstanding your highness has written, 
+    sending him word that he should have money from the king of England, my lord 
+    that their costs should be given them, yet, in order not to trouble him, 
+    will rather entrench upon and neglect the service of your highness.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Now, my lord, a few days ago, donna Elvira de Manuel asked my leave to go to 
+    Flanders to be cured of a complaint which has come into her eyes, so that 
+    she lost the sight of one of them; and there is a physician in Flanders who 
+    cured the infanta donna Isabel of the same disease which which she is 
+    affected.&amp;nbsp; She labored to bring him here so as not to leave me, but 
+    could never succeed with him; and I, since if she were blind she could not 
+    serve me, durst not hinder her journey.&amp;nbsp; I begged the king of England, 
+    my lord, that until our donna Elvira should return his highness would 
+    command that I should have, as a companion, an old English lady, or that he 
+    would take me to his court; and I imparted all this to the doctor, thinking 
+    to make of the rogue a true man; but it did not suffice me - because he not 
+    only drew me to court, in which I have some pleasure, because I had 
+    supplicated the king for an asylum, but he negotiated that the king should 
+    dismiss all my household, and take away my chamber-equipage, and send to 
+    place it in a house of his own, so that I should not in any way be mistress 
+    of it. &lt;BR&gt;And all this does not weigh upon me, except that it concerns the 
+    service of your highness, doing the contrary of that which ought to be 
+    done.&amp;nbsp; I entreat your highness that you will consider that I am your 
+    daughter, and that consent not that on account of the doctor I should have 
+    such trouble, but that you will command some ambassador to come here, who 
+    may be a true servant of your highness, and for no interest will cease to do 
+    that which pertains to your service.&amp;nbsp; And if in this your highness 
+    trusts me not, do you command some person to come here, who may inform you 
+    of the truth, and then you will have one who will better serve you.&amp;nbsp; As 
+    for me, I have had so much pain and annoyance that I have lost my health in 
+    a great measure; so that for two months I have had severe tertian fevers, 
+    and this will be the cause that I shall soon die.&amp;nbsp; I supplicate your 
+    highness to pardon me that I presume to entreat you to do me so great favor 
+    as to command that this doctor may not remain; because he certainly does not 
+    fulfill the service of your highness, which he postpones to the service of 
+    the worst interest which can be.&amp;nbsp; Our Lord guard the life and most 
+    royal estate of your highness, and ever increase it as I desire.&amp;nbsp; From 
+    Richmond, the second of December. &lt;BR&gt;My lord, I had forgotten to remind 
+    your highness how you know that it was agreed that you were to give, as a 
+    certain part of my dowry, the plate and jewels that I brought; and yet I am 
+    certain that the king of England, my lord, will not receive anything of 
+    plate nor of jewels which I have used; because he told me himself that he 
+    was indignant that they should say in his kingdom that he took away from me 
+    my ornaments.&amp;nbsp; And as little may your highness expect that he will take 
+    them in account and will return them to me; because I am certain he will not 
+    do so, nor is any such thing customary here.&amp;nbsp; In like wise the jewels 
+    which I brought from thence [Spain] valued at a&amp;nbsp; great sum.&amp;nbsp; The 
+    king would not take them in the half of the value, because here all these 
+    things are esteemed much cheaper, and the king has so many jewels that he 
+    rather desires money than them.&amp;nbsp; I write thus to your highness because 
+    I know that there will be great embarrassment if he will not receive them, 
+    except at less price.&amp;nbsp; It appears to me that it would be better if your 
+    highness should take them for yourself, and should give to the king of 
+    England, my lord, his money.&amp;nbsp; Your highness will see what would serve 
+    you best, and with this I shall be most content. &lt;BR&gt;The humble servant of 
+    your highness, who kisses your hands.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082699&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082699&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8817</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Queen Anne Boleyn to her husband, King Henry VIII, 6 May 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Anne Boleyn to her husband, King Henry VIII, 6 May 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb23f85c09ef213</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Anne Boleyn to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;6 May 1536&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+  &lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Queen Anne Boleyn&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne1.jpg&quot; width=150 align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;First of 
+  all, this letter may be a fake.&amp;nbsp; Then again, it may not.&amp;nbsp; The debate 
+  over its authenticity continues and no definitive answer is possible.&amp;nbsp; 
+  The original no longer exists; a copy was said to be found amongst Thomas 
+  Cromwell's papers after his execution.&amp;nbsp; Most of Anne's modern biographers 
+  believe it to be a forgery.&amp;nbsp; Their reason?&amp;nbsp; They don't believe any 
+  16th century prisoner would have been allowed to write to their monarch in 
+  such a familiar manner.&amp;nbsp; Yet Anne was not just any political prisoner - 
+  she was Henry VIII's wife and had been his grand passion for several 
+  years.&amp;nbsp; Locked away in the Tower, aware of the concurrent arrests of her 
+  brother and friends and worried about her young daughter, she may very well 
+  have written to the king.&amp;nbsp; She was in a desperate situation, of course, 
+  but she also believed (as witnesses attest) that Henry would be merciful and 
+  simply divorce her and send her to a convent.&amp;nbsp; She was proven wrong and 
+  executed thirteen days after this letter was supposedly written.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In debating the authenticity, another point to consider is 
+  Anne's personality.&amp;nbsp; Her combative temperament was well-documented by her 
+  contemporaries; they observed with awe that she dared to chastise and insult 
+  the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII himself commented upon her boldness.&amp;nbsp; It had probably helped to attract his attention.&amp;nbsp;  But the appeal of such a passionate 
+  and emotional woman did not hold him forever.&amp;nbsp; By the end of their 
+  relationship, Henry was comparing her to a shrew and warned her to hold her 
+  tongue in his presence.&amp;nbsp; His next wife was the very quiet and meek Jane 
+  Seymour, and a more glaring contrast to Anne Boleyn cannot be imagined.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;If Anne had written a letter to Henry from her prison, it 
+  would undoubtedly read exactly like this one.&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;As to 
+  its authenticity..... I have included this letter because it is an interesting 
+  historical curiosity, whether authentic or forged.&amp;nbsp; It is up to the 
+  individual reader to reject or accept it.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Your grace's displeasure and 
+    my imprisonment are things so strange to me, that what to write, or what to 
+    excuse, I am altogether ignorant.&amp;nbsp; Whereas you send to me (willing me 
+    to confess a truth and so obtain your favor), by such a one, whom you know 
+    to be mine ancient professed enemy, I no sooner received this message by 
+    him, than I rightly conceived your meaning; and if, as you say, confessing a 
+    truth indeed may procure my safety, I shall with all willingness and duty, 
+    perform your duty.&amp;nbsp; But let not your grace ever imagine that your poor 
+    wife will be brought to acknowledge a fault, where not so much as a thought 
+    ever proceeded.&amp;nbsp; And to speak a truth, never a prince had wife more 
+    loyal in all duty, and in all true affection, than you have ever found in 
+    Anne Bulen - with which name and place I could willingly have contented 
+    myself, if God and your grace's pleasure had been so pleased.&amp;nbsp; Neither 
+    did I at any time so far forget myself in my exaltation or received 
+    queenship, but that I always looked for such alteration as I now find; for 
+    the ground of my preferment being on no surer foundation than your grace's 
+    fancy, the least alteration was fit and sufficient (I knew) to draw that 
+    fancy to some other subject.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;You have chosen me from low estate to be your 
+    queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire; if, then, you found me 
+    worthy of such honor, good your grace, let not any light fancy or bad 
+    counsel of my enemies withdraw your princely favor from me; neither let that 
+    stain - that unworthy stain - of a disloyal heart towards your good grace 
+    ever cast so foul a blot on me, and on the infant princess your 
+    daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Try me, good king, 
+    but let me have a lawful trial, and let not my sworn enemies sit as my 
+    accusers and as my judges; yea, let me receive an open trial, for my truth 
+    shall fear no open shame.&amp;nbsp; Then you shall see either my innocency 
+    cleared, your suspicions and conscience satisfied, the ignominy and slander 
+    of the world stopped, or my guilt openly declared.&amp;nbsp; So that, whatever 
+    God and you may determine of, your grace may be freed from an open censure; 
+    and my offense being so lawfully proved, your grace may be at liberty, both 
+    before God and man, not only to execute worthy punishment on me as an 
+    unfaithful wife but to follow your affection already settled on that party 
+    for whose sake I am now as I am, whose name I could some while since have 
+    pointed unto - your grace being not ignorant of my suspicions therein.&amp;nbsp; 
+    But if you have already determined of me, and that not only my death, but an 
+    infamous slander must bring your the joying of your desired happiness, then 
+    I desire of God that he will pardon your great sin herein, and likewise my 
+    enemies, the instruments thereof; and that he will not call you to a strait 
+    account for your unprincely and cruel usage of me at his general 
+    judgment-seat, where both you and myself must shortly appear; and in whose 
+    just judgment, I doubt not (whatsoever the world may think of me), mine 
+    innocency shall be openly known and sufficiently cleared.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;My last and only request shall be, that myself 
+    only bear the burden of your grace's displeasure, and that it may not touch 
+    the innocent souls of those poor gentlemen, whom, as I understand, are 
+    likewise in strait imprisonment for my sake.&amp;nbsp; If ever I have found 
+    favor in your sight - if ever the name of Anne Bulen have been pleasing in 
+    your ears - then let me obtain this request; and so I will leave to trouble 
+    your grace any further, with mine earnest prayer to the Trinity to have your 
+    grace in his good keeping, and to direct you in all your actions.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;From my doleful prison in the Tower, 
+    the 6th May.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082688&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082688&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Jane Seymour to the Privy Council of England, 12 October 1537</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Jane Seymour to the Privy Council of England, 12 October 1537</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb3ff85c09ef22f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Jane Seymour to the Privy Council 
+of England&lt;br&gt; 12 October 1537&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Jane was the mother of Henry VIII's longed-for heir, 
+  Prince Edward.&amp;nbsp; He was born on 12 October 1537, and this letter was 
+  immediately sent to the Privy Council by the queen.&amp;nbsp; Jane may not have 
+  personally composed the letter; however, it was sent in her name and sealed 
+  with her signet.&amp;nbsp; Though she died of puerperal fever twelve days after 
+  the birth, she was not immediately ill.&amp;nbsp; In fact, the letter muses upon 
+  the precariousness of the infant prince's health.&amp;nbsp; This sentiment was 
+  understandable enough in an age of high infant mortality.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Right trusty and well beloved, we greet you well, and for as 
+    much as by the inestimable goodness and grace of Almighty God, we be 
+    delivered and brought in childbed of a prince, conceived in most lawful 
+    matrimony between my lord the king's majesty and us, doubting not but that 
+    for the love and affection which you bear unto us and to the commonwealth of 
+    this realm, the knowledge thereof should be joyous and glad tidings unto 
+    you, we have thought good to certify you of the same.&amp;nbsp; To the intent 
+    you might not only render unto God condign thanks and prayers for so great a 
+    benefit but also continually pray for the long continuance and preservation 
+    of the same here in this life to the honor of God, joy and pleasure of my 
+    lord the king and us, and the universal weal, quiet and tranquility of this 
+    whole realm.&amp;nbsp; Given under our signet at my lord's manor of Hampton 
+    Court the 12th day of October. &lt;BR&gt;Jane the Quene.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;to Jane 
+    Seymour website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082703&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082703&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Anne of Cleves to her husband, King Henry VIII, 11 July 1540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Anne of Cleves to her husband, King Henry VIII, 11 July 1540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb5bf85c09ef24b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Anne of Cleves to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;11 July 1540&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The following letter was Anne of Cleves's very 
+  diplomatic response to Henry VIII's request for an annulment of their brief 
+  marriage.&amp;nbsp; Though her brother pressed her to return home to the duchy of 
+  Cleves, Anne was content to remain in England.&amp;nbsp; There were two reasons 
+  for this - first, Henry was so grateful for her easy submission and gracious 
+  manners, he rewarded her with a very comfortable lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She was able 
+  to live as a wealthy dowager and enjoyed a close relationship with the king 
+  (now termed her 'brother') and his three children.&amp;nbsp; Secondly, she did not 
+  want to face an ignominious return to Cleves.&amp;nbsp; After Henry's public 
+  rejection of their union, she would not have found another husband and would 
+  have been forced to rely on her brother's generosity.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  size=-1&gt;Henry was very impressed by this letter.&amp;nbsp; Its tone of respectful 
+  subservience to his wishes inspired his gratitude.&amp;nbsp; Despite his 
+  reputation for tyranny, the great king could be kind and generous.&amp;nbsp; Anne 
+  had little cause to think ill of him.&amp;nbsp; After all, most historians focus 
+  on Henry's feelings in this matter - but perhaps the lady from Cleves was less 
+  than enamored with her husband and was equally desperate to escape the 
+  marriage.&amp;nbsp; According to all reports, she learned to love English beer and 
+  grew plump and&amp;nbsp; happy in her adopted country.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Pleaseth your most excellent majesty to understand that, 
+    whereas, at sundry times heretofore, I have been informed and perceived by 
+    certain lords and others your grace's council, of the doubts and questions 
+    which have been moved and found in our marriage; and how hath petition 
+    thereupon been made to your highness by your nobles and commons, that the 
+    same might be examined and determined by the holy clergy of this realm; to 
+    testify to your highness by my writing, that which I have before promised by 
+    my word and will, that is to say, that the matter should be examined and 
+    determined by the said clergy; it may please your majesty to know that, 
+    though this case must needs be most hard and sorrowful unto me, for the 
+    great love which I bear to your most noble person, yet, having more regard 
+    to God and his truth than to any worldly affection, as it beseemed me, at 
+    the beginning, to submit me to such examination and determination of the 
+    said clergy, whom I have and do accept for judges competent in that 
+    behalf.&amp;nbsp; So now being ascertained how the same clergy hath therein 
+    given their judgment and sentence, I acknowledge myself hereby to accept and 
+    approve the same, wholly and entirely putting myself, for my state and 
+    condition, to your highness' goodness and pleasure; most humbly beseeching 
+    your majesty that, though it be determined that the pretended matrimony 
+    between us is void and of none effect, whereby I neither can nor will repute 
+    myself for your grace's wife, considering this sentence (whereunto I stand) 
+    and your majesty's clean and pure living with me, yet it will please you to 
+    take me for one of your humble servants, and so determine of me, as I may 
+    sometimes have the fruition of your most noble presence; which as I shall 
+    esteem for a great benefit, so, my lords and others of your majesty's 
+    council, now being with me, have put me in comfort thereof; and that your 
+    highness will take me for your sister; for the which I most humbly thank you 
+    accordingly. &lt;BR&gt;Thus, most gracious prince, I beseech our Lord God to send 
+    your majesty long life and good health, to God's glory, your own honor, and 
+    the wealth of this noble realm. &lt;BR&gt;From Richmond, the 11th day of July, the 
+    32nd year of your majesty's most noble reign. &lt;BR&gt;Your majesty's most humble 
+    sister and servant, Anne the daughter of Cleves. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;to Anne of 
+    Cleves website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082694&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082694&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Catherine Howard to Master Thomas Culpeper, spring 1541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Catherine Howard to Master Thomas Culpeper, spring 1541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb77f85c09ef267</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">howard1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Catherine Howard to Master Thomas 
+Culpeper&lt;br&gt;spring 1541&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=202 alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Queen Catherine Howard&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/howard1.jpg&quot; width=200 align=left&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;This is 
+  the only surviving letter written by Henry VIII's fifth wife.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+  written in the spring of 1541, roughly eight months after she married the 
+  king.&amp;nbsp; After Catherine's fall from grace, Culpeper was among the men 
+  charged with committing adultery with the queen.&amp;nbsp; It was a treasonable 
+  offense, and he was executed for it (along with Francis Dereham.)&amp;nbsp; 
+  Culpeper tried to save himself by arguing that he had met with Catherine only 
+  because the young queen was 'dying of love for him', and would not let him end 
+  the relationship.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Catherine, for her part, argued otherwise; she told 
+  her interrogators that Culpeper ceaselessly begged for a meeting and she was 
+  too fearful to refuse.&amp;nbsp; However, the letter clearly supports Culpeper's 
+  version of events.&amp;nbsp; After all, the queen did write 'it makes my heart die 
+  to think what fortune I have that I cannot be always in your company.'&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The affection she felt for Culpeper led to a legend 
+  surrounding Catherine's last words - 'I die a Queen, but would rather die the 
+  wife of Culpeper.'&amp;nbsp; This final declaration of love did not occur; its 
+  invention was an attempt to give Catherine's pathetic and tragic story some 
+  mark of distinction.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Catherine was not as well educated as Henry's other wives, 
+  though her mere ability to read and write was impressive enough for the 
+  time.&amp;nbsp; This letter taxed her greatly, as she points out in the closing 
+  lines.&amp;nbsp; It is transcribed here as originally written, and the grammatical 
+  mistakes are Catherine's own.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Master Culpeper, &lt;BR&gt;I heartily recommend me unto you, praying 
+    you to send me word how that you do.&amp;nbsp; It was showed me that you was 
+    sick, the which thing troubled me very much till such time that I hear from 
+    you praying you to send me word how that you do, for I never longed so much 
+    for a thing as I do to see you and to speak with you, the which I trust 
+    shall be shortly now.&amp;nbsp; That which doth comfortly me very much when I 
+    think of it, and when I think again that you shall depart from me again it 
+    makes my heart die to think what fortune I have that I cannot be always in 
+    your company.&amp;nbsp; It my trust is always in you that you will be as you 
+    have promised me, and in that hope I trust upon still, praying you that you 
+    will come when my Lady Rochford is here for then I shall be best at leisure 
+    to be at your commandment, thanking you for that you have promised me to be 
+    so good unto that poor fellow my man which is one of the griefs that I do 
+    feel to depart from him for then I do know no one that I dare trust to send 
+    to you, and therefore I pray you take him to be with you that I may sometime 
+    hear from you one thing.&amp;nbsp; I pray you to give me a horse for my man for 
+    I had much ado to get one and therefore I pray send me one by him and in so 
+    doing I am as I said afor, and thus I take my leave of you, trusting to see 
+    you shortly again and I would you was with me now that you might see what 
+    pain I take in writing to you. &lt;BR&gt;Yours as long as life endures, 
+    &lt;BR&gt;Katheryn. &lt;BR&gt;One thing I had forgotten and that is to instruct my man 
+    to tarry here with me still for he says whatsomever you bid him he will do 
+    it.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;to Catherine 
+    Howard website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082587&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082587&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Katharine Parr to her husband, King Henry VIII, July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine Parr to her husband, King Henry VIII, July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb93f85c09ef283</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine Parr to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;July 1544&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Katharine Parr wed King Henry VIII on 12 July 1543 
+  at Hampton Court Palace.&amp;nbsp; Henry was her third husband and not her 
+  personal choice.&amp;nbsp; She was in love with Thomas Seymour, the brother of 
+  Henry's third wife, Jane; he eventually became her fourth husband just a few 
+  months after Henry's death in 1547.&amp;nbsp; Once the marriage to Henry was 
+  settled upon, Katharine worked to make it successful.&amp;nbsp; She was, in all 
+  respects, admirably suited to the task.&amp;nbsp; She had experience managing 
+  temperamental elderly men and nursing their various ailments.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+  very intelligent and committed to scholarship, but she also participated fully 
+  in the life of Henry's court.&amp;nbsp; She grew as fond of finery as any of his 
+  wives and dressed magnificently.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;She and Henry grew 
+  close.&amp;nbsp; He refused to allow anyone else to wrap his badly ulcered leg; he 
+  also made her Queen-Regent while he attended the siege of Boulogne in 
+  1544.&amp;nbsp; This letter was written during that six-week absence and its tone 
+  is loving and respectful.&amp;nbsp; In it, Katharine mentions the King of 
+  Scotland's widow, Marie de Guise, as well as Henry's three children.&amp;nbsp; In 
+  addition to her success as a sixth wife, Katharine was an admirable stepmother 
+  who genuinely loved the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth and Prince 
+  Edward.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Although the distance of time and account of days neither is 
+    long nor many of your majesty's absence, yet the want of your presence, so 
+    much desired and beloved by me, maketh me that I cannot quietly pleasure in 
+    anything until I hear from your majesty.&amp;nbsp; The time, therefore, seemeth 
+    to me very long, with a great desire to know how your highness hath done 
+    since your departing hence, whose prosperity and health I prefer and desire 
+    more than mine own.&amp;nbsp; And whereas I know your majesty's absence is never 
+    without great need, yet love and affection compel me to desire your 
+    presence. &lt;BR&gt;Again, the same zeal and affection force me to be best content 
+    with that which is your will and pleasure.&amp;nbsp; Thus love maketh me in all 
+    things to set apart mine own convenience and pleasure, and to embrace most 
+    joyfully his will and pleasure whom I love.&amp;nbsp; God, the knower of 
+    secrets, can judge these words not to be written only with ink, but most 
+    truly impressed on the heart.&amp;nbsp; Much more I omit, lest it be thought I 
+    go about to praise myself, or crave a thank; which thing to do I mind 
+    nothing less, but a plain, simple relation of the love and zeal I bear your 
+    majesty, proceeding from the abundance of the heart.&amp;nbsp; Wherein I must 
+    confess I desire no commendation, having such just occasion to do the same. 
+    &lt;BR&gt;I make like account with your majesty as I do with God for his benefits 
+    and gifts heaped upon me daily, acknowledging myself a great debtor to him, 
+    not being able to recompense the least of his benefits; in which state I am 
+    certain and sure to die, yet I hope in His gracious acceptation of my 
+    goodwill.&amp;nbsp; Even such confidence have I in your majesty's gentleness, 
+    knowing myself never to have done my duty as were requisite and meet for 
+    such a noble prince, at whose hands I have found and received so much love 
+    and goodness, that with words I cannot express it.&amp;nbsp; Lest I should be 
+    too tedious to your majesty, I finish this my scribbled letter, committing 
+    you to the governance of the Lord with long and prosperous life here, and 
+    after this life to enjoy the kingdom of his elect. &lt;BR&gt;From Greenwich, by 
+    your majesty's humble and obedient servant, &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the 
+  Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine 
+    Parr website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082703&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082703&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3508</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Queen Katharine Parr to the Privy Council, 25 July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Katharine Parr to the Privy Council, 25 July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feebaff85c09ef29f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Katharine Parr to the 
+    Privy Council&lt;br&gt;25 July 1544&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;This letter refers to the successful English siege 
+  of Boulogne in July 1544.&amp;nbsp; I have included it because it is an example - 
+  along with a similar letter by Queen Anne Boleyn - of the typical letter of an 
+  English queen consort.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine the Queen. &lt;BR&gt;Right trusty and well-beloved cousins, 
+    we greet you well.&amp;nbsp; Letting you wit that having received your letters 
+    of the 23rd of this present, we have by the same had singular comfort, as 
+    well to perceive thereby the state of health my lord the king's majesty was 
+    in at that present, as also the good beginning of success of his grace's 
+    affairs there; for your joyful news whereof we give unto you our right 
+    hearty thanks.&amp;nbsp; And forasmuch as, touching the other contents of your 
+    said letters, we have presently written at length unto my said lord, the 
+    king's majesty, we forbear to repeat the same unto you, not doubting but 
+    that his highness will communicate the same unto you accordingly.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Given under our signet at my said lord the king's majesty's honor of Hampton 
+    Court, the 25th day of July, the 36th year of his majesty's most noble 
+  reign.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine 
+    Parr website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082704&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082704&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine Parr to her stepdaughter, Princess Mary, 20 September 1544 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine Parr to her stepdaughter, Princess Mary, 20 September 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feebcbf85c09ef2bb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine Parr to her stepdaughter, 
+Princess Mary&lt;br&gt;20 September 1544&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Katharine was very close to all of her stepchildren, 
+  though she and Princess Mary differed greatly in matters of religion.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Mary was, in truth, only a few years younger than Katharine and so the queen 
+  did not have a profound impact upon Mary's life - not as she did upon the much 
+  younger Elizabeth and Edward, both of whom came to love Katharine as a 
+  mother.&amp;nbsp; But Katharine and Mary did become close, and the princess 
+  undoubtedly appreciated Katharine's attempts to heal Henry VIII's broken 
+  family.&amp;nbsp; This letter was written in thanks for a purse Mary had 
+  embroidered and sent to the queen.&amp;nbsp; Katharine also inquires about Mary's 
+  progress in translating Erasmus's &lt;I&gt;Paraphrase on the Gospel of John&lt;/I&gt; and 
+  her health.&amp;nbsp; Mary was notoriously prone to illness and it is obvious that 
+  Katharine felt genuine concern for her step-daughter's well-being.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Katharine wished for Mary to publish her translation; her 
+  own writings (such as &lt;I&gt;Lamentations....&lt;/I&gt;) became 16th century 
+  bestsellers, particularly during the Protestant reigns of Edward VI and 
+  Elizabeth I.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Although, most noble and dearest lady, there are many reasons 
+    that easily induce my writing to you at this time, yet nothing so greatly 
+    moves me thereto as my concern for your health; which, as I hope it is very 
+    good, so am I greatly desirous to be assured thereof. &lt;BR&gt;Wherefor, I 
+    despatch to you this messenger, who will be (I judge) most acceptable to 
+    you, not only from his skill in music, in which you, I am well aware, take 
+    as much delight as myself, but also because, having long sojourned with me, 
+    he can give the most certain information of my whole estate and 
+    health.&amp;nbsp; And, in truth, I have had it in mind before this to have made 
+    a journey to you and salute you in person; but all things do not correspond 
+    with my will.&amp;nbsp; Now, however, I hope this winter, and that ere long, 
+    that, being nearer, we shall meet; than which, I assure you, nothing can be 
+    to me more agreeable, and more to my heart's desire. &lt;BR&gt;Now since, as I 
+    have heard, the finishing touch (as far as the translation is concerned) is 
+    given by Mallet to Erasmus's work upon John, and nought now remains but that 
+    proper care and vigilance should be taken in revising, I entreat you to send 
+    over to me this very excellent and useful work, now amended by Mallet, or 
+    some of your people, that it may be committed to the press in due time; and 
+    farther, to signify whether you wish it to go forth to the world (most 
+    auspiciously) under your name, or as the production of an unknown 
+    writer.&amp;nbsp; To which work you will, in my opinion, do a real injury, if 
+    you refuse to let it go down to posterity under the auspices of your own 
+    name, since you have undertaken so much labor in accurately translating it 
+    for the great good of the public, and would have undertaken still greater 
+    (as is well known) if the health of your body had permitted. &lt;BR&gt;And, since 
+    all the world knows that you have toiled and labored much in this business, 
+    I do not see why you should repudiate that praise which all men justly 
+    confer on you.&amp;nbsp; However, I leave this whole matter to your discretion 
+    and, whatever resolution you may adopt, that will meet my fullest 
+    approbation. &lt;BR&gt;For the purse, which you have sent me as a present, I 
+    return you great thanks.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, the greatest and best of beings, 
+    that He deign to bless you uninterruptedly with true and unalloyed 
+    happiness.&amp;nbsp; May you long fare well in him. &lt;BR&gt;From Hanworth, 20th of 
+    September, &lt;BR&gt;Most devotedly and lovingly yours, Katharine the 
+  Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine 
+    Parr website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082704&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082704&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4950</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 16 September 1513</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 16 September 1513</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019f5d5ad035277e169c5a23</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019f.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, 
+King Henry VIII&lt;br&gt; 16 September 1513&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;This letter concerns the great English victory 
+  against the Scots at Flodden Field.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was busy at war in 
+  France, along with most of his great nobles and councilors.&amp;nbsp; Katharine 
+  was Queen Regent in his absence, but she tactfully credits the victory against 
+  the Scots to Henry himself.&amp;nbsp; Along with letter, she sent a piece of King 
+  James IV of Scotland's coat.&amp;nbsp; Though he was married to Henry's older 
+  sister Margaret, James remained at odds with the English and was killed at 
+  Flodden Field.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Sir, &lt;BR&gt;My Lord Howard hath sent me a letter open to your 
+    Grace, within one of mine, by the which you shall see at length the great 
+    Victory that our Lord hath sent your subjects in your absence; and for this 
+    cause there is no need herein to trouble your Grace with long writing, but, 
+    to my thinking, this battle hath been to your Grace and all your realm the 
+    greatest honor that could be, and more than you should win all the crown of 
+    France; thanked be God of it, and I am sure your Grace forgetteth not to do 
+    this, which shall be cause to send you many more such great victories, as I 
+    trust he shall do.&amp;nbsp; My husband, for hastiness, with Rougecross I could 
+    not send your Grace the piece of the King of Scots coat which John Glynn now 
+    brings.&amp;nbsp; In this your Grace shall see how I keep my promise, sending 
+    you for your banners a king's coat.&amp;nbsp; I thought to send himself unto 
+    you, but our Englishmens' hearts would not suffer it. It should have been 
+    better for him to have been in peace than have this reward.&amp;nbsp; All that 
+    God sends is for the best. &lt;BR&gt;My Lord of Surrey, my Henry, would fain know 
+    your pleasure in the burying of the King of Scots' body, for he has written 
+    to me so.&amp;nbsp; With the next messenger your Grace's pleasure may be herein 
+    known.&amp;nbsp; And with this I make an end, praying God to send you home 
+    shortly, for without this no joy here can be accomplished; and for the same 
+    I pray, and now go to Our Lady of Walsingham that I promised so long ago to 
+    see.&amp;nbsp; At Woburn the 16th of September. &lt;BR&gt;I send your Grace herein a 
+    bill found in a Scotsman's purse of such things as the French King sent to 
+    the said King of Scots to make war against you, beseeching you to send 
+    Mathew hither as soon as this messenger comes to bring me tidings from your 
+    Grace. &lt;BR&gt;Your humble wife and true servant, Katharine.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082700&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082700&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography portraits primary sources chronology</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography portraits primary sources chronology</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019fb1f312ebd307a21624e2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosdarkmain.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;482&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;map name=&quot;FPMap0&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area coords=&quot;517, 180, 768, 256&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;518, 286, 771, 363&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;412, 431, 631, 499&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;635, 431, 794, 498&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoslinks.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;796, 431, 884, 497&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/map&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosdarkmain.jpg&quot; width=&quot;900&quot; height=&quot;500&quot; usemap=&quot;#FPMap0&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082575&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082575&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8418</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her daughter, Princess Mary, April 1534</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her daughter, Princess Mary, April 1534</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019fdd5bd0352b7e1e9c6a43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her daughter, 
+Princess Mary&lt;br&gt; April 1534&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;This letter was written by Katharine about seven 
+  months after the birth of Henry VIII's daughter with Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Henry 
+  had demanded that Mary take the oath to the Act of Succession, thus 
+  acknowledging the invalidity of her parents' marriage as well as her own 
+  illegitimacy.&amp;nbsp; Mary understandably refused, but her resolve was 
+  faltering.&amp;nbsp; Henry would not allow her to visit her mother; he also 
+  dismissed her household and placed her in the care of Lady Anne Shelton, the 
+  aunt of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Mary was miserable and quickly fell ill.&amp;nbsp; She 
+  had never been robust and the constant emotional turmoil of her life affected 
+  her physical health.&amp;nbsp; She understandably looked to her mother for advice 
+  and support.&amp;nbsp; In this letter, Katharine tells Mary to follow her own 
+  strategy - obey Henry in all things except those which would offend 
+  God.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;As the letter indicates, Katharine herself genuinely feared 
+  for Mary's life, as well as her own.&amp;nbsp; But she was determined to remain 
+  true to her conscience, and none of Henry VIII's threats would persuade her 
+  otherwise.&amp;nbsp; Mary would eventually betray her mother's wishes and accede 
+  to the Act of Succession; her letter to Henry VIII is included in the &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt; 
+  section and is a remarkable document.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In this letter, 
+  Katharine mentions Lady Salisbury.&amp;nbsp; This was Margaret de la Pole, 
+  countess of Salisbury; she was also a Plantagenet heir and cousin of Henry 
+  VIII's.&amp;nbsp; She had been Mary's governess for many years and was very close 
+  to both Katharine and Mary.&amp;nbsp; Upon Mary's disobedience, Henry dismissed 
+  her from Mary's service; Margaret was eventually executed on trumped-up 
+  charges of treason in 1541.&amp;nbsp; Her death was perhaps the most blatant act 
+  of judicial murder in Henry's bloody reign.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I find this letter psychologically interesting.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Katharine became increasingly pious as her marriage to Henry dissolved into 
+  ceaseless acrimony and misery.&amp;nbsp; Religious fervor became her only 
+  comfort.&amp;nbsp; In this, she perhaps inadvertently over-stressed its importance 
+  to her daughter.&amp;nbsp; She placed Mary in an untenable and dangerous position, 
+  essentially telling her that it was God's will to disobey her father, even as 
+  she assumed God was on her side in the annulment proceedings.&amp;nbsp; But Henry 
+  was equally convinced of the religious righteousness of his cause.&amp;nbsp; Poor 
+  Mary, torn between two bullying parents, inevitably turned to her 
+  mother.&amp;nbsp; After all, Katharine's situation was far more sympathetic and 
+  she was badly treated (after she refused many generous offers to accept 
+  Henry's wishes.)&amp;nbsp; But the effect on Mary's personality was 
+  devastating.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She remained emotionally insecure for the rest of her 
+  life.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Daughter, I heard such tidings today that I do perceive if it be 
+    true, the time is come that Almighty God will prove you; and I am very glad 
+    of it, for I trust He doth handle you with a good love.&amp;nbsp; I beseech you 
+    agree of His pleasure with a merry heart; and be sure that, without fail, He 
+    will not suffer you to perish if you beware to offend Him.&amp;nbsp; I pray you, 
+    good daughter, to offer yourself to Him.&amp;nbsp; If any pangs come to you, 
+    shrive yourself; first make you clean; take heed of His commandments, and 
+    keep them as near as He will give you grace to do, for then you are sure 
+    armed.&amp;nbsp; And if this lady [Anne Shelton] do come to you as it is spoken, 
+    if she do bring you a letter from the King, I am sure in the self same 
+    letter you shall be commanded what you shall do.&amp;nbsp; Answer with few 
+    words, obeying the King, your father, in everything, save only that you will 
+    not offend God and lose your own soul; and go no further with learning and 
+    disputation in the matter.&amp;nbsp; And wheresoever, and in whatsoever company 
+    you shall come, observe the King's commandments.&amp;nbsp; Speak you few words 
+    and meddle nothing.&amp;nbsp; I will send you two books in Latin; the one shall 
+    be De Vita Christi with a declaration of the Gospels, and the other the 
+    Epistles of St Jerome that he did write to Paul and Eustochium, and in them 
+    I trust you shall see good things.&amp;nbsp; And sometimes for your recreation 
+    use your virginals or lute if you have any. &lt;BR&gt;But one thing I especially 
+    desire you, for the love that you do owe unto God and unto me, to keep your 
+    heart with a chaste mind, and your body from all ill and wanton company, not 
+    thinking or desiring any husband for Christ's passion; neither determine 
+    yourself to any manner of living till this troublesome time be past.&amp;nbsp; 
+    For I dare make sure that you shall see a very good end, and better than you 
+    can desire.&amp;nbsp; I would God, good daughter, that you did know with how 
+    good a heart I do write this letter unto you.&amp;nbsp; I never did one with a 
+    better, for I perceive very well that God loveth you.&amp;nbsp; I beseech Him of 
+    His goodness to continue it; and if it fortune that you shall have nobody 
+    with you of your acquaintance, I think it best you keep your keys yourself, 
+    for howsoever it is, so shall be done as shall please them. &lt;BR&gt;And now you 
+    shall begin, and by likelihood I shall follow.&amp;nbsp; I set not a rush by it; 
+    for when they have done the uttermost they can, than I am sure of the 
+    amendment.&amp;nbsp; I pray you, recommend me unto my good lady of Salisbury, 
+    and pray her to have a good heart, for we never come to the kingdom of 
+    Heaven but by troubles. &lt;BR&gt;Daughter, whatsoever you come, take no pain to 
+    send unto me, for if I may, I will send to you. &lt;BR&gt;Your loving mother, 
+    &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    to Queen Mary I website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082700&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082700&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6258</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a05d5cd0352f7e269c7a63</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a0.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial 
+ambassador, Eustace Chapuys &lt;br&gt;1535&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;In this letter, Katharine writes to Eustace Chapuys, 
+  the Imperial ambassador and her fervent ally against the annulment.&amp;nbsp; Upon 
+  Katharine's request, Chapuys had asked Henry VIII if Katharine and Princess 
+  Mary could meet.&amp;nbsp; The princess was ill and had not seen her mother for 
+  four years.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not give his permission but he didn't explicitly 
+  refuse either - and that gave Chapuys hope.&amp;nbsp; But Henry also warned the 
+  ambassador that he feared both a popular uprising on Katharine's behalf and 
+  the possibility of Princess Mary's escape to the Continent.&amp;nbsp; Chapuys 
+  reassured the king that both mother and daughter were loyal subjects - but he 
+  didn't mention his own attempts to persuade Katharine to lend support to an 
+  uprising.&amp;nbsp; Both Henry and Chapuys were aware of the vast popular support 
+  of both Katharine and Mary.&amp;nbsp; In the end, Katharine refused to countenance 
+  a rebellion.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she disliked the idea of others dying on her 
+  behalf, but she also would not disobey her husband.&amp;nbsp; This was at the core 
+  of her character - a staunch and unwavering belief that she and Henry were 
+  still husband and wife, and it was her duty to obey him in all things 
+  excepting those which offended God.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Katharine's 
+  protests to Henry that she would never support a rebellion meant little to the 
+  king.&amp;nbsp; He refused to allow mother and daughter to meet, much to their 
+  mutual sorrow.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Mine especial friend, &lt;BR&gt;You have greatly bound me with the 
+    pains that you have taken in speaking with the king my lord concerning the 
+    coming of my daughter unto me.&amp;nbsp; The reward you shall trust to have of 
+    God; for (as you know) in me there is no power to gratify what you have 
+    done, but only with my goodwill.&amp;nbsp; As touching the answer which has been 
+    made you, that his highness is contented to send her to some place nigh me, 
+    so as I do not see her, I pray you vouchsafe to give unto his highness mine 
+    effectual thanks for the goodness which he shows to his daughter and mine, 
+    and for the comfort that I have thereby received; as as to my seeing of her, 
+    you shall certify that, if she were within one mile of me, I would not see 
+    her.&amp;nbsp; For the time permitteth not that I should go about sights, and be 
+    it that I would I could not, because I lack provision therefore. &lt;BR&gt;Howbeit, 
+    you shall always say unto his highness that the thing which I desired was to 
+    send her where I am; being assured that a little comfort and mirth, which 
+    she should take with me, should undoubtedly be half a health to her.&amp;nbsp; I 
+    have proved the like by experience, being diseased of the same infirmity, 
+    and know how much good it may do that I say.&amp;nbsp; And, since I desired a 
+    thing so just and reasonable, and that so much touched the honor and 
+    conscience of the king my lord, I thought not it should have been denied me. 
+    &lt;BR&gt;Let not, for my love, to do what you may that this may yet be 
+    done.&amp;nbsp; Here have I, among others, heard that he had some suspicion of 
+    the surety of her.&amp;nbsp; I cannot believe that a thing so far from reason 
+    should pass from the royal heart of his highness; neither can I think that 
+    he hath so little confidence in me.&amp;nbsp; If any such matter chance to be 
+    communed of, I pray you say unto his highness that I am determined to die 
+    (without doubt) in this realm; and that I, from henceforth, offer mine own 
+    person for surety, to the intent that, if any such thing should be 
+    attempted, that then he do justice of me, as of the most evil woman that 
+    ever was born. &lt;BR&gt;The residue I remit to your good wisdom and judgment as 
+    unto a trusty friend, to whom I pray God give health. &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the 
+    Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082701&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082701&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4343</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 7 January 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a0dd5dd035337e2e9c8a83</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;7 January 1536&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;This is the last letter Katharine wrote to 
+  Henry.&amp;nbsp; Its magnanimity is proof that the queen's much-vaunted piety was 
+  sincere.&amp;nbsp; However, she was not averse to a few rebukes.&amp;nbsp; Henry had 
+  treated her horribly and she had not seen their daughter for years.&amp;nbsp; But 
+  Katharine's capacity for forgiveness was great, as was her self-delusion; in 
+  this letter, she again attributes his love for Anne Boleyn to mere physical 
+  desire.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Henry openly celebrated her death and she was 
+  buried as Dowager Princess of Wales in Peterborough Cathedral.&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+  &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In light of this, the last line of her letter becomes especially 
+  tragic.&amp;nbsp; While she may have desired a visit with him above all else, 
+  Henry was only too happy to learn of her death.&amp;nbsp; It is probable, too, 
+  that his harsh treatment of Katharine hastened her decline.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My&amp;nbsp; most dear lord, king and husband, &lt;BR&gt;The hour of my 
+    death now drawing on, the tender love I owe you forceth me, my case being 
+    such, to commend myself to you, and to put you in remembrance with a few 
+    words of the health and safeguard of your soul which you ought to prefer 
+    before all worldly matters, and before the care and pampering of your body, 
+    for the which you have cast me into many calamities and yourself into many 
+    troubles.&amp;nbsp; For my part, I pardon you everything, and I wish to devoutly 
+    pray God that He will pardon you also.&amp;nbsp; For the rest, I commend unto 
+    you our daughter Mary, beseeching you to be a good father unto her, as I 
+    have heretofore desired.&amp;nbsp; I entreat you also, on behalf of my maids, to 
+    give them marriage portions, which is not much, they being but three.&amp;nbsp; 
+    For all my other servants I solicit the wages due them, and a year more, 
+    lest they be unprovided for.&amp;nbsp; Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes 
+    desire you above all things. &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the Quene.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082701&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082701&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to King Henry VIII, late summer 1526</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to King Henry VIII, late summer 1526</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a15d5ed035377e369c9aa3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Anne Boleyn to King Henry VIII&lt;br&gt; late 
+summer 1526&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+  &lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Queen Anne Boleyn&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; width=139 align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Seventeen of 
+  Henry VIII's famous love letters to Anne Boleyn exist; they can be viewed at 
+  the Vatican Library.&amp;nbsp; However, only one of Anne's love letters to the 
+  king has survived.&amp;nbsp; It is undated, but its contents place it in late 
+  summer/early autumn of 1526.&amp;nbsp; How?&amp;nbsp; She thanks the king for 
+  personally appointing her a maid of honor to his queen, Katharine of Aragon, 
+  but also - and more importantly - she acknowledges the king's serious 
+  declaration of love for her.&amp;nbsp; As students of Anne's life know, this 
+  subtle but vital shift in their relationship occurred in summer 1526.&amp;nbsp; We 
+  also know that she returned to court as a maid of honor to Katharine of Aragon 
+  at the same time.&amp;nbsp; Interestingly, this letter reveals that Anne owed her 
+  position at court entirely to the king's favor.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This 
+  is believed to be the first love letter Anne wrote to Henry, and is rarely 
+  included in any biography of the queen.&amp;nbsp; However, its authenticity is not 
+  in serious doubt.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;One should remember that Henry's 
+  brief relationship with Anne's sister, Mary Boleyn, had only ended a year 
+  before (in July 1525.)&amp;nbsp; On 4 March 1526, Mary gave birth to a son called 
+  Henry, widely assumed to be the king's son.&amp;nbsp; Anne's feelings about this 
+  awkward situation were never made clear, but she was not close to her 
+  sister.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Please note that Anne spelt her surname 
+  'Bulen' in this letter.&amp;nbsp; This is the third variation of the name I've found.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Sire, &lt;BR&gt;It belongs only to the august mind of a great king, to 
+    whom Nature has given a heart full of generosity towards the sex, to repay 
+    by favors so extraordinary an artless and short conversation with a 
+    girl.&amp;nbsp; Inexhaustible as is the treasury of your majesty's bounties, I 
+    pray you to consider that it cannot be sufficient to your generosity; for, 
+    if you recompense so slight a conversation by gifts so great, what will you 
+    be able to do for those who are ready to consecrate their entire obedience 
+    to your desires?&amp;nbsp; How great soever may be the bounties I have received, 
+    the joy that I feel in being loved by a king whom I adore, and to whom I 
+    would with pleasure make a sacrifice of my heart, if fortune had rendered it 
+    worthy of being offered to him, will ever be infinitely greater. &lt;BR&gt;The 
+    warrant of maid of honor to the queen induces me to think that your majesty 
+    has some regard for me, since it gives me means of seeing you oftener, and 
+    of assuring you by my own lips (which I shall do on the first opportunity) 
+    that I am, &lt;BR&gt;Your majesty's very obliged and very obedient servant, 
+    without any reserve, &lt;BR&gt;Anne Bulen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082702&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082702&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5720</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, mid-summer 1528</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, mid-summer 1528</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a1dd5fd0353b7e3e9caac3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&lt;br&gt; 
+mid-summer 1528&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;This letter was written in the summer of 1528, as 
+  indicated by its reference to the sweating sickness.&amp;nbsp; When a servant of 
+  Anne's became infected at court, Henry VIII reluctantly sent her away to Hever 
+  Castle.&amp;nbsp; Most of his famous love letters to Anne were written during this 
+  period of forced separation.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Anne did become ill, but 
+  survived.&amp;nbsp; She wrote this letter to Wolsey in thanks for the gift and 
+  letter he sent her while she was ill.&amp;nbsp; The great Cardinal and Anne have 
+  often been placed at perpetual odds in history books, but in 1528 their 
+  relationship was still amicable enough.&amp;nbsp; Anne and Henry both believed the 
+  Cardinal would be able to secure Henry's annulment from Katharine of Aragon; 
+  when he eventually failed, both were disillusioned - and Henry's 
+  disillusionment led him to arrest his old friend.&amp;nbsp; Only Wolsey's natural 
+  death saved him from certain execution.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Wolsey was 
+  pro-French and wanted to marry Henry VIII to a French princess when his first 
+  marriage was annulled.&amp;nbsp; He was discomfited by the rise of Anne Boleyn, 
+  and her many relatives.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, opposition to the Cardinal's 
+  policies centered around the only other person who so completely dominated 
+  Henry VIII's life - Anne herself.&amp;nbsp; In the beginning, both Anne and Wolsey 
+  realized they could not afford to offend each other.&amp;nbsp; But just a year 
+  after this letter was written, after the disastrous legatine hearing at 
+  Blackfriars, Anne realized Wolsey could not secure the annulment.&amp;nbsp; And 
+  she suspected, quite correctly, that he had never intended for her to marry 
+  Henry.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Wolsey had hoped the delays in securing the annulment would 
+  outlast Henry's passion for Anne; he only later realized the annulment itself 
+  would be impossible.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My lord, &lt;BR&gt;In my most humble wise that my poor heart can 
+    think, I do thank your grace for your kind letter, and for your rich and 
+    goodly present, the which I shall never be able to deserve without your 
+    help, of which I have hitherto had so great plenty, that all the days of my 
+    life I am most bound of all creatures, next the king's grace, to love and 
+    serve your grace, of the which I beseech you never to doubt that ever I 
+    shall vary from this thought, as long as any breath is in my body.&amp;nbsp; And 
+    as touching your grace's trouble with the sweat, I thank our Lord that them 
+    I desired and prayed for are escaped; and that is the king's grace and you, 
+    not doubting that God has preserved you both for great causes known alonely 
+    of His high wisdom.&amp;nbsp; And as for the coming of the legate, I desire that 
+    much.&amp;nbsp; And if it be God's pleasure, I pray him to send this matter 
+    shortly to a good end; and then I trust, my lord, to recompense part of your 
+    great pains.&amp;nbsp; In the which I must require you, in the mean time, to 
+    accept my goodwill in the stead of the power; the which must proceed partly 
+    from you, as our Lord knoweth, whom I beseech to send you long life, with 
+    continuance in honor. Written by the hand of her that is most bound to be 
+    your humble and obedient servant, &lt;BR&gt;Anne Boleyn.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to Cardinal 
+    Thomas Wolsey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082702&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082702&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5400</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a25d60d0353f7e469cbae3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a2.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&lt;br&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1529&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The tone of this letter differs remarkably from the 
+  preceding letter.&amp;nbsp; The disastrous and humiliating legatine hearings at 
+  Blackfriars in May 1529 had finally convinced Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn that 
+  Wolsey could not secure the annulment.&amp;nbsp; Anne now believed, and with good 
+  reason, that the Cardinal had never intended for her to be queen of England 
+  and had hoped the endless delays of the annulment would cool Henry's passion 
+  for her.&amp;nbsp; She was angry, and now more receptive to the anti-Wolsey 
+  machinations of her uncle, the duke of Norfolk, and other other noblemen who 
+  resented Wolsey's influence with the king.&amp;nbsp; Anne now became their willing 
+  partner in destruction; they had their way and in October of 1529, 
+  the Cardinal fell spectacularly from grace.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Upon 
+  Wolsey's fall, his position was filled by his far less ostentatious and more 
+  cunning protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; He learned the lessons of Wolsey's 
+  life well, and his initial support of Anne Boleyn was tempered by a realistic 
+  understanding of Henry VIII's temperament.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My lord, &lt;BR&gt;Though you are a man of great understanding, you 
+    cannot avoid being censured by every body for having drawn on yourself the 
+    hatred of a king who had raised you to the highest degree to which the 
+    greatest ambition of a man seeking his fortune can aspire.&amp;nbsp; I cannot 
+    comprehend, and the king still less, how your reverent lordship, after 
+    having allured us by so many fine promises about divorce, can have repented 
+    of your purpose, and how you could have done what you have, in order to 
+    hinder the consummation of it.&amp;nbsp; What, then, is your mode of 
+    proceeding?&amp;nbsp; You quarreled with the queen to favor me at the time when 
+    I was less advanced in the king's good graces; and after having therein 
+    given me the strongest marks of your affection, your lordship abandons my 
+    interests to embrace those of the queen.&amp;nbsp; I acknowledge that I have put 
+    much confidence in your professions and promises, in which I find myself 
+    deceived.&amp;nbsp; But, for the future, I shall rely on nothing by the 
+    protection of Heaven and the love of my dear king, which alone will be able 
+    to set right again those plans which you have broken and spoiled, and to 
+    place me in that happy station which God wills, the king so much wishes, and 
+    which will be entirely to the advantage of the kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The wrong you 
+    have done me has caused me much sorrow; but I feel infinitely more in seeing 
+    myself betrayed by a man who pretended to enter into my interests only to 
+    discover the secrets of my heart.&amp;nbsp; I acknowledge that, believing you 
+    sincere, I have been too precipitate in my confidence; it is this which has 
+    induced, and still induces me, to keep more moderation in avenging myself, 
+    not being able to forget that I have been Your servant, &lt;BR&gt;Anne 
+  Boleyn.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to Cardinal 
+    Thomas Wolsey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082685&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082685&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Cromwell, 1535 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Cromwell, 1535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a2dd61d035437e4e9ccb03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Cromwell&lt;br&gt; 
+1535&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;I have included this letter, which refers to the 
+  wardship of a member of the Pointz family, simply because it is the typical 
+  sort of letter Anne would have written as queen of England.&amp;nbsp; Anne had 
+  been granted the lucrative wardship of the Pointz heir by Henry VIII, but one 
+  of Cromwell's associates interfered with it.&amp;nbsp; In this letter, Anne asks 
+  for Cromwell's help in resolving the matter.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Master Secretary, I pray you despatch with speed this matter, 
+    for mine honor lies much on it, and what should the king's attorney do with 
+    Pointz's obligation, since I have the child by the king's grace's gift, but 
+    only to trouble him hereafter, which by no means I will suffer, and thus 
+    fare you as well as I would ye did. &lt;BR&gt;Your loving mistress, &lt;BR&gt;Anne the 
+    Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to 
+    Thomas Cromwell website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082703&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082703&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4872</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Copyright Information</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a73bbd5043ad6b707dfe1e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215244</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a7.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Copyright Information&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;This is simply a copy of information posted on 
+  the &lt;/font&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fresearch.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Help for students 
+  conducting research&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; page.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fresearch.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Visit there&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; to 
+  learn more about copyright, the correct Turabian/MLA style citation for 
+  internet sites, and more. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Everything at this site was written by me (Marilee.)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
+  Therefore, I hold the copyright for all my original work. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And I take all the blame if it bores you to tears or 
+  confuses you endlessly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The site was created in 1997 and is updated regularly.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Visit the &lt;/font&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnew.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; 
+  page to find out the exact dates.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you need a 
+  last name to credit the site, please use Marilee Hanson.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;I do not hold the sole copyright to anything at the
+  &lt;/font&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; 
+  section.&amp;nbsp; Those are original historical documents in the public domain 
+  which I collected and transcribed.&amp;nbsp; Yes, it was loads of work to type 
+  everything up, but they were simply transcribed (not written) by me.&amp;nbsp; 
+  That is why they're called 'Primary Sources'. &lt;BR&gt;I do hold the copyright on 
+  the electronic version of the texts, which I typed.&amp;nbsp; This is where the 
+  internet becomes confusing - essentially, the words are not mine but by virtue 
+  of transcribing them into electronic format, I own this particular version.&amp;nbsp; 
+  So I would ask that no one copies my hard work, at least without asking 
+  permission and/or giving me credit. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;As for graphics used here, copyright law allows the use of images for 
+  educational purposes, provided no profit is made and the image is not 
+  altered.&amp;nbsp; And since I did go to the considerable trouble of scanning the 
+  images, I like to be asked before someone 'borrows' them.&amp;nbsp; This simple 
+  act of courtesy goes a long way in the happy-go-lucky world of the internet.
+  &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;If you would like to learn more about the legal use of 
+  images, please click &lt;/font&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fart.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;here&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;If you have a history-related website of your own,
+  &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Link&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;please let me know&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; so I can add 
+  it to my Links page.&amp;nbsp; Thanks.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In the end, your visit to this site makes my work worthwhile. &lt;BR&gt;
+  Thanks for visiting and &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Copyright&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;write to 
+  me&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; with any specific questions/comments. &lt;BR&gt;-Marilee&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor England&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082552&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082552&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4907</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England: Quizzes: Test your knowledge of Tudor England 16th century English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England: Quizzes: Test your knowledge of Tudor England 16th century English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Quizzes: Test your knowledge of Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a98c752d8383e964db71af</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a9.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">quizzes.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">bothwellquizzes.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/quizzes.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Quizzes&quot; width=&quot;347&quot; height=&quot;163&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Please note:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt; 
+          You must close each window within a quiz &lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt; a new window 
+          can open.&lt;br&gt;
+          In other words, there are three options - Check Answers, Reset, Give 
+          Up? - and only one can be chosen at a time.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/bothwellquizzes.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;anonymous portrait of James Hepburn, earl of Bothwell, third husband of Mary, queen of Scots&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;198&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of James Hepburn, earl of Bothwell,&lt;br&gt;third 
+        husband of Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot; size=&quot;-1&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England: Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz One:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq1.html&quot;&gt;General History I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Two:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq2.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Three:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq3.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Four:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq4.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Five:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq5.html&quot;&gt;General History II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Six:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq6.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I, 
+      part one&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Seven:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq7.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I, 
+      part two&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Eight:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq8.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I, 
+      part three&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Nine:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq9.html&quot;&gt;The Trial and 
+      Execution of Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Ten:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq10.html&quot;&gt;The Sisters of 
+      Henry VIII: Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Eleven:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq11.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Twelve:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq12.html&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Thirteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq13.html&quot;&gt;King Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Fourteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq14.html&quot;&gt;General History&amp;nbsp; 
+      III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Fifteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq15.html&quot;&gt;General History IV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Sixteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq16.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Seventeen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq17.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I 
+      and Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Eighteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq18.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Nineteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq19.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Films&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Twenty:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq20.html&quot;&gt;The Six Thomases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Twenty-one:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq21.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots: Life in France&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082545&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082545&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01ad.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01ad.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01ad.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">20144</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Katharine Catherine Katherine of Aragon first wife of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Katharine Catherine Katherine of Aragon first wife of Henry VIII mother of Queen Mary I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Katharine / Katherine / Catherine of Aragon: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ad04ada6e97e8f0ae04ea7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215249</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ad.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragoncardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonsittow1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;674&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;39&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In this world I will confess
+myself to be the king's true wife, and in the next they will know how
+unreasonably I am afflicted.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon, 1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragoncardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine of Aragon&quot; width=&quot;443&quot; height=&quot;114&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonsittow1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Michael Sittow, c1502&quot; width=&quot;351&quot; height=&quot;541&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by 
+      Michael Sittow, c1502&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;The youngest surviving child of
+the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Katharine was born on 16 December 1485,
+the same year that Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty.&amp;nbsp; At
+the age of three, she was betrothed to his infant son, Prince
+Arthur.&amp;nbsp; In 1501, shortly before her sixteenth birthday, Katharine
+sailed to England.&amp;nbsp; But her marriage to Arthur lasted less than
+six months and was supposedly never consummated.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+then betrothed to Arthur's younger brother, Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; When he
+became king in 1509, at the age of eighteen, he promptly married
+Katharine and they lived together happily for many years.&amp;nbsp; But
+their marriage produced just one living child, a daughter called Mary,
+and Henry was desperate for a male heir.&amp;nbsp; He also fell deeply in
+love with another woman.&amp;nbsp; Cast aside, Katharine fought against
+great odds to deny Henry an annulment.&amp;nbsp; But the king would not be
+denied and when the Catholic church would not grant the annulment, he
+declared himself head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+banished from court and died on 7 January 1536, broken-hearted but
+still defiant.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+          &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Katharine of Aragon.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Katharine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8crown.html&quot;&gt;an account of her
+coronation&lt;/a&gt; at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;b&gt;Secondary Sources&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Read JA Froude's 1891 work &lt;i&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;The Divorce 
+          of Catherine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
+Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Katharine.&lt;br&gt;
+Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Mary I site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Katharine's daughter.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Interact&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk
+          &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by
+Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of
+the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My tribulations are so great, my life so
+disturbed by the plans daily invented to further the king's wicked
+intention, the surprises which the king gives me, with certain persons
+of his council, are so mortal, and my treatment is what God knows, that
+it is enough to shorten ten lives, much more mine.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon to Charles V, November 1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Katharine was born on 16 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, in the
+archbishop of Toledo's palace.&amp;nbsp; Her early life promised a future
+of splendor and success, if not personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; Her parents,
+Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, were legends throughout
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; Their marriage had united the kingdom of Spain and
+together they had driven the Moors from Granada.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+mother was deeply pious and very intelligent.&amp;nbsp; Her children, even
+the daughters, received excellent educations.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's brother
+Juan and sister Joanna were married off into the powerful Hapsburg
+family and two other sisters, Isabella and Maria, would each marry the
+king of Portugal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was promised to England; the
+betrothal contract was finalized before her fourth birthday.&amp;nbsp; The
+island nation, so long torn between Plantagenet cousins vying for the
+throne, was now ruled by Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; He had married the daughter
+of the former Plantagenet king, Edward IV, and in 1486 had a male heir
+and a desire to establish the stability and validity of his new
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; A match with a Spanish princess would give him
+both.&amp;nbsp; And so Katharine, proud and solemn and accompanied by a
+vast dowry, came to England in 1501.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; She
+wed Prince Arthur within a few weeks of her arrival.&amp;nbsp; It was a
+grand celebration; all of London rejoiced and there was every
+expectation of a glorious future for both husband and wife.&amp;nbsp; They
+left for Ludlow Castle, the government seat of the Prince of Wales, and
+within six months Arthur was dead.&amp;nbsp; It was the dreaded sweating
+sickness.&amp;nbsp; The news devastated his parents.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+returned to London but was not sent home.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was already
+writing to her parents about another marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine was now promised to Arthur's younger brother,
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; Born 28 June 1491, he was almost six years younger than
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But he was robust and healthy, and already regarded as
+a precocious intellect.&amp;nbsp; Before his brother's death, he had been
+destined for the church and educated accordingly.&amp;nbsp; But now he was
+the future king and as such he needed a future wife.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII
+betrothed young Henry to his brother's widow, a plan which required a
+papal dispensation.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand, at odds with France, was anxious
+to please his English ally; Isabella's piety may have ruined the plan
+but she was dying and did not protest.&amp;nbsp; Katharine and her duenna,
+Dona Elvira, both wrote that her marriage to Arthur had never been
+consummated.&amp;nbsp; Pope Julius II granted the dispensation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The new betrothal may have been spurred by Henry VII's legendary
+avarice.&amp;nbsp; Katharine had brought half of her dowry with her upon
+marriage to Arthur; if she returned home, her marriage contract
+required that the dowry be returned.&amp;nbsp; Also, her inheritance as
+dowager Princess of Wales was substantial.&amp;nbsp; If she left England,
+so would that steady income.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine herself &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;wrote to her father&lt;/a&gt;
+that she had no wish to remain in England but she would obey his
+decision.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she had already learned enough of Henry VII's
+character to know she would be shabbily treated.&amp;nbsp; Despite her
+royal position, she lived in poverty.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish ambassador was
+forced to buy her necessities and she was unable to pay her
+attendants.&amp;nbsp; And soon enough Henry VII was implying that he would
+break the Spanish betrothal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine spent the next seven years
+in a state of political limbo.&amp;nbsp; And when he turned fourteen, Henry
+VII had his son publicly repudiate the betrothal, claiming that the
+marriage contract was made without his knowledge or consent.&amp;nbsp; Yet
+Katharine remained in England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;In 1509, the situation was resolved with startling speed.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VII died and his eighteen year old son became king.&amp;nbsp;
+Handsome, proud, and imbued with the romantic spirit of chivalry, he
+promptly married Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Did he marry her out of a sense of
+obligation?&amp;nbsp; Was it because, as he later claimed, he wished to
+respect his father's last wish?&amp;nbsp; Were political councilors
+encouraging the Spanish alliance?&amp;nbsp; Or did he love the dignified
+and lovely young princess?&amp;nbsp; It is impossible to know.&amp;nbsp; But
+they certainly acted like a loving and affectionate couple, far beyond
+typical royal marriages.&amp;nbsp; There were public displays of affection,
+declarations of love and respect, and for a long while she was also a
+close political adviser.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry VIII's court was full of gaiety and celebration.&amp;nbsp; It
+was a welcome change from the austerity of his father's rule.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine proved herself to be the perfect consort, even when politics
+led her father to humiliate and betray Henry.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+recognized that she must choose between unwavering support of her
+father and loyalty to her husband.&amp;nbsp; She chose Henry, though his
+Lord Chancellor, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, never trusted her and instead favored an Anglo-French
+alliance.&amp;nbsp; His influence, and Henry's own suspicions, led the king
+to disregard her political advice.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine's primary duty was both personal and political - to
+bear children, as many as possible and preferably sons.&amp;nbsp; This was
+especially important in England since Henry VIII was the sole surviving
+son of his father.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was far from barren and did her
+best; in the first nine years of their marriage, she conceived at least
+six times.&amp;nbsp; She miscarried twice, once delivered a stillborn
+daughter, and two sons died within weeks.&amp;nbsp; The only surviving
+child was a daughter, Princess Mary, born in 1516.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+last recorded pregnancy was in 1518, when she was thirty-three years
+old.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry was not unhappy with the birth of Mary; he assured
+ambassadors that if it were a daughter this time, a son would surely
+follow.&amp;nbsp; But it was soon clear there would be no sons.&amp;nbsp; The
+age difference between he and Katharine was now more noticeable.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen, struggling with frequent pregnancies and constant stress,
+looked older than her years.&amp;nbsp; Henry was a far more prudent king
+than most; he had just two serious affairs during his marriage to
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But one of his mistresses, Elizabeth Blount, bore him
+a son.&amp;nbsp; It was clear he could have sons, but the queen could
+not.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;By 1527, the question of the succession was the most pressing
+issue facing the king.&amp;nbsp; Two years before, he had titled his
+illegitimate son the duke of Richmond and granted him vast estates.&amp;nbsp;
+Many, Katharine included, believed this was a preliminary step to
+naming him heir to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This never occurred and Richmond
+would die in 1536, but - until then - it was a possibility.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+sent Princess Mary to Ludlow Castle as Princess of Wales and his
+official heir, but even that did not stop the rumors or her mother's
+concerns.&amp;nbsp; Katharine confronted Henry; he responded angrily and
+dismissed several of her beloved Spanish attendants.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The king by now had hopes of a legitimate heir.&amp;nbsp; He had
+fallen in love the year previously with a young Englishwoman, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+She was the sister of a former mistress and refused to take that
+position herself.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who was also deeply pious and a student
+of theology, now took a closer look at his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp;
+In particular, he looked at the text in Leviticus which seemed to
+directly reference his own life - 'If a man shall take his brother's
+wife it is an unclean thing..... they shall be childless.'(Leviticus,
+XX, 21)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Of course, they were not childless but a daughter was not the
+heir he needed.&amp;nbsp; No woman had attempted to rule England since the
+disastrous Matilda centuries&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt; before.&amp;nbsp; Henry now firmly believed
+that his incestuous marriage had been doomed from the start.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But how could he annul the marriage?&amp;nbsp; He needed to convince
+the current pope, Clement VII, that the dispensation of his predecessor
+was inadequate.&amp;nbsp; It directly contradicted the Bible and had no
+merit.&amp;nbsp; This should have been a simple enough matter.&amp;nbsp; Royal
+marriages had been annulled for far less.&amp;nbsp; But Katharine's nephew,
+Charles V, was the Holy Roman Emperor and he had no intention of
+allowing his aunt to be cast off.&amp;nbsp; This was not out of personal
+love or loyalty, but a purely political stance.&amp;nbsp; And after the
+1527 'sack of Rome', Charles controlled the pope.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry was soon thwarted, despite extensive work by Wolsey and
+other advisers.&amp;nbsp; For her part, Katharine was kept in the dark for
+as long as the king could manage it.&amp;nbsp; But she was no fool.&amp;nbsp;
+She knew of the romance between her husband and Mistress Boleyn; she
+knew Henry avoided her company, though he was scrupulous about
+attending official functions with her.&amp;nbsp; He had always respected
+her unassailable dignity and eloquence.&amp;nbsp; He did not wish to fight
+Katharine; he wanted an amicable end to their union and he was prepared
+to be generous.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;When news of his intentions became official, she was given
+counsel but only that chosen by the king.&amp;nbsp; She turned to the
+Spanish ambassador and close friends at court for support.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+Boleyn was not popular and Katharine was a respected and beloved
+queen.&amp;nbsp; The king soon came under popular scorn for his
+plans.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But Henry was as firmly convinced of the righteousness of his
+cause as Katharine was of hers.&amp;nbsp; He had read the Bible; he had
+debated the issue with prominent theologians; he even sponsored
+hearings of the case at European universities.&amp;nbsp; Both king and pope
+knew there was a valid basis for the annulment, and a pressing national
+need for it.&amp;nbsp; Clement could have granted it without troubling his
+conscience.&amp;nbsp; And with the spread of Lutheranism in the German
+states, Clement had no wish to antagonize the loyal and devoted king of
+England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But the English king could not be helped at the Holy Roman Emperor's 
+    expense.&amp;nbsp; This was soon made abundantly clear.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The pope prevaricated; he could do little else.&amp;nbsp; And for
+several years, the 'King's Great Matter' consumed England and
+fascinated Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry inevitably tired of the endless parade of papal legates
+and repetitious hearings.&amp;nbsp; He was growing older and Anne was
+growing impatient.&amp;nbsp; Her youth was being wasted to no purpose, she
+told the king.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Katharine encouraged Mary to be
+obstinate in protecting her rights as princess.&amp;nbsp; Mary lost her
+father's favor and was forbidden to visit her mother.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Finally, in 1533, Henry did the only thing he could to end the
+marriage - he rejected the authority of the Holy See and declared
+himself Supreme Head of a new Church of England.&amp;nbsp; His archbishop
+of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, issued the long-awaited decree of
+nullity.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was no longer queen of England but 'Princess
+dowager of Wales'.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary was now illegitimate, and rumors
+spread that Anne Boleyn had finally succumbed to the king and was
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; Katharine was exiled from court and to a
+succession of damp and unpleasant castles.&amp;nbsp; She had but a handful
+of servants for few would call her queen and she refused to be called
+princess.&amp;nbsp; It was a mark of her early education that she was meek,
+deeply pious and believed in obedience to her husband - but she was
+also a proud and intelligent princess of Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would never
+allow her dignity, or that of her daughter, to be destroyed.&amp;nbsp; In
+the end, this stubborn spirit did both her and Mary far more harm than
+good.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was undoubtedly truthful when she declared her
+marriage to Arthur unconsummated but the truth was cold comfort in the
+last years of her life.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Her final years were lonely and sad; the Spanish ambassador kept
+her informed of outside events and smuggled letters to her daughter,
+but she was often ill and at prayer.&amp;nbsp; The wrongs she had suffered
+from Henry filled her with sadness rather than anger.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she
+was inspired by her motto, Humble and Loyal, for that is how she
+remained.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She died at Kimbolton Castle on 7 January 1536, three weeks
+after her fiftieth birthday.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that she had been
+poisoned.&amp;nbsp; But if Henry had been so inclined, he would have
+attempted it years before and spared himself much trouble.&amp;nbsp; A
+lingering illness and the psychological effects of her exile were the
+obvious causes.&amp;nbsp; She was buried at Peterborough Abbey with all the
+ceremony befitting the widow of the prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Henry did
+not attend the funeral; we do not know if he read Katharine's &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;last letter&lt;/a&gt; to
+him.&amp;nbsp; It was a love letter and she signed it 'Katherine the
+Queen'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The tragedy of their annulment was that both he and Katharine
+were equally convinced of their causes.&amp;nbsp; For the modern reader,
+both arguments are persuasive.&amp;nbsp; It is an ironic footnote to her
+life story that Katharine, such a devoted and pious Catholic,
+unintentionally brought the Reformation to England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt; to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082566&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082566&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01ae.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01ae.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01ae.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41522</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources Mary Tudor sister of King Henry VIII grandmother of Lady Jane Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ae057ca36570b2ebb8626c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215244</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ae.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon1.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Cloth of Gold and Cloth of Frieze&quot; width=&quot;492&quot; height=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon2.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;494&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The marriage portrait of Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, was Henry VIII's closest 
+
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Brandon's father was Henry VII's standard-bearer at the Battle of 
+
+Bosworth Field and died defending the future king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII repaid his 
+
+loyalty by educating young Charles with his own children, and from the beginning 
+
+Charles and the future Henry VIII were devoted friends.&amp;nbsp; But their 
+
+friendship was sorely tested when Brandon secretly married Henry's favorite 
+
+sister, the beautiful Princess Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; At this page, you can learn 
+
+more about their romantic story and its aftermath.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon had an inauspicious beginning and his rise to wealth and 
+prominence was due largely to two things: his father's death at Bosworth Field 
+and his own personal magnetism.&amp;nbsp; Upon his death in 1545, Brandon was 
+perhaps the only person in England who had successfully retained Henry VIII's 
+affection for over forty turbulent years. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His father was William Brandon, Henry Tudor's standard 
+bearer at Bosworth Field in 1485.&amp;nbsp; He was reportedly killed there by 
+Richard III himself.&amp;nbsp; Around 1480 or so, William had married the daughter 
+and heiress of Sir Henry Bruyn of South Ockendon in Essex.&amp;nbsp; But unlike his 
+respectable, middle-class forebears who had led exemplary and cautious 
+lives, William had a tasste for politics.&amp;nbsp; When the Duke of Gloucester 
+seized the throne in 1483 and declared himself Richard III, William and his 
+younger brother Thomas decided to make a stand.&amp;nbsp; They joined the duke of 
+Buckingham's rebellion; it failed and the brothers fled to Brittany where they 
+joined other Lancastrian exiles who supported Henry Tudor, the earl of Richmond.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When William fled England, his wife was already 
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon was born sometime in late 1483 or early 
+1484.&amp;nbsp; His mother died in childbirth and, upon his grandfather's death in 
+1491, the orphaned boy went to the royal court.&amp;nbsp; This was the custom of the 
+time but since Brandon was not heir to an important title or great wealth, his 
+case was decided more on sentiment.&amp;nbsp; He had a claim on Henry Tudor's affections 
+since his father had died in his service.&amp;nbsp; That demonstration of loyalty at 
+Bosworth meant a great deal to the first Tudor king.&amp;nbsp; Since Charles was 
+just two years older than Henry's first son, Prince Arthur, it is probable that 
+they were playmates. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Arthur married the Spanish princess Katharine of 
+Aragon in 1502, his court moved to Ludlow Castle in the Welsh Marches, the 
+traditional seat of the Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not accompany the 
+royal couple but remained in London as companion to Arthur's younger 
+brother, Henry duke of York. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Though seven years older than Henry, Charles shared his 
+most prominent characteristics - natural athleticism, robust physical health 
+(unlike the delicate Arthur), and a devotion to all sports (wrestling, hunting, 
+tilting and jousting, etc.)&amp;nbsp; During these adolescent years, the two boys 
+laid the foundation for a lifelong friendship.&amp;nbsp; Arthur died just months 
+after his wedding and, in 1509, the duke of York succeeded to the throne.&amp;nbsp; 
+This marked the real beginning of Charles Brandon's rise to prominence and 
+privilege. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But before 1509, young Charles had undergone an 
+embarrassing marital situation which revealed his ambition and 
+callousness.&amp;nbsp; In 1505, he had become engaged to Anne Browne, a young woman 
+of impressive lineage; her father was  Anthony Browne, Governor of Calais, 
+and her mother was Lucy Neville, niece of the 'Kingmaker.'&amp;nbsp; Charles and 
+Anne were betrothed &lt;I&gt;per verba de praesenti&lt;/I&gt;, a binding contract under 
+canon law.&amp;nbsp; In such cases, there was no ceremony or witnesses; as one can 
+imagine, this led to several unpleasant cases of men and (more rarely) women 
+repudiating their betrothed &lt;I&gt;if&lt;/I&gt; they lacked proper respect for church 
+law.&amp;nbsp; Charles apparently did.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne slept together, as 
+evidenced by the birth of a daughter in 1506, but he did not marry her.&amp;nbsp; 
+Instead, he married her aunt, a very wealthy widow named Margaret Neville 
+Mortimer.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was never taken seriously due to its mercenary 
+nature and, more importantly, legal action begun by Anne's angry family.&amp;nbsp; 
+Eventually, the Mortimer marriage was annulled due to the previous contract and 
+Charles married Anne in a well-attended public ceremony.&amp;nbsp; They had another 
+daughter in 1510; Anne Browne died just two years later. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By late 1512, Charles had recovered from his grief enough 
+to contemplate yet another union.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps even more mercenary 
+since his betrothed was an eight-year-old orphan.&amp;nbsp; It was common practice 
+for the Crown to assume guardianship of an orphaned minor child who had 
+inherited property.&amp;nbsp; The Crown then sold the guardianship to the highest 
+bidder, often the child's own relatives who wanted to receive the property 
+revenues until the child came of age and decide whom they would marry.&amp;nbsp; 
+Charles had been given the wardship of Elizabeth Grey, the heiress to Lord Lisle 
+of Sparsholt in Berkshire.&amp;nbsp; This, along with various offices, grants &amp;amp; 
+pensions, was a mark of Henry's continued favor.&amp;nbsp; In early 1513, Charles 
+announced his engagement to the girl and, on 15 May 1513, the king created him 
+Viscount Lisle, in right of his betrothed wife.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon finally 
+had a noble title and even more property. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; That same year, the new Lord Lisle accompanied the king to 
+France and also helped entertain the Hapsburg Emperor Maximilian and his 
+twice-widowed, 33-year-old daughter, Margaret, Regent of the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; 
+For Henry, the meeting was also a diplomatic necessity since, in 1508, his 
+father had entered into a formal contract of marriage between his youngest 
+daughter, Mary, and Maximilian's son, Charles of Castile.&amp;nbsp; But over the 
+next few years, little mention had been made of the contract.&amp;nbsp; Henry used 
+the visit to broach the subject; the end result was an agreement that Princess Mary and Charles 
+would wed in 1514, after Charles had reached his 14th birthday. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Lord Lisle made a fool of himself by flirting 
+with Margaret.&amp;nbsp; There is little chance she truly favored him, and certainly 
+none that she planned to marry him, but they flirted, Henry translating for his 
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Charles Brandon was demonstrating his heavy-handed 
+flair for the ladies.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he greatly offended Margaret by 
+encouraging gossip about their meeting.&amp;nbsp; In particular, it stressed her 
+attraction to him and a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; As a Hapsburg princess, she was 
+not amused and Henry VIII was forced to make a public apology.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+not angry with his friend; on 1 February 1514, he created Charles the duke of 
+Suffolk, the title once held by the Yorkist de la Poles.&amp;nbsp; He also received 
+the majority of their confiscated estates.&amp;nbsp; This elevation was remarkable; 
+it meant that Suffolk was one of only three dukes in the kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The 
+other two were Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk (reinstated to the title after his 
+victory at Flodden in 1513), and Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham and 
+descendant of Edward III.&amp;nbsp; Of course, many were surprised that a yeoman's 
+son was now one of their greatest peers but Brandon's friendship with Henry 
+explained matters.&amp;nbsp; In Europe, it was said that 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal Wolsey&lt;/a&gt; and Brandon truly 
+ruled England through influence upon Henry VIII. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1514 as well, the usual tangle of European diplomacy 
+had made Henry distrustful of the Hapsburgs.&amp;nbsp; Also, the deadline for 
+Charles of Castile's marriage to Princess Mary had come and passed with only 
+dismissive explanations from the emperor.&amp;nbsp; So when Louis XII of France 
+offered a peace treaty to England, Henry was eager to accept it.&amp;nbsp; Louis 
+considerably sweetened the offer by offering to wed the Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; For 
+Henry, this was a diplomatic coup.&amp;nbsp; For his sister, of course, it was 
+considerably different. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor, born 18 March 1495, was the baby of the Tudor 
+family and widely considered the most beautiful princess of her time.&amp;nbsp; She 
+shared her brother Henry's exuberance for spectacle and was the star of his 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Like him, she loved dancing, masques, and parties; they were also 
+close emotionally.&amp;nbsp; So when Henry told her that she would marry the widowed 
+King of France, a man in his fifties with gout and a pock-marked face, she 
+poured out her heart.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she would do her duty as a Princess, she 
+told Henry, but when the marriage was over, she wanted to choose her next spouse 
+- and choose him for love alone.&amp;nbsp; Itt was an extraordinary demand for any 
+woman of that time but Henry VIII loved his sister and he agreed.&amp;nbsp; 
+Why?&amp;nbsp; Partly because he loved her but also because he wanted her to leave 
+for France peacefully and willingly; and also, perhaps more troubling, because 
+she had confessed her secret love to him.&amp;nbsp; It was none other than his best friend, Charles 
+Brandon. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had enjoyed unprecedented freedom at Henry VIII's 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Just fourteen when her father died, she had spent the next five 
+years virtually unchaperoned in his hectic court, her brother openly encouraging 
+her participation in every event.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, she was nineteen years old, 
+very beautiful, and very willful.&amp;nbsp; She had developed an attachment to 
+Charles Brandon; she had known him all her life.&amp;nbsp; It may have begun as a 
+child's awe of a robust, attractive man, successful in all sports (so important 
+at the Tudor court) and very charming.&amp;nbsp; But it had changed into something 
+more and, by 1514, most of the king's inner circle knew of her affection.&amp;nbsp; 
+There was no scandal, however.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her brother's promise and 
+married the aged Louis XII at Greenwich Palace on 13 August 1514.&amp;nbsp; The Duc 
+de Longueville acted as the king's proxy in every respect; he even lay down on a 
+bed with Mary and touched her body with his naked leg, thus 'consummating' the 
+marriage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary enjoyed herself at her wedding festivities and its 
+attendant celebrations.&amp;nbsp; It would have been impossible to feel 
+otherwise.&amp;nbsp; She had a splendid trousseau, marvelous jewels sent over from 
+France, and all the honors due to the queen of France.&amp;nbsp; All contemporary 
+accounts remark on her great beauty, particularly her clear complexion and long 
+red-gold hair, the Tudor trademark.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was eager to see her, 
+telling the English ambassador that he had many gifts for his bride and expected 
+a kiss for each one. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary eventually traveled from Dover to Boulogne on 2 
+October, after waiting weeks for stormy weather to end.&amp;nbsp;  She actually left in the 
+midst of more storms since Henry VIII had grown bored waiting for them to 
+end.&amp;nbsp; Upon her departure, she kissed her brother and reminded him of his 
+promise about her future.&amp;nbsp; Henry, eager to leave, committed her to God and 
+her husband and left.&amp;nbsp; There were fourteen ships in Mary's retinue but the 
+weather was so terrible that only four reached port on time; the rest docked at 
+various ports on the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary, suffering from seasickness 
+and constant rain, was carried ashore by one of her gentlemen, Sir Christopher 
+Garnish.&amp;nbsp; She journeyed from Montreuil to Abbeville and contemporary 
+chroniclers recorded her outfit; they were much impressed with her beauty and 
+charm.&amp;nbsp; She wore cloth of gold on crimson with tight sleeves in the English style and a 
+hat of crimson silk which she wore cocked over one eye.&amp;nbsp; Her husband met 
+her at a carefully arranged 'accident' outside Abbeville and, on 9 October, they 
+married in that city. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The marriage lasted for eighty-two days.&amp;nbsp; On 31 
+December 1514, Louis died quite abruptly.&amp;nbsp; Despite his ill health, he had 
+been notably active during his marriage.&amp;nbsp; This may have contributed to 
+his demise; he boasted that on their wedding night, he had 'crossed the river' 
+three times.&amp;nbsp; Before his death, he was visited by the duke of Suffolk on a 
+diplomatic trip and Charles wrote to Henry that his sister was discreet and 
+dignified.&amp;nbsp; This undoubtedly relieved both men; they had perhaps wondered 
+how Mary would greet her true love.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however, was aware of her 
+position as Queen of France and, during her brief marriage, conducted herself 
+with aplomb. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The King of France's death changed her world 
+considerably.&amp;nbsp; Now a queen dowager in a foreign country she had barely 
+begun to settle in, she was suddenly pushed into strict seclusion for 40 
+days.&amp;nbsp; This was French custom; after all, the widowed queen might be 
+pregnant and the child's paternity must be certain.&amp;nbsp; Mary was not pregnant 
+but she was sent to the Hotel de Cluny for her period of mourning, without even 
+the comfort of her English attendants.&amp;nbsp; The new king, Francois, had 
+appointed several Frenchwomen to attend her and dismissed her women.&amp;nbsp; May 
+was undoubtedly terrified.&amp;nbsp; She was closed off from the world, shut behind 
+heavy black drapes, and once more a pawn for her brother.&amp;nbsp; Would Henry 
+arrange another marriage or would he keep his promise?&amp;nbsp; Frantic, Mary wrote 
+to him from Cluny in early January 1515, just two weeks after her husband's 
+death; she begged him to contact Francois and have her sent home to England and 
+reminded him:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, I beseech your grace that you will keep all the 
+promises that you promised me when I took my leave of you by the 
+waterside.&amp;nbsp; Sir, your grace knoweth well that I did marry for your pleasure 
+at this time and now I trust you will suffer me to marry as me liketh for to 
+do... wherefore I beseech your grace for to be a good lord and brother unto 
+me.&quot;&amp;nbsp; If Henry did not keep his promise, Mary said she would enter a 
+nunnery and &quot;never no man shall know joy of me.&quot; &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary also had to deal with visits from the new French 
+king, Francois I.&amp;nbsp; He was twenty-one and knew the English-French alliance 
+was breaking down.&amp;nbsp; He did not want Mary wed by Henry to some Hapsburg 
+prince.&amp;nbsp; He suggested two of his own kinsmen as husbands and then hinted 
+that Henry was trying to marry her to Charles of Castile again.&amp;nbsp; Alone and 
+in a fragile state, Mary was terribly frightened; Francois's words touched on 
+her greatest fears.&amp;nbsp; She eventually confessed her love for Suffolk to 
+Francois.&amp;nbsp; Surprisingly, she found him sympathetic and kind.&amp;nbsp; He 
+promised to help secure her future happiness, a promise which Mary found 
+generous and Francois found opportunistic.&amp;nbsp; For, by this time, he knew the 
+duke of Suffolk was on his way to France to bargain for Mary's return, 
+specifically the return of her jewels, plate, and dower rights.&amp;nbsp; With the 
+dowager queen's confession, Francois had a powerful bargaining tool &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; peace 
+of mind - if Mary wed her English duke, she was no longer Henry's political 
+pawn. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles had been sent to France by Henry, specifically 
+promising to keep his relations with the widow on a formal basis.&amp;nbsp; Henry 
+had no reason to distrust him.&amp;nbsp; Charles was his creation, dependent on him 
+for everything, and also ambitious.&amp;nbsp; Why would he bite the hand that so 
+generously fed him?&amp;nbsp; So Suffolk departed on his most important mission 
+ever; it was well-known that the matter would be complicated.&amp;nbsp; The French 
+would not want to surrender any property to Mary and she would naturally want 
+her rightful share.&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, perhaps Henry meant to keep his 
+promise.&amp;nbsp; After all, he knew his sister's feelings - and now he sent her 
+true love to bring her home.&amp;nbsp; But rattled by Francois's suggestions of a 
+Hapsburg marriage, Mary was set on a course which nearly ruined her and Suffolk.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk arrived on 27 January; five days later, he met 
+Francois at Senlis.&amp;nbsp; Francois summoned Suffolk to a private audience and 
+bluntly dropped his bombshell - the duke had come to marry the Dowager Queen, 
+had he not?&amp;nbsp; Poor Suffolk was taken aback and protested vehemently.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois went on to share Mary's confession and reassure the duke.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+their friend, Francois said, and he would write to the English king and explain 
+all.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk took no chances; he dashed off his own account of the 
+interview to Wolsey and then went to see Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a most emotional 
+reunion.&amp;nbsp; She accused him of taking her to England only to have her married 
+off again against her will.&amp;nbsp; He protested but she would have none of 
+it.&amp;nbsp; She issued an ultimatum - either marry me now or never marry me at 
+all.&amp;nbsp; There would be no better time, she said, for he had jealous enemies 
+on the Privy Council who would prevent it in England.&amp;nbsp; She had her 
+brother's explicit promise that she could follow her heart and Henry knew her 
+greatest desire.&amp;nbsp; What was the risk for him, anyway?&amp;nbsp; She was a 
+princess and queen, very beautiful, and imperious.&amp;nbsp; Why would any man deny 
+her?&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was understandably torn between his obedience to Henry and 
+his desire for Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But he was always ambitious and rarely foolish.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew that Mary would be a great prize; after all, he harbored no overt dynastic 
+ambitions but six years of marriage had produced no living child for Henry 
+VIII.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Suffolk and Mary would create a new royal line.&amp;nbsp; And 
+she was a royal princess and queen, just twenty years old and madly in love with 
+him.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was swayed by tears and ambition and, sometime in February 
+1515, they married secretly at the Cluny chapel. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The consequences were rapid and hardly comforting.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois demanded Suffolk's acquiescence in several disputes over Mary's dowry 
+as payment for their 'secret.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey&lt;/A&gt; and 
+Henry wanted the duke to be firm and reject all the French king's demands.&amp;nbsp; 
+Furthermore, news of the wedding was circulating throughout Paris and Mary 
+suspected she might be pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk knew he could no longer delay 
+confession and wrote to Wolsey, now Archbishop of York.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to 
+arrange a more public wedding ceremony since he knew their secret wedding could 
+easily be invalidated; certainly he knew that better than most.&amp;nbsp; And he 
+feared that the king's council was urging an annulment.&amp;nbsp; Many didn't 
+consider Suffolk a fit match for a princess and others wanted to promote 
+pro-Hapsburg policy of which Mary's remarriage could play a part. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But most important was Henry's reaction.&amp;nbsp; How would 
+he consider the betrayal of his best friend and favorite sister?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Henry's reaction was not favorable.&amp;nbsp; Brandon had written to Wolsey for 
+support and he received a prompt reply but it hardly comforted him; the king 
+could not believe his most trusted friend had betrayed him but, if it were true, 
+the newlyweds had to pay a stiff penalty - literally.&amp;nbsp; They must pay back 
+Mary's marriage portion in annual installments of 4000 pds, leaving her just 
+6000 pds to live on.&amp;nbsp; She must return all the plate and jewels she had 
+taken to France as her dowry as well as the many gifts King Louis had given her.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, they must hasten to beg the king for 
+forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary did just that, both blaming her for the 
+hasty marriage.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk wrote:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, for the passion of God, let it 
+not be in your heart against me, and rather than you should hold me in mistrust, 
+strike off my head and let me not live.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary knew her brother well so, 
+along with her letter, she sent him the most sumptuous jewel Louis had given her 
+- a diamond called the Mirror of Naples wwhich formed part of the French crown 
+jewels.&amp;nbsp; She assured her brother that she had not acted out of 'sensual 
+appetite'; instead, she had been subject to 'consternation, fear and doubt' 
+which made her force Suffolk's hand.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not reply.&amp;nbsp; Francois 
+eventually allowed her to keep some of Louis's gifts and, on 16 April, they set 
+out for the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Mary wrote to Henry again at Calais, telling him 
+that she was now under his jurisdiction since Calais was an English possession 
+and that she would not sail for England until he gave permission.&amp;nbsp; She 
+reminded him of 'the great and tender love' they had always shared and promised 
+to remain in Calais if that is what he wished. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was not.&amp;nbsp; Henry sent permission for them to cross the 
+Channel in early May and met them privately at the manor of Barking outside 
+London.&amp;nbsp; There is no record of that meeting, of course, and one must assume 
+that Wolsey had perhaps exaggerated Henry's displeasure since he wanted 
+Suffolk's gratitude.&amp;nbsp; Henry was willing enough to forgive his best friend 
+and favorite sister, &lt;i&gt;after&lt;/i&gt; she turned over all her jewels and plate from France 
+and signed a contract to repay the 24000 pds spent on her first marriage in the 
+annual installments of 4000 pds.&amp;nbsp; It was obvious that Henry was not 
+surprised by the marriage; he was mostly angry at Suffolk for breaking his word.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;another version of the Brandon marriage portrait&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary were wed again at Greenwich Palace on 13 
+May with Henry and
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; 
+in attendance.&amp;nbsp; There was feasting and celebration but it was strictly a 
+family affair and foreign ambassadors wondered if they should congratulate the 
+couple.&amp;nbsp; After all, the situation was odd and there were some (mostly on 
+the king's council) who disapproved of the match.&amp;nbsp; But, for the most part, 
+there were no hard feelings or grudges.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was a popular man, 
+good-looking and charming, and few - even in Tudor England - could resist such a 
+grand love story.&amp;nbsp; After all, they had risked everything to be 
+together.&amp;nbsp; Before long, the Suffolks were back in the king's good 
+graces.&amp;nbsp; They are recorded as extending all the great court celebrations of 
+the next few years.&amp;nbsp; Mary's pregnancy in France had been a false alarm but 
+she did become pregnant a few months later.&amp;nbsp; In fact, she was now pregnant 
+along with her sister-in-law Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Due to the queen's history of 
+miscarriages and stillbirths, few were hopeful of the outcome; but, on 18 
+February 1516, she gave birth to her only surviving child, a princess called 
+Mary after her aunt.&amp;nbsp; The new duchess of Suffolk, however, was more 
+fortunate - on 11 March 1516, she gave birth to a healthy baby boy called Henry 
+after the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Wolsey stood as the child's godfathers. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary and Henry's older sister Margaret of Scotland visited 
+that summer, bringing her six-month-old daughter, Lady Margaret Douglas.&amp;nbsp; 
+She had been in Scotland for thirteen years but her visit was pleasant 
+enough.&amp;nbsp; Henry had never tired of lecturing Margaret on morality (she had 
+married the Earl of Angus after James of Scotland's death at Flodden); this, of 
+course, is laughable when one considers his own matrimonial career.&amp;nbsp; But 
+Margaret's visit was some ten years before Anne Boleyn entered Henry's 
+life.&amp;nbsp; In 1516, the king was just seven years into his reign, still 
+handsome and bluff.&amp;nbsp; Still, Margaret had little in common with her siblings 
+after her years away; also, her first husband had been killed by the English at 
+Flodden Field. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor was far closer to her foreign sister-in-law 
+than to Margaret.&amp;nbsp; After all, she and Katharine had spent their formative 
+years together.&amp;nbsp; When, in 1517, Katharine went on a pilgrimage to pray for 
+a son, Mary accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; Both Mary and Brandon understood the queen's 
+ 
+heartfelt desire to bear her husband a prince and successor and were 
+sympathetic supporters.&amp;nbsp; There was a passing cloud in 1516 - Mary's revenues 
+from France had fallen off and she was behind in payment of her debt - but the 
+cloud passed quickly.&amp;nbsp; In early summer 1517, they were at Richmond Palace 
+again.&amp;nbsp; Mary was once more pregnant and, on 16 July 1517, she went into 
+labor on her way home.&amp;nbsp; A daughter was born, called Frances after the 
+French king; the Suffolks 
+had another daughter, Eleanor, in 1519. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1518, Mary and Suffolk were at court again, attending 
+the betrothal of the infant Princess Mary to the infant dauphin of France.&amp;nbsp; 
+And they attended the famous Field of Cloth of Gold at Guines, near 
+Calais in 1520.&amp;nbsp; Mary was widely considered the most beautiful woman there.&amp;nbsp; 
+A French admiral commented, &quot;Madame, you are the rose of Christendom.&amp;nbsp; You 
+should have stayed in France.&amp;nbsp; We would have appreciated you.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+was now in her mid-twenties and, when Katharine of Aragon was pregnant or ill, acted 
+as her brother's hostess. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Back in England, however, things began to change.&amp;nbsp; In 
+the new year of 1522, Mary first met
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+She knew Anne's older sister Mary quite well for she had been one of her 
+ladies-in-waiting when Mary Tudor wed Louis XII in France.&amp;nbsp; She had also remained 
+in France until dismissed by Francois.&amp;nbsp; Anne wanted to join Queen 
+Katharine's household as a lady-in-waiting, a much-sought-after position.&amp;nbsp; 
+It is likely that Mary repaid Mary Boleyn's service by helping Anne.&amp;nbsp; 
+Certainly she may have liked the girl; Anne had spent time at the French court 
+and was fashionable and high-spirited, much like Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anne entered Katharine's service but was sent home in 
+disgrace for three years.&amp;nbsp; In just a matter of months, she had managed to 
+attract the attention of Henry Percy, heir to the powerful Earl of 
+Northmberland.&amp;nbsp; The young couple entered into an understanding but Percy was under the guardianship of Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; The king's most trusted 
+advisor and Percy's powerful father were understandably angry at the secret 
+romance.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Anne and Percy were brought to heel&lt;/a&gt;; 
+there were better matches for him and she had overstepped her bounds.&amp;nbsp; Anne 
+was openly furious, so much that she was banished from court.&amp;nbsp; However, she 
+was allowed back in late 1525, around the time that Henry VIII was first 
+beginning to contemplate his lack of heirs. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon had delivered the Princess Mary in 
+1516, when she was thirty-one years old.&amp;nbsp; Since then, there had been no other 
+surviving children.&amp;nbsp; In 1525, she was forty and it was obvious she would 
+have no further children.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was nervous; his dynasty was just forty 
+years old.&amp;nbsp; It would not survive with just one princess as heir.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew the problem was not his fault - after all, in 1519, a mistress called 
+Bessie Blount had born a son.&amp;nbsp; In summer 1525, this child, called Henry 
+Fitzroy, was made the duke of Richmond and Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was present 
+at the grand ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was normally a patient, dignified wife 
+but the lavish ceremony, involving all the important nobility, offended 
+her.&amp;nbsp; She argued with Henry, telling him it insulted her and their daughter 
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry was unused to such criticism and responded by dismissing three 
+of her favorite ladies.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not critical of their benefactor 
+since Henry had created his nephew the Earl of Lincoln at the same 
+ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Also, Mary's repayment of her debt was still in limbo. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was also in failing health.&amp;nbsp; She had suffered 
+through the sweating sickness in 1518 and never completely recovered.&amp;nbsp; She may also have been exhibiting the first signs of the 
+disease which eventually killed her; most historians believe it was 
+cancer.&amp;nbsp; She was present at several court functions over the next few years 
+(a summer 1526 party for European ambassadors, for example) but came to court 
+with less and less frequency.&amp;nbsp; Her physical condition was deteriorating but 
+she was also uncomfortable with her brother's course of action. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1527, Henry's infatuation with Anne Boleyn had 
+begun.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to annul his marriage to Katharine, arguing that 
+it had never been legal in the first place.&amp;nbsp; He asserted that Katharine and 
+Arthur had consummated their marriage and, once again, his old friend Suffolk 
+acted in the king's interest.&amp;nbsp; He dug out some heretofore-lost memories 
+that hinted at consummation.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Wolsey had lost Henry's trust 
+because of the many delays in the annulment; the king used Suffolk to openly 
+attack his once powerful advisor.&amp;nbsp; At a public hearing on the case, Suffolk banged his fist on 
+the table and shouted &quot;It was never merry in England whilst we had cardinals 
+among us.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Of course, Suffolk would not have dared to attack Wolsey 
+without Henry's implicit support.&amp;nbsp; It was the downfall of the Cardinal.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1531, Henry banished Katharine of Aragon from 
+court.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne were constantly together and he made no secret of his 
+intention to marry her.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not happy about this but what 
+could they do?&amp;nbsp; They depended on Henry for everything.&amp;nbsp; Mary made a 
+cutting remark about Anne sometime in early 1532 and refused to accompany Henry 
+and Anne on a state visit to France.&amp;nbsp; Her husband warned Henry that Anne 
+may have slept with Sir Thomas Wyatt.&amp;nbsp; But that is all they dared.&amp;nbsp; 
+They were concerned about their own family. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this time, Suffolk's daughters with Anne Browne were 
+wed to titled men.&amp;nbsp; His eldest daughter with Mary, the lady Frances, was 
+engaged to Henry Grey third Marquess of Dorset, descendent of the famous &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2fplant%2fqueens%2felizwood.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth 
+Woodville&lt;/A&gt;; before Edward IV, she had been married to a Grey and had two sons 
+by him.&amp;nbsp; It was from the elder son that Henry Grey was descended.&amp;nbsp; Frances and Henry were the parents of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; The celebration of Frances's wedding to Henry Grey was held at 
+the Suffolk home in London.&amp;nbsp; It was Mary's last visit to the city.&amp;nbsp; 
+She was increasingly ill and also uncomfortable with her brother.&amp;nbsp; His 
+favor was no longer certain.&amp;nbsp; He had married the pregnant Anne Boleyn in a 
+secret ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was put in charge of the new queen's &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;coronation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Therefore, he was not with his wife when she passed away quietly at their home 
+in Westhorpe on 26 June 1533.&amp;nbsp; She was thirty-eight years old.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+death was not considered important news since most people were concerned with 
+the impending birth of Anne Boleyn's child, destined to be 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Mary had seen her husband in early May but his duties kept him busy; it was a 
+hurried visit and she simply wasted away in the next few weeks. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her brother ordered requiem masses to be sung at 
+Westminster Abbey but showed no other sign of mourning.&amp;nbsp; He was, after all, 
+in the midst of the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon did not attend the 
+funeral but it was a marvelous affair.&amp;nbsp; The coffin lay in state for a month 
+at Westhorpe and was interred at the church of Bury St Edmunds on 22 July.&amp;nbsp; 
+The abbey church and her monument were destroyed during the dissolution of the 
+monasteries.&amp;nbsp; Her coffin was saved, however, and moved to a nearby church 
+called St Mary.&amp;nbsp; In 1784, it was moved yet again within that church.&amp;nbsp; 
+The movers ghoulishly opened the coffin; they found a good set of teeth and two 
+feet of hair which was still red-gold.&amp;nbsp; Souvenir hunters cut off pieces of 
+the hair. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's death was perhaps most mourned in Suffolk county 
+where she had been a popular and respected figure.&amp;nbsp; Her husband replaced 
+her quickly enough - and, as was typical of Brandon, with aplomb.&amp;nbsp; He 
+decided to marry his son's betrothed.&amp;nbsp; The girl was called Catherine 
+Willoughby and she as a baroness in her own right, heiress to 15000 ducats a 
+year.&amp;nbsp; She was also just fourteen-years-old, the same age as his youngest 
+child.&amp;nbsp; Brandon himself was almost fifty.&amp;nbsp; But he needed money badly 
+and she was very rich; he married her quite rapidly.&amp;nbsp; The exact date is unknown.&amp;nbsp; 
+His and Mary's son, the eighteen-year-old Henry Brandon, Earl of Lincoln, would 
+be betrothed elsewhere easily enough.&amp;nbsp; But that was not to be.&amp;nbsp; After 
+his father's wedding, the young earl died, probably of the Tudor scourge, 
+tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was not particularly grieved; six months after his 
+death, he and Catherine had a son and named him Henry Brandon.&amp;nbsp; This usage 
+of a dead child's name was common practice in England. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk remained in Henry's favor.&amp;nbsp; The king gave his 
+old friend the unpleasant task of persuading Katharine of Aragon to accept the 
+break with Rome and the new title Princess Dowager.&amp;nbsp; He was also to move 
+her to Somersham near Cambridge, a manor known for its dank and unhealthy 
+atmosphere.&amp;nbsp; Katharine would not be bullied; she told Suffolk that he would 
+have to bind her in ropes if he wanted to move her anywhere.&amp;nbsp; After a week 
+of such talks, Suffolk left, having accomplished precious little. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He never saw Katharine again.&amp;nbsp; He did attend all the 
+momentous events of the 1530s - he sat at the trials of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Thomas More&lt;/a&gt; 
+and Anne Boleyn, he was even present at the scaffold when &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;she was 
+beheaded&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He also helped lead forces to end the &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/A&gt;, 
+one of the most serious problems of Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, his wife 
+gave birth to a second son called Charles and his daughter Frances, after two 
+still-births, gave birth to a healthy baby girl, named &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;, 
+probably after Queen Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; The exact date of birth is not known, 
+but it was probably October and eclipsed by the birth - finally! - of Henry's 
+son, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince Edward&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk acted as godfather to the new prince.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The last years of his life were quite happy.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+Catherine Willoughby were affectionate, they had two healthy sons, and the 
+dissolution of the monasteries allowed the king to grant him more lands and 
+pensions.&amp;nbsp; He and his wife entertained the king and his new wife 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine 
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;; and, of course, Suffolk was one the men who arrested and extracted a 
+confession from that queen.&amp;nbsp; He died quite suddenly on 22 August 1545, his 
+last official business being plans for an invasion of France.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+sixty years old, a good age at the time, and - once the news was known - it was 
+not suurprising.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk requested a quiet funeral but the king would have 
+none of it - he ordered a lavish ceremony at St George's Chapel in 
+Windsor.&amp;nbsp; Henry planned and paid for the service.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly 
+an emotional occasion for him; after all, Charles Brandon had been his companion 
+for virtually his entire life.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Suffolk was one of the few men who 
+could still remember the Bluff King Hal of legend.&amp;nbsp; Henry was now 
+overweight, bald, and suffering from a variety of physical ailments.&amp;nbsp; He 
+would only outlive his friend by about eighteen months.&amp;nbsp; In that time, he 
+had good cause to regret the death of his one true friend.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Learn about 
+Charles and Mary's granddaughter, Lady Jane Grey, who was queen of England for 
+nine days in 1553&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+Citizens&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082587&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082587&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01b6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01b6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01b6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36039</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter XI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01b6b4b0acf85ab93c6c5f7a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215242</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01b6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER XI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;DOMESTIC AFFAIRS: 1588-1601&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;IT was a boast of Elizabeth that when once 
+    her servants were chosen she did not lightly displace them. Difference of 
+    opinion from their mistress, or from one another, did not involve 
+    resignation or dismissal, because, though they were free to speak their 
+    minds, all had to carry out with fidelity and even zeal, whatever policy the 
+    Queen prescribed. This condition they accepted; not only the astute and 
+    compliant Burghley, but the more eager and opinionated Walsingham; and 
+    therefore they had practically a life-tenure of office. Soon after the 
+    Armada the first generation of them began to disappear. Bacon, Sussex, and 
+    Bedford were already gone. Leicester died in 1588; his brother Warwick, and 
+    Mildmay in 1589; Walsingham and Randolph in 1591; Hatton in 1592; Grey de 
+    Wilton in 1593; Knollys and Hunsdon in 1596. Of the trusty servants with 
+    whom she began her reign, Burghley alone remained. The leading men of the 
+    new generation were Robert Cecil, the Treasurer's second son, trained to 
+    business under his father's eye, and of qualities similar, though inferior; 
+    Nottingham (formerly Howard of Effingham), a straightforward man of no great 
+    ability, but acceptable to the Queen for his father's services and his own 
+    (and not the less so for his fine presence); the accomplished Buckhurst; the 
+    brilliant Raleigh; and, younger than the rest, Essex. The last was the son 
+    of a man much favoured by Elizabeth. Leicester was his step-father, Knollys 
+    his grandfather, Hunsdon his great-uncle, Walsingham his father-in-law, 
+    Burghley his guardian. Ardent, impulsive, presumptuous, a warm friend, a 
+    rancorous enemy, profuse in expense, lawless in his amours, jealous of his 
+    equals, brooking no superior, impatient of all rule or order that delayed 
+    him from leaping at once to the highest place,--he was possessed with a most 
+    exaggerated notion of his own capacity, which appears to have been only 
+    moderate. As the ward of Burghley he had been much in the company of his 
+    future enemy, Robert Cecil, whose sly prim ways were most unlike his own. 
+    The contrast did him no harm with the public, to whom the younger man was a 
+    Tom Jones and the elder a Blifil. Two vastly abler men, Francis Bacon and 
+    Raleigh, less advantageously placed, but unhampered with any scruples, were 
+    busily trying to profit by the all-pervading animosity of Cecil and Essex.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Belonging, as Essex did by his connections, 
+    to the inner circle who stood closest to Elizabeth, it was natural that she 
+    should take an interest in him, and give him opportunities for turning his 
+    showy qualities to account. In 1586 he was sent to the Low Countries as 
+    general of cavalry under his step-father, Leicester. He distinguished 
+    himself by his fiery valour in the expeditions to Spain, and as commander of 
+    the English army in France, though he does not seem to have had any real 
+    military talent. But Elizabeth's regard for him was soon shaken by his 
+    presumptuous and unruly behaviour. When he fought a duel with Sir Charles 
+    Blount because she had conferred some favour on the latter, she swore &amp;quot;by 
+    God's death it were fitting some one should take him down and teach him 
+    better manners, or there were no rule with him.&amp;quot; He displeased her by his 
+    quarrels with Cecil and Effingham, and his discontented grumbling. She was 
+    highly dissatisfied with his management of the Azores expedition in 1597. In 
+    July 1598, at a meeting of the Council, she was provoked by his insolence to 
+    strike him; and though after three months he obtained his pardon, he never 
+    regained her favour. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was at this time that Burghley died (4 
+    August), in his seventy-eighth year. Elizabeth, though she could call him &amp;quot;a 
+    froward old fool&amp;quot; about a trifling matter ( March 1596), could not but feel 
+    that much was changed when she lost the able and faithful servant who had 
+    worked with her for forty years. &amp;quot;She seemeth to take it very grievously, 
+    shedding of tears and separating herself from all company.&amp;quot; Buckhurst was 
+    the new Treasurer. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Essex had for some time cast his eyes on 
+    Ireland as a field where glory and power might be won. There can be little 
+    doubt that he was already speculating on the advantage that the possession 
+    of an army might give him in any difficulty with his rivals or with the 
+    Queen herself. Cecil perfidiously advocated his appointment to a post which 
+    had been the grave of so many reputations. The Queen at length consented, 
+    though reluctantly. Essex was a popular favourite. He had managed--it is not 
+    very clear how--to win the confidence of both Puritans and Papists. The 
+    general belief was that, for the first time since she had mounted the 
+    throne, Elizabeth was afraid of one of her subjects. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;During the whole of the reign Ireland had 
+    been a cause of trouble and anxiety. Elizabeth's treatment of that unhappy 
+    country was not more creditable or successful than that of other English 
+    statesmen before and after her. There was the same absence of any systematic 
+    policy steadily carried out, the same wearisome and disreputable alternation 
+    between bursts of savage repression and intervals of pusillanimity, 
+    concession, and neglect. In the competition of the various departments of 
+    the public service for attention and expenditure, Ireland generally came 
+    last. All other needs had to be served first whether at home or abroad.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the early years of the reign the chief 
+    trouble lay in Ulster, then the most purely Celtic part of Ireland, and 
+    practically retouched by English conquest. Twice, in her weariness of the 
+    struggle with Shan O'Neill, Elizabeth conceded to him something like a 
+    subkingship of Ulster in return for his nominal submission. In the end he 
+    was beaten, and his head was fixed on the walls of Dublin Castle (1566). But 
+    nothing further was done to anglicise Ulster. During the attempt of the 
+    Devonshire adventurers to colonise South Munster (1569-71), and the 
+    consequent rebellion, the northern province remained an unconcerned 
+    spectator. Nor did it join in the great Desmond rising (1579-83), which, 
+    with the insurrection of the Catholic lords of the Pale and the landing of 
+    the Pope's Italians at Smerwick, was the Irish branch of the threefold 
+    attack on Elizabeth directed by Gregory XIII. The attempt of the elder Essex 
+    to colonise Antrim (1573-75) was a disastrous failure, and Ulster still 
+    remained practically independent of the Dublin Government. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The most successful Deputy of the reign was 
+    Perrot (1584-87), a valiant soldier and strict ruler, who, after long 
+    experience in the Irish wars, had come to the conclusion that what Ireland 
+    most wanted was justice. The native chiefs, released from the constant dread 
+    of spoliation, and finding that English encroachment was repressed as 
+    inflexibly as Irish disorder, became quiet and friendly. But this system did 
+    not suit the dominant race. The Deputy was accused to the Queen of seeking 
+    to betray the country to the Irish and the Spaniard. Recalled, and put upon 
+    his trial for treason, he was found guilty on suborned evidence, and 
+    sentenced to death. It is usually said that his real offence was some 
+    disrespectful language about the Queen, which he confessed. But it seems 
+    that she forbore to take his life precisely because she would not have it 
+    thought that she was influenced by personal resentment. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;His successor, Fitzwilliam, was a Deputy of 
+    the old sort--greedy, violent, careless of consequences, and always acting 
+    on the principle that, as against an Englishman, a Celt had no rights. The 
+    execution of MacMahon in Monaghan, and the confiscation of his lands on a 
+    trivial pretext, alarmed the North. Ulster had not been bled white like the 
+    rest of Ireland. The O'Neills had a nephew of their old hero Shan for their 
+    chief, who had been brought up at the English Court and made Earl of Tyrone 
+    by Elizabeth. An educated and remarkably able man, he had none of his 
+    uncle's illusions. He clung to his ancestral rights and dignity, but he 
+    hoped to preserve them by zealously discharging his obligations as a vassal 
+    of the Queen. He served in the war against Desmond, and exerted himself to 
+    maintain order in Ulster. But he had no mind to sink into the position of a 
+    mere dignified land-owner like the English nobles; nor indeed, under such a 
+    Deputy as Fitzwilliam, was he likely to preserve even his lands if he lost 
+    his power. Rather than that, he determined to enter into what he knew was a 
+    most unequal struggle, on the off-chance of pulling through by help from 
+    Spain. It is clear that he was driven into rebellion against his 
+    inclination. But when he had once drawn the sword he maintained the struggle 
+    against one Deputy after another with wonderful tenacity and resource. For 
+    the first time in Irish history, the rebel forces were disciplined and armed 
+    like those of the crown, and stood up to them in equal numbers on equal 
+    terms. At length, in August 1598, Tyrone inflicted upon Sir Henry Bagnall 
+    near Armagh the severest defeat that the English had ever suffered in 
+    Ireland; slaying 1500 of his men, and capturing all his artillery and 
+    baggage. Insurrections at once broke out all over Ireland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was the situation with which Essex 
+    undertook to deal. He had loudly blamed other Deputies for not vigorously 
+    attacking Tyrone in his own country. Vigour was the one military quality 
+    which he himself possessed. He went with the title of Lieutenant and 
+    Governor-General, and with extraordinary powers, at the head of 21,000 
+    men--such an army as had never been sent to Ireland (April 1599). The Queen, 
+    who trembled at the expense, and did not wish to see any of her nobles, 
+    least of all Essex, permanently established in a great military command, 
+    enjoined him to push at once into Ulster, as he had himself proposed, and 
+    finish the war. Instead of doing this, he went south into districts that had 
+    been depopulated and desolated by the savage warfare of the last thirty 
+    years. Even here he met with discreditable reverses. When he got back to 
+    Dublin (July) his army was reduced by disease and desertion to less than 
+    5000 men. Disregarding the Queen's express prohibition, he made his friend 
+    Southampton General of horse. When she censured his bad management, he 
+    replied with impertinent complaints about the favour she was showing to 
+    Cecil, Raleigh, and Cobham, and began to consult with his friends about 
+    carrying selected troops over to England to remove them. Rumours of his 
+    intention to return reached the Queen. &amp;quot;We do charge you,&amp;quot; she wrote, &amp;quot;as 
+    you tender our pleasure, that you adventure not to come out of that 
+    kingdom.&amp;quot; He declared that he could not invade Ulster without 
+    reinforcements. They were sent, and at length he marched into Louth 
+    (September). There he was met by Tyrone, who, in an interview, completely 
+    twisted him round his finger, and obtained a cessation of arms and the 
+    promise of concessions amounting to what would now be called Home Rule. A 
+    few days later, on receipt of an angry letter from the Queen forbidding him 
+    to grant any terms without her permission, he deserted his post and hurried 
+    to England. The first notice Elizabeth received of this astounding piece of 
+    insubordination was his still more astounding incursion into her bedroom, 
+    all muddy from his ride, before she was completely dressed (28 September 
+    1599). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth seems to have been so much taken 
+    aback by the Earl's unparalleled presumption, that she did not blaze out as 
+    might have been expected. She gave him audience an hour or two later, and 
+    heard what he had to say. Probably he adopted an injured tone as usual, and 
+    inveighed against &amp;quot;that knave Raleigh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;that sycophant Cobham.&amp;quot; But his 
+    insubordination had been gross, and no talking could make it anything else. 
+    It was more dangerous than Leicester's disobedience in 1586, because it came 
+    from a vastly more dangerous person. The same afternoon the Queen referred 
+    the matter to the Council. Essex was put under arrest, and never saw her 
+    again. The more she reflected, the more indignant and alarmed she became. 
+    &amp;quot;By God's son,&amp;quot; she said to Harington, &amp;quot;I am no Queen; this man is above 
+    me.&amp;quot; After a delay of nine months, occasioned by his illness, the fallen 
+    favourite was brought before a special Commission on the charge of contempt 
+    and disobedience, and sentenced to be suspended from his offices and 
+    confined to his house during the Queen's pleasure (June 1600). In a few 
+    weeks he was released from arrest, but he could not obtain permission to 
+    appear at court, though he implored it in most abject letters. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There are persons who consider themselves to 
+    be intolerably wronged and persecuted if they cannot have precedence and 
+    power over their fellow-citizens. Essex was such a person. Instead of being 
+    thankful that he had escaped the punishment which under most sovereigns he 
+    would have suffered, he entered into criminal plots for coercing, if not 
+    overthrowing, the Queen. He urged the Scotch King to enforce the recognition 
+    of his title by arms. He tried to persuade Mountjoy, his successor in 
+    Ireland, to carry his army to Scotland to co-operate with James. These 
+    intrigues were not known to the Government. But it did not escape 
+    observation that he was collecting men of the sword in the neighbourhood of 
+    his house; that he was holding consultations with suspected nobles and 
+    gentlemen (some of whom were afterwards engaged in the Gunpowder Plot); that 
+    the Puritan clergy were preaching and praying for his cause; and that there 
+    was a certain ferment in the city. Essex was therefore summoned to attend 
+    before the Council. Instead of obeying, he flew to arms, with Lords 
+    Southampton, Rutland, Sandys, Cromwell, and Monteagle, and about 300 
+    gentlemen. But the citizens of London did not respond to his appeal, and the 
+    insurrection was easily suppressed, less than a dozen persons being slain on 
+    both sides (8 February 1601). A more senseless and profligate attempt to 
+    overthrow a good government it would be difficult to find in history. It was 
+    not dignified by any semblance of principle, and it would sufficiently stamp 
+    the character of its author, even if it stood alone as an evidence of his 
+    vanity, egotism, and want of common sense. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The trial and execution of the principal 
+    malefactor followed as a matter of course and without delay (February 25). 
+    It would have been scandalous to spare him. Elizabeth had once been fond of 
+    him, and had no reason to be ashamed of it. To talk of her &amp;quot;passion&amp;quot; and her 
+    &amp;quot;amorous inclination,&amp;quot; as Hume and others have done, is revolting and 
+    malignant nonsense. It is creditable to old age when it can take pleasure in 
+    the unfolding of bright and promising youth. But royal favour was not good 
+    for such a man as Essex. It developed the worst features in his showy but 
+    faulty character. As he steadily deteriorated, her regard cooled; but so 
+    much of it remained that she tried to amend him by chastisement, &amp;quot;ad 
+    correctionem,&amp;quot; as she said, &amp;quot;non ad ruinam.&amp;quot; She had long before warned him 
+    that, though she had put up with much disrespect to her person, he must not 
+    touch her sceptre, or he would be dealt with according to the law of 
+    England. She was as good as her word, and, though the memory of it was 
+    painful to her, there is not the smallest evidence that she ever repented of 
+    having allowed the law to take its course. Only three of the accomplices of 
+    Essex were punished capitally. The five peers, none of them powerful or 
+    formidable, experienced Elizabeth's accustomed clemency. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It has been suggested by an admirer of Essex 
+    that he failed in Ireland because his &amp;quot;sensitively attuned nature&amp;quot; shrank 
+    from the systematic desolation and starvation afterwards employed by his 
+    successor. No evidence is offered for this suggestion. In a letter to the 
+    Queen (25 June 1599) he advocates &amp;quot;burning and spoiling the country &lt;i&gt;in 
+    all places&lt;/i&gt;,&amp;quot; which method &amp;quot;shall starve the rebels in one year.&amp;quot; This 
+    course Mountjoy carried out. With means far inferior to those of Essex, and 
+    notwithstanding the landing of 3000 Spaniards at Kinsale (September 1601), 
+    he was the first Englishman who completely subdued Ireland. Tyrone 
+    surrendered a few days before the Queen's death. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Little has been said in these pages about 
+    parliamentary proceedings. The real history of the reign does not lie there. 
+    The country was governed wholly by the Queen, with the advice of her 
+    Council, and not at all by Parliament. In the forty-five years of her reign 
+    there were only thirteen sessions of Parliament. The functions of Parliament 
+    were to vote grants of money when the ordinary revenues of the crown were 
+    insufficient, and to make laws. Its right in these matters was unquestioned. 
+    If the Queen had never wanted subsidies or penal laws against her political 
+    and religious opponents (of other laws she often said there were more than 
+    enough already), it would never have been summoned at all; nor is there any 
+    reason to suppose that the country would have complained as long as it was 
+    governed with prudence and success. In fact, to do without Parliaments was 
+    distinctly popular, because it meant doing without subsidies. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the thirty years preceding the Armada--the 
+    sessions of Parliament being nine--Elizabeth applied for only eight 
+    subsidies, and of one of them a portion was remitted. By her economy she not 
+    only defrayed the expenses of government out of the ordinary revenue, which, 
+    at the end of the reign was about Â£300,000 a year, but paid off old debts. 
+    It was not till the twenty-fourth year of her reign that she discharged the 
+    last of her father's debts, up to which time she had been paying interest on 
+    it. Subsequently she even accumulated a small reserve, which, as she told 
+    Parliament, was a most necessary thing if she was not to be driven to borrow 
+    on sudden emergency. But this reserve vanished immediately she became 
+    involved in the great war with Spain; and during the last fifteen years of 
+    her life, although she received twelve subsidies, she was always in 
+    difficulty for money. She had to sell crown lands to the value of Â£372,000. 
+    Parliament, which had voted the usual single subsidies without complaint, 
+    grumbled and pretended poverty when she asked for three and even four. 
+    Bacon's famous outburst (1593) about gentlemen having to sell their plate 
+    and farmers their brass pots to pay the tax, was a piece of claptrap. The 
+    nation was, relatively to former times, rolling in wealth. But the old 
+    belief had still considerable strength--that government being the affair of 
+    the King, not of his subjects, he should provide for its expenses out of his 
+    hereditary income, just as they paid their private expenses out of their 
+    private incomes; that he had no more claim to dip into their pockets than 
+    they had to dip into his; and that a subsidy, as its name imports, was an 
+    occasional and extraordinary assistance furnished as a matter not of duty 
+    but of good-will. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This might have been healthy doctrine when 
+    kings were campaigning on the Continent for personal or dynastic objects. It 
+    was out of place when a large expenditure was indispensable for the 
+    interests and safety of the country. The grumbling, therefore, about 
+    taxation towards the end of the reign was unreasonable and discreditable to 
+    the grumblers. The Queen met them with her usual good sense. She explained 
+    to them--though, as she correctly said, she was under no constitutional 
+    obligation to do so--how the money went, what she had spent on the Spanish 
+    war, on Ireland, and in loans to the Dutch and the French King. The plea was 
+    unanswerable. Her private expenditure was on a very modest scale. In 
+    particular she had never indulged in that besetting and costly sin of 
+    princes, palace-building; and this at a time when the noble mansions which 
+    still testify to the wealth of the England of that day were rising in every 
+    county. Her only extravagance was dress. Some have carped at her collection 
+    of jewelry. But jewels, like the silver balustrades of Frederick William I., 
+    were a mode of hoarding, and in her later years she reconverted jewels into 
+    money to meet the expenses of the State. Modern writers, who so airily blame 
+    her for not subsidising more liberally her Scotch, Dutch, and French allies, 
+    would find it difficult, if they condescended to particulars, to explain how 
+    she was able to give them as much money as she did. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It is common to make much of the debate on 
+    monopolies in the last Parliament of Elizabeth (1601), as showing the rise 
+    of a spirit of resistance to the royal prerogative. I do not think that the 
+    report of that debate would convey such an impression to any one reading it 
+    without preconceived views. None of the speakers contested the prerogative. 
+    They only complained that it was being exercised in a way prejudicial to the 
+    public interest. If the monopolies had been unimportant, or if the patentees 
+    had used their privilege less greedily, there would evidently have been no 
+    complaint as to the principle involved. No course of action was decided on, 
+    because the Queen intervened by a message in which she stated that she had 
+    not been aware of the abuses prevailing, that she was as indignant at them 
+    as Parliament could be, and that she would put a stop, not to monopolies, 
+    but to such as were injurious. With this message the House of Commons was 
+    more than satisfied. As a matter of fact monopolies went on till dealt with 
+    by the declaratory statute in the twenty-first year of James I. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If the last Tudor handed down the English 
+    Constitution to the first Stuart as she had received it from her 
+    predecessors, unchanged either in theory or practice, it was far otherwise 
+    with the English Church. There are two conflicting views as to the 
+    historical position of the Church in this country. According to one it was, 
+    all through the Middle Age, National as well as Catholic. The changes which 
+    took place at the Reformation made no difference in that respect, and 
+    involved no break in its continuity. It is not a Protestant Church. It is 
+    still National and still Catholic, resting on precisely the same 
+    foundations, and existing by the same title as it did in the days of Dunstan 
+    and Becket. According to the other view, the epithets National and Catholic 
+    are contradictory. A Church which undergoes radical changes of government, 
+    worship, and doctrine is no longer the same Church but a new one, and must 
+    be held to have been established by the authority which prescribed these 
+    changes, which, in this case, was the Queen and Parliament. The word 
+    &amp;quot;Protestant&amp;quot; was avoided in its formularies to make conformity easier for 
+    Catholics; but it is a Protestant Church all the same. Whichever of these 
+    views is nearer to the truth, it cannot be denied that, by the legislation 
+    of Elizabeth the English Church became--what it was not in the Middle Age--a 
+    spiritual organisation entirely dependent on the State. This it remains 
+    still; the supremacy having been virtually transferred from the crown to 
+    Parliament in the next century. I shall not venture to inquire how far this 
+    condition of dependence has affected its ability and inclination to perform 
+    the part of a true spiritual power. It is enough to say that no act of will 
+    on the part of any English statesman has had such important and lasting 
+    consequences, for good or for evil, as the decision of Elizabeth to make the 
+    Church of England what it is. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We have seen that the government and worship 
+    of the Church were established by &lt;i&gt;Act of Parliament in 1559&lt;/i&gt;, and its 
+    doctrines in 1571. But when once Elizabeth had placed her ecclesiastical 
+    powers beyond dispute, by obtaining statutory sanction for them, she allowed 
+    no further interference by Parliament. All its attempts, even at mere 
+    discussion of ecclesiastical matters, she peremptorily suppressed. She 
+    supplied any further legislation that was needed by virtue of her supremacy, 
+    and she exercised her ecclesiastical government by the Court of High 
+    Commission. The new Anglican model was acquiesced in by the majority of the 
+    nation. But it had, at first, no hearty support except from the Government. 
+    The earnest religionists were either Catholics or Puritans. The object of 
+    Elizabeth was to compel these two extreme parties to outward conformity of 
+    worship. What their real beliefs were she did not care. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The large majority of the Catholics showed a 
+    loyal and patriotic spirit at the time of the Armada. But they were not 
+    treated with confidence by the Government. Great numbers of them were 
+    imprisoned or confined in the houses of Protestant gentlemen, by way of 
+    precaution, when the Armada was approaching. No Catholic, I believe, was 
+    intrusted with any command either by land or sea; and after the danger was 
+    over, the persecution, in all its forms, became sharper than ever. There was 
+    the less reason for this, inasmuch as it was no secret that the secular 
+    priests and the great majority of the English Catholics had become bitterly 
+    hostile to the small Jesuitical faction whose treasonable conspiracies had 
+    brought so much trouble on their loyal co-religionists. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The term &amp;quot;Puritan&amp;quot; is used loosely, though 
+    conveniently, to designate several shades of belief, By far the larger 
+    number of those to whom it is applied were, and meant to remain, members of 
+    the Established Church. They objected to certain ceremonies and vestments. 
+    They hoped to procure the abolition of these, and, in the meantime, evaded 
+    them when they could. They were what would now be called the Evangelical or 
+    Low Church party. They held Calvin's distinctive doctrines on 
+    predestination, as indeed did most of the bishops; but though preferring his 
+    Presbyterian organisation, or something like it, they did not treat it as 
+    essential. They were broadly distinguished from the Brownists or 
+    Independents, then an insignificant minority, who held each congregation to 
+    be a church, and therefore protested against the establishment of any 
+    national church. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Though Elizabeth persecuted the Catholics 
+    with a severity steadily increasing in proportion as they became less 
+    numerous and formidable, she remained to the last anxious to make conformity 
+    easy for them. This was her reason for so obstinately refusing the 
+    concessions in the matter of ritual and vestments-trifling as they appear to 
+    the modern mind--which would have satisfied almost the whole of the Puritan 
+    party. This policy (for policy it assuredly was rather than conviction), 
+    which drove the most earnest Protestants into an attitude of opposition 
+    destined in the next two reigns to have such serious consequences, has been 
+    severely censured. But there can be no question that it did answer the 
+    purpose she had in view, which for the moment was most important. It did 
+    induce great numbers of Catholics to conform. She avoided a civil war in her 
+    own time between Catholics and Anglicans at the price of a civil war later 
+    on between Anglicans and Puritans. Looking at the great drama as a whole, 
+    perhaps the Puritans of the Great Rebellion might congratulate themselves on 
+    the part that Elizabeth chose to play in its earlier acts. It cannot be 
+    doubted that a civil war in the sixteenth century between Catholics and 
+    Protestants would have been waged with far more ferocity than was displayed 
+    by either Cavaliers or Roundheads, and would have been attended with the 
+    horrors of foreign invasion. To conciliate the earnest religionists on both 
+    sides was impossible. Elizabeth chose the &lt;i&gt;via media&lt;/i&gt;, and the 
+    successful equilibrium which she maintained during nearly half a century 
+    proves that she hit upon what in her own day was the true centre of gravity.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But while doing justice to Elizabeth's 
+    insight and prudence, we may not excuse her extreme severity to the 
+    nonconformists of either party. It was not necessary. It seems to have been 
+    even impolitic. It arose from her arbitrary temper--from a quality, that is 
+    to say, valuable in a ruler, but apt, in great rulers, to be somewhat in 
+    excess. I have condemned her persecution of the Catholics. Her persecution 
+    of the Protestant nonconformists was marked by even greater injustice. 
+    Against the Catholics it might at least be urged that their opinions 
+    logically led to disloyalty. But the Independents, Barrow, Greenwood, and 
+    Penry, were indisputably loyal men. They were put to death nominally for 
+    spreading writings which, contrary to common sense, were held to be 
+    seditious, but really for their religious opinions, which, in the case of 
+    the first two, were extracted from them by the interrogatories of Archbishop 
+    Whitgift, an Inquisitor as strenuous and merciless as Torquemada. Some of 
+    the Council, especially Burghley and Knollys, were strongly opposed to 
+    Whitgift's proceedings. It must therefore be assumed that he had the Queen's 
+    personal approval. She had committed herself to a struggle with intrepid and 
+    obstinate men. The crowded gaols were a visible demonstration that she could 
+    not compel them to submit; and to hang them all was out of the question. An 
+    Act was therefore passed in 1593, by which those who would not promise to 
+    attend church were to be banished the country. Thus most of the Independents 
+    were at last got rid of. The non-separatist Puritans, who aimed at less 
+    radical changes, and hoped to effect them, if not under their present 
+    sovereign, yet under her successor, kept on the windy side of the law, 
+    attending church once a month, and not entering till the service was nearly 
+    over. Thus, at the end of her reign, Elizabeth perhaps flattered herself 
+    that she was within measurable distance of religious uniformity. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwelve.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    XII: Last Years and Death: 1601-1603&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082629&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082629&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01bf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01bf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01bf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4703</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">letters of the six wives of Henry VIII Katharine Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Katharine Parr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Letters written by the Six Wives of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01bfdd9bd0362b801ea07243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01bf.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">letters2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">letters.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;TABLE height=698 cellSpacing=8 cellPadding=0 width=776 border=0&gt;
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=12 height=150&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=center noWrap width=340 height=150&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;IMG height=90 
+      alt=&quot;Letters written by the six wives of Henry VIII&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/letters2.gif&quot; width=414&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=center width=141 height=150&gt;&lt;IMG height=172 
+      alt=&quot;portrait of Catherine Howard by Holbein&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/letters.jpg&quot; width=170&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=18 height=150&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=226 height=150&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=12 height=532&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=481 colSpan=2 height=532&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Katharine 
+      of Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter1.html&quot;&gt;to her father, King 
+      Ferdinand II of Aragon, 2 December 1505&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter2.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, 16 September 1513&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter3.html&quot;&gt;to her daughter, 
+      Princess Mary, April 1534&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter4.html&quot;&gt;to the Imperial 
+      ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter5.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, 7 January 1536&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter6.html&quot;&gt;to King Henry VIII, 
+      late summer 1526&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter7.html&quot;&gt;to Cardinal Thomas 
+      Wolsey, mid-summer 1528&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter8.html&quot;&gt;to Cardinal Thomas 
+      Wolsey, 1529&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter9.html&quot;&gt;to Thomas Cromwell, 
+      1535&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;to 
+      her husband, King Henry VIII, May 1536&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Jane Seymour&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter11.html&quot;&gt;to the Privy Council, 
+      12 October 1537&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, 11 July 1540&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;to Thomas Culpeper, 
+      spring 1541&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Katharine Parr&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter14.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, July 1544&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter15.html&quot;&gt;to the Privy Council, 
+      25 July 1544&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter16.html&quot;&gt;to her stepdaughter, 
+      Princess Mary, 20 September 1544&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;sources:&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;Letters of the Queens 
+      of England, 1100-1547, ed by Anne Crawford&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;Lives 
+      of the Queens of England, by Agnes Strickland&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-2&gt;Catherine of Aragon, by Garrett Mattingly&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-2&gt;Anne Boleyn, by Norah Lofts&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;A Tudor 
+      Tragedy, by LB Smith&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=18 height=532&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=226 height=532&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Read the biographies of the Tudor 
+      queens -&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;visit the &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;The Six Wives 
+      of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt; main page.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082572&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082572&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01c4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01c4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01c4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12852</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Are you conducting research?</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c48790ee9421e150a9b032</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Are you conducting research for a paper/project?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Conducting research for a paper or project can be a rewarding 
+  academic experiment.&amp;nbsp; It's a bit like detective work - your teacher or 
+  professor tells you to write about a subject, and off you go....&amp;nbsp; You 
+  have to wade through tons of information, and then - out of thousands of words 
+  - decide what to include in your paper or project.&amp;nbsp; It can be 
+  frustrating, and sometimes boring, but you're guaranteed to learn (and that 
+  is, after all, the ultimate goal of education.) &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;The first step&lt;/B&gt; is the most obvious - &lt;B&gt;choosing a topic&lt;/B&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Choose something which interests you!&amp;nbsp; Research can be fun if you're 
+  actually interested in the topic.&amp;nbsp; But if you're not, it can be boring 
+  and frustrating. &lt;BR&gt;Now quite often you can't choose your topic.&amp;nbsp; But 
+  even if you don't have a choice, the right attitude is important.&amp;nbsp; Don't 
+  look at the research as a chore - look at it as an opportunity to learn new 
+  things which may be useful to you one day.&amp;nbsp; Who knows?&amp;nbsp; The love of 
+  your life might turn out to be a Tudor fanatic. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Once you're topic has been chosen, you're ready for &lt;B&gt;step two&lt;/B&gt; - 
+  &lt;B&gt;background reading&lt;/B&gt;! &lt;BR&gt;Read a general introduction to your topic, 
+  either in your textbook or an encyclopedia.&amp;nbsp; This will only take a little 
+  while, and it's invaluable. &lt;BR&gt;After all, if you're doing a paper on Henry 
+  VIII, it helps to have read a brief biography of his life.&amp;nbsp; Then, while 
+  you're doing more specialized research, you can place the research in its 
+  proper context. &lt;BR&gt;If you want to do further reading on Tudor history, please 
+  visit the &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbiblio.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+  Bibliography&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It's a list of the works I used to create this site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Background research leads to &lt;B&gt;step three&lt;/B&gt; - &lt;B&gt;narrow your topic to 
+  acceptable limits&lt;/B&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;If you only have to write a 3-5 page paper, don't 
+  choose something like the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; Instead, choose a particular 
+  aspect of the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; A good idea is to do background reading, and 
+  write down some 'key words'.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps one of the 'key words' will become 
+  your final topic. &lt;BR&gt;Another idea is to use the 'key words' to make questions 
+  or statements.&amp;nbsp; If you're writing about the Reformation in England, you 
+  could write the following - The Reformation in England was different than the 
+  Reformation in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Or, Was the Reformation in England different 
+  than the Reformation in Germany? &lt;BR&gt;Answering such questions, or finding 
+  support for the statements, can guide your research.&amp;nbsp; Create as many 
+  questions and statements as you need. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Once you have narrowed your topic, move on to &lt;B&gt;step four&lt;/B&gt; - &lt;B&gt;more 
+  background research&lt;/B&gt;! &lt;BR&gt;Once again, head for the encyclopedias.&amp;nbsp; 
+  They will give you a summary of the narrowed topic and familiarize you with 
+  the major themes and vocabulary you will encounter later. &lt;BR&gt;Also, most 
+  encyclopedias include a bibliography which lists the major scholarly works 
+  related to your topic.&amp;nbsp; Once you have that list, head to the library and 
+  use the internet. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;And keep it simple!&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Whenever you're writing a paper, always keep 
+  its length in mind.&amp;nbsp; A short paper (3-5 pages) doesn't require the same 
+  amount of research as a longer paper.&amp;nbsp; Don't make yourself work harder. 
+  &lt;BR&gt;If you're interested in a topic beyond what you can include in the paper, 
+  that's great - but immerse yourself in the topic during personal time.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Don't let your paper become more than you can handle.&amp;nbsp; And too much 
+  detail can drown your topic  and lower your grade.&amp;nbsp; It's natural to want 
+  to impress your teacher or professor with the breadth of your knowledge, but 
+  too much detail can actually be harmful to the presentation of a clear, 
+  concise argument. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you start feeling lost or confused, talk to your teacher.&amp;nbsp; After 
+  all, they know exactly what they want in a paper. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And now some information about using my sites for research, or the internet 
+  in general.... &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;U&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Help for students conducting research on the 'World Wide 
+  Web'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/U&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Conducting research on the internet can be a tricky and confusing 
+  experience.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for us all, the Department of English at Saint Louis 
+  University has created &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.slu.edu%2fdepartments%2fenglish%2fresearch&quot;&gt;a website to help 
+  everyone&lt;/A&gt; - please take the time to explore this valuable resource.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Also, I have collected information about 'Citing Electronic Sources'.&amp;nbsp; 
+  With these tools, you should be able to research and write about any topic - 
+  and use the internet as authoritatively as you use the library! &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you prefer to cut and paste links, the link to the Saint Louis 
+  University site is: &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.slu.edu%2fdepartments%2fenglish%2fresearch&quot;&gt;http://www.slu.edu/departments/english/research/&lt;/a&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Copyright 
+information for this website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I'm very happy that 
+so many people from all over the world use this site for research.&amp;nbsp; It's 
+the reason I created the site and continue to work on it.&amp;nbsp; Many of you have 
+written and asked how to cite my work in your papers and reports.&amp;nbsp; This is 
+the correct format based upon both the Turabian/Chicago and MLA styles:&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+Hanson, Marilee. &amp;quot;Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn.&amp;quot; &lt;i&gt;
+EnglishHistory.net&lt;/i&gt;. 2001. http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (7 
+May 2001).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You must change the article title to 
+reflect what you are quoting and&amp;nbsp; use the date you read the source here.
+&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Please visit the following sites to learn more - &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2flcweb2.loc.gov%2fammem%2fndlpedu%2fcite.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The LOC's 
+Citing Electronic Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt; page and the &lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.columbia.edu%2fcu%2fcup%2fcgos%2fidx%5fbasic.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Columbia University Press&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Let me clearly state that citing electronic sources is a valid form of 
+    research and accepted at most academic institutions.&amp;nbsp; And I would also 
+    like to reassure every visitor to the site that I have checked and 
+    double-checked every bit of information included on these pages. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Also, if you are citing 'Primary Sources', you do not need to know the 
+    original source of the 'primary source'.&amp;nbsp; Again, it is perfectly 
+    acceptable to cite an internet page as a source and every teacher should be 
+    aware of this - if they're not, tell them. &lt;BR&gt;As I've discovered over 
+    the years, simply because a book has its information printed on paper and 
+    bound in a nice cover doesn't mean it's accurate.&amp;nbsp; In fact, quite a few 
+    recently-published&amp;nbsp; history texts are woefully inaccurate and 
+    misleading.&amp;nbsp; So it is best to check and double-check your research, 
+    whether it comes from the internet or a library.&amp;nbsp; I recently wrote a 
+    rant about this - &lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fhistory.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;click here to read&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you have general questions about copyright law, &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2flcweb.gov%2fcopyright&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;go to this site&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; This is the 
+    homepage of the US Copyright Office; it contains information about 
+    international copyright law, too.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And now - 
+  &lt;B&gt;Copyright information&lt;/B&gt;....&amp;nbsp; boring but vital!&amp;nbsp; Here it is, in 
+  brief - &lt;B&gt;everything at this site was written by me 
+  (Marilee.)&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Therefore, I hold 
+  the copyright for all my original work. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And I take all the blame if it bores you to tears or 
+  confuses you endlessly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The site was created in 1997 and is updated regularly.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Visit the &lt;FONT color=#FFFFFF&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnew.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  page to find out the exact dates.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you need a 
+  last name to credit the site, please use Marilee Hanson.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I do not hold the sole copyright to anything at the &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;FONT color=#FFFFFF face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; 
+  section.&amp;nbsp; Those are original historical documents in the public domain 
+  which I collected and transcribed.&amp;nbsp; Yes, it was loads of work to type 
+  everything up, but they were simply transcribed (not written) by me.&amp;nbsp; 
+  That is why they're called 'Primary Sources'. &lt;BR&gt;I do hold the copyright on 
+  the electronic version of the texts, which I typed.&amp;nbsp; This is where the 
+  internet becomes confusing - essentially, the words are not mine but by virtue 
+  of transcribing them into electronic format, I own this particular version.&amp;nbsp; 
+  So I would ask that no one copies my hard work, at least without asking 
+  permission and/or giving me credit. &lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;As for graphics used here, copyright law allows the use of images for 
+  educational purposes, provided no profit is made and the image is not 
+  altered.&amp;nbsp; And since I did go to the considerable trouble of scanning the 
+  images, I like to be asked before someone 'borrows' them.&amp;nbsp; This simple 
+  act of courtesy goes a long way in the happy-go-lucky world of the internet.
+  &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you would like to learn more about the legal use of 
+  images, please click &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT color=#FFFFFF face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fart.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;here&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In the end, your visit to this site makes my work worthwhile. &lt;BR&gt;Thanks 
+  for visiting &amp;amp;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Copyright&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;write to 
+  me&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; with any specific questions/comments. 
+&lt;BR&gt;-Marilee&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to Lord 
+Byron&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to John Keats&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You can also visit this GeoCities site for additional help: &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fAthens%2fOracle%2f4184&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;How to Organize a Research 
+Paper and Document It with MLA Citations&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;And for further reading on Tudor England, &lt;BR&gt;visit the &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbiblio.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Tudor Bibliography&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt; - 
+&lt;BR&gt;a list of the works I used to create this site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082655&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082655&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1601</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs - Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c686dac3b780f66cc74436</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215249</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-correct.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizfinal.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-correct.gif&quot; width=&quot;535&quot; height=&quot;151&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfinal.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Click here to enter the Queen Elizabeth I website.&quot; width=&quot;248&quot; height=&quot;405&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082589&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082589&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">27511</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Katharine Katherine Catherine Parr sixth wife of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Katharine Katherine Catherine Parr sixth wife of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Katharine / Catherine / Katherine Parr: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c7a19cd2b780f66cc74fe6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215251</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parrcardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parrhorenbout.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parrbiography.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;588&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'They curse and ban my words
+everyday, and all their thoughts be set to do me harm....&amp;nbsp; I am so
+vexed that I am utterly weary.' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Katharine Parr in 1544, regarding Catholic attempts to discredit her&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parrcardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine Parr&quot; width=&quot;355&quot; height=&quot;97&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img height=&quot;324&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine Parr by Lucas Horenbout&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parrhorenbout.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;324&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Katharine Parr 
+      by Lucas Horenbout&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Katharine Parr was the sixth and last
+wife of King Henry VIII, destined to outlive the mercurial ruler.&amp;nbsp;
+She was already twice-widowed and childless when they wed in 1543; she
+was also in love with Thomas Seymour, the brother of Henry's third
+queen Jane.&amp;nbsp; But the king's will was law and Katharine bowed to
+his demands with grace.&amp;nbsp; She was an admirable wife to Henry and a
+loving stepmother to his two youngest children, Elizabeth and
+Edward.&amp;nbsp; She was also the most intellectual of Henry's wives,
+caught up in the turbulent religious climate of the times.&amp;nbsp; And it
+was this passionate interest in theology which nearly ended her life,
+for the king was old and sickly but still capable of destroying those
+closest to him.&amp;nbsp; Katharine saved herself and earned Henry's
+respect enough to be appointed Regent of England during his military
+campaign in Boulogne.&amp;nbsp; Upon his death in 1547, she married Seymour
+with indecent haste, the only one of four husbands she had chosen
+herself.&amp;nbsp; Her greatest achievement was the popularity of her
+devotional works; they were 16th century bestsellers and capture
+Katharine's complex and abiding piety.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html#Biography&quot;&gt; &lt;font
+ size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Katharine Parr.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Katharine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Katharine. &lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Katharine's life and times at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+          Interact&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk
+          &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by
+Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of
+the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Lord, hearken to my
+words.&amp;nbsp; Consider the thought of mine heart.&amp;nbsp; Behold, how loud
+I cry unto thee.&amp;nbsp; Let my just prayer enter into thine ears, which
+unfeignedly cometh from mine heart.&amp;nbsp; Hear me, Lord, for I am poor
+and destitute of man's help.&amp;nbsp; Take care for my soul.&amp;nbsp; Save
+me, thy servant, which wholly trust in thee.&amp;nbsp; Have mercy upon me,
+O Lord, for I will never cease crying to thee for help.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;a prayer written by Katharine Parr&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+After the debacle of his fifth marriage to a girl thirty years his
+junior, Henry VIII found himself in a novel position.&amp;nbsp; For the
+first time in his tangled marital career, a future wife was not waiting
+to be claimed.&amp;nbsp; The king turned fifty-one the year &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine
+Howard&lt;/a&gt; was executed; he was obese, often bedridden and in great
+pain.&amp;nbsp; His moods grew dark and vengeful.&amp;nbsp; The Tudor court
+vacillated between the opposing factions of Catholicism and the
+reformed faith; they waited expectantly for Henry to choose his next
+wife, knowing she would tip the balance in favor of one party.&amp;nbsp;
+But which?&amp;nbsp; And was there a woman at court who would risk marrying
+the elderly king? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The position of Queen was the greatest honor for an Englishwoman;
+but in the last years of Henry's reign, it was also the most dangerous
+honor.&amp;nbsp; After the humiliation of Catherine Howard's infidelity,
+Henry was determined his next wife would not dare cuckold him.&amp;nbsp;
+And so there was an interesting clause in the Act of Attainder which
+had condemned Catherine to death.&amp;nbsp; It stated that 'to avoid doubts
+for the future', anyone who knew anything 'incontinent' about the queen
+must reveal it - or be condemned for treason.&amp;nbsp; And if the king
+chose to marry a woman whom he 'took to be a pure and clean maid' and
+she turned out to be otherwise, the charge of treason would apply to
+both the woman and 'all who knew it and did not reveal it'.&amp;nbsp; In
+other words, you must speak up - either before or after the royal
+marriage - or die. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This new law was enough to frighten even the most seasoned
+courtier.&amp;nbsp; Before, the chance to parade a young girl before the
+king was a chance to make a family's fortune; now, it was merely a
+chance to risk death.&amp;nbsp; For who could be completely certain of a
+young woman's chastity?&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, who could trust the old
+king's judgment on the matter?&amp;nbsp; Henry had declared he 'somewhat
+suspected' the virginity of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves&lt;/a&gt;, but he had believed Catherine Howard to be a virgin when
+she was not.&amp;nbsp; If one was relying solely upon the king's word.....
+What if a chaste young woman did marry Henry and he then mistakenly
+declared she was 'incontinent'?&amp;nbsp; No one could impugn the word of
+the king, nor escape his wrath. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Understandably enough, the mood at court was hesitant and
+frightened.&amp;nbsp; And so when the king's eye turned favorably to one
+Lady Latimer, thirty-one years old and twice-widowed, courtiers
+breathed a sigh of relief and her family could safely encourage the
+royal interest.&amp;nbsp; After all, a widow need not prove her nebulous
+virginity to a credulous monarch. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine Parr, Lady Latimer, had many other admirable qualities
+which attracted the king.&amp;nbsp; She has the historical reputation of a
+doting stepmother and devoted scholar, but she&lt;img height=&quot;381&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine Parr by William Scrots, c1546&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parrbiography.jpg&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; was also a woman as dedicated to finery and
+amusements as any of Henry's previous wives.&amp;nbsp; And though
+twice-widowed, she was still twenty years younger than the king.&amp;nbsp;
+She was tall, vivacious and witty, with a kindly and sensible
+nature.&amp;nbsp; She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal and
+Maud Greene; Katharine was the eldest of three children, born probably
+in 1512, followed the next year by her brother William and a year later
+by her sister Anne.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Maud were courtiers during the
+early years of Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was knighted at the
+king's coronation in 1509 and Maud was a lady-in-waiting to his first
+queen, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
+of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; But Thomas died unexpectedly in 1517, and
+Katharine's mother dedicated herself to securing good marriages for her
+children.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was raised in Northamptonshire in the
+household of her uncle Sir William Parr.&amp;nbsp; Her education was good,
+but not comprehensive.&amp;nbsp; Later in life, she would undertake the
+difficult task of learning Greek and Latin; this was indicative of her
+genuine love and respect for scholarship, particularly with regard to
+women.&amp;nbsp; It was Katharine Parr who encouraged Elizabeth I's
+education, thus creating the most learned monarch in English
+history.&amp;nbsp; She also made John Cheke and Roger Ascham tutors to
+young Prince Edward; the influence of these Cambridge 'reformers' upon
+both Elizabeth and Edward was profound. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine's first marriage was in 1529; her mother died two years
+later.&amp;nbsp; Her first husband was young Edward Borough, son of a minor
+lord in Lincolnshire.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was childless and Edward, who
+had a history of lingering illness, died in 1532.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+next husband, John Neville, Lord Latimer, was forty years old, twice
+Katharine's age and with a son and daughter.&amp;nbsp; They wed in late
+spring 1533; Katharine was his third wife.&amp;nbsp; Latimer was a wealthy
+northern landowner and Katharine quickly adapted to her new lifestyle
+as mistress of a large household.&amp;nbsp; She also became - at the young
+age of twenty-one - the beloved stepmother of Latimer's daughter.&amp;nbsp;
+The most trying time of their marriage was the infamous Pilgrimage of
+Grace, which forced the conservative North against Henry VIII's
+religious policies.&amp;nbsp; Poor Latimer was torn between the demands of
+the rebels (who kidnapped him and, later, his wife and daughter) and
+those of his angry king.&amp;nbsp; Called to London to explain himself,
+Latimer was eventually cleared of complicity.&amp;nbsp; But his health was
+broken from the stress and never recovered.&amp;nbsp; Katharine began to
+spend more time in London, nursing her husband and visiting with her
+younger sister Anne.&amp;nbsp; Anne Parr had married William Herbert, the
+illegitimate grandson of the powerful earl of Pembroke, and was also a
+lady-in-waiting to Henry VIII's fourth and fifth wives.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine was still a young woman, and this time at court opened
+her eyes in many ways.&amp;nbsp; First, she was at last in the presence of
+healthy, dynamic men her own age; unlike her invalid husbands, these
+men were flirtatious and charming.&amp;nbsp; There was never a hint of
+impropriety in Katharine's actions, and she continued to nurse the
+ailing Lord Latimer with notable care and compassion.&amp;nbsp; But she
+would have been less than human if she did not notice the contrast
+between her life in northern England and the glittering, challenging
+court of Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She became increasingly interested in the theological debates of
+the court, but she also enjoyed its less intellectual pleasures -
+dancing, music, banquets, grand costumes.&amp;nbsp; When she became queen,
+this love of clothes and jewels would be indulged on the grandest
+scale.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;While Lord Latimer lingered on his deathbed throughout 1541 and
+1542, Katharine realistically assessed her future.&amp;nbsp; She would soon
+be a very wealthy widow, finally free to make her own choices and with
+the youth to enjoy them.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, she had fallen in love with
+the charming Thomas Seymour, brother of the late Queen Jane and uncle
+to Henry VIII's only male heir.&amp;nbsp; But she had also caught Henry
+VIII's jaded eye.&amp;nbsp; His first gifts to Katharine were delivered on
+16 February 1543, a year after Catherine Howard's execution.&amp;nbsp; On 2
+March, her husband Lord Latimer at last passed away.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+looked to Seymour as her future husband, to a life of passionate
+fulfillment rather than one of duty.&amp;nbsp; Seymour, meanwhile, took
+note of the king's interest and wisely stepped back.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so Katharine Parr once again followed a dutiful course,
+entering into a third marriage with an older, sickly husband.&amp;nbsp; But
+though she followed her duty, it was not an easy choice.&amp;nbsp; She
+wrote to Seymour, 'As truly as God is God, my mind was fully bent....
+to marry you before any man I know.'&amp;nbsp; But the will of God was
+different than her own, she continued, and after a great spiritual
+struggle, she had no choice but obedience.&amp;nbsp; She and Seymour parted
+with some promises for the future (after all, the king was ill and
+failing) and their feelings undiminished.&amp;nbsp; The ascendancy of the
+Parr family had now begun.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Events moved quickly.&amp;nbsp; She and Henry were married by Stephen
+Gardiner in the 'Queen's closet' at Hampton Court Palace on 12 July
+1543, with all the royal children present.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; The marriage was an immediate success.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine chose as her motto 'To be useful in all I do.'&amp;nbsp; And she
+had a truly endearing personality, as proven by the genuine affection
+which a variety of people felt for her.&amp;nbsp; To the king, she was the
+perfect companion and nursemaid; to his children, she was a loving
+stepmother.&amp;nbsp; As queen, she attracted those courtiers sympathetic
+to the reformed faith.&amp;nbsp; Her rooms became famous for their
+theological debates, a fact which soon incensed Stephen Gardiner and
+other Catholics.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When the king left for France on yet another expensive military
+campaign in July 1544, Katharine - his 'most dearly and most entirely
+beloved wife' - was made Regent of England.&amp;nbsp; The only other wife
+accorded this honor had been Henry's first, Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry returned in October to find his affairs in good order. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Their marriage had its physical side as well.&amp;nbsp; Though
+occasionally impotent, the king did consummate their marriage and
+Katharine was fond of ordering black satin nightdresses.&amp;nbsp; She
+would often sit with the king's sore leg in her lap, or in his lap
+herself.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed her dancing and they both loved music;
+they also exchanged rich gifts.&amp;nbsp; It was only when Katharine waded
+into the complicated morass of Tudor theology that she roused Henry's
+temper. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's religious beliefs remain confusing centuries later; one
+can only sympathize with his contemporaries who had to guess at them
+and hope for the best.&amp;nbsp; Raised a Catholic, Henry was forced to
+repudiate the papacy in order to marry Anne Boleyn; for several years
+afterwards, Protestants and Catholics alike were struck down by the
+king.&amp;nbsp; To lean too far one way or the other risked certain
+death.&amp;nbsp; As the king grew older, he came to appreciate the mess he
+had created.&amp;nbsp; Where did he stand?&amp;nbsp; Was he an ally of the
+Lutheran princes?&amp;nbsp; Or did he miss the faith of his youth?&amp;nbsp; It
+is probable that even Henry did not know the answer.&amp;nbsp; But even if
+he didn't know what he believed, he did know heresy when he heard it -
+or so he thought.&amp;nbsp; Encouraged by Gardiner and other Catholic
+councilors, he was soon persuaded that Katharine Parr was a heretic. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine was coming dangerously attracted to evangelical
+Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; Her companions were of a younger generation than
+the king, having grown up in the decades following Martin Luther's
+triumph in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Theology was no longer only the province of
+churchmen; the laity - and women especially - could now question and
+debate the most important issues for themselves.&amp;nbsp; As an
+intelligent woman with a deep love of scholarship, this new faith
+appealed to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There was no room for her in Catholicism,
+but she could be a guiding light for the reformers. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so she was, attracting Mile Coverdale, John Parkhurst, Anthony
+Cope and others.&amp;nbsp; She had also become close friends with Thomas
+Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury, and Catherine Willoughby, the
+duchess of Suffolk, another young wife of an elderly husband.&amp;nbsp;
+Both she and Katharine used their youthful energy in defense of the new
+faith. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;343&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine Parr or Lady Jane Grey?&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;170&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Perhaps the central belief of this new faith was the need for
+everyone to personally study the Bible.&amp;nbsp; This was a truly
+revolutionary idea; it also lessened the power of Henry VIII as Supreme
+Head of the Church of England since it encouraged his subjects to think
+for themselves.&amp;nbsp; Conservatives argued that reading the Bible only
+encouraged heresy.&amp;nbsp; But as Katharine wrote angrily, 'Is it not
+extreme wickedness to charge the holy sanctified word of God with the
+offenses of man?&amp;nbsp; To allege the Scriptures to be perilous learning
+because certain readers thereof fall into heresies?'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In May 1543, the king's council felt sufficiently alarmed by this
+permissive climate to pass the Act for the Advancement of the True
+Religion.&amp;nbsp; It was directed against the 'lower sort' who wished to
+study the Bible in English, either alone or in public.&amp;nbsp; It was
+later amended to allow noblewomen the right to read the Bible but they
+must do so alone and not engage in religious debate.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine, however, seemed content to ignore this warning.&amp;nbsp;
+The king was openly affectionate; foreign ambassadors wrote home in
+praise of her kindness; her stepchildren loved her.&amp;nbsp; She was
+secure in her position and unaware of any danger.&amp;nbsp; As patroness,
+she favored the reformers and also sought to protect those who fell
+from favor. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But in 1546, Baron Thomas Wriothesley was made Lord Chancellor; he
+was a conservative especially interested in stamping out heresy.&amp;nbsp;
+On 24 May 1546, the reformist Anne Askew was arrested and horribly
+tortured.&amp;nbsp; She had ties to court, particularly to the duchess of
+Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; But she refused to implicate the queen despite repeated
+questioning; Wriothesley and his secretary Richard Rich were personally
+involved in her torture.&amp;nbsp; On 16 July she was burnt at the stake
+for heresy.&amp;nbsp; Only a few days before, the Privy Council had ordered
+Katharine's estate books seized, presumably because she would soon be
+arrested and her property confiscated.&amp;nbsp; This indicates that her
+Catholic enemies felt confident the king would follow their lead in
+disposing of his sixth wife, much as he had destroyed &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; four years before.&amp;nbsp; And since the king possessed the
+disturbing quality of acting well to those he was about to destroy, his
+continued affection for Katharine did not worry them.&amp;nbsp; Katharine,
+however, was still lulled into a feeling of safety.&amp;nbsp; In response
+to Anne Askew's execution, she hurriedly threw out her most evangelical
+books - but that was all. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Around this time, Henry VIII was in a more irritable mood than
+usual.&amp;nbsp; His ulcerated leg had grown worse, as had the recurrent
+headaches.&amp;nbsp; Katharine made the mistake of engaging the king in
+theological discourse while he was physically unwell and under the
+influence of his conservative courtiers.&amp;nbsp; It nearly cost her her
+life. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Shortly after Anne Askew's execution, the royal couple were
+sitting in their usual position - the king's sore leg resting upon his
+wife's lap.&amp;nbsp; As she nursed him, Katharine began to lecture her
+husband on religion.&amp;nbsp; The king was in no mood for what he
+considered heresy, nor to be lectured by his wife.&amp;nbsp; It seemed
+Katharine's enemies had won.&amp;nbsp; But then the old king threw all into
+confusion, possibly on purpose.&amp;nbsp; He told his doctor, Thomas Wendy,
+that Katharine was about to be arrested and soon enough an anonymous
+courtier dropped a copy of the warrant outside Katharine's rooms.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen was devastated and immediately in fear for her
+life.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine went to the king's rooms and there he immediately began
+to discuss religion with her, in particular contradicting many of her
+reformist beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Recognizing the test, Katharine agreed with it
+all, telling Henry that 'women by their first creation were made
+subject to men' and that 'men out to instruct their wives, who would do
+all their learning from them'.&amp;nbsp; The king was 'a prince of such
+excellent learning and wisdom' that she would gladly follow his
+counsel.&amp;nbsp; But this appeal to Henry's vanity was not enough.&amp;nbsp;
+'You are become a doctor able to instruct us and not to be instructed
+by us,' the king said, referring to her earlier lecture.&amp;nbsp; But
+Katharine replied that he had 'much mistaken the freedom she had taken
+to argue with him', for she had only done it to learn from him and
+distract him from his illness.&amp;nbsp; 'And is it even so?' asked Henry,
+with a smile. 'Then Kate, we are friends again.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr
+had escaped. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But no one had told the king's council.&amp;nbsp; When Wriothesley and
+forty guards arrived to arrest Katharine the next day, the king himself
+beat them about the heads and shoulders, calling them foul names.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine was thus saved in a most public and spectacular fashion, and
+was soon gifted with more jewels and plate than before.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Her appeal to Henry's vanity saved her life and it also allowed
+the king to remind everyone who was the real master.&amp;nbsp; Wriothesley
+had sought to recreate the destruction of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;
+and Cromwell, using the king's temper to destroy his personal
+enemies.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII was of a mind to do otherwise.&amp;nbsp; He
+had long lamented the loss of Cromwell and he disliked any manipulation
+by his councilors.&amp;nbsp; By saving Katharine in such a public manner,
+he forced his courtiers to recognize his omnipotence and mutability. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But he was not indestructible.&amp;nbsp; The king's health began a
+decline in the spring of 1546 from which he only sporadically
+recovered.&amp;nbsp; By the winter, he was dangerously ill.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine's own position gained new prominence since upon Henry's death
+she would be the dowager queen.&amp;nbsp; She already had great influence
+over her stepson &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince
+Edward&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She continued to nurse Henry
+assiduously, but was sent away to Greenwich Palace with Mary and
+Elizabeth for Christmas celebrations.&amp;nbsp; She returned to London on
+10 January but never saw the king again.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII died in the
+early morning hours of 28 January 1547. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;After Henry's death, Thomas Seymour's elder brother Edward assumed
+the title Protector of the Kingdom, ruling in the name of his nine year
+old nephew.&amp;nbsp; Katharine, meanwhile, married Thomas with what others
+(including her royal stepchildren) felt was indecent haste.&amp;nbsp; The
+actual date is not known but Seymour referred to himself as her husband
+in a letter of 17 May.&amp;nbsp; The wedding took place in the moonlit
+gardens of Chelsea Manor.&amp;nbsp; Letters indicate that the ambitious
+Seymour pressed for a quick union.&amp;nbsp; As a dowager queen, Katharine
+was expected to behave perfectly; also, it was theoretically possible
+she was pregnant by Henry VIII. &amp;nbsp;For once, the always dutiful
+Katharine had acted impulsively. &amp;nbsp;She had given up Thomas Seymour
+once and would not do so again. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;For the new king's councilors, the marriage was a disaster.&amp;nbsp;
+They recognized Seymour's ambition even as Katharine fell even more
+deeply in love.&amp;nbsp; Edward Seymour's wife Anne Stanhope, now the
+duchess of Somerset, engaged in a petty battle of precedence with
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Also, there were arguments over Katharine's
+possessions, particularly jewelry which Henry VIII had given her.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, there was far happier news to distract her.&amp;nbsp; In late
+November 1547, thirty-five years old and childless through three
+previous marriages, Katharine Parr became pregnant. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;However, her pregnancy was not the happy triumph she had
+expected.&amp;nbsp; Her husband proved too forward with the young Princess
+Elizabeth and Katharine was forced to send her step-daughter
+away.&amp;nbsp; This breach hurt them both deeply.&amp;nbsp; The young &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt; remained with the household, however, for Seymour had
+'bought' her from her ambitious parents, hoping to marry her to Prince
+Edward. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine gave birth to a girl named Mary at Sudeley Castle in
+Gloucestershire on 30 August.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey stood as godmother to the
+infant, but the happy occasion took a quick turn for the worse.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine Parr soon fell victim to puerperal sepsis, or 'childbed
+fever', which had also killed Queen Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; She suffered
+painful delusions before sinking into calm, able to dictate her will
+and final wishes.&amp;nbsp; She died on 5 September, and Jane Grey acted as
+chief mourner at the funeral.&amp;nbsp; She was buried at Sudeley in St
+Mary's Church.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine's Parr life was always one of duty and kindness.&amp;nbsp;
+She left behind a formidable tradition of scholarship and religious
+devotion, as evidenced by her own books.&amp;nbsp; The great tragedy of her
+life was that, when finally able to marry for love, her happiness was
+all too brief. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Susan E. James wrote &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f1840146834%2fqid%3d1068483380%2fsr%3d1-1%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f1%2f103-9144463-8095031%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3dbooks&quot;&gt;
+a wonderful biography&lt;/a&gt; of Katharine in 1999.&lt;br&gt;
+It includes extensive selections from her letters to Thomas Seymour.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082571&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082571&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2164</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A discussion of question five from Tudor Quiz: Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01cf774f2d407164c30b50d9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01cf.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;In my many (too many) readings about Henry's checkered marital
+career, one thing always struck me - the constant back and forth between
+biographers/historians over the exact ending of his six marriages.&amp;nbsp;
+It's a common assumption that Henry divorced Katharine of Aragon, Anne
+Boleyn, Anne of Cleves, and Catherine Howard, yet a close reading of the
+actual circumstances of each case reveals something quite different - those
+marriages were annulled, and annulments are not divorces.
+&lt;p&gt;An annulment invalidates a marriage by declaring the marriage was never
+valid; in other words, a marriage never took place.&amp;nbsp; If we take this
+a step further, it could be argued that Henry never had six wives at all
+- since he annulled four of his marriagess!
+&lt;br&gt;A divorce recognizes the legal validity of a marriage; it acknowledges
+that a legal marriage did occur and was recognized by both spouses.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;I will add a discussion of each case when I have some spare time, which
+I hope is sooner rather than later.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq13.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Quiz: Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082744&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082744&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01d7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01d7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01d7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8130</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Henry VIII's speech before Parliament, 1545</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01d7ce7911a82315bf34c8d2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01d7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">h8speech.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/h8speech.gif&quot; width=&quot;575&quot; height=&quot;87&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This speech, 
+      given on 24 December 1545, was recorded by a member of Parliament.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+      These words bring Henry VIII's personality to life - at times belligerent, 
+      then coaxing, mixing flattery and threats.&amp;nbsp; Unlike his descendants, 
+      Henry had few problems with parliament; his domination of its members was 
+      legendary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+On 24 December the king's majesty came into the parliament
+house, to give his royal assent to such acts as had been passed there,
+where the speaker made to him an eloquent oration, to which it has always
+been the custom for the lord chancellor to answer, but at this time it
+was the king's pleasure that it should be otherwise, for the king himself
+answered, as follows word for word, as near as I was able to report it.
+&lt;p&gt;'Although my Chancellor for the time being has been used, before
+this time, very eloquently and substantially to answer such orations as
+have been set forth in this high court of parliament, yet he is not so
+able to open and set forth my mind and meaning and the secrets of my heart
+in so plain and ample manner as I myself can.&amp;nbsp; Wherefore, taking it
+upon myself to answer your eloquent oration, master speaker, I say that
+where you, in the name of our well beloved commons, have both praised and
+extolled me for the notable qualities which you have conceived to be in
+me, I most heartily thank you all that you have reminded me of my duty,
+which is to endeavor myself to obtain and get such excellent qualities
+and necessary virtues as a prince or governor should or ought to have,
+of which gifts I recognize myself both bare and barren.&amp;nbsp; But for such
+small qualities as God has endowed me with I render to his goodness my
+most humble thanks, intending with all my wit and diligence to get and
+acquire for myself such notable virtues and princely qualities as you have
+alleged to be incorporated in my person.&amp;nbsp; Having first remembered
+these thanks for your loving admonition and good counsel, I next thank
+you again because, considering our great charges (not for our pleasure
+but for your defense, not for our gain but to our great cost) which we
+have lately sustained, as well in defense against our and your enemies
+as for the conquest of that fortress which was to this realm most displeasant
+and noisome, and shall be by God's grace hereafter most profitable and
+pleasant to our nation, you have freely of your own decision granted to
+us a certain subsidy, specified here in an act, which truly we take in
+good part, regarding more your kindness than the profit thereof, as he
+that sets more by your loving hearts than by your substance.&amp;nbsp; Besides
+this hearty kindness I cannot a little rejoice when I consider the perfect
+trust and sure confidence which you have put in me, as men having undoubted
+hope and unfeigned belief in my good deeds and just proceedings for you,
+since without my desire or request you have committed to my order and disposition
+all chantries, colleges, hospitals and other places specified in a certain
+act, firmly trusting that I will order them to the glory of God and the
+profit of the commonwealth.&amp;nbsp; Surely if, contrary to your expectation,
+I should suffer the ministries of the church to decay, or learning (which
+is so great a jewel) to be diminished, a poor and miserable people to be
+unrelieved, you might say that I, being put in so special a trust as I
+am in this case, were no trusty friend to you, nor a charitable man to
+my fellow Christians, nor a lover of the public wealth, nor yet one who
+feared God, to whom account must be rendered of all our doings.&amp;nbsp; Doubt
+not, I pray you, that you expectations will be fulfilled more Godly or
+goodly than you will wish or desire, as you will plainly see afterwards. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Now, since I find such kindness on your part towards me, I cannot choose
+but to love and favor you, affirming that no prince in the world more favors
+his subjects than I do you, and no subjects or commons more love and obey
+their sovereign lord than I see you do me, for whose defense my treasure
+shall not be hidden, nor if necessity requires it will my person be not
+risked.&amp;nbsp; But although I with you and you with me are in this perfect
+love and concord, this friendly amity cannot continue unless both you,
+my lords temporal, and you, my lords spiritual, and you, my loving subjects,
+study and take pains to amend one thing which is surely amiss and far out
+of order, which I most heartily require you to do, which is that charity
+and concord is not amongst you, but discord and dissension bears rule in
+every place.&amp;nbsp; St Paul wrote to the Corinthians, in the 12th chapter:
+'Charity is gentle, Charity is not envious, Charity is not proud,' and
+so on in that chapter.&amp;nbsp; Behold then what love and charity is amongst
+you when one calls another heretic and anabaptist and he calls him back
+papist, hypocrite, and pharisee.&amp;nbsp; Are these tokens of charity amongst
+you?&amp;nbsp; No, no, I assure you that this lack of charity amongst yourselves
+will be the hindrance and assuaging of the fervent love between us, as
+I said before, unless this is healed and clearly made whole.&amp;nbsp; I must
+judge the fault and occasion of this discord to be partly the negligence
+of you, the fathers and preachers of the spirituality.&amp;nbsp; For if I know
+a man who lives in adultery I must judge him to be a lecherous and carnal
+person; if I see a man boast and brag about himself I cannot but deem him
+a proud man.&amp;nbsp; I see and hear daily that you of the clergy preach against
+each other without charity or discretion.&amp;nbsp; Some are too stiff in their
+old 'Mumpsimus', others are are too busy and curious in their new 'Sumpsimus'.&amp;nbsp;
+Thus almost all men are in variety and discord, and few or none truly and
+sincerely preach the word of God as they ought to do.&amp;nbsp; Shall I now
+judge you to be charitable persons who do this?&amp;nbsp; No, no, I cannot
+do so.&amp;nbsp; Alas, how can the poor souls live in concord when you preachers
+sow amongst them in your sermons debate and discord?&amp;nbsp; They look to
+you for light and you bring them darkness.&amp;nbsp; Amend these crimes, I
+exhort you, and set forth God's word truly, both by true preaching and
+giving a good example, or else, I, whom God has appointed his vicar and
+high minister here, will see these divisions extinct, and these enormities
+corrected, according to my true duty, or else I am an unprofitable servant
+and an untrue officer'. ....
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082603&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082603&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">34363</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Relatives - Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01d8b7d86d12036f5fb122bd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01d8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#660000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+3&gt;Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born 1540, died 27 January 1568&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;' I have sent you, good sister Catherine, a book, which although it
+be not outwardly trimmed with gold, yet inwardly it is more worthy than
+precious stones. It is the book, dear sister, of the laws of the lord:
+It is His Testament and Last Will, which He bequeathed unto us wretches,
+which shall lead you to the path of eternal joy, and if you, with a good
+mind read it, and with an earnest desire, follow it, it shall bring you
+to an immortal and everlasting life.&amp;nbsp; It will teach you to live and
+learn you to die.... It shall win you more than you should have gained
+by the possession of your woeful father's lands, for as if God prospered
+him, you shall inherit his lands.... [it holds] such riches as neither
+the covetous shall withdraw from you, neither the thief shall steal, neither
+let the moth corrupt.... And as touching my death, rejoice as I do and
+consider that I shall be delivered of this corruption and put on incorruption,
+for as I am assured that I shall for losing of a mortal life, find an immortal
+felicity. Pray God grant you and send you his grace to live in the love...
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Farewell good sister, put only your trust in God,
+who only must uphold you,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your loving sister, Jane Duddley'
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;letter from Lady Jane Grey to her sister Catherine,
+1554&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;'....when I call to mind what a husband I have of you, and my great
+hard fate to miss the viewing of so good a one....&amp;nbsp; Thus most humbly
+thanking you, my sweet lord, for your sending to see how I do.... I most
+lovingly bid you farewell....'
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;letter of Catherine Grey to Edward Seymour, 1562&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Jane Grey, the unfortunate queen of England for just nine
+days, wrote the above letter to her younger sister Catherine before her
+execution.&amp;nbsp; It was the last communication between the seventeen-year-old
+Jane and fourteen-year-old Catherine.&amp;nbsp; Married to men of their parents'
+choosing in a double ceremony the year before, they both suffered when
+Jane was deposed and Princess Mary Tudor (named for their grandmother)
+became queen.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (The tragedy of Jane's life, and the complexities
+of the plot to make her queen of England, is discussed in much greater
+detail in the following sections:&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward
+VI&lt;/a&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; Catherine's reaction to the sudden disgrace of her family,
+the ruin of all their hopes and dreams, is not recorded.&amp;nbsp; However,
+it is safe to assume she was devastated.&amp;nbsp; She was just fourteen and
+watched her entire world turn upside down.&amp;nbsp; The Greys had long been
+the noblest family in the realm of England, united by ties of friendship
+and blood to the Tudor monarchs.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's grandmother was Henry
+VIII's youngest sister, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
+Mary&lt;/a&gt;; her grandfather was his best friend, Charles Brandon, duke of
+Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; The bonds of blood and friendship had allowed the Brandons
+to rise to wealth and prominence.&amp;nbsp; But they were dangerous bonds as
+well; for after Edward VI's death, the Tudor succession was once more an
+urgent question and anyone with royal blood was a target - for various
+plots of dissatisfied citizens, for international speculation, for aristocratic
+mobility, etc.
+&lt;br&gt;(*note - The Brandons became the Greys when Frances Brandon (Charles
+&amp;amp; Mary's eldest daughter) married Henry Grey.)
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Poor Catherine, despite Jane's fervent prayers, was
+not to lead a life of 'grace.'&amp;nbsp; She lacked Jane's intellect and religious
+fervor; taken together, those qualities may have guided her impulsive nature
+and provided solace in her troubled world.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she was - and
+always remained - an ordinary girl condemned to unhappiness because of
+her Tudor blood.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, brother-in-law, and father were executed
+due to her father's stupidity and ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; Mary I was often naive
+and kind-hearted; she lacked the ruthlessness of her father (Henry VIII's
+conscience rarely troubled him - despite the many executions he ordered.)&amp;nbsp;
+His daughter did not care to kill innocents - especially those she believed
+to be the pawns of more greedy souls. Upon her accession, Jane Grey and
+her husband Guildford Dudley were imprisoned in the Tower; but they were
+not executed. It was only when Jane's father, Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk,
+tried to raise a revolt - capitalizing on anger at the queen's impending
+Spanish marriage - that Mary realized Jane must die.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey did
+not try to restore his daughter to the throne
+&lt;br&gt;(despite the assertion of many history books.)&amp;nbsp; But that didn't
+matter - Jane had been proclaimed queen once before and Mary recognized
+the danger.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Grey's actions followed upon the Wyatt rebellion,
+one of the most serious rebellions of the Tudor era.&amp;nbsp; Mary was conscientious
+and attached to her legitimate family.&amp;nbsp; But she ordered Jane, Guildford,
+and Henry Grey executed.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen did not forget the remaining Grey family.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry's wife was Frances Brandon, the eldest daughter of Mary's aunt, Princess
+Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Queen Mary remembered her aunt's kindness to the beleaguered
+Katharine of Aragon; she also wanted to put the past behind her - she was
+marrying Philip of Spain, thus fulfilling her heart's two great desires.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary I wanted a family and to restore the Catholic faith to England.&amp;nbsp;
+On her way to achieve both, she was inclined to be generous.&amp;nbsp; She
+allowed Frances and her two remaining children, Catherine and Mary (11
+years old) to remain at court.&amp;nbsp; They attended her wedding on 25 July
+1554 to Philip at Winchester Cathedral.&amp;nbsp; Catherine and Mary were appointed
+maids of honor; the queen was careful to show them special kindness, singling
+them out for favor.&amp;nbsp; Even when their mother's second marriage, they
+were still afforded every privilege.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Frances Grey had waited
+just three weeks after her husband's execution to marry her steward, Adrian
+Stokes, a young man fifteen years her junior.&amp;nbsp; Queen Mary did not
+protest; perhaps she was happy her cousin was putting the past to rest.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Frances Grey's second marriage fared
+much better than Catherine's first one.&amp;nbsp; She had been married on 21
+or 25 Mary 1553 to the earl of Pembroke's heir; it had been a double ceremony
+- her sister Jane was also wed to the dukke of Northumberland's son Guildford.&amp;nbsp;
+But when Mary I was proclaimed queen in July, Pembroke was eager to distance
+himself from the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He banished Catherine from his home and had
+the marriage annulled.&amp;nbsp; It was cruel of Pembroke but politically necessary.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, he had no idea how Mary would react to the Grey-Northumberland
+treachery.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Catherine remained at court, openly favored
+by the queen but despondent.&amp;nbsp; There was occasional domestic and international
+speculation about her future once it became clear Mary would provide no
+heir.&amp;nbsp; When discussing Princess Elizabeth's future, most stressed
+the need to either support or destroy her two main rivals - Catherine Grey
+and Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; In other words, if Elizabeth's rule was
+to be secure, she needed to deal with both Catherine and Mary.&amp;nbsp; Mary
+of Scotland was a problem that could be faced later (she was off in France
+for now) but Catherine Grey was close and a dangerous rallying point for
+dissatisfied Englishmen.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before Elizabeth became queen, however, Catherine
+did achieve some measure of personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; After a period of
+depression, she became friends with Lady Jane Seymour, daughter of the
+late Lord Protector Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford and duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp;
+(She was named for her aunt, Henry VIII's third queen and mother of his
+son.)&amp;nbsp; Jane was also a maid of honor and suffered from poor health
+(already battling the consumption which killed her.)&amp;nbsp; Queen Mary encouraged
+the two girls to become friends, allowing Catherine to accompany Jane on
+her frequent visits home.&amp;nbsp; The Seymour family's main home was currently
+Hanworth, Catherine Parr's manor which had passed to her husband Thomas
+Seymour, then to his brother, and then to his brother's wife.&amp;nbsp; The
+widowed duchess of Somerset lived there with her second husband (like Frances
+Grey, she had married her steward) and her oldest son, Edward.&amp;nbsp; Edward
+was in his late teens, just a few years older than Catherine, and already
+tall, dark-haired and good-looking.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, the two young
+people became attached to one another.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Both Edward and Catherine had suffered public humiliation.&amp;nbsp;
+She had been repudiated by the Pembroke family and her sister and father
+were executed as traitors; his father, too, had been executed as a traitor
+and the Seymour wealth had yet to be restored.&amp;nbsp; Also, their family
+title remained in abeyance.&amp;nbsp; Edward, who should have been titled earl
+of Hertford, waited for his title to be officially reinstated.&amp;nbsp; Beyond
+these painful personal experiences, they were also lonely.&amp;nbsp; Both were
+past the age for betrothal but still unattached.&amp;nbsp; And, equally important,
+both were physically attractive.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was the beauty of the
+Grey family; small like Jane, she had the Tudor red-gold hair and a fair
+complexion.&amp;nbsp; Their attraction was physical and emotional; it was also
+obvious.&amp;nbsp; Before long, the duchess of Somerset was asking her son
+about his intentions.&amp;nbsp; He replied that he enjoyed visiting with Catherine;
+his mother should not worry about the queen's feelings, he said, because
+Catherine had been sent by Mary to live at Hanworth - so 'her majesty's
+feelings in this matter cannot be doubted.'&amp;nbsp; Whatever Mary's feelings,
+they did not soon matter.&amp;nbsp; In November 1558, she died and Elizabeth
+Tudor, unlike her half-sister in so many ways, became queen of England.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When it came time for the successor to be crowned,
+there was no dispute.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was Henry VIII's daughter
+and her only rivals were other women.&amp;nbsp; The Archbishop of York announced
+her succession as 'true, lawful and right.'&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth took no
+chances.&amp;nbsp; Upon Mary I's death, Mary queen of Scots's French father-in-law
+had her proclaimed queen of England.&amp;nbsp; Mary and her husband, the dauphin
+Francois, quartered the English royal arms with those of France; in official
+documents Mary was titled Queen of England and Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In the eyes
+of Catholic Europe, such action was completely legal.&amp;nbsp; Mary was queen
+of England, by right of legitimacy and primogeniture.&amp;nbsp; No one expected
+Henri II to actually invade England and place her on the throne - but he
+continued the diplomatic snubs, angering and irritating the English.&amp;nbsp;
+For example, when the English pressed for the restoration of Calais, the
+French answered - restore to whom?&amp;nbsp; Wasn't the queen of Scots also
+the queen of England?&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, a group of parliamentary
+ministers met with Elizabeth to petition her to marry.&amp;nbsp; This was the
+only way to secure her throne.&amp;nbsp; Once she provided England with an
+heir, everything would be fine.&amp;nbsp; It was the familiar refrain of Tudor
+England.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps no other government has been so dominated by one
+biological occurrence.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had no intention of marrying or providing
+children; she was married to the nation, she told her ministers, and took
+the seal of office from her finger.&amp;nbsp; This, she said, was her wedding
+ring, to be worn until death.&amp;nbsp; The ministers had to be content but
+they were not silenced.&amp;nbsp; They would battle over this issue for years
+to come.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Elizabeth's refusal to marry made Catherine Grey's
+position all the more dangerous.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Catherine did not like the new queen.&amp;nbsp; This
+had its root in their tangled family history.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary Tudor
+and Katharine of Aragon had been friends, each despising the interloper
+(and Elizabeth's mother), Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Their children, Frances Grey
+and Mary I, continued the friendship - and openly despised Anne's daughter
+Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary I had been kind to Catherine; furthermore, Catherine
+was brought up to believe Elizabeth was the illegitimate daughter of an
+executed adulterer and traitor.&amp;nbsp; And whatever Henry Grey's activities,
+his daughter Catherine was legitimate.&amp;nbsp; Like Mary I, the Greys were
+very conscious of their family history, and naturally proud.&amp;nbsp; Under
+Mary's reign, they had been encouraged to move beyond their 1553 disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
+Now, however, they were ruled by an equally proud and disdainful queen.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth disliked her Grey cousins as much as they disliked - and feared
+- her.&amp;nbsp; They also resented having too bow and scrape for her favor.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And it soon became clear they would have to bow and
+scrape - and probably to no avail.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth allowed Catherine and
+her sister to reside at court but no longer as maids of honor; they were
+'ladies of the presence'.&amp;nbsp; Mary had allowed them access to the privy
+chamber, that most private area; Elizabeth did not.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+international ambassadors began to question Elizabeth about her cousin.&amp;nbsp;
+It was rumored that the Spanish wanted to marry Catherine to one of their
+royal noblemen; after all, the king of France had a pawn in Mary queen
+of Scots.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish naturally wanted Catherine as their pawn.&amp;nbsp;
+It was known that Catherine was unhappy at court (so the Spanish ambassador,
+Count Feria, reported to his master) and might be persuaded to leave England.&amp;nbsp;
+If not, they could always kidnap her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth reacted by becoming
+quite amiable with Catherine, calling her 'daughter' and restoring her
+to the privy chamber.&amp;nbsp; She even mentioned formally adopting Catherine.&amp;nbsp;
+Poor Catherine was probably more frightened by this sudden friendliness
+than she was of Elizabeth's coldness.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Catherine had made the mistake of speaking insolently
+about Elizabeth in mid-1559.&amp;nbsp; The duke of Saxony's envoy reported
+that Catherine had said 'very arrogant and unseemly words in the hearing
+of the Queen and others standing by.'&amp;nbsp; Her exact words were not recorded.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, what mattered is that she had been rude to Elizabeth I, a proud
+woman inclined to make others regret their pride.&amp;nbsp; Since Elizabeth's
+immediate reaction had been to begin favoring her, Catherine had good cause
+to worry.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this period, Catherine had sought personal
+solace with Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; His title had been reinstated by the
+queen and his optimism grew.&amp;nbsp; As early as March 1559, he had asked
+the duchess of Suffolk for Catherine's hand in marriage.&amp;nbsp; Frances
+Grey agreed but counseled the young couple to be careful.&amp;nbsp; Edward
+should seek out members of the Privy Council who would be sympathetic to
+their suit; Frances herself would write to Elizabeth, asking for 'her majesty's
+favor and good will.' (Of course, as all this was going on, Elizabeth was
+receiving word of the Spanish plan to kidnap Catherine.)&amp;nbsp; Frances
+Grey became ill and died before the letter was sent off.&amp;nbsp; Edward seemed
+to get cold feet (he was also meeting another young woman and deciding
+whether to risk his newly-gained title); he told Frances's widower that
+he would let matters rest.&amp;nbsp; So Catherine was left at court, serving
+the unpredictable Elizabeth, and wondering when her betrothed would come
+for her.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The relationship may have died that natural death
+had not Lady Jane Seymour become involved.&amp;nbsp; She was now in the later
+stages of tuberculosis and determined to secure her brother's future before
+she died.&amp;nbsp; She loved him and wanted him to make this royal marriage,
+perhaps his path to wealth and greater prominence.&amp;nbsp; She brought her
+friend and brother together again, encouraging a reconciliation; perhaps
+she first suggested a secret marriage.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, sometime
+in October 1560, Catherine and Edward solemnly declared their intention
+to marry.&amp;nbsp; They agreed the wedding should take place when the queen
+was next absent; Jane would hire a clergyman and Edward would buy the ring.&amp;nbsp;
+He had one made specially for the occasion, a posy ring (a plain gold band
+with a concealed spring opening five links); on those links, he had inscribed
+a verse of his own making:
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+As circles five by art compact show but one ring
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+in sight,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+So trust uniteth faithful minds with knot of
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+secret might,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Whose force to break (but greedy Death) no wight
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+possesseth power,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+As time and sequels well shall prove; my ring can
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+say no more.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This course of action doomed them both.&amp;nbsp; In
+1515, Catherine's grandparents had been secretly wed, but they were able
+to soothe their mercurial monarch.&amp;nbsp; Catherine and Edward would be
+far less successful.&amp;nbsp; Sometime in early December, Elizabeth decided
+to go to Eltham and hunt.&amp;nbsp; Catherine had a toothache and Jane was
+sick (as always), the queen was told.&amp;nbsp; They would stay behind.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth left in early morning and, by 8 o'clock, Catherine and Jane had
+slipped out of Whitehall Palace and rushed to Edward's lodgings on Cannon
+Row.&amp;nbsp; The minister was late; Jane went to fetch him and, within the
+hour, the couple were married.&amp;nbsp; The groom was openly impatient so
+his sister withdrew.&amp;nbsp; Then the couple consummated their union; they
+did so quickly since both Catherine and Jane needed to return to duties
+at Whitehall.&amp;nbsp; After about ninety minutes of togetherness, it was
+time to hurry back into their complicated clothing.&amp;nbsp; This alone took
+a quarter of an hour.&amp;nbsp; Edward then escorted Catherine and Jane as
+far as he dared, kissed her and bade her farewell.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their immediate circumstances did not change.&amp;nbsp;
+They did not tell the queen or anyone of the marriage.&amp;nbsp; Instead, they
+continued their secret meetings, sleeping together several times in the
+palaces of Westminster and Greenwich.&amp;nbsp; They never spent an entire
+night together.&amp;nbsp; Jane helped when she could; Catherine's maids probably
+suspected marriage for they left the young lovers alone often.&amp;nbsp; But
+neither Edward or Catherine seemed to have a plan.&amp;nbsp; How long did they
+expect to carry on furtively?&amp;nbsp; One cannot say.&amp;nbsp; But Jane Seymour
+died in March 1561; she vould arrange no more meetings for them.&amp;nbsp;
+One of Catherine's maids, frightened of her involvement, went on vacation
+and never returned.&amp;nbsp; Catherine received warnings from many prominent
+people, including Secretary of State William Cecil, to 'beware of too great
+familiarity' with Edward.&amp;nbsp; She denied any involvement with him.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth I had decided to send Edward abroad with Cecil's son Thomas,
+as part of a European tour to finish their education.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was
+understandably beleaguered - and then, when it would cause the greatest
+harm, she became pregnant.&amp;nbsp; She had first suspected in early March;
+both Edward and his dying sister agreed there was nothing to do but tell
+Elizabeth and beg forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; But Jane died and Catherine stalled.&amp;nbsp;
+She was perhaps uncertain of her pregnancy or perhaps simply too frightened
+to face its consequences.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, when Edward questioned
+her, she said she didn't know for certain.&amp;nbsp; In mid-April, he left
+on the European trip.&amp;nbsp; He promised Catherine he would return immediately
+if and when she could determine her condition.&amp;nbsp; He also left a letter,
+signed and officially sealed, which gave her all his lands and possessions
+if he should die overseas.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By mid-July, Catherine could no longer hide her condition.&amp;nbsp;
+She wrote to Edward, begging him to return home but the letters were delayed
+and opened by a government informer who acted as courier.&amp;nbsp; She was
+forced to accompany Elizabeth on the annual summer progress.&amp;nbsp; In Ipswich,
+she finally broke down and confessed all.&amp;nbsp; First, she spoke to the
+Countess of Shrewsbury, who berated her and asked her to leave.&amp;nbsp; Next,
+the increasingly distraught Catherine went to Robert Dudley, son of the
+executed duke of Northumberland and brother to Jane Grey's husband Guildford.&amp;nbsp;
+He had become Elizabeth I's favorite and Catherine hoped he would intercede
+on her behalf with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley listened to her story, promised
+nothing, and - the next morning - told everything to the queen.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A few days later, Secretary Cecil wrote to the earl
+of Sussex this summation of events:
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;'The Lady Catherine is certainly known to be
+big with child, as she saith by the Earl of Hertford, who is in France.&amp;nbsp;
+She is committed to the Tower.&amp;nbsp; He is sent for.&amp;nbsp; She saith that
+she was married to him secretly before Christmas last.&amp;nbsp; Thus is God
+displeased with us.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+What Cecil did not mention is that Elizabeth was in no mood to be sympathetic
+to either Catherine or Edward.&amp;nbsp; Barring her personal dislike of the
+Greys, Elizabeth was in a furious tangle of emotions.&amp;nbsp; She had recently
+struggled with the idea of marrying Dudley, the greatest love of her life;
+through the summer and autumn of 1560, she struggled to reconcile her royal
+duties and her heart's desire.&amp;nbsp; In the end, she decided not to marry.&amp;nbsp;
+But this personal struggle had affected her greatly - she was irritable
+and would suffer no mention of marriage or children.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Not unnaturally, Elizabeth asked why Catherine should
+be allowed to sneak about and marry without the queen's permission, solely
+because she was in love?&amp;nbsp; Catherine possessed Tudor blood as well,
+she must be made to reconcile duty and passion, even as Elizabeth had done.&amp;nbsp;
+Instead, she had been insolent and ungrateful; her marriage was the last
+straw for Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; As heir presumptive, Catherine had gone too
+far; she had not only married without permission but she had wed a Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+They were notorious for their political ambitions; Elizabeth had personal
+experience of this with Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; She ordered Edward, home
+from the Continent, to the Tower on 5 September.&amp;nbsp; He and Catherine,
+plus his brother Henry and numerous servants, were subjected to a litany
+of embarrassing questions: which of them had entered the bridal bed first;
+which had left the bed first; who had laid on which side?&amp;nbsp; The investigation
+was still continuing when, on 21 September, Catherine went into labor.&amp;nbsp;
+She delivered a healthy son, christened Edward four days later within the
+Tower.&amp;nbsp; Catherine and Edward continued to assert that no one, save
+Jane Seymour, had aided their deception.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was not entirely
+convinced but Cecil, so perceptive, urged leniency.&amp;nbsp; He understood
+Elizabeth's personal feelings in the matter.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But soon it no longer mattered.&amp;nbsp; Neither Catherine
+or Edward could produce evidence of their marriage; they said it had happened,
+but was it legal by constitutional and canonical standards?&amp;nbsp; They
+could not even produce the minister, summoned by Jane Seymour during that
+early morning.&amp;nbsp; It remained up to Elizabeth; would she believe them
+or not?&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth turned the entire matter over to the church and,
+on 10 May 1562, the Archbishop of Canterbury ruled there had been no marriage
+between Edward and Catherine.&amp;nbsp; They were officially censured for having
+committed fornication; there would be a fine and imprisonment, to be determined
+by the Queen's mercy.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the autumn of 1562, Elizabeth became gravely ill
+with smallpox, one of the scourges of that era.&amp;nbsp; It was believed she
+would die.&amp;nbsp; The Council met to decide who would succeed to the throne
+- not unnaturally, many (including Cecil)) supported Catherine Grey.&amp;nbsp;
+The crisis was averted when Elizabeth recovered but, once again, the English
+people were up in arms over the succession.&amp;nbsp; She was always suspicious
+of such talk, remembering her days under Mary's rule, and once said, 'So
+long as I live I shall be Queen of England, when I am dead they shall succeed
+that have most right.'&amp;nbsp; She never said more until she was on her deathbed
+in 1603.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, Catherine managed to complicate the
+issue further - she became pregnant once again.&amp;nbsp; The Lieutenant of
+the Tower, Edward Warner, was a kind man and had allowed the couple to
+spend time together - he left certain doors unlocked and paid no attention
+to who passed through them.&amp;nbsp; So in February 1563, Catherine gave birth
+to their second son, Thomas; two Tower warders acted as godfathers.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen, who had been content to let them languish in the Tower indefinitely,
+was further enraged.&amp;nbsp; Edward was fined 15000 pds (later reduced to
+3000); he was also charged with the following crimes:&amp;nbsp; deflowering
+a royal virgin in the Queen's household, flouting his imprisonment by meeting
+with her in the Tower, and engaging in more carnal relations.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One must sympathize with Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Not only
+had Catherine and Edward disdained and insulted the Crown by their earlier
+offenses; that was awful enough.&amp;nbsp; But now they had done it again -
+no contrition, no realization of the enormity of their crime - just the
+same stupid, disrespectful behavior.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's patience, never
+great, was at an end.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was very intelligent and conscious
+of her own position.&amp;nbsp; She assumed Catherine must, at the very least,
+understand her position as well.&amp;nbsp; She could not be so foolish and
+thoughtless as everyone argued in her defense; everyone knew that actions
+have consequences - so must Catherine Grey.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Whether Catherine was a fool is a matter of speculation
+- and personal sympathy.&amp;nbsp; Certainly,, she had an awful sense of timing.&amp;nbsp;
+But she was soon to suffer worse than before.&amp;nbsp; There was an outbreak
+of plague in London and an exodus of everyone who could afford to leave.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth seized the opportunity to teach her cousin a lesson.&amp;nbsp; The
+Seymour family was moved, Edward and little Edward sent under house arrest
+to Hanworth (where his mother still lived); Catherine and baby Thomas went
+to her uncle John Grey's home in Essex.&amp;nbsp; Even though they were free
+of the Tower, they were still to be treated as prisoners.&amp;nbsp; Catherine
+was perhaps finally repentant - she was, according to her uncle, 'a penitent
+and sorrowful woman for the Queen's displeasure.'
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was also increasingly ill.&amp;nbsp; Her uncle, who
+could not have been happy with his disgraced niece, wrote that 'I never
+came to her, but I found her weeping or else saw by her face she had wept.'&amp;nbsp;
+'She is so fraughted with phlegm by reason of thought, weeping and sitting
+still that many times she is like to overcome therewith...'&amp;nbsp; As for
+Catherine, she wrote that she was in 'continual agony'; 'I never felt what
+the want of my prince's favor was before now...'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was unmoved.&amp;nbsp;
+When John Grey ventured to ask for financial assistance (he was, after
+all, keeping a prisoner for the crown), Elizabeth simply ordered Edward
+to pay.&amp;nbsp; The young earl used to opportunity to plead his own case.&amp;nbsp;
+By now it was mid-1564; there had been pamphlets circulating attesting
+to the legality of the Grey-Seymour union and the legitimacy of their sons.&amp;nbsp;
+The Protestant establishment was as eager to support this as the Catholics
+were to support Mary of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Catherine, born and bred an Englishwoman
+and already
+&lt;br&gt;having born two healthy sons, was heir presumptive.&amp;nbsp; So the same
+talk continued.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The commotion eventually died down.&amp;nbsp; But John
+Grey died in autumn 1564; his niece was transferred to Ingatestone under
+the custody of Sir William Petre.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had begun to imply she
+favored her Stewart relations over the Greys.&amp;nbsp; One can hardly blame
+her; at least Mary of Scotland was troublesome only to herself.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile,
+Catherine's sister Mary had made a secret marriage of her own.&amp;nbsp; Once
+again, the Greys angered the queen.&amp;nbsp; Mary and her husband were imprisoned.&amp;nbsp;
+Catherine was moved from Petre's home in February 1567.&amp;nbsp; She entered
+the custody of Sir John Wentworth of Gosfield Hall in Essex; in September,
+she was moved for the last time, to Cockfield Hall.&amp;nbsp; It was in Suffolkshire,
+and remote from the intrigues of London.&amp;nbsp; Her keeper was Sir Owen
+Hopton and his task was an awful one.&amp;nbsp; By this time, Catherine was
+gravely ill with tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; Royal physicians were sent for but
+they could do nothing.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By January 1568, Hopton wrote to Cecil that the end
+was near.&amp;nbsp; What did Catherine think, trapped in yet another prison,
+knowing she would never see her husband again?&amp;nbsp; She did not speak
+of Edward; rather, she took comfort in prayer even as Jane had done fourteen
+years before.&amp;nbsp; On the 27th of January, Hopton's wife tried to raise
+her spirits; Catherine replied, 'No, no, my lady, my time is come and it
+is not God's will that I should live any longer, and his will be done,
+not mine.&amp;nbsp; As I am, so shall you be; behold the picture of yourselves.'&amp;nbsp;
+Around seven o'clock, she asked to see Hopton.&amp;nbsp; She asked him to take
+a message to the Queen; 'I must needs confess I have greatly offended her
+in that I made my choice without her knowledge, otherwise I take God to
+witness I had never the heart to think any evil against her majesty.'&amp;nbsp;
+She asked Elizabeth to be good to her sons, to not blame them for their
+parents' crimes.&amp;nbsp; She also asked her cousin to forgive Edward for
+'I know my death will be heavy news unto him.'&amp;nbsp; She sent their wedding
+ring back to him, as well as the few gifts she possessed.&amp;nbsp; Among them
+was a ring engraved with a death's head and a motto, 'While I live yours.'&amp;nbsp;
+This was 'the last token unto my lord that ever I shall send him; it is
+the picture of myself.'&amp;nbsp; And at nine o'clock, having made some small
+peace with the world, Catherine Grey died.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She had spent nearly seven years in various prisons
+and was twenty-seven when she died.&amp;nbsp; Edward, upon hearing the news,
+was heartbroken.&amp;nbsp; But he also hoped for release.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Catherine's
+death would end the queen's anger.&amp;nbsp; Two years later, he was rewarded;
+he was released and pardoned.&amp;nbsp; In 1586, he married again to one Frances
+Howard.&amp;nbsp; They had no children and Edward never stopped petitioning
+the courts to legitimize his sons with Catherine.&amp;nbsp; In 1606, three
+years after Elizabeth's death, the clergyman was found - fifty years after
+the fact! - and a common law court legitimized the marriage and their sons.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward eventually died in January 1621, both of his
+sons already dead.&amp;nbsp; But his grandson, William Seymour, had already
+re-enacted Edward and Catherine's tragic love story by making a secret
+marriage of his own to Arbella Stewart, a member of the royal family.&amp;nbsp;
+And Edward apparently didn't gain sympathy for young lovers through his
+own experience.&amp;nbsp; His and Catherine's eldest son, Edward, married Honora
+Rogers, a girl far below his station; Edward did everything he could to
+end the marriage and his son threatened to commit suicide rather than return
+to Edward's home.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Relatives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;to
+Lady Jane Grey page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;written by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Marilee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082577&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082577&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01df.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01df.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01df.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,634 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">42860</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Cromwell</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01dfef237687bf0134e88e9e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215244</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01df.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cromwell.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cromwell-small.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cromwell.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Thomas Cromwell&quot; height=59 width=313&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born c.1485 in Putney
+&lt;br&gt;executed 28 July 1540 in London
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&quot;A good household manager, but not fit to meddle in
+the affairs of kings.&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;May 1538, Henry VIII describes Cromwell to the French
+ambassador&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cromwell-small.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Cromwell as the earl of Essex&quot; BORDER=2 height=264 width=220 align=LEFT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Thomas Cromwell was as great a statesman as England has ever seen and,
+in his decade of power, permanently changed the course of English history.&amp;nbsp;
+Unlike his mentor, Cardinal Wolsey, Cromwell was not a priest or a papist.&amp;nbsp;
+He was a lawyer determined to impose his own character - methodical, detached,
+and calculating - upon government.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell wanted government to be effective and efficient;
+to achieve this, he had to end the chaos of feudal privilege and ill-defined
+jurisdictions.&amp;nbsp; He was blessed with a logical mind in an age sadly
+devoid of them.&amp;nbsp; And unlike his royal master, he did not let his emotions
+interfere with his position.&amp;nbsp; He was the ideal statesman for Tudor
+England and, just months after his execution in 1540, Henry VIII was bemoaning
+his loss.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was introduced to government service as
+a secretary for &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; His abilities won him the older man's respect and soon
+Cromwell was his most trusted servant and principal secretary.&amp;nbsp; But
+Cromwell managed to distance himself from Wolsey immediately after the
+Cardinal fell from grace and soon had taken his place as Henry's most valuable
+advisor.&amp;nbsp; Before entering Wolsey's service, Cromwell lived an adventurous
+life.&amp;nbsp; His father had been a brewer and blacksmith known for permanent
+drunkenness and illegal activities.&amp;nbsp; From this inauspicious beginning,
+his son went on to indulge his curiosity and practical nature by traveling
+through Europe.&amp;nbsp; Over the course of several years, he was a soldier
+in Europe, a banker in Italy, clerk in the Netherlands, and a lawyer in
+London.&amp;nbsp; Like so many ambitious men, he was in Wolsey's service in
+the mid-1520s.&amp;nbsp; His most important work was the suppression of 29
+religious houses whose monies Wolsey used to endow colleges at Ipswich
+and Oxford.&amp;nbsp; When Wolsey fell from grace in 1529, Cromwell was hurriedly
+elected burgess for Taunton so he could remain in government service.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There were striking similarities between the two
+men - both managed to remain favorites of the mercurial Henry VIII for
+years; both were despised by the older nobility who coveted their influence
+with the king; both sought to reform the creaky medieval bureaucracy of
+Tudor government; both were highly intelligent and well-versed in international
+affairs.&amp;nbsp; And both, ultimately, fell from Henry's favor with spectacular
+speed.&amp;nbsp; In the end, the king preferred to listen to the old nobility.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Cromwell and Wolsey were also markedly different
+in many ways.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was the man responsible for the Henrician
+reformation while Wolsey fell because he served two masters, the king of
+England and the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Though Henry had ejected Rome from his nation,
+he still practiced the Roman Catholic religion.&amp;nbsp; The king's religious
+tendencies were never reformist and many historians have made the mistake
+of painting him as one of the first Protestant kings.&amp;nbsp; Henry was never
+a Protestant and he wrote treatises vilifying Martin Luther for which he
+was titled 'Defender of the Faith' by the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Rather, he was an
+opportunist who disliked papal authority and interference in his realm
+and wanted some of the vast wealth the English church possessed.&amp;nbsp;
+For Henry, often desperately short of money, it was near-blasphemy for
+his subjects to pay taxes directly to Rome; he wanted the money for his
+government.&amp;nbsp; He also wanted an annulment from a devoutly Catholic
+wife, Katharine of Aragon, and when the Pope, held hostage by the Holy
+Roman Emperor, refused to rule in his favor, he found it most expedient
+to simply disregard the papacy.&amp;nbsp; But throughout it all, Henry was
+unaware of the forces he had unleashed when he declared himself head of
+the English church.&amp;nbsp; Trained for the church as a child, he remained
+staunchly Catholic for his entire life though the Catholic church deemed
+him a heretic.
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;a discussion of the Henrician reformation&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It is important to remember that during Henry's reign,
+at least half of his subjects were under the age of eighteen.&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+court swarmed with young people - pages, scullery maids, and the like.&amp;nbsp;
+English culture celebrated youth; tournaments, hunts, glorious warfare
+were all the province of the young and strong.&amp;nbsp; And while Henry was
+young, he joined these events with a gusto sadly lacking in his father
+or son.&amp;nbsp; But time does not stop, not even for a despotic monarch determined
+to have his way in all things.&amp;nbsp; During his 'great matter', Henry was
+in his thirties and changing from 'Bluff King Hal' into an overweight and
+balding hypochondriac.&amp;nbsp; He had rid himself of Rome to gain wealth
+and a son.&amp;nbsp; He gained both and, once he had, continually toyed with
+the idea of making peace with the pope.&amp;nbsp; He didn't relish excommunication
+and it is likely that he persuaded himself that he wasn't disobeying Christ's
+vicar but rather the Emperor's puppet.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But he misjudged the mood of his people, particularly
+his nobles.&amp;nbsp; Educated and by nature inquisitive and acquisitive, the
+new Protestant teachings intrigued them; they also sought the vast monastic
+lands which Henry planned to sell.&amp;nbsp; This was the paradox of the Henrician
+reformation.&amp;nbsp; It was motivated by greed and genuine religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp;
+As time passed, the new generation of nobles were Protestant because it
+was expedient and philosophically appealing.&amp;nbsp; And with each year,
+more Englishmen were born who were further and further away from the old
+days of Roman domination.&amp;nbsp; Henry, in his forties, could remember the
+papist ways but, as the years passed, fewer and fewer of his subjects did.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In terms of the practical effect the reformation
+had on everyday Englishmen, the situation is more difficult to gauge.&amp;nbsp;
+Unlike the wealthy noblemen, they couldn't bid on the seized monastic properties.&amp;nbsp;
+And in many towns and villages, the parish church was the community center,
+where births, weddings, and deaths were officiated over by a priest.&amp;nbsp;
+But they undoubtedly enjoyed not paying their tax to Rome.&amp;nbsp; Once again,
+a paradox emerged - an excommunicated nation which found itself torn between
+loyalty to the sovereign and loyalty to the papacy.&amp;nbsp; Also, since Henry's
+marriage to Anne Boleyn could only be recognized if one accepted his annulment
+from Katharine - which in itself meant a rejection of papal authority -
+and it was treason to &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; recognize his marriage to Anne, then many
+people were swayed by the threat of execution.&amp;nbsp; In other words, accept
+Henry's decisions or die.&amp;nbsp; Of course, I cannot discuss all aspects
+of the reformation at this site; I recommend L.B. Smith's &lt;i&gt;Henry VIII&lt;/i&gt;
+which studies Henry's own theological beliefs.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There was opposition to the reformation which probably
+had more to do with the attendant loss of independence in north England.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1536, a northern uprising which came to be called the Pilgrimage of
+Grace, gathered over 40,000 men and marched through England.&amp;nbsp; It eventually
+destroyed itself by internal division and lack of clear purpose but one
+of the rebels' demands was a warning for Cromwell - they want their king
+to be advised by &lt;i&gt;noble&lt;/i&gt; councilors who understand the people's wishes,
+not common men like Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Henry was angry at their presumption
+- how dare his ignorant subjects rebel annd then tell him how to run the
+country! - but he was persuaded to show mercy and pardon those involved.&amp;nbsp;
+And he continued to listen to Cromwell.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Pilgrimage
+of Grace&lt;/a&gt; was largely motivated not by religious concerns but by Cromwell's
+determination to dissolve the monasteries and improve the royal tax collecting
+methods.&amp;nbsp; For example, the movement began in Louth, in Lincolnshire,
+and began with the murder of two tax collectors, one of whom was hanged
+and the other sewn into a sack and thrown to a pack of hungry dogs!
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So the common people might grumble somewhat but they
+were ultimately more influenced by practical matters.&amp;nbsp; Had Henry's
+excommunication been followed by a terrible harvest or bad weather, it
+may have been otherwise.&amp;nbsp; During his daughter Mary's reign, such signs
+were taken to mean God was angry with her for attempting to reinstate Catholicism.&amp;nbsp;
+But not only did Henry enjoy good weather, he had a brilliant servant.&amp;nbsp;
+Cromwell was the one who gave force to Henry's grand declarations.&amp;nbsp;
+The king declared that Rome had no authority in England and Cromwell instituted
+the reforms which would make it so.&amp;nbsp; The king declared that all monastic
+lands were forfeit and Cromwell set out to close the monasteries, assess
+their value, and sell them to the highest bidder.&amp;nbsp; For a decade, this
+partnership worked marvelously.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry and Cromwell both recognized a fundamental
+truth of the English people; the government could do what it liked as long
+as traditional religious views were not upset too much.&amp;nbsp; Certainly
+Henry did not upset his own.&amp;nbsp; The name of the pope was omitted in
+their prayers but not much else.&amp;nbsp; Henry's break with Rome was really
+a legal reformation rather than one of real religious content.&amp;nbsp; England
+practiced Catholicism without a pope and, in his place, was their king.&amp;nbsp;
+This situation suited Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Like many, he recognized that the
+Church had lost its way, remaining a ponderous medieval institution concerned
+with wealth and influence.&amp;nbsp; But Europe was no longer medieval; countries
+were becoming nation-states, patriotic and immune to the cultural unity
+which Rome promoted.&amp;nbsp; The pope envisioned a collection of nations
+joined beneath the cloak of Christendom with him at its head; but, particularly
+in xenophobic England, there were mutterings that the church was dominated
+by other nations.&amp;nbsp; Also, the church claimed authority over its subjects;
+no priest or cleric could be tried by their sovereign nation.&amp;nbsp; They
+would answer only to Rome.&amp;nbsp; This problem had angered Henry II centuries
+before and resulted in Thomas Becket's murder.&amp;nbsp; In Henry's time, it
+had grown worse.&amp;nbsp; Also, as king, he believed himself ruler of &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt;
+his subjects, priest and commoner alike.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One must also mention the corruption of the church,
+sadly evident to everyone.&amp;nbsp; Certainly there were Godly men who struggled
+to enforce the tenets of their faith.&amp;nbsp; But there were also bishops
+and cardinals more interested in business and finance than theology.&amp;nbsp;
+The church preached that the surest path to heaven was through good works,
+particularly at a monastery or abbey, but every Englishmen knew that only
+the wealthy could afford to endow or board at them.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+an increasing number of churchmen were absent from their posts.&amp;nbsp; Cardinal
+Wolsey embodied this avaricious streak; he was bishop, archbishop, abbot,
+and cardinal yet the affairs of state kept him from his duties.&amp;nbsp; Instead
+of tending to his flock, he tended to his purse.&amp;nbsp; He sired illegitimate
+children and collected nearly 50,000 pds a year from his vast holdings.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey represented the church as it had become; certainly
+such abuses may not have turned most Englishmen from their faith.&amp;nbsp;
+But when confronted with the forces of Protestantism, the church found
+precious few willing to die for their beliefs.&amp;nbsp; After all, why would
+anyone die for a faith they didn't respect?&amp;nbsp; When the king styled
+himself head of the church, many were perhaps relieved.&amp;nbsp; Henry made
+no claim to a holy life, not like the churchman Wolsey; he also was shrewd
+enough to endow his monarchy with papal apparatus.&amp;nbsp; From the 1530s
+on, the Tudor dynasty was even more divine and the machinery of state could
+enforce its divinity.
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Cromwell's revolution in government&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell's rise to power was extraordinary and occurred
+just when Henry needed a minister of great administrative imagination and
+genius, uninterested in the squabbles of his council and determined to
+empower the machinery of state.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell entered royal service in
+early 1530 and, from then on, rose rapidly.&amp;nbsp; In late 1530 he was sworn
+into the King's Council and, just a year later, began to attract unfavorable
+attention from Wolsey's old rivals.&amp;nbsp; These were Stephen Gardiner,
+bishop of Winchester, Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk, and Charles Brandon,
+duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; Gardiner had worked with Wolsey but, like Norfolk
+and Suffolk, viewed the Cardinal's fall as a chance to take his place.&amp;nbsp;
+From 1529 to about 1533, they enjoyed the king's confidence even as Cromwell
+rose to overtake them all.&amp;nbsp; His career progressed as follows:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - member of the privy council
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Master of Court of Wards
+and Master of Jewel House
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1533&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Chancellor of the Exchequer
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1534&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;- King's Secretary and Master
+of the Rolls
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1535&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Vicar-General
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Lord Privy Seal and Baron
+Cromwell of Oakham
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1537&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Knight of the Garter and
+Dean of Wells
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1539&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Lord Great Chamberlain
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - created Earl of Essex
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As the above list shows, Henry never forgot the fallen
+Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; He had heaped honors upon him with extravagant generosity
+and had written to the pope recommending religious promotion.&amp;nbsp; In
+the end, Henry believed himself betrayed.&amp;nbsp; Not only had Wolsey accumulated
+obscene wealth, but he had grown arrogant and eventually treasonous.&amp;nbsp;
+And so Cromwell, despite his years of diligence and genius, was eventually
+rewarded with an earldom but only a short time before his execution.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His influence upon the 1530s, one of the most influential
+and vital decades in English history, was enormous.&amp;nbsp; One needs only
+to study the 1540s to realize how the loss of Cromwell affected Tudor government.&amp;nbsp;
+He also came to power during Anne Boleyn's ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; It was a symbolic
+changing of the guard - the old Katharine of Aragon thrust aside for the
+young, ambitious Anne Boleyn and Wolsey disgraced and replaced by his protÃ©gÃ©
+Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell supported Anne until she, like Wolsey, became
+a liability.&amp;nbsp; Among his immediate accomplishments were the following:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - the dissolution of the monasteries
+and establishment of the royal supremacy
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - founded the ministries of Augmentations
+and First Fruits to handle income from the dissolution
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - founded the two courts of Wards
+and Surveyors which allowed more efficient taxation and leasing
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;4 &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- politically integrated the
+kingdom by extending sovereign authority into northern England, Wales &amp;amp;
+Ireland (actions which angered the great feudal lords)
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;5&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - used the power of that relatively
+new invention, the printing-press and thus spearheaded the first propaganda
+campaign in English history.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the 1530s, he had instituted reforms of the English
+government which earned enmity from the nobility.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell recognized
+the basic inefficiency of feudal government and, from it, struggled to
+create a more logical system.&amp;nbsp; Instead of offices held solely because
+of birth, he wanted trained servants with expertise in their field.&amp;nbsp;
+He built a bureaucracy of professionals outside the royal household.&amp;nbsp;
+He began the first era of parliamentary control of England, using the institution
+to dissolve the monasteries which made up a quarter of all arable land
+and validate his other decisions.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; From the above list, one will note that most of the
+'accomplishments' were motivated by financial need.&amp;nbsp; Like his predecessors
+in government ministry, Cromwell needed to provide secure and regular income.&amp;nbsp;
+This alone necessitated an assault on the church's wealth.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell
+also developed a novel, and very unpopular idea - in the past, taxes were
+created to support warfare; in 1534, he developed a new tax.&amp;nbsp; Its
+basis?&amp;nbsp; The king's maintenance of peace.&amp;nbsp; These measures did
+not help his reputation but, by 1547, had brought nearly 2,000,000 pds
+to Henry's treasury.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Henry would use the entire windfall
+to finance his increasingly complicated foreign policy.&amp;nbsp; At the time
+of Henry's death, all the wealth Cromwell had accumulated was gone and
+Edward VI was left with debased currency and massive debts.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1534, however, Henry was prepared to reap the
+benefits of his new anti-clerical policies.&amp;nbsp; He had appointed his
+friend Thomas Cranmer to the venerable and powerful position of Archbishop
+of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer was like Cromwell in many ways - both owed
+their rise to prominence entirely to Henry's mercurial favor; both came
+from humble backgrounds; both were despised by the traditional nobility.&amp;nbsp;
+Cranmer had come to Henry's attention by first suggesting a solution to
+the divorce problem - petition learned churchmen for their opinion, assuming
+they agreed with Henry.&amp;nbsp; Like Cromwell, Cranmer benefited directly
+from the fall of Katharine of Aragon and the Imperial alliance and the
+rise of Anne Boleyn and her Norfolk relations.&amp;nbsp; Henry's midlife crisis
+provided fertile ground for ambitious men.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer and Cromwell liked
+one another and became friends, though Cranmer was careful to distance
+himself once Cromwell's ruin was assured.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1535, Henry appointed Cromwell Vicar General and,
+over the next five years, the honors increased - Lord Privy Seal, titled
+Baron Cromwell of Oakham, Knight of the Garter and Dean of Wells, and finally
+Lord Great Chancellor and ennoblement as Earl of Essex.&amp;nbsp; The last
+was Cromwell's greatest ambition and long before justified by his superior
+service to the crown.&amp;nbsp; During the accumulation of these honors, however,
+Cromwell began to recognize the flaws in his success.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; First, he had accompanied Anne Boleyn on her rise
+to power; yet, in 1536, he helped engineer her disgrace and execution on
+charges of adultery, incest, and witchcraft.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; Cromwell
+recognized Henry's dissatisfaction with the marriage - after several years,
+Anne's sharp tongue had offended many and, even worse, she had not produced
+a male heir.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Henry had become infatuated with Anne's
+lady-in-waiting, Mistress Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Tiring of his wife, he wanted
+to be rid of her.&amp;nbsp; Divorce was only briefly considered before being
+pushed aside.&amp;nbsp; As he had with Katharine of Aragon, Henry became convinced
+his marriage was invalid, only this time because of adultery, and he retained
+his absolute conviction in her guilt even as he truly believed his and
+Katharine's marriage was invalid.&amp;nbsp; To rid himself of Anne, he turned
+to the ever-ready Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, Anne was on trial with her
+brother and two male servants.&amp;nbsp; They were all executed, despite spirited
+defenses and the widely-held belief that it was judicial murder.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell betrayed his former patron because she no
+longer held the king's favor.&amp;nbsp; In the rough world of Tudor politics,
+friendships were lost in the struggle for prestige and survival.&amp;nbsp;
+And now Cromwell turned to Mistress Jane Seymour and her relatively obscure
+family for support.&amp;nbsp; The Seymours, however, never warmed to Cromwell
+as had the Boleyns, largely because they didn't trust him or his influence
+over the king.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was careful to press Jane's cause to the
+king though Henry needed little urging.&amp;nbsp; Just days after Anne Boleyn's
+execution, Jane Seymour became his third wife, dying eighteen months later
+after delivering the longed-for son, Prince Edward.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell busied
+himself with auctioning off church properties to various noblemen and further
+reforming the archaic machinery of Tudor government.&amp;nbsp; In doing so,
+he continued to ignore Henry's council of noble peers.&amp;nbsp; When the council
+did meet, Cromwell dominated the meetings and disregarded most suggestions.&amp;nbsp;
+To his credit, he was right on most counts; the nobility was quite distanced
+from the changing nature of government.&amp;nbsp; They were fiercely protective
+of their own 'inalienable' rights as landowners and peers and notoriously
+difficult when these rights were impugned (this conflict between the nobility
+and monarchy was centuries-old - simply remember the 13th century &lt;i&gt;Magna
+Carta&lt;/i&gt;, when the nobles forced King John I to recognize their 'natural'
+rights.)
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As discussed earlier, the nobility resented Cromwell's
+influence with the king and his pro-monarchy, anti-nobility policy.&amp;nbsp;
+And while many of the nobles benefited from the sale of clerical lands,
+many others had relatives dedicated to religious service.&amp;nbsp; Also, reverence
+for the church and its servants was as deeply-held as reverence for the
+monarchy.&amp;nbsp; Henry's attacks upon the church struck many as unnatural
+and wrong; since they could not turn on the king, they turned on Cromwell
+and blamed him for every unpopular policy.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII, who relished
+his popularity, allowed his faithful servant to be impugned.&amp;nbsp; Thus,
+Henry could meet with his nobles, listen to their complaints, and even
+agree with them since many were his dearest friends.&amp;nbsp; The king remained
+popular while his chief minister became increasingly despised and isolated.&amp;nbsp;
+It is worth noting that one of Cromwell's friends, Richard Moryson, argued
+that merit and not birth should be the only qualification for entry into
+the privy council.&amp;nbsp; Moryson eventually became a member himself.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It is also important to note that years of listening
+to anti-Cromwell gossip eventually affected Henry.&amp;nbsp; Even the king
+did not exist in a vacuum and, as his temper became increasingly erratic,
+he was easily swayed by inflamed opinion.&amp;nbsp; Thus, Cromwell suffered
+from a lapse in Henry's temper and one which the king almost immediately
+regretted.&amp;nbsp; Chief among Cromwell's enemies were the highest nobles
+in the land, once Wolsey's great enemies and led by the dukes of Suffolk
+and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; These men had pushed Wolsey from favor after years of
+effort and were determined to do the same to his protÃ©gÃ©.&amp;nbsp;
+The perfect opportunity arrived when Queen Jane died two weeks after childbirth,
+in October 1537.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was genuinely bereaved at her death but
+almost immediately the search began for a new queen.&amp;nbsp; After all, Jane
+had delivered a son but one male heir was not enough in the sixteenth century.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry's council began to search for a new consort with the king's enthusiastic
+support.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Cromwell, this was a chance to further extend
+his influence while thwarting the English nobility.&amp;nbsp; Henry's second
+and third wives had been English noblewomen whose families directly profited
+from their rise to power.&amp;nbsp; The influence of these families naturally
+troubled Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; As their influence rose, his own suffered - so
+he was opposed to the idea of another English wife.&amp;nbsp; Also, as an intelligent
+statesman, he recognized the diplomatic power of royal marriages.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry's troublesome foreign policy could be soothed if he chose a foreign
+wife - a princess or duchess of one of the great European families.&amp;nbsp;
+Kings were meant to marry other royalty and Cromwell immediately searched
+for possible candidates.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While searching, he was careful to avoid Catholic
+candidates.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell's rise to power was directly connected to the
+fall of Catholicism in England and he wanted to keep England on the path
+of Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, he sought a Protestant ally for Henry
+VIII.&amp;nbsp; Naturally, his gaze turned to the Protestant states of Germany,
+birthplace of the Lutheran revolution.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Henry VIII was
+concerned with more aesthetic matters, sending artists (most famously,
+Hans Holbein the Younger) to France and Milan to paint potential brides.&amp;nbsp;
+Among those painted was Christina, duchess of Milan and niece of the Holy
+Roman Emperor; she famously remarked that she would be happy to marry Henry
+- if she had two heads!&amp;nbsp; Henry also  considered Marie de Guise, a widowed
+cousin of the French king.&amp;nbsp; Marie, however, chose to marry Henry's
+nephew, James V of Scotland, thus creating a French-Scottish alliance along
+Henry's troublesome northern border.&amp;nbsp; Their only surviving child is
+famous in history as the tragic Mary queen of Scots.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was well aware that if France and the Holy
+Roman Empire ended hostilities, as seemed likely, England would be left
+out in the diplomatic cold.&amp;nbsp; He was quite happy when the French and
+Imperial marriage negotiations fell apart.&amp;nbsp; But as the search wound
+on, Henry became increasingly desperate for a wife.&amp;nbsp; No doubt he was
+lonely; also, his court needed a queen to be complete.&amp;nbsp; A king was
+not meant to be a bachelor, as every European monarch knew.&amp;nbsp; Finally,
+Cromwell found a Protestant ally with two available sisters - the duke
+of Cleves, whose lands were strategically located and wealthy.&amp;nbsp; He
+had two sisters not yet wed called Anne and Amelia.&amp;nbsp; As the eldest,
+Anne was chosen as the possible bride and Holbein immediately went to Cleves
+to paint her portrait.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fathens%2fforum%2f9194%2fcleves1.jpg&quot;&gt;This
+painting&lt;/a&gt; would become of paramount importance in the coming year.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was determined to have a beautiful wife and specifically asked his
+various ambassadors probing questions - does Marie de Guise have wide hips
+for childbearing? is Christina of Milan pock-marked? does Anne of Cleves
+play the lute?&amp;nbsp; Holbein's famous portrait of Anne cannot be adequately
+judged in our time; after all, standards of beauty have changed.&amp;nbsp;
+However, it is amusing to note that she - so maligned in her own time as
+the ugliest of Henry's wives - is the most attractive by twentieth-century
+standards.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Holbein's portrait showed a perfectly attractive
+young woman - and, on that basis, Cromwell was able to secure the marriage
+alliance with a Protestant ally.&amp;nbsp; Anne set sail for England, little
+realizing what lay ahead.&amp;nbsp; The king, meanwhile, was ecstatic that
+after almost three years as a widower he would be a husband again, able
+to play one of his favorite roles.&amp;nbsp; The entire country was thrilled
+at the news, in fact, and after Anne arrived, Cromwell finally secured
+his greatest ambition - an earldom.&amp;nbsp; He was titled earl of Essex by
+Henry VIII on 18 April 1540 after the marriage treaty was finalized.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this time, he also attempted to placate the
+nobility by redistributing lands to the great magnates, providing them
+with near-autonomous controls of great sections of land.&amp;nbsp; For example,
+the duke of Suffolk traded East Anglian lands for lands in Lincolnshire
+- the duke of Norfolk already held lands  in Anglia while Lincolnshire needed
+a strong leader.&amp;nbsp; Earlier, Cromwell had attempted to befriend Henry's
+oldest child, the stubbornly Catholic Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; She rebuffed
+his attention, largely on religious grounds.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Two years of marriage-brokering were often interrupted
+by rumors of rebellion.&amp;nbsp; The Pilgrimage of Grace had made Henry more
+sensitive to popular sentiment.&amp;nbsp; While Cromwell searched for a wife,
+rumors spread that the king planned new taxes.&amp;nbsp; Also, the last remnants
+of the legitimate Plantagenet line - the Nevilles, Poles, and Courtenays
+- were suspected of encouraging rebellionn and Henry used this convenient
+excuse to order more executions.&amp;nbsp; But popular unrest needed to be
+assuaged in some manner so Cromwell engineered the passing of the Six Articles
+at Parliament in April 1539.&amp;nbsp; These articles attempted to stamp a
+more conservative gloss on the Henrician reformation, thus placating conservative
+European nobles - and the Catholic nations in Europe, now forced to concede
+Henry was not so great a heretic after all.&amp;nbsp; It was a supreme example
+of Cromwell's talent for diffusing domestic tension.&amp;nbsp; In effect, it
+was all talk and no action; it didn't alter the course of the reformation
+one bit.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 6 October 1539, the marriage treaty with
+Cleves was finalized just two months after Holbein delivered his portrait.&amp;nbsp;
+Princess Anne, once betrothed to the duke of Lorraine, was now destined
+to be queen of England.&amp;nbsp; It was the fulfillment of Cromwell's domestic
+and foreign policies.&amp;nbsp; On 11 December, Anne was at Calais waiting
+for a favorable wind to carry her to Dover.&amp;nbsp; She was there for almost
+two weeks while Henry waited at Greenwich.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 27 December
+she landed at Deal and then traveled to Dover and Canterbury before arriving
+at Rochester on 1 January 1540.&amp;nbsp; Henry, desperate to see his bride
+in person, rushed in disguise to meet her 'to thus nourish love', he told
+Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Their comical first meeting is described at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The meeting was an unmitigated disaster and the beginning
+of Cromwell's end.&amp;nbsp; The New Year gifts Henry had brought for Anne
+were delivered the next day by a courier with a brief note of welcome.&amp;nbsp;
+'I am ashamed that men have so praised her as they have done, and I like
+her not', the king said ominously; he told Cromwell that Anne was 'nothing
+so well as she was spoken of' and, if he had known the truth of her appearance,
+she would never have come to England.&amp;nbsp; The next day, his betrothed
+arrived in Greenwich and the marriage, scheduled for that day, was delayed
+for two days while Henry sought escape.&amp;nbsp; But there was none to be
+had - the Holy Roman Emperor was in Paris meeting with the French king
+and Henry, locked out by those two great powers, could not risk offending
+the German princes who approved the union with Anne.&amp;nbsp; They were, after
+all, his only allies at the moment.&amp;nbsp; So Anne was not sent back and
+Henry moaned that he must 'put my neck in the yoke'.&amp;nbsp; He wrote to
+Cromwell, 'My lord, if it were not to satisfy the world and my realm, I
+would not do that I must do this day for none earthly thing'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Poor Anne of Cleves - barely able to speak English,
+in a foreign land, and despised by her intended husband!&amp;nbsp; The confused
+woman was led to a private marriage ceremony at Greenwich and, then, to
+her equally humiliating marriage-bed.&amp;nbsp; The union was not consummated,
+a subject upon which Henry never wavered.&amp;nbsp; He spoke openly of how
+disgusted he was by Anne's appearance; 'struck to the heart' by distaste,
+he 'left her as good a maid as he found her'.&amp;nbsp; They lay together for
+the entire length of their marriage but were never physically intimate.&amp;nbsp;
+After a few months had passed, the French-Imperial alliance showed signs
+of cooling and Henry's natural boldness had returned.&amp;nbsp; He wanted out
+of this fourth marriage and told Cromwell to arrange it.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What were Cromwell's options?&amp;nbsp; There were two
+ways to nullify the marriage (in essence, arrange a divorce) - Henry had
+not consented to the marriage (this was proved by his failure to consummate
+it) and Anne had not consented to the marriage (this was proved by Anne's
+precontract to the duke of Lorraine.)&amp;nbsp; Henry had long been concerned
+with the latter problem - but had been assured that the contract was completely
+repudiated.&amp;nbsp; Still, the day before his marriage to Anne, he called
+the Clevian ambassadors to him and raised the issue.&amp;nbsp; They were astonished,
+and rightly so, and offered to remain as prisoners in England until the
+formal repudiation papers were delivered from Cleves.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile,
+Thomas Cranmer told the king that Anne could simply swear that the betrothal
+had been repudiated - no official documents were necessary.&amp;nbsp; His friend
+Cromwell 'travailed on him [Henry] to pass the matter over'; he hoped that
+once Henry was married to Anne, the king would resign himself to the marriage.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But instead Henry turned to the precontract when
+his distaste could not be overcome.&amp;nbsp; On 9 July, Parliament declared
+the marriage null and void and Anne, surprising Henry and the court, was
+content to be called 'sister' and receive a handsome income and household
+in England.&amp;nbsp; She had no desire to return to Cleves, where she would
+remain under her brother's thumb and perhaps married again.&amp;nbsp; It is
+also possible she found Henry as unattractive as he found her.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was so pleased with this unexpected docility that he gave her status second
+only to his daughters, Princesses Mary and Elizabeth, both of whom came
+to befriend Anne.&amp;nbsp; Anne's letter to Henry, in which she accepts the
+dissolution of their marriage, can be read at '&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;Letters
+of the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, the time had come to search for a convenient
+scapegoat - the person responsible for the disastrous union.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+railed against his ambassadors who had so misled him with descriptions
+of her beauty - though, in truth, the ambassador's descriptions had been
+honest.&amp;nbsp; It was soon alleged that Cromwell had kept them from the
+king, for fear of discouraging the union.&amp;nbsp; Now, Cromwell was arrested
+on 10 June 1540, at 3pm on a Saturday, while at a Privy Council meeting.&amp;nbsp;
+This was a full month before the marriage was nullified.&amp;nbsp; Henry and
+Cromwell's enemies were in the midst of finding scapegoats for the marriage,
+while not yet assured of its outcome.&amp;nbsp; Henry, in a fit of temper and
+pique, complained bitterly that his minister had betrayed him while trying
+to further his own influence; the nobility were only too happy to encourage
+such thoughts.&amp;nbsp; They urged Henry to arrest Cromwell and teach the
+upstart his final lesson - namely, that it does not pay to mislead a king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So the captain of the guard arrived at the council
+chamber and arrested Cromwell, while a table of his enemies looked on.&amp;nbsp;
+The moment the guard entered the room, Cromwell recognized the danger -
+and threw his hat upon the table in rage.&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and Southampton
+stripped his decorations from his robe of state and Cromwell was then escorted
+to a barge - and, then, the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The events which follow
+are far from clear - Cromwell's fall and execution are among the most mysterious
+events of Henry VIII's reign and cannot be easily understood.&amp;nbsp; I have
+yet to read a history which offers an adequate explanation.&amp;nbsp; In truth,
+Henry became increasingly mercurial and tempermental in his later years,
+and Cromwell was just one of many victims of the king's ever-changing whims.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; First, if Cromwell fell from favor because
+of the Cleves marriage, as most believe, why did Henry title him earl of
+Essex in April 1540 - months after the marriage had been finalized and
+while negotiations for divorce were underway?&amp;nbsp; Second, if Cromwell
+was executed because his government policies angered the king, as has been
+alleged, why did Henry give his voluntary approval to all of Cromwell's
+legislation?&amp;nbsp; Third, is his enemies were in the ascendancy, why had
+Henry only recently shown the duke of Norfolk (Cromwell's great enemy)
+open favor?&amp;nbsp; After all, Norfolk had just been sent abroad on diplomatic
+work - away from the king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What are we left with?&amp;nbsp; The charges eventually
+listed in Cromwell's attainder &lt;i&gt;did not&lt;/i&gt; list the above - Cromwell
+was not accused of misleading Henry on matters of policy, he was not held
+responsible for the disastrous marriage, and he was not charged with leading
+England into an unwanted Lutheran alliance.&amp;nbsp; Instead, he was charged
+with selling export licenses illegally, granting passports and commissions
+without royal knowledge, freeing people suspected of treason and - of course
+- that he, base-born and ignoble, had usuurped and deliberately misused
+royal power.&amp;nbsp; Most significantly, however, he was charged with heresy
+- this charge was the bulk of his attaindder and apparently swayed Henry
+decisively.&amp;nbsp; Norfolk, allied with the Catholic bishops Cromwell had
+forced from power, engineered this charge.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell, they charged,
+had encouraged and spread heretical literature, allowed heretics to preach,
+released them from prison, and allied himself against their enemies.&amp;nbsp;
+Significantly, it was reported that in March 1539 Cromwell said that, even
+if Henry turned from Protestantism, 'yet I would not turn, and if the king
+did turn, and all his people, I would fight in this field in mine own person,
+with my sword in my hand &lt;i&gt;against him&lt;/i&gt; and all other'.&amp;nbsp; That
+was treason.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Shortly after his arrest, incriminating letters to
+Lutherans were found in Cromwell's home, placed there by agents of the
+duke of Norfolk; they were so inflammatory that the king was outraged.&amp;nbsp;
+Cromwell's name, Henry swore, would be abolished forever.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell
+wrote two desperate letters from the Tower; the one that survives is in
+tatters.&amp;nbsp; He assured his monarch that he was a good, loyal servant
+and a faithful Christian.&amp;nbsp; But Henry, surrounded by Cromwell's enemies
+and - more significantly - newly infatuated with Norfolk's niece, Catherine
+Howard, would hear nothing.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Norfolk was shrewd enough
+to create a Lutheran conspiracy; three popular reformers, Robert Barnes,
+Thomas Garret, and William Jerome, were executed just days after Cromwell.&amp;nbsp;
+None of the men were allowed an open trial.&amp;nbsp; That would allow the
+public opportunity for them to dispute the false charges.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
+they were condemned by Act of Attainder, a parliamentary tool which dispensed
+with justice in favor of speed.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The executed men were also neighbors of Cromwell,
+which was their only link to the earl.&amp;nbsp; And they were as innocent
+as Cromwell of the charges against them - as evidenced by the confusion
+of contemporary chroniclers.&amp;nbsp; Edward Hall, one of the great chroniclers
+of Tudor England, could find no real evidence against them although he
+'searched to know the truth'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So Cromwell was executed privately on Tower Green
+on 28 July 1540, still protesting his innocence.&amp;nbsp; He died with dignity
+- but the whole sordid affair of his deatth would not rest.&amp;nbsp; For the
+volatile Henry VIII was soon despairing of his loss, just a few months
+after he allowed the execution.&amp;nbsp; He raged at his council, accusing
+them of lying and deliberately destroying his 'most faithful servant'.&amp;nbsp;
+Cromwell's destruction had been engineered on 'light pretexts' and against
+the king's wishes.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Henry was a victim as well - of a determined
+group of nobles and clerics, led by Norfolk, who hated Cromwell and carried
+the king along on their path of destruction.&amp;nbsp; Events were rapid and
+deliberately confused.&amp;nbsp; By the time Henry realized what had happened,
+it was too late.&amp;nbsp; He could only bemoan his loss, while never understanding
+exactly why it happened.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This was no comfort to Thomas Cromwell, however;
+after a lifetime of dedicated service, he met his end by execution and
+all of Henry's regrets could not bring him back to life.
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Want to learn more about Cromwell?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Try these books (used as sources for my article) -&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The Cardinal and the Secretary: Thomas Wolsey and Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by Neville Williams.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Policy and Police: the enforcement of the Reformation
+in the Age of Thomas Cromwell&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by G. R. Elton.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Reform and Renewal: Thomas Cromwell and the Common Weal&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by G. R. Elton.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Thomas Cromwell and the English Reformation&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by A. G. Dickens.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Thomas Cromwell: Tudor Minister&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by B. W. Beckingsale.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082581&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082581&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5819</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources: The last letter of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The last letter of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e46681519f37f8a8760f42</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-letter.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-letter.gif&quot; width=&quot;331&quot; height=&quot;87&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;Mary Stuart 
+      wrote this letter on 8 February 1587, completing it just six hours before her
+execution at Fotheringhay Castle.&amp;nbsp;  &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;It is addressed to her former brother-in-law,
+King Henry III of France.&amp;nbsp; She had written to him regularly throughout
+her imprisonment in England.&amp;nbsp; The letter is a remarkable document.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary clearly believes she is dying as a martyr to her Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp;
+She also displays genuine concern for the loyal servants who joined her
+English imprisonment.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;It should be noted that Henry III did not provide the
+wages and pensions which Mary so poignantly sought.&amp;nbsp; It was King Philip II of
+Spain who honored her last wishes.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+8 February 1587
+
+&lt;br&gt;To the most Christian king, my brother and old ally,
+
+&lt;p&gt;Royal brother, having by God's will, for my sins I think, thrown myself
+
+into the power of the Queen my cousin, at whose hands I have suffered much
+
+for almost twenty years, I have finally been condemned to death by her
+
+and her Estates.&amp;nbsp; I have asked for my papers, which they have taken
+
+away, in order that I might make&amp;nbsp;my
+
+will, but I have been unable to recover anything of use to me, or even
+
+get leave either to make my will freely or to have my body conveyed after
+
+my death, as I would wish, to your kingdom where I had the honor to be
+
+queen, your sister and old ally.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Tonight, after dinner, I have been advised of my sentence:&amp;nbsp; I am
+
+to be executed like a criminal at eight in the morning.&amp;nbsp; I have not
+
+had time to give you a full account of everything that has happened, but
+
+if you will listen to my doctor and my other unfortunate servants, you
+
+will learn the truth, and how, thanks be to God, I scorn death and vow
+
+that I meet it innocent of any crime, even if I were their subject.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Catholic faith and the assertion of my God-given right to the English
+
+crown are the two issues on which I am condemned, and yet I am not allowed
+
+to say that it is for the Catholic religion that I die, but for fear of
+
+interference with theirs.&amp;nbsp; The proof of this is that they have taken
+
+away my chaplain, and although he is in the building, I have not been able
+
+to get permission for him to come and hear my confession and give me the
+
+Last Sacrament, while they have been most insistent that I receive the
+
+consolation and instruction of their minister, brought here for that purpose.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The bearer of this letter and his companions, most of them your subjects,
+
+will testify to my conduct at my last hour.&amp;nbsp; It remains for me to
+
+beg Your Most Christian Majesty, my brother-in-law and old ally, who have
+
+always protested your love for me, to give proof now of your goodness on
+
+all these points:&amp;nbsp; firstly by charity, in paying my unfortunate servants
+
+the wages due them - this is a burden on my conscience that only you can
+
+relieve:&amp;nbsp; further, by having prayers offered to God for a queen who
+
+has borne the title Most Christian, and who dies a Catholic, stripped of
+
+all her possessions.&amp;nbsp; As for my son, I commend him to you in so far
+
+as he deserves, for I cannot answer for him.&amp;nbsp; I have taken the liberty
+
+of sending you two precious stones, talismans against illness, trusting
+
+that you will enjoy good health and a long and happy life.&amp;nbsp; Accept
+
+them from your loving sister-in-law, who, as she dies, bears witness of
+
+her warm feeling for you. Again I commend my servants to you.&amp;nbsp; Give
+
+instructions, if it please you, that for my soul's sake part of what you
+
+owe me should be paid, and that for the sake of Jesus Christ, to whom I
+
+shall pray for you tomorrow as I die, I be left enough to found a memorial
+
+mass and give the customary alms.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Wednesday, at two in the morning
+
+&lt;p&gt;Your most loving and most true sister
+
+&lt;br&gt;Mary R&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;nt&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082608&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082608&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Elizabeth I's letters relating to Mary, queen of Scots</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e423c1abddcbf5dfb6f19d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;1586 &amp;amp; 1587, Letters from Elizabeth I to Mary,
+queen of Scots and James VI of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;October 1586 and 14 February 1587.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;To Mary, queen of Scots, October 1586.&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;At the opening of the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots,
+at Fotheringhay on 12th October 1586, the Commissioners delivered her this
+personal letter from Queen Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It has been translated
+from the French.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life
+and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never proceeded
+so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected and maintained
+you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you and all made manifest.
+Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles and peers of the kingdom
+as if I were myself present. I therefore require, charge, and command that
+you make answer for I have been well informed of your arrogance.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Act plainly without reserve, and you will sooner
+be able to obtain favour of me.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;To King James VI of Scotland, 14th February 1587.&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Although she signed the warrant for Mary's execution,
+Elizabeth tore it up.&amp;nbsp; Another copy was signed, and - before the queen
+could change her mind yet again - Burghley and others upon the council
+sent if off.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's life was in constant danger while Mary lived,
+as numerous plots attested.&amp;nbsp; Her Council was determined to keep her
+safe.&amp;nbsp; As for Elizabeth, she was understandably torn between protecting
+her throne and taking the life of a fellow sovereign, even one she did
+not respect or like.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The second warrant was sent from London on 4th February,
+and reached Fotheringhay on the following evening.&amp;nbsp; On the 7th the
+Earls of Shrewsbury and Kent, who were in charge of the execution, warned
+Mary to prepare for death on the following day.&amp;nbsp; On the 9th the news
+of her execution reached London, and was received by the Queen with surprise
+and horror.&amp;nbsp; She openly raged against her councilors; her capable
+secretary Davison, who had given her the second warrant, was sent to the
+Tower.&amp;nbsp; Four days later she wrote to James of Scotland to protest
+her innocence of Mary's death.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the extreme
+dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far contrary
+to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman of mine, whom
+ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you truly of that which
+is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you that as God and many
+more know, how innocent I am in this case : so you will believe me, that
+if I had bid aught I would have bid by it. I am not so base minded that
+fear of any living creature or Prince should make me so afraid to do that
+were just; or done, to deny the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor
+carry so vile a mind. But, as not to disguise, fits not a King, so will
+I never dissemble my actions, but cause them show even as I meant them.
+Thus assuring yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if
+I had meant it I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will
+I not damnify myself that thought it not.
+&lt;br&gt;The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for
+your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor
+a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully
+to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you,
+judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave to
+trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long reign.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and cousin,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth R.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschron.html&quot;&gt;to
+Mary, queen of Scots: Chronology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082762&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082762&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">32301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter Four</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e5550c79ba7b8310fade58</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER FOUR&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn -- Letters to her from the
+      &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; -- The Convent at Wilton -- The 
+      Divorce -- The Pope's promises -- Arrival of Campeggio in England -- 
+      Reception at the Bridewell Palace -- Proposal to Catherine to take the 
+      veil -- Her refusal -- Uncertainty of the succession -- A singular 
+      expedient -- Alarms of Wolsey -- The true issue -Speech of the
+      &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; in the City -- Threats of the 
+      Emperor -- Defects in the Bull of Pope Julius -- Alleged discovery of a 
+      brief supplying them -- Distress of Clement. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;THE marriage with Anne Boleyn was now a fixed 
+    idea in &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Henry&lt;/font&gt;'s mind. He had become 
+    passionately attached to her, though not perhaps she to him. The evidence of 
+    his feeling remains in a series of letters to her -- how preserved for 
+    public inspection no one knows. Some of them were said to have been stolen 
+    by Campeggio. Perhaps they were sold to him; at any rate, they survive. A 
+    critic in the &amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Edinburgh Review&lt;/i&gt;&amp;quot; described them as such as &amp;quot;might 
+    have been written by a pot-boy to his girl.&amp;quot; The pot-boy must have been a 
+    singular specimen of his kind. One, at any rate, remains to show that, 
+    though &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Henry&lt;/font&gt; was in love, he did not 
+    allow his love to blind him to his duty as a prince. The lady, though 
+    obliged to wait for the full gratification of her ambition, had been using 
+    her influence to advance her friends, while Wolsey brought upon himself the 
+    rebuke of his master by insufficient care in the distribution of Church 
+    patronage. The correspondence throws an unexpected light upon the
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt;'s character. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Abbess of Wilton had died. The situation 
+    was a pleasant one. Among the sisters who aspired to the vacant office was a 
+    certain Eleanor Carey, a near connection of Anne, and a favourite with her. 
+    The appointment rested virtually with the Crown. The Lady Anne spoke to the 
+    King. The King deputed Wolsey to inquire into the fitness of the various 
+    candidates, with a favourable recommendation of Eleanor Carey's claims. The 
+    inquiry was made, and the result gives us a glimpse into the habits of the 
+    devout recluses in these sacred institutions.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;As for the matter of Wilton,&amp;quot; wrote Henry to 
+    Anne, &amp;quot;my Lord Cardinal here had the nuns before him, and examined them in 
+    the presence of Master Bell, who assures me that she whom we would have had 
+    Abbess has confessed herself to have had two children by two different 
+    priests, and has since been kept not long ago by a servant of Lord Broke 
+    that was. Wherefore I would not for all the gold in the world clog your 
+    conscience nor mine, to make her ruler of a house which is of so ungodly 
+    demeanour, nor I trust you would not that, neither for brother nor sister, I 
+    should so distain mine honour or conscience. And as touching the Prioress 
+    [Isabella Jordan] or Dame Eleanor's elder sister, though there is not any 
+    evident cause proved against them, and the Prioress is so old that of many 
+    years she could not be as she was named, yet notwithstanding, to do you 
+    pleasure I have done that neither of them shall have it, but that some other 
+    good and well-disposed woman shall have it, whereby the house shall be 
+    better reformed, whereof I assure you it hath much need, and God much the 
+    better served.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This letter is followed by another to the 
+    Cardinal. Wolsey, in whose hands the King had left the matter, in a second 
+    letter which is lost, instead of looking out for the &amp;quot;good and well-disposed 
+    woman,&amp;quot; though IsaBella Jordan's reputation was doubtful, yet chose to 
+    appoint her, and the King's observations upon this action of his are worth 
+    attending to, as addressed by such a person as Henry is supposed to have 
+    been to a Cardinal Archbishop and Legate of the Holy See. Many of the 
+    letters signed by the King were the composition of his ministers and 
+    secretaries. This to Wolsey was his own. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The great affection and love I bear you, 
+    causeth me, using the doctrine of my Master, &lt;i&gt;quem diligo castigo,&lt;/i&gt; 
+    thus plainly as now ensueth to break to you my mind, ensuring you that 
+    neither sinister report, affection to my own pleasure, interest, nor 
+    mediation of any other body beareth part in this case, wherefore whatsoever 
+    I do say, I pray you think it spoken of no displeasure, but of him that 
+    would you as much good both of body and soul as you would yourself. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Methinks it is not the right train of a 
+    trusty loving friend and servant when the matter is put by the master's 
+    consent into his arbitre and judgement -especially in a matter wherein his 
+    master hath both royalty and interest, to elect and choose a person who was 
+    by him defended. And yet another thing which displeaseth me more. That is to 
+    cloke your offence made by ignorance of my pleasure, saying that you 
+    expressly knew not my determinate mind in that behalf. Alas, my lord, what 
+    can be more evident or plainer than these words, specially to a wise man 
+    -'His Grace careth not who, but referreth it all to you, so that none of 
+    those who either be or have been spotted with incontinence, like as by 
+    report the Prioress hath been in her youth, have it;' and also in another 
+    place in the letter, 'And therefore his Highness thinketh her not meet for 
+    that purpose;' thirdly, in another place in the same letter by these words, 
+    'And though his Grace speaketh not of it so openly, yet meseemeth his 
+    pleasure is that in no wise the Prioress have it, nor yet Dame Eleanor's 
+    eldest sister, for many considerations the which your Grace can and will 
+    best consider.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Ah, my Lord, it is a double offence both to 
+    do ill and to colour it too; but with men that have wit it cannot be 
+    accepted so. Wherefore, good my Lord, use no more that way with me, for 
+    there is no man living that more hateth it. These things having been thus 
+    committed, either I must have reserved them &lt;i&gt;in pectore,&lt;/i&gt; whereby more 
+    displeasure might happen to breed, or else thus soundly and plainly to 
+    declare them to you, because I do think that &lt;i&gt;cum amico et familiari 
+    sincere semper est agendum,&lt;/i&gt; and especially the master to his best 
+    beloved servant and friend, for in so doing the one shall be more 
+    circumspect in his doing, the other shall declare and show the lothness that 
+    is in him to have any occasion to be displeased with him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;And as touching the redress of Religion 
+    [convent discipline], if it be observed and continued, undoubtedly it is a 
+    gracious act. Notwithstanding, if all reports be true, &lt;i&gt;ab imbecillis 
+    imbecilla expectantur.&lt;/i&gt; How be it, Mr. Bell hath informed me that the 
+    Prioress's age, personage and manner, &lt;i&gt;prÃŠ se fert gravitatem.&lt;/i&gt; I pray 
+    God it be so indeed, seeing she is preferred to that room. I understand 
+    furthermore, which is greatly to my comfort, that you have ordered yourself 
+    to Godward as religiously and virtuously as any Prelate or father of 
+    Christ's Church can do, where in so doing and persevering there can be 
+    nothing more acceptable to God, more honour to yourself, nor more desired of 
+    your friends, among the which I reckon myself not the least. . . . &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;I pray you, my Lord, think it not that it is 
+    upon any displeasure that I write this unto you. For surely it is for my 
+    discharge before God, being in the room that I am in, and secondly for the 
+    great zeal I bear unto you, not undeserved in your behalf. Wherefore I pray 
+    you take it so; and I assure you, your fault acknowledged, there shall 
+    remain in me no spark of displeasure, trusting hereafter you shall 
+    recompense that with a thing much more acceptable to me. And thus fare you 
+    well; advertising you that, thanked be God, I and all my folk be, and have 
+    been since we came to Ampthill, which was on Saturday last, July 11, in 
+    marvellous good health and clearness of air. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Written with the hand of him that is, and 
+    shall be your loving Sovereign Lord and friend, -- Henry R.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Campeggio meanwhile was loitering on his way 
+    as he had been directed, pretending illness, pretending difficulties of the 
+    road. In sending him at all the Pope had broken his promise to Charles. He 
+    engaged, however, that no sentence should be given which had not been 
+    submitted first to Charles's approval. The Emperor, anxious to avoid a 
+    complete rupture with England, let the Legate go forward, but he directed 
+    Mendoza to inform Wolsey that he must defend his aunt's honour; her cause 
+    was his and he would hold it as such. Wolsey, though afraid of the 
+    consequence of opposing the divorce to himself and the Church, yet at heart 
+    had ceased to desire it. Mendoza reported that English opinion was still 
+    unfavourable, and that he did not believe that the commission would have any 
+    result. The Pope would interpose delays. Wolsey would allow and recognise 
+    them. Both Legates would agree privately to keep the matter in suspense. The 
+    English Cardinal appeared to be against the Queen, but every one knew that 
+    secretly he was now on her side. Catherine only was seriously frightened. 
+    She had doubtless been informed of the secret decretal by which the Pope 
+    appeared to have prejudged her cause. She supposed that the Pope meant it, 
+    and did not understand how lightly such engagements sate upon him. The same 
+    Clement, when Benvenuto Cellini reproached him for breaking his word, 
+    replied, smiling, that the Pope had power to bind and to loose. Catherine 
+    came before long to know him better and to understand the bearings of this 
+    singular privilege; but as yet she thought that words meant what they seemed 
+    to say. When she heard that Campeggio was actually coming, she wrote 
+    passionately to the Emperor, flinging herself upon him for protection. 
+    Charles calmed her alarm. She was not, he said, to be condemned without a 
+    hearing. The Pope had assured him that the Legates should determine nothing 
+    to her detriment. The case should be decided at Rome, as she had desired. 
+    Campeggio's orders were to advise that it should be dropped. Apart from his 
+    present infatuation, the King was a good Christian and would act as one. If 
+    he persisted, she might rely on the Pope's protection. She must consent to 
+    nothing which would imply the dissolution of her marriage. If the worst 
+    came, the King would be made conscious of his duties.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;return pageTxt_href_onClick(this,true);&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html#1&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the middle of October the Legate arrived. 
+    He had been ill in earnest from gout and was still suffering. He had to rest 
+    two days in Calais before he could face the Channel. The passage was wild. A 
+    deputation of Peers and Bishops waited to receive him at Dover. Respectful 
+    demonstrations had been prepared at the towns through which he was to pass, 
+    and a state ceremonial was to accompany his entrance into London. But he 
+    was, or pretended to be, too sick to allow himself to be seen. He was eight 
+    days on the road from the coast, and on reaching his destination he was 
+    carried privately in a state barge to the house provided for his residence. 
+    Wolsey called the next morning. The King was absent, but returned two days 
+    later to the Bridewell palace. There Campeggio waited on him, accompanied by 
+    Wolsey. The weather continued to frown. &amp;quot;I wish,&amp;quot; wrote Gerardo Molza to the 
+    Marchioness of Mantua, &amp;quot;that you could have seen the two Cardinals abreast, 
+    one on his mule, the other carried in his chair, the rain falling fast so 
+    that we were all drenched.&amp;quot; The King, simple man, believed that the 
+    documents which he held secured him. The Pope in sending the Legate had 
+    acted in the teeth of the Emperor's prohibition, and no one guessed how the 
+    affair had been soothed down. The farce was well played, and the language 
+    used was what Henry expected. Messer Floriano, one of Campeggio's suit, made 
+    a grand oration, setting out the storming of Rome, the perils of the Church, 
+    and the misery of Italy, with moving eloquence. The crowd was so dense in 
+    the hall of audience that some of the Italians lost their shoes, and had to 
+    step back barefoot to their lodgings through the wet streets. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Legate was exhausted by the exertion, but 
+    he was not allowed to rest, and the serious part of the business began at 
+    once behind the scenes. He had hoped, as the Emperor said, that the case 
+    might be dropped. He found Henry immoveable. &amp;quot;An angel from heaven,&amp;quot; he 
+    wrote on the 17th of October, &amp;quot;would not be able to persuade the King that 
+    his marriage was not invalid. The matter had come to such a pass that it 
+    could no longer be borne with. The Cardinal of York and the whole kingdom 
+    insisted that the question must be settled in some way.&amp;quot; One road out of the 
+    difficulty alone presented itself. The Emperor had insisted that the 
+    marriage should not be dissolved by Catherine's consent, objecting 
+    reasonably that a judgment invalidating it would shake other royal marriages 
+    besides hers. But no such judgment would be necessary if Catherine could be 
+    induced to enter &amp;quot;lax religion,&amp;quot; to take vows of chastity which, at her age 
+    and under her conditions of health, would be a mere form. The Pope could 
+    then allow Henry to take another wife without offence to any one. The 
+    legitimacy of the Princess would not be touched, and the King undertook that 
+    the succession should be settled upon her if he had no male heir. The Queen 
+    in consenting would lose nothing, for the King had for two years lived apart 
+    from her, and would never return to cohabitation. The Emperor would be 
+    delivered from an obligation infinitely inconvenient to him, and his own 
+    honour and the honour of Spain would be equally untouched. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;These arguments were laid before the Queen by 
+    both the Legates, and urged with all their eloquence. In the interests of 
+    the realm, in the interests of Europe, in the interests of the Church, in 
+    her own and her daughter's interest as well, it would have been wiser if she 
+    had complied. Perhaps she would have complied had the King's plea been 
+    confined, as at first, to the political exigencies of the succession. But 
+    the open and premature choice of the lady who was to take her place was an 
+    indignity not to be borne. She had the pride of her race. Her obstinacy was 
+    a match for her husband's. She was shaken for a moment by the impassioned 
+    entreaties of Campeggio, and she did not at once absolutely refuse. The 
+    Legate postponed the opening of his court. He referred to Rome for further 
+    instructions, complaining of the responsibility which was thrown upon him. 
+    Being on the spot he was able to measure the danger of disappointing the 
+    King after the secret commission, the secret decretal, and the Pope's 
+    private letter telling Henry that he was right. Campeggio wrote to Salviati, 
+    after his first interview with Catherine, that he did not yet despair. 
+    Something might be done if the Emperor would advise her to comply. He asked 
+    Fisher to help him, and Fisher seemed not wholly unwilling; but, after a few 
+    days' reflection, Catherine told him that before she would consent she would 
+    be torn limb from limb; she would have an authoritative sentence from the 
+    Pope, and would accept nothing else; nothing should make her alter her 
+    opinion, and if after death she could return to life, she would die over 
+    again rather than change it.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Wolsey was in equal anxiety. He had set the 
+    stone rolling, but he could not stop it. If Clement failed the King now, 
+    after all that he had promised, he might not only bring ruin on Wolsey 
+    himself, but might bring on the overthrow of the temporal power of the 
+    Church of England. Catherine was personally popular; but in the middle 
+    classes of the laity, among the peers and gentlemen of England, the 
+    exactions of the Church courts, the Pope's agents and collectors, the 
+    despotic tyranny of the Bishops, had created a resentment the extent of 
+    which none knew better than he. The entire gigantic system of clerical 
+    dominion, of which Wolsey was himself the pillar and representative, was 
+    tottering to its fall. If the King was driven to bay, the favour of a 
+    good-natured people for a suffering woman would be a poor shelter either for 
+    the Church or for him. Campeggio turned to Wolsey for advice on Catherine's 
+    final refusal. The Pope, he said, had hoped that Wolsey would advise the 
+    King to yield. Wolsey had advised. He told Cavendish that he had gone on his 
+    knees to the King, but he could only say to Campeggio that &amp;quot;the King -- 
+    fortified and justified by reasons, writings, and counsels of many learned 
+    men who feared God -- would never yield.&amp;quot; If he was to find that the Pope 
+    had been playing with him, and the succession was to be left undetermined, 
+    &amp;quot;the Church would be ruined and the realm would be in infinite peril.&amp;quot;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;How great, how real, was the dread of a 
+    disputed succession, appears from an extraordinary expedient which had 
+    suggested itself to Campeggio himself, and which he declares that some 
+    perplexed politicians had seriously contemplated. &amp;quot;They have thought,&amp;quot; he 
+    wrote on the 28th of October, &amp;quot;of marrying the Princess Mary to the King's 
+    natural son [the Duke of Richmond] if it could be done by dispensation from 
+    His Holiness.&amp;quot; The Legate said that at first he had himself thought of this 
+    as a means of establishing the succession; but he did not believe it would 
+    satisfy the King's desire. If anything could be more astonishing than a 
+    proposal for the marriage of a brother and sister, it was the reception 
+    which the suggestion met with at Rome. The Pope's secretary replied that 
+    &amp;quot;with regard to the dispensation for marrying the son to the daughter of the 
+    King, if on the succession being so established the King would abandon the 
+    divorce, the Pope would be much more inclined to grant it.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;return pageTxt_href_onClick(this,true);&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html#2&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Clement's estimate of the extent of the 
+    dispensing power was large. But the situation was desperate. He had 
+    entangled himself in the meshes. He had promised what he had no intention of 
+    performing. He was finding that he had been trifling with a lion, and that 
+    the lion was beginning to rouse himself. Again and again Wolsey urged the 
+    dangers upon him. He wrote on the 1st of November to Casalis that &amp;quot;the 
+    King's honour was touched, having been so great a benefactor to the Holy 
+    See. The Pope would alienate all faith and devotion to the Apostolic See. 
+    The sparks of opposition which had been extinguished with such care and 
+    vigilance would blaze out to the utmost anger of all, both in England and 
+    elsewhere.&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html#3&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;Clement and his Cardinals heard, but 
+    imperfectly believed. &amp;quot;He tells us,&amp;quot; wrote Sanga, &amp;quot;that if the divorce is 
+    not granted the authority of the Apostolic See in England will be 
+    annihilated; he is eager to save it because his own greatness is bound up 
+    with ours.&amp;quot; The Curia was incredulous, and thought that Wolsey was only 
+    alarmed for himself. Wolsey, however, was right. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Although opinions might have varied on the 
+    merits of the King's request, people were beginning to ask what value as a 
+    supreme judge a Pope could have, who could not decide on a point of canon 
+    law. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The excitement was growing. Certain knowledge 
+    of what was going on was confined to the few who had access to the secret 
+    correspondence, and they knew only what was meant for their own eyes. All 
+    parties, English and Imperial alike, distrusted the Pope. He had impartially 
+    lied to both, and could be depended on by neither, except so far as they 
+    could influence his fears. Catherine was still the favourite with the London 
+    citizens. She had been seen accidentally in a gallery of the Palace, and had 
+    been enthusiastically cheered. The King found it necessary to explain 
+    himself. On the 8th of November he summoned the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, the 
+    Privy Council, and a body of Peers, and laid the situation before them from 
+    his own point of view. He spoke of his long friendship with the Emperor, and 
+    of his hope that it would not be broken, and again of his alliance with 
+    France, and of his desire to be at peace with all the world. &amp;quot;He had 
+    wished,&amp;quot; he said, &amp;quot;to attach France more closely to him by marrying his 
+    daughter to a French prince, and the French Ambassador, in considering the 
+    proposal, had raised the question of her legitimacy. His own mind had long 
+    misgiven him on the lawfulness of his marriage. M. de Tarbes' words had 
+    added to his uneasiness. The succession to the crown was uncertain; he had 
+    consulted his bishops and lawyers, and they had assured him that he had been 
+    living in mortal sin. . . . He meant only to do what was right, and he 
+    warned his subjects to be careful of forming hasty judgments on their 
+    Prince's actions.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Apart from the present question the King was 
+    extremely popular, and reports arriving from Spain touched the national 
+    pride. There was a talk of calling Parliament. Mendoza and Catherine again 
+    urged Charles to speak plainly. The Pope must inhibit Parliament from 
+    interfering. The Nuncio in London would present the order, and Parliament, 
+    they thought, would submit. They were mistaking the national temper. 
+    Mendoza's letters had persuaded the Spanish Council that the whole of 
+    England was in opposition to the King. The Spanish Chancellor had said 
+    publicly that if the cause was proceeded with there would be war, and &amp;quot;the 
+    King would be dethroned by his own subjects.&amp;quot; The words were reported to 
+    Wolsey, and were confirmed by an English agent, Sylvester Darius, who had 
+    been sent to Valladolid on business connected with the truce. Darius had 
+    spoken to the Chancellor on the probability of England taking active part 
+    with France. &amp;quot;Why do you talk of the King of England?&amp;quot; the Chancellor had 
+    answered; &amp;quot;if we wished, we could expel him from his kingdom in three 
+    months. What force had the King? his own subjects would expel him. He knew 
+    how matters were.&amp;quot; It was one thing for a free people to hold independent 
+    opinions on the arrangements of their own royal family. It was another to be 
+    threatened with civil war at the instigation of a foreign sovereign. Wolsey 
+    quoted the dangerous language at a public meeting in London; and a voice 
+    answered, &amp;quot;The Emperor has lost the hearts of a hundred thousand 
+    Englishmen.&amp;quot; A fresh firebrand was thrown into the flames immediately after. 
+    The national pride was touched on a side where it was already sensitive from 
+    interest. There were 15,000 Flemish artisans in London. English workmen had 
+    been jealous of their skill, and had long looked askance at them. The cry 
+    rose that they had an army of traitors in their midst who must be instantly 
+    expelled. The Flemings' houses were searched for arms, and watched by a 
+    guard, and the working city population, traders, shopkeepers, mechanics, 
+    apprentices, came over to the King's side, and remained there. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Meantime the cause itself hung fire. A new 
+    feature had been introduced to enable Campeggio to decline to proceed and 
+    the Pope to withdraw decently from his promises. The original Bull of Pope 
+    Julius permitting the marriage had been found to contain irregularities of 
+    form which were supposed fatal to it. The validity of the objection was not 
+    denied, but was met by the production of a brief alleged to have been found 
+    in Spain, and bearing the same date with the Bull, which exactly met that 
+    objection. No trace of such a brief could be found in the Vatican Register. 
+    It had informalities of its own, and its genuineness was justly suspected, 
+    but it answered the purpose of a new circumstance. A copy only was sent to 
+    England, which was shown by Catherine in triumph to Henry, but the original 
+    was detained. It would be sent to Rome, but not to London; without it 
+    Campeggio could pretend inability to move, and meanwhile he could refuse to 
+    proceed on his commission. Subterfuges which answer for the moment revenge 
+    themselves in the end. Having been once raised, it was absolutely necessary 
+    that a question immediately affecting the succession should be settled in 
+    some way, and many of the peers who had been hitherto cool began to back the 
+    King's demands. An address was drawn up, having among others the Duke of 
+    Norfolk's signature, telling the Pope that the divorce must be conceded, and 
+    complaints were sent through Casalis againt Campeggio's dilatoriness. The 
+    King, he was to say, would not submit to be deluded. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Casalis delivered his message, and describes 
+    the effect which it produced. &amp;quot;The Pope,&amp;quot; he wrote, &amp;quot;very angry, laid his 
+    hand on my arm and forbade me to proceed, saying there was but too good 
+    ground for complaint, and he was deluded by his own councillors. He had 
+    granted the decretal only to be shown to the King, and then burnt. Wolsey 
+    now wished to divulge it. He saw what would follow, and would gladly recall 
+    what had been done, even with the loss of one of his fingers.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Casalis replied that Wolsey wished only to 
+    show it to a few persons whose secrecy might be depended on. Was it not 
+    demanded for that purpose? Why had the Pope changed his mind? The Pope, only 
+    the more excited, said he saw the Bull would be the ruin of him, and he 
+    would make no more concessions. Casalis prayed him to consider. Waving his 
+    arms violently, Clement said, &amp;quot;I do consider. I consider the ruin which is 
+    hanging over me. I repent what I have done. If heresies arise, is it my 
+    fault? I will not violate my conscience. Let them, if they like, send the 
+    Legate back, because he will not proceed. They can do as they please, 
+    provided they do not make me responsible.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Did the Pope mean, then, Casalis asked, that 
+    the commission should not proceed? The Pope could not say as much as that; 
+    he had told Campeggio, he said, to dissuade the King and persuade the Queen.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;What harm could there be,&amp;quot; Casalis inquired, 
+    &amp;quot;in showing the decretal, under oath, to a few of the Privy Council?&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Pope said the decretal ought to have been 
+    burnt, and refused to discuss the matter further.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Chapter Five&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082635&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082635&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">13951</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England links</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England links</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Links</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e68a5186626c0f4e8eef14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">links.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosdarnleylinks.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/links.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Links&quot; width=&quot;319&quot; height=&quot;156&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#General&quot;&gt;General History&lt;/A&gt; - 
+&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#Individuals&quot;&gt;Individuals&lt;/A&gt; 
+- &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#Shopping&quot;&gt;Shopping&lt;/A&gt; - 
+&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#Miscellaneous&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/A&gt; 
+-&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#My&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;My Favorite 
+Links&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2femail.html&quot;&gt;Submit a 
+Link&lt;/a&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Individual pages 
+throughout the site also list relevant links.&amp;nbsp; For example, the Anne Boleyn 
+webpage has Anne Boleyn links.&amp;nbsp; I actually prefer those listings to 
+maintaining a 'master list' here.&amp;nbsp; As a result, this page has more general 
+links.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosdarnleylinks.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;double portrait of Mary, queen of Scots and her second husband, Lord Darnley&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;229&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;double 
+        portrait of Mary, queen of Scots and her second husband, Lord Darnley&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England: Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=General&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;General 
+History&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.suite101.com%2fwelcome.cfm%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Suite101.com: Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; Wendy Dunn has created a wonderful site, 
+which includes original fiction and articles, regular updates, and lots of 
+links.&amp;nbsp; She even sponsors a &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.suite101.com%2fcontest.cfm%2f6820%2f419&quot;&gt;Tudor Ghost Story 
+contest&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Wendy also published her first novel, a tale of Anne Boleyn 
+and Thomas Wyatt, this year; &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.wendyjdunn.com&quot;&gt;visit her 
+author's site for more information&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; You can read an excerpt, order the 
+book, and read various articles about Anne.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org&quot;&gt;Tudorhistory.org&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+Lara Eakins's started her Tudor site in 1995.&amp;nbsp; I don't think I even had an 
+internet connection back then.&amp;nbsp; It has lovely 
+graphics, original photographs, and lots of information on various Tudor topics, 
+including architecture and music.&amp;nbsp; It also sponsors a Tudor England mailing 
+list and pen-pal page.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to chat with other Tudor 
+enthusiasts, this is where you should go. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudor-portraits.com&quot;&gt;The Tudor and 
+Elizabethan Portrait Site&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a great resource for those who love 
+Tudor and Elizabethan portraits.&amp;nbsp; There are some beautiful scans available here.&amp;nbsp; Edward has also collected 
+portraits of 16th century European nobility. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fCollegePark%2f2809&quot;&gt;Claire Webb's Tudor England 
+Website&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site offers a collection of interesting 
+essays on various Tudor topics, as well as an 'information point' and an 
+extensive list of Tudor-related books. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fhenry8jane%2fTudor.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Dynasty 
+Website&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; Petra's site has information about all the 
+Tudor monarchs, plus she has &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fhansiiHolbein&quot;&gt;a 
+separate website about Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; They are part of her 
+&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fhenry8jane&quot;&gt;larger study of European 
+monarchs&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; This is a great place to visit if you want to plot the 
+genealogical course of European royalty through the centuries, and there are 
+many nice portraits. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.royalty.nu&quot;&gt;World of 
+Royalty&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a great site that features the 
+Tudors, as well as other royal families.&amp;nbsp; It has contemporary royal news 
+and an extensive Tudor bibliography. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.royal.gov.uk.%2foutput%2fPage1.asp&quot;&gt;The 
+Official Website of the British Monarchy&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The name 
+says it all.&amp;nbsp; The site has been recently redesigned; it features nice 
+graphics and brief biographies of all British monarchs.&amp;nbsp; There is a current 
+news page, information about royal residences and artwork, and a special section 
+on the Queen's Golden Jubilee. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.maryrose.org&quot;&gt;The Mary 
+Rose&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A lovely site dedicated to Henry VIII's 
+infamous warship, with lots of additional information. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2frenaissance.dm.net%2fcompendium%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Life in Elizabethan 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A wonderful and very detailed site which has 
+so much information that I couldn't possibly list it all - go visit!&amp;nbsp; 
+Weddings, food, religion, a collection of proverbs....&amp;nbsp; and it's 
+beautifully designed as well.&amp;nbsp; This site also features &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2frenaissance.dm.net%2fcompendium%2fmap-england.html&quot;&gt;a map of 
+Renaissance England&lt;/A&gt; to help you get your geographical bearings. 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ffolger.edu&quot;&gt;The Folger Shakespeare 
+Library&amp;nbsp;&lt;/A&gt; The Folger has recently redesigned their 
+website.&amp;nbsp; It has information on their collections and current and past 
+exhibitions. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=Individuals&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;Individuals&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fSoHo%2fStudios%2f1344%2fhenryviii.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII and 
+His Six Wives&amp;nbsp;&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; An introduction to Great Harry 
+and his checkered marital career. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene%2findex%5fenglish.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey: Nine Days' Queen&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A very detailed introduction 
+to Jane's life, well-written and engaging. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsarah%5fn%5fbernard&quot;&gt;Lady 
+Jane Grey: Queen of England for Nine Days&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A lovely 
+site with lots of pictures and an in-depth study of Jane's short life. 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.wantree.com.au%2f%7ehalligan%2fladyjane%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site has many pictures to complement any 
+study of Jane's life.&amp;nbsp; It also discusses her sisters, Catherine and 
+Mary. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale&quot;&gt;Mary 
+Tudor&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a very extensive site that has all you 
+need to know about Mary I's life, from birth to death. Lots of nice portraits as 
+well, and it even lists all the Marian films out there. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart 
+Society of Scotland&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is the most detailed Mary, 
+queen of Scots site on the web.&amp;nbsp; It has a&amp;nbsp; lengthy biography of the 
+queen, samples of her poetry and letters, and much more - too much to list here, 
+in fact. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fles%5fvalois&quot;&gt;Mary, 
+queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site is currently available in 
+French.&amp;nbsp; It's beautifully designed and has lots of information; go visit 
+and try out your foreign language skills!&amp;nbsp; Its creator also made this &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsarah%5fn%5fbernard&quot;&gt;Lady Jane Grey site&lt;/A&gt; listed 
+above. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.elizabethi.org&quot;&gt;The Life and Times 
+of Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site offers a comprehensive look 
+at Elizabeth I's life, and features a Tudor Trophy Challenge. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=Shopping&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;Shopping&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.royalpaperdolls.com&quot;&gt;Royal Paper 
+Dolls&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; Laurie Sebastian's page offers paper dolls of 
+famous kings and queens throughout history, with a comprehensive collection of 
+Tudors.&amp;nbsp; She also has biographical and historical information about the 
+monarchs, suggestions for further reading, and a links page. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudorrosedesigns.com&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose 
+Designs&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site offers a large collection of 
+Tudor-related cross stitch patterns, including the Tudor rose crop used on my 
+main page.&amp;nbsp; Quite a few visitors have commented upon it - well, now you can 
+cross stitch it! There is also a large collection of Victorian images.&amp;nbsp; You 
+can pay through PayPal and also buy gift certificates. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=https:%2f%2fwww.shakespeare-etc.org&quot;&gt;Shakespeare, 
+Etc - The Folger Shakespeare Library Gift Shop&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The 
+Folger's online gift store has a nice selection of Elizabethan items, including 
+a poster of the queen and a Tudor rose pin. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.morganlibrary.org%2fshop%2findex.html&quot;&gt;The Pierpont Morgan Library 
+Gift Shop&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The New York museum has an eclectic gift 
+shop which features Bluff King Hal and his six wives on a box of chocolates as 
+well as a collection of porcelain boxes. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhousefurniture.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Tudor 
+House: Fine English Furniture&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This store sells a wide 
+variety of English oak reproduction furniture.&amp;nbsp; They also have a wonderful 
+selection of Tudor links at the site.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=Miscellaneous&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.dnaco.net%2f%7ealeed%2fcorsets%2fgeneral.html&quot;&gt;The Elizabethan 
+Costuming Page&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The perfect resource for Tudor 
+fashion; this site includes numerous lengthy articles, images, and an extensive 
+collection of links. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.rennfest.com%2fmrf%2findex.html&quot;&gt;The 
+Maryland Renaissance Festival&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The RenFest in my home 
+state.&amp;nbsp; It starts this year on August 23rd.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of the 
+Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game 
+set in 16th century England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne 
+Boleyn or other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=My&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;My Favorite 
+Links&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2faldaily.com&quot;&gt;Arts &amp;amp; Letters 
+Daily&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A daily collection of interesting 
+articles from around the world, mostly arts/culture stuff with the occasional 
+science article.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.city-journal.org&quot;&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;City Journal&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One of my 
+two favorite magazines with many great writers, including Dr. Theodore Dalrymple 
+and Heather MacDonald.&amp;nbsp; The website features many full-length 
+articles.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.theatlantic.com&quot;&gt;The Atlantic Monthly&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This 
+magazine has lost its mind lately with some terrible political commentary but it 
+occasionally has interesting articles.&amp;nbsp; And their website includes a 
+regular 'Flashbacks' series which focuses on famous articles from their 
+archives.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.space.com%2fspacewatch&quot;&gt;Spacewatch&lt;/A&gt; &amp;nbsp; The title says it all.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amsmeteors.org&quot;&gt;The American Meteor Society&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Again, the title says it all.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;And &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;John 
+Keats&lt;/A&gt; and &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;Lord Byron&lt;/A&gt;, my 
+other two never-ending websites.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082548&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082548&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01e8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,618 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">43180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e88948331181409aab201e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e8.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER TWO&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Mission of Wolsey to Paris -- 
+      Visits Bishop Fisher on the way -- Anxieties of the Emperor -- Letter of 
+      the Emperor to Henry VIII. -Large offers to Wolsey -- Address of the 
+      French Cardinals to the Pope -- Anne Boleyn chosen by Henry to succeed 
+      Catherine -- Surprise and displeasure of Wolsey -- Fresh attempts of the 
+      Emperor to bribe him -- Wolsey forced to continue to advocate the divorce 
+      -Mission of Dr. Knight to Rome -- The Pope at Orvieto -- The King applies 
+      for a dispensation to make a second marriage -- Language of the 
+      dispensation demanded -- Inferences drawn from it -- Alleged intrigue 
+      between the King and Mary Boleyn. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;IT was believed at the time -- 
+    and it was the tradition afterwards -- that Wolsey, in his mission to Paris, 
+    intended to replace Catherine by a French princess, the more surely to 
+    commit Francis to the support of Henry in the divorce, and to strengthen the 
+    new alliance. Nothing can be inherently more likely. The ostensible reason, 
+    however, was to do away with any difficulties which might have been 
+    suggested by the objection of the Bishop of Tarbes to the legitimacy of the 
+    Princess Mary. If illegitimate, she would be no fitting bride for the Duke 
+    of Orleans. But she had been born &lt;i&gt;bonÃ¢ fide parentum.&lt;/i&gt; There was no 
+    intention of infringing her prospective rights or of altering her present 
+    position. Her rank and title were to be secured to her in amplest measure.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Cardinal went upon his 
+    journey with the splendour attaching to his office and befitting a churchman 
+    who was aspiring to be the spiritual president of the two kingdoms. On his 
+    way to the coast he visited two prelates whose support to his policy was 
+    important. Archbishop Warham had been cold about the divorce, if not openly 
+    hostile. Wolsey found him &amp;quot;not much changed from his first fashion,&amp;quot; but 
+    admitting that, although it might be unpleasant to the Queen, truth and 
+    justice must prevail. Bishop Fisher was a more difficult subject. He had 
+    spoken in the Legate's court in Catherine's favour. It was from him, as the 
+    King supposed, that Catherine herself had learnt what was impending over 
+    her. Wolsey called at his palace as he passed through Rochester. He asked 
+    the Bishop plainly if he had been in communication with the Queen. The 
+    Bishop, after some hesitation, confessed that the Queen had sought his 
+    advice, and said that he had declined to give an opinion without the King's 
+    command. Before Wolsey left London, at a last interview at York Place, the 
+    King had directed him to explain &amp;quot;the whole matter&amp;quot; to the Bishop. He went 
+    through the entire history, mentioned the words of the Bishop of Tarbes, and 
+    discussed the question which had risen upon it, on account of which he had 
+    been sent into France. Finally, he described the extreme violence with which 
+    Catherine had received the intelligence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Bishop greatly blamed the 
+    conduct of the Queen, and said he thought that if he might speak to her he 
+    might bring her to submission. He agreed, or seemed to agree, that the 
+    marriage had been irregular, though he did not himself think that it could 
+    now be broken. Others of the bishops, he thought, agreed with him; but he 
+    was satisfied that the King meant nothing against the laws of God, and would 
+    be fully justified in submitting his misgivings to the Pope.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mendoza's and the Queen's 
+    letters had meanwhile been despatched to Spain, to add to the anxieties 
+    which were overwhelming the Emperor. Nothing could have been less welcome at 
+    such a juncture than a family quarrel with his uncle of England, whose 
+    friendship he was still hoping to retain. The bird that he had caged at Rome 
+    was no convenient prisoner. The capture of Rome had not been ordered by 
+    himself, though politically he was obliged to maintain it. The time did not 
+    suit for the ambitious Church reforms of Lope de Soria. Peace would have to 
+    be made with the Pope on some moderate conditions. His own Spain was hardly 
+    quieted after the revolt of the &lt;i&gt;Comunidades.&lt;/i&gt; Half Germany was in 
+    avowed apostasy from the Church of Rome. The Turks were overrunning Hungary, 
+    and sweeping the Mediterranean with their pirate fleets, and the passionate 
+    and restless Francis was watching his opportunity to revenge Pavia and 
+    attack his captor in the Low Countries and in Italy. The great Emperor was 
+    moderate, cautious, prudent to a fault. In a calmer season he might have 
+    been tempted to take the Church in hand; and none understood better the 
+    condition into which it had fallen. But he was wise enough to know that if a 
+    reform of the Papacy was undertaken at all it must be undertaken with the 
+    joint consent of the other Christian princes, and all his present efforts 
+    were directed to peace. He was Catherine's natural guardian. Her position in 
+    England had been hitherto a political security for Henry's friendship. It 
+    was his duty and his interest to defend her, and he meant to do it; not, 
+    however, by sending roving expeditions to land in Cornwall and raise a civil 
+    war; all means were to be tried before that; to attempt such a thing, he 
+    well knew, would throw Europe into a blaze. The letters found him at 
+    Valladolid. He replied, of course, that he was shocked at a proceeding so 
+    unlooked for and so scandalous, but he charged Mendoza to be moderate and to 
+    confine himself to remonstrance. He wrote himself to Henry -- 
+    confidentially, as from friend to friend, and ciphering his letter with his 
+    own hand. He was unable to believe, he said, that Henry could contemplate 
+    seriously bringing his domestic discomforts before the world. Even supposing 
+    the marriage illegitimate -- even supposing that the Pope had no power to 
+    dispense in such cases -- &amp;quot;it would be better and more honourable to keep 
+    the matter secret, and to work out a remedy.&amp;quot; He bade Mendoza remind the 
+    King that to question the dispensing power affected the position of other 
+    princes besides his own; that to touch the legitimacy of his daughter would 
+    increase the difficulties with the succession, and not remove them. He 
+    implored the King &amp;quot;to keep the matter secret, as he would do himself.&amp;quot; 
+    Meanwhile, he told Mendoza, for Catherine's comfort, that he had written to 
+    demand a mild brief from the Pope to stop the scandal. He had requested him, 
+    as Catherine had suggested, to revoke Wolsey's powers, or at least to 
+    command that neither he nor any English Court should try the case. If heard 
+    at all it must be heard before his Holiness and the Sacred College. But he 
+    could not part with the hope that he might still bring Wolsey to his own and 
+    the Queen's side. A council of Cardinals was to meet at Avignon to consider 
+    the Pope's captivity. The Cardinal of England was expected to attend. 
+    Charles himself might go to Perpignan. Wolsey might meet him there, discuss 
+    the state of Europe, and settle the King's secret affair at the same time.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Should 
+    this be impossible, he charged Mendoza once more to leave no stone unturned 
+    to recover Wolsey's friendship. &amp;quot;In our name,&amp;quot; he said, &amp;quot;you will make him 
+    the following offers: -- &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;1. The 
+    payment of all arrears on his several pensions, amounting to 9,000 ducats 
+    annually. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;2. Six 
+    thousand additional ducats annually until such a time as a bishoprick or 
+    other ecclesiastical endowment of the same revenue becomes vacant in our 
+    kingdom. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;3. The 
+    Duke, who is to have Milan, to give him a Marquisate in that Duchy, with an 
+    annual rent of 12,000 ducats, or 15,000 if the smaller sum be not enough; 
+    the said Marquisate to be held by the Cardinal during his life, and to pass 
+    after him to any heir whom he shall appoint.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As if this was not sufficient, 
+    the Emperor' paid a yet further tribute to the supposed all-powerful 
+    Cardinal. He wrote himself to him as to his &amp;quot;good friend.&amp;quot; He said that if 
+    there was anything in his dominions which the Cardinal wished to possess he 
+    had only to name it, as he considered Wolsey the best friend that he had in 
+    the world.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;For the ministers of great 
+    countries deliberately to sell themselves to foreign princes was the custom 
+    of the age. The measure of public virtue which such a custom indicates was 
+    not exalted; and among the changes introduced by the Reformation the 
+    abolition or suspension of it was not the least beneficial. Thomas Cromwell, 
+    when he came to power, set the example of refusal, and corruption of public 
+    men on a scale so scandalously enormous was no more heard of. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Gold, however, had flowed in upon Wolsey in such enormous streams and 
+    from so many sources that the Emperor's munificence and attention failed to 
+    tempt him. On reaching Paris he found Francis bent upon war, and willing to 
+    promise anything for Henry's assistance. The belief at the French Court was 
+    that the Emperor, hearing that the Churches of England and France meant to 
+    decline from their obedience to the Roman Communion, would carry the Pope to 
+    Spain; that Clement would probably be poisoned there, and the Apostolic See 
+    would be established permanently in the Peninsula. Wolsey himself wrote 
+    this, and believed it, or desired Henry to believe it, proving the extreme 
+    uncertainty among the best-informed of contemporary politicians as to the 
+    probable issue of the capture of Rome. The French Cardinals drew and sent an 
+    address to the Pope, intimating that as long as he was in confinement they 
+    could accept no act of his as lawful, and would not obey it. Wolsey signed 
+    at the head of them. The Cardinals Salviati, Bourbon, Lorraine, and the 
+    Chancellor Cardinal of Sens, signed after him. The first stroke in the game 
+    had been won by Wolsey. Had the Pope recalled his powers as legate, an 
+    immediate schism might have followed. But a more fatal blow had been 
+    prepared for him by his master in England. Trusting to the Cardinal's 
+    promises that the Pope would make no difficulty about the divorce, Henry had 
+    considered himself at liberty to choose a successor to Catherine. He had 
+    suffered once in having allowed politics to select a wife for him. This time 
+    he intended to be guided by his own inclination. When Elizabeth afterwards 
+    wished to marry Leicester, Lord Sussex said she had better fix after her own 
+    liking; there would be the better chance of the heir that her realm was 
+    looking for. Her father fixed also after his liking in selecting Elizabeth's 
+    mother. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn was the second 
+    daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, a Norfolk knight of ancient blood, and 
+    himself a person of some distinction in the public service. Lady Boleyn was 
+    a Howard, daughter of the Duke of Norfolk. Anne was born in 1507, and by 
+    birth and connection was early introduced into the court. When a girl she 
+    was taken to Paris to be educated. In 1522 she was brought back to England, 
+    became a lady-in-waiting, and, being a witty, brilliant young woman, 
+    attracted and encouraged the attentions of the fashionable cavaliers of the 
+    day. Wyatt, the poet, was among her adorers, and the young Percy, afterwards 
+    Earl of Northumberland. It was alleged afterwards that between her and Percy 
+    there had been a secret marriage which had been actually consummated. That 
+    she had been involved in some dangerous intrigue or other she herself 
+    subsequently confessed. But she was attractive, she was witty; she drew 
+    Henry's fancy, and the fancy became an ardent passion. Now, for the first 
+    time, in Wolsey's absence, the Lady Anne's name appears in connection with 
+    the divorce. On the 16th of August Mendoza informed Charles, as a matter of 
+    general belief, that if the suit for the divorce was successful the King 
+    would marry a daughter of Master Boleyn, whom the Emperor would remember as 
+    once ambassador at the Imperial court. There is no direct evidence that 
+    before Wolsey had left England the King had seriously thought of Anne at 
+    all. Catherine could have had no suspicion of it, or her jealous indignation 
+    would have made itself heard. The Spanish Ambassador spoke of it as a new 
+    feature in the case. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Boleyns were Wolsey's 
+    enemies, and belonged to the growing faction most hostile to the Church. The 
+    news as it came upon him was utterly distasteful. (1) Anne in turn hated 
+    Wolsey, as he probably knew that she would, and she compelled him to stoop 
+    to the disgrace of suing for her favour. The inference is reasonable, 
+    therefore, that the King took the step which in the event was to produce 
+    such momentous consequences when the Cardinal was not at hand to dissuade 
+    him. He was not encouraged even by her own family. Her father, as will be 
+    seen hereafter, was from the first opposed to his daughter's advancement. He 
+    probably knew her character too well. But Henry, when he had taken an idea 
+    into his head, was not to be moved from it. The lady was not beautiful: she 
+    was rather short than tall, her complexion was dark, her neck long, her 
+    mouth broad, her figure not particularly good. The fascinating features were 
+    her long flowing brown hair, a pair of effective dark eyes, and a boldness 
+    of character which might have put him on his guard, and did not. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The immediate effect was to 
+    cool Wolsey's ardour for the divorce. His mission in France, which opened so 
+    splendidly, eventuated in little. The French cardinals held no meeting at 
+    Avignon. They had signed the address to Clement, but they had not made the 
+    Cardinal of York into their patriarch. Rouen was not added to his other 
+    preferments. Could he but have proposed a marriage for his sovereign with 
+    the Princess of Alencon, all might have been different, but it had fared 
+    with him as it fared with the Earl of Warwick, whom Henry's grandfather had 
+    sent to France to woo a bride for him, and in his absence married Elizabeth 
+    Grey. He perhaps regretted the munificent offers of the Emperor which he had 
+    hastily rejected, and he returned to England in the autumn to feel the 
+    consequences of the change in his situation. Mr. Brewer labours in vain to 
+    prove that Wolsey was unfavourable to the divorce from the beginning. 
+    Catherine believed that he was the instigator of it. Mendoza was of the same 
+    opinion. Unquestionably he promoted it with all his power, and made it a 
+    part of a great policy. To maintain that he was acting thus against his 
+    conscience and to please the King is more dishonouring to him than to 
+    suppose that he was either the originator or the willing instrument. All, 
+    however, was altered when Anne Boleyn came upon the stage, and she made 
+    haste to make him feel the change. &amp;quot;The Legate has returned from France,&amp;quot; 
+    wrote Mendoza on the 26th of October. He went to visit the King at Richmond, 
+    and sent to ask where he could see him. The King was in his chamber. It 
+    happened that the lady, who seemed to entertain no great affection for the 
+    Cardinal, was in the room with the King, and before the latter could answer 
+    the message she said for him, &amp;quot;Where else is the Cardinal to come? Tell him 
+    he may come here where the King is.&amp;quot; The Legate felt that such treatment 
+    boded no good to him, but concealed his resentment. &amp;quot;The cause,&amp;quot; said 
+    Mendoza, &amp;quot;is supposed to be that the said lady bears the Legate a grudge, 
+    for other reasons, and because she has discovered that during his visit to 
+    France the Legate proposed to have an alliance for the King found in that 
+    country.&amp;quot; Wolsey persuaded Mendoza that the French marriage had been a 
+    fiction, but at once he began to endeavour to undo his work, and prevent the 
+    dissolution of the marriage with Catherine. He tried to procure an 
+    unfavourable opinion from the English Bishops before legal proceedings were 
+    commenced. Mendoza, however, doubted his stability if the King persisted in 
+    his purpose, and advised that a papal decision on the case should be 
+    procured and forwarded as soon as possible.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Pope's captivity, however, 
+    would destroy the value of any judgment which he might give while he 
+    continued in durance. The Emperor, encouraged by the intimation that Wolsey 
+    was wavering, reverted to his previous hope. In a special memorandum of 
+    measures to be taken, the most important, notwithstanding the refusal of the 
+    previous offers, was still thought to be to &amp;quot;bribe the Cardinal.&amp;quot; He must 
+    instantly be paid the arrears of his pensions out of the revenues of the 
+    sees of Palencia and Badajoz. If there was not money enough in the treasury, 
+    a further and larger pension of twelve or fourteen thousand crowns was to be 
+    given to him out of some rich bishopric in Castile. The Emperor admitted 
+    that he had promised the Cortes to appoint no more foreigners to Spanish 
+    sees, but such a promise could not be held binding, being in violation of 
+    the liberties of the Church. Every one would see that it was for the good of 
+    the kingdom. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The renewed offer was doubtless 
+    conveyed to Wolsey, but he probably found that he had gone too deep to 
+    retire. If he made such an effort as Mendoza relates, he must have speedily 
+    discovered that it would be useless. He had encouraged the King in a belief 
+    that the divorce would be granted by the Pope as a matter of course, and the 
+    King, having made up his own mind, was not to be moved from it. If Wolsey 
+    now drew back, the certain inference would be that he had accepted an 
+    imperial bribe. There was no resource, therefore, but to go on. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While Wolsey had been 
+    hesitating, the King had, unknown to him, sent his secretary, Dr. Knight, to 
+    Rome with directions to obtain access if possible to the Pope, and procure 
+    the dispensation which had been already applied for to enable him to marry a 
+    second time without the formalities of a judgment. Such an expedient would 
+    be convenient in many ways. It would leave Catherine's position unaffected 
+    and the legitimacy of the Princess Mary unimpugned. Knight went. He found 
+    that without a passport he could not even enter the city, still less be 
+    allowed an interview. &amp;quot;With ten thousand crowns he could not bribe his way 
+    into St. Angelo.&amp;quot; He contrived, however, to have a letter introduced, which 
+    the Pope answered by telling Knight to wait in some quiet place. He (the 
+    Pope) would &amp;quot;there send him all the King's requests in as ample a form as 
+    they were desired.&amp;quot; Knight trusted in a short time &amp;quot;to have in his custody 
+    as much, perfect, sped, and under lead, as his Highness had long time 
+    desired.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Knight was too sanguine. The 
+    Emperor, finding the Pope's detention as a prisoner embarrassing, allowed 
+    him, on the 9th of December, to escape to Orvieto, where he was apparently 
+    at liberty; but he was only in a larger cage, all his territories being 
+    occupied by Imperial troops, and he himself watched by the General of the 
+    Observants, and warned at his peril to grant nothing to Catherine's 
+    prejudice. Henry's Secretary followed him, saw him, and obtained something 
+    which on examination proved to be worthless. The negotiations were left 
+    again in Wolsey's hands, and were pressed with all the eagerness of a 
+    desperate man. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Pope Clement had ceased to be a 
+    free agent. He did not look to the rights of the case. He would gladly have 
+    pleased Henry could he have pleased him without displeasing Charles. The 
+    case itself was peculiar, and opinions differed on the rights and wrongs of 
+    it. The reader must be from time to time reminded that, as the law of 
+    England has stood ever since, a marriage with a brother's widow was not a 
+    marriage. As the law of the Church then stood, it was not a marriage unless 
+    permitted by the Pope; and according to the same law of England the Pope 
+    neither has, nor ever had, any authority to dispense with the law. Therefore 
+    Henry, on the abstract contention, was in the right. He had married 
+    Catherine under an error. The problem was to untie the knot with as little 
+    suffering to either as the nature of the case permitted. That the 
+    negotiations were full of inconsistencies, evasions, and contradictions, was 
+    natural and inevitable. To cut the knot without untying it was the only 
+    direct course, but that all means were exhausted before the application of 
+    so violent a remedy was rather a credit than a reproach. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The first inconsistency was in 
+    the King. He did not regard his marriage as valid; therefore he thought 
+    himself at liberty to marry again; but he did not wish to illegitimatise his 
+    daughter or degrade Catherine. He disputed the validity of the dispensation 
+    of Julius II.; yet he required a dispensation from Clement which was equally 
+    questionable to enable him to take a second wife. The management of the case 
+    having reverted to Wolsey, fresh instructions were sent to Sir Gregory 
+    Casalis, the regular English agent at the Papal court, to wait on Clement. 
+    Casalis was &amp;quot;bid consider how much the affair concerned the relief of the 
+    King's conscience, the safety of his soul, the preservation of his life, the 
+    continuation of his succession, the welfare and repose of all his subjects 
+    now and hereafter.&amp;quot; The Pope at Orvieto was personally accessible. Casalis 
+    was to represent to him the many difficulties which had arisen in connection 
+    with the marriage, and the certainty of civil war in England should the King 
+    die leaving the succession no better provided for. He was, therefore, to 
+    request the Pope to grant a commission to Wolsey to hear the case and to 
+    decide it, and (perhaps as an alternative) to sign a dispensation, a draft 
+    of which Wolsey enclosed. The language of the dispensation was peculiar. 
+    Wolsey explained it by saying that &amp;quot;the King, remembering by the example of 
+    past times what false claims [to the crown] had been put forward, to avoid 
+    all colour or pretext of the same, desired this of the Pope as absolutely 
+    necessary.&amp;quot; If these two requests were conceded, Henry undertook on his part 
+    to require the Emperor to set the Pope at liberty, or to declare war against 
+    him if he refused. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A dispensation, which was to 
+    evade the real point at issue, yet to convey to the King a power to take 
+    another wife, was a novelty in itself and likely to be carefully worded. It 
+    has given occasion among modern historians to important inferences 
+    disgraceful to everyone concerned. The sinister meaning supposed to be 
+    obvious to modern critics could not have been concealed from the Pope 
+    himself. Here, therefore, follow the words which have been fastened on as 
+    for ever fatal to the intelligence and character of Henry and his Ministers.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Pope, after reviewing the 
+    later history of England, the distractions caused by rival claimants of the 
+    crown, after admitting the necessity of guarding against the designs of the 
+    ambitious, and empowering Henry to marry again, was made to address the King 
+    in these words: -- &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;In order to take away all 
+    occasion from evil doers, we do in the plenitude of our power hereby suspend
+    &lt;i&gt;hÃ¢c vice&lt;/i&gt; all canons forbidding marriage in the fourth degree, also 
+    all canons &lt;i&gt;de impedimento publicÅ honestatis&lt;/i&gt; preventing marriage in 
+    consequence of clandestine espousals, further all canons relating to 
+    precontracts clandestinely made but not consummated, also all canons 
+    affecting impediments created by affinity rising &lt;i&gt;ex illicito coitu,&lt;/i&gt; 
+    in any degree even in the first, so far as the marriage to be contracted by 
+    you, the petitioner, can be objected to or in any wise be impugned by the 
+    same. Further, to avoid canonical objections on the side of the woman by 
+    reason of former contract clandestinely made, or impediment of public 
+    honesty or justice arising from such clandestine contract, or of any 
+    affinity contracted in any degree even the first, &lt;i&gt;ex illicito coitu:&lt;/i&gt; 
+    and in the event that it has proceeded beyond the second or third degrees of 
+    consanguinity, whereby otherwise you, the petitioner, would not be allowed 
+    by the canons to contract marriage, we hereby license you to take such woman 
+    for wife, and suffer you and the woman to marry free from all ecclesiastical 
+    objections and censures.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The explanation given by Wolsey 
+    of the wording of this document is that it was intended to preclude any 
+    objections which might be raised to the prejudice of the offspring of a 
+    marriage in itself irregular. It was therefore made as comprehensive as 
+    possible. Dr. Lingard, followed by Mr. Brewer, and other writers see in it a 
+    transparent personal application to the situation in which Henry intended to 
+    place himself in making a wife of Anne Boleyn. Two years subsequent to the 
+    period when this dispensation was asked for, when the question of the 
+    divorce had developed into a battle between England and the Papacy, and the 
+    passions of Catholics and Reformers were boiling over in recrimination and 
+    invective, the King's plea that he was parting from Catherine out of 
+    conscience was met by stories set floating in society that the King himself 
+    had previously intrigued with the mother and sister of the lady whom he 
+    intended to marry; precisely the same obstacle existed, therefore, to his 
+    marriage with Anne, being further aggravated by incest. No attempt was ever 
+    made to prove these charges; no particulars were given of time or place. No 
+    witnesses were produced, nor other evidence, though to prove them would have 
+    been of infinite importance. Queen Catherine, who if any one must have known 
+    it if the accusation was true, never alludes to Mary Boleyn in the fiercest 
+    of her denunciations. It was heard of only in the conversation of 
+    disaffected priests or secret visitors to the Spanish Ambassador, and was 
+    made public only in the manifesto of Reginald Pole, which accompanied Paul 
+    III.'s Bull for Henry's deposition. Even this authority, which was not much 
+    in itself, is made less by the fact that in the first draft of &amp;quot;Pole's 
+    Book,&amp;quot; sent to England to be examined in 1535, the story is not mentioned. 
+    Evidently, therefore, Pole had not then heard of it or did not believe it. 
+    The guilt with the mother is now abandoned as too monstrous. The guilt with 
+    the sister is peremptorily insisted on, and the words of the dispensation 
+    are appealed to as no longer leaving room for doubt. To what else, it is 
+    asked, can such extraordinary expressions refer unless to some disgraceful 
+    personal &lt;i&gt;liaison?&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The uninstructed who draw 
+    inferences of fact from the verbiage of legal documents will discover often 
+    what are called &amp;quot;mare's nests.&amp;quot; I will request the reader to consider what 
+    this supposition involves. The dispensation would have to be copied into the 
+    Roman registers, subject to the inspection of the acutest canon lawyers in 
+    the world. If the meaning is so clear to us, it must have been clear to 
+    them. We are, therefore, to believe that Henry, when demanding to be 
+    separated from Catherine, as an escape from mortal sin, for the relief of 
+    his conscience and the surety of his succession, was gratuitously putting 
+    the Pope in possession of a secret which had only to be published to 
+    extinguish him and his plea in an outburst of scorn and laughter. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There was no need for such an 
+    acknowledgment, for the intrigue could not be proved. It could not be 
+    required for the legitimation of the children that were to be born; for a 
+    man of Wolsey's ability must have known that no dispensation would be held 
+    valid that was granted after so preposterous a confidence. It was as if a 
+    man putting in a claim for some great property, before the case came on for 
+    trial privately informed both judge and jury that it was based on forgery.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We are called on to explain 
+    further, why, when all Europe was shaken by the controversy, no hint is to 
+    be found in any public document of a fact which, if true, would be decisive; 
+    and yet more extraordinary, why the Pope and the Curia, when driven to bay 
+    in all the exasperation of a furious controversy, left a weapon unused which 
+    would have assured them an easy victory. Wolsey was not a fool. Is it 
+    conceivable that he would have composed a document so fatal and have drawn 
+    the Pope's pointed attention to it? My credulity does not extend so far. We 
+    cannot prove a negative; we cannot prove that Henry had not intrigued with 
+    Mary Boleyn, or with all the ladies of his court. But the language of the 
+    dispensation cannot be adduced as an evidence of it, unless King, Pope, and 
+    all the interested world had parted with their senses. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As to the story itself, there 
+    is no ground for distinguishing between the mother and the daughter. When it 
+    was first set circulating both were named together. The mother only has been 
+    dropped, lest the improbability should seem too violent for belief. That 
+    Mary Boleyn had been the King's mistress before or after her own marriage is 
+    now asserted as an ascertained fact by respectable historians -- a fact 
+    sufficient, can it be proved, to cover with infamy for ever the English 
+    separation from Rome, King, Ministers, Parliaments, Bishops, and every one 
+    concerned with it. The effectiveness of the weapon commends it to Catholic 
+    controversialists. I have only to repeat that the evidence for the charge is 
+    nothing but the floating gossip of Catholic society, never heard of, never 
+    whispered, till the second stage of the quarrel, when it had developed into 
+    a passionate contest; never even then alleged in a form in which it could be 
+    met and answered. It could not have been hid from Queen Catherine if it was 
+    known to Reginald Pole. We have many letters of Catherine, eloquent on the 
+    story of her wrongs; letters to the Emperor, letters to the Pope; yet no 
+    word of Mary Boleyn. What reason can be given save that it was a legend 
+    which grew out of the temper of the time? Nothing could be more plausible 
+    than to meet the King's plea of conscience with an allegation which made it 
+    ridiculous. But in the public pleadings of a cause which was discussed in 
+    every capital in Europe by the keenest lawyers and diplomatists of the age, 
+    an accusation which, if maintained, would have been absolutely decisive, is 
+    never alluded to in any public document till the question had passed beyond 
+    the stage of discussion. The silence of all responsible persons is 
+    sufficient proof of its nature. It was a mere floating calumny, born of wind 
+    and malice. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mr. Brewer does indeed imagine 
+    that he has discovered what he describes as a tacit confession on Henry's 
+    part. When the Act of Appeals was before the House of Commons which ended 
+    the papal jurisdiction in England, a small knot of Opposition members used 
+    to meet privately to deliberate how to oppose it. Among these one of the 
+    most active was Sir George Throgmorton, a man who afterwards, with his 
+    brother Michael, made himself useful to Cromwell and played with both 
+    parties, but was then against the divorce and against all the measures which 
+    grew out of it. Throgmorton, according to his own account, had been admitted 
+    to an interview with the King and Cromwell. In 1537, after the Pilgrimage of 
+    Grace, while the ashes of the rebellion were still smouldering, after 
+    Michael Throgmorton had betrayed Cromwell's confidence and gone over to 
+    Reginald Pole, Sir George was reported to have used certain expressions to 
+    Sir Thomas Dyngley and to two other gentlemen, which he was called on by the 
+    Council to explain. The letter to the King in which he replied is still 
+    extant. He said that he had been sent for by the King after a speech on the 
+    Act of Appeals, &amp;quot;and that he saw his Grace's conscience was troubled about 
+    having married his brother's wife.&amp;quot; He professed to have said to Dyngley 
+    that he had told the King that if he did marry Queen Anne his conscience 
+    would be more troubled at length, for it was thought he had meddled both 
+    with the mother and the sister; that his Grace said: &amp;quot;Never with the 
+    mother,&amp;quot; and my Lord Privy Seal (Cromwell), standing by, said, &amp;quot;nor with the 
+    sister neither, so put that out of your mind.&amp;quot; Mr. Brewer construes this 
+    into an admission of the King that Mary Boleyn had been his mistress, and 
+    omits, of course, by inadvertence, that Throgmorton, being asked why he had 
+    told this story to Dyngley, answered that &amp;quot;he spake it only out of 
+    vainglory, to show he was one that durst speak for the Commonwealth.&amp;quot; 
+    Nothing is more common than for &amp;quot;vainglorious&amp;quot; men, when admitted to 
+    conversations with kings, to make the most of what they said themselves, and 
+    to report not very accurately what was said to them. Had the conversation 
+    been authentic, Throgmorton would naturally have appealed to Cromwell's 
+    recollection. But Mr. Brewer accepts the version of a confessed boaster as 
+    if it was a complete and trustworthy account of what had actually passed. He 
+    does not ask himself whether if the King or Cromwell had given their version 
+    it might not have borne another complexion. Henry was not a safe person to 
+    take liberties with. Is it likely that if one of his subjects, who was 
+    actively opposing him in Parliament, had taxed him with an enormous crime, 
+    he would have made a confession which Throgmorton had only to repeat in the 
+    House of Commons to ruin him and his cause? Mr. Brewer should have added 
+    also that the authority which he gave for the story was no better than 
+    Father Peto, afterwards Cardinal Peto, as bitter an enemy of the Reformation 
+    as Pole himself. Most serious of all, Mr. Brewer omits to mention that 
+    Throgmorton was submitted afterwards to a severe cross-examination before a 
+    Committee of Council, the effect of which, if he had spoken truly, could 
+    only be to establish the authenticity of a disgraceful charge.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The last evidence alleged is 
+    the confession made by Anne Boleyn, after her condemnation, of some mystery 
+    which had invalidated her marriage with the King and had been made the 
+    ground of an Act of Parliament. The confession was not published, and 
+    Catholic opinion concluded, and concludes still, that it must have been the 
+    Mary Boleyn intrigue. Catholic opinion does not pause to inquire whether 
+    Anne could have been said to confess an offence of the King and her sister. 
+    The cross-examination of Throgmorton turns the conjecture into an absurdity. 
+    When asked, in 1537, whom he ever heard say such a thing, he would have had 
+    but to appeal to the proceedings in Parliament in the year immediately 
+    preceding. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Is it likely finally that if 
+    Throgmorton's examination proves what Mr. Brewer thinks it proves, a record 
+    of it would have been preserved among the official State Papers? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If all the stories current 
+    about Henry VIII. were to be discussed with as much detail as I have allowed 
+    to this, the world would not contain the books which should be written. An 
+    Irish lawyer told me in my youth to believe nothing which I heard in that 
+    country which had not been sifted in a court of justice, and only half of 
+    that. Legend is as the air invulnerable, and blows aimed at it, if not 
+    &amp;quot;malicious mockery&amp;quot; are waste of effort. Charges of scandalous immorality 
+    are precious to controversialists, for if they are disproved ever so 
+    completely the stain adheres. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1.
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    The date of Henry's resolution to marry Anne is of some consequence, since 
+    the general assumption is that it was the origin of the divorce. Rumour, of 
+    course, said so afterwards, but there is no evidence for it. The early 
+    love-letters written by the King to her are assigned by Mr. Brewer to the 
+    midsummer of 1527. But they are undated, and therefore the period assigned 
+    to them is conjecture merely.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudethree.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter Three&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082632&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082632&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01ea.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01ea.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01ea.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4312</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The fall of Catherine Howard, 1541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ea53b4a906ce20a5864758</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215251</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ea.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pricath.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pricath.gif&quot; width=&quot;485&quot; height=&quot;72&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Spanish ambassador Eustace Chapuys.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Catherine was Henry VIII's fifth wife and the cousin of his 
+      second wife, Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; She was perhaps only 18 years old when she 
+      caught the king's eye; her immature and reckless behavior guaranteed a 
+      brief marriage.&amp;nbsp; Though the king was besotted with her, she was 
+      understandably more attracted to men her own age.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;In this account, Chapuys inaccurately uses the name 'Dorand'
+to refer to Francis Dereham.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Thomas &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Culpepper's position saved him from Dereham's 
+      gruesome fate.&amp;nbsp; Lady Rochford was Anne Boleyn's former sister-in-law.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;This year on 13 November Sir Thomas Wriothesley, secretary to the king,
+came to Hampton Court to the queen, and called all the ladies and gentlewomen
+and her servants into the great chamber, and there openly before them declared
+certain offenses she had committed in misusing her body with certain persons
+before the king's time, because of which he there discharged all her household;
+and the morning after she was taken to Sion, with my Lady Bainton and two
+other gentlewomen and certain of her servants to wait on her there until
+the king's further pleasure.&amp;nbsp; And various people were taken to the
+Tower of London, such as my Lady Rochford, Master Culpepper, one of the
+king's privy chamber, and others.
+&lt;p&gt;On 1 December Thomas Culpepper, one of the gentlemen of the king's privy
+chamber, and Francis Dorand, gentleman, were arraigned at the Guildhall
+in London, for high treason against the king's majesty, in misdemeanor
+with the queen, as appeared by their indictment which they confessed to,
+and they were sentenced to be drawn, hanged, and quartered, the lord mayor
+sitting there as chief, the lord chancellor on his right hand, and the
+duke of Norfolk on his left hand, the duke of Suffolk, the lord privy seal,
+the earls of Sussex, of Hertford, and various others of the king's council
+sitting with all the judges also in commission that day.&amp;nbsp; And on 10
+December the said Culpepper and Dorand were drawn from the Tower of London
+to Tyburn, and there Culpepper, after exhorting the people to pray for
+him, stood on the ground by the gallows, knelt down and had his head struck
+off; and then Dorand was hanged, dismembered, disemboweled, beheaded and
+quartered.&amp;nbsp; Culpepper's body was buried at St Sepulchre's church near
+Newgate, and their heads were set on London Bridge.
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;to the Catherine 
+Howard website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082602&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082602&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5834</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01f1c05d719b1a542df1bdc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01f1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">scot-letters.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">scots-letters.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/scot-letters.gif&quot; width=&quot;598&quot; height=&quot;114&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/scots-letters.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The Darnley Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;The 
+      first letter was sent to Mary, queen of Scots at the opening of her trial 
+      at Fotheringhay on 12 October 1586.&amp;nbsp; It was written in French.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+Four days after Mary's execution, Elizabeth sent the second letter to Mary's 
+son, King James VI of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In it, she asserts her innocence in his 
+mother's death.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Although she signed the warrant for Mary's execution,
+Elizabeth tore it up.&amp;nbsp; Another copy was signed, and - before the queen
+could change her mind yet again - Burghley and others upon the council
+sent if off.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's life was in constant danger while Mary lived,
+as numerous plots attested.&amp;nbsp; Her councilors were determined to keep her
+safe.&amp;nbsp; As for Elizabeth, she was understandably torn between protecting
+her throne and taking the life of a fellow sovereign, even one she did
+not respect or like.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The second warrant was sent from London on 4th February,
+and reached Fotheringhay on the following evening.&amp;nbsp; On the 7th the Earls of 
+Shrewsbury and Kent, who were in charge of the execution, warned Mary to prepare 
+for death on the following day.&amp;nbsp; On the 9th news of the execution reached 
+London, and was received by the Queen with surprise and horror.&amp;nbsp; She openly 
+raged against her councilors; her capable secretary Davison, who had given her 
+the second warrant, was sent to the Tower.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;To Mary, queen of Scots, October 1586&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life
+and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never proceeded
+so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected and maintained
+you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you and all made manifest.
+Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles and peers of the kingdom
+as if I were myself present. I therefore require, charge, and command that
+you make answer for I have been well informed of your arrogance.
+&lt;br&gt;Act plainly without reserve, and you will sooner
+be able to obtain favour of me.&lt;p&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;To King James VI of Scotland, 14th February 1587&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the extreme
+dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far contrary
+to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman of mine, whom
+ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you truly of that which
+is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you that as God and many
+more know, how innocent I am in this case : so you will believe me, that
+if I had bid aught I would have bid by it. I am not so base minded that
+fear of any living creature or Prince should make me so afraid to do that
+were just; or done, to deny the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor
+carry so vile a mind. But, as not to disguise, fits not a King, so will
+I never dissemble my actions, but cause them show even as I meant them.
+Thus assuring yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if
+I had meant it I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will
+I not damnify myself that thought it not.
+&lt;br&gt;The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for
+your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor
+a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully
+to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you,
+judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave to
+trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long reign.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Your most assured loving sister and cousin,
+&lt;br&gt;Elizabeth R.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+the Queen Elizabeth I website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;nt&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082607&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082607&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01fd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9557</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, 1556</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01fd9e47f9ed8572bc1c2789</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215251</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01fd.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pcranmer.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pcranmer.gif&quot; width=&quot;359&quot; height=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This 
+      dramatic account of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer's execution was written by 
+      an anonymous bystander.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Cranmer was executed on 21 March 1556.&amp;nbsp; Imprisoned by 
+      the Catholic Queen Mary I, Cranmer wrote a recantation of Protestantism, 
+      but he denied that recantation before he died.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Mary had good cause to dislike Cranmer.&amp;nbsp; Not only 
+      was he the premier Protestant in England, he also annulled her parents' 
+      marriage and subsequently married King Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+But that I know for our great friendships, and long continued love,
+you look even of duty that I should signify to you of the truth of such
+things as here chanceth among us; I would not at this time have written
+to you the unfortunate end, and doubtful tragedy, of Thomas Cranmer late
+bishop of Canterbury: because I little pleasure take in beholding of such
+heavy sights.&amp;nbsp; And, when they are once overpassed, I like not to rehearse
+them again; being but a renewing of my woe, and doubling my grief.&amp;nbsp;
+For although his former, and wretched end, deserves a greater misery, (if
+any greater might have chanced than chanced unto him), yet, setting aside
+his offenses to God and his country, and beholding the man without his
+faults, I think there was none that pitied not his case, and bewailed not
+his fortune, and feared not his own chance, to see so noble a prelate,
+so grave a counsellor, of so long continued honor, after so many dignities,
+in his old years to be deprived of his estate, adjudged to die, and in
+so painful a death to end his life.&amp;nbsp; I have no delight to increase
+it.&amp;nbsp; Alas, it is too much of itself, that ever so heavy a case should
+betide to man, and man to deserve it.
+&lt;br&gt;But to come to the matter: on Saturday last, being 21 of March, was
+his day appointed to die.&amp;nbsp; And because the morning was much rainy,
+the sermon appointed by Mr Dr Cole to be made at the stake, was made in
+St Mary's church: whither Dr Cranmer was brought by the mayor and aldermen,
+and my lord Williams: with whom came divers gentlemen of the shire, sir
+T A Bridges, sir John Browne, and others.&amp;nbsp; Where was prepared, over
+against the pulpit, a high place for him, that all the people might see
+him.&amp;nbsp; And, when he had ascended it, he kneeled him down and prayed,
+weeping tenderly: which moved a great number to tears, that had conceived
+an assured hope of his conversion and repentance....
+&lt;br&gt;When praying was done, he stood up, and, having leave to speak, said,
+'Good people, I had intended indeed to desire you to pray for me; which
+because Mr Doctor hath desired, and you have done already, I thank you
+most heartily for it.&amp;nbsp; And now will I pray for myself, as I could
+best devise for mine own comfort, and say the prayer, word for word, as
+I have here written it.'&amp;nbsp; And he read it standing: and after kneeled
+down, and said the Lord's Prayer; and all the people on their knees devoutly
+praying with him....
+&lt;br&gt;And then rising, he said, 'Every man desireth, good people, at the
+time of their deaths, to give some good exhortation, that other may remember
+after their deaths, and be the better thereby.&amp;nbsp; So I beseech God grant
+me grace, that I may speak something, at this my departing, whereby God
+may be glorified, and you edified....
+&lt;br&gt;And now I come to the great thing that troubleth my conscience more
+than nay other thing that ever I said or did in my life: and that is, the
+setting abroad of writings contrary to the truth.&amp;nbsp; Which here now
+I renounce and refuse, as things written with my hand, contrary to the
+truth which I thought in my heart, and written for fear of death, and to
+save my life, if it might be: and that is, all such bills, which I have
+written or signed with mine own hand since my degradation: wherein I have
+written many things untrue.&amp;nbsp; And forasmuch as my hand offended in
+writing contrary to my heart, therefore my hand shall first be punished:
+for if I may come to the fire, it shall be first burned.&amp;nbsp; And as for
+the pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy and antichrist, with all his
+false doctrine.'
+&lt;br&gt;And here, being admonished of his recantation and dissembling, he said,
+'Alas, my lord, I have been a man that all my life loved plainness, and
+never dissembled till now against the truth; which I am most sorry for
+it.'&amp;nbsp; He added hereunto, that, for the sacrament, he believed as he
+had taught in his book against the bishop of Winchester.&amp;nbsp; And here
+he was suffered to speak no more....
+&lt;br&gt;Then was he carried away; and a great number, that did run to see him
+go so wicjedly to his death, ran after him, exhorting him, while time was,
+to remember himself.&amp;nbsp; And one Friar John, a godly and well learned
+man, all the way traveled with him to reduce him.&amp;nbsp; But it would not
+be.&amp;nbsp; What they said in particular I cannot tell, but the effect appeared
+in the end: for at the stake he professed, that he died in all such opinions
+as he had taught, and oft repented him of his recantation.
+&lt;br&gt;Coming to the stake with a cheerful countenance and willing mind, he
+put off his garments with haste, and stood upright in his shirt: and bachelor
+of divinity, named Elye, of Brazen-nose college, labored to convert him
+to his former recantation, with the two Spanish friars.&amp;nbsp; And when
+the friars saw his constancy, they said in Latin to one another 'Let us
+go from him: we ought not to be nigh him: for the devil is with him.'&amp;nbsp;
+But the bachelor of divinity was more earnest with him: unto whom he answered,
+that, as concerning his recantation, he repented it right sore, because
+he knew it was against the truth; with other words more.&amp;nbsp; Whereby
+the Lord Williams cried, 'Make short, make short.'&amp;nbsp; Then the bishop
+took certain of his friends by the hand.&amp;nbsp; But the bachelor of divinity
+refused to take him by the hand, and blamed all the others that so did,
+and said, he was sorry that ever he came in his company.&amp;nbsp; And yet
+again he required him to agree to his former recantation.&amp;nbsp; And the
+bishop answered, (showing his hand), 'This was the hand that wrote it,
+and therefore shall it suffer first punishment.'
+&lt;br&gt;Fire being now put to him, he stretched out his right hand, and thrust
+it into the flame, and held it there a good space, before the fire came
+to any other part of his body; where his hand was seen of every man sensibly
+burning, crying with a&amp;nbsp; loud voice, 'This hand hath offended.'&amp;nbsp;
+As soon as the fire got up, he was very soon dead, never stirring or crying
+all the while.
+&lt;br&gt;His patience in the torment, his courage in dying, if it had been taken
+either for the glory of God, the wealth of his country, or the testimony
+of truth, as it was for a pernicious error, and subversion of true religion,
+I could worthily have commended the example, and matched it with the fame
+of any father of ancient time: but, seeing that not the death, but cause
+and quarrel thereof, commendeth the sufferer, I cannot but much dispraise
+his obstinate stubbornness and sturdiness in dying, and specially in so
+evil a cause.&amp;nbsp; Surely his death much grieved every man; but not after
+one sort.&amp;nbsp; Some pitied to see his body so tormented with the fire
+raging upon the silly carcass, that counted not of the folly.&amp;nbsp; Other
+that passed not much of the body, lamented to see him spill his soul, wretchedly,
+without redemption, to be plagued for ever.&amp;nbsp; His friends sorrowed
+for love; his enemies for pity; strangers for a common kind of humanity,
+whereby we are bound one to another.&amp;nbsp; Thus I have enforced myself,
+for your sake, to discourse this heavy narration, contrary to my mind:
+and, being more than half weary, I make a short end, wishing you a quieter
+life, with less honor; and easier death, with more praise.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082606&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082606&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">23100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">books about English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">books about 16th century Tudor history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Bibliography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ff3be41f70dfc0c83668b0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215244</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ff.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">biblio.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">favoritebooks.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pavane.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">fifthqueen.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">candlemass.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">deathofthefox.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maskofroyalty.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cranmer.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">youngbess.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizessex.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorfashion.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">erasmus.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/biblio.gif&quot; width=&quot;257&quot; height=&quot;113&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Bibliography&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Over the years, I've read most 
+    of the Tudor books, fiction and nonfiction, I could find.&amp;nbsp; Countless 
+    books.&amp;nbsp; Good books, a few great ones, and lots of bad ones.&amp;nbsp; This 
+    page currently lists my favorite Tudor works.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=2 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      England: Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/favoritebooks.gif&quot; alt=&quot;My favorite Tudor books&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;77&quot;&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;When people ask me what 
+        Tudor-related books to read, these are the ones I list:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pavane.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;152&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0345440919%2ftudorengla148-20%3ePavane%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;PAVANE 
+
+    by Keith Roberts&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Eventually I will be at a loss 
+
+    for superlatives when describing my favorite books.&amp;nbsp; PAVANE is a 
+
+    beautiful book, written by one of the masters of 1960s science 
+
+    fiction.&amp;nbsp; It is a work of alternative history, one of the first of that 
+
+    genre and perhaps the best.&amp;nbsp; It begins in 1588 with the assassination 
+
+    of Queen Elizabeth I and the subsequent supremacy of the Catholic faith in 
+
+    England.&amp;nbsp; From there, PAVANE evolves into a truly entrancing book which 
+        explores freedom, communication, religion, etc&amp;nbsp; Like The Fifth Queen, it 
+
+    has a superb ending.&amp;nbsp; If you haven't read this, please please please 
+
+    check it out.&amp;nbsp; It's recently been reissued and it's simply 
+
+    wonderful.&amp;nbsp; Few books strike me as deeply imagined, most walk over 
+
+    familiar ground - PAVANE is a true original. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/fifthqueen.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;156&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0141181303%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Fifth%2520Queen%2520(Penguin%2520Classics)%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    FIFTH QUEEN by Ford Madox Ford&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;I love this 
+
+    book.&amp;nbsp;  Ford uses the life of Henry VIII's fifth queen to explore the culture of 
+
+    fear, treachery, and paranoia which characterized the Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Catherine battles Thomas Cromwell in an attempt to prevent further religious 
+
+    and political change.&amp;nbsp; The book is divided into three parts and 
+
+    contains engrossing portraits of familiar Tudor figures; Princess Mary, 
+
+    Henry VIII, Cromwell, Norfolk, Catherine herself - all are beautifully 
+
+    brought to life.&amp;nbsp;  Ford spent years researching this 
+
+    book but it is a work of fiction; liberties are taken, characterizations may 
+    not be historically correct, etc&amp;nbsp; I think it's one of the best works of historical 
+
+    fiction ever written - and the ending is fantastic.&amp;nbsp; As for the 
+    'character' of Catherine, Ford creates an interesting / complex figure from 
+    scant historical sources.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/candlemass.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;153&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f1585790230%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Candlemass%2520Road%2520(Common%2520Reader...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    CANDLEMASS ROAD by George MacDonald Fraser&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Fraser 
+
+    is justly famous as author of the Flashman novels, among the best (and 
+
+    certainly the funniest) historical fiction ever.&amp;nbsp; But his talent is 
+
+    more expansive than even Flashman would suggest.&amp;nbsp; Everything he writes 
+
+    turns to gold, at least in my opinion (even the flawed 'Pyrates' had great 
+    moments.)&amp;nbsp; Long fascinated by the history 
+
+    of his native Scotland, in THE CANDLEMASS ROAD, Fraser recounts the story of 
+
+    Lady Margaret Dacre and her perilous life along the English-Scottish 
+
+    border during Elizabeth I's reign.&amp;nbsp; The writing is superb; I expect nothing less from 
+
+    Fraser.&amp;nbsp; My one quibble is that the book is so short - I didn't want it 
+
+    to end. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f1585790257%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Steel%2520Bonnets%2520(Common%2520Reader...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    STEEL BONNETS by George MacDonald Fraser&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;This work 
+
+    of history is concerned with the outlaws and Border lords (reivers) who 
+
+    fought along the English and Scottish frontier for several hundred 
+
+    years.&amp;nbsp; It's a wonderful work of history and makes me wish more great 
+
+    writers would turn to the genre; if nothing else, you're guaranteed good 
+
+    writing.&amp;nbsp; And this was such a fascinating time period - I'm thrilled 
+
+    that one of my favorite novelists wrote its definitive history. 
+
+    &lt;BR&gt;And if you haven't read any &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0452259614%2ftudorengla148-20%3eFlashman:%2520From%2520the%2520Flashman%2520Papers,...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Flashman&lt;/A&gt;, 
+
+    it's never too late to start.... &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/deathofthefox.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;155&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156863030%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Succession:%2520A%2520Novel%2520of%2520Elizabeth%2520and...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    SUCCESSION: A NOVEL OF ELIZABETH AND JAMES&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156287951%2ftudorengla148-20%3eEntered%2520from%2520the%2520Sun:%2520The%2520Murder%2520of...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ENTERED 
+
+    FROM THE SUN: THE MURDER OF MARLOWE&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156252333%2ftudorengla148-20%3eDeath%2520of%2520the%2520Fox:%2520A%2520Novel%2520of%2520Elizabeth...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;DEATH 
+
+    OF THE FOX: A NOVEL OF ELIZABETH AND RALEIGH&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;by George 
+
+    Garrett &lt;BR&gt;It's not enough for me that a book is set in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; I want 
+    it to be a great book which just happens to be set in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; Every time I slumber 
+
+    or groan my way through the latest awful Tudor fiction full of heaving 
+
+    bosoms and Egads!-worthy dialogue, I think fondly of Fraser and 
+    Ford and this trilogy by George Garrett.... &lt;br&gt;Garrett's books should be read by 
+    anyone with an interest in 16th century England.&amp;nbsp; But they aren't read 
+    by many, which I think is very sad - even more so when one considers the 
+    popularity of terrible Tudor fiction.&amp;nbsp; Of this trilogy, my favorite is 
+    DEATH OF THE 
+
+    FOX; Garrett brings the complex and fascinating Walter Raleigh to 
+
+    life.&amp;nbsp; But all three works are wonderful.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;  ENTERED FROM THE SUN 
+
+    is a nice companion piece to Anthony Burgess's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0786703210%2ftudorengla148-20%3eA%2520Dead%2520Man%2520in%2520Deptford%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;A 
+
+    DEAD MAN IN DEPTFORD&lt;/A&gt;, another good work of historical fiction.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    (Burgess also wrote &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f039331507X%2ftudorengla148-20%3eNothing%2520Like%2520the%2520Sun:%2520A%2520Story%2520of...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;NOTHING 
+
+    LIKE THE SUN&lt;/A&gt;, a fictional look at Shakespeare's love life.)&amp;nbsp; And 
+
+    though THE SUCCESSION has less to do with Elizabeth and James than the title 
+
+    implies, it's still a fun exploration of Tudor life.&amp;nbsp; I can't do these 
+    books justice - just read them.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maskofroyalty.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;166&quot;&gt;A TUDOR TRAGEDY: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CATHERINE HOWARD &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0897330560%2ftudorengla148-20%3eHenry%2520VIII:%2520The%2520Mask%2520of%2520Royalty%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;HENRY 
+
+    VIII: THE MASK OF ROYALTY&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0316801534%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520Tudor:%2520Portrait%2520of%2520a%2520Queen%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    TUDOR: PORTRAIT OF A QUEEN&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;by Lacey Baldwin Smith 
+
+    &lt;BR&gt;I've been raving about LB Smith since I started this 
+
+    website.&amp;nbsp; When visitors write and ask what is essential to read, I 
+
+    point them to Smith's work.&amp;nbsp; Unfortunately, two of the above works are 
+
+    out of print.&amp;nbsp; Yeah, I know - there's plenty of room for junk on 
+
+    bookshelves but apparently no room for great works of history.&amp;nbsp; Well, 
+
+    go to Amazon.com or Barnes &amp;amp; Noble.com and order them used.&amp;nbsp; Smith's bio of Catherine Howard 
+
+    is the only one ever written which concerns Henry VIII's ill-fated 'Rose 
+
+    Without a Thorn'.&amp;nbsp; He collects the scant historical knowledge of her 
+
+    life and creates a compelling portrait of a misguided girl and her ambitious 
+
+    family (the sprawling Norfolk clan).&amp;nbsp; His bio of Henry VIII is simply 
+
+    the best available on the second Tudor king.&amp;nbsp; It has great 
+
+    psychological insight and a sharp sense of humor.&amp;nbsp; After a lifetime of 
+
+    studying Henry, Smith is still fascinated by the king and determined to 
+
+    understand his contradictory character.&amp;nbsp; But read it only after reading 
+
+    a general bio of Henry VIII; the author assumes some knowledge of the Tudor 
+
+    court and its cast of characters.&amp;nbsp; And his brief bio of Elizabeth Tudor 
+
+    is a persuasive sketch of England's most fascinating and accomplished queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cranmer.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;154&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0300074484%2520%2ftudorengla148-20%253EThomas%2520Cranmer%253C%2fA%253E&quot;&gt;THOMAS 
+    CRANMER by Diarmaid MacCulloch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    This is the definitive 
+    biography of the father of English Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer was the 
+    archbishop of Canterbury from 1533 to 1556; he presided over the Reformation 
+    and the creation of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.&amp;nbsp; He was burnt 
+    at the stake as a heretic during the reign of Mary I.&amp;nbsp; MacCulloch's 
+    book is dense, literally and figuratively.&amp;nbsp; But it is also a 
+    beautifully written study of one of the most compelling lives of the 16th 
+    century.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer was a conflicted and courageous man, and deserved 
+    such a monumental biography.&amp;nbsp; MacCulloch uses sources never mentioned 
+    in previous studies; he charts the evolution of Protestantism with an eye 
+    for the telling detail.&amp;nbsp; Personally, I am always surprised by the 
+    number of Tudor enthusiasts who are familiar with the story of Thomas More 
+    but have only a vague idea of Cranmer's life.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps it's the 
+    enduring popularity of A Man for All Seasons?&amp;nbsp; I don't know.&amp;nbsp; But 
+    both men deserve recognition and study.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0553212567%2ftudorengla148-20%253EThe%2520Prince%2520and%2520the%2520Pauper%253C%2fA%253E&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    PRINCE AND THE PAUPER by Mark Twain&lt;/a&gt; &lt;BR&gt;This is 
+
+    Twain's famous tale of Prince Edward, only son of King Henry VIII, and Tom 
+
+    Canty, a pauper boy who is his physical twin.&amp;nbsp; Twain wrote my favorite 
+
+    book of all time (Huckleberry Finn) so I am biased, but this is still a 
+
+    great book.&amp;nbsp; The story is very entertaining and fun and there are 
+
+    moments of genuine suspense and pathos.&amp;nbsp; Some people classify this book 
+
+    as children's literature; in fact, they say that about lots of Twain's 
+
+    work.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; He's a natural storyteller and perfect for adults. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;IMG height=140 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/youngbess.jpg&quot; width=91 
+
+    align=left alt=&quot;Young Bess by Margaret Irwin&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074900357X%2ftudorengla148-20%3eYoung%2520Bess%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;YOUNG 
+
+    BESS&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0749003898%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth,%2520Captive%2520Princess%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH, 
+
+    CAPTIVE PRINCESS&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0749004088%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520and%2520the%2520Prince%2520of%2520Spain%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    AND THE PRINCE OF SPAIN&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;by Margaret Irwin &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth Tudor has brought out the best in many writers, but 
+
+    perhaps none more so than Margaret Irwin.&amp;nbsp; This trilogy has recently 
+
+    been reissued, thus earning the publisher my enduring gratitude.&amp;nbsp; She 
+
+    creates a vivid portrait of Elizabeth's entire life and there is the usual 
+
+    colorful cast of supporting characters.&amp;nbsp; Of the three books, my 
+
+    favorite is the last but all are excellent.&amp;nbsp; Her writing is evocative 
+
+    and often very beautiful.&amp;nbsp; I'll be reading along and think, What a 
+
+    perfect sentence!&amp;nbsp; If you want a persuasive and compelling portrait of 
+
+    the Virgin Queen, read Irwin.&amp;nbsp; No one else comes close. 
+
+    &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizessex.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;153&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156283107%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520and%2520Essex:%2520A%2520Tragic%2520History...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    AND ESSEX: A TRAGIC HISTORY&lt;/A&gt; by Lytton Strachey &lt;BR&gt;This is one of my favorite books about Queen Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Strachey 
+
+    always writes like a dream, with style and wit, and in this work he explores 
+
+    the complex relationship between the Virgin Queen and the infamous earl of 
+
+    Essex.&amp;nbsp; Essex was the great favorite of Elizabeth's later years, but he 
+
+    rebelled against the queen (his petulance was exceeded only by his 
+
+    ingratitude.)&amp;nbsp; Like Strachey's equally good &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156286971%2ftudorengla148-20%3eEminent%2520Victorians%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Eminent 
+
+    Victorians&lt;/A&gt;, this biographical study is primarily psychological.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Strachey wants to know why Elizabeth and Essex acted as they did - their 
+
+    motivations, desires, flaws....&amp;nbsp; There is much room for disagreement 
+
+    and often his analysis of Elizabeth's personality makes one want to analyze 
+
+    Strachey himself, but this is still a great book.&amp;nbsp; It brings Elizabeth 
+
+    and her court to life and it pulls you deep into the story of the queen and 
+
+    Essex.&amp;nbsp; It also discusses the always intriguing Sir Francis 
+
+    Bacon.&amp;nbsp; What a fascinating bit of history! &lt;BR&gt;And 
+
+    once again, let me emphasize the beautiful writing.&amp;nbsp; Style counts with 
+
+    me.&amp;nbsp; If I want a dry, boring recitation of facts, then I can pick up an 
+
+    encyclopedia or, sadly, most modern histories/biographies.&amp;nbsp; It's like 
+
+    that famous Mark Twain quote - 'The difference between the almost right word and the right word is really a large matter; it's the 
+
+    difference between the lightning bug and the lightning.'&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Exactly.&amp;nbsp; All of the books I've listed here are full of the right words.&amp;nbsp; Anyone can tell you that Elizabeth Tudor was born 
+
+    in 1533 and her mother was executed in 1536 and blah blah blah.&amp;nbsp; It's 
+
+    easy enough.&amp;nbsp; But can the writer create a compelling story worthy of 
+
+    their subject?&amp;nbsp; Can they bring history to life?&amp;nbsp; I hate picking up 
+
+    books which are full of facts but written like - oh, they're written in a&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    perfectly acceptable manner.&amp;nbsp; But who wants perfectly acceptable things 
+
+    all the time?&amp;nbsp; You want a gripping, fun, fascinating book.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0226504654%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520I:%2520Collected%2520Works%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    I: COLLECTED WORKS&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The great queen in her own 
+
+    words - letters, poems, and speeches are gathered here for our admiring 
+
+    perusal.&amp;nbsp; This selection is arranged in chronological order and 
+
+    reasonably priced. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorfashion.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;150&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0486298450%2ftudorengla148-20%3eTudor%2520Costume%2520and%2520Fashion%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;TUDOR 
+
+    COSTUME AND FASHION&lt;/A&gt; by Herbert Norris &lt;BR&gt;Most people 
+
+    believe that Janet Arnold's '&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0901286206%2ftudorengla148-20%3eQueen%2520Elizabeth's%2520Wardrobe%2520Unlock'd:%2520The...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Queen 
+
+    Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd&lt;/A&gt;' is the best work on Tudor fashion.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    And it is certainly the best guide to making an Elizabethan costume.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    But it's also very expensive.&amp;nbsp; Norris covers the entire Tudor dynasty 
+
+    and includes several color sketches; the book is published by Dover so it's 
+
+    reasonably priced.&amp;nbsp; If you want to learn about all the different styles 
+
+    of hats/hoods and skirts and shoes, etc, this is the book for you.&amp;nbsp; If 
+
+    you actually want to make a Tudor costume, search out Arnold or any of the 
+
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.renfaire.com%2fCostume%2findex.html&quot;&gt;excellent Renaissance 
+
+    Festival sites&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/erasmus.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;155&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f048641762X%2ftudorengla148-20%3eErasmus%2520and%2520the%2520Age%2520of%2520Reformation%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ERASMUS 
+
+    AND THE AGE OF REFORMATION&lt;/A&gt; by Johan Huizinga &lt;BR&gt;This 
+
+    is the best biography I have read of Erasmus, the great Dutch philosopher 
+
+    and friend of Thomas More.&amp;nbsp; He also spoke for many bookworms when he 
+
+    wrote, 'When I get a little money I buy books; and if any is left I buy food 
+
+    and clothes.'&amp;nbsp; Those are nice words to remember when you're torn 
+
+    between purchasing &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0714837156%2ftudorengla148-20%3eBernini:%2520The%2520Sculptor%2520of%2520the%2520Roman...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;the 
+
+    Bernini catalogue&lt;/A&gt; or a new outfit.&amp;nbsp; Go with the books.&amp;nbsp; You 
+
+    can always borrow clothes from more fashionable friends and relatives.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    And there are already enough well-dressed people out there.&amp;nbsp; Wouldn't 
+
+    you rather have a nice personal library?&lt;br&gt;Often you finish a biography and are happy you've 
+
+    never met its subject (I always finish biographies of Bluff King Hal in that 
+
+    mood), but sometimes it's different.&amp;nbsp; Huizinga brings Erasmus and his 
+    times to compelling life.&amp;nbsp; The book includes numerous letters and 
+    illustrations, and these are especially valuable since Erasmus corresponded 
+    with many 16th century luminaries.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;    &lt;font color=&quot;#0000FF&quot;&gt;THE ROYAL PALACES OF TUDOR ENGLAND&lt;/font&gt; and other works by Simon Thurley&lt;br&gt;I&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; 
+enjoy all of Thurley's work - his most recent is a comprehensive study of 
+Hampton Court - but this is easily the best study of Tudor royal architecture 
+ever.&amp;nbsp; It is beautifully illustrated and includes floor plans of various 
+palaces.&amp;nbsp; It also has a brief glossary.&amp;nbsp; This book isn't simply 
+indispensable, - it's also well-written and entertaining.&amp;nbsp; There are lots 
+of quirky facts interspersed throughout, and it does a wonderful job of 
+explaining various aspects of the royal household.&amp;nbsp; It's expensive, yes, 
+but worth it.&amp;nbsp; And it will make you read most Tudor fiction with a 
+jaundiced eye.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;HR align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;There are some works I haven't listed, like Tillyard's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0394701623%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabethan%2520World%2520Picture%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+
+    World Picture&lt;/A&gt; and AL Rowse's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f1566633168%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Elizabethan%2520Renaissance%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;two-volume 
+
+    study&lt;/A&gt; of Elizabethan society.&amp;nbsp; I've also left off Alison Plowden's 
+
+    '&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0750921927%2ftudorengla148-20%3eYoung%2520Elizabeth:%2520The%2520First%2520Twenty-Five...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+
+    Quartet&lt;/A&gt;', which are wonderful introductory books on Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Plowden wrote the &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0531150003%2ftudorengla148-20%3eLady%2520Jane%2520Grey%2520and%2520the%2520House%2520of%2520Suffolk%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;best 
+
+    book&lt;/A&gt; I've read about Mary Tudor and Jane Grey, but it's 
+
+    out-of-print.&amp;nbsp; And I haven't mentioned Roy Strong's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0851153771%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Tudor%2520and%2520Stuart%2520Monarchy:...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;entertaining 
+
+    study&lt;/A&gt; of Tudor portraits.&amp;nbsp; There are lots that I enjoyed which I 
+
+    haven't listed.&amp;nbsp; I will add them eventually.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082546&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082546&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH02f7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH02f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH02f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">13812</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">new Tudor-related books, exhibits, films etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">new Tudor-related books, exhibits, films etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Media News</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH02f7d3098dd80789eeb0ec</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215249</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH02f7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">media.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ivesbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8miniseries.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">r3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">dunnbook.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">guyscots.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot; height=&quot;613&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; height=&quot;553&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/media.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot;
+ height=&quot;138&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor Media News&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;This page contains information on&lt;br&gt;
+Tudor-related Exhibits, Books, Films, etc&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/dunnbook.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Jane Dunn biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England:
+Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Share your Tudor news!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot; height=&quot;553&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; height=&quot;553&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;29 September 2004&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ivesbook.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Professor 
+      Eric Ives, who wrote the definitive biography of Anne Boleyn in 1988, has 
+      just released &lt;i&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f104-8047124-6243950%3fv%3dglance%26s%3dbooks%26n%3d507846&quot;&gt;US&lt;/a&gt; 
+      and
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      UK&lt;/a&gt;), which incorporates new research and addresses issues raised by 
+      the biographies of Anne which followed his own (including Warnicke and 
+      Starkey's work.)&amp;nbsp; Tudor enthusiasts know that
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0521406773%2fqid%3d1096481812%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      Warnicke's&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn&lt;/i&gt; questioned many of 
+      Ives's conclusions.&lt;p&gt;I should stress that this is a &lt;i&gt;new&lt;/i&gt; biography, 
+      not simply a new edition of the 1988 work.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;I'm still working on the Reviews section; please check back soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;20 September 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The Henry VIII miniseries starring Ray Winstone is &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2fB0002KPIR8%2fqid%3d1092239900%2fsr%3d1-4%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f4%2f102-1488722-9759359%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3ddvd&quot;&gt;being
+      &lt;/a&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2fB0002KPIR8%2fqid%3d1092239900%2fsr%3d1-4%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f4%2f102-1488722-9759359%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3ddvd&quot;&gt;
+released on Region 1 dvd&lt;/a&gt; on 16 November for US viewers. &lt;br&gt;
+However, it will appear on PBS as a two-part 'Masterpiece Theatre'
+presentation before its DVD release, on 7 November and 14
+November.&amp;nbsp; Click here to visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.pbs.org%2fpreviews%2fhenryVIII&quot;&gt;the PBS Previews page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;img
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8miniseries.jpg&quot; title=&quot;&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Henry VIII dvd&quot; style=&quot;width: 105px; height: 150px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Henry's
+38-year reign saw England transformed from a sleepy backwater of
+jousting tournaments and Catholic piety to a nation torn by religious
+and political strife - all because the king wanted a male heir.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;small&gt;
+      &lt;/small&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;He was a very troubled man,&quot; observes Winstone, who in
+the course of the film ages from the young athletic king to the burly
+icon familiar from Hans Holbein paintings. &quot;This is a man who allowed
+two of his wives - women he loved passionately - to be murdered. At the
+same time, he wrote beautiful love letters, understood science and, to
+a certain extent, was a great ambassador. He was an intelligent,
+gentle, romantic man who lost his way when it came to love.&quot;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/div&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;July 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+According to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.gallifreyone.com%2fnewstv.php&quot;&gt;Outpost
+Gallifrey&lt;/a&gt;, the new &lt;b&gt;Doctor Who&lt;/b&gt; series will feature &lt;b&gt;an
+appearance by Henry VIII&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;An article in the
+June 29 Daily Star says that the new Doctor Who series &quot;will feature
+historic figures including Shakespeare, Henry VIII and Einstein - who
+are locked up together inside a Big Brother-style house. Famous
+housemates will face eviction and death from aliens when the classic
+sci-fi show comes back to our screens next year. The new series, which
+stars Christopher Eccleston as Dr Who, is aiming to win over a whole
+new generation of young followers of the Tardis timelord. Christopher
+said: 'We can parallel things with science fiction and address what's
+going on around us to a certain extent for young people without being
+pompous.' In one of the planned episodes of the hotly-awaited series,
+some of the world's most famous figures from the past are kidnapped
+from their time zones by aliens. They are put in a Big Bruvstyle house
+for extraterrestrial television entertainment.&quot;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; (Thanks
+to Paul Engelberg)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The Ninth Doctor is
+being played by Christopher Eccleston, who played the duke of Norfolk
+in 1998's &lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Yes, these are tenuous Tudor links
+but I'm a Doctor Who fan as well.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr style=&quot;width: 100%; height: 2px;&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Thanks to the
+Barbie collector who emailed me the link to
+        &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.barbiecollector.com%2fshowcase%2fproduct.asp%3ftype%3d%26amp;subtype%3d%26amp;product%5fid%3d1003486&quot;&gt;the
+'World of Royalty: Queen Elizabeth I' doll&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; For those of you
+who missed the 1995 Elizabeth doll, mark September in your
+calendars.&amp;nbsp; And start saving - the doll will probably retail at
+$250.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;
+sequel in the works?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;(Source: &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.comingsoon.net%2fnews.php%3fid%3d4977&quot;&gt;http://www.comingsoon.net/news.php?id=4977&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Aussie's &lt;i&gt;The
+Daily Telegraph&lt;/i&gt; spoke to &lt;b&gt;
+Elizabeth&lt;/b&gt; director Shekhar Kapur who says that he is working on a
+sequel to the 1998 Cate Blanchett drama.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+Blanchett is expected to take the throne again and star in the epic -
+based on Queen Elizabeth I - which has the working title of &lt;b&gt;Golden
+Age&lt;/b&gt;. &quot;It is about the battle between her life as a monarch and her
+personal life,&quot; Kapur said. &quot;It ends in the destruction of the Spanish
+Armada on the larger level.&quot;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+The Indian-born Kapur said the script, which Michael Hirst is working
+on, would be ready in six months. &quot;And then it depends on Cate's
+schedule and my schedule as to when we start shooting.&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+More links:&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.imdb.com%2ftitle%2ftt0127536%2fnews&quot;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0127536/news&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fin.news.yahoo.com%2f040604%2f139%2f2dhbb.html&quot;&gt;http://in.news.yahoo.com/040604/139/2dhbb.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;EARLIER NEWS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/r3.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Richard III&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;107&quot; height=&quot;150&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;The Criterion Collection (which
+has collected quite a bit of my money over the years) has just released
+Laurence Olivier's
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fcriterionco.com%2fasp%2frelease.asp%3fid%3d213&quot;&gt;1955
+version of &lt;i&gt;
+Richard III&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; This was the third Shakespeare play which
+Olivier both directed and starred in (after &lt;i&gt;Henry V &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;Hamlet&lt;/i&gt;)
+and remains the definitive film treatment of &lt;i&gt;Richard III&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+Olivier's work is incredible, - he is the physical embodiment of
+villainy, plotting with gleeful malevolence one moment and inspiring
+our pity the next.&amp;nbsp; And if anyone is wondering why this is
+included at the &lt;i&gt;Tudor&lt;/i&gt; Media News page, well - the future Henry
+VII does make an appearance and the Battle of Bosworth Field marks both
+the end of Richard's life and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty.&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;i&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/dunnbook.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Jane Dunn biography&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth
+and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens&lt;/i&gt; by Jane Dunn was recently
+released.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; I am still working on the new and improved Reviews
+section, but here is a quick review - a worthwhile addition to your
+Tudor library.&amp;nbsp; I've read enough about both women to wonder if I
+would learn anything from this book, but I was pleasantly
+surprised.&amp;nbsp; A liberal use of primary sources plus a lovely
+selection of portraits - and the book jacket and boards are beautifully
+designed.&amp;nbsp; As competition for Alison Plowden's &lt;i&gt;Two Queens in
+One Isle&lt;/i&gt;, this book is the better choice.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/guyscots.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ alt=&quot;John Guy biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;151&quot;&gt;At last!&amp;nbsp;
+Finally, another major biography of Mary Stuart has been
+released.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart&lt;/i&gt; is by
+noted Tudor historian John Guy&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Antonia Fraser's biography
+was serviceable but my own casual research revealed large gaps in her
+use of primary sources.&amp;nbsp; I always wondered - when would another
+historian focus on Mary's tumultuous life?&amp;nbsp; I should note that the
+UK version of this work is entitled &lt;i&gt;My Heart is My Own: The Life of
+Mary Queen of Scots&lt;/i&gt; and the jacket features the Clouet sketch of an
+adolescent Mary.&amp;nbsp; The American edition, shown above, has the 'hat'
+portrait &lt;i&gt;minus&lt;/i&gt; the hat!&amp;nbsp; As an admirer of
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqos1565.jpg&quot;&gt;the hat&lt;/a&gt;
+and its fluffy feather, I'm rather disappointed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynbook.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ width=&quot;70&quot; height=&quot;108&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/i&gt; by Joanna Denny
+will be published in April 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-4110626-7673264&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;In comparison with the
+two existing major biographies of Anne (by Carrolly Erickson and Retha
+Warnicke), this one is the most successful 'popular' biography.&amp;nbsp;
+And no, I don't mean 'popular' as a slur; far from it.&amp;nbsp; I'll post
+my review at the new Reviews section when I've finished.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Folger Shakespeare 
+        Library has finished its nine-year restoration of the Trevelyon 
+        Miscellany.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It's now the focus of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.folger.edu%2fpublic%2fexhibit%2fTrevelyon%2fintro.asp&quot;&gt;an excellent 
+        exhibit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;News
+prior to summer 2004 has been deleted.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Share your Tudor news!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082642&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082642&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0a6f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0a6f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0a6f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4421</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor Relatives: Mary, queen of Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor, Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Mary, queen of Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor, Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Relatives: Mary, queen of Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor, Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0a6f29d92adaa2aa1a344a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0a6f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">relative2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryrelatives.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;IMG 
+height=54 alt=&quot;Tudor Relatives&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/relative2.gif&quot; width=313&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;The Tudor relatives profiled here 
+      are among the most fascinating figures in English history.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      tragic histories of Lady Jane Grey and Mary, queen of Scots, the tangled 
+      love lives of Henry VIII's sisters, and the neglected tale of Lady 
+      Catherine Grey bring Tudor England to vivid life.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Follow the links on this page to learn more about the Tudor relatives.&amp;nbsp; 
+      You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt; includes contemporary 
+      chronicles and letters.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryrelatives.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Mary, queen of Scots, 1558, in celebration of her first marriage&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; height=&quot;326&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;the above portrait is of Mary, 
+      queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+  Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Catholic heir to Elizabeth 
+      I's throne&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+  Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The 'Nine Days Queen'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+  Princess Mary Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;queen of France 
+  and duchess of Suffolk&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+  Princess Margaret Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;queen of 
+  Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Catherine 
+  Grey&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; sister of the tragic Jane Grey&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082529&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082529&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH104f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH104f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH104f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3377</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Email</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH104f029cc724a2045384df</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215245</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH104f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newtudoremail.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn3sepia.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;7%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;84%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newtudoremail.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Email&quot; width=&quot;283&quot; height=&quot;137&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;9%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;7%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;84%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;9%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;7%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;84%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn3sepia.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sepia-tinged sketch of Anne Boleyn (possibly) by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;216&quot; height=&quot;382&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt; If you have Tudor-related questions&lt;/b&gt;, please visit
+the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England
+FAQ&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It's a detailed list of questions and answers, including
+a brief history of Tudor England, why Mary I isn't the same person as
+Mary, queen of Scots, a discussion of the Reformation, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;If you wish to comment upon the site - 
+      tell me Tudor-related news - exchange links - ask a question not included 
+      at the FAQ, etc, you have two options -
+      &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net?subject=Tudor England website&quot;&gt;
+      click here to send me email&lt;/a&gt; or
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2fguestbook%2faddentry.php&quot;&gt;sign the 
+      Guestbook&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;If you are a student using this
+website for research / writing, please visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats%2fstudentsqa.html&quot;&gt;Information for
+Students&lt;/a&gt; page at my John Keats site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Two more things....&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Any additions to the site are listed at
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnews.html&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;As of 2004,  due to its surprising 
+      popularity, &lt;i&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/i&gt; has
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;its own website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Thanks for visiting,&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;9%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082550&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082550&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH18cc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH18cc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH18cc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">37699</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter III</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH18cc002ed30f680db951c3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH18cc.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER III&lt;br&gt;FOREIGN RELATIONS: 1559-1563&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE successful wars waged by Edward III and Henry V are 
+    apt to cause an exaggerated estimate of the strength of England under the 
+    Tudors. The population--Wales included--was probably not much more than four 
+    millions. That of France was perhaps four times as large, and the 
+    superiority in wealth was even greater. Before the reign of Louis XI., 
+    France, weakened by feudal disunion, had been an easy prey to her smaller 
+    but better-organised neighbour. The work of concentration effected by the 
+    greatest of French kings towards the close of the fifteenth century, and the 
+    simultaneous rise of the great Spanish empire, caused England to fall at 
+    once into the rank of a second-rate power. Such she really was under Henry 
+    VIII., notwithstanding the rather showy figure he managed to make by 
+    adhering alternately to Charles v. and Francis I. Under the bad government 
+    of Edward and Mary the fighting strength of England declined not only 
+    relatively, but absolutely, until in the last year of Mary it touched the 
+    lowest point in our history. Although we were at war with France, there were 
+    no soldiers, no officers, no arms, no fortresses that could resist 
+    artillery, few ships, a heavy debt, and deep discouragement. The loss of 
+    Calais, which had been held for 200 years, was the simple and natural 
+    consequence of this prostration. Justice will not be done to the great 
+    recovery under Elizabeth unless we understand how low the country had sunk 
+    when she came to the throne. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;During the early years of her reign, it was the universal 
+    opinion at home and abroad that without Spanish protection she could not 
+    preserve her throne against a French invasion in the interests of Mary 
+    Stuart. Henry II. meant that, by the marriage of the Dauphin Francis with 
+    Mary, the kingdoms of England and Scotland should be united to one another 
+    and eventually to France. Philip would thus lose the command of the sea 
+    route to the Netherlands, and the hereditary duel with the House of Austria 
+    would be decided. This scheme could not seem fantastic in a century which 
+    had seen such immense agglomerations of territory effected by political 
+    marriages. Philip, on the other hand, made sure that the danger from France 
+    must necessarily throw Elizabeth and England into his arms. Notwithstanding 
+    the warnings he received from his ambassador Feria that Elizabeth was a 
+    heretic, he felt certain that she would not venture to alter religion at the 
+    risk of offending him. The only question with him was whether he should 
+    marry her himself or bestow her on some sure friend of his house. That she 
+    would refuse both himself and his nominee was a contingency he never 
+    contemplated. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth, from the first, made up her mind that the cards 
+    in her hand could be played to more advantage than Philip supposed. England, 
+    no doubt, needed his protection for the present. But could he please himself 
+    about granting it? Her bold calculation was that his own interests would 
+    compel him, in any case, to prevent the execution of the Stuart-Valois 
+    scheme, and that consequently she might settle religion without reference to 
+    his wishes. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The offer of marriage came in January 1559. In his letter to 
+    Feria, Philip spoke as if Elizabeth would of course jump at it. After 
+    dwelling on its many inconveniences, he said he had decided to make the 
+    sacrifice on condition that Elizabeth would uphold the Catholic religion; 
+    but she must not expect him to remain long with her; he would visit England 
+    occasionally. Feria foolishly allowed this letter to be seen, and the 
+    contents were reported to Elizabeth. She was as much amused as piqued. Their 
+    ages were not unsuitable. Philip was thirty-two, and Elizabeth was 
+    twenty-five. But she was as fastidious about men as her father was about 
+    women; and for no political consideration would she have tied herself to her 
+    ugly, disagreeable, little brother-in-law. After some fencing, she replied 
+    that she did not mean to marry, and that she was not afraid of France. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Before the death of Mary, negotiations for a peace between 
+    France, Spain, and England had already begun. Calais was almost the only 
+    difficulty remaining to be settled. Our countrymen have never been able &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;to understand how their possession of a fortress within the 
+    natural boundaries of another country can be disagreeable to its 
+    inhabitants. Elizabeth shared the national feeling, and she wanted Philip to 
+    insist on the restitution of Calais. He would have done so if she had 
+    pleased him as to other matters. Even as it was, the presence of a French 
+    garrison in Calais was so inconvenient to the master of the Netherlands that 
+    he was ready to fight on if England would do her part. But Elizabeth would 
+    only promise to fight Scotland--a very indirect and, indeed, useless way of 
+    supporting Philip. When once this point was made clear, peace was soon 
+    concluded between the three powers at CÃ¢teau, near Cambray (March 1559); 
+    appearances being saved by a stipulation that Calais should be restored in 
+    eight years, or half a million of crowns be forfeited. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In thus giving way Elizabeth showed her good sense. To have 
+    fought on would have meant deeper debt, terrible exhaustion, and, what was 
+    worse, dependence on Philip. Moreover, Calais could only have been recovered 
+    by reducing France to helplessness, which would have been fatal to the 
+    balance of power on which Elizabeth relied to make herself independent of 
+    both her great neighbours. The peace of CÃ¢teau Cambresis was attended with a 
+    secret compact between Philip II. and Henry II., that each monarch should 
+    suppress heresy in his own dominions and not encourage it in those of his 
+    neighbour. By the accession of Elizabeth, and the Scotch Reformation which 
+    immediately followed, Protestantism reached its highwater mark in Europe. 
+    The long wars of Charles V with France had enabled it to spread. Francis I. 
+    had intrigued with the Protestant princes of the Empire, and Charles had 
+    been obliged to humour them. Protestantism was victorious in Britain, 
+    Scandinavia, North Germany, the Palatinate, and Swabia. It had spread widely 
+    in Poland, Hungary, the Netherlands, and France. This rapid growth was now 
+    about to be checked. In some of these countries the new religion was 
+    destined to succumb; in some entirely to disappear. Men who could remember 
+    the first preachings of Luther lived to see not only the high-water, but the 
+    ebb, of the Protestant tide. The revolutionary tendencies inherent in 
+    Protestantism began to alarm the sovereigns; and all the more because the 
+    Church in Catholic, hardly less than in Protestant, countries was becoming a 
+    department of the State. Kings had been jealous of the spiritual power when 
+    it belonged to the Popes. They became jealous for it when it was annexed to 
+    the throne. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Notwithstanding its secret stipulations, the peace of CÃ¢teau 
+    Cambresis relieved England from the most pressing and immediate perils by 
+    which she was threatened. Neither French nor Spanish troops had made their 
+    appearance on our soil. A breathing-time at least had been gained, during 
+    which something might be done towards putting the country in a state of 
+    defence, and restoring the finances. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;But the danger from France was by no means at an end. In the 
+    treaty with England, the title of Elizabeth had been acknowledged. But in 
+    that with Spain, the Dauphin had styled himself &amp;quot;King of Scotland, England, 
+    and Ireland.&amp;quot; He and Mary had also assumed the English arms. If a French 
+    army invaded England, it would come by way of Scotland. The English 
+    Catholics, who had for the most part frankly accepted the succession of 
+    Elizabeth, were disappointed and irritated by the change of religion. If 
+    Mary should go to Scotland with a French force, it was to be apprehended 
+    that a rebellion would immediately break out in the northern counties. 
+    Philip, no doubt, would land in the south to drive out the Dauphiness. But 
+    the remedy would be worse than the disease. For he was deeply discontented 
+    with the conduct of Elizabeth, and would probably take the opportunity of 
+    deposing her. To establish, therefore, her independence of both her powerful 
+    neighbours, Elizabeth had to begin by destroying French influence in 
+    Scotland. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The wisest heads in Scotland had long seen the advantage of 
+    uniting their country to England by marriage. The blundering and bullying 
+    policy of the Protector Somerset had driven the Scotch to renew their 
+    ancient alliance with France. But the attempts of the Regent Mary of Guise 
+    to increase French influence, and to establish a small standing army, in 
+    order at once to strengthen her authority, and to serve the designs of Henry 
+    II. against England, had again made the French connection unpopular, and 
+    caused a corresponding revival of friendly feeling towards England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nowhere was the Church so wealthy, relatively to the other 
+    estates, as in Scotland. It was supposed to possess half the property of the 
+    country. Nowhere were the clergy so immoral. Nowhere was superstition so 
+    gross. But the doctrines of the Reformation were spreading among the common 
+    people, and in 1557 some of the nobles, hungering for the wealth of the 
+    Church, put themselves at the head of the Protestant movement. They were 
+    known as the &amp;quot;Lords of the Congregation.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Scotch Reformation began not from the Government, as in 
+    England, but from the people. Hence, while change of supremacy was the main 
+    question in England, change of doctrine and worship took the lead in 
+    Scotland. The two parties were about equal in numbers, the Protestants being 
+    strongest in the Lowlands. But, with the exception of the murder of Beaton 
+    in 1546, there had, as yet, been no appeal to force, nor any attempt to 
+    procure a public change of religion. The accession of Elizabeth emboldened 
+    the Protestants. At Perth they took possession of the churches and burnt a 
+    monastery. On the other hand, after the peace of CÃ¢teau Cambresis, Henry II. 
+    directed the Regent to put down Protestantism, both in pursuance of the 
+    agreement with Philip, and in order to prepare for the Franco-Scottish 
+    invasion of England. The result was that the Protestants rose in open 
+    rebellion (June 1559). The Lords of the Congregation occupied Perth, 
+    Stirling, and Edinburgh. All over the Lowlands abbeys were wrecked, monks 
+    harried, churches cleared of images, the Mass abolished, and King Edward's 
+    service established in its place. In England the various changes of religion 
+    in the last thirty years had always been effected legally by King and 
+    Parliament. In Scotland the Catholic Church was overthrown by a simultaneous 
+    popular outbreak. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The catastrophe came later than in England; but popular 
+    feeling was more prepared for it; and what was now cast down was never set 
+    up again. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It seemed at first as if the Regent and her handful of 
+    regular troops, commanded by d'Oysel, would be swept away. But d'Oysel had 
+    fortified Leith, and was even able to take the field. A French army was 
+    expected. The tumultuary forces of the needy Scotch nobles could not be kept 
+    together long, and it became clear that, unless supported by Elizabeth, the 
+    rebellion would be crushed as soon as the French reinforcements should 
+    arrive, if not sooner. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus early did Elizabeth find herself confronted by the 
+    Scottish difficulty, which was to cause her so much anxiety throughout the 
+    greater part of her reign. The problem, though varying in minor details, was 
+    always essentially the same. There was a Protestant faction looking for 
+    support to England, and a Catholic faction looking to France. Two or three 
+    of the Protestant leaders--Moray, Glencairn, Kirkaldy--did really care 
+    something about a religious reformation. The rest thought more of getting 
+    hold of Church lands and pursuing old family feuds. In the experience of 
+    Elizabeth, they were a needy, greedy, treacherous crew, always sponging on 
+    her treasury, and giving her very little service in return for her money. 
+    Besides, the whole Scotch nation was so touchy in its patriotism, so jealous 
+    of foreign interference, that foreign soldiers present on its soil were sure 
+    to be regarded with an evil eye, no matter for what purpose they had come, 
+    or by whom they had been invited. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Lords of the Congregation invoked the protection of 
+    Elizabeth. They suggested that she should marry the Earl of Arran, and that 
+    he and she should be King and Queen of Great Britain. Arran was the eldest 
+    son of the Duke of Chatelherault, who, Mary being as yet childless, was 
+    heir-presumptive to the Scottish crown. There were many reasons why 
+    Elizabeth should decline interference. It was throwing down the glove to 
+    France. Interference in Scotland had always been disastrous. It might drive 
+    the English Catholics to despair, as cutting off the hope of Mary's 
+    succession to the English crown. To make a Protestant match would irritate 
+    Philip. He might invade England to forestall the French. Almost all her 
+    Council--even Bacon--advised her to leave Scotland alone, marry the Archduke 
+    Charles, and trust to the Spanish alliance for the defence of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;These were serious considerations; and to them was to be 
+    joined another which with Elizabeth always had great weight--more, 
+    naturally, than it had with any of her advisers. She shrank from doing 
+    anything which might have the practical effect of weakening the common cause 
+    of monarchs. She felt instinctively that with Protestants reverence for the 
+    religious basis of kingship must tend to become weaker than with Catholics. 
+    She did not desire to encourage this tendency or to familiarise her own 
+    subjects with it. Knox &lt;i&gt;First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous 
+    Regimen of Women&lt;/i&gt; had been directed against Mary. The Blasts that were to 
+    follow had been dropped; but the first could not be treated as unblown. And 
+    the arrogant preacher did not mend matters by writing to Elizabeth that she 
+    was to consider her case as an exception &amp;quot;contrary to nature,&amp;quot; allowed by 
+    God &amp;quot;for the comfort of His kirk,&amp;quot; but that if she based her title on her 
+    birth or on law, &amp;quot;her felicity would be short.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nevertheless Elizabeth adopted the bolder course. The Lords 
+    of the Congregation were assured that England would not see them crushed by 
+    French arms. A small supply of money was sent to them. As to the marriage 
+    with Arran, no positive answer was given; but he was sent for to be looked 
+    at. When he came, he was found to be even a poorer creature than his father; 
+    at times, indeed, not quite right in his mind. It was hard upon the 
+    Hamiltons, among whom were so many able and daring men, that, with the crown 
+    almost in their grasp, their chiefs should be such incapables. To Elizabeth 
+    it was no doubt a relief to find that Arran was an impossible husband. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the meantime 2000 French had arrived, and the Lords were 
+    urgent in their demands for help. But Elizabeth determined, and rightly, 
+    that they must do their own work if they could. She was willing to give them 
+    such pecuniary help as was necessary. But the demand for troops was 
+    unreasonable. Fighting men abounded in Scotland. Why should English troops 
+    be sent to do their fighting for them, with the certainty of earning black 
+    looks rather than thanks? If a large army was despatched from France, she 
+    would attack it with her fleet. If it landed, she would send an English 
+    army. But if the Lords of the Congregation did not beat the handful of 
+    Frenchmen at Leith it must be because they were either weak or treacherous. 
+    In either case Elizabeth might have to give up the policy she preferred, 
+    leave Scotland alone, and fall back upon an alliance with Philip. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In order therefore to preserve this second string to her 
+    bow, and to let the Scotch Anglophiles see that she possessed it, she 
+    reopened negotiations for the Austrian marriage. Charles, in his turn, was 
+    invited to come and be looked at. Much as she disliked the idea of marriage, 
+    she knew that political reasons might make it necessary. But, come what 
+    would, she would never marry a man who was not to her fancy as a man. She 
+    would take no one on the strength of his picture. She had heard that Charles 
+    was not overwise, and that he had an extraordinarily big head, &amp;quot;bigger than 
+    the Earl of Bedford's.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Scotch Lords, finding that Elizabeth was determined to 
+    have some solid return for her money, went to work with more vigour. They 
+    proclaimed the deposition of the Regent, drove her from Edinburgh, and 
+    besieged her and her French garrison in Leith. But this burst of energy was 
+    soon over. The Protestants were more ready to pull down images and harry 
+    monks than make campaigns. Leith was not to be taken. In three weeks their 
+    army dwindled away, and the little disciplined force of Frenchmen re-entered 
+    Edinburgh. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The position had become very critical for Elizabeth. A 
+    French army of 15,000 men was daily expected at Leith. If once it landed, 
+    the Congregation would be crushed; the Hamiltons would make their peace; and 
+    the disciplined army of d'ElbÅuf, swelled by hordes of hungry Scotchmen, 
+    would pour over the Border, and proclaim Mary in the midst of the Catholic 
+    population which ten years later rose in rebellion under the northern Earls.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In this difficulty the Spanish Ministers in the Netherlands 
+    were consulted. If Elizabeth expelled the garrison at Leith, and so brought 
+    upon herself a war with France, could she depend on Philip's assistance? The 
+    reply was menacing. Their master, for his own interest, could not allow the 
+    Queen of France and Scotland to enforce her title to the throne of England. 
+    But he would oppose it in his own way. If a French army entered England from 
+    the north, a Spanish army would land on the south coast. Turning to her own 
+    Council for advice, Elizabeth found no encouragement. They recommended her 
+    to take Philip's advice, and even to retrace some of her steps in the matter 
+    of religion in order to propitiate him. She made a personal appeal to the 
+    Duke of Norfolk to take the command of the forces on the Border. But he 
+    declined to be the instrument of a policy which he disapproved. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We need not wonder if Elizabeth hesitated for a while. Some 
+    of these councillors were not too well affected to her. But most of them 
+    were thoroughly loyal, and there was really much to be said for the more 
+    cautious policy. She herself was an eminently cautious politician, inclined 
+    by nature to shrink from risky courses. Never, therefore, in her whole 
+    career did she give greater proof of her large-minded comprehension of the 
+    main lines of policy which it behoved her to follow than when she determined 
+    to override the opinions of so many prudent advisers, and expel the French 
+    force from the northern kingdom. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;England was not quite in the helpless, disabled position 
+    that it pleased the Spaniards to believe. Twelve months of careful and 
+    energetic administration had already done wonders. There had been wise 
+    economy and wise expenditure. Money had been scraped together, and, though 
+    there was still a heavy debt, the legacy of three wasteful reigns, the 
+    confidence of the Antwerp money-lenders had revived, and they were willing 
+    to advance considerable sums. A fleet had been equipped and manned; 
+    shiploads of arms had been imported; forces had been collected on the south 
+    coasts. The Border garrisons had been quietly raised in strength till they 
+    were able to furnish an expeditionary force at a moment's notice. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The smallest energy on the part of the Congregation might 
+    have finished the war without the presence of an English force. Elizabeth 
+    had a right to be angry. The Scotch Protestants expected to have the hardest 
+    part of the work done for them, and to be paid for executing their own share 
+    of it. Lord James and a few of the leaders were in earnest, but others were 
+    selfish time-servers. As for the lower class, their Calvinism was still new. 
+    It had not yet bred that fierce spirit of independence which before long was 
+    to outweigh the force of nobles and gentry. But if the weakness of the 
+    Anglophile party was disappointing, it had at all events shown that 
+    Elizabeth must depend upon herself to ward off danger on that side; and 
+    after some reasonable hesitation she decided to put through the work she had 
+    begun. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It says much for the patriotism of Elizabeth's Council that 
+    when they found she had made up her mind they did not stand sulkily aloof, 
+    but co-operated heartily and vigorously in carrying out the policy they had 
+    opposed. Norfolk himself accepted the command of the Border army, and acted 
+    throughout the affair with fidelity and diligence. He was not a man 
+    distinguished by ability of any kind, and the actual fighting was to be done 
+    by Lord Grey, a firm and experienced, though not brilliant, commander. But 
+    that the natural leader of the Conservative nobility should be seen at the 
+    head of Elizabeth's army was a useful lesson to traitors at home and enemies 
+    abroad, who were telling each other that her throne was insecure. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;An agreement between the English Queen and the Lords of the 
+    Congregation was drawn up (27 February), with scrupulous care to avoid the 
+    appearance of dictation and encroachment which had gathered all Scotland to 
+    Pinkie Cleugh eleven years before. It set forth that the English troops were 
+    entering Scotland for no other object than to assist the Duke of 
+    Chatelherault, the heir-presumptive to the throne, and the other nobles, to 
+    drive out the foreign invaders. They would build no fortress. There was no 
+    intention to prejudice Mary's lawful authority. Cecil appears to have wanted 
+    to add something about &amp;quot;Christ's true religion;&amp;quot; but Elizabeth struck it 
+    out. Circumstances might compel her to be the protector of foreign 
+    Protestants; but neither then nor at any other time did she desire to pose 
+    in that character. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;A month later (28 March) Lord Grey crossed the Border, and 
+    marched to Leith. The siege of that place proved to be tedious. The Lords of 
+    the Congregation gave very insufficient assistance; and, when an assault had 
+    been repulsed with heavy loss, the citizens of Edinburgh would not receive 
+    the wounded into their houses. At last, when food was running short in the 
+    town, an envoy from France arrived with power to treat on behalf of the 
+    Queen of Scots. Her mother, the Regent, had died during the siege. After 
+    much haggling a treaty was signed. No French troops were in future to be 
+    kept in Scotland. Offices of State were to be held only by natives. The 
+    government during Mary's absence was to be vested in a Council of twelve 
+    noblemen; seven nominated by her and five by the Estates. Elizabeth's title 
+    to the kingdoms of England and Ireland was recognised (July 1560). &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such was the Treaty of Edinburgh, or of Leith, as it is 
+    sometimes called, one of the most successful achievements of a successful 
+    reign. It was gained by wise counsel and bold resolve; and its fruits, 
+    though not completely fulfilling its promise, were solid and valuable. It 
+    was not ratified by Mary. But her nonratification in the long-run injured no 
+    one but herself, besides putting her in the wrong, and giving Elizabeth a 
+    standing excuse for treating her as an enemy. England was permanently free 
+    from the menace of a disciplined French army in the northern kingdom. 
+    Nothing was settled in the treaty about religion. But this was equivalent to 
+    a confirmation of the violent change that had recently taken place; in 
+    itself a guarantee of security to England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The moral effect of this success was even greater than its 
+    more tangible results. It had been very generally believed, at all events 
+    abroad, that Elizabeth was tottering on her throne; that the large majority 
+    were on the point of rising to depose her; that, wriggle as she might, she 
+    would find she was a mere &lt;i&gt;protÃ©gÃ©e&lt;/i&gt; of Philip, with no option but to 
+    follow his directions and square her policy to his. Whatever small basis of 
+    fact underlay this delusive estimate had been ridiculously exaggerated in 
+    the reports sent to Philip by his ambassador De Quadra, a man who evidently 
+    paid more attention to hole-and-corner tattle than to the broad forces of 
+    English politics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;All these imaginings were now proved to be vain. Elizabeth 
+    had shown that she could protect herself by her own strength and in her own 
+    way. She had civilly ignored Philip's advice, or rather his injunctions. She 
+    had thrown down the glove to France, and France had not taken it up. She had 
+    placed in command of her armies the very man whom she was supposed to fear, 
+    and he had done her bidding, and done it well. England once more stood 
+    before Europe as an independent power, able to take care of itself, aid its 
+    friends, and annoy its enemies. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is true that, as far as Elizabeth personally is 
+    concerned, her Scotch policy had not always in its execution been as prompt 
+    and firm as could be desired. Those who follow it in greater detail than is 
+    possible here will find much in it that is irresolute and even vacillating. 
+    This defect appears throughout Elizabeth's career, though it will always be 
+    ignored, as it ought to be ignored, by those who reserve their attention for 
+    what is worth observing in the course of human affairs. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In her intellectual grasp of European politics as a whole, 
+    and of the interests of her own kingdom, Elizabeth was probably superior to 
+    any of her counsellors.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;No one could better than she think out the general idea of a 
+    political campaign. But theoretical and practical qualifications are seldom, 
+    if ever, combined in equal excellence. Not only are the qualities themselves 
+    naturally opposed, but the constant exercise of either increases the 
+    disparity. Her sex obliged Elizabeth to leave the large field of execution 
+    to others. Her practical gifts therefore, whatever they were, deteriorated 
+    rather than advanced as she grew older. In men, who every day and every hour 
+    of the day are engaged in action, the habit of prompt decision and 
+    persistence in a course once adopted, even if it be not quite the best, is 
+    naturally formed and strengthened. It is a habit so valuable, so 
+    indispensable to continued success, that in practice it largely compensates 
+    for some inferiority in conception and design. Elizabeth's irresolution and 
+    vacillation were therefore a consequence of her position--that of an 
+    extremely able and well-informed woman called upon to conduct a government 
+    in which so much had to be decided by the sovereign at her own discretion. 
+    The abler she was, the more disposed to make her will felt, the less 
+    steadiness and consistency in action were to be expected from her. As the 
+    wife of a king, upon whom the final responsibility would have rested--her 
+    inferior perhaps in intellect and knowledge, but with the masculine habit of 
+    making up his mind once for all, and then steering a straight course--she 
+    would have been a wise and enlightened adviser, not afraid of consistently 
+    maintaining principles, when the time, mode, and degree of their application 
+    rested with another. As it was, Cecil and other able statesmen who served 
+    her No one could better than she think out the general idea of a political 
+    campaign. But theoretical and practical qualifications are seldom, if ever, 
+    combined in equal excellence. Not only are the qualities themselves 
+    naturally opposed, but the constant exercise of either increases the 
+    disparity. Her sex obliged Elizabeth to leave the large field of execution 
+    to others. Her practical gifts therefore, whatever they were, deteriorated 
+    rather than advanced as she grew older. In men, who every day and every hour 
+    of the day are engaged in action, the habit of prompt decision and 
+    persistence in a course once adopted, even if it be not quite the best, is 
+    naturally formed and strengthened. It is a habit so valuable, so 
+    indispensable to continued success, that in practice it largely compensates 
+    for some inferiority in conception and design. Elizabeth's irresolution and 
+    vacillation were therefore a consequence of her position--that of an 
+    extremely able and well-informed woman called upon to conduct a government 
+    in which so much had to be decided by the sovereign at her own discretion. 
+    The abler she was, the more disposed to make her will felt, the less 
+    steadiness and consistency in action were to be expected from her. As the 
+    wife of a king, upon whom the final responsibility would have rested--her 
+    inferior perhaps in intellect and knowledge, but with the masculine habit of 
+    making up his mind once for all, and then steering a straight course--she 
+    would have been a wise and enlightened adviser, not afraid of consistently 
+    maintaining principles, when the time, mode, and degree of their application 
+    rested with another. As it was, Cecil and other able statesmen who served 
+    her against the heretics of all countries. To this appeal he replied by 
+    formally summoning Catherine to put down heresy in France. An accidential 
+    collision at Vassy, in which a number of Huguenots were slain, brought on 
+    the first of those wars of religion which were to desolate France for the 
+    next thirty years (March 1562). Both factions, equally dead to patriotism, 
+    opened their country to foreigners. The Guises called in the forces of Spain 
+    and the Pope. CondÃ© applied to Elizabeth and the Protestant princes of 
+    Germany. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was necessary to give the Huguenots just so much help as 
+    would prevent them from being crushed. Aggressive in appearance, such 
+    interference was in reality legitimate self-defence. But unfortunately 
+    neither Elizabeth nor her Council had forgotten Calais, and they extorted 
+    from CondÃ© the surrender of Havre as a pledge for its restoration. In the 
+    case of Scotland they had come, as we have seen, to recognise that to 
+    establish a permanent raw by holding fortified posts on the territory of 
+    another nation is poor statesmanship. The possession of Calais was of little 
+    military value as against France. It is true that it would enable England to 
+    make sea communication between Spain and the Netherlands very insecure, and 
+    would thus give Philip a powerful motive for desiring to stand well with 
+    this country. But such a calculation had less weight with Englishmen at that 
+    moment than pure Jingoism--the longing to be again able to crow over their 
+    French enemy. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The occupation of Havre (October 1562) gave to the Huguenot 
+    cause the minimum of assistance, and brought upon it the maximum of odium. A 
+    hollow reconciliation was soon patched up between the rival factions (March 
+    1563), and Elizabeth was summoned to evacuate Havre. She refused, loudly 
+    complaining of the Huguenots for deserting her. She &amp;quot;had come to the quiet 
+    possession of Havre without force or any other unlawful means, and she had 
+    good reason to keep it.&amp;quot; Up to this time the fiction of peace between the 
+    two nations had been maintained. It was now open war. It is only fair to 
+    Elizabeth to say that all her Council and the whole nation were even hotter 
+    than she was. The garrison of Havre, with their commander Warwick, were 
+    eager for the fray. They would &amp;quot;make the French cock cry Cuck,&amp;quot; they would 
+    &amp;quot;spend the last drop of their blood before the French should fasten a foot 
+    in the town.&amp;quot; The inhabitants were all expelled, and the siege began, CondÃ© 
+    as well as the Catholics appearing in the Queen-mother's army. After a 
+    valiant defence the English, reduced to a handful of men by typhus, sailed 
+    away (28 July 1563). Peace was concluded early in the next year (April 
+    1564). Elizabeth did not repeat her mistake. Thenceforward to the end of her 
+    reign we shall find her carefully cultivating friendly relations with every 
+    ruler of France. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfour.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    IV: Elizabeth and Mary Stuart: 1559-1568&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082622&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082622&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH1a07.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH1a07.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH1a07.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">17008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1a0746c297f32e02b8bc63</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1a07.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER THREE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Anxiety of the Pope to satisfy the King -- 
+      Fears of the Emperor -Proposed alternatives -- France and England declare 
+      war in the Pope's defence -- Campeggio to be sent to England -- The King's 
+      account of the Pope's conduct -- The Pope's distress and alarm -The secret 
+      decretal -- Instructions to Campeggio. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE story returns to Orvieto. The dispensation was promised 
+    on condition that it should not be immediately acted on. Catherine having 
+    refused to acquiesce in a private arrangement, Wolsey again pressed the Pope 
+    for a commission to decide the cause in England, and to bind himself at the 
+    same time not to revoke it, but to confirm any judgment which he might 
+    himself give. &amp;quot;There were secret causes,&amp;quot; he said, &amp;quot;which could not be 
+    committed to writing which made such a concession imperative: certain 
+    diseases in the Queen defying all remedy, for which, as for other causes, 
+    the King would never again live with her as his wife.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Pope, smarting from ill-treatment and grateful for the 
+    help of France and England, professed himself earnestly anxious to do what 
+    Henry desired. But he was still virtually a prisoner. He had been obliged by 
+    the General of the Observants, when in St. Angelo, to promise to do nothing 
+    &amp;quot;whereby the King's divorce might be judged in his own dominions.&amp;quot; He 
+    pleaded for time. He promised a commission of some kind, but he said he was 
+    undone if action was taken upon it while the Germans and Spaniards remained 
+    in Italy. He saw evident ruin before him, he said, but he professed to be 
+    willing to run the hazard rather than that Wolsey should suspect him of 
+    ingratitude. He implored the Cardinal, &lt;i&gt;cum suspiriis et lacrymis,&lt;/i&gt; not 
+    to precipitate him for ever, and precipitated he would be if, on receiving 
+    the commission, the Cardinal at once began the process. A fortnight later 
+    Casalis described a long conversation with the Pope and Cardinals on the 
+    course to be pursued. Henry bad desired that a second Legate should be sent 
+    from Rome to act with Wolsey. To consent to this would directly compromise 
+    the Papal Court. Clement had no objection to the going forward with the 
+    cause, but he did not wish to be himself responsible. He signed an imperfect 
+    commission not inconsistent with his promise to the General of the 
+    Observants. On this Wolsey might act or, if he preferred it, might proceed 
+    on his own Legatine authority. For himself, instead of engaging to confirm 
+    Wolsey's sentence, he said that no doctor could better resolve the point at 
+    issue than the King himself. If he was resolved, said the Pope, let him 
+    commit his cause to the Legate, marry again, follow up the trial, and then 
+    let a public application be made for a Legate to be sent from the 
+    Consistory. If the Queen was cited first, she would put in no answer, save 
+    to protest against the place and judges. The Imperialists would demand a 
+    prohibition, and then the King could not marry, or, if he did, the offspring 
+    would be illegitimate. They would also demand a commission for the cause to 
+    be heard at Rome, which the Pope would be unable to refuse. But the King 
+    being actually married again, they could not ask for a prohibition. They 
+    could only ask that the cause should be re-examined at Rome, when the Pope 
+    would give sentence and a judgment could be passed which would satisfy the 
+    whole world. This was the Pope's own advice, but he did not wish it to be 
+    known that it had come from himself. Casalis might select the Legate to 
+    England after the first steps had been taken. Campeggio he thought the 
+    fittest, being already an English bishop. At any rate, the Pope bade Casalis 
+    say he would do his best to satisfy the King, though he knew that the 
+    Emperor would never forgive him. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is not certain what would have followed had Henry acted 
+    on the Pope's suggestion. The judgment which Clement promised might have 
+    been in his favour. Clement evidently wished him to think that it would. But 
+    he might, after all, have found himself required to take Catherine back. 
+    Either alternative was possible. At any rate he did not mean, if he could 
+    help it, to have recourse to violent methods. Charles himself, though he 
+    intended to prevent, if he could, a legal decision against his aunt, had 
+    hinted at the possibility and even desirableness of a private arrangement, 
+    if Catherine would agree. Catherine, unfortunately, would agree to nothing, 
+    but stood resolutely upon her rights, and Charles was forced to stand by 
+    her. Henry was equally obstinate, and the Pope was between the rock and the 
+    whirlpool. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Pope had promised, however, and had promised with 
+    apparent sincerity. The Papal states remaining occupied by the Imperial 
+    troops, Henry carried out his own part of the engagement by joining France 
+    in a declaration of war against the Emperor. Toison d'or and Clarencieulx 
+    appeared before Charles at Burgos on the 22nd of January, Charles sitting on 
+    his throne to receive their defiance. Toison d'or said that the Emperor had 
+    opened Christendom to the Turks, had imprisoned the Pope, had allowed his 
+    armies to sack Rome and plunder churches and monasteries, had insulted the 
+    holy relics, slain or robbed princes of the Church, cardinals, patriarchs, 
+    archbishops, outraged nunneries and convents, had encouraged Lutheran 
+    heretics in committing these atrocities, &amp;amp;c. For these reasons France 
+    declared open war with the Emperor. The English herald -- he was accused 
+    afterwards of having exceeded his instructions -- was almost as peremptory. 
+    Henry, in earlier times, had lent Charles large sums of money, which had not 
+    been repaid. Clarencieulx said that, unless the Pope was released and the 
+    debt settled, the King of England must make common cause with his brother of 
+    France. Six weeks' interval was allowed for the Emperor to consider his 
+    answer before hostilities on the side of England should commence. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Emperor replied with calmness and dignity. War with 
+    France was inevitable. As to England, he felt like Cicero, when doubting 
+    whether he should quarrel with CÃŠsar, that it was inconvenient to be in debt 
+    to an enemy. If England attacked him he said he would defend himself, but he 
+    declined to accept the defiance. Mendoza was not recalled from London. At 
+    the end of the six weeks the situation was prolonged by successive truces 
+    till the peace of Cambray. But Henry had kept his word to the Pope. England 
+    appeared by the side of France in the lists as the armed champion of the 
+    Papacy, and the Pope was expected to fulfil his promises without disguise or 
+    subterfuge. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Clement's method of proceeding with the divorce was 
+    rejected. The dispensation and commission which had been amended with a view 
+    to it were rejected also as worthless. Dr. Fox and Stephen Gardiner were 
+    despatched to Orvieto with fuller powers and with a message peremptory and 
+    even menacing. They were again to impress on the Pope the danger of a 
+    disputed succession. They were to hint that, if relief was refused in 
+    deference to the Emperor, England might decline from obedience to the Holy 
+    See. The Pope must, therefore, pass the commission and the dispensation in 
+    the form in which it had been sent from England. If he objected that it was 
+    unusual, they were to announce that the cause was of great moment. The King 
+    would not be defrauded of his expectation through fear of the Emperor. If he 
+    could not obtain justice from the Pope, he would be compelled to seek it 
+    elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The language of these instructions shows that the King and 
+    Wolsey understood the Proteus that they were dealing with, and the necessity 
+    of binding his hands if he was not to slip from them. It was not now the 
+    fountain of justice, the august head of Christendom, that they were 
+    addressing, but a shifty old man, clad by circumstances with the robe of 
+    authority, but whose will was the will of the power which happened to be 
+    strongest in Italy. It was not tolerable that the Emperor should dictate on 
+    a question which touched the vital interests of an independent kingdom. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Spanish diplomatists had afterwards to excuse and explain 
+    away Clement's concessions on the ground that they were signed when he was 
+    angry at his imprisonment, had been extorted by threats, and were therefore 
+    of no validity. He struggled hard to avoid committing himself. The unwelcome 
+    documents were recast into various forms. The dispensation was not signed 
+    after all, but in the place of it other briefs were signed of even graver 
+    importance. The Pope yielded to the demand to send a second Legate to try 
+    the cause with Wolsey in England, where it was assumed as a matter of course 
+    that judgment would be given for the King. The Legate chosen was Campeggio, 
+    who was himself, as was said, an English bishop. The Pope also did express 
+    in writing his own opinion on the cause as favourable to the King's plea. 
+    What passed at Orvieto was thus afterwards compendiously related by Henry in 
+    a published statement of his case. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;On his first scruple the King sent to the Bishop of Rome, 
+    as Christ's Vicar, who had the keys of knowledge, to dissolve his doubts. 
+    The said Bishop refused to take any knowledge of it and desired the King to 
+    apply for a commission to be sent into the realm, authorised to determine 
+    the cause, thus pretending that it might no wise be entreated at Rome, but 
+    only within the King's own realm. He delegated his whole powers to Campeggio 
+    and Wolsey, giving them also a special commission in form of a decretal, 
+    wherein he declared the King's marriage null and empowered him to marry 
+    again. In the open commission also he gave them full authority to give 
+    sentence for the King. Secretly he gave them instructions to burn the 
+    commission decretal and not proceed upon it; (but) at the time of sending 
+    the commission he also sent the King a brief, written in his own hand, 
+    admitting the justice of his cause and promising &lt;i&gt;sanctissime sub&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;
+    verbo Pontificis&lt;/i&gt; that he would never advocate it to Rome.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Engagements which he intended to keep or break according to 
+    the turns of the war between Francis and Charles did not press very heavily 
+    perhaps on Clement's conscience, but they were not extorted from him without 
+    many agonies. &amp;quot;He has granted the commission,&amp;quot; Casalis wrote. &amp;quot;He is not 
+    unwilling to please the King and Wolsey, but fears the Spaniards more than 
+    ever he did. The Friar-General has forbidden him in the Emperor's name to 
+    grant the King's request. He fears for his life from the Imperialists if the 
+    Emperor knows of it. Before he would grant the brief he said, weeping, that 
+    it would be his utter ruin. The Venetians and Florentines desired his 
+    destruction. His sole hope of life was from the Emperor. He asked me to 
+    swear whether the King would desert him or not. Satisfied on this point, he 
+    granted the brief, saying that he placed himself in the King's arms, as he 
+    would be drawn into perpetual war with the Emperor. Wolsey might dispose of 
+    him and the Papacy as if he were Pope himself.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Emperor had insisted, at Catherine's desire, that the 
+    cause should not be heard in England. The Pope had agreed that it should be 
+    heard in England. Consent had been wrung from him, but his consent had been 
+    given, and Campeggio was to go and make the best of it. His open commission 
+    was as ample as words could make it. He and Wolsey were to hear the cause 
+    and decide it. The secret &amp;quot;decretal&amp;quot; which he had wept over while he signed 
+    it declared, before the cause was heard, the sentence which was to be given, 
+    and he had pledged his solemn word not to revoke the hearing to Rome. All 
+    that Clement could do was to instruct the Legate before he started to waste 
+    time on his way, and, on his arrival in England, to use his skill to 
+    &amp;quot;accommodate matters,&amp;quot; and to persuade the Queen -- if he found her 
+    persuadeable -- to save him from his embarrassments by taking the veil. This 
+    was a course which Charles himself in his private mind would have 
+    recommended, but was too honourable to advise it. The fatal decretal was to 
+    be seen only by a very few persons, and then, as Henry said, Campeggio was 
+    to burn it. He was instructed also to pass no sentence without first 
+    referring back to Rome, and, if driven to extremity, was to find an excuse 
+    for postponing a decision; very natural conduct on the part of a weak, 
+    frightened mortal -- conduct not unlike that of his predecessor, Alexander 
+    III., in the quarrel between Becket and Henry II. -- but in both cases 
+    purely human, not such as might have been looked for in a divinely guided 
+    Vicar of Christ. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter Four&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082634&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082634&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH1d78.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH1d78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH1d78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6387</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: King Henry VIII has a jousting accident, 1524</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1d78ad2eb25b5e7b05f119</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215249</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1d78.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">abpoems.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/abpoems.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: Sir Thomas Wyatt's poetry inspired by Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;377&quot; height=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas Wyatt wrote these two famous poems inspired
+by Henry VIII's tragic second queen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne1.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; height=194 width=150 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Wyatt was born in 1503 at Allington Castle, Kent.&amp;nbsp; He was the
+son of Henry Wyatt and Anne Skinner, and was educated at St John's College,
+part of Cambridge University.&amp;nbsp; He entered the diplomatic service of
+Henry VIII around 1526, just as the king's rumored passion for Anne Boleyn
+began to attract notice.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt himself was infatuated with Anne Boleyn,
+but found his desires thwarted by the king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It has often been rumored that Anne was Wyatt's mistress before Henry
+VIII fell in love with her, but there is little evidence to support an
+actual physical relationship.&amp;nbsp; Both she and Wyatt were witty and flirtatious.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They enjoyed each other's company, and there is no doubt Wyatt wished for
+more personal favors - but he was rebuffed, and for the simple reason that
+Anne had more glittering prospects (namely, the king of England himself.)&amp;nbsp;
+Hence the bitter tone of the Petrarchan sonnet opposite.&amp;nbsp; It is an intriguing
+portrait of Anne and specifically mentions her attachment to the king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Incidentally, Wyatt was sent on a diplomatic mission to Italy in 1527.&amp;nbsp;
+It was perhaps an attempt by Henry VIII to rid the court of a potential
+rival.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt's association with Anne haunted him again in 1536 when
+he was imprisoned for having carnal knowledge of the queen.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+was executed but Wyatt was freed.&amp;nbsp; He served as English
+ambassador to Spain for two years (1537-39) but suffered imprisonment again
+in 1541 when Thomas Cromwell fell from power and the Norfolk faction briefly
+gained ascendancy over the king.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Wyatt did not remain
+imprisoned long, but he died on 11 October 1542 of unknown causes.&amp;nbsp;
+He had long since deserted his wife, Elizabeth Brooke, and was living with
+his mistress, Elizabeth Darrell, and their only child Francis.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;As for his poetry, Wyatt's work was circulated in manuscript during
+his lifetime and often highly praised. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;The first poem was perhaps based upon Petrarch's sonnet #190.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;The Latin phrase 'Noli me tangere' is taken from the
+Vulgate; it is translated as 'Touch me not'.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;The poem is believed to be a direct comment upon Henry VIII's infatuation
+for Anne, her character, and her newfound importance at the English
+court.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;In the second poem, 'The thing ye seek for' is, of course, sex.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      work, though undated, was probably written after
+Anne and Henry were wed in 1533.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Wyatt had been rebuffed
+by Anne once again; the poem is certainly churlish enough.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;'Whoso List to Hunt, I Know Where Is An Hind'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Whoso list to hunt, I know where is an hind,
+&lt;br&gt;But as for me, hÃ©las, I may no more.
+&lt;br&gt;The vain travail hath wearied me so sore,
+&lt;br&gt;I am of them that farthest cometh behind.
+&lt;br&gt;Yet may I by no means my wearied mind
+&lt;br&gt;Draw from the deer, but as she fleeth afore
+&lt;br&gt;Fainting I follow. I leave off therefore,
+&lt;br&gt;Sithens in a net I seek to hold the wind.
+&lt;br&gt;Who list her hunt, I put him out of doubt,
+&lt;br&gt;As well as I may spend his time in vain.
+&lt;br&gt;And graven with diamonds in letters plain
+&lt;br&gt;There is written, her fair neck round about:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Noli me tangere&lt;/i&gt;, for Caesar's I am,
+&lt;br&gt;And wild for to hold, though I seem tame.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;'Ye Olde Mule'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;Ye old mule that think yourself so fair,
+&lt;br&gt;Leave off with craft your beauty to repair,
+&lt;br&gt;For it is true, without any fable,
+&lt;br&gt;No man setteth more by riding in your saddle.
+&lt;br&gt;Too much travail so do your train appair.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ye old mule
+&lt;br&gt;With false savour though you deceive th'air,
+&lt;br&gt;Whoso taste you shall well perceive your lair
+&lt;br&gt;Savoureth somewhat of a Kappurs stable.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ye old mule
+&lt;br&gt;Ye must now serve to market and to fair,
+&lt;br&gt;All for the burden, for panniers a pair.
+&lt;br&gt;For since gray hairs been powdered in your sable,
+&lt;br&gt;The thing ye seek for, you must yourself enable
+&lt;br&gt;To purchase it by payment and by prayer,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ye old mule.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082596&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082596&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH1f6c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH1f6c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH1f6c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41737</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Introduction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Introduction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Introduction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1f6cb2e7565aaa0142a6c0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1f6c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE mythic element cannot be eliminated out of history. Men 
+    who play leading parts on the world's stage gather about them the admiration 
+    of friends and the animosity of disappointed rivals or political enemies. 
+    The atmosphere becomes charged with legends of what they have said or done 
+    -- some inventions, some distortions of facts, but rarely or never accurate. 
+    Their outward acts, being public, cannot be absolutely misstated; their 
+    motives, being known only to themselves, are an open field for imagination; 
+    and as the disposition is to believe evil rather than good, the portraits 
+    drawn may vary indefinitely, according to the sympathies of the describer, 
+    but are seldom too favourable. The more distinguished a man is the more he 
+    is talked about. Stories are current about him in his own lifetime, 
+    guaranteed apparently by the highest authorities; related, insisted upon; 
+    time, place, and circumstance accurately given -- most of them mere 
+    malicious lies; yet, if written down, to reappear in memoirs a hundred years 
+    hence, they are likely to pass for authentic, or at least probable. Even 
+    where there is no malice, imagination will still be active. People believe 
+    or disbelieve, repeat or suppress, according to their own inclinations; and 
+    death, which ends the feuds of unimportant persons, lets loose the tongues 
+    over the characters of the great. Kings are especially sufferers; when alive 
+    they hear only flattery; when they are gone men revenge, themselves by 
+    drawing hideous portraits of them, and the more distinguished they may have 
+    been the more minutely their weaknesses are dwelt upon. &lt;i&gt;&amp;quot;C'est un plaisir 
+    indicible,&amp;quot;&lt;/i&gt; says Voltaire, &lt;i&gt;&amp;quot;de donner des dÃ©crets contre des 
+    souverains morts quand on ne peut en lancer contre eux de leur vivant de 
+    peur de perdre ses oreilles.&amp;quot;&lt;/i&gt; The dead sovereigns go their way. Their 
+    real work for good or evil lives after them; but they themselves are where 
+    the opinions expressed about their character affect them no more. To CÃŠsar 
+    or Napoleon it matters nothing what judgment the world passes upon their 
+    conduct. It is of more importance for the ethical value of history that acts 
+    which as they are related appear wicked should be duly condemned, that acts 
+    which are represented as having advanced the welfare of mankind should be 
+    duly honoured, than that the real character of individuals should be 
+    correctly appreciated. To appreciate any single man with complete accuracy 
+    is impossible. To appreciate him even proximately is extremely difficult. 
+    Rulers of kingdoms may have public reasons for what they do, which at the 
+    time may be understood or allowed for. Times change, and new interests rise. 
+    The circumstances no longer exist which would explain their conduct. The 
+    student looks therefore for an explanation in elements which he thinks he 
+    understands -- in pride, ambition, fear, avarice, jealousy, or sensuality; 
+    and, settling the question thus to his own satisfaction, resents or 
+    ridicules attempts to look for other motives.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;So long as his moral judgment is generally correct, he 
+    inflicts no injury, and he suffers none. Cruelty and lust are proper objects 
+    of abhorrence; he learns to detest them in studying the Tiberius of Tacitus, 
+    though the character described by the great Roman historian may have been a 
+    mere creation of the hatred of the old Roman aristocracy. The manifesto of 
+    the Prince of Orange was a libel against Philip the Second; but the Philip 
+    of Protestant tradition is an embodiment of the persecuting spirit of 
+    Catholic Europe which it would be now useless to disturb. The tendency of 
+    history is to fall into wholesome moral lines whether they be accurate or 
+    not, and to interfere with harmless illusions may cause greater errors than 
+    it aspires to cure. Crowned offenders are arraigned at the tribunal of 
+    history for the crimes which they are alleged to have committed. It may be 
+    sometimes shown that the crimes were not crimes at all, that the sufferers 
+    had deserved their fate, that the severities were useful and essential for 
+    some great and valuable purpose. But the reader sees in the apology for acts 
+    which he had regarded as tyrannical a defence of tyranny itself. Preoccupied 
+    with the received interpretation, he finds deeds excused which he had learnt 
+    to execrate; and in learning something which, even if true, is of no real 
+    moment to him, he suffers in the maiming of his perceptions of the 
+    difference between right and wrong. The whitewashing of the villains of 
+    tradition is, therefore, justly regarded as waste of labour. If successful, 
+    it is of imperfect value; if unsuccessful, it is a misuse of industry which 
+    deserves to be censured. Time is too precious to be squandered over 
+    paradoxes. The dead are gone; the censure of mankind has written their 
+    epitaphs, and so they may be left. Their true award will be decided 
+    elsewhere. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This is the commonsense verdict. When the work of a man is 
+    done and ended; when, except indirectly and invisibly, he affects the living 
+    world no more, the book is closed, the sentence is passed, and there he may 
+    be allowed to rest. The case is altered, however, when the dead still live 
+    in their actions, when their principles and the effects of their conduct are 
+    still vigorous and operative, and the movements which they initiated 
+    continue to be fought over. It sometimes happens that mighty revolutions can 
+    be traced to the will and resolution of a single man, and that the conflict 
+    continues when he is gone. The personal character of such a man becomes then 
+    of intrinsic importance as an argument for attack or defence. The changes 
+    introduced by Henry VIII. are still denounced or defended with renewed 
+    violence; the ashes of a conflict which seemed to have been decided are 
+    again blown into a flame; and what manner of man Henry was, and what the 
+    statesmen and churchmen were who stood by him and assisted him in reshaping 
+    the English constitution, becomes a practical question of our own time. By 
+    their fruits ye shall know them. A good tree cannot bear evil fruit, neither 
+    can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Roman Catholics argue from the 
+    act to the man, and from the man back to the act. The Reformation, they say, 
+    was a rebellion against an authority appointed by God for the rule of the 
+    world; it was a wicked act in itself; the author or the authors of it were 
+    presumably, therefore, themselves wicked; and the worst interpretation of 
+    their conduct is antecedently probable, because a revolt against the Church 
+    of Christ could only have originated in depraved hearts. Or again, inverting 
+    the argument, they say with sufficient plausibility that the sins and crimes 
+    of the King are acknowledged facts of history; that from so bad a man no 
+    good thing could ever rise; that Henry was a visible servant of the devil, 
+    and therefore the Reformation, of which he was the instrument, was the 
+    devil's work. If the picture drawn of him by his Catholic contemporaries is 
+    correct, the inference is irresistible. That picture, however, was drawn by 
+    those whose faith he wounded and whose interests he touched, and therefore 
+    might be regarded with suspicion. Religious animosity is fertile in calumny, 
+    because it assumes beforehand that every charge is likely to be true in 
+    proportion to its enormity, and Catholic writers were credulous of evil when 
+    laid to the charge of so dangerous an adversary. But the Catholics have not 
+    been Henry's only accusers; all sorts and sects have combined in the general 
+    condemnation. The Anglican High Churchman is as bitter against him as 
+    Reginald Pole himself. He admits and maintains the separation from Rome 
+    which Henry accomplished for him; but he abhors as heartily as Pole or 
+    Lingard the internal principles of the Reformation. He resents the control 
+    of the clergy by the civil power. He demands the restoration of the 
+    spiritual privileges which Henry and his parliaments took away from them. He 
+    aspires to the recovery of ecclesiastical independence. He therefore with 
+    equal triumph points to the blots in Henry's character, and deepens their 
+    shade with every accusation, proved or unproved, which he can find in 
+    contemporary records. With him, too, that a charge was alleged at the time 
+    is evidence sufficient to entitle him to accept it as a fact. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Again, Protestant writers have been no less unsparing, from 
+    an imprudent eagerness to detach their cause from a disreputable ally. In 
+    Elizabeth's time it was a point of honour and loyalty to believe in the 
+    innocence of her mother. If Anne Boleyn was condemned on forged or false 
+    evidence to make way for Jane Seymour, what appears so clearly to us must 
+    have been far clearer to Henry and his Council; of all abominable crimes 
+    committed by tyrannical princes there was never one more base or cowardly 
+    than Anne's execution; and in insisting on Anne's guiltlessness they have 
+    condemned the King, his ministers, and his parliaments. Having discovered 
+    him to have murdered his wife, they have found him also to have been a 
+    persecutor of the truth. The Reformation in England was at its outset 
+    political rather than doctrinal. The avarice and tyranny of the Church 
+    officials had galled the limbs of the laity. Their first steps were to break 
+    the chains which fretted them, and to put a final end to the temporal power 
+    of the clergy. Spiritual liberty came later, and came slowly from the 
+    constitution of the English mind. Superstition had been familiarised by 
+    custom, protected by natural reverence, and shielded from inquiry by the 
+    peculiar horror attaching to unbelief. The nation had been taught from 
+    immemorial time that to doubt on the mysteries of faith was the worst crime 
+    which man could commit; and while they were willing to discover that on 
+    their human side the clergy were but brother mortals of questionable 
+    character, they drew a distinction between the Church as a national 
+    institution and the doctrines which it taught. An old creed could not yield 
+    at once. The King did much; he protected individual Lutherans to the edge of 
+    rashness. He gave the nation the English Bible. He made Latimer a bishop. He 
+    took away completely and for ever the power of the prelates to punish what 
+    they called heresy &lt;i&gt;ex officio&lt;/i&gt; and on their own authority; but the 
+    zeal of the ultra-Protestants broke loose when the restraint was taken off; 
+    the sense of the country was offended by the irreverence with which objects 
+    and opinions were treated which they regarded as holy, and Parliament, which 
+    had put a bit in the mouth of the ecclesiastical courts, was driven to a 
+    substitute in the Bill of the Six Articles. The advanced section in popular 
+    movements is usually unwise. The characteristic excellence of the English 
+    Reformation is, that throughout its course it was restrained by the law, and 
+    the Six Articles Bill, tempered as it was in the execution, was a 
+    permissible, and perhaps useful, measure in restraint of intemperance. It 
+    was the same in Germany. Anabaptists continued to be burnt in Saxony and 
+    Hesse long after Luther's revolt; Calvin thought the stake a fitting penalty 
+    for doubts upon the Trinity. John Knox, in Scotland, approved of 
+    witch-burning and sending mass-priests to the gallows. Henry could not 
+    disregard the pronounced feeling of the majority of the English people. He 
+    was himself but one of them, and changed slowly as they changed. Yet 
+    Protestant tradition has assumed that the bloody whip with six strings was 
+    an act of arbitrary ferocity. It considers that the King could, and ought 
+    to, have advanced at once into an understanding of the principle of 
+    toleration -- toleration of the new opinions, and a more severe repression 
+    of the old. The Puritans and Evangelicals forgot that he had given them the 
+    English Testament. They forgot that by setting his foot upon the bishops he 
+    had opened the pulpits to themselves, and they classed him among the 
+    persecutors, or else joined in the shallow laughs of the ultramontane 
+    Catholics at what they pleased to call his inconsistency. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus from all sides a catena of invective has been wrapped 
+    about Henry's character. The sensible part of the country held its tongue. 
+    The speakers and writers were the passionate and fanatical of both 
+    persuasions, and by them the materials were supplied for the Henry VIII. who 
+    has been brought down to us by history, while the candid and philosophic 
+    thinkers of the last and present centuries have accepted the traditional 
+    figure. In their desire to be impartial they have held the balance equal 
+    between Catholics and Protestants, inclining slightly to the Catholic side, 
+    from a wish to conciliate a respectable body who had been unjustly maligned 
+    and oppressed; while they have lavished invectives upon the early Reformers 
+    violent enough to have satisfied even Pole himself, whose rhetoric has 
+    formed the base of their declamation. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Liberal philosophy would have had a bad time of it in 
+    England, perhaps in all Europe, if there had been no Henry VIII. to take the 
+    Pope by the throat. But one service writers like Macaulay have undoubtedly 
+    accomplished. They have shown that it is entirely impossible to separate the 
+    King from his ministers -- to condemn Henry and to spare Cranmer. Protestant 
+    writers, from Burnet to Southey, have tried to save the reforming bishops 
+    and statesmen at Henry's expense. Cranmer, and Latimer, and Ridley have been 
+    described as saints, though their master was a villain. But the cold 
+    impartiality of Macaulay has pointed out unanswerably that in all Henry's 
+    most questionable acts his own ministers and his prelates were active 
+    participants -- that his Privy Council, his parliaments, his judges on the 
+    bench, the juries empanelled to try the victims of his tyranny, were equally 
+    his accomplices; some actively assisting; the rest, if these acts were 
+    really criminal, permitting themselves to be bribed or terrified into 
+    acquiescence. The leading men of all descriptions, the nation itself, 
+    through the guilt of its representatives, were all stained in the same 
+    detestable colours. It may be said, indeed, that they were worse than the 
+    King himself. For the King at least may be pleaded the coarse temptations of 
+    a brutal nature; but what palliation can be urged for the peers and judges 
+    who sacrificed Anne Boleyn, or More, or Fisher, according to the received 
+    hypothesis? Not even the excuse of personal fear of an all-powerful despot. 
+    For Henry had no Janissaries or PrÃŠtorians to defend his person or execute 
+    his orders. He had but his hundred yeomen of the guard, not more numerous 
+    than the ordinary followers of a second-rate noble. The Catholic leaders, 
+    who were infuriated at his attacks upon the Church, and would if they could 
+    have introduced foreign armies to dethrone him, insisted on his weakness as 
+    an encouragement to an easy enterprise. Beyond those few yeomen they urged 
+    that he had no protection save in the attachment of the subjects whom he was 
+    alienating. What strange influence was such a king able to exercise that he 
+    could overawe the lords and gentry of England, the learned professions, the 
+    municipal authorities? How was it that he was able to compel them to be the 
+    voluntary instruments of his cruelty? Strangest of all, he seems to have 
+    needed no protection, but rather to have been personally popular, even among 
+    those who disapproved his public policy. The air was charged with threats of 
+    insurrection, but no conspiracy was ever formed to kill him, like those 
+    which so often menaced the life of his daughter. When the North was in arms 
+    in the Pilgrimage of Grace, and a question rose among the leaders whether in 
+    the event of victory the King was to be deposed, it was found that anyone 
+    who proposed to remove him would be torn in pieces by the people.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Granting that Henry VIII. was, as Dickens said of him, &amp;quot;a 
+    spot of blood and grease&amp;quot; on the page of English history, the contemporary 
+    generation of Englishmen must have been fit subjects of such a sovereign. 
+    Every country, says Carlyle, gets as good a government as it deserves. The 
+    England of the Cromwells and the Cranmers, the Howards and the Fitzwilliams, 
+    the Wriothesleys and the Pagets, seems to have been made of baser materials 
+    than any land of which mankind has preserved a record. Roman Catholics may 
+    fairly plead that out of such a race no spiritual reform is likely to have 
+    arisen which could benefit any human soul. Of all the arguments which can be 
+    alleged for the return of England to the ancient fold, this is surely the 
+    most powerful. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Yet England shows no intention of returning. History may say 
+    what it pleases, yet England remains tenacious of the liberties which were 
+    then won for us, and unconscious of the disgrace attaching to them; 
+    unconscious, also, that the version of the story which it accepts contains 
+    anything which requires explanation. The legislation of Henry VIII., his 
+    Privy Council, and his parliaments is the Magna Charta of the modern world. 
+    The Act of Appeals and the Act of Supremacy asserted the national 
+    independence, and repudiated the interference of foreign bishop, prince, or 
+    potentate within the limits of the English empire. The clergy had held for 
+    many centuries an &lt;i&gt;imperium in imperio.&lt;/i&gt; Subject themselves to no law 
+    but their own, they had asserted an irresponsible jurisdiction over the 
+    souls and bodies of the people. The Act for the submission of these persons 
+    reduced them to the common condition of subjects under the control of the 
+    law. Popes were no longer allowed to dispense with ordinary obligations. 
+    Clerical privileges were abolished. The spiritual courts, with their 
+    intolerable varieties of iniquity, were swept away, or coerced within 
+    rational limits. The religious houses were suppressed, their enormous wealth 
+    was applied for the defence of the realm, and the worse than Augean dunghill 
+    of abuses was cleared out with resolute hand. These great results were 
+    accomplished in the face of papal curses, in defiance of superstitious 
+    terrors, so despicable when bravely confronted, so terrible while the 
+    spectre of supernatural power was still unexorcised; in the face, too, of 
+    earthly perils which might make stout hearts shake, of an infuriated 
+    priesthood stirring the people into rebellion, of an exasperated Catholic 
+    Europe threatening fire and sword in the name of the Pope. These were 
+    distinguished achievements, not likely to have been done at all by an 
+    infamous prince and infamous ministers; yet done so well that their work is 
+    incorporated in the constitution almost in the form in which they left it; 
+    and this mighty revolution, the greatest and most far-reaching in modern 
+    times, was accomplished without a civil war, by firmness of hand, by the 
+    action of Parliament, and a resolute enforcement of the law. Nor has the 
+    effect of Henry's legislation been confined to England. Every great country, 
+    Catholic or Protestant, has practically adopted its chief provisions. Popes 
+    no longer pretend a power of deposing princes, absolving subjects from their 
+    allegiance, or selling dispensations for offences against the law of the 
+    land. Appeals are no longer carried from the national courts to the court of 
+    the Rota. The papal treasury is no longer supplied by the plunder of the 
+    national clergy, collected by resident papal officials. Bishops and 
+    convocations have ceased to legislate above and independent of the secular 
+    authority, and clerks who commit crimes bear the same penalties as the 
+    profane. The high quality of the Reformation statutes is guaranteed by their 
+    endurance; and it is hard to suppose that the politicians who conceived and 
+    carried them out were men of base conditions. The question is not of the 
+    character of the King. If nothing was at issue but the merits or demerits of 
+    a single sovereign, he might be left where he lies. The question is of the 
+    characters of the reforming leaders, who, jointly with the King, were the 
+    authors of this tremendous and beneficent revolution. Henry in all that he 
+    did acted with these men and through them. Is it possible to believe that 
+    qualities so opposite as the popular theory requires existed in the same 
+    persons? Is it possible, for instance, that Cranmer, who composed or 
+    translated the prayers in the English Liturgy, was the miserable wretch 
+    which Macaulay or Lingard describes? The era of Elizabeth was the outspring 
+    of the movement which Henry VIII. commenced, and it was the grandest period 
+    in English history. Is it credible that so invigorating a stream flowed from 
+    a polluted fountain? &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Before accepting a conclusion so disgraceful -- before 
+    consigning the men who achieved so great a victory, and risked and lost 
+    their lives in the battle, to final execration -- it is at least permissible 
+    to pause. The difficulty can only be made light of by impatience, by 
+    prejudice, or by want of thought. To me at any rate, who wished to discover 
+    what the real history of the Reformation had been, it seemed so 
+    considerable, that, dismissing the polemical invectives of later writers, I 
+    turned to the accounts of their conduct, which had been left behind by the 
+    authors of it themselves. Among the fortunate anomalies of the situation, 
+    Henry departed from previous custom in holding annual parliaments. At every 
+    step which he took, either in the rearrangement of the realm or in his own 
+    domestic confusions, he took the Lords and Commons into his council, and 
+    ventured nothing without their consent. The preambles of the principal 
+    statutes contain a narrative clear and precise of the motives of everything 
+    that he did -- a narrative which at least may have been a true one, which 
+    was not put forward as a defence, but was a mere explanation of acts which 
+    on the surface seemed violent and arbitrary. If the explanation is correct, 
+    it shows us a time of complications and difficulties, which, on the whole, 
+    were successfully encountered. It shows us severe measures severely 
+    executed, but directed to public and necessary purpose, involving no 
+    sycophancy or baseness, no mean subservience to capricious tyranny, but such 
+    as were the natural safeguards during a dangerous convulsion, or remedies of 
+    accidents incidental to hereditary monarchy. The story told is clear and 
+    distinct; pitiless, but not dishonourable. Between the lines can be read the 
+    storm of popular passions, the beating of the national heart when it was 
+    stirred to its inmost depths. We see established institutions rooted out, 
+    idols overthrown, and injured worshippers exasperated to fury; the air, as 
+    was inevitable at such a crisis, full of flying rumours, some lies, some 
+    half lies with fragments of truth attaching to them, bred of malice or dizzy 
+    brains, the materials out of which the popular tradition has been built. It 
+    was no insular revolution. The stake played for was the liberty of mankind. 
+    All Europe was watching England, for England was the hinge on which the fate 
+    of the Reformation turned. Could it be crushed in England, the Catholics 
+    were assured of universal victory, and therefore tongues and pens were busy 
+    everywhere throughout Christendom, Catholic imagination representing Henry 
+    as an incarnate Satan, for which, it must be admitted, his domestic 
+    misadventures gave them tempting opportunities. So thick fell the showers of 
+    calumny, that, bold as he was, he at times himself winced under it. He 
+    complained to Charles V. of the libels circulated about him in France and 
+    Flanders. Charles, too, had suffered in the same way. He answered, 
+    humorously, that &amp;quot;if kings gave occasion to be spoken about they would be 
+    spoken about; kings were not kings of tongues.&amp;quot; Henry VIII. was an easy mark 
+    for slander; but if all slanders are to pass as true which are flung at 
+    public men whose policy provides them with an army of calumniators, the 
+    reputation of the best of them is but a spotted rag. The clergy were the 
+    vocal part of Europe. They had the pulpits; they had the writing of the 
+    books and pamphlets. They had cause to hate Henry, and they hated him with 
+    an intensity of passion which could not have been more savage had he been 
+    the devil himself. But there are men whose enmity is a compliment. They 
+    libelled Luther almost as freely as they libelled the English king. I 
+    myself, after reading and weighing all that I could find forty years ago in 
+    prints or manuscripts, concluded that the real facts of Henry's conduct were 
+    to be found in the Statute Book and nowhere else; that the preambles of the 
+    Acts of Parliament did actually represent the sincere opinion about him of 
+    the educated laymen of England, who had better opportunities of knowing the 
+    truth than we can have, and that a modern Englishman may be allowed to 
+    follow their authority without the imputation of paradox or folly. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;With this impression, and with the Statute Book for a guide, 
+    I wrote the opening portion of my &amp;quot;History of England, from the Fall of 
+    Wolsey to the Defeat of the Armada.&amp;quot; The Published criticisms upon my work 
+    were generally unfavourable. Catholic writers inherited the traditions and 
+    the temper of their forefathers, and believed the eatena of their own 
+    historians. Protestants could not believe in a defence of the author of the 
+    Six Articles Bill. Secular reviewers were easily witty at the &amp;quot;model 
+    husband&amp;quot; whom they supposed me to be imposing upon them, and resented the 
+    interference with a version of the story authenticated by great names among 
+    my predecessors. The public, however, took an interest in what I had to say. 
+    The book was read, and continues to be read; at the close of my life, 
+    therefore, I have to go once more over the ground; and as I am still 
+    substantially alone in maintaining an opinion considered heretical by 
+    orthodox historians, I have to decide in what condition I am to leave my 
+    work behind me. In the thirty-five years which have elapsed since those 
+    early volumes appeared large additions have been made to the materials for 
+    the history of the period. The vast collection of manuscripts in the English 
+    Record Office, which then were only partially accessible, have been sorted, 
+    catalogued, and calendared by the industry of my friends Mr. Brewer and Mr. 
+    Gairdner. Private collections in great English houses have been examined and 
+    reported on by the Historical Manuscripts Commission. Foreign archives at 
+    Paris, Simancas, Rome, Venice, Vienna, and Brussels have been searched to 
+    some extent by myself, but in a far larger degree by able scholars specially 
+    appointed for the purpose. In the despatches, thus made accessible, of the 
+    foreign ambassadors resident at Henry's court we have the invaluable, if not 
+    impartial, comments of trained and responsible politicians who related from 
+    day to day the events which were passing under their eyes. Being Catholics, 
+    and representatives of Catholic powers, they were bitterly hostile to the 
+    Reformation -- hostile alike on political grounds and religious -- and 
+    therefore inclined to believe and report the worst that could be said both 
+    of it and of its authors. But they wrote before the traditions had become 
+    stereotyped; their accounts are fresh and original; and, being men of the 
+    world, and writing in confidence to their own masters, they were as 
+    veracious as their prejudices would allow them to be. Unconsciously, too, 
+    they render another service of infinite importance. Being in close 
+    communication with the disaffected English peers and clergy, and engaged 
+    with them secretly in promoting rebellion, the ministers of Charles V. 
+    reveal with extraordinary clearness the dangers with which the Government 
+    had to deal. They make it perfectly plain that the Act of Supremacy, with 
+    its stern and peremptory demands, was no more than a legitimate and 
+    necessary defence against organised treason. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was thus inevitable that much would have to be added to 
+    what I had already published. When a microscope is applied to the petal of a 
+    flower or the wing of an insect, simple outlines and simple surfaces are 
+    resolved into complex organisms with curious and beautiful details. The 
+    effect of these despatches is precisely the same -- we see with the eyes, we 
+    hear with the ears, of men who were living parts of the scenes which they 
+    describe. Stories afterwards elaborated into established facts we trace to 
+    their origin in rumours of the hour; we read innumerable anecdotes, some 
+    with the clear stamp of truth on them, many mere creations of passing wit or 
+    malice, no more authentic than the thousands like them which circulate in 
+    modern society, guaranteed by the positive assertions of personal witnesses, 
+    yet visibly recognisable as lies. Through all this the reader must pick his 
+    way and use his own judgment. He knows that many things are false which are 
+    reported about his own eminent contemporaries. He may be equally certain 
+    that lies were told as freely then as now. He will probably allow his 
+    sympathies to guide him. He will accept as fact what fits in with his creed 
+    or his theory. He will share the general disposition to believe evil, 
+    especially about kings and great men. The exaggerated homage paid to 
+    princes, when they are alive, has to be compensated by suspecting the worst 
+    of them as soon as they are gone. But the perusal of all these documents 
+    leaves the broad aspect of the story, in my opinion, precisely where it was. 
+    It is made more interesting by the greater fulness of particulars; it is 
+    made more vivid by the clear view which they afford of individual persons 
+    who before were no more than names. But I think now, as I thought forty 
+    years ago, that through the confusions and contradictions of a stormy and 
+    angry time, the statutebook remains the safest guide to follow. If there be 
+    any difference, it is that actions which till explained appeared 
+    gratuitously cruel, like the execution of Bishop Fisher, are seen beyond 
+    dispute to have been reasonable and just. Bishop Fisher is proved by the 
+    words of the Spanish Ambassador himself to have invited and pressed the 
+    introduction of a foreign Catholic army into England in the Pope's interest.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus I find nothing to withdraw in what I then wrote, and 
+    little to alter save in correcting some small errors of trivial moment; but, 
+    on the other hand, I find much to add; and the question rises in what way I 
+    had better do it, with fair consideration for those who have bought the book 
+    as it stands. To take the work to pieces and introduce the new material into 
+    the text or the notes will impose a necessity of buying a new copy, or of 
+    being left with an inferior one, on the many friends who least deserve to be 
+    so treated. I have concluded, therefore, on writing an additional volume, 
+    where such parts of the story as have had important light thrown upon them 
+    can be told over again in ampler form. The body of the history I leave as it 
+    stands. It contains what I believe to be a true account of the time, of the 
+    immediate causes which brought about the changes of the sixteenth century, 
+    and of the characters and principles of the actors in them. I have only to 
+    fill up certain deficiencies and throw light into places hitherto left dark. 
+    For the rest, I do not pretend to impartiality. I believe the Reformation to 
+    have been the greatest incident in English history; the root and source of 
+    the expansive force which has spread the Anglo-Saxon race over the globe, 
+    and imprinted the English genius and character on the constitution of 
+    mankind. I am unwilling to believe more evil than I can help of my 
+    countrymen who accomplished so beneficent a work, and in a book written with 
+    such convictions the mythical element cannot be wholly wanting. Even things 
+    which immediately surround us, things which we see and touch, we do not 
+    perceive as they are; we perceive only our own sensations, and our 
+    sensations are a combined result of certain objects and of the faculties 
+    which apprehend them. Something of ourselves must always be intermixed 
+    before knowledge can reach us; in every conclusion which we form, in every 
+    conviction which is forced upon us, there is still a subjective element. It 
+    is so in physical science. It is so in art. It is so in our speculations on 
+    our own nature. It is so in religion. It is so even in pure mathematics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The curved and rectilineal figures on which we reason are 
+    our own creation, and have no existence exterior to the reasoning mind. Most 
+    of all is it so in history, where we have no direct perceptions to help us, 
+    but are dependent on the narratives of others whose beliefs were necessarily 
+    influenced by their personal dispositions. The first duty of an historian is 
+    to be on his guard against his own sympathies; but he cannot wholly escape 
+    their influence. In judging of the truth of particular statements, the 
+    conclusion which he will form must be based partly upon evidence and partly 
+    upon what he conceives to be likely or unlikely. In a court of justice, 
+    where witnesses can be cross-examined, uncertain elements can in some degree 
+    be eliminated; yet, after all care is taken, judges and juries have been 
+    often blinded by passion and prejudice. When we have nothing before us but 
+    rumours set in circulation, we know not by whom or on what authority, and we 
+    are driven to consider probabilities, the Protestant, who believes the 
+    Reformation to have been a victory of truth over falsehood, cannot come to 
+    the same conclusion as the Catholic, who believes it to have been a curse, 
+    or perhaps to the same conclusion as the indifferent philosopher, who 
+    regards Protestant and Catholic alike with benevolent contempt. For myself, 
+    I can but say that I have discriminated with such faculty as I possess. I 
+    have kept back nothing. I have consciously distorted nothing which conflicts 
+    with my own views. I have accepted what seems sufficiently proved. I have 
+    rejected what I can find no support for save in hearsay or prejudice. But 
+    whether accepting or rejecting, I have endeavoured to follow the rule that 
+    incidents must not be lightly accepted as authentic which are inconsistent 
+    with the universal laws of human nature, and that to disprove a calumny it 
+    is sufficient to show that there is no valid witness for it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Finally, I do not allow myself to be tempted into 
+    controversy with particular writers whose views disagree with my own. To 
+    contradict in detail every hostile version of Henry VIII.'s or his 
+    ministers' conduct would be as tedious as it would be irritating and 
+    unprofitable. My censors have been so many that a reply to them all is 
+    impossible, and so distinguished that a selection would be invidious. Those 
+    who wish for invectives against the King, or Cranmer, or Cromwell, can find 
+    them everywhere, from school manuals to the grave works of elaborate 
+    historians. For me, it is enough to tell the story as it presents itself to 
+    my own mind, and to leave what appears to me to be the truth to speak for 
+    itself. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The English nation throughout their long history have borne 
+    an honourable reputation. Luther quotes a saying of Maximilian that there 
+    were three real sovereigns in Europe -- the Emperor, the King of France, and 
+    the King of England. The Emperor was a king of kings. If he gave an order to 
+    the princes of the Reich, they obeyed or disobeyed as they pleased. The King 
+    of France was a king of asses. He ordered about his people at his will, and 
+    they obeyed like asses. The King of England was king of a loyal nation who 
+    obeyed him with heart and mind as loyal and faithful subjects. This was the 
+    character borne in the world by the fathers of the generation whom popular 
+    historians represent as having dishonoured themselves by subserviency to a 
+    bloodthirsty tyrant. It is at least possible that popular historians have 
+    been mistaken, and that the subjects of Henry VIII. were neither much better 
+    nor much worse than those who preceded or came after them. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudeone.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Chapter One&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082630&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082630&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH2023.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH2023.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH2023.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2812 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">99158</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs - Henry VII, one</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH20231d2f433d4af691239b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2023.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;blink&gt;&lt;font size=5&gt;NOTE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blink&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;I am redesigning the Henry VII pages as of &lt;b&gt;March 2004&lt;/b&gt;.
+
+&lt;br&gt;Until the new design is posted, you can read the old (and lengthy) biography here.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;You can also view portraits of Henry VII at the
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; site.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Sorry for any inconvenience. &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;King Henry VII &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;If Henry VII's reign was to usher in '&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;smooth-faced
+
+peace,&lt;/font&gt; w&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ith smiling plenty, and fair prosperous
+
+days', few could have predicted it in 1485.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;The Battle of
+
+Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485 was the last armed confrontation between
+
+Lancastrians and Yorkists, those two factions that had fought for decades
+
+in The Wars of the Roses.&amp;nbsp; The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership
+
+of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; After winning the throne
+
+of England, he wed Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of the dead Yorkist
+
+king Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; Thus, the two warring houses were joined in marriage.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The union was both symbolic and necessary.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Despite his victory at Bosworth, the exiled nobleman who took the name
+
+Henry VII needed the support of those sympathetic to the defeated Yorkist
+
+cause.&amp;nbsp; He also needed the legitimacy of his wife's claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He had spent years in exile and campaigned tirelessly to win support for
+
+his claim to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; It had not been an easy task.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In fact, it was only when Richard duke of York usurped the throne from
+
+his young nephew Edward (son and heir of Edward IV) that Henry Tudor became
+
+a viable candidate for king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor's claim to the throne was never based
+
+on ancestry alone.&amp;nbsp; He knew, none better, that such a claim would
+
+be flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; His royal blood came from women - his mother,
+
+Margaret Beaufort, was the granddaughter of John Beaufort (died 1410),
+
+the eldest of the bastard sons of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Gaunt's eldest legitimate son was the first Lancastrian king of England.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Beauforts were so named because Margaret's grandfather had been born
+
+in Beaufort Castle in Champagne; his mother was Gaunt's mistress and later
+
+became his third wife.&amp;nbsp; After the marriage, their children were declared
+
+legitimate by an act of Parliament in 1397 (during Richard II's reign).&amp;nbsp;
+
+When their fellow kinsman Henry IV Bolingbroke came to the throne, he confirmed
+
+this act of legitimacy but added a stipulation that the Beauforts should
+
+never succeed to the English throne (1407).&amp;nbsp; Certainly no act of government
+
+could alter the fact that the Beauforts had been born illegitimate; and
+
+Henry IV's declaration regarding the succession is equally ambivalent -
+
+after all, what practical effect could it guarantee?&amp;nbsp; The end result
+
+was that the Beauforts occupied an odd position in the English nobility
+
+and, taken together as a group, posed a unique threat to the security of
+
+the throne.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret Beaufort's father John succeeded to the
+
+earldom of Somerset in 1418 and, after a life of military embarrassment
+
+(including seventeen years in a French prison), he married Margaret Beauchamp,
+
+daughter of Sir John Beauchamp of Blestoe.&amp;nbsp; A year after their marriage,
+
+John was created duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Margaret, his only child, was
+
+born on 31 May 1443; she never knew her father.&amp;nbsp; John had led yet
+
+another disastrous military expedition to France and ended up dying in
+
+Dorset a few days before her first birthday.&amp;nbsp; It was rumored that
+
+he committed suicide.&amp;nbsp; Her mother, meanwhile, married again - this
+
+time to Lionel, Lord Welles, and survived another four decades.&amp;nbsp; Margaret,
+
+however, was the sole heir to the dukedom of Somerset and its vast holdings.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since she was a great heiress, she was betrothed
+
+while still a child to John de la Pole, the son and heir of Henry VI's
+
+chief minister, the marquess of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; A conspiracy followed which
+
+alleged that Suffolk was planning to place Margaret and his son on the
+
+throne if Henry VI died childless; there is no proof but it indicates how
+
+important Margaret's royal blood was, even tainted with her grandfather's
+
+illegitimacy.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was murdered in May 1450 and in early 1453,
+
+the marriage between Margaret and John de la Pole was annulled.&amp;nbsp; A
+
+child of ten, she was a pawn once more.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI wanted to wed her
+
+to his half-brother Edmund Tudor so, at the age of twelve, she was married
+
+again.&amp;nbsp; Her new husband was the earl of Richmond.&amp;nbsp; His ancestry
+
+was even more colorful than her own.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edmund Tudor was the eldest son of a princess of
+
+France and Queen of England and her Welsh attendant.&amp;nbsp; Catherine of
+
+Valois was the youngest daughter of Charles VI of France and Queen Isabelle.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At the age of eighteen, Catherine had wed that great warrior-king Henry
+
+V.&amp;nbsp; He was fifteen years her senior and, even in life, recognized
+
+as one of England's greatest kings.&amp;nbsp; His triumph at Agincourt in 1415
+
+inspired one of Shakespeare's greatest plays, &lt;i&gt;Henry V&lt;/i&gt;, and led Charles
+
+VI to sue for peace.&amp;nbsp; Charles promised that, upon his death, Henry
+
+would inherit the French throne; to show his good faith and secure Henry's
+
+claim, he was wed to Catherine.&amp;nbsp; She was, by all accounts, quite beautiful
+
+and vivacious.&amp;nbsp; They were married in May 1420 and, in December, made
+
+a triumphal entry into Paris.&amp;nbsp; From there, they sailed to Dover and
+
+Catherine was crowned at Westminster Abbey in February 1421.&amp;nbsp; She
+
+joined Henry on his public progress through England for a few months but,
+
+in June 1421, a year after their marriage, Henry departed again for France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He left knowing his wife was pregnant and, on 6 December 1421, she gave
+
+birth to their son, the future Henry VI, at Windsor.&amp;nbsp; Henry V would
+
+never see his son.&amp;nbsp; Catherine traveled to France without the child
+
+to visit Henry but he then left to besiege Meaux and Catherine went to
+
+her parents north of Paris.&amp;nbsp; During the siege, Henry contracted dysentery
+
+and died at the chateaux of Vincennes on 31 August 1422.&amp;nbsp; The glorious
+
+king of England and heir to the French throne had fallen victim to the
+
+scourge of armies everywhere.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His great achievements were not forgotten but, immediately
+
+after his death, confusion swept through England.&amp;nbsp; Henry V had died,
+
+leaving behind a twenty-year-old widow and an infant son.&amp;nbsp; On 21 October
+
+1422, her father suddenly died, after suffering years of intermittent insanity.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The infant Henry VI was now king of both England and France.&amp;nbsp; Catherine,
+
+quite naturally, remained at her son's side, accompanying him to the various
+
+public and ceremonial appearances he made as a child.&amp;nbsp; However, her
+
+presence was a novel problem in 15th century England - a Dowager Queen
+
+who was remaining in England until her son's majority and would, in all
+
+likelihood, wish to marry again.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, still young
+
+and beautiful and contemporaries noted her energy and flirtatiousness.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For the protector of the realm (Humphrey, duke of Gloucester) and the royal
+
+council, Catherine's remarriage was a very real concern.&amp;nbsp; Whomever
+
+she wed would become step-father to the king; understandably, they viewed
+
+such a man as a threat to their own positions of authority.&amp;nbsp; Since
+
+they were unable to agree on whom would be allowed to court the queen,
+
+they passed a law in 1427 stating that no dowager queen could marry without
+
+the king's permission; furthermore, permission could only be granted once
+
+the king reached the age of discretion.&amp;nbsp; Since Henry VI was only six
+
+years old in 1427, the council felt that they had effectively delayed any
+
+remarriage for some years - at least until the king could no longer be
+
+influenced by a step-father.&amp;nbsp; (In fairness to the council, there was
+
+no precedent for the problem Catherine of Valois presented; neither of
+
+the two queens of England who had outlived their spouses and married a
+
+second time - King John and Richard II's wives - had remained in England.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Also, no dowager queen since the twelfth century had married one of her
+
+husband's subjects.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The council was also careful to keep Catherine under
+
+watch.&amp;nbsp; From 1427 until about 1430 she and her entourage lived in
+
+Henry VI's household.&amp;nbsp; In April 1430 she traveled with her son to
+
+Paris for his coronation as king of France.&amp;nbsp; Her activities were thus
+
+restricted and watched.&amp;nbsp; However, the council was not completely successful
+
+at isolating the eligible dowager queen and, around 1431, Catherine met
+
+a Welshman named Owen ap Maredudd ap Tudur.&amp;nbsp; Their love affair and
+
+marriage resulted in four children, the eldest of whom was Henry VII's
+
+father.&amp;nbsp; So, once again, Henry Tudor inherited royal blood from a
+
+female.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The origin of Catherine and Owen's romance is obscure.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Later chroniclers attributed it to drunkenness (at a ball, Owen was so
+
+drunk that he stumbled and fell into the queen's lap) or voyeurism (the
+
+queen saw Owen bathing in a stream and was attracted to him; she secretly
+
+traded places with her maid and arranged to meet him in disguise; Owen
+
+was too passionate and attempted to kiss her; she pulled away and received
+
+a scratch on her cheek; the next evening, as he was serving her dinner,
+
+he saw the wound and was ashamed of his behavior; she forgave him, they
+
+fell in love and married.)&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, they were attracted
+
+to one another, fell in love, and married.&amp;nbsp; The legitimacy of the
+
+union was never questioned (not even by Richard III when Henry Tudor positioned
+
+himself as claimant).&amp;nbsp; Certainly the council was unhappy with her
+
+choice for the Welsh were regarded by many as barbarians but, in her choice,
+
+she showed good sense.&amp;nbsp; The 1427 statute had stipulated that any man
+
+who married the queen without the king's permission would be subject to
+
+fines, imprisonment, and forfeiture of lands.&amp;nbsp; By marrying a man who
+
+was simply a member of her household (perhaps the manager of some lands),
+
+Catherine effectively protected Owen from retribution.&amp;nbsp; (No one knows
+
+the true nature of Owen's work in the queen's household but he probably
+
+functioned as a steward.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1432 Owen was made an English citizen and in March
+
+1434 Catherine gifted him with some lands of his own in Flintshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They lived together in the countryside, away from court intrigues, for
+
+some years.&amp;nbsp; During this time, he began to follow the English use
+
+of surnames and became known, however inaccurately, as Owen Tudor.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The couple had four children - three sons and a daughter, though the daughter
+
+died young.&amp;nbsp; Their sons were named Edmund, Jasper, and Owen.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The latter became a Benedictine monk while his two older brothers struggled
+
+to survive in an increasingly hostile England.&amp;nbsp; On 3 January 1437
+
+Catherine had died of an unspecified illness which had plagued her for
+
+some time.&amp;nbsp; With her death, Owen lacked protection from the king's
+
+council.&amp;nbsp; They were now determined to finally prosecute him for breaking
+
+the 1427 law.&amp;nbsp; Owen appeared before the council and acquitted himself
+
+of all charges but, after his release, was arrested.&amp;nbsp; He managed to
+
+escape Newgate Prison but was recaptured and sent to Windsor Castle in
+
+July 1438.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Eventually Owen would be released and pardoned (1440)
+
+and taken into his step-son Henry VI's household.&amp;nbsp; In the years following
+
+Catherine's death and Owen's imprisonment, Edmund and Jasper Tudor were
+
+cared for by the abbess Katherine de la Pole, the earl of Suffolk's sister.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Around 1442, their half-brother Henry VI began to take an interest in their
+
+upbringing and they were brought to London.&amp;nbsp; In 1452, it was decided
+
+that the two brothers, now teenagers, should be ennobled.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI
+
+decided this out of both affection and politics.&amp;nbsp; He knew he had to
+
+recognize his half-brothers in some public manner, making them an official
+
+part of the royal family; he also cared for them deeply.&amp;nbsp; So on 23
+
+November 1452, Edmund was created earl of Richmond and Jasper was created
+
+earl of Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were now the premier earls of England and
+
+had precedence over all other laymen except dukes.&amp;nbsp; They were also
+
+gifted with estates and rich gifts.&amp;nbsp; On their behalf, the Commons
+
+petitioned Henry VI to recognize them as his 'uterine' brothers (born of
+
+the same mother); this he did, and more.&amp;nbsp; Since no earl, especially
+
+the brother of the king, could be penniless, Henry continued to grant his
+
+brothers numerous lands and annuities.&amp;nbsp; And, as mentioned before,
+
+he also arranged a rich marriage for Edmund to Margaret Beaufort.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The importance of their Welsh blood should not be
+
+underestimated.&amp;nbsp; Both Edmund and Jasper strove to maintain the king's
+
+authority in both south and west Wales and their Welsh ancestry (discussed
+
+in the Welsh Connection section) made them popular in much of Wales.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Welsh support would later prove critical to Henry VII during the battle
+
+at Bosworth.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Henry's youth was spent in the shadow of Henry VI's disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
+
+When Edward IV came to the throne, he was determined to avenge his late
+
+father, the duke of York.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI was increasingly deranged, perhaps
+
+having inherited his French grandfather's mental illness.&amp;nbsp; As a result
+
+of his dementia, his queen Margaret of Anjou, increasingly dominated the
+
+Lancastrian party.&amp;nbsp; She was determined to protect her son's inheritance
+
+and, to that end, dedicated her life to a dangerous and complex problem.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Lancastrian and Yorkist forces met definitively at the Battle of Tewkesbury
+
+in summer 1471.&amp;nbsp; Edward, Margaret and Henry's son, was killed in battle
+
+and Henry VI was captured and taken to the Tower of London where he was
+
+killed.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The Lancastrian cause seemed dead.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV
+
+was, unlike Henry, a capable and strong king.&amp;nbsp; Soon after becoming
+
+king he married an unknown widow named Elizabeth Woodville.&amp;nbsp; Understandably,
+
+she was anxious to promote the interests of her own family which created
+
+conflict with the old nobility.&amp;nbsp; Edward and Elizabeth had many children,
+
+including two sons.&amp;nbsp; (Their eldest daughter, also named Elizabeth,
+
+would become Henry Tudor's wife.&amp;nbsp; She was known as Elizabeth of York.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+By all accounts, the marriage was happy despite the conflict between the
+
+Woodvilles and Edward's noble Yorkist supporters.&amp;nbsp; The succession
+
+was secure and with support from his brother, Richard duke of Gloucester,
+
+Edward's rule was successful.&amp;nbsp; However, Edward died in 1483 and Richard
+
+usurped the throne from his two young nephews.&amp;nbsp; This changed the course
+
+of English history.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Had Richard not betrayed his nephews, there is every
+
+possibility the Yorkist dynasty would have survived.&amp;nbsp; But Richard's
+
+own future would have been quite difficult; he was despised by Elizabeth
+
+Woodville, and - as Edward IV's only brother - he would become the focus
+
+of Woodville discontent.&amp;nbsp; That would not have lasted for long and
+
+Edward V would have followed his mother's wishes.&amp;nbsp; The boy had, after
+
+all, been raised and tutored by his Woodville relations and hardly knew
+
+Richard.
+
+&lt;p&gt;(NOTE: &lt;b&gt;The story of Richard III's claiming of the throne is told
+
+in great detail &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fplant%2fkings%2frichard3.html&quot;&gt;at
+
+his site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Please read those pages to gain a better understanding
+
+of the events of 1483-1485.&amp;nbsp; I have not included the information here
+
+since this page is about Henry VII.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ricahrd was an able administrator but faced quite
+
+a few obstacles during his brief reign.&amp;nbsp; If Edward IV had died with
+
+no rightful heir, Richard's ascension would have been viewed much differently.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Then, he would have been the rightful king.&amp;nbsp; And since he wed Anne
+
+Neville of Warwick, daughter of the 'Kingmaker', he would have had crucial
+
+support.&amp;nbsp; But Richard's only son and wife died with months of one
+
+another in 1484.&amp;nbsp; He was grief-stricken and also struggling with the
+
+nobility, particularly the ambitious duke of Buckingham (a brash and arrogant
+
+man with his own share of Plantagenet blood.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, over in France, Henry Tudor was positioning
+
+himself as heir to his murdered uncle Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; With the support
+
+of exiled Lancastrians and the French monarchy, Henry planned to mount
+
+an invasion of England.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What had prepared Henry for this moment?&amp;nbsp; At
+
+twenty-eight he was hardly an experienced soldier but he was used to a
+
+life of sudden change.&amp;nbsp; In the 1450s his father Edmund and uncle Jasper
+
+were Henry VI's closest relatives, part of a small group of influential
+
+advisors to the king.&amp;nbsp; Other than these half-brothers, Henry VI was
+
+bereft of close blood relatives; his uncles, the dukes of Bedford, Clarence
+
+and Gloucester, had all died without legitimate heirs and this left both
+
+an emotional and dynastic void at the court.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry's government
+
+was reviled as inefficient and corrupt.&amp;nbsp; His two most prominent ministers
+
+were the dukes of Suffolk and Somerset and the English people reviled them.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry had also raised taxes and spent heavily to assert his right to the
+
+French throne.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps if he had been successful at it, the English
+
+people would not have grumbled about the taxes.&amp;nbsp; But he wasn't successful
+
+and, as the defeats multiplied, the people grew naturally resentful of
+
+the taxation and Henry's attempts to enforce it.&amp;nbsp; Also, many Englishmen
+
+(commoner and noble alike) were uncertain about the very survival of Henry's
+
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; After eight years of marriage, he and Margaret of Anjou
+
+had no children.&amp;nbsp; Increasingly, eyes turned to Henry's cousin Richard,
+
+duke of York, for stability and reform.&amp;nbsp; Henry, perhaps feeling as
+
+if Richard were being positioned to either dominate his government or usurp
+
+the throne, turned to his small group of advisors for guidance.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since Edmund and Jasper were young, their role at
+
+court was peripheral.&amp;nbsp; Their upbringing had also been quite different
+
+from most young noblemen.&amp;nbsp; However, they were not fools and were careful
+
+to never alienate the powerful duke of York during Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In the summer of 1453, Henry VI suffered an intermittent bout of madness
+
+so severe that he recognized no one, never spoke and had to carried from
+
+place to place.&amp;nbsp; Immediate steps had to be taken to ensure the survival
+
+of the royal government.&amp;nbsp; The winter of 1453 and 1454 was occupied
+
+with the struggle between Queen Margaret and Richard to be declared regent.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For whatever reason, the Tudor brothers sided with the duke of York.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Finally, on 3 April 1454, Parliament decided to appoint Richard regent
+
+during the king's illness.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There are records showing the brothers attended council
+
+meetings and parliamentary sessions; they were also involved in the extensive
+
+reform of the king's household, of which they were members.&amp;nbsp; At that
+
+time, their relationship with the duke of York was not regarded as incompatible
+
+with their attachment to Henry VI and his Lancastrian dynasty.&amp;nbsp; At
+
+any rate, around Christmas 1454, Henry VI suddenly recovered and the duke
+
+of York was no longer in power.&amp;nbsp; Instead, Henry VI restored his old
+
+favorites to their former positions, notably the hated Somerset (who was
+
+the uncle of Edmund Tudor's wife.)&amp;nbsp; The duke of York and his allies
+
+left London in apparent disgust.&amp;nbsp; The Tudor brothers, and most of
+
+the court, realized that a breach had been opened in the nobility.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Most were happy to see the king recover but they were not happy to see
+
+the capable York depart; further, the duke was hated by the queen after
+
+their struggle for the regency.&amp;nbsp; If the two groups clashed, which
+
+side would the Tudors choose?
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The 'Battle' of St Albans on 1 May 1455 revealed
+
+the extent of the problem.&amp;nbsp; The king had left London to visit Leicester,
+
+accompanied by his half-brother Jasper and the duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They spent the evening at Watford and the next day rode on to St Albans;
+
+the duke of York and the earls of Warwick and Salisbury were waiting for
+
+them.&amp;nbsp; There was a skirmish, several of the king's servants (including
+
+Somerset) were killed, and the king himself suffered a wound on the neck.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There was also violent fighting in the streets of the town.&amp;nbsp; The Yorkist
+
+forces were successful in capturing the king and escorted him back to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+On 26 May, Parliament was summoned to meet at Westminster in six weeks.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As peers of the realm, the Tudor brothers were required to attend.&amp;nbsp;
+
+All the lords gathered there swore allegiance to Henry VI but measures
+
+were undertaken to fix the kingdom's disastrous finances.&amp;nbsp; To that
+
+end, every grant Henry had made during his reign was revoked - with the
+
+notable exceptions of Edmund and Jasper's lands.&amp;nbsp; This exemption shows
+
+that York and his allies wanted Tudor support.&amp;nbsp; They were, after all,
+
+members of the royal family.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The second session of Parliament was in November
+
+1455 and the brothers did not attend.&amp;nbsp; They were in Wales, ostensibly
+
+to keep the king's peace there.&amp;nbsp; They had been sent on such a mission
+
+before (their only real task given by the king), perhaps because their
+
+father had been a Welshman.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, the respect many Welsh felt
+
+for the Tudor brothers, particularly Jasper, would aid his nephew Henry
+
+Tudor; after all, Henry landed in Pembrokeshire in 1485.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wales was always a problem for Henry VI for a major
+
+rebellion had ended just 40 years before and occasional fighting was not
+
+uncommon.&amp;nbsp; Edmund Tudor, as the eldest brother, went there as a representative
+
+of the English king.&amp;nbsp; While the duke of York was regent, Edmund led
+
+a raid to reassert the duke's authority on his lands, centered on the castle
+
+Carmarthen.&amp;nbsp; He fought - and won - the castle back from a Welsh rebel
+
+who had seized it.&amp;nbsp; While the duke was regent, this success was acceptable;
+
+Edmund held the castle for Richard and his authority as regent.&amp;nbsp; But
+
+after Richard left London in some disgrace, his English supporters in and
+
+near Wales were worried.&amp;nbsp; What if Edmund Tudor attempted to return
+
+Carmarthen and its lands to Henry VI rather than the duke?&amp;nbsp; Edmund
+
+was no longer a representative of the duke as regent; he was now a representative
+
+of the king.&amp;nbsp; Determined&amp;nbsp; to reassert Richard's authority in
+
+West Wales, they led a raid on Carmarthen and imprisoned Edmund sometime
+
+in September 1456.&amp;nbsp; Edmund was released soon after but had already
+
+developed a fatal illness.&amp;nbsp; He died on 1 November 1456 at Carmarthen
+
+and was given a fine burial at the nearby Greyfriars Church.&amp;nbsp; No one
+
+was ever accused of directly causing his death and it is possible that
+
+he always suffered from ill health; government records show he was absent
+
+from meetings far more than Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Then again, Edmund was also a
+
+husband and on, 28 January 1457, a father; sadly, he died before his son
+
+was born.&amp;nbsp; This son would be called Henry and would become the first
+
+Tudor king of England.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;Kingdoms are but cares,
+
+&lt;br&gt;State is devoid of stay,
+
+&lt;br&gt;Riches are ready snares,
+
+&lt;br&gt;And hasten to decay.
+
+&lt;br&gt;Pleasure is a privy prick
+
+&lt;br&gt;Which vice doth still provoke;
+
+&lt;br&gt;Pomp, imprompt; and fame, a flame;
+
+&lt;br&gt;Power, a smoldering smoke,
+
+&lt;br&gt;Who meaneth to remove the rock
+
+&lt;br&gt;Out of the slimy mud,
+
+&lt;br&gt;Shall mire himself, and hardly 'scape
+
+&lt;br&gt;The swelling of the flood.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;- Henry VI, written while he was&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;a prisoner in the Tower of London&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;NOTE: This is a terribly convoluted tale.&amp;nbsp; I
+
+have tried to whittle it down to the bare essentials while still conveying
+
+the most important information.&amp;nbsp; For a more detailed description of
+
+all the battles and plots, find a good book - like 'The Making of the Tudor
+
+Dynasty' - and devote your weekend to reading it.&amp;nbsp; If you're wondering
+
+why all this stuff about Jasper Tudor is important...&amp;nbsp; well, it consumed
+
+the early years of Henry Tudor's life.&amp;nbsp; Even if he wasn't directly
+
+involved, they were his relatives and their success - or failure - had
+
+a direct impact on his life.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also, the state of the monarchy pre-Henry VII:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+Edward IV, the first Yorkist king, was the only English king since Henry
+
+II to die solvent.&amp;nbsp; Having repossessed the lands of the exiled Lancastrian
+
+nobility and seeking support from the middle-class, he was able to run
+
+England effectively and efficiently.&amp;nbsp; Whatever his faults as a man
+
+(unfaithful and increasingly debauched), he was a good king.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; Since Henry VII spent most
+
+of his formative years away from this court, he could claim no special
+
+understanding of English politics; indeed, if his early life taught him
+
+anything it was the tenuousness of a title.&amp;nbsp; His uncle Jasper's life
+
+was the ultimate lesson.&amp;nbsp; On 3 February 1461 Edward, earl of March
+
+and son of the duke of York, triumphed over the Lancastrian forces at Mortimer's
+
+Cross in Herefordshire.&amp;nbsp; It was a terrible blow for Henry VI and Jasper,
+
+particularly since Jasper and the earl of Wiltshire had shared command
+
+over the defeated army.&amp;nbsp; His father, Owen Tudor, was executed after
+
+the battle.&amp;nbsp; Jasper had choice but to flee in disguise, seeking refuge
+
+at his lordship of Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; While he tried to solicit Welsh allies,
+
+Margaret of Anjou and her son Prince Edward had gathered a large army of
+
+northerners.&amp;nbsp; They reached St Albans in Hertfordshire on 17 February
+
+and soundly defeated the Yorkist forces led by the ill-prepared earl of
+
+Warwick.&amp;nbsp; This victory enabled Margaret to free her husband, prisoner
+
+of the Yorkists since the previous summer (the skirmish at St Albans).&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her plan was to march straight to London while Jasper Tudor led forces
+
+from South Wales.&amp;nbsp; But Jasper was unable to raise enough troops in
+
+time and Margaret's northern soldiers made the fatal mistake of pillaging
+
+the English countryside.&amp;nbsp; The Londoners were understandably terrified
+
+of the advancing northerners and refused to allow Margaret's men into London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They did, however, open their gates to the future Edward IV and the earl
+
+of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI and his family fled to Scotland and Jasper Tudor
+
+was left in Wales.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jasper's lands were seized and he was hunted mercilessly
+
+by Edward IV's ally William Herbert.&amp;nbsp; There is no record of his whereabouts
+
+but he did successfully elude capture, eventually escaping to Scotland.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His nephew, four-year-old Henry, was left behind at Pembroke Castle, seat
+
+of Jasper's power in Pembrokeshire.&amp;nbsp; Since William Herbert was awarded
+
+Jasper's lands by Edward IV, Henry was in his custody.&amp;nbsp; Because the
+
+young earl of Richmond was a member of the Lancastrian royal family, Herbert
+
+paid 1000 pds for his wardship; furthermore, he was given control over
+
+the boy's future marriage.&amp;nbsp; Herbert was never cruel to the boy; in
+
+fact, he and his wife, Anne Devereux, had a large family of their own and
+
+Henry was part of it.&amp;nbsp; Anne was particularly kind to the boy and,
+
+when he triumphed in 1485, Henry Tudor sent for her to come to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At their home, he was known as the earl of Richmond though his inheritance
+
+had been given to Edward IV's brother George, duke of Clarence.&amp;nbsp; His
+
+education was good - two Oxford scholars named Scot and Haseley who were
+
+also remembered when he became king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Henry rarely saw his mother.&amp;nbsp; A few months
+
+after his birth in 1457, she married a man named Henry Stafford.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They lived in Lincolnshire and, later, Surrey, long distances from Pembrokeshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Also, the fall of Pembroke Castle and Herbert's purchase of her son's wardship
+
+were obstacles.&amp;nbsp; But Margaret's husband made peace with the new king
+
+around 1461 and, while her son was not allowed to return to her guardianship,
+
+she was allowed to visit and write to him.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the exiled Lancastrian nobility (Henry's
+
+family) were involved in countless plots to return to power.&amp;nbsp; Captured
+
+spies exaggerated reports of their strength; one told Edward IV that the
+
+kings of France, Denmark, Portugal, and Aragon were planning a Lancastrian-led
+
+invasion.&amp;nbsp; Certainly any monarch would be uneasy after such reports.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Edward IV captured the earl of Oxford and his son, believed to be Lancastrian
+
+sympathizers, and executed them for treason.&amp;nbsp; Though the plot was
+
+not as grand as the spy alleged, it had involved French support and Jasper
+
+Tudor made his way to the continent.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, a convoluted agreement
+
+was made with Louis XI the French king.&amp;nbsp; This second plan failed around
+
+Christmas 1462.&amp;nbsp; In 1464, Louis XI decided to switch loyalties to
+
+Edward IV and urged the other Lancastrian ally, Francis II duke of Brittany,
+
+to do the same.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It is difficult not to admire the tenacity the Lancastrian
+
+exiles maintained during these years of planning and defeat.&amp;nbsp; Jasper
+
+increasingly began to see Wales as the perfect place for invasion since
+
+it was always hostile to the English monarchy.&amp;nbsp; The Welsh were understandably
+
+sympathetic to any cause which involved this high-ranking Welshman.&amp;nbsp;
+
+To many, Jasper was a national hero - a Welshman who had succeeded at the
+
+English court and could be counted upon to support their rights.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In the spring of 1468, they had cause to rejoice because Jasper was coming
+
+to Wales.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV had just made a treaty with independent French
+
+nobles which angered Louis XI of France.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, he decided
+
+to once again lend his support to the Lancastrian struggle.&amp;nbsp; But,
+
+once again, the support was not as much as necessary.&amp;nbsp; Jasper arrived
+
+in Wales and, though he gathered 2000 men, he was eventually routed at
+
+Harlech Castle.&amp;nbsp; Jasper once again escaped, some say by impersonating
+
+a peasant.&amp;nbsp; Once again, he was in France, still exiled and still defeated.&amp;nbsp;
+
+One can only imagine his frustration.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Jasper's invasion, however slight, did create
+
+a breach in the Yorkist party.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV's supporter, the earl of
+
+Warwick who had marched with him to London in 1461, was becoming dissatisfied
+
+with the king.&amp;nbsp; Called the 'kingmaker' because of his ability, Warwick
+
+wanted more power than Edward was willing to give.&amp;nbsp; In early 1469,
+
+the two former allies were not speaking and Warwick raised an army.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was victorious over William Herbert's army at Edgecote.&amp;nbsp; (Herbert
+
+was Henry VII's guardian and Edward IV's ally.)&amp;nbsp; Warwick realized
+
+he could not claim the throne for himself; instead, he had to switch sides
+
+and support Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; So, with Edward IV's brother George duke of
+
+Clarence, unhappy with his brother as well, Warwick went to France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There, Louis XI attempted to reconcile Warwick with his former enemies.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret of Anjou didn't want Warwick for an ally.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She didn't trust him; he had, after all, had a major role in arresting
+
+and deposing her husband in 1461.&amp;nbsp; But Margaret's desire to reassert
+
+Lancastrian authority was great and she reluctantly agreed to his help.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Another invasion was planned.&amp;nbsp; Warwick and Jasper would go through
+
+Wales and Margaret and Prince Edward follow when it was safe.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+Tudor was now thirteen years old, certainly old enough to understand the
+
+danger he was in after the Battle at Edgecote.&amp;nbsp; Since his guardian
+
+had been killed by Warwick, he was under the sole protection of Anne Devereux.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She took him and her Herbert children to her family's home in Herefordshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry's mother tried to regain custody of her son after Herbert's death;
+
+however, her attempts soon didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; For when Jasper and Warwick's
+
+army arrived in England, Edward IV was not in London and was unable to
+
+reach London before the Lancastrian forces.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, Edward fled
+
+to Holland on 2 October 1470.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, a relative of Anne Devereux's
+
+had taken Henry Tudor to Hereford and given him to Jasper when he arrived
+
+at the city.&amp;nbsp; The reunion of uncle and nephew was undoubtedly emotional
+
+for Jasper, an exile from his country for years.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Warwick
+
+entered London and freed Henry VI from the Tower.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was also a reunion for Henry and his mother.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Within a few days, he and Jasper had joined Margaret and her husband.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They entered London together and spent about six weeks there.&amp;nbsp; On
+
+12 November, Henry left his mother again to leave with Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+VI's restoration immeasurably increased Jasper Tudor's wealth and prestige
+
+(he was rewarded with lands, monies, grants); but Henry Tudor was not made
+
+the earl of Richmond.&amp;nbsp; His father's title had been given to Edward
+
+IV's brother George duke of Clarence and Clarence would not give it back.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Since he was an ally of Warwick's, there was nothing Jasper or Margaret
+
+could do for the boy.&amp;nbsp; Jasper, having spent ten years in exile and
+
+with little money or prestige, kept his nephew with him and enjoyed his
+
+success.&amp;nbsp; Alas, it did not last.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Edward IV and the
+
+Lancastrians met on the battlefield - this time at a town called Tewkesbury.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 12 March 1471, Edward returned from Europe and
+
+landed in Yorkshire.&amp;nbsp; He marched south to London, reaching there on
+
+11 April; on 14 April, he fought Warwick at the Battle of Barnet.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Edward won and promptly killed Warwick.&amp;nbsp; He also regained custody
+
+of Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; The situation was once again dire; Jasper Tudor promptly
+
+began to raise an army to fight Edward.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Margaret of Anjou
+
+and Prince Edward arrived in England as planned so many months ago.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She knew nothing of Warwick's defeat and her husband's capture.&amp;nbsp; Upon
+
+hearing the news, she was devastated but unbowed.&amp;nbsp; She gathered an
+
+army in the West Country and marched north toward Wales; she was planning
+
+to meet and join forces with Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV was no fool and realized
+
+that he must make a quick, decisive strike.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to
+
+meet Margaret's army before she met up with Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Edward and Margaret
+
+met south of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471.&amp;nbsp; Margaret was soundly defeated
+
+and her son killed during or after the battle.&amp;nbsp; Captured like her
+
+husband and with their only child killed, Margaret was taken to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Jasper Tudor, unable to reach her in time, was an exile once again - and,
+
+this time, so was his nephew.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;The defeat at Tewkesbury was devastating to the Lancastrian cause.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Only hours after Edward IV returned in triumph to London, Henry VI was
+
+dead in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The circumstances of his death were mysterious
+
+but the execution of his supporter the duke of Somerset was an open warning.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Jasper Tudor had good reason to fear for both his and Henry's safety.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Margaret Beaufort and her husband almost immediately declared allegiance
+
+to Edward to protect themselves.&amp;nbsp; But her son, as one of the few surviving
+
+males with Lancastrian blood, was destined for France.&amp;nbsp; Jasper hoped
+
+that their old ally Louis XI would aid them once again.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before he arrived in France, however, he fought a
+
+battle in Wales at Chepstow.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV was still determined to capture
+
+him and sent Sir Roger Vaughan to do so.&amp;nbsp; Jasper Tudor managed to
+
+defeat Vaughan and executed him.&amp;nbsp; This ruthless act was uncharacteristic
+
+for Jasper but can be easily explained - Vaughan had killed his father,
+
+Owen Tudor, almost ten years before at the battle of Mortimer's Cross.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The satisfaction of this execution was Jasper's only comfort as he fought
+
+his way to the coast.&amp;nbsp; From there, he, his nephew, and a few servants
+
+made their way to France.&amp;nbsp; They ended up landing in Brittany, where
+
+the duke Francis II had long supported them.&amp;nbsp; Francis was desperate
+
+to preserve his duchy's independence from the French state and recognized
+
+Jasper and Henry as powerful diplomatic tools.&amp;nbsp; If Edward would aid
+
+him, then perhaps he would return the Tudors - that was Francis's official
+
+diplomatic message.&amp;nbsp; Edward made several attempts to gain custody
+
+of the Tudors but was unsuccessful.&amp;nbsp; His concern, however, was intermittent
+
+since they were not in England and he was more concerned with his own family
+
+and rule.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; From 1471 to Edward's death twelve years later, Jasper
+
+and Henry remained in Brittany, staying at the castle of Suscinio, traditionally
+
+used as the duke's summer residence.&amp;nbsp; Louis XI of France, meanwhile,
+
+was engaged in more diplomatic rivalry.&amp;nbsp; Resenting Edward's relations
+
+with his enemies, he sought the release of Jasper and Henry into his custody.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He told the duke of Brittany that the Tudors had, after all, intended to
+
+go to France itself - their landing in Brittany had been a mistake of bad
+
+weather.&amp;nbsp; Also, Jasper had been given a pension by Louis during their
+
+earlier stay; consequently, he was a servant of the king and under his
+
+protection.&amp;nbsp; Both men wanted to use the Tudors as diplomatic pawns
+
+but Francis II was unwilling to give up his advantage.&amp;nbsp; The Tudors
+
+stayed in Brittany, under increasingly strict control.&amp;nbsp; There were
+
+reports that Edward IV wanted Henry killed and that Louis XI was going
+
+to kidnap them.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward IV had to console himself with Francis II's promise
+
+that the Tudors were under protective custody.&amp;nbsp; In the mid-1470s he
+
+tried a new strategy, with the aid of Henry's mother.&amp;nbsp; She had extracted
+
+a promise from the king that some of her lands would pass to her son on
+
+her death.&amp;nbsp; Edward not only agreed but he also suggested an English
+
+bride - perhaps one of his own daughters - for the exiled earl.&amp;nbsp; Margaret
+
+Beaufort gave her full support to this plan.&amp;nbsp; She wanted her son in
+
+England above all else.&amp;nbsp; Whether Edward intended to keep his promise
+
+is unknown but it was certainly a good idea.&amp;nbsp; By marrying Henry into
+
+his family, he would neutralize this last Lancastrian threat.&amp;nbsp; And,
+
+for a while, it seemed he would be successful.&amp;nbsp; In late 1476, worn
+
+down by ill health and the English ambassadors, Francis II consented to
+
+send Henry to England.&amp;nbsp; Henry developed - or faked - an illness at
+
+the port and was able to elude being sent home.&amp;nbsp; It may be that he
+
+suspected duplicity on Edward's part or was counseled by his uncle.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(It seems evident that Henry, the first Tudor king, shared many qualities
+
+with his granddaughter, Elizabeth I, last of the Tudor monarchs - both
+
+were shaped by perilous upbringings into cautious, careful rulers.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In truth, they bore little resemblance to Henry VIII, Edward VI &amp;amp; Mary
+
+I.&amp;nbsp; They were also far more concerned with domestic policy than foreign
+
+entanglements.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since Henry had, by now, grown into a handsome and
+
+affable teenager, he was always welcome at the ducal court.&amp;nbsp; After
+
+avoiding being sent to England, he simply returned to the duke's custody.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There, he continued to be treated fairly - indeed, even generously.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Every now and again, Edward IV and Margaret Beaufort tried to lure him
+
+to England (for different reasons, of course.)&amp;nbsp; Margaret had asked
+
+Edward to let Henry stand as heir to her estates and he agreed (in 1472)
+
+but by 1482, Edward IV decided this - if Henry returned to England and
+
+gained Edward's favor, he would receive Margaret's lands plus other estates.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But if he stayed in France, he would get nothing.&amp;nbsp; Nothing had been
+
+decided when Edward died unexpectedly on 9 April 1483.&amp;nbsp; By this time,
+
+Duke Francis was facing instability in his own lands.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough,
+
+this made Henry and Jasper's position more tenuous.&amp;nbsp; Still, they received
+
+as much support from the duke as he could provide, including generous gifts
+
+of money.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It may be that, upon Edward's death, Henry seriously thought
+
+of returning home.&amp;nbsp; The events which followed the king's demise certainly
+
+set him upon that course.&amp;nbsp; As recounted earlier, Richard duke of Gloucester,
+
+seized the throne from his nephew, Edward V, his brother's 12-year-old
+
+heir.&amp;nbsp; Richard officially seized the throne on 26 June.&amp;nbsp; There
+
+was no immediate effect on Henry and Jasper Tudor.&amp;nbsp; But their protectors,
+
+the French king Louis XI and Duke Francis II, immediately recognized the
+
+possibilities - after all, Richard III's claim was tenuous and he would
+
+need to work out some arrangement regarding other claimants.&amp;nbsp; Jasper
+
+and Henry Tudor would bear even greater pressure on Richard than they had
+
+on Edward.&amp;nbsp; At first, Richard simply tried to establish friendly relations
+
+with the king and duke, without explicitly mentioning the Tudors.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His more immediate concern was the closing of French ports to English exiles
+
+(notably former Queen Elizabeth Woodville's brother and a large section
+
+of the English fleet.)&amp;nbsp; In England, Margaret still wanted her son
+
+to return - though to his rightful position as earl of Richmond, not as
+
+king of England.&amp;nbsp; But events soon changed, with the same rapidity
+
+of Richard's usurpation, and Henry Tudor dreamed of more than an earldom.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard III's usurpation was bad enough to most Englishmen,
+
+and especially the nobility.&amp;nbsp; But in 1483, Edward IV's two sons -
+
+held in the Tower - mysteriously died.&amp;nbsp; It was whispered that Richard
+
+had them murdered and secretly buried.&amp;nbsp; Thus was born the legend of
+
+the 'Princes of the Tower'.&amp;nbsp; (What happened remains a matter of conjecture;
+
+mystery novelist and playwright, Josephine Tey, wrote&lt;i&gt; The Daughter of
+
+Time&lt;/i&gt;, a book which convincingly argues for Richard's innocence.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In that case, Henry VII executed the boys - who would be his brothers-in-law
+
+- in order to secure his throne.&amp;nbsp; Morre recently, the lawyer Bertram
+
+Fields examines the case in &lt;i&gt;Royal Blood&lt;/i&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; The deaths of Edward
+
+V and his brother, Richard duke of York, angered the populace and encouraged
+
+the image of Richard III as a deceitful murderer.&amp;nbsp; Since Richard never
+
+officially responded to the rumors, they were believed to be true.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Soon enough, the duke of Buckingham, Henry Stafford, created more chaos.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He led a rebellion against Richard III in October and was captured and
+
+executed in November.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; First of all, it is important to remember that Buckingham,
+
+Richard III and Henry Tudor were the &lt;i&gt;only&lt;/i&gt; surviving male heirsto
+
+the house of Plantagenet.&amp;nbsp; The reasons why Buckingham led a rebellion
+
+against Richard are not clear but several possibilities can be considered
+
+- first, he had as legitimate a claim to tthe throne as Richard and, gauging
+
+popular dissatisfaction with the new king, Buckingham felt he should take
+
+his chances and set himself up as the rival claimant (particularly since
+
+Edward V and Richard of York were supposedly murdered); second, as a rival
+
+claimant, Buckingham undoubtedly felt uneasy about his own safety (particularly
+
+when it was rumored Richard had murdered his two nephews; if he had, it
+
+was possible he would decide to murder Buckingham as well.)&amp;nbsp; These
+
+two reasons alone are sufficient to explain Buckingham's motivations.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Later historians, especially Polydore Vergil (Henry VII's official historian)
+
+would later claim Buckingham really intended to defeat Richard and place
+
+Henry Tudor on the throne.&amp;nbsp; But it hardly seems likely; indeed, Buckingham
+
+could legitimately believe he had a more solid claim than Henry.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There had been uprisings against Richard III just
+
+days after his coronation which highlighted popular dissatisfaction.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Meanwhile, Margaret Beaufort had become friends with Edward IV's widow,
+
+Elizabeth Woodville (or Wydeville).&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth heard the rumors of
+
+her sons' deaths in the Tower; she had no way of gauging their truth.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But she was eager to reassert her family's claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; With
+
+her sons supposedly dead, that left her five daughters - in particular,
+
+her eldest Elizabeth of York - to claim the throne.&amp;nbsp; They could do
+
+so only through marriage to a male claimant (such as Henry Tudor.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+So the plan to wed Elizabeth and Henry began in earnest.&amp;nbsp; Both women
+
+knew that such a marriage would imply that Henry Tudor wanted to replace
+
+Richard on the throne.&amp;nbsp; Margaret quickly sent Christopher Urswick,
+
+a young priest from her household, to Brittany.&amp;nbsp; her son, so long
+
+an exile and dependent on others, was to plan a return to England - to
+
+claim two great positions, husband &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; king.&amp;nbsp; Margaret also
+
+sent a large sum of money to her son, raised from loans in London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She advised him to come to Wales as soon as possible (since he would receive
+
+support in Wales, particularly from the duke of Buckingham.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This, of course, lends credence to the idea that
+
+Buckingham wanted to support Henry's claim.&amp;nbsp; But, again, that is conjecture.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Buckingham did write a letter to Henry on 24 September 1483 which stated
+
+he would support the rebellion against Richard, &lt;i&gt;even though &lt;/i&gt;he and
+
+Henry's interests may not be perfectly compatible.&amp;nbsp; What is certain
+
+is that Buckingham suspected his own life was forfeit with Richard III;
+
+he and Henry Tudor could sort out things once Richard was defeated.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He told Henry the rebellion would begin on 18 October, thus giving Henry
+
+three weeks notice.&amp;nbsp; He did not mention acknowledging Henry as king
+
+- he also did not mention marriage to Elizzabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; Henry received
+
+Margaret and Buckingham's letters and talked with the duke of Brittany.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He needed further financial support but also relied on Francis's advice.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The duke promised support; another vital link was established.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard III had not suspected Buckingham of treachery
+
+- at first.&amp;nbsp; Thus, he had no large arrmy assembled to fight the duke.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But such a massively-planned uprising could not remain secret forever and
+
+Richard was informed on 11 October that a vast rebellion would occur in
+
+a week.&amp;nbsp; He had heard vague descriptions of a plan a few weeks before
+
+and had summoned Buckingham to him.&amp;nbsp; The duke feigned a stomach ache;
+
+a more tersely-worded summons soon followed.&amp;nbsp; The duke again refused
+
+the summons.&amp;nbsp; By then, the rebellion was a week away and Richard had
+
+been informed of Buckingham's involvement and the extent of the rebellion.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Richard hurriedly assembled his army; and though he had been betrayed by
+
+Buckingham, his former friend, he was not bitter - he specifically ordered
+
+his troops to not 'rob, spoil or hurt' any of Buckingham's followers.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Richard was prepared to be merciful.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Buckingham's rebellion began - and failed, largely
+
+because his Welsh tenants decided they liked him less than Richard III.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Robbed of this crucial support, he fled to a friend's home but the friend,
+
+Ralph Bannaster, turned him in and, on 31 October, Buckingham was taken
+
+to Sir James Tyrell and Christopher Wellesbourne, staunch supporters of
+
+Richard III.&amp;nbsp; Once Buckingham had been captured, the other rebellions
+
+collapsed.&amp;nbsp; Many of the rebels fled to Brittany, to join Henry Tudor,
+
+now their last hope.&amp;nbsp; Richard III attempted to prevent this mass exodus
+
+of rebels but failed.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, at Plymouth Harbor, Henry heard
+
+the news of Buckingham's execution on 2 November 1483.&amp;nbsp; (He had been
+
+delayed on his way to England because of a storm.)&amp;nbsp; His other rival
+
+for the throne had been killed (Buckingham's son and heir was just six
+
+years old) but Buckingham's failure was hardly encouraging.&amp;nbsp; He returned
+
+to Brittany, once more an exile after twelve years abroad.&amp;nbsp; His position
+
+was perhaps more untenable than before - the uprising had been soundly
+
+defeated and Richard III was once again making friendly overtures to duke
+
+Francis.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's only hope lay with the English exiles now
+
+joining him in Brittany.&amp;nbsp; There were roughly 500 men, among them the
+
+marquess of Dorset.&amp;nbsp; These exiles told him he must reassemble his
+
+allies and attack again, before Richard III became more firmly entrenched
+
+as king - and before the duke ended his hospitality.&amp;nbsp; In December,
+
+Henry gave a speech at Rennes Cathedral meant to boost morale and inspire
+
+his supporters.&amp;nbsp; He promised to marry Elizabeth of York, thus joining
+
+the houses of York and Lancaster together.&amp;nbsp; The assembled men swore
+
+oaths of loyalty to him.&amp;nbsp; Their next task was more difficult - persuading
+
+the duke of Brittany to lend them more money to assemble yet another fleet.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Again, Henry promised to repay the money.&amp;nbsp; He was fortunate that Richard
+
+III had decided to retaliate against Breton and French ships because of
+
+their assistance to Henry and Buckingham.&amp;nbsp; The duke was angered and
+
+agreed to loan Henry more money.&amp;nbsp; So another flotilla was assembled
+
+and final preparations made in mid-spring 1484.&amp;nbsp; But, for some unknown
+
+reason, the exiles did not sail for England.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Instead, they remained at Vannes in Brittany.&amp;nbsp;
+
+By this time, Henry fully realized the enormous stakes of the enterprise.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was particularly moved by the loyalty of the other exiles.&amp;nbsp; Many
+
+were separated from their families and all were wanted men - and they suffered
+
+these injuries to support him.&amp;nbsp; He owed them a great debt and it is
+
+to his credit that, immediately after Bosworth, he rewarded them.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Elizabeth Woodville's son by her first husband, the marquess of Dorset,
+
+was in Brittany as were her three brothers, Lionel, Edward and Richard.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They were joined by many loyal servants.&amp;nbsp; All of the exiles were undoubtedly
+
+horrified by the supposed murders of Edward V and Richard of York.&amp;nbsp;
+
+While these men schemed with Henry Tudor, the object of their schemes -
+
+Richard III - attempted to nullify their threat.&amp;nbsp; He tried various
+
+tactics, mixing friendly overtures with veiled threats.&amp;nbsp; He knew Margaret
+
+Beaufort had sent messages to her son and plotted in the rebellion but
+
+he couldn't risk alienating her husband, Lord Stanley.&amp;nbsp; So he told
+
+Stanley to watch his wife carefully, dismiss the servants who had relayed
+
+messages, and prevent any contact with Henry and other rebels.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+also gave Stanley possession of Margaret's property for the course of Stanley's
+
+life; after his death, the lands would pass to the crown.&amp;nbsp; Still,
+
+Margaret had every reason to be grateful for her life.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In March of 1484, Richard attempted a reconciliation
+
+with his former sister-in-law, Elizabeth Woodville.&amp;nbsp; She and her five
+
+daughters had sought sanctuary in Westminster.&amp;nbsp; Richard gathered the
+
+lord mayor of London, all leading aristocrats and various aldermen to his
+
+palace.&amp;nbsp; He announced that - if Elizabeth and her children left sanctuary
+
+- he would protect them; they would be reccognized as his kin and given
+
+a pension and dowries.&amp;nbsp; Most importantly, he publicly promised they
+
+would not be sent to any prisons, including the Tower of London (the site
+
+of their brothers' deaths.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He also attempted to win over the duke of Brittany
+
+again.&amp;nbsp; In this he was aided by the ailing duke's treasurer, Pierre
+
+Landais.&amp;nbsp; Landais believed Brittany's fate would be better served
+
+with an English alliance.&amp;nbsp; It could be, too, that he disliked the
+
+assembled rebels.&amp;nbsp; As a result, Henry asked the French king Charles
+
+VIII for asylum at his court.&amp;nbsp; Charles agreed and, soon enough, Henry
+
+left Brittany for Paris.&amp;nbsp; It was a dangerous decision and, as it was
+
+taken without Francis's permission, would have resulted in his arrest.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But he managed to arrive in Anjou with his pursuers just an hour behind.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(His uncle Jasper had left a few days earlier, ostensibly to visit Francis
+
+at Rennes.&amp;nbsp; Both he and Henry turned away at the last moment and headed
+
+toward Anjou.)&amp;nbsp; There were about 400 rebels left behind.&amp;nbsp; Duke
+
+Francis certainly had every right to send them back to England, to face
+
+certain death.&amp;nbsp; But he did not - sick as he was, he was determined
+
+to undo some of Landais's damage.&amp;nbsp; He allowed the rebels to join Henry
+
+in Paris. He also gave them a large gift of money (about 700 livres) to
+
+pay for their travel (this was in addition to their living allowance he
+
+was also paying!)&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor was touched by his old protector's
+
+kindness and generosity.&amp;nbsp; He sent a letter of thanks, realizing that
+
+the treachery had been Landais's and not the duke's.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the French royal family were very eager
+
+to use Henry as a diplomatic weapon against the English.&amp;nbsp; But the
+
+situation at the French court was confused and problematic; in the end,
+
+Henry relied upon the king's older sister, Anne of Beaujeu, for assistance.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her role was of vital importance as Henry planned for the greatest battle
+
+of his life, Bosworth Field.
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;The French court which welcomed Henry Tudor was a curious place.&amp;nbsp;
+
+King Louis XI had died on 30 August 1483, leaving behind a thirteen-year-old
+
+heir who became Charles VIII.&amp;nbsp; As often happened when a minor succeeded
+
+to the throne, a power struggle ensued between the new king's relatives
+
+over the role of regent.&amp;nbsp; Charles's mother, Charlotte of Savoy, was
+
+not a serious contender; she had never been involved in politics and was
+
+seriously ill.&amp;nbsp; (She died on 1 December.)&amp;nbsp; So the struggle was
+
+between Charles's older sister, Anne, and his younger sister's husband,
+
+Louis duc d'Orleans.&amp;nbsp; Anne was twenty-two years old and married to
+
+Pierre, Lord Beaujeu, the heir of the duc d'Bourbon.&amp;nbsp; Anne triumphed
+
+over her brother-in-law Louis and her gained control of the government.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor's former patron, Duke Francis II, soon
+
+became involved in this struggle - at least ostensibly.&amp;nbsp; His servant
+
+Pierre Landais (discussed on the previous page) was hated by the Orleans
+
+party who were seeking an alliance with his old enemies - namely, the noblemen
+
+of Brittany who had fled during Landais's ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; (Naturally
+
+enough, they had fled from Brittany to France, where they met with the
+
+Orleans party.)&amp;nbsp; On 7 April 1484 these new allies attempted to destroy
+
+Landais, breaking into the ducal palace at Nantes and then going to his
+
+country house.&amp;nbsp; They failed to find Landais, however, and were forced
+
+to flee in shambles.&amp;nbsp; They waited at the town of Ancenis, in Brittany
+
+but near the French border.&amp;nbsp; Landais remained in power and seemed
+
+to bear no ill will toward the Breton-Orleans conspirators.&amp;nbsp; In autumn,
+
+the Orleans party attempted - once again - to make peace between Francis
+
+II and his exiled noblemen.&amp;nbsp; This time, they didn't attempt to kidnap
+
+Landais as part of their plan!&amp;nbsp; Landais was a pragmatist and undoubtedly
+
+wanted to rid himself of the troublesome Breton-Orleans scheming.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So he supported their plan; in doing so, he knew he would anger the French
+
+monarchy.&amp;nbsp; Naturally, he turned to England's King Richard III for
+
+assistance, asking that Richard recognize the Orleans-Breton alliance;
+
+in return, Landais offered to send Henry Tudor to England.&amp;nbsp; (Landais
+
+would then have the support of Burgundy, Orleans, &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; England against
+
+any French designs on Brittany.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, Henry Tudor fled to France where he was
+
+welcomed with open arms.&amp;nbsp; With Henry Tudor gone, Brittany had no olive
+
+branch to offer England; this would weaken the Breton-English alliance.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It would also aid Anne of Beaujeu in her struggle against the Orleans party.&amp;nbsp;
+
+When Henry arrived in Anjou, he sent a messenger to Charles VIII, then
+
+at Montargis.&amp;nbsp; The king immediately sent an envoy to greet Henry and
+
+bring him to Chartres.&amp;nbsp; The envoy was given the generous sum of 20000
+
+francs for expenses on the week-long journey.&amp;nbsp; Charles was, of course,
+
+delighted to encourage Henry in his plan to overthrow Richard III - though
+
+less delighted to give him large sums of money on a continual basis, as
+
+Duke Francis had.&amp;nbsp; Also, Charles may have been unnerved by the large
+
+number of Henry's English followers who needed to be housed and fed while
+
+awaiting developments.&amp;nbsp; Charles did give Henry about 3000 francs to
+
+clothe his army and granted permission for Henry to assemble mercenaries
+
+for his army.&amp;nbsp; Henry traveled with the king north to Paris (the court
+
+spent autumn in the beautiful Loire valley); on 4 February 1485, they reached
+
+the French capital.&amp;nbsp; During this journey, Henry finally realized the
+
+necessity of immediate and decisive action.&amp;nbsp; He had spent nearly fourteen
+
+years as an exile in France and Landais's betrayal revealed the instability
+
+of his position.&amp;nbsp; What if Anne of Beaujeu fell from power?&amp;nbsp; Would
+
+he be a pawn for the Orleans cause?&amp;nbsp; Also, it is true that Henry was
+
+in his late twenties, strong and healthy and undoubtedly yearning to be
+
+his own man.&amp;nbsp; Why would he want to live in other people's homes, dependent
+
+on their good will and generosity?
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard III was certainly unhappy with events in
+
+France.&amp;nbsp; He sent word to Charles of his displeasure and also tried
+
+to rally English support against Henry.&amp;nbsp; Henry was sending letters
+
+to England during the winter of 1484-5 to inspire potential supporters
+
+(since many were dissatisfied with Richard's rule, for reasons outlined
+
+in previous pages.)&amp;nbsp; Richard was aware of these letters and ordered
+
+the mayors and sheriffs throughout England to arrest anyone receiving or
+
+distributing them.&amp;nbsp; (One of the letters has survived - click here
+
+to read it.)&amp;nbsp; An interesting note about these letters - Henry was
+
+styling himself King of England, a deliberate and flagrant disregard of
+
+Richard's position.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 7 December 1484, Richard responded to the letters
+
+by sending out his own proclamations.&amp;nbsp; He condemned the exiles supporting
+
+Henry in France; he also mocked Henry's use of the royal title.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+also reiterated the ancient animosity between England and France, reminding
+
+the English people that - in exchange for Charles's support - Henry had
+
+supposedly promised to return the English possessions in France and relinquish
+
+the traditional English claim to the French throne.&amp;nbsp; These, of course,
+
+were matters near and dear to all English hearts.&amp;nbsp; From the 12th century
+
+onwards, the English claim to the French throne and territories was a patriotic
+
+dream shared by all Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; The great heroes of the past (most
+
+gloriously, Henry V) had led their countrymen to battle over those claims;
+
+thousands of Englishmen died in those battles.&amp;nbsp; By painting Henry
+
+as a traitor to one of the most precious English dreams (that of possessing
+
+France), Richard hoped to appeal to English patriotism.&amp;nbsp; He also reminded
+
+his subjects that Henry would be invading with mercenaries who would commit
+
+'the most cruel murders, slaughters, robberies and disinheritances that
+
+were ever seen in any Christian Realm.'&amp;nbsp; Once again, Richard appealed
+
+to a time-honored English abhorrence of invasion.&amp;nbsp; He also attended
+
+to more practical matters - ordering sheriffs to prepare troops for muster
+
+and raise cash for military payments.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; I would like to emphasize - once again - the tenuousness
+
+of Henry Tudor's claim.&amp;nbsp; At this point, only he and Richard III were
+
+viable claimants to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; But Richard's position was
+
+stronger by far (and as will become clear later), the Battle of Bosworth
+
+ended in Henry's favor only because a key nobleman betrayed Richard.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This was hardly an auspicious beginning to Henry's rule.&amp;nbsp; Throughout
+
+these pages, I have tried to emphasize the general unpopularity of Richard's
+
+rule - &lt;i&gt;with regard to the disappearance of his nephews&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+disappearance sullied Richard's character and made those Englishmen who
+
+didn't support Henry Tudor less than thrilled about defending Richard III.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In other words, they would simply wait out the conflict without openly
+
+supporting either party.&amp;nbsp; And that is exactly what most of the country
+
+did.&amp;nbsp; Personally, I do not believe Richard III murdered his nephews
+
+but, of course, the mystery will always remain open to interpretation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It is true that Richard III has received a 'raw deal' from historians.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Can we blame this on Shakespeare?&amp;nbsp; :-)&amp;nbsp; Hey, it is a great play
+
+but written during the reign of Henry Tudor's granddaughter.&amp;nbsp; It isn't
+
+likely the playwright wanted to offend the monarch (witness the ending
+
+to All Is True for proof of that - a sympathetic introduction to Katharine
+
+of Aragon which ends with Elizabeth's triumphant birth.)&amp;nbsp; Richard
+
+was a capable and intelligent man and - whatever the truth about his nephews
+
+- had far more experience in government thhan Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; He also
+
+reacted to betrayal with an appealing mixture of punishment and forgiveness;
+
+he was far more conciliatory than, say, Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; (During this
+
+time, an embarrassing episode occurred which may have furthered Richard's
+
+resolve to shore up his support against Henry:&amp;nbsp; John de Vere, the
+
+Lancastrian earl of Oxford, was imprisoned at Calais in France; he escaped,
+
+along with two English soldiers, to join Henry Tudor in Paris.&amp;nbsp; Understandably,
+
+this embarrassed Richard; he issued pardons to the English soldiers at
+
+Calais, including de Vere's supporters, but they still rebelled.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In the end, Henry's morale went up and Richard's fell drastically.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Oxford episode indicated the lack of loyalty to Richard's regime.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This was coupled with the disloyalty of Sir William Stanley, advising Henry
+
+from England.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, these domestic actions were accompanied
+
+by foreign policy initiatives designed to find Richard prominent allies.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In this, he was successful as well.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor's old ally, Duke
+
+Francis of Brittany, entered into a seven-year truce with England on 2
+
+March 1485.&amp;nbsp; One of the specific points of the truce was that neither
+
+side would support rebellion against the other, thus allying Richard and
+
+Duke Francis against the French throne.&amp;nbsp; Not surprisingly, Charles
+
+VIII began to fear an English-Breton invasion of France. So he encouraged
+
+Henry Tudor to hasten his plans to invade England.&amp;nbsp; In March 1485,
+
+Richard's queen, Anne Neville, died and this personal heartbreak had to
+
+be shoved aside in the face of Henry Tudor's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; It was soon
+
+rumored that Richard would marry Elizabeth of York or her sister Cecily,
+
+thus regaining the support of Henry's Yorkist allies.&amp;nbsp; Henry, whom
+
+Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort intended to wed Elizabeth, was
+
+upset but could do little.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Richard kept a shrewd eye on
+
+Lord Stanley (I'll let you alert readers figure out the Tudor-Stanley connection
+
+from the earlier pages - here's a clue: who was Margaret Beaufort married
+
+to?)&amp;nbsp; Around July 1485, Stanley asked permission to visit relative
+
+in Lancashire.&amp;nbsp; The king was no fool; he allowed Stanley to leave
+
+London but kept his son and heir, George, Lord Strange, as hostage.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Essentially, Strange remained in Richard's household in order to assure
+
+his father's good behavior.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles VIII was, of course, still encouraging Henry's
+
+planned invasion but still hedging about financial support.&amp;nbsp; When
+
+news came that Richard might marry Elizabeth of York, Henry became frantic.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He cast about for another prominent Yorkist bride, with little success.&amp;nbsp;
+
+More importantly, (with the support of Philippe de Commynes, an influential
+
+diplomat) Henry pressed Charles to request money from the French parliament.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The French king did so on 4 May 1485 and was successful; he returned with
+
+Henry to Paris about a month later.&amp;nbsp; Already, plans to assemble an
+
+invasion fleet were being approved.&amp;nbsp; At Harfleur, near the mouth of
+
+the River Seine, Henry spent about 50000 livres to assemble 4000 men.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Of these, 1500 were discharged soldiers from a base at Pont de l'Arche.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The French soldiers were commanded by a nobleman from Savoy called Philibert
+
+de Chandee, who later became a good friend of Henry Tudor's.&amp;nbsp; There
+
+were also Henry's 400 English supporters who had shared his exile.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry placed these men under the command of Richard Guildford.&amp;nbsp; (It
+
+was later rumored that about 1000 Scots joined Henry's force; whether that
+
+number is correct or not, some Scots did fight on Henry's side.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's great enterprise was about to begin.&amp;nbsp;
+
+On 1 August 1485, Henry and his followers left Honfleur and sailed down
+
+the Seine into the Channel.&amp;nbsp; On 7 August, they sailed into Milford
+
+Sound near sunset.&amp;nbsp; They actually landed at Mill Bay, inside the Sound.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This was the land of Pembrokeshire where Henry had been imprisoned as a
+
+young man.&amp;nbsp; Upon landing, Henry knelt down and whispered, 'Judge me,
+
+Lord, and fight my cause.'&amp;nbsp; He kissed the English soil, crossed himself,
+
+and told his men to follow him - in the name of God and St George.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was no coincidence that he landed in Wales, his father's native land;
+
+it was there that he hoped to gain crucial support for his cause.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;(&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;NOTE:&amp;nbsp; Historical sources regarding
+
+the actual battle at Bosworth are scanty at best.&amp;nbsp; No one who actually
+
+fought at the battle recorded the battle; typically, the chroniclers from
+
+London recorded great events but they were far from the action in 1485.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Also, the supporters of Richard III didn't want to remember their defeat
+
+- and unlikely to write about in the chargged political climate.&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+
+supporters were concerned with more immediate matters after the battle
+
+- namely, beginning the rule of a very ineexperienced monarch who had not
+
+been to England in fifteen years.&amp;nbsp; And there is another very important
+
+fact - medieval battles are incredibly confusing to describe (just as they
+
+were confusing to fight.)&amp;nbsp; Imagine a Revolutionary War battle - the
+
+British soldiers in matching red coats, marching in perfect cadence to
+
+a fixed point, they shoot, reload and aim with some degree of consistency.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Medieval warfare did not proceed along those lines.&amp;nbsp; In general, it
+
+was chaotic and confusing to the participants - and the chroniclers.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So if the following account confuses you a little, you're in good company.&amp;nbsp;
+
+I have tried to be as clear as possible, to the extent of omitting stuff
+
+which is particularly confusing (including Henry's mysterious 'disappearance'
+
+the night before the battle; that will eventually be included in the Primary
+
+Sources section, directly from Polydore Vergil's work.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The most prominent chronicler of the Battle was
+
+Polydore Vergil, Henry VII's official court historian.&amp;nbsp; Of course,
+
+his version is the official Tudor account but we must rely upon it.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In most respects, Vergil had little reason to alter anything since the
+
+Tudor claimant was victorious.)&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Henry's force marched to the nearest inhabited
+
+area, a settlement called Dale.&amp;nbsp; There they spent the night; the next
+
+day (8 August) they left Dale to a castle called Haverfordwest, about 12
+
+miles to the north-east.&amp;nbsp; The townsmen actually welcomed the invaders,
+
+an indication of their nebulous loyalty to Richard III.&amp;nbsp; Of course,
+
+news of Henry's arrival on English soil was only just spreading along the
+
+coast.&amp;nbsp; In this northern part of Pembrokeshire, there were fewer castles
+
+and - again - it was Jasper Tudor's former home.&amp;nbsp; Also, Richard III
+
+had extensive control over south Wales, which shows that Henry's Welsh
+
+support was as nebulous as Richard's English support.&amp;nbsp; Richard's control
+
+over much of Wales also meant that Henry was forced to march north into
+
+the center of Wales.&amp;nbsp; And, of course, it must be recalled that the
+
+Stanleys (his mother's in-laws) controlled much of north Wales and Cheshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Sir William Stanley was Richard III's chief lieutenant in Anglesey, Caernarfonshire,
+
+and Merioneth, cities which made up the northern part of royal holdings
+
+in Wales.&amp;nbsp; (Remember that Sir William was the younger brother of Henry's
+
+stepfather.)&amp;nbsp; Henry may have been in touch with the Stanleys immediately
+
+upon landing in Wales.&amp;nbsp; Oddly enough, a letter Henry sent to another
+
+supporter, John ap Maredudd ab Ieuan ap Mareddud, has survived; it was
+
+written about 8 August, immediately after the landing, and designed to
+
+gain Welsh support.&amp;nbsp; The letter to ap Mareddud can be read by clicking
+
+here.&amp;nbsp; What did ap Mareddud do?&amp;nbsp; We don't know - though it is
+
+true that Henry did have some significant Welsh support.&amp;nbsp; Of course,
+
+it was nowhere near as great as many later remembered.&amp;nbsp; And it is
+
+false to state that
+
+&lt;i&gt;every&lt;/i&gt; Welshman welcomed the return of Owen Tudor's
+
+descendants.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the Tudor dynasty in no way favored Wales
+
+or its native population - so any support from the Welsh was not rewarded.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In 1536, in particular, the Welsh had good cause to resent any support
+
+they had given.&amp;nbsp; After Bosworth, certain laudatory poems and songs
+
+were written - but as these were dedicated to an actual king than a pretender
+
+to the throne, they were naturally fawning.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In reality, Henry did not receive
+
+a rapturous welcome.&amp;nbsp; On 8 August, at Haverfordwest, he received a
+
+crushing blow - John Savage, nephew of Henry's stepfather, and the powerful
+
+Welsh lord, Rhys ap Thomas, were not planning to support his cause.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Of course, they had promised otherwise while he was in France but Richard
+
+III suspected both men of disloyalty - and before Henry landed, he made
+
+certain they understood the penalty of treason.&amp;nbsp; With this crushing
+
+news, even the professed loyalty of Pembroke was small consolation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry's march from Havefordwest northeast to Cardigan and there to Machynlleth
+
+(about 100 miles from the Dale settlement) is not documented.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+arrived at Machynlleth on 14 August and wrote a letter to Sir Roger Kynaston,
+
+the guardian of the Grey estates; to pass safely to Shrewsbury, Henry needed
+
+- at the very least - Kynaston's inaction..&amp;nbsp; The guardian didn't need
+
+to declare for him but he could at least not impede his progress. Click
+
+here to read the letter to Kynaston.&amp;nbsp; Whatever Kynaston's decision,
+
+Henry did pass safely through to Shrewsbury.&amp;nbsp; To get to this point,
+
+his force had marched through the mountains of Wales but they had the continual
+
+arrival of good news to cheer them on the lonely journey - supporters were
+
+marching to join them, bringing along much-needed supplies.&amp;nbsp; Among
+
+these supporters was Rhys ap Thomas, who finally decided to honor his previous
+
+promise.&amp;nbsp; Rhys later said he brought almost 2000 men with him; if
+
+true, his force made up a third of Henry's entire army.&amp;nbsp; They were
+
+in time to join Henry at Shrewsbury, the traditional gateway to the English
+
+midlands; they marched along the old Roman road even as supporters sent
+
+along money to pay the mercenary troops.&amp;nbsp; But at Shrewsbury, Henry's
+
+progress was no longer easy.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Shrewsbury was an important
+
+town and had two bailiffs, Roger Knight and Thomas Mitton, both in power
+
+for about two decades.&amp;nbsp; They had prospered under Richard III, notably
+
+from the failure of Buckingham's rebellion (notably, Mitton received Buckingham's
+
+castle and Shrewsbury's tax bill was significantly reduced.)&amp;nbsp; And
+
+one must remember Richard III's admonitions to the English people, specifically
+
+warning them of the dangers of mercenary troops.&amp;nbsp; The people of Shrewsbury
+
+had no desire for foreign troops to plunder and pillage their town.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(Keep in mind that Henry's army was not primarily English.)&amp;nbsp; When
+
+Henry requested permission to march through the streets, Mitton made a
+
+familiar reply - &quot;over my belly.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Henry could not afford to go around
+
+the city so he retreated.&amp;nbsp; At a nearby village, he composed a letter
+
+to the bailiffs, promising that his men would simply march through Shrewsbury
+
+peacefully, without causing any damage or harm.&amp;nbsp; He respected the
+
+oath of loyalty to Richard III and did not expect any of the townspeople
+
+to break it.&amp;nbsp; The letter may not have swayed the bailiffs but the
+
+arrival of Rowland Warburton, a retainer of Sir William Stanley, arrived
+
+and persuaded the bailiffs to let Henry pass.&amp;nbsp; The Stanley support
+
+was impressive enough to sway even Mitton, who lay on the ground so Henry
+
+could step over his belly (thus keeping his former oath.)&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What effect did this 'adventure'
+
+have on Henry?&amp;nbsp; He realized, once again, that his support was not
+
+widespread.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, in the end he relied upon the apathy of the English
+
+population - essentially their decision to not actively support Richard
+
+III.&amp;nbsp; Shrewsbury was the first English town he marched through, a
+
+test of how the average citizen would respond to his invasion.&amp;nbsp; Since
+
+they did not recognize his claim to the throne, Henry had little to celebrate.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In a way, his march was as
+
+much a public relations enterprise as a military endeavor.&amp;nbsp; Everywhere
+
+he went, he attempted to drum up support - and he was often successful.&amp;nbsp;
+
+More men and prominent lords joined the cause, all for various reasons.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At Stafford, Henry met up with Sir William Stanley.&amp;nbsp; Stanley brought
+
+news that Richard III, informed of Henry's march, was camped at Nottingham.&amp;nbsp;
+
+From there, it was just a brief march south to block Henry's path to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In other words, Stanley was urging Henry to hurry if he wanted to reach
+
+the capital.&amp;nbsp; Henry marched to meet Richard, stopping for the night
+
+at Lichfield; as at Shrewsbury, he kept his army outside the walls so as
+
+not to offend the citizens.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now it gets a bit confusing:
+
+&lt;i&gt;Lord&lt;/i&gt;
+
+Stanley, whose son Lord Strange was Richard's 'hostage', was marching with
+
+about 5000 men toward Lichfield (presumably to meet up with Richard III
+
+at Nottingham.)&amp;nbsp; He did not dare meet with Henry Tudor, though he
+
+supported his claim.&amp;nbsp; Ostensibly, Lord Stanley was loyal to Richard.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So he avoided Henry's army though, supposedly, sent a message assuring
+
+him of eventual support.&amp;nbsp; Of course, promises can be easily broken
+
+and Henry was uneasy.&amp;nbsp; He knew Richard had scouts watching Stanley
+
+and held his son hostage.&amp;nbsp; Under such circumstances, Stanley's support
+
+was not completely assured.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Lord Stanley's brother - Sir
+
+William - had met up with Henry's army at Lichfield on 20 August.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Lord Stanley had arrived near Atherstone, close to the actual battlefield.&amp;nbsp;
+
+On this Saturday (20 August, still!), Lord Stanley sent his brother a message
+
+that Richard was near and fighting could begin in just three hours.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This, of course, did not happen.&amp;nbsp; But the Stanleys apparently met
+
+together and decided on a course of action - namely, they would not publicly
+
+declare their support for either Richard or Henry.&amp;nbsp; On Sunday, they
+
+apparently decided upon their battle plans - namely, Lord Stanley's betrayal
+
+of Richard.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lord Stanley was, of course,
+
+Henry's stepfather but his waffling is understandable.&amp;nbsp; But it caused
+
+both Richard III and Henry a great deal of anxiety.&amp;nbsp; Henry secretly
+
+met with the Stanleys on 21 August but, after the meeting, was still unsure
+
+of their unqualified support.&amp;nbsp; Under such circumstances, Henry's nervousness
+
+was greater than the king's.&amp;nbsp; But Richard was far from secure himself.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was at Nottingham when he heard of Henry's arrival in Pembrokeshire
+
+and, from there, his steady march through Wales to the midlands.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As mentioned earlier, Richard had made preparations for this moment in
+
+1484.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered his nobles and gentry to assemble according to
+
+plan.&amp;nbsp; He was undoubtedly unnerved that Henry was receiving some measure
+
+of support and that his march was essentially unimpeded.&amp;nbsp; He called
+
+the dukes of Northumberland and Norfolk to him, as well as the lieutenant
+
+of the Tower of London (where most of the king's weaponry was stored.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+Because Sir William Stanley did not respond to summons, Richard declared
+
+him a traitor.&amp;nbsp; He also intimidated Lord Strange enough for the young
+
+man to confess to some sort of 'conspiracy' to betray the king.&amp;nbsp; This
+
+simply confirmed Richard's fears.&amp;nbsp; He realized as well that Henry
+
+was trying to reach London as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; So he gathered
+
+his own forces to prevent this; he was later called a coward for not confronting
+
+Henry sooner but consider this - Richard wanted to assemble as many supporters
+
+as possible while dragging out the ordeal for Henry's army.&amp;nbsp; The assembled
+
+mercenaries were tired, hungry, and - like Henry - knew the crucial Stanley
+
+support was not secure.&amp;nbsp; Richard's army was a bit larger than Henry's
+
+though exact figures do not exist.&amp;nbsp; They marched south in traditional
+
+square battle formation, Richard and his guard behind two groups of horsemen.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There were about 100 knights and noblemen who had responded to Richard's
+
+summons.&amp;nbsp; Most of these men were from the north, specifically Yorkshire
+
+and Lancashire.&amp;nbsp; Richard marched with these men as the King of England,
+
+wearing his crown and coat-of-arms.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative that every
+
+Englishman who watched the march be reminded the Richard was the king and
+
+Henry just a pretender.&amp;nbsp; He would be crushed just like the duke of
+
+Buckingham.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 21 August (Sunday),
+
+both armies knew battle was near.&amp;nbsp; Richard knew Henry's camp was near
+
+Atherstone; he himself camped at the plain of Redmoor.&amp;nbsp; The next day
+
+the forces would meet on the battlefield, a place later called Bosworth
+
+Field.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;br&gt;(I wanted to point out an interesting fact about Henry's tactics prior
+
+to Bosworth; by marching toward London, he essentially determined where
+
+the battle would be fought - &lt;i&gt;wherever he and Richard met up on the way
+
+to London&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; So Bosworth Field was not chosen for any purpose other
+
+than the two armies met there.&amp;nbsp; Today, it is impossible to adequately
+
+understand the geography of the battlefield and Richard and Henry's camps
+
+prior to the battle; hundreds of years of building, etc. have altered the
+
+landscape.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;(Also: William Brandon, Henry's standard bearer, was slain at this
+
+battle.&amp;nbsp; His son, Charles, would become Henry VIII's best friend,
+
+husband to Princess Mary Tudor &amp;amp; grandfather of Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His biography is available at Tudor Citizens.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;The actual battle supposedly took place on Redmoor plain, near Richard
+
+III's encampment.&amp;nbsp; Long after the battle, it came to be called the
+
+Battle of Bosworth Field because the town of Market Bosworth lay to the
+
+north of Redmoor plain.&amp;nbsp; Also, a Welsh chronicler asserted that the
+
+battle actually took place at the town.&amp;nbsp; In other words, there is
+
+some debate about where the battle took place - &lt;i&gt;though one can reasonably
+
+assert it occurred at Redmoor plain&lt;/i&gt;.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sunday 22 August began inauspiciously for Richard
+
+III and one of his most powerful allies, the duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Richard
+
+admitted he had slept little and suffered bad dreams; in the superstitious
+
+medieval world this did not bode well.&amp;nbsp; Also, the duke of Norfolk
+
+found a sign outside his quarters which read, 'Jack of Norfolk be not so
+
+bold, For Dykon thy master is bought and sold.'&amp;nbsp; After his sleepless
+
+night, Richard arose earlier than even his chaplain (so there was no morning
+
+mass) and had no breakfast.&amp;nbsp; He insisted on wearing his crown throughout
+
+the day, as he had insisted upon marching to Redmoor clad in his ceremonial
+
+robes and crown.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor had spent a sleepless night as well,
+
+and his morning began with disturbing news.&amp;nbsp; His stepfather, Lord
+
+Stanley, was still officially part of Richard's force.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Stanley's
+
+force waited between Henry and Richard's camps.&amp;nbsp; But when Henry pushed
+
+his stepfather to join him, Stanley still demurred (this on the day of
+
+the battle!)&amp;nbsp; One can imagine Henry's response.&amp;nbsp; Stanley sent
+
+Henry a brief message; he should prepare his army for battle and wait for
+
+Stanley to join him at the appropriate moment.&amp;nbsp; (Note: Richard's archers
+
+were under the command of the duke of Norfolk while Henry's archers were
+
+under the command of John de Vere, the earl of Oxford.&amp;nbsp; The actual
+
+make-up of each army is a matter of debate as well, as is their size.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They each had a number of infantry and cavalry, complemented with cannon
+
+and guns and - of course - the traditional bows and swords.&amp;nbsp; One chronicler
+
+estimated Richard's cannon at 140; Henry had cannon brought from France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As to the actual numbers involved, chroniclers are always prone to exaggeration
+
+and this time was no exception.&amp;nbsp; We know Henry landed in Wales with
+
+about 4000 and was joined by a large number of reinforcements; Richard's
+
+force must have been equal - at least.&amp;nbsp; Sir William Stanley led about
+
+3000 troops.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One more mention of the Stanleys: Richard was less
+
+troubled by their waffling than Henry.&amp;nbsp; After all, Richard would have
+
+been content if they simply stayed out of the battle whereas Henry was
+
+desperate for their support.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, Richard's army had higher
+
+morale - and supposedly larger numbers.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry marched northeast at a leisurely pace toward
+
+Richard's camp.&amp;nbsp; Were his troops wary of attacking first?&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly;
+
+but, in the end, Richard decided to order his attack when Henry's force
+
+passed by a march.&amp;nbsp; At this time, he also realized that Lord Stanley
+
+was not joining him.&amp;nbsp; (He could see Stanley's army motionless on the
+
+field.)&amp;nbsp; Richard ordered his hostage, Lord Strange, beheaded but in
+
+the heat and confusion of battle, the order was not carried out.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The first moments of battle were an indication of the chaos to come.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Immediately, arrows were exchanged and then hand-to-hand combat began.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Swords, pikes, aces, spears....&amp;nbsp; These were the weapons of choice.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(Interesting note: Richard's ally, the duke of Northumberland, waited at
+
+the rear of the army with a well equipped force which never entered battle
+
+for one simple reason - the topography of the battlefield.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard's scouts told him that Henry, too, remained
+
+outside the fighting, observing the battle with a small group of supporters.&amp;nbsp;
+
+By identifying Henry's standard, Richard determined his exact position.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Then he undertook a most courageous and incredible feat - he spurred his
+
+horse to ride directly at Henry, the pretender to his throne.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+knew that if Henry was slain - before Stanley intervention - the battle
+
+would end.&amp;nbsp; On his horse, at full gallop, he slay a great number of
+
+those around Henry (notably his standard bearer, William Brandon, and that
+
+respected soldier, the 'giant' John Cheyne.)&amp;nbsp; Henry, of course, was
+
+innocent of real experience in battle but he did not run - though he also
+
+kept a horse nearby in case the battle was lost.&amp;nbsp; Still, the tide
+
+would have turned against Henry except....&amp;nbsp; the Stanleys finally entered
+
+the battle, on the Tudor side!
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It cannot be emphasized enough that Richard III died
+
+valiantly in battle.&amp;nbsp; Every later chronicler asserted his bravery
+
+and skill.&amp;nbsp; One wrote that, after Stanley's men swarmed around him,
+
+Richard fought 'manfully in the thickest press of his enemies.'&amp;nbsp; According
+
+to Polydore Vergil, 'that day he would make end either of war or life';
+
+he would 'die like a king or win victory in this field.'&amp;nbsp; He was wounded
+
+several times but refused the advice of his few companions to flee.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He also refused the offer of a horse.&amp;nbsp; His heroism was evident to
+
+all.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he could not prevail.&amp;nbsp; His crown was knocked
+
+from his head; his head was struck so many times that the helmet was beaten
+
+into the skull; even after his death, his body continued to be beaten.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Around him lay the bodies of his few companions - Conyers, Brackenbury,
+
+Ratcliffe....&amp;nbsp; There is a legend that his crown landed in a hawthorne
+
+bush; true or not, it was soon enough in Henry Tudor's hands - and not
+
+because of any personal bravery on the part of the first Tudor king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The battle lasted about two hours.&amp;nbsp; Its outcome
+
+- Henry's triumph - was only made possiblee by Stanley's disgraceful betrayal
+
+of his king.&amp;nbsp; Had he waited a few moments longer, Henry may have been
+
+personally killed by Richard.&amp;nbsp; That single action inaugurated the
+
+Tudor dynasty - and it was a shameful inauguration.&amp;nbsp; Whatever his
+
+qualities before the battle, his actions immediately afterwards are not
+
+endearing.&amp;nbsp; Richard III, who had fought so heroically and suffered
+
+an awful death, continued to be humiliated and abused.&amp;nbsp; His body was
+
+slung naked over a horse, arms and legs hanging over the sides; a halter
+
+was tossed around his neck to symbolize his defeat.&amp;nbsp; In this manner,
+
+he was taken to a friary in Leicester where his body lay on view for two
+
+days; it was naked from the waist down except for a scant and cheap black
+
+cloth.&amp;nbsp; He was buried at the friary with no ceremony.&amp;nbsp; The church
+
+no longer exists - Henry's son ordered the dissolution of the monasteries
+
+in the 1530s and Richard's grave was opened and the body thrown out.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Later, the coffin was supposedly used as a horse trough and cellar steps
+
+in a nearby manor.&amp;nbsp; Richard III remains the only English king since
+
+1066 to have no burial place.&amp;nbsp; He was also the last English king to
+
+die in battle.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor had now declared himself Henry VII and
+
+Lord Stanley placed Richard's crown upon his stepson's head.&amp;nbsp; His
+
+officers were busy settling old scores, executing old foes and rounding
+
+up the prisoners.&amp;nbsp; In the end, we can reasonably estimate that about
+
+400 men - in total - died that day.&amp;nbsp; Of course, after the battle few
+
+wanted to talk about the actual fighting - those two hours which ended
+
+in betrayal and death for one king and the beginning of one of the most
+
+celebrated dynasties in English history.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;On a personal note....&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;I do want to stress that Henry Tudor did nto participate
+
+in the fighting - and, in fact, he kept a horse nearby so he could flee
+
+if the battle was lost.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he planned to 'turn tail
+
+and run', as the clichÃ© goes.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;It might seem odd that a king who supposedly won his crown in 
+  battle was actually quite cowardly on the battlefield, and didn't participate 
+  - but it's the truth.&amp;nbsp; Richard III only lost because Lord Stanley 
+  disgracefully betrayed his king.&amp;nbsp; And he did so after Richard had already 
+  forgiven him numerous offenses (many bordering on treason), and had treated 
+  him kindly.&amp;nbsp; Henry may have claimed a crown that day, but he claimed no 
+  glory.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;You may visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.r3.org&quot;&gt;Richard
+
+III Society&lt;/a&gt; site for the other side of the story.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Henry Tudor as King
+
+&lt;p&gt;'His [Henry VII] body was slender but well built and strong; his height
+
+above the average.&amp;nbsp; His appearance was remarkably attractive and his
+
+face was cheerful especially when speaking; his eyes were small and blue;
+
+his teeth few, poor and blackish; his hair was thin and grey; his complexion
+
+pale'.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Polydore Vergil, from the &lt;i&gt;Anglica Historia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Many historians have long argued that Bosworth Field marked
+
+the end of medieval England, and the beginning of more modern government.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This assumes at least some drastic changes occurred during the 24 years
+
+Henry ruled England.&amp;nbsp; However, no such changes occurred.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+maintained the government of his predecessors; he simply had a more efficient
+
+administration.
+
+&lt;p&gt;This should detract from his formidable accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; Despite
+
+his very questionable claim to the throne, Henry proved himself to be an
+
+able and enthusiastic king.&amp;nbsp; He devoted himself to the minutiae of
+
+government, personally initialing household account books.&amp;nbsp; He was
+
+quite miserly, which greatly benefited his spendthrift son Henry VIII,
+
+but this was understandable - the first Tudor king knew financial success
+
+would be the life or death of his new dynasty.&amp;nbsp; Like all monarchs,
+
+he needed money - and often badly.&amp;nbsp; But he needed parliament's permission
+
+to raise taxes or create new ones.&amp;nbsp; Yet Henry knew that parliament
+
+would be opposed to giving a new - and unpopular king - more sources of
+
+revenue, particularly since England's economy was not prosperous.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And so Henry only called parliament seven times during his reign.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Instead of creating new methods to raise money, he cannily exploited the
+
+existing sources.&amp;nbsp; Every loophole that existed was stretched wide
+
+- Henry sought every penny he could from eevery source of revenue.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And he protected the money fanatically.&amp;nbsp; Few monarchs lived so frugally,
+
+and as Francis Bacon noted, 'towards his queen [Elizabeth of York] he was
+
+nothing uxorious, nor scarce indulgent....'
+
+&lt;br&gt;For Henry VII, money equaled security.&amp;nbsp; And so rights of Wardship,
+
+Marriage, Promotions, and Death, forced loans and benvolences, and trade
+
+dues were all tools to gain financial security.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Upon becoming king, Henry's immediate problem was the same as his Yorkist
+
+predecessors - the legitimacy of his claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; Bosworth
+
+Field had not ended the struggle for England's crown, and Henry faced considerable
+
+unrest throughout the early years of his reign.&amp;nbsp; The Northerners (who
+
+never lost their distrust of the Tudors) had supported Richard III, and
+
+did not welcome a Welsh king.&amp;nbsp; And Yorkist support continued in Ireland
+
+(where Lambert Simnel was crowned Edward VI 1487), and in Europe (where
+
+Edward IV and Richard III's sister Margaret lived on as the influential
+
+duchess of Burgundy.)&amp;nbsp; Also, because Henry's claim to the throne was
+
+so weak, he inevitably had to work harder to create the impression of royal
+
+authority.&amp;nbsp; By all accounts, he lacked the majesty, or charisma, of
+
+his son Henry VIII and granddaughter Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; But charisma was
+
+perhaps a negligible quality during those early years; more important were
+
+hard work, dedication, and discipline.&amp;nbsp; And Henry possessed those
+
+qualities in abundance.
+
+&lt;p&gt;First, Henry benefited directly from the Wars of the Roses - heirs to
+
+many of the old noble families were killed during the battles.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+simply appropriated their lands and revenue.&amp;nbsp; Those that had supported
+
+Richard III (those that survived, that is) were attainted and their estates
+
+confiscated.&amp;nbsp; He also created a council 'Learned in the Law' in 1495
+
+to deal with enforcement of already-existing taxes, particularly those
+
+owed by the nobility.&amp;nbsp; Henry also forbid nobles to retain their own
+
+armies.&amp;nbsp; A small number of attendants was acceptable, but Henry did
+
+not want any lord to have more power than the king.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV had
+
+attempted the same maneuver, with less success.&amp;nbsp; Henry was aided by
+
+a simple fact - as king, he owned most of the gunpowder in the country.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Therefore, he simply blew up the castles and keeps of recalcitrant barons.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was quite an effective policy, though Henry did not curb the power and
+
+influence of all nobles.&amp;nbsp; But it is worth noting that the English
+
+nobility, already in decline during the Wars of the Roses, fell from influence
+
+rapidly under the Tudors - under Elizabeth I, for instance, England had
+
+just one duke (and he was executed for treason.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;Henry did continue the Yorkist tradition of promoting government officers
+
+from the middle class (primarily clerics and lawyers.)&amp;nbsp; But he did
+
+not create the middle class government that many historians propose; nobles
+
+still retained the most powerful positions.&amp;nbsp; Henry kept many of Edward
+
+IV and Richard III's councilors, and these were either from the aristocracy,
+
+or related through marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it should be noted that the middle
+
+class was growing in power and influence, and carefully making its way
+
+through the corridors of power.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Henry also revived the powers of the Justices of the Peace, first introduced
+
+by Henry II.&amp;nbsp; They administered the king's justice throughout England,
+
+and were supposedly free of local prejudices.&amp;nbsp; His Yorkist predecessors
+
+had appointed a Council of the North and thus allowed the great border
+
+families of Neville, Dacre, Scrope, and Percy to rule as virtually independent
+
+princes with their own armies.&amp;nbsp; This was necessary because the Scottish
+
+border was notoriously difficult to maintain; raids from the north were
+
+all too common, and the Yorkists had needed the Northern lords to protect
+
+English interests.&amp;nbsp; When Edward IV was king, Richard had been 'Lord
+
+of the North', having inherited the vast Neville estates through his wife.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry was not so inclined - he did not want the Northern families to be
+
+too powerful; after all, they could turn that power against their king.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But he also knew the North needed a strong leader, a servant of the crown.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And so he released the last Percy heir, the earl of Northumberland, from
+
+the Tower of London and appointed him Lord Warden of the East and Middle
+
+Marches.&amp;nbsp; But Henry carefully trimmed Percy's powers, and only allowed
+
+the council to meet sporadically.&amp;nbsp; He successfully subdued it into
+
+becoming a mere extension of his own London-based authority.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Henry also attempted to quell the Scottish problem, and undercut the
+
+Auld Alliance (the alliance between France and Scotland), by marrying his
+
+eldest daughter Margaret to the king of Scots in 1503.&amp;nbsp; He planned
+
+to marry his youngest daughter, Mary, to Charles, the prince of Castile.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His eldest son and heir apparent, Prince Arthur, was wed to the youngest
+
+daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, the powerful 'Catholic Kings' of Spain.&amp;nbsp;
+
+With these marriage alliances, Henry hoped to protect his domestic interests;
+
+he did not want to engage in costly foreign wars since the establishment
+
+of his own dynasty was more important, but he needed foreign allies.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Marriage was less costly than war, and - Henry hoped - more effective.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The matches were impressive, particularly the match with Spain since it
+
+meant that the most powerful European monarchs recognized his shaky claim
+
+to the throne.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082556&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082556&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH2063.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH2063.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH2063.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1509 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">53816</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">King Henry VIII (1491-1547): Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Six Wives of Henry VIII The Reformation</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">King Henry VIII (1491-1547): Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Six Wives of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">King Henry VIII: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH20631d2f433d6af891439d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2063.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8main.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">h8two.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">fitzroy.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;King Henry VIII&quot; height=52 width=315&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8main.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of King Henry VIII by an unknown artist&quot; BORDER=2 height=348 width=250&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#One&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+    View portraits of King Henry VIII at
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#One&quot;&gt;A
+
+brief discussion of his personality and historical importance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; 
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Two&quot;&gt;Henry Tudor, duke of York: 1491-1502&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Three&quot;&gt;Heir
+
+apparent: 1502-1509&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Four&quot;&gt;1509-1526:
+
+Katharine of Aragon, Cardinal Wolsey &amp;amp; Princess Mary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Five&quot;&gt;1526-1536:
+
+Anne Boleyn and the Henrician Reformation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Six&quot;&gt;1536-1546:
+
+Four wives, Thomas Cromwell &amp;amp; foreign policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Seven&quot;&gt;Death
+
+and disorder: Henry's last months and a discussion of his illness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Eight&quot;&gt;The
+
+English nobility during Henry's reign&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Nine&quot;&gt;Henry: 
+    lapsed Catholic or Protestant reformer?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Ten&quot;&gt;Notable
+
+Dates and Events&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Eleven&quot;&gt;Bibliography
+
+and Further Reading&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Henry's wives:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;The Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;      &lt;b&gt;Henry's children:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;
+      King Edward VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;'My, you ought to seen old Henry the Eight when he was in bloom.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He &lt;i&gt;was&lt;/i&gt; a blossom.&amp;nbsp; He used to marry a new wife every day, and
+
+chop off her head next morning.&amp;nbsp; And he would do it just as indifferent
+
+as if he was ordering up eggs.&amp;nbsp; 'Fetch up Nell Gwynn,' he says.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They fetch her up.&amp;nbsp; Next morning, 'Chop off her head!'&amp;nbsp; And they
+
+chop it off.&amp;nbsp; 'Fetch up Jane Shore,' he says; and up she comes.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Next morning, 'Chop off her head' - and they chop it off.&amp;nbsp; 'Ring up
+
+Fair Rosamun.'&amp;nbsp; Fair Rosamun answers the bell.&amp;nbsp; Next morning,
+
+'Chop off her head.'&amp;nbsp; And he made every one of them tell him a tale
+
+every night; and he kept that up till he had hogged a thousand and one
+
+tales that way, and then he put them all in a book, and called it Domesday
+
+Book - which was a good name and stated the case.&amp;nbsp; You don't know
+
+kings, Jim, but I know them; and this old rip of ourn is one of the cleanest
+
+I've struck in history.&amp;nbsp; Well, Henry he takes a notion he wants to
+
+get up some trouble with this country.&amp;nbsp; How does he go at it - give
+
+notice? - give the country a show?&amp;nbsp; No.&amp;nbsp; All of a sudden he heaves
+
+all the tea in Boston Harbor overboard, and whacks out a declaration of
+
+independence, and dares them to come on.&amp;nbsp; That was &lt;i&gt;his&lt;/i&gt; style
+
+- he never give anybody a chance.&amp;nbsp; He  had suspicions of his father,
+
+the Duke of Wellington.&amp;nbsp; Well, what did he do? - ask him to show up?&amp;nbsp;
+
+No - drownded him in a butt of mamsey, like a cat.&amp;nbsp; Spose people left
+
+money laying around where he was - what did he do?&amp;nbsp; He collared it.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Spose he contracted to do a thing; and you paid him, and didn't set down
+
+there and see that he done it - what did he do?&amp;nbsp; He always done the
+
+other thing.&amp;nbsp; Spose he opened his mouth - what then?&amp;nbsp; If he didn't
+
+shut it up powerful quick, he'd lose a lie, every time.&amp;nbsp; That's the
+
+kind of a bug Henry was....&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;All I say is, kings is kings, and you got to make allowances.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Take them all around, they're a mighty ornery lot.&amp;nbsp; It's the way they're
+
+raised.'&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;from Mark Twain's &lt;i&gt;Adventures of Huckleberry Finn&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;One&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=4&gt;I have no fear but when you
+
+heard that our Prince, now Henry the Eighth, whom we may call our Octavius,
+
+had succeeded to his father's throne, all your melancholy left you at once.&amp;nbsp;
+
+What may you not promise yourself from a Prince with whose extraordinary
+
+and almost Divine character you are acquainted?&amp;nbsp; When you know what
+
+a hero he now shows himself, how wisely he behaves, what a lover he is
+
+of justice and goodness, what affection he bears to the learned I will
+
+venture to swear that you will need no wings to make you fly to behold
+
+this new and auspicious star.&amp;nbsp; If you could see how all the world
+
+here is rejoicing in the possession of so great a Prince, how his life
+
+is all their desire, you could not contain your tears for joy.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+heavens laugh, the earth exults, all things are full of milk, of honey,
+
+of nectar!&amp;nbsp; Avarice is expelled the country.&amp;nbsp; Liberality scatters
+
+wealth with bounteous hand.&amp;nbsp; Our King does not desire gold or gems
+
+or precious metals, but virtue, glory, immortality.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;font size=2&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lord Mountjoy to Erasmus&lt;/i&gt;, 1509&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;A brief discussion of his personality and historical
+
+importance&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; How can one adequately describe Henry's personality?&amp;nbsp;
+
+Imagine yourself as Henry VIII, the second son suddenly yanked into the
+
+spotlight by your older brother's death. Sheltered and smothered by a father
+
+suddenly aware that he has just one heir left; handsome and intelligent
+
+and, by turns, both recklessly indulged and then denied.&amp;nbsp; Any of us
+
+would have emerged as a mass of contradictions and frustrations.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So Henry VIII, crowned king at the prime of his life, just eighteen years
+
+old and physically magnificent with more enthusiasm and energy than most
+
+of his contemporaries, became a conflicted and confused man.&amp;nbsp; But
+
+it is a shame to let the last twenty years of his life color the interpretation
+
+of his entire life.&amp;nbsp; One should not see him as simply an ogre king
+
+who beheaded two wives, divorced two others, and rejected another in one
+
+of the most humiliating ways possible.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His personality was quite amazing; his intelligence,
+
+learning, and curiosity impressed even the world-weary ambassadors who
+
+littered his court.&amp;nbsp; His thirst for knowledge was insatiable, though
+
+it never became the near-mania that haunted Philip II.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII
+
+didn't spend his declining years surrounded by slips of paper detailing
+
+the most minute occurrences in his realm.&amp;nbsp; But he did spend his entire
+
+reign reading dispatches, scribbling notations, meeting with diplomats
+
+and politicians.&amp;nbsp; Very little occurred in England that escaped his
+
+attention; indeed, very little occurred in Europe that escaped Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He prided himself on this and well he should; the Spanish ambassador reported
+
+that Henry knew of the fall of Cadiz before the Holy Roman Emperor.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He was usually genial company.&amp;nbsp; He loved music
+
+and wrote his own.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed dancing and entertainment.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+held countless banquets and tournaments.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed all physical
+
+activities and excelled at most of them.&amp;nbsp; Hunting, archery, tennis,
+
+jousting - the king made his court into an endless round of competition
+
+and celebration.&amp;nbsp; When he grew older, these former pleasures became
+
+torments; like most former athletes, Henry became fat as he aged and the
+
+once-loved pastimes became bitter reminders of the ravages of time.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And he ruled over a country where almost half the population was 18 years
+
+old or younger!&amp;nbsp; Youth was everywhere, staring the old king in his
+
+face.&amp;nbsp; We can imagine the effects.&amp;nbsp; Quite naturally, he sought
+
+reassurances - from women, his courtiers, his council.&amp;nbsp; Affairs could
+
+distract him, but love affairs were never his grand passion.&amp;nbsp; Despite
+
+his licentious reputation, Henry VIII was really a 16th century sexual
+
+prude; among his European contemporaries, he philandered the least.&amp;nbsp;
+
+State affairs indulged his taste for war and glory; family affairs gnawed
+
+at his conscience and pride.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII did not want distractions.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He wanted a grand mission, a defining statement.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he got
+
+his wish, though in the most improbable way possible.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He began life as a second son, destined for the
+
+church.&amp;nbsp; It was the dream of Henry VII for his eldest son, Arthur,
+
+to be king and for his second son, Henry, to be the highest churchman in
+
+England.&amp;nbsp; And so, for the first ten years of his life, Henry was a
+
+student of theology.&amp;nbsp; And for the next thirty years of his life, he
+
+remained a dutiful son of the church.&amp;nbsp; It is ironic, then, that his
+
+most significant historical achievement was the destruction of the Roman
+
+Catholic faith in England.&amp;nbsp; The impact of the Henrician reformation
+
+forever altered the course of English history.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII, who had
+
+indulged in endless diplomatic squabbles and foreign wars, left no grand
+
+achievement beyond his own borders.&amp;nbsp; Vast amounts of money were spent
+
+on these foreign entanglements - and many lives lost - but, in the end,
+
+nothing changed in the European balance of power.&amp;nbsp; England, constantly
+
+pulled between the two great continental powers of France and the Holy
+
+Roman Empire, nearly bankrupted itself in an attempt to become respected
+
+and feared.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Why did Henry ultimately fail in those tasks normally
+
+reserved for monarchs?&amp;nbsp; Ultimately, he was a victim of his times.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The 16th century was a confusing mess of changing loyalties, betrayals,
+
+near-constant fighting, and most importantly, a rising skepticism of that
+
+great institution of the fading medieval world, the Roman Catholic church.&amp;nbsp;
+
+With the advent of the printing press a century before, literacy and intellectual
+
+debate grew rapidly.&amp;nbsp; The High Renaissance in Italy occurred during
+
+the first 20 years of Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; It was a time of unparalleled
+
+scientific experiment, intellectual fervor, and spirited debate.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In such a time, traditional views of kingship were bound to change for
+
+both the ruler and those he ruled.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (As evidence of this confusion, one need only remember
+
+that Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor crowned by the Pope, led the brutal
+
+sack of Rome in 1527.&amp;nbsp; Charles, supposedly the anointed defender of
+
+the papacy, actually ordered his imperial army to loot, pillage, and kill
+
+their way through Rome and the Vatican.&amp;nbsp; The pope ended up fleeing
+
+to relative safety in his nightshirt.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While reading any biography of Henry VIII, one must
+
+remember the flavor of his times and judge him, if at all, by sixteenth-century
+
+standards.&amp;nbsp; It's always amusing to read descriptions of Henry as the
+
+lustful tyrant torn between bedding and beheading innocent women; in truth,
+
+he blushed at dirty jokes and was more faithful than many 20th century
+
+husbands.&amp;nbsp; He was married to Katharine of Aragon for over twenty years
+
+and had just a handful of mistresses.&amp;nbsp; He waited years to physically
+
+consummate his relationship with Anne Boleyn, and despite being in the
+
+prime of his life, remained faithful to her until marriage.&amp;nbsp; Was this
+
+sexual prudery a result of his early church training?&amp;nbsp; Perhaps.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Whatever the case, it was a hallmark of his life.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was
+
+always an incurable romantic.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His personal and political decisions were always
+
+grandiose, melodramatic, and played for great effect.&amp;nbsp; He loved pomp
+
+and pageantry, even as he loathed to deal with the consequences of his
+
+actions.&amp;nbsp; Like his father, he was caught in the transition from medieval
+
+England to renaissance England.&amp;nbsp; And like his father, he was well-versed
+
+in English history and desperate to continue the Tudor dynasty, to secure
+
+his claims to Ireland, Scotland, and France, to raise England to the status
+
+of its continental neighbors, and to expand his God-given right to rule
+
+all Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; When reading about Henry's political and dynastic
+
+ambitions, one is always struck by the wide scope of his desires.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Though most came to naught in the end, he actually planned invasions of
+
+France, plotted to join Charles V's invasion of Italy, and intended to
+
+seize the Scottish throne.&amp;nbsp; The word 'ambitious' hardly does Great
+
+Harry justice.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His political ambitions failed and he bequeathed
+
+a woeful mess to his nine-year-old heir, Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; His greatest
+
+achievement was a dubious one, and one for which he was often eager to
+
+distance himself - the Henrician reformation, the end of Roman Catholicism
+
+in England and the birth of the Anglican church.&amp;nbsp; The king, for all
+
+his contradictions and failures, helped destroy the greatest institution
+
+in medieval Europe.&amp;nbsp; Once Germany and England fell to the new heresy,
+
+its spread across Europe was inevitable and invincible.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the biography of Henry at this site, I hope to
+
+capture both the king's personality and assess his importance to history.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry VIII's reign was as tumultuous as the king himself.&amp;nbsp; If nothing
+
+else, it makes for entertaining reading.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Henry Tudor, duke of York: 1491-1502&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The second Henry Tudor was born on 28 June 1491 at Greenwich
+
+Palace in London.&amp;nbsp; He was the third child of the first Tudor monarch,
+
+Henry VII, and his wife, Elizabeth Plantagenet, daughter of the Yorkist
+
+king, Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; At the time of her second son's birth, Queen Elizabeth
+
+was just 25 years old; her husband was 34, and had been king for almost
+
+six years.&amp;nbsp; Those six years had been difficult ones.&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+
+marriage to Elizabeth had helped amass Yorkist support for his rule, but
+
+the English people were hardly enthusiastic about Henry, even as they had
+
+been noticeably ambivalent about his predecessor, Elizabeth's uncle, Richard
+
+III.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was popular with the common people; her young life
+
+had all the romance and tragedy necessary for sympathetic gossip and she
+
+was a classical fair beauty, possessing all the female virtues necessary
+
+for a queen.&amp;nbsp; She was quiet, demure, and charming; she was also content
+
+to allow her formidable mother-in-law, Margaret Beaufort, assume a position
+
+of unprecedented influence over the king.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+
+Elizabeth's emotional attachment to her husband has been much-debated.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In truth, she had known all her&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/h8two.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;sketch of Henry VIII as a toddler&quot; BORDER=1 height=214 width=150 align=right&gt; life that she would never marry a man of
+
+her own choice.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her mother, Elizabeth Woodville, conspired
+
+with Margaret Beaufort for Elizabeth to marry Henry Tudor, exiled son of
+
+Henry VI's half-brother.&amp;nbsp; Henry was, by all accounts, grateful for
+
+the match.&amp;nbsp; He appreciated its political implications.&amp;nbsp; He also
+
+respected his new queen and was faithful to his marriage vows, an unusual
+
+trait in a king.&amp;nbsp; Upon her marriage, Elizabeth entered a semi-retirement
+
+- she was queen and her duty was to produce as many heirs as possible.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Nine months after her marriage, she gave birth to her first child at St Swithin's Priory in Winchester, a prince named Arthur.&amp;nbsp; Henry and
+
+Elizabeth had wed on 18 January 1486 at Westminster Abbey in London; Prince
+
+Arthur was born 20 September 1486.&amp;nbsp; Three years later, Elizabeth gave
+
+birth to their second child, a princess called Margaret after Henry VII's
+
+mother.&amp;nbsp; She was born on 28 November 1489 at Westminster Palace in
+
+London.&amp;nbsp; For the new king, the birth of a healthy second child, and
+
+his wife's rapid recovery, were good omens.&amp;nbsp; Even as he attempted
+
+to enforce his rule in the always troublesome northern England which had
+
+been Richard III's base of support, Henry VII could rest assured that his
+
+dynasty was becoming secure.&amp;nbsp; But it was only on 28 June 1491, when
+
+another healthy prince was born, this time at Greenwich Palace, that Henry
+
+VII could breathe a sigh of relief.&amp;nbsp; This second son was a necessary
+
+insurance policy for the new Tudor dynasty.&amp;nbsp; Childhood mortality was
+
+high and diseases such as small pox, the sweating sickness, and the plague
+
+were rife throughout England.&amp;nbsp; A king needed as many healthy heirs
+
+as possible, and the birth of a second son was an occasion for celebration.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 27 February 1490, Prince Arthur was titled prince
+
+of Wales at Westminster Palace in London; this was the real beginning of
+
+a tradition that continues to this day.&amp;nbsp; And in 1494, Arthur's baby
+
+brother was titled duke of York, the traditional title of the king's brother.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At this early age, all we know of Prince Henry was that he was considered
+
+a handsome and precocious toddler, but one would expect such descriptions
+
+of the king's son.&amp;nbsp; He did not share his brother's fair coloring or
+
+slight build.&amp;nbsp; Prince Henry was a sturdy, strawberry-blond boy noted
+
+for his energy and temper.&amp;nbsp; Just a year after his birth, his mother
+
+bore another daughter; this child was called Elizabeth and she died three
+
+years later.&amp;nbsp; It was the first in a series of tragedies for the young
+
+queen.&amp;nbsp; She and Henry VII were considered good and affectionate parents,
+
+but they never lost sight of the political importance of their children.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Together they decided that Prince Henry, like most second sons, was destined
+
+for the church, and his early schooling was planned accordingly.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This strong emphasis upon theology and its esoteric debates remained with
+
+Henry for the rest of his life and made him feel uniquely qualified to
+
+interpret religious law during the 1520s.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Heir apparent: 1502-1509&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's position as the second son lasted only until 2 April
+
+1502, just a few months before his eleventh birthday.&amp;nbsp; It was on that
+
+day that his brother Arthur died at Ludlow Castle, the government seat
+
+of the prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; The insecurity of the Tudor succession was
+
+suddenly unavoidable.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth of York, despite repeated pregnancies,
+
+had not borne another healthy son; after Henry's birth, there was just
+
+one more male child - a son called Edmund, born in 1499 and dead just a
+
+year later.&amp;nbsp; The queen did become pregnant shortly after Arthur's
+
+death but this eighth pregnancy proved to be her last.&amp;nbsp; The child,
+
+called Katherine, was born and died on 2 February 1503.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth
+
+contracted an infection and died a few days later, on 11 February, her
+
+thirty-seventh birthday.&amp;nbsp; So in the short space of a year, Henry lost
+
+both his older brother and mother.&amp;nbsp; But the effects of these losses
+
+was felt even more keenly by Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; His reign had proved to be
+
+neither peaceful or happy.&amp;nbsp; He was beset by worries - constant diplomatic
+
+maneuvering, subjects who mocked him as a cold-hearted, tax-hungry miser,
+
+and now he had lost his son and wife.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Arthur's death was more than a personal tragedy;
+
+it was a political tragedy as well.&amp;nbsp; The young prince had been married
+
+to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
+
+Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; on 14 November 1501 at St.Paul's Cathedral, London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The daughter of the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Ferdinand of Aragon and
+
+Isabella of Castile, Katharine's marriage to the Tudor heir had marked
+
+the high point of Henry VII's foreign diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; His grip on the
+
+English throne had long been considered both illegitimate and untenable
+
+by most European powers, except in cases where it suited their interests
+
+to pretend otherwise.&amp;nbsp; But a bond of marriage between the house of
+
+Tudor and the ruling dynasty of Spain gave Henry's rule a stamp of approval.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was now allied with one of the most powerful ruling families in Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Prince Henry met his sister-in-law and future wife on this momentous occasion,
+
+heading the procession that led her to the cathedral.&amp;nbsp; Later, he officially
+
+introduced her to the citizens of London.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With Arthur's death, his teenage wife was trapped
+
+in England while Henry VII squabbled with her father over the remaining
+
+payments on her dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was perhaps even then mulling over
+
+the idea of not letting the all-important Spanish alliance go to waste.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Soon enough he was openly proposing that Katharine marry young Prince Henry,
+
+now the heir apparent and five years her junior.&amp;nbsp; What did young Prince
+
+Henry know of these plans?&amp;nbsp; Probably very little.&amp;nbsp; After Arthur's
+
+death, Henry VII became somewhat paranoid and tried desperately to protect
+
+his only son from any injury or illness.&amp;nbsp; People who wished to visit
+
+the young prince had to receive permission from Henry VII, and this remained
+
+the case well into the boy's adolescence.&amp;nbsp; Such strict rules may have
+
+irked the heir but they did not interfere with his continuing education.&amp;nbsp;
+
+While his older brother was in Wales learning the intricacies of government,
+
+Henry received a primarily classical education, mastering Latin and French
+
+and becoming an excellent and exuberant athlete.&amp;nbsp; Contemporary sources
+
+make it clear that he was a happy child, fond of sports and spectacle,
+
+and equally proud of his intellectual accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; In short,
+
+he possessed all the personality and charm his father noticeably lacked.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Both his physical appearance and character were similar to those of his
+
+Plantagenet grandfather Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; This fact was much remarked upon
+
+by those Englishmen who had lived through the last years of the Wars of
+
+the Roses.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Prince Henry, his father spent the last
+
+years of his reign establishing good relationships with other monarchs
+
+and avoiding expensive war; also, his fondness for extorting money from
+
+an unwilling populace never wavered.&amp;nbsp; He left his son a king's greatest
+
+gift - a healthy treasury.&amp;nbsp; Ironically, one of Henry VIII's first
+
+acts as king was to execute his father's most productive, and hence most
+
+notorious, tax collectors.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VII never really decided whether
+
+he wanted to marry Prince Henry to Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; He kept the
+
+young princess in England for seven years while he toyed with the idea.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her living conditions steadily deteriorated; she was miserably unhappy,
+
+many of her Spanish attendants were sent home, she lacked money for even
+
+basic necessities.&amp;nbsp; Food and adequate clothing were constant concerns.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She struggled to bear her hardships with the serene and regal dignity that
+
+was ingrained in her character as a princess of Spain, and such calm in
+
+the face of deprivation impressed young Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; It is certainly
+
+true that even years later, in the midst of an acrimonious separation,
+
+he never lost his respect for Katharine.&amp;nbsp; This respect was always
+
+tinged with a bit of fear.&amp;nbsp; He was keenly aware of her great ancestry
+
+and extensive education, her self-deprecating wit and complete mastery
+
+of all feminine tasks.&amp;nbsp; Even as queen of England, she took particular
+
+pride in sewing and mending Henry's shirts.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+
+They had little contact during the later years of Henry VII's reign, only
+
+meeting occasionally at formal&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Henry VIII, c1509&quot; BORDER=1 height=194 width=125 align=right&gt; events.&amp;nbsp; Henry was formally promised
+
+in marriage to Katharine on 23 June 1503; the treaty stated that he would
+
+marry Katharine on his fifteenth birthday, 28 June 1505, and that her parents
+
+send over 100,000 crowns worth of plate and jewels in addition to the dowry
+
+she had given when married to Prince Arthur.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was a stickler
+
+on the dowry issue, refusing to allow the marriage to be solemnized, much
+
+less celebrated and consummated, until the money arrived.&amp;nbsp; But the
+
+Spaniards were as loathe to part with money as Henry.&amp;nbsp; So 1505 came
+
+and went with no marriage though Prince Henry referred in letters to Katharine
+
+as his 'most dear and well-beloved consort, the princess my wife'.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But his father was still king, and his father refused to allow the marriage.&amp;nbsp;
+
+To strengthen his bargaining power with the Spaniards, he had Prince Henry
+
+make a formal protest to Richard Fox, the bishop of Winchester, disowning
+
+the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; Both parties prevaricated - until 1509, when
+
+Henry VII suddenly died at the age of 52, and his headstrong son, chafing
+
+at his father's authority, was free to make his own decisions.&amp;nbsp; To
+
+the surprise of all, including the Spaniards, he promptly announced he
+
+would marry Katharine and crown her queen of England.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After years of being shut away from the world, he
+
+was now king.&amp;nbsp; All of the boundless energy and enthusiasm of his character
+
+was unleashed.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps out of chivalry, or adolescent affection,
+
+or, as he later claimed, out of respect for his father's wishes, he wed
+
+his late brother's wife.&amp;nbsp; In light of future events, it is worth noting
+
+that the dowry had not been the only sticking-point in the marriage plans
+
+- there was the not insignificant fact that Katharine had been married
+
+to Henry's brother, and her marriage to Henry would be regarded as incestuous
+
+and unacceptable to the church.&amp;nbsp; As Henry VIII would later argue,
+
+&lt;i&gt;Leviticus&lt;/i&gt;
+
+clearly stated that a man was forbidden to marry his brother's widow.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For her part, Katharine claimed, and her duenna, Dona Elvira, agreed, that
+
+her marriage to Arthur had never been consummated.&amp;nbsp; The young prince
+
+of Wales had been suffering from consumption for months, even before the
+
+wedding, and their wedding night had passed uneventfully.&amp;nbsp; If this
+
+was true, and it seems to have been (until it was in Henry VIII's interests
+
+for it not to be), there was no barrier to her union with Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Both the English and Spanish courts sought the requisite papal dispensation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was granted and the path to marriage was clear.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=4&gt;His Majesty is the handsomest potentate I ever
+
+set eyes on; above the usual height, with an extremely fine calf to his
+
+leg, his complexion very fair and bright, auburn hair combed straight and
+
+short, in the French fashion, and a round face so very beautiful that it
+
+would become a pretty woman, his throat being rather long and thick....&amp;nbsp;
+
+He will enter his twenty-fifth year the month after next.&amp;nbsp; He speaks
+
+French, English and Latin, and a little Italian, plays well on the lute
+
+and harpsichord, sings from book at sight, draws the bow with greater strength
+
+than any man in England and jousts marvelously....&amp;nbsp; a most accomplished
+
+Prince.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=4&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;the Venetian diplomat Pasqualigo in a dispatch&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;, 1515&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;1509-1526: Katharine of Aragon, Cardinal Wolsey
+
+and Princess Mary&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey on 23 June 1509.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He had married Katharine on 11 June at Grey Friars Church in Greenwich
+
+and she shared his coronation.&amp;nbsp; It was a splendid event and continued
+
+throughout midsummer with much celebration and spectacle.&amp;nbsp; There is
+
+an account of the coronation at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.&amp;nbsp; It was soon clear that the young king, who turned
+
+18 just a few days after his coronation, had little interest in the day-to-day
+
+business of government.&amp;nbsp; While it is true that Henry was a vocal participant
+
+at council meetings, the early years of his reign were devoted more to
+
+enjoyment than the drudgery of administration.&amp;nbsp; He was content to
+
+allow trusted nobles and ecclesiastics to rule in his name - William Warham,
+
+archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey and later 2d duke
+
+of Norfolk, Bishop Richard Foxe, and, beginning around 1514, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned earlier, one of the first acts of Henry's
+
+reign was a particularly brutal one, especially designed to benefit his
+
+popularity.&amp;nbsp; He ordered the executions of his father's most productive
+
+and hated tax collectors, Edmund Dudley and Sir Richard Empson.&amp;nbsp; It
+
+was a bloody beginning for his reign and a taste of things to come.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Certainly it pleased the English people for most tax collectors were hated,
+
+and Dudley and Empson had been particularly ruthless.&amp;nbsp; But their efficiency
+
+had the complete support of King Henry VII, whose orders they followed.&amp;nbsp;
+
+A problem had emerged for the new king - how could he execute the tax collectors
+
+when their only crime was to obey their king?&amp;nbsp; He resorted, for the
+
+first but not the last time, to judicial murder, charging the men with
+
+'constructive treason'.&amp;nbsp; It was a wholly fictitious charge which no
+
+one fully understood, even those at the trial.&amp;nbsp; This cold-blooded
+
+act pleased the people and demonstrated Henry's desire for popular approval.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But it also revealed a ruthlessness to his character that grew more pronounced
+
+as the years passed.&amp;nbsp; Many historians argue that Henry grew tyrannical
+
+only after Katharine of Aragon failed to provide an heir but the evidence
+
+proves otherwise.&amp;nbsp; If someone could not be legally executed, the king
+
+simply invented a new charge.&amp;nbsp; For example, in 1513, before leaving
+
+for war in France, he executed Edmund de la Pole, his Plantagenet cousin
+
+held prisoner in the Tower since Henry VII's reign.&amp;nbsp; A benign spirit,
+
+locked away for most of his life, Edmund was no threat to anyone.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But Henry executed him to remind his subjects that, though he would be
+
+in France, any challenge to his authority would be met with grave displeasure.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His marriage to Katharine was very happy, at least
+
+during these early years.&amp;nbsp; She had a more reserved character than
+
+her husband and blushed at his ribald jests, but she entered into the spirit
+
+of frivolity which pervaded their court.&amp;nbsp; There was dancing and music,
+
+for Henry was a splendid dancer and musician; he composed songs and wrote
+
+poetry, most of which has survived and is quite lovely.&amp;nbsp; He also enjoyed
+
+hunting, sometimes tiring ten horses during a single hunt, and jousting;
+
+by all accounts, he was the greatest athlete at the court.&amp;nbsp; And he
+
+was a dedicated and affectionate husband.&amp;nbsp; Everything he built was
+
+decorated with an intertwined H and K, and Katharine's pomegranates were
+
+carved next to Tudor roses.&amp;nbsp; He called himself the 'Knight of the
+
+Loyal Heart' and bowed before his queen after each grueling tournament.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He also involved Katharine in the seemingly endless visits of foreign dignitaries,
+
+inviting the ambassadors to her apartments and openly seeking her advice
+
+and opinion.&amp;nbsp; It was clear that they loved and respected one another,
+
+and those early years made his eventual disinterest all the more painful
+
+for the queen to bear.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+
+Katharine bore their first child on 31 January 1510, just six months after
+
+their coronation.&amp;nbsp; It was a girl, born too early to survive.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The next birth, on 1 January 1511, was a far happier occasion.&amp;nbsp; It
+
+was a boy, called Henry after his father and titled duke of Cornwall.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The delighted father planned celebrations to rival his&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-min.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon, c1525 by Horenbout&quot; height=168 width=166 align=right&gt; coronation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The boy was apparently healthy yet died about two months later.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+cause was unknown, but it was an age of high infant mortality.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+young parents were devastated.&amp;nbsp; Henry consoled himself by waging war
+
+against France, courtesy of his father-in-law Ferdinand of Aragon, and
+
+Katharine's fierce piety led her to kneel for hours on cold stone floors
+
+in prayer.&amp;nbsp; But Henry's attempts to gain glory on the battlefield
+
+were misplaced.&amp;nbsp; In June 1512, the marquess of Dorset sailed out of
+
+Southampton, bound for Gascony with 12,000 troops.&amp;nbsp; They reached the
+
+port of Fuentarrabia, where they were to join the Spanish and attack Bayonne.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But the Spanish troops never arrived.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand, without consulting
+
+his son-in-law, attacked and seized Navarre instead and then declared the
+
+'Holy War' over.&amp;nbsp; He had essentially used Henry's troops as bait;
+
+when the French went off to fight the English, Ferdinand seized his chance
+
+and attacked Navarre.&amp;nbsp; To top off his treachery, he also openly criticized
+
+the English soldiers who, without receiving his permission, had sailed
+
+home after waiting four months at Fuentarrabia.&amp;nbsp; Henry was too embarrassed
+
+by his soldiers' mutiny to call his father-in-law's bluff.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Desperate to erase the memory of that military blunder,
+
+he planned a grand campaign for the spring of 1513.&amp;nbsp; His ambassadors
+
+even secured the support of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+joined the 'Holy Alliance' of England and Spain to attack France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But once again Ferdinand's self-interest ruled the day.&amp;nbsp; He went behind
+
+his allies' backs to make a secret truce with Louis XII of France, and
+
+so he kept Navarre peacefully.&amp;nbsp; This happened in March 1513 and suitably
+
+angered Henry.&amp;nbsp; But the English king had learned a lesson from his
+
+previous blunder.&amp;nbsp; His forces were launched from England's only possession
+
+on the continent, Calais in northern France.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish would not
+
+be involved.&amp;nbsp; On 1 August 1513, about a month after he left England,
+
+Henry besieged the town of Therouanne.&amp;nbsp; Two centuries before, Edward
+
+III had seized that city after the great battle of Crecy.&amp;nbsp; With Maximilian
+
+by his side (actually as his subordinate; he allowed Henry command of his
+
+troops in exchange for paying their salaries), Henry won a victory within
+
+a fortnight.&amp;nbsp; The capture of a duke, marquis, and vice-admiral fleeing
+
+the scene helped raise substantial ransoms.&amp;nbsp; He gave the town to Maximilian
+
+as a gift and the emperor ordered it razed to the ground.&amp;nbsp; Their next
+
+battle was one month later at Tournai.&amp;nbsp; It surrendered after eight
+
+days and Henry decided it would become another English stronghold within
+
+France.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He had left Katharine in charge at home, officially
+
+titled Governor of the Realm and Captain-General of the Armed Forces, an
+
+honor never allowed his other wives.&amp;nbsp; She had been resoundingly successful.&amp;nbsp;
+
+France and Scotland had an 'Auld Alliance' against England, and&amp;nbsp; James
+
+IV of Scotland, married to Henry's sister Margaret Tudor, had responded
+
+to English aggression against his ally.&amp;nbsp; He led his armies into northern
+
+England.&amp;nbsp; Thomas Howard, the earl of Surrey, took the few English
+
+troops left in the nation to meet him.&amp;nbsp; The armies clashed at Flodden
+
+Edge, between Berwick and the Cheviots.&amp;nbsp; Three hours of fighting ended
+
+the Scottish threat.&amp;nbsp; The evening of 9 September 1513 saw over 10,000
+
+Scots dead, including most of their aristocracy.&amp;nbsp; James IV himself
+
+was killed.&amp;nbsp; Had Henry's attention been focused on his own country,
+
+he could have seized a golden opportunity - with James dead and the high
+
+nobility of Scotland destroyed, he could have marched into Edinburgh and
+
+seized his sister Margaret and her infant son, now King James V.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But instead he remained enthralled with dreams of European conquest, perhaps
+
+comparing himself to his hero, Henry V.&amp;nbsp; And these dreams were encouraged
+
+by news that the Pope had, in secret, promised to recognize Henry as king
+
+of France if he could physically seize possession of the country.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This generous offer had been inspired by French meddling in papal affairs.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this triumphant time, Katharine lost another
+
+child.&amp;nbsp; In November 1513, another prince, also called Henry, duke
+
+of Cornwall, was born and soon died.&amp;nbsp; It was the third miscarriage
+
+in as many years.&amp;nbsp; Was Henry worried?&amp;nbsp; He was still young, as
+
+was Katharine, and had been king for just five years.&amp;nbsp; He was naturally
+
+optimistic, though undoubtedly disappointed.&amp;nbsp; Once again, the queen
+
+was on her knees in prayer.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she felt the losses more keenly.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In letters to her father, she blamed herself.&amp;nbsp; She clearly saw the
+
+dead children as a reproof of some sort, a failure to fulfill the most
+
+basic feminine role.&amp;nbsp; But she was able to send Henry the bloody coat
+
+of the Scottish king; it may have been some consolation.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, in 1514, as &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+
+Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt; extended his control of government, Katharine had reason
+
+to become wary.&amp;nbsp; The golden happiness of the first years with Henry
+
+was wearing thin.&amp;nbsp; Her father had betrayed her husband openly and
+
+scornfully, treating them both as little more than foolish children.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She had been her father's best ambassador, heedlessly pressing his claims
+
+upon Henry, using the natural affection between husband and wife to urge
+
+alliances with Spain.&amp;nbsp; She felt the sting of her father's betrayals.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He had lied to her, misled her, and tricked her into betraying her husband.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was clear that her primary loyalty must be to Henry and the English
+
+people; she would never trust Ferdinand again.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, the king
+
+returned home and his councilors told him that Henry VII's great treasury
+
+was fast running low.&amp;nbsp; War with France was too costly to continue.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry had seized Tournai and made the competent Thomas Wolsey its bishop,
+
+but more extensive campaigning was out of the question.&amp;nbsp; In this,
+
+the king surprisingly agreed.&amp;nbsp; He had won his share of glory - at
+
+least for now - and it would be enough.&amp;nbsp; And Ferdinand's betrayal
+
+had been met with a suitable reply.&amp;nbsp; Henry's younger sister
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;,
+
+the most beautiful of the Tudor children, had been betrothed to Ferdinand's
+
+nephew, the duke of Burgundy, but now Henry made peace with France and
+
+promised Mary to Louis XII, three times her age and suffering from gout.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+
+new desire for peace with France, England's traditional enemy, was encouraged
+
+by Spanish duplicity.&amp;nbsp; But it&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&quot; height=234 width=150 align=right&gt; was also due to the growing influence
+
+of Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; Derisively called 'Master Almoner' by those jealous of
+
+his influence, Wolsey came from a humble background and, like most talented
+
+and ambitious men from poor families, he used the church to advance in
+
+society.&amp;nbsp; He attended Oxford and showed such promise that he was made
+
+bursar of Magdalen College and then chaplain to Archbishop Deane.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In 1507, in his thirties and now well-connected, he became chaplain to
+
+Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry VIII's accession, Wolsey received a seat on
+
+the council and was made king's almoner.&amp;nbsp; This position allowed him
+
+personal contact with the young, impressionable monarch.&amp;nbsp; He accompanied
+
+Henry to France during the successful campaigns of 1513, where he was made
+
+bishop of Tournai, and their close relationship grew stronger.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+appreciated Wolsey's dedication to administrative detail and hard work.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And both Warham and Fox, the two senior councilors Henry inherited from
+
+his father, regarded Wolsey as their protÃ©gÃ©.&amp;nbsp; They
+
+were quite happy to retire to their dioceses, leaving the younger man to
+
+deal with the headstrong and rash young king.&amp;nbsp; One can easily sympathize
+
+with Warham and Fox since Henry VIII's personality was quite different
+
+from his father's.&amp;nbsp; The most obvious difference was that he spent
+
+money with the same passion his father had collected it.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But it is important to remember that Henry VIII
+
+never completely abandoned his power to Wolsey, though court gossip believed
+
+otherwise.&amp;nbsp; He carefully read the Cardinal's dispatches and proved
+
+himself well-informed about domestic and foreign affairs when dealing with
+
+ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry possessed a lifelong love of keeping his
+
+subjects, noble or common, on their toes; he enjoyed indulging his taste
+
+for surprises.&amp;nbsp; In banquets, this showed itself in his passion for
+
+elaborate costumes in which his identity was hidden.&amp;nbsp; His subjects
+
+would guess which costume hid their king, to the delight of all.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Once, he and several courtiers dressed as Robin Hood and his band of outlaws
+
+and then broke into Katharine of Aragon's apartments.&amp;nbsp; The queen,
+
+used to such antics, wisely played along but several of her ladies were
+
+terrified.&amp;nbsp; At the
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section, you can read about Henry's first meeting with his
+
+fourth wife, Anne of Cleves; he disguised himself at their first meeting,
+
+to the amusement of his nobles and the confusion of the lady.&amp;nbsp; At
+
+times, this love of surprise - of keeping those close to him on an uneven
+
+keel - was downright cruel.&amp;nbsp; He would later allow his councilors to
+
+plan Thomas Cranmer's arrest, only to tell the archbishop their plan in
+
+secret.&amp;nbsp; When the soldiers arrived, they were openly embarrassed and
+
+thwarted when Cranmer revealed his knowledge of the plan and the king's
+
+pardon.&amp;nbsp; And his sixth and final wife, Katharine Parr, was likewise
+
+surprised.&amp;nbsp; Walking in her garden with Henry, she was accosted by
+
+soldiers intending to arrest her.&amp;nbsp; Their warrant had been signed by
+
+Henry himself.&amp;nbsp; But when they attempted to seize the queen, Henry
+
+cursed them, beat several of them about the head and shoulders, and demanded
+
+they beg Katharine's forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine the guards' confusion.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; All of these instances serve to illustrate Henry's
+
+desire to remain in control, to hold absolute power in his hands always.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As king, he could give orders but it was also his privilege to immediately
+
+change his mind without bothering to consult anyone.&amp;nbsp; His will was
+
+law.&amp;nbsp; And so he demonstrated his power by doing exactly as he liked,
+
+oftimes choosing the perfect moment to throw everyone off guard and demonstrate
+
+his complete authority.&amp;nbsp; It may have seemed irrational to his contemporaries,
+
+and also to us, but it was quite an effective policy.&amp;nbsp; It meant that
+
+no one ever really knew where they stood with the king.&amp;nbsp; And so, not
+
+knowing his true feelings, they were all the more eager to sycophantically
+
+fawn over him and seek his approval.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This strain of the king's character was perhaps
+
+a bit more light-hearted in the early years of his reign but, like most
+
+of Henry's good qualities, it soon developed an ugly cast.&amp;nbsp; His mutability
+
+was certainly recognized by Wolsey, and famously by Sir Thomas More, and
+
+later led to the Cardinal's downfall.&amp;nbsp; But in the early years of their
+
+relationship, as Wolsey's genius for administration and diplomacy led him
+
+to amass great titles and wealth, the men got along amazingly well.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This continued for over a dozen years.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, Wolsey was titled
+
+archbishop of York, and in 1515 he became a cardinal and lord chancellor,
+
+and in 1518 he was made papal legate.&amp;nbsp; As archbishop of York, he lived
+
+at York Palace and to most outside observers this was the real seat of
+
+government power.&amp;nbsp; Messengers rode constantly between York and Henry's
+
+palaces.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For a long while, both Wolsey and Henry were focused
+
+on foreign affairs.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was a Francophile and desired peace between
+
+the traditional enemies.&amp;nbsp; He used Ferdinand's treacherous behavior
+
+to encourage a marriage between Henry's sister and Louis XII.&amp;nbsp; This
+
+pro-France policy naturally placed him at odds with Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Though she recognized her father's treachery and protected her marriage
+
+by no longer pressing Spanish claims, she was still the daughter of the
+
+Spanish king.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey didn't trust her, which certainly wasn't surprising.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Katharine developed a natural antipathy to the Cardinal as well.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She was a deeply pious woman, growing more so as she aged.&amp;nbsp; She thought
+
+Wolsey far too worldly to be a man of the church.&amp;nbsp; She favored councilors
+
+like &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+
+More&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2ffisher.html&quot;&gt;John
+
+Fisher&lt;/a&gt;, bishop of Rochester, men whose dedication to the church was
+
+as passionate as her own.&amp;nbsp; She was also peeved that her role as Henry's
+
+confidante and advisor was slowly stolen away by Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+
+was jealous of the Cardinal's influence with her husband, particularly
+
+since it meant a subsequent decline in her own influence.&amp;nbsp; The king
+
+no longer brought foreign ambassadors to her rooms and he no longer sought
+
+her opinions.&amp;nbsp; It was as if her father's betrayals implicated her.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Wolsey was the consummate diplomat, skilled at flattering the queen when
+
+they met, but their mutual dislike was open knowledge at court.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In December 1514, Katharine suffered another miscarriage;
+
+it was her fourth, and the third son.&amp;nbsp; It was particularly galling
+
+for her since earlier that year Henry had taken his first public mistress.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was not a lecher, and certainly less victimized by lust than his fellow
+
+monarchs, particularly Francis I of France.&amp;nbsp; But kings take mistresses
+
+and around New Years' 1514, Henry's eye was caught by &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2ffitzroy.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth
+
+Blount&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She was the cousin of Lord Mountjoy and one of Katharine's
+
+ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Bessie was pretty and vivacious, and quite happy
+
+to bask in the king's attention.&amp;nbsp; And she had his attention for several
+
+years, which once more proves Henry's monogamous streak.&amp;nbsp; And he did
+
+not neglect his wife.&amp;nbsp; On 18 February 1516, Katharine and Henry's
+
+luck changed.&amp;nbsp; Their only surviving child, a princess called Mary,
+
+was born.&amp;nbsp; She was healthy and survived the difficult early months
+
+of infancy.&amp;nbsp; Henry was proud, if disappointed, and told an ambassador:
+
+'We are both young.&amp;nbsp; If it was a daughter this time, by the grace
+
+of God the sons will follow.'
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One can easily understand Henry's disappointment.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was a good father to Mary in those early years, proudly carrying her
+
+about and showing her off to visitors.&amp;nbsp; But he was perhaps aware that
+
+time was running out for a male heir to be born.&amp;nbsp; There are indications
+
+that he explored the idea of divorcing Katharine as early as 1518.&amp;nbsp;
+
+An English courtier had supposedly visited the Vatican on an exploratory
+
+mission earlier that year.&amp;nbsp; And gossip about Katharine's miscarriages
+
+had spread through the English court as early as 1514.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry was still affectionate towards Katharine,
+
+and they remained intimate for several years after Mary's birth, as evidenced
+
+by other pregnancies.&amp;nbsp; But perhaps the bloom of the relationship had
+
+gone.&amp;nbsp; His wife looked older than her years, her body worn out by
+
+ceaseless pregnancies and births.&amp;nbsp; She was by nature a reserved and
+
+serious person; her mind dwelt constantly upon the failure of her most
+
+important duty as queen.&amp;nbsp; On 10 November 1518, her last child - another
+
+daughter - was born, and died.&amp;nbsp; Special doctors summoned from Spain
+
+arrived to help the queen conceive again.&amp;nbsp; They were unsuccessful.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry publicly vowed to lead a crusade against the&amp;nbsp;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/fitzroy.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;miniature portrait of Henry Fitzroy, Henry VIII's illegitimate son&quot; height=203 width=208 align=LEFT&gt;Turks
+
+if God granted him a son.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But it was not to be, at least not with Katharine
+
+of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; In 1519, Elizabeth Blount, his young mistress, bore him
+
+a healthy son.&amp;nbsp; Henry was ecstatic.&amp;nbsp; Here at last was proof that
+
+the king could father sons.&amp;nbsp; Henry named the boy after himself, giving
+
+him the last name 'Fitzroy', the traditional surname of royal bastards.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He would soon lavish so many titles upon the boy that Katharine felt it
+
+necessary to remind him that Princess Mary was his heir.&amp;nbsp; Henry publicly
+
+chastised her and, in a fit of spite, sent several of her favorite attendants
+
+back to Spain.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now we come to an important moment in what came
+
+to be called 'the king's great matter' (Henry's attempt to annul his marriage
+
+to Katharine.)&amp;nbsp; Fitzroy's birth proved Henry could have a son, and
+
+no one could deny Katharine's fertility.&amp;nbsp; It is doubtful Henry ever
+
+blamed her for the failure to produce a male heir after witnessing the
+
+endless cycle of pregnancies and prayer.&amp;nbsp; Yet why had he and Katharine
+
+been unable to produce a living son between them?&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough,
+
+the king's mind turned to God.&amp;nbsp; It must be God's will that they had
+
+no male heir.&amp;nbsp; But what had he done to offend God?&amp;nbsp; Henry searched
+
+for an answer and soon found it quite easily.&amp;nbsp; In the Bible, &lt;i&gt;Leviticus
+
+&lt;/i&gt;XVIII,
+
+16 clearly stated 'Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy brother's wife: 
+it is thy brother's nakedness'.&amp;nbsp; And, later, in chapter XX, 'If a man shall 
+take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother's 
+nakedness; they shall be childless'.&amp;nbsp; What could be more clear?&amp;nbsp; The 
+Bible itself condemned his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; The pope's dispensation 
+was meaningless.&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And so began one of the most fascinating decades in English 
+history.&lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;1526-1536: Anne Boleyn and the Henrician Reformation&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;This section, along with the remainder of the biography, is
+
+    not available as of March 2004.
+
+&lt;br&gt;I will post its completion soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Portraits
+
+of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Henry's wives:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;The Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;      &lt;b&gt;Henry's children:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;
+      King Edward VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Test your knowledge
+
+of Henry VIII's life at Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082557&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082557&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH278c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH278c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH278c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5646</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: A contemporary description of Queen Mary I, 1557</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH278cb9be1b4811a33b0c26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH278c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">marydesc.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/marydesc.gif&quot; width=&quot;405&quot; height=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This 
+      description of Queen Mary I was written by Giovanni Michieli, the Venetian 
+      ambassador to her court.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;He mentions Mary's 
+      infamous menstrual problems, the cause of great physical and psychological 
+      stress for the queen, as well as her near-sightedness.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+She
+is of low rather than of middling stature, but, although short, she has
+not personal defect in her limbs, nor is any part of her body deformed.&amp;nbsp;
+She is of spare and delicate frame, quite unlike her father, who was tall
+and stout; nor does she resemble her mother, who, if not tall, was nevertheless
+bulky.&amp;nbsp; Her face is well formed, as shown by her features and lineaments,
+and as seen by her portraits.&amp;nbsp; When younger she was considered, not
+merely tolerably handsome, but of beauty exceeding mediocrity.&amp;nbsp; At
+present, with the exception of some wrinkles, caused more by anxieties
+than by age, which makes her appear some years older, her aspect, for the
+rest, is very grave.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are so piercing that they inspire not
+only respect, but fear in those on whom she fixes them, although she is
+very shortsighted, being unable to read or do anything else unless she
+has her sight quite close to what she wishes to peruse or to see distinctly.&amp;nbsp;
+Her voice is rough and loud, almost like a man's, so that when she peaks
+she is always heard a long way off.&amp;nbsp; In short, she is a seemly woman,
+and never to be loathed for ugliness, even at her present age, without
+considering her degree of queen.&amp;nbsp; But whatever may be the amount deducted
+from her physical endowments, as much more may with truth, and without
+flattery, be added to those of her mind, as, besides the facility and quickness
+of her understanding, which comprehends whatever is intelligible to others,
+even to those who are not of her own sex (a marvellous gift for a woman),
+she is skilled in five languages, not merely understanding, but speaking
+four of them fluently - English, Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian, in
+which last, however, she does not venture to converse, although it is well
+known to her; but the replies she gives in Latin, and her very intelligent
+remarks made in that tongue surprise everybody....
+&lt;br&gt;Besides woman's work, such as embroidery of every sort with the needle,
+she also practices music, playing especially on the clavichord and on the
+lute so excellently that, when intent on it...she surprised the best performers,
+both by the rapidity of her hand and by her style of playing.&amp;nbsp; Such
+are her virtues and external accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; Internally, with the
+exception of certain trifles, in which, to say the truth, she is like other
+women, being sudden and passionate, and close and miserly, rather more
+so than would become a bountiful and generous queen, she in other respects
+has no notable imperfections; whilst in certain things she is singular
+and without an equal, for not only is she brave and valiant, unlike other
+timid and spiritless women, but she courageous and resolute that neither
+in adversity nor peril did she ever even display or commit any act of cowardice
+or pusillanimity, maintaining always, on the contrary, a wonderful grandeur
+and dignity, knowing what became the dignity of a sovereign as well as
+any of the most consummate statesmen in her service; so that from her way
+of proceeding and from the method observed by her (and in which she still
+perseveres), it cannot be denied that she shows herself to have been born
+of truly royal lineage.
+&lt;p&gt;[She is also subject to] a very deep melancholy, much greater than that
+to which she is constitutionally liable, from menstrous retention and suffocation
+of the matrix to which, for many years, she has been often subject, so
+that the remedy of tears and weeping, to which from childhood she has been
+accustomed, and still often used by her, is not sufficient; she requires
+to be blooded either from the foot or elsewhere, which keeps her always
+pale and emaciated.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082606&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082606&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH27a7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH27a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH27a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2839</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Queen Mary I's speech at the Guildhall, 1554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH27a70ce59ec813486d845e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215248</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH27a7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryspee.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryspee.gif&quot; width=&quot;529&quot; height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This account 
+      of Mary's famous speech rallying her subjects was recorded by John Foxe in &lt;i&gt;The Actes and Monuments
+of these latter and perillous dayes&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The first year 
+      of Mary's reign witnessed a Protestant rebellion led by Sir Thomas Wyatt.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The uprising was sparked by her impending marriage to Philip II of Spain.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+'I am your Queen, to whom at my coronation, when I was wedded to the
+realm and laws of the same (the spousal ring whereof I have on my finger,
+which never hitherto was, not hereafter shall be, left off), you promised
+your allegiance and obedience to me....&amp;nbsp; And I say to you, on the
+word of a Prince, I cannot tell how naturally the mother loveth the child,
+for I was never the mother of any; but certainly, if a Prince and Governor
+may as naturally and earnestly love her subjects as the mother doth love
+the child, then assure yourselves that I, being your lady and mistress,
+do as earnestly and tenderly love and favour you.&amp;nbsp; And I, thus loving
+you, cannot but think that ye as heartily and faithfully love me; and then
+I doubt not but we shall give these rebels a short and speedy overthrow'.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082605&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082605&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH29c0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH29c0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH29c0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28412</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">museum art reproductions right to display public domain images Bridgeman vs Corel copyright</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">right to display public domain images Bridgeman vs Corel copyright</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Right to Display Public Domain Images: Copyright and fair use, Bridgeman vs Corel, museums vs the public, etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH29c0555890d011f8c47192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215242</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH29c0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">copyrightba.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">copyrightelizabeth.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;73%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;73%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;73%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/copyrightba.gif&quot; width=&quot;422&quot; height=&quot;162&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=2 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I created this page in 1999 as a common sense 
+      &lt;I&gt;introduction&lt;/I&gt; to copyright terms.&amp;nbsp; It also discusses the Bridgeman vs 
+    Corel decision and public domain issues.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The issue of copyright was most 
+      eloquently discussed - and the concept of public domain most eloquently 
+      defended - by the historian Thomas Macaulay in 1841.&amp;nbsp; Please
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.baen.com%2flibrary%2fpalaver4.htm&quot;&gt;read his speeches&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;updated 1 
+      October 2004:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; I had to share this news with public domain 
+      advocates.&amp;nbsp; I was reading through some of the Congressional speeches 
+      regarding copyright and came across this gem - Congresswoman Mary Bono 
+      (whose late husband pushed through one of the most disastrous copyright 
+      laws ever) was reminded that the US Constitution prohibits perpetual 
+      intellectual property rights.&amp;nbsp; Her response?&amp;nbsp; The copyright term 
+      should be &amp;quot;forever minus one day&amp;quot;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I'm serious.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If that doesn't offend and alarm you, 
+      what will?&amp;nbsp; If she had her way, you wouldn't be able to read The 
+      Bible for free.&amp;nbsp; Please consider this issue when you vote.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      is one of the great unreported stories in the US, Europe and now, sadly, 
+      Australia.&amp;nbsp; Yes, the Aussies signed (August 2004) a free-trade 
+      agreement with the US which required that Australia accept our draconian 
+      copyright laws.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=4&gt;Definition of terms used on this 
+      page -&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;COPYRIGHT - &lt;/B&gt;The legal right given to a writer, composer, artist, 
+      or a distributor to exclusive production, sale, or distribution of their 
+      work. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Why does COPYRIGHT exist?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;It allows artists to profit 
+      from their work.&amp;nbsp; Profit, in turn, creates an incentive to work and 
+      distribute the work.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;PUBLIC DOMAIN&lt;/B&gt; - the status of publications, products, and 
+      processes that are not protected under patent or copyright.&amp;nbsp; All 
+      images at this site are in the public domain, and have been for several 
+      hundred years. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Why does PUBLIC DOMAIN exist?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;It exists to 
+      allow the free exchange of knowledge.&amp;nbsp; If it did not, museums would 
+      be allowed to keep images under perpetual copyright, thus denying everyone 
+      the opportunity to view, critique, or otherwise examine works. &lt;BR&gt;Please 
+      note that most 20th century works of art are not yet considered part of 
+      the PUBLIC DOMAIN. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Click
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.unc.edu%2f%7eunclng%2fpublic-d.htm&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to view a chart of 
+      when works pass into the public domain.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;FAIR USE&lt;/B&gt; - Fair use is a limitation on the exclusive rights of 
+      the copyright owner; in other words, it allows reasonable public access to 
+      copyrighted works. &lt;BR&gt;The idea is an important part of the English 
+      common-law tradition. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Why does FAIR USE exist?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;FAIR USE 
+      allows people to use images and written works without compensating the 
+      original writer/creator, as long as they act in good faith and do not 
+      profit from reproducing the work.&amp;nbsp; Education, parody, criticism, news 
+      reporting, etc are all examples of fair use. &lt;BR&gt;The idea of FAIR USE has 
+      guided the use of reproductions of works for years.&amp;nbsp; In most cases, 
+      the lack of commercial gain is necessary for a claim of fair use.&amp;nbsp; If 
+      you are a non-profit website designed for educational purposes, you are in 
+      the perfect position to claim FAIR USE of images which are already in the 
+      PUBLIC DOMAIN. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/copyrightelizabeth.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; alt=&quot;Wm Scrots's portrait of 13 year old Princess Elizabeth, c1546&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;334&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Yes, we live in a world where the Scrots portrait 
+      of the future Queen Elizabeth I is considered to be under copyright - but 
+      Elizabeth's own letters / speeches / poetry have been in the public domain 
+      for centuries....&amp;nbsp; Funny.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;For a long time, the FAIR USE doctrine occupied a grey area of law, 
+      usually decided on a case-by-case basis.&amp;nbsp; Typically, if someone were 
+      profiting from another person's work which was not in the PUBLIC DOMAIN, 
+      it was not considered fair use.&amp;nbsp; Museums typically did not sue 
+      non-profit websites which reproduced images for educational 
+      purposes.&amp;nbsp; If they had, the court would have forced them to prove a 
+      substantial loss of profit from the use.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, such proof 
+      would not exist and the court would not look favorably upon such a 
+      vindictive case, particularly since the images were already in the public 
+      domain. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;However, on 18th February 1999, the grey area was cleared 
+      considerably.&amp;nbsp; Fair Use was no longer a murky legal issue to be 
+      debated by webmasters and museums.&amp;nbsp; The United States District Court 
+      for the Southern District of New York decided the following case -
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd., Plaintiff, - versus - Corel 
+      Corporation, et ano., Defendants.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;97 Civ. 6232 
+      (LAK)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Their decision was one of the most important copyright decision 
+      affecting museums ever filed.&amp;nbsp; The decision was based on both US and 
+      UK copyright law.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHO WAS INVOLVED IN THE CASE &amp;amp; WHAT WAS IT ABOUT?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The 
+      Bridgeman Art Library had made photographic reproductions of famous works 
+      of art from museums around the world (works already in the public 
+      domain.)&amp;nbsp; The Corel Corporation used those reproductions for an 
+      educational CD-ROM without paying Bridgeman.&amp;nbsp; Bridgeman claimed 
+      copyright infringement. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHAT DID THE COURT DECIDE?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The Court ruled that 
+      reproductions of images in the public domain are not protected by 
+      copyright if the reproductions are slavish or lacking in originality.
+      &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In their opinion, the Court noted:&amp;nbsp; ''There is little doubt that many 
+      photographs, probably the overwhelming majority, reflect at least the 
+      modest amount of originality required for copyright protection....&amp;nbsp; 
+      But 'slavish copying', although doubtless requiring technical skill and 
+      effort, does not qualify.'' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;In other words, an exact reproduction of an image in the public 
+      domain does not possess creativity itself.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, the 
+      reproduction is not protected under copyright law.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;It's important to me because it 
+      allows me to share the beautiful images at my sites.&amp;nbsp; But it's 
+      important to everyone because it means that museums cannot assert 
+      perpetual copyright to works.&amp;nbsp; In other words, museums cannot take a 
+      picture of an old painting about to become part of the public domain, 
+      claim a new copyright through the reproduction, and do the same process 
+      over and over so that the painting never truly enters the public 
+      domain.&amp;nbsp; They would simply be taking the work from one private domain 
+      to another, thus invalidating the spirit of copyright law. &lt;BR&gt;In short, 
+      simply transferring an exact image from one medium to another does not 
+      create a new copyright. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHAT DOES THE DECISION COVER?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;This decision concerns only 
+      reproductions of two-dimensional works (like paintings or drawings.)&amp;nbsp; 
+      Reproductions of three-dimensional works, such as sculpture, possess the 
+      necessary creativity for a separate copyright - after all, the 
+      photographer must choose an angle to shoot from, lighting, backdrop, 
+      etc&amp;nbsp; In other words, he is not merely reproducing an exact image.
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Also, please note that a non-exact reproduction of 
+      an image is not covered.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;This is an important point - only EXACT COPIES of the paintings are 
+      affected by the decision.&amp;nbsp; The decision is based upon the correct 
+      premise that 'slavish copies' do not possess any originality or creativity 
+      of their own, and are thus ineligible for copyright. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The Court explained this point further: &lt;BR&gt;''There has been no 
+      independent creation, no distinguishable variation from pre-existing 
+      works, nothing recognizably the author's own contribution''....&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;This merely reflected an earlier ruling by the Supreme Court which 
+      stated that &quot;sweat of the brow&quot; (for example, the act of reproducing a 
+      work) is not the &quot;creative spark&quot; which deserves copyright.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;THE ENTIRE TEXT OF THE COURT'S RULING IS AVAILABLE ONLINE at the 
+      First Amendment Law Library -&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.constitution.org%2f1ll%2fcourt%2ffed%2fbridgman.html&quot;&gt;http://www.constitution.org/1ll/court/fed/bridgman.html&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I encourage visitors to read the decision.&amp;nbsp; Judge Kaplan is 
+      remarkably concise, particularly when compared to other jurists.&amp;nbsp; 
+      (Note: the original decision has been replaced by Judge Kaplan's 
+      memorandum opinion after Bridgeman moved for reargument and 
+      reconsideration following his summary judgment.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;It is interesting to note that many museums, and the American 
+      Association of Museums, were unhappy that Bridgeman brought the case 
+      against Corel, surmising (correctly, it turned out) that the Court would 
+      not rule in their favor.&amp;nbsp; In fact, the Court quoted a former general 
+      counsel from the Museum of Modern Art, New York in rendering its decision&lt;FONT size=4&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      Museum directors, like everyone else, knew that exact reproductions did 
+      not possess the necessary creativity to have their own copyright.&amp;nbsp; 
+      After all, if such a standard did exist, I could copy out John Keats's 
+      poetry word-for-word and then claim I was entitled to a copyright to the 
+      poems.&amp;nbsp; Such an idea is ludicrous.&amp;nbsp; Keats's poetry 
+      is in the public domain.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And if his original poems are in the public domain, why aren't 
+      portraits of him painted at the same time?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Exactly.&amp;nbsp; They are - museums would just prefer otherwise.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=4 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In closing, I would like to point out three things - 
+      &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;First, the Bridgeman vs Corel decision will not bankrupt 
+      museums.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt; It is true that museums make money selling 
+      reproductions of the images in their collections.&amp;nbsp; However, 
+      commercial publishers will still want a high quality reproduction of the 
+      image which can only truly be provided by the museum which controls access 
+      to the painting; publishers don't care much about copyright, only the 
+      best-looking image.&amp;nbsp; Webmasters, at best, can only scan reproductions 
+      and even the best scanner cannot capture the quality of a museum-approved 
+      reproduction.&amp;nbsp; And webmasters are not selling reproductions which 
+      claim to be made by the museums which own the original work; that would be 
+      fraudulent and illegal.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Second, most museums hold their collections in the public trust and 
+      exist primarily as educational/cultural facilities.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;The public domain 
+      images in their collections are exactly that - in the public domain, and 
+      we are the public.&amp;nbsp; Most museums also receive money and special tax 
+      breaks from the cities/states/countries in which they are located.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Why?&amp;nbsp; Because they are public institutions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Third - and perhaps most importantly - copyrights and public domain 
+      and fair use are all terms which exist together for a reason. 
+      &lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Copyrights are necessary because&lt;/B&gt; they allow artists/writers 
+      to profit from their own work.&amp;nbsp; And profit, of course, provides 
+      incentive to create more work. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Public Domain is necessary 
+      because&lt;/B&gt; it allows for the free exchange of ideas, a necessary part of 
+      life in a free society. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Fair Use is necessary because&lt;/B&gt; it allows 
+      the public some access to copyrighted work, as long as they do not profit 
+      from it.&amp;nbsp; After all, you should not be allowed to essentially steal 
+      money for another person's hard work.&amp;nbsp; However, fair use allows news 
+      reporting, book reviews, research reports, educational works, etc to 
+      discuss the work. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Or, as the US Supreme Court put it:&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&quot;Creative work is to 
+      be encouraged and rewarded, but private motivation must ultimately serve 
+      the cause of promoting broad public availability of literature, music, and 
+      the other arts. The immediate effect of our copyright law is to secure a 
+      fair return for an &quot;author's&quot; creative labor. But the ultimate aim is, by 
+      this incentive, to stimulate artistic creativity for the general public 
+      good.&quot;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Or, as I put it:&lt;br&gt;Why should a museum's 
+      copyright exceed the artist's personal copyright?&amp;nbsp; Yes, that's right 
+      - artists and their descendants do not receive money from museums making 
+      reproductions of their works.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; Because the works are in 
+      the public domain.&amp;nbsp; Copyright has passed for the artist!&amp;nbsp; They 
+      can no longer profit from their work.&amp;nbsp; Yet museums are claiming they 
+      possess an endless copyright of the work simply because they own the 
+      original (which is in the public domain.)&amp;nbsp; If it sounds absurd, well, 
+      it is absurd.&amp;nbsp; It's absurd and offensive and illegal.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Take a moment to imagine Van Gogh's heirs suing 
+      over all those coffee mugs with his famous sunflowers, or the endless 
+      posters of his starry skies.&amp;nbsp; Exactly.&amp;nbsp; You would laugh at the 
+      news.&amp;nbsp; Now take a moment to laugh at museums.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In a perfect world, the artist profits from their work for a very 
+      lengthy period of time and then the work becomes part of our cultural 
+      heritage. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In our imperfect world, however, museums often attempt to 
+      intimidate webmasters and others into either paying large sums for 
+      reproduction rights, or to remove the images entirely.&amp;nbsp; They count 
+      upon webmasters having neither the legal knowledge to defend their rights 
+      or having money to hire legal counsel.&amp;nbsp; Most museums, of course, have 
+      large budgets and numerous attorneys.&amp;nbsp; And they know it's far easier 
+      to intimidate the 'little guy' rather than a wealthy company which can tie 
+      a case up in court for many expensive years.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;They also know that 
+      Bridgeman vs Corel has clarified the formerly vague concept of fair 
+      use.&amp;nbsp; Before, they could shape fair use to their own needs.&amp;nbsp; Now, 
+      however, fair use has been quite clearly defined. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;It is important to 
+      remember that museums were first created in the 18th century to allow the 
+      public free access to their cultural treasures, not to make money selling 
+      t-shirts, mugs, posters, etc&amp;nbsp; I understand that they wish to raise 
+      funds for their work, but - as I explained earlier - Bridgeman vs Corel 
+      will not bankrupt museums.&amp;nbsp; After all, in the early 1980s, the movie 
+      industry believed VCRs would destroy Hollywood.&amp;nbsp; Obviously, that 
+      hasn't happened.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In light of the Bridgeman vs Corel decision, museums 
+      have decided to focus on controlling access rather than subverting the 
+      concept of public domain.&amp;nbsp; This, too, has led to some rather 
+      questionable practices.&amp;nbsp; Think about it for a moment - if a unique 
+      work of art is in the public domain and the museum willfully disallows 
+      access to the work (for reproduction purposes), aren't they guilty of 
+      creating a monopoly?&amp;nbsp; And of attempting to create an illegal 
+      perpetual copyright?&amp;nbsp; Just a few points to ponder, among many others.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I have (very quickly) created this page to help webmasters understand 
+      their rights.&amp;nbsp; I apologize if something is explained badly, or not at 
+      all.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Please keep in mind that the all-important Bridgeman vs Corel 
+      decision applies only to exact reproductions of two-dimensional works of 
+      art already in the public domain.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;And so drawings of 
+      Winnie-the-Pooh, for example, which are still under copyright, cannot be 
+      reproduced on your webpage; neither can a book written in 1970, or a song 
+      recorded in 1950, or painting made in 1945.&amp;nbsp; Unfortunately, copyright 
+      extensions are a fact of life throughout most of the world.&amp;nbsp; In the 
+      US, for example, copyright has been extended 11 times in the last 40 
+      years.&amp;nbsp; However, all works prior to the 20th century are in the 
+      public domain.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.unc.edu%2f%7eunclng%2fpublic-d.htm&quot;&gt;
+      Check the charts&lt;/a&gt; for 20th century works.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Remember - when in doubt, ask.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.nolo.com&quot;&gt;Nolo.com&lt;/A&gt; has a great legal advice section.
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And give thanks to the US District Court for the 
+      Southern District of New York.&amp;nbsp; In our age of increasing mergers 
+      between large, global multi-media companies and the pre-eminence of a few 
+      large museums, it's possible that - one day - a handful of 
+      companies/museums could control access to most of the great works of art 
+      in human history.&amp;nbsp; Public domain guarantees us access to those works, 
+      and without it we would be....&amp;nbsp; Well, we would be stuck at the table 
+      of mediocrity, denied our right to explore the best parts of our heritage. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;-&lt;i&gt;Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;P align=center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Updates and Links&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=2 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;For now (October 2004), the Bridgeman decision 
+      stands.&amp;nbsp; If anything changes, I will post it here.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Please note that 
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.iht.com%2farticles%2f114102.html&quot;&gt;recent EU-sponsored 
+      copyright changes&lt;/a&gt; further extend copyright terms of 20th century works.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Books, music, etc which might have been scheduled to pass into the public 
+      domain are now protected for several more decades.&amp;nbsp; (Yet another 
+      sell-out to the growing 'content industry'....)&amp;nbsp; If you live in 
+      Europe, please research the new terms.&amp;nbsp; If the above link has 
+      expired, simply type 'EU copyright law 2003' into a search engine and 
+      start exploring.&amp;nbsp; Though most articles focus on digital music and 
+      film, the law applies to all creative works.&amp;nbsp; It's even worse than the DMCA.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Egads!&amp;nbsp; I never thought a law could be worse than the DMCA.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Please
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.cni.org%2fHforums%2fcni-copyright%2f1999-02%2f0084.html&quot;&gt;click 
+      here&lt;/a&gt; to read an interesting 'question and answer' about Bridgeman.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Professor Ochoa's response is reasonable and apt, particularly this 
+      comment: 'Where the public does not have access to the original painting, 
+      the ONLY way it has to reproduce the painting itself is to reproduce a 
+      reproduction of it. Unless we hold that the Bridgeman photographs can be 
+      freely copied, the painting, as a practical matter, is not in the public 
+      domain.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;In other words, unless museums are willing to allow 
+      people to photograph the original work, the paintings are not truly in the 
+      public domain.&amp;nbsp; I do disagree with his closing comment, in which he 
+      attempts to distinguish between US copyright law and other nations.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The concepts of 'fair use' and 'public domain' are recognized on an 
+      international level.&amp;nbsp; Also, is a person making a slavish photographic 
+      reproduction of a work of art truly the &lt;i&gt;author&lt;/i&gt; of the photograph?&amp;nbsp; 
+      This point was discussed in the Bridgeman decision.&amp;nbsp; The term &lt;i&gt;
+      copyist&lt;/i&gt; is far more appropriate, despite the amount of work involved 
+      in taking the photograph.&amp;nbsp; An apt comparison is this (earlier 
+      discussed with the example of Keats's poetry) - if a 
+      photographer who merely reproduces a work of art is the &lt;i&gt;author&lt;/i&gt; of 
+      the reproduction, then someone who copies a novel out word-for-word is 
+      also its &lt;i&gt;author&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Clearly, this cannot be the case.&amp;nbsp; Yet 
+      the amount of work required to photograph the painting is the same as the 
+      work involved in copying out a book by hand.&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;In other words, &lt;i&gt;
+      labor&lt;/i&gt; does not imply originality, or a creative spark.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; You 
+      can take three minutes or three days to make a reproduction.&amp;nbsp; You can 
+      use a camera or Martian technology.&amp;nbsp; It doesn't matter.&amp;nbsp; You are 
+      merely copying the work.&amp;nbsp; If it 
+      seems as though I'm being simplistic here, rest assured that I am - and it 
+      is deliberate.&amp;nbsp; This issue is very simple and analogies help reveal 
+      the simplicity.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;In any case, Bridgeman vs Corel 
+      was not concerned with the &lt;i&gt;processes&lt;/i&gt; of reproduction 
+      since those are covered by patent law.&amp;nbsp; It was concerned with 
+      copyright.&amp;nbsp; Copyright exists to reward the creative spark / 
+      originality.&amp;nbsp; It does not exist to reward labor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;You may wonder why I'm going on 
+      and on about the photography angle.&amp;nbsp; It's because museums have made 
+      it their new argument for copyright protection and against Bridgeman.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They claim the court did not fully understand or appreciate the labor 
+      involved in making photographic reproductions.&amp;nbsp; But they are being 
+      disingenuous, as my above paragraph demonstrates.&amp;nbsp; Also, Judge Kaplan 
+      most assuredly considered the labor involved.&amp;nbsp; No one is denying that 
+      photographers labor to create the reproduction.&amp;nbsp; But why should that 
+      work be used to create a perpetual copyright for something in the public 
+      domain?!&amp;nbsp; Museums are mute on that point.&amp;nbsp; The photographers are 
+      paid for their labor.&amp;nbsp; The museums deny the public access to the 
+      works and therefore control the 'licensing' of the best reproductions.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They are paid for the licenses.&amp;nbsp; Who suffers in this situation?&amp;nbsp; 
+      The public!&amp;nbsp; By law, we should be able to go to a museum and demand 
+      access to a painting in the public domain so we can take photographs.&amp;nbsp; 
+      But museums won't let us!&amp;nbsp; I know this because I've tried it.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Museums simply don't want competition for their 'officially-licensed' 
+      merchandise.&amp;nbsp; It's all about profit, - if they were concerned with 
+      'artistic integrity', they would allow the public right of access or 
+      provide an approved, high-quality reproduction to anyone who asked.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Don't hold your breath waiting for that to happen....&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;If the concept of public domain 
+      is to have any meaning at all, then exact photographic reproductions 
+      cannot be given copyright.&amp;nbsp; It's a matter of principle - and common 
+      sense - and public interest.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhomepages.law.asu.edu%2f%7edkarjala%2fOpposingCopyrightExtension&quot;&gt;Opposing Copyright Extension, 
+      Protecting the Public Domain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;The best source 
+      on the internet.&amp;nbsp; It contains information on the disastrous Jan 2003 Eldred 
+      ruling by the US Supreme Court.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2f&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;to EnglishHistory.net&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082656&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082656&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5902</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: King Edward VI's journal, 1549-51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH29c05599b5c7cfe01bb192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215245</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed1.gif&quot; width=&quot;489&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;In the 
+      first journal entry to the right Edward VI records the results of an unsuccessful
+war in Scotland, civil disturbances in England and the execution of the 
+      Protector's brother who was also the king's uncle.&amp;nbsp; It ends with the 
+      Protector's fall from power.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;In the second 
+      journal entry Edward discusses a religious dispute with his older 
+      half-sister Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; She was under renewed pressure to end the 
+      illegal Mass in her household.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1549&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime in England rose great stirs, likely to increase much
+if it had not been well foreseen.&amp;nbsp; The council, about nineteen of
+them, were gathered in London, thinking to meet with the Lord Protector
+and to make him amend some of his disorders.&amp;nbsp; He, fearing his position,
+caused the secretary in my name to be sent to the lords to know for what
+cause they gathered their powers together and, if they meant to talk with
+him, to say that they should come in a peaceable manner.&amp;nbsp; The next
+morning, being 6 October and Saturday, he commanded the armour to be brought
+out of the armoury of Hampton Court, about 500 harnesses, to arm both his
+and my men with it, the gates of the house to be fortified, and people
+to be raised.&amp;nbsp; People came abundantly to the house.&amp;nbsp; That night
+with all the people at nine or ten o'clock at night I went to Windsor,
+and there watch and ward was kept every night.&amp;nbsp; The lords sat in the
+open places of London, calling gentlemen before them and declaring the
+causes of accusing the lord protector, and caused the same to be proclaimed.
+&lt;p&gt;After which time few came to Windsor, but only the men of my own guard
+who the lords willed, fearing the rage of the people so lately quieted.&amp;nbsp;
+Then the protector began to treat by letters, sending Sir Philip Hoby,
+lately come from his embassy in Flanders to see his family, who brought
+on his return a very gentle letter to the protector which he delivered
+to him, another to me, another to my household, to declare his faults,
+ambition, vainglory, entering into rash wars in my youth, negligence about
+Newhaven, enriching himself from my treasure, following his own opinions,
+and doing all by his own authority etc., which letters were openly read,
+and immediately the lords came to Windsor, took him and brought him through
+Holborn to the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards I came to Hampton Court where they
+appointed by my consent six lords of the council to be attendant on me,
+at least two, and four knights.&amp;nbsp; Lords - the marquis of Northampton,
+the earls of Warwick and Arundel, lords Russell, Sr John and Wentworth.&amp;nbsp;
+Knights - Sir Andrew Dudley, Sir Edward Rogers, Sir Thomas Darcy, Sir Thomas
+Wroth.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards I came through London to Westminster.&amp;nbsp; Lord
+Warwick was made admiral of England.&amp;nbsp; Sir Thomas Cheney was sent to
+the emperor for relief, which he could not obtain.&amp;nbsp; Mr Nicholas Wootton
+was made secretary.&amp;nbsp; The lord protector, by his own agreement and
+submission, lost his protectorship, treasureship, marshalship, all his
+movables and nearly 2,000 pds of lands, by act of Parliament.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;hr&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1551&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;The lady Mary, my sister, came to me to Westminster, where after greetings
+she was called with my council into a chamber where it was declared how
+long I had suffered her mass, in hope of her reconciliation, and how now,
+there being no hope as I saw by her letters, unless I saw some speedy amendment
+I could not bear it.&amp;nbsp; She answered that her soul was God's and her
+faith she would not change, nor hide her opinion with dissembled doings.&amp;nbsp;
+It was said I did not constrain her faith but willed her only as a subject
+to obey.&amp;nbsp; And that her example might lead to too much inconvenience.
+&lt;p&gt;On 19 March the emperor's ambassador came with a short message from
+his master of threatened war, if I would not allow his cousin the princess
+to use her mass.&amp;nbsp; No answer was given to this at the time.
+&lt;p&gt;The following day the bishops of Canterbury, London and Rochester, Thomas
+Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley and John Scory, concluded that to give licence
+to sin was sin; to allow and wink at it for a time might be born as long
+as all possible haste was used.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082603&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082603&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1137 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">56373</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">16th century England Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">16th century England Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH29c055aa0c7d7d496bb192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215245</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">faqnew.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">imagesbw.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry7faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8faq1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourfaq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevesfaq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz2faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosfaq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table height=&quot;601&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;71%&quot; height=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;71%&quot; height=&quot;21&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;71%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&lt;br&gt;      
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/faqnew.gif&quot; width=&quot;621&quot;
+ height=&quot;129&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Simply click on
+a question and you will be taken to the answer.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/imagesbw.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; alt=&quot;black-and-white version of the van de Passe etching of Queen Elizabeth I&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;313&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Top&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;General
+Questions&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#One&quot;&gt;Who were the
+Tudors?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Two&quot;&gt;When did they rule
+England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Three&quot;&gt;Why are they so
+famous?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Four&quot;&gt;What did they
+accomplish?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Five&quot;&gt;Can you give me a
+brief history of Tudor England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Tree&quot;&gt;Where can I view
+the Tudor family tree?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Six&quot;&gt;Where can I look
+at portraits of the Tudors?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Rose&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;What is the 'Tudor Rose'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-nine&quot;&gt;Does this
+website have a search engine?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fifty&quot;&gt;I am quoting
+from this website for my paper / report.&amp;nbsp; How do I correctly cite
+the source?&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Update&quot;&gt;When
+was the site last updated?&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Specific Questions&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Seven&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Was Henry VII really a miser?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eight&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Did Elizabeth of York really hate Henry VII?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Nine&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Did Prince Arthur and Katharine of Aragon consummate their marriage?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Ten&quot;&gt;Why did Henry VIII
+have six wives?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Ten-a&quot;&gt;Who were the six
+wives?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven&quot;&gt;Did Henry VIII
+really murder all his wives?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-a&quot;&gt;What was the
+'King's Great Matter'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;What was the
+Reformation?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twelve&quot;&gt;How did Henry
+VIII die?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirteen&quot;&gt;How did
+Katharine of Aragon die?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirteena&quot;&gt;Why do you
+spell Katharine's name as you do?&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; (And why do you spell
+Catherine Howard and Katharine Parr's differently?)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourteen&quot;&gt;Was Anne
+Boleyn really a witch?&amp;nbsp; Did she have an extra finger?&amp;nbsp; Did
+she really commit adultery and have an incestuous affair with her
+brother?&amp;nbsp; How many times was she pregnant as Queen?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fifteen&quot;&gt;Where is Anne
+Boleyn buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Sixteen&quot;&gt;Did Jane
+Seymour die of complications from a Caesarean section?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Seventeen&quot;&gt;Was Anne of
+Cleves really that ugly?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eighteen&quot;&gt;What happened
+to Anne of Cleves after Henry divorced her?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Nineteen&quot;&gt;Did Catherine
+Howard commit adultery while Queen of England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty&quot;&gt;Where is
+Catherine Howard buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-one&quot;&gt;How many
+times was Katharine Parr married?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-two&quot;&gt;Was
+Katharine Parr imprisoned by Henry VIII?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-three&quot;&gt;What
+happened to Henry VIII's sisters, Margaret and Mary Tudor?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-four&quot;&gt;Did Henry
+VIII execute a lot of people?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-five&quot;&gt;Did Henry
+VIII have a legitimate reason to divorce Katharine of Aragon?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-six&quot;&gt;How did
+Edward VI die?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Six-a&quot;&gt;Who is the 'Nine
+Days Queen'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-seven&quot;&gt;Did Lady
+Jane Grey want to be Queen of England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-eight&quot;&gt;Did Lady
+Jane Grey love her husband?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-nine&quot;&gt;Where is
+Lady Jane Grey buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty&quot;&gt;Why is Mary I
+called 'Bloody Mary'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-a&quot;&gt;Are there two
+Mary Tudors at this site?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-one&quot;&gt;Did Mary I
+really hate her half-sister, Elizabeth?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-two&quot;&gt;Was Mary I
+ever pregnant during her marriage to Philip of Spain?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-three&quot;&gt;What were
+Mary I's last words?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-four&quot;&gt;Where is
+Mary I buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-five&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth I truly a great queen - or did her ministers do all the work?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-six&quot;&gt;How smart
+was Elizabeth I?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-seven&quot;&gt;Did
+Elizabeth ever plan to marry anyone?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-eight&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth really a 'Virgin Queen'?&amp;nbsp; Did she have secret lovers
+and/or children?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-nine&quot;&gt;Why is the
+1588 battle with the Spanish Armada so famous?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty&quot;&gt;Why are there
+so many portraits of Elizabeth I?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-one&quot;&gt;Where is
+Elizabeth I buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-two&quot;&gt;Why was
+Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-two-a&quot;&gt;How long
+was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-three&quot;&gt;Are Mary,
+queen of Scots and Mary Tudor the same person?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-four&quot;&gt;Why did
+Elizabeth I have Mary, queen of Scots killed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-five&quot;&gt;Was Mary,
+queen of Scots guilty of the crimes for which she was executed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-six&quot;&gt;Where is
+Mary, queen of Scots buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-sixa&quot;&gt;Why
+is Mary, queen of Scots's last name sometimes spelled 'Stewart' and
+other times 'Stuart'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-sixa&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-seven&quot;&gt;Why did
+Elizabeth I leave her throne to James I of Scotland?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-eight&quot;&gt;What
+dynasty followed the Tudors?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Who were the
+Tudors?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors were a Welsh-English
+family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor was the
+son of Margaret Beaufort, who was descended from King Edward III
+through an illegitimate line, and Edmund Tudor, the son of Princess
+Catherine of Valois and her second husband, Owen Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Through
+Catherine of Valois, Jasper was the half-brother of the last
+Lancastrian king, Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; The Yorkist branch of the Plantagenet
+dynasty would eventually seize the throne from the incompetent Henry
+VI, but their reign ended when Richard III was killed at the battle of
+Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor then claimed the
+throne as King Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; He promptly married Elizabeth of York,
+daughter of the only successful Yorkist king, Edward IV, and niece of
+Richard III.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry VII and Elizabeth of York's
+second son, three of their grandchildren and one of their
+great-grandchildren, would rule England as part of the Tudor
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; When their rule ended, the throne passed to the Scottish
+branch of their family - James I was the great-grandson of their
+daughter, Margaret Tudor.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealog.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;
+for more information.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;When did
+they rule England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors ruled England from 1485
+to 1603.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why are
+they so famous?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors are famous because their
+dynasty was full of colorful characters and big events.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VIII and his six wives.... the English reformation.... the tragic tale
+of Lady Jane Grey.... the great intelligence of Elizabeth I and the
+artistic accomplishments of her reign....&amp;nbsp; During the sixteenth
+century, England emerged from the medieval world.&amp;nbsp; It was a time
+of great change, most notably it marked the end of the Catholic church
+in England.&amp;nbsp; There was an attendant rise in nationalism, a new
+spirit of confidence and patriotism swept the country.&amp;nbsp; Great
+naval exploits began the great English seafaring tradition.&amp;nbsp;
+Whether as pirates or officers or explorers, Elizabethan sailors
+controlled the seas.&amp;nbsp; And besides the political and religious
+changes, the Tudors themselves were interesting and complex people.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What did
+they accomplish?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors were able to establish
+England as a world power.&amp;nbsp; They did so by positioning their
+country as a peace-maker between the dueling powers of France and
+Spain/the Holy Roman Empire.&amp;nbsp; They also gave England a century of
+dynastic stability.&amp;nbsp; With the exception of Lady Jane Grey's brief
+reign and Catholic attempts to place Mary, queen of Scots on Elizabeth
+I's throne, most Tudor monarchs came to the throne - and remained on
+the throne - unchallenged.&amp;nbsp; This lengthy period of peace allowed
+England a much-needed respite from the Lancastrian-Yorkist wars.&amp;nbsp;
+Government ran more efficiently; royal power replaced that of
+aristocrats and there was a uniform system of justice and taxation
+throughout the country.&amp;nbsp; And, as always in times of peace, the
+arts flourished.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Can you
+give me a brief history of Tudor England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Tudor England began when Henry VII
+became king in 1485.&amp;nbsp; There were five Tudor monarchs, not counting
+Lady Jane Grey who ruled for just nine days.&amp;nbsp; The monarchs were,
+in order, Henry VII (ruled from 1485 to 1509), his son Henry VIII
+(ruled from 1509 to 1547), Edward VI, son of Henry VIII (ruled from
+1547 to 1553), Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII (ruled from 1553 to
+1558), and Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII (ruled from 1558 to
+1603.)&amp;nbsp; The most powerful Tudor monarchs were Henry VIII and
+Elizabeth I, though she was far more beloved of the English
+people.&amp;nbsp; Both were powerful personalities who were able to control
+their squabbling councilors and answer the demands of an increasingly
+vocal Parliament.&amp;nbsp; Under Henry VII, the English government came to
+be more stabilized and centralized.&amp;nbsp; Under Henry VIII, English
+authority was tested on the Continent, though even military victories
+were too costly to maintain.&amp;nbsp; A great victory over Scotland early
+in his reign (1513) was most notable; the attendant confusion of its
+northern neighbor was beneficial for England.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII's
+desperate quest for a legitimate heir led to &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;the
+Reformation&lt;/a&gt;; this was the end of the Catholic church's authority in
+England.&amp;nbsp; The king, unable to obtain an annulment, declared
+himself Supreme Head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; He also sold or
+destroyed most church property in England.&amp;nbsp; His son, Edward VI,
+was just a child when he inherited the throne but already known for his
+piety and serious nature.&amp;nbsp; His councilors continued to strengthen
+the Protestant state, but their plans were dashed when Edward died at
+16 years of age.&amp;nbsp; An attempt to place his Protestant cousin, Lady
+Jane Grey, on the throne instead of the Catholic Princess Mary
+failed.&amp;nbsp; Mary was declared queen to great acclaim; she was
+originally very popular even with the Protestants.&amp;nbsp; But a policy
+of religious persecution, a hated marriage with Philip of Spain, and
+bad agricultural conditions (as well as the debt she had inherited from
+her father and brother) soon made Mary broken-hearted and
+disliked.&amp;nbsp; She was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth, who
+was a religious pragmatist and passionately devoted to her
+country.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's policy of toleration was extended to both
+the religious and political spheres.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, she avoided
+extremism at all costs.&amp;nbsp; She often prevaricated over major
+decisions, unwilling to commit to an action before all diplomatic
+attempts failed.&amp;nbsp; This infuriated many of her advisors, but it
+also gave her country the religious and political peace it needed to
+thrive.&amp;nbsp; Her reign was marked by the great victory over the
+Spanish Armada in 1588, the artistic achievements of men such as
+Shakespeare and Bacon, and English exploration and colonization of
+North America.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Tree&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Where can I view the
+Tudor family tree?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealogy.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;
+site.&amp;nbsp; It has a graphic image of the family tree and a more
+detailed text genealogy.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where can I
+look at portraits of the Tudors?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;You can visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Images&lt;/a&gt; section of my
+site.&amp;nbsp; You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org&quot;&gt;Tudorhistory.org&lt;/a&gt;
+and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudor-portraits.com&quot;&gt;Tudor-portraits.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Rose&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;What
+is the 'Tudor Rose'?&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;The Tudor
+Rose is the most famous symbol of the Tudor dynasty. &amp;nbsp;You can see
+a beautiful example of it on &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;the main page&lt;/a&gt;.
+&amp;nbsp;It shows the petals of a red rose enfolding the petals of a white
+rose. &amp;nbsp;The red rose was the symbol of the House of Lancaster and
+the white rose was the symbol of the House of York. &amp;nbsp;Henry VII was
+the first Tudor king and a Lancastrian. &amp;nbsp;He married Princess
+Elizabeth of York. &amp;nbsp; Their marriage was the literal union of both
+houses, symbolized by the new 'Tudor Rose'. &amp;nbsp;Also, the Wars of the
+Roses were thus called because they represented the 15th century
+struggle between Lancaster and York for the throne of England. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;225&quot;
+ alt=&quot;sketch of Henry Tudor while he was exiled in France&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry7faq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;sketch of the
+future King Henry VII while he was exiled in France&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Seven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was Henry
+VII really a miser?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry VII, the first Tudor king, was
+tight-fisted with money.&amp;nbsp; His tax inspectors were notorious and
+despised.&amp;nbsp; However, the English treasury was nearly empty after
+years of wars.&amp;nbsp; Henry was determined to create a stable government
+and all governments need money to run.&amp;nbsp; It became something of an
+obsession with him, particularly in his later years.&amp;nbsp; But to his
+credit, he left a healthy treasury to his son and heir, Henry VIII -
+which the latter promptly spent.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Henry VII, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry7.html&quot;&gt;visit his
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Elizabeth of York really hate Henry VII?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Many authors have argued that
+Elizabeth hated Henry because he took the throne from her family and
+she was forced to marry him.&amp;nbsp; But all the contemporary accounts I
+have read indicate they had a pleasant enough marriage.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII
+never had an affair and he genuinely mourned her death in 1503.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth's life as queen was primarily domestic.&amp;nbsp; Her motto
+'Humble and Reverent' sums up her character.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did Prince
+Arthur and Katharine of Aragon consummate their marriage?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;This question was very important
+during Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; He said his marriage to Katharine
+should be annulled because she had been his brother's wife.&amp;nbsp; He
+disregarded the papal dispensation which had given them permission to
+wed in 1509 by arguing that the Pope could not disregard the Bible
+itself.&amp;nbsp; There are passages in Leviticus which specifically forbid
+a man taking his brother's wife as his own.&amp;nbsp; Katharine swore that
+she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage, as did her duenna.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;I have to support Katharine of
+Aragon on this one; her marriage to Arthur probably wasn't
+consummated.&amp;nbsp; They were both young and Arthur was already very
+ill.&amp;nbsp; Also, Katharine was deeply pious; it is difficult to believe
+she would lie to a papal legate about such a thing.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;204&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of King Henry VIII, c1542&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8faq1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;portrait of King
+Henry VIII, c1542&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Ten&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why did
+Henry VIII have six wives?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry had six wives because....&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;He had the first wife because he was
+betrothed to her by his father.&amp;nbsp; He had the second wife because he
+fell in love and also needed a legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; He had the
+third wife because he still needed a male heir.&amp;nbsp; He had the fourth
+wife because of diplomatic reasons.&amp;nbsp; He had the fifth wife because
+he fell in love again.&amp;nbsp; He had the sixth wife because he was old
+and sick and grouchy and needed a companion and nurse who wouldn't give
+him too much trouble.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;To learn
+more about Henry VIII's six wives, visit their website.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Ten-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Who were
+the six wives?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;They were (in order) Katharine of
+Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and
+Katharine Parr.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eleven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did Henry
+VIII really murder all his wives?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, only two of the six wives were
+executed - the second wife, Anne Boleyn, and the fifth wife, Catherine
+Howard.&amp;nbsp; His first wife died of natural causes.&amp;nbsp; His third
+wife died from childbirth complications.&amp;nbsp; His fourth wife was
+divorced and outlived him.&amp;nbsp; And the sixth wife outlived him as
+well.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eleven-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+was the 'King's Great Matter'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;This refers to Henry VIII's attempts
+to annul his marriage Katharine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp;
+It consumed several years of his reign. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It also involved the dissolution of all Catholic
+monasteries in England.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eleven-b&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+was the Reformation?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Reformation refers to a period
+in the early 16th century in which the Roman Catholic Church was
+challenged by a new form of Christianity collectively known as
+Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic Church was both a religious and
+political institution; by the 16th century, corruption was widespread
+and many Christians were disappointed in the excesses and abuses of
+church leaders.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Reformation began in 1517 when a
+German priest named Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses on the
+door of a royal church in Wittenberg.&amp;nbsp; Luther did not want to
+start a new religion; he merely wanted to reform the papacy.&amp;nbsp;
+However, a few years later, Pope Leo X excommunicated him.&amp;nbsp;
+Luther's main philosophical idea was 'justification by faith', the idea
+that salvation is granted as a gift through God's grace and not through
+a priestly intermediary.&amp;nbsp; He also advocated marriage for the
+clergy.&amp;nbsp; His ideas were revolutionary and scandalous, but also
+very popular.&amp;nbsp; They represented an attempt to bring religious
+faith back to the people and end long-standing corruption within the
+church.&amp;nbsp; But the doctrine of 'justification by faith' also sharply
+curtailed the church's power over spirituality, making it a matter of
+personal debate and belief.&amp;nbsp; As Lady Jane Grey, the Nine Days'
+Queen of England, wrote of her Protestant faith in 1554, 'I ground my
+faith upon God's word, and not upon the church....&amp;nbsp; The faith of
+the church must be tried by God's word, and not God's word by the
+church; neither yet my faith.'&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In England, the Reformation was
+mainly associated with Henry VIII's attempts to annul his marriage to
+Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; When the papacy refused to annul their union
+due to the political pressure of Katharine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor
+Charles V, Henry was outraged.&amp;nbsp; He spent several years attempting
+to persuade the pope to change his mind.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he simply
+declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and confiscated
+all church lands and money in his country.&amp;nbsp; This is known to
+history as 'the dissolution of the monasteries.' &amp;nbsp;However, Henry
+VIII remained a spiritual Catholic; he disliked Luther's ideas and was
+never a Protestant himself.&amp;nbsp; He simply rejected Roman Catholic
+influence in England.&amp;nbsp; But he had unwittingly opened up the door
+to dramatic changes.&amp;nbsp; From 1533 onwards, the influence of the
+Roman Catholic Church in England declined while the new ideas of the
+Reformation began to slowly gain adherents.&amp;nbsp; The resulting
+religious convulsions would consume most of Europe for the entire
+century.&amp;nbsp; In Tudor England, the conflict between the old faith and
+the new consumed its rulers.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was a lapsed Catholic;
+his successor Edward VI was a devout Protestant; his successor Mary I
+was a devout Catholic; her successor Elizabeth I was, understandably
+enough, a religious pragmatist.&amp;nbsp; However, she came into conflict
+with her Catholic cousin, Mary, queen of Scots.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twelve&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How did
+Henry VIII die?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry had been in ill health for
+some time.&amp;nbsp; He was obese and this led to many complications in his
+health, such as fevers, headaches and ulcers.&amp;nbsp; He died on 28
+January 1547 after suffering through a bad fever; he was bled during
+his illness, which undoubtedly contributed to his death.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;To learn
+more about Henry VIII's life, visit his website.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How did
+Katharine of Aragon die?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Contrary to rumor, Katharine was not
+poisoned by Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; If he had been that ruthless, he would
+have killed her years before and saved himself the whole trouble of his
+'Great Matter'.&amp;nbsp; Most historians believe she died of cancer.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Katharine of Aragon, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirteena&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; Why do you spell
+Katharine's name as you do?&amp;nbsp; (And why do you spell Catherine
+Howard and Katharine Parr's differently?)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+I spell Katharine of Aragon's name as it is spelled on her tomb at
+Peterborough.&amp;nbsp; I chose to spell Catherine Howard's with a 'C'
+because it's spelled thus by LB Smith in his biography of Henry VIII's
+fifth queen.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr's name is spelled that way to differentiate 
+      her from the wife who preceded her.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Anne Boleyn really a witch?&amp;nbsp; Did she have an extra finger?&amp;nbsp;
+Did she really commit adultery and have an incestuous affair with her
+brother?&amp;nbsp; How many times was she pregnant as Queen?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, Anne Boleyn was not a
+witch.&amp;nbsp; Yes, she did have a small growth on one hand which some
+have called an extra finger.&amp;nbsp; No, she did not commit adultery or
+have an incestuous affair with her brother.&amp;nbsp; Even her enemies
+admitted the charges were false, simply used as excuses to execute
+her.&amp;nbsp; She was pregnant at least three times, but only gave birth
+to one living child - a baby girl who would grow up to be Elizabeth I.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Anne Boleyn, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fifteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where is
+Anne Boleyn buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn is buried at the chapel
+of St Peter ad Vincula at the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; She is not buried
+in a regular coffin, however, since one was not provided; instead, her
+body was forced into an old arrow chest.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;165&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourfaq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;
+ border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;miniature portrait
+of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Sixteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did Jane
+Seymour die of complications from a Caesarean section?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;This rumor has been around for a
+long time, but it's not true.&amp;nbsp; Jane actually lived several days
+after the birth of her son, Edward, and was able to greet
+well-wishers.&amp;nbsp; But she soon succumbed to a violent fever and
+died.&amp;nbsp; Most historians believe she died from puerperal sepsis, an
+infection which killed many new mothers.&amp;nbsp; Keep in mind that, even
+today, childbirth is a dangerous and bloody business.&amp;nbsp; In the 16th
+century, standards of hygiene were very lax.&amp;nbsp; Puerperal sepsis
+caused severe fevers and delusions; it was almost always fatal.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry VIII's sixth wife, Katharine
+Parr, would also die from it.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Jane Seymour, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Seventeen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Anne of Cleves really that ugly?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;It's ironic to me that, of all of
+Henry's six wives, the one who is most attractive to modern eyes is the
+one he divorced for being a 'Flanders mare'.&amp;nbsp; You can &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.htmll&quot;&gt;look at portraits of
+Anne&lt;/a&gt; (one is below this answer) and decide for yourself.&amp;nbsp; It
+was probably a simple case of 'chemistry', or a lack thereof.&amp;nbsp; You
+want to kiss some people and you don't want to kiss others - why?&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VIII simply wasn't attracted to her but that doesn't mean she was
+ugly; it simply means she wasn't his type.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Anne of Cleves, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;163&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevesfaq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;
+ border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;miniature portrait
+of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eighteen&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What happened to Anne of
+Cleves after Henry divorced her?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Anne remained in England, where she
+was treated with great respect and honor.&amp;nbsp; Henry called her his
+'sister' and she was given lots of money and lands in their divorce
+settlement.&amp;nbsp; She came to court regularly and enjoyed the life of
+an independent, wealthy woman.&amp;nbsp; She also became quite fond of
+English beer.&amp;nbsp; I think we can agree that she was probably the
+happiest of the six wives.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Nineteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Catherine Howard commit adultery while Queen of England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Probably.&amp;nbsp; You can read her
+letter to Thomas Culpeper &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Catherine Howard, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where is
+Catherine Howard buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She is buried at the chapel of St
+Peter ad Vincula, along with her cousin Anne Boleyn and other victims
+of Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+many times was Katharine Parr married?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Katharine was married four
+times.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was her third husband.&amp;nbsp; She had one child
+with her fourth husband, and died of puerperal sepsis shortly
+afterwards.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Katharine Parr, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Katharine Parr imprisoned by Henry VIII?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Almost, but her quick wit and
+instinct for survival saved her.&amp;nbsp; Religious conservatives at
+Henry's court attempted to persuade the king his wife was a
+heretic.&amp;nbsp; After being lectured one too many times on religious
+matters by Katharine, Henry was inclined to agree.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+warned of the plot and, without letting on to the king, told him she
+was grateful to talk about such matters with him so he could guide her
+in the correct direction.&amp;nbsp; His ego soothed, the king again favored
+her.&amp;nbsp; When guards came to arrest Katharine, Henry personally
+berated them and protected her.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+happened to Henry VIII's sisters, Margaret and Mary Tudor?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Margaret married the king of
+Scotland, James IV, and upon his death, she married the earl of
+Angus.&amp;nbsp; Mary wed the king of France and, upon his death, she wed
+the duke of Suffolk.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Mary Tudor, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; To learn more about Margaret Tudor, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;visit
+her website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Henry VIII execute a lot of people?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;He executed a lot of people on
+trumped-up charges, or what is commonly termed 'judicial murder'.&amp;nbsp;
+He was very capricious and tyrannical, particularly as he grew
+older.&amp;nbsp; He was also sensitive to other claims on the Tudor throne;
+for that reason, he imprisoned or executed most of his Plantagenet
+relatives.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Henry VIII have a legitimate reason to divorce Katharine of Aragon?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes.&amp;nbsp; Other queens were
+divorced for a lot less.&amp;nbsp; The annulment would have been granted if
+Katharine's nephew had not been Holy Roman Emperor.&amp;nbsp; His position
+gave him great influence over papal policy.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+did Edward VI die?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Edward died of tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp;
+Recently, historians and doctors suggested that it may have been
+complicated by measles.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;To learn more about Edward VI, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;visit his
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Six-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Who is the
+'Nine Days Queen'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The description refers to Lady Jane
+Grey, the Tudor cousin who ruled England for just nine days in
+1553.&amp;nbsp; She was later executed by Mary I.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Lady Jane Grey, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;visit
+her website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Lady Jane Grey want to be Queen of England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, she did not.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Lady Jane Grey love her husband?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, quite the contrary.&amp;nbsp; By all
+accounts, she disliked Guildford and refused to have him crowned king,
+though she appreciated his newfound maturity and composure upon their
+imprisonment.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where is Lady Jane Grey buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;At the chapel of St Peter ad
+Vincula, alongside Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard.&amp;nbsp; As at Anne's
+execution, there was no coffin provided for Jane's corpse.&amp;nbsp; Her
+body lay beside the block for several hours before someone finally
+found a coffin.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img height=&quot;213&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Mary Tudor as princess of England, by Master John, 1544&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;portrait of
+Princess Mary Tudor in 1544, by Master John&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why is
+Mary I called 'Bloody Mary'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Several hundred Protestants were
+burned as heretics during her reign.&amp;nbsp; Hence, she is called 'Bloody
+Mary'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Mary I, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Are
+there two Mary Tudors at this site?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes, one is Mary Tudor, sister of
+Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; The other is Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Mary I really hate her half-sister, Elizabeth?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Mary I ever pregnant during her marriage to Philip of Spain?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;font
+ face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She thought she was pregnant - she hoped she
+was - but it was probably an 'hysterical pregnancy'.&amp;nbsp; Her
+menstrual cycle was always irregular and she had a distended stomach,
+possibly from a tumor.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+were Mary's last words?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;It is rumored she said that if her
+body was cut open, the words 'Calais' and 'Philip' would be found
+engraved upon her heart.&amp;nbsp; It is an apocryphal story.&amp;nbsp; Calais
+was the last English outpost on the continent, lost during her reign,
+and Philip was the beloved husband who had abandoned her.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where
+is Mary I buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In Westminster Abbey, beside her
+half-sister, Elizabeth I.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth I truly a great queen - or did her ministers do all the work?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She was truly a great queen.&amp;nbsp;
+Though she had good ministers, chief among them William Cecil,
+Elizabeth - like her father - was always in charge.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Elizabeth I, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;217&quot;
+ alt=&quot;the Armada Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I, by George Gower&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz2faq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;The Armada Portrait
+of Queen Elizabeth I, by George Gower&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+smart was Elizabeth I?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Very smart.&amp;nbsp; She was
+undoubtedly one of the most (if not the most) intelligent monarchs to
+rule England.&amp;nbsp; She was always a dedicated scholar and genuinely
+loved to study and learn.&amp;nbsp; Her tutor Roger Ascham, and indeed
+everyone who met her, recognized and commented upon her
+intelligence.&amp;nbsp; Of course, this was believed to be a 'masculine'
+trait and only acceptable because of her special position as queen.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-seven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Elizabeth ever plan to marry anyone?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Probably not.&amp;nbsp; She used
+marriage negotiations as political tools, and she personally loved
+Robert Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But she was never enthusiastic about the prospect
+of marriage.&amp;nbsp; And who can blame her?&amp;nbsp; After the disastrous
+examples of her father and half-sister, Elizabeth had no reason to
+equate marriage with personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; She also realized that
+any marriage would end her authority as queen in her own right.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth really a 'Virgin Queen'?&amp;nbsp; Did she have secret lovers
+and/or children?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She was probably a virgin.&amp;nbsp;
+It's difficult to imagine any secret affair remaining secret for
+long.&amp;nbsp; And birth control was tricky and untrustworthy in the 16th
+century.&amp;nbsp; She knew that any affair would risk a pregnancy - and
+that would destroy her life.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, it is worth noting
+Elizabeth's own strict and methodical character, and the disdain she
+showed for women who could not control their feelings or appreciate the
+consequences of their actions.&amp;nbsp; Consider her opinions of her two
+cousins, Mary, queen of Scots and Catherine Grey.&amp;nbsp; Both rushed
+into hasty, inappropriate and passionate unions and both had disastrous
+results.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth looked down upon them both, remarking that
+they would do well to remember their high positions in life and its
+attendant responsibilities.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She lamented her lost opportunities
+for love and a family of her own.&amp;nbsp; But she was queen and it was an
+exalted and lonely position.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, she never had children.&amp;nbsp;
+It's fun to read theories that she was the mother of Bacon - or
+Shakespeare - or was even Shakespeare himself.... but could she really
+keep a pregnancy secret?&amp;nbsp; Foreign ambassadors paid her servants to
+learn every intimate detail of her life.&amp;nbsp; Upon hearing some gossip
+about her relationship with Dudley, Elizabeth observed that a thousand
+eyes were always upon her so how could she do anything scandalous?&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+is the 1588 battle with the Spanish Armada so famous?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Because England was a small nation
+with a little navy and they were facing the greatest power in the
+world.&amp;nbsp; And they defeated it, with help from Mother Nature.&amp;nbsp;
+It marked the beginning of England's mastery of the seas.&amp;nbsp; The
+great history of the English navy began, as did serious English
+exploration and colonization.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why are
+there so many portraits of Elizabeth I?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Because she ruled for such a long
+time (45 years) and because she understood the value of
+propaganda.&amp;nbsp; Her portraits were iconographic; they represented the
+queen in all her majesty, triumphant and beautiful.&amp;nbsp; They
+symbolized the confidence and pride of her nation.&amp;nbsp; It was also a
+sign of loyalty to have portraits of the queen in your house.&amp;nbsp;
+Many nobles commissioned portraits, or copies of official portraits.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To view portraits of Elizabeth I, with
+commentary, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;visit
+the Elizabethan Images webpage&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where
+is Elizabeth I buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In Westminster Abbey, beside her
+half-sister Mary I.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Mary fled to England after losing a
+battle against her Scottish foes.&amp;nbsp; She was seeking Elizabeth's aid
+in restoring her to the throne of Scotland.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Mary, queen of Scots, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-two-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+long was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Mary was imprisoned from 1568 to
+1587.&amp;nbsp; She was just 25 years old when she arrived in England and
+44 years old when she was executed.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;244&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Mary, queen of Scots, c1558&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosfaq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;portrait of Mary,
+queen of Scots, c1558&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Are
+Mary, queen of Scots and Mary Tudor the same person?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor was Henry
+VIII's sister.&amp;nbsp; Mary, queen of Scots was the granddaughter of
+Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII's sister.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+did Elizabeth I have Mary, queen of Scots killed?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Because she was conniving to have
+Elizabeth assassinated and herself made queen of England.&amp;nbsp; In
+fairness to Mary, she only began plotting after being imprisoned for
+several years and it was clear she would never be released.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Mary, queen of Scots guilty of the crimes for which she was executed?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes, probably.&amp;nbsp; She even
+admitted to plotting against Elizabeth, but said it was only to gain
+her freedom.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where
+is Mary, queen of Scots buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; Her body
+was moved there by her son, James, who became king of England in 1603.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-sixa&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Why is Mary, queen of Scots's last name
+sometimes spelled 'Stewart' and other times 'Stuart'?&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In Scotland, her family name was
+spelled 'Stewart'.&amp;nbsp; However, Mary was half-French and spent her
+formative years in France.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, she adopted the French
+spelling of Stewart, which was 'Stuart'.&amp;nbsp; (She also signed her
+name 'Marie', which was the French spelling of her first name.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-seven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+did Elizabeth I leave her throne to James I of Scotland?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;James was Elizabeth's closest male
+relative.&amp;nbsp; He was part Tudor as well, being the great-grandson of
+Margaret Tudor, eldest daughter of the first Tudor king, Henry VII.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+dynasty followed the Tudors?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Stuart dynasty followed the
+Tudors, so called because their family name was Stuart/Stewart.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Does
+this website have a search engine?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes, it does.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsearch.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/a&gt; to
+visit the Tudor England search engine.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fifty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;I am
+quoting from this website for my paper / report.&amp;nbsp; How do I
+correctly cite the source?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The correct format is based upon
+both the Turabian/Chicago and MLA styles.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Here is an example:&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Hanson, Marilee. &quot;Contemporary
+Descriptions of Anne Boleyn.&quot; &lt;i&gt;EnglishHistory.net.&lt;/i&gt; 2004.
+http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (11 April 2004).&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot; size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Please note: you must use
+the year and date you read the source.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Update&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;When
+was the site last updated?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Please visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnews.html&quot;&gt;Site
+News&lt;/a&gt; page for the last update. &amp;nbsp;I don't post routine
+maintenance there, only significant additions to the website.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;center&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot; size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/center&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082531&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082531&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH2d24.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH2d24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH2d24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,744 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">42806</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Anne Boleyn queen of England wife of King Henry VIII mother of Queen Elizabeth I The Six Wives of King Henry VIII biography images letters primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Anne Boleyn queen of England mother of Queen Elizabeth I wife of King Henry VIII The Six Wives of King Henry VIII biography images letters primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Anne Boleyn: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH2d245100e05dfd01bdc269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215249</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2d24.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyncardinalbig.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynmainjpg.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynsmall.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynstrong.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8boleyn.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynsketch2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'[A] woman who is the scandal of 
+      Christendom.'&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon describes her
+rival, 1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyncardinalbig.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;352&quot; height=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynmainjpg.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;the most famous portrait of Anne Boleyn; at the NPG, London&quot;
+ width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;357&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;portrait of Anne Boleyn by an unknown 
+      artist, late 16th century&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;br&gt;Anne Boleyn is one of the most famous queens
+in English history, though she ruled for just three years.&amp;nbsp; The
+daughter of an ambitious knight and niece of the duke of Norfolk, Anne
+spent her adolescence in France.&amp;nbsp; When she returned to England,
+her wit and style were her greatest charms.&amp;nbsp; She had a circle of
+admirers and became secretly engaged to Henry Percy.&amp;nbsp; She also
+entered the service of Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; But she soon caught
+the eye of Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; He ordered Percy from court and tried to
+make Anne his mistress.&amp;nbsp; She refused.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, Mary, had
+been the king's mistress and gained little from it but scandal.&amp;nbsp;
+Her hopes with Percy dashed, Anne demanded that the king marry
+her.&amp;nbsp; She waited nearly seven years for Henry to obtain an
+annulment.&amp;nbsp; It finally took an irrevocable breach with the Holy
+See before they wed in 1533.&amp;nbsp; But she was unable to give Henry the
+son he desperately needed and their marriage ended tragically for
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was executed on patently false charges of witchcraft,
+incest and adultery on 19 May 1536.&amp;nbsp; Her daughter, Elizabeth,
+would become England's greatest queen.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Anne&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;The
+romance between Anne &amp;amp; Henry Percy,&lt;/a&gt; c1523&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Eyewitness accounts of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;her coronation in
+1533&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;her
+execution in 1536&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-lastdays.html&quot;&gt;An
+account of Anne's last days&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne3.html&quot;&gt;Anne's
+last words&lt;/a&gt;, 19 May 1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexanne.html&quot;&gt;Another
+account of her execution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;
+          &lt;b&gt;Secondary Sources&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Read JA Froude's 1891 work &lt;i&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;The Divorce 
+          of Catherine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Understandably, it also 
+          discusses Anne Boleyn as well as Henry VIII's rumored affair with her 
+          sister Mary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;Contemporary
+descriptions of Anne&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;Henry
+VIII's love letters to Anne&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn-poems.html&quot;&gt;Poetry
+about Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Anne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Anne's daughter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Read about Anne's sister, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Mary Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2ffiveanne.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;The
+Boleyn-Howard connection&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Anne's relationship to Henry VIII's fifth wife&lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Anne Boleyn's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Links&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fboleynfamily&quot;&gt;The Boleyns&lt;/a&gt;: A 
+        website dedicated to the entire Boleyn family, with particular emphasis 
+        upon Anne.&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fjack-of-all-trades.ca%2fmeandmine&quot;&gt;Me and Mine&lt;/a&gt;: 
+        Biography and images of Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Anne Boleyn enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.fine-eyes.net%2fanneboleyn%2findextwo.html&quot;&gt;Mistress
+Anne: The Official Anne Boleyn Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fsearch%3fquery%3dAnne%2bBoleyn&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Anne Boleyn at Yahoo! Groups&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; There are numerous groups
+dedicated to Anne.&amp;nbsp; I think you need a Yahoo! ID to join.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&amp;nbsp; It does
+not focus exclusively on Anne.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;NEWS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; September 2004&lt;br&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: 
+        The Most Happy&lt;/b&gt; by Eric Ives has just been published
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f026-3687195-0558069&quot;&gt;
+        in the UK&lt;/a&gt; and
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f002-7093489-7046463%3fv%3dglance%26s%3dbooks%26n%3d507846&quot;&gt;
+        US&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I will be posting a lengthy review soon.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Professor Ives had previously written the definitive 
+        biography of Anne in 1986; this work incorporates new research.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/b&gt; by Joanna Denny
+        was published
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-9295844-3953254&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt; 
+        in April 2004.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The above portrait of Anne Boleyn is a late
+16th copy of a lost original.&amp;nbsp; It can be viewed at the National Portrait
+Gallery, London.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is of middling stature, with a swarthy
+complexion, long neck, wide mouth, bosom not much raised, and in fact
+has nothing but the King's great appetite, and her eyes, which are
+black and beautiful - and take great effect on those who served the
+Queen when she was on the throne.&amp;nbsp; She lives like a queen, and the
+King accompanies her to Mass - and everywhere.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;the Venetian ambassador describes Anne, 1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Anne Boleyn's birthdate is unknown; even the year is widely
+debated.&amp;nbsp; General opinion now favors 1501 or 1502, though some
+historians persuasively argue for 1507.&amp;nbsp; She was probably born at
+Blickling Hall in Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Her father was Sir Thomas Boleyn, a
+minor courtier with a talent for foreign languages; he was of London
+merchant stock and eager to advance in the world.&amp;nbsp; Like most men,
+he chose to marry well.&amp;nbsp; His bride was Elizabeth Howard, daughter
+of the second duke of Norfolk and sister of the third duke.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne had two surviving siblings, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and George.&amp;nbsp; Their birthdates are also unknown, as is the order of their 
+  births.&amp;nbsp; We only know that all three Boleyn siblings were close in age.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In 1514, Henry VIII married his youngest sister, Mary, to the aged king of France.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+accompanied the Tudor princess as a very&lt;img
+ height=&quot;232&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynsmall.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;175&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; young lady-in-waiting; she remained in France after the French king died and
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;
+returned home.&amp;nbsp; Anne gained the subsequent honor of being educated
+under the watchful eye of the new French queen Claude.&amp;nbsp; This
+education had a uniquely French emphasis upon fashion and flirtation,
+though more intellectual skills were not neglected.&amp;nbsp; Anne became
+an accomplished musician, singer and dancer.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In 1521 or early 1522, with war between England and France
+imminent, Anne returned home.&amp;nbsp; When she first caught Henry VIII's
+eye is unknown.&amp;nbsp; He was originally attracted to her sister, Mary
+who came to court before Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was the king's mistress in the
+early 1520s and, as a mark of favor, her father was elevated to the
+peerage as viscount Rochfort/Rochford in 1525.&amp;nbsp; Mary herself would leave 
+  court with only a dull marriage, and possibly the king's illegitimate son, as 
+  her reward.&amp;nbsp; Anne learned much from her sister's example.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Her first years at court were spent in service to Henry VIII's
+first wife, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She became quite popular among
+the younger men.&amp;nbsp; She was not considered a great beauty; her
+sister occupied that position in the family, but even Mary was merely
+deemed 'pretty'.&amp;nbsp; Hostile chroniclers &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;described Anne&lt;/a&gt;
+as plain, sallow, and possessing two distinct flaws - a large mole on
+the side of her neck and an extra finger on her left hand.&amp;nbsp; Such
+praise as she received focused on her style, her wit and charm; she was
+quick-tempered and spirited.&amp;nbsp; Her most remarkable physical
+attributes were her large dark eyes and long black hair.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's attraction was focused upon her sharp and teasing
+manner, and her oft-stated unavailability.&amp;nbsp; What he couldn't have,
+he pined for all the more.&amp;nbsp; This was especially difficult for a
+king used to having his own way in everything.&amp;nbsp; Anne was also
+seriously involved with &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Henry Percy&lt;/a&gt;,
+the son and heir of the earl of Northumberland; there were rumors of an
+engagement and declarations of true love.&amp;nbsp; The king ordered his
+great minister, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, to end the match.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey did so, thus ensuring
+Percy's unhappy marriage to the earl of Shrewsbury's daughter and
+Anne's great enmity.&amp;nbsp; It was safer to blame the Cardinal than his
+king.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry's jealousy revealed the depth of his feelings,
+and Anne quite naturally thought - if she could not be an earl's wife,
+why not try for the crown of England? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When Anne avoided Henry's company, was sullen and evasive to him,
+he sent her from court; he hoped that a few months in the country would
+persuade her of his charms.&amp;nbsp; It did not work.&amp;nbsp; Anne was
+already playing a far more serious game than the king.&amp;nbsp; Later,
+after she had been arrested, Henry would claim he had been 'bewitched'
+and the term wasn't used lightly in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; But perhaps
+it was simply the contrast between her vivacity and Katharine's
+solemnity; or perhaps the king mistook the inexplicable ardor of true
+love for something more ominous, long after that love had faded.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is impossible to fully explain the mystery of attraction
+between two people.&amp;nbsp; How Anne was able to capture and maintain the
+king's attention for such a long while, despite great obstacles and the
+constant presence of malicious gossip, cannot be explained.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was headstrong and querulous.&amp;nbsp; But for several years, he remained
+faithful to his feelings for Anne - and his attendant desire for a
+legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-min.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ width=&quot;166&quot; height=&quot;168&quot;&gt;One cannot separate the king's desire for a
+son, indeed its very necessity, from his personal desire for
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; The two interests merged perfectly in 1527.&amp;nbsp; Henry had
+discovered the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;invalidity
+of his marriage&lt;/a&gt; to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Now it was possible to annul
+his marriage and secure his two fondest hopes - Anne's hand in marriage
+and the long-desired heir.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; Cardinal Wolsey had long advocated an Anglo-French
+alliance.&amp;nbsp; For that reason, he disliked the Spanish
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
+of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He now set about securing his monarch's annulment
+with the intention of marrying Henry to a French princess.&amp;nbsp; And if
+not a French princess, perhaps a great lady of the English court.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey did not like Anne, and she despised him.&amp;nbsp; It was Wolsey who
+had delivered the king's orders to Henry Percy, driving her suitor from
+court.&amp;nbsp; She never forgot that injury to her heart.&amp;nbsp; And while
+she could not revenge herself upon the king, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter8.html&quot;&gt;she could work
+against&lt;/a&gt; his Lord Chancellor.&amp;nbsp; His protÃ©gÃ© and successor &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; became a close ally. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Anne alone did not cause Wolsey's fall from grace, though she
+took the blame for it.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, 'Nan Bullen', as the common people
+derisively called her, became the scapegoat for all the king's
+unpopular decisions.&amp;nbsp; But it is important to remember that no one
+- not Wolsey, not Cromwell, and certainly not Anne Boleyn - ever
+controlled Henry VIII, or made him do other than exactly what he
+wanted.&amp;nbsp; He was a king who thoroughly knew and enjoyed his
+position.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas
+More&lt;/a&gt; would aptly point this out to his son-in-law, William Roper -
+'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold
+him.'&amp;nbsp; And later, when Roper commented upon the king's affection
+for More, the philosopher replied that if his head would win the king a
+castle in France, then Henry would not hesitate to chop it off.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But most people found it easier to hate Anne than to hate their
+monarch.&amp;nbsp; As the king's desire for an annulment became the gossip
+of all Europe, she was roundly criticized and condemned.&amp;nbsp; And she
+was not popular at the English court either.&amp;nbsp; Both her unique
+situation and her oft times abrasive personality offended many.&amp;nbsp;
+And Katharine's solemn piety had impressed the English court for three
+decades; her supporters were numerous, though not inclined to face the
+king's formidable wrath.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Anne was sustained only by the
+king's affection and she knew his mercurial temper.&amp;nbsp; It is
+possible that she was as surprised by his faithfulness as everyone
+else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As the struggle for an annulment proceeded and the pope
+prevaricated between Henry and Katharine's nephew, the Holy Roman
+Emperor Charles V, Anne's position at the English court became steadily
+more prominent.&amp;nbsp; There were at first little signs.&amp;nbsp; The king
+would eat alone with her; she received expensive gifts; she began to
+dress in the most fashionable and expensive gowns; the king paid her
+gambling debts since Anne, like most courtiers, enjoyed cards and dice.
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king was not too outlandish at first; he had no desire to
+prejudice the pope against his case by flaunting a new love.&amp;nbsp; But
+as the delays mounted, and rumors of his new love spread, Henry
+realized there was no purpose in hiding the truth.&amp;nbsp; By 1530, Anne
+was openly honored by the king at court.&amp;nbsp; She was accorded
+precedence over all other ladies, and she sat with the king at
+banquets and hunts while Katharine was virtually ignored.&amp;nbsp; The
+pretense of his first marriage was allowed to continue; Katharine
+continued to personally mend his shirts and send him gifts and
+notes.&amp;nbsp; But it was an untenable situation.&amp;nbsp; It grated on both
+women.&amp;nbsp; Anne perhaps taxed the king with it.&amp;nbsp; To placate her,
+she was titled marquess of Pembroke on 4 September 1532 at Windsor
+Castle; she wore a beautiful crimson gown and her hair hung
+loose.&amp;nbsp; Now elevated to the peerage in her own right, she had
+wealth and lands of her own.&amp;nbsp; But when she accompanied him to
+France on a state visit a short while later, the ladies of the French
+court refused to meet with her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is believed that her elevation to the peerage marked the
+physical consummation of Anne and Henry's relationship.&amp;nbsp; She would
+give birth to &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;
+just a year later, and there were rumors of a secret marriage in late
+1532.&amp;nbsp; It is possible that she became pregnant after just a few
+months and a second, legitimate wedding became a necessity.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;The king had his fondest wish within his
+grasp.&amp;nbsp; Anne was pregnant with his long-awaited son, or so he
+thought, and this son must be legitimate.&amp;nbsp; He could no longer wait
+upon the pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry rejected the authority of the Holy See and
+Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, annulled his marriage to
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Anne married again in January 1533 in a
+small ceremony.&amp;nbsp; But though they were now husband and wife, few
+recognized the fact.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;Her
+coronation&lt;/a&gt; was a lavish affair; the king spared no expense.&amp;nbsp;
+But the people of London were noticeably unimpressed.&amp;nbsp; They cried
+out 'HA! HA!' mockingly as tapestries decorated with Henry and Anne's
+entwined initials passed by.&amp;nbsp; Henry asked, 'How liked you the look
+of the City?'&amp;nbsp; Anne replied, 'Sir, I liked the City well enough -
+but I saw a great many caps on heads, and heard but few tongues.'&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so her coronation was yet another reminder of her complete
+dependency upon the king.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne enjoyed her triumph as much as she could.&amp;nbsp; She ordered
+new blue and purple livery for her servants and set about replacing
+Katharine's badge of pomegranates with her own falcon symbol.&amp;nbsp; She
+chose as her motto, 'The Most Happy', in stark contrast to her
+predecessor.&amp;nbsp; Katharine had been 'Humble and Loyal'; Henry's
+mother, Elizabeth of York had chosen 'Humble and Reverent'.&amp;nbsp; But
+humility was not a marked characteristic of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was pious, though not as rigid and inflexible as Katharine of
+Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Anne's sympathies naturally lay with the progressive
+thought now challenging Catholic orthodoxy; with Henry's rejection of the papacy and his
+creation of a new Church of England, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;the
+Reformation&lt;/a&gt; had come to England.&amp;nbsp; It was not as revolutionary
+as Luther's movement in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Henry actually remained a devout
+Catholic, only denying what he now regarded as the illegitimate
+authority of the papacy.&amp;nbsp; Anne knew that her marriage and future
+children would never be recognized as legitimate by Catholic
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; She had to support the new church, otherwise she was no more than 
+  the king's mistress.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And this new emphasis upon debating even the most esoteric bits of
+theology appealed to her nature.&amp;nbsp; She was always curious and open
+to new ideas; she never blindly accepted&lt;img height=&quot;175&quot;
+ alt=&quot;The above portrait is of Anne Boleyn, painted by Lucas Horenbout; dated 1525-27.  Sir Roy Strong identified the portrait.  Anne wears a necklace with her falcon badge.&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynstrong.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;175&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; anything.&amp;nbsp; But this is not to deny her
+deep faith.&amp;nbsp; As queen, she was close friends with Thomas Cranmer
+and she also sponsored various religious books.&amp;nbsp; She had none of
+the hard-fought pragmatism of her daughter, 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Religious faith was a
+vital part of Anne's life, as it was for every person in the 16th
+century.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She entered confinement for the birth of her first child on 26
+August 1533.&amp;nbsp; The child was born on 7 September 1533.&amp;nbsp; The
+physicians and astrologers had been mistaken; it was not a
+prince.&amp;nbsp; But the healthy baby girl called Elizabeth was not the
+disappointment most assumed, nor did she immediately cause her mother's
+downfall.&amp;nbsp; The birth had been very easy and quick.&amp;nbsp; 'There
+was good speed in the deliverance and bringing forth,' Anne wrote to
+Lord Cobham that very day.&amp;nbsp; The queen recovered quickly.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had every reason to believe that strong princes would
+follow.&amp;nbsp; It was only when Anne miscarried two sons that he began
+to question the validity of his second marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth's christening was a grand affair, though the king did
+not attend.&amp;nbsp; This fact was much remarked-upon, but Henry
+confounded all by his continuing affection for Anne.&amp;nbsp; He also
+promptly declared Elizabeth his heir, thus according her precedence
+over her 17 year old half-sister, 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Princess Mary&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Anne could
+breathe a sigh of relief, recover, and become pregnant again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Immediately after Elizabeth's christening, Henry wrote to Mary and
+demanded that she relinquish her title of Princess of Wales.&amp;nbsp; The
+title belonged to his heiress.&amp;nbsp; He also demanded that she
+acknowledge the validity of his new marriage and legitimacy of her
+half-sister.&amp;nbsp; But Mary could be as obstinate as her mother; she refused.&amp;nbsp; Enraged, Henry evicted Mary from her
+home, the manor Beaulieu, so he could give it to Anne's brother, George.&amp;nbsp; In December, 
+  she was moved into Elizabeth's household
+under the care of Lady Anne Shelton, a sister of Anne's father.&amp;nbsp;
+It was an understandably miserable time for Mary.&amp;nbsp; When told to pay her
+respects to the baby Princess, she said that she knew of no Princess of
+England but herself and burst into tears.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry was infuriated and Anne encouraged the estrangement.&amp;nbsp;
+Her daughter's status depended upon Mary remaining out of favor.&amp;nbsp;
+In the two and a half years she lived after Elizabeth's birth, Anne
+proved herself a devoted mother.&amp;nbsp; Soon after the birth, Elizabeth
+had to be moved from London, for purposes of health; London was rife
+with a variety of illnesses - sweating sickness, smallpox, and
+plague.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth and Mary were sent to Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; Both
+Henry and Anne visited their daughter often, occasionally taking her
+back with them to Greenwich or the palace at Eltham.&amp;nbsp; During these
+visits, Mary was kept alone in her room.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;186&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Henry VIII&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8boleyn.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;150&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;There are account books and
+letters which reveal certain facts about Elizabeth's early
+childhood:&amp;nbsp; bills for an orange satin gown and russet velvet
+kirtle, for the king's heir had to be fashionably dressed; a letter in
+late 1535, after her second birthday, from the wet nurse asking
+permission to wean her; a plan of study in classical languages, for
+Anne was determined her daughter would be as educated as Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The conflict with Mary dominated a great deal of Henry and Anne's
+thoughts.&amp;nbsp; In January 1534, the king's new chief minister, Thomas
+Cromwell, went to visit Mary at Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; He urged her to
+renounce her title and warned her that her behavior would lead to her
+ruin.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she simply wanted her father's blessing
+and the honor of kissing his hand.&amp;nbsp; When Cromwell chastised her,
+she left the room.&amp;nbsp; Mary, and indeed most of England, believed
+Anne to be the cause of Henry's disgust with his eldest child.&amp;nbsp; In
+truth, Henry had far more to do with it than Anne; this was proven
+after Anne's execution.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed that she would regain her
+favor with the wicked stepmother out of the way but she was proven
+terribly wrong.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, under threat of her life, she &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;wrote the letter&lt;/a&gt;
+her father had long desired.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;He and Anne also tried a gentler course with Mary; their goal was
+to show that she had brought Henry's displeasure upon herself and that
+he and Anne were quite willing - under reasonable conditions - to
+receive her.&amp;nbsp; At their next visit to Hatfield, Anne arranged to
+see her stepdaughter.&amp;nbsp; She invited Mary to come to court and
+'visit me as Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Mary responded with a cruel insult - 'I know
+no Queen in England but my mother.&amp;nbsp; But if you, Madam, as my
+father's mistress, will intercede for me with him, I should be
+grateful.'&amp;nbsp; Anne did not lose her temper; she pointed out the
+absurdity of the request and repeated her offer.&amp;nbsp; Mary then
+refused to answer and Anne left in a rage.&amp;nbsp; From then on, she made
+no attempts to gain Mary's friendship.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The problem with Mary highlights the untenable positions Anne and
+Elizabeth occupied in English politics.&amp;nbsp; Many of Henry's subjects
+did not know who to call Princess, who was the rightful heir, and who
+was the true wife.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon lived on, still calling
+herself Queen, and Mary, encouraged by the spiteful Imperial ambassador
+Eustace Chapuys, still called herself Princess.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+Chapuys, who openly despised Anne, told Mary that Anne was planning to
+have her murdered.&amp;nbsp; It was a terrible lie but one that Mary, in
+her hysterical state, was inclined to believe.&amp;nbsp; When word came
+that she and Elizabeth's household was moving from Hatfield to The
+More, she refused to go.&amp;nbsp; She believed she would be moved and
+quietly murdered.&amp;nbsp; Guards had to actually seize her and throw her
+into her litter.&amp;nbsp; Her distress naturally made her ill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth, meanwhile, was too young to notice any of this.&amp;nbsp;
+But such events helped cement the lifelong hatred Mary would have for
+her half-sister.&amp;nbsp; Her Spanish friends continued to spread rumors
+about Anne and Elizabeth, saying the infant princess was physically
+deformed and monstrous in appearance.&amp;nbsp; To dispel this, in April
+1534, Henry showed the naked infant to several continental
+ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; In that same month, Anne announced she was once
+again pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Nothing could have pleased Henry more.&amp;nbsp; She
+may have had a miscarriage in February for there were rumors she was
+pregnant in January but nothing came of it; given the heightened
+circumstances, it is unlikely she could have hidden her
+condition.&amp;nbsp; Even a suspicion of pregnancy was sure to become
+gossip.&amp;nbsp; But the main source of this miscarriage is Chapuys,
+hardly an impartial observer.&amp;nbsp; At any rate, she was definitely
+pregnant again in April 1534.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The elated king took his wife to the medieval palace at Eltham;
+there, they sent for the princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry was often seen
+carrying her about and playing with her.&amp;nbsp; The king&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynsketch2.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot;
+ width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;206&quot;&gt; and queen soon returned to Greenwich and
+then Henry left on a progress, leaving Anne at the palace.&amp;nbsp; This
+was probably out of concern for her health and lends some credence to
+the belief she miscarried in February.&amp;nbsp; If she had, Henry would
+show special concern for her health, and this he did.&amp;nbsp; He was
+supposed to meet Francis I of France in June at Calais to sign a treaty
+but decided not to, writing that Katharine and Mary, 'bearing no small
+grudge against his most entirely beloved Queen Anne, might perchance in
+his absence take occasion to practice matters of no small peril to his
+royal person, realm, and subjects.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;His extra attention to Anne did not help her health.&amp;nbsp; In
+September 1534, she miscarried a six-month-old fetus; it was old enough
+for features to be discerned - it was a boy.&amp;nbsp; Henry was bitterly
+disappointed.&amp;nbsp; Anne was likewise.&amp;nbsp; She was also angry for
+Henry had begun a casual affair that summer.&amp;nbsp; She reproached him
+and Henry replied, 'You have good reason to be content with what I have
+done for you - and I would not do it again, if the thing were to
+begin.&amp;nbsp; Consider from what you have come.'&amp;nbsp; The scene was
+furious and overheard by her attendants.&amp;nbsp; But it was a passing
+storm.&amp;nbsp; Henry was already tired of his new mistress and, within
+days, Chapuys was sadly writing to Charles V of Henry's continued
+affection.&amp;nbsp; But there were signs that things were not progressing
+smoothly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;For example, Henry had hoped to cement his relationship with
+Francis I by betrothing Elizabeth to Francis's son, the Duc
+d'Angouleme.&amp;nbsp; After Anne suffered two miscarriages, as the French
+ambassador reported to Francis, the French king grew wary of such a
+betrothal.&amp;nbsp; To him, it must have seemed that Anne's position was
+weakening; after all, Henry had dismissed one wife because she had no
+sons - would he do the same to Anne?&amp;nbsp; And, if he did, then what
+good was a marriage to Elizabeth?&amp;nbsp; Of course, it was in France's
+interests to promote Anne for Katharine of Aragon and her daughter were
+Charles V's pawns.&amp;nbsp; But his doubts highlight the
+instability of Anne's position.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This undoubtedly affected her mental and physical health.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was never the mercenary adulterer of legend.&amp;nbsp; In fact, he
+was remarkably conventional in his sexual appetites, unlike his French
+rival.&amp;nbsp; Any affairs would have been widely reported and yet,
+during his long marriage to Katharine of Aragon, there were just a
+handful of mistresses.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed being around attractive
+women.&amp;nbsp; He was flirtatious and would joke with them, compliment
+them, but only rarely did he enter into a physical relationship.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But for Anne, any occasional fling was devastating, especially if
+it followed upon her miscarriage.&amp;nbsp; Such behavior was said to
+indicate his displeasure with her; this she could not afford.&amp;nbsp;
+They were occasionally estranged and the effect was to increase her
+already-noticeable anxiety.&amp;nbsp; In late 1534 Anne, accompanied by the
+duke of Suffolk, her uncle Norfolk, and other courtiers, visited
+Richmond Palace, where both Elizabeth and Mary resided.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+entered her daughter's rooms only to realize that the two dukes had
+left her.&amp;nbsp; They were paying court to Mary and remained with her
+until Anne had left.&amp;nbsp; Still, this slight could be forgotten when
+the Treason Act was passed in November.&amp;nbsp; It was now a capital
+crime to deny the legitimacy of her marriage or children.&amp;nbsp; By
+December, she and Henry had made up yet again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;A scandal occurred shortly thereafter which added further damage to Anne's 
+  reputation.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, Mary, who had been Henry's mistress years 
+  before, married Sir William Stafford without her family or the king's 
+  permission.&amp;nbsp; Because Stafford was poor, Mary's father was angry and cut 
+  off her allowance.&amp;nbsp; She appealed to the king and Anne but they would not 
+  help.&amp;nbsp; (Mary did not attend court during Anne's reign, since her presence 
+  would have been an embarrassment for the king and queen.)&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;194&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;139&quot;
+ border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Always fascinated with rumors surrounding his
+English 'brother', Francis I decided to hedge his bets in the mercurial
+Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he would remain friendly with Anne
+and also with Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; And so he instructed his new
+ambassador, Admiral Chabot, to ignore Anne when he arrived at
+court.&amp;nbsp; Chabot was received by Henry and two days passed without
+any mention of the queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry asked if Chabot wanted to visit
+her.&amp;nbsp; The ambassador replied, 'As it pleases Your Highness' and
+then asked permission to visit Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry refused, but Chabot
+made certain everyone knew of his request.&amp;nbsp; He also told courtiers
+that Francis wanted to marry the Dauphin to Mary; when Henry reminded
+him of the union with Elizabeth, the ambassador said nothing.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, Francis did enrage Charles V by acknowledging Elizabeth's
+legitimacy.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It was a tedious and frightening dance for Anne.&amp;nbsp; During the
+two and a half years after Elizabeth's birth, she was rarely secure,
+certain of her position and the king's affections.&amp;nbsp; Her little
+daughter received every favor she could bestow; Anne insisted Henry
+favor Elizabeth because it strengthened her position.&amp;nbsp; But she was
+surrounded by fair-weather friends who, at the slightest sign of
+Henry's disfavor, ignored her.&amp;nbsp; She only trusted her brother,
+George, whose wife, Jane Rochford, was a viper in their nest.&amp;nbsp;
+Meanwhile, Henry was again flirting openly with another woman.&amp;nbsp;
+This time it was Anne's cousin and lady-in-waiting, Madge
+Shelton.&amp;nbsp; Anne still had influence over her husband, but knew only
+one way to make his favor permanent.&amp;nbsp; She must bear a son.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry would never dismiss the mother of his long-awaited heir.&amp;nbsp;
+Her enemies would at last be silenced.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Henry's health had begun to worsen.&amp;nbsp; The first
+signs of the illness which would kill him appeared (occluded sinus on
+his leg).&amp;nbsp; Headaches became frequent and severe.&amp;nbsp; The king
+was a hypochondriac.&amp;nbsp; Now unable to indulge his love of sports, he
+instead indulged his fear of pain and illness.&amp;nbsp; And he was
+frequently impotent.&amp;nbsp; He was in his mid-forties and increasingly
+obese; this, combined with his other ailments, made his continued
+virility questionable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly his 'mistresses' did not
+conceive.&amp;nbsp; But the continued lack of an heir and Anne's
+miscarriages must have reminded him of Katharine.&amp;nbsp; How could it
+not?&amp;nbsp; Like most of his contemporaries, the king blamed his wife
+when she did not conceive or carry to term.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And, like Francis I, Thomas Cromwell - that influential and
+brilliant man - was keeping his options open as well.&amp;nbsp; He visited
+Mary and was rumored to promise support for her reinstatement.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne was terrified at this loss of her one-time supporter who was also
+the king's most trusted advisor.&amp;nbsp; But Anne had one last chance,
+and in June 1535, became pregnant again.&amp;nbsp; She lost that child as
+well, in January 1536; she was reported to have said, 'I have
+miscarried of my savior.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When her destruction came, it was rapid and unbelievable.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had always been one to plot against people while he pretended
+affection.&amp;nbsp; Anne suffered the same fate as Katharine.&amp;nbsp; She
+knew he was dissatisfied with her but he maintained their lifestyle
+together.&amp;nbsp; And all the while, he was seeking the best way to
+destroy her.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon died in January as well, just a
+few days before Anne's miscarriage.&amp;nbsp; These events, taken together,
+pushed Henry into action.&amp;nbsp; While Katharine had lived, most of
+Europe, and many Englishmen, had regarded her as his rightful wife, not
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; Now he was rid of Katharine; if he were to rid himself of
+Anne, he could marry again - and this third marriage would never be
+tainted by the specter of bigamy.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry's &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;decision
+to thoroughly destroy Anne&lt;/a&gt; baffled even her enemies.&amp;nbsp; There
+was a possible way out which would spare Anne's life.&amp;nbsp; Henry had
+admitted an affair with her sister,&lt;img height=&quot;194&quot;
+ alt=&quot;an 18th century portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;144&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; Mary.&amp;nbsp; He could have argued that was as
+damning as Katharine's marriage to his brother.&amp;nbsp; But he chose a
+more direct route.&amp;nbsp; He had her arrested, charged with adultery,
+witchcraft, and incest; the charges were ludicrous even to her
+enemies.&amp;nbsp; Her brother George was arrested as well.&amp;nbsp; His
+despised wife, Jane Rochford, testified about an incestuous love
+affair.&amp;nbsp; Whether anyone believed her was irrelevant.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VIII wanted Anne convicted and killed.&amp;nbsp; George would also lose his
+life, as did three of their friends.&amp;nbsp; Only one had confessed to
+the charge, and that was under torture; it was still enough to convict
+them all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As queen of England, Anne was tried by her peers; the main charge
+was adultery, and this was an act of treason for a queen.&amp;nbsp; No
+member of the nobility would help her; her craven uncle Norfolk
+pronounced the death sentence.&amp;nbsp; Poor Henry Percy, her first love,
+swooned during the trial and had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; As
+a concession to her former position, she was not beheaded by a clumsy
+axe.&amp;nbsp; A skilled swordsman was brought over from France.&amp;nbsp; She
+was assured that there would be little pain; she replied, with typical
+spirit, 'I have heard that the executioner is very good.&amp;nbsp; And I
+have a little neck.'&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have chosen me from low estate to be your
+queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire; if, then, you
+found me worthy of such honor, good your grace, let not any light fancy
+or bad counsel of my enemies withdraw your princely favor from me;
+neither let that stain - that unworthy stain - of a disloyal heart
+towards your good grace ever cast so foul a blot on me, and on the
+infant princess your daughter.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;from Anne Boleyn's &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;last letter&lt;/a&gt;
+to King Henry VIII, 1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;its authenticity
+is debated&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She had prayed for exile, to end her days in a nunnery, but now
+faced a more tragic fate.&amp;nbsp; She met it with bravery and wit.&amp;nbsp;
+She was brought to the scaffold at 8 o'clock in the morning on 19 May
+1536.&amp;nbsp; It was a heretofore unknown spectacle, the first public
+execution of an English queen.&amp;nbsp; Anne, who had defended herself so
+ably at her trial, chose her last words carefully:&amp;nbsp; 'Good
+Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law,
+and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing
+against it.&amp;nbsp; I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak
+anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray
+God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler
+nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a
+good, a gentle and sovereign lord.&amp;nbsp; And if any person will meddle
+of my cause, I require them to judge the best.&amp;nbsp; And thus I take my
+leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to
+pray for me.&amp;nbsp; O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my
+soul.'&amp;nbsp; She was then blindfolded and knelt at the block.&amp;nbsp; She
+repeated several times, 'To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu
+receive my soul.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It was a sardonic message to the king.&amp;nbsp; Even now he waited
+impatiently to hear the Tower cannon mark Anne's death.&amp;nbsp; He wished
+to marry Anne's lady-in-waiting, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; They wed ten days after the execution.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth was just three and a half when her mother died.&amp;nbsp;
+She was a precocious child, though; when her governess visited her just
+days after the execution, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;
+asked, 'Why, Governor, how hap it yesterday Lady Princess, and today
+but Lady Elizabeth?'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was buried in an old arrow box since no coffin was
+provided.&amp;nbsp; But the box was too short; her head was tucked beside
+her.&amp;nbsp; The remains were taken to St Peter ad Vincula, the church of
+the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; It was later rumored that her few remaining
+friends smuggled her body to a more suitable grave and she is buried
+under a plain slab in a Norfolk church.&amp;nbsp; The church is said to be
+haunted.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And if any person will meddle of my
+cause, I require them to judge the best.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;from Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This page receives 15,000+ unique visitors per 
+month.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082567&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082567&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH3ab4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH3ab4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH3ab4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">21536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter XII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3ab4397899845933bb37f5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3ab4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER XII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;LAST YEARS AND DEATH: 1601-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE death of Mary Stuart did something to simplify parties 
+    in Scotland; and, if her son had possessed the qualities of a ruler, he 
+    would have had a better chance of reducing his kingdom to order than any of 
+    his predecessors, because a middle class was at length rising into 
+    importance. As far as knowledge and discernment went, he was an able 
+    politician, and on several occasions he showed not only skill in his 
+    combinations, but--what he is not generally credited with by those who study 
+    only his career in England -- considerable energy and courage. But he was 
+    wanting in perseverance, and a slave to idle pleasures. He had always some 
+    favourite upon whom he lavished any money that came into his hands. What was 
+    needed in his own interest and that of his country was that he should 
+    exercise rigid economy, develop all the forces that made for order, ally 
+    himself with the burghs and lower barons, cultivate good relations with the 
+    Kirk, industriously attend to all the details of government, and seize every 
+    opportunity to humble the great nobles of whatever party or creed. Instead 
+    of this, he tried to maintain himself by balancing rival parties, and 
+    employing one nobleman to execute his vengeance on another. Instead of 
+    honestly and zealously seconding the policy of Elizabeth, and so deserving 
+    her confidence and support, which would have been of the utmost value to 
+    him, he tried to levy blackmail on her by coquetting with Spain and the 
+    Catholics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth is accused of deliberately encouraging Scottish 
+    factions in order to keep the northern kingdom weak. She certainly supported 
+    Stewart, Earl of Bothwell, a turbulent and unprincipled man, while he was 
+    the antagonist of the Catholic nobles who were inviting the Spaniard. But it 
+    is plain that she desired nothing so much as to see James crush all 
+    aristocratic disorder, and make himself master of his kingdom. Her 
+    exhortations to him on this subject are full of wisdom, and expressed in 
+    most stirring language. But they only produced petitions for money. 
+    Notwithstanding her own difficulties, she long allowed him Â£3000 a year, 
+    which, in 1600, was increased to Â£6000. But ten times that amount would have 
+    done him no good, because he would immediately have squandered it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;As Elizabeth grew old, James naturally became absorbed in 
+    the prospect of his succession to the English crown. All Scotchmen shared 
+    his eagerness. In England, feeling was almost unanimous in his favour, 
+    though some of the Catholics continued to talk of the Infanta or Arabella 
+    Stuart the niece of Darnley. By teasing Elizabeth to recognise his title, 
+    intriguing with her courtiers, and calling on his own subjects to furnish 
+    him with the means of asserting his rights, James irritated the English 
+    Queen. But she had always intended that he should succeed her, and she did 
+    nothing to prejudice his claim. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The two leading men at the English court--Cecil and 
+    Raleigh--who had been united in their hostility to Essex, were now secretly 
+    competing for the favour of James. Each warned the Scottish King against the 
+    other, and represented himself as the only trustworthy adviser. Cecil, from 
+    his confidential relations with the Queen, had the most difficult game to 
+    play, and it was not till her health was evidently failing that he ventured 
+    to open private communications with James. Even then he did not dare to 
+    correspond with him directly, but it was understood that everything written 
+    by Lord Henry Howard (brother of the last Duke of Norfolk) was to be taken 
+    as written by Cecil. To make up for his previous backwardness, he lent James 
+    Â£10,000--a pledge of fidelity which it was out of his rival's power to 
+    emulate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The long career of Elizabeth was now drawing to its close. 
+    Her sun might seem to be going down in calm splendour. She had triumphed 
+    over all her enemies. She might say with Virgil's heroine-- &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Vixi, et quem dederat cursum fortuna, peregi;&lt;br&gt;
+      Et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The mighty Philip had gone to his grave five years before 
+    her (1598), a beaten man, having failed in Holland, failed in France, failed 
+    against England. Of the three great champions who withstood him, Elizabeth, 
+    if not the most distinguished by high qualities, had yet, perhaps, the 
+    largest share in saving Europe from the retrograde tyranny which menaced it. 
+    The glorious resistance of William of Orange covered only sixteen years 
+    (1568-84). That of Henry IV can hardly be said to have had any European 
+    importance before his accession to the French throne, from which date to the 
+    peace of Vervins and the death of Philip is a period of nine years 
+    (1589-98). But the whole of Elizabeth's long reign was spent in abating the 
+    power of Spain. It was the persistent, never-relaxing pressure from an 
+    unassailable enemy which wore out Philip, as it afterwards wore out 
+    Bonaparte. Elizabeth had found England weak and distracted: she was leaving 
+    it united and powerful. Nor was she of those to whom their due meed of 
+    praise is denied during life, and accorded only by the tardy justice of 
+    posterity. Her wisdom and courage were the admiration not of her own people 
+    alone, but of all Europe. &amp;quot;Her very enemies,&amp;quot; says a French historian, 
+    &amp;quot;proclaimed her the most glorious and fortunate of all women who ever wore a 
+    crown.&amp;quot; From the point of view of public life, little or nothing was 
+    wanting--so Bacon thought--to fill up the full measure of her felicity. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Yet it seems that the last months of her life were clouded 
+    by melancholy, and deformed by a querulous ill-temper. Some have suggested 
+    that she suffered from remorse for her severity to Essex; others that she 
+    felt herself out of sympathy with the Puritan tendencies of the time. It is 
+    not necessary to resort to these unfounded or far-fetched suppositions to 
+    account for her gloom. If we turn from her public to her private life, what 
+    situation could be more profoundly pitiable? Honour and obedience, indeed, 
+    still surrounded her. But that which also should accompany old age, love and 
+    troops of friends, she might not look to have. Near relations she had none. 
+    Alone she had chosen to live, and alone she must die. As her time 
+    approached, she was haunted by the consciousness that, among all those who 
+    treated her with so much reverence, there was not one who had any reason to 
+    be attached to her or to care that her life should be prolonged. Those who 
+    have not loved when they were young must not expect to find love when they 
+    are old. While health and strength remained, she had tasted the satisfaction 
+    of living her own life and playing the great game of politics, for which she 
+    was exceptionally gifted. But to a woman who has passed through life without 
+    knowing what it is to love or be loved, who has no memory of even an 
+    unrequited affection to feed on, who has never shared a husband's joys and 
+    sorrows, never borne the sweet burden of maternity, never suckled babe or 
+    rocked cradle, who must finish her journey alone, sitting in the solemn 
+    twilight before the last dark hour uncared for and uncaring, without the 
+    cheer of children or the varied interests that gather round the family--to 
+    such a one, what avails it that she has tasted the excitement of public 
+    life, that she has borne a share in politics or business--what even that her 
+    aims have been high or that she has done the State some service, if she has 
+    renounced the crown of womanhood, and turned from their appointed use those 
+    numbered years within which the female heart can find present joy and lay up 
+    store of calm satisfaction for declining age? &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had always enjoyed good health, thanks to her 
+    &amp;quot;exact temperance both as to wine and diet, which, she used to say, was the 
+    noblest part of physic,&amp;quot; and her active habits. In capacity for resisting 
+    bodily fatigue and freedom from nervous ailments, she was like a man. It was 
+    not till the beginning of 1602 that those about her noticed any signs of 
+    failing strength. She still went on hunting and dancing. In dancing she 
+    excelled, and she kept it up for exercise, as many an old man keeps up his 
+    skating or tennis without being exposed to ill-natured remarks. In December 
+    1602 her godson Harington, an amusing person, whose company she enjoyed, 
+    found her &amp;quot;in most pitiable state,&amp;quot; both in body and mind. &amp;quot;She held in her 
+    hand a golden cup which she often put to her lips; but in sooth her heart 
+    seemeth too full to lack more filling.&amp;quot; He read her some verses he had 
+    written, &amp;quot;whereat she smiled once,&amp;quot; but said, &amp;quot;When thou dost feel creeping 
+    Time at thy gate, these fooleries will please thee less. I am past my relish 
+    for such matters. Thou seest my bodily meat doth not suit me well. I have 
+    eaten but one ill-tasted cake since yesternight.&amp;quot; Harington hastened to send 
+    a present to the King of Scots, with the inscription, &amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Domine memento mei 
+    cum veneris in regnum&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the same month Robert Carey, son of her cousin Lord 
+    Hunsdon, visited her, and professed to think her looking well. &amp;quot;No, Robin,&amp;quot; 
+    she said, &amp;quot;I am not well,&amp;quot; and then &amp;quot;discoursed of her indisposition, and 
+    that her heart had been sad and heavy for ten or twelve days, and in her 
+    discourse she fetched not so few as forty or fifty great sighs. . . . 
+    Hereupon I wrote to the King of Scots.&amp;quot;(1) Her melancholy was not caused by 
+    any weakening of her mind. A long letter to James, dated 5 January 1603, 
+    though hardly legible, is very vigorous and characteristic. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;At the beginning of March1603 she became much worse. There 
+    was some disease of the throat, attended with swelling and a distressing 
+    formation of phlegm, which made speaking difficult. The only relatives about 
+    her were Robert Carey and his sister Lady Scrope, watching keenly that they 
+    might be the first to inform James of her death. She could not be brought by 
+    any of her Council to take food or go to bed. When in bed she had been 
+    troubled by a visual illusion; &amp;quot;she saw her body exceedingly lean and 
+    fearful in a light of fire.&amp;quot; At last Nottingham, the Admiral, who was 
+    mourning the recent death of his wife, was sent for. He was a second cousin 
+    of Anne Boleyn, and was the one person to whom the dying Queen seemed to 
+    cling with some trust. He induced her to take some broth. &amp;quot;For any of the 
+    rest,&amp;quot; says her maid-of-honour, Mistress Southwell, &amp;quot;she would not answer 
+    them to any question, but said softly to my Lord Admiral's earnest 
+    persuasions that if he knew what she had seen in her bed he would not 
+    persuade her as he did. And Secretary Cecil, overhearing her, asked if her 
+    Majesty had seen any spirits; to which she said she scorned to answer him so 
+    idle a question. Then he told her how, to content the people, her Majesty 
+    must go to bed. To which she smiled, wonderfully contemning him, saying that 
+    the word must was not to be used to princes; and thereupon said, 'Little 
+    man, little man, if your father had lived ye [he?] durst not have said so 
+    much: but thou knowest I must die, and that maketh thee so presumptuous.' 
+    And presently commanding him and the rest to depart her chamber, willed my 
+    Lord Admiral to stay; to whom she shook her head, and with a pitiful voice 
+    said, 'My Lord, I am tied with a chain of iron about my neck.' He alleging 
+    her wonted courage to her, she replied, 'I am tied, and the case is altered 
+    with me.'&amp;quot; At last, &amp;quot;what by fair means,&amp;quot; says Carey, &amp;quot;what by force, he got 
+    her to bed.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was perfectly understood that she meant James to be her 
+    successor. The Admiral now told his colleagues that she had confided her 
+    intention to him just before her illness took a serious turn. Two years 
+    before, in conversation with Rosni, the minister of Henry IV., she had 
+    spoken of the approaching union of the Scotch and English crowns as a matter 
+    of course. But it was not till a few hours before her death that her 
+    councillors ventured to question her on the subject. They gave out that she 
+    indicated James by a sign; and this is also asserted by Carey, who, however, 
+    does not seem to have been present, though probably his sister was. Mistress 
+    Southwell seems to write as an eye-witness, but betrays a Catholic bias, 
+    which may cast some doubt on her testimony. &amp;quot;The Council sent to her the 
+    bishop of Canterbury and other of the prelates, upon sight of whom she was 
+    much offended, cholericly rating them, bidding them be packing, saying she 
+    was no atheist, but knew full well they were hedgepriests, and took it for 
+    an indignity that they should speak to her. Now being given over by all, and 
+    at the last gasp, keeping still her sense in everything and giving ever when 
+    she spoke apt answers, though she spake very seldom, having then a sore 
+    throat, she desired to wash it, that she might answer more freely to what 
+    the Council demanded; which was to know whom she would have king; but they, 
+    seeing her throat troubled her so much, desired her to hold up her finger 
+    when they named whom liked her. Whereupon they named the king of France, the 
+    king of Scotland, at which she never stirred. They named my lord Beauchamp, 
+    (2) whereto she said, 'I will have no rascal's son in my seat, but one 
+    worthy to be a king.' Hereupon instantly she died.&amp;quot; (23 March, afternoon.)
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is certain, however, that she lived several hours after 
+    this characteristic outburst. Carey says that at six o'clock in the evening 
+    he went into her room with the Archbishop; that, though speechless, she 
+    showed by signs that she followed his prayers, and twice desired him to 
+    remain when he was going away. She died in the early hours of Thursday, 24 
+    March. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;There have been many greater statesmen than Elizabeth. She 
+    was far from being an admirable type of womanhood. She does not, in my 
+    opinion, stand first even among female sovereigns, for I should put that 
+    able ruler and perfect woman, Isabella of Castile, above her. I admit, 
+    however, that such comparisons are apt to be unjust. Few rulers have had to 
+    contend with such formidable and complicated difficulties as the English 
+    Queen. Few have surmounted them so triumphantly. This is the criterion, and 
+    the sufficient criterion, which determines the judgment of practical men. 
+    Research, if applied with fairness and common sense, may perhaps modify, it 
+    can never set aside, the popular verdict. There are writers who have made 
+    the discovery that Elizabeth was a very poor ruler, selfish and wayward, 
+    shortsighted, easily duped, fainthearted, rash, miserly, wasteful, and 
+    swayed by the pettiest impulses of vanity, spite, and personal inclination. 
+    They have not explained, and never will, how it was that a woman with all 
+    these disqualifications for government should have ruled England with signal 
+    success for forty-four years. Statesmen are indebted to good luck 
+    occasionally, like other people. But when this explanation is offered again 
+    and again with dull regularity, we are compelled to say, with one who had at 
+    once the best opportunity and the highest capacity for estimating the 
+    greatness of Elizabeth: &amp;quot;It is not to closet penmen that we are to look for 
+    guidance in such a case; for men of that order being keen in style, poor in 
+    judgment, and partial in feeling, are no faithful witnesses as to the real 
+    passages of business. It is for ministers and great officers to judge of 
+    these things, and those who have handled the helm of government and been 
+    acquainted with the difficulties and mysteries of State business.&amp;quot; (Bacon,
+    &lt;i&gt;In felicem memoriam ElizabethÅ.)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The judgment of those who have handled the helm of 
+    government is to be found in the words of her contemporary, the great 
+    Henry--&amp;quot;She was my other self:&amp;quot; and of a greater still in the next 
+    generation-&amp;quot;Queen Elizabeth of famous memory; we need not be ashamed to call 
+    her so!&amp;quot; (Carlyle, &lt;i&gt;Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell&lt;/i&gt;, Speech 
+    V.)&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. Elizabeth made large use of the courage and 
+    fidelity of her kinsmen on the Boleyn side, but she did little to advance 
+    them either in rank or wealth. Hunsdon had set his heart on regaining the 
+    Boleyn Earldom of Wiltshire. When he was dying, Elizabeth brought the patent 
+    and robes of in earl, and laid them on his bed; but the choleric old man 
+    replied, &amp;quot;Madam, seeing you counted me not worthy of this honour while I was 
+    living, I count myself unworthy of it now I am dying.&amp;quot; 2. Son of Catherine 
+    Grey by the Earl of Hertford. &amp;quot;Rascal&amp;quot; at that time meant a person of low 
+    birth. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082629&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082629&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH3d9e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH3d9e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH3d9e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7454</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The coronation of Anne Boleyn, 1533</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3d9e49bb1ec972bc382d86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215251</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3d9e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">prianne1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/prianne1.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1533: The coronation of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;322&quot; height=&quot;155&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; height=&quot;194&quot;&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's coronation was written by the Tudor chronicler 
+    Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry only provided coronations for his first two wives.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Katharine of Aragon shared his coronation in 1509; Anne's lavish ceremony 
+    took place on 29 May 1533.&amp;nbsp; She would be executed almost exactly three 
+    years later.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The coronation was not a success, despite its expense.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Anne was not popular.&amp;nbsp; Insults were shouted; mocking laughter was 
+    heard.&amp;nbsp; Anne was already two months pregnant with the future Queen 
+    Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; This undoubtedly hastened her secret marriage and 
+    coronation.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII wanted no one to doubt the legitimacy of his 
+    son or the nobility of his parentage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+    On
+Thursday 29 May, Lady Anne, marquess of Pembroke, was received as queen
+of England by all the lords of England.&amp;nbsp; And the mayor and aldermen,
+with all the guilds of the City of London, went to Greenwich in their barges
+after the best fashion, with also a barge of bachelors of the mayor's guild
+richly hung with cloth of gold with a great number to wait on her.&amp;nbsp;
+And so all the lords with the mayor and all the guilds of London brought
+her by water from Greenwich to the Tower of London, and there the king's
+grace received her as she landed, and then over a thousand guns were fired
+at the Tower, and others were fired at Limehouse, and on other ships lying
+in the Thames. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;And on Saturday, the last day of May, she rode from the Tower of London
+through the City with a goodly company of lords, knights and gentlemen,
+with all the peers of the realm, richly appareled.&amp;nbsp; She herself rode
+in a rich chariot covered with cloth of silver, and a rich canopy of cloth
+of silver borne over her head by the four Lords of the Ports, in gowns
+of scarlet, followed by four richly hung chariots of ladies; and also several
+other ladies and gentlewoman riding on horseback, all in gowns made of
+crimson velvet.&amp;nbsp; And there were various pageant made on scaffolds
+in the city; and all the guilds were standing in their liveries, every
+one in order, the mayor and aldermen standing in Cheapside.&amp;nbsp; And when
+she&amp;nbsp; came before them the Recorder of London made a goodly presentation
+to her, and then the mayor gave her a purse of cloth of fold with a thousand
+marks of angel nobles in it, as a present from the whole of the city; and
+so the lords brought her to the palace of Westminster and left her there
+that night.
+&lt;p&gt;On 1 June Queen Anne was brought from Westminster Hall to St Peter's
+Abbey in procession, with all the monks of Westminster going in rich copes
+of gold, with thirteen mitred abbots; and after them all the king's chapel
+in rich copes with four bishops and two mitred archbishops, and all the
+lords going in their parliament robes, and the crown borne before her by
+the duke of Suffolk, and her two sceptres by two earls, and she herself
+going under a rich canopy of cloth of gold, dressed in a kirtle of crimson
+velvet decorated with ermine, and a robe of purple velvet decorated with
+ermine over that, and a rich coronet with a cap of pearls and stones on
+her head; and the old duchess of Norfolk carrying her train in a robe of
+scarlet with a coronet of gold on her cap, and Lord Burgh, the queen's
+Chamberlain, supporting the train in the middle.
+&lt;p&gt;After her followed ten ladies in robes of scarlet trimmed with ermine
+and round coronets of gold on their heads; and next after them all the
+queen's maids in gowns of scarlet edged with white Baltic fur.&amp;nbsp; And
+so she was brought to St Peter's church at Westminster, and there set in
+her high royal seat, which was made on a high platform before the altar.&amp;nbsp;
+And there she was anointed and crowned queen of England by the archbishop
+of Canterbury and the archbishop of York, and so sat, crowned, in her royal
+seat all through the mass, and she offered at the said mass.&amp;nbsp; And
+when the mass was done they left, every man in his order, to Westminster
+Hall, she still going under the canopy, crowned, with two sceptres in her
+hands, my Lord Wiltshire her father, and Lord Talbot leading her, and so
+dined there; and there was made the most honourable feast that has been
+seen.
+&lt;p&gt;The great hall at Westminster was richly hung with rich cloth of Arras,
+and a table was set at the upper end of the hall, going up twelve steps,
+where the queen dined; and a rich cloth of estate hung over her head.&amp;nbsp;
+There were also four other tables along the hall; and it was railed on
+every side, from the high dais in Westminster Hall to the platform in the
+church in the abbey.
+&lt;p&gt;And when she went to church to her coronation there was a striped blue
+cloth spread from the high dais of the king's bench to the high altar of
+Westminster on which she went.
+&lt;p&gt;And when the queen's Grace had washed her hands, then came the duke
+of Suffolk, high constable for that day and steward of the feast, riding
+on horseback, richly dressed and decorated, and with him, also riding on
+horseback, Lord William Howard as deputy for the duke of Norfolk in his
+office of marshall of England, and there came the queen's service followed
+by the archbishop's with a certain space between, which was all borne by
+knights; the archbishop sitting at the queen's board, at the end on her
+left hand.&amp;nbsp; The earl of Sussex was sewer, earl of Essex carver, earl
+of Derby cup bearer, earl of Arundel butler, Viscount Lisle panter, and
+Lord Grey almoner.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082598&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082598&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10954</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The fall of Anne Boleyn, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3d9e49bb208972bc382da2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215251</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynex.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynex.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1536: The execution of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;372&quot; height=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's fall from royal favor was written by the Spanish 
+    ambassador Eustace Chapuys,
+
+in a letter to Emperor Charles V.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Chapuys despised Anne; she returned the feeling.&amp;nbsp; He 
+    was the chief adviser and confidante of Henry VIII's first wife, Katharine 
+    of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; He did not recognize the king's marriage to Anne and 
+    referred to her as 'the concubine' and 'the whore' in his official 
+    dispatches.&amp;nbsp; Like many, Chapuys blamed Anne for the king's poor 
+    treatment of Katharine and their daughter, Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Chapuys had confidently predicted Anne's fall for several 
+    years.&amp;nbsp; When it actually happened, he was quite surprised.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+    not recognized the depth of Henry's feelings for the woman who would become 
+    his third wife, Jane Seymour.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Despite Chapuys's dislike of Anne, his account gives little 
+    credit to the king.&amp;nbsp; He clearly considered Henry's behavior to be 
+    inappropriate; it was also unpopular.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+The joy shown by the people every day, not only at the ruin of the concubine
+but at the hope of princess Mary's restoration is inconceivable, but as
+yet the king shows no great disposition towards the latter; indeed he has
+twice shown himself obstinate when spoken to on the subject by his council.&amp;nbsp;
+I hear that, even before the arrest of the concubine, the king, speaking
+with Mistress Jane Seymour of their future marriage, the latter suggested
+that the princess should be replaced in her former position; and the king
+told her she was a fool, and ought to solicit the advancement of the children
+they would have between them, and not any others.&amp;nbsp; She replied that
+in asking for the restoration of the princess she was seeking the rest
+and tranquility of the king, herself, her future children, and the whole
+realm; for, without that neither your majesty nor this people would ever
+be content.
+&lt;p&gt;I will endeavor by all means to make her continue in this vein; I hope
+also to go and speak with the king within three days, and with members
+of the council in general.&amp;nbsp; I think the concubine's little bastard
+Elizabeth will be excluded from the succession, and that the king will
+get himself requested by parliament to marry.&amp;nbsp; To cover the affection
+he has for the said Seymour he has lodged her seven miles away in the house
+of a grand esquire, and says publicly that he has no desire in the world
+to marry again, unless he is constrained by his subjects to do so.&amp;nbsp;
+Several have already told me and sent to say that, if it cost them their
+lives, when parliament meets they will urge the cause of the princess to
+the utmost.
+&lt;p&gt;The very evening the concubine was brought to the Tower of London, when
+the duke of Richmond went to say goodnight to his father, and ask his blessing
+after the English custom, the king began to weep, saying that he and his
+sister, meaning the princess, were greatly bound to God for having escaped
+the hands of that accursed whore, who had determined to poison them; from
+which it is clear that the king knew something about it.
+&lt;p&gt;Master Norris, the king's chief butler, Master Weston who used to lie
+with the king, Master Brereton gentleman of the chamber, and the groom
+of whom I wrote to your majesty by my man, were all condemned as traitors.&amp;nbsp;
+Only the groom confessed that he had been three times with the said whore
+and concubine.&amp;nbsp; The others were condemned upon presumption and certain
+indications, without valid proof or confession.
+&lt;p&gt;The concubine and her brother were condemned for treason by all the
+principal lords of England, and the duke of Norfolk pronounced sentence.&amp;nbsp;
+I am told the earl of Wiltshire was quite as ready to assist at the judgement
+as he had done at the condemnation of the other four.&amp;nbsp; Neither the
+whore nor her brother was brought to Westminster like the other criminals.&amp;nbsp;
+They were condemned within the Tower of London, but the thing was not done
+secretly, for there were more than 2,000 persons present.&amp;nbsp; What she
+was principally charged with was having cohabited with her brother and
+other accomplices; that there was a promise between her and Norris to marry
+after the king's death, which it thus appeared they hoped for; and that
+she had received and given to Norris certain medals, which might be interpreted
+to mean that she had poisoned the late queen, and intrigued to do the same
+to the princess.&amp;nbsp; These things she totally denied and gave to each
+a plausible answer.&amp;nbsp; Yet she confessed she had given money to Weston,
+as she had often done to other young gentlemen.&amp;nbsp; She was also charged,
+and her brother likewise, with having laughed at the king and his dress,
+and that she showed in various ways she did not love the king, but was
+tired of him.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was charged with having cohabited with
+her by presumption, because he had once been found a long time with her,
+and with certain other little follies.&amp;nbsp; To all he replied so well
+that several of those present wagered 10 to 1 that he would be acquitted,
+especially as no witnesses were produced against either him or her, as
+it is usual to do, particularly when the accused denies the charge.
+&lt;p&gt;I must not omit that among other things charged against him as a crime
+was, that his sister had told his wife that the king was impotent.&amp;nbsp;
+This he was not openly charged with, but it was shown him in writing, with
+a warning not to repeat it.&amp;nbsp; But he immediately declared the matter,
+in great contempt of Cromwell and some others, saying he would not in this
+point arouse any suspicion which might prejudice the king's issue.&amp;nbsp;
+He was also charged with having spread reports which called in question
+whether his sister's daughter was the king's child.&amp;nbsp; To which he made
+no reply.&amp;nbsp; They were judged separately and did not see each other.&amp;nbsp;
+The concubine was condemned first, and having heard the sentence, which
+was to be burnt or beheaded at the king's pleasure, she preserved her composure,
+saying that she held herself ready to greet death and that what she regretted
+most was that the above persons, who were innocent and loyal to the king,
+were to die for her.&amp;nbsp; She only asked a short time for confession.&amp;nbsp;
+Her brother, after his condemnation, said that since he must die, he would
+no longer maintain his innocence, but confessed that he had deserved death.&amp;nbsp;
+He only begged the king that his debts, which he recounted, might be paid
+out of his goods.
+&lt;p&gt;Although everybody rejoices at the execution of the whore there are
+some who murmur at the mode of procedure against her and the others, and
+people speak variously of the king; and it will not pacify the world when
+it is known what has passed and is passing between him and Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+Already it sounds ill in the ears of the people, that the king, having
+received such ignominy, has shown himself more glad than ever since the
+arrest of the whore; for he has been going about banqueting with ladies,
+sometimes remaining after midnight, and returning by the river.&amp;nbsp; Most
+of the time he was accompanied by various musical instruments, and, on
+the other hand, by the singers of his chamber, which many interpret as
+showing his delight at getting rid of a thin, old and wicked fool with
+hope of change, which is a thing especially agreeable to this king.&amp;nbsp;
+He supped lately with several ladies in the house of the bishop of Carlisle,
+and showed an extravagant joy, as the said bishop came to tell me next
+morning, who reported moreover that the king had said to him, among other
+things, that he had long expected the issue of these affairs, and that
+thereupon he had before composed a tragedy, which he carried with him;
+and so saying the king drew from his bosom a little book written in his
+own hand, but the bishop did not read the contents.&amp;nbsp; It may have been
+certain ballads that the king had composed, at which the whore and her
+brother laughed as foolish things, which was objected to them as a great
+crime.
+&lt;p&gt;Three days after the concubine's imprisonment the princess was removed,
+and was honourably accompanied both by the servants of the little bastard
+and by several gentlemen who came of their own accord.&amp;nbsp; Many of her
+old servants and maids at this news went to her, and although her governess
+allowed them to remain, she was warned by me not to accept or retain anyone
+but those given her by the king her father.&amp;nbsp; What I most fear as regards
+her is, that when the king is asked by parliament to restore her to her
+rights, he will refuse his consent unless the princess first swears to
+the statutes invalidating the first marriage and the pope's authority.&amp;nbsp;
+To this, I think, she will not easily yield, although I should advise her
+to acquiesce in everything as far as she can without prejudice to her conscience.&lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082600&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082600&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3135</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3d9e49bb224972bc382dbe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215251</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">prianne3.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/prianne3.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1536: Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution&quot; width=&quot;328&quot; height=&quot;152&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution was made by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The execution took place on 19 May 1536 at 8 o'clock in the 
+    morning.&amp;nbsp; It was the first public execution of an English queen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;p&gt;
+'Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the
+law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing
+against it.&amp;nbsp; I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything
+of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save
+the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more
+merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle
+and sovereign lord.&amp;nbsp; And if any person will meddle of my cause, I
+require them to judge the best.&amp;nbsp; And thus I take my leave of the world
+and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me.&amp;nbsp; O Lord
+have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul.' &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;After being blindfolded and kneeling at the block, she repeated several 
+times:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu receive my soul.'&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082600&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082600&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH411a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH411a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH411a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4832</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The first meeting of Anne of Cleves and Henry VIII and their marriage, 1539-1540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH411aba1939c9aa833e0f36</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH411a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pricleve.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pricleve.gif&quot; width=&quot;472&quot; height=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The accounts 
+      at right were written by the Spanish ambassador Eustace Chapuys.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Anne was Henry VIII's fourth wife.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was 
+      annulled after only a few months, primarily because the king did not find 
+      her attractive.&amp;nbsp; And he had already found an attractive replacement - 
+      Catherine Howard.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Of particular interest is Henry's trick at their first
+meeting and Anne's reaction, undoubtedly a humbling experience for the
+king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1539&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;This year on St John's Day, 27 December, Lady Anne, daughter of the
+duke of Cleves in Germany, landed at Dover at 5 o'clock at night, and there
+was honorably received by the duke of Suffolk and other great lords, and
+so lodged in the castle.&amp;nbsp; And on the following Monday she rode to
+Canterbury where she was honorably received by the archbishop of Canterbury
+and other great men, and lodged at the king's palace at St Austin's, and
+there highly feasted.&amp;nbsp; On Tuesday she came to Sittingbourne.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1540&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;On New Year's Eve the duke of Norfolk with other knights and the barons
+of the exchequer received her grace on the heath, two miles beyond Rochester,
+and so brought her to the abbey of Rochester where she stayed that night
+and all New Years Day.&amp;nbsp; And on New Years Day in the afternoon the
+king's grace with five of his privy chamber, being disguised with mottled
+cloaks with hoods so that they should not be recognized, came secretly
+to Rochester, and so went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne
+was looking out of a window to see the bull-baiting which was going on
+in the courtyard, and suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed here
+a token which the king had sent her for New Year's gift, and she being
+abashed and not knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her.&amp;nbsp;
+But she regarded him little, but always looked out the window.... and when
+the king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into
+another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of purple
+velvet.&amp;nbsp; And when the lords and knights saw his grace they did him
+reverence.... and then her grace humbled herself lowly to the king's majesty,
+and his grace saluted her again, and they talked together lovingly, and
+afterwards he took her by the hand and led her to another chamber where
+their graces amused themselves that night and on Friday until the afternoon.
+&lt;p&gt;....So she came to Greenwich that night, and was received as queen.&amp;nbsp;
+And the next day, being Sunday, the king's grace kept a great court at
+Greenwich, where his grace with the queen offered at mass, richly dressed.&amp;nbsp;
+And on Twelfth Night, which was Tuesday, the king's majesty was married
+to the said queen Anne solemnly, in her closet at Greenwich, and his grace
+and she went publicly in procession that day, she having a rich coronet
+of stone and pearls set with rosemary on her hair, and a gown of rich cloth
+of silver, richly hung with stones and pearls, with all her ladies and
+gentlewomen following her, which was a goodly sight to behold.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082602&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082602&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH42a4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH42a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH42a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8597</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England Secondary Sources biographies histories studies etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England Secondary Sources biographies histories studies etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Biographies, Histories, Studies, etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH42a4d81340217c0b7654eb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH42a4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorsecondarysources.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;566&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;34&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;34&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;34&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorsecondarysources.gif&quot; width=&quot;446&quot; height=&quot;143&quot; alt=&quot;Secondary Sources: Biographies, Histories, Studies, etc&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;ES Beesly, &lt;i&gt;Queen 
+    Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; (1892)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterone.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER
+      &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;:&lt;/font&gt; 
+      EARLY LIFE, 1533-1558&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwo.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER II&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      THE CHANGE OF RELIGION, 1559 &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterthree.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      III&lt;/a&gt;: FOREIGN RELATIONS, 1559-1563&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfour.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      IV&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH&lt;/font&gt; AND MARY STUART, 
+      1559-1568&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfive.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER V&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      ARISTOCRATIC PLOTS, 1568-1572&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptersix.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER VI&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      FOREIGN AFFAIRS, 1572-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterseven.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      VII&lt;/a&gt;: THE PAPAL ATTACK, 1570-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereight.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      VIII&lt;/a&gt;: PROTECTORATE OF THE, NETHERLANDS, 1584-1586&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapternine.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      IX&lt;/a&gt;: EXECUTION OF THE QUEEN OF SCOTS: 1584-1587&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterten.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER X&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      WAR WITH SPAIN, 1587-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereleven.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      XI&lt;/a&gt;: DOMESTIC AFFAIRS, 1588-1601&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwelve.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      XII&lt;/a&gt;: LAST YEARS AND DEATH, 1601-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;JA Froude, &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: The 
+    Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII &lt;/i&gt;(1891)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BEING 
+    A SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME TO THE AUTHOR'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudeintroduction.html&quot;&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudeone.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER ONE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Prospects of a disputed succession to the crown -- Various 
+    claimants -Catherine incapable of having further children -- Irregularity of 
+    her marriage with the King -- Papal dispensations -- First mention of the 
+    divorce -- Situation of the Papacy -- Charles V. -- Policy of Wolsey -- 
+    Anglo-French alliance -- Imperial troops in Italy -- Appeal of the Pope -- 
+    Mission of Inigo de Mendoza -- The Bishop of Tarbes -Legitimacy of the 
+    Princess Mary called in question -- Secret meeting of the Legates' court -- 
+    Alarms of Catherine -- Sack of Rome by the Duke of Bourbon -- Proposed 
+    reform of the Papacy -- The divorce promoted by Wolsey -- Unpopular in 
+    England -- Attempts of the Emperor to gain Wolsey.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudetwo.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER TWO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mission of 
+    Wolsey to Paris -- Visits Bishop Fisher on the way -- Anxieties of the 
+    Emperor -- Letter of the Emperor to Henry VIII. -Large offers to Wolsey -- 
+    Address of the French Cardinals to the Pope -- Anne Boleyn chosen by Henry 
+    to succeed Catherine -- Surprise and displeasure of Wolsey -- Fresh attempts 
+    of the Emperor to bribe him -- Wolsey forced to continue to advocate the 
+    divorce -Mission of Dr. Knight to Rome -- The Pope at Orvieto -- The King 
+    applies for a dispensation to make a second marriage -- Language of the 
+    dispensation demanded -- Inferences drawn from it -- Alleged intrigue 
+    between the King and Mary Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudethree.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER THREE&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anxiety 
+    of the Pope to satisfy the &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; -- 
+    Fears of the Emperor -Proposed alternatives -- France and England declare 
+    war in the Pope's defence -- Campeggio to be sent to England -- The
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt;'s account of the Pope's conduct 
+    -- The Pope's distress and alarm -The secret decretal -- Instructions to 
+    Campeggio. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER FOUR&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;A&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;nne 
+    Boleyn -- Letters to her from the &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; 
+    -- The Convent at Wilton -- The Divorce -- The Pope's promises -- Arrival of 
+    Campeggio in England -- Reception at the Bridewell Palace -- Proposal to 
+    Catherine to take the veil -- Her refusal -- Uncertainty of the succession 
+    -- A singular expedient -- Alarms of Wolsey -- The true issue -Speech of the
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; in the City -- Threats of the 
+    Emperor -- Defects in the Bull of Pope Julius -- Alleged discovery of a 
+    brief supplying them -- Distress of Clement.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;
+    more to come....&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+    England&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082545&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082545&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH4449.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH4449.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH4449.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">24390</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Wolsey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH444986a5947f1f93dd4461</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215244</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH4449.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey-small.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Thomas Wolsey&quot; height=67 width=286&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born c. 1465 in Ipswich
+&lt;br&gt;died 29 November 1530 in Leicester&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+He was a man
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Himself with princes...
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+But his performance, as he is now, nothing...
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Shakespeare and Fletcher, &lt;i&gt;All Is True; the History of King Henry VIII&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine of Aragon is speaking of Cardinal Wolsey.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+O Cromwell, Cromwell!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Had I but served my God with half the zeal
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+I served my king, he would not in mine age
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Have left me naked to mine enemies.
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;i&gt;All Is True&lt;/i&gt;. Wolsey's speech in act IV.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey-small.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Cardinal Wolsey&quot; BORDER=0 height=296 width=190 align=LEFT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+The life of Cardinal Wolsey is one of the great cautionary tales of Henry
+VIII's reign; like his protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey rose
+and fell by the whim of a conflicted and contradictory king.&amp;nbsp; He was
+born in obscurity, the son of a butcher in Ipswich, a town in Suffolk.&amp;nbsp;
+But he was intelligent and ambitious enough to attend the University of
+Oxford and in 1498 he was ordained a priest.&amp;nbsp; Five years later, he
+became the chaplain to the deputy lieutenant of Calais, a nobleman named
+Sir Richard Nanfan.&amp;nbsp; Nanfan recommended Wolsey's services to his king,
+Henry VII, but Wolsey did not leave Calais until Nanfan's death in 1507.&amp;nbsp;
+Then he journeyed to London to begin his service to the king; Henry VII
+was as impressed with Wolsey as Nanfan had been and, shortly before his
+death in April 1509, appointed him dean of Lincoln.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry's
+death Wolsey, about thirty years of age and blessed with energy and confidence,
+found himself with a new master - an eighteen-year-old king determined
+to achieve as much glory and renown as possible.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey and Henry became close friends, or as close
+as one could be to a king.&amp;nbsp; Both men were determined to leave their
+mark upon history but while Henry preferred costly wars and grandiloquent
+diplomacy, Wolsey was committed to financial and judicial reform in England
+and English-arbitrated European peace.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was always a churchman
+though this should not imply ignorance of the material world.&amp;nbsp; He
+was determined to gain his own fortune, thus cementing his rise from obscurity,
+but he also possessed a great legal mind and a shrewd understanding of
+international affairs.&amp;nbsp; He combined these attributes with his earlier
+spiritual training to dominate both the secular and spiritual aspects of
+English life.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was quick to recognize Wolsey's intelligence
+and appointed him royal almoner in November 1509 but, as the years passed,
+delegated more and more authority to Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; The early years of Henry's
+reign were spent with the young monarch, regaled as the handsomest prince
+in Europe, jousting, hunting, and debating visiting scholars.&amp;nbsp; And
+while Henry was interested in more practical affairs, he grew to depend
+on Wolsey's assistance.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey's position, however, was completely
+changed by the French expedition of 1513.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII had long wanted
+to prove English strength in battle against this old
+&lt;br&gt;enemy.&amp;nbsp; His wish is understandable; he was young and, like many
+young people, had chafed at his father's authority.&amp;nbsp; When Henry VII
+died, his son saw this as an opportunity to reveal a new England to Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+Under this new Henry, England would no longer be solvent but boring, dependable
+but not lively.&amp;nbsp; Instead, it would be a court of artists, musicians,
+dancers, and scholars, all presided over by the new king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's plan to gain this European respect was simple:
+a successful military strike against France.&amp;nbsp; After one failure, he
+went in person to achieve glory in August 1513 at the Battle of the Spurs.&amp;nbsp;
+Only a month later, the English defeated the Scots at Flodden Field where
+Henry's brother-in-law James IV was killed.&amp;nbsp; Of course, the English
+couldn't sustain a permanent presence in France so they decided on to make
+peace.&amp;nbsp; Henry's youngest sister Mary was the sacrificial lamb.&amp;nbsp;
+At eighteen, she was married to the sixty-year-old Louis XII of France.&amp;nbsp;
+The bridegroom survived just three months of marriage and Mary angered
+her brother by secretly following her heart and marrying Henry's best friend
+Charles Brandon just weeks after Louis XII's death.&amp;nbsp; Mary and Brandon
+were the grandparents of &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry was exultant at his French victory; this success
+was Europe's true introduction to his reign.&amp;nbsp; England would be taken
+seriously as a European power broker, courted by the French and Spanish
+and mediating between these nations and the vulnerable papacy.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was generous in rewarding Wolsey for his service.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry's recommendation,
+Pope Leo X made Wolsey bishop of Lincoln in February 1514 and, just nine
+months later, archbishop of York.&amp;nbsp; But the honors did not end there.&amp;nbsp;
+The next year he was made Cardinal and, in December 1515, lord chancellor
+of England.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Perhaps even more importantly for Wolsey, he was
+taken into Henry's complete confidence.&amp;nbsp; He was friend, confidante,
+and advisor to a king increasingly conflicted in his personal life.&amp;nbsp;
+Eventually, Henry would want a divorce from Katharine of Aragon to marry
+Anne Boleyn and secure his throne.&amp;nbsp; Whether motivated solely by personal
+dissatisfaction or spiritual unrest or both, Henry was determined to end
+his marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, once determined on his course, he was committed
+to it.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, he turned to his most capable and trusted
+servant, Wolsey, for help.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before the divorce issue, Wolsey had quickly established
+himself as second only to Henry in power.&amp;nbsp; This naturally angered
+the old nobility who made up the privy council and dominated Parliament.&amp;nbsp;
+They were indignant that Wolsey, son of a butcher, controlled access to
+the king.&amp;nbsp; They were also angry that Wolsey refused to treat them
+as they deserved - simply put, they were nobility and he, despite the honors
+the king heaped upon him, was a commoner.&amp;nbsp; In the natural order, he
+was their inferior.&amp;nbsp; His refusal to act inferior was galling to them,
+particularly the powerful dukes.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Henry was even more proud that his nobles.&amp;nbsp;
+That begs the question - was he ever insulted by Wolsey's supposedly overbearing
+arrogance?&amp;nbsp; No; in fact, Henry displayed his typical cunning by selecting
+his advisor based on both ability and indebtedness.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was his
+creation - his to reward or, as he did eventually, destroy.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was also careful to never offend or anger
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; It was a careful dance and a tribute to his own intelligence
+that he succeeded in managing this most unmanageable king.&amp;nbsp; (The complexity
+of Henry's character, both as man and monarch, cannot be adequately addressed
+here.&amp;nbsp; I highly recommend L. B. Smith's &lt;i&gt;Henry VIII: The Mask of
+Royalty&lt;/i&gt;, a wonderful study of the nature of kingship, life in 16th
+century England, and Henry's moral universe.)&amp;nbsp; Wolsey appealed to
+Henry's vanity by crediting all success to the king and all failures to
+his own inadequacies.&amp;nbsp; For a long while, there were no failures.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1518, the pope made him a special papal representative a latere.&amp;nbsp;
+With his incredible secular and ecclesiastical authority, Wolsey was able
+to achieve wealth and influence second only to the king.&amp;nbsp; At Hampton
+Court Palace, over four hundred servants waited to attend him in their
+richly embroidered livery.&amp;nbsp; People scurried to win his favor for they
+knew that the only way to Henry was through Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; But his ties
+to Rome, including his religious training, would prove the Cardinal's undoing.&amp;nbsp;
+He could not serve two masters.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before his loyalties were divided between Rome and
+Henry, Wolsey was able to serve Henry's European interests.&amp;nbsp; As stated
+before, they wanted England to be the balancing power in Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+At the time, Europe was dominated by the two rival powers of France and
+the Holy Roman Empire of the Hapsburgs.&amp;nbsp; The situation became even
+more complicated when Katharine of Aragon's nephew Charles became Holy
+Roman Emperor in 1519.&amp;nbsp; Originally, Wolsey and Henry favored an alliance
+with the Imperial power.&amp;nbsp; This was based on economics (English trade
+with the Lowlands), history (England was
+&lt;br&gt;rarely at peace with France), and also family (after all, Charles was
+Katharine's nephew.)&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Charles recognized Wolsey's ambition
+and intimated he could influence the papal elections in the Cardinal's
+favor.&amp;nbsp; But first Wolsey tried his hand at peace by arranging meetings
+between Henry and the two rival monarchs in 1520.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The meetings were unsuccessful, however, and war
+broke out in 1521.&amp;nbsp; In 1523 Henry and Wolsey agreed to support the
+Hapsburgs by sending troops to France.&amp;nbsp; But war costs a great deal
+of money and then, as now, the way to raise money was to raise taxes.&amp;nbsp;
+And then, as now, the decision was incredibly unpopular.&amp;nbsp; This unpleasant
+task fell to Wolsey - Henry was careful to let Wolsey implement the collection
+and, accordingly, take the blame.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, the foreign policy which demanded this increased
+taxation became inconsistent and illogical.&amp;nbsp; In 1528, the English
+were supporting their former enemy, France, against the Hapsburgs; in August
+1529, France and the Hapsburgs made peace and isolated England.&amp;nbsp; It
+was a confusing and contradictory mess, further complicated when the hired
+troops of the Holy Roman Emperor sacked Rome in 1527.&amp;nbsp; The Emperor
+Charles had to face the unpleasant task of explaining how he, the protector
+of Christendom, had allowed the Eternal City to be pillaged and the pope
+sent fleeing through an underground tunnel.&amp;nbsp; However, Charles - and
+the rest of Europe - were quick to recognize that he now controlled Rome
+and the pope.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this time, Wolsey was also reforming the English
+judicial system.&amp;nbsp; The end result - Wolsey was despised by both ordinary
+Englishmen and the aristocracy alike.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to extend
+justice to the nobility who were essentially lawless.&amp;nbsp; Only their
+code of honor determined their behavior for Henry often excused rape and
+murder on the part of his fellow nobles; treason against him was another
+matter entirely.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey used the power of the Star Chamber to impose
+his new laws, thus making the noble and the commoner - if not equal under
+the law - at least more equal than before.&amp;nbsp; He also developed
+&lt;br&gt;committees to hear cases involving the poor; these became known as
+the Court of Requests in 1529.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His attempts to reform the English church were less
+successful.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was unable to devote much time or effort
+to the cause since his duties as lord chancellor were so great.&amp;nbsp; Also,
+his own life was, in many ways, at odds with his spiritual training and
+titles.&amp;nbsp; His wealth was tremendous and ostentatious, he had two illegitimate
+children, and he struck many as greedy and vain.&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly, the
+ordinary churchman was not impressed with the moral foundations of Wolsey's
+leadership.&amp;nbsp; But despite the appearance of hypocrisy, he did institute
+some reforms.&amp;nbsp; Most notably, he suppressed nearly 30 monasteries to
+pay for Cardinal's College at Oxford, later called Christ Church.&amp;nbsp;
+Understandably, these actions alienated the clergy and concerned the papacy.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey had by now offended everyone except the king.&amp;nbsp; And, ironically,
+most of his offensive policies were always implemented either at Henry's
+instigation or approval.&amp;nbsp; Many historians have portrayed Henry VIII
+as a credulous monarch manipulated by Wolsey, Cromwell, and his unruly
+nobles.&amp;nbsp; The truth is far more complex.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry did not turn on Wolsey until after the Cardinal's
+opulent lifestyle first aroused his envy.&amp;nbsp; Jealousy planted a seed
+which Wolsey sensed too late; for example, he gave Hampton Court to Henry
+as a gift once the king remarked it was a finer palace than any of his
+own.&amp;nbsp; In the late 1520s, Henry was not simply envious; he was also
+desperate for personal happiness, spiritual freedom, and a secure succession.&amp;nbsp;
+His only hope was a divorce from Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Poor Wolsey
+- his spiritual master, the Pope, was a paawn of Emperor Charles V, and
+his temporal master wanted a divorce from the emperor's aunt.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The Pope had no choice but to obey Charles's wishes
+though he struggled to appease Henry as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; He suggested
+that Henry's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, should
+wed Katharine and Henry's daughter Mary.&amp;nbsp; He told Henry to take Anne
+Boleyn as his mistress and promised to legitimize their children.&amp;nbsp;
+The pope even suggested bigamy, advising the king to send Katharine to
+a nunnery and marry Anne.&amp;nbsp; But Henry wanted no doubt of the legitimacy
+of his second marriage and its hoped-for offspring.&amp;nbsp; From 1527 to
+1529, he was content to let Wolsey try the usual diplomatic and military
+solutions but these were unsuccessful.&amp;nbsp; After all, England did not
+have the military might to force Charles from Italy and free the Pope to
+make an independent decision.&amp;nbsp; Had he been free of Charles, the Pope
+would undoubtedly have ruled in Henry's favor; it had been done before
+for monarchs throughout Europe.&amp;nbsp; In fact, though the term 'divorce'
+is most often used in this case, Henry wasn't actually seeking a divorce.&amp;nbsp;
+He was actually seeking an annulment - he argued that he had never been
+legally married to Katharine.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Matters were further complicated because Wolsey lacked
+virtually any support at the English court.&amp;nbsp; Henry's infatuation with
+Anne Boleyn had also cost the Cardinal for Anne, while kind to Wolsey when
+he was still powerful, recognized him as a rival - and, later, an obstacle
+to her and Henry's marriage.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Wolsey's sympathies were probably
+torn between Katharine and Anne.&amp;nbsp; Though portrayed as an enemy to
+both women, he was undoubtedly unable to choose which side to support.&amp;nbsp;
+This, too, was a result of his conflicting loyalties to the Pope and Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+Also, Wolsey had usually supported peace with the Hapsburgs and was loathe
+to offend the powerful emperor by helping Henry discard Katharine for an
+English knight's daughter.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But as Wolsey, near sixty-five, failed to secure
+an acceptable solution, Henry became impatient.&amp;nbsp; He was now all too
+willing to listen to his outraged nobles; having suffered with Wolsey for
+so long, they used their king's impatience to secure his destruction.&amp;nbsp;
+It was suddenly remembered that Wolsey's office of papal legate was in
+direct violation of the ancient Statute of Praemunire which outlawed direct
+papal jurisdiction.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Henry had sanctioned Wolsey's legatine
+authority and so had broken the law himself.&amp;nbsp; This did not matter.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey was no longer useful to his increasingly ruthless master and on
+9
+&lt;br&gt;October 1529, he was deprived of everything but the archbishopric of
+York.&amp;nbsp; He left London for York in April 1530.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Wolsey's enemies wanted him completely destroyed
+and evidence, probably fabricated, was produced which showed he was corresponding
+with the French king.&amp;nbsp; This was argued to be high treason; the Cardinal
+still believed himself to be invulnerable and fit to represent the king's
+majesty.&amp;nbsp; On 4 November, Wolsey was arrested on charges of treason
+and taken from York Palace.&amp;nbsp; On his way south to face dubious justice
+at the Tower of London, he grew ill.&amp;nbsp; The group escorting him were
+concerned enough to stop at Leicester.&amp;nbsp; There, Wolsey's condition
+quickly worsened and he died on 29 November.
+&lt;br&gt;His death was timely for it saved him from being executed as a traitor.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+This cardinal,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Was fashion'd to much honor from his cradle.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading:
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+But to those men that sought him sweet as
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+summer.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+And though he were unsatisfied in getting
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+He was most princely: ever witness for him
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+him,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+So excellent in art, and still so rising,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+And found the blessedness of being little:
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+And, to add greater honors to his age
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Than man could give him, he died fearing
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+God.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Shakespeare and Fletcher, &lt;i&gt;All Is True&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Griffith tells of Wolsey's death, Act IV.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Read a contemporary account of Wolsey's fall from grace at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082581&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082581&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH49ce.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH49ce.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH49ce.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11478</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The lyrics of King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH49ce89d25cca35c039a166</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH49ce.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1500sa.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1500sa.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: The lyrics of King Henry VIII&quot; width=&quot;399&quot; height=&quot;69&quot;&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Pastime with good company&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Pastime with good company
+&lt;br&gt;I love and shall until I die.
+&lt;br&gt;Grudge who likes, but none deny,
+&lt;br&gt;So God be pleased, thus live will I.
+&lt;br&gt;For my pastance:
+&lt;br&gt;Hunt, sing, and dance.
+&lt;br&gt;My heart is set!
+&lt;br&gt;All goodly sport
+&lt;br&gt;For my comfort.
+&lt;br&gt;Who shall me let?
+&lt;p&gt;Youth must have some dalliance,
+&lt;br&gt;Of good or ill some pastance.
+&lt;br&gt;Company I think then best --
+&lt;br&gt;All thoughts and fantasies to digest.
+&lt;br&gt;For idleness
+&lt;br&gt;Is chief mistress
+&lt;br&gt;Of vices all.
+&lt;br&gt;Then who can say
+&lt;br&gt;But mirth and play
+&lt;br&gt;Is best of all?
+&lt;p&gt;Company with honesty
+&lt;br&gt;Is virtue -- vices to flee.
+&lt;br&gt;Company is good and ill,
+&lt;br&gt;But every man has his free will.
+&lt;br&gt;The best ensue.
+&lt;br&gt;The worst eschew.
+&lt;br&gt;My mind shall be.
+&lt;br&gt;Virtue to use.
+&lt;br&gt;Vice to refuse.
+&lt;br&gt;Thus shall I use me!&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Alas, what shall I do for love?&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Alas, what shall I do for love?
+&lt;br&gt;For love, alas, what shall I do?
+&lt;br&gt;Since now so kind
+&lt;br&gt;I do you find
+&lt;br&gt;To kepe you me unto.
+&lt;br&gt;Alasse!
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Oh my heart&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Oh my heart, and oh my heart,
+&lt;br&gt;My hart it is so sore.
+&lt;br&gt;Since I must from my love depart,
+&lt;br&gt;And know no cause wherefore.
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;The time of youth is to be spent&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;The time of youth is to be spent,
+&lt;br&gt;But vice in it should be forfent.
+&lt;br&gt;Pastimes there be I note truly
+&lt;br&gt;Which one may use and vice deny.
+&lt;br&gt;And they be pleasant to God and man:
+&lt;br&gt;Those should we covet when we can.
+&lt;br&gt;As feats of arms, and such other
+&lt;br&gt;Wherby activeness one may utter.
+&lt;br&gt;Comparisons in them may lawfully be set,
+&lt;br&gt;For, thereby, courage is surely out fet.
+&lt;br&gt;Vertue it is, then, youth for to spend
+&lt;br&gt;In good disports which it does fend.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Alac! Alac! What shall I do?&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Alac! Alac! What shall I do?
+&lt;br&gt;For care is cast in to my heart,
+&lt;br&gt;And true love locked thereto.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Green grows the holly&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Green grows the holly.
+&lt;br&gt;So does the ivy.
+&lt;br&gt;Though winter's blasts blow never so high,
+&lt;br&gt;Green grows the holly.
+&lt;p&gt;As the holly grows green
+&lt;br&gt;And never changes hue,
+&lt;br&gt;So I am -- ever have been --
+&lt;br&gt;unto my lady true.
+&lt;p&gt;As the holly grows green
+&lt;br&gt;With ivy all alone,
+&lt;br&gt;When flowers can not be seen
+&lt;br&gt;And greenwood leaves be gone.
+&lt;p&gt;Now unto my lady
+&lt;br&gt;Promise to her I make:
+&lt;br&gt;From all other, only
+&lt;br&gt;to her, I me betake.
+&lt;p&gt;Adieu, my own lady.
+&lt;br&gt;Adieu, my special
+&lt;br&gt;Who hath my heart truly,
+&lt;br&gt;Be sure, and ever shall.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Who so that will all feats obtain&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Who so that will all feats obtain
+&lt;br&gt;In love he must be without disdain.
+&lt;br&gt;For love enforces all noble kind,
+&lt;br&gt;And disdain discourages all gentle mind.
+&lt;br&gt;Wherefore, to love and be not loved
+&lt;br&gt;Is worse than death? Let it be proved!
+&lt;br&gt;Love encourages, and makes one bold;
+&lt;br&gt;Disdain abates and makes him cold.
+&lt;br&gt;Love is given to God and man;
+&lt;br&gt;To woman also, I think the same.
+&lt;br&gt;But disdain is vice, and should be refused,
+&lt;br&gt;Yet never the less it is too much used.
+&lt;br&gt;Great pity it were, love for to compel
+&lt;br&gt;With disdain, both false and subtle.
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;If love now reigned&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;If love now reigned as it has been
+&lt;br&gt;And were rewarded as it has seen,
+&lt;br&gt;Noble men then would surely ensearch
+&lt;br&gt;All ways whereby they might it reach.
+&lt;br&gt;But envy reigns with such disdain
+&lt;br&gt;And causes lovers outwardly to refrain,
+&lt;br&gt;Which puts them to more and more,
+&lt;br&gt;Inwardly, most grievous and sore:
+&lt;br&gt;The fault in whom I cannot set,
+&lt;br&gt;But let them tell who love does get.
+&lt;br&gt;To lovers I put now sure this case:
+&lt;br&gt;Which of their loves does get them grace?
+&lt;br&gt;And unto them which doth it know
+&lt;br&gt;Better than do I, I think it so.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Whereto should I express&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Whereto should I express
+&lt;br&gt;My inward heaviness?
+&lt;br&gt;No mirth can make me fain,
+&lt;br&gt;'Till that we meet again.
+&lt;p&gt;Do way, dear heart, not so.
+&lt;br&gt;Let no thought you dismay.
+&lt;br&gt;Though you now part me from,
+&lt;br&gt;We shall meet when we may.
+&lt;p&gt;When I remember me
+&lt;br&gt;Of your most gentle mind,
+&lt;br&gt;It may in no wise agree
+&lt;br&gt;That I should be unkind.
+&lt;p&gt;The daisy delectable,
+&lt;br&gt;The violet waning and blue,
+&lt;br&gt;You are not variable --
+&lt;br&gt;I love you and no more.
+&lt;p&gt;I make you fast and sure;
+&lt;br&gt;It is to me great pain
+&lt;br&gt;Thus long to endure
+&lt;br&gt;'Till that we meet again.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Though that men do call it dotage&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Though that men do call it dotage,
+&lt;br&gt;Who loves not wants courage.
+&lt;br&gt;And whosoever may love get
+&lt;br&gt;From Venus surely he must it fetch,
+&lt;br&gt;Or else from her which is her heir.
+&lt;br&gt;And she to him must seem most fair.
+&lt;br&gt;Where eye and mind do both agree;
+&lt;br&gt;There is no but -- there must it be!
+&lt;br&gt;The eye does look and represent,
+&lt;br&gt;But mind affirms with full consent.
+&lt;br&gt;Thus am I fixed without grudge:
+&lt;br&gt;My eye with heart does me so judge.
+&lt;br&gt;Love maintains all noble courage;
+&lt;br&gt;Who love disdains is all of the village.
+&lt;br&gt;Such lovers, though they take pain,
+&lt;br&gt;It were pity they should obtain.
+&lt;br&gt;For often times where they do sue
+&lt;br&gt;They hinder lovers that would be true.
+&lt;br&gt;For who so loves should love but one.
+&lt;br&gt;Change who so will, I will be none.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Departure is my chief pain&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Departure is my chief pain
+&lt;br&gt;I trust right well of return again.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Without discord&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Without discord
+&lt;br&gt;And both accord,
+&lt;br&gt;Now let us be.
+&lt;br&gt;Both harts alone
+&lt;br&gt;To set in one,
+&lt;br&gt;Best seems me.
+&lt;br&gt;For when one sole
+&lt;br&gt;Is in the dole
+&lt;br&gt;Of love's pain,
+&lt;br&gt;Then help must have
+&lt;br&gt;Himself to save
+&lt;br&gt;And love to obtain.
+&lt;p&gt;Where for now we
+&lt;br&gt;That lovers be,
+&lt;br&gt;Let us now pray:
+&lt;br&gt;Once love sure
+&lt;br&gt;For to procure
+&lt;br&gt;Without denial.
+&lt;br&gt;Where love so sues
+&lt;br&gt;There no heart rues,
+&lt;br&gt;But condescend.
+&lt;br&gt;If contrary,
+&lt;br&gt;What remedy?
+&lt;br&gt;God it amend.
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Though some say that youth rules me&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;(possibly by King Henry VIII)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Though some say that youth rules me,
+&lt;br&gt;I trust in age to tarry.
+&lt;br&gt;God and my right, and my duty,
+&lt;br&gt;From them shall I never vary,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;p&gt;I pray you all that aged be
+&lt;br&gt;How well did you your youth carry?
+&lt;br&gt;I think some worse of each degree.
+&lt;br&gt;Therein a wager lay dare I,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;p&gt;Pastimes of youth some time among
+&lt;br&gt;None can say but necessary.
+&lt;br&gt;I hurt no man, I do no wrong,
+&lt;br&gt;I love true where I did marry,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;p&gt;Then soon discuss that hence we must
+&lt;br&gt;Pray we to God and Saint Mary
+&lt;br&gt;That all amend, and here an end.
+&lt;br&gt;Thus says the King, the eighth Harry,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Who so that will for grace sue&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Who so that will for grace sue,
+&lt;br&gt;His intent must needs be true,
+&lt;br&gt;And love her in heart and deed,
+&lt;br&gt;Else it were pity that he should speed.
+&lt;br&gt;Many one says that love is ill,
+&lt;br&gt;But those be they which know no skill.
+&lt;p&gt;Or else, because they may not obtain,
+&lt;br&gt;They would that others should it disdain.
+&lt;br&gt;But love is a thing given by God:
+&lt;br&gt;In that, therefore, can be none odd,
+&lt;br&gt;But perfect in deed, and between two.
+&lt;br&gt;Where fore, then, should we it eschew?&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Lusty Youth should us ensue!&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Lusty Youth should us ensue!
+&lt;br&gt;His merry heart shall sure all rue.
+&lt;br&gt;For whatsoever they do him tell
+&lt;br&gt;It is not for him, we know it well.
+&lt;p&gt;For they would have him his liberty refrain,
+&lt;br&gt;And all merry company for to disdain.
+&lt;br&gt;But I will not do whatsoever they say,
+&lt;br&gt;But follow his mind in all that we may.
+&lt;p&gt;How should youth himself best use
+&lt;br&gt;But all disdainers for to refuse?
+&lt;br&gt;Youth has as chief assurance
+&lt;br&gt;Honest mirth with virtue's pastance.
+&lt;p&gt;For in them consists great honour,
+&lt;br&gt;Though that disdainers would therein put error.
+&lt;br&gt;For they do sue to get them grace --
+&lt;br&gt;All only riches to purchase.
+&lt;p&gt;With good order, counsel, and equity,
+&lt;br&gt;Goode Lord grant us our mansion to be.
+&lt;br&gt;For without their good guidance
+&lt;br&gt;Youth should fall in great mischance.
+&lt;p&gt;For Youth is frail and prompt to do
+&lt;br&gt;As well vices as virtues to ensue.
+&lt;br&gt;Where fore by these he must be guided,
+&lt;br&gt;And virtues pastance must therein be used.
+&lt;p&gt;Now unto God this prayer we make,
+&lt;br&gt;That this rude play may well betake
+&lt;br&gt;And that we may our faults amend
+&lt;br&gt;And bliss obtain at our last end. Amen.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Let not us that young men be&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;(possibly by King Henry VIII)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Let not us that young men be
+&lt;br&gt;From Venus' ways banished to be, banished to be.
+&lt;br&gt;Though that Age with great disdain
+&lt;br&gt;Would have Youth love to refrain, love to refrain,
+&lt;br&gt;In their minds consider they must
+&lt;br&gt;How they did in their most lust.
+&lt;p&gt;For, if they were in like case
+&lt;br&gt;And would then have gotten grace,
+&lt;br&gt;They may not now than gainsay
+&lt;br&gt;That which then was most their joy.
+&lt;br&gt;Where for indeed, the truth to say,
+&lt;br&gt;It is for Youth the metest play.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082594&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082594&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH4d47.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH4d47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH4d47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3586</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Letter of Lady Jane Grey to Queen Mary I, 1554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH4d4789bb1eca6d50382d86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH4d47.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">prijane1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/prijane1.gif&quot; width=&quot;541&quot; height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;In this letter, Jane explains the circumstances which
+led to her becoming queen for nine days.&amp;nbsp; Her assertion that she was 
+      poisoned is nonsense.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+'Although my fault be such that but for the goodness and clemency of
+the Queen, I can have no hope of finding pardon.... having given ear to those who at the time appeared not only
+to myself, but also to the great part of this realm to be wise and now
+have manifested themselves to the contrary, not only to my and their great
+detriment, but with common disgrace and blame of all, they having with
+shameful boldness made to blamable and dishonourable an attempt to give
+to others that which was not theirs...[and my own] lack of prudence...for
+which I deserve heavy punishment...it being known that the error imputed
+to me has not been altogether caused by myself. [The Privy Council]....who
+with unwontd caresses and pleasantness, did me such reverence as was not
+at all suitable to my state. He [Dudley] then said that his Majesty had
+well weighed an Act of Parliament...that whoever should acknowledge the
+most serene Mary...or the lady Elizabeth and receive them as the true heirs
+of the crown of England should be had all for traitors...wherefore, in
+no manner did he wish that they should be heirs of him and of that crown,
+he being able in every way to disinherit them. And therefore, before his
+death, he gave order to the Council, that for the honour they owed to him...they
+should obey his last will...As to the rest, for my part, I know not what
+the Council had determined to do, but I know for certain that twice during
+this time, poison was given to me, first in the house of the Duchess of
+Northumberland and afterwards here in the Tower.... All these I have wished
+for the witness of my innocence and the disburdening of my conscience.' &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;
+to the Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082605&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082605&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5287.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5287.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5287.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7862</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Letter of Princess Mary to King Henry VIII, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH528790de1ecac150aa5d86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5287.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">primary1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/primary1.gif&quot; width=&quot;622&quot; height=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This letter 
+      was written on 22 June 1536.&amp;nbsp; In it, Princess Mary acknowledges the 
+      annulment of her parents' marriage, her own illegitimacy, and her father's 
+      position as head of a new English church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Mary 
+      refused to write this letter for several years, throughout the drama of 
+      the annulment and her father's remarriage to Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII 
+      suspected her behavior was encouraged by her mother; he deliberately 
+      separated Mary and Katharine of Aragon, banishing both from court.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;In the summer of 1536, on the advice of the 
+      Spanish ambassador, Mary succumbed and wrote this letter.&amp;nbsp; She always 
+      regretted it.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;It did, however, serve its purpose.&amp;nbsp; The death of 
+      Katharine of Aragon in January of that year, Anne Boleyn's execution in 
+      May, and Henry's third marriage to Jane Seymour encouraged a rapprochement 
+      between father and daughter.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;'Most
+humbly prostrate before the feet of your most excellent majesty, your most
+humble, so faithful and obedient subject, who has so extremely offended
+your most gracious highness that my heavy and fearful heart dare not presume
+to call you father, deserving of nothing from your majesty, save that the
+kindness of your most blessed nature does surmount all evils, offences
+and trespasses, and is ever merciful and ready to accept the penitent calling
+for grace, at any fitting time.&amp;nbsp; Having received this Thursday, at
+night, certain letters from Mr Secretary to whom I had lately written advising
+me to make my humble submission immediately to your self, which I dared
+not, without your gracious licence, presume to do before, and signifying
+that your most merciful heart and fatherly pity had granted me your blessing,
+with the condition that I should persevere in which I had commenced and
+begun; and that I should not again offend your majesty by the denial or
+refusal of any such articles and commandments as it may please your highness
+to address to me, for the perfect trial of my heart and inward affection,
+for the perfect declaration of the depths of my heart.
+&lt;p&gt;First, I acknowledge myself to have most unkindly and unnaturally offended
+your most excellent highness, in that I have not submitted myself to your
+most just and virtuous laws; and for my offence therein, which I must confess
+was in me a thousandfold more grievous than it could be in any other living
+creature, I put myself wholly and entirely at your gracious mercy; at whose
+hands I cannot receive that punishment for the same which I have deserved.
+&lt;p&gt;Secondly, to open my heart to your grace, in these things which I have
+before refused to condescend to, and have now written with my own hand,
+sending them to your highness herewith, I shall never beseech your grace
+to have pity and compassion on me if ever you shall perceive that I shall,
+secretly or openly, vary or alter from one piece of that which I have written
+and subscribed, or refuse to confirm, ratify or declare the same, wherever
+your majesty shall appoint me.
+&lt;p&gt;Thirdly, as I have and will, knowing your excellent learning, virtue,
+wisdom and knowledge, put my soul under your direction, and by the same
+have and will in all things henceforth direct my conscience, so I wholly
+commit my body to your mercy and fatherly pity; desiring no state, no condition,
+nor no manner or degree of living but such as your grace shall appoint
+unto me; knowing and confessing that my state cannot be so vile as either
+the extremity of justice would appoint to me, or as my offences have required
+and deserved.&amp;nbsp; And whatsoever your grace shall command me to do, touching
+any of these points, either for things past, present or to come, I shall
+gladly do the same as your majesty can command me.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Your Grace's most humble and obedient daughter and handmaid, Mary.'&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/ul&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;The following document accompanied the above 
+      letter:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;'The confession of me, Lady Mary, made upon certain points and articles
+written below; in which I do now plainly and with all my heart confess
+and
+declare my inward sentence, belief and judgement, with due conformity of
+obedience to the laws of the realm; so, minding for ever to persist and
+continue in this determination without change, alteration or variance,
+I do most humbly beseech the king's highness, my father, whom I have obstinately
+and disobediently offended in the denial of the same up to now, to forgive
+my offences therein, and to take me to his most gracious mercy.
+&lt;p&gt;First I confess and acknowledge the king's majesty to be my sovereign
+lord and king, in the imperial crown of this realm of England; and do submit
+myself to his highness and to each and every law and statute of this realm,
+as it becomes a true and faithful subject to do; which I shall also obey,
+keep, observe, advance and maintain according to my bounden duty with all
+the power, force and qualities with which God had endued me, during my
+life.
+&lt;p&gt;I do recognize, accept, take, repute and acknowledge the king's highness
+to be supreme head on earth, under Christ, of the church of England; and
+do utterly refuse the bishop of Rome's pretended authority, power and jurisdiction
+within this realm, formerly usurped, according to the laws and statutes
+made on that behalf, and by all the king's true subjects humbly received,
+admitted, obeyed, kept and observed.
+&lt;p&gt;And I do also utterly renounce and forsake all manner of remedy, interest
+and advantage which I may by any means claim by the bishop of Rome's laws,
+processes, jurisdiction or sentence, at this time or in any way hereafter,
+by any manner of title, colour, means or cause that is, shall or can be
+devised for that purpose.
+&lt;p&gt;I do freely, frankly and for the discharge of my duty towards God, the
+king's highness and his laws, without other respect, recognize and acknowledge
+that the marriage formerly had between his majesty and my mother, the late
+princess dowager, was by God's law and man's law incestuous and unlawful.'
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082601&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082601&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5a57.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5a57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5a57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8042</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5a57054557398614faa55c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5a57.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grace.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grace.gif&quot; width=&quot;418&quot; height=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The Pilgrimage of Grace was the worst uprising of Henry 
+      VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; It was a direct result of the dissolution of the 
+      monasteries, a policy which confused and angered most Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The original rebellion began at Louth in Lincolnshire in early October 
+      1536.&amp;nbsp; The presence of a royal commission was the spark; the local 
+      clergy encouraged it to flame.&amp;nbsp; The Lincolnshire rebellion lasted but 
+      a fortnight, but Yorkshire - led by the lawyer Robert Aske - was next.&amp;nbsp; 
+      With the charismatic Aske as their leader, the rebellion spread quickly.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Dissatisfaction with the king's religious and fiscal policies was deep and 
+      widespread.&amp;nbsp; An army of perhaps 30,000 men gathered in the north.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The king ordered the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk and the earl of 
+      Shrewsbury to respond.&amp;nbsp; But there was no standing army in England; 
+      also, popular sympathy lay with the rebels.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The king's forces were hopelessly outnumbered.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Worse, their soldiers lacked equipment and the desire to fight their 
+      countrymen.&amp;nbsp; And the rebel forces were far more experienced in 
+      battle, having fought the Scots near-continuously during Henry's reign.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Faced with such odds, the king turned to diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The rebels, after all, did not seek to overthrow him.&amp;nbsp; Their primary 
+      desire was for the dissolved monasteries to be restored.&amp;nbsp; They also 
+      criticized the king's 'low-born' advisers, particularly Thomas Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; 
+      His policies of high taxation and forced enclosures had worsened poverty 
+      throughout northern England; it was already, as Norfolk told the king, 
+      'the most barren country of the realm'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The king negotiated peace through Norfolk, conceding 
+      their demands and promising a free pardon to all rebels who dispersed.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Monastic lands would be restored and a new parliament called to address 
+      their concerns.&amp;nbsp; The rebels accordingly dispersed.&amp;nbsp; And then, on 
+      the slightest pretext, Henry broke his word; martial law was declared, 
+      rebel leaders were indicted and put on trial (many faced a jury of their 
+      peers.)&amp;nbsp; Several hundred rebels, including Aske, were executed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;[T]he king was truly informed that there was
+a new insurrection made by the northern men, who had assembled themselves
+into a huge and great army of warlike men, well appointed with captains,
+horse, armour and artillery, to the number of 40,000 men, who had encamped
+themselves in Yorkshire.&amp;nbsp; And these men had bound themselves to each
+other by their oath to be faithful and obedient to their captain.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The also declared, by their proclamation solemnly
+made, that their insurrection should extend no further than to the maintenance
+and defence of the faith of Christ and the deliverance of holy church,
+sore decayed and oppressed, and to the furtherance also of private and
+public matters in the realm concerning the wealth of all the king's poor
+subjects. They called this, their seditious and traitorous voyage, a holy
+and blessed pilgrimage; they also had certain banners in the field whereon
+was painted Christ hanging on the cross on one side, and a chalice with
+a painted cake in it on the other side, with various other banners of similar
+hypocrisy and feigned sanctity.&amp;nbsp; The soldiers also had a certain cognizance
+or badge embroidered or set upon the sleeves of their coats which was a
+representation of the five wounds of Christ, and in the midst thereof was
+written the name of Our Lord, and thus the rebellious garrison of Satan
+set forth and decked themselves with his false and counterfeited signs
+of holiness, only to delude and deceive the simple and ignorant people.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;After the king's highness was informed of this
+newly arisen insurrection he, making no delay in so weighty a matter, caused
+with all speed the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, the marquis of Exeter,
+the earl of Shrewsbury and others, accompanied by his mighty and royal
+army which was of great power and strength, immediately to set upon the
+rebels.&amp;nbsp; But when these noble captains and counsellors approached
+the rebels and saw their number and how they were determined on battle,
+they worked with great prudence to pacify all without shedding blood.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;But the northern men were so stiff-necked that
+they would in no way stoop, but stoutly stood and maintained their wicked
+enterprise.&amp;nbsp; Therefore the abovesaid nobles, perceiving and seeing
+no other was to pacify these wretched rebels, agreed upon a battle; ...
+but the night before the day appointed for the battle a little rain fell,
+nothing to speak of, but yet as if by a great miracle of God the water,
+which was a very small ford which the day before men might have gone over
+dry shod, suddenly rose to such a height depth and breadth that no man
+who lived there had ever seen before, so that on the day, even when the
+hour of battle should have some, it was impossible for one army to get
+at the other.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;After this appointment made between both the armies,
+disappointed, as it is to be thought, only by God who extended his great
+mercy and had compassion on the great number of innocent persons who in
+that deadly slaughter would have been likely to have been murdered, could
+not take place.&amp;nbsp; Then... a consultation was held and a pardon obtained
+from
+the king's majesty for all the captains and chief movers of this insurrection,
+and they promised that such things as they found themselves aggrieved by,
+all would be gently heard and their reasonable petitions granted, and that
+their articles should be presented to the king, so that by his highness'
+authority and the wisdom of his council all things should be brought to
+good order and conclusion.&amp;nbsp; And with this order every man quietly
+departed, and those who before were bent as hot as fire on fighting, being
+presented by God, went now peaceably to their houses, and were as cold
+as water.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082601&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082601&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5bab.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5bab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5bab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4702</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">introduction to the Tudor England website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Introduction to the Website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5babcd1fbea949f078c430</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5bab.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">intro.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;707&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;43&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial size=+2&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/intro.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Introduction&quot; width=&quot;307&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;The &lt;B&gt;Tudor England&lt;/B&gt; website is a labor of love which was 
+  established in the summer of 1997.&amp;nbsp; Since then, thousands of visitors 
+  have used it for entertainment and research.&amp;nbsp; And the site has grown and 
+  will undoubtedly keep growing until I develop Tudoritis.&amp;nbsp; This condition 
+  occurs when one spends too much time reading about Henry VIII and too little 
+  time outside interacting with other human beings.&amp;nbsp; The sufferer can be 
+  identified by pale, clammy skin, fingers stiffened from too much typing and 
+  eyes reddened from too much reading, squinting and peering at the computer 
+  screen.&amp;nbsp; They are apt to eat mutton, drink ale and find portraits of 
+  Thomas Seymour the ultimate in sexiness.&amp;nbsp; They mutter such phrases as 
+  &quot;God's oath!&quot; and begin every sentence with the word &quot;thou&quot;.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=Arial&gt;Avoid them at all costs.&amp;nbsp; If contact cannot be avoided, hit 
+  them with a copy of John Guy's &lt;I&gt;Tudor England.&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=Arial&gt;There is no cure for Tudoritis but it can be controlled through a 
+  strict diet of just one Tudor-related book a week.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;Everything at this site was written by me; &lt;/B&gt;every 
+  fact was checked and double-checked.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;In the course 
+      of my research, I have happily noted that this site is more accurate than 
+      many books published about Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; In other words, despite 
+      the many warnings about internet inaccuracies, the printed page does not 
+      guarantee either truth or objectivity.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;Respect for the work involved in 
+  creating and maintaining internet sites is sorely lacking in some 
+  visitors.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to borrow an image or bit of text,
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2femail.html&quot;&gt;please write 
+  and ask&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I have yet to turn anyone down and such simple courtesy 
+  means a great deal.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;Click &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fresearch.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/A&gt; for help with 
+  research, including the correct Turabian/MLA citation style for internet 
+  sources and various copyright issues, and &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcopyright.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/A&gt; for a shorter 
+  discussion of copyright.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to learn more about the right 
+  to reproduce works of art on the internet, &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fart.html&quot;&gt;please click 
+  here&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;As for me, I'm just a girl who lives in &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.annapolis.org&quot;&gt;Annapolis&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; You are welcome to &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Questions/comments&quot;&gt;write to 
+  me&lt;/A&gt; with questions and comments.&amp;nbsp; I try to respond to most messages 
+  within a couple of weeks.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to 
+Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082646&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082646&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5d58.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5d58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5d58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,511 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">35163</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5d58b2f095f04a321ee7d1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215242</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5d58.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER VIII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;THE PROTECTORATE OF THE NETHERLANDS: 1584-86&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;WE are now approaching the great crisis of the reign, some 
+    may think of English history--the grand struggle with Spain; a struggle 
+    which, if Elizabeth had allowed herself to be guided by her most celebrated 
+    counsellors, would have been entered upon a quarter of a century earlier. 
+    England was then unarmed and weighed down with a load of debt, the legacy of 
+    three thriftless and pugnacious reigns. The population was still mainly 
+    Catholic. The great nobles still thought themselves a match for the crown, 
+    and many of them longed to make one more effort to assert their old position 
+    in the State. Trade and industry were languishing. The poorer classes were 
+    suffering and discontented. Scotland was in the hands of a most dangerous 
+    enemy, whose title to the English crown was held by many to be better than 
+    Elizabeth's. Philip II., as yet unharassed by revolt, seemed almost to have 
+    drawn England as a sort of satellite into the vast orbit of his empire. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nearly a generation had now passed away since Elizabeth 
+    ascended the throne. Every year of it had seen some amendment in the 
+    condition of the country. Under a pacific and thrifty Government taxation 
+    had been light beyond precedent. All debts, even those of Henry VIII., had 
+    been honourably paid off. While the lord of American gold mines and of the 
+    richest commercial centres in Europe could not raise a loan on any terms, 
+    Elizabeth could borrow when she pleased at five per cent. But she had ceased 
+    to borrow, for she had a modest surplus stored in her treasury, a department 
+    of the administration managed under her own close personal supervision. A 
+    numerous militia had been enrolled and partially trained. Large magazines of 
+    arms had been accumulated. A navy had been created; not a large one indeed; 
+    but it did not need to be large, for the warship of those days did not 
+    differ from the ordinary vessel of commerce, nor was its crew differently 
+    trained. The royal navy could therefore be indefinitely increased if need 
+    arose. Philip's great generals, Alva and Parma, had long come to the 
+    conclusion that the conquest of England would be the most difficult 
+    enterprise their master could undertake. The wealth of landed proprietors 
+    and traders had increased enormously. New manufactures had been started by 
+    exiles from the Netherlands. New branches of foreign commerce had been 
+    opened up. The poor were well employed and contented. I believe it would be 
+    impossible to find in the previous history of England, or, for that matter, 
+    of Europe, since the fall of the Roman Empire, any instance of peace, 
+    prosperity, and good government extending over so many years. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Looking abroad we find that in all directions the strength 
+    and security of Elizabeth's position had been immensely increased. Her 
+    ministers, especially Walsingham--for Burghley in his old age came at last 
+    to see more with the eyes of his mistress--believed that by a more spirited 
+    policy Scotland might have been converted into a submissive and valuable 
+    ally. Elizabeth alone saw that this was impossible; that, so treated, 
+    Scotland would become to England what Holland was to Philip, what &amp;quot;the 
+    Spanish ulcer&amp;quot; was afterwards to Napoleon--a fatal drain on her strength and 
+    resources. It was enough for Elizabeth if the northern kingdom was so 
+    handled as to be harmless; and this, as I have shown, was in fact its 
+    condition from the moment that the only Scottish ruler who could be really 
+    dangerous was locked up in England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Dutch revolt crippled Philip. The conquest of England 
+    was postponed till the Dutch revolt should be suppressed. Why then, it has 
+    been asked, did not Elizabeth support the Dutch more vigorously? The answer 
+    is a simple one. If she had done so the suppression of the Dutch revolt 
+    would have been postponed to the conquest of England. This is proved by the 
+    events now to be related. Elizabeth was obliged by new circumstances to 
+    intervene more vigorously in the Netherlands, and the result was the Armada. 
+    If the attack had come ten or fifteen years earlier the fortune of England 
+    might have been different. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's foreign policy has been judged unfavourably by 
+    writers who have failed to keep in view how completely it turned on her 
+    relations with France. Though her interests and those of Henry III cannot be 
+    called identical, they coincided sufficiently to make it possible to keep up 
+    a good understanding which was of the highest advantage to both countries. 
+    But to maintain this good understanding there was need of the coolest temper 
+    and judgment on the part of the rulers; for the two peoples were hopelessly 
+    hostile. They were like two gamecocks in adjoining pens. The Spaniards were 
+    respected and liked by our countrymen. Their grave dignity, even their stiff 
+    assumption of intrinsic superiority, were too like our own not to awake a 
+    certain appreciative sympathy. Whereas all Englishmen from peer to peasant 
+    would at any time have enjoyed a tussle with France, until its burdens began 
+    to be felt. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Henry III, with whom the Valois dynasty was about to expire, 
+    was far from being the incompetent driveller depicted by most historians. He 
+    had good abilities, plenty of natural courage when roused, and a thorough 
+    comprehension of the politics of his day. His aims and plans were well 
+    conceived. But with no child to care for, and immersed in degrading 
+    self-indulgence, he wearied of the exertions and sacrifices necessary for 
+    carrying them through. Short spells of sensible and energetic action were 
+    succeeded by periods of unworthy lassitude and pusillanimous surrender. 
+    Before he came to the throne he had been the chief organiser of the 
+    Bartholomew Massacre. As King he naturally inclined, like Elizabeth, William 
+    of Orange, and Henry of Navarre, to make considerations of religion 
+    subordinate to considerations of State. Both he and Navarre would have been 
+    glad to throw over the fanatical or factious partisans by whom they were 
+    surrounded, and rally the &lt;i&gt;Politiques&lt;/i&gt; to their support. But it was a 
+    step that neither as yet ventured openly to take. The one was obliged to 
+    affect zeal for the old religion, the other for the new. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's ministers, with short-sighted animosity, had 
+    been urging her throughout her reign to give vigorous support to the 
+    Huguenots. She herself took a broader view of the situation. She preferred 
+    to deal with the legitimate government of France recognised by the vast 
+    majority of Frenchmen. Henry III., as she well knew, did not intend or 
+    desire to exterminate the Huguenots. If that turbulent faction had been 
+    openly abetted in its arrogant claims by English assistance, he would have 
+    been obliged to become the mere instrument of Elizabeth's worst enemies, 
+    Guise and the Holy League. France would have ceased to be any counterpoise 
+    to Spain. The English Queen had so skilfully played a most difficult and 
+    delicate game that Henry of Navarre had been able to keep his head above 
+    water; Guise had upon the whole been held in check; the royal authority, 
+    though impaired, had still controlled the foreign policy of France, and so, 
+    since 1572, had given England a firm and useful ally. As long as this 
+    balanced situation could be maintained, England was safe. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;But the time was now at hand when this nice equilibrium of 
+    forces would be disturbed by events which neither Elizabeth nor any one else 
+    could help. AlenÃ§on, the last of the Valois line, was dying. When he should 
+    be gone, the next heir to the French King would be no other than the 
+    Huguenot Henry of Bourbon, King of the tiny morsel of Navarre that lay north 
+    of the Pyrenees. Henry III. wished to recognise his right. But it was 
+    impossible that Guise or Philip, or the French nation itself, should 
+    tolerate this prospect. Thus the great war of religion which Elizabeth had 
+    so carefully abstained from stirring up was now inevitable. The French 
+    alliance, the key-stone of her policy, was about to crumble away with the 
+    authority of the French King which she had buttressed up. He would be 
+    compelled either to become the mere instrument of the Papal party or to 
+    combine openly with the Huguenot leader. In either case, Guise, not Henry 
+    III., would be the virtual sovereign, and Elizabeth's alliance would not be 
+    with France but with a French faction. She would thus be forced into the 
+    position which she had hitherto refused to accept--that of sole protector of 
+    French and Dutch Protestants, and open antagonist of Spain. The more showy 
+    part she was now to play has been the chief foundation of her glory with 
+    posterity. It is a glory which she deserves. The most industrious 
+    disparagement will never rob her of it. But the sober student will be of 
+    opinion that her reputation as a statesman has a more solid basis in the 
+    skill and firmness with which during so many years she staved off the 
+    necessity for decisive action. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Although the discovery of the Throgmorton plot (November 
+    1583), and the consequent expulsion of the Spanish ambassador, Mendoza, were 
+    not immediately followed by open war between England and Spain, yet the 
+    course of events thenceforward tended directly to that issue. Elizabeth 
+    immediately proposed to the Dutch States to form a naval alliance against 
+    Spain, and to concert other measures for mutual defence. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Orange met the offer with alacrity, and pressed Elizabeth to 
+    accept the sovereignty of Holland, Zealand, and Utrecht. Perhaps there was 
+    no former ruler of England who would not have clutched at such an 
+    opportunity of territorial aggrandisement. For Elizabeth it had no charms. 
+    Every sensible person now will applaud the sobriety of her aims. But though 
+    she eschewed territory, she desired to have military occupation of one or 
+    more coast fortresses, at all events for a time, both as a security for the 
+    fidelity of the Dutch to any engagements they might make with her, and to 
+    enable her to treat on more equal terms with France or Spain, if the 
+    Netherlands were destined, after all, to fall into the hands of one of those 
+    powers. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;While these negotiations were in progress, William of Orange 
+    was murdered (1584). AlenÃ§on had died a month earlier. The sovereignty of 
+    the revolted Netherlands was thus vacant. Elizabeth advised a joint 
+    protectorate by France and England. But the Dutch had small confidence in 
+    protectorates, especially of the joint kind. What they wanted was a 
+    sovereign, and as Elizabeth would not accept them as her subjects they 
+    offered themselves to Henry III. But after nibbling at the offer for eight 
+    months Henry was obliged to refuse it. His openly expressed intention to 
+    recognise the King of Navarre as his heir had caused a revival of the Holy 
+    League. During the winter 1584-5 its reorganisation was busily going on. 
+    Philip promised to subsidise it. Mendoza, now ambassador at Paris, was its 
+    life and soul. The insurrection was on the point of breaking out. Henry III 
+    knew that the vast majority of Frenchmen were Catholics. To accept the Dutch 
+    offer would, he feared, drive them all into the ranks of the Holy League. He 
+    therefore dismissed the Dutch envoys with the recommendation that they 
+    should apply to England for protection (1585). The manifesto of the Leaguers 
+    appeared at the end of March (1585). Henry of Navarre was declared 
+    incapable, as a Protestant, of succeeding to the crown. Henry III. was 
+    summoned to extirpate heresy. To enforce these demands the Leaguers flew to 
+    arms all over France. Had Henry III. been a man of spirit he would have 
+    placed himself at the head of the loyal Catholics and fought it out. But by 
+    the compact of Nemours he conceded all the demands of the League (1585). &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Thus began the last great war of religion, which lasted till Henry of 
+    Navarre was firmly seated on the throne of France. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had now finally lost the French alliance, the 
+    sheet-anchor of her policy since 1572, and she prepared for the grand 
+    struggle which could no longer be averted. As France failed her, she must 
+    make the best of the Dutch alliance. She did not conceal from herself that 
+    she would have to do her share of the fighting. But she was determined that 
+    the Dutch should also do theirs. Deprived of all hope of help from France 
+    they wished for annexation to the English crown, because solidarity between 
+    the two countries would give them an unlimited claim upon English resources. 
+    Elizabeth uniformly told them, first and last, that nothing should induce 
+    her to accept that proposal. She would give them a definite amount of
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    assistance in men and money. But every farthing would have to be repaid when 
+    the war was over; and in the meantime she must have Flushing and Brill as 
+    security. They must also bind themselves to make proper exertions in their 
+    own defence. Gilpin, her agent in Zealand, had warned her that if she showed 
+    herself too forward they would simply throw the whole burden of the war upon 
+    her. Splendid as had often been the resistance of separate towns when 
+    besieged, there had been, from the first, lamentable selfishness and apathy 
+    as to measures for combined defence. The States had less than 6000 men in 
+    the field--half of them English volunteers--at the very time when they were 
+    assuring Elizabeth that, if she would come to their assistance, they could 
+    and would furnish 15,000. She was justified in regarding their fine promises 
+    with much distrust. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;While this discussion was going on, Antwerp was lost. The 
+    blame of the delay, if blame there was, must be divided equally between the 
+    bargainers. The truth is that, cavil as they might about details, the 
+    strength of the English contingent was not the real object of concern to 
+    either of them. Each was thinking of something else. Though Elizabeth had so 
+    peremptorily refused the sovereignty offered by the United Provinces, they 
+    were still bent on forcing it upon her. She, on the other hand, had not 
+    given up the hope that her more decisive intervention would drive Philip to 
+    make the concessions to his revolted subjects which she had so often urged 
+    upon him. In her eyes, Philip's sovereignty over them was indefeasible. They 
+    were, perhaps, justified in asserting their ancient constitutional rights 
+    But if those were guaranteed, continuance of the rebellion would be 
+    criminal. Moreover, she held that elected deputies were but amateur 
+    statesmen, and had better leave the &lt;i&gt;haute politique&lt;/i&gt; to princes to 
+    settle. &amp;quot;Princes,&amp;quot; she once told a Dutch deputation, &amp;quot;are not to be charged 
+    with breach of faith if they sometimes listen to both sides; for they 
+    transact business in a princely way and with a princely understanding such 
+    as private persons cannot have.&amp;quot; Her promise not to make peace behind their 
+    backs was not to be interpreted as literally as if it had been made to a 
+    brother prince. It merely bound her--so she contended--not to make peace 
+    without safeguarding their interests; that is to say, what she considered to 
+    be their true interests. Conduct based on such a theory would not be 
+    tolerated now, and was not tamely acquiesced in by the Dutch then. But to 
+    speak of it as base and treacherous is an abuse of terms. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to follow in detail the peace 
+    negotiations which went on between Elizabeth and Parma up to the very 
+    sailing of the Armada (1586-8). The terms on which the Queen was prepared to 
+    make peace never varied substantially from first to last. We know very well 
+    what they were. She claimed for the Protestants of the Netherlands (who were 
+    a minority, perhaps, even in the rebel provinces) precisely the same degree 
+    of toleration which she allowed to her own Catholics. They were not to be 
+    questioned about their religion; but there was to be no public worship or 
+    proselytising. The old constitution, as before Alva, was to be restored, 
+    which would have involved the departure of the foreign troops. These terms 
+    would not have satisfied the States, and if Philip could have been induced 
+    to grant them, the States and Elizabeth must have parted company. But, as he 
+    would make no concessions, the Anglo-Dutch alliance could, and did, 
+    continue. The cautionary towns she was determined never to give up to any 
+    one unless (first) she was repaid her expenses for which they had been 
+    mortgaged, and (secondly) the struggle in the Netherlands was brought to an 
+    end on terms which she approved. There was, therefore, never any danger of 
+    their being surrendered to Philip, and they did, in fact, remain in 
+    Elizabeth's hands till her death. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth has been severely censured for selecting Leicester 
+    to command the English army in the Netherlands. It is certain that he was 
+    marked out by public opinion as the fittest person. The Queen's choice was 
+    heartily approved by all her ministers, especially by Walsingham, who kept 
+    up the most confidential relations with Leicester, and backed him 
+    throughout. Custom prescribed that an English army should be commanded, not 
+    by a professional soldier, but by a great nobleman. Among the nobility there 
+    were a few who had done a little soldiering in a rough way in Scotland or 
+    Ireland, but no one who could be called a professional general. The 
+    momentous step which Elizabeth was taking would have lost half its 
+    significance in the eyes of Europe if any less conspicuous person than 
+    Leicester had been appointed. Moreover, it was essential that the nobleman 
+    selected should be able and willing to spend largely out of his own 
+    resources. By traditional usage, derived from feudal times, peers who were 
+    employed on temporary services not only received no salary, but were 
+    expected to defray their own expenses, and defray them handsomely. Never did 
+    an English nobleman show more public spirit in this respect than Leicester. 
+    He raised every penny he could by mortgaging his estates. He not only paid 
+    his own personal expenses, but advanced large sums for military purposes, 
+    which his mistress never thought of repaying him. If he effected little as a 
+    general, it was because he was not provided with the means. Serious mistakes 
+    he certainly made, but they were not of a military kind. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Leicester was now fifty-four, bald, white-bearded, and 
+    red-faced, but still imposing in figure, carriage, and dress. To Elizabeth 
+    he was dear as the friend of her youth, one who, she was persuaded, had 
+    loved her for herself when they were both thirty years younger, and was 
+    still her most devoted and trustworthy servant. Burghley she liked and 
+    trusted, and all the more since he had become a more docile instrument of 
+    her policy. Walsingham, a keener intellect and more independent character, 
+    she could not but value, though impatient under his penetrating suspicion 
+    and almost constant disapproval. Leicester was the intimate friend, the 
+    frequent companion of her leisure hours. None of her younger favourites had 
+    supplanted him in her regard. By long intimacy he knew the &lt;i&gt;molles aditus 
+    et tempora&lt;/i&gt; when things might be said without offence which were not 
+    acceptable at the council-board. The other ministers were glad to use him 
+    for this purpose. There can be no question that his appointment to the 
+    command in the Netherlands was meant as the most decisive indication that 
+    could be given of Elizabeth's determination to face open war with Philip 
+    rather than allow him to establish absolute government in that country. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Since the deaths of AlenÃ§on and William of Orange, the 
+    United Provinces had been without a ruler. The government had been 
+    provisionally carried on by the &amp;quot;States,&amp;quot; or deputies from each province. 
+    Leicester had come with no other title than that of LieutenantGeneral of the 
+    Queen's troops. But what the States wanted was not so much a military leader 
+    as a sovereign ruler. They therefore urged Leicester to accept the powers 
+    and title of Governor-General, the office which had been held by the 
+    representatives of Philip. From this it would follow, both logically and 
+    practically, that Elizabeth herself stood in the place of Philip--in other 
+    words, that she was committed to the sovereignty which she had so 
+    peremptorily refused. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The offer was accepted by Leicester almost immediately after 
+    his arrival (14/24 January 1586). There can be little doubt that it was a 
+    preconcerted plan between the States and Elizabeth's ministers, who had all 
+    along supported the Dutch proposals. Leicester, we know, had contemplated it 
+    before leaving England. Davison, who was in Holland, hurried it on, and 
+    undertook to carry the news to Elizabeth. Burghley and Walsingham maintained 
+    that the step had been absolutely necessary, and implored her not to undo 
+    it. Elizabeth herself had suspected that something of the sort would be 
+    attempted, and had strictly enjoined Leicester at his departure to accept no 
+    such title. It was not that she wished his powers--that is to say, her own 
+    powers--to be circumscribed. On the contrary, she desired that they should 
+    in practice be as large and absolute as possible. What she objected to was 
+    the title, with all the consequences it involved. And what enraged her most 
+    of all was the attempt of her servants to push the thing through behind her 
+    back, on the calculation that she would be obliged to accept the 
+    accomplished fact. Her wrath vented itself on all concerned, on her 
+    ministers, on the States, and on Leicester. To the latter she addressed a 
+    characteristic letter:-- &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To my Lord of Leicester from the Queen by Sir Thomas 
+      Heneage. &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;How contemptuously we conceive ourself to have been used 
+      by you, you shall by this bearer understand, whom we have expressly sent 
+      unto you to charge you withal. We could never have imagined, had we not 
+      seen it fall out in experience, that a man raised up by ourself and 
+      extraordinarily favoured by us above any other subject of this land, would 
+      have in so contemptible [contemptuous] a sort, broken our commandment, in 
+      a cause that so greatly toucheth us in honour; whereof although you have 
+      showed yourself to make but little account, in most undutiful a sort, you 
+      may not therefore think that we have so little care of the reparation 
+      thereof as we mind to pass so great a wrong in silence unredressed. And 
+      therefore our express pleasure and command is that, all delays and excuses 
+      laid apart, you do presently, on the duty of your allegiance, obey and 
+      fulfil whatsoever the bearer hereof shall direct you to do in our name. 
+      Whereof fail not, as you will answer the contrary at your uttermost 
+      peril.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nor were these cutting reproaches reserved for his private 
+    perusal. She severely rebuked the States for encouraging &amp;quot;a creature of her 
+    own&amp;quot; to disobey her injunctions, and, as a reparation from them and from 
+    him, she required that he should make a public resignation of the government 
+    in the place where he had accepted it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is not to be wondered at that Elizabeth should think the 
+    vindication of her outraged authority to be the most pressing requirement of 
+    the moment. But the result was unfortunate for the object of the expedition. 
+    The States had conferred &amp;quot;absolute&amp;quot; authority upon Leicester, and would have 
+    thought it a cheap price to pay if, by their adroit manÅuvre, they had 
+    succeeded in forcing the Queen's hand. But they did not care to intrust 
+    absolute powers to a mere general of an English contingent. After long 
+    discussion, Elizabeth was at length persuaded that the least of evils was to 
+    allow him to retain the title which the States had conferred on him ( June 
+    1586). But in the meantime they had repented of their haste in letting power 
+    go out of their own hands. Their efforts were thenceforth directed to 
+    explain away the term &amp;quot;absolute.&amp;quot; The long displeasure of the Queen had 
+    destroyed the principal value of Leicester in their eye. He himself had soon 
+    incurred their dislike. Impetuous and domineering, he could not endure 
+    opposition. Every man who did not fall in with his plans was a malicious 
+    enemy, a traitor, a tool of Parma, who ought to be hanged. He still enjoyed 
+    the favour of the democratic and bigoted Calvinist party, especially in 
+    Utrecht, and he tried to play them off against the States, thereby promoting 
+    the rise of the factions which long afterwards distracted the United 
+    Provinces. The displeasures of the Queen had taken the shape of not sending 
+    him money, and his troops were in great distress and unable to move. 
+    Moreover, rumours of the secret peace negotiations were craftily spread by 
+    Parma, who, knowing well that they would come to nothing, turned them to the 
+    best account by leading the States to suspect that they were being betrayed 
+    to Spain. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had sent her army abroad more as a warning to 
+    Philip than with a view to active operations. It was no part of her plan to 
+    recover any of the territory already conquered by Parma, even if it had lain 
+    in her power. She knew that the majority of its inhabitants were Catholics 
+    and royalists. She knew also that Parma's attenuated army was considerably 
+    outnumbered by the Anglo-Dutch forces, and that he was in dire distress for 
+    food and money. The recovered provinces were completely ruined by the war. 
+    Their commerce was swept from the sea. The mouths of their great rivers were 
+    blockaded. The Protestants of Flanders and Brabant had largely migrated to 
+    the unsubdued provinces, whose prosperity, notwithstanding the burdens of 
+    war, was advancing by leaps and bounds. Their population was about two 
+    millions. That of England itself was little more than four. Religion was no 
+    longer the only or the chief motive of their resistance. For even the 
+    Catholics among them, who were still very numerous--some said a majority 
+    --keenly relished the material prosperity which had grown with independence. 
+    Encouraged by English protection, the States were in no humour to listen to 
+    compromise. But a compromise was what Elizabeth desired. She was therefore 
+    not unwilling that her forces should be confined to an attitude of 
+    observation, till it should appear whether her open intervention would 
+    extract from Philip such concessions as she deemed reasonable. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Leicester was eager to get to work, and he was warmly 
+    supported by Walsingham. Burghley's conduct was less straightforward. He had 
+    long found it advisable to cultivate amicable relations with the favourite. 
+    He had probably concurred in the plan for making him Governor-General. Even 
+    now he was professing to take his part. In reality he was not sorry to see 
+    him under a cloud; and though he sympathised as much as ever with the Dutch, 
+    he cared more for crippling his rival. Hence his activity in those obscure 
+    peace negotiations which he so carefully concealed from Leicester and 
+    Walsingham. To keep Walsingham long in the dark, on that or any other 
+    subject, was indeed impossible. It was found necessary at last to let him be 
+    present at an interview with the agents employed by Burghley and Parma, 
+    which brought their backstairs diplomacy to an abrupt conclusion. &amp;quot;They that 
+    have been the employers of them,&amp;quot; he wrote to Leicester, &amp;quot;are ashamed of the 
+    matter.&amp;quot; The negotiations went on through other channels, but never made any 
+    serious progress. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To compel Philip to listen to a compromise, without at the 
+    same time emboldening the Dutch to turn a deaf ear to it--such was the 
+    problem which Elizabeth had set herself. She therefore preferred to apply 
+    pressure in other quarters. Towards the end of 1585, Drake appeared on the 
+    coast of Spain itself, and plundered Vigo. Then crossing the Atlantic, he 
+    sacked and burned St. Domingo and Carthagena. Again in 1587, he forced his 
+    way into Cadiz harbour, burnt all the shipping and the stores collected for 
+    the Armada, and for two months plundered and destroyed every vessel he met 
+    off the coast of Portugal. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Philip had so long and so tamely submitted to the many 
+    injuries and indignities which Elizabeth heaped upon him, that it is not 
+    wonderful if she had come to think that he would never pluck up courage to 
+    retaliate. This time she was wrong. The conquest of England had always had 
+    its place in his overloaded programme. But it was to be in that hazy 
+    ever-receding future, when he should have put down the Dutch rebellion and 
+    neutralised France. Elizabeth's open intervention in the Netherlands at 
+    length induced him to change his plan. England, he now decided, must be 
+    first dealt with. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Parma's operations in the Netherlands were 
+    starved quite as much as Leicester's. Plundering excursions, two or three 
+    petty combats not deserving the name of battles, half-a-dozen small towns 
+    captured on one side or the other--such is the military record from the date 
+    of Elizabeth's intervention to the arrival of the Armada. Parma had somewhat 
+    the best of this work, such as it was. But the war in the Netherlands was 
+    practically stagnant. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;At the end of the first year of Leicester's government, 
+    events of the highest importance obliged him to pay a visit to England ( 
+    Nov. 1586). The Queen of Scots had been found guilty of conspiring to 
+    assassinate Elizabeth, and Parliament had been summoned to decide upon her 
+    fate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapternine.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    IX: The Execution of the Queen of Scots: 1584-1587&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082626&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082626&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5faa.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5faa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH5faa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2775</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fitzroy/Stafford/Blount Genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5faad9a3db2a4add0dfa3a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215245</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5faa.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Fitzroy Genealogy&quot; height=48 width=328&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Elizabeth Stafford&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born ?
+&lt;br&gt;daughter of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham (led failed revolt against
+Richard III &amp;amp; was executed for treason) and Catherine Woodville
+&lt;br&gt;married Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk
+&lt;br&gt;died May 1532
+&lt;br&gt;buried in Essex&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#006600&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;interesting notes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt; Elizabeth
+Stafford's mother, Catherine Woodville, was the niece of Queen Elizabeth
+Woodville and daughter of Jacquetta of Luxembourg
+&lt;br&gt;also, Henry's illegitimate son with Elizabeth Blount married Elizabeth
+Stafford's daughter, Mary Howard!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Elizabeth Blount, known as Bessie Blount&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born about 1502
+&lt;br&gt;daughter of Sir John Blount of Shropshire
+&lt;br&gt;married Gilbert, Lord Talboys
+&lt;br&gt;mother of Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond (father was Henry VIII)
+&lt;br&gt;died 1539
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Henry Fitzroy&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born early June1519
+&lt;br&gt;son of Elizabeth Blount and Henry VIII, king of England
+&lt;br&gt;created duke of Richmond, duke of Somerset &amp;amp; earl of Nottingham
+21 June 1524
+&lt;br&gt;married to Mary Howard 1533
+&lt;br&gt;died 1536/7
+&lt;br&gt;buried in Thetford (wrapped in lead rather than in a traditional coffin)&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#006600&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;interesting note:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt; once,
+in an effort to work out the complicated Tudor succession while Henry &amp;amp;
+Katharine were still married, some suggested Fitzroy marry his half-sister,
+Princess Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Oddly enough, the plan was endorsed by the pope!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealogy.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082713&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082713&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6095.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6095.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6095.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,624 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">43748</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter X</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6095703497b10345188f6c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6095.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER X&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;WAR WITH SPAIN: 1587-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH is not seen at her best in war. She did not easily 
+    resign herself to its sacrifices. It frightened her to see the money which 
+    she had painfully put together, pound by pound, during so many years, by 
+    many a small economy, draining out at the rate of Â£17,000 a month into the 
+    bottomless pit of military expenditure. When Leicester came back she simply 
+    stopped all remittances to the Netherlands, making sure that if she did not 
+    feed her soldiers some one else would have to do it. She saw that Parma was 
+    not pressing forward. And though rumours of the enormous preparations in 
+    Spain, which accounted for his inactivity, continued to pour in, she still 
+    hoped that her intervention in the Netherlands was bending Philip to 
+    concessions. All this time Parma was steadily carrying out his master's 
+    plans for the invasion. His little army was to be trebled in the autumn by 
+    reinforcements principally from Italy. In the meantime he was collecting a 
+    flotilla of flat-bottomed boats. As soon as the Armada should appear they 
+    were to make the passage under its protection. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It would answer no useful purpose, even if my limits 
+    permitted it, to enter into the particulars of Elizabeth's policy towards 
+    the United Provinces during the twelve months that preceded the appearance 
+    of the Armada. Her proceedings were often tortuous, and by setting them 
+    forth in minute detail her detractors have not found it difficult to 
+    represent them as treacherous. But, living three centuries later, what have 
+    we to consider but the general scope and drift of her policy? Looking at it 
+    as a whole we shall find that, whether we approve of it or not, it was 
+    simple, consistent, and undisguised. She had no intention of abandoning the 
+    Provinces to Philip, still less of betraying them. But she did wish them to 
+    return to their allegiance, if she could procure for them proper guarantees 
+    for such liberties as they had been satisfied with before Philip's tyranny 
+    began. If Philip had been wise he would have made those concessions. 
+    Elizabeth is not to be over-much blamed if she clung too long to the belief 
+    that he could be persuaded or compelled to do what was so much for his own 
+    interest. If she was deceived so was Burghley. Walsingham is entitled to the 
+    credit of having from first to last refused to believe that the negotiations 
+    were anything but a blind. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Though Elizabeth desired peace, she did not cease to deal 
+    blows at Philip. In the spring of 1587 (April-June), while she was most 
+    earnestly pushing her negotiations with Parma, she despatched Drake on a new 
+    expedition to the Spanish coast. He forced his way into the harbours of 
+    Cadiz and Corunna, destroyed many ships and immense stores, and came back 
+    loaded with plunder. The Armada had not been crippled, for most of the ships 
+    that were to compose it were lying in the Tagus. But the concentration had 
+    been delayed. Fresh stores had to be collected. Drake calculated, and as it 
+    proved rightly, that another season at least would be consumed in repairing 
+    the loss, and that England, for that summer and autumn, could rest secure of 
+    invasion. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The delay was most unwelcome to Philip. The expense of 
+    keeping such a fleet and army on foot through the winter would be enormous. 
+    Spain was maintaining not only the Armada but the army of Parma; for the 
+    resources of the Netherlands, which had been the true El Dorado of the 
+    Spanish monarchy, were completely dried up. So impatient was Philip 
+    --usually the slowest of men--that he proposed to despatch the Armada even 
+    in September, and actually wrote to Parma that he might expect it at any 
+    moment. But, as Drake had calculated, September was gone before everything 
+    was ready. The naval experts protested against the rashness of facing the 
+    autumnal gales, with no friendly harbour on either side of the Channel in 
+    which to take refuge. Philip then made the absurd suggestion that the army 
+    from the Netherlands should cross by itself in its flat-bottomed boats. But 
+    Parma told him that it was absolutely out of the question. Four English 
+    ships could sink the whole flotilla. In the meantime his soldiers, waiting 
+    on the Dunkirk Downs and exposed to the severities of the weather, were 
+    dying off like flies. Philip and Elizabeth resembled one another in this, 
+    that neither of them had any personal experience of war either by land or 
+    sea. For a Queen this was natural. For a King it was unnatural, and for an 
+    ambitious King unprecedented. They did not understand the proper adaptation 
+    of means to ends. Yet it was necessary to obtain their sanction before 
+    anything could be done. Hence there was much mismanagement on both sides. 
+    Still England was in no real danger during the summer and autumn of 1587, 
+    because Philip's preparations were not completed; and before the end of the 
+    year the English fleet was lying in the Channel. But the Queen grudged the 
+    expense of keeping the crews up to their full complement. The supply of 
+    provisions and ammunition was also very inadequate. The expensiveness of war 
+    is generally a sufficient reason for not going to war; but to attempt to do 
+    war cheaply is always unwise. &amp;quot;Sparing and war,&amp;quot; as Effingham observed, 
+    &amp;quot;have no affinity together.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Drake strongly urged that, instead of trying to guard the 
+    Channel, the English fleet should make for the coast of Spain, and boldly 
+    assail the Armada as soon as it put to sea. This was the advice of a man who 
+    had all the shining qualities of Nelson, and seems to have been in no 
+    respect his inferior. It was no counsel of desperation. He was confident of 
+    success. Lord Howard of Effingham, the Admiral, was of the same opinion. The 
+    negotiations were odious to him. For Burghley, who clings to them, he has no 
+    more reverence than Hamlet had for Polonius. &amp;quot;Since England was England,&amp;quot; he 
+    writes to Walsingham, &amp;quot;there was never such a stratagem and mask to deceive 
+    her as this treaty of peace. I pray God that we do not curse for this a long 
+    grey beard with a white head witless, that will make all the world think us 
+    heartless. You know whom I mean.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;With the hopes and fears of these sea-heroes, it is 
+    instructive to compare the forecast of the great soldier who was to conduct 
+    the invasion. Always obedient and devoted to his sovereign, Parma played his 
+    part in the deceptive negotiations with consummate skill. But his own 
+    opinion was that it would be wise to negotiate in good faith and accept the 
+    English terms. Though prepared to undertake the invasion, he took a very 
+    serious view of the risks to be encountered. He tells Philip that the 
+    English preparations are formidable both by land and sea. Even if the 
+    passage should be safely accomplished, disembarkation would be difficult. 
+    His army, reduced by the hardships of the winter from 30,000 men, which he 
+    had estimated as the proper number, to less than 17,000, was dangerously 
+    small for the work expected of it. He would have to fight battle after 
+    battle, and the further he advanced the weaker would his army become both 
+    from losses and from the necessity of protecting his communications. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Parma had carefully informed himself of the preparations in 
+    England. From the beginning of Elizabeth's reign, attention had been paid to 
+    the organisation, training, and equipment of the militia, and especially 
+    since the relations with Spain had become more hostile. On paper it seems to 
+    have amounted to 117,000 men. Mobilisation was a local business. Sir John 
+    Norris drew up the plan of defence. Beacon fires did the work of the 
+    telegraph. Every man knew whither he was to repair when their blaze should 
+    be seen. The districts to be abandoned, the positions to be defended, the 
+    bridges to be broken, were all marked out. Three armies, calculated to 
+    amount in the aggregate to 73,000 men, were ordered to assemble in July. 
+    Whether so many were actually mustered is doubtful. But Parma would 
+    certainly have found himself confronted by forces vastly superior in numbers 
+    to his own, and would have had, as he said, to fight battle after battle. 
+    The bow had not been entirely abandoned, but the greater part of the 
+    archers--two-thirds in some counties--had lately been armed with calivers. 
+    What was wanting in discipline would have been to some extent made up by the 
+    spontaneous cohesion of a force organised under its natural leaders, the 
+    nobles and gentry of each locality, not a few of whom had seen service 
+    abroad. But, after all, the greatest element of strength was the free spirit 
+    of the people. England was, and had long been, a nation of freemen. There 
+    were a few peers, and a great many knights and gentlemen. But there was no 
+    noble caste, as on the Continent, separated by an impassable barrier of 
+    birth and privilege from the mass of the people. All felt themselves 
+    fellow-countrymen bound together by common sentiments, common interests, and 
+    mutual respect. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This spirit of freedom--one might almost say of 
+    equality--made itself felt still more in the navy, and goes far to account 
+    for the cheerful energy and dash with which every service was performed. 
+    &amp;quot;The English officers lived on terms of sympathy with their men unknown to 
+    the Spaniards, who raised between the commander and the commanded absurd 
+    barriers of rank and blood which forbade to his pride any labour but that of 
+    fighting. Drake touched the true mainspring of English success when he once 
+    (in his voyage round the world) indignantly rebuked some coxcomb 
+    gentlemen-adventurers with, 'I should like to see the gentleman that will 
+    refuse to set his hand to a rope. I must have the gentlemen to hale and draw 
+    with the mariners.&amp;quot; Drake, Hawkins, Frobisher were all born of humble 
+    parents. They rose by their own valour and capacity. They had gentlemen of 
+    birth serving under them. To Howard and Cumberland and Seymour they were 
+    brothers-in-arms. The master of every little trading vessel was fired by 
+    their example, and hoped to climb as high. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is the pleasure of some writers to speak of Elizabeth's 
+    naval preparations as disgracefully insufficient, and to treat the 
+    triumphant result as a sort of miracle. To their apprehension, indeed, her 
+    whole reign is one long interference by Providence with the ordinary 
+    relations of cause and effect. The number of royal ships as compared with 
+    those of private owners in the fleet which met the great Armada-34 to 
+    161--is represented as discreditably small. By Englishmen of that day, it 
+    was considered to be. creditably large. Sir Edward Coke (who was thirtyeight 
+    at the time of the Armada), writing under Charles I., when the royal navy 
+    was much larger, says: &amp;quot;In the reign of Queen Elizabeth (I being then 
+    acquainted with this business) there were thirty-three [royal ships] besides 
+    pinnaces, which so guarded and regarded the navigation of the merchants, as 
+    they had safe vent for their commodities, and trade and traffic flourished.&amp;quot;&lt;a onclick=&quot;return pageTxt_href_onClick(this,true);&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterten.html#2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It seems to be overlooked that the royal navy, such as it 
+    was, was almost the creation of Elizabeth. Her father was the first English 
+    king who made any attempt to keep a standing navy of his own. He established 
+    the Admiralty and the first royal dockyard. Under Edward and Mary the navy, 
+    like everything else, went to ruin. Elizabeth's ship-building, humble as it 
+    seems to us, excited the admiration of her subjects, and was regarded as one 
+    of the chief advances of her reign. The ships, when not in commission, were 
+    kept in the Medway. The Queen personally paid the greatest attention to 
+    them. They were always kept in excellent condition, and could be fitted out 
+    for sea at very short notice. Economy was enforced in this, as in other 
+    departments, but not at the expense of efficiency. The wages of officers and 
+    men were very much augmented; but in the short periods for which crews were 
+    enlisted, and in the victualling, there seems to have been unwise parsimony 
+    in 1588. The grumbling of alarmists about unpreparedness, apathy, 
+    stinginess, and red-tape was precisely what it is in our own day. We know 
+    that some allowance is to be made for it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The movements of the Armada were perfectly well known in 
+    England, and all the dispositions to meet it at sea were completed in a 
+    leisurely manner. Conferences were still going on at Ostend between English 
+    and Spanish commissioners. On the part of Elizabeth there was sincerity, but 
+    not blind credulity nor any disposition to make unworthy concessions. 
+    Conferences quite as protracted have often been held between belligerents 
+    while hostilities were being actively carried on. The large majority of 
+    Englishmen were resolved to fight to the death against any invader. But, as 
+    against Spain, there was not that eager pugnacity which a war with France 
+    always called forth, except, perhaps, among the sea-rovers; and even they 
+    would have contented themselves, if it had been possible, with the 
+    unrecognized privateering which had so long given them the profits of war 
+    with the immunities of peace. The rest of the nation respected their Queen 
+    for her persevering endeavour to find a way of reconciliation with an 
+    ancient ally, and to limit, in the meantime, the area of hostilities. They 
+    were confident, and with good reason, that she would surrender no important 
+    interest, and that aggressive designs would be met, as they had always been 
+    met, more than half-way. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The story of the great victory is too well known to need 
+    repetition here. But some comments are necessary. It is usual, for one 
+    reason or other, to exaggerate the disparity of the opposing fleets, and to 
+    represent England as only saved from impending ruin by the extraordinary 
+    daring of her seamen, and a series of fortunate accidents. The final 
+    destruction of the Armada, after the pursuit was over, was certainly the 
+    work of wind and sea. But if we fairly weigh the available strength on each 
+    side, we shall see that the English commanders might from the first feel, as 
+    they did feel, a reasonable assurance of defeating the invaders. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Let us first compare the strength of the fleets: &lt;i&gt;--I will 
+    insert this graphic as soon as possible--Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Armada carried besides 21,855 soldiers. The first thing 
+    that strikes us is the immense preponderance in tonnage on the part of the 
+    Spaniards, and in sailors on the part of the English. This really goes far 
+    to explain the result. Nothing is more certain than that the Spanish ships, 
+    notwithstanding their superior size, were for fighting and sailing purposes 
+    very inferior to the English. It had always been believed that, to withstand 
+    the heavy seas of the Atlantic, a ship should be constructed like a lofty 
+    fortress. The English builders were introducing lower and longer hulls and a 
+    greater spread of canvas. Their crews, as has always been the case in oar 
+    navy, were equally handy as sailors and gunners. The Spanish ships were 
+    under-manned. The soldiers were not accustomed to work the guns, and were of 
+    no use unless it came to boarding, which Howard ordered his captains to 
+    avoid. The English guns, if fewer than the Spanish, were heavier and worked 
+    by more practised men. Their balls not only cut up the rigging of the 
+    Spaniards but tore their hulls (which were supposed to be cannon-proof), 
+    while the English ships were hardly touched. The slaughter among the 
+    wretched soldiers crowded between decks was terrible. Blood was seen pouring 
+    out of the leescuppers. &amp;quot;The English ships,&amp;quot; says a Spanish officer, &amp;quot;were 
+    under such good management that they did with them what they pleased.&amp;quot; The 
+    work was done almost entirely by the Queen's ships.&amp;quot; If you had seen,&amp;quot; says 
+    Sir William Winter, &amp;quot;the simple service done by the merchants and coast 
+    ships, you would have said we had been little helped by them, otherwise than 
+    that they did make a show.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The principal and final battle was fought off Gravelines.
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    The Armada therefore did arrive at its destination, but only to show that 
+    the general plan of the invasion was an impracticable one. The superiority 
+    in tonnage and number of guns on the morning of that day, though not what it 
+    had been when the fighting began a week before, was still immense, if 
+    superiority in those particulars had been of any use. But with this battle 
+    the plan of Philip was finally shattered. So far from being in a condition 
+    to cover Parma's passage, the Spanish admiral was glad to escape as best he 
+    could from the English pursuit. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;During the eight days' fight, be it observed, the Armada had 
+    experienced no unfavourable weather or other stroke of ill-fortune. The wind 
+    had been mostly in the west, and not tempestuous. After the last battle, 
+    when the crippled Spanish ships were drifting upon the Dutch shoals, it 
+    opportunely shifted, and enabled them to escape into the North Sea. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It would not be easy to find any great naval engagement in 
+    which the victors suffered so little. In the last battle, when they came to 
+    close quarters, they had about sixty killed. During the first seven days 
+    their loss seems to have been almost nil. One vessel only-not belonging to 
+    the Queen--became entangled among the enemy, and succumbed. Except the 
+    master of this vessel not one of the captains was killed from first to last. 
+    Many men of rank were serving in the fleet. It
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    is not mentioned that one of them was so much as wounded. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Looking at all these facts, we can surely come to only one 
+    conclusion. Philip's plan was hopeless from the first. Barring accidents, 
+    the English were bound to win. On no other occasion in our history was our 
+    country so well prepared to meet her enemies. Never was her safety from 
+    invasion so amply guaranteed. The defeat of the Great Armada was the 
+    deserved and crowning triumph of thirty years of good government at home and 
+    wise policy abroad; of careful provision for defence and sober abstinence 
+    from adventure and aggression. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Of the land preparations it is impossible to speak with 
+    equal confidence, as they were never put to the test. If the Spaniards had 
+    landed, Leicester's militia would no doubt have experienced a bloody defeat. 
+    London might have been taken and plundered. But Parma himself never expected 
+    to become master of the country without the aid of a great Catholic rising. 
+    This, we may affirm with confidence, would not have taken place on even the 
+    smallest scale. Overwhelming forces would soon have gathered round the 
+    Spaniards. They would probably have retired to the coast, and there 
+    fortified some place from which it would have been difficult to dislodge 
+    them as long as they retained the command of the sea. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such seems to have been the utmost success which, in the 
+    most favourable event, could have attended the invasion. A great disaster, 
+    no doubt, for England, and one for which Elizabeth would have been judged by 
+    history with more severity than justice; for Englishmen have always chosen 
+    to risk it, down to our own time.(1) No government which insisted on making 
+    adequate provision for the military defence of the country would have been 
+    tolerated then, or, to all appearance, would be tolerated now. We have 
+    always trusted to our navy. It were to be wished that our naval superiority 
+    were as assured now as when we defeated the Armada. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The arrangements for feeding the soldiers and sailors were 
+    very defective. A praiseworthy system of control had been introduced to 
+    check waste and peculation in time of peace. Of course it did not easily 
+    adapt itself to the exigencies of war. Military operations are sure to 
+    suffer where a certain, or rather uncertain, amount of waste and peculation 
+    is not risked. We have not forgotten the &amp;quot;horrible and heart-rending&amp;quot; 
+    sufferings of our army in the Crimea, which, like those of Elizabeth's 
+    fleet, had to be relieved by private effort. In the sixteenth century the 
+    lot of the soldier and sailor everywhere was want and disease, varied at 
+    intervals by plunder and excess. Philip's soldiers and sailors were worse 
+    off than Elizabeth's, though he grudged no money for purposes of war. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Those who profess to be scandalised by the appointment of 
+    Leicester to the command of the army should point out what fitter choice 
+    could have been made. He was the only great nobleman with any military 
+    experience; and to suppose that any one but a great nobleman could have been 
+    appointed to such a command is to show a profound ignorance of the ideas of 
+    the time. He had Sir John Norris, a really able soldier, as his marshal of 
+    the camp. After all, no one has alleged that he did not do his duty with 
+    energy and intelligence. The story that the Queen thought of making him her 
+    &amp;quot;Lieutenant in the government of England and Ireland,&amp;quot; but was dissuaded 
+    from it by Burghley and Hatton, rests on no authority but that of Camden, 
+    who is fond of repeating spiteful gossip about Leicester. No sensible person 
+    will believe that she meant to create a sort of Grand Vizier. She may have 
+    thought of making him what we should call &amp;quot;Commander-in-Chief.&amp;quot; There would 
+    be much to say for such a concentration of authority while the kingdom was 
+    threatened with invasion. The title of &amp;quot;Lieutenant&amp;quot; was a purely military 
+    one, and began to be applied under the Tudors to the commanders of the 
+    militia in each county. Leicester's title for the time was &amp;quot;Lieutenant and 
+    Captain-General of the Queen's armies and companies.&amp;quot; But we find him 
+    complaining to Walsingham that the patent of Hunsdon, the commander of the 
+    Midland army, gave him independent powers. &amp;quot;I shall have wrong if he 
+    absolutely command where my patent doth give me power. You may easily 
+    conceive what absurd dealings are likely to fall out if you allow two 
+    absolute commanders&amp;quot; (28 July). Camden's story is probably a confused echo 
+    of this dispute. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Writers who are loth to admit that the trust, the gratitude, 
+    the enthusiastic loyalty which Elizabeth inspired were the first and most 
+    important cause of the great victory, have sought to belittle the grandest 
+    moment of her life by pointing out that the famous speech at Tilbury was 
+    made after the battle of Gravelines. But the dispersal of the Armada by the 
+    storm of August 5th was not yet known in England. Drake, writing on the 8th 
+    and 10th, thinks that it is gone to Denmark to refit, and begs the Queen not 
+    to diminish any of her forces. The occasion of the speech on the 10th seems 
+    to have been the arrival of a post on that day, while the Queen was at 
+    dinner in Leicester's tent, with a false alarm that Parma had embarked all 
+    his forces, and might be expected in England immediately.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;But the Lieutenant-General had reached the end of his 
+    career. Three weeks after the Tilbury review he died of &amp;quot;a continued fever,&amp;quot; 
+    at the age of fifty-six. He kept Elizabeth's regard to the last, because she 
+    believed--and during the latter part of his life, not wrongly--in his 
+    fidelity and devotion. There is no sign that she at any time valued his 
+    judgment or suffered him to sway her policy, except so far as he was the 
+    mouthpiece of abler advisers; nor did she ever allow his enmities, violent 
+    as they were, to prejudice her against any of her other servants. His 
+    fortune was no doubt much above his deserts, and he has paid the usual 
+    penalty. There are few personages in history about whom so much malicious 
+    nonsense has been written. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We cannot help looking on England as placed in a quite new 
+    position by the defeat of the Armada--a position of security and 
+    independence. In truth, what was changed was not so much the relative 
+    strength of England and Spain as the opinion of it held by Englishmen and 
+    Spaniards, and indeed by all Europe. The loss to Philip in mere ships, men, 
+    and treasure was no doubt considerable. But his inability to conquer England 
+    was demonstrated rather than caused by the destruction of the Armada. Philip 
+    himself talked loftily about &amp;quot;placing another fleet upon the seas.&amp;quot; But his 
+    subjects began to see that defence, not conquest, was now their 
+    business--and had been for some time if they had only known it: &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cervi, luporum preda rapacium,&lt;br&gt;
+      Sectamur ultro quos opimus&lt;br&gt;
+      Fallere et effugere eat triumphus&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's attitude to Philip underwent a marked change. 
+    Till then she had been unwilling to abandon the hope of a peaceful 
+    settlement. She had dealt him not a few stinging blows, but always with a 
+    certain restraint and forbearance, because they were meant for the purpose 
+    of bringing him to reason. Thirty years of patience on his part had led her 
+    to believe that he would never carry retaliation beyond assassination plots. 
+    At last, in his slow way, he had gathered up all his strength and essayed to 
+    crush her. Thenceforward she was a convert to Drake's doctrine that attack 
+    was the surest way of defence. She had still good reasons for devolving this 
+    work as much as possible on the private enterprise of her subjects. The 
+    burden fell on those who asked nothing better than to be allowed to bear it. 
+    Thus arose that system, or rather practice, of leaving national work to be 
+    executed by private enterprise, which has had so much to do with the 
+    building up of the British Empire. Private gain has been the mainspring of 
+    action. National defence and aggrandisement have been almost incidental 
+    results. With Elizabeth herself national and private aims could not be 
+    dissevered. The nation and she had but one purse. She was cheaply defending 
+    England, and she shared in the plunder. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The favourite cruising-ground of the English adventurers was 
+    off the Azores, where the Spanish treasure fleets always halted for fresh 
+    water and provisions, on their way to Europe. Some of these expeditions were 
+    on a large scale. But they were not so successful or profitable, in 
+    proportion to their size, as the smaller ventures of Drake and Hawkins 
+    earlier in the reign. The Spaniards were everywhere on the alert. The 
+    harbours of the New World, which formerly lay in careless security, were put 
+    into a state of defence. Treasure fleets made their voyages with more 
+    caution. &amp;quot;Not a grain of gold, silver, or pearl, but what must be got 
+    through the fire.&amp;quot; The day of great prizes was gone by. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Two of these expeditions are distinguished by their 
+    importance. The first was a joint-stock venture of Drake and Norris--the 
+    foremost sailor and the foremost soldier among Englishmen of that day--in 
+    the year after the great Armada (April 1589). They and some private backers 
+    found most of the capital. The Queen contributed six royal ships and 
+    Â£20,000. This fleet carried no less than 11,000 soldiers, for the aim was to 
+    wrest Portugal from the Spaniard and set up Don Antonio, a representative of 
+    the dethroned dynasty. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Stopping on their way at Corunna, they took the lower town, 
+    destroyed large stores, and defeated in the field a much superior force 
+    marching to the relief of the place. Norris mined and breached the walls of 
+    the upper town; but the storming parties having been repulsed with great 
+    loss, the army re-embarked and pursued its voyage. Landing at PenichÃ©, 
+    Norris marched fifty miles by Vimiero and Torres Vedras, names famous 
+    afterwards in the military annals of England, and on the seventh day arrived 
+    before Lisbon. But he had no battering train; for Drake, who had brought the 
+    fleet round to the mouth of the Tagus, judged it dangerous to enter the 
+    river. Nor did the Portuguese rise, as had been hoped. The army therefore, 
+    marching through the suburbs of Lisbon, rejoined the fleet at Cascaes, and 
+    proceeded to Vigo. That town was burnt, and the surrounding country 
+    plundered. This was the last exploit of the expedition. Great loss and 
+    dishonour had been inflicted on Spain; but no less than half of the soldiers 
+    and sailors had perished by disease; and the booty, though said to have been 
+    large, was a disappointment to the survivors. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The other great expedition was in 1596. The capture of 
+    Calais in April of that year by the Spaniards, had renewed the alarm of 
+    invasion, and it was determined to meet the danger at a distance from home. 
+    A great fleet, with 6000 soldiers on board, commanded by Essex and Howard of 
+    Effingham sailed straight to Cadiz, the principal port and arsenal of Spain. 
+    The harbour was forced by the fleet, the town and castle stormed by the 
+    army, several men-of-war taken or destroyed, a large merchant-fleet burnt, 
+    together with an immense quantity of stores and merchandise; the total value 
+    being estimated at twenty millions of ducats. This was by far the heaviest 
+    blow inflicted by England upon Spain during the reign, and was so regarded 
+    in Europe; for though the great Armada had been signally defeated by the 
+    English fleet, its subsequent destruction was due to the winds and waves. 
+    Essex was vehemently desirous to hold Cadiz; but Effingham and the Council 
+    of War appointed by the Queen would not hear of it. The expedition 
+    accordingly returned home, having effectually relieved England from the fear 
+    of invasion. The burning of Penzance by four Spanish galleys (1595) was not 
+    much to set against these great successes. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;One reason for the comparative impunity with which the 
+    English assailed the unwieldy empire of Philip was the insane pursuit of the 
+    French crown, to which he devoted all his resources after the murder of 
+    Henry III. In 1598, with one foot in the grave, and no longer able to 
+    conceal from himself that, with the exception of the conquest of Portugal, 
+    all the ambitious schemes of his life had failed, he was fain to conclude 
+    the peace of Vervins with Henry IV. Henry was ready to insist that England 
+    and the United Provinces should be comprehended in the treaty. Philip 
+    offered terms which Elizabeth would have welcomed ten years earlier. He 
+    proposed that the whole of the Low Countries should be constituted a 
+    separate sovereignty under his son-in-law the Archduke Albert. The Dutch, 
+    who were prospering in war as well as in trade, scouted the offer. English 
+    feeling was divided. There was a war-party headed by Essex and Raleigh, 
+    personally bitter enemies, but both athirst for glory, conquest, and empire, 
+    believing in no right but that of the strongest, greedy for wealth, and 
+    disdaining the slower, more laborious, and more legitimate modes of 
+    acquiring it. They were tired of campaigning it in France and the Low 
+    Countries, where hard knocks and beggarly plunder were all that a soldier 
+    had to look to. They proposed to carry a great English army across the 
+    Atlantic, to occupy permanently the isthmus of Panama, and from that central 
+    position to wrestle with the Spaniard for the trade and plunder of the New 
+    World. The peace party held that these ambitious schemes would bring no 
+    profit except possibly to a few individuals; that the treasury would be 
+    exhausted and the country irritated by taxation and the pressing of 
+    soldiers; that to re-establish the old commercial intercourse with Spain 
+    would be more reputable and attended with more solid advantage to the nation 
+    at large; and finally, that the English arms would be much better employed 
+    in a thorough conquest of Ireland. These were the views of Burghley; and 
+    they were strongly supported by Buckhurst, the best of the younger statesmen 
+    who now surrounded Elizabeth. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth always encouraged her ministers to speak their 
+    minds; but, as Buckhurst said on this occasion, &amp;quot;when they have done their 
+    extreme duty she wills what she wills.&amp;quot; She determined to maintain the 
+    treaty of 1585 with the Dutch. but she took the opportunity of getting it 
+    amended in such a way as to throw upon them a larger share of the expenses 
+    of the war, and to provide more definitely for the ultimate repayment of her 
+    advances. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We have seen that three years before the Armada Elizabeth 
+    had lost the French alliance, which had till then been the key-stone of her 
+    policy. Since then, though aware that Henry III. wished her well, and that 
+    he would thwart the Spanish faction as much as he dared, she had not been 
+    able to count on him. He might at any moment be pushed by Guise into an 
+    attack on England, either with or without the concurrence of Spain. The 
+    accession, therefore, of Henry IV. afforded her great relief. In him she had 
+    a sure ally. It is true that, like her other allies the Dutch, he was more 
+    in a condition to require help than to afford it. But the more work she 
+    provided for Philip in Holland or France, the safer England would be. The 
+    armies of the Holy League might be formidable to Henry; but as long as he 
+    could hold them at bay they were not dangerous to England. She had never 
+    quite got over her scruple about helping the Dutch against their lawful 
+    sovereign. But Henry IV. was the legitimate King of France, and she could 
+    heartily aid him to put down his rebels. From 2000 to 5000 English troops 
+    were therefore constantly serving in France down to the peace of Vervins.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Philip, in defiance of the Salic law, claimed the crown of 
+    France for his daughter in right of her mother, who was a sister of Henry 
+    III. To Brittany he alleged that she had a special claim, as being descended 
+    from Anne of Brittany, which the Bourbons were not. Brittany, therefore, he 
+    invaded at once by sea. Elizabeth, alarmed by the proximity of this Spanish 
+    force, desired that her troops in France should be employed in expelling it, 
+    and that they should be vigorously supported by Henry IV. Henry, on the 
+    other hand, was always drawing away the English to serve his more pressing 
+    needs in other parts of France. This brought upon him many harsh rebukes and 
+    threats from the English Queen. But she had, for the first time, met her 
+    match. He judged, and rightly, that she would not desert him. So, with 
+    oft-repeated apologies, light promises, and well-turned compliments, he just 
+    went on doing what suited him best, getting all the fighting he could out of 
+    the English, and airily eluding Elizabeth's repeated demands for some coast 
+    town, which could be held, like Brill and Flushing, as a security for her 
+    heavy subsidies. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;When Henry was reconciled to the Catholic Church, Elizabeth 
+    went through the form of expressing surprise and regret at a step which she 
+    must have long expected, and must have felt to be wise (1593). Her alliance 
+    with Henry was not shaken. It was drawn even closer by a new treaty, each 
+    sovereign engaging not to make peace without the consent of the other. This 
+    engagement did not prevent Henry from concluding the separate peace of 
+    Vervins five years later, when he judged that his interest required it 
+    (1598). Elizabeth's dissatisfaction was, this time, genuine enough. But 
+    Henry was no longer her protÃ©gÃ©, a homeless, landless, penniless king, 
+    depending on English subsidies, roaming over the realm he called his own 
+    with a few thousands, or sometimes hundreds, of undisciplined cavaliers, who 
+    gathered and dispersed at their own pleasure. He was master of a re-united 
+    France, and could no longer be either patronised or threatened. Elizabeth 
+    might expostulate, and declare that &amp;quot;if there was such a sin as that against 
+    the Holy Ghost it must needs be ingratitude:&amp;quot; gratitude was a sentiment to 
+    which she was as much a stranger as Henry. The only difference between them 
+    was the national one: the Englishwoman preached; the Frenchman mocked. What 
+    made her so sore was that he had, so to speak, stolen her policy from her. 
+    His predecessor had always suspected her--and with good reason--of intending 
+    &amp;quot;to draw her neck out of the collar&amp;quot; if once she could induce him to 
+    undertake a joint war. The joint war had at length been undertaken by Henry 
+    IV., and it was he who had managed to slip out of it first, while Elizabeth, 
+    who longed for peace, was obliged to stand by the Dutch. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The two sovereigns, however, knew their own interests too 
+    well to quarrel. Henry gave Elizabeth to understand that his designs against 
+    Spain had undergone no change; he was only halting for breath; he would help 
+    the Dutch underhand--just what she used to say to Henry III. She had now to 
+    deal with a French King as sagacious as herself, and a great deal more 
+    prompt and vigorous in action; not the man to be made a cat's-paw by any 
+    one. She had to accept him as a partner, if not on her own terms, then on 
+    his. Both sovereigns were thoroughly veracious--in Carlyle's sense of the 
+    word. That is to say, their policy was determined not by passion, or vanity, 
+    or sentiment of any kind, but by enlightened self-interest, and was 
+    therefore calculable by those who knew how to calculate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes: &lt;/b&gt;1.
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The Earl of Sussex, after 
+    inspecting the preparations for defence in Hampshire towards the end of 
+    1587, writes to the Council that he had found nothing ready. The &amp;quot;better 
+    sort&amp;quot; said, &amp;quot;We are much charged many ways, and when the enemy comes we will 
+    provide for him; but he will not come yet.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereleven.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    XI: Domestic Affairs: 1588-1601&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082628&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082628&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH63ab.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH63ab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH63ab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28789</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Life in Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH63abdc8faa71ed542ef5ed</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH63ab.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">life-morpheus.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">life.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P align=center&gt;I am redesigning the Life in Tudor England website, mostly to 
+include lots of pictures.&lt;BR&gt;Until I finish, you can explore some of the topics 
+listed here.&amp;nbsp; Thanks for your patience.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=43 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/life-morpheus.gif&quot; width=333 
+border=0 alt=&quot;Life in Tudor England&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;P align=left&gt;
+  &lt;IMG height=371 
+  alt=&quot;woodcut of a family going to market in Tudor England&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/life.jpg&quot; width=300 align=left border=3&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;B&gt;Click on a topic below:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Chronology&quot;&gt;Chronology&lt;/a&gt; - 
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Glossary&quot;&gt;Glossary&lt;/A&gt; - 
+    &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Government&quot;&gt;Government&lt;/A&gt; - 
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Religion&quot;&gt;Religion&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Population&quot;&gt;Population&lt;/A&gt; - 
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Money&quot;&gt;Money&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Food&quot;&gt;Food&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Food&quot;&gt; and Drink&lt;/A&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Houses&quot;&gt;Houses&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Clothing&quot;&gt;Clothing and 
+    Appearance&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Marriage&quot;&gt;Marriage&lt;/A&gt; 
+    &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Sex&quot;&gt;Sex&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Diseases&quot;&gt;Diseases&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Arts&quot;&gt;Arts and Education&lt;/A&gt; 
+    &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Crime&quot;&gt;Crime and 
+    Punishment&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Travel&quot;&gt;Travel&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Sorcery&quot;&gt;Sorcery&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Rebellions&quot;&gt;Rebellions&lt;/A&gt; 
+    &lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Famous&quot;&gt;Famous 
+Names to Know in Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor FAQ&lt;/A&gt;: 
+frequently asked questions&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Chronology&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Chronology&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;22 August 1485&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Bosworth Field; Henry Tudor's army 
+  defeats King Richard III; Henry becomes King Henry VII &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 January 1486&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VII marries King Edward IV's eldest 
+  surviving child, Princess Elizabeth of York &lt;/P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 June 1491&lt;/B&gt; - Henry 
+  Tudor is born to King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;8 August 1503&lt;/B&gt; - Princess Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII, 
+  marries King James IV of Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;21 April 1509&lt;/B&gt; - Henry Tudor becomes King Henry VIII of 
+  England&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;9 September 1513&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Flodden Field between England and 
+  Scotland; King James IV of Scotland is killed &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 December 1515&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII appoints Cardinal Thomas Wolsey 
+  lord chancellor&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;7 June 1520&lt;/B&gt; - Field of the Cloth of Gold occurs; this is the famous 
+  meeting between King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;11 October 1521&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII is given the title 'Defender of 
+  the Faith' by the pope &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 October 1529&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's great statesman, Cardinal 
+  Wolsey, is driven from power and dies in disgrace &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 January 1533&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;7 September 1533&lt;/B&gt; - Elizabeth Tudor is born to King Henry VIII and 
+  Anne Boleyn&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 November 1534&lt;/B&gt; - the Act of Supremacy is passed by Parliament; it 
+  declares the English monarch to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England; 
+  under Elizabeth this title is changed to Supreme Governor&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;June and 
+  July 1535&lt;/B&gt; - Bishop John Fisher and Sir Thomas More are executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 March 1536&lt;/B&gt; - dissolution of the monasteries begins &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;14 April 1536&lt;/B&gt; - Wales is officially incorporated into 
+England&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;19 May 1536&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn, is 
+  executed &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;12 October 1537&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's only son, Prince Edward, is 
+  born; his mother is the king's third wife, Jane Seymour, who dies shortly 
+  thereafter&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 July 1540&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's great statesman, Thomas Cromwell, 
+  is executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 June 1541&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII is titled king of Ireland&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;13 February 1542&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, 
+  executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 November 1542&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Solway Moss between England and 
+  Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;20 July 1545&lt;/B&gt; - the Mary Rose, the flagship of King Henry VIII's 
+  navy, sinks &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 January 1547&lt;/B&gt; - Edward Tudor becomes King Edward VI &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;10 September 1547&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Pinkie between England and 
+  Scotland&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;23 September 1548&lt;/B&gt; - the Protestant Book of Common Prayer comes into 
+  use &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;6 July 1553&lt;/B&gt; - King Edward VI dies &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;10 July 1553&lt;/B&gt; - the Tudor cousin Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed queen 
+  of England; she rules for just nine days &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;3 August 1553&lt;/B&gt; - Mary Tudor becomes Queen Mary I &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;11 April 1554&lt;/B&gt; - Sir Thomas Wyatt is executed after leading a 
+  rebellion against Queen Mary I &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 July 1554&lt;/B&gt; - Queen Mary I marries King Philip II of Spain &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;16 October 1555&lt;/B&gt; - the Protestant churchmen Latimer and Ridley are 
+  burned at the stake&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;21 March 1556&lt;/B&gt; - Thomas Cranmer, former archbishop of Canterbury, 
+  burned at the stake&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 November 1558&lt;/B&gt; - Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;29 April 1559&lt;/B&gt; - the Elizabethan religious settlement is passed by 
+  Parliament &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;22 February 1560&lt;/B&gt; - Treaty of Berwick between England and Scotland 
+  &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;19 June 1566&lt;/B&gt; - King James VI of Scotland, son of Mary queen of 
+  Scots, is born &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 July 1567&lt;/B&gt; - Mary, queen of Scots abdicates her throne in Scotland 
+  and comes to England &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 August 1572&lt;/B&gt; - the St Batholomew's Day massacre of Protestants 
+  occurs in Paris&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 October 1585&lt;/B&gt; - the English colony at Roanoke in Virginia is 
+  established &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;8 February 1587&lt;/B&gt; - Mary, queen of Scots is executed at Fotheringhay 
+  Castle &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;31 July 1588&lt;/B&gt; - defeat of the Spanish Armada&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;6 February 1595&lt;/B&gt; - Sir Walter Raleigh leaves England to sail to the 
+  New World &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;14 August 1598 &lt;/B&gt;- Tyrone's Rebellion occurs in Ireland &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 February 1601&lt;/B&gt; - Robert Devereux, the earl of Essex, is executed 
+  for leading a rebellion against Queen Elizabeth I &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 December 1601&lt;/B&gt;- the Elizabethan 'Poor Law' is passed; it has a 
+  profound effect upon English society &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 March 1603&lt;/B&gt; - Queen Elizabeth I dies; the Tudor dynasty ends; King 
+  James VI of Scotland becomes king of England&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Government&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Government&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Tudor England's government was 
+an &lt;B&gt;absolute monarchy&lt;/B&gt;. In this system, the monarch (king or queen) has 
+control over all aspects of government.&lt;BR&gt;Parliament did exist during the 16th 
+century but its role was often merely advisory. As the years passed, it became 
+increasingly powerful. Its main power was passing taxation. Whenever the king or 
+queen needed money, they first had to convince Parliament to order more 
+taxation. Parliament was only assembled when the king or queen ordered it, 
+unlike modern times.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Religion&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Religion&lt;BR&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;England was a Catholic nation under 
+the rule of Henry VII (1485-1509) and during much of Henry VIII's (1509-1547) 
+reign. In 1534, King Henry VIII declared himself Supreme Head of a new Church of 
+England. This coincided with the rejection of papal authority and dissolution of 
+the English monasteries. Protestantism was introduced to England. Under King 
+Edward VI (1547-1553), England was a Protestant nation. Under Queen Mary I 
+(1553-1558), England was again a Catholic nation. Under Queen Elizabeth I 
+(1558-1603), England was again a Protestant nation. It was under Elizabeth that 
+the Anglican church became firmly established and 
+dominant.&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Population&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Population: includes England and 
+Wales.&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1524.....2.3 million&lt;/B&gt; 
+  &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1541.....2.7 million&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1550.....2.9 million&lt;/B&gt; 
+  &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1569.....3.2 million&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1599.....4.0 
+million&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;In &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;1520&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;, 6% of the population lived in 
+urban areas (towns of over 4,000 people.)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;In 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1520&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;, 3% of the population 
+lived in London.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Around 5% of the population were considered gentlemen. 
+Their numbers increased throughout the 16th century. 'Gentlemen' are people who 
+do not work with their hands. The middle class was larger; they were usually 
+literate and included craftsmen and tradesmen. The vast majority of the 
+population is poor and termed 'peasants' or 'common people'. They were mostly 
+illiterate and suffered the most when famines occurred and the currency was 
+debased.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;In 1509, there was one duke, one marquis, ten earls, and thirty 
+barons in England. The peerage increased to 51 by the end of Henry VIII's reign 
+and had reached 57 when Elizabeth I became queen. But she was stingy with 
+granting peerages and the only duke left in England (Norfolk) was executed in 
+1572. A new duke was not titled until 1623.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Money&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Money&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;The currency in Tudor England is 
+divided into pounds, shilling, and pence. The pence/penny is the basic unit of 
+currency; 12 pennies make a shilling and 20 shillings make a pound.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;There are numerous coins in circulation throughout the 16th century. When 
+money becomes tight, the monarchs are fond of reducing the amount of precious 
+metal in the coins. This debases the real worth of English money and causes 
+problems for everyone.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Among the coins in circulation are the royal (a gold coin worth 10 
+shillings); this was introduced during the reign of King Henry VII. Under his 
+grandson, King Edward VI, the angel was introduced; it was another gold coin 
+worth 10 shillings. There were also groats, farthings, sixpences, etc Around the 
+mid-16th century, a common laborer would make around 1 shilling per day. 
+&amp;nbsp;So it would take a laborer twenty days to earn a pound! &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Coins are made at royal mints located in several large cities. Forgery often 
+occurs. Often, the royal treasurers are implicated.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Because of debasement and famine, inflation is a constant problem. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;It is difficult to translate Tudor prices into contemporary money. Also, 
+prices varied widely throughout the 16th century. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Food&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Food and Drink&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;There are three main components 
+of the Tudor diet - bread, beer, and meat (usually beef or mutton.) Like us, 
+they had three meals - breakfast, dinner, and supper. &lt;B&gt;Breakfast &lt;/B&gt;was early 
+in the morning and a relatively simple meal. &amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt;Dinner &lt;/B&gt;was the largest 
+meal and held between 11 am and 1 pm. &amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt;Supper &lt;/B&gt;could be held anytime 
+between 5 pm and 8 pm, depending upon the person's social class. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Everyone in Tudor England ate bread and cheese. The only difference between 
+classes was the quality of bread and cheese. &amp;nbsp;The cheapest bread was called 
+'Carter's bread'; it was a mixture of rye and wheat. &amp;nbsp;The middle classes or 
+prosperous tenants ate 'ravel', also called 'yeoman's bread' and made of 
+wholemeal. &amp;nbsp;The most expensive bread was called 'marchet' and made of white 
+wheat flour. Aristocratic households ate marchet, particularly during banquets. 
+&amp;nbsp;Everyone from the poorest peasant to the wealthies monarch drank beer. 
+&amp;nbsp;It was brewed without hops and was not particularly alcoholic. People 
+drank beer liberally. However, water was considered unhealthy - and for good 
+reason. &amp;nbsp;Under Henry VII, French wines were imported in greater quantities 
+but only aristocrats drank them. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;The poor and wealthy alike lived off 
+the land.&amp;nbsp; England was self-sufficient, able to feed its population without 
+resorting to imports, at least during good harvests.&amp;nbsp; Most peasants had 
+small bits of land in villages and towns. They kept chickens, pigs, and perhaps 
+a cow. &amp;nbsp;Those with animals slaughtered them in November. &amp;nbsp;The meat was 
+smoked, dried, or salted so it could be kept for meals in the cold months. 
+&amp;nbsp;Bacon was the most common meat of poor people. Smoked bacon and salted 
+beef were most popular during the winter. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Of course, meat could not be eaten on Fridays for religious reasons. 
+&amp;nbsp;Instead, fish - dried cod or slated herring, most likely - was eaten. It 
+was &lt;I&gt;not&lt;/I&gt; fresh since there was no efficient or speedy way to transport 
+fresh foods. &amp;nbsp;Vegetables were plentiful, particularly beans, peas, carrots, 
+and onions. &amp;nbsp;Fruits were available, too - apples, plums, pears, 
+strawberries, cherries, etc &amp;nbsp;But potatoes and tomatoes were not available. 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;As you can see, diets were most interesting and varied in the warmer months 
+but cold weather meant preserved meats and little else. &amp;nbsp;Everyone, rich and 
+poor alike, suffered from malnutrition, particularly Vitamin C deficiency (which 
+we call scurvy.) &amp;nbsp;Molds in certain breads could also cause health problems. 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;There were 2 great famines in Tudor England - in the mid-1550s during Mary 
+I's reign and mid-1590s during Elizabeth I's reign.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Houses&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Houses&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;Types&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt; of Houses: 
+&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;There are castles, mansions, manor houses, and 
+cottages. The materials used to build them depend upon the wealth of their 
+owners. Castles and churches were always built of stone, but it was expensive. 
+Middle-class homes were timber-framed but wood was too expensive to use for the 
+entire house. &lt;BR&gt;Instead, bricks were sometimes used, or white-washed wattle 
+and daub. When timbers were coated with black tar, the famous Tudor 
+'black-and-white' effect was achieved. Many houses had steep, thatched roofs and 
+upper stories which hung over the lower ones. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Rooms:&lt;/B&gt; The rooms in a nobleman's house would include a great hall for 
+feasting and entertaining, a great chamber used for sleeping and receiving 
+visitors and playing games, a cellar which was not necessarily below ground and 
+was used primarily for storage, a closet used as a private office or study, a 
+gallery (either enclosed or open on one side) which ran parallel to the house 
+and was used for exercise, a private bedchamber for the master of the house), a 
+kitchen, a parlor used as either a sitting room or small entertaining area, and 
+a privy which was a small, windowless room used as a bathroom. There were also 
+withdrawing rooms where wardrobes were kept or the owner could go for more 
+privacy. Often these rooms connected two bedrooms. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Noble Households:&lt;/B&gt; In Tudor England, a person's social status and 
+prestige were determined by two main things: the lavishness of their standard of 
+living and the number of their servants and attendants. The successful 
+maintenance of a large household also indicated a person's ability to govern, 
+albeit on a much smaller scale than the king.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;A nobleman of sufficient rank and skill was often called to serve the monarch 
+in London. To that end, they would purchase and maintain - often at great 
+expense - townhomes in or just outside London. In London, the most affluent 
+street was known as The Strand. These homes were built on the riverside and so 
+were equipped with docks; the nobles could travel by personal barge from their 
+homes to various royal palaces. Nobles also owned homes in the counties near 
+their largest estates. Naturally enough, the maintenance of these various 
+residences was expensive, and became increasingly so as the century progressed. 
+But the greatest expense - and worry - was their principal estate, always 
+situated in the countryside. At these estates, their spiritual, public, private, 
+and economic worlds merged. They were an opportunity for the proud noble to 
+demonstrate his standing in the nation and to dominate local affairs thoroughly. 
+Also, they could play host to the reigning monarch on a royal progress. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Many of the most famous noble country homes can still be seen today. For 
+example, view Compton Wynyates in Warwickshire where Henry VIII often visited 
+and the duke of Buckingham's beautiful Penshurst Place in Kent. Five centuries 
+ago, estates such as these were managed by noblemen and their principal 
+officers, primarily knights and esquires. Together, they governed the estates 
+and surrounding lands. They gathered in the official presence chamber where 
+petitions were presented from tenants and neighbors. The councilors would judge 
+their claims and mediate disputes. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;When the nobleman traveled to London or his lesser homes, a large group of 
+servants would accompany him - this was his 'skeleton' household. They journeyed 
+in carts packed with people and possessions. As Henry VII's rule impressed some 
+degree of stability upon England, such travel became less dangerous. But it 
+remained uncomfortable, even for the wealthy in padded coaches. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;The presence of such wealthy and accomplished landowners was both a blessing 
+and a curse to Tudor monarchs. For early Tudor kings, these nobles could help 
+secure their rule, particularly in the North where trouble traditionally brewed. 
+Henry VII had no family ties to northern England; this made him even more 
+reliant on the great Northern lords to maintain peace and effective government. 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Knights and esquires wore their lord's livery; they also promised the support 
+of their tenants and servants in case of conflict. In this way, great households 
+could also serve as sources of rebellion and treason.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Gardens &lt;/B&gt;are very popular in Tudor England. As the century goes on, 
+they become increasingly ornate and expensive. Even noble families grow their 
+own fruits and vegetables when they can. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;I will add more information about homes of the poor, as well as 
+pictures, soon. 17 October 2002&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Clothing&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Clothing&lt;/BIG&gt; &lt;BIG&gt;and Appearance&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Tudor 
+England is famous for its beautiful and ornate clothing, particularly during the 
+reign of Queen Elizabeth I. &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/A&gt; to 
+view portraits of the queen and her courtiers. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Medieval sumptuary laws remained in force throughout the 16th century. These 
+laws dictated what each member of society could wear, depending upon their 
+social class. The laws are not enforced often. And fabrics such as silk, satin 
+and velvet are so expensive that only the wealthy can afford them. Cloth of gold 
+and the color purple are reserved for royalty. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;During the reign of King Henry VIII, Spanish and French style gowns are very 
+popular. Clothes become more form-fitting and ornate. Men wear colorful tights 
+to emphasize well-developed calves. Women often have such low necklines that 
+preachers condemn them. Both sexes wear as much jewelry as they can afford. And 
+everyone, rich and poor, wears a hat. Certain clothing dyes are not expensive, 
+and so even the poor can wear green and brown outfits. Foreign visitors comment 
+upon the colorful outfits of the English poor. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Women have long hair which they wear loose until marriage. After the reign of 
+King Henry VII, men typically have short hair and beards and mustaches. It is 
+Henry VIII who makes beards popular; during his father's reign, men are 
+clean-shaven.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;The poor wear homespun woolen clothing with knitted hose and hobnail shoes. 
+In the field, they wear tunics and breeches.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Children are dressed as miniature adults from the age of six onwards. Before 
+then, both boys and girls wear simple shifts or gowns. They are swaddled as 
+infants, a constricting practice which is believed to prevent illness. In fact, 
+for the first four months of their lives, infants are completely immobilized in 
+swaddling bands.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Men generally wear flat-heeled shoes while women wore overshoes outside. 
+These were clogs which raised her feet so her gown wouldn't drag in the 
+dirt.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Blonde hair is the most prized haircolor, but auburn and red hair are also 
+popular. Very white skin and red lips are achieved through the use of dangerous 
+cosmetics; lead, borax, and sulphur were sometimes used. Every woman hated 
+spots, whether freckles or pimples. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;As for bathing, most Englishmen think baths are unhealthy. Queen Elizabeth I 
+is considered strange for bathing as much as four times a year. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Everyone uses perfume. Perfume is splashed on bodies and clothing, 
+particularly the gloves. The most popular scents included marjoram, lavendar, 
+musk, and rose.&lt;BR&gt;Noblemen and women carry pomanders, a hollow sphere holding a 
+waxed perfume ball. Pomanders are often highly decorative and expensive 
+accessories. Women attach them to their girdles and men dangle them from a 
+chain. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Dentists are surgeons who remove rotten teeth and also perform other small 
+operations. People clean their teeth by rubbing them with a mixture of white 
+wine and vinegar boiled with honey. Fashionable noblewomen will sometimes 
+deliberately blacken their front teeth. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Marriage&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Marriage&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Marriage usually occurred during 
+the mid-twenties for most Tudor citizens. The wealthy and aristocratic tended to 
+marry earlier because of inheritance issues. But contrary to popular belief, 
+there were few child marriages in Tudor England. Of course, you could be 
+pre-contracted or betrothed at a much earlier age. Any marriage contract was 
+legally binding if the girl was 12 and the boy was 14. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Annulments and divorces were uncommon because they required special religious 
+dispensations. Most marriages ended with the death of a spouse. At any time in 
+the 16th century, roughly a third of marriages are the second or third marriage. 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Rebellions&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Rebellions&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;People in Tudor England 
+suffered through famine, poverty, and immense religious changes. Life was 
+uncertain and dangerous. Most riots in the country were small and local; they 
+usually involved food or the hated enclosure policies. Enclosure was the process 
+by which noblemen seized public land for themselves. They would build hedges 
+around the land to keep people out. But peasants needed the land to graze their 
+animals and would often tear the hedges down.&lt;BR&gt;There were also larger 
+rebellions throughout the 16th century. Here is a list of the most 
+important:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)&lt;/B&gt; - This rebellion occurred in November 
+1536 in the north of England; it was a result of King Henry VIII's religious 
+changes. Northern England was always more conservative and Catholic than the 
+rest of the country. When their monasteries were destroyed and the lands and 
+money seized by Henry's prominent noblemen, the northerners rebelled. There were 
+roughly 30,000 people involved, a mix of lords, middle-class laborers, and 
+peasants. They called themselves 'pilgrims' and were led by an attorney named 
+Robert Aske. They chose the five wounds of Christ as their symbol. They did not 
+specifically rebel against King Henry VIII, but rather his councilors such as 
+Thomas Cromwell. The king promised clemency if the rebels dispersed but 
+eventually executed about 100 rebels.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Kett's Rebellion (1549) &lt;/B&gt;- In 1549, King Edward VI ruled England, 
+though the government was under control of the Protestant Lord Protector 
+Somerset. In East Anglia, a Norfolk gentleman named Robert Kett led a rebellion 
+against the king's religious policies, the dissolution of the monasteries, and 
+the very unpopular enclosure of common lands by greedy noblemen. The rebels were 
+defeated at Norwich by an English army supported by foreign 
+mercenaries.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Wyatt's Rebellion (1554)&lt;/B&gt; - In spring 1554, Sir Thomas 
+Wyatt led a rebellion against Queen Mary I's proposed marriage to King Philip II 
+of Spain. Despite an army of 3,000 men, Wyatt was unable to enter London. He was 
+executed on 11 April 1554, after explicitly denying that Princess Elizabeth was 
+involved in the rebellion. Nonetheless, Elizabeth is temporarily imprisoned in 
+the Tower of London and Lady Jane Grey is executed. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Northern Rebellion&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;(1569)&lt;/B&gt; - In 1569, the north of England 
+again rebels against the Tudor monarchy, this time inspired by the imprisonment 
+of Mary, queen of Scots and Catholic discontent. The rebels are led by the earls 
+of Westmorland and Northumberland and the duke of Norfolk; they choose the five 
+wounds of Christ as their symbol, as had the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels. The 
+duke of Norfolk plans to depose Queen Elizabeth I and marry Mary, queen of 
+Scots, thus becoming king of England. The rebellion is crushed and several 
+hundred rebels are hanged. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Throckmorton Plot (1583) &lt;/B&gt;- This was the second plot to free Mary, 
+queen of Scots. In 1583, Sir Francis Throckmorton, a Catholic nobleman, works 
+with the Spanish ambassador to use Spanish troops to depose Queen Elizabeth I 
+and free Mary. He was arrested in November 1583 and later 
+executed.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Babington Plot&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;(1586)&lt;/B&gt; - This was the third 
+and final plot to free Mary, queen of Scots. In 1586, Sir Anthony Babington, a 
+Catholic nobleman, conspired with a Catholic priest and others to assassinate 
+Queen Elizabeth I and proclaim Mary queen of England. The plot is discovered by 
+the secretary of state Sir Francis Walsingham and Babington and Mary are 
+executed. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Essex Rebellion (1601)&lt;/B&gt; - Robert Devereux, the earl of Essex, was a 
+great favorite of Queen Elizabeth I's, but he was also arrogant and ambitious. 
+Disgraced and sent from court on numerous occasions, he attempted to lead a 
+rebellion against the queen on 8 February 1601. Essex protested that he did not 
+intend to harm the queen but to free her from the bad influence of other 
+councilors. He marched through London with 300 men but no others rallied to his 
+side. He was later executed. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT language=JavaScript src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife%5ffiles%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;SCRIPT language=javascript&gt;geovisit();&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;NOSCRIPT&gt;&lt;IMG height=1 alt=setstats src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife_files/visit.gif&quot; width=1 
+border=0&gt;&lt;/NOSCRIPT&gt; &lt;IMG height=1 alt=1 src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife_files/serv.gif&quot; width=1&gt; 
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082551&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082551&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6420.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6420.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6420.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10182</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The fall of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1530</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH642006539ecbdad801b586</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6420.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1530.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1530.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1530: The fall of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&quot; width=&quot;471&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This account 
+      of Thomas Wolsey's fall from royal favor was written by the Tudor 
+      chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Wolsey was born c1473 and 
+      eventually held the titles Cardinal-Archbishop of York and Lord 
+      Chancellor.&amp;nbsp; He was famous at Oxford University for taking his degree 
+      at the age of fifteen; he was intelligent, hard-working, and also very 
+      fond of pomp and ceremony.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;He became King Henry VII's chaplain during the last two 
+      years of his life.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII appointed him to a minor office upon 
+      his accession, but Wolsey's only became involved in government affairs in 
+      1512.&amp;nbsp; He urged Henry to wage war against the French on behalf of 
+      Pope Julius II.&amp;nbsp; The war was successful and Henry generously rewarded 
+      its main proponent and organizer.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey subsequently became the 
+      king's chief minister from 1515 to 1529.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;His powerful office and close friendship with Henry 
+      earned him many enemies, particularly aristocrats who resented his 
+      usurpation of their traditional influence.&amp;nbsp; They also resented his 
+      great wealth.&amp;nbsp; Over the years, Wolsey amassed a vast fortune, though 
+      he did so largely through his church offices.&amp;nbsp; He spent lavishly, but 
+      he was also charitable and personally financed many diplomatic missions.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It should be noted that most gentlemen entered government service for 
+      financial reward; Wolsey was no different.&amp;nbsp; And as the king's chief 
+      minister, he was expected to entertain foreign dignitaries and maintain a 
+      suitably impressive lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; His increasingly ostentatious 
+      displays of wealth did, however, damage both his personal reputation and 
+      that of the church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Wolsey lacked the genius for administration of his 
+      protÃ©gÃ© and successor, Thomas Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; But he was efficient and 
+      capable; when he found he could not control Parliament (it met only once 
+      during his years as chancellor), he simply refused to summon it.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      was also blamed for the high taxation necessary to support Henry VIII's 
+      ambitious foreign policy.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;He maintained the king's favor until he failed to secure 
+      an annulment of Henry's first marriage.&amp;nbsp; From 1527-1529, as Anne 
+      Boleyn's influence rose, Wolsey's waned.&amp;nbsp; She disliked the Cardinal 
+      because of his interference in her earlier engagement to Henry Percy.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And both she and the king were increasingly impatient with the pope's 
+      endless prevarication.&amp;nbsp; Torn between his secular and spiritual 
+      masters, Wolsey chose Henry's side - but it did not matter.&amp;nbsp; On 9 
+      October 1529, he was indicted for praemunire; he later confessed his 
+      guilt.&amp;nbsp; Parliament was summoned to indict him on forty-four charges.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The king kept him from prison but stripped him of many offices and all of 
+      his power.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was ordered to retire to his archbishopric of 
+      York.&amp;nbsp; Indiscreet letters to Rome led to his arrest on 4 November.&amp;nbsp; 
+      He died on the 24th, while returning to London and, most likely, execution 
+      at the Tower.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Hall implies that Wolsey committed suicide.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      did not.&amp;nbsp; He did, however, avoid execution at the Tower which was the 
+      fate Henry VIII intended for him.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Cromwell defended Wolsey in 
+      parliament.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;You have heard under the last year how the cardinal of York [Wolsey]
+was attainted in praemunire, and despite that the king had given him the
+bishoprics of York and Winchester, with great possessions, and had licensed
+him to live in his diocese of York.&amp;nbsp; Being thus in his diocese, grudging
+his fall and not remembering the kindness the King showed to him, he wrote
+to the court of Rome and to several other princes letters reproaching the
+king, and as much as he was able stirred them to revenge his case against
+the King and his realm; so much so that various opprobrious words about
+the king were spoken to Dr Edward Kern, the king's orator at Rome, and
+it was said to him that for the cardinal's sake the king's matrimonial
+suit would have the worse speed.&amp;nbsp; The cardinal would also speak fair
+to the people to win their hearts, and always declared that he was unjustly
+and untruly commanded, which fair speaking made many men believe that he
+spoke the truth.&amp;nbsp; And to be held in higher repute by the people he
+determined to be installed or enthroned at York with all possible pomp,
+and caused a throne to be erected in the Cathedral Church of such a height
+and design as was never seen before; and he sent to all the lords, abbots,
+priors, knights, esquires and gentlemen of his diocese to be at his manor
+of Cawood on 6 November, and so to bring him to York with all pomp and
+solemnity.
+&lt;p&gt;The King, who knew of his doings and secret communications, all this
+year pretended to ignore them to see what he would eventually do, until
+he saw his proud heart so highly exalted that he intended to be so triumphantly
+installed without informing the king, even as if in disdain of the king.&amp;nbsp;
+Then the king thought it was not fitting or convenient to let him any longer
+continue in his malicious and proud purposes and attempts.&amp;nbsp; Therefore
+he sent letters to Henry, the sixth earl of Northumberland, willing him
+with all diligence to arrest the cardinal, and to deliver him to the earl
+of Shrewsbury, great steward of the king's household.&amp;nbsp; When the earl
+had seen the letter, with a suitable number of men he came to the manor
+of Cawood on 4 November, and when he was brought to the cardinal in his
+chamber he said to him:&amp;nbsp; &quot;My Lord, I pray you have patience, for here
+I arrest you.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &quot;Arrest me,&quot; said the cardinal;&amp;nbsp; &quot;Yes,&quot; said
+the earl, &quot;I have orders to do so.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &quot;You have no such power,&quot; said
+the cardinal, &quot;for I am both a cardinal and a peer of the College of Rome,
+and ought not to be arrested by any temporal power, for I am not subject
+to that power, therefore if you arrest me I will withstand it.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &quot;Well,&quot;
+said the Earl, &quot;here is the king's commission, and therefore I charge you
+to obey.&quot;&amp;nbsp; The Cardinal somewhat remembered himself, and said, &quot;Well,
+my lord, I am content to obey, but although by negligence I fell under
+punishment of the praemunire and lost by law all my lands and goods, yet
+my person was in the king's protection and I was pardoned that offence.&amp;nbsp;
+Therefore I wonder why I now should be arrested, especially considering
+that I am a member of the apostolic See, on whom no temporal man should
+lay violent hands.&amp;nbsp; Well, I see the King lacks good counsel.&quot;&amp;nbsp;
+&quot;Well,&quot; said the earl, &quot;when I was sworn warden of the marches you yourself
+told me that I might with my staff arrest all men under the degree of king,
+and now I am stronger for I have a commission for what I do as you have
+seen.&quot;&amp;nbsp; The cardinal at length obeyed, and was kept in his private
+chamber, and his goods seized and his officers discharged, and his physician,
+Dr Augustine, was also arrested, and brought to the Tower by Sir Walter
+Welshe, one of the king's chamber.&amp;nbsp; On 6 November the cardinal was
+conveyed from Cawood to Sheffield Castle, and there delivered into the
+keeping of the earl of Shrewsbury until the king's pleasure was known.&amp;nbsp;
+About this arrest there was much talk among the common people, and many
+were glad, for surely he was not in favour with the commons.
+&lt;p&gt;When the cardinal was thus arrested the king sent Sir William Kingston
+Knight, captain of the guard and constable of the Tower of London with
+some of the yeomen of the guard to Sheffield, to fetch the cardinal to
+the Tower.&amp;nbsp; When the cardinal saw the captain of the guard he was
+much astonished and shortly became ill, for he foresaw some great trouble,
+and for that reason men said he willingly took so much strong purgative
+that his constitution could not bear it.&amp;nbsp; But Sir William Kingston
+comforted him, and by easy journeys he brought him to the Abbey of Leicester
+on 27 November, where through weakness caused by purgatives and vomiting
+he died the second night following, and is buried in the same Abbey.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082597&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082597&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6456.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6456.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6456.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5562</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The poetry of John Skelton</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6456a7052a5ec96817c3de</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6456.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1500s.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1500s.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: The poetry of John Skelton&quot; width=&quot;392&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Skelton was the poet laureate of England under Henry
+VII;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;he also tutored the young Prince Henry, duke of York,
+who became the infamous Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To Mistress
+Margaret Hussey&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;Merry Margaret,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As midsummer flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Gentle as falcon
+&lt;br&gt;Or hawk of the tower;
+&lt;br&gt;With solace and gladness,
+&lt;br&gt;Much mirth and no madness,
+&lt;br&gt;All good and no badness;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So joyously,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So maidenly,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So womanly
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her demeaning
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In every thing,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Far, far passing
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; That I can endite,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Or suffice to write
+&lt;br&gt;Of merry Margaret,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As midsummer flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Gentle as falcon
+&lt;br&gt;Or hawk of the tower.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As patient and as still
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And as full of good will
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As fair Isaphill;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Colyander,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sweet pomander,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Good Cassander;
+&lt;br&gt;Steadfast of thought,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Well made, well wrought,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Far may be sought
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ere that ye can find
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So courteous, so kind
+&lt;br&gt;As merry Margaret,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This midsummer flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Gentle as falcon
+&lt;br&gt;Or hawk of the tower.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;To Mistress Isabell Pennell&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;By Saint Mary, my lady,
+&lt;br&gt;Your mammy and your dady
+&lt;br&gt;Brought forth a goodly baby!
+&lt;br&gt;My maiden Isabell,
+&lt;br&gt;Reflaring rosabell,
+&lt;br&gt;The flagrant camamell,
+&lt;br&gt;The ruddy rosary,
+&lt;br&gt;The sovereign rosemary,
+&lt;br&gt;The pretty strawberry,
+&lt;br&gt;The columbine, the nepte,
+&lt;br&gt;The jeloffer well set,
+&lt;br&gt;The proper violet;
+&lt;br&gt;EnnewÃšd your colour
+&lt;br&gt;Is like the daisy flower
+&lt;br&gt;After the April shower;
+&lt;br&gt;Star of the morrow gray,
+&lt;br&gt;That blossom on the spray,
+&lt;br&gt;The freshest flower of May:
+&lt;br&gt;Maidenly demure,
+&lt;br&gt;Of womanhood the lure;
+&lt;br&gt;Wherefore, I make you sure,
+&lt;br&gt;It were an heavenly health,
+&lt;br&gt;It were and endless wealth,
+&lt;br&gt;A life for God himself,
+&lt;br&gt;To hear this nightingale
+&lt;br&gt;Among the birdes smale
+&lt;br&gt;Warbling in the vale,
+&lt;br&gt;Dug, dug, jug, jug,
+&lt;br&gt;Good year and good luck,
+&lt;br&gt;With chuck, chuck, chuck, chuck!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;With Lullay, Lullay, Like A Child&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;With lullay, lullay, like a child,
+&lt;br&gt;Thou sleepÃšst too long, thou art beguiled!
+&lt;p&gt;&quot;My darling dear, my daisy flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Let me,&quot; quoth he, &quot;lie in your lap.&quot;
+&lt;br&gt;&quot;Lie still,&quot; quoth she, &quot;my paramour,
+&lt;br&gt;Lie still hardily, and take a nap.&quot;
+&lt;br&gt;His head was heavy, such was his hap,
+&lt;br&gt;All drowsy, dreaming, drowned in sleep,
+&lt;br&gt;That of his love he took no keep,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With hey, lullay, etc.
+&lt;p&gt;With ba, ba, ba, and bas, bas, bas!
+&lt;br&gt;She cherished him both cheek and chin
+&lt;br&gt;That he wist never where he was;
+&lt;br&gt;He had forgotten all deadly sin!
+&lt;br&gt;He wanted wit her love to win:
+&lt;br&gt;He trusted her payment and lost all his pay;
+&lt;br&gt;She left him sleeping and stale away,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With hey, lullay, etc.
+&lt;p&gt;The rivers rough, the waters wan;
+&lt;br&gt;She sparÃšd not to wet her feet.
+&lt;br&gt;She waded over, she found a man
+&lt;br&gt;That halsÃšd her heartily and kissed her sweet;
+&lt;br&gt;Thus after her cold she caught a heat.
+&lt;br&gt;&quot;My lief,&quot; she said, &quot;rowteth in his bed;
+&lt;br&gt;Iwys he hath an heavy head,&quot;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With hey, lullay, etc.
+&lt;p&gt;What dreamest thou, drunkard, drowsy pate?
+&lt;br&gt;Thy lust and liking is from thee gone;
+&lt;br&gt;Thou blinkard blowboll, thou wakÃšst too late;
+&lt;br&gt;Behold thou liest, luggard, alone!
+&lt;br&gt;Well may thou sigh, well may thou groan,
+&lt;br&gt;To deal with her so cowardly.
+&lt;br&gt;Ywis, pole-hatchet, she blearÃšd thine eye!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Quoth Skelton Laureate.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082594&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082594&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6815.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6815.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6815.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1561 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">74662</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs: King Edward VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6815ffdac32a15841e2fff</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215249</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6815.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymour-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymour-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed6baby-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed1543-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parr-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward4-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed6main-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward6.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">loseley.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=8 CELLPADDING=0 WIDTH=&quot;98%&quot; &gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;
+&lt;td ALIGN=RIGHT VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;15&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymour-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;etching of Edward's mother, Jane Seymour&quot; BORDER=1 height=169 width=150&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;engraving of Jane Seymour, mother of Edward VI&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymour-min.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Horenbout&quot; height=165 width=166&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; miniature portrait of Jane Seymour, painted by Lucas 
+Horenbout&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed6baby-crop.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Holbein's famous portrait of Edward as a toddler&quot; BORDER=2 height=194 width=150&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Edward as a young prince, painted by Hans Holbein&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to learn more about this portrait, &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fnga.gov%2fcgi-bin%2fpinfo%3fObject%3d74%2b0%2bnone&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;click 
+here&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed1543-crop.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Prince Edward in 1543&quot; BORDER=2 height=194 width=137&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; portrait of Edward VI, c1546, by an unknown artist&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Edward's beloved stepmother, Katharine Parr&quot; BORDER=2 height=191 width=150&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Edward VI's beloved stepmother, Katharine Parr, painted by 
+William Scrots, c1543 &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward4-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;profile portrait of Edward VI&quot; BORDER=2 height=228 width=150&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; Edward VI, c1546, perhaps painted by William Scrots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed6main-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Edward VI, once more in a Henrician pose&quot; BORDER=2 height=214 width=150&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Edward VI in a pose reminiscent of his father, 
+c1543, painted by William Scrots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;15&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;King Edward VI&quot; height=48 width=315&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/loseley.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Edward VI in 1547, in a pose reminiscent of his father&quot; BORDER=2 height=311 width=226 align=LEFT&gt;&lt;b&gt;Henry
+VIII had just one legitimate son, Prince Edward.&amp;nbsp; Born in October
+1537, Edward was the fulfillment of his father's tangled marital history.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had ended his marriages to Katharine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn when
+they failed at the most important queenly duty, each woman bearing a healthy
+princess but no surviving prince.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour, the king's third
+wife, was luckier.&amp;nbsp; She ensured the king's lasting affection when
+she gave birth to Edward, but she died soon afterwards of puerperal sepsis.&amp;nbsp;
+The infant prince was the only male Tudor heir of his generation; he had
+two sisters and Henry VIII's sisters Mary and Margaret had several daughters.&amp;nbsp;
+If Edward died, the throne would pass to a woman and the Tudor dynasty
+would end.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, King Henry did all he could to protect his
+son's health; the infant prince lived in safe seclusion until his father
+wed Katharine Parr.&amp;nbsp; Henry's last wife became a beloved mother to
+Edward and he adopted the zealous Protestantism which she championed.&amp;nbsp;
+He also grew close to his half-sister Elizabeth, with whom he shared a
+household for some years.&amp;nbsp; His older half-sister, Mary, was an equally
+zealous Catholic; her religion and the vast difference in their ages prevented
+a close relationship.&amp;nbsp; Edward became king at the age of 10, but he
+was a mere figurehead.&amp;nbsp; His Seymour uncles battled with and ultimately
+lost the Protectorship to the ambitious John Dudley, duke of Northumberland.&amp;nbsp;
+During his brief reign, Edward demonstrated impressive piety and intelligence.&amp;nbsp;
+But his potential would never be realized.&amp;nbsp; He died an agonizing death
+at 15, possibly from a combination of tuberculosis and the measles.&amp;nbsp;
+Northumberland had persuaded him to leave the throne to his Protestant
+cousin, Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; This decision begat one of the most tragic
+tales of Tudor England.&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html#Biography&quot;&gt;Read
+a more detailed biography of King Edward VI&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Edward's
+journal entries&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed6birth.html&quot;&gt;Jane Seymour's
+pregnancy is announced&lt;/a&gt;, 1537&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Edward.
+&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Edward's mother.
+&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Edward's cousin and heiress.
+&lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of King Edward's life at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The above portrait is of King Edward VI, c1547, by 
+  an unknown artist.&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2fnewpics.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/a&gt; to 
+  learn more.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Henry VIII married Jane Seymour in shocking haste and, when she died
+less than two years later, he sought another wife immediately afterwards.&amp;nbsp;
+This evident dislike of bachelorhood was a cornerstone of Henry's adult
+life.&amp;nbsp; But it shouldn't imply that he didn't grieve for Jane.&amp;nbsp;
+Indeed, unlike his other wives, she was the only one he always spoke of
+with affection.&amp;nbsp; The cynic may argue this was because she died before
+Henry could turn on her.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, when his own life came
+to an end, Henry envisioned a grand tomb to hold him and his 'entirely
+beloved' Jane.&amp;nbsp; This did not come to pass; instead, Henry's body was
+interred with Jane's at her burial site, St George's Chapel.
+&lt;p&gt;It is indicative of Henry's contradictory character that, ten years
+and three wives after her death, he still held Jane in such sentimental
+regard.&amp;nbsp; Though he is notorious for his six marriages, one could easily
+argue that only his union with Jane Seymour - brief though it was - completely
+satisfied him, as man &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; king.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her immediate predecessor
+Anne Boleyn (whose motto was &lt;i&gt;le plus heureuse &lt;/i&gt;- 'the most happy'),
+Jane chose as her motto, 'Bound to obey and serve.'&amp;nbsp; A more striking
+contrast to the witty, flirtatious and passionate Anne Boleyn could not
+be imagined.&amp;nbsp; While Anne had been almost exotic in her attractiveness,
+stylish, and educated at the notorious French court, Jane was the pious
+and dutiful daughter of an old English family.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she had
+as many ambitious relatives (including two brothers executed by her son),
+but she never imposed upon the king.&amp;nbsp; When she argued for Henry to
+reinstate his daughter Mary, the king replied that she would do well to
+think of herself and the children they would have; Jane replied, with typical
+tact and submissiveness, that she was thinking only of the king's happiness.&amp;nbsp;
+She had the most pleasing feminine habit of showing disinterested concern
+for others.&amp;nbsp; Again, a contrast to her predecessor who had despised
+- and been despised by - Princess Mary.
+&lt;p&gt;But Jane's quiet, pliant nature should not be mistaken for shyness or
+ignorance.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was intelligent enough to manage Henry Tudor,
+a feat at which even great men like Wolsey, Cromwell, and More struggled.&amp;nbsp;
+She also managed to capture and maintain a king's interest while he was
+married to another woman.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Henry was increasingly weary
+of Anne and the lack of a male heir but his desire for Jane also urged
+on Anne's execution.&amp;nbsp; And before the execution, Henry was careful
+to obtain a divorce from Anne as well; this meant that his marriage to
+Jane was the first legal union of his life.&amp;nbsp; At forty-five, well into
+middle-age, the king declared he was finally entering a legally and spiritually
+pure marriage.
+&lt;p&gt;If Jane would have maintained Henry's interest and affection forever
+cannot, of course, be known.&amp;nbsp; She lived just eighteen months after
+their marriage, long enough to deliver a prince and short enough to enshrine
+her memory.&amp;nbsp; Beyond Henry, she also impressed others as the perfect
+epitome of a quiet, obedient and kind wife - various ambassadors and contemporaries
+agree on this.&amp;nbsp; But one musn't forget that she knowingly - if quietly
+- carried on an affair with a married man  while ostensibly serving his
+wife.&amp;nbsp; Many vilified Anne Boleyn for the very same behavior; however,
+Jane's behavior is rarely portrayed in a negative manner.
+&lt;p&gt;The exact date she met the king is not known.&amp;nbsp; But before he dallied
+with her, he had made another of Anne Boleyn's ladies-in-waiting his mistress.&amp;nbsp;
+This was Margaret (or Madge) Shelton, Anne Boleyn's first cousin, a girl
+'very gentle of countenance' and 'soft of speech.'&amp;nbsp; She was governess
+to Princess Elizabeth and her husband was captain of the child's guard.&amp;nbsp;
+The affair with Madge lasted about six months in early 1535; Chapuys, the
+Imperial ambassador, also mentions another affair in autumn 1534 but the
+woman's name is not known.&amp;nbsp; In autumn 1535, the king's fancy turned
+to Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Henry was on progress to Southampton and stayed
+at her father's home, Wolf Hall in Wiltshire, with the traveling court.&amp;nbsp;
+This meeting at Wolf Hall was not their first (it simply couldn't have
+been since she had been in royal service since 1529).&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII
+was rarely one for passion at first sight and, for one reason or another,
+Jane attracted his &lt;i&gt;amorous&lt;/i&gt; attentions at Wolf Hall.
+&lt;p&gt;He had not deserted his relationship with Anne, however; there was still
+a chance she would provide a male heir and Henry was loathe to end a marriage
+he had fought so hard to secure.&amp;nbsp; Still, in the back of all minds,
+the precedent of repudiated Katharine existed.&amp;nbsp; If the aunt of the
+Holy Roman Emperor could be divorced, why not 'Nan Bullen'?&amp;nbsp; But such
+speculation was dormant until Anne suffered a stillbirth during the summer
+of 1534.
+&lt;p&gt;Before this, Chapuys and other enemies commented that she was growing
+old, her dark good looks were fading; she was in her mid-thirties, no longer
+young and leaving her safest reproductive years behind.&amp;nbsp; She still
+could manage Henry though she lacked Jane Seymour's delicate touch.&amp;nbsp;
+But she would have been a fool to think her position was completely secure.&amp;nbsp;
+Each new dalliance, each sharp word reinforced her tenuous position.&amp;nbsp;
+Above all else, she must produce a male heir - Henry would never repudiate
+the mother of his son.&amp;nbsp; So when she miscarried late in her pregnancy,
+she naturally worried.&amp;nbsp; It did not help her disposition or relations
+with the king.
+&lt;p&gt;Shortly thereafter, Henry began the dalliance mentioned above.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne drove her rival from court, Chapuys relates, Henry was angry and threatening
+- he told Anne that she &quot;had good reason tto be content with what he had
+done for her, which he would not do now if the thing were to begin and
+that she should consider from what she had come and other things.&quot;&amp;nbsp;
+One can imagine the effect of such words on Anne.&amp;nbsp; She became terminally
+insecure and anxious even as she struggled to conceive and deliver a healthy
+child.&amp;nbsp; And Henry, sensitive as always, remarked that he believed
+she had never been pregnant at all.&amp;nbsp; (This was untrue - Anne's advancing
+pregnancy had been noted by several contemporaries.)
+&lt;p&gt;From the fall of 1534 and most of 1535, Anne sought security in the
+only way possible.&amp;nbsp; But Henry was occasionally impotent, a not uncommon
+occurrence for an overweight man of forty-five.&amp;nbsp; Like most men of
+his age (and many of ours), he didn't blame himself; after all, he was
+still attracted to other women.&amp;nbsp; Ironically enough, it was after his
+visit to Wolf Hall, when he returned to London in October 1535, that he
+and Anne conceived a child.&amp;nbsp; The fancy for Jane Seymour, only a few
+weeks old, would be overlooked.
+&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, Katharine of Aragon had finally passed away on 7 January
+1536.&amp;nbsp; The great rival vanquished and she herself pregnant, Anne lived
+as her motto decreed - 'the most happy.'&amp;nbsp; But Katharine's death was
+not the happy event it may have seemed.&amp;nbsp; After all, in the eyes of
+Catholic Europe, Katharine had always been Henry's wife.&amp;nbsp; With her
+death, the king of England was officially widowed.&amp;nbsp; In other words,
+he was free to marry again.&amp;nbsp; The union with Anne was not recognized.&amp;nbsp;
+And just a few weeks after Katharine's death, Anne miscarried the child.&amp;nbsp;
+It was a male fetus, about fifteen weeks old.&amp;nbsp; Her own sorrow as a
+mother was undoubtedly overwhelmed by the realization that she was doomed.
+&lt;p&gt;She told Henry she had miscarried because he had suffered a serious
+fall and the news, related by her uncle Norfolk, had distressed her terribly.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was uninterested.&amp;nbsp; According to Anne's attendants, he said to
+her, &quot;I see God will not give me male children&quot; and that he would have
+&quot;no more boys by &lt;i&gt;her&lt;/i&gt;.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Perhaps two miscarriages was not uncommon
+in Tudor England but, in light of Katharine of Aragon's many miscarriages,
+Anne's were magnified.
+&lt;p&gt;With Anne now widely believed to be incapable of delivering a male heir,
+Henry's relationship with Jane Seymour assumed a new importance.&amp;nbsp;
+There are stories which cannot be confirmed as true - Anne discovered Jane
+sitting on the king's lap, Anne discovered gifts Henry had bought for 'Mistress
+Seymour' - but they are disquieting.&amp;nbsp; In any case, Jane was bewitching
+the king in her own quiet way much as Anne herself had done.&amp;nbsp; She
+denied the king just enough to ensure a chaste reputation and certainly
+Henry was like many men - the forbidden fruit was all the more attractive.&amp;nbsp;
+And she also came from a respectable noble family which passionately pounced
+upon the Boleyn's declining fortunes.
+&lt;p&gt;The Seymours had old antecedents though their claim of Norman ancestry
+was dubious.&amp;nbsp; Their name was originally St Maur and a Sir Wido de
+Saint Maur was supposed to have come over with the conquest.&amp;nbsp; Prosperous
+marriages enriched the family and extended their holdings.&amp;nbsp; Jane's
+father was born in 1474 and knighted in the field by Henry VII at a battle
+called Blackheath.&amp;nbsp; He continued to enjoy royal favor into Henry VIII's
+reign, accompanying the king on his French campaign in 1513 and also the
+infamous Field of Cloth of Gold in 1532.&amp;nbsp; He was a Gentleman of the
+Bedchamber and sheriff of his home county but never especially prominent
+or ambitious.&amp;nbsp; What was important was his reputation as a pious and
+courteous man; also, he was often in close contact with the king.&amp;nbsp;
+And, even more important, he came from a large family with many healthy
+children.&amp;nbsp; Jane herself was one of ten children; her own mother had
+six sons, though two of died of the sweating sickness in 1528.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's father was over 60 when the king's fancy turned to her; it was
+her older brothers Edward and Thomas who stood to profit most from her
+ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; They seized - and relished - this unexpected opportunity
+to advance their fortunes.&amp;nbsp; Their sister, in her mid-twenties, was
+not particularly beautiful; her most pleasing feature was her fair, unblemished
+skin.&amp;nbsp; Chapuys, who had no cause to denigrate her, described her as
+'of middle stature and no great beauty.'&amp;nbsp; But she was calm, courteous,
+and kindly.&amp;nbsp; Such characteristics were important, especially to a
+monarch like Henry who felt himself surrounded by devious and temperamental
+women.&amp;nbsp; She was also virtuous.&amp;nbsp; She may have responded to Henry's
+flirtations (who would deny the king?) but she responded to no others -
+this despite service under two queens.&amp;nbsp; But when Henry sent her gifts
+with a letter, she returned them, saying, &quot;If the King desired to make
+her a present of money, she prayed that it might be when she made an honorable
+marriage.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Once again, the royal appetite was whetted.&amp;nbsp; And,
+of course, such modest behavior was desirable in a woman Henry increasingly
+wanted to wed.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's family was joined by supporters who had been slighted by the
+Boleyn faction.&amp;nbsp; In other words, anyone who had not prospered under
+Anne's rule wanted to support Jane.&amp;nbsp; On 18 April 1536, Cromwell (Henry's
+chief minister and confidante) threw in his lot with the Seymours.&amp;nbsp;
+He vacated his apartments at Greenwich Palace so the Seymours could move
+in.&amp;nbsp; This was crucial.&amp;nbsp; Not only could the king visit Jane discreetly,
+without anyone knowing, but Cromwell's opinion carried weight with Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne Boleyn's fall was inevitable; Jane Seymour's rise was unstoppable.
+&lt;p&gt;On Friday, 19 May 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed on various charges,
+the most powerful being that of treason.&amp;nbsp; The secret betrothal of
+King Henry and Jane took place at Hampton Court the next day.&amp;nbsp; During
+Anne's arrest and trial, Henry's sense of decency (never great) had persuaded
+him to send Jane away.&amp;nbsp; She went to Sir Nicholas Carew's house at
+Croydon where she was afforded every respect.&amp;nbsp; But as the date of
+Anne's demise approached, Henry grew more impatient; Jane was moved to
+a closer house just a mile from the king's residence at Whitehall.&amp;nbsp;
+From there she went to Hampton Court for her betrothal; it was back again
+to Whitehall for the marriage on 30 May.&amp;nbsp; Thomas Cranmer performed
+the ceremony.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine it was a happy and triumphant day for
+Jane but confidence would have been foolhardy.&amp;nbsp; After all, the king
+had divorced one wife who had not born a son and executed another.&amp;nbsp;
+She had known both Katharine and Anne quite well.&amp;nbsp; Even if she didn't
+grieve for their fates, she must have realized the instability of her own.
+&lt;p&gt;Once queen, Jane chose a phoenix rising from a castle filled with Tudor
+roses and the panther for her heraldry.&amp;nbsp; It was easy enough to alter
+Anne's leopards and falcons, after all.&amp;nbsp; On their first procession
+through London as husband and wife, they passed the Tower where the late
+queen's body lay stuffed in an arrow chest, the head tucked beneath the
+arm.&amp;nbsp; For 'Jane the Quene,' the Tower was hung with banners and streamers.&amp;nbsp;
+Furthermore, there was the incredible dowry the king had lavished upon
+her - 104 manors, 5 castles and various gardens and forests.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+also planned an equally lavish coronation for his new queen.&amp;nbsp; This,
+however, was stymied by an outbreak of the plague; Henry said that it would
+only be postponed.&amp;nbsp; As soon as it was healthy and safe, Jane would
+be officially crowned.
+&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Jane displayed good common sense by ordering her ladies-in-waiting
+to dress conservatively.&amp;nbsp; She wanted no one to tempt the king even
+as she had done.&amp;nbsp; She also became mother to two motherless princesses.&amp;nbsp;
+Both Mary and Elizabeth benefited from Jane's kindness.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
+of marriageable age (seven years younger than Jane) and could be used as
+a tool in Henry's diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; Three-year-old Elizabeth, lacking Mary's
+maternal nobility, was not marriageable yet but Henry was described as
+'very affectionate' toward her.&amp;nbsp; He called her 'his Madame Ysabeau'
+and allowed both Elizabeth and Mary, though bastardized, precedence over
+their cousins.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's religious opinions should be discussed, if only because history
+has often misread her true feelings.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her brothers and son,
+Jane was not a Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She was conservative in her religion as
+she was in her behavior.&amp;nbsp; The first harsh words Henry was recorded
+as speaking to her were over religion; she mentioned that a rebellion was
+perhaps God's rebuke over Henry's dissolution of the monasteries.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry brusquely reminded her that the late queen had died as a result of
+meddling in his affairs.&amp;nbsp; This implied threat would have been enough
+to frighten any woman.&amp;nbsp; Luckily, Jane became pregnant a few months
+later, in early January 1537.&amp;nbsp; This news undoubtedly helped lessen
+the sadness of her father's death on 21 December 1536.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's condition was announced in March and the news was officially
+celebrated on Trinity Sunday, 27 May 1537.&amp;nbsp; She was now the king's
+'most dear and most entirely beloved wife', as Henry wrote to the duke
+of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Her coronation was now planned to be after the child's
+birth, probably late October.&amp;nbsp; There is no sign that the pregnancy
+was especially difficult; all writings point to Jane's good stature and
+health.&amp;nbsp; Henry canceled a progress to stay with her and certainly
+the entire court - and country - held their breath, wondering if this young
+woman would succeed in her greatest duty.
+&lt;p&gt;Certainly Henry was optimistic and, as usual, the astrologers and doctors
+predicted the birth of a son.&amp;nbsp; They had been wrong with Elizabeth
+but Henry was eager to forget and make preparations.&amp;nbsp; He had a Garter
+stall made for this long-awaited son in St George's Chapel at Windsor;
+the royal apartments at Hampton Court Palace were refurbished in preparation
+for the birth; Jane's brothers were yet again elevated to new positions,
+granted more lands and pensions.&amp;nbsp; And finally, on 9 October, she went
+into labor.
+&lt;p&gt;Her labor was as arduous as any could be in the sixteenth century.&amp;nbsp;
+It lasted three days; after the first two, a procession was mounted in
+London to pray for the Queen.&amp;nbsp; On 12 October, the eve of the Feast
+of St Edward, the child was born.&amp;nbsp; Jane was well enough after the
+birth to receive guests, most touchingly her husband.&amp;nbsp; Henry wept
+when he took this longed-for heir in his arms.&amp;nbsp; The christening was
+held three days later and, wrapped in furs and velvet, she attended.&amp;nbsp;
+Princess Mary acted as godmother to her half-brother and four-year-old
+Elizabeth was carried by Thomas Seymour.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;It would be impossible to list all the celebrations which occurred
+when Prince Edward was born.&amp;nbsp; Suffice to say, 2000 shots were fired
+from the Tower and bells were rung throughout the countryside.&amp;nbsp; On
+18 October, Henry had his son proclaimed Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall
+and Earl of Carnarvon.&amp;nbsp; Yet again the Seymour brothers were given
+generous endowments for the king was never more generous or magnanimous.&amp;nbsp;
+But their sister who had made such celebrating possible was not recovering
+from the birth.&amp;nbsp; In modern times, we call her illness puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp;
+In Jane's time, it was the most common cause of death for pregnant women.&amp;nbsp;
+Cleanliness and the proper treatment for infections were not understood.&amp;nbsp;
+Once she became infected, she was doomed.&amp;nbsp; On 19 October, she took
+to her bed again; she recovered somewhat on the 23rd, as her attendants
+reported, but only for a matter of hours.&amp;nbsp; Soon she was delirious
+and, early the next morning, her confessor was sent for.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who
+had planned to go hunting that day, postponed his trip - but only for that
+day, he told a courtier.&amp;nbsp; It was enough; 'Jane the Quene' died near
+midnight on 24 October, living just days after her great triumph.&amp;nbsp;
+For her husband, increasingly obese, bald, and well into middle-age, the
+grief was genuine.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He planned a sumptuous burial for 12 November
+and the churches that had celebrated Edward's birth now began to pray for
+the soul of the late queen.&amp;nbsp; Hampton Court Palace, scene of her triumph
+and death, was hung with black.
+&lt;p&gt;Princess Mary was chief mourner at her step-mother's funeral but Henry
+did not attend.&amp;nbsp; He wished to be alone with his grief.&amp;nbsp; Jane
+Seymour was buried as a queen - unlike Katharine of Aragon who had died
+as Princess Dowager and Anne Boleyn, who had died divorced and disgraced.&amp;nbsp;
+Her hearse was taken to Windsor and interred in a vault in St George's
+Chapel.&amp;nbsp; Henry was perhaps already planning a sufficient monument
+for the grave he would eventually share with Jane.&amp;nbsp; But he also kept
+track of his late wife's possessions - her jewelry was distributed to her
+ladies, Princess Mary, and her brothers.&amp;nbsp; But her dowry, the 104 manors
+and 5 castles, were given back to the king.&amp;nbsp; And, very soon indeed,
+speculation began -&amp;nbsp; who would receive these favors next?
+&lt;p&gt;Henry VIII turned to the continent for his next wife, the German princess
+Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was famously annulled only a few months
+later.&amp;nbsp; His fifth wife was Anne Boleyn's cousin, the young and pretty
+Catherine Howard.&amp;nbsp; She met her cousin's fate not even two years into
+the marriage and then Henry wed the twice-widowed Katharine Parr.&amp;nbsp;
+Pious, intelligent and an accomplished nurse, she would be his last wife.&amp;nbsp;
+By the time of this last marriage, the king was suffering from a variety
+of ailments, most caused by his increasing obesity.&amp;nbsp; He continued
+to take a keen interest in his son's education and Katharine Parr became
+a true mother to the young Elizabeth and Edward.&amp;nbsp; Her passionate Protestantism
+had a great effect on both children; it also nearly caused her death, since
+Henry VIII had become even more tyrannical as the years passed.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;The king's own death on 28 January 1547 was the second and final time
+the Tudor throne would pass, easily and without dispute, to a male heir.&amp;nbsp;
+But Edward VI's extreme youth ensured that his reign would not immediately
+be his own.
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Who was this young man, the product of his father's long and desperate
+search for an heir?&amp;nbsp; He died at the age of sixteen, never more than
+a puppet king who had to beg his uncle for pocket money and was beaten
+by his tutors.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI was just a child when crowned at Westminster.&amp;nbsp;
+His father knew the dangers of leaving a child as heir and did his best
+to protect the court from factionalism.&amp;nbsp; However, Henry's will was
+shortsighted and hardly practical; he wanted a regency council of peers,
+each equal to the other.&amp;nbsp; But even as he lay dying, the earl of Hertford
+and Sir William Paget were already planning their coup.&amp;nbsp; Hertford,
+Jane Seymour's brother and Edward's uncle, would be made Lord Protector&amp;nbsp;
+and Paget would be first minister.&amp;nbsp; On 28 January 1547, Hertford rode
+to his nephew and brought him to the security of the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp;
+On 31 January the council met there and agreed to Paget's nomination of
+Hertford as protector.&amp;nbsp; Only then was Henry VIII's demise made public
+and Edward VI proclaimed king.&amp;nbsp; There followed a distribution of titles
+and sinecures, the most notable being Hertford's elevation to the dukedom
+of Somerset.
+&lt;p&gt;However, Somerset's authority was not fully secure; the council's nomination
+of him as Protector was just a verbal agreement.&amp;nbsp; Without letters
+patent authenticated by the Great Seal, he had a title but no legal basis
+for control.&amp;nbsp; But the Great Seal was in the hands of the lord chancellor,
+a conservative named Wriothesley who had been created earl of Southampton
+during the accession honors.&amp;nbsp; But even elevated to an earldom, Wriothesley
+was not happy with what he perceived to be Somerset's usurption of power.&amp;nbsp;
+He refused to affix the seal to Somerset's patent of formal authority.&amp;nbsp;
+Early in March, Somerset was able to rid himself of this nuisance.&amp;nbsp;
+He brought to the council's attention certain irregularities in the chancellor's
+office (notably his neglect of the legal side of his responsibilities),
+and forced Wriothesley's resignation.&amp;nbsp; Somerset's ally Lord Rich was
+quickly appointed lord chancellor and the Great Seal was finally affixed
+to the letters patent.&amp;nbsp; Somerset was now the most powerful man in
+England, with the exception of his young nephew.
+&lt;p&gt;One of the powers Somerset acquired in his patent of office was the
+right to appoint whoever he wanted to the Privy Council.&amp;nbsp; To that
+end, he brought in some of the older, experienced men who had not been
+appointed executors in Henry's will.&amp;nbsp; But he never allowed the council
+to function with any degree of autonomy and rarely consulted its members.&amp;nbsp;
+Instead, he used them to simply endorse his own privately-made decisions.&amp;nbsp;
+On the rare occasions he did meet with them, he demonstrated an appalling
+lack of the attributes all leaders need - tact and cunning.&amp;nbsp; His tongue
+was so savage that he reduced a colleague to tears and, before long, Paget
+was warning him about his arrogance and rudeness.&amp;nbsp; Somerset ignored
+Paget as he ignored most everyone else.&amp;nbsp; He ruled by edict, issuing
+proclamations to a greater extent than any head of government in the Tudor
+age.
+&lt;p&gt;His fall was inevitable.&amp;nbsp; But it did not happen until five years
+into Edward's reign, by which time Somerset had effectively cemented the
+new religion in England and offended virtually every other nobleman.&amp;nbsp;
+What did Edward VI think of his uncle's autocratic use of power?&amp;nbsp;
+The boy king left behind a journal remarkable in its detachment; indeed,
+he recorded the executions of both Somerset and his younger brother with
+no emotion.
+&lt;p&gt;Edward was not completely cold, however.&amp;nbsp; He was always affectionate
+to his stepmother, Katharine Parr, whose benevolent influence eased his
+lonely childhood.&amp;nbsp; He also spent time with his half-sister Elizabeth;
+the two children were just four years apart in age and Elizabeth was a
+Protestant.&amp;nbsp; He was never particularly close to his other half-sister,
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was understandable for Mary was old enough to be his mother
+(21 years older) and a devout Catholic who refused to bow to her brother's
+religious convictions.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she had obeyed their father but
+Edward was an adolescent who Mary believed was a pawn of Protestant heretics.&amp;nbsp;
+(Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; site to read selections from Edward's journal &amp;amp; other documents)
+&lt;p&gt;Edward's education was always strict.&amp;nbsp; His earliest tutors were
+female and he was guarded under the strictest regulations - for example,
+nobody less than a knight was allowed to visit him.&amp;nbsp; At the age of
+six, his two principal tutors were appointed - Ricahrd Cox, a committed
+but moderate reformer, and John Cheke, the most distinguished humanist
+in the land.&amp;nbsp; There is evidence that he was occasionally beaten. Upon
+his ascension, he was a precocious and intelligent boy.&amp;nbsp; His elevation
+to the kingship did not end his courtesy to his tutors.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
+he now began to share his studies with a handful of contemporaries; one
+of these, Barnaby Fitzpatrick, was the son of an Irish peer and became
+a Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber.&amp;nbsp; He was also Edward's closest friend
+and, away on a mission to France, received letters from the king which
+betray normal adolescent exuberance.&amp;nbsp; These letters - along with those
+to Katharine Parr - are the only examples in which Edward exhibits emotion.
+&lt;p&gt;Edward left behind a reputation for bigoted, extreme Protestantism which
+he does not deserve.&amp;nbsp; There were many pro-Protestant laws enacted
+during his reign, with his approval, but at the instigation of his guardians.&amp;nbsp;
+He was a devout Protestant, the product of the new religion which even
+his father had not understood.&amp;nbsp; Still, he was by no means as self-righteouslessly
+intolerant as his older sister; perhaps he would have been - but that is
+just speculation.
+&lt;p&gt;Edward's ministers demonstrated passionate self-interest in this religious
+climate.&amp;nbsp; These Protestant lords had profitted economically from the
+dissolution of the monasteries and no one - lord or commoner - wanted to
+reinstate papal taxation.&amp;nbsp; They were determined to keep their land
+grants, gold plate, and other treasures.&amp;nbsp; In doing so, they appealed
+to the intellectual vanity of their young king.&amp;nbsp; Edward was raised
+a Protestant, even as Mary had been raised a Catholic, and there is no
+reason to doubt he held his faith as deeply.&amp;nbsp; Unlike their sister
+Elizabeth, who declared she wanted no windows in men's souls, Edward and
+Mary believed they were guiding their subjects onto the path of righteousness.&amp;nbsp;
+When Somerset and others altered their beliefs with changing political
+climates, they were careful to appeal to this sense of self-righteousness.
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;I wrote a more detailed account of Edward's
+childhood before writing this section; if you would like to read it, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward33.html&quot;&gt;please
+click here&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It will be somewhat repetitious since it contains
+information found at this page, but there is more detail and might be useful
+for students researching Edward's life.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+The essential fact of Edward's brief reign is this - it is more a commentary
+on Somerset and his successor, Northumberland, than it is on Edward himself.&amp;nbsp;
+In the early months of his rule, the councilors were more interested in
+securing the throne and creating a peaceful transition to the new order.&amp;nbsp;
+As Edward's uncle and a soldier of experience, Somerset was the natural
+choice as 'Protector of all the realms and domains of the King's Majesty
+and Governor of his most royal person.'&amp;nbsp; The other fifteen men Henry
+had selected as councilors were men only recently promoted to high office;
+twelve of them were Protestant, since the Howards - the leading Catholic
+faction at court - had fallen from power.&amp;nbsp; Somerset's main rivals
+for power were John Dudley, earl of Northumberland (soon promoted to earl
+of Warwick) and his own brother, Thomas Seymour (soon created Baron Seymour
+of Sudeley and Lord High Admiral.)&amp;nbsp; Seymour was ambitious and angry
+that he could not wield absolute power; in his opinion, why should one
+uncle have control and another be fobbed off with consolation prizes?&amp;nbsp;
+A more temperate man would have been content with his newly ennobled title
+and position on the council but Seymour was ambitious and jealous - a lethal
+combination.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he would bring down himself and his brother,
+thus securing Dudley's ascendancy.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset loved his younger brother and, in general, was considered a
+kind man - but he was unfortunately ill-equipped to manage his squabbling
+council and had a mean-tempered wife who offended virtually everyone she
+met.&amp;nbsp; She was his second wife and mother of his nine children; Somserset's
+first wife had been banished to a convent after having an affair with his
+father.&amp;nbsp; Anne Stanhope was as proud and quarrelsome as her brother-in-law
+Seymour.&amp;nbsp; She considered herself the first lady of the realm, claiming
+precedence over Katharine Parr, Henry VIII's widow.&amp;nbsp; When Seymour
+married Katharine just four months after Henry's death, Anne and virtually
+everyone at court saw it as evidence of his vast ambition.&amp;nbsp; It opened
+yet another rift between the two brothers.
+&lt;p&gt;There were, of course, reasons for Seymour to be jealous.&amp;nbsp; On 16
+February 1547, Henry VIII was buried with the Seymour brothers' sister,
+Jane, at St George's chapel in Windsor, and - the very next day - Edward
+VI confirmed his uncle as duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Along with the title
+came an income of 7400 pds a year, a vast sum in those days.&amp;nbsp; By contrast,
+Henry VIII left Princesses &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and Elizabeth 3000 pds each - less than half of Somerset's income but still
+considered a great sum.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had to content himself with the lands
+of his baronetcy as well as his wife's fortune - and, soon enough, embezzlement.&amp;nbsp;
+When his brother made it clear he would not share ultimate authority, Seymour
+began to plot against him.&amp;nbsp; Already, he had begun flirting with the
+adolescent Elizabeth, being raised at his wife's home in Chelsea (discussed
+in greater detail at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth
+I&lt;/a&gt; pages.)&amp;nbsp; He also secured the guardianship of &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Grey&lt;/a&gt;, telling her parents he would arrange her marriage to the young
+king.&amp;nbsp; Thus, he was in control of two of Henry VIII's heirs.&amp;nbsp;
+He also began visiting his nephew, attempting to gain Edward's affections
+by giving him presents and money.&amp;nbsp; Since Somerset was strict with
+his nephew and kept him constantly short of money, the king was grateful
+for the gifts.
+&lt;p&gt;But even as Seymour began his ambitious plans, Somerset was careful
+to court Princess Mary's favor.&amp;nbsp; This was a smart policy since she
+was her brother's heir, popular with the English people, and cousin to
+the Holy Roman Emperor.&amp;nbsp; Also, she was content to remain in the countryside
+since she disliked Edward's Protestant court.&amp;nbsp; Many historians have
+written that Seymour and others courted Mary's favor with the view that
+she would one day be queen.&amp;nbsp; However, this is wrong - as is the view
+that Edward VI was a sickly king, always delicate of health.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
+until the last eighteen months of his life, Edward was quite healthy and
+gave every intention of living many years.&amp;nbsp; He was slender and had
+fair coloring but also enjoyed activity and took a keen - and passionate
+- interest in learning and religion.&amp;nbsp;; As he grew older, he naturally
+chafed at his uncle Somerset's absolute control over his life.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset - unlike his brother and Dudley - never played to Edward's
+natural feelings of superiority and authority.&amp;nbsp; He treated the king
+as he treated his children - with firmness, discipline, and a strict regimen.&amp;nbsp;
+Seymour and Dudley spoke to the young king
+&lt;i&gt;as a king&lt;/i&gt;, pretending
+to defer to his naturally superior wisdom.&amp;nbsp; For a while, though, Somerset
+kept near-absolute control over the council.&amp;nbsp; He became popular with
+the poor - and unpopular with his fellow nobles - by promoting reform of
+agricultural laws (creating fixed rents and the abolition of enclosures)and
+he attempted to reform the judicial system in favor of equality for all.&amp;nbsp;
+In fact, he established a court of pleas at his own home in London.&amp;nbsp;
+This earned him the nickname 'the Good Duke' but to his councilors he was
+too moderate to satisfy any faction and too headstrong to listen to anyone.&amp;nbsp;
+To this perception of arrogance and class-betrayal was added a spiritual
+weakness - Somerset would not allow anyone to be tortured or burned over
+religious matters.&amp;nbsp; This tolerance was unexpected and unwelcome by
+his peers.
+&lt;p&gt;But along with idealistic plans for social reform, Somerset was also
+grasping and greedy.&amp;nbsp; The combination of such traits was considered
+hypocritical and inconsistent.&amp;nbsp; After all, his councilors muttered,
+who was Somerset to criticize their rents when he spent the government's
+money with little regard for moderation?&amp;nbsp; They pointed to his London
+residence, Somerset House, built&amp;nbsp; at the exorbinant cost of 10000
+pds; there were other homes, too, equally grand and all designed to emphasize
+his stature as Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; It may be that Somerset was uneasy
+in his role since, before his sister's ascendancy, his family was only
+moderately successful.&amp;nbsp; In just ten years, they had become the pre-eminent
+family in the land and he may have been insecure about such a rapid rise.&amp;nbsp;
+In any case, he was encouraged in such spending by his wife.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's main problem was that he lacked the charisma and will-power
+of Henry VIII, a man who had blustered and bullied his council into action.&amp;nbsp;
+The sheer intimidating force of his personality had awed everyone - and
+Somerset lacked that bravura, a natural ability to inspire and lead.&amp;nbsp;
+Instead, he was forced to shout and insult his peers into action, at one
+time driving a man to tears.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, his brother was proving an
+embarrassment.&amp;nbsp; Right after Henry's death, Seymour had sought permission
+to marry Elizabeth; when that was denied, he renewed a former attachment
+to Katharine Parr and married her.&amp;nbsp; In any case, in the four months
+after Henry's death before he married Katharine, his nephew King Edward
+had suggested he marry Anne of Cleves or Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; But Seymour's
+own brother squashed both those plans, the union with Mary in particular;
+Seymour was not 'born to be king, nor to marry a king's daughter.'&amp;nbsp;
+So when he married the queen dowager, people naturally assumed it was a
+union of ambition and not affection.
+&lt;p&gt;Seymour further angered the council and his brother by flirting with
+Princess Elizabeth; she was sent from he and Katharine's Chelsea home after
+Katharine became pregnant.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine died in childbirth, Seymour
+was soon engaged in pressing his suit to Elizabeth again as well as arguing
+with the council - and his brother in particular - over Katharine's possessions.&amp;nbsp;
+He was also ingratiating himself with King Edward by bribing a man called
+John Fowler, one of the king's closest servants.&amp;nbsp; Fowler and Edward
+were close and shared conversations; they revealed the young king's increasing
+frustration with Somerset's actions.&amp;nbsp; Edward wanted more pocket money,
+less severe tutors, more time for leisure pursuits - he wanted to be treated
+as king and not a child.&amp;nbsp; Fowler, paid by Seymour, was happy to pass
+these complaints on.&amp;nbsp; So Seymour smuggled in some money and small
+presents and, though these pleased the king, they didn't personally endear
+his uncle to him.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps even the young Edward could sense his uncle's
+calculating ambition.
+&lt;p&gt;But Edward did publicly support and bless his uncle and stepmother's
+marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, in a fit of anger, he once told Seymour that - if
+Somerset should die - he would appoint his 'favorite' uncle Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp;
+Such statements only encouraged Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, in November
+1547, Seymour had urged Edward to sign a document which would be placed
+before Parliament in its new session; it would officially divide the office
+of Lord Protector between the king's two uncles.&amp;nbsp; Edward was naturally
+cautious and asked his tutor, John Cheke, for guidance.&amp;nbsp; Cheke was
+a learned man obsessed with otherwordly concerns but he also understood
+the intrigues of the Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; His advice was for Edward to not
+sign and distance himself from both uncles.&amp;nbsp; Seymour was furious.&amp;nbsp;
+He went about telling councilors that he wanted Edward to live with him
+and the queen dowager and - more threateningly - he could easily steal
+the king from under Somerset's nose.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine died on 5 September
+1548 after a difficult childbirth, one important link to his nephew disappeared.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, Edward had been genuinely fond of Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But after
+her death, Seymour became even more openly ambitious and insulting to his
+brother.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that he wanted to marry his former ward
+Jane Grey but Seymour found this laughable.&amp;nbsp; He had more ambitious
+plans - once again, he intended to woo Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; It may
+have been that Katharine Parr exerted a calming influence upon her husband
+and, once she died, he became more obvious and unrestrained in his plans.&amp;nbsp;
+Whatever the case, he began to voice open disapproval of his brother's
+government, threatening to disrupt Parliamenr; in short, he was a great
+embarrassment to the protector.&amp;nbsp; Somerset tried to be conciliatory
+but Seymour had none of it.&amp;nbsp; He began to gather support (at least
+nominally) from other nobles who were dissatisfied with Somerset for less
+personal reasons.&amp;nbsp; As Lord High Admiral, a post he had heretofore
+neglected, Seymour was able to control the English navy.&amp;nbsp; He openly
+asked people for support in case of a coup.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he was
+completely indiscreet.
+&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Elizabeth's governess Mrs Ashley, another victim of Seymour's
+charm, was encouraging her young charge to think kindly of Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+But Elizabeth was cautious and less than thrilled; she retired to the country
+and stayed far away from London.&amp;nbsp; But others had heard of Seymour's
+plans and one of these was Lord Russell, the keeper of the Privy Seal,
+an important office in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; He confronted Seymour with
+rumors of his intention to wed Elizabeth; he said this would ensure Seymour's
+ruin.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Russell cautioned, King Edward would view a match
+with Elizabeth very suspiciously - after all, it smacked of ambition and
+the next step would be his own death.&amp;nbsp; Then, Seymour and Elizabeth
+would rule.&amp;nbsp; Seymour's folly went further, however.&amp;nbsp; He was also
+embezzling vast sums in a complicated scheme with the vice-treasurer of
+the Bristol mint.&amp;nbsp; (Once again, this is discussed in the Elizabeth
+I pages as well.)
+&lt;p&gt;The vice-treasurer was a man called Sir William Sharington.&amp;nbsp; Sharington
+had taken advantage of the general laxity and chaos the new reign to clip
+and debase the coinage produced at Bristol.&amp;nbsp; He doctored the account
+books to cover the operation but rumors spread of his crimes.&amp;nbsp; It
+was inevitable - after all, others worked at the mint and Sharington was
+using the money to refurbish his house in a very lavish manner.&amp;nbsp; Seymour
+discovered Sharington's secret and, rather than turn him in, decided upon
+blackmail.&amp;nbsp; He planned to use the proceeds to finance his coup to
+take over the government.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, he as using his position as
+Lord High Admiral to encourage piracy (rather than protect against it,
+as was his duty), allowing the pirates safe passage in exchange for shares
+of their booty.&amp;nbsp; He also charged ships a toll to pass from England
+to Ireland on official government business.
+&lt;p&gt;He also planned to kidnap Edward, with John Fowler's help.&amp;nbsp; Fowler
+provided keys to Edward's room and forged a stamp of Edward's signature.&amp;nbsp;
+But at the end of 1548, everyone knew of his plans.&amp;nbsp; The council openly
+discussed charges against him.&amp;nbsp; His aristocratic friends cautioned
+that their support would not be forthcoming after all.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough,
+someone had tipped off the council to one of the greatest crimes - the
+Bristol mint was raided and Sharington fell to pieces, accusing Seymour
+of forcing him to commit treason and turning King's evidence against him.&amp;nbsp;
+(In an ironic footnote, he was not only pardoned - but restored to his
+office and position in life.)&amp;nbsp; Somerset attempted to help his brother,
+summoning him to London for a private audience.&amp;nbsp; Seymour refused.&amp;nbsp;
+Somerset had no choice but to lay all before the council and let them proceed
+against his brother.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, John Fowler's incriminating evidence
+was laid bare - as was King Edward's.&amp;nbsp; But still no direct action
+was taken against him; it was just a treason investigation.&amp;nbsp; But on
+16 January, Seymour ensured his immediate arrest.
+&lt;p&gt;He still had the forged keys to Edward's apartment at Hampton Court
+and, in the middle of the night, decided to risk everything on kidnapping
+the king.&amp;nbsp; He entered through the privy garden - but, in the room
+outside Edward's bedroom, slept the king's pet spaniel.&amp;nbsp; The dog woke
+up, barking, and Seymour shot him.&amp;nbsp; A Yeoman of the Guard appeared,
+demanding an explanation, even as King Edward awoke and stood in his bedroom
+doorway; he was clad in his nightshirt and openly terrified.&amp;nbsp; Seymour
+told them he had come to test the king's guards; the dog had attacked him
+so he was forced to shoot.&amp;nbsp; The guard let him leave but, upon learning
+of the incident, the council decided to confine Seymour to the Tower while
+they investigated.&amp;nbsp; The official charge was attempting to murder King
+Edward; even the suspicion of regicide was enough to condemn Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+On 18 January, the council officially sent agents to question everyone
+Seymour had conspired with; among those questioned were Princess Elizabeth
+and her household.
+&lt;p&gt;Seymour refused to appear privately before the council; he would settle
+for nothing less than an open trial.&amp;nbsp; On 22 February, the council
+officially indicted him of thirty-three charges of treason.&amp;nbsp; And Seymour
+never had an open trial in which to make his case - as in Henry VIII's
+time, a Bill of Attainder was passed on 4 March, approved by Parliament
+and King Edward.&amp;nbsp; Somerset delayed signing the death warrant so the
+council, led by Dudley, went to Edward for his signature.&amp;nbsp; So on 20
+March, Seymour was executed at the Tower of London, dying 'dangerously,
+irksomely, horribly.'&amp;nbsp; Somerset's understandable inability to condemn
+his brother resulted in a growing rift on the council.&amp;nbsp; His family
+was disgraced and he was angry at the councilors for so rapidly proceeding
+against his brother.&amp;nbsp; It was only a matter of time before he, too,
+fell from power.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's fall was engineered by Dudley and helped along by a backlash
+against his regime.&amp;nbsp; How did Somerset's policies help foster a climate
+of betrayal and manipulation; specifically, how had he failed in his duties
+as Lord Protector?
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;A more thorough discussion of Somerset's government policies, and
+how they led to his downfall&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's government was a confused jumble of misplaced idealism and
+factional squabbling.&amp;nbsp; With the dynamic and charismatic figure of
+Henry VIII gone, Tudor government was in a shambles.&amp;nbsp; Its fate was
+inevitable - an autocratic king was replaced with a nine-year-old boy -
+what else could result but chaos?&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII had been a mass of contradictions
+always united in the belief that the king's will was the highest authority.&amp;nbsp;
+Even when his religious policies became incomprehensible to anyone but
+him, he still believed they were righteous - and through the force of his
+will and use of kingly authority, he convinced most others of the same.&amp;nbsp;
+Up until the week of his death, he entertained foreign ambassadors and
+plotted grandiose foreign invasions, displaying a disturbing interest in
+current events while his council thought he should be contemplating the
+afterlife.&amp;nbsp; When he was gone, no one knew how to fill the void.&amp;nbsp;
+Certainly his heir, still a child, was king in name only.&amp;nbsp; His Lord
+Protectors - first Somerset and then Dudley - tried to &lt;i&gt;act&lt;/i&gt; as kings
+and both perished.&amp;nbsp; The truth was obvious and inescapable - the English
+people may have muttered (at great risk) about Henry's religious quarrels
+and his private follies but they had respected his position as king.&amp;nbsp;
+The men that followed him had grown up in his shadow, jockeying for position
+and favor.&amp;nbsp; When he died, they struggled amongst themselves for Henry's
+vanished supreme authority.&amp;nbsp; In the end, they failed and the English
+people suffered six years of turmoil.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's position as Lord Protector seemed natural enough.&amp;nbsp; After
+all, no one seriously expected a council of sixteen peers to rule England.&amp;nbsp;
+Factionalism and squabbling had long marked Henry's court (particularly
+after Cromwell's execution) and it only worsened after his death.&amp;nbsp;
+There needed to be a leader, a respected man who (in the council's opinion)
+would not be a ruler but a figurehead.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he would be
+perceived as leader while actually sharing authority with the council.&amp;nbsp;
+(A position, in other words, like that of Speaker of the House in the U.S.
+Congress.)&amp;nbsp; Of course, such a plan depended on the leader being willing
+to share power privately.&amp;nbsp; Somerset originally promised to do so but,
+fairly quickly, decided to disregard his peers.&amp;nbsp; This understandably
+angered them.&amp;nbsp; In addition to his arrogant refusal to consult them,
+he also implemented policies which helped the poor at the expense of the
+aristocracy.
+&lt;p&gt;In private life, Somerset was regarded as a genial man, though criticized
+as middle-of-the-road and unreadable.&amp;nbsp; His wife, Anne Stanhope, was
+the stereotypical shrewish wife who offended virtually everyone she met,
+particularly other aristocratic wives.&amp;nbsp; She bore Somerset nine children
+and he was considered a strict but fair father.&amp;nbsp; Insofar as it is
+possible to sketch a psychological portrait of Somerset at this site, I
+would characterize him as an essentially kind and sympathetic man who took
+his responsibilities very seriously; he was also prone to feelings of inferiority
+and easily offended.&amp;nbsp; As a result, his government policies were idealistic
+- but his personal relationships with counncil members were unsatisfying.&amp;nbsp;
+He came to be regarded as arrogant and bullying when, in fact, he was simply
+ill-suited to his job.&amp;nbsp; Added to this, he craved appreciation - he
+cultivated the appearance of fairness and virtue even as he replaced the
+council with his own hand-picked advisors.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset had achieved the position of Lord Protector simply because
+his younger sister, Jane, bore Henry VIII the longed-for son.&amp;nbsp; As
+such, Henry always regarded her in a sentimental haze; she was the perfect
+wife - gentle, meek and obedient.&amp;nbsp; She had also fulfilled her duty
+as queen by providing a male heir, though she tragically died as a result.&amp;nbsp;
+It was Jane who, years after her death, was painted as Henry's consort
+in paintings of the Tudor dynasty; and it was Jane whom Henry wished to
+lie beside in death.&amp;nbsp; While she lived as queen (for a brief eighteen
+months), her brothers, Edward and Thomas, were showered with favors.&amp;nbsp;
+After Edward VI's birth, the favors continued.&amp;nbsp; Edward, the elder
+brother who became duke of Somerset in 1547, was closer to Henry than Thomas
+and adept at handling his mercurial monarch.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Somerset had
+emerged as a competent soldier and politician.&amp;nbsp; But competency alone
+could not run Tudor England; indeed, even the great Cromwell had struggled
+to control Henry's council before they connived at his execution.&amp;nbsp;
+Somerset was no Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; He lacked a coherent vision of government
+and the personality to govern.&amp;nbsp; But for several years he was Lord
+Protector - before his younger brother's jealousy and ambition destroyed
+them both.
+&lt;p&gt;The personal tragedy of Edward and Thomas Seymour was discussed above.&amp;nbsp;
+Suffice to say, it played out against the backdrop of actual government
+- all the mundane day-to-day policies whicch actually control a country.&amp;nbsp;
+Edward VI became king even as his father's past was catching up to the
+English economy.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII had indulged in many frivolous pursuits,
+including several extremely expensive battles in France.&amp;nbsp; He left
+behind a mountain of debt and little means to pay it.&amp;nbsp; The English
+economy was heavily dependent upon wool exports to Europe, particularly
+the Low Countries.&amp;nbsp; And it possessed the enviable ability to feed
+its population without importing food - but only during good harvests.&amp;nbsp;
+When harvests were bad, famine occurred and the poor became beggars, often
+relying on the newly-impoverished churches for support.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset dealt with crises by consulting his own advisors and not the
+council.&amp;nbsp; It was unfortunate that the disregarded councilors included
+one John Dudley, earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was very ambitious and determined
+to destroy both Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He began through simple gossip
+- encouraging Thomas Seymour's jealousy whhile telling Somerset his brother
+coveted his position.&amp;nbsp; But, for a long while, Somerset was impervious
+to Dudley's scheming.&amp;nbsp; Within weeks of Henry's death, Somerset obtained
+a dry stamp of Edward VI's signature - perhaps his most powerful tool (since
+the king's signature implied the king's will - and the king's will was
+law.)&amp;nbsp; And he soon commanded that Edward's signature alone was not
+completely legal; instead, documents must include both Edward &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt;
+Somerset's signatures.&amp;nbsp; For almost exactly two years (until his brother
+was arrested on 17 January 1549), Somerset ruled England as thoroughly
+as any king.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, it could be said he consulted the official privy
+council less than Henry VIII had; certainly he entrusted less business
+to it.
+&lt;p&gt;His foreign policy was dominated by one thing - Scotland.&amp;nbsp; He wanted
+to marry Edward VI to Mary Stuart, heiress to the Scottish throne and known
+to history as Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; But he knew that such a betrothal
+would have to be forced and enforced constantly.&amp;nbsp; He also knew that
+England could ill afford to continually invade their troublesome northern
+neighbor.&amp;nbsp; So Somerset proposed a logical - but impractical - plan.&amp;nbsp;
+He would maintain a permanent English presence in Scotland by constructing
+armed garrisons.&amp;nbsp; He invaded Scotland in September 1547 and won a
+battle at Pinkie.&amp;nbsp; He instantly began to build forts while neglecting
+to enforce a naval blockade to prevent French involvement.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps
+Somerset did not correctly gauge the Scottish-French alliance; he was certainly
+unprepared when 6000 French troops arrived and promptly captured English
+forts and built their own garrisons.&amp;nbsp; Two years after the Battle of
+Pinkie, the French had moved Mary Stuart to France (thereby ending Somerset's
+planned marriage between her and Edward.)&amp;nbsp; Also, the battle had become
+defensive and inconclusive.&amp;nbsp; Somerset was reduced to hiring mercenaries
+(over 7000) to maintain some positions but conditions were bleak enough
+to drive mercenaries away.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, France had decided to declare
+war; Henri II officially did so on 8 August 1549.&amp;nbsp; England could not
+fight France and so Somerset offered to return Boulogne (captured by Henry
+VIII) five years before an earlier treaty demanded.&amp;nbsp; The French king
+demanded the return of Calais as well.&amp;nbsp; So Somerset ordered new forts
+built at both cities and managed to fend off an attack at Boulogne.&amp;nbsp;
+But soon enough the French king declared his trump card - Mary Stuart was
+betrothed to his son and heir, the Dauphin.&amp;nbsp; The message was clear
+- soon, the French would control Scotland..
+&lt;p&gt;The conflicts with Scotland and France cost a great deal of money and
+hurt Somerset's reputation.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, he paid for the battles
+by debasing coinage (hardly an intelligent policy.)&amp;nbsp; He combined these
+foreign policy and economic mishaps by his religious policy.&amp;nbsp; Keep
+in mind that in 1547 just 20% of Londoners were Protestant; Protestants
+were also a vocal minority in Essex, Bristol, Kent and Sussex but outside
+this all-important southeast corridor, the religion had barely spread.&amp;nbsp;
+It was long known that whoever could hold London could control all of England
+- London was the capital and one of the laargest cities in Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+But since Protestants only accounted for 1/5 of the population, what explains
+Somerset's - and the rest of government's - legal support for this new
+religion?&amp;nbsp; The answer is complicated and deserves its own book - in
+brief, the Protestants were a minority but they were a vocal minority with
+money and influence.&amp;nbsp; Their members formed the basis of Somerset's
+support and - as a vocal minority - they were far more passionate and committed
+to spreading their faith than Catholics were with preserving the old order.&amp;nbsp;
+This is an important point; offensive actions are more ideologically appealing
+than defensive actions.&amp;nbsp; The group that initiated the changes (Protestants)
+were far more likely to be committed
+&lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; inspired to action.
+&lt;p&gt;Many of the wealthy Protestants had benefited from the dissolution of
+the monasteries in the 1530s but many historians have exaggerated Henry
+VIII's generosity, implying that he gave vast monastic lands away to favored
+courtiers.&amp;nbsp; In truth, he and Cromwell charged a fair - and often steep
+- price for most of the lands.&amp;nbsp; They  were purchased by nobles - who
+then were committed to keeping their new lands.&amp;nbsp; But most were also
+committed to Protestantism for very real ideological and religious reasons.&amp;nbsp;
+One should not underestimate the importance of religion to 16th century
+people, though our own age is awash in skepticism and cynicism.&amp;nbsp; For
+people of the 16th century, the miseries of this world were transitory
+- they were more committed to ensuring exiistence in the hereafter.
+&lt;p&gt;Throughout Somerset's protectorate, the Tudor government - though sympathetic
+to Protestantism - did not dare officially declare itself Protestant.&amp;nbsp;
+Why?&amp;nbsp; Once again, the specter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V hung
+over England.&amp;nbsp; And with the Franco-Scottish alliance a pressing concern,
+Somerset could not afford to alienate the neutral Charles V.&amp;nbsp; (Like
+Henry VIII, Somerset wanted to avoid a Franco-Spanish-Scottish alliance
+against England.)&amp;nbsp; So he avoided an official declaration of England's
+religious
+sympathies and allowed Charles's cousin, Princess Mary, freedom to celebrate
+Catholic services.&amp;nbsp; But the religious policy was as confusing as everything
+else during those years - what were the proper rites for church services?
+what doctrinal changes from Henry's reign would remain? would the use of
+an English bible be enforced? should the Host be elevated during mass?&amp;nbsp;
+These questions - and many others - remained hotly debated.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile,
+Somerset's government passed numerous guidelines, each more upsetting to
+traditionalists than the last - unlicensed preaching was banned on 24 April
+1548; &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt; preaching was banned just five months later.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
+clergy would recite twelve government-approved homilies/proverbs from the
+pulpit.&amp;nbsp; Images were outlawed, altars were ordered removed, private
+masses ended....&amp;nbsp; And the twelve government-endorsed homilies continued
+this destruction, railing against good works and purgatory while advocating
+salvation through faith &lt;i&gt;alone&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; All churchmen felt themselves
+under attack while their parishes agreed.&amp;nbsp; (For example, good works
+and purgatory were deeply-held beliefs of common people.)
+&lt;p&gt;Added to this confusion was Edward VI's blossoming religious convictions.&amp;nbsp;
+Like his sister, Mary, Edward became committed to a specific ideology and
+determined to impose it upon the English people - for their own good, of
+course.&amp;nbsp; His tacit approval did not matter much to Somerset (who,
+after all, possessed the king's signature) but it was symbolic.&amp;nbsp; For
+the English people, the religious policies were frightening and confusing.&amp;nbsp;
+Most English people lived in the countryside and were fundamentally conservative
+- as most rural populations are; they weree slow to change and suspicious
+of new ideas.&amp;nbsp; Confined to London for most of his short life, Edward
+was unaware of this basic truth.&amp;nbsp; Like Somerset, he resided in London
+where the new ideas were rampant.
+&lt;p&gt;But, of course, the people had another reason for dissatisfaction.&amp;nbsp;
+As mentioned earlier, Somerset's economic policy was essentially nonexistent.&amp;nbsp;
+There was no overriding philosophy - just one hare-brained scheme to raise
+money after another.&amp;nbsp; The population had been steadily increasing
+(see &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffacts.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Facts
+&amp;amp; Figures&lt;/a&gt;) and, of course, fueled a rise in prices.&amp;nbsp; But along
+with this, currency debasement continued and increased inflation.&amp;nbsp;
+One official mentioned the obvious solution - restore the coinage - but
+Somerset was desperate for quick money to fund his Scottish plans.&amp;nbsp;
+Most of his economic policies were implemented by John Hales.&amp;nbsp; Hales
+introduced many bills to parliament 1548-49, the main ones were: the maintenance
+of tillage, requiring sheep farmers to keep a certain number of cows to
+ensure regular milk and cheese supplies; he also attempted to end the compulsory
+purchase by the government of food at fixed prices.&amp;nbsp; Those bills failed
+- but a tax on sheep and wool was approvedd in order to discourage sheep
+farming (and enclosures.)&amp;nbsp; The attempts to end enclosures was perhaps
+the most ill-advised of Somerset's policies.&amp;nbsp; Landholders were naturally
+opposed to it and, when they supposedly frustrated attempts to collect
+evidence of enclosures, Somerset grew angry - he decided to proceed without
+legal basis.&amp;nbsp; (The landowners had frustrated the government by packing
+juries with their own tenants and servants.)&amp;nbsp; Somerset's decision
+to proceed inflamed the entire Midlands (where the commission had begun
+its work.)
+&lt;p&gt;In May 1549, revolts began which can be loosely classified as 'class
+warfare', or as close to such as Tudor England would ever get.&amp;nbsp; This
+was not a repeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace, where nobleman led their supporters
+in protest of new religious policies.&amp;nbsp; This was the revolt ot thousands
+of laborers and poor farmers who had long resented the use of enclosures.&amp;nbsp;
+They were revolting against the noblemen with, so they believed, the government's
+support.&amp;nbsp; These poor people, who had suffered through rising inflation
+and prices and debased currency, were determined to end a grossly unfair
+practice.&amp;nbsp; When Somerset insisted the nobles had deliberately filled
+the juries with supporters, the people grew angry.&amp;nbsp; They took to the
+fields - filling ditches, tearing down fences and hedges.&amp;nbsp; Too late,
+Somerset recognized the force he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; He threatened to
+disperse the rioters by force, to no avail.&amp;nbsp; In May the first revolts
+broke out; by August, revolts broke out in Leicestershire.&amp;nbsp; It was
+up to the nobility to restore order to their lands, using troops originally
+destined for Scotland.&amp;nbsp; But thousands perished during the fighting.
+&lt;p&gt;The revolts had revealed the ugly undercurrent of dissatisfaction among
+the English people.&amp;nbsp; The factors already discussed combined to encourage
+revolt.&amp;nbsp; It was also a terribly hot summer with a bad harvest.&amp;nbsp;
+As prices rose, Somerset foolishly decided to fix maximum prices for goods
+- but the prices were incredibly high and,, once again, demonstrated his
+knowledge of London prices and ignorance of the rest of England.&amp;nbsp;
+In general, the rebels wanted such basic rights as this - the right to
+have landlords forced off 'common' ground and the right to fish freely.&amp;nbsp;
+In a way, it was very much a 'Robin Hood' rebellion; they distrusted the
+gentry and sought to separate the church and nobility.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's policies during the rebellions were typical of 'the Good
+Duke', or so the peasantry believed - but they enraged the nobility.&amp;nbsp;
+In effect, he waffled between action and inaction.&amp;nbsp; When the revolts
+began, he had not wanted to delay his Scottish campaign and so he didn't
+respond immediately.&amp;nbsp; Instead, he issued grandiose proclamations and
+promised to pardon rebels if they stopped.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the revolts
+spread and the council urged action.&amp;nbsp; In July, Somerset finally brought
+troops back from Scotland and sent them to smash the rebels with impunity.&amp;nbsp;
+Thousands of deaths ensued and much property was damaged.&amp;nbsp; The council
+was furious - Somerset had blundered once again, disregarding their advice
+and following no clear policy of his own.&amp;nbsp; Even Paget, his former
+ally, was disgusted.&amp;nbsp; He wrote Somerset a threatening and dismissive
+letter which read, in part:
+&lt;ul&gt;Society in a realm doth consist and is maintained by mean of religion
+and law.&amp;nbsp; And these two or one wanting, farewell all just society,
+farewell king, government, justice and all other virtue.&amp;nbsp; Look well
+whether you have either law or religion at home and I fear you shall find
+neither. ....And put no more so many irons in the fire at once as you have
+had within this twelvemonth - war with Scotland, with France.... commissions
+out for that matter, new laws for this, proclamation for another, one in
+another's neck.&lt;/ul&gt;
+Paget's opinion of his former ally indicated the growing disillusionment
+with Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Coupled with his brother's ambitious attempt to overthrow
+him, the complete loss of the council's confidence was thus the beginning
+of Somerset's end.
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;written by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Marilee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082560&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082560&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH690a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH690a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH690a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">16478</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Jane Seymour third wife of King Henry VIII mother of King Edward VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Jane Seymour third wife of King Henry VIII mother of King Edward VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Jane Seymour: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH690ae8278921151e9e29a7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215251</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH690a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourcardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourbiography.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;607&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Here lies Jane, a phoenix &lt;BR&gt;Who 
+      died in giving another phoenix birth. &lt;BR&gt;Let her be mourned, for 
+      birds like these &lt;BR&gt;Are rare indeed. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane 
+      Seymour's epitaph&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourcardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Jane Seymour&quot; width=&quot;336&quot; height=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;327&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Henry VIII had 
+      six wives but only one gave him a son.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour fulfilled her 
+      most important duty as queen, but she was never crowned and  died just 
+      twelve days after the long and arduous birth.&amp;nbsp; She was Henry's third 
+      wife and seems never to have made much of an impression upon anyone except 
+      the king.&amp;nbsp; Her meek and circumspect manner was in distinct contrast 
+      to Henry's second wife, the sharp-tongued Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Jane had 
+      served as lady-in-waiting to Anne and she supplanted her in much the same 
+      way Anne had replaced Katharine of Aragon in Henry's affections.&amp;nbsp; We 
+      will never know if Jane sought the king's favor or was a frightened pawn 
+      of her family and the king's desire.&amp;nbsp; But we do know that she bravely 
+      sought pardons for those involved in the Pilgrimage of Grace revolt in 
+      1536.&amp;nbsp; Rebuked by the king, and mindful of the fates of his first two 
+      wives, she retired into a quiet and decorous role.&amp;nbsp; The triumphant 
+      birth of her son Edward allowed her two ambitious brothers into the king's 
+      inner circle; however, both would be executed during Edward's reign.&lt;/B&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read 
+        the biography of Jane Seymour.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters written by 
+        Jane&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed6birth.html&quot;&gt;Jane Seymour's 
+        pregnancy is announced&lt;/A&gt;, 1537.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: 
+        Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward 
+        VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's son. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Seymour's life at &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for 
+        the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;
+        Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by 
+        Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign 
+        of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or 
+        other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt; 
+        &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Seymour's 
+        family was of ancient and respectable lineage.&amp;nbsp; Her father was Sir 
+        John Seymour of Wolf Hall in Wiltshire; he served in the Tournai 
+        campaign of 1513 and accompanied Henry VIII to the Field of the Cloth of 
+        Gold in 1520.&amp;nbsp; He was made a knight of the body and later a 
+        gentleman of the king's bedchamber.&amp;nbsp; Both positions were very 
+        desirable for they allowed personal access to the king.&amp;nbsp; Courtiers 
+        were always desperate to gain the king's ear, if even for a brief 
+        moment.&amp;nbsp; Sir John was able to secure appointments at 
+        court for his family; of his eight children, three would come to 
+        historical prominence - the eldest son Edward as duke of Somerset and 
+        Lord Protector, another son Thomas as Lord Admiral and husband of Henry VIII's last queen, and his daughter Jane as queen of England.
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;The Seymour rise to prominence at Henry's court mirrored that of the 
+        Boleyns; it was the path sought by all English families with a minor 
+        pedigree or clever son.&amp;nbsp; But gaining the king's favor was rather 
+        different than maintaining it and the Seymours proved far more adept at 
+        the latter. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Jane's birthdate is unknown; various accounts use anywhere from 1504 
+        to 1509.&amp;nbsp; She first came to court as a lady-in-waiting to &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of 
+        Aragon&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's first wife.&amp;nbsp; But soon enough &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+        Boleyn&lt;/A&gt; was queen and Jane attended her.&amp;nbsp; She witnessed 
+        first-hand the tempestuous relationship between Anne and Henry.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Jane herself was known for her quiet and soothing manner.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Certainly Henry knew of her but there is no evidence that he took 
+        particular notice until September 1535 when his royal progress stopped 
+        at Wolf Hall.&amp;nbsp; Such a visit was a great honor for the Seymour 
+        family.&amp;nbsp; And it brought Jane, away from court and its flirtatious 
+        young beauties, immediately to the king's attention.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;P&gt;Many historians have argued this was the beginning of Henry's 
+        infatuation, but it was unlikely.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn was not completely 
+        out of favor just yet; she was pregnant again,&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourbiography.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Jane Seymour by an unknown artist&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;423&quot;&gt; though she would suffer a 
+        miscarriage in January.&amp;nbsp; And Henry's flirtations were confined to 
+        Anne's cousin, Madge Shelton.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour was perhaps in the 
+        king's thoughts but he did nothing for several months. 
+        &lt;P&gt;
+      In February 1536, however, foreign ambassadors began to report rumors 
+        of the king's romance with Jane.&amp;nbsp; They speculated upon her chances 
+        of becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry made his affection clear to Jane; she 
+        received costly gifts (which she prudently returned) and her brothers 
+        were promoted at court.&amp;nbsp; In April 1536, Edward Seymour and his wife 
+        moved to rooms which connected through a hidden passage with the king's 
+        apartments.&amp;nbsp; Henry could thus continue his courtship of Jane in 
+        relative privacy. 
+        &lt;P&gt;But the king was also mindful of the vicious rumors and public 
+        outrage which had accompanied his open courtship of Anne Boleyn while 
+        still wed to Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; He was far more discreet with 
+        Jane, and this undoubtedly suited her character.&amp;nbsp; She was content 
+        to remain unknown.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that she would not dine alone 
+        with the king, insisting always upon a chaperone, and that she responded 
+        to a particularly bold flirtation by reminding the king of his marriage. 
+
+        &lt;P&gt;Henry did not need to be reminded of his second marriage; it had 
+        become a bitter disappointment for him.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to rid 
+        himself of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Jane's presence was merely another impetus 
+        for action. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Another impetus was the death of Katharine of Aragon on 7 January 
+        1536.&amp;nbsp; All of Europe, and most Englishmen, had regarded her as the 
+        king's rightful wife and Anne as merely his concubine.&amp;nbsp; On 29 
+        January, Anne miscarried a son; the king ominously declared that he 
+        would have no more children by her.&amp;nbsp; For Henry, it was suddenly 
+        clear that if he could rid himself of Anne and marry Jane, then he would 
+        have a legitimate marriage recognized by all and another possibility for 
+        a son. 
+        &lt;P&gt;The king began to mention publicly that he had been bewitched into 
+        marriage with Anne; he knew his words would reach her.&amp;nbsp; Anne was 
+        terrified but  could do little.&amp;nbsp; She had few friends at court, 
+        and even those were prepared to desert her for the king's favor.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On 2 May, she was arrested and taken to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; On 
+        15 May, she was condemned to death; Henry sent a personal message to 
+        Jane with the news.&amp;nbsp; Four days later Anne was executed; the day 
+        after, 20 May, the king was formally betrothed to Jane.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        married ten days later on 30 May and Jane was publicly declared queen on 
+        4 June.&amp;nbsp; She chose an apt motto, 'Bound to Obey and Serve'. 
+        &lt;P&gt;She was never granted the lavish coronation which Anne had 
+        enjoyed.&amp;nbsp; It was summertime and the minor plagues were sweeping 
+        through London; the king said she must wait until the spring to be 
+        crowned.&amp;nbsp; It is also possible, and was rumored, that Henry had no 
+        intention of crowning Jane until she had proved her worth and provided a 
+        son.&amp;nbsp; If she proved barren, he could annul their marriage with 
+        hopefully little fanfare. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Almost a decade had passed since the 'King's Great Matter' first 
+        began and still Henry did not have a legitimate heir.&amp;nbsp; And on 20 
+        July 1536, he received the devastating news that his only illegitimate 
+        son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, had died at the age of 17.&amp;nbsp; 
+        There had always been the possibility that Fitzroy could have succeeded 
+        him, but now Henry VIII was left with only two daughters, both declared 
+        illegitimate.&amp;nbsp; It is certain that if Jane had not provided a son, 
+        she would have been quickly discarded.&amp;nbsp; Personal affection could 
+        not overcome political necessity. 
+        &lt;P&gt;But Jane was able to provide the king with his fondest wish.&amp;nbsp; 
+        And indeed the whole country wished for an heir; they had no desire to 
+        return to ruinous civil war.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;P&gt;Rumors of her pregnancy began almost immediately after her 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it wasn't early 1537 that rumors could finally be 
+        confirmed as fact.&amp;nbsp; The London chronicler Edward Hall recorded 
+        public rejoicing at news of Jane's quickening:&amp;nbsp; 'On 27 May 
+        1537, Trinity Sunday, there was a Te Deum sung in St Paul's cathedral 
+        for joy at the queen's quickening of her child, my lord chancellor, lord 
+        privy seal and various other lords and bishops being then present; the 
+        mayor and aldermen with the best guilds of the city being there in their 
+        liveries, all giving laud and praise to God for joy about it.' 
+        &lt;P&gt;Bonfires were lit and celebrations held throughout England; prayers 
+        were offered for a safe delivery.&amp;nbsp; In early October, Jane went to 
+        Hampton Court Palace for her lying-in and on 12 October, after a long 
+        and difficult labor, she gave birth to the wished-for son.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+        the eve of St Edward's day and so he was baptized by that name on 15 
+        October.&amp;nbsp; His two half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, attended the 
+        splendid christening ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Mary stood as godmother; Elizabeth 
+        was carried in the arms of Thomas Seymour, Jane's brother who would 
+        later plan to marry her.&amp;nbsp; Her grandfather, Thomas Boleyn, also 
+        attended the ceremony. 
+        &lt;P&gt;After 29 years as king of England, Henry VIII finally had a 
+        legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; Past grievances could be forgotten at this 
+        grand moment. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Jane did not savor her success for long.&amp;nbsp; The christening 
+        ceremony had begun in her bedchamber; she was wrapped in robes and 
+        carried on a litter to the king's chapel.&amp;nbsp; She was able to 
+        participate but the long ordeal proved too much.&amp;nbsp; She was already 
+        weak and exhausted; she needed quiet and rest and received 
+        neither.&amp;nbsp; Only a day later, it was reported that the queen was very 
+        ill.&amp;nbsp; Her condition quickly worsened.&amp;nbsp; She was delirious and 
+        had a&amp;nbsp; high fever; doctors bled her and attendants hastened to 
+        fulfill her craving for sweets and wine.&amp;nbsp; The king's chief minister 
+        Cromwell would later blame the sweets for her death but they did little 
+        to harm Jane.&amp;nbsp; Modern historians believe she had puerperal sepsis, 
+        or 'childbed fever'.&amp;nbsp; It was all too common in the 16th century. 
+        &lt;P&gt;It was later rumored that she died from complications of a Cesarean 
+        section, that Henry VIII had ordered the child ripped from her womb, but this was unlikely.&amp;nbsp; There were no reports that she was 
+        bleeding excessively and she was able to attend the christening and 
+        greet visitors.&amp;nbsp; Sadly, Jane was a victim of her times.&amp;nbsp; Poor 
+        hygiene and medical knowledge could not stop the fever which finally 
+        killed her near midnight on 24 October. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Jane's early death, at the moment of her great triumph, and her 
+        gentle character had an enduring hold on Henry VIII's memory.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        was given a solemn state funeral; Princess Mary acted as her chief 
+        mourner.&amp;nbsp; In her short time as queen, Jane had attempted to 
+        reconcile Henry and his stubborn daughter.&amp;nbsp; Her body was embalmed 
+        and laid to rest in the tomb at Windsor Castle which Henry was building 
+        for himself.&amp;nbsp; Years after her death, even while he was married to 
+        other women, Jane continued to appear in royal portraits as queen 
+        consort.&amp;nbsp; Her special status as mother to the heir was never 
+        forgotten. 
+        &lt;P&gt;The king wore black until well into 1538 and waited more than two 
+        years to marry again.&amp;nbsp; This was the longest interval between 
+        marriages during his reign.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;CENTER&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six 
+        Wives main page&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary 
+        Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082568&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082568&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH694c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH694c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH694c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The death of Elizabeth of York and the betrothal of Princess Margaret to the king of Scots, 1503</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH694cb8bfec0c2da3321f9a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215245</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH694c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizdeat.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizdeat.gif&quot; width=&quot;609&quot; height=&quot;140&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by Tudor citizen Richard Grafton.&amp;nbsp; Its spelling 
+      has been modernized.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Elizabeth of York was born on 
+      11 February 1465 to King Edward IV and his queen, Elizabeth Woodville.&amp;nbsp; 
+      After her father's death and her uncle Richard's usurpation, Elizabeth was 
+      the sole Yorkist heir to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Her two brothers, the 
+      infamous 'Princes in the Tower', had disappeared; their murders are 
+      alternately blamed upon Richard and Elizabeth's future husband, King Henry 
+      VII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Her marriage to Henry was planned by his mother, the 
+      formidable Lady Margaret Beaufort, and her mother.&amp;nbsp; Richard was 
+      defeated in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485 and Henry was 
+      declared king of England.&amp;nbsp; He postponed the marriage for several 
+      months, however; he did not wish his claim to the throne to be based upon 
+      Elizabeth's status as heiress of Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; They married on 18 
+      January 1486 and their first child, a son called Arthur, was born nine 
+      months later.&amp;nbsp; They eventually had eight children, four of whom 
+      survived infancy.&amp;nbsp; She died in childbirth on her 38th birthday.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Henry VII never married again.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Princess Margaret Tudor was the eldest daughter of Henry 
+      VII and Elizabeth of York, born on 29 November 1489.&amp;nbsp; She was married 
+      to the Scottish king James IV on 8 August 1503, in an attempt to establish 
+      peace between the two kingdoms.&amp;nbsp; It did not work; James was killed at 
+      Flodden Field in 1513, during the reign of Margaret's younger brother, 
+      King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; Margaret married twice more.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+      great-grandson, King James VI of Scotland, became King James I of England 
+      in 1603, thus uniting the two countries.&amp;nbsp; Margaret died on 18 October 
+      1541.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;....Queen Elizabeth, lying in the tower of London, was brought
+to bed on Candlemas day of a fair daughter who was there christened and
+named Catherine, and on 11 February, the most virtuous princess and gracious
+queen there died, and was with all funeral pomp carried through the City
+of London to Westminster, and there buried, whose daughter also lived but
+a little time after her mother. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;....All this winter preparation was made for the conveyance of Lady Margaret,
+betrothed to the king of Scots, into Scotland.&amp;nbsp; And when all things
+were ready and prepared the king moved on the last day of June from Richmond,
+in the company of this daughter, and came to Colyweston, where his mother
+the countess of Richmond then was.&amp;nbsp; And at the end of certain days
+of recreation the king gave her his blessing with a fatherly exhortation,
+and committed her conveyance to the king her husband's presence to the
+earl of Surrey: and Henry Algernon Percy, earl of Northumberland was appointed
+as Warden of the Marches, to deliver her at the border of both the Marches.
+&lt;p&gt;Thus this fair lady was conveyed with a great company of lords, ladies,
+knights, esquires and gentlemen until she came to Berwick and from there
+to a village called Lambton Kirk in Scotland where the king with the flower
+of Scotland was ready to receive her, to whom the earl of Northumberland
+according to his commission delivered her.
+&lt;p&gt;The Scots that day, I assure you, were not behind the English but far
+above, both in dress and rich jewels and weighty chains.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082592&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082592&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6b64.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6b64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6b64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">31032</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Catherine Howard: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6b645e6135820f42d5d3d4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6b64.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">howardcardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">howard-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;631&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The King's affection was so
+marvelously set upon that gentlewoman [Catherine], as it was never
+known that he had the like to any woman.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer's secretary, Ralph Morice, in a
+letter to his master, 1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;95&quot; alt=&quot;Catherine Howard&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/howardcardinal.gif&quot; width=&quot;389&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img height=&quot;252&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Catherine Howard by Holbein, on the back of a playing-card&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/howard-crop.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;250&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Catherine 
+      Howard by Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Catherine Howard was a cousin of Henry
+VIII's ill-fated second queen, Anne Boleyn; and like Anne, Catherine
+would die on the scaffold at Tower Green.&amp;nbsp; Her birthdate is
+unknown, but her father was the younger brother of the duke of
+Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though personally impoverished, Catherine had a powerful
+family name and thus secured an appointment as lady-in-waiting to
+Henry's fourth queen, Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; While at court, she caught
+the eye of the middle-aged king and became a political pawn of her
+family and its Catholic allies.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's greatest crime was
+her silliness.&amp;nbsp; Raised in the far too permissive household of her
+grandmother, she was a flirtatious and emotional girl who rarely
+understood the consequences of her actions.&amp;nbsp; She made the mistake
+of continuing her girlish indiscretions as queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry was
+besotted with her, calling her his 'Rose without a Thorn' and showering
+her with gifts and public affection.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was understandably
+more attracted to men her own age and, after just seventeen months of
+marriage to the king, she was arrested for adultery.&amp;nbsp; The
+distraught king at first refused to believe the evidence but it was
+persuasive.&amp;nbsp; Unlike Anne Boleyn, Catherine had betrayed the
+king.&amp;nbsp; She was beheaded on 13 February 1542, only nineteen or
+twenty years old.&amp;nbsp; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;
+ color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The drama of her execution lends gravity to a brief
+life which would otherwise pass unnoticed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Read the biography of Catherine Howard.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;Catherine's
+letter to Thomas Culpeper&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricath.html&quot;&gt;The fall
+of Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;, 1540&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view the only known portrait of Catherine. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Catherine's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I found her in
+such lamentation and heaviness, as I never saw no creature, so that it
+would have pitied any man's heart in the world, to have looked upon
+her.'&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer describes
+visiting Catherine after her arrest, 1542&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Catherine Howard's short life is one of the great cautionary tales of
+Henry VIII's reign; there is about it something strangely pathetic and
+small, but also powerful and moving.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was neither
+particularly beautiful or intelligent, but she was a charming,
+flirtatious girl who rose, virtually overnight, from obscurity to
+become queen of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was the daughter of the 2d duke of Norfolk's youngest son,
+Edmund, and his wife, Jocasta (Joyce) Culpeper.&amp;nbsp; She was one of
+too many children for her impoverished parents and the date of her
+birth was not recorded; most historians believe it was 1521.&amp;nbsp;
+Edmund was not an auspicious individual and, like most younger sons,
+spent most of his life in constant need of money.&amp;nbsp; He complained
+to the king's chief minister &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; that he wished to be a poor man's son for at least then he
+could work without shame.&amp;nbsp; But he was an aristocrat, a member of
+one of the greatest noble families of England, and he could do little
+but beg for help from one relation to another.&amp;nbsp; He sent his
+daughter to live with her grandmother, the dowager duchess of Norfolk,
+and thus avoided responsibility for Catherine's upbringing.&amp;nbsp; This
+should not reflect badly upon him since it was typical of the times;
+and though Catherine's grandmother complained ceaselessly about the
+expense of supporting numerous grandchildren, she did provide a
+comfortable home.&amp;nbsp; She did not, however, provide strict
+supervision - a fact which would have dire consequences for the entire
+Norfolk family after Catherine became queen. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine was raised in a type of dormitory at Lambeth Palace,
+crowded in with other young girls (some were servants to her
+grandmother) and her education was not intellectual.&amp;nbsp; Rather, her
+days were spent passing the time in the most pleasant manner
+possible.&amp;nbsp; The duchess's household was not wealthy and Catherine
+understandably chafed at her constricted lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; There was
+within her a strong love of luxury and inability to control her
+desires; this was a lack of self-control, a realization that certain
+things should not be done, must not be risked, no matter how much she
+wanted something.&amp;nbsp; While she was simply one of many daughters of
+an impoverished lord, this immaturity did not matter.&amp;nbsp; But when
+she became queen, it remained and past indiscretions also returned to
+haunt her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine grew into a merry and vivacious girl, not conventionally
+beautiful but graceful and charming.&amp;nbsp; She possessed all the
+vitality of youth, something which proved irresistible to her aged
+king.&amp;nbsp; The only part of her sporadic education which she seemed to
+enjoy were her music lessons; in particular, she enjoyed the attentions
+of her music teacher, a man named Henry Mannox.&amp;nbsp; They first met in
+1536, when Catherine was just fifteen years old.&amp;nbsp; Hired to teach
+her the virginal and lute, Mannox soon began a practiced seduction of
+his young pupil.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine later swore the relationship was not consummated.&amp;nbsp;
+'At the flattering and fair persuasions of Mannox being but a young
+girl I suffered him at sundry times to handle and touch the secret
+parts of my body which neither became me with honesty to permit nor him
+to require,' she later told interrogators.&amp;nbsp; Mannox admitted the
+same.&amp;nbsp; Since Catherine later confessed to more serious
+transgressions, there was no reason for her to lie in this
+instance.&amp;nbsp; And one can certainly condemn Mannox for taking
+advantage of his young student. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As a mere music teacher, Mannox was too far below her in social
+status for a serious relationship to develop.&amp;nbsp; Though he followed
+the duchess's household to London in 1538, Catherine's attentions soon
+turned elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; She fell in love with a gentleman-pensioner in
+her grandmother's household named Francis Dereham.&amp;nbsp; This
+relationship was far more serious and undoubtedly consummated.&amp;nbsp;
+There is much evidence on this point, including Catherine's own
+confession: 'Francis Dereham by many persuasions procured me to his
+vicious purpose and obtained first to lie upon my bed with his doublet
+and hose and after within the bed and finally he lay with me naked and
+used me in such sort as a man doth his wife many and sundry times but
+how often I know not.' &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Their affair continued throughout 1538.&amp;nbsp; They addressed one
+another as 'husband' and 'wife' and when Dereham was sent to Ireland on
+business, he left 100 pds in Catherine's keeping.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Mannox, still with the household, was infuriated; his
+attraction to Catherine continued while she spurned his company for
+Dereham's.&amp;nbsp; In revenge, he sent an anonymous note to the dowager
+duchess.&amp;nbsp; She then discovered Catherine and Dereham together and
+there was a frightful scene.&amp;nbsp; But a physical relationship between
+a betrothed couple was not uncommon by sixteenth-century standards and
+Catherine and Dereham parted with some understanding of marriage when
+he returned from Ireland. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But, unluckily for Dereham, Catherine's heart cooled towards him
+while he was away.&amp;nbsp; And in 1539, having moved closer to court and
+staying at her uncle's house, she met Thomas Culpeper.&amp;nbsp; A
+gentleman of the king's Privy Chamber and cousin of Catherine's mother
+Joyce Culpeper, he was a handsome and charming young man; his position
+in court was considered important since it allowed personal access to
+the king.&amp;nbsp; Catherine fell in love with him, though Culpeper's own
+feelings are not known.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's family was powerful and she
+was an attractive girl.&amp;nbsp; It is likely that he was at least
+interested in her, if not immediately infatuated.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But then the great event occurred which was to change Catherine's
+life forever.&amp;nbsp; She arrived at court in late 1539 or early 1540 as
+a lady-in-waiting to &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves&lt;/a&gt; and Henry VIII fell in love with her. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is clear from Catherine's life before meeting the king that she
+was a flirtatious and emotional girl.&amp;nbsp; It is also clear that she
+possessed the charm and sexual allure to attract men.&amp;nbsp; These were
+to be her greatest strengths and weaknesses, for while they attracted
+the king, they also led her into increasingly reckless behavior.&amp;nbsp;
+If she had married Dereham or Culpeper, or any other social-climber,
+she would have remained a gossip and flirt, perhaps she would have
+succumbed to adultery.&amp;nbsp; But behavior that could be tolerated in a
+poor niece of a duke was treason in a queen of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine's family was torn between elation and trepidation with
+regard to Henry's infatuation.&amp;nbsp; T&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;
+ color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;he Norfolk name was one of the oldest in
+England.&amp;nbsp; They had supported Richard III against the first Tudor
+king, Henry VII, but managed to win favor with their military prowess
+and servile devotion to the new dynasty.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII never
+fully trusted Thomas Howard, the 3d duke of Norfolk, though he wed two
+of Norfolk's nieces.&amp;nbsp; Their grand name, then, was both blessing
+and curse.&amp;nbsp; As an old family in a court of upstarts and fond of
+feudal prerogative, Catherine's relatives had made wary friends and
+bitter enemies at court.&amp;nbsp; And the divisive reign of Anne Boleyn,
+herself no friend of her Norfolk relations (the duke presided over her
+trial), had taught them all to tread carefully about the king.&amp;nbsp;
+And Catherine's personality worried them.&amp;nbsp; Could she sustain the
+king's attraction?&amp;nbsp; And, if so, could she become a mature and
+successful queen?&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;It is important
+to remember that Henry's previous English queens, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;
+and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour&lt;/a&gt;, had spent years in royal service before marrying their
+king.&amp;nbsp; They were veterans of the English court and knew the
+intricacies and dangers of their position.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was a mere
+child by contrast, barely literate, and born in a later
+generation.&amp;nbsp; But for the conservative faction at Henry's court,
+those dedicated to the restoration of the Catholic faith as practiced
+before the Reformation, she was their last, best hope.&amp;nbsp; Unlike
+Anne Boleyn, Catherine's personal and political success was not tied to
+the Protestant faith.&amp;nbsp; She had been raised Catholic by her Norfolk
+grandmother and, despite her personal lapses, she represented the
+conservative faith to others.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Catherine's
+relatives questioned her maturity, but they were not willing to risk
+the king's wrath by pointing it out.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was mercurial and
+dangerous, and his latest marriage was a bitter disappointment.&amp;nbsp;
+Woe to the courtier who spoke ill of his latest attraction!&amp;nbsp; It
+was left to the Norfolk clan to coach Catherine as best they could and
+hope their triumph would last.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The king soon
+publicly favored young Mistress Howard.&amp;nbsp; On 24 April she was given
+lands seized from a felon; a few weeks later, she received an expensive
+gift of quilted sarcanet.&amp;nbsp; It is possible their relationship was
+consummated around this time for there was a sudden urgency to annul
+the ill-fated marriage to Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The king's advisors
+soon found a valid impediment to the fourth marriage and, on 13 July
+1540, it was officially ended by Parliament.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the
+French ambassador reported rumors that Catherine was pregnant.&amp;nbsp;
+The king had one son and heir but the vagaries of life in the 16th
+century made another heir necessary.&amp;nbsp; Henry had just turned
+forty-nine years old and half his subjects were eighteen or
+younger.&amp;nbsp; The security of his realm was his greatest concern and
+it could only be guaranteed by legitimate heirs; as a second son
+himself, he knew the life of young &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince
+Edward&lt;/a&gt; was a slender thread upon which to balance a dynasty.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Henry married
+Catherine on 28 July 1540 at Oatlands Palace in Surrey.&amp;nbsp; The
+ceremony was a success, albeit lacking in the usual pomp and display of
+royal unions.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was never crowned queen of England.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VIII simply couldn't afford the ceremony; perhaps, too, he wished
+to wait until the marriage proved successful in the most important way
+and Catherine bore him a son.&amp;nbsp; The king consulted his council on
+creating a new succession should the blessed event occur, pushing his
+daughters Mary and Elizabeth even further from the throne.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The next year
+was an Indian summer in the king's life.&amp;nbsp; Catherine chose as her
+motto 'Non autre volonte que la sienne' ('No other wish but his' or 'No
+other will than his') and did her best to amuse and distract him.&amp;nbsp;
+The waste of lives and exorbitant money fighting France had depressed
+the English treasury and the king's spirits.&amp;nbsp; And the Reformation
+had cost him the love of the common people.&amp;nbsp; Henry also
+increasingly suffered from the ailments which would kill him a few
+years later.&amp;nbsp; He had severe headaches and pains throughout his
+body; he found it difficult to sleep and was often impotent.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;English
+politics had become another headache for the king.&amp;nbsp; His great
+advisor and friend, Thomas Cromwell, had championed the Protestant
+cause and the union with Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The king's
+disappointment - and the endless conniving of Cromwell's enemies - led
+to his arrest and execution on the very day Henry and Catherine
+married.&amp;nbsp; Within a few months, the king openly lamented the loss
+of his 'most faithful servant'.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Chief among
+Cromwell's enemies were Catherine's uncle Norfolk and his close friend,
+Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester.&amp;nbsp; Norfolk had always chafed
+at the power Henry granted the 'commoner' Cromwell; Gardiner was a
+Catholic who despised Cromwell's legislative destruction of the papacy
+in England.&amp;nbsp; They used Catherine and the king's own impatience and
+cupidity to destroy Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; But it was only a brief triumph.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Catherine was
+not pregnant in the summer of 1540, nor did she become so.&amp;nbsp; But
+the king was so physically affectionate with her in public that none
+doubted the happy event would occur.&amp;nbsp; Still, warning signs about
+this hasty marriage had already begun.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's relationship
+with Dereham had never been kept secret, though Henry was perhaps
+unaware of it.&amp;nbsp; His courtiers gossiped and wondered.&amp;nbsp; Joan
+Bulmer, a young woman who had lived with Catherine at Lambeth,
+requested that Catherine bring her to court to share in her 'great
+destiny'; it was a subtle blackmail.&amp;nbsp; In August 1541, Dereham was
+made her secretary, perhaps as a bribe to keep quiet about their former
+relationship.&amp;nbsp; So even as she collected rich gifts of gowns,
+jewels, fur cloaks, and golden clocks, Catherine knew her indecorous
+past lurked in the background.&amp;nbsp; Was she worried?&amp;nbsp; As her
+later behavior showed, she was not.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was not merely collecting personal finery, but also lands and
+manors that had once belonged to Jane Seymour and even Thomas
+Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; And she began to explore the traditional role of the
+queen as patroness.&amp;nbsp; She also took great care to ensure her aged
+husband's happiness.&amp;nbsp; Many biographers have speculated on
+Catherine's true feelings for Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; She probably did not
+love him in the most romantic sense of the word, but she did love him
+for the affection and generosity he showed her.&amp;nbsp; And she also
+approached him with something of an awed reverence, for he was the king
+and thus a quasi-mystical figure, all-knowing and all-powerful.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But he was not immune to illness and in the spring of 1541, the
+king fell low with a serious fever and Catherine was sent away for her
+own safety.&amp;nbsp; It was around this time that she began her affair
+with Culpeper, the handsome young man who had caught her fancy two
+years before; as evidence, we need only &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;read her only
+surviving letter&lt;/a&gt;, written to Culpeper in April 1541.&amp;nbsp; When the
+king recovered, he took Catherine on a royal progress through the north
+of England and again the French ambassador reported rumors of her
+pregnancy.&amp;nbsp; It was even suggested that, should the condition be
+confirmed, Catherine would be crowned at York Minster.&amp;nbsp; These
+rumors prove that Henry still made love to his wife on a somewhat
+regular basis.&amp;nbsp; And for her part, Catherine was confident she
+could 'meddle with a man' without pregnancy, which made her
+relationship with Culpeper safe.&amp;nbsp; He and Dereham both traveled in
+the progress as members of the royal household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In Catherine's rather simple view of marriage, as long as she and
+the king were happy, nothing else mattered.&amp;nbsp; And since the king
+would be happy as long as he was ignorant, all would be well. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And the king was ignorant for a surprisingly long time.&amp;nbsp; For
+his part, Culpeper was using Catherine's infatuation to further his own
+ambitions.&amp;nbsp; He was not a particularly 'gentlemanly'
+gentleman.&amp;nbsp; In fact, he had brutally raped a park-keeper's wife,
+ordering three of his servants to hold her down during the attack; he
+also murdered a villager who tried to save her.&amp;nbsp; He had been
+pardoned by the king, but it is one of the few facts we know about
+Culpeper and not a pleasant one.&amp;nbsp; His ambitions regarding
+Catherine undoubtedly stemmed from Henry VIII's ill health.&amp;nbsp; If
+the king died, then the queen dowager would maintain some influence and
+power at court.&amp;nbsp; Before that inevitable day, she could give him as
+many expensive gifts as he desired.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Did Catherine love Culpeper?&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly did, at least
+as much as her immature view of love allowed.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome,
+very charming, if only in a superficial manner, and he complemented and
+cajoled her.&amp;nbsp; She became increasingly open in her affection,
+enough to worry Culpeper himself.&amp;nbsp; As a gentleman of the privy
+chamber, he knew the king's moods better than anyone and had no desire
+to risk much for Catherine.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But there were others at court who knew of the relationship, and
+they would not keep quiet.&amp;nbsp; When the northern progress finally
+ended on 1 November, and the royal couple settled at Hampton Court
+Palace, Catherine's past and present indiscretions caught up with
+her.&amp;nbsp; She had been safe enough during the northern progress, for a
+traveling court was not nearly as gossip-ridden as a settled one; there
+were, after all, far more practical matters to attend to as the king
+moved from city to city.&amp;nbsp; But once they were home, other matters
+could take precedence - matters like the queen's infidelity. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine's fall from grace was so rapid that foreign ambassadors
+were at a loss to explain it.&amp;nbsp; The man behind it was John
+Lascelles, the brother of Mary Hall, herself a chambermaid to the
+dowager duchess of Norfolk and thus privy to Catherine's past.&amp;nbsp;
+However, the past was not necessarily a danger to the queen; most young
+women could not withstand scrutiny of their early flirtations.&amp;nbsp;
+They were perhaps not serious enough to warrant her execution.&amp;nbsp;
+Lascelles, who was a 'convinced reformer', was motivated by his
+religious convictions and not personal animosity towards
+Catherine.&amp;nbsp; But she represented the conservative Catholic faction
+and, with her influence, they were growing more powerful and
+reactionary.&amp;nbsp; Lascelles went to Thomas Cranmer, Henry's close
+friend and archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer recognized the
+dangers to Catherine, namely the precontract with Dereham that would
+invalidate her marriage to Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; The precontract, of
+course, while ending her marriage, also excused her intimacy with
+Dereham.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On 2 November, while Henry attended a Mass for All Souls' Day,
+Cranmer passed him a letter with the charges.&amp;nbsp; The king was
+immediately 'perplexed' and believed the letter was a forgery.&amp;nbsp;
+This was his first and thoroughly honest reaction; Catherine had
+deceived him well.&amp;nbsp; He ordered Cranmer to keep the matter private
+and began an investigation.&amp;nbsp; It took but a few days for
+Catherine's house of cards to come tumbling down.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;An assortment of female servants were arrested and sent to the
+Tower, as was Dereham.&amp;nbsp; He was tortured; he confessed his earlier
+relationship and named Culpeper as the queen's current lover.&amp;nbsp;
+Culpeper was then arrested, tortured, and confessed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When confronted with the confessions, Henry's confusion gave way
+to great anger and self-pity.&amp;nbsp; He managed to blame everyone but
+himself for this latest marital catastrophe.&amp;nbsp; He wished for a
+sword to slay Catherine himself - a not uncommon reaction for a
+cuckolded husband, particularly one who had been so generous and
+trusting.&amp;nbsp; He left Hampton Court on 5 November, sailing to
+Whitehall Palace.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was arrested on 12 November and her
+tearful pleas to see the king were ignored; she was locked in her
+rooms.&amp;nbsp; Two days later, she was taken to Syon House.&amp;nbsp; She
+would never see Henry again. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Cranmer was given the distasteful task of interrogating the
+terrified girl.&amp;nbsp; She was hysterical, convinced she would be
+executed like her cousin; even the archbishop felt pity for her
+condition.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps he suggested an option to Henry VIII that he
+had first proposed for Anne Boleyn - let Catherine admit her sins,
+annul the marriage, and send her away.&amp;nbsp; The Dereham precontract
+was the perfect excuse.&amp;nbsp; Catherine need only admit its existence
+and her life would be spared.&amp;nbsp; It was the king's 'most gracious
+mercy' and her only possible chance for survival. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Catherine, frightened and lacking any counsel, did not realize
+that the precontract would save her life.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she was
+convinced it would be used to condemn her.&amp;nbsp; And so, even as she
+admitted to 'carnal copulation' with Dereham, she stressed his
+'importune forcement' and 'violence'.&amp;nbsp; She and Cranmer wanted the
+same end but talked at odds.&amp;nbsp; And it was possible, too, that Henry
+VIII had never intended to spare her life. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Indeed, with each day that passed, the king was less inclined to
+show mercy.&amp;nbsp; The floodgates had opened and ever more scurrilous
+rumors were heard about his 'Rose without a thorn'. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine was demoted from her position as Queen on 22 November
+and formally indicted two days later for leading an 'abominable, base,
+carnal, voluptuous and vicious life'.&amp;nbsp; She remained at Syon House
+for the next two months.&amp;nbsp; On 10 December, Dereham paid a horrific
+penalty for his 'crimes'; he was hung, drawn, and quartered
+(disemboweled and castrated while still conscious) as a traitor.&amp;nbsp;
+Culpeper was also executed that day, though he suffered a more merciful
+beheading; this was ordered by the king, perhaps because of Culpeper's
+higher rank and personal service in his household.&amp;nbsp; Their heads
+were fixed on spears atop London Bridge and remained there as late as
+1546. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine, meanwhile, continued in a state of suspended
+hysteria.&amp;nbsp; Her various relatives were sent to the Tower, including
+the elderly dowager duchess.&amp;nbsp; Only the duke survived, having
+sufficiently humbled himself before Henry. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Perhaps the executions of Dereham and Culpeper had brought a
+newfound maturity to Catherine.&amp;nbsp; She was content to remain quietly
+at Syon House, though it was clear the king could not allow it.&amp;nbsp;
+On 21 January the House of Lords passed an Act of Attainder and it
+received the king's approval on 11 February.&amp;nbsp; It was intended to
+answer the question vexing them all - of what exactly was Catherine
+Howard guilty?&amp;nbsp; If she had been precontracted to Dereham, then she
+was never married to the king - and thus not guilty of adultery.&amp;nbsp;
+But in a speech on 6 February, Henry made it clear that the new Act
+could punish those who &lt;i&gt;intended&lt;/i&gt; to commit treason (or adultery,
+since adultery in a queen was treason.)&amp;nbsp; It was this intent which
+sealed Catherine's fate.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On Friday, 10 February 1542, the duke of Suffolk arrived to take
+Catherine to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The hysterical frenzy returned;
+she struggled and had to be forced aboard the barge.&amp;nbsp; She was
+dressed in black velvet and lodged in the Queen's Apartments, though no
+longer queen.&amp;nbsp; On Sunday night, she was informed that she would be
+executed the next day.&amp;nbsp; Her only request was that the block be
+brought to her for she wished to 'know how to place herself.'&amp;nbsp; It
+was to be her last act on a grand stage; she would die with all the
+dignity and composure possible. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Around seven o'clock on Monday, 13 February, several privy
+councilors arrived as escort.&amp;nbsp; Her uncle Norfolk was not among
+them, having wisely withdrawn to his country estates.&amp;nbsp; Catherine
+was weak and frightened and had to be helped up the steps to the
+scaffold.&amp;nbsp; But once there, she made a small, quiet speech
+regarding her 'worthy and just punishment'; she prayed for the king's
+preservation and for God's forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; The actual execution was
+over quickly. Catherine's body was interred at the nearby chapel of St
+Peter ad Vincula.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine Howard did not have an impact upon English
+history.&amp;nbsp; She is perhaps the most inconsequential of Henry VIII's
+six wives, her reign as queen a very brief eighteen months.&amp;nbsp; She
+bore no children and made no lasting impression upon those who knew
+her.&amp;nbsp; But it should be remembered that she was thirty years
+younger than her husband, a silly young girl who never understood the
+dangers of royal regard.&amp;nbsp; Her life was over before it had truly
+begun; we can only wonder how it might have ended differently.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The only biography of Catherine Howard is &lt;i&gt;A
+Tudor Tragedy&lt;/i&gt; by Lacey Baldwin Smith,&lt;br&gt;
+which is sadly out-of-print.&amp;nbsp; Catherine is also the subject of
+Ford Madox Ford's&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;The Fifth Queen&lt;/i&gt;, one of my favorite works of historical
+fiction.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082570&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082570&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6bdc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6bdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6bdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9853</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6bdcc6060a8b2a403af541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6bdc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  stepfather and stepson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Arthur&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  1588&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Guildford Dudley&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Anne Boleyn&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Thomas Seymour&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Mary I&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Philip of Spain&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Pilgrimage of Grace, Wyatt's Rebellion, Essex Rebellion&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Mary Stuart, queen of Scots&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;General History &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!-- The following section is an HTML table which reassembles the sliced image in a browser. Copy the table section including the opening and closing table tags, and paste the data where you want the reassembled image to appear in the destination document. --&gt;&lt;!-------------------------- BEGIN COPYING THE TABLE HERE ---------------------------&gt;&lt;!-- Image with table --&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=725 border=0 height=&quot;542&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. What was the relationship between the earl 
+
+      of Leicester and the earl of Essex (during Elizabeth's 
+
+    reign)?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;father and 
+
+        son&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;brothers&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;stepfather and 
+
+        stepson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;they weren't related&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII's first son was 
+
+      named....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Henry&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Arthur&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. The famous battle with the Armada happened 
+
+      in what year?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1558&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1568&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1578&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1588&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Lady Jane Grey was married 
+
+      to....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Robert 
+
+        Dudley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jasper Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Guildford 
+
+        Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ralph Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Who was Elizabeth I's mother?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Katharine of 
+
+        Aragon&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Boleyn&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Katharine Parr&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. After Henry VIII's death, Katharine Parr 
+
+      married....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Robert Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Who was the last Tudor to rule over a part 
+
+      of France?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry 
+
+        VIII&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward VI&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        I&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth I&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Who was Mary I's 
+
+    husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Philip of 
+
+        Spain&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles of France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John, duke 
+
+        of Burgundy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Edward, duke of 
+
+      Normandy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Place these Tudor-era rebellions in 
+
+      chronological order.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Wyatt's Rebellion, 
+
+        Pilgrimage of Grace, Essex Rebellion&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Essex Rebellion, 
+
+        Wyatt's Rebellion, Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pilgrimage of 
+
+        Grace, Wyatt's Rebellion, Essex Rebellion&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wyatt's 
+
+        Rebellion, Essex Rebellion, Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Henry VIII's will excluded which of the 
+
+      following Tudor relatives from the succession?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Princess Mary 
+
+        Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Princess Elizabeth 
+
+        Tudor&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Frances Grey&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Stuart, queen of Scots&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082610&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082610&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6c5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6c5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6c5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9122</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6c5cc7060a8f2a483b0561</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6c5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Lochleven&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  December 8th&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Catherine d'Medici&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Francis&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  half-brother&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Bothwell&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Amyas Paulet&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Norfolk&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  thistle and rose&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. 8 February 1587&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=539 border=0 height=&quot;562&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Mary escaped from which Scottish castle in 
+
+      1568?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Dunbar&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lochleven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stirling&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Linlithgow&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Mary was born on what day in 
+
+      1542?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;October 
+
+        8th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;July 6th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;January 
+
+        6th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;December 8th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. Mary's mother-in-law in France 
+
+      was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Catherine 
+
+        d'Medici&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Antoinette 
+
+        d'Guise&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Claude 
+
+        d'Guise&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Isabella of 
+
+    Navarre&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Mary's first husband was 
+
+      named....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Henry&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Philip&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. James Stewart, earl of Moray, was 
+
+      Mary's.....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;uncle&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;grandfather&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;half-brother&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;second 
+
+        husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Mary's third husband, James Hepburn, was 
+
+      earl of....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Lennox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Bothwell&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Leith&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lithgow&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Mary's last jailer was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Amyas 
+
+        Paulet&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jasper Walsingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Amyas 
+
+        Walsingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jasper Paulet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Who was the English duke 
+
+      executed for conspiring to marry Mary and place her on the English 
+
+      throne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Buckingham&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;York&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Mary's emblems were the....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;thistle and 
+
+        crown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;rose and crown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;dandelion and 
+
+        crown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;thistle and rose&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Mary was executed at Fotheringhay Castle 
+
+      on what date?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 January 
+
+        1587&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;8 February 1587&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;8 March 
+
+        1587&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;8 April 
+
+1587&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt; 
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082610&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082610&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6d5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6d5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6d5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9775</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6d5cc9060a972a583b25a1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6d5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Joanna&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Ludlow Castle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Knight of the Loyal Heart&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  200,000 crowns&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  1516&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Lorenzo Campeggio&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Chapuys&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Elizabeth Barton&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Charles V&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Kimbolton Castle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!-- The following section is an HTML table which reassembles the sliced image in a browser. Copy the table section including the opening and closing table tags, and paste the data where you want the reassembled image to appear in the destination document. --&gt;&lt;!-------------------------- BEGIN COPYING THE TABLE HERE ---------------------------&gt;&lt;!-- Image with table --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=531 border=0 height=&quot;650&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Which of Katharine's 
+
+    sisters went insane and traveled around Spain with her husband's corpse?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Isabella&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Joanna&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Maria&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pilar&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Where did Katharine's first husband, 
+
+      Prince Arthur, die?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Windsor 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ludlow Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. When competing in tournaments, Katharine's 
+
+      husband, Henry VIII, acted as her champion; he was called....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Knight of the Fair 
+
+        Lady&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Knight of the Fair Rose&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Knight of 
+
+        the Loyal Heart&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Knight of the Proud 
+
+      Heart&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's dowry for her marriage to 
+
+      Prince Arthur was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;100,000 
+
+        crowns&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;200,000 crowns&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;400,000 
+
+        crowns&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;500,000 crowns&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Katharine's only surviving child, Princess 
+
+      Mary, was born in....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1514&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1515&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1516&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1517&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Which Cardinal did Pope Clement VII send to 
+
+      England to debate Katharine and Henry's annulment?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lorenzo 
+
+        Campeggio&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Antonio de 
+
+        Puebla&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francisco Felipez&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Giovanni 
+
+        Vivarini&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Who was the Spanish ambassador to England 
+
+      during Katharine's estrangement from Henry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Mendoza&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;de 
+
+        Vives&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Fuensalida&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Chapuys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. A mystic called 'The Holy Maid 
+
+      of Kent' championed Katharine's cause; her real name was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Margaret 
+
+        Fuller&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth Barton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Hardesty&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Alice Patermore&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Katharine's nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor, 
+
+      was named....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Francis 
+
+        I&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John II&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles 
+
+        V&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry IV&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Where did Katharine die?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Kimbolton 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Fotheringhay Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Tutbury 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor 
+
+Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt; 
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082611&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082611&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6ddc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6ddc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6ddc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9366</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6ddcca060a9b2a603b35c1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6ddc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Lamentations of a Sinner&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Jane Seymour&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  1535&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Edward I&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Hampton Court Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Winchester Cathedral&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  1570&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Lettice Knollys&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  1536&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Pinkie&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;General History&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=585 border=0 height=&quot;571&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Katharine Parr wrote which of these 
+
+      books?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lamentations of a 
+
+        Sinner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;The Mirror of the Sinful 
+
+        Soul&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Utopia&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Defense of the Seven 
+
+        Sacraments&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Who was Henry VIII's queen during the 
+
+      Pilgrimage of Grace?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Katharine of 
+
+        Aragon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. What year were John Fisher and Thomas More 
+
+      executed?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1535&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1537&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1539&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn &amp;amp; Catherine Howard 
+
+      were descended from which English king?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry 
+
+        III&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry IV&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward 
+
+        I&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward II&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Where was Edward VI born?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Greenwich 
+
+        Palace&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Westminster Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Where did Mary I marry her 
+
+    husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Westminster 
+
+        Abbey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Winchester Cathedral&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;St 
+
+        Paul's Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;York Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. What year did the Pope excommunicate 
+
+      Elizabeth I?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1558&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1565&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1570&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1585&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;48&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Which cousin of Elizabeth I's 
+
+      did Robert Dudley marry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;48&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lettice 
+
+        Knollys&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane Carey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Catherine Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;68&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. In what year was Wales officially 
+
+      incorporated into England (thus ending its status as a separate 
+
+      province)?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;68&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1491&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1509&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1521&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. During Edward VI's reign, the Scots were 
+
+      defeated at the battle of....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Lochleven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pinkie&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Leith&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Perth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;some questions submitted by Tracey &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;whom I once titled 
+
+Tracey the Magnificent, but now I'll call her Tracey the Quizzerific&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082612&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082612&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6e5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6e5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6e5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9425</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6e5ccb060a9f2a683b45e1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6e5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Greenwich Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Chapel of the Observant Friars&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  duchess of Norfolk&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Thomas Cranmer&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Lady Bryan&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Enfield&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  1548&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  'Sweet Sister Temperance'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt; 
+
+
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I, quiz one&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+      &lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=491 border=0&gt;
+
+ 
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=567 border=0 height=&quot;566&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. In which palace was Elizabeth born in 
+
+      1533?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Hampton 
+
+        Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Greenwich Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Whitehall 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Where was her christening 
+
+      held?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the Queen's 
+
+        Chapel&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Lady Chapel&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Chapel of the 
+
+        Reformed Friars&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Chapel of the Observant 
+
+        Friars&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. Which lady carried Elizabeth to her 
+
+      christening?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;duchess of 
+
+        Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;countess of Kent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;countess of 
+
+        Shrewsbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duchess of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;37&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Who was Elizabeth's 
+
+      godfather?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;37&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles 
+
+        Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Wyatt&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who was Elizabeth's first 
+
+      governess?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Katharine 
+
+        Ashley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Tuke&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Bryan&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Elizabeth's cradle was lined with what 
+
+      color satin?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Blue&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Purple&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;White&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. After Henry VIII's death, Elizabeth was moved 
+
+      to which royal house?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Enfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hatfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nonsuch Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. In what year was Elizabeth's first 
+
+      book published?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1548&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1550&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1555&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1562&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;What nickname did Edward VI have for 
+
+      Elizabeth?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;'Rose without a 
+
+        Thorn'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;'Lady Virtue'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;'Sweet Sister 
+
+        Temperance'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;'Sweet Sister 
+
+Felicity'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;63&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. At her sister Mary's coronation in 1553, 
+
+      Elizabeth wore a robe of what color?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;63&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Violet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;White&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Blue&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082612&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082612&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6edc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6edc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6edc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9850</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6edccc060aa32a703b5601</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6edc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Lady Margaret Douglas&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  she carried the queen's train&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  white&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Bell Tower&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  two months&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Woodstock&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Sir Thomas Pope&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  duke of Savoy&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  three&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. 28 November 1558&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+3 face=&quot;Dolphin&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+2&gt;Elizabeth I, quiz two&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- The following section is an HTML table which reassembles the sliced image in a browser. Copy the table section including the opening and closing table tags, and paste the data where you want the reassembled image to appear in the destination document. --&gt;&lt;!-------------------------- BEGIN COPYING THE TABLE HERE ---------------------------&gt;&lt;!-- Image with table --&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+
+
+     
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=572 border=0 height=&quot;643&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. At Mary I's court, which cousin had precedence 
+
+      over Elizabeth?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Margaret 
+
+        Douglas&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Katherine Knollys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Mary 
+
+        Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Constance Sidney&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;What role did Elizabeth have at 
+
+      Mary's coronation?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she had no 
+
+        role&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she carried a cross&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she carried the 
+
+        queen's train&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she recited the Lord's 
+
+      Prayer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. In 1554, Elizabeth was summoned to London after 
+
+      the Wyatt rebellion.&amp;nbsp; On her trip, she wore a gown of what 
+
+      color?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;black&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;red&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Where was Elizabeth imprisoned 
+
+      within the Tower of London in 1554?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Bell 
+
+        Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;White Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;King William's 
+
+        Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Queen's House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How long was Elizabeth held in the 
+
+      Tower?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;a 
+
+        fortnight&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;one year&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;six 
+
+        months&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;two months&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Elizabeth lived in what manor when Mary 
+
+      I married Philip of Spain?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Oatlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Woodstock&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hatfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Enfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. Who was Elizabeth's custodian at Hatfield in 
+
+      1556?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Sir Thomas 
+
+        Parry&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sir Henry Bedingfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sir Thomas 
+
+        Pope&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sir John Paulet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. To whom did Philip of Spain wish to 
+
+      marry Elizabeth?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;duke of 
+
+        Anjou&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of Alencon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of 
+
+        Milan&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of Savoy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How many days passed after Mary I's 
+
+      death before Elizabeth met with her new Council?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;One&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Three&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Five&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Seven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. On what day did Elizabeth enter London as 
+
+      queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;23 November 
+
+        1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 November 1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;26 November 
+
+        1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;28 November 
+
+1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to 
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082613&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082613&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6f5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6f5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6f5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9326</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quizzes</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f5ccd060aa72a783b6621</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215255</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius!- 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  39&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  23 yards&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  15 January 1559&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  10 hours&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  bishop of Carlisle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Lady Mary Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Semper Eadem&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  1558&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  1562&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. when he was proposed as a bridegroom for the queen of Scots&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #990000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=Dolphin size=6&gt;Tudor Quiz&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;zes:&lt;BR&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;Elizabeth I, quiz three &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=755 border=0 height=&quot;527&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. How many ladies attended Elizabeth at her 
+
+      coronation?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;14&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;27&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;39&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;45&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;At her coronation, Elizabeth wore 
+
+      a mantle of cloth of gold and silver.&amp;nbsp; How many yards of cloth were 
+
+      used to make it?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;11 yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;17 
+
+        yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;20 yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 
+
+    yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. On what day was her coronation?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;15 January 
+
+        1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;18 January 1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;21 January 
+
+        1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 January 1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt; How long did the banquet after her 
+
+      coronation last?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;10 
+
+        hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;14 
+
+    hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who crowned Elizabeth at Westminster 
+
+      Abbey?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;archbishop of 
+
+        Canterbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;bishop of Durham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;bishop of 
+
+        Carlisle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;bishop of York&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Which lady-in-waiting publicly offended 
+
+      the queen by dressing too well in 1559?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Lettice 
+
+        Knollys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Mary Howard&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady 
+
+        Frances Sidney&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. What was Elizabeth's motto as 
+
+    queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Dieu et Mon 
+
+        Droit&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Veritas Temporis Filia&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;In Omnia 
+
+        Paratus&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Semper Eadem&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. In what year did Mary, queen of 
+
+      Scots first assume the title 'Queen of England'?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1560&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1564&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1571&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;In what year did Elizabeth almost die of 
+
+      smallpox?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1560&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1562&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1565&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. When did Elizabeth actually title Robert 
+
+      Dudley the 'earl of Leicester'?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;when he was proposed as a 
+
+        bridegroom for Mary queen of Scots&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;when his wife 
+
+        died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;at her coronation&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;when he was sent 
+
+        to command troops in the Netherlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082613&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082613&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6fdc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6fdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH6fdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8944</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6fdcce060aab2a803b7641</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215256</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6fdc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  May 2nd&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Tower of London&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Mark Smeaton&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Thomas Lovell&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  23 pds&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  duke of Norfolk&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  20 pds&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  sheriff of London&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Thomas Cranmer&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. eleven days&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;The Trial and Execution of Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=528 border=0 height=&quot;604&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. On what day was Anne arrested?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;May 1st&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;May 
+
+        2nd&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;May 3rd&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;May 
+
+4th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Where was Anne's trial 
+
+      held?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Westminster 
+
+        Hall&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Tower of London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Whitehall 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. Which of the following men confessed to 
+
+      committing adultery with Anne?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry 
+
+        Norris&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francis 
+
+        Weston&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mark Smeaton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt; Which of the following men was 
+
+      &lt;U&gt;not&lt;/U&gt; convicted of adultery with Anne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Lovell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;George Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francis 
+
+        Weston&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;William Brereton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How much was the headsman from Calais 
+
+      paid to execute Anne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;11 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;17 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;31 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;6. Who presided in place of the king at her 
+
+      trial?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;duke of 
+
+        Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of 
+
+        Nottingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of Northumberland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. At her execution, how much did Anne distribute 
+
+      in alms?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;15 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;20 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;24 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. Who escorted Anne to the 
+
+      scaffold?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the mayor of 
+
+        London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the constable of the Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her 
+
+        almoner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the sheriff of 
+
+  London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Which of the following men wept on the 
+
+      day of Anne's execution?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duke of 
+
+        Nofolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;King Henry VIII&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. How many days did Henry VIII wait after Anne's 
+
+      execution before marrying again?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;five 
+
+        days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;seven days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;nine 
+
+        days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;eleven 
+
+days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082614&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082614&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH704a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH704a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH704a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,713 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">51311</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter VII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH704aa5ee186f0ac9ae7fbd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH704a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER VII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;THE PAPAL ATTACK: 1570-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;SOVEREIGNS and statesmen in the sixteenth century are to be 
+    honoured or condemned according to the degree in which they aimed on the one 
+    hand at preserving political order, and on the other at allowing freedom of 
+    opinion. It was not always easy to reconcile these two aims. The first was a 
+    temporary necessity, and yet was the more urgent--as indeed is always the 
+    case with the tasks of the--statesman. He is responsible for the present; it 
+    is not for him to attempt to provide for a remote future. Political order 
+    and the material well-being of nations may be disastrously impaired by the 
+    imprudence or weakness of a ruler. Thought, after all, may be trusted to 
+    take care of itself in the long-run. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To the modern Liberal, with his doctrine of absolute 
+    religious equality, toleration seems an insult, and anything short of 
+    toleration is regarded as persecution. In the sixteenth century the most 
+    advanced statesmen did not see their way to proclaim freedom of public 
+    worship and of religious discussion. It was much if they tolerated freedom 
+    of opinion, and connived at a quiet, private propagation of other religions 
+    than those established by law. It would be wrong to condemn and despise them 
+    as actuated by superstition and narrow-minded prejudice. Their motives were 
+    mainly political, and it is reasonable to suppose that they knew better than 
+    we do whether a larger toleration was compatible with public order. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We have seen that under the Act of Supremacy, in the first 
+    year of Elizabeth, the oath was only tendered to persons holding office, 
+    spiritual or temporal, under the crown, and that the penalty for refusing it 
+    was only deprivation. But in her fifth year (1563), it was enacted that the 
+    oath might be tendered to members of the House of Commons, schoolmasters, 
+    and attorneys, who, if they refused it, might be punished by forfeiture of 
+    property and perpetual imprisonment. To those who had held any 
+    ecclesiastical office, or who should openly disapprove of the established 
+    worship, or celebrate or hear mass, the oath might be tendered a second 
+    time, with the penalties of high treason for refusal. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;That this law authorised an atrocious persecution cannot be 
+    disputed, and there is no doubt that many zealous Protestants wished it to 
+    be enforced. But the practical question is, Was it enforced? The government 
+    wished to be armed with the power of using it, and for the purpose of 
+    expelling Catholics from offices it was extensively used. But no one was at 
+    this time visited with the severer penalties, the bishops having been 
+    privately forbidden to tender the oath a second time to any one without 
+    special instructions. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Act of Uniformity, passed in the first year of 
+    Elizabeth, prohibited the use of any but the established liturgy, whether in 
+    public or private, under pain of perpetual imprisonment for the third 
+    offence, and imposed a fine of one shilling on recusants--that is, upon 
+    persons who absented themselves from church on Sundays and holidays. To what 
+    extent Catholics were interfered with under this Act has been a matter of 
+    much dispute. Most of them, during the first eleven years of Elizabeth, 
+    either from ignorance or worldliness, treated the Anglican service as 
+    equivalent to the Catholic, and made no difficulty about attending church, 
+    even after this compliance with the law had been forbidden by Pius IV in the 
+    sixth year of Elizabeth. Only the more scrupulous absented themselves, and 
+    called in the ministrations of the &amp;quot;old priests,&amp;quot; who with more or less 
+    secrecy said mass in private houses. Some of these offenders were certainly 
+    punished before Elizabeth had been two years on the throne. The enforcement 
+    of laws was by no means so uniform in those days as it is now. Much depended 
+    on the leanings of the noblemen and justices of the peace in different 
+    localities. Both from disposition and policy Elizabeth desired, as a general 
+    rule, to connive at Catholic nonconformity when it did not take an 
+    aggressive and fanatical form. But she had no scruple about applying the 
+    penalties of these Acts to individuals who for any reason, religious or 
+    political, were specially obnoxious to her. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;So things went on till the northern insurrection: the laws 
+    authorising a searching and sanguinary persecution; the Government, much to 
+    the disgust of zealous Protestants, declining to put those laws in 
+    execution. Judged by modern ideas, the position of the Catholics was 
+    intolerable; but if measured by the principles of government then 
+    universally accepted, or if compared with the treatment of persons ever so 
+    slightly suspected of heresy in countries cursed with the Inquisition, it 
+    was not a position of which they had any great reason to complain; nor did 
+    the large majority of them complain. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Pope Pius IV (1559-1566) was comparatively cautious and 
+    circumspect in his attitude towards Elizabeth. But his successor Pius V 
+    (1566-1572), having made up his mind that her destruction was the one thing 
+    necessary for the defeat of heresy in Europe, strove to stir up against her 
+    rebellion at home and invasion from abroad. A bull deposing her, and 
+    absolving her subjects from their allegiance, was drawn up. But while Pius, 
+    conscious of the offence which it would give to all the sovereigns of 
+    Europe, delayed to issue it, the northern rebellion flared up and was 
+    trampled out. The absence of such a bull was by many Catholics made an 
+    excuse for holding aloof from the rebel earls. When it was too late the bull 
+    was issued (February 1570). Philip and Charles IX--sovereigns first and 
+    Catholics afterwards--refused to let it be published in their dominions. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;After the northern insurrection the Queen issued a 
+    remarkable appeal to her people, which was ordered to be placarded in every 
+    parish, and read in every church. She could point with honest pride to 
+    eleven years of such peace abroad and tranquillity at home as no living 
+    Englishman could remember. Her economy had enabled her to conduct the 
+    government without any of the illegal exactions to which former sovereigns 
+    had resorted. &amp;quot;She had never sought the life, the blood, the goods, the 
+    houses, estates or lands of any person in her dominions.&amp;quot; This happy state 
+    of things the rebels had tried to disturb on pretext of religion. They had 
+    no real grievance on that score. Attendance at parish church was indeed 
+    obligatory by law, though, she might have added, it was very loosely 
+    enforced. But she disclaimed any wish to pry into opinions, or to inquire in 
+    what sense any one understood rites or ceremonies. In other words, the 
+    language of the communion service was not incompatible with the doctrine of 
+    transubstantiation, and loyal Catholics were at liberty, were almost 
+    invited, to interpret it in that sense if they liked. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This compromise between their religious and political 
+    obligations had in fact been hitherto adopted by the large majority of 
+    English Catholics. But a time was come when it was to be no longer possible 
+    for them. They were summoned to make their choice between their duty as 
+    citizens and their duty as Catholics. The summons had come, not from the 
+    Queen, but from the Pope, and it is not strange that they had thenceforth a 
+    harder time of it. Many of them, indignant with the Pope for bringing 
+    trouble upon them, gave up the struggle and conformed to the Established 
+    Church. The temper of the rest became more bitter and dangerous. The Puritan 
+    Parliament of 1571 passed a bill to compel all persons not only to attend 
+    church, but to receive the communion twice a year; and another making formal 
+    reconciliation to the Church of Rome high treason both for the convert and 
+    the priest who should receive him. Here we have the persecuting spirit, 
+    which was as inherent in the zealous Protestant as in the zealous Catholic. 
+    Attempts to excuse such legislation, as prompted by political reasons, can 
+    only move the disgust of every honest-minded man. The first of these bills 
+    did not receive the royal assent, though Cecil--just made Lord Burghley--had 
+    strenuously pushed it through the Upper House. Elizabeth probably saw that 
+    its only effect would be to enable the Protestant zealots in every parish to 
+    enjoy the luxury of harassing their quiet Catholic neighbours, who attended 
+    church but would scruple to take the sacrament. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Protestant spirit of this House of Commons showed itself 
+    not only in laws for strengthening the Government and persecuting the 
+    Catholics, but in attempts to puritanise the Prayer-book, which much 
+    displeased the Queen. Strickland, one of the Puritan leaders, was forbidden 
+    to attend the House. But such was the irritation caused by this invasion of 
+    its privileges, that the prohibition was removed after one day. It was in 
+    this session of Parliament that the doctrines of the Church of England were 
+    finally determined by the imposition on the clergy of the Thirty-nine 
+    Articles, which, as every one knows, are much more Protestant than the 
+    Prayer-book. Till then they had only had the sanction of Convocation. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;During the first forty years or so, from the beginning of 
+    the Reformation, Protestantism spread in most parts of Europe with great 
+    rapidity. It was not merely an intellectual revolt against doctrines no 
+    longer credible. The numbers of the reformers were swelled, and their force 
+    intensified by the flocking in of pious souls, athirst for personal 
+    holiness, and of many others who, without being high-wrought enthusiasts, 
+    were by nature disposed to value whatever seemed to make for a purer 
+    morality. The religion which had nurtured Bernard and Ã Kempis was deserted, 
+    not merely as being untrue, but as incompatible with the highest spiritual 
+    life--nay, as positively corrupting to society. This imagination, of course, 
+    had but a short day. The return to the Bible and the doctrines of primitive 
+    Christianity, the deliverance from &amp;quot;the Bishop of Rome and his detestable 
+    enormities,&amp;quot; were not found to be followed by any general improvement of 
+    morals in Protestant countries. He that was unjust was unjust still; he that 
+    was filthy was filthy still. The repulsive contrast too often seen between 
+    sanctimonious professions and unscrupulous conduct contributed to the 
+    disenchantment. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the meanwhile a great regeneration was going on within 
+    the Catholic Church itself. Signs of this can be detected quite as early as 
+    the first rise of Protestantism. It is, therefore, not to be attributed to 
+    Protestant teaching and example, though doubtless the rivalry of the younger 
+    religion stimulated the best energies of the older. No long time elapsed 
+    before this regeneration had worked its way to the highest places in the 
+    Church. The Popes by whom Elizabeth was confronted were all men of pure 
+    lives and single-hearted devotion to the Catholic cause. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The last two years of the Council of Trent (1562-3) were the 
+    starting-point of the modern Catholic Church. Many proposals had been made 
+    for compromise with Protestantism. But the Fathers of Trent saw that the 
+    only chance of survival for a Church claiming to be Catholic was to remain 
+    on the old lines. By the canons and decrees of the Council, ratified by Pius 
+    IV., the old doctrines and discipline were confirmed and definitely 
+    formulated. One branch indeed of the Papal power was irretrievably gone. 
+    Royal authority had become absolute, and the kings, including Philip II., 
+    refused to tolerate any interference with it. The Papacy had to acquiesce in 
+    the loss of its power over sovereigns. But as regards the bishops and 
+    clergy, and things strictly appertaining to religion, its spiritual 
+    autocracy, which the great councils of the last century had aimed at 
+    breaking, was re-established, and has continued. The new situation, though 
+    it seemed to place the Popes on a humbler footing than in the days of 
+    Gregory VII. or Innocent III., was a healthy one. It confined them to their 
+    spiritual domain, and drove them to make the best of it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Until the decrees of the Council of Trent, the split between 
+    Protestants and Catholics was not definitely and irrevocably decided. Many 
+    on both sides had shrunk from admitting it. The Catholic world might seem to 
+    be narrowed by the defection of the Protestant States. But all the more 
+    clearly did it appear that a Church claiming to be universal is not 
+    concerned with political boundaries. The resistance to the spread of heresy 
+    had hitherto consisted of many local struggles, in which the repressive 
+    measures had emanated from the orthodox sovereigns, and had therefore been 
+    fitful and unconnected. But not long after the Tridentine reorganisation, 
+    the Pope appears again as commander-in-chief of the Catholic forces, 
+    surveying and directing combined operations from one end of Europe to the 
+    other. Pius IV. had been with difficulty prevented by Philip from 
+    excommunicating Elizabeth. Pius V had launched his bull, as we have seen, a 
+    few months too late (1570); and even then it was not allowed to be published 
+    in either Spain or France. The life of that Pope was wasted in earnest 
+    remonstrances with the Catholic sovereigns for not executing the sentence of 
+    the Church against the heretic Queen. Gregory XIII, who succeeded him just 
+    before the Bartholomew Massacre, took the attack into his own hands. He was 
+    a warm patron of the Jesuits, who were especially devoted to the 
+    centralising system re-established at Trent. He and they had made up their 
+    minds that England was the key of the Protestant position; that until 
+    Elizabeth was removed no advance was to be hoped for anywhere. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The decline of a religion may be accompanied by a positive 
+    increase of earnestness and activity on the part of its remaining votaries, 
+    deluding them into a belief that they are but passing through, or have 
+    successfully passed through, a period of temporary depression and eclipse. 
+    Among the Catholics of the latter part of the sixteenth century there was 
+    all the enthusiasm of a religious revival. In no place did this show itself 
+    more than at Oxford. There the weak points of popular movements have never 
+    been allowed to pass without challenge, and what is really valuable or 
+    beautiful in time worn faiths has been sure of receiving fair-play and 
+    something more. The gloss of the Reformation was already worn off. The 
+    worldly and carnal were its supporters and directors. It no longer demanded 
+    enthusiasm and sacrifice. It walked in purple and fine linen. Young men of 
+    quick intellect and high aspirations who, a generation earlier, would have 
+    been captivated by its fair promise and have thrown themselves into its 
+    current, yielded now to the eternal spell of the older Church, cleansed as 
+    she was of her pollutions, and purged of her dross by the discipline of 
+    adversity. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The leader of these Oxford enthusiasts was a young fellow of 
+    Oriel, William Allen. In the third year of Elizabeth, at the age of 
+    twenty-eight, he resigned the Principalship of St. Mary Hall. The next eight 
+    years were spent partly abroad, partly in secret missionary work in England, 
+    carried on at the peril of his life. The old priests, who with more or less 
+    concealment and danger continued to exercise their office among the English 
+    Catholics, were gradually dying off. In order to train successors to them, 
+    Allen founded an English seminary at Douai (1568). To this important step it 
+    was mainly due that the Catholic religion did not become extinct in this 
+    country. In the first five years of its existence the college at Douai sent 
+    nearly a hundred priests to England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was the aim of Allen to put an end to the practical 
+    toleration allowed to Catholic laymen of the quieter sort. The Catholic who 
+    began by putting in the compulsory number of attendances at his parish 
+    church was likely to end by giving up his faith altogether. If he did not, 
+    his son would. Allen deliberately preferred a sweeping persecution--one that 
+    would make the position of Catholics intolerable, and ripen them for 
+    rebellion. He wanted martyrs. The ardent young men whom he trained at Douai 
+    and (after 1578) at Rheims, went back to their native land with the clear 
+    understanding that of all the services they could render to the Church the 
+    greatest would be to die under the hangman's knife. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Gregory XIII hoped great things from Allen's seminary, and 
+    furnished funds for its support. In 1579 Allen went to Rome, and enlisted 
+    the support of Mercurian, General of the Jesuits. Two English Jesuits, 
+    Robert Parsons and Edward Campion, exfellows of Balliol and St. John's, were 
+    selected as missionaries. Campion was eight years younger than Allen. He had 
+    had a brilliant career at Oxford, being especially distinguished for his 
+    eloquence. He was at that time personally known to both Cecil and the Queen, 
+    and enjoyed their favour. He took deacon's orders in 1568, but not long 
+    afterwards joined Allen at Douai, and formally abjured the Anglican Church. 
+    He had been six years a Jesuit when he was despatched on his dangerous 
+    mission to England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Tired of waiting for the initiative of Philip, Gregory XIII. 
+    and the Jesuits had planned a threefold attack on Elizabeth in England, 
+    Scotland, and Ireland. In England a revivalist movement was to be carried on 
+    among the Catholics by the missionaries. Catholic writers have been at great 
+    pains to argue that this was a purely religious movement, prosecuted with 
+    the single object of saving souls. The Jesuits have always known their men 
+    and employed them with discrimination. Saving of souls was very likely the 
+    simple object of a man of Campion's saintly and exalted nature. He himself 
+    declared that he had been strictly forbidden to meddle with worldly concerns 
+    or affairs of State, and nothing inconsistent with this declaration was 
+    proved against him at his trial. But without laying any stress on statements 
+    extracted from prisoners under torture, we cannot doubt that his employers 
+    aimed at re-establishing Catholicism in England by rebellion and foreign 
+    invasion. This was thoroughly understood by every missionary who crossed the 
+    sea; and if Campion never alluded to it even in his most familiar 
+    conversations he must have had an extraordinary control over his tongue. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The evidence that the assassination of the Queen was a 
+    recognised part of the Jesuit plan, determined by the master spirits and 
+    accepted by all the subordinate agents, is perhaps not quite conclusive. If 
+    proved, it would only show that they were not more scrupulous than most 
+    statesmen and politicians of the time. Lax as sixteenth century notions were 
+    about political murder, there were always some consciences more tender than 
+    others. It is likely enough that Campion personally disapproved of such 
+    projects, and that they were not thrust upon his attention. But he can 
+    hardly have avoided being aware that they were contemplated by the less 
+    squeamish of his brethren. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Campion and Parsons came to England in disguise in the 
+    summer of 1580. Their mission was not a success. It only served to show how 
+    much more securely Elizabeth was seated on her throne than in the earlier 
+    years of her reign. In his letters to Rome, Campion boasts of the welcome he 
+    met with everywhere, the crowds that attended his preaching, the ardour of 
+    the Catholics, and the disrepute into which Protestantism was falling. He 
+    had evidently worked himself up to such a state of ecstasy that he was 
+    living in a world of his own imagination, and was no competent witness of 
+    facts. He crept about England in various disguises, and when he was in 
+    districts where the nobles and gentry favoured the old religion, he preached 
+    with a publicity which seems extraordinary to us in these days when the laws 
+    are executed with prompt uniformity by means of railways, telegraphs, and a 
+    well-organised police. In the sixteenth century England had nothing that can 
+    be called an organised machinery for the prevention and detection of crime. 
+    If an outbreak occurred the Government collected militia, and trampled it 
+    out with an energy that took no account of law and feared no consequences. 
+    But in ordinary times it had to depend on the local justices of the peace 
+    and parish constables, and if they were remiss the laws were a dead letter. 
+    There were no newspapers. The high-roads were few and bad. One parish did 
+    not know what was going on in the next. Campion could be passed on from one 
+    gentleman's house to another on horses quite as good as any officer of the 
+    Government rode, and could travel all over England without ever using a 
+    high-road or showing his face in a town. If he preached to a hundred people 
+    in some Lancashire village, Lord Derby did not want to know it, and before 
+    the news reached Burghley or Walsingham he would be in another county, or 
+    perhaps back in London--then, as now, the safest of all hiding-places. Thus, 
+    though a warrant was issued for his arrest as soon as he arrived in England, 
+    it was not till July in the next year (1581) that he was taken, after an 
+    unusually public and pro. tracted appearance in the neighbourhood of Oxford.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;He had little or nothing to show for his twelve months' 
+    tour, and this although the Government had, as Allen hoped, allowed itself 
+    to be provoked into an increase of severity which seems to have been quite 
+    unnecessary. The large majority of Catholic laymen would evidently have 
+    preferred that both Seminarists and Jesuits should keep away. They did not 
+    want civil war. They did not want to be persecuted. They were against a 
+    foreign invasion, without which they knew very well that Elizabeth could not 
+    be deposed. They were even loyal to her. They were content to wait till she 
+    should disappear in the course of nature and make room for the Queen of 
+    Scots. Mendoza writes to Philip that &amp;quot;they place themselves in the hands of 
+    God, and are willing to sacrifice life and all in the service, &lt;i&gt;but 
+    scarcely with that burning zeal which they ought to show&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;By the bull of Pius V, Englishmen were forbidden to 
+    acknowledge Elizabeth as their Queen; in other words, they were ordered to 
+    expose themselves to the penalties of treason. If the Pope would be 
+    satisfied with nothing less than this, it was quite certain that he would 
+    alienate most of his followers in England. Gregory XIII therefore had 
+    authorised the Jesuits to explain that although the Protestants, by &lt;i&gt;
+    willingly&lt;/i&gt; acknowledging the Queen, were incurring the damnation 
+    pronounced by the bull, Catholics would be excused for &lt;i&gt;unwillingly&lt;/i&gt; 
+    acknowledging her until some opportunity arrived for dethroning her. 
+    Protestant writers have exclaimed against this distinction as treacherous. 
+    It was perfectly reasonable. It represents, for instance, the attitude of 
+    every Alsatian who accords an unwilling recognition to the German Emperor. 
+    But the English Government intolerantly and unwisely made it the occasion 
+    for harassing the consciences of men who were most of them guiltless of any 
+    intention to rebel. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Amongst other persecuting laws passed early in 1581, was one 
+    which raised the fine for non-attendance at church to twenty pounds a month. 
+    Such a measure was calculated to excite much more wide-spread disaffection 
+    than the hanging of a few priests. It was not intended to be a &lt;i&gt;brutum 
+    fulmen&lt;/i&gt;. The names of all recusants in each parish were returned to the 
+    Council. They amounted to about 50,000, and the fines exacted became a not 
+    inconsiderable item in the royal revenue. That number certainly formed but a 
+    small portion of the Catholic population. But if all the rest had been in 
+    the habit of going to church, contrary to the Pope's express injunction, 
+    rather than pay a small fine, the Government ought to have seen that they 
+    were not the stuff of which rebels are made. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Campion, after being compelled by torture to disclose the 
+    names of his hosts in different counties, was called on to maintain the 
+    Catholic doctrines in a three days' discussion before a large audience 
+    against four Protestant divines, who do not seem to have been ashamed of 
+    themselves. He was offered pardon if he would attend once in church. As he 
+    steadfastly refused, he was racked again till his limbs were dislocated. 
+    When he had partially recovered he was put on his trial, along with several 
+    of his companions, not under any of the recent anti-catholic laws but under 
+    the ordinary statute of Edward III., for &amp;quot;compassing and imagining the 
+    Queen's death&amp;quot;--such a horror had the Burghleys and Walsinghams of anything 
+    like religious persecution! Being unable to hold up his hand to plead Not 
+    Guilty, &amp;quot;two of his companions raised it for him, first kissing the broken 
+    joints.&amp;quot; According to Mendoza (whom on other occasions we are invited to 
+    accept as a witness of truth), his nails had been torn from his fingers. 
+    Apart from his religious belief nothing treasonable was proved against him 
+    in deed or word. He acknowledged Elizabeth for his rightful sovereign, as 
+    the new interpretation of the papal bull permitted him to do, but he 
+    declined to give any opinion about the Pope's right to depose princes. This 
+    was enough for the judge and jury, and he was found guilty. At the place of 
+    execution he was again offered his pardon if he would deny the papal right 
+    of deposition, or even hear a Protestant sermon. He wished the Queen a long 
+    and quiet reign and all prosperity, but more he would not say. At the 
+    quartering &amp;quot;a drop of blood spirted on the clothes of a youth named Henry 
+    Walpole, to whom it came as a divine command. Walpole, converted on the 
+    spot, became a Jesuit, and soon after met the same fate on the same spot.&amp;quot;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Mr. Froude's comment is that &amp;quot;if it be lawful in defence of 
+    national independence to kill open enemies in war, it is more lawful to 
+    execute the secret conspirator who is teaching doctrines in the name of God 
+    which are certain to be fatal to it.&amp;quot; It would perhaps be enough to remark 
+    that this reasoning amply justifies some of the worst atrocities of the 
+    French Revolution. Hallam and Macaulay have condemned it by anticipation in 
+    language which will commend itself to all who are not swayed by religious, 
+    or, what is more offensive, anti-religious bigotry.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Cruel as the English criminal law was, and long remained, it 
+    never authorised the use of torture to extract confession. The rack in the 
+    Tower is said to have made its appearance, with other innovations of 
+    absolute government, in the reign of Edward IV But it seems to have been 
+    little used before the reign of Elizabeth, under whom it became the ordinary 
+    preliminary to a political trial. For this the chief blame must rest 
+    personally on Burghley. Opinions may differ as to his rank as a statesman, 
+    but no one will contest his eminent talents as a minister of police. In the 
+    former capacity he had sufficient sense of shame to publish a Pecksniffian 
+    apology for his employment of the rack. &amp;quot;None,&amp;quot; he says, &amp;quot;of those who were 
+    at any time put to the rack were asked, during their torture, any question 
+    as to points of doctrine, but merely concerning their plots and 
+    conspiracies, and the persons with whom they had dealings, and &lt;i&gt;what was 
+    their own opinion&lt;/i&gt; as to the Pope's right to deprive the Queen of her 
+    crown.&amp;quot; What was this but a point of doctrine? The wretched victim who 
+    conscientiously believed it (as all Christendom once did), but wished to 
+    save himself by silence, was driven either to tell a lie or to consign 
+    himself to rope and knife. &amp;quot;The Queen's servants, the warders, whose office 
+    and act it is to handle the rack, were ever, by those that attended the 
+    examinations, specially charged to use it in so charitable a manner as such 
+    a thing might be.&amp;quot; It may be hoped that there are not many who would dissent 
+    from Hallam's remark that &amp;quot;such miserable excuses serve only to mingle 
+    contempt with our detestation.&amp;quot; He adds: &amp;quot;It is due to Elizabeth to observe 
+    that she ordered the torture to be disused.&amp;quot; I do not know what authority 
+    there is for this statement. Three years later the Protestant Archbishop of 
+    Dublin was puzzled how to torture the Catholic Archbishop of Cashel, because 
+    there was no &amp;quot;rack or other engine&amp;quot; in Dublin. Walsingham, on being 
+    consulted, suggested that his feet might be toasted against the fire, which 
+    was accordingly done. Some of the Anglican bishops, as might be expected 
+    from fanatics, were forward in recommending torture. But Cecil was no more 
+    of a fanatic than his mistress. What both of them cared for was not a 
+    particular religious belief--they bad both of them conformed to Popery under 
+    Queen Mary--but the sovereign's claim to prescribe religious belief, or 
+    rather religious profession, and they were provoked with the missionaries 
+    for thwarting them. Provoking it was, no doubt. But everything seems to show 
+    that it would have been better to pursue the earlier policy of the reign; to 
+    be content with enacting severe laws which practically were not put into 
+    execution. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The English branch of the Jesuit attack was, for political 
+    purposes, a dead failure. A few persons of rank, who at heart were Catholics 
+    before, were formally reconciled to the Pope. Mendoza claims that among them 
+    were six peers whose names he conceals. These peers, if he is to be 
+    believed, were treasonable enough in their designs. But, even by his 
+    account, they were determined not to stir unless a foreign army should have 
+    first entered England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;How far Mendoza's master was from seeing his way to attack 
+    England at this time was strikingly shown by his behaviour under the most 
+    audacious outrage that Elizabeth had yet inflicted on him. Some twelve 
+    months before (October 1580), Drake had returned from his famous voyage 
+    round the world. That voyage was nothing else than a piratical expedition, 
+    for which it was notorious that the funds had been mainly furnished by 
+    Elizabeth and Leicester. On sea and land Drake had robbed Philip of gold, 
+    silver, and precious stones to the value of at least Â£750,000. In vain did 
+    Mendoza clamour for restitution and talk about war. Elizabeth kept the 
+    booty, knighted Drake, and openly showed him every mark of confidence and 
+    favour. When Mendoza told her that as she would not hear words, they must 
+    come to cannon and see if she would hear them, she replied (&amp;quot;quietly in her 
+    most natural voice&amp;quot;) that, if he used threats of that kind, she would throw 
+    him into prison. The correspondence between the Spanish ambassador and his 
+    master shows that, however big they might talk about cannon, they felt 
+    themselves paralysed by Elizabeth's intimate relations with France. She had 
+    managed to keep free from any offensive alliance with Henry III. But at the 
+    first sound of the Spanish cannon she could have it. She was, therefore, 
+    secure. Probably the whole history of diplomacy does not show another 
+    instance of such a complicated balance of forces so dexterously manipulated.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Irish branch of the Papal attack, the landing of the 
+    legate Sanders, the insurrection of Desmond (1579-1583), the massacre of the 
+    Pope's Italian soldiers at Smerwick (1580), must be passed over here. It is 
+    enough to say that, in Ireland, too, the Catholics were beaten. We turn now 
+    to their attempt to get hold of Scotland (1579-1582). &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Scotland was in a state of anarchy, from which it could only 
+    be rescued by an able and courageous king. The nobles, instead of becoming 
+    weaker, as elsewhere, had acquired a strength and independence greater even 
+    than their fathers had enjoyed. Thirty years earlier, the Church had 
+    possessed quite half the land of the country, and had steadily supported the 
+    crown. Almost the whole of this wealth had been seized in one form or 
+    another by the nobles. And though, as compared with English noblemen, they 
+    were still poor in money, they were much bigger men relatively to their 
+    sovereign. The power of the crown was extensive enough in theory. What was 
+    wanted was a king who should know how to convert it into a reality. That was 
+    more than any regent could do. Even Moray had not succeeded. The house of 
+    Douglas was one of the most powerful in Scotland, and Morton, who had been 
+    looked on as its head during the minority of the Earl of Angus, was an able 
+    and daring man. But he had not the large views, the public spirit, or the 
+    integrity of Moray. He was feared by all, hated by many, respected by none. 
+    As a mere party chief, no one would have been better able to hold his own. 
+    As representing the crown, he had every man's hand against him. To subsidise 
+    such a man was perfectly useless. If Elizabeth was to make his cause her 
+    own, she might just as well undertake the conquest of Scotland at once. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The essence of the good understanding between England and 
+    France was that both countries should keep their hands off Scotland. 
+    Elizabeth, knowing that if worst came to worst, she could always be 
+    beforehand with France in the northern kingdom, could afford to respect this 
+    arrangement, and she did mean to respect it, France, on the other hand, 
+    being also well aware of the advantage given to England by geographical 
+    situation, was always tempted to steal a march on her, and even when most 
+    desirous of her alliance, never quite gave up intrigues in Scotland. This 
+    was equally the case whatever party was uppermost at the French court, 
+    whether its policy was being directed by the King or by the Duke of Guise.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Jesuits looked on Guise as their fighting man, who was 
+    to do the work which they could not prevail on crowned heads to undertake. 
+    James, though only thirteen, had been declared of age. It was too late to 
+    think of deposing him. If his character was feeble, his understanding and 
+    acquirements were much beyond his years, and his preferences were already a 
+    force to be reckoned with in Scotch politics. His interests were evidently 
+    opposed to those of his mother. But the Jesuits hoped to persuade him that 
+    his seat would never be secure unless he came to a compromise with her on 
+    the terms that he was to accept the crown as her gift and recognise her 
+    joint-sovereignty. This would throw him entirely into the hands of the 
+    Catholic nobles, and would be a virtual declaration of war against 
+    Elizabeth. He would have to proclaim himself a Catholic, and call in the 
+    French. It was hoped that Philip, jealous though he had always been of 
+    French interference, would not object to an expedition warranted by the 
+    Jesuits and commanded by Guise, who was more and more sinking into a tool of 
+    Spain and Rome. A combined army of Scotch and French would pour across the 
+    Border. It would be joined by the English Catholics. Elizabeth would be 
+    deposed, and Mary set on the throne. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was a pretty scheme on paper, but certain to break down 
+    in every stage of its execution. James might chaffer with his mother; but, 
+    young as he was, he knew well that she meant to overreach him. He would be 
+    glad enough to get rid of Morton, but he did not want to be a puppet in the 
+    hands of the Marians. He did not like the Presbyterian preachers; but the 
+    young pedant already valued himself on his skill in confuting the apologists 
+    of Popery. He resented Elizabeth's lectures; but he knew that his succession 
+    to the English crown depended on her good will, and he meant to keep on good 
+    terms with her. No approval of the scheme could be obtained from Philip, and 
+    if he did not peremptorily forbid the expedition, it was because he did not 
+    believe it would come off. If a French army had appeared in Scotland, it 
+    would have been treated as all foreigners were in that country. And finally, 
+    if, &lt;i&gt;per impossibile&lt;/i&gt;, the French and Scotch had entered England, they 
+    would have been overwhelmed by such an unanimous uprising of the English 
+    people of all parties and creeds as had never been witnessed in our history.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Historians, who would have us believe that Elizabeth was 
+    constantly bringing England to the verge of ruin by her stinginess and want 
+    of spirit, represent this combination as highly formidable. It required 
+    careful watching; but the only thing that could make it really dangerous was 
+    rash and premature employment of force by England--the course advocated not 
+    only by Burghley, but by the whole Council. Elizabeth seems to have stood 
+    absolutely alone in her opinion; but here, as always, though she allowed her 
+    ministers to speak their minds freely, she did not fear to act on her own 
+    judgment against their unanimous advice. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To carry out their schemes, Guise and the Jesuits sent to 
+    Scotland a nephew of the late Regent Lennox, EsmÃ© Stuart, who had been 
+    brought up in France, and bore the title of Count d'Aubigny (September 
+    1579). He speedily won the heart of the King, who created him Earl, and 
+    afterwards Duke of Lennox. Elizabeth soon obtained proof of his designs, and 
+    urged Morton to resist them by force. But the favourite, professing to be 
+    converted to Protestantism, enlisted the preachers on his side, and, by this 
+    unnatural coalition, Morton was brought to the scaffold (June 1581). During 
+    the interval between his arrest and execution, the English Council were 
+    urgent with Elizabeth to invade Scotland, rescue the Anglophile leader, and 
+    crush Lennox. She went all lengths in the way of threats. Lord Hunsdon was 
+    even ordered to muster an army on the Border. But this last step at once 
+    produced an energetic protest from the French ambassador; and in Scotland 
+    there was a general rally of all parties against the &amp;quot;auld enemies.&amp;quot; 
+    Elizabeth had never meant to make her threats good, and Morton was left to 
+    his fate. She was quite right not to invade Scotland; but, that being her 
+    intention, she should not have tempted Morton to treason by the promise of 
+    her protection. No male statesman would have been so insensible to dishonour.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The death of the man who, next to Moray, had been the 
+    mainstay of the Reformation and the scourge of the Marian party, was 
+    received with a shout of exultation from Catholic Europe. Already in their 
+    heated imaginations the Jesuits saw the Kirk overthrown and the vantage 
+    ground gained for an attack on England. Some modern historians--with less 
+    excuse, since they have the sequel before their eyes --make the same 
+    blunder. The situation was really unchanged. Morton, who had the true 
+    antipathy of a Scottish noble to clerics of all sorts, had plundered the 
+    Kirk ministers, and tried to bring them under the episcopal yoke. He had 
+    quarrelled with most of his old associates of the Congregation. It was their 
+    enmity quite as much as the attack of Lennox that had pulled him down. When 
+    he was out of the way they naturally reverted to an Anglophile policy. The 
+    weakness of the Catholic party was plainly shown by the fact that Lennox 
+    himself, the pupil of the Jesuits, never ventured to throw off the disguise 
+    of a heretic. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The further development of the Jesuit scheme met with 
+    difficulties on all sides. Most even of the Catholic lords were alarmed by 
+    the suggestion that James should hold the crown by the gift of his mother, 
+    because it would imply that hitherto he had not been lawful King; and this 
+    would invalidate their titles to all the lands they had grabbed from Church 
+    and crown during the last fourteen years. It would seem therefore that, if 
+    they had harassed the Government during all that time, it was from a liking 
+    for anarchy rather than from attachment to Mary. Two Jesuits, Crichton and 
+    Holt, who were sent in disguise to Scotland, found Lennox desponding. He was 
+    obliged to confess that, greatly as he had fascinated the King, he could not 
+    move him an inch in his religious opinions. On the contrary, James imagined 
+    that his controversial skill had converted Lennox, and was extremely proud 
+    of the feat. The only course remaining was to seize him, and send him to 
+    France or Spain, Lennox in the meantime administering the Government in the 
+    name of Mary. But to carry out this stroke, Lennox said he must have a 
+    foreign army. In view of the mutual jealousy of France and Spain it was 
+    suggested that, if Philip would furnish money underhand, the Pope might send 
+    an Italian army direct to Scotland, via the Straits of Gibraltar. Crichton 
+    went to Rome to arrange this precious scheme, and Holt was proceeding to 
+    Madrid. But Philip forbade him to come. If Lennox could convert James, or 
+    send him to Spain, well and good. But until one of these preliminaries was 
+    accomplished he was to expect no help from Philip. Nor were prospects more 
+    hopeful on the side of France. Mary from her prison implored Guise to 
+    undertake the long-planned expedition. But he would not venture it without 
+    the assent of his own sovereign and the King of Spain. While he was 
+    hesitating, the Anglophiles patched up their differences and got possession 
+    of the King's person (Raid of Ruthven, August 1582). His tears were 
+    unavailing. &amp;quot;Better bairns greet,&amp;quot; said the Master of Glamis, &amp;quot;than bearded 
+    men.&amp;quot; The favourite fled to France, where he died in the next year. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus once more had it been clearly shown that if the 
+    Anglophiles were left to depend on themselves they would not fail to do all 
+    that was necessary to safeguard English interests. &amp;quot;Anglophiles&amp;quot; is a 
+    convenient appellation. But, strictly speaking, there was no party in 
+    Scotland that loved England. There was a religious party to whom it was of 
+    the highest importance that Elizabeth should be safe and powerful. She was 
+    therefore certain of its co-operation. This party would not be always 
+    uppermost; for Scottish nobles were too selfish, too treacherous, too much 
+    interested in disorder to permit any stability. But, whether in power or in 
+    opposition, it would be able and it would be obliged to serve English 
+    interests. There was only one way in which it could be paralyzed or 
+    alienated, and that was by a recurrence on the part of England to the 
+    traditions of armed interference inherited by Elizabeth's councillors from 
+    Henry VIII, and the Protector Somerset. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such is the plain history of this Jesuit and Papal scheme 
+    which we are asked to believe was so dangerous to England and so 
+    inadequately handled by Elizabeth. She had not shown much concern for her 
+    honour. But her coolness, her intrepidity, her correct estimate of the 
+    forces with which she had to deal, her magnificent confidence in her own 
+    judgment, saved England from the endless expenditure of blood and treasure 
+    into which her advisers would have plunged, and prolonged the formal peace 
+    with her three principal neighbours, a peace of already unexampled duration, 
+    and of incalculable advantage to her country. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The policy which Elizabeth had thus deliberately adopted 
+    towards Scotland she persisted in. The successful Anglophiles clamoured for 
+    pensions, and her ministers were for gratifying them. She was willing to 
+    give a moderate pension to James, but not a penny to the nobles. &amp;quot;Her 
+    servants and favourites,&amp;quot; she said, &amp;quot;professed to love her for her high 
+    qualities, AlenÃ§on for her beauty, and the Scots for her crown; but they all 
+    wanted the same thing in the end; they wanted nothing but her money, and 
+    they should not have it.&amp;quot; She had ascertained that James regarded his mother 
+    as his rival for the crowns of both kingdoms, and that, whatever he might 
+    sometimes pretend, his real wish was that she should be kept under lock and 
+    key. She had also satisfied herself that the Scottish noblemen on whom Mary 
+    counted would, with very few exceptions, throw every difficulty in the way 
+    of her restoration, out of regard for their own private interest--the only
+    &lt;i&gt;datum&lt;/i&gt; from which it was safe to calculate in dealing with a Scottish 
+    nobleman. She therefore felt herself secure. By communicating her knowledge 
+    to Mary she could show her the hopelessness of her intrigues in Scotland; 
+    while a resumption of friendly negotiations for her restoration would always 
+    be a cheap and effectual way of intimidating James. Thus she could look on 
+    with equanimity when his new favourite Stewart, Earl of Arran, again chased 
+    the Anglophiles into England ( December 1583). Arran himself urgently 
+    entreated her to accept him and his young master as the genuine Anglophiles. 
+    Walsingham's voice was still for war. But, with both factions at her feet 
+    and suing for her favour, Elizabeth had good reason to be satisfied with her 
+    policy of leaving the Scottish nobles to worry it out among themselves.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereight.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    VIII: The Protectorate of the Netherlands: 1584-1586&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082626&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082626&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH7689.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH7689.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH7689.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">20109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">films set in 16th century England and Europe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">films set in 16th century England and Europe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Films</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH7689c5a65ded2f2a97ee0d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215245</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7689.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-film.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films-main.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films4.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films5.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films6.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films.gif&quot; width=&quot;302&quot; height=&quot;105&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Films&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;Information about new Tudor-related films can be found 
+        at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmedia.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Media News&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;There have been many films made about the fascinating Tudors and they 
+      range from the sublime to the truly awful, rather like the many 
+      biographies which fill bookstores and bore readers.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-film.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Vanessa Redgrave and Timothy Dalton as Mary and Darnley from 1971's 'Mary Queen of Scots'&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; height=&quot;247&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;Vanessa 
+      Redgrave and Timothy Dalton as Mary and Darnley from 1971's 'Mary Queen of 
+      Scots'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Now if I could make a Tudor film, it would be 
+      a remake of 1971's 'Mary, Queen of Scots' (shown above) with Cate Blanchett as Elizabeth 
+      and Gwyneth Paltrow as Mary.&amp;nbsp; Sadly, no one seems willing to loan me 
+      the money for such a project.....&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      England: Contents&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The films are 
+      listed in chronological order and this list is not definitive.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=231 
+      alt=&quot;Joseph Fiennes and Cate Blanchett in 1998's 'Elizabeth'&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films3.jpg&quot; width=150 border=1 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0282100&quot;&gt;THE PRINCE 
+      AND THE PAUPER (1909 through 2000)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;There 
+      have been numerous adaptations of the classic Mark Twain novel which 
+      begins during the final days of Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; This link will 
+      take you to the most recent version.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0024473&quot;&gt;THE PRIVATE LIFE OF HENRY VIII 
+      (1933)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film stars the great 
+      Charles Laughton as King Henry and beautiful Merle Oberon as Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It's the first 'Tudor movie' I ever watched and still one of the best.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It can be purchased on video.&amp;nbsp; Interesting note - Laughlin's 
+      real-life wife, Elsa Lanchester, plays Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The two later 
+      co-starred in Billy Wilder's superb adaptation of Agatha Christie's 
+      'Witness for the Prosecution', - check it out, it's a fun, suspenseful 
+      film with a different twist ending from the book.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0027948&quot;&gt;MARY OF SCOTLAND 
+      (1936)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film is based upon a 
+      Maxwell Anderson play, and stars Katharine Hepburn as Mary Stuart and the 
+      great Fredric March as Bothwell.&amp;nbsp; It was directed by John Ford.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It can't be purchased; check the cable listings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0028872&quot;&gt;FIRE OVER 
+      ENGLAND (1937)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Vivien Leigh and Laurence 
+      Olivier play lovers against the backdrop of Anglo-Spanish intrigue, with 
+      Flora Robson as Queen Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; This is a nice, swashbuckling 
+      romance with intrigue and intelligent dialogue.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0031826&quot;&gt;THE PRIVATE LIVES OF ELIZABETH AND 
+      ESSEX (1939)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;also called 
+      &lt;I&gt;Elizabeth and Essex &lt;/I&gt;and &lt;I&gt;Elizabeth the Queen&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;This film is based upon the Maxwell Anderson play, as was &lt;I&gt;Anne 
+      of the Thousand Days&lt;/I&gt; (below) and &lt;I&gt;Mary of Scotland&lt;/I&gt; 
+      (above).&amp;nbsp; It has an interesting cast - Bette Davis in her first 
+      incarnation as Queen Elizabeth, the great Errol Flynn as Essex, and Vincent Price 
+      (before he was typecast in horror films) as 
+      Walter Raleigh.&amp;nbsp; It can't be purchased; check the cable 
+      listings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=224 
+      alt=&quot;Gwyneth Paltrow and Joseph Fiennes in 1998's 'Shakespeare in Love'&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films-main.jpg&quot; width=171 border=1 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0046564&quot;&gt;YOUNG BESS 
+      (1953)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Based upon the Margaret Irwin 
+      novel, which has recently been reissued, this film stars Jean Simmons as 
+      Elizabeth Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Charles Laughton reprises his role as Henry VIII 
+      from &lt;I&gt;The Private Life of Henry VIII&lt;/I&gt; (above).&amp;nbsp; The plot is 
+      primarily concerned with Elizabeth's relationship with Thomas Seymour, and 
+      takes great historical liberties; it is entertaining and well done.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It can be purchased on video.&amp;nbsp; And read Irwin's work, too - she's 
+      incredible.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0046387&quot;&gt;THE SWORD 
+      AND THE ROSE (1953)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film tells the 
+      story of Henry VIII's youngest sister Mary and her forbidden love affair 
+      with Charles Brandon.&amp;nbsp; I haven't seen it but several visitors have 
+      told me it's wonderful; you can purchase it on VHS.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0048791&quot;&gt;THE VIRGIN QUEEN 
+      (1955)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Once again, Bette Davis 
+      plays Queen Elizabeth; Richard Todd plays Raleigh and Joan Collins is his 
+      true love.&amp;nbsp; I recently watched it again on AMC; it's colorized and 
+      the men wear a lot of wacky-colored clothes (which is actually realistic, 
+      though jarring.)&amp;nbsp; The dialogue is 
+      witty and Bette Davis is always fun to watch.&amp;nbsp; It can be purchased on 
+      video; also, check the cable listings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0060665&quot;&gt;A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS 
+      (1966)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film is based on 
+      Robert Bolt's play and stars Paul Scofield as Sir Thomas More, executed 
+      for refusing to recognize Henry VIII as head of the English church.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This is a great film worth watching on its own merits, even without its 
+      Tudor connections.&amp;nbsp; The story of More's refusal to betray his 
+      conscience is justly famous and the film is a wonderful tribute to his 
+      life and accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; It is available on dvd.&amp;nbsp; Look out for 
+      the uncredited cameo of Vanessa Redgrave as Anne Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0064030&quot;&gt;ANNE OF THE THOUSAND DAYS 
+      (1969)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film stars Genevieve 
+      Bujold as Anne Boleyn and Richard Burton as Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; It's 
+      entertaining, the supporting actors are good, and Bujold's performance has 
+      grown on me; she shows the vulnerability beneath Anne's wit and charm.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It's based upon Maxwell Anderson's play.&amp;nbsp; If they remade this film, 
+      wouldn't Virginie Ledoyen be the perfect Anne?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;  
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=258 
+      alt=&quot;Richard Burton and Genevieve Bujold in 1969's 'Anne of the Thousand Days'&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films4.jpg&quot; width=171 border=1 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0066714&quot;&gt;THE SIX WIVES OF HENRY VIII 
+      (1971)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This is a great Masterpiece 
+      Theatre series which was shown on PBS in America.&amp;nbsp; It stars Keith 
+      Michell as Henry VIII and is divided into six parts, one for each 
+      wife.&amp;nbsp; It was recently released on dvd.&amp;nbsp; I have written a review 
+      of the dvd at Amazon.com; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fcm%2fmember-reviews%2f-%2fA18JIM9I1DKVJU%2fref%3dcm%5faya%5frev%5fall%2f102-8493939-9158525&quot;&gt;click 
+      here to read it&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Michell later appeared 
+      in &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0070170&quot;&gt;a film version of the 
+      series&lt;/A&gt;, much shortened, of course, and with different actresses 
+      portraying the wives.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0067402&quot;&gt;MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS 
+      (1971)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I should admit that I am a 
+      fan of Vanessa Redgrave and thus suitably biased, but this is an 
+      entertaining movie.&amp;nbsp; It also features the equally great Glenda Jackson 
+      as Queen Elizabeth, a role she reprised in the Masterpiece Theatre series, 
+      &lt;I&gt;Elizabeth R&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Redgrave was nominated for the Best Actress 
+      Oscar for her role.&amp;nbsp; In the film there is a meeting between the two 
+      queenly cousins, - the meeting never occurred in real life, though Mary 
+      desperately wished for it.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Patrick McGoohan, aka 
+      Danger Man and Number Six, is 
+      suitably evil as Moray and Timothy Dalton is a thoroughly repulsive 
+      Darnley.&amp;nbsp; (I think everyone can agree that playing Darnley is a 
+      thankless task.)&amp;nbsp; The sets and costumes are a wonderful evocation of the 
+      Tudor era.&amp;nbsp; The same production team made &lt;I&gt;Anne of the Thousand 
+      Days&lt;/I&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0066652&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH R 
+      (1971)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This Masterpiece Theatre 
+      mini-series starring Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth is fantastic.&amp;nbsp; And 
+      it was recently released on dvd, with lots of extras.&amp;nbsp; I have written 
+      a review of the dvd at Amazon.com; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fcm%2fmember-reviews%2f-%2fA18JIM9I1DKVJU%2fref%3dcm%5faya%5frev%5fall%2f102-8493939-9158525&quot;&gt;click 
+      here to read it&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It's worth the expense.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;Jackson is incomparable and the series itself is wonderful.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The mini-series format gives the story enough time to unfold and what a 
+      fascinating, engrossing story it is - the great events of Elizabeth's 
+      reign, the facets of her character, her interminable marriage 
+      negotiations..... these are treated in detail and with commendable 
+      historical accuracy.&amp;nbsp; The supporting actors - Mary, queen of Scots, 
+      Dudley, Cecil (William and Robert), Bacon, Essex, etc - are also superb.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0091374&quot;&gt;LADY JANE 
+      (1986)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This popular film stars 
+      Helena Bonham Carter as Lady Jane Grey and the very handsome Cary Elwes as Guilford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; The movie, like many Tudor flicks, is less 
+      than accurate in the facts department, mostly concerning Jane and 
+      Guilford's marriage.&amp;nbsp; But the invented 'love story' between them is 
+      well done and saves the film from being too depressing.&amp;nbsp; I had the 
+      pleasure of seeing Jane Lapotaire, who plays Princess Mary in this film, 
+      portray Katharine of Aragon at a RSC production of 'Henry VIII'.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;I&gt;Lady Jane&lt;/I&gt; is finally available on dvd.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Colin Firth and Judi Dench in 'Shakespeare in Love'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;229&quot; height=&quot;174&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0138097&quot;&gt;SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE 
+      (1998)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film stars Gwyneth Paltrow as the fictional Lady Viola de Lesseps and Joseph Fiennes as 
+      Shakespeare.&amp;nbsp; Judi Dench appears briefly as Queen Elizabeth I; though 
+      her time on screen is short, she is unforgettable.&amp;nbsp; There are 
+      numerous supporting actors who also shine.&amp;nbsp; The costumes, sets, and 
+      musical score are also wonderful.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Paltrow and 
+      Fiennes are lovely together; the script is witty and fun; and the ending 
+      is spectacular.&amp;nbsp; This is one of the few films I've seen that 
+      successfully mixes genres.&amp;nbsp; And it's almost as if the actors themselves knew they were 
+      in a great film.&amp;nbsp; Their performances are confident and 
+      enthusiastic.&amp;nbsp; This is truly a joy to watch.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;I went to see this film on a whim and then promptly forced family 
+      and friends to watch it with me.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Some naysayers have written to me in disagreement and all of their complaints 
+      are directed against Paltrow.&amp;nbsp; I think she is perfect in the role; 
+      even her scenes as the cross-dressing Thomas Kent are great.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      opinions can differ - and even if you dislike her performance, there is 
+      much else to recommend the film.&lt;br&gt;Both Shakespeare in Love and Elizabeth 
+      were released around the same time in 1998.&amp;nbsp; Ironically, as it turned 
+      out, I was really looking forward to Elizabeth and didn't give SIL a 
+      thought.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;There are 
+      numerous &lt;I&gt;Shakespeare in Love&lt;/I&gt; fan sites; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fHollywood%2fStudio%2f5740%2fSILwebring.htm&quot;&gt;visit 
+      their webring&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0127536&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+      (1998)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film  stars Cate Blanchett as the Virgin 
+      Queen.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I disliked this film when I first saw it, 
+      though I admired the visuals.&amp;nbsp; The cinematography and costuming were 
+      excellent; some of the acting was impressive, particularly Blanchett and 
+      Christopher Eccleston as Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; (When are they ever bad?)&amp;nbsp; But I found the story and 
+      direction to be muddled and overwrought, as was the score.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Part of my disappointment was doubtless caused by my &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fintro.html&quot;&gt;Tudoritis&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I 
+      was looking forward to the film and wouldn't have been easily 
+      satisfied.&amp;nbsp; But my movie-going companion, who does not suffer from 
+      Tudoritis, remarked, 'This isn't just a bad Tudor film.&amp;nbsp; It's a bad 
+      film, period.'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I recently watched it again.&amp;nbsp; And 
+      again, I admired Blanchett's performance and the costumes were still 
+      spectacular.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      I still wonder why they felt the need to rewrite one of the most 
+      compelling female lives of all time.&amp;nbsp; And did Elizabeth live in a 
+      cathedral?!?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The official website has been taken 
+      down, but Geocities.com hosts a
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsouthbeach%2fkeys%2f4122&quot;&gt;nice fan page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2ftitle%2ftt0357392&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;THE OTHER BOLEYN GIRL (2003)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This film is an adaptation of Philippa Gregory's popular 
+      novel.&amp;nbsp; It was produced by the BBC and stars Natasha McElhone as Mary 
+      Boleyn and Jodhi May as Anne.&amp;nbsp; The film premiered in the UK in spring 
+      2003.&amp;nbsp; As of October '03, it hasn't aired in the US and isn't currently scheduled for sale 
+      anywhere.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bbc.co.uk%2fdrama%2fboleyn.shtml&quot;&gt;Click here to visit the 
+      BBC's official website for the film&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Click the above IMDB.com 
+      link to check its release schedule.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films6.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Drew Barrymore and Dougray Scott in 'Ever After'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;181&quot;&gt;Two other films set in the 16th century are also worth watching:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0110963&quot;&gt;LA REINE MARGOT (QUEEN 
+      MARGOT)(1994)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I love this French film starring 
+      the incomparable Isabelle Adjani as Marguerite, daughter of Catherine 
+      d'Medici and princess of France.&amp;nbsp; It's a wonderful story with great 
+      historical accuracy.&amp;nbsp; And can you believe Adjani was 38 when she made 
+      this film?&amp;nbsp; Let's hope it will be released on dvd in the US 
+      soon.&amp;nbsp; Until then, read the Alexandre Dumas novel upon which it's 
+      based.&amp;nbsp; I think it's one of his more entertaining 
+      works.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0120631&quot;&gt;EVER AFTER (1998)&lt;/A&gt; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film is a retelling of the Cinderella story set in 
+      16th century France.&amp;nbsp; Drew Barrymore plays the heroine who triumphs 
+      over the ugly stepsisters and evil stepmother.&amp;nbsp; It's very 
+      entertaining; the 
+      performances are fun, the costumes beautiful, and the romance 
+      endearing.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The official movie site is still up; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.foxmovies.com%2feverafter&quot;&gt;click here to 
+      visit&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;In order, the images are from 'Elizabeth', 
+      'Shakespeare in Love', 'Anne of the Thousand Days', 'Shakespeare in Love', 
+      'Ever After'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082548&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082548&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4799</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King Henry VIII's second and fifth wives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King Henry VIII's second and fifth wives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King Henry VIII's second and fifth wives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH845f746043a4af83ca5998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215250</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH845f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynhoward.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;705&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;41&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynhoward.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Boleyn-Howard Connection&quot; width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;262&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Many
+
+historians and biographers mention that Catherine Howard was related in
+
+some way to Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Historically, they are joined by a gruesome
+
+bond - they were the only two wives executed by King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; Catherine
+
+married Henry just four years after Anne's execution; yet during those
+
+four years, he had married two other women (Jane Seymour and Anne of Cleves.)
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Catherine and Anne were first cousins.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's
+
+father, Lord Edmund Howard, was the brother of Anne Boleyn's mother, Lady
+
+Elizabeth Howard.&amp;nbsp; Edmund and Elizabeth were the children of Thomas
+
+Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; However, despite their close familial
+
+ties, the two women never met.&amp;nbsp; There are many obvious reasons for
+
+this - first of all, Anne was about fifteen years older than Catherine.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Secondly, the Norfolk family was a tangled collection of cousins (far too
+
+many to list here) and, since Catherine was one of many children of a poor
+
+younger son, her status was relatively unimportant in the mid-1530s.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Third, and perhaps most important, Anne Boleyn disliked her uncle Thomas
+
+Howard, the 3rd duke of Norfolk (and formerly earl of Surrey) - he was
+
+conniving, opportunistic, and arrogant.&amp;nbsp;  This perhaps affected her
+
+relationships with all her Norfolk cousins; the only family member she
+
+was noticeably close to was her brother, George.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Anne and Norfolk were
+
+never close and he only barely managed to hide his dislike while she was
+
+queen.&amp;nbsp; When she was arrested and tried, he made&amp;nbsp;haste
+
+to distance himself from her at all costs.&amp;nbsp; He also attended her trial and 
+    passed judgment against her.&amp;nbsp; His groveling was effective
+
+- and still worked four years later when yet another niece (Catherine Howard)
+
+was arrested.&amp;nbsp; At Catherine's arrest, virtually every member of the
+
+Norfolk family was taken to the Tower - except the duke.&amp;nbsp; His frantic
+
+letter to Henry VIII included insults of all his imprisoned relatives,
+
+most importantly the 'abominable deeds' of Anne and Catherine.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+was certainly an unappealing character but, unlike so many others, he managed
+
+to survive in the treacherous Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; Later imprisoned and with
+
+his goods seized by the king, Norfolk was condemned to death.&amp;nbsp; Luckily, and 
+    ironically, Henry
+
+VIII died without signing the warrant for his execution.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;to the 
+    Catherine Howard website&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082684&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082684&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH9c15.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH9c15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH9c15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4804</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: King Henry VIII has a jousting accident, 1524</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9c15207cbc6ced4414b44f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9c15.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1524.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1524.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1524: King Henry VIII has a jousting accident&quot; width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;105&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;was written by George Cavendish, Cardinal Wolsey's gentleman-usher.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Henry VIII was a superb athlete but, as he grew older, his 
+      prowess often came at the expense of his health.&amp;nbsp; Historians have 
+      speculated that the injuries he suffered may have contributed to his 
+      increasingly bad headaches (and correspondingly short temper.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;On 10 March the king, having a new armor made to his own design
+and fashion, such as no armorer before that time had seen, though to test
+the same at the tilt, and ordered a joust for the purpose.&amp;nbsp; The lord
+marquis of Dorset and the earl of Dorset and the earl of Surrey were appointed
+to be on foot: the king came to one end of the tilt and the duke of Suffolk
+to the other.&amp;nbsp; Then a gentleman said to the duke: 'Sir the king is
+come to the end of the tilt.'&amp;nbsp; 'I see him not,' said the duke, 'by
+my faith, for my headpiece blocks my sight.'&amp;nbsp; With these words, God
+knows by what chance, the king had his spear delivered to him by the lord
+Marquis, the visor of his headpiece being up and not down or fastened,
+so that his face as quite naked.&amp;nbsp; The gentleman said to the duke:
+'Sir the king is coming.' &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Then the duke set forward and charged with his spear, and the king likewise
+unadvisedly set off towards the duke.&amp;nbsp; The people, seeing the king's
+face bare, cried hold, hold; the duke neither saw nor heard, and whether
+the king remembered his visor was up or not few could tell.&amp;nbsp; Alas,
+what sorrow was it to the people when they saw the splinters of duke's
+spear strike the king's headpiece.&amp;nbsp; For most certainly the duke struck
+the king on the brow right under the guard of the headpiece on the very
+skull cap or basinet piece to which the barbette is hinged for strength
+and safety, which skull cap or basinet no armorer takes heed of, for it
+is always covered by the visor, barbette and volant piece, and thus that
+piece is so protected that it takes no weight.&amp;nbsp; But when the spear
+landed on that place there was great danger of death since the face was
+bare, for the duke's spear broke into splinters and pushed the king's visor
+or barbette so far back with the counter blow that all the King's head
+piece was full of splinters.&amp;nbsp; The armorers were much blamed for this,
+and so was the lord marquise for delivering the spear blow when his face
+was open, but the king said that no one was to blame but himself, for he
+intended to have saved himself and his sight.
+&lt;p&gt;The duke immediately disarmed and came to the king, showing him the
+closeness of his sight, and he swore that he would never run against the
+king again.&amp;nbsp; But if the king had been even a little hurt, his servants
+would have put the duke in jeopardy.&amp;nbsp; Then the king called his armorers
+and put all his pieces of armor together and then took a spear and ran
+six courses very well, by which all men could see that he had taken no
+hurt, which was a great joy and comfort to all his subjects present.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082596&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082596&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH9e41.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH9e41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH9e41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11563</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9e41940f594fe21b2a7ccd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9e41.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;EARLY LIFE: 1533-1558&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; HAVE to deal, under strict limitations of 
+    space, with a long life, almost the whole of its adult period passed in the 
+    exercise of sovereignty--a life which is in effect the history of England 
+    during forty-five years, abounding at the same time in personal interest, 
+    and the subject, both in its public and private aspects, of fierce and 
+    probably interminable controversies. Evidently a bird's-eye view is all that 
+    can be attempted; and the most important episodes alone can be selected for 
+    consideration. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The daughter of Henry VIII and 
+    Anne Boleyn was born on 6 September 1533. Anne was niece of Thomas, third 
+    Duke of Norfolk, and all the great Howard kinsmen attended at the baptism 
+    four days afterwards. &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt; was 
+    two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded, and she herself 
+    was declared illegitimate by Act of Parliament. It is not recorded that in 
+    after years she expressed any opinion about her mother or ever mentioned her 
+    name. She never took any steps to get the Act of Attainder repealed; but 
+    perhaps she indirectly showed her belief in Anne's innocence by raising the 
+    son of Norris, her alleged paramour, to the peerage, and by the great favour 
+    she always showed to his family. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;During her father's life 
+    Elizabeth lived chiefly at Hatfield with her brother Edward, under a 
+    governess. Henry had been empowered by Parliament in 1536 to settle the 
+    succession by his will. In 1544 he caused an Act to be passed placing Mary 
+    and Elizabeth next in order of succession after Edward. By his will, made a 
+    few days before his death, he repeated the provisions of the Act of 1544, 
+    and placed next to Elizabeth the daughters of his younger sister, the 
+    Duchess of Suffolk, tacitly passing over his elder sister, the Queen of 
+    Scotland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;After her father's death 
+    (January 1547) Elizabeth, then a girl of thirteen, went to reside with the 
+    Queen Dowager Catherine, who had not been many weeks a widow before she 
+    married her old lover Thomas Seymour, the Lord Admiral, brother of the 
+    Protector Somerset, described as &amp;quot;fierce in courage, courtly in fashion, in 
+    personage stately, in voice magnificent, but somewhat empty of matter.&amp;quot; The 
+    romping that soon began to go on between this dangerous man and Elizabeth 
+    was of such a nature that early in the next year Catherine found it 
+    necessary to send her away somewhat abruptly. From that time she resided 
+    chiefly at Hatfield. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In August 1548 Catherine died, 
+    and the Admiral at once formed the project of marrying Elizabeth. This and 
+    other ambitious designs brought him to the scaffold (March 1549). It does 
+    not appear that Elizabeth saw or directly corresponded with him after he was 
+    a widower. But she listened to his messages, and dropped remarks of an 
+    encouraging kind which she meant to be repeated to him. She knew perfectly 
+    well that the marriage would not be permitted. She was only flirting with a 
+    man old enough to be her father just as she afterwards flirted with men 
+    young enough to be her sons. We already get a glimpse of the utter absence 
+    both of delicacy and depth of feeling which characterised her through life. 
+    When she heard of the Admiral's execution she simply remarked, &amp;quot;This day 
+    died a man with much wit and very little judgment.&amp;quot; With Elizabeth the heart 
+    never really spoke, and if the senses did, she had them under perfect 
+    control. And this was why she never loved or was loved, and never has been 
+    or will be regarded with enthusiasm by either man or woman. For some time 
+    after this scandal she was evidently somewhat under a cloud. She lived at 
+    her manor-houses of Ashridge, Enfield, and Hatfield, diligently pursuing her 
+    studies under the celebrated scholar Ascham. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Edward died (6 July 1553) 
+    Elizabeth was nearly twenty. Although Mary's cause was her own, she remained 
+    carefully neutral during the short queen-ship of Jane. On its collapse she 
+    hastened to congratulate her sister, and rode by her side when she made her 
+    entry into London. During the early part of Mary's reign her life hung by a 
+    thread. The slightest indiscretion would have been fatal to her. Wyatt's 
+    insurrection was made avowedly in her favour. But neither to that nor any 
+    other conspiracy did she extend the smallest encouragement. Her prudent and 
+    blameless conduct gave her the more right in after years to deal severely 
+    with Mary Stuart, whose behaviour under precisely similar circumstances was 
+    so very different. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Renard, the Spanish ambassador, 
+    demanded her execution as the condition of the Spanish match, and Mary 
+    assured him that she would do her best to satisfy him. In the time of Henry 
+    VIII. such an intention on the part of the sovereign would have been 
+    equivalent to a sentence of death. But Mary was far from being as powerful 
+    as her father. The Council had to be reckoned with, and in the Council 
+    independent and even peremptory language was now to be heard. It was not 
+    without strong protests on the part of some of the Lords that Elizabeth was 
+    sent to the Tower, Sussex, a noble of the old blood, who was charged to 
+    conduct her there, took upon him to delay her departure, that she might 
+    appeal to the Queen for an interview. Mary was furious: &amp;quot;For their lives,&amp;quot; 
+    she said, &amp;quot;they durst not have acted so in her father's time; she wished he 
+    was alive and among them for a single month.&amp;quot; But it was usless to storm. 
+    The absolute monarchy had seen its best days. Sussex, fearing foul play, 
+    warned the Lieutenant of the Tower to keep within his written instructions. 
+    Howard of Effingham, the Lord Admiral, had done more than any one else to 
+    place Mary on the throne. But he was Elizabeth's great-uncle, and he angrily 
+    insisted that her food in the Tower should be prepared by her own servants. 
+    A proposal in Parliament to give the Queen the power to nominate a successor 
+    was received with such disfavour that it had to be withdrawn. Finally the 
+    judges declared that there was no evidence to convict Elizabeth. Sullenly 
+    therefore the Queen had to give way. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth was sent to 
+    Woodstock, where she resided for about a year under guard. This was only 
+    reasonable. An heir to the throne, in whose favour there had been plots, 
+    could not expect complete freedom. In October 1555 she was allowed to go to 
+    Hatfield under the surveillance of Sir Thomas Pope. During the rest of the 
+    reign she escaped molestation by outward conformity to the Catholic 
+    religion, and by taking no part whatever in politics. But as it became clear 
+    that her accession was at hand there can be no doubt that she was engaged in 
+    studying the problems with which she would have to deal. She was already in 
+    close intimacy with Cecil, and it is evident that she mounted the throne 
+    with a policy carefully thought out in its main lines. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Mary was known to be 
+    dying, the Spanish ambassador, Feria, called on Elizabeth, and told her that 
+    his master had exerted his influence with the Queen and Council on her 
+    behalf, and had secured her succession. But she declined to be patronised, 
+    and told him that the people and nobility were on her side. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwo.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    II: The Change of Religion: 1559&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082620&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082620&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHb51b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHb51b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHb51b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41570</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources Mary Tudor sister of King Henry VIII grandmother of Lady Jane Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb51bce046c0e5305dedb1f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb51b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon1.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Cloth of Gold and Cloth of Frieze&quot; width=&quot;492&quot; height=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon2.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;494&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The marriage portrait of Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, was Henry VIII's closest 
+
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Brandon's father was Henry VII's standard-bearer at the Battle of 
+
+Bosworth Field and died defending the future king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII repaid his 
+
+loyalty by educating young Charles with his own children, and from the beginning 
+
+Charles and the future Henry VIII were devoted friends.&amp;nbsp; But their 
+
+friendship was sorely tested when Brandon secretly married Henry's favorite 
+
+sister, the beautiful Princess Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; At this page, you can learn 
+
+more about their romantic story and its aftermath.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon had an inauspicious beginning and his rise to wealth and 
+prominence was due largely to two things: his father's death at Bosworth Field 
+and his own personal magnetism.&amp;nbsp; Upon his death in 1545, Brandon was 
+perhaps the only person in England who had successfully retained Henry VIII's 
+affection for over forty turbulent years. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His father was William Brandon, Henry Tudor's standard 
+bearer at Bosworth Field in 1485.&amp;nbsp; He was reportedly killed there by 
+Richard III himself.&amp;nbsp; Around 1480 or so, William had married the daughter 
+and heiress of Sir Henry Bruyn of South Ockendon in Essex.&amp;nbsp; But unlike his 
+respectable, middle-class forebears who had led exemplary and cautious 
+lives, William had a tasste for politics.&amp;nbsp; When the Duke of Gloucester 
+seized the throne in 1483 and declared himself Richard III, William and his 
+younger brother Thomas decided to make a stand.&amp;nbsp; They joined the duke of 
+Buckingham's rebellion; it failed and the brothers fled to Brittany where they 
+joined other Lancastrian exiles who supported Henry Tudor, the earl of Richmond.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When William fled England, his wife was already 
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon was born sometime in late 1483 or early 
+1484.&amp;nbsp; His mother died in childbirth and, upon his grandfather's death in 
+1491, the orphaned boy went to the royal court.&amp;nbsp; This was the custom of the 
+time but since Brandon was not heir to an important title or great wealth, his 
+case was decided more on sentiment.&amp;nbsp; He had a claim on Henry Tudor's affections 
+since his father had died in his service.&amp;nbsp; That demonstration of loyalty at 
+Bosworth meant a great deal to the first Tudor king.&amp;nbsp; Since Charles was 
+just two years older than Henry's first son, Prince Arthur, it is probable that 
+they were playmates. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Arthur married the Spanish princess Katharine of 
+Aragon in 1502, his court moved to Ludlow Castle in the Welsh Marches, the 
+traditional seat of the Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not accompany the 
+royal couple but remained in London as companion to Arthur's younger 
+brother, Henry duke of York. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Though seven years older than Henry, Charles shared his 
+most prominent characteristics - natural athleticism, robust physical health 
+(unlike the delicate Arthur), and a devotion to all sports (wrestling, hunting, 
+tilting and jousting, etc.)&amp;nbsp; During these adolescent years, the two boys 
+laid the foundation for a lifelong friendship.&amp;nbsp; Arthur died just months 
+after his wedding and, in 1509, the duke of York succeeded to the throne.&amp;nbsp; 
+This marked the real beginning of Charles Brandon's rise to prominence and 
+privilege. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But before 1509, young Charles had undergone an 
+embarrassing marital situation which revealed his ambition and 
+callousness.&amp;nbsp; In 1505, he had become engaged to Anne Browne, a young woman 
+of impressive lineage; her father was  Anthony Browne, Governor of Calais, 
+and her mother was Lucy Neville, niece of the 'Kingmaker.'&amp;nbsp; Charles and 
+Anne were betrothed &lt;I&gt;per verba de praesenti&lt;/I&gt;, a binding contract under 
+canon law.&amp;nbsp; In such cases, there was no ceremony or witnesses; as one can 
+imagine, this led to several unpleasant cases of men and (more rarely) women 
+repudiating their betrothed &lt;I&gt;if&lt;/I&gt; they lacked proper respect for church 
+law.&amp;nbsp; Charles apparently did.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne slept together, as 
+evidenced by the birth of a daughter in 1506, but he did not marry her.&amp;nbsp; 
+Instead, he married her aunt, a very wealthy widow named Margaret Neville 
+Mortimer.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was never taken seriously due to its mercenary 
+nature and, more importantly, legal action begun by Anne's angry family.&amp;nbsp; 
+Eventually, the Mortimer marriage was annulled due to the previous contract and 
+Charles married Anne in a well-attended public ceremony.&amp;nbsp; They had another 
+daughter in 1510; Anne Browne died just two years later. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By late 1512, Charles had recovered from his grief enough 
+to contemplate yet another union.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps even more mercenary 
+since his betrothed was an eight-year-old orphan.&amp;nbsp; It was common practice 
+for the Crown to assume guardianship of an orphaned minor child who had 
+inherited property.&amp;nbsp; The Crown then sold the guardianship to the highest 
+bidder, often the child's own relatives who wanted to receive the property 
+revenues until the child came of age and decide whom they would marry.&amp;nbsp; 
+Charles had been given the wardship of Elizabeth Grey, the heiress to Lord Lisle 
+of Sparsholt in Berkshire.&amp;nbsp; This, along with various offices, grants &amp;amp; 
+pensions, was a mark of Henry's continued favor.&amp;nbsp; In early 1513, Charles 
+announced his engagement to the girl and, on 15 May 1513, the king created him 
+Viscount Lisle, in right of his betrothed wife.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon finally 
+had a noble title and even more property. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; That same year, the new Lord Lisle accompanied the king to 
+France and also helped entertain the Hapsburg Emperor Maximilian and his 
+twice-widowed, 33-year-old daughter, Margaret, Regent of the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; 
+For Henry, the meeting was also a diplomatic necessity since, in 1508, his 
+father had entered into a formal contract of marriage between his youngest 
+daughter, Mary, and Maximilian's son, Charles of Castile.&amp;nbsp; But over the 
+next few years, little mention had been made of the contract.&amp;nbsp; Henry used 
+the visit to broach the subject; the end result was an agreement that Princess Mary and Charles 
+would wed in 1514, after Charles had reached his 14th birthday. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Lord Lisle made a fool of himself by flirting 
+with Margaret.&amp;nbsp; There is little chance she truly favored him, and certainly 
+none that she planned to marry him, but they flirted, Henry translating for his 
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Charles Brandon was demonstrating his heavy-handed 
+flair for the ladies.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he greatly offended Margaret by 
+encouraging gossip about their meeting.&amp;nbsp; In particular, it stressed her 
+attraction to him and a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; As a Hapsburg princess, she was 
+not amused and Henry VIII was forced to make a public apology.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+not angry with his friend; on 1 February 1514, he created Charles the duke of 
+Suffolk, the title once held by the Yorkist de la Poles.&amp;nbsp; He also received 
+the majority of their confiscated estates.&amp;nbsp; This elevation was remarkable; 
+it meant that Suffolk was one of only three dukes in the kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The 
+other two were Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk (reinstated to the title after his 
+victory at Flodden in 1513), and Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham and 
+descendant of Edward III.&amp;nbsp; Of course, many were surprised that a yeoman's 
+son was now one of their greatest peers but Brandon's friendship with Henry 
+explained matters.&amp;nbsp; In Europe, it was said that 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal Wolsey&lt;/a&gt; and Brandon truly 
+ruled England through influence upon Henry VIII. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1514 as well, the usual tangle of European diplomacy 
+had made Henry distrustful of the Hapsburgs.&amp;nbsp; Also, the deadline for 
+Charles of Castile's marriage to Princess Mary had come and passed with only 
+dismissive explanations from the emperor.&amp;nbsp; So when Louis XII of France 
+offered a peace treaty to England, Henry was eager to accept it.&amp;nbsp; Louis 
+considerably sweetened the offer by offering to wed the Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; For 
+Henry, this was a diplomatic coup.&amp;nbsp; For his sister, of course, it was 
+considerably different. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor, born 18 March 1495, was the baby of the Tudor 
+family and widely considered the most beautiful princess of her time.&amp;nbsp; She 
+shared her brother Henry's exuberance for spectacle and was the star of his 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Like him, she loved dancing, masques, and parties; they were also 
+close emotionally.&amp;nbsp; So when Henry told her that she would marry the widowed 
+King of France, a man in his fifties with gout and a pock-marked face, she 
+poured out her heart.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she would do her duty as a Princess, she 
+told Henry, but when the marriage was over, she wanted to choose her next spouse 
+- and choose him for love alone.&amp;nbsp; Itt was an extraordinary demand for any 
+woman of that time but Henry VIII loved his sister and he agreed.&amp;nbsp; 
+Why?&amp;nbsp; Partly because he loved her but also because he wanted her to leave 
+for France peacefully and willingly; and also, perhaps more troubling, because 
+she had confessed her secret love to him.&amp;nbsp; It was none other than his best friend, Charles 
+Brandon. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had enjoyed unprecedented freedom at Henry VIII's 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Just fourteen when her father died, she had spent the next five 
+years virtually unchaperoned in his hectic court, her brother openly encouraging 
+her participation in every event.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, she was nineteen years old, 
+very beautiful, and very willful.&amp;nbsp; She had developed an attachment to 
+Charles Brandon; she had known him all her life.&amp;nbsp; It may have begun as a 
+child's awe of a robust, attractive man, successful in all sports (so important 
+at the Tudor court) and very charming.&amp;nbsp; But it had changed into something 
+more and, by 1514, most of the king's inner circle knew of her affection.&amp;nbsp; 
+There was no scandal, however.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her brother's promise and 
+married the aged Louis XII at Greenwich Palace on 13 August 1514.&amp;nbsp; The Duc 
+de Longueville acted as the king's proxy in every respect; he even lay down on a 
+bed with Mary and touched her body with his naked leg, thus 'consummating' the 
+marriage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary enjoyed herself at her wedding festivities and its 
+attendant celebrations.&amp;nbsp; It would have been impossible to feel 
+otherwise.&amp;nbsp; She had a splendid trousseau, marvelous jewels sent over from 
+France, and all the honors due to the queen of France.&amp;nbsp; All contemporary 
+accounts remark on her great beauty, particularly her clear complexion and long 
+red-gold hair, the Tudor trademark.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was eager to see her, 
+telling the English ambassador that he had many gifts for his bride and expected 
+a kiss for each one. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary eventually traveled from Dover to Boulogne on 2 
+October, after waiting weeks for stormy weather to end.&amp;nbsp;  She actually left in the 
+midst of more storms since Henry VIII had grown bored waiting for them to 
+end.&amp;nbsp; Upon her departure, she kissed her brother and reminded him of his 
+promise about her future.&amp;nbsp; Henry, eager to leave, committed her to God and 
+her husband and left.&amp;nbsp; There were fourteen ships in Mary's retinue but the 
+weather was so terrible that only four reached port on time; the rest docked at 
+various ports on the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary, suffering from seasickness 
+and constant rain, was carried ashore by one of her gentlemen, Sir Christopher 
+Garnish.&amp;nbsp; She journeyed from Montreuil to Abbeville and contemporary 
+chroniclers recorded her outfit; they were much impressed with her beauty and 
+charm.&amp;nbsp; She wore cloth of gold on crimson with tight sleeves in the English style and a 
+hat of crimson silk which she wore cocked over one eye.&amp;nbsp; Her husband met 
+her at a carefully arranged 'accident' outside Abbeville and, on 9 October, they 
+married in that city. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The marriage lasted for eighty-two days.&amp;nbsp; On 31 
+December 1514, Louis died quite abruptly.&amp;nbsp; Despite his ill health, he had 
+been notably active during his marriage.&amp;nbsp; This may have contributed to 
+his demise; he boasted that on their wedding night, he had 'crossed the river' 
+three times.&amp;nbsp; Before his death, he was visited by the duke of Suffolk on a 
+diplomatic trip and Charles wrote to Henry that his sister was discreet and 
+dignified.&amp;nbsp; This undoubtedly relieved both men; they had perhaps wondered 
+how Mary would greet her true love.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however, was aware of her 
+position as Queen of France and, during her brief marriage, conducted herself 
+with aplomb. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The King of France's death changed her world 
+considerably.&amp;nbsp; Now a queen dowager in a foreign country she had barely 
+begun to settle in, she was suddenly pushed into strict seclusion for 40 
+days.&amp;nbsp; This was French custom; after all, the widowed queen might be 
+pregnant and the child's paternity must be certain.&amp;nbsp; Mary was not pregnant 
+but she was sent to the Hotel de Cluny for her period of mourning, without even 
+the comfort of her English attendants.&amp;nbsp; The new king, Francois, had 
+appointed several Frenchwomen to attend her and dismissed her women.&amp;nbsp; May 
+was undoubtedly terrified.&amp;nbsp; She was closed off from the world, shut behind 
+heavy black drapes, and once more a pawn for her brother.&amp;nbsp; Would Henry 
+arrange another marriage or would he keep his promise?&amp;nbsp; Frantic, Mary wrote 
+to him from Cluny in early January 1515, just two weeks after her husband's 
+death; she begged him to contact Francois and have her sent home to England and 
+reminded him:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, I beseech your grace that you will keep all the 
+promises that you promised me when I took my leave of you by the 
+waterside.&amp;nbsp; Sir, your grace knoweth well that I did marry for your pleasure 
+at this time and now I trust you will suffer me to marry as me liketh for to 
+do... wherefore I beseech your grace for to be a good lord and brother unto 
+me.&quot;&amp;nbsp; If Henry did not keep his promise, Mary said she would enter a 
+nunnery and &quot;never no man shall know joy of me.&quot; &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary also had to deal with visits from the new French 
+king, Francois I.&amp;nbsp; He was twenty-one and knew the English-French alliance 
+was breaking down.&amp;nbsp; He did not want Mary wed by Henry to some Hapsburg 
+prince.&amp;nbsp; He suggested two of his own kinsmen as husbands and then hinted 
+that Henry was trying to marry her to Charles of Castile again.&amp;nbsp; Alone and 
+in a fragile state, Mary was terribly frightened; Francois's words touched on 
+her greatest fears.&amp;nbsp; She eventually confessed her love for Suffolk to 
+Francois.&amp;nbsp; Surprisingly, she found him sympathetic and kind.&amp;nbsp; He 
+promised to help secure her future happiness, a promise which Mary found 
+generous and Francois found opportunistic.&amp;nbsp; For, by this time, he knew the 
+duke of Suffolk was on his way to France to bargain for Mary's return, 
+specifically the return of her jewels, plate, and dower rights.&amp;nbsp; With the 
+dowager queen's confession, Francois had a powerful bargaining tool &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; peace 
+of mind - if Mary wed her English duke, she was no longer Henry's political 
+pawn. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles had been sent to France by Henry, specifically 
+promising to keep his relations with the widow on a formal basis.&amp;nbsp; Henry 
+had no reason to distrust him.&amp;nbsp; Charles was his creation, dependent on him 
+for everything, and also ambitious.&amp;nbsp; Why would he bite the hand that so 
+generously fed him?&amp;nbsp; So Suffolk departed on his most important mission 
+ever; it was well-known that the matter would be complicated.&amp;nbsp; The French 
+would not want to surrender any property to Mary and she would naturally want 
+her rightful share.&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, perhaps Henry meant to keep his 
+promise.&amp;nbsp; After all, he knew his sister's feelings - and now he sent her 
+true love to bring her home.&amp;nbsp; But rattled by Francois's suggestions of a 
+Hapsburg marriage, Mary was set on a course which nearly ruined her and Suffolk.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk arrived on 27 January; five days later, he met 
+Francois at Senlis.&amp;nbsp; Francois summoned Suffolk to a private audience and 
+bluntly dropped his bombshell - the duke had come to marry the Dowager Queen, 
+had he not?&amp;nbsp; Poor Suffolk was taken aback and protested vehemently.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois went on to share Mary's confession and reassure the duke.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+their friend, Francois said, and he would write to the English king and explain 
+all.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk took no chances; he dashed off his own account of the 
+interview to Wolsey and then went to see Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a most emotional 
+reunion.&amp;nbsp; She accused him of taking her to England only to have her married 
+off again against her will.&amp;nbsp; He protested but she would have none of 
+it.&amp;nbsp; She issued an ultimatum - either marry me now or never marry me at 
+all.&amp;nbsp; There would be no better time, she said, for he had jealous enemies 
+on the Privy Council who would prevent it in England.&amp;nbsp; She had her 
+brother's explicit promise that she could follow her heart and Henry knew her 
+greatest desire.&amp;nbsp; What was the risk for him, anyway?&amp;nbsp; She was a 
+princess and queen, very beautiful, and imperious.&amp;nbsp; Why would any man deny 
+her?&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was understandably torn between his obedience to Henry and 
+his desire for Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But he was always ambitious and rarely foolish.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew that Mary would be a great prize; after all, he harbored no overt dynastic 
+ambitions but six years of marriage had produced no living child for Henry 
+VIII.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Suffolk and Mary would create a new royal line.&amp;nbsp; And 
+she was a royal princess and queen, just twenty years old and madly in love with 
+him.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was swayed by tears and ambition and, sometime in February 
+1515, they married secretly at the Cluny chapel. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The consequences were rapid and hardly comforting.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois demanded Suffolk's acquiescence in several disputes over Mary's dowry 
+as payment for their 'secret.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey&lt;/A&gt; and 
+Henry wanted the duke to be firm and reject all the French king's demands.&amp;nbsp; 
+Furthermore, news of the wedding was circulating throughout Paris and Mary 
+suspected she might be pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk knew he could no longer delay 
+confession and wrote to Wolsey, now Archbishop of York.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to 
+arrange a more public wedding ceremony since he knew their secret wedding could 
+easily be invalidated; certainly he knew that better than most.&amp;nbsp; And he 
+feared that the king's council was urging an annulment.&amp;nbsp; Many didn't 
+consider Suffolk a fit match for a princess and others wanted to promote 
+pro-Hapsburg policy of which Mary's remarriage could play a part. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But most important was Henry's reaction.&amp;nbsp; How would 
+he consider the betrayal of his best friend and favorite sister?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Henry's reaction was not favorable.&amp;nbsp; Brandon had written to Wolsey for 
+support and he received a prompt reply but it hardly comforted him; the king 
+could not believe his most trusted friend had betrayed him but, if it were true, 
+the newlyweds had to pay a stiff penalty - literally.&amp;nbsp; They must pay back 
+Mary's marriage portion in annual installments of 4000 pds, leaving her just 
+6000 pds to live on.&amp;nbsp; She must return all the plate and jewels she had 
+taken to France as her dowry as well as the many gifts King Louis had given her.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, they must hasten to beg the king for 
+forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary did just that, both blaming her for the 
+hasty marriage.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk wrote:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, for the passion of God, let it 
+not be in your heart against me, and rather than you should hold me in mistrust, 
+strike off my head and let me not live.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary knew her brother well so, 
+along with her letter, she sent him the most sumptuous jewel Louis had given her 
+- a diamond called the Mirror of Naples wwhich formed part of the French crown 
+jewels.&amp;nbsp; She assured her brother that she had not acted out of 'sensual 
+appetite'; instead, she had been subject to 'consternation, fear and doubt' 
+which made her force Suffolk's hand.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not reply.&amp;nbsp; Francois 
+eventually allowed her to keep some of Louis's gifts and, on 16 April, they set 
+out for the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Mary wrote to Henry again at Calais, telling him 
+that she was now under his jurisdiction since Calais was an English possession 
+and that she would not sail for England until he gave permission.&amp;nbsp; She 
+reminded him of 'the great and tender love' they had always shared and promised 
+to remain in Calais if that is what he wished. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was not.&amp;nbsp; Henry sent permission for them to cross the 
+Channel in early May and met them privately at the manor of Barking outside 
+London.&amp;nbsp; There is no record of that meeting, of course, and one must assume 
+that Wolsey had perhaps exaggerated Henry's displeasure since he wanted 
+Suffolk's gratitude.&amp;nbsp; Henry was willing enough to forgive his best friend 
+and favorite sister, &lt;i&gt;after&lt;/i&gt; she turned over all her jewels and plate from France 
+and signed a contract to repay the 24000 pds spent on her first marriage in the 
+annual installments of 4000 pds.&amp;nbsp; It was obvious that Henry was not 
+surprised by the marriage; he was mostly angry at Suffolk for breaking his word.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;another version of the Brandon marriage portrait&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary were wed again at Greenwich Palace on 13 
+May with Henry and
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; 
+in attendance.&amp;nbsp; There was feasting and celebration but it was strictly a 
+family affair and foreign ambassadors wondered if they should congratulate the 
+couple.&amp;nbsp; After all, the situation was odd and there were some (mostly on 
+the king's council) who disapproved of the match.&amp;nbsp; But, for the most part, 
+there were no hard feelings or grudges.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was a popular man, 
+good-looking and charming, and few - even in Tudor England - could resist such a 
+grand love story.&amp;nbsp; After all, they had risked everything to be 
+together.&amp;nbsp; Before long, the Suffolks were back in the king's good 
+graces.&amp;nbsp; They are recorded as extending all the great court celebrations of 
+the next few years.&amp;nbsp; Mary's pregnancy in France had been a false alarm but 
+she did become pregnant a few months later.&amp;nbsp; In fact, she was now pregnant 
+along with her sister-in-law Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Due to the queen's history of 
+miscarriages and stillbirths, few were hopeful of the outcome; but, on 18 
+February 1516, she gave birth to her only surviving child, a princess called 
+Mary after her aunt.&amp;nbsp; The new duchess of Suffolk, however, was more 
+fortunate - on 11 March 1516, she gave birth to a healthy baby boy called Henry 
+after the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Wolsey stood as the child's godfathers. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary and Henry's older sister Margaret of Scotland visited 
+that summer, bringing her six-month-old daughter, Lady Margaret Douglas.&amp;nbsp; 
+She had been in Scotland for thirteen years but her visit was pleasant 
+enough.&amp;nbsp; Henry had never tired of lecturing Margaret on morality (she had 
+married the Earl of Angus after James of Scotland's death at Flodden); this, of 
+course, is laughable when one considers his own matrimonial career.&amp;nbsp; But 
+Margaret's visit was some ten years before Anne Boleyn entered Henry's 
+life.&amp;nbsp; In 1516, the king was just seven years into his reign, still 
+handsome and bluff.&amp;nbsp; Still, Margaret had little in common with her siblings 
+after her years away; also, her first husband had been killed by the English at 
+Flodden Field. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor was far closer to her foreign sister-in-law 
+than to Margaret.&amp;nbsp; After all, she and Katharine had spent their formative 
+years together.&amp;nbsp; When, in 1517, Katharine went on a pilgrimage to pray for 
+a son, Mary accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; Both Mary and Brandon understood the queen's 
+ 
+heartfelt desire to bear her husband a prince and successor and were 
+sympathetic supporters.&amp;nbsp; There was a passing cloud in 1516 - Mary's revenues 
+from France had fallen off and she was behind in payment of her debt - but the 
+cloud passed quickly.&amp;nbsp; In early summer 1517, they were at Richmond Palace 
+again.&amp;nbsp; Mary was once more pregnant and, on 16 July 1517, she went into 
+labor on her way home.&amp;nbsp; A daughter was born, called Frances after the 
+French king; the Suffolks 
+had another daughter, Eleanor, in 1519. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1518, Mary and Suffolk were at court again, attending 
+the betrothal of the infant Princess Mary to the infant dauphin of France.&amp;nbsp; 
+And they attended the famous Field of Cloth of Gold at Guines, near 
+Calais in 1520.&amp;nbsp; Mary was widely considered the most beautiful woman there.&amp;nbsp; 
+A French admiral commented, &quot;Madame, you are the rose of Christendom.&amp;nbsp; You 
+should have stayed in France.&amp;nbsp; We would have appreciated you.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+was now in her mid-twenties and, when Katharine of Aragon was pregnant or ill, acted 
+as her brother's hostess. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Back in England, however, things began to change.&amp;nbsp; In 
+the new year of 1522, Mary first met
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+She knew Anne's older sister Mary quite well for she had been one of her 
+ladies-in-waiting when Mary Tudor wed Louis XII in France.&amp;nbsp; She had also remained 
+in France until dismissed by Francois.&amp;nbsp; Anne wanted to join Queen 
+Katharine's household as a lady-in-waiting, a much-sought-after position.&amp;nbsp; 
+It is likely that Mary repaid Mary Boleyn's service by helping Anne.&amp;nbsp; 
+Certainly she may have liked the girl; Anne had spent time at the French court 
+and was fashionable and high-spirited, much like Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anne entered Katharine's service but was sent home in 
+disgrace for three years.&amp;nbsp; In just a matter of months, she had managed to 
+attract the attention of Henry Percy, heir to the powerful Earl of 
+Northmberland.&amp;nbsp; The young couple entered into an understanding but Percy was under the guardianship of Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; The king's most trusted 
+advisor and Percy's powerful father were understandably angry at the secret 
+romance.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Anne and Percy were brought to heel&lt;/a&gt;; 
+there were better matches for him and she had overstepped her bounds.&amp;nbsp; Anne 
+was openly furious, so much that she was banished from court.&amp;nbsp; However, she 
+was allowed back in late 1525, around the time that Henry VIII was first 
+beginning to contemplate his lack of heirs. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon had delivered the Princess Mary in 
+1516, when she was thirty-one years old.&amp;nbsp; Since then, there had been no other 
+surviving children.&amp;nbsp; In 1525, she was forty and it was obvious she would 
+have no further children.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was nervous; his dynasty was just forty 
+years old.&amp;nbsp; It would not survive with just one princess as heir.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew the problem was not his fault - after all, in 1519, a mistress called 
+Bessie Blount had born a son.&amp;nbsp; In summer 1525, this child, called Henry 
+Fitzroy, was made the duke of Richmond and Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was present 
+at the grand ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was normally a patient, dignified wife 
+but the lavish ceremony, involving all the important nobility, offended 
+her.&amp;nbsp; She argued with Henry, telling him it insulted her and their daughter 
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry was unused to such criticism and responded by dismissing three 
+of her favorite ladies.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not critical of their benefactor 
+since Henry had created his nephew the Earl of Lincoln at the same 
+ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Also, Mary's repayment of her debt was still in limbo. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was also in failing health.&amp;nbsp; She had suffered 
+through the sweating sickness in 1518 and never completely recovered.&amp;nbsp; She may also have been exhibiting the first signs of the 
+disease which eventually killed her; most historians believe it was 
+cancer.&amp;nbsp; She was present at several court functions over the next few years 
+(a summer 1526 party for European ambassadors, for example) but came to court 
+with less and less frequency.&amp;nbsp; Her physical condition was deteriorating but 
+she was also uncomfortable with her brother's course of action. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1527, Henry's infatuation with Anne Boleyn had 
+begun.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to annul his marriage to Katharine, arguing that 
+it had never been legal in the first place.&amp;nbsp; He asserted that Katharine and 
+Arthur had consummated their marriage and, once again, his old friend Suffolk 
+acted in the king's interest.&amp;nbsp; He dug out some heretofore-lost memories 
+that hinted at consummation.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Wolsey had lost Henry's trust 
+because of the many delays in the annulment; the king used Suffolk to openly 
+attack his once powerful advisor.&amp;nbsp; At a public hearing on the case, Suffolk banged his fist on 
+the table and shouted &quot;It was never merry in England whilst we had cardinals 
+among us.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Of course, Suffolk would not have dared to attack Wolsey 
+without Henry's implicit support.&amp;nbsp; It was the downfall of the Cardinal.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1531, Henry banished Katharine of Aragon from 
+court.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne were constantly together and he made no secret of his 
+intention to marry her.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not happy about this but what 
+could they do?&amp;nbsp; They depended on Henry for everything.&amp;nbsp; Mary made a 
+cutting remark about Anne sometime in early 1532 and refused to accompany Henry 
+and Anne on a state visit to France.&amp;nbsp; Her husband warned Henry that Anne 
+may have slept with Sir Thomas Wyatt.&amp;nbsp; But that is all they dared.&amp;nbsp; 
+They were concerned about their own family. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this time, Suffolk's daughters with Anne Browne were 
+wed to titled men.&amp;nbsp; His eldest daughter with Mary, the lady Frances, was 
+engaged to Henry Grey third Marquess of Dorset, descendent of the famous &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2fplant%2fqueens%2felizwood.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth 
+Woodville&lt;/A&gt;; before Edward IV, she had been married to a Grey and had two sons 
+by him.&amp;nbsp; It was from the elder son that Henry Grey was descended.&amp;nbsp; Frances and Henry were the parents of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; The celebration of Frances's wedding to Henry Grey was held at 
+the Suffolk home in London.&amp;nbsp; It was Mary's last visit to the city.&amp;nbsp; 
+She was increasingly ill and also uncomfortable with her brother.&amp;nbsp; His 
+favor was no longer certain.&amp;nbsp; He had married the pregnant Anne Boleyn in a 
+secret ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was put in charge of the new queen's &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;coronation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Therefore, he was not with his wife when she passed away quietly at their home 
+in Westhorpe on 26 June 1533.&amp;nbsp; She was thirty-eight years old.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+death was not considered important news since most people were concerned with 
+the impending birth of Anne Boleyn's child, destined to be 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Mary had seen her husband in early May but his duties kept him busy; it was a 
+hurried visit and she simply wasted away in the next few weeks. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her brother ordered requiem masses to be sung at 
+Westminster Abbey but showed no other sign of mourning.&amp;nbsp; He was, after all, 
+in the midst of the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon did not attend the 
+funeral but it was a marvelous affair.&amp;nbsp; The coffin lay in state for a month 
+at Westhorpe and was interred at the church of Bury St Edmunds on 22 July.&amp;nbsp; 
+The abbey church and her monument were destroyed during the dissolution of the 
+monasteries.&amp;nbsp; Her coffin was saved, however, and moved to a nearby church 
+called St Mary.&amp;nbsp; In 1784, it was moved yet again within that church.&amp;nbsp; 
+The movers ghoulishly opened the coffin; they found a good set of teeth and two 
+feet of hair which was still red-gold.&amp;nbsp; Souvenir hunters cut off pieces of 
+the hair. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's death was perhaps most mourned in Suffolk county 
+where she had been a popular and respected figure.&amp;nbsp; Her husband replaced 
+her quickly enough - and, as was typical of Brandon, with aplomb.&amp;nbsp; He 
+decided to marry his son's betrothed.&amp;nbsp; The girl was called Catherine 
+Willoughby and she as a baroness in her own right, heiress to 15000 ducats a 
+year.&amp;nbsp; She was also just fourteen-years-old, the same age as his youngest 
+child.&amp;nbsp; Brandon himself was almost fifty.&amp;nbsp; But he needed money badly 
+and she was very rich; he married her quite rapidly.&amp;nbsp; The exact date is unknown.&amp;nbsp; 
+His and Mary's son, the eighteen-year-old Henry Brandon, Earl of Lincoln, would 
+be betrothed elsewhere easily enough.&amp;nbsp; But that was not to be.&amp;nbsp; After 
+his father's wedding, the young earl died, probably of the Tudor scourge, 
+tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was not particularly grieved; six months after his 
+death, he and Catherine had a son and named him Henry Brandon.&amp;nbsp; This usage 
+of a dead child's name was common practice in England. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk remained in Henry's favor.&amp;nbsp; The king gave his 
+old friend the unpleasant task of persuading Katharine of Aragon to accept the 
+break with Rome and the new title Princess Dowager.&amp;nbsp; He was also to move 
+her to Somersham near Cambridge, a manor known for its dank and unhealthy 
+atmosphere.&amp;nbsp; Katharine would not be bullied; she told Suffolk that he would 
+have to bind her in ropes if he wanted to move her anywhere.&amp;nbsp; After a week 
+of such talks, Suffolk left, having accomplished precious little. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He never saw Katharine again.&amp;nbsp; He did attend all the 
+momentous events of the 1530s - he sat at the trials of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Thomas More&lt;/a&gt; 
+and Anne Boleyn, he was even present at the scaffold when &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;she was 
+beheaded&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He also helped lead forces to end the &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/A&gt;, 
+one of the most serious problems of Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, his wife 
+gave birth to a second son called Charles and his daughter Frances, after two 
+still-births, gave birth to a healthy baby girl, named &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;, 
+probably after Queen Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; The exact date of birth is not known, 
+but it was probably October and eclipsed by the birth - finally! - of Henry's 
+son, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince Edward&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk acted as godfather to the new prince.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The last years of his life were quite happy.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+Catherine Willoughby were affectionate, they had two healthy sons, and the 
+dissolution of the monasteries allowed the king to grant him more lands and 
+pensions.&amp;nbsp; He and his wife entertained the king and his new wife 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine 
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;; and, of course, Suffolk was one the men who arrested and extracted a 
+confession from that queen.&amp;nbsp; He died quite suddenly on 22 August 1545, his 
+last official business being plans for an invasion of France.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+sixty years old, a good age at the time, and - once the news was known - it was 
+not suurprising.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk requested a quiet funeral but the king would have 
+none of it - he ordered a lavish ceremony at St George's Chapel in 
+Windsor.&amp;nbsp; Henry planned and paid for the service.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly 
+an emotional occasion for him; after all, Charles Brandon had been his companion 
+for virtually his entire life.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Suffolk was one of the few men who 
+could still remember the Bluff King Hal of legend.&amp;nbsp; Henry was now 
+overweight, bald, and suffering from a variety of physical ailments.&amp;nbsp; He 
+would only outlive his friend by about eighteen months.&amp;nbsp; In that time, he 
+had good cause to regret the death of his one true friend.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Learn about 
+Charles and Mary's granddaughter, Lady Jane Grey, who was queen of England for 
+nine days in 1553&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+Citizens&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082575&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082575&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHbf2b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHbf2b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHbf2b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England 16th century genealogy English royal family genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England 16th century genealogy English royal family genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHbf2b3c7e4aa75f202a6f93</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHbf2b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorgenealogy.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">beaufortgen.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=6 width=&quot;100%&quot; border=0&gt;
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD noWrap bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;16%&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial size=3&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+     
+      &lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=8&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;54%&quot; bgColor=#ffffff&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorgenealogy.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Genealogy&quot; width=&quot;408&quot; height=&quot;160&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;
+
+&lt;IMG height=223 alt=&quot;Margaret Beaufort, mother of King Henry VII&quot; 
+
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/beaufortgen.jpg&quot; width=175 align=left 
+
+lowsrc=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/portrait%20of%20Margaret%20Beaufort,%20mother%20of%20King%20Henry%20VII&quot; 
+
+border=0&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;I&gt;It all began with her.... &lt;/I&gt;Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry 
+
+Tudor and descendant of King Edward III.&amp;nbsp; Her descent was actually 
+
+illegitimate, through Edward III's son, John of Gaunt and his mistress Catherine 
+
+Swynford.&amp;nbsp; Though Gaunt later married Swynford and an act of government 
+
+legitimized their children, they were expressly forbidden to inherit the throne 
+
+by Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV.&amp;nbsp; Margaret bore her only child, 
+
+who became King Henry VII, at the age of thirteen.&amp;nbsp; While the York and 
+
+Lancaster branches of the royal family battled for the throne, her husband died 
+
+and her brother-in-law fled to Brittany with the young Henry.&amp;nbsp; His long 
+
+exile ended on 15 August 1485 when King Richard III was defeated at Bosworth 
+
+Field.&amp;nbsp; The Plantagenet dynasty, having ruled England since 1154, ended in 
+
+strife and the Tudor dynasty began.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Henry Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, earl 
+
+of Richmond; later titled King Henry VII&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;son of Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort &lt;BR&gt;born 28 
+
+January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, Wales &lt;BR&gt;claimed title of Henry VII, king of 
+
+England c.1484 &lt;BR&gt;declared king 22 August 1485 at Battle of Redmoor 
+
+Plain/Bosworth Field &lt;BR&gt;coronation 30 October 1485 at Westminster Abbey, London 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;married to Elizabeth Plantagenet, princess of England, on 18 January 1486 at 
+
+Westminster Abbey, London&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;Eight Children with Elizabeth Plantagenet:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/b&gt;Arthur, prince of Wales, born 20 
+
+September 1486 &lt;BR&gt;Margaret, born 28 November 1489 &lt;BR&gt;Henry VIII, king of 
+
+England, born 28 June 1491 &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth, born 2 July 1492; died 1495 &lt;BR&gt;Mary, 
+
+born 18 March 1496 &lt;BR&gt;Edmund, duke of Somerset, born 21 February 1499; died 
+
+1500 &lt;BR&gt;Edward ? &lt;BR&gt;Katherine, born and died 2 February 1503&lt;br&gt;died 22 April 1509 at Richmond Palace, Surrey 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;buried at the Henry VII 'Lady Chapel', Westminster Abbey, London &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet&lt;/u&gt;, also called Elizabeth of York&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;daughter of Edward IV, king of England &amp;amp; Queen Elizabeth Woodville 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;born 11 February 1466 at Westminster Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry 
+
+VII, king of England, on 18 January 1486 at Westminster Abbey, London &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Eight Children&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Arthur, prince of Wales, born 20 
+
+September 1486 &lt;BR&gt;Margaret, born 28 November 1489 &lt;BR&gt;Henry VIII, king of 
+
+England, born 28 June 1491 &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth, born 2 July 1492; died 1495 &lt;BR&gt;Mary, 
+
+born 18 March 1496 &lt;BR&gt;Edmund, duke of Somerset, born 21 February 1499; died 
+
+1500 &lt;BR&gt;Edward ? &lt;BR&gt;Katherine, born and died 2 February 1503&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;coronation 25 
+
+November 1487 at Westminster Abbey, London &lt;BR&gt;died 11 February 1503 at Tower of 
+
+London, London &lt;BR&gt;buried at the Henry VII 'Lady Chapel', Westminster Abbey, 
+
+London &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Prince Arthur of Wales &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;/u&gt;born 20 September 1486 at St. Swithin's 
+
+Priory, Winchester &lt;BR&gt;titled Prince of Wales 27 February 1490, Westminster 
+
+Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;married to Princess Katharine of Aragon on 14 November 1501 
+
+at St.Paul's Cathedral, London &lt;BR&gt;died 2 April 1502 at Ludlow Castle, 
+
+Shropshire &lt;BR&gt;buried at Worcester Cathedral &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Princess Margaret Tudor&lt;/u&gt;; later titled 
+queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;born 28 November 1489 at Westminster Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;married to James 
+
+Stuart, titled King James IV of Scotland, 8 August 1503 at Holyrood Abbey, 
+
+Edinburgh &lt;BR&gt;titled Queen of Scotland 8 August 1503 at Holyrood Abbey, 
+
+Edinburgh&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/u&gt;&lt;i&gt;Six Children with King James IV of Scotland:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+James of Rothesay, duke of 
+
+Rothesay, born 21 February 1507 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born 15 July 1508 &lt;BR&gt;Arthur, duke 
+
+of Rothesay, born 20 October 1509 &lt;BR&gt;James, later King James V of Scotland, 
+
+born 15 April 1512 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born November 1512 &lt;BR&gt;Alexander, duke of Ross, 
+
+born 30 April 1514&lt;br&gt;widowed 1513 &lt;BR&gt;married to Archibald Douglas, 6th earl 
+
+of Angus, on 4 August 1514 at Kinnoul Church&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;One Child with Archibald 
+Douglas:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Margaret, Lady Douglas, born 1515 &lt;BR&gt;divorced 1528 &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry 
+
+Stewart, Lord Methven I, on 3 March 1528 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;One Child with Henry Stewart:&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Lady Dorothea Stewart, born ? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscottish.html&quot;&gt;Go to the Scottish 
+genealogy page&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Prince Henry Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, duke of York; later titled 
+King Henry VIII&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;born&amp;nbsp; 28 June 1491 at Greenwich Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;titled King of 
+
+England 24 June 1509 at Westminster Abbey, London &lt;BR&gt;married to Katharine of 
+
+Aragon, princess of Spain, on 11 June 1509 at Grey Friars Church, Greenwich 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Six Children with Katharine of Aragon:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;daughter, born 31 January 1510 &lt;BR&gt;Henry (1), 
+
+duke of Cornwall, born 1 January 1511 &lt;BR&gt;Henry (2), duke of Cornwall, born 
+
+November 1513 &lt;BR&gt;son, born December 1514 &lt;BR&gt;Mary, later titled Mary I, queen 
+
+of England, born 18 February 1516 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born 10 November 1518 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1533 &lt;BR&gt;married to Anne Boleyn, marquess of Pembroke, on 
+
+25 January 1533 at Westminster, London &lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Three Children with Anne Boleyn:&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Elizabeth I, queen of England, born 7 September 1533 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Henry, duke of Cornwall, born 1534 &lt;BR&gt;son, born 29 January 1536 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1536 &lt;BR&gt;married to Jane Seymour on 20 May 1536 &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+One Child with Jane Seymour:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Edward, later titled Edward VI, king of England, 
+
+born 12 October 1537 at Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;widowed 24 October 1537 at 
+
+Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;married to Anne of Cleves on 6 January 1540 at 
+
+Greenwich Palace &lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1540 &lt;BR&gt;married to Catherine Howard on 
+
+28 July 1540 at Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1541 &lt;BR&gt;married to 
+
+Katharine Parr on 12 July 1543 at Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;died 28 January 1547 
+
+at Whitehall Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;buried at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;mistresses &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth Stafford - no children 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth Blount, called Bessie Blount &lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;One child with Elizabeth 
+Blount:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Henry 
+
+Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, born 1519 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffitzroy.html&quot;&gt;Go to the 
+Stafford/Blount/Fitzroy genealogy page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Princess Mary Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, 
+queen of France and duchess of 
+
+Suffolk&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;born 18 March 1496 at Richmond Palace, Surrey &lt;BR&gt;married to 
+
+King Louis XII of France on 9 October 1514 at Abbeville Cathedral, France 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;widowed 1514 &lt;BR&gt;married to Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, on 3 March 
+
+1515 in Paris &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Three Children&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Henry, earl of Lincoln, 
+
+born 11 March 1515 &lt;BR&gt;Frances, born 16 July 1517 &lt;BR&gt;Eleanor, born 1519 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;died 25 June 1533 at Westhorpe Hall, Suffolk &lt;BR&gt;buried at St. Mary's 
+
+Church, Bury St. Edmunds &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, princess of Spain&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;last child of Ferdinand of Aragon, king of Spain &amp;amp; Isabella, queen of 
+
+Castle &lt;BR&gt;born 15 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, Madrid &lt;BR&gt;married to 
+
+Arthur, prince of Wales, on 14 November 1501 at St. Paul's Cathedral, London 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;widowed 2 April 1502 at Ludlow Castle, Shropshire &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry VIII, 
+
+king of England, on 11 June 1509 at Grey Friars Church, Greenwich&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Six Children&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;daughter, born 31 January 1510 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Henry (1), duke of Cornwall, born 1 January 1511 &lt;BR&gt;Henry (2), duke of 
+
+Cornwall, born November 1513 &lt;BR&gt;son, born December 1514 &lt;BR&gt;Mary I, queen of 
+
+England, born 18 February 1516 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born 10 November 1518&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;marriage 
+
+annulled 1533 &lt;BR&gt;died 7 January 1536 at Kimbolton Castle &lt;BR&gt;buried at 
+
+Peterborough Cathedral &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, marquess of Pembroke&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;born about 1501/2 or 1507 at Blickling Hall, Norfolk &lt;BR&gt;titled marquess of 
+
+Pembroke on 1 September 1532 &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry VIII, king of England, on 25 
+
+January 1533 at Westminster Abbey, London&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Three Children&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;Elizabeth I, queen of England, born 7 September 1533 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Henry, duke of Cornwall, born 1534 &lt;BR&gt;son, born 29 January 1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;marriage annulled 1536&lt;br&gt;executed 19 May 1536 at Tower Green, Tower of 
+
+London &lt;BR&gt;buried at the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula, Tower of London&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Go to the Boleyn 
+family webpage&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This page is under constant construction;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;please check back to see later additions.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;DIV style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=8&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;18%&quot; 
+    bgColor=#5E0000&gt;
+      &lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082551&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082551&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHd8a0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHd8a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHd8a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">43662</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter V</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd8a0b05e9bf41fe28359d1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd8a0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER V&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;ARISTOCRATIC PLOTS: 1568-1572&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;FROM the beginning of the reign Cecil had 
+    never ceased to impress upon his mistress that a French or Spanish invasion 
+    on behalf of the Pope might at any time be expected, and that she should 
+    hurry to meet it by forming a league with the foreign Protestants of both 
+    Confessions, and vigorously assisting them to carry on a war of religion on 
+    the Continent. He was assuredly too well informed to believe that France and 
+    Spain would cease to counteract each other's designs on England, or that 
+    Lutherans and Calvinists would heartily combine for mutual defence. The 
+    enemies he really feared were his Catholic countrymen, with whom he would 
+    have to fight for his head if Elizabeth should die. He therefore desired to 
+    force on the struggle in her lifetime, when they would be rebels, and he 
+    would wield the power of the Crown. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth, on the other hand, was against 
+    interference on the Continent, because it would be the surest way to bring 
+    upon England the calamity of invasion. She saw as plainly as Cecil did that 
+    it would compel her to throw herself into the arms of her own Protestants 
+    and to become, like her two predecessors, the mere chief of a party; whereas 
+    she meant to be the Queen of all Englishmen, and to tranquillise the natural 
+    fears of each party by letting it see that it would not be sacrificed to the 
+    violence of the other. Moreover the unbridled ascendancy of the Protestants 
+    would mean such alterations in the established worship as would have driven 
+    from the parish churches thousands of the most military class, peers, 
+    squires and their tenantry, who were enduring Anglicanism with its 
+    episcopate, its semi-Catholic prayer-book, and its claim to belong to the 
+    Universal Apostolic Church, because they could persuade themselves that its 
+    variations from the old religion were unimportant and temporary. And this 
+    again would increase the probability of foreign invasion. For, though to 
+    Philip all forms of heresy were equally damnable and equally marked out for 
+    extermination sooner or later, yet he was in much less hurry to begin with 
+    the politically harmless Lutherans or Anglicans than with the dangerous 
+    levellers who derived their inspiration from Geneva. Now for Elizabeth to 
+    gain time was everything. She had gained ten precious years already by her 
+    moderation. She was to gain twenty more before the slow-moving Spaniard 
+    decided to launch the great Armada. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But though Elizabeth shunned war with Spain 
+    she nevertheless resognised that Philip was the enemy, and that all ways of 
+    damaging him short of war were for her advantage. English and Huguenot 
+    corsairs swarmed in the Channel. Spanish ships were seized. The crews were 
+    hanged or made to walk the plank; the prizes were carried into English 
+    ports, and there sold without disguise or rebuke. These outrages were 
+    represented as reprisals for cruelties inflicted on English sailors who 
+    occasionally fell into the hands of the Inquisition. Practically a ship with 
+    a valuable cargo was treated as fair game whatever its nationality. But 
+    while in the case of other countries it was only individual traders who 
+    suffered, to Spain it meant obstruction of her high road to her Belgic 
+    dominions, then simmering with disaffection. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The English nobles of the old blood disliked 
+    these proceedings. Even Cecil did not conceal from himself that they 
+    fostered a spirit of lawlessness. What the corsairs were doing he would have 
+    preferred to see done by the royal navy. To that Elizabeth would not 
+    consent. The activity of the corsairs gave her all the advantage she could 
+    hope to have from war, without any of its disadvantages. Instead of laying 
+    out her treasure on a navy, she was deriving an income from the piratical 
+    ventures of Hawkins and Drake; while the ships and sailors of this volunteer 
+    navy would be available for the defence of the country whenever the need 
+    should arise. Whatever may be thought of the morality of her plan, there can 
+    be no question as to its efficiency and economy. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Since even these outrages, exasperating as 
+    they were, had not goaded Philip to the point of declaring war, a still more 
+    daring provocation now followed. Some ships, conveying a large sum of money 
+    borrowed by Philip in Genoa for the payment of Alva's army, having put into 
+    English ports to avoid the corsairs, Elizabeth, with the hearty approval of 
+    Cecil, took possession of the money, and said she would herself borrow it 
+    from the Genoese (December 1568). The Minister hoped this would bring on a 
+    war. The Queen audaciously but more correctly anticipated that Philip's 
+    resentment would still stop short of that extremity. He remonstrated: he 
+    threatened: he seized all English ships and sailors in his ports. Elizabeth, 
+    undismayed, swept all the Spaniards and Flemings whom she could find in 
+    London into her prisons, and seized their goods, to a value far greater than 
+    that of the English property in Philip's grasp. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In striking contrast with this unflinching 
+    attitude towards Spain was the behaviour of Elizabeth when threatened with 
+    war by France, unless she undertook to close her harbours to the Huguenots, 
+    and to forbid her own corsairs to prey on French commerce. The summons was 
+    promptly obeyed. Full satisfaction was made (April 1569). Yet France was at 
+    the moment a far less formidable antagonist than Spain. The French 
+    government did not possess the means of invading England. On this side of 
+    the Channel the old anti-French feeling was so persistent that all parties 
+    were ready and willing for the fray. The defeat of the Huguenots at Jarnac 
+    (April 1569) may have had something to do with Elizabeth's compliance. But 
+    what influenced her still more was her perception that war with France would 
+    compel her to place herself under the protection of Spain; whereas she 
+    desired to keep Spain at arm's-length, and to maintain a good understanding 
+    with France, as did Eliot, Pym, and Cromwell afterwards, regardless of the 
+    rooted prejudices of their countrymen. Elizabeth probably stood alone in her 
+    judgment on this occasion. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The quarrel with Philip had more serious 
+    results at home than abroad. It was indirectly the cause of the only English 
+    rebellion that disturbed the long reign of Elizabeth. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Most of the nobility and gentry, even when 
+    professedly Protestants, regretted the alienation of England from the 
+    Universal Church. If they had all pulled together they must have had their 
+    way, for they were the military and political class. But their discontent 
+    varied widely in its intensity. There were nobles like Sussex who were 
+    resolved to serve their Queen loyally and zealously, but who, all the same, 
+    wished her to cultivate a good understanding with Philip, to marry the 
+    Archduke, to abstain from assisting the Huguenots, to give no countenance to 
+    the rovers, to recognise Mary as her heir-presumptive and marry her to 
+    Norfolk. There were others like Norfolk, Montagu, Arundel, and Southampton, 
+    who had treasonable relations with the Spanish ambassador, and aimed at 
+    overthrowing Cecil, marrying Mary to Norfolk, and compelling the Queen to 
+    restore the Catholic worship, or at least to make such changes in the 
+    Anglican model as would facilitate a reunion with Rome when Mary should 
+    succeed. A third party, headed by the Catholic lords of the north, was 
+    plotting to depose Elizabeth in favour of Mary, and to marry the latter to 
+    Don John of Austria. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;With these powerful nobles in opposition, 
+    who, before the Reformation, could have hurled any sovereign from his 
+    throne, where was Elizabeth to look for support? The town populations were 
+    Protestant --too Protestant indeed for her taste. But the town populations 
+    were a minority, and less military than the landowners and their tenants. 
+    She had her Cecils, Bacons, Walsinghams, Hunsdons, Knollyses, Sadlers, 
+    Killegrews, Drurys, capable and devoted servants, but new men without 
+    territorial wealth or influence, and with no force except what they 
+    possessed as wielding the power of the Crown. It would be difficult to name 
+    more than half-a-dozen peers who zealously promoted her policy. Most of them 
+    looked on it coldly, and would support her only as long as she seemed to be 
+    strongest. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary's rejection of Elizabeth's terms 
+    coincided with the quarrel with Philip (December 1568). The disaffected 
+    nobles thought that the time was now come for striking a blow. Conscious 
+    that the feudal devotion of the gentry and yeomanry to their local chiefs 
+    had in Tudor times been largely superseded by awe of the central government, 
+    they were importuning Philip to give them the signal for rebellion by 
+    sending a division of Alva's army from the Netherlands. Philip, cautious as 
+    usual, and afraid of driving England into alliance with France, declined to 
+    send a soldier until either the Norfolk party had overthrown Cecil, or the 
+    northern lords had carried off Mary. Between these two sets of conspirators 
+    there was much jealousy and distrust. The Spanish ambassador thought the 
+    southern scheme the most feasible. Not without difficulty he persuaded the 
+    northern lords to wait till it should be seen whether the Queen could be 
+    induced or compelled to sanction the marriage of Mary with Norfolk. If she 
+    refused, they were to make a dash on Wingfield, a seat of Lord Shrewsbury's 
+    in Derbyshire where Mary was staying, while Norfolk was to raise the eastern 
+    counties. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All through the summer of 1569 these plots 
+    were brewing. Three times Norfolk and his father-in-law Arundel went to the 
+    Council with the intention of arresting Cecil. Three times their hearts 
+    failed them. The northern lords, who were not members of the Council, came 
+    up to London to see Norfolk bell the cat, but went back, more suspicious 
+    than ever, to make their own preparations. Cecil himself seems to have been 
+    hedging. In his private advice to the Queen he was opposing the Norfolk 
+    marriage, pointing out that free or in prison, married or single, in England 
+    or in Scotland, Mary must always be dangerous, and breathing for the first 
+    time the suggestion that she might lawfully be put to death in England for 
+    complicity in English plots. In the Council he concurred in a vote that she 
+    should be married to an Englishman --in other words, to Norfolk. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If Elizabeth could have felt any confidence 
+    in Norfolk's loyalty, it seems probable that much as she disliked the 
+    marriage she would have yielded to the almost unanimous pronouncement of the 
+    nobility in its favour. But a sure instinct warned her of her danger. &amp;quot;If 
+    she consented she would be in the Tower before four months were over.&amp;quot; After 
+    much deliberation she commanded the Duke on his allegiance to renounce his 
+    project. He gave his promise, but soon retired to his own county, and sent 
+    word to the northern earls that &amp;quot;he would stand and abide the venture.&amp;quot; But 
+    while he was shivering and hesitating, Elizabeth, for once, was all 
+    promptitude and decision. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary was hurried to Tutbury Castle. Arundel 
+    and Pembroke were summoned to Windsor, and kept under surveillance. Norfolk 
+    himself came in quietly, and was lodged in the Tower. Thus the southern 
+    conspiracy collapsed (September-October 1569). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Catholic lords and gentlemen of the north 
+    who had been awaiting Norfolk's signal, were staggered by his tame 
+    surrender. Sussex, who was in command at York, and who, being of the old 
+    blood himself, did not care to see old houses crushed, advised Elizabeth to 
+    wink at their half-begun treason, and be thankful it had not come to 
+    fighting. She winked at the attempted flight to Alva of Southampton and 
+    Montagu, and even affected to trust the latter with the command of the 
+    militia called out in Sussex. She could afford to ignore the disaffection of 
+    a southern noble. A Sussex squire or yeoman, even if he was not a 
+    Protestant, would think twice before he cast in his lot with rebellion. The 
+    northern counties were mainly Catholic. They were much behind the south in 
+    civilisation. The Tudor sovereigns were never seen there. Great families 
+    were still looked up to. Elizabeth knew that though rebellion might be 
+    adjourned, might possibly never come off, it was a constant menace, which 
+    crippled her policy. She determined therefore to have done with it, once for 
+    all, and summoned Northumberland and Westmoreland to London. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Thus driven into a corner, the two earls 
+    burst into rebellion. They entered Durham in arms, overthrew the communion 
+    table in the cathedral, set up the old altar, and had mass said (14 November 
+    1569). Next day they marched south, with the object of rescuing Mary from 
+    Tutbury. But when they were within fifty miles of that place, Shrewsbury and 
+    Huntingdon, in obedience to hurried orders from London, conveyed her to 
+    Coventry. Having thus missed their spring, the rebel earls halted 
+    irresolutely for three days, and then turned back. Their followers dropped 
+    away from them. Clinton and Warwick were on their track, with the musters of 
+    the Midlands; and before the end of December they were fain to fly across 
+    the Border. Northumberland was arrested by Moray. Two years later he was 
+    given up to Elizabeth, and executed. Westmoreland, after being protected for 
+    a time by Ker of Ferniehirst, escaped to the Netherlands, where he died. 
+    England was not again disturbed by rebellion till the great civil war.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The failure of the northern earls to kindle a 
+    general rebellion was due to the cautious and temporising policy for which 
+    Elizabeth has been so severely blamed by heated partisans. The powerful 
+    party which preferred a Spanish alliance, disliked religious innovation, and 
+    looked forward to the succession of Mary, had not been driven to despair of 
+    accomplishing those ends in a lawful way. Their avowed policy had not been 
+    proscribed--had not even been repudiated. Some of their chief leaders were 
+    on the Council--as we should say, were members of the Government; others 
+    were employed and trusted and visited by the Queen. They objected to being 
+    hurried into civil war by the northern lords, who were not of the Council, 
+    who kept away from London, and were rebels by inheritance and tradition. 
+    They would have nothing to do with the ill-advised movement; and, as in 
+    those days neutrality in the presence of open insurrection was no more 
+    permissible to a nobleman than it would be now to an officer in the army, 
+    they had no choice but to range themselves on the side of the Government. If 
+    Elizabeth had openly branded the Queen of Scots as a murderess, if she had 
+    pointed to Huntingdon or the son of Catherine Grey as her successor, if she 
+    had put herself at the head of a Protestant league, she might possibly have 
+    come victorious out of a civil war. But a civil war it would have been, and 
+    of the worst kind: one party calling in the Spaniard, and the other, in all 
+    probability, driven to call in the Frenchman. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The assassination of Moray a few weeks later 
+    (23 January 1570) was a severe blow to Elizabeth, and an irreparable 
+    disaster to his own country. An attempt has been made to create an 
+    impression that the English Queen was somehow responsible for his death, 
+    because she did not march an army into Scotland to support him. He no more 
+    wished to receive an English army into Scotland than Elizabeth wished to 
+    send one. Therein they were both of them wiser than the critics of their own 
+    day, or this. What he did ask for was money, and the recognition of James. 
+    The request for money Elizabeth was willing to consider, though, as a rule, 
+    she did not believe in paying for any work she could get done gratis. The 
+    recognition of James seems a very simple thing to the critics. But it was as 
+    difficult for Elizabeth as the recognition of the Prince of Bulgaria is now 
+    to Austria, and for similar reasons. She was under no obligation whatever to 
+    Moray. His own interest compelled him to play her game. But she well knew 
+    his value. On hearing of his death she shut herself up in her chamber, 
+    exclaiming, with tears, that she had lost the best friend she had in the 
+    world. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As long as Moray lived, and was able to keep 
+    the Marian lords in some sort of check, Elizabeth judged, and rightly, that 
+    she had more to lose than to gain by any open interference in Scotland. It 
+    was no business of hers to put down anarchy there. Scotch anarchy did not 
+    imperil England. What would imperil England would be the appearance of 
+    French troops in Scotland; and she judged that nothing would be so likely to 
+    bring them there as any pretension to establish an English protectorate. Her 
+    Protestant councillors fretted at her &lt;i&gt;laisser faire&lt;/i&gt; policy. But then 
+    they, for personal or at least for sectarian reasons, were eager for that 
+    general European conflagration which she, with superior discernment and 
+    larger patriotism, was trying to avert. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The death of Moray so weakened the King's 
+    party that it became necessary to give them a little help. Elizabeth gave it 
+    in such a way as she thought would be least likely to excite the jealousy of 
+    France. She told the new Regent Lennox that, though she could not send an 
+    army to support him, she would send one to chastise the Hamiltons and the 
+    Borderers, who were harbouring her rebel the Earl of Westmoreland, and, 
+    along with him, making raids into England. This was done sharply and 
+    thoroughly. The robber holds on the Border, and Hamilton Castle itself, were 
+    one after another taken and blown up by the English Wardens of the Marches 
+    (April and May 1570). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;What Elizabeth desired more than anything 
+    else was to settle Scotch affairs, in conjunction with France, on the terms 
+    that neither power should interfere in Scotland. To Cecil this was 
+    unsatisfactory, because the restoration of Mary, on any terms whatever, 
+    would, if she survived Elizabeth, ensure her succession to the English 
+    throne, and the ruin of Cecil himself. He did not want to conciliate 
+    Catholics at home or abroad. He wanted to commit his mistress to an 
+    internecine war with them. In an angry dispute with Arundel at the Council 
+    board about this time, he blurted out his doctrine, that the Queen had no 
+    friends but the Protestants, and that if she restored Mary she would lose 
+    them all. No language could have been more displeasing to Elizabeth, 
+    especially in the presence of crypto-Catholic lords, and she snubbed him 
+    unmercifully. &amp;quot;Mr Secretary, I mean to have done with this business; I shall 
+    listen to the proposals of the French King. I am not going to be tied any 
+    longer to you and your brethren in Christ.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The peace of St. Germain between the French 
+    court and the Huguenots (August 8, 1570), and the disgrace of the Guises, 
+    were followed by negotiations for a tripartite treaty between England, 
+    France, and Scotland on the basis of the restoration of Mary. Elizabeth, of 
+    course, insisted on the guarantees she had often sketched out. She was 
+    willing--nay, anxious--to leave Scotland alone, if the French would do the 
+    same. The French, on the other hand, felt that the equality of such an 
+    arrangement was more seeming than real, because there were always English 
+    troops lying at Berwick, within sixty miles of Edinburgh. They haggled over 
+    the guarantees, and in the meantime, notwithstanding the real desire of 
+    Catherine and Charles IX. to conclude an alliance with Elizabeth against 
+    Philip, they continued to send money and encouragement to the Marian lords 
+    in Scotland. For if, for any reason, the English alliance should not come 
+    off, they meant to take up Mary's cause in earnest, and detach her from her 
+    Guise relations by marrying her to the Duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry III.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All this was known to Elizabeth, and in her 
+    extreme anxiety for the tripartite treaty, she thought the moment was come 
+    to dangle the bait which she always reserved for occasions of special 
+    importance. She informed the French ambassador that she was ready to marry 
+    Anjou herself. It is not to be supposed that she had the least intention of 
+    doing so. She had settled with herself from the first how she would get out 
+    of her proposal when it had served its turn. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A minor motive for this move was the hope 
+    that it would reconcile her Protestant councillors to the restoration of 
+    Mary. She did not succeed with all of them. Some continued to mutter that 
+    Anjou was a Papist, that tripartite treaties were a delusion, and that the 
+    only safe course was to grasp the Scotch nettle and uphold James with the 
+    whole force of England. But upon Cecil the effect was almost comical. He 
+    jumped at the plan. Anything that was likely to make Elizabeth a mother 
+    would be salvation to him. Whether the Queen at the mature age of 
+    thirty-seven was likely to be happy with a husband of twenty was a question 
+    that did not give him a moment's concern. She was not too old to have two or 
+    three children, and, that result once achieved, Mary might go to Scotland or 
+    anywhere else for what he cared, and do her worst. The sanguine man already 
+    saw visions of a converted Valois heading an Anglo-French crusade against 
+    Philip, and establishing the reformed faith throughout Europe. Walsingham 
+    his right-hand man, then ambassador at Paris, was equally bitten. This was 
+    in the year before the massacre of St. Bartholomew. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The overture of Elizabeth was very welcome to 
+    the French court. Negotiations for the match were soon opened, and continued 
+    during the first six months of 1571. At the same time, both the Scotch 
+    factions were summoned to accept the tripartite arrangement. Mary was at 
+    first eager for it, and instructed her agent, the Bishop of Ross, to swallow 
+    every condition that might be imposed. She looked on it as the only means of 
+    obtaining her release. But there is ample proof that she intended to throw 
+    its stipulations to the winds and fight for her own cause when once she 
+    should get back to Scotland. In playing this perfidious game, she had 
+    confidently counted on the help of France. The Regent's party, however, 
+    declined the treaty. They dreaded Mary's return, and they had no wish to 
+    shake hands with the Marian lords or admit them to a share in the 
+    Government. The tripartite scheme thus fell through. Mary herself ceased to 
+    care for it as soon as she heard of the projected match between Elizabeth 
+    and Anjou. She saw that if France was going to co-operate heartily with 
+    England, her sovereignty in Scotland would be merely nominal. She might 
+    almost as well remain with Lord Shrewsbury. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;To remain quietly in England and be content 
+    with her position as heir-presumptive to the English crown was indeed the 
+    best and safest course open to her. She had only to acquiesce in it and give 
+    up plotting, and she might have lived here in considerable magnificence, and 
+    with as much freedom as she could desire. If she wished for a husband, she 
+    might have married any Englishman of whose loyalty Elizabeth could feel 
+    assured. It was of the greatest importance to both countries that she should 
+    bear more children. For it must be remembered that if James had died in his 
+    childhood, his next heir was a Hamilton, who had no title to the English 
+    throne. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If the proposed Anjou match had not produced 
+    the full results which Elizabeth hoped, it had at least defeated the plans 
+    and disorganised the party of her rival. It had served its turn; and all 
+    that now remained was to get out of it as decently as possible. The old 
+    pretext for breaking off the Austrian match was reproduced. Anjou could not 
+    be allowed to have a private mass; and when, in its eagerness, the French 
+    court seemed disposed to give way on this point, Elizabeth began to talk 
+    about a restitution of Calais. Ruefully did poor Cecil watch the vanishing 
+    of his dream. It was to no purpose that he tried to frighten Elizabeth by 
+    representing that a jilted prince would be converted into an angry enemy. 
+    She knew better. Anjou comprehended that she did not mean to have him, and, 
+    to avoid the indignity of a refusal, himself broke off negotiations. But, as 
+    Elizabeth had calculated, the new alliance did not suffer. The French King 
+    went out of his way to say that &amp;quot;for her upright dealing he would honour the 
+    Queen of England during his life,&amp;quot; and Catherine, most unsentimental of 
+    women, had another suitor to offer--her youngest son AlenÃ§on, then just 
+    turned seventeen! &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While the negotiations for the Anjou match 
+    were going on, what is known as the Ridolfi Plot was hatching against 
+    Elizabeth. Ridolfi, an Italian banker in London, and secretly an agent of 
+    the Pope, was in close relations with Norfolk and the other peers who for 
+    two years had been dabbling in treason. They were still pressing Philip to 
+    invade England; but he and Alva were less than ever disposed to undertake 
+    the venture since the pitiful collapse of the northern insurrection. In 
+    order to impress Philip with the importance of the conspiracy, Ridolfi went 
+    to Madrid, and showed Philip a letter purporting to be written by Norfolk, 
+    to which was attached a list of noblemen stated to be favourable to the 
+    cause. It contained the names of forty out of the sixty-seven peers then 
+    existing, while, of the rest, some were marked as neutral, and fifteen at 
+    most as true to Elizabeth. The classification was on the face of it absurdly 
+    untrustworthy. But correct or incorrect, it did not weigh with Philip. He 
+    wanted deeds, not lists of names, and Ridolfi was informed that, unless 
+    Elizabeth were first assassinated or imprisoned, not a Spanish soldier could 
+    be sent to England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Whatever secret disaffection might prevail 
+    among the peers, the temper displayed by the new House of Commons, elected 
+    in the spring of 1571, was not of a kind to encourage Elizabeth's enemies at 
+    home or abroad. So far as can be judged from its proceedings and debates, it 
+    was not only entirely Protestant, but largely Puritan.(1) A bill was passed 
+    by which any person refusing, on demand, to acknowledge Elizabeth's right to 
+    the crown was made incapable of succeeding her; a provision which, though it 
+    did not name Mary, could apply to no one else. It was made high treason to 
+    deny that the inheritance of the crown could be determined by the Queen and 
+    Parliament. To affirm in writing that any particular person was entitled to 
+    succeed the Queen, except the Queen's issue, or some one established by 
+    Parliament, was made punishable with imprisonment for life, and forfeiture 
+    of all property for the second offence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The plot which Ridolfi was so busily pushing 
+    in 1571 was, in fact, a continuation of the twin aristocratic conspiracies, 
+    one of which had exploded in the northern insurrection. By forcing that 
+    insurrection to break out before the southern conspirators had made up their 
+    minds what to do, the Government had effectually destroyed what chances of 
+    success the disaffected nobles had ever had. Alva was right in his judgment 
+    that, if the Percys, Nevilles, and Dacres could do so little, the Howard 
+    group, whose estates, vast as they were, lay, for the most part, in more 
+    orderly and civilised parts of the country, could do still less. There was, 
+    indeed, some talk among them of seizing the Queen at the opening of the 
+    Parliament of 1571, just as there had been a talk of arresting Cecil two 
+    years before. But the truth was that insurrection was a played-out game in 
+    England; and if Norfolk had been a ten-times abler and bolder man than he 
+    was, it would have made no difference. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The true history of the time is not to be 
+    read in the croakings and wailings privately exchanged between Cecil, 
+    Walsingham, and the rest of the Protestant junto, angry and alarmed because 
+    Elizabeth would not let them play her cards for her. It is a strange 
+    perversity which persists in adopting their view that she was on the brink 
+    of ruin, when the patent fact is that Protestantism was making rapid 
+    strides, that the Queen's personal popularity was increasing every day, and 
+    that Spain, France, and Scotland, the only countries with which she was 
+    concerned, were all humble suitors for her alliance on almost any terms that 
+    it might please her to exact. The correspondence of Philip with Alva is 
+    there to prove, that while writhing under the repeated aggressions of 
+    England, he was obliged to put up with them because a war would imperil his 
+    hold on the Netherlands. To all the invitations of the Norfolks and 
+    Northumberlands, the able and well-informed Alva turned a deaf ear, because 
+    he believed Elizabeth too strong to be overthrown. A French alliance she 
+    could always have as long as the Guises were excluded from power. If they 
+    regained their influence the Huguenots would keep them fully occupied. 
+    Scotland, unless foreign troops made their appearance there, could be no 
+    source of danger to England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's policy was thus, in its broad 
+    lines, as simple as it was successful. At home it was her wisdom to wink as 
+    long as possible at the disaffection of the few, to win the affection of the 
+    many by economical government, to reserve the persecuting laws for special 
+    cases, while preventing any general and sweeping application of them, and, 
+    lastly, to drive no party to desperation by a too pronounced encouragement 
+    of its opponents. Spain, as being the centre of reaction and the hope of her 
+    disloyal nobles, she meant to harass and weaken as far as she could do so 
+    without bringing on an open war. With Charles IX. and his mother she desired 
+    a defensive alliance, and an understanding that neither country should send 
+    troops into Scotland or permit Spain to do so. In its general conception, I 
+    repeat, this policy was simple and coherent. How it succeeded we know. There 
+    was nothing sentimental about it, though, where individuals were concerned, 
+    Elizabeth's judgment was sometimes warped by sentiment. Upon the whole, she 
+    kept herself at the English point of view. Whereas Cecil was compelled by 
+    personal considerations to place himself too much at the point of view of 
+    his &amp;quot;brethren in Christ,&amp;quot; both at home and abroad. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;However, a plot there was, and it was 
+    necessary that it should be unravelled and punished. Almost from its 
+    inception, Cecil (created Lord Burghley February 1571), had been more or 
+    less on the scent of it. Hints had come from abroad: spies had been 
+    employed: suspected persons had been closely watched: inferior agents had 
+    been imprisoned, questioned, racked: and enough had been discovered to make 
+    it certain that Englishmen of the highest rank were plotting treason. Who 
+    they were might be suspected, but was not ascertained until a lucky arrest 
+    put the Minister in possession of evidence incriminating Norfolk, Arundel, 
+    Southampton, Lumley, Cobham, the Spanish ambassador, the Bishop of Ross, and 
+    Mary herself (September 1571). Norfolk was sent to the Tower, and the other 
+    peers placed under arrest. The ambassador was dismissed. The Bishop made 
+    ample confessions. Mary, who had hitherto lived as the guest of Lord 
+    Shrewsbury, enjoying field-sports, receiving her friends and corresponding 
+    with whom she would, was confined to a single room, and carefully cut off, 
+    for a time, from all communication with the outer world. Both in England and 
+    abroad it was universally expected that she would be brought to trial and 
+    executed. James was at length officially styled &amp;quot;King&amp;quot; and his mother &amp;quot;late 
+    Queen.&amp;quot; Her partisans in Edinburgh Castle were informed that she would never 
+    be restored, and that, if they did not surrender the Castle to the Regent 
+    Mar, an English force would be sent to take it. The casket letters had 
+    hitherto been withheld from publication under pressure from Elizabeth; they 
+    were now at last given to the world in the famous &amp;quot;Detection&amp;quot; of Buchanan.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Under any other Tudor, or under the Stuarts, 
+    all the peers arrested would undoubtedly have lost their heads. Norfolk 
+    alone was brought to trial (January 1572). There was much in the proceedings 
+    which, according to modern notions, was unfair to the accused. But the peers 
+    who tried him felt sure that he was guilty, and they were right. Subsequent 
+    investigations have established beyond a doubt that he had conspired to 
+    bring a foreign army into the country--the worst form that treason can take. 
+    He had done this with contemptible hypocrisy, for a purely selfish object, 
+    and after the most lenient and generous construction had been placed on his 
+    first steps in crime. And yet historians have been found to make light of 
+    the offence, and to pity the malefactor as the victim of a romantic 
+    attachment to a woman whom he had never seen, and whom he believed to be an 
+    adulteress and a murderess. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;During the spring of 1572 Elizabeth hesitated 
+    to let justice take its course. She had reigned fourteen years without 
+    taking the life of a single noble. The scaffold on Tower Hill from such long 
+    disuse was falling to pieces, and Norfolk's sentence had made it necessary 
+    to erect a new one. Elizabeth was loath to break the spell. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Not knowing with any certainty how many of 
+    her nobles might have given more or less approval to the Ridolfi plot, but 
+    confident that she could cow them by letting the voice of the untitled 
+    aristocracy and middle class be heard, she called a new Parliament (May 
+    1572). The response went beyond her expectation. Of Mary's well-wishers, 
+    once so numerous, all except a few fanatics had now given her up. Two 
+    alternative courses of action with respect to her were submitted for 
+    consideration, with the intimation that the Queen would accept whichever of 
+    them Parliament should approve. The first was attainder. The second was that 
+    she should be disabled from succession to the crown; that if she attempted 
+    treason again she should &amp;quot;suffer pains of death without further trouble of 
+    Parliament;&amp;quot; and that it should be treason if she assented to any enterprise 
+    to deliver her out of prison. Both houses at once voted to proceed with the 
+    attainder. Elizabeth, we may be sure, was not sorry for this unmistakable 
+    exhibition of feeling. It would open the eyes of her enemies both at home 
+    and abroad. But she had no intention of proceeding to such extremities this 
+    time. Mary should have fair warning. Accordingly Parliament was desired to 
+    &amp;quot;defer&amp;quot; the bill of attainder, and to proceed with the second measure. But 
+    the Commons were in grim earnest. They immediately resolved that the second 
+    bill would be useless and even mischievous, as it would imply that at 
+    present Mary had a right of succession, whereas she was already disabled by 
+    law; and that they therefore preferred to proceed with the attainder. With 
+    this resolution the Lords concurred. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Here they were on dangerous ground. To rake 
+    up the law empowering Henry VIII. to determine the succession was to disable 
+    all the Stuarts, James included, and so to throw away the opportunity of 
+    uniting the crowns. Elizabeth had always, for excellent reasons, refused to 
+    allow this question to be raised. Accordingly she again directed the House 
+    to defer the attainder; she would not have the Scottish Queen &amp;quot;either 
+    enabled or disabled to or from any manner of title to the crown,&amp;quot; nor &amp;quot;any 
+    other &lt;i&gt;title&lt;/i&gt; to the same whatsoever touched at all;&amp;quot; to make sure of 
+    which she would have the second bill drawn by her own law officers. To the 
+    repeated demands of the Commons for the execution of Norfolk, she at length 
+    gave way, and a few days later he was beheaded (2 June 1572). The second 
+    bill, as drawn by the law officers, passed both Houses. Its exact terms are 
+    not known, for it never received the royal assent. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Burghley who was of opinion (as some one 
+    afterwards said about Strafford) that &amp;quot;stone dead hath no fellow,&amp;quot; bemoaned 
+    himself privately to Walsingham on the disappointment of their hopes; and 
+    modern historians, with whom his authority is final, are loud in their 
+    condemnation of Elizabeth's vacillation and blindness. Vacillation there was 
+    really none. She had determined from the first not to allow Mary to be 
+    punished. She had gained all she wanted when the temper of Parliament had 
+    been ascertained and displayed to the world. There have always been plenty 
+    of people to accuse her of treachery and cruelty because she put Mary to 
+    death fifteen years later, for complicity in an assassination plot. How 
+    would her name have gone down to posterity if the Scottish Queen had been 
+    executed in 1572 merely for inviting a foreign army to rescue her from 
+    captivity? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. The oath of supremacy imposed on members of 
+    the House of Commons in 1562 practically excluded conscientious Catholics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptersix.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    VI: Foreign Affairs: 1572-1583&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082624&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082624&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHd90f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHd90f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHd90f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5329</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The obituary of King Henry VII, 1509</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd90f48d2e9665396611163</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd90f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1509.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1509.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1509: The obituary of King Henry VII&quot; width=&quot;436&quot; height=&quot;73&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right was recorded in the &lt;i&gt;Anglica Historia&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry VII was the first Tudor king of England.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+      born on 28 January 1457 to Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, earl of 
+      Richmond and half-brother of the ill-fated King Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; Henry was 
+      born when his mother was just 13 years old; he was her only child.&amp;nbsp; 
+      His father died a few months prior to his birth.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry had a tumultuous life, much of it spent in exile 
+      until he fought King Richard III at Bosworth Field in the summer of 1485.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Richard's own forces betrayed him, most notably Henry's step-uncle and 
+      stepfather; he died in battle.&amp;nbsp; Henry was crowned king of England and 
+      soon married the royal princess Elizabeth of York.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry's improbable rise encouraged those qualities which 
+      made him a very effective but personally unpopular king.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+      secretive, acquisitive, and rarely trusted others.&amp;nbsp; He gained a 
+      reputation as both greedy and miserly.&amp;nbsp; He may have been both but 
+      keep in mind that he inherited a bankrupt government; he died solvent, no 
+      small achievement for a king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;After the upheaval of the 'Wars of the Roses', the 
+      English people desired peace.&amp;nbsp; They were prepared to accept Henry's 
+      very dubious claim to the throne (via his mother, through a rumored 
+      marriage between her great-grandfather, a royal duke, and his mistress) if 
+      he provided a stable government.&amp;nbsp; He did so, and his position was 
+      greatly strengthened by his marriage to the popular Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Even more importantly, he provided two male heirs within a few years of 
+      marriage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry's true genius was in administration.&amp;nbsp; He did 
+      not reform government, but he did increase its effectiveness.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      also reestablished royal authority over the English nobility.&amp;nbsp; His 
+      later years were unexpectedly difficult.&amp;nbsp; The deaths of Prince Arthur 
+      and Elizabeth of York within a year of each other saddened him personally 
+      and made the succession more insecure.&amp;nbsp; His own death in 1509 was 
+      preceded by several years of illness.&amp;nbsp; He was succeeded by his 18 
+      year old son, Henry.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;He [Henry VII] well knew how to maintain his royal majesty and all
+which appertains to kingship at every time and in every place.&amp;nbsp; He
+was most fortunate in war, although he was constitutionally more inclined
+to peace than to war.&amp;nbsp; He cherished justice above all things; as a
+result he vigorously punished violence, manslaughter and every other kind
+of wickedness whatsoever.&amp;nbsp; Consequently he was greatly regretted on
+that account by all his subjects, who had been able to conduct their lives
+peaceably, far removed from the assaults and evil doings of scoundrels.&amp;nbsp;
+He was the most ardent supporter of our faith and daily participated with
+great piety in religious services....&lt;br&gt;But all these virtues were obscured latterly by avarice, from which
+he suffered.&amp;nbsp; This avarice is surely a bad enough vice in a private
+individual, whom it forever torments; in a monarch indeed it may be considered
+the worst vice since it is harmful to everyone and distorts those qualities
+of trustfulness, justice and integrity by which the State must be governed.
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082593&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082593&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHdaa0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHdaa0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHdaa0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28147</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter IX</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdaa0ae5ebcf3fee49357c1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdaa0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER IX&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;EXECUTION OF THE QUEEN OF SCOTS: 1584-1587&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;THROGMORTON'S plot--of which the Queen of 
+    Scots was undoubtedly cognisant, though it was not pressed against 
+    her--brought home to every one the danger in which Elizabeth stood (1584). 
+    To the Catholic conspiracy, the temptation to take her life was enormous. It 
+    was becoming clear that, while she lived, the much talked of insurrection 
+    would never come off. The large majority of Catholics would have nothing to 
+    do with it --still less with foreign invasion. They would obey their lawful 
+    sovereign. But if once Elizabeth were dead, by whatever means, their lawful 
+    sovereign would be Mary. The rebels would be the Protestants, if they should 
+    try to place any one else on the throne. The Protestants had no organisation. 
+    They had no candidate for the crown ready. It was to be feared that no great 
+    noble would step forward to lead them. Burghley himself, though longing as 
+    much as ever for Mary's head, had with a prudent eye to all eventualities, 
+    contrived some time before to persuade her that he was her well-wisher. 
+    Houses of Commons, it is true, had shown themselves strongly and 
+    increasingly Protestant. But with the demise of the crown, Parliament, if in 
+    being at the time, would be &lt;i&gt;ipso facto&lt;/i&gt; dissolved. The Privy Council, 
+    in like manner, would cease to have any legal existence. Burghley, 
+    Walsingham, and the other new men of whom it was mostly composed, had no 
+    power or weight, except as instruments of the sovereign. Her death would 
+    leave them helpless. The country would take its direction not from them, but 
+    from the great nobles of large ancestral possessions. Nor could they provide 
+    for such an emergency by privately selecting a Protestant successor 
+    beforehand, and privately organising their partisans. It would have been as 
+    much as their lives were worth if their mistress had caught them doing 
+    anything of the kind. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In this dilemma an ingenious plan suggested 
+    itself to them. They drew up a &amp;quot;Bond of Association,&amp;quot; by which the 
+    subscribers engaged that, if the Queen were murdered, they would never 
+    accept as successor any one &amp;quot;by whom &lt;i&gt;or for whom&lt;/i&gt;&amp;quot; such act should be 
+    committed, but would &amp;quot;prosecute such person to death.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was a hypothetical way of excluding Mary 
+    and organising a Protestant resistance to which Elizabeth could make no 
+    objection. But the ministers knew that, as a merely voluntary association 
+    without Parliamentary sanction, it would add little strength or confidence 
+    to the Protestant party. It would not even test their numbers; for no Marian 
+    ventured to refuse the oath. Mary herself desired to be allowed to take it. 
+    The bond was therefore converted into a Statute by Parliament, though not 
+    without some important alterations (March 1585). It was enacted that if the 
+    realm was invaded, or a rebellion instigated, by &lt;i&gt;or for&lt;/i&gt; any one 
+    pretending a title to the succession, or if the Queen's murder was plotted 
+    by any one, or with the privity of any one that pretended title, such 
+    pretender, &lt;i&gt;after ezamination and judgment&lt;/i&gt; by an extraordinary 
+    commission to be nominated by the Queen, and consisting of at least 
+    twenty-four privy councillors and lords of Parliament assisted by the chief 
+    judges, should be excluded from the succession, and that, on proclamation of 
+    the sentence and direction by the Queen, all subjects might and should 
+    pursue the offender to death. If the Queen were murdered, the lords of the 
+    Council at the time of her death, or the majority of them, should join to 
+    themselves at least twelve other lords of Parliament not making title to the 
+    crown, and the chief judges; and if, after examination, they should come to 
+    the above-mentioned conclusion, they should without delay, by all forcible 
+    and possible means, prosecute the guilty persons to death, and should have 
+    power to raise and use such forces as should in that behalf be needful and 
+    convenient; and no subjects should be liable to punishment for anything done 
+    according to the tenor of the Statute. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Here, then, was a legal way provided by which 
+    the Protestant ministers might act against Mary if Elizabeth were murdered. 
+    They were in fact created a Provisional Government, with power to exclude 
+    Mary from the throne. Whether they would have the courage or strength to do 
+    so remained to be seen; but they would at least have formal law on their 
+    side. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It had never entered into Mary's plans to 
+    wait for Elizabeth's natural death. She therefore read the new Act as a 
+    sentence of exclusion. Another blow soon fell on her. In 1584, elated by her 
+    son's victory over the raiders of Ruthven, and believing that he was willing 
+    to recognise her joint sovereignty and cooperate with a Guise invasion, she 
+    had scornfully refused the last overtures that Elizabeth ever made to her. 
+    She now learnt that he had never intended to accept association with her, 
+    and that he had urged Elizabeth not to release her. In the following year he 
+    had accepted an annual pension of Â£4000 with some grumbling at its amount; 
+    and a defensive alliance was at length concluded between the two countries, 
+    Mary's name not being mentioned in the treaty (July 1586). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As the prospects of the Scottish Queen became 
+    darker both in England and her own country, she grew more desperate and 
+    reckless. Early in 1586, Walsingham contrived a way of regularly inspecting 
+    all her most secret correspondence. He soon discovered that she was 
+    encouraging Babington's plot for assassinating Elizabeth. Some of the 
+    conspirators, though avowed Catholics, had offices in the royal household; 
+    such was Elizabeth's easy-going confidence. It was hoped that Parma would at 
+    the moment of the murder land troops on the east coast. Mendoza, now Spanish 
+    ambassador in Paris, warmly encouraged the project. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Scottish Queen was now in the case 
+    contemplated by the Statute of the previous year. But it required all the 
+    urgency of the Council to prevail with Elizabeth to have her brought to 
+    trial. Elizabeth's whole conduct shows that she would even now have 
+    preferred to deal with her rival as she did in the inquiry into the Darnley 
+    murder. She would have been content to discredit her, to expose her guilt, 
+    and, if possible, to bring her to her knees confessing her crimes and 
+    pleading for mercy. But Mary was not of the temper to confess. Humiliation 
+    and effacement were to her worse than death. She chose to brazen it out with 
+    a well-grounded confidence that, as long as she asserted her innocence, 
+    people would always be found to believe in it, let the evidence be what it 
+    would. Besides, long impunity had convinced her that Elizabeth did not dare 
+    to take her life. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There was nothing for it, therefore, but to 
+    bring her to trial. A Special Commission was nominated under the provisions 
+    of the Statute of 1585, consisting of forty-five persons--peers, privy 
+    councillors, and judges--who proceeded to Fotheringay Castle, whither Mary 
+    had been removed. She at first refused their jurisdiction; but on being 
+    informed that they would proceed in her absence, she appeared before them 
+    under protest (14 October 1586). After sitting at Fotheringay for two days, 
+    the Court adjourned to Westminster, where it pronounced her guilty (25 
+    October). A declaration was added that her disqualification for the 
+    succession, which followed by the Statute, did not affect any rights that 
+    her son might possess. The verdict was immediately known; but its 
+    proclamation was deferred till Parliament could be consulted. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A general election had been held while the 
+    trial was going on, and Parliament met four days after its conclusion (29 
+    October). The whole evidence was gone into afresh. Not a word seems to have 
+    been said in Mary's favour; and an address was presented to the Queen 
+    praying for execution. If precedents were wanted for the capital punishment 
+    of an anointed sovereign, there were the cases of Agag, Jezebel, Athaliah, 
+    Deiotarus, king of Galatia, put to death by Julius CÃŠsar, Rhescuporis, king 
+    of Thrace, by Tiberius, and Conradin by Charles of Anjou. In vain did 
+    Elizabeth request them to reconsider their vote, and devise some other 
+    expedient. Usually so deferential to her suggestions, they reiterated their 
+    declaration that &amp;quot;the Queen's safety could no way be secured as long as the 
+    Queen of Scots lived.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's hesitation has been generally set 
+    down to hypocrisy. It has been taken for granted that she desired Mary's 
+    death, and was glad to have it pressed upon her by her subjects. I believe 
+    that her reluctance was most genuine. If not of generous disposition, 
+    neither was she revengeful or cruel. She had no animosity against her 
+    enemies. She lacked gall. She was never in any hurry to punish the 
+    disaffected, or even to weed them out of her service. She rather prided 
+    herself on employing them even about her person. Since her accession only 
+    two English peers had been put to death, though several had richly deserved 
+    it. She could affirm with perfect truth that, for the last fifteen years, 
+    she, and she alone, had stood between Mary and the scaffold, and this at 
+    great and increasing risk to her own life. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There had, perhaps, been a time when to 
+    destroy the prospect of a Catholic succession would have driven the 
+    Catholics into rebellion. But that time had long gone by, as every one knew. 
+    Elizabeth had only two dangers now to fear, invasion and assassination, the 
+    latter being the most threatening. There would be little inducement to 
+    attempt it if Mary were not alive to profit by it. Yet Elizabeth hesitated. 
+    The explanation of her reluctance is very simple. She flinched from the 
+    obloquy, the undeserved obloquy, which she saw was in store for her. 
+    Careless to an extraordinary degree about her personal danger, she would 
+    have preferred, as far as she was herself concerned, to let Mary live. It 
+    was her ministers and the Protestant party who, for their own interest, were 
+    forcing her to shed her cousin's blood; and it seemed to her unfair that the 
+    undivided odium should fall, as she foresaw it would fall, on her alone.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The suspense continued through December and 
+    January. In the meantime it became abundantly clear that no foreign court 
+    would interfere actively to save Mary's life. While she had been growing old 
+    in captivity, new interests had sprung up, fresh schemes had been formed in 
+    which she had no place. She stood in the way of half-a-dozen ambitions. 
+    Everybody was weary of her and her wrongs and her pretensions. The Pope had 
+    felt less interest of late in a princess whose rights, if established, would 
+    pass to a Protestant heir. Philip could not intercede for her even if he had 
+    desired to save her life. He was already at war with England, and, if she 
+    had known it, not with any intention of supporting her claims. James by his 
+    recent treaty with England had tacitly treated his mother as an enemy. Her 
+    scheme for kidnapping and disinheriting him, found among her papers at 
+    Chartley, had been promptly communicated to him. Decency required that he 
+    should make a show of remonstrance and menace. But he had every reason to 
+    desire her death, and his only thought was to use the opportunity for 
+    extorting from Elizabeth a recognition of his title to the English crown and 
+    an increase of his pension. He sent the Master of Gray to drive this 
+    bargain. The very choice of his envoy, the man who had persuaded him to 
+    break with his mother, showed Elizabeth how the land lay, and she did not 
+    think it worth her while to bribe him in either way. The Marian nobles 
+    blustered and called for war. Not one of them wanted to see Mary back in 
+    Scotland or cared what became of her; but they had got an idea that Philip 
+    would pay them for a plundering raid into England, and the doubly lucrative 
+    prospect was irresistible. James, however, though pretending resentment and 
+    really sulky at his rebuff, knew his own interests too well to quarrel with 
+    England. What the action of the French King was is less certain. Openly he 
+    remonstrated with considerable vigour and persistence; not entering into the 
+    question of Mary's guilt, but protesting against the punishment of a Queen 
+    and a member of his family. Probably his efforts, so far as they went, were 
+    sincere, for he instructed his ambassador to bribe the English ministers if 
+    possible to save her life. But it was evident that, however offended Henry 
+    III might be by the execution of his sister-in-law, he would not be provoked 
+    into playing the game of Spain. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A warrant for the execution had been drawn 
+    soon after the adjournment of Parliament, and all through December and 
+    January Elizabeth's ministers kept urging her to sign it. At length, when 
+    the Scotch and French ambassadors were gone, and with them the last excuse 
+    for delay, she signed it in the presence of Davison (who had lately been 
+    made co-secretary with Walsingham), and directed him to have it sealed (1 
+    February). What else passed between them on that occasion must always remain 
+    uncertain, because Davison's four written statements, and his answers at his 
+    trial, differ in important particulars not only from the Queen's account but 
+    from one another. So much, however, will to most persons who examine the 
+    evidence be very clear. Elizabeth meant the execution to take place. There 
+    is no reason to doubt Davison's statement that she &amp;quot;forbade him to trouble 
+    her any further, or let her hear any more thereof till it was done, seeing 
+    that for her part she had now performed all that either in law or reason 
+    could be required of her.&amp;quot; But signing the warrant, as both of them knew, 
+    was not enough. The formal delivery of it to some person, with direction to 
+    carry it out, was the final step necessary. This, by Davison's own 
+    admission, the Queen managed to evade. He saw that she wished to thrust the 
+    responsibility upon him and Walsingham, and he suspected that she meant to 
+    disavow them. Although, therefore, she had enjoined strict secrecy, he laid 
+    the matter before Hatton and Burghley. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Burghley assembled in his own room the Earls 
+    of Derby and Leicester, Lords Howard of Effingham, Hunsdon, and Cobham, 
+    Knollys, Hatton, Walsingham, and Davison (3 February). (1) These ten were 
+    probably the only privy councillors then at Greenwich. He laid before them 
+    Davison's statement of what had passed between the Queen and himself at both 
+    interviews. He said that she had done as much as could be expected of her; 
+    that she evidently wished her ministers to take whatever responsibility 
+    remained upon themselves without informing her; and that they ought to do 
+    so. His proposal was agreed to. A letter was written to the Earls of Kent 
+    and Shrewsbury instructing them to carry out the execution. This letter all 
+    the ten signed, and it was at once despatched along with the warrant. They 
+    quite understood that Elizabeth would disavow them. They saw that she wished 
+    to have a pretext for saying that Mary had been put to death without her 
+    knowledge, and before she had finally made up her mind. They were willing to 
+    furnish her with this pretext. Of course there would be more or less of a 
+    storm to keep up the make-believe. But ten privy councillors acting together 
+    could not well be punished. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On Thursday (9 February) the news of the 
+    execution arrived. Elizabeth now learnt for the first time that the 
+    responsibility which she had intended to fix on the two secretaries, one a 
+    nobody and the other no favourite, had been shared by eight others of the 
+    Council, including all its most important members. Storm at them the might 
+    and did, and all the more furiously because they had combined for 
+    self-protection. But to punish she whole ten was out of the question. Yet if 
+    no one were punished, with what face could she tender her improbable 
+    explanation to foreign courts? The unlucky Davison was singled out. He could 
+    be charged with divulging what he had been ordered to keep secret and 
+    misleading the others. He was tried before a Special Commission, fined 
+    10,000 marks, and imprisoned for some time in the Tower. The fine was 
+    rigidly exacted, and it reduced him to poverty. Burghley, whose tool he had 
+    been almost as much as Elizabeth's, took pains to make his disgrace 
+    permanent, because he wanted the secretaryship for his son, Robert Cecil.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The strange thing is, that Elizabeth not only 
+    expected her transparent falsehoods to be formally accepted as satisfactory, 
+    but hoped that they would be really believed. Her letter to James was an 
+    insult to his understanding. &amp;quot;I would you knew (though not felt) the extreme 
+    dolour that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far 
+    contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. . . . I beseech you that as God and 
+    many more know how innocent I am in this case, so you will believe me that 
+    if I had bid [bidden] ought I would have bid [abided] by it. . . . Thus 
+    assuring yourself of me that as I know this [the execution] was deserved, 
+    yet if I had meant it I would never lay it on others' shoulders, no more 
+    will I not damnify myself that thought it not.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Little as James cared what became of his 
+    mother, it was impossible that he should not feel humiliated when he was 
+    expected to swallow such a pill as this --and ungilded too. He had no 
+    intention of going to war with the country of which he might now at any 
+    moment become the legitimate King. But to let Elizabeth see that unless he 
+    was paid he could be disagreeable, he winked at raids across the border and 
+    coquetted with the faction who were inviting Philip to send a Spanish army 
+    to Scotland. It was but a passing display of temper. The end of the year 
+    (1587) saw him again drawing close to Elizabeth, and she was able to give 
+    her undivided attention to the coming Armada. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It cannot be seriously maintained that 
+    because Mary was not an English subject she could not be lawfully tried and 
+    punished for crimes committed in England. Those, if any there now be, who 
+    adopt her own contention that, being an anointed Queen, she was not amenable 
+    to any earthly tribunal, but to God alone, are beyond the reach of earthly 
+    argument. The English government had a right to detain her as a dangerous 
+    public enemy. She, on the other hand, had a right to resist such restraint 
+    if she could, and she might have carried conspiracy very far without 
+    incurring our blame. But for good reasons we draw a line at conspiracy to 
+    murder. No government ever did or will let it pass unpunished. If Napoleon 
+    at St. Helena had engaged in conspiracies for seizing the island, no one 
+    could have blamed him, even though they might have involved bloodshed. But 
+    if he had been convicted of plotting the assassination of Sir Hudson Lowe, 
+    he would assuredly have been hanged. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;That the execution was a wise and opportune 
+    stroke of policy can hardly be disputed. It broke up the Catholic party in 
+    England at the moment when their disaffection was about to be tempted by the 
+    appearance of the Armada. There had been a time when they had hopes of 
+    James. But he was now known to be a stiff Protestant. Only the small 
+    Jesuitical faction was prepared to accept Philip either as an heir of John 
+    of Gaunt or as Mary's legatee. There was no other Catholic with a shadow of 
+    a claim. The bulk of the party therefore ceased to look forward to a 
+    restoration of the old religion, and rallied to the cause of national 
+    independence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE ON PAULET'S ALLEGED REFUSAL TO MURDER MARY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;I have not alluded in the text to the story, 
+    generally repeated by historians, that Elizabeth urged Paulet and Drury to 
+    murder Mary privately. There is no doubt that, after the signature of the 
+    warrant, Walsingham and Davison, by Elizabeth's direction, urged Paulet and 
+    Drury to put Mary to death, and that they refused. But was it a private 
+    murder that was meant or a public execution without delivery of the warrant? 
+    There is nothing in any of Davison's statements inconsistent with the latter 
+    and far more probable explanation. The blacker charge is founded solely on 
+    the two letters which are generally accepted as being those which passed 
+    between the secretaries and Paulet, but which may be confidently set down as 
+    impudent forgeries. They were first given to the world in 1722 by Dr. George 
+    Mackenzie, a violent Marian, who says that &lt;i&gt;a copy&lt;/i&gt; of them was sent 
+    him by Mr. Urry of Christ Church, Oxford, and that they had been found among 
+    Paulet's papers. Two years later they were printed by Hearne, an Oxford 
+    Jacobite and Nonjuror, who says he got them from &lt;i&gt;a ropy&lt;/i&gt; furnished him 
+    by a friend unnamed (Urry?), who told him he had &lt;i&gt;copied&lt;/i&gt; them in 1717 
+    from a MS. letter-book of Paulet's. There is also a MS. &lt;i&gt;copy&lt;/i&gt; in the 
+    Harleian collection, which contains erasures and emendations--an 
+    extraordinary thing in a copy. It is said to be in the handwriting of the 
+    Earl of Oxford himself. There is nothing to show whence he copied it. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;No one has ever seen the originals of these 
+    letters. Neither has any one, except Hearne's unnamed friend, seen the &amp;quot;letterbook&amp;quot; 
+    into which Paulet it; supposed to have copied them. Where had this 
+    &amp;quot;letter-book&amp;quot; been before 1717? Where was it in 1717? What became of it 
+    after 1717? To none of these questions is there any answer. The most 
+    rational conclusion is that the &amp;quot;letter-book&amp;quot; never existed, and that the 
+    letters were fabricated in the reign of George I. by some Oxford Jacobite, 
+    who thought it easier and more prudent to circulate &lt;i&gt;copies&lt;/i&gt; than to 
+    attempt an imitation of Paulet's well-known handwriting, with all the other 
+    difficulties involved in forging a manuscript. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But it may be said, Do not the letters fit in 
+    with Davison's narrative? Of course they do. It was for the very purpose of 
+    putting an odious meaning on that narrative that they were fabricated. It 
+    was known that letters about putting Mary to death had passed. The real 
+    letters had never been seen, and had doubtless been destroyed. Here 
+    therefore was a fine opportunity for manufacturing spurious ones.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. 
+    The remaining Privy Councillors were Archbishop Whitgift, Lord Chancellor 
+    Bromley, the Earls of Shrewsbury and Warwick, Lord Buckburst, Sir James 
+    Crofts, Sir Ralph Sadler, Sir Walter Mildmay, Sir Amyas Pualet, and the 
+    Latin Secretary, Wolley.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterten.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    X: War with Spain: 1587-1603&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082627&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082627&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHdee0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHdee0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHdee0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,704 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">39559</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdee018166253fa4b7b9dc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdee0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosbiography.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosbiographyblack.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosmain13.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryfrancis-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">marysig.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">darnley-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">bothwell.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-film.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-death.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosbiography.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;764&quot; height=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; Mary, queen of Scots is one of the most fascinating and
+controversial monarchs of 16th century Europe.&amp;nbsp; At one time, she
+claimed the crowns of four nations - Scotland, France, England and
+Ireland.&amp;nbsp; Her physical beauty and kind heart were acknowledged
+even by her enemies.&amp;nbsp; Yet she lacked the political skills to rule
+successfully in Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Her second marriage was unpopular and
+ended in murder and scandal; her third was even less popular and ended
+in forced abdication in favor of her infant son.&amp;nbsp; She fled to
+England in 1568, hoping for the help of her cousin, Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp;
+Her presence was dangerous for the English queen, who feared Catholic
+plotting on Mary's behalf.&amp;nbsp; The two queens never met and Mary
+remained imprisoned for the next nineteen years.&amp;nbsp; She was executed
+in 1587, only forty-four years old.&amp;nbsp; By orders of the English
+government, all of her possessions were burned.&amp;nbsp; In 1603, upon
+Elizabeth's death, Mary's son became king of England as James I.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosbiographyblack.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;521&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;FURTHER READING&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+You may also view a &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;
+chronology&lt;/a&gt; of her life, read &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;,
+including letters written by Mary, view &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;portraits of Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and her contemporaries, test your knowledge of Mary's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;,
+and learn more about her famous cousin, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html#Sources&quot;&gt;
+Click here to view sources&lt;/a&gt; for this biography; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html#Weblinks&quot;&gt;
+click here for weblinks&lt;/a&gt; related to Mary, queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; My
+personal favorite is &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart Society of
+Scotland&lt;/a&gt; website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;NEWS&amp;nbsp; April
+2004&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;Two new studies of Mary, queen of Scots have arrived in
+bookstores.&amp;nbsp; Jane Dunn's &lt;i&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.randomhouse.com%2fknopf%2fcatalog%2fdisplay.pperl%3f0375408983&quot;&gt;
+Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is a dual biography
+with a beautiful selection of portraits and judicious use of primary
+sources.&amp;nbsp; John Guy's &lt;i&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.houghtonmifflinbooks.com%2fcatalog%2ftitledetail.cfm%3ftitleNumber%3d688331&quot;&gt;
+Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (published in the
+UK as &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f184115752X%2fref%3dpd%5fsim%5fb%5fdp%5f2%2f026-6790542-2760433&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;
+is the first biography dedicated to the Scottish queen in over thirty
+years.&amp;nbsp; Its central thesis argues that Burghley was the true
+villain of Mary's story.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+September 2004&lt;/b&gt;: I am working on a new, detailed biography of
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; Please check back soon.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'As a sinner I am
+truly conscious of having often offended my Creator and I beg him to
+forgive me, but as a Queen and Sovereign, I am aware of no fault or
+offence for which I have to render account to anyone here
+below.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of Scots to her
+jailer, Sir Amyas Paulet; October 1586&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;In November 1542, King James V of Scotland, lay dying at his
+beloved Falkland Palace, built just five years earlier.&amp;nbsp; He was
+devastated by his army's defeat by the English at Solway Moss and saw
+little hope for the future.&amp;nbsp; At Falkland, he was told that Mary of
+Guise, his French-born wife once wooed by Henry VIII, had given birth
+to a daughter at Linlithgow Palace on December 8.&amp;nbsp; This was a
+feast-day in honor of the Virgin Mary and many took it as a good omen
+for the little &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;407&quot;
+ alt=&quot;sketch of Mary, queen of Scots, age 12 or 13, by Clouet&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosmain13.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;250&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;princess; for her father,
+however, it was otherwise.&amp;nbsp; Upon receiving news of Mary's birth,
+he reportedly said, 'Woe is me. My dynasty came with a lass.&amp;nbsp; It
+will go with a lass.'&amp;nbsp; James's ancestor, Robert II, had become
+King of Scots in 1371.&amp;nbsp; The son of Robert the Bruce's daughter
+Marjorie
+and Walter, the High Steward of Scotland, Robert was nearest in
+succession to the throne.&amp;nbsp; He called his&amp;nbsp; new dynasty
+'Stewart,' a variation on his father's title; in France, it was spelled
+Stuart. Mary's father, James V, believed this lineage had ended with
+his daughter's birth.&amp;nbsp; He certainly never contemplated that his
+grandson would one day rule both Scotland and its old enemy,
+England.&amp;nbsp; James died within a week of Mary's birth and, before she
+was even a year old, the child was crowned queen of Scots. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The regents of Scotland made a treaty with
+Henry VIII in which Edward, Henry's long-awaited and precious son,
+would wed Mary.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII became increasingly erratic and
+despotic in his later years and continued to send his army north.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1546, Henry also encouraged the murder of Cardinal Beaton, a great
+Scots patriot; the proof - shortly before the murder, he had offered
+one
+thousand pounds for expenses associated with a plot to murder
+Beaton.&amp;nbsp; After this, the Scots were determined to avoid the
+proposed English marriage. In July 1548, they sent the five-year-old
+Mary to France, her mother's homeland.&amp;nbsp; The Scots Parliament had
+agreed to her marriage with Francis, the heir of Henry II, king of
+France from 1547 to 1559.&amp;nbsp; Mary sailed from Dumbarton Castle to
+France, using this route to avoid English ships patrolling the English
+Channel.&amp;nbsp; According to most contemporary reports, Mary was
+exceptionally lovely (even in an age when most noble women were
+accorded the title of 'fair' or 'beautiful'), intelligent and full of
+vitality.&amp;nbsp; One French observer wrote admiringly: 'It is not
+possible to hope for more from a Princess on this earth.'&amp;nbsp; From
+this vantage point, Mary's life seemed to be set on a glorious course;
+but like a later foreign queen of France, Marie Antoinette, Mary's life
+was not destined to be peaceful and happy. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary left for Scotland, she traveled
+with the children of Scotland's nobility, including the 'Four Maries,'
+the women who would stay with her throughout her later imprisonment and
+execution.&amp;nbsp; They were Mary Fleming, Mary Seton, Mary Beaton and
+Mary Livingstone.&amp;nbsp; Mary Seton was the only one to die unmarried
+and lived on until 1615, praying for Mary's soul and giving alms in her
+memory.&amp;nbsp; The group arrived in France in August 1548. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;France, 1548-61&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Mary was given a royal welcome in France by King Henry II.&amp;nbsp;
+He ordered that she would have precedence over his own daughters as she
+was sovereign of an independent country and also because she was to wed
+his heir, the Dauphin.&amp;nbsp; The king also became very fond of the
+child, saying, 'The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child I
+have ever seen.'&amp;nbsp; While in France, Mary's maternal grandmother,
+Antoinette de Guise, wrote to her daughter in Scotland that Mary was
+'very pretty, graceful and self-assured.' &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was 5 when she first met the
+four-year-old Dauphin, her betrothed husband.&amp;nbsp; According to most
+contemporaries, they were close and affectionate with one another even
+as children.&amp;nbsp; They traveled from one royal palace to another -
+Fountaineblea to Meudon, or to Chambord or Saint-Germain.&amp;nbsp; They
+were always attended to by a retinue of servants and, even then, Mary
+had developed a fondness for animals, especially dogs, which was to
+continue throughout her life.&amp;nbsp; Mary was also educated in the
+traditional manner of French princesses; she spoke French and learned
+Latin, Italian, Spanish and a little Greek.&amp;nbsp; She learned to dance,
+sing, play the lute as well as converse on religious matters.&amp;nbsp; Her
+religious tutor was the prior of Inchmahome, a Scottish priest.&amp;nbsp;
+When she was seven, her mother came to France to visit her; when Mary
+of Guise returned to Scotland, neither realized that they would never
+see each other again. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By the age of eleven, Mary was deemed to be
+as intelligent and well-spoken as a woman of twenty-five by her doting
+father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; It is worth noting that the Guise family regarded
+Mary as one of their own; not only was betrothed to the heir to the
+throne but her mother was a Guise as well.&amp;nbsp; Her uncle, Cardinal
+Guise, taught her about statecraft, perhaps encouraging her natural
+feelings of clemency and mercy.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Mary was to be
+remarkably free from bigotry during her short reign in Scotland, even
+towards her subjects of a different religion. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Mary queen of Scots and her first husband, Francis II of France&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryfrancis-crop.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;170&quot; height=&quot;226&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+In 1555, Mary sent back letters to her mother in Scotland to be used
+for administrative purposes and it is from these that we first see her
+royal signature &lt;img
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/marysig.jpg&quot;&gt;'MARIE R'&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1558, she married the Dauphin in an incredible celebration in
+Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris.&amp;nbsp; Exceptionally tall for a woman in
+the 16th century, Mary was every inch the regal Queen; she had an oval
+face, shapely chin, and small mouth which were set off by her
+golden-red hair, her large forehead, and hazel eyes.&amp;nbsp; Many
+considered Mary to be the most beautiful princess in Europe, much as
+they had thought of her relative, Henry VIII's sister, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;,
+who had also come to France as queen for a short while.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
+not always in the best of health but, unlike her husband, there were no
+immediate concerns for her life. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1558, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;
+of England passed away and Henry II of France encouraged his
+daughter-in- law to assume the royal arms of England.&amp;nbsp; In his
+opinion - and that of most of Catholic Europe - Mary of Scotland was
+the next heir to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; This belief, of course,
+would have serious repercussions throughout Mary's life.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth I never forgot this first offense and never rested easily
+while her Catholic relative was alive.&amp;nbsp; But the matter was
+smoothed over when Elizabeth was persuadd the assumption was due more
+to Guise ambitions than Mary's actual wish.&amp;nbsp; In 1559, Henry II of
+France, died at the age of 40. Mary and her husband were crowned Queen
+and King of France.&amp;nbsp; But in June of 1560, Mary's mother died in
+Scotland at the age of 45.&amp;nbsp; And just six months later, her young
+husband also died of an ear infection.&amp;nbsp; Mary was understandably
+devastated by this chain of tragic events.&amp;nbsp; Thockmorton, the
+English ambassador, commented that Francis had left 'as dolorous a wife
+as she had good cause to be.&amp;nbsp; By long watching with him during his
+sickness and painful diligence about him' she had become exhausted and
+made herself ill.&amp;nbsp; She wrote a poem, in French, about her grief at
+his death; this is a translation of one verse: &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;By day, by night, I think of him/ In wood or mead, or where I
+be/ My heart keeps watch for one who's gone./ And yet I feel he's aye
+with me.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What was Mary to do next?&amp;nbsp; She left for
+Scotland, a land rife with religious and civil discord. Without waiting
+for a safe-conduct pass from Elizabeth, whose ships were patrolling her
+route, Mary set out for Scotland on 14 August 1561 and, five days
+later, reached Leith, the port of Edinburgh. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;Scotland, 1561-68&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary knew very well that she was succeeding
+to a most troubled heritage.&amp;nbsp; But after her recent years of loss
+and grief, she was determined to make a bright future.&amp;nbsp; Also, in
+an age of religious persecution which earned her cousin Mary Tudor the
+nickname 'Bloody Mary,' Mary was determined that every one of her
+Scottish subjects should worship God as their conscience bade; there
+would be no religious persecution under her rule. &amp;nbsp;In this, she
+resembled her cousin &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;copy of a French miniature of Mary, painted c1565&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+The Scots received their new queen with great joy and
+celebration.&amp;nbsp; At once, she began to try and help them; within a
+year of her arrival, one-sixth of all Church benefices was given to the
+Protestant ministers to relieve their poverty.&amp;nbsp; She also attempted
+to strengthen the power of the Crown against Scotland's notoriously
+difficult-to-control nobles.&amp;nbsp; Of course, such a strategy would
+lead to more peace and stability within the realm.&amp;nbsp; As a result,
+she was popular with the common people but not the nobility; she played
+croquet, golfed, went for hunts and archery practice, sung, danced,
+and, in general, showed an admirable zest for life.&amp;nbsp; In 1562 the
+English ambassador reported to Elizabeth, 'When the soldiers came back
+from the night's sentry-duty, she said she was sorry she was not a man
+to be all night on the fields and to walk the causeway with buff-coat,
+steel-helmet, buckler, and broadsword.' &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1563, Mary began the traditional 'royal
+progress' throughout Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In 1564, the fourth Earl of Atholl
+organized a great hunt in honor of the queen and, yet again, Mary
+charmed all who met her.&amp;nbsp; Yet she also treaded dangerous ground
+with her policy of non-discrimination and desire to unify the nation,
+taking power away from the independent nobles.&amp;nbsp; Though a Catholic,
+Mary became friends with one of the most learned Protestants of the
+time, George Buchanan.&amp;nbsp; In the political realm, Mary kept up
+peaceful relations with France, Spain, and England, though she never
+met Elizabeth face-to-face.&amp;nbsp; But, in 1566, her patience was tried
+by the English ambassador's persistent and obvious spying; she ordered
+him out of the kingdom and declared him persona non grata.&amp;nbsp; And
+her peace with France and Spain was kept without a treaty, though a
+treaty would have given Scotland some measure of protection against
+England in the possibility of conflict.&amp;nbsp; However, Mary was aware
+that any treaty could compromise her subjects, involving them in yet
+another war and causing strife.&amp;nbsp; Above all, she wanted peace and
+prosperity, and she kept Scotland safely distanced from political
+machinations.&amp;nbsp; When the threat to Mary's reign finally came, it
+was not from one of these outside powers; indeed, it came from within
+her own nation. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;Mary's second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/darnley-crop.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;197&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+As queen, Mary was more than aware that she should marry and provide
+heirs to the throne.&amp;nbsp; In July of 1565, she wed a cousin named
+Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, a weak, vain, and unstable young man; like
+Mary, he was also a grandchild of Henry VIII's sister Margaret.&amp;nbsp;
+Why Mary wed Darnley remains a mystery; he was superficially charming
+and, unlike most men, taller than the queen. &amp;nbsp;He was fond of
+courtly amusements and thus a nice change from the dour Scottish lords
+who surrounded her. &amp;nbsp;But he never seemed to care for Mary and
+sought far more power than she was willing to give him.&amp;nbsp; When she
+was six months pregnant in March of 1566, Darnley joined a group of
+Scottish nobles who broke into her supper-room at Holyrood Palace and
+dragged her Piedmontese secretary, David Riccio, into another room and
+stabbed him to death.&amp;nbsp; They claimed Riccio had undue influence
+over her foreign policy but, in reality, they probably meant to cause
+Mary, from watching this horrific crime, to suffer a miscarriage, thus
+losing her child and her own life as well since one usually meant the
+other in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; Mary certainly believed that Darnley,
+angry because she had denied him the crown matrimonial, wanted to kill
+her and the child, thus becoming King of Scots.&amp;nbsp; But it is
+unlikely that, had he been successful, Darnley would have long survived
+his wife. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After Riccio's death, the nobles kept Mary
+prisoner at Holyrood Palace.&amp;nbsp; Entering the later stages of her
+pregnancy, she was desperate to escape and - somehow - won over Darnley
+and they escaped together.&amp;nbsp; Three months later the future James VI
+of Scotland was born and congratulations came from all over
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; Still young and healthy after the birth, Mary now had an
+heir.&amp;nbsp; This was the apex of her reign, her greatest and happiest
+moment.&amp;nbsp; In December 1566 James was baptized in the Chapel Royal
+of Stirling Castle. Mary, once the fragile last hope of the Stewart
+dynasty, was just 23 years old and had fulfilled one of a monarch's
+greatest duties - providing a healthy son and heir.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth of
+England, ten years older, watched these events with interest for, even
+then, she knew her own future would be - by choice - unmarried and
+childless.&amp;nbsp; She could well imagine that Mary's son would be her
+heir as well. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But this future soon seemed perilous for
+James's birth provided only a temporary calm.&amp;nbsp; The nobles who had
+plotted with Darnley now felt betrayed by him; after all, they had
+captured the queen and her potential heir, murdered her dear friend,
+and were in a position to demand anything.&amp;nbsp; But Darnley's decision
+to help Mary escape infuriated them.&amp;nbsp; In February of 1567 they had
+Darnley's house, Kirk o' Field, blown up; Darnley's strangled body was
+found in the garden.&amp;nbsp; Many nobles were implicated, most
+particularly James Hepburn, the Earl of Bothwell. Certainly Bothwell's
+later life (imprisoned in Denmark, he died in 1578, virtually insane)
+was a degree of punishment for this crime.&amp;nbsp; However, in the
+immediate aftermath of Darnley's murder, he met with Mary about six
+miles outside of Edinburgh.&amp;nbsp; He had 600 men with him and asked to
+escort Mary to his castle at Dunbar; he told her she was in danger if
+she went to Edinburgh.&amp;nbsp; Mary, unwilling to cause further bloodshed
+and understandably terrified, followed his suggestions.&amp;nbsp;
+Bothwell's noble friends had previously pressed her to marry him and
+he, too, had told her she needed a strong husband who could help unify
+the nobles behind her.&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused the proposal then,
+preferring to marry Darnley, but now she knew herself to be
+powerless.&amp;nbsp; She also had an infant son to consider. So she
+consented to wed Bothwell, hoping that this would finally stabilize the
+country.&amp;nbsp; Also, Bothwell showed&amp;nbsp;&lt;img
+ alt=&quot;Mary's third husband, James Hepburn, Lord Bothwell&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/bothwell.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;226&quot; height=&quot;224&quot;&gt; Mary an agreement the nobles
+had signed which indicated they were prepared to accept him as their
+overlord.&amp;nbsp; In May 1567 they wed at Holyrood and Mary wrote to the
+foreign courts that it was the right decision for her country. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the nobles were still not to be
+trusted.&amp;nbsp; Now, they were angry that Bothwell would be all-powerful
+and they decided to wage war against him.&amp;nbsp; Barely a month after
+the marriage, rebel nobles and their forces met Mary's troops at
+Carberry Hill, 8 miles south-east of Edinburgh.&amp;nbsp; The nobles
+demanded that Mary abandon Bothwell, whom they had earlier ordered her
+to wed.&amp;nbsp; She refused and reminded them of their earlier
+order.&amp;nbsp; To avoid the bloodshed of battle, she turned herself over
+and the rebels took her to Edinburgh while Bothwell struggled to rally
+troops of his own.&amp;nbsp; Mary was taken to Lochleven Castle and held
+prisoner in that island fortress; fearing for her own life, she became
+desperately ill.&amp;nbsp; She was forced to sign a document abdicating the
+crown in favor of her year-old son.&amp;nbsp; At the end of that month,
+July 1567, James was crowned king and James Stewart, the Earl of Moray,
+Mary's bastard half-brother, became Regent.&amp;nbsp; Moray wasted no time
+in repaying Mary's earlier kindness to him by stealing her son and
+jewels.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Scottish history reveals that all these
+nefarious nobles came to a bad end - Moray was murdered just 3 years
+later and the next regents were also killed; in fact, her son James had
+one of the traitors executed in 1580, when he was just a teenager. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's cause was aided in 1568 when John Hay,
+before his execution, made a statement from the scaffold that told how
+the nobles had murdered Darnley.&amp;nbsp; Before this, the nobles had
+attempted to make the people believe Mary was responsible.&amp;nbsp; Now,
+she was able to win sympathy and friends.&amp;nbsp; George Douglas, one of
+the brothers of her keeper at Lochleven, helped her escape.&amp;nbsp; After
+10 months of captivity, she was free to fight for the throne.&amp;nbsp; Her
+supporters gathered an army and, on their way to Dumbarton Castle, a
+battle was fought at Langside, Glasgow.&amp;nbsp; Mary's forces lost and
+she was forced to flee with her supporters.&amp;nbsp; Against all advice,
+she was determined to go south and ask Elizabeth I for support.&amp;nbsp;
+As James's godmother and Mary's cousin as well as a fellow independent
+Queen, Mary felt certain Elizabeth would help her.&amp;nbsp; As most know,
+this was the beginning of yet another chapter of suffering and misery
+for Mary. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;The Final Years, 1568-87&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Mary set sail for England on 16 May 1568.&amp;nbsp; She soon arrived
+in Workington, Cumbria; Elizabeth did not know what to do and kept Mary
+guarded in the north.&amp;nbsp; After all, without Mary's knowledge, she
+had been helping her enemies, promising money and&amp;nbsp;&lt;img
+ alt=&quot;Mary, queen of Scots and Lord Darnley, as portrayed by Vanessa Redgrave and Timothy Dalton in the film 'Mary Queen of Scots', 1971&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-film.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; height=&quot;247&quot;&gt; sanctuary in return
+for their treacherous behavior against their queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's
+motives for this were obvious - Mary was the closest Catholic claimant
+to the English throne and Elizabeth knew some of her subjects were not
+above hoping she could be deposed and Mary made queen of both Scotland
+and England.&amp;nbsp; So she had determined to keep her cousin's kingdom
+in continual strife; if Mary was busy at home, she would have less
+chance to plot against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth's conscience was
+determined to be clear so she appointed commissioners to look into the
+matter; they met throughout 1568 and 1569.&amp;nbsp; In December of 1569,
+the so-called Casket Letters were first presented at Westminster.&amp;nbsp;
+They were supposedly letters and other papers belonging to Bothwell and
+found in his casket (letter box).&amp;nbsp; They disappeared soon
+afterwards and only translations and copies remain.&amp;nbsp; However, few
+believed they were either real or important at the time for Elizabeth,
+in January 1569, released a statement that 'Nothing had been
+sufficiently proved, whereby the Queen of England should conceive an
+evil opinion of her good sister.'&amp;nbsp; Everyone took this to mean that
+Mary was not guilty of any conspiracy alleged in the letters. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But in this same year, conservative nobles in
+England supported an idea that Mary should wed the Duke of
+Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; This also indicated that Elizabeth, and most English
+nobles, believed Mary innocent of Darnley's murder and any charges in
+the Casket Letters.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth did not consent to the marriage
+and kept Mary under lock and key.&amp;nbsp; Soon, this arrangement had
+settled into stone; Mary was moved from prison to prison, eventually
+ending up at Fotheringhay Castle, about 70 miles north-west of London
+and as close to Elizabeth as she ever came.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Mary
+plotted from the very beginning to escape.&amp;nbsp; She felt justified in
+doing so since she was being held against her will.&amp;nbsp; However, as
+the years passed, the plots grew more outlandish and murderous.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary's imprisonment was only to end with her execution.&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;Read a more detailed account of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html&quot;&gt;Mary's
+arrival in England&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;the plots
+which led to her trial and execution&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;i&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/i&gt;
+website.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In October of 1586, Mary was put on trial at
+Fotheringhay for plotting to kill Elizabeth and claim the English
+throne.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's last letter to Mary was delivered at the
+start of the trial: &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life
+and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never
+proceeded so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected
+and maintained you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you
+and all made manifest. Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles
+and peers of the kingdom as if I were myself present. I therefore
+require, charge, and command that you make answer for I have been well
+informed of your arrogance. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Act plainly without reserve, and you will sooner be
+able to obtain favour of me. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary defended herself admirably though she
+had no friends or supporters at the trial and, essentially, the verdict
+had been decided before the proceedings had begun.&amp;nbsp; Mary admitted
+her desire to escape but stated, 'I have not procured or encouraged any
+hurt against Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; And she appealed for
+mercy, mentioning her own reputation for tolerance and kindness: 'My
+subjects now complain they were never so well off as under my
+government.'&amp;nbsp; But she also accepted the inevitable, telling the
+assembled nobles, 'May God keep me from having to do with you all
+again.'&amp;nbsp; When the verdict was read to her, she said, 'I do not
+fear to die in a good cause.' &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The trial lasted just two days and was over
+on 16 October 1586 but it was not until 7 February 1587 that she was
+told she would be executed the next morning.&amp;nbsp; She asked for her
+chaplain but was refused this last comfort.&amp;nbsp; The Earl of Kent
+said: 'Your life would be the death of our religion, your death would
+be its life.'&amp;nbsp; In fact, Mary had been a tolerant ruler in Scottish
+religious matters.&amp;nbsp; But such was the extreme religious upheaval of
+the time, tolerance itself was a sign of weakness.&amp;nbsp; The
+death-sentence was signed by Elizabeth who later argued that her
+secretary Davison had deceived her as to its contents; she said she
+would not have signed it otherwise.&amp;nbsp; Her letter to Mary's son
+James about the execution, written on 14 February, is a remarkable
+document:&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the
+extreme dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident
+which (far contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this
+kinsman of mine, whom ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to
+instruct you truly of that which is too irksome for my pen to tell you.
+I beseech you that as God and many more know, how innocent I am in this
+case : so you will believe me, that if I had bid aught I would have bid
+by it. I am not so base minded that fear of any living creature or
+Prince should make me so afraid to do that were just; or done, to deny
+the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor carry so vile a mind. But,
+as not to disguise, fits not a King, so will I never dissemble my
+actions, but cause them show even as I meant them. Thus assuring
+yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if I had meant it
+I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will I not damnify
+myself that thought it not. &lt;br&gt;
+The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for your
+part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor a
+more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully to
+preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you,
+judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave
+to trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long reign. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and cousin, &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth R.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;A year later, the Catholic Philip V of Spain invaded England
+with his Armada, perhaps - to some degree - urged on by Mary's
+execution. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img
+ alt=&quot;Laslett John Pott's painting 'Mary Queen of Scots being led to execution', 1871&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-death.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;282&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Mary did not retire until two in the morning on the last day of her
+life.&amp;nbsp; She spent her final hours making a will and generously
+providing to those who had served her faithfully.&amp;nbsp; Early on the
+morning of 8 February 1587, dressed in black satin and velvet, she
+entered the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle.&amp;nbsp; She commanded her
+servant, Melville, to go to her son and tell him that she had never
+done anything to compromise their kingdom of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
+calm and composed before the several hundred spectators present; she
+listened while the execution warrant was read and then prayed aloud in
+English for the Church and her son.&amp;nbsp; She also mentioned Queen
+Elizabeth and prayed for her to continue to serve God in the years to
+come. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary comforted her weeping servants, her
+friends and supporters to the last.&amp;nbsp; They helped her undress;
+beneath her all-black gown, she wore a red petticoat and bodice.&amp;nbsp;
+Her women helped her attach the long red sleeves.&amp;nbsp; Mary thus died
+wearing the liturgical color of Catholic martyrdom.&amp;nbsp; She gave them
+her golden rosary and Agnus Dei, asking them to remember her in their
+prayers.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes were covered with a white cloth.&amp;nbsp; While
+her servants wept and called out prayers in a medley of languages, she
+laid her neck upon the block, commended herself to God and received the
+death-stroke.&amp;nbsp; But the executioner was unsteady and the first blow
+cut the back of her head; Mary whispered, 'Sweet Jesus', and the second
+blow descended.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When the executioner lifted her head and
+cried out, 'God save the Queen,' a macabre surprise occurred.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary, queen of Scots had worn an auburn wig to her execution.&amp;nbsp; It
+was left in the executioner's hand as her head, with its short, grey
+hair, fell to the floor.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had always loved animals and her little
+Skye terrier had brought her great comfort during the years in
+prison.&amp;nbsp; It had curled itself around her feet while she knelt at
+the block and died just days after the queen.&amp;nbsp; As queen of Scots,
+Mary's motto had been 'In my end is my beginning'.&amp;nbsp; And certainly
+the end of her life marked the beginning of her legend.&amp;nbsp; The
+Catholic nations which had condemned her behavior during Darnley's
+murder and the marriage to Bothwell now celebrated her as a
+martyr.&amp;nbsp; Her former brother-in-law, Henri III of France, held a
+funeral mass at Notre-Dame, where Mary had wed Francis almost thirty
+years before.&amp;nbsp; Accounts of her execution, illustrated by crude
+woodcuts, were sold throughout Europe.&amp;nbsp; She was now the
+sympathetic heroine; the past could be forgotten.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sixteen years later, Mary's son
+became King of England and Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In 1612, he moved her body
+to Westminster Abbey, London, constructing a magnificent tomb which
+rivaled Elizabeth I's.&amp;nbsp; In her &lt;i&gt; Essay on Adversity&lt;/i&gt;,
+written in 1580 while she was imprisoned, Mary had written of rulers:
+'Tribulation has been to them as a furnace to fine gold - a means of
+proving their virtue.'&amp;nbsp; It was a fitting epitaph for her own
+infamous life.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;You can &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryqos-letter.html&quot;&gt; read
+Mary's last letter&lt;/a&gt;, written to Henri III of France just six hours
+before her execution, &lt;br&gt;
+as well as &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexmary.html&quot;&gt;an
+eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;i&gt;Primary Sources &lt;/i&gt;
+section.&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;CHRONOLOGY&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+The major events of her life.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IMAGES&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Portraits of the queen, her friends and
+family, with
+commentary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;PRIMARY
+SOURCES&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Letters written by Mary, as well as an
+eyewitness account of her execution.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt;Test your knowledge of Mary's
+life and times.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt;Learn about Mary's famous cousin.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+Relatives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; margin-left: 80px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;small&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Sources&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sources:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+Life of Mary, Queen of Scots (2 vol) by George Chalmers -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/small&gt;
+&lt;small&gt;My Heart is My Own by John Guy&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Mary, Queen of
+Scots: The Daughter of Debate by Marjorie Bowen&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Mary,
+Queen of Scots: The Daughter of Debate (yes, same title - earlier book)
+by Sir Arthur MacNalty&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;The Castles, Palaces, and
+Prisons of Mary of Scotland by Charles MacKie&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;On the
+Trail of Mary, Queen of Scots by JK Cheetham&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;The
+Queen of Scots by Stefan Zweig&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Mary, Queen of Scots
+by Antonia Fraser&lt;/small&gt;&amp;nbsp; - &lt;small&gt;Mary, Queen of Scots by Susan
+Watkins&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Two Queens in One Isle by Alison Plowden - &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;The
+Casket Letters: A Solution to the&amp;nbsp; Mystery of Mary, Queen of Scots
+and the Murder of Lord Darnley by MH Davison - &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;Tudor
+Cousins: Rivals for the Throne by Dulcie Ashdown - &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;All
+the Queen's Men by Gordon Donaldson - The First Trial of Mary, Queen of
+Scots by Gordon Donaldson - Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord
+Darnley by Alison Weir - In My End is My Beginning: A Life of Mary,
+Queen of Scots by James Mackay - Mary Queen of Scots: A Study in
+Failure by Jenny Wormald - The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and
+Stuart Britain, edited by John Morrill - Two Queens in One Isle by
+Alison Plowden - New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors by
+Susan Brigden - The Life of Mary, Queen of Scots by Agnes Strickland -
+The Mystery of Mary Stuart by Andrew Lang - Mary, Queen of Scots and
+Her Accusers by John Hosack - Scotland Under Mary Stuart: An Account of
+Everyday Life by Marjorie Bowen - Elizabeth and Mary by Jane Dunn -
+Original Letters Illustrative of English History, edited by Henry Ellis
+- Mary, Queen of Scots: A Study of the Lennox Narrative in the
+University Library of Cambridge, edited by Reginald H. Mahon - The
+Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland by Raphael Holinshed -
+Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Documents connected with her
+personal history, edited by Agnes Strickland&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;small&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Weblinks&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Weblinks:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart Society of
+Scotland&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is the most detailed Mary, queen of Scots site
+on the web.&amp;nbsp; It has a&amp;nbsp; lengthy biography of the queen,
+samples of her poetry and letters, and much more - too much to list
+here, in fact. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fles%5fvalois&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+This site is currently available in French.&amp;nbsp; It's beautifully
+designed and has lots of information; go visit and try out your foreign
+language skills!&amp;nbsp; Its creator also made this &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsarah%5fn%5fbernard&quot;&gt;Lady Jane Grey site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.newadvent.org%2fcathen%2f09764a.htm&quot;&gt;The Catholic
+Encyclopedia's biography of Mary&lt;/a&gt;, with links to other topics.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082705&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082705&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHdee8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHdee8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHdee8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8241</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">marilee &amp; jeremy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Scottish Genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdee8c1665bb38763b04e6f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215253</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdee8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;Scottish Genealogy&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;for now, this page only concerns James II through Mary queen of Scots
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James II, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;son of King James I of Scotland and Lady Joan
+Beaufort&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born 16 October 1430 at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 25 March 1437 at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;married 3 July 1449 at Holyrood Abbey to Marie von Geldern
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;eight children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Child, born 19 May 1450
+&lt;br&gt;Mary, born c.1451
+&lt;br&gt;James, later James III of Scotland, king of Scotland, born 10 July
+1451
+&lt;br&gt;Margaret
+&lt;br&gt;Alexander of Albany, duke of Albany, born c.1454
+&lt;br&gt;David, earl of Moray, born c.1454
+&lt;br&gt;John of Mar, earl of Mar &amp;amp; Garioch, born c.1459
+&lt;br&gt;John
+&lt;br&gt;died 3 August 1460 at Roxburgh Castle
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James III, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;son of King James II and Queen Joan of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 10 July 1451 at Stirling
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 10 August 1460 at Kelso Abbey, Roxburghshire
+&lt;br&gt;married 13 July 1469 to Margaret Oldenburg, called Margaret of Denmark
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;three children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James, later James IV of Scotland, king of Scotland, born 17 March
+1473
+&lt;br&gt;James, duke of Ross, born March 1476
+&lt;br&gt;John, earl of Mar, born December 1479
+&lt;br&gt;died 11 June 1488 at Milltown, Bannockburn
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Cambuskenneth Abbey, Stirlingshire
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James IV, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;son King James III and Queen Margaret of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 17 March 1473
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 26 June 1488 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire
+&lt;br&gt;married 8 August 1503 to Margaret Tudor, princess of England, at Holyrood
+Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;seven children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;James of Rothesay, duke of Rothesay, born 21
+February 1507&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;daughter, born 15 July 1508&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Arthur, duke of Rothesay, born 20 October 1509&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;James, later King James V of Scotland, born 15
+April 1512&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;daughter, born November 1512&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Alexander, duke of Ross, born 30 April 1514&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;died 9 September 1513 at the Battle of Flodden Field, Northumberland
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;mistresses&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(1) &lt;/font&gt;Mary Boyd, also called Marion Boyd
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;two children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Alexander Stuart, called Alexander of St. Andrews, Archbishop of St.
+Andrews, born about 1493
+&lt;br&gt;Catherine Stuart
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/font&gt; Jean Kennedy, also called Janet Kennedy
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;two children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, called James of Moray, earl of Moray, born about 1499
+&lt;br&gt;two children who died young
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/font&gt; Margaret Drummond
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Margaret Stuart, born about 1497
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/font&gt; Isabel, Lady Stewart
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Jean Stuart, also called Janet Stuart&lt;/ul&gt;
+(As you can see, James IV was a procreative guy!&amp;nbsp; Here are two more
+interesting facts about him:&amp;nbsp; Margaret Tudor, his wife, petitioned
+for divorce in 1514, arguing that James had survived the Battle of Flodden
+and was living in the Holy Land.&amp;nbsp; In reality, his corpse was kept
+in a lumber room at Richmond Palace, home of his brother-in-law Henry VIII.)
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James V, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;son of King James IV and Queen Margaret of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 15 April 1512 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 21 September 1513 at Chapel Royal, Stirling Castle
+&lt;br&gt;married 1 January 1537 to Madeleine of France at Notre Dame Cathedral,
+Paris
+&lt;br&gt;married 9 May 1538 to Mary de Guise (also called Mary de Lorraine)
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;three children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James of Rothesay, duke of Rothesay, born 22 May 1540; died in infancy
+&lt;br&gt;Arthur (Robert) of Rothesay, duke of Rothesay, born April 1541; died
+in infancy
+&lt;br&gt;Mary 'Queen of Scots', queen of Scotland, born 7 December 1542
+&lt;br&gt;died 14 December 1542 at Falkland Palace, Fife
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;mistresses&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/font&gt; Elizabeth Shaw
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, called James of Kelso and Melrose, Abbot of Kelso and
+Melrose, born c.1529
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/font&gt; Margaret Erskine
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;James Stuart, called James of Moray, earl of Moray, Regent of
+Scotland, born c.1531
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/font&gt; Eupheme Elphinstone
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Robert Stuart, called Robert of Orkney, earl of Orkney, born c.1533
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(4) &lt;/font&gt;Elizabeth Carmichael, also called
+Katherine Carmichael
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, called John of Coldinghame, Prior of Coldinghame, born
+c.1531
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(5)&lt;/font&gt; Elizabeth Stewart
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Adam Stewart, Adam of Charterhouse, Prior of Charterhouse, born ?
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(6) &lt;/font&gt;Elizabeth Bethune
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Jean Stuart, born ?&lt;/ul&gt;
+(As you can see, James V, much like his father, was fond of the ladies.&amp;nbsp;
+When Mary queen of Scots returned to Scotland, most of her troubles began
+with her various half-siblings.&amp;nbsp; These various royal bastards caused
+most of Scotland's notorious political instability.&amp;nbsp; Think of poor
+Henry VIII - he could barely manage two sons!)
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Mary Stuart; later titled
+Queen Mary of Scotland (called Mary queen of Scots)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;daughter of King James V and Queen Mary of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 7 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;titled Queen of Scotland 9 September 1543 at Stirling Castle
+&lt;br&gt;married 24 April 1558 to Francis de Valois, later called Francis II,
+king of France, at Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris
+&lt;br&gt;married 29 July 1565 to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley at Holyrood Palace,
+Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, later titled James VI, king of Scotland &amp;amp; James I,
+king of England, born 19 June 1566
+&lt;br&gt;married 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn 4th earl Bothwell at Holyrood
+Palace, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;two children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;twins, born and died July 1568
+&lt;br&gt;surrendered the throne in favor of her son at Carberry Hill 15 June
+1567
+&lt;br&gt;executed 8 February 1587 at Fotheringhay Castle, Northampton
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Westminster Abbey, London in 1612
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealog.html&quot;&gt;return
+to Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;return
+to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;read
+about Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082761&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082761&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHe0d5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHe0d5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHe0d5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">23139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe0d5b8389c3383653c916e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe0d5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER II&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;THE CHANGE OF RELIGION: 1559&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;MARY died on the 17th of November 1558. 
+    Parliament was then sitting, and, in communicating the event to both Houses, 
+    Archbishop Heath frankly took the initiative in recognising
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt;, &amp;quot;of whose most lawful right 
+    and title in the succession of the Crown, thanks be to God, we need not to 
+    doubt.&amp;quot; He was a staunch Catholic, and two months later refused to officiate 
+    at her coronation. But he was an Englishman, and even the most convinced 
+    Catholics, though looking forward with uneasiness to the religious policy of 
+    the new &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Queen&lt;/font&gt;, were sincerely glad 
+    that there was no danger of a disputed succession. Besides, it was by no 
+    means clear that &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt; would not 
+    accept the ecclesiastical constitution as established in the late reign. 
+    That there would be an end of burnings, and of the harassing tyranny of the 
+    bishops, every one felt certain; but it seemed quite upon the cards that
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt; would continue to recognise 
+    the headship of the Pope in a formal way and maintain the Mass. It must be 
+    remembered that the religious changes had only begun some thirty years 
+    before. All middle-aged men could remember the time when the ecclesiastical 
+    fabric stood to all appearance unbroken, as it had stood for centuries. Only 
+    twenty-four years had passed since the Act of Supremacy had transferred the 
+    headship of the Church from the Pope to the King; only eleven since the 
+    Protestant doctrine and worship had been forced on the country by the 
+    Protector Somerset, to the horror and disgust of the great majority of 
+    Englishmen. The nation had sorrowed for the death of Edward VI., because it 
+    darkened the prospects of the succession, and seemed likely sooner or later 
+    to bring on a civil war. But apart from the hot Protestant minority, chiefly 
+    to be found in London, the mass of the nation was conservative, and welcomed 
+    the reestablishment of the old religion as a return to order and common 
+    sense after a short and bitter experience of revolutionary anarchy. There 
+    was a rooted objection to restore the old meddlesome tyranny of the bishops, 
+    and the nobles and squires who had got hold of the abbey lands would not 
+    hear of giving them up. But the return to communion with the Catholic Church 
+    and the recognition of the Pope as its head gave satisfaction to 
+    three-fourths, perhaps to five-sixths, of the nation, and to a still larger 
+    proportion of its most influential class, the great landed proprietors. 
+    Mary's accession was the great and unique opportunity for the old Church. If 
+    Mary and Pole had been coolheaded politicians instead of excitable fanatics, 
+    if they had contented themselves with restoring the old worship, depriving 
+    the few Protestant clergy of their benefices, and punishing only outrageous 
+    attacks on the State religion, Elizabeth would not have had the power, it 
+    may be doubted whether she would have had the inclination, to undo her 
+    sister's work. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This great opportunity was thrown away. 
+    Mary's bishops came back brooding over the long catalogue of humiliations 
+    and indignities which their Church had suffered, and thirsting to avenge 
+    their own wrongs. For six years they had their fling, and contrived to make 
+    the country forget the period of Protestant misgovernment. England had never 
+    before known what it was to be governed by clergymen. It was a sort of rule 
+    as hateful to most Catholic laymen as to Protestants. Catholics therefore 
+    for the most part, as well as Protestants, hailed the accession of 
+    Elizabeth. At any rate there would be an end of the clerical tyranny. Nor 
+    were they without hope that she would maintain the old worship. She had 
+    conformed to it for the last five years, and Philip had given the word that 
+    she was to be supported. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We are now accustomed to the Papal &lt;i&gt;non 
+    possumus&lt;/i&gt;. No nation or Church can hope that the smallest deviation from 
+    Roman doctrine or discipline will be tolerated. But in 1558 the hard and 
+    fast line had not yet been drawn. France was still pressing for such changes 
+    as communion in both kinds, worship in the vulgar tongue, and marriage of 
+    priests. The Council of Trent, it is true, had already in 1545 decided that 
+    Catholic doctrine was contained in the Bible &lt;i&gt;and tradition&lt;/i&gt;, and in 
+    1551 had defined transubstantiation and the sacraments. But in 1552 the 
+    Council was prorogued, and it did not resume till 1562. Doctrine and 
+    discipline therefore might be, and were still considered to be, in the 
+    melting-pot, and no one could be certain what would come out. If Elizabeth 
+    had contented herself with the French programme, and had joined France in 
+    pressing it, the other sovereigns, who really cared for nothing but 
+    uniformity, would probably have forced the Pope to compromise. The Lutheran 
+    doctrine of consubstantiation might have been tolerated. The Anglican 
+    formulÃŠ have been held by many to be compatible with a belief in the Real 
+    Presence. The formal severance of England from Catholic unity might thus 
+    have been postponed--possibly avoided--in the same sense that it has been 
+    avoided in France. After the completion of the Council of Trent (1562-3) it 
+    was too late. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Two years after her accession Elizabeth told 
+    the Spanish ambassador, De Quadra, that her belief was the belief of all the 
+    Catholics in the realm; and on his asking her how then she could have 
+    altered religion in 1559, she said she had been compelled to act as she did, 
+    and that, if he knew how she had been driven to it, she was sure he would 
+    excuse her. Seven years later she made the same statement to De Silva. 
+    Elizabeth was habitually so regardless of truth that her assertions can be 
+    allowed little weight when they are improbable. No doubt, as a matter of 
+    taste and feeling, she preferred the Catholic worship. She was not pious. 
+    She was not troubled with a tender conscience or tormented by a sense of 
+    sin. She did not care to cultivate close personal relations with her God. A 
+    religion of form and ceremony suited her better. But her training had been 
+    such as to free her from all superstitious fear or prejudice, and her 
+    religious convictions were determined by her sense of what was most 
+    reasonable and convenient. There is not the least evidence that she was a 
+    reluctant agent in the adoption of Protestantism in 1559. Who was there to 
+    coerce her? The Protestants could not have set up a Protestant competitor. 
+    The great nobles, though opposed to persecution and desirous of minimising 
+    the Pope's authority, would have preferred to leave worship as it was. But 
+    upon one thing Elizabeth was determined. She would resume the full 
+    ecclesiastical supremacy which her father had annexed to the Crown. She 
+    judged, and she probably judged rightly, that the only way to assure this 
+    was to make the breach with the old religion complete. If she had placed 
+    herself in the hands of moderate Catholics like Paget, possessed with the 
+    belief that she could only maintain herself by the protection of Philip, 
+    they would have advised her to be content with the practical authority over 
+    the English Church which many an English king had known how to exercise. 
+    That was not enough for her. She desired a position free from all ambiguity 
+    and possibility of dispute, not one which would have to be defended with 
+    constant vigilance and at the cost of incessant bickering. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;From the point of view of her foreign 
+    relations the moment might seem to be a dangerous one for carrying out a 
+    religious revolution, and many a statesman with a deserved reputation for 
+    prudence would have counselled delay. But this disadvantage was more than 
+    counterbalanced by the unpopularity which the cruelties and disasters of 
+    Mary's last three years had brought upon the most active Catholics. Again, 
+    Elizabeth no doubt recognised that the Catholics, though at present the 
+    strongest, were the declining party. The future was with the Protestants. It 
+    was the young men who had fixed their hopes upon her in her sister's time, 
+    and who were ready to rally round her now. By her natural disposition, and 
+    by her culture, she belonged to the Renaissance rather than to the 
+    Reformation. But obscurantist as Calvinism essentially was, the Calvinists, 
+    as a minority struggling for freedom to think and teach what they believed, 
+    represented for a time the cause of light and intellectual emancipation. Was 
+    she to put herself at the head of reaction or progress? She did not love the 
+    Calvinists. They were too much in earnest for her. Their narrow creed was as 
+    tainted with superstition as that of Rome, and, at bottom, was less humane, 
+    less favourable to progress. But whom else had she to work with? The 
+    reasonable, secular-minded, tolerant sceptics are not always the best 
+    fighting material; and at that time they were few in number and tending--in 
+    England at least--to be ground out of existence between the upper and nether 
+    millstones of the rival fanaticisms. If she broke with Catholicism she would 
+    be sure of the ardent and unwavering support of one-third of the nation; so 
+    sure, that she would have no need to take any further pains to please them. 
+    As for the remaining two-thirds, she hoped to conciliate most of them by 
+    posing as their protector against the persecution which would have been 
+    pleasing to Protestant bigots. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the policy of a complete breach with Rome, 
+    Cecil was disposed to go as far as the Queen, and further. Cecil was at this 
+    time thirty-eight. For forty years he continued to be the confidential and 
+    faithful servant of Elizabeth. One of those new men whom the Tudors most 
+    trusted, he was first employed by Henry VIII. Under Edward he rose to be 
+    Secretary of State, and was a pronounced Protestant. On the fall of his 
+    patron Somerset he was for a abort time sent to the Tower, but was soon in 
+    office again--sooner, some thought, than was quite decent--under his 
+    patron's old enemy, Northumberland. He signed the letters patent by which 
+    the crown was conferred on Lady Jane Grey; but took an early opportunity of 
+    going over to Mary. During her reign he conformed to the old religion, and, 
+    though not holding any office, was consulted on public business, and was one 
+    of the three commissioners who went to fetch Cardinal Pole to England. 
+    Thoroughly capable in business, one of those to whom power naturally falls 
+    because they know how to use it, a shrewd balancer of probabilities, without 
+    a particle of fanaticism in his composition and detesting it in others, 
+    though ready to make use of it to serve his ends, entirely believing that &amp;quot;whate'er 
+    is best administered is best,&amp;quot; Cecil nevertheless had his religious 
+    predilections, and they were all on the side of the Protestants. Moreover he 
+    had a personal motive which, by the nature of the case, was not present to 
+    the Queen. She might die prematurely; and if that event should take place 
+    before the Protestant ascendancy was firmly established his power would be 
+    at an end, and his very life would be in danger. A time came when he and his 
+    party had so strengthened themselves, if not in absolute numerical 
+    superiority, yet by the hold they had established on all departments of 
+    Government from the highest to the lowest, that they were in a condition to 
+    resist a Catholic claimant to the throne, if need were, sword in hand. But 
+    during the early years of the reign Cecil was working with the rope round 
+    his neck. Hence he could not regard the progress of events with the 
+    imperturbable &lt;i&gt;sang-froid&lt;/i&gt; which Elizabeth always displayed; and all 
+    his influence was employed to push the religious revolution through as 
+    rapidly and completely as possible. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The story that Elizabeth was influenced in 
+    her attitude to Rome by an arrogant reply from Pope Paul IV. to her official 
+    notification of her accession, though refuted by Lingard and Hallam in their 
+    later editions, has been repeated by recent historians. Her accession was 
+    notified to every friendly sovereign except the Pope. He was studiously 
+    ignored from the first. Equally unsupported by facts are all attempts to 
+    show that during the early weeks of her reign she had not made up her mind 
+    as to the course she would take about religion. All preaching, it is true, 
+    was suspended by proclamation; and it was ordered that the established 
+    worship should go on &amp;quot;until consultation might be had in Parliament by the 
+    Queen and the three Estates.&amp;quot; In the meantime she had herself crowned 
+    according to the ancient ritual by the Catholic Bishop of Carlisle. But this 
+    is only what might have been expected from a strong ruler who was not 
+    disposed to let important alterations be initiated by popular commotion or 
+    the presumptuous forwardness of individual clergymen. The impending change 
+    was quite sufficiently marked from the first by the removal of the most 
+    bigoted Catholics from the Council and by the appointment of Cecil and Bacon 
+    to the offices of Secretary and of Lord Keeper. The new Parliament, 
+    Protestant candidates for which had been recommended by the Government, met 
+    as soon as possible (25 January 1559). When it rose (8 May) the great change 
+    had been legally and decisively accomplished. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The government, worship, and doctrine of the 
+    Established Church are the most abiding marks left by Elizabeth on the 
+    national life of England. Logically it might have been expected that the 
+    settlement of doctrine would precede that of government and worship. It is 
+    characteristic of a State Church that the inverse order should have been 
+    followed. For the Queen the most important question was Church government; 
+    for the people, worship. Both these matters were disposed of with great 
+    promptitude at the beginning of 1559. Doctrine might interest the clergy; 
+    but it could wait. The Thirty-nine Articles were not adopted by Convocation 
+    till 1563, and were not sanctioned by Parliament till 1571. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The government of the Church was settled by 
+    the &lt;i&gt;Act of Supremacy (April 1559)&lt;/i&gt;. It revived the Act of Henry VIII., 
+    except that the Queen was styled Supreme Governor of the Church instead of 
+    Supreme Head, although the nature of the supremacy was precisely the same. 
+    The penalties were relaxed. Henry's oath of supremacy might be tendered to 
+    any subject, and to decline it was high treason; Elizabeth's oath was to be 
+    obligatory only on persons holding spiritual or temporal office under the 
+    Crown, and the penalty for declining was the loss of such office. Those who 
+    chose to attack the supremacy were still liable to the penalties of treason 
+    on the third offence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Worship was settled with equal expedition by 
+    the &lt;i&gt;Act of Uniformity (April 1559)&lt;/i&gt;, which imposed the second or more 
+    Protestant Prayer-book of Edward VI., but with a few very important 
+    alterations. A deprecation in the Litany of &amp;quot;the tyranny of the Bishop of 
+    Rome and all his detestable enormities,&amp;quot; and a rubric which declared that by 
+    kneeling at the Communion no adoration was intended to any real and 
+    essential presence of Christ, were expunged. The words of administration in 
+    the present communion service consist of two sentences. The first sentence, 
+    implying real presence, belonged to Edward's first Prayer-book; the second, 
+    implying mere commemoration, belonged to his second Prayer-book. The 
+    Prayerbook of 1559 simply pieced the two together, with a view to satisfy 
+    both Catholics and Protestants. Lastly, the vestments prescribed in Edward's 
+    first Prayer-book were retained till further notice. These alterations of 
+    Edward's second Prayer-book, all of them designed to propitiate the 
+    Catholics, were dictated by Elizabeth herself. In all this legislation 
+    Convocation was entirely ignored. Both its houses showed themselves strongly 
+    Catholic. But their opinion was not asked, and no notice was taken of their 
+    remonstrances. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While determining that England should have a 
+    purely national Church, and for that reason casting in her lot with the 
+    Protestants, Elizabeth, as we have seen, made very considerable sacrifices 
+    of logic and consistency in order to induce Catholics to conform. Like a 
+    strong and wise statesman, she did not allow herself to be driven into one 
+    concession after another, but went at once as far as she intended to go. At 
+    the same time the coercion applied to the Catholics, while sufficient to 
+    influence the worldly-minded majority, was, during the early part of her 
+    reign, very mild for those times. She wished no one to be molested who did 
+    not go out of his way to invite it. Outward conformity was all she wanted. 
+    And of this mere attendance at church was accepted as sufficient evidence. 
+    The principal difficulty, of course, was with the clergy. From them more 
+    than a mere passive conformity had to be exacted. To sign declarations, take 
+    oaths, and officiate in church was a severer strain on the conscience. It is 
+    said that less than 200 out of 9400 sacrificed their benefices rather than 
+    conform, and that of these about 100 were dignitaries. The number must be 
+    under-stated; for the chief difficulty of the new bishops, for a long time, 
+    was to find clergymen for the parish churches. But we cannot doubt that the 
+    large majority of the parish clergy stuck to their livings, remaining 
+    Catholics at heart, and avoiding, where they could, and as long as they 
+    could, compliance with the new regulations. It must not be supposed that the 
+    enactment of religious changes by Parliament was equivalent, as it would be 
+    at the present day, to their immediate enforcement throughout the country; 
+    especially in the north where the great proprietors and justices of the 
+    peace did not carry out the law. A certain number of the ejected priests 
+    continued to celebrate the ancient rites privately in the houses of the more 
+    earnest Catholics; for which they were not unfrequently punished by 
+    imprisonment. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Of course this was persecution. But according 
+    to the ideas of that day it was a very mild kind of persecution; and where 
+    it occurred it seems to have been due to the zeal of some of the bishops, 
+    and to private busybodies who set the law in motion, rather than to any 
+    systematic action on the part of the Government.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterthree.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    III: Foreign Relations: 1559-1563&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082621&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082621&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHea16.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHea16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHea16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12382</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">What's New at Tudor England?</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHea16bc5da551a21d13a89f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215251</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHea16.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">whatsnew.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ivesbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8miniseries.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">dunnbook.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">guyscots.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/whatsnew.gif&quot; alt=&quot;What's New?&quot; width=&quot;377&quot; height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ivesbook.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;95&quot; height=&quot;140&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;29 September 2004&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Professor 
+      Eric Ives, who wrote the definitive biography of Anne Boleyn in 1986, has 
+      just released &lt;i&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f104-8047124-6243950%3fv%3dglance%26s%3dbooks%26n%3d507846&quot;&gt;US&lt;/a&gt; 
+      and
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      UK&lt;/a&gt;), which incorporates new research and addresses issues raised by 
+      the biographies of Anne which followed his own (including Warnicke and 
+      Starkey's work.)&amp;nbsp; Tudor enthusiasts know that
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0521406773%2fqid%3d1096481812%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      Warnicke's&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn&lt;/i&gt; questioned many of 
+      Ives's conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;I should stress that this is a &lt;i&gt;new&lt;/i&gt; biography, 
+      not simply a new edition of the 1986 work.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;I'm still working on the Reviews section; please check back soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;If you haven't been to &lt;i&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/i&gt; in a 
+      while, please visit.&amp;nbsp; I did post &lt;b&gt;lots&lt;/b&gt; of new portraits in the last 
+      month or so, - check out the
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fhenry7images.html&quot;&gt;Henry VII&lt;/a&gt; -
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fhenry8images.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt; - 
+      and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots&lt;/a&gt; pages. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;I will be adding some new Elizabeth I portraits soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;20 September 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The Henry VIII miniseries starring Ray Winstone is &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2fB0002KPIR8%2fqid%3d1092239900%2fsr%3d1-4%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f4%2f102-1488722-9759359%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3ddvd&quot;&gt;being
+released on Region 1 dvd&lt;/a&gt; on 16 November for US viewers. &lt;br&gt;
+However, it will appear on PBS as a two-part 'Masterpiece Theatre'
+presentation before its DVD release, on 7 November and 14
+November.&amp;nbsp; Click here to visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.pbs.org%2fpreviews%2fhenryVIII&quot;&gt;the PBS Previews page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;img
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8miniseries.jpg&quot; title=&quot;&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Henry VIII dvd&quot; style=&quot;width: 105px; height: 150px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Henry's
+38-year reign saw England transformed from a sleepy backwater of
+jousting tournaments and Catholic piety to a nation torn by religious
+and political strife - all because the king wanted a male heir.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&quot;He was a very troubled man,&quot; observes Winstone, who in
+the course of the film ages from the young athletic king to the burly
+icon familiar from Hans Holbein paintings. &quot;This is a man who allowed
+two of his wives - women he loved passionately - to be murdered. At the
+same time, he wrote beautiful love letters, understood science and, to
+a certain extent, was a great ambassador. He was an intelligent,
+gentle, romantic man who lost his way when it came to love.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/div&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;July 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+According to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.gallifreyone.com%2fnewstv.php&quot;&gt;Outpost
+Gallifrey&lt;/a&gt;, the new &lt;b&gt;Doctor Who&lt;/b&gt; series will feature &lt;b&gt;an
+appearance by Henry VIII&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;An article in the
+June 29 Daily Star says that the new Doctor Who series &quot;will feature
+historic figures including Shakespeare, Henry VIII and Einstein - who
+are locked up together inside a Big Brother-style house. Famous
+housemates will face eviction and death from aliens when the classic
+sci-fi show comes back to our screens next year. The new series, which
+stars Christopher Eccleston as Dr Who, is aiming to win over a whole
+new generation of young followers of the Tardis timelord. Christopher
+said: 'We can parallel things with science fiction and address what's
+going on around us to a certain extent for young people without being
+pompous.' In one of the planned episodes of the hotly-awaited series,
+some of the world's most famous figures from the past are kidnapped
+from their time zones by aliens. They are put in a Big Bruvstyle house
+for extraterrestrial television entertainment.&quot;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; (Thanks
+to Paul Engelberg)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The Ninth Doctor is
+being played by Christopher Eccleston, who played the duke of Norfolk
+in 1998's &lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Yes, these are tenuous Tudor links
+but I'm a Doctor Who fan as well.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr style=&quot;width: 100%; height: 2px;&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Thanks to the
+Barbie collector who emailed me the link to
+        &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.barbiecollector.com%2fshowcase%2fproduct.asp%3ftype%3d%26amp;subtype%3d%26amp;product%5fid%3d1003486&quot;&gt;the
+'World of Royalty: Queen Elizabeth I' doll&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; For those of you
+who missed the 1995 Elizabeth doll, mark September in your
+calendars.&amp;nbsp; And start saving - the doll will probably retail at
+$250.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;
+sequel in the works?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;(Source: &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.comingsoon.net%2fnews.php%3fid%3d4977&quot;&gt;http://www.comingsoon.net/news.php?id=4977&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Aussie's &lt;i&gt;The
+Daily Telegraph&lt;/i&gt; spoke to &lt;b&gt;
+Elizabeth&lt;/b&gt; director Shekhar Kapur who says that he is working on a
+sequel to the 1998 Cate Blanchett drama.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+Blanchett is expected to take the throne again and star in the epic -
+based on Queen Elizabeth I - which has the working title of &lt;b&gt;Golden
+Age&lt;/b&gt;. &quot;It is about the battle between her life as a monarch and her
+personal life,&quot; Kapur said. &quot;It ends in the destruction of the Spanish
+Armada on the larger level.&quot;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+The Indian-born Kapur said the script, which Michael Hirst is working
+on, would be ready in six months. &quot;And then it depends on Cate's
+schedule and my schedule as to when we start shooting.&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+More links:&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.imdb.com%2ftitle%2ftt0127536%2fnews&quot;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0127536/news&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fin.news.yahoo.com%2f040604%2f139%2f2dhbb.html&quot;&gt;http://in.news.yahoo.com/040604/139/2dhbb.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;EARLIER NEWS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;i&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/dunnbook.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Jane Dunn biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth
+and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens&lt;/i&gt; by Jane Dunn was recently
+released.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; I am &lt;i&gt;still&lt;/i&gt; working on the new and improved Reviews
+section, but here is a quick review - this is a worthwhile addition to your
+Tudor library.&amp;nbsp; I've read enough about both women to wonder if I
+would learn anything from this book, but I was pleasantly
+surprised.&amp;nbsp; A liberal use of primary sources plus a lovely
+selection of portraits - and the book jacket and boards are beautifully
+designed.&amp;nbsp; As competition for Alison Plowden's &lt;i&gt;Two Queens in
+One Isle&lt;/i&gt;, this book is the better choice.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/guyscots.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;John Guy biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;151&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        At last!&amp;nbsp;
+Finally, another major biography of Mary Stuart has been
+released.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart&lt;/i&gt; is by
+noted Tudor historian John Guy&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Antonia Fraser's biography
+was serviceable but my own casual research revealed large gaps in her
+use of primary sources.&amp;nbsp; I always wondered - when would another
+historian focus on Mary's tumultuous life?&amp;nbsp; I should note that the
+UK version of this work is entitled &lt;i&gt;My Heart is My Own: The Life of
+Mary Queen of Scots&lt;/i&gt; and the jacket features the Clouet sketch of an
+adolescent Mary.&amp;nbsp; The American edition, shown above, has the 'hat'
+portrait &lt;i&gt;minus&lt;/i&gt; the hat!&amp;nbsp; As an admirer of
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqos1565.jpg&quot;&gt;the hat&lt;/a&gt;
+and its fluffy feather, I'm rather disappointed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; 
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynbook.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;70&quot; height=&quot;108&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/i&gt; by Joanna Denny
+was published in April 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-4110626-7673264&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;In comparison with the
+two existing major biographies of Anne (by Carrolly Erickson and Retha
+Warnicke), this one is the most successful 'popular' biography.&amp;nbsp;
+And no, I don't mean 'popular' as a slur; far from it.&amp;nbsp; I'll post
+my review at the new Reviews section when I've finished.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Folger Shakespeare 
+        Library has finished its nine-year restoration of the Trevelyon 
+        Miscellany.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It's now the focus of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.folger.edu%2fpublic%2fexhibit%2fTrevelyon%2fintro.asp&quot;&gt;an excellent 
+        exhibit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;News
+prior to summer 2004 has been deleted.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Share your Tudor news!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082526&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082526&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHf07a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHf07a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHf07a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5547</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The coronation of Lady Jane Grey, 1553</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf07a4bc5623da32d1b8e11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf07a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">jane1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/jane1.gif&quot; width=&quot;518&quot; height=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This account 
+      of Jane Grey's coronation was written by Henry Machyn, a London undertaker.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Jane was the great-niece of King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; She is 
+      famous as the 'Nine Days' Queen', for she ruled for that small amount of 
+      time in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; Her reign was the direct result of the duke of 
+      Northumberland's ambition.&amp;nbsp; When it was clear that King Edward VI was 
+      dying, Northumberland married Jane to his son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; As the 
+      leading Protestant nobleman, he could not accept the rule of Henry VIII's 
+      Catholic daughter, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Nor did he wish to lose the power he 
+      amassed during Edward's reign.&amp;nbsp; Under the term of Henry's will, Mary 
+      was to follow Edward upon the throne.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland urged Edward VI 
+      to write his own will, settling the succession upon his Protestant cousin 
+      Jane instead.&amp;nbsp; The young king did so.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Jane and Guildford were executed in 1554.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;On 6 July died the noble King Edward VI, in the seventh year of his
+reign, son and heir to the noble King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; And he was poisoned,
+as everybody says, for which now, thanks be to God, there are many of the
+false traitors brought to their end, and I trust God that more will follow
+as they may be spied out.
+&lt;p&gt;On 7 July a proclamation was made that all penthouses should be no lower
+than 10 foot, and all private lights be condemned.
+&lt;p&gt;The same day an old man was set on the pillory for counterfeit, false
+writings.
+&lt;p&gt;The same day there came to the Tower the lord treasurer, the earl of
+Shrewsbury, and the lord admiral with others; and there they discharged
+Sir James Croft of the constableship of the Tower, and there they put in
+the said lord admiral, and he took his oath and charge of the Tower, and
+the next day after he conveyed into all places in the Tower and... great
+guns, such as the White Tower on high.
+&lt;p&gt;On 9 July all the head officers and the guard were sworn to Queen Jane
+as queen of England.... daughter of the duke of Suffolk, and served as
+queen of....
+&lt;p&gt;The following day queen Jane was received into the Tower with a great
+company of lords and nobles of... after the queen, and the duchess of Suffolk
+her mother, bearing her train, with many ladies, and there was a firing
+of guns and chamber such as has not often been seen, between 4 and 5 o'clock;
+by 6 o'clock began the proclamation on the same afternoon of Queen Jane,
+with two heralds and a trumpet blowing, declaring that Lady Mary was unlawfully
+begotten, and so went through Cheapside to Fleet Street, proclaiming Queen
+Jane.&amp;nbsp; And there was a young man taken at that time for speaking certain
+words about Queen Mary, that she had the true title.
+&lt;p&gt;On 11 July, at 8 o'clock in the morning the young man was set on the
+pillory for speaking this, and both his ears were cut off.&amp;nbsp; There
+was a herald and a trumpeter blowing, and he was quickly taken down.&amp;nbsp;
+And the same day the young man's master, dwelling at St John's Head, whose
+name was Sandur Onyone, and another Master Owen, a gun-maker at London
+Bridge, living at Ludgate, were drowned.
+&lt;p&gt;On 12 July by night were carried to the Tower 3 carts full of all manner
+of ordnance, such as great guns and small, bows, bills, spears, morrish
+pikes, armour, arrows, gunpowder and stakes, money, tents and all manner
+of ordnance, a great number of cannon balls, and a great number of men
+at arms; and it was for a great army near Cambridge; and two days after
+the duke and various lords and knights went with him, and many gentlemen
+and gunners, and many men of the guard and men of arms towards Lady Mary's
+grace, to destroy her grace, and so to Bury, and all was against him, for
+his men forsook him.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;to the Lady 
+Jane Grey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082604&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082604&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHf2d1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHf2d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHf2d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11195</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">16th century England primary sources letters of Henry VIII The Six Wives of Henry VIII Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots Lady Jane Grey Edward VI's journal executions etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">16th century England primary sources letters of Henry VIII The Six Wives of Henry VIII Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots Lady Jane Grey Edward VI's journal executions etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Eyewitness accounts of people and events in Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf2d1eda94f12b26d69997d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf2d1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">primarynew.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">bigbooks.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;552&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;68%&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;68%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/primarynew.gif&quot; width=&quot;546&quot; height=&quot;168&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=153 alt=&quot;stack of old books&quot; 
+    src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/bigbooks.gif&quot; width=207 align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;Primary sources are important historical 
+    documents which allow readers an unparalleled glimpse into the past.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They are written from the perspective of a participant or observer and can 
+    include letters, speeches, diary / journal entries, and manuscripts.&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html#Notation&quot;&gt;*&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;The sources at this page &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    face=Arial color=#000000&gt;represent a unique opportunity to view&amp;nbsp;Tudor 
+    England through the eyes of its inhabitants.&amp;nbsp; They are arranged in 
+    chronological order.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;68%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1502&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fdarthur.html&quot;&gt;two accounts of the death of Prince 
+    Arthur&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1503&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2felizdeat.html&quot;&gt;the death of Elizabeth 
+    of York &amp;amp; betrothal of Princess Margaret to the king of Scots&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1509&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fhobit.html&quot;&gt;Henry VII's 
+    obituary&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1509&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8crown.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII &amp;amp; 
+    Katharine of Aragon's coronations at Westminster Abbey&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1500s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fskelton.html&quot;&gt;the poetry of John 
+    Skelton, Henry VII's poet laureate &amp;amp; Henry VIII's tutor&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1500s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprihenry.html&quot;&gt;the lyrics of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1505-1547&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;Letters of the Six Wives 
+    of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1515&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fhenrydes.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary 
+    description of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1523&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;the romance of Anne 
+    Boleyn &amp;amp; Henry Percy&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Also describes the 
+    beginning of Henry VIII's infatuation with Anne.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1524&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8joust.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII's jousting 
+    accident&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1520s/undated&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn-poems.html&quot;&gt;poetry 
+    about Anne Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1530&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpriwols1.html&quot;&gt;the fall of Cardinal 
+    Wolsey&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1530s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;selections from Henry 
+    VIII's love letters to Anne Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1530s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;contemporary 
+    descriptions of Anne Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1533&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;the coronation of Anne 
+    Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1535&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimore.html&quot;&gt;the last letter of Sir 
+    Thomas More&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1535&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2f1535exec.html&quot;&gt;the executions of John 
+    Fisher, Thomas More &amp;amp; others&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;the fall of Anne 
+    Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne3.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn's speech at 
+    her execution&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexanne.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary account of 
+    Anne Boleyn's execution&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;letter of Princess Mary 
+    to Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Mary acknowledges her 
+    illegitimacy and Henry's title as head of the English church.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgrace.html&quot;&gt;the Pilgrimage of 
+    Grace&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1537&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed6birth.html&quot;&gt;Jane Seymour's 
+    pregnancy is announced&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1539&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Anne of Cleves arrives 
+    in England &amp;amp; marries Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 
+    size=-1&gt;Describes the first meeting between Anne and Henry.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1541&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricath.html&quot;&gt;the fall of Catherine 
+    Howard&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1545&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8speech.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII's speech 
+    before Parliament&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1549-1551&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed1.html&quot;&gt;Edward VI's 
+    journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1552&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsomerset.html&quot;&gt;the execution of the 
+    Duke of Somerset&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1553&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;the coronation of Queen 
+    Jane&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1554&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;Mary I's speech at the 
+    Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1554&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;letter of Lady Jane 
+    Grey to Mary I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;Jane explains the 
+    circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine days.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1554&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;the executions of Lady 
+    Jane Grey and Lord Guildford Dudley&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1556&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpcranmer.html&quot;&gt;the execution of 
+    Archbishop Thomas Cranmer&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1557&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary 
+    description of Mary I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1558-1603&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html&quot;&gt;letters of 
+    Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1558-1603&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html&quot;&gt;poetry of 
+    Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1558-1603&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html&quot;&gt;speeches of 
+    Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1586&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;letter from 
+    Elizabeth I to Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1587&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;letter from 
+    Elizabeth I to James VI of Scotland&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1587&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryqos-letter.html&quot;&gt;the last letter 
+    of Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1587&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexmary.html&quot;&gt;the execution of Mary, 
+    queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;Are you quoting a Primary 
+    Source in your paper, or research project?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    color=#000000 size=-1&gt;The correct format is based upon both the 
+    Turabian/Chicago and MLA styles.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;Here 
+    is an example:&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Hanson, Marilee. 
+    &quot;Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn.&quot; &lt;I&gt;EnglishHistory.net&lt;/I&gt;. 2004. 
+    http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (11 April 2004).&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+    &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=1&gt;Please note: you must use the year and date you read the 
+    source here.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;HR&gt;
+
+    &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+    name=Notation&gt;&lt;/A&gt;*Memoirs / autobiographies are not considered primary 
+    sources. &amp;nbsp;They are typically written after the fact and bad memories, 
+    bias, or a change in perspective can limit their reliability. 
+    &amp;nbsp;Newspapers and magazine articles are considered primary sources if the 
+    piece is written directly after the event and does not include any 
+    'analysis' or subjective reporting.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; 
+    &lt;CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+    &lt;CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+    England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+    
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082544&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082544&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHf6d1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHf6d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHf6d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7023</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The last letter of Sir Thomas More, 1535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf6d1d9e14f32b2af285a7d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf6d1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">primore.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">moresketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/primore.gif&quot; width=&quot;527&quot; height=&quot;70&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/moresketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Holbein's sketch of Thomas More&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;Th&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;e 
+    following letter was written to More's daughter Margaret on 5 July 1535, the 
+    day before his execution.&amp;nbsp; More wrote with a stick of charcoal on 
+    cloth; King Henry VIII had ordered his books and writing materials to be 
+    removed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;More had been appointed Lord Chancellor upon
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpriwols1.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey's fall&lt;/a&gt; in 
+    1529.&amp;nbsp; He was already a respected philosopher and writer throughout 
+    Europe.&amp;nbsp; But to his English contemporaries, he was most famous as a 
+    lawyer.&amp;nbsp; He was a brilliant jurist; he served in parliament and on 
+    diplomatic missions.&amp;nbsp; Unlike most royal servants, he had unimpeachable 
+    integrity.&amp;nbsp; He could not be bribed.&amp;nbsp; He believed, above all else, 
+    in the impartial supremacy of the law.&amp;nbsp; As Chancellor, he worked 
+    industriously to promote justice and faith in the courts.&amp;nbsp; However, he 
+    resigned in 1532 when the king's determination to annul his marriage to 
+    Katharine of Aragon caused Henry to reject papal authority in England.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;More was deeply pious.&amp;nbsp; He recognized the abuses of the 
+    Catholic church, but he believed it could reform itself from within.&amp;nbsp; 
+    He could not accept spiritual reformation via secular power.&amp;nbsp; As a 
+    young man, he had been torn between a career in the church and a career in 
+    law.&amp;nbsp; Though he had chosen the latter, he never lost his passion for 
+    theology.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;After resigning the chancellorship, More retired to his 
+    family home.&amp;nbsp; He attempted to live modestly and quietly, hoping to be 
+    left alone.&amp;nbsp; But he was too famous and respected to be forgotten.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Henry VIII knew that his controversial reformation would be far more 
+    credible if men such as More accepted it.&amp;nbsp; As the premier intellectual 
+    in England, More's opinion was too important to remain his own.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;It should be noted that More accepted parliament's ability 
+    to decide the succession in favor of the king's children with Anne Boleyn, 
+    for it was a legal issue and parliament was within rights to decide it.&amp;nbsp; 
+    However, he would not take an oath recognizing Henry's position as Supreme 
+    Head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; He simply could not repudiate the 
+    spiritual authority of the papacy.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;And so he was arrested in the spring of 1534.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+    kept in the Tower of London for over a year, under increasingly harsh 
+    conditions.&amp;nbsp; The king hoped that imprisonment would alter More's 
+    disposition.&amp;nbsp; It did not.&amp;nbsp; More was finally charged with high 
+    treason and tried at Westminster on 1 July 1533.&amp;nbsp; Despite his brilliant 
+    defense, he was found guilty and executed on 6 July.&amp;nbsp; The news shocked 
+    all of Europe.&amp;nbsp; It remains the most famous example of judicial murder 
+    during Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp; More was later canonized by the Catholic church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;Our Lord bless you, good daughter, and your good husband, and
+your little boy, and all yours, and all my children, and all my god-children
+and all our friends. Recommend me when ye may to my good daughter Cecily,
+whom I beseech Our Lord to comfort; and I send her my blessing and to all
+her children, and pray her to pray for me. I send her a handkercher, and
+God comfort my good son, her husband. My good daughter Daunce hath the
+picture in parchment that you delivered me from my Lady Coniers, her name
+on the back. Show her that I heartily pray her that you may send it in
+my name to her again, for a token from me to pray for me.
+&lt;p&gt;I like special well Dorothy Colly. I pray you be good unto her. I would
+wot whether this be she that you wrote me of. If not, yet I pray you be
+good to the other as you may in her affliction, and to my good daughter
+Jane Aleyn too. Give her, I pray you, some kind answer, for she sued hitherto
+me this day to pray you be good to her.
+&lt;p&gt;I cumber you, good Margaret, much, but I would be sorry if it should
+be any longer than to-morrow, for it is St. Thomas's even, and the utas
+of St. Peter; and therefore, to-morrow long I to go to God. It were a day
+very meet and convenient for me.
+&lt;p&gt;I never liked your manner towards me better than when you kissed me
+last; for I love when daughterly love and dear charity hath no leisure
+to look to worldly courtesy. Farewell, my dear child, and pray for me,
+and I shall for you and all your friends, that we may merrily meet in heaven.
+I thank you for your great cost. I send now my good daughter Clement her
+algorism stone, and I send her and my godson and all hers God's blessing
+and mine. I pray you at time convenient recommend me to my good son John
+More. I liked well his natural fashion. Our Lord bless him and his good
+wife, my loving daughter, to whom I pray him to be good, as he hath great
+cause; and that, if the land of mine come to his hands, he break not my
+will concerning his sister Daunce. And the Lord bless Thomas and Austin,
+and all that they shall have.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;to the Thomas 
+      More website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082599&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082599&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHfda5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHfda5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHfda5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4197</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor Monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHfda5362c7ed5732b01e622</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215251</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHfda5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">monarchs.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizmonarchs2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=56 alt=&quot;Tudor Monarchs&quot; 
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/monarchs.gif&quot; width=326&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;The Tudor dynasty ruled England from 
+      1485 to 1603.&amp;nbsp; Their story encompasses some of the most dramatic and 
+      unforgettable events in European history.&amp;nbsp; And they remain the most 
+      famous and controversial of royal families.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Follow the links on this page to learn more about the Tudor monarchs.&amp;nbsp; 
+      You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the 
+      monarchs and their courtiers.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt; includes contemporary 
+      chronicles and letters.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizmonarchs2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The Coronation Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I&quot; width=&quot;235&quot; height=&quot;341&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;the above portrait is of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry7.html&quot;&gt;Henry 
+  VII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1485 to 1509&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry 
+  VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;ruled 1509 to 1547&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;THE SIX WIVES 
+  OF HENRY VIII&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Katharine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, 
+  Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Katharine Parr&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward 
+  VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1547 to 1553&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane 
+  I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1553&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary 
+  I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1553 to 1558&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth 
+  I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1558 to 1603&lt;/FONT&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082528&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082528&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHff55.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHff55.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASHff55.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The announcement of Jane Seymour's pregnancy, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHff558fa031758e30a02b1d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215245</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHff55.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed6birth.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed6birth.gif&quot; width=&quot;582&quot; height=&quot;72&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;King Henry VIII's third marriage, made when he was almost 
+      forty-five, finally brought him the longed-for son.&amp;nbsp; Edward's mother 
+      was Jane Seymour, the daughter of a Wiltshire knight.&amp;nbsp; She died a 
+      fortnight after his birth in October.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;On 27 May 1537, Trinity Sunday, there was a &lt;i&gt;Te Deum&lt;/i&gt;
+sung in St Paul's cathedral for joy at the queen's quickening of her child,
+my lord chancellor, lord privy seal and various other lords and bishops
+being then present; the mayor and aldermen with the best guilds of the
+city being there in their liveries, all giving laud and praise to God for
+joy about it.&amp;nbsp; The bishop of Worcester, Dr Latimer, made an oration
+before all the lords and commons after the &lt;i&gt;Te Deum&lt;/i&gt; was sung, explaining
+the reason for their assembly, which oration was marvelously fruitful to
+the hearers.&amp;nbsp; And also the same night various great fires were made
+in London, with a hogshead of wine at every fire for the poor people to
+drink as long as it lasted.&amp;nbsp; I pray Jesus, if it be his will, to send
+us a prince.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082602&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082602&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,600 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01371ab2334fa85c63413933</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01708e9450c45ca1c118dd6e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157ce8f12563b15c09acf31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01048cb86f86d5e1a3309782</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c0555890d011f8c47192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5d58b2f095f04a321ee7d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b6b4b0acf85ab93c6c5f7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd8a0b05e9bf41fe28359d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018ca23021dc0cdbf824e592</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdaa0ae5ebcf3fee49357c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9e41940f594fe21b2a7ccd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH704aa5ee186f0ac9ae7fbd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016311805c5894048320a34c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6095703497b10345188f6c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH18cc002ed30f680db951c3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ab4397899845933bb37f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0d5b8389c3383653c916e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ff3be41f70dfc0c83668b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013ee95ca136b7e320400a8d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ae057ca36570b2ebb8626c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01dfef237687bf0134e88e9e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01346c967faef427754dacc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH444986a5947f1f93dd4461</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018bb3389e577e540b31c8e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011ece88697ed785c02e7622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a73bbd5043ad6b707dfe1e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0132187a4b019d5742a6bdd2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c05599b5c7cfe01bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHff558fa031758e30a02b1d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01329ea865e97888f7dcb1be</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH694cb8bfec0c2da3321f9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH104f029cc724a2045384df</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01251438e98f926ef093edfa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01267a30e99b515ef0aa4d7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018af2318cbf41644af1cd84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c055aa0c7d7d496bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7689c5a65ded2f2a97ee0d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5faad9a3db2a4add0dfa3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e5550c79ba7b8310fade58</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1f6cb2e7565aaa0142a6c0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157f87feabc783416248d4b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a0746c297f32e02b8bc63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e88948331181409aab201e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbf2b3c7e4aa75f202a6f93</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5a57054557398614faa55c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0192fd262ce3b45d11d58e8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9c15207cbc6ced4414b44f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d7ce7911a82315bf34c8d2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011b71775a26d74fef192962</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd90f48d2e9665396611163</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5babcd1fbea949f078c430</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf07a4bc5623da32d1b8e11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019edd59d035237e0e9c4a03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb23f85c09ef213</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb3ff85c09ef22f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb5bf85c09ef24b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb77f85c09ef267</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb93f85c09ef283</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebaff85c09ef29f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebcbf85c09ef2bb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019f5d5ad035277e169c5a23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fdd5bd0352b7e1e9c6a43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a05d5cd0352f7e269c7a63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a0dd5dd035337e2e9c8a83</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a15d5ed035377e369c9aa3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a1dd5fd0353b7e3e9caac3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a25d60d0353f7e469cbae3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a2dd61d035437e4e9ccb03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01bfdd9bd0362b801ea07243</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e68a5186626c0f4e8eef14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01049ab9a58175e2833a5645</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH278cb9be1b4811a33b0c26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e46681519f37f8a8760f42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH27a70ce59ec813486d845e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH02f7d3098dd80789eeb0ec</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ad04ada6e97e8f0ae04ea7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1d78ad2eb25b5e7b05f119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH2d245100e05dfd01bdc269</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012e83f21d0fa1913aff5c90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6815ffdac32a15841e2fff</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c686dac3b780f66cc74436</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdaa2febb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdac520db219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdae742fb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb09651b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb2b873b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH845f746043a4af83ca5998</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH20231d2f433d4af691239b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH20631d2f433d6af891439d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6b645e6135820f42d5d3d4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0173cf29888ba0debb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015e9ea6386857edec159d2e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c7a19cd2b780f66cc74fe6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH690ae8278921151e9e29a7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017525905f72432afb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfda5362c7ed5732b01e622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHea16bc5da551a21d13a89f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01fd9e47f9ed8572bc1c2789</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb1ec972bc382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb208972bc382da2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb224972bc382dbe</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ea53b4a906ce20a5864758</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH411aba1939c9aa833e0f36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH49ce89d25cca35c039a166</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH4d4789bb1eca6d50382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf2d1eda94f12b26d69997d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH528790de1ecac150aa5d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf6d1d9e14f32b2af285a7d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH642006539ecbdad801b586</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01cf774f2d407164c30b50d9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb51bce046c0e5305dedb1f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d8b7d86d12036f5fb122bd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012c77d02a2d42eb08c5227c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fb1f312ebd307a21624e2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee018166253fa4b7b9dc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01037187e8d73031bf360f70</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01274681a7875c3f90e5f588</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e423c1abddcbf5dfb6f19d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0a6f29d92adaa2aa1a344a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c48790ee9421e150a9b032</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f1c05d719b1a542df1bdc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee8c1665bb38763b04e6f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013c14e9791797c35503f8f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH42a4d81340217c0b7654eb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6456a7052a5ec96817c3de</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0144a552cf4079e32cc6d23d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a98c752d8383e964db71af</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH63abdc8faa71ed542ef5ed</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6bdcc6060a8b2a403af541</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10707efb2c8a0005</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10723efb2c8a0021</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1073fefb2c8a003d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1075befb2c8a0059</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10777efb2c8a0075</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10793efb2c8a0091</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107afefb2c8a00ad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107cbefb2c8a00c9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107e7efb2c8a00e5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10803efb2c8a0101</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6c5cc7060a8f2a483b0561</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12307efb2c8a1c05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12323efb2c8a1c21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6d5cc9060a972a583b25a1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6ddcca060a9b2a603b35c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6e5ccb060a9f2a683b45e1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6edccc060aa32a703b5601</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f5ccd060aa72a783b6621</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6fdcce060aab2a803b7641</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01477115e16674d4e7dacac2</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215261
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215242
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI	Source->SO
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title	Source
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;Source;->idx
+indexstem	Tudor-Basic
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	2517823
+numdocs	150
+numsections	150
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,600 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01371ab2334fa85c63413933</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01708e9450c45ca1c118dd6e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157ce8f12563b15c09acf31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01048cb86f86d5e1a3309782</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c0555890d011f8c47192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5d58b2f095f04a321ee7d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b6b4b0acf85ab93c6c5f7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd8a0b05e9bf41fe28359d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018ca23021dc0cdbf824e592</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdaa0ae5ebcf3fee49357c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9e41940f594fe21b2a7ccd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH704aa5ee186f0ac9ae7fbd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016311805c5894048320a34c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6095703497b10345188f6c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH18cc002ed30f680db951c3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ab4397899845933bb37f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0d5b8389c3383653c916e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ff3be41f70dfc0c83668b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013ee95ca136b7e320400a8d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ae057ca36570b2ebb8626c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01dfef237687bf0134e88e9e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01346c967faef427754dacc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH444986a5947f1f93dd4461</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018bb3389e577e540b31c8e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011ece88697ed785c02e7622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a73bbd5043ad6b707dfe1e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0132187a4b019d5742a6bdd2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c05599b5c7cfe01bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHff558fa031758e30a02b1d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01329ea865e97888f7dcb1be</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH694cb8bfec0c2da3321f9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH104f029cc724a2045384df</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01251438e98f926ef093edfa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01267a30e99b515ef0aa4d7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018af2318cbf41644af1cd84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c055aa0c7d7d496bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7689c5a65ded2f2a97ee0d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5faad9a3db2a4add0dfa3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e5550c79ba7b8310fade58</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1f6cb2e7565aaa0142a6c0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157f87feabc783416248d4b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a0746c297f32e02b8bc63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e88948331181409aab201e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbf2b3c7e4aa75f202a6f93</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5a57054557398614faa55c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0192fd262ce3b45d11d58e8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9c15207cbc6ced4414b44f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d7ce7911a82315bf34c8d2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011b71775a26d74fef192962</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd90f48d2e9665396611163</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5babcd1fbea949f078c430</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf07a4bc5623da32d1b8e11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019edd59d035237e0e9c4a03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb23f85c09ef213</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb3ff85c09ef22f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb5bf85c09ef24b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb77f85c09ef267</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb93f85c09ef283</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebaff85c09ef29f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebcbf85c09ef2bb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019f5d5ad035277e169c5a23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fdd5bd0352b7e1e9c6a43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a05d5cd0352f7e269c7a63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a0dd5dd035337e2e9c8a83</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a15d5ed035377e369c9aa3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a1dd5fd0353b7e3e9caac3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a25d60d0353f7e469cbae3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a2dd61d035437e4e9ccb03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01bfdd9bd0362b801ea07243</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e68a5186626c0f4e8eef14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01049ab9a58175e2833a5645</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH278cb9be1b4811a33b0c26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e46681519f37f8a8760f42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH27a70ce59ec813486d845e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH02f7d3098dd80789eeb0ec</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ad04ada6e97e8f0ae04ea7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1d78ad2eb25b5e7b05f119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH2d245100e05dfd01bdc269</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012e83f21d0fa1913aff5c90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6815ffdac32a15841e2fff</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c686dac3b780f66cc74436</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdaa2febb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdac520db219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdae742fb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb09651b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb2b873b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH845f746043a4af83ca5998</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH20231d2f433d4af691239b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH20631d2f433d6af891439d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6b645e6135820f42d5d3d4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0173cf29888ba0debb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015e9ea6386857edec159d2e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c7a19cd2b780f66cc74fe6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH690ae8278921151e9e29a7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017525905f72432afb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfda5362c7ed5732b01e622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHea16bc5da551a21d13a89f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01fd9e47f9ed8572bc1c2789</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb1ec972bc382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb208972bc382da2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb224972bc382dbe</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ea53b4a906ce20a5864758</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH411aba1939c9aa833e0f36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH49ce89d25cca35c039a166</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH4d4789bb1eca6d50382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf2d1eda94f12b26d69997d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH528790de1ecac150aa5d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf6d1d9e14f32b2af285a7d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH642006539ecbdad801b586</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01cf774f2d407164c30b50d9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb51bce046c0e5305dedb1f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d8b7d86d12036f5fb122bd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012c77d02a2d42eb08c5227c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fb1f312ebd307a21624e2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee018166253fa4b7b9dc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01037187e8d73031bf360f70</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01274681a7875c3f90e5f588</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e423c1abddcbf5dfb6f19d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0a6f29d92adaa2aa1a344a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c48790ee9421e150a9b032</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f1c05d719b1a542df1bdc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee8c1665bb38763b04e6f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013c14e9791797c35503f8f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH42a4d81340217c0b7654eb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6456a7052a5ec96817c3de</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0144a552cf4079e32cc6d23d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a98c752d8383e964db71af</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH63abdc8faa71ed542ef5ed</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6bdcc6060a8b2a403af541</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10707efb2c8a0005</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10723efb2c8a0021</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1073fefb2c8a003d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1075befb2c8a0059</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10777efb2c8a0075</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10793efb2c8a0091</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107afefb2c8a00ad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107cbefb2c8a00c9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107e7efb2c8a00e5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10803efb2c8a0101</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6c5cc7060a8f2a483b0561</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12307efb2c8a1c05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12323efb2c8a1c21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6d5cc9060a972a583b25a1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6ddcca060a9b2a603b35c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6e5ccb060a9f2a683b45e1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6edccc060aa32a703b5601</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f5ccd060aa72a783b6621</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6fdcce060aab2a803b7641</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01477115e16674d4e7dacac2</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0103.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1944</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01037187e8d73031bf360f70</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0103.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt; 
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;This page has been moved to&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;
+    http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082768&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082768&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0104.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0104.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0104.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6424</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01048cb86f86d5e1a3309782</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215263</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0104.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">annedesc.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/annedesc.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;374&quot; height=&quot;171&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; height=&quot;194&quot;&gt;Contemporary descriptions of 
+    Henry VIII's infamous second wife vary widely.&amp;nbsp; Even her 
+    admirers and supporters found it difficult to praise her physical 
+    appearance.&amp;nbsp; She was striking but not beautiful; her sister Mary was 
+    considered the beauty of the Boleyn family.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;There were occasional comments from hostile sources
+that Anne had the attributes of a witch - a large mole on her neck, possibly
+an extra finger.&amp;nbsp; The latter is probably true.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;When reading the following comments, 
+      remember
+that most observers at Henry's court were not friendly with Anne.&amp;nbsp;
+Naturally, their descriptions of her were colored by their dislike. &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Also, contemporary views about her lifestyle were
+influenced by one overriding fact: most people believed she was the sole
+force behind the Henrician reformation.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon was popular 
+and respected.&amp;nbsp; Cast as the interloper, Anne was suitably despised.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;In the early 1530s, the Venetian ambassador 
+  Savorgnano wrote:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Anne was 'a young woman of noble birth, though many say of bad character,
+whose will is law to him, and he is expected to marry her should the divorce
+take place, which it is supposed will not be effected, as the peers of
+the realm.... and the people are opposed to it.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;The Abbot of Whitby describes the
+political situation in 1530:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'The King's Grace is ruled by one common stewed whore, Anne Boleyn,
+who makes all the spirituality to be beggared, and the temporality also.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Henry VIII ordered Katharine of
+Aragon to relinquish certain jewels (property of the crown) to Anne Boleyn;
+Katharine replied:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'I will not give them up to a person who is the scandal of Christendom
+and a disgrace to you.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;In 1532, a new Venetian ambassador described Anne 
+thusly:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'not one of the handsomest women in the world.&amp;nbsp; She is of middling
+stature, with a swarthy complexion, long neck, wide mouth, bosom not much
+raised, and in fact has nothing but the King's great appetite, and her
+eyes, which are black and beautiful - and take great effect on those who
+served the Queen when she was on the throne.&amp;nbsp; She lives like a queen,
+and the King accompanies her to Mass - and everywhere.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;And the French ambassador contradicts Anne's 
+enemies; he reports that she is controlled by the king:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'....all that the Lady does is by the king's order.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;The Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, described circumstances in early 1533 to his master, Charles V:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'Your Majesty must root out the Lady and her adherents.... This accursed
+Anne has her foot in the stirrup, and will do the Queen and the Princess
+all the harm she can.&amp;nbsp; She has boasted that she will make the Princess
+her lady-in-waiting, or marry her to some varlet.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Chapuys describes Anne's attendance
+at Mass on 14 April 1533:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'It looks like a dream, and even those who take her part know not whether
+to laugh or to cry.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Henry and Anne's conversation at
+her coronation procession was reported by Chapuys:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'How liked you the look of the City?' Henry asked.
+&lt;br&gt;Anne replied, 'Sir, I liked the City well enough - but I saw a great
+many caps on heads, and heard but few tongues.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury,
+was Anne's friend and champion.&amp;nbsp; When news reached him of her arrest,
+he bravely wrote to Henry VIII protesting - only to think better of offending
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer added a suitably apologetic postscript to the letter.&amp;nbsp;
+Here are excerpts in which he describes Anne:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'If it be true that is openly reported of the Queen's Grace... I am
+in such perplexity that my mind is clean amazed; for I never had better
+opinion in woman than I had in her; which maketh me to think that she should
+not be culpable...&amp;nbsp; Next to Your Grace, I was most bound to her of
+all creatures living... I wish and pray for her that she may declare herself
+inculpable and innocent... I loved her not a little for the love which
+I judged her to bear towards God and His Gospel.'
+    
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082598&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082598&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4805</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Selections from King Henry VIII's love letters to Anne Boleyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01049ab9a58175e2833a5645</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ablovelett.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ablovelett.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: Selections from King Henry VIII's love letters to Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;452&quot; height=&quot;113&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;These famous 
+      love letters from King Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn are undated.&amp;nbsp; They 
+      were found in the Vatican Library, possibly stolen from Anne and sent to 
+      the papacy during Henry VIII's struggle for an annulment of his marriage 
+      to Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Though Henry argued for an annulment on the 
+      basis of his conscience (he stated that the marriage was in direct 
+      contradiction to the Bible), most people believed he simply wanted to 
+      marry Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anne's replies to these letters 
+      are lost.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The letters were written in French.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;My mistress and friend:&amp;nbsp; I and my heart put ourselves in your
+hands, begging you to have them suitors for your good favour, and that
+your affection for them should not grow less through absence.&amp;nbsp; For
+it would be a great pity to increase their sorrow since absence does it
+sufficiently, and more than ever I could have thought possible reminding
+us of a point in astronomy, which is, that the longer the days are the
+farther off is the sun, and yet the more fierce.&amp;nbsp; So it is with our
+love, for by absence we are parted, yet nevertheless it keeps its fervour,
+at least on my side, and I hope on yours also:&amp;nbsp; assuring you that
+on my side the ennui of absence is already too much for me:&amp;nbsp; and when
+I think of the increase of what I must needs suffer it would be well nigh
+unbearable for me were it not for the firm hope I have and as I cannot
+be with you in person, I am sending you the nearest possible thing to that,
+namely, my picture set in a bracelet, with the whole device which you already
+know.&amp;nbsp; Wishing myself in their place when it shall please you.&amp;nbsp;
+This by the hand of &lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Your loyal servant and friend&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;H. Rex&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;No more to you at this present mine own darling for lack of time but that
+I would you were in my arms or I in yours for I think it long since I kissed
+you.&amp;nbsp; Written after the killing of an hart at a xj. of the clock minding
+with God's grace tomorrow mightily timely to kill another: by the hand
+of him which I trust shortly shall be yours.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry R.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Mine own sweetheart, these shall be to advertise you of the great loneliness
+that I find here since your departing, for I ensure you methinketh the
+time longer since your departing now last than I was wont to do a whole
+fortnight:&amp;nbsp; I think your kindness and my fervents of love causeth
+it, for otherwise I would not have thought it possible that for so little
+a while it should have grieved me, but now that I am coming toward you
+methinketh my pains been half released....&amp;nbsp; Wishing myself (specially
+an evening) in my sweetheart's arms, whose pretty dukkys I trust shortly
+to kiss.&amp;nbsp; Written with the hand of him that was, is, and shall be
+yours by his will.&lt;p&gt;H.R.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082597&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082597&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH011b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH011b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH011b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6608</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: A contemporary description of Henry VIII, 1515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011b71775a26d74fef192962</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1515.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1515.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1515: A contemporary description of King Henry VIII&quot; width=&quot;397&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The accounts 
+      at right were written by the Venetian ambassador to Henry's court.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They are among the most famous descriptions of Henry VIII and capture his 
+      exuberance, vanity and wit.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry VIII was born on 
+      28 June 1491, the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; 
+      He was originally destined to be archbishop of Canterbury, but his older 
+      brother, Prince Arthur, died in 1502, shortly after marrying the Spanish 
+      princess Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; And so Henry became king of England at 
+      the age of 18.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;He was strong, handsome, athletic and very intelligent.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The English people at first idolized him.&amp;nbsp; His thirty-eight year 
+      reign, however, disabused them of their early worship.&amp;nbsp; Henry married 
+      six times, executed two of his wives, was rumored to have poisoned one and 
+      secretly ordered the death of another.&amp;nbsp; He was increasingly mercurial 
+      and tyrannical.&amp;nbsp; He imprisoned or executed, or both, many of the 
+      great nobles; he also executed several religious and intellectual leaders, 
+      most famously Sir Thomas More.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Much of the drama and confusion of Henry's reign was 
+      caused by his pressing need for a male heir.&amp;nbsp; His first marriage, to 
+      his brother's widow, Katharine of Aragon, lasted over twenty years but 
+      produced only a surviving daughter.&amp;nbsp; In order to marry again, Henry 
+      eventually rejected papal authority in England and named himself supreme 
+      head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; This decision forever altered English 
+      history; it also threw the English people into a social and religious 
+      upheaval which superficially ended during Queen Elizabeth I's reign.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;As king, Henry was as efficient as his father, though 
+      far more of a spendthrift.&amp;nbsp; He effectively controlled Parliament and 
+      chose brilliant advisers (first Wolsey, then Cromwell.)&amp;nbsp; His foreign 
+      policy was largely inconsequential, driven by his desire to interfere in 
+      continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; He remains one of the most famous and 
+      influential kings in English history.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;After dinner, we were taken to the King [Henry VIII], who embraced
+us, without ceremony, and conversed for a very long while very familiarly,
+on various topics, in good Latin and in French, which he speaks very well
+indeed, and he then dismissed us, and we were brought back here to London....
+&lt;br&gt;His Majesty is the handsomest potentate I ever set eyes on; above the
+usual height, with an extremely fine calf to his leg, his complexion very
+fair and bright, with auburn hair combed straight and short, in the French
+fashion, his throat being rather long and thick.&amp;nbsp; He was born on the
+28th of June, 1491, so he will enter his twenty-fifth year the month after
+next.&amp;nbsp; He speaks French, English, and Latin, and a little Italian,
+plays well on the lute and harpsichord, sings from book at sight, draws
+the bow with greater strength&amp;nbsp; than any man in England, and jousts
+marvelously.&amp;nbsp; Believe me, he is in every respect a most accomplished
+Prince; and I, who have now seen all the sovereigns in Christendom, and
+last of all these two of France and England in such great state, might
+well rest content. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;[And later that year....] His Majesty came into our arbor, and addressing
+me in French, said: 'Talk with me awhile!&amp;nbsp; The King of France, is
+he as tall as I am?'&amp;nbsp; I told him there was but little difference.&amp;nbsp;
+He continued, 'Is he as stout?'&amp;nbsp; I said he was not; and he then inquired,
+'What sort of legs has he?'&amp;nbsp; I replied 'Spare.'&amp;nbsp; Whereupon he
+opened the front of his doublet, and placing his hand on his thigh, said
+'Look here! and I have also a good calf to my leg.'&amp;nbsp; He then told
+me that he was very fond of this King of France, and that for the sake
+of seeing him, he went over there in person, and that on more than three
+occasions he was very near him with his army, but that he never would allow
+himself to be seen, and always retreated, which his Majesty attributed
+to deference for King Louis, who did not choose an engagement to take place;
+and he here commenced discussing in detail all the events of that war,
+and then took his departure....
+&lt;br&gt;After dinner, his Majesty and many others armed themselves &lt;i&gt;cap-a-pie&lt;/i&gt;,
+and he chose us to see him joust, running upwards of thirty courses, in
+one of which he capsized his opponent (who is the finest jouster in the
+whole kingdom), horse and all.&amp;nbsp; He then took off his helmet, and came
+under the windows where we were, and talked and laughed with us to our
+very great honor, and to the surprise of all beholders.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082595&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082595&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8053</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England 1485 to 1603 images biographies primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor dynasty Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, Mary I, Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey, 16th century England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England 1485 to 1603: Table of Contents</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011ece88697ed785c02e7622</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215265</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorenglandcontents1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorrosemain.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">biography.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">questions.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">portraits.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newquizzes.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newsources.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newmedia.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newsearch.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newemail.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newconstruction.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorenglandcontents1.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Tudor England: Contents&quot; width=&quot;316&quot; height=&quot;181&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnews.html&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Site News&lt;br&gt;New Exhibits, Books, Films etc&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;updated 29 September '04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;354&quot; alt=&quot;crowned Tudor rose&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorrosemain.jpg&quot; width=&quot;190&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2f&quot;&gt;to EnglishHistory.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/biography.gif&quot; width=&quot;124&quot;
+ height=&quot;27&quot; alt=&quot;Biographies&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;MONARCHS&lt;/a&gt;:
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;King Henry VII - King
+Henry VIII - King Edward VI - Queen Mary I - Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;THE SIX
+WIVES OF KING HENRY VIII&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon
+- Anne Boleyn - Jane Seymour - Anne of Cleves - Catherine Howard -
+Katharine Parr&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;ROYAL
+RELATIVES&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
+Grey - Mary, Queen of Scots - Princess Mary Tudor - Princess Margaret
+Tudor - Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;TUDOR
+CITIZENS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sir
+Thomas More - The Boleyn Family - Thomas Wolsey - Thomas Cromwell -
+Thomas Cranmer - Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/questions.gif&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;
+ height=&quot;26&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;Visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England FAQ&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Frequently Asked Questions, including a
+brief history of
+Tudor England.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/portraits.gif&quot; width=&quot;96&quot;
+ height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt;
+to view portraits of the Tudors and their contemporaries.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newquizzes.gif&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;
+ height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Test your
+knowledge of Tudor England&lt;/a&gt; at the Quizzes page.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newsources.gif&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;
+ height=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;PRIMARY
+SOURCES&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp; Read eyewitness
+accounts of people and events in Tudor England, including letters
+written by the six wives of Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;SECONDARY
+SOURCES&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp; Read &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Biographies;
+Histories; Studies, etc about the Tudor era.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newmedia.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;69&quot; height=&quot;23&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbiblio.html&quot;&gt;Bibliography&lt;/a&gt;
+- &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffilms.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Films&lt;/a&gt;
+- &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html&quot;&gt;Links&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newsearch.gif&quot; width=&quot;74&quot;
+ height=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Can't find what you need?&amp;nbsp; Visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsearch.html&quot;&gt;the Tudor England
+search engine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newemail.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;63&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2femail.html&quot;&gt;the Email
+page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newconstruction.gif&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;
+ height=&quot;23&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+You can also visit the incomplete &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html&quot;&gt;Life in Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealogy.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;
+webpages.&amp;nbsp; Some information is available, including a graphic
+image of the Tudor family tree.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Meet other Tudor enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor
+Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+Would you like to learn more about Tudor
+England? &lt;br&gt;
+Visit the following sites - &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.suite101.com%2fwelcome.cfm%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Suite101.com:
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org&quot;&gt;Tudorhistory.org&lt;/a&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fCollegePark%2f2809&quot;&gt;Claire Webb's
+Tudor Website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudor-portraits.com&quot;&gt;Tudor-Portraits.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;338&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;th&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;86&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Tudor History Web Ring&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/graphic.jpg&quot; width=&quot;189&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/th&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;th&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;[&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fpub39.bravenet.com%2fsitering%2fnav.php%3fusernum%3d3350046640%26amp;action%3dlist%26amp;siteid%3d%2528siteid%2529&quot;&gt;List
+Sites&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fpub39.bravenet.com%2fsitering%2fnav.php%3fusernum%3d3350046640%26amp;action%3drandom%26amp;siteid%3d%2528siteid%2529&quot;&gt;Random&lt;/a&gt;]
+[&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fpub39.bravenet.com%2fsitering%2fnav.php%3fusernum%3d3350046640%26amp;action%3djoin%26amp;siteid%3d%2528siteid%2529&quot;&gt;Join&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;This site created and
+maintained by Marilee &lt;br&gt;
+with help from the loveliest person in the world.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcopyright.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Click
+here for copyright information&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082525&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082525&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3121</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Anne Boleyn, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01251438e98f926ef093edfa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215266</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0125.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynex.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynex.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1536: The execution of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;372&quot; height=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution was recorded in the &lt;i&gt;Annals of John Stow&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The execution took place on 19 May 1536 at 8 o'clock in the 
+    morning.&amp;nbsp; It was the first public execution of an English queen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This account mentions the famous 'hangman of Calais' who was 
+    brought to London for the execution.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;p&gt;
+All these being on a scaffold made there for the execution, the said
+Queen Anne said as followeth: Masters, I here humbly submit me to the law,
+as the law hath judged me, and as for mine offences, God knoweth them,
+I remit them to God, beseeching him to have mercy on my soul; and I beseech
+Jesu save my Sovereign and master the King, the most goodliest, and gentlest
+Prince that is, and long to reign over you, which words she spake with
+a smiling countenance: which done, she kneeled down on both her knees,
+and said, To Jesu Christ I commend my soul and with that word suddenly
+the hangman of Calais smote off her head at one stroke with a sword: her
+body with the head was buried in the choir of the Chapel in the Tower.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082600&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082600&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4825</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford Dudley, 1554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01267a30e99b515ef0aa4d7a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215266</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0126.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">exjane.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/exjane.gif&quot; width=&quot;426&quot; height=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley, were executed on 12 February 
+      1554 at the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The account at right was found in the 
+      anonymous &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;i&gt;Chronicle of Queen
+Jane and of Two Years of Queen Mary&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The decision to 
+      execute her cousin was not easy for Queen Mary I.&amp;nbsp; But when Jane's 
+      father led another rebellion against her rule, she could no longer 
+      tolerate the Protestant threat.&amp;nbsp; Also, Philip II of Spain would not 
+      come to England for their marriage until the rebels were defeated.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+His [Guildford's] carcase thrown into a cart, and his head in a cloth,
+he was brought to the chapel within the Tower, where the Lady Jane, whose
+lodging was in Partidge's house, did see his dead carcase taken out of
+the cart, as well as she did see him before alive on going to his death
+- a sight to her no less than death.&amp;nbsp;By this time was there a scaffold
+made upon the green over against the White Tower, for the said Lady Jane
+to die upon....&amp;nbsp; The said lady, being nothing abashed....with a book
+in her hand whereon she prayed all the way till she came to the said scaffold....&amp;nbsp;
+First, when she mounted the said scaffold she said to the people standing
+thereabout: 'Good people, I am come hither to die, and by a law I am condemned
+to the same.&amp;nbsp; The fact, indeed, against the queen's highness was unlawful,
+and the consenting thereunto by me: but touching the procurement and desire
+thereof by me or on my behalf, I do wash my hands thereof in innocency,
+before God, and the face of you, good Christian people, this day' and therewith
+she wrung her hands, in which she had her book.&amp;nbsp; And then, kneeling
+down, she turned to Feckenham [the dean of St Paul's] saying, 'Shall I
+say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; And he said, 'Yea.'&amp;nbsp; Then she said the psalm
+of &lt;i&gt;Miserere mei Deus&lt;/i&gt;, in English, in most devout manner, to the
+end.&amp;nbsp; Then she stood up and gave...Mistress Tilney her gloves and
+handkercher, and her book to master Bruges, the lieutenant's brother; forthwith
+she untied her gown.&amp;nbsp; The hangman went to her to help her therewith;
+then she desired him to let her alone, and also with her other attire and
+neckercher, giving to her a fair handkercher to knit about her eyes.
+&lt;p&gt;Then the hangman kneeled down, and asked her forgiveness, whom she gave
+most willingly.&amp;nbsp; Then he willed her to stand upon the straw: which
+doing, she saw the block.&amp;nbsp; Then she said, 'I pray you dispatch me
+quickly.'&amp;nbsp; Then she kneeled down, saying, 'Will you take it off before
+I lay me down?' and the hangman answered her, 'No, madame.'&amp;nbsp; She tied
+the kercher about her eyes; then feeling for the block said, 'What shall
+I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; One of the standers-by guiding her thereto,
+she laid her head down upon the block, and stretched forth her body and
+said: 'Lord, into thy hands I commend my spirit!'&amp;nbsp; And so she ended.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;
+to the Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082605&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082605&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0127.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0127.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0127.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9699</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01274681a7875c3f90e5f588</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0127.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqoschronology.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1575.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;608&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img height=&quot;96&quot; alt=&quot;Mary, Queen of Scots Chronology&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqoschronology.gif&quot; width=&quot;706&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1575.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Mary, queen of Scots, c1575, by an unknown artist&quot;
+ width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;437&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Miniature portrait of Mary, queen of Scots,
+c1575, by an unknown artist.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;If you would like to look at
+Scottish royal genealogy, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscottish.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Read &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryqos-letter.html&quot;&gt;Mary's last
+letter&lt;/a&gt;, an eyewitness account of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexmary.html&quot;&gt;her execution in
+1587&lt;/a&gt;, and other documents relating to her life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I wrote a letter
+to Mary at her trial, and about the execution to Mary's son, King James
+VI.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;Read
+her letters here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Portraits of Mary, her
+parents, husbands and child, with commentary, can be found at the
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;If you are interested in
+further research, &lt;i&gt;The Catholic Encyclopedia&lt;/i&gt; features &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.newadvent.org%2fcathen%2f09764a.htm&quot;&gt;an article on Mary's
+life&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Encyclopedia Britannica&lt;/i&gt; also has &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.britannica.com%2feb%2farticle%3feu%3d52479&quot;&gt;an article about
+Mary&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;And the most comprehensive
+website about the Scottish queen is maintained by &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart Society of
+Scotland&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1542&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+8 December; Mary Stuart is born at Linlithgow Palace&lt;br&gt;
+14 December; James V, King of Scots, Mary's father, dies at 31 &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1543&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Mary crowned Queen of Scots &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1546&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Cardinal Beaton is murdered; ascendancy of pro-French party&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1547&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/big&gt;January; King Henry VIII of England dies&lt;br&gt;
+March; King Francis I of France dies&lt;br&gt;
+10 September; battle of Pinkie; Scots defeated by English forces led by
+duke of Somerset; new French king, Henry II, sends troops and money to
+Scotland; Mary is betrothed to Henry II's heir Francis, dauphin of
+France&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1548&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+August; Mary sent to France &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1550&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Mary's mother, Mary of Guise, visits her in France &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;big&gt;1554&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Mary of Guise is officially named Regent in Scotland &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1558&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/big&gt;Fifteen-year-old Mary marries the 14-year-old Francis,
+dauphin of France, in Paris&lt;br&gt;
+        Queen Mary I of England dies and
+Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen&lt;br&gt;
+Mary's father-in-law quarters her arms with those of England, offending
+Elizabeth
+        &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1559&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Death of King Henry II of France; Francis and Mary are crowned king and
+queen of France &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1560&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;/big&gt;June; Mary of Guise passes away in Scotland&lt;br&gt;
+December; Mary's husband, Francis, Mary's husband, passes away &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;big&gt;1561&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Mary returns to Scotland &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1562&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Northern campaign and
+visit to Inverness; aged 19 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1563&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary visits
+Inveraray,Dunure Castle, Dumfries, and Peebles; aged 20 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1564&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary hunts near Blair
+Atholl, Tayside; aged 21 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1565&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary marries her
+19-year-old cousin Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley; aged 22 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1566&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary's Piedmontese
+secretary, David Riccio/Rizzio, is murdered; Mary's only child born
+(James, later king of Scotland and England); aged 23 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1567&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary's husband, Lord
+Darnley, murdered; Mary weds James Hepburn, the 30-year-old Earl of
+Bothwell; the Carberry Hill confrontation; Mary is imprisoned at
+Lochleven Castle; Mary's one-year-old son James is crowned as James VI
+of Scotland; aged 24 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1568&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary escapes from
+Lochleven Castle; Battle of Langside, Glasgow; Mary flees to England;
+aged 25 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1568-87&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary is held captive
+in various English prisons; aged 25-44 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1569&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth exonerates
+Mary from the charges made against her; aged 26 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1578&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary's third husband,
+the earl of Bothwell (age 41), dies in a prison in Denmark; aged 35 &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1580&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary writes &lt;i&gt;Essay
+on Adversity&lt;/i&gt; in prison; aged 37 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1586&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary is tried for
+conspiring to kill Elizabeth; aged 43 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1587&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; on 8 February, Mary is
+executed in the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1603&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Queen Elizabeth I dies
+in March &amp;amp; Mary's only child, James VI of Scotland, becomes James I
+of England.&amp;nbsp; He is the first King of both Scotland and
+England.&amp;nbsp; He moves his mother's&amp;nbsp; body to Westminster Abbey
+and has a grand monument built. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;center&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html#Biography&quot;&gt;Read
+the biography of Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to Mary,
+queen of Scots main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+Relatives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/center&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082705&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082705&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH012c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH012c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH012c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">21906</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Relatives - Margaret Tudor, queen of Scotland</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH012c77d02a2d42eb08c5227c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH012c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">margaretb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">margsket.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">jamesiv.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/margaretb.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Margaret Tudor&quot; height=50 width=296&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Margaret Tudor's life was in many respects as contrary and
+tempestuous as that of her granddaughter, Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Certainly
+the parallels between their second marriages are the most obvious and entertaining.&amp;nbsp;
+Both women married handsome younger earls with powerful fathers who embroiled
+them in conflict with the notoriously fractious Scottish lords and the
+English monarch.&amp;nbsp; And though both women married those earls for love,
+without regard for any effect upon their rule and reputation, they came
+to bitterly regret their hasty decisions.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/margsket.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;sketch of Margaret Tudor&quot; BORDER=2 height=329 width=200 align=LEFT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+They also entered Scotland as foreigners who found their new home backward
+and unsettling.&amp;nbsp; Margaret was the eldest daughter of Henry VII of
+England and Elizabeth of York, born on 28 November 1489 at the Palace of
+Westminster, a year and a half before her famous brother, Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp;
+The elaborate and costly preparations for her birth were recorded by contemporary
+chroniclers; Elizabeth of York had officially retired from court life in
+October 1489 and, when labor began, the queen was accompanied by the earls
+of Oxford and Derby to Mass.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards she entered the state bedchamber
+where she presided over a meal of spiced wines and sweet cakes.&amp;nbsp; The
+queen's chamberlain then asked all present to pray for a successful labor.&amp;nbsp;
+The noblemen then left and Elizabeth, attended by twenty ladies and their
+various attendants, entered the inner chamber where she would actually
+give birth.&amp;nbsp; Her bed was a magnificent creation with a gold canopy
+and embroidered red roses for her husband's house of Lancaster.&amp;nbsp; At
+nine o'clock that night Princess Margaret Tudor was born.&amp;nbsp; She was
+christened by John Morton, the archbishop of Canterbury, at the chapel
+in Westminster two days later; her godparents were her grandmother Lady
+Margaret Beaufort for whom she was named, the duchess of Norfolk, Lady
+Berkeley and the earl of Shrewsbury.&amp;nbsp; After the celebrations, she
+was returned to her room where four nurses (her two head nurses were Alice
+Davy and Alice Bywimble) and six rockers, along with their various attendants,
+waited to serve their new charge.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her first year was spent mostly in an oak cradle
+lined with ermine and draped in cloth of gold, an ornate setting to which
+she became accustomed and sorely missed later in life.&amp;nbsp; As the first
+Tudor princess, Margaret was immediately placed on the European marriage
+market since Henry VII was eager to strengthen foreign support for his
+new dynasty.&amp;nbsp; She spent her first fourteen years in England and was
+imbued with a self-righteous belief that England was meant to control Scotland,
+if not subjugate it entirely, and that Tudor rule was as valid as any other
+European dynasty.&amp;nbsp; Despite the general view that the Tudors were upstarts
+and her father's claim to the throne was rather dubious, Margaret embraced
+her royal title and lineage with passion.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The atmosphere of those early years in England was
+still medieval, and she lived in Gothic palaces with ornate decoration
+and rituals.&amp;nbsp; All of Henry VII's children came to participate publicly
+in court life while still children.&amp;nbsp; Before the age of five, Margaret
+attended court ceremonies and played her part with aplomb.&amp;nbsp; She had
+an early love of pomp and pageantry which was never lost, and her father's
+court was rather extravagant considering Henry's reputation as a shabby
+miser.&amp;nbsp; As a child, Margaret shared a household with her older brother,
+Prince Arthur.&amp;nbsp; Born on 20 September 1486, barely nine months after
+his parents' marriage, Arthur was the hope and joy of the Tudors.&amp;nbsp;
+He and Margaret traveled with their own households from Eltham to Westminster
+to Windsor and back again, visiting their parents as often as possible.&amp;nbsp;
+Their education was guided by their formidable grandmother, Lady Margaret
+Beaufort, who was a shining example of female piety and learning.&amp;nbsp;
+Lady Beaufort's impact upon Margaret ensured her a thorough education but
+Margaret never shared her grandmother's love of scholarship.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VII was a busy and oft-distracted king whose reign was a constant struggle
+in the early years of Margaret's life; he loved his daughter, but had little
+time for any of his children.&amp;nbsp; Her mother, Elizabeth of York, was
+a quiet and gentle woman whose motto 'Humble and Reverent' aptly summarized
+her way of life.&amp;nbsp; She was a loving mother but spent most of her marriage
+either pregnant or recovering from increasingly difficult births.&amp;nbsp;
+Her ill health often forced her into confinement and her role at court
+functions was filled by her mother-in-law.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret reveled in court life and enjoyed her position
+as princess to the full; she began a lifelong love affair with beautiful
+clothes, delighted in dancing and music as well as archery and playing
+cards.&amp;nbsp; She had no responsibilities other than to fulfill her public
+duties as princess and, as a result of her privileged position, developed
+a very stubborn personality.&amp;nbsp; It was Margaret's lot to be impatient
+and disappointed when things did not go her way.&amp;nbsp; In this, however,
+she can be forgiven; most royal children were equally stubborn and certainly
+the two siblings who survived childhood with her shared this trait.&amp;nbsp;
+It is worth remembering, too, that her acute awareness of her position
+included the knowledge that she would one day leave England, perhaps forever.&amp;nbsp;
+It was not the fate of princesses to live and die in their own countries.&amp;nbsp;
+But as Margaret's later actions make clear, those early years in England
+left an indelible mark upon her; she always put English interests first,
+even when it was not the sensible thing to do.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her fifth birthday coincided with Henry's elevation
+to the dukedom of York in 1494.&amp;nbsp; There was a grand celebratory tournament
+in Westminster which lasted three days and the appearance of the 'right
+high and excellent Princess, the Lady Margaret' was recorded for posterity.&amp;nbsp;
+She wore a gown of buckram and velvet trimmed in gold lace with a winged
+white cap, an unflattering but popular style from the Low Countries.&amp;nbsp;
+Her best features were her clear complexion and fair hair, both inherited
+from her mother.&amp;nbsp; But her temperament was that of her maternal grandfather,
+Edward IV, a trait she shared with her brother Henry.&amp;nbsp; While Prince
+Arthur was a reserved and thoughtful boy dedicated to scholarship, Margaret
+and Henry were gregarious and energetic.&amp;nbsp; They danced at the tournament,
+to the amusement of the adults, and Margaret presented the prizes to the
+jousters.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Traveling with a great retinue from one palace to
+another, she was hardly aware of the struggles her father faced; plague,
+rebellion, and war marked Henry's years on the throne as he constantly
+struggled to fill his treasury and placate his people.&amp;nbsp; One of the
+more serious struggles led to Margaret's betrothal in 1496 to James IV,
+king of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Henry wanted an alliance with Scotland for two
+pressing reasons.&amp;nbsp; First, James was following the old Scottish tradition
+of angering the English by supporting Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the
+English throne who claimed to be Prince Richard of York.&amp;nbsp; This debacle
+lasted from 1491 to 1497, but was made more pressing by Prince Arthur's
+engagement to Princess Katharine of Aragon, the daughter of Ferdinand and
+Isabella of Spain.&amp;nbsp; At the time, only Spain recognized Henry's rule
+and he was desperate to secure a marriage alliance between the two countries.&amp;nbsp;
+But the Spanish would not send Katharine to England unless Henry was secure
+on the throne and their daughter could arrive safely and peacefully in
+England.&amp;nbsp; In 1493, they brokered an agreement between Scotland and
+England which ended Scottish support of Warbeck and gave hope for a more
+comprehensive peace in the future.&amp;nbsp; Second, Scotland had long been
+allied with France in what was termed the 'Auld Alliance', essentially
+the partnership of two English enemies.&amp;nbsp; French money and troops had
+often threatened the English-Scots border and Henry was desperate to avoid
+further unrest.&amp;nbsp; He and his councilors thought a marriage between
+James and Margaret would create a bond between England and Scotland which
+would allow England some desperately needed peace and tranquility.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; James IV of Scotland was amenable to the idea as
+well.&amp;nbsp; He was sixteen years older than Margaret, but such differences
+in age were common enough in royal marriages.&amp;nbsp; For the security of
+his own realm, as well as an impressive dowry, he was content to marry
+Margaret.&amp;nbsp; James's own life had been tempestuous and unhappy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/jamesiv.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;King James IV of Scotland&quot; BORDER=2 height=230 width=199 align=LEFT&gt;Born
+on 17 March 1473, he was barely sixteen years old when disaffected Scottish
+lords led by the Humes and Hepburns forced him to ride in battle against
+his own father, James III.&amp;nbsp; At the climactic battle of Sauchieburn
+in the summer of 1488, James III was murdered by a man pretending to be
+a priest and his son was crowned king of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; James IV was traumatized
+by his role in his father's death; for the rest of his life he wore an
+iron chain around his waist as penance and made frequent pilgrimages to
+the shrine of his patron St Ninian.&amp;nbsp; His personality was both charismatic
+and melancholy and he was quite brilliant.&amp;nbsp; His varied interests included
+dentistry, golf, and hunting; he was also very energetic, and exhausted
+his nobles with his ceaseless traveling across his kingdom.&amp;nbsp; He was
+quite dedicated to the ideal of the chivalrous knight and admired the tales
+of King Arthur.&amp;nbsp; This romantic notion led him to numerous love affairs
+(by the time of his betrothal to Margaret, he already had five healthy
+illegitimate children) and a lifelong desire to lead a Crusade.&amp;nbsp; His
+people loved him and his court attracted a number of brilliant poets, including
+William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas and David Lindsay.&amp;nbsp; Also, Scotland had
+three universities while England had only two, a fact which few historians
+have noted when dismissing any evidence of Scottish learning in the late
+15th century.&amp;nbsp; But the country remained fractious and dangerous, largely
+because of its squabbling nobility.&amp;nbsp; Certainly James's reign was marked
+by increased prosperity and the flowering of the arts, but he could not
+subdue the clans or even intimidate them much.&amp;nbsp; And the lesson of
+his father's reign haunted him as he attempted to provide some order and
+stability for his people.&amp;nbsp; He was more successful at this than most
+Scottish kings, but not successful enough.&amp;nbsp; In Scotland, the nobles
+controlled far more land than the king and were savage opponents of royal
+authority.&amp;nbsp; The burgeoning middle class was terrified of warfare and
+also susceptible to English bribes.&amp;nbsp; Shifting loyalties and simmering
+resentment marked relations between the king and his nobles.&amp;nbsp; Poor
+James did not have an easy life as king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But his prolific romantic life was legendarily successful.&amp;nbsp;
+James cut quite a swath through the common and noble women of Scotland,
+eventually losing his heart to Lady Margaret Drummond.&amp;nbsp; James had
+earlier attempted to marry a Spanish princess himself (much as Henry VII
+secured a Spanish bride for Prince Arthur) but, when that failed, his love
+for Margaret Drummond was such that he seriously considered marrying her.&amp;nbsp;
+His councilors were understandably aghast; any marriage to a subject would
+necessarily elevate that subject's family to pre-eminence in the realm.&amp;nbsp;
+They would not allow it and did their utmost to persuade James to reconsider.&amp;nbsp;
+The king began negotiations for Margaret Tudor's hand even as Margaret
+Drummond gave birth to their daughter.&amp;nbsp; James moved mother and child
+to his palace of Linlithgow and showed them every favor.&amp;nbsp; Rumors of
+a secret marriage between the two were rampant but the Scots successfully
+concluded the marriage treaty with Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; Still, James's ministers
+were concerned that Henry VII would learn of Margaret Drummond and it might
+complicate relations.&amp;nbsp; But the problem was solved when Margaret Drummond
+and her two sisters were poisoned in spring 1502.&amp;nbsp; The king was devastated.&amp;nbsp;
+No one was arrested for the crime, for which most of his councilors were
+secretly grateful.&amp;nbsp; James almost immediately began another affair
+with Lady Janet Kennedy, but his grief for Margaret Drummond did not lessen.&amp;nbsp;
+She was the great love of his life and he never forgot her.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Margaret Drummond's death freed him to openly
+plan his marriage to Margaret Tudor, who until then had been merely a bargaining
+chip with the English.&amp;nbsp; James was determined that his marriage would
+restore Scottish pride which had suffered much from English harassment
+along its borders.&amp;nbsp; He ordered a grand trousseau from Paris, as well
+as presents for Margaret and new clothing for his courtiers.&amp;nbsp; His
+own clothes included several pairs of scarlet hose, robes of black velvet
+trimmed in fur, a crimson jacket lined with cloth of gold, and a truly
+grand wedding outfit of white damask embroidered with silver and gold thread.&amp;nbsp;
+To Margaret he sent a gown worth almost 160 pds and his courtiers received
+sumptuous clothes and jewelry.&amp;nbsp; His spending grew so extravagant that
+he was forced to acknowledge his penury to Henry VII; the English king
+had written to find out the salaries of Margaret's ladies-in-waiting who
+would accompany her to Scotland.&amp;nbsp; James was forced to prevaricate
+on that matter, replying only that they would receive 'competent fees'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In England, meanwhile, preparations for Katharine
+of Aragon's marriage to Prince Arthur consumed far more time and energy
+than Margaret's betrothal.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish princess was married to the
+Tudor heir in the autumn of 1501 and Margaret attended the wedding feast
+at Westminster Hall; she wore a gown of crimson velvet trimmed in fur and
+sat, along with Prince Henry, on a wooden stool covered with scarlet cloth
+beside their parents.&amp;nbsp; Prince Henry had apparently flown into a rage
+when told that his sister would soon be known as queen of Scots and thus
+accorded precedence over him in public ceremonies.&amp;nbsp; This essentially
+meant that Margaret would be announced before him at court functions, a
+relatively trivial matter, but observers noted the young prince's love
+of his own high position.&amp;nbsp; The tantrum resolved itself and Henry was
+on perfect behavior during the wedding festivities which followed.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The earl of Bothwell, the bishop of Moray, and the
+archbishop of Glasgow were sent as ambassadors from Scotland.&amp;nbsp; They
+were also present at Westminster during those celebratory days, under orders
+to observe Margaret and report on her appearance and behavior.&amp;nbsp; If
+they found it 'most convenient and advisable' they were to marry her at
+once by proxy.&amp;nbsp; Many of the intricacies of the marriage negotiation
+had already been decided upon and Pope Alexander VI had given the necessary
+dispensation, though he advised Margaret to remain in England for another
+year so she would be ready for child-bearing upon her arrival in Scotland.&amp;nbsp;
+The matter of dower lands was soon settled as well.&amp;nbsp; James was to
+be responsible for 'the apparatus of her body, the ornamenting of her residences,
+her vehicles, stud, furniture, dress, private and domestic affairs, and
+all other things whatsoever necessary and becoming the honour, state and
+dignity of the said Lady Margaret.'&amp;nbsp; Margaret's dowry was 30,000 gold
+nobles to be paid over three years.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once Prince Arthur and his new wife had left for
+Ludlow Castle, their seat as Prince and Princess of Wales, Margaret's betrothal
+was celebrated at Richmond Palace.&amp;nbsp; There everyone gathered in Queen
+Elizabeth's official presence chamber and the archbishop of Glasgow conducted
+the proxy marriage ceremony.&amp;nbsp; He asked Margaret and her parents, 'Doth
+Your Grace know of any impediment other than there is dispensed withal?&amp;nbsp;
+Doth the Queen likewise?&amp;nbsp; Or the Princess?'&amp;nbsp; In their turn, the
+three said, 'There is none.'&amp;nbsp; Then Henry VII asked, 'Is it the very
+will and mind of the king of Scotland that the said earl Bothwell should
+in his name assure the said Princess?'&amp;nbsp; Both archbishop and earl gave
+assent and then Margaret was asked, 'Are you content without compulsion,
+and of your own free will?'&amp;nbsp; The princess answered composedly, 'If
+it please my lord and father the king, and my lady mother the queen.'&amp;nbsp;
+Her father said, 'It is my will and pleasure' and Margaret knelt for her
+parents' blessing.&amp;nbsp; Bothwell took her hand and repeated his marriage
+vows.&amp;nbsp; He did so easily enough; soon all eyes were upon Margaret,
+who spoke clearly and with no noticeable nervousness, 'I, Margaret, the
+first begotten daughter of the right excellent, right high and mighty prince
+and princess, Henry by the Grace of God king of England, and Elizabeth
+queen of the same, wittingly and of deliberate mind, having twelve years
+complete in age in the month of November last past, contract matrimony
+with the right excellent, right high and mighty prince, James king of Scotland,
+and the person of whom, Patrick earl of Bothwell, procurator of the said
+prince, represents, and take the said James king of Scotland into and for
+my husband and spouse, and all other for him forsake, during his and mine
+lives natural, and thereto I plight and give to him, in your person as
+procurator aforesaid, my faith and troth.'&amp;nbsp; And then, continues the
+herald's account, 'the trumpets....blew up, and the loud noise of the minstrels
+played in the best and most joyful manner.'
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The king then led the Scots to his rooms while Elizabeth
+of York took Margaret's hand and led her to the royal dais.&amp;nbsp; The mother
+and daughter sat side by side now, equal in title and precedence.&amp;nbsp;
+The next few days were spent in celebratory tournaments and banquets at
+Westminster Hall, all of which had Margaret's participation.&amp;nbsp; And
+yet, just as it seemed that Henry VII's most fervent ambitions were being
+realized, news soon arrived from Wales that Arthur and his bride had fallen
+ill.&amp;nbsp; The young prince died while his new bride recovered.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+and Elizabeth were devastated; accounts of their grief can be read at the
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.&amp;nbsp; The court was thrown into mourning and a few
+weeks after the death Elizabeth of York became pregnant yet again.&amp;nbsp;
+It did not help her delicate health.&amp;nbsp; A son was born prematurely and
+christened Edward, but died soon after.&amp;nbsp; The queen's strength never
+recovered and, upon yet another stillbirth on 2 February 1503, she became
+deathly ill.&amp;nbsp; She died on 11 February 1503, her thirty-seventh birthday,
+having given birth nine times and leaving three surviving children.&amp;nbsp;
+An account of Elizabeth's death, which coincided with Margaret's departure
+for Scotland, can also be read at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret's feelings on her brother's death and mother's
+ill
+health are not recorded.&amp;nbsp; She was obviously closer in temperament
+to Henry, but also she was consumed with preparations for her departure
+to Scotland.&amp;nbsp; And for a young woman with Margaret's great love of
+expensive gifts, pageantry, and magnificent gowns, the preparations were
+a delightful diversion.&amp;nbsp; She also enjoyed being queen of Scotland.&amp;nbsp;
+Since she had to wait a year before going to Scotland, she was given her
+own establishments at Windsor and Westminster where she was served from
+golden plates engraved with the Scottish arms.&amp;nbsp; Scores of footmen
+served her, dressed in the white and green Tudor livery while her litter
+bearers wore green and black.&amp;nbsp; The litter which would carry her on
+progress north was itself a grand creation lined with blue velvet and cloth
+of gold; her state carriage was lined with bearskin, the horses hung with
+black and crimson velvet and her own saddle lavishly embroidered with red
+roses.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The rest of this article will be published&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;as soon as I finish scanning color portraits of Margaret.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;written by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Marilee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082576&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082576&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH012e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH012e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH012e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">29115</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Anne of Cleves fourth wife of King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Anne of Cleves fourth wife of King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Anne of Cleves: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH012e83f21d0fa1913aff5c90</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215272</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH012e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevescardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevesholbein2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cleves-bio1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cleves-bio2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;634&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My Lord, if it were not to
+satisfy the world, and My Realm, I would not do that I must do this day
+for none earthly thing.' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Henry VIII to Cromwell on his wedding day to
+Anne of Cleves&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevescardinal.gif&quot; width=&quot;352&quot; height=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevesholbein2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; width=&quot;331&quot; height=&quot;325&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves 
+      by Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Anne of Cleves was the fourth wife of King
+Henry VIII; it was a very brief marriage, to the astonishment of all
+observers but the relief of both spouses.&amp;nbsp; Henry infamously
+referred to his bride as a 'Flanders mare' and told courtiers and
+ambassadors that he could not perform his husbandly duties because of
+Anne's appearance.&amp;nbsp; Anne's reaction to Henry's physical charms was
+not recorded, but she agreed to an annulment very quickly and remained
+in England for the rest of her life.&amp;nbsp; Henry was grateful for her
+cooperation and granted her a generous income and several homes,
+including Hever Castle.&amp;nbsp; Anne enjoyed an independent lifestyle
+denied most women, often visiting Henry's court as an honored
+guest.&amp;nbsp; Her fondness for English ale and gambling were her only
+vices.&amp;nbsp; Along with her successor as Henry's wife, Catherine
+Howard, Anne remains a mysterious figure about whom too little is
+known.&amp;nbsp; Had she and Henry remained married and had children, the
+course of English history might have changed dramatically.&amp;nbsp; But
+the mysteries of physical attraction denied Anne her place on the
+throne, ended the brilliant career of Thomas Cromwell, and thrust the
+king into the arms of his ill-fated fifth queen, Catherine Howard.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Anne of Cleves.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Anne&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves meets Henry VIII for the first time&lt;/a&gt;, 1540&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Anne. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Anne's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'So she came to
+Greenwich that night, and was received as queen.&amp;nbsp; And the next
+day, being Sunday, the king's grace kept a great court at Greenwich,
+where his grace with the queen offered at mass, richly dressed.&amp;nbsp;
+And on Twelfth Night, which was Tuesday, the king's majesty was married
+to the said queen Anne solemnly, in her closet at Greenwich, and his
+grace and she went publicly in procession that day, she having a rich
+coronet of stone and pearls set with rosemary on her hair, and a gown
+of rich cloth of silver, richly hung with stones and pearls, with all
+her ladies and gentlewomen following her, which was a goodly sight to
+behold.' &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; Anne of Cleves marries King
+Henry VIII, 1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Anne of Cleves was Henry VIII's fourth wife, though not his first
+choice for the role by far.&amp;nbsp; His ambassadors searched out all the
+eligible heiresses of Europe and discovered their king had a very nasty
+marital reputation.&amp;nbsp; The beautiful Christina of Milan was told of
+the king's interest and wittily replied that if she had two heads she
+would risk it, but she had only one; Marie de Guise, who would later
+wed his nephew the King of Scots, replied much the same.&amp;nbsp; The
+tragic tale of his second queen, Anne Boleyn, had kept European gossips
+busy for three years now.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's poor and disrespectful treatment of his first wife (he
+was rumored to have bullied Katharine of Aragon to an unhappy death)
+and the quick end of his third (in his desperation for a healthy male
+heir, the king was rumored to have ordered Jane Seymour cut open,
+mangled and killed) only contributed to his low reputation. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;One wouldn't think a king would have too difficult a time finding
+a wife, but Henry VIII - who defied his contemporaries in so many other
+ways - did so in this respect as well. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the end, it was religion which brought Anne of Cleves to
+England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry had sought out Catholic princesses like Marie de Guise and
+his fifth wife would be a Catholic as well.&amp;nbsp; Despite the Henrician
+'reformation', England and its monarch remained a Catholic nation,
+albeit one in which supreme authority resided within the king rather
+than the pope.&amp;nbsp; But Henry's influential advisor, Thomas Cromwell,
+wanted England to ally herself with a Protestant nation that also
+rejected papal authority.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell recognized the inexorable
+Catholic decline which was only just beginning to occur; the king's
+assumption of supreme authority had merely been the first and most
+spectacular opening shot in a new religious war.&amp;nbsp; Raised to be a
+churchman until his brother's untimely death and deeply interested in
+theological debate, Henry VIII didn't appreciate the Pandora's Box of
+change he had opened.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell, younger and more philosophically
+attuned to the attitudes of the rising middle class, did appreciate
+it.&amp;nbsp; And he approved of it.&amp;nbsp; The marriage to Anne of Cleves
+would openly ally England with a Protestant duchy, thus making the
+'reformation' even more settled. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry VIII's previous two marriages had been love matches; he had
+been quite independent in choosing women of his own court to
+marry.&amp;nbsp; But this fourth marriage was necessarily a more diplomatic
+endeavor.&amp;nbsp; In this, the king returned to the traditional role of
+kings searching for brides; he also understood that, since the Act of
+Supremacy in 1534, England stood dangerously isolated amongst the
+Catholic powers of Spain and France. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There was a gap of over two years between Jane Seymour's death in
+October 1537 and Anne of Cleves's arrival in England in late December
+1539.&amp;nbsp; Romantics believe the king waited such a long while to
+marry again because he loved Jane so much.&amp;nbsp; Whether he loved her
+or not is beside the point, though there is ample evidence that he
+did.&amp;nbsp; Henry actually waited so long (and he did so quite
+impatiently) because marriage negotiations took an unexpectedly long
+time.&amp;nbsp; He actually sent out instructions regarding the search for
+a new wife barely a month after Jane's death. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But the French princesses would not assemble for his perusal; they
+also made it clear they preferred other suitors.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Likewise,
+other heiresses of Europe, some of which (like Christina of Milan) were
+related through tangled Hapsburg bloodlines to the king's first wife,
+Katharine of Aragon, avoided the English ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; And always,
+busy with his paperwork and contacts throughout Europe, Cromwell sought
+to arrange a Protestant alliance. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;During all of these negotiations, one must not forget the king's
+own views regarding his future wife.&amp;nbsp; Henry was used to making his
+own decisions about the women in his life; he had high standards for
+female beauty and insisted his next wife be physically
+attractive.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he told his ambassadors that no official
+overtures be made to certain ladies until he had approved of their
+looks.&amp;nbsp; 'The thing touches me too near,' said the king, which was
+true enough but not the sort of thing kings were supposed to say.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, he was not merely a man but a monarch; he was not supposed
+to marry for himself alone. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The ambassadors were often placed in embarrassing positions,
+commissioning portraits and sending back detailed descriptions of pock
+marks and hairstyles.&amp;nbsp; Finally, the choices were narrowed down to
+four serious contenders - Marie de Guise, the widow of the duc de
+Longueville, was tall, beautiful and already proven in
+childbirth.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned earlier, she chose the Scottish king
+James V.&amp;nbsp; Henry then looked to her younger sister, but she also
+became otherwise engaged.&amp;nbsp; Then there was the beautiful and
+intelligent Christina of Milan, just sixteen and one of the most
+sought-after heiresses of her generation.&amp;nbsp; But the king of England
+was three times her age, fat and with a cruel reputation; she allowed
+herself to be painted by Holbein but did nothing to solve the problem
+of her being a great-niece of Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; This
+impediment of affinity was a nice way to avoid the king of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The year of 1538 passed with no alliance.&amp;nbsp; Henry had intended
+to use his fourth marriage as a balance between France and the Hapsburg
+empire.&amp;nbsp; But it now seemed as if those two enemies might join
+forces against him in defense of the papal supremacy. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Suddenly Cromwell's moment had arrived.&amp;nbsp; The fourth serious
+contender was the sister of the duke of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The duke was not
+a Protestant himself but was allied through marriage with Saxony and
+the league of Lutheran princes; he was also at odds with the Hapsburg
+emperor Charles V over the duchy of Gelderland.&amp;nbsp; The duchy of
+Cleves might one day rival the Netherlands in terms of trade and
+strategic advantage.&amp;nbsp; The king was persuaded to send his favorite
+court painter, Hans Holbein the Younger, to the German duchy.&amp;nbsp;
+There he painted both Anne and her sister Amelia.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who by
+this time was wearying of the endless rounds of negotiations (and whom
+Cromwell feared would soon turn to another English noblewoman), was
+interested in Anne.&amp;nbsp; Negotiations began in earnest. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was 24 years old, and had spent most of her life at the ducal
+court of Dusseldorf.&amp;nbsp; She was well-educated in domestic skills but
+she was neither intellectual or flirtatious, both qualities the king
+admired.&amp;nbsp; She had no musical skills, and music was one of Henry's
+passions, and no interest in books.&amp;nbsp; On the trip to England, her
+escort (perhaps sensing disaster ahead) tried to teach her the king's
+favorite card games but Anne found them hopeless.&amp;nbsp; It was not her
+fault, nor that of Henry VIII, but she was raised in a different
+country and, as things turned out, was not given time to acclimatize
+herself before the king rejected her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+  &lt;img height=&quot;280&quot; alt=&quot;Holbein's betrothal portrait of Anne of Cleves&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cleves-bio1.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;190&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The issue of the betrothal portrait is the most fascinating part
+of this story.&amp;nbsp; Holbein was a man of vast talent; his best
+portraits are simply astounding, beautifully composed and possessing
+great psychological insight.&amp;nbsp; Look at the infamous portrait of
+Anne of Cleves to the left; it is clear that Holbein was more
+fascinated with the embroidery of her gown than with Anne's
+personality.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are downcast and her features lost beneath the ornate
+trappings of her dress and hood. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There has long been a rumor that Henry was so enraged with the
+work, believing that Holbein had deliberately duped him with a false
+portrait, that he fired the painter.&amp;nbsp; But that is not true.&amp;nbsp;
+At the time, there were a few remarks that she did not look as well as
+the portrait asserted, but this was not unlikely - she had arrived in
+England after a long journey, perhaps the sea air did not agree with
+her skin?&amp;nbsp; Or perhaps nervousness over the impending marriage
+caused a change in her complexion.&amp;nbsp; We cannot know.&amp;nbsp; But we
+do know that Henry's ambassadors, only too aware of their master's
+wishes, allowed the portrait to be sent as a fair likeness of
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; Would they have dared to mislead their monarch in such a
+way?&amp;nbsp; It's not likely.&amp;nbsp; Even Henry himself did not make much
+of the supposed difference between the painted and real Anne, aside
+from a comment to Cromwell that she was 'nothing so fair as she had
+been reported.'&amp;nbsp; Often expectations can be idealistic, and that
+was possibly the case with Henry.&amp;nbsp; Holbein continued to receive
+commissions from the English aristocracy before dying of plague in
+London in 1543. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;What actually happened to drive Anne and Henry apart was a simple
+matter of attraction.&amp;nbsp; Almost five hundred years later, we still
+don't understand why certain people are physically attracted to each
+other; it simply happens.&amp;nbsp; And it didn't happen with Anne and
+Henry; in fact, quite the opposite occurred and the king was repulsed
+by her.&amp;nbsp; Anne's feelings on the matter are not known but Henry was
+no longer the strong, athletic king of years past; various injuries had
+reduced his exercise but not his appetite.&amp;nbsp; He was increasingly
+obese and subject to its attendant problems. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There were other reasons for the king to look askance at this new
+bride.&amp;nbsp; The foreign crisis which had caused Cromwell to seek an
+alliance with the Protestant duchy had passed; France and Spain had
+returned to their old enmity.&amp;nbsp; England was no longer threatened by
+the Catholic powers.&amp;nbsp; Also, the dispute over Gelderland had become
+more serious and Henry was not eager to fight the suddenly genial
+Spanish in defense of Anne's brother.&amp;nbsp; These issues were clear in
+mid-autumn 1539 but the marriage negotiations continued.&amp;nbsp; By that
+point, they had a momentum of their own.&amp;nbsp; A proxy marriage
+occurred and Anne left her home in late November.&amp;nbsp; She reached
+Calais on 11 December; during the journey, she was addressed as Queen
+of England and treated accordingly.&amp;nbsp; For a fortnight she waited at
+Calais until the weather settled.&amp;nbsp; On 27 December she set out for
+Deal; it was a stormy crossing.&amp;nbsp; It was on the first day of 1540
+that the king, so impatient to see his new bride, entered her rooms in
+disguise.&amp;nbsp; The scene was recorded by the Imperial ambassador,
+Eustace Chapuys: &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And on New Years Day in the afternoon the king's grace with five
+of his privy chamber, being disguised with mottled cloaks with hoods so
+that they should not be recognized, came secretly to Rochester, and so
+went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne was looking out of a
+window to see the bull-baiting which was going on in the courtyard, and
+suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed here a token which the
+king had sent her for New Year's gift, and she being abashed and not
+knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her.&amp;nbsp; But she
+regarded him little, but always looked out the window.... and when the
+king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into
+another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of
+purple velvet.&amp;nbsp; And when the lords and knights saw his grace they
+did him reverence.... and then her grace humbled herself lowly to the
+king's majesty, and his grace saluted her again, and they talked
+together lovingly, and afterwards he took her by the hand and led her
+to another chamber where their graces amused themselves that night and
+on Friday until the afternoon.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;You can read the entire account at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+Henry had so far managed to conceal his dislike of Anne.&amp;nbsp; There is
+reason to believe it was not an immediate revulsion; it was only after
+their wedding night, which the king declared he could not consummate,
+that word spread of his physical distaste.&amp;nbsp; When Cromwell asked
+him the next morning, 'How liked you the Queen?', Henry replied, 'I
+liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse.' &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On Twelfth Night (6 January), they were married in the 'Queen's
+Closet' at Greenwich Palace, where Henry had also married his last
+bride.&amp;nbsp; But the king was already looking for ways out.&amp;nbsp; The
+very day of the ceremony, he told Cromwell, 'My Lord, if it were not to
+satisfy the world, and my Realm, I would not do that I must do this day
+for none earthly thing.'&amp;nbsp; These were ominous words. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is also possible that around this time, the king met &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;, cousin of his second wife, Anne Boleyn, and now destined to
+be lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves when her Flemish attendants were
+dismissed.&amp;nbsp; There is no doubt he felt an instant attraction to the
+lively, curvaceous Catherine.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry's nobility, which had long chafed against the power and
+influence of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Cromwell&lt;/a&gt;
+(much as they had against Wolsey), welcomed this opportunity to
+discredit him.&amp;nbsp; The minister had pushed the king into the Cleves
+marriage, they reminded Henry gleefully.&amp;nbsp; The king's wrath turned
+against his former friend and Cromwell was executed on 28 July 1540, a
+decision Henry almost instantly regretted.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so four things pushed Henry towards an annulment - his dislike
+of Anne, foreign policy changes, his attraction to Catherine Howard,
+and his courtiers' hatred of Cromwell. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the few days between the first meeting and the wedding,
+Cromwell and the king had found a potential way out, though the
+ceremony continued as planned.&amp;nbsp; In the mid-1530s, Anne had briefly
+been engaged to Francis, duke of Lorraine.&amp;nbsp; The English had not
+explored the issue too much, merely asking the government of Cleves if
+negotiations had ended.&amp;nbsp; Now they looked more closely, with the
+king waiting impatiently for the right response.&amp;nbsp; They suddenly
+discovered there was no dispensation from the precontract; Anne was
+still officially betrothed to Francis.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The ambassadors from Cleves were not unaware of Henry's
+intent.&amp;nbsp; They struggled to find the right documents but, on 26
+February 1540, all they could produce was a report in their archives
+which stated that negotiations with Lorraine 'were not going to take
+their natural course.'&amp;nbsp; No actual papers of dispensation could be
+produced since they did not exist.&amp;nbsp; Thus Henry's marriage to Anne
+of Cleves was legally invalid from the start.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This is one of the more ironic moments in Henry's checkered
+marital career.&amp;nbsp; For once, his decision to end a marriage was
+legally valid and acceptable to all. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, the king made certain comments regarding Anne's body
+and virtue which reveal him in a less than gentlemanly light.&amp;nbsp; He
+told Anthony Denny, a member of the Privy Chamber, that she had
+'breasts so slack and other parts of body in such sort that [he]
+somewhat suspected her virginity.'&amp;nbsp; He further told his court
+physicians of the 'hanging of her breasts and looseness of her
+flesh.'&amp;nbsp; Clearly, consummation of the marriage would not
+occur.&amp;nbsp; The king bravely slept in the same bed at least every
+other night, yet he reported a month later that Anne 'was still as good
+a Maid.... as ever her Mother bare her.'&amp;nbsp; This contradiction - she
+was not a virgin, yet was - was never mentioned. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;What did Anne think of all this controversy?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Luckily for her, she had only a small knowledge of English and
+even less knowledge of the physical relationship between a man and
+wife.&amp;nbsp; Her English ladies were astounded by her innocence.&amp;nbsp;
+'When he [Henry] comes to bed, he kisses me and taketh me by the hand,
+and biddeth me 'Goodnight, sweetheart,' and in the morning, kisses me,
+and biddeth me, 'Farewell, darling.'&amp;nbsp; Is this not enough?' asked
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; No, she was told emphatically, it most certainly was not. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne's ignorance casts a bad light on her mother, Duchess Maria,
+but it served to protect her feelings in England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the end, she ruled as queen for just four months; her last
+official appearance as the royal consort was during the May Day
+celebrations.&amp;nbsp; She was never crowned, though even if the king had
+wished it, he could not have afforded such a ceremony.&amp;nbsp; During
+those months, the Catholic nobility pushed their advantage against the
+Protestant Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; The minister was too Lutheran for the king's
+taste.&amp;nbsp; Likewise, the Catholics encouraged the flirtations of
+young Catherine Howard, also a Catholic and the duke of Norfolk's
+niece.&amp;nbsp; Too young and ill-educated to be aware of how others used
+her as a pawn, she happily danced before the king and accepted his
+gifts.&amp;nbsp; She was granted lands in April and the next month received
+rich gifts of fabric and jewelry.&amp;nbsp; There is every possibility
+Catherine consummated her relationship with the king in May.&amp;nbsp; How
+else can we explain the sudden race to rid himself of Anne? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The investigation into her precontract with Lorraine had been
+hastily done in January and February but for two months afterwards, the
+king merely lamented his fate.&amp;nbsp; Parliament even confirmed Anne's
+dowry in April.&amp;nbsp; But suddenly in May there was a fierce new
+determination to annul the marriage; the king was no longer content to
+complain.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is possible, and was rumored, that Henry had slept with
+Catherine and consequently there was a chance she was pregnant.&amp;nbsp;
+Another male heir was never far from Henry's mind.&amp;nbsp; He was also
+deeply in love with his 'Rose without a Thorn', a somewhat pathetic
+attraction between an elderly (the king was almost 49 years old) man
+and a very young woman.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so Anne had to go.&amp;nbsp; She succumbed to the inevitable with
+surprising grace.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she was leery of the royal temper, or&lt;img
+ height=&quot;218&quot; alt=&quot;engraving of Anne of Cleves, after Holbein&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cleves-bio2.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;154&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; remembered the king's marital
+history, or she simply didn't care.&amp;nbsp; Henry was very
+grateful.&amp;nbsp; If she had not cooperated....&amp;nbsp; He knew, from the
+example of Katharine of Aragon, what could happen if a queen fought an
+annulment.&amp;nbsp; He had no desire to alienate Cleves or engage in
+another lengthy legal and theological dispute.&amp;nbsp; The king declared
+the marriage had not been consummated and, in any case, it was invalid
+from the start.&amp;nbsp; Would Anne agree? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She did agree, most readily.&amp;nbsp; She was shocked at first by the
+news; the king's representatives visited her at Richmond Palace, where
+she had gone to escape the threat of plague.&amp;nbsp; They brought an
+interpreter so there would be no misunderstanding.&amp;nbsp; For her part,
+Anne quickly grasped the situation.&amp;nbsp; She had no advisers and the
+king had already executed one wife and harassed another to death.&amp;nbsp;
+Certainly she enjoyed the role of queen, was more fluent in English and
+had taken a liking to her new country; even the people cheered her on
+the occasional public ride between palaces.&amp;nbsp; But did she dare
+fight Henry?&amp;nbsp; Of course not. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's servants wrote that she was 'content always with your
+Majesty', thus accepting Henry's judgment, and in her &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt;letter of&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt; submission&lt;/a&gt;
+she signed herself 'daughter of Cleves', not 'queen of England'.&amp;nbsp;
+She agreed the marriage had never been consummated and signed all
+necessary documents.&amp;nbsp; For his part, Henry was now prepared to be
+generous.&amp;nbsp; Anne was to enjoy precedence over all the ladies in
+England, except the Queen and the king's daughters.&amp;nbsp; She was to be
+known as the king's 'good sister' and received a very nice settlement
+of manors and estates, some of which belonged to Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; This
+guaranteed her an income of 3000 pds a year, making her one of the
+wealthiest women in England.&amp;nbsp; All this depended upon her remaining
+in England, and this Anne was more than willing to do.&amp;nbsp; 'The
+King's highness whom I cannot have as a husband is nevertheless a most
+kind, loving and friendly father and brother,' she wrote to her
+brother.&amp;nbsp; Why should she return home in ignominy, dependent upon
+her brother's generosity, when she could remain in England and live a
+comfortable, independent life? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was perhaps as content with the arrangement as Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+She grew to enjoy English ale and gambling; she spent large sums on
+gowns; she visited with the king's children and occasionally the king
+himself.&amp;nbsp; She was heard to remark that she was more attractive
+than Katharine Parr, to whom the king's attention turned in 1543.&amp;nbsp;
+In fact, upon Catherine Howard's execution in 1542, rumors circulated
+that perhaps the king would take back his former bride.&amp;nbsp; The
+French ambassador was suitably impressed with Anne's handling of a
+delicate situation, observing that 'all her affairs could never make
+her utter a word by which one might suppose that she was
+discontented.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;These rumors were understandable enough; Anne occupied a nebulous
+place in English society, unmarried but wealthy and independent.&amp;nbsp;
+She was not an heiress but still honored as a royal.&amp;nbsp; She answered
+to no male authority but that of the king, and he did not choose to
+trouble her.&amp;nbsp; For the rest of her life, rumors spread about her
+lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; For Anne's part, she was content and happy and had
+little reason to be otherwise. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She made her last public appearance at Mary Tudor's coronation in
+1553, riding alongside the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She died in 1557
+of a 'declining illness' and was buried with appropriate honor at
+Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; Her will is perhaps most representative of her
+kindly character.&amp;nbsp; In it, she remembered gifts to everyone who had
+ever served her, no matter how humble or long ago. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne had chosen as her motto 'God send me well to keep' and it
+proved apt, though in a way few could have predicted.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082569&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082569&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0132.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0132.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0132.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5898</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The death of Prince Arthur Tudor, 1502</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0132187a4b019d5742a6bdd2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215265</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0132.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">arthurdeath.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/arthurdeath.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1502: The death of Prince Arthur&quot; width=&quot;474&quot; height=&quot;68&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The first 
+      account listed at right was taken from a contemporary herald's report, 
+      first published in 1715.&amp;nbsp; The second account was written by Tudor 
+      citizen Richard Grafton.&amp;nbsp; Its spelling has been modernized.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Arthur was the eldest son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth 
+      of York.&amp;nbsp; He was born on 20 September 1486, barely a year after the 
+      pivotal battle of Bosworth Field, and died on 2 April 1502.&amp;nbsp; Arthur 
+      was indeed named after the mythical King Arthur; Henry VII was Welsh and 
+      the legend was popular in medieval England.&amp;nbsp; In fact, it was 
+      generally believed at the time that Winchester was built upon the ruins of 
+      Camelot.&amp;nbsp; And so Elizabeth of York was sent to Winchester to give 
+      birth and Arthur was christened at its cathedral.&amp;nbsp; He was titled 
+      Prince of Wales (and was the first to receive the title) when he was 3 
+      years old.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Negotiations for his marriage to Katharine of Aragon, 
+      daughter of the famous Ferdinand and Isabella, began in 1488.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      terms were settled in 1500 and the couple were married in London on 14 
+      November 1501.&amp;nbsp; They journeyed to Ludlow Castle, the traditional seat 
+      of the Prince of Wales, and established a small court.&amp;nbsp; However, 
+      Arthur died suddenly on 2 April 1502, possibly of tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      two accounts at right record his parents' reaction to the news.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;When his Grace [Henry VII] understood that 
+      sorrowful heavy tydings, he sent for the Queene [Elizabeth of York], 
+      saying that he and his Queene would take the painful sorrows together.&amp;nbsp; 
+      After that she was come and saw the Kyng her Lord, and that naturall and 
+      paineful sorrowe, as I have heard saye, she with full great and constant 
+      comfortable words besought his Grace that he would first after God 
+      remember the weale of his own noble person, the comfort of his realme and 
+      of her.&amp;nbsp; She then saied that my Lady his mother had never no more children 
+      but him only, and that God by his Grace had ever preserved him, and 
+      brought him where he was.&amp;nbsp; Over that, howe that God had left him yet a 
+      fayre Prince, two fayre Princesses and that God is where he was, and we 
+      are both young ynoughe. &lt;br&gt;
+      ....Then his Grace of true gentle and faithful love, in good hast came and 
+      relieved her, and showed her howe wise counsell she had given him before, 
+      and he for his parte would thanke God for his sonn, and would she should 
+      doe in like wise. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;When
+the king by his high policy had completed his alliance with Spain in this
+way, there suddenly came a lamentable mischance and loss to the king, queen
+and all the people.&amp;nbsp; For that noble prince Arthur, the king's first
+begotten son, after he had been married to the Lady Catherine for five
+months, departed this transitory life at Ludlow on 2 April 1502. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;With great funeral obsequies he was buried in the cathedral church of
+Worcester.&amp;nbsp; After his death the name of prince belonged to his brother
+the duke of York, since his brother died without his issue, and so without
+being thus created he ought to be called, unless some apparent cause was
+a let or obstacle to it.&amp;nbsp; But the duke, suspecting that his brother's
+wife was with child, as was thought possible by the expert and wise men
+of the prince's council, was by a month or more delayed from his title,
+name and pre-eminence, in which time the truth might easily appear to women.
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is reported that this lady Catherine thought and feared such an unhappy
+chance might come, for when she had embraced her father and taken leave
+of her noble and prudent mother, and sailed towards England, she was continually
+so tossed and tumbled hither and thither with boisterous winds that what
+with the raging of the water and the contrary winds her ship was prevented
+many times from approaching the shore and landing.&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082591&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082591&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">23069</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Elizabeth I: Poetry</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01329ea865e97888f7dcb1be</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215265</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+        
+&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;   
+&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;   
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;I am redesigning the Elizabethan &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html#Speeches&quot;&gt;speeches &lt;/a&gt;- &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html#Letters&quot;&gt;letters &lt;/a&gt;- &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html#Poetry&quot;&gt;poetry&lt;/a&gt; pages - as of 15 October 2002.&lt;br&gt;
+   Until I'm finished, all the text is posted here. &amp;nbsp;Click the above 
+links  to visit the different sections.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;/div&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Poetry&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;COMPOSED 1554-5&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;Much suspected by me, &lt;br&gt;
+   Nothing proved can be, &lt;br&gt;
+   Quoth Elizabeth prisoner. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;WRITTEN ON A WALL AT WOODSTOCK, 1554-5&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;Oh Fortune, thy wresting wavering state &lt;br&gt;
+   Hath fraught with cares my troubled wit, &lt;br&gt;
+   Whose witness this present prison late &lt;br&gt;
+   Could bear, where once was joy's loan quit. &lt;br&gt;
+   Thou causedst the guilty to be loosed &lt;br&gt;
+   From bands where innocents were inclosed, &lt;br&gt;
+   And caused the guiltless to be reserved, &lt;br&gt;
+   And freed those that death had well deserved. &lt;br&gt;
+   But all herein can be nothing wrought, &lt;br&gt;
+   So God send to my foes all they have thought. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;    
+&lt;h3&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
+     
+&lt;h3&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;small&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;+0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;WRITTEN IN HER FRENCH PSALTER, 1554-5&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
+    No crooked leg, no bleared eye, &lt;br&gt;
+   No part deformed out of kind, &lt;br&gt;
+   Nor yet so ugly half can be &lt;br&gt;
+   As is the inward suspicious mind.&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;/div&gt;
+   &lt;/div&gt;
+       
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;THE DOUBT OF FUTURE FOES, 1568-70&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;The doubt of future foes exiles my present joy, &lt;br&gt;
+   And wit me warns to shun such snares as threaten mine annoy; &lt;br&gt;
+   For falsehood now doth flow, and subjects' faith doth ebb, &lt;br&gt;
+   Which should not be if reason ruled or wisdom weaved the web. &lt;br&gt;
+   But clouds of joys untried do cloak aspiring minds, &lt;br&gt;
+   Which turn to rain of late repent by changed course of winds. &lt;br&gt;
+   The top of hope supposed the root upreared shall be, &lt;br&gt;
+   And fruitless all their grafted guile, as shortly ye shall see. &lt;br&gt;
+   The dazzled eyes with pride, which great ambition blinds, &lt;br&gt;
+   Shall be unsealed by worthy wights whose foresight falsehood finds. &lt;br&gt;
+   The daughter of debate that discord aye doth sow &lt;br&gt;
+   Shall reap no gain where former rule still peace hath taught to know.
+&lt;br&gt;
+   No foreign banished wight shall anchor in this port; &lt;br&gt;
+   Our realm brooks not seditious sects, let them elsewhere resort. &lt;br&gt;
+   My rusty sword through rest shall first his edge employ &lt;br&gt;
+   To poll their tops that seek such change or gape for future joy. &lt;/p&gt;
+       
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;THAT WHICH OUR SOVEREIGN LADY WROTE IN DEFIANCE OF FORTUNE, 1568-70&lt;/b&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;Never think you fortune can bear the sway &lt;br&gt;
+   Where virtue's force can cause her to obey. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz%2fpoetry.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+0&quot;&gt;ON MONSIEUR'S DEPARTURE, 1582&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;I grieve and dare not show my discontent, &lt;br&gt;
+   I love and yet am forced to seem to hate, &lt;br&gt;
+   I do, yet dare not say I ever meant, &lt;br&gt;
+   I seem stark mute but inwardly do prate. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; I am and not, I freeze and yet am burned, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Since from myself another self I turned. &lt;br&gt;
+   My care is like my shadow in the sun, &lt;br&gt;
+   Follows me flying, flies when I pursue it, &lt;br&gt;
+   Stands and lies by me, doth what I have done. &lt;br&gt;
+   His too familiar care doth make me rue it. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; No means I find to rid him from my breast, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Till by the end of things it be supprest. &lt;br&gt;
+   Some gentler passion slide into my mind, &lt;br&gt;
+   For I am soft and made of melting snow; &lt;br&gt;
+   Or be more cruel, love, and so be kind. &lt;br&gt;
+   Let me or float or sink, be high or low. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Or let me live with some more sweet content, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Or die and so forget what love ere meant. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;a name=&quot;Speeches&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;ELIZABETH'S MARRIAGE SPEECH TO PARLIAMENT, 1559&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's Parliament thought to bully her into marriage.&amp;nbsp;
+  From Henry VIII's accession in 1509 onwards, the Tudor dynasty was always
+  consumed by the problem of succession.&amp;nbsp; For a hundred years, Englishmen
+  - and many Europeans - discussed the topic.&amp;nbsp; It was of vital importance.&amp;nbsp;
+  Elizabeth, however, would not be bullied and refused to marry.&amp;nbsp; She
+ responded to Parliament's demand for her marriage with a wonderful extemporaneous
+ speech.&amp;nbsp; This was in 1559, barely a year into her reign.&lt;/font&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;When the Assembly of Parliament was now to be dissolved, they all thought
+  good that the Third Estate, or Lower House, should advise the Queen to
+marry  betimes: yet would not the Temporal Lords joyn with them, lest any
+of them  might seem to propound it in hope to prefer himself. Thomas Gargrave
+therefore,  Speaker of the Lower House, with some few selected men, after
+leave obtained,  came unto the Queen, and making his excuse by his Office,
+the Queen's Courtesie,  and the Weightiness of the matter, went forward to
+this purpose: There is  nothing which with more ardent affection we beg of
+God in our daily prayers,  than that our Happiness hitherto received by your
+most gratious Government  may be perpetuated to the English Nation unto all
+eternity, Whilstin our mind and cogitation we cast many ways how this may
+be effected, we can find none at all, unless your Majesty should either reign
+for ever, (which to hope for is not lawfull;) or else by Marriage bring forth
+Children, Heirs both of their Mother's Vertue and Empire, (which God Almighty
+grant.) This is the single, the onely, the all-comprehending Prayer of all
+English-men. All other men, of what place and degree soever, but especially
+Princes, must have a care, that though themselves be mortal, yet the Commonwealth
+may continue  immortal. This immortality may your Majesty give to the English,
+if (as your  humane nature, Age, Beauty and Fortune do require,) you will
+take some man  to your Hus band, who may be a Comfort and Help unto you,
+and a Consort in  Prosperity and Adversity. For (questionless) more availeth
+the Help of one  onely Husband for the effecting of matters, than the joynt
+Industry of many  men. Nothing can be more contrary to the publick Respects,
+than that such  a Princess, in whose Marriage is comprehended the Safety
+and Peace of the  Commonwealth, should live unmarried, and as it were a Vestal
+Virgin. A Kingdom  received from Ancestours is to be left to Children, who
+will be both an Ornament  and Strength to the Realm. The Kings of England
+have never been more carefull  of any thing, than that the Royal Family might
+not fail of Issue. Hence it  was, that within our fresh memory Henry the
+VII. your Grandfather, provided  his Sons Arthur and Henry of Marriage even
+in their tender years. Hence it  was that your Father sought to procure Mary
+Queen of Scots to be a Wife for  his young Son Prince Edward, then scarce
+eight years old: and very lately  your Sister, Queen Mary, being well in
+years, married Philip of Spain . If  lack of Children use to be inflicted
+by God as a great Punishment as well  upon Royal as private Families; what
+and how great a Sin may it be, if the  Prince voluntarily pluck it upon himself, 
+whereby an infinite heap of Miseries  must needs overwhelm the Commonwealth 
+with all Calamities which the mind even dreadeth to remember? Which that it
+may not come to pass, not onely we few that are here to present, but even 
+all England , yea all English men, do prostrate our selves at your feet, and
+with humble voice and frequent Sighs do from the bottom of our hearts most
+submissively pray and beseech you. These things spake he eloquently and more
+amply. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;ELIZABETH'S REPLY:&lt;small&gt; &lt;big&gt;(&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;small&gt;She 
+answered briefly:)&lt;/small&gt; In a  matter most unpleasing, most pleasing to 
+me is the apparent Good will of you and my People, as proceeding from a very 
+good mind towards me and the Commonwealth. Concerning Marriage, which ye so
+earnestly move me to, I have been long since perswaded, that I was sent into
+this world by God to think and doe those things chiefly which may tend to
+his Glory. Hereupon have I chosen that kind of life which is most free from
+the troublesome Cares of this world, that I might attend the Service of God
+alone. From which if either the tendred Marriages of most Potent Princes, 
+or the danger of Death intended against me, could have removed me, I had long
+agone enjoyed the honour of an Husband. And these things have I thought upon
+when I was a private person. But now that the publick Care of governing the
+Kingdom is laid upon me, to draw upon me also the Cares of Marriage may seem
+a point of inconsiderate Folly. Yea, to satisfie you, I have already joyned
+my self in Marriage to an Husband, namely, the Kingdom of England. And behold
+(said she which I marvell ye have forgotten,) the Pledge of this my Wedlock
+and Marriage with my Kingdom. (And therewith she drew the Ring from her Finger,
+and shewed it, wherewith at her Coronation she had in a set form of words
+solemnly given her self in Marriage to her Kingdom.) Here having made a pause,
+And do not (saith she) upbraid me with miserable lack of Children: for every
+one of you, and as many as are Englishmen, are Children and Kinsmen to me;
+of whom if God deprive me not, (which God forbid) I cannot without injury
+be accounted Barren. But I commend you that ye have not appointed me an Husband,
+for that were most unworthy the Majesty of an absolute Princess, and unbeseeming
+your Wisedom, which are Subjects born. Nevertheless if it please God that
+I enter into another course of life, I promise you I will doe nothing which
+may be prejudicial  to the Commonwealth, but will take such a Husband, as
+near as may be, as will have as great a Care of the Commonwealth as my self.
+But if I continue in this kind of life I have begun, I doubt not but God
+will so direct mine own and your Counsels, that ye shall not need to doubt
+of a Successour which may be more beneficial to the Commonwealth than he
+which may be born of me, considering that the Issue of the best Princes many
+times degenerateth. And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the
+memorial of my Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath,
+it be ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a
+Virgin, and died a Virgin. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH'S SPEECH AT TILBURY, 1588&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The English forces were gathered to fight the Spanish
+Armada;  their unlikely victory was one of the great highlights of Elizabeth's
+reign.&lt;/font&gt;   &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+ My loving people, &lt;br&gt;
+   We have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take 
+heed  how we commit our selves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; 
+but I assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving 
+people.  Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself that, under God, 
+I have  placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and 
+good-will  of my subjects; and therefore I am come amongst you, as you see, 
+at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the 
+midst and heat of the battle, to live and die amongst you all; to lay down 
+for my God, and for my kingdom, and my people, my honour and my blood, even 
+in the dust. I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I 
+have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and think 
+foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade 
+the borders of my realm; to which rather than any dishonour shall grow by 
+me, I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, judge, and 
+rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know already, for your 
+forwardness you have deserved rewards and crowns; and We do assure you in 
+the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time, my lieutenant 
+general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble 
+or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your 
+concord in the camp, and your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a
+famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my  people.
+ &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;a name=&quot;Letters&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;To King Edward VI, 15th May 1546.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;Like as the rich man daily gathereth riches to riches, and one bag of
+money layeth a great sort till it come to infinite, so methinks your Majesty,
+not being sufficed with many benefits and gentleness showed to me afore this 
+ time, doth now increase them in asking and desiring where you may bid and 
+ command, requiring a thing not worthy the desiring for itself, but made worthy
+ for your Highness's request. My picture, I mean, in which if the inward
+good  mind toward your Grace might as well be declared as the outward face
+and countenance shall be seen, I would not have tarried the commandment but
+prevent it, nor have been the last to grant but the first to offer it. For
+the face, I grant, I might well blush to offer, but the mind I shall never
+be ashamed to present. For though from the grace of the picture the colours
+may fade by time, may give you weather, may be spotted by chance; yet the
+other nor time with her swift wings shall overtake, nor the misty clouds
+with their lowerings may darken, nor chance with her slippery foot may overthrow.
+Of this although yet the proof could not be great because the occasion hath
+been but small, notwithstanding as a dog hath a day, so may I perchance have
+time to declare it in deeds where now I do write them in words. And further
+I shall most humbly beseech your Majesty that when you shall look on my picture,
+you will vouchsafe to think that as you have but the outward shadow of the
+body before you, so my inward mind wisheth that the body itself were oftener
+in your presence; howbeit because both my so being I think could do your
+Majesty little pleasure, though myself great good; and again because I see
+as yet not the time agreeing thereunto, I shall learn to follow this saying
+of Horace, ' Feras non culpes quod vitari non potest.' And thus I will (troubling
+your Majesty I fear) end with my most humble thanks. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Beseeching God long to preserve you to His Honour,
+to  your comfort, to the Realm's profit, and to my joy.&amp;nbsp; From Hatfield 
+this  15th day of May. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your Majesty's most humble sister and servant, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;b&gt;To the Dowager Queen Katharine Parr, 31st July 1548.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This was written after Elizabeth had left Katharine's
+home  (after the Thomas Seymour debacle.)&amp;nbsp; Katharine was due to deliver
+her  first child soon; she died shortly after childbirth.&lt;/font&gt; Although
+your  Higness's letters be most joyful to me in absence, yet, considering
+what pain it is for you to write, your Grace being so sickly, your commendations 
+were enough in my Lord's letter. I much rejoice at your health, with the well
+liking of the country, with my humble thanks that your Grace wished me with
+you till you were weary of that country. Your Highness were like to be cumbered,
+if I should not depart till I were weary of being with you; although it were
+the worst soil in the world, your presence would make it pleasant. I cannot
+reprove my Lord for not doing your commendations in his letter, for he did
+it; and although he had not, yet I will not complain on him; for he shall
+be diligent to give me knowledge from time to time how his busy child doth;
+and if I were at his birth, no doubt I would see him beaten, for the trouble
+he hath put you to. Master Denny and my lady, with humble thanks, prayeth
+most entirely for your Grace, praying the Almighty  God to send you a most
+lucky deliverance, and my mistress wisheth no less,  giving your Highness
+most humble thanks for her commendations. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Written with very little leisure this last day of July.
+  &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your humble daughter, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;b&gt;To Princess Mary, 27th October 15--.&lt;/b&gt; Good Sister, as to hear of 
+your  sickness is unpleasant to me, so is it nothing fearful; for that I understand
+ it is your old guest that is wont oft to visit you, whose coming though
+it  be oft, yet is it never welcome, but notwithstanding it is comfortable 
+for  that iacula prÃŠuisa minus feriunt. And as I do understand your 
+need  of Jane Russel's service, so am I sorry that it is by my man's occasion 
+letted,  which if I had known afore, I would have caused his will give place 
+to need  of her service. For as it is her duty to obey his commandment, so 
+is it his  part to attend your pleasure; and, as I confess, it were meeter 
+for him to  go to her, since she attends upon you, so indeed he required the
+same, but  for that divers of his fellows had business abroad that made his
+tarrying  at home. &lt;br&gt;
+   Good Sister, though I have good cause to thank you for your oft sending
+ to me, yet I have more occasion to render hearty thanks for your gentle
+writing,  which how painful it is to you, I may well guess by myself; and
+you may well  see by my writing so oft, how pleasant it is to me. And thus
+I end to trouble  you, desiring God to send you as well to do, as you can
+think and wish, or  I desire or pray. From Ashridge, scribbled this 27th
+of October. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your loving sister, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;b&gt;To Queen Mary, 16th March 1554.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This was written when the order came that Elizabeth was
+ to be sent to the Tower, on suspicion that she was implicated by Wyatt's
+rebellion. Wyatt's correspondence with Elizabeth was seized, and amongst
+the evidence produced was an alleged copy of a letter written by Elizabeth
+to Henri II of France.&amp;nbsp; It was a forgery.&lt;/font&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;If any ever did try this old saying, 'that a king's word was more than
+  another man's oath,' I most humbly beseech your Majesty to verify it to
+me, and to remember your last promise and my last demand, that I be not not
+condemned without answer and due proof, which it seems that I now am; for
+without cause proved, I am by your council from you commanded to go to the
+Tower, a place more wanted for a false traitor than a true subject, which
+though I know I desire it not, yet in the face of all this realm it appears
+proved. I pray to God I may die the shamefullest death that any ever died,
+if I may mean any such thing; and to this present hour I protest before God
+(Who shall judge my truth, whatsoever malice shall devise), that I never
+practised, counselled, nor consented to anything that might be prejudicial
+to your person anyway, or dangerous to the state by any means. And therefore
+I humbly beseech your Majesty to let me answer afore yourself, and not suffer
+me to trust to your Councillors, yea, and that afore I go to the Tower, if
+it be possible; if not, before I be further condemned. Howbeit, I trust assuredly
+your Highness will give me leave to do it afore I go, that thus shamefully
+I may not be cried out on, as I now shall be; yea, and that without cause.
+Let conscience move your Highness to pardon this my boldness, which innocency
+procures me to do, together with hope of your natural kindness, which I trust
+will not see me cast away without desert, which what it is I would desire
+no more of God but that you truly knew, but which thing I think and believe
+you shall never by report know, unless by yourself you hear. I have heard
+of many in my time cast away for want of coming to the presence of their
+Prince; and  in late days I heard my Lord of Somerset say that if his brother
+had been  suffered to speak with him he had never suffered; but persuasions
+were made to him so great that he was brought in belief that he could not
+live safely if the Admiral lived, and that made him give consent to his death.
+Though these persons are not to be compared to your Majesty, yet I pray to
+God the like evil persuasions persuade not one sister against the other,
+and all for that they have heard false report, and the truth not known. Therefore, 
+ once again, kneeling with humbleness of heart, because I am not suffered 
+to bow the knees of my body, I humbly crave to speak with your Highness, which
+I would not be so bold as to desire if I knew not myself most clear, as I
+know myself most true. And as for the traitor Wyatt, he might peradventure 
+ write me a letter, but on my faith I never received any from him. And as 
+for the copy of the letter sent to the French King, I pray God confound me 
+eternally if ever I sent him word, message, token, or letter, by any means, 
+and to this truth I will stand in till my death. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your Highness's most faithful subject, that hath been 
+ from the beginning, and will be to my end, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;/p&gt;
+   I humbly crave but only one word of answer from yourself. &lt;font
+ size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;(added as a postscript)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   Read Elizabeth's last letter to Mary, queen of Scots and her letter to 
+King  James VI informing him of Mary's execution.&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;/div&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082607&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082607&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,957 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Sir Thomas More: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Sir Thomas More: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Sir Thomas More: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01346c967faef427754dacc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215265</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0134.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">more.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">more.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">moresketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">morefamilysmall.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;IMG height=51 alt=&quot;Sir Thomas More&quot; 
+
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/more.gif&quot; width=310&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/more.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Sir Thomas More&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;315&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Thomas More's most famous literary 
+
+work, &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt;, was first conceived in 1515 when More was sent on a 
+
+diplomatic mission to Flanders.&amp;nbsp; The story, inspired by and modeled upon 
+
+Plato's &lt;I&gt;Republic&lt;/I&gt;, has given its name to a whole genre of 
+
+literature.&amp;nbsp; I do not wish to ignore More's literary and philosophical 
+
+accomplishments at this page, but I simply don't have the time to discuss 
+
+&lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt; within the context of the following biography.&amp;nbsp; I urge 
+
+readers to visit the following links to learn about More's work:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt; &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;gopher://gopher.cc.columbia.edu:71/11/miscellaneous/cubooks/offbooks/more&quot;&gt;Read 
+
+the entire text of &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt; at this link&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt; &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.d-holliday.com%2ftmore%2futopia.htm&quot;&gt;Another electronic version of 
+
+the text&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt; &lt;br&gt;This website lists various 
+
+essays on &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt; available in electronic format:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt; &lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.d-holliday.com%2ftmore%2fmore.htm&quot;&gt;More about More&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.d-holliday.com%2ftmore%2ferasmus.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Click 
+    here to read 
+    Erasmus's famous description of More in a letter from 1519&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Other online biographies of Sir Thomas More:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;br&gt;William 
+    Roper was More's son-in-law;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.fordham.edu%2fhalsall%2fmod%2f16Croper-more.html&quot;&gt;click here 
+    to read his famous biography&lt;/a&gt; of More.&lt;br&gt;John Farrow's
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.cin.org%2ffarmor.html&quot;&gt;biography of More&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;The 
+    Catholic Encyclopedia's
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.newadvent.org%2fcathen%2f14689c.htm&quot;&gt;biography of More&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;br&gt;An &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2f1535exec.html&quot;&gt;eyewitness account of 
+
+More's execution&lt;/A&gt; can be read at the Primary Sources section.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;You can also read &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimore.html&quot;&gt;More's final letter&lt;/A&gt;, 
+
+written to his beloved daughter Margaret while he was imprisoned in the 
+
+Tower.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Chronology of major events in More's life:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Born 7 
+
+  February 1478 at Milk Street, London &lt;BR&gt;Entered Parliament in 1504 
+
+  &lt;BR&gt;Appointed undersheriff of London in 1510 &lt;BR&gt;Became a member of the Privy 
+
+  Council in 1518 &lt;BR&gt;Knighted in 1521 &lt;BR&gt;Made Speaker of the House of Commons 
+
+  in 1523 &lt;BR&gt;Made Lord Chancellor of England in 1529 &lt;BR&gt;Imprisoned in the 
+
+  Tower of London on charges of treason in 1534 &lt;BR&gt;Executed 6 July 1535 at 
+
+  Tower Hill, the Tower of London &lt;BR&gt;Canonized as a saint by the Catholic 
+
+  Church in 1935&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'[E]ven though we should have no word or deed to charge upon 
+  you, yet we have your silence, and that is a sign of your evil intention and a 
+  sure proof of malice.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry 
+
+    VIII's attorney-general at the trial of Thomas More, 1535&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Thomas More is perhaps the most famous victim of Henry VIII's 
+
+  perverse judicial policies.&amp;nbsp; He was England's most famous and respected 
+
+  intellectual, close friends with the great philosopher Erasmus, and beloved by 
+
+  his closely-knit family and wide circle of friends.&amp;nbsp; He was that most 
+
+  rare of intellectuals - one who was humble, patient, and truly kind; he spent 
+
+  his life in ceaseless study, both intellectual and spiritual, and was a 
+
+  dedicated public servant.&amp;nbsp; He was also an astute judge of character, and 
+
+  capable of witty, trenchant observations - he once said of his famous king, 
+
+  'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold him.'&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  And, of course, when his son-in-law mentioned Henry VIII's fondness for More, 
+
+  the philosopher noted even more famously that if the king thought 'my head 
+
+  could win him a castle in France it should not fail to go!' &lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;
+
+  &lt;IMG height=236 alt=&quot;sketch of Thomas More as Lord Chancellor, by Holbein&quot; 
+
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/moresketch1.jpg&quot; width=175 align=left border=0&gt;In the end, Henry did not want More's head in exchange for any French 
+
+  castles; he wanted it because More refused to recognize the king's sovereignty 
+
+  over the English church.&amp;nbsp; But Henry had wanted More's approval 
+
+  desperately, and kept his former Lord Chancellor imprisoned for months in 
+
+  increasingly dire conditions, alternating between threats and flattery in 
+
+  desperate attempts to secure More's acknowledgment of the king's new 
+
+  role.&amp;nbsp; Henry knew, none better, that More's approval would carry great 
+
+  weight throughout Europe, and he offered More his life in return for a few 
+
+  simple words.&amp;nbsp; But More refused, and he learned the truth of the medieval 
+
+  adage that 'the king's wrath is death'. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More was the sole surviving son of Sir John More, a prominent lawyer and 
+
+  later judge, and Agnes Graunger.&amp;nbsp; He was born on 7 February 1478 (some 
+
+  sources say 1477), and entered Parliament in 1504.&amp;nbsp; One of his first acts 
+
+  in public life was to speak against one of Henry VII's more austere financial 
+
+  policies; as a result, Sir John was imprisoned and only released after a fine 
+
+  was paid and Thomas retired from public life.&amp;nbsp; After the king's death in 
+
+  1509, however, Thomas once again entered public service.&amp;nbsp; His early 
+
+  education had prepared him well for such a life.&amp;nbsp; His father had sent him 
+
+  to St Anthony's School at Threadneedle Street, under the direction of Nicholas 
+
+  Holt; upon reaching adolescence, More was sent to the household of Cardinal 
+
+  Morton, then archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England.&amp;nbsp; As 
+
+  Morton was the most powerful man in England next to the king, and the most 
+
+  prominent ecclesiastic, his household was an invigorating blend of political 
+
+  and religious life.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly here that More first learned how 
+
+  to reconcile a deeply spiritual character with a devotion to secular 
+
+  affairs.&amp;nbsp; Morton was living proof that a religious leader did not have to 
+
+  be monkish or retiring; he was also an inveterate gossip, and his twisted tale 
+
+  of Richard III's brief reign inspired More's awful &lt;I&gt;Life&lt;/I&gt; of the last 
+
+  Plantagenet king.&amp;nbsp; That biography is the only blight upon More's literary 
+
+  career. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Morton was sufficiently impressed with his young charge to sponsor More at 
+
+  Oxford.&amp;nbsp; The young man entered Canterbury Hall (now part of Christ 
+
+  Church) probably around 1492.&amp;nbsp; His time at Oxford was well-spent; under 
+
+  the tutelage of great scholars such as Thomas Linacre, More studied the 
+
+  classics and classical languages, as well as the other liberal arts.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  was a bright and engaging student, enthusiastic about learning but also 
+
+  accustomed to more basic pleasures (he loved to play upon the flute and viol, 
+
+  and began his lifelong passion for collecting pets - apparently his adult home 
+
+  in Chelsea was a veritable zoo.)&amp;nbsp; But like many university students, More 
+
+  found himself constantly short of money, a ploy his father used to keep the 
+
+  young man's mind upon his studies and not other, less academic pursuits. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;He returned to London after about two years at Oxford, and entered as a law 
+
+  student at the New Inn in late 1494; in early 1496 he was admitted to 
+
+  Lincoln's Inn as well, and then called to the outer bar and made a 
+
+  bencher.&amp;nbsp; He was once again a successful student, now following in his 
+
+  father's footsteps.&amp;nbsp; He was made a 'reader' (or tutor) at Furnival's Inn, 
+
+  and was successful enough to retain the appointment for three years.&amp;nbsp; But 
+
+  the law was not his true passion, and perhaps More already recognized this 
+
+  fact; he wrote poetry in his spare time, and entered into correspondence with 
+
+  the great English intellectuals of his age.&amp;nbsp; Most of these men were 
+
+  introduced to him through his former professor at Oxford, Thomas 
+
+  Linacre.&amp;nbsp; More's own reputation as a man of learning and wit was already 
+
+  begun, but he was beginning to suffer great spiritual conflict.&amp;nbsp; The law 
+
+  was not wholly satisfying to his character, but religious study might be, or 
+
+  so he thought.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps his introduction to the famous Dutch humanist 
+
+  Desiderius Erasmus in 1497 spurred his intense personal examination; the men 
+
+  became fast friends, and corresponded until More's execution.&amp;nbsp; Whatever 
+
+  the cause, it is certain that around the turn of the century, More turned his 
+
+  attention to religious matters; he delivered well-attended lectures on St 
+
+  Augustine's &lt;I&gt;The City of God&lt;/I&gt;, and was seriously considering becoming a 
+
+  priest.&amp;nbsp; He underwent a dramatic personal struggle, debating whether he 
+
+  had a true vocation, or calling, to be a priest; he left his comfortable home 
+
+  in Chelsea and moved near the London Charterhouse. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;At the Charterhouse, More began to examine the possibility of a wholly 
+
+  religious life.&amp;nbsp; He joined the monks in daily prayer, and wore a hair 
+
+  shirt; he wavered between joining the Franciscans or Carthusians, and both 
+
+  orders were particularly dedicated to lives of strictness and denial.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  Perhaps their extreme fervor dismayed More, for he possessed an ironic wit 
+
+  which would not rest easy with their single-minded worship.&amp;nbsp; Or perhaps 
+
+  he remembered his comfortable home and lifestyle in London.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the 
+
+  case, he decided to abandon his brief dream of becoming a priest. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;(It is worth noting that Erasmus later referred to his friend's decision in 
+  a letter, writing that More 'chose, therefore, to be a chaste husband rather 
+
+  than an impure priest.'&amp;nbsp; The implication is obvious, but sexual desires 
+
+  are normal enough in young men, and - even if Erasmus is correct - it does not 
+
+  speak ill of More's character.) 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;After finally deciding that the priesthood was not his true vocation, More 
+
+  returned to his law practice with a vengeance.&amp;nbsp; He was soon enough 
+
+  elected to Parliament, and found himself firmly on the side of his friends, 
+
+  mostly London merchants, as they battled Henry VII's unjust 'grants'.&amp;nbsp; As 
+
+  mentioned at the beginning of this biography, his speeches in defense of the 
+
+  merchants irked the king; as a result of More's persuasive oratory, Parliament 
+
+  lessened the amount from Henry's request of over Â£100,000 to about 
+
+  Â£30,000.&amp;nbsp; Immediately, the temperamental king imprisoned More's father 
+
+  upon some pretext, and demanded that the hefty sum of Â£100 as a fine.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  More paid the fine, and thought it wise to disappear a bit from public 
+
+  life.&amp;nbsp; He had other, more personal matters to occupy him anyway; in 1505, 
+
+  he married Jane, the eldest daughter of Master John Colte.&amp;nbsp; It was a 
+
+  happy marriage, and Jane bore four children before her untimely death in 1511 
+
+  (daughters Margaret, Elizabeth, and Cecilia, and son John.)&amp;nbsp; His 
+
+  son-in-law William Roper's biography implies that More married Jane out of 
+
+  pity; he preferred her younger sister, but thought it would bring shame upon 
+
+  the eldest daughter for her younger sister to be married before her.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  This anecdote was perhaps Roper's attempt to further enshrine More's generous 
+
+  character.&amp;nbsp; In truth, More loved his wife deeply, and two decades after 
+
+  her death he called her 'uxorcula Mori'. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;In any case, More was not a widower for long.&amp;nbsp; He was left with four 
+
+  young children to care for, and soon decided to marry again.&amp;nbsp; This time 
+
+  he chose a widow, Alice Middleton, seven years his senior.&amp;nbsp; She had a 
+
+  good dowry and became exceptionally devoted to More and his children.&amp;nbsp; The 
+
+  marriage was quite happy, and Alice maintained the household in London as a 
+
+  refuge for her busy, scholarly husband.&amp;nbsp; More became a renowned 'family 
+
+  man', loathe to leave his home and kin, and truly dedicated to their 
+
+  happiness.&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/morefamilysmall.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Holbein's famous portrait of Sir Thomas More and his family&quot; width=&quot;550&quot; height=&quot;370&quot;&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Rowland Lockey's 1593 copy of Holbein's famous portrait of 
+  Sir Thomas More and his family&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;P&gt;But More's love of family and learning were soon to become secondary to the 
+
+  desires of his king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was crowned in 1509, and More's 
+
+  reputation for learning and wit was already well-known.&amp;nbsp; In 1510, he was 
+
+  made Under-Sheriff of London, and four years later the Lord Chancellor, 
+
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, appointed More as ambassador to Flanders.&amp;nbsp; The 
+
+  mission was close to More's heart for it involved the rights of London 
+
+  merchants.&amp;nbsp; But he was unhappy in Flanders; the salary was insufficient 
+
+  for his needs, and he missed his family.&amp;nbsp; But it was in Flanders that he 
+
+  first began his most famous literary work, &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt;; it was published 
+
+  shortly after his return to England and helped secure his fame throughout 
+
+  Europe. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Wolsey and Henry VIII were impressed enough by More's services that they 
+  offered him a position at Court.&amp;nbsp; In 1516, after returning from Flanders, 
+  he was officially granted a pension of Â£100 for life, a significant sum at the 
+  time.&amp;nbsp; In 1517, the government 
+
+  duties began in earnest - missions to the all-important Calais, and 
+
+  appointment to the Privy Council.&amp;nbsp; Other honors soon followed; he 
+
+  attended Henry personally at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, was knighted and 
+
+  made treasurer to the king in 1521, and secured lands in Kent and 
+
+  Oxford.&amp;nbsp; In 1523 Wolsey secured More's appointment as Speaker of the 
+
+  House of Commons, and a few years later More was appointed High Steward of 
+
+  Cambridge University and Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, all honorable 
+
+  and important offices. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;It is obvious that both Henry VIII and Wolsey greatly favored More, though 
+
+  how More himself thought of his government service is unclear.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  performed his offices with aplomb, but undoubtedly wished for 
+
+  more time with his family - and even more time with his studies.&amp;nbsp; Life at 
+
+  court held little attraction for him; he was not ambitious (which intrigued 
+
+  the king and Wolsey) and he thought little of the gossip and mad scramble for 
+
+  power which characterized the Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; But he did admire Henry and 
+
+  the king's intelligent and pious wife, Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; For her 
+
+  part, Henry's queen once commented that, of all her husband's ministers, only 
+
+  Thomas More had deserved the title 'Lord Chancellor', a remarkable comment 
+
+  considering More was the first layman to hold the office. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More first purchased the land for his famous home in Chelsea in 1523; soon 
+
+  enough his mansion upon the Thames was built, complete with a large garden 
+
+  bordering the river.&amp;nbsp; It was here that he retreated as often as possible 
+
+  from court; here, too, that he entertained his many friends, including 
+
+  Erasmus.&amp;nbsp; Often the king would arrive unannounced for dinner and stroll 
+
+  about the garden with More.&amp;nbsp; Despite his later decision to imprison and 
+
+  execute More, it is clear that the king was truly fond of his councilor.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  Henry enjoyed intellectual debate and More was arguably the most learned man 
+
+  in England; he was also witty and kind-hearted.&amp;nbsp; And for a long while, he 
+
+  basked in the king's service. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;The conflict within More between government service and personal time was 
+
+  never fully resolved, though for many successful years he remained a respected 
+
+  and influential friend to the king and an independent philosopher.&amp;nbsp; It 
+
+  was simply that he and Henry, for a long while, shared similar philosophical 
+
+  and religious views.&amp;nbsp; Henry had, after all, jumped to the defense of the 
+
+  Catholic faith with a religious treatise of his own, and thus won the title 
+
+  'Defender of the Faith' from the pope.&amp;nbsp; More had little reason to suspect 
+
+  that Henry, originally raised as the second son destined for the church, would 
+
+  one day force papal power from England.&amp;nbsp; But in the mid-1520s, More was 
+
+  aware - like everyone in England - that the king's long marriage to 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine 
+
+  of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; was unlikely to produce a male heir.&amp;nbsp; Of the four sons 
+
+  Katharine had borne, all had died - and only the Princess Mary, born in 1516, 
+
+  survived as a viable heir for the Tudor throne.&amp;nbsp; It was clear to everyone 
+
+  - especially the king - that something had to be done, though Henry never 
+
+  envisioned anything as drastic as what has come to be known as the '&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Henrician 
+
+  Reformation&lt;/a&gt;'.&amp;nbsp; It was only after years of frustration, delays, 
+
+  double-talk, and interference from Charles V that Henry finally denounced the 
+
+  pope's authority on religious matters. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Both the king and More had responded to the growing threat of Lutheranism 
+
+  with religious works (as mentioned above, Henry's work won special praise from the 
+
+  pope.)&amp;nbsp; Today More's work strike us as bigoted and narrow-minded, but 
+
+  it should be read within the context of his time and beliefs, and it is often less inflammatory than other Catholic polemics.&amp;nbsp; Also, the 
+
+  Lutherans were hardly decorous in their prose.&amp;nbsp; More was eventually 
+
+  persuaded to write in English so he could reach a wider audience; he had also 
+
+  watched as the Lutheran 'heretics' wrote in the vernacular and attracted 
+
+  numerous followers. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;But More's response to this new heresy was reinforced by the fall of 
+
+  Cardinal Wolsey, once his great patron.&amp;nbsp; Henry's decision to annul his 
+
+  marriage to Katharine of Aragon was simple enough, and quite common among 
+
+  monarchs and other high nobles in Europe.&amp;nbsp; It was a necessary way to end 
+
+  unsuccessful (i.e., childless) unions.&amp;nbsp; Henry had every reason to expect 
+
+  that the pope would grant his petition for an annulment; he even had a 
+
+  stronger claim that most men.&amp;nbsp; Henry could quote liberally from 
+
+  Leviticus, particularly the injunction against marrying a brother's 
+
+  wife.&amp;nbsp; On grounds of strict theology, he certainly had a case for 
+
+  annulment.&amp;nbsp; But he had two problems - a stubborn wife who refused to see 
+
+  reason, and her very powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who 
+
+  virtually controlled the pope.&amp;nbsp; As a result, the simple matter of an 
+
+  annulment became a major European political issue. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn, whose marriage to King Henry VIII brought about More's downfall&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; height=&quot;194&quot;&gt;Matters were complicated by Henry's growing - and 
+  scandalously open - passion for 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+
+  Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;, the daughter of Thomas Boleyn and niece of the duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; More knew 
+
+  the Boleyns well enough for Thomas was an ambassador and well-liked; like 
+
+  More, he was from humble beginnings but used his skill and intelligence to 
+
+  rise quickly in Henry's service.&amp;nbsp; His eldest daughter Mary had been 
+  Henry's mistress, and possibly borne his son.&amp;nbsp; Anne, however, was more 
+  ambitious than her sister.&amp;nbsp; She recognized 
+
+  the king's predicament; he needed heirs, and she was young and healthy.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  And Henry loved her passionately, at least for a time.&amp;nbsp; But it is far too 
+
+  simplistic to argue, as many biographers have, that Henry defied the Catholic 
+
+  Church because of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; The king was dissatisfied with his 
+
+  marriage before they met and there had been talk of an annulment as 
+
+  well.&amp;nbsp; His love for Anne simply gave new impetus to an existing desire to 
+
+  break with Katharine. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;
+
+  Wolsey's hatred of the Boleyns was spurred by jealousy.&amp;nbsp; He had been the king's closest advisor and confidante 
+
+  until his failure to secure an annulment earned royal displeasure.&amp;nbsp;  Anne and her supporters were quick to put distance between Henry 
+
+  and the elderly cardinal.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey's time had passed, and he died while on 
+
+  the way to the Tower for trial.&amp;nbsp; And so, in October of 1529, Thomas More 
+
+  became the first layperson appointed Lord Chancellor of England.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+
+  now Keeper of the Great Seal, and second only to the king in power.&amp;nbsp; It 
+
+  was a heady appointment, but More probably greeted the appointment with his 
+
+  usual ironic stance - particularly since he had just witnessed Wolsey's fall 
+
+  from grace. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More did not like the Boleyns.&amp;nbsp; They represented a new generation at 
+
+  court - greedy, flamboyant, and openly ambitious.&amp;nbsp; They were quick to 
+
+  make enemies, and difficult to please.&amp;nbsp; More, who had no love of gossip 
+
+  and admired Katharine of Aragon's deep piety (the old queen spent several 
+
+  hours a day on her knees in prayer), was aware that Henry was drifting from 
+
+  him intellectually and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn had come to represent 
+
+  the Lutheran cause in More's mind as well, though not because she was a 
+
+  Lutheran.&amp;nbsp; It was simply that her marriage to Henry would mean defiance 
+
+  of papal law, and would place England in spiritual jeopardy.&amp;nbsp; And so, to 
+
+  More and most Englishmen, Katharine represented the piety and virtues of the 
+
+  old faith, and Anne represented the startling spiritual changes sweeping 
+
+  throughout Europe. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More used his position as Lord Chancellor to wipe out as much of the new 
+
+  heresy as possible; he had always been a great lawyer and judge, and he used 
+
+  these talents formidably.&amp;nbsp; He never equaled Wolsey's power or prestige, 
+
+  simply because Henry had temporarily lost his taste for all-powerful political 
+
+  advisors.&amp;nbsp; But More was completely successful in ridding the English 
+
+  court of cases - he actually exhausted the case log!&amp;nbsp; And, of course, he 
+
+  didn't simply judge cases; he also enforced the existing heresy laws with 
+
+  great zeal.&amp;nbsp; One cannot condemn More for following the tenets of his own 
+
+  religious convictions, and it is worth noting that he specifically 
+
+  distinguished between the vice of heresy and the actual heretic.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  hesitated to bring the full force of the law against heretics; he was 
+
+  scrupulous about offering them every possible opportunity to recant.&amp;nbsp; In 
+
+  this he was successful, and only four people were actually executed for heresy 
+
+  during his tenure as Lord Chancellor. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More's religious views were shortly to conflict with his king's 
+
+  desires.&amp;nbsp; Henry was frustrated with the pope's endless delays in deciding 
+
+  his case, and he was determined to establish some control over the church in 
+
+  England.&amp;nbsp; He did not tell More of his plans, preferring to confide in 
+
+  more liberal members of his council and parliament.&amp;nbsp; And so, just a few 
+
+  months after More's elevation to the position of lord chancellor, a new 
+
+  parliament began to pass the sweeping laws which would end the supremacy of 
+
+  the Roman Catholic Church in England.&amp;nbsp; First there was a royal 
+
+  proclamation that all members of the clergy must acknowledge the king as 
+
+  'Supreme Head' of English affairs 'as far as the law of God will 
+
+  permit'.&amp;nbsp; More realized the threat to his own spiritual beliefs and 
+
+  immediately proffered his resignation.&amp;nbsp; Henry refused angrily, and 
+
+  promised More that he would never have to agree to anything proclamation that 
+
+  went against his conscience.&amp;nbsp; Was this promise a deliberate lie on the 
+
+  king's part?&amp;nbsp; Probably not, for Henry truly believed in the religious 
+
+  righteousness of his own cause and undoubtedly expected all to do the same. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;But More could not hold out for long, and nor could Henry - whose designs 
+
+  were becoming more sweeping and offensive to the old faith - ignore his chief 
+
+  minister's open opposition.&amp;nbsp; It was an embarrassment, and in May 1532 he 
+
+  finally accepted More's resignation.&amp;nbsp; By this time, More had lost his 
+
+  close friendship with the king; there were no more impromptu dinner visits, or 
+
+  intense conversations about philosophical matters.&amp;nbsp; It was clear to 
+
+  everyone that a line would soon be clearly drawn, and everyone would be either 
+
+  for or against the king - always remembering, of course, the old adage that 
+
+  'the king's wrath is death'. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More still had powerful friends and allies, and Henry was always far more 
+
+  eager to have More's cooperation than his disobedience.&amp;nbsp; More was still, 
+
+  after all, the most famous English philosopher, widely read and respected on 
+
+  the continent.&amp;nbsp; And in England he even had the friendship of Thomas 
+
+  Cranmer, the very Protestant archbishop of Canterbury and, along with Thomas 
+
+  Cromwell, the chief advisor to the king.&amp;nbsp; But English Catholics, feeling 
+
+  their faith under siege, were also looking to More as their most prominent 
+
+  champion.&amp;nbsp; And so he was faced with the simple fact that despite his own 
+
+  longing for retirement and personal peace, he was too much a public figure to 
+
+  fade into the background.&amp;nbsp; His opinion mattered too much, and was sought 
+
+  by too many. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;After resigning from the lord chancellorship, More had immediately lost a 
+
+  great deal of his income but he scaled back his lifestyle and happily returned 
+
+  to Chelsea.&amp;nbsp; His greatest wish was to simply stay at home with his 
+
+  beloved family and write; he wanted no part in the politics of Henry's 
+
+  court.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't escape so easily.&amp;nbsp; Still, it is worth 
+
+  remembering that More did not hurry toward his fate; he did not accept death 
+
+  as inevitable and put himself directly in opposition to the king.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  wanted to live, and in the following years he did much to avoid his eventual 
+
+  fate - everything except betray his conscience. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;For about eighteen months he was able to escape the king's wrath.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  stayed away from Anne Boleyn's coronation, deliberately avoiding a public 
+
+  confrontation with the king.&amp;nbsp; And when his nephew, William Rastell, wrote 
+
+  a pro-Catholic treatise, More immediately wrote to Cromwell and Henry denying 
+
+  any involvement.&amp;nbsp; More specifically stressed that he knew his duty as a 
+
+  citizen, and supported his prince completely - too completely to criticize any 
+
+  of his decisions.&amp;nbsp; But such dissembling - and from such a famous man - 
+
+  would not please Henry for long.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough More's name was included in 
+
+  the Bill of Attainder against the Catholic mystic Elizabeth Barton, the Holy 
+
+  Maid of Kent.&amp;nbsp; More had once visited the woman, but was too skeptical to 
+
+  believe in her increasingly dramatic 'visions'.&amp;nbsp; He was brought before 
+
+  the Council and asked about his religious views; he explained that he had 
+
+  discussed his feelings to the king on various occasions, and never incurred 
+
+  Henry's wrath.&amp;nbsp; More was popular enough, and quite innocent, and so Henry 
+
+  grudgingly removed his name from the bill.&amp;nbsp; But he had intended the 
+
+  measure as a warning to More, and it was well-taken.&amp;nbsp; The duke of 
+
+  Norfolk, Anne Boleyn's uncle, warned More that 'the king's wrath is death' and 
+
+  More replied wittily, 'Is that all, my lord?&amp;nbsp; Then, in good faith, 
+
+  between your grace and me is but this - that I shall die today, and you 
+
+  tomorrow'.&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;hr&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Thou wilt give me this day a greater benefit than ever any mortal man 
+
+    can be able to give me.&amp;nbsp; Pluck up thy spirits, man, and be not afraid 
+
+    to do thine office.&amp;nbsp; My neck is very short: take heed, therefore, thou 
+
+    strike not awry for saving of thine honesty.'&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;Thomas 
+
+    More's last words to his executioner, 6 July 
+
+1535&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Today came quickly for More; in March of 1534, just months after the birth 
+
+  of Henry and Anne's 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;daughter&lt;/a&gt;, the Act of Succession was passed which ordered 
+
+  everyone the government called upon to swear an oath acknowledging the 
+
+  legitimacy of Anne and Henry's heirs, and - most significantly - including a 
+
+  clause which repudiated the power of any 'foreign authority' in English 
+
+  affairs.&amp;nbsp; On the 14th of April More was summoned from Chelsea to take the 
+
+  oath at Lambeth; he refused.&amp;nbsp; He was turned over to the custody of the 
+
+  abbot of Westminster, and four days later taken to the Tower of London where he was 
+
+  lodged in the Bell Tower.&amp;nbsp; Months passed, and the king both threatened 
+
+  and cajoled his former friend, sending various emissaries while also keeping 
+
+  More in increasingly dire conditions.&amp;nbsp; More did not break.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  Imprisoned with John Fisher, the bishop of Rochester, More took strength from 
+
+  that great man's equal courage. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;When not entertaining a rare visitor with his wit and charm, More engaged 
+
+  in prayer and writing.&amp;nbsp; In the spring of 1535 Cromwell visited the Tower 
+
+  personally to ask More's opinion of recently-passed statutes which gave Henry 
+
+  the title 'Supreme Head of the Church of England'.&amp;nbsp; More judiciously 
+
+  replied that he was a faithful servant of the king; in June, the 
+
+  solicitor-general interviewed him and reported to Henry and Cromwell that More 
+
+  had denied parliament's power to confer supreme ecclesiastical authority upon 
+
+  the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry now turned both petty and cruel - he used the pretext of 
+
+  More and Fisher's occasional letters to one another to confiscate all of 
+
+  More's writing materials.&amp;nbsp; He was now reduced to writing upon scraps with 
+
+  a stick of charcoal. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;The king was further angered when the pope made Fisher a cardinal, 
+
+  essentially a prince of the church, even while the bishop was imprisoned for 
+
+  treason.&amp;nbsp; The king caustically remarked that he would soon send Fisher's 
+
+  head to Rome so it could wear the red cardinal's hat.&amp;nbsp; By now, Henry had 
+
+  pushed aside all thought of popular reaction; he was flush with his own power, 
+
+  and determined to have his way.&amp;nbsp; More refused to submit to royal 
+
+  authority, and he would pay the ultimate price.&amp;nbsp; And so, on the 1st of 
+
+  July 1535, he was indicted for high treason at Westminster Hall.&amp;nbsp; More 
+
+  denied the chief charges and defended himself ably, but it was of no 
+
+  matter.&amp;nbsp; The jury found him guilty and he was sentenced to hang at 
+
+  Tyburn.&amp;nbsp; A few days later news arrived that the king would be merciful - 
+
+  More would instead be beheaded at Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; On the 6th of July, a bit 
+
+  before nine o'clock in the morning, More was executed; he met his end with 
+
+  great dignity, grace, and courage.&amp;nbsp; His body was buried at the Tower 
+
+  church of St Peter ad Vincula, but his head was parboiled and stuck on a pike 
+
+  in Tower Bridge.&amp;nbsp; His beloved daughter Margaret bribed a worker to give 
+
+  it to her and it was interred in the Roper family vault in Canterbury, 
+
+  Margaret having married William Roper some years before. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;King Henry VIII was increasingly tyrannical and hated as his reign 
+  progressed.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn was beheaded less than a year after More on 
+  false charges of witchcraft, adultery and incest; the king would eventually 
+  marry four more times.&amp;nbsp; His fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was also 
+  executed.&lt;/P&gt; 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;On 29 December 1886, Pope Leo XIII formally beatified Thomas More, and his 
+
+  reputation for learning and saintliness has only grown.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note:&lt;/b&gt; Modern studies of More often discuss his religious 
+conservatism and intolerance of more progressive views.&amp;nbsp; He openly 
+denounced and persecuted members of the Protestant faith, and much of his 
+writing was both vitriolic and inflammatory on this point.&amp;nbsp; But to condemn 
+More for his religious intolerance is unfair.&amp;nbsp; He (and Bishop Fisher, et 
+al) represented the last gasp of Catholicism in England.&amp;nbsp; After his death, 
+the faith never regained its intellectual breadth and stature.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;In our own increasingly secular age, it is easy to be cynical and 
+
+dismissive of deeply held religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; But to judge More by modern 
+
+standards is obviously wrong; the following books do an admirable job of placing 
+
+More in the context of his time, and I recommend them to students for further 
+
+study:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The Life of Thomas More&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;by Peter 
+
+Ackroyd.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The King's Good Servant but God's First: The 
+
+Life and Writings of Saint Thomas More&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;by James 
+
+Monti.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Thomas More: A Biography&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;by Richard Marius.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Thomas More: A Portrait of 
+
+Courage&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;by Gerard B. Wegemer.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Citizens&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;i&gt;Tudor 
+England: Images&lt;/i&gt; to view portraits of the Tudor monarchs and their courtiers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082582&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082582&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1478 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">106237</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Lady Jane Grey The Nine Days Queen biography portraits primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Nine Days' Queen 1553</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0135.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janegrey.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janegrey-nga.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parr-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward6-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-eworthcr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janecrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;IMG height=47 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey.gif&quot; width=320&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=287 
+      alt=&quot;The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul Delaroche&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey-nga.jpg&quot; width=358 border=2&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read 
+        the biography of Lady Jane Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account 
+        of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;, 1553. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;Jane's letter to 
+        Queen Mary from the Tower of London&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account 
+        of Jane's execution&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: 
+        Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady 
+        Catherine Grey site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's tragic 
+        sister.&lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward 
+        VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's cousin who left her the throne. 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Grey's life at &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's 
+        Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/A&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bitterwisdom.com%2fladyjanegrey&quot;&gt;The Lady Jane Grey Internet 
+        Museum&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Tudor Dynasty enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor 
+        Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign 
+        of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or 
+        other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt; 
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; 
+      &lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt; 
+      &lt;B&gt;Jane Grey remains one of the most compelling and tragic figures in 
+      Tudor history.&amp;nbsp; She possessed royal blood through her grandmother, 
+      Princess Mary Tudor, and this heritage brought her to the scaffold in 
+      1554.&amp;nbsp; Jane had been named heiress to the English throne in her 
+      great-uncle Henry VIII's will, but only if his son Edward and daughters 
+      Mary and Elizabeth died without issue.&amp;nbsp; But Edward ruled for just six 
+      years and his ambitious advisor, John Dudley, was determined to remain in 
+      power.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he persuaded Edward to write his own will and 
+      leave the throne to his pious cousin, Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; Though just fifteen 
+      at the time, she was known for her Protestant piety and learning; it was 
+      this religious devotion which persuaded Edward to alter the succession.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Deeply pious himself, he could not leave the throne to his Catholic 
+      sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Jane was quickly wed to Dudley's son and crowned queen 
+      of England in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; But she ruled for just nine days, trapped 
+      and unhappy.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor claimed the throne with great popular 
+      support and Jane was imprisoned in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+      subsequent execution was a political necessity for Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Despite her youth, Jane met her end with great dignity and courage.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I think that at the supper I neither receive flesh nor 
+  blood, but bread and wine; which bread when it is broken, and the wine when it 
+  is drunken, put me in remembrance how that for my sins the body of Christ was 
+  broken, and his blood shed on the cross. ...I ground my faith upon God's word, 
+  and not upon the church...&amp;nbsp; The faith of the church must be tried by 
+  God's word, and not God's word by the church; neither yet my faith.'&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane Grey to John Feckenham, 
+      1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt; 
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Ancestry&lt;/B&gt; 
+        &lt;BR&gt;Lady Jane Grey was the eldest child of Lord Henry and Lady Frances 
+        Grey, the duke and duchess of 
+      &lt;IMG height=205 
+      alt=&quot;Princess Mary Tudor, grandmother of Lady Jane Grey&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey1.jpg&quot; width=101 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; She was a viable heir to 
+        the English throne because of her maternal grandmother, &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess 
+        Mary Tudor&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; After the death of her first husband, King Louis 
+        XII of France in 1515, Mary secretly wed her true love, &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Charles 
+        Brandon&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was her brother &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry 
+        VIII&lt;/A&gt;'s best friend; the king's friendship and Brandon's service to 
+        the Crown led to his creation as duke of Suffolk in 1514.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+        Mary had a son, Henry, who died as teenager.&amp;nbsp; Their next eldest 
+        child was a daughter, Frances.&amp;nbsp; Under the terms of the Third Act of 
+        Succession (1544) and Henry VIII's last will and testament (1547), the 
+        Suffolk line would inherit the throne after Henry VIII's children died 
+        childless.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the throne would pass to Henry's son &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward&lt;/A&gt;; 
+        if Edward died childless, it passed to Henry's eldest daughter &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/A&gt;; 
+        if she died childless, it passed to Henry's youngest daughter &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+        If Elizabeth died childless, the throne passed to Lady Frances.&amp;nbsp; 
+        This plan completely disregarded the children of Henry's elder sister &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;Margaret&lt;/A&gt;, 
+        the former queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not care for Margaret and, 
+        more importantly, did not want the English throne in Scottish hands. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So it was through Princess Mary that Jane Grey was 
+        bequeathed her deadly heritage.&amp;nbsp; Still, no one in the 1540s 
+        expected the Suffolk line to rule.&amp;nbsp; After all, Henry VIII had left 
+        three heirs and it was unlikely all three would die childless.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+        course, we know that this did occur and the Tudor dynasty died with 
+        Elizabeth I in 1603.&amp;nbsp; It was only in 1552, with Edward VI's health 
+        rapidly failing, that people realized there would be a succession 
+        crisis.&amp;nbsp; According to parliament and Henry VIII's will, Mary was 
+        Edward's heir - but she was Catholic, in her late thirties, and never 
+        robust.&amp;nbsp; More importantly, Edward was a devout Protestant and did 
+        not want Roman Catholicism restored in England.&amp;nbsp; Urged on by 
+        self-interested advisors, he removed Mary from the succession on the 
+        grounds of her illegitimacy (she was declared so by parliament in 
+        1532.)&amp;nbsp; But if he removed Mary, he also had to remove Elizabeth 
+        even though she was a Protestant; Elizabeth had also been declared a 
+        bastard by parliament in 1536.&amp;nbsp; In his &lt;I&gt;Device for the 
+        Succession&lt;/I&gt;, written in his own hand, Edward wrote that they were 
+        both &quot;illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward's course of action removed the succession 
+        from the heirs of Henry VIII and gave it to the heirs of Henry's younger 
+        sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was a tumultuous course for many reasons.&amp;nbsp; 
+        For example, the king of France, Henry II, was raising &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary 
+        Stuart&lt;/A&gt;, Margaret Tudor's granddaughter; he planned to marry this 
+        ten-year-old &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;queen 
+        of Scots&lt;/A&gt; to his son and heir, Francois.&amp;nbsp; By all the accepted 
+        laws of primogeniture, she had a better claim to the English throne than 
+        her Suffolk cousins.&amp;nbsp; In fact, most European Catholics believed 
+        Mary's claim better than her Tudor cousins, Mary and Elizabeth, since 
+        both were illegitimate by acts of constitutional and canon law.&amp;nbsp; 
+        However, Mary of Scotland was in France - not England; also, the 
+        Suffolks were Protestant and she was not.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI never 
+        considered leaving her the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The above paragraph illustrates the complexity of 
+        blood ties within the Tudor family.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary Tudor was 
+        half-Spanish and thus cousin to the Holy Roman Emperor, the succession 
+        crisis interested most of the major powers of Europe - France, the 
+        Hapsburg Empire, Italy (the pope hoped to bring England back to his 
+        authority), and the Protestant princes of Germany.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI 
+        died in 1553, all of these nations waited to see who would 
+        triumph.&amp;nbsp; Mary....&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth....&amp;nbsp; Mary of 
+        Scotland....&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey....&amp;nbsp; Which would become queen?&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Europe waited to see how England would 
+        welcome a queen as their sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; All of the possible 
+        candidates for the throne were women, an unprecedented occurrence.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The only woman to attempt to rule England as her father's sole heir had 
+        been Matilda in the 12th century; she had been forced out of the country 
+        by popular revolt and a male cousin named Stephen of Blois became 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; Now it seemed the English had no choice but to accept a 
+        woman ruler.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And because of the secret marriage of Mary Tudor 
+        and Charles Brandon, the first woman to rule England in her own right 
+        would be Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Early Life and Education&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;'I will tell you a truth which perchance ye will marvel 
+          at.&amp;nbsp; One of the greatest benefits that God ever gave me is that 
+          he sent me so sharp and severe parents and so gentle a 
+          schoolmaster.&amp;nbsp; For when I am in the presence of Father or Mother, 
+          whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry 
+          or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do 
+          it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as 
+          God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly 
+          threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and 
+          other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them), so 
+          without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time 
+          comes that I must go to Mr Aylmer, who teacheth me so gently, so 
+          pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all 
+          the time nothing while I am with him.&amp;nbsp; And when I am called from 
+          him, I fall on weeping because whatsoever I do else but learning is 
+          full of grief, trouble, fear and wholly misliking to me.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
+          &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Lady Jane Grey to Roger Ascham, 
+        1550&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Jane Grey was not close to her 
+        parents.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was the marquess of Dorset; he became the duke 
+        of Suffolk in 1551.&amp;nbsp; He married Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon's 
+        eldest daughter Frances when she was sixteen.&amp;nbsp; At the time, Grey 
+        was a ward of Brandon's.&amp;nbsp; He was also an appropriate match for a 
+        Princess's daughter.&amp;nbsp; The Grey family had an ancient and impressive 
+        lineage, originally receiving lands from Richard the Lionheart.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Later, they rose to prominence under Edward IV; he had married Elizabeth 
+        Woodville, the widow of Sir John Grey and mother of his two sons.&amp;nbsp; 
+        When she became queen, she tirelessly promoted the interests of the Grey 
+        family.&amp;nbsp; In fact, her eldest Grey son, Thomas, was created marquess 
+        of Dorset during Edward IV's reign.&amp;nbsp; His son, also called Thomas, 
+        was a companion to Charles Brandon - soldiering with him in France in 
+        1513 and journeying there a year later to celebrate Princess Mary 
+        Tudor's wedding to the French king.&amp;nbsp; In 1530, Thomas Grey died and 
+        Brandon became his son's guardian.&amp;nbsp; The marriage between Frances 
+        and the heir, Henry Grey, was a satisfactory way to join two noble 
+        families together.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their marriage was celebrated at Suffolk Place in 
+        London.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor died some months later.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon 
+        remarried, this time to an heiress called Catherine Willoughby.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She bore him two sons (his son with Mary Tudor had recently died).&amp;nbsp; 
+        When Brandon passed away in 1545, he and Catherine's eldest son, called 
+        Henry after his late half-brother, became duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+        his younger brother died of the dreaded sweating sickness a few years 
+        later.&amp;nbsp; This left the dukedom of Suffolk vacant until 1551, when 
+        Edward VI would award it to Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry VIII had left the throne to 
+        his children and, if they died without issue, &quot;to the heirs of the body 
+        of the lady Frances our niece, eldest daughter to our late sister the 
+        French Queen lawfully begotten....&quot;&amp;nbsp; This meant that the Grey 
+        children (by this time Frances and Henry had 3 daughters - Jane born in 
+        1537, Catherine born in 1540, and Mary born in 1545) had enhanced 
+        social status.&amp;nbsp; In 1547, when the will was read, no one seriously 
+        expected them to gain more.&amp;nbsp; Edward was small and blond, like his 
+        long-dead uncle Arthur, lacking Henry VIII's robust athleticism and good 
+        health.&amp;nbsp; But he was expected to live, marry, and provide 
+        heirs.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, any immediate interest in the Grey children 
+        centered on how Edward would favor them.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, it was 
+        thought that he might marry the eldest, his cousin Jane.&amp;nbsp; They were 
+        the same age, both precocious, very serious, and fervently 
+        Protestant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane had been raised, with her two sisters, at 
+        Bradgate.&amp;nbsp; This was the principal family home on the edge of 
+        Charnwood Forest.&amp;nbsp; It was a beautiful and luxurious estate, suited 
+        to the Grey's semi-regal status.&amp;nbsp; Lady Frances was very conscious 
+        of her royal heritage and, as she grew older, became quite like her 
+        uncle Henry.&amp;nbsp; She and her husband were well-known for their love of 
+        riding, hunting, hawking and gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were not, however, the 
+        most interested of parents.&amp;nbsp; In this, they resembled their 
+        aristocratic contemporaries. They provided very well for their three 
+        daughters.&amp;nbsp; While Frances and Henry spent time in London, their 
+        daughters remained at Bradgate, in the hands of capable servants.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Jane's nurse was a woman called Mrs Ellen and would remain with her 
+        until Jane's execution; her first tutor was probably the house chaplain, 
+        Dr Harding.&amp;nbsp; The first ten years of Jane's life, from her birth in 
+        October 1537 (the exact date is not known) to her residence in Katharine 
+        Parr's household in 1547, are not documented.&amp;nbsp; It is likely she 
+        received the typical upper-class girl's education - its primary emphasis 
+        would be on instilling good manners and the 'feminine' virtues of 
+        obedience and docility.&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly learned needlework and was 
+        taught dancing and how to play some musical instruments.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        neither of her parents were scholars and no one in the sixteenth century 
+        expected women to be well-educated.&amp;nbsp; She may have visited London, 
+        accompanying her parents to Dorset Place in Westminster; she may have 
+        met her royal cousins.&amp;nbsp; No one knows.&amp;nbsp; But in March 1547, Lady 
+        Jane Grey finally emerges into the historical landscape.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+        then that she entered the household of the dowager queen &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine 
+        Parr&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's sixth and last wife.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine had retired from court upon Edward VI's 
+        accession, though she remained close to London.&amp;nbsp; Her&lt;IMG height=191 alt=&quot;Jane's guardian, Katharine Parr&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; dower manor, 
+        Chelsea, was in the suburbs.&amp;nbsp; It was a comfortable brick home with 
+        modern amenities.&amp;nbsp; Here, Katharine planned to live with the man she 
+        had longed to marry before Henry laid claim to her, Thomas Seymour, 
+        Edward VI's uncle.&amp;nbsp; She also brought with her the 13 year old 
+        Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr was justly celebrated for her 
+        warm and open nature; she was a good stepmother to all of Henry's 
+        children, particularly the youngest two.&amp;nbsp; A few weeks after 
+        Katharine and Elizabeth settled at Chelsea, Jane Grey came to join 
+        them.&amp;nbsp; She was sent to acquire polish and learn social graces, a 
+        common practice for daughters of the nobility.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane acquired much more than social skills at 
+        Katharine's household.&amp;nbsp; For the first time in her young life, she 
+        was truly happy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was a devout Protestant and the most 
+        intellectual of Henry's queens.&amp;nbsp; Her home was the center of the 
+        Protestant 'New Learning'; there was instruction and frequent 
+        debates.&amp;nbsp; Jane, quiet and studious by nature, thrived.&amp;nbsp; And 
+        though her parents were Protestant, it was at Katharine Parr's that she 
+        became devoutly committed to the faith.&amp;nbsp; The Greys, after all, had 
+        become Protestants like many nobles - because it was a matter of 
+        political necessity.&amp;nbsp; At Katharine's, Jane became a Protestant 
+        because she truly believed in its tenets.&amp;nbsp; This serious and intense 
+        study of faith would remain with her throughout her short life.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During Edward VI's reign, the Lord Protector was 
+        Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr had married his 
+        younger brother, Sir Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was very ambitious and 
+        angered that his brother had so much authority while he had to be 
+        content with a baronetcy, a seat on the Privy Council, and the office of 
+        Lord Admiral.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Katharine Parr had planned to marry years 
+        before but Henry's sudden interest in the twice-widowed heiress delayed 
+        their plans.&amp;nbsp; Within months of his death, however, they were wed in 
+        a secret ceremony; the exact date is not known but it was probably April 
+        1547. Their whirlwind courtship offended some but Edward VI gave them 
+        his blessing.&amp;nbsp; Some people remarked that the new Lord Admiral would 
+        have preferred marrying Princess Elizabeth, such was his ambition.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He certainly lacked the evangelical zeal of his new wife, always 
+        remembering important business when it was time for prayers.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        possessed great charm, particularly with women and children; and his 
+        desire to advance his own career led to some indiscreet behavior - 
+        notably bursting into Princess Elizabeth's bedroom in the early morning, 
+        still in his bedclothes, to tickle her awake.&amp;nbsp; This was dangerous 
+        play for an ambitious man and a thirteen-year-old heiress to the 
+        throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Thomas had wed the dowager queen and 
+        she loved him passionately.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, other supporters of his 
+        brother Edward, the Lord Protector, were also rewarded for their 
+        loyalty.&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, for example, became earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Meanwhile, Thomas was also becoming interested in the other young 
+        heiress who lived with his wife - Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When news of 
+        Henry VIII's will came out, he wasted no time in becoming friends with 
+        the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He sent his most trusted friend and servant, John 
+        Harington, to talk to Jane's father, Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; Harington was to 
+        use 'all the persuasions he could' to gain Jane Grey's wardship and 
+        marriage rights.&amp;nbsp; Later, Harington would say he never promised 
+        anything explicitly but Henry Grey remembered a guarantee that&amp;nbsp; 
+        Jane would marry King Edward.&amp;nbsp; On this basis, Grey sold his 
+        daughter to Seymour for the sum of Â£2000.&amp;nbsp; Seymour paid a few 
+        hundred immediately, promising to pay the rest in installments.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In other words, Thomas Seymour was hedging his 
+        bets - if Edward VI died unexpectedly (as Tudor boys often did), he 
+        could arrange something with the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; If Edward 
+        lived, he could gain influence by marrying his ward, Jane Grey, to the 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; Jane, of course, was oblivious to Seymour's plans.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        remained in Katharine Parr's household, moving from Chelsea, to Hanworth 
+        in Middlesex, or Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Her sensitive and eager 
+        mind, long starved for affection and knowledge, was finally engaged on a 
+        course of study - Latin, Greek and modern languages as well as religious 
+        instruction.&amp;nbsp; As relations between the Seymour brothers 
+        deteriorated for a variety of reasons, Katharine Parr became 
+        pregnant.&amp;nbsp; About halfway through the pregnancy, she happened upon a 
+        very unpleasant sight - her husband and stepdaughter, Princess 
+        Elizabeth, locked in a passionate embrace.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's reaction 
+        was a testament to her good character.&amp;nbsp; She successfully averted an 
+        ugly scandal; a few weeks later, Elizabeth and her household staff were 
+        sent to Cheshunt on a visit to old family friends.&amp;nbsp; She parted from 
+        Katharine with real affection and sadness; Elizabeth undoubtedly felt 
+        embarrassed and guilty.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey remained with Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There is 
+        no evidence she was ever particularly close to Elizabeth; the gulf 
+        between nine and thirteen is great.&amp;nbsp; Though they lived in the same 
+        homes for over a year, there are no surviving letters or 
+        reminisces.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane was grateful for Elizabeth's departure; 
+        the princess was described as proud and disdainful, not good company for 
+        a shy child.&amp;nbsp; On 13 June 1548 Jane accompanied Katharine and Thomas 
+        to their Gloucestershire estate, Sudeley Castle.&amp;nbsp; On 30 August 
+        Katharine gave birth to a baby daughter, Mary; within a week, the 
+        dowager queen was dead, buried in the chapel at Sudeley.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+        yet another victim of puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, small for her 
+        age, freckled and with red hair, acted as chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents were becoming 
+        restless.&amp;nbsp; More than a year had passed since Seymour purchased 
+        their daughter's wardship.&amp;nbsp; In that time, no match had been made 
+        with Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; Also, they wondered if it would be better to marry 
+        Jane to the Lord Protector's son.&amp;nbsp; They wrote to Thomas Seymour, 
+        consoling him on the loss of his wife and remarking that, since 
+        Katharine was dead, her household would be dispersed - therefore, Jane 
+        should be sent home; Seymour was not to be outfoxed.&amp;nbsp; He wrote that 
+        his own mother was coming to Sudeley, to take charge of Katharine's 
+        household (none of which would be dispersed); she would be 'as dear unto 
+        Jane as though she were her own daughter.'&amp;nbsp; He did let Jane go home 
+        briefly in September.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly an unpleasant journey for 
+        the young girl.&amp;nbsp; However, Seymour was able to regain her parents' 
+        favor.&amp;nbsp; He stressed his determination to wed her to Edward (the 
+        greatest prize) and agreed to pay another Â£500 on his bond.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        Greys were chronically short of cash and wanted this grand 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; Jane returned to the Seymour household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the noose was tightening around Thomas 
+        Seymour's neck.&amp;nbsp; He had been boasting about his intent to destroy 
+        his overbearing brother and he had encouraged gossip that he would marry 
+        Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; This gossip was perhaps the most damaging, 
+        particularly to the eyes of the young king.&amp;nbsp; Was Seymour attempting 
+        to seize the throne?&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, earl of Warwick, had long waited 
+        for the opportunity to destroy the Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to 
+        be Lord Protector himself and was quite prepared to turn on his old 
+        friend, Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He used the arrogant and ambitious Thomas 
+        to destroy them both.&amp;nbsp; On 17 January 1549, Thomas Seymour was 
+        arrested at Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey was immediately 
+        brought home by her alarmed parents.&amp;nbsp; Because Parliament was in 
+        session, it was decided that Thomas would not have a trial - instead a 
+        bill of attainder was drawn up and passed through both houses in early 
+        March.&amp;nbsp; All that was needed was for the Lord Protector to sign the 
+        bill.&amp;nbsp; For about a week, Edward Seymour did nothing.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        understandably hesitant to execute his brother.&amp;nbsp; Seizing his 
+        chance, Dudley urged the council to appeal to the king - flattering his 
+        authority, they asked for him to sign the bill so they could proceed 
+        without further troubling the Protector.&amp;nbsp; Edward cared little for 
+        either of his uncles (the Protector kept him short of pocket money and 
+        assigned him cold-hearted tutors.)&amp;nbsp; He signed the bill.&amp;nbsp; On 20 
+        March 1549, Thomas Seymour was executed on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Dudley moved to take control of the 
+        government.&amp;nbsp; The year 1549 was marked by discontent - rising 
+        prices, high unemployment, bad harvests; also, people resented the 
+        radical religious changes passed since Henry VIII's death.&amp;nbsp; There 
+        were two serious revolts, in the West Country and Norfolk, both of which 
+        alarmed the land-owning gentry.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had once been popular with 
+        the common people but his execution of his own brother struck many as 
+        cold-blooded and evil.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had counted on this reaction.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He also counted on the support of the gentry; he was a capable soldier 
+        and put down the rebellion in the West Country.&amp;nbsp; This pleased the 
+        landowners and the king.&amp;nbsp; Also, it allowed Dudley to gather a 
+        well-armed and experienced group of soldiers about him.&amp;nbsp; On 10 
+        October, he and his supporters captured the fleeing Edward Seymour at 
+        Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; He was arrested and taken under guard to the 
+        Tower.&amp;nbsp; Dudley became one of the six prime attendants on the King 
+        but - very intelligently - did not take the title of Lord 
+        Protector.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley was on the list of sixteen executors Henry 
+        VIII had appointed in his will.&amp;nbsp; In 1543 he had been appointed Lord 
+        High Admiral, a post he relinquished reluctantly to the unqualified 
+        Thomas Seymour; in 1549, he regained that title.&amp;nbsp; He was also a 
+        family man with several sons.&amp;nbsp; But Dudley had learned from his 
+        dealings with Henry VIII; he knew to treat Edward not as one of his own 
+        sons but as a king.&amp;nbsp; He flattered the king, allowed him greater 
+        access to money, more physical freedom.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Dudley, his 
+        coup coincided with Edward's own physical maturity.&amp;nbsp; He became a 
+        sportsman, which Dudley encouraged, and began to travel a bit outside of 
+        London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His cousin Jane was not so fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        had returned to a home devoid of affection which also included physical 
+        abuse normal in the sixteenth-century (smacks, pinches, and the 
+        like).&amp;nbsp; The Greys were discovering that their daughter had matured 
+        into a thoughtful, intelligent, and self-righteously pious young 
+        woman.&amp;nbsp; She openly disapproved of their lack of piety, their 
+        devotion to material gain and social advancement, as well as their 
+        gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were happy to hire a tutor, John Aylmer, to 
+        continue her education - and take her off their hands.&amp;nbsp; Aylmer was 
+        a friend of Roger Ascham, the former tutor of Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On a visit to Aylmer, Ascham met Jane Grey; she impressed him 
+        greatly.&amp;nbsp; He preserved their meeting in his educational treatise, 
+        &lt;I&gt;The Schoolmaster&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Were the Greys really such terrible parents?&amp;nbsp; 
+        There is no doubt that Jane and her parents were not affectionate to one 
+        another.&amp;nbsp; Yet this was normal in an age which expected children to 
+        be dutiful and obedient and that discipline built character.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        fairness to them, Jane was openly critical of their pleasure-loving 
+        lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She encouraged the chaplain to deliver sermons against 
+        gambling, told visitors that she found her parents foolish and 
+        irritating, and she was very self-righteous.&amp;nbsp; What parent would 
+        enjoy the company of such a devout thirteen-year-old?&amp;nbsp; At home, 
+        Jane met John ab Ulmer, a Swiss Protestant and student of Henry 
+        Bullinger, chief pastor of the Protestant church in Zurich.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        were both friends of Aylmer and Ascham.&amp;nbsp; The four men corresponded 
+        about the education of this most pious young girl.&amp;nbsp; There are many 
+        surviving letters - Jane thanking Bullinger for sending a copy of his 
+        treatise on Christian Perfection - and some reveal her as more than a 
+        pious Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; In one, Aylmer is concerned that she is 
+        taking too much of an interest in music and her appearance.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        distressed - but what good news for the student of Jane's life!&amp;nbsp; 
+        She is human, after all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the European reformers were hopeful 
+        that Edward VI would marry this most proper cousin.&amp;nbsp; Their union 
+        would make England a most blessed Protestant realm.&amp;nbsp; But Jane 
+        turned fourteen and was still not betrothed to anyone while Edward was 
+        in serious talks to wed the French princess Elisabeth.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Charles Brandon's two sons with 
+        Catherine Willoughby had died.&amp;nbsp; This meant that their half-sister 
+        Frances Grey was sole surviving heir to the Brandon estates.&amp;nbsp; On 4 
+        October 1551, the title of duke of Suffolk was given to her husband in 
+        right of his wife.&amp;nbsp; And on 11 October, just a week later, Dudley 
+        was made duke of Northumberland; two years of Edward's favor had 
+        sufficiently emboldened him to petition the king.&amp;nbsp; He was the first 
+        man to receive a ducal title who had no ties of marriage or blood to the 
+        reigning royal family.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane Grey, that week in 1551 was to have 
+        terrible consequences. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Marriage&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The political situation in England during 
+        Edward's reign is fully explored in the Edward VI pages.&amp;nbsp; Suffice 
+        to say, the duke of Northumberland, John Dudley, had replaced Edward 
+        Seymour as the true power behind the throne.&amp;nbsp; In spring 1552, his 
+        young master fell ill.&amp;nbsp; No one was especially concerned; Edward VI 
+        had been ill before and recovered well enough.&amp;nbsp; But this time he 
+        did not fully recover.&amp;nbsp; It seemed as if his physical resemblance to 
+        the long-dead Prince Arthur went beyond their fair coloring and delicate 
+        physique - they were both consumptive as well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This naturally terrified the Protestant lords who 
+        had prospered during his six-year reign.&amp;nbsp; The Princesses Mary and 
+        Elizabeth were rarely seen at the king's court, Mary in 
+        particular.&amp;nbsp; She could no longer persuade herself that Edward was 
+        simply a misguided Protestant pawn.&amp;nbsp; He had, like Henry before him, 
+        ordered her to change her religion; he was king and expected 
+        obedience.&amp;nbsp; He was closer to Elizabeth (only 4 years older than 
+        him) and she was suitably Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she, too, was rarely at 
+        court.&amp;nbsp; His Grey family, however, was increasingly present.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary of Guise, mother of Mary queen of Scots 
+        and regent of Scotland, visited England in November 1551, Mary and 
+        Elizabeth were not invited.&amp;nbsp; But Frances and Henry Grey were there, 
+        bringing their fourteen-year-old daughter Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary of Guise's 
+        two-day visit to Hampton Court was Jane's official debut on the English 
+        political scene.&amp;nbsp; In early February, Jane contracted an unspecified 
+        illness.&amp;nbsp; It was serious enough to warrant mention from Aylmer (in 
+        a letter to Ascham.)&amp;nbsp; After her recovery, Jane's parents persuaded 
+        her to devote less time to study and more to social concerns.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+        course, an educated and pious daughter was an asset but they also wanted 
+        a daughter who could attract a king in marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 April 1552, Edward became ill with the 
+        measles.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, he recovered somewhat - enough to&lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin, King Edward VI&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6-crop.jpg&quot; width=137 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; attend St 
+        George's Day services at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; He also jousted, 
+        played on the tennis courts, and went hunting.&amp;nbsp; And on 27 June, he 
+        began his most extensive progress through the south and west of his 
+        kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed himself (he had never traveled so far 
+        outside London) but the pace was exhausting; combined with the illness 
+        in April and his strenuous athletics, it wore him down.&amp;nbsp; Passer-by 
+        thought he was ill; he was pale, losing weight, and lost his 
+        appetite.&amp;nbsp; He returned to Windsor in mid-September.&amp;nbsp; By then, 
+        the tuberculosis which killed him had begun in earnest.&amp;nbsp; By 
+        Christmas 1552, his condition was obvious.&amp;nbsp; The holiday 
+        celebrations were unusually festive, perhaps to take notice from the 
+        king's health.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary came to visit in February but his 
+        illness prevented their meeting for three days.&amp;nbsp; Still, the king's 
+        illness meant an increased respect for Mary, his heir under Henry VIII's 
+        will.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The exact nature and course of Edward's illness is 
+        discussed at the Edward VI page.&amp;nbsp; It was tuberculosis, or 
+        consumption as it was then called.&amp;nbsp; On 11 April 1553, Edward moved 
+        his household to his favorite residence, Greenwich Palace.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+        managed to open parliament in March but those who hadn't seen him since 
+        the holidays were shocked at his appearance; he was terribly thin and, 
+        oddly, his left shoulder seemed higher than his right.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+        obvious Edward was suffering terribly.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland, his closest 
+        advisor, was torn - he talked of retiring from political life but this 
+        was a passing dream.&amp;nbsp; He had made too many enemies - particularly 
+        the Catholic nobles and churchmen who would rally around Mary.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        truth, if Mary succeeded, the best Dudley could hope for was complete 
+        financial and political ruin.&amp;nbsp; More than likely, he would lose his 
+        head.&amp;nbsp; He could, of course, attempt to marry Princess Elizabeth to 
+        his one remaining unmarried son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; Why didn't he?&amp;nbsp; 
+        It certainly seems less convoluted than attempting to place Jane Grey on 
+        the throne.&amp;nbsp; The truth was that Elizabeth Tudor, nearly twenty 
+        years old, had seasoned political acumen - she would never be Dudley's 
+        pawn.&amp;nbsp; Dudley knew her well enough to guess as much.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Therefore, only Jane Grey (fourth in line, after her mother Frances) 
+        remained.&amp;nbsp; She would be amenable enough, the duke thought.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Frances and Henry were happy enough to 
+        encourage Dudley.&amp;nbsp; With Edward dying, there was no possibility of 
+        Jane marrying him.&amp;nbsp; They may have been put off by Dudley's 
+        ambition; he first attempted to marry Guildford to Eleanor Brandon's 
+        only child, Margaret Clifford (Eleanor was Frances's younger 
+        sister.)&amp;nbsp; But, swayed by the prospect of wealth and power, they 
+        agreed to marry Jane to Guildford.&amp;nbsp; In late April or&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;171&quot; height=&quot;215&quot; alt=&quot;Cary Elwes and Helena Bonham Carter as Guildford and Jane in the 1986 film 'Lady Jane'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; early May, the 
+        betrothal was announced.&amp;nbsp; Jane had protested the union but was 
+        persuaded by 'the urgency of her mother and the violence of her father'; 
+        in other words, persuaded by verbal and physical abuse.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Many have argued that Jane protested because she 
+        didn't like Guildford.&amp;nbsp; That is unlikely.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome 
+        enough (like most of the Dudley men), fair-haired and about her 
+        age.&amp;nbsp; He was arrogant and spoilt; his mother openly favored 
+        him.&amp;nbsp; But he had no other documented flaws.&amp;nbsp; When considered 
+        against other men of the age, he was a good match.&amp;nbsp; Jane's 
+        reservations centered on his father.&amp;nbsp; She disliked and feared 
+        Dudley, as most people did.&amp;nbsp; But the duke had a weapon against Jane 
+        which he would wield effectively - religion.&amp;nbsp; She was a devout and 
+        committed Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She didn't want Mary as queen any more than 
+        he did.&amp;nbsp; And, unlike Dudley, Jane's desire was based on real 
+        principle, not simple greed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So on 25 May 1553, Jane married Guildford at the 
+        Dudley's London residence, Durham House.&amp;nbsp; It was one of the great 
+        homes of Tudor England; her sister &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt; 
+        was also married that day, to the earl of Pembroke's heir.&amp;nbsp; Orders, 
+        signed by the king, had been sent to the Master of the Wardrobe so that 
+        the grandest clothing and jewels could be used.&amp;nbsp; Edward was 
+        supposed to attend but was far too ill.&amp;nbsp; He did not watch as his 
+        cousin marched down the aisle, richly appareled in cloth of gold and 
+        silver, her red hair braided with pearls.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For many, Jane and Guildford's marriage marks the 
+        beginning of the attempt to change the line of succession.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        reality, Edward VI had been pondering the problem for months.&amp;nbsp; Ever 
+        since he became ill, he had wondered how to prevent his Catholic sister 
+        from becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; His reasoning was purely religious.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Edward was a devout Protestant; he wanted his nation, for its own sake, 
+        to remain Protestant.&amp;nbsp; Just as Mary believed Catholicism was the 
+        path to righteousness, Edward believed in Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        king, charge by God with responsibility for his people's religious 
+        welfare.&amp;nbsp; It was a sacred duty.&amp;nbsp; For the sake of his immortal 
+        soul, Mary had to be prevented from leading England on the path to 
+        damnation.&amp;nbsp; This necessity overcame all else.&amp;nbsp; What was Henry 
+        VIII's will when compared to divine retribution?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So in late 1552/early 1553, he first began his 
+        Device for the Succession.&amp;nbsp; At first he left the throne to Lady 
+        Frances Grey and her male heirs, then to Jane Grey and her male 
+        heirs.&amp;nbsp; But it was evident that Frances Grey would have no more 
+        children and none of her daughters would bear children in time.&amp;nbsp; So 
+        he made a change - simple and explosive - he left the throne to 'the 
+        Lady Jane and her heirs male.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was the beginning of the end for Jane Grey. 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jane the Quene'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Edward's &lt;I&gt;Device for the Succession&lt;/I&gt; 
+        was eventually issued with the title &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the 
+        Limitation of the Crown&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It disinherited Mary and Elizabeth 
+        because they were 'illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        Furthermore, they were only half-sisters of the king, not entitled to 
+        succeed him, and might marry foreign husbands who would 'tend to the 
+        utter subversion of the commonwealth of this our realm.'&amp;nbsp; But 
+        Edward's device would have no legal validity as long as Henry VIII's 
+        1544 Act of Succession was still acknowledged by parliament.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        there was no time to wipe that law from the statute book.&amp;nbsp; Instead, 
+        Dudley planned to gain support from government and then carry out a coup 
+        so quickly that its legality would not matter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To gain government support, he spent June 1553 
+        persuading the Privy Council, judiciary, and various churchmen to 
+        endorse Edward's device.&amp;nbsp; The Lord Chief Justice, Sir Edward 
+        Montague, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, were uneasy; 
+        but Dudley was desperate and called them traitors.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, 
+        the king ordered them to obey.&amp;nbsp; So the &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the 
+        Limitation of the Crown &lt;/I&gt;was endorsed with the Great Seal on 21 
+        June.&amp;nbsp; It was recognized by the Lord Chancellor, the Privy 
+        Councilors, twenty-two peers of the realm, the Lord Mayor of London, 
+        various aldermen and sheriffs, the secretaries of state (including 
+        William Cecil, Elizabeth I's great statesman), and various judges and 
+        churchmen.&amp;nbsp; King Edward VI did not live long after this 
+        triumph.&amp;nbsp; After months of agony, he died in the early evening of 
+        Thursday 6 July.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, meanwhile, had been married to 
+        Guildford Dudley for almost six weeks.&amp;nbsp; She disliked her in-laws 
+        more than she disliked her parents so, immediately after the marriage, 
+        returned to Suffolk Place at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; From there, she moved to 
+        her parents' new residence in London, a former Carthusian monastery they 
+        were converting into a grand home.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's wife, the duchess of 
+        Northumberland and Jane's mother-in-law, was not happy with this 
+        arrangement.&amp;nbsp; She informed the Greys that Edward VI was dying and 
+        Jane had been made heir to his throne; she must hold herself in 
+        readiness (in other words, come to the Dudley home.)&amp;nbsp; Jane later 
+        said this was the first she knew of the king's impending death.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She didn't believe the duchess and told her as much; she accused the 
+        Dudleys of lying so they could steal her away from her parents.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The duchess accused the Greys of deliberating keeping Guildford and Jane 
+        apart.&amp;nbsp; Such petty conflict indicated rougher waters ahead for all 
+        involved.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the end, there was no reason Jane should not be 
+        with her husband.&amp;nbsp; She went to the Dudley's residence, Durham 
+        House, and possibly consummated her marriage.&amp;nbsp; But, after only a 
+        few days, she became ill and accused the Dudleys of poisoning her.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The charge was ludicrous (she was the key to their political salvation) 
+        and showed a surprising lack of logic on Jane's part.&amp;nbsp; But the 
+        Dudleys were concerned with her physical and mental state.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        sent her to Chelsea, Catherine Parr's former home where Jane had been so 
+        happy.&amp;nbsp; It was there that, on Sunday 9 July, Dudley's eldest 
+        daughter, Mary Sidney, came to visit her; they were to leave Chelsea and 
+        go to Syon House, a former convent on the Thames which Dudley 
+        controlled.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At this point, it is right to question Jane's true 
+        knowledge of Dudley's plans.&amp;nbsp; Remember, even if she knew Dudley 
+        intended to make her queen, there was nothing she could do to prevent 
+        it.&amp;nbsp; She was not stupid; the charge of poisoning was probably a 
+        result of nervousness and hysteria.&amp;nbsp; She knew her own 
+        lineage.&amp;nbsp; She knew that she was fourth in line for the English 
+        throne, after Mary, Elizabeth and her own mother Frances.&amp;nbsp; She also 
+        knew that, for some reason, the Dudleys and her parents were desperate 
+        to marry her to Guildford as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; She also watched 
+        her sister wed into another influential noble family on the same 
+        day.&amp;nbsp; Something was afoot and she undoubtedly suspected Dudley's 
+        plan.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her awareness of the plot was undoubtedly a 
+        greater strain than ignorance.&amp;nbsp; After all, she could do nothing to 
+        escape her family or in-laws.&amp;nbsp; She was, quite literally, 
+        trapped.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When she arrived at Syon House with Mary Sidney, 
+        she found her parents, in-laws, and a variety of distinguished nobles - 
+        the earls of Arundel, Huntington, and Pembroke, and the marquess of 
+        Northampton.&amp;nbsp; They greeted her very pleasantly and then knelt 
+        before her in reverence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was naturally embarrassed.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Dudley, in his capacity as President of the Council, then announced 
+        Edward's death.&amp;nbsp; The young king had led a 'virtuous life' and 
+        always cared for his kingdom - cared enough to disinherit his unworthy 
+        sisters and appointed his cousin Jane as his successor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was stunned.&amp;nbsp; She may have suspected as 
+        much but the actual moment of declaration was too much for her.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She muttered that she was 'insufficient' for the task.&amp;nbsp; The Lords 
+        of the Council then took a solemn oath to shed their blood in defense of 
+        her claim.&amp;nbsp; Jane murmured a quick prayer - if it was God's will 
+        that she be queen, then she would trust in God to help her govern 
+        England for His glory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her reaction was not what those gathered 
+        expected.&amp;nbsp; She was not openly thrilled, excited, or even 
+        pleased.&amp;nbsp; She made no stirring speech to raise their spirits - she 
+        simply uttered a prayer to God.&amp;nbsp; Did Jane want to be queen?&amp;nbsp; 
+        That is a much-debated question, impossible to answer.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        whatever her desire, she was queen and - for nine long days - ruled 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jana Regina'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;On Monday 10 July 1553, the new queen, Jane 
+        Grey, was taken in full state from Syon to Westminster (this journey was 
+        along the Thames in barges.)&amp;nbsp; They dined at the Dudley home, Durham 
+        House, and then journeyed by barge again to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; 
+        It was an ancient custom that all new sovereigns must come tot the Tower 
+        and take possession of it at the beginning of their reigns.&amp;nbsp; Jane 
+        and her various attendants arrived at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.&amp;nbsp; 
+        There was an eyewitness account by a Genoese merchant named Baptista 
+        Spinola.&amp;nbsp; He was standing with a group of spectators outside the 
+        main Tower gates, waiting to catch a glimpse of this new queen.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        wrote:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;She is very short and thin, but prettily shaped and 
+          graceful.&amp;nbsp; She has small features and a well-made nose, the mouth 
+          flexible and the lips red.&amp;nbsp; The eyebrows are arched and darker 
+          than her hair, which is nearly red.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are sparkling and 
+          reddish brown in color. &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Her complexion was good, unmarked by the 
+        pox, but freckled; she had sharp white teeth and a lovely smile.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Because she was so short, she wore chopines; these were shoes with a 
+        special cork sole designed to make her appear taller.&amp;nbsp; Her gown was 
+        made of green velvet stamped with gold (the colors undoubtedly flattered 
+        her red hair.)&amp;nbsp; Her husband Guildford, Spinola wrote, was 'a very 
+        tall strong boy with light hair' and clothed in white and silver 
+        velvet.&amp;nbsp; He 'paid her [Jane] much attention.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;
+        &lt;IMG height=343 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey or Katharine Parr? by Master John&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=170 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once in the Tower, Jane was installed in the royal 
+        apartments (now destroyed.)&amp;nbsp; There, another rift occurred between 
+        her and the Dudleys, much more serious than the first.&amp;nbsp; Jane was 
+        visited by the Lord Treasurer, the Marquess of Winchester, who brought a 
+        selection of the royal jewels for her to try on.&amp;nbsp; Among them was 
+        the crown.&amp;nbsp; Jane would later stress that she never asked for the 
+        crown - it was brought to her.&amp;nbsp; Winchester asked her to check if it 
+        fitted properly.&amp;nbsp; Jane would not.&amp;nbsp; She had played at being 
+        queen for nearly twenty-four hours but this, the most sacred symbol of 
+        the monarchy, was another reminder of the danger - and importance - of 
+        her role.&amp;nbsp; If she put it on, there was no turning back.&amp;nbsp; This 
+        was how she viewed it.&amp;nbsp; So she hesitated, would not take it from 
+        Winchester.&amp;nbsp; He didn't recognize her uneasiness.&amp;nbsp; He told her 
+        to take it, remarking that another would be made to crown her husband 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was then Jane realized the extent of Dudley's 
+        duplicity.&amp;nbsp; He had manipulated Edward, knowing the devout 
+        Protestant king wanted the throne to go to his equally devout cousin 
+        Jane; but, all along, Dudley simply wanted his own son crowned 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; None of the lords cared whether England was a righteous 
+        nation; no one cared about Edward's will.&amp;nbsp; Instead, her royal blood 
+        was to be used to maintain Dudley's control of England, to make his 
+        family into royalty.&amp;nbsp; She was outraged and angry.&amp;nbsp; And Jane 
+        was a Tudor herself, as proud of her royal background as she had a right 
+        to be.&amp;nbsp; The Dudleys, that arrogant, pretentious family, had no 
+        right to exploit her.&amp;nbsp; She told those assembled that she would 
+        gladly make Guildford a duke, but he would never be king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Guildford was present for this declaration.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He rushed out and fetched his mother.&amp;nbsp; The duchess, no admirer of 
+        Jane's anyway, joined her son in an attack - Jane was an unnatural wife 
+        and behaved like a child; in the end, Jane did not give in.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        duchess said Guildford would be leaving with her for Syon House.&amp;nbsp; 
+        When they had left, Jane called in the earls of Arundel and 
+        Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were ordered to prevent Guildford from 
+        leaving.&amp;nbsp; Jane did not like her husband - she probably pitied him 
+        for he was a pawn as well - but they had to stay together.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        the consort to the monarch and could not act like a spoiled child.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Later, Jane would tell Mary I's officers this 
+        story, adding, 'I was compelled to act as a woman who is obliged to live 
+        on good terms with her husband; nevertheless I was not only deluded by 
+        the duke and the Council, but maltreated by my husband and his 
+        mother.'&amp;nbsp; The battle, however, had been domestic.&amp;nbsp; Jane would 
+        soon have much greater problems to confront.&amp;nbsp; For, later that 
+        evening, the Sheriff of London and various heralds and trumpeters, 
+        marched to the Cross in Cheapside to proclaim Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        announcement was met with silence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane's father-in-law, the architect of the 
+        plan to make her queen, her accession had gone smoothly.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        controlled London - with the Tower and armory, the treasury, and navy - 
+        and no councilors offered resistance.&amp;nbsp; Jane's only rival for the 
+        crown was Mary Tudor, thirty-seven, often ill, with no organized support 
+        or wealth.&amp;nbsp; Her situation was so dire that her champion, the 
+        Emperor Charles V, urged his ambassador to be friendly with Dudley; he 
+        wanted the duke's promise to protect Mary.&amp;nbsp; Every observer 
+        considered the throne won by Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But none of these learned men 
+        considered the feelings of ordinary Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; And they, unlike 
+        their aristocratic lords, would not gain wealth of prestige by 
+        supporting Jane or Mary.&amp;nbsp; So their support was based solely on 
+        ideas of right and wrong - to them, it was wrong for Jane to be queen 
+        and right for Mary to be queen.&amp;nbsp; It was that simple.&amp;nbsp; (&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;Click here 
+        to read an eyewitness account of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley understood popular opinion.&amp;nbsp; He also 
+        recognized the limits of his support - after all, most of the nobles 
+        would not stand by him if things turned ugly.&amp;nbsp; But he believed that 
+        a quick coup, eliminating all opposition, was the key to success.&amp;nbsp; 
+        So he had to get hold of Mary and Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary, the daughter of 
+        Katharine of Aragon, was much-loved by the English people.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        had always been sympathetic to her mother's plight; most believed Mary 
+        was legitimate, that Katharine had been forced aside by the king's lust 
+        and Anne Boleyn's ambition.&amp;nbsp; Did Mary understand the importance of 
+        this support?&amp;nbsp; She had been receiving regular letters from Dudley 
+        about her brother's condition.&amp;nbsp; They were accurate for Dudley 
+        wanted to remain in her good graces as long as possible.&amp;nbsp; In early 
+        July, he sent summons for Mary to come to Edward's deathbed.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        set out from Hunsdon (an old palace in Hertfordshire) but had not 
+        traveled far before a message reached her - the summons was a 
+        trap.&amp;nbsp; Mary, oddly for her, acted decisively and immediately turned 
+        back.&amp;nbsp; With half a dozen attendants, she went to Kenninghall in 
+        East Anglia.&amp;nbsp; She had friends there and, if need be, would be near 
+        the coast and safety in the Spanish Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When he realized she had fled, Dudley sent his son 
+        Robert after her.&amp;nbsp; But they couldn't capture her and, on 9 July, he 
+        was forced to act without her in his power.&amp;nbsp; The Bishop of London, 
+        Nicholas Ridley, preached at St Paul's Cross, calling Mary and Elizabeth 
+        bastards, and specifically singling out Mary as a papist who would 
+        destroy the true religion and make England the pawn of foreign 
+        powers.&amp;nbsp; The next day, of course, Jane was proclaimed queen.&amp;nbsp; 
+        But it was on that day that the Council received a letter from 
+        Mary.&amp;nbsp; It expressed her surprise that they hadn't announced her 
+        brother's death to her, his heir; furthermore, they were commanded to 
+        proclaim her queen in London.&amp;nbsp; They responded by reminding her of 
+        her illegitimacy and inability to inherit 'the Crown Imperial of this 
+        realm'; she must demonstrate her obedience to the 'Sovereign Lady Queen 
+        Jane' and turn herself over to the authorities.&amp;nbsp; It was hardly 
+        reassuring for Mary.&amp;nbsp; Also, her old allies, the Spanish envoys, 
+        were not responding to her desperate pleas for help.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane spent little time with her lords during her 
+        nine days as queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent an order to the Master of the 
+        Wardrobe for twenty yards of velvet, twenty-five ells of fine Holland 
+        linen cloth, thirty-three ells of coarser material for lining; she also 
+        collected the royal jewels, a motley assortment of fish-shaped 
+        toothpicks and Henry VIII's shaving materials.&amp;nbsp; This reveals an 
+        important fact about Jane's nine-day reign.&amp;nbsp; She made no explicit 
+        political statements; she was Dudley's puppet.&amp;nbsp; He was the one who 
+        met with the council, he was the one who wanted to capture Mary Tudor; 
+        he was the one tried to shore up their perilous situation.&amp;nbsp; When 
+        they fell from power, Jane never protested or attempted another 
+        coup.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine that she felt relieved to be simply Lady 
+        Jane Grey again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley spent the nine days attempting to 
+        strengthen their position.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative to capture Mary; when 
+        that failed, he needed to at least track her movements.&amp;nbsp; If he 
+        could reach her potential supporters first, there was a chance he could 
+        sway them to his side.&amp;nbsp; Dudley undoubtedly feared that (like his 
+        father during Henry VIII's reign), he would be the sacrificial lamb of 
+        Edward's unsuccessful government.&amp;nbsp; But he worked well under 
+        pressure, leaving Jane to fight domestic battles with her husband and 
+        mother-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, meanwhile, remained in the 
+        country.&amp;nbsp; She was no admirer of her half-sister Mary but knew that 
+        if Jane Grey was recognized as queen, her own claim to the crown was 
+        forfeit.&amp;nbsp; So she chose the safest course - she remained quiet, 
+        neither supporting nor rejecting Jane.&amp;nbsp; Like all of England and 
+        most of Europe, she was watching and waiting.&amp;nbsp; It became evident on 
+        11 July, just a day after her coronation, that Jane's hold on England 
+        was flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had prepared a letter for circulation 
+        to all the sheriffs and lieutenants in England; it announced Jane's 
+        succession and ordered them to resist any appeal from Mary.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        Dudley knew the issue would not be settled so easily.&amp;nbsp; It would be 
+        decided on the field of battle.&amp;nbsp; He was an experienced soldier and 
+        determined to succeed.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered a muster on 12 July at 
+        Tothill Fields, offering 10 pence a day as pay (a very high rate.)&amp;nbsp; 
+        Dudley intended to put Jane's father, Henry Grey, in charge of this army 
+        and remain in London himself.&amp;nbsp; He realized that most of his hold on 
+        the council was based on personal intimidation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen would not hear of it.&amp;nbsp; When 
+        told that her father was going to battle, Jane burst into tears and 
+        begged the council to let him remain at home, 'in her company.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        The councilors were already preparing to make Dudley a scapegoat for 
+        their treason.&amp;nbsp; Since the queen was so distraught, they argued, it 
+        would be better for Dudley to command the army.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was 
+        a great soldier, renowned for his defeat of the rebels in East Anglia 
+        (that triumph had begun his rise to power.)&amp;nbsp; It was up to Dudley, 
+        the councilors said, 'to remedy the matter.'&amp;nbsp; And Dudley had no 
+        choice but to leave.&amp;nbsp; 'Since ye think it good, I and mine will go, 
+        not doubting of your fidelity to the Queen's majesty which I leave in 
+        your custody.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did doubt their fidelity and he had every 
+        reason to doubt it.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't turn back now.&amp;nbsp; On 13 
+        July he had his personal armor delivered and appointed a retinue to meet 
+        him at Durham Place.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards, he addressed the councilors for 
+        the last time.&amp;nbsp; They were to send reinforcements to meet him at 
+        Newmarket, he said, for he and his companions would need much 
+        support.&amp;nbsp; They were leaving their wives and children behind, 
+        trusting in the loyalty of the council.&amp;nbsp; And, Dudley warned, if any 
+        man thought to betray him or the queen, their punishment would be 
+        eternal.&amp;nbsp; Remember, Dudley said, the oath you took 'to this 
+        virtuous lady the Queen's highness, who by your and our enticement is 
+        rather of force placed therein than by her own seeking and 
+        request.'&amp;nbsp; The assembled lords assured him of their loyalty; one of 
+        them said, 'If we should shrink from you as one that were culpable, 
+        which of us can excuse himself as guiltless?&amp;nbsp; Therefore herein your 
+        doubt is too far cast.'&amp;nbsp; Dudley's final words?&amp;nbsp; 'I pray God it 
+        be so,' he said and left for battle.&amp;nbsp; It was not an auspicious 
+        beginning.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did not trust the lords so he sent his 
+        cousin Henry Dudley on a secret mission to France that day, promising 
+        Calais and Ireland in exchange for immediate military assistance.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He did not tell the lords of this; nor did they tell him they were 
+        meeting secretly with the Imperial ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; A report arrived 
+        that Buckinghamshire had declared Mary to be queen but Mary herself was 
+        still unsure.&amp;nbsp; She retreated from Kenninghall to Framlingham 
+        Castle, nearer the coast.&amp;nbsp; She sent an urgent message to the 
+        Imperial envoys; if her cousin Charles V did not help her, she was 
+        doomed.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this confusion and treachery, Dudley had 
+        assembled an army of three thousand.&amp;nbsp; Early on Friday, the 14th of 
+        July, he left Durham Place for Cambridge.&amp;nbsp; The villagers he passed 
+        were silent, staring at the side of the road - 'The people press to see 
+        us, but not one sayeth God speed us.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As Dudley marched on, his situation became more 
+        perilous.&amp;nbsp; Norwich, one of the wealthiest towns in England, 
+        declared Mary queen, as did Colchester, Devon, and Oxfordshire.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Dudley had sent six royal ships to the port near Framlingham to cut off 
+        Mary's possible escape; the ships deserted Dudley and, with crews and 
+        heavy guns, proclaimed Mary queen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the loyal towns were 
+        sending money, men, and supplies.&amp;nbsp; The ordinary Englishman, ordered 
+        by his lord to fight in Dudley's army, refused to go.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's own 
+        army was - understandably - racked with dissension; no one wanted to be 
+        on the losing side.&amp;nbsp; Once the news had reached London that the 
+        ships had deserted Dudley, the councilors decided to save 
+        themselves.&amp;nbsp; They attempted to leave the Tower, where they had been 
+        stationed since Dudley's departure.&amp;nbsp; On the 16th of July, at about 
+        7 o'clock in the evening, the main gates of the Tower were locked; they 
+        keys were delivered to Jane.&amp;nbsp; Jane suspected one of the lords 
+        (possibly Winchester, the lord treasurer) of trying to leave the 
+        city.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, she was continuing her rule - sending 
+        out letters signed 'Jane the Quene' which instructed her loyal subjects 
+        to suppress Mary's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; But she must have realized the 
+        futility of it all.&amp;nbsp; She was just a teenage girl, inexperienced and 
+        frightened.&amp;nbsp; It was simply a question of waiting for the end.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On the 18th of July, most of her councilors had left the Tower on the 
+        pretext of visiting the French ambassador.&amp;nbsp; In reality, they were 
+        planning a visit to the Imperial embassy.&amp;nbsp; Once there, they assured 
+        Charles V's envoys that they had always been loyal to Mary; they had 
+        been kept prisoner by Dudley, forced to declare Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        now they were free and determined to proclaim Mary queen of 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; They did so around 5 o'clock in the evening, on Thursday, 
+        the 19th of July.&amp;nbsp; London erupted into a joyous celebration.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The foreign ambassadors were astonished, with the French envoy writing: 
+        'The atmosphere of this country and the nature of its people are so 
+        changeable that I am compelled to make my despatches correspondingly 
+        wavering and contradictory.'&amp;nbsp; They all agreed it owed more to 
+        Providence than anything else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was terribly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She had long 
+        fought with her parents but, upon becoming Dudley's pawn, had sought 
+        support from them, particularly her father.&amp;nbsp; He came to Jane as she 
+        ate supper that night and told her she was deposed.&amp;nbsp; Together, they 
+        took down the cloth of estate from above her head.&amp;nbsp; He ordered his 
+        men to leave their weapons and then went to Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Those near 
+        him heard him mutter, 'I am but one man.'&amp;nbsp; He proclaimed Mary queen 
+        and then left for his London residence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was left alone in the 
+        Tower.&amp;nbsp; Lady Throckmorton, one of her ladies-in-waiting, returned 
+        to the Tower for her duties but could not find Jane.&amp;nbsp; She asked for 
+        the queen's whereabouts and was told that the &lt;I&gt;Lady&lt;/I&gt; Jane was now a 
+        prisoner, detained elsewhere in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was in the deputy lieutenant's house, 
+        awaiting her fate.&amp;nbsp; The indignities began.&amp;nbsp; Her belongings 
+        were sorted through, all her money confiscated; within the day, she was 
+        accused of stealing valuables from the royal wardrobe.&amp;nbsp; Mary was 
+        riding to London, now accepted as queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was arrested by 
+        his former ally, the earl of Arundel.&amp;nbsp; His entire family was taken 
+        to the Tower; as they were marched through the streets, the crowd pelted 
+        them with filth and insults.&amp;nbsp; Even the Imperial envoy called it 
+        'dreadful' and 'a strange mutation.'&amp;nbsp; For Dudley's fall from power 
+        had been rapid, extraordinarily so - the nine days' progress from ruler 
+        to traitor was a confusing mix of treachery, rumor, and disgrace.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary did release Dudley's wife from the Tower, 
+        almost immediately; the duchess hurried to the queen to beg for her 
+        family's release.&amp;nbsp; Mary ordered her from the city.&amp;nbsp; Her cousin 
+        Frances, however, was more fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She had a private audience 
+        with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Within days, Henry Grey (who had been arrested at 
+        his London home and sent to the Tower on the 28th) was released.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On 3 August, Mary made her state entry into London.&amp;nbsp; As she rode 
+        past cheering crowds, clad in purple velvet and rich jewels, Jane Grey 
+        waited in prison, along with her husband and father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What would be their fate?&amp;nbsp; All Europe 
+        pondered this, even as Jane prepared to plead her case.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'I pray you despatch me quickly'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Grey possessed the 
+        committed idealism of a religious fanatic and the events following her 
+        brief reign allowed her a place in history as a Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Her cousin Mary never questioned her passionate Catholicism; Jane did 
+        question her own Protestantism but the quest for spiritual meaning only 
+        reinforced her 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Princess Mary Tudor, later Queen Mary I; also painted by Master John (note the stylistic similarities)&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;already strong convictions.&amp;nbsp; Had she remained queen, 
+        there is every possibility she would have persecuted Catholics with the 
+        same energy Mary persecuted Protestants (thus earning the nickname 
+        'Bloody Mary.')&amp;nbsp; Instead, Jane's fate was to be executed and later 
+        celebrated as a Protestant martyr, the greatest sacrificial lamb of 
+        Mary's misguided policies.&amp;nbsp; The truth is, of course, more 
+        complex.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not execute Jane because of their religious 
+        differences.&amp;nbsp; Rather, she was motivated by political necessity and 
+        her own desire to marry and reinstate the Catholic church in 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Immediately after her accession, Mary had 
+        imprisoned Jane in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The former queen was 
+        well-treated but undoubtedly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She probably expected 
+        imminent execution for she had long since realized the severity of her 
+        crime.&amp;nbsp; Since it became clear no one would intercede for her, she 
+        wrote to Mary herself.&amp;nbsp; Only an Italian translation of the letter 
+        exists.&amp;nbsp; In it, Jane described events since her marriage to 
+        Guildford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She was wrong for accepting the crown - she 
+        freely admitted this; but she had relied on the advice of others.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She knew the queen's 'goodness and clemency'; Mary must realize that 'I 
+        might have taken upon me that of which I was not worthy, yet no one can 
+        ever say either that I sought it.... or that I was pleased with 
+        it.'&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her cousin, an honest, plain-spoken child, for 
+        all her heretical ways.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;(&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary%2fjanemary.html&quot;&gt;Click 
+        here to read Jane's letter to Mary&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was in the midst of arranging her marriage to 
+        Philip of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; It was the 
+        culmination of a decades-old dream.&amp;nbsp; She had spent the last few 
+        years in the countryside, surrounded by a Catholic household and 
+        sympathetic nobles.&amp;nbsp; Thus, she never realized the extent of 
+        Protestantism in the vital areas of London and its surrounding 
+        countryside.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed all of England wanted to return to the 
+        early 1520s, the years before Henry VIII had decided to abandon her 
+        beloved mother and break with the church of Rome.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed 
+        that the popular support which had taken the throne from Jane&amp;nbsp; 
+        indicated support not simply for her rule - but for &lt;I&gt;Catholic&lt;/I&gt; rule 
+        in general.&amp;nbsp; In this misguided view, she was initially supported by 
+        her most trusted political advisor - a Spaniard named Simon Renard, the 
+        newly arrived Imperial ambassador.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles V had instructed Renard to guide Mary 
+        through the crucial first months of her reign.&amp;nbsp; At first, signs 
+        were good - Mary attended Mass with her privy councilors but, on 12 
+        August 1553, told her council that she would not 'compel or constrain 
+        other men's consciences.'&amp;nbsp; She hoped her subjects would open their 
+        hearts to the truth and, shortly thereafter, return to the religion she 
+        supported.&amp;nbsp; Renard was also instructed to urge moderate punishment 
+        upon those who had supported Jane.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not want his cousin 
+        to be too cruel; that would hurt her reputation.&amp;nbsp; He needn't have 
+        worried.&amp;nbsp; Mary was, in fact, too lenient for Renard.&amp;nbsp; 'As to 
+        Jane of Suffolk, whom they tried to make Queen, she [Mary] could not be 
+        induced to consent that she should die.'&amp;nbsp; Mary firmly believed her 
+        cousin was innocent of any intrigue; Jane had never intended to be 
+        queen, but had been the unwilling dupe of Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She could not 
+        put this innocent young woman to death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard admitted that Jane was 'morally' innocent 
+        but, nevertheless, she had worn the crown of England.&amp;nbsp; In times of 
+        trouble, those nine days may be used as a precedent for deposing Mary 
+        and restoring Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary was commended for her trusting nature but 
+        she must remember that kindness could be destroyed by duplicity.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Renard was somewhat mollified when, on 18 August, Dudley was sentenced 
+        to die.&amp;nbsp; He was convicted along with his eldest son and William 
+        Parr, marquess of Northampton.&amp;nbsp; The following day a group of lesser 
+        nobles were convicted.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's execution was set for Monday 21 
+        August but, at the last minute, Dudley announced he wanted to reconciled 
+        to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Did he hope to avert his own death, 
+        appealing to Mary's religion?&amp;nbsp; Or did he genuinely wish to 
+        convert?&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, his execution was delayed for one day 
+        while he made his peace with God.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock the next morning, 
+        he was escorted - with his son and Parr - to St Peter ad Vincula, the 
+        church within the Tower of London grounds.&amp;nbsp; There, he attended mass 
+        and, upon receiving the sacrament, Dudley addressed the crowd:&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;My masters, I let you all to understand that I do most faithfully 
+          believe this is the very right and true way, out of the which true 
+          religion you and I have been seduced these sixteen years past, by the 
+          false and erroneous preaching of the new preachers....&amp;nbsp; And I do 
+          believe the holy sacrament here most assuredly to be our Saviour and 
+          Redeemer Jesus Christ and this I pray you all to testify and pray for 
+          me. &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;He died the next morning, before a great crowd of 
+        spectators.&amp;nbsp; He repeated his speech at the mass; it had a great 
+        effect on the crowd.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this point, Jane Grey knew she was safe from 
+        imminent death.&amp;nbsp; She was still in the Tower but treated with 
+        increasing respect.&amp;nbsp; A week after Dudley's execution, Rowland Lea 
+        (an official of the royal mint who lived in the Tower and was the author 
+        of the &lt;I&gt;Chronicle of Queen Jane&lt;/I&gt;) ate with her.&amp;nbsp; She had a 
+        staff of four (two attendant ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob, one 
+        manservant, and her nurse and lifelong companion, Mrs Ellen.)&amp;nbsp; The 
+        government paid them each 20 shillings a week; Jane was allowed a 
+        generous allowance of 90 shillings a week.&amp;nbsp; She was allowed books 
+        and spent most of her time reading and studying.&amp;nbsp; When she wished 
+        it, she walked in the Queen's garden.&amp;nbsp; She no longer had to deal 
+        with her parents or her in-laws, undoubtedly a welcome relief.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        gentleman gaoler, called Partridge, and his wife were kind and 
+        respectful.&amp;nbsp; Lea recorded Jane's comments on Dudley:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;'Woe worth him! he hath brought me and our stock in most miserable 
+          calamity and misery by his exceeding ambition.&amp;nbsp; But for the 
+          answering that he hoped for life by his turning, though other men be 
+          of that opinion, I utterly am not; for what man is there living, I 
+          pray you, although he had been innocent, that would hope of life in 
+          that case; being in the field against the Queen in person as general, 
+          and after his taking so hated and evil spoken of by the commons? and 
+          at his coming into prison so wondered at [reviled] as the like was 
+          never heard by any man's time.&amp;nbsp; Who was judge that he should hope 
+          for pardon, whose life was odious to all men?&amp;nbsp; But what will ye 
+          more?&amp;nbsp; Like as his life was wicked and full of dissimulation, so 
+          was his end thereafter.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, I, nor no friend of mine, 
+          die so.&amp;nbsp; Should I, who am young and in my few years, forsake my 
+          faith for the love of life?&amp;nbsp; Nay, God forbid!&amp;nbsp; Much more he 
+          should not, whose fatal course, although he had lived his just number 
+          of years, could not have long continued.&amp;nbsp; But life was sweet, it 
+          appeared; so he might have lived, you will say, he did not care 
+          how.&amp;nbsp; Indeed the reason is good; for he that would have lived in 
+          chains to have had his life, by like would leave no other mean 
+          [un]attempted.&amp;nbsp; But God be merciful to us, for he sayeth, Whoso 
+          denieth him before me, he will not know him in his Father's Kingdom.'
+          &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Jane's intense religious convictions and her hatred of Dudley are 
+        evident in this passage.&amp;nbsp; She further demonstrated her religious 
+        intolerance when writing to Dr Harding, a former chaplain at her 
+        parents' home of Bradgate and her first tutor.&amp;nbsp; Harding had joined 
+        other Protestant chaplains in renouncing his reformed faith and becoming 
+        Catholic once again.&amp;nbsp; Jane was completely disgusted and appalled by 
+        his cowardice:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;'I cannot but marvel at thee and lament thy case, who seemed 
+          sometime to be the lively member of Christ, but now the deformed imp 
+          of the devil; sometime the beautiful temple of God, but now the 
+          stinking and filthy kennel of Satan; sometime the unspotted spouse of 
+          Christ, but now the unshamefaced paramour of Antichrist; sometime my 
+          faithful brother, but now a stranger and apostate; sometime a stout 
+          Christian soldier, but now a cowardly runaway.&amp;nbsp; Yea, when I 
+          consider these things, I cannot but speak to thee, and cry out upon 
+          thee, thou seed of Satan.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;Oh wretched and unhappy man, what 
+          art thou but dust and ashes?&amp;nbsp; And wilt thou resist thy Maker that 
+          fashioned thee and framed thee?&amp;nbsp; ....Wilt thou refuse the true 
+          God, and worship the invention of man, the golden calf, the whore of 
+          Babylon, the Romish religion, the abominable idol, the most wicked 
+          mass?' &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Such rhetoric reveals insight into Jane's character.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She was pious, devout, and kind - but she was also self-righteous and 
+        intolerant.&amp;nbsp; She and Mary were more alike than many realized.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Both were plain-spoken, transparently honest, and passionately believed 
+        their religion was the sole path to salvation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While Mary prepared for her coronation, Jane 
+        remained in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The Dudley brothers were now allowed to 
+        exercise on the roof of their prison, Beauchamp Tower, though there is 
+        no evidence that Jane and Guildford saw one another.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not 
+        speak of her imprisoned cousin.&amp;nbsp; Her time was taken up with her 
+        coronation and impending marriage, as well as the conflict her marriage 
+        was causing.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen did not want Mary to wed a Spaniard, 
+        for the same reasons Edward VI had excluded her from the succession - 
+        she was past middle-aged and would probably bear no children.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Therefore, she would leave the throne to a Catholic husband and England 
+        would become yet another state of the Imperial empire.&amp;nbsp; But as the 
+        weeks passed, Mary's leniency began to be questioned.&amp;nbsp; So Mary gave 
+        in to pressure and ordered Jane and the four Dudley sons to stand trial; 
+        the order had been prepared in mid-September but Mary did not allow the 
+        trial to take place until two months later.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;
+        &lt;IMG height=184 alt=&quot;engraving of Lady Jane Grey&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey2.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As they were led out of the Tower to be arraigned 
+        at Guildhall, the executioner walked before them.&amp;nbsp; He carried an 
+        axe, as was the custom.&amp;nbsp; Jane dressed soberly for the occasion, as 
+        befitted a proper young lady of the reformed church.&amp;nbsp; She was clad 
+        all in black; she wore a black cloth gown, black cape trimmed with 
+        velvet, and a black French hood trimmed with velvet.&amp;nbsp; At her girdle 
+        hung a prayer book also bound in black velvet.&amp;nbsp; She held a book of 
+        prayers open in her hands as she walked behind Guildford.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+        attended by her two ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        proceedings were a mere formality.&amp;nbsp; Jane and the four Dudleys pled 
+        guilty to the charge of high treason.&amp;nbsp; Sentence was passed against 
+        them; the men would be hung, drawn, and quartered and Jane would be 
+        burnt or beheaded at the Queen's pleasure.&amp;nbsp; They returned to the 
+        Tower, this time with the edge of the axe turned towards them.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        this way, spectators knew they were condemned.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the passing of the sentence was simply a 
+        formality.&amp;nbsp; As Renard reported in his subsequent dispatches, 'It is 
+        believed that Jane will not die' and, a week later, 'As for Jane, I am 
+        told her life is safe.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents had left the 
+        reformed church.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was forced to pay a 20000 pd fine but 
+        given a general pardon.&amp;nbsp; He returned to court.&amp;nbsp; His wife was 
+        Queen Mary's favorite lady and their two daughters, Catherine and Mary, 
+        were her ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Frances Grey was shown great 
+        favor at court, even gaining precedence over Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Most observers believed Jane would soon be pardoned and released, free 
+        to join her family at court.&amp;nbsp; The rehabilitation of the Greys 
+        seemed complete.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary's fervent desire to wed Philip of 
+        Spain was soon to have tragic consequences for the sixteen-year-old Jane 
+        Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'So perish all the Queen's enemies'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The complexities of 
+        Mary Tudor's decision to marry the twenty-six widower, Philip of Spain, 
+        are discussed at her &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;website&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+        They can be outlined briefly here.&amp;nbsp; Mary - and most of her 
+        contemporaries - believed she must marry; she needed a husband for 
+        support and guidance.&amp;nbsp; No woman had ruled England in her own right 
+        before.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen wanted Mary to wed the great-grandson of 
+        Edward IV, Edward Courtenay.&amp;nbsp; He was the last of the Plantagenets, 
+        young, good-looking, and charming; his high birth led him to spend most 
+        of his youth in prison.&amp;nbsp; Mary was kind to him.&amp;nbsp; She released 
+        him from the Tower and restored he and his mother to favor.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        remembered that Edward's parents had supported her mother during the 
+        great divorce.&amp;nbsp; But she also made it clear she would not marry 
+        him.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, whose life had possessed little happiness and peace 
+        after her adolescence, had always turned to her mother's family for 
+        advice and support.&amp;nbsp; And she continued to do so when she became 
+        queen.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Philip of Spain, heir to the Hapsburg empire, was 
+        the most sought-after prince in Europe.&amp;nbsp; But he was also the 
+        grandson of her aunt, which meant a great deal to the sentimental Mary 
+        Tudor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, she did not immediately plan to marry 
+        him.&amp;nbsp; She was deeply religious and had spent the past twenty years 
+        essentially alone and unloved.&amp;nbsp; She was naturally fearful of 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; She asked Renard - was Philip too young for her?&amp;nbsp; 
+        would she be able to satisfy him for she was ignorant of 'that which was 
+        called love' ?&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a deeply devout and chaste maiden 
+        and he was a twenty-six-year-old widower.&amp;nbsp; Would he be happy with 
+        her?&amp;nbsp; Renard assured her that Philip was delighted to wed 
+        Mary.&amp;nbsp; And, he added, they would have children together, providing 
+        England with a Catholic succession.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she had 
+        never considered marriage until God had raised her to the throne but - 
+        now that she was queen - she would lead her subjects down the path of 
+        righteousness.&amp;nbsp; With the might of the Holy Roman Empire behind her, 
+        her faith would be triumphant.&amp;nbsp; So she agreed to marry Philip in 
+        late October 1553; their engagement was made official.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was faced with a hostile reaction.&amp;nbsp; Both 
+        her subjects and the king of France made their anger known.&amp;nbsp; Many 
+        Englishmen believed Charles V wanted to drag England into war against 
+        France, another costly and ineffectual enterprise.&amp;nbsp; In truth, 
+        Charles really wanted control of that vital sea route between Spain and 
+        the Netherlands; he needed to control the English coast in order for his 
+        trade route to operate at its maximum profitability.&amp;nbsp; But England 
+        has always been an insular nation.&amp;nbsp; With Protestant propagandists 
+        and the French ambassador spreading all sorts of rumors (from Spanish 
+        invasions to immediate wars), the people were in an uproar.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Furthermore, Mary's councilors were an ineffectual bunch and their 
+        policies were roundly criticized.&amp;nbsp; It seemed that, just months into 
+        her reign, Mary was steadily falling from favor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 January 1554, Charles V's envoys arrived to 
+        iron out the details of the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; To secure his 
+        valuable trade route, Charles was prepared to be generous.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        fact, he included every provision possible to stifle English 
+        fears.&amp;nbsp; But it was no use.&amp;nbsp; The people didn't want the 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, word reached London of uprisings in the 
+        countryside - Carew in Devonshire, Wyatt in Kent, Crofts in 
+        Wales....&amp;nbsp; The councilors were alarmed.&amp;nbsp; And then word reached 
+        them that Henry Grey, the duke of Suffolk, had disappeared from his 
+        country home, Sheen.&amp;nbsp; They had planned the uprising for March when 
+        Philip was due to arrive but Courtenay, timid after years in the Tower, 
+        betrayed them.&amp;nbsp; So the conspirators were forced into action.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Carew could not raise his force without Courtenay's help so he fled to 
+        France and Crofts plans fell through.&amp;nbsp; But, by the end of January, 
+        Wyatt had taken Rochester and the royal ships at the Medway.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        duke of Norfolk left with a force from London but many men 
+        deserted.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt was encouraged and pressed on to London.&amp;nbsp; For 
+        two days, the fate of the Spanish marriage hung in the balance.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Londoners were undecided; Mary decided to sway the balance.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        went to Guildhall and made a rousing speech exhorting the Londoners to 
+        support her.&amp;nbsp; She did so against the advice of her council for they 
+        feared for her safety.&amp;nbsp; They needn't have worried.&amp;nbsp; When Wyatt 
+        reached London, he found the bridge closed to him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused to let the Tower guns be turned 
+        on the traitors.&amp;nbsp; She feared the innocent citizens of Southwark 
+        would be harmed if they were fired.&amp;nbsp; The rebels eventually 
+        surrendered but Mary had learned a valuable lesson - she discovered the 
+        depth of her subjects' hatred of the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it did 
+        not cause her to change her plans.&amp;nbsp; She was bewildered and angry 
+        but also hurt.&amp;nbsp; She had shown mercy and&lt;IMG height=226 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin Mary Tudor in 1554, by Hans Eworth&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworthcr.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; forgiveness and was 
+        rewarded by rebellion.&amp;nbsp; She was now particularly susceptible to Renard's advice.&amp;nbsp; Renard immediately questioned Mary's safety as 
+        well as Philip's - would the prince be safe when rebellions were 
+        occurring throughout the nation?&amp;nbsp; The queen was exhorted to ensure 
+        his safety.&amp;nbsp; She must do this by punishing the rebels so none would 
+        dare rebel again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard's advice was supported by Mary's 
+        council.&amp;nbsp; Inevitably, all her advisors urged Mary to execute Jane 
+        Grey.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt had been supported by the vanished Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; 
+        When he had disappeared from Sheen, he had gone to raise an army against 
+        the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But he gained little support.&amp;nbsp; Grey 
+        owed his life to Mary's kindness and he responded by seeking to 
+        overthrow her.&amp;nbsp; His intent was to lead men of the midland shires 
+        and join Wyatt near London.&amp;nbsp; His actual course fell far short of 
+        this goal - he fled from one county to another until he reached his 
+        manor of Astley.&amp;nbsp; He apparently hid in a tree trunk or under some 
+        hay; accounts vary.&amp;nbsp; He was promptly arrested by the earl of 
+        Huntingdon.&amp;nbsp; Later, rumors spread that he had proclaimed Jane queen 
+        during his ride through the midlands.&amp;nbsp; This was untrue but it 
+        didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; Jane had once been queen and, as Mary's advisors 
+        put it, she would be the figurehead of any Protestant plot.&amp;nbsp; Once 
+        again, she was &lt;I&gt;morally&lt;/I&gt; innocent but she was still 
+        dangerous.&amp;nbsp; She had to die.&amp;nbsp; To this, Renard added that Philip 
+        could not arrive until the Protestant threat had been destroyed.&amp;nbsp; 
+        All the opposition to her marriage had simply made the obstinate Mary 
+        more determined to marry Philip.&amp;nbsp; So the suspended sentence on Jane 
+        was revoked and she was condemned to die immediately.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The date of the execution was set for Friday 9 
+        February 1554.&amp;nbsp; Mary, who so hated executing her cousin, tried one 
+        last time to save her soul.&amp;nbsp; She sent John Feckenham, dean of St 
+        Paul's, to Jane.&amp;nbsp; He was given a few days to sway Jane to the 
+        Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Jane, long deprived of intellectual company and 
+        theological debate, was polite.&amp;nbsp; But she rebutted each of 
+        Feckenham's arguments with her own.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she relished this last 
+        chance to elucidate her precious faith.&amp;nbsp; After hours of argument, 
+        she remained Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she had also come to like Feckenham 
+        very much.&amp;nbsp; So she accepted his offer to accompany her to the 
+        scaffold and she promised to 'pray God in the bowels of his mercy to 
+        send you his Holy Spirit; for he hath given you his great gift of 
+        utterance, if it pleased him also to open the eyes of your heart.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Feckenham's work had delayed the executions until 
+        Monday 12 February.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Jane was also preparing to die with 
+        as much grace and dignity she could summon.&amp;nbsp; She chose her dress, 
+        composed her speech, and appointed the two members of her household who 
+        would accompany her and dispose of her body.&amp;nbsp; She sent a letter to 
+        her sister Catherine and one to her father (brought to the Tower on 10 
+        February.)&amp;nbsp; The latter included a remonstration that his actions 
+        had hastened her death.&amp;nbsp; But she did not write to her mother nor 
+        did Frances attempt to visit her or her husband.&amp;nbsp; There exists a 
+        story that Guildford asked to see Jane before they died and that Mary 
+        granted his request.&amp;nbsp; Jane, however, refused to see him, waiting 
+        until they met 'in a better place.'&amp;nbsp; But there is no evidence the 
+        story is true.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Jane and her husband showed no interest in 
+        seeing one another while in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane did watch her husband's execution.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        was taken from Beauchamp Tower at 10 o'clock in the morning and led to 
+        the execution area on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Jane stood by her window and 
+        watched as he went to his death.&amp;nbsp; Guildford died with great courage 
+        and dignity and, when the cart rolled past carrying his corpse, Jane 
+        muttered his name and a comment about 'the bitterness of death.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        Perhaps she realized that he had been a victim, too.&amp;nbsp; In any case, 
+        she saw his blood-splattered body, thrown atop equally stained straw, 
+        driven to St Peter-ad-Vincula; his head was wrapped in a cloth beside 
+        the body.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was now Jane's turn to face death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;(Click here to read 
+        an eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SMALL&gt;She 
+        wore the  &lt;IMG height=360 
+      alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey kneeling before the block, from Delaroche's painting&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janecrop.jpg&quot; width=165 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;same black outfit she had worn at her trial.&amp;nbsp; She carried 
+        her prayer book in her hands; she was escorted by Sir John Brydges, the 
+        lieutenant of the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Her nurse, Mrs Ellen, and her attendant, 
+        Mrs Tylney, also accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; They both cried but Jane was 
+        calm and composed.&amp;nbsp; She had, after all, watched her scaffold being 
+        erected near the White Tower; her rooms provided an excellent view of 
+        its construction.&amp;nbsp; Since she was a princess of royal blood, her 
+        execution was private.&amp;nbsp; Only a small crowd had been invited.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At the steps of the scaffold, he greeted 
+        Feckenham: 'God grant you all your desires and accept my own hearty 
+        thanks for all your attention to me. Although indeed, those attentions 
+        have tried me more than death can now terrify me.' She then ascended the 
+        steps and addressed the crowd.&amp;nbsp; She admitted she had committed 
+        treason when she accepted the crown but 'I do wash my hands in innocency, before God and the face of you, good Christian people this 
+        day.'&amp;nbsp; She wrung her hands and asked that they witness her death, 
+        and affirm that she died a good Christian.&amp;nbsp; She ended with yet 
+        another indication of her strong Protestant faith; she said, 'And now, 
+        good people, while I am alive, I pray you to assist me with your 
+        prayers.'&amp;nbsp; Protestants, unlike Catholics, did not believe in 
+        prayers for the dead.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt and asked Feckenham, 'Shall I 
+        say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; She read the fifty-first psalm in English and he 
+        followed her in Latin.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After the prayer, she told Feckenham, 'God I 
+        beseech Him abundantly reward you for your kindness to me.'&amp;nbsp; She 
+        then rose to her feet and completed her final duties.&amp;nbsp; She handed 
+        her gloves and handkerchief to her attendant, Mrs Tylney and her 
+        prayer-book to the lieutenant's brother, Thomas Brydges.&amp;nbsp; She then 
+        began to untie her gown; as was the tradition, the executioner stepped 
+        forward.&amp;nbsp; It was the custom that the victim's outer garments became 
+        the executioner's property.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane did not know this; or 
+        perhaps she was simply terrified as that masked figure came toward 
+        her.&amp;nbsp; She stepped back and 'desired him to leave her alone.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        Her attendants completed the unlacing.&amp;nbsp; They then gave her a 
+        handkerchief to tie over her eyes.&amp;nbsp; Next, the executioner knelt 
+        before her and begged her forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; This, too, was a custom and 
+        one Jane had expected.&amp;nbsp; She gave her forgiveness 'most 
+        willingly.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now there was nothing to do but end it all.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The executioner asked her to stand upon the straw.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she saw 
+        the actual block for the first time.&amp;nbsp; Her composure faltered for 
+        just a brief moment.&amp;nbsp; She whispered, 'I pray you despatch me 
+        quickly,' and began to kneel.&amp;nbsp; She hesitated and asked, 'Will you 
+        take it off before I lay me down?', referring to the blindfold.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The executioner replied, 'No, madame' and so she tied the handkerchief 
+        around her eyes.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt but, blindfolded, could not find 
+        the block.&amp;nbsp; Her arms flailed about for several moments and she 
+        cried out, 'What shall I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; Those standing on 
+        the scaffold were hesitant - should they help her?&amp;nbsp; A member of the 
+        crowd climbed the scaffold and helped her.&amp;nbsp; He guided her hands to 
+        the block.&amp;nbsp; She lowered her head and stretched forth her body; her 
+        last words were, 'Lord into thy hands I commend my spirit.'&amp;nbsp; The 
+        executioner swung his axe and severed her head.&amp;nbsp; Blood splattered 
+        across the scaffold and many of the witnesses.&amp;nbsp; The executioner 
+        then lifted her head and said, 'So perish all the Queen's enemies. 
+        Behold, the head of a traitor.'&amp;nbsp; It was the end of Lady Jane 
+        Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Permission had to be granted for her burial at St 
+        Peter-ad-Vincula since the church had recently become Catholic 
+        again.&amp;nbsp; Feckenham was forced to go to court for the 
+        permission.&amp;nbsp; So Jane's body lay exposed and unattended for nearly 
+        four hours, spread obscenely across the blood-soaked straw.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        French ambassador reported seeing it there hours after the 
+        execution.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants kept watch, though they were not allowed 
+        to cover the corpse.&amp;nbsp; Finally, Feckenham returned and Jane's body 
+        was laid to rest between the bodies of two other headless queens - 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+        Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; and 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; During the reign of her Protestant 
+        cousin, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;, Jane was celebrated as a martyr to her faith 
+        and she remains one of the most famous queens of England.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Live still to die, that by death you may purchase eternal life.... As 
+      the preacher sayeth, there is a time to be born and a time to die; and the 
+  day of death is better than the day of our birth.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;Jane Grey's message to John Brydges, lieutenant of the Tower of 
+      London, 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's 
+        lovely tribute to Lady Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;; it's a wonderful website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;CENTER&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: &lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;My favorite 
+        biographies of Lady Jane Grey are by Hester Chapman and Alison Plowden.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Thanks for reading / exploring this website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082561&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082561&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4354</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">index page for EnglishHistory.net gateway to John Keats Lord Byron Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">index page for EnglishHistory.net gateway to John Keats Lord Byron Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">EnglishHistory.net: John Keats, Lord Byron, Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01371ab2334fa85c63413933</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215262</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0137.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#996600&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td nowrap bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#666600&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;18%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#996600&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/indexkeats.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the John Keats website&quot; width=&quot;160&quot; height=&quot;200&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/indexbyron.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Lord Byron site&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;200&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;8&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;54%&quot; bgcolor=#CCCC66&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Hello.&amp;nbsp; This page is a gateway of sorts to 
+      my four websites.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You can visit my two never-ending 
+      website tributes to the wonderful poets
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;John Keats&lt;/a&gt; and
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;Lord Byron&lt;/a&gt;, as well as 
+      my &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England&lt;/a&gt; site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You can also visit
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; 
+      and view portraits of 16th century kings, queens, and various courtiers.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It's a reasonably entertaining way to pass the time.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, a study 
+      of Henry VIII's progression from handsome young king to bloated tyrant 
+      leads one to all sorts of reflections, most of them unpleasant.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The websites were originally posted 
+      in June 1997.&amp;nbsp; Of the three, the Keats site is my personal favorite.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The Tudor site gets the most visitors, with Byron in second place and 
+      Keats in third.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The visitors (such as you) are the 
+      main reason I haven't taken the sites down.&amp;nbsp; When thousands of people 
+      visit your work each month, you start to feel unaccountably responsible 
+      and mature about things.&amp;nbsp; So I can't keep a goldfish or plant alive, 
+      but my websites are still around.&amp;nbsp; Impressive.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Enjoy your visit.&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;8&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;18%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666600&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/indextudor1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Tudor England site&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;201&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082528&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082528&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3065</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">search the Tudor England website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">search the Tudor England website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Search the Website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013c14e9791797c35503f8f5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorsearch.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;36&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;
+  &amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;
+  &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorsearch.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Search the website&quot; width=&quot;338&quot; height=&quot;138&quot;&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;
+  &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Simply enter the names or words in the box below and 
+  click 'Search'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;DIV align=center&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;!-- Begin PicoSearch Query Box --&gt;
+  &lt;FORM action=http://www.picosearch.com/cgi-bin/ts.pl method=post&gt;&lt;INPUT 
+  type=hidden value=158772 name=index&gt; 
+  &lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 bgColor=white border=0&gt;
+    &lt;TBODY&gt;
+    &lt;TR&gt;
+      &lt;TD&gt;
+        &lt;TABLE cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 bgColor=white border=0&gt;
+          &lt;TBODY&gt;
+          &lt;TR&gt;
+            &lt;TD&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.picosearch.com&quot; target=_gsdltop_&gt;
+            &lt;IMG 
+              alt=PicoSearch src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.picosearch.com/picosmall.gif&quot; border=0 width=&quot;56&quot; height=&quot;24&quot;&gt; &lt;/A&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+            &lt;TD&gt;&lt;INPUT name=query size=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+            &lt;TD&gt;&lt;INPUT type=submit value=Search name=SEARCH&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;&lt;!-- End PicoSearch Query Box --&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;P align=center&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082549&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082549&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">16721</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary Boleyn: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013ee95ca136b7e320400a8d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215264</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryboleyn.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryboleynunknown.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryboleyn.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Mary Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;493&quot; height=&quot;144&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryboleynunknown.jpg&quot; width=&quot;359&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Mary Boleyn by an unknown artist&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Mary Boleyn was the sister of 
+      King Henry VIII's second wife, the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; But she was 
+      also the king's mistress before her sister's ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; She may also have given birth 
+      to Henry's son.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;Information about the life of Mary Boleyn is sketchy at best.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Before her sister's ascendancy, Mary was the most famous member of her
+
+family, a dubious honor since it was based upon her adulterous affair with
+
+King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; There has been great debate over the exact year
+
+of her birth, with many researchers unable to agree on which Boleyn sister
+
+was older.&amp;nbsp; Some speculate Anne was born in 1501 or 1502; others place
+
+it at 1507.&amp;nbsp; The most recent scholarship supports 1507 as the year
+
+of Anne's birth.&amp;nbsp; Mary was born a year later, in 1508.&amp;nbsp; Their
+
+only surviving sibling was an older brother George, born in 1503.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was born at Hever Castle, the family seat.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She was named after Princess Mary Tudor, the youngest child of Henry VII
+
+and Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; Her family was loyal to the Tudor dynasty
+
+but had Yorkist connections.&amp;nbsp; Her mother was Elizabeth Howard, daughter
+
+of Thomas, earl of Surrey.&amp;nbsp; His father, the 1st duke of Norfolk, had
+
+died fighting for Richard III against Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; Mary's father, Thomas
+
+Boleyn, could trace his ancestry only to the 13th century.&amp;nbsp; His family
+
+was originally from Norfolk where they lived as tenant farmers.&amp;nbsp; In
+
+1457, a Sir Geoffrey Boleyn was serving as Lord Mayor of London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He wed Anne, heiress of Lord Hoo and Hastings, and - through her - acquired
+
+Hever Castle in Kent and Blickling Hall in Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; His son became
+
+a knight under Richard III and a baron under Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; He married
+
+a great heiress as well; she was Margaret, daughter of Thomas Butler, 7th
+
+earl of Ormond.&amp;nbsp; He was incredibly wealthy and bequeathed Margaret
+
+36 manors.&amp;nbsp; Their eldest child was Thomas Boleyn, Mary's father.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Thomas had married Elizabeth Howard by 1501.&amp;nbsp; Their three surviving
+
+children were born within the next 10 years.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1512, Thomas was one of three envoys assigned
+
+to the regent of Netherlands court.&amp;nbsp; His skill in speaking French
+
+and his family connections secured the appointment.&amp;nbsp; Once there, he
+
+was a great success with the regent, Margaret, archduchess of Austria.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He used this friendship to secure a prestigious appointment for his eldest
+
+daughter, Anne; she was to reside with the regent's wards, sharing their
+
+royal education.&amp;nbsp; This is the primary evidence that Anne was the elder
+
+sister.&amp;nbsp; In such cases, the elder sister would receive the opportunity
+
+first.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary was married before Anne - an unusual
+
+occurrence and one which led many to believe Mary was older.&amp;nbsp; However,
+
+it is completely plausible that Anne was not married first because she
+
+was still in Europe, gaining a royal education and hoping to wed a foreign
+
+nobleman.&amp;nbsp; Mary, on the other hand, wed a man named William Carey,
+
+a gentleman of the royal privy chamber on 4 February 1520.&amp;nbsp; Though
+
+he was not a titled lord, his duties meant he had intimate contact with
+
+the king on a daily basis.&amp;nbsp; He would be a valuable connection for
+
+the Boleyns.&amp;nbsp; Henry used his attendants, with whom he spent his leisure
+
+hours, to carry out government work.&amp;nbsp; Carey was 24 years old and Mary
+
+not quite twelve, young even for 16th century marriage.&amp;nbsp; The consummation
+
+of the marriage was probably delayed for a few years.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's wedding was held a few weeks before her father
+
+returned from a mission abroad.&amp;nbsp; This indicates that Thomas Boleyn
+
+had planned the marriage well in advance.&amp;nbsp; The king gave the newlyweds
+
+a cash present - 6s.8d.; this was undoubtedly welcome since William Carey
+
+was a younger son and lacked money and lands.&amp;nbsp; Henry's favor (and,
+
+more particularly, Mary's affair with Henry) helped in this respect - before
+
+his death in 1528, William had received two keeperships, a stewardship,
+
+an annuity, and manors in two counties.&amp;nbsp; As to William's ancestry,
+
+he could trace his descent from Edward III; his mother was a cousin of
+
+Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII's mother.&amp;nbsp; His aunt Catherine Spencer
+
+was married to Henry, fifth earl of Northumberland.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As William's wife, Mary had lodgings at court, information
+
+about royal policies, and the great opportunity to participate in all court
+
+events.&amp;nbsp; Their first child, Catherine, was born about 1524 when Mary
+
+was just sixteen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her family continued its ascendancy
+
+during these years.&amp;nbsp; Personally, she and her sister Anne were two
+
+of eight women who participated in a celebration at York Place, Cardinal
+
+Wolsey's home.&amp;nbsp; Anne played Perseverance and Mary was Kindness; they
+
+were clothed in white satin with bejeweled headdresses.&amp;nbsp; This was
+
+in 1522; Mary was just fourteen.&amp;nbsp; By the time she was seventeen, Mary
+
+was a first-time mother and Henry VIII's mistress.&amp;nbsp; There is much
+
+circumstantial evidence to support this:
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;* in 1527, Henry was planning to marry Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+sought and received a papal dispensation to marry the sister of a woman
+
+with whom he had engaged in illicit/unlawful intercourse.&amp;nbsp; Anne had
+
+only one sister - Mary. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;* Reginald Pole reported the following - in 1528, a member of Parliament
+
+insulted the king's morals by accusing Henry of sleeping with Anne's mother
+
+&lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt;
+
+sister.&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly flustered, the king replied:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Never with
+
+her mother.&quot;
+
+&lt;p&gt;* the affair was known of in diplomatic circles - in 1532, Francis I
+
+of France met Mary face-to-face when she accompanied Henry and Anne to
+
+Calais.&amp;nbsp; He mentioned her infamous behavior with her sister's spouse
+
+&lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt;
+
+the marriage to Anne.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The affair was brief, ending in mid-1525 (probably July.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+On 4 March 1526, Mary gave birth to a son, called Henry.&amp;nbsp; He was widely
+
+assumed to be the king's son.&amp;nbsp; He physically resembled the king, a&amp;nbsp;
+
+fact often remarked upon.&amp;nbsp; In 1535, for example, a man called 'young
+
+Master Carey' the king's son. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Perhaps more telling, Henry granted the Careys actual
+
+manors and estates during the affair and immediately before the child's
+
+birth.&amp;nbsp; Before, the Careys had been granted rather minor offices.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(You may recall that Henry publicly acknowledged another illegitimate son,
+
+born in 1519.&amp;nbsp; This boy was called &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffitzroy.html&quot;&gt;Henry
+
+Fitzroy&lt;/a&gt; - the surname traditionally given to royal bastards - and was
+
+ennobled, given the title duke of Richmond.&amp;nbsp; If Henry Carey was also
+
+his son, why didn't Henry do the same for him?&amp;nbsp; The answer lies in
+
+his determination to divorce Katharine of Aragon and marry &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne
+
+Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;, the child's aunt.&amp;nbsp; It is likely that even Henry VIII would
+
+have been too embarrassed to recognize his bastard son by his fiancee's
+
+younger sister.)&amp;nbsp;  Henry Carey was eventually ennobled as Lord Hunsdon by 
+Elizabeth I, the queen who may have been his half-sister and was undoubtedly his 
+cousin.&amp;nbsp; Though he served her ably, Elizabeth only offered Hunsdon a title 
+upon his deathbed.&amp;nbsp; To this dubious honor, the old man aptly replied that 
+if the queen hadn't thought him worth it while he was in health, he would not 
+accept it while ill.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Boleyn was referenced in &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;Henry's
+
+love letters to Anne&lt;/a&gt; in 1528, the year her husband died.&amp;nbsp; William
+
+had asked Mary to seek her sister's influence with the king; his elder
+
+sister, Eleanor, wanted the position of abbess at St Edith's Nunnery.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The nuns wanted their prioress elevated to the position instead.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Anne asked the king to intervene.&amp;nbsp; In the end, Eleanor's dubious moral
+
+destroyed her chances.&amp;nbsp; But the episode demonstrates Anne's willingness
+
+to help Mary; also, Mary clearly expected to benefit from her sister's
+
+closeness to the king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; William Carey died on 23 June 1528 and Henry VIII
+
+promptly granted Anne Boleyn the wardship of her nephew (and possibly his
+
+son), two-year-old Henry Carey.&amp;nbsp; In another letter to Anne, Henry
+
+remarked upon Mary's easy virtue.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne were concerned that,
+
+after William's death, Mary's behavior would degenerate; in other words,
+
+she would be an embarrassment to the king and his intended wife.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In November 1530, Henry gave Anne 20 pds to redeem
+
+a jewel from Mary; it was probably a gambling debt.&amp;nbsp; Two years later,
+
+Mary was one of thirty ladies who accompanied Henry and Anne on a visit
+
+to France (colorfully known to history as 'The Field of the Cloth of Gold'.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+They stayed in Calais in late October, attending various events with Francis
+
+I; ostensibly, they were celebrating a new peace agreement.&amp;nbsp; But it
+
+was also a chance to present Anne to a foreign king.&amp;nbsp; When Henry wed
+
+Anne in 1533, Mary became a lady-in-waiting to her sister.&amp;nbsp; It was
+
+only in 1534 that she and Anne had a serious conflict.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1534, Mary secretly married William Stafford.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was the younger son of Humphrey Stafford of Blatherwick in Northampton.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This marriage was a disaster for her, excepting her personal happiness.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Mary undoubtedly loved Stafford, a soldier she had met at Calais (he had
+
+been part of Henry VIII's retinue.)&amp;nbsp; But her relatives - all newly
+
+ennobled and very self-conscious about their status - were outraged.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was a commoner, not fit for the queen's sister.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, Mary
+
+and her new husband were banished from court.&amp;nbsp; (It is quite possible
+
+that her relatives planned to wed Mary to a nobleman, further cementing
+
+their rise to prominence; instead, her marriage was a step backwards socially.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+In late 1534, while her father and brother received numerous grants, titles,
+
+and other gifts, Mary was reduced to begging Thomas Cromwell for assistance.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Would he speak to Henry on her behalf?&amp;nbsp; Mary hoped Henry would persuade
+
+Anne to forgive her but her former lover was less than helpful.&amp;nbsp; So
+
+Mary asked Cromwell to speak to her father, her uncle, and her brother.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her son was still living with his
+
+aunt, Queen Anne.&amp;nbsp; He was being tutored by the great French poet,
+
+Nicholas Bourbon, clearly benefiting from the wardship.&amp;nbsp; His mother's
+
+life between 1534 and her sister's execution in 1536 is difficult to trace.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She seems to have resided at Rochford, Essex from the time of her disgrace
+
+to her death on 19 July 1543.&amp;nbsp; When her sister fell into disfavor
+
+and Henry sought a divorce, his earlier affair with Mary was mentioned.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Perhaps this would justify an annulment, even as Katharine of Aragon's
+
+marriage to his brother had?&amp;nbsp; But no one seriously considered this
+
+(after all, there had been a papal dispensation) and it was more expedient
+
+to press other charges.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not visit her sister when Anne was
+
+imprisoned in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Nor did she visit their brother George,
+
+also condemned to death.&amp;nbsp; There is no evidence that she wrote to them,
+
+either.&amp;nbsp; Like their uncle, the duke of Norfolk, she may have thought
+
+it wise to avoid association with her disgraced relatives.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary lived to see her children gain some royal favor.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her teenage daughter Catherine (born 1524) was appointed a maid of honor
+
+to Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII's fourth wife.&amp;nbsp; Sometime in 1540, she
+
+made a good match, marrying Sir Francis Knollys.&amp;nbsp; He was a member
+
+of Henry VIII's household.&amp;nbsp; She also became one of her cousin Elizabeth
+
+Tudor's closest friends.&amp;nbsp; Her daughter, Lettice Knollys, would later
+
+marry Elizabeth's great love, Robert Dudley; her son, the earl of Essex,
+
+would also be one of Elizabeth's favorites (though eventually executed
+
+for treason.)&amp;nbsp; Henry Carey, whose paternity was the subject of such
+
+speculation, would be ennobled as Lord Hunsdon in Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Elizabeth was kind to her Boleyn relatives, especially Mary's children.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Twenty-two years after Anne Boleyn's execution, a Boleyn was sole ruler
+
+of England.&amp;nbsp; It was a triumph few could have predicted.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Some other stuff about Mary Boleyn that I've found: &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;* Mary was considered more conventionally beautiful than Anne but lacked
+
+her sister's style and wit.
+
+&lt;br&gt;* As a child, Mary was taught French by Mademoiselle Semmonet;&amp;nbsp;
+
+she also studied music (practicing on the lute, harp, viol, and virginals.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;* Mary also spent time in Archduchess Margaret's service; she was removed
+
+in 1518/19 by her father and placed in Katharine of Aragon's service.
+
+&lt;br&gt;* Anne and George Boleyn were very close and reportedly had little
+
+use for their sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; (This was reported by several foreign
+
+ambassadors.) &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Note:&amp;nbsp; I have read that Mary Boleyn accompanied Princess Mary Tudor
+
+to France, as a lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; However, the trip occurred in 1515;
+
+Mary would have been just 7 years old - so the assertion seems unlikely. &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;So the following questions remain:
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; * did she accompany Mary to France?
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; * did she use her influence with Mary Tudor to get
+
+Anne a position as lady-in-waiting to Katharine of Aragon (thus allowing
+
+Henry VIII and Anne to meet?)&amp;nbsp; This has been mentioned in several
+
+books but, as I stated, it would mean Mary was a lady-in-waiting at the
+
+age of seven. &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;I have used the spelling 'Boleyn' instead of 'Bullen'
+
+for one simple reason - it is how the family chose to spell it when they
+
+first rose to prominence.&amp;nbsp; Certainly they thought 'Boleyn' was more
+
+elegant - I'll stay mum on that issue, but since most history texts also
+
+use 'Boleyn', it remains less confusing than switching between two surnames.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Visit the 
+    Anne Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082580&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082580&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3357</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of the duke of Somerset, 1552</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0144a552cf4079e32cc6d23d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0144.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">somerset.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/somerset.gif&quot; width=&quot;537&quot; height=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This account 
+      of Somerset's execution was made by Henry Machyn, a London undertaker.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Somerset was the brother of Henry VIII's third wife Jane 
+      Seymour and thus uncle to King Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; He was a popular leader 
+      amongst the common people.&amp;nbsp; He attempted to reform agricultural 
+      policies and led a successful army against the Scots.&amp;nbsp; But the 
+      treachery of his younger brother (whom he was forced to execute) and the 
+      ambitions of other noblemen (most notably the earl of Warwick) doomed him.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On 22 January, soon after 8 o'clock in the morning, the duke of Somerset
+was beheaded on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; There was as great a company as has been
+seen... the king's guard being there with their halberds and a thousand
+more with halberds of the privilege of the Tower, Ratcliffe, Limehouse,
+Whitechapel, St Katherine's and Stratford Bow, as well as Hoxton and Shoreditch;
+and the two sheriffs being present there, seeing the execution of my lord,
+and his head being cut off, and shortly after his body was put into a coffin
+and carried into the Tower, and there buried in the church, on the northside
+of the choir of St Peter's, and I beseech God to have mercy on his soul,
+amen!&amp;nbsp; And there was a sudden rumbling a little before he died, as
+if it had been guns shooting and great horses coming, so that a thousand
+fell to the ground for fear, for they who were at one side thought no other
+but that one was killing another, so that they fell down to the ground,
+one upon another with their halberds, some fell into the ditch of the Tower
+and other places, and a hundred into the Tower ditch, and some ran away
+for fear.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082604&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082604&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0147.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0147.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0147.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2460</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England: 1485 to 1603: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources and more King Henry VIII Anne Boleyn Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots etc history of Tudor England 16th century English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England: 1485 to 1603: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources and more King Henry VIII Anne Boleyn Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: 1485 to 1603: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources and more</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01477115e16674d4e7dacac2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215279</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0147.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;map name=&quot;FPMap0&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;19, 14, 430, 499&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;/map&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudorroyalarms1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;434&quot; height=&quot;500&quot; alt=&quot;the royal arms of the Tudor dynasty, from a stained glass window&quot; usemap=&quot;#FPMap0&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/yearscastellar.gif&quot; width=&quot;451&quot; height=&quot;347&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082527&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082527&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0157.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0157.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0157.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12507</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The romance between Anne Boleyn and Henry Percy, 1523</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0157ce8f12563b15c09acf31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215263</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0157.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1523.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1523.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1523: The romance between Anne Boleyn &amp;amp; Henry Percy&quot; width=&quot;417&quot; height=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;was written by George Cavendish, Cardinal Wolsey's gentleman-usher.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; BORDER=0 height=194 width=139 align=LEFT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn was the second wife of King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The year of her birth is unknown; it was possibly 1501 or 1507.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      spent her adolescence at the French court but returned home to England in 
+      1522.&amp;nbsp; As the daughter of an ambitious courtier and niece of the duke 
+      of Norfolk, she was invited to serve at court as lady-in-waiting to 
+      Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; It was here that she caught the attention of 
+      King Henry.&amp;nbsp; Anne, however, had fallen in love with Lord Henry Percy, 
+      heir to the earl of Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; They were secretly engaged and 
+      planned to marry.&amp;nbsp; As Cavendish's account makes plain, Henry ordered 
+      Cardinal Wolsey to end the engagement.&amp;nbsp; The Cardinal did so, thus 
+      earning Anne's lasting enmity.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry's 'secret love' for Anne was highly controversial, 
+      and not merely because he was already married.&amp;nbsp; Kings did, after all, 
+      have mistresses.&amp;nbsp; But he had already had an open affair (and possibly 
+      a son) with her sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; His relationship with Anne, however, 
+      was far more serious.&amp;nbsp; In love and desperate for a legitimate male 
+      heir, Henry planned to annul his marriage to Katharine of Aragon and marry 
+      Anne.&amp;nbsp; The pope's refusal to help eventually led Henry to break with 
+      the church of Rome and declare himself supreme head of a new English 
+      church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It was all for naught.&amp;nbsp; Anne did not give Henry a 
+      surviving son and she was executed on 19 May 1536.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;    I will tell you as best I can how the king's love came about and what 
+    followed thereafter.&amp;nbsp; When this lady, Mistress Anne Boleyn, was very 
+    young she was sent to France to be a lady-in-waiting to the French queen.&amp;nbsp; 
+    When the queen died she was sent back to her father who arranged for her to 
+    become a lady-in-waiting to queen Catherine, wife of Henry.&amp;nbsp; Such was 
+    her success in this post, shown both by her exemplary behavior and excellent 
+    deportment that she quickly outshone all the others.&amp;nbsp; To such an 
+    extent, in fact, that the flames of desire began to burn secretly in the 
+    king's breast, unknown to all, least of all to Anne herself. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;At this time Lord Percy, the son and heir of the earl of Northumberland,
+
+was aide and secretary to Wolsey, the lord cardinal, and whenever the lord
+
+cardinal happened to be at court Lord Percy would pass the time in the
+
+queen's quarters where he would dally with the ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Of these, he was most familiar with mistress Anne Boleyn, to such an extent
+
+that a secret love grew up between them and they pledged that, in time,
+
+they intended to wed.&amp;nbsp; When knowledge of this reached the king's ears
+
+he was greatly distraught.&amp;nbsp; Realizing that he could no longer hide
+
+his secret love, he revealed all to the lord cardinal and discussed with
+
+him ways of sundering the couple's engagement to each other.
+
+&lt;p&gt;When the lord cardinal had left the court and returned to Westminster,
+
+he remembered Henry's request and summoned Lord Percy to his presence,
+
+saying in front of us, his servants: 'I am amazed at your foolishness in
+
+getting entangled, even engaged, to this silly girl at court - I mean Anne
+
+Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Have you not considered your position?&amp;nbsp; After the death
+
+of your noble father you stand to inherit one of the greatest earldoms
+
+in the country.&amp;nbsp; It would thus have been more proper if you had sought
+
+the consent of your father in this affair and to have made his highness
+
+the king privy to it, requesting his royal blessing.&amp;nbsp; Had you done
+
+so, he was not only have welcomed your request but would, I can assure
+
+you, have promoted you to a position more suited to your noble estate.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And thence you might have gained the king's favor by your conduct and wise
+
+council and and thus risen further still in his estimation.
+
+&lt;p&gt;'But now look what you have done by your thoughtlessness.&amp;nbsp; You
+
+have not only offended your own father but also your sovereign and pledged
+
+yourself to someone whom neither would agree to be suitable.&amp;nbsp; And
+
+do not doubt that I shall send for your father and when he comes he will
+
+break off this engagement or disinherit you forever.&amp;nbsp; The king himself
+
+will make a complaint to your father and demand no less an action than
+
+I have suggested.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, I happen to know that the king has already
+
+promised this lady to someone else and that though she is not yet aware
+
+of it, the arrangements are already far advanced.&amp;nbsp; The king however,
+
+being a man of great prudence and diplomacy, is confident that, once she
+
+is aware of the situation, she will agree to the union gladly.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Sir,' said Lord Percy, weeping, 'I knew nothing of the king's involvement
+
+in all this, and I am sorry to have incurred his displeasure.&amp;nbsp; I considered
+
+myself to be of sufficient age and in a good enough situation to be able
+
+to take a wife of my own choosing and never doubted that my father would
+
+have accepted my decision.&amp;nbsp; And though she is just a simple maid and
+
+her father is only a knight, yet she is of very noble descent.&amp;nbsp; On
+
+her mother's side she has Norfolk blood and on her father's side she is
+
+a direct descendant of the earl of Ormond.&amp;nbsp; Why then, sir, should
+
+I query the suitability of the match when her pedigree is of equal worth
+
+to mine?&amp;nbsp; Thus I humbly beg your favor in this matter and ask you
+
+to beg the king to be benevolent concerning this issue of my engagement,
+
+which I cannot deny, still less break it off?'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'See, gentlemen,' said the lord cardinal to us, 'what nonsense there
+
+is in this willful boy's head!&amp;nbsp; I though that when you heard me explain
+
+the king's involvement in this business you would have relented in your
+
+suit and have submitted yourself to the king's will, allowing his highness
+
+to decide on the matter as he thinks fit.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Sir, and so I would,' said Lord Percy, 'but in this matter I have gone
+
+so far that I am no longer able to renounce my commitment in full conscience.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'What?' said the cardinal, 'Do you think that the king and I do not
+
+know what to do in such a serious matter as this?&amp;nbsp; One thing's for
+
+sure, I can see no point in your making any further pleas in this case.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Very well,' said Lord Percy, 'if it please you, I will submit myself
+
+completely to the king's will in this matter and will release my conscience
+
+from the heavy burden of the engagement.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'So be it, then,' said the cardinal, 'I will send for your father in
+
+the north, and he, the king and I will take whatever measure for the annulment
+
+of this hasty folly the king thinks necessary.&amp;nbsp; And in the meantime,
+
+I order you - and in the king's name command you - not to see her again
+
+if you intend to avoid the full wrath of his majesty.'&amp;nbsp; Having said
+
+this, he got up and went off to his study.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Then the earl of Northumberland was sent for, who, learning of the request
+
+being at the king's command, made great speed to court.&amp;nbsp; his first
+
+port of call after leaving the north was to lord cardinal, by whom he was
+
+briefed about the cause of his hasty summons and with whom he spent a considerable
+
+time in secret discussions.&amp;nbsp; After their long talk, the cardinal ordered
+
+some wine and after they had drunk together the meeting broke up and the
+
+earl left.
+
+&lt;p&gt;As he was leaving, he sat down on a bench that the servants used and
+
+called his son Lord Percy to him, saying, in our presence: 'Son, you have
+
+always been a proud, presumptuous, headstrong wastrel.&amp;nbsp; And you have
+
+so proved yourself once more.&amp;nbsp; What possible joy, comfort, pleasure
+
+or solace could I ever receive from you who have so misconducted yourself
+
+without discretion and in such secrecy.&amp;nbsp; With no regard for your own
+
+father, nor for your sovereign to whom all honest and loyal subjects give
+
+faithful and humble obedience, nor even for your own noble estate, you
+
+have ill-advisedly become engaged to this girl and thereby incurred the
+
+king's displeasure - an action intolerable in any of his subjects!
+
+&lt;p&gt;'If it wasn't for the wisdom of the king and his benevolence towards
+
+your empty-headedness and willful stupidity, his wrath would have been
+
+sufficient to cast me and all my family for generations to come into abject
+
+poverty and desolation.&amp;nbsp; But by the supreme goodness of his grace
+
+and the worthy lord cardinal, I have been excused your transgression -
+
+they have decided to pity your stupidity rather than blame it - and have
+
+presented me with a command concerning you and your future conduct.
+
+&lt;p&gt;'I pray to God that this may serve as sufficient warning to you to conduct
+
+yourself with more care hereafter, for I can assure you that, if you do
+
+not amend your ways, you will be the last earl of Northumberland if I have
+
+anything to do with it.&amp;nbsp; You do nothing but waste and consume everything
+
+that all your ancestors have built up and cherished with great honor.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But in the name of the good and gracious king, I intend - God willing -
+
+so to arrange my succession that you will benefit from it but little.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For I have no intention, I can assure you, of making you my heir.&amp;nbsp;
+
+I have, after all, praise be to God, a wide choice of sons who will, I
+
+am sure, prove themselves worthier than you and abler to conduct themselves
+
+as true nobles should.&amp;nbsp; And from these I will choose the best as my
+
+successor.
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Now gentlemen,' he said to us servants, 'it may so happen that when
+
+I am dead you will see these things that I have spoken of to my son prove
+
+to be the case.&amp;nbsp; Yet in the meantime, I would be grateful if you could
+
+be his friends and tell him when he strays from the path or is at fault.'&amp;nbsp;
+
+And with that he took his leave of us and said to his son: 'Go on your
+
+way and serve the lord cardinal, your master, and make sure you carry out
+
+your duty.'&amp;nbsp; And thus he departed and went down through the hall and
+
+out to his barge.
+
+&lt;p&gt;After much debate and consultation about lord Percy's case it was finally 
+decided that his engagement to Anne Boleyn should be dissolved and that he 
+should instead marry one of the earl of Shrewsbury's daughters, Mary Talbot, 
+which he later did.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082595&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082595&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0157/f87feabc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0157/f87feabc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0157/f87feabc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">39021</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0157f87feabc783416248d4b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0157/f87feabc.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER ONE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Prospects of a disputed succession to the 
+      crown -- Various claimants -Catherine incapable of having further children 
+      -- Irregularity of her marriage with the King -- Papal dispensations -- 
+      First mention of the divorce -- Situation of the Papacy -- Charles V. -- 
+      Policy of Wolsey -- Anglo-French alliance -- Imperial troops in Italy -- 
+      Appeal of the Pope -- Mission of Inigo de Mendoza -- The Bishop of Tarbes 
+      -Legitimacy of the Princess Mary called in question -- Secret meeting of 
+      the Legates' court -- Alarms of Catherine -- Sack of Rome by the Duke of 
+      Bourbon -- Proposed reform of the Papacy -- The divorce promoted by Wolsey 
+      -- Unpopular in England -- Attempts of the Emperor to gain Wolsey.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;IN the year 1526 the political prospects of England became 
+    seriously clouded. A disputed succession had led in the previous century to 
+    a desperate civil war. In that year it became known in private circles that 
+    if Henry VIII. was to die the realm would again be left without a certain 
+    heir, and that the strife of the Roses might be renewed on an even more 
+    distracting scale. The sons who had been born to Queen Catherine had died in 
+    childbirth or had died immediately after it. The passionate hope of the 
+    country that she might still produce a male child who would survive had been 
+    constantly disappointed, and now could be entertained no longer. She was 
+    eight years older than her husband. She had &amp;quot;certain diseases&amp;quot; which made it 
+    impossible that she should be again pregnant, and Henry had for two years 
+    ceased to cohabit with her. He had two children still living -- the Princess 
+    Mary, Catherine's daughter, then a girl of eleven, and an illegitimate son 
+    born in 1519, the mother being a daughter of Sir John Blount, and married 
+    afterwards to Sir Gilbert Talboys. By presumptive law the Princess was the 
+    next heir; but no woman had ever sat on the throne of England alone and in 
+    her own right, and it was doubtful whether the nation would submit to a 
+    female sovereign. The boy, though excluded by his birth from the prospect of 
+    the crown, was yet brought up with exceptional care, called a prince by his 
+    tutors, and probably regarded by his father as a possible successor should 
+    his sister go the way of her brothers. In 1525, after the King had 
+    deliberately withdrawn from Catherine, he was created Duke of Richmond -- a 
+    title of peculiar significance, since it had been borne by his grandfather, 
+    Henry VII. -- and he was granted precedence over the rest of the peerage. 
+    Illegitimacy was a serious, but, it might be thought, was not an absolute, 
+    bar. The Conqueror had been himself a bastard. The Church, by its habits of 
+    granting dispensations for irregular marriages or of dissolving them on 
+    pleas of affinity or consanguinity or other pretext, had confused the 
+    distinction between legitimate and illegitimate. A Church Court had 
+    illegitimatised the children of Edward IV. and Elizabeth Grey, on the ground 
+    of one of Edward's previous connections; yet no one regarded the princes 
+    murdered in the Tower as having been illegitimate in reality; and to prevent 
+    disputes and for an adequate object, the Duke of Richmond, had he grown to 
+    manhood, might, in the absence of other claims, have been recognised by 
+    Parliament. But the Duke was still a child, and might die as Henry's other 
+    sons had died; and other claims there were which, in the face of the bar 
+    sinister, could not fail to be asserted. James V. of Scotland was next in 
+    blood, being the son of Henry's eldest sister, Margaret. There were the 
+    Greys, inheriting from the second sister, Mary. Outside the royal house 
+    there were the still popular representatives of the White Rose, the Marquis 
+    of Exeter, who was Edward IV.'s grandson; the Countess of Salisbury, 
+    daughter of Edward's brother the Duke of Clarence, and sister of the 
+    murdered Earl of Warwick; and Henry's life was the only obstacle between the 
+    collision of these opposing pretensions. James, it was quite certain, would 
+    not be allowed to succeed without a struggle. National rivalry forbade it. 
+    Yet it was no less certain that he would try, and would probably be backed 
+    by France. There was but one escape from convulsions which might easily be 
+    the ruin of the realm. The King was in the flower of his age, and might 
+    naturally look for a Prince of Wales to come after him if he was married to 
+    a woman capable of bearing one. It is neither unnatural nor, under the 
+    circumstances, a matter to be censured if he and others began to reflect 
+    upon the peculiar character of his connection with Catherine of Aragon. It 
+    is not sufficiently remembered that the marriage of a widow with her 
+    husband's brother was then, as it is now, forbidden by the laws of all 
+    civilised countries. Such a marriage at the present day would be held &lt;i&gt;
+    ipso facto&lt;/i&gt; invalid and not a marriage at all. An irregular power was 
+    then held to rest with the successors of St. Peter to dispense, under 
+    certain conditions, with the inhibitory rules. The popes are now understood 
+    to have never rightly possessed such an authority, and therefore, according 
+    to modern law and sentiment, Henry and Catherine never were husband and wife 
+    at all. At the time it was uncertain whether the dispensing power extended 
+    so far as to sanction such a union, and when the discussion rose upon it the 
+    Roman canonists were themselves divided. Those who maintained the widest 
+    view of thepapal faculty yet agreed that such a dispensation could only be 
+    granted for urgent cause, such as to prevent foreign wars or internal 
+    seditions, and no such cause was alleged to have existed when Ferdinand and 
+    Henry VII. arranged the marriage between their children. The dispensation 
+    had been granted by Pope Julius with reluctance, had been acted upon after 
+    considerable hesitation, and was of doubtful validity, since the necessary 
+    conditions were absent. The marriages of kings were determined with little 
+    reference to the personal affection of the parties. Between Henry and 
+    Catherine there was probably as much and as little personal attachment as 
+    there usually is in such cases. He respected and perhaps admired her 
+    character; but she was not beautiful, she was not attractive, while she was 
+    as proud and intractable as her mother Isabella. Their union had been 
+    settled by the two fathers to cement the alliance between England and Spain. 
+    Such connections rest on a different foundation from those which are 
+    voluntarily entered into between private persons. What is made up for 
+    political reasons may pardonably be dissolved when other reasons of a 
+    similar kind require it; and when it became clear that Catherine could never 
+    bear another child, that the penalty threatened in the Levitical law against 
+    marriages of this precise kind had been literally enforced in the death of 
+    the male offspring, and that civil war was imminent in consequence upon the 
+    King's death, Henry may have doubted in good faith whether she had ever been 
+    his wife at all -- whether, in fact, the marriage was not of the character 
+    which everyone would now allow to attach to similar unions. Had there been a 
+    Prince of Wales, the question would never have arisen, and Henry, like other 
+    kings, would have borne his fate. But there was no prince, and the question 
+    had risen, and there was no reason why it should not. There was no trace at 
+    the outset of an attachment to another woman. If there had been, there would 
+    be little to condemn; but Anne Boleyn, when it was first mooted, was no more 
+    to the King than any other lady of the court. He required a wife who could 
+    produce a son to secure the succession. The powers which had allowed an 
+    irregular marriage could equally dissolve it, and the King felt that he had 
+    a right to demand a familiar concession which other sovereigns had often 
+    applied for in one form or another, and rarely in vain. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus as early as 1526 certainly, and probably as much as a 
+    year before, Cardinal Wolsey had been feeling his way at Rome for a 
+    separation between Henry and Catherine. On September 7 in that year the 
+    Bishop of Bath, who was English Ambassador at Paris, informed the Cardinal 
+    of the arrival there of a confidential agent of Pope Clement VII. The agent 
+    had spoken to the Bishop on this especial subject, and had informed him that 
+    there would be difficulties about it. The &amp;quot;blessed divorce&amp;quot; -- &lt;i&gt;benedictum 
+    divorcium&lt;/i&gt; the Bishop calls it -- had been already under consideration at 
+    Rome. The difficulties were not specified, but the political features of the 
+    time obliged Clement to be circumspect, and it was these that were probably 
+    referred to. Francis I. had been defeated and taken prisoner by the 
+    Imperialists at Pavia. He had been carried to Spain, and had been released 
+    at Henry's intercession, under severe conditions, to which he had 
+    reluctantly consented, and his sons had been left at Madrid as hostages for 
+    the due fulfilment of them. The victorious army, half Spanish, half German, 
+    remained under the Duke of Bourbon to complete the conquest of Italy; and 
+    Charles V., with his already vast dominions and a treasury which the world 
+    believed to be inexhaustibly supplied from the gold mines of the New World, 
+    seemed advancing to universal empire. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;France in the preceding centuries had been the hereditary 
+    enemy of England; Spain and Burgundy her hereditary friends. The marriage of 
+    Catherine of Aragon had been a special feature of the established alliance. 
+    She was given first to Prince Arthur, and then to Henry, as link in the 
+    confederacy which was to hold in check French ambition. Times were changing. 
+    Charles V. had been elected emperor, largely through English influence; but 
+    Charles was threatening to be a more serious danger to Europe than France 
+    had been. The Italian princes were too weak to resist the conqueror of Pavia. 
+    Italy once conquered, the Papacy would become a dependency of the empire, 
+    and, with Charles's German subjects in open revolt against it, the Church 
+    would lose its authority, and the organisation of the Catholic world would 
+    fall into hopeless decrepitude. So thought Wolsey, the most sharp-sighted of 
+    English ministers. He believed that the maintenance of the Papacy was the 
+    best defence of order and liberty. The only remedy which he could see was a 
+    change of partners. England held the balance between the great rival powers. 
+    If the English alliance could be transferred from the Empire to France, the 
+    Emperor could be held in check, and his supposed ambition neutralised. 
+    Wolsey was utterly mistaken; but the mistake was not an unnatural one. 
+    Charles, busy with his Italian wars, had treated the Lutheran schism with 
+    suspicious forbearance. Notwithstanding his Indian ingots his finances were 
+    disordered. Bourbon's lansquenets had been left to pay themselves by 
+    plunder. They had sacked monasteries, pillaged cathedral plate, and ravished 
+    nuns with irreverent ferocity. The estates of the Church had been as little 
+    spared by them as Lombardy; and to Clement VII. the invasion was another 
+    inroad of barbarians, and Bourbon a second Attila. What Bourbon's master 
+    meant by it, and what he might intend to do, was as uncertain to Clement as 
+    perhaps it was to Charles himself. In the prostrate, degraded, and desperate 
+    condition into which the Church was falling, any resolution was possible. To 
+    the clearest eyes in Europe the Papacy seemed tottering to its fall, and 
+    Charles's hand, if he chose to raise it, might precipitate the catastrophe. 
+    To ask a pope at such a time to give mortal offence to the Spanish nation by 
+    agreeing to the divorce of Catherine of Aragon was to ask him to sign his 
+    death-warrant. No wonder, therefore, that he found difficulties. Yet it was 
+    to France and England that Clement had to look for help in his extremities. 
+    The divorce perhaps had as yet been no more than a suggestion, a part of a 
+    policy which was still in its infancy. It could wait at any rate for a more 
+    convenient season. Meantime he sent his secretary, Sanga, to Paris to beg 
+    aid; and to Henry personally he made a passionate appeal, imploring him not 
+    to desert the Apostolic See in its hour of extreme need. He apologised for 
+    his importunacy, but he said he hoped that history would not have to record 
+    that Italy had been devastated in the time of Clement VII. to the dishonour 
+    of the King and of Wolsey. If France and England failed him, he would 
+    himself be ruined. The Emperor would be universal monarch. They would open 
+    their eyes at last, but they would open them too late. So piteous was the 
+    entreaty that Henry when he read the Pope's letter burst into tears. Clement 
+    had not been idle. He had brought his own small army into the field to 
+    oppose Bourbon; he joined the Italian League, and prepared to defend 
+    himself. He was called the father of Christendom, yet he was at open war 
+    with the most Catholic king. But Wolsey reasonably considered that unless 
+    the Western powers interfered the end would come. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;If England was to act, she could act only in alliance with 
+    France. The change of policy was ill understood, and was not popular among 
+    Henry's subjects. The divorce as yet had not been spoken of. No breath of 
+    such a purpose had gone abroad. But English sentiment was imperial, and 
+    could endure with equanimity even the afflictions of a pope. The King was 
+    more papal than his people; he allowed Wolsey to guide him, and negotiations 
+    were set on foot at once for a special treaty with France, one of the 
+    conditions of which was to be the marriage of the Princess Mary -- allotted 
+    like a card in a game -- either to Francis or to one of his sons; another 
+    condition being that the English crown should be settled upon her should 
+    Henry die without a legitimate son. Sir John Russell was simultaneously 
+    despatched to Rome with money to help the Pope in paying his troops and 
+    garrisoning the city. The ducats and the &amp;quot;kind words&amp;quot; which accompanied them 
+    &amp;quot;created incredible joy,&amp;quot; encouraged his Holiness to reject unjust 
+    conditions which had been offered, and restored him, if for the moment only, 
+    &amp;quot;from death to life.&amp;quot; If Russell described correctly what he saw in passing 
+    through Italy, Clement had good cause for anxiety. &amp;quot;The Swabians and 
+    Spaniards,&amp;quot; he wrote, &amp;quot;had committed horrible atrocities. They had burnt 
+    houses to the value of two hundred million ducats, with all the churches, 
+    images, and priests that fell into their hands. They had compelled the 
+    priests and monks to violate the nuns. Even where they were received without 
+    opposition they had burned the place; they had not spared the boys, and they 
+    had carried off the girls; and whenever they found the Sacrament of the 
+    Church they had thrown it into a river or into the vilest place they could 
+    find. If God did not punish such cruelty and wickedness, men would infer 
+    that He did not trouble Himself about the affairs of this world.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The news from Italy gave a fresh impulse to Wolsey's policy 
+    and the Anglo-French Alliance, which was pushed forward in spite of popular 
+    disapproval. The Emperor, unable to pay, and therefore unable to control, 
+    his troops, became himself alarmed. He found himself pressed into a course 
+    which was stimulating the German revolt against the Papacy, and he professed 
+    himself anxious to end the war. Inigo de Mendoza, the Bishop of Burgos, was 
+    despatched to Paris to negotiate for a general pacification. From Paris he 
+    was to proceed to London to assure Henry of the Emperor's inalienable 
+    friendship, and above all things to gain over Wolsey by the means which 
+    experience had shown to be the nearest way to Wolsey's heart. The great 
+    Cardinal was already Charles's pensionary, but the pension was several years 
+    in arrear. Mendoza was to tell him not only that the arrears should be 
+    immediately paid up, but that a second pension should be secured to him on 
+    the revenues of Milan, and that the Emperor would make him a further grant 
+    of 6,000 ducats annually out of the income of Spanish bishoprics. No means 
+    was to be spared to divert the hostility of so dangerous an enemy.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Wolsey was not to be so easily gained. He had formed large 
+    schemes which he did not mean to part with, and in the matter of pensions 
+    Francis I. was as liberal in promises as Charles. The Pope's prospects were 
+    brightening. Besides the English money, he had improved his finances by 
+    creating six new cardinals, and making 240,000 crowns out of the disposition 
+    of these sacred offices. A French embassy, with the Bishop of Tarbes at its 
+    head, came to England to complete the treaty with Henry in the Pope's 
+    defence. Demands were to be made upon the Emperor; if those demands were 
+    refused, war was to follow, and the cement of the alliance was to be the 
+    marriage of Mary with a French prince. It is likely that other secret 
+    projects were in view also of a similar kind. The marriage of Henry with 
+    Catherine had been intended to secure the continuance of the alliance with 
+    Spain. Royal ladies were the counters with which politicians played; and 
+    probably enough there were thoughts of placing a French princess in 
+    Catherine's place. However this may be, the legality of the King's marriage 
+    with his nominal queen was suddenly and indirectly raised in the discussion 
+    of the terms of the treaty, when the Bishop of Tarbes inquired whether it 
+    was certain that Catherine's daughter was legitimate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Mr. Brewer, the careful and admirable editor of the &amp;quot;Foreign 
+    and Domestic Calendar of State Papers,&amp;quot; doubts whether the Bishop did 
+    anything of the kind. I cannot agree with Mr. Brewer. The Bishop of Tarbes 
+    was among the best-known diplomatists in Europe. He was actively concerned 
+    during subsequent years in the process of the divorce case in London, in 
+    Paris, and at Rome. The expressions which he used on this occasion were 
+    publicly appealed to by Henry in his addresses to the peers and to the 
+    country, in the public pleas which he laid before the English prelates, in 
+    the various repeated defences which he made for his conduct. It is 
+    impossible that the Bishop should have been ignorant of the use which was 
+    made of his name, and impossible equally to suppose that he would have 
+    allowed his name to be used unfairly. The Bishop of Tarbes was 
+    unquestionably the first person to bring the question publicly forward. It 
+    is likely enough, however, that his introduction of so startling a topic had 
+    been privately arranged between himself and Wolsey as a prelude to the 
+    further steps which were immediately to follow. For the divorce had by this 
+    time been finally resolved on as part of a general scheme for the alteration 
+    of the balance of power. The domestic reasons for it were as weighty as ever 
+    were alleged for similar separations. The Pope's hesitation, it might be 
+    assumed, would now be overcome, since he had flung himself for support upon 
+    England and France, and his relations with the Emperor could hardly be worse 
+    than they were. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The outer world, and even the persons principally concerned, 
+    were taken entirely by surprise. For the two years during which it had been 
+    under consideration the secret had been successfully preserved. Not a hint 
+    had reached Catherine herself, and even when the match had been lighted by 
+    the Bishop of Tarbes the full meaning of it does not seem to have occurred 
+    to her. Mendoza, on his arrival in England, had found her disturbed; she was 
+    irritated at the position which had been given to the Duke of Richmond; she 
+    was angry, of course, at the French alliance; she complained that she was 
+    kept in the dark about public affairs; she was exerting herself to the 
+    utmost among the friends of the imperial connection to arrest Wolsey's 
+    policy and maintain the ancient traditions; but of the divorce she had not 
+    heard a word. It was to come upon her like a thunderstroke.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Before the drama opens a brief description will not be out 
+    of place of the two persons who were to play the principal parts on the 
+    stage, as they were seen a year later by Ludovico Falieri, the Venetian 
+    ambassador in England. Of Catherine his account is brief. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The Queen is of low stature and rather stout; very good and 
+    very religious; speaks Spanish, French, Flemish, and English; more beloved 
+    by the Islanders than any queen that has ever reigned; about forty-five 
+    years old, and has been in England thirty years. She has had two sons and 
+    one daughter. Both the sons died in infancy. One daughter survives.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On the King, Falieri is more elaborate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;In the 8th Henry such beauty of mind and body is combined 
+    as to surprise and astonish. Grand stature, suited to his exalted position, 
+    showing the superiority of mind and character; a face like an angel's, so 
+    fair it is; his head bald like CÃŠsar's, and he wears a beard, which is not 
+    the English custom. He is accomplished in every manly exercise, sits his 
+    horse well, tilts with his lance, throws the quoit, shoots with his bow 
+    excellent well; he is a fine tennis player, and he practises all these gifts 
+    with the greatest industry. Such a prince could not fail to have cultivated 
+    also his character and his intellect. He has been a student from his 
+    childhood; he knows literature, philosophy, and theology; speaks and writes 
+    Spanish, French, and Italian, besides Latin and English. He is kind, 
+    gracious, courteous, liberal, especially to men of learning, whom he is 
+    always ready to help. He appears religious also, generally hears two masses 
+    a day, and on holy days High Mass besides. He is very charitable, giving 
+    away ten thousand gold ducats annually among orphans, widows, and cripples.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such was the King, such the Queen, whom fate and the 
+    preposterous pretensions of the Papacy to dispense with the established 
+    marriage laws had irregularly mated, and whose separation was to shake the 
+    European world. Pope Clement complained in subsequent years that the burden 
+    of decision should have been thrown in the first instance upon himself. If 
+    the King had proceeded at the outset to try the question in the English 
+    courts; if a judgment had been given unfavourable to the marriage, and had 
+    he immediately acted upon it, Queen Catherine might have appealed to the 
+    Holy See; but accomplished facts were solid things. Her case might have been 
+    indefinitely protracted by legal technicalities till it died of itself. It 
+    would have been a characteristic method of escape out of the difficulty, and 
+    it was a view which Wolsey himself perhaps at first entertained. He knew 
+    that the Pope was unwilling to take the first step.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On the 17th of May, 1527, after a discussion of the Treaty 
+    with France, he called a meeting of his Legatine court at York Place. 
+    Archbishop Warham sate with him as assessor. The King attended, and the 
+    Cardinal, having stated that a question had arisen on the lawfulness of his 
+    marriage, enquired whether the King, for the sake of public morals and the 
+    good of his own soul, would allow the objections to be examined into. The 
+    King assented, and named a proctor. The Bull of Julius II. was introduced 
+    and considered. Wolsey declared that in a case so intricate the canon 
+    lawyers must be consulted, and he asked for the opinions of the assembled 
+    bishops. The bishops, one only excepted, gave dubious answers. The aged 
+    Bishop of Rochester, reputed the holiest and wisest of them, said decidedly 
+    that the marriage was good, and the Bull which legalised it sufficient. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;These proceedings were not followed up, but the secrecy 
+    which had hitherto been observed was no longer possible, and Catherine and 
+    her friends learnt now for the first time the measure which was in 
+    contemplation. Mendoza, writing on the day following the York Place meeting 
+    to the Emperor, informed him, as a fact which he had learnt on reliable 
+    authority, that Wolsey, for a final stroke of wickedness, was scheming to 
+    divorce the Queen. She was so much alarmed that she did not venture herself 
+    to speak of it, but it was certain that the lawyers and bishops had been 
+    invited to sign a declaration that, being his brother's widow, she could not 
+    be the wife of the King. The Pope, she was afraid, might be tempted to take 
+    part against her, or the Cardinal himself might deliver judgment as Papal 
+    Legate. Her one hope was in the Emperor. The cause of the action taken 
+    against her was her fidelity to the Imperial interests. Nothing as yet had 
+    been made formally public, and she begged that the whole matter might be 
+    kept as private as possible.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;That the Pope would be willing, if he dared, to gratify 
+    Henry at Charles's expense was only too likely. The German Lutherans and the 
+    German Emperor were at the moment his most dangerous enemies. France and 
+    England were the only Powers who seemed willing to assist him, and a week 
+    before the meeting of Wolsey's court he had experienced in the most terrible 
+    form what the imperial hostility might bring upon him. On the 7th of that 
+    same month of May the army of the Duke of Bourbon had taken Rome by storm. 
+    The city was given up to pillage. Reverend cardinals were dragged through 
+    the streets on mules' backs, dishonoured and mutilated. Convents of nuns 
+    were abandoned to the licentious soldiery. The horrors of the capture may 
+    have been exaggerated, but it is quite certain that to holy things or holy 
+    persons no respect was paid, and that the atrocities which in those days 
+    were usually perpetrated in stormed towns were on this occasion eminently 
+    conspicuous. The unfortunate Pope, shut up in the Castle of St. Angelo, 
+    looked down from its battlements upon scenes so dreadful that it must have 
+    appeared as if the Papacy and the Church itself had been overtaken by the 
+    final judgment. We regard the Spaniards as a nation of bigots, we consider 
+    it impossible that the countrymen of Charles and Philip could have been 
+    animated by any such bitterness against the centre of Catholic Christendom. 
+    Charles himself is not likely to have intended the humiliation of the Holy 
+    See. But Clement had reason for his misgivings, and Wolsey's policy was not 
+    without excuse. Lope de Soria was Charles's Minister at Genoa, and Lope de 
+    Soria's opinions, freely uttered, may have been shared by many a Catholic 
+    besides himself. On the 25th of May, a fortnight after the storm, he wrote 
+    to his master the following noticeable letter: -- &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The sack of Rome must be regarded as a visitation from God, 
+    who permits his servant the Emperor to teach his Vicar on earth and other 
+    Christian princes that their wicked purposes shall be defeated, the unjust 
+    wars which they have raised shall cease, peace be restored to Christendom, 
+    the faith be exalted, and heresy extirpated. . . . Should the Emperor think 
+    that the Church of God is not what it ought to be, and that the Pope's 
+    temporal power emboldens him to promote war among Christian princes, I 
+    cannot but remind your Majesty that it will not be a sin, but a meritorious 
+    action, to reform the Church; so that the Pope's authority be confined 
+    exclusively to his own spiritual affairs, and temporal affairs to be left to 
+    CÃŠsar, since by right what is God's belongs to God, and what is CÃŠsar's to 
+    CÃŠsar. I have been twenty-eight years in Italy, and I have observed that the 
+    Popes have been the sole cause of all the wars and miseries during that 
+    time. Your Imperial Majesty, as Supreme Lord on earth, is bound to apply a 
+    remedy to that evil.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Heretical English and Germans were not the only persons who 
+    could recognise the fitness of the secular supremacy of princes over popes 
+    and Churches. Such thoughts must have passed through the mind of Charles 
+    himself, and of many more besides him. De Soria's words might have been 
+    dictated by Luther or Thomas Cromwell. Had the Emperor at that moment placed 
+    himself at the head of the Reformation, all later history would have been 
+    different. One statesman at any rate had cause to fear that this might be 
+    what was about to happen. Wolsey was the embodiment of everything most 
+    objectionable and odious to the laity in the ecclesiastical administration 
+    of Europe. To defend the Papacy and to embarrass Charles was the surest 
+    method of protecting himself and his order. The divorce was an incident in 
+    the situation, but not the least important. Catherine represented the 
+    Imperialist interest in England. To put her away was to make the breach with 
+    her countrymen and kindred irreparable. He took upon himself to assure the 
+    King that after the last outrage the Pope would agree to anything that 
+    France and England demanded of him, and would trust to his allies to bear 
+    him harmless. That the divorce was a thing reasonable in itself to ask for, 
+    and certain to be conceded by any pope who was free to act on his own 
+    judgment, was assumed as a matter of course. Sir Gregory Casalis, the 
+    English agent at Rome, was instructed to obtain access to Clement in St. 
+    Angelo, to convey to him the indignation felt in England at his treatment, 
+    and then to insist on the illegality of the King's relations with Catherine, 
+    on the King's own scruples of conscience, and on the anxiety of his subjects 
+    that there should be a male heir to the crown. The &amp;quot;urgent cause&amp;quot; such as 
+    was necessary to be produced when exceptional actions were required of the 
+    popes was the imminence or even certainty of civil war if no such heir was 
+    born. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Catherine meanwhile had again communiated with Mendoza. She 
+    had spoken to her husband, and Henry, since further reticence was 
+    impossible, had told her that they had been living in mortal sin, and that a 
+    separation was necessary. A violent scene had followed, with natural tears 
+    and reproaches. The King endeavoured to console her, but it was not a matter 
+    where consolation could avail. Wolsey advised him to deal with her gently, 
+    till it was seen what the Pope and the King of France would do in the 
+    matter. Wolsey himself was to go immediately to Paris to see Francis, and 
+    consult with him on the measures necessary to be taken in consequence of the 
+    Pope's imprisonment. It was possible that Clement, finding himself helpless, 
+    might become a puppet in the Emperor's hands. Under such circumstances he 
+    could not be trusted by other countries with the spiritual authority 
+    attaching to his office, and schemes were being formed for some interim 
+    arrangement by which France and England were to constitute themselves into a 
+    separate patriarchate, with Wolsey at its head as Archbishop of Rouen. 
+    Mendoza says that this proposal had been actually made to Wolsey by the 
+    French Ambassador. In Spain it was even believed to be contemplated as a 
+    permanent modification of the ecclesiastical system. The Imperial 
+    Councillors at Valladolid told the Venetian Minister that the Cardinal 
+    intended to separate the Churches of England and France from that of Rome, 
+    saying that as the Pope was a prisoner he was not to be obeyed, and that 
+    even if the Emperor released him, he still would not be free unless his 
+    fortresses and territory now in the Emperor's hands were restored to him. 
+    Wolsey had reason for anxiety, for Catherine and Mendoza were writing to the 
+    Emperor insisting that he should make the Pope revoke Wolsey's Legatine 
+    powers. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In spite of efforts to keep secret the intended divorce, it 
+    soon became known thoughout England. The Queen was personally popular. The 
+    nation generally detested France, and looked on the Emperor as their 
+    hereditary friend. The reasons for the divorce might influence statesmen, 
+    but did not touch the body of the people. They naturally took the side of an 
+    injured wife, and if Mendoza can be believed (and there is no reason why he 
+    should not be believed), the first impression was decidedly unfavourable to 
+    a project which was regarded as part of the new policy. Mendoza made the 
+    most of the opposition. He told the Emperor that if six or seven thousand 
+    men were landed in Cornwall, forty thousand Englishmen would rise and join 
+    them. He saw Wolsey -- he reasoned with him, and when he found reason 
+    ineffectual, he named the bribe which the Emperor was willing to give. 
+    Knowing what Francis was bidding, he baited his hook more liberally. He 
+    spoke of the Papacy: &amp;quot;how the chair was now in the Emperor's hands, and the 
+    Emperor, if Wolsey deserved it, would no doubt promote his elevation.&amp;quot; The 
+    glittering temptation was unavailing. The papal chair had been Wolsey's 
+    highest ambition, but he remained unmoved. He said that he had served the 
+    Emperor in the past out of disinterested regard. He still trusted that the 
+    Emperor would replace the Pope and restore the Church. Mendoza's answer was 
+    not reassuring to an English statesman. He said that both the spiritual and 
+    temporal powers were now centred in his master, and he advised Wolsey, if he 
+    desired an arrangement, to extend his journey from France, go on to Spain, 
+    and see the Emperor in person. It was precisely this centering which those 
+    who had charge of English liberties had a right to resent. Divorce or no 
+    divorce, they could not allow a power possessed of so much authority in the 
+    rest of Christendom to be the servant of a single prince. The divorce was 
+    but an illustration of the situation, and such a Papacy as Mendoza 
+    contemplated would reduce England and all Catholic Europe into fiefs of the 
+    Empire. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudetwo.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter Two&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082631&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082631&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8777</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I / Mary Tudor - Marian Government Policies</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH015e9ea6386857edec159d2e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH015e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">marygovt.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;IMG 
+height=45 alt=&quot;Marian Government Policies&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/marygovt.gif&quot; 
+width=343&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The following is a list of government policies &amp;amp; officials. 
+&lt;BR&gt;It also includes religious legislation. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;When did Parliament meet during Mary's reign?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;5 October 1553 to 5 December 1553 &lt;BR&gt;2 April 1554 to 5 May 1554 &lt;BR&gt;12 
+November 1554 to 16 January 1555 &lt;BR&gt;21 October 1555 to 9 December 1555 &lt;BR&gt;20 
+January 1558 to 17 November 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Who were the Speakers of the House of Commons?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;Sir John Pollard, M.P. for Oxfordshire - elected 5 October 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
+Robert Brooke, M.P. for the City of London - elected 2 April 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
+Clement Higham, M.P. for West Looe - elected 12 November 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Sir John 
+Pollard, M.P. for Chippenham - elected 21 October 1555 &lt;BR&gt;Sir William Cordell, 
+M.P. for Suffolk - elected 20 January 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester&amp;nbsp; 1553-1555 &lt;BR&gt;Nicholas Heath, 
+Archbishop of York&amp;nbsp; 1556-1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Keepers of the Privy Seal&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;John Russell, 1st 
+Lord Russell, created 1st earl of Bedford, 1550)&amp;nbsp; 1542-1555 &lt;BR&gt;William 
+Paget&amp;nbsp; 1555-1559 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Principal Secretaries&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Sir John Cheke&amp;nbsp; 
+1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir John Bourne&amp;nbsp; 1553-1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Justices of the King's Bench&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Thomas 
+Bromley&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;William Portman&amp;nbsp; 1555 &lt;BR&gt;Edward Saunders&amp;nbsp; 1557 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Justices of Common Pleas&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Richard 
+Morgan&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Robert Brooke&amp;nbsp; 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Anthony Browne&amp;nbsp; 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Lord Treasurers&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;William Paulet, 1st earl of 
+Wiltshire (1550) and 1st marquis of Winchester (1551) &lt;BR&gt;held office of Lord 
+Treasurer from 1550 to 1572 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Barons of the Court of Exchequer&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;David 
+Brook&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Clement Heigham&amp;nbsp; 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Masters of the Rolls - Court of Chancery&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
+Nicholas Hare&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir William Cordell&amp;nbsp; 1557&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Religious Developments&amp;nbsp; 1553-1558&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;UL&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT color=#990000&gt;Compare the religious acts of January - July 1553 to 
+  those passed after Mary became queen.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine the confusion 
+  caused by such rapid shifts in ideology.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/UL&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;1553&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - Sir Richard 
+Cotton ordered to seize Church plate and vestments.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;12 June - the Forty-Two Articles issued (includes the statement 
+that Justification before God is by faith alone; also, good works play no part 
+in salvation &amp;amp; there is no purgatory.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;19 
+July - Mary Tudor proclaimed queen of England.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;Immediate &amp;amp; rapid religious changes ensue.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;September - Bishops Bale, Coverdale, Ponet, Scory &amp;amp; 
+Barlow are deprived of their offices &amp;amp; eventually flee overseas.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Bishops Gardiner and Bonner are released from prison and 
+reinstated to former offices.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Mary orders that 
+Archbishop Cranmer be arrested.&amp;nbsp; His fellow Protestant leaders - Latimer, 
+Hooper &amp;amp; Ridley (and a score of others) are also arrested.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;October - Parliament in session.&amp;nbsp; It refuses to repeal the 
+Act of Supremacy, despite Mary's insistence.&amp;nbsp; They do pass an Actof Repeal 
+which essentially voids the Edwardian reformation - and reinstates Mass, 
+clerical celibacy &amp;amp; ritual worship.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;December 
+- Mary responds to Parliament's refusal to repeal the Act of Supremacy &amp;amp; 
+rejects the title of Supreme Head of the English Church.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - 
+prominent English Protestants flee to Germany and Switzerland, trying to avoid 
+Marian prosecution of married/non-celibate clergy.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;March - Mary issues Royal Injunction - orders bishops to remove 
+married clergy from office; suppress heresy; only ordain clergy who have been 
+ordained under the English Ordinal; restore Holy Days and attendant 
+ceremonies.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Gardiner begins a methodical purge of 
+married clergy.&amp;nbsp; This practice eventually claims almost a quarter of parish 
+clergy.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;April - Parliament meets again - and once 
+more clash with Mary.&amp;nbsp; They eventually agree to pass heresy laws - &lt;I&gt;if 
+&lt;/I&gt;there is no restoration of monastic lands.&amp;nbsp; Mary reluctantly agrees to 
+the condition.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;November - Cardinal Reginald Pole 
+(whose Plantagenet mother, Margaret, was brutally murdered by Henry VIII) 
+returns to England and the sentence of excommunication is lifted from 
+England.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Also, Parliament meets again and passes 
+a 2nd Act of Repeal which voids all religious legislation since 1529.&amp;nbsp; In 
+other words, the Henrician Reformation never occurred!&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1555&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - Mary 
+begins the new year by appointing a commission to re-establish various religious 
+houses.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;4 February - The first Protestant martyr 
+is publicly burned - John Rogers, translator of the Bible, is convicted under 
+the new heresy laws.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;16 October - Bishops Ridley 
+and Latimer are burnt for heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;12 November - Stephen Gardiner, Mary's Catholic adviser, 
+dies.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;13 November - Archbishop Cranmer is 
+officially deprived of the See of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;December - Cardinal Reginald Pole is given Cranmer's former 
+position - named Archbishop of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1556&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;The public 
+burning of Protestant martyrs continues unabated.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;21 March - Thomas Cranmer recants all retractions and is burnt for 
+heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford - where Ridley and Latimer were also 
+killed.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;22 March - Pole is officially consecrated 
+as Archbishop of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Cardinal Pole 
+becomes enmeshed in arguments with Pope Paul IV and is deprived of his position 
+as Papal Legate.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1557&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Many small 
+religious houses are re-established.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;June - Pole 
+is recalled to Rome to answer charges of heresy, referencing his arguments with 
+the pope.&amp;nbsp; Mary refuses to let him go.&amp;nbsp; The pope appoints Friar 
+William Peto as Papal Legate in Pole's place.&amp;nbsp; Mary refuses to recognize 
+the appointment.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1558&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;10 November - 
+five prominent Protestants burnt for hersey at Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; In total, about 
+300 Protestants were killed during Mary's reign.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;The prominent Protestant exile Thomas Bentham returns to London 
+and leads Protestant meetings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;17 November - Mary 
+and Pole both die.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Queen Mary I main page&lt;/A&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082673&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082673&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0163.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0163.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0163.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">51569</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH016311805c5894048320a34c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215264</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0163.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER VI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;FOREIGN AFFAIRS : 1572-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;THE year 1572 witnessed two events of capital 
+    importance in European history: the rising in the Netherlands, which 
+    resulted in the establishment of the Dutch Republic (April); and the 
+    massacre of St. Bartholomew, which marked the decisive rejection of 
+    Protestantism by France (August). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the beginning of that year--a few weeks 
+    before the proceedings in Parliament just narrated--Elizabeth had at last 
+    concluded the defensive alliance with France for which she had been so long 
+    negotiating (19 April). It cannot be too often repeated that this was the 
+    corner-stone of her foreign policy. For the sake of its superior importance 
+    she had abstained from the interference in Scotland which her Ministers were 
+    always urging. The more she interfered there the more she would have to 
+    interfere, till it would end in her having a rebellious province on her 
+    hands in addition to the hostility of both France and Spain; whereas an 
+    alliance with France would give her security on all sides, Scotland 
+    included. In the treaty it was agreed that if either country were invaded 
+    &amp;quot;under any pretence or cause, none excepted,&amp;quot; the other should send 6000 
+    troops to its assistance. This was accompanied with an explanation, in the 
+    King's handwriting, that &amp;quot;any cause &amp;quot; included religion. The article 
+    relating to Scotland is not less significant. The two sovereigns &amp;quot;shall make 
+    no innovations in Scotland, but defend it against foreigners, not suffering 
+    strangers to enter, or foment the factions in Scotland; but it shall be 
+    lawful for the Queen of England to chastise by arms the Scots who shall 
+    countenance the English rebels now in Scotland.&amp;quot; Mary was not mentioned. 
+    France therefore tacitly renounced her cause. Immediately after the 
+    conclusion of the treaty Charles IX. formally proposed a marriage between 
+    Elizabeth and his youngest brother, AlenÃ§on. This proposal she managed to 
+    encourage and elude for eleven years. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was just at this moment that the seizure 
+    of Brill by some Dutch rovers, who had taken refuge on the sea from the 
+    cruelty of Alva, caused most of the towns of Holland and Zealand to blaze 
+    into rebellion (1 April). Thus began the great war of liberation, which was 
+    to last thirty-seven years. The Protestant party in England hailed the 
+    revolt with enthusiasm. Large subscriptions were made to assist it, and 
+    volunteers poured across to take part in the struggle. Charles IX. and his 
+    mother, full of schemes of conquest in the Netherlands, urged Elizabeth to 
+    join them in a war against Philip. But, with a sagacity and self-restraint 
+    which do her infinite honour, she refused to be drawn beyond the lines laid 
+    down in the recent defensive alliance. Security, economy, fructification of 
+    the tax-payers' money in the tax-payers' pocket--such were the guiding 
+    principles of her policy. She was not to be dragged into dangerous 
+    enterprises either ambitious or Quixotic. Schemes for the partition of the 
+    Netherlands were laid before her. Zealand, it was said, would indemnify her 
+    for Calais. What Englishman with any common sense does not now see that she 
+    was right to reject the bribe? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;To Elizabeth no rebellion against a 
+    legitimate sovereign could be welcome in itself. Since Philip was so 
+    possessed by religious bigotry as to be dangerous to all Protestant States, 
+    she was not sorry that he should wear out his crusading ardour in the 
+    Netherlands; and she was ready to give just as much assistance to the Dutch, 
+    in an underhand way, as would keep him fully occupied without bringing a 
+    declaration of war upon herself. But she would have vastly preferred that he 
+    should repress Catholic and Protestant fanatics alike, and get along quietly 
+    with the mass of his subjects as his father had done before him. Charles IX. 
+    was eager to strike in if she would join him. Those who blame her so 
+    severely for her refusal seem to forget that a French conquest of the 
+    Netherlands would have been far more dangerous to this country than their 
+    possession by Spain. To keep them out of French hands has indeed been the 
+    traditional policy of England during the whole of modern history. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But, it is said, such a war would have 
+    clinched the alliance recently patched up between the French court and the 
+    Huguenots; there would have been no Bartholomew Massacre; &amp;quot;on Elizabeth 
+    depended at that moment whether the French Government would take its place 
+    once for all on the side of the Reformation.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Whether it would have been for the advantage 
+    of European progress in the long-run that France should settle down into 
+    Calvinism, I will forbear to inquire. Fortunately for the immediate 
+    interests of England, Elizabeth understood the situation in France better 
+    than some of her critics do, even with the results before their eyes. The 
+    Huguenots were but a small fraction of the nation. Whatever importance they 
+    possessed they derived from their rank, their turbulence, and the ambition 
+    of their leaders. In a few towns of the south and south-west they formed a 
+    majority of the population. But everywhere else they were mostly noblemen, 
+    full of the arrogance and reckless valour of their class, anything but 
+    puritans in their morals, and ready to destroy the unity of the kingdom for 
+    political no less than for religious objects. They had been losing ground 
+    for several years. The mass of the people abhorred their doctrines, and 
+    protested against any concession to their pretensions. Charles and his 
+    mother were absolutely careless about religion. Their feud with the Guises 
+    and their designs on the Netherlands had led them to invite the Huguenot 
+    chiefs to court, and so to give them a momentary influence in shaping the 
+    policy of France. It was with nothing more solid to lean on than this 
+    ricketty and short-lived combination that Burghley and Walsingham were eager 
+    to launch England into a war with the most powerful monarchy in Europe.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The massacre of St. Bartholomew (24 August) 
+    was a rude awakening from these dreams. That thunderclap did not show that, 
+    in signing the treaty with England and in proposing an attack on Philip, the 
+    French Government had been playing a treacherous game all along, in order to 
+    lure the Huguenots to the shambles. But it did show that when the Catholic 
+    sentiment in France was thoroughly roused, the dynasty itself must bend 
+    before it or be swept away. England might help the Huguenots to keep up a 
+    desultory and harassing civil war; she could no more enable them to control 
+    the policy of the French nation and wield its force, than she could at the 
+    present day restore the Bourbons or Bonapartes. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The first idea of Elizabeth and her 
+    ministers, on receiving the news of the massacre, naturally was that the 
+    French Government had been playing them false from the first, that the 
+    Catholic League for the extirpation of heresy in Europe, which had been so 
+    much talked of since the Bayonne interview in 1565, was after all a reality, 
+    and that England might expect an attack from the combined forces of Spain 
+    and France. Thanks to the prudent policy of Elizabeth, England was in a far 
+    better position to meet all dangers than she had been in 1565. The fleet was 
+    brought round to the Downs. The coast was guarded by militia. An expedition 
+    was organised to co-operate with the Dutch insurgents. Money was sent to the 
+    Prince of Orange. Huguenot refugees were allowed to fit out a flotilla to 
+    assist their co-religionists in Rochelle. The Scotch Regent Mar was 
+    informed, with great secrecy, that if he would demand the extradition of 
+    Mary, and undertake to punish her capitally for her husband's murder, she 
+    should be given up to him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A few weeks sufficed to show that there was 
+    no reason for panic. Confidence, indeed, between the French and English 
+    Governments had been severely shaken. Each stood suspiciously on its guard. 
+    But the alliance was too well grounded in the interests of both parties to 
+    be lightly cast aside. The French ambassador was instructed to excuse and 
+    deplore the massacre as best he could, and to press on the AlenÃ§on marriage. 
+    Elizabeth, dressed in deep mourning, gave him a stiff reception, but let him 
+    see her desire to maintain the alliance. The massacre did not restore the 
+    ascendancy of the Guises. To the Huguenots, as religious reformers, it gave 
+    a blow from which they did not recover. But as a political faction they were 
+    not crushed. Nay, their very weakness became their salvation, since it 
+    compelled them to fall into the second rank behind the &lt;i&gt;Politiques&lt;/i&gt;, 
+    the true party of progress, who were before long to find a victorious leader 
+    in Henry of Navarre. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Philip, for his part, was equally far from 
+    any thought of a crusade against England. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, commanding 
+    several companies of English volunteers, with the hardly concealed sanction 
+    of his government, was fighting against the Spaniards in Walcheren and 
+    hanging all his prisoners. Sir John Hawkins, with twenty ships, had sailed 
+    to intercept the Mexican treasure fleet. Yet Alva, though gnashing his 
+    teeth, was obliged to advise his master to swallow it all, and to be 
+    thankful if he could get Elizabeth to reopen commercial intercourse, which 
+    had been prohibited on both sides since the quarrel about the Genoese 
+    treasure. A treaty for this purpose was in fact concluded early in 1573. 
+    Thus the chief result of the Bartholomew Massacre, as far as Elizabeth was 
+    concerned, was to show how strong her position was, and that she had no need 
+    either to truckle to Catholics or let her hand be forced by Protestants. A 
+    balance of power on the Continent was what suited her, as it has generally 
+    suited this country. Let her critics say what they will, it was no business 
+    of hers to organise a Protestant league, and so drive the Catholic 
+    sovereigns to sink their mutual jealousies and combine against the common 
+    enemy. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Scotch Regent was quite ready to 
+    undertake the punishment of Mary, but only on condition that Elizabeth would 
+    send the Earl of Bedford or the Earl of Huntingdon with an army to be 
+    present at the execution and to take Edinburgh Castle. It need hardly be 
+    said that there was also a demand for money. Mar died during the 
+    negotiations, but they were continued by his successor Morton. Elizabeth was 
+    determined to give no open consent to Mary's execution. She meant, no doubt, 
+    as soon as it should be over, to protest, as she did fifteen years 
+    afterwards, that there had been an unfortunate mistake, and to lay the blame 
+    of it on the Scotch Government and her own agents. This part of the 
+    negotiation therefore came to nothing. But money was sent to Morton, which 
+    enabled him to establish a blockade of Edinburgh Castle, and by the 
+    mediation of Elizabeth's ambassador, the Hamiltons, Gordons, and all the 
+    other Marians except those in the Castle, accepted the very favourable terms 
+    offered them, and recognised James. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All that remained was to reduce the Castle. 
+    Its defenders numbered less than two hundred men. The city and the 
+    surrounding country were--as far as preaching and praying went--vehemently 
+    anti-Marian. The Regent had now no other military task on his hands. 
+    Elizabeth might well complain when she was told that unless she sent an army 
+    and paid the Scotch Protestants to co-operate with it, the Castle could not 
+    be taken. For some time she resisted this thoroughly Scotch demand. But at 
+    last she yielded to Morton's importunity. Sir William Drury marched in from 
+    Berwick, did the job, and marched back again (May 1573). Among the captives 
+    were the brilliant Maitland of Lethington, once the most active of 
+    Anglophiles, and Kirkaldy of Grange, who had begun the Scottish Reformation 
+    by the murder of Cardinal Beaton, and had taken Mary prisoner at Carberry 
+    Hill. A politician who did not turn his coat at least once in his life was a 
+    rare bird in Scotland. Maitland died a few days after his capture, probably 
+    by his own hand. Kirkaldy was hanged by his old friend Morton. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;By taking Edinburgh Castle Elizabeth did not 
+    earn any gratitude from the party who had called her in. What they wanted, 
+    and always would want, was money. Morton himself, treading in the steps of 
+    his old leader Moray, remained an unswerving Anglophile. But his coadjutors 
+    told the English ambassador plainly that, if they could not get money from 
+    England, they could and would earn it from France. Elizabeth's councillors 
+    were always teasing her to comply with these impudent demands. If there had 
+    been a grown-up King on the throne, a man with a will of his own, and whose 
+    right to govern could not be contested, it might have been worth while to 
+    secure his good-will by a pension; and this was what Elizabeth did when 
+    James became real ruler of the country. But she did not believe in paying a 
+    clique of greedy lords to call themselves the English party. An English 
+    party there was sure to be, if only because there was a French party. Their 
+    services would be neither greater nor smaller whether they were paid or 
+    unpaid. The French poured money into Scotland, and were worse served than 
+    Elizabeth, who kept her money in her treasury. It was no fault of Elizabeth 
+    if the conditions of political life in Scotland during the King's minority 
+    were such that a firmly established government was in the nature of things 
+    impossible. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As Mary was kept in strict seclusion during 
+    the panic that followed on the Bartholomew Massacre, she did not know how 
+    narrow was her escape from a shameful death on a Scottish scaffold. When the 
+    panic subsided she was allowed to resume her former manner of life as the 
+    honoured guest of Lord Shrewsbury, with full opportunities for communication 
+    with all her friends at home and abroad. Any alarm she had felt speedily 
+    disappeared. If Elizabeth had for a moment contemplated striking at her life 
+    or title by parliamentary procedure, that intention was evidently abandoned 
+    when the Parliament of 1572 was prorogued without any such measure becoming 
+    law. The public assumed, and rightly, that Elizabeth still regarded the 
+    Scottish Queen as her successor. Peter Wentworth in the next session (1576) 
+    asserted, and probably with truth, that many who had been loud in their 
+    demands for severity repented of their forwardness when they found that Mary 
+    might yet be their Queen, and tried to make their peace with her. 
+    Wentworth's outburst (for which he was sent to the Tower) was the only 
+    demonstration against Mary in that session. She told the Archbishop of 
+    Glasgow that her prospects had never been better, and when opportunities for 
+    secret escape were offered her she declined to use them, thinking that it 
+    was for her interest to remain in England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The desire of the English Queen to reinstate 
+    her rival arose principally from an uneasy consciousness that, by detaining 
+    her in custody, she was fatally impairing that religious respect for 
+    sovereigns which was the main, if not the only, basis of their power. The 
+    scaffold of Fotheringay was, in truth, the prelude to the scaffold of 
+    Whitehall. But as year succeeded year, and Elizabeth became habituated to 
+    the situation which had at first given her such qualms, she could not shut 
+    her eyes to the fact that, troublesome and even dangerous as Mary's presence 
+    in England was, the trouble and the danger had been very much greater when 
+    she was seated on the Scottish throne. The seething caldron of Scotch 
+    politics had not, indeed, become a negligible quantity. It required 
+    watching. But experience had shown that, while the King was a child, the 
+    Scots were neither valuable as friends nor formidable as foes. This was a 
+    truth quite as well understood at Paris and Madrid as at London, though the 
+    French, no less keen in those days than they are now to maintain that 
+    shadowy thing called &amp;quot;legitimate French influence&amp;quot; in countries with which 
+    they had any historical connection, continued to intrigue and waste their 
+    money among the hungry Scotch nobles. It was a fixed principle with 
+    Elizabeth, as with all English statesmen, not to tolerate the presence of 
+    foreign troops in Scotland. But she believed--and her belief was justified 
+    by events-that a French expedition was not the easy matter it had been when 
+    Mary of Guise was Regent of Scotland and Mary Tudor Queen of England. And, 
+    more important still, in spite of much treachery and distrust, the French 
+    and English Governments were bound together by a treaty which was equally 
+    necessary to each of them. Scotland, therefore, was no longer such a cause 
+    of anxiety to Elizabeth as it had been during the first ten years of her 
+    reign. Her ministers had neither her coolness nor her insight. Yet modern 
+    historians, proud of having unearthed their croaking criticisms, ask us to 
+    judge Elizabeth's policy by prognostications which turned out to be false 
+    rather than by the known results which so brilliantly justified it. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;How to deal with the Netherlands was a much 
+    more complicated and difficult problem. Here again Elizabeth's ministers 
+    were for carrying matters with a high hand. In their view, England was in 
+    constant danger of a Spanish invasion, which could only be averted by openly 
+    and vigorously supporting the revolted provinces. They would have had 
+    Elizabeth place herself at the head of a Protestant league, and dare the 
+    worst that Philip could do. She, on the other hand, believed that every year 
+    war could be delayed was so much &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;gained for England. There were many ways in 
+    which she could aid the Netherlands without openly challenging Philip. A 
+    curious theory of international relations prevailed in those days--an 
+    English Prime Minister, by the way, found it convenient not long ago to 
+    revive it--according to which, to carry on warlike operations against 
+    another country was a very different thing from going to war with that 
+    country. Of this theory Elizabeth largely availed herself. English generals 
+    were not only allowed, but encouraged, to raise regiments of volunteers to 
+    serve in the Low Countries. When there, they reported to the English 
+    Government, and received instructions from it with hardly a pretence of 
+    concealment. Money was openly furnished to the Prince of Orange. English 
+    fleets-also nominally of volunteers--were encouraged to prey on Spanish 
+    commerce, Elizabeth herself subscribing to their outfit and sharing in the 
+    booty. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We are not to suppose, because the revolt of 
+    the Netherlands crippled Philip for any attack on England, that Elizabeth 
+    welcomed it, or that she contemplated the prolongation of the struggle with 
+    cold-blooded satisfaction. Its immediate advantage to this country was 
+    obvious. But Elizabeth had a sincere abhorrence of war and disorder. She was 
+    equally provoked with Philip for persecuting the Dutch Protestants into 
+    rebellion, and with the Dutch for insisting on religious concessions which 
+    Philip could not be expected to grant, and which she herself was not 
+    granting to Catholics in England. At any time during the struggle, if Philip 
+    would have guaranteed liberty of conscience (as distinguished from liberty 
+    of public worship), the restoration of the old charters, and the removal of 
+    the Spanish troops, Elizabeth would not only have withheld all help from the 
+    Dutch, but would have put pressure on them to submit to Philip. The presence 
+    of Spanish veterans opposite the mouth of the Thames was a standing menace 
+    to England. &amp;quot;As they are there,&amp;quot; argued Burghley, we must help the Dutch to 
+    keep them employed. &amp;quot;If the Dutch were not such impracticable fanatics,&amp;quot; 
+    rejoined Elizabeth, &amp;quot;the Spanish veterans need not be there at all.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The &amp;quot;Pacification of Ghent&amp;quot; (November 1576), 
+    by which the Belgian Netherlands, for a short time, made common cause with 
+    Holland and Zealand, relieved Elizabeth, for a time, from the necessity of 
+    taking any decisive step. Philip was still recognised as sovereign, but he 
+    was required to be content with such powers as the old constitution gave 
+    him. It seemed likely that Catholic bigots would have to give up 
+    persecuting, and Protestant bigots to acquiesce in the official 
+    establishment of the old religion. This was precisely the settlement 
+    Elizabeth had always desired. It would get rid of the Spanish troops. It 
+    would keep out the French. It would relieve her from the necessity of 
+    interfering. If it put some restriction on the open profession of Calvinism 
+    she would not be sorry. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If this arrangement could have been carried 
+    out, would it in the long-run have been for the benefit of Europe? Those who 
+    hold that the conflict between Protestantism and Catholicism was simply a 
+    conflict between truth and falsehood will, of course, have no difficulty in 
+    giving their answer. Others may hold that freedom of conscience was all that 
+    was needed at the time, and they may picture the many advantages which 
+    Europe would have reaped during the last three centuries from the existence 
+    of a united Netherlands, independent, as it must soon have become, of Spain, 
+    and able to make its independence respected by its neighbours. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Short-lived as the coalition was destined to 
+    be, it secured for the Dutch a breathing-time when they were most sorely 
+    pressed, and enabled Elizabeth to avoid quarrelling with Spain. The first 
+    step of the newly allied States was to apply to her for assistance and a 
+    loan of money. The loan they obtained-Â£40,000--a very large sum in those 
+    days. But she earnestly advised them that if the new Governor, Don John of 
+    Austria, would accept the Pacification, they should use the money to pay the 
+    arrears of the Spanish troops; otherwise they would refuse to leave the 
+    country for Don John or any one else. This was done. Don John had treachery 
+    in his heart. But the departure of the Spaniards was a solid gain; and if 
+    the Protestants and Catholics of the Netherlands had been able to tolerate 
+    each other, they would have achieved the practical independence of their 
+    country, and achieved it by their own unaided efforts. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But Don John, the crusader, the victor of 
+    Lepanto, the half-brother of Philip, was a man of soaring ambition. His 
+    dream was to invade England, marry the Queen of Scots, and seat himself with 
+    her on the English throne. It was in vain that Philip, who never wavered in 
+    his desire to conciliate Elizabeth, and was jealous of his showy brother, 
+    had strictly enjoined him to leave England alone. He persisted in his 
+    design, and sent his confidant Escovedo to persuade Philip that to conquer 
+    the Netherlands it was necessary to begin by conquering England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;For a pair of determined enemies, Elizabeth 
+    and Philip were just now upon most amicable, not to say affectionate, terms. 
+    She knew well that he had incited assassins to take her life, and that 
+    nothing would at any time give him greater pleasure than to hear that one of 
+    them had succeeded. But she bore him no malice for that. She took it all in 
+    the way of business, and intended, for her part, to go on robbing and 
+    damaging him in every way she could short of going to war. Philip bore it 
+    all meekly. Alva himself insisted that he could not afford to quarrel with 
+    her. Diplomatic relations by means of resident ambassadors, which had been 
+    broken off by the expulsion of De Espes in 1571, were resumed; and English 
+    heretics in the prisons of the Inquisition were released in spite of the 
+    outcries of the Grand Inquisitor. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the summer of 1557 it seemed as if Don 
+    John's restless ambition would interrupt this pacific policy which suited 
+    both monarchs. He had sent for the Spanish troops again. He was known to be 
+    projecting an invasion of England. He was said to have a promise of help 
+    from Guise. Elizabeth's ministers, as usual, believed that she was on the 
+    brink of ruin, and implored her to send armies both to the Netherlands and 
+    to France. But she refused to be hustled into any precipitate action, and 
+    reasons soon appeared for maintaining an expectant attitude. The treaty of 
+    Bergerac between Henry III. and Henry of Navarre (September 1557) showed 
+    once more that the French King had no intention of letting the Huguenots be 
+    crushed. The invitation of the Archduke Matthias by the Belgian nobles 
+    showed that they were deeply jealous of English interference. Here, surely, 
+    was matter for reflection. The most Elizabeth could be got to do was to 
+    become security for a loan of Â£100,000 to the States, on condition that 
+    Matthias should leave the real direction of affairs to William of Orange, 
+    and to promise armed assistance (January 1578). At the same time she 
+    informed Philip that she was obliged to do this for her own safety; that she 
+    had no desire to contest his sovereignty of the Netherlands; on the 
+    contrary, she would help him to maintain it if he would govern reasonably; 
+    but he ought to remove Don John, who was her mortal enemy, and to appoint 
+    another Governor of his own family; in other words, Matthias. Her policy 
+    could not have been more candidly set forth, and Philip showed his 
+    disapproval of Don John's designs in a characteristic way--by causing 
+    Escovedo to be assassinated. Don John himself died in the autumn, of a fever 
+    brought on by disappointment, or, as some thought, of a complaint similar to 
+    Escovedo's (September 1578). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Elizabeth feared that Don John's scheme 
+    was countenanced by his brother, she had risked an open rupture by promising 
+    to send an army to the Netherlands. The murder of Escovedo and the arrival 
+    of the Spanish ambassador Mendoza (March 1578) reassured her. Philip was 
+    evidently pacific to the point of tameness. Instead, therefore, of sending 
+    an English army, she preferred to pay John Casimir, the Count Palatine, to 
+    lead a German army to the assistance of the States. As far as military 
+    strength went, they were probably no losers by the change. But what they 
+    wanted was to see Elizabeth committed to open war with Philip, and that was 
+    just what she desired to avoid. Indirect and underhand blows she was 
+    prepared to deal him, for she knew by experience that he would put up with 
+    them. Thus in the preceding autumn she had despatched Drake on his famous 
+    expedition to the South Pacific. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Don John was succeeded by his nephew, 
+    Alexander of Parma. The fine prospects of the revolted provinces were now 
+    about to be dashed. In the arts which smooth over difficulties and 
+    conciliate opposition, Parma had few equals. He was a head and shoulders 
+    above all contemporary generals; and no soldiers of that time were 
+    comparable to his Spanish and Italian veterans. When he assumed the command, 
+    he was master of only a small corner of the Low Countries. What he effected 
+    is represented by their present division between Belgians and Dutch. The 
+    struggle in the Netherlands continued, therefore, to be the principal object 
+    of Elizabeth's attention. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Shortly before the death of Don John, the 
+    Duke of AlenÃ§on, (1) brother and heir-presumptive of Henry III. had been 
+    invited by the Belgian nobles to become their Protector, and Orange, in his 
+    anxiety for union, had accepted their nominee. AlenÃ§on was to furnish 12,000 
+    French troops. It was hoped and believed that, though Henry had ostensibly 
+    disapproved of his brother's action, he would in the end give him open 
+    support, thus resuming the enterprise which had been interrupted six years 
+    before by the Bartholomew Massacre. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Now, how was Elizabeth to deal with this new 
+    combination? The Protectorship of AlenÃ§on might bring on annexation to 
+    France, the result which most of all she wished to avoid. For a moment she 
+    thought of offering her own protection (which Orange would have much 
+    preferred), and an army equal to that promised by AlenÃ§on. But upon further 
+    reflection, she determined to adhere to the policy of not throwing down the 
+    glove to Philip, and to try whether she could not put AlenÃ§on in harness, 
+    and make him do her work. One means of effecting this would be to allow him 
+    subsidies--the means employed on such a vast scale by Pitt in our wars with 
+    Napoleon. But Elizabeth intended to spend as little as possible in this way. 
+    She relied chiefly on a revival of the marriage comedy--now to be played 
+    positively for the last time; the lady being forty-five, and her wooer 
+    twenty-four. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A dignified policy it certainly was not. All 
+    that was ridiculous and repulsive in her coquetry with Henry had now to be 
+    repeated and outdone with his younger brother. To overcome the incredulity 
+    which her previous performances had produced, she was obliged to exaggerate 
+    her protestations, to admit a personal courtship, to simulate amorous 
+    emotion, and to go through a tender pantomime of kisses and caresses. But 
+    Elizabeth never let dignity stand in the way of business. What to most women 
+    would have been an insupportable humiliation did not cost her a pang. She 
+    even found amusement in it. From the nature of the case, she could not take 
+    one of her counsellors into her confidence. There was no chance of imposing 
+    upon foreigners unless she could persuade those about her that she was in 
+    earnest. They were amazed that she should run the risk of establishing the 
+    French in the Netherlands. She had no intention of doing so. When Philip 
+    should be brought so low as to be willing to concede a constitutional 
+    government, she could always throw her weight on his side and get rid of the 
+    French. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The match with AlenÃ§on had been proposed six 
+    years before. It had lately slumbered. But there was no difficulty in 
+    whistling him back, and making it appear that the renewed overture came from 
+    his side. After tedious negotiations, protracted over twelve months, he at 
+    length paid his first visit to Elizabeth ( August 1579). He was an 
+    under-sized man with an over-sized head, villainously ugly, with a face 
+    deeply seamed by smallpox, a nose ending in a knob that made it look like 
+    two noses, and a croaking voice. Elizabeth's liking for big handsome men is 
+    well known. But as she had not the least intention of marrying AlenÃ§on, it 
+    cost her nothing to affirm that she was charmed with his appearance, and 
+    that he was just the sort of man she could fancy for a husband. The only 
+    agreeable thing about him was his conversation, in which he shone, so that 
+    people who did not thoroughly know him always at first gave him credit for 
+    more ability than he possessed. Elizabeth, who had a pet name for all 
+    favourites, dubbed him her &amp;quot;frog&amp;quot;; and &amp;quot;Grenouille&amp;quot; he was fain to subscribe 
+    himself in his love-letters. This first visit was a short one, and he went 
+    away hopeful of success. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The English people could only judge by 
+    appearances, and for the first time in her reign Elizabeth was unpopular. 
+    The Puritan Stubbs published his &lt;i&gt;Discovery of a Gaping Gulf wherein 
+    England is like to be swallowed by another French Marriage&lt;/i&gt;. But the 
+    excitement was by no means confined to the Puritans. Hatred of Frenchmen 
+    long remained a ruling sentiment with most Englishmen. Elizabeth vented her 
+    rage on Stubbs, who had been so rude as to tell her that childbirth at her 
+    age would endanger her life. He was sentenced to have his hand cut off. &amp;quot;I 
+    remember,&amp;quot; says Camden, &amp;quot;being then present, that Stubbs, after his right 
+    hand was cut off, put off his hat with his left, and said with a loud voice, 
+    'God save the Queen.' The multitude standing about was deeply silent.&amp;quot;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Not long after AlenÃ§on's visit, a treaty of 
+    marriage was signed (November 1579), with a proviso that two months should 
+    be allowed for the Queen's subjects to become reconciled to it. If, at the 
+    end of that time, Elizabeth did not ratify the treaty, it was to be null and 
+    void. The appointed time came and went without ratification. Burghley, as 
+    usual, predicted that the jilted suitor would become a deadly enemy, and 
+    drew an alarming picture of the dangers that threatened England, with the 
+    old exhortation to his mistress to form a Protestant league and subsidise 
+    the Scotch Anglophiles. But in 1572 she had slipped out of the Anjou 
+    marriage, and yet secured a French alliance. She confided in her ability to 
+    play the same game now. Though she had not ratified the marriage treaty, she 
+    continued to correspond with AlenÃ§on and keep up his hopes, urging him at 
+    the same time to lead an army to the help of the States. This, however, he 
+    was unwilling to do till he had secured the marriage. The French King was 
+    ready, and even eager, to back his brother. But he, too, insisted on the 
+    marriage, and that Elizabeth should openly join him in war against Spain.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the summer of 1580, Philip conquered 
+    Portugal, thus not only rounding off his Peninsular realm, but acquiring the 
+    enormous transmarine dominions of the Portuguese crown. All Europe was 
+    profoundly impressed and alarmed by this apparent increase of his power. 
+    Elizabeth incessantly lectured Henry on the necessity of abating a 
+    preponderance so dangerous to all other States, and tried to convince him 
+    that it was specially incumbent on France to undertake the enterprise. But 
+    she preached in vain. Henry steadily refused to stir unless England would 
+    openly assist him with troops and money, of which the marriage was to be the 
+    pledge. He did not conceal his suspicion that, when Elizabeth had pushed him 
+    into war, she would &amp;quot;draw her neck out of the collar&amp;quot; and leave him to bear 
+    the whole danger. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was, in fact, her intention. She 
+    believed that a war with France would soon compel Philip to make proper 
+    concessions to the States; whereupon she would interpose and dictate a 
+    peace. &amp;quot;Marry my brother,&amp;quot; Henry kept saying, &amp;quot;and then I shall have 
+    security that you will bear your fair share of the fighting, and expenses.&amp;quot; 
+    &amp;quot;If I am to go to war,&amp;quot; argued Elizabeth, &amp;quot;I cannot marry your brother; for 
+    my subjects will say that I am dragged into it by my husband, and they will 
+    grudge the expense. Suppose, instead of a marriage, we have an alliance not 
+    binding me to open war; then I will furnish you with money &lt;i&gt;underhand&lt;/i&gt;. 
+    You know you have got to fight. You cannot afford to let Philip go on 
+    increasing his power.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Henry remained doggedly firm. No marriage, no 
+    war. At last, finding she could not stir him, Elizabeth again concluded a 
+    treaty of marriage, but with the extraordinary proviso that six weeks should 
+    be left for private explanations by letter between herself and AlenÃ§on. It 
+    soon appeared what this meant. In these six weeks Elizabeth furnished her 
+    suitor with money, and incited him to make a sudden attack on Parma, who was 
+    then besieging Cambray, close to the French frontier. AlenÃ§on, thinking 
+    himself now sure of the marriage, collected 15,000 men; and Henry, though 
+    not openly assisting him, no longer prohibited the enterprise. But, as soon 
+    as Elizabeth thought they were sufficiently committed, she gave them to 
+    understand that the marriage must be again deferred, that her subjects were 
+    discontented, that she could only join in a defensive alliance, but that she 
+    would furnish money &amp;quot;in reasonable sort&amp;quot; &lt;i&gt;underhand&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All this is very unscrupulous, very 
+    shameless, even for that shameless age. Hardened liars like Henry and 
+    AlenÃ§on thought it too bad. &lt;i&gt;They&lt;/i&gt; were ready for violence as well as 
+    fraud, and availed themselves of whichever method came handiest. Elizabeth 
+    also used the weapon which nature had given her. Being constitutionally 
+    averse from any but peaceful methods, she made up for it by a double dose of 
+    fraud. &lt;i&gt;Dente lupus, cornu taurus&lt;/i&gt;. It would have been useless for a 
+    mate statesman to try to pass himself off as a fickle impulsive, susceptible 
+    being, swayed from one moment to another in his political schemes by 
+    passions and weaknesses that are thought natural in the other sex. This was 
+    Elizabeth's advantage, and she made the most of it. She was a masculine 
+    woman simulating, when it suited her purpose, a feminine character. The men 
+    against whom she was matched were never sure whether they were dealing with 
+    a crafty and determined politician, or a vain, flighty, amorous woman. This 
+    uncertainty was constantly putting them out in their calculations. AlenÃ§on 
+    would never have been so taken in if he had not told himself that any folly 
+    might be expected from an elderly woman enamoured of a young man. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On this occasion Elizabeth scored, if not the 
+    full success she had hoped from her audacious mystification, yet no 
+    inconsiderable portion of it. Henry managed to draw back just in time, and 
+    was not let in for a big war. But AlenÃ§on, at the head of 15,000 men, and 
+    close to Cambray, could not for very shame beat a retreat. Parma retired at 
+    his approach, and the French army entered Cambray in triumph (August 1581). 
+    AlenÃ§on therefore had been put in harness to some purpose. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Though Henry III. had good reason to complain 
+    of the way he had been treated, he did not make it a quarrel with Elizabeth. 
+    His interests, as she saw all along, were too closely bound up with hers to 
+    permit him to think of such a thing. On the contrary, he renewed the 
+    alliance of 1572 in an ampler form, though it still remained strictly 
+    defensive. AlenÃ§on, after relieving and victualling Cambray, disbanded his 
+    army, and went over to England again to press for the marriage (November 
+    1581). Thither he was followed by ambassadors from the States. By the advice 
+    of Orange they had resolved to take him as their sovereign, and they were 
+    now urgently pressing him to return to the Netherlands to be installed. 
+    Elizabeth added her pressure; but he was unwilling to leave England until he 
+    should have secured the marriage. For three months (November 1581 to 
+    February 1582) did Elizabeth try every art to make him accept promise for 
+    performance. She was thoroughly in her element. To win her game in this way, 
+    not by the brutal arbitrament of war, or even by the ordinary tricks of 
+    vicarious diplomacy, but by artifices personally executed, feats of cajolery 
+    that might seem improbable on the stage,--this was delightful in the highest 
+    degree. The more distrustful AlenÃ§on showed himself, the keener was the 
+    pleasure of handling him. One day he is hidden behind a curtain to view her 
+    elegant dancing; not, surely, that he might be smitten with it, but that he 
+    might think she desired him to be smitten. Another day she kisses him on the 
+    lips (&lt;i&gt;en la boca&lt;/i&gt;) in the presence of the French ambassador. She gives 
+    him a ring. She presents him to her household as their future master. She 
+    orders the Bishop of Lincoln to draw up a marriage service. It is a 
+    repulsive spectacle; but, after all, we are not so much disgusted with the 
+    elderly woman who pretends to be willing to marry the young man, as with the 
+    young man who is really willing to marry the elderly woman. Unfortunately 
+    for Elizabeth, her acting was so realistic that it not only took in 
+    contemporaries, but has persuaded many modern writers that she was really 
+    influenced by a degrading passion. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Henry III. himself was at last induced to 
+    believe that Elizabeth was this time in earnest. But he could not be driven 
+    from his determination to risk nothing till he saw the marriage actually 
+    concluded. Pinart, the French Secretary of State, was accordingly sent over 
+    to settle the terms. Elizabeth demanded one concession after another, and 
+    finally asked for the restitution of Calais. There was no mistaking what 
+    this meant. Pinart, in the King's name, formally forbade AlenÃ§on to proceed 
+    to the Netherlands except as a married man, and tried to intimidate 
+    Elizabeth by threatening that his master would ally himself with Philip. But 
+    she laughed at him, and told him that she could have the Spanish alliance 
+    whenever she chose, which was perfectly true. AlenÃ§on himself gave way. He 
+    felt that he was being played with. He had come over here, with a &lt;i&gt;fatuilÃ©&lt;/i&gt; 
+    not uncommon among young Frenchmen, expecting to bend a love-sick Queen to 
+    serve his political designs. He found himself, to his intense mortification, 
+    bent to serve hers. Ashamed to show his face in France without either his 
+    Belgian dominions or his English wife, he was fain to accept Elizabeth's 
+    solemn promise that she would marry him as soon as she could, and allowed 
+    himself to be shipped off under the escort of an English fleet to the 
+    Netherlands (February 1582). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;According to Mr. Froude, &amp;quot;the Prince of 
+    Orange intimated that AlenÃ§on was accepted by the States only as a pledge 
+    that England would support them; if England failed them, they would not 
+    trust their fortunes to so vain an idiot.&amp;quot; This statement appears to be 
+    drawn from the second-band tattle of Mendoza, and is probably, like much 
+    else from that source, unworthy of credit. But whether Orange sent such an 
+    &amp;quot;intimation&amp;quot; or not, it cannot be allowed to weigh against the ample 
+    evidence that AlenÃ§on was accepted by him and by the States mainly for the 
+    sake of the French forces he could raise on his own account, and the 
+    assistance which he undertook to procure from his brother. Neither Orange 
+    nor any one else regarded him as an idiot. Orange had not been led to expect 
+    that he would bring any help from England except money supplied underhand; 
+    and money Elizabeth did furnish in very considerable quantities. But the 
+    Netherlanders now expected everything to be done for them, and were backward 
+    with their contributions both in men and money. Clearly there is something 
+    to be said for the let-alone policy to which Elizabeth usually leant. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The States intended AlenÃ§on's sovereignty to 
+    be of the strictly constitutional kind, such as it had been before the 
+    encroachments of Philip and his father. This did not suit the young 
+    Frenchman, and at the beginning of 1583 he attempted a &lt;i&gt;coup d'Ã©tat&lt;/i&gt;, 
+    not without encouragement from some of the Belgian Catholics. At Antwerp his 
+    French troops were defeated with great bloodshed by the citizens, and the 
+    general voice of the country was for sending him about his business. But 
+    both Elizabeth and Orange, though disconcerted and disgusted by his 
+    treachery, still saw nothing better to be done than to patch up the breach 
+    and retain his services. Both of them urged this course on the 
+    States--Orange with his usual dignified frankness; Elizabeth in the crooked, 
+    blustering fashion which has brought upon her policy, in so many instances, 
+    reproach which it does not really deserve. Norris, the commander of the 
+    English volunteers, had discountenanced the &lt;i&gt;coup-d'Ã©tat&lt;/i&gt; and taken his 
+    orders from the States. Openly Elizabeth reprimanded him, and ordered him to 
+    bring his men back to England. Secretly she told him he had done well, and 
+    bade him remain where he was. Norris was in fact there to protect the 
+    interests of England quite as much against the French as against Spain. 
+    There is not the least ground for the assertion that in promoting a 
+    reconciliation with AlenÃ§on, Orange acted under pressure from Elizabeth. 
+    Everything goes to show that he, the wisest and noblest statesman of his 
+    time, thought it the only course open to the States, unless they were 
+    prepared to submit to Philip. Both Elizabeth and Orange felt that the first 
+    necessity was to keep the quarrel alive between the Frenchman and the 
+    Spaniard. The English Queen therefore continued to feed AlenÃ§on with hopes 
+    of marriage, and the States patched up a reconciliation with him (March 
+    1583). But his heart failed him. He saw Parma taking town after town. He 
+    knew that he had made himself odious to the Netherlanders. He was covered 
+    with shame. He was fatally stricken with consumption. In June 1583 he left 
+    Belgium never to return. Within a twelvemonth he was dead. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;1. He had received the Duchy of 
+    Anjou in addition to that of AlenÃ§on, and some historians call him by the 
+    former title.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterseven.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    VII The Papal Attack: 1570-1583&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082625&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082625&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01708e9450c45ca1c118dd6e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215263</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0170.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1535.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1535.gif&quot; width=&quot;519&quot; height=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Th&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;e account at right was written by 
+    the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The summer of 1535 was one of the bloodiest of King Henry 
+    VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; The deaths of John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, and Sir 
+    Thomas More shocked and appalled Europe.&amp;nbsp; Henry's reputation never 
+    recovered and was further blemished when he later executed two wives.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;This year on 11 June were arraigned in the king's bench at
+Westminster three monks of the Charterhouse of London, and there condemned
+of high treason against the king, and sentenced to be drawn, hanged, disemboweled,
+beheaded and quartered.&amp;nbsp; One of them was called Francis Nitigate,
+another Master Exmew, storekeeper of the same place, and the third was
+called Master Middlemore, vicar of the same place.&amp;nbsp; This year also
+on 17 June was arraigned at Westminster in the king's bench John Fisher,
+bishop of Rochester, for treason against the king, and he was condemned
+there by a jury of knights and esquires (the lord chancellor sitting as
+high judge), who passed this sentence on him - that the said John Fisher
+should go from thence to the place where he came from, which was the Tower
+of London, and from thence to be drawn through the City of London to Tyburn,
+there to be hanged, cur down alive, his bowels taken out of his body and
+burnt before him, his head cut off, and his body be divided into four parts
+and his head and body be set in such places as the king should assign.&amp;nbsp;
+The effect of the treason was denying the king to be Supreme Head of the
+Church of England, according to a statute, The Act of Supremacy, made in
+the last session of Parliament.
+&lt;p&gt;On 19 June, a Saturday, the three monks of the Charterhouse, aforementioned,
+were drawn from the Tower to Tyburn, and there executed according to their
+sentence, and their heads and bodies hung at different gates around the
+city.
+&lt;p&gt;Also on 22 June, Tuesday, John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, was beheaded
+at Tower Hill, and the rest of his execution pardoned.&amp;nbsp; His body was
+buried in Barking churchyard, next to the Tower of London, and his head
+was set on London Bridge.
+&lt;p&gt;This year also on 1 July, being Thursday, Sir Thomas More, sometime
+chancellor of England, was arraigned at Westminster for high treason and
+there condemned, and the Tuesday after, being 6 July, he was beheaded at
+Tower Hill and his body was buried within the chapel in the Tower of London,
+and his head was set on London Bridge.&amp;nbsp; The effect of his death was
+for the same cause that the bishop of Rochester died for.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082599&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082599&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1003 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">69904</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdaa2febb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215272</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-rainbow.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizmom.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-scrots.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizsig-sm.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward4-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizsister.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-eworth.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=444 
+      alt=&quot;'The Rainbow Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1600&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-rainbow.jpg&quot; width=350 align=center border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Elizabeth Tudor is considered by many to be the greatest monarch in 
+      English history.&amp;nbsp; When she became queen in 1558, she was twenty-five 
+      years old, a survivor of scandal and danger, and considered illegitimate 
+      by most Europeans.&amp;nbsp; She inherited a bankrupt nation, torn by 
+      religious discord, a weakened pawn between the great powers of France and 
+      Spain.&amp;nbsp; She was only the third queen to rule England in her own 
+      right; the other two examples, her cousin Lady Jane Grey and half-sister 
+      Mary I, were disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Even her supporters believed her position 
+      dangerous and uncertain.&amp;nbsp; Her only hope, they counseled, was to marry 
+      quickly and lean upon her husband for support.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth had 
+      other ideas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;She ruled alone for nearly half a century, 
+      lending her name to a glorious epoch in world history.&amp;nbsp; She dazzled 
+      even her greatest enemies.&amp;nbsp; Her sense of duty was admirable, though 
+      it came at great personal cost.&amp;nbsp; She was committed above all else to 
+      preserving English peace and stability; her genuine love for her subjects 
+      was legendary.&amp;nbsp; Only a few years after her death in 1603, they 
+      lamented her passing.&amp;nbsp; In her greatest speech to Parliament, she told 
+      them, 'I count the glory of my crown that I have reigned with your 
+      love.'&amp;nbsp; And five centuries later, the worldwide love affair with 
+      Elizabeth Tudor continues.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Proud 
+      and haughty, as although she knows she was born of such a mother, she 
+      nevertheless does not consider herself of inferior degree to the Queen, 
+      whom she equals in self-esteem; nor does she believe herself less 
+      legitimate than her Majesty, alleging in her own favour that her mother 
+      would never cohabit with the King unless by way of marriage, with the 
+      authority of the Church....&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;She prides herself on her father and 
+  glories in him; everybody saying that she also resembles him more than the 
+  Queen does and he therefore always liked her and had her brought up in the 
+  same way as the Queen.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;I&gt;the Venetian 
+      ambassador Giovanni Michiel describes Elizabeth; spring 1557&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth Tudor was born on 7 September 1533 at Greenwich 
+      Palace.&amp;nbsp; She was the daughter of &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;King Henry 
+      VIII&lt;/A&gt; and his second wife, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+      Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Henry had &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;defied the 
+      papacy&lt;/A&gt; and the Holy Roman Emperor to marry Anne, spurred on by love 
+      and the need for a legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; And so Elizabeth's birth 
+      was one of the most exciting political events in 16th century European 
+      history; rarely had so much turmoil occurred on behalf of a mere 
+      infant.&amp;nbsp; But the confident predictions of astrologers and physicians 
+      were wrong and the longed-for prince turned out to be a princess.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Eustace Chapuys, the Imperial ambassador and enemy of Anne Boleyn, 
+      described the birth to his master as 'a 
+      &lt;IMG height=324 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizmom.jpg&quot; width=250 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;great disappointment and sorrow to 
+      the King, the Lady herself and to others of her party.'&amp;nbsp; But for the 
+      next two years, Henry VIII was willing to hope for a son to join this 
+      healthy daughter.&amp;nbsp; Immediately after Elizabeth's birth, he wrote to 
+      his 17 year old daughter, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Princess 
+      Mary&lt;/A&gt;, and demanded she relinquish her title Princess of Wales and 
+      acknowledge both the annulment of his marriage to her mother, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of 
+      Aragon&lt;/A&gt;, and the validity of his new marriage.&amp;nbsp; Mary refused; she 
+      already blamed Anne Boleyn (and, by extension, Elizabeth) for the sad 
+      alteration of her own fortunes.&amp;nbsp; In December, she was moved into her 
+      infant half-sister's household.&amp;nbsp; When told to pay her respects to the 
+      baby Princess, she replied that she knew of no Princess of England but 
+      herself, and burst into tears.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Henry already ignored Mary and Katharine's constant pleas to meet; now 
+      he began a more aggressive campaign to secure Anne and Elizabeth's 
+      position.&amp;nbsp; For one mother and daughter to be secure, the other pair 
+      must necessarily suffer.&amp;nbsp; Most Europeans, and indeed Englishmen, 
+      still believed Katharine to be the king's valid wife.&amp;nbsp; Now old and 
+      sickly, imprisoned in one moldy castle after another, she remained a very 
+      popular figure.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn was dismissed in polite circles as the 
+      king's 'concubine' and their marriage was recognized only by those of the new 
+      Protestant faith.&amp;nbsp; Henry attempted to legislate popular acceptance of 
+      his new queen and heiress.&amp;nbsp; But the various acts and oaths only cost 
+      the lives of several prominent Catholics, among them &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas 
+      More&lt;/A&gt; and Bishop John Fisher.&amp;nbsp; The English people never accepted 
+      'Nan Bullen' as their queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But while she had the king's personal favor, Elizabeth's mother was 
+      secure.&amp;nbsp; And she held that favor far longer than any had 
+      expected.&amp;nbsp; It was only after she miscarried twice that Henry began to 
+      consider this second marriage as cursed as the first.&amp;nbsp; The last 
+      miscarriage occurred in January 1536; Katharine died that same 
+      month.&amp;nbsp; With her death, the king's Catholic critics considered him a 
+      widower, free to marry again.&amp;nbsp; And this next marriage would not be 
+      tainted by the specter of bigamy.&amp;nbsp; It was only necessary to get rid 
+      of Anne, and find a new wife - one who could hopefully deliver a 
+      son.&amp;nbsp; The king already had a candidate in mind; her name was &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane 
+      Seymour&lt;/A&gt;, a lady-in-waiting to both Katharine and Anne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In the end, Henry VIII was not merely content to annul his marriage to 
+      Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was arrested, charged with a variety of crimes which even 
+      her enemies discounted, and executed on 19 May 1536.&amp;nbsp; Her little 
+      daughter was now in the same position as her half-sister, Princess 
+      Mary.&amp;nbsp; However, all of Europe and most Englishmen considered Mary to 
+      be Henry's legitimate heir, despite legislation to the contrary.&amp;nbsp; No 
+      one believed Elizabeth to be more than the illegitimate daughter of the 
+      king.&amp;nbsp; Also, there were already disparaging rumors of her mother's 
+      infidelities; perhaps the solemn, red-headed child was not the king's 
+      after all?&amp;nbsp; It was to Henry's (small) credit that he always 
+      acknowledged Elizabeth as his own, and took pride in her intellectual 
+      accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; As she grew older, even Catholic courtiers noted 
+      Elizabeth resembled her father more than Mary did.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Henry married Jane just twelve days after Anne's execution and his 
+      long-awaited son, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince 
+      Edward&lt;/A&gt;, was born in October 1537.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth participated in the 
+      christening, carried by Thomas Seymour, the handsome young brother of the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Jane died shortly after the birth of childbed fever.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Henry VIII married &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;Anne of 
+      Cleves&lt;/A&gt; on Twelfth Night (6 January) 1541.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was a disaster, 
+      and Henry quickly divorced Anne and married &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine 
+      Howard&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was a cousin of Anne Boleyn; they were both 
+      related to Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk and perhaps Henry's most 
+      nervous peer.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed a brief few months of happiness with 
+      his fifth wife.&amp;nbsp; But Catherine was thirty years younger than Henry 
+      and soon enough resumed an affair with a former lover.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      executed in February 1543 and buried beside Anne Boleyn in the Tower of 
+      London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For Elizabeth, these changes in her father's marital fortunes did not 
+      pass unnoticed.&amp;nbsp; She was part of her half-brother Edward's household; 
+      her days were spent mostly at lessons, with the occasional visit from her 
+      father.&amp;nbsp; As a child, no one expected her to comment upon her 
+      various stepmothers.&amp;nbsp; It was only when she reached adulthood and 
+      became queen that its psychological effects were revealed.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+      had a dim view of romantic love and, given her father's example, who can 
+      blame her?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It was Henry's sixth and final wife, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine 
+      Parr&lt;/A&gt;, who had the greatest impact upon Elizabeth's life.&amp;nbsp; A kind 
+      woman who believed passionately in&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-scrots.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;Princess Elizabeth, c1546, attributed to William Scrots&quot; width=&quot;370&quot; height=&quot;495&quot;&gt; education and religious reform, 
+      Katharine was a devoted stepmother.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, she had far more 
+      of an impact with the young Edward and Elizabeth than with Mary, who was 
+      just four years her junior.&amp;nbsp; Katharine arranged for 10 year old 
+      Elizabeth to have the most distinguished tutors in England, foremost among 
+      them Roger Ascham.&amp;nbsp; As a result, Elizabeth was educated as well as 
+      any legitimate prince, and she displayed a genuine love and aptitude for 
+      her studies.&amp;nbsp; 'Her mind has no womanly weakness,' Ascham would write 
+      approvingly, 'her perseverance is equal to that of a man.'&amp;nbsp; And 
+      later, 'She readeth more Greek every day, than some Prebendaries of this 
+      Church do in a whole week.'&amp;nbsp; And so she did; Elizabeth's love of 
+      scholarship never faltered and, in an age when women were considered 
+      inferior to men, she was a glorious exception.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      Along with 
+      such classical subjects as rhetoric, languages, philosophy, and history, 
+      Elizabeth also studied theology.&amp;nbsp; Ascham and her other tutors were 
+      famous Cambridge humanists who supported the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Likewise, Katharine Parr was devoted to the reformed faith.&amp;nbsp; Unlike 
+      their half-sister Mary, both Edward and Elizabeth were raised Protestant 
+      during its most formative years.&amp;nbsp; Yet while Edward was known for his 
+      piety and didacticism, Elizabeth already displayed the pragmatic character 
+      which would make her reign successful.&amp;nbsp; She studied theology and 
+      supported the Protestant cause; she had been raised to do so and knew 
+      only Protestants recognized her parents' marriage.&amp;nbsp; But she was never 
+      openly passionate about religion, recognizing its divisive role in English 
+      politics.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;Most people viewed the adolescent Elizabeth as a serious young 
+      woman who always carried a book with her, preternaturally composed.&amp;nbsp; 
+      She encouraged this perception, which was as accurate as any, by dressing 
+      with a degree of severity virtually absent at the Tudor royal court.&amp;nbsp; 
+      But she was not so serious that she avoided all the material trappings of 
+      her position.&amp;nbsp; Her household accounts, which came under the 
+      management of William Cecil (who later became her secretary of state), 
+      show evidence of a cultivated and lively mind, as well as a love of 
+      entertainment:&amp;nbsp; fees for musicians, musical instruments, and a 
+      variety of books.&amp;nbsp; As she grew older and her position more prominent, 
+      her household also expanded.&amp;nbsp; During her brother Edward's reign, she 
+      lived the life of a wealthy and privileged lady - and apparently enjoyed 
+      it immensely.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was thirteen years old when her father died.&amp;nbsp; They 
+      were never particularly close though he treated her with affection on her 
+      few visits to his court.&amp;nbsp; He even occasionally discussed the 
+      possibility of her marriage for, in the 16th century, royal bastards were 
+      common and often used to great advantage in diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; Under the 
+      1536 'Second Act of Succession', which declared both her and the 19 year 
+      old Mary illegitimate, Parliament gave Henry the ability to determine his 
+      children's status, as well as the actual succession.&amp;nbsp; Typically for 
+      Henry, he simply let both his daughters live as princesses and gave them 
+      precedence over everyone at court except his current wife.&amp;nbsp; But they 
+      had no real claim to the title of 'princess' and were known as 'the lady 
+      Elizabeth' and 'the lady Mary'.&amp;nbsp; This was often followed by the 
+      explanatory 'the king's daughter.'&amp;nbsp; It was an awkward situation which 
+      the king saw no reason to resolve.&amp;nbsp; His will did recognize his 
+      daughters' crucial place in the succession.&amp;nbsp; If Edward died without 
+      heirs, Mary would inherit the throne; if Mary died without heirs, 
+      Elizabeth would become queen.&amp;nbsp; He also left them the substantial 
+      income of 3000 pds a year, the same amount for each daughter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Did Elizabeth mourn her father?&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly so, for at least 
+      under Henry VIII she was three steps from the throne and protected by his 
+      rough paternal affection.&amp;nbsp; After his death, she had good cause to 
+      wish him alive again.&amp;nbsp; Ten year old Edward was king in name 
+      only.&amp;nbsp; The rule of England was actually in the hands of his uncle, 
+      the Lord Protector Edward Seymour, soon titled duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth was now separated from her brother's household, moving to 
+      Katharine Parr's home in Chelsea.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps the happiest time 
+      of her adolescence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But Katharine married again quickly, to the man she had loved before 
+      Henry VIII had claimed her.&amp;nbsp; Her new husband was Thomas Seymour, the 
+      younger brother of Lord Protector Somerset and uncle to the new King 
+      Edward.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome, charming, and very ambitious.&amp;nbsp; He also 
+      had terrible political instincts.&amp;nbsp; Seymour was not content to be 
+      husband of the Dowager Queen of England.&amp;nbsp; He was jealous of his 
+      brother's position and desperate to upstage him.&amp;nbsp; And so he 
+      inadvertently played into the hands of the equally ambitious John Dudley, 
+      earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; Dudley wished to destroy the Seymour protectorship 
+      and seize power for himself.&amp;nbsp; He allowed the feuding brothers to 
+      destroy each other.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For Elizabeth, the main problem with Seymour was his inappropriate and 
+      very flirtatious behavior.&amp;nbsp; As a teenaged girl with little experience 
+      of men, she was flattered by his attention and also a bit 
+      frightened.&amp;nbsp; Certainly it placed great strain on Katharine Parr, who 
+      had become pregnant soon after her marriage.&amp;nbsp; The queen originally 
+      participated in Seymour's early morning raids into Elizabeth's room, where 
+      he would tickle and wrestle with the girl in her nightdress.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      while Katharine considered this simple fun, her husband was more 
+      serious.&amp;nbsp; He soon had keys made for every room in their house and 
+      started visiting Elizabeth while she was still asleep and he was clad in 
+      just his nightshirt.&amp;nbsp; She soon developed the habit of rising early; 
+      when he appeared, her nose was safely in a book. Edward's council heard 
+      rumors of these romps and investigated.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth proved herself 
+      circumspect and clever; she managed to admit nothing which would 
+      offend&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She left the Seymour home for Hatfield House in May 1548, ostensibly 
+      because the queen was 'undoubtful of health'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth and 
+      Katharine exchanged affectionate letters, but they would not meet 
+      again.&amp;nbsp; The queen died on 4 September 1548 of childbed fever.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;After her death, Seymour's position became more dangerous.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      rumored that he wished to marry Elizabeth and thus secure the throne of 
+      England in case Edward died young.&amp;nbsp; He had already bought the 
+      wardship of &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt;, a Tudor cousin and heir in Henry VIII's will.&amp;nbsp; He planned 
+      to marry Jane and Edward, thus securing primary influence with his 
+      nephew.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, his grandiose plans unraveled and he was 
+      arrested.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps the most damning charge was his planned marriage 
+      to Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Immediately, the council sent Sir Robert Tyrwhit to 
+      Hatfield with the mission to take control of Elizabeth's household and 
+      gain her confession.&amp;nbsp; He immediately arrested Elizabeth's beloved 
+      governess Kat Ashley and her cofferer, Thomas Parry; they were sent to the 
+      Tower.&amp;nbsp; Now, Tyrwhit told the princess, confess all; he wanted 
+      confirmation of the charge that Seymour and Elizabeth planned to 
+      wed.&amp;nbsp; If she confessed, Tyrwhit said, she would be forgiven for she 
+      was young and foolish - her servants should have protected her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=122 alt=&quot;Elizabeth's signature as Princess of England&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsig-sm.jpg&quot; width=200 align=left border=2&gt;Elizabeth did not hesitate to demonstrate her own wit and 
+      learning.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she drove Tyrwhit to exasperation; 'in no way will 
+      she confess any practice by Mistress Ashley or the cofferer concerning my 
+      lord Admiral; and yet I do see it in her face that she is guilty and do 
+      perceive as yet she will abide more storms ere she accuse Mistress 
+      Ashley,' he wrote to Somerset, 'I do assure your Grace she hath a very 
+      good wit and nothing is gotten of her but by great policy.'&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth refused to scapegoat her loyal servants and defiantly asserted 
+      her complete innocence.&amp;nbsp; She told Tyrwhit she cared nothing for the 
+      Admiral and when he had mentioned some vague possibility of marriage, she 
+      had referred him to the council.&amp;nbsp; She also secured permission to 
+      write to Somerset and, upon doing so, demanded a public apology be made 
+      regarding her innocence.&amp;nbsp; She also demanded the return of her loyal 
+      servants for if they did not return, she said, her guilt would be 
+      assumed.&amp;nbsp; She read Ashley and Parry's 'confessions' in which they 
+      described Seymour's romps with her at Katharine Parr's home.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      details were undoubtedly embarrassing but she recognized their 
+      harmlessness.&amp;nbsp; In short, she demonstrated every aspect of her 
+      formidable intelligence and determination.&amp;nbsp; Poor Tyrwhit left for 
+      London with no damaging confession.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But the council didn't need Elizabeth's confession to execute 
+      Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He was charged with thirty-three other crimes, and he 
+      answered only three of the charges.&amp;nbsp; He was not given a trial; a 
+      messy execution was always best passed by a Bill of Attainder.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      was executed on 20 March 1549, dying 'very dangerously, irksomely, 
+      horribly... a wicked man and the realm is well rid of him.'&amp;nbsp; Contrary 
+      to some biographies, Elizabeth did not say, 'This day died a man with much 
+      wit, and very little judgment.'&amp;nbsp; The 17th century Italian novelist 
+      Leti invented this, as well as several forged letters long supposed to be 
+      hers.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Soon enough, Seymour's brother followed him to the scaffold.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Somerset was a kind man in private life and genuinely dedicated to 
+      economic and religious reform in England but, as a politician, he failed 
+      miserably.&amp;nbsp; He lacked charisma and confidence; he preferred to bully 
+      and bluster his way through council meetings.&amp;nbsp; He simply did not 
+      understand how to manage the divisive personalities of Edward VI's privy 
+      council.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, John Dudley had been quietly manipulating other 
+      councilors and the young king to gain ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; Upon Somerset's 
+      execution, Dudley became Lord Protector; he was also titled duke of 
+      Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; He was the first non-royal Englishman given that 
+      title.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For Elizabeth, these events were merely background noise at 
+      first.&amp;nbsp; Dudley took pains to cultivate a friendship with her, which 
+      she wisely avoided.&amp;nbsp; He sent her and Mary amiable letters.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Since Mary was a Catholic, and Dudley a Protestant who had benefited 
+      materially from the Reformation, he was necessarily more friendly to 
+      Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For example, Edward VI had given Dudley Hatfield House, 
+      which was currently Elizabeth's residence.&amp;nbsp; Dudley graciously 
+      returned it to her in exchange for lesser lands in her possession.&amp;nbsp; 
+      He also passed the patents to her lands, which allowed her more 
+      income.&amp;nbsp; This, of course, should have been done at Henry VIII's 
+      death.&amp;nbsp; So Elizabeth at first benefited from Dudley's rise to 
+      power.&amp;nbsp; She was now a well-respected and popular princess, a landed 
+      lady in her own right with a large income and keen mind.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      also an heir to the English throne, though still officially recognized as 
+      a bastard.&amp;nbsp; But she was shown every respect, and a degree of 
+      affection from Edward VI completely lacking in his relations with their 
+      sister Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Their mutual faith was an important connection with the increasingly 
+      devout Edward.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth visited Court occasionally, corresponded 
+      with her brother, and continued her studies mainly at Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      had always been excessively cautious and very intelligent, qualities she 
+      displayed to great effect during the Seymour crisis.&amp;nbsp; The only time 
+      in her life when she demonstrated any recklessness had been during the 
+      Seymour debacle; she had learned its lesson well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She also cultivated the image of a sober Protestant young lady.&amp;nbsp; 
+      When queen, she became known for her love of beautiful gowns and 
+      jewels.&amp;nbsp; But before 1558, she took care to dress soberly, the image 
+      of chastity and modesty.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps a conscious attempt to 
+      distance herself from Mary, a typical Catholic princess who dressed in all 
+      the glittering and garish finery she could afford.&amp;nbsp; It is an ironic 
+      note on Mary's character that she has become known as a dour, plain woman; 
+      she was as fond of clothes and jewelry as her sister would become.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It was Elizabeth who dressed plainly, most often in severely cut black or 
+      white gowns.&amp;nbsp; She wore each color to great effect.&amp;nbsp; She had 
+      matured into a tall, slender and striking girl, with a fair, unblemished 
+      complexion and the famous Tudor red hair.&amp;nbsp; She wore her hair loose 
+      and did not use cosmetics.&amp;nbsp; When she traveled about the countryside, 
+      crowds gathered to see her, a Protestant princess renowned for her virtue 
+      and learning, her appearance modest and pleasing.&amp;nbsp; In this respect, 
+      she was emulated by her cousin Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When Jane was invited to a 
+      reception for Mary of Guise, the regent of Scotland, Mary Tudor sent her 
+      'some goodly apparel of tinsel cloth of gold and velvet laid on with 
+      parchment lace of gold.'&amp;nbsp; Jane, a devout Protestant, was offended; 
+      such apparel reflected the material trappings of Catholicism.&amp;nbsp; When 
+      her parents insisted she wear it, Jane replied, 'Nay, that were a shame to 
+      follow my Lady Mary against God's word, and leave my Lady Elizabeth, which 
+      followeth God's word.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was honorably and extravagantly received at her brother's 
+      court.&amp;nbsp; For example, on 17 March 1552, she arrived at St James's 
+      Palace with 'a great company of lords, knights and gentlemen' along with 
+      over 200 ladies and a company of yeomen.&amp;nbsp; Two days later she left St 
+      James for Whitehall Palace, her procession accompanied by a grand 
+      collection of nobles.&amp;nbsp; The visit was a marked success for Edward was 
+      open in his affection.&amp;nbsp; She was his 'sweet sister Temperance,' unlike 
+      Mary who continued to defy his religious policy.&amp;nbsp; The Primary Sources 
+      section of this site contains an excerpt from Edward VI's journal in which 
+      he records a religious argument with Mary.&amp;nbsp; In that matter, Elizabeth 
+      remained distant, preferring to let her siblings argue without her.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Edward's ministers, especially after the Seymour affair, were careful 
+      with her.&amp;nbsp; Dudley recognized Elizabeth's formidable 
+      intelligence.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI became ill in 1553 and it was clear he 
+      would not survive, Dudley had a desperate plan to save himself from Mary 
+      I's Catholic rule - place Henry VIII's niece, Lady Jane Grey on the 
+      throne.&amp;nbsp; (This is discussed in great length at the &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt; site.)&amp;nbsp; Simply put, Dudley believed he would be supported 
+      because Jane was Protestant and the English would not want the Catholic 
+      Mary on the throne.&amp;nbsp; Of course, the question arises - Elizabeth was 
+      Protestant, so why not put her on the throne instead of Jane?&amp;nbsp; The 
+      main reason is that Dudley was well aware that Elizabeth Tudor would not 
+      be his puppet, unlike Jane Grey whom he had married to his son 
+      Guildford.&amp;nbsp; As for Edward VI, he went along with the plan because of 
+      two main reasons: Elizabeth was illegitimate so there might be resistance 
+      to her rule and, as a princess, she might be persuaded to marry a foreign 
+      prince and England would fall under foreign control.&amp;nbsp; Jane was 
+      already safely wed to an Englishman.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=228 
+      alt=&quot;a profile portrait of Elizabeth's half-brother, King Edward VI&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward4-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Edward VI's decision should not indicate any great dislike of 
+      Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; He was primarily determined to preserve the Protestant 
+      regime in England.&amp;nbsp; He believed this was necessary for his personal 
+      and political salvation.&amp;nbsp; He was also practical.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      disinherited Mary because of her Catholicism; however, it was officially 
+      sanctioned because of her illegitimacy.&amp;nbsp; Like Elizabeth, Mary had her 
+      illegitimacy established by an act of Parliament during Henry VIII's 
+      reign.&amp;nbsp; Since he had ostensibly disinherited Mary because of this 
+      act, he couldn't let Elizabeth inherit - it simply wasn't logical.&amp;nbsp; 
+      So the throne would pass to the legitimate - and Protestant - Lady Jane 
+      Grey.&amp;nbsp; As most know, she ruled for just nine days before Mary became 
+      queen of England.&amp;nbsp; It should be noted that Edward originally told 
+      Dudley that, though he didn't want Mary to succeed him, he saw no logical 
+      reason for Elizabeth to be disowned.&amp;nbsp; It was Dudley who pointed out 
+      the logical inconsistency - that Mary 'could not be put by unless the Lady 
+      Elizabeth were put by also.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Dudley attempted to place Mary and Elizabeth in his power while Edward 
+      was dying.&amp;nbsp; He knew that if he imprisoned the two princesses, they 
+      would be unable to rouse popular support against his plan.&amp;nbsp; But if 
+      that failed, he was determined to prevent them from seeing Edward, 
+      especially Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Dudley feared that Edward's affection for his 
+      sister, and Elizabeth's cleverness, might persuade Edward to rewrite his 
+      will in her favor.&amp;nbsp; Like her sister, Elizabeth would undoubtedly 
+      destroy Dudley, making him the scapegoat for Edward's ineffectual 
+      regime.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Elizabeth had suspected her brother was ill and set 
+      out from Hatfield to visit him just a few weeks before Edward died, but 
+      Dudley's men intercepted her and sent her home.&amp;nbsp; She then wrote her 
+      brother a number of letters, inquiring about his health and asking 
+      permission to come to Court.&amp;nbsp; These were intercepted as well.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But as Edward's health continued to deteriorate and death was imminent, 
+      Dudley sent a message to Hatfield, ordering Elizabeth to Greenwich 
+      Palace.&amp;nbsp; She may have been warned of his intentions - more likely she 
+      guessed them.&amp;nbsp; She refused the summons, taking to her bed with a 
+      sudden illness.&amp;nbsp; As a further precaution, her doctor sent a letter to 
+      the council certifying she was too ill for travel.&amp;nbsp; As for Mary, 
+      Dudley had told her that Edward desired her presence; it would be a 
+      comfort to him during his illness.&amp;nbsp; She was torn - though Dudley hid 
+      the true extent of the king's illness, the Imperial ambassador had kept 
+      Mary informed.&amp;nbsp; He was the agent of her cousin, the Holy Roman 
+      Emperor Charles V; Mary's mother had been his aunt.&amp;nbsp; Conscious of her 
+      sisterly duty, Mary set out for Greenwich from Hunsdon the day before 
+      Edward died.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Dudley was enraged by Elizabeth's refusal but he could do 
+      nothing.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, events moved too quickly for the princess to 
+      be his primary concern.&amp;nbsp; It was being whispered that Dudley had 
+      poisoned the king to place his daughter-in-law on the throne.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+      course, this was untrue since Dudley needed Edward to live as long as 
+      possible for his plan to work.&amp;nbsp; To this end, he had engaged a female 
+      'witch' to help prolong the king's life.&amp;nbsp; She concocted a mix of 
+      arsenic and other drugs; they worked, at least for Dudley's purpose.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The young king lived for a few more weeks though he suffered 
+      terribly.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 6 July 1553, Edward VI died.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Immediately, Dudley had Jane Grey proclaimed queen, an honor she had not 
+      sought and did not want.&amp;nbsp; It was only Dudley's appeal to her 
+      religious convictions which convinced her to accept the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Meanwhile, Jane's cousin, Mary Tudor, was still on her way to Greenwich 
+      to see her brother, until a sympathizer (sent by Nicholas Throckmorton or 
+      William Cecil) rode out to meet her; the summons was a trap, he told her, 
+      and Dudley intended to imprison her.&amp;nbsp; Mary rode to East Anglia, the 
+      conservative section of England where her support would be 
+      strongest.&amp;nbsp; Eventually she would realize the true extent of her 
+      support.&amp;nbsp; Protestants and Catholics alike rallied to her cause since 
+      she was Henry VIII's daughter and the true heir under his will.&amp;nbsp; As 
+      she left for East Anglia, she didn't know her brother was already dead but 
+      she sent a note to the Imperial ambassador Simon Renard; once she knew of 
+      Edward's death, she said, she would declare herself queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent 
+      another note to Dudley, telling him she was too ill to travel.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The failure of Dudley's ambitions is discussed at the &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt; site.&amp;nbsp; Suffice to say, he was overthrown and executed and 
+      Mary Tudor, at the age of thirty-seven, was declared queen of England in 
+      her own right.&amp;nbsp; During the nine days of Jane's reign, Elizabeth had 
+      continued her pretense of illness.&amp;nbsp; It was rumored that Dudley had 
+      sent councilors to her, offering a large bribe if she would just renounce 
+      her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth refused, remarking, 'You must 
+      first make this agreement with my elder sister, during whose lifetime I 
+      have no claim or title to resign.'&amp;nbsp; So she remained at her beloved 
+      Hatfield, deliberately avoiding a commitment one way or another.&amp;nbsp; 
+      When word reached her that Mary was finally queen, she sent a letter of 
+      congratulation to her sister and set off for London.&amp;nbsp; On 29 July, she 
+      entered the capital with 2000 mounted men wearing the green and white 
+      Tudor colors.&amp;nbsp; There she awaited Mary's official arrival into the 
+      city.&amp;nbsp; On 31 July, Elizabeth rode with her attendant nobles along the 
+      Strand and through the City to Colchester, the same path her sister would 
+      take.&amp;nbsp; It was here she would receive her sister as queen.&amp;nbsp; They 
+      had not seen each other for about five years.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary had always disliked her half-sister for many reasons, not least 
+      because she sensed an innate shiftiness in Elizabeth's character.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth, Mary believed, was never to be trusted.&amp;nbsp; Originally, this 
+      dislike was because of Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Mary had 
+      long blamed Anne for her own mother's tragic end as well as the alienation 
+      of her father's affections.&amp;nbsp; After Anne died and Elizabeth, too, was 
+      declared illegitimate, Mary found other reasons to hate Elizabeth, chief 
+      among them religion.&amp;nbsp; Like her mother, Mary was a devout Catholic; 
+      she recognized Elizabeth's lack of religious zeal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth's half-sister, Queen Mary I; she ruled England from 1553 to 1558&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt; But at her 
+      accession, the moment of her great triumph, she was prepared to be 
+      conciliatory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary ordered that Elizabeth share her triumphal march through 
+      London.&amp;nbsp; Their processions met at Wanstead on 2 August.&amp;nbsp; There, 
+      Elizabeth dismounted and knelt in the road before her sister.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      dismounted and raised her sister, embracing and kissing her with 
+      affection.&amp;nbsp; She even held her hand as they spoke.&amp;nbsp; Their two 
+      parties entered London together, the sisters riding side by side.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The contrast between their physical appearances could not have been more 
+      striking.&amp;nbsp; Mary, at thirty-seven, was old beyond her years.&amp;nbsp; An 
+      adulthood passed in anxiety and tribulation had marred her health and 
+      appearance.&amp;nbsp; She was small like her mother and thin, with Katharine's 
+      deep, almost gruff voice.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was nineteen years old, taller 
+      than her sister and slender.&amp;nbsp; While Mary was richly attired in 
+      velvets covered in jewels and gold, Elizabeth was dressed in her usual 
+      strikingly severe style.&amp;nbsp; Neither sister was conventionally beautiful 
+      but onlookers commented upon Mary's open compassion and kindness and 
+      Elizabeth's innate majesty.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary was thirty-seven, quite 
+      old to have a child, Elizabeth was viewed as her probable heir.&amp;nbsp; As 
+      such, she was cheered as much as the new queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;On 1 October, Elizabeth rode to Mary's coronation with Henry VIII's 
+      discarded fourth wife, Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; She was once again accorded a 
+      place of honor amongst the English ladies, though not the highest position 
+      as was her due.&amp;nbsp; The Imperial ambassador Renard reported that she 
+      spoke often with the French ambassador de Noailles.&amp;nbsp; For his part, de 
+      Noailles reported that Elizabeth complained her coronet was too heavy and 
+      made her head ache.&amp;nbsp; He replied to her that, God willing, she would 
+      soon wear a heavier crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This was dangerous talk, as Elizabeth soon discovered.&amp;nbsp; Mary's 
+      mood was fickle regarding her clever half-sister.&amp;nbsp; For every kind 
+      word or gesture, there were public statements dismissing Henry VIII as 
+      Elizabeth's father, or allowing distant cousins precedent at court.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It was simply impossible for Mary to forget the past, etched so acutely 
+      upon her spirit.&amp;nbsp; She could not like Elizabeth, nor trust her.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth responded to this emotional hostility by retreating to 
+      Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; There she continued her studies and attempted to remain 
+      safe in the morass of English politics.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But however much she might wish for peace, she was not to have 
+      it.&amp;nbsp; She was destined to be the focal point for all discontent over 
+      Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; And there was soon much reason for discontent.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Edward VI's council had left the economy in shambles; currency was debased 
+      and near worthless.&amp;nbsp; There was a series of bad harvests.&amp;nbsp; Prices 
+      rose and discontent spread.&amp;nbsp; And worst of all, Mary soon decided to 
+      marry King Philip II of Spain, son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; This was 
+      yet another example of her inability to forget the past.&amp;nbsp; Philip 
+      represented the homeland of her beloved mother, and a chance to bring all 
+      the weight of the Holy Roman Empire to bear upon the heretics of 
+      England.&amp;nbsp; Mary was determined to turn back the clock on twenty years 
+      of religious reform and make England a Catholic nation again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Understandably, her subjects were less than thrilled.&amp;nbsp; Even 
+      English Catholics did not want their country to become a powerless 
+      appendage of the Hapsburg empire.&amp;nbsp; Certainly a queen had to marry, 
+      but not the emperor's son!&amp;nbsp; In this climate of rebellion and 
+      repression, Elizabeth's life was in great danger.&amp;nbsp; It could not be 
+      otherwise; she was the only alternative to Mary's rule.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth conformed outwardly to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; But she 
+      could not distance herself too much from her Protestant supporters.&amp;nbsp; 
+      When Sir Thomas Wyatt, the son of her mother's great poetic admirer, led a 
+      rebellion in January 1554, matters came to an unpleasant impasse.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Wyatt had written to Elizabeth that he intended to overthrow Mary but his 
+      letter was intercepted, as was a letter from de Noailles to the king of 
+      France.&amp;nbsp; His letter implied that Elizabeth knew of the revolt in 
+      advance, and repeated rumors that she was off gathering armed 
+      supporters.&amp;nbsp; The government was able to suppress the rebellion before 
+      it spread very far and Wyatt was arrested.&amp;nbsp; Mary's council could find 
+      no real proof that de Noailles's suppositions were true but they decided 
+      to summon Elizabeth back to London for questioning.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      understandably frightened and ill; she sent word that she could not 
+      travel.&amp;nbsp; Two of Mary's personal physicians were sent to evaluate her 
+      condition.&amp;nbsp; They diagnosed 'watery humors' and perhaps an 
+      inflammation of the kidneys.&amp;nbsp; She was ill, they reported, but not too 
+      ill to travel the 30 miles to London in the queen's own litter.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Three of the queen's councilors - Howard, Hastings, and Cornwallis, all of 
+      whom were friendly with Elizabeth - escorted her back to London.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They traveled quite slowly, covering just six miles a day.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth kept the curtains of the litter pulled back as she entered 
+      the city, and the citizens were able to see her pale, frightened 
+      face.&amp;nbsp; She had good cause for her fear; the heads and corpses of 
+      Wyatt and his supporters were thrust upon spikes and gibbets throughout 
+      the city.&amp;nbsp; The queen waited for her at Whitehall but they did not 
+      meet immediately.&amp;nbsp; First, Elizabeth's household was dismissed and she 
+      was told that she must undergo close interrogation about her 
+      activities.&amp;nbsp; She was questioned by the unfriendly bishop of 
+      Winchester, Stephen Gardiner, but she was not intimidated.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      denied any involvement in the rebellion and repeatedly asked to see the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; But she was told that Mary was leaving for Oxford where she 
+      would hold a Parliament.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth would be leaving Whitehall as 
+      well, though at first the council could not decide where to send 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; No councilor wanted the responsibility of keeping her in close 
+      confinement at their homes; it was too unpleasant and potentially 
+      dangerous.&amp;nbsp; And so Gardiner and Renard had their way and she went to 
+      the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The earl of Sussex and the marquess of 
+      Winchester were sent to escort her from Whitehall.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was terrified.&amp;nbsp; The mere mention of the Tower was enough 
+      to shatter her already fragile nerves.&amp;nbsp; She begged to be allowed to 
+      write to her sister, and the men agreed.&amp;nbsp; The letter was long, 
+      rambling, and repetitious - proof of her fear and trepidation:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;I have heard in my time of many cast away for want of coming 
+        to the presence of their Prince....&amp;nbsp; Therefore once again kneeling 
+        with humbleness of my heart, because I am not suffered to bow the knees 
+        of my body, I humbly crave to speak with your Highness, which I would 
+        not be so bold to desire if I knew not myself most clear as I know 
+        myself most true.&amp;nbsp; And as for the traitor Wyatt, he might 
+        peradventure write me a letter but on my faith I never received any from 
+        him; and as for the copy of my letter sent to the French king, I pray 
+        God confound me eternally if ever I sent him word, message, token or 
+        letter by any means, and to this truth I will stand it to my 
+        death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;....Let conscience move your Highness to take some 
+        better way with me than to make me be condemned in all men's sight afore 
+        my desert know.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;After finishing, she carefully drew lines 
+      throughout the rest of the blank sheet so no forgeries could be added, and 
+      she signed it 'I humbly crave but one word of answer from yourself.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Your Highness's most faithful subject that hath been from the beginning 
+      and will be to my end, Elizabeth'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The letter had taken too long to write; they had missed the tide.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They could wait a few hours and take her to the Tower in the darkest part 
+      of night, but the council disagreed.&amp;nbsp; There could be an attempt to 
+      rescue her under cover of darkness.&amp;nbsp; They decided to wait until the 
+      next morning, Palm Sunday, when the streets would be nearly deserted since 
+      everyone would be in church.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her letter was sent to Mary 
+      who received it angrily and refused to read it through.&amp;nbsp; She had not 
+      given permission for it to be written or sent, and she rebuked her 
+      councilors fiercely.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The next morning, 17 March 1554, arrived cold and grey; there was a 
+      steady rain.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock in the morning, Elizabeth was taken from 
+      her rooms and through the garden to where the barge waited.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      accompanied by six of her ladies and two gentleman-attendants.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      waited under a canopy until the barge began to slow; she then saw that 
+      they would enter beneath Traitor's Gate, beneath St Thomas's Tower.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This was the traditional entrance for prisoners returned to their cells 
+      after trial at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; The sight terrified her and she begged 
+      to be allowed entry by any other gate.&amp;nbsp; Her request was 
+      refused.&amp;nbsp; She was offered a cloak to protect her from the rain but 
+      she pushed it aside angrily.&amp;nbsp; Upon stepping onto the landing, she 
+      declared, 'Here landeth as true a subject, being prisoner, as ever landed 
+      at these stairs.&amp;nbsp; Before Thee, O God, do I speak it, having no other 
+      friend but Thee alone.'&amp;nbsp; She then noticed the yeoman warders gathered 
+      to receive her beyond the gate.&amp;nbsp; 'Oh Lord,' she said loudly, 'I never 
+      thought to have come in here as a prisoner, and I pray you all bear me 
+      witness that I come in as no traitor but as true a woman to the Queen's 
+      Majesty as any as is now living.'&amp;nbsp; Several of the warders stepped 
+      forward and bowed before her, and one called out, 'God preserve your 
+      Grace.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She still refused to enter the Tower.&amp;nbsp; After the warder's 
+      declaration, she sat upon a stone and would not move.&amp;nbsp; The Lieutenant 
+      of the Tower, Sir John Brydges, said to her, 'You had best come in, 
+      Madame, for here you sit unwholesomely.'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth replied with 
+      feeling, 'Better sit here, than in a worse place, for God knoweth where 
+      you will bring me.'&amp;nbsp; And so she sat until one of her attendants burst 
+      into tears.&amp;nbsp; She was taken to the Bell Tower, a small corner tower 
+      beside Brydges's own lodgings.&amp;nbsp; Her room was on the first floor, and 
+      had a large fireplace with three small windows.&amp;nbsp; Down the passageway 
+      from the door were three latrines which hung over the moat.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      not as destitute or uncomfortable as she had feared, but it was still the 
+      Tower of London and she was a prisoner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This was the beginning of one of the most trying times of her 
+      life.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth spent just two months in the Tower of London, but she had no 
+      idea that her stay would be so brief - and it did not feel particularly 
+      brief.&amp;nbsp; She truly believed some harm would come to her and she dwelt 
+      most upon the possibility of poison.&amp;nbsp; She knew Mary hated her and 
+      that many of her councilors constantly spoke ill of her, encouraging 
+      either her imprisonment or execution.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;However, Elizabeth had enough popular support that she would not face 
+      death at her sister's orders.&amp;nbsp; But Lady Jane Grey, the unfortunate 
+      Nine Days' Queen, and her husband were neither so popular or lucky.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They, too, had lived in the Tower under threat of execution; both had been 
+      convicted of treason.&amp;nbsp; But Mary had always been fond of Jane and was 
+      close friends with her mother Frances; she allowed her cousin to live very 
+      comfortably in the Tower while her fate remained undecided.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      probably intended to release Jane as soon as the country settled under her 
+      own rule.&amp;nbsp; But Renard wanted both Jane and her husband 
+      executed.&amp;nbsp; He warned Mary that the emperor would not allow Philip to 
+      enter England as long as Jane lived.&amp;nbsp; She was a traitor, and it was 
+      only a matter of time before the Protestants tried to place either Jane or 
+      Elizabeth upon the throne.&amp;nbsp; Mary was not persuaded by Renard's 
+      arguments, but his threat carried greater force - she wanted to marry 
+      Philip and he would not come to England until it was safe.&amp;nbsp; The small 
+      rebellion led by Jane's father clearly did not help matters.&amp;nbsp; And so 
+      Jane and the equally unfortunate Guildford Dudley were executed.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth herself arrived at the Tower just six weeks later, and her 
+      cousin's fate must have weighed heavily on her mind.&amp;nbsp; After all, she 
+      and Jane had lived and studied together briefly under Katharine Parr's 
+      tutelage, and Jane's admiration of Elizabeth had been open and 
+      obvious.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It was abundantly clear to Elizabeth that her position was precarious 
+      and dangerous.&amp;nbsp; During the first weeks of her imprisonment, she was 
+      allowed to take exercise along the Tower walls but when a small child 
+      began to give her flowers and other gifts, Brydges was told to keep her 
+      indoors.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had always been active, both physically and 
+      mentally.&amp;nbsp; She chafed at her confinement and its boring 
+      routine.&amp;nbsp; She was occasionally interrogated by members of Mary's 
+      council, but she held firm to her innocence.&amp;nbsp; She had faced such 
+      interrogations during Thomas Seymour's fall from grace, and could not be 
+      easily intimidated.&amp;nbsp; Still, the stress - which she handled with 
+      outward aplomb - took its toll on her physical health.&amp;nbsp; She lost 
+      weight, and became prone to headaches and stomach problems.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Ironically enough, it was the impending arrival of Philip of Spain 
+      which led to her freedom.&amp;nbsp; Renard had urged Mary to execute Jane and 
+      imprison Elizabeth so that Philip would be safe in England.&amp;nbsp; Philip, 
+      however, was far more sensitive to the political implications of such an 
+      act.&amp;nbsp; He knew the English were acutely sensitive to any shift in 
+      Mary's policies simply because she had chosen to marry a foreigner.&amp;nbsp; 
+      If she made an unpopular decision, it would be blamed upon his 
+      influence.&amp;nbsp; He knew, too, that the Protestant faith was still popular 
+      in the country, and that Elizabeth embodied its greatest hope.&amp;nbsp; If 
+      she were harmed in any way, his arrival in England would be even more 
+      unpopular and dangerous.&amp;nbsp; And the Wyatt rebellion had merely 
+      reinforced Philip's natural inclination to tread lightly.&amp;nbsp; His 
+      intention was to wed Mary, be crowned king of England, and find a suitable 
+      husband for Elizabeth, preferably one of his Hapsburg relations.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Then, if Mary died without bearing a child, England would remain within 
+      the Hapsburg sphere of influence, a willing and useful adjunct of the 
+      empire.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Accordingly, Philip wrote to Mary and advised that Elizabeth be set at 
+      liberty.&amp;nbsp; This conciliatory gesture was not appreciated by Mary, 
+      always inclined to believe the worst in her half-sister, but - once again 
+      - her eagerness for Philip's arrival made her desperate to please 
+      him.&amp;nbsp; She dispensed with Renard's advice and on Saturday 19 May at 
+      one o'clock in the afternoon, Elizabeth was finally released from the 
+      Tower; incidentally, her mother had been executed on the same day eighteen 
+      years earlier.&amp;nbsp; She spent one night at Richmond Palace, but it was 
+      clear that her release had not lifted Elizabeth's spirits.&amp;nbsp; That 
+      night she summoned her few servants and asked them to pray for her, 'For 
+      this night,' Elizabeth said, 'I think to die.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She did not die, of course, but she was still frightened and 
+      lonely.&amp;nbsp; She had been released into the care of Sir Henry 
+      Bedingfield, a Catholic supporter of Queen Mary whose father had guarded 
+      Katharine of Aragon during her last years at Kimbolton Castle.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      had come to the Tower on 5 May as the new Constable, replacing Sir John 
+      Gage, and his arrival had caused Elizabeth no end of terror.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      believed he was sent to secretly murder her for, not long before, a 
+      credible rumor had reached her; it was said that the Catholic elements of 
+      Mary's council had sent a warrant for her execution to the Tower but that 
+      Sir John Brydges, the strict but honest Lieutenant, had not acted upon it 
+      because it lacked the queen's signature.&amp;nbsp; With Bedingfield's arrival, 
+      Elizabeth lost her almost preternatural self-control and she asked her 
+      guards 'whether the Lady Jane's scaffold was taken away or no?'&amp;nbsp; When 
+      told it was gone, she asked about Bedingfield, and if 'her murdering were 
+      secretly committed to his charge, he would see the execution 
+      thereof?'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;From Richmond, Bedingfield took his cowed charge to Woodstock, a 
+      hunting-lodge miles from London and once favored by her Plantagenet 
+      grandfather, Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; She was neither officially under arrest nor 
+      free, a nebulous position which confused nearly everyone.&amp;nbsp; She could 
+      not be received at court, but she could not be set at liberty in the 
+      countryside.&amp;nbsp; And so Bedingfield was essentially her jailer, but not 
+      referred to as such; and Woodstock was her prison, but also not called 
+      such.&amp;nbsp; The journey to Woodstock certainly raised her spirit.&amp;nbsp; 
+      She was greeted by throngs of people shouting 'God save your grace!' and 
+      other messages of support.&amp;nbsp; Flowers, sweets, cakes and other small 
+      gifts were given to her.&amp;nbsp; At times, the reception was so enthusiastic 
+      that Elizabeth was openly overwhelmed.&amp;nbsp; It was now clear to her that 
+      the English people loved her, perhaps as much as they did Queen 
+      Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But the love of the people was small comfort when faced with the 
+      dilapidation of Woodstock.&amp;nbsp; The main house was in such disrepair that 
+      Elizabeth was lodged in the gatehouse.&amp;nbsp; The queen had ordered that 
+      her sister be treated honorably and given limited freedom; Elizabeth was 
+      allowed to walk in the orchard and gardens.&amp;nbsp; She also requested 
+      numerous books.&amp;nbsp; After a few weeks, her initial fear of Bedingfield 
+      had settled into a bemused appraisal of her jailer.&amp;nbsp; She now 
+      recognized him for what he was - a conscientious, unimaginative civil 
+      servant with a difficult assignment.&amp;nbsp; They got on tolerably well, and 
+      Bedingfield even forwarded her numerous letters to the Council and the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was concerned that her imprisonment in the 
+      countryside would remove her too much from the public eye and her 
+      ceaseless letter-writing was an attempt to reassert her position as 
+      princess of England.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not read the letters and angrily order 
+      Bedingfield to stop sending them along.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;At the end of June, Elizabeth fell ill and asked that the queen's 
+      physician Dr Owen be sent to her.&amp;nbsp; But Dr Owen was busy tending to 
+      Queen Mary and told Bedingfield that his charge must be patient.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      recommended the services of Drs Barnes and Walbeck.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+      refused to allow their examination; she preferred to commit her body to 
+      God rather than to the eyes of strangers, she told Bedingfield.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Finally, on 7 July, Mary finally sent permission to Woodstock for 
+      Elizabeth to write to her and the Council about her various 
+      concerns.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was petulant and took her time with the 
+      composition of this most important letter.&amp;nbsp; When it was finally sent, 
+      written in Bedingfield's hand from her dictation, it was a typically 
+      shrewd and pointed document.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth wanted the Council to 
+      consider 'her long imprisonment and restraint of liberty, either to charge 
+      her with special matter to be answered unto and tried, or to grant her 
+      liberty to come unto her highness's presence, which she sayeth she would 
+      not desire were it not that she knoweth herself to be clear even before 
+      God, for her allegiance.'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth specifically requested that the 
+      members of the queen's council who were executors of 'the Will of the 
+      King's majesty her father' read the letter and be allowed to visit with 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; It was a pointed reminder that despite her deprived 
+      circumstances, she was still next in line to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      Council heard the document uneasily.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary, however, had other matters on her mind.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 20 
+      July, even as Elizabeth mulled over her letter, Philip II of Spain finally 
+      landed at Southampton.&amp;nbsp; The handsome, fair-haired 27 year old King 
+      was already a widow with a male heir; his first wife Maria of Portugal had 
+      died in childbirth in 1545 after two years of&lt;IMG height=480 
+      alt=&quot;another portrait of Elizabeth's half-sister, Queen Mary I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworth.jpg&quot; width=332 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; marriage.&amp;nbsp; He was a 
+      conscientious and pious man who impressed all who met him with his 
+      discipline and work ethic.&amp;nbsp; But he also had a tendency toward 
+      religious asceticism which worsened as he grew older.&amp;nbsp; As a child, he 
+      had accompanied his father to the inquisition in Spain, watching 
+      impassively as heretics were burned alive.&amp;nbsp; But his marriage to Mary 
+      was one of political necessity and Philip had no intention of threatening 
+      its success with unpopular religious policies.&amp;nbsp; He was willing to 
+      move England slowly back into the Catholic fold; faced with Mary's 
+      impatience, it was Philip who advised moderation.&amp;nbsp; He wed his cousin 
+      at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July in a splendid ceremony.&amp;nbsp; On 18 
+      August they finally entered London in triumph, its citizens plied with 
+      enough free drinks and entertainment to greet Philip 
+      enthusiastically.&amp;nbsp; But there were already signs of trouble; the 
+      anonymous pamphlets condemning foreigners and the queen's marriage 
+      circulated, and Philip's Spanish entourage were unhappy over a number of 
+      petty slights and insults from their English hosts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had hoped the marriage would result in some change in her 
+      circumstances.&amp;nbsp; But she was sadly mistaken.&amp;nbsp; Instead she passed 
+      the months needling Bedingfield for more books, scribbling more letters, 
+      and listening to the occasional rumor from her servants.&amp;nbsp; The rumors 
+      were hardly comforting.&amp;nbsp; The queen was reportedly pregnant and she 
+      and Philip would open Parliament together on 12 November.&amp;nbsp; From then 
+      on, the reunion between England and the papacy could begin in force.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Mary was the happiest she had been since childhood, but the problem of 
+      Elizabeth remained.&amp;nbsp; Gardiner wanted her executed; he argued that 
+      Protestantism could not be completely eradicated until its great hope, 
+      Elizabeth herself, was gone.&amp;nbsp; But Philip and most other councilors 
+      were more pragmatic.&amp;nbsp; Parliament had already agreed that if Mary died 
+      in childbirth, Philip would be regent of England during their child's 
+      minority.&amp;nbsp; However, if both mother and child died, then Elizabeth 
+      once again assumed prominence.&amp;nbsp; Philip, always prudent, preferred to 
+      know his sister-in-law before making an enemy of her.&amp;nbsp; With his 
+      encouragement, and flush with happiness at her marriage and pregnancy, 
+      Mary finally invited Elizabeth to court.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In the third week of April 1555, almost a year since she was sent to 
+      Woodstock, Elizabeth was brought to Hampton Court Palace.&amp;nbsp; Mary had 
+      gone there to prepare for her lying-in.&amp;nbsp; They did not meet 
+      immediately.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was brought into the palace through a side 
+      entrance, still closely guarded.&amp;nbsp; According to the French ambassador, 
+      Philip visited her three days later but Mary never came.&amp;nbsp; Two weeks 
+      later, the most powerful members of the council appeared to chide her for 
+      not submitting to the queen's authority; she was told to admit her past 
+      wrongdoing and seek the queen's forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth replied that 
+      she had done nothing wrong in the past and wanted no mercy from her sister 
+      'but rather desired the law'.&amp;nbsp; She told Gardiner she would rather 
+      remain in prison forever than admit to crimes she had never 
+      committed.&amp;nbsp; He went off immediately to tell Mary of her sister's 
+      continued stubbornness.&amp;nbsp; The queen was not pleased.&amp;nbsp; The next 
+      day, Gardiner told Elizabeth that the queen marveled that 'she would so 
+      stoutly use herself, not confessing that she had offended'.&amp;nbsp; Did 
+      Elizabeth really believe she was wrongfully imprisoned? Gardiner asked.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth refused the bait.&amp;nbsp; She did not criticize her sister 
+      explicitly, telling him only that the queen must do with her as her 
+      conscience dictated.&amp;nbsp; Gardiner replied that if she wanted her liberty 
+      and former position, she must tell a different story; only by admitting 
+      her past faults, confessing all sins, could she hope for 
+      forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; It was a stalemate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth again told him she 
+      would rather be unjustly imprisoned than gain freedom with lies.&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The next week passed with no word from anyone.&amp;nbsp; And then, around 
+      10 o'clock one evening, a message arrived that the queen would see 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had begged for an interview for more than a year but 
+      now that the moment had at last arrived, she was understandably 
+      nervous.&amp;nbsp; She was accompanied into Mary's apartments by one of her 
+      own ladies-in-waiting and Mary's close friend and Mistress of the Robes 
+      Susan Clarencieux.&amp;nbsp; The queen's bedroom was lit with flickering 
+      candlelight; the queen herself was half-hidden in shadow.&amp;nbsp; Without 
+      asking permission, Elizabeth immediately prostrated herself and declared 
+      her innocence.&amp;nbsp; And though she and Mary sparred for a short while, 
+      the queen was willing to be generous at her own moment of triumph.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It was rumored that Philip watched the sisters from behind a curtain; 
+      whether or not he was there, Mary was content to make peace of 
+      sorts.&amp;nbsp; She sent Elizabeth away amicably enough and a week later poor 
+      Bedingfield was relieved of his duties.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth would remain at 
+      Hampton Court, still under light guard but with her own household and 
+      permission to receive certain guests.&amp;nbsp; It was the end of over a year 
+      of tiresome captivity and she was delighted.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;While she enjoyed her newfound liberty, the burning of Protestant 
+      heretics began in earnest.&amp;nbsp; These killings have earned Mary the 
+      nickname 'Bloody Mary' and blighted her reputation.&amp;nbsp; In truth, the 
+      roughly 300 people killed (about 60 women) was not considered excessive by 
+      Mary's European contemporaries; and in the government's mind, 
+      Protestantism had become dangerously linked with treason, sedition, and 
+      other secular crimes.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, who was perhaps the most personally 
+      kind and gentle of the Tudor rulers, the killings were necessary to save 
+      the heretics' souls as well.&amp;nbsp; It is a telling feature of her 
+      character that she could often forgive treason against herself, but would 
+      not countenance treason against God.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The burnings, coupled with the Spanish marriage, caused enough 
+      resentment; but, unfortunately for Mary, famine and poverty added to her 
+      list of woes.&amp;nbsp; But the greatest tragedy of all for the queen was the 
+      humiliating and heartbreaking realization that her pregnancy was not 
+      real.&amp;nbsp; Mary had truly believed she was pregnant; her stomach had 
+      become swollen and she had felt the child quicken.&amp;nbsp; But she had 
+      always suffered from digestive and menstrual troubles.&amp;nbsp; It is 
+      probable that she developed a tumor in her stomach which, combined with 
+      the lack of a cycle and her own fervent prayers, made her believe she was 
+      pregnant.&amp;nbsp; All of April was spent in a state of readiness.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Dozens of nurses and midwives crowded into Hampton Court, joined by a 
+      throng of noble ladies who would assist in the delivery.&amp;nbsp; On 30 April 
+      a rumor reached London that a male child had been born and celebrations 
+      ensued.&amp;nbsp; But it was a false alarm; the next three months were spent 
+      in a state of suspended disbelief.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 3 August, the queen's 
+      household departed to Oatlands and the pregnancy was not mentioned 
+      again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary's heartache was soon worsened by the impending departure of 
+      Philip.&amp;nbsp; He had spent over a year in a country he disliked, married 
+      to a woman he pitied but did not love.&amp;nbsp; He used the excuse of 
+      pressing business in the Low Countries to leave England.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      protested passionately, begging him to stay; it was clear to everyone that 
+      she truly loved her husband.&amp;nbsp; But Philip was equally determined to 
+      go.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps clear to him that Mary was seriously ill and 
+      would never have children.&amp;nbsp; If that was the case, he had no reason to 
+      remain in England.&amp;nbsp; He left explicit instructions that she treat her 
+      sister well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was sent to a small manor house a few miles from Oatlands 
+      where she played another waiting game, only this time with some measure of 
+      freedom and hope.&amp;nbsp; But it was to be another three years before she 
+      would become queen of England.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082564&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082564&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36987</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdac520db219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215272</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-coronation.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ditchley.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cecil-sm1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1woodcrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliztruelove.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-coronation.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The 'Coronation Portrait' of Elizabeth I; late 16th copy of a lost original&quot; width=&quot;294&quot; height=&quot;427&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Some have fallen from being Princes of this land to be 
+  prisoners in this place; I am raised from being prisoner in this place to be 
+  Prince of this land.&amp;nbsp; That dejection was a work of God's justice; this 
+  advancement is a work of His mercy.' &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth 
+      I at the Tower of London, during her coronation ceremonies, 
+      1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;There is an apocryphal story about Elizabeth's accession.&amp;nbsp; In it, 
+      she was out in the meadows surrounding Hatfield when the courtiers 
+      approached.&amp;nbsp; They bowed before her, and presented Mary's signet 
+      ring.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth supposedly fell upon her knees and exclaimed, most 
+      aptly, 'A Domino factum est illud et est mirabile in oculis nostris.' 
+      ('This is the Lord's doing, and it is marvelous in Our eyes.')&amp;nbsp; The 
+      citizens of London undoubtedly felt the same; upon receiving word of 
+      Mary's death, bonfires were lit and tables were set in the streets for a 
+      grand celebratory feast.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;A glorious accession, then, and much celebrated.&amp;nbsp; A 
+      contemporary observer, however, commented wryly upon the state of affairs 
+      in England in 1558: 'The Queen poor; the realm exhausted; the nobility 
+      poor and decayed; want of good captains and soldiers; the people out of 
+      order; justice not executed; justices of peace unmeet for office; all 
+      things dear; excess of meat and drink, and apparel; division among 
+      ourselves; war with France and Scotland; the French King, having one foot 
+      in Calais and the other in Scotland; steadfast enmity, but no steadfast 
+      friendship abroad.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was well aware of the dire situation she faced.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      herself had been the victim of the religious and political confusion of 
+      Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; And&lt;IMG height=412 
+      alt=&quot;'The Ditchley Portrait' of Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ditchley.jpg&quot; width=281 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; even the weather had been uncooperative for Queen 
+      Mary; the droughts which had plagued farmers led to high prices and much 
+      poverty.&amp;nbsp; Most of the poor flocked to London where they crowded into 
+      ever-expanding slums.&amp;nbsp; Mary's attempts to reform the debased currency 
+      of Henry VIII and Edward VI's reign had been somewhat successful, but 
+      England was still considered a poor credit risk on the Continent.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;And so the new queen, though popular and much-admired, did not inherit 
+      a stable and prosperous country - and the quest for stability and 
+      prosperity became the guiding force of her reign.&amp;nbsp; To that end, she 
+      came to eschew foreign entanglements and religious extremism.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Practical and pragmatic, Elizabeth chose as her motto 'Semper Eadem' 
+      ('Always the Same'), and it was highly appropriate.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Her succession was assured and untroubled.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth knew 
+      that when the celebrations ended, the real work would begin.&amp;nbsp; Almost 
+      immediately, she would be forced to consider a rival claim to the throne 
+      by her cousin, Mary Stuart.&amp;nbsp; Queen of Scotland since infancy, and now 
+      the wife of the French dauphin (and crowned queen of France in 1559), Mary 
+      was denied a place in the Tudor succession by Henry VIII's will.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      she was a Catholic and had the French monarchy behind her.&amp;nbsp; For her 
+      part, she was content to stay in France.&amp;nbsp; But she did - with spirit 
+      and not much sense, as was her wont - choose to quarter the royal arms of 
+      England, Wales and Ireland upon her heraldry, thus openly laying claim to 
+      the throne of England.&amp;nbsp; Even this symbolic act was fraught with 
+      political danger for the queenly cousins.&amp;nbsp; From her accession on, 
+      Elizabeth knew her Scottish 'sister' was a serious concern; and while Mary 
+      was safely in France, it was all for the better.&amp;nbsp; Scotland was 
+      already turning Protestant and England could continue to support its 
+      religious dissension and political upheaval.&amp;nbsp; If their northern 
+      neighbor was kept busy with its own troubles, it was less likely to clash 
+      with England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;As for her English subjects, even the Catholics were largely against 
+      Mary Stuart's claims.&amp;nbsp; In this case, nationalism trumped 
+      religion.&amp;nbsp; There were other English claimants, of course; the younger 
+      sisters of the unfortunate &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; But of the two, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt; 
+      was flighty and foolish and Mary was barely four feet tall.&amp;nbsp; Neither 
+      was a popular choice to be queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Her smooth accession was further assured by the Lord Chancellor, 
+      Nicholas Heath.&amp;nbsp; Parliament had been in session while Mary lay dying 
+      and, on 17 November, Heath announced her death to the assembled lords and 
+      commons.&amp;nbsp; He then said, 'Which hap as it is most heavy and grievous 
+      unto us, so have we no less cause another way to rejoice with praise to 
+      Almighty God for that He hath left unto us a true, lawful and right 
+      inheritrice to the crown of this realm, which is the Lady Elizabeth, of 
+      whose lawful right and title we need not to doubt.&amp;nbsp; Wherefore the 
+      lords of this house have determined with your assents and consents, to 
+      pass from hence into the palace, and there to proclaim the said Lady 
+      Elizabeth Queen of this realm without further tract of time.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;There was no dissension at Heath's words.&amp;nbsp; Traditionally, 
+      Parliament dissolved upon the death of the reigning monarch - but Heath's 
+      prompt actions ensured Elizabeth's lawful recognition as queen before the 
+      lords and commons dispersed.&amp;nbsp; And, as a leading Catholic, Heath also 
+      secured the loyalty of his religious party for the new queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth held court at Hatfield for about a week, assembling statesmen 
+      and studying English affairs more acutely.&amp;nbsp; Nicholas Throckmorton 
+      wrote to her immediately; he advised her to be wary and careful, so that 
+      neither 'the old or the new should wholly understand what you mean.'&amp;nbsp; 
+      She did not need such advice; it was already central to her 
+      character.&amp;nbsp; How else had she survived the reigns of Edward and 
+      Mary?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=206 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's greatest advisor, Sir William Cecil&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cecil-sm1.jpg&quot; width=140 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On 20 November, she held her first council meeting and appointed the 
+      loyal William Cecil as her Principal Secretary of State.&amp;nbsp; They had 
+      been friends for a long while, since his appointment as her accountant 
+      many years ago.&amp;nbsp; And, for the next forty years, they were to rule 
+      England as a virtually inseparable team.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's words to Cecil 
+      have become justly famous: 'I give you this charge, that you shall be of 
+      my Privy Council and content to take pains for me and my realm.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      judgment I have of you that you will not be corrupted by any manner of 
+      gift and that you will be faithful to the state; and that without respect 
+      of my private will you will give me that counsel which you think best and 
+      if you shall know anything necessary to be declared to me of secrecy, you 
+      shall show it to myself only.&amp;nbsp; And assure yourself I will not fail to 
+      keep taciturnity therein and therefore herewith I charge you.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;All monarchs use such appointments to reward loyalty and friendship; 
+      Cecil's was also a reward for ability.&amp;nbsp; On a more personal note, 
+      Elizabeth rewarded the faithful servants who had been her companions since 
+      childhood, among them Thomas Parry and Kat Ashley.&amp;nbsp; The handsome 
+      Robert Dudley was appointed Master of the Horse; he was the son of the 
+      late Lord Protector and had been imprisoned in the Tower with Elizabeth 
+      during Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; Not coincidentally, this position required 
+      close contact with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Thus from the very beginning, a source 
+      of rivalry was established amongst Elizabeth's closest councilors.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Cecil and Dudley disliked one another, each man viewing the other as his 
+      main rival for the queen's attention.&amp;nbsp; But even this potentially 
+      untenable situation benefited the young queen; it meant that she alone 
+      dominated her government while two rival factions developed, each centered 
+      around Cecil and Dudley.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Everything depends upon the husband this woman takes.'&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 1560&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'If I were a milkmaid with a pail on my 
+      arm, whereby my private person might be little set by, I would not forsake 
+      that poor and single state to match with the greatest monarch.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I 
+      to Parliament, regarding marriage&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth well understood the importance of public relations and knew 
+      her entry into London must be a lavish spectacle; the coronation which 
+      would follow must be even more impressive.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was placed in 
+      charge of the coronation plans.&amp;nbsp; He was well-suited to the 
+      task.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's favorite astronomer, Dr John Dee, was consulted 
+      and Sunday, 15 January 1559 was selected as the perfect date.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;On 23 November, Elizabeth left Hatfield for London; she stayed at the 
+      Charterhouse, and for the next five days she made regular appearances 
+      before adoring crowds.&amp;nbsp; On Monday 28 November, she left the 
+      Charterhouse to ride through London and to the Tower.&amp;nbsp; She wore a 
+      purple velvet gown and had a scarf tied loosely around her neck.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Dudley rode closely behind her.&amp;nbsp; When they neared the Tower, both the 
+      queen and her Master of the Horse appreciated the irony of the 
+      moment.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth said simply, and wittily: 'Some have fallen from 
+      being Princes of this land to be prisoners in this place; I am raised from 
+      being prisoner in this place to be Prince of this land.&amp;nbsp; That 
+      dejection was a work of God's justice; this advancement is a work of His 
+      mercy.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She spent the next ten days at the Tower, holding council meetings and 
+      slowly but steadily learning how to rule.&amp;nbsp; She had been welcomed to 
+      the throne with great celebration, but few monarchs have inherited such a 
+      dire predicament.&amp;nbsp; Religious turmoil was inevitable; though 
+      the Protestants regarded Elizabeth as their savior, many Marian exiles 
+      believed she would maintain her sister's religious changes.&amp;nbsp; She had 
+      to tread carefully - and fortunately for both Elizabeth and her nation, 
+      she was uniquely suited to do so.&amp;nbsp; She made it clear to her 
+      councilors that she wanted no windows into men's souls.&amp;nbsp; Also, she 
+      would not be dominated by one religious party at the expense of 
+      another.&amp;nbsp; For Elizabeth, her citizens were Englishmen first; their 
+      religious loyalties - whether Catholic or Protestant - were to remain 
+      subservient to their loyalty to her as queen of England.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      explains her later disregard for Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; She characteristically 
+      remarked that she preferred loyal Catholics to Puritans; this may have 
+      confused some of her subjects since she was a Protestant queen, and the 
+      Puritans were simply Protestant extremists.&amp;nbsp; However, Elizabeth 
+      recognized that, by the end of her reign, most of her Catholic subjects 
+      were loyal to her instead of the pope (despite her excommunication) and 
+      accepted royal prerogative.&amp;nbsp; Her Puritan subjects, however, did not 
+      recognize the sanctity of the crown, and their presence in Parliament 
+      ensured a steady erosion of royal power.&amp;nbsp; The end result of this 
+      conflict occurred during the reign of Charles I, when a powerful Puritan 
+      populace revolted against their Catholic king and beheaded him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Luckily, most of Elizabeth's councilors were of the same mind as the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Their first priority was the stability of the realm, and they 
+      wanted to negotiate a truce of sorts between the two factions.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+      course, the more extreme members of both parties could not be 
+      satisfied.&amp;nbsp; Also, Philip II of Spain and Henri II of France had 
+      recently ended their near-constant warfare, and now England remained 
+      outside Continental affairs; perhaps it would become the prey of both 
+      powers.&amp;nbsp; When Elizabeth's court moved to Whitehall for Christmas, the 
+      Spanish ambassador De Feria tried to secure a possible marriage between 
+      Elizabeth and one of Philip's innumerable relatives.&amp;nbsp; Already her 
+      expected marriage dominated European politics.&amp;nbsp; No one expected her 
+      to rule alone.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The Christmas festivities at Whitehall were quite extravagant.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The English court had not had cause for much celebration in years; Mary's 
+      reign had been increasingly insular and solemn.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth, young 
+      and beautiful, was determined to celebrate her near-miraculous 
+      triumph.&amp;nbsp; And yet Christmas would pale in comparison to her 
+      coronation festivities.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;On the 12th of January, she set out once again to the Tower, traveling 
+      by river from Whitehall.&amp;nbsp; Two days later, at two o'clock in the 
+      afternoon, she rode in an open litter for her recognition procession 
+      throughout London.&amp;nbsp; She wore a gown of crimson velvet and cloth of 
+      gold with an ermine cape for warmth, and was surrounded by richly-dressed 
+      lords and ladies.&amp;nbsp; Crowds of Londoners thronged the streets, to the 
+      queen's open delight.&amp;nbsp; It was a cold and wet Saturday with snow 
+      flurries settling upon the brocade canopy of the queen's litter, but the 
+      weather could not distract from the spectacle.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The entire route through the city was marked by pageants, plays, and 
+      orations; even Anne Boleyn appeared in a tableau beside Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth's replies to each presentation were memorable and kind; to the 
+      Recorder of London, she memorably said, 'Whereas your request is that I 
+      should continue your good lady and Queen, be ye assured that I will be as 
+      good unto you as ever Queen was to her people.&amp;nbsp; No will in me can 
+      lack, neither do I trust shall there lack any power.&amp;nbsp; And persuade 
+      yourselves, that for the safety and quietness of you all, I will not spare 
+      if need be to spare my blood.'&amp;nbsp; These words were not merely facile 
+      endearments.&amp;nbsp; Long ago, during the dark days of Mary's reign, she had 
+      realized the importance of public relations and popular support.&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The next day she was crowned queen of England.&amp;nbsp; She entered 
+      Westminster on foot, walking upon a long blue carpet which the crowd 
+      promptly cut up for souvenirs.&amp;nbsp; The great Abbey was crowded full of 
+      both rural and urban dignitaries, and their ladies.&amp;nbsp; They watched as 
+      the queen marched slowly forward, the long red velvet train of her gown 
+      carried by the duchess of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Hundreds of candles and lamps 
+      burned, and the boys' choir sang beautifully while a medley of pipes, 
+      drums, and the church organ played.)&amp;nbsp; She was crowned by Owen 
+      Oglethorpe, the bishop of Carlisle.&amp;nbsp; The&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1woodcrop.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I on wood; c1565&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;285&quot;&gt; archbishop of Canterbury, 
+      Reginald Pole, had died the same day as Queen Mary; the archbishop of York 
+      asked to be excused on grounds of conscience; the bishop of Durham said he 
+      was too old to perform the ceremony.&amp;nbsp; And so it fell to Dr 
+      Oglethorpe, who was as good as anyone else in Elizabeth's eyes.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      ceremony itself was a mish-mash of Catholic and Protestant rituals - the 
+      Mass was said in Latin but the celebrant did not elevate the Host; the 
+      epistle and gospel were read in Latin and English; and the coronation oath 
+      itself was read from an English Bible.&amp;nbsp; In other words, it was a 
+      ceremony which accurately reflected the religious confusion of mid-16th 
+      century England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Oglethorpe placed the heavy Crown of St Edward on her head, but it was 
+      quickly removed after the oath was administered.&amp;nbsp; Then, wearing a 
+      lighter crown, the new queen was presented to the congregation.&amp;nbsp; 
+      There was an explosion of noise (the Venetian ambassador said it sounded 
+      like the end of the world) as bells were rung, trumpets were blown, and 
+      every other musical instrument played with such force that spectators 
+      winced.&amp;nbsp; The coronation banquet was held at Westminster Hall at three 
+      o'clock and lasted until one o'clock Monday morning.&amp;nbsp; The new queen, 
+      who now wore a becoming gown of purple velvet, sat beneath the great 
+      window on a raised dais.&amp;nbsp; There were eight hundred guests, and the 
+      queen was served by the Lord Chamberlain and the Chief Steward.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      spoke little during the banquet, and was so tired when it ended that a 
+      tournament planned for Monday afternoon was canceled.&amp;nbsp; She had also 
+      caught a cold; the opening of Parliament was thus delayed from the 23rd of 
+      January to the 25th.&amp;nbsp; Her arrival at Parliament, however, was another 
+      moment of triumph for Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She wore a crimson gown and a cap 
+      decorated with pearls and was quite lovely and energetic despite her 
+      recent cold.&amp;nbsp; When the crowd called out, 'God save and maintain 
+      thee!', she responded with enthusiasm, 'God a' mercy, good people!'&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;All things considered, these first two months on the throne had gone 
+      very smoothly.&amp;nbsp; But most European powers were convinced she wouldn't 
+      last a year as queen.&amp;nbsp; If she did, it would only be due to a 
+      quick marriage.&amp;nbsp; And so, over the next several years, the dominant 
+      issue of her reign would be one which she personally detested - who would 
+      the queen marry, and when?&amp;nbsp; For Elizabeth, treading carefully and 
+      conscious of the novelty of her position, the issue was a personal and 
+      political threat - and one which she handled with exquisite care.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She [Elizabeth] is incomparably more feared than her 
+  sister, and gives her orders and has her way as absolutely as her father did.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 
+  1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's seeming obliviousness to marriage, her refusal to discuss 
+      it, or her occasional witty but vague comments - all these infuriated her 
+      councilors.&amp;nbsp; They seemed incapable of appreciating the impact 
+      marriage would have upon her life, while its impact was distressingly 
+      clear to Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; The councilors wanted a king, and an heir, a 
+      natural enough desire since her throne could not be completely secure without 
+      them.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth knew herself to be intellectually superior to 
+      most men and she relished her independence.&amp;nbsp; And, of course, her 
+      father's marital history - as well as her sister's - made her question 
+      both the personal and political cost of marriage.&amp;nbsp; The new queen always 
+      had a low opinion of marital happiness, and saw little reason to change 
+      her mind.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Even in her own lifetime, rumors abounded that Elizabeth was physically 
+      deformed, incapable of pleasing a husband or bearing a child.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      also whispered that she was a sexual deviant whose appetites could not be 
+      satisfied by marriage.&amp;nbsp; However, it is clear enough that Elizabeth's 
+      character - pragmatic, rational, and calculating - was not overly 
+      romantic; she was openly fond of many courtiers, particularly Robert 
+      Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But she never wed Dudley, and a healthy flirtation does not 
+      indicate sexual deviancy.&amp;nbsp; Rather, it shows Elizabeth to be a normal 
+      young woman who enjoyed the company of a handsome man.&amp;nbsp; If she had 
+      not flirted with Dudley, or her other courtiers, then speculation about 
+      her character would be understandable.&amp;nbsp; In truth, she was no less 
+      flirtatious than her father, but the simple, unavoidable fact of her 
+      gender made her flirtations far more politically charged.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Furthermore, any sexual activity would have been immediately 
+      reported.&amp;nbsp; 'I do not live in a corner,' the queen once commented. 'A 
+      thousand eyes see all I do, and calumny will not fasten on me for 
+      ever.'&amp;nbsp; A foreign ambassador was caught paying one of her laundresses 
+      for proof of the queen's regular menstrual cycle; everyone at court 
+      gossiped about her relationships with the handsome courtiers who soon 
+      flocked to London.&amp;nbsp; The queen herself preferred to rise above such 
+      discussion.&amp;nbsp; If she fulfilled her royal duties with care and 
+      diligence, and if she brought prosperity and peace to her country, then 
+      she was successful.&amp;nbsp; And since she had great faith in her own 
+      talents, she saw no reason to share her throne with a husband.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;And so, out of love of independence and power, and a native distrust of 
+      marriage, Elizabeth was determined to remain single.&amp;nbsp; Her councilors, 
+      for their part, pretended to believe otherwise for quite a long 
+      time.&amp;nbsp; Despite her repeated vows to 'live and die a virgin', they 
+      embarked upon countless rounds of diplomatic negotiations searching for a 
+      husband.&amp;nbsp; They visited her in private, they 
+      openly begged her; they eventually forced a parliamentary showdown upon 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; William Cecil prayed that 'God would send our mistress a 
+      husband, and by time a son, that we may hope our posterity shall have a 
+      masculine succession.'&amp;nbsp; Despite their close friendship, and mutual 
+      respect, even Cecil succumbed to the sexism of their age - he rebuked a 
+      messenger for talking to the queen of something that 'was too much for 
+      woman's knowledge.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But over the years, her councilor's discomfort lessened.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      Stuart bore a son, James, in 1566 and was imprisoned in England shortly 
+      afterwards.&amp;nbsp; James was raised as a Protestant and was soon the only 
+      Tudor relative with a viable claim.&amp;nbsp; His religion allowed most 
+      Englishmen to look favorably upon him as Elizabeth's eventual heir.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The queen wisely dangled its possibility before him and thus ensured 
+      Scottish political cooperation throughout the later years of her 
+      reign.&amp;nbsp; Also, as the years passed, so did the possibility that 
+      Elizabeth would bear a child.&amp;nbsp; And why marry, if not for an 
+      heir?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It is also worth noting the endless difficulties in selecting a 
+      suitable husband.&amp;nbsp; A foreign match would have dragged England into 
+      the morass of European politics, with possibly the same disastrous results 
+      of Mary's marriage.&amp;nbsp; But marriage to an Englishman would have given 
+      too much power to one political faction or the other.&amp;nbsp; And so 
+      Elizabeth's personal dislike of marriage turned out to be a shrewd 
+      political decision, though it confounded everyone for several years.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;From the earliest days of her reign, one of Elizabeth's greatest 
+      political attributes was her endless prevarication.&amp;nbsp; Many historians 
+      have described it less as an attribute, and more as her greatest failing.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They mention her inability to decide upon marriage, or - most famously - 
+      her refusal to execute Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; They argue that these 
+      incidents prove she was hesitant and indecisive.&amp;nbsp; But it actually 
+      reveals a formidable political talent, and one which greatly benefited her 
+      nation.&amp;nbsp; The new queen was not one to whole-heartedly plunge into any 
+      scheme, personal or political; thus, she refused to become involved in 
+      foreign entanglements which would have bankrupted her country and produced 
+      strife and discontent.&amp;nbsp; She sent money and a few troops to 
+      continental Protestants, but no more.&amp;nbsp; In terms of religion, she 
+      sought to strike a balance between two extremes through careful thought 
+      and debate.&amp;nbsp; In doing so, she negotiated a truce of sorts which 
+      lasted through most of her reign - in contrast to the religious turmoil 
+      which marked the reigns before and after her own.&amp;nbsp; One could label 
+      her indecisive since she did not strike a definitive stance on either 
+      issue.&amp;nbsp; But she preserved the peace and prosperity of her nation; she 
+      put England, and the welfare of its citizens, first.&amp;nbsp; Thus, the 
+      ability to prevaricate was an essential tool of her political success, 
+      however much it frustrated those who wanted her to take sides.&amp;nbsp; In 
+      Elizabeth's case, one could argue that she took only the English side.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is a very vain and clever woman.&amp;nbsp; She must have 
+  been thoroughly schooled in the manner in which her father conducted his 
+  affairs.&amp;nbsp; She is determined to be governed by no one.' &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=307 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's greatest love, Sir Robert Dudley&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliztruelove.jpg&quot; width=300 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This understandably caused strife within her council.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      clear from the beginning that Robert Dudley was the queen's favorite 
+      courtier.&amp;nbsp; They were openly affectionate and Dudley enjoyed flaunting 
+      the queen's favor.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was often terrified that Elizabeth would 
+      wed Dudley, but that fear at least was soon put to rest.&amp;nbsp; At the 
+      start of Elizabeth's reign, Dudley was still married to an heiress called 
+      Amy Robsart; she was safely tucked away in the country while her husband 
+      flirted at court.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth knew of the match; she had attended the 
+      wedding.&amp;nbsp; But the marriage, which had begun happily, was soon torn 
+      apart by Dudley's ambition.&amp;nbsp; But whatever he planned for the future, 
+      it was soon impossible for him to dream of becoming king.&amp;nbsp; Amy was 
+      living in secluded and deprived circumstances at Cumnor Place, the 
+      Oxfordshire manor of Anthony Forster, an MP and close friend of 
+      Dudley's.&amp;nbsp; She had been ill for some time.&amp;nbsp; On Sunday the 8th of 
+      September 1560, roughly nine months after Elizabeth's coronation, she gave 
+      her few servants permission to visit a fair.&amp;nbsp; When they returned, 
+      they found her lying dead at the bottom of the staircase with a broken 
+      neck.&amp;nbsp; There had been other ladies in the home; they reported playing 
+      backgammon with Amy until, suddenly and without explanation, she left the 
+      room and fell to her death.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was informed of the news while at 
+      Windsor Castle with the queen.&amp;nbsp; He immediately ordered a thorough 
+      investigation.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; His close relationship with the queen was 
+      already a minor scandal; Amy's suspicious death could make it 
+      explosive.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Amy had been ill for some months, with a 'canker in her breast', as the 
+      doctors said.&amp;nbsp; They had assured Dudley that his wife would not live 
+      much longer.&amp;nbsp; So the immediate supposition after her death - that 
+      Dudley had murdered Amy so he could marry the queen - does not make 
+      sense.&amp;nbsp; There were only three other conclusions to draw - first, that 
+      Amy, knowing her own condition, was depressed and angry at her husband; 
+      she therefore took her own life in an attempt to end her suffering and 
+      Dudley's hopes to be king.&amp;nbsp; Second, that one of Dudley's enemies had 
+      murdered Amy in an attempt to discredit him and make marriage with the 
+      queen impossible.&amp;nbsp; Or third, that nothing so nefarious occurred and 
+      her death was completely accidental; she simply fell while walking down 
+      the stairs.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But everyone enjoyed gossip and scandal too much to let it pass.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And Amy's maid told a jury that her mistress had often 'prayed to God to 
+      deliver her from desperation', and many courtiers remembered Dudley's 
+      public speculation about divorcing his wife.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was forced to 
+      send Dudley from court until the funeral, but he did not attend the 
+      service.&amp;nbsp; The queen sent Lady Norton as her representative, and it 
+      was known that other ladies had been asked but refused to go because of 
+      the scandal.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth's affection for Dudley was at its 
+      greatest during these early years and could not be denied.&amp;nbsp; Soon 
+      enough he was back at court and in as much favor as always.&amp;nbsp; Once, 
+      during a boating party on the Thames, he asked the ambassador de Quadra, 
+      who was also Bishop of Avila, to marry he and Elizabeth immediately.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The ambassador remarked that he would do so as soon as the queen dismissed 
+      her Protestant councilors from service.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In light of Amy Robsart's death, it is worth considering Elizabeth's 
+      own feelings on the matter.&amp;nbsp; Her closest advisors thought she had 
+      good cause to dread the woman's death, though not because of any 
+      scandal.&amp;nbsp; The queen, they realized, enjoyed flirting with Dudley and 
+      occasionally encouraged his fantasies, but she did not want to be given 
+      the opportunity to marry him.&amp;nbsp; When Amy Robsart died, Elizabeth had 
+      no ready excuse for denying Dudley's proposals.&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But the queen had other, far more appropriate suitors.&amp;nbsp; Cecil's 
+      natural inclination was to make peace with England's 
+      traditional enemy, France.&amp;nbsp; He urged a match with one of Queen Catherine d'Medici and 
+      King Henry II's sons.&amp;nbsp; These Francophile maneuvers began seriously 
+      after Mary Stuart's French husband died in 1560 and she returned to 
+      Scotland.&amp;nbsp; To thwart Cecil, other councilors pressed a Spanish 
+      marriage, perhaps even to her former brother-in-law Philip.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      queen expertly considered all options but never committed to any.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This routine would continue until advancing age made childbirth 
+      impossible.&amp;nbsp; Only then was Elizabeth truly free of parliamentary 
+      meddling in her private affairs, a situation which had inspired several 
+      famously bitter outbursts in 1566.&amp;nbsp; After insisting that the 
+      succession was too weighty an issue for such &amp;quot;a knot of harebrains&amp;quot; as the 
+      House of Commons, she later invoked her own arrest during Wyatt's 
+      rebellion as the reason for her refusal to name a successor (if she would 
+      not marry): &amp;quot;I did differ from her [Mary I] in religion and I was sought 
+      for divers ways.&amp;nbsp; And so shall never be my successor.&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp; And, she 
+      warned them, &amp;quot;as your Prince and head&amp;quot;, it was up to her to judge such 
+      weighty political issues without parliamentary interference, &amp;quot;For it is 
+      monstrous that the feet should direct the head.&amp;quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In other words, they could discuss and debate and suggest - but only 
+      Elizabeth could rule.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen 
+      Elizabeth I, part one&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082680&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082680&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">27296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdae742fb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215272</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-metsys.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz3-maryqos1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizfan.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=476 
+      alt=&quot;'The Sieve Portrait' of Elizabeth I by Quentin Metsys&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-metsys.jpg&quot; width=350 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my 
+      Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be 
+      ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a 
+  Virgin, and died a Virgin.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I to 
+      Parliament, 1559&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was content to ignore potential suitors; she considered 
+      religion to be the most pressing and divisive issue in England.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Having lived through years of spiritual upheaval, she well understood her 
+      subjects' need for peace.&amp;nbsp; But it would not be easy to find. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Both Protestants and Catholics had suffered throughout the reigns of 
+      Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Henry's religious policies had 
+      been muddled and disarming; no one, even the king, knew the definition of 
+      heresy.&amp;nbsp; Or rather, they knew heresy was whatever the king commanded, 
+      and that changed from year to year.&amp;nbsp; Edward had been a devout 
+      Protestant, as had his councilors.&amp;nbsp; The six years of his rule 
+      witnessed its political and social triumph, primarily through southern 
+      England.&amp;nbsp; The independent north remained conservative and 
+      Catholic.&amp;nbsp; Mary had been an equally devout Catholic, imbued with 
+      genuine religious fervor.&amp;nbsp; She brought papal privilege back to 
+      England after a twenty-year absence.&amp;nbsp; And now Elizabeth came to the 
+      throne, having been Protestant and Catholic, for she had tacked to the 
+      treacherous winds of her siblings' courts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Each faith harbored grievances against the other.&amp;nbsp; Her Protestant 
+      councilors increasingly felt that Catholics were political traitors, as if 
+      their very faith implied a lack of patriotism.&amp;nbsp; They warned Elizabeth 
+      that the pope commanded her Catholic subjects, not she; only a swift and 
+      strong blow could ensure their fear and forced loyalty.&amp;nbsp; But for the 
+      queen, her Catholic subjects were also, quite simply, subjects.&amp;nbsp; If 
+      they recognized her rule, she had no qualms about their private 
+      worship.&amp;nbsp; Let them go publicly to Protestant services and then do as 
+      they wished at home.&amp;nbsp; So long as they did not rebel, she was content 
+      not to pry. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This generosity, echoed in Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland, was 
+      considered a weakness by many.&amp;nbsp; And many Catholics did not trust the 
+      queen's promises. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's first parliament met from January to April 1559.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      new queen did not bother to revoke her illegitimacy, as Mary had.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This was indicative of Elizabeth's self-confidence and her ability to let 
+      the past go.&amp;nbsp; She even welcomed her former jailer Bedingfield to 
+      court, though with a caustic wit.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Religious turmoil was soon the subject of impassioned debate.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      royal supremacy - the royal title of Supreme Head of the Church of England 
+      - was reinstated, though altered to 'Supreme Governor'.&amp;nbsp; In the House 
+      of Lords, many bishops resisted the changes but they were quickly replaced 
+      by others, led by Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth pressed for a restoration of the 1549 Prayer Book, which she 
+      felt would be acceptable to Protestants and most complacent 
+      Catholics.&amp;nbsp; But the new bishops preferred the 1552 Prayer Book; it 
+      was rather vague about most controversial maters and thus less offensive 
+      to Catholics.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth assented and the Act of Uniformity was 
+      passed.&amp;nbsp; She was particularly successful in making religious 
+      dissension a political matter, rather than a troublesome question of 
+      doctrine.&amp;nbsp; In the Oath of Supremacy, in which her authority as 
+      Supreme Governor was recognized, the queen's powers were explicitly 
+      outlined.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple matter to remove Marian stalwarts from 
+      positions of authority, and about 300 clergy were dismissed.&amp;nbsp; In 
+      total, one third of parish clergy were replaced.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Most Englishmen were content with this settlement, though extremists on 
+      both sides felt it inadequate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth effectively placed the 
+      church under control of the crown, thus merging religious and political 
+      power in her person.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'From the very beginning&amp;nbsp; of her reign she has treated all 
+      religious questions with so much caution and incredible prudence that she 
+      seems both to protect the Catholic religion and at the same time not 
+      entirely to condemn or outwardly reject the new Reformation.... &lt;BR&gt;In my 
+      opinion, a very prudent action, intended to keep the adherents of both 
+      creeds in subjection, for the less she ruffles them at the beginning of 
+      her reign the more easily she will enthrall them later on.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;the Imperial envoy Count con Helffstein, March 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This balance was maintained successfully through most of her 
+      reign.&amp;nbsp; However, in later years, two great problems emerged.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The first was the growing popularity of the Puritan movement.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      extreme form of Protestantism was a direct attack upon the royal 
+      supremacy.&amp;nbsp; In England, the Puritans were directly influenced by 
+      continental Presbyterians.&amp;nbsp; They believed passionately in one rule 
+      only, that of Holy Scripture.&amp;nbsp; They also believed in a fellowship of 
+      ministers; parishes would elect their own religious leaders, under the 
+      supervision of a group of elders.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the parishes would 
+      usurp the power of the queen. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For the Puritans, it became distressingly clear that the Church of 
+      England was more dedicated to England and its ruler than to God.&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement 
+      underground.&amp;nbsp; John Whitgift, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 
+      1583, attempted to neutralize their cause by adopting some needed 
+      reforms.&amp;nbsp; But he did not wish to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I 
+      had created Protestant ones.&amp;nbsp; He was also more interested in 
+      establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.&amp;nbsp; A few 
+      Puritans were executed and many others banished under Whitgift; his use of 
+      the church courts robbed the new doctrine of its momentum.&amp;nbsp; It 
+      remained troublesome to the queen, but never a real threat.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth's rule was preferable to any other; she had become, however 
+      unwillingly, the champion of the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; Puritan attempts 
+      to check the royal prerogative would only succeed in the next generation. 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The Catholics, however, became a genuine threat to the queen's very 
+      life.&amp;nbsp; While the Puritans used words against the queen, the Catholic 
+      extremists were eventually prepared to kill her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The first decade of Elizabeth's reign found the Catholics relatively 
+      quiet and content.&amp;nbsp; They were settled mainly in the north and west of 
+      England, and accepted the 1559 religious settlement.&amp;nbsp; They believed 
+      Elizabeth to be illegitimate and thus ineligible to be queen, but neither 
+      Pope Paul IV or his successor, Pius IV, seriously challenged her 
+      title.&amp;nbsp; She was not even excommunicated until 1570.&amp;nbsp; The two 
+      greatest European powers, Spain (the Hapsburg Empire) and France, were 
+      cautious but friendly.&amp;nbsp; England had long been a balance between their 
+      competing interests.&amp;nbsp; And as mentioned earlier, Philip II of Spain 
+      had even sought to marry Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For her part, the queen took 
+      care not to disturb calm waters. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But calm can be deceptive and misleading.&amp;nbsp; In 1568, ten years into 
+      her reign, Elizabeth was forced to abandon her studied disinterest and 
+      choose sides.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Europe was caught in bloody religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp; There was a 
+      Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands and Philip 
+      &lt;IMG height=216 
+      alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's troublesome cousin, Mary queen of Scots, c1565&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz3-maryqos1.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;II sent the duke of 
+      Alva to crush it.&amp;nbsp; There was now a massive military power directly 
+      across the Channel from England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's council could only 
+      wonder - once Alva's force completed its bloody business there, would he 
+      then look to England?&amp;nbsp; And that same year, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.ne%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary 
+      Stuart&lt;/A&gt; fled her disastrous reign in Scotland to seek Elizabeth's 
+      help.&amp;nbsp; She needed an army to recover her throne from Protestant 
+      rebels who had forced her abdication and imprisoned her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+      and her councilors were aghast.&amp;nbsp; Mary was the true queen of England 
+      in the eyes of Catholic Europe, as well as some Catholic Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And she was now in England, on her way to becoming the greatest quandary 
+      of Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp; Just as Elizabeth had been the inevitable 
+      focus of conspiracies and plots against Mary I's rule, Mary queen of Scots 
+      would be the focus of discontent against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And if Elizabeth 
+      should die, naturally or otherwise, Mary had the strongest claim to the 
+      English throne.&amp;nbsp; All of the Protestant councilors were terrified; 
+      what should they do with Mary Stuart? &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Also, a Catholic missionary college was founded at Douai in Flanders by 
+      the Englishman William Allen.&amp;nbsp; He planned to take a proactive role in 
+      reasserting his faith in England, and he attracted many dedicated 
+      followers.&amp;nbsp; Douai was soon a flourishing center for anti-Elizabethan 
+      plots and propaganda. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For the queen, her cherished and precarious balance, successfully 
+      maintained for a decade, was falling to pieces.&amp;nbsp; She took the 
+      precaution of imprisoning Mary queen of Scots in a variety of secure 
+      castles.&amp;nbsp; At first, this 'imprisonment' was little more than an 
+      inconvenience since Mary wished to return home.&amp;nbsp; She sincerely 
+      believed Elizabeth would help her, as a fellow queen and cousin.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      never recognized the political danger she brought to bear upon her 'sweet 
+      sister'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was told by the Protestant lords in Scotland that 
+      Mary was unwelcome; she faced certain death if she returned.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+      infant son (whose birth caused Elizabeth to exclaim, 'Alack, the Queen of 
+      Scots is lighter of a bonny son, and I am but of barren stock!') was now king.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      Scots also plied Elizabeth's council with 
+      evidence of Mary's complicity in her second husband's murder.&amp;nbsp; Would 
+      the queen of England lend her support to such a woman?&amp;nbsp; It was indeed 
+      a vexing problem.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth settled upon appointing a commission to 
+      investigate the charges against Mary. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;And soon enough, she had even more pressing concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The common people are ignorant, superstitious, and altogether blinded 
+      with the old popish doctrine.' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Sir Ralph Sadler to 
+      Sir William Cecil, 1569&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The conservative north had never been friendly to the Tudor 
+      dynasty.&amp;nbsp; The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, had been their 
+      lord; they led rebellions against his killer and successor, Henry 
+      VII.&amp;nbsp; The first Tudor king succeeded in establishing nominal 
+      authority over the fractious northern earls.&amp;nbsp; His son, Henry VIII, 
+      was equally troubled.&amp;nbsp; His Reformation led to the great northern 
+      rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.&amp;nbsp; Henry dealt 
+      brutally with the rebels and made only one northern progress 
+      afterwards, taking his fifth queen, Catherine Howard, to York soon 
+      after their marriage.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI's Protestant council was also troubled by the 
+      north while the Catholic Mary I gained her greatest support there.&amp;nbsp; She rode north 
+      after Dudley seized control of London and had Lady Jane Grey crowned 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had long recognized its intransigence.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      was never particularly close to the great northern lords of her reign, the 
+      earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, and the only duke in England, her 
+      Howard cousin Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; She showed Norfolk some 
+      degree of personal affection, as she did all of her maternal 
+      relatives.&amp;nbsp; But she recognized his ambition and their religious 
+      differences.&amp;nbsp; As a duke, he was one of the wealthiest men in England 
+      and thus had great influence.&amp;nbsp; Yet he was never a close advisor to 
+      the queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The arrival of Mary Stuart was the great topic at Elizabeth's court in 
+      1569.&amp;nbsp; What would the queen do?&amp;nbsp; Some of her councilors, 
+      including Dudley and Throckmorton, thought Mary should wed the premier 
+      peer in England.&amp;nbsp; This was, of course, the queen's cousin 
+      Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was vehemently opposed; he disliked Norfolk and his 
+      opposition only strengthened Dudley's support.&amp;nbsp; Two problems could 
+      possibly be solved by the marriage - Mary Stuart would be safely settled 
+      in England and the succession would be assured.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth recognized 
+      this short-sighted solution for the mirage it was, for how long would she 
+      live after the marriage?&amp;nbsp; Her realm would be bitterly divided and 
+      torn, with rival factions centered upon herself and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; As 
+      future king of England, he might dare to rebel against her.&amp;nbsp; And what 
+      support would she gain, a 'Virgin Queen' with only her subjects' love to 
+      sustain her?&amp;nbsp; And despite her pragmatism, Elizabeth was Protestant 
+      and the Norfolk marriage would be a Catholic triumph.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The queen soon let both Dudley and Norfolk know of her 
+      displeasure.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was roundly chastised and Norfolk left court for 
+      his country estate Kenninghall.&amp;nbsp; He refused a summons to appear 
+      before Elizabeth at Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; Her anger was further 
+      roused.&amp;nbsp; There were whispers of a rebellion, that&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and 
+      his supporters would free Mary and march on London.&amp;nbsp; The northern 
+      earls were less keen on the marriage; as Northumberland put it, he did not 
+      plan 'to hazard myself for the marriage.'&amp;nbsp; He and Westmorland and 
+      Lord Dacre had local grievances against the queen, mainly religious but 
+      also including the erosion of their local authority.&amp;nbsp; As hereditary 
+      nobles, they felt pushed aside at court and not given the proper respect.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This had been a common aristocratic complaint during her father's reign as 
+      well.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But they had also heard stories of Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland 
+      and distrusted her character.&amp;nbsp; It is also not certain they wished for 
+      Norfolk to be king.&amp;nbsp; Their primary purpose was to undo the 1559 Act 
+      of Uniformity and crush the 'new found religion and heresy.'&amp;nbsp; As 
+      their proclamation asserted: &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles, Earl of 
+        Westmorland, the queen's most true and lawful subjects and to all her 
+        highness's people sendeth greeting:&amp;nbsp; Whereas divers new set up 
+        nobles about the Queen's Majesty have and do daily, not only go about to 
+        overthrow and put down the ancient nobility of this realm but have also 
+        misused the Queen's own person and have also by the space of twelve 
+        years now past set up and maintained a new found religion and heresy 
+        contrary to God's word.&amp;nbsp; For the amending and redressing thereof 
+        divers foreign powers do purpose shortly to invade this realm which will 
+        be to our utter destruction if we do not speedily forfend the same 
+        .....we will and require each and every of you as your duty to God for 
+        the setting forth of his true and Catholic religion ....come and resort 
+        unto us with all speed with all the armour and furniture as you or any 
+        of you have.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;And throughout the north, they found ready 
+      adherents for their cause.&amp;nbsp; The rebellion made clear to Elizabeth 
+      that a quiet decade had not eased religious change upon all her 
+      subjects.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic appeal was so strong that the earl of Sussex, 
+      sent to crush the rebellion, did not fully trust his own forces.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It began in 1569, but the queen was fortunate in her enemies.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Norfolk was indecisive; should he risk his grand title and privileges for 
+      the possibility of&lt;IMG height=345 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfan.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; becoming king?&amp;nbsp; While he hesitated, the earl of 
+      Sussex led his troops on a steady course north.&amp;nbsp; The rebels 
+      themselves were often conflicted in their duties to the queen and their 
+      church.&amp;nbsp; When faced with the queen's army, they returned home.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The noble leaders escaped abroad or bought their freedom by giving their 
+      property to the crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The Northern Rebellion was a frightening experience, but it ended 
+      satisfactorily enough.&amp;nbsp; It was clear, however, that northern England 
+      must be more carefully watched and controlled.&amp;nbsp; And as a result of 
+      the rebellion, &lt;I&gt;Regnans in excelsis&lt;/I&gt; was issued by the papacy in 
+      March 1570.&amp;nbsp; This was the official excommunication of Queen Elizabeth 
+      I; she was formally deposed and her Catholic subjects absolved of all 
+      loyalty and obedience to her office.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic powers of Europe 
+      were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen.&amp;nbsp; She was a 
+      heretic and enemy of the true faith.&amp;nbsp; This moment had been long 
+      expected in England.&amp;nbsp; And it brought fresh impetus to the Protestant 
+      councilors to protect Elizabeth's life. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;A papal bull could be a powerful document.&amp;nbsp; It could be used by 
+      any Catholic prince, though Elizabeth's mind turned immediately to her 
+      former brother-in-law Philip II, to justify an invasion.&amp;nbsp; In 1571, 
+      parliament took action.&amp;nbsp; It was now treason to declare Elizabeth a 
+      heretic or impugn her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; The fines for recusants, 
+      those who did not attend Protestant church services, were increased 
+      dramatically, from a shilling a week to 20 pds a month.&amp;nbsp; Many noble 
+      Catholic families would not compromise their faith and paid the fines; 
+      they were driven into poverty.&amp;nbsp; In later years, it would become 
+      treason to convert to Catholicism and all Catholic priests were ordered to 
+      leave England.&amp;nbsp; This happened only after Catholic plots against 
+      Elizabeth's life had been discovered.&amp;nbsp; Many of these plots were led 
+      by agents from Douai, dozens of whom had secretly returned to 
+      England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had reason to hope these measures would be successful.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Mary Stuart's son was growing up safely Protestant in Scotland and 
+      Elizabeth was friendly with his ministers.&amp;nbsp; English Catholics were 
+      deprived of priests, unable to attend universities, and support from 
+      European allies was slowly being cut off.&amp;nbsp; This support was 
+      particularly troubling; the first Catholic martyr of her reign, Cuthbert 
+      Mayne, was executed in 1577, but only because he had committed political 
+      treason.&amp;nbsp; There was no need to make martyrs, the council thought, and 
+      it should be remembered that the Catholic problem coincided with the rise 
+      in Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often wondered aloud at her subjects' 
+      ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; She had kept them safe and secure at home, thought only 
+      of their welfare, and yet it seemed plots against her abounded. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Perhaps the most confused subjects were those Catholics loyal to the 
+      queen but now deemed traitors because of their faith.&amp;nbsp; They were 
+      condemned to political limbo because of extremist actions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The insularity of Elizabeth's reign was thus broken in 1568, and she 
+      was forced into continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; This was not of her 
+      choosing.&amp;nbsp; But the papal bull could not be ignored, nor the brutal 
+      actions of Alva in the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she didn't seek the 
+      role, or relish it, but Elizabeth was regarded as the champion of 
+      Protestantism in Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;At first, Spanish hostility was tempered by Philip's conflict with 
+      France.&amp;nbsp; He wanted Elizabeth's support and she encouraged him by 
+      considering a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; Of course, she had no intention of 
+      accepting his proposal but it was a useful diplomatic tool.&amp;nbsp; But then 
+      Alva's 50,000 troops arrived in the Netherlands, and began to 
+      systematically attack its Protestant population.&amp;nbsp; They in turn sought 
+      Elizabeth's aid.&amp;nbsp; Also, the Huguenots (French Protestants) were under 
+      attack, most famously in the gruesome St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 
+      1572. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Cecil urged support; after all, where would Alva's army go once it finished 
+      with the Netherlands?&amp;nbsp; They would have a secure base for either destroying 
+      English trade or invasion.&amp;nbsp; Dudley and Norfolk (tentatively pardoned 
+      by the queen after he promised to never contact Mary Stuart) urged 
+      caution.&amp;nbsp; The queen must abandon the Dutch and the Huguenots, or she 
+      faced wars with France and Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would save her precious 
+      treasury as well; Elizabeth had inherited an empty treasury and hence 
+      loathed to part with money.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She prevaricated as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; She allowed English ships 
+      under Drake and Hawkins to harass and seize Spanish ships returning from 
+      the New World; she did not officially approve of their actions but she 
+      gladly accepted stolen Spanish bullion.&amp;nbsp; She sent small contingents 
+      of troops to the Netherlands, though the situation deteriorated steadily 
+      over the next several years.&amp;nbsp; Philip retaliated by supporting 
+      insurrection in Ireland. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This conflict with Spain and the problem of Mary queen of Scots 
+      continued to vex Elizabeth for many years.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen 
+      Elizabeth I, part two&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082753&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082753&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">21375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdb09651b219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215273</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-zuccaro2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz4-four.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-bettes1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-zuccaro2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Zuccaro's sketch of Queen Elizabeth I; c1570s; the most authentic likeness of the queen&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;482&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I cannot but deplore my evil fortune, seeing 
+      you have been pleased not only to refuse me your presence, causing me to 
+      be declared unworthy of it by your nobles; but also suffered me to be torn 
+      in pieces by my rebels.... not allowing me to have copies of their false 
+      accusations, or affording me any liberty to accuse 
+      them.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;Mary, queen of Scots to Elizabeth I after the Northern 
+      Rebellion&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;There were three main plots concerning &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots&lt;/A&gt; - the duke of Norfolk's scheme of 1569, the Throckmorton Plot of 
+      1583, and the Babington Plot of 1586.&amp;nbsp; For as long as Mary lived, she 
+      was a potential threat to Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And since she was now 
+      imprisoned on English soil, she was an even greater menace.&amp;nbsp; Domestic 
+      enemies of the queen made no secret of their admiration for Mary 
+      Stuart.&amp;nbsp; And foreign ambassadors often communicated secretly with 
+      her, particularly the French and Spanish ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; As a former 
+      queen of France, Mary had many friends in that country.&amp;nbsp; And as a 
+      Catholic queen, she was friendly with the increasingly pious Philip II of 
+      Spain.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was always of two minds regarding her cousin.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      recognized the danger which Mary represented, but she was acutely 
+      conscious of Mary's status as a sovereign queen unlawfully deposed by her 
+      subjects.&amp;nbsp; She could not impugn her cousin's dignity without risking 
+      damage to the ideal of royal prerogative.&amp;nbsp; The trick was to deprive 
+      Mary of her standing as a sovereign.&amp;nbsp; Mary's own behavior, in 
+      Scotland and England, gave Elizabeth a distinct advantage.&amp;nbsp; Even 
+      staunch Catholic allies were troubled by Mary's reported crimes.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Perhaps she was innocent of complicity in her second husband's murder, but 
+      she had married James Hepburn, the earl of Bothwell in a Protestant ceremony.&amp;nbsp; And the 
+      evidence of the 'Casket Letters' (now believed to be false) supported the 
+      theory that Mary and Bothwell had an adulterous affair and then plotted 
+      Darnley's murder.&amp;nbsp; This erosion of Mary's reputation necessarily 
+      alienated her moderate supporters.&amp;nbsp; But for the extremists, such flaws 
+      could be overlooked for the greater good of overthrowing the heretic 
+      Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;At first, Mary was content to avoid plotting against her cousin.&amp;nbsp; 
+      But when it became clear that Elizabeth would not help her return to 
+      Scotland, she was forced into a corner.&amp;nbsp; She wrote constantly to the 
+      English queen, begging for a personal meeting, much as Elizabeth had 
+      requested an audience with Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth refused.&amp;nbsp; Mary was 
+      originally placed in the care of the wealthy earl of Shrewsbury and his 
+      formidable wife, Bess of Hardwick.&amp;nbsp; She was kept in comfortable 
+      quarters, with a large retinue of servants and accorded respect as a 
+      sovereign queen; she even ate beneath a cloth of estate.&amp;nbsp; But she was 
+      essentially a prisoner and no material comforts could obscure that 
+      essential fact. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=229 
+      alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I's cousin, Mary queen of Scots&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz4-four.jpg&quot; width=155 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Those early years in England were spent in various hearings and 
+      meetings, with Mary proclaiming her innocence of Darnley's murder and the 
+      duplicity of her Scottish nobles.&amp;nbsp; When these ended with her freedom 
+      still denied, she became understandably bitter.&amp;nbsp; She had been 
+      condemned to prison without a fair hearing, with no end in sight.&amp;nbsp; 
+      For a lively young woman who had always lived openly and passionately, 
+      with as great a love of the outdoors as Elizabeth, used to being her 
+      own mistress and the former queen of two countries, the situation was intolerable.&amp;nbsp; She was only 25 years 
+      old when she arrived in England and all of her natural energy and 
+      enthusiasm became fixed upon one goal - freedom. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She was essentially powerless.&amp;nbsp; And so she turned to subterfuge, 
+      relying upon a small network of Catholic and foreign allies.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      was surprisingly successful.&amp;nbsp; She gained important news from the 
+      continent and Elizabeth's court.&amp;nbsp; But Shrewsbury complained 
+      incessantly about the expense of Mary's imprisonment and Elizabeth's 
+      councilors complained about her ceaseless correspondence with 
+      Catholics.&amp;nbsp; And so she was eventually removed from Shrewsbury's care 
+      into less comfortable quarters. &amp;nbsp;This had the paradoxical effect of 
+      encouraging more plotting on Mary's part. &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;After the plot to marry Norfolk and the Northern Rebellion failed in 
+      1569, Mary increasingly turned to her foreign supporters. &amp;nbsp;They were 
+      able to provide crucial encouragement as well as the names of trusted 
+      English sympathizers. &amp;nbsp;In 1583, the second serious plan to free Mary 
+      and kill Elizabeth was discovered. &amp;nbsp;It is known as the 'Throckmorton 
+      Plot', after its leader Sir Francis Throckmorton. &amp;nbsp;A well-born 
+      Catholic Englishman, Throckmorton was given money and guidance by the 
+      French prince, the duc de Guise. &amp;nbsp;De Guise wished to invade Scotland 
+      and England simultaneously, murder Elizabeth with the assistance of 
+      English Catholics, and then place Mary on the throne. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth's 
+      great spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham was notoriously suspicious, a trait 
+      which most (including Elizabeth) often condemned. &amp;nbsp;But in this case, 
+      his prudence, and an agent named Fagot, foiled the plot. &amp;nbsp;The 30 year 
+      old Throckmorton was arrested and tortured on the rack before confessing 
+      everything. &amp;nbsp;He was executed at Tyburn on 10 July 1584. &amp;nbsp;Based 
+      upon his confession, the complicity of the Spanish ambassador Bernadino de 
+      Mendoza was discovered; he was expelled from England in January 1584.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In June 1584, even as Throckmorton awaited execution, the Protestant leader William of Orange was assassinated 
+      at Delft by a Catholic. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth's councilors became even more terrified for 
+      her safety. &amp;nbsp;It did not help matters that France was in the midst of 
+      terrible religious turmoil. &amp;nbsp;Catherine de Medici had sought to 
+      placate both parties by tolerating Protestant services; she also married 
+      her daughter Marguerite to the Protestant prince Henri of Navarre in 1572. 
+      &amp;nbsp;The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre was the result. &amp;nbsp;Henri had 
+      saved his own life by renouncing Protestantism, but in 1576 he was able to 
+      escape imprisonment and publicly embraced his faith again. &amp;nbsp;In 1584, 
+      King Henri III of France named Henri of Navarre his heir presumptive. 
+      &amp;nbsp;None of Catherine de Medici's sons had produced a male heir and so the 
+      throne would pass to a Protestant king.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This decision led to 'The War of the Three Henrys' and, indirectly, 
+      Henri III's assassination in 1589 by a Catholic fanatic, Jacques Clement.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Henri of Navarre was then 
+      crowned king of France, but was forced to fight against the Catholic 
+      League. &amp;nbsp;He could not enter Paris until 1594, after once again 
+      renouncing his faith with the famous remark, 'Paris is well worth a Mass.' 
+      &amp;nbsp;But he continued at war with Spain for several more years and 
+      embarked upon a policy of religious toleration which culminated in the 
+      Edict of Nantes in 1598.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth and her council carefully considered the events in France. 
+      &amp;nbsp;There were three great Protestant leaders in Europe - Elizabeth I 
+      (however unwilling she was to accept the role), William of Orange, and 
+      Henri of Navarre. &amp;nbsp;Of the three, William was assassinated in 1584 and 
+      Navarre was once again forced to convert. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth survived 
+      unscathed, but the Throckmorton plot was a very troubling development. 
+      &amp;nbsp;It meant that foreign powers were determined to destroy her; there 
+      would be no more marriage proposals, only a shadowy network of 
+      plots.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In October, Cecil and Walsingham were concerned enough to draft the 
+      'Bond of Association', a document which pledged protection of the queen 
+      and destruction of her enemies. &amp;nbsp;Walsingham was now secretary of 
+      state, having assumed the more onerous duties of that office from Cecil in 
+      1568; his focus was primarily on diplomacy and espionage. &amp;nbsp;In January 
+      1585, he arranged for Mary, queen of Scots to be moved to Tutbury Castle.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Her personal papers were minutely examined during the process, without her 
+      knowledge. Walsingham wished to know all, but without rousing Mary's 
+      suspicions.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth approved of these plans. &amp;nbsp;She was personally courageous 
+      and refused to alter her many public appearances for fear of an assassin. 
+      &amp;nbsp;This caused her councilors many sleepless nights. &amp;nbsp;But they 
+      could not help but admire her bravery. &amp;nbsp;She also took to keeping a 
+      small sword beneath her pillow in case of an attack. &amp;nbsp;It was her only 
+      sign of distress and perfectly in keeping with her pragmatic approach to 
+      life. &amp;nbsp;The assassins might come, but she would be armed and ready to 
+      fight&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;In February 1585, Parliament banished Catholic priests and 
+      ordered the return of all Englishmen studying at seminaries abroad. 
+      &amp;nbsp;The 'Bond of&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-bettes1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Elizabeth I, painted by John Bettes the Younger, c1580s&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;478&quot;&gt; Association' was also given legal force, which meant 
+      that noncompliance with its terms would be a treasonable offense. &amp;nbsp;It 
+      would be officially ratified by Parliament in July 1586. &amp;nbsp;And in May, 
+      relations with Spain deteriorated further when Philip II ordered the 
+      seizure of English ships in Atlantic ports. &amp;nbsp;Three months later, 
+      England signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Alliance at Nonsuch Palace, in 
+      which Elizabeth pledged military assistance to the Protestant Dutch 
+      rebellion against Spain. &amp;nbsp;Almost 7000 English soldiers under the 
+      command of Robert Dudley immediately left for the Netherlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It was clear to everyone that conflict between England and Spain was 
+      fast becoming inevitable. &amp;nbsp;As much as she preferred to prevaricate 
+      and remain neutral, Elizabeth was being forced to choose sides. &amp;nbsp;The 
+      problem of Mary, queen of Scots only encouraged Elizabeth's support for 
+      the Protestant cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In December 1585, Mary was moved to Chartley Manor. &amp;nbsp;Walsingham 
+      knew she was plotting again, this time with increasing desperation. 
+      &amp;nbsp;Throckmorton's failure had shaken her badly, though she professed 
+      innocence. &amp;nbsp;Her exact role in that conspiracy remains unclear; it is 
+      possible she only knew of it, but did not actively encourage it. &amp;nbsp;But 
+      she did enthusiastically support the treason of another English Catholic, 
+      a young man named Sir Anthony Babington.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Another well-born Englishman, Babington had served as a page in 
+      Shrewsbury's household during the early years of Mary's imprisonment. 
+      &amp;nbsp;His romanticized memories of the queen, as well as his passionate 
+      Catholicism, made him susceptible to the plans of Thomas Morgan, one of 
+      Mary's trusted agents. &amp;nbsp;In 1580, the 19 year old Babington was 
+      traveling in France when he met Morgan. &amp;nbsp;After he returned to 
+      England, he became increasingly associated with Mary's admirers, 
+      eventually smuggling letters from the French embassy to the imprisoned 
+      queen. 
+      &amp;nbsp;Babington was only a half-hearted conspirator, but Walsingham was 
+      content to use him to lure Mary into a final trap. &amp;nbsp;When Babington 
+      learned the Catholic priest Ballard planned to murder Elizabeth, he tried 
+      to escape abroad but Walsingham refused him a passport. &amp;nbsp;Babington 
+      was frantic and turned to a friend for advice, confessing everything. 
+      &amp;nbsp;His friend then ran to Walsingham with the information. &amp;nbsp;But 
+      the queen's secretary of state did not act at once. &amp;nbsp;He sensed this 
+      was his best opportunity to catch Mary in the act, so to speak, and with 
+      enough evidence to finally convince Elizabeth of her cousin's complicity. 
+      &amp;nbsp;The queen's refusal to condemn Mary was no longer a benevolent 
+      quirk; for her councilors, it was a matter of life and death.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Walsingham had soon collected a number of letters between Morgan, Mary, 
+      and Babington. &amp;nbsp;And in one of those, Mary explicitly approved the 
+      murder of Elizabeth. &amp;nbsp;It was this letter that Walsingham needed. 
+      &amp;nbsp;When confronted with it, Elizabeth was at first disbelieving and 
+      then angry. &amp;nbsp;She approved of moving Mary to Fotheringhay Castle and 
+      sending a commission of statesmen there to investigate the Babington Plot. 
+      &amp;nbsp;She also sent along a letter to be delivered to her captive cousin. 
+      &amp;nbsp;It read:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my 
+        life and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never 
+        proceeded so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected 
+        and maintained you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you and 
+        all made manifest. Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles and 
+        peers of the kingdom as if I were myself present. I therefore require, 
+        charge, and command that you make answer for I have been well informed 
+        of your arrogance. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Act plainly without reserve, 
+        and you will sooner be able to obtain favour of me. 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Mary defended herself at 
+      the resulting trial; her most potent argument was that she was a sovereign 
+      queen and thus not liable to the laws of England. &amp;nbsp;She also denied 
+      ever plotting the death of Elizabeth. &amp;nbsp;But it was too late. &amp;nbsp;She 
+      was condemned to death. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth at first refused to sign the 
+      warrant for execution, much as she had earlier with Norfolk. &amp;nbsp;It was 
+      an agonizing decision. &amp;nbsp;There is a possibility she was tricked into 
+      signing it. &amp;nbsp;Mary was finally beheaded on 8 February 1587. &amp;nbsp;On 
+      the 14th, Elizabeth sent the following letter to Mary's son, King James VI 
+      of Scotland:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the 
+        extreme dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which 
+        (far contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman 
+        of mine, whom ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you 
+        truly of that which is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you 
+        that as God and many more know, how innocent I am in this case : so you 
+        will believe me, that if I had bid aught I would have bid by it. I am 
+        not so base minded that fear of any living creature or Prince should 
+        make me so afraid to do that were just; or done, to deny the same. I am 
+        not of so base a lineage, nor carry so vile a mind. But, as not to 
+        disguise, fits not a King, so will I never dissemble my actions, but 
+        cause them show even as I meant them. Thus assuring yourself of me, that 
+        as I know this was deserved, yet if I had meant it I would never lay it 
+        on others' shoulders; no more will I not damnify myself that thought it 
+        not. &lt;BR&gt;The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And 
+        for your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, 
+        nor a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more 
+        carefully to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise 
+        persuade you, judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in 
+        haste I leave to trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long 
+        reign. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and 
+        cousin, &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth R.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth had been 
+      queen for almost thirty years, surviving numerous obstacles and 
+      conspiracies. &amp;nbsp;Her councilors now believed the greatest threat to her 
+      reign was over. &amp;nbsp;But they were wrong, as the momentous events of 1588 
+      would soon prove.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz5.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen 
+      Elizabeth I, part three&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;Mary, 
+      queen of Scots Images site&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen, with 
+      commentary.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+     
+
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082759&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082759&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,474 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">30106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdb2b873b219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215273</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz5-mainpic.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">philipos-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-oldercrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=427 alt=&quot;crop from the famous 'Armada Portrait' of Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz5-mainpic.jpg&quot; width=325 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is certainly a great Queen and were she only a Catholic 
+  she would be our dearly beloved.&amp;nbsp; Just look how well she governs!&amp;nbsp; 
+  She is only a woman, only mistress of half an island, and yet she makes 
+  herself feared by Spain, by France, by the Empire, by all....&amp;nbsp; Our 
+  children would have ruled the whole world.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+  Pope Sixtus V describes Elizabeth, c1588&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;When news of the execution of Mary, queen of Scots reached Europe, it 
+      gave Philip II of Spain yet another reason to look askance at his former 
+      sister-in-law.&amp;nbsp; English harassment of Spanish shipping and their 
+      support of rebellions against his rule had long angered him.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+      tried diplomacy; it had been successful enough until Elizabeth's 
+      Protestant councilors grew suspicious of his motives and angry over his 
+      treatment of continental Protestants.&amp;nbsp; After diplomacy came a gradual 
+      cooling between the countries; Philip even tried his hand at encouraging 
+      Irish rebellions against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And Philip grew increasingly 
+      pious as the years passed, and thus more inclined to take the 
+      excommunication of 1570 more seriously.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/philipos-crop.jpg&quot; lowsrc=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/Philip%20II%20of%20Spain&quot; width=&quot;155&quot; height=&quot;282&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Serious consequences were avoided for the first thirty years of 
+    Elizabeth's rule due to her own prevarication and Philip's more pressing 
+    problems.&amp;nbsp; But as the 1580s began, it was clear that something must 
+    give.&amp;nbsp; Philip could no longer afford the blatant piracy of the English, 
+    publicly disavowed but privately approved by Elizabeth (who always received 
+    the largest share of profits.)&amp;nbsp; She had even gone so far as to knight 
+    her greatest pirate, Sir Francis Drake, in 1581.&amp;nbsp; Four years later, the 
+    English openly supported the Netherlands when it revolted against Philip, a 
+    dangerous but popular policy for Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Philip had 
+    long claimed the throne of Portugal but had only recently seized it by force 
+    of arms.&amp;nbsp; If he wished to maintain control, he needed to defend the 
+    rich and wide-ranging Portuguese colonies.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Philip also needed to end the Protestant menace to Europe.&amp;nbsp; He 
+    supported plans to free Mary, queen of Scots and place her on the English 
+    throne.&amp;nbsp; His ambassador Mendoza had been peripherally involved in the 
+    Babington Plot and was expelled from England as a result.&amp;nbsp; Many of 
+    Elizabeth's councilors, most importantly the influential Robert Dudley, had 
+    advocated a tougher approach to Spanish meddling.&amp;nbsp; But always the 
+    queen, mindful of her treasury and always desiring peace, had held back.&amp;nbsp; 
+    She would send a few troops and some money, but little else.&amp;nbsp; Philip, 
+    however, had less love of peace and a more pressing piety.&amp;nbsp; England 
+    would be brought back into the Catholic fold, as the pope had commanded in 
+    1570.&amp;nbsp; The execution of Mary, queen of Scots in early 1587 gave him 
+    added impetus to act.&amp;nbsp; The English had sought to publicize Mary's 
+    various crimes, but most Europeans, even the Scots who had applauded her 
+    overthrow years ago, preferred the more tragic image of an innocent queen 
+    trapped by Elizabeth's wily councilors.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Philip spent much of 1587 finally preparing his long-rumored 'Armada' 
+    against England.&amp;nbsp; While Elizabeth's council had long warned her of this 
+    possibility, Philip's own advisors believed he could ill afford this new 
+    battle.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish fleet and army had fought too long and hard over 
+    the years.&amp;nbsp; They comprised the largest and best-prepared army and navy 
+    in the world; they had been successful against the Turks, had watched their 
+    traditional enemy, France, succumb to internal religious turmoil, had seized 
+    Portugal, and fought throughout the Low Countries.&amp;nbsp; But victories could 
+    be as tiresome and expensive as defeats.&amp;nbsp; Morale was low and leadership 
+    was lacking.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Philip's advisors consistently stressed the expense of the proposed 
+    battle.&amp;nbsp; But for the king, expenses were driving him to fight.&amp;nbsp; He 
+    needed to stop the English from seizing Spanish ships filled with precious 
+    coin and goods.&amp;nbsp; Each loss was a further blow to a nearly empty 
+    treasury.&amp;nbsp; There was no better time to fight than now, he declared, for 
+    the murder of Mary Stuart had at last united European opinion against 
+    Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; In July 1587, he received official approval from the pope 
+    for the invasion, provided England returned to Catholicism.&amp;nbsp; The pope 
+    even agreed to allow Philip to choose the next English ruler.&amp;nbsp; It would 
+    in all likelihood be the Spanish king himself for he claimed descent from 
+    the famous Edward III.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;As further impetus to Philip, even as he negotiated approval of the 
+    invasion with the pope, Drake led an expedition into Spain itself, seizing 
+    and destroying many vessels.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth protested that Drake had acted 
+    without her knowledge; this may have been true.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the queen 
+    had no desire for war.&amp;nbsp; But her protestations did not matter.&amp;nbsp; It 
+    was an audacious act which could not go unpunished.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth, of course, knew of the Spanish army lodged in the Low 
+    Countries, so close to English shores and able to intercept English 
+    shipping.&amp;nbsp; When word came that these forces were being steadily 
+    increased and an armada of Spanish ships was being prepared for battle, she 
+    could no longer debate and hesitate.&amp;nbsp; The impending threat was too 
+    obvious to ignore.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Yet what could England do against the great Spanish fleet?&amp;nbsp; All of 
+    Europe, and many Englishmen, believed England could not withstand the 
+    overwhelming Spanish force.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved 
+    myself that, under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in 
+  the loyal hearts and good-will of my subjects... I know I have the body but of 
+  a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a 
+  king of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince 
+  of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm...'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/font&gt; &lt;i&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;from Elizabeth I's speech to the troops at Tilbury, 1588&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The Armada which sailed against England is sometimes called 'The 
+    Invincible Armada', but its correct name is La Armada Grande.&amp;nbsp; Its 
+    supreme commander was the duke of Medina Sidonia, a nobleman who had done 
+    all he could to avoid this appointment.&amp;nbsp; He spent hours urging Philip, 
+    in the most polite and obsequious way possible, 
+    to find someone else, pointing out his own lack of experience in naval 
+    matters.&amp;nbsp; But the king would not listen.&amp;nbsp; Spain's greatest naval 
+    commander Don Alvaro de Bazan the elder, the marquess of Santa Cruz, had 
+    died and there had been a long, fruitless search for a suitable replacement.&amp;nbsp; 
+    The conscientious Medina Sidonia was Philip's choice, much to the duke's 
+    everlasting regret.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The Armada sailed from Lisbon on 20 May 1588, a grand procession of 130 
+    ships and over 30,000 men.&amp;nbsp; However, half of the vessels were transport 
+    ships and the majority of men were soldiers, not sailors.&amp;nbsp; Medina 
+    Sidonia was to sail to Flanders, where he would join the prince of Parma who 
+    waited with more soldiers and transports.&amp;nbsp; But the Armada stopped first 
+    in Corunna for some repair work and Medina Sidonia wrote to Philip, asking 
+    for the invasion to be postponed indefinitely.&amp;nbsp; The king was adamant, 
+    however, and the fleet sailed to Flanders.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Their arrival was expected and observed by the English.&amp;nbsp; Under the 
+    command of Lord Howard, they set out from Plymouth, under cover of night.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They managed to destroy some of the chief Spanish ships so that, with 
+    reinforcements, their numbers roughly equaled the Spanish.&amp;nbsp; More 
+    importantly, in terms of command and gunnery, the English had a far superior 
+    advantage.&amp;nbsp; By the time of the great battle off Gravelines, each fleet 
+    had roughly sixty warships.&amp;nbsp; The Spaniards fought heroically, but 
+    Howard was relentless.&amp;nbsp; The English ships were more agile and their 
+    commanders more inventive.&amp;nbsp; They did not allow the Spanish time to regroup 
+    and refit.&amp;nbsp; Only one Spanish ship was captured but several sank or ran 
+    ashore.&amp;nbsp; Medina Sidonia decided to lead the remaining fleet home, 
+    sailing along the north of Scotland and Ireland.&amp;nbsp; They met constant 
+    storms and rough seas, and not one pilot remained in the whole fleet.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Each passing storm destroyed more ships until, when the Armada finally 
+    limped home in the mid-September, half the fleet and most of its men were 
+    gone.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The defeat of the Armada was justly celebrated in Elizabeth's time.&amp;nbsp; 
+    It continues to be one of the most famous naval victories in history.&amp;nbsp; 
+    There is an engaging aspect to the whole story - the English fleet taking on 
+    the greatest naval power in the world and, against all odds, winning a 
+    stunning victory.&amp;nbsp; The psychological effect upon both nations was 
+    enormous.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Yet, upon closer inspection, the victory was neither as unexpected or 
+    immediately successful as is often believed.&amp;nbsp; The English navy had 
+    always been superior in tactics and gunnery than the Spanish, but had 
+    suffered from Elizabeth's penny-pinching support.&amp;nbsp; They simply never 
+    had enough money to build the ships and pay the sailors needed to become a 
+    world-class naval power.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish took so long to rebuild their 
+    navy that England finally had their opportunity, and they seized it with 
+    enthusiasm.&amp;nbsp; England would become the undisputed master of the seas.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But Spain was not nearly finished as a world power.&amp;nbsp; Barely two 
+    years after the Armada, they were virtually omnipotent in European affairs.&amp;nbsp; 
+    The religious turmoil in France had weakened their traditional enemy to such 
+    an extent that Spain stood unchallenged until 1598, when Henri of Navarre 
+    converted to Catholicism.&amp;nbsp; The balance of power in Europe was thus 
+    restored.&amp;nbsp; But Spain's army continued to grow until their dominance of 
+    land warfare equaled England's naval power.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;For Elizabeth, of course, the most important development was the most 
+    immediate - a brilliant victory over her greatest enemy, whose threats to 
+    invade had haunted most years of her reign.&amp;nbsp; She could breathe a 
+    much-deserved sigh of relief.&amp;nbsp; And she deserved no small credit for the 
+    success.&amp;nbsp; Her speech to the troops at Tilbury, rallying them to fight, 
+    remains justly famous; it is among her most stirring:&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My loving people,
+    We have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed 
+    how we commit our selves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; but I 
+    assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving 
+    people. Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself that, under God, I 
+    have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and 
+    good-will of my subjects; and therefore I am come amongst you, as you see, 
+    at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the 
+    midst and heat of the battle, to live and die amongst you all; to lay down 
+    for my God, and for my kingdom, and my people, my honour and my blood, even 
+    in the dust. I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I 
+    have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and 
+    think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare 
+    to invade the borders of my realm; to which rather than any dishonour shall 
+    grow by me, I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, 
+    judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know 
+    already, for your forwardness you have deserved rewards and crowns; and We 
+    do assure you in the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the 
+    mean time, my lieutenant general shall be in my stead, than whom never 
+    prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your 
+    obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the 
+    field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over those enemies of my God, 
+    of my kingdom, and of my people. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She enjoyed a renaissance of sorts among her people after the Armada.&amp;nbsp; 
+    She had already ruled for thirty years.&amp;nbsp; Those years of peace and 
+    general prosperity had led to an inevitable resentment amongst her subjects, 
+    particularly the young noblemen who now dominated her court.&amp;nbsp; They 
+    wanted adventure, glory, grand military exploits; they were fervent 
+    nationalists who wanted England to finally challenge the great powers of 
+    Europe; they believed themselves capable of anything.&amp;nbsp; And Elizabeth, 
+    nearing sixty, would regard them with either amusement or anger.&amp;nbsp; They 
+    did not know the price of war, she would complain; they did not understand 
+    how difficult it had been to bring peace and security to England.&amp;nbsp; They 
+    had not lived through the tumultuous reigns of her father and siblings.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They did not remember the bitter religious divide, which even now she only 
+    bridged with her inestimable charm and intellect.&amp;nbsp; England was at peace 
+    and her young courtiers chafed at peace.&amp;nbsp; But for the queen, peace was 
+    her greatest gift to her 'loving people.'&amp;nbsp; She knew its importance, the 
+    dear price it had cost her.&amp;nbsp; 'To be a King and wear a crown is a thing 
+    more pleasant to them that see it, than it is pleasant to them that bear 
+    it,' she remarked in her Golden Speech of 1601.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But she also knew those young courtiers disagreed, however much they 
+    fawned over her, pretending she was still the young queen of thirty.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Elizabeth was content to play the game for her vanity would not allow 
+    otherwise.&amp;nbsp; To grow old was a curse to her, she remarked; 'I am not 
+    sick, I feel no pain, yet I pine away.'&amp;nbsp; To have a young mind in an old 
+    body was another common lament.&amp;nbsp; She felt the loss of her youth keenly 
+    and did what she could to create a timeless role for herself.&amp;nbsp; She wore 
+    wigs and heavy make-up and still dressed in the opulent gowns of a maid, a 
+    fetching style when she was younger but now merely a reminder of her lack of 
+    marriage and family.&amp;nbsp; Her older subjects understood her melancholy; of 
+    the younger ones, Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Bacon were clever 
+    enough to guess its cause.&amp;nbsp; But most did not.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And the queen no longer had the comfort of loyal Cecil and her beloved 
+    Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Though Dudley had commanded the troops at Tilbury, he had died 
+    barely a month afterwards.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was now very old and had ceded much 
+    of his influence to his ambitious son Robert and Sir Francis Walsingham, who 
+    died in 1590.&amp;nbsp; The queen thus turned to another favorite, a young man 
+    who was a last link to Dudley.&amp;nbsp; His name was Robert Devereux, earl of 
+    Essex; he was Dudley's stepson and his mother was Elizabeth's cousin, 
+    Lettice Knollys.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Essex remains one of the more interesting courtiers of Elizabeth's later 
+    years.&amp;nbsp; He was the mortal enemy of Raleigh (who found him arrogant and 
+    overbearing) and close friends with Bacon.&amp;nbsp; He became the great 
+    favorite of Elizabeth's later years because, for a while, he was the ablest 
+    flirt and wit at court.&amp;nbsp; But his ambitions went far beyond being the 
+    queen's 'wild-horse'.&amp;nbsp; In this, he was encouraged by his flighty mother 
+    and sycophantic admirers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Essex believed in the primacy of the nobility at Elizabeth's court and 
+    disliked the influence of Cecil and his son, Robert, and other 'upstarts' 
+    such as Raleigh.&amp;nbsp; He was too proud, which the queen - depending upon 
+    her mood - found endearing or infuriating.&amp;nbsp; And he dreamed of military 
+    glory, badgering the queen to send him to Ireland to quell rebellions or 
+    with the navy to harass Spanish ships.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often refused; she 
+    genuinely enjoyed his company and would not risk his life.&amp;nbsp; And when 
+    she did succumb, Essex performed disastrously.&amp;nbsp; Though a daring and 
+    brave soldier, he was a terrible commander and his exploits cost the frugal 
+    queen dearly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;His worst offense, however, was a slip of the tongue.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+    would respond to Essex's tantrums by banishing him to the country until he 
+    begged forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Once, he decided to pretend illness instead.&amp;nbsp; 
+    When news of his condition reached Elizabeth, she sent a letter asking after 
+    his health - but nothing more.&amp;nbsp; Someone mentioned the queen's 
+    conditions for letting him return.&amp;nbsp; Infuriated, Essex cried out, 'Her 
+    conditions!&amp;nbsp; Her conditions are as crooked as her carcase.'&amp;nbsp; Those 
+    words reached the queen and she never forgot them.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Essex did return to court.&amp;nbsp; But his subsequent behavior was 
+    outlandish and insulting; he even dared to turn his back on Elizabeth during 
+    a council meeting.&amp;nbsp; The final blow came when he led a rebellion against 
+    the queen.&amp;nbsp; With his friend, the earl of Southampton, he planned to 
+    gather a small army and seize the queen and throne.&amp;nbsp; When captured, as 
+    inevitably he was, for his supporters were few and even those deserted him, 
+    Essex declared he only meant to save the queen from evil counsel.&amp;nbsp; But 
+    Elizabeth, who had so often vacillated over executions, only hesitated once 
+    with Essex.&amp;nbsp; He was executed on 25 February 1601.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Despite scurrilous gossip, Elizabeth's affection for Essex was more 
+    maternal than romantic.&amp;nbsp; She had no choice but to sign his 
+    death-warrant but it broke her heart.&amp;nbsp; When her godson, Sir John 
+    Harington, visited in the winter of 1602, he found her taste for old 
+    pleasures gone.&amp;nbsp; Harington read some of his rhymes and Elizabeth, with 
+    a little smile, remarked, 'When thou dost feel creeping time at thy gate, 
+    these fooleries will please thee less; I am past my relish for such 
+    matters.'&amp;nbsp; To the earl of Nottingham, mourning the loss of his wife, 
+    she said, ' I am tied with a chain of iron about my neck.&amp;nbsp; I am tied, 
+    I am tied, and the case is altered with me.'&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She mentioned Essex at times, but this was merely a symptom of her 
+    awareness that all of the work and struggle of her reign had ended in 
+    solitude.&amp;nbsp; She had often remarked on the essential loneliness of the 
+    crown but she felt it most deeply now.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Her council, led by Robert Cecil, whose father had died in 1601, watched 
+    her slow decline while preparing&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-oldercrop.jpg&quot; lowsrc=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/portrait%20of%20Elizabeth%20I%20in%20old%20age&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I in old age&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;171&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; for the future.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth still had 
+    not named a successor.&amp;nbsp; She had always understood its dangerous 
+    implications.&amp;nbsp; Yet there was no real doubt that she meant for James VI 
+    of Scotland, son of Mary queen of Scots, to succeed her.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+    married a Protestant princess and was already a father.&amp;nbsp; And he had 
+    long since made his peace with Elizabeth, exchanging frequent letters and 
+    accepting her political advice.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth retired to Richmond Palace, her 'warm, snug box' in March 1603.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Her death was preceded by physical weakness and mental depression, but there 
+    were no overt causes.&amp;nbsp; She was almost seventy years old, ancient for 
+    her time.&amp;nbsp; She rested in a low chair by the fire, refusing to let 
+    doctors examine her.&amp;nbsp; As the days passed, her condition slowly 
+    worsened.&amp;nbsp; She stood for hours on end until, finally, she was persuaded 
+    to lay upon cushions on the floor.&amp;nbsp; She rested there for two days, not 
+    speaking.&amp;nbsp; A doctor ventured close and asked how she could bear the 
+    endless silence.&amp;nbsp; She replied simply, 'I meditate.'&amp;nbsp; For the third 
+    and fourth day, she continued to rest in silence, with a finger often in her 
+    mouth.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants were terrified; they must move her but she 
+    refused.&amp;nbsp; The younger Cecil visited and said, 'Your Majesty, to content 
+    the people, you must go to bed.'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth replied, with some of her 
+    old spirit, 'Little man, little man, the word &lt;i&gt;must&lt;/i&gt; is not used to 
+    princes.'&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Finally, she grew so weak that they could carry her to bed.&amp;nbsp; She 
+    asked for music and, for a time, it brought some comfort.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+    councilors assembled; did she have any instructions regarding the 
+    succession?&amp;nbsp; She made a sign when Cecil mentioned the king of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; 
+    It was enough.&amp;nbsp; He returned to his office to begin the paperwork for a 
+    new ruler.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Archbishop Whitgift, whom she once called her 'little black 
+    husband', arrived to pray.&amp;nbsp; He was old and his knees ached terribly, 
+    but he knelt at the royal bedside until she finally slept.&amp;nbsp; She slept on into 
+    the early hours of 24 March until, at last, as the courtiers watched and 
+    waited, the steady breathing stopped.&amp;nbsp; 'Her Majesty departed this life, 
+    mildly like a lamb, easily like a ripe apple from the tree,' John Manningham 
+    was told.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;That same morning, the chief councilors rode to Whitehall where Cecil 
+    drafted the proclamation of the queen's death and James's succession.&amp;nbsp; 
+    He read it aloud first at Whitehall and then at St Paul's and finally 
+    Cheapside cross.&amp;nbsp; The councilors then formally demanded entrance to the 
+    Tower of London in the name of King James I of England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's 
+    maids and ladies were still waiting in the Coffer Room at Richmond Palace.&amp;nbsp; 
+    When news of the peaceful transition of power came, they began to prepare 
+    for Elizabeth's funeral.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The new king received the news of his accession on 27 March, for the 
+    ambitious Robert Carey had ridden at top speed to Edinburgh; his journey was 
+    so quick that its speed would not be matched until 1832.&amp;nbsp; But while 
+    James was initially welcomed peacefully and happily, his reign would quickly 
+    turn sour.&amp;nbsp; It was not long before even Robert Cecil, who became the 
+    most powerful statesman of James's reign, wrote to Harington:&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;You know all my former steps: good knight, rest content, and give heed to 
+    one that hath sorrowed in the bright lustre of a court, and gone heavily 
+    even on the best-seeming fair ground.&amp;nbsp; Tis a great task to prove one's 
+    honesty, and yet not spoil one's fortune.&amp;nbsp; You have tasted a little 
+    hereof in our blessed Queen's time, who was more than a man and, in troth, 
+    sometimes less than a woman.&amp;nbsp; I wish I waited now in her Presence 
+    Chamber, with ease at my foot, and rest in my bed.&amp;nbsp; I am pushed from 
+    the shore of comfort, and know not where the winds and waves of a court may 
+    bear me.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And the common people realized their loss as well, as Godfrey Goodman, 
+    bishop of Gloucester wrote:&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;After a few years, when we had experience of a Scottish government, the 
+    Queen did seem to revive; then was her memory much magnified: such ringing 
+    of bells, such public joy and sermons in commemoration of her, the picture 
+    of her tomb painted in many churches, and in effect more solemnity and joy 
+    in memory of her coronation than was for the coming-in of King James.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth's funeral procession, composed of more than a thousand 
+    mourners, began on 28 April.&amp;nbsp; It was a stirring tribute to the queen, 
+    never forgotten by those who witnessed its passing.&amp;nbsp; But her tomb, paid 
+    for by the new king, was less impressive than that provided to his disgraced 
+    mother, and cost far less.&amp;nbsp; It can still be visited in Westminster 
+    Abbey, where Elizabeth rests alongside her half-sister Queen Mary I.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My good mistress is gone, I shall not 
+    hastily put forth for a new master.'&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sir John Harington, Nugae Antiquae&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;blockquote&gt;
+            &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;back to 
+      Queen Elizabeth I, part four&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note:&lt;/b&gt; The complicated story of Robert 
+      Devereux, earl of Essex, is most beautifully told in Lytton Strachey's 
+      'Elizabeth and Essex: A Tragic History'.&amp;nbsp; Strachey often wanders far 
+      off course, and his psychological portrait of Elizabeth is flawed, but he 
+      writes like a dream.&amp;nbsp; As for conventional biographies of Elizabeth I, 
+      my favorite is by Lacey Baldwin Smith.&lt;br&gt;Thanks for 
+      exploring / reading my Queen Elizabeth I website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+          &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;last 
+      revised 8 March 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+          
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082767&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082767&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36127</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Mary I of England half-sister of Elizabeth I 'Bloody Mary' : Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0173cf29888ba0debb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215273</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0173.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1cardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizsister.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryage28.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In thee, O lord, is my trust, let me never be 
+      confounded: if God be for us, who can be against us?' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;Mary Tudor's constant exclamation as queen of England&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1cardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Queen Mary I&quot; width=&quot;455&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I, by a follower of Anthonis Mor, c.1555-58&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Queen Mary I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmarygovt.html&quot;&gt;Marian 
+      government policies and religious legislation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;the letter Mary 
+        wrote to Henry VIII, acknowledging her illegitimacy,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;her speech at the 
+        Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary 
+        description of the queen&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;a letter from 
+        Katharine of Aragon to her daughter&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit 
+      the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of 
+      Aragon site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Mary's mother. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt; site to learn more about Mary's cousin.&lt;br&gt;Visit the
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen 
+      Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; site to learn more about Mary's half-sister.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Queen Mary's life at &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+        A comprehensive exploration of Mary's life, featuring a lengthy 
+        biography and numerous portraits.&amp;nbsp; It also has ancillary studies of 
+        music, portraiture, genealogy, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have four certain and open enemies: the heretics 
+      and schismatics, the rebels and adherents of the duke of Northumberland, 
+      the king of France and Scotland, and the Lady Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;the Imperial ambassador Renard to Queen Mary, 1553&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The sad life of England's first female 
+        ruler is rendered even more tragic in comparison with her half-sister 
+        and successor's reign.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary Tudor, destined - like her 
+        half-brother and predecessor - to languish between those two giants of 
+        English history, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Yet there is much to 
+        warrant even a brief examination of her life and reign.&amp;nbsp; Though her 
+        hated half-sister would outshine her in virtually every sphere - 
+        physical, political, intellectual, artistic - Mary also had a formidable 
+        impact upon English history.&amp;nbsp; Throughout the first thirty-seven 
+        years of her life, she was tossed about by the whims of her father and, 
+        later and perhaps more galling, her Protestant brother and his 
+        council.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps inevitable that when she first tasted real 
+        power, the experience would be both intoxicating and unfortunate.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;When Mary came to the throne, she 
+        was thirty-seven years old.&amp;nbsp; She had never been married though, in 
+        her youth, several matches had been suggested and abandoned.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Contrary to later beliefs, Henry VIII was pleased with her birth in 
+        1516, proudly displaying the infant Mary to visiting ambassadors and&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=387 alt=&quot;Princess Mary, age 28, painted by Master John&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryage28.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; 
+        noblemen.&amp;nbsp; It was only years later, with Mary as his sole 
+        legitimate offspring, that Henry began his desperate search for a 
+        son.&amp;nbsp; This search would forever brand him as a misogynist and cruel 
+        tyrant who discarded, divorced, and beheaded the women who did not bear 
+        him sons.&amp;nbsp; But one must be fair to Henry and judge him by the 
+        standards of his time, which certainly his contemporaries did.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        was only the second Tudor monarch and, as such, he understood the 
+        necessity of stabilizing the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, his father 
+        had only won the crown in 1485, barely thirty years before Mary's 
+        birth.&amp;nbsp; And if Henry VII, born the unprepossessing earl of 
+        Richmond, could steal the crown then his son's actions can be 
+        understood.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, Henry VIII was determined the crown 
+        would remain in Tudor hands.&amp;nbsp; Mary, like her half-sister Elizabeth, 
+        was always recognized as his daughter.&amp;nbsp; But England had never had a 
+        woman ruler, one who ruled in her own right without a male consort or as 
+        regent for an infant son.&amp;nbsp; The only possible precedent was Matilda, 
+        Henry I's heir, and the precedent was not good - Matilda was expelled by 
+        the English barons and her cousin Stephen of Blois was made king.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Though this had happened four centuries before, its lesson was still 
+        valid.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With this in mind, Henry's 
+        treatment of Mary's mother becomes - if not palatable - at least 
+        understandable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the petty cruelties and humiliations he 
+        forced upon her were his own doing but the overall aim was to ensure the 
+        Tudor succession.&amp;nbsp; But all this happened years after Mary's 
+        birth.&amp;nbsp; From 1516 to about 1530, Mary led a happy, sheltered 
+        life.&amp;nbsp; She was considered one of the most important European 
+        princesses and Henry used her as every king used his daughter - as a 
+        pawn in political negotiations.&amp;nbsp; She was also well-educated with a 
+        fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic skill.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+        mother, Katharine of Aragon, was deeply devoted to Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was 
+        a reflection of Katharine's strongly domestic nature as well as the 
+        numerous miscarriages she suffered.&amp;nbsp; Any mother would naturally 
+        love a child but Katharine had lost enough children to make her 
+        especially devoted to the one who survived.&amp;nbsp; When Henry proposed 
+        the idea of divorce, Katharine fought it passionately, not least because 
+        divorce would destroy her daughter's future.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was the 
+        youngest daughter of those great Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand of Aragon 
+        and Isabella of Castile, the 'Catholic Kings' who united Spain 
+        geographically and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Through her mother, she could 
+        trace her lineage to John of Gaunt, that legendary figure in English 
+        history.&amp;nbsp; She grew up as an Infanta of Spain; and, unlike Henry, 
+        her claim to royalty was not a mere few decades old.&amp;nbsp; As such, she 
+        was naturally proud and dignified.&amp;nbsp; Mary inherited this pride as 
+        well as her mother's enduring affection for Spain.&amp;nbsp; When she became 
+        queen, this affection was to have terrible consequences.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Educated by her mother and a ducal 
+        governess, Mary was at last betrothed to her cousin, the Holy Roman 
+        Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain.)&amp;nbsp; Charles made the 
+        unfortunate demand that she come to Spain immediately, accompanied by a 
+        huge cash dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry ignored the request and Charles jilted 
+        Mary, concluding a match with a more accommodating princess.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Meanwhile, Henry invested his daughter as Princess of Wales in 1525 and 
+        she held court at Ludlow Castle.&amp;nbsp; With this decision, Henry meant 
+        to soothe Katharine's fears that Mary's position as the only legitimate 
+        Tudor heir was being undermined.&amp;nbsp; Only a few weeks before the 
+        investiture, Mary had attended a ceremony in which her father ennobled 
+        his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as duke of Richmond (among various 
+        other titles.)&amp;nbsp; And though he sharply rebuked Katharine for 
+        criticizing his open affection for Fitzroy, and the accompanying titles 
+        and wealth he gave the boy, Henry did not neglect his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        fact, Mary was the first princess of Wales, and the first female royal 
+        to hold court at Ludlow.&amp;nbsp; But of course, sending Mary to Wales was 
+        not the same as sending a son and heir; Henry never intended her to rule 
+        England, at least not as its sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; Her role in Wales would 
+        be primarily symbolic, and she would be replaced as soon as he had a 
+        legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; This elusive son - Henry's most fervent wish 
+        - occupied his mind even as he continued to scour Europe for a suitable 
+        husband for Mary.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Yet even as new betrothal plans 
+        were being made, the king's attention was increasingly elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Henry had met Anne Boleyn, daughter of a simple knight and sister of a 
+        former mistress.&amp;nbsp; His passionate attraction to Anne, coupled with 
+        the increased need for a male heir, made Henry restless.&amp;nbsp; He looked 
+        at Katharine, nine years his senior and as domestic as Anne was exotic, 
+        with new eyes.&amp;nbsp; At first he sought a quiet, amicable annulment of 
+        their long 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; Certainly such a decision was not revolutionary; Henry 
+        could cite numerous examples in European history where kings had 
+        annulled marriages to barren queens.&amp;nbsp; Since he and Katharine had a 
+        mutual respect and affection for one another, Henry anticipated her 
+        cooperation.&amp;nbsp; Certainly he would tread with delicacy but - in the 
+        end - his will would be done.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;But Henry had not anticipated his 
+        wife's immediate and intense anger.&amp;nbsp; For he had based his argument 
+        upon theology - in short, Henry argued that because Katharine had been 
+        briefly married to his brother, Arthur, her marriage to Henry was 
+        incestuous.&amp;nbsp; Katharine responded that this matter was already 
+        resolved.&amp;nbsp; Before she wed Henry, the Pope had granted a 
+        dispensation.&amp;nbsp; He did so under political pressure from Henry VII 
+        and Ferdinand - but also because Katharine swore she and Arthur had 
+        never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a virgin when 
+        she wed Henry, a fact Henry would be certain to know.&amp;nbsp; Cynics could 
+        not help but mock the King's sudden attack of conscience, occurring some 
+        twenty years into the marriage and in the midst of his affair with Anne 
+        Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to argue 
+        that Anne had no role in his decision.&amp;nbsp; In his mid-thirties, Henry 
+        had entered into the most passionate romantic attachment of his 
+        life.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, after her death, he would complain that Anne had 
+        'bewitched' him.&amp;nbsp; It was true that Henry displayed an intensity of 
+        feeling toward her which shocked their contemporaries.&amp;nbsp; Today we 
+        can read his love letters to her; across the span of four centuries, 
+        they retain their power.&amp;nbsp; Anne was not beautiful but she possessed 
+        greater gifts - she was witty, graceful, and stylish.&amp;nbsp; She had been 
+        educated at the glittering French court so she sang and danced 
+        beautifully, skills which Henry admired.&amp;nbsp; She was also very 
+        intelligent and confident.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her older sister Mary, Anne 
+        Boleyn had no desire to be the king's temporary mistress.&amp;nbsp; In fact, 
+        she had intended to wed Henry Percy, heir to the earl of Northumberland, 
+        until the king - already enchanted - put a stop to the match.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        wrote to Percy's father, arguing against the unsuitable match.&amp;nbsp; A 
+        knight's daughter wed to one of the most important peers of the 
+        realm?&amp;nbsp; Percy's angry father immediately sent for his son, ending 
+        the romance but not the attachment.&amp;nbsp; Percy wrote poetry about Anne 
+        and, at her trial, he had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; Unlike the 
+        other peers, he could not bear to sit in judgment of her.&amp;nbsp; For 
+        Anne, the loss of Percy was undoubtedly galling.&amp;nbsp; After all, had 
+        the king ended the engagement simply to make her his mistress?&amp;nbsp; 
+        Henry's disregard for her personal feelings, his interference in her 
+        personal life, was not endearing.&amp;nbsp; But it convinced Anne of the 
+        king's attraction and she resolved to be his wife or nothing.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;For Mary, the sudden ascent of 
+        Anne Boleyn signaled the end of her world.&amp;nbsp; Her beloved mother, 
+        equally loved by the English people, was being forced aside by a former 
+        lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Her father was determined to declare her a 
+        bastard; in effect, Henry's charge of incest dissolved his marriage and 
+        illegitimized his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this, Mary developed a 
+        lasting hatred of Anne Boleyn which extended to Anne's daughter, 
+        Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She never openly blamed her father for his actions, 
+        though she considered them unlawful and impious.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she 
+        persuaded herself that he had been Anne Boleyn's pawn.&amp;nbsp; Such a 
+        reaction was perhaps inevitable.&amp;nbsp; However, it was to have an 
+        unfortunate impact upon Elizabeth's life.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The Pope refused to recognize 
+        Henry's argument for an annulment or divorce and thus began a power 
+        struggle between the Vatican, Spain, and England.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's 
+        nephew, Charles V, naturally agreed with his aunt for personal and 
+        political reasons. He exerted considerable military and political 
+        pressure against the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry's numerous petitions were 
+        disregarded.&amp;nbsp; Eventually he simply gave up and decided the matter 
+        himself.&amp;nbsp; In 1534 Henry took the unprecedented step of breaking 
+        with Rome, establishing the Church of England with himself as Supreme 
+        Head.&amp;nbsp; The annulment was granted and Katharine and Mary were 
+        officially outcasts.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Mary continued 
+        her somewhat restricted life.&amp;nbsp; Despite her declared illegitimacy, 
+        Henry continued to propose various husbands for her.&amp;nbsp; The searches 
+        were not particularly thorough or serious, however, and Mary remained a 
+        spinster.&amp;nbsp; She was now in her late twenties, leaving behind her 
+        youth and - most importantly for a woman - her safest reproductive 
+        years.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Even before the official decree, 
+        Henry had stopped living with Katharine and recognizing her as 
+        Queen.&amp;nbsp; He took Anne Boleyn with him to France to meet his rival 
+        Francis I; this was an important state visit and her appearance was 
+        commented upon.&amp;nbsp; Henry, however, had already ordered Katharine to 
+        surrender her jewelry; Anne now wore it.&amp;nbsp; He also sent Katharine to 
+        one decaying residence after another, dismissing several of her devoted 
+        servants.&amp;nbsp; Though deprived of her title, home, jewels, and 
+        companionship, Katharine never recognized the divorce.&amp;nbsp; She refused 
+        the title of Princess Dowager, offered by Henry as recognition of her 
+        marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She continued to assert that 
+        she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, above 
+        all else, she professed faith in the judgment of the Pope.&amp;nbsp; A 
+        devout Catholic, daughter of the monarchs who introduced the Inquisition 
+        to Spain, Katharine never acknowledged the Church of England.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Since she had raised her daughter to be equally devout, Mary also 
+        refused to acknowledge both the Church and her father's position as 
+        Supreme Head.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Henry 
+        VIII, though ostensibly head of a new church which overthrew the 
+        Catholic supremacy, remained a devout Catholic&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; throughout his 
+        life.&amp;nbsp; He continued to attend Mass and heartily despised 'heretics' 
+        like Martin Luther.&amp;nbsp; But Henry possessed the ability to separate 
+        the secular from the spiritual, a quality which Mary completely lacked 
+        and Elizabeth honed to fine perfection.&amp;nbsp; Though his son would 
+        become a bigoted Protestant determined to stamp out Catholicism and his 
+        eldest daughter a bigoted Catholic determined to stamp out 
+        Protestantism, Henry was a Catholic who lapsed when it suited him.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Of course, he always asserted theological justification for the lapses.&amp;nbsp; 
+        However, he would not allow Katharine or Mary to deny his authority.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Both paid a stiff penalty for their refusal to submit.&amp;nbsp; Katharine, 
+        as noted, was sent from court and deprived of all accustomed luxuries.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Mary was equally disgraced.&amp;nbsp; Now a bastard, declared such by 
+        Parliament, she was denied any communication with her mother and made 
+        lady-in-waiting to Anne and Henry's daughter, Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Unlike 
+        Mary, Elizabeth was recognized as a Princess of the realm.&amp;nbsp; For the 
+        seventeen-year-old Mary, the complete reversal of her fortune was 
+        devastating.&amp;nbsp; She began to suffer from a variety of illnesses, 
+        undoubtedly stress-related.&amp;nbsp; These plagued her until her death, 
+        causing such symptoms as severe headaches, nausea, insomnia, and 
+        infrequent menstruation.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Anne took an equal dislike of 
+        Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple fact that if Anne and Elizabeth's fortunes 
+        rose, Mary's would fall.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was legitimate only 
+        if Mary was not, and vice versa.&amp;nbsp; Anne would have been foolish to 
+        encourage any reconciliation between Henry and Mary, quite possibly she 
+        did the opposite.&amp;nbsp; But after her fall from grace, Henry offered to 
+        pardon Mary and restore her to favor - but only if Mary acknowledged him 
+        as head of the Church of England and admitted the 'incestuous 
+        illegality' of his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; To Mary's credit, she 
+        refused to do so until her cousin, Charles V, persuaded her 
+        otherwise.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;She gave in to 
+        Henry's demands&lt;/A&gt;, an action she was to always regret.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Meanwhile, Katharine of Aragon had died at Kimbolton Castle, loving - 
+        and defying - Henry to the last; &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;her final letter&lt;/A&gt; 
+        to him was signed 'Katharine the Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine and Mary had 
+        not seen one another for years though they had written one another, 
+        against Henry's orders, in great secrecy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's last 
+        thoughts were undoubtedly of her daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry, however, was soon 
+        reconciled to Mary.&amp;nbsp; Flush with marriage to the meek Jane Seymour 
+        and her quick pregnancy, he welcomed Mary home.&amp;nbsp; She was given a 
+        household befitting her position as his daughter and included in court 
+        festivities; there were even rumors of a possible marriage in her 
+        future.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour encouraged Henry's reconciliation with both 
+        of his daughters.&amp;nbsp; Mary, in turn, respected and liked the new 
+        queen.&amp;nbsp; She was named godmother to Henry and Jane's son, Prince 
+        Edward, born in October 1537; and when Jane died shortly after her son's 
+        birth, Mary was the chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; Their friendship was not so 
+        unlikely.&amp;nbsp; They were relatively close in age and Mary, having lost 
+        her mother and longing for her father's affection, was grateful for any 
+        kindness.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, she had the satisfaction of knowing 
+        Elizabeth, too, was bastardized; Anne Boleyn's execution on charges of 
+        incest and treason had illegitimized her daughter.&amp;nbsp; It is revealing 
+        to note that, upon her ascension, Mary revoked the Act of Parliament 
+        which made her a bastard.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, upon ascension, didn't bother 
+        to do so.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;However, Mary and Elizabeth were 
+        not forgotten.&amp;nbsp; After Jane's death, Henry determined the line of 
+        succession as follows:&amp;nbsp; first, Edward or Edward's heirs; if Edward 
+        died without issue, the throne passed to Mary; after Mary, to 
+        Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry recognized the fragility of his succession, 
+        resting as it did upon just one son.&amp;nbsp; He, after all, was a second 
+        son.&amp;nbsp; But there was little he could do.&amp;nbsp; His fourth marriage, 
+        to Anne of Cleves, had ended disastrously.&amp;nbsp; She was too 
+        unnattractive for the king so she was titled 'the king's sister' and 
+        given a generous pension.&amp;nbsp; Anne preferred this solution to 
+        returning home.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=352 
+      alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-cr.jpg&quot; width=270 
+      align=right border=2&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Soon 
+        enough, Henry's attentions were captured elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; He wed 
+        Catherine Howard, cousin to the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; It was a 
+        pathetic match.&amp;nbsp; Henry was old enough to be her grandfather, 
+        plainly in lust with a young woman who exuded sex appeal.&amp;nbsp; Mary's 
+        opinion on the match is not known but it would be safe to assume that 
+        even if she disapproved, she would never say so.&amp;nbsp; Mary recognized 
+        her father's secular authority as king even as she disapproved of his 
+        spiritual authority as head of the English Church.&amp;nbsp; In any case, 
+        there was barely time to know Catherine before she, too, was executed on 
+        charges of adultery.&amp;nbsp; Whether she was guilty is a matter of 
+        conjecture; if she was, one can hardly blame her and, if she wasn't, she 
+        was yet another blot upon Henry's conscience.&amp;nbsp; In her defense, she 
+        refused the easy path of divorce.&amp;nbsp; Henry offered to recognize a 
+        pre-contract with another nobleman.&amp;nbsp; If she, too, recognized it, 
+        their marriage would be invalid.&amp;nbsp; Catherine would be divorced but 
+        still alive.&amp;nbsp; She refused to admit such an arrangement, however, 
+        and met her end at the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry's last queen was the 
+        Protestant Katharine Parr, twice-widowed and chosen for her excellent 
+        character and nursing abilities.&amp;nbsp; Like Jane Seymour, Katharine Parr 
+        was determined to bring the royal family closer together.&amp;nbsp; To that 
+        end, she provided the only true home and maternal guidance Edward and 
+        Elizabeth would ever know.&amp;nbsp; She also befriended Mary, a difficult 
+        task because of their opposing religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however, 
+        did respect Katharine's intellectual accomplishments.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr was the product of 
+        the changing climate in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; When he ended Catholic 
+        supremacy in England, dissolving the monasteries and granting their 
+        lands to various nobles and the crown, Henry had begun a process whose 
+        end he never foresaw.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry never became a 
+        Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But his decision to use Protestantism for his own ends 
+        allowed Protestantism to flourish.&amp;nbsp; Toward the end of his reign, 
+        there were few councilors who could remember the Catholic 
+        supremacy.&amp;nbsp; They had benefited from the break with Rome, both 
+        spiritually and materially; Henry, meanwhile, never understood the force 
+        he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine made the mistake of arguing about 
+        theology with him, she came very close to losing her head.&amp;nbsp; Only a 
+        timely intervention and her own impassioned apology saved her.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        upon Henry's death and Edward's ascension, the Protestant faction was in 
+        control.&amp;nbsp; The new king, just nine years old, had Protestant tutors 
+        and a Protestant step-mother.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, Edward VI is revealed in his 
+        journal as a priggish, unfeeling boy who noted the executions of his 
+        uncles with no trace of compassion.&amp;nbsp; His letters to Katharine Parr, 
+        however, are the only examples of feeling and affection which he left 
+        behind.&amp;nbsp; To her, he confided his insecurity and 
+        vulnerability.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr's influence on 
+        Edward VI was to simply strengthen the Protestantism which his tutors 
+        and the English court encouraged.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, the situation was 
+        disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Edward, swayed by religious fervor and his advisors, 
+        made English compulsory for church services.&amp;nbsp; Mary continued to 
+        celebrate Mass in the old form and in Latin.&amp;nbsp; During the six years 
+        of her brother's reign, she tread the fine line between piety and 
+        treason.&amp;nbsp; Edward attempted to reason with her at court yet she 
+        refused his advice.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was a woman in her thirties and he 
+        was still a child.&amp;nbsp; Edward was also under the control of the Duke 
+        of Somerset, Jane Seymour's staunchly Protestant brother.&amp;nbsp; Though 
+        Henry VIII's will had specified a specific group of councilors to guide 
+        his son's regency, his wishes were disregarded.&amp;nbsp; His fellow 
+        councilors, most of whom had profited from the Catholic expulsion, 
+        titled Somerset Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; The nine-year-old king had no deep 
+        affection for his uncle; Somerset kept Edward short of pocket money and 
+        hired harsh tutors who regularly beat the boy.&amp;nbsp; But their religious 
+        sympathies were similar.&amp;nbsp; Mary managed to disregard the combined 
+        pressure of Somerset and Edward, largely because she stayed away from 
+        court.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was firm with her.&amp;nbsp; He told her she was 
+        misguided and occasionally threatened her.&amp;nbsp; Mary was intelligent 
+        enough to not risk open disobedience, preferring the quiet celebration 
+        of Mass in her country home.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, in 1549, Somerset had 
+        overstepped his authority and was executed.&amp;nbsp; His fall was largely 
+        engineered by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and soon-to-be Duke of 
+        Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; From then on, Edward was under Dudley's 
+        control.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Edward VI ruled for just seven 
+        years.&amp;nbsp; The last year of his life was one of near-constant pain and 
+        suffering.&amp;nbsp; Various illnesses have been suggested,  &lt;/FONT&gt;
+        &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;consumption 
+        being the most likely.&amp;nbsp; He had never been of robust health, unlike 
+        his father, and the Protestant councilors did all they could to prolong 
+        his life.&amp;nbsp; To that end, Edward was given arsenic and various other 
+        poisons which were believed to prolong life even as they increased 
+        suffering.&amp;nbsp; For Dudley and his supporters, Edward's death was 
+        inevitable but they needed every available moment to prevent Mary from 
+        ascending the throne.&amp;nbsp; They were not fools and knew their fate with 
+        a Catholic queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley hurriedly married his son Guildford to &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+        Grey&lt;/A&gt;, Edward VI's Protestant, scholarly cousin.&amp;nbsp; Like Edward, 
+        Jane was a pawn in Dudley's schemes.&amp;nbsp; She was the granddaughter of 
+        Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor and, thus, a remote claimant to 
+        the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Working together, Edward and Dudley 
+        disregarded Henry VIII's will yet again and barred both Mary and 
+        Elizabeth from the succession.&amp;nbsp; In turn, Edward willed the throne 
+        to Jane and her heirs.&amp;nbsp; When he finally died, Jane was declared 
+        Queen by Dudley and the Protestant lords.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Jane Grey's ascension to the 
+        throne lasted but nine days.&amp;nbsp; Though the Protestant councilors were 
+        not fond of Mary's religious views, many still regarded her as the 
+        rightful heir.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, Bluff King Hal's daughter.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Like her mother, Mary had enormous sympathy from the English people, a 
+        gift she was to squander recklessly.&amp;nbsp; Many viewed her as the poor 
+        victim of Anne Boleyn's scheming, a quiet, kindly, and pious woman.&amp;nbsp; 
+        It should be noted that &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;the 
+        English people cared not so much for her religious views as they did her 
+        parentage.&amp;nbsp; She was the old king's child and therefore, she should 
+        follow Edward to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This loyalty to Mary's dynastic 
+        claims was something she never fully understood.&amp;nbsp; As queen, Mary 
+        was capable of both extreme affection and disdain for her English 
+        subjects.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With Jane declared queen, Mary 
+        fled to Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though her closest friends advised against it, 
+        she soon decided to ride to London and stake her own claim to the 
+        throne.&amp;nbsp; The people of London welcomed her ecstatically.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+        arrested Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley, though she displayed her 
+        typical leniency by not immediately executing them.&amp;nbsp; When Jane's 
+        fugitive father attempted to lead an uprising for her, Mary had him 
+        executed along with John Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Jane and Guildford, however, 
+        remained in the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
+        &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+        &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;The PRIMARY 
+        SOURCES section contains many documents related to Queen Mary:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;-&lt;/B&gt;read a letter to Mary from her mother, Katharine of 
+        Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read the entire text of Mary's letter to her father, in which 
+        she acknowledged Henry as head of the church of England, the dissolution 
+        of his marriage to Katharine of Aragon &amp;amp; her own illegitimacy (a 
+        letter she later disavowed)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a journal entry of 
+        Edward VI, in which he recorded a religious dispute with 
+        Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;- read a letter from Catherine Parr to Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read Mary's speech 
+        at the Guildhall, in which she asked for loyalty in the face of Wyatt's 
+        uprising&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a letter from Lady Jane Grey to Mary, in which Jane 
+        explains the circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine 
+        days&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford 
+        Dudley&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the execution of Archbishop Thomas 
+        Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a contemporary description of Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        
+        &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+        England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;CENTER&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082562&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082562&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">The Six Wives of Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Kathryn Howard Catherine Parr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">The Six Wives of Henry VIII Katharine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Katharine Parr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Six Wives of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017525905f72432afb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0175.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wivesmain.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-aragon.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-boleyn.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-seymour.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-cleves.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-howard.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-parr.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
+ height=&quot;329&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
+ height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;56&quot;
+ alt=&quot;The Six Wives of Henry VIII&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives.gif&quot; width=&quot;588&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;45%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;23%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wivesmain.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine Parr by Lucas Horenbout&quot;
+ width=&quot;225&quot; height=&quot;225&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;45%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;35&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Katharine of Aragon page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-aragon.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;281&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;34&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Anne Boleyn page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-boleyn.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;169&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;33&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Jane Seymour page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-seymour.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;186&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+ height=&quot;34&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Anne of Cleves page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-cleves.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;204&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+ height=&quot;35&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Catherine Howard page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-howard.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;248&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+ height=&quot;36&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Katharine Parr page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-parr.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;211&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Simply click on the above 
+      names.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you would like to meet 
+      fellow Six Wives enthusiasts, please visit
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A fanlisting for 
+      the six wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;center&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;The above portrait is of Katharine
+Parr by Lucas Horenbout.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/center&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Portraits of the
+Six Wives can be viewed at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Read 
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by the Six Wives&lt;/a&gt; and other 
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;primary sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082529&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082529&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018af2318cbf41644af1cd84</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215266</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">exmary.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/exmary.gif&quot; width=&quot;321&quot; height=&quot;110&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;Mary Stuart 
+      was executed on 8 February 1587 at Fotheringhay Castle, after a trial 
+      whose outcome forever troubled Queen Elizabeth I.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;This famous account of the execution was written by Robert 
+      Wynkfielde.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Accounts such as these, and woodcuts of the scene, were 
+      very popular throughout Europe.&amp;nbsp; The great scandals of Mary's life 
+      were forgotten and she was mourned as a Catholic martyr.&amp;nbsp; The truth 
+      of her demise was not so simple.&amp;nbsp; Mary &lt;i&gt;did&lt;/i&gt; plot against 
+      Elizabeth's life; and Elizabeth did consistently reject petitions to 
+      execute Mary over the 19-year course of her imprisonment.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Eventually, however, the Catholic threat was deemed too great and 
+      Elizabeth reluctantly signed the warrant for execution.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+Her [Mary queen of Scots] prayers being ended, the executioners, kneeling,
+desired her Grace to forgive them her death: who answered, 'I forgive you
+with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles.'&amp;nbsp;
+Then they, with her two women, helping her up, began to disrobe her of
+her apparel: then she, laying her crucifix upon the stool, one of the executioners
+took from her neck the &lt;i&gt;Agnus Dei&lt;/i&gt;, which she, laying hands off it,
+gave to one of her women, and told the executioner he should be answered
+money for it.&amp;nbsp; Then she suffered them, with her two women, to disrobe
+her of her chain of pomander beads and all other her apparel most willingly,
+and with joy rather than sorrow, helped to make unready herself, putting
+on a pair of sleeves with her own hands which they had pulled off, and
+that with some haste, as if she had longed to be gone.
+&lt;br&gt;All this time they were pulling off her apparel, she never changed
+her countenance, but with smiling cheer she uttered these words, 'that
+she never had such grooms to make her unready, and that she never put off
+her clothes before such a company.'
+&lt;br&gt;Then she, being stripped of all her apparel saving her petticoat and
+kirtle, her two women beholding her made great lamentation, and crying
+and crossing themselves prayed in Latin.&amp;nbsp; She, turning herself to
+them, embracing them, said these words in French, 'Ne crie vous, j'ay prome
+pour vous', and so crossing and kissing them, bade them pray for her and
+rejoice and not weep, for that now they should see an end of all their
+mistress's troubles.
+&lt;br&gt;Then she, with a smiling countenance, turning to her men servants,
+as Melvin and the rest, standing upon a bench nigh the scaffold, who sometime
+weeping, sometime crying out aloud, and continually crossing themselves,
+prayed in Latin, crossing them with her hand bade them farewell, and wishing
+them to pray for her even until the last hour.
+&lt;br&gt;This done, one of the women having a &lt;i&gt;Corpus Christi &lt;/i&gt;cloth lapped
+up three-corner-ways, kissing it, put it over the Queen of Scots' face,
+and pinned it fast to the caule of her head.&amp;nbsp; Then the two women departed
+from her, and she kneeling down upon the cushion most resolutely, and without
+any token or fear of death, she spake aloud this Psalm in Latin, &lt;i&gt;In
+Te Domine confido, non confundar in eternam&lt;/i&gt;, etc.&amp;nbsp; Then, groping
+for the block, she laid down her head, putting her chin over the block
+with both her hands, which, holding there still, had been cut off had they
+not been espied.&amp;nbsp; Then lying upon the block most quietly, and stretching
+out her arms cried, &lt;i&gt;In manus tuas, Domine&lt;/i&gt;, etc., three or four times.&amp;nbsp;
+Then she, lying very still upon the block, one of the executioners holding
+her slightly with one of his hands, she endured two strokes of the other
+executioner with an axe, she making very small noise or none at all, and
+not stirring any part of her from the place where she lay: and so the executioner
+cut off her head, saving one little gristle, which being cut asunder, he
+lift up her head to the view of all the assembly and bade &lt;i&gt;God save the
+Queen&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Then, her dress of lawn falling from off her head, it
+appeared as grey as one of threescore and ten years old, polled very short,
+her face in a moment being so much altered from the form she had when she
+was alive, as few could remember her by her dead face.&amp;nbsp; Her lips stirred
+up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off.
+&lt;br&gt;Then Mr Dean [Dr Fletcher, Dean of Peterborough] said with a loud voice,
+'So perish all the Queen's enemies,' and afterwards the Earl of Kent came
+to the dead body, and standing over it, with a loud voice said, 'Such end
+of all the Queen's and the Gospel's enemies.'
+&lt;br&gt;Then one of the executioners, pulling off her garters, espied her little
+dog which was crept under her clothes, which could not be gotten forth
+but by force, yet afterward would not depart from the dead corpse, but
+came and lay between her head and her shoulders, which being imbrued with
+her blood was carried away and washed, as all things else were that had
+any blood was either burned or washed clean, and the executioners sent
+away with money for their fees, not having any one thing that belonged
+unto her.&amp;nbsp; And so, every man being commanded out of the hall, except
+the sheriff and his men, she was carried by them up into a great chamber
+lying ready for the surgeons to embalm her.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;nt&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082608&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082608&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH018b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH018b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH018b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5093</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor Citizens: Charles Brandon, The Boleyn Family, Mary Boleyn, Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer, St Thomas More</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Citizens: Charles Brandon, The Boleyn Family, Mary Boleyn, Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer, St Thomas More</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018bb3389e577e540b31c8e7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215265</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">citizens-morpheus.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cranmercitizens.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=53 alt=&quot;Tudor Citizens&quot; 
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/citizens-morpheus.gif&quot; width=284&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;The Tudor citizens profiled here 
+      lived through a century of incredible change; their lives reflect the 
+      tumultuous spirit of Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; They also provide insight into 
+      the personalities and politics of the Tudor monarchs.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Follow the links on this page to learn more about these fascinating men 
+      and women.&amp;nbsp; 
+      You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the 
+      courtiers.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt; includes contemporary 
+      chronicles and letters.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cranmercitizens.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Thomas Cranmer&quot; width=&quot;235&quot; height=&quot;313&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;the above portrait is of Thomas Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;
+                Charles Brandon&lt;br&gt; &lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;duke of Suffolk &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;The 
+                Boleyn Family&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Thomas 
+                Wolsey&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Cardinal and Lord 
+                Chancellor&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;
+                Thomas Cromwell&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lord 
+                Chancellor and earl of Essex &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcranmer.html&quot;&gt;Thomas 
+                Cranmer&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;archbishop of Canterbury 
+                and martyr&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+                &lt;/font&gt;
+                &lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;St 
+                Thomas More&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lord 
+                Chancellor, author, and martyr&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082530&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082530&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH018c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH018c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH018c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1041 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">76440</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter IV</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018ca23021dc0cdbf824e592</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215263</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER IV&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;ELIZABETH AND MARY STUART: 1559-1568&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;WHEN Elizabeth mounted the throne, it was 
+    taken for granted that she was to marry, and marry with the least possible 
+    delay. This was expected of her, not merely because in the event of her 
+    dying without issue there would be a dispute whether the claim of Mary 
+    Stuart or that of Catherine Grey was to prevail, but for a more general 
+    reason. The rule of an unmarried woman, except provisionally during such 
+    short interval as might be necessary to provide her with a husband, was 
+    regarded as quite out of the question. It was the custom for the husbands of 
+    heiresses to step into the property of their wives and stand in the shoes, 
+    so to speak, of the last male proprietor, in order to perform those duties 
+    which could not be efficiently performed by a woman. Elizabeth's sister, 
+    while a subject, had no thought of marrying. But her accession was 
+    considered by herself and every one else to involve marriage. If the nobles 
+    of England could have foreseen that Elizabeth would elude this obligation, 
+    she would probably never have been allowed to mount the throne. Her marriage 
+    was thought to be as much a matter of course, and as necessary, as her 
+    coronation. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Accordingly the House of Commons, which met a 
+    month after her accession, immediately requested her to select a husband 
+    without delay. Her declaration that she had no desire to change her state 
+    was supposed to indicate only the real or affected coyness to be expected 
+    from a young lady. There was no lack of suitors, foreign or English. The 
+    Archduke Charles, son of the Emperor and cousin of Philip, would have been 
+    welcomed by all Catholics and acquiesced in by political Protestants like 
+    Cecil. The ardent Protestants were eager for Arran, and Cecil, till he saw 
+    it was useless, worked his best for him, regardless of the personal 
+    sacrifice his mistress must make in wedding a man who was not always quite 
+    sane and eventually became a confirmed lunatic. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Not many months of the new reign had passed 
+    before it began to be suspected that Elizabeth's partiality for Lord Robert 
+    Dudley had something to do with her evident distaste for all her suitors. To 
+    her Ministers and the public this partiality for a married man became a 
+    cause of great disquietude. They not unnaturally feared that with a young 
+    woman who had no relations to advise and keep watch over her, it might lead 
+    to some disastrous scandal incompatible with her continuance on the throne. 
+    Marriage with Dudley at this time was out of the question. But within four 
+    months of her accession, the Spanish ambassador mentions a report that 
+    Dudley's wife had a cancer, and that the Queen was only waiting for her 
+    death to marry him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;About the humble extraction of Elizabeth's 
+    favourite much nonsense was talked in his lifetime by his ill-wishers, and 
+    has been duly repeated since. He was as well born as most of the peerage of 
+    that time; very few of whom could show nobility of any antiquity in the male 
+    line. The Duke of Norfolk being the only Duke at Elizabeth's accession, and 
+    in possession of an ancient title, was looked on as the head of his order. 
+    Yet it was only seventy-five years since a Howard had first reached the 
+    peerage in consequence of having had the good fortune to marry the heiress 
+    of the Mowbrays. Edmund Dudley, Minister of Henry VII. and father of 
+    Northumberland, was grandson of John, fourth Lord Dudley; and 
+    Northumberland, by his mother's side, was sole heir and representative of 
+    the ancient barony of De L'Isle, which title he bore before he received his 
+    earldom and dukedom. In point of wealth and influence, indeed, the favourite 
+    might be called an upstart. The younger son of an attainted father, he had 
+    not an acre of land or a farthing of money which he did not owe either to 
+    his wife or to the generosity of Elizabeth. This it was that moved the 
+    sneers and ill-will of a people with whom nobility has always been a 
+    composite idea implying, not only birth and title, but territorial wealth. 
+    Moreover his grandfather, though of good extraction, was a simple esquire, 
+    and had risen by helping Henry VII. to trample on the old nobility. After 
+    his fall his son had climbed to power under Henry VIII. and Edward VI. in 
+    the same way. Lord Robert Dudley, again, had to begin at the bottom of the 
+    ladder. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;No one will claim for Elizabeth's favourite 
+    that he was a man of distinguished ability or high character. He had a fine 
+    figure and a handsome face. He bore himself well in manly exercises. His 
+    manners were attractive when he wished to please. To these qualities he 
+    first owed his favour with Elizabeth, who was never at any pains to conceal 
+    her liking for good-looking men and her dislike of ugly ones. Finding 
+    himself in favour, and inheriting to the full the pushing audacity of his 
+    father and grandfather, he professed for the Queen a love which he certainly 
+    did not feel, in order to serve his soaring ambition. Elizabeth, it is my 
+    firm conviction, never loved Dudley or any other man, in any sense of the 
+    word, high or low. She had neither a tender heart nor a sensual temperament. 
+    But she had a more than feminine appetite for admiration; and the more she 
+    was, unhappily for herself, a stranger to the emotion of love, the more 
+    restlessly did she desire to be thought capable of inspiring it. She was 
+    therefore easily taken in by Dudley's professions, and, though she did not 
+    care for him enough to marry him, she liked to have him as well as several 
+    other handsome men, dangling about her, &amp;quot;like her lap-dog,&amp;quot; to use her own 
+    expression. Further she believed--and here came in the mischief --that his 
+    devotion to her person would make him a specially faithful servant. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We know, though Elizabeth did not, that in 
+    1561, Dudley was promising the Spanish ambassador to be Philip's humble 
+    vassal, and to do his best for Catholicism, if Philip would promote his 
+    marriage with the Queen; that, in the same year, he was offering his 
+    services to the French Huguenots for the same consideration; that at one 
+    time he posed as the protector of the Puritans, while at another he was 
+    intriguing with the captive Queen of Scots; whom, again, later on, he had a 
+    chief share in bringing to the block. But we must remember that very few 
+    statesmen, English or foreign, in the sixteenth century could have shown a 
+    record free from similar blots. Those who, like Elizabeth and Cecil, were 
+    undeniably actuated on the whole by public spirit, or by any principle more 
+    respectable than pure selfishness, never hesitated to lie or play a double 
+    game when it seemed to serve their turn. William of Orange is the only 
+    eminent statesman, as far as I know, against whom this charge cannot be 
+    made. When this was the standard of honour for consistent politicians and 
+    real patriots, what was to be expected of lower natures? Dudley's conduct on 
+    several occasions was bad and contemptible; and he must be judged with the 
+    more severity, because he sinned not only against the code of duty binding 
+    on the ordinary man and citizen, but against his professions of a tender 
+    sentiment by means of which he had acquired his special influence. I have 
+    said that he was not a man of great ability. But neither was he the 
+    empty-headed incapable trifler that some writers have depicted him. He was 
+    not so judged by his contemporaries. That Elizabeth, because she liked him, 
+    would have selected a man of notorious incapacity to command her armies, 
+    both in the Netherlands and when the Armada was expected, is one of those 
+    hypotheses that do not become more credible by being often repeated. Cecil 
+    himself, when it was not a question of the marriage--of which he was a 
+    determined opponent--regarded him as a useful servant of the Queen. I do not 
+    doubt that Elizabeth estimated his capacity at about its right value. What 
+    she over-estimated was his affection for on, he had a chief share in 
+    bringing to the block. But we must remember that very few statesmen, English 
+    or foreign, in the sixteenth century could have shown a record free from 
+    similar blots. Those who, like Elizabeth and Cecil, were undeniably actuated 
+    on the whole by public spirit, or by any principle more respectable than 
+    pure selfishness, never hesitated to lie or play a double game when it 
+    seemed to serve their turn. William of Orange is the only eminent statesman, 
+    as far as I know, against whom this charge cannot be made. When this was the 
+    standard of honour for consistent politicians and real patriots, what was to 
+    be expected of lower natures? Dudley's conduct on several occasions was bad 
+    and contemptible; and he must be judged with the more severity, because he 
+    sinned not only against the code of duty binding on the ordinary man and 
+    citizen, but against his professions of a tender sentiment by means of which 
+    he had acquired his special influence. I have said that he was not a man of 
+    great ability. But neither was he the empty-headed incapable trifler that 
+    some writers have depicted him. He was not so judged by his contemporaries. 
+    That Elizabeth, because she liked him, would have selected a man of 
+    notorious incapacity to command her armies, both in the Netherlands and when 
+    the Armada was expected, is one of those hypotheses that do not become more 
+    credible by being often repeated. Cecil himself, when it was not a question 
+    of the marriage--of which he was a determined opponent--regarded him as a 
+    useful servant of the Queen. I do not doubt that Elizabeth estimated his 
+    capacity at about its right value. What she over-estimated was his affection 
+    for herself, and consequently his trustworthiness. Sovereigns--and 
+    others--often place a near relative in an important post, not as being the 
+    most capable person they know, but as most likely to be true to them. 
+    Elizabeth had no near relatives. If we grant--as we must grant--that she 
+    believed in Dudley's love, we cannot wonder that she employed him in 
+    positions of trust. A female ruler will always be liable to make these 
+    mistakes, unless her Ministers and captains are to be of her own sex. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On the 3rd of September 1560, two months 
+    after the Treaty of Leith, Elizabeth told De Quadra that she had made up her 
+    mind to marry the Archduke Charles. On the 8th, Lady Robert Dudley died at 
+    Cumnor Hall. On the 11th, Elizabeth told De Quadra that she had changed her 
+    mind. Dudley neglected his wife, and never brought her to court. We cannot 
+    doubt that he fretted under a tie which stood in the way of his ambition. 
+    Her death had been predicted. It is not strange, therefore, that he should 
+    have been suspected of having caused it. Nevertheless, not a particle of 
+    evidence pointing in that direction has ever been produced, and it seems 
+    most probable that the poor deserted creature committed suicide. A coroner's 
+    jury investigated the case diligently, and, it would seem, with some animus 
+    against Foster, the owner of Cumnor Hall, but returned a verdict of 
+    accidental death. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Anyhow, Dudley was now free. The Scotch 
+    Estates were eagerly pressing Arran's suit, and the English Protestants were 
+    as eagerly backing them. The opportunity was certainly unique. Though 
+    nothing was said about deposing Mary, yet nothing could be more certain than 
+    that, if this marriage took place, the Queen of France would never reign in 
+    Scotland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;At her wits' end how to escape a match so 
+    desirable for the Queen, so repulsive to the woman, Elizabeth had announced 
+    her willingness to espouse the Archduke in order to gain a short 
+    breathing-time. Vienna was at least further than Edinburgh, and difficulties 
+    were sure to arise when details began to be discussed. At this moment, by 
+    the sudden death of his wife, Dudley became marriageable. If Elizabeth had 
+    been free to marry or not, as she pleased, it seems to me in the highest 
+    degree improbable that she would ever have thought of taking Dudley. But 
+    believing that a husband was inevitable, and expecting that she would be 
+    forced to take some one who was either unknown to her or positively 
+    distasteful, it was most natural that she should ask herself whether it was 
+    not the least of evils to put this cruel persecution to an end by choosing a 
+    man whom at least she admired and liked, who loved her, as she thought, for 
+    her own sake, and would be as obedient &amp;quot;as her lap-dog.&amp;quot; When nations are 
+    ruled by women, and marriageable women, feelings and motives which belong to 
+    the sphere of private life, and should be confined to it, are apt to invade 
+    the domain of politics. If Elizabeth's subjects expected their sovereign to 
+    suppress all personal feelings in choosing a consort, they ought to have 
+    established the Salic law. No woman, queen or not queen, can be expected 
+    voluntarily to make such a sacrifice. Her happiness is too deeply involved.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the autumn, then, of 1560, when Elizabeth 
+    had been not quite two years on the throne, she seriously thought of 
+    marrying Dudley. It is difficult to say how long she continued to think of 
+    it seriously. With him, as with other suitors, she went on coquetting when 
+    she had perfectly made up her mind that nothing was to come of it. Perhaps 
+    we shall be right in saying that, as long as there was any question of the 
+    Archduke Charles, she looked to Dudley as a possible refuge. This would be 
+    till about the beginning of 1568. It seems to be always assumed, as a matter 
+    of course, that Cecil played the part of Elizabeth's good genius in 
+    persistently dissuading her from marrying Dudley. I am not so sure of this. 
+    If she had been a wife and a mother many of her difficulties would have at 
+    once disappeared, and the weakest points in her character would have no 
+    longer been brought out. It ended in her not marrying at all. I am inclined 
+    to think that another enemy of Dudley, the Earl of Sussex, showed more good 
+    sense and truer patriotism when he wrote in October 1560:-- &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;I wish not her Majesty to linger this 
+      matter of so great importance, but to choose speedily; and therein to 
+      follow so much her own affection as [that], by the looking upon him whom 
+      she should choose, omnes ejus sensus titillarentur; which shall be the 
+      readiest way, with the help of God, to bring us a blessed prince which 
+      shall redeem us out of thraldom. If I knew that England had other rightful 
+      inheritors I would then advise otherwise, and seek to serve the time by a 
+      husband's choice [seek for an advantageous political alliance]. But seeing 
+      that she is ultimum refugium, and that no riches, friendship, foreign 
+      alliance, or any other present commodity that might come by a husband, can 
+      serve our turn, without issue of her body, if the Queen will love anybody, 
+      let her love where and whom she lists, so much thirst I to see her love. 
+      And whomsoever she shall love and choose, him will I love, honour, and 
+      serve to the uttermost.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Perhaps I may be excused for expressing the 
+    opinion that the ideal husband for Elizabeth, if it had been possible, would 
+    have been Lord James Stuart, afterwards Earl of Moray. Of sufficient 
+    capacity, kindly heart, undaunted resolution, and unswerving rectitude of 
+    purpose, he would have supplied just those elements that were wanting to 
+    correct her defects. King of Scotland he perhaps could not be. Regent of 
+    Scotland he did become. If he could, at the same time, have been Elizabeth's 
+    husband, the two crowns might have, in the next generation, been worn by a 
+    Stuart of a nobler stock than the son of Mary and Darnley. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Mary Stuart, on the death of her husband 
+    Francis II., returned to her own kingdom (August 1561), she found the 
+    Scotch nobles sore at the rejection of Arran's suit. Bent on giving a 
+    sovereign to England, in one way or another, they were now ready, 
+    Protestants as well as Catholics, to back Mary's demand that she should be 
+    recognised as Elizabeth's heir-presumptive. To this the English. Queen could 
+    not consent, for the very sufficient reason, that not only would the 
+    Catholic party be encouraged to hold together and give trouble, but the more 
+    bigoted and desperate members of it would certainly attempt her life, lest 
+    she should disappoint Mary's hopes by marrying. &amp;quot;She was not so foolish,&amp;quot; 
+    she said, &amp;quot;as to hang a winding-sheet before her eyes or make a funeral 
+    feast whilst she was alive,&amp;quot; but she promised that she would neither do 
+    anything nor allow anything to be done by Parliament to prejudice Mary's 
+    title. To this undertaking she adhered long after Mary's hostile conduct had 
+    given ample justification for treating her as an enemy. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Openly Mary was claiming nothing but the 
+    succession. In reality she cared little for a prospect so remote and 
+    uncertain. What she was scheming for was to hurl Elizabeth from her throne. 
+    This was an object for which she never ceased to work till her head was off 
+    her shoulders. Her aims were more sharply defined than those of Elizabeth, 
+    and she was remarkably free from that indecision which too often marred the 
+    action of the English Queen. In ability and information she was not at all 
+    inferior to Elizabeth; in promptitude and energy she was her superior. These 
+    masculine qualities might have given her the victory in the bitter duel, but 
+    that, in the all-important domain of feeling, her sex indomitably asserted 
+    itself, and weighted her too heavily to match the superb self-control of 
+    Elizabeth. She could love and she could hate; Elizabeth had only likes and 
+    dislikes, and therefore played the cooler game. When Mary really loved, 
+    which was only once, all selfish calculations were flung to the winds; she 
+    was ready to sacrifice everything, and not count the cost--body and soul, 
+    crown and life, interest and honour. When she hated, which was often, 
+    rancour was apt to get the better of prudence. And so at the fatal 
+    turning-point of her career, when mad hate and madder love possessed her 
+    soul, she went down before her great rival never to rise again. Here was a 
+    woman indeed. And if, for that reason, she lost the battle in life, for that 
+    reason too she still disputes it from the tomb. She has always had, and 
+    always will have, the ardent sympathy of a host of champions, to whom the 
+    &amp;quot;fair vestal throned by the west&amp;quot; is a mere politician, sexless, coldblooded, 
+    and repulsive. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In 1564 Mary, as yet fancy-free, was seeking 
+    to match herself on purely political grounds. She was not so fastidious as 
+    Elizabeth, for she does not seem to have troubled herself at all about 
+    personal qualities, if a match seemed otherwise eligible. The Hamiltons 
+    pressed Arran upon her. But he was a Protestant. He was not heir to any 
+    throne but that of Scotland; and, though a powerful family in Scotland, the 
+    Hamiltons could give her no help elsewhere. Philip, who, now that the Guises 
+    had become his protÃ©gÃ©s, was less jealous of her designs, wished her to 
+    marry his cousin, the Archduke Charles of Austria. But this prince, whom 
+    Elizabeth professed to find too much of a Catholic, was, in the eyes of 
+    'Mary and her more bigoted co-religionists, too nearly a Lutheran; and she 
+    doubted whether Philip cared enough for him to risk a war for establishing 
+    him and herself upon the English throne. For this reason the husband on whom 
+    she had set her heart was Don Carlos, Philip's own son, a sort of wild 
+    beast. But Philip received her overtures doubtfully; the fact being that he 
+    could not trust Don Carlos, whom he eventually put to death. Catherine de' 
+    Medici loved Mary as little as she did the other Guises, but the prospect of 
+    the Spanish match filled her with such terror that she proposed to make the 
+    Scottish Queen her daughter-in-law a second time by a marriage with Charles 
+    IX., a lad under thirteen, if she would wait two years for him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On the other hand, Elizabeth impressed upon 
+    Mary that, unless she married a member of some Reformed Church, the English 
+    Parliament would certainly demand that her title to the succession, whatever 
+    it was, should be declared invalid. The House of Commons was strongly 
+    Protestant, and had with difficulty been prevented from addressing the Queen 
+    in favour of the succession of Lady Catherine Grey. Apart from religion 
+    there was deep irritation against the whole Scotch nation. Sir Ralph Sadler, 
+    who had been much employed in Scotland, denounced them as &amp;quot;false, beggarly, 
+    and perjured, whom the very stones in the English streets would rise 
+    against.&amp;quot; When Elizabeth was dangerously ill in October 1562, the Council 
+    discussed whom they should proclaim in the event of her death. Some were for 
+    the will of Henry VIII. and Catherine Grey. Others, sick of female rulers, 
+    were for taking the Earl of Huntingdon, a descendant of the Duke of 
+    Clarence. None were for Mary or Darnley. Mary's chief friends--Montagu, 
+    Northumberland, Westmoreland, and Derby--were not on the Council. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Parliament and the Council being against her, 
+    Mary could not afford to quarrel with the Queen. Elizabeth told her that she 
+    would regard a marriage with any Spanish, Austrian, or French prince as a 
+    declaration of war. Help from those quarters was far away, and at the mercy 
+    of winds and waves: the Border fortresses were near, and their garrisons 
+    always ready to march. Besides, whichever of the two she might 
+    obtain--Charles IX. or the Archduke--she drove the other into the arms of 
+    Elizabeth. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But there was another possible husband who 
+    had crossed her mind from time to time; not a prince indeed, yet of royal 
+    extraction in the female line, and, what was more, not without pretensions 
+    to that very succession which she coveted. Henry Lord Darnley, son of 
+    Matthew Stuart, Earl of Lennox, was, by his father's side, of the royal 
+    family of Scotland, while his mother was the daughter of Margaret Tudor, 
+    sister of Henry VIII., by her second husband, the Earl of Angus. Born and 
+    brought up in England, where his father had been long an exile, he was 
+    reckoned as an Englishman, which, in the opinion of many lawyers, was 
+    essential as a qualification for the crown. He was also a Catholic, and if 
+    Elizabeth had died at this time, it was perhaps Darnley, rather than Mary, 
+    whom the Catholics would have tried to place on the throne. Elizabeth had 
+    promised that, if Mary would marry an English nobleman, she would do her 
+    best to get Mary's title recognised by Parliament. To Elizabeth, therefore, 
+    Mary now turned, with the request that she would point out such a nobleman, 
+    not without a hope that she would name Darnley (March 1564). But, to Mary's 
+    mortification, she formally recommended Lord Robert Dudley. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This recommendation has often been treated as 
+    if it was a sorry joke perpetrated by Elizabeth, who had never any intention 
+    of furthering, or even permitting, such a match. But nothing is more certain 
+    than that Elizabeth was most anxious to bring it about; and it affords a 
+    decisive proof that her feeling for Dudley, whatever name she herself may 
+    have put to it, was not what is usually called love. Cecil and all her most 
+    intimate advisers entertained no doubt that she was sincere. She undertook, 
+    if Mary would accept Dudley, to make him a duke; and, in the meantime, she 
+    created him Earl of Leicester. She regarded him, so she told Mary's envoy 
+    Melville, as her brother and her friend; if he was Mary's husband she would 
+    have no suspicion or fear of any usurpation before her death, being assured 
+    that he was so loving and trusty that he would never permit anything to be 
+    attempted during her time. &amp;quot;But,&amp;quot; she said, pointing to Darnley, who was 
+    present, &amp;quot;you like better yonder long lad.&amp;quot; Her suspicion was correct. 
+    Melville had secret instructions to procure permission for Darnley to go to 
+    Scotland. However, he answered discreetly that &amp;quot;no woman of spirit could 
+    choose such an one who more resembled a woman than a man.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;How was Elizabeth to be persuaded to let 
+    Darnley leave England? There was only one way to disarm suspicion: Mary 
+    declared herself ready to marry Leicester (January 1565). Darnley 
+    immediately obtained leave of absence for three months ostensibly to recover 
+    the forfeited Lennox property. In Scotland the purpose of his coming was not 
+    mistaken, and it roused the Protestants to fury. The Queen's chapel, the 
+    only place in the Lowlands where mass was said, was beset. Her priests were 
+    mobbed and maltreated. Moray, who till lately had supported his sister with 
+    such loyalty and energy that Knox had quarrelled with him, prepared, with 
+    the other Lords of the Congregation, for resistance. Elizabeth, and Cecil 
+    also, had been completely overreached. A prudent player sometimes gets into 
+    difficulties by attributing equal prudence to a daring and reckless 
+    antagonist. Elizabeth, as a patriotic ruler, desired nothing but peace and 
+    security for her own kingdom. If she could have that, she had no wish to 
+    meddle with Scotland. Mary, caring nothing for the interests of her 
+    subjects, was facing civil war with a light heart; and, for the chance of 
+    obtaining the more brilliant throne, was ready to risk her own. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Undeterred by Elizabeth's threats, Mary 
+    married Darnley (29 July 1565). Moray and Argyll, having obtained a 
+    promise of assistance from England, took arms; but most of the Lords of the 
+    Congregation showed themselves even more powerless or perfidious than they 
+    had been five years before. Morton, Ruthven, and Lindsay, stoutest of 
+    Protestants, were related to Darnley, and were gratified by the elevation of 
+    their kinsman. Moray failed to elicit a spark of spirit out of the 
+    priest-baiting citizens of Edinburgh, and the Queen, riding steel cap on 
+    head and pistols at saddle-bow, chased him into England. Lord Bedford, who 
+    was in command at Berwick, could have stepped across the Border and 
+    scattered her undisciplined array without difficulty. He implored Elizabeth 
+    to let him do it; offered to do it on his own responsibility, and be 
+    disavowed. But he found, to his mortification, that she had been playing a 
+    game of brag. She had hoped that a threatening attitude would stop the 
+    marriage. But as it was an accomplished fact she was not going to draw the 
+    sword. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was shabby treatment of Moray and his 
+    friends, and to some of her councillors it seemed not only shameful but 
+    dangerous to show the white feather. But judging from the course of events, 
+    Elizabeth's policy was the safe one. The English Catholics--some of them at 
+    all events, as will be explained presently--were becoming more discontented 
+    and dangerous. The northern earls were known to be disaffected. Mary 
+    believed that in every country in England the Catholics had their 
+    organisation and their leaders, and that, if she chose, she could march to 
+    London. No doubt she was much deceived. In reluctance to resort to violence 
+    and respect for constituted authority, England, even north of the Humber, 
+    was at least two centuries ahead of Scotland, and, if she had come attended 
+    by a horde of savage Highlanders and Border ruffians, &amp;quot;the very stones in 
+    the streets would have risen against them.&amp;quot; It was Elizabeth's rule--and a 
+    very good rule too--never to engage in a war if she could avoid it. From 
+    this rule she could not be drawn to swerve either by passion or ambition, or 
+    that most fertile source of fighting, a regard for honour. All the old 
+    objections to an invasion of Scotland still subsisted in full strength, and 
+    were reinforced by others. It was better to wait for an attack which might 
+    never come than go half-way to meet it. An invasion of Scotland might drive 
+    the northern earls to declare for Mary, which, unless compelled to choose 
+    sides, they might never do. Some people are more perturbed by the 
+    expectation and uncertainty of danger than by its declared presence. Not so 
+    Elizabeth. Smouldering treason she could take coolly as long as it only 
+    smouldered. As for the betrayal of the Scotch refugees, Elizabeth never 
+    allowed the private interests of her own subjects, much less those of 
+    foreigners, to weigh against the interests of England. Moray, one of the 
+    most magnanimous and self-sacrificing of statesmen, evidently felt that 
+    Elizabeth's course was wise, if not exactly chivalrous. He submitted to her 
+    public rebuke without publicly contradicting her, and waited patiently in 
+    exile till it should be convenient for her to help him and his cause. Mary, 
+    too, though elated by her success, and never abandoning her intention to 
+    push it further, found it best to halt for a while. Philip wrote to her that 
+    he would help her secretly with money if Elizabeth attacked her, but not 
+    otherwise, and warned her against any premature clutch at the English crown. 
+    Elizabeth's seeming tameness could hardly have received a more complete 
+    justification. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary had determined to espouse Darnley, 
+    before she had set eyes on him, for purely political reasons. There is no 
+    reason to suppose she ever cared for him. It is more likely, as Mr. Froude 
+    suggests, that for a great political purpose she was doing an act which in 
+    itself she loathed. A woman of twenty-two, already a widow, mature beyond 
+    her years, exceptionally able, absorbed in the great game of politics, and 
+    accustomed to admiration, was not likely to care for a raw lad of nineteen, 
+    foolish, ignorant, ill-conditioned, vicious, and without a single manly 
+    quality. One man we know she did love later on--loved passionately and 
+    devotedly, no slim girl-faced youngster, but the fierce, stout-limbed, 
+    dare-devil Bothwell; and Bothwell gradually made his way to her heart by his 
+    readiness to undertake every desperate service she required of him. What 
+    Mary admired, nay envied, in the other sex was the stout heart and the 
+    strong arm. She loved herself to rough it on the war-path. She surprised 
+    Randolph by her spirit:--&amp;quot;Never thought I that stomach to be in her that I 
+    find. She repented nothing but, when the Lords and others came in the 
+    morning from the watches, that she was not a man, to know what life it was 
+    to lie all night in the fields or to walk upon the causeway with a jack and 
+    a knapscap, a Glasgow buckler and a broadsword.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;She desires much,&amp;quot; says 
+    Knollys, &amp;quot;to hear of hardiness and valiancy, commending by name all approved 
+    hardy men of her country, although they be her enemies; and she concealeth 
+    no cowardice even in her friends.&amp;quot; Valuable to Mary as a man of action, 
+    Bothwell was not worth much as an adviser. For advice she looked to the 
+    Italian Rizzio, in whom she confided because, with the detachment of a 
+    foreigner, he regarded Scotch ambitions, animosities, and intrigues only as 
+    so much material to be utilised for the purpose of the combined onslaught on 
+    Protestantism which the Pope was trying to organise. Bothwell was at this 
+    time thirty, and Rizzio, according to Lesley, fifty. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In spite of all the prurient suggestions of 
+    writers who have fastened on the story of Mary's life as on a savoury 
+    morsel, there is no reason whatever for thinking that she was a woman of a 
+    licentious disposition, and there is strong evidence to the contrary. There 
+    was never anything to her discredit in France. Her behaviour in the affair 
+    of Chastelard was irreproachable. The charge of adultery with Rizzio is 
+    dismissed as unworthy of belief even by Mr. Froude, the severest of her 
+    judges. Bothwell indeed she loved, and, like many another woman who does not 
+    deserve to be called licentious, she sacrificed her reputation to the man 
+    she loved. But the most conclusive proof that she was no slave to appetite 
+    is afforded by her nineteen years' residence in England, which began when 
+    she was only twenty-five. During almost the whole of that time she was 
+    mixing freely in the society of the other sex, with the fullest opportunity 
+    for misconduct had she been so inclined. It is not to be supposed that she 
+    was fettered by any scruples of religion or morality. Yet no charge of 
+    unchastity is made against her. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Darnley found that his wife, though she 
+    conferred on him the title of King, did not procure for him the crown 
+    matrimonial or allow him the smallest authority, he gave free vent to his 
+    anger. No less angry were his kinsmen, Morton, Ruthven, and Lindsay. They 
+    had deserted the Congregation in the expectation that when Darnley was King 
+    they would be all-powerful. Instead of this they found themselves neglected; 
+    while the Queen's confidence was given to Catholics and to Bothwell, who, 
+    though nominally a Protestant, always acted with the Catholics. The 
+    Protestant seceders had in fact fallen between two stools. It was against 
+    Rizzio that their rage burnt fiercest. Bothwell was only a bull-headed, 
+    blundering swordsman. Rizzio was doubly detestable to them as the brain of 
+    the Queen's clique and as a low-born foreigner. Rizzio, therefore, they 
+    determined to remove in the time-honoured Scottish fashion. Notice of the 
+    day fixed for the murder was sent to the banished noblemen in England, so 
+    that they might appear in Edinburgh immediately it was accomplished. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Randolph, the English ambassador, and 
+    Bedford, who commanded on the Border, were also taken into the secret, and 
+    they communicated it to Cecil and Leicester. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It is unnecessary here to repeat the 
+    well-known story of the murder of Rizzio. It was part of a large scheme for 
+    bringing back the exiled Protestant lords, closing the split in the 
+    Protestant party, and securing the ascendancy of the Protestant religion. At 
+    first it appeared to have succeeded. Bedford wrote to Cecil that &amp;quot;everything 
+    would now go well.&amp;quot; But Mary, by simulating a return of wifely fondness, 
+    managed to detach her weak husband from his confederates. By his aid she 
+    escaped from their hands. Bothwell and her Catholic friends gathered round 
+    her in arms. In a few days she re-entered Edinburgh in triumph, and Rizzio's 
+    murderers had to take refuge in England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But if the Protestant stroke had failed, Mary 
+    was obliged to recognise that her plan for re-establishing the Catholic 
+    ascendancy in Scotland could not be rushed in the high-handed way she had 
+    proposed as a mere preliminary to the more important subjugation of England. 
+    At the very moment when she seemed to stand victorious over all opposition, 
+    the ground had yawned under her feet, and, while she was dreaming of 
+    dethroning Elizabeth, she had found herself a helpless captive in the hands 
+    of her own subjects. The lesson was a valuable one, and if she could profit 
+    by it her prospects had never been so good. The barbarous outrage of which, 
+    in the sixth month of pregnancy, she had been the object could not but 
+    arouse widespread sympathy for her. She had extricated herself from her 
+    difficulties with splendid courage and clever-ness. The loss of such an 
+    adviser as Rizzio was really a stroke of luck for her. All she had to do was 
+    to abandon, or at all events postpone, her design of reestablishing the 
+    Catholic religion in Scotland, and to discontinue her intrigues against 
+    Elizabeth. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Her prospects in England were still further 
+    improved when she gave birth to a son (19 June 1566). Once more there was 
+    an heir-male to the old royal line, and, as Elizabeth continued to evade 
+    marriage, most people who were not fierce Protestants began to think it 
+    would be more reasonable and safe to abide by the rule of primogeniture than 
+    by the will of Henry VIII., sanctioned though it was by Act of Parliament. 
+    There can be no doubt that this was the opinion and intention of Elizabeth, 
+    though she strongly objected to having anything settled during her own 
+    lifetime. But she had herself gone a long way towards settling it by her 
+    treatment of Mary's only serious competitor. Catherine Grey had contracted a 
+    secret marriage with the Earl of Hertford, son of the Protector Somerset. 
+    Her pregnancy necessitated an avowal. The clergyman who had married them was 
+    not forthcoming, and Hertford's sister, the only witness, was dead. 
+    Elizabeth chose to disbelieve their story, though she would not have been 
+    able to prove when, where, or by whom her own father and mother had been 
+    married. She had a right to be angry; but when she sent the unhappy couple 
+    to the Tower, and caused her tool, Archbishop Parker, to pronounce the union 
+    invalid and its offspring illegitimate, she was playing Mary's game. The 
+    House of Commons elected in 1563 was still undissolved. It was strongly 
+    Protestant, and it favoured Catherine's title even after her disgrace. In 
+    its second session, in the autumn of 1566, it made a determined effort to 
+    compel Elizabeth to marry, and in the meanwhile to recognise Catherine as 
+    the heirpresumptive. The zealous Protestants knew well that the Peers were 
+    in favour of the Stuart title, and they feared that a new House of Commons 
+    might agree with the Peers. To get rid of their pertinacity Elizabeth 
+    dissolved Parliament, not without strong expressions of displeasure (2 January 1567). Cecil himself earned the thanks of Mary for his attitude on this 
+    occasion. It cannot be doubted that he dreaded her succession; but he saw 
+    which way the tide was running, and he thought it prudent to swim with it.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was at this moment that Mary flung away 
+    all her advantage, and entered oh the fatal course which led to her ruin. 
+    Her loathing for Darnley, her fierce desire to avenge on him the insults and 
+    outrage she had suffered, left no room in heart or mind for considerations 
+    of policy. She would have been glad to obtain a divorce. But the Catholic 
+    Church does not grant divorce for misconduct after marriage. Some pretext 
+    must be found for alleging that the marriage was null from the beginning. 
+    This did not suit Mary. It would have made her son illegitimate, and would 
+    have placed her in exactly the position of Catherine Grey. A mere separation 
+    a toro would not have suited her any better, for it would not have enabled 
+    her to contract another marriage. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Mary's reliance on Bothwell grew into 
+    attachment, when her attachment warmed into love, it is impossible to fix 
+    with any exactness. Her infatuation presented itself to him as a grand 
+    opening for his daring ambition. A notorious profligate, he loved her--if 
+    the word is to be so degraded--as much or as little as he had loved twenty 
+    other women. What, however, he desired in her case, was marriage. A more 
+    sensible man would have foreseen that marriage would mean certain ruin for 
+    himself and the Queen. But he was accustomed to despise all difficulties in 
+    his path, being intellectually incapable of measuring them, and believing in 
+    nothing but audacity and brute force. Husband of the Queen, why should he 
+    not be master of the kingdom? Why not King? When such an idea had once 
+    occurred to Bothwell, Darnley's expectancy of life would be much the same as 
+    that of a calf in the presence of the butcher. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The wretched victim had alienated all his 
+    friends among the nobility. Some owed him a deadly grudge for his treachery. 
+    Others had been offended by his insolence. To all he was an encumbrance and 
+    a nuisance. Several, therefore, of the leading personages were more or less 
+    engaged in the compact for putting him out of the way. Moray, Argyll, and 
+    Maitland offered to assist in ridding Mary of her husband by way of a 
+    Protestant sentence of divorce, on condition that Morton and his friends in 
+    exile should be pardoned and recalled. The bargain was struck, and Mary 
+    assented to it. Nothing was said about murder. No one had any interest in 
+    murder except Mary and Bothwell, whose project of marriage was as yet 
+    unsuspected. At the same time, if Bothwell liked to kill Darnley on his own 
+    responsibility, as no doubt he made it pretty plain that he would--why, so 
+    much the better. It relieved the other lords of all trouble. It was a 
+    simple, thorough, old-fashioned expedient, which had never been attended 
+    with any discredit in Scotland, and had only one inconvenience --that it 
+    usually saddled the murderer with a blood feud. In the present case Lennox 
+    was the only peer who would feel the least aggrieved; and he was in no 
+    condition to wage blood-feuds. Anyhow, that was Bothwell's look-out. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;So obvious was all this that it was hardly 
+    worth while to observe secrecy except as to the exact occasion and mode of 
+    execution. Many persons were more or less aware of what was going to be 
+    done; but none cared to interfere. Moray was an honourable and conscientious 
+    man, if judged by the standard of his environment--the only fair way of 
+    estimating character. But Moray chose to leave Edinburgh the morning before 
+    the deed; and thought it sufficient to be able to say afterwards that &amp;quot;if 
+    any man said he was present when purposes [talk] were held in his audience 
+    tending to any unlawful or dishonourable end, he spoke wickedly and 
+    untruly.&amp;quot; The inner circle of the plot consisted of Bothwell, Argyll, Huntly, 
+    Maitland, and Sir James Balfour. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;That Darnley was murdered by Bothwell is not 
+    disputed. That Mary was cognisant of the plot, and lured him to the 
+    shambles, has been doubted by few investigators at once competent and 
+    unbiassed. She lent herself to this part not without compunction. Bothwell 
+    had the advantage over her that the loved has over the lover; and he used it 
+    mercilessly for his headlong ambition, hardly taking the trouble to pretend 
+    that he cared for the unhappy woman who was sacrificing everything for him. 
+    He in fact cared more for his lawful wife, whom he was preparing to divorce, 
+    and to whom he had been married only six months. Mary was tormented by 
+    jealousy of her after the divorce as well as before. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The murder of Darnley (10 February 1567) was 
+    universally ascribed to Mary at the time by Catholics as well as Protestants 
+    at home and abroad, and it fatally damaged her cause in England and the rest 
+    of Europe. In Scotland itself--such was the backward and barbarous state of 
+    the country--it would probably not have shaken her throne if she had 
+    followed it up with firm and prudent government. She might even have 
+    indulged her illicit passion for Bothwell, with little pretence of 
+    concealment, if she had not advanced him in place and power above his 
+    equals. There was probably not a noble in Scotland, from Moray downwards, 
+    who would have scrupled to be her Minister. The Protestant commonalty 
+    indeed, who with all the national laxity as to the observance of the sixth 
+    commandment, were shocked by any trifling with the seventh, would no doubt 
+    have made their bark heard. But their bite had not yet become formidable; 
+    and in any case they were not to be propitiated. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;What brought sudden and irretrievable ruin on 
+    Mary was not the murder of Darnley, but the infatuation which made her the 
+    passive instrument of Bothwell's presumptuous ambition. The lords, Catholic 
+    and Protestant alike, allowed the murder to pass uncondemned and unpunished; 
+    but they were furious when they found that Darnley had only been removed to 
+    make room for Bothwell, and that they were to have for their master a noble 
+    of by no means the highest lineage, bankrupt in fortune, and generally 
+    disliked for his arrogant and bullying demeanour. The project of marriage 
+    was not disclosed till ten weeks after the murder (19 April 1567). Five 
+    days later, Bothwell, fearing lest he should be frustrated by public 
+    indignation or interference from England, carried off the Queen, as had been 
+    previously arranged between them. His idea was that, when Mary had been thus 
+    publicly outraged, it would be recognised as impossible that she should 
+    marry any one but the ravisher. In this coarse expedient, as in the clumsy 
+    means employed for disposing of Darnley, we see the blundering foolhardiness 
+    of the man. The marriage ceremony was performed as soon as Bothwell's 
+    divorce could be managed (15 May). Just a month later Mary surrendered to 
+    the insurgent lords at Carberry Hill, and Bothwell, flying for his life, 
+    disappears from history. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The feelings with which Elizabeth had 
+    contemplated the course of events in Scotland during the last six months 
+    were no doubt of a mixed nature. At the beginning of 1567, her seven-years' 
+    duel with Mary appeared to be ending in defeat. The last bold thrust, aimed 
+    in her interest if not by her hand --the murder of Rizzio--had not improved 
+    her position. It seemed that she would soon be obliged to make her choice 
+    between two equally dreaded alternatives: she must either recognise Mary as 
+    her heir or take a husband. From this unpleasant dilemma she was released by 
+    the headlong descent of her rival in the first six months of 1567. But all 
+    other feelings were soon swallowed up in alarm and indignation at the 
+    spectacle of subjects in revolt against their sovereign. As tidings came in 
+    rapid succession of Mary's surrender at Carberry Hill, of her return to 
+    Edinburgh amidst the insults and threats of the Calvinist mob, of her 
+    imprisonment at Loch Leven, of the proposal to try and execute her, 
+    Elizabeth's anger waxed hotter, and she told the Scotch lords in her most 
+    imperious tones that she could not, and would not, permit them to use force 
+    with their sovereign. If they deposed or punished her, she would revenge it 
+    upon them. If they could not prevail on her to do what was right, they must 
+    &amp;quot;remit themselves to Almighty God, in whose hands only princes' hearts 
+    remain.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This language, addressed as it was to the 
+    only men in Scotland who were disposed to support the English interest, was 
+    imprudent. In her fellow-feeling for a sister sovereign, and her keen 
+    perception of the revolutionary tendencies of the time, Elizabeth spoilt an 
+    unique opportunity of placing her relations with Scotland on a footing of 
+    permanent security, of providing for the English succession in a way at once 
+    advantageous to the nation and free from risk to her own life, and lastly, 
+    of escaping from the constant worry about her own marriage. She had seen 
+    clearly enough what might be made of the situation. Throgmorton had been 
+    despatched to Scotland with instructions to do his best to get the infant 
+    Prince confided to her care. Once in England, she would virtually have 
+    adopted him. She would have possessed a son and heir without the 
+    inconvenience of marriage. To a Parliamentary recognition, indeed, of his 
+    title she would assuredly not have consented. It would have made him 
+    independent and dangerous. But if he behaved well to her, his succession 
+    would be more certain than any Act of Parliament could make it. Mary, if 
+    released and restored to power, would no longer be formidable. If she were 
+    deposed or put to death, Elizabeth would indirectly govern Scotland, at all 
+    events, till James should be of age. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This splendid opportunity Elizabeth lost by 
+    her peremptory and domineering language. The old Scotch pride took fire. The 
+    Anglophile lords, who would have been glad enough to send the young Prince 
+    to England, could not afford to appear less patriotic than the Francophiles. 
+    Throgmorton's attempt to get hold of James was as unsuccessful as that of 
+    the Protector Somerset to get hold of James's mother had been twenty years 
+    before. He was told that, before the Prince could be sent to England, his 
+    title to the English succession must be recognised; a condition which 
+    Elizabeth could not grant. Her claim that Mary should be restored without 
+    conditions was equally unacceptable to the Anglophile lords. They might have 
+    been induced to release her if she would have consented to give up Bothwell, 
+    or if they could have caught and hanged him. But such was her devotion to 
+    him, that no threats or promises availed to shake it. It was in vain that 
+    they offered to produce letters of his to the divorced Lady Bothwell, in 
+    which he assured her that he regarded her still as his lawful wife, and Mary 
+    only as his concubine. The unhappy Queen had been aware even before her 
+    marriage--as a pathetic letter to Bothwell shows--that her passionate love 
+    was not returned. Two days after the marriage, his unkindness had driven her 
+    to think of suicide. But nothing they could say could shake her constancy. 
+    &amp;quot;She would not consent by any persuasion to abandon the Lord Bothwell for 
+    her husband. She would live and die with him. If it were put to her choice 
+    to relinquish her crown and kingdom or the Lord Bothwell, she would leave 
+    her kingdom and dignity to go as a simple damsel with him; and she will 
+    never consent that he shall fare worse or have more harm than herself. Let 
+    them put Bothwell and herself on board ship to go wherever fortune might 
+    carry them.&amp;quot; This temper made it difficult for the Anglophile lords to know 
+    what to do with the prisoner of Loch Leven. They were disappointed and angry 
+    that Elizabeth, instead of approving their enterprise, and sending the money 
+    for which, as usual, they were begging, should treat them as rebels, and 
+    even secretly urge the Hamiltons to rescue Mary by force. The Hamiltons were 
+    in arms at Dumbarton. They wanted either that the Prince should be 
+    proclaimed King, with the Duke of Chatelherault for Regent, or that Mary 
+    should be divorced from Bothwell and married to Lord John Hamilton, the 
+    Duke's second son, and, in default of the crazy Arran, his destined 
+    successor. With Argyll, too, disgust at Mary's crime was tempered by a 
+    desire to marry her to his brother. Lady Douglas of Loch Leven herself, for 
+    whom Sir Walter Scott has invented such magnificent tirades, desired nothing 
+    better than to be her mother-in-law. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The prompt action of the confederate lords 
+    foiled these schemes. By the threat of a public trial on the charge of 
+    complicity in her husband's murder, or, as her advocates believe, by the 
+    fear of instant death, Mary was compelled to abdicate in favour of her son, 
+    and to nominate Moray Regent (29 July 1567). Elizabeth would not recognise 
+    him; partly from a natural fear lest she should be suspected of having been 
+    in collusion with him all along, partly from genuine abhorrence of such 
+    revolutionary proceedings. The French Government, on the other hand, casting 
+    principle and sentiment alike to the winds, courted his alliance. He might 
+    keep his sister in prison, or put her to death, or send her to be immured in 
+    a French convent: only let him embrace the French interests, and an army 
+    should be sent to support him --a Huguenot army if he did not like 
+    Catholics. But Moray turned a deaf ear to these solicitations, and waited 
+    patiently till Elizabeth's ill-humour should give way to more statesmanlike 
+    considerations. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The escape of Mary from Loch Leven (2 May 
+    1568), and the rising of the Hamiltons in her favour, were largely due to 
+    the unfriendly attitude assumed by Elizabeth to the Regent's government. 
+    After the defeat of Langside (13 May) it would perhaps have been difficult 
+    for the fugitive Queen to make her way to France or Spain. But it was not 
+    the difficulty which deterred her from making the attempt. Both Catherine 
+    and Philip, later on, were disposed to befriend her, or, rather, to make use 
+    of her; but at the time of her escape from Scotland, she had nothing to 
+    expect from them but severity. Elizabeth was the only sovereign who had 
+    tried to help her. Moreover, Mary had always laboured under the delusion 
+    that because most Englishmen regarded her as the next heir to the crown, and 
+    a great many preferred the old religion to the new, she had as good a party 
+    in England as Elizabeth herself, if not a better. During her prosperity, she 
+    had made repeated applications to be allowed to visit the southern kingdom. 
+    She was convinced that, if she once appeared on English ground, Elizabeth's 
+    throne would be shaken; and Elizabeth's unwillingness to receive the visit 
+    had confirmed her in her belief. If she now crossed the Solway without 
+    waiting for the permission which she had requested by letter, it was not 
+    because she was hard pressed. The Regent had gone to Edinburgh after the 
+    battle. At Dundrennan, among the Catholic Maxwells, Lord Herries guaranteed 
+    her safety for forty days; and, at an hour's notice, a boat would place, her 
+    beyond pursuit. Her haste was rather prompted by the expectation that 
+    Elizabeth, alarmed by her application, would refuse to receive her. To 
+    Elizabeth the arrival of the Scottish Queen was, indeed, as unwelcome as it 
+    was unexpected. For ten years she had governed successfully, because she had 
+    managed to hold an even course between conflicting principles and parties, 
+    and to avoid taking up a decisive attitude on the most burning questions. 
+    The very indecision, which was the weak spot in her character, and which so 
+    fretted her Ministers, had, it must be confessed, contributed something to 
+    the result. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Cecil might groan over a policy of letting 
+    things drift. But it may be doubted whether they had not often drifted 
+    better than Cecil would have steered them if he might have had his way. To 
+    do nothing is not, indeed, the golden rule of statesmanship. But at that 
+    time, England's peculiar position between France and Spain, and between 
+    Calvinism and Catholicism, enabled her ruler to play a waiting game. This 
+    was the general rule applicable to the situation. Elizabeth apprehended it 
+    more clearly than her Ministers did, and she fell back on it again and 
+    again, when they flattered themselves that they had committed her to a 
+    forward policy. It was safe. It was cheap. It required coolness and 
+    intrepidity--qualities with which Elizabeth was well furnished by nature. 
+    But it was not spirited: it was not showy. Hence it has not found favour 
+    with historians, who insist that it ought to have ended in disaster. As a 
+    matter of fact, England was carried safely through unparalleled 
+    difficulties; and, when all is said, Elizabeth is entitled to be judged by 
+    the general result of her long reign. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary's arrival was unwelcome to Elizabeth, 
+    because it seemed likely to force her hand. To do nothing would be no longer 
+    possible. The Catholic nobles and gentry of the north flocked to Carlisle to 
+    pay court to the heiress of the English crown. It was not that they believed 
+    her innocent of her husband's murder. The suspicion of her complicity was at 
+    that time universal. But they supposed that it would never amount to more 
+    than a suspicion. They did not expect that the charge would ever be formally 
+    made. They were not aware that it could be supported by overwhelming 
+    evidence. Later on, when the proofs were produced, they had already 
+    committed themselves to her cause, and were bound not to be convinced.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If the attitude of these Catholics be thought 
+    to indicate some moral callousness, it may be fairly argued that it was less 
+    cynical than that of Elizabeth herself, who, while not unwilling that Mary 
+    should be suspected, would not allow her to be convicted. Steady to her main 
+    purpose, though hesitating, and even vacillating, in the means she adopted, 
+    she still adhered, notwithstanding all that had lately taken place, to her 
+    intention that Mary, if her survivor, should be her successor. Like all the 
+    greatest statesmen of her time, she placed secular interests before 
+    religious opinions. She was persuaded that the maintenance of the principle 
+    of authority was all-important. Nothing else could hold society together or 
+    prevent the rival fanaticisms from tearing each other to pieces. For 
+    authority there was no other basis left than the principle of hereditary 
+    succession by primogeniture. This principle must, therefore, be treated as 
+    something sacred--not to be set aside or tampered with in a short-sighted 
+    grasping at any seeming immediate utility. To allow it to be called in 
+    question was to shake her own title. Already, in France, the Jesuits were 
+    preaching that orthodoxy and the will of the people were the only legitimate 
+    foundation of sovereignty. Few English Catholics had learned that doctrine; 
+    but they would not be slow to learn it if the hereditary claim of Mary was 
+    to be set aside. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If Mary had been content to claim what 
+    primogeniture gave her--the right to the succession--there would have been 
+    no quarrel between her and Elizabeth. But it was notorious that she had all 
+    along been plotting to substitute herself for Elizabeth. Never had she 
+    cherished that dream with more confidence than when the Percys and Nevilles 
+    crowded round her at Carlisle. In her sanguine imagination, she already saw 
+    herself mistress of a finer kingdom than that which had just expelled her, 
+    and marching, at the head of her new subjects, to wreak vengeance on her old 
+    ones. She seemed likely to be no less dangerous as an exile in England than 
+    as a Queen in Scotland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had now reason to regret the 
+    unnecessary warmth with which she had espoused Mary's cause. To suppose that 
+    she had any sentimental feelings for one whom she knew to be her deadly 
+    enemy is, in my judgment, ridiculous. Elizabeth was not a generous 
+    woman--especially towards other women; and in this case generosity would 
+    have been folly, and culpable folly. She did not hate Mary--she was too cool 
+    and self-reliant to hate an enemy--but she disliked her. She was jealous, 
+    with a small feminine jealousy, of her beauty and fascinations. The 
+    consciousness of this unworthy feeling made her all the more anxious not to 
+    betray it. And so, at a time when she did not expect to have Mary on her 
+    hands, she had been tempted to use language implying a pity, sympathy, and 
+    affection which assuredly she did not feel, and which it would not have been 
+    creditable to her to feel. Petty insincerities of this kind have usually to 
+    be paid for sooner or later. She had now to exchange the language of 
+    sympathy for the language of business with what grace she could; and she has 
+    not escaped the charge, certainly undeserved, of deliberate treachery. It 
+    was awkward, after such exaggerated professions of sympathy, to be obliged 
+    to hold the fugitive at arm's-length, and even to put restraint on her 
+    movements. But no other course was possible. No sovereign, at any time in 
+    history, has allowed a pretender to the crown to move about freely in his 
+    dominions and make a party among his subjects. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Wince as she might, and did, under the 
+    reproach of treachery, Elizabeth was not going to allow her unwise words to 
+    tie her to unwise action. Only one arrangement appeared to her to be at once 
+    admissible in principle and prudent in practice. Mary must be restored to 
+    the Scottish throne; but in such a way that she should thenceforth be 
+    powerless for mischief. She must be content with the title of Queen. The 
+    real government must be in the hands of Moray. Thus the principle of 
+    legitimacy and the sacredness of royalty would be saved, and the English 
+    Catholics would be content to bide their time. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Cecil, for his part, was also anxious to see 
+    Mary back in Scotland; but not as Queen. Though regarded in Catholic circles 
+    as a desperate heretic, he was really a &lt;i&gt;politique&lt;/i&gt;, a worldly-minded 
+    man--I mean the epithet to be laudatory--and he would probably have admitted 
+    in the abstract the wisdom of Elizabeth's opinion--that it was of more 
+    importance to England to have a legitimate sovereign than a gospel religion. 
+    But he was not prepared to submit frankly to the application of this 
+    principle. His personal prospects were too deeply concerned. It was all very 
+    well for Elizabeth to lay down a principle in which she might be said to 
+    have a life-interest. She was thirteen years his junior; but she might 
+    easily predecease him; and, with Mary on the throne, his power would 
+    certainly go, and, not improbably, his head with it. It was not in human 
+    nature, therefore, that he should cherish the principle of primogeniture as 
+    his mistress did; and, as far as his dread of her displeasure would allow 
+    him, he was always casting about for some means of defeating Mary's 
+    reversion. Her sudden plunge into crime was to him a turn of good fortune 
+    beyond his dreams. If he could have had his will she would have been 
+    promptly handed over to the Regent on the understanding that she was to be 
+    consigned to perpetual imprisonment, or, still better, to the scaffold.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In order to carry out her plan, Elizabeth 
+    called on Mary and the Regent to submit their respective cases to a 
+    Commission, consisting of the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Sussex, and Sir 
+    Ralph Sadler. Mary was extremely reluctant, as she well might be, to face 
+    any investigation; but she was told that, until her character was formally 
+    cleared, she could not be admitted to Elizabeth's presence; and she was at 
+    the same time privately assured that her restoration should, in any case, be 
+    managed without any damage to her honour. Moray received an equally positive 
+    assurance that if his sister was proved guilty, she should not be restored. 
+    The two statements were not absolutely irreconcilable, because Elizabeth 
+    intended to prevent the worst charges from being openly proved. Her sole 
+    object--and we can hardly blame her--was to obtain security for herself and 
+    her own kingdom. She did not wish the Queen of Scots to be proved a 
+    murderess in open court; but she did desire that the charge should be made, 
+    and also that the Commissioners should see the originals of the casket 
+    letters. Any public disclosure of the evidence might be prevented, and some 
+    sort of ambiguous acquittal pronounced, on grounds which all the world would 
+    see to be nugatory: such, for instance, as the culprit's own solemn denial 
+    of the charge; which was, in fact, the only answer Mary intended to make. 
+    What was known to the Commissioners would come to be more or less known to 
+    all persons of influence in England, and would surely discredit Mary to such 
+    a degree that even her warmest partisans would cease to conspire in her 
+    favour. Mary herself (so Elizabeth hoped), when made aware that this 
+    terrible weapon was in reserve, and could at any moment be used against her, 
+    would be permanently humbled and crippled, and would be glad to accept such 
+    terms as Elizabeth would impose. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Commissioners opened their court at York 
+    (October 1568). But they had not been sitting long before Elizabeth 
+    discovered that Norfolk was scheming to marry Mary, and that the project was 
+    approved by many of the English nobility. Their purpose was not, as yet, 
+    disloyal. They thought that, married to the head of the English peerage, and 
+    residing in England, Mary would have to give up her plots with France, while 
+    her presence would strengthen the Conservative party, which desired to keep 
+    up the old alliance with Spain, and looked for the re-establishment sooner 
+    or later of the old religion. This scheme, though not disloyal, was 
+    extremely alarming to Elizabeth. Norfolk was nominally a Protestant. But she 
+    had placed him on the Commission as a representative of the Conservative 
+    party, believing that, while he would lend himself to hushing up Mary's 
+    guilt, his eyes would be opened to her real character. Yet here he was, like 
+    the Hamiltons, Campbells, and Douglases, ready to take her with her smirched 
+    reputation, simply for the chance of her two crowns. It was not a case of 
+    love, for he had never seen her. He seems to have been staggered for a 
+    moment by the sight of the casket letters, and to have doubted whether it 
+    was for his honour or even his safety to marry such a woman. But in the end, 
+    as we shall see, he swallowed his scruples. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On discovering Norfolk's intrigue, Elizabeth 
+    hastily revoked the Commission, and ordered another investigation to be held 
+    by the most important peers and statesmen of England. The casket letters and 
+    the depositions were submitted to them. Mary's able and zealous advocate, 
+    the Bishop of Ross, could say nothing except that his mistress had sent him 
+    on the supposition that Moray was to be the defendant: let her appear in 
+    person before the Queen, and she would give reasons why Moray ought not to 
+    be allowed to advance any charges against her. To make no better answer than 
+    this was virtually to admit that the charges against her were unanswerable.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was thought that she was now sufficiently 
+    frightened to be ready to accept Elizabeth's terms, and they were 
+    unofficially communicated to her. Her return to Scotland was no longer 
+    contemplated, for Moray had absolutely declined to charge her openly with 
+    the murder or produce the letters unless she were detained in England. But 
+    in order to get rid of the revolutionary proceedings at Loch Leven she 
+    herself, as it were of her own free will, and on the ground that she was 
+    weary of government, was to confer the crown on her son and the regency on 
+    Moray. James was to be educated in England. She herself was to reside in 
+    England as long as Elizabeth should find it convenient. It was not mentioned 
+    in the communication, but it was probably intended, that she should marry 
+    some Englishman of no political importance, in order to produce more 
+    children who would succeed James if, as was likely enough, he should die in 
+    his infancy. If she would accept these conditions the charges against her 
+    should be &amp;quot;committed to perpetual silence;&amp;quot; if not, the trial must go on, 
+    and the verdict could not be doubtful (December 1568). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A woman less daring and less keen-sighted 
+    than Mary would assuredly, at this point, have given up the game, and 
+    thankfully accepted the conditions offered. They would not have prevented 
+    her from ascending the English throne if she had outlived Elizabeth. But 
+    that was a delay which she had always scouted as intolerable, and she was 
+    one to whom life was worth nothing if it meant defeat, retirement, even for 
+    a time, from the public scene, and the abandonment of long-cherished 
+    ambitions. Moreover her quick wit had divined that Elizabeth was using a 
+    threat which she did not mean to put into execution. There would be no 
+    verdict--not even any publication to the world of the evidence. Guilty 
+    therefore as she was, and aware that her guilt could be proved, she coolly 
+    faced &amp;quot;the great extremities&amp;quot; at which Elizabeth had hinted, and rejected 
+    the conditions. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Perhaps even Mary's daring would have 
+    flinched from this bold game but for a quarrel between Elizabeth and Philip, 
+    to be mentioned presently. Hitherto Philip, much to his credit, had declined 
+    to interfere in Mary's behalf. To him, as to every one else, Catholic as 
+    well as Protestant, her guilt seemed evident. She had been only a scandal 
+    and embarrassment to the Catholic cause. But if there was to be war with 
+    England, every enemy of Elizabeth was a weapon to be used. Accordingly he 
+    now began, though reluctantly, to think of helping the Queen of Scots, and 
+    even of marrying her to his brother Don John of Austria. With the prospect 
+    of such backing it was not wonderful that she declined to own herself 
+    beaten. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's calculations, though reasonable, 
+    were thus disappointed. The inquiry was dropped without any decision. The 
+    Regent was sent home with a small sum of money, and Mary remained in England 
+    (January 1569). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfive.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    V: Aristocratic Plots: 1568-1572&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082623&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082623&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0192.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0192.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0192.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The coronations of King Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon, 1509</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0192fd262ce3b45d11d58e8a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0192.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">h8crown.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/h8crown.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1509: The coronations of King Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon&quot; width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;114&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry VIII was born on 28 June 1491, the second son of King 
+      Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; He was originally destined to be 
+      archbishop of Canterbury, but his older brother, Prince Arthur, died in 
+      1502, shortly after marrying the Spanish princess Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And so Henry became king of England at the age of 18.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry married his brother's widow mere weeks after his 
+      father died.&amp;nbsp; He claimed it had been Henry VII's dying wish, but this 
+      is doubtful.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's plight appealed to Henry's chivalric 
+      streak; he respected and admired her.&amp;nbsp; They were married for over 
+      twenty years and, for a long while, were happy together.&amp;nbsp; But the 
+      lack of a male heir and increasingly different lifestyles led to an 
+      emotional separation; not surprisingly, Henry became infatuated with 
+      another, much younger woman.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry and Katharine were married on 11 June 1509 and 
+      crowned together at Westminster Abbey on the 24th.&amp;nbsp; Over the next 
+      nine years, Katharine bore six children, only one of whom survived.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Her marriage to Henry was annulled against her will in 1533 and she died 
+      three years later.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The following day being a Sunday, and also Midsummer's Day, the noble 
+    prince with his queen left the palace for Westminster Abbey at the appointed 
+    hour.&amp;nbsp; The barons of the Cinq Ports held canopies over the royal couple 
+    who trod on striped cloth of ray, which was immediately cut up by the crowd 
+    when they had entered the abbey.&amp;nbsp; Inside, according to sacred tradition 
+    and ancient custom, his grace and the queen were anointed and crowned by the 
+    archbishop of Canterbury in the presence of other prelates of the realm and 
+    the nobility and a large number of civic dignitaries.&amp;nbsp; The people were 
+    asked if they would take this most noble prince as their king and obey him.&amp;nbsp; 
+    With great reverence, love and willingness they responded with the cry 'Yea, 
+    Yea'. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;When the ceremony was finished, the lords spiritual and temporal paid homage 
+to the king and, with the queen's permission, returned to Westminster Hall - 
+each one beneath his canopy - where the lord marshal bearing his staff of office 
+ushered all to their seats.&amp;nbsp; Each noble and lord proceeded to his allotted 
+place arranged earlier according to seniority.&amp;nbsp; The nine-piece table being 
+set with the king's estate seated on the right and the queen's estate on the 
+left, the first course of the banquet was announced with a fanfare.&amp;nbsp; At the 
+sound the duke of Buckingham entered riding a huge charger covered with richly 
+embroidered trappings, together with the lord steward mounted on a horse decked 
+with cloth of gold.&amp;nbsp; The two of them led in the banquet which was truly 
+sumptuous, and as well as a great number of delicacies also included unusual 
+heraldic devices and mottoes.
+&lt;p&gt;How can I describe the abundance of fine and delicate fare prepared for this 
+magnificent and lordly feast, produced both abroad and in the many and various 
+parts of this realm to which God has granted his bounty.&amp;nbsp; Or indeed the 
+exemplary execution of the service of the meal itself, the clean handling and 
+distribution of the food and the efficient ordering of the courses, such that no 
+person of any estate lacked for anything.
+&lt;p&gt;.....
+&lt;p&gt;The following day the aforementioned defending team, lady Pallas's scholars, 
+presented themselves before the king ready for the tourney.&amp;nbsp; All on 
+horseback and armed from head to foot they each had one side of their 
+armor-skirts and horse-trappings made of white velvet embroidered with gold 
+roses and other devices, and the other made of green velvet embroidered with 
+gold pomegranates.&amp;nbsp; On their headpieces each wore a plume of gold damask.
+&lt;p&gt;At the same time the other side rode in, the aforementioned eight knights 
+fully armed and dressed, like their mounts, in green satin embroidered with fine 
+golden bramble branches.&amp;nbsp; Following them, blowing horns, came a number of 
+men dressed as foresters or gamekeepers in green cloth, with caps and hose to 
+match, who arranged a set like a park with white and green fencing around it.&amp;nbsp; 
+Inside this paddock were fallow deer and artificial trees, bushes, ferns, and so 
+forth.&amp;nbsp; Once set up before the queen the paddock gates were unlocked and 
+the deer ran out into the palace grounds.&amp;nbsp; Greyhounds were then let loose 
+which killed the deer, the bodies of which were then presented to the queen and 
+the assembled ladies by the above-mentioned knights.
+&lt;p&gt;Crocheman, who had brought in the golden lance the previous day, then 
+declared that his knights were the servants of the goddess Diana and whilst they 
+had been indulging in their pastime of hunting had received news that lady 
+Pallas's knights had come into these parts to perform feats of arms.&amp;nbsp; 
+Thereupon they had left off the chase and come hither to encounter these nights 
+and to fight with them for the love of the ladies.
+&lt;p&gt;He added that if lady Pallas's knights vanquished them or forced them to 
+leave the field of battle then they would receive the deer that had been killed 
+and the greyhounds that slew them.&amp;nbsp; But if Diana's knights overpowers their 
+opponents they were to be given the swords of those knights and nothing more.
+&lt;p&gt;Hearing this, the queen and her ladies asked the king for his advice on the 
+matter.&amp;nbsp; The king, thinking that perhaps there was some grudge between the 
+two parties and believing that to grant the request might lead to some 
+unpleasantness, decided not to consent to these terms.&amp;nbsp; Instead, to defuse 
+the situation, it was decided that both parties should fight the tourney but 
+that only a limited number of strokes would be permitted.
+&lt;p&gt;This was done and the two sides then left the field.&amp;nbsp; The jousts then 
+came to an end and the prizes were awarded to each man according to his deserts.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082593&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082593&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9769</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10707efb2c8a0005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on.... Are you trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  1495&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  1503&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Louis XII of France&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  the Mirror of Naples&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Holyrood House&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  in battle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Thomas Wolsey &amp; Catherine Courtenay&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  he was her grandson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  she was her granddaughter&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. she married without the king's consent&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=6&gt;Tudor Quizzes:  &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+2&gt;The Sisters of Henry VIII&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Princesses Margaret &amp;amp; Mary Tudor&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=606 border=0 height=&quot;671&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+
+      
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. What year was Princess Mary born?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1494&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1495&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1496&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1497&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2. In what year did Princess Margaret marry 
+
+      the King of Scots?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1503&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1505&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1507&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1510&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Who was Mary's first 
+
+    husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Francis I of 
+
+        France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles of Castile&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Louis X of 
+
+        France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Louis XII of France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; What famous jewel did Mary's husband 
+
+      send her as a gift?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the Mirror of 
+
+        Naples&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Queen's Sapphire&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Jewel of 
+
+        the Seine&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Eleanor of Aquitaine's wedding 
+
+      ring&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Where did Margaret wed her first 
+
+      husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Greenwich 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Holyrood 
+
+        House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Berwick Abbey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. How did Margaret's first husband 
+
+    die?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;of a 
+
+        seizure&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;of syphilis&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he killed 
+
+        himself&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;in battle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;92&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Who were the godparents of Mary's first 
+
+      son, Henry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;92&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry VIII &amp;amp; Catherine 
+
+        of Aragon&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Wolsey &amp;amp; Catherine 
+
+        Courtenay&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry VIII &amp;amp; Anne 
+
+        Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Wolsey &amp;amp; Margaret de la 
+
+      Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;97&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Mary queen of Scots was Margaret 
+
+      Tudor's granddaughter.&amp;nbsp; She chose Henry Stuart, earl of Darnley, as 
+
+      her second husband.&amp;nbsp; How was he related to Margaret Tudor?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;97&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;he was her 
+
+        great-nephew&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was her 
+
+        great-grandson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was her grandson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he 
+
+        was not a blood relation&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. How was Lady Jane Grey related to Princess 
+
+      Mary Tudor?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she was her 
+
+        granddaughter&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was her 
+
+        great-granddaughter&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was not related to 
+
+        Mary&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was her great-niece&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Margaret's granddaughter Arabella Stuart 
+
+      was imprisoned and died in the Tower of London for what crime?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she poisoned her 
+
+        husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she had a child out of 
+
+        wedlock&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she insulted Queen Anne&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she 
+
+        married without the king's consent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082614&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082614&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1072.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1072.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1072.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10204</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz - Catherine Howard</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10723efb2c8a0021</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1072.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on.... You can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#101040' text='#FFFFFF'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Ford Madox Ford&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  silver&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Anne Boleyn&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  twenty-three&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Lady Margaret Douglas&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  rape and murder&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  dismissed it as a forgery&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Oatlands Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Hampton Court Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. No Other Will Than His&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #800000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#800000 aLink=#000000 link=#800000 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+2&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt; 
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=849 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=625 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=70&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Who wrote 
+
+      'The Fifth Queen', a fictionalized account of Catherine's 
+
+    life?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=70&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Victoria Holt&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ford Madox 
+
+        Ford&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jean Plaidy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ruth 
+
+      Rendell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=65&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;2. What 
+
+      color gown did Queen Catherine prefer to dance in?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=65&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;dark 
+
+        green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=82&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      Lady Rochford was executed along with Catherine.&amp;nbsp; She had been the 
+
+      sister-in-law of which of Henry's former wives?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=82&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne 
+
+        Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=74&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      Catherine's paternal grandfather sired how many children?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=74&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;seven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;twelve&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;nineteen&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;twenty-three&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=65&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Which of 
+
+      Henry VIII's nieces had&amp;nbsp; affairs with two Howard 
+
+    cousins?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=65&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady 
+
+        Margaret Douglas&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Eleanor 
+
+        Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Frances Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady 
+
+        Arabella Stuart&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=84&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Two years 
+
+      before he was executed for adultery with the queen, Thomas Culpeper was 
+
+      accused of what crimes?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=84&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;treason&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;counterfeiting 
+
+        money&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;rape and murder&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;theft and 
+
+        assault&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=112&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. On 1 
+
+      November 1541, Henry VIII was given a letter detailing Catherine's 
+
+      adultery.&amp;nbsp; What was his immediate reaction?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=112&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;he 
+
+        ordered her arrest&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he dismissed the letter as a 
+
+        forgery&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he confronted Catherine 
+
+        personally&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he dismissed her 
+
+    household&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=360 height=59&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+      face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Where were Catherine &amp;amp; Henry VIII 
+
+      married on 28 July 1540?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=237 height=59&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Greenwich Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Oatlands Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nonsuch 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=67&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Catherine 
+
+      spent her only New Year's holiday as queen at what palace?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=67&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Hampton Court Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Greenwich 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=51&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. What was 
+
+      Catherine's motto?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=51&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;The 
+
+        Most Happy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Bound to Obey and Serve&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;The 
+
+        Rose Without a Thorn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;No Other Will Than 
+
+      His&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;questions &amp;amp; answers taken from the following sources 
+
+-&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;LB Smith, A Tuudor Tragedy: The Life and Times of 
+
+Catherine Howard&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;&amp;amp; Antonia Fraser, The Wives of 
+
+Henry VIII&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082615&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082615&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1073.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1073.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1073.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9284</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Thomas Cranmer</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f1073fefb2c8a003d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1073.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Jesus&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  he married&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  eight years&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  1533&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Josiah&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  1549&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  13 Nov 1553&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Reginald Pole &lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Juan de Villagarcia&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. burned at the stake&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #0000ff}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=#000000 size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=#000000 
+
+size=+2&gt;Thomas Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=554 border=0 height=&quot;792&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At which Cambridge 
+
+      college did Cranmer study&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+      face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;St&amp;nbsp; 
+
+        John's&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Trinity&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jesus&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Magdalene&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Which event forced 
+
+      Cranmer to forfeit his college fellowship?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;he 
+
+        married&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;his father died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he failed 
+
+        exams&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he suffered a breakdown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. How long did it take for Cranmer 
+
+      to receive his BA?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;two 
+
+        years&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;five years&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;eight 
+
+        years&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;ten years&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;When was Cranmer 
+
+      appointed archbishop of Canterbury?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1531&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1535&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1537&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. At Edward VI's coronation, 
+
+      Cranmer compared him to which Biblical figure?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;David&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Solomon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Moses&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Josiah&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;71&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;In what year did use of 
+
+      Cranmer's new &lt;I&gt;Book of Common Prayer&lt;/I&gt;&amp;nbsp; become 
+
+      compulsory?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;71&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1547&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1549&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1551&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. On what date was Cranmer formally 
+
+      charged with treason at Guildhall?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;13 Nov 
+
+        1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 Nov 1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;14 Dec 
+
+        1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 Feb 1554&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. Who replaced Cranmer 
+
+      as archbishop of Canterbury?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Stephen 
+
+        Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John, Lord Lumley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Reginald 
+
+        Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward Courtenay&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;69&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. Which Spanish friar accompanied 
+
+      Cranmer to his execution on 21 March 1556?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;69&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Juan de 
+
+        Villagarcia&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pedro de Villanova&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Eustace 
+
+        Chapuys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pietro Carmeliano&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;10.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How was Cranmer 
+
+      executed?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;beheaded&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;hanged&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;poisoned&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;burned 
+
+        at the stake&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to 
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082615&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082615&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1075.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1075.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1075.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9501</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f1075befb2c8a0059</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1075.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Greenwich&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  New Year's Day 1511&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  1520&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Leo X&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  None&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Thomas Cranmer&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Stephen Gardiner&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Whitehall&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  constable of Dover Castle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Jane Seymour&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #800000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=#000000 size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; 
+
+color=#000000 size=+2&gt;King Henry VIII&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=721 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=556 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=58&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At 
+
+      which Palace was Henry born on 28 June 1491?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=58&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Hampton 
+
+        Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Greenwich&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Oatlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=39&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;When was Henry's first son born?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=39&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;New 
+
+        Year's Day 1511&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Christmas 1511&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;New 
+
+        Year's Day 1514&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Christmas 1510&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=82&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. The Field of 
+
+      the Cloth of Gold, the famous meeting between Henry and Francis I of 
+
+      France, was held in what year?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=82&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1517&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1518&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1519&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1520&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=58&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;Henry was given the title Fidei Defensor by which pope?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=58&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Julius 
+
+        II&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Leo X&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Paul 
+
+        XII&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Clement VII&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=47&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. How many 
+
+      wives did Henry divorce?&lt;FONT size=+2&gt;*&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=47&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;None&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Two&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Three&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Four&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=60&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who 
+
+      broke the news of Catherine Howard's adultery to Henry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=60&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the duke 
+
+        of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duke of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=77&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. Who wed Henry 
+
+      to his last wife, Katharine Parr?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=77&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John Fisher&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen 
+
+        Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;William Warham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=355 height=69&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. 
+
+      After Wolsey's fall from grace, Henry took over the Cardinal's home of 
+
+      York Place.&amp;nbsp; What did Henry rename the palace?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=184 height=69&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Hampton Court 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nonsuch&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Oatlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Whitehall&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=62&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. On 5 April 
+
+      1493, the toddler Henry received his first official office.&amp;nbsp; What was 
+
+      it?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=62&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;constable of Dover Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord of the 
+
+        North&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;constable of Calais&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;sheriff of 
+
+        Leicester&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=49&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. Which wife 
+
+      is buried beside Henry VIII?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=49&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Katharine 
+
+        Parr&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;P&gt;*&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fquizstuff.html&quot;&gt;click here for a 
+
+brief discussion of&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fquizstuff.html&quot;&gt;the answer to question 
+
+five&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082616&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082616&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1077.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1077.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1077.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10259</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: General History</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10777efb2c8a0075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1077.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  1513&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  23 April&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Countess of Oxford&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  duc d'Longueville&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  fornication&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  royalty, dukes &amp; marquesses&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Lord Willoughby d'Eresby&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  none&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  France and the Papacy&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Jericho House at Blackmore&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #990000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;: &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;General 
+
+History&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=977 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=587 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=82&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;What 
+
+      year did Bessie Blount (mother of Henry VIII's illegitimate son, Henry 
+
+      Fitzroy) come to court?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=82&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1513&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1515&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1517&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1519&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=66&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;On what day was Henry VIII's 'official' birthday 
+
+    celebrated?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=66&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;28 
+
+        June&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;19 February&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 
+
+        April&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;15 August&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=123&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. Before her 
+
+      marriage to the King of France, Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor was 
+
+      betrothed to the Archduke Charles of Austria, Prince of Castile. Who was 
+
+      appointed her chief lady-in-waiting?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=123&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Duchess 
+
+        of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Countess of Norwich&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Countess 
+
+        of Oxford&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Duchess of Buckingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=94&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;On 13 August 1514, Mary Tudor was married by proxy to Louis XII of 
+
+      France. Who stood in for the king at the ceremony? &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=94&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;dauphin 
+
+        Francis&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duc d'Anjou&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duc 
+
+        d'Angouleme&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duc d'Longueville&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=108&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. In 1515, 
+
+      Fray Diego Fernandez, Katharine of Aragon's Spanish confessor, was sent 
+
+      from court. Of what charge had an ecclesiastical court convicted 
+
+      him?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=108&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;heresy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;fornication&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;murder&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;sedition&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=64&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At 
+
+      Henry VIII's court, who was allowed to wear cloth of gold?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=64&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;royalty, 
+
+        dukes and marquesses&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;royalty and 
+
+        dukes&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;royalty&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;anyone who could afford 
+
+        it&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=97&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. Maria de 
+
+      Salinas was Katharine of Aragon's favorite lady-in-waiting. In June 1516, 
+
+      she married which English gentleman?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=97&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lord 
+
+        Howard of Parham Park&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duke of 
+
+        Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord Penham d'Este&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord 
+
+        Willoughby d'Eresby&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=342 height=59&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. 
+
+      After 1517, how many more times did Henry VIII see his older sister 
+
+      Margaret?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=217 height=59&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;none&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;once&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;twice&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;all 
+
+        the time&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=81&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. In 1518, 
+
+      England signed the 'Treaty of Universal and Perpetual Peace' with which 
+
+      countries?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=81&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Spain 
+
+        and the Low Countries&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;France and 
+
+        Spain&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;France and the Papacy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;France and 
+
+        Scotland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=83&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. Where was 
+
+      Henry VIII's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, born?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=83&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Eltham 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jericho House at 
+
+        Blackmore&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Penshurst Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Riding Manor 
+
+        in Durham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- row 01 --&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;FONT size=2&gt;Some of these questions are extra 
+
+hard, simply to give Tudor enthusiasts a challenge.&amp;nbsp; All answers can be 
+
+verified in Weir's 'Henry VIII: The King and His 
+
+Court.'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082616&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082616&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1079.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1079.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1079.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: General History</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10793efb2c8a0091</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1079.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  12 April 1533&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Lady Mary Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  blue and purple&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Lord Mountjoy&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  26 August&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  never&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Princess Mary Tudor&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  8 August 1540&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Stephen Gardiner&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;: &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;General 
+
+History&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+color=#000000&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=642 border=0 height=&quot;844&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;On 4 September 1532, Anne 
+
+      Boleyn was titled Marquess of Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; What color gown did she wear 
+
+      to the ceremony at Windsor Castle?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;purple&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;cloth of 
+
+        gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;73&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;On what day did Anne 
+
+      Boleyn appear in public as Queen of England for the first time? &lt;FONT 
+
+      size=2&gt;(Please note - I'm not asking for the coronation 
+
+      date!)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;73&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;2 April 
+
+        1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;10 April 1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 April 
+
+        1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;22 April 1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. Which lady of the court carried 
+
+      the train of her gown during that appearance?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Anne 
+
+        Bassett&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Duchess of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Mary 
+
+        Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Duchess of Buckingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;What color livery 
+
+      did Anne's servants wear? &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;green and 
+
+        yellow&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green and blue&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;yellow and 
+
+        red&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;blue and purple&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. On 3 July 1533, who was sent to 
+
+      Ampthill to tell Katharine of Aragon that Henry VIII had married Anne 
+
+      Boleyn and that she must relinquish her title of Queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lord 
+
+        Mountjoy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord Taillyboys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of 
+
+        Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;On what day in 1533 did 
+
+      Anne enter confinement, awaiting the birth of her first 
+
+    child?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;15 August&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;26 
+
+        August&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1 September&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;5 
+
+      September&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;113&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. On 2 June 1536, Henry VIII dined 
+
+      in public with Jane Seymour for the first time; they had married on 30 
+
+      May.&amp;nbsp; But when was Jane's formal coronation as queen of 
+
+      England?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;113&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she was never 
+
+        crowned&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;5 June 1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;15 August 
+
+        1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 December 1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. Who was chief mourner 
+
+      at Jane Seymour's funeral obsequies?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Margaret 
+
+        Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Stanhope&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. On what day was Henry's marriage 
+
+      to Catherine Howard made public?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 August 
+
+        1540&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 August 1540&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 December 
+
+        1540&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;it was never officially 
+
+  announced&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. Who preached the sermon at Henry 
+
+      VIII's funeral?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Reginald 
+
+        Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas 
+
+More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- row 01 --&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;FONT size=2&gt;Some of these questions are extra 
+
+hard, simply to give Tudor enthusiasts a challenge.&amp;nbsp; All answers can be 
+
+verified in Weir's 'Henry VIII: The King and His 
+
+Court.'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082617&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082617&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f107a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f107a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f107a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Lady Jane Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f107afefb2c8a00ad</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f107a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  green and white&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Guilford&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  her father&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Katharine Parr&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Durham House&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Dr John Feckenham&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Mary, Elizabeth, Jane&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  2000 pounds&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  marquess of Dorset&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. three weeks&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;: &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;&lt;B&gt;Lady Jane Grey&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=692 border=0 height=&quot;887&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At Jane Grey's 
+
+      coronation, her husband Guilford wore white, gold and silver.&amp;nbsp; What 
+
+      colors were Jane's bodice and kirtle?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;purple and cloth 
+
+        of gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green and white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson and 
+
+        cloth of silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson and white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;During the 
+
+      first three days of her reign, Jane did not attend any council 
+
+      meetings.&amp;nbsp; Who sat in her place at the head of the council 
+
+      table?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;John Dudley, duke 
+
+        of Northumberland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry Grey, duke of 
+
+        Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of 
+
+        Canterbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Guilford Dudley, her 
+
+    husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. On 19 July 1553, who 
+
+      came to to the Tower and told Jane she was no longer queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her 
+
+        husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her mother&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her 
+
+        mother-in-law&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her father&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;In 1548, 
+
+      Jane acted as chief mourner at whose funeral? &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her sister 
+
+        Mary&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her sister Catherine&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her guardian 
+
+        Katharine Parr&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. Where did Jane wed 
+
+      Guilford Dudley on 25 May 1553?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Durham 
+
+        House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Syon House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sheen 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Tower of London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who did Queen 
+
+      Mary send to the Tower in an attempt to convert Jane before her 
+
+      execution?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Sir John 
+
+        Brydges&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Dr John Feckenham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen 
+
+        Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Roger Ascham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. According to Henry 
+
+      VIII's will, if Edward VI died without issue, how would the line of 
+
+      succession proceed?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Mary Tudor, 
+
+        Elizabeth Tudor, Jane Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Tudor, Elizabeth Tudor, 
+
+        Mary Stuart&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane Grey, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth 
+
+        Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Tudor, Elizabeth Tudor, Edward 
+
+        Courtenay&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=384 height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. How much 
+
+      money did Thomas Seymour pay to Jane's parents for her wardship and 
+
+      marriage?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=280 height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;500 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1000 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;2000 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;5000 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. Before he received the 
+
+      title duke of Suffolk, what title did Jane's father hold?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;earl of 
+
+        Oxford&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;marquess of Pembroke&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord High 
+
+        Admiral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;marquess of Dorset&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. How long did Jane's 
+
+      mother wait after her husband's execution before marrying again (to Adrian 
+
+      Stokes)?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;three 
+
+        weeks&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;five weeks&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;six 
+
+        weeks&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;two 
+
+months&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;to the Lady Jane 
+
+Grey site&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082617&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082617&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f107c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f107c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f107c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10446</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Elizabeth I and Mary, queen of Scots</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f107cbefb2c8a00c9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f107c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  nine&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  five&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  ear infection&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  duke of Orkney&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  he was strangled&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Thomas Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  free Mary from captivity&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  debate&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  the Casket Letters&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Essay on Adversity&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+   &lt;/script&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #990000}
+
+   &lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/head&gt;
+
+&lt;body text=&quot;#000000&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; link=&quot;#990000&quot; vlink=&quot;#990000&quot; alink=&quot;#000000&quot; background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+3&gt;Tudor
+
+Quizzes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;Elizabeth I and Mary, queen of
+
+Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&lt;form name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Mary, queen of Scots in 1565&quot; BORDER=2 width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH=&quot;668&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;1395&quot; &gt;
+
+&lt;caption&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/caption&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;1.
+
+How old was Elizabeth when Mary Stewart was born?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;five&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;eight&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;nine&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;eleven&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;89&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;2.
+
+How old was Mary Stewart when she left Scotland and sailed to France as
+
+the betrothed of the dauphin?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;89&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;four&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;five&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;ten&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;twelve&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;106&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;3.
+
+In 1560, Mary's first husband Francois died.&amp;nbsp; What was the cause of
+
+death?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;106&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;syphilis&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;broken
+
+neck&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;sweating sickness&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;ear infection&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;112&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;4.What
+
+title did Mary give Bothwell a few days before their wedding in 1567?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;112&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;duke
+
+of Edinburgh&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;duke of Orkney&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;duke of Leith&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;duke
+
+of Glasgow&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;160&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;5.
+
+In February 1567, the home of Mary's second husband Darnley was blown up.&amp;nbsp;
+
+However, Darnley's body was found in the garden; he had escaped from the
+
+house.&amp;nbsp; What was the real cause of his death?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;160&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;he
+
+was strangled&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;he was poisoned&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;he was stabbed&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;he
+
+was shot&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;111&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;6.
+
+In 1571, Mary planned to marry which cousin of Elizabeth's in connection
+
+with the 'Ridolfi Plot'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;111&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Francis
+
+Knollys&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;William Carey&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Thomas Howard&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Thomas
+
+Parry&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;186&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;7.
+
+In 1567, Mary was imprisoned by her Scottish enemies.&amp;nbsp; When she heard
+
+the news, Elizabeth wrote to the captors.&amp;nbsp; What did she tell them?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;186&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;they
+
+must free Mary from captivity&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;they must keep Mary imprisoned
+
+indefinitely&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;they must exile Mary to France&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;they
+
+must exile Mary to England&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;8.
+
+In a letter written in 1569, Elizabeth referred to Mary as 'the daughter
+
+of' what?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;strife&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;wrath&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;discord&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;debate&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;209&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;9.
+
+In 1569, a collection of letters supposedly written by Mary and her third
+
+husband Bothwell were presented at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; They offered conclusive
+
+proof that Mary and Bothwell had plotted Darnley's murder.&amp;nbsp; These
+
+letters had a nickname; what was it?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;209&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;the
+
+Edinburgh Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;the Casket Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;the
+
+Coffer Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;the Caisson Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;146&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;10.
+
+In 1580, Mary wrote an essay which included this observation on monarchs
+
+- 'Tribulation has been to them as a furnace to fine gold - a means of
+
+proving their virtue.'&amp;nbsp; What was this essay called?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;146&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Essay
+
+on Imprisonment&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Essay on the Cares of Kingdoms&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Essay
+
+on Adversity&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Essay on the Virtue of Monarchy&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;input onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;input onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/form&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;!-- row 01 --&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082618&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082618&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f107e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f107e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f107e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10618</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz - Queen Mary I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f107e7efb2c8a00e5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f107e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on.... You can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#101040' text='#FFFFFF'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Reginald&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Naples&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  blue and green&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  countess of Arundel&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Prudent&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Philip left for Flanders&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  countess of Lennox&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  he was put under house arrest&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. her unborn child&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #800000}
+
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#800000 aLink=#000000 link=#800000 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+2&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt; 
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=1214 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=625 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=139&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. The 
+
+    countess of Salisbury was Mary's governess; she was  executed by King 
+
+    Henry VIII in 1541.&amp;nbsp; When she became queen, Mary summoned the countess' 
+
+    eldest son 
+
+    home to England.&amp;nbsp; What was his name?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=139&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Reginald&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ambrose&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Robert&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=116&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;2. When Philip 
+
+    of Spain arrived in England to marry Mary I, he was a mere prince.&amp;nbsp; But 
+
+    the night before the wedding, his father titled him king of....?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=116&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Ghent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Netherlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Naples&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sicily&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=82&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; What 
+
+    were the colors of Mary's livery?&amp;nbsp; (In other words, what colors did her 
+
+    servants/attendants wear?)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=82&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;crimson and white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green and gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;white and silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;blue and green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=146&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      Three women rode at Mary's side on the way to the Tower to prepare for her 
+
+    coronation.&amp;nbsp; Two were the marchioness of Exeter and the 
+
+    marchioness of Winchester.&amp;nbsp; Who was the third?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=146&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;countess of Arundel&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Princess Elizabeth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duchess of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duchess of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=99&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. In the 
+
+    above procession, Princess Elizabeth and Anne of Cleves wore cloth of 
+
+    silver.&amp;nbsp; What color did all other noblewomen and the members of Mary's 
+
+    household wear?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=99&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;black&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=83&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Mary's 
+
+    future husband was known as Philip the....?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=83&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Good&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Silent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Proud&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Prudent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=138&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Mary 
+
+    believed she was pregnant until late July 1555.&amp;nbsp; Finally recognizing 
+
+    she was not, she left Hampton Court Palace for Oatlands.&amp;nbsp; A month 
+
+    later, another event saddened the queen.&amp;nbsp; What was it?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=138&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her close friend Susan Clarencieux died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Philip left for Flanders&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Katharine of Aragon's tomb was defaced&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;a London mob burned Mary's portrait&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=360 height=42&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+      face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Who was the chief mourner at Mary's 
+
+    funeral?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=237 height=42&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;the marchioness of Exeter&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duchess of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the countess of Lennox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duchess of Feria&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=141&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. The bishop of Winchester preached Mary's funeral sermon 
+
+    on 12 December 1558.&amp;nbsp; What happened to him the next day?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=141&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;he died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was put under house arrest&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was sent to the Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was appointed archbishop of Canterbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=108&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. In 1558, 
+
+    Mary wrote her will.&amp;nbsp; To whom did she leave the throne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=108&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her half-sister, Princess Elizabeth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her husband, Philip of Spain&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her cousin, Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her unborn child&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;questions &amp;amp; answers taken from the following source 
+
+-&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;Carolly Ericksoon, Bloody Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082618&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082618&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1080.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1080.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1080.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10261</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Tudor Films</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10803efb2c8a0101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1080.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Congratulations! You're a Tudor Genius!- 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Judi Dench&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Vanessa Redgrave&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  'Lady Jane'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Glenda Jackson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Joseph Fiennes&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  'Mary, Queen of Scots'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  'Young Bess'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Fanny Ardant&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Bette Davis&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. at Katharine's bedside&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+   &lt;/script&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #0000ff}
+
+   &lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/head&gt;
+
+&lt;body text=&quot;#000000&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; link=&quot;#0000FF&quot; vlink=&quot;#0000FF&quot; alink=&quot;#000000&quot; background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+3&gt;Tudor
+
+Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;Tudor
+
+Films&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films3.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;a scene from 'Elizabeth', 1998&quot; BORDER=2 width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;231&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;form name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH=&quot;554&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;1230&quot; &gt;
+
+&lt;caption&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/caption&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;1.
+
+Which actress played Queen Elizabeth I in the film 'Shakespeare in Love'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Gwyneth
+
+Paltrow&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Cate Blanchett&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Glenda Jackson&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Judi
+
+Dench&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;2.Which
+
+actress had an unbilled cameo role as Anne Boleyn in 'A Man for All Seasons'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Genevieve
+
+Bujold&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Vanessa Redgrave&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Glenda Jackson&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Susannah
+
+York&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;3.
+
+Which of the following Tudor films was NOT nominated for the Academy Award
+
+for Best Picture?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Shakespeare
+
+in Love&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;A Man for All Seasons&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Anne of the
+
+Thousand Days&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Lady Jane&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;4.Which
+
+actress played Queen Elizabeth I in the BBC miniseries 'Elizabeth R'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;Glenda
+
+Jackson&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Imelda Staunton&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Rosalie Crutchley&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Nicola
+
+Bryant&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;5.
+
+Which actor played Robert Dudley in 'Elizabeth' and William Shakespeare
+
+in 'Shakespeare in Love'? &lt;font size=-1&gt;(see picture above)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;Geoffrey
+
+Rush&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Rupert Everett&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Joseph Fiennes&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Ralph
+
+Fiennes&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;6.
+
+All of the following Tudor films were nominated for Best Costume Design
+
+at the Academy Awards.&amp;nbsp; Which film did NOT win the award?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;Anne
+
+of the Thousand Days&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;A Man for All Seasons&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Mary,
+
+Queen of Scots&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Shakespeare in Love&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;163&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;7.
+
+In which Tudor film is Elizabeth Tudor asked, &quot;If you were queen of England,
+
+what would you do, eh?&amp;nbsp; Would you give your admiral the opportunity
+
+to do great deeds?&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;163&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Fire
+
+Over England&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Young Bess&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;The Virgin Queen&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Elizabeth
+
+R&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;8.
+
+Which of the following actresses has NOT portrayed Anne Boleyn?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Dorothy
+
+Tutin&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Genevieve Bujold&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Merle Oberon&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Fanny
+
+Ardant&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;9.
+
+Which of the following actresses has NOT portrayed Mary, queen of Scots?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Katharine
+
+Hepburn&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Vanessa Redgrave&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Bette Davis&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Vivian
+
+Pickles&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;147&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;10.
+
+Some historical liberties are taken in the film 'Anne of the Thousand Days'.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In reality, Princess Mary Tudor was at Hatfield when her mother Katharine
+
+of Aragon died.&amp;nbsp; But in the film, where is Mary when her mother dies?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;147&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;at
+
+Katharine's bedside&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;imprisoned in the Tower of London&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;serving
+
+Anne Boleyn at court&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;imprisoned at a country estate&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;input onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;input onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/form&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1 color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1 color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082618&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082618&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1230.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1230.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1230.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9383</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quizzes: The Six Thomases</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f12307efb2c8a1c05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1230.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  1523&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  earl of Southampton&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  More&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Christ Church&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Anne of Cleves&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Reginald Pole&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Wolsey&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  More&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#0000FF link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/goldback.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;The Six Thomases&lt;/u&gt;:&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Wolsey, More, Cromwell,&lt;br&gt;Howard, Wriothesley, Cranmer&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=539 border=0 height=&quot;562&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; In what year was  Cromwell&amp;nbsp; nominated for a seat in the House of Commons?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1519&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1521&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1523&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1525&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;  Wriothesley's title was....?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;earl of Southampton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of Somerset&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;
+    earl of Chester&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of Northumberland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Which of the six 
+    Thomases wrote &lt;i&gt;The History of Richard III&lt;/i&gt;?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wolsey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey endowed 
+    Cardinal's College at Oxford University; it is now called....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Corpus Christi&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Christ Church&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;All Souls&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jesus&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&amp;nbsp; Which of King Henry 
+    VIII's marriages did Cromwell arrange?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Jane Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&amp;nbsp; Which Thomas had a 
+    son who was executed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Who succeeded Cranmer as archbishop of Canterbury?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;John Whitgift&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Reginald Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;William Warham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8.&amp;nbsp; Which 
+    Thomas inspired John Skelton to write the following verse:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+    'Ye are so puffed with pride / That no man may abide / Your high and lordly 
+    looks'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wolsey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Which Thomas said of King 
+    Henry VIII, 'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold 
+    him.'&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wolsey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Which of the six Thomases was the only one to die of natural causes in his own home?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt; 
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082619&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082619&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1232.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1232.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0196/254f1232.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9912</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz 21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f12323efb2c8a1c21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215279</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1232.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You are a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Guise&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  white&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  It was traditionally worn during mourning.&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  marigold&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  dysentery&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  she thought she was pregnant&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Calais&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  she was never crowned&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Darnley asked for her hand in marriage&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Lady Fleming&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#0000FF link=#0000FF bgColor=#FFE1F0&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mary, queen of Scots: Life in France&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=725 border=0 height=&quot;542&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; Mary's relatives in 
+    France belonged to which powerful family?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Valois&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Huguenot&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;
+    Guise&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Montmorency&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; What scandalous 
+    color did Mary choose for her wedding gown?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;*This 
+    question refers, of course, to her French marriage to the dauphin Francis.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;purple&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;scarlet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. Why was this color 
+    considered so scandalous?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;it was traditionally worn by prostitutes&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;it was traditionally worn by male monarchs&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+        &lt;OPTION&gt;it was traditionally worn by the Queen Regent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;it was traditionally worn during mourning&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4. Mary chose which flower 
+    as her emblem?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;lily&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;marigold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;hyacinth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;violet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Which of the following illnesses did Mary NOT suffer from 
+    while living in France?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;'the sweat'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;dysentery&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;smallpox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;toothache&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In late summer 1560, Mary ordered the French royal court 
+    to leave Fontainebleau for St-Germain.&amp;nbsp; Why did she give the order?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her husband was seriously ill&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;she had a bitter argument with Catherine d'Medici&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was ill with smallpox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she thought she was pregnant&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. While Mary lived in 
+    France, one of her uncles recaptured which English outpost on the continent?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Boulogne&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nancy&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Calais&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Aquitaine&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Where was Mary 
+    crowned Queen of France?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was never crowned&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Rheims Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Notre-Dame Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;at the Louvre Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Mary's second  husband's name was mentioned to her while 
+    she lived in France.&amp;nbsp; In what context did Lord Darnley's name appear?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Darnley asked for restoration of family lands&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Darnley asked for her hand in marriage&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Darnley joined the Scottish rebels&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Darnley offered to escort her home to Scotland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Which governess of 
+    Mary's had an affair (and an illegitimate son) with Mary's father-in-law, 
+    King Henry II of France?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Seton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Morton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Campbell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Fleming&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to Mary, queen 
+of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082620&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082620&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10656</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, 2 December 1505</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, 2 December 1505</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019edd59d035237e0e9c4a03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+    Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon &lt;br&gt;2 December 1505&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;The following letter was written in Spanish by 
+  Katharine while she was Princess Dowager of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Katharine only wrote 
+  in English after her marriage to King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; Her mother, the famous 
+  Queen Isabella of Castile, had died in the previous year; her father was beset 
+  by diplomatic troubles, particularly with the English (he was unable to force 
+  Castilian acceptance of a trade agreement with England, which resulted in loss 
+  of money for the parsimonious King Henry VII.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In 
+  1502, Katharine's husband and Henry VII's heir, Prince Arthur, had died.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Katharine was put in an untenable position, and spent seven years of miserable 
+  widowhood in England before Arthur's brother married her.&amp;nbsp; Her father was 
+  never able to pay the full amount of her dowry to Prince Arthur.&amp;nbsp; This 
+  issue became even more pressing when she was then betrothed to Prince 
+  Henry.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand and Henry VII were equally wily monarchs, each 
+  unwilling to compromise in order to make Katharine's life in England 
+  bearable.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The marriage to Prince Henry, though 
+  formally recognized in 1504, was not to be celebrated until two years later 
+  when the prince came of age.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish ambassador Dr De Puebla had 
+  negotiated the contract, and assumed Henry VII would gladly support Katharine 
+  for those two years.&amp;nbsp; But Henry gave her barely enough money for food; 
+  she had no money to pay servants' wages or buy clothing, among other 
+  things.&amp;nbsp; She lived in extreme poverty and with a frightening lack of 
+  attention or respect.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII made it clear that if her dowry was not 
+  paid, he would renege on the marriage to Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; And Ferdinand 
+  made it clear that he lacked the funds to pay the dowry; indeed, it was not 
+  even a priority in his tumultuous life.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In this 
+  letter, Katharine mentions an 'Infanta Isabel'; this was her older sister 
+  Isabella.&amp;nbsp; She also unfairly maligns the amiable Dr De Puebla.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Katharine's duenna Dona Elvira despised De Puebla for political reasons and 
+  poisoned the young woman's mind against him.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This letter, a litany of complaints - all politely phrased - 
+  is fascinating, and offers invaluable insight into Katharine's life as 
+  Princess of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She was poor, hungry, and desperately ill; 'I shall 
+  soon die,' she wrote to her father in despair.&amp;nbsp; She survived, of course, 
+  but these conditions explain why she considered her marriage to King Henry 
+  VIII to be so miraculous.&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This letter also offers a 
+  funny glimpse into Henry VII's miserly nature.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Most high and most puissant lord, &lt;BR&gt;Hitherto I have not wished 
+    to let your highness know the affairs here, that I might not give you 
+    annoyance, and also thinking that they would improve; but it appears that 
+    the contrary is the case, and that each day my troubles increase; and all 
+    this on account of the doctor de Puebla, to whom it has not sufficed that 
+    from the beginning he transacted a thousand falsities against the service of 
+    your highness, but now he has given me new trouble; and because I believe 
+    your highness will think I complain without reason, I desire to tell you all 
+    that has passed. &lt;BR&gt;Your highness shall know, as I have often written to 
+    you, that since I came into England, I have not had a single maravedi, 
+    except a certain sum which was given me for food, and this such a sum that 
+    it did not suffice without my having many debts in London; and that which 
+    troubles me more is to see my servants and maidens so at a loss, and that 
+    they have not the wherewith to get clothes; and this I believe is all done 
+    by hand of the doctor, who, notwithstanding your highness has written, 
+    sending him word that he should have money from the king of England, my lord 
+    that their costs should be given them, yet, in order not to trouble him, 
+    will rather entrench upon and neglect the service of your highness.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Now, my lord, a few days ago, donna Elvira de Manuel asked my leave to go to 
+    Flanders to be cured of a complaint which has come into her eyes, so that 
+    she lost the sight of one of them; and there is a physician in Flanders who 
+    cured the infanta donna Isabel of the same disease which which she is 
+    affected.&amp;nbsp; She labored to bring him here so as not to leave me, but 
+    could never succeed with him; and I, since if she were blind she could not 
+    serve me, durst not hinder her journey.&amp;nbsp; I begged the king of England, 
+    my lord, that until our donna Elvira should return his highness would 
+    command that I should have, as a companion, an old English lady, or that he 
+    would take me to his court; and I imparted all this to the doctor, thinking 
+    to make of the rogue a true man; but it did not suffice me - because he not 
+    only drew me to court, in which I have some pleasure, because I had 
+    supplicated the king for an asylum, but he negotiated that the king should 
+    dismiss all my household, and take away my chamber-equipage, and send to 
+    place it in a house of his own, so that I should not in any way be mistress 
+    of it. &lt;BR&gt;And all this does not weigh upon me, except that it concerns the 
+    service of your highness, doing the contrary of that which ought to be 
+    done.&amp;nbsp; I entreat your highness that you will consider that I am your 
+    daughter, and that consent not that on account of the doctor I should have 
+    such trouble, but that you will command some ambassador to come here, who 
+    may be a true servant of your highness, and for no interest will cease to do 
+    that which pertains to your service.&amp;nbsp; And if in this your highness 
+    trusts me not, do you command some person to come here, who may inform you 
+    of the truth, and then you will have one who will better serve you.&amp;nbsp; As 
+    for me, I have had so much pain and annoyance that I have lost my health in 
+    a great measure; so that for two months I have had severe tertian fevers, 
+    and this will be the cause that I shall soon die.&amp;nbsp; I supplicate your 
+    highness to pardon me that I presume to entreat you to do me so great favor 
+    as to command that this doctor may not remain; because he certainly does not 
+    fulfill the service of your highness, which he postpones to the service of 
+    the worst interest which can be.&amp;nbsp; Our Lord guard the life and most 
+    royal estate of your highness, and ever increase it as I desire.&amp;nbsp; From 
+    Richmond, the second of December. &lt;BR&gt;My lord, I had forgotten to remind 
+    your highness how you know that it was agreed that you were to give, as a 
+    certain part of my dowry, the plate and jewels that I brought; and yet I am 
+    certain that the king of England, my lord, will not receive anything of 
+    plate nor of jewels which I have used; because he told me himself that he 
+    was indignant that they should say in his kingdom that he took away from me 
+    my ornaments.&amp;nbsp; And as little may your highness expect that he will take 
+    them in account and will return them to me; because I am certain he will not 
+    do so, nor is any such thing customary here.&amp;nbsp; In like wise the jewels 
+    which I brought from thence [Spain] valued at a&amp;nbsp; great sum.&amp;nbsp; The 
+    king would not take them in the half of the value, because here all these 
+    things are esteemed much cheaper, and the king has so many jewels that he 
+    rather desires money than them.&amp;nbsp; I write thus to your highness because 
+    I know that there will be great embarrassment if he will not receive them, 
+    except at less price.&amp;nbsp; It appears to me that it would be better if your 
+    highness should take them for yourself, and should give to the king of 
+    England, my lord, his money.&amp;nbsp; Your highness will see what would serve 
+    you best, and with this I shall be most content. &lt;BR&gt;The humble servant of 
+    your highness, who kisses your hands.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082699&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082699&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8817</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Queen Anne Boleyn to her husband, King Henry VIII, 6 May 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Anne Boleyn to her husband, King Henry VIII, 6 May 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb23f85c09ef213</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Anne Boleyn to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;6 May 1536&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+  &lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Queen Anne Boleyn&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne1.jpg&quot; width=150 align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;First of 
+  all, this letter may be a fake.&amp;nbsp; Then again, it may not.&amp;nbsp; The debate 
+  over its authenticity continues and no definitive answer is possible.&amp;nbsp; 
+  The original no longer exists; a copy was said to be found amongst Thomas 
+  Cromwell's papers after his execution.&amp;nbsp; Most of Anne's modern biographers 
+  believe it to be a forgery.&amp;nbsp; Their reason?&amp;nbsp; They don't believe any 
+  16th century prisoner would have been allowed to write to their monarch in 
+  such a familiar manner.&amp;nbsp; Yet Anne was not just any political prisoner - 
+  she was Henry VIII's wife and had been his grand passion for several 
+  years.&amp;nbsp; Locked away in the Tower, aware of the concurrent arrests of her 
+  brother and friends and worried about her young daughter, she may very well 
+  have written to the king.&amp;nbsp; She was in a desperate situation, of course, 
+  but she also believed (as witnesses attest) that Henry would be merciful and 
+  simply divorce her and send her to a convent.&amp;nbsp; She was proven wrong and 
+  executed thirteen days after this letter was supposedly written.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In debating the authenticity, another point to consider is 
+  Anne's personality.&amp;nbsp; Her combative temperament was well-documented by her 
+  contemporaries; they observed with awe that she dared to chastise and insult 
+  the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII himself commented upon her boldness.&amp;nbsp; It had probably helped to attract his attention.&amp;nbsp;  But the appeal of such a passionate 
+  and emotional woman did not hold him forever.&amp;nbsp; By the end of their 
+  relationship, Henry was comparing her to a shrew and warned her to hold her 
+  tongue in his presence.&amp;nbsp; His next wife was the very quiet and meek Jane 
+  Seymour, and a more glaring contrast to Anne Boleyn cannot be imagined.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;If Anne had written a letter to Henry from her prison, it 
+  would undoubtedly read exactly like this one.&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;As to 
+  its authenticity..... I have included this letter because it is an interesting 
+  historical curiosity, whether authentic or forged.&amp;nbsp; It is up to the 
+  individual reader to reject or accept it.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Your grace's displeasure and 
+    my imprisonment are things so strange to me, that what to write, or what to 
+    excuse, I am altogether ignorant.&amp;nbsp; Whereas you send to me (willing me 
+    to confess a truth and so obtain your favor), by such a one, whom you know 
+    to be mine ancient professed enemy, I no sooner received this message by 
+    him, than I rightly conceived your meaning; and if, as you say, confessing a 
+    truth indeed may procure my safety, I shall with all willingness and duty, 
+    perform your duty.&amp;nbsp; But let not your grace ever imagine that your poor 
+    wife will be brought to acknowledge a fault, where not so much as a thought 
+    ever proceeded.&amp;nbsp; And to speak a truth, never a prince had wife more 
+    loyal in all duty, and in all true affection, than you have ever found in 
+    Anne Bulen - with which name and place I could willingly have contented 
+    myself, if God and your grace's pleasure had been so pleased.&amp;nbsp; Neither 
+    did I at any time so far forget myself in my exaltation or received 
+    queenship, but that I always looked for such alteration as I now find; for 
+    the ground of my preferment being on no surer foundation than your grace's 
+    fancy, the least alteration was fit and sufficient (I knew) to draw that 
+    fancy to some other subject.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;You have chosen me from low estate to be your 
+    queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire; if, then, you found me 
+    worthy of such honor, good your grace, let not any light fancy or bad 
+    counsel of my enemies withdraw your princely favor from me; neither let that 
+    stain - that unworthy stain - of a disloyal heart towards your good grace 
+    ever cast so foul a blot on me, and on the infant princess your 
+    daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Try me, good king, 
+    but let me have a lawful trial, and let not my sworn enemies sit as my 
+    accusers and as my judges; yea, let me receive an open trial, for my truth 
+    shall fear no open shame.&amp;nbsp; Then you shall see either my innocency 
+    cleared, your suspicions and conscience satisfied, the ignominy and slander 
+    of the world stopped, or my guilt openly declared.&amp;nbsp; So that, whatever 
+    God and you may determine of, your grace may be freed from an open censure; 
+    and my offense being so lawfully proved, your grace may be at liberty, both 
+    before God and man, not only to execute worthy punishment on me as an 
+    unfaithful wife but to follow your affection already settled on that party 
+    for whose sake I am now as I am, whose name I could some while since have 
+    pointed unto - your grace being not ignorant of my suspicions therein.&amp;nbsp; 
+    But if you have already determined of me, and that not only my death, but an 
+    infamous slander must bring your the joying of your desired happiness, then 
+    I desire of God that he will pardon your great sin herein, and likewise my 
+    enemies, the instruments thereof; and that he will not call you to a strait 
+    account for your unprincely and cruel usage of me at his general 
+    judgment-seat, where both you and myself must shortly appear; and in whose 
+    just judgment, I doubt not (whatsoever the world may think of me), mine 
+    innocency shall be openly known and sufficiently cleared.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;My last and only request shall be, that myself 
+    only bear the burden of your grace's displeasure, and that it may not touch 
+    the innocent souls of those poor gentlemen, whom, as I understand, are 
+    likewise in strait imprisonment for my sake.&amp;nbsp; If ever I have found 
+    favor in your sight - if ever the name of Anne Bulen have been pleasing in 
+    your ears - then let me obtain this request; and so I will leave to trouble 
+    your grace any further, with mine earnest prayer to the Trinity to have your 
+    grace in his good keeping, and to direct you in all your actions.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;From my doleful prison in the Tower, 
+    the 6th May.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082688&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082688&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Jane Seymour to the Privy Council of England, 12 October 1537</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Jane Seymour to the Privy Council of England, 12 October 1537</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb3ff85c09ef22f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Jane Seymour to the Privy Council 
+of England&lt;br&gt; 12 October 1537&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Jane was the mother of Henry VIII's longed-for heir, 
+  Prince Edward.&amp;nbsp; He was born on 12 October 1537, and this letter was 
+  immediately sent to the Privy Council by the queen.&amp;nbsp; Jane may not have 
+  personally composed the letter; however, it was sent in her name and sealed 
+  with her signet.&amp;nbsp; Though she died of puerperal fever twelve days after 
+  the birth, she was not immediately ill.&amp;nbsp; In fact, the letter muses upon 
+  the precariousness of the infant prince's health.&amp;nbsp; This sentiment was 
+  understandable enough in an age of high infant mortality.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Right trusty and well beloved, we greet you well, and for as 
+    much as by the inestimable goodness and grace of Almighty God, we be 
+    delivered and brought in childbed of a prince, conceived in most lawful 
+    matrimony between my lord the king's majesty and us, doubting not but that 
+    for the love and affection which you bear unto us and to the commonwealth of 
+    this realm, the knowledge thereof should be joyous and glad tidings unto 
+    you, we have thought good to certify you of the same.&amp;nbsp; To the intent 
+    you might not only render unto God condign thanks and prayers for so great a 
+    benefit but also continually pray for the long continuance and preservation 
+    of the same here in this life to the honor of God, joy and pleasure of my 
+    lord the king and us, and the universal weal, quiet and tranquility of this 
+    whole realm.&amp;nbsp; Given under our signet at my lord's manor of Hampton 
+    Court the 12th day of October. &lt;BR&gt;Jane the Quene.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;to Jane 
+    Seymour website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082703&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082703&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Anne of Cleves to her husband, King Henry VIII, 11 July 1540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Anne of Cleves to her husband, King Henry VIII, 11 July 1540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb5bf85c09ef24b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Anne of Cleves to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;11 July 1540&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The following letter was Anne of Cleves's very 
+  diplomatic response to Henry VIII's request for an annulment of their brief 
+  marriage.&amp;nbsp; Though her brother pressed her to return home to the duchy of 
+  Cleves, Anne was content to remain in England.&amp;nbsp; There were two reasons 
+  for this - first, Henry was so grateful for her easy submission and gracious 
+  manners, he rewarded her with a very comfortable lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She was able 
+  to live as a wealthy dowager and enjoyed a close relationship with the king 
+  (now termed her 'brother') and his three children.&amp;nbsp; Secondly, she did not 
+  want to face an ignominious return to Cleves.&amp;nbsp; After Henry's public 
+  rejection of their union, she would not have found another husband and would 
+  have been forced to rely on her brother's generosity.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  size=-1&gt;Henry was very impressed by this letter.&amp;nbsp; Its tone of respectful 
+  subservience to his wishes inspired his gratitude.&amp;nbsp; Despite his 
+  reputation for tyranny, the great king could be kind and generous.&amp;nbsp; Anne 
+  had little cause to think ill of him.&amp;nbsp; After all, most historians focus 
+  on Henry's feelings in this matter - but perhaps the lady from Cleves was less 
+  than enamored with her husband and was equally desperate to escape the 
+  marriage.&amp;nbsp; According to all reports, she learned to love English beer and 
+  grew plump and&amp;nbsp; happy in her adopted country.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Pleaseth your most excellent majesty to understand that, 
+    whereas, at sundry times heretofore, I have been informed and perceived by 
+    certain lords and others your grace's council, of the doubts and questions 
+    which have been moved and found in our marriage; and how hath petition 
+    thereupon been made to your highness by your nobles and commons, that the 
+    same might be examined and determined by the holy clergy of this realm; to 
+    testify to your highness by my writing, that which I have before promised by 
+    my word and will, that is to say, that the matter should be examined and 
+    determined by the said clergy; it may please your majesty to know that, 
+    though this case must needs be most hard and sorrowful unto me, for the 
+    great love which I bear to your most noble person, yet, having more regard 
+    to God and his truth than to any worldly affection, as it beseemed me, at 
+    the beginning, to submit me to such examination and determination of the 
+    said clergy, whom I have and do accept for judges competent in that 
+    behalf.&amp;nbsp; So now being ascertained how the same clergy hath therein 
+    given their judgment and sentence, I acknowledge myself hereby to accept and 
+    approve the same, wholly and entirely putting myself, for my state and 
+    condition, to your highness' goodness and pleasure; most humbly beseeching 
+    your majesty that, though it be determined that the pretended matrimony 
+    between us is void and of none effect, whereby I neither can nor will repute 
+    myself for your grace's wife, considering this sentence (whereunto I stand) 
+    and your majesty's clean and pure living with me, yet it will please you to 
+    take me for one of your humble servants, and so determine of me, as I may 
+    sometimes have the fruition of your most noble presence; which as I shall 
+    esteem for a great benefit, so, my lords and others of your majesty's 
+    council, now being with me, have put me in comfort thereof; and that your 
+    highness will take me for your sister; for the which I most humbly thank you 
+    accordingly. &lt;BR&gt;Thus, most gracious prince, I beseech our Lord God to send 
+    your majesty long life and good health, to God's glory, your own honor, and 
+    the wealth of this noble realm. &lt;BR&gt;From Richmond, the 11th day of July, the 
+    32nd year of your majesty's most noble reign. &lt;BR&gt;Your majesty's most humble 
+    sister and servant, Anne the daughter of Cleves. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;to Anne of 
+    Cleves website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082694&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082694&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Catherine Howard to Master Thomas Culpeper, spring 1541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Catherine Howard to Master Thomas Culpeper, spring 1541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb77f85c09ef267</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">howard1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Catherine Howard to Master Thomas 
+Culpeper&lt;br&gt;spring 1541&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=202 alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Queen Catherine Howard&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/howard1.jpg&quot; width=200 align=left&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;This is 
+  the only surviving letter written by Henry VIII's fifth wife.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+  written in the spring of 1541, roughly eight months after she married the 
+  king.&amp;nbsp; After Catherine's fall from grace, Culpeper was among the men 
+  charged with committing adultery with the queen.&amp;nbsp; It was a treasonable 
+  offense, and he was executed for it (along with Francis Dereham.)&amp;nbsp; 
+  Culpeper tried to save himself by arguing that he had met with Catherine only 
+  because the young queen was 'dying of love for him', and would not let him end 
+  the relationship.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Catherine, for her part, argued otherwise; she told 
+  her interrogators that Culpeper ceaselessly begged for a meeting and she was 
+  too fearful to refuse.&amp;nbsp; However, the letter clearly supports Culpeper's 
+  version of events.&amp;nbsp; After all, the queen did write 'it makes my heart die 
+  to think what fortune I have that I cannot be always in your company.'&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The affection she felt for Culpeper led to a legend 
+  surrounding Catherine's last words - 'I die a Queen, but would rather die the 
+  wife of Culpeper.'&amp;nbsp; This final declaration of love did not occur; its 
+  invention was an attempt to give Catherine's pathetic and tragic story some 
+  mark of distinction.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Catherine was not as well educated as Henry's other wives, 
+  though her mere ability to read and write was impressive enough for the 
+  time.&amp;nbsp; This letter taxed her greatly, as she points out in the closing 
+  lines.&amp;nbsp; It is transcribed here as originally written, and the grammatical 
+  mistakes are Catherine's own.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Master Culpeper, &lt;BR&gt;I heartily recommend me unto you, praying 
+    you to send me word how that you do.&amp;nbsp; It was showed me that you was 
+    sick, the which thing troubled me very much till such time that I hear from 
+    you praying you to send me word how that you do, for I never longed so much 
+    for a thing as I do to see you and to speak with you, the which I trust 
+    shall be shortly now.&amp;nbsp; That which doth comfortly me very much when I 
+    think of it, and when I think again that you shall depart from me again it 
+    makes my heart die to think what fortune I have that I cannot be always in 
+    your company.&amp;nbsp; It my trust is always in you that you will be as you 
+    have promised me, and in that hope I trust upon still, praying you that you 
+    will come when my Lady Rochford is here for then I shall be best at leisure 
+    to be at your commandment, thanking you for that you have promised me to be 
+    so good unto that poor fellow my man which is one of the griefs that I do 
+    feel to depart from him for then I do know no one that I dare trust to send 
+    to you, and therefore I pray you take him to be with you that I may sometime 
+    hear from you one thing.&amp;nbsp; I pray you to give me a horse for my man for 
+    I had much ado to get one and therefore I pray send me one by him and in so 
+    doing I am as I said afor, and thus I take my leave of you, trusting to see 
+    you shortly again and I would you was with me now that you might see what 
+    pain I take in writing to you. &lt;BR&gt;Yours as long as life endures, 
+    &lt;BR&gt;Katheryn. &lt;BR&gt;One thing I had forgotten and that is to instruct my man 
+    to tarry here with me still for he says whatsomever you bid him he will do 
+    it.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;to Catherine 
+    Howard website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082587&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082587&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Katharine Parr to her husband, King Henry VIII, July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine Parr to her husband, King Henry VIII, July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb93f85c09ef283</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine Parr to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;July 1544&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Katharine Parr wed King Henry VIII on 12 July 1543 
+  at Hampton Court Palace.&amp;nbsp; Henry was her third husband and not her 
+  personal choice.&amp;nbsp; She was in love with Thomas Seymour, the brother of 
+  Henry's third wife, Jane; he eventually became her fourth husband just a few 
+  months after Henry's death in 1547.&amp;nbsp; Once the marriage to Henry was 
+  settled upon, Katharine worked to make it successful.&amp;nbsp; She was, in all 
+  respects, admirably suited to the task.&amp;nbsp; She had experience managing 
+  temperamental elderly men and nursing their various ailments.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+  very intelligent and committed to scholarship, but she also participated fully 
+  in the life of Henry's court.&amp;nbsp; She grew as fond of finery as any of his 
+  wives and dressed magnificently.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;She and Henry grew 
+  close.&amp;nbsp; He refused to allow anyone else to wrap his badly ulcered leg; he 
+  also made her Queen-Regent while he attended the siege of Boulogne in 
+  1544.&amp;nbsp; This letter was written during that six-week absence and its tone 
+  is loving and respectful.&amp;nbsp; In it, Katharine mentions the King of 
+  Scotland's widow, Marie de Guise, as well as Henry's three children.&amp;nbsp; In 
+  addition to her success as a sixth wife, Katharine was an admirable stepmother 
+  who genuinely loved the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth and Prince 
+  Edward.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Although the distance of time and account of days neither is 
+    long nor many of your majesty's absence, yet the want of your presence, so 
+    much desired and beloved by me, maketh me that I cannot quietly pleasure in 
+    anything until I hear from your majesty.&amp;nbsp; The time, therefore, seemeth 
+    to me very long, with a great desire to know how your highness hath done 
+    since your departing hence, whose prosperity and health I prefer and desire 
+    more than mine own.&amp;nbsp; And whereas I know your majesty's absence is never 
+    without great need, yet love and affection compel me to desire your 
+    presence. &lt;BR&gt;Again, the same zeal and affection force me to be best content 
+    with that which is your will and pleasure.&amp;nbsp; Thus love maketh me in all 
+    things to set apart mine own convenience and pleasure, and to embrace most 
+    joyfully his will and pleasure whom I love.&amp;nbsp; God, the knower of 
+    secrets, can judge these words not to be written only with ink, but most 
+    truly impressed on the heart.&amp;nbsp; Much more I omit, lest it be thought I 
+    go about to praise myself, or crave a thank; which thing to do I mind 
+    nothing less, but a plain, simple relation of the love and zeal I bear your 
+    majesty, proceeding from the abundance of the heart.&amp;nbsp; Wherein I must 
+    confess I desire no commendation, having such just occasion to do the same. 
+    &lt;BR&gt;I make like account with your majesty as I do with God for his benefits 
+    and gifts heaped upon me daily, acknowledging myself a great debtor to him, 
+    not being able to recompense the least of his benefits; in which state I am 
+    certain and sure to die, yet I hope in His gracious acceptation of my 
+    goodwill.&amp;nbsp; Even such confidence have I in your majesty's gentleness, 
+    knowing myself never to have done my duty as were requisite and meet for 
+    such a noble prince, at whose hands I have found and received so much love 
+    and goodness, that with words I cannot express it.&amp;nbsp; Lest I should be 
+    too tedious to your majesty, I finish this my scribbled letter, committing 
+    you to the governance of the Lord with long and prosperous life here, and 
+    after this life to enjoy the kingdom of his elect. &lt;BR&gt;From Greenwich, by 
+    your majesty's humble and obedient servant, &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the 
+  Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine 
+    Parr website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082703&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082703&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3508</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Queen Katharine Parr to the Privy Council, 25 July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Katharine Parr to the Privy Council, 25 July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feebaff85c09ef29f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Katharine Parr to the 
+    Privy Council&lt;br&gt;25 July 1544&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;This letter refers to the successful English siege 
+  of Boulogne in July 1544.&amp;nbsp; I have included it because it is an example - 
+  along with a similar letter by Queen Anne Boleyn - of the typical letter of an 
+  English queen consort.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine the Queen. &lt;BR&gt;Right trusty and well-beloved cousins, 
+    we greet you well.&amp;nbsp; Letting you wit that having received your letters 
+    of the 23rd of this present, we have by the same had singular comfort, as 
+    well to perceive thereby the state of health my lord the king's majesty was 
+    in at that present, as also the good beginning of success of his grace's 
+    affairs there; for your joyful news whereof we give unto you our right 
+    hearty thanks.&amp;nbsp; And forasmuch as, touching the other contents of your 
+    said letters, we have presently written at length unto my said lord, the 
+    king's majesty, we forbear to repeat the same unto you, not doubting but 
+    that his highness will communicate the same unto you accordingly.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Given under our signet at my said lord the king's majesty's honor of Hampton 
+    Court, the 25th day of July, the 36th year of his majesty's most noble 
+  reign.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine 
+    Parr website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082704&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082704&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine Parr to her stepdaughter, Princess Mary, 20 September 1544 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine Parr to her stepdaughter, Princess Mary, 20 September 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feebcbf85c09ef2bb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine Parr to her stepdaughter, 
+Princess Mary&lt;br&gt;20 September 1544&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Katharine was very close to all of her stepchildren, 
+  though she and Princess Mary differed greatly in matters of religion.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Mary was, in truth, only a few years younger than Katharine and so the queen 
+  did not have a profound impact upon Mary's life - not as she did upon the much 
+  younger Elizabeth and Edward, both of whom came to love Katharine as a 
+  mother.&amp;nbsp; But Katharine and Mary did become close, and the princess 
+  undoubtedly appreciated Katharine's attempts to heal Henry VIII's broken 
+  family.&amp;nbsp; This letter was written in thanks for a purse Mary had 
+  embroidered and sent to the queen.&amp;nbsp; Katharine also inquires about Mary's 
+  progress in translating Erasmus's &lt;I&gt;Paraphrase on the Gospel of John&lt;/I&gt; and 
+  her health.&amp;nbsp; Mary was notoriously prone to illness and it is obvious that 
+  Katharine felt genuine concern for her step-daughter's well-being.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Katharine wished for Mary to publish her translation; her 
+  own writings (such as &lt;I&gt;Lamentations....&lt;/I&gt;) became 16th century 
+  bestsellers, particularly during the Protestant reigns of Edward VI and 
+  Elizabeth I.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Although, most noble and dearest lady, there are many reasons 
+    that easily induce my writing to you at this time, yet nothing so greatly 
+    moves me thereto as my concern for your health; which, as I hope it is very 
+    good, so am I greatly desirous to be assured thereof. &lt;BR&gt;Wherefor, I 
+    despatch to you this messenger, who will be (I judge) most acceptable to 
+    you, not only from his skill in music, in which you, I am well aware, take 
+    as much delight as myself, but also because, having long sojourned with me, 
+    he can give the most certain information of my whole estate and 
+    health.&amp;nbsp; And, in truth, I have had it in mind before this to have made 
+    a journey to you and salute you in person; but all things do not correspond 
+    with my will.&amp;nbsp; Now, however, I hope this winter, and that ere long, 
+    that, being nearer, we shall meet; than which, I assure you, nothing can be 
+    to me more agreeable, and more to my heart's desire. &lt;BR&gt;Now since, as I 
+    have heard, the finishing touch (as far as the translation is concerned) is 
+    given by Mallet to Erasmus's work upon John, and nought now remains but that 
+    proper care and vigilance should be taken in revising, I entreat you to send 
+    over to me this very excellent and useful work, now amended by Mallet, or 
+    some of your people, that it may be committed to the press in due time; and 
+    farther, to signify whether you wish it to go forth to the world (most 
+    auspiciously) under your name, or as the production of an unknown 
+    writer.&amp;nbsp; To which work you will, in my opinion, do a real injury, if 
+    you refuse to let it go down to posterity under the auspices of your own 
+    name, since you have undertaken so much labor in accurately translating it 
+    for the great good of the public, and would have undertaken still greater 
+    (as is well known) if the health of your body had permitted. &lt;BR&gt;And, since 
+    all the world knows that you have toiled and labored much in this business, 
+    I do not see why you should repudiate that praise which all men justly 
+    confer on you.&amp;nbsp; However, I leave this whole matter to your discretion 
+    and, whatever resolution you may adopt, that will meet my fullest 
+    approbation. &lt;BR&gt;For the purse, which you have sent me as a present, I 
+    return you great thanks.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, the greatest and best of beings, 
+    that He deign to bless you uninterruptedly with true and unalloyed 
+    happiness.&amp;nbsp; May you long fare well in him. &lt;BR&gt;From Hanworth, 20th of 
+    September, &lt;BR&gt;Most devotedly and lovingly yours, Katharine the 
+  Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine 
+    Parr website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082704&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082704&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4950</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 16 September 1513</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 16 September 1513</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019f5d5ad035277e169c5a23</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019f.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, 
+King Henry VIII&lt;br&gt; 16 September 1513&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;This letter concerns the great English victory 
+  against the Scots at Flodden Field.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was busy at war in 
+  France, along with most of his great nobles and councilors.&amp;nbsp; Katharine 
+  was Queen Regent in his absence, but she tactfully credits the victory against 
+  the Scots to Henry himself.&amp;nbsp; Along with letter, she sent a piece of King 
+  James IV of Scotland's coat.&amp;nbsp; Though he was married to Henry's older 
+  sister Margaret, James remained at odds with the English and was killed at 
+  Flodden Field.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Sir, &lt;BR&gt;My Lord Howard hath sent me a letter open to your 
+    Grace, within one of mine, by the which you shall see at length the great 
+    Victory that our Lord hath sent your subjects in your absence; and for this 
+    cause there is no need herein to trouble your Grace with long writing, but, 
+    to my thinking, this battle hath been to your Grace and all your realm the 
+    greatest honor that could be, and more than you should win all the crown of 
+    France; thanked be God of it, and I am sure your Grace forgetteth not to do 
+    this, which shall be cause to send you many more such great victories, as I 
+    trust he shall do.&amp;nbsp; My husband, for hastiness, with Rougecross I could 
+    not send your Grace the piece of the King of Scots coat which John Glynn now 
+    brings.&amp;nbsp; In this your Grace shall see how I keep my promise, sending 
+    you for your banners a king's coat.&amp;nbsp; I thought to send himself unto 
+    you, but our Englishmens' hearts would not suffer it. It should have been 
+    better for him to have been in peace than have this reward.&amp;nbsp; All that 
+    God sends is for the best. &lt;BR&gt;My Lord of Surrey, my Henry, would fain know 
+    your pleasure in the burying of the King of Scots' body, for he has written 
+    to me so.&amp;nbsp; With the next messenger your Grace's pleasure may be herein 
+    known.&amp;nbsp; And with this I make an end, praying God to send you home 
+    shortly, for without this no joy here can be accomplished; and for the same 
+    I pray, and now go to Our Lady of Walsingham that I promised so long ago to 
+    see.&amp;nbsp; At Woburn the 16th of September. &lt;BR&gt;I send your Grace herein a 
+    bill found in a Scotsman's purse of such things as the French King sent to 
+    the said King of Scots to make war against you, beseeching you to send 
+    Mathew hither as soon as this messenger comes to bring me tidings from your 
+    Grace. &lt;BR&gt;Your humble wife and true servant, Katharine.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082700&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082700&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography portraits primary sources chronology</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography portraits primary sources chronology</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019fb1f312ebd307a21624e2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosdarkmain.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;482&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;map name=&quot;FPMap0&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area coords=&quot;517, 180, 768, 256&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;518, 286, 771, 363&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;412, 431, 631, 499&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;635, 431, 794, 498&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoslinks.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;796, 431, 884, 497&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/map&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosdarkmain.jpg&quot; width=&quot;900&quot; height=&quot;500&quot; usemap=&quot;#FPMap0&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082575&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082575&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8418</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her daughter, Princess Mary, April 1534</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her daughter, Princess Mary, April 1534</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019fdd5bd0352b7e1e9c6a43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her daughter, 
+Princess Mary&lt;br&gt; April 1534&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;This letter was written by Katharine about seven 
+  months after the birth of Henry VIII's daughter with Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Henry 
+  had demanded that Mary take the oath to the Act of Succession, thus 
+  acknowledging the invalidity of her parents' marriage as well as her own 
+  illegitimacy.&amp;nbsp; Mary understandably refused, but her resolve was 
+  faltering.&amp;nbsp; Henry would not allow her to visit her mother; he also 
+  dismissed her household and placed her in the care of Lady Anne Shelton, the 
+  aunt of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Mary was miserable and quickly fell ill.&amp;nbsp; She 
+  had never been robust and the constant emotional turmoil of her life affected 
+  her physical health.&amp;nbsp; She understandably looked to her mother for advice 
+  and support.&amp;nbsp; In this letter, Katharine tells Mary to follow her own 
+  strategy - obey Henry in all things except those which would offend 
+  God.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;As the letter indicates, Katharine herself genuinely feared 
+  for Mary's life, as well as her own.&amp;nbsp; But she was determined to remain 
+  true to her conscience, and none of Henry VIII's threats would persuade her 
+  otherwise.&amp;nbsp; Mary would eventually betray her mother's wishes and accede 
+  to the Act of Succession; her letter to Henry VIII is included in the &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt; 
+  section and is a remarkable document.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In this letter, 
+  Katharine mentions Lady Salisbury.&amp;nbsp; This was Margaret de la Pole, 
+  countess of Salisbury; she was also a Plantagenet heir and cousin of Henry 
+  VIII's.&amp;nbsp; She had been Mary's governess for many years and was very close 
+  to both Katharine and Mary.&amp;nbsp; Upon Mary's disobedience, Henry dismissed 
+  her from Mary's service; Margaret was eventually executed on trumped-up 
+  charges of treason in 1541.&amp;nbsp; Her death was perhaps the most blatant act 
+  of judicial murder in Henry's bloody reign.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I find this letter psychologically interesting.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Katharine became increasingly pious as her marriage to Henry dissolved into 
+  ceaseless acrimony and misery.&amp;nbsp; Religious fervor became her only 
+  comfort.&amp;nbsp; In this, she perhaps inadvertently over-stressed its importance 
+  to her daughter.&amp;nbsp; She placed Mary in an untenable and dangerous position, 
+  essentially telling her that it was God's will to disobey her father, even as 
+  she assumed God was on her side in the annulment proceedings.&amp;nbsp; But Henry 
+  was equally convinced of the religious righteousness of his cause.&amp;nbsp; Poor 
+  Mary, torn between two bullying parents, inevitably turned to her 
+  mother.&amp;nbsp; After all, Katharine's situation was far more sympathetic and 
+  she was badly treated (after she refused many generous offers to accept 
+  Henry's wishes.)&amp;nbsp; But the effect on Mary's personality was 
+  devastating.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She remained emotionally insecure for the rest of her 
+  life.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Daughter, I heard such tidings today that I do perceive if it be 
+    true, the time is come that Almighty God will prove you; and I am very glad 
+    of it, for I trust He doth handle you with a good love.&amp;nbsp; I beseech you 
+    agree of His pleasure with a merry heart; and be sure that, without fail, He 
+    will not suffer you to perish if you beware to offend Him.&amp;nbsp; I pray you, 
+    good daughter, to offer yourself to Him.&amp;nbsp; If any pangs come to you, 
+    shrive yourself; first make you clean; take heed of His commandments, and 
+    keep them as near as He will give you grace to do, for then you are sure 
+    armed.&amp;nbsp; And if this lady [Anne Shelton] do come to you as it is spoken, 
+    if she do bring you a letter from the King, I am sure in the self same 
+    letter you shall be commanded what you shall do.&amp;nbsp; Answer with few 
+    words, obeying the King, your father, in everything, save only that you will 
+    not offend God and lose your own soul; and go no further with learning and 
+    disputation in the matter.&amp;nbsp; And wheresoever, and in whatsoever company 
+    you shall come, observe the King's commandments.&amp;nbsp; Speak you few words 
+    and meddle nothing.&amp;nbsp; I will send you two books in Latin; the one shall 
+    be De Vita Christi with a declaration of the Gospels, and the other the 
+    Epistles of St Jerome that he did write to Paul and Eustochium, and in them 
+    I trust you shall see good things.&amp;nbsp; And sometimes for your recreation 
+    use your virginals or lute if you have any. &lt;BR&gt;But one thing I especially 
+    desire you, for the love that you do owe unto God and unto me, to keep your 
+    heart with a chaste mind, and your body from all ill and wanton company, not 
+    thinking or desiring any husband for Christ's passion; neither determine 
+    yourself to any manner of living till this troublesome time be past.&amp;nbsp; 
+    For I dare make sure that you shall see a very good end, and better than you 
+    can desire.&amp;nbsp; I would God, good daughter, that you did know with how 
+    good a heart I do write this letter unto you.&amp;nbsp; I never did one with a 
+    better, for I perceive very well that God loveth you.&amp;nbsp; I beseech Him of 
+    His goodness to continue it; and if it fortune that you shall have nobody 
+    with you of your acquaintance, I think it best you keep your keys yourself, 
+    for howsoever it is, so shall be done as shall please them. &lt;BR&gt;And now you 
+    shall begin, and by likelihood I shall follow.&amp;nbsp; I set not a rush by it; 
+    for when they have done the uttermost they can, than I am sure of the 
+    amendment.&amp;nbsp; I pray you, recommend me unto my good lady of Salisbury, 
+    and pray her to have a good heart, for we never come to the kingdom of 
+    Heaven but by troubles. &lt;BR&gt;Daughter, whatsoever you come, take no pain to 
+    send unto me, for if I may, I will send to you. &lt;BR&gt;Your loving mother, 
+    &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    to Queen Mary I website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082700&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082700&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6258</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a05d5cd0352f7e269c7a63</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a0.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial 
+ambassador, Eustace Chapuys &lt;br&gt;1535&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;In this letter, Katharine writes to Eustace Chapuys, 
+  the Imperial ambassador and her fervent ally against the annulment.&amp;nbsp; Upon 
+  Katharine's request, Chapuys had asked Henry VIII if Katharine and Princess 
+  Mary could meet.&amp;nbsp; The princess was ill and had not seen her mother for 
+  four years.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not give his permission but he didn't explicitly 
+  refuse either - and that gave Chapuys hope.&amp;nbsp; But Henry also warned the 
+  ambassador that he feared both a popular uprising on Katharine's behalf and 
+  the possibility of Princess Mary's escape to the Continent.&amp;nbsp; Chapuys 
+  reassured the king that both mother and daughter were loyal subjects - but he 
+  didn't mention his own attempts to persuade Katharine to lend support to an 
+  uprising.&amp;nbsp; Both Henry and Chapuys were aware of the vast popular support 
+  of both Katharine and Mary.&amp;nbsp; In the end, Katharine refused to countenance 
+  a rebellion.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she disliked the idea of others dying on her 
+  behalf, but she also would not disobey her husband.&amp;nbsp; This was at the core 
+  of her character - a staunch and unwavering belief that she and Henry were 
+  still husband and wife, and it was her duty to obey him in all things 
+  excepting those which offended God.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Katharine's 
+  protests to Henry that she would never support a rebellion meant little to the 
+  king.&amp;nbsp; He refused to allow mother and daughter to meet, much to their 
+  mutual sorrow.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Mine especial friend, &lt;BR&gt;You have greatly bound me with the 
+    pains that you have taken in speaking with the king my lord concerning the 
+    coming of my daughter unto me.&amp;nbsp; The reward you shall trust to have of 
+    God; for (as you know) in me there is no power to gratify what you have 
+    done, but only with my goodwill.&amp;nbsp; As touching the answer which has been 
+    made you, that his highness is contented to send her to some place nigh me, 
+    so as I do not see her, I pray you vouchsafe to give unto his highness mine 
+    effectual thanks for the goodness which he shows to his daughter and mine, 
+    and for the comfort that I have thereby received; as as to my seeing of her, 
+    you shall certify that, if she were within one mile of me, I would not see 
+    her.&amp;nbsp; For the time permitteth not that I should go about sights, and be 
+    it that I would I could not, because I lack provision therefore. &lt;BR&gt;Howbeit, 
+    you shall always say unto his highness that the thing which I desired was to 
+    send her where I am; being assured that a little comfort and mirth, which 
+    she should take with me, should undoubtedly be half a health to her.&amp;nbsp; I 
+    have proved the like by experience, being diseased of the same infirmity, 
+    and know how much good it may do that I say.&amp;nbsp; And, since I desired a 
+    thing so just and reasonable, and that so much touched the honor and 
+    conscience of the king my lord, I thought not it should have been denied me. 
+    &lt;BR&gt;Let not, for my love, to do what you may that this may yet be 
+    done.&amp;nbsp; Here have I, among others, heard that he had some suspicion of 
+    the surety of her.&amp;nbsp; I cannot believe that a thing so far from reason 
+    should pass from the royal heart of his highness; neither can I think that 
+    he hath so little confidence in me.&amp;nbsp; If any such matter chance to be 
+    communed of, I pray you say unto his highness that I am determined to die 
+    (without doubt) in this realm; and that I, from henceforth, offer mine own 
+    person for surety, to the intent that, if any such thing should be 
+    attempted, that then he do justice of me, as of the most evil woman that 
+    ever was born. &lt;BR&gt;The residue I remit to your good wisdom and judgment as 
+    unto a trusty friend, to whom I pray God give health. &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the 
+    Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082701&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082701&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4343</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 7 January 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a0dd5dd035337e2e9c8a83</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215270</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;7 January 1536&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;This is the last letter Katharine wrote to 
+  Henry.&amp;nbsp; Its magnanimity is proof that the queen's much-vaunted piety was 
+  sincere.&amp;nbsp; However, she was not averse to a few rebukes.&amp;nbsp; Henry had 
+  treated her horribly and she had not seen their daughter for years.&amp;nbsp; But 
+  Katharine's capacity for forgiveness was great, as was her self-delusion; in 
+  this letter, she again attributes his love for Anne Boleyn to mere physical 
+  desire.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Henry openly celebrated her death and she was 
+  buried as Dowager Princess of Wales in Peterborough Cathedral.&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+  &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In light of this, the last line of her letter becomes especially 
+  tragic.&amp;nbsp; While she may have desired a visit with him above all else, 
+  Henry was only too happy to learn of her death.&amp;nbsp; It is probable, too, 
+  that his harsh treatment of Katharine hastened her decline.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My&amp;nbsp; most dear lord, king and husband, &lt;BR&gt;The hour of my 
+    death now drawing on, the tender love I owe you forceth me, my case being 
+    such, to commend myself to you, and to put you in remembrance with a few 
+    words of the health and safeguard of your soul which you ought to prefer 
+    before all worldly matters, and before the care and pampering of your body, 
+    for the which you have cast me into many calamities and yourself into many 
+    troubles.&amp;nbsp; For my part, I pardon you everything, and I wish to devoutly 
+    pray God that He will pardon you also.&amp;nbsp; For the rest, I commend unto 
+    you our daughter Mary, beseeching you to be a good father unto her, as I 
+    have heretofore desired.&amp;nbsp; I entreat you also, on behalf of my maids, to 
+    give them marriage portions, which is not much, they being but three.&amp;nbsp; 
+    For all my other servants I solicit the wages due them, and a year more, 
+    lest they be unprovided for.&amp;nbsp; Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes 
+    desire you above all things. &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the Quene.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082701&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082701&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to King Henry VIII, late summer 1526</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to King Henry VIII, late summer 1526</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a15d5ed035377e369c9aa3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Anne Boleyn to King Henry VIII&lt;br&gt; late 
+summer 1526&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+  &lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Queen Anne Boleyn&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; width=139 align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Seventeen of 
+  Henry VIII's famous love letters to Anne Boleyn exist; they can be viewed at 
+  the Vatican Library.&amp;nbsp; However, only one of Anne's love letters to the 
+  king has survived.&amp;nbsp; It is undated, but its contents place it in late 
+  summer/early autumn of 1526.&amp;nbsp; How?&amp;nbsp; She thanks the king for 
+  personally appointing her a maid of honor to his queen, Katharine of Aragon, 
+  but also - and more importantly - she acknowledges the king's serious 
+  declaration of love for her.&amp;nbsp; As students of Anne's life know, this 
+  subtle but vital shift in their relationship occurred in summer 1526.&amp;nbsp; We 
+  also know that she returned to court as a maid of honor to Katharine of Aragon 
+  at the same time.&amp;nbsp; Interestingly, this letter reveals that Anne owed her 
+  position at court entirely to the king's favor.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This 
+  is believed to be the first love letter Anne wrote to Henry, and is rarely 
+  included in any biography of the queen.&amp;nbsp; However, its authenticity is not 
+  in serious doubt.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;One should remember that Henry's 
+  brief relationship with Anne's sister, Mary Boleyn, had only ended a year 
+  before (in July 1525.)&amp;nbsp; On 4 March 1526, Mary gave birth to a son called 
+  Henry, widely assumed to be the king's son.&amp;nbsp; Anne's feelings about this 
+  awkward situation were never made clear, but she was not close to her 
+  sister.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Please note that Anne spelt her surname 
+  'Bulen' in this letter.&amp;nbsp; This is the third variation of the name I've found.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Sire, &lt;BR&gt;It belongs only to the august mind of a great king, to 
+    whom Nature has given a heart full of generosity towards the sex, to repay 
+    by favors so extraordinary an artless and short conversation with a 
+    girl.&amp;nbsp; Inexhaustible as is the treasury of your majesty's bounties, I 
+    pray you to consider that it cannot be sufficient to your generosity; for, 
+    if you recompense so slight a conversation by gifts so great, what will you 
+    be able to do for those who are ready to consecrate their entire obedience 
+    to your desires?&amp;nbsp; How great soever may be the bounties I have received, 
+    the joy that I feel in being loved by a king whom I adore, and to whom I 
+    would with pleasure make a sacrifice of my heart, if fortune had rendered it 
+    worthy of being offered to him, will ever be infinitely greater. &lt;BR&gt;The 
+    warrant of maid of honor to the queen induces me to think that your majesty 
+    has some regard for me, since it gives me means of seeing you oftener, and 
+    of assuring you by my own lips (which I shall do on the first opportunity) 
+    that I am, &lt;BR&gt;Your majesty's very obliged and very obedient servant, 
+    without any reserve, &lt;BR&gt;Anne Bulen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082702&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082702&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5720</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, mid-summer 1528</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, mid-summer 1528</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a1dd5fd0353b7e3e9caac3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&lt;br&gt; 
+mid-summer 1528&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;This letter was written in the summer of 1528, as 
+  indicated by its reference to the sweating sickness.&amp;nbsp; When a servant of 
+  Anne's became infected at court, Henry VIII reluctantly sent her away to Hever 
+  Castle.&amp;nbsp; Most of his famous love letters to Anne were written during this 
+  period of forced separation.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Anne did become ill, but 
+  survived.&amp;nbsp; She wrote this letter to Wolsey in thanks for the gift and 
+  letter he sent her while she was ill.&amp;nbsp; The great Cardinal and Anne have 
+  often been placed at perpetual odds in history books, but in 1528 their 
+  relationship was still amicable enough.&amp;nbsp; Anne and Henry both believed the 
+  Cardinal would be able to secure Henry's annulment from Katharine of Aragon; 
+  when he eventually failed, both were disillusioned - and Henry's 
+  disillusionment led him to arrest his old friend.&amp;nbsp; Only Wolsey's natural 
+  death saved him from certain execution.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Wolsey was 
+  pro-French and wanted to marry Henry VIII to a French princess when his first 
+  marriage was annulled.&amp;nbsp; He was discomfited by the rise of Anne Boleyn, 
+  and her many relatives.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, opposition to the Cardinal's 
+  policies centered around the only other person who so completely dominated 
+  Henry VIII's life - Anne herself.&amp;nbsp; In the beginning, both Anne and Wolsey 
+  realized they could not afford to offend each other.&amp;nbsp; But just a year 
+  after this letter was written, after the disastrous legatine hearing at 
+  Blackfriars, Anne realized Wolsey could not secure the annulment.&amp;nbsp; And 
+  she suspected, quite correctly, that he had never intended for her to marry 
+  Henry.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Wolsey had hoped the delays in securing the annulment would 
+  outlast Henry's passion for Anne; he only later realized the annulment itself 
+  would be impossible.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My lord, &lt;BR&gt;In my most humble wise that my poor heart can 
+    think, I do thank your grace for your kind letter, and for your rich and 
+    goodly present, the which I shall never be able to deserve without your 
+    help, of which I have hitherto had so great plenty, that all the days of my 
+    life I am most bound of all creatures, next the king's grace, to love and 
+    serve your grace, of the which I beseech you never to doubt that ever I 
+    shall vary from this thought, as long as any breath is in my body.&amp;nbsp; And 
+    as touching your grace's trouble with the sweat, I thank our Lord that them 
+    I desired and prayed for are escaped; and that is the king's grace and you, 
+    not doubting that God has preserved you both for great causes known alonely 
+    of His high wisdom.&amp;nbsp; And as for the coming of the legate, I desire that 
+    much.&amp;nbsp; And if it be God's pleasure, I pray him to send this matter 
+    shortly to a good end; and then I trust, my lord, to recompense part of your 
+    great pains.&amp;nbsp; In the which I must require you, in the mean time, to 
+    accept my goodwill in the stead of the power; the which must proceed partly 
+    from you, as our Lord knoweth, whom I beseech to send you long life, with 
+    continuance in honor. Written by the hand of her that is most bound to be 
+    your humble and obedient servant, &lt;BR&gt;Anne Boleyn.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to Cardinal 
+    Thomas Wolsey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082702&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082702&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5400</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a25d60d0353f7e469cbae3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a2.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&lt;br&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1529&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The tone of this letter differs remarkably from the 
+  preceding letter.&amp;nbsp; The disastrous and humiliating legatine hearings at 
+  Blackfriars in May 1529 had finally convinced Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn that 
+  Wolsey could not secure the annulment.&amp;nbsp; Anne now believed, and with good 
+  reason, that the Cardinal had never intended for her to be queen of England 
+  and had hoped the endless delays of the annulment would cool Henry's passion 
+  for her.&amp;nbsp; She was angry, and now more receptive to the anti-Wolsey 
+  machinations of her uncle, the duke of Norfolk, and other other noblemen who 
+  resented Wolsey's influence with the king.&amp;nbsp; Anne now became their willing 
+  partner in destruction; they had their way and in October of 1529, 
+  the Cardinal fell spectacularly from grace.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Upon 
+  Wolsey's fall, his position was filled by his far less ostentatious and more 
+  cunning protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; He learned the lessons of Wolsey's 
+  life well, and his initial support of Anne Boleyn was tempered by a realistic 
+  understanding of Henry VIII's temperament.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My lord, &lt;BR&gt;Though you are a man of great understanding, you 
+    cannot avoid being censured by every body for having drawn on yourself the 
+    hatred of a king who had raised you to the highest degree to which the 
+    greatest ambition of a man seeking his fortune can aspire.&amp;nbsp; I cannot 
+    comprehend, and the king still less, how your reverent lordship, after 
+    having allured us by so many fine promises about divorce, can have repented 
+    of your purpose, and how you could have done what you have, in order to 
+    hinder the consummation of it.&amp;nbsp; What, then, is your mode of 
+    proceeding?&amp;nbsp; You quarreled with the queen to favor me at the time when 
+    I was less advanced in the king's good graces; and after having therein 
+    given me the strongest marks of your affection, your lordship abandons my 
+    interests to embrace those of the queen.&amp;nbsp; I acknowledge that I have put 
+    much confidence in your professions and promises, in which I find myself 
+    deceived.&amp;nbsp; But, for the future, I shall rely on nothing by the 
+    protection of Heaven and the love of my dear king, which alone will be able 
+    to set right again those plans which you have broken and spoiled, and to 
+    place me in that happy station which God wills, the king so much wishes, and 
+    which will be entirely to the advantage of the kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The wrong you 
+    have done me has caused me much sorrow; but I feel infinitely more in seeing 
+    myself betrayed by a man who pretended to enter into my interests only to 
+    discover the secrets of my heart.&amp;nbsp; I acknowledge that, believing you 
+    sincere, I have been too precipitate in my confidence; it is this which has 
+    induced, and still induces me, to keep more moderation in avenging myself, 
+    not being able to forget that I have been Your servant, &lt;BR&gt;Anne 
+  Boleyn.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to Cardinal 
+    Thomas Wolsey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082685&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082685&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Cromwell, 1535 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Cromwell, 1535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a2dd61d035437e4e9ccb03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Cromwell&lt;br&gt; 
+1535&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;I have included this letter, which refers to the 
+  wardship of a member of the Pointz family, simply because it is the typical 
+  sort of letter Anne would have written as queen of England.&amp;nbsp; Anne had 
+  been granted the lucrative wardship of the Pointz heir by Henry VIII, but one 
+  of Cromwell's associates interfered with it.&amp;nbsp; In this letter, Anne asks 
+  for Cromwell's help in resolving the matter.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Master Secretary, I pray you despatch with speed this matter, 
+    for mine honor lies much on it, and what should the king's attorney do with 
+    Pointz's obligation, since I have the child by the king's grace's gift, but 
+    only to trouble him hereafter, which by no means I will suffer, and thus 
+    fare you as well as I would ye did. &lt;BR&gt;Your loving mistress, &lt;BR&gt;Anne the 
+    Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to 
+    Thomas Cromwell website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082703&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082703&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4872</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Copyright Information</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a73bbd5043ad6b707dfe1e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215265</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a7.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Copyright Information&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;This is simply a copy of information posted on 
+  the &lt;/font&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fresearch.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Help for students 
+  conducting research&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; page.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fresearch.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Visit there&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; to 
+  learn more about copyright, the correct Turabian/MLA style citation for 
+  internet sites, and more. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Everything at this site was written by me (Marilee.)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
+  Therefore, I hold the copyright for all my original work. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And I take all the blame if it bores you to tears or 
+  confuses you endlessly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The site was created in 1997 and is updated regularly.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Visit the &lt;/font&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnew.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; 
+  page to find out the exact dates.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you need a 
+  last name to credit the site, please use Marilee Hanson.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;I do not hold the sole copyright to anything at the
+  &lt;/font&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; 
+  section.&amp;nbsp; Those are original historical documents in the public domain 
+  which I collected and transcribed.&amp;nbsp; Yes, it was loads of work to type 
+  everything up, but they were simply transcribed (not written) by me.&amp;nbsp; 
+  That is why they're called 'Primary Sources'. &lt;BR&gt;I do hold the copyright on 
+  the electronic version of the texts, which I typed.&amp;nbsp; This is where the 
+  internet becomes confusing - essentially, the words are not mine but by virtue 
+  of transcribing them into electronic format, I own this particular version.&amp;nbsp; 
+  So I would ask that no one copies my hard work, at least without asking 
+  permission and/or giving me credit. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;As for graphics used here, copyright law allows the use of images for 
+  educational purposes, provided no profit is made and the image is not 
+  altered.&amp;nbsp; And since I did go to the considerable trouble of scanning the 
+  images, I like to be asked before someone 'borrows' them.&amp;nbsp; This simple 
+  act of courtesy goes a long way in the happy-go-lucky world of the internet.
+  &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;If you would like to learn more about the legal use of 
+  images, please click &lt;/font&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fart.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;here&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;If you have a history-related website of your own,
+  &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Link&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;please let me know&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; so I can add 
+  it to my Links page.&amp;nbsp; Thanks.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In the end, your visit to this site makes my work worthwhile. &lt;BR&gt;
+  Thanks for visiting and &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Copyright&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;write to 
+  me&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; with any specific questions/comments. &lt;BR&gt;-Marilee&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor England&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082552&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082552&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4907</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England: Quizzes: Test your knowledge of Tudor England 16th century English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England: Quizzes: Test your knowledge of Tudor England 16th century English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Quizzes: Test your knowledge of Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a98c752d8383e964db71af</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a9.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">quizzes.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">bothwellquizzes.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/quizzes.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Quizzes&quot; width=&quot;347&quot; height=&quot;163&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Please note:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt; 
+          You must close each window within a quiz &lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt; a new window 
+          can open.&lt;br&gt;
+          In other words, there are three options - Check Answers, Reset, Give 
+          Up? - and only one can be chosen at a time.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/bothwellquizzes.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;anonymous portrait of James Hepburn, earl of Bothwell, third husband of Mary, queen of Scots&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;198&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of James Hepburn, earl of Bothwell,&lt;br&gt;third 
+        husband of Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot; size=&quot;-1&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England: Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz One:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq1.html&quot;&gt;General History I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Two:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq2.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Three:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq3.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Four:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq4.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Five:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq5.html&quot;&gt;General History II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Six:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq6.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I, 
+      part one&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Seven:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq7.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I, 
+      part two&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Eight:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq8.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I, 
+      part three&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Nine:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq9.html&quot;&gt;The Trial and 
+      Execution of Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Ten:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq10.html&quot;&gt;The Sisters of 
+      Henry VIII: Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Eleven:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq11.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Twelve:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq12.html&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Thirteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq13.html&quot;&gt;King Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Fourteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq14.html&quot;&gt;General History&amp;nbsp; 
+      III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Fifteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq15.html&quot;&gt;General History IV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Sixteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq16.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Seventeen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq17.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I 
+      and Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Eighteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq18.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Nineteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq19.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Films&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Twenty:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq20.html&quot;&gt;The Six Thomases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Twenty-one:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq21.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots: Life in France&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082545&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082545&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01ad.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01ad.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01ad.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">20144</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Katharine Catherine Katherine of Aragon first wife of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Katharine Catherine Katherine of Aragon first wife of Henry VIII mother of Queen Mary I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Katharine / Katherine / Catherine of Aragon: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ad04ada6e97e8f0ae04ea7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ad.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragoncardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonsittow1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;674&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;39&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In this world I will confess
+myself to be the king's true wife, and in the next they will know how
+unreasonably I am afflicted.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon, 1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragoncardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine of Aragon&quot; width=&quot;443&quot; height=&quot;114&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonsittow1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Michael Sittow, c1502&quot; width=&quot;351&quot; height=&quot;541&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by 
+      Michael Sittow, c1502&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;The youngest surviving child of
+the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Katharine was born on 16 December 1485,
+the same year that Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty.&amp;nbsp; At
+the age of three, she was betrothed to his infant son, Prince
+Arthur.&amp;nbsp; In 1501, shortly before her sixteenth birthday, Katharine
+sailed to England.&amp;nbsp; But her marriage to Arthur lasted less than
+six months and was supposedly never consummated.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+then betrothed to Arthur's younger brother, Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; When he
+became king in 1509, at the age of eighteen, he promptly married
+Katharine and they lived together happily for many years.&amp;nbsp; But
+their marriage produced just one living child, a daughter called Mary,
+and Henry was desperate for a male heir.&amp;nbsp; He also fell deeply in
+love with another woman.&amp;nbsp; Cast aside, Katharine fought against
+great odds to deny Henry an annulment.&amp;nbsp; But the king would not be
+denied and when the Catholic church would not grant the annulment, he
+declared himself head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+banished from court and died on 7 January 1536, broken-hearted but
+still defiant.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+          &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Katharine of Aragon.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Katharine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8crown.html&quot;&gt;an account of her
+coronation&lt;/a&gt; at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;b&gt;Secondary Sources&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Read JA Froude's 1891 work &lt;i&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;The Divorce 
+          of Catherine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
+Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Katharine.&lt;br&gt;
+Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Mary I site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Katharine's daughter.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Interact&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk
+          &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by
+Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of
+the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My tribulations are so great, my life so
+disturbed by the plans daily invented to further the king's wicked
+intention, the surprises which the king gives me, with certain persons
+of his council, are so mortal, and my treatment is what God knows, that
+it is enough to shorten ten lives, much more mine.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon to Charles V, November 1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Katharine was born on 16 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, in the
+archbishop of Toledo's palace.&amp;nbsp; Her early life promised a future
+of splendor and success, if not personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; Her parents,
+Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, were legends throughout
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; Their marriage had united the kingdom of Spain and
+together they had driven the Moors from Granada.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+mother was deeply pious and very intelligent.&amp;nbsp; Her children, even
+the daughters, received excellent educations.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's brother
+Juan and sister Joanna were married off into the powerful Hapsburg
+family and two other sisters, Isabella and Maria, would each marry the
+king of Portugal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was promised to England; the
+betrothal contract was finalized before her fourth birthday.&amp;nbsp; The
+island nation, so long torn between Plantagenet cousins vying for the
+throne, was now ruled by Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; He had married the daughter
+of the former Plantagenet king, Edward IV, and in 1486 had a male heir
+and a desire to establish the stability and validity of his new
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; A match with a Spanish princess would give him
+both.&amp;nbsp; And so Katharine, proud and solemn and accompanied by a
+vast dowry, came to England in 1501.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; She
+wed Prince Arthur within a few weeks of her arrival.&amp;nbsp; It was a
+grand celebration; all of London rejoiced and there was every
+expectation of a glorious future for both husband and wife.&amp;nbsp; They
+left for Ludlow Castle, the government seat of the Prince of Wales, and
+within six months Arthur was dead.&amp;nbsp; It was the dreaded sweating
+sickness.&amp;nbsp; The news devastated his parents.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+returned to London but was not sent home.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was already
+writing to her parents about another marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine was now promised to Arthur's younger brother,
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; Born 28 June 1491, he was almost six years younger than
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But he was robust and healthy, and already regarded as
+a precocious intellect.&amp;nbsp; Before his brother's death, he had been
+destined for the church and educated accordingly.&amp;nbsp; But now he was
+the future king and as such he needed a future wife.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII
+betrothed young Henry to his brother's widow, a plan which required a
+papal dispensation.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand, at odds with France, was anxious
+to please his English ally; Isabella's piety may have ruined the plan
+but she was dying and did not protest.&amp;nbsp; Katharine and her duenna,
+Dona Elvira, both wrote that her marriage to Arthur had never been
+consummated.&amp;nbsp; Pope Julius II granted the dispensation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The new betrothal may have been spurred by Henry VII's legendary
+avarice.&amp;nbsp; Katharine had brought half of her dowry with her upon
+marriage to Arthur; if she returned home, her marriage contract
+required that the dowry be returned.&amp;nbsp; Also, her inheritance as
+dowager Princess of Wales was substantial.&amp;nbsp; If she left England,
+so would that steady income.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine herself &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;wrote to her father&lt;/a&gt;
+that she had no wish to remain in England but she would obey his
+decision.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she had already learned enough of Henry VII's
+character to know she would be shabbily treated.&amp;nbsp; Despite her
+royal position, she lived in poverty.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish ambassador was
+forced to buy her necessities and she was unable to pay her
+attendants.&amp;nbsp; And soon enough Henry VII was implying that he would
+break the Spanish betrothal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine spent the next seven years
+in a state of political limbo.&amp;nbsp; And when he turned fourteen, Henry
+VII had his son publicly repudiate the betrothal, claiming that the
+marriage contract was made without his knowledge or consent.&amp;nbsp; Yet
+Katharine remained in England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;In 1509, the situation was resolved with startling speed.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VII died and his eighteen year old son became king.&amp;nbsp;
+Handsome, proud, and imbued with the romantic spirit of chivalry, he
+promptly married Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Did he marry her out of a sense of
+obligation?&amp;nbsp; Was it because, as he later claimed, he wished to
+respect his father's last wish?&amp;nbsp; Were political councilors
+encouraging the Spanish alliance?&amp;nbsp; Or did he love the dignified
+and lovely young princess?&amp;nbsp; It is impossible to know.&amp;nbsp; But
+they certainly acted like a loving and affectionate couple, far beyond
+typical royal marriages.&amp;nbsp; There were public displays of affection,
+declarations of love and respect, and for a long while she was also a
+close political adviser.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry VIII's court was full of gaiety and celebration.&amp;nbsp; It
+was a welcome change from the austerity of his father's rule.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine proved herself to be the perfect consort, even when politics
+led her father to humiliate and betray Henry.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+recognized that she must choose between unwavering support of her
+father and loyalty to her husband.&amp;nbsp; She chose Henry, though his
+Lord Chancellor, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, never trusted her and instead favored an Anglo-French
+alliance.&amp;nbsp; His influence, and Henry's own suspicions, led the king
+to disregard her political advice.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine's primary duty was both personal and political - to
+bear children, as many as possible and preferably sons.&amp;nbsp; This was
+especially important in England since Henry VIII was the sole surviving
+son of his father.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was far from barren and did her
+best; in the first nine years of their marriage, she conceived at least
+six times.&amp;nbsp; She miscarried twice, once delivered a stillborn
+daughter, and two sons died within weeks.&amp;nbsp; The only surviving
+child was a daughter, Princess Mary, born in 1516.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+last recorded pregnancy was in 1518, when she was thirty-three years
+old.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry was not unhappy with the birth of Mary; he assured
+ambassadors that if it were a daughter this time, a son would surely
+follow.&amp;nbsp; But it was soon clear there would be no sons.&amp;nbsp; The
+age difference between he and Katharine was now more noticeable.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen, struggling with frequent pregnancies and constant stress,
+looked older than her years.&amp;nbsp; Henry was a far more prudent king
+than most; he had just two serious affairs during his marriage to
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But one of his mistresses, Elizabeth Blount, bore him
+a son.&amp;nbsp; It was clear he could have sons, but the queen could
+not.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;By 1527, the question of the succession was the most pressing
+issue facing the king.&amp;nbsp; Two years before, he had titled his
+illegitimate son the duke of Richmond and granted him vast estates.&amp;nbsp;
+Many, Katharine included, believed this was a preliminary step to
+naming him heir to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This never occurred and Richmond
+would die in 1536, but - until then - it was a possibility.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+sent Princess Mary to Ludlow Castle as Princess of Wales and his
+official heir, but even that did not stop the rumors or her mother's
+concerns.&amp;nbsp; Katharine confronted Henry; he responded angrily and
+dismissed several of her beloved Spanish attendants.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The king by now had hopes of a legitimate heir.&amp;nbsp; He had
+fallen in love the year previously with a young Englishwoman, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+She was the sister of a former mistress and refused to take that
+position herself.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who was also deeply pious and a student
+of theology, now took a closer look at his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp;
+In particular, he looked at the text in Leviticus which seemed to
+directly reference his own life - 'If a man shall take his brother's
+wife it is an unclean thing..... they shall be childless.'(Leviticus,
+XX, 21)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Of course, they were not childless but a daughter was not the
+heir he needed.&amp;nbsp; No woman had attempted to rule England since the
+disastrous Matilda centuries&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt; before.&amp;nbsp; Henry now firmly believed
+that his incestuous marriage had been doomed from the start.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But how could he annul the marriage?&amp;nbsp; He needed to convince
+the current pope, Clement VII, that the dispensation of his predecessor
+was inadequate.&amp;nbsp; It directly contradicted the Bible and had no
+merit.&amp;nbsp; This should have been a simple enough matter.&amp;nbsp; Royal
+marriages had been annulled for far less.&amp;nbsp; But Katharine's nephew,
+Charles V, was the Holy Roman Emperor and he had no intention of
+allowing his aunt to be cast off.&amp;nbsp; This was not out of personal
+love or loyalty, but a purely political stance.&amp;nbsp; And after the
+1527 'sack of Rome', Charles controlled the pope.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry was soon thwarted, despite extensive work by Wolsey and
+other advisers.&amp;nbsp; For her part, Katharine was kept in the dark for
+as long as the king could manage it.&amp;nbsp; But she was no fool.&amp;nbsp;
+She knew of the romance between her husband and Mistress Boleyn; she
+knew Henry avoided her company, though he was scrupulous about
+attending official functions with her.&amp;nbsp; He had always respected
+her unassailable dignity and eloquence.&amp;nbsp; He did not wish to fight
+Katharine; he wanted an amicable end to their union and he was prepared
+to be generous.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;When news of his intentions became official, she was given
+counsel but only that chosen by the king.&amp;nbsp; She turned to the
+Spanish ambassador and close friends at court for support.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+Boleyn was not popular and Katharine was a respected and beloved
+queen.&amp;nbsp; The king soon came under popular scorn for his
+plans.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But Henry was as firmly convinced of the righteousness of his
+cause as Katharine was of hers.&amp;nbsp; He had read the Bible; he had
+debated the issue with prominent theologians; he even sponsored
+hearings of the case at European universities.&amp;nbsp; Both king and pope
+knew there was a valid basis for the annulment, and a pressing national
+need for it.&amp;nbsp; Clement could have granted it without troubling his
+conscience.&amp;nbsp; And with the spread of Lutheranism in the German
+states, Clement had no wish to antagonize the loyal and devoted king of
+England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But the English king could not be helped at the Holy Roman Emperor's 
+    expense.&amp;nbsp; This was soon made abundantly clear.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The pope prevaricated; he could do little else.&amp;nbsp; And for
+several years, the 'King's Great Matter' consumed England and
+fascinated Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry inevitably tired of the endless parade of papal legates
+and repetitious hearings.&amp;nbsp; He was growing older and Anne was
+growing impatient.&amp;nbsp; Her youth was being wasted to no purpose, she
+told the king.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Katharine encouraged Mary to be
+obstinate in protecting her rights as princess.&amp;nbsp; Mary lost her
+father's favor and was forbidden to visit her mother.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Finally, in 1533, Henry did the only thing he could to end the
+marriage - he rejected the authority of the Holy See and declared
+himself Supreme Head of a new Church of England.&amp;nbsp; His archbishop
+of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, issued the long-awaited decree of
+nullity.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was no longer queen of England but 'Princess
+dowager of Wales'.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary was now illegitimate, and rumors
+spread that Anne Boleyn had finally succumbed to the king and was
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; Katharine was exiled from court and to a
+succession of damp and unpleasant castles.&amp;nbsp; She had but a handful
+of servants for few would call her queen and she refused to be called
+princess.&amp;nbsp; It was a mark of her early education that she was meek,
+deeply pious and believed in obedience to her husband - but she was
+also a proud and intelligent princess of Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would never
+allow her dignity, or that of her daughter, to be destroyed.&amp;nbsp; In
+the end, this stubborn spirit did both her and Mary far more harm than
+good.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was undoubtedly truthful when she declared her
+marriage to Arthur unconsummated but the truth was cold comfort in the
+last years of her life.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Her final years were lonely and sad; the Spanish ambassador kept
+her informed of outside events and smuggled letters to her daughter,
+but she was often ill and at prayer.&amp;nbsp; The wrongs she had suffered
+from Henry filled her with sadness rather than anger.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she
+was inspired by her motto, Humble and Loyal, for that is how she
+remained.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She died at Kimbolton Castle on 7 January 1536, three weeks
+after her fiftieth birthday.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that she had been
+poisoned.&amp;nbsp; But if Henry had been so inclined, he would have
+attempted it years before and spared himself much trouble.&amp;nbsp; A
+lingering illness and the psychological effects of her exile were the
+obvious causes.&amp;nbsp; She was buried at Peterborough Abbey with all the
+ceremony befitting the widow of the prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Henry did
+not attend the funeral; we do not know if he read Katharine's &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;last letter&lt;/a&gt; to
+him.&amp;nbsp; It was a love letter and she signed it 'Katherine the
+Queen'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The tragedy of their annulment was that both he and Katharine
+were equally convinced of their causes.&amp;nbsp; For the modern reader,
+both arguments are persuasive.&amp;nbsp; It is an ironic footnote to her
+life story that Katharine, such a devoted and pious Catholic,
+unintentionally brought the Reformation to England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt; to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082566&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082566&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01ae.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01ae.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01ae.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41522</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources Mary Tudor sister of King Henry VIII grandmother of Lady Jane Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ae057ca36570b2ebb8626c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215264</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ae.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon1.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Cloth of Gold and Cloth of Frieze&quot; width=&quot;492&quot; height=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon2.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;494&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The marriage portrait of Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, was Henry VIII's closest 
+
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Brandon's father was Henry VII's standard-bearer at the Battle of 
+
+Bosworth Field and died defending the future king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII repaid his 
+
+loyalty by educating young Charles with his own children, and from the beginning 
+
+Charles and the future Henry VIII were devoted friends.&amp;nbsp; But their 
+
+friendship was sorely tested when Brandon secretly married Henry's favorite 
+
+sister, the beautiful Princess Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; At this page, you can learn 
+
+more about their romantic story and its aftermath.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon had an inauspicious beginning and his rise to wealth and 
+prominence was due largely to two things: his father's death at Bosworth Field 
+and his own personal magnetism.&amp;nbsp; Upon his death in 1545, Brandon was 
+perhaps the only person in England who had successfully retained Henry VIII's 
+affection for over forty turbulent years. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His father was William Brandon, Henry Tudor's standard 
+bearer at Bosworth Field in 1485.&amp;nbsp; He was reportedly killed there by 
+Richard III himself.&amp;nbsp; Around 1480 or so, William had married the daughter 
+and heiress of Sir Henry Bruyn of South Ockendon in Essex.&amp;nbsp; But unlike his 
+respectable, middle-class forebears who had led exemplary and cautious 
+lives, William had a tasste for politics.&amp;nbsp; When the Duke of Gloucester 
+seized the throne in 1483 and declared himself Richard III, William and his 
+younger brother Thomas decided to make a stand.&amp;nbsp; They joined the duke of 
+Buckingham's rebellion; it failed and the brothers fled to Brittany where they 
+joined other Lancastrian exiles who supported Henry Tudor, the earl of Richmond.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When William fled England, his wife was already 
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon was born sometime in late 1483 or early 
+1484.&amp;nbsp; His mother died in childbirth and, upon his grandfather's death in 
+1491, the orphaned boy went to the royal court.&amp;nbsp; This was the custom of the 
+time but since Brandon was not heir to an important title or great wealth, his 
+case was decided more on sentiment.&amp;nbsp; He had a claim on Henry Tudor's affections 
+since his father had died in his service.&amp;nbsp; That demonstration of loyalty at 
+Bosworth meant a great deal to the first Tudor king.&amp;nbsp; Since Charles was 
+just two years older than Henry's first son, Prince Arthur, it is probable that 
+they were playmates. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Arthur married the Spanish princess Katharine of 
+Aragon in 1502, his court moved to Ludlow Castle in the Welsh Marches, the 
+traditional seat of the Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not accompany the 
+royal couple but remained in London as companion to Arthur's younger 
+brother, Henry duke of York. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Though seven years older than Henry, Charles shared his 
+most prominent characteristics - natural athleticism, robust physical health 
+(unlike the delicate Arthur), and a devotion to all sports (wrestling, hunting, 
+tilting and jousting, etc.)&amp;nbsp; During these adolescent years, the two boys 
+laid the foundation for a lifelong friendship.&amp;nbsp; Arthur died just months 
+after his wedding and, in 1509, the duke of York succeeded to the throne.&amp;nbsp; 
+This marked the real beginning of Charles Brandon's rise to prominence and 
+privilege. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But before 1509, young Charles had undergone an 
+embarrassing marital situation which revealed his ambition and 
+callousness.&amp;nbsp; In 1505, he had become engaged to Anne Browne, a young woman 
+of impressive lineage; her father was  Anthony Browne, Governor of Calais, 
+and her mother was Lucy Neville, niece of the 'Kingmaker.'&amp;nbsp; Charles and 
+Anne were betrothed &lt;I&gt;per verba de praesenti&lt;/I&gt;, a binding contract under 
+canon law.&amp;nbsp; In such cases, there was no ceremony or witnesses; as one can 
+imagine, this led to several unpleasant cases of men and (more rarely) women 
+repudiating their betrothed &lt;I&gt;if&lt;/I&gt; they lacked proper respect for church 
+law.&amp;nbsp; Charles apparently did.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne slept together, as 
+evidenced by the birth of a daughter in 1506, but he did not marry her.&amp;nbsp; 
+Instead, he married her aunt, a very wealthy widow named Margaret Neville 
+Mortimer.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was never taken seriously due to its mercenary 
+nature and, more importantly, legal action begun by Anne's angry family.&amp;nbsp; 
+Eventually, the Mortimer marriage was annulled due to the previous contract and 
+Charles married Anne in a well-attended public ceremony.&amp;nbsp; They had another 
+daughter in 1510; Anne Browne died just two years later. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By late 1512, Charles had recovered from his grief enough 
+to contemplate yet another union.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps even more mercenary 
+since his betrothed was an eight-year-old orphan.&amp;nbsp; It was common practice 
+for the Crown to assume guardianship of an orphaned minor child who had 
+inherited property.&amp;nbsp; The Crown then sold the guardianship to the highest 
+bidder, often the child's own relatives who wanted to receive the property 
+revenues until the child came of age and decide whom they would marry.&amp;nbsp; 
+Charles had been given the wardship of Elizabeth Grey, the heiress to Lord Lisle 
+of Sparsholt in Berkshire.&amp;nbsp; This, along with various offices, grants &amp;amp; 
+pensions, was a mark of Henry's continued favor.&amp;nbsp; In early 1513, Charles 
+announced his engagement to the girl and, on 15 May 1513, the king created him 
+Viscount Lisle, in right of his betrothed wife.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon finally 
+had a noble title and even more property. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; That same year, the new Lord Lisle accompanied the king to 
+France and also helped entertain the Hapsburg Emperor Maximilian and his 
+twice-widowed, 33-year-old daughter, Margaret, Regent of the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; 
+For Henry, the meeting was also a diplomatic necessity since, in 1508, his 
+father had entered into a formal contract of marriage between his youngest 
+daughter, Mary, and Maximilian's son, Charles of Castile.&amp;nbsp; But over the 
+next few years, little mention had been made of the contract.&amp;nbsp; Henry used 
+the visit to broach the subject; the end result was an agreement that Princess Mary and Charles 
+would wed in 1514, after Charles had reached his 14th birthday. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Lord Lisle made a fool of himself by flirting 
+with Margaret.&amp;nbsp; There is little chance she truly favored him, and certainly 
+none that she planned to marry him, but they flirted, Henry translating for his 
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Charles Brandon was demonstrating his heavy-handed 
+flair for the ladies.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he greatly offended Margaret by 
+encouraging gossip about their meeting.&amp;nbsp; In particular, it stressed her 
+attraction to him and a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; As a Hapsburg princess, she was 
+not amused and Henry VIII was forced to make a public apology.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+not angry with his friend; on 1 February 1514, he created Charles the duke of 
+Suffolk, the title once held by the Yorkist de la Poles.&amp;nbsp; He also received 
+the majority of their confiscated estates.&amp;nbsp; This elevation was remarkable; 
+it meant that Suffolk was one of only three dukes in the kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The 
+other two were Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk (reinstated to the title after his 
+victory at Flodden in 1513), and Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham and 
+descendant of Edward III.&amp;nbsp; Of course, many were surprised that a yeoman's 
+son was now one of their greatest peers but Brandon's friendship with Henry 
+explained matters.&amp;nbsp; In Europe, it was said that 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal Wolsey&lt;/a&gt; and Brandon truly 
+ruled England through influence upon Henry VIII. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1514 as well, the usual tangle of European diplomacy 
+had made Henry distrustful of the Hapsburgs.&amp;nbsp; Also, the deadline for 
+Charles of Castile's marriage to Princess Mary had come and passed with only 
+dismissive explanations from the emperor.&amp;nbsp; So when Louis XII of France 
+offered a peace treaty to England, Henry was eager to accept it.&amp;nbsp; Louis 
+considerably sweetened the offer by offering to wed the Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; For 
+Henry, this was a diplomatic coup.&amp;nbsp; For his sister, of course, it was 
+considerably different. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor, born 18 March 1495, was the baby of the Tudor 
+family and widely considered the most beautiful princess of her time.&amp;nbsp; She 
+shared her brother Henry's exuberance for spectacle and was the star of his 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Like him, she loved dancing, masques, and parties; they were also 
+close emotionally.&amp;nbsp; So when Henry told her that she would marry the widowed 
+King of France, a man in his fifties with gout and a pock-marked face, she 
+poured out her heart.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she would do her duty as a Princess, she 
+told Henry, but when the marriage was over, she wanted to choose her next spouse 
+- and choose him for love alone.&amp;nbsp; Itt was an extraordinary demand for any 
+woman of that time but Henry VIII loved his sister and he agreed.&amp;nbsp; 
+Why?&amp;nbsp; Partly because he loved her but also because he wanted her to leave 
+for France peacefully and willingly; and also, perhaps more troubling, because 
+she had confessed her secret love to him.&amp;nbsp; It was none other than his best friend, Charles 
+Brandon. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had enjoyed unprecedented freedom at Henry VIII's 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Just fourteen when her father died, she had spent the next five 
+years virtually unchaperoned in his hectic court, her brother openly encouraging 
+her participation in every event.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, she was nineteen years old, 
+very beautiful, and very willful.&amp;nbsp; She had developed an attachment to 
+Charles Brandon; she had known him all her life.&amp;nbsp; It may have begun as a 
+child's awe of a robust, attractive man, successful in all sports (so important 
+at the Tudor court) and very charming.&amp;nbsp; But it had changed into something 
+more and, by 1514, most of the king's inner circle knew of her affection.&amp;nbsp; 
+There was no scandal, however.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her brother's promise and 
+married the aged Louis XII at Greenwich Palace on 13 August 1514.&amp;nbsp; The Duc 
+de Longueville acted as the king's proxy in every respect; he even lay down on a 
+bed with Mary and touched her body with his naked leg, thus 'consummating' the 
+marriage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary enjoyed herself at her wedding festivities and its 
+attendant celebrations.&amp;nbsp; It would have been impossible to feel 
+otherwise.&amp;nbsp; She had a splendid trousseau, marvelous jewels sent over from 
+France, and all the honors due to the queen of France.&amp;nbsp; All contemporary 
+accounts remark on her great beauty, particularly her clear complexion and long 
+red-gold hair, the Tudor trademark.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was eager to see her, 
+telling the English ambassador that he had many gifts for his bride and expected 
+a kiss for each one. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary eventually traveled from Dover to Boulogne on 2 
+October, after waiting weeks for stormy weather to end.&amp;nbsp;  She actually left in the 
+midst of more storms since Henry VIII had grown bored waiting for them to 
+end.&amp;nbsp; Upon her departure, she kissed her brother and reminded him of his 
+promise about her future.&amp;nbsp; Henry, eager to leave, committed her to God and 
+her husband and left.&amp;nbsp; There were fourteen ships in Mary's retinue but the 
+weather was so terrible that only four reached port on time; the rest docked at 
+various ports on the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary, suffering from seasickness 
+and constant rain, was carried ashore by one of her gentlemen, Sir Christopher 
+Garnish.&amp;nbsp; She journeyed from Montreuil to Abbeville and contemporary 
+chroniclers recorded her outfit; they were much impressed with her beauty and 
+charm.&amp;nbsp; She wore cloth of gold on crimson with tight sleeves in the English style and a 
+hat of crimson silk which she wore cocked over one eye.&amp;nbsp; Her husband met 
+her at a carefully arranged 'accident' outside Abbeville and, on 9 October, they 
+married in that city. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The marriage lasted for eighty-two days.&amp;nbsp; On 31 
+December 1514, Louis died quite abruptly.&amp;nbsp; Despite his ill health, he had 
+been notably active during his marriage.&amp;nbsp; This may have contributed to 
+his demise; he boasted that on their wedding night, he had 'crossed the river' 
+three times.&amp;nbsp; Before his death, he was visited by the duke of Suffolk on a 
+diplomatic trip and Charles wrote to Henry that his sister was discreet and 
+dignified.&amp;nbsp; This undoubtedly relieved both men; they had perhaps wondered 
+how Mary would greet her true love.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however, was aware of her 
+position as Queen of France and, during her brief marriage, conducted herself 
+with aplomb. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The King of France's death changed her world 
+considerably.&amp;nbsp; Now a queen dowager in a foreign country she had barely 
+begun to settle in, she was suddenly pushed into strict seclusion for 40 
+days.&amp;nbsp; This was French custom; after all, the widowed queen might be 
+pregnant and the child's paternity must be certain.&amp;nbsp; Mary was not pregnant 
+but she was sent to the Hotel de Cluny for her period of mourning, without even 
+the comfort of her English attendants.&amp;nbsp; The new king, Francois, had 
+appointed several Frenchwomen to attend her and dismissed her women.&amp;nbsp; May 
+was undoubtedly terrified.&amp;nbsp; She was closed off from the world, shut behind 
+heavy black drapes, and once more a pawn for her brother.&amp;nbsp; Would Henry 
+arrange another marriage or would he keep his promise?&amp;nbsp; Frantic, Mary wrote 
+to him from Cluny in early January 1515, just two weeks after her husband's 
+death; she begged him to contact Francois and have her sent home to England and 
+reminded him:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, I beseech your grace that you will keep all the 
+promises that you promised me when I took my leave of you by the 
+waterside.&amp;nbsp; Sir, your grace knoweth well that I did marry for your pleasure 
+at this time and now I trust you will suffer me to marry as me liketh for to 
+do... wherefore I beseech your grace for to be a good lord and brother unto 
+me.&quot;&amp;nbsp; If Henry did not keep his promise, Mary said she would enter a 
+nunnery and &quot;never no man shall know joy of me.&quot; &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary also had to deal with visits from the new French 
+king, Francois I.&amp;nbsp; He was twenty-one and knew the English-French alliance 
+was breaking down.&amp;nbsp; He did not want Mary wed by Henry to some Hapsburg 
+prince.&amp;nbsp; He suggested two of his own kinsmen as husbands and then hinted 
+that Henry was trying to marry her to Charles of Castile again.&amp;nbsp; Alone and 
+in a fragile state, Mary was terribly frightened; Francois's words touched on 
+her greatest fears.&amp;nbsp; She eventually confessed her love for Suffolk to 
+Francois.&amp;nbsp; Surprisingly, she found him sympathetic and kind.&amp;nbsp; He 
+promised to help secure her future happiness, a promise which Mary found 
+generous and Francois found opportunistic.&amp;nbsp; For, by this time, he knew the 
+duke of Suffolk was on his way to France to bargain for Mary's return, 
+specifically the return of her jewels, plate, and dower rights.&amp;nbsp; With the 
+dowager queen's confession, Francois had a powerful bargaining tool &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; peace 
+of mind - if Mary wed her English duke, she was no longer Henry's political 
+pawn. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles had been sent to France by Henry, specifically 
+promising to keep his relations with the widow on a formal basis.&amp;nbsp; Henry 
+had no reason to distrust him.&amp;nbsp; Charles was his creation, dependent on him 
+for everything, and also ambitious.&amp;nbsp; Why would he bite the hand that so 
+generously fed him?&amp;nbsp; So Suffolk departed on his most important mission 
+ever; it was well-known that the matter would be complicated.&amp;nbsp; The French 
+would not want to surrender any property to Mary and she would naturally want 
+her rightful share.&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, perhaps Henry meant to keep his 
+promise.&amp;nbsp; After all, he knew his sister's feelings - and now he sent her 
+true love to bring her home.&amp;nbsp; But rattled by Francois's suggestions of a 
+Hapsburg marriage, Mary was set on a course which nearly ruined her and Suffolk.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk arrived on 27 January; five days later, he met 
+Francois at Senlis.&amp;nbsp; Francois summoned Suffolk to a private audience and 
+bluntly dropped his bombshell - the duke had come to marry the Dowager Queen, 
+had he not?&amp;nbsp; Poor Suffolk was taken aback and protested vehemently.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois went on to share Mary's confession and reassure the duke.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+their friend, Francois said, and he would write to the English king and explain 
+all.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk took no chances; he dashed off his own account of the 
+interview to Wolsey and then went to see Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a most emotional 
+reunion.&amp;nbsp; She accused him of taking her to England only to have her married 
+off again against her will.&amp;nbsp; He protested but she would have none of 
+it.&amp;nbsp; She issued an ultimatum - either marry me now or never marry me at 
+all.&amp;nbsp; There would be no better time, she said, for he had jealous enemies 
+on the Privy Council who would prevent it in England.&amp;nbsp; She had her 
+brother's explicit promise that she could follow her heart and Henry knew her 
+greatest desire.&amp;nbsp; What was the risk for him, anyway?&amp;nbsp; She was a 
+princess and queen, very beautiful, and imperious.&amp;nbsp; Why would any man deny 
+her?&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was understandably torn between his obedience to Henry and 
+his desire for Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But he was always ambitious and rarely foolish.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew that Mary would be a great prize; after all, he harbored no overt dynastic 
+ambitions but six years of marriage had produced no living child for Henry 
+VIII.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Suffolk and Mary would create a new royal line.&amp;nbsp; And 
+she was a royal princess and queen, just twenty years old and madly in love with 
+him.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was swayed by tears and ambition and, sometime in February 
+1515, they married secretly at the Cluny chapel. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The consequences were rapid and hardly comforting.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois demanded Suffolk's acquiescence in several disputes over Mary's dowry 
+as payment for their 'secret.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey&lt;/A&gt; and 
+Henry wanted the duke to be firm and reject all the French king's demands.&amp;nbsp; 
+Furthermore, news of the wedding was circulating throughout Paris and Mary 
+suspected she might be pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk knew he could no longer delay 
+confession and wrote to Wolsey, now Archbishop of York.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to 
+arrange a more public wedding ceremony since he knew their secret wedding could 
+easily be invalidated; certainly he knew that better than most.&amp;nbsp; And he 
+feared that the king's council was urging an annulment.&amp;nbsp; Many didn't 
+consider Suffolk a fit match for a princess and others wanted to promote 
+pro-Hapsburg policy of which Mary's remarriage could play a part. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But most important was Henry's reaction.&amp;nbsp; How would 
+he consider the betrayal of his best friend and favorite sister?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Henry's reaction was not favorable.&amp;nbsp; Brandon had written to Wolsey for 
+support and he received a prompt reply but it hardly comforted him; the king 
+could not believe his most trusted friend had betrayed him but, if it were true, 
+the newlyweds had to pay a stiff penalty - literally.&amp;nbsp; They must pay back 
+Mary's marriage portion in annual installments of 4000 pds, leaving her just 
+6000 pds to live on.&amp;nbsp; She must return all the plate and jewels she had 
+taken to France as her dowry as well as the many gifts King Louis had given her.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, they must hasten to beg the king for 
+forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary did just that, both blaming her for the 
+hasty marriage.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk wrote:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, for the passion of God, let it 
+not be in your heart against me, and rather than you should hold me in mistrust, 
+strike off my head and let me not live.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary knew her brother well so, 
+along with her letter, she sent him the most sumptuous jewel Louis had given her 
+- a diamond called the Mirror of Naples wwhich formed part of the French crown 
+jewels.&amp;nbsp; She assured her brother that she had not acted out of 'sensual 
+appetite'; instead, she had been subject to 'consternation, fear and doubt' 
+which made her force Suffolk's hand.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not reply.&amp;nbsp; Francois 
+eventually allowed her to keep some of Louis's gifts and, on 16 April, they set 
+out for the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Mary wrote to Henry again at Calais, telling him 
+that she was now under his jurisdiction since Calais was an English possession 
+and that she would not sail for England until he gave permission.&amp;nbsp; She 
+reminded him of 'the great and tender love' they had always shared and promised 
+to remain in Calais if that is what he wished. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was not.&amp;nbsp; Henry sent permission for them to cross the 
+Channel in early May and met them privately at the manor of Barking outside 
+London.&amp;nbsp; There is no record of that meeting, of course, and one must assume 
+that Wolsey had perhaps exaggerated Henry's displeasure since he wanted 
+Suffolk's gratitude.&amp;nbsp; Henry was willing enough to forgive his best friend 
+and favorite sister, &lt;i&gt;after&lt;/i&gt; she turned over all her jewels and plate from France 
+and signed a contract to repay the 24000 pds spent on her first marriage in the 
+annual installments of 4000 pds.&amp;nbsp; It was obvious that Henry was not 
+surprised by the marriage; he was mostly angry at Suffolk for breaking his word.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;another version of the Brandon marriage portrait&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary were wed again at Greenwich Palace on 13 
+May with Henry and
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; 
+in attendance.&amp;nbsp; There was feasting and celebration but it was strictly a 
+family affair and foreign ambassadors wondered if they should congratulate the 
+couple.&amp;nbsp; After all, the situation was odd and there were some (mostly on 
+the king's council) who disapproved of the match.&amp;nbsp; But, for the most part, 
+there were no hard feelings or grudges.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was a popular man, 
+good-looking and charming, and few - even in Tudor England - could resist such a 
+grand love story.&amp;nbsp; After all, they had risked everything to be 
+together.&amp;nbsp; Before long, the Suffolks were back in the king's good 
+graces.&amp;nbsp; They are recorded as extending all the great court celebrations of 
+the next few years.&amp;nbsp; Mary's pregnancy in France had been a false alarm but 
+she did become pregnant a few months later.&amp;nbsp; In fact, she was now pregnant 
+along with her sister-in-law Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Due to the queen's history of 
+miscarriages and stillbirths, few were hopeful of the outcome; but, on 18 
+February 1516, she gave birth to her only surviving child, a princess called 
+Mary after her aunt.&amp;nbsp; The new duchess of Suffolk, however, was more 
+fortunate - on 11 March 1516, she gave birth to a healthy baby boy called Henry 
+after the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Wolsey stood as the child's godfathers. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary and Henry's older sister Margaret of Scotland visited 
+that summer, bringing her six-month-old daughter, Lady Margaret Douglas.&amp;nbsp; 
+She had been in Scotland for thirteen years but her visit was pleasant 
+enough.&amp;nbsp; Henry had never tired of lecturing Margaret on morality (she had 
+married the Earl of Angus after James of Scotland's death at Flodden); this, of 
+course, is laughable when one considers his own matrimonial career.&amp;nbsp; But 
+Margaret's visit was some ten years before Anne Boleyn entered Henry's 
+life.&amp;nbsp; In 1516, the king was just seven years into his reign, still 
+handsome and bluff.&amp;nbsp; Still, Margaret had little in common with her siblings 
+after her years away; also, her first husband had been killed by the English at 
+Flodden Field. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor was far closer to her foreign sister-in-law 
+than to Margaret.&amp;nbsp; After all, she and Katharine had spent their formative 
+years together.&amp;nbsp; When, in 1517, Katharine went on a pilgrimage to pray for 
+a son, Mary accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; Both Mary and Brandon understood the queen's 
+ 
+heartfelt desire to bear her husband a prince and successor and were 
+sympathetic supporters.&amp;nbsp; There was a passing cloud in 1516 - Mary's revenues 
+from France had fallen off and she was behind in payment of her debt - but the 
+cloud passed quickly.&amp;nbsp; In early summer 1517, they were at Richmond Palace 
+again.&amp;nbsp; Mary was once more pregnant and, on 16 July 1517, she went into 
+labor on her way home.&amp;nbsp; A daughter was born, called Frances after the 
+French king; the Suffolks 
+had another daughter, Eleanor, in 1519. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1518, Mary and Suffolk were at court again, attending 
+the betrothal of the infant Princess Mary to the infant dauphin of France.&amp;nbsp; 
+And they attended the famous Field of Cloth of Gold at Guines, near 
+Calais in 1520.&amp;nbsp; Mary was widely considered the most beautiful woman there.&amp;nbsp; 
+A French admiral commented, &quot;Madame, you are the rose of Christendom.&amp;nbsp; You 
+should have stayed in France.&amp;nbsp; We would have appreciated you.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+was now in her mid-twenties and, when Katharine of Aragon was pregnant or ill, acted 
+as her brother's hostess. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Back in England, however, things began to change.&amp;nbsp; In 
+the new year of 1522, Mary first met
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+She knew Anne's older sister Mary quite well for she had been one of her 
+ladies-in-waiting when Mary Tudor wed Louis XII in France.&amp;nbsp; She had also remained 
+in France until dismissed by Francois.&amp;nbsp; Anne wanted to join Queen 
+Katharine's household as a lady-in-waiting, a much-sought-after position.&amp;nbsp; 
+It is likely that Mary repaid Mary Boleyn's service by helping Anne.&amp;nbsp; 
+Certainly she may have liked the girl; Anne had spent time at the French court 
+and was fashionable and high-spirited, much like Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anne entered Katharine's service but was sent home in 
+disgrace for three years.&amp;nbsp; In just a matter of months, she had managed to 
+attract the attention of Henry Percy, heir to the powerful Earl of 
+Northmberland.&amp;nbsp; The young couple entered into an understanding but Percy was under the guardianship of Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; The king's most trusted 
+advisor and Percy's powerful father were understandably angry at the secret 
+romance.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Anne and Percy were brought to heel&lt;/a&gt;; 
+there were better matches for him and she had overstepped her bounds.&amp;nbsp; Anne 
+was openly furious, so much that she was banished from court.&amp;nbsp; However, she 
+was allowed back in late 1525, around the time that Henry VIII was first 
+beginning to contemplate his lack of heirs. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon had delivered the Princess Mary in 
+1516, when she was thirty-one years old.&amp;nbsp; Since then, there had been no other 
+surviving children.&amp;nbsp; In 1525, she was forty and it was obvious she would 
+have no further children.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was nervous; his dynasty was just forty 
+years old.&amp;nbsp; It would not survive with just one princess as heir.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew the problem was not his fault - after all, in 1519, a mistress called 
+Bessie Blount had born a son.&amp;nbsp; In summer 1525, this child, called Henry 
+Fitzroy, was made the duke of Richmond and Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was present 
+at the grand ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was normally a patient, dignified wife 
+but the lavish ceremony, involving all the important nobility, offended 
+her.&amp;nbsp; She argued with Henry, telling him it insulted her and their daughter 
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry was unused to such criticism and responded by dismissing three 
+of her favorite ladies.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not critical of their benefactor 
+since Henry had created his nephew the Earl of Lincoln at the same 
+ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Also, Mary's repayment of her debt was still in limbo. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was also in failing health.&amp;nbsp; She had suffered 
+through the sweating sickness in 1518 and never completely recovered.&amp;nbsp; She may also have been exhibiting the first signs of the 
+disease which eventually killed her; most historians believe it was 
+cancer.&amp;nbsp; She was present at several court functions over the next few years 
+(a summer 1526 party for European ambassadors, for example) but came to court 
+with less and less frequency.&amp;nbsp; Her physical condition was deteriorating but 
+she was also uncomfortable with her brother's course of action. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1527, Henry's infatuation with Anne Boleyn had 
+begun.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to annul his marriage to Katharine, arguing that 
+it had never been legal in the first place.&amp;nbsp; He asserted that Katharine and 
+Arthur had consummated their marriage and, once again, his old friend Suffolk 
+acted in the king's interest.&amp;nbsp; He dug out some heretofore-lost memories 
+that hinted at consummation.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Wolsey had lost Henry's trust 
+because of the many delays in the annulment; the king used Suffolk to openly 
+attack his once powerful advisor.&amp;nbsp; At a public hearing on the case, Suffolk banged his fist on 
+the table and shouted &quot;It was never merry in England whilst we had cardinals 
+among us.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Of course, Suffolk would not have dared to attack Wolsey 
+without Henry's implicit support.&amp;nbsp; It was the downfall of the Cardinal.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1531, Henry banished Katharine of Aragon from 
+court.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne were constantly together and he made no secret of his 
+intention to marry her.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not happy about this but what 
+could they do?&amp;nbsp; They depended on Henry for everything.&amp;nbsp; Mary made a 
+cutting remark about Anne sometime in early 1532 and refused to accompany Henry 
+and Anne on a state visit to France.&amp;nbsp; Her husband warned Henry that Anne 
+may have slept with Sir Thomas Wyatt.&amp;nbsp; But that is all they dared.&amp;nbsp; 
+They were concerned about their own family. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this time, Suffolk's daughters with Anne Browne were 
+wed to titled men.&amp;nbsp; His eldest daughter with Mary, the lady Frances, was 
+engaged to Henry Grey third Marquess of Dorset, descendent of the famous &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2fplant%2fqueens%2felizwood.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth 
+Woodville&lt;/A&gt;; before Edward IV, she had been married to a Grey and had two sons 
+by him.&amp;nbsp; It was from the elder son that Henry Grey was descended.&amp;nbsp; Frances and Henry were the parents of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; The celebration of Frances's wedding to Henry Grey was held at 
+the Suffolk home in London.&amp;nbsp; It was Mary's last visit to the city.&amp;nbsp; 
+She was increasingly ill and also uncomfortable with her brother.&amp;nbsp; His 
+favor was no longer certain.&amp;nbsp; He had married the pregnant Anne Boleyn in a 
+secret ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was put in charge of the new queen's &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;coronation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Therefore, he was not with his wife when she passed away quietly at their home 
+in Westhorpe on 26 June 1533.&amp;nbsp; She was thirty-eight years old.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+death was not considered important news since most people were concerned with 
+the impending birth of Anne Boleyn's child, destined to be 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Mary had seen her husband in early May but his duties kept him busy; it was a 
+hurried visit and she simply wasted away in the next few weeks. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her brother ordered requiem masses to be sung at 
+Westminster Abbey but showed no other sign of mourning.&amp;nbsp; He was, after all, 
+in the midst of the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon did not attend the 
+funeral but it was a marvelous affair.&amp;nbsp; The coffin lay in state for a month 
+at Westhorpe and was interred at the church of Bury St Edmunds on 22 July.&amp;nbsp; 
+The abbey church and her monument were destroyed during the dissolution of the 
+monasteries.&amp;nbsp; Her coffin was saved, however, and moved to a nearby church 
+called St Mary.&amp;nbsp; In 1784, it was moved yet again within that church.&amp;nbsp; 
+The movers ghoulishly opened the coffin; they found a good set of teeth and two 
+feet of hair which was still red-gold.&amp;nbsp; Souvenir hunters cut off pieces of 
+the hair. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's death was perhaps most mourned in Suffolk county 
+where she had been a popular and respected figure.&amp;nbsp; Her husband replaced 
+her quickly enough - and, as was typical of Brandon, with aplomb.&amp;nbsp; He 
+decided to marry his son's betrothed.&amp;nbsp; The girl was called Catherine 
+Willoughby and she as a baroness in her own right, heiress to 15000 ducats a 
+year.&amp;nbsp; She was also just fourteen-years-old, the same age as his youngest 
+child.&amp;nbsp; Brandon himself was almost fifty.&amp;nbsp; But he needed money badly 
+and she was very rich; he married her quite rapidly.&amp;nbsp; The exact date is unknown.&amp;nbsp; 
+His and Mary's son, the eighteen-year-old Henry Brandon, Earl of Lincoln, would 
+be betrothed elsewhere easily enough.&amp;nbsp; But that was not to be.&amp;nbsp; After 
+his father's wedding, the young earl died, probably of the Tudor scourge, 
+tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was not particularly grieved; six months after his 
+death, he and Catherine had a son and named him Henry Brandon.&amp;nbsp; This usage 
+of a dead child's name was common practice in England. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk remained in Henry's favor.&amp;nbsp; The king gave his 
+old friend the unpleasant task of persuading Katharine of Aragon to accept the 
+break with Rome and the new title Princess Dowager.&amp;nbsp; He was also to move 
+her to Somersham near Cambridge, a manor known for its dank and unhealthy 
+atmosphere.&amp;nbsp; Katharine would not be bullied; she told Suffolk that he would 
+have to bind her in ropes if he wanted to move her anywhere.&amp;nbsp; After a week 
+of such talks, Suffolk left, having accomplished precious little. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He never saw Katharine again.&amp;nbsp; He did attend all the 
+momentous events of the 1530s - he sat at the trials of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Thomas More&lt;/a&gt; 
+and Anne Boleyn, he was even present at the scaffold when &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;she was 
+beheaded&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He also helped lead forces to end the &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/A&gt;, 
+one of the most serious problems of Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, his wife 
+gave birth to a second son called Charles and his daughter Frances, after two 
+still-births, gave birth to a healthy baby girl, named &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;, 
+probably after Queen Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; The exact date of birth is not known, 
+but it was probably October and eclipsed by the birth - finally! - of Henry's 
+son, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince Edward&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk acted as godfather to the new prince.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The last years of his life were quite happy.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+Catherine Willoughby were affectionate, they had two healthy sons, and the 
+dissolution of the monasteries allowed the king to grant him more lands and 
+pensions.&amp;nbsp; He and his wife entertained the king and his new wife 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine 
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;; and, of course, Suffolk was one the men who arrested and extracted a 
+confession from that queen.&amp;nbsp; He died quite suddenly on 22 August 1545, his 
+last official business being plans for an invasion of France.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+sixty years old, a good age at the time, and - once the news was known - it was 
+not suurprising.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk requested a quiet funeral but the king would have 
+none of it - he ordered a lavish ceremony at St George's Chapel in 
+Windsor.&amp;nbsp; Henry planned and paid for the service.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly 
+an emotional occasion for him; after all, Charles Brandon had been his companion 
+for virtually his entire life.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Suffolk was one of the few men who 
+could still remember the Bluff King Hal of legend.&amp;nbsp; Henry was now 
+overweight, bald, and suffering from a variety of physical ailments.&amp;nbsp; He 
+would only outlive his friend by about eighteen months.&amp;nbsp; In that time, he 
+had good cause to regret the death of his one true friend.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Learn about 
+Charles and Mary's granddaughter, Lady Jane Grey, who was queen of England for 
+nine days in 1553&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+Citizens&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082587&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082587&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01b6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01b6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01b6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36039</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter XI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01b6b4b0acf85ab93c6c5f7a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215263</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01b6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER XI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;DOMESTIC AFFAIRS: 1588-1601&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;IT was a boast of Elizabeth that when once 
+    her servants were chosen she did not lightly displace them. Difference of 
+    opinion from their mistress, or from one another, did not involve 
+    resignation or dismissal, because, though they were free to speak their 
+    minds, all had to carry out with fidelity and even zeal, whatever policy the 
+    Queen prescribed. This condition they accepted; not only the astute and 
+    compliant Burghley, but the more eager and opinionated Walsingham; and 
+    therefore they had practically a life-tenure of office. Soon after the 
+    Armada the first generation of them began to disappear. Bacon, Sussex, and 
+    Bedford were already gone. Leicester died in 1588; his brother Warwick, and 
+    Mildmay in 1589; Walsingham and Randolph in 1591; Hatton in 1592; Grey de 
+    Wilton in 1593; Knollys and Hunsdon in 1596. Of the trusty servants with 
+    whom she began her reign, Burghley alone remained. The leading men of the 
+    new generation were Robert Cecil, the Treasurer's second son, trained to 
+    business under his father's eye, and of qualities similar, though inferior; 
+    Nottingham (formerly Howard of Effingham), a straightforward man of no great 
+    ability, but acceptable to the Queen for his father's services and his own 
+    (and not the less so for his fine presence); the accomplished Buckhurst; the 
+    brilliant Raleigh; and, younger than the rest, Essex. The last was the son 
+    of a man much favoured by Elizabeth. Leicester was his step-father, Knollys 
+    his grandfather, Hunsdon his great-uncle, Walsingham his father-in-law, 
+    Burghley his guardian. Ardent, impulsive, presumptuous, a warm friend, a 
+    rancorous enemy, profuse in expense, lawless in his amours, jealous of his 
+    equals, brooking no superior, impatient of all rule or order that delayed 
+    him from leaping at once to the highest place,--he was possessed with a most 
+    exaggerated notion of his own capacity, which appears to have been only 
+    moderate. As the ward of Burghley he had been much in the company of his 
+    future enemy, Robert Cecil, whose sly prim ways were most unlike his own. 
+    The contrast did him no harm with the public, to whom the younger man was a 
+    Tom Jones and the elder a Blifil. Two vastly abler men, Francis Bacon and 
+    Raleigh, less advantageously placed, but unhampered with any scruples, were 
+    busily trying to profit by the all-pervading animosity of Cecil and Essex.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Belonging, as Essex did by his connections, 
+    to the inner circle who stood closest to Elizabeth, it was natural that she 
+    should take an interest in him, and give him opportunities for turning his 
+    showy qualities to account. In 1586 he was sent to the Low Countries as 
+    general of cavalry under his step-father, Leicester. He distinguished 
+    himself by his fiery valour in the expeditions to Spain, and as commander of 
+    the English army in France, though he does not seem to have had any real 
+    military talent. But Elizabeth's regard for him was soon shaken by his 
+    presumptuous and unruly behaviour. When he fought a duel with Sir Charles 
+    Blount because she had conferred some favour on the latter, she swore &amp;quot;by 
+    God's death it were fitting some one should take him down and teach him 
+    better manners, or there were no rule with him.&amp;quot; He displeased her by his 
+    quarrels with Cecil and Effingham, and his discontented grumbling. She was 
+    highly dissatisfied with his management of the Azores expedition in 1597. In 
+    July 1598, at a meeting of the Council, she was provoked by his insolence to 
+    strike him; and though after three months he obtained his pardon, he never 
+    regained her favour. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was at this time that Burghley died (4 
+    August), in his seventy-eighth year. Elizabeth, though she could call him &amp;quot;a 
+    froward old fool&amp;quot; about a trifling matter ( March 1596), could not but feel 
+    that much was changed when she lost the able and faithful servant who had 
+    worked with her for forty years. &amp;quot;She seemeth to take it very grievously, 
+    shedding of tears and separating herself from all company.&amp;quot; Buckhurst was 
+    the new Treasurer. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Essex had for some time cast his eyes on 
+    Ireland as a field where glory and power might be won. There can be little 
+    doubt that he was already speculating on the advantage that the possession 
+    of an army might give him in any difficulty with his rivals or with the 
+    Queen herself. Cecil perfidiously advocated his appointment to a post which 
+    had been the grave of so many reputations. The Queen at length consented, 
+    though reluctantly. Essex was a popular favourite. He had managed--it is not 
+    very clear how--to win the confidence of both Puritans and Papists. The 
+    general belief was that, for the first time since she had mounted the 
+    throne, Elizabeth was afraid of one of her subjects. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;During the whole of the reign Ireland had 
+    been a cause of trouble and anxiety. Elizabeth's treatment of that unhappy 
+    country was not more creditable or successful than that of other English 
+    statesmen before and after her. There was the same absence of any systematic 
+    policy steadily carried out, the same wearisome and disreputable alternation 
+    between bursts of savage repression and intervals of pusillanimity, 
+    concession, and neglect. In the competition of the various departments of 
+    the public service for attention and expenditure, Ireland generally came 
+    last. All other needs had to be served first whether at home or abroad.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the early years of the reign the chief 
+    trouble lay in Ulster, then the most purely Celtic part of Ireland, and 
+    practically retouched by English conquest. Twice, in her weariness of the 
+    struggle with Shan O'Neill, Elizabeth conceded to him something like a 
+    subkingship of Ulster in return for his nominal submission. In the end he 
+    was beaten, and his head was fixed on the walls of Dublin Castle (1566). But 
+    nothing further was done to anglicise Ulster. During the attempt of the 
+    Devonshire adventurers to colonise South Munster (1569-71), and the 
+    consequent rebellion, the northern province remained an unconcerned 
+    spectator. Nor did it join in the great Desmond rising (1579-83), which, 
+    with the insurrection of the Catholic lords of the Pale and the landing of 
+    the Pope's Italians at Smerwick, was the Irish branch of the threefold 
+    attack on Elizabeth directed by Gregory XIII. The attempt of the elder Essex 
+    to colonise Antrim (1573-75) was a disastrous failure, and Ulster still 
+    remained practically independent of the Dublin Government. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The most successful Deputy of the reign was 
+    Perrot (1584-87), a valiant soldier and strict ruler, who, after long 
+    experience in the Irish wars, had come to the conclusion that what Ireland 
+    most wanted was justice. The native chiefs, released from the constant dread 
+    of spoliation, and finding that English encroachment was repressed as 
+    inflexibly as Irish disorder, became quiet and friendly. But this system did 
+    not suit the dominant race. The Deputy was accused to the Queen of seeking 
+    to betray the country to the Irish and the Spaniard. Recalled, and put upon 
+    his trial for treason, he was found guilty on suborned evidence, and 
+    sentenced to death. It is usually said that his real offence was some 
+    disrespectful language about the Queen, which he confessed. But it seems 
+    that she forbore to take his life precisely because she would not have it 
+    thought that she was influenced by personal resentment. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;His successor, Fitzwilliam, was a Deputy of 
+    the old sort--greedy, violent, careless of consequences, and always acting 
+    on the principle that, as against an Englishman, a Celt had no rights. The 
+    execution of MacMahon in Monaghan, and the confiscation of his lands on a 
+    trivial pretext, alarmed the North. Ulster had not been bled white like the 
+    rest of Ireland. The O'Neills had a nephew of their old hero Shan for their 
+    chief, who had been brought up at the English Court and made Earl of Tyrone 
+    by Elizabeth. An educated and remarkably able man, he had none of his 
+    uncle's illusions. He clung to his ancestral rights and dignity, but he 
+    hoped to preserve them by zealously discharging his obligations as a vassal 
+    of the Queen. He served in the war against Desmond, and exerted himself to 
+    maintain order in Ulster. But he had no mind to sink into the position of a 
+    mere dignified land-owner like the English nobles; nor indeed, under such a 
+    Deputy as Fitzwilliam, was he likely to preserve even his lands if he lost 
+    his power. Rather than that, he determined to enter into what he knew was a 
+    most unequal struggle, on the off-chance of pulling through by help from 
+    Spain. It is clear that he was driven into rebellion against his 
+    inclination. But when he had once drawn the sword he maintained the struggle 
+    against one Deputy after another with wonderful tenacity and resource. For 
+    the first time in Irish history, the rebel forces were disciplined and armed 
+    like those of the crown, and stood up to them in equal numbers on equal 
+    terms. At length, in August 1598, Tyrone inflicted upon Sir Henry Bagnall 
+    near Armagh the severest defeat that the English had ever suffered in 
+    Ireland; slaying 1500 of his men, and capturing all his artillery and 
+    baggage. Insurrections at once broke out all over Ireland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was the situation with which Essex 
+    undertook to deal. He had loudly blamed other Deputies for not vigorously 
+    attacking Tyrone in his own country. Vigour was the one military quality 
+    which he himself possessed. He went with the title of Lieutenant and 
+    Governor-General, and with extraordinary powers, at the head of 21,000 
+    men--such an army as had never been sent to Ireland (April 1599). The Queen, 
+    who trembled at the expense, and did not wish to see any of her nobles, 
+    least of all Essex, permanently established in a great military command, 
+    enjoined him to push at once into Ulster, as he had himself proposed, and 
+    finish the war. Instead of doing this, he went south into districts that had 
+    been depopulated and desolated by the savage warfare of the last thirty 
+    years. Even here he met with discreditable reverses. When he got back to 
+    Dublin (July) his army was reduced by disease and desertion to less than 
+    5000 men. Disregarding the Queen's express prohibition, he made his friend 
+    Southampton General of horse. When she censured his bad management, he 
+    replied with impertinent complaints about the favour she was showing to 
+    Cecil, Raleigh, and Cobham, and began to consult with his friends about 
+    carrying selected troops over to England to remove them. Rumours of his 
+    intention to return reached the Queen. &amp;quot;We do charge you,&amp;quot; she wrote, &amp;quot;as 
+    you tender our pleasure, that you adventure not to come out of that 
+    kingdom.&amp;quot; He declared that he could not invade Ulster without 
+    reinforcements. They were sent, and at length he marched into Louth 
+    (September). There he was met by Tyrone, who, in an interview, completely 
+    twisted him round his finger, and obtained a cessation of arms and the 
+    promise of concessions amounting to what would now be called Home Rule. A 
+    few days later, on receipt of an angry letter from the Queen forbidding him 
+    to grant any terms without her permission, he deserted his post and hurried 
+    to England. The first notice Elizabeth received of this astounding piece of 
+    insubordination was his still more astounding incursion into her bedroom, 
+    all muddy from his ride, before she was completely dressed (28 September 
+    1599). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth seems to have been so much taken 
+    aback by the Earl's unparalleled presumption, that she did not blaze out as 
+    might have been expected. She gave him audience an hour or two later, and 
+    heard what he had to say. Probably he adopted an injured tone as usual, and 
+    inveighed against &amp;quot;that knave Raleigh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;that sycophant Cobham.&amp;quot; But his 
+    insubordination had been gross, and no talking could make it anything else. 
+    It was more dangerous than Leicester's disobedience in 1586, because it came 
+    from a vastly more dangerous person. The same afternoon the Queen referred 
+    the matter to the Council. Essex was put under arrest, and never saw her 
+    again. The more she reflected, the more indignant and alarmed she became. 
+    &amp;quot;By God's son,&amp;quot; she said to Harington, &amp;quot;I am no Queen; this man is above 
+    me.&amp;quot; After a delay of nine months, occasioned by his illness, the fallen 
+    favourite was brought before a special Commission on the charge of contempt 
+    and disobedience, and sentenced to be suspended from his offices and 
+    confined to his house during the Queen's pleasure (June 1600). In a few 
+    weeks he was released from arrest, but he could not obtain permission to 
+    appear at court, though he implored it in most abject letters. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There are persons who consider themselves to 
+    be intolerably wronged and persecuted if they cannot have precedence and 
+    power over their fellow-citizens. Essex was such a person. Instead of being 
+    thankful that he had escaped the punishment which under most sovereigns he 
+    would have suffered, he entered into criminal plots for coercing, if not 
+    overthrowing, the Queen. He urged the Scotch King to enforce the recognition 
+    of his title by arms. He tried to persuade Mountjoy, his successor in 
+    Ireland, to carry his army to Scotland to co-operate with James. These 
+    intrigues were not known to the Government. But it did not escape 
+    observation that he was collecting men of the sword in the neighbourhood of 
+    his house; that he was holding consultations with suspected nobles and 
+    gentlemen (some of whom were afterwards engaged in the Gunpowder Plot); that 
+    the Puritan clergy were preaching and praying for his cause; and that there 
+    was a certain ferment in the city. Essex was therefore summoned to attend 
+    before the Council. Instead of obeying, he flew to arms, with Lords 
+    Southampton, Rutland, Sandys, Cromwell, and Monteagle, and about 300 
+    gentlemen. But the citizens of London did not respond to his appeal, and the 
+    insurrection was easily suppressed, less than a dozen persons being slain on 
+    both sides (8 February 1601). A more senseless and profligate attempt to 
+    overthrow a good government it would be difficult to find in history. It was 
+    not dignified by any semblance of principle, and it would sufficiently stamp 
+    the character of its author, even if it stood alone as an evidence of his 
+    vanity, egotism, and want of common sense. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The trial and execution of the principal 
+    malefactor followed as a matter of course and without delay (February 25). 
+    It would have been scandalous to spare him. Elizabeth had once been fond of 
+    him, and had no reason to be ashamed of it. To talk of her &amp;quot;passion&amp;quot; and her 
+    &amp;quot;amorous inclination,&amp;quot; as Hume and others have done, is revolting and 
+    malignant nonsense. It is creditable to old age when it can take pleasure in 
+    the unfolding of bright and promising youth. But royal favour was not good 
+    for such a man as Essex. It developed the worst features in his showy but 
+    faulty character. As he steadily deteriorated, her regard cooled; but so 
+    much of it remained that she tried to amend him by chastisement, &amp;quot;ad 
+    correctionem,&amp;quot; as she said, &amp;quot;non ad ruinam.&amp;quot; She had long before warned him 
+    that, though she had put up with much disrespect to her person, he must not 
+    touch her sceptre, or he would be dealt with according to the law of 
+    England. She was as good as her word, and, though the memory of it was 
+    painful to her, there is not the smallest evidence that she ever repented of 
+    having allowed the law to take its course. Only three of the accomplices of 
+    Essex were punished capitally. The five peers, none of them powerful or 
+    formidable, experienced Elizabeth's accustomed clemency. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It has been suggested by an admirer of Essex 
+    that he failed in Ireland because his &amp;quot;sensitively attuned nature&amp;quot; shrank 
+    from the systematic desolation and starvation afterwards employed by his 
+    successor. No evidence is offered for this suggestion. In a letter to the 
+    Queen (25 June 1599) he advocates &amp;quot;burning and spoiling the country &lt;i&gt;in 
+    all places&lt;/i&gt;,&amp;quot; which method &amp;quot;shall starve the rebels in one year.&amp;quot; This 
+    course Mountjoy carried out. With means far inferior to those of Essex, and 
+    notwithstanding the landing of 3000 Spaniards at Kinsale (September 1601), 
+    he was the first Englishman who completely subdued Ireland. Tyrone 
+    surrendered a few days before the Queen's death. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Little has been said in these pages about 
+    parliamentary proceedings. The real history of the reign does not lie there. 
+    The country was governed wholly by the Queen, with the advice of her 
+    Council, and not at all by Parliament. In the forty-five years of her reign 
+    there were only thirteen sessions of Parliament. The functions of Parliament 
+    were to vote grants of money when the ordinary revenues of the crown were 
+    insufficient, and to make laws. Its right in these matters was unquestioned. 
+    If the Queen had never wanted subsidies or penal laws against her political 
+    and religious opponents (of other laws she often said there were more than 
+    enough already), it would never have been summoned at all; nor is there any 
+    reason to suppose that the country would have complained as long as it was 
+    governed with prudence and success. In fact, to do without Parliaments was 
+    distinctly popular, because it meant doing without subsidies. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the thirty years preceding the Armada--the 
+    sessions of Parliament being nine--Elizabeth applied for only eight 
+    subsidies, and of one of them a portion was remitted. By her economy she not 
+    only defrayed the expenses of government out of the ordinary revenue, which, 
+    at the end of the reign was about Â£300,000 a year, but paid off old debts. 
+    It was not till the twenty-fourth year of her reign that she discharged the 
+    last of her father's debts, up to which time she had been paying interest on 
+    it. Subsequently she even accumulated a small reserve, which, as she told 
+    Parliament, was a most necessary thing if she was not to be driven to borrow 
+    on sudden emergency. But this reserve vanished immediately she became 
+    involved in the great war with Spain; and during the last fifteen years of 
+    her life, although she received twelve subsidies, she was always in 
+    difficulty for money. She had to sell crown lands to the value of Â£372,000. 
+    Parliament, which had voted the usual single subsidies without complaint, 
+    grumbled and pretended poverty when she asked for three and even four. 
+    Bacon's famous outburst (1593) about gentlemen having to sell their plate 
+    and farmers their brass pots to pay the tax, was a piece of claptrap. The 
+    nation was, relatively to former times, rolling in wealth. But the old 
+    belief had still considerable strength--that government being the affair of 
+    the King, not of his subjects, he should provide for its expenses out of his 
+    hereditary income, just as they paid their private expenses out of their 
+    private incomes; that he had no more claim to dip into their pockets than 
+    they had to dip into his; and that a subsidy, as its name imports, was an 
+    occasional and extraordinary assistance furnished as a matter not of duty 
+    but of good-will. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This might have been healthy doctrine when 
+    kings were campaigning on the Continent for personal or dynastic objects. It 
+    was out of place when a large expenditure was indispensable for the 
+    interests and safety of the country. The grumbling, therefore, about 
+    taxation towards the end of the reign was unreasonable and discreditable to 
+    the grumblers. The Queen met them with her usual good sense. She explained 
+    to them--though, as she correctly said, she was under no constitutional 
+    obligation to do so--how the money went, what she had spent on the Spanish 
+    war, on Ireland, and in loans to the Dutch and the French King. The plea was 
+    unanswerable. Her private expenditure was on a very modest scale. In 
+    particular she had never indulged in that besetting and costly sin of 
+    princes, palace-building; and this at a time when the noble mansions which 
+    still testify to the wealth of the England of that day were rising in every 
+    county. Her only extravagance was dress. Some have carped at her collection 
+    of jewelry. But jewels, like the silver balustrades of Frederick William I., 
+    were a mode of hoarding, and in her later years she reconverted jewels into 
+    money to meet the expenses of the State. Modern writers, who so airily blame 
+    her for not subsidising more liberally her Scotch, Dutch, and French allies, 
+    would find it difficult, if they condescended to particulars, to explain how 
+    she was able to give them as much money as she did. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It is common to make much of the debate on 
+    monopolies in the last Parliament of Elizabeth (1601), as showing the rise 
+    of a spirit of resistance to the royal prerogative. I do not think that the 
+    report of that debate would convey such an impression to any one reading it 
+    without preconceived views. None of the speakers contested the prerogative. 
+    They only complained that it was being exercised in a way prejudicial to the 
+    public interest. If the monopolies had been unimportant, or if the patentees 
+    had used their privilege less greedily, there would evidently have been no 
+    complaint as to the principle involved. No course of action was decided on, 
+    because the Queen intervened by a message in which she stated that she had 
+    not been aware of the abuses prevailing, that she was as indignant at them 
+    as Parliament could be, and that she would put a stop, not to monopolies, 
+    but to such as were injurious. With this message the House of Commons was 
+    more than satisfied. As a matter of fact monopolies went on till dealt with 
+    by the declaratory statute in the twenty-first year of James I. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If the last Tudor handed down the English 
+    Constitution to the first Stuart as she had received it from her 
+    predecessors, unchanged either in theory or practice, it was far otherwise 
+    with the English Church. There are two conflicting views as to the 
+    historical position of the Church in this country. According to one it was, 
+    all through the Middle Age, National as well as Catholic. The changes which 
+    took place at the Reformation made no difference in that respect, and 
+    involved no break in its continuity. It is not a Protestant Church. It is 
+    still National and still Catholic, resting on precisely the same 
+    foundations, and existing by the same title as it did in the days of Dunstan 
+    and Becket. According to the other view, the epithets National and Catholic 
+    are contradictory. A Church which undergoes radical changes of government, 
+    worship, and doctrine is no longer the same Church but a new one, and must 
+    be held to have been established by the authority which prescribed these 
+    changes, which, in this case, was the Queen and Parliament. The word 
+    &amp;quot;Protestant&amp;quot; was avoided in its formularies to make conformity easier for 
+    Catholics; but it is a Protestant Church all the same. Whichever of these 
+    views is nearer to the truth, it cannot be denied that, by the legislation 
+    of Elizabeth the English Church became--what it was not in the Middle Age--a 
+    spiritual organisation entirely dependent on the State. This it remains 
+    still; the supremacy having been virtually transferred from the crown to 
+    Parliament in the next century. I shall not venture to inquire how far this 
+    condition of dependence has affected its ability and inclination to perform 
+    the part of a true spiritual power. It is enough to say that no act of will 
+    on the part of any English statesman has had such important and lasting 
+    consequences, for good or for evil, as the decision of Elizabeth to make the 
+    Church of England what it is. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We have seen that the government and worship 
+    of the Church were established by &lt;i&gt;Act of Parliament in 1559&lt;/i&gt;, and its 
+    doctrines in 1571. But when once Elizabeth had placed her ecclesiastical 
+    powers beyond dispute, by obtaining statutory sanction for them, she allowed 
+    no further interference by Parliament. All its attempts, even at mere 
+    discussion of ecclesiastical matters, she peremptorily suppressed. She 
+    supplied any further legislation that was needed by virtue of her supremacy, 
+    and she exercised her ecclesiastical government by the Court of High 
+    Commission. The new Anglican model was acquiesced in by the majority of the 
+    nation. But it had, at first, no hearty support except from the Government. 
+    The earnest religionists were either Catholics or Puritans. The object of 
+    Elizabeth was to compel these two extreme parties to outward conformity of 
+    worship. What their real beliefs were she did not care. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The large majority of the Catholics showed a 
+    loyal and patriotic spirit at the time of the Armada. But they were not 
+    treated with confidence by the Government. Great numbers of them were 
+    imprisoned or confined in the houses of Protestant gentlemen, by way of 
+    precaution, when the Armada was approaching. No Catholic, I believe, was 
+    intrusted with any command either by land or sea; and after the danger was 
+    over, the persecution, in all its forms, became sharper than ever. There was 
+    the less reason for this, inasmuch as it was no secret that the secular 
+    priests and the great majority of the English Catholics had become bitterly 
+    hostile to the small Jesuitical faction whose treasonable conspiracies had 
+    brought so much trouble on their loyal co-religionists. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The term &amp;quot;Puritan&amp;quot; is used loosely, though 
+    conveniently, to designate several shades of belief, By far the larger 
+    number of those to whom it is applied were, and meant to remain, members of 
+    the Established Church. They objected to certain ceremonies and vestments. 
+    They hoped to procure the abolition of these, and, in the meantime, evaded 
+    them when they could. They were what would now be called the Evangelical or 
+    Low Church party. They held Calvin's distinctive doctrines on 
+    predestination, as indeed did most of the bishops; but though preferring his 
+    Presbyterian organisation, or something like it, they did not treat it as 
+    essential. They were broadly distinguished from the Brownists or 
+    Independents, then an insignificant minority, who held each congregation to 
+    be a church, and therefore protested against the establishment of any 
+    national church. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Though Elizabeth persecuted the Catholics 
+    with a severity steadily increasing in proportion as they became less 
+    numerous and formidable, she remained to the last anxious to make conformity 
+    easy for them. This was her reason for so obstinately refusing the 
+    concessions in the matter of ritual and vestments-trifling as they appear to 
+    the modern mind--which would have satisfied almost the whole of the Puritan 
+    party. This policy (for policy it assuredly was rather than conviction), 
+    which drove the most earnest Protestants into an attitude of opposition 
+    destined in the next two reigns to have such serious consequences, has been 
+    severely censured. But there can be no question that it did answer the 
+    purpose she had in view, which for the moment was most important. It did 
+    induce great numbers of Catholics to conform. She avoided a civil war in her 
+    own time between Catholics and Anglicans at the price of a civil war later 
+    on between Anglicans and Puritans. Looking at the great drama as a whole, 
+    perhaps the Puritans of the Great Rebellion might congratulate themselves on 
+    the part that Elizabeth chose to play in its earlier acts. It cannot be 
+    doubted that a civil war in the sixteenth century between Catholics and 
+    Protestants would have been waged with far more ferocity than was displayed 
+    by either Cavaliers or Roundheads, and would have been attended with the 
+    horrors of foreign invasion. To conciliate the earnest religionists on both 
+    sides was impossible. Elizabeth chose the &lt;i&gt;via media&lt;/i&gt;, and the 
+    successful equilibrium which she maintained during nearly half a century 
+    proves that she hit upon what in her own day was the true centre of gravity.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But while doing justice to Elizabeth's 
+    insight and prudence, we may not excuse her extreme severity to the 
+    nonconformists of either party. It was not necessary. It seems to have been 
+    even impolitic. It arose from her arbitrary temper--from a quality, that is 
+    to say, valuable in a ruler, but apt, in great rulers, to be somewhat in 
+    excess. I have condemned her persecution of the Catholics. Her persecution 
+    of the Protestant nonconformists was marked by even greater injustice. 
+    Against the Catholics it might at least be urged that their opinions 
+    logically led to disloyalty. But the Independents, Barrow, Greenwood, and 
+    Penry, were indisputably loyal men. They were put to death nominally for 
+    spreading writings which, contrary to common sense, were held to be 
+    seditious, but really for their religious opinions, which, in the case of 
+    the first two, were extracted from them by the interrogatories of Archbishop 
+    Whitgift, an Inquisitor as strenuous and merciless as Torquemada. Some of 
+    the Council, especially Burghley and Knollys, were strongly opposed to 
+    Whitgift's proceedings. It must therefore be assumed that he had the Queen's 
+    personal approval. She had committed herself to a struggle with intrepid and 
+    obstinate men. The crowded gaols were a visible demonstration that she could 
+    not compel them to submit; and to hang them all was out of the question. An 
+    Act was therefore passed in 1593, by which those who would not promise to 
+    attend church were to be banished the country. Thus most of the Independents 
+    were at last got rid of. The non-separatist Puritans, who aimed at less 
+    radical changes, and hoped to effect them, if not under their present 
+    sovereign, yet under her successor, kept on the windy side of the law, 
+    attending church once a month, and not entering till the service was nearly 
+    over. Thus, at the end of her reign, Elizabeth perhaps flattered herself 
+    that she was within measurable distance of religious uniformity. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwelve.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    XII: Last Years and Death: 1601-1603&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082629&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082629&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01bf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01bf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01bf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4703</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">letters of the six wives of Henry VIII Katharine Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Katharine Parr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Letters written by the Six Wives of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01bfdd9bd0362b801ea07243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01bf.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">letters2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">letters.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;TABLE height=698 cellSpacing=8 cellPadding=0 width=776 border=0&gt;
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=12 height=150&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=center noWrap width=340 height=150&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;IMG height=90 
+      alt=&quot;Letters written by the six wives of Henry VIII&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/letters2.gif&quot; width=414&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=center width=141 height=150&gt;&lt;IMG height=172 
+      alt=&quot;portrait of Catherine Howard by Holbein&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/letters.jpg&quot; width=170&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=18 height=150&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=226 height=150&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=12 height=532&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=481 colSpan=2 height=532&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Katharine 
+      of Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter1.html&quot;&gt;to her father, King 
+      Ferdinand II of Aragon, 2 December 1505&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter2.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, 16 September 1513&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter3.html&quot;&gt;to her daughter, 
+      Princess Mary, April 1534&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter4.html&quot;&gt;to the Imperial 
+      ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter5.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, 7 January 1536&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter6.html&quot;&gt;to King Henry VIII, 
+      late summer 1526&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter7.html&quot;&gt;to Cardinal Thomas 
+      Wolsey, mid-summer 1528&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter8.html&quot;&gt;to Cardinal Thomas 
+      Wolsey, 1529&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter9.html&quot;&gt;to Thomas Cromwell, 
+      1535&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;to 
+      her husband, King Henry VIII, May 1536&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Jane Seymour&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter11.html&quot;&gt;to the Privy Council, 
+      12 October 1537&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, 11 July 1540&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;to Thomas Culpeper, 
+      spring 1541&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Katharine Parr&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter14.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, July 1544&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter15.html&quot;&gt;to the Privy Council, 
+      25 July 1544&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter16.html&quot;&gt;to her stepdaughter, 
+      Princess Mary, 20 September 1544&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;sources:&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;Letters of the Queens 
+      of England, 1100-1547, ed by Anne Crawford&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;Lives 
+      of the Queens of England, by Agnes Strickland&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-2&gt;Catherine of Aragon, by Garrett Mattingly&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-2&gt;Anne Boleyn, by Norah Lofts&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;A Tudor 
+      Tragedy, by LB Smith&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=18 height=532&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=226 height=532&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Read the biographies of the Tudor 
+      queens -&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;visit the &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;The Six Wives 
+      of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt; main page.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082572&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082572&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01c4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01c4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01c4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12852</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Are you conducting research?</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c48790ee9421e150a9b032</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Are you conducting research for a paper/project?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Conducting research for a paper or project can be a rewarding 
+  academic experiment.&amp;nbsp; It's a bit like detective work - your teacher or 
+  professor tells you to write about a subject, and off you go....&amp;nbsp; You 
+  have to wade through tons of information, and then - out of thousands of words 
+  - decide what to include in your paper or project.&amp;nbsp; It can be 
+  frustrating, and sometimes boring, but you're guaranteed to learn (and that 
+  is, after all, the ultimate goal of education.) &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;The first step&lt;/B&gt; is the most obvious - &lt;B&gt;choosing a topic&lt;/B&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Choose something which interests you!&amp;nbsp; Research can be fun if you're 
+  actually interested in the topic.&amp;nbsp; But if you're not, it can be boring 
+  and frustrating. &lt;BR&gt;Now quite often you can't choose your topic.&amp;nbsp; But 
+  even if you don't have a choice, the right attitude is important.&amp;nbsp; Don't 
+  look at the research as a chore - look at it as an opportunity to learn new 
+  things which may be useful to you one day.&amp;nbsp; Who knows?&amp;nbsp; The love of 
+  your life might turn out to be a Tudor fanatic. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Once you're topic has been chosen, you're ready for &lt;B&gt;step two&lt;/B&gt; - 
+  &lt;B&gt;background reading&lt;/B&gt;! &lt;BR&gt;Read a general introduction to your topic, 
+  either in your textbook or an encyclopedia.&amp;nbsp; This will only take a little 
+  while, and it's invaluable. &lt;BR&gt;After all, if you're doing a paper on Henry 
+  VIII, it helps to have read a brief biography of his life.&amp;nbsp; Then, while 
+  you're doing more specialized research, you can place the research in its 
+  proper context. &lt;BR&gt;If you want to do further reading on Tudor history, please 
+  visit the &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbiblio.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+  Bibliography&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It's a list of the works I used to create this site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Background research leads to &lt;B&gt;step three&lt;/B&gt; - &lt;B&gt;narrow your topic to 
+  acceptable limits&lt;/B&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;If you only have to write a 3-5 page paper, don't 
+  choose something like the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; Instead, choose a particular 
+  aspect of the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; A good idea is to do background reading, and 
+  write down some 'key words'.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps one of the 'key words' will become 
+  your final topic. &lt;BR&gt;Another idea is to use the 'key words' to make questions 
+  or statements.&amp;nbsp; If you're writing about the Reformation in England, you 
+  could write the following - The Reformation in England was different than the 
+  Reformation in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Or, Was the Reformation in England different 
+  than the Reformation in Germany? &lt;BR&gt;Answering such questions, or finding 
+  support for the statements, can guide your research.&amp;nbsp; Create as many 
+  questions and statements as you need. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Once you have narrowed your topic, move on to &lt;B&gt;step four&lt;/B&gt; - &lt;B&gt;more 
+  background research&lt;/B&gt;! &lt;BR&gt;Once again, head for the encyclopedias.&amp;nbsp; 
+  They will give you a summary of the narrowed topic and familiarize you with 
+  the major themes and vocabulary you will encounter later. &lt;BR&gt;Also, most 
+  encyclopedias include a bibliography which lists the major scholarly works 
+  related to your topic.&amp;nbsp; Once you have that list, head to the library and 
+  use the internet. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;And keep it simple!&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Whenever you're writing a paper, always keep 
+  its length in mind.&amp;nbsp; A short paper (3-5 pages) doesn't require the same 
+  amount of research as a longer paper.&amp;nbsp; Don't make yourself work harder. 
+  &lt;BR&gt;If you're interested in a topic beyond what you can include in the paper, 
+  that's great - but immerse yourself in the topic during personal time.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Don't let your paper become more than you can handle.&amp;nbsp; And too much 
+  detail can drown your topic  and lower your grade.&amp;nbsp; It's natural to want 
+  to impress your teacher or professor with the breadth of your knowledge, but 
+  too much detail can actually be harmful to the presentation of a clear, 
+  concise argument. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you start feeling lost or confused, talk to your teacher.&amp;nbsp; After 
+  all, they know exactly what they want in a paper. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And now some information about using my sites for research, or the internet 
+  in general.... &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;U&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Help for students conducting research on the 'World Wide 
+  Web'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/U&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Conducting research on the internet can be a tricky and confusing 
+  experience.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for us all, the Department of English at Saint Louis 
+  University has created &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.slu.edu%2fdepartments%2fenglish%2fresearch&quot;&gt;a website to help 
+  everyone&lt;/A&gt; - please take the time to explore this valuable resource.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Also, I have collected information about 'Citing Electronic Sources'.&amp;nbsp; 
+  With these tools, you should be able to research and write about any topic - 
+  and use the internet as authoritatively as you use the library! &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you prefer to cut and paste links, the link to the Saint Louis 
+  University site is: &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.slu.edu%2fdepartments%2fenglish%2fresearch&quot;&gt;http://www.slu.edu/departments/english/research/&lt;/a&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Copyright 
+information for this website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I'm very happy that 
+so many people from all over the world use this site for research.&amp;nbsp; It's 
+the reason I created the site and continue to work on it.&amp;nbsp; Many of you have 
+written and asked how to cite my work in your papers and reports.&amp;nbsp; This is 
+the correct format based upon both the Turabian/Chicago and MLA styles:&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+Hanson, Marilee. &amp;quot;Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn.&amp;quot; &lt;i&gt;
+EnglishHistory.net&lt;/i&gt;. 2001. http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (7 
+May 2001).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You must change the article title to 
+reflect what you are quoting and&amp;nbsp; use the date you read the source here.
+&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Please visit the following sites to learn more - &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2flcweb2.loc.gov%2fammem%2fndlpedu%2fcite.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The LOC's 
+Citing Electronic Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt; page and the &lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.columbia.edu%2fcu%2fcup%2fcgos%2fidx%5fbasic.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Columbia University Press&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Let me clearly state that citing electronic sources is a valid form of 
+    research and accepted at most academic institutions.&amp;nbsp; And I would also 
+    like to reassure every visitor to the site that I have checked and 
+    double-checked every bit of information included on these pages. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Also, if you are citing 'Primary Sources', you do not need to know the 
+    original source of the 'primary source'.&amp;nbsp; Again, it is perfectly 
+    acceptable to cite an internet page as a source and every teacher should be 
+    aware of this - if they're not, tell them. &lt;BR&gt;As I've discovered over 
+    the years, simply because a book has its information printed on paper and 
+    bound in a nice cover doesn't mean it's accurate.&amp;nbsp; In fact, quite a few 
+    recently-published&amp;nbsp; history texts are woefully inaccurate and 
+    misleading.&amp;nbsp; So it is best to check and double-check your research, 
+    whether it comes from the internet or a library.&amp;nbsp; I recently wrote a 
+    rant about this - &lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fhistory.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;click here to read&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you have general questions about copyright law, &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2flcweb.gov%2fcopyright&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;go to this site&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; This is the 
+    homepage of the US Copyright Office; it contains information about 
+    international copyright law, too.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And now - 
+  &lt;B&gt;Copyright information&lt;/B&gt;....&amp;nbsp; boring but vital!&amp;nbsp; Here it is, in 
+  brief - &lt;B&gt;everything at this site was written by me 
+  (Marilee.)&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Therefore, I hold 
+  the copyright for all my original work. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And I take all the blame if it bores you to tears or 
+  confuses you endlessly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The site was created in 1997 and is updated regularly.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Visit the &lt;FONT color=#FFFFFF&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnew.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  page to find out the exact dates.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you need a 
+  last name to credit the site, please use Marilee Hanson.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I do not hold the sole copyright to anything at the &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;FONT color=#FFFFFF face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; 
+  section.&amp;nbsp; Those are original historical documents in the public domain 
+  which I collected and transcribed.&amp;nbsp; Yes, it was loads of work to type 
+  everything up, but they were simply transcribed (not written) by me.&amp;nbsp; 
+  That is why they're called 'Primary Sources'. &lt;BR&gt;I do hold the copyright on 
+  the electronic version of the texts, which I typed.&amp;nbsp; This is where the 
+  internet becomes confusing - essentially, the words are not mine but by virtue 
+  of transcribing them into electronic format, I own this particular version.&amp;nbsp; 
+  So I would ask that no one copies my hard work, at least without asking 
+  permission and/or giving me credit. &lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;As for graphics used here, copyright law allows the use of images for 
+  educational purposes, provided no profit is made and the image is not 
+  altered.&amp;nbsp; And since I did go to the considerable trouble of scanning the 
+  images, I like to be asked before someone 'borrows' them.&amp;nbsp; This simple 
+  act of courtesy goes a long way in the happy-go-lucky world of the internet.
+  &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you would like to learn more about the legal use of 
+  images, please click &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT color=#FFFFFF face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fart.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;here&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In the end, your visit to this site makes my work worthwhile. &lt;BR&gt;Thanks 
+  for visiting &amp;amp;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Copyright&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;write to 
+  me&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; with any specific questions/comments. 
+&lt;BR&gt;-Marilee&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to Lord 
+Byron&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to John Keats&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You can also visit this GeoCities site for additional help: &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fAthens%2fOracle%2f4184&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;How to Organize a Research 
+Paper and Document It with MLA Citations&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;And for further reading on Tudor England, &lt;BR&gt;visit the &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbiblio.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Tudor Bibliography&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt; - 
+&lt;BR&gt;a list of the works I used to create this site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082655&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082655&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1601</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs - Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c686dac3b780f66cc74436</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215272</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-correct.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizfinal.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-correct.gif&quot; width=&quot;535&quot; height=&quot;151&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfinal.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Click here to enter the Queen Elizabeth I website.&quot; width=&quot;248&quot; height=&quot;405&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082589&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082589&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">27511</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Katharine Katherine Catherine Parr sixth wife of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Katharine Katherine Catherine Parr sixth wife of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Katharine / Catherine / Katherine Parr: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c7a19cd2b780f66cc74fe6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parrcardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parrhorenbout.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parrbiography.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;588&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'They curse and ban my words
+everyday, and all their thoughts be set to do me harm....&amp;nbsp; I am so
+vexed that I am utterly weary.' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Katharine Parr in 1544, regarding Catholic attempts to discredit her&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parrcardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine Parr&quot; width=&quot;355&quot; height=&quot;97&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img height=&quot;324&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine Parr by Lucas Horenbout&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parrhorenbout.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;324&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Katharine Parr 
+      by Lucas Horenbout&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Katharine Parr was the sixth and last
+wife of King Henry VIII, destined to outlive the mercurial ruler.&amp;nbsp;
+She was already twice-widowed and childless when they wed in 1543; she
+was also in love with Thomas Seymour, the brother of Henry's third
+queen Jane.&amp;nbsp; But the king's will was law and Katharine bowed to
+his demands with grace.&amp;nbsp; She was an admirable wife to Henry and a
+loving stepmother to his two youngest children, Elizabeth and
+Edward.&amp;nbsp; She was also the most intellectual of Henry's wives,
+caught up in the turbulent religious climate of the times.&amp;nbsp; And it
+was this passionate interest in theology which nearly ended her life,
+for the king was old and sickly but still capable of destroying those
+closest to him.&amp;nbsp; Katharine saved herself and earned Henry's
+respect enough to be appointed Regent of England during his military
+campaign in Boulogne.&amp;nbsp; Upon his death in 1547, she married Seymour
+with indecent haste, the only one of four husbands she had chosen
+herself.&amp;nbsp; Her greatest achievement was the popularity of her
+devotional works; they were 16th century bestsellers and capture
+Katharine's complex and abiding piety.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html#Biography&quot;&gt; &lt;font
+ size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Katharine Parr.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Katharine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Katharine. &lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Katharine's life and times at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+          Interact&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk
+          &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by
+Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of
+the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Lord, hearken to my
+words.&amp;nbsp; Consider the thought of mine heart.&amp;nbsp; Behold, how loud
+I cry unto thee.&amp;nbsp; Let my just prayer enter into thine ears, which
+unfeignedly cometh from mine heart.&amp;nbsp; Hear me, Lord, for I am poor
+and destitute of man's help.&amp;nbsp; Take care for my soul.&amp;nbsp; Save
+me, thy servant, which wholly trust in thee.&amp;nbsp; Have mercy upon me,
+O Lord, for I will never cease crying to thee for help.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;a prayer written by Katharine Parr&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+After the debacle of his fifth marriage to a girl thirty years his
+junior, Henry VIII found himself in a novel position.&amp;nbsp; For the
+first time in his tangled marital career, a future wife was not waiting
+to be claimed.&amp;nbsp; The king turned fifty-one the year &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine
+Howard&lt;/a&gt; was executed; he was obese, often bedridden and in great
+pain.&amp;nbsp; His moods grew dark and vengeful.&amp;nbsp; The Tudor court
+vacillated between the opposing factions of Catholicism and the
+reformed faith; they waited expectantly for Henry to choose his next
+wife, knowing she would tip the balance in favor of one party.&amp;nbsp;
+But which?&amp;nbsp; And was there a woman at court who would risk marrying
+the elderly king? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The position of Queen was the greatest honor for an Englishwoman;
+but in the last years of Henry's reign, it was also the most dangerous
+honor.&amp;nbsp; After the humiliation of Catherine Howard's infidelity,
+Henry was determined his next wife would not dare cuckold him.&amp;nbsp;
+And so there was an interesting clause in the Act of Attainder which
+had condemned Catherine to death.&amp;nbsp; It stated that 'to avoid doubts
+for the future', anyone who knew anything 'incontinent' about the queen
+must reveal it - or be condemned for treason.&amp;nbsp; And if the king
+chose to marry a woman whom he 'took to be a pure and clean maid' and
+she turned out to be otherwise, the charge of treason would apply to
+both the woman and 'all who knew it and did not reveal it'.&amp;nbsp; In
+other words, you must speak up - either before or after the royal
+marriage - or die. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This new law was enough to frighten even the most seasoned
+courtier.&amp;nbsp; Before, the chance to parade a young girl before the
+king was a chance to make a family's fortune; now, it was merely a
+chance to risk death.&amp;nbsp; For who could be completely certain of a
+young woman's chastity?&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, who could trust the old
+king's judgment on the matter?&amp;nbsp; Henry had declared he 'somewhat
+suspected' the virginity of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves&lt;/a&gt;, but he had believed Catherine Howard to be a virgin when
+she was not.&amp;nbsp; If one was relying solely upon the king's word.....
+What if a chaste young woman did marry Henry and he then mistakenly
+declared she was 'incontinent'?&amp;nbsp; No one could impugn the word of
+the king, nor escape his wrath. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Understandably enough, the mood at court was hesitant and
+frightened.&amp;nbsp; And so when the king's eye turned favorably to one
+Lady Latimer, thirty-one years old and twice-widowed, courtiers
+breathed a sigh of relief and her family could safely encourage the
+royal interest.&amp;nbsp; After all, a widow need not prove her nebulous
+virginity to a credulous monarch. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine Parr, Lady Latimer, had many other admirable qualities
+which attracted the king.&amp;nbsp; She has the historical reputation of a
+doting stepmother and devoted scholar, but she&lt;img height=&quot;381&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine Parr by William Scrots, c1546&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parrbiography.jpg&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; was also a woman as dedicated to finery and
+amusements as any of Henry's previous wives.&amp;nbsp; And though
+twice-widowed, she was still twenty years younger than the king.&amp;nbsp;
+She was tall, vivacious and witty, with a kindly and sensible
+nature.&amp;nbsp; She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal and
+Maud Greene; Katharine was the eldest of three children, born probably
+in 1512, followed the next year by her brother William and a year later
+by her sister Anne.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Maud were courtiers during the
+early years of Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was knighted at the
+king's coronation in 1509 and Maud was a lady-in-waiting to his first
+queen, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
+of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; But Thomas died unexpectedly in 1517, and
+Katharine's mother dedicated herself to securing good marriages for her
+children.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was raised in Northamptonshire in the
+household of her uncle Sir William Parr.&amp;nbsp; Her education was good,
+but not comprehensive.&amp;nbsp; Later in life, she would undertake the
+difficult task of learning Greek and Latin; this was indicative of her
+genuine love and respect for scholarship, particularly with regard to
+women.&amp;nbsp; It was Katharine Parr who encouraged Elizabeth I's
+education, thus creating the most learned monarch in English
+history.&amp;nbsp; She also made John Cheke and Roger Ascham tutors to
+young Prince Edward; the influence of these Cambridge 'reformers' upon
+both Elizabeth and Edward was profound. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine's first marriage was in 1529; her mother died two years
+later.&amp;nbsp; Her first husband was young Edward Borough, son of a minor
+lord in Lincolnshire.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was childless and Edward, who
+had a history of lingering illness, died in 1532.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+next husband, John Neville, Lord Latimer, was forty years old, twice
+Katharine's age and with a son and daughter.&amp;nbsp; They wed in late
+spring 1533; Katharine was his third wife.&amp;nbsp; Latimer was a wealthy
+northern landowner and Katharine quickly adapted to her new lifestyle
+as mistress of a large household.&amp;nbsp; She also became - at the young
+age of twenty-one - the beloved stepmother of Latimer's daughter.&amp;nbsp;
+The most trying time of their marriage was the infamous Pilgrimage of
+Grace, which forced the conservative North against Henry VIII's
+religious policies.&amp;nbsp; Poor Latimer was torn between the demands of
+the rebels (who kidnapped him and, later, his wife and daughter) and
+those of his angry king.&amp;nbsp; Called to London to explain himself,
+Latimer was eventually cleared of complicity.&amp;nbsp; But his health was
+broken from the stress and never recovered.&amp;nbsp; Katharine began to
+spend more time in London, nursing her husband and visiting with her
+younger sister Anne.&amp;nbsp; Anne Parr had married William Herbert, the
+illegitimate grandson of the powerful earl of Pembroke, and was also a
+lady-in-waiting to Henry VIII's fourth and fifth wives.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine was still a young woman, and this time at court opened
+her eyes in many ways.&amp;nbsp; First, she was at last in the presence of
+healthy, dynamic men her own age; unlike her invalid husbands, these
+men were flirtatious and charming.&amp;nbsp; There was never a hint of
+impropriety in Katharine's actions, and she continued to nurse the
+ailing Lord Latimer with notable care and compassion.&amp;nbsp; But she
+would have been less than human if she did not notice the contrast
+between her life in northern England and the glittering, challenging
+court of Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She became increasingly interested in the theological debates of
+the court, but she also enjoyed its less intellectual pleasures -
+dancing, music, banquets, grand costumes.&amp;nbsp; When she became queen,
+this love of clothes and jewels would be indulged on the grandest
+scale.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;While Lord Latimer lingered on his deathbed throughout 1541 and
+1542, Katharine realistically assessed her future.&amp;nbsp; She would soon
+be a very wealthy widow, finally free to make her own choices and with
+the youth to enjoy them.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, she had fallen in love with
+the charming Thomas Seymour, brother of the late Queen Jane and uncle
+to Henry VIII's only male heir.&amp;nbsp; But she had also caught Henry
+VIII's jaded eye.&amp;nbsp; His first gifts to Katharine were delivered on
+16 February 1543, a year after Catherine Howard's execution.&amp;nbsp; On 2
+March, her husband Lord Latimer at last passed away.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+looked to Seymour as her future husband, to a life of passionate
+fulfillment rather than one of duty.&amp;nbsp; Seymour, meanwhile, took
+note of the king's interest and wisely stepped back.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so Katharine Parr once again followed a dutiful course,
+entering into a third marriage with an older, sickly husband.&amp;nbsp; But
+though she followed her duty, it was not an easy choice.&amp;nbsp; She
+wrote to Seymour, 'As truly as God is God, my mind was fully bent....
+to marry you before any man I know.'&amp;nbsp; But the will of God was
+different than her own, she continued, and after a great spiritual
+struggle, she had no choice but obedience.&amp;nbsp; She and Seymour parted
+with some promises for the future (after all, the king was ill and
+failing) and their feelings undiminished.&amp;nbsp; The ascendancy of the
+Parr family had now begun.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Events moved quickly.&amp;nbsp; She and Henry were married by Stephen
+Gardiner in the 'Queen's closet' at Hampton Court Palace on 12 July
+1543, with all the royal children present.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; The marriage was an immediate success.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine chose as her motto 'To be useful in all I do.'&amp;nbsp; And she
+had a truly endearing personality, as proven by the genuine affection
+which a variety of people felt for her.&amp;nbsp; To the king, she was the
+perfect companion and nursemaid; to his children, she was a loving
+stepmother.&amp;nbsp; As queen, she attracted those courtiers sympathetic
+to the reformed faith.&amp;nbsp; Her rooms became famous for their
+theological debates, a fact which soon incensed Stephen Gardiner and
+other Catholics.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When the king left for France on yet another expensive military
+campaign in July 1544, Katharine - his 'most dearly and most entirely
+beloved wife' - was made Regent of England.&amp;nbsp; The only other wife
+accorded this honor had been Henry's first, Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry returned in October to find his affairs in good order. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Their marriage had its physical side as well.&amp;nbsp; Though
+occasionally impotent, the king did consummate their marriage and
+Katharine was fond of ordering black satin nightdresses.&amp;nbsp; She
+would often sit with the king's sore leg in her lap, or in his lap
+herself.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed her dancing and they both loved music;
+they also exchanged rich gifts.&amp;nbsp; It was only when Katharine waded
+into the complicated morass of Tudor theology that she roused Henry's
+temper. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's religious beliefs remain confusing centuries later; one
+can only sympathize with his contemporaries who had to guess at them
+and hope for the best.&amp;nbsp; Raised a Catholic, Henry was forced to
+repudiate the papacy in order to marry Anne Boleyn; for several years
+afterwards, Protestants and Catholics alike were struck down by the
+king.&amp;nbsp; To lean too far one way or the other risked certain
+death.&amp;nbsp; As the king grew older, he came to appreciate the mess he
+had created.&amp;nbsp; Where did he stand?&amp;nbsp; Was he an ally of the
+Lutheran princes?&amp;nbsp; Or did he miss the faith of his youth?&amp;nbsp; It
+is probable that even Henry did not know the answer.&amp;nbsp; But even if
+he didn't know what he believed, he did know heresy when he heard it -
+or so he thought.&amp;nbsp; Encouraged by Gardiner and other Catholic
+councilors, he was soon persuaded that Katharine Parr was a heretic. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine was coming dangerously attracted to evangelical
+Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; Her companions were of a younger generation than
+the king, having grown up in the decades following Martin Luther's
+triumph in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Theology was no longer only the province of
+churchmen; the laity - and women especially - could now question and
+debate the most important issues for themselves.&amp;nbsp; As an
+intelligent woman with a deep love of scholarship, this new faith
+appealed to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There was no room for her in Catholicism,
+but she could be a guiding light for the reformers. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so she was, attracting Mile Coverdale, John Parkhurst, Anthony
+Cope and others.&amp;nbsp; She had also become close friends with Thomas
+Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury, and Catherine Willoughby, the
+duchess of Suffolk, another young wife of an elderly husband.&amp;nbsp;
+Both she and Katharine used their youthful energy in defense of the new
+faith. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;343&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine Parr or Lady Jane Grey?&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;170&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Perhaps the central belief of this new faith was the need for
+everyone to personally study the Bible.&amp;nbsp; This was a truly
+revolutionary idea; it also lessened the power of Henry VIII as Supreme
+Head of the Church of England since it encouraged his subjects to think
+for themselves.&amp;nbsp; Conservatives argued that reading the Bible only
+encouraged heresy.&amp;nbsp; But as Katharine wrote angrily, 'Is it not
+extreme wickedness to charge the holy sanctified word of God with the
+offenses of man?&amp;nbsp; To allege the Scriptures to be perilous learning
+because certain readers thereof fall into heresies?'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In May 1543, the king's council felt sufficiently alarmed by this
+permissive climate to pass the Act for the Advancement of the True
+Religion.&amp;nbsp; It was directed against the 'lower sort' who wished to
+study the Bible in English, either alone or in public.&amp;nbsp; It was
+later amended to allow noblewomen the right to read the Bible but they
+must do so alone and not engage in religious debate.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine, however, seemed content to ignore this warning.&amp;nbsp;
+The king was openly affectionate; foreign ambassadors wrote home in
+praise of her kindness; her stepchildren loved her.&amp;nbsp; She was
+secure in her position and unaware of any danger.&amp;nbsp; As patroness,
+she favored the reformers and also sought to protect those who fell
+from favor. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But in 1546, Baron Thomas Wriothesley was made Lord Chancellor; he
+was a conservative especially interested in stamping out heresy.&amp;nbsp;
+On 24 May 1546, the reformist Anne Askew was arrested and horribly
+tortured.&amp;nbsp; She had ties to court, particularly to the duchess of
+Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; But she refused to implicate the queen despite repeated
+questioning; Wriothesley and his secretary Richard Rich were personally
+involved in her torture.&amp;nbsp; On 16 July she was burnt at the stake
+for heresy.&amp;nbsp; Only a few days before, the Privy Council had ordered
+Katharine's estate books seized, presumably because she would soon be
+arrested and her property confiscated.&amp;nbsp; This indicates that her
+Catholic enemies felt confident the king would follow their lead in
+disposing of his sixth wife, much as he had destroyed &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; four years before.&amp;nbsp; And since the king possessed the
+disturbing quality of acting well to those he was about to destroy, his
+continued affection for Katharine did not worry them.&amp;nbsp; Katharine,
+however, was still lulled into a feeling of safety.&amp;nbsp; In response
+to Anne Askew's execution, she hurriedly threw out her most evangelical
+books - but that was all. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Around this time, Henry VIII was in a more irritable mood than
+usual.&amp;nbsp; His ulcerated leg had grown worse, as had the recurrent
+headaches.&amp;nbsp; Katharine made the mistake of engaging the king in
+theological discourse while he was physically unwell and under the
+influence of his conservative courtiers.&amp;nbsp; It nearly cost her her
+life. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Shortly after Anne Askew's execution, the royal couple were
+sitting in their usual position - the king's sore leg resting upon his
+wife's lap.&amp;nbsp; As she nursed him, Katharine began to lecture her
+husband on religion.&amp;nbsp; The king was in no mood for what he
+considered heresy, nor to be lectured by his wife.&amp;nbsp; It seemed
+Katharine's enemies had won.&amp;nbsp; But then the old king threw all into
+confusion, possibly on purpose.&amp;nbsp; He told his doctor, Thomas Wendy,
+that Katharine was about to be arrested and soon enough an anonymous
+courtier dropped a copy of the warrant outside Katharine's rooms.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen was devastated and immediately in fear for her
+life.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine went to the king's rooms and there he immediately began
+to discuss religion with her, in particular contradicting many of her
+reformist beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Recognizing the test, Katharine agreed with it
+all, telling Henry that 'women by their first creation were made
+subject to men' and that 'men out to instruct their wives, who would do
+all their learning from them'.&amp;nbsp; The king was 'a prince of such
+excellent learning and wisdom' that she would gladly follow his
+counsel.&amp;nbsp; But this appeal to Henry's vanity was not enough.&amp;nbsp;
+'You are become a doctor able to instruct us and not to be instructed
+by us,' the king said, referring to her earlier lecture.&amp;nbsp; But
+Katharine replied that he had 'much mistaken the freedom she had taken
+to argue with him', for she had only done it to learn from him and
+distract him from his illness.&amp;nbsp; 'And is it even so?' asked Henry,
+with a smile. 'Then Kate, we are friends again.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr
+had escaped. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But no one had told the king's council.&amp;nbsp; When Wriothesley and
+forty guards arrived to arrest Katharine the next day, the king himself
+beat them about the heads and shoulders, calling them foul names.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine was thus saved in a most public and spectacular fashion, and
+was soon gifted with more jewels and plate than before.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Her appeal to Henry's vanity saved her life and it also allowed
+the king to remind everyone who was the real master.&amp;nbsp; Wriothesley
+had sought to recreate the destruction of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;
+and Cromwell, using the king's temper to destroy his personal
+enemies.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII was of a mind to do otherwise.&amp;nbsp; He
+had long lamented the loss of Cromwell and he disliked any manipulation
+by his councilors.&amp;nbsp; By saving Katharine in such a public manner,
+he forced his courtiers to recognize his omnipotence and mutability. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But he was not indestructible.&amp;nbsp; The king's health began a
+decline in the spring of 1546 from which he only sporadically
+recovered.&amp;nbsp; By the winter, he was dangerously ill.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine's own position gained new prominence since upon Henry's death
+she would be the dowager queen.&amp;nbsp; She already had great influence
+over her stepson &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince
+Edward&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She continued to nurse Henry
+assiduously, but was sent away to Greenwich Palace with Mary and
+Elizabeth for Christmas celebrations.&amp;nbsp; She returned to London on
+10 January but never saw the king again.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII died in the
+early morning hours of 28 January 1547. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;After Henry's death, Thomas Seymour's elder brother Edward assumed
+the title Protector of the Kingdom, ruling in the name of his nine year
+old nephew.&amp;nbsp; Katharine, meanwhile, married Thomas with what others
+(including her royal stepchildren) felt was indecent haste.&amp;nbsp; The
+actual date is not known but Seymour referred to himself as her husband
+in a letter of 17 May.&amp;nbsp; The wedding took place in the moonlit
+gardens of Chelsea Manor.&amp;nbsp; Letters indicate that the ambitious
+Seymour pressed for a quick union.&amp;nbsp; As a dowager queen, Katharine
+was expected to behave perfectly; also, it was theoretically possible
+she was pregnant by Henry VIII. &amp;nbsp;For once, the always dutiful
+Katharine had acted impulsively. &amp;nbsp;She had given up Thomas Seymour
+once and would not do so again. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;For the new king's councilors, the marriage was a disaster.&amp;nbsp;
+They recognized Seymour's ambition even as Katharine fell even more
+deeply in love.&amp;nbsp; Edward Seymour's wife Anne Stanhope, now the
+duchess of Somerset, engaged in a petty battle of precedence with
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Also, there were arguments over Katharine's
+possessions, particularly jewelry which Henry VIII had given her.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, there was far happier news to distract her.&amp;nbsp; In late
+November 1547, thirty-five years old and childless through three
+previous marriages, Katharine Parr became pregnant. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;However, her pregnancy was not the happy triumph she had
+expected.&amp;nbsp; Her husband proved too forward with the young Princess
+Elizabeth and Katharine was forced to send her step-daughter
+away.&amp;nbsp; This breach hurt them both deeply.&amp;nbsp; The young &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt; remained with the household, however, for Seymour had
+'bought' her from her ambitious parents, hoping to marry her to Prince
+Edward. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine gave birth to a girl named Mary at Sudeley Castle in
+Gloucestershire on 30 August.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey stood as godmother to the
+infant, but the happy occasion took a quick turn for the worse.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine Parr soon fell victim to puerperal sepsis, or 'childbed
+fever', which had also killed Queen Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; She suffered
+painful delusions before sinking into calm, able to dictate her will
+and final wishes.&amp;nbsp; She died on 5 September, and Jane Grey acted as
+chief mourner at the funeral.&amp;nbsp; She was buried at Sudeley in St
+Mary's Church.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine's Parr life was always one of duty and kindness.&amp;nbsp;
+She left behind a formidable tradition of scholarship and religious
+devotion, as evidenced by her own books.&amp;nbsp; The great tragedy of her
+life was that, when finally able to marry for love, her happiness was
+all too brief. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Susan E. James wrote &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f1840146834%2fqid%3d1068483380%2fsr%3d1-1%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f1%2f103-9144463-8095031%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3dbooks&quot;&gt;
+a wonderful biography&lt;/a&gt; of Katharine in 1999.&lt;br&gt;
+It includes extensive selections from her letters to Thomas Seymour.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082571&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082571&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2164</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A discussion of question five from Tudor Quiz: Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01cf774f2d407164c30b50d9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215275</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01cf.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;In my many (too many) readings about Henry's checkered marital
+career, one thing always struck me - the constant back and forth between
+biographers/historians over the exact ending of his six marriages.&amp;nbsp;
+It's a common assumption that Henry divorced Katharine of Aragon, Anne
+Boleyn, Anne of Cleves, and Catherine Howard, yet a close reading of the
+actual circumstances of each case reveals something quite different - those
+marriages were annulled, and annulments are not divorces.
+&lt;p&gt;An annulment invalidates a marriage by declaring the marriage was never
+valid; in other words, a marriage never took place.&amp;nbsp; If we take this
+a step further, it could be argued that Henry never had six wives at all
+- since he annulled four of his marriagess!
+&lt;br&gt;A divorce recognizes the legal validity of a marriage; it acknowledges
+that a legal marriage did occur and was recognized by both spouses.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;I will add a discussion of each case when I have some spare time, which
+I hope is sooner rather than later.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq13.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Quiz: Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082744&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082744&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01d7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01d7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01d7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8130</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Henry VIII's speech before Parliament, 1545</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01d7ce7911a82315bf34c8d2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01d7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">h8speech.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/h8speech.gif&quot; width=&quot;575&quot; height=&quot;87&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This speech, 
+      given on 24 December 1545, was recorded by a member of Parliament.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+      These words bring Henry VIII's personality to life - at times belligerent, 
+      then coaxing, mixing flattery and threats.&amp;nbsp; Unlike his descendants, 
+      Henry had few problems with parliament; his domination of its members was 
+      legendary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+On 24 December the king's majesty came into the parliament
+house, to give his royal assent to such acts as had been passed there,
+where the speaker made to him an eloquent oration, to which it has always
+been the custom for the lord chancellor to answer, but at this time it
+was the king's pleasure that it should be otherwise, for the king himself
+answered, as follows word for word, as near as I was able to report it.
+&lt;p&gt;'Although my Chancellor for the time being has been used, before
+this time, very eloquently and substantially to answer such orations as
+have been set forth in this high court of parliament, yet he is not so
+able to open and set forth my mind and meaning and the secrets of my heart
+in so plain and ample manner as I myself can.&amp;nbsp; Wherefore, taking it
+upon myself to answer your eloquent oration, master speaker, I say that
+where you, in the name of our well beloved commons, have both praised and
+extolled me for the notable qualities which you have conceived to be in
+me, I most heartily thank you all that you have reminded me of my duty,
+which is to endeavor myself to obtain and get such excellent qualities
+and necessary virtues as a prince or governor should or ought to have,
+of which gifts I recognize myself both bare and barren.&amp;nbsp; But for such
+small qualities as God has endowed me with I render to his goodness my
+most humble thanks, intending with all my wit and diligence to get and
+acquire for myself such notable virtues and princely qualities as you have
+alleged to be incorporated in my person.&amp;nbsp; Having first remembered
+these thanks for your loving admonition and good counsel, I next thank
+you again because, considering our great charges (not for our pleasure
+but for your defense, not for our gain but to our great cost) which we
+have lately sustained, as well in defense against our and your enemies
+as for the conquest of that fortress which was to this realm most displeasant
+and noisome, and shall be by God's grace hereafter most profitable and
+pleasant to our nation, you have freely of your own decision granted to
+us a certain subsidy, specified here in an act, which truly we take in
+good part, regarding more your kindness than the profit thereof, as he
+that sets more by your loving hearts than by your substance.&amp;nbsp; Besides
+this hearty kindness I cannot a little rejoice when I consider the perfect
+trust and sure confidence which you have put in me, as men having undoubted
+hope and unfeigned belief in my good deeds and just proceedings for you,
+since without my desire or request you have committed to my order and disposition
+all chantries, colleges, hospitals and other places specified in a certain
+act, firmly trusting that I will order them to the glory of God and the
+profit of the commonwealth.&amp;nbsp; Surely if, contrary to your expectation,
+I should suffer the ministries of the church to decay, or learning (which
+is so great a jewel) to be diminished, a poor and miserable people to be
+unrelieved, you might say that I, being put in so special a trust as I
+am in this case, were no trusty friend to you, nor a charitable man to
+my fellow Christians, nor a lover of the public wealth, nor yet one who
+feared God, to whom account must be rendered of all our doings.&amp;nbsp; Doubt
+not, I pray you, that you expectations will be fulfilled more Godly or
+goodly than you will wish or desire, as you will plainly see afterwards. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Now, since I find such kindness on your part towards me, I cannot choose
+but to love and favor you, affirming that no prince in the world more favors
+his subjects than I do you, and no subjects or commons more love and obey
+their sovereign lord than I see you do me, for whose defense my treasure
+shall not be hidden, nor if necessity requires it will my person be not
+risked.&amp;nbsp; But although I with you and you with me are in this perfect
+love and concord, this friendly amity cannot continue unless both you,
+my lords temporal, and you, my lords spiritual, and you, my loving subjects,
+study and take pains to amend one thing which is surely amiss and far out
+of order, which I most heartily require you to do, which is that charity
+and concord is not amongst you, but discord and dissension bears rule in
+every place.&amp;nbsp; St Paul wrote to the Corinthians, in the 12th chapter:
+'Charity is gentle, Charity is not envious, Charity is not proud,' and
+so on in that chapter.&amp;nbsp; Behold then what love and charity is amongst
+you when one calls another heretic and anabaptist and he calls him back
+papist, hypocrite, and pharisee.&amp;nbsp; Are these tokens of charity amongst
+you?&amp;nbsp; No, no, I assure you that this lack of charity amongst yourselves
+will be the hindrance and assuaging of the fervent love between us, as
+I said before, unless this is healed and clearly made whole.&amp;nbsp; I must
+judge the fault and occasion of this discord to be partly the negligence
+of you, the fathers and preachers of the spirituality.&amp;nbsp; For if I know
+a man who lives in adultery I must judge him to be a lecherous and carnal
+person; if I see a man boast and brag about himself I cannot but deem him
+a proud man.&amp;nbsp; I see and hear daily that you of the clergy preach against
+each other without charity or discretion.&amp;nbsp; Some are too stiff in their
+old 'Mumpsimus', others are are too busy and curious in their new 'Sumpsimus'.&amp;nbsp;
+Thus almost all men are in variety and discord, and few or none truly and
+sincerely preach the word of God as they ought to do.&amp;nbsp; Shall I now
+judge you to be charitable persons who do this?&amp;nbsp; No, no, I cannot
+do so.&amp;nbsp; Alas, how can the poor souls live in concord when you preachers
+sow amongst them in your sermons debate and discord?&amp;nbsp; They look to
+you for light and you bring them darkness.&amp;nbsp; Amend these crimes, I
+exhort you, and set forth God's word truly, both by true preaching and
+giving a good example, or else, I, whom God has appointed his vicar and
+high minister here, will see these divisions extinct, and these enormities
+corrected, according to my true duty, or else I am an unprofitable servant
+and an untrue officer'. ....
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082603&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082603&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">34363</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Relatives - Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01d8b7d86d12036f5fb122bd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01d8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#660000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+3&gt;Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born 1540, died 27 January 1568&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;' I have sent you, good sister Catherine, a book, which although it
+be not outwardly trimmed with gold, yet inwardly it is more worthy than
+precious stones. It is the book, dear sister, of the laws of the lord:
+It is His Testament and Last Will, which He bequeathed unto us wretches,
+which shall lead you to the path of eternal joy, and if you, with a good
+mind read it, and with an earnest desire, follow it, it shall bring you
+to an immortal and everlasting life.&amp;nbsp; It will teach you to live and
+learn you to die.... It shall win you more than you should have gained
+by the possession of your woeful father's lands, for as if God prospered
+him, you shall inherit his lands.... [it holds] such riches as neither
+the covetous shall withdraw from you, neither the thief shall steal, neither
+let the moth corrupt.... And as touching my death, rejoice as I do and
+consider that I shall be delivered of this corruption and put on incorruption,
+for as I am assured that I shall for losing of a mortal life, find an immortal
+felicity. Pray God grant you and send you his grace to live in the love...
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Farewell good sister, put only your trust in God,
+who only must uphold you,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your loving sister, Jane Duddley'
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;letter from Lady Jane Grey to her sister Catherine,
+1554&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;'....when I call to mind what a husband I have of you, and my great
+hard fate to miss the viewing of so good a one....&amp;nbsp; Thus most humbly
+thanking you, my sweet lord, for your sending to see how I do.... I most
+lovingly bid you farewell....'
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;letter of Catherine Grey to Edward Seymour, 1562&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Jane Grey, the unfortunate queen of England for just nine
+days, wrote the above letter to her younger sister Catherine before her
+execution.&amp;nbsp; It was the last communication between the seventeen-year-old
+Jane and fourteen-year-old Catherine.&amp;nbsp; Married to men of their parents'
+choosing in a double ceremony the year before, they both suffered when
+Jane was deposed and Princess Mary Tudor (named for their grandmother)
+became queen.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (The tragedy of Jane's life, and the complexities
+of the plot to make her queen of England, is discussed in much greater
+detail in the following sections:&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward
+VI&lt;/a&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; Catherine's reaction to the sudden disgrace of her family,
+the ruin of all their hopes and dreams, is not recorded.&amp;nbsp; However,
+it is safe to assume she was devastated.&amp;nbsp; She was just fourteen and
+watched her entire world turn upside down.&amp;nbsp; The Greys had long been
+the noblest family in the realm of England, united by ties of friendship
+and blood to the Tudor monarchs.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's grandmother was Henry
+VIII's youngest sister, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
+Mary&lt;/a&gt;; her grandfather was his best friend, Charles Brandon, duke of
+Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; The bonds of blood and friendship had allowed the Brandons
+to rise to wealth and prominence.&amp;nbsp; But they were dangerous bonds as
+well; for after Edward VI's death, the Tudor succession was once more an
+urgent question and anyone with royal blood was a target - for various
+plots of dissatisfied citizens, for international speculation, for aristocratic
+mobility, etc.
+&lt;br&gt;(*note - The Brandons became the Greys when Frances Brandon (Charles
+&amp;amp; Mary's eldest daughter) married Henry Grey.)
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Poor Catherine, despite Jane's fervent prayers, was
+not to lead a life of 'grace.'&amp;nbsp; She lacked Jane's intellect and religious
+fervor; taken together, those qualities may have guided her impulsive nature
+and provided solace in her troubled world.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she was - and
+always remained - an ordinary girl condemned to unhappiness because of
+her Tudor blood.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, brother-in-law, and father were executed
+due to her father's stupidity and ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; Mary I was often naive
+and kind-hearted; she lacked the ruthlessness of her father (Henry VIII's
+conscience rarely troubled him - despite the many executions he ordered.)&amp;nbsp;
+His daughter did not care to kill innocents - especially those she believed
+to be the pawns of more greedy souls. Upon her accession, Jane Grey and
+her husband Guildford Dudley were imprisoned in the Tower; but they were
+not executed. It was only when Jane's father, Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk,
+tried to raise a revolt - capitalizing on anger at the queen's impending
+Spanish marriage - that Mary realized Jane must die.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey did
+not try to restore his daughter to the throne
+&lt;br&gt;(despite the assertion of many history books.)&amp;nbsp; But that didn't
+matter - Jane had been proclaimed queen once before and Mary recognized
+the danger.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Grey's actions followed upon the Wyatt rebellion,
+one of the most serious rebellions of the Tudor era.&amp;nbsp; Mary was conscientious
+and attached to her legitimate family.&amp;nbsp; But she ordered Jane, Guildford,
+and Henry Grey executed.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen did not forget the remaining Grey family.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry's wife was Frances Brandon, the eldest daughter of Mary's aunt, Princess
+Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Queen Mary remembered her aunt's kindness to the beleaguered
+Katharine of Aragon; she also wanted to put the past behind her - she was
+marrying Philip of Spain, thus fulfilling her heart's two great desires.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary I wanted a family and to restore the Catholic faith to England.&amp;nbsp;
+On her way to achieve both, she was inclined to be generous.&amp;nbsp; She
+allowed Frances and her two remaining children, Catherine and Mary (11
+years old) to remain at court.&amp;nbsp; They attended her wedding on 25 July
+1554 to Philip at Winchester Cathedral.&amp;nbsp; Catherine and Mary were appointed
+maids of honor; the queen was careful to show them special kindness, singling
+them out for favor.&amp;nbsp; Even when their mother's second marriage, they
+were still afforded every privilege.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Frances Grey had waited
+just three weeks after her husband's execution to marry her steward, Adrian
+Stokes, a young man fifteen years her junior.&amp;nbsp; Queen Mary did not
+protest; perhaps she was happy her cousin was putting the past to rest.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Frances Grey's second marriage fared
+much better than Catherine's first one.&amp;nbsp; She had been married on 21
+or 25 Mary 1553 to the earl of Pembroke's heir; it had been a double ceremony
+- her sister Jane was also wed to the dukke of Northumberland's son Guildford.&amp;nbsp;
+But when Mary I was proclaimed queen in July, Pembroke was eager to distance
+himself from the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He banished Catherine from his home and had
+the marriage annulled.&amp;nbsp; It was cruel of Pembroke but politically necessary.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, he had no idea how Mary would react to the Grey-Northumberland
+treachery.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Catherine remained at court, openly favored
+by the queen but despondent.&amp;nbsp; There was occasional domestic and international
+speculation about her future once it became clear Mary would provide no
+heir.&amp;nbsp; When discussing Princess Elizabeth's future, most stressed
+the need to either support or destroy her two main rivals - Catherine Grey
+and Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; In other words, if Elizabeth's rule was
+to be secure, she needed to deal with both Catherine and Mary.&amp;nbsp; Mary
+of Scotland was a problem that could be faced later (she was off in France
+for now) but Catherine Grey was close and a dangerous rallying point for
+dissatisfied Englishmen.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before Elizabeth became queen, however, Catherine
+did achieve some measure of personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; After a period of
+depression, she became friends with Lady Jane Seymour, daughter of the
+late Lord Protector Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford and duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp;
+(She was named for her aunt, Henry VIII's third queen and mother of his
+son.)&amp;nbsp; Jane was also a maid of honor and suffered from poor health
+(already battling the consumption which killed her.)&amp;nbsp; Queen Mary encouraged
+the two girls to become friends, allowing Catherine to accompany Jane on
+her frequent visits home.&amp;nbsp; The Seymour family's main home was currently
+Hanworth, Catherine Parr's manor which had passed to her husband Thomas
+Seymour, then to his brother, and then to his brother's wife.&amp;nbsp; The
+widowed duchess of Somerset lived there with her second husband (like Frances
+Grey, she had married her steward) and her oldest son, Edward.&amp;nbsp; Edward
+was in his late teens, just a few years older than Catherine, and already
+tall, dark-haired and good-looking.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, the two young
+people became attached to one another.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Both Edward and Catherine had suffered public humiliation.&amp;nbsp;
+She had been repudiated by the Pembroke family and her sister and father
+were executed as traitors; his father, too, had been executed as a traitor
+and the Seymour wealth had yet to be restored.&amp;nbsp; Also, their family
+title remained in abeyance.&amp;nbsp; Edward, who should have been titled earl
+of Hertford, waited for his title to be officially reinstated.&amp;nbsp; Beyond
+these painful personal experiences, they were also lonely.&amp;nbsp; Both were
+past the age for betrothal but still unattached.&amp;nbsp; And, equally important,
+both were physically attractive.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was the beauty of the
+Grey family; small like Jane, she had the Tudor red-gold hair and a fair
+complexion.&amp;nbsp; Their attraction was physical and emotional; it was also
+obvious.&amp;nbsp; Before long, the duchess of Somerset was asking her son
+about his intentions.&amp;nbsp; He replied that he enjoyed visiting with Catherine;
+his mother should not worry about the queen's feelings, he said, because
+Catherine had been sent by Mary to live at Hanworth - so 'her majesty's
+feelings in this matter cannot be doubted.'&amp;nbsp; Whatever Mary's feelings,
+they did not soon matter.&amp;nbsp; In November 1558, she died and Elizabeth
+Tudor, unlike her half-sister in so many ways, became queen of England.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When it came time for the successor to be crowned,
+there was no dispute.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was Henry VIII's daughter
+and her only rivals were other women.&amp;nbsp; The Archbishop of York announced
+her succession as 'true, lawful and right.'&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth took no
+chances.&amp;nbsp; Upon Mary I's death, Mary queen of Scots's French father-in-law
+had her proclaimed queen of England.&amp;nbsp; Mary and her husband, the dauphin
+Francois, quartered the English royal arms with those of France; in official
+documents Mary was titled Queen of England and Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In the eyes
+of Catholic Europe, such action was completely legal.&amp;nbsp; Mary was queen
+of England, by right of legitimacy and primogeniture.&amp;nbsp; No one expected
+Henri II to actually invade England and place her on the throne - but he
+continued the diplomatic snubs, angering and irritating the English.&amp;nbsp;
+For example, when the English pressed for the restoration of Calais, the
+French answered - restore to whom?&amp;nbsp; Wasn't the queen of Scots also
+the queen of England?&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, a group of parliamentary
+ministers met with Elizabeth to petition her to marry.&amp;nbsp; This was the
+only way to secure her throne.&amp;nbsp; Once she provided England with an
+heir, everything would be fine.&amp;nbsp; It was the familiar refrain of Tudor
+England.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps no other government has been so dominated by one
+biological occurrence.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had no intention of marrying or providing
+children; she was married to the nation, she told her ministers, and took
+the seal of office from her finger.&amp;nbsp; This, she said, was her wedding
+ring, to be worn until death.&amp;nbsp; The ministers had to be content but
+they were not silenced.&amp;nbsp; They would battle over this issue for years
+to come.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Elizabeth's refusal to marry made Catherine Grey's
+position all the more dangerous.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Catherine did not like the new queen.&amp;nbsp; This
+had its root in their tangled family history.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary Tudor
+and Katharine of Aragon had been friends, each despising the interloper
+(and Elizabeth's mother), Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Their children, Frances Grey
+and Mary I, continued the friendship - and openly despised Anne's daughter
+Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary I had been kind to Catherine; furthermore, Catherine
+was brought up to believe Elizabeth was the illegitimate daughter of an
+executed adulterer and traitor.&amp;nbsp; And whatever Henry Grey's activities,
+his daughter Catherine was legitimate.&amp;nbsp; Like Mary I, the Greys were
+very conscious of their family history, and naturally proud.&amp;nbsp; Under
+Mary's reign, they had been encouraged to move beyond their 1553 disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
+Now, however, they were ruled by an equally proud and disdainful queen.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth disliked her Grey cousins as much as they disliked - and feared
+- her.&amp;nbsp; They also resented having too bow and scrape for her favor.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And it soon became clear they would have to bow and
+scrape - and probably to no avail.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth allowed Catherine and
+her sister to reside at court but no longer as maids of honor; they were
+'ladies of the presence'.&amp;nbsp; Mary had allowed them access to the privy
+chamber, that most private area; Elizabeth did not.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+international ambassadors began to question Elizabeth about her cousin.&amp;nbsp;
+It was rumored that the Spanish wanted to marry Catherine to one of their
+royal noblemen; after all, the king of France had a pawn in Mary queen
+of Scots.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish naturally wanted Catherine as their pawn.&amp;nbsp;
+It was known that Catherine was unhappy at court (so the Spanish ambassador,
+Count Feria, reported to his master) and might be persuaded to leave England.&amp;nbsp;
+If not, they could always kidnap her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth reacted by becoming
+quite amiable with Catherine, calling her 'daughter' and restoring her
+to the privy chamber.&amp;nbsp; She even mentioned formally adopting Catherine.&amp;nbsp;
+Poor Catherine was probably more frightened by this sudden friendliness
+than she was of Elizabeth's coldness.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Catherine had made the mistake of speaking insolently
+about Elizabeth in mid-1559.&amp;nbsp; The duke of Saxony's envoy reported
+that Catherine had said 'very arrogant and unseemly words in the hearing
+of the Queen and others standing by.'&amp;nbsp; Her exact words were not recorded.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, what mattered is that she had been rude to Elizabeth I, a proud
+woman inclined to make others regret their pride.&amp;nbsp; Since Elizabeth's
+immediate reaction had been to begin favoring her, Catherine had good cause
+to worry.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this period, Catherine had sought personal
+solace with Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; His title had been reinstated by the
+queen and his optimism grew.&amp;nbsp; As early as March 1559, he had asked
+the duchess of Suffolk for Catherine's hand in marriage.&amp;nbsp; Frances
+Grey agreed but counseled the young couple to be careful.&amp;nbsp; Edward
+should seek out members of the Privy Council who would be sympathetic to
+their suit; Frances herself would write to Elizabeth, asking for 'her majesty's
+favor and good will.' (Of course, as all this was going on, Elizabeth was
+receiving word of the Spanish plan to kidnap Catherine.)&amp;nbsp; Frances
+Grey became ill and died before the letter was sent off.&amp;nbsp; Edward seemed
+to get cold feet (he was also meeting another young woman and deciding
+whether to risk his newly-gained title); he told Frances's widower that
+he would let matters rest.&amp;nbsp; So Catherine was left at court, serving
+the unpredictable Elizabeth, and wondering when her betrothed would come
+for her.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The relationship may have died that natural death
+had not Lady Jane Seymour become involved.&amp;nbsp; She was now in the later
+stages of tuberculosis and determined to secure her brother's future before
+she died.&amp;nbsp; She loved him and wanted him to make this royal marriage,
+perhaps his path to wealth and greater prominence.&amp;nbsp; She brought her
+friend and brother together again, encouraging a reconciliation; perhaps
+she first suggested a secret marriage.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, sometime
+in October 1560, Catherine and Edward solemnly declared their intention
+to marry.&amp;nbsp; They agreed the wedding should take place when the queen
+was next absent; Jane would hire a clergyman and Edward would buy the ring.&amp;nbsp;
+He had one made specially for the occasion, a posy ring (a plain gold band
+with a concealed spring opening five links); on those links, he had inscribed
+a verse of his own making:
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+As circles five by art compact show but one ring
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+in sight,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+So trust uniteth faithful minds with knot of
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+secret might,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Whose force to break (but greedy Death) no wight
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+possesseth power,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+As time and sequels well shall prove; my ring can
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+say no more.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This course of action doomed them both.&amp;nbsp; In
+1515, Catherine's grandparents had been secretly wed, but they were able
+to soothe their mercurial monarch.&amp;nbsp; Catherine and Edward would be
+far less successful.&amp;nbsp; Sometime in early December, Elizabeth decided
+to go to Eltham and hunt.&amp;nbsp; Catherine had a toothache and Jane was
+sick (as always), the queen was told.&amp;nbsp; They would stay behind.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth left in early morning and, by 8 o'clock, Catherine and Jane had
+slipped out of Whitehall Palace and rushed to Edward's lodgings on Cannon
+Row.&amp;nbsp; The minister was late; Jane went to fetch him and, within the
+hour, the couple were married.&amp;nbsp; The groom was openly impatient so
+his sister withdrew.&amp;nbsp; Then the couple consummated their union; they
+did so quickly since both Catherine and Jane needed to return to duties
+at Whitehall.&amp;nbsp; After about ninety minutes of togetherness, it was
+time to hurry back into their complicated clothing.&amp;nbsp; This alone took
+a quarter of an hour.&amp;nbsp; Edward then escorted Catherine and Jane as
+far as he dared, kissed her and bade her farewell.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their immediate circumstances did not change.&amp;nbsp;
+They did not tell the queen or anyone of the marriage.&amp;nbsp; Instead, they
+continued their secret meetings, sleeping together several times in the
+palaces of Westminster and Greenwich.&amp;nbsp; They never spent an entire
+night together.&amp;nbsp; Jane helped when she could; Catherine's maids probably
+suspected marriage for they left the young lovers alone often.&amp;nbsp; But
+neither Edward or Catherine seemed to have a plan.&amp;nbsp; How long did they
+expect to carry on furtively?&amp;nbsp; One cannot say.&amp;nbsp; But Jane Seymour
+died in March 1561; she vould arrange no more meetings for them.&amp;nbsp;
+One of Catherine's maids, frightened of her involvement, went on vacation
+and never returned.&amp;nbsp; Catherine received warnings from many prominent
+people, including Secretary of State William Cecil, to 'beware of too great
+familiarity' with Edward.&amp;nbsp; She denied any involvement with him.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth I had decided to send Edward abroad with Cecil's son Thomas,
+as part of a European tour to finish their education.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was
+understandably beleaguered - and then, when it would cause the greatest
+harm, she became pregnant.&amp;nbsp; She had first suspected in early March;
+both Edward and his dying sister agreed there was nothing to do but tell
+Elizabeth and beg forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; But Jane died and Catherine stalled.&amp;nbsp;
+She was perhaps uncertain of her pregnancy or perhaps simply too frightened
+to face its consequences.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, when Edward questioned
+her, she said she didn't know for certain.&amp;nbsp; In mid-April, he left
+on the European trip.&amp;nbsp; He promised Catherine he would return immediately
+if and when she could determine her condition.&amp;nbsp; He also left a letter,
+signed and officially sealed, which gave her all his lands and possessions
+if he should die overseas.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By mid-July, Catherine could no longer hide her condition.&amp;nbsp;
+She wrote to Edward, begging him to return home but the letters were delayed
+and opened by a government informer who acted as courier.&amp;nbsp; She was
+forced to accompany Elizabeth on the annual summer progress.&amp;nbsp; In Ipswich,
+she finally broke down and confessed all.&amp;nbsp; First, she spoke to the
+Countess of Shrewsbury, who berated her and asked her to leave.&amp;nbsp; Next,
+the increasingly distraught Catherine went to Robert Dudley, son of the
+executed duke of Northumberland and brother to Jane Grey's husband Guildford.&amp;nbsp;
+He had become Elizabeth I's favorite and Catherine hoped he would intercede
+on her behalf with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley listened to her story, promised
+nothing, and - the next morning - told everything to the queen.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A few days later, Secretary Cecil wrote to the earl
+of Sussex this summation of events:
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;'The Lady Catherine is certainly known to be
+big with child, as she saith by the Earl of Hertford, who is in France.&amp;nbsp;
+She is committed to the Tower.&amp;nbsp; He is sent for.&amp;nbsp; She saith that
+she was married to him secretly before Christmas last.&amp;nbsp; Thus is God
+displeased with us.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+What Cecil did not mention is that Elizabeth was in no mood to be sympathetic
+to either Catherine or Edward.&amp;nbsp; Barring her personal dislike of the
+Greys, Elizabeth was in a furious tangle of emotions.&amp;nbsp; She had recently
+struggled with the idea of marrying Dudley, the greatest love of her life;
+through the summer and autumn of 1560, she struggled to reconcile her royal
+duties and her heart's desire.&amp;nbsp; In the end, she decided not to marry.&amp;nbsp;
+But this personal struggle had affected her greatly - she was irritable
+and would suffer no mention of marriage or children.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Not unnaturally, Elizabeth asked why Catherine should
+be allowed to sneak about and marry without the queen's permission, solely
+because she was in love?&amp;nbsp; Catherine possessed Tudor blood as well,
+she must be made to reconcile duty and passion, even as Elizabeth had done.&amp;nbsp;
+Instead, she had been insolent and ungrateful; her marriage was the last
+straw for Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; As heir presumptive, Catherine had gone too
+far; she had not only married without permission but she had wed a Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+They were notorious for their political ambitions; Elizabeth had personal
+experience of this with Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; She ordered Edward, home
+from the Continent, to the Tower on 5 September.&amp;nbsp; He and Catherine,
+plus his brother Henry and numerous servants, were subjected to a litany
+of embarrassing questions: which of them had entered the bridal bed first;
+which had left the bed first; who had laid on which side?&amp;nbsp; The investigation
+was still continuing when, on 21 September, Catherine went into labor.&amp;nbsp;
+She delivered a healthy son, christened Edward four days later within the
+Tower.&amp;nbsp; Catherine and Edward continued to assert that no one, save
+Jane Seymour, had aided their deception.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was not entirely
+convinced but Cecil, so perceptive, urged leniency.&amp;nbsp; He understood
+Elizabeth's personal feelings in the matter.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But soon it no longer mattered.&amp;nbsp; Neither Catherine
+or Edward could produce evidence of their marriage; they said it had happened,
+but was it legal by constitutional and canonical standards?&amp;nbsp; They
+could not even produce the minister, summoned by Jane Seymour during that
+early morning.&amp;nbsp; It remained up to Elizabeth; would she believe them
+or not?&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth turned the entire matter over to the church and,
+on 10 May 1562, the Archbishop of Canterbury ruled there had been no marriage
+between Edward and Catherine.&amp;nbsp; They were officially censured for having
+committed fornication; there would be a fine and imprisonment, to be determined
+by the Queen's mercy.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the autumn of 1562, Elizabeth became gravely ill
+with smallpox, one of the scourges of that era.&amp;nbsp; It was believed she
+would die.&amp;nbsp; The Council met to decide who would succeed to the throne
+- not unnaturally, many (including Cecil)) supported Catherine Grey.&amp;nbsp;
+The crisis was averted when Elizabeth recovered but, once again, the English
+people were up in arms over the succession.&amp;nbsp; She was always suspicious
+of such talk, remembering her days under Mary's rule, and once said, 'So
+long as I live I shall be Queen of England, when I am dead they shall succeed
+that have most right.'&amp;nbsp; She never said more until she was on her deathbed
+in 1603.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, Catherine managed to complicate the
+issue further - she became pregnant once again.&amp;nbsp; The Lieutenant of
+the Tower, Edward Warner, was a kind man and had allowed the couple to
+spend time together - he left certain doors unlocked and paid no attention
+to who passed through them.&amp;nbsp; So in February 1563, Catherine gave birth
+to their second son, Thomas; two Tower warders acted as godfathers.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen, who had been content to let them languish in the Tower indefinitely,
+was further enraged.&amp;nbsp; Edward was fined 15000 pds (later reduced to
+3000); he was also charged with the following crimes:&amp;nbsp; deflowering
+a royal virgin in the Queen's household, flouting his imprisonment by meeting
+with her in the Tower, and engaging in more carnal relations.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One must sympathize with Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Not only
+had Catherine and Edward disdained and insulted the Crown by their earlier
+offenses; that was awful enough.&amp;nbsp; But now they had done it again -
+no contrition, no realization of the enormity of their crime - just the
+same stupid, disrespectful behavior.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's patience, never
+great, was at an end.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was very intelligent and conscious
+of her own position.&amp;nbsp; She assumed Catherine must, at the very least,
+understand her position as well.&amp;nbsp; She could not be so foolish and
+thoughtless as everyone argued in her defense; everyone knew that actions
+have consequences - so must Catherine Grey.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Whether Catherine was a fool is a matter of speculation
+- and personal sympathy.&amp;nbsp; Certainly,, she had an awful sense of timing.&amp;nbsp;
+But she was soon to suffer worse than before.&amp;nbsp; There was an outbreak
+of plague in London and an exodus of everyone who could afford to leave.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth seized the opportunity to teach her cousin a lesson.&amp;nbsp; The
+Seymour family was moved, Edward and little Edward sent under house arrest
+to Hanworth (where his mother still lived); Catherine and baby Thomas went
+to her uncle John Grey's home in Essex.&amp;nbsp; Even though they were free
+of the Tower, they were still to be treated as prisoners.&amp;nbsp; Catherine
+was perhaps finally repentant - she was, according to her uncle, 'a penitent
+and sorrowful woman for the Queen's displeasure.'
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was also increasingly ill.&amp;nbsp; Her uncle, who
+could not have been happy with his disgraced niece, wrote that 'I never
+came to her, but I found her weeping or else saw by her face she had wept.'&amp;nbsp;
+'She is so fraughted with phlegm by reason of thought, weeping and sitting
+still that many times she is like to overcome therewith...'&amp;nbsp; As for
+Catherine, she wrote that she was in 'continual agony'; 'I never felt what
+the want of my prince's favor was before now...'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was unmoved.&amp;nbsp;
+When John Grey ventured to ask for financial assistance (he was, after
+all, keeping a prisoner for the crown), Elizabeth simply ordered Edward
+to pay.&amp;nbsp; The young earl used to opportunity to plead his own case.&amp;nbsp;
+By now it was mid-1564; there had been pamphlets circulating attesting
+to the legality of the Grey-Seymour union and the legitimacy of their sons.&amp;nbsp;
+The Protestant establishment was as eager to support this as the Catholics
+were to support Mary of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Catherine, born and bred an Englishwoman
+and already
+&lt;br&gt;having born two healthy sons, was heir presumptive.&amp;nbsp; So the same
+talk continued.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The commotion eventually died down.&amp;nbsp; But John
+Grey died in autumn 1564; his niece was transferred to Ingatestone under
+the custody of Sir William Petre.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had begun to imply she
+favored her Stewart relations over the Greys.&amp;nbsp; One can hardly blame
+her; at least Mary of Scotland was troublesome only to herself.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile,
+Catherine's sister Mary had made a secret marriage of her own.&amp;nbsp; Once
+again, the Greys angered the queen.&amp;nbsp; Mary and her husband were imprisoned.&amp;nbsp;
+Catherine was moved from Petre's home in February 1567.&amp;nbsp; She entered
+the custody of Sir John Wentworth of Gosfield Hall in Essex; in September,
+she was moved for the last time, to Cockfield Hall.&amp;nbsp; It was in Suffolkshire,
+and remote from the intrigues of London.&amp;nbsp; Her keeper was Sir Owen
+Hopton and his task was an awful one.&amp;nbsp; By this time, Catherine was
+gravely ill with tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; Royal physicians were sent for but
+they could do nothing.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By January 1568, Hopton wrote to Cecil that the end
+was near.&amp;nbsp; What did Catherine think, trapped in yet another prison,
+knowing she would never see her husband again?&amp;nbsp; She did not speak
+of Edward; rather, she took comfort in prayer even as Jane had done fourteen
+years before.&amp;nbsp; On the 27th of January, Hopton's wife tried to raise
+her spirits; Catherine replied, 'No, no, my lady, my time is come and it
+is not God's will that I should live any longer, and his will be done,
+not mine.&amp;nbsp; As I am, so shall you be; behold the picture of yourselves.'&amp;nbsp;
+Around seven o'clock, she asked to see Hopton.&amp;nbsp; She asked him to take
+a message to the Queen; 'I must needs confess I have greatly offended her
+in that I made my choice without her knowledge, otherwise I take God to
+witness I had never the heart to think any evil against her majesty.'&amp;nbsp;
+She asked Elizabeth to be good to her sons, to not blame them for their
+parents' crimes.&amp;nbsp; She also asked her cousin to forgive Edward for
+'I know my death will be heavy news unto him.'&amp;nbsp; She sent their wedding
+ring back to him, as well as the few gifts she possessed.&amp;nbsp; Among them
+was a ring engraved with a death's head and a motto, 'While I live yours.'&amp;nbsp;
+This was 'the last token unto my lord that ever I shall send him; it is
+the picture of myself.'&amp;nbsp; And at nine o'clock, having made some small
+peace with the world, Catherine Grey died.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She had spent nearly seven years in various prisons
+and was twenty-seven when she died.&amp;nbsp; Edward, upon hearing the news,
+was heartbroken.&amp;nbsp; But he also hoped for release.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Catherine's
+death would end the queen's anger.&amp;nbsp; Two years later, he was rewarded;
+he was released and pardoned.&amp;nbsp; In 1586, he married again to one Frances
+Howard.&amp;nbsp; They had no children and Edward never stopped petitioning
+the courts to legitimize his sons with Catherine.&amp;nbsp; In 1606, three
+years after Elizabeth's death, the clergyman was found - fifty years after
+the fact! - and a common law court legitimized the marriage and their sons.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward eventually died in January 1621, both of his
+sons already dead.&amp;nbsp; But his grandson, William Seymour, had already
+re-enacted Edward and Catherine's tragic love story by making a secret
+marriage of his own to Arbella Stewart, a member of the royal family.&amp;nbsp;
+And Edward apparently didn't gain sympathy for young lovers through his
+own experience.&amp;nbsp; His and Catherine's eldest son, Edward, married Honora
+Rogers, a girl far below his station; Edward did everything he could to
+end the marriage and his son threatened to commit suicide rather than return
+to Edward's home.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Relatives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;to
+Lady Jane Grey page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;written by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Marilee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082577&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082577&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01df.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01df.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01df.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">42860</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Cromwell</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01dfef237687bf0134e88e9e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215265</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01df.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cromwell.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cromwell-small.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cromwell.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Thomas Cromwell&quot; height=59 width=313&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born c.1485 in Putney
+&lt;br&gt;executed 28 July 1540 in London
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&quot;A good household manager, but not fit to meddle in
+the affairs of kings.&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;May 1538, Henry VIII describes Cromwell to the French
+ambassador&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cromwell-small.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Cromwell as the earl of Essex&quot; BORDER=2 height=264 width=220 align=LEFT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Thomas Cromwell was as great a statesman as England has ever seen and,
+in his decade of power, permanently changed the course of English history.&amp;nbsp;
+Unlike his mentor, Cardinal Wolsey, Cromwell was not a priest or a papist.&amp;nbsp;
+He was a lawyer determined to impose his own character - methodical, detached,
+and calculating - upon government.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell wanted government to be effective and efficient;
+to achieve this, he had to end the chaos of feudal privilege and ill-defined
+jurisdictions.&amp;nbsp; He was blessed with a logical mind in an age sadly
+devoid of them.&amp;nbsp; And unlike his royal master, he did not let his emotions
+interfere with his position.&amp;nbsp; He was the ideal statesman for Tudor
+England and, just months after his execution in 1540, Henry VIII was bemoaning
+his loss.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was introduced to government service as
+a secretary for &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; His abilities won him the older man's respect and soon
+Cromwell was his most trusted servant and principal secretary.&amp;nbsp; But
+Cromwell managed to distance himself from Wolsey immediately after the
+Cardinal fell from grace and soon had taken his place as Henry's most valuable
+advisor.&amp;nbsp; Before entering Wolsey's service, Cromwell lived an adventurous
+life.&amp;nbsp; His father had been a brewer and blacksmith known for permanent
+drunkenness and illegal activities.&amp;nbsp; From this inauspicious beginning,
+his son went on to indulge his curiosity and practical nature by traveling
+through Europe.&amp;nbsp; Over the course of several years, he was a soldier
+in Europe, a banker in Italy, clerk in the Netherlands, and a lawyer in
+London.&amp;nbsp; Like so many ambitious men, he was in Wolsey's service in
+the mid-1520s.&amp;nbsp; His most important work was the suppression of 29
+religious houses whose monies Wolsey used to endow colleges at Ipswich
+and Oxford.&amp;nbsp; When Wolsey fell from grace in 1529, Cromwell was hurriedly
+elected burgess for Taunton so he could remain in government service.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There were striking similarities between the two
+men - both managed to remain favorites of the mercurial Henry VIII for
+years; both were despised by the older nobility who coveted their influence
+with the king; both sought to reform the creaky medieval bureaucracy of
+Tudor government; both were highly intelligent and well-versed in international
+affairs.&amp;nbsp; And both, ultimately, fell from Henry's favor with spectacular
+speed.&amp;nbsp; In the end, the king preferred to listen to the old nobility.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Cromwell and Wolsey were also markedly different
+in many ways.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was the man responsible for the Henrician
+reformation while Wolsey fell because he served two masters, the king of
+England and the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Though Henry had ejected Rome from his nation,
+he still practiced the Roman Catholic religion.&amp;nbsp; The king's religious
+tendencies were never reformist and many historians have made the mistake
+of painting him as one of the first Protestant kings.&amp;nbsp; Henry was never
+a Protestant and he wrote treatises vilifying Martin Luther for which he
+was titled 'Defender of the Faith' by the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Rather, he was an
+opportunist who disliked papal authority and interference in his realm
+and wanted some of the vast wealth the English church possessed.&amp;nbsp;
+For Henry, often desperately short of money, it was near-blasphemy for
+his subjects to pay taxes directly to Rome; he wanted the money for his
+government.&amp;nbsp; He also wanted an annulment from a devoutly Catholic
+wife, Katharine of Aragon, and when the Pope, held hostage by the Holy
+Roman Emperor, refused to rule in his favor, he found it most expedient
+to simply disregard the papacy.&amp;nbsp; But throughout it all, Henry was
+unaware of the forces he had unleashed when he declared himself head of
+the English church.&amp;nbsp; Trained for the church as a child, he remained
+staunchly Catholic for his entire life though the Catholic church deemed
+him a heretic.
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;a discussion of the Henrician reformation&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It is important to remember that during Henry's reign,
+at least half of his subjects were under the age of eighteen.&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+court swarmed with young people - pages, scullery maids, and the like.&amp;nbsp;
+English culture celebrated youth; tournaments, hunts, glorious warfare
+were all the province of the young and strong.&amp;nbsp; And while Henry was
+young, he joined these events with a gusto sadly lacking in his father
+or son.&amp;nbsp; But time does not stop, not even for a despotic monarch determined
+to have his way in all things.&amp;nbsp; During his 'great matter', Henry was
+in his thirties and changing from 'Bluff King Hal' into an overweight and
+balding hypochondriac.&amp;nbsp; He had rid himself of Rome to gain wealth
+and a son.&amp;nbsp; He gained both and, once he had, continually toyed with
+the idea of making peace with the pope.&amp;nbsp; He didn't relish excommunication
+and it is likely that he persuaded himself that he wasn't disobeying Christ's
+vicar but rather the Emperor's puppet.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But he misjudged the mood of his people, particularly
+his nobles.&amp;nbsp; Educated and by nature inquisitive and acquisitive, the
+new Protestant teachings intrigued them; they also sought the vast monastic
+lands which Henry planned to sell.&amp;nbsp; This was the paradox of the Henrician
+reformation.&amp;nbsp; It was motivated by greed and genuine religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp;
+As time passed, the new generation of nobles were Protestant because it
+was expedient and philosophically appealing.&amp;nbsp; And with each year,
+more Englishmen were born who were further and further away from the old
+days of Roman domination.&amp;nbsp; Henry, in his forties, could remember the
+papist ways but, as the years passed, fewer and fewer of his subjects did.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In terms of the practical effect the reformation
+had on everyday Englishmen, the situation is more difficult to gauge.&amp;nbsp;
+Unlike the wealthy noblemen, they couldn't bid on the seized monastic properties.&amp;nbsp;
+And in many towns and villages, the parish church was the community center,
+where births, weddings, and deaths were officiated over by a priest.&amp;nbsp;
+But they undoubtedly enjoyed not paying their tax to Rome.&amp;nbsp; Once again,
+a paradox emerged - an excommunicated nation which found itself torn between
+loyalty to the sovereign and loyalty to the papacy.&amp;nbsp; Also, since Henry's
+marriage to Anne Boleyn could only be recognized if one accepted his annulment
+from Katharine - which in itself meant a rejection of papal authority -
+and it was treason to &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; recognize his marriage to Anne, then many
+people were swayed by the threat of execution.&amp;nbsp; In other words, accept
+Henry's decisions or die.&amp;nbsp; Of course, I cannot discuss all aspects
+of the reformation at this site; I recommend L.B. Smith's &lt;i&gt;Henry VIII&lt;/i&gt;
+which studies Henry's own theological beliefs.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There was opposition to the reformation which probably
+had more to do with the attendant loss of independence in north England.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1536, a northern uprising which came to be called the Pilgrimage of
+Grace, gathered over 40,000 men and marched through England.&amp;nbsp; It eventually
+destroyed itself by internal division and lack of clear purpose but one
+of the rebels' demands was a warning for Cromwell - they want their king
+to be advised by &lt;i&gt;noble&lt;/i&gt; councilors who understand the people's wishes,
+not common men like Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Henry was angry at their presumption
+- how dare his ignorant subjects rebel annd then tell him how to run the
+country! - but he was persuaded to show mercy and pardon those involved.&amp;nbsp;
+And he continued to listen to Cromwell.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Pilgrimage
+of Grace&lt;/a&gt; was largely motivated not by religious concerns but by Cromwell's
+determination to dissolve the monasteries and improve the royal tax collecting
+methods.&amp;nbsp; For example, the movement began in Louth, in Lincolnshire,
+and began with the murder of two tax collectors, one of whom was hanged
+and the other sewn into a sack and thrown to a pack of hungry dogs!
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So the common people might grumble somewhat but they
+were ultimately more influenced by practical matters.&amp;nbsp; Had Henry's
+excommunication been followed by a terrible harvest or bad weather, it
+may have been otherwise.&amp;nbsp; During his daughter Mary's reign, such signs
+were taken to mean God was angry with her for attempting to reinstate Catholicism.&amp;nbsp;
+But not only did Henry enjoy good weather, he had a brilliant servant.&amp;nbsp;
+Cromwell was the one who gave force to Henry's grand declarations.&amp;nbsp;
+The king declared that Rome had no authority in England and Cromwell instituted
+the reforms which would make it so.&amp;nbsp; The king declared that all monastic
+lands were forfeit and Cromwell set out to close the monasteries, assess
+their value, and sell them to the highest bidder.&amp;nbsp; For a decade, this
+partnership worked marvelously.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry and Cromwell both recognized a fundamental
+truth of the English people; the government could do what it liked as long
+as traditional religious views were not upset too much.&amp;nbsp; Certainly
+Henry did not upset his own.&amp;nbsp; The name of the pope was omitted in
+their prayers but not much else.&amp;nbsp; Henry's break with Rome was really
+a legal reformation rather than one of real religious content.&amp;nbsp; England
+practiced Catholicism without a pope and, in his place, was their king.&amp;nbsp;
+This situation suited Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Like many, he recognized that the
+Church had lost its way, remaining a ponderous medieval institution concerned
+with wealth and influence.&amp;nbsp; But Europe was no longer medieval; countries
+were becoming nation-states, patriotic and immune to the cultural unity
+which Rome promoted.&amp;nbsp; The pope envisioned a collection of nations
+joined beneath the cloak of Christendom with him at its head; but, particularly
+in xenophobic England, there were mutterings that the church was dominated
+by other nations.&amp;nbsp; Also, the church claimed authority over its subjects;
+no priest or cleric could be tried by their sovereign nation.&amp;nbsp; They
+would answer only to Rome.&amp;nbsp; This problem had angered Henry II centuries
+before and resulted in Thomas Becket's murder.&amp;nbsp; In Henry's time, it
+had grown worse.&amp;nbsp; Also, as king, he believed himself ruler of &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt;
+his subjects, priest and commoner alike.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One must also mention the corruption of the church,
+sadly evident to everyone.&amp;nbsp; Certainly there were Godly men who struggled
+to enforce the tenets of their faith.&amp;nbsp; But there were also bishops
+and cardinals more interested in business and finance than theology.&amp;nbsp;
+The church preached that the surest path to heaven was through good works,
+particularly at a monastery or abbey, but every Englishmen knew that only
+the wealthy could afford to endow or board at them.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+an increasing number of churchmen were absent from their posts.&amp;nbsp; Cardinal
+Wolsey embodied this avaricious streak; he was bishop, archbishop, abbot,
+and cardinal yet the affairs of state kept him from his duties.&amp;nbsp; Instead
+of tending to his flock, he tended to his purse.&amp;nbsp; He sired illegitimate
+children and collected nearly 50,000 pds a year from his vast holdings.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey represented the church as it had become; certainly
+such abuses may not have turned most Englishmen from their faith.&amp;nbsp;
+But when confronted with the forces of Protestantism, the church found
+precious few willing to die for their beliefs.&amp;nbsp; After all, why would
+anyone die for a faith they didn't respect?&amp;nbsp; When the king styled
+himself head of the church, many were perhaps relieved.&amp;nbsp; Henry made
+no claim to a holy life, not like the churchman Wolsey; he also was shrewd
+enough to endow his monarchy with papal apparatus.&amp;nbsp; From the 1530s
+on, the Tudor dynasty was even more divine and the machinery of state could
+enforce its divinity.
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Cromwell's revolution in government&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell's rise to power was extraordinary and occurred
+just when Henry needed a minister of great administrative imagination and
+genius, uninterested in the squabbles of his council and determined to
+empower the machinery of state.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell entered royal service in
+early 1530 and, from then on, rose rapidly.&amp;nbsp; In late 1530 he was sworn
+into the King's Council and, just a year later, began to attract unfavorable
+attention from Wolsey's old rivals.&amp;nbsp; These were Stephen Gardiner,
+bishop of Winchester, Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk, and Charles Brandon,
+duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; Gardiner had worked with Wolsey but, like Norfolk
+and Suffolk, viewed the Cardinal's fall as a chance to take his place.&amp;nbsp;
+From 1529 to about 1533, they enjoyed the king's confidence even as Cromwell
+rose to overtake them all.&amp;nbsp; His career progressed as follows:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - member of the privy council
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Master of Court of Wards
+and Master of Jewel House
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1533&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Chancellor of the Exchequer
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1534&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;- King's Secretary and Master
+of the Rolls
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1535&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Vicar-General
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Lord Privy Seal and Baron
+Cromwell of Oakham
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1537&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Knight of the Garter and
+Dean of Wells
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1539&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Lord Great Chamberlain
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - created Earl of Essex
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As the above list shows, Henry never forgot the fallen
+Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; He had heaped honors upon him with extravagant generosity
+and had written to the pope recommending religious promotion.&amp;nbsp; In
+the end, Henry believed himself betrayed.&amp;nbsp; Not only had Wolsey accumulated
+obscene wealth, but he had grown arrogant and eventually treasonous.&amp;nbsp;
+And so Cromwell, despite his years of diligence and genius, was eventually
+rewarded with an earldom but only a short time before his execution.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His influence upon the 1530s, one of the most influential
+and vital decades in English history, was enormous.&amp;nbsp; One needs only
+to study the 1540s to realize how the loss of Cromwell affected Tudor government.&amp;nbsp;
+He also came to power during Anne Boleyn's ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; It was a symbolic
+changing of the guard - the old Katharine of Aragon thrust aside for the
+young, ambitious Anne Boleyn and Wolsey disgraced and replaced by his protÃ©gÃ©
+Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell supported Anne until she, like Wolsey, became
+a liability.&amp;nbsp; Among his immediate accomplishments were the following:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - the dissolution of the monasteries
+and establishment of the royal supremacy
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - founded the ministries of Augmentations
+and First Fruits to handle income from the dissolution
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - founded the two courts of Wards
+and Surveyors which allowed more efficient taxation and leasing
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;4 &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- politically integrated the
+kingdom by extending sovereign authority into northern England, Wales &amp;amp;
+Ireland (actions which angered the great feudal lords)
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;5&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - used the power of that relatively
+new invention, the printing-press and thus spearheaded the first propaganda
+campaign in English history.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the 1530s, he had instituted reforms of the English
+government which earned enmity from the nobility.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell recognized
+the basic inefficiency of feudal government and, from it, struggled to
+create a more logical system.&amp;nbsp; Instead of offices held solely because
+of birth, he wanted trained servants with expertise in their field.&amp;nbsp;
+He built a bureaucracy of professionals outside the royal household.&amp;nbsp;
+He began the first era of parliamentary control of England, using the institution
+to dissolve the monasteries which made up a quarter of all arable land
+and validate his other decisions.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; From the above list, one will note that most of the
+'accomplishments' were motivated by financial need.&amp;nbsp; Like his predecessors
+in government ministry, Cromwell needed to provide secure and regular income.&amp;nbsp;
+This alone necessitated an assault on the church's wealth.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell
+also developed a novel, and very unpopular idea - in the past, taxes were
+created to support warfare; in 1534, he developed a new tax.&amp;nbsp; Its
+basis?&amp;nbsp; The king's maintenance of peace.&amp;nbsp; These measures did
+not help his reputation but, by 1547, had brought nearly 2,000,000 pds
+to Henry's treasury.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Henry would use the entire windfall
+to finance his increasingly complicated foreign policy.&amp;nbsp; At the time
+of Henry's death, all the wealth Cromwell had accumulated was gone and
+Edward VI was left with debased currency and massive debts.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1534, however, Henry was prepared to reap the
+benefits of his new anti-clerical policies.&amp;nbsp; He had appointed his
+friend Thomas Cranmer to the venerable and powerful position of Archbishop
+of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer was like Cromwell in many ways - both owed
+their rise to prominence entirely to Henry's mercurial favor; both came
+from humble backgrounds; both were despised by the traditional nobility.&amp;nbsp;
+Cranmer had come to Henry's attention by first suggesting a solution to
+the divorce problem - petition learned churchmen for their opinion, assuming
+they agreed with Henry.&amp;nbsp; Like Cromwell, Cranmer benefited directly
+from the fall of Katharine of Aragon and the Imperial alliance and the
+rise of Anne Boleyn and her Norfolk relations.&amp;nbsp; Henry's midlife crisis
+provided fertile ground for ambitious men.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer and Cromwell liked
+one another and became friends, though Cranmer was careful to distance
+himself once Cromwell's ruin was assured.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1535, Henry appointed Cromwell Vicar General and,
+over the next five years, the honors increased - Lord Privy Seal, titled
+Baron Cromwell of Oakham, Knight of the Garter and Dean of Wells, and finally
+Lord Great Chancellor and ennoblement as Earl of Essex.&amp;nbsp; The last
+was Cromwell's greatest ambition and long before justified by his superior
+service to the crown.&amp;nbsp; During the accumulation of these honors, however,
+Cromwell began to recognize the flaws in his success.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; First, he had accompanied Anne Boleyn on her rise
+to power; yet, in 1536, he helped engineer her disgrace and execution on
+charges of adultery, incest, and witchcraft.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; Cromwell
+recognized Henry's dissatisfaction with the marriage - after several years,
+Anne's sharp tongue had offended many and, even worse, she had not produced
+a male heir.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Henry had become infatuated with Anne's
+lady-in-waiting, Mistress Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Tiring of his wife, he wanted
+to be rid of her.&amp;nbsp; Divorce was only briefly considered before being
+pushed aside.&amp;nbsp; As he had with Katharine of Aragon, Henry became convinced
+his marriage was invalid, only this time because of adultery, and he retained
+his absolute conviction in her guilt even as he truly believed his and
+Katharine's marriage was invalid.&amp;nbsp; To rid himself of Anne, he turned
+to the ever-ready Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, Anne was on trial with her
+brother and two male servants.&amp;nbsp; They were all executed, despite spirited
+defenses and the widely-held belief that it was judicial murder.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell betrayed his former patron because she no
+longer held the king's favor.&amp;nbsp; In the rough world of Tudor politics,
+friendships were lost in the struggle for prestige and survival.&amp;nbsp;
+And now Cromwell turned to Mistress Jane Seymour and her relatively obscure
+family for support.&amp;nbsp; The Seymours, however, never warmed to Cromwell
+as had the Boleyns, largely because they didn't trust him or his influence
+over the king.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was careful to press Jane's cause to the
+king though Henry needed little urging.&amp;nbsp; Just days after Anne Boleyn's
+execution, Jane Seymour became his third wife, dying eighteen months later
+after delivering the longed-for son, Prince Edward.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell busied
+himself with auctioning off church properties to various noblemen and further
+reforming the archaic machinery of Tudor government.&amp;nbsp; In doing so,
+he continued to ignore Henry's council of noble peers.&amp;nbsp; When the council
+did meet, Cromwell dominated the meetings and disregarded most suggestions.&amp;nbsp;
+To his credit, he was right on most counts; the nobility was quite distanced
+from the changing nature of government.&amp;nbsp; They were fiercely protective
+of their own 'inalienable' rights as landowners and peers and notoriously
+difficult when these rights were impugned (this conflict between the nobility
+and monarchy was centuries-old - simply remember the 13th century &lt;i&gt;Magna
+Carta&lt;/i&gt;, when the nobles forced King John I to recognize their 'natural'
+rights.)
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As discussed earlier, the nobility resented Cromwell's
+influence with the king and his pro-monarchy, anti-nobility policy.&amp;nbsp;
+And while many of the nobles benefited from the sale of clerical lands,
+many others had relatives dedicated to religious service.&amp;nbsp; Also, reverence
+for the church and its servants was as deeply-held as reverence for the
+monarchy.&amp;nbsp; Henry's attacks upon the church struck many as unnatural
+and wrong; since they could not turn on the king, they turned on Cromwell
+and blamed him for every unpopular policy.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII, who relished
+his popularity, allowed his faithful servant to be impugned.&amp;nbsp; Thus,
+Henry could meet with his nobles, listen to their complaints, and even
+agree with them since many were his dearest friends.&amp;nbsp; The king remained
+popular while his chief minister became increasingly despised and isolated.&amp;nbsp;
+It is worth noting that one of Cromwell's friends, Richard Moryson, argued
+that merit and not birth should be the only qualification for entry into
+the privy council.&amp;nbsp; Moryson eventually became a member himself.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It is also important to note that years of listening
+to anti-Cromwell gossip eventually affected Henry.&amp;nbsp; Even the king
+did not exist in a vacuum and, as his temper became increasingly erratic,
+he was easily swayed by inflamed opinion.&amp;nbsp; Thus, Cromwell suffered
+from a lapse in Henry's temper and one which the king almost immediately
+regretted.&amp;nbsp; Chief among Cromwell's enemies were the highest nobles
+in the land, once Wolsey's great enemies and led by the dukes of Suffolk
+and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; These men had pushed Wolsey from favor after years of
+effort and were determined to do the same to his protÃ©gÃ©.&amp;nbsp;
+The perfect opportunity arrived when Queen Jane died two weeks after childbirth,
+in October 1537.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was genuinely bereaved at her death but
+almost immediately the search began for a new queen.&amp;nbsp; After all, Jane
+had delivered a son but one male heir was not enough in the sixteenth century.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry's council began to search for a new consort with the king's enthusiastic
+support.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Cromwell, this was a chance to further extend
+his influence while thwarting the English nobility.&amp;nbsp; Henry's second
+and third wives had been English noblewomen whose families directly profited
+from their rise to power.&amp;nbsp; The influence of these families naturally
+troubled Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; As their influence rose, his own suffered - so
+he was opposed to the idea of another English wife.&amp;nbsp; Also, as an intelligent
+statesman, he recognized the diplomatic power of royal marriages.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry's troublesome foreign policy could be soothed if he chose a foreign
+wife - a princess or duchess of one of the great European families.&amp;nbsp;
+Kings were meant to marry other royalty and Cromwell immediately searched
+for possible candidates.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While searching, he was careful to avoid Catholic
+candidates.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell's rise to power was directly connected to the
+fall of Catholicism in England and he wanted to keep England on the path
+of Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, he sought a Protestant ally for Henry
+VIII.&amp;nbsp; Naturally, his gaze turned to the Protestant states of Germany,
+birthplace of the Lutheran revolution.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Henry VIII was
+concerned with more aesthetic matters, sending artists (most famously,
+Hans Holbein the Younger) to France and Milan to paint potential brides.&amp;nbsp;
+Among those painted was Christina, duchess of Milan and niece of the Holy
+Roman Emperor; she famously remarked that she would be happy to marry Henry
+- if she had two heads!&amp;nbsp; Henry also  considered Marie de Guise, a widowed
+cousin of the French king.&amp;nbsp; Marie, however, chose to marry Henry's
+nephew, James V of Scotland, thus creating a French-Scottish alliance along
+Henry's troublesome northern border.&amp;nbsp; Their only surviving child is
+famous in history as the tragic Mary queen of Scots.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was well aware that if France and the Holy
+Roman Empire ended hostilities, as seemed likely, England would be left
+out in the diplomatic cold.&amp;nbsp; He was quite happy when the French and
+Imperial marriage negotiations fell apart.&amp;nbsp; But as the search wound
+on, Henry became increasingly desperate for a wife.&amp;nbsp; No doubt he was
+lonely; also, his court needed a queen to be complete.&amp;nbsp; A king was
+not meant to be a bachelor, as every European monarch knew.&amp;nbsp; Finally,
+Cromwell found a Protestant ally with two available sisters - the duke
+of Cleves, whose lands were strategically located and wealthy.&amp;nbsp; He
+had two sisters not yet wed called Anne and Amelia.&amp;nbsp; As the eldest,
+Anne was chosen as the possible bride and Holbein immediately went to Cleves
+to paint her portrait.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fathens%2fforum%2f9194%2fcleves1.jpg&quot;&gt;This
+painting&lt;/a&gt; would become of paramount importance in the coming year.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was determined to have a beautiful wife and specifically asked his
+various ambassadors probing questions - does Marie de Guise have wide hips
+for childbearing? is Christina of Milan pock-marked? does Anne of Cleves
+play the lute?&amp;nbsp; Holbein's famous portrait of Anne cannot be adequately
+judged in our time; after all, standards of beauty have changed.&amp;nbsp;
+However, it is amusing to note that she - so maligned in her own time as
+the ugliest of Henry's wives - is the most attractive by twentieth-century
+standards.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Holbein's portrait showed a perfectly attractive
+young woman - and, on that basis, Cromwell was able to secure the marriage
+alliance with a Protestant ally.&amp;nbsp; Anne set sail for England, little
+realizing what lay ahead.&amp;nbsp; The king, meanwhile, was ecstatic that
+after almost three years as a widower he would be a husband again, able
+to play one of his favorite roles.&amp;nbsp; The entire country was thrilled
+at the news, in fact, and after Anne arrived, Cromwell finally secured
+his greatest ambition - an earldom.&amp;nbsp; He was titled earl of Essex by
+Henry VIII on 18 April 1540 after the marriage treaty was finalized.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this time, he also attempted to placate the
+nobility by redistributing lands to the great magnates, providing them
+with near-autonomous controls of great sections of land.&amp;nbsp; For example,
+the duke of Suffolk traded East Anglian lands for lands in Lincolnshire
+- the duke of Norfolk already held lands  in Anglia while Lincolnshire needed
+a strong leader.&amp;nbsp; Earlier, Cromwell had attempted to befriend Henry's
+oldest child, the stubbornly Catholic Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; She rebuffed
+his attention, largely on religious grounds.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Two years of marriage-brokering were often interrupted
+by rumors of rebellion.&amp;nbsp; The Pilgrimage of Grace had made Henry more
+sensitive to popular sentiment.&amp;nbsp; While Cromwell searched for a wife,
+rumors spread that the king planned new taxes.&amp;nbsp; Also, the last remnants
+of the legitimate Plantagenet line - the Nevilles, Poles, and Courtenays
+- were suspected of encouraging rebellionn and Henry used this convenient
+excuse to order more executions.&amp;nbsp; But popular unrest needed to be
+assuaged in some manner so Cromwell engineered the passing of the Six Articles
+at Parliament in April 1539.&amp;nbsp; These articles attempted to stamp a
+more conservative gloss on the Henrician reformation, thus placating conservative
+European nobles - and the Catholic nations in Europe, now forced to concede
+Henry was not so great a heretic after all.&amp;nbsp; It was a supreme example
+of Cromwell's talent for diffusing domestic tension.&amp;nbsp; In effect, it
+was all talk and no action; it didn't alter the course of the reformation
+one bit.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 6 October 1539, the marriage treaty with
+Cleves was finalized just two months after Holbein delivered his portrait.&amp;nbsp;
+Princess Anne, once betrothed to the duke of Lorraine, was now destined
+to be queen of England.&amp;nbsp; It was the fulfillment of Cromwell's domestic
+and foreign policies.&amp;nbsp; On 11 December, Anne was at Calais waiting
+for a favorable wind to carry her to Dover.&amp;nbsp; She was there for almost
+two weeks while Henry waited at Greenwich.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 27 December
+she landed at Deal and then traveled to Dover and Canterbury before arriving
+at Rochester on 1 January 1540.&amp;nbsp; Henry, desperate to see his bride
+in person, rushed in disguise to meet her 'to thus nourish love', he told
+Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Their comical first meeting is described at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The meeting was an unmitigated disaster and the beginning
+of Cromwell's end.&amp;nbsp; The New Year gifts Henry had brought for Anne
+were delivered the next day by a courier with a brief note of welcome.&amp;nbsp;
+'I am ashamed that men have so praised her as they have done, and I like
+her not', the king said ominously; he told Cromwell that Anne was 'nothing
+so well as she was spoken of' and, if he had known the truth of her appearance,
+she would never have come to England.&amp;nbsp; The next day, his betrothed
+arrived in Greenwich and the marriage, scheduled for that day, was delayed
+for two days while Henry sought escape.&amp;nbsp; But there was none to be
+had - the Holy Roman Emperor was in Paris meeting with the French king
+and Henry, locked out by those two great powers, could not risk offending
+the German princes who approved the union with Anne.&amp;nbsp; They were, after
+all, his only allies at the moment.&amp;nbsp; So Anne was not sent back and
+Henry moaned that he must 'put my neck in the yoke'.&amp;nbsp; He wrote to
+Cromwell, 'My lord, if it were not to satisfy the world and my realm, I
+would not do that I must do this day for none earthly thing'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Poor Anne of Cleves - barely able to speak English,
+in a foreign land, and despised by her intended husband!&amp;nbsp; The confused
+woman was led to a private marriage ceremony at Greenwich and, then, to
+her equally humiliating marriage-bed.&amp;nbsp; The union was not consummated,
+a subject upon which Henry never wavered.&amp;nbsp; He spoke openly of how
+disgusted he was by Anne's appearance; 'struck to the heart' by distaste,
+he 'left her as good a maid as he found her'.&amp;nbsp; They lay together for
+the entire length of their marriage but were never physically intimate.&amp;nbsp;
+After a few months had passed, the French-Imperial alliance showed signs
+of cooling and Henry's natural boldness had returned.&amp;nbsp; He wanted out
+of this fourth marriage and told Cromwell to arrange it.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What were Cromwell's options?&amp;nbsp; There were two
+ways to nullify the marriage (in essence, arrange a divorce) - Henry had
+not consented to the marriage (this was proved by his failure to consummate
+it) and Anne had not consented to the marriage (this was proved by Anne's
+precontract to the duke of Lorraine.)&amp;nbsp; Henry had long been concerned
+with the latter problem - but had been assured that the contract was completely
+repudiated.&amp;nbsp; Still, the day before his marriage to Anne, he called
+the Clevian ambassadors to him and raised the issue.&amp;nbsp; They were astonished,
+and rightly so, and offered to remain as prisoners in England until the
+formal repudiation papers were delivered from Cleves.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile,
+Thomas Cranmer told the king that Anne could simply swear that the betrothal
+had been repudiated - no official documents were necessary.&amp;nbsp; His friend
+Cromwell 'travailed on him [Henry] to pass the matter over'; he hoped that
+once Henry was married to Anne, the king would resign himself to the marriage.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But instead Henry turned to the precontract when
+his distaste could not be overcome.&amp;nbsp; On 9 July, Parliament declared
+the marriage null and void and Anne, surprising Henry and the court, was
+content to be called 'sister' and receive a handsome income and household
+in England.&amp;nbsp; She had no desire to return to Cleves, where she would
+remain under her brother's thumb and perhaps married again.&amp;nbsp; It is
+also possible she found Henry as unattractive as he found her.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was so pleased with this unexpected docility that he gave her status second
+only to his daughters, Princesses Mary and Elizabeth, both of whom came
+to befriend Anne.&amp;nbsp; Anne's letter to Henry, in which she accepts the
+dissolution of their marriage, can be read at '&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;Letters
+of the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, the time had come to search for a convenient
+scapegoat - the person responsible for the disastrous union.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+railed against his ambassadors who had so misled him with descriptions
+of her beauty - though, in truth, the ambassador's descriptions had been
+honest.&amp;nbsp; It was soon alleged that Cromwell had kept them from the
+king, for fear of discouraging the union.&amp;nbsp; Now, Cromwell was arrested
+on 10 June 1540, at 3pm on a Saturday, while at a Privy Council meeting.&amp;nbsp;
+This was a full month before the marriage was nullified.&amp;nbsp; Henry and
+Cromwell's enemies were in the midst of finding scapegoats for the marriage,
+while not yet assured of its outcome.&amp;nbsp; Henry, in a fit of temper and
+pique, complained bitterly that his minister had betrayed him while trying
+to further his own influence; the nobility were only too happy to encourage
+such thoughts.&amp;nbsp; They urged Henry to arrest Cromwell and teach the
+upstart his final lesson - namely, that it does not pay to mislead a king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So the captain of the guard arrived at the council
+chamber and arrested Cromwell, while a table of his enemies looked on.&amp;nbsp;
+The moment the guard entered the room, Cromwell recognized the danger -
+and threw his hat upon the table in rage.&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and Southampton
+stripped his decorations from his robe of state and Cromwell was then escorted
+to a barge - and, then, the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The events which follow
+are far from clear - Cromwell's fall and execution are among the most mysterious
+events of Henry VIII's reign and cannot be easily understood.&amp;nbsp; I have
+yet to read a history which offers an adequate explanation.&amp;nbsp; In truth,
+Henry became increasingly mercurial and tempermental in his later years,
+and Cromwell was just one of many victims of the king's ever-changing whims.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; First, if Cromwell fell from favor because
+of the Cleves marriage, as most believe, why did Henry title him earl of
+Essex in April 1540 - months after the marriage had been finalized and
+while negotiations for divorce were underway?&amp;nbsp; Second, if Cromwell
+was executed because his government policies angered the king, as has been
+alleged, why did Henry give his voluntary approval to all of Cromwell's
+legislation?&amp;nbsp; Third, is his enemies were in the ascendancy, why had
+Henry only recently shown the duke of Norfolk (Cromwell's great enemy)
+open favor?&amp;nbsp; After all, Norfolk had just been sent abroad on diplomatic
+work - away from the king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What are we left with?&amp;nbsp; The charges eventually
+listed in Cromwell's attainder &lt;i&gt;did not&lt;/i&gt; list the above - Cromwell
+was not accused of misleading Henry on matters of policy, he was not held
+responsible for the disastrous marriage, and he was not charged with leading
+England into an unwanted Lutheran alliance.&amp;nbsp; Instead, he was charged
+with selling export licenses illegally, granting passports and commissions
+without royal knowledge, freeing people suspected of treason and - of course
+- that he, base-born and ignoble, had usuurped and deliberately misused
+royal power.&amp;nbsp; Most significantly, however, he was charged with heresy
+- this charge was the bulk of his attaindder and apparently swayed Henry
+decisively.&amp;nbsp; Norfolk, allied with the Catholic bishops Cromwell had
+forced from power, engineered this charge.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell, they charged,
+had encouraged and spread heretical literature, allowed heretics to preach,
+released them from prison, and allied himself against their enemies.&amp;nbsp;
+Significantly, it was reported that in March 1539 Cromwell said that, even
+if Henry turned from Protestantism, 'yet I would not turn, and if the king
+did turn, and all his people, I would fight in this field in mine own person,
+with my sword in my hand &lt;i&gt;against him&lt;/i&gt; and all other'.&amp;nbsp; That
+was treason.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Shortly after his arrest, incriminating letters to
+Lutherans were found in Cromwell's home, placed there by agents of the
+duke of Norfolk; they were so inflammatory that the king was outraged.&amp;nbsp;
+Cromwell's name, Henry swore, would be abolished forever.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell
+wrote two desperate letters from the Tower; the one that survives is in
+tatters.&amp;nbsp; He assured his monarch that he was a good, loyal servant
+and a faithful Christian.&amp;nbsp; But Henry, surrounded by Cromwell's enemies
+and - more significantly - newly infatuated with Norfolk's niece, Catherine
+Howard, would hear nothing.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Norfolk was shrewd enough
+to create a Lutheran conspiracy; three popular reformers, Robert Barnes,
+Thomas Garret, and William Jerome, were executed just days after Cromwell.&amp;nbsp;
+None of the men were allowed an open trial.&amp;nbsp; That would allow the
+public opportunity for them to dispute the false charges.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
+they were condemned by Act of Attainder, a parliamentary tool which dispensed
+with justice in favor of speed.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The executed men were also neighbors of Cromwell,
+which was their only link to the earl.&amp;nbsp; And they were as innocent
+as Cromwell of the charges against them - as evidenced by the confusion
+of contemporary chroniclers.&amp;nbsp; Edward Hall, one of the great chroniclers
+of Tudor England, could find no real evidence against them although he
+'searched to know the truth'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So Cromwell was executed privately on Tower Green
+on 28 July 1540, still protesting his innocence.&amp;nbsp; He died with dignity
+- but the whole sordid affair of his deatth would not rest.&amp;nbsp; For the
+volatile Henry VIII was soon despairing of his loss, just a few months
+after he allowed the execution.&amp;nbsp; He raged at his council, accusing
+them of lying and deliberately destroying his 'most faithful servant'.&amp;nbsp;
+Cromwell's destruction had been engineered on 'light pretexts' and against
+the king's wishes.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Henry was a victim as well - of a determined
+group of nobles and clerics, led by Norfolk, who hated Cromwell and carried
+the king along on their path of destruction.&amp;nbsp; Events were rapid and
+deliberately confused.&amp;nbsp; By the time Henry realized what had happened,
+it was too late.&amp;nbsp; He could only bemoan his loss, while never understanding
+exactly why it happened.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This was no comfort to Thomas Cromwell, however;
+after a lifetime of dedicated service, he met his end by execution and
+all of Henry's regrets could not bring him back to life.
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Want to learn more about Cromwell?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Try these books (used as sources for my article) -&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The Cardinal and the Secretary: Thomas Wolsey and Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by Neville Williams.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Policy and Police: the enforcement of the Reformation
+in the Age of Thomas Cromwell&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by G. R. Elton.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Reform and Renewal: Thomas Cromwell and the Common Weal&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by G. R. Elton.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Thomas Cromwell and the English Reformation&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by A. G. Dickens.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Thomas Cromwell: Tudor Minister&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by B. W. Beckingsale.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082581&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082581&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5819</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources: The last letter of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The last letter of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e46681519f37f8a8760f42</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-letter.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-letter.gif&quot; width=&quot;331&quot; height=&quot;87&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;Mary Stuart 
+      wrote this letter on 8 February 1587, completing it just six hours before her
+execution at Fotheringhay Castle.&amp;nbsp;  &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;It is addressed to her former brother-in-law,
+King Henry III of France.&amp;nbsp; She had written to him regularly throughout
+her imprisonment in England.&amp;nbsp; The letter is a remarkable document.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary clearly believes she is dying as a martyr to her Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp;
+She also displays genuine concern for the loyal servants who joined her
+English imprisonment.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;It should be noted that Henry III did not provide the
+wages and pensions which Mary so poignantly sought.&amp;nbsp; It was King Philip II of
+Spain who honored her last wishes.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+8 February 1587
+
+&lt;br&gt;To the most Christian king, my brother and old ally,
+
+&lt;p&gt;Royal brother, having by God's will, for my sins I think, thrown myself
+
+into the power of the Queen my cousin, at whose hands I have suffered much
+
+for almost twenty years, I have finally been condemned to death by her
+
+and her Estates.&amp;nbsp; I have asked for my papers, which they have taken
+
+away, in order that I might make&amp;nbsp;my
+
+will, but I have been unable to recover anything of use to me, or even
+
+get leave either to make my will freely or to have my body conveyed after
+
+my death, as I would wish, to your kingdom where I had the honor to be
+
+queen, your sister and old ally.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Tonight, after dinner, I have been advised of my sentence:&amp;nbsp; I am
+
+to be executed like a criminal at eight in the morning.&amp;nbsp; I have not
+
+had time to give you a full account of everything that has happened, but
+
+if you will listen to my doctor and my other unfortunate servants, you
+
+will learn the truth, and how, thanks be to God, I scorn death and vow
+
+that I meet it innocent of any crime, even if I were their subject.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Catholic faith and the assertion of my God-given right to the English
+
+crown are the two issues on which I am condemned, and yet I am not allowed
+
+to say that it is for the Catholic religion that I die, but for fear of
+
+interference with theirs.&amp;nbsp; The proof of this is that they have taken
+
+away my chaplain, and although he is in the building, I have not been able
+
+to get permission for him to come and hear my confession and give me the
+
+Last Sacrament, while they have been most insistent that I receive the
+
+consolation and instruction of their minister, brought here for that purpose.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The bearer of this letter and his companions, most of them your subjects,
+
+will testify to my conduct at my last hour.&amp;nbsp; It remains for me to
+
+beg Your Most Christian Majesty, my brother-in-law and old ally, who have
+
+always protested your love for me, to give proof now of your goodness on
+
+all these points:&amp;nbsp; firstly by charity, in paying my unfortunate servants
+
+the wages due them - this is a burden on my conscience that only you can
+
+relieve:&amp;nbsp; further, by having prayers offered to God for a queen who
+
+has borne the title Most Christian, and who dies a Catholic, stripped of
+
+all her possessions.&amp;nbsp; As for my son, I commend him to you in so far
+
+as he deserves, for I cannot answer for him.&amp;nbsp; I have taken the liberty
+
+of sending you two precious stones, talismans against illness, trusting
+
+that you will enjoy good health and a long and happy life.&amp;nbsp; Accept
+
+them from your loving sister-in-law, who, as she dies, bears witness of
+
+her warm feeling for you. Again I commend my servants to you.&amp;nbsp; Give
+
+instructions, if it please you, that for my soul's sake part of what you
+
+owe me should be paid, and that for the sake of Jesus Christ, to whom I
+
+shall pray for you tomorrow as I die, I be left enough to found a memorial
+
+mass and give the customary alms.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Wednesday, at two in the morning
+
+&lt;p&gt;Your most loving and most true sister
+
+&lt;br&gt;Mary R&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;nt&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082608&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082608&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Elizabeth I's letters relating to Mary, queen of Scots</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e423c1abddcbf5dfb6f19d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;1586 &amp;amp; 1587, Letters from Elizabeth I to Mary,
+queen of Scots and James VI of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;October 1586 and 14 February 1587.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;To Mary, queen of Scots, October 1586.&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;At the opening of the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots,
+at Fotheringhay on 12th October 1586, the Commissioners delivered her this
+personal letter from Queen Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It has been translated
+from the French.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life
+and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never proceeded
+so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected and maintained
+you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you and all made manifest.
+Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles and peers of the kingdom
+as if I were myself present. I therefore require, charge, and command that
+you make answer for I have been well informed of your arrogance.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Act plainly without reserve, and you will sooner
+be able to obtain favour of me.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;To King James VI of Scotland, 14th February 1587.&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Although she signed the warrant for Mary's execution,
+Elizabeth tore it up.&amp;nbsp; Another copy was signed, and - before the queen
+could change her mind yet again - Burghley and others upon the council
+sent if off.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's life was in constant danger while Mary lived,
+as numerous plots attested.&amp;nbsp; Her Council was determined to keep her
+safe.&amp;nbsp; As for Elizabeth, she was understandably torn between protecting
+her throne and taking the life of a fellow sovereign, even one she did
+not respect or like.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The second warrant was sent from London on 4th February,
+and reached Fotheringhay on the following evening.&amp;nbsp; On the 7th the
+Earls of Shrewsbury and Kent, who were in charge of the execution, warned
+Mary to prepare for death on the following day.&amp;nbsp; On the 9th the news
+of her execution reached London, and was received by the Queen with surprise
+and horror.&amp;nbsp; She openly raged against her councilors; her capable
+secretary Davison, who had given her the second warrant, was sent to the
+Tower.&amp;nbsp; Four days later she wrote to James of Scotland to protest
+her innocence of Mary's death.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the extreme
+dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far contrary
+to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman of mine, whom
+ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you truly of that which
+is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you that as God and many
+more know, how innocent I am in this case : so you will believe me, that
+if I had bid aught I would have bid by it. I am not so base minded that
+fear of any living creature or Prince should make me so afraid to do that
+were just; or done, to deny the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor
+carry so vile a mind. But, as not to disguise, fits not a King, so will
+I never dissemble my actions, but cause them show even as I meant them.
+Thus assuring yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if
+I had meant it I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will
+I not damnify myself that thought it not.
+&lt;br&gt;The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for
+your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor
+a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully
+to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you,
+judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave to
+trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long reign.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and cousin,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth R.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschron.html&quot;&gt;to
+Mary, queen of Scots: Chronology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082762&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082762&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">32301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter Four</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e5550c79ba7b8310fade58</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215268</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER FOUR&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn -- Letters to her from the
+      &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; -- The Convent at Wilton -- The 
+      Divorce -- The Pope's promises -- Arrival of Campeggio in England -- 
+      Reception at the Bridewell Palace -- Proposal to Catherine to take the 
+      veil -- Her refusal -- Uncertainty of the succession -- A singular 
+      expedient -- Alarms of Wolsey -- The true issue -Speech of the
+      &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; in the City -- Threats of the 
+      Emperor -- Defects in the Bull of Pope Julius -- Alleged discovery of a 
+      brief supplying them -- Distress of Clement. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;THE marriage with Anne Boleyn was now a fixed 
+    idea in &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Henry&lt;/font&gt;'s mind. He had become 
+    passionately attached to her, though not perhaps she to him. The evidence of 
+    his feeling remains in a series of letters to her -- how preserved for 
+    public inspection no one knows. Some of them were said to have been stolen 
+    by Campeggio. Perhaps they were sold to him; at any rate, they survive. A 
+    critic in the &amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Edinburgh Review&lt;/i&gt;&amp;quot; described them as such as &amp;quot;might 
+    have been written by a pot-boy to his girl.&amp;quot; The pot-boy must have been a 
+    singular specimen of his kind. One, at any rate, remains to show that, 
+    though &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Henry&lt;/font&gt; was in love, he did not 
+    allow his love to blind him to his duty as a prince. The lady, though 
+    obliged to wait for the full gratification of her ambition, had been using 
+    her influence to advance her friends, while Wolsey brought upon himself the 
+    rebuke of his master by insufficient care in the distribution of Church 
+    patronage. The correspondence throws an unexpected light upon the
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt;'s character. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Abbess of Wilton had died. The situation 
+    was a pleasant one. Among the sisters who aspired to the vacant office was a 
+    certain Eleanor Carey, a near connection of Anne, and a favourite with her. 
+    The appointment rested virtually with the Crown. The Lady Anne spoke to the 
+    King. The King deputed Wolsey to inquire into the fitness of the various 
+    candidates, with a favourable recommendation of Eleanor Carey's claims. The 
+    inquiry was made, and the result gives us a glimpse into the habits of the 
+    devout recluses in these sacred institutions.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;As for the matter of Wilton,&amp;quot; wrote Henry to 
+    Anne, &amp;quot;my Lord Cardinal here had the nuns before him, and examined them in 
+    the presence of Master Bell, who assures me that she whom we would have had 
+    Abbess has confessed herself to have had two children by two different 
+    priests, and has since been kept not long ago by a servant of Lord Broke 
+    that was. Wherefore I would not for all the gold in the world clog your 
+    conscience nor mine, to make her ruler of a house which is of so ungodly 
+    demeanour, nor I trust you would not that, neither for brother nor sister, I 
+    should so distain mine honour or conscience. And as touching the Prioress 
+    [Isabella Jordan] or Dame Eleanor's elder sister, though there is not any 
+    evident cause proved against them, and the Prioress is so old that of many 
+    years she could not be as she was named, yet notwithstanding, to do you 
+    pleasure I have done that neither of them shall have it, but that some other 
+    good and well-disposed woman shall have it, whereby the house shall be 
+    better reformed, whereof I assure you it hath much need, and God much the 
+    better served.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This letter is followed by another to the 
+    Cardinal. Wolsey, in whose hands the King had left the matter, in a second 
+    letter which is lost, instead of looking out for the &amp;quot;good and well-disposed 
+    woman,&amp;quot; though IsaBella Jordan's reputation was doubtful, yet chose to 
+    appoint her, and the King's observations upon this action of his are worth 
+    attending to, as addressed by such a person as Henry is supposed to have 
+    been to a Cardinal Archbishop and Legate of the Holy See. Many of the 
+    letters signed by the King were the composition of his ministers and 
+    secretaries. This to Wolsey was his own. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The great affection and love I bear you, 
+    causeth me, using the doctrine of my Master, &lt;i&gt;quem diligo castigo,&lt;/i&gt; 
+    thus plainly as now ensueth to break to you my mind, ensuring you that 
+    neither sinister report, affection to my own pleasure, interest, nor 
+    mediation of any other body beareth part in this case, wherefore whatsoever 
+    I do say, I pray you think it spoken of no displeasure, but of him that 
+    would you as much good both of body and soul as you would yourself. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Methinks it is not the right train of a 
+    trusty loving friend and servant when the matter is put by the master's 
+    consent into his arbitre and judgement -especially in a matter wherein his 
+    master hath both royalty and interest, to elect and choose a person who was 
+    by him defended. And yet another thing which displeaseth me more. That is to 
+    cloke your offence made by ignorance of my pleasure, saying that you 
+    expressly knew not my determinate mind in that behalf. Alas, my lord, what 
+    can be more evident or plainer than these words, specially to a wise man 
+    -'His Grace careth not who, but referreth it all to you, so that none of 
+    those who either be or have been spotted with incontinence, like as by 
+    report the Prioress hath been in her youth, have it;' and also in another 
+    place in the letter, 'And therefore his Highness thinketh her not meet for 
+    that purpose;' thirdly, in another place in the same letter by these words, 
+    'And though his Grace speaketh not of it so openly, yet meseemeth his 
+    pleasure is that in no wise the Prioress have it, nor yet Dame Eleanor's 
+    eldest sister, for many considerations the which your Grace can and will 
+    best consider.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Ah, my Lord, it is a double offence both to 
+    do ill and to colour it too; but with men that have wit it cannot be 
+    accepted so. Wherefore, good my Lord, use no more that way with me, for 
+    there is no man living that more hateth it. These things having been thus 
+    committed, either I must have reserved them &lt;i&gt;in pectore,&lt;/i&gt; whereby more 
+    displeasure might happen to breed, or else thus soundly and plainly to 
+    declare them to you, because I do think that &lt;i&gt;cum amico et familiari 
+    sincere semper est agendum,&lt;/i&gt; and especially the master to his best 
+    beloved servant and friend, for in so doing the one shall be more 
+    circumspect in his doing, the other shall declare and show the lothness that 
+    is in him to have any occasion to be displeased with him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;And as touching the redress of Religion 
+    [convent discipline], if it be observed and continued, undoubtedly it is a 
+    gracious act. Notwithstanding, if all reports be true, &lt;i&gt;ab imbecillis 
+    imbecilla expectantur.&lt;/i&gt; How be it, Mr. Bell hath informed me that the 
+    Prioress's age, personage and manner, &lt;i&gt;prÃŠ se fert gravitatem.&lt;/i&gt; I pray 
+    God it be so indeed, seeing she is preferred to that room. I understand 
+    furthermore, which is greatly to my comfort, that you have ordered yourself 
+    to Godward as religiously and virtuously as any Prelate or father of 
+    Christ's Church can do, where in so doing and persevering there can be 
+    nothing more acceptable to God, more honour to yourself, nor more desired of 
+    your friends, among the which I reckon myself not the least. . . . &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;I pray you, my Lord, think it not that it is 
+    upon any displeasure that I write this unto you. For surely it is for my 
+    discharge before God, being in the room that I am in, and secondly for the 
+    great zeal I bear unto you, not undeserved in your behalf. Wherefore I pray 
+    you take it so; and I assure you, your fault acknowledged, there shall 
+    remain in me no spark of displeasure, trusting hereafter you shall 
+    recompense that with a thing much more acceptable to me. And thus fare you 
+    well; advertising you that, thanked be God, I and all my folk be, and have 
+    been since we came to Ampthill, which was on Saturday last, July 11, in 
+    marvellous good health and clearness of air. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Written with the hand of him that is, and 
+    shall be your loving Sovereign Lord and friend, -- Henry R.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Campeggio meanwhile was loitering on his way 
+    as he had been directed, pretending illness, pretending difficulties of the 
+    road. In sending him at all the Pope had broken his promise to Charles. He 
+    engaged, however, that no sentence should be given which had not been 
+    submitted first to Charles's approval. The Emperor, anxious to avoid a 
+    complete rupture with England, let the Legate go forward, but he directed 
+    Mendoza to inform Wolsey that he must defend his aunt's honour; her cause 
+    was his and he would hold it as such. Wolsey, though afraid of the 
+    consequence of opposing the divorce to himself and the Church, yet at heart 
+    had ceased to desire it. Mendoza reported that English opinion was still 
+    unfavourable, and that he did not believe that the commission would have any 
+    result. The Pope would interpose delays. Wolsey would allow and recognise 
+    them. Both Legates would agree privately to keep the matter in suspense. The 
+    English Cardinal appeared to be against the Queen, but every one knew that 
+    secretly he was now on her side. Catherine only was seriously frightened. 
+    She had doubtless been informed of the secret decretal by which the Pope 
+    appeared to have prejudged her cause. She supposed that the Pope meant it, 
+    and did not understand how lightly such engagements sate upon him. The same 
+    Clement, when Benvenuto Cellini reproached him for breaking his word, 
+    replied, smiling, that the Pope had power to bind and to loose. Catherine 
+    came before long to know him better and to understand the bearings of this 
+    singular privilege; but as yet she thought that words meant what they seemed 
+    to say. When she heard that Campeggio was actually coming, she wrote 
+    passionately to the Emperor, flinging herself upon him for protection. 
+    Charles calmed her alarm. She was not, he said, to be condemned without a 
+    hearing. The Pope had assured him that the Legates should determine nothing 
+    to her detriment. The case should be decided at Rome, as she had desired. 
+    Campeggio's orders were to advise that it should be dropped. Apart from his 
+    present infatuation, the King was a good Christian and would act as one. If 
+    he persisted, she might rely on the Pope's protection. She must consent to 
+    nothing which would imply the dissolution of her marriage. If the worst 
+    came, the King would be made conscious of his duties.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;return pageTxt_href_onClick(this,true);&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html#1&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the middle of October the Legate arrived. 
+    He had been ill in earnest from gout and was still suffering. He had to rest 
+    two days in Calais before he could face the Channel. The passage was wild. A 
+    deputation of Peers and Bishops waited to receive him at Dover. Respectful 
+    demonstrations had been prepared at the towns through which he was to pass, 
+    and a state ceremonial was to accompany his entrance into London. But he 
+    was, or pretended to be, too sick to allow himself to be seen. He was eight 
+    days on the road from the coast, and on reaching his destination he was 
+    carried privately in a state barge to the house provided for his residence. 
+    Wolsey called the next morning. The King was absent, but returned two days 
+    later to the Bridewell palace. There Campeggio waited on him, accompanied by 
+    Wolsey. The weather continued to frown. &amp;quot;I wish,&amp;quot; wrote Gerardo Molza to the 
+    Marchioness of Mantua, &amp;quot;that you could have seen the two Cardinals abreast, 
+    one on his mule, the other carried in his chair, the rain falling fast so 
+    that we were all drenched.&amp;quot; The King, simple man, believed that the 
+    documents which he held secured him. The Pope in sending the Legate had 
+    acted in the teeth of the Emperor's prohibition, and no one guessed how the 
+    affair had been soothed down. The farce was well played, and the language 
+    used was what Henry expected. Messer Floriano, one of Campeggio's suit, made 
+    a grand oration, setting out the storming of Rome, the perils of the Church, 
+    and the misery of Italy, with moving eloquence. The crowd was so dense in 
+    the hall of audience that some of the Italians lost their shoes, and had to 
+    step back barefoot to their lodgings through the wet streets. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Legate was exhausted by the exertion, but 
+    he was not allowed to rest, and the serious part of the business began at 
+    once behind the scenes. He had hoped, as the Emperor said, that the case 
+    might be dropped. He found Henry immoveable. &amp;quot;An angel from heaven,&amp;quot; he 
+    wrote on the 17th of October, &amp;quot;would not be able to persuade the King that 
+    his marriage was not invalid. The matter had come to such a pass that it 
+    could no longer be borne with. The Cardinal of York and the whole kingdom 
+    insisted that the question must be settled in some way.&amp;quot; One road out of the 
+    difficulty alone presented itself. The Emperor had insisted that the 
+    marriage should not be dissolved by Catherine's consent, objecting 
+    reasonably that a judgment invalidating it would shake other royal marriages 
+    besides hers. But no such judgment would be necessary if Catherine could be 
+    induced to enter &amp;quot;lax religion,&amp;quot; to take vows of chastity which, at her age 
+    and under her conditions of health, would be a mere form. The Pope could 
+    then allow Henry to take another wife without offence to any one. The 
+    legitimacy of the Princess would not be touched, and the King undertook that 
+    the succession should be settled upon her if he had no male heir. The Queen 
+    in consenting would lose nothing, for the King had for two years lived apart 
+    from her, and would never return to cohabitation. The Emperor would be 
+    delivered from an obligation infinitely inconvenient to him, and his own 
+    honour and the honour of Spain would be equally untouched. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;These arguments were laid before the Queen by 
+    both the Legates, and urged with all their eloquence. In the interests of 
+    the realm, in the interests of Europe, in the interests of the Church, in 
+    her own and her daughter's interest as well, it would have been wiser if she 
+    had complied. Perhaps she would have complied had the King's plea been 
+    confined, as at first, to the political exigencies of the succession. But 
+    the open and premature choice of the lady who was to take her place was an 
+    indignity not to be borne. She had the pride of her race. Her obstinacy was 
+    a match for her husband's. She was shaken for a moment by the impassioned 
+    entreaties of Campeggio, and she did not at once absolutely refuse. The 
+    Legate postponed the opening of his court. He referred to Rome for further 
+    instructions, complaining of the responsibility which was thrown upon him. 
+    Being on the spot he was able to measure the danger of disappointing the 
+    King after the secret commission, the secret decretal, and the Pope's 
+    private letter telling Henry that he was right. Campeggio wrote to Salviati, 
+    after his first interview with Catherine, that he did not yet despair. 
+    Something might be done if the Emperor would advise her to comply. He asked 
+    Fisher to help him, and Fisher seemed not wholly unwilling; but, after a few 
+    days' reflection, Catherine told him that before she would consent she would 
+    be torn limb from limb; she would have an authoritative sentence from the 
+    Pope, and would accept nothing else; nothing should make her alter her 
+    opinion, and if after death she could return to life, she would die over 
+    again rather than change it.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Wolsey was in equal anxiety. He had set the 
+    stone rolling, but he could not stop it. If Clement failed the King now, 
+    after all that he had promised, he might not only bring ruin on Wolsey 
+    himself, but might bring on the overthrow of the temporal power of the 
+    Church of England. Catherine was personally popular; but in the middle 
+    classes of the laity, among the peers and gentlemen of England, the 
+    exactions of the Church courts, the Pope's agents and collectors, the 
+    despotic tyranny of the Bishops, had created a resentment the extent of 
+    which none knew better than he. The entire gigantic system of clerical 
+    dominion, of which Wolsey was himself the pillar and representative, was 
+    tottering to its fall. If the King was driven to bay, the favour of a 
+    good-natured people for a suffering woman would be a poor shelter either for 
+    the Church or for him. Campeggio turned to Wolsey for advice on Catherine's 
+    final refusal. The Pope, he said, had hoped that Wolsey would advise the 
+    King to yield. Wolsey had advised. He told Cavendish that he had gone on his 
+    knees to the King, but he could only say to Campeggio that &amp;quot;the King -- 
+    fortified and justified by reasons, writings, and counsels of many learned 
+    men who feared God -- would never yield.&amp;quot; If he was to find that the Pope 
+    had been playing with him, and the succession was to be left undetermined, 
+    &amp;quot;the Church would be ruined and the realm would be in infinite peril.&amp;quot;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;How great, how real, was the dread of a 
+    disputed succession, appears from an extraordinary expedient which had 
+    suggested itself to Campeggio himself, and which he declares that some 
+    perplexed politicians had seriously contemplated. &amp;quot;They have thought,&amp;quot; he 
+    wrote on the 28th of October, &amp;quot;of marrying the Princess Mary to the King's 
+    natural son [the Duke of Richmond] if it could be done by dispensation from 
+    His Holiness.&amp;quot; The Legate said that at first he had himself thought of this 
+    as a means of establishing the succession; but he did not believe it would 
+    satisfy the King's desire. If anything could be more astonishing than a 
+    proposal for the marriage of a brother and sister, it was the reception 
+    which the suggestion met with at Rome. The Pope's secretary replied that 
+    &amp;quot;with regard to the dispensation for marrying the son to the daughter of the 
+    King, if on the succession being so established the King would abandon the 
+    divorce, the Pope would be much more inclined to grant it.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;return pageTxt_href_onClick(this,true);&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html#2&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Clement's estimate of the extent of the 
+    dispensing power was large. But the situation was desperate. He had 
+    entangled himself in the meshes. He had promised what he had no intention of 
+    performing. He was finding that he had been trifling with a lion, and that 
+    the lion was beginning to rouse himself. Again and again Wolsey urged the 
+    dangers upon him. He wrote on the 1st of November to Casalis that &amp;quot;the 
+    King's honour was touched, having been so great a benefactor to the Holy 
+    See. The Pope would alienate all faith and devotion to the Apostolic See. 
+    The sparks of opposition which had been extinguished with such care and 
+    vigilance would blaze out to the utmost anger of all, both in England and 
+    elsewhere.&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html#3&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;Clement and his Cardinals heard, but 
+    imperfectly believed. &amp;quot;He tells us,&amp;quot; wrote Sanga, &amp;quot;that if the divorce is 
+    not granted the authority of the Apostolic See in England will be 
+    annihilated; he is eager to save it because his own greatness is bound up 
+    with ours.&amp;quot; The Curia was incredulous, and thought that Wolsey was only 
+    alarmed for himself. Wolsey, however, was right. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Although opinions might have varied on the 
+    merits of the King's request, people were beginning to ask what value as a 
+    supreme judge a Pope could have, who could not decide on a point of canon 
+    law. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The excitement was growing. Certain knowledge 
+    of what was going on was confined to the few who had access to the secret 
+    correspondence, and they knew only what was meant for their own eyes. All 
+    parties, English and Imperial alike, distrusted the Pope. He had impartially 
+    lied to both, and could be depended on by neither, except so far as they 
+    could influence his fears. Catherine was still the favourite with the London 
+    citizens. She had been seen accidentally in a gallery of the Palace, and had 
+    been enthusiastically cheered. The King found it necessary to explain 
+    himself. On the 8th of November he summoned the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, the 
+    Privy Council, and a body of Peers, and laid the situation before them from 
+    his own point of view. He spoke of his long friendship with the Emperor, and 
+    of his hope that it would not be broken, and again of his alliance with 
+    France, and of his desire to be at peace with all the world. &amp;quot;He had 
+    wished,&amp;quot; he said, &amp;quot;to attach France more closely to him by marrying his 
+    daughter to a French prince, and the French Ambassador, in considering the 
+    proposal, had raised the question of her legitimacy. His own mind had long 
+    misgiven him on the lawfulness of his marriage. M. de Tarbes' words had 
+    added to his uneasiness. The succession to the crown was uncertain; he had 
+    consulted his bishops and lawyers, and they had assured him that he had been 
+    living in mortal sin. . . . He meant only to do what was right, and he 
+    warned his subjects to be careful of forming hasty judgments on their 
+    Prince's actions.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Apart from the present question the King was 
+    extremely popular, and reports arriving from Spain touched the national 
+    pride. There was a talk of calling Parliament. Mendoza and Catherine again 
+    urged Charles to speak plainly. The Pope must inhibit Parliament from 
+    interfering. The Nuncio in London would present the order, and Parliament, 
+    they thought, would submit. They were mistaking the national temper. 
+    Mendoza's letters had persuaded the Spanish Council that the whole of 
+    England was in opposition to the King. The Spanish Chancellor had said 
+    publicly that if the cause was proceeded with there would be war, and &amp;quot;the 
+    King would be dethroned by his own subjects.&amp;quot; The words were reported to 
+    Wolsey, and were confirmed by an English agent, Sylvester Darius, who had 
+    been sent to Valladolid on business connected with the truce. Darius had 
+    spoken to the Chancellor on the probability of England taking active part 
+    with France. &amp;quot;Why do you talk of the King of England?&amp;quot; the Chancellor had 
+    answered; &amp;quot;if we wished, we could expel him from his kingdom in three 
+    months. What force had the King? his own subjects would expel him. He knew 
+    how matters were.&amp;quot; It was one thing for a free people to hold independent 
+    opinions on the arrangements of their own royal family. It was another to be 
+    threatened with civil war at the instigation of a foreign sovereign. Wolsey 
+    quoted the dangerous language at a public meeting in London; and a voice 
+    answered, &amp;quot;The Emperor has lost the hearts of a hundred thousand 
+    Englishmen.&amp;quot; A fresh firebrand was thrown into the flames immediately after. 
+    The national pride was touched on a side where it was already sensitive from 
+    interest. There were 15,000 Flemish artisans in London. English workmen had 
+    been jealous of their skill, and had long looked askance at them. The cry 
+    rose that they had an army of traitors in their midst who must be instantly 
+    expelled. The Flemings' houses were searched for arms, and watched by a 
+    guard, and the working city population, traders, shopkeepers, mechanics, 
+    apprentices, came over to the King's side, and remained there. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Meantime the cause itself hung fire. A new 
+    feature had been introduced to enable Campeggio to decline to proceed and 
+    the Pope to withdraw decently from his promises. The original Bull of Pope 
+    Julius permitting the marriage had been found to contain irregularities of 
+    form which were supposed fatal to it. The validity of the objection was not 
+    denied, but was met by the production of a brief alleged to have been found 
+    in Spain, and bearing the same date with the Bull, which exactly met that 
+    objection. No trace of such a brief could be found in the Vatican Register. 
+    It had informalities of its own, and its genuineness was justly suspected, 
+    but it answered the purpose of a new circumstance. A copy only was sent to 
+    England, which was shown by Catherine in triumph to Henry, but the original 
+    was detained. It would be sent to Rome, but not to London; without it 
+    Campeggio could pretend inability to move, and meanwhile he could refuse to 
+    proceed on his commission. Subterfuges which answer for the moment revenge 
+    themselves in the end. Having been once raised, it was absolutely necessary 
+    that a question immediately affecting the succession should be settled in 
+    some way, and many of the peers who had been hitherto cool began to back the 
+    King's demands. An address was drawn up, having among others the Duke of 
+    Norfolk's signature, telling the Pope that the divorce must be conceded, and 
+    complaints were sent through Casalis againt Campeggio's dilatoriness. The 
+    King, he was to say, would not submit to be deluded. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Casalis delivered his message, and describes 
+    the effect which it produced. &amp;quot;The Pope,&amp;quot; he wrote, &amp;quot;very angry, laid his 
+    hand on my arm and forbade me to proceed, saying there was but too good 
+    ground for complaint, and he was deluded by his own councillors. He had 
+    granted the decretal only to be shown to the King, and then burnt. Wolsey 
+    now wished to divulge it. He saw what would follow, and would gladly recall 
+    what had been done, even with the loss of one of his fingers.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Casalis replied that Wolsey wished only to 
+    show it to a few persons whose secrecy might be depended on. Was it not 
+    demanded for that purpose? Why had the Pope changed his mind? The Pope, only 
+    the more excited, said he saw the Bull would be the ruin of him, and he 
+    would make no more concessions. Casalis prayed him to consider. Waving his 
+    arms violently, Clement said, &amp;quot;I do consider. I consider the ruin which is 
+    hanging over me. I repent what I have done. If heresies arise, is it my 
+    fault? I will not violate my conscience. Let them, if they like, send the 
+    Legate back, because he will not proceed. They can do as they please, 
+    provided they do not make me responsible.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Did the Pope mean, then, Casalis asked, that 
+    the commission should not proceed? The Pope could not say as much as that; 
+    he had told Campeggio, he said, to dissuade the King and persuade the Queen.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;What harm could there be,&amp;quot; Casalis inquired, 
+    &amp;quot;in showing the decretal, under oath, to a few of the Privy Council?&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Pope said the decretal ought to have been 
+    burnt, and refused to discuss the matter further.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Chapter Five&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082635&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082635&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">13951</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England links</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England links</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Links</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e68a5186626c0f4e8eef14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">links.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosdarnleylinks.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/links.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Links&quot; width=&quot;319&quot; height=&quot;156&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#General&quot;&gt;General History&lt;/A&gt; - 
+&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#Individuals&quot;&gt;Individuals&lt;/A&gt; 
+- &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#Shopping&quot;&gt;Shopping&lt;/A&gt; - 
+&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#Miscellaneous&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/A&gt; 
+-&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#My&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;My Favorite 
+Links&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2femail.html&quot;&gt;Submit a 
+Link&lt;/a&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Individual pages 
+throughout the site also list relevant links.&amp;nbsp; For example, the Anne Boleyn 
+webpage has Anne Boleyn links.&amp;nbsp; I actually prefer those listings to 
+maintaining a 'master list' here.&amp;nbsp; As a result, this page has more general 
+links.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosdarnleylinks.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;double portrait of Mary, queen of Scots and her second husband, Lord Darnley&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;229&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;double 
+        portrait of Mary, queen of Scots and her second husband, Lord Darnley&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England: Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=General&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;General 
+History&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.suite101.com%2fwelcome.cfm%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Suite101.com: Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; Wendy Dunn has created a wonderful site, 
+which includes original fiction and articles, regular updates, and lots of 
+links.&amp;nbsp; She even sponsors a &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.suite101.com%2fcontest.cfm%2f6820%2f419&quot;&gt;Tudor Ghost Story 
+contest&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Wendy also published her first novel, a tale of Anne Boleyn 
+and Thomas Wyatt, this year; &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.wendyjdunn.com&quot;&gt;visit her 
+author's site for more information&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; You can read an excerpt, order the 
+book, and read various articles about Anne.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org&quot;&gt;Tudorhistory.org&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+Lara Eakins's started her Tudor site in 1995.&amp;nbsp; I don't think I even had an 
+internet connection back then.&amp;nbsp; It has lovely 
+graphics, original photographs, and lots of information on various Tudor topics, 
+including architecture and music.&amp;nbsp; It also sponsors a Tudor England mailing 
+list and pen-pal page.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to chat with other Tudor 
+enthusiasts, this is where you should go. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudor-portraits.com&quot;&gt;The Tudor and 
+Elizabethan Portrait Site&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a great resource for those who love 
+Tudor and Elizabethan portraits.&amp;nbsp; There are some beautiful scans available here.&amp;nbsp; Edward has also collected 
+portraits of 16th century European nobility. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fCollegePark%2f2809&quot;&gt;Claire Webb's Tudor England 
+Website&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site offers a collection of interesting 
+essays on various Tudor topics, as well as an 'information point' and an 
+extensive list of Tudor-related books. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fhenry8jane%2fTudor.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Dynasty 
+Website&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; Petra's site has information about all the 
+Tudor monarchs, plus she has &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fhansiiHolbein&quot;&gt;a 
+separate website about Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; They are part of her 
+&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fhenry8jane&quot;&gt;larger study of European 
+monarchs&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; This is a great place to visit if you want to plot the 
+genealogical course of European royalty through the centuries, and there are 
+many nice portraits. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.royalty.nu&quot;&gt;World of 
+Royalty&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a great site that features the 
+Tudors, as well as other royal families.&amp;nbsp; It has contemporary royal news 
+and an extensive Tudor bibliography. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.royal.gov.uk.%2foutput%2fPage1.asp&quot;&gt;The 
+Official Website of the British Monarchy&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The name 
+says it all.&amp;nbsp; The site has been recently redesigned; it features nice 
+graphics and brief biographies of all British monarchs.&amp;nbsp; There is a current 
+news page, information about royal residences and artwork, and a special section 
+on the Queen's Golden Jubilee. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.maryrose.org&quot;&gt;The Mary 
+Rose&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A lovely site dedicated to Henry VIII's 
+infamous warship, with lots of additional information. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2frenaissance.dm.net%2fcompendium%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Life in Elizabethan 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A wonderful and very detailed site which has 
+so much information that I couldn't possibly list it all - go visit!&amp;nbsp; 
+Weddings, food, religion, a collection of proverbs....&amp;nbsp; and it's 
+beautifully designed as well.&amp;nbsp; This site also features &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2frenaissance.dm.net%2fcompendium%2fmap-england.html&quot;&gt;a map of 
+Renaissance England&lt;/A&gt; to help you get your geographical bearings. 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ffolger.edu&quot;&gt;The Folger Shakespeare 
+Library&amp;nbsp;&lt;/A&gt; The Folger has recently redesigned their 
+website.&amp;nbsp; It has information on their collections and current and past 
+exhibitions. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=Individuals&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;Individuals&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fSoHo%2fStudios%2f1344%2fhenryviii.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII and 
+His Six Wives&amp;nbsp;&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; An introduction to Great Harry 
+and his checkered marital career. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene%2findex%5fenglish.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey: Nine Days' Queen&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A very detailed introduction 
+to Jane's life, well-written and engaging. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsarah%5fn%5fbernard&quot;&gt;Lady 
+Jane Grey: Queen of England for Nine Days&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A lovely 
+site with lots of pictures and an in-depth study of Jane's short life. 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.wantree.com.au%2f%7ehalligan%2fladyjane%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site has many pictures to complement any 
+study of Jane's life.&amp;nbsp; It also discusses her sisters, Catherine and 
+Mary. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale&quot;&gt;Mary 
+Tudor&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a very extensive site that has all you 
+need to know about Mary I's life, from birth to death. Lots of nice portraits as 
+well, and it even lists all the Marian films out there. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart 
+Society of Scotland&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is the most detailed Mary, 
+queen of Scots site on the web.&amp;nbsp; It has a&amp;nbsp; lengthy biography of the 
+queen, samples of her poetry and letters, and much more - too much to list here, 
+in fact. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fles%5fvalois&quot;&gt;Mary, 
+queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site is currently available in 
+French.&amp;nbsp; It's beautifully designed and has lots of information; go visit 
+and try out your foreign language skills!&amp;nbsp; Its creator also made this &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsarah%5fn%5fbernard&quot;&gt;Lady Jane Grey site&lt;/A&gt; listed 
+above. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.elizabethi.org&quot;&gt;The Life and Times 
+of Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site offers a comprehensive look 
+at Elizabeth I's life, and features a Tudor Trophy Challenge. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=Shopping&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;Shopping&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.royalpaperdolls.com&quot;&gt;Royal Paper 
+Dolls&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; Laurie Sebastian's page offers paper dolls of 
+famous kings and queens throughout history, with a comprehensive collection of 
+Tudors.&amp;nbsp; She also has biographical and historical information about the 
+monarchs, suggestions for further reading, and a links page. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudorrosedesigns.com&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose 
+Designs&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site offers a large collection of 
+Tudor-related cross stitch patterns, including the Tudor rose crop used on my 
+main page.&amp;nbsp; Quite a few visitors have commented upon it - well, now you can 
+cross stitch it! There is also a large collection of Victorian images.&amp;nbsp; You 
+can pay through PayPal and also buy gift certificates. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=https:%2f%2fwww.shakespeare-etc.org&quot;&gt;Shakespeare, 
+Etc - The Folger Shakespeare Library Gift Shop&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The 
+Folger's online gift store has a nice selection of Elizabethan items, including 
+a poster of the queen and a Tudor rose pin. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.morganlibrary.org%2fshop%2findex.html&quot;&gt;The Pierpont Morgan Library 
+Gift Shop&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The New York museum has an eclectic gift 
+shop which features Bluff King Hal and his six wives on a box of chocolates as 
+well as a collection of porcelain boxes. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhousefurniture.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Tudor 
+House: Fine English Furniture&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This store sells a wide 
+variety of English oak reproduction furniture.&amp;nbsp; They also have a wonderful 
+selection of Tudor links at the site.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=Miscellaneous&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.dnaco.net%2f%7ealeed%2fcorsets%2fgeneral.html&quot;&gt;The Elizabethan 
+Costuming Page&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The perfect resource for Tudor 
+fashion; this site includes numerous lengthy articles, images, and an extensive 
+collection of links. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.rennfest.com%2fmrf%2findex.html&quot;&gt;The 
+Maryland Renaissance Festival&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The RenFest in my home 
+state.&amp;nbsp; It starts this year on August 23rd.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of the 
+Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game 
+set in 16th century England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne 
+Boleyn or other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=My&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;My Favorite 
+Links&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2faldaily.com&quot;&gt;Arts &amp;amp; Letters 
+Daily&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A daily collection of interesting 
+articles from around the world, mostly arts/culture stuff with the occasional 
+science article.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.city-journal.org&quot;&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;City Journal&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One of my 
+two favorite magazines with many great writers, including Dr. Theodore Dalrymple 
+and Heather MacDonald.&amp;nbsp; The website features many full-length 
+articles.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.theatlantic.com&quot;&gt;The Atlantic Monthly&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This 
+magazine has lost its mind lately with some terrible political commentary but it 
+occasionally has interesting articles.&amp;nbsp; And their website includes a 
+regular 'Flashbacks' series which focuses on famous articles from their 
+archives.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.space.com%2fspacewatch&quot;&gt;Spacewatch&lt;/A&gt; &amp;nbsp; The title says it all.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amsmeteors.org&quot;&gt;The American Meteor Society&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Again, the title says it all.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;And &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;John 
+Keats&lt;/A&gt; and &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;Lord Byron&lt;/A&gt;, my 
+other two never-ending websites.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082548&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082548&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01e8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">43180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e88948331181409aab201e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e8.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER TWO&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Mission of Wolsey to Paris -- 
+      Visits Bishop Fisher on the way -- Anxieties of the Emperor -- Letter of 
+      the Emperor to Henry VIII. -Large offers to Wolsey -- Address of the 
+      French Cardinals to the Pope -- Anne Boleyn chosen by Henry to succeed 
+      Catherine -- Surprise and displeasure of Wolsey -- Fresh attempts of the 
+      Emperor to bribe him -- Wolsey forced to continue to advocate the divorce 
+      -Mission of Dr. Knight to Rome -- The Pope at Orvieto -- The King applies 
+      for a dispensation to make a second marriage -- Language of the 
+      dispensation demanded -- Inferences drawn from it -- Alleged intrigue 
+      between the King and Mary Boleyn. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;IT was believed at the time -- 
+    and it was the tradition afterwards -- that Wolsey, in his mission to Paris, 
+    intended to replace Catherine by a French princess, the more surely to 
+    commit Francis to the support of Henry in the divorce, and to strengthen the 
+    new alliance. Nothing can be inherently more likely. The ostensible reason, 
+    however, was to do away with any difficulties which might have been 
+    suggested by the objection of the Bishop of Tarbes to the legitimacy of the 
+    Princess Mary. If illegitimate, she would be no fitting bride for the Duke 
+    of Orleans. But she had been born &lt;i&gt;bonÃ¢ fide parentum.&lt;/i&gt; There was no 
+    intention of infringing her prospective rights or of altering her present 
+    position. Her rank and title were to be secured to her in amplest measure.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Cardinal went upon his 
+    journey with the splendour attaching to his office and befitting a churchman 
+    who was aspiring to be the spiritual president of the two kingdoms. On his 
+    way to the coast he visited two prelates whose support to his policy was 
+    important. Archbishop Warham had been cold about the divorce, if not openly 
+    hostile. Wolsey found him &amp;quot;not much changed from his first fashion,&amp;quot; but 
+    admitting that, although it might be unpleasant to the Queen, truth and 
+    justice must prevail. Bishop Fisher was a more difficult subject. He had 
+    spoken in the Legate's court in Catherine's favour. It was from him, as the 
+    King supposed, that Catherine herself had learnt what was impending over 
+    her. Wolsey called at his palace as he passed through Rochester. He asked 
+    the Bishop plainly if he had been in communication with the Queen. The 
+    Bishop, after some hesitation, confessed that the Queen had sought his 
+    advice, and said that he had declined to give an opinion without the King's 
+    command. Before Wolsey left London, at a last interview at York Place, the 
+    King had directed him to explain &amp;quot;the whole matter&amp;quot; to the Bishop. He went 
+    through the entire history, mentioned the words of the Bishop of Tarbes, and 
+    discussed the question which had risen upon it, on account of which he had 
+    been sent into France. Finally, he described the extreme violence with which 
+    Catherine had received the intelligence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Bishop greatly blamed the 
+    conduct of the Queen, and said he thought that if he might speak to her he 
+    might bring her to submission. He agreed, or seemed to agree, that the 
+    marriage had been irregular, though he did not himself think that it could 
+    now be broken. Others of the bishops, he thought, agreed with him; but he 
+    was satisfied that the King meant nothing against the laws of God, and would 
+    be fully justified in submitting his misgivings to the Pope.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mendoza's and the Queen's 
+    letters had meanwhile been despatched to Spain, to add to the anxieties 
+    which were overwhelming the Emperor. Nothing could have been less welcome at 
+    such a juncture than a family quarrel with his uncle of England, whose 
+    friendship he was still hoping to retain. The bird that he had caged at Rome 
+    was no convenient prisoner. The capture of Rome had not been ordered by 
+    himself, though politically he was obliged to maintain it. The time did not 
+    suit for the ambitious Church reforms of Lope de Soria. Peace would have to 
+    be made with the Pope on some moderate conditions. His own Spain was hardly 
+    quieted after the revolt of the &lt;i&gt;Comunidades.&lt;/i&gt; Half Germany was in 
+    avowed apostasy from the Church of Rome. The Turks were overrunning Hungary, 
+    and sweeping the Mediterranean with their pirate fleets, and the passionate 
+    and restless Francis was watching his opportunity to revenge Pavia and 
+    attack his captor in the Low Countries and in Italy. The great Emperor was 
+    moderate, cautious, prudent to a fault. In a calmer season he might have 
+    been tempted to take the Church in hand; and none understood better the 
+    condition into which it had fallen. But he was wise enough to know that if a 
+    reform of the Papacy was undertaken at all it must be undertaken with the 
+    joint consent of the other Christian princes, and all his present efforts 
+    were directed to peace. He was Catherine's natural guardian. Her position in 
+    England had been hitherto a political security for Henry's friendship. It 
+    was his duty and his interest to defend her, and he meant to do it; not, 
+    however, by sending roving expeditions to land in Cornwall and raise a civil 
+    war; all means were to be tried before that; to attempt such a thing, he 
+    well knew, would throw Europe into a blaze. The letters found him at 
+    Valladolid. He replied, of course, that he was shocked at a proceeding so 
+    unlooked for and so scandalous, but he charged Mendoza to be moderate and to 
+    confine himself to remonstrance. He wrote himself to Henry -- 
+    confidentially, as from friend to friend, and ciphering his letter with his 
+    own hand. He was unable to believe, he said, that Henry could contemplate 
+    seriously bringing his domestic discomforts before the world. Even supposing 
+    the marriage illegitimate -- even supposing that the Pope had no power to 
+    dispense in such cases -- &amp;quot;it would be better and more honourable to keep 
+    the matter secret, and to work out a remedy.&amp;quot; He bade Mendoza remind the 
+    King that to question the dispensing power affected the position of other 
+    princes besides his own; that to touch the legitimacy of his daughter would 
+    increase the difficulties with the succession, and not remove them. He 
+    implored the King &amp;quot;to keep the matter secret, as he would do himself.&amp;quot; 
+    Meanwhile, he told Mendoza, for Catherine's comfort, that he had written to 
+    demand a mild brief from the Pope to stop the scandal. He had requested him, 
+    as Catherine had suggested, to revoke Wolsey's powers, or at least to 
+    command that neither he nor any English Court should try the case. If heard 
+    at all it must be heard before his Holiness and the Sacred College. But he 
+    could not part with the hope that he might still bring Wolsey to his own and 
+    the Queen's side. A council of Cardinals was to meet at Avignon to consider 
+    the Pope's captivity. The Cardinal of England was expected to attend. 
+    Charles himself might go to Perpignan. Wolsey might meet him there, discuss 
+    the state of Europe, and settle the King's secret affair at the same time.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Should 
+    this be impossible, he charged Mendoza once more to leave no stone unturned 
+    to recover Wolsey's friendship. &amp;quot;In our name,&amp;quot; he said, &amp;quot;you will make him 
+    the following offers: -- &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;1. The 
+    payment of all arrears on his several pensions, amounting to 9,000 ducats 
+    annually. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;2. Six 
+    thousand additional ducats annually until such a time as a bishoprick or 
+    other ecclesiastical endowment of the same revenue becomes vacant in our 
+    kingdom. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;3. The 
+    Duke, who is to have Milan, to give him a Marquisate in that Duchy, with an 
+    annual rent of 12,000 ducats, or 15,000 if the smaller sum be not enough; 
+    the said Marquisate to be held by the Cardinal during his life, and to pass 
+    after him to any heir whom he shall appoint.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As if this was not sufficient, 
+    the Emperor' paid a yet further tribute to the supposed all-powerful 
+    Cardinal. He wrote himself to him as to his &amp;quot;good friend.&amp;quot; He said that if 
+    there was anything in his dominions which the Cardinal wished to possess he 
+    had only to name it, as he considered Wolsey the best friend that he had in 
+    the world.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;For the ministers of great 
+    countries deliberately to sell themselves to foreign princes was the custom 
+    of the age. The measure of public virtue which such a custom indicates was 
+    not exalted; and among the changes introduced by the Reformation the 
+    abolition or suspension of it was not the least beneficial. Thomas Cromwell, 
+    when he came to power, set the example of refusal, and corruption of public 
+    men on a scale so scandalously enormous was no more heard of. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Gold, however, had flowed in upon Wolsey in such enormous streams and 
+    from so many sources that the Emperor's munificence and attention failed to 
+    tempt him. On reaching Paris he found Francis bent upon war, and willing to 
+    promise anything for Henry's assistance. The belief at the French Court was 
+    that the Emperor, hearing that the Churches of England and France meant to 
+    decline from their obedience to the Roman Communion, would carry the Pope to 
+    Spain; that Clement would probably be poisoned there, and the Apostolic See 
+    would be established permanently in the Peninsula. Wolsey himself wrote 
+    this, and believed it, or desired Henry to believe it, proving the extreme 
+    uncertainty among the best-informed of contemporary politicians as to the 
+    probable issue of the capture of Rome. The French Cardinals drew and sent an 
+    address to the Pope, intimating that as long as he was in confinement they 
+    could accept no act of his as lawful, and would not obey it. Wolsey signed 
+    at the head of them. The Cardinals Salviati, Bourbon, Lorraine, and the 
+    Chancellor Cardinal of Sens, signed after him. The first stroke in the game 
+    had been won by Wolsey. Had the Pope recalled his powers as legate, an 
+    immediate schism might have followed. But a more fatal blow had been 
+    prepared for him by his master in England. Trusting to the Cardinal's 
+    promises that the Pope would make no difficulty about the divorce, Henry had 
+    considered himself at liberty to choose a successor to Catherine. He had 
+    suffered once in having allowed politics to select a wife for him. This time 
+    he intended to be guided by his own inclination. When Elizabeth afterwards 
+    wished to marry Leicester, Lord Sussex said she had better fix after her own 
+    liking; there would be the better chance of the heir that her realm was 
+    looking for. Her father fixed also after his liking in selecting Elizabeth's 
+    mother. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn was the second 
+    daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, a Norfolk knight of ancient blood, and 
+    himself a person of some distinction in the public service. Lady Boleyn was 
+    a Howard, daughter of the Duke of Norfolk. Anne was born in 1507, and by 
+    birth and connection was early introduced into the court. When a girl she 
+    was taken to Paris to be educated. In 1522 she was brought back to England, 
+    became a lady-in-waiting, and, being a witty, brilliant young woman, 
+    attracted and encouraged the attentions of the fashionable cavaliers of the 
+    day. Wyatt, the poet, was among her adorers, and the young Percy, afterwards 
+    Earl of Northumberland. It was alleged afterwards that between her and Percy 
+    there had been a secret marriage which had been actually consummated. That 
+    she had been involved in some dangerous intrigue or other she herself 
+    subsequently confessed. But she was attractive, she was witty; she drew 
+    Henry's fancy, and the fancy became an ardent passion. Now, for the first 
+    time, in Wolsey's absence, the Lady Anne's name appears in connection with 
+    the divorce. On the 16th of August Mendoza informed Charles, as a matter of 
+    general belief, that if the suit for the divorce was successful the King 
+    would marry a daughter of Master Boleyn, whom the Emperor would remember as 
+    once ambassador at the Imperial court. There is no direct evidence that 
+    before Wolsey had left England the King had seriously thought of Anne at 
+    all. Catherine could have had no suspicion of it, or her jealous indignation 
+    would have made itself heard. The Spanish Ambassador spoke of it as a new 
+    feature in the case. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Boleyns were Wolsey's 
+    enemies, and belonged to the growing faction most hostile to the Church. The 
+    news as it came upon him was utterly distasteful. (1) Anne in turn hated 
+    Wolsey, as he probably knew that she would, and she compelled him to stoop 
+    to the disgrace of suing for her favour. The inference is reasonable, 
+    therefore, that the King took the step which in the event was to produce 
+    such momentous consequences when the Cardinal was not at hand to dissuade 
+    him. He was not encouraged even by her own family. Her father, as will be 
+    seen hereafter, was from the first opposed to his daughter's advancement. He 
+    probably knew her character too well. But Henry, when he had taken an idea 
+    into his head, was not to be moved from it. The lady was not beautiful: she 
+    was rather short than tall, her complexion was dark, her neck long, her 
+    mouth broad, her figure not particularly good. The fascinating features were 
+    her long flowing brown hair, a pair of effective dark eyes, and a boldness 
+    of character which might have put him on his guard, and did not. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The immediate effect was to 
+    cool Wolsey's ardour for the divorce. His mission in France, which opened so 
+    splendidly, eventuated in little. The French cardinals held no meeting at 
+    Avignon. They had signed the address to Clement, but they had not made the 
+    Cardinal of York into their patriarch. Rouen was not added to his other 
+    preferments. Could he but have proposed a marriage for his sovereign with 
+    the Princess of Alencon, all might have been different, but it had fared 
+    with him as it fared with the Earl of Warwick, whom Henry's grandfather had 
+    sent to France to woo a bride for him, and in his absence married Elizabeth 
+    Grey. He perhaps regretted the munificent offers of the Emperor which he had 
+    hastily rejected, and he returned to England in the autumn to feel the 
+    consequences of the change in his situation. Mr. Brewer labours in vain to 
+    prove that Wolsey was unfavourable to the divorce from the beginning. 
+    Catherine believed that he was the instigator of it. Mendoza was of the same 
+    opinion. Unquestionably he promoted it with all his power, and made it a 
+    part of a great policy. To maintain that he was acting thus against his 
+    conscience and to please the King is more dishonouring to him than to 
+    suppose that he was either the originator or the willing instrument. All, 
+    however, was altered when Anne Boleyn came upon the stage, and she made 
+    haste to make him feel the change. &amp;quot;The Legate has returned from France,&amp;quot; 
+    wrote Mendoza on the 26th of October. He went to visit the King at Richmond, 
+    and sent to ask where he could see him. The King was in his chamber. It 
+    happened that the lady, who seemed to entertain no great affection for the 
+    Cardinal, was in the room with the King, and before the latter could answer 
+    the message she said for him, &amp;quot;Where else is the Cardinal to come? Tell him 
+    he may come here where the King is.&amp;quot; The Legate felt that such treatment 
+    boded no good to him, but concealed his resentment. &amp;quot;The cause,&amp;quot; said 
+    Mendoza, &amp;quot;is supposed to be that the said lady bears the Legate a grudge, 
+    for other reasons, and because she has discovered that during his visit to 
+    France the Legate proposed to have an alliance for the King found in that 
+    country.&amp;quot; Wolsey persuaded Mendoza that the French marriage had been a 
+    fiction, but at once he began to endeavour to undo his work, and prevent the 
+    dissolution of the marriage with Catherine. He tried to procure an 
+    unfavourable opinion from the English Bishops before legal proceedings were 
+    commenced. Mendoza, however, doubted his stability if the King persisted in 
+    his purpose, and advised that a papal decision on the case should be 
+    procured and forwarded as soon as possible.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Pope's captivity, however, 
+    would destroy the value of any judgment which he might give while he 
+    continued in durance. The Emperor, encouraged by the intimation that Wolsey 
+    was wavering, reverted to his previous hope. In a special memorandum of 
+    measures to be taken, the most important, notwithstanding the refusal of the 
+    previous offers, was still thought to be to &amp;quot;bribe the Cardinal.&amp;quot; He must 
+    instantly be paid the arrears of his pensions out of the revenues of the 
+    sees of Palencia and Badajoz. If there was not money enough in the treasury, 
+    a further and larger pension of twelve or fourteen thousand crowns was to be 
+    given to him out of some rich bishopric in Castile. The Emperor admitted 
+    that he had promised the Cortes to appoint no more foreigners to Spanish 
+    sees, but such a promise could not be held binding, being in violation of 
+    the liberties of the Church. Every one would see that it was for the good of 
+    the kingdom. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The renewed offer was doubtless 
+    conveyed to Wolsey, but he probably found that he had gone too deep to 
+    retire. If he made such an effort as Mendoza relates, he must have speedily 
+    discovered that it would be useless. He had encouraged the King in a belief 
+    that the divorce would be granted by the Pope as a matter of course, and the 
+    King, having made up his own mind, was not to be moved from it. If Wolsey 
+    now drew back, the certain inference would be that he had accepted an 
+    imperial bribe. There was no resource, therefore, but to go on. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While Wolsey had been 
+    hesitating, the King had, unknown to him, sent his secretary, Dr. Knight, to 
+    Rome with directions to obtain access if possible to the Pope, and procure 
+    the dispensation which had been already applied for to enable him to marry a 
+    second time without the formalities of a judgment. Such an expedient would 
+    be convenient in many ways. It would leave Catherine's position unaffected 
+    and the legitimacy of the Princess Mary unimpugned. Knight went. He found 
+    that without a passport he could not even enter the city, still less be 
+    allowed an interview. &amp;quot;With ten thousand crowns he could not bribe his way 
+    into St. Angelo.&amp;quot; He contrived, however, to have a letter introduced, which 
+    the Pope answered by telling Knight to wait in some quiet place. He (the 
+    Pope) would &amp;quot;there send him all the King's requests in as ample a form as 
+    they were desired.&amp;quot; Knight trusted in a short time &amp;quot;to have in his custody 
+    as much, perfect, sped, and under lead, as his Highness had long time 
+    desired.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Knight was too sanguine. The 
+    Emperor, finding the Pope's detention as a prisoner embarrassing, allowed 
+    him, on the 9th of December, to escape to Orvieto, where he was apparently 
+    at liberty; but he was only in a larger cage, all his territories being 
+    occupied by Imperial troops, and he himself watched by the General of the 
+    Observants, and warned at his peril to grant nothing to Catherine's 
+    prejudice. Henry's Secretary followed him, saw him, and obtained something 
+    which on examination proved to be worthless. The negotiations were left 
+    again in Wolsey's hands, and were pressed with all the eagerness of a 
+    desperate man. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Pope Clement had ceased to be a 
+    free agent. He did not look to the rights of the case. He would gladly have 
+    pleased Henry could he have pleased him without displeasing Charles. The 
+    case itself was peculiar, and opinions differed on the rights and wrongs of 
+    it. The reader must be from time to time reminded that, as the law of 
+    England has stood ever since, a marriage with a brother's widow was not a 
+    marriage. As the law of the Church then stood, it was not a marriage unless 
+    permitted by the Pope; and according to the same law of England the Pope 
+    neither has, nor ever had, any authority to dispense with the law. Therefore 
+    Henry, on the abstract contention, was in the right. He had married 
+    Catherine under an error. The problem was to untie the knot with as little 
+    suffering to either as the nature of the case permitted. That the 
+    negotiations were full of inconsistencies, evasions, and contradictions, was 
+    natural and inevitable. To cut the knot without untying it was the only 
+    direct course, but that all means were exhausted before the application of 
+    so violent a remedy was rather a credit than a reproach. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The first inconsistency was in 
+    the King. He did not regard his marriage as valid; therefore he thought 
+    himself at liberty to marry again; but he did not wish to illegitimatise his 
+    daughter or degrade Catherine. He disputed the validity of the dispensation 
+    of Julius II.; yet he required a dispensation from Clement which was equally 
+    questionable to enable him to take a second wife. The management of the case 
+    having reverted to Wolsey, fresh instructions were sent to Sir Gregory 
+    Casalis, the regular English agent at the Papal court, to wait on Clement. 
+    Casalis was &amp;quot;bid consider how much the affair concerned the relief of the 
+    King's conscience, the safety of his soul, the preservation of his life, the 
+    continuation of his succession, the welfare and repose of all his subjects 
+    now and hereafter.&amp;quot; The Pope at Orvieto was personally accessible. Casalis 
+    was to represent to him the many difficulties which had arisen in connection 
+    with the marriage, and the certainty of civil war in England should the King 
+    die leaving the succession no better provided for. He was, therefore, to 
+    request the Pope to grant a commission to Wolsey to hear the case and to 
+    decide it, and (perhaps as an alternative) to sign a dispensation, a draft 
+    of which Wolsey enclosed. The language of the dispensation was peculiar. 
+    Wolsey explained it by saying that &amp;quot;the King, remembering by the example of 
+    past times what false claims [to the crown] had been put forward, to avoid 
+    all colour or pretext of the same, desired this of the Pope as absolutely 
+    necessary.&amp;quot; If these two requests were conceded, Henry undertook on his part 
+    to require the Emperor to set the Pope at liberty, or to declare war against 
+    him if he refused. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A dispensation, which was to 
+    evade the real point at issue, yet to convey to the King a power to take 
+    another wife, was a novelty in itself and likely to be carefully worded. It 
+    has given occasion among modern historians to important inferences 
+    disgraceful to everyone concerned. The sinister meaning supposed to be 
+    obvious to modern critics could not have been concealed from the Pope 
+    himself. Here, therefore, follow the words which have been fastened on as 
+    for ever fatal to the intelligence and character of Henry and his Ministers.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Pope, after reviewing the 
+    later history of England, the distractions caused by rival claimants of the 
+    crown, after admitting the necessity of guarding against the designs of the 
+    ambitious, and empowering Henry to marry again, was made to address the King 
+    in these words: -- &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;In order to take away all 
+    occasion from evil doers, we do in the plenitude of our power hereby suspend
+    &lt;i&gt;hÃ¢c vice&lt;/i&gt; all canons forbidding marriage in the fourth degree, also 
+    all canons &lt;i&gt;de impedimento publicÅ honestatis&lt;/i&gt; preventing marriage in 
+    consequence of clandestine espousals, further all canons relating to 
+    precontracts clandestinely made but not consummated, also all canons 
+    affecting impediments created by affinity rising &lt;i&gt;ex illicito coitu,&lt;/i&gt; 
+    in any degree even in the first, so far as the marriage to be contracted by 
+    you, the petitioner, can be objected to or in any wise be impugned by the 
+    same. Further, to avoid canonical objections on the side of the woman by 
+    reason of former contract clandestinely made, or impediment of public 
+    honesty or justice arising from such clandestine contract, or of any 
+    affinity contracted in any degree even the first, &lt;i&gt;ex illicito coitu:&lt;/i&gt; 
+    and in the event that it has proceeded beyond the second or third degrees of 
+    consanguinity, whereby otherwise you, the petitioner, would not be allowed 
+    by the canons to contract marriage, we hereby license you to take such woman 
+    for wife, and suffer you and the woman to marry free from all ecclesiastical 
+    objections and censures.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The explanation given by Wolsey 
+    of the wording of this document is that it was intended to preclude any 
+    objections which might be raised to the prejudice of the offspring of a 
+    marriage in itself irregular. It was therefore made as comprehensive as 
+    possible. Dr. Lingard, followed by Mr. Brewer, and other writers see in it a 
+    transparent personal application to the situation in which Henry intended to 
+    place himself in making a wife of Anne Boleyn. Two years subsequent to the 
+    period when this dispensation was asked for, when the question of the 
+    divorce had developed into a battle between England and the Papacy, and the 
+    passions of Catholics and Reformers were boiling over in recrimination and 
+    invective, the King's plea that he was parting from Catherine out of 
+    conscience was met by stories set floating in society that the King himself 
+    had previously intrigued with the mother and sister of the lady whom he 
+    intended to marry; precisely the same obstacle existed, therefore, to his 
+    marriage with Anne, being further aggravated by incest. No attempt was ever 
+    made to prove these charges; no particulars were given of time or place. No 
+    witnesses were produced, nor other evidence, though to prove them would have 
+    been of infinite importance. Queen Catherine, who if any one must have known 
+    it if the accusation was true, never alludes to Mary Boleyn in the fiercest 
+    of her denunciations. It was heard of only in the conversation of 
+    disaffected priests or secret visitors to the Spanish Ambassador, and was 
+    made public only in the manifesto of Reginald Pole, which accompanied Paul 
+    III.'s Bull for Henry's deposition. Even this authority, which was not much 
+    in itself, is made less by the fact that in the first draft of &amp;quot;Pole's 
+    Book,&amp;quot; sent to England to be examined in 1535, the story is not mentioned. 
+    Evidently, therefore, Pole had not then heard of it or did not believe it. 
+    The guilt with the mother is now abandoned as too monstrous. The guilt with 
+    the sister is peremptorily insisted on, and the words of the dispensation 
+    are appealed to as no longer leaving room for doubt. To what else, it is 
+    asked, can such extraordinary expressions refer unless to some disgraceful 
+    personal &lt;i&gt;liaison?&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The uninstructed who draw 
+    inferences of fact from the verbiage of legal documents will discover often 
+    what are called &amp;quot;mare's nests.&amp;quot; I will request the reader to consider what 
+    this supposition involves. The dispensation would have to be copied into the 
+    Roman registers, subject to the inspection of the acutest canon lawyers in 
+    the world. If the meaning is so clear to us, it must have been clear to 
+    them. We are, therefore, to believe that Henry, when demanding to be 
+    separated from Catherine, as an escape from mortal sin, for the relief of 
+    his conscience and the surety of his succession, was gratuitously putting 
+    the Pope in possession of a secret which had only to be published to 
+    extinguish him and his plea in an outburst of scorn and laughter. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There was no need for such an 
+    acknowledgment, for the intrigue could not be proved. It could not be 
+    required for the legitimation of the children that were to be born; for a 
+    man of Wolsey's ability must have known that no dispensation would be held 
+    valid that was granted after so preposterous a confidence. It was as if a 
+    man putting in a claim for some great property, before the case came on for 
+    trial privately informed both judge and jury that it was based on forgery.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We are called on to explain 
+    further, why, when all Europe was shaken by the controversy, no hint is to 
+    be found in any public document of a fact which, if true, would be decisive; 
+    and yet more extraordinary, why the Pope and the Curia, when driven to bay 
+    in all the exasperation of a furious controversy, left a weapon unused which 
+    would have assured them an easy victory. Wolsey was not a fool. Is it 
+    conceivable that he would have composed a document so fatal and have drawn 
+    the Pope's pointed attention to it? My credulity does not extend so far. We 
+    cannot prove a negative; we cannot prove that Henry had not intrigued with 
+    Mary Boleyn, or with all the ladies of his court. But the language of the 
+    dispensation cannot be adduced as an evidence of it, unless King, Pope, and 
+    all the interested world had parted with their senses. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As to the story itself, there 
+    is no ground for distinguishing between the mother and the daughter. When it 
+    was first set circulating both were named together. The mother only has been 
+    dropped, lest the improbability should seem too violent for belief. That 
+    Mary Boleyn had been the King's mistress before or after her own marriage is 
+    now asserted as an ascertained fact by respectable historians -- a fact 
+    sufficient, can it be proved, to cover with infamy for ever the English 
+    separation from Rome, King, Ministers, Parliaments, Bishops, and every one 
+    concerned with it. The effectiveness of the weapon commends it to Catholic 
+    controversialists. I have only to repeat that the evidence for the charge is 
+    nothing but the floating gossip of Catholic society, never heard of, never 
+    whispered, till the second stage of the quarrel, when it had developed into 
+    a passionate contest; never even then alleged in a form in which it could be 
+    met and answered. It could not have been hid from Queen Catherine if it was 
+    known to Reginald Pole. We have many letters of Catherine, eloquent on the 
+    story of her wrongs; letters to the Emperor, letters to the Pope; yet no 
+    word of Mary Boleyn. What reason can be given save that it was a legend 
+    which grew out of the temper of the time? Nothing could be more plausible 
+    than to meet the King's plea of conscience with an allegation which made it 
+    ridiculous. But in the public pleadings of a cause which was discussed in 
+    every capital in Europe by the keenest lawyers and diplomatists of the age, 
+    an accusation which, if maintained, would have been absolutely decisive, is 
+    never alluded to in any public document till the question had passed beyond 
+    the stage of discussion. The silence of all responsible persons is 
+    sufficient proof of its nature. It was a mere floating calumny, born of wind 
+    and malice. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mr. Brewer does indeed imagine 
+    that he has discovered what he describes as a tacit confession on Henry's 
+    part. When the Act of Appeals was before the House of Commons which ended 
+    the papal jurisdiction in England, a small knot of Opposition members used 
+    to meet privately to deliberate how to oppose it. Among these one of the 
+    most active was Sir George Throgmorton, a man who afterwards, with his 
+    brother Michael, made himself useful to Cromwell and played with both 
+    parties, but was then against the divorce and against all the measures which 
+    grew out of it. Throgmorton, according to his own account, had been admitted 
+    to an interview with the King and Cromwell. In 1537, after the Pilgrimage of 
+    Grace, while the ashes of the rebellion were still smouldering, after 
+    Michael Throgmorton had betrayed Cromwell's confidence and gone over to 
+    Reginald Pole, Sir George was reported to have used certain expressions to 
+    Sir Thomas Dyngley and to two other gentlemen, which he was called on by the 
+    Council to explain. The letter to the King in which he replied is still 
+    extant. He said that he had been sent for by the King after a speech on the 
+    Act of Appeals, &amp;quot;and that he saw his Grace's conscience was troubled about 
+    having married his brother's wife.&amp;quot; He professed to have said to Dyngley 
+    that he had told the King that if he did marry Queen Anne his conscience 
+    would be more troubled at length, for it was thought he had meddled both 
+    with the mother and the sister; that his Grace said: &amp;quot;Never with the 
+    mother,&amp;quot; and my Lord Privy Seal (Cromwell), standing by, said, &amp;quot;nor with the 
+    sister neither, so put that out of your mind.&amp;quot; Mr. Brewer construes this 
+    into an admission of the King that Mary Boleyn had been his mistress, and 
+    omits, of course, by inadvertence, that Throgmorton, being asked why he had 
+    told this story to Dyngley, answered that &amp;quot;he spake it only out of 
+    vainglory, to show he was one that durst speak for the Commonwealth.&amp;quot; 
+    Nothing is more common than for &amp;quot;vainglorious&amp;quot; men, when admitted to 
+    conversations with kings, to make the most of what they said themselves, and 
+    to report not very accurately what was said to them. Had the conversation 
+    been authentic, Throgmorton would naturally have appealed to Cromwell's 
+    recollection. But Mr. Brewer accepts the version of a confessed boaster as 
+    if it was a complete and trustworthy account of what had actually passed. He 
+    does not ask himself whether if the King or Cromwell had given their version 
+    it might not have borne another complexion. Henry was not a safe person to 
+    take liberties with. Is it likely that if one of his subjects, who was 
+    actively opposing him in Parliament, had taxed him with an enormous crime, 
+    he would have made a confession which Throgmorton had only to repeat in the 
+    House of Commons to ruin him and his cause? Mr. Brewer should have added 
+    also that the authority which he gave for the story was no better than 
+    Father Peto, afterwards Cardinal Peto, as bitter an enemy of the Reformation 
+    as Pole himself. Most serious of all, Mr. Brewer omits to mention that 
+    Throgmorton was submitted afterwards to a severe cross-examination before a 
+    Committee of Council, the effect of which, if he had spoken truly, could 
+    only be to establish the authenticity of a disgraceful charge.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The last evidence alleged is 
+    the confession made by Anne Boleyn, after her condemnation, of some mystery 
+    which had invalidated her marriage with the King and had been made the 
+    ground of an Act of Parliament. The confession was not published, and 
+    Catholic opinion concluded, and concludes still, that it must have been the 
+    Mary Boleyn intrigue. Catholic opinion does not pause to inquire whether 
+    Anne could have been said to confess an offence of the King and her sister. 
+    The cross-examination of Throgmorton turns the conjecture into an absurdity. 
+    When asked, in 1537, whom he ever heard say such a thing, he would have had 
+    but to appeal to the proceedings in Parliament in the year immediately 
+    preceding. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Is it likely finally that if 
+    Throgmorton's examination proves what Mr. Brewer thinks it proves, a record 
+    of it would have been preserved among the official State Papers? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If all the stories current 
+    about Henry VIII. were to be discussed with as much detail as I have allowed 
+    to this, the world would not contain the books which should be written. An 
+    Irish lawyer told me in my youth to believe nothing which I heard in that 
+    country which had not been sifted in a court of justice, and only half of 
+    that. Legend is as the air invulnerable, and blows aimed at it, if not 
+    &amp;quot;malicious mockery&amp;quot; are waste of effort. Charges of scandalous immorality 
+    are precious to controversialists, for if they are disproved ever so 
+    completely the stain adheres. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1.
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    The date of Henry's resolution to marry Anne is of some consequence, since 
+    the general assumption is that it was the origin of the divorce. Rumour, of 
+    course, said so afterwards, but there is no evidence for it. The early 
+    love-letters written by the King to her are assigned by Mr. Brewer to the 
+    midsummer of 1527. But they are undated, and therefore the period assigned 
+    to them is conjecture merely.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudethree.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter Three&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082632&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082632&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01ea.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01ea.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01ea.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4312</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The fall of Catherine Howard, 1541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ea53b4a906ce20a5864758</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ea.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pricath.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pricath.gif&quot; width=&quot;485&quot; height=&quot;72&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Spanish ambassador Eustace Chapuys.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Catherine was Henry VIII's fifth wife and the cousin of his 
+      second wife, Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; She was perhaps only 18 years old when she 
+      caught the king's eye; her immature and reckless behavior guaranteed a 
+      brief marriage.&amp;nbsp; Though the king was besotted with her, she was 
+      understandably more attracted to men her own age.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;In this account, Chapuys inaccurately uses the name 'Dorand'
+to refer to Francis Dereham.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Thomas &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Culpepper's position saved him from Dereham's 
+      gruesome fate.&amp;nbsp; Lady Rochford was Anne Boleyn's former sister-in-law.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;This year on 13 November Sir Thomas Wriothesley, secretary to the king,
+came to Hampton Court to the queen, and called all the ladies and gentlewomen
+and her servants into the great chamber, and there openly before them declared
+certain offenses she had committed in misusing her body with certain persons
+before the king's time, because of which he there discharged all her household;
+and the morning after she was taken to Sion, with my Lady Bainton and two
+other gentlewomen and certain of her servants to wait on her there until
+the king's further pleasure.&amp;nbsp; And various people were taken to the
+Tower of London, such as my Lady Rochford, Master Culpepper, one of the
+king's privy chamber, and others.
+&lt;p&gt;On 1 December Thomas Culpepper, one of the gentlemen of the king's privy
+chamber, and Francis Dorand, gentleman, were arraigned at the Guildhall
+in London, for high treason against the king's majesty, in misdemeanor
+with the queen, as appeared by their indictment which they confessed to,
+and they were sentenced to be drawn, hanged, and quartered, the lord mayor
+sitting there as chief, the lord chancellor on his right hand, and the
+duke of Norfolk on his left hand, the duke of Suffolk, the lord privy seal,
+the earls of Sussex, of Hertford, and various others of the king's council
+sitting with all the judges also in commission that day.&amp;nbsp; And on 10
+December the said Culpepper and Dorand were drawn from the Tower of London
+to Tyburn, and there Culpepper, after exhorting the people to pray for
+him, stood on the ground by the gallows, knelt down and had his head struck
+off; and then Dorand was hanged, dismembered, disemboweled, beheaded and
+quartered.&amp;nbsp; Culpepper's body was buried at St Sepulchre's church near
+Newgate, and their heads were set on London Bridge.
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;to the Catherine 
+Howard website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082602&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082602&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5834</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01f1c05d719b1a542df1bdc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01f1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">scot-letters.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">scots-letters.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/scot-letters.gif&quot; width=&quot;598&quot; height=&quot;114&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/scots-letters.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The Darnley Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;The 
+      first letter was sent to Mary, queen of Scots at the opening of her trial 
+      at Fotheringhay on 12 October 1586.&amp;nbsp; It was written in French.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+Four days after Mary's execution, Elizabeth sent the second letter to Mary's 
+son, King James VI of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In it, she asserts her innocence in his 
+mother's death.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Although she signed the warrant for Mary's execution,
+Elizabeth tore it up.&amp;nbsp; Another copy was signed, and - before the queen
+could change her mind yet again - Burghley and others upon the council
+sent if off.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's life was in constant danger while Mary lived,
+as numerous plots attested.&amp;nbsp; Her councilors were determined to keep her
+safe.&amp;nbsp; As for Elizabeth, she was understandably torn between protecting
+her throne and taking the life of a fellow sovereign, even one she did
+not respect or like.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The second warrant was sent from London on 4th February,
+and reached Fotheringhay on the following evening.&amp;nbsp; On the 7th the Earls of 
+Shrewsbury and Kent, who were in charge of the execution, warned Mary to prepare 
+for death on the following day.&amp;nbsp; On the 9th news of the execution reached 
+London, and was received by the Queen with surprise and horror.&amp;nbsp; She openly 
+raged against her councilors; her capable secretary Davison, who had given her 
+the second warrant, was sent to the Tower.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;To Mary, queen of Scots, October 1586&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life
+and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never proceeded
+so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected and maintained
+you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you and all made manifest.
+Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles and peers of the kingdom
+as if I were myself present. I therefore require, charge, and command that
+you make answer for I have been well informed of your arrogance.
+&lt;br&gt;Act plainly without reserve, and you will sooner
+be able to obtain favour of me.&lt;p&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;To King James VI of Scotland, 14th February 1587&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the extreme
+dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far contrary
+to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman of mine, whom
+ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you truly of that which
+is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you that as God and many
+more know, how innocent I am in this case : so you will believe me, that
+if I had bid aught I would have bid by it. I am not so base minded that
+fear of any living creature or Prince should make me so afraid to do that
+were just; or done, to deny the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor
+carry so vile a mind. But, as not to disguise, fits not a King, so will
+I never dissemble my actions, but cause them show even as I meant them.
+Thus assuring yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if
+I had meant it I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will
+I not damnify myself that thought it not.
+&lt;br&gt;The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for
+your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor
+a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully
+to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you,
+judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave to
+trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long reign.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Your most assured loving sister and cousin,
+&lt;br&gt;Elizabeth R.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+the Queen Elizabeth I website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;nt&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082607&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082607&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01fd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9557</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, 1556</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01fd9e47f9ed8572bc1c2789</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01fd.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pcranmer.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pcranmer.gif&quot; width=&quot;359&quot; height=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This 
+      dramatic account of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer's execution was written by 
+      an anonymous bystander.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Cranmer was executed on 21 March 1556.&amp;nbsp; Imprisoned by 
+      the Catholic Queen Mary I, Cranmer wrote a recantation of Protestantism, 
+      but he denied that recantation before he died.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Mary had good cause to dislike Cranmer.&amp;nbsp; Not only 
+      was he the premier Protestant in England, he also annulled her parents' 
+      marriage and subsequently married King Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+But that I know for our great friendships, and long continued love,
+you look even of duty that I should signify to you of the truth of such
+things as here chanceth among us; I would not at this time have written
+to you the unfortunate end, and doubtful tragedy, of Thomas Cranmer late
+bishop of Canterbury: because I little pleasure take in beholding of such
+heavy sights.&amp;nbsp; And, when they are once overpassed, I like not to rehearse
+them again; being but a renewing of my woe, and doubling my grief.&amp;nbsp;
+For although his former, and wretched end, deserves a greater misery, (if
+any greater might have chanced than chanced unto him), yet, setting aside
+his offenses to God and his country, and beholding the man without his
+faults, I think there was none that pitied not his case, and bewailed not
+his fortune, and feared not his own chance, to see so noble a prelate,
+so grave a counsellor, of so long continued honor, after so many dignities,
+in his old years to be deprived of his estate, adjudged to die, and in
+so painful a death to end his life.&amp;nbsp; I have no delight to increase
+it.&amp;nbsp; Alas, it is too much of itself, that ever so heavy a case should
+betide to man, and man to deserve it.
+&lt;br&gt;But to come to the matter: on Saturday last, being 21 of March, was
+his day appointed to die.&amp;nbsp; And because the morning was much rainy,
+the sermon appointed by Mr Dr Cole to be made at the stake, was made in
+St Mary's church: whither Dr Cranmer was brought by the mayor and aldermen,
+and my lord Williams: with whom came divers gentlemen of the shire, sir
+T A Bridges, sir John Browne, and others.&amp;nbsp; Where was prepared, over
+against the pulpit, a high place for him, that all the people might see
+him.&amp;nbsp; And, when he had ascended it, he kneeled him down and prayed,
+weeping tenderly: which moved a great number to tears, that had conceived
+an assured hope of his conversion and repentance....
+&lt;br&gt;When praying was done, he stood up, and, having leave to speak, said,
+'Good people, I had intended indeed to desire you to pray for me; which
+because Mr Doctor hath desired, and you have done already, I thank you
+most heartily for it.&amp;nbsp; And now will I pray for myself, as I could
+best devise for mine own comfort, and say the prayer, word for word, as
+I have here written it.'&amp;nbsp; And he read it standing: and after kneeled
+down, and said the Lord's Prayer; and all the people on their knees devoutly
+praying with him....
+&lt;br&gt;And then rising, he said, 'Every man desireth, good people, at the
+time of their deaths, to give some good exhortation, that other may remember
+after their deaths, and be the better thereby.&amp;nbsp; So I beseech God grant
+me grace, that I may speak something, at this my departing, whereby God
+may be glorified, and you edified....
+&lt;br&gt;And now I come to the great thing that troubleth my conscience more
+than nay other thing that ever I said or did in my life: and that is, the
+setting abroad of writings contrary to the truth.&amp;nbsp; Which here now
+I renounce and refuse, as things written with my hand, contrary to the
+truth which I thought in my heart, and written for fear of death, and to
+save my life, if it might be: and that is, all such bills, which I have
+written or signed with mine own hand since my degradation: wherein I have
+written many things untrue.&amp;nbsp; And forasmuch as my hand offended in
+writing contrary to my heart, therefore my hand shall first be punished:
+for if I may come to the fire, it shall be first burned.&amp;nbsp; And as for
+the pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy and antichrist, with all his
+false doctrine.'
+&lt;br&gt;And here, being admonished of his recantation and dissembling, he said,
+'Alas, my lord, I have been a man that all my life loved plainness, and
+never dissembled till now against the truth; which I am most sorry for
+it.'&amp;nbsp; He added hereunto, that, for the sacrament, he believed as he
+had taught in his book against the bishop of Winchester.&amp;nbsp; And here
+he was suffered to speak no more....
+&lt;br&gt;Then was he carried away; and a great number, that did run to see him
+go so wicjedly to his death, ran after him, exhorting him, while time was,
+to remember himself.&amp;nbsp; And one Friar John, a godly and well learned
+man, all the way traveled with him to reduce him.&amp;nbsp; But it would not
+be.&amp;nbsp; What they said in particular I cannot tell, but the effect appeared
+in the end: for at the stake he professed, that he died in all such opinions
+as he had taught, and oft repented him of his recantation.
+&lt;br&gt;Coming to the stake with a cheerful countenance and willing mind, he
+put off his garments with haste, and stood upright in his shirt: and bachelor
+of divinity, named Elye, of Brazen-nose college, labored to convert him
+to his former recantation, with the two Spanish friars.&amp;nbsp; And when
+the friars saw his constancy, they said in Latin to one another 'Let us
+go from him: we ought not to be nigh him: for the devil is with him.'&amp;nbsp;
+But the bachelor of divinity was more earnest with him: unto whom he answered,
+that, as concerning his recantation, he repented it right sore, because
+he knew it was against the truth; with other words more.&amp;nbsp; Whereby
+the Lord Williams cried, 'Make short, make short.'&amp;nbsp; Then the bishop
+took certain of his friends by the hand.&amp;nbsp; But the bachelor of divinity
+refused to take him by the hand, and blamed all the others that so did,
+and said, he was sorry that ever he came in his company.&amp;nbsp; And yet
+again he required him to agree to his former recantation.&amp;nbsp; And the
+bishop answered, (showing his hand), 'This was the hand that wrote it,
+and therefore shall it suffer first punishment.'
+&lt;br&gt;Fire being now put to him, he stretched out his right hand, and thrust
+it into the flame, and held it there a good space, before the fire came
+to any other part of his body; where his hand was seen of every man sensibly
+burning, crying with a&amp;nbsp; loud voice, 'This hand hath offended.'&amp;nbsp;
+As soon as the fire got up, he was very soon dead, never stirring or crying
+all the while.
+&lt;br&gt;His patience in the torment, his courage in dying, if it had been taken
+either for the glory of God, the wealth of his country, or the testimony
+of truth, as it was for a pernicious error, and subversion of true religion,
+I could worthily have commended the example, and matched it with the fame
+of any father of ancient time: but, seeing that not the death, but cause
+and quarrel thereof, commendeth the sufferer, I cannot but much dispraise
+his obstinate stubbornness and sturdiness in dying, and specially in so
+evil a cause.&amp;nbsp; Surely his death much grieved every man; but not after
+one sort.&amp;nbsp; Some pitied to see his body so tormented with the fire
+raging upon the silly carcass, that counted not of the folly.&amp;nbsp; Other
+that passed not much of the body, lamented to see him spill his soul, wretchedly,
+without redemption, to be plagued for ever.&amp;nbsp; His friends sorrowed
+for love; his enemies for pity; strangers for a common kind of humanity,
+whereby we are bound one to another.&amp;nbsp; Thus I have enforced myself,
+for your sake, to discourse this heavy narration, contrary to my mind:
+and, being more than half weary, I make a short end, wishing you a quieter
+life, with less honor; and easier death, with more praise.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082606&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082606&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">23100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">books about English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">books about 16th century Tudor history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Bibliography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ff3be41f70dfc0c83668b0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215264</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ff.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">biblio.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">favoritebooks.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pavane.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">fifthqueen.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">candlemass.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">deathofthefox.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maskofroyalty.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cranmer.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">youngbess.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizessex.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorfashion.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">erasmus.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/biblio.gif&quot; width=&quot;257&quot; height=&quot;113&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Bibliography&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Over the years, I've read most 
+    of the Tudor books, fiction and nonfiction, I could find.&amp;nbsp; Countless 
+    books.&amp;nbsp; Good books, a few great ones, and lots of bad ones.&amp;nbsp; This 
+    page currently lists my favorite Tudor works.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=2 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      England: Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/favoritebooks.gif&quot; alt=&quot;My favorite Tudor books&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;77&quot;&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;When people ask me what 
+        Tudor-related books to read, these are the ones I list:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pavane.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;152&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0345440919%2ftudorengla148-20%3ePavane%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;PAVANE 
+
+    by Keith Roberts&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Eventually I will be at a loss 
+
+    for superlatives when describing my favorite books.&amp;nbsp; PAVANE is a 
+
+    beautiful book, written by one of the masters of 1960s science 
+
+    fiction.&amp;nbsp; It is a work of alternative history, one of the first of that 
+
+    genre and perhaps the best.&amp;nbsp; It begins in 1588 with the assassination 
+
+    of Queen Elizabeth I and the subsequent supremacy of the Catholic faith in 
+
+    England.&amp;nbsp; From there, PAVANE evolves into a truly entrancing book which 
+        explores freedom, communication, religion, etc&amp;nbsp; Like The Fifth Queen, it 
+
+    has a superb ending.&amp;nbsp; If you haven't read this, please please please 
+
+    check it out.&amp;nbsp; It's recently been reissued and it's simply 
+
+    wonderful.&amp;nbsp; Few books strike me as deeply imagined, most walk over 
+
+    familiar ground - PAVANE is a true original. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/fifthqueen.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;156&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0141181303%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Fifth%2520Queen%2520(Penguin%2520Classics)%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    FIFTH QUEEN by Ford Madox Ford&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;I love this 
+
+    book.&amp;nbsp;  Ford uses the life of Henry VIII's fifth queen to explore the culture of 
+
+    fear, treachery, and paranoia which characterized the Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Catherine battles Thomas Cromwell in an attempt to prevent further religious 
+
+    and political change.&amp;nbsp; The book is divided into three parts and 
+
+    contains engrossing portraits of familiar Tudor figures; Princess Mary, 
+
+    Henry VIII, Cromwell, Norfolk, Catherine herself - all are beautifully 
+
+    brought to life.&amp;nbsp;  Ford spent years researching this 
+
+    book but it is a work of fiction; liberties are taken, characterizations may 
+    not be historically correct, etc&amp;nbsp; I think it's one of the best works of historical 
+
+    fiction ever written - and the ending is fantastic.&amp;nbsp; As for the 
+    'character' of Catherine, Ford creates an interesting / complex figure from 
+    scant historical sources.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/candlemass.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;153&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f1585790230%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Candlemass%2520Road%2520(Common%2520Reader...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    CANDLEMASS ROAD by George MacDonald Fraser&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Fraser 
+
+    is justly famous as author of the Flashman novels, among the best (and 
+
+    certainly the funniest) historical fiction ever.&amp;nbsp; But his talent is 
+
+    more expansive than even Flashman would suggest.&amp;nbsp; Everything he writes 
+
+    turns to gold, at least in my opinion (even the flawed 'Pyrates' had great 
+    moments.)&amp;nbsp; Long fascinated by the history 
+
+    of his native Scotland, in THE CANDLEMASS ROAD, Fraser recounts the story of 
+
+    Lady Margaret Dacre and her perilous life along the English-Scottish 
+
+    border during Elizabeth I's reign.&amp;nbsp; The writing is superb; I expect nothing less from 
+
+    Fraser.&amp;nbsp; My one quibble is that the book is so short - I didn't want it 
+
+    to end. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f1585790257%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Steel%2520Bonnets%2520(Common%2520Reader...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    STEEL BONNETS by George MacDonald Fraser&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;This work 
+
+    of history is concerned with the outlaws and Border lords (reivers) who 
+
+    fought along the English and Scottish frontier for several hundred 
+
+    years.&amp;nbsp; It's a wonderful work of history and makes me wish more great 
+
+    writers would turn to the genre; if nothing else, you're guaranteed good 
+
+    writing.&amp;nbsp; And this was such a fascinating time period - I'm thrilled 
+
+    that one of my favorite novelists wrote its definitive history. 
+
+    &lt;BR&gt;And if you haven't read any &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0452259614%2ftudorengla148-20%3eFlashman:%2520From%2520the%2520Flashman%2520Papers,...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Flashman&lt;/A&gt;, 
+
+    it's never too late to start.... &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/deathofthefox.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;155&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156863030%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Succession:%2520A%2520Novel%2520of%2520Elizabeth%2520and...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    SUCCESSION: A NOVEL OF ELIZABETH AND JAMES&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156287951%2ftudorengla148-20%3eEntered%2520from%2520the%2520Sun:%2520The%2520Murder%2520of...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ENTERED 
+
+    FROM THE SUN: THE MURDER OF MARLOWE&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156252333%2ftudorengla148-20%3eDeath%2520of%2520the%2520Fox:%2520A%2520Novel%2520of%2520Elizabeth...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;DEATH 
+
+    OF THE FOX: A NOVEL OF ELIZABETH AND RALEIGH&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;by George 
+
+    Garrett &lt;BR&gt;It's not enough for me that a book is set in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; I want 
+    it to be a great book which just happens to be set in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; Every time I slumber 
+
+    or groan my way through the latest awful Tudor fiction full of heaving 
+
+    bosoms and Egads!-worthy dialogue, I think fondly of Fraser and 
+    Ford and this trilogy by George Garrett.... &lt;br&gt;Garrett's books should be read by 
+    anyone with an interest in 16th century England.&amp;nbsp; But they aren't read 
+    by many, which I think is very sad - even more so when one considers the 
+    popularity of terrible Tudor fiction.&amp;nbsp; Of this trilogy, my favorite is 
+    DEATH OF THE 
+
+    FOX; Garrett brings the complex and fascinating Walter Raleigh to 
+
+    life.&amp;nbsp; But all three works are wonderful.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;  ENTERED FROM THE SUN 
+
+    is a nice companion piece to Anthony Burgess's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0786703210%2ftudorengla148-20%3eA%2520Dead%2520Man%2520in%2520Deptford%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;A 
+
+    DEAD MAN IN DEPTFORD&lt;/A&gt;, another good work of historical fiction.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    (Burgess also wrote &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f039331507X%2ftudorengla148-20%3eNothing%2520Like%2520the%2520Sun:%2520A%2520Story%2520of...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;NOTHING 
+
+    LIKE THE SUN&lt;/A&gt;, a fictional look at Shakespeare's love life.)&amp;nbsp; And 
+
+    though THE SUCCESSION has less to do with Elizabeth and James than the title 
+
+    implies, it's still a fun exploration of Tudor life.&amp;nbsp; I can't do these 
+    books justice - just read them.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maskofroyalty.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;166&quot;&gt;A TUDOR TRAGEDY: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CATHERINE HOWARD &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0897330560%2ftudorengla148-20%3eHenry%2520VIII:%2520The%2520Mask%2520of%2520Royalty%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;HENRY 
+
+    VIII: THE MASK OF ROYALTY&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0316801534%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520Tudor:%2520Portrait%2520of%2520a%2520Queen%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    TUDOR: PORTRAIT OF A QUEEN&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;by Lacey Baldwin Smith 
+
+    &lt;BR&gt;I've been raving about LB Smith since I started this 
+
+    website.&amp;nbsp; When visitors write and ask what is essential to read, I 
+
+    point them to Smith's work.&amp;nbsp; Unfortunately, two of the above works are 
+
+    out of print.&amp;nbsp; Yeah, I know - there's plenty of room for junk on 
+
+    bookshelves but apparently no room for great works of history.&amp;nbsp; Well, 
+
+    go to Amazon.com or Barnes &amp;amp; Noble.com and order them used.&amp;nbsp; Smith's bio of Catherine Howard 
+
+    is the only one ever written which concerns Henry VIII's ill-fated 'Rose 
+
+    Without a Thorn'.&amp;nbsp; He collects the scant historical knowledge of her 
+
+    life and creates a compelling portrait of a misguided girl and her ambitious 
+
+    family (the sprawling Norfolk clan).&amp;nbsp; His bio of Henry VIII is simply 
+
+    the best available on the second Tudor king.&amp;nbsp; It has great 
+
+    psychological insight and a sharp sense of humor.&amp;nbsp; After a lifetime of 
+
+    studying Henry, Smith is still fascinated by the king and determined to 
+
+    understand his contradictory character.&amp;nbsp; But read it only after reading 
+
+    a general bio of Henry VIII; the author assumes some knowledge of the Tudor 
+
+    court and its cast of characters.&amp;nbsp; And his brief bio of Elizabeth Tudor 
+
+    is a persuasive sketch of England's most fascinating and accomplished queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cranmer.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;154&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0300074484%2520%2ftudorengla148-20%253EThomas%2520Cranmer%253C%2fA%253E&quot;&gt;THOMAS 
+    CRANMER by Diarmaid MacCulloch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    This is the definitive 
+    biography of the father of English Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer was the 
+    archbishop of Canterbury from 1533 to 1556; he presided over the Reformation 
+    and the creation of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.&amp;nbsp; He was burnt 
+    at the stake as a heretic during the reign of Mary I.&amp;nbsp; MacCulloch's 
+    book is dense, literally and figuratively.&amp;nbsp; But it is also a 
+    beautifully written study of one of the most compelling lives of the 16th 
+    century.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer was a conflicted and courageous man, and deserved 
+    such a monumental biography.&amp;nbsp; MacCulloch uses sources never mentioned 
+    in previous studies; he charts the evolution of Protestantism with an eye 
+    for the telling detail.&amp;nbsp; Personally, I am always surprised by the 
+    number of Tudor enthusiasts who are familiar with the story of Thomas More 
+    but have only a vague idea of Cranmer's life.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps it's the 
+    enduring popularity of A Man for All Seasons?&amp;nbsp; I don't know.&amp;nbsp; But 
+    both men deserve recognition and study.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0553212567%2ftudorengla148-20%253EThe%2520Prince%2520and%2520the%2520Pauper%253C%2fA%253E&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    PRINCE AND THE PAUPER by Mark Twain&lt;/a&gt; &lt;BR&gt;This is 
+
+    Twain's famous tale of Prince Edward, only son of King Henry VIII, and Tom 
+
+    Canty, a pauper boy who is his physical twin.&amp;nbsp; Twain wrote my favorite 
+
+    book of all time (Huckleberry Finn) so I am biased, but this is still a 
+
+    great book.&amp;nbsp; The story is very entertaining and fun and there are 
+
+    moments of genuine suspense and pathos.&amp;nbsp; Some people classify this book 
+
+    as children's literature; in fact, they say that about lots of Twain's 
+
+    work.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; He's a natural storyteller and perfect for adults. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;IMG height=140 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/youngbess.jpg&quot; width=91 
+
+    align=left alt=&quot;Young Bess by Margaret Irwin&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074900357X%2ftudorengla148-20%3eYoung%2520Bess%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;YOUNG 
+
+    BESS&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0749003898%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth,%2520Captive%2520Princess%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH, 
+
+    CAPTIVE PRINCESS&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0749004088%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520and%2520the%2520Prince%2520of%2520Spain%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    AND THE PRINCE OF SPAIN&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;by Margaret Irwin &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth Tudor has brought out the best in many writers, but 
+
+    perhaps none more so than Margaret Irwin.&amp;nbsp; This trilogy has recently 
+
+    been reissued, thus earning the publisher my enduring gratitude.&amp;nbsp; She 
+
+    creates a vivid portrait of Elizabeth's entire life and there is the usual 
+
+    colorful cast of supporting characters.&amp;nbsp; Of the three books, my 
+
+    favorite is the last but all are excellent.&amp;nbsp; Her writing is evocative 
+
+    and often very beautiful.&amp;nbsp; I'll be reading along and think, What a 
+
+    perfect sentence!&amp;nbsp; If you want a persuasive and compelling portrait of 
+
+    the Virgin Queen, read Irwin.&amp;nbsp; No one else comes close. 
+
+    &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizessex.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;153&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156283107%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520and%2520Essex:%2520A%2520Tragic%2520History...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    AND ESSEX: A TRAGIC HISTORY&lt;/A&gt; by Lytton Strachey &lt;BR&gt;This is one of my favorite books about Queen Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Strachey 
+
+    always writes like a dream, with style and wit, and in this work he explores 
+
+    the complex relationship between the Virgin Queen and the infamous earl of 
+
+    Essex.&amp;nbsp; Essex was the great favorite of Elizabeth's later years, but he 
+
+    rebelled against the queen (his petulance was exceeded only by his 
+
+    ingratitude.)&amp;nbsp; Like Strachey's equally good &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156286971%2ftudorengla148-20%3eEminent%2520Victorians%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Eminent 
+
+    Victorians&lt;/A&gt;, this biographical study is primarily psychological.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Strachey wants to know why Elizabeth and Essex acted as they did - their 
+
+    motivations, desires, flaws....&amp;nbsp; There is much room for disagreement 
+
+    and often his analysis of Elizabeth's personality makes one want to analyze 
+
+    Strachey himself, but this is still a great book.&amp;nbsp; It brings Elizabeth 
+
+    and her court to life and it pulls you deep into the story of the queen and 
+
+    Essex.&amp;nbsp; It also discusses the always intriguing Sir Francis 
+
+    Bacon.&amp;nbsp; What a fascinating bit of history! &lt;BR&gt;And 
+
+    once again, let me emphasize the beautiful writing.&amp;nbsp; Style counts with 
+
+    me.&amp;nbsp; If I want a dry, boring recitation of facts, then I can pick up an 
+
+    encyclopedia or, sadly, most modern histories/biographies.&amp;nbsp; It's like 
+
+    that famous Mark Twain quote - 'The difference between the almost right word and the right word is really a large matter; it's the 
+
+    difference between the lightning bug and the lightning.'&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Exactly.&amp;nbsp; All of the books I've listed here are full of the right words.&amp;nbsp; Anyone can tell you that Elizabeth Tudor was born 
+
+    in 1533 and her mother was executed in 1536 and blah blah blah.&amp;nbsp; It's 
+
+    easy enough.&amp;nbsp; But can the writer create a compelling story worthy of 
+
+    their subject?&amp;nbsp; Can they bring history to life?&amp;nbsp; I hate picking up 
+
+    books which are full of facts but written like - oh, they're written in a&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    perfectly acceptable manner.&amp;nbsp; But who wants perfectly acceptable things 
+
+    all the time?&amp;nbsp; You want a gripping, fun, fascinating book.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0226504654%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520I:%2520Collected%2520Works%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    I: COLLECTED WORKS&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The great queen in her own 
+
+    words - letters, poems, and speeches are gathered here for our admiring 
+
+    perusal.&amp;nbsp; This selection is arranged in chronological order and 
+
+    reasonably priced. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorfashion.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;150&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0486298450%2ftudorengla148-20%3eTudor%2520Costume%2520and%2520Fashion%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;TUDOR 
+
+    COSTUME AND FASHION&lt;/A&gt; by Herbert Norris &lt;BR&gt;Most people 
+
+    believe that Janet Arnold's '&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0901286206%2ftudorengla148-20%3eQueen%2520Elizabeth's%2520Wardrobe%2520Unlock'd:%2520The...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Queen 
+
+    Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd&lt;/A&gt;' is the best work on Tudor fashion.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    And it is certainly the best guide to making an Elizabethan costume.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    But it's also very expensive.&amp;nbsp; Norris covers the entire Tudor dynasty 
+
+    and includes several color sketches; the book is published by Dover so it's 
+
+    reasonably priced.&amp;nbsp; If you want to learn about all the different styles 
+
+    of hats/hoods and skirts and shoes, etc, this is the book for you.&amp;nbsp; If 
+
+    you actually want to make a Tudor costume, search out Arnold or any of the 
+
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.renfaire.com%2fCostume%2findex.html&quot;&gt;excellent Renaissance 
+
+    Festival sites&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/erasmus.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;155&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f048641762X%2ftudorengla148-20%3eErasmus%2520and%2520the%2520Age%2520of%2520Reformation%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ERASMUS 
+
+    AND THE AGE OF REFORMATION&lt;/A&gt; by Johan Huizinga &lt;BR&gt;This 
+
+    is the best biography I have read of Erasmus, the great Dutch philosopher 
+
+    and friend of Thomas More.&amp;nbsp; He also spoke for many bookworms when he 
+
+    wrote, 'When I get a little money I buy books; and if any is left I buy food 
+
+    and clothes.'&amp;nbsp; Those are nice words to remember when you're torn 
+
+    between purchasing &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0714837156%2ftudorengla148-20%3eBernini:%2520The%2520Sculptor%2520of%2520the%2520Roman...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;the 
+
+    Bernini catalogue&lt;/A&gt; or a new outfit.&amp;nbsp; Go with the books.&amp;nbsp; You 
+
+    can always borrow clothes from more fashionable friends and relatives.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    And there are already enough well-dressed people out there.&amp;nbsp; Wouldn't 
+
+    you rather have a nice personal library?&lt;br&gt;Often you finish a biography and are happy you've 
+
+    never met its subject (I always finish biographies of Bluff King Hal in that 
+
+    mood), but sometimes it's different.&amp;nbsp; Huizinga brings Erasmus and his 
+    times to compelling life.&amp;nbsp; The book includes numerous letters and 
+    illustrations, and these are especially valuable since Erasmus corresponded 
+    with many 16th century luminaries.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;    &lt;font color=&quot;#0000FF&quot;&gt;THE ROYAL PALACES OF TUDOR ENGLAND&lt;/font&gt; and other works by Simon Thurley&lt;br&gt;I&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; 
+enjoy all of Thurley's work - his most recent is a comprehensive study of 
+Hampton Court - but this is easily the best study of Tudor royal architecture 
+ever.&amp;nbsp; It is beautifully illustrated and includes floor plans of various 
+palaces.&amp;nbsp; It also has a brief glossary.&amp;nbsp; This book isn't simply 
+indispensable, - it's also well-written and entertaining.&amp;nbsp; There are lots 
+of quirky facts interspersed throughout, and it does a wonderful job of 
+explaining various aspects of the royal household.&amp;nbsp; It's expensive, yes, 
+but worth it.&amp;nbsp; And it will make you read most Tudor fiction with a 
+jaundiced eye.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;HR align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;There are some works I haven't listed, like Tillyard's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0394701623%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabethan%2520World%2520Picture%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+
+    World Picture&lt;/A&gt; and AL Rowse's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f1566633168%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Elizabethan%2520Renaissance%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;two-volume 
+
+    study&lt;/A&gt; of Elizabethan society.&amp;nbsp; I've also left off Alison Plowden's 
+
+    '&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0750921927%2ftudorengla148-20%3eYoung%2520Elizabeth:%2520The%2520First%2520Twenty-Five...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+
+    Quartet&lt;/A&gt;', which are wonderful introductory books on Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Plowden wrote the &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0531150003%2ftudorengla148-20%3eLady%2520Jane%2520Grey%2520and%2520the%2520House%2520of%2520Suffolk%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;best 
+
+    book&lt;/A&gt; I've read about Mary Tudor and Jane Grey, but it's 
+
+    out-of-print.&amp;nbsp; And I haven't mentioned Roy Strong's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0851153771%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Tudor%2520and%2520Stuart%2520Monarchy:...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;entertaining 
+
+    study&lt;/A&gt; of Tudor portraits.&amp;nbsp; There are lots that I enjoyed which I 
+
+    haven't listed.&amp;nbsp; I will add them eventually.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082546&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082546&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH02f7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH02f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH02f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">13812</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">new Tudor-related books, exhibits, films etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">new Tudor-related books, exhibits, films etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Media News</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH02f7d3098dd80789eeb0ec</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH02f7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">media.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ivesbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8miniseries.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">r3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">dunnbook.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">guyscots.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot; height=&quot;613&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; height=&quot;553&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/media.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot;
+ height=&quot;138&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor Media News&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;This page contains information on&lt;br&gt;
+Tudor-related Exhibits, Books, Films, etc&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/dunnbook.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Jane Dunn biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England:
+Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Share your Tudor news!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot; height=&quot;553&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; height=&quot;553&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;29 September 2004&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ivesbook.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Professor 
+      Eric Ives, who wrote the definitive biography of Anne Boleyn in 1988, has 
+      just released &lt;i&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f104-8047124-6243950%3fv%3dglance%26s%3dbooks%26n%3d507846&quot;&gt;US&lt;/a&gt; 
+      and
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      UK&lt;/a&gt;), which incorporates new research and addresses issues raised by 
+      the biographies of Anne which followed his own (including Warnicke and 
+      Starkey's work.)&amp;nbsp; Tudor enthusiasts know that
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0521406773%2fqid%3d1096481812%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      Warnicke's&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn&lt;/i&gt; questioned many of 
+      Ives's conclusions.&lt;p&gt;I should stress that this is a &lt;i&gt;new&lt;/i&gt; biography, 
+      not simply a new edition of the 1988 work.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;I'm still working on the Reviews section; please check back soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;20 September 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The Henry VIII miniseries starring Ray Winstone is &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2fB0002KPIR8%2fqid%3d1092239900%2fsr%3d1-4%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f4%2f102-1488722-9759359%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3ddvd&quot;&gt;being
+      &lt;/a&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2fB0002KPIR8%2fqid%3d1092239900%2fsr%3d1-4%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f4%2f102-1488722-9759359%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3ddvd&quot;&gt;
+released on Region 1 dvd&lt;/a&gt; on 16 November for US viewers. &lt;br&gt;
+However, it will appear on PBS as a two-part 'Masterpiece Theatre'
+presentation before its DVD release, on 7 November and 14
+November.&amp;nbsp; Click here to visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.pbs.org%2fpreviews%2fhenryVIII&quot;&gt;the PBS Previews page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;img
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8miniseries.jpg&quot; title=&quot;&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Henry VIII dvd&quot; style=&quot;width: 105px; height: 150px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Henry's
+38-year reign saw England transformed from a sleepy backwater of
+jousting tournaments and Catholic piety to a nation torn by religious
+and political strife - all because the king wanted a male heir.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;small&gt;
+      &lt;/small&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;He was a very troubled man,&quot; observes Winstone, who in
+the course of the film ages from the young athletic king to the burly
+icon familiar from Hans Holbein paintings. &quot;This is a man who allowed
+two of his wives - women he loved passionately - to be murdered. At the
+same time, he wrote beautiful love letters, understood science and, to
+a certain extent, was a great ambassador. He was an intelligent,
+gentle, romantic man who lost his way when it came to love.&quot;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/div&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;July 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+According to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.gallifreyone.com%2fnewstv.php&quot;&gt;Outpost
+Gallifrey&lt;/a&gt;, the new &lt;b&gt;Doctor Who&lt;/b&gt; series will feature &lt;b&gt;an
+appearance by Henry VIII&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;An article in the
+June 29 Daily Star says that the new Doctor Who series &quot;will feature
+historic figures including Shakespeare, Henry VIII and Einstein - who
+are locked up together inside a Big Brother-style house. Famous
+housemates will face eviction and death from aliens when the classic
+sci-fi show comes back to our screens next year. The new series, which
+stars Christopher Eccleston as Dr Who, is aiming to win over a whole
+new generation of young followers of the Tardis timelord. Christopher
+said: 'We can parallel things with science fiction and address what's
+going on around us to a certain extent for young people without being
+pompous.' In one of the planned episodes of the hotly-awaited series,
+some of the world's most famous figures from the past are kidnapped
+from their time zones by aliens. They are put in a Big Bruvstyle house
+for extraterrestrial television entertainment.&quot;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; (Thanks
+to Paul Engelberg)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The Ninth Doctor is
+being played by Christopher Eccleston, who played the duke of Norfolk
+in 1998's &lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Yes, these are tenuous Tudor links
+but I'm a Doctor Who fan as well.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr style=&quot;width: 100%; height: 2px;&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Thanks to the
+Barbie collector who emailed me the link to
+        &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.barbiecollector.com%2fshowcase%2fproduct.asp%3ftype%3d%26amp;subtype%3d%26amp;product%5fid%3d1003486&quot;&gt;the
+'World of Royalty: Queen Elizabeth I' doll&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; For those of you
+who missed the 1995 Elizabeth doll, mark September in your
+calendars.&amp;nbsp; And start saving - the doll will probably retail at
+$250.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;
+sequel in the works?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;(Source: &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.comingsoon.net%2fnews.php%3fid%3d4977&quot;&gt;http://www.comingsoon.net/news.php?id=4977&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Aussie's &lt;i&gt;The
+Daily Telegraph&lt;/i&gt; spoke to &lt;b&gt;
+Elizabeth&lt;/b&gt; director Shekhar Kapur who says that he is working on a
+sequel to the 1998 Cate Blanchett drama.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+Blanchett is expected to take the throne again and star in the epic -
+based on Queen Elizabeth I - which has the working title of &lt;b&gt;Golden
+Age&lt;/b&gt;. &quot;It is about the battle between her life as a monarch and her
+personal life,&quot; Kapur said. &quot;It ends in the destruction of the Spanish
+Armada on the larger level.&quot;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+The Indian-born Kapur said the script, which Michael Hirst is working
+on, would be ready in six months. &quot;And then it depends on Cate's
+schedule and my schedule as to when we start shooting.&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+More links:&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.imdb.com%2ftitle%2ftt0127536%2fnews&quot;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0127536/news&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fin.news.yahoo.com%2f040604%2f139%2f2dhbb.html&quot;&gt;http://in.news.yahoo.com/040604/139/2dhbb.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;EARLIER NEWS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/r3.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Richard III&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;107&quot; height=&quot;150&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;The Criterion Collection (which
+has collected quite a bit of my money over the years) has just released
+Laurence Olivier's
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fcriterionco.com%2fasp%2frelease.asp%3fid%3d213&quot;&gt;1955
+version of &lt;i&gt;
+Richard III&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; This was the third Shakespeare play which
+Olivier both directed and starred in (after &lt;i&gt;Henry V &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;Hamlet&lt;/i&gt;)
+and remains the definitive film treatment of &lt;i&gt;Richard III&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+Olivier's work is incredible, - he is the physical embodiment of
+villainy, plotting with gleeful malevolence one moment and inspiring
+our pity the next.&amp;nbsp; And if anyone is wondering why this is
+included at the &lt;i&gt;Tudor&lt;/i&gt; Media News page, well - the future Henry
+VII does make an appearance and the Battle of Bosworth Field marks both
+the end of Richard's life and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty.&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;i&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/dunnbook.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Jane Dunn biography&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth
+and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens&lt;/i&gt; by Jane Dunn was recently
+released.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; I am still working on the new and improved Reviews
+section, but here is a quick review - a worthwhile addition to your
+Tudor library.&amp;nbsp; I've read enough about both women to wonder if I
+would learn anything from this book, but I was pleasantly
+surprised.&amp;nbsp; A liberal use of primary sources plus a lovely
+selection of portraits - and the book jacket and boards are beautifully
+designed.&amp;nbsp; As competition for Alison Plowden's &lt;i&gt;Two Queens in
+One Isle&lt;/i&gt;, this book is the better choice.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/guyscots.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ alt=&quot;John Guy biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;151&quot;&gt;At last!&amp;nbsp;
+Finally, another major biography of Mary Stuart has been
+released.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart&lt;/i&gt; is by
+noted Tudor historian John Guy&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Antonia Fraser's biography
+was serviceable but my own casual research revealed large gaps in her
+use of primary sources.&amp;nbsp; I always wondered - when would another
+historian focus on Mary's tumultuous life?&amp;nbsp; I should note that the
+UK version of this work is entitled &lt;i&gt;My Heart is My Own: The Life of
+Mary Queen of Scots&lt;/i&gt; and the jacket features the Clouet sketch of an
+adolescent Mary.&amp;nbsp; The American edition, shown above, has the 'hat'
+portrait &lt;i&gt;minus&lt;/i&gt; the hat!&amp;nbsp; As an admirer of
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqos1565.jpg&quot;&gt;the hat&lt;/a&gt;
+and its fluffy feather, I'm rather disappointed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynbook.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ width=&quot;70&quot; height=&quot;108&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/i&gt; by Joanna Denny
+will be published in April 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-4110626-7673264&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;In comparison with the
+two existing major biographies of Anne (by Carrolly Erickson and Retha
+Warnicke), this one is the most successful 'popular' biography.&amp;nbsp;
+And no, I don't mean 'popular' as a slur; far from it.&amp;nbsp; I'll post
+my review at the new Reviews section when I've finished.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Folger Shakespeare 
+        Library has finished its nine-year restoration of the Trevelyon 
+        Miscellany.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It's now the focus of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.folger.edu%2fpublic%2fexhibit%2fTrevelyon%2fintro.asp&quot;&gt;an excellent 
+        exhibit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;News
+prior to summer 2004 has been deleted.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Share your Tudor news!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082642&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082642&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0a6f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0a6f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0a6f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4421</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor Relatives: Mary, queen of Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor, Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Mary, queen of Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor, Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Relatives: Mary, queen of Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor, Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0a6f29d92adaa2aa1a344a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0a6f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">relative2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryrelatives.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;IMG 
+height=54 alt=&quot;Tudor Relatives&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/relative2.gif&quot; width=313&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;The Tudor relatives profiled here 
+      are among the most fascinating figures in English history.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      tragic histories of Lady Jane Grey and Mary, queen of Scots, the tangled 
+      love lives of Henry VIII's sisters, and the neglected tale of Lady 
+      Catherine Grey bring Tudor England to vivid life.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Follow the links on this page to learn more about the Tudor relatives.&amp;nbsp; 
+      You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt; includes contemporary 
+      chronicles and letters.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryrelatives.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Mary, queen of Scots, 1558, in celebration of her first marriage&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; height=&quot;326&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;the above portrait is of Mary, 
+      queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+  Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Catholic heir to Elizabeth 
+      I's throne&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+  Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The 'Nine Days Queen'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+  Princess Mary Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;queen of France 
+  and duchess of Suffolk&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+  Princess Margaret Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;queen of 
+  Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Catherine 
+  Grey&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; sister of the tragic Jane Grey&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082529&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082529&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH104f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH104f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH104f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3377</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Email</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH104f029cc724a2045384df</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215265</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH104f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newtudoremail.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn3sepia.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;7%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;84%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newtudoremail.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Email&quot; width=&quot;283&quot; height=&quot;137&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;9%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;7%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;84%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;9%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;7%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;84%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn3sepia.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sepia-tinged sketch of Anne Boleyn (possibly) by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;216&quot; height=&quot;382&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt; If you have Tudor-related questions&lt;/b&gt;, please visit
+the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England
+FAQ&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It's a detailed list of questions and answers, including
+a brief history of Tudor England, why Mary I isn't the same person as
+Mary, queen of Scots, a discussion of the Reformation, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;If you wish to comment upon the site - 
+      tell me Tudor-related news - exchange links - ask a question not included 
+      at the FAQ, etc, you have two options -
+      &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net?subject=Tudor England website&quot;&gt;
+      click here to send me email&lt;/a&gt; or
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2fguestbook%2faddentry.php&quot;&gt;sign the 
+      Guestbook&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;If you are a student using this
+website for research / writing, please visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats%2fstudentsqa.html&quot;&gt;Information for
+Students&lt;/a&gt; page at my John Keats site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Two more things....&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Any additions to the site are listed at
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnews.html&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;As of 2004,  due to its surprising 
+      popularity, &lt;i&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/i&gt; has
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;its own website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Thanks for visiting,&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;9%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082550&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082550&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH18cc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH18cc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH18cc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">37699</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter III</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH18cc002ed30f680db951c3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215264</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH18cc.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER III&lt;br&gt;FOREIGN RELATIONS: 1559-1563&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE successful wars waged by Edward III and Henry V are 
+    apt to cause an exaggerated estimate of the strength of England under the 
+    Tudors. The population--Wales included--was probably not much more than four 
+    millions. That of France was perhaps four times as large, and the 
+    superiority in wealth was even greater. Before the reign of Louis XI., 
+    France, weakened by feudal disunion, had been an easy prey to her smaller 
+    but better-organised neighbour. The work of concentration effected by the 
+    greatest of French kings towards the close of the fifteenth century, and the 
+    simultaneous rise of the great Spanish empire, caused England to fall at 
+    once into the rank of a second-rate power. Such she really was under Henry 
+    VIII., notwithstanding the rather showy figure he managed to make by 
+    adhering alternately to Charles v. and Francis I. Under the bad government 
+    of Edward and Mary the fighting strength of England declined not only 
+    relatively, but absolutely, until in the last year of Mary it touched the 
+    lowest point in our history. Although we were at war with France, there were 
+    no soldiers, no officers, no arms, no fortresses that could resist 
+    artillery, few ships, a heavy debt, and deep discouragement. The loss of 
+    Calais, which had been held for 200 years, was the simple and natural 
+    consequence of this prostration. Justice will not be done to the great 
+    recovery under Elizabeth unless we understand how low the country had sunk 
+    when she came to the throne. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;During the early years of her reign, it was the universal 
+    opinion at home and abroad that without Spanish protection she could not 
+    preserve her throne against a French invasion in the interests of Mary 
+    Stuart. Henry II. meant that, by the marriage of the Dauphin Francis with 
+    Mary, the kingdoms of England and Scotland should be united to one another 
+    and eventually to France. Philip would thus lose the command of the sea 
+    route to the Netherlands, and the hereditary duel with the House of Austria 
+    would be decided. This scheme could not seem fantastic in a century which 
+    had seen such immense agglomerations of territory effected by political 
+    marriages. Philip, on the other hand, made sure that the danger from France 
+    must necessarily throw Elizabeth and England into his arms. Notwithstanding 
+    the warnings he received from his ambassador Feria that Elizabeth was a 
+    heretic, he felt certain that she would not venture to alter religion at the 
+    risk of offending him. The only question with him was whether he should 
+    marry her himself or bestow her on some sure friend of his house. That she 
+    would refuse both himself and his nominee was a contingency he never 
+    contemplated. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth, from the first, made up her mind that the cards 
+    in her hand could be played to more advantage than Philip supposed. England, 
+    no doubt, needed his protection for the present. But could he please himself 
+    about granting it? Her bold calculation was that his own interests would 
+    compel him, in any case, to prevent the execution of the Stuart-Valois 
+    scheme, and that consequently she might settle religion without reference to 
+    his wishes. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The offer of marriage came in January 1559. In his letter to 
+    Feria, Philip spoke as if Elizabeth would of course jump at it. After 
+    dwelling on its many inconveniences, he said he had decided to make the 
+    sacrifice on condition that Elizabeth would uphold the Catholic religion; 
+    but she must not expect him to remain long with her; he would visit England 
+    occasionally. Feria foolishly allowed this letter to be seen, and the 
+    contents were reported to Elizabeth. She was as much amused as piqued. Their 
+    ages were not unsuitable. Philip was thirty-two, and Elizabeth was 
+    twenty-five. But she was as fastidious about men as her father was about 
+    women; and for no political consideration would she have tied herself to her 
+    ugly, disagreeable, little brother-in-law. After some fencing, she replied 
+    that she did not mean to marry, and that she was not afraid of France. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Before the death of Mary, negotiations for a peace between 
+    France, Spain, and England had already begun. Calais was almost the only 
+    difficulty remaining to be settled. Our countrymen have never been able &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;to understand how their possession of a fortress within the 
+    natural boundaries of another country can be disagreeable to its 
+    inhabitants. Elizabeth shared the national feeling, and she wanted Philip to 
+    insist on the restitution of Calais. He would have done so if she had 
+    pleased him as to other matters. Even as it was, the presence of a French 
+    garrison in Calais was so inconvenient to the master of the Netherlands that 
+    he was ready to fight on if England would do her part. But Elizabeth would 
+    only promise to fight Scotland--a very indirect and, indeed, useless way of 
+    supporting Philip. When once this point was made clear, peace was soon 
+    concluded between the three powers at CÃ¢teau, near Cambray (March 1559); 
+    appearances being saved by a stipulation that Calais should be restored in 
+    eight years, or half a million of crowns be forfeited. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In thus giving way Elizabeth showed her good sense. To have 
+    fought on would have meant deeper debt, terrible exhaustion, and, what was 
+    worse, dependence on Philip. Moreover, Calais could only have been recovered 
+    by reducing France to helplessness, which would have been fatal to the 
+    balance of power on which Elizabeth relied to make herself independent of 
+    both her great neighbours. The peace of CÃ¢teau Cambresis was attended with a 
+    secret compact between Philip II. and Henry II., that each monarch should 
+    suppress heresy in his own dominions and not encourage it in those of his 
+    neighbour. By the accession of Elizabeth, and the Scotch Reformation which 
+    immediately followed, Protestantism reached its highwater mark in Europe. 
+    The long wars of Charles V with France had enabled it to spread. Francis I. 
+    had intrigued with the Protestant princes of the Empire, and Charles had 
+    been obliged to humour them. Protestantism was victorious in Britain, 
+    Scandinavia, North Germany, the Palatinate, and Swabia. It had spread widely 
+    in Poland, Hungary, the Netherlands, and France. This rapid growth was now 
+    about to be checked. In some of these countries the new religion was 
+    destined to succumb; in some entirely to disappear. Men who could remember 
+    the first preachings of Luther lived to see not only the high-water, but the 
+    ebb, of the Protestant tide. The revolutionary tendencies inherent in 
+    Protestantism began to alarm the sovereigns; and all the more because the 
+    Church in Catholic, hardly less than in Protestant, countries was becoming a 
+    department of the State. Kings had been jealous of the spiritual power when 
+    it belonged to the Popes. They became jealous for it when it was annexed to 
+    the throne. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Notwithstanding its secret stipulations, the peace of CÃ¢teau 
+    Cambresis relieved England from the most pressing and immediate perils by 
+    which she was threatened. Neither French nor Spanish troops had made their 
+    appearance on our soil. A breathing-time at least had been gained, during 
+    which something might be done towards putting the country in a state of 
+    defence, and restoring the finances. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;But the danger from France was by no means at an end. In the 
+    treaty with England, the title of Elizabeth had been acknowledged. But in 
+    that with Spain, the Dauphin had styled himself &amp;quot;King of Scotland, England, 
+    and Ireland.&amp;quot; He and Mary had also assumed the English arms. If a French 
+    army invaded England, it would come by way of Scotland. The English 
+    Catholics, who had for the most part frankly accepted the succession of 
+    Elizabeth, were disappointed and irritated by the change of religion. If 
+    Mary should go to Scotland with a French force, it was to be apprehended 
+    that a rebellion would immediately break out in the northern counties. 
+    Philip, no doubt, would land in the south to drive out the Dauphiness. But 
+    the remedy would be worse than the disease. For he was deeply discontented 
+    with the conduct of Elizabeth, and would probably take the opportunity of 
+    deposing her. To establish, therefore, her independence of both her powerful 
+    neighbours, Elizabeth had to begin by destroying French influence in 
+    Scotland. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The wisest heads in Scotland had long seen the advantage of 
+    uniting their country to England by marriage. The blundering and bullying 
+    policy of the Protector Somerset had driven the Scotch to renew their 
+    ancient alliance with France. But the attempts of the Regent Mary of Guise 
+    to increase French influence, and to establish a small standing army, in 
+    order at once to strengthen her authority, and to serve the designs of Henry 
+    II. against England, had again made the French connection unpopular, and 
+    caused a corresponding revival of friendly feeling towards England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nowhere was the Church so wealthy, relatively to the other 
+    estates, as in Scotland. It was supposed to possess half the property of the 
+    country. Nowhere were the clergy so immoral. Nowhere was superstition so 
+    gross. But the doctrines of the Reformation were spreading among the common 
+    people, and in 1557 some of the nobles, hungering for the wealth of the 
+    Church, put themselves at the head of the Protestant movement. They were 
+    known as the &amp;quot;Lords of the Congregation.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Scotch Reformation began not from the Government, as in 
+    England, but from the people. Hence, while change of supremacy was the main 
+    question in England, change of doctrine and worship took the lead in 
+    Scotland. The two parties were about equal in numbers, the Protestants being 
+    strongest in the Lowlands. But, with the exception of the murder of Beaton 
+    in 1546, there had, as yet, been no appeal to force, nor any attempt to 
+    procure a public change of religion. The accession of Elizabeth emboldened 
+    the Protestants. At Perth they took possession of the churches and burnt a 
+    monastery. On the other hand, after the peace of CÃ¢teau Cambresis, Henry II. 
+    directed the Regent to put down Protestantism, both in pursuance of the 
+    agreement with Philip, and in order to prepare for the Franco-Scottish 
+    invasion of England. The result was that the Protestants rose in open 
+    rebellion (June 1559). The Lords of the Congregation occupied Perth, 
+    Stirling, and Edinburgh. All over the Lowlands abbeys were wrecked, monks 
+    harried, churches cleared of images, the Mass abolished, and King Edward's 
+    service established in its place. In England the various changes of religion 
+    in the last thirty years had always been effected legally by King and 
+    Parliament. In Scotland the Catholic Church was overthrown by a simultaneous 
+    popular outbreak. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The catastrophe came later than in England; but popular 
+    feeling was more prepared for it; and what was now cast down was never set 
+    up again. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It seemed at first as if the Regent and her handful of 
+    regular troops, commanded by d'Oysel, would be swept away. But d'Oysel had 
+    fortified Leith, and was even able to take the field. A French army was 
+    expected. The tumultuary forces of the needy Scotch nobles could not be kept 
+    together long, and it became clear that, unless supported by Elizabeth, the 
+    rebellion would be crushed as soon as the French reinforcements should 
+    arrive, if not sooner. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus early did Elizabeth find herself confronted by the 
+    Scottish difficulty, which was to cause her so much anxiety throughout the 
+    greater part of her reign. The problem, though varying in minor details, was 
+    always essentially the same. There was a Protestant faction looking for 
+    support to England, and a Catholic faction looking to France. Two or three 
+    of the Protestant leaders--Moray, Glencairn, Kirkaldy--did really care 
+    something about a religious reformation. The rest thought more of getting 
+    hold of Church lands and pursuing old family feuds. In the experience of 
+    Elizabeth, they were a needy, greedy, treacherous crew, always sponging on 
+    her treasury, and giving her very little service in return for her money. 
+    Besides, the whole Scotch nation was so touchy in its patriotism, so jealous 
+    of foreign interference, that foreign soldiers present on its soil were sure 
+    to be regarded with an evil eye, no matter for what purpose they had come, 
+    or by whom they had been invited. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Lords of the Congregation invoked the protection of 
+    Elizabeth. They suggested that she should marry the Earl of Arran, and that 
+    he and she should be King and Queen of Great Britain. Arran was the eldest 
+    son of the Duke of Chatelherault, who, Mary being as yet childless, was 
+    heir-presumptive to the Scottish crown. There were many reasons why 
+    Elizabeth should decline interference. It was throwing down the glove to 
+    France. Interference in Scotland had always been disastrous. It might drive 
+    the English Catholics to despair, as cutting off the hope of Mary's 
+    succession to the English crown. To make a Protestant match would irritate 
+    Philip. He might invade England to forestall the French. Almost all her 
+    Council--even Bacon--advised her to leave Scotland alone, marry the Archduke 
+    Charles, and trust to the Spanish alliance for the defence of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;These were serious considerations; and to them was to be 
+    joined another which with Elizabeth always had great weight--more, 
+    naturally, than it had with any of her advisers. She shrank from doing 
+    anything which might have the practical effect of weakening the common cause 
+    of monarchs. She felt instinctively that with Protestants reverence for the 
+    religious basis of kingship must tend to become weaker than with Catholics. 
+    She did not desire to encourage this tendency or to familiarise her own 
+    subjects with it. Knox &lt;i&gt;First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous 
+    Regimen of Women&lt;/i&gt; had been directed against Mary. The Blasts that were to 
+    follow had been dropped; but the first could not be treated as unblown. And 
+    the arrogant preacher did not mend matters by writing to Elizabeth that she 
+    was to consider her case as an exception &amp;quot;contrary to nature,&amp;quot; allowed by 
+    God &amp;quot;for the comfort of His kirk,&amp;quot; but that if she based her title on her 
+    birth or on law, &amp;quot;her felicity would be short.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nevertheless Elizabeth adopted the bolder course. The Lords 
+    of the Congregation were assured that England would not see them crushed by 
+    French arms. A small supply of money was sent to them. As to the marriage 
+    with Arran, no positive answer was given; but he was sent for to be looked 
+    at. When he came, he was found to be even a poorer creature than his father; 
+    at times, indeed, not quite right in his mind. It was hard upon the 
+    Hamiltons, among whom were so many able and daring men, that, with the crown 
+    almost in their grasp, their chiefs should be such incapables. To Elizabeth 
+    it was no doubt a relief to find that Arran was an impossible husband. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the meantime 2000 French had arrived, and the Lords were 
+    urgent in their demands for help. But Elizabeth determined, and rightly, 
+    that they must do their own work if they could. She was willing to give them 
+    such pecuniary help as was necessary. But the demand for troops was 
+    unreasonable. Fighting men abounded in Scotland. Why should English troops 
+    be sent to do their fighting for them, with the certainty of earning black 
+    looks rather than thanks? If a large army was despatched from France, she 
+    would attack it with her fleet. If it landed, she would send an English 
+    army. But if the Lords of the Congregation did not beat the handful of 
+    Frenchmen at Leith it must be because they were either weak or treacherous. 
+    In either case Elizabeth might have to give up the policy she preferred, 
+    leave Scotland alone, and fall back upon an alliance with Philip. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In order therefore to preserve this second string to her 
+    bow, and to let the Scotch Anglophiles see that she possessed it, she 
+    reopened negotiations for the Austrian marriage. Charles, in his turn, was 
+    invited to come and be looked at. Much as she disliked the idea of marriage, 
+    she knew that political reasons might make it necessary. But, come what 
+    would, she would never marry a man who was not to her fancy as a man. She 
+    would take no one on the strength of his picture. She had heard that Charles 
+    was not overwise, and that he had an extraordinarily big head, &amp;quot;bigger than 
+    the Earl of Bedford's.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Scotch Lords, finding that Elizabeth was determined to 
+    have some solid return for her money, went to work with more vigour. They 
+    proclaimed the deposition of the Regent, drove her from Edinburgh, and 
+    besieged her and her French garrison in Leith. But this burst of energy was 
+    soon over. The Protestants were more ready to pull down images and harry 
+    monks than make campaigns. Leith was not to be taken. In three weeks their 
+    army dwindled away, and the little disciplined force of Frenchmen re-entered 
+    Edinburgh. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The position had become very critical for Elizabeth. A 
+    French army of 15,000 men was daily expected at Leith. If once it landed, 
+    the Congregation would be crushed; the Hamiltons would make their peace; and 
+    the disciplined army of d'ElbÅuf, swelled by hordes of hungry Scotchmen, 
+    would pour over the Border, and proclaim Mary in the midst of the Catholic 
+    population which ten years later rose in rebellion under the northern Earls.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In this difficulty the Spanish Ministers in the Netherlands 
+    were consulted. If Elizabeth expelled the garrison at Leith, and so brought 
+    upon herself a war with France, could she depend on Philip's assistance? The 
+    reply was menacing. Their master, for his own interest, could not allow the 
+    Queen of France and Scotland to enforce her title to the throne of England. 
+    But he would oppose it in his own way. If a French army entered England from 
+    the north, a Spanish army would land on the south coast. Turning to her own 
+    Council for advice, Elizabeth found no encouragement. They recommended her 
+    to take Philip's advice, and even to retrace some of her steps in the matter 
+    of religion in order to propitiate him. She made a personal appeal to the 
+    Duke of Norfolk to take the command of the forces on the Border. But he 
+    declined to be the instrument of a policy which he disapproved. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We need not wonder if Elizabeth hesitated for a while. Some 
+    of these councillors were not too well affected to her. But most of them 
+    were thoroughly loyal, and there was really much to be said for the more 
+    cautious policy. She herself was an eminently cautious politician, inclined 
+    by nature to shrink from risky courses. Never, therefore, in her whole 
+    career did she give greater proof of her large-minded comprehension of the 
+    main lines of policy which it behoved her to follow than when she determined 
+    to override the opinions of so many prudent advisers, and expel the French 
+    force from the northern kingdom. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;England was not quite in the helpless, disabled position 
+    that it pleased the Spaniards to believe. Twelve months of careful and 
+    energetic administration had already done wonders. There had been wise 
+    economy and wise expenditure. Money had been scraped together, and, though 
+    there was still a heavy debt, the legacy of three wasteful reigns, the 
+    confidence of the Antwerp money-lenders had revived, and they were willing 
+    to advance considerable sums. A fleet had been equipped and manned; 
+    shiploads of arms had been imported; forces had been collected on the south 
+    coasts. The Border garrisons had been quietly raised in strength till they 
+    were able to furnish an expeditionary force at a moment's notice. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The smallest energy on the part of the Congregation might 
+    have finished the war without the presence of an English force. Elizabeth 
+    had a right to be angry. The Scotch Protestants expected to have the hardest 
+    part of the work done for them, and to be paid for executing their own share 
+    of it. Lord James and a few of the leaders were in earnest, but others were 
+    selfish time-servers. As for the lower class, their Calvinism was still new. 
+    It had not yet bred that fierce spirit of independence which before long was 
+    to outweigh the force of nobles and gentry. But if the weakness of the 
+    Anglophile party was disappointing, it had at all events shown that 
+    Elizabeth must depend upon herself to ward off danger on that side; and 
+    after some reasonable hesitation she decided to put through the work she had 
+    begun. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It says much for the patriotism of Elizabeth's Council that 
+    when they found she had made up her mind they did not stand sulkily aloof, 
+    but co-operated heartily and vigorously in carrying out the policy they had 
+    opposed. Norfolk himself accepted the command of the Border army, and acted 
+    throughout the affair with fidelity and diligence. He was not a man 
+    distinguished by ability of any kind, and the actual fighting was to be done 
+    by Lord Grey, a firm and experienced, though not brilliant, commander. But 
+    that the natural leader of the Conservative nobility should be seen at the 
+    head of Elizabeth's army was a useful lesson to traitors at home and enemies 
+    abroad, who were telling each other that her throne was insecure. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;An agreement between the English Queen and the Lords of the 
+    Congregation was drawn up (27 February), with scrupulous care to avoid the 
+    appearance of dictation and encroachment which had gathered all Scotland to 
+    Pinkie Cleugh eleven years before. It set forth that the English troops were 
+    entering Scotland for no other object than to assist the Duke of 
+    Chatelherault, the heir-presumptive to the throne, and the other nobles, to 
+    drive out the foreign invaders. They would build no fortress. There was no 
+    intention to prejudice Mary's lawful authority. Cecil appears to have wanted 
+    to add something about &amp;quot;Christ's true religion;&amp;quot; but Elizabeth struck it 
+    out. Circumstances might compel her to be the protector of foreign 
+    Protestants; but neither then nor at any other time did she desire to pose 
+    in that character. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;A month later (28 March) Lord Grey crossed the Border, and 
+    marched to Leith. The siege of that place proved to be tedious. The Lords of 
+    the Congregation gave very insufficient assistance; and, when an assault had 
+    been repulsed with heavy loss, the citizens of Edinburgh would not receive 
+    the wounded into their houses. At last, when food was running short in the 
+    town, an envoy from France arrived with power to treat on behalf of the 
+    Queen of Scots. Her mother, the Regent, had died during the siege. After 
+    much haggling a treaty was signed. No French troops were in future to be 
+    kept in Scotland. Offices of State were to be held only by natives. The 
+    government during Mary's absence was to be vested in a Council of twelve 
+    noblemen; seven nominated by her and five by the Estates. Elizabeth's title 
+    to the kingdoms of England and Ireland was recognised (July 1560). &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such was the Treaty of Edinburgh, or of Leith, as it is 
+    sometimes called, one of the most successful achievements of a successful 
+    reign. It was gained by wise counsel and bold resolve; and its fruits, 
+    though not completely fulfilling its promise, were solid and valuable. It 
+    was not ratified by Mary. But her nonratification in the long-run injured no 
+    one but herself, besides putting her in the wrong, and giving Elizabeth a 
+    standing excuse for treating her as an enemy. England was permanently free 
+    from the menace of a disciplined French army in the northern kingdom. 
+    Nothing was settled in the treaty about religion. But this was equivalent to 
+    a confirmation of the violent change that had recently taken place; in 
+    itself a guarantee of security to England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The moral effect of this success was even greater than its 
+    more tangible results. It had been very generally believed, at all events 
+    abroad, that Elizabeth was tottering on her throne; that the large majority 
+    were on the point of rising to depose her; that, wriggle as she might, she 
+    would find she was a mere &lt;i&gt;protÃ©gÃ©e&lt;/i&gt; of Philip, with no option but to 
+    follow his directions and square her policy to his. Whatever small basis of 
+    fact underlay this delusive estimate had been ridiculously exaggerated in 
+    the reports sent to Philip by his ambassador De Quadra, a man who evidently 
+    paid more attention to hole-and-corner tattle than to the broad forces of 
+    English politics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;All these imaginings were now proved to be vain. Elizabeth 
+    had shown that she could protect herself by her own strength and in her own 
+    way. She had civilly ignored Philip's advice, or rather his injunctions. She 
+    had thrown down the glove to France, and France had not taken it up. She had 
+    placed in command of her armies the very man whom she was supposed to fear, 
+    and he had done her bidding, and done it well. England once more stood 
+    before Europe as an independent power, able to take care of itself, aid its 
+    friends, and annoy its enemies. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is true that, as far as Elizabeth personally is 
+    concerned, her Scotch policy had not always in its execution been as prompt 
+    and firm as could be desired. Those who follow it in greater detail than is 
+    possible here will find much in it that is irresolute and even vacillating. 
+    This defect appears throughout Elizabeth's career, though it will always be 
+    ignored, as it ought to be ignored, by those who reserve their attention for 
+    what is worth observing in the course of human affairs. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In her intellectual grasp of European politics as a whole, 
+    and of the interests of her own kingdom, Elizabeth was probably superior to 
+    any of her counsellors.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;No one could better than she think out the general idea of a 
+    political campaign. But theoretical and practical qualifications are seldom, 
+    if ever, combined in equal excellence. Not only are the qualities themselves 
+    naturally opposed, but the constant exercise of either increases the 
+    disparity. Her sex obliged Elizabeth to leave the large field of execution 
+    to others. Her practical gifts therefore, whatever they were, deteriorated 
+    rather than advanced as she grew older. In men, who every day and every hour 
+    of the day are engaged in action, the habit of prompt decision and 
+    persistence in a course once adopted, even if it be not quite the best, is 
+    naturally formed and strengthened. It is a habit so valuable, so 
+    indispensable to continued success, that in practice it largely compensates 
+    for some inferiority in conception and design. Elizabeth's irresolution and 
+    vacillation were therefore a consequence of her position--that of an 
+    extremely able and well-informed woman called upon to conduct a government 
+    in which so much had to be decided by the sovereign at her own discretion. 
+    The abler she was, the more disposed to make her will felt, the less 
+    steadiness and consistency in action were to be expected from her. As the 
+    wife of a king, upon whom the final responsibility would have rested--her 
+    inferior perhaps in intellect and knowledge, but with the masculine habit of 
+    making up his mind once for all, and then steering a straight course--she 
+    would have been a wise and enlightened adviser, not afraid of consistently 
+    maintaining principles, when the time, mode, and degree of their application 
+    rested with another. As it was, Cecil and other able statesmen who served 
+    her No one could better than she think out the general idea of a political 
+    campaign. But theoretical and practical qualifications are seldom, if ever, 
+    combined in equal excellence. Not only are the qualities themselves 
+    naturally opposed, but the constant exercise of either increases the 
+    disparity. Her sex obliged Elizabeth to leave the large field of execution 
+    to others. Her practical gifts therefore, whatever they were, deteriorated 
+    rather than advanced as she grew older. In men, who every day and every hour 
+    of the day are engaged in action, the habit of prompt decision and 
+    persistence in a course once adopted, even if it be not quite the best, is 
+    naturally formed and strengthened. It is a habit so valuable, so 
+    indispensable to continued success, that in practice it largely compensates 
+    for some inferiority in conception and design. Elizabeth's irresolution and 
+    vacillation were therefore a consequence of her position--that of an 
+    extremely able and well-informed woman called upon to conduct a government 
+    in which so much had to be decided by the sovereign at her own discretion. 
+    The abler she was, the more disposed to make her will felt, the less 
+    steadiness and consistency in action were to be expected from her. As the 
+    wife of a king, upon whom the final responsibility would have rested--her 
+    inferior perhaps in intellect and knowledge, but with the masculine habit of 
+    making up his mind once for all, and then steering a straight course--she 
+    would have been a wise and enlightened adviser, not afraid of consistently 
+    maintaining principles, when the time, mode, and degree of their application 
+    rested with another. As it was, Cecil and other able statesmen who served 
+    her against the heretics of all countries. To this appeal he replied by 
+    formally summoning Catherine to put down heresy in France. An accidential 
+    collision at Vassy, in which a number of Huguenots were slain, brought on 
+    the first of those wars of religion which were to desolate France for the 
+    next thirty years (March 1562). Both factions, equally dead to patriotism, 
+    opened their country to foreigners. The Guises called in the forces of Spain 
+    and the Pope. CondÃ© applied to Elizabeth and the Protestant princes of 
+    Germany. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was necessary to give the Huguenots just so much help as 
+    would prevent them from being crushed. Aggressive in appearance, such 
+    interference was in reality legitimate self-defence. But unfortunately 
+    neither Elizabeth nor her Council had forgotten Calais, and they extorted 
+    from CondÃ© the surrender of Havre as a pledge for its restoration. In the 
+    case of Scotland they had come, as we have seen, to recognise that to 
+    establish a permanent raw by holding fortified posts on the territory of 
+    another nation is poor statesmanship. The possession of Calais was of little 
+    military value as against France. It is true that it would enable England to 
+    make sea communication between Spain and the Netherlands very insecure, and 
+    would thus give Philip a powerful motive for desiring to stand well with 
+    this country. But such a calculation had less weight with Englishmen at that 
+    moment than pure Jingoism--the longing to be again able to crow over their 
+    French enemy. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The occupation of Havre (October 1562) gave to the Huguenot 
+    cause the minimum of assistance, and brought upon it the maximum of odium. A 
+    hollow reconciliation was soon patched up between the rival factions (March 
+    1563), and Elizabeth was summoned to evacuate Havre. She refused, loudly 
+    complaining of the Huguenots for deserting her. She &amp;quot;had come to the quiet 
+    possession of Havre without force or any other unlawful means, and she had 
+    good reason to keep it.&amp;quot; Up to this time the fiction of peace between the 
+    two nations had been maintained. It was now open war. It is only fair to 
+    Elizabeth to say that all her Council and the whole nation were even hotter 
+    than she was. The garrison of Havre, with their commander Warwick, were 
+    eager for the fray. They would &amp;quot;make the French cock cry Cuck,&amp;quot; they would 
+    &amp;quot;spend the last drop of their blood before the French should fasten a foot 
+    in the town.&amp;quot; The inhabitants were all expelled, and the siege began, CondÃ© 
+    as well as the Catholics appearing in the Queen-mother's army. After a 
+    valiant defence the English, reduced to a handful of men by typhus, sailed 
+    away (28 July 1563). Peace was concluded early in the next year (April 
+    1564). Elizabeth did not repeat her mistake. Thenceforward to the end of her 
+    reign we shall find her carefully cultivating friendly relations with every 
+    ruler of France. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfour.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    IV: Elizabeth and Mary Stuart: 1559-1568&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082622&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082622&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH1a07.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH1a07.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH1a07.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">17008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1a0746c297f32e02b8bc63</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1a07.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER THREE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Anxiety of the Pope to satisfy the King -- 
+      Fears of the Emperor -Proposed alternatives -- France and England declare 
+      war in the Pope's defence -- Campeggio to be sent to England -- The King's 
+      account of the Pope's conduct -- The Pope's distress and alarm -The secret 
+      decretal -- Instructions to Campeggio. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE story returns to Orvieto. The dispensation was promised 
+    on condition that it should not be immediately acted on. Catherine having 
+    refused to acquiesce in a private arrangement, Wolsey again pressed the Pope 
+    for a commission to decide the cause in England, and to bind himself at the 
+    same time not to revoke it, but to confirm any judgment which he might 
+    himself give. &amp;quot;There were secret causes,&amp;quot; he said, &amp;quot;which could not be 
+    committed to writing which made such a concession imperative: certain 
+    diseases in the Queen defying all remedy, for which, as for other causes, 
+    the King would never again live with her as his wife.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Pope, smarting from ill-treatment and grateful for the 
+    help of France and England, professed himself earnestly anxious to do what 
+    Henry desired. But he was still virtually a prisoner. He had been obliged by 
+    the General of the Observants, when in St. Angelo, to promise to do nothing 
+    &amp;quot;whereby the King's divorce might be judged in his own dominions.&amp;quot; He 
+    pleaded for time. He promised a commission of some kind, but he said he was 
+    undone if action was taken upon it while the Germans and Spaniards remained 
+    in Italy. He saw evident ruin before him, he said, but he professed to be 
+    willing to run the hazard rather than that Wolsey should suspect him of 
+    ingratitude. He implored the Cardinal, &lt;i&gt;cum suspiriis et lacrymis,&lt;/i&gt; not 
+    to precipitate him for ever, and precipitated he would be if, on receiving 
+    the commission, the Cardinal at once began the process. A fortnight later 
+    Casalis described a long conversation with the Pope and Cardinals on the 
+    course to be pursued. Henry bad desired that a second Legate should be sent 
+    from Rome to act with Wolsey. To consent to this would directly compromise 
+    the Papal Court. Clement had no objection to the going forward with the 
+    cause, but he did not wish to be himself responsible. He signed an imperfect 
+    commission not inconsistent with his promise to the General of the 
+    Observants. On this Wolsey might act or, if he preferred it, might proceed 
+    on his own Legatine authority. For himself, instead of engaging to confirm 
+    Wolsey's sentence, he said that no doctor could better resolve the point at 
+    issue than the King himself. If he was resolved, said the Pope, let him 
+    commit his cause to the Legate, marry again, follow up the trial, and then 
+    let a public application be made for a Legate to be sent from the 
+    Consistory. If the Queen was cited first, she would put in no answer, save 
+    to protest against the place and judges. The Imperialists would demand a 
+    prohibition, and then the King could not marry, or, if he did, the offspring 
+    would be illegitimate. They would also demand a commission for the cause to 
+    be heard at Rome, which the Pope would be unable to refuse. But the King 
+    being actually married again, they could not ask for a prohibition. They 
+    could only ask that the cause should be re-examined at Rome, when the Pope 
+    would give sentence and a judgment could be passed which would satisfy the 
+    whole world. This was the Pope's own advice, but he did not wish it to be 
+    known that it had come from himself. Casalis might select the Legate to 
+    England after the first steps had been taken. Campeggio he thought the 
+    fittest, being already an English bishop. At any rate, the Pope bade Casalis 
+    say he would do his best to satisfy the King, though he knew that the 
+    Emperor would never forgive him. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is not certain what would have followed had Henry acted 
+    on the Pope's suggestion. The judgment which Clement promised might have 
+    been in his favour. Clement evidently wished him to think that it would. But 
+    he might, after all, have found himself required to take Catherine back. 
+    Either alternative was possible. At any rate he did not mean, if he could 
+    help it, to have recourse to violent methods. Charles himself, though he 
+    intended to prevent, if he could, a legal decision against his aunt, had 
+    hinted at the possibility and even desirableness of a private arrangement, 
+    if Catherine would agree. Catherine, unfortunately, would agree to nothing, 
+    but stood resolutely upon her rights, and Charles was forced to stand by 
+    her. Henry was equally obstinate, and the Pope was between the rock and the 
+    whirlpool. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Pope had promised, however, and had promised with 
+    apparent sincerity. The Papal states remaining occupied by the Imperial 
+    troops, Henry carried out his own part of the engagement by joining France 
+    in a declaration of war against the Emperor. Toison d'or and Clarencieulx 
+    appeared before Charles at Burgos on the 22nd of January, Charles sitting on 
+    his throne to receive their defiance. Toison d'or said that the Emperor had 
+    opened Christendom to the Turks, had imprisoned the Pope, had allowed his 
+    armies to sack Rome and plunder churches and monasteries, had insulted the 
+    holy relics, slain or robbed princes of the Church, cardinals, patriarchs, 
+    archbishops, outraged nunneries and convents, had encouraged Lutheran 
+    heretics in committing these atrocities, &amp;amp;c. For these reasons France 
+    declared open war with the Emperor. The English herald -- he was accused 
+    afterwards of having exceeded his instructions -- was almost as peremptory. 
+    Henry, in earlier times, had lent Charles large sums of money, which had not 
+    been repaid. Clarencieulx said that, unless the Pope was released and the 
+    debt settled, the King of England must make common cause with his brother of 
+    France. Six weeks' interval was allowed for the Emperor to consider his 
+    answer before hostilities on the side of England should commence. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Emperor replied with calmness and dignity. War with 
+    France was inevitable. As to England, he felt like Cicero, when doubting 
+    whether he should quarrel with CÃŠsar, that it was inconvenient to be in debt 
+    to an enemy. If England attacked him he said he would defend himself, but he 
+    declined to accept the defiance. Mendoza was not recalled from London. At 
+    the end of the six weeks the situation was prolonged by successive truces 
+    till the peace of Cambray. But Henry had kept his word to the Pope. England 
+    appeared by the side of France in the lists as the armed champion of the 
+    Papacy, and the Pope was expected to fulfil his promises without disguise or 
+    subterfuge. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Clement's method of proceeding with the divorce was 
+    rejected. The dispensation and commission which had been amended with a view 
+    to it were rejected also as worthless. Dr. Fox and Stephen Gardiner were 
+    despatched to Orvieto with fuller powers and with a message peremptory and 
+    even menacing. They were again to impress on the Pope the danger of a 
+    disputed succession. They were to hint that, if relief was refused in 
+    deference to the Emperor, England might decline from obedience to the Holy 
+    See. The Pope must, therefore, pass the commission and the dispensation in 
+    the form in which it had been sent from England. If he objected that it was 
+    unusual, they were to announce that the cause was of great moment. The King 
+    would not be defrauded of his expectation through fear of the Emperor. If he 
+    could not obtain justice from the Pope, he would be compelled to seek it 
+    elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The language of these instructions shows that the King and 
+    Wolsey understood the Proteus that they were dealing with, and the necessity 
+    of binding his hands if he was not to slip from them. It was not now the 
+    fountain of justice, the august head of Christendom, that they were 
+    addressing, but a shifty old man, clad by circumstances with the robe of 
+    authority, but whose will was the will of the power which happened to be 
+    strongest in Italy. It was not tolerable that the Emperor should dictate on 
+    a question which touched the vital interests of an independent kingdom. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Spanish diplomatists had afterwards to excuse and explain 
+    away Clement's concessions on the ground that they were signed when he was 
+    angry at his imprisonment, had been extorted by threats, and were therefore 
+    of no validity. He struggled hard to avoid committing himself. The unwelcome 
+    documents were recast into various forms. The dispensation was not signed 
+    after all, but in the place of it other briefs were signed of even graver 
+    importance. The Pope yielded to the demand to send a second Legate to try 
+    the cause with Wolsey in England, where it was assumed as a matter of course 
+    that judgment would be given for the King. The Legate chosen was Campeggio, 
+    who was himself, as was said, an English bishop. The Pope also did express 
+    in writing his own opinion on the cause as favourable to the King's plea. 
+    What passed at Orvieto was thus afterwards compendiously related by Henry in 
+    a published statement of his case. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;On his first scruple the King sent to the Bishop of Rome, 
+    as Christ's Vicar, who had the keys of knowledge, to dissolve his doubts. 
+    The said Bishop refused to take any knowledge of it and desired the King to 
+    apply for a commission to be sent into the realm, authorised to determine 
+    the cause, thus pretending that it might no wise be entreated at Rome, but 
+    only within the King's own realm. He delegated his whole powers to Campeggio 
+    and Wolsey, giving them also a special commission in form of a decretal, 
+    wherein he declared the King's marriage null and empowered him to marry 
+    again. In the open commission also he gave them full authority to give 
+    sentence for the King. Secretly he gave them instructions to burn the 
+    commission decretal and not proceed upon it; (but) at the time of sending 
+    the commission he also sent the King a brief, written in his own hand, 
+    admitting the justice of his cause and promising &lt;i&gt;sanctissime sub&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;
+    verbo Pontificis&lt;/i&gt; that he would never advocate it to Rome.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Engagements which he intended to keep or break according to 
+    the turns of the war between Francis and Charles did not press very heavily 
+    perhaps on Clement's conscience, but they were not extorted from him without 
+    many agonies. &amp;quot;He has granted the commission,&amp;quot; Casalis wrote. &amp;quot;He is not 
+    unwilling to please the King and Wolsey, but fears the Spaniards more than 
+    ever he did. The Friar-General has forbidden him in the Emperor's name to 
+    grant the King's request. He fears for his life from the Imperialists if the 
+    Emperor knows of it. Before he would grant the brief he said, weeping, that 
+    it would be his utter ruin. The Venetians and Florentines desired his 
+    destruction. His sole hope of life was from the Emperor. He asked me to 
+    swear whether the King would desert him or not. Satisfied on this point, he 
+    granted the brief, saying that he placed himself in the King's arms, as he 
+    would be drawn into perpetual war with the Emperor. Wolsey might dispose of 
+    him and the Papacy as if he were Pope himself.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Emperor had insisted, at Catherine's desire, that the 
+    cause should not be heard in England. The Pope had agreed that it should be 
+    heard in England. Consent had been wrung from him, but his consent had been 
+    given, and Campeggio was to go and make the best of it. His open commission 
+    was as ample as words could make it. He and Wolsey were to hear the cause 
+    and decide it. The secret &amp;quot;decretal&amp;quot; which he had wept over while he signed 
+    it declared, before the cause was heard, the sentence which was to be given, 
+    and he had pledged his solemn word not to revoke the hearing to Rome. All 
+    that Clement could do was to instruct the Legate before he started to waste 
+    time on his way, and, on his arrival in England, to use his skill to 
+    &amp;quot;accommodate matters,&amp;quot; and to persuade the Queen -- if he found her 
+    persuadeable -- to save him from his embarrassments by taking the veil. This 
+    was a course which Charles himself in his private mind would have 
+    recommended, but was too honourable to advise it. The fatal decretal was to 
+    be seen only by a very few persons, and then, as Henry said, Campeggio was 
+    to burn it. He was instructed also to pass no sentence without first 
+    referring back to Rome, and, if driven to extremity, was to find an excuse 
+    for postponing a decision; very natural conduct on the part of a weak, 
+    frightened mortal -- conduct not unlike that of his predecessor, Alexander 
+    III., in the quarrel between Becket and Henry II. -- but in both cases 
+    purely human, not such as might have been looked for in a divinely guided 
+    Vicar of Christ. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter Four&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082634&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082634&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH1d78.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH1d78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH1d78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6387</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: King Henry VIII has a jousting accident, 1524</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1d78ad2eb25b5e7b05f119</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215272</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1d78.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">abpoems.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/abpoems.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: Sir Thomas Wyatt's poetry inspired by Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;377&quot; height=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas Wyatt wrote these two famous poems inspired
+by Henry VIII's tragic second queen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne1.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; height=194 width=150 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Wyatt was born in 1503 at Allington Castle, Kent.&amp;nbsp; He was the
+son of Henry Wyatt and Anne Skinner, and was educated at St John's College,
+part of Cambridge University.&amp;nbsp; He entered the diplomatic service of
+Henry VIII around 1526, just as the king's rumored passion for Anne Boleyn
+began to attract notice.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt himself was infatuated with Anne Boleyn,
+but found his desires thwarted by the king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It has often been rumored that Anne was Wyatt's mistress before Henry
+VIII fell in love with her, but there is little evidence to support an
+actual physical relationship.&amp;nbsp; Both she and Wyatt were witty and flirtatious.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They enjoyed each other's company, and there is no doubt Wyatt wished for
+more personal favors - but he was rebuffed, and for the simple reason that
+Anne had more glittering prospects (namely, the king of England himself.)&amp;nbsp;
+Hence the bitter tone of the Petrarchan sonnet opposite.&amp;nbsp; It is an intriguing
+portrait of Anne and specifically mentions her attachment to the king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Incidentally, Wyatt was sent on a diplomatic mission to Italy in 1527.&amp;nbsp;
+It was perhaps an attempt by Henry VIII to rid the court of a potential
+rival.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt's association with Anne haunted him again in 1536 when
+he was imprisoned for having carnal knowledge of the queen.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+was executed but Wyatt was freed.&amp;nbsp; He served as English
+ambassador to Spain for two years (1537-39) but suffered imprisonment again
+in 1541 when Thomas Cromwell fell from power and the Norfolk faction briefly
+gained ascendancy over the king.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Wyatt did not remain
+imprisoned long, but he died on 11 October 1542 of unknown causes.&amp;nbsp;
+He had long since deserted his wife, Elizabeth Brooke, and was living with
+his mistress, Elizabeth Darrell, and their only child Francis.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;As for his poetry, Wyatt's work was circulated in manuscript during
+his lifetime and often highly praised. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;The first poem was perhaps based upon Petrarch's sonnet #190.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;The Latin phrase 'Noli me tangere' is taken from the
+Vulgate; it is translated as 'Touch me not'.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;The poem is believed to be a direct comment upon Henry VIII's infatuation
+for Anne, her character, and her newfound importance at the English
+court.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;In the second poem, 'The thing ye seek for' is, of course, sex.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      work, though undated, was probably written after
+Anne and Henry were wed in 1533.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Wyatt had been rebuffed
+by Anne once again; the poem is certainly churlish enough.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;'Whoso List to Hunt, I Know Where Is An Hind'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Whoso list to hunt, I know where is an hind,
+&lt;br&gt;But as for me, hÃ©las, I may no more.
+&lt;br&gt;The vain travail hath wearied me so sore,
+&lt;br&gt;I am of them that farthest cometh behind.
+&lt;br&gt;Yet may I by no means my wearied mind
+&lt;br&gt;Draw from the deer, but as she fleeth afore
+&lt;br&gt;Fainting I follow. I leave off therefore,
+&lt;br&gt;Sithens in a net I seek to hold the wind.
+&lt;br&gt;Who list her hunt, I put him out of doubt,
+&lt;br&gt;As well as I may spend his time in vain.
+&lt;br&gt;And graven with diamonds in letters plain
+&lt;br&gt;There is written, her fair neck round about:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Noli me tangere&lt;/i&gt;, for Caesar's I am,
+&lt;br&gt;And wild for to hold, though I seem tame.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;'Ye Olde Mule'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;Ye old mule that think yourself so fair,
+&lt;br&gt;Leave off with craft your beauty to repair,
+&lt;br&gt;For it is true, without any fable,
+&lt;br&gt;No man setteth more by riding in your saddle.
+&lt;br&gt;Too much travail so do your train appair.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ye old mule
+&lt;br&gt;With false savour though you deceive th'air,
+&lt;br&gt;Whoso taste you shall well perceive your lair
+&lt;br&gt;Savoureth somewhat of a Kappurs stable.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ye old mule
+&lt;br&gt;Ye must now serve to market and to fair,
+&lt;br&gt;All for the burden, for panniers a pair.
+&lt;br&gt;For since gray hairs been powdered in your sable,
+&lt;br&gt;The thing ye seek for, you must yourself enable
+&lt;br&gt;To purchase it by payment and by prayer,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ye old mule.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082596&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082596&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH1f6c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH1f6c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH1f6c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,588 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41737</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Introduction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Introduction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Introduction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1f6cb2e7565aaa0142a6c0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215268</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1f6c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE mythic element cannot be eliminated out of history. Men 
+    who play leading parts on the world's stage gather about them the admiration 
+    of friends and the animosity of disappointed rivals or political enemies. 
+    The atmosphere becomes charged with legends of what they have said or done 
+    -- some inventions, some distortions of facts, but rarely or never accurate. 
+    Their outward acts, being public, cannot be absolutely misstated; their 
+    motives, being known only to themselves, are an open field for imagination; 
+    and as the disposition is to believe evil rather than good, the portraits 
+    drawn may vary indefinitely, according to the sympathies of the describer, 
+    but are seldom too favourable. The more distinguished a man is the more he 
+    is talked about. Stories are current about him in his own lifetime, 
+    guaranteed apparently by the highest authorities; related, insisted upon; 
+    time, place, and circumstance accurately given -- most of them mere 
+    malicious lies; yet, if written down, to reappear in memoirs a hundred years 
+    hence, they are likely to pass for authentic, or at least probable. Even 
+    where there is no malice, imagination will still be active. People believe 
+    or disbelieve, repeat or suppress, according to their own inclinations; and 
+    death, which ends the feuds of unimportant persons, lets loose the tongues 
+    over the characters of the great. Kings are especially sufferers; when alive 
+    they hear only flattery; when they are gone men revenge, themselves by 
+    drawing hideous portraits of them, and the more distinguished they may have 
+    been the more minutely their weaknesses are dwelt upon. &lt;i&gt;&amp;quot;C'est un plaisir 
+    indicible,&amp;quot;&lt;/i&gt; says Voltaire, &lt;i&gt;&amp;quot;de donner des dÃ©crets contre des 
+    souverains morts quand on ne peut en lancer contre eux de leur vivant de 
+    peur de perdre ses oreilles.&amp;quot;&lt;/i&gt; The dead sovereigns go their way. Their 
+    real work for good or evil lives after them; but they themselves are where 
+    the opinions expressed about their character affect them no more. To CÃŠsar 
+    or Napoleon it matters nothing what judgment the world passes upon their 
+    conduct. It is of more importance for the ethical value of history that acts 
+    which as they are related appear wicked should be duly condemned, that acts 
+    which are represented as having advanced the welfare of mankind should be 
+    duly honoured, than that the real character of individuals should be 
+    correctly appreciated. To appreciate any single man with complete accuracy 
+    is impossible. To appreciate him even proximately is extremely difficult. 
+    Rulers of kingdoms may have public reasons for what they do, which at the 
+    time may be understood or allowed for. Times change, and new interests rise. 
+    The circumstances no longer exist which would explain their conduct. The 
+    student looks therefore for an explanation in elements which he thinks he 
+    understands -- in pride, ambition, fear, avarice, jealousy, or sensuality; 
+    and, settling the question thus to his own satisfaction, resents or 
+    ridicules attempts to look for other motives.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;So long as his moral judgment is generally correct, he 
+    inflicts no injury, and he suffers none. Cruelty and lust are proper objects 
+    of abhorrence; he learns to detest them in studying the Tiberius of Tacitus, 
+    though the character described by the great Roman historian may have been a 
+    mere creation of the hatred of the old Roman aristocracy. The manifesto of 
+    the Prince of Orange was a libel against Philip the Second; but the Philip 
+    of Protestant tradition is an embodiment of the persecuting spirit of 
+    Catholic Europe which it would be now useless to disturb. The tendency of 
+    history is to fall into wholesome moral lines whether they be accurate or 
+    not, and to interfere with harmless illusions may cause greater errors than 
+    it aspires to cure. Crowned offenders are arraigned at the tribunal of 
+    history for the crimes which they are alleged to have committed. It may be 
+    sometimes shown that the crimes were not crimes at all, that the sufferers 
+    had deserved their fate, that the severities were useful and essential for 
+    some great and valuable purpose. But the reader sees in the apology for acts 
+    which he had regarded as tyrannical a defence of tyranny itself. Preoccupied 
+    with the received interpretation, he finds deeds excused which he had learnt 
+    to execrate; and in learning something which, even if true, is of no real 
+    moment to him, he suffers in the maiming of his perceptions of the 
+    difference between right and wrong. The whitewashing of the villains of 
+    tradition is, therefore, justly regarded as waste of labour. If successful, 
+    it is of imperfect value; if unsuccessful, it is a misuse of industry which 
+    deserves to be censured. Time is too precious to be squandered over 
+    paradoxes. The dead are gone; the censure of mankind has written their 
+    epitaphs, and so they may be left. Their true award will be decided 
+    elsewhere. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This is the commonsense verdict. When the work of a man is 
+    done and ended; when, except indirectly and invisibly, he affects the living 
+    world no more, the book is closed, the sentence is passed, and there he may 
+    be allowed to rest. The case is altered, however, when the dead still live 
+    in their actions, when their principles and the effects of their conduct are 
+    still vigorous and operative, and the movements which they initiated 
+    continue to be fought over. It sometimes happens that mighty revolutions can 
+    be traced to the will and resolution of a single man, and that the conflict 
+    continues when he is gone. The personal character of such a man becomes then 
+    of intrinsic importance as an argument for attack or defence. The changes 
+    introduced by Henry VIII. are still denounced or defended with renewed 
+    violence; the ashes of a conflict which seemed to have been decided are 
+    again blown into a flame; and what manner of man Henry was, and what the 
+    statesmen and churchmen were who stood by him and assisted him in reshaping 
+    the English constitution, becomes a practical question of our own time. By 
+    their fruits ye shall know them. A good tree cannot bear evil fruit, neither 
+    can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Roman Catholics argue from the 
+    act to the man, and from the man back to the act. The Reformation, they say, 
+    was a rebellion against an authority appointed by God for the rule of the 
+    world; it was a wicked act in itself; the author or the authors of it were 
+    presumably, therefore, themselves wicked; and the worst interpretation of 
+    their conduct is antecedently probable, because a revolt against the Church 
+    of Christ could only have originated in depraved hearts. Or again, inverting 
+    the argument, they say with sufficient plausibility that the sins and crimes 
+    of the King are acknowledged facts of history; that from so bad a man no 
+    good thing could ever rise; that Henry was a visible servant of the devil, 
+    and therefore the Reformation, of which he was the instrument, was the 
+    devil's work. If the picture drawn of him by his Catholic contemporaries is 
+    correct, the inference is irresistible. That picture, however, was drawn by 
+    those whose faith he wounded and whose interests he touched, and therefore 
+    might be regarded with suspicion. Religious animosity is fertile in calumny, 
+    because it assumes beforehand that every charge is likely to be true in 
+    proportion to its enormity, and Catholic writers were credulous of evil when 
+    laid to the charge of so dangerous an adversary. But the Catholics have not 
+    been Henry's only accusers; all sorts and sects have combined in the general 
+    condemnation. The Anglican High Churchman is as bitter against him as 
+    Reginald Pole himself. He admits and maintains the separation from Rome 
+    which Henry accomplished for him; but he abhors as heartily as Pole or 
+    Lingard the internal principles of the Reformation. He resents the control 
+    of the clergy by the civil power. He demands the restoration of the 
+    spiritual privileges which Henry and his parliaments took away from them. He 
+    aspires to the recovery of ecclesiastical independence. He therefore with 
+    equal triumph points to the blots in Henry's character, and deepens their 
+    shade with every accusation, proved or unproved, which he can find in 
+    contemporary records. With him, too, that a charge was alleged at the time 
+    is evidence sufficient to entitle him to accept it as a fact. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Again, Protestant writers have been no less unsparing, from 
+    an imprudent eagerness to detach their cause from a disreputable ally. In 
+    Elizabeth's time it was a point of honour and loyalty to believe in the 
+    innocence of her mother. If Anne Boleyn was condemned on forged or false 
+    evidence to make way for Jane Seymour, what appears so clearly to us must 
+    have been far clearer to Henry and his Council; of all abominable crimes 
+    committed by tyrannical princes there was never one more base or cowardly 
+    than Anne's execution; and in insisting on Anne's guiltlessness they have 
+    condemned the King, his ministers, and his parliaments. Having discovered 
+    him to have murdered his wife, they have found him also to have been a 
+    persecutor of the truth. The Reformation in England was at its outset 
+    political rather than doctrinal. The avarice and tyranny of the Church 
+    officials had galled the limbs of the laity. Their first steps were to break 
+    the chains which fretted them, and to put a final end to the temporal power 
+    of the clergy. Spiritual liberty came later, and came slowly from the 
+    constitution of the English mind. Superstition had been familiarised by 
+    custom, protected by natural reverence, and shielded from inquiry by the 
+    peculiar horror attaching to unbelief. The nation had been taught from 
+    immemorial time that to doubt on the mysteries of faith was the worst crime 
+    which man could commit; and while they were willing to discover that on 
+    their human side the clergy were but brother mortals of questionable 
+    character, they drew a distinction between the Church as a national 
+    institution and the doctrines which it taught. An old creed could not yield 
+    at once. The King did much; he protected individual Lutherans to the edge of 
+    rashness. He gave the nation the English Bible. He made Latimer a bishop. He 
+    took away completely and for ever the power of the prelates to punish what 
+    they called heresy &lt;i&gt;ex officio&lt;/i&gt; and on their own authority; but the 
+    zeal of the ultra-Protestants broke loose when the restraint was taken off; 
+    the sense of the country was offended by the irreverence with which objects 
+    and opinions were treated which they regarded as holy, and Parliament, which 
+    had put a bit in the mouth of the ecclesiastical courts, was driven to a 
+    substitute in the Bill of the Six Articles. The advanced section in popular 
+    movements is usually unwise. The characteristic excellence of the English 
+    Reformation is, that throughout its course it was restrained by the law, and 
+    the Six Articles Bill, tempered as it was in the execution, was a 
+    permissible, and perhaps useful, measure in restraint of intemperance. It 
+    was the same in Germany. Anabaptists continued to be burnt in Saxony and 
+    Hesse long after Luther's revolt; Calvin thought the stake a fitting penalty 
+    for doubts upon the Trinity. John Knox, in Scotland, approved of 
+    witch-burning and sending mass-priests to the gallows. Henry could not 
+    disregard the pronounced feeling of the majority of the English people. He 
+    was himself but one of them, and changed slowly as they changed. Yet 
+    Protestant tradition has assumed that the bloody whip with six strings was 
+    an act of arbitrary ferocity. It considers that the King could, and ought 
+    to, have advanced at once into an understanding of the principle of 
+    toleration -- toleration of the new opinions, and a more severe repression 
+    of the old. The Puritans and Evangelicals forgot that he had given them the 
+    English Testament. They forgot that by setting his foot upon the bishops he 
+    had opened the pulpits to themselves, and they classed him among the 
+    persecutors, or else joined in the shallow laughs of the ultramontane 
+    Catholics at what they pleased to call his inconsistency. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus from all sides a catena of invective has been wrapped 
+    about Henry's character. The sensible part of the country held its tongue. 
+    The speakers and writers were the passionate and fanatical of both 
+    persuasions, and by them the materials were supplied for the Henry VIII. who 
+    has been brought down to us by history, while the candid and philosophic 
+    thinkers of the last and present centuries have accepted the traditional 
+    figure. In their desire to be impartial they have held the balance equal 
+    between Catholics and Protestants, inclining slightly to the Catholic side, 
+    from a wish to conciliate a respectable body who had been unjustly maligned 
+    and oppressed; while they have lavished invectives upon the early Reformers 
+    violent enough to have satisfied even Pole himself, whose rhetoric has 
+    formed the base of their declamation. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Liberal philosophy would have had a bad time of it in 
+    England, perhaps in all Europe, if there had been no Henry VIII. to take the 
+    Pope by the throat. But one service writers like Macaulay have undoubtedly 
+    accomplished. They have shown that it is entirely impossible to separate the 
+    King from his ministers -- to condemn Henry and to spare Cranmer. Protestant 
+    writers, from Burnet to Southey, have tried to save the reforming bishops 
+    and statesmen at Henry's expense. Cranmer, and Latimer, and Ridley have been 
+    described as saints, though their master was a villain. But the cold 
+    impartiality of Macaulay has pointed out unanswerably that in all Henry's 
+    most questionable acts his own ministers and his prelates were active 
+    participants -- that his Privy Council, his parliaments, his judges on the 
+    bench, the juries empanelled to try the victims of his tyranny, were equally 
+    his accomplices; some actively assisting; the rest, if these acts were 
+    really criminal, permitting themselves to be bribed or terrified into 
+    acquiescence. The leading men of all descriptions, the nation itself, 
+    through the guilt of its representatives, were all stained in the same 
+    detestable colours. It may be said, indeed, that they were worse than the 
+    King himself. For the King at least may be pleaded the coarse temptations of 
+    a brutal nature; but what palliation can be urged for the peers and judges 
+    who sacrificed Anne Boleyn, or More, or Fisher, according to the received 
+    hypothesis? Not even the excuse of personal fear of an all-powerful despot. 
+    For Henry had no Janissaries or PrÃŠtorians to defend his person or execute 
+    his orders. He had but his hundred yeomen of the guard, not more numerous 
+    than the ordinary followers of a second-rate noble. The Catholic leaders, 
+    who were infuriated at his attacks upon the Church, and would if they could 
+    have introduced foreign armies to dethrone him, insisted on his weakness as 
+    an encouragement to an easy enterprise. Beyond those few yeomen they urged 
+    that he had no protection save in the attachment of the subjects whom he was 
+    alienating. What strange influence was such a king able to exercise that he 
+    could overawe the lords and gentry of England, the learned professions, the 
+    municipal authorities? How was it that he was able to compel them to be the 
+    voluntary instruments of his cruelty? Strangest of all, he seems to have 
+    needed no protection, but rather to have been personally popular, even among 
+    those who disapproved his public policy. The air was charged with threats of 
+    insurrection, but no conspiracy was ever formed to kill him, like those 
+    which so often menaced the life of his daughter. When the North was in arms 
+    in the Pilgrimage of Grace, and a question rose among the leaders whether in 
+    the event of victory the King was to be deposed, it was found that anyone 
+    who proposed to remove him would be torn in pieces by the people.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Granting that Henry VIII. was, as Dickens said of him, &amp;quot;a 
+    spot of blood and grease&amp;quot; on the page of English history, the contemporary 
+    generation of Englishmen must have been fit subjects of such a sovereign. 
+    Every country, says Carlyle, gets as good a government as it deserves. The 
+    England of the Cromwells and the Cranmers, the Howards and the Fitzwilliams, 
+    the Wriothesleys and the Pagets, seems to have been made of baser materials 
+    than any land of which mankind has preserved a record. Roman Catholics may 
+    fairly plead that out of such a race no spiritual reform is likely to have 
+    arisen which could benefit any human soul. Of all the arguments which can be 
+    alleged for the return of England to the ancient fold, this is surely the 
+    most powerful. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Yet England shows no intention of returning. History may say 
+    what it pleases, yet England remains tenacious of the liberties which were 
+    then won for us, and unconscious of the disgrace attaching to them; 
+    unconscious, also, that the version of the story which it accepts contains 
+    anything which requires explanation. The legislation of Henry VIII., his 
+    Privy Council, and his parliaments is the Magna Charta of the modern world. 
+    The Act of Appeals and the Act of Supremacy asserted the national 
+    independence, and repudiated the interference of foreign bishop, prince, or 
+    potentate within the limits of the English empire. The clergy had held for 
+    many centuries an &lt;i&gt;imperium in imperio.&lt;/i&gt; Subject themselves to no law 
+    but their own, they had asserted an irresponsible jurisdiction over the 
+    souls and bodies of the people. The Act for the submission of these persons 
+    reduced them to the common condition of subjects under the control of the 
+    law. Popes were no longer allowed to dispense with ordinary obligations. 
+    Clerical privileges were abolished. The spiritual courts, with their 
+    intolerable varieties of iniquity, were swept away, or coerced within 
+    rational limits. The religious houses were suppressed, their enormous wealth 
+    was applied for the defence of the realm, and the worse than Augean dunghill 
+    of abuses was cleared out with resolute hand. These great results were 
+    accomplished in the face of papal curses, in defiance of superstitious 
+    terrors, so despicable when bravely confronted, so terrible while the 
+    spectre of supernatural power was still unexorcised; in the face, too, of 
+    earthly perils which might make stout hearts shake, of an infuriated 
+    priesthood stirring the people into rebellion, of an exasperated Catholic 
+    Europe threatening fire and sword in the name of the Pope. These were 
+    distinguished achievements, not likely to have been done at all by an 
+    infamous prince and infamous ministers; yet done so well that their work is 
+    incorporated in the constitution almost in the form in which they left it; 
+    and this mighty revolution, the greatest and most far-reaching in modern 
+    times, was accomplished without a civil war, by firmness of hand, by the 
+    action of Parliament, and a resolute enforcement of the law. Nor has the 
+    effect of Henry's legislation been confined to England. Every great country, 
+    Catholic or Protestant, has practically adopted its chief provisions. Popes 
+    no longer pretend a power of deposing princes, absolving subjects from their 
+    allegiance, or selling dispensations for offences against the law of the 
+    land. Appeals are no longer carried from the national courts to the court of 
+    the Rota. The papal treasury is no longer supplied by the plunder of the 
+    national clergy, collected by resident papal officials. Bishops and 
+    convocations have ceased to legislate above and independent of the secular 
+    authority, and clerks who commit crimes bear the same penalties as the 
+    profane. The high quality of the Reformation statutes is guaranteed by their 
+    endurance; and it is hard to suppose that the politicians who conceived and 
+    carried them out were men of base conditions. The question is not of the 
+    character of the King. If nothing was at issue but the merits or demerits of 
+    a single sovereign, he might be left where he lies. The question is of the 
+    characters of the reforming leaders, who, jointly with the King, were the 
+    authors of this tremendous and beneficent revolution. Henry in all that he 
+    did acted with these men and through them. Is it possible to believe that 
+    qualities so opposite as the popular theory requires existed in the same 
+    persons? Is it possible, for instance, that Cranmer, who composed or 
+    translated the prayers in the English Liturgy, was the miserable wretch 
+    which Macaulay or Lingard describes? The era of Elizabeth was the outspring 
+    of the movement which Henry VIII. commenced, and it was the grandest period 
+    in English history. Is it credible that so invigorating a stream flowed from 
+    a polluted fountain? &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Before accepting a conclusion so disgraceful -- before 
+    consigning the men who achieved so great a victory, and risked and lost 
+    their lives in the battle, to final execration -- it is at least permissible 
+    to pause. The difficulty can only be made light of by impatience, by 
+    prejudice, or by want of thought. To me at any rate, who wished to discover 
+    what the real history of the Reformation had been, it seemed so 
+    considerable, that, dismissing the polemical invectives of later writers, I 
+    turned to the accounts of their conduct, which had been left behind by the 
+    authors of it themselves. Among the fortunate anomalies of the situation, 
+    Henry departed from previous custom in holding annual parliaments. At every 
+    step which he took, either in the rearrangement of the realm or in his own 
+    domestic confusions, he took the Lords and Commons into his council, and 
+    ventured nothing without their consent. The preambles of the principal 
+    statutes contain a narrative clear and precise of the motives of everything 
+    that he did -- a narrative which at least may have been a true one, which 
+    was not put forward as a defence, but was a mere explanation of acts which 
+    on the surface seemed violent and arbitrary. If the explanation is correct, 
+    it shows us a time of complications and difficulties, which, on the whole, 
+    were successfully encountered. It shows us severe measures severely 
+    executed, but directed to public and necessary purpose, involving no 
+    sycophancy or baseness, no mean subservience to capricious tyranny, but such 
+    as were the natural safeguards during a dangerous convulsion, or remedies of 
+    accidents incidental to hereditary monarchy. The story told is clear and 
+    distinct; pitiless, but not dishonourable. Between the lines can be read the 
+    storm of popular passions, the beating of the national heart when it was 
+    stirred to its inmost depths. We see established institutions rooted out, 
+    idols overthrown, and injured worshippers exasperated to fury; the air, as 
+    was inevitable at such a crisis, full of flying rumours, some lies, some 
+    half lies with fragments of truth attaching to them, bred of malice or dizzy 
+    brains, the materials out of which the popular tradition has been built. It 
+    was no insular revolution. The stake played for was the liberty of mankind. 
+    All Europe was watching England, for England was the hinge on which the fate 
+    of the Reformation turned. Could it be crushed in England, the Catholics 
+    were assured of universal victory, and therefore tongues and pens were busy 
+    everywhere throughout Christendom, Catholic imagination representing Henry 
+    as an incarnate Satan, for which, it must be admitted, his domestic 
+    misadventures gave them tempting opportunities. So thick fell the showers of 
+    calumny, that, bold as he was, he at times himself winced under it. He 
+    complained to Charles V. of the libels circulated about him in France and 
+    Flanders. Charles, too, had suffered in the same way. He answered, 
+    humorously, that &amp;quot;if kings gave occasion to be spoken about they would be 
+    spoken about; kings were not kings of tongues.&amp;quot; Henry VIII. was an easy mark 
+    for slander; but if all slanders are to pass as true which are flung at 
+    public men whose policy provides them with an army of calumniators, the 
+    reputation of the best of them is but a spotted rag. The clergy were the 
+    vocal part of Europe. They had the pulpits; they had the writing of the 
+    books and pamphlets. They had cause to hate Henry, and they hated him with 
+    an intensity of passion which could not have been more savage had he been 
+    the devil himself. But there are men whose enmity is a compliment. They 
+    libelled Luther almost as freely as they libelled the English king. I 
+    myself, after reading and weighing all that I could find forty years ago in 
+    prints or manuscripts, concluded that the real facts of Henry's conduct were 
+    to be found in the Statute Book and nowhere else; that the preambles of the 
+    Acts of Parliament did actually represent the sincere opinion about him of 
+    the educated laymen of England, who had better opportunities of knowing the 
+    truth than we can have, and that a modern Englishman may be allowed to 
+    follow their authority without the imputation of paradox or folly. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;With this impression, and with the Statute Book for a guide, 
+    I wrote the opening portion of my &amp;quot;History of England, from the Fall of 
+    Wolsey to the Defeat of the Armada.&amp;quot; The Published criticisms upon my work 
+    were generally unfavourable. Catholic writers inherited the traditions and 
+    the temper of their forefathers, and believed the eatena of their own 
+    historians. Protestants could not believe in a defence of the author of the 
+    Six Articles Bill. Secular reviewers were easily witty at the &amp;quot;model 
+    husband&amp;quot; whom they supposed me to be imposing upon them, and resented the 
+    interference with a version of the story authenticated by great names among 
+    my predecessors. The public, however, took an interest in what I had to say. 
+    The book was read, and continues to be read; at the close of my life, 
+    therefore, I have to go once more over the ground; and as I am still 
+    substantially alone in maintaining an opinion considered heretical by 
+    orthodox historians, I have to decide in what condition I am to leave my 
+    work behind me. In the thirty-five years which have elapsed since those 
+    early volumes appeared large additions have been made to the materials for 
+    the history of the period. The vast collection of manuscripts in the English 
+    Record Office, which then were only partially accessible, have been sorted, 
+    catalogued, and calendared by the industry of my friends Mr. Brewer and Mr. 
+    Gairdner. Private collections in great English houses have been examined and 
+    reported on by the Historical Manuscripts Commission. Foreign archives at 
+    Paris, Simancas, Rome, Venice, Vienna, and Brussels have been searched to 
+    some extent by myself, but in a far larger degree by able scholars specially 
+    appointed for the purpose. In the despatches, thus made accessible, of the 
+    foreign ambassadors resident at Henry's court we have the invaluable, if not 
+    impartial, comments of trained and responsible politicians who related from 
+    day to day the events which were passing under their eyes. Being Catholics, 
+    and representatives of Catholic powers, they were bitterly hostile to the 
+    Reformation -- hostile alike on political grounds and religious -- and 
+    therefore inclined to believe and report the worst that could be said both 
+    of it and of its authors. But they wrote before the traditions had become 
+    stereotyped; their accounts are fresh and original; and, being men of the 
+    world, and writing in confidence to their own masters, they were as 
+    veracious as their prejudices would allow them to be. Unconsciously, too, 
+    they render another service of infinite importance. Being in close 
+    communication with the disaffected English peers and clergy, and engaged 
+    with them secretly in promoting rebellion, the ministers of Charles V. 
+    reveal with extraordinary clearness the dangers with which the Government 
+    had to deal. They make it perfectly plain that the Act of Supremacy, with 
+    its stern and peremptory demands, was no more than a legitimate and 
+    necessary defence against organised treason. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was thus inevitable that much would have to be added to 
+    what I had already published. When a microscope is applied to the petal of a 
+    flower or the wing of an insect, simple outlines and simple surfaces are 
+    resolved into complex organisms with curious and beautiful details. The 
+    effect of these despatches is precisely the same -- we see with the eyes, we 
+    hear with the ears, of men who were living parts of the scenes which they 
+    describe. Stories afterwards elaborated into established facts we trace to 
+    their origin in rumours of the hour; we read innumerable anecdotes, some 
+    with the clear stamp of truth on them, many mere creations of passing wit or 
+    malice, no more authentic than the thousands like them which circulate in 
+    modern society, guaranteed by the positive assertions of personal witnesses, 
+    yet visibly recognisable as lies. Through all this the reader must pick his 
+    way and use his own judgment. He knows that many things are false which are 
+    reported about his own eminent contemporaries. He may be equally certain 
+    that lies were told as freely then as now. He will probably allow his 
+    sympathies to guide him. He will accept as fact what fits in with his creed 
+    or his theory. He will share the general disposition to believe evil, 
+    especially about kings and great men. The exaggerated homage paid to 
+    princes, when they are alive, has to be compensated by suspecting the worst 
+    of them as soon as they are gone. But the perusal of all these documents 
+    leaves the broad aspect of the story, in my opinion, precisely where it was. 
+    It is made more interesting by the greater fulness of particulars; it is 
+    made more vivid by the clear view which they afford of individual persons 
+    who before were no more than names. But I think now, as I thought forty 
+    years ago, that through the confusions and contradictions of a stormy and 
+    angry time, the statutebook remains the safest guide to follow. If there be 
+    any difference, it is that actions which till explained appeared 
+    gratuitously cruel, like the execution of Bishop Fisher, are seen beyond 
+    dispute to have been reasonable and just. Bishop Fisher is proved by the 
+    words of the Spanish Ambassador himself to have invited and pressed the 
+    introduction of a foreign Catholic army into England in the Pope's interest.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus I find nothing to withdraw in what I then wrote, and 
+    little to alter save in correcting some small errors of trivial moment; but, 
+    on the other hand, I find much to add; and the question rises in what way I 
+    had better do it, with fair consideration for those who have bought the book 
+    as it stands. To take the work to pieces and introduce the new material into 
+    the text or the notes will impose a necessity of buying a new copy, or of 
+    being left with an inferior one, on the many friends who least deserve to be 
+    so treated. I have concluded, therefore, on writing an additional volume, 
+    where such parts of the story as have had important light thrown upon them 
+    can be told over again in ampler form. The body of the history I leave as it 
+    stands. It contains what I believe to be a true account of the time, of the 
+    immediate causes which brought about the changes of the sixteenth century, 
+    and of the characters and principles of the actors in them. I have only to 
+    fill up certain deficiencies and throw light into places hitherto left dark. 
+    For the rest, I do not pretend to impartiality. I believe the Reformation to 
+    have been the greatest incident in English history; the root and source of 
+    the expansive force which has spread the Anglo-Saxon race over the globe, 
+    and imprinted the English genius and character on the constitution of 
+    mankind. I am unwilling to believe more evil than I can help of my 
+    countrymen who accomplished so beneficent a work, and in a book written with 
+    such convictions the mythical element cannot be wholly wanting. Even things 
+    which immediately surround us, things which we see and touch, we do not 
+    perceive as they are; we perceive only our own sensations, and our 
+    sensations are a combined result of certain objects and of the faculties 
+    which apprehend them. Something of ourselves must always be intermixed 
+    before knowledge can reach us; in every conclusion which we form, in every 
+    conviction which is forced upon us, there is still a subjective element. It 
+    is so in physical science. It is so in art. It is so in our speculations on 
+    our own nature. It is so in religion. It is so even in pure mathematics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The curved and rectilineal figures on which we reason are 
+    our own creation, and have no existence exterior to the reasoning mind. Most 
+    of all is it so in history, where we have no direct perceptions to help us, 
+    but are dependent on the narratives of others whose beliefs were necessarily 
+    influenced by their personal dispositions. The first duty of an historian is 
+    to be on his guard against his own sympathies; but he cannot wholly escape 
+    their influence. In judging of the truth of particular statements, the 
+    conclusion which he will form must be based partly upon evidence and partly 
+    upon what he conceives to be likely or unlikely. In a court of justice, 
+    where witnesses can be cross-examined, uncertain elements can in some degree 
+    be eliminated; yet, after all care is taken, judges and juries have been 
+    often blinded by passion and prejudice. When we have nothing before us but 
+    rumours set in circulation, we know not by whom or on what authority, and we 
+    are driven to consider probabilities, the Protestant, who believes the 
+    Reformation to have been a victory of truth over falsehood, cannot come to 
+    the same conclusion as the Catholic, who believes it to have been a curse, 
+    or perhaps to the same conclusion as the indifferent philosopher, who 
+    regards Protestant and Catholic alike with benevolent contempt. For myself, 
+    I can but say that I have discriminated with such faculty as I possess. I 
+    have kept back nothing. I have consciously distorted nothing which conflicts 
+    with my own views. I have accepted what seems sufficiently proved. I have 
+    rejected what I can find no support for save in hearsay or prejudice. But 
+    whether accepting or rejecting, I have endeavoured to follow the rule that 
+    incidents must not be lightly accepted as authentic which are inconsistent 
+    with the universal laws of human nature, and that to disprove a calumny it 
+    is sufficient to show that there is no valid witness for it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Finally, I do not allow myself to be tempted into 
+    controversy with particular writers whose views disagree with my own. To 
+    contradict in detail every hostile version of Henry VIII.'s or his 
+    ministers' conduct would be as tedious as it would be irritating and 
+    unprofitable. My censors have been so many that a reply to them all is 
+    impossible, and so distinguished that a selection would be invidious. Those 
+    who wish for invectives against the King, or Cranmer, or Cromwell, can find 
+    them everywhere, from school manuals to the grave works of elaborate 
+    historians. For me, it is enough to tell the story as it presents itself to 
+    my own mind, and to leave what appears to me to be the truth to speak for 
+    itself. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The English nation throughout their long history have borne 
+    an honourable reputation. Luther quotes a saying of Maximilian that there 
+    were three real sovereigns in Europe -- the Emperor, the King of France, and 
+    the King of England. The Emperor was a king of kings. If he gave an order to 
+    the princes of the Reich, they obeyed or disobeyed as they pleased. The King 
+    of France was a king of asses. He ordered about his people at his will, and 
+    they obeyed like asses. The King of England was king of a loyal nation who 
+    obeyed him with heart and mind as loyal and faithful subjects. This was the 
+    character borne in the world by the fathers of the generation whom popular 
+    historians represent as having dishonoured themselves by subserviency to a 
+    bloodthirsty tyrant. It is at least possible that popular historians have 
+    been mistaken, and that the subjects of Henry VIII. were neither much better 
+    nor much worse than those who preceded or came after them. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudeone.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Chapter One&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082630&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082630&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH2023.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH2023.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH2023.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2813 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">99158</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs - Henry VII, one</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH20231d2f433d4af691239b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215273</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2023.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;blink&gt;&lt;font size=5&gt;NOTE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blink&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;I am redesigning the Henry VII pages as of &lt;b&gt;March 2004&lt;/b&gt;.
+
+&lt;br&gt;Until the new design is posted, you can read the old (and lengthy) biography here.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;You can also view portraits of Henry VII at the
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; site.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Sorry for any inconvenience. &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;King Henry VII &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;If Henry VII's reign was to usher in '&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;smooth-faced
+
+peace,&lt;/font&gt; w&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ith smiling plenty, and fair prosperous
+
+days', few could have predicted it in 1485.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;The Battle of
+
+Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485 was the last armed confrontation between
+
+Lancastrians and Yorkists, those two factions that had fought for decades
+
+in The Wars of the Roses.&amp;nbsp; The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership
+
+of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; After winning the throne
+
+of England, he wed Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of the dead Yorkist
+
+king Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; Thus, the two warring houses were joined in marriage.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The union was both symbolic and necessary.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Despite his victory at Bosworth, the exiled nobleman who took the name
+
+Henry VII needed the support of those sympathetic to the defeated Yorkist
+
+cause.&amp;nbsp; He also needed the legitimacy of his wife's claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He had spent years in exile and campaigned tirelessly to win support for
+
+his claim to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; It had not been an easy task.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In fact, it was only when Richard duke of York usurped the throne from
+
+his young nephew Edward (son and heir of Edward IV) that Henry Tudor became
+
+a viable candidate for king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor's claim to the throne was never based
+
+on ancestry alone.&amp;nbsp; He knew, none better, that such a claim would
+
+be flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; His royal blood came from women - his mother,
+
+Margaret Beaufort, was the granddaughter of John Beaufort (died 1410),
+
+the eldest of the bastard sons of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Gaunt's eldest legitimate son was the first Lancastrian king of England.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Beauforts were so named because Margaret's grandfather had been born
+
+in Beaufort Castle in Champagne; his mother was Gaunt's mistress and later
+
+became his third wife.&amp;nbsp; After the marriage, their children were declared
+
+legitimate by an act of Parliament in 1397 (during Richard II's reign).&amp;nbsp;
+
+When their fellow kinsman Henry IV Bolingbroke came to the throne, he confirmed
+
+this act of legitimacy but added a stipulation that the Beauforts should
+
+never succeed to the English throne (1407).&amp;nbsp; Certainly no act of government
+
+could alter the fact that the Beauforts had been born illegitimate; and
+
+Henry IV's declaration regarding the succession is equally ambivalent -
+
+after all, what practical effect could it guarantee?&amp;nbsp; The end result
+
+was that the Beauforts occupied an odd position in the English nobility
+
+and, taken together as a group, posed a unique threat to the security of
+
+the throne.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret Beaufort's father John succeeded to the
+
+earldom of Somerset in 1418 and, after a life of military embarrassment
+
+(including seventeen years in a French prison), he married Margaret Beauchamp,
+
+daughter of Sir John Beauchamp of Blestoe.&amp;nbsp; A year after their marriage,
+
+John was created duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Margaret, his only child, was
+
+born on 31 May 1443; she never knew her father.&amp;nbsp; John had led yet
+
+another disastrous military expedition to France and ended up dying in
+
+Dorset a few days before her first birthday.&amp;nbsp; It was rumored that
+
+he committed suicide.&amp;nbsp; Her mother, meanwhile, married again - this
+
+time to Lionel, Lord Welles, and survived another four decades.&amp;nbsp; Margaret,
+
+however, was the sole heir to the dukedom of Somerset and its vast holdings.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since she was a great heiress, she was betrothed
+
+while still a child to John de la Pole, the son and heir of Henry VI's
+
+chief minister, the marquess of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; A conspiracy followed which
+
+alleged that Suffolk was planning to place Margaret and his son on the
+
+throne if Henry VI died childless; there is no proof but it indicates how
+
+important Margaret's royal blood was, even tainted with her grandfather's
+
+illegitimacy.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was murdered in May 1450 and in early 1453,
+
+the marriage between Margaret and John de la Pole was annulled.&amp;nbsp; A
+
+child of ten, she was a pawn once more.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI wanted to wed her
+
+to his half-brother Edmund Tudor so, at the age of twelve, she was married
+
+again.&amp;nbsp; Her new husband was the earl of Richmond.&amp;nbsp; His ancestry
+
+was even more colorful than her own.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edmund Tudor was the eldest son of a princess of
+
+France and Queen of England and her Welsh attendant.&amp;nbsp; Catherine of
+
+Valois was the youngest daughter of Charles VI of France and Queen Isabelle.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At the age of eighteen, Catherine had wed that great warrior-king Henry
+
+V.&amp;nbsp; He was fifteen years her senior and, even in life, recognized
+
+as one of England's greatest kings.&amp;nbsp; His triumph at Agincourt in 1415
+
+inspired one of Shakespeare's greatest plays, &lt;i&gt;Henry V&lt;/i&gt;, and led Charles
+
+VI to sue for peace.&amp;nbsp; Charles promised that, upon his death, Henry
+
+would inherit the French throne; to show his good faith and secure Henry's
+
+claim, he was wed to Catherine.&amp;nbsp; She was, by all accounts, quite beautiful
+
+and vivacious.&amp;nbsp; They were married in May 1420 and, in December, made
+
+a triumphal entry into Paris.&amp;nbsp; From there, they sailed to Dover and
+
+Catherine was crowned at Westminster Abbey in February 1421.&amp;nbsp; She
+
+joined Henry on his public progress through England for a few months but,
+
+in June 1421, a year after their marriage, Henry departed again for France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He left knowing his wife was pregnant and, on 6 December 1421, she gave
+
+birth to their son, the future Henry VI, at Windsor.&amp;nbsp; Henry V would
+
+never see his son.&amp;nbsp; Catherine traveled to France without the child
+
+to visit Henry but he then left to besiege Meaux and Catherine went to
+
+her parents north of Paris.&amp;nbsp; During the siege, Henry contracted dysentery
+
+and died at the chateaux of Vincennes on 31 August 1422.&amp;nbsp; The glorious
+
+king of England and heir to the French throne had fallen victim to the
+
+scourge of armies everywhere.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His great achievements were not forgotten but, immediately
+
+after his death, confusion swept through England.&amp;nbsp; Henry V had died,
+
+leaving behind a twenty-year-old widow and an infant son.&amp;nbsp; On 21 October
+
+1422, her father suddenly died, after suffering years of intermittent insanity.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The infant Henry VI was now king of both England and France.&amp;nbsp; Catherine,
+
+quite naturally, remained at her son's side, accompanying him to the various
+
+public and ceremonial appearances he made as a child.&amp;nbsp; However, her
+
+presence was a novel problem in 15th century England - a Dowager Queen
+
+who was remaining in England until her son's majority and would, in all
+
+likelihood, wish to marry again.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, still young
+
+and beautiful and contemporaries noted her energy and flirtatiousness.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For the protector of the realm (Humphrey, duke of Gloucester) and the royal
+
+council, Catherine's remarriage was a very real concern.&amp;nbsp; Whomever
+
+she wed would become step-father to the king; understandably, they viewed
+
+such a man as a threat to their own positions of authority.&amp;nbsp; Since
+
+they were unable to agree on whom would be allowed to court the queen,
+
+they passed a law in 1427 stating that no dowager queen could marry without
+
+the king's permission; furthermore, permission could only be granted once
+
+the king reached the age of discretion.&amp;nbsp; Since Henry VI was only six
+
+years old in 1427, the council felt that they had effectively delayed any
+
+remarriage for some years - at least until the king could no longer be
+
+influenced by a step-father.&amp;nbsp; (In fairness to the council, there was
+
+no precedent for the problem Catherine of Valois presented; neither of
+
+the two queens of England who had outlived their spouses and married a
+
+second time - King John and Richard II's wives - had remained in England.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Also, no dowager queen since the twelfth century had married one of her
+
+husband's subjects.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The council was also careful to keep Catherine under
+
+watch.&amp;nbsp; From 1427 until about 1430 she and her entourage lived in
+
+Henry VI's household.&amp;nbsp; In April 1430 she traveled with her son to
+
+Paris for his coronation as king of France.&amp;nbsp; Her activities were thus
+
+restricted and watched.&amp;nbsp; However, the council was not completely successful
+
+at isolating the eligible dowager queen and, around 1431, Catherine met
+
+a Welshman named Owen ap Maredudd ap Tudur.&amp;nbsp; Their love affair and
+
+marriage resulted in four children, the eldest of whom was Henry VII's
+
+father.&amp;nbsp; So, once again, Henry Tudor inherited royal blood from a
+
+female.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The origin of Catherine and Owen's romance is obscure.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Later chroniclers attributed it to drunkenness (at a ball, Owen was so
+
+drunk that he stumbled and fell into the queen's lap) or voyeurism (the
+
+queen saw Owen bathing in a stream and was attracted to him; she secretly
+
+traded places with her maid and arranged to meet him in disguise; Owen
+
+was too passionate and attempted to kiss her; she pulled away and received
+
+a scratch on her cheek; the next evening, as he was serving her dinner,
+
+he saw the wound and was ashamed of his behavior; she forgave him, they
+
+fell in love and married.)&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, they were attracted
+
+to one another, fell in love, and married.&amp;nbsp; The legitimacy of the
+
+union was never questioned (not even by Richard III when Henry Tudor positioned
+
+himself as claimant).&amp;nbsp; Certainly the council was unhappy with her
+
+choice for the Welsh were regarded by many as barbarians but, in her choice,
+
+she showed good sense.&amp;nbsp; The 1427 statute had stipulated that any man
+
+who married the queen without the king's permission would be subject to
+
+fines, imprisonment, and forfeiture of lands.&amp;nbsp; By marrying a man who
+
+was simply a member of her household (perhaps the manager of some lands),
+
+Catherine effectively protected Owen from retribution.&amp;nbsp; (No one knows
+
+the true nature of Owen's work in the queen's household but he probably
+
+functioned as a steward.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1432 Owen was made an English citizen and in March
+
+1434 Catherine gifted him with some lands of his own in Flintshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They lived together in the countryside, away from court intrigues, for
+
+some years.&amp;nbsp; During this time, he began to follow the English use
+
+of surnames and became known, however inaccurately, as Owen Tudor.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The couple had four children - three sons and a daughter, though the daughter
+
+died young.&amp;nbsp; Their sons were named Edmund, Jasper, and Owen.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The latter became a Benedictine monk while his two older brothers struggled
+
+to survive in an increasingly hostile England.&amp;nbsp; On 3 January 1437
+
+Catherine had died of an unspecified illness which had plagued her for
+
+some time.&amp;nbsp; With her death, Owen lacked protection from the king's
+
+council.&amp;nbsp; They were now determined to finally prosecute him for breaking
+
+the 1427 law.&amp;nbsp; Owen appeared before the council and acquitted himself
+
+of all charges but, after his release, was arrested.&amp;nbsp; He managed to
+
+escape Newgate Prison but was recaptured and sent to Windsor Castle in
+
+July 1438.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Eventually Owen would be released and pardoned (1440)
+
+and taken into his step-son Henry VI's household.&amp;nbsp; In the years following
+
+Catherine's death and Owen's imprisonment, Edmund and Jasper Tudor were
+
+cared for by the abbess Katherine de la Pole, the earl of Suffolk's sister.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Around 1442, their half-brother Henry VI began to take an interest in their
+
+upbringing and they were brought to London.&amp;nbsp; In 1452, it was decided
+
+that the two brothers, now teenagers, should be ennobled.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI
+
+decided this out of both affection and politics.&amp;nbsp; He knew he had to
+
+recognize his half-brothers in some public manner, making them an official
+
+part of the royal family; he also cared for them deeply.&amp;nbsp; So on 23
+
+November 1452, Edmund was created earl of Richmond and Jasper was created
+
+earl of Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were now the premier earls of England and
+
+had precedence over all other laymen except dukes.&amp;nbsp; They were also
+
+gifted with estates and rich gifts.&amp;nbsp; On their behalf, the Commons
+
+petitioned Henry VI to recognize them as his 'uterine' brothers (born of
+
+the same mother); this he did, and more.&amp;nbsp; Since no earl, especially
+
+the brother of the king, could be penniless, Henry continued to grant his
+
+brothers numerous lands and annuities.&amp;nbsp; And, as mentioned before,
+
+he also arranged a rich marriage for Edmund to Margaret Beaufort.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The importance of their Welsh blood should not be
+
+underestimated.&amp;nbsp; Both Edmund and Jasper strove to maintain the king's
+
+authority in both south and west Wales and their Welsh ancestry (discussed
+
+in the Welsh Connection section) made them popular in much of Wales.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Welsh support would later prove critical to Henry VII during the battle
+
+at Bosworth.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Henry's youth was spent in the shadow of Henry VI's disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
+
+When Edward IV came to the throne, he was determined to avenge his late
+
+father, the duke of York.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI was increasingly deranged, perhaps
+
+having inherited his French grandfather's mental illness.&amp;nbsp; As a result
+
+of his dementia, his queen Margaret of Anjou, increasingly dominated the
+
+Lancastrian party.&amp;nbsp; She was determined to protect her son's inheritance
+
+and, to that end, dedicated her life to a dangerous and complex problem.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Lancastrian and Yorkist forces met definitively at the Battle of Tewkesbury
+
+in summer 1471.&amp;nbsp; Edward, Margaret and Henry's son, was killed in battle
+
+and Henry VI was captured and taken to the Tower of London where he was
+
+killed.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The Lancastrian cause seemed dead.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV
+
+was, unlike Henry, a capable and strong king.&amp;nbsp; Soon after becoming
+
+king he married an unknown widow named Elizabeth Woodville.&amp;nbsp; Understandably,
+
+she was anxious to promote the interests of her own family which created
+
+conflict with the old nobility.&amp;nbsp; Edward and Elizabeth had many children,
+
+including two sons.&amp;nbsp; (Their eldest daughter, also named Elizabeth,
+
+would become Henry Tudor's wife.&amp;nbsp; She was known as Elizabeth of York.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+By all accounts, the marriage was happy despite the conflict between the
+
+Woodvilles and Edward's noble Yorkist supporters.&amp;nbsp; The succession
+
+was secure and with support from his brother, Richard duke of Gloucester,
+
+Edward's rule was successful.&amp;nbsp; However, Edward died in 1483 and Richard
+
+usurped the throne from his two young nephews.&amp;nbsp; This changed the course
+
+of English history.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Had Richard not betrayed his nephews, there is every
+
+possibility the Yorkist dynasty would have survived.&amp;nbsp; But Richard's
+
+own future would have been quite difficult; he was despised by Elizabeth
+
+Woodville, and - as Edward IV's only brother - he would become the focus
+
+of Woodville discontent.&amp;nbsp; That would not have lasted for long and
+
+Edward V would have followed his mother's wishes.&amp;nbsp; The boy had, after
+
+all, been raised and tutored by his Woodville relations and hardly knew
+
+Richard.
+
+&lt;p&gt;(NOTE: &lt;b&gt;The story of Richard III's claiming of the throne is told
+
+in great detail &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fplant%2fkings%2frichard3.html&quot;&gt;at
+
+his site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Please read those pages to gain a better understanding
+
+of the events of 1483-1485.&amp;nbsp; I have not included the information here
+
+since this page is about Henry VII.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ricahrd was an able administrator but faced quite
+
+a few obstacles during his brief reign.&amp;nbsp; If Edward IV had died with
+
+no rightful heir, Richard's ascension would have been viewed much differently.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Then, he would have been the rightful king.&amp;nbsp; And since he wed Anne
+
+Neville of Warwick, daughter of the 'Kingmaker', he would have had crucial
+
+support.&amp;nbsp; But Richard's only son and wife died with months of one
+
+another in 1484.&amp;nbsp; He was grief-stricken and also struggling with the
+
+nobility, particularly the ambitious duke of Buckingham (a brash and arrogant
+
+man with his own share of Plantagenet blood.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, over in France, Henry Tudor was positioning
+
+himself as heir to his murdered uncle Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; With the support
+
+of exiled Lancastrians and the French monarchy, Henry planned to mount
+
+an invasion of England.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What had prepared Henry for this moment?&amp;nbsp; At
+
+twenty-eight he was hardly an experienced soldier but he was used to a
+
+life of sudden change.&amp;nbsp; In the 1450s his father Edmund and uncle Jasper
+
+were Henry VI's closest relatives, part of a small group of influential
+
+advisors to the king.&amp;nbsp; Other than these half-brothers, Henry VI was
+
+bereft of close blood relatives; his uncles, the dukes of Bedford, Clarence
+
+and Gloucester, had all died without legitimate heirs and this left both
+
+an emotional and dynastic void at the court.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry's government
+
+was reviled as inefficient and corrupt.&amp;nbsp; His two most prominent ministers
+
+were the dukes of Suffolk and Somerset and the English people reviled them.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry had also raised taxes and spent heavily to assert his right to the
+
+French throne.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps if he had been successful at it, the English
+
+people would not have grumbled about the taxes.&amp;nbsp; But he wasn't successful
+
+and, as the defeats multiplied, the people grew naturally resentful of
+
+the taxation and Henry's attempts to enforce it.&amp;nbsp; Also, many Englishmen
+
+(commoner and noble alike) were uncertain about the very survival of Henry's
+
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; After eight years of marriage, he and Margaret of Anjou
+
+had no children.&amp;nbsp; Increasingly, eyes turned to Henry's cousin Richard,
+
+duke of York, for stability and reform.&amp;nbsp; Henry, perhaps feeling as
+
+if Richard were being positioned to either dominate his government or usurp
+
+the throne, turned to his small group of advisors for guidance.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since Edmund and Jasper were young, their role at
+
+court was peripheral.&amp;nbsp; Their upbringing had also been quite different
+
+from most young noblemen.&amp;nbsp; However, they were not fools and were careful
+
+to never alienate the powerful duke of York during Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In the summer of 1453, Henry VI suffered an intermittent bout of madness
+
+so severe that he recognized no one, never spoke and had to carried from
+
+place to place.&amp;nbsp; Immediate steps had to be taken to ensure the survival
+
+of the royal government.&amp;nbsp; The winter of 1453 and 1454 was occupied
+
+with the struggle between Queen Margaret and Richard to be declared regent.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For whatever reason, the Tudor brothers sided with the duke of York.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Finally, on 3 April 1454, Parliament decided to appoint Richard regent
+
+during the king's illness.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There are records showing the brothers attended council
+
+meetings and parliamentary sessions; they were also involved in the extensive
+
+reform of the king's household, of which they were members.&amp;nbsp; At that
+
+time, their relationship with the duke of York was not regarded as incompatible
+
+with their attachment to Henry VI and his Lancastrian dynasty.&amp;nbsp; At
+
+any rate, around Christmas 1454, Henry VI suddenly recovered and the duke
+
+of York was no longer in power.&amp;nbsp; Instead, Henry VI restored his old
+
+favorites to their former positions, notably the hated Somerset (who was
+
+the uncle of Edmund Tudor's wife.)&amp;nbsp; The duke of York and his allies
+
+left London in apparent disgust.&amp;nbsp; The Tudor brothers, and most of
+
+the court, realized that a breach had been opened in the nobility.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Most were happy to see the king recover but they were not happy to see
+
+the capable York depart; further, the duke was hated by the queen after
+
+their struggle for the regency.&amp;nbsp; If the two groups clashed, which
+
+side would the Tudors choose?
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The 'Battle' of St Albans on 1 May 1455 revealed
+
+the extent of the problem.&amp;nbsp; The king had left London to visit Leicester,
+
+accompanied by his half-brother Jasper and the duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They spent the evening at Watford and the next day rode on to St Albans;
+
+the duke of York and the earls of Warwick and Salisbury were waiting for
+
+them.&amp;nbsp; There was a skirmish, several of the king's servants (including
+
+Somerset) were killed, and the king himself suffered a wound on the neck.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There was also violent fighting in the streets of the town.&amp;nbsp; The Yorkist
+
+forces were successful in capturing the king and escorted him back to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+On 26 May, Parliament was summoned to meet at Westminster in six weeks.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As peers of the realm, the Tudor brothers were required to attend.&amp;nbsp;
+
+All the lords gathered there swore allegiance to Henry VI but measures
+
+were undertaken to fix the kingdom's disastrous finances.&amp;nbsp; To that
+
+end, every grant Henry had made during his reign was revoked - with the
+
+notable exceptions of Edmund and Jasper's lands.&amp;nbsp; This exemption shows
+
+that York and his allies wanted Tudor support.&amp;nbsp; They were, after all,
+
+members of the royal family.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The second session of Parliament was in November
+
+1455 and the brothers did not attend.&amp;nbsp; They were in Wales, ostensibly
+
+to keep the king's peace there.&amp;nbsp; They had been sent on such a mission
+
+before (their only real task given by the king), perhaps because their
+
+father had been a Welshman.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, the respect many Welsh felt
+
+for the Tudor brothers, particularly Jasper, would aid his nephew Henry
+
+Tudor; after all, Henry landed in Pembrokeshire in 1485.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wales was always a problem for Henry VI for a major
+
+rebellion had ended just 40 years before and occasional fighting was not
+
+uncommon.&amp;nbsp; Edmund Tudor, as the eldest brother, went there as a representative
+
+of the English king.&amp;nbsp; While the duke of York was regent, Edmund led
+
+a raid to reassert the duke's authority on his lands, centered on the castle
+
+Carmarthen.&amp;nbsp; He fought - and won - the castle back from a Welsh rebel
+
+who had seized it.&amp;nbsp; While the duke was regent, this success was acceptable;
+
+Edmund held the castle for Richard and his authority as regent.&amp;nbsp; But
+
+after Richard left London in some disgrace, his English supporters in and
+
+near Wales were worried.&amp;nbsp; What if Edmund Tudor attempted to return
+
+Carmarthen and its lands to Henry VI rather than the duke?&amp;nbsp; Edmund
+
+was no longer a representative of the duke as regent; he was now a representative
+
+of the king.&amp;nbsp; Determined&amp;nbsp; to reassert Richard's authority in
+
+West Wales, they led a raid on Carmarthen and imprisoned Edmund sometime
+
+in September 1456.&amp;nbsp; Edmund was released soon after but had already
+
+developed a fatal illness.&amp;nbsp; He died on 1 November 1456 at Carmarthen
+
+and was given a fine burial at the nearby Greyfriars Church.&amp;nbsp; No one
+
+was ever accused of directly causing his death and it is possible that
+
+he always suffered from ill health; government records show he was absent
+
+from meetings far more than Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Then again, Edmund was also a
+
+husband and on, 28 January 1457, a father; sadly, he died before his son
+
+was born.&amp;nbsp; This son would be called Henry and would become the first
+
+Tudor king of England.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;Kingdoms are but cares,
+
+&lt;br&gt;State is devoid of stay,
+
+&lt;br&gt;Riches are ready snares,
+
+&lt;br&gt;And hasten to decay.
+
+&lt;br&gt;Pleasure is a privy prick
+
+&lt;br&gt;Which vice doth still provoke;
+
+&lt;br&gt;Pomp, imprompt; and fame, a flame;
+
+&lt;br&gt;Power, a smoldering smoke,
+
+&lt;br&gt;Who meaneth to remove the rock
+
+&lt;br&gt;Out of the slimy mud,
+
+&lt;br&gt;Shall mire himself, and hardly 'scape
+
+&lt;br&gt;The swelling of the flood.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;- Henry VI, written while he was&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;a prisoner in the Tower of London&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;NOTE: This is a terribly convoluted tale.&amp;nbsp; I
+
+have tried to whittle it down to the bare essentials while still conveying
+
+the most important information.&amp;nbsp; For a more detailed description of
+
+all the battles and plots, find a good book - like 'The Making of the Tudor
+
+Dynasty' - and devote your weekend to reading it.&amp;nbsp; If you're wondering
+
+why all this stuff about Jasper Tudor is important...&amp;nbsp; well, it consumed
+
+the early years of Henry Tudor's life.&amp;nbsp; Even if he wasn't directly
+
+involved, they were his relatives and their success - or failure - had
+
+a direct impact on his life.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also, the state of the monarchy pre-Henry VII:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+Edward IV, the first Yorkist king, was the only English king since Henry
+
+II to die solvent.&amp;nbsp; Having repossessed the lands of the exiled Lancastrian
+
+nobility and seeking support from the middle-class, he was able to run
+
+England effectively and efficiently.&amp;nbsp; Whatever his faults as a man
+
+(unfaithful and increasingly debauched), he was a good king.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; Since Henry VII spent most
+
+of his formative years away from this court, he could claim no special
+
+understanding of English politics; indeed, if his early life taught him
+
+anything it was the tenuousness of a title.&amp;nbsp; His uncle Jasper's life
+
+was the ultimate lesson.&amp;nbsp; On 3 February 1461 Edward, earl of March
+
+and son of the duke of York, triumphed over the Lancastrian forces at Mortimer's
+
+Cross in Herefordshire.&amp;nbsp; It was a terrible blow for Henry VI and Jasper,
+
+particularly since Jasper and the earl of Wiltshire had shared command
+
+over the defeated army.&amp;nbsp; His father, Owen Tudor, was executed after
+
+the battle.&amp;nbsp; Jasper had choice but to flee in disguise, seeking refuge
+
+at his lordship of Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; While he tried to solicit Welsh allies,
+
+Margaret of Anjou and her son Prince Edward had gathered a large army of
+
+northerners.&amp;nbsp; They reached St Albans in Hertfordshire on 17 February
+
+and soundly defeated the Yorkist forces led by the ill-prepared earl of
+
+Warwick.&amp;nbsp; This victory enabled Margaret to free her husband, prisoner
+
+of the Yorkists since the previous summer (the skirmish at St Albans).&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her plan was to march straight to London while Jasper Tudor led forces
+
+from South Wales.&amp;nbsp; But Jasper was unable to raise enough troops in
+
+time and Margaret's northern soldiers made the fatal mistake of pillaging
+
+the English countryside.&amp;nbsp; The Londoners were understandably terrified
+
+of the advancing northerners and refused to allow Margaret's men into London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They did, however, open their gates to the future Edward IV and the earl
+
+of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI and his family fled to Scotland and Jasper Tudor
+
+was left in Wales.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jasper's lands were seized and he was hunted mercilessly
+
+by Edward IV's ally William Herbert.&amp;nbsp; There is no record of his whereabouts
+
+but he did successfully elude capture, eventually escaping to Scotland.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His nephew, four-year-old Henry, was left behind at Pembroke Castle, seat
+
+of Jasper's power in Pembrokeshire.&amp;nbsp; Since William Herbert was awarded
+
+Jasper's lands by Edward IV, Henry was in his custody.&amp;nbsp; Because the
+
+young earl of Richmond was a member of the Lancastrian royal family, Herbert
+
+paid 1000 pds for his wardship; furthermore, he was given control over
+
+the boy's future marriage.&amp;nbsp; Herbert was never cruel to the boy; in
+
+fact, he and his wife, Anne Devereux, had a large family of their own and
+
+Henry was part of it.&amp;nbsp; Anne was particularly kind to the boy and,
+
+when he triumphed in 1485, Henry Tudor sent for her to come to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At their home, he was known as the earl of Richmond though his inheritance
+
+had been given to Edward IV's brother George, duke of Clarence.&amp;nbsp; His
+
+education was good - two Oxford scholars named Scot and Haseley who were
+
+also remembered when he became king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Henry rarely saw his mother.&amp;nbsp; A few months
+
+after his birth in 1457, she married a man named Henry Stafford.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They lived in Lincolnshire and, later, Surrey, long distances from Pembrokeshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Also, the fall of Pembroke Castle and Herbert's purchase of her son's wardship
+
+were obstacles.&amp;nbsp; But Margaret's husband made peace with the new king
+
+around 1461 and, while her son was not allowed to return to her guardianship,
+
+she was allowed to visit and write to him.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the exiled Lancastrian nobility (Henry's
+
+family) were involved in countless plots to return to power.&amp;nbsp; Captured
+
+spies exaggerated reports of their strength; one told Edward IV that the
+
+kings of France, Denmark, Portugal, and Aragon were planning a Lancastrian-led
+
+invasion.&amp;nbsp; Certainly any monarch would be uneasy after such reports.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Edward IV captured the earl of Oxford and his son, believed to be Lancastrian
+
+sympathizers, and executed them for treason.&amp;nbsp; Though the plot was
+
+not as grand as the spy alleged, it had involved French support and Jasper
+
+Tudor made his way to the continent.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, a convoluted agreement
+
+was made with Louis XI the French king.&amp;nbsp; This second plan failed around
+
+Christmas 1462.&amp;nbsp; In 1464, Louis XI decided to switch loyalties to
+
+Edward IV and urged the other Lancastrian ally, Francis II duke of Brittany,
+
+to do the same.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It is difficult not to admire the tenacity the Lancastrian
+
+exiles maintained during these years of planning and defeat.&amp;nbsp; Jasper
+
+increasingly began to see Wales as the perfect place for invasion since
+
+it was always hostile to the English monarchy.&amp;nbsp; The Welsh were understandably
+
+sympathetic to any cause which involved this high-ranking Welshman.&amp;nbsp;
+
+To many, Jasper was a national hero - a Welshman who had succeeded at the
+
+English court and could be counted upon to support their rights.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In the spring of 1468, they had cause to rejoice because Jasper was coming
+
+to Wales.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV had just made a treaty with independent French
+
+nobles which angered Louis XI of France.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, he decided
+
+to once again lend his support to the Lancastrian struggle.&amp;nbsp; But,
+
+once again, the support was not as much as necessary.&amp;nbsp; Jasper arrived
+
+in Wales and, though he gathered 2000 men, he was eventually routed at
+
+Harlech Castle.&amp;nbsp; Jasper once again escaped, some say by impersonating
+
+a peasant.&amp;nbsp; Once again, he was in France, still exiled and still defeated.&amp;nbsp;
+
+One can only imagine his frustration.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Jasper's invasion, however slight, did create
+
+a breach in the Yorkist party.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV's supporter, the earl of
+
+Warwick who had marched with him to London in 1461, was becoming dissatisfied
+
+with the king.&amp;nbsp; Called the 'kingmaker' because of his ability, Warwick
+
+wanted more power than Edward was willing to give.&amp;nbsp; In early 1469,
+
+the two former allies were not speaking and Warwick raised an army.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was victorious over William Herbert's army at Edgecote.&amp;nbsp; (Herbert
+
+was Henry VII's guardian and Edward IV's ally.)&amp;nbsp; Warwick realized
+
+he could not claim the throne for himself; instead, he had to switch sides
+
+and support Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; So, with Edward IV's brother George duke of
+
+Clarence, unhappy with his brother as well, Warwick went to France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There, Louis XI attempted to reconcile Warwick with his former enemies.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret of Anjou didn't want Warwick for an ally.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She didn't trust him; he had, after all, had a major role in arresting
+
+and deposing her husband in 1461.&amp;nbsp; But Margaret's desire to reassert
+
+Lancastrian authority was great and she reluctantly agreed to his help.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Another invasion was planned.&amp;nbsp; Warwick and Jasper would go through
+
+Wales and Margaret and Prince Edward follow when it was safe.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+Tudor was now thirteen years old, certainly old enough to understand the
+
+danger he was in after the Battle at Edgecote.&amp;nbsp; Since his guardian
+
+had been killed by Warwick, he was under the sole protection of Anne Devereux.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She took him and her Herbert children to her family's home in Herefordshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry's mother tried to regain custody of her son after Herbert's death;
+
+however, her attempts soon didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; For when Jasper and Warwick's
+
+army arrived in England, Edward IV was not in London and was unable to
+
+reach London before the Lancastrian forces.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, Edward fled
+
+to Holland on 2 October 1470.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, a relative of Anne Devereux's
+
+had taken Henry Tudor to Hereford and given him to Jasper when he arrived
+
+at the city.&amp;nbsp; The reunion of uncle and nephew was undoubtedly emotional
+
+for Jasper, an exile from his country for years.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Warwick
+
+entered London and freed Henry VI from the Tower.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was also a reunion for Henry and his mother.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Within a few days, he and Jasper had joined Margaret and her husband.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They entered London together and spent about six weeks there.&amp;nbsp; On
+
+12 November, Henry left his mother again to leave with Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+VI's restoration immeasurably increased Jasper Tudor's wealth and prestige
+
+(he was rewarded with lands, monies, grants); but Henry Tudor was not made
+
+the earl of Richmond.&amp;nbsp; His father's title had been given to Edward
+
+IV's brother George duke of Clarence and Clarence would not give it back.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Since he was an ally of Warwick's, there was nothing Jasper or Margaret
+
+could do for the boy.&amp;nbsp; Jasper, having spent ten years in exile and
+
+with little money or prestige, kept his nephew with him and enjoyed his
+
+success.&amp;nbsp; Alas, it did not last.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Edward IV and the
+
+Lancastrians met on the battlefield - this time at a town called Tewkesbury.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 12 March 1471, Edward returned from Europe and
+
+landed in Yorkshire.&amp;nbsp; He marched south to London, reaching there on
+
+11 April; on 14 April, he fought Warwick at the Battle of Barnet.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Edward won and promptly killed Warwick.&amp;nbsp; He also regained custody
+
+of Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; The situation was once again dire; Jasper Tudor promptly
+
+began to raise an army to fight Edward.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Margaret of Anjou
+
+and Prince Edward arrived in England as planned so many months ago.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She knew nothing of Warwick's defeat and her husband's capture.&amp;nbsp; Upon
+
+hearing the news, she was devastated but unbowed.&amp;nbsp; She gathered an
+
+army in the West Country and marched north toward Wales; she was planning
+
+to meet and join forces with Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV was no fool and realized
+
+that he must make a quick, decisive strike.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to
+
+meet Margaret's army before she met up with Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Edward and Margaret
+
+met south of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471.&amp;nbsp; Margaret was soundly defeated
+
+and her son killed during or after the battle.&amp;nbsp; Captured like her
+
+husband and with their only child killed, Margaret was taken to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Jasper Tudor, unable to reach her in time, was an exile once again - and,
+
+this time, so was his nephew.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;The defeat at Tewkesbury was devastating to the Lancastrian cause.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Only hours after Edward IV returned in triumph to London, Henry VI was
+
+dead in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The circumstances of his death were mysterious
+
+but the execution of his supporter the duke of Somerset was an open warning.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Jasper Tudor had good reason to fear for both his and Henry's safety.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Margaret Beaufort and her husband almost immediately declared allegiance
+
+to Edward to protect themselves.&amp;nbsp; But her son, as one of the few surviving
+
+males with Lancastrian blood, was destined for France.&amp;nbsp; Jasper hoped
+
+that their old ally Louis XI would aid them once again.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before he arrived in France, however, he fought a
+
+battle in Wales at Chepstow.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV was still determined to capture
+
+him and sent Sir Roger Vaughan to do so.&amp;nbsp; Jasper Tudor managed to
+
+defeat Vaughan and executed him.&amp;nbsp; This ruthless act was uncharacteristic
+
+for Jasper but can be easily explained - Vaughan had killed his father,
+
+Owen Tudor, almost ten years before at the battle of Mortimer's Cross.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The satisfaction of this execution was Jasper's only comfort as he fought
+
+his way to the coast.&amp;nbsp; From there, he, his nephew, and a few servants
+
+made their way to France.&amp;nbsp; They ended up landing in Brittany, where
+
+the duke Francis II had long supported them.&amp;nbsp; Francis was desperate
+
+to preserve his duchy's independence from the French state and recognized
+
+Jasper and Henry as powerful diplomatic tools.&amp;nbsp; If Edward would aid
+
+him, then perhaps he would return the Tudors - that was Francis's official
+
+diplomatic message.&amp;nbsp; Edward made several attempts to gain custody
+
+of the Tudors but was unsuccessful.&amp;nbsp; His concern, however, was intermittent
+
+since they were not in England and he was more concerned with his own family
+
+and rule.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; From 1471 to Edward's death twelve years later, Jasper
+
+and Henry remained in Brittany, staying at the castle of Suscinio, traditionally
+
+used as the duke's summer residence.&amp;nbsp; Louis XI of France, meanwhile,
+
+was engaged in more diplomatic rivalry.&amp;nbsp; Resenting Edward's relations
+
+with his enemies, he sought the release of Jasper and Henry into his custody.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He told the duke of Brittany that the Tudors had, after all, intended to
+
+go to France itself - their landing in Brittany had been a mistake of bad
+
+weather.&amp;nbsp; Also, Jasper had been given a pension by Louis during their
+
+earlier stay; consequently, he was a servant of the king and under his
+
+protection.&amp;nbsp; Both men wanted to use the Tudors as diplomatic pawns
+
+but Francis II was unwilling to give up his advantage.&amp;nbsp; The Tudors
+
+stayed in Brittany, under increasingly strict control.&amp;nbsp; There were
+
+reports that Edward IV wanted Henry killed and that Louis XI was going
+
+to kidnap them.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward IV had to console himself with Francis II's promise
+
+that the Tudors were under protective custody.&amp;nbsp; In the mid-1470s he
+
+tried a new strategy, with the aid of Henry's mother.&amp;nbsp; She had extracted
+
+a promise from the king that some of her lands would pass to her son on
+
+her death.&amp;nbsp; Edward not only agreed but he also suggested an English
+
+bride - perhaps one of his own daughters - for the exiled earl.&amp;nbsp; Margaret
+
+Beaufort gave her full support to this plan.&amp;nbsp; She wanted her son in
+
+England above all else.&amp;nbsp; Whether Edward intended to keep his promise
+
+is unknown but it was certainly a good idea.&amp;nbsp; By marrying Henry into
+
+his family, he would neutralize this last Lancastrian threat.&amp;nbsp; And,
+
+for a while, it seemed he would be successful.&amp;nbsp; In late 1476, worn
+
+down by ill health and the English ambassadors, Francis II consented to
+
+send Henry to England.&amp;nbsp; Henry developed - or faked - an illness at
+
+the port and was able to elude being sent home.&amp;nbsp; It may be that he
+
+suspected duplicity on Edward's part or was counseled by his uncle.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(It seems evident that Henry, the first Tudor king, shared many qualities
+
+with his granddaughter, Elizabeth I, last of the Tudor monarchs - both
+
+were shaped by perilous upbringings into cautious, careful rulers.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In truth, they bore little resemblance to Henry VIII, Edward VI &amp;amp; Mary
+
+I.&amp;nbsp; They were also far more concerned with domestic policy than foreign
+
+entanglements.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since Henry had, by now, grown into a handsome and
+
+affable teenager, he was always welcome at the ducal court.&amp;nbsp; After
+
+avoiding being sent to England, he simply returned to the duke's custody.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There, he continued to be treated fairly - indeed, even generously.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Every now and again, Edward IV and Margaret Beaufort tried to lure him
+
+to England (for different reasons, of course.)&amp;nbsp; Margaret had asked
+
+Edward to let Henry stand as heir to her estates and he agreed (in 1472)
+
+but by 1482, Edward IV decided this - if Henry returned to England and
+
+gained Edward's favor, he would receive Margaret's lands plus other estates.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But if he stayed in France, he would get nothing.&amp;nbsp; Nothing had been
+
+decided when Edward died unexpectedly on 9 April 1483.&amp;nbsp; By this time,
+
+Duke Francis was facing instability in his own lands.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough,
+
+this made Henry and Jasper's position more tenuous.&amp;nbsp; Still, they received
+
+as much support from the duke as he could provide, including generous gifts
+
+of money.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It may be that, upon Edward's death, Henry seriously thought
+
+of returning home.&amp;nbsp; The events which followed the king's demise certainly
+
+set him upon that course.&amp;nbsp; As recounted earlier, Richard duke of Gloucester,
+
+seized the throne from his nephew, Edward V, his brother's 12-year-old
+
+heir.&amp;nbsp; Richard officially seized the throne on 26 June.&amp;nbsp; There
+
+was no immediate effect on Henry and Jasper Tudor.&amp;nbsp; But their protectors,
+
+the French king Louis XI and Duke Francis II, immediately recognized the
+
+possibilities - after all, Richard III's claim was tenuous and he would
+
+need to work out some arrangement regarding other claimants.&amp;nbsp; Jasper
+
+and Henry Tudor would bear even greater pressure on Richard than they had
+
+on Edward.&amp;nbsp; At first, Richard simply tried to establish friendly relations
+
+with the king and duke, without explicitly mentioning the Tudors.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His more immediate concern was the closing of French ports to English exiles
+
+(notably former Queen Elizabeth Woodville's brother and a large section
+
+of the English fleet.)&amp;nbsp; In England, Margaret still wanted her son
+
+to return - though to his rightful position as earl of Richmond, not as
+
+king of England.&amp;nbsp; But events soon changed, with the same rapidity
+
+of Richard's usurpation, and Henry Tudor dreamed of more than an earldom.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard III's usurpation was bad enough to most Englishmen,
+
+and especially the nobility.&amp;nbsp; But in 1483, Edward IV's two sons -
+
+held in the Tower - mysteriously died.&amp;nbsp; It was whispered that Richard
+
+had them murdered and secretly buried.&amp;nbsp; Thus was born the legend of
+
+the 'Princes of the Tower'.&amp;nbsp; (What happened remains a matter of conjecture;
+
+mystery novelist and playwright, Josephine Tey, wrote&lt;i&gt; The Daughter of
+
+Time&lt;/i&gt;, a book which convincingly argues for Richard's innocence.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In that case, Henry VII executed the boys - who would be his brothers-in-law
+
+- in order to secure his throne.&amp;nbsp; Morre recently, the lawyer Bertram
+
+Fields examines the case in &lt;i&gt;Royal Blood&lt;/i&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; The deaths of Edward
+
+V and his brother, Richard duke of York, angered the populace and encouraged
+
+the image of Richard III as a deceitful murderer.&amp;nbsp; Since Richard never
+
+officially responded to the rumors, they were believed to be true.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Soon enough, the duke of Buckingham, Henry Stafford, created more chaos.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He led a rebellion against Richard III in October and was captured and
+
+executed in November.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; First of all, it is important to remember that Buckingham,
+
+Richard III and Henry Tudor were the &lt;i&gt;only&lt;/i&gt; surviving male heirsto
+
+the house of Plantagenet.&amp;nbsp; The reasons why Buckingham led a rebellion
+
+against Richard are not clear but several possibilities can be considered
+
+- first, he had as legitimate a claim to tthe throne as Richard and, gauging
+
+popular dissatisfaction with the new king, Buckingham felt he should take
+
+his chances and set himself up as the rival claimant (particularly since
+
+Edward V and Richard of York were supposedly murdered); second, as a rival
+
+claimant, Buckingham undoubtedly felt uneasy about his own safety (particularly
+
+when it was rumored Richard had murdered his two nephews; if he had, it
+
+was possible he would decide to murder Buckingham as well.)&amp;nbsp; These
+
+two reasons alone are sufficient to explain Buckingham's motivations.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Later historians, especially Polydore Vergil (Henry VII's official historian)
+
+would later claim Buckingham really intended to defeat Richard and place
+
+Henry Tudor on the throne.&amp;nbsp; But it hardly seems likely; indeed, Buckingham
+
+could legitimately believe he had a more solid claim than Henry.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There had been uprisings against Richard III just
+
+days after his coronation which highlighted popular dissatisfaction.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Meanwhile, Margaret Beaufort had become friends with Edward IV's widow,
+
+Elizabeth Woodville (or Wydeville).&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth heard the rumors of
+
+her sons' deaths in the Tower; she had no way of gauging their truth.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But she was eager to reassert her family's claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; With
+
+her sons supposedly dead, that left her five daughters - in particular,
+
+her eldest Elizabeth of York - to claim the throne.&amp;nbsp; They could do
+
+so only through marriage to a male claimant (such as Henry Tudor.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+So the plan to wed Elizabeth and Henry began in earnest.&amp;nbsp; Both women
+
+knew that such a marriage would imply that Henry Tudor wanted to replace
+
+Richard on the throne.&amp;nbsp; Margaret quickly sent Christopher Urswick,
+
+a young priest from her household, to Brittany.&amp;nbsp; her son, so long
+
+an exile and dependent on others, was to plan a return to England - to
+
+claim two great positions, husband &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; king.&amp;nbsp; Margaret also
+
+sent a large sum of money to her son, raised from loans in London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She advised him to come to Wales as soon as possible (since he would receive
+
+support in Wales, particularly from the duke of Buckingham.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This, of course, lends credence to the idea that
+
+Buckingham wanted to support Henry's claim.&amp;nbsp; But, again, that is conjecture.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Buckingham did write a letter to Henry on 24 September 1483 which stated
+
+he would support the rebellion against Richard, &lt;i&gt;even though &lt;/i&gt;he and
+
+Henry's interests may not be perfectly compatible.&amp;nbsp; What is certain
+
+is that Buckingham suspected his own life was forfeit with Richard III;
+
+he and Henry Tudor could sort out things once Richard was defeated.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He told Henry the rebellion would begin on 18 October, thus giving Henry
+
+three weeks notice.&amp;nbsp; He did not mention acknowledging Henry as king
+
+- he also did not mention marriage to Elizzabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; Henry received
+
+Margaret and Buckingham's letters and talked with the duke of Brittany.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He needed further financial support but also relied on Francis's advice.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The duke promised support; another vital link was established.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard III had not suspected Buckingham of treachery
+
+- at first.&amp;nbsp; Thus, he had no large arrmy assembled to fight the duke.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But such a massively-planned uprising could not remain secret forever and
+
+Richard was informed on 11 October that a vast rebellion would occur in
+
+a week.&amp;nbsp; He had heard vague descriptions of a plan a few weeks before
+
+and had summoned Buckingham to him.&amp;nbsp; The duke feigned a stomach ache;
+
+a more tersely-worded summons soon followed.&amp;nbsp; The duke again refused
+
+the summons.&amp;nbsp; By then, the rebellion was a week away and Richard had
+
+been informed of Buckingham's involvement and the extent of the rebellion.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Richard hurriedly assembled his army; and though he had been betrayed by
+
+Buckingham, his former friend, he was not bitter - he specifically ordered
+
+his troops to not 'rob, spoil or hurt' any of Buckingham's followers.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Richard was prepared to be merciful.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Buckingham's rebellion began - and failed, largely
+
+because his Welsh tenants decided they liked him less than Richard III.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Robbed of this crucial support, he fled to a friend's home but the friend,
+
+Ralph Bannaster, turned him in and, on 31 October, Buckingham was taken
+
+to Sir James Tyrell and Christopher Wellesbourne, staunch supporters of
+
+Richard III.&amp;nbsp; Once Buckingham had been captured, the other rebellions
+
+collapsed.&amp;nbsp; Many of the rebels fled to Brittany, to join Henry Tudor,
+
+now their last hope.&amp;nbsp; Richard III attempted to prevent this mass exodus
+
+of rebels but failed.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, at Plymouth Harbor, Henry heard
+
+the news of Buckingham's execution on 2 November 1483.&amp;nbsp; (He had been
+
+delayed on his way to England because of a storm.)&amp;nbsp; His other rival
+
+for the throne had been killed (Buckingham's son and heir was just six
+
+years old) but Buckingham's failure was hardly encouraging.&amp;nbsp; He returned
+
+to Brittany, once more an exile after twelve years abroad.&amp;nbsp; His position
+
+was perhaps more untenable than before - the uprising had been soundly
+
+defeated and Richard III was once again making friendly overtures to duke
+
+Francis.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's only hope lay with the English exiles now
+
+joining him in Brittany.&amp;nbsp; There were roughly 500 men, among them the
+
+marquess of Dorset.&amp;nbsp; These exiles told him he must reassemble his
+
+allies and attack again, before Richard III became more firmly entrenched
+
+as king - and before the duke ended his hospitality.&amp;nbsp; In December,
+
+Henry gave a speech at Rennes Cathedral meant to boost morale and inspire
+
+his supporters.&amp;nbsp; He promised to marry Elizabeth of York, thus joining
+
+the houses of York and Lancaster together.&amp;nbsp; The assembled men swore
+
+oaths of loyalty to him.&amp;nbsp; Their next task was more difficult - persuading
+
+the duke of Brittany to lend them more money to assemble yet another fleet.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Again, Henry promised to repay the money.&amp;nbsp; He was fortunate that Richard
+
+III had decided to retaliate against Breton and French ships because of
+
+their assistance to Henry and Buckingham.&amp;nbsp; The duke was angered and
+
+agreed to loan Henry more money.&amp;nbsp; So another flotilla was assembled
+
+and final preparations made in mid-spring 1484.&amp;nbsp; But, for some unknown
+
+reason, the exiles did not sail for England.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Instead, they remained at Vannes in Brittany.&amp;nbsp;
+
+By this time, Henry fully realized the enormous stakes of the enterprise.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was particularly moved by the loyalty of the other exiles.&amp;nbsp; Many
+
+were separated from their families and all were wanted men - and they suffered
+
+these injuries to support him.&amp;nbsp; He owed them a great debt and it is
+
+to his credit that, immediately after Bosworth, he rewarded them.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Elizabeth Woodville's son by her first husband, the marquess of Dorset,
+
+was in Brittany as were her three brothers, Lionel, Edward and Richard.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They were joined by many loyal servants.&amp;nbsp; All of the exiles were undoubtedly
+
+horrified by the supposed murders of Edward V and Richard of York.&amp;nbsp;
+
+While these men schemed with Henry Tudor, the object of their schemes -
+
+Richard III - attempted to nullify their threat.&amp;nbsp; He tried various
+
+tactics, mixing friendly overtures with veiled threats.&amp;nbsp; He knew Margaret
+
+Beaufort had sent messages to her son and plotted in the rebellion but
+
+he couldn't risk alienating her husband, Lord Stanley.&amp;nbsp; So he told
+
+Stanley to watch his wife carefully, dismiss the servants who had relayed
+
+messages, and prevent any contact with Henry and other rebels.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+also gave Stanley possession of Margaret's property for the course of Stanley's
+
+life; after his death, the lands would pass to the crown.&amp;nbsp; Still,
+
+Margaret had every reason to be grateful for her life.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In March of 1484, Richard attempted a reconciliation
+
+with his former sister-in-law, Elizabeth Woodville.&amp;nbsp; She and her five
+
+daughters had sought sanctuary in Westminster.&amp;nbsp; Richard gathered the
+
+lord mayor of London, all leading aristocrats and various aldermen to his
+
+palace.&amp;nbsp; He announced that - if Elizabeth and her children left sanctuary
+
+- he would protect them; they would be reccognized as his kin and given
+
+a pension and dowries.&amp;nbsp; Most importantly, he publicly promised they
+
+would not be sent to any prisons, including the Tower of London (the site
+
+of their brothers' deaths.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He also attempted to win over the duke of Brittany
+
+again.&amp;nbsp; In this he was aided by the ailing duke's treasurer, Pierre
+
+Landais.&amp;nbsp; Landais believed Brittany's fate would be better served
+
+with an English alliance.&amp;nbsp; It could be, too, that he disliked the
+
+assembled rebels.&amp;nbsp; As a result, Henry asked the French king Charles
+
+VIII for asylum at his court.&amp;nbsp; Charles agreed and, soon enough, Henry
+
+left Brittany for Paris.&amp;nbsp; It was a dangerous decision and, as it was
+
+taken without Francis's permission, would have resulted in his arrest.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But he managed to arrive in Anjou with his pursuers just an hour behind.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(His uncle Jasper had left a few days earlier, ostensibly to visit Francis
+
+at Rennes.&amp;nbsp; Both he and Henry turned away at the last moment and headed
+
+toward Anjou.)&amp;nbsp; There were about 400 rebels left behind.&amp;nbsp; Duke
+
+Francis certainly had every right to send them back to England, to face
+
+certain death.&amp;nbsp; But he did not - sick as he was, he was determined
+
+to undo some of Landais's damage.&amp;nbsp; He allowed the rebels to join Henry
+
+in Paris. He also gave them a large gift of money (about 700 livres) to
+
+pay for their travel (this was in addition to their living allowance he
+
+was also paying!)&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor was touched by his old protector's
+
+kindness and generosity.&amp;nbsp; He sent a letter of thanks, realizing that
+
+the treachery had been Landais's and not the duke's.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the French royal family were very eager
+
+to use Henry as a diplomatic weapon against the English.&amp;nbsp; But the
+
+situation at the French court was confused and problematic; in the end,
+
+Henry relied upon the king's older sister, Anne of Beaujeu, for assistance.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her role was of vital importance as Henry planned for the greatest battle
+
+of his life, Bosworth Field.
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;The French court which welcomed Henry Tudor was a curious place.&amp;nbsp;
+
+King Louis XI had died on 30 August 1483, leaving behind a thirteen-year-old
+
+heir who became Charles VIII.&amp;nbsp; As often happened when a minor succeeded
+
+to the throne, a power struggle ensued between the new king's relatives
+
+over the role of regent.&amp;nbsp; Charles's mother, Charlotte of Savoy, was
+
+not a serious contender; she had never been involved in politics and was
+
+seriously ill.&amp;nbsp; (She died on 1 December.)&amp;nbsp; So the struggle was
+
+between Charles's older sister, Anne, and his younger sister's husband,
+
+Louis duc d'Orleans.&amp;nbsp; Anne was twenty-two years old and married to
+
+Pierre, Lord Beaujeu, the heir of the duc d'Bourbon.&amp;nbsp; Anne triumphed
+
+over her brother-in-law Louis and her gained control of the government.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor's former patron, Duke Francis II, soon
+
+became involved in this struggle - at least ostensibly.&amp;nbsp; His servant
+
+Pierre Landais (discussed on the previous page) was hated by the Orleans
+
+party who were seeking an alliance with his old enemies - namely, the noblemen
+
+of Brittany who had fled during Landais's ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; (Naturally
+
+enough, they had fled from Brittany to France, where they met with the
+
+Orleans party.)&amp;nbsp; On 7 April 1484 these new allies attempted to destroy
+
+Landais, breaking into the ducal palace at Nantes and then going to his
+
+country house.&amp;nbsp; They failed to find Landais, however, and were forced
+
+to flee in shambles.&amp;nbsp; They waited at the town of Ancenis, in Brittany
+
+but near the French border.&amp;nbsp; Landais remained in power and seemed
+
+to bear no ill will toward the Breton-Orleans conspirators.&amp;nbsp; In autumn,
+
+the Orleans party attempted - once again - to make peace between Francis
+
+II and his exiled noblemen.&amp;nbsp; This time, they didn't attempt to kidnap
+
+Landais as part of their plan!&amp;nbsp; Landais was a pragmatist and undoubtedly
+
+wanted to rid himself of the troublesome Breton-Orleans scheming.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So he supported their plan; in doing so, he knew he would anger the French
+
+monarchy.&amp;nbsp; Naturally, he turned to England's King Richard III for
+
+assistance, asking that Richard recognize the Orleans-Breton alliance;
+
+in return, Landais offered to send Henry Tudor to England.&amp;nbsp; (Landais
+
+would then have the support of Burgundy, Orleans, &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; England against
+
+any French designs on Brittany.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, Henry Tudor fled to France where he was
+
+welcomed with open arms.&amp;nbsp; With Henry Tudor gone, Brittany had no olive
+
+branch to offer England; this would weaken the Breton-English alliance.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It would also aid Anne of Beaujeu in her struggle against the Orleans party.&amp;nbsp;
+
+When Henry arrived in Anjou, he sent a messenger to Charles VIII, then
+
+at Montargis.&amp;nbsp; The king immediately sent an envoy to greet Henry and
+
+bring him to Chartres.&amp;nbsp; The envoy was given the generous sum of 20000
+
+francs for expenses on the week-long journey.&amp;nbsp; Charles was, of course,
+
+delighted to encourage Henry in his plan to overthrow Richard III - though
+
+less delighted to give him large sums of money on a continual basis, as
+
+Duke Francis had.&amp;nbsp; Also, Charles may have been unnerved by the large
+
+number of Henry's English followers who needed to be housed and fed while
+
+awaiting developments.&amp;nbsp; Charles did give Henry about 3000 francs to
+
+clothe his army and granted permission for Henry to assemble mercenaries
+
+for his army.&amp;nbsp; Henry traveled with the king north to Paris (the court
+
+spent autumn in the beautiful Loire valley); on 4 February 1485, they reached
+
+the French capital.&amp;nbsp; During this journey, Henry finally realized the
+
+necessity of immediate and decisive action.&amp;nbsp; He had spent nearly fourteen
+
+years as an exile in France and Landais's betrayal revealed the instability
+
+of his position.&amp;nbsp; What if Anne of Beaujeu fell from power?&amp;nbsp; Would
+
+he be a pawn for the Orleans cause?&amp;nbsp; Also, it is true that Henry was
+
+in his late twenties, strong and healthy and undoubtedly yearning to be
+
+his own man.&amp;nbsp; Why would he want to live in other people's homes, dependent
+
+on their good will and generosity?
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard III was certainly unhappy with events in
+
+France.&amp;nbsp; He sent word to Charles of his displeasure and also tried
+
+to rally English support against Henry.&amp;nbsp; Henry was sending letters
+
+to England during the winter of 1484-5 to inspire potential supporters
+
+(since many were dissatisfied with Richard's rule, for reasons outlined
+
+in previous pages.)&amp;nbsp; Richard was aware of these letters and ordered
+
+the mayors and sheriffs throughout England to arrest anyone receiving or
+
+distributing them.&amp;nbsp; (One of the letters has survived - click here
+
+to read it.)&amp;nbsp; An interesting note about these letters - Henry was
+
+styling himself King of England, a deliberate and flagrant disregard of
+
+Richard's position.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 7 December 1484, Richard responded to the letters
+
+by sending out his own proclamations.&amp;nbsp; He condemned the exiles supporting
+
+Henry in France; he also mocked Henry's use of the royal title.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+also reiterated the ancient animosity between England and France, reminding
+
+the English people that - in exchange for Charles's support - Henry had
+
+supposedly promised to return the English possessions in France and relinquish
+
+the traditional English claim to the French throne.&amp;nbsp; These, of course,
+
+were matters near and dear to all English hearts.&amp;nbsp; From the 12th century
+
+onwards, the English claim to the French throne and territories was a patriotic
+
+dream shared by all Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; The great heroes of the past (most
+
+gloriously, Henry V) had led their countrymen to battle over those claims;
+
+thousands of Englishmen died in those battles.&amp;nbsp; By painting Henry
+
+as a traitor to one of the most precious English dreams (that of possessing
+
+France), Richard hoped to appeal to English patriotism.&amp;nbsp; He also reminded
+
+his subjects that Henry would be invading with mercenaries who would commit
+
+'the most cruel murders, slaughters, robberies and disinheritances that
+
+were ever seen in any Christian Realm.'&amp;nbsp; Once again, Richard appealed
+
+to a time-honored English abhorrence of invasion.&amp;nbsp; He also attended
+
+to more practical matters - ordering sheriffs to prepare troops for muster
+
+and raise cash for military payments.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; I would like to emphasize - once again - the tenuousness
+
+of Henry Tudor's claim.&amp;nbsp; At this point, only he and Richard III were
+
+viable claimants to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; But Richard's position was
+
+stronger by far (and as will become clear later), the Battle of Bosworth
+
+ended in Henry's favor only because a key nobleman betrayed Richard.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This was hardly an auspicious beginning to Henry's rule.&amp;nbsp; Throughout
+
+these pages, I have tried to emphasize the general unpopularity of Richard's
+
+rule - &lt;i&gt;with regard to the disappearance of his nephews&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+disappearance sullied Richard's character and made those Englishmen who
+
+didn't support Henry Tudor less than thrilled about defending Richard III.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In other words, they would simply wait out the conflict without openly
+
+supporting either party.&amp;nbsp; And that is exactly what most of the country
+
+did.&amp;nbsp; Personally, I do not believe Richard III murdered his nephews
+
+but, of course, the mystery will always remain open to interpretation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It is true that Richard III has received a 'raw deal' from historians.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Can we blame this on Shakespeare?&amp;nbsp; :-)&amp;nbsp; Hey, it is a great play
+
+but written during the reign of Henry Tudor's granddaughter.&amp;nbsp; It isn't
+
+likely the playwright wanted to offend the monarch (witness the ending
+
+to All Is True for proof of that - a sympathetic introduction to Katharine
+
+of Aragon which ends with Elizabeth's triumphant birth.)&amp;nbsp; Richard
+
+was a capable and intelligent man and - whatever the truth about his nephews
+
+- had far more experience in government thhan Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; He also
+
+reacted to betrayal with an appealing mixture of punishment and forgiveness;
+
+he was far more conciliatory than, say, Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; (During this
+
+time, an embarrassing episode occurred which may have furthered Richard's
+
+resolve to shore up his support against Henry:&amp;nbsp; John de Vere, the
+
+Lancastrian earl of Oxford, was imprisoned at Calais in France; he escaped,
+
+along with two English soldiers, to join Henry Tudor in Paris.&amp;nbsp; Understandably,
+
+this embarrassed Richard; he issued pardons to the English soldiers at
+
+Calais, including de Vere's supporters, but they still rebelled.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In the end, Henry's morale went up and Richard's fell drastically.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Oxford episode indicated the lack of loyalty to Richard's regime.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This was coupled with the disloyalty of Sir William Stanley, advising Henry
+
+from England.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, these domestic actions were accompanied
+
+by foreign policy initiatives designed to find Richard prominent allies.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In this, he was successful as well.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor's old ally, Duke
+
+Francis of Brittany, entered into a seven-year truce with England on 2
+
+March 1485.&amp;nbsp; One of the specific points of the truce was that neither
+
+side would support rebellion against the other, thus allying Richard and
+
+Duke Francis against the French throne.&amp;nbsp; Not surprisingly, Charles
+
+VIII began to fear an English-Breton invasion of France. So he encouraged
+
+Henry Tudor to hasten his plans to invade England.&amp;nbsp; In March 1485,
+
+Richard's queen, Anne Neville, died and this personal heartbreak had to
+
+be shoved aside in the face of Henry Tudor's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; It was soon
+
+rumored that Richard would marry Elizabeth of York or her sister Cecily,
+
+thus regaining the support of Henry's Yorkist allies.&amp;nbsp; Henry, whom
+
+Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort intended to wed Elizabeth, was
+
+upset but could do little.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Richard kept a shrewd eye on
+
+Lord Stanley (I'll let you alert readers figure out the Tudor-Stanley connection
+
+from the earlier pages - here's a clue: who was Margaret Beaufort married
+
+to?)&amp;nbsp; Around July 1485, Stanley asked permission to visit relative
+
+in Lancashire.&amp;nbsp; The king was no fool; he allowed Stanley to leave
+
+London but kept his son and heir, George, Lord Strange, as hostage.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Essentially, Strange remained in Richard's household in order to assure
+
+his father's good behavior.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles VIII was, of course, still encouraging Henry's
+
+planned invasion but still hedging about financial support.&amp;nbsp; When
+
+news came that Richard might marry Elizabeth of York, Henry became frantic.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He cast about for another prominent Yorkist bride, with little success.&amp;nbsp;
+
+More importantly, (with the support of Philippe de Commynes, an influential
+
+diplomat) Henry pressed Charles to request money from the French parliament.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The French king did so on 4 May 1485 and was successful; he returned with
+
+Henry to Paris about a month later.&amp;nbsp; Already, plans to assemble an
+
+invasion fleet were being approved.&amp;nbsp; At Harfleur, near the mouth of
+
+the River Seine, Henry spent about 50000 livres to assemble 4000 men.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Of these, 1500 were discharged soldiers from a base at Pont de l'Arche.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The French soldiers were commanded by a nobleman from Savoy called Philibert
+
+de Chandee, who later became a good friend of Henry Tudor's.&amp;nbsp; There
+
+were also Henry's 400 English supporters who had shared his exile.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry placed these men under the command of Richard Guildford.&amp;nbsp; (It
+
+was later rumored that about 1000 Scots joined Henry's force; whether that
+
+number is correct or not, some Scots did fight on Henry's side.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's great enterprise was about to begin.&amp;nbsp;
+
+On 1 August 1485, Henry and his followers left Honfleur and sailed down
+
+the Seine into the Channel.&amp;nbsp; On 7 August, they sailed into Milford
+
+Sound near sunset.&amp;nbsp; They actually landed at Mill Bay, inside the Sound.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This was the land of Pembrokeshire where Henry had been imprisoned as a
+
+young man.&amp;nbsp; Upon landing, Henry knelt down and whispered, 'Judge me,
+
+Lord, and fight my cause.'&amp;nbsp; He kissed the English soil, crossed himself,
+
+and told his men to follow him - in the name of God and St George.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was no coincidence that he landed in Wales, his father's native land;
+
+it was there that he hoped to gain crucial support for his cause.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;(&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;NOTE:&amp;nbsp; Historical sources regarding
+
+the actual battle at Bosworth are scanty at best.&amp;nbsp; No one who actually
+
+fought at the battle recorded the battle; typically, the chroniclers from
+
+London recorded great events but they were far from the action in 1485.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Also, the supporters of Richard III didn't want to remember their defeat
+
+- and unlikely to write about in the chargged political climate.&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+
+supporters were concerned with more immediate matters after the battle
+
+- namely, beginning the rule of a very ineexperienced monarch who had not
+
+been to England in fifteen years.&amp;nbsp; And there is another very important
+
+fact - medieval battles are incredibly confusing to describe (just as they
+
+were confusing to fight.)&amp;nbsp; Imagine a Revolutionary War battle - the
+
+British soldiers in matching red coats, marching in perfect cadence to
+
+a fixed point, they shoot, reload and aim with some degree of consistency.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Medieval warfare did not proceed along those lines.&amp;nbsp; In general, it
+
+was chaotic and confusing to the participants - and the chroniclers.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So if the following account confuses you a little, you're in good company.&amp;nbsp;
+
+I have tried to be as clear as possible, to the extent of omitting stuff
+
+which is particularly confusing (including Henry's mysterious 'disappearance'
+
+the night before the battle; that will eventually be included in the Primary
+
+Sources section, directly from Polydore Vergil's work.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The most prominent chronicler of the Battle was
+
+Polydore Vergil, Henry VII's official court historian.&amp;nbsp; Of course,
+
+his version is the official Tudor account but we must rely upon it.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In most respects, Vergil had little reason to alter anything since the
+
+Tudor claimant was victorious.)&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Henry's force marched to the nearest inhabited
+
+area, a settlement called Dale.&amp;nbsp; There they spent the night; the next
+
+day (8 August) they left Dale to a castle called Haverfordwest, about 12
+
+miles to the north-east.&amp;nbsp; The townsmen actually welcomed the invaders,
+
+an indication of their nebulous loyalty to Richard III.&amp;nbsp; Of course,
+
+news of Henry's arrival on English soil was only just spreading along the
+
+coast.&amp;nbsp; In this northern part of Pembrokeshire, there were fewer castles
+
+and - again - it was Jasper Tudor's former home.&amp;nbsp; Also, Richard III
+
+had extensive control over south Wales, which shows that Henry's Welsh
+
+support was as nebulous as Richard's English support.&amp;nbsp; Richard's control
+
+over much of Wales also meant that Henry was forced to march north into
+
+the center of Wales.&amp;nbsp; And, of course, it must be recalled that the
+
+Stanleys (his mother's in-laws) controlled much of north Wales and Cheshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Sir William Stanley was Richard III's chief lieutenant in Anglesey, Caernarfonshire,
+
+and Merioneth, cities which made up the northern part of royal holdings
+
+in Wales.&amp;nbsp; (Remember that Sir William was the younger brother of Henry's
+
+stepfather.)&amp;nbsp; Henry may have been in touch with the Stanleys immediately
+
+upon landing in Wales.&amp;nbsp; Oddly enough, a letter Henry sent to another
+
+supporter, John ap Maredudd ab Ieuan ap Mareddud, has survived; it was
+
+written about 8 August, immediately after the landing, and designed to
+
+gain Welsh support.&amp;nbsp; The letter to ap Mareddud can be read by clicking
+
+here.&amp;nbsp; What did ap Mareddud do?&amp;nbsp; We don't know - though it is
+
+true that Henry did have some significant Welsh support.&amp;nbsp; Of course,
+
+it was nowhere near as great as many later remembered.&amp;nbsp; And it is
+
+false to state that
+
+&lt;i&gt;every&lt;/i&gt; Welshman welcomed the return of Owen Tudor's
+
+descendants.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the Tudor dynasty in no way favored Wales
+
+or its native population - so any support from the Welsh was not rewarded.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In 1536, in particular, the Welsh had good cause to resent any support
+
+they had given.&amp;nbsp; After Bosworth, certain laudatory poems and songs
+
+were written - but as these were dedicated to an actual king than a pretender
+
+to the throne, they were naturally fawning.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In reality, Henry did not receive
+
+a rapturous welcome.&amp;nbsp; On 8 August, at Haverfordwest, he received a
+
+crushing blow - John Savage, nephew of Henry's stepfather, and the powerful
+
+Welsh lord, Rhys ap Thomas, were not planning to support his cause.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Of course, they had promised otherwise while he was in France but Richard
+
+III suspected both men of disloyalty - and before Henry landed, he made
+
+certain they understood the penalty of treason.&amp;nbsp; With this crushing
+
+news, even the professed loyalty of Pembroke was small consolation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry's march from Havefordwest northeast to Cardigan and there to Machynlleth
+
+(about 100 miles from the Dale settlement) is not documented.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+arrived at Machynlleth on 14 August and wrote a letter to Sir Roger Kynaston,
+
+the guardian of the Grey estates; to pass safely to Shrewsbury, Henry needed
+
+- at the very least - Kynaston's inaction..&amp;nbsp; The guardian didn't need
+
+to declare for him but he could at least not impede his progress. Click
+
+here to read the letter to Kynaston.&amp;nbsp; Whatever Kynaston's decision,
+
+Henry did pass safely through to Shrewsbury.&amp;nbsp; To get to this point,
+
+his force had marched through the mountains of Wales but they had the continual
+
+arrival of good news to cheer them on the lonely journey - supporters were
+
+marching to join them, bringing along much-needed supplies.&amp;nbsp; Among
+
+these supporters was Rhys ap Thomas, who finally decided to honor his previous
+
+promise.&amp;nbsp; Rhys later said he brought almost 2000 men with him; if
+
+true, his force made up a third of Henry's entire army.&amp;nbsp; They were
+
+in time to join Henry at Shrewsbury, the traditional gateway to the English
+
+midlands; they marched along the old Roman road even as supporters sent
+
+along money to pay the mercenary troops.&amp;nbsp; But at Shrewsbury, Henry's
+
+progress was no longer easy.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Shrewsbury was an important
+
+town and had two bailiffs, Roger Knight and Thomas Mitton, both in power
+
+for about two decades.&amp;nbsp; They had prospered under Richard III, notably
+
+from the failure of Buckingham's rebellion (notably, Mitton received Buckingham's
+
+castle and Shrewsbury's tax bill was significantly reduced.)&amp;nbsp; And
+
+one must remember Richard III's admonitions to the English people, specifically
+
+warning them of the dangers of mercenary troops.&amp;nbsp; The people of Shrewsbury
+
+had no desire for foreign troops to plunder and pillage their town.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(Keep in mind that Henry's army was not primarily English.)&amp;nbsp; When
+
+Henry requested permission to march through the streets, Mitton made a
+
+familiar reply - &quot;over my belly.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Henry could not afford to go around
+
+the city so he retreated.&amp;nbsp; At a nearby village, he composed a letter
+
+to the bailiffs, promising that his men would simply march through Shrewsbury
+
+peacefully, without causing any damage or harm.&amp;nbsp; He respected the
+
+oath of loyalty to Richard III and did not expect any of the townspeople
+
+to break it.&amp;nbsp; The letter may not have swayed the bailiffs but the
+
+arrival of Rowland Warburton, a retainer of Sir William Stanley, arrived
+
+and persuaded the bailiffs to let Henry pass.&amp;nbsp; The Stanley support
+
+was impressive enough to sway even Mitton, who lay on the ground so Henry
+
+could step over his belly (thus keeping his former oath.)&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What effect did this 'adventure'
+
+have on Henry?&amp;nbsp; He realized, once again, that his support was not
+
+widespread.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, in the end he relied upon the apathy of the English
+
+population - essentially their decision to not actively support Richard
+
+III.&amp;nbsp; Shrewsbury was the first English town he marched through, a
+
+test of how the average citizen would respond to his invasion.&amp;nbsp; Since
+
+they did not recognize his claim to the throne, Henry had little to celebrate.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In a way, his march was as
+
+much a public relations enterprise as a military endeavor.&amp;nbsp; Everywhere
+
+he went, he attempted to drum up support - and he was often successful.&amp;nbsp;
+
+More men and prominent lords joined the cause, all for various reasons.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At Stafford, Henry met up with Sir William Stanley.&amp;nbsp; Stanley brought
+
+news that Richard III, informed of Henry's march, was camped at Nottingham.&amp;nbsp;
+
+From there, it was just a brief march south to block Henry's path to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In other words, Stanley was urging Henry to hurry if he wanted to reach
+
+the capital.&amp;nbsp; Henry marched to meet Richard, stopping for the night
+
+at Lichfield; as at Shrewsbury, he kept his army outside the walls so as
+
+not to offend the citizens.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now it gets a bit confusing:
+
+&lt;i&gt;Lord&lt;/i&gt;
+
+Stanley, whose son Lord Strange was Richard's 'hostage', was marching with
+
+about 5000 men toward Lichfield (presumably to meet up with Richard III
+
+at Nottingham.)&amp;nbsp; He did not dare meet with Henry Tudor, though he
+
+supported his claim.&amp;nbsp; Ostensibly, Lord Stanley was loyal to Richard.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So he avoided Henry's army though, supposedly, sent a message assuring
+
+him of eventual support.&amp;nbsp; Of course, promises can be easily broken
+
+and Henry was uneasy.&amp;nbsp; He knew Richard had scouts watching Stanley
+
+and held his son hostage.&amp;nbsp; Under such circumstances, Stanley's support
+
+was not completely assured.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Lord Stanley's brother - Sir
+
+William - had met up with Henry's army at Lichfield on 20 August.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Lord Stanley had arrived near Atherstone, close to the actual battlefield.&amp;nbsp;
+
+On this Saturday (20 August, still!), Lord Stanley sent his brother a message
+
+that Richard was near and fighting could begin in just three hours.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This, of course, did not happen.&amp;nbsp; But the Stanleys apparently met
+
+together and decided on a course of action - namely, they would not publicly
+
+declare their support for either Richard or Henry.&amp;nbsp; On Sunday, they
+
+apparently decided upon their battle plans - namely, Lord Stanley's betrayal
+
+of Richard.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lord Stanley was, of course,
+
+Henry's stepfather but his waffling is understandable.&amp;nbsp; But it caused
+
+both Richard III and Henry a great deal of anxiety.&amp;nbsp; Henry secretly
+
+met with the Stanleys on 21 August but, after the meeting, was still unsure
+
+of their unqualified support.&amp;nbsp; Under such circumstances, Henry's nervousness
+
+was greater than the king's.&amp;nbsp; But Richard was far from secure himself.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was at Nottingham when he heard of Henry's arrival in Pembrokeshire
+
+and, from there, his steady march through Wales to the midlands.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As mentioned earlier, Richard had made preparations for this moment in
+
+1484.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered his nobles and gentry to assemble according to
+
+plan.&amp;nbsp; He was undoubtedly unnerved that Henry was receiving some measure
+
+of support and that his march was essentially unimpeded.&amp;nbsp; He called
+
+the dukes of Northumberland and Norfolk to him, as well as the lieutenant
+
+of the Tower of London (where most of the king's weaponry was stored.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+Because Sir William Stanley did not respond to summons, Richard declared
+
+him a traitor.&amp;nbsp; He also intimidated Lord Strange enough for the young
+
+man to confess to some sort of 'conspiracy' to betray the king.&amp;nbsp; This
+
+simply confirmed Richard's fears.&amp;nbsp; He realized as well that Henry
+
+was trying to reach London as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; So he gathered
+
+his own forces to prevent this; he was later called a coward for not confronting
+
+Henry sooner but consider this - Richard wanted to assemble as many supporters
+
+as possible while dragging out the ordeal for Henry's army.&amp;nbsp; The assembled
+
+mercenaries were tired, hungry, and - like Henry - knew the crucial Stanley
+
+support was not secure.&amp;nbsp; Richard's army was a bit larger than Henry's
+
+though exact figures do not exist.&amp;nbsp; They marched south in traditional
+
+square battle formation, Richard and his guard behind two groups of horsemen.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There were about 100 knights and noblemen who had responded to Richard's
+
+summons.&amp;nbsp; Most of these men were from the north, specifically Yorkshire
+
+and Lancashire.&amp;nbsp; Richard marched with these men as the King of England,
+
+wearing his crown and coat-of-arms.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative that every
+
+Englishman who watched the march be reminded the Richard was the king and
+
+Henry just a pretender.&amp;nbsp; He would be crushed just like the duke of
+
+Buckingham.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 21 August (Sunday),
+
+both armies knew battle was near.&amp;nbsp; Richard knew Henry's camp was near
+
+Atherstone; he himself camped at the plain of Redmoor.&amp;nbsp; The next day
+
+the forces would meet on the battlefield, a place later called Bosworth
+
+Field.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;br&gt;(I wanted to point out an interesting fact about Henry's tactics prior
+
+to Bosworth; by marching toward London, he essentially determined where
+
+the battle would be fought - &lt;i&gt;wherever he and Richard met up on the way
+
+to London&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; So Bosworth Field was not chosen for any purpose other
+
+than the two armies met there.&amp;nbsp; Today, it is impossible to adequately
+
+understand the geography of the battlefield and Richard and Henry's camps
+
+prior to the battle; hundreds of years of building, etc. have altered the
+
+landscape.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;(Also: William Brandon, Henry's standard bearer, was slain at this
+
+battle.&amp;nbsp; His son, Charles, would become Henry VIII's best friend,
+
+husband to Princess Mary Tudor &amp;amp; grandfather of Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His biography is available at Tudor Citizens.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;The actual battle supposedly took place on Redmoor plain, near Richard
+
+III's encampment.&amp;nbsp; Long after the battle, it came to be called the
+
+Battle of Bosworth Field because the town of Market Bosworth lay to the
+
+north of Redmoor plain.&amp;nbsp; Also, a Welsh chronicler asserted that the
+
+battle actually took place at the town.&amp;nbsp; In other words, there is
+
+some debate about where the battle took place - &lt;i&gt;though one can reasonably
+
+assert it occurred at Redmoor plain&lt;/i&gt;.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sunday 22 August began inauspiciously for Richard
+
+III and one of his most powerful allies, the duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Richard
+
+admitted he had slept little and suffered bad dreams; in the superstitious
+
+medieval world this did not bode well.&amp;nbsp; Also, the duke of Norfolk
+
+found a sign outside his quarters which read, 'Jack of Norfolk be not so
+
+bold, For Dykon thy master is bought and sold.'&amp;nbsp; After his sleepless
+
+night, Richard arose earlier than even his chaplain (so there was no morning
+
+mass) and had no breakfast.&amp;nbsp; He insisted on wearing his crown throughout
+
+the day, as he had insisted upon marching to Redmoor clad in his ceremonial
+
+robes and crown.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor had spent a sleepless night as well,
+
+and his morning began with disturbing news.&amp;nbsp; His stepfather, Lord
+
+Stanley, was still officially part of Richard's force.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Stanley's
+
+force waited between Henry and Richard's camps.&amp;nbsp; But when Henry pushed
+
+his stepfather to join him, Stanley still demurred (this on the day of
+
+the battle!)&amp;nbsp; One can imagine Henry's response.&amp;nbsp; Stanley sent
+
+Henry a brief message; he should prepare his army for battle and wait for
+
+Stanley to join him at the appropriate moment.&amp;nbsp; (Note: Richard's archers
+
+were under the command of the duke of Norfolk while Henry's archers were
+
+under the command of John de Vere, the earl of Oxford.&amp;nbsp; The actual
+
+make-up of each army is a matter of debate as well, as is their size.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They each had a number of infantry and cavalry, complemented with cannon
+
+and guns and - of course - the traditional bows and swords.&amp;nbsp; One chronicler
+
+estimated Richard's cannon at 140; Henry had cannon brought from France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As to the actual numbers involved, chroniclers are always prone to exaggeration
+
+and this time was no exception.&amp;nbsp; We know Henry landed in Wales with
+
+about 4000 and was joined by a large number of reinforcements; Richard's
+
+force must have been equal - at least.&amp;nbsp; Sir William Stanley led about
+
+3000 troops.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One more mention of the Stanleys: Richard was less
+
+troubled by their waffling than Henry.&amp;nbsp; After all, Richard would have
+
+been content if they simply stayed out of the battle whereas Henry was
+
+desperate for their support.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, Richard's army had higher
+
+morale - and supposedly larger numbers.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry marched northeast at a leisurely pace toward
+
+Richard's camp.&amp;nbsp; Were his troops wary of attacking first?&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly;
+
+but, in the end, Richard decided to order his attack when Henry's force
+
+passed by a march.&amp;nbsp; At this time, he also realized that Lord Stanley
+
+was not joining him.&amp;nbsp; (He could see Stanley's army motionless on the
+
+field.)&amp;nbsp; Richard ordered his hostage, Lord Strange, beheaded but in
+
+the heat and confusion of battle, the order was not carried out.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The first moments of battle were an indication of the chaos to come.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Immediately, arrows were exchanged and then hand-to-hand combat began.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Swords, pikes, aces, spears....&amp;nbsp; These were the weapons of choice.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(Interesting note: Richard's ally, the duke of Northumberland, waited at
+
+the rear of the army with a well equipped force which never entered battle
+
+for one simple reason - the topography of the battlefield.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard's scouts told him that Henry, too, remained
+
+outside the fighting, observing the battle with a small group of supporters.&amp;nbsp;
+
+By identifying Henry's standard, Richard determined his exact position.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Then he undertook a most courageous and incredible feat - he spurred his
+
+horse to ride directly at Henry, the pretender to his throne.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+knew that if Henry was slain - before Stanley intervention - the battle
+
+would end.&amp;nbsp; On his horse, at full gallop, he slay a great number of
+
+those around Henry (notably his standard bearer, William Brandon, and that
+
+respected soldier, the 'giant' John Cheyne.)&amp;nbsp; Henry, of course, was
+
+innocent of real experience in battle but he did not run - though he also
+
+kept a horse nearby in case the battle was lost.&amp;nbsp; Still, the tide
+
+would have turned against Henry except....&amp;nbsp; the Stanleys finally entered
+
+the battle, on the Tudor side!
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It cannot be emphasized enough that Richard III died
+
+valiantly in battle.&amp;nbsp; Every later chronicler asserted his bravery
+
+and skill.&amp;nbsp; One wrote that, after Stanley's men swarmed around him,
+
+Richard fought 'manfully in the thickest press of his enemies.'&amp;nbsp; According
+
+to Polydore Vergil, 'that day he would make end either of war or life';
+
+he would 'die like a king or win victory in this field.'&amp;nbsp; He was wounded
+
+several times but refused the advice of his few companions to flee.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He also refused the offer of a horse.&amp;nbsp; His heroism was evident to
+
+all.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he could not prevail.&amp;nbsp; His crown was knocked
+
+from his head; his head was struck so many times that the helmet was beaten
+
+into the skull; even after his death, his body continued to be beaten.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Around him lay the bodies of his few companions - Conyers, Brackenbury,
+
+Ratcliffe....&amp;nbsp; There is a legend that his crown landed in a hawthorne
+
+bush; true or not, it was soon enough in Henry Tudor's hands - and not
+
+because of any personal bravery on the part of the first Tudor king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The battle lasted about two hours.&amp;nbsp; Its outcome
+
+- Henry's triumph - was only made possiblee by Stanley's disgraceful betrayal
+
+of his king.&amp;nbsp; Had he waited a few moments longer, Henry may have been
+
+personally killed by Richard.&amp;nbsp; That single action inaugurated the
+
+Tudor dynasty - and it was a shameful inauguration.&amp;nbsp; Whatever his
+
+qualities before the battle, his actions immediately afterwards are not
+
+endearing.&amp;nbsp; Richard III, who had fought so heroically and suffered
+
+an awful death, continued to be humiliated and abused.&amp;nbsp; His body was
+
+slung naked over a horse, arms and legs hanging over the sides; a halter
+
+was tossed around his neck to symbolize his defeat.&amp;nbsp; In this manner,
+
+he was taken to a friary in Leicester where his body lay on view for two
+
+days; it was naked from the waist down except for a scant and cheap black
+
+cloth.&amp;nbsp; He was buried at the friary with no ceremony.&amp;nbsp; The church
+
+no longer exists - Henry's son ordered the dissolution of the monasteries
+
+in the 1530s and Richard's grave was opened and the body thrown out.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Later, the coffin was supposedly used as a horse trough and cellar steps
+
+in a nearby manor.&amp;nbsp; Richard III remains the only English king since
+
+1066 to have no burial place.&amp;nbsp; He was also the last English king to
+
+die in battle.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor had now declared himself Henry VII and
+
+Lord Stanley placed Richard's crown upon his stepson's head.&amp;nbsp; His
+
+officers were busy settling old scores, executing old foes and rounding
+
+up the prisoners.&amp;nbsp; In the end, we can reasonably estimate that about
+
+400 men - in total - died that day.&amp;nbsp; Of course, after the battle few
+
+wanted to talk about the actual fighting - those two hours which ended
+
+in betrayal and death for one king and the beginning of one of the most
+
+celebrated dynasties in English history.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;On a personal note....&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;I do want to stress that Henry Tudor did nto participate
+
+in the fighting - and, in fact, he kept a horse nearby so he could flee
+
+if the battle was lost.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he planned to 'turn tail
+
+and run', as the clichÃ© goes.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;It might seem odd that a king who supposedly won his crown in 
+  battle was actually quite cowardly on the battlefield, and didn't participate 
+  - but it's the truth.&amp;nbsp; Richard III only lost because Lord Stanley 
+  disgracefully betrayed his king.&amp;nbsp; And he did so after Richard had already 
+  forgiven him numerous offenses (many bordering on treason), and had treated 
+  him kindly.&amp;nbsp; Henry may have claimed a crown that day, but he claimed no 
+  glory.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;You may visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.r3.org&quot;&gt;Richard
+
+III Society&lt;/a&gt; site for the other side of the story.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Henry Tudor as King
+
+&lt;p&gt;'His [Henry VII] body was slender but well built and strong; his height
+
+above the average.&amp;nbsp; His appearance was remarkably attractive and his
+
+face was cheerful especially when speaking; his eyes were small and blue;
+
+his teeth few, poor and blackish; his hair was thin and grey; his complexion
+
+pale'.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Polydore Vergil, from the &lt;i&gt;Anglica Historia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Many historians have long argued that Bosworth Field marked
+
+the end of medieval England, and the beginning of more modern government.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This assumes at least some drastic changes occurred during the 24 years
+
+Henry ruled England.&amp;nbsp; However, no such changes occurred.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+maintained the government of his predecessors; he simply had a more efficient
+
+administration.
+
+&lt;p&gt;This should detract from his formidable accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; Despite
+
+his very questionable claim to the throne, Henry proved himself to be an
+
+able and enthusiastic king.&amp;nbsp; He devoted himself to the minutiae of
+
+government, personally initialing household account books.&amp;nbsp; He was
+
+quite miserly, which greatly benefited his spendthrift son Henry VIII,
+
+but this was understandable - the first Tudor king knew financial success
+
+would be the life or death of his new dynasty.&amp;nbsp; Like all monarchs,
+
+he needed money - and often badly.&amp;nbsp; But he needed parliament's permission
+
+to raise taxes or create new ones.&amp;nbsp; Yet Henry knew that parliament
+
+would be opposed to giving a new - and unpopular king - more sources of
+
+revenue, particularly since England's economy was not prosperous.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And so Henry only called parliament seven times during his reign.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Instead of creating new methods to raise money, he cannily exploited the
+
+existing sources.&amp;nbsp; Every loophole that existed was stretched wide
+
+- Henry sought every penny he could from eevery source of revenue.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And he protected the money fanatically.&amp;nbsp; Few monarchs lived so frugally,
+
+and as Francis Bacon noted, 'towards his queen [Elizabeth of York] he was
+
+nothing uxorious, nor scarce indulgent....'
+
+&lt;br&gt;For Henry VII, money equaled security.&amp;nbsp; And so rights of Wardship,
+
+Marriage, Promotions, and Death, forced loans and benvolences, and trade
+
+dues were all tools to gain financial security.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Upon becoming king, Henry's immediate problem was the same as his Yorkist
+
+predecessors - the legitimacy of his claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; Bosworth
+
+Field had not ended the struggle for England's crown, and Henry faced considerable
+
+unrest throughout the early years of his reign.&amp;nbsp; The Northerners (who
+
+never lost their distrust of the Tudors) had supported Richard III, and
+
+did not welcome a Welsh king.&amp;nbsp; And Yorkist support continued in Ireland
+
+(where Lambert Simnel was crowned Edward VI 1487), and in Europe (where
+
+Edward IV and Richard III's sister Margaret lived on as the influential
+
+duchess of Burgundy.)&amp;nbsp; Also, because Henry's claim to the throne was
+
+so weak, he inevitably had to work harder to create the impression of royal
+
+authority.&amp;nbsp; By all accounts, he lacked the majesty, or charisma, of
+
+his son Henry VIII and granddaughter Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; But charisma was
+
+perhaps a negligible quality during those early years; more important were
+
+hard work, dedication, and discipline.&amp;nbsp; And Henry possessed those
+
+qualities in abundance.
+
+&lt;p&gt;First, Henry benefited directly from the Wars of the Roses - heirs to
+
+many of the old noble families were killed during the battles.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+simply appropriated their lands and revenue.&amp;nbsp; Those that had supported
+
+Richard III (those that survived, that is) were attainted and their estates
+
+confiscated.&amp;nbsp; He also created a council 'Learned in the Law' in 1495
+
+to deal with enforcement of already-existing taxes, particularly those
+
+owed by the nobility.&amp;nbsp; Henry also forbid nobles to retain their own
+
+armies.&amp;nbsp; A small number of attendants was acceptable, but Henry did
+
+not want any lord to have more power than the king.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV had
+
+attempted the same maneuver, with less success.&amp;nbsp; Henry was aided by
+
+a simple fact - as king, he owned most of the gunpowder in the country.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Therefore, he simply blew up the castles and keeps of recalcitrant barons.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was quite an effective policy, though Henry did not curb the power and
+
+influence of all nobles.&amp;nbsp; But it is worth noting that the English
+
+nobility, already in decline during the Wars of the Roses, fell from influence
+
+rapidly under the Tudors - under Elizabeth I, for instance, England had
+
+just one duke (and he was executed for treason.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;Henry did continue the Yorkist tradition of promoting government officers
+
+from the middle class (primarily clerics and lawyers.)&amp;nbsp; But he did
+
+not create the middle class government that many historians propose; nobles
+
+still retained the most powerful positions.&amp;nbsp; Henry kept many of Edward
+
+IV and Richard III's councilors, and these were either from the aristocracy,
+
+or related through marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it should be noted that the middle
+
+class was growing in power and influence, and carefully making its way
+
+through the corridors of power.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Henry also revived the powers of the Justices of the Peace, first introduced
+
+by Henry II.&amp;nbsp; They administered the king's justice throughout England,
+
+and were supposedly free of local prejudices.&amp;nbsp; His Yorkist predecessors
+
+had appointed a Council of the North and thus allowed the great border
+
+families of Neville, Dacre, Scrope, and Percy to rule as virtually independent
+
+princes with their own armies.&amp;nbsp; This was necessary because the Scottish
+
+border was notoriously difficult to maintain; raids from the north were
+
+all too common, and the Yorkists had needed the Northern lords to protect
+
+English interests.&amp;nbsp; When Edward IV was king, Richard had been 'Lord
+
+of the North', having inherited the vast Neville estates through his wife.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry was not so inclined - he did not want the Northern families to be
+
+too powerful; after all, they could turn that power against their king.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But he also knew the North needed a strong leader, a servant of the crown.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And so he released the last Percy heir, the earl of Northumberland, from
+
+the Tower of London and appointed him Lord Warden of the East and Middle
+
+Marches.&amp;nbsp; But Henry carefully trimmed Percy's powers, and only allowed
+
+the council to meet sporadically.&amp;nbsp; He successfully subdued it into
+
+becoming a mere extension of his own London-based authority.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Henry also attempted to quell the Scottish problem, and undercut the
+
+Auld Alliance (the alliance between France and Scotland), by marrying his
+
+eldest daughter Margaret to the king of Scots in 1503.&amp;nbsp; He planned
+
+to marry his youngest daughter, Mary, to Charles, the prince of Castile.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His eldest son and heir apparent, Prince Arthur, was wed to the youngest
+
+daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, the powerful 'Catholic Kings' of Spain.&amp;nbsp;
+
+With these marriage alliances, Henry hoped to protect his domestic interests;
+
+he did not want to engage in costly foreign wars since the establishment
+
+of his own dynasty was more important, but he needed foreign allies.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Marriage was less costly than war, and - Henry hoped - more effective.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The matches were impressive, particularly the match with Spain since it
+
+meant that the most powerful European monarchs recognized his shaky claim
+
+to the throne.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082556&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082556&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH2063.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH2063.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH2063.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1510 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">53816</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">King Henry VIII (1491-1547): Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Six Wives of Henry VIII The Reformation</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">King Henry VIII (1491-1547): Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Six Wives of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">King Henry VIII: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH20631d2f433d6af891439d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215273</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2063.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8main.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">h8two.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">fitzroy.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;King Henry VIII&quot; height=52 width=315&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8main.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of King Henry VIII by an unknown artist&quot; BORDER=2 height=348 width=250&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#One&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+    View portraits of King Henry VIII at
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#One&quot;&gt;A
+
+brief discussion of his personality and historical importance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; 
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Two&quot;&gt;Henry Tudor, duke of York: 1491-1502&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Three&quot;&gt;Heir
+
+apparent: 1502-1509&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Four&quot;&gt;1509-1526:
+
+Katharine of Aragon, Cardinal Wolsey &amp;amp; Princess Mary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Five&quot;&gt;1526-1536:
+
+Anne Boleyn and the Henrician Reformation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Six&quot;&gt;1536-1546:
+
+Four wives, Thomas Cromwell &amp;amp; foreign policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Seven&quot;&gt;Death
+
+and disorder: Henry's last months and a discussion of his illness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Eight&quot;&gt;The
+
+English nobility during Henry's reign&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Nine&quot;&gt;Henry: 
+    lapsed Catholic or Protestant reformer?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Ten&quot;&gt;Notable
+
+Dates and Events&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Eleven&quot;&gt;Bibliography
+
+and Further Reading&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Henry's wives:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;The Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;      &lt;b&gt;Henry's children:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;
+      King Edward VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;'My, you ought to seen old Henry the Eight when he was in bloom.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He &lt;i&gt;was&lt;/i&gt; a blossom.&amp;nbsp; He used to marry a new wife every day, and
+
+chop off her head next morning.&amp;nbsp; And he would do it just as indifferent
+
+as if he was ordering up eggs.&amp;nbsp; 'Fetch up Nell Gwynn,' he says.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They fetch her up.&amp;nbsp; Next morning, 'Chop off her head!'&amp;nbsp; And they
+
+chop it off.&amp;nbsp; 'Fetch up Jane Shore,' he says; and up she comes.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Next morning, 'Chop off her head' - and they chop it off.&amp;nbsp; 'Ring up
+
+Fair Rosamun.'&amp;nbsp; Fair Rosamun answers the bell.&amp;nbsp; Next morning,
+
+'Chop off her head.'&amp;nbsp; And he made every one of them tell him a tale
+
+every night; and he kept that up till he had hogged a thousand and one
+
+tales that way, and then he put them all in a book, and called it Domesday
+
+Book - which was a good name and stated the case.&amp;nbsp; You don't know
+
+kings, Jim, but I know them; and this old rip of ourn is one of the cleanest
+
+I've struck in history.&amp;nbsp; Well, Henry he takes a notion he wants to
+
+get up some trouble with this country.&amp;nbsp; How does he go at it - give
+
+notice? - give the country a show?&amp;nbsp; No.&amp;nbsp; All of a sudden he heaves
+
+all the tea in Boston Harbor overboard, and whacks out a declaration of
+
+independence, and dares them to come on.&amp;nbsp; That was &lt;i&gt;his&lt;/i&gt; style
+
+- he never give anybody a chance.&amp;nbsp; He  had suspicions of his father,
+
+the Duke of Wellington.&amp;nbsp; Well, what did he do? - ask him to show up?&amp;nbsp;
+
+No - drownded him in a butt of mamsey, like a cat.&amp;nbsp; Spose people left
+
+money laying around where he was - what did he do?&amp;nbsp; He collared it.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Spose he contracted to do a thing; and you paid him, and didn't set down
+
+there and see that he done it - what did he do?&amp;nbsp; He always done the
+
+other thing.&amp;nbsp; Spose he opened his mouth - what then?&amp;nbsp; If he didn't
+
+shut it up powerful quick, he'd lose a lie, every time.&amp;nbsp; That's the
+
+kind of a bug Henry was....&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;All I say is, kings is kings, and you got to make allowances.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Take them all around, they're a mighty ornery lot.&amp;nbsp; It's the way they're
+
+raised.'&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;from Mark Twain's &lt;i&gt;Adventures of Huckleberry Finn&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;One&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=4&gt;I have no fear but when you
+
+heard that our Prince, now Henry the Eighth, whom we may call our Octavius,
+
+had succeeded to his father's throne, all your melancholy left you at once.&amp;nbsp;
+
+What may you not promise yourself from a Prince with whose extraordinary
+
+and almost Divine character you are acquainted?&amp;nbsp; When you know what
+
+a hero he now shows himself, how wisely he behaves, what a lover he is
+
+of justice and goodness, what affection he bears to the learned I will
+
+venture to swear that you will need no wings to make you fly to behold
+
+this new and auspicious star.&amp;nbsp; If you could see how all the world
+
+here is rejoicing in the possession of so great a Prince, how his life
+
+is all their desire, you could not contain your tears for joy.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+heavens laugh, the earth exults, all things are full of milk, of honey,
+
+of nectar!&amp;nbsp; Avarice is expelled the country.&amp;nbsp; Liberality scatters
+
+wealth with bounteous hand.&amp;nbsp; Our King does not desire gold or gems
+
+or precious metals, but virtue, glory, immortality.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;font size=2&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lord Mountjoy to Erasmus&lt;/i&gt;, 1509&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;A brief discussion of his personality and historical
+
+importance&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; How can one adequately describe Henry's personality?&amp;nbsp;
+
+Imagine yourself as Henry VIII, the second son suddenly yanked into the
+
+spotlight by your older brother's death. Sheltered and smothered by a father
+
+suddenly aware that he has just one heir left; handsome and intelligent
+
+and, by turns, both recklessly indulged and then denied.&amp;nbsp; Any of us
+
+would have emerged as a mass of contradictions and frustrations.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So Henry VIII, crowned king at the prime of his life, just eighteen years
+
+old and physically magnificent with more enthusiasm and energy than most
+
+of his contemporaries, became a conflicted and confused man.&amp;nbsp; But
+
+it is a shame to let the last twenty years of his life color the interpretation
+
+of his entire life.&amp;nbsp; One should not see him as simply an ogre king
+
+who beheaded two wives, divorced two others, and rejected another in one
+
+of the most humiliating ways possible.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His personality was quite amazing; his intelligence,
+
+learning, and curiosity impressed even the world-weary ambassadors who
+
+littered his court.&amp;nbsp; His thirst for knowledge was insatiable, though
+
+it never became the near-mania that haunted Philip II.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII
+
+didn't spend his declining years surrounded by slips of paper detailing
+
+the most minute occurrences in his realm.&amp;nbsp; But he did spend his entire
+
+reign reading dispatches, scribbling notations, meeting with diplomats
+
+and politicians.&amp;nbsp; Very little occurred in England that escaped his
+
+attention; indeed, very little occurred in Europe that escaped Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He prided himself on this and well he should; the Spanish ambassador reported
+
+that Henry knew of the fall of Cadiz before the Holy Roman Emperor.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He was usually genial company.&amp;nbsp; He loved music
+
+and wrote his own.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed dancing and entertainment.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+held countless banquets and tournaments.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed all physical
+
+activities and excelled at most of them.&amp;nbsp; Hunting, archery, tennis,
+
+jousting - the king made his court into an endless round of competition
+
+and celebration.&amp;nbsp; When he grew older, these former pleasures became
+
+torments; like most former athletes, Henry became fat as he aged and the
+
+once-loved pastimes became bitter reminders of the ravages of time.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And he ruled over a country where almost half the population was 18 years
+
+old or younger!&amp;nbsp; Youth was everywhere, staring the old king in his
+
+face.&amp;nbsp; We can imagine the effects.&amp;nbsp; Quite naturally, he sought
+
+reassurances - from women, his courtiers, his council.&amp;nbsp; Affairs could
+
+distract him, but love affairs were never his grand passion.&amp;nbsp; Despite
+
+his licentious reputation, Henry VIII was really a 16th century sexual
+
+prude; among his European contemporaries, he philandered the least.&amp;nbsp;
+
+State affairs indulged his taste for war and glory; family affairs gnawed
+
+at his conscience and pride.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII did not want distractions.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He wanted a grand mission, a defining statement.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he got
+
+his wish, though in the most improbable way possible.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He began life as a second son, destined for the
+
+church.&amp;nbsp; It was the dream of Henry VII for his eldest son, Arthur,
+
+to be king and for his second son, Henry, to be the highest churchman in
+
+England.&amp;nbsp; And so, for the first ten years of his life, Henry was a
+
+student of theology.&amp;nbsp; And for the next thirty years of his life, he
+
+remained a dutiful son of the church.&amp;nbsp; It is ironic, then, that his
+
+most significant historical achievement was the destruction of the Roman
+
+Catholic faith in England.&amp;nbsp; The impact of the Henrician reformation
+
+forever altered the course of English history.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII, who had
+
+indulged in endless diplomatic squabbles and foreign wars, left no grand
+
+achievement beyond his own borders.&amp;nbsp; Vast amounts of money were spent
+
+on these foreign entanglements - and many lives lost - but, in the end,
+
+nothing changed in the European balance of power.&amp;nbsp; England, constantly
+
+pulled between the two great continental powers of France and the Holy
+
+Roman Empire, nearly bankrupted itself in an attempt to become respected
+
+and feared.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Why did Henry ultimately fail in those tasks normally
+
+reserved for monarchs?&amp;nbsp; Ultimately, he was a victim of his times.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The 16th century was a confusing mess of changing loyalties, betrayals,
+
+near-constant fighting, and most importantly, a rising skepticism of that
+
+great institution of the fading medieval world, the Roman Catholic church.&amp;nbsp;
+
+With the advent of the printing press a century before, literacy and intellectual
+
+debate grew rapidly.&amp;nbsp; The High Renaissance in Italy occurred during
+
+the first 20 years of Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; It was a time of unparalleled
+
+scientific experiment, intellectual fervor, and spirited debate.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In such a time, traditional views of kingship were bound to change for
+
+both the ruler and those he ruled.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (As evidence of this confusion, one need only remember
+
+that Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor crowned by the Pope, led the brutal
+
+sack of Rome in 1527.&amp;nbsp; Charles, supposedly the anointed defender of
+
+the papacy, actually ordered his imperial army to loot, pillage, and kill
+
+their way through Rome and the Vatican.&amp;nbsp; The pope ended up fleeing
+
+to relative safety in his nightshirt.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While reading any biography of Henry VIII, one must
+
+remember the flavor of his times and judge him, if at all, by sixteenth-century
+
+standards.&amp;nbsp; It's always amusing to read descriptions of Henry as the
+
+lustful tyrant torn between bedding and beheading innocent women; in truth,
+
+he blushed at dirty jokes and was more faithful than many 20th century
+
+husbands.&amp;nbsp; He was married to Katharine of Aragon for over twenty years
+
+and had just a handful of mistresses.&amp;nbsp; He waited years to physically
+
+consummate his relationship with Anne Boleyn, and despite being in the
+
+prime of his life, remained faithful to her until marriage.&amp;nbsp; Was this
+
+sexual prudery a result of his early church training?&amp;nbsp; Perhaps.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Whatever the case, it was a hallmark of his life.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was
+
+always an incurable romantic.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His personal and political decisions were always
+
+grandiose, melodramatic, and played for great effect.&amp;nbsp; He loved pomp
+
+and pageantry, even as he loathed to deal with the consequences of his
+
+actions.&amp;nbsp; Like his father, he was caught in the transition from medieval
+
+England to renaissance England.&amp;nbsp; And like his father, he was well-versed
+
+in English history and desperate to continue the Tudor dynasty, to secure
+
+his claims to Ireland, Scotland, and France, to raise England to the status
+
+of its continental neighbors, and to expand his God-given right to rule
+
+all Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; When reading about Henry's political and dynastic
+
+ambitions, one is always struck by the wide scope of his desires.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Though most came to naught in the end, he actually planned invasions of
+
+France, plotted to join Charles V's invasion of Italy, and intended to
+
+seize the Scottish throne.&amp;nbsp; The word 'ambitious' hardly does Great
+
+Harry justice.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His political ambitions failed and he bequeathed
+
+a woeful mess to his nine-year-old heir, Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; His greatest
+
+achievement was a dubious one, and one for which he was often eager to
+
+distance himself - the Henrician reformation, the end of Roman Catholicism
+
+in England and the birth of the Anglican church.&amp;nbsp; The king, for all
+
+his contradictions and failures, helped destroy the greatest institution
+
+in medieval Europe.&amp;nbsp; Once Germany and England fell to the new heresy,
+
+its spread across Europe was inevitable and invincible.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the biography of Henry at this site, I hope to
+
+capture both the king's personality and assess his importance to history.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry VIII's reign was as tumultuous as the king himself.&amp;nbsp; If nothing
+
+else, it makes for entertaining reading.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Henry Tudor, duke of York: 1491-1502&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The second Henry Tudor was born on 28 June 1491 at Greenwich
+
+Palace in London.&amp;nbsp; He was the third child of the first Tudor monarch,
+
+Henry VII, and his wife, Elizabeth Plantagenet, daughter of the Yorkist
+
+king, Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; At the time of her second son's birth, Queen Elizabeth
+
+was just 25 years old; her husband was 34, and had been king for almost
+
+six years.&amp;nbsp; Those six years had been difficult ones.&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+
+marriage to Elizabeth had helped amass Yorkist support for his rule, but
+
+the English people were hardly enthusiastic about Henry, even as they had
+
+been noticeably ambivalent about his predecessor, Elizabeth's uncle, Richard
+
+III.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was popular with the common people; her young life
+
+had all the romance and tragedy necessary for sympathetic gossip and she
+
+was a classical fair beauty, possessing all the female virtues necessary
+
+for a queen.&amp;nbsp; She was quiet, demure, and charming; she was also content
+
+to allow her formidable mother-in-law, Margaret Beaufort, assume a position
+
+of unprecedented influence over the king.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+
+Elizabeth's emotional attachment to her husband has been much-debated.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In truth, she had known all her&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/h8two.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;sketch of Henry VIII as a toddler&quot; BORDER=1 height=214 width=150 align=right&gt; life that she would never marry a man of
+
+her own choice.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her mother, Elizabeth Woodville, conspired
+
+with Margaret Beaufort for Elizabeth to marry Henry Tudor, exiled son of
+
+Henry VI's half-brother.&amp;nbsp; Henry was, by all accounts, grateful for
+
+the match.&amp;nbsp; He appreciated its political implications.&amp;nbsp; He also
+
+respected his new queen and was faithful to his marriage vows, an unusual
+
+trait in a king.&amp;nbsp; Upon her marriage, Elizabeth entered a semi-retirement
+
+- she was queen and her duty was to produce as many heirs as possible.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Nine months after her marriage, she gave birth to her first child at St Swithin's Priory in Winchester, a prince named Arthur.&amp;nbsp; Henry and
+
+Elizabeth had wed on 18 January 1486 at Westminster Abbey in London; Prince
+
+Arthur was born 20 September 1486.&amp;nbsp; Three years later, Elizabeth gave
+
+birth to their second child, a princess called Margaret after Henry VII's
+
+mother.&amp;nbsp; She was born on 28 November 1489 at Westminster Palace in
+
+London.&amp;nbsp; For the new king, the birth of a healthy second child, and
+
+his wife's rapid recovery, were good omens.&amp;nbsp; Even as he attempted
+
+to enforce his rule in the always troublesome northern England which had
+
+been Richard III's base of support, Henry VII could rest assured that his
+
+dynasty was becoming secure.&amp;nbsp; But it was only on 28 June 1491, when
+
+another healthy prince was born, this time at Greenwich Palace, that Henry
+
+VII could breathe a sigh of relief.&amp;nbsp; This second son was a necessary
+
+insurance policy for the new Tudor dynasty.&amp;nbsp; Childhood mortality was
+
+high and diseases such as small pox, the sweating sickness, and the plague
+
+were rife throughout England.&amp;nbsp; A king needed as many healthy heirs
+
+as possible, and the birth of a second son was an occasion for celebration.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 27 February 1490, Prince Arthur was titled prince
+
+of Wales at Westminster Palace in London; this was the real beginning of
+
+a tradition that continues to this day.&amp;nbsp; And in 1494, Arthur's baby
+
+brother was titled duke of York, the traditional title of the king's brother.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At this early age, all we know of Prince Henry was that he was considered
+
+a handsome and precocious toddler, but one would expect such descriptions
+
+of the king's son.&amp;nbsp; He did not share his brother's fair coloring or
+
+slight build.&amp;nbsp; Prince Henry was a sturdy, strawberry-blond boy noted
+
+for his energy and temper.&amp;nbsp; Just a year after his birth, his mother
+
+bore another daughter; this child was called Elizabeth and she died three
+
+years later.&amp;nbsp; It was the first in a series of tragedies for the young
+
+queen.&amp;nbsp; She and Henry VII were considered good and affectionate parents,
+
+but they never lost sight of the political importance of their children.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Together they decided that Prince Henry, like most second sons, was destined
+
+for the church, and his early schooling was planned accordingly.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This strong emphasis upon theology and its esoteric debates remained with
+
+Henry for the rest of his life and made him feel uniquely qualified to
+
+interpret religious law during the 1520s.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Heir apparent: 1502-1509&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's position as the second son lasted only until 2 April
+
+1502, just a few months before his eleventh birthday.&amp;nbsp; It was on that
+
+day that his brother Arthur died at Ludlow Castle, the government seat
+
+of the prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; The insecurity of the Tudor succession was
+
+suddenly unavoidable.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth of York, despite repeated pregnancies,
+
+had not borne another healthy son; after Henry's birth, there was just
+
+one more male child - a son called Edmund, born in 1499 and dead just a
+
+year later.&amp;nbsp; The queen did become pregnant shortly after Arthur's
+
+death but this eighth pregnancy proved to be her last.&amp;nbsp; The child,
+
+called Katherine, was born and died on 2 February 1503.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth
+
+contracted an infection and died a few days later, on 11 February, her
+
+thirty-seventh birthday.&amp;nbsp; So in the short space of a year, Henry lost
+
+both his older brother and mother.&amp;nbsp; But the effects of these losses
+
+was felt even more keenly by Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; His reign had proved to be
+
+neither peaceful or happy.&amp;nbsp; He was beset by worries - constant diplomatic
+
+maneuvering, subjects who mocked him as a cold-hearted, tax-hungry miser,
+
+and now he had lost his son and wife.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Arthur's death was more than a personal tragedy;
+
+it was a political tragedy as well.&amp;nbsp; The young prince had been married
+
+to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
+
+Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; on 14 November 1501 at St.Paul's Cathedral, London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The daughter of the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Ferdinand of Aragon and
+
+Isabella of Castile, Katharine's marriage to the Tudor heir had marked
+
+the high point of Henry VII's foreign diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; His grip on the
+
+English throne had long been considered both illegitimate and untenable
+
+by most European powers, except in cases where it suited their interests
+
+to pretend otherwise.&amp;nbsp; But a bond of marriage between the house of
+
+Tudor and the ruling dynasty of Spain gave Henry's rule a stamp of approval.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was now allied with one of the most powerful ruling families in Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Prince Henry met his sister-in-law and future wife on this momentous occasion,
+
+heading the procession that led her to the cathedral.&amp;nbsp; Later, he officially
+
+introduced her to the citizens of London.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With Arthur's death, his teenage wife was trapped
+
+in England while Henry VII squabbled with her father over the remaining
+
+payments on her dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was perhaps even then mulling over
+
+the idea of not letting the all-important Spanish alliance go to waste.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Soon enough he was openly proposing that Katharine marry young Prince Henry,
+
+now the heir apparent and five years her junior.&amp;nbsp; What did young Prince
+
+Henry know of these plans?&amp;nbsp; Probably very little.&amp;nbsp; After Arthur's
+
+death, Henry VII became somewhat paranoid and tried desperately to protect
+
+his only son from any injury or illness.&amp;nbsp; People who wished to visit
+
+the young prince had to receive permission from Henry VII, and this remained
+
+the case well into the boy's adolescence.&amp;nbsp; Such strict rules may have
+
+irked the heir but they did not interfere with his continuing education.&amp;nbsp;
+
+While his older brother was in Wales learning the intricacies of government,
+
+Henry received a primarily classical education, mastering Latin and French
+
+and becoming an excellent and exuberant athlete.&amp;nbsp; Contemporary sources
+
+make it clear that he was a happy child, fond of sports and spectacle,
+
+and equally proud of his intellectual accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; In short,
+
+he possessed all the personality and charm his father noticeably lacked.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Both his physical appearance and character were similar to those of his
+
+Plantagenet grandfather Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; This fact was much remarked upon
+
+by those Englishmen who had lived through the last years of the Wars of
+
+the Roses.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Prince Henry, his father spent the last
+
+years of his reign establishing good relationships with other monarchs
+
+and avoiding expensive war; also, his fondness for extorting money from
+
+an unwilling populace never wavered.&amp;nbsp; He left his son a king's greatest
+
+gift - a healthy treasury.&amp;nbsp; Ironically, one of Henry VIII's first
+
+acts as king was to execute his father's most productive, and hence most
+
+notorious, tax collectors.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VII never really decided whether
+
+he wanted to marry Prince Henry to Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; He kept the
+
+young princess in England for seven years while he toyed with the idea.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her living conditions steadily deteriorated; she was miserably unhappy,
+
+many of her Spanish attendants were sent home, she lacked money for even
+
+basic necessities.&amp;nbsp; Food and adequate clothing were constant concerns.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She struggled to bear her hardships with the serene and regal dignity that
+
+was ingrained in her character as a princess of Spain, and such calm in
+
+the face of deprivation impressed young Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; It is certainly
+
+true that even years later, in the midst of an acrimonious separation,
+
+he never lost his respect for Katharine.&amp;nbsp; This respect was always
+
+tinged with a bit of fear.&amp;nbsp; He was keenly aware of her great ancestry
+
+and extensive education, her self-deprecating wit and complete mastery
+
+of all feminine tasks.&amp;nbsp; Even as queen of England, she took particular
+
+pride in sewing and mending Henry's shirts.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+
+They had little contact during the later years of Henry VII's reign, only
+
+meeting occasionally at formal&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Henry VIII, c1509&quot; BORDER=1 height=194 width=125 align=right&gt; events.&amp;nbsp; Henry was formally promised
+
+in marriage to Katharine on 23 June 1503; the treaty stated that he would
+
+marry Katharine on his fifteenth birthday, 28 June 1505, and that her parents
+
+send over 100,000 crowns worth of plate and jewels in addition to the dowry
+
+she had given when married to Prince Arthur.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was a stickler
+
+on the dowry issue, refusing to allow the marriage to be solemnized, much
+
+less celebrated and consummated, until the money arrived.&amp;nbsp; But the
+
+Spaniards were as loathe to part with money as Henry.&amp;nbsp; So 1505 came
+
+and went with no marriage though Prince Henry referred in letters to Katharine
+
+as his 'most dear and well-beloved consort, the princess my wife'.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But his father was still king, and his father refused to allow the marriage.&amp;nbsp;
+
+To strengthen his bargaining power with the Spaniards, he had Prince Henry
+
+make a formal protest to Richard Fox, the bishop of Winchester, disowning
+
+the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; Both parties prevaricated - until 1509, when
+
+Henry VII suddenly died at the age of 52, and his headstrong son, chafing
+
+at his father's authority, was free to make his own decisions.&amp;nbsp; To
+
+the surprise of all, including the Spaniards, he promptly announced he
+
+would marry Katharine and crown her queen of England.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After years of being shut away from the world, he
+
+was now king.&amp;nbsp; All of the boundless energy and enthusiasm of his character
+
+was unleashed.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps out of chivalry, or adolescent affection,
+
+or, as he later claimed, out of respect for his father's wishes, he wed
+
+his late brother's wife.&amp;nbsp; In light of future events, it is worth noting
+
+that the dowry had not been the only sticking-point in the marriage plans
+
+- there was the not insignificant fact that Katharine had been married
+
+to Henry's brother, and her marriage to Henry would be regarded as incestuous
+
+and unacceptable to the church.&amp;nbsp; As Henry VIII would later argue,
+
+&lt;i&gt;Leviticus&lt;/i&gt;
+
+clearly stated that a man was forbidden to marry his brother's widow.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For her part, Katharine claimed, and her duenna, Dona Elvira, agreed, that
+
+her marriage to Arthur had never been consummated.&amp;nbsp; The young prince
+
+of Wales had been suffering from consumption for months, even before the
+
+wedding, and their wedding night had passed uneventfully.&amp;nbsp; If this
+
+was true, and it seems to have been (until it was in Henry VIII's interests
+
+for it not to be), there was no barrier to her union with Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Both the English and Spanish courts sought the requisite papal dispensation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was granted and the path to marriage was clear.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=4&gt;His Majesty is the handsomest potentate I ever
+
+set eyes on; above the usual height, with an extremely fine calf to his
+
+leg, his complexion very fair and bright, auburn hair combed straight and
+
+short, in the French fashion, and a round face so very beautiful that it
+
+would become a pretty woman, his throat being rather long and thick....&amp;nbsp;
+
+He will enter his twenty-fifth year the month after next.&amp;nbsp; He speaks
+
+French, English and Latin, and a little Italian, plays well on the lute
+
+and harpsichord, sings from book at sight, draws the bow with greater strength
+
+than any man in England and jousts marvelously....&amp;nbsp; a most accomplished
+
+Prince.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=4&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;the Venetian diplomat Pasqualigo in a dispatch&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;, 1515&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;1509-1526: Katharine of Aragon, Cardinal Wolsey
+
+and Princess Mary&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey on 23 June 1509.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He had married Katharine on 11 June at Grey Friars Church in Greenwich
+
+and she shared his coronation.&amp;nbsp; It was a splendid event and continued
+
+throughout midsummer with much celebration and spectacle.&amp;nbsp; There is
+
+an account of the coronation at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.&amp;nbsp; It was soon clear that the young king, who turned
+
+18 just a few days after his coronation, had little interest in the day-to-day
+
+business of government.&amp;nbsp; While it is true that Henry was a vocal participant
+
+at council meetings, the early years of his reign were devoted more to
+
+enjoyment than the drudgery of administration.&amp;nbsp; He was content to
+
+allow trusted nobles and ecclesiastics to rule in his name - William Warham,
+
+archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey and later 2d duke
+
+of Norfolk, Bishop Richard Foxe, and, beginning around 1514, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned earlier, one of the first acts of Henry's
+
+reign was a particularly brutal one, especially designed to benefit his
+
+popularity.&amp;nbsp; He ordered the executions of his father's most productive
+
+and hated tax collectors, Edmund Dudley and Sir Richard Empson.&amp;nbsp; It
+
+was a bloody beginning for his reign and a taste of things to come.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Certainly it pleased the English people for most tax collectors were hated,
+
+and Dudley and Empson had been particularly ruthless.&amp;nbsp; But their efficiency
+
+had the complete support of King Henry VII, whose orders they followed.&amp;nbsp;
+
+A problem had emerged for the new king - how could he execute the tax collectors
+
+when their only crime was to obey their king?&amp;nbsp; He resorted, for the
+
+first but not the last time, to judicial murder, charging the men with
+
+'constructive treason'.&amp;nbsp; It was a wholly fictitious charge which no
+
+one fully understood, even those at the trial.&amp;nbsp; This cold-blooded
+
+act pleased the people and demonstrated Henry's desire for popular approval.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But it also revealed a ruthlessness to his character that grew more pronounced
+
+as the years passed.&amp;nbsp; Many historians argue that Henry grew tyrannical
+
+only after Katharine of Aragon failed to provide an heir but the evidence
+
+proves otherwise.&amp;nbsp; If someone could not be legally executed, the king
+
+simply invented a new charge.&amp;nbsp; For example, in 1513, before leaving
+
+for war in France, he executed Edmund de la Pole, his Plantagenet cousin
+
+held prisoner in the Tower since Henry VII's reign.&amp;nbsp; A benign spirit,
+
+locked away for most of his life, Edmund was no threat to anyone.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But Henry executed him to remind his subjects that, though he would be
+
+in France, any challenge to his authority would be met with grave displeasure.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His marriage to Katharine was very happy, at least
+
+during these early years.&amp;nbsp; She had a more reserved character than
+
+her husband and blushed at his ribald jests, but she entered into the spirit
+
+of frivolity which pervaded their court.&amp;nbsp; There was dancing and music,
+
+for Henry was a splendid dancer and musician; he composed songs and wrote
+
+poetry, most of which has survived and is quite lovely.&amp;nbsp; He also enjoyed
+
+hunting, sometimes tiring ten horses during a single hunt, and jousting;
+
+by all accounts, he was the greatest athlete at the court.&amp;nbsp; And he
+
+was a dedicated and affectionate husband.&amp;nbsp; Everything he built was
+
+decorated with an intertwined H and K, and Katharine's pomegranates were
+
+carved next to Tudor roses.&amp;nbsp; He called himself the 'Knight of the
+
+Loyal Heart' and bowed before his queen after each grueling tournament.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He also involved Katharine in the seemingly endless visits of foreign dignitaries,
+
+inviting the ambassadors to her apartments and openly seeking her advice
+
+and opinion.&amp;nbsp; It was clear that they loved and respected one another,
+
+and those early years made his eventual disinterest all the more painful
+
+for the queen to bear.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+
+Katharine bore their first child on 31 January 1510, just six months after
+
+their coronation.&amp;nbsp; It was a girl, born too early to survive.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The next birth, on 1 January 1511, was a far happier occasion.&amp;nbsp; It
+
+was a boy, called Henry after his father and titled duke of Cornwall.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The delighted father planned celebrations to rival his&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-min.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon, c1525 by Horenbout&quot; height=168 width=166 align=right&gt; coronation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The boy was apparently healthy yet died about two months later.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+cause was unknown, but it was an age of high infant mortality.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+young parents were devastated.&amp;nbsp; Henry consoled himself by waging war
+
+against France, courtesy of his father-in-law Ferdinand of Aragon, and
+
+Katharine's fierce piety led her to kneel for hours on cold stone floors
+
+in prayer.&amp;nbsp; But Henry's attempts to gain glory on the battlefield
+
+were misplaced.&amp;nbsp; In June 1512, the marquess of Dorset sailed out of
+
+Southampton, bound for Gascony with 12,000 troops.&amp;nbsp; They reached the
+
+port of Fuentarrabia, where they were to join the Spanish and attack Bayonne.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But the Spanish troops never arrived.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand, without consulting
+
+his son-in-law, attacked and seized Navarre instead and then declared the
+
+'Holy War' over.&amp;nbsp; He had essentially used Henry's troops as bait;
+
+when the French went off to fight the English, Ferdinand seized his chance
+
+and attacked Navarre.&amp;nbsp; To top off his treachery, he also openly criticized
+
+the English soldiers who, without receiving his permission, had sailed
+
+home after waiting four months at Fuentarrabia.&amp;nbsp; Henry was too embarrassed
+
+by his soldiers' mutiny to call his father-in-law's bluff.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Desperate to erase the memory of that military blunder,
+
+he planned a grand campaign for the spring of 1513.&amp;nbsp; His ambassadors
+
+even secured the support of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+joined the 'Holy Alliance' of England and Spain to attack France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But once again Ferdinand's self-interest ruled the day.&amp;nbsp; He went behind
+
+his allies' backs to make a secret truce with Louis XII of France, and
+
+so he kept Navarre peacefully.&amp;nbsp; This happened in March 1513 and suitably
+
+angered Henry.&amp;nbsp; But the English king had learned a lesson from his
+
+previous blunder.&amp;nbsp; His forces were launched from England's only possession
+
+on the continent, Calais in northern France.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish would not
+
+be involved.&amp;nbsp; On 1 August 1513, about a month after he left England,
+
+Henry besieged the town of Therouanne.&amp;nbsp; Two centuries before, Edward
+
+III had seized that city after the great battle of Crecy.&amp;nbsp; With Maximilian
+
+by his side (actually as his subordinate; he allowed Henry command of his
+
+troops in exchange for paying their salaries), Henry won a victory within
+
+a fortnight.&amp;nbsp; The capture of a duke, marquis, and vice-admiral fleeing
+
+the scene helped raise substantial ransoms.&amp;nbsp; He gave the town to Maximilian
+
+as a gift and the emperor ordered it razed to the ground.&amp;nbsp; Their next
+
+battle was one month later at Tournai.&amp;nbsp; It surrendered after eight
+
+days and Henry decided it would become another English stronghold within
+
+France.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He had left Katharine in charge at home, officially
+
+titled Governor of the Realm and Captain-General of the Armed Forces, an
+
+honor never allowed his other wives.&amp;nbsp; She had been resoundingly successful.&amp;nbsp;
+
+France and Scotland had an 'Auld Alliance' against England, and&amp;nbsp; James
+
+IV of Scotland, married to Henry's sister Margaret Tudor, had responded
+
+to English aggression against his ally.&amp;nbsp; He led his armies into northern
+
+England.&amp;nbsp; Thomas Howard, the earl of Surrey, took the few English
+
+troops left in the nation to meet him.&amp;nbsp; The armies clashed at Flodden
+
+Edge, between Berwick and the Cheviots.&amp;nbsp; Three hours of fighting ended
+
+the Scottish threat.&amp;nbsp; The evening of 9 September 1513 saw over 10,000
+
+Scots dead, including most of their aristocracy.&amp;nbsp; James IV himself
+
+was killed.&amp;nbsp; Had Henry's attention been focused on his own country,
+
+he could have seized a golden opportunity - with James dead and the high
+
+nobility of Scotland destroyed, he could have marched into Edinburgh and
+
+seized his sister Margaret and her infant son, now King James V.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But instead he remained enthralled with dreams of European conquest, perhaps
+
+comparing himself to his hero, Henry V.&amp;nbsp; And these dreams were encouraged
+
+by news that the Pope had, in secret, promised to recognize Henry as king
+
+of France if he could physically seize possession of the country.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This generous offer had been inspired by French meddling in papal affairs.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this triumphant time, Katharine lost another
+
+child.&amp;nbsp; In November 1513, another prince, also called Henry, duke
+
+of Cornwall, was born and soon died.&amp;nbsp; It was the third miscarriage
+
+in as many years.&amp;nbsp; Was Henry worried?&amp;nbsp; He was still young, as
+
+was Katharine, and had been king for just five years.&amp;nbsp; He was naturally
+
+optimistic, though undoubtedly disappointed.&amp;nbsp; Once again, the queen
+
+was on her knees in prayer.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she felt the losses more keenly.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In letters to her father, she blamed herself.&amp;nbsp; She clearly saw the
+
+dead children as a reproof of some sort, a failure to fulfill the most
+
+basic feminine role.&amp;nbsp; But she was able to send Henry the bloody coat
+
+of the Scottish king; it may have been some consolation.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, in 1514, as &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+
+Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt; extended his control of government, Katharine had reason
+
+to become wary.&amp;nbsp; The golden happiness of the first years with Henry
+
+was wearing thin.&amp;nbsp; Her father had betrayed her husband openly and
+
+scornfully, treating them both as little more than foolish children.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She had been her father's best ambassador, heedlessly pressing his claims
+
+upon Henry, using the natural affection between husband and wife to urge
+
+alliances with Spain.&amp;nbsp; She felt the sting of her father's betrayals.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He had lied to her, misled her, and tricked her into betraying her husband.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was clear that her primary loyalty must be to Henry and the English
+
+people; she would never trust Ferdinand again.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, the king
+
+returned home and his councilors told him that Henry VII's great treasury
+
+was fast running low.&amp;nbsp; War with France was too costly to continue.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry had seized Tournai and made the competent Thomas Wolsey its bishop,
+
+but more extensive campaigning was out of the question.&amp;nbsp; In this,
+
+the king surprisingly agreed.&amp;nbsp; He had won his share of glory - at
+
+least for now - and it would be enough.&amp;nbsp; And Ferdinand's betrayal
+
+had been met with a suitable reply.&amp;nbsp; Henry's younger sister
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;,
+
+the most beautiful of the Tudor children, had been betrothed to Ferdinand's
+
+nephew, the duke of Burgundy, but now Henry made peace with France and
+
+promised Mary to Louis XII, three times her age and suffering from gout.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+
+new desire for peace with France, England's traditional enemy, was encouraged
+
+by Spanish duplicity.&amp;nbsp; But it&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&quot; height=234 width=150 align=right&gt; was also due to the growing influence
+
+of Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; Derisively called 'Master Almoner' by those jealous of
+
+his influence, Wolsey came from a humble background and, like most talented
+
+and ambitious men from poor families, he used the church to advance in
+
+society.&amp;nbsp; He attended Oxford and showed such promise that he was made
+
+bursar of Magdalen College and then chaplain to Archbishop Deane.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In 1507, in his thirties and now well-connected, he became chaplain to
+
+Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry VIII's accession, Wolsey received a seat on
+
+the council and was made king's almoner.&amp;nbsp; This position allowed him
+
+personal contact with the young, impressionable monarch.&amp;nbsp; He accompanied
+
+Henry to France during the successful campaigns of 1513, where he was made
+
+bishop of Tournai, and their close relationship grew stronger.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+appreciated Wolsey's dedication to administrative detail and hard work.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And both Warham and Fox, the two senior councilors Henry inherited from
+
+his father, regarded Wolsey as their protÃ©gÃ©.&amp;nbsp; They
+
+were quite happy to retire to their dioceses, leaving the younger man to
+
+deal with the headstrong and rash young king.&amp;nbsp; One can easily sympathize
+
+with Warham and Fox since Henry VIII's personality was quite different
+
+from his father's.&amp;nbsp; The most obvious difference was that he spent
+
+money with the same passion his father had collected it.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But it is important to remember that Henry VIII
+
+never completely abandoned his power to Wolsey, though court gossip believed
+
+otherwise.&amp;nbsp; He carefully read the Cardinal's dispatches and proved
+
+himself well-informed about domestic and foreign affairs when dealing with
+
+ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry possessed a lifelong love of keeping his
+
+subjects, noble or common, on their toes; he enjoyed indulging his taste
+
+for surprises.&amp;nbsp; In banquets, this showed itself in his passion for
+
+elaborate costumes in which his identity was hidden.&amp;nbsp; His subjects
+
+would guess which costume hid their king, to the delight of all.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Once, he and several courtiers dressed as Robin Hood and his band of outlaws
+
+and then broke into Katharine of Aragon's apartments.&amp;nbsp; The queen,
+
+used to such antics, wisely played along but several of her ladies were
+
+terrified.&amp;nbsp; At the
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section, you can read about Henry's first meeting with his
+
+fourth wife, Anne of Cleves; he disguised himself at their first meeting,
+
+to the amusement of his nobles and the confusion of the lady.&amp;nbsp; At
+
+times, this love of surprise - of keeping those close to him on an uneven
+
+keel - was downright cruel.&amp;nbsp; He would later allow his councilors to
+
+plan Thomas Cranmer's arrest, only to tell the archbishop their plan in
+
+secret.&amp;nbsp; When the soldiers arrived, they were openly embarrassed and
+
+thwarted when Cranmer revealed his knowledge of the plan and the king's
+
+pardon.&amp;nbsp; And his sixth and final wife, Katharine Parr, was likewise
+
+surprised.&amp;nbsp; Walking in her garden with Henry, she was accosted by
+
+soldiers intending to arrest her.&amp;nbsp; Their warrant had been signed by
+
+Henry himself.&amp;nbsp; But when they attempted to seize the queen, Henry
+
+cursed them, beat several of them about the head and shoulders, and demanded
+
+they beg Katharine's forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine the guards' confusion.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; All of these instances serve to illustrate Henry's
+
+desire to remain in control, to hold absolute power in his hands always.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As king, he could give orders but it was also his privilege to immediately
+
+change his mind without bothering to consult anyone.&amp;nbsp; His will was
+
+law.&amp;nbsp; And so he demonstrated his power by doing exactly as he liked,
+
+oftimes choosing the perfect moment to throw everyone off guard and demonstrate
+
+his complete authority.&amp;nbsp; It may have seemed irrational to his contemporaries,
+
+and also to us, but it was quite an effective policy.&amp;nbsp; It meant that
+
+no one ever really knew where they stood with the king.&amp;nbsp; And so, not
+
+knowing his true feelings, they were all the more eager to sycophantically
+
+fawn over him and seek his approval.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This strain of the king's character was perhaps
+
+a bit more light-hearted in the early years of his reign but, like most
+
+of Henry's good qualities, it soon developed an ugly cast.&amp;nbsp; His mutability
+
+was certainly recognized by Wolsey, and famously by Sir Thomas More, and
+
+later led to the Cardinal's downfall.&amp;nbsp; But in the early years of their
+
+relationship, as Wolsey's genius for administration and diplomacy led him
+
+to amass great titles and wealth, the men got along amazingly well.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This continued for over a dozen years.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, Wolsey was titled
+
+archbishop of York, and in 1515 he became a cardinal and lord chancellor,
+
+and in 1518 he was made papal legate.&amp;nbsp; As archbishop of York, he lived
+
+at York Palace and to most outside observers this was the real seat of
+
+government power.&amp;nbsp; Messengers rode constantly between York and Henry's
+
+palaces.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For a long while, both Wolsey and Henry were focused
+
+on foreign affairs.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was a Francophile and desired peace between
+
+the traditional enemies.&amp;nbsp; He used Ferdinand's treacherous behavior
+
+to encourage a marriage between Henry's sister and Louis XII.&amp;nbsp; This
+
+pro-France policy naturally placed him at odds with Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Though she recognized her father's treachery and protected her marriage
+
+by no longer pressing Spanish claims, she was still the daughter of the
+
+Spanish king.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey didn't trust her, which certainly wasn't surprising.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Katharine developed a natural antipathy to the Cardinal as well.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She was a deeply pious woman, growing more so as she aged.&amp;nbsp; She thought
+
+Wolsey far too worldly to be a man of the church.&amp;nbsp; She favored councilors
+
+like &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+
+More&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2ffisher.html&quot;&gt;John
+
+Fisher&lt;/a&gt;, bishop of Rochester, men whose dedication to the church was
+
+as passionate as her own.&amp;nbsp; She was also peeved that her role as Henry's
+
+confidante and advisor was slowly stolen away by Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+
+was jealous of the Cardinal's influence with her husband, particularly
+
+since it meant a subsequent decline in her own influence.&amp;nbsp; The king
+
+no longer brought foreign ambassadors to her rooms and he no longer sought
+
+her opinions.&amp;nbsp; It was as if her father's betrayals implicated her.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Wolsey was the consummate diplomat, skilled at flattering the queen when
+
+they met, but their mutual dislike was open knowledge at court.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In December 1514, Katharine suffered another miscarriage;
+
+it was her fourth, and the third son.&amp;nbsp; It was particularly galling
+
+for her since earlier that year Henry had taken his first public mistress.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was not a lecher, and certainly less victimized by lust than his fellow
+
+monarchs, particularly Francis I of France.&amp;nbsp; But kings take mistresses
+
+and around New Years' 1514, Henry's eye was caught by &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2ffitzroy.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth
+
+Blount&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She was the cousin of Lord Mountjoy and one of Katharine's
+
+ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Bessie was pretty and vivacious, and quite happy
+
+to bask in the king's attention.&amp;nbsp; And she had his attention for several
+
+years, which once more proves Henry's monogamous streak.&amp;nbsp; And he did
+
+not neglect his wife.&amp;nbsp; On 18 February 1516, Katharine and Henry's
+
+luck changed.&amp;nbsp; Their only surviving child, a princess called Mary,
+
+was born.&amp;nbsp; She was healthy and survived the difficult early months
+
+of infancy.&amp;nbsp; Henry was proud, if disappointed, and told an ambassador:
+
+'We are both young.&amp;nbsp; If it was a daughter this time, by the grace
+
+of God the sons will follow.'
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One can easily understand Henry's disappointment.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was a good father to Mary in those early years, proudly carrying her
+
+about and showing her off to visitors.&amp;nbsp; But he was perhaps aware that
+
+time was running out for a male heir to be born.&amp;nbsp; There are indications
+
+that he explored the idea of divorcing Katharine as early as 1518.&amp;nbsp;
+
+An English courtier had supposedly visited the Vatican on an exploratory
+
+mission earlier that year.&amp;nbsp; And gossip about Katharine's miscarriages
+
+had spread through the English court as early as 1514.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry was still affectionate towards Katharine,
+
+and they remained intimate for several years after Mary's birth, as evidenced
+
+by other pregnancies.&amp;nbsp; But perhaps the bloom of the relationship had
+
+gone.&amp;nbsp; His wife looked older than her years, her body worn out by
+
+ceaseless pregnancies and births.&amp;nbsp; She was by nature a reserved and
+
+serious person; her mind dwelt constantly upon the failure of her most
+
+important duty as queen.&amp;nbsp; On 10 November 1518, her last child - another
+
+daughter - was born, and died.&amp;nbsp; Special doctors summoned from Spain
+
+arrived to help the queen conceive again.&amp;nbsp; They were unsuccessful.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry publicly vowed to lead a crusade against the&amp;nbsp;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/fitzroy.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;miniature portrait of Henry Fitzroy, Henry VIII's illegitimate son&quot; height=203 width=208 align=LEFT&gt;Turks
+
+if God granted him a son.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But it was not to be, at least not with Katharine
+
+of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; In 1519, Elizabeth Blount, his young mistress, bore him
+
+a healthy son.&amp;nbsp; Henry was ecstatic.&amp;nbsp; Here at last was proof that
+
+the king could father sons.&amp;nbsp; Henry named the boy after himself, giving
+
+him the last name 'Fitzroy', the traditional surname of royal bastards.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He would soon lavish so many titles upon the boy that Katharine felt it
+
+necessary to remind him that Princess Mary was his heir.&amp;nbsp; Henry publicly
+
+chastised her and, in a fit of spite, sent several of her favorite attendants
+
+back to Spain.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now we come to an important moment in what came
+
+to be called 'the king's great matter' (Henry's attempt to annul his marriage
+
+to Katharine.)&amp;nbsp; Fitzroy's birth proved Henry could have a son, and
+
+no one could deny Katharine's fertility.&amp;nbsp; It is doubtful Henry ever
+
+blamed her for the failure to produce a male heir after witnessing the
+
+endless cycle of pregnancies and prayer.&amp;nbsp; Yet why had he and Katharine
+
+been unable to produce a living son between them?&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough,
+
+the king's mind turned to God.&amp;nbsp; It must be God's will that they had
+
+no male heir.&amp;nbsp; But what had he done to offend God?&amp;nbsp; Henry searched
+
+for an answer and soon found it quite easily.&amp;nbsp; In the Bible, &lt;i&gt;Leviticus
+
+&lt;/i&gt;XVIII,
+
+16 clearly stated 'Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy brother's wife: 
+it is thy brother's nakedness'.&amp;nbsp; And, later, in chapter XX, 'If a man shall 
+take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother's 
+nakedness; they shall be childless'.&amp;nbsp; What could be more clear?&amp;nbsp; The 
+Bible itself condemned his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; The pope's dispensation 
+was meaningless.&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And so began one of the most fascinating decades in English 
+history.&lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;1526-1536: Anne Boleyn and the Henrician Reformation&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;This section, along with the remainder of the biography, is
+
+    not available as of March 2004.
+
+&lt;br&gt;I will post its completion soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Portraits
+
+of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Henry's wives:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;The Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;      &lt;b&gt;Henry's children:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;
+      King Edward VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Test your knowledge
+
+of Henry VIII's life at Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082557&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082557&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH278c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH278c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH278c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5646</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: A contemporary description of Queen Mary I, 1557</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH278cb9be1b4811a33b0c26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH278c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">marydesc.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/marydesc.gif&quot; width=&quot;405&quot; height=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This 
+      description of Queen Mary I was written by Giovanni Michieli, the Venetian 
+      ambassador to her court.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;He mentions Mary's 
+      infamous menstrual problems, the cause of great physical and psychological 
+      stress for the queen, as well as her near-sightedness.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+She
+is of low rather than of middling stature, but, although short, she has
+not personal defect in her limbs, nor is any part of her body deformed.&amp;nbsp;
+She is of spare and delicate frame, quite unlike her father, who was tall
+and stout; nor does she resemble her mother, who, if not tall, was nevertheless
+bulky.&amp;nbsp; Her face is well formed, as shown by her features and lineaments,
+and as seen by her portraits.&amp;nbsp; When younger she was considered, not
+merely tolerably handsome, but of beauty exceeding mediocrity.&amp;nbsp; At
+present, with the exception of some wrinkles, caused more by anxieties
+than by age, which makes her appear some years older, her aspect, for the
+rest, is very grave.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are so piercing that they inspire not
+only respect, but fear in those on whom she fixes them, although she is
+very shortsighted, being unable to read or do anything else unless she
+has her sight quite close to what she wishes to peruse or to see distinctly.&amp;nbsp;
+Her voice is rough and loud, almost like a man's, so that when she peaks
+she is always heard a long way off.&amp;nbsp; In short, she is a seemly woman,
+and never to be loathed for ugliness, even at her present age, without
+considering her degree of queen.&amp;nbsp; But whatever may be the amount deducted
+from her physical endowments, as much more may with truth, and without
+flattery, be added to those of her mind, as, besides the facility and quickness
+of her understanding, which comprehends whatever is intelligible to others,
+even to those who are not of her own sex (a marvellous gift for a woman),
+she is skilled in five languages, not merely understanding, but speaking
+four of them fluently - English, Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian, in
+which last, however, she does not venture to converse, although it is well
+known to her; but the replies she gives in Latin, and her very intelligent
+remarks made in that tongue surprise everybody....
+&lt;br&gt;Besides woman's work, such as embroidery of every sort with the needle,
+she also practices music, playing especially on the clavichord and on the
+lute so excellently that, when intent on it...she surprised the best performers,
+both by the rapidity of her hand and by her style of playing.&amp;nbsp; Such
+are her virtues and external accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; Internally, with the
+exception of certain trifles, in which, to say the truth, she is like other
+women, being sudden and passionate, and close and miserly, rather more
+so than would become a bountiful and generous queen, she in other respects
+has no notable imperfections; whilst in certain things she is singular
+and without an equal, for not only is she brave and valiant, unlike other
+timid and spiritless women, but she courageous and resolute that neither
+in adversity nor peril did she ever even display or commit any act of cowardice
+or pusillanimity, maintaining always, on the contrary, a wonderful grandeur
+and dignity, knowing what became the dignity of a sovereign as well as
+any of the most consummate statesmen in her service; so that from her way
+of proceeding and from the method observed by her (and in which she still
+perseveres), it cannot be denied that she shows herself to have been born
+of truly royal lineage.
+&lt;p&gt;[She is also subject to] a very deep melancholy, much greater than that
+to which she is constitutionally liable, from menstrous retention and suffocation
+of the matrix to which, for many years, she has been often subject, so
+that the remedy of tears and weeping, to which from childhood she has been
+accustomed, and still often used by her, is not sufficient; she requires
+to be blooded either from the foot or elsewhere, which keeps her always
+pale and emaciated.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082606&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082606&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH27a7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH27a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH27a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2839</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Queen Mary I's speech at the Guildhall, 1554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH27a70ce59ec813486d845e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215271</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH27a7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryspee.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryspee.gif&quot; width=&quot;529&quot; height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This account 
+      of Mary's famous speech rallying her subjects was recorded by John Foxe in &lt;i&gt;The Actes and Monuments
+of these latter and perillous dayes&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The first year 
+      of Mary's reign witnessed a Protestant rebellion led by Sir Thomas Wyatt.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The uprising was sparked by her impending marriage to Philip II of Spain.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+'I am your Queen, to whom at my coronation, when I was wedded to the
+realm and laws of the same (the spousal ring whereof I have on my finger,
+which never hitherto was, not hereafter shall be, left off), you promised
+your allegiance and obedience to me....&amp;nbsp; And I say to you, on the
+word of a Prince, I cannot tell how naturally the mother loveth the child,
+for I was never the mother of any; but certainly, if a Prince and Governor
+may as naturally and earnestly love her subjects as the mother doth love
+the child, then assure yourselves that I, being your lady and mistress,
+do as earnestly and tenderly love and favour you.&amp;nbsp; And I, thus loving
+you, cannot but think that ye as heartily and faithfully love me; and then
+I doubt not but we shall give these rebels a short and speedy overthrow'.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082605&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082605&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH29c0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH29c0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH29c0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28412</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">museum art reproductions right to display public domain images Bridgeman vs Corel copyright</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">right to display public domain images Bridgeman vs Corel copyright</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Right to Display Public Domain Images: Copyright and fair use, Bridgeman vs Corel, museums vs the public, etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH29c0555890d011f8c47192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215263</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH29c0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">copyrightba.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">copyrightelizabeth.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;73%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;73%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;73%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/copyrightba.gif&quot; width=&quot;422&quot; height=&quot;162&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=2 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I created this page in 1999 as a common sense 
+      &lt;I&gt;introduction&lt;/I&gt; to copyright terms.&amp;nbsp; It also discusses the Bridgeman vs 
+    Corel decision and public domain issues.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The issue of copyright was most 
+      eloquently discussed - and the concept of public domain most eloquently 
+      defended - by the historian Thomas Macaulay in 1841.&amp;nbsp; Please
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.baen.com%2flibrary%2fpalaver4.htm&quot;&gt;read his speeches&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;updated 1 
+      October 2004:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; I had to share this news with public domain 
+      advocates.&amp;nbsp; I was reading through some of the Congressional speeches 
+      regarding copyright and came across this gem - Congresswoman Mary Bono 
+      (whose late husband pushed through one of the most disastrous copyright 
+      laws ever) was reminded that the US Constitution prohibits perpetual 
+      intellectual property rights.&amp;nbsp; Her response?&amp;nbsp; The copyright term 
+      should be &amp;quot;forever minus one day&amp;quot;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I'm serious.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If that doesn't offend and alarm you, 
+      what will?&amp;nbsp; If she had her way, you wouldn't be able to read The 
+      Bible for free.&amp;nbsp; Please consider this issue when you vote.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      is one of the great unreported stories in the US, Europe and now, sadly, 
+      Australia.&amp;nbsp; Yes, the Aussies signed (August 2004) a free-trade 
+      agreement with the US which required that Australia accept our draconian 
+      copyright laws.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=4&gt;Definition of terms used on this 
+      page -&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;COPYRIGHT - &lt;/B&gt;The legal right given to a writer, composer, artist, 
+      or a distributor to exclusive production, sale, or distribution of their 
+      work. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Why does COPYRIGHT exist?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;It allows artists to profit 
+      from their work.&amp;nbsp; Profit, in turn, creates an incentive to work and 
+      distribute the work.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;PUBLIC DOMAIN&lt;/B&gt; - the status of publications, products, and 
+      processes that are not protected under patent or copyright.&amp;nbsp; All 
+      images at this site are in the public domain, and have been for several 
+      hundred years. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Why does PUBLIC DOMAIN exist?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;It exists to 
+      allow the free exchange of knowledge.&amp;nbsp; If it did not, museums would 
+      be allowed to keep images under perpetual copyright, thus denying everyone 
+      the opportunity to view, critique, or otherwise examine works. &lt;BR&gt;Please 
+      note that most 20th century works of art are not yet considered part of 
+      the PUBLIC DOMAIN. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Click
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.unc.edu%2f%7eunclng%2fpublic-d.htm&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to view a chart of 
+      when works pass into the public domain.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;FAIR USE&lt;/B&gt; - Fair use is a limitation on the exclusive rights of 
+      the copyright owner; in other words, it allows reasonable public access to 
+      copyrighted works. &lt;BR&gt;The idea is an important part of the English 
+      common-law tradition. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Why does FAIR USE exist?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;FAIR USE 
+      allows people to use images and written works without compensating the 
+      original writer/creator, as long as they act in good faith and do not 
+      profit from reproducing the work.&amp;nbsp; Education, parody, criticism, news 
+      reporting, etc are all examples of fair use. &lt;BR&gt;The idea of FAIR USE has 
+      guided the use of reproductions of works for years.&amp;nbsp; In most cases, 
+      the lack of commercial gain is necessary for a claim of fair use.&amp;nbsp; If 
+      you are a non-profit website designed for educational purposes, you are in 
+      the perfect position to claim FAIR USE of images which are already in the 
+      PUBLIC DOMAIN. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/copyrightelizabeth.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; alt=&quot;Wm Scrots's portrait of 13 year old Princess Elizabeth, c1546&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;334&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Yes, we live in a world where the Scrots portrait 
+      of the future Queen Elizabeth I is considered to be under copyright - but 
+      Elizabeth's own letters / speeches / poetry have been in the public domain 
+      for centuries....&amp;nbsp; Funny.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;For a long time, the FAIR USE doctrine occupied a grey area of law, 
+      usually decided on a case-by-case basis.&amp;nbsp; Typically, if someone were 
+      profiting from another person's work which was not in the PUBLIC DOMAIN, 
+      it was not considered fair use.&amp;nbsp; Museums typically did not sue 
+      non-profit websites which reproduced images for educational 
+      purposes.&amp;nbsp; If they had, the court would have forced them to prove a 
+      substantial loss of profit from the use.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, such proof 
+      would not exist and the court would not look favorably upon such a 
+      vindictive case, particularly since the images were already in the public 
+      domain. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;However, on 18th February 1999, the grey area was cleared 
+      considerably.&amp;nbsp; Fair Use was no longer a murky legal issue to be 
+      debated by webmasters and museums.&amp;nbsp; The United States District Court 
+      for the Southern District of New York decided the following case -
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd., Plaintiff, - versus - Corel 
+      Corporation, et ano., Defendants.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;97 Civ. 6232 
+      (LAK)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Their decision was one of the most important copyright decision 
+      affecting museums ever filed.&amp;nbsp; The decision was based on both US and 
+      UK copyright law.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHO WAS INVOLVED IN THE CASE &amp;amp; WHAT WAS IT ABOUT?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The 
+      Bridgeman Art Library had made photographic reproductions of famous works 
+      of art from museums around the world (works already in the public 
+      domain.)&amp;nbsp; The Corel Corporation used those reproductions for an 
+      educational CD-ROM without paying Bridgeman.&amp;nbsp; Bridgeman claimed 
+      copyright infringement. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHAT DID THE COURT DECIDE?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The Court ruled that 
+      reproductions of images in the public domain are not protected by 
+      copyright if the reproductions are slavish or lacking in originality.
+      &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In their opinion, the Court noted:&amp;nbsp; ''There is little doubt that many 
+      photographs, probably the overwhelming majority, reflect at least the 
+      modest amount of originality required for copyright protection....&amp;nbsp; 
+      But 'slavish copying', although doubtless requiring technical skill and 
+      effort, does not qualify.'' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;In other words, an exact reproduction of an image in the public 
+      domain does not possess creativity itself.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, the 
+      reproduction is not protected under copyright law.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;It's important to me because it 
+      allows me to share the beautiful images at my sites.&amp;nbsp; But it's 
+      important to everyone because it means that museums cannot assert 
+      perpetual copyright to works.&amp;nbsp; In other words, museums cannot take a 
+      picture of an old painting about to become part of the public domain, 
+      claim a new copyright through the reproduction, and do the same process 
+      over and over so that the painting never truly enters the public 
+      domain.&amp;nbsp; They would simply be taking the work from one private domain 
+      to another, thus invalidating the spirit of copyright law. &lt;BR&gt;In short, 
+      simply transferring an exact image from one medium to another does not 
+      create a new copyright. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHAT DOES THE DECISION COVER?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;This decision concerns only 
+      reproductions of two-dimensional works (like paintings or drawings.)&amp;nbsp; 
+      Reproductions of three-dimensional works, such as sculpture, possess the 
+      necessary creativity for a separate copyright - after all, the 
+      photographer must choose an angle to shoot from, lighting, backdrop, 
+      etc&amp;nbsp; In other words, he is not merely reproducing an exact image.
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Also, please note that a non-exact reproduction of 
+      an image is not covered.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;This is an important point - only EXACT COPIES of the paintings are 
+      affected by the decision.&amp;nbsp; The decision is based upon the correct 
+      premise that 'slavish copies' do not possess any originality or creativity 
+      of their own, and are thus ineligible for copyright. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The Court explained this point further: &lt;BR&gt;''There has been no 
+      independent creation, no distinguishable variation from pre-existing 
+      works, nothing recognizably the author's own contribution''....&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;This merely reflected an earlier ruling by the Supreme Court which 
+      stated that &quot;sweat of the brow&quot; (for example, the act of reproducing a 
+      work) is not the &quot;creative spark&quot; which deserves copyright.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;THE ENTIRE TEXT OF THE COURT'S RULING IS AVAILABLE ONLINE at the 
+      First Amendment Law Library -&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.constitution.org%2f1ll%2fcourt%2ffed%2fbridgman.html&quot;&gt;http://www.constitution.org/1ll/court/fed/bridgman.html&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I encourage visitors to read the decision.&amp;nbsp; Judge Kaplan is 
+      remarkably concise, particularly when compared to other jurists.&amp;nbsp; 
+      (Note: the original decision has been replaced by Judge Kaplan's 
+      memorandum opinion after Bridgeman moved for reargument and 
+      reconsideration following his summary judgment.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;It is interesting to note that many museums, and the American 
+      Association of Museums, were unhappy that Bridgeman brought the case 
+      against Corel, surmising (correctly, it turned out) that the Court would 
+      not rule in their favor.&amp;nbsp; In fact, the Court quoted a former general 
+      counsel from the Museum of Modern Art, New York in rendering its decision&lt;FONT size=4&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      Museum directors, like everyone else, knew that exact reproductions did 
+      not possess the necessary creativity to have their own copyright.&amp;nbsp; 
+      After all, if such a standard did exist, I could copy out John Keats's 
+      poetry word-for-word and then claim I was entitled to a copyright to the 
+      poems.&amp;nbsp; Such an idea is ludicrous.&amp;nbsp; Keats's poetry 
+      is in the public domain.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And if his original poems are in the public domain, why aren't 
+      portraits of him painted at the same time?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Exactly.&amp;nbsp; They are - museums would just prefer otherwise.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=4 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In closing, I would like to point out three things - 
+      &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;First, the Bridgeman vs Corel decision will not bankrupt 
+      museums.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt; It is true that museums make money selling 
+      reproductions of the images in their collections.&amp;nbsp; However, 
+      commercial publishers will still want a high quality reproduction of the 
+      image which can only truly be provided by the museum which controls access 
+      to the painting; publishers don't care much about copyright, only the 
+      best-looking image.&amp;nbsp; Webmasters, at best, can only scan reproductions 
+      and even the best scanner cannot capture the quality of a museum-approved 
+      reproduction.&amp;nbsp; And webmasters are not selling reproductions which 
+      claim to be made by the museums which own the original work; that would be 
+      fraudulent and illegal.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Second, most museums hold their collections in the public trust and 
+      exist primarily as educational/cultural facilities.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;The public domain 
+      images in their collections are exactly that - in the public domain, and 
+      we are the public.&amp;nbsp; Most museums also receive money and special tax 
+      breaks from the cities/states/countries in which they are located.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Why?&amp;nbsp; Because they are public institutions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Third - and perhaps most importantly - copyrights and public domain 
+      and fair use are all terms which exist together for a reason. 
+      &lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Copyrights are necessary because&lt;/B&gt; they allow artists/writers 
+      to profit from their own work.&amp;nbsp; And profit, of course, provides 
+      incentive to create more work. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Public Domain is necessary 
+      because&lt;/B&gt; it allows for the free exchange of ideas, a necessary part of 
+      life in a free society. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Fair Use is necessary because&lt;/B&gt; it allows 
+      the public some access to copyrighted work, as long as they do not profit 
+      from it.&amp;nbsp; After all, you should not be allowed to essentially steal 
+      money for another person's hard work.&amp;nbsp; However, fair use allows news 
+      reporting, book reviews, research reports, educational works, etc to 
+      discuss the work. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Or, as the US Supreme Court put it:&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&quot;Creative work is to 
+      be encouraged and rewarded, but private motivation must ultimately serve 
+      the cause of promoting broad public availability of literature, music, and 
+      the other arts. The immediate effect of our copyright law is to secure a 
+      fair return for an &quot;author's&quot; creative labor. But the ultimate aim is, by 
+      this incentive, to stimulate artistic creativity for the general public 
+      good.&quot;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Or, as I put it:&lt;br&gt;Why should a museum's 
+      copyright exceed the artist's personal copyright?&amp;nbsp; Yes, that's right 
+      - artists and their descendants do not receive money from museums making 
+      reproductions of their works.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; Because the works are in 
+      the public domain.&amp;nbsp; Copyright has passed for the artist!&amp;nbsp; They 
+      can no longer profit from their work.&amp;nbsp; Yet museums are claiming they 
+      possess an endless copyright of the work simply because they own the 
+      original (which is in the public domain.)&amp;nbsp; If it sounds absurd, well, 
+      it is absurd.&amp;nbsp; It's absurd and offensive and illegal.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Take a moment to imagine Van Gogh's heirs suing 
+      over all those coffee mugs with his famous sunflowers, or the endless 
+      posters of his starry skies.&amp;nbsp; Exactly.&amp;nbsp; You would laugh at the 
+      news.&amp;nbsp; Now take a moment to laugh at museums.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In a perfect world, the artist profits from their work for a very 
+      lengthy period of time and then the work becomes part of our cultural 
+      heritage. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In our imperfect world, however, museums often attempt to 
+      intimidate webmasters and others into either paying large sums for 
+      reproduction rights, or to remove the images entirely.&amp;nbsp; They count 
+      upon webmasters having neither the legal knowledge to defend their rights 
+      or having money to hire legal counsel.&amp;nbsp; Most museums, of course, have 
+      large budgets and numerous attorneys.&amp;nbsp; And they know it's far easier 
+      to intimidate the 'little guy' rather than a wealthy company which can tie 
+      a case up in court for many expensive years.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;They also know that 
+      Bridgeman vs Corel has clarified the formerly vague concept of fair 
+      use.&amp;nbsp; Before, they could shape fair use to their own needs.&amp;nbsp; Now, 
+      however, fair use has been quite clearly defined. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;It is important to 
+      remember that museums were first created in the 18th century to allow the 
+      public free access to their cultural treasures, not to make money selling 
+      t-shirts, mugs, posters, etc&amp;nbsp; I understand that they wish to raise 
+      funds for their work, but - as I explained earlier - Bridgeman vs Corel 
+      will not bankrupt museums.&amp;nbsp; After all, in the early 1980s, the movie 
+      industry believed VCRs would destroy Hollywood.&amp;nbsp; Obviously, that 
+      hasn't happened.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In light of the Bridgeman vs Corel decision, museums 
+      have decided to focus on controlling access rather than subverting the 
+      concept of public domain.&amp;nbsp; This, too, has led to some rather 
+      questionable practices.&amp;nbsp; Think about it for a moment - if a unique 
+      work of art is in the public domain and the museum willfully disallows 
+      access to the work (for reproduction purposes), aren't they guilty of 
+      creating a monopoly?&amp;nbsp; And of attempting to create an illegal 
+      perpetual copyright?&amp;nbsp; Just a few points to ponder, among many others.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I have (very quickly) created this page to help webmasters understand 
+      their rights.&amp;nbsp; I apologize if something is explained badly, or not at 
+      all.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Please keep in mind that the all-important Bridgeman vs Corel 
+      decision applies only to exact reproductions of two-dimensional works of 
+      art already in the public domain.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;And so drawings of 
+      Winnie-the-Pooh, for example, which are still under copyright, cannot be 
+      reproduced on your webpage; neither can a book written in 1970, or a song 
+      recorded in 1950, or painting made in 1945.&amp;nbsp; Unfortunately, copyright 
+      extensions are a fact of life throughout most of the world.&amp;nbsp; In the 
+      US, for example, copyright has been extended 11 times in the last 40 
+      years.&amp;nbsp; However, all works prior to the 20th century are in the 
+      public domain.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.unc.edu%2f%7eunclng%2fpublic-d.htm&quot;&gt;
+      Check the charts&lt;/a&gt; for 20th century works.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Remember - when in doubt, ask.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.nolo.com&quot;&gt;Nolo.com&lt;/A&gt; has a great legal advice section.
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And give thanks to the US District Court for the 
+      Southern District of New York.&amp;nbsp; In our age of increasing mergers 
+      between large, global multi-media companies and the pre-eminence of a few 
+      large museums, it's possible that - one day - a handful of 
+      companies/museums could control access to most of the great works of art 
+      in human history.&amp;nbsp; Public domain guarantees us access to those works, 
+      and without it we would be....&amp;nbsp; Well, we would be stuck at the table 
+      of mediocrity, denied our right to explore the best parts of our heritage. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;-&lt;i&gt;Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;P align=center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Updates and Links&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=2 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;For now (October 2004), the Bridgeman decision 
+      stands.&amp;nbsp; If anything changes, I will post it here.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Please note that 
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.iht.com%2farticles%2f114102.html&quot;&gt;recent EU-sponsored 
+      copyright changes&lt;/a&gt; further extend copyright terms of 20th century works.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Books, music, etc which might have been scheduled to pass into the public 
+      domain are now protected for several more decades.&amp;nbsp; (Yet another 
+      sell-out to the growing 'content industry'....)&amp;nbsp; If you live in 
+      Europe, please research the new terms.&amp;nbsp; If the above link has 
+      expired, simply type 'EU copyright law 2003' into a search engine and 
+      start exploring.&amp;nbsp; Though most articles focus on digital music and 
+      film, the law applies to all creative works.&amp;nbsp; It's even worse than the DMCA.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Egads!&amp;nbsp; I never thought a law could be worse than the DMCA.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Please
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.cni.org%2fHforums%2fcni-copyright%2f1999-02%2f0084.html&quot;&gt;click 
+      here&lt;/a&gt; to read an interesting 'question and answer' about Bridgeman.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Professor Ochoa's response is reasonable and apt, particularly this 
+      comment: 'Where the public does not have access to the original painting, 
+      the ONLY way it has to reproduce the painting itself is to reproduce a 
+      reproduction of it. Unless we hold that the Bridgeman photographs can be 
+      freely copied, the painting, as a practical matter, is not in the public 
+      domain.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;In other words, unless museums are willing to allow 
+      people to photograph the original work, the paintings are not truly in the 
+      public domain.&amp;nbsp; I do disagree with his closing comment, in which he 
+      attempts to distinguish between US copyright law and other nations.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The concepts of 'fair use' and 'public domain' are recognized on an 
+      international level.&amp;nbsp; Also, is a person making a slavish photographic 
+      reproduction of a work of art truly the &lt;i&gt;author&lt;/i&gt; of the photograph?&amp;nbsp; 
+      This point was discussed in the Bridgeman decision.&amp;nbsp; The term &lt;i&gt;
+      copyist&lt;/i&gt; is far more appropriate, despite the amount of work involved 
+      in taking the photograph.&amp;nbsp; An apt comparison is this (earlier 
+      discussed with the example of Keats's poetry) - if a 
+      photographer who merely reproduces a work of art is the &lt;i&gt;author&lt;/i&gt; of 
+      the reproduction, then someone who copies a novel out word-for-word is 
+      also its &lt;i&gt;author&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Clearly, this cannot be the case.&amp;nbsp; Yet 
+      the amount of work required to photograph the painting is the same as the 
+      work involved in copying out a book by hand.&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;In other words, &lt;i&gt;
+      labor&lt;/i&gt; does not imply originality, or a creative spark.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; You 
+      can take three minutes or three days to make a reproduction.&amp;nbsp; You can 
+      use a camera or Martian technology.&amp;nbsp; It doesn't matter.&amp;nbsp; You are 
+      merely copying the work.&amp;nbsp; If it 
+      seems as though I'm being simplistic here, rest assured that I am - and it 
+      is deliberate.&amp;nbsp; This issue is very simple and analogies help reveal 
+      the simplicity.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;In any case, Bridgeman vs Corel 
+      was not concerned with the &lt;i&gt;processes&lt;/i&gt; of reproduction 
+      since those are covered by patent law.&amp;nbsp; It was concerned with 
+      copyright.&amp;nbsp; Copyright exists to reward the creative spark / 
+      originality.&amp;nbsp; It does not exist to reward labor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;You may wonder why I'm going on 
+      and on about the photography angle.&amp;nbsp; It's because museums have made 
+      it their new argument for copyright protection and against Bridgeman.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They claim the court did not fully understand or appreciate the labor 
+      involved in making photographic reproductions.&amp;nbsp; But they are being 
+      disingenuous, as my above paragraph demonstrates.&amp;nbsp; Also, Judge Kaplan 
+      most assuredly considered the labor involved.&amp;nbsp; No one is denying that 
+      photographers labor to create the reproduction.&amp;nbsp; But why should that 
+      work be used to create a perpetual copyright for something in the public 
+      domain?!&amp;nbsp; Museums are mute on that point.&amp;nbsp; The photographers are 
+      paid for their labor.&amp;nbsp; The museums deny the public access to the 
+      works and therefore control the 'licensing' of the best reproductions.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They are paid for the licenses.&amp;nbsp; Who suffers in this situation?&amp;nbsp; 
+      The public!&amp;nbsp; By law, we should be able to go to a museum and demand 
+      access to a painting in the public domain so we can take photographs.&amp;nbsp; 
+      But museums won't let us!&amp;nbsp; I know this because I've tried it.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Museums simply don't want competition for their 'officially-licensed' 
+      merchandise.&amp;nbsp; It's all about profit, - if they were concerned with 
+      'artistic integrity', they would allow the public right of access or 
+      provide an approved, high-quality reproduction to anyone who asked.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Don't hold your breath waiting for that to happen....&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;If the concept of public domain 
+      is to have any meaning at all, then exact photographic reproductions 
+      cannot be given copyright.&amp;nbsp; It's a matter of principle - and common 
+      sense - and public interest.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhomepages.law.asu.edu%2f%7edkarjala%2fOpposingCopyrightExtension&quot;&gt;Opposing Copyright Extension, 
+      Protecting the Public Domain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;The best source 
+      on the internet.&amp;nbsp; It contains information on the disastrous Jan 2003 Eldred 
+      ruling by the US Supreme Court.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2f&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;to EnglishHistory.net&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082656&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082656&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5902</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: King Edward VI's journal, 1549-51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH29c05599b5c7cfe01bb192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215265</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed1.gif&quot; width=&quot;489&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;In the 
+      first journal entry to the right Edward VI records the results of an unsuccessful
+war in Scotland, civil disturbances in England and the execution of the 
+      Protector's brother who was also the king's uncle.&amp;nbsp; It ends with the 
+      Protector's fall from power.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;In the second 
+      journal entry Edward discusses a religious dispute with his older 
+      half-sister Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; She was under renewed pressure to end the 
+      illegal Mass in her household.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1549&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime in England rose great stirs, likely to increase much
+if it had not been well foreseen.&amp;nbsp; The council, about nineteen of
+them, were gathered in London, thinking to meet with the Lord Protector
+and to make him amend some of his disorders.&amp;nbsp; He, fearing his position,
+caused the secretary in my name to be sent to the lords to know for what
+cause they gathered their powers together and, if they meant to talk with
+him, to say that they should come in a peaceable manner.&amp;nbsp; The next
+morning, being 6 October and Saturday, he commanded the armour to be brought
+out of the armoury of Hampton Court, about 500 harnesses, to arm both his
+and my men with it, the gates of the house to be fortified, and people
+to be raised.&amp;nbsp; People came abundantly to the house.&amp;nbsp; That night
+with all the people at nine or ten o'clock at night I went to Windsor,
+and there watch and ward was kept every night.&amp;nbsp; The lords sat in the
+open places of London, calling gentlemen before them and declaring the
+causes of accusing the lord protector, and caused the same to be proclaimed.
+&lt;p&gt;After which time few came to Windsor, but only the men of my own guard
+who the lords willed, fearing the rage of the people so lately quieted.&amp;nbsp;
+Then the protector began to treat by letters, sending Sir Philip Hoby,
+lately come from his embassy in Flanders to see his family, who brought
+on his return a very gentle letter to the protector which he delivered
+to him, another to me, another to my household, to declare his faults,
+ambition, vainglory, entering into rash wars in my youth, negligence about
+Newhaven, enriching himself from my treasure, following his own opinions,
+and doing all by his own authority etc., which letters were openly read,
+and immediately the lords came to Windsor, took him and brought him through
+Holborn to the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards I came to Hampton Court where they
+appointed by my consent six lords of the council to be attendant on me,
+at least two, and four knights.&amp;nbsp; Lords - the marquis of Northampton,
+the earls of Warwick and Arundel, lords Russell, Sr John and Wentworth.&amp;nbsp;
+Knights - Sir Andrew Dudley, Sir Edward Rogers, Sir Thomas Darcy, Sir Thomas
+Wroth.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards I came through London to Westminster.&amp;nbsp; Lord
+Warwick was made admiral of England.&amp;nbsp; Sir Thomas Cheney was sent to
+the emperor for relief, which he could not obtain.&amp;nbsp; Mr Nicholas Wootton
+was made secretary.&amp;nbsp; The lord protector, by his own agreement and
+submission, lost his protectorship, treasureship, marshalship, all his
+movables and nearly 2,000 pds of lands, by act of Parliament.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;hr&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1551&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;The lady Mary, my sister, came to me to Westminster, where after greetings
+she was called with my council into a chamber where it was declared how
+long I had suffered her mass, in hope of her reconciliation, and how now,
+there being no hope as I saw by her letters, unless I saw some speedy amendment
+I could not bear it.&amp;nbsp; She answered that her soul was God's and her
+faith she would not change, nor hide her opinion with dissembled doings.&amp;nbsp;
+It was said I did not constrain her faith but willed her only as a subject
+to obey.&amp;nbsp; And that her example might lead to too much inconvenience.
+&lt;p&gt;On 19 March the emperor's ambassador came with a short message from
+his master of threatened war, if I would not allow his cousin the princess
+to use her mass.&amp;nbsp; No answer was given to this at the time.
+&lt;p&gt;The following day the bishops of Canterbury, London and Rochester, Thomas
+Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley and John Scory, concluded that to give licence
+to sin was sin; to allow and wink at it for a time might be born as long
+as all possible haste was used.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082603&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082603&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1138 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">56373</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">16th century England Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">16th century England Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH29c055aa0c7d7d496bb192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215266</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">faqnew.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">imagesbw.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry7faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8faq1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourfaq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevesfaq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz2faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosfaq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table height=&quot;601&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;71%&quot; height=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;71%&quot; height=&quot;21&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;71%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&lt;br&gt;      
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/faqnew.gif&quot; width=&quot;621&quot;
+ height=&quot;129&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Simply click on
+a question and you will be taken to the answer.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/imagesbw.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; alt=&quot;black-and-white version of the van de Passe etching of Queen Elizabeth I&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;313&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Top&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;General
+Questions&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#One&quot;&gt;Who were the
+Tudors?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Two&quot;&gt;When did they rule
+England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Three&quot;&gt;Why are they so
+famous?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Four&quot;&gt;What did they
+accomplish?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Five&quot;&gt;Can you give me a
+brief history of Tudor England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Tree&quot;&gt;Where can I view
+the Tudor family tree?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Six&quot;&gt;Where can I look
+at portraits of the Tudors?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Rose&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;What is the 'Tudor Rose'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-nine&quot;&gt;Does this
+website have a search engine?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fifty&quot;&gt;I am quoting
+from this website for my paper / report.&amp;nbsp; How do I correctly cite
+the source?&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Update&quot;&gt;When
+was the site last updated?&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Specific Questions&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Seven&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Was Henry VII really a miser?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eight&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Did Elizabeth of York really hate Henry VII?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Nine&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Did Prince Arthur and Katharine of Aragon consummate their marriage?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Ten&quot;&gt;Why did Henry VIII
+have six wives?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Ten-a&quot;&gt;Who were the six
+wives?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven&quot;&gt;Did Henry VIII
+really murder all his wives?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-a&quot;&gt;What was the
+'King's Great Matter'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;What was the
+Reformation?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twelve&quot;&gt;How did Henry
+VIII die?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirteen&quot;&gt;How did
+Katharine of Aragon die?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirteena&quot;&gt;Why do you
+spell Katharine's name as you do?&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; (And why do you spell
+Catherine Howard and Katharine Parr's differently?)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourteen&quot;&gt;Was Anne
+Boleyn really a witch?&amp;nbsp; Did she have an extra finger?&amp;nbsp; Did
+she really commit adultery and have an incestuous affair with her
+brother?&amp;nbsp; How many times was she pregnant as Queen?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fifteen&quot;&gt;Where is Anne
+Boleyn buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Sixteen&quot;&gt;Did Jane
+Seymour die of complications from a Caesarean section?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Seventeen&quot;&gt;Was Anne of
+Cleves really that ugly?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eighteen&quot;&gt;What happened
+to Anne of Cleves after Henry divorced her?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Nineteen&quot;&gt;Did Catherine
+Howard commit adultery while Queen of England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty&quot;&gt;Where is
+Catherine Howard buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-one&quot;&gt;How many
+times was Katharine Parr married?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-two&quot;&gt;Was
+Katharine Parr imprisoned by Henry VIII?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-three&quot;&gt;What
+happened to Henry VIII's sisters, Margaret and Mary Tudor?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-four&quot;&gt;Did Henry
+VIII execute a lot of people?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-five&quot;&gt;Did Henry
+VIII have a legitimate reason to divorce Katharine of Aragon?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-six&quot;&gt;How did
+Edward VI die?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Six-a&quot;&gt;Who is the 'Nine
+Days Queen'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-seven&quot;&gt;Did Lady
+Jane Grey want to be Queen of England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-eight&quot;&gt;Did Lady
+Jane Grey love her husband?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-nine&quot;&gt;Where is
+Lady Jane Grey buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty&quot;&gt;Why is Mary I
+called 'Bloody Mary'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-a&quot;&gt;Are there two
+Mary Tudors at this site?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-one&quot;&gt;Did Mary I
+really hate her half-sister, Elizabeth?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-two&quot;&gt;Was Mary I
+ever pregnant during her marriage to Philip of Spain?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-three&quot;&gt;What were
+Mary I's last words?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-four&quot;&gt;Where is
+Mary I buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-five&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth I truly a great queen - or did her ministers do all the work?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-six&quot;&gt;How smart
+was Elizabeth I?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-seven&quot;&gt;Did
+Elizabeth ever plan to marry anyone?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-eight&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth really a 'Virgin Queen'?&amp;nbsp; Did she have secret lovers
+and/or children?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-nine&quot;&gt;Why is the
+1588 battle with the Spanish Armada so famous?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty&quot;&gt;Why are there
+so many portraits of Elizabeth I?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-one&quot;&gt;Where is
+Elizabeth I buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-two&quot;&gt;Why was
+Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-two-a&quot;&gt;How long
+was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-three&quot;&gt;Are Mary,
+queen of Scots and Mary Tudor the same person?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-four&quot;&gt;Why did
+Elizabeth I have Mary, queen of Scots killed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-five&quot;&gt;Was Mary,
+queen of Scots guilty of the crimes for which she was executed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-six&quot;&gt;Where is
+Mary, queen of Scots buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-sixa&quot;&gt;Why
+is Mary, queen of Scots's last name sometimes spelled 'Stewart' and
+other times 'Stuart'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-sixa&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-seven&quot;&gt;Why did
+Elizabeth I leave her throne to James I of Scotland?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-eight&quot;&gt;What
+dynasty followed the Tudors?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Who were the
+Tudors?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors were a Welsh-English
+family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor was the
+son of Margaret Beaufort, who was descended from King Edward III
+through an illegitimate line, and Edmund Tudor, the son of Princess
+Catherine of Valois and her second husband, Owen Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Through
+Catherine of Valois, Jasper was the half-brother of the last
+Lancastrian king, Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; The Yorkist branch of the Plantagenet
+dynasty would eventually seize the throne from the incompetent Henry
+VI, but their reign ended when Richard III was killed at the battle of
+Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor then claimed the
+throne as King Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; He promptly married Elizabeth of York,
+daughter of the only successful Yorkist king, Edward IV, and niece of
+Richard III.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry VII and Elizabeth of York's
+second son, three of their grandchildren and one of their
+great-grandchildren, would rule England as part of the Tudor
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; When their rule ended, the throne passed to the Scottish
+branch of their family - James I was the great-grandson of their
+daughter, Margaret Tudor.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealog.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;
+for more information.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;When did
+they rule England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors ruled England from 1485
+to 1603.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why are
+they so famous?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors are famous because their
+dynasty was full of colorful characters and big events.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VIII and his six wives.... the English reformation.... the tragic tale
+of Lady Jane Grey.... the great intelligence of Elizabeth I and the
+artistic accomplishments of her reign....&amp;nbsp; During the sixteenth
+century, England emerged from the medieval world.&amp;nbsp; It was a time
+of great change, most notably it marked the end of the Catholic church
+in England.&amp;nbsp; There was an attendant rise in nationalism, a new
+spirit of confidence and patriotism swept the country.&amp;nbsp; Great
+naval exploits began the great English seafaring tradition.&amp;nbsp;
+Whether as pirates or officers or explorers, Elizabethan sailors
+controlled the seas.&amp;nbsp; And besides the political and religious
+changes, the Tudors themselves were interesting and complex people.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What did
+they accomplish?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors were able to establish
+England as a world power.&amp;nbsp; They did so by positioning their
+country as a peace-maker between the dueling powers of France and
+Spain/the Holy Roman Empire.&amp;nbsp; They also gave England a century of
+dynastic stability.&amp;nbsp; With the exception of Lady Jane Grey's brief
+reign and Catholic attempts to place Mary, queen of Scots on Elizabeth
+I's throne, most Tudor monarchs came to the throne - and remained on
+the throne - unchallenged.&amp;nbsp; This lengthy period of peace allowed
+England a much-needed respite from the Lancastrian-Yorkist wars.&amp;nbsp;
+Government ran more efficiently; royal power replaced that of
+aristocrats and there was a uniform system of justice and taxation
+throughout the country.&amp;nbsp; And, as always in times of peace, the
+arts flourished.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Can you
+give me a brief history of Tudor England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Tudor England began when Henry VII
+became king in 1485.&amp;nbsp; There were five Tudor monarchs, not counting
+Lady Jane Grey who ruled for just nine days.&amp;nbsp; The monarchs were,
+in order, Henry VII (ruled from 1485 to 1509), his son Henry VIII
+(ruled from 1509 to 1547), Edward VI, son of Henry VIII (ruled from
+1547 to 1553), Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII (ruled from 1553 to
+1558), and Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII (ruled from 1558 to
+1603.)&amp;nbsp; The most powerful Tudor monarchs were Henry VIII and
+Elizabeth I, though she was far more beloved of the English
+people.&amp;nbsp; Both were powerful personalities who were able to control
+their squabbling councilors and answer the demands of an increasingly
+vocal Parliament.&amp;nbsp; Under Henry VII, the English government came to
+be more stabilized and centralized.&amp;nbsp; Under Henry VIII, English
+authority was tested on the Continent, though even military victories
+were too costly to maintain.&amp;nbsp; A great victory over Scotland early
+in his reign (1513) was most notable; the attendant confusion of its
+northern neighbor was beneficial for England.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII's
+desperate quest for a legitimate heir led to &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;the
+Reformation&lt;/a&gt;; this was the end of the Catholic church's authority in
+England.&amp;nbsp; The king, unable to obtain an annulment, declared
+himself Supreme Head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; He also sold or
+destroyed most church property in England.&amp;nbsp; His son, Edward VI,
+was just a child when he inherited the throne but already known for his
+piety and serious nature.&amp;nbsp; His councilors continued to strengthen
+the Protestant state, but their plans were dashed when Edward died at
+16 years of age.&amp;nbsp; An attempt to place his Protestant cousin, Lady
+Jane Grey, on the throne instead of the Catholic Princess Mary
+failed.&amp;nbsp; Mary was declared queen to great acclaim; she was
+originally very popular even with the Protestants.&amp;nbsp; But a policy
+of religious persecution, a hated marriage with Philip of Spain, and
+bad agricultural conditions (as well as the debt she had inherited from
+her father and brother) soon made Mary broken-hearted and
+disliked.&amp;nbsp; She was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth, who
+was a religious pragmatist and passionately devoted to her
+country.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's policy of toleration was extended to both
+the religious and political spheres.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, she avoided
+extremism at all costs.&amp;nbsp; She often prevaricated over major
+decisions, unwilling to commit to an action before all diplomatic
+attempts failed.&amp;nbsp; This infuriated many of her advisors, but it
+also gave her country the religious and political peace it needed to
+thrive.&amp;nbsp; Her reign was marked by the great victory over the
+Spanish Armada in 1588, the artistic achievements of men such as
+Shakespeare and Bacon, and English exploration and colonization of
+North America.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Tree&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Where can I view the
+Tudor family tree?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealogy.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;
+site.&amp;nbsp; It has a graphic image of the family tree and a more
+detailed text genealogy.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where can I
+look at portraits of the Tudors?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;You can visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Images&lt;/a&gt; section of my
+site.&amp;nbsp; You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org&quot;&gt;Tudorhistory.org&lt;/a&gt;
+and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudor-portraits.com&quot;&gt;Tudor-portraits.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Rose&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;What
+is the 'Tudor Rose'?&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;The Tudor
+Rose is the most famous symbol of the Tudor dynasty. &amp;nbsp;You can see
+a beautiful example of it on &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;the main page&lt;/a&gt;.
+&amp;nbsp;It shows the petals of a red rose enfolding the petals of a white
+rose. &amp;nbsp;The red rose was the symbol of the House of Lancaster and
+the white rose was the symbol of the House of York. &amp;nbsp;Henry VII was
+the first Tudor king and a Lancastrian. &amp;nbsp;He married Princess
+Elizabeth of York. &amp;nbsp; Their marriage was the literal union of both
+houses, symbolized by the new 'Tudor Rose'. &amp;nbsp;Also, the Wars of the
+Roses were thus called because they represented the 15th century
+struggle between Lancaster and York for the throne of England. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;225&quot;
+ alt=&quot;sketch of Henry Tudor while he was exiled in France&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry7faq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;sketch of the
+future King Henry VII while he was exiled in France&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Seven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was Henry
+VII really a miser?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry VII, the first Tudor king, was
+tight-fisted with money.&amp;nbsp; His tax inspectors were notorious and
+despised.&amp;nbsp; However, the English treasury was nearly empty after
+years of wars.&amp;nbsp; Henry was determined to create a stable government
+and all governments need money to run.&amp;nbsp; It became something of an
+obsession with him, particularly in his later years.&amp;nbsp; But to his
+credit, he left a healthy treasury to his son and heir, Henry VIII -
+which the latter promptly spent.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Henry VII, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry7.html&quot;&gt;visit his
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Elizabeth of York really hate Henry VII?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Many authors have argued that
+Elizabeth hated Henry because he took the throne from her family and
+she was forced to marry him.&amp;nbsp; But all the contemporary accounts I
+have read indicate they had a pleasant enough marriage.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII
+never had an affair and he genuinely mourned her death in 1503.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth's life as queen was primarily domestic.&amp;nbsp; Her motto
+'Humble and Reverent' sums up her character.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did Prince
+Arthur and Katharine of Aragon consummate their marriage?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;This question was very important
+during Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; He said his marriage to Katharine
+should be annulled because she had been his brother's wife.&amp;nbsp; He
+disregarded the papal dispensation which had given them permission to
+wed in 1509 by arguing that the Pope could not disregard the Bible
+itself.&amp;nbsp; There are passages in Leviticus which specifically forbid
+a man taking his brother's wife as his own.&amp;nbsp; Katharine swore that
+she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage, as did her duenna.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;I have to support Katharine of
+Aragon on this one; her marriage to Arthur probably wasn't
+consummated.&amp;nbsp; They were both young and Arthur was already very
+ill.&amp;nbsp; Also, Katharine was deeply pious; it is difficult to believe
+she would lie to a papal legate about such a thing.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;204&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of King Henry VIII, c1542&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8faq1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;portrait of King
+Henry VIII, c1542&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Ten&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why did
+Henry VIII have six wives?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry had six wives because....&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;He had the first wife because he was
+betrothed to her by his father.&amp;nbsp; He had the second wife because he
+fell in love and also needed a legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; He had the
+third wife because he still needed a male heir.&amp;nbsp; He had the fourth
+wife because of diplomatic reasons.&amp;nbsp; He had the fifth wife because
+he fell in love again.&amp;nbsp; He had the sixth wife because he was old
+and sick and grouchy and needed a companion and nurse who wouldn't give
+him too much trouble.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;To learn
+more about Henry VIII's six wives, visit their website.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Ten-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Who were
+the six wives?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;They were (in order) Katharine of
+Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and
+Katharine Parr.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eleven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did Henry
+VIII really murder all his wives?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, only two of the six wives were
+executed - the second wife, Anne Boleyn, and the fifth wife, Catherine
+Howard.&amp;nbsp; His first wife died of natural causes.&amp;nbsp; His third
+wife died from childbirth complications.&amp;nbsp; His fourth wife was
+divorced and outlived him.&amp;nbsp; And the sixth wife outlived him as
+well.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eleven-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+was the 'King's Great Matter'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;This refers to Henry VIII's attempts
+to annul his marriage Katharine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp;
+It consumed several years of his reign. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It also involved the dissolution of all Catholic
+monasteries in England.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eleven-b&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+was the Reformation?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Reformation refers to a period
+in the early 16th century in which the Roman Catholic Church was
+challenged by a new form of Christianity collectively known as
+Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic Church was both a religious and
+political institution; by the 16th century, corruption was widespread
+and many Christians were disappointed in the excesses and abuses of
+church leaders.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Reformation began in 1517 when a
+German priest named Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses on the
+door of a royal church in Wittenberg.&amp;nbsp; Luther did not want to
+start a new religion; he merely wanted to reform the papacy.&amp;nbsp;
+However, a few years later, Pope Leo X excommunicated him.&amp;nbsp;
+Luther's main philosophical idea was 'justification by faith', the idea
+that salvation is granted as a gift through God's grace and not through
+a priestly intermediary.&amp;nbsp; He also advocated marriage for the
+clergy.&amp;nbsp; His ideas were revolutionary and scandalous, but also
+very popular.&amp;nbsp; They represented an attempt to bring religious
+faith back to the people and end long-standing corruption within the
+church.&amp;nbsp; But the doctrine of 'justification by faith' also sharply
+curtailed the church's power over spirituality, making it a matter of
+personal debate and belief.&amp;nbsp; As Lady Jane Grey, the Nine Days'
+Queen of England, wrote of her Protestant faith in 1554, 'I ground my
+faith upon God's word, and not upon the church....&amp;nbsp; The faith of
+the church must be tried by God's word, and not God's word by the
+church; neither yet my faith.'&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In England, the Reformation was
+mainly associated with Henry VIII's attempts to annul his marriage to
+Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; When the papacy refused to annul their union
+due to the political pressure of Katharine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor
+Charles V, Henry was outraged.&amp;nbsp; He spent several years attempting
+to persuade the pope to change his mind.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he simply
+declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and confiscated
+all church lands and money in his country.&amp;nbsp; This is known to
+history as 'the dissolution of the monasteries.' &amp;nbsp;However, Henry
+VIII remained a spiritual Catholic; he disliked Luther's ideas and was
+never a Protestant himself.&amp;nbsp; He simply rejected Roman Catholic
+influence in England.&amp;nbsp; But he had unwittingly opened up the door
+to dramatic changes.&amp;nbsp; From 1533 onwards, the influence of the
+Roman Catholic Church in England declined while the new ideas of the
+Reformation began to slowly gain adherents.&amp;nbsp; The resulting
+religious convulsions would consume most of Europe for the entire
+century.&amp;nbsp; In Tudor England, the conflict between the old faith and
+the new consumed its rulers.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was a lapsed Catholic;
+his successor Edward VI was a devout Protestant; his successor Mary I
+was a devout Catholic; her successor Elizabeth I was, understandably
+enough, a religious pragmatist.&amp;nbsp; However, she came into conflict
+with her Catholic cousin, Mary, queen of Scots.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twelve&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How did
+Henry VIII die?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry had been in ill health for
+some time.&amp;nbsp; He was obese and this led to many complications in his
+health, such as fevers, headaches and ulcers.&amp;nbsp; He died on 28
+January 1547 after suffering through a bad fever; he was bled during
+his illness, which undoubtedly contributed to his death.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;To learn
+more about Henry VIII's life, visit his website.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How did
+Katharine of Aragon die?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Contrary to rumor, Katharine was not
+poisoned by Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; If he had been that ruthless, he would
+have killed her years before and saved himself the whole trouble of his
+'Great Matter'.&amp;nbsp; Most historians believe she died of cancer.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Katharine of Aragon, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirteena&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; Why do you spell
+Katharine's name as you do?&amp;nbsp; (And why do you spell Catherine
+Howard and Katharine Parr's differently?)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+I spell Katharine of Aragon's name as it is spelled on her tomb at
+Peterborough.&amp;nbsp; I chose to spell Catherine Howard's with a 'C'
+because it's spelled thus by LB Smith in his biography of Henry VIII's
+fifth queen.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr's name is spelled that way to differentiate 
+      her from the wife who preceded her.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Anne Boleyn really a witch?&amp;nbsp; Did she have an extra finger?&amp;nbsp;
+Did she really commit adultery and have an incestuous affair with her
+brother?&amp;nbsp; How many times was she pregnant as Queen?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, Anne Boleyn was not a
+witch.&amp;nbsp; Yes, she did have a small growth on one hand which some
+have called an extra finger.&amp;nbsp; No, she did not commit adultery or
+have an incestuous affair with her brother.&amp;nbsp; Even her enemies
+admitted the charges were false, simply used as excuses to execute
+her.&amp;nbsp; She was pregnant at least three times, but only gave birth
+to one living child - a baby girl who would grow up to be Elizabeth I.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Anne Boleyn, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fifteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where is
+Anne Boleyn buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn is buried at the chapel
+of St Peter ad Vincula at the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; She is not buried
+in a regular coffin, however, since one was not provided; instead, her
+body was forced into an old arrow chest.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;165&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourfaq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;
+ border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;miniature portrait
+of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Sixteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did Jane
+Seymour die of complications from a Caesarean section?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;This rumor has been around for a
+long time, but it's not true.&amp;nbsp; Jane actually lived several days
+after the birth of her son, Edward, and was able to greet
+well-wishers.&amp;nbsp; But she soon succumbed to a violent fever and
+died.&amp;nbsp; Most historians believe she died from puerperal sepsis, an
+infection which killed many new mothers.&amp;nbsp; Keep in mind that, even
+today, childbirth is a dangerous and bloody business.&amp;nbsp; In the 16th
+century, standards of hygiene were very lax.&amp;nbsp; Puerperal sepsis
+caused severe fevers and delusions; it was almost always fatal.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry VIII's sixth wife, Katharine
+Parr, would also die from it.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Jane Seymour, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Seventeen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Anne of Cleves really that ugly?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;It's ironic to me that, of all of
+Henry's six wives, the one who is most attractive to modern eyes is the
+one he divorced for being a 'Flanders mare'.&amp;nbsp; You can &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.htmll&quot;&gt;look at portraits of
+Anne&lt;/a&gt; (one is below this answer) and decide for yourself.&amp;nbsp; It
+was probably a simple case of 'chemistry', or a lack thereof.&amp;nbsp; You
+want to kiss some people and you don't want to kiss others - why?&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VIII simply wasn't attracted to her but that doesn't mean she was
+ugly; it simply means she wasn't his type.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Anne of Cleves, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;163&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevesfaq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;
+ border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;miniature portrait
+of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eighteen&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What happened to Anne of
+Cleves after Henry divorced her?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Anne remained in England, where she
+was treated with great respect and honor.&amp;nbsp; Henry called her his
+'sister' and she was given lots of money and lands in their divorce
+settlement.&amp;nbsp; She came to court regularly and enjoyed the life of
+an independent, wealthy woman.&amp;nbsp; She also became quite fond of
+English beer.&amp;nbsp; I think we can agree that she was probably the
+happiest of the six wives.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Nineteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Catherine Howard commit adultery while Queen of England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Probably.&amp;nbsp; You can read her
+letter to Thomas Culpeper &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Catherine Howard, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where is
+Catherine Howard buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She is buried at the chapel of St
+Peter ad Vincula, along with her cousin Anne Boleyn and other victims
+of Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+many times was Katharine Parr married?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Katharine was married four
+times.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was her third husband.&amp;nbsp; She had one child
+with her fourth husband, and died of puerperal sepsis shortly
+afterwards.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Katharine Parr, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Katharine Parr imprisoned by Henry VIII?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Almost, but her quick wit and
+instinct for survival saved her.&amp;nbsp; Religious conservatives at
+Henry's court attempted to persuade the king his wife was a
+heretic.&amp;nbsp; After being lectured one too many times on religious
+matters by Katharine, Henry was inclined to agree.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+warned of the plot and, without letting on to the king, told him she
+was grateful to talk about such matters with him so he could guide her
+in the correct direction.&amp;nbsp; His ego soothed, the king again favored
+her.&amp;nbsp; When guards came to arrest Katharine, Henry personally
+berated them and protected her.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+happened to Henry VIII's sisters, Margaret and Mary Tudor?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Margaret married the king of
+Scotland, James IV, and upon his death, she married the earl of
+Angus.&amp;nbsp; Mary wed the king of France and, upon his death, she wed
+the duke of Suffolk.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Mary Tudor, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; To learn more about Margaret Tudor, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;visit
+her website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Henry VIII execute a lot of people?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;He executed a lot of people on
+trumped-up charges, or what is commonly termed 'judicial murder'.&amp;nbsp;
+He was very capricious and tyrannical, particularly as he grew
+older.&amp;nbsp; He was also sensitive to other claims on the Tudor throne;
+for that reason, he imprisoned or executed most of his Plantagenet
+relatives.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Henry VIII have a legitimate reason to divorce Katharine of Aragon?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes.&amp;nbsp; Other queens were
+divorced for a lot less.&amp;nbsp; The annulment would have been granted if
+Katharine's nephew had not been Holy Roman Emperor.&amp;nbsp; His position
+gave him great influence over papal policy.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+did Edward VI die?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Edward died of tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp;
+Recently, historians and doctors suggested that it may have been
+complicated by measles.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;To learn more about Edward VI, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;visit his
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Six-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Who is the
+'Nine Days Queen'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The description refers to Lady Jane
+Grey, the Tudor cousin who ruled England for just nine days in
+1553.&amp;nbsp; She was later executed by Mary I.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Lady Jane Grey, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;visit
+her website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Lady Jane Grey want to be Queen of England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, she did not.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Lady Jane Grey love her husband?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, quite the contrary.&amp;nbsp; By all
+accounts, she disliked Guildford and refused to have him crowned king,
+though she appreciated his newfound maturity and composure upon their
+imprisonment.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where is Lady Jane Grey buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;At the chapel of St Peter ad
+Vincula, alongside Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard.&amp;nbsp; As at Anne's
+execution, there was no coffin provided for Jane's corpse.&amp;nbsp; Her
+body lay beside the block for several hours before someone finally
+found a coffin.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img height=&quot;213&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Mary Tudor as princess of England, by Master John, 1544&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;portrait of
+Princess Mary Tudor in 1544, by Master John&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why is
+Mary I called 'Bloody Mary'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Several hundred Protestants were
+burned as heretics during her reign.&amp;nbsp; Hence, she is called 'Bloody
+Mary'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Mary I, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Are
+there two Mary Tudors at this site?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes, one is Mary Tudor, sister of
+Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; The other is Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Mary I really hate her half-sister, Elizabeth?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Mary I ever pregnant during her marriage to Philip of Spain?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;font
+ face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She thought she was pregnant - she hoped she
+was - but it was probably an 'hysterical pregnancy'.&amp;nbsp; Her
+menstrual cycle was always irregular and she had a distended stomach,
+possibly from a tumor.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+were Mary's last words?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;It is rumored she said that if her
+body was cut open, the words 'Calais' and 'Philip' would be found
+engraved upon her heart.&amp;nbsp; It is an apocryphal story.&amp;nbsp; Calais
+was the last English outpost on the continent, lost during her reign,
+and Philip was the beloved husband who had abandoned her.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where
+is Mary I buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In Westminster Abbey, beside her
+half-sister, Elizabeth I.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth I truly a great queen - or did her ministers do all the work?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She was truly a great queen.&amp;nbsp;
+Though she had good ministers, chief among them William Cecil,
+Elizabeth - like her father - was always in charge.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Elizabeth I, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;217&quot;
+ alt=&quot;the Armada Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I, by George Gower&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz2faq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;The Armada Portrait
+of Queen Elizabeth I, by George Gower&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+smart was Elizabeth I?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Very smart.&amp;nbsp; She was
+undoubtedly one of the most (if not the most) intelligent monarchs to
+rule England.&amp;nbsp; She was always a dedicated scholar and genuinely
+loved to study and learn.&amp;nbsp; Her tutor Roger Ascham, and indeed
+everyone who met her, recognized and commented upon her
+intelligence.&amp;nbsp; Of course, this was believed to be a 'masculine'
+trait and only acceptable because of her special position as queen.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-seven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Elizabeth ever plan to marry anyone?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Probably not.&amp;nbsp; She used
+marriage negotiations as political tools, and she personally loved
+Robert Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But she was never enthusiastic about the prospect
+of marriage.&amp;nbsp; And who can blame her?&amp;nbsp; After the disastrous
+examples of her father and half-sister, Elizabeth had no reason to
+equate marriage with personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; She also realized that
+any marriage would end her authority as queen in her own right.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth really a 'Virgin Queen'?&amp;nbsp; Did she have secret lovers
+and/or children?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She was probably a virgin.&amp;nbsp;
+It's difficult to imagine any secret affair remaining secret for
+long.&amp;nbsp; And birth control was tricky and untrustworthy in the 16th
+century.&amp;nbsp; She knew that any affair would risk a pregnancy - and
+that would destroy her life.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, it is worth noting
+Elizabeth's own strict and methodical character, and the disdain she
+showed for women who could not control their feelings or appreciate the
+consequences of their actions.&amp;nbsp; Consider her opinions of her two
+cousins, Mary, queen of Scots and Catherine Grey.&amp;nbsp; Both rushed
+into hasty, inappropriate and passionate unions and both had disastrous
+results.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth looked down upon them both, remarking that
+they would do well to remember their high positions in life and its
+attendant responsibilities.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She lamented her lost opportunities
+for love and a family of her own.&amp;nbsp; But she was queen and it was an
+exalted and lonely position.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, she never had children.&amp;nbsp;
+It's fun to read theories that she was the mother of Bacon - or
+Shakespeare - or was even Shakespeare himself.... but could she really
+keep a pregnancy secret?&amp;nbsp; Foreign ambassadors paid her servants to
+learn every intimate detail of her life.&amp;nbsp; Upon hearing some gossip
+about her relationship with Dudley, Elizabeth observed that a thousand
+eyes were always upon her so how could she do anything scandalous?&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+is the 1588 battle with the Spanish Armada so famous?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Because England was a small nation
+with a little navy and they were facing the greatest power in the
+world.&amp;nbsp; And they defeated it, with help from Mother Nature.&amp;nbsp;
+It marked the beginning of England's mastery of the seas.&amp;nbsp; The
+great history of the English navy began, as did serious English
+exploration and colonization.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why are
+there so many portraits of Elizabeth I?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Because she ruled for such a long
+time (45 years) and because she understood the value of
+propaganda.&amp;nbsp; Her portraits were iconographic; they represented the
+queen in all her majesty, triumphant and beautiful.&amp;nbsp; They
+symbolized the confidence and pride of her nation.&amp;nbsp; It was also a
+sign of loyalty to have portraits of the queen in your house.&amp;nbsp;
+Many nobles commissioned portraits, or copies of official portraits.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To view portraits of Elizabeth I, with
+commentary, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;visit
+the Elizabethan Images webpage&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where
+is Elizabeth I buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In Westminster Abbey, beside her
+half-sister Mary I.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Mary fled to England after losing a
+battle against her Scottish foes.&amp;nbsp; She was seeking Elizabeth's aid
+in restoring her to the throne of Scotland.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Mary, queen of Scots, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-two-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+long was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Mary was imprisoned from 1568 to
+1587.&amp;nbsp; She was just 25 years old when she arrived in England and
+44 years old when she was executed.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;244&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Mary, queen of Scots, c1558&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosfaq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;portrait of Mary,
+queen of Scots, c1558&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Are
+Mary, queen of Scots and Mary Tudor the same person?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor was Henry
+VIII's sister.&amp;nbsp; Mary, queen of Scots was the granddaughter of
+Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII's sister.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+did Elizabeth I have Mary, queen of Scots killed?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Because she was conniving to have
+Elizabeth assassinated and herself made queen of England.&amp;nbsp; In
+fairness to Mary, she only began plotting after being imprisoned for
+several years and it was clear she would never be released.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Mary, queen of Scots guilty of the crimes for which she was executed?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes, probably.&amp;nbsp; She even
+admitted to plotting against Elizabeth, but said it was only to gain
+her freedom.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where
+is Mary, queen of Scots buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; Her body
+was moved there by her son, James, who became king of England in 1603.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-sixa&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Why is Mary, queen of Scots's last name
+sometimes spelled 'Stewart' and other times 'Stuart'?&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In Scotland, her family name was
+spelled 'Stewart'.&amp;nbsp; However, Mary was half-French and spent her
+formative years in France.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, she adopted the French
+spelling of Stewart, which was 'Stuart'.&amp;nbsp; (She also signed her
+name 'Marie', which was the French spelling of her first name.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-seven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+did Elizabeth I leave her throne to James I of Scotland?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;James was Elizabeth's closest male
+relative.&amp;nbsp; He was part Tudor as well, being the great-grandson of
+Margaret Tudor, eldest daughter of the first Tudor king, Henry VII.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+dynasty followed the Tudors?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Stuart dynasty followed the
+Tudors, so called because their family name was Stuart/Stewart.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Does
+this website have a search engine?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes, it does.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsearch.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/a&gt; to
+visit the Tudor England search engine.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fifty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;I am
+quoting from this website for my paper / report.&amp;nbsp; How do I
+correctly cite the source?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The correct format is based upon
+both the Turabian/Chicago and MLA styles.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Here is an example:&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Hanson, Marilee. &quot;Contemporary
+Descriptions of Anne Boleyn.&quot; &lt;i&gt;EnglishHistory.net.&lt;/i&gt; 2004.
+http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (11 April 2004).&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot; size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Please note: you must use
+the year and date you read the source.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Update&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;When
+was the site last updated?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Please visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnews.html&quot;&gt;Site
+News&lt;/a&gt; page for the last update. &amp;nbsp;I don't post routine
+maintenance there, only significant additions to the website.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;center&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot; size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/center&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082531&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082531&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH2d24.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH2d24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH2d24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,745 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">42806</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Anne Boleyn queen of England wife of King Henry VIII mother of Queen Elizabeth I The Six Wives of King Henry VIII biography images letters primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Anne Boleyn queen of England mother of Queen Elizabeth I wife of King Henry VIII The Six Wives of King Henry VIII biography images letters primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Anne Boleyn: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH2d245100e05dfd01bdc269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215272</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2d24.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyncardinalbig.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynmainjpg.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynsmall.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynstrong.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8boleyn.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynsketch2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'[A] woman who is the scandal of 
+      Christendom.'&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon describes her
+rival, 1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyncardinalbig.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;352&quot; height=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynmainjpg.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;the most famous portrait of Anne Boleyn; at the NPG, London&quot;
+ width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;357&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;portrait of Anne Boleyn by an unknown 
+      artist, late 16th century&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;br&gt;Anne Boleyn is one of the most famous queens
+in English history, though she ruled for just three years.&amp;nbsp; The
+daughter of an ambitious knight and niece of the duke of Norfolk, Anne
+spent her adolescence in France.&amp;nbsp; When she returned to England,
+her wit and style were her greatest charms.&amp;nbsp; She had a circle of
+admirers and became secretly engaged to Henry Percy.&amp;nbsp; She also
+entered the service of Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; But she soon caught
+the eye of Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; He ordered Percy from court and tried to
+make Anne his mistress.&amp;nbsp; She refused.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, Mary, had
+been the king's mistress and gained little from it but scandal.&amp;nbsp;
+Her hopes with Percy dashed, Anne demanded that the king marry
+her.&amp;nbsp; She waited nearly seven years for Henry to obtain an
+annulment.&amp;nbsp; It finally took an irrevocable breach with the Holy
+See before they wed in 1533.&amp;nbsp; But she was unable to give Henry the
+son he desperately needed and their marriage ended tragically for
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was executed on patently false charges of witchcraft,
+incest and adultery on 19 May 1536.&amp;nbsp; Her daughter, Elizabeth,
+would become England's greatest queen.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Anne&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;The
+romance between Anne &amp;amp; Henry Percy,&lt;/a&gt; c1523&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Eyewitness accounts of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;her coronation in
+1533&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;her
+execution in 1536&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-lastdays.html&quot;&gt;An
+account of Anne's last days&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne3.html&quot;&gt;Anne's
+last words&lt;/a&gt;, 19 May 1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexanne.html&quot;&gt;Another
+account of her execution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;
+          &lt;b&gt;Secondary Sources&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Read JA Froude's 1891 work &lt;i&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;The Divorce 
+          of Catherine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Understandably, it also 
+          discusses Anne Boleyn as well as Henry VIII's rumored affair with her 
+          sister Mary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;Contemporary
+descriptions of Anne&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;Henry
+VIII's love letters to Anne&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn-poems.html&quot;&gt;Poetry
+about Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Anne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Anne's daughter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Read about Anne's sister, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Mary Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2ffiveanne.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;The
+Boleyn-Howard connection&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Anne's relationship to Henry VIII's fifth wife&lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Anne Boleyn's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Links&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fboleynfamily&quot;&gt;The Boleyns&lt;/a&gt;: A 
+        website dedicated to the entire Boleyn family, with particular emphasis 
+        upon Anne.&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fjack-of-all-trades.ca%2fmeandmine&quot;&gt;Me and Mine&lt;/a&gt;: 
+        Biography and images of Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Anne Boleyn enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.fine-eyes.net%2fanneboleyn%2findextwo.html&quot;&gt;Mistress
+Anne: The Official Anne Boleyn Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fsearch%3fquery%3dAnne%2bBoleyn&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Anne Boleyn at Yahoo! Groups&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; There are numerous groups
+dedicated to Anne.&amp;nbsp; I think you need a Yahoo! ID to join.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&amp;nbsp; It does
+not focus exclusively on Anne.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;NEWS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; September 2004&lt;br&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: 
+        The Most Happy&lt;/b&gt; by Eric Ives has just been published
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f026-3687195-0558069&quot;&gt;
+        in the UK&lt;/a&gt; and
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f002-7093489-7046463%3fv%3dglance%26s%3dbooks%26n%3d507846&quot;&gt;
+        US&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I will be posting a lengthy review soon.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Professor Ives had previously written the definitive 
+        biography of Anne in 1986; this work incorporates new research.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/b&gt; by Joanna Denny
+        was published
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-9295844-3953254&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt; 
+        in April 2004.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The above portrait of Anne Boleyn is a late
+16th copy of a lost original.&amp;nbsp; It can be viewed at the National Portrait
+Gallery, London.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is of middling stature, with a swarthy
+complexion, long neck, wide mouth, bosom not much raised, and in fact
+has nothing but the King's great appetite, and her eyes, which are
+black and beautiful - and take great effect on those who served the
+Queen when she was on the throne.&amp;nbsp; She lives like a queen, and the
+King accompanies her to Mass - and everywhere.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;the Venetian ambassador describes Anne, 1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Anne Boleyn's birthdate is unknown; even the year is widely
+debated.&amp;nbsp; General opinion now favors 1501 or 1502, though some
+historians persuasively argue for 1507.&amp;nbsp; She was probably born at
+Blickling Hall in Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Her father was Sir Thomas Boleyn, a
+minor courtier with a talent for foreign languages; he was of London
+merchant stock and eager to advance in the world.&amp;nbsp; Like most men,
+he chose to marry well.&amp;nbsp; His bride was Elizabeth Howard, daughter
+of the second duke of Norfolk and sister of the third duke.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne had two surviving siblings, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and George.&amp;nbsp; Their birthdates are also unknown, as is the order of their 
+  births.&amp;nbsp; We only know that all three Boleyn siblings were close in age.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In 1514, Henry VIII married his youngest sister, Mary, to the aged king of France.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+accompanied the Tudor princess as a very&lt;img
+ height=&quot;232&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynsmall.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;175&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; young lady-in-waiting; she remained in France after the French king died and
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;
+returned home.&amp;nbsp; Anne gained the subsequent honor of being educated
+under the watchful eye of the new French queen Claude.&amp;nbsp; This
+education had a uniquely French emphasis upon fashion and flirtation,
+though more intellectual skills were not neglected.&amp;nbsp; Anne became
+an accomplished musician, singer and dancer.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In 1521 or early 1522, with war between England and France
+imminent, Anne returned home.&amp;nbsp; When she first caught Henry VIII's
+eye is unknown.&amp;nbsp; He was originally attracted to her sister, Mary
+who came to court before Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was the king's mistress in the
+early 1520s and, as a mark of favor, her father was elevated to the
+peerage as viscount Rochfort/Rochford in 1525.&amp;nbsp; Mary herself would leave 
+  court with only a dull marriage, and possibly the king's illegitimate son, as 
+  her reward.&amp;nbsp; Anne learned much from her sister's example.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Her first years at court were spent in service to Henry VIII's
+first wife, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She became quite popular among
+the younger men.&amp;nbsp; She was not considered a great beauty; her
+sister occupied that position in the family, but even Mary was merely
+deemed 'pretty'.&amp;nbsp; Hostile chroniclers &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;described Anne&lt;/a&gt;
+as plain, sallow, and possessing two distinct flaws - a large mole on
+the side of her neck and an extra finger on her left hand.&amp;nbsp; Such
+praise as she received focused on her style, her wit and charm; she was
+quick-tempered and spirited.&amp;nbsp; Her most remarkable physical
+attributes were her large dark eyes and long black hair.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's attraction was focused upon her sharp and teasing
+manner, and her oft-stated unavailability.&amp;nbsp; What he couldn't have,
+he pined for all the more.&amp;nbsp; This was especially difficult for a
+king used to having his own way in everything.&amp;nbsp; Anne was also
+seriously involved with &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Henry Percy&lt;/a&gt;,
+the son and heir of the earl of Northumberland; there were rumors of an
+engagement and declarations of true love.&amp;nbsp; The king ordered his
+great minister, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, to end the match.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey did so, thus ensuring
+Percy's unhappy marriage to the earl of Shrewsbury's daughter and
+Anne's great enmity.&amp;nbsp; It was safer to blame the Cardinal than his
+king.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry's jealousy revealed the depth of his feelings,
+and Anne quite naturally thought - if she could not be an earl's wife,
+why not try for the crown of England? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When Anne avoided Henry's company, was sullen and evasive to him,
+he sent her from court; he hoped that a few months in the country would
+persuade her of his charms.&amp;nbsp; It did not work.&amp;nbsp; Anne was
+already playing a far more serious game than the king.&amp;nbsp; Later,
+after she had been arrested, Henry would claim he had been 'bewitched'
+and the term wasn't used lightly in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; But perhaps
+it was simply the contrast between her vivacity and Katharine's
+solemnity; or perhaps the king mistook the inexplicable ardor of true
+love for something more ominous, long after that love had faded.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is impossible to fully explain the mystery of attraction
+between two people.&amp;nbsp; How Anne was able to capture and maintain the
+king's attention for such a long while, despite great obstacles and the
+constant presence of malicious gossip, cannot be explained.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was headstrong and querulous.&amp;nbsp; But for several years, he remained
+faithful to his feelings for Anne - and his attendant desire for a
+legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-min.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ width=&quot;166&quot; height=&quot;168&quot;&gt;One cannot separate the king's desire for a
+son, indeed its very necessity, from his personal desire for
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; The two interests merged perfectly in 1527.&amp;nbsp; Henry had
+discovered the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;invalidity
+of his marriage&lt;/a&gt; to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Now it was possible to annul
+his marriage and secure his two fondest hopes - Anne's hand in marriage
+and the long-desired heir.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; Cardinal Wolsey had long advocated an Anglo-French
+alliance.&amp;nbsp; For that reason, he disliked the Spanish
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
+of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He now set about securing his monarch's annulment
+with the intention of marrying Henry to a French princess.&amp;nbsp; And if
+not a French princess, perhaps a great lady of the English court.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey did not like Anne, and she despised him.&amp;nbsp; It was Wolsey who
+had delivered the king's orders to Henry Percy, driving her suitor from
+court.&amp;nbsp; She never forgot that injury to her heart.&amp;nbsp; And while
+she could not revenge herself upon the king, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter8.html&quot;&gt;she could work
+against&lt;/a&gt; his Lord Chancellor.&amp;nbsp; His protÃ©gÃ© and successor &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; became a close ally. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Anne alone did not cause Wolsey's fall from grace, though she
+took the blame for it.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, 'Nan Bullen', as the common people
+derisively called her, became the scapegoat for all the king's
+unpopular decisions.&amp;nbsp; But it is important to remember that no one
+- not Wolsey, not Cromwell, and certainly not Anne Boleyn - ever
+controlled Henry VIII, or made him do other than exactly what he
+wanted.&amp;nbsp; He was a king who thoroughly knew and enjoyed his
+position.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas
+More&lt;/a&gt; would aptly point this out to his son-in-law, William Roper -
+'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold
+him.'&amp;nbsp; And later, when Roper commented upon the king's affection
+for More, the philosopher replied that if his head would win the king a
+castle in France, then Henry would not hesitate to chop it off.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But most people found it easier to hate Anne than to hate their
+monarch.&amp;nbsp; As the king's desire for an annulment became the gossip
+of all Europe, she was roundly criticized and condemned.&amp;nbsp; And she
+was not popular at the English court either.&amp;nbsp; Both her unique
+situation and her oft times abrasive personality offended many.&amp;nbsp;
+And Katharine's solemn piety had impressed the English court for three
+decades; her supporters were numerous, though not inclined to face the
+king's formidable wrath.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Anne was sustained only by the
+king's affection and she knew his mercurial temper.&amp;nbsp; It is
+possible that she was as surprised by his faithfulness as everyone
+else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As the struggle for an annulment proceeded and the pope
+prevaricated between Henry and Katharine's nephew, the Holy Roman
+Emperor Charles V, Anne's position at the English court became steadily
+more prominent.&amp;nbsp; There were at first little signs.&amp;nbsp; The king
+would eat alone with her; she received expensive gifts; she began to
+dress in the most fashionable and expensive gowns; the king paid her
+gambling debts since Anne, like most courtiers, enjoyed cards and dice.
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king was not too outlandish at first; he had no desire to
+prejudice the pope against his case by flaunting a new love.&amp;nbsp; But
+as the delays mounted, and rumors of his new love spread, Henry
+realized there was no purpose in hiding the truth.&amp;nbsp; By 1530, Anne
+was openly honored by the king at court.&amp;nbsp; She was accorded
+precedence over all other ladies, and she sat with the king at
+banquets and hunts while Katharine was virtually ignored.&amp;nbsp; The
+pretense of his first marriage was allowed to continue; Katharine
+continued to personally mend his shirts and send him gifts and
+notes.&amp;nbsp; But it was an untenable situation.&amp;nbsp; It grated on both
+women.&amp;nbsp; Anne perhaps taxed the king with it.&amp;nbsp; To placate her,
+she was titled marquess of Pembroke on 4 September 1532 at Windsor
+Castle; she wore a beautiful crimson gown and her hair hung
+loose.&amp;nbsp; Now elevated to the peerage in her own right, she had
+wealth and lands of her own.&amp;nbsp; But when she accompanied him to
+France on a state visit a short while later, the ladies of the French
+court refused to meet with her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is believed that her elevation to the peerage marked the
+physical consummation of Anne and Henry's relationship.&amp;nbsp; She would
+give birth to &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;
+just a year later, and there were rumors of a secret marriage in late
+1532.&amp;nbsp; It is possible that she became pregnant after just a few
+months and a second, legitimate wedding became a necessity.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;The king had his fondest wish within his
+grasp.&amp;nbsp; Anne was pregnant with his long-awaited son, or so he
+thought, and this son must be legitimate.&amp;nbsp; He could no longer wait
+upon the pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry rejected the authority of the Holy See and
+Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, annulled his marriage to
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Anne married again in January 1533 in a
+small ceremony.&amp;nbsp; But though they were now husband and wife, few
+recognized the fact.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;Her
+coronation&lt;/a&gt; was a lavish affair; the king spared no expense.&amp;nbsp;
+But the people of London were noticeably unimpressed.&amp;nbsp; They cried
+out 'HA! HA!' mockingly as tapestries decorated with Henry and Anne's
+entwined initials passed by.&amp;nbsp; Henry asked, 'How liked you the look
+of the City?'&amp;nbsp; Anne replied, 'Sir, I liked the City well enough -
+but I saw a great many caps on heads, and heard but few tongues.'&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so her coronation was yet another reminder of her complete
+dependency upon the king.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne enjoyed her triumph as much as she could.&amp;nbsp; She ordered
+new blue and purple livery for her servants and set about replacing
+Katharine's badge of pomegranates with her own falcon symbol.&amp;nbsp; She
+chose as her motto, 'The Most Happy', in stark contrast to her
+predecessor.&amp;nbsp; Katharine had been 'Humble and Loyal'; Henry's
+mother, Elizabeth of York had chosen 'Humble and Reverent'.&amp;nbsp; But
+humility was not a marked characteristic of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was pious, though not as rigid and inflexible as Katharine of
+Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Anne's sympathies naturally lay with the progressive
+thought now challenging Catholic orthodoxy; with Henry's rejection of the papacy and his
+creation of a new Church of England, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;the
+Reformation&lt;/a&gt; had come to England.&amp;nbsp; It was not as revolutionary
+as Luther's movement in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Henry actually remained a devout
+Catholic, only denying what he now regarded as the illegitimate
+authority of the papacy.&amp;nbsp; Anne knew that her marriage and future
+children would never be recognized as legitimate by Catholic
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; She had to support the new church, otherwise she was no more than 
+  the king's mistress.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And this new emphasis upon debating even the most esoteric bits of
+theology appealed to her nature.&amp;nbsp; She was always curious and open
+to new ideas; she never blindly accepted&lt;img height=&quot;175&quot;
+ alt=&quot;The above portrait is of Anne Boleyn, painted by Lucas Horenbout; dated 1525-27.  Sir Roy Strong identified the portrait.  Anne wears a necklace with her falcon badge.&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynstrong.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;175&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; anything.&amp;nbsp; But this is not to deny her
+deep faith.&amp;nbsp; As queen, she was close friends with Thomas Cranmer
+and she also sponsored various religious books.&amp;nbsp; She had none of
+the hard-fought pragmatism of her daughter, 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Religious faith was a
+vital part of Anne's life, as it was for every person in the 16th
+century.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She entered confinement for the birth of her first child on 26
+August 1533.&amp;nbsp; The child was born on 7 September 1533.&amp;nbsp; The
+physicians and astrologers had been mistaken; it was not a
+prince.&amp;nbsp; But the healthy baby girl called Elizabeth was not the
+disappointment most assumed, nor did she immediately cause her mother's
+downfall.&amp;nbsp; The birth had been very easy and quick.&amp;nbsp; 'There
+was good speed in the deliverance and bringing forth,' Anne wrote to
+Lord Cobham that very day.&amp;nbsp; The queen recovered quickly.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had every reason to believe that strong princes would
+follow.&amp;nbsp; It was only when Anne miscarried two sons that he began
+to question the validity of his second marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth's christening was a grand affair, though the king did
+not attend.&amp;nbsp; This fact was much remarked-upon, but Henry
+confounded all by his continuing affection for Anne.&amp;nbsp; He also
+promptly declared Elizabeth his heir, thus according her precedence
+over her 17 year old half-sister, 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Princess Mary&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Anne could
+breathe a sigh of relief, recover, and become pregnant again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Immediately after Elizabeth's christening, Henry wrote to Mary and
+demanded that she relinquish her title of Princess of Wales.&amp;nbsp; The
+title belonged to his heiress.&amp;nbsp; He also demanded that she
+acknowledge the validity of his new marriage and legitimacy of her
+half-sister.&amp;nbsp; But Mary could be as obstinate as her mother; she refused.&amp;nbsp; Enraged, Henry evicted Mary from her
+home, the manor Beaulieu, so he could give it to Anne's brother, George.&amp;nbsp; In December, 
+  she was moved into Elizabeth's household
+under the care of Lady Anne Shelton, a sister of Anne's father.&amp;nbsp;
+It was an understandably miserable time for Mary.&amp;nbsp; When told to pay her
+respects to the baby Princess, she said that she knew of no Princess of
+England but herself and burst into tears.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry was infuriated and Anne encouraged the estrangement.&amp;nbsp;
+Her daughter's status depended upon Mary remaining out of favor.&amp;nbsp;
+In the two and a half years she lived after Elizabeth's birth, Anne
+proved herself a devoted mother.&amp;nbsp; Soon after the birth, Elizabeth
+had to be moved from London, for purposes of health; London was rife
+with a variety of illnesses - sweating sickness, smallpox, and
+plague.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth and Mary were sent to Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; Both
+Henry and Anne visited their daughter often, occasionally taking her
+back with them to Greenwich or the palace at Eltham.&amp;nbsp; During these
+visits, Mary was kept alone in her room.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;186&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Henry VIII&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8boleyn.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;150&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;There are account books and
+letters which reveal certain facts about Elizabeth's early
+childhood:&amp;nbsp; bills for an orange satin gown and russet velvet
+kirtle, for the king's heir had to be fashionably dressed; a letter in
+late 1535, after her second birthday, from the wet nurse asking
+permission to wean her; a plan of study in classical languages, for
+Anne was determined her daughter would be as educated as Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The conflict with Mary dominated a great deal of Henry and Anne's
+thoughts.&amp;nbsp; In January 1534, the king's new chief minister, Thomas
+Cromwell, went to visit Mary at Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; He urged her to
+renounce her title and warned her that her behavior would lead to her
+ruin.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she simply wanted her father's blessing
+and the honor of kissing his hand.&amp;nbsp; When Cromwell chastised her,
+she left the room.&amp;nbsp; Mary, and indeed most of England, believed
+Anne to be the cause of Henry's disgust with his eldest child.&amp;nbsp; In
+truth, Henry had far more to do with it than Anne; this was proven
+after Anne's execution.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed that she would regain her
+favor with the wicked stepmother out of the way but she was proven
+terribly wrong.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, under threat of her life, she &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;wrote the letter&lt;/a&gt;
+her father had long desired.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;He and Anne also tried a gentler course with Mary; their goal was
+to show that she had brought Henry's displeasure upon herself and that
+he and Anne were quite willing - under reasonable conditions - to
+receive her.&amp;nbsp; At their next visit to Hatfield, Anne arranged to
+see her stepdaughter.&amp;nbsp; She invited Mary to come to court and
+'visit me as Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Mary responded with a cruel insult - 'I know
+no Queen in England but my mother.&amp;nbsp; But if you, Madam, as my
+father's mistress, will intercede for me with him, I should be
+grateful.'&amp;nbsp; Anne did not lose her temper; she pointed out the
+absurdity of the request and repeated her offer.&amp;nbsp; Mary then
+refused to answer and Anne left in a rage.&amp;nbsp; From then on, she made
+no attempts to gain Mary's friendship.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The problem with Mary highlights the untenable positions Anne and
+Elizabeth occupied in English politics.&amp;nbsp; Many of Henry's subjects
+did not know who to call Princess, who was the rightful heir, and who
+was the true wife.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon lived on, still calling
+herself Queen, and Mary, encouraged by the spiteful Imperial ambassador
+Eustace Chapuys, still called herself Princess.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+Chapuys, who openly despised Anne, told Mary that Anne was planning to
+have her murdered.&amp;nbsp; It was a terrible lie but one that Mary, in
+her hysterical state, was inclined to believe.&amp;nbsp; When word came
+that she and Elizabeth's household was moving from Hatfield to The
+More, she refused to go.&amp;nbsp; She believed she would be moved and
+quietly murdered.&amp;nbsp; Guards had to actually seize her and throw her
+into her litter.&amp;nbsp; Her distress naturally made her ill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth, meanwhile, was too young to notice any of this.&amp;nbsp;
+But such events helped cement the lifelong hatred Mary would have for
+her half-sister.&amp;nbsp; Her Spanish friends continued to spread rumors
+about Anne and Elizabeth, saying the infant princess was physically
+deformed and monstrous in appearance.&amp;nbsp; To dispel this, in April
+1534, Henry showed the naked infant to several continental
+ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; In that same month, Anne announced she was once
+again pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Nothing could have pleased Henry more.&amp;nbsp; She
+may have had a miscarriage in February for there were rumors she was
+pregnant in January but nothing came of it; given the heightened
+circumstances, it is unlikely she could have hidden her
+condition.&amp;nbsp; Even a suspicion of pregnancy was sure to become
+gossip.&amp;nbsp; But the main source of this miscarriage is Chapuys,
+hardly an impartial observer.&amp;nbsp; At any rate, she was definitely
+pregnant again in April 1534.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The elated king took his wife to the medieval palace at Eltham;
+there, they sent for the princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry was often seen
+carrying her about and playing with her.&amp;nbsp; The king&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynsketch2.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot;
+ width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;206&quot;&gt; and queen soon returned to Greenwich and
+then Henry left on a progress, leaving Anne at the palace.&amp;nbsp; This
+was probably out of concern for her health and lends some credence to
+the belief she miscarried in February.&amp;nbsp; If she had, Henry would
+show special concern for her health, and this he did.&amp;nbsp; He was
+supposed to meet Francis I of France in June at Calais to sign a treaty
+but decided not to, writing that Katharine and Mary, 'bearing no small
+grudge against his most entirely beloved Queen Anne, might perchance in
+his absence take occasion to practice matters of no small peril to his
+royal person, realm, and subjects.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;His extra attention to Anne did not help her health.&amp;nbsp; In
+September 1534, she miscarried a six-month-old fetus; it was old enough
+for features to be discerned - it was a boy.&amp;nbsp; Henry was bitterly
+disappointed.&amp;nbsp; Anne was likewise.&amp;nbsp; She was also angry for
+Henry had begun a casual affair that summer.&amp;nbsp; She reproached him
+and Henry replied, 'You have good reason to be content with what I have
+done for you - and I would not do it again, if the thing were to
+begin.&amp;nbsp; Consider from what you have come.'&amp;nbsp; The scene was
+furious and overheard by her attendants.&amp;nbsp; But it was a passing
+storm.&amp;nbsp; Henry was already tired of his new mistress and, within
+days, Chapuys was sadly writing to Charles V of Henry's continued
+affection.&amp;nbsp; But there were signs that things were not progressing
+smoothly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;For example, Henry had hoped to cement his relationship with
+Francis I by betrothing Elizabeth to Francis's son, the Duc
+d'Angouleme.&amp;nbsp; After Anne suffered two miscarriages, as the French
+ambassador reported to Francis, the French king grew wary of such a
+betrothal.&amp;nbsp; To him, it must have seemed that Anne's position was
+weakening; after all, Henry had dismissed one wife because she had no
+sons - would he do the same to Anne?&amp;nbsp; And, if he did, then what
+good was a marriage to Elizabeth?&amp;nbsp; Of course, it was in France's
+interests to promote Anne for Katharine of Aragon and her daughter were
+Charles V's pawns.&amp;nbsp; But his doubts highlight the
+instability of Anne's position.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This undoubtedly affected her mental and physical health.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was never the mercenary adulterer of legend.&amp;nbsp; In fact, he
+was remarkably conventional in his sexual appetites, unlike his French
+rival.&amp;nbsp; Any affairs would have been widely reported and yet,
+during his long marriage to Katharine of Aragon, there were just a
+handful of mistresses.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed being around attractive
+women.&amp;nbsp; He was flirtatious and would joke with them, compliment
+them, but only rarely did he enter into a physical relationship.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But for Anne, any occasional fling was devastating, especially if
+it followed upon her miscarriage.&amp;nbsp; Such behavior was said to
+indicate his displeasure with her; this she could not afford.&amp;nbsp;
+They were occasionally estranged and the effect was to increase her
+already-noticeable anxiety.&amp;nbsp; In late 1534 Anne, accompanied by the
+duke of Suffolk, her uncle Norfolk, and other courtiers, visited
+Richmond Palace, where both Elizabeth and Mary resided.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+entered her daughter's rooms only to realize that the two dukes had
+left her.&amp;nbsp; They were paying court to Mary and remained with her
+until Anne had left.&amp;nbsp; Still, this slight could be forgotten when
+the Treason Act was passed in November.&amp;nbsp; It was now a capital
+crime to deny the legitimacy of her marriage or children.&amp;nbsp; By
+December, she and Henry had made up yet again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;A scandal occurred shortly thereafter which added further damage to Anne's 
+  reputation.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, Mary, who had been Henry's mistress years 
+  before, married Sir William Stafford without her family or the king's 
+  permission.&amp;nbsp; Because Stafford was poor, Mary's father was angry and cut 
+  off her allowance.&amp;nbsp; She appealed to the king and Anne but they would not 
+  help.&amp;nbsp; (Mary did not attend court during Anne's reign, since her presence 
+  would have been an embarrassment for the king and queen.)&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;194&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;139&quot;
+ border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Always fascinated with rumors surrounding his
+English 'brother', Francis I decided to hedge his bets in the mercurial
+Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he would remain friendly with Anne
+and also with Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; And so he instructed his new
+ambassador, Admiral Chabot, to ignore Anne when he arrived at
+court.&amp;nbsp; Chabot was received by Henry and two days passed without
+any mention of the queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry asked if Chabot wanted to visit
+her.&amp;nbsp; The ambassador replied, 'As it pleases Your Highness' and
+then asked permission to visit Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry refused, but Chabot
+made certain everyone knew of his request.&amp;nbsp; He also told courtiers
+that Francis wanted to marry the Dauphin to Mary; when Henry reminded
+him of the union with Elizabeth, the ambassador said nothing.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, Francis did enrage Charles V by acknowledging Elizabeth's
+legitimacy.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It was a tedious and frightening dance for Anne.&amp;nbsp; During the
+two and a half years after Elizabeth's birth, she was rarely secure,
+certain of her position and the king's affections.&amp;nbsp; Her little
+daughter received every favor she could bestow; Anne insisted Henry
+favor Elizabeth because it strengthened her position.&amp;nbsp; But she was
+surrounded by fair-weather friends who, at the slightest sign of
+Henry's disfavor, ignored her.&amp;nbsp; She only trusted her brother,
+George, whose wife, Jane Rochford, was a viper in their nest.&amp;nbsp;
+Meanwhile, Henry was again flirting openly with another woman.&amp;nbsp;
+This time it was Anne's cousin and lady-in-waiting, Madge
+Shelton.&amp;nbsp; Anne still had influence over her husband, but knew only
+one way to make his favor permanent.&amp;nbsp; She must bear a son.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry would never dismiss the mother of his long-awaited heir.&amp;nbsp;
+Her enemies would at last be silenced.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Henry's health had begun to worsen.&amp;nbsp; The first
+signs of the illness which would kill him appeared (occluded sinus on
+his leg).&amp;nbsp; Headaches became frequent and severe.&amp;nbsp; The king
+was a hypochondriac.&amp;nbsp; Now unable to indulge his love of sports, he
+instead indulged his fear of pain and illness.&amp;nbsp; And he was
+frequently impotent.&amp;nbsp; He was in his mid-forties and increasingly
+obese; this, combined with his other ailments, made his continued
+virility questionable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly his 'mistresses' did not
+conceive.&amp;nbsp; But the continued lack of an heir and Anne's
+miscarriages must have reminded him of Katharine.&amp;nbsp; How could it
+not?&amp;nbsp; Like most of his contemporaries, the king blamed his wife
+when she did not conceive or carry to term.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And, like Francis I, Thomas Cromwell - that influential and
+brilliant man - was keeping his options open as well.&amp;nbsp; He visited
+Mary and was rumored to promise support for her reinstatement.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne was terrified at this loss of her one-time supporter who was also
+the king's most trusted advisor.&amp;nbsp; But Anne had one last chance,
+and in June 1535, became pregnant again.&amp;nbsp; She lost that child as
+well, in January 1536; she was reported to have said, 'I have
+miscarried of my savior.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When her destruction came, it was rapid and unbelievable.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had always been one to plot against people while he pretended
+affection.&amp;nbsp; Anne suffered the same fate as Katharine.&amp;nbsp; She
+knew he was dissatisfied with her but he maintained their lifestyle
+together.&amp;nbsp; And all the while, he was seeking the best way to
+destroy her.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon died in January as well, just a
+few days before Anne's miscarriage.&amp;nbsp; These events, taken together,
+pushed Henry into action.&amp;nbsp; While Katharine had lived, most of
+Europe, and many Englishmen, had regarded her as his rightful wife, not
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; Now he was rid of Katharine; if he were to rid himself of
+Anne, he could marry again - and this third marriage would never be
+tainted by the specter of bigamy.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry's &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;decision
+to thoroughly destroy Anne&lt;/a&gt; baffled even her enemies.&amp;nbsp; There
+was a possible way out which would spare Anne's life.&amp;nbsp; Henry had
+admitted an affair with her sister,&lt;img height=&quot;194&quot;
+ alt=&quot;an 18th century portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;144&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; Mary.&amp;nbsp; He could have argued that was as
+damning as Katharine's marriage to his brother.&amp;nbsp; But he chose a
+more direct route.&amp;nbsp; He had her arrested, charged with adultery,
+witchcraft, and incest; the charges were ludicrous even to her
+enemies.&amp;nbsp; Her brother George was arrested as well.&amp;nbsp; His
+despised wife, Jane Rochford, testified about an incestuous love
+affair.&amp;nbsp; Whether anyone believed her was irrelevant.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VIII wanted Anne convicted and killed.&amp;nbsp; George would also lose his
+life, as did three of their friends.&amp;nbsp; Only one had confessed to
+the charge, and that was under torture; it was still enough to convict
+them all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As queen of England, Anne was tried by her peers; the main charge
+was adultery, and this was an act of treason for a queen.&amp;nbsp; No
+member of the nobility would help her; her craven uncle Norfolk
+pronounced the death sentence.&amp;nbsp; Poor Henry Percy, her first love,
+swooned during the trial and had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; As
+a concession to her former position, she was not beheaded by a clumsy
+axe.&amp;nbsp; A skilled swordsman was brought over from France.&amp;nbsp; She
+was assured that there would be little pain; she replied, with typical
+spirit, 'I have heard that the executioner is very good.&amp;nbsp; And I
+have a little neck.'&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have chosen me from low estate to be your
+queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire; if, then, you
+found me worthy of such honor, good your grace, let not any light fancy
+or bad counsel of my enemies withdraw your princely favor from me;
+neither let that stain - that unworthy stain - of a disloyal heart
+towards your good grace ever cast so foul a blot on me, and on the
+infant princess your daughter.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;from Anne Boleyn's &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;last letter&lt;/a&gt;
+to King Henry VIII, 1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;its authenticity
+is debated&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She had prayed for exile, to end her days in a nunnery, but now
+faced a more tragic fate.&amp;nbsp; She met it with bravery and wit.&amp;nbsp;
+She was brought to the scaffold at 8 o'clock in the morning on 19 May
+1536.&amp;nbsp; It was a heretofore unknown spectacle, the first public
+execution of an English queen.&amp;nbsp; Anne, who had defended herself so
+ably at her trial, chose her last words carefully:&amp;nbsp; 'Good
+Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law,
+and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing
+against it.&amp;nbsp; I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak
+anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray
+God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler
+nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a
+good, a gentle and sovereign lord.&amp;nbsp; And if any person will meddle
+of my cause, I require them to judge the best.&amp;nbsp; And thus I take my
+leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to
+pray for me.&amp;nbsp; O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my
+soul.'&amp;nbsp; She was then blindfolded and knelt at the block.&amp;nbsp; She
+repeated several times, 'To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu
+receive my soul.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It was a sardonic message to the king.&amp;nbsp; Even now he waited
+impatiently to hear the Tower cannon mark Anne's death.&amp;nbsp; He wished
+to marry Anne's lady-in-waiting, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; They wed ten days after the execution.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth was just three and a half when her mother died.&amp;nbsp;
+She was a precocious child, though; when her governess visited her just
+days after the execution, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;
+asked, 'Why, Governor, how hap it yesterday Lady Princess, and today
+but Lady Elizabeth?'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was buried in an old arrow box since no coffin was
+provided.&amp;nbsp; But the box was too short; her head was tucked beside
+her.&amp;nbsp; The remains were taken to St Peter ad Vincula, the church of
+the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; It was later rumored that her few remaining
+friends smuggled her body to a more suitable grave and she is buried
+under a plain slab in a Norfolk church.&amp;nbsp; The church is said to be
+haunted.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And if any person will meddle of my
+cause, I require them to judge the best.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;from Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This page receives 15,000+ unique visitors per 
+month.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082567&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082567&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH3ab4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH3ab4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH3ab4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">21536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter XII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3ab4397899845933bb37f5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215264</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3ab4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER XII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;LAST YEARS AND DEATH: 1601-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE death of Mary Stuart did something to simplify parties 
+    in Scotland; and, if her son had possessed the qualities of a ruler, he 
+    would have had a better chance of reducing his kingdom to order than any of 
+    his predecessors, because a middle class was at length rising into 
+    importance. As far as knowledge and discernment went, he was an able 
+    politician, and on several occasions he showed not only skill in his 
+    combinations, but--what he is not generally credited with by those who study 
+    only his career in England -- considerable energy and courage. But he was 
+    wanting in perseverance, and a slave to idle pleasures. He had always some 
+    favourite upon whom he lavished any money that came into his hands. What was 
+    needed in his own interest and that of his country was that he should 
+    exercise rigid economy, develop all the forces that made for order, ally 
+    himself with the burghs and lower barons, cultivate good relations with the 
+    Kirk, industriously attend to all the details of government, and seize every 
+    opportunity to humble the great nobles of whatever party or creed. Instead 
+    of this, he tried to maintain himself by balancing rival parties, and 
+    employing one nobleman to execute his vengeance on another. Instead of 
+    honestly and zealously seconding the policy of Elizabeth, and so deserving 
+    her confidence and support, which would have been of the utmost value to 
+    him, he tried to levy blackmail on her by coquetting with Spain and the 
+    Catholics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth is accused of deliberately encouraging Scottish 
+    factions in order to keep the northern kingdom weak. She certainly supported 
+    Stewart, Earl of Bothwell, a turbulent and unprincipled man, while he was 
+    the antagonist of the Catholic nobles who were inviting the Spaniard. But it 
+    is plain that she desired nothing so much as to see James crush all 
+    aristocratic disorder, and make himself master of his kingdom. Her 
+    exhortations to him on this subject are full of wisdom, and expressed in 
+    most stirring language. But they only produced petitions for money. 
+    Notwithstanding her own difficulties, she long allowed him Â£3000 a year, 
+    which, in 1600, was increased to Â£6000. But ten times that amount would have 
+    done him no good, because he would immediately have squandered it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;As Elizabeth grew old, James naturally became absorbed in 
+    the prospect of his succession to the English crown. All Scotchmen shared 
+    his eagerness. In England, feeling was almost unanimous in his favour, 
+    though some of the Catholics continued to talk of the Infanta or Arabella 
+    Stuart the niece of Darnley. By teasing Elizabeth to recognise his title, 
+    intriguing with her courtiers, and calling on his own subjects to furnish 
+    him with the means of asserting his rights, James irritated the English 
+    Queen. But she had always intended that he should succeed her, and she did 
+    nothing to prejudice his claim. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The two leading men at the English court--Cecil and 
+    Raleigh--who had been united in their hostility to Essex, were now secretly 
+    competing for the favour of James. Each warned the Scottish King against the 
+    other, and represented himself as the only trustworthy adviser. Cecil, from 
+    his confidential relations with the Queen, had the most difficult game to 
+    play, and it was not till her health was evidently failing that he ventured 
+    to open private communications with James. Even then he did not dare to 
+    correspond with him directly, but it was understood that everything written 
+    by Lord Henry Howard (brother of the last Duke of Norfolk) was to be taken 
+    as written by Cecil. To make up for his previous backwardness, he lent James 
+    Â£10,000--a pledge of fidelity which it was out of his rival's power to 
+    emulate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The long career of Elizabeth was now drawing to its close. 
+    Her sun might seem to be going down in calm splendour. She had triumphed 
+    over all her enemies. She might say with Virgil's heroine-- &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Vixi, et quem dederat cursum fortuna, peregi;&lt;br&gt;
+      Et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The mighty Philip had gone to his grave five years before 
+    her (1598), a beaten man, having failed in Holland, failed in France, failed 
+    against England. Of the three great champions who withstood him, Elizabeth, 
+    if not the most distinguished by high qualities, had yet, perhaps, the 
+    largest share in saving Europe from the retrograde tyranny which menaced it. 
+    The glorious resistance of William of Orange covered only sixteen years 
+    (1568-84). That of Henry IV can hardly be said to have had any European 
+    importance before his accession to the French throne, from which date to the 
+    peace of Vervins and the death of Philip is a period of nine years 
+    (1589-98). But the whole of Elizabeth's long reign was spent in abating the 
+    power of Spain. It was the persistent, never-relaxing pressure from an 
+    unassailable enemy which wore out Philip, as it afterwards wore out 
+    Bonaparte. Elizabeth had found England weak and distracted: she was leaving 
+    it united and powerful. Nor was she of those to whom their due meed of 
+    praise is denied during life, and accorded only by the tardy justice of 
+    posterity. Her wisdom and courage were the admiration not of her own people 
+    alone, but of all Europe. &amp;quot;Her very enemies,&amp;quot; says a French historian, 
+    &amp;quot;proclaimed her the most glorious and fortunate of all women who ever wore a 
+    crown.&amp;quot; From the point of view of public life, little or nothing was 
+    wanting--so Bacon thought--to fill up the full measure of her felicity. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Yet it seems that the last months of her life were clouded 
+    by melancholy, and deformed by a querulous ill-temper. Some have suggested 
+    that she suffered from remorse for her severity to Essex; others that she 
+    felt herself out of sympathy with the Puritan tendencies of the time. It is 
+    not necessary to resort to these unfounded or far-fetched suppositions to 
+    account for her gloom. If we turn from her public to her private life, what 
+    situation could be more profoundly pitiable? Honour and obedience, indeed, 
+    still surrounded her. But that which also should accompany old age, love and 
+    troops of friends, she might not look to have. Near relations she had none. 
+    Alone she had chosen to live, and alone she must die. As her time 
+    approached, she was haunted by the consciousness that, among all those who 
+    treated her with so much reverence, there was not one who had any reason to 
+    be attached to her or to care that her life should be prolonged. Those who 
+    have not loved when they were young must not expect to find love when they 
+    are old. While health and strength remained, she had tasted the satisfaction 
+    of living her own life and playing the great game of politics, for which she 
+    was exceptionally gifted. But to a woman who has passed through life without 
+    knowing what it is to love or be loved, who has no memory of even an 
+    unrequited affection to feed on, who has never shared a husband's joys and 
+    sorrows, never borne the sweet burden of maternity, never suckled babe or 
+    rocked cradle, who must finish her journey alone, sitting in the solemn 
+    twilight before the last dark hour uncared for and uncaring, without the 
+    cheer of children or the varied interests that gather round the family--to 
+    such a one, what avails it that she has tasted the excitement of public 
+    life, that she has borne a share in politics or business--what even that her 
+    aims have been high or that she has done the State some service, if she has 
+    renounced the crown of womanhood, and turned from their appointed use those 
+    numbered years within which the female heart can find present joy and lay up 
+    store of calm satisfaction for declining age? &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had always enjoyed good health, thanks to her 
+    &amp;quot;exact temperance both as to wine and diet, which, she used to say, was the 
+    noblest part of physic,&amp;quot; and her active habits. In capacity for resisting 
+    bodily fatigue and freedom from nervous ailments, she was like a man. It was 
+    not till the beginning of 1602 that those about her noticed any signs of 
+    failing strength. She still went on hunting and dancing. In dancing she 
+    excelled, and she kept it up for exercise, as many an old man keeps up his 
+    skating or tennis without being exposed to ill-natured remarks. In December 
+    1602 her godson Harington, an amusing person, whose company she enjoyed, 
+    found her &amp;quot;in most pitiable state,&amp;quot; both in body and mind. &amp;quot;She held in her 
+    hand a golden cup which she often put to her lips; but in sooth her heart 
+    seemeth too full to lack more filling.&amp;quot; He read her some verses he had 
+    written, &amp;quot;whereat she smiled once,&amp;quot; but said, &amp;quot;When thou dost feel creeping 
+    Time at thy gate, these fooleries will please thee less. I am past my relish 
+    for such matters. Thou seest my bodily meat doth not suit me well. I have 
+    eaten but one ill-tasted cake since yesternight.&amp;quot; Harington hastened to send 
+    a present to the King of Scots, with the inscription, &amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Domine memento mei 
+    cum veneris in regnum&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the same month Robert Carey, son of her cousin Lord 
+    Hunsdon, visited her, and professed to think her looking well. &amp;quot;No, Robin,&amp;quot; 
+    she said, &amp;quot;I am not well,&amp;quot; and then &amp;quot;discoursed of her indisposition, and 
+    that her heart had been sad and heavy for ten or twelve days, and in her 
+    discourse she fetched not so few as forty or fifty great sighs. . . . 
+    Hereupon I wrote to the King of Scots.&amp;quot;(1) Her melancholy was not caused by 
+    any weakening of her mind. A long letter to James, dated 5 January 1603, 
+    though hardly legible, is very vigorous and characteristic. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;At the beginning of March1603 she became much worse. There 
+    was some disease of the throat, attended with swelling and a distressing 
+    formation of phlegm, which made speaking difficult. The only relatives about 
+    her were Robert Carey and his sister Lady Scrope, watching keenly that they 
+    might be the first to inform James of her death. She could not be brought by 
+    any of her Council to take food or go to bed. When in bed she had been 
+    troubled by a visual illusion; &amp;quot;she saw her body exceedingly lean and 
+    fearful in a light of fire.&amp;quot; At last Nottingham, the Admiral, who was 
+    mourning the recent death of his wife, was sent for. He was a second cousin 
+    of Anne Boleyn, and was the one person to whom the dying Queen seemed to 
+    cling with some trust. He induced her to take some broth. &amp;quot;For any of the 
+    rest,&amp;quot; says her maid-of-honour, Mistress Southwell, &amp;quot;she would not answer 
+    them to any question, but said softly to my Lord Admiral's earnest 
+    persuasions that if he knew what she had seen in her bed he would not 
+    persuade her as he did. And Secretary Cecil, overhearing her, asked if her 
+    Majesty had seen any spirits; to which she said she scorned to answer him so 
+    idle a question. Then he told her how, to content the people, her Majesty 
+    must go to bed. To which she smiled, wonderfully contemning him, saying that 
+    the word must was not to be used to princes; and thereupon said, 'Little 
+    man, little man, if your father had lived ye [he?] durst not have said so 
+    much: but thou knowest I must die, and that maketh thee so presumptuous.' 
+    And presently commanding him and the rest to depart her chamber, willed my 
+    Lord Admiral to stay; to whom she shook her head, and with a pitiful voice 
+    said, 'My Lord, I am tied with a chain of iron about my neck.' He alleging 
+    her wonted courage to her, she replied, 'I am tied, and the case is altered 
+    with me.'&amp;quot; At last, &amp;quot;what by fair means,&amp;quot; says Carey, &amp;quot;what by force, he got 
+    her to bed.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was perfectly understood that she meant James to be her 
+    successor. The Admiral now told his colleagues that she had confided her 
+    intention to him just before her illness took a serious turn. Two years 
+    before, in conversation with Rosni, the minister of Henry IV., she had 
+    spoken of the approaching union of the Scotch and English crowns as a matter 
+    of course. But it was not till a few hours before her death that her 
+    councillors ventured to question her on the subject. They gave out that she 
+    indicated James by a sign; and this is also asserted by Carey, who, however, 
+    does not seem to have been present, though probably his sister was. Mistress 
+    Southwell seems to write as an eye-witness, but betrays a Catholic bias, 
+    which may cast some doubt on her testimony. &amp;quot;The Council sent to her the 
+    bishop of Canterbury and other of the prelates, upon sight of whom she was 
+    much offended, cholericly rating them, bidding them be packing, saying she 
+    was no atheist, but knew full well they were hedgepriests, and took it for 
+    an indignity that they should speak to her. Now being given over by all, and 
+    at the last gasp, keeping still her sense in everything and giving ever when 
+    she spoke apt answers, though she spake very seldom, having then a sore 
+    throat, she desired to wash it, that she might answer more freely to what 
+    the Council demanded; which was to know whom she would have king; but they, 
+    seeing her throat troubled her so much, desired her to hold up her finger 
+    when they named whom liked her. Whereupon they named the king of France, the 
+    king of Scotland, at which she never stirred. They named my lord Beauchamp, 
+    (2) whereto she said, 'I will have no rascal's son in my seat, but one 
+    worthy to be a king.' Hereupon instantly she died.&amp;quot; (23 March, afternoon.)
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is certain, however, that she lived several hours after 
+    this characteristic outburst. Carey says that at six o'clock in the evening 
+    he went into her room with the Archbishop; that, though speechless, she 
+    showed by signs that she followed his prayers, and twice desired him to 
+    remain when he was going away. She died in the early hours of Thursday, 24 
+    March. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;There have been many greater statesmen than Elizabeth. She 
+    was far from being an admirable type of womanhood. She does not, in my 
+    opinion, stand first even among female sovereigns, for I should put that 
+    able ruler and perfect woman, Isabella of Castile, above her. I admit, 
+    however, that such comparisons are apt to be unjust. Few rulers have had to 
+    contend with such formidable and complicated difficulties as the English 
+    Queen. Few have surmounted them so triumphantly. This is the criterion, and 
+    the sufficient criterion, which determines the judgment of practical men. 
+    Research, if applied with fairness and common sense, may perhaps modify, it 
+    can never set aside, the popular verdict. There are writers who have made 
+    the discovery that Elizabeth was a very poor ruler, selfish and wayward, 
+    shortsighted, easily duped, fainthearted, rash, miserly, wasteful, and 
+    swayed by the pettiest impulses of vanity, spite, and personal inclination. 
+    They have not explained, and never will, how it was that a woman with all 
+    these disqualifications for government should have ruled England with signal 
+    success for forty-four years. Statesmen are indebted to good luck 
+    occasionally, like other people. But when this explanation is offered again 
+    and again with dull regularity, we are compelled to say, with one who had at 
+    once the best opportunity and the highest capacity for estimating the 
+    greatness of Elizabeth: &amp;quot;It is not to closet penmen that we are to look for 
+    guidance in such a case; for men of that order being keen in style, poor in 
+    judgment, and partial in feeling, are no faithful witnesses as to the real 
+    passages of business. It is for ministers and great officers to judge of 
+    these things, and those who have handled the helm of government and been 
+    acquainted with the difficulties and mysteries of State business.&amp;quot; (Bacon,
+    &lt;i&gt;In felicem memoriam ElizabethÅ.)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The judgment of those who have handled the helm of 
+    government is to be found in the words of her contemporary, the great 
+    Henry--&amp;quot;She was my other self:&amp;quot; and of a greater still in the next 
+    generation-&amp;quot;Queen Elizabeth of famous memory; we need not be ashamed to call 
+    her so!&amp;quot; (Carlyle, &lt;i&gt;Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell&lt;/i&gt;, Speech 
+    V.)&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. Elizabeth made large use of the courage and 
+    fidelity of her kinsmen on the Boleyn side, but she did little to advance 
+    them either in rank or wealth. Hunsdon had set his heart on regaining the 
+    Boleyn Earldom of Wiltshire. When he was dying, Elizabeth brought the patent 
+    and robes of in earl, and laid them on his bed; but the choleric old man 
+    replied, &amp;quot;Madam, seeing you counted me not worthy of this honour while I was 
+    living, I count myself unworthy of it now I am dying.&amp;quot; 2. Son of Catherine 
+    Grey by the Earl of Hertford. &amp;quot;Rascal&amp;quot; at that time meant a person of low 
+    birth. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082629&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082629&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH3d9e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH3d9e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH3d9e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7454</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The coronation of Anne Boleyn, 1533</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3d9e49bb1ec972bc382d86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3d9e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">prianne1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/prianne1.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1533: The coronation of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;322&quot; height=&quot;155&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; height=&quot;194&quot;&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's coronation was written by the Tudor chronicler 
+    Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry only provided coronations for his first two wives.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Katharine of Aragon shared his coronation in 1509; Anne's lavish ceremony 
+    took place on 29 May 1533.&amp;nbsp; She would be executed almost exactly three 
+    years later.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The coronation was not a success, despite its expense.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Anne was not popular.&amp;nbsp; Insults were shouted; mocking laughter was 
+    heard.&amp;nbsp; Anne was already two months pregnant with the future Queen 
+    Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; This undoubtedly hastened her secret marriage and 
+    coronation.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII wanted no one to doubt the legitimacy of his 
+    son or the nobility of his parentage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+    On
+Thursday 29 May, Lady Anne, marquess of Pembroke, was received as queen
+of England by all the lords of England.&amp;nbsp; And the mayor and aldermen,
+with all the guilds of the City of London, went to Greenwich in their barges
+after the best fashion, with also a barge of bachelors of the mayor's guild
+richly hung with cloth of gold with a great number to wait on her.&amp;nbsp;
+And so all the lords with the mayor and all the guilds of London brought
+her by water from Greenwich to the Tower of London, and there the king's
+grace received her as she landed, and then over a thousand guns were fired
+at the Tower, and others were fired at Limehouse, and on other ships lying
+in the Thames. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;And on Saturday, the last day of May, she rode from the Tower of London
+through the City with a goodly company of lords, knights and gentlemen,
+with all the peers of the realm, richly appareled.&amp;nbsp; She herself rode
+in a rich chariot covered with cloth of silver, and a rich canopy of cloth
+of silver borne over her head by the four Lords of the Ports, in gowns
+of scarlet, followed by four richly hung chariots of ladies; and also several
+other ladies and gentlewoman riding on horseback, all in gowns made of
+crimson velvet.&amp;nbsp; And there were various pageant made on scaffolds
+in the city; and all the guilds were standing in their liveries, every
+one in order, the mayor and aldermen standing in Cheapside.&amp;nbsp; And when
+she&amp;nbsp; came before them the Recorder of London made a goodly presentation
+to her, and then the mayor gave her a purse of cloth of fold with a thousand
+marks of angel nobles in it, as a present from the whole of the city; and
+so the lords brought her to the palace of Westminster and left her there
+that night.
+&lt;p&gt;On 1 June Queen Anne was brought from Westminster Hall to St Peter's
+Abbey in procession, with all the monks of Westminster going in rich copes
+of gold, with thirteen mitred abbots; and after them all the king's chapel
+in rich copes with four bishops and two mitred archbishops, and all the
+lords going in their parliament robes, and the crown borne before her by
+the duke of Suffolk, and her two sceptres by two earls, and she herself
+going under a rich canopy of cloth of gold, dressed in a kirtle of crimson
+velvet decorated with ermine, and a robe of purple velvet decorated with
+ermine over that, and a rich coronet with a cap of pearls and stones on
+her head; and the old duchess of Norfolk carrying her train in a robe of
+scarlet with a coronet of gold on her cap, and Lord Burgh, the queen's
+Chamberlain, supporting the train in the middle.
+&lt;p&gt;After her followed ten ladies in robes of scarlet trimmed with ermine
+and round coronets of gold on their heads; and next after them all the
+queen's maids in gowns of scarlet edged with white Baltic fur.&amp;nbsp; And
+so she was brought to St Peter's church at Westminster, and there set in
+her high royal seat, which was made on a high platform before the altar.&amp;nbsp;
+And there she was anointed and crowned queen of England by the archbishop
+of Canterbury and the archbishop of York, and so sat, crowned, in her royal
+seat all through the mass, and she offered at the said mass.&amp;nbsp; And
+when the mass was done they left, every man in his order, to Westminster
+Hall, she still going under the canopy, crowned, with two sceptres in her
+hands, my Lord Wiltshire her father, and Lord Talbot leading her, and so
+dined there; and there was made the most honourable feast that has been
+seen.
+&lt;p&gt;The great hall at Westminster was richly hung with rich cloth of Arras,
+and a table was set at the upper end of the hall, going up twelve steps,
+where the queen dined; and a rich cloth of estate hung over her head.&amp;nbsp;
+There were also four other tables along the hall; and it was railed on
+every side, from the high dais in Westminster Hall to the platform in the
+church in the abbey.
+&lt;p&gt;And when she went to church to her coronation there was a striped blue
+cloth spread from the high dais of the king's bench to the high altar of
+Westminster on which she went.
+&lt;p&gt;And when the queen's Grace had washed her hands, then came the duke
+of Suffolk, high constable for that day and steward of the feast, riding
+on horseback, richly dressed and decorated, and with him, also riding on
+horseback, Lord William Howard as deputy for the duke of Norfolk in his
+office of marshall of England, and there came the queen's service followed
+by the archbishop's with a certain space between, which was all borne by
+knights; the archbishop sitting at the queen's board, at the end on her
+left hand.&amp;nbsp; The earl of Sussex was sewer, earl of Essex carver, earl
+of Derby cup bearer, earl of Arundel butler, Viscount Lisle panter, and
+Lord Grey almoner.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082598&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082598&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10954</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The fall of Anne Boleyn, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3d9e49bb208972bc382da2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynex.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynex.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1536: The execution of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;372&quot; height=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's fall from royal favor was written by the Spanish 
+    ambassador Eustace Chapuys,
+
+in a letter to Emperor Charles V.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Chapuys despised Anne; she returned the feeling.&amp;nbsp; He 
+    was the chief adviser and confidante of Henry VIII's first wife, Katharine 
+    of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; He did not recognize the king's marriage to Anne and 
+    referred to her as 'the concubine' and 'the whore' in his official 
+    dispatches.&amp;nbsp; Like many, Chapuys blamed Anne for the king's poor 
+    treatment of Katharine and their daughter, Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Chapuys had confidently predicted Anne's fall for several 
+    years.&amp;nbsp; When it actually happened, he was quite surprised.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+    not recognized the depth of Henry's feelings for the woman who would become 
+    his third wife, Jane Seymour.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Despite Chapuys's dislike of Anne, his account gives little 
+    credit to the king.&amp;nbsp; He clearly considered Henry's behavior to be 
+    inappropriate; it was also unpopular.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+The joy shown by the people every day, not only at the ruin of the concubine
+but at the hope of princess Mary's restoration is inconceivable, but as
+yet the king shows no great disposition towards the latter; indeed he has
+twice shown himself obstinate when spoken to on the subject by his council.&amp;nbsp;
+I hear that, even before the arrest of the concubine, the king, speaking
+with Mistress Jane Seymour of their future marriage, the latter suggested
+that the princess should be replaced in her former position; and the king
+told her she was a fool, and ought to solicit the advancement of the children
+they would have between them, and not any others.&amp;nbsp; She replied that
+in asking for the restoration of the princess she was seeking the rest
+and tranquility of the king, herself, her future children, and the whole
+realm; for, without that neither your majesty nor this people would ever
+be content.
+&lt;p&gt;I will endeavor by all means to make her continue in this vein; I hope
+also to go and speak with the king within three days, and with members
+of the council in general.&amp;nbsp; I think the concubine's little bastard
+Elizabeth will be excluded from the succession, and that the king will
+get himself requested by parliament to marry.&amp;nbsp; To cover the affection
+he has for the said Seymour he has lodged her seven miles away in the house
+of a grand esquire, and says publicly that he has no desire in the world
+to marry again, unless he is constrained by his subjects to do so.&amp;nbsp;
+Several have already told me and sent to say that, if it cost them their
+lives, when parliament meets they will urge the cause of the princess to
+the utmost.
+&lt;p&gt;The very evening the concubine was brought to the Tower of London, when
+the duke of Richmond went to say goodnight to his father, and ask his blessing
+after the English custom, the king began to weep, saying that he and his
+sister, meaning the princess, were greatly bound to God for having escaped
+the hands of that accursed whore, who had determined to poison them; from
+which it is clear that the king knew something about it.
+&lt;p&gt;Master Norris, the king's chief butler, Master Weston who used to lie
+with the king, Master Brereton gentleman of the chamber, and the groom
+of whom I wrote to your majesty by my man, were all condemned as traitors.&amp;nbsp;
+Only the groom confessed that he had been three times with the said whore
+and concubine.&amp;nbsp; The others were condemned upon presumption and certain
+indications, without valid proof or confession.
+&lt;p&gt;The concubine and her brother were condemned for treason by all the
+principal lords of England, and the duke of Norfolk pronounced sentence.&amp;nbsp;
+I am told the earl of Wiltshire was quite as ready to assist at the judgement
+as he had done at the condemnation of the other four.&amp;nbsp; Neither the
+whore nor her brother was brought to Westminster like the other criminals.&amp;nbsp;
+They were condemned within the Tower of London, but the thing was not done
+secretly, for there were more than 2,000 persons present.&amp;nbsp; What she
+was principally charged with was having cohabited with her brother and
+other accomplices; that there was a promise between her and Norris to marry
+after the king's death, which it thus appeared they hoped for; and that
+she had received and given to Norris certain medals, which might be interpreted
+to mean that she had poisoned the late queen, and intrigued to do the same
+to the princess.&amp;nbsp; These things she totally denied and gave to each
+a plausible answer.&amp;nbsp; Yet she confessed she had given money to Weston,
+as she had often done to other young gentlemen.&amp;nbsp; She was also charged,
+and her brother likewise, with having laughed at the king and his dress,
+and that she showed in various ways she did not love the king, but was
+tired of him.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was charged with having cohabited with
+her by presumption, because he had once been found a long time with her,
+and with certain other little follies.&amp;nbsp; To all he replied so well
+that several of those present wagered 10 to 1 that he would be acquitted,
+especially as no witnesses were produced against either him or her, as
+it is usual to do, particularly when the accused denies the charge.
+&lt;p&gt;I must not omit that among other things charged against him as a crime
+was, that his sister had told his wife that the king was impotent.&amp;nbsp;
+This he was not openly charged with, but it was shown him in writing, with
+a warning not to repeat it.&amp;nbsp; But he immediately declared the matter,
+in great contempt of Cromwell and some others, saying he would not in this
+point arouse any suspicion which might prejudice the king's issue.&amp;nbsp;
+He was also charged with having spread reports which called in question
+whether his sister's daughter was the king's child.&amp;nbsp; To which he made
+no reply.&amp;nbsp; They were judged separately and did not see each other.&amp;nbsp;
+The concubine was condemned first, and having heard the sentence, which
+was to be burnt or beheaded at the king's pleasure, she preserved her composure,
+saying that she held herself ready to greet death and that what she regretted
+most was that the above persons, who were innocent and loyal to the king,
+were to die for her.&amp;nbsp; She only asked a short time for confession.&amp;nbsp;
+Her brother, after his condemnation, said that since he must die, he would
+no longer maintain his innocence, but confessed that he had deserved death.&amp;nbsp;
+He only begged the king that his debts, which he recounted, might be paid
+out of his goods.
+&lt;p&gt;Although everybody rejoices at the execution of the whore there are
+some who murmur at the mode of procedure against her and the others, and
+people speak variously of the king; and it will not pacify the world when
+it is known what has passed and is passing between him and Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+Already it sounds ill in the ears of the people, that the king, having
+received such ignominy, has shown himself more glad than ever since the
+arrest of the whore; for he has been going about banqueting with ladies,
+sometimes remaining after midnight, and returning by the river.&amp;nbsp; Most
+of the time he was accompanied by various musical instruments, and, on
+the other hand, by the singers of his chamber, which many interpret as
+showing his delight at getting rid of a thin, old and wicked fool with
+hope of change, which is a thing especially agreeable to this king.&amp;nbsp;
+He supped lately with several ladies in the house of the bishop of Carlisle,
+and showed an extravagant joy, as the said bishop came to tell me next
+morning, who reported moreover that the king had said to him, among other
+things, that he had long expected the issue of these affairs, and that
+thereupon he had before composed a tragedy, which he carried with him;
+and so saying the king drew from his bosom a little book written in his
+own hand, but the bishop did not read the contents.&amp;nbsp; It may have been
+certain ballads that the king had composed, at which the whore and her
+brother laughed as foolish things, which was objected to them as a great
+crime.
+&lt;p&gt;Three days after the concubine's imprisonment the princess was removed,
+and was honourably accompanied both by the servants of the little bastard
+and by several gentlemen who came of their own accord.&amp;nbsp; Many of her
+old servants and maids at this news went to her, and although her governess
+allowed them to remain, she was warned by me not to accept or retain anyone
+but those given her by the king her father.&amp;nbsp; What I most fear as regards
+her is, that when the king is asked by parliament to restore her to her
+rights, he will refuse his consent unless the princess first swears to
+the statutes invalidating the first marriage and the pope's authority.&amp;nbsp;
+To this, I think, she will not easily yield, although I should advise her
+to acquiesce in everything as far as she can without prejudice to her conscience.&lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082600&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082600&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3135</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3d9e49bb224972bc382dbe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">prianne3.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/prianne3.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1536: Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution&quot; width=&quot;328&quot; height=&quot;152&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution was made by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The execution took place on 19 May 1536 at 8 o'clock in the 
+    morning.&amp;nbsp; It was the first public execution of an English queen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;p&gt;
+'Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the
+law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing
+against it.&amp;nbsp; I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything
+of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save
+the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more
+merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle
+and sovereign lord.&amp;nbsp; And if any person will meddle of my cause, I
+require them to judge the best.&amp;nbsp; And thus I take my leave of the world
+and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me.&amp;nbsp; O Lord
+have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul.' &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;After being blindfolded and kneeling at the block, she repeated several 
+times:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu receive my soul.'&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082600&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082600&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH411a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH411a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH411a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4832</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The first meeting of Anne of Cleves and Henry VIII and their marriage, 1539-1540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH411aba1939c9aa833e0f36</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215275</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH411a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pricleve.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pricleve.gif&quot; width=&quot;472&quot; height=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The accounts 
+      at right were written by the Spanish ambassador Eustace Chapuys.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Anne was Henry VIII's fourth wife.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was 
+      annulled after only a few months, primarily because the king did not find 
+      her attractive.&amp;nbsp; And he had already found an attractive replacement - 
+      Catherine Howard.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Of particular interest is Henry's trick at their first
+meeting and Anne's reaction, undoubtedly a humbling experience for the
+king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1539&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;This year on St John's Day, 27 December, Lady Anne, daughter of the
+duke of Cleves in Germany, landed at Dover at 5 o'clock at night, and there
+was honorably received by the duke of Suffolk and other great lords, and
+so lodged in the castle.&amp;nbsp; And on the following Monday she rode to
+Canterbury where she was honorably received by the archbishop of Canterbury
+and other great men, and lodged at the king's palace at St Austin's, and
+there highly feasted.&amp;nbsp; On Tuesday she came to Sittingbourne.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1540&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;On New Year's Eve the duke of Norfolk with other knights and the barons
+of the exchequer received her grace on the heath, two miles beyond Rochester,
+and so brought her to the abbey of Rochester where she stayed that night
+and all New Years Day.&amp;nbsp; And on New Years Day in the afternoon the
+king's grace with five of his privy chamber, being disguised with mottled
+cloaks with hoods so that they should not be recognized, came secretly
+to Rochester, and so went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne
+was looking out of a window to see the bull-baiting which was going on
+in the courtyard, and suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed here
+a token which the king had sent her for New Year's gift, and she being
+abashed and not knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her.&amp;nbsp;
+But she regarded him little, but always looked out the window.... and when
+the king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into
+another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of purple
+velvet.&amp;nbsp; And when the lords and knights saw his grace they did him
+reverence.... and then her grace humbled herself lowly to the king's majesty,
+and his grace saluted her again, and they talked together lovingly, and
+afterwards he took her by the hand and led her to another chamber where
+their graces amused themselves that night and on Friday until the afternoon.
+&lt;p&gt;....So she came to Greenwich that night, and was received as queen.&amp;nbsp;
+And the next day, being Sunday, the king's grace kept a great court at
+Greenwich, where his grace with the queen offered at mass, richly dressed.&amp;nbsp;
+And on Twelfth Night, which was Tuesday, the king's majesty was married
+to the said queen Anne solemnly, in her closet at Greenwich, and his grace
+and she went publicly in procession that day, she having a rich coronet
+of stone and pearls set with rosemary on her hair, and a gown of rich cloth
+of silver, richly hung with stones and pearls, with all her ladies and
+gentlewomen following her, which was a goodly sight to behold.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082602&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082602&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH42a4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH42a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH42a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8597</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England Secondary Sources biographies histories studies etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England Secondary Sources biographies histories studies etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Biographies, Histories, Studies, etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH42a4d81340217c0b7654eb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH42a4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorsecondarysources.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;566&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;34&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;34&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;34&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorsecondarysources.gif&quot; width=&quot;446&quot; height=&quot;143&quot; alt=&quot;Secondary Sources: Biographies, Histories, Studies, etc&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;ES Beesly, &lt;i&gt;Queen 
+    Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; (1892)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterone.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER
+      &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;:&lt;/font&gt; 
+      EARLY LIFE, 1533-1558&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwo.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER II&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      THE CHANGE OF RELIGION, 1559 &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterthree.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      III&lt;/a&gt;: FOREIGN RELATIONS, 1559-1563&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfour.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      IV&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH&lt;/font&gt; AND MARY STUART, 
+      1559-1568&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfive.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER V&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      ARISTOCRATIC PLOTS, 1568-1572&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptersix.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER VI&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      FOREIGN AFFAIRS, 1572-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterseven.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      VII&lt;/a&gt;: THE PAPAL ATTACK, 1570-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereight.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      VIII&lt;/a&gt;: PROTECTORATE OF THE, NETHERLANDS, 1584-1586&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapternine.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      IX&lt;/a&gt;: EXECUTION OF THE QUEEN OF SCOTS: 1584-1587&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterten.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER X&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      WAR WITH SPAIN, 1587-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereleven.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      XI&lt;/a&gt;: DOMESTIC AFFAIRS, 1588-1601&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwelve.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      XII&lt;/a&gt;: LAST YEARS AND DEATH, 1601-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;JA Froude, &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: The 
+    Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII &lt;/i&gt;(1891)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BEING 
+    A SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME TO THE AUTHOR'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudeintroduction.html&quot;&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudeone.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER ONE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Prospects of a disputed succession to the crown -- Various 
+    claimants -Catherine incapable of having further children -- Irregularity of 
+    her marriage with the King -- Papal dispensations -- First mention of the 
+    divorce -- Situation of the Papacy -- Charles V. -- Policy of Wolsey -- 
+    Anglo-French alliance -- Imperial troops in Italy -- Appeal of the Pope -- 
+    Mission of Inigo de Mendoza -- The Bishop of Tarbes -Legitimacy of the 
+    Princess Mary called in question -- Secret meeting of the Legates' court -- 
+    Alarms of Catherine -- Sack of Rome by the Duke of Bourbon -- Proposed 
+    reform of the Papacy -- The divorce promoted by Wolsey -- Unpopular in 
+    England -- Attempts of the Emperor to gain Wolsey.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudetwo.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER TWO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mission of 
+    Wolsey to Paris -- Visits Bishop Fisher on the way -- Anxieties of the 
+    Emperor -- Letter of the Emperor to Henry VIII. -Large offers to Wolsey -- 
+    Address of the French Cardinals to the Pope -- Anne Boleyn chosen by Henry 
+    to succeed Catherine -- Surprise and displeasure of Wolsey -- Fresh attempts 
+    of the Emperor to bribe him -- Wolsey forced to continue to advocate the 
+    divorce -Mission of Dr. Knight to Rome -- The Pope at Orvieto -- The King 
+    applies for a dispensation to make a second marriage -- Language of the 
+    dispensation demanded -- Inferences drawn from it -- Alleged intrigue 
+    between the King and Mary Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudethree.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER THREE&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anxiety 
+    of the Pope to satisfy the &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; -- 
+    Fears of the Emperor -Proposed alternatives -- France and England declare 
+    war in the Pope's defence -- Campeggio to be sent to England -- The
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt;'s account of the Pope's conduct 
+    -- The Pope's distress and alarm -The secret decretal -- Instructions to 
+    Campeggio. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER FOUR&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;A&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;nne 
+    Boleyn -- Letters to her from the &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; 
+    -- The Convent at Wilton -- The Divorce -- The Pope's promises -- Arrival of 
+    Campeggio in England -- Reception at the Bridewell Palace -- Proposal to 
+    Catherine to take the veil -- Her refusal -- Uncertainty of the succession 
+    -- A singular expedient -- Alarms of Wolsey -- The true issue -Speech of the
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; in the City -- Threats of the 
+    Emperor -- Defects in the Bull of Pope Julius -- Alleged discovery of a 
+    brief supplying them -- Distress of Clement.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;
+    more to come....&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+    England&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082545&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082545&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH4449.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH4449.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH4449.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">24390</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Wolsey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH444986a5947f1f93dd4461</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215265</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH4449.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey-small.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Thomas Wolsey&quot; height=67 width=286&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born c. 1465 in Ipswich
+&lt;br&gt;died 29 November 1530 in Leicester&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+He was a man
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Himself with princes...
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+But his performance, as he is now, nothing...
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Shakespeare and Fletcher, &lt;i&gt;All Is True; the History of King Henry VIII&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine of Aragon is speaking of Cardinal Wolsey.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+O Cromwell, Cromwell!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Had I but served my God with half the zeal
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+I served my king, he would not in mine age
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Have left me naked to mine enemies.
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;i&gt;All Is True&lt;/i&gt;. Wolsey's speech in act IV.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey-small.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Cardinal Wolsey&quot; BORDER=0 height=296 width=190 align=LEFT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+The life of Cardinal Wolsey is one of the great cautionary tales of Henry
+VIII's reign; like his protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey rose
+and fell by the whim of a conflicted and contradictory king.&amp;nbsp; He was
+born in obscurity, the son of a butcher in Ipswich, a town in Suffolk.&amp;nbsp;
+But he was intelligent and ambitious enough to attend the University of
+Oxford and in 1498 he was ordained a priest.&amp;nbsp; Five years later, he
+became the chaplain to the deputy lieutenant of Calais, a nobleman named
+Sir Richard Nanfan.&amp;nbsp; Nanfan recommended Wolsey's services to his king,
+Henry VII, but Wolsey did not leave Calais until Nanfan's death in 1507.&amp;nbsp;
+Then he journeyed to London to begin his service to the king; Henry VII
+was as impressed with Wolsey as Nanfan had been and, shortly before his
+death in April 1509, appointed him dean of Lincoln.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry's
+death Wolsey, about thirty years of age and blessed with energy and confidence,
+found himself with a new master - an eighteen-year-old king determined
+to achieve as much glory and renown as possible.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey and Henry became close friends, or as close
+as one could be to a king.&amp;nbsp; Both men were determined to leave their
+mark upon history but while Henry preferred costly wars and grandiloquent
+diplomacy, Wolsey was committed to financial and judicial reform in England
+and English-arbitrated European peace.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was always a churchman
+though this should not imply ignorance of the material world.&amp;nbsp; He
+was determined to gain his own fortune, thus cementing his rise from obscurity,
+but he also possessed a great legal mind and a shrewd understanding of
+international affairs.&amp;nbsp; He combined these attributes with his earlier
+spiritual training to dominate both the secular and spiritual aspects of
+English life.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was quick to recognize Wolsey's intelligence
+and appointed him royal almoner in November 1509 but, as the years passed,
+delegated more and more authority to Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; The early years of Henry's
+reign were spent with the young monarch, regaled as the handsomest prince
+in Europe, jousting, hunting, and debating visiting scholars.&amp;nbsp; And
+while Henry was interested in more practical affairs, he grew to depend
+on Wolsey's assistance.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey's position, however, was completely
+changed by the French expedition of 1513.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII had long wanted
+to prove English strength in battle against this old
+&lt;br&gt;enemy.&amp;nbsp; His wish is understandable; he was young and, like many
+young people, had chafed at his father's authority.&amp;nbsp; When Henry VII
+died, his son saw this as an opportunity to reveal a new England to Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+Under this new Henry, England would no longer be solvent but boring, dependable
+but not lively.&amp;nbsp; Instead, it would be a court of artists, musicians,
+dancers, and scholars, all presided over by the new king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's plan to gain this European respect was simple:
+a successful military strike against France.&amp;nbsp; After one failure, he
+went in person to achieve glory in August 1513 at the Battle of the Spurs.&amp;nbsp;
+Only a month later, the English defeated the Scots at Flodden Field where
+Henry's brother-in-law James IV was killed.&amp;nbsp; Of course, the English
+couldn't sustain a permanent presence in France so they decided on to make
+peace.&amp;nbsp; Henry's youngest sister Mary was the sacrificial lamb.&amp;nbsp;
+At eighteen, she was married to the sixty-year-old Louis XII of France.&amp;nbsp;
+The bridegroom survived just three months of marriage and Mary angered
+her brother by secretly following her heart and marrying Henry's best friend
+Charles Brandon just weeks after Louis XII's death.&amp;nbsp; Mary and Brandon
+were the grandparents of &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry was exultant at his French victory; this success
+was Europe's true introduction to his reign.&amp;nbsp; England would be taken
+seriously as a European power broker, courted by the French and Spanish
+and mediating between these nations and the vulnerable papacy.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was generous in rewarding Wolsey for his service.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry's recommendation,
+Pope Leo X made Wolsey bishop of Lincoln in February 1514 and, just nine
+months later, archbishop of York.&amp;nbsp; But the honors did not end there.&amp;nbsp;
+The next year he was made Cardinal and, in December 1515, lord chancellor
+of England.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Perhaps even more importantly for Wolsey, he was
+taken into Henry's complete confidence.&amp;nbsp; He was friend, confidante,
+and advisor to a king increasingly conflicted in his personal life.&amp;nbsp;
+Eventually, Henry would want a divorce from Katharine of Aragon to marry
+Anne Boleyn and secure his throne.&amp;nbsp; Whether motivated solely by personal
+dissatisfaction or spiritual unrest or both, Henry was determined to end
+his marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, once determined on his course, he was committed
+to it.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, he turned to his most capable and trusted
+servant, Wolsey, for help.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before the divorce issue, Wolsey had quickly established
+himself as second only to Henry in power.&amp;nbsp; This naturally angered
+the old nobility who made up the privy council and dominated Parliament.&amp;nbsp;
+They were indignant that Wolsey, son of a butcher, controlled access to
+the king.&amp;nbsp; They were also angry that Wolsey refused to treat them
+as they deserved - simply put, they were nobility and he, despite the honors
+the king heaped upon him, was a commoner.&amp;nbsp; In the natural order, he
+was their inferior.&amp;nbsp; His refusal to act inferior was galling to them,
+particularly the powerful dukes.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Henry was even more proud that his nobles.&amp;nbsp;
+That begs the question - was he ever insulted by Wolsey's supposedly overbearing
+arrogance?&amp;nbsp; No; in fact, Henry displayed his typical cunning by selecting
+his advisor based on both ability and indebtedness.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was his
+creation - his to reward or, as he did eventually, destroy.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was also careful to never offend or anger
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; It was a careful dance and a tribute to his own intelligence
+that he succeeded in managing this most unmanageable king.&amp;nbsp; (The complexity
+of Henry's character, both as man and monarch, cannot be adequately addressed
+here.&amp;nbsp; I highly recommend L. B. Smith's &lt;i&gt;Henry VIII: The Mask of
+Royalty&lt;/i&gt;, a wonderful study of the nature of kingship, life in 16th
+century England, and Henry's moral universe.)&amp;nbsp; Wolsey appealed to
+Henry's vanity by crediting all success to the king and all failures to
+his own inadequacies.&amp;nbsp; For a long while, there were no failures.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1518, the pope made him a special papal representative a latere.&amp;nbsp;
+With his incredible secular and ecclesiastical authority, Wolsey was able
+to achieve wealth and influence second only to the king.&amp;nbsp; At Hampton
+Court Palace, over four hundred servants waited to attend him in their
+richly embroidered livery.&amp;nbsp; People scurried to win his favor for they
+knew that the only way to Henry was through Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; But his ties
+to Rome, including his religious training, would prove the Cardinal's undoing.&amp;nbsp;
+He could not serve two masters.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before his loyalties were divided between Rome and
+Henry, Wolsey was able to serve Henry's European interests.&amp;nbsp; As stated
+before, they wanted England to be the balancing power in Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+At the time, Europe was dominated by the two rival powers of France and
+the Holy Roman Empire of the Hapsburgs.&amp;nbsp; The situation became even
+more complicated when Katharine of Aragon's nephew Charles became Holy
+Roman Emperor in 1519.&amp;nbsp; Originally, Wolsey and Henry favored an alliance
+with the Imperial power.&amp;nbsp; This was based on economics (English trade
+with the Lowlands), history (England was
+&lt;br&gt;rarely at peace with France), and also family (after all, Charles was
+Katharine's nephew.)&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Charles recognized Wolsey's ambition
+and intimated he could influence the papal elections in the Cardinal's
+favor.&amp;nbsp; But first Wolsey tried his hand at peace by arranging meetings
+between Henry and the two rival monarchs in 1520.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The meetings were unsuccessful, however, and war
+broke out in 1521.&amp;nbsp; In 1523 Henry and Wolsey agreed to support the
+Hapsburgs by sending troops to France.&amp;nbsp; But war costs a great deal
+of money and then, as now, the way to raise money was to raise taxes.&amp;nbsp;
+And then, as now, the decision was incredibly unpopular.&amp;nbsp; This unpleasant
+task fell to Wolsey - Henry was careful to let Wolsey implement the collection
+and, accordingly, take the blame.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, the foreign policy which demanded this increased
+taxation became inconsistent and illogical.&amp;nbsp; In 1528, the English
+were supporting their former enemy, France, against the Hapsburgs; in August
+1529, France and the Hapsburgs made peace and isolated England.&amp;nbsp; It
+was a confusing and contradictory mess, further complicated when the hired
+troops of the Holy Roman Emperor sacked Rome in 1527.&amp;nbsp; The Emperor
+Charles had to face the unpleasant task of explaining how he, the protector
+of Christendom, had allowed the Eternal City to be pillaged and the pope
+sent fleeing through an underground tunnel.&amp;nbsp; However, Charles - and
+the rest of Europe - were quick to recognize that he now controlled Rome
+and the pope.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this time, Wolsey was also reforming the English
+judicial system.&amp;nbsp; The end result - Wolsey was despised by both ordinary
+Englishmen and the aristocracy alike.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to extend
+justice to the nobility who were essentially lawless.&amp;nbsp; Only their
+code of honor determined their behavior for Henry often excused rape and
+murder on the part of his fellow nobles; treason against him was another
+matter entirely.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey used the power of the Star Chamber to impose
+his new laws, thus making the noble and the commoner - if not equal under
+the law - at least more equal than before.&amp;nbsp; He also developed
+&lt;br&gt;committees to hear cases involving the poor; these became known as
+the Court of Requests in 1529.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His attempts to reform the English church were less
+successful.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was unable to devote much time or effort
+to the cause since his duties as lord chancellor were so great.&amp;nbsp; Also,
+his own life was, in many ways, at odds with his spiritual training and
+titles.&amp;nbsp; His wealth was tremendous and ostentatious, he had two illegitimate
+children, and he struck many as greedy and vain.&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly, the
+ordinary churchman was not impressed with the moral foundations of Wolsey's
+leadership.&amp;nbsp; But despite the appearance of hypocrisy, he did institute
+some reforms.&amp;nbsp; Most notably, he suppressed nearly 30 monasteries to
+pay for Cardinal's College at Oxford, later called Christ Church.&amp;nbsp;
+Understandably, these actions alienated the clergy and concerned the papacy.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey had by now offended everyone except the king.&amp;nbsp; And, ironically,
+most of his offensive policies were always implemented either at Henry's
+instigation or approval.&amp;nbsp; Many historians have portrayed Henry VIII
+as a credulous monarch manipulated by Wolsey, Cromwell, and his unruly
+nobles.&amp;nbsp; The truth is far more complex.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry did not turn on Wolsey until after the Cardinal's
+opulent lifestyle first aroused his envy.&amp;nbsp; Jealousy planted a seed
+which Wolsey sensed too late; for example, he gave Hampton Court to Henry
+as a gift once the king remarked it was a finer palace than any of his
+own.&amp;nbsp; In the late 1520s, Henry was not simply envious; he was also
+desperate for personal happiness, spiritual freedom, and a secure succession.&amp;nbsp;
+His only hope was a divorce from Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Poor Wolsey
+- his spiritual master, the Pope, was a paawn of Emperor Charles V, and
+his temporal master wanted a divorce from the emperor's aunt.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The Pope had no choice but to obey Charles's wishes
+though he struggled to appease Henry as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; He suggested
+that Henry's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, should
+wed Katharine and Henry's daughter Mary.&amp;nbsp; He told Henry to take Anne
+Boleyn as his mistress and promised to legitimize their children.&amp;nbsp;
+The pope even suggested bigamy, advising the king to send Katharine to
+a nunnery and marry Anne.&amp;nbsp; But Henry wanted no doubt of the legitimacy
+of his second marriage and its hoped-for offspring.&amp;nbsp; From 1527 to
+1529, he was content to let Wolsey try the usual diplomatic and military
+solutions but these were unsuccessful.&amp;nbsp; After all, England did not
+have the military might to force Charles from Italy and free the Pope to
+make an independent decision.&amp;nbsp; Had he been free of Charles, the Pope
+would undoubtedly have ruled in Henry's favor; it had been done before
+for monarchs throughout Europe.&amp;nbsp; In fact, though the term 'divorce'
+is most often used in this case, Henry wasn't actually seeking a divorce.&amp;nbsp;
+He was actually seeking an annulment - he argued that he had never been
+legally married to Katharine.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Matters were further complicated because Wolsey lacked
+virtually any support at the English court.&amp;nbsp; Henry's infatuation with
+Anne Boleyn had also cost the Cardinal for Anne, while kind to Wolsey when
+he was still powerful, recognized him as a rival - and, later, an obstacle
+to her and Henry's marriage.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Wolsey's sympathies were probably
+torn between Katharine and Anne.&amp;nbsp; Though portrayed as an enemy to
+both women, he was undoubtedly unable to choose which side to support.&amp;nbsp;
+This, too, was a result of his conflicting loyalties to the Pope and Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+Also, Wolsey had usually supported peace with the Hapsburgs and was loathe
+to offend the powerful emperor by helping Henry discard Katharine for an
+English knight's daughter.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But as Wolsey, near sixty-five, failed to secure
+an acceptable solution, Henry became impatient.&amp;nbsp; He was now all too
+willing to listen to his outraged nobles; having suffered with Wolsey for
+so long, they used their king's impatience to secure his destruction.&amp;nbsp;
+It was suddenly remembered that Wolsey's office of papal legate was in
+direct violation of the ancient Statute of Praemunire which outlawed direct
+papal jurisdiction.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Henry had sanctioned Wolsey's legatine
+authority and so had broken the law himself.&amp;nbsp; This did not matter.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey was no longer useful to his increasingly ruthless master and on
+9
+&lt;br&gt;October 1529, he was deprived of everything but the archbishopric of
+York.&amp;nbsp; He left London for York in April 1530.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Wolsey's enemies wanted him completely destroyed
+and evidence, probably fabricated, was produced which showed he was corresponding
+with the French king.&amp;nbsp; This was argued to be high treason; the Cardinal
+still believed himself to be invulnerable and fit to represent the king's
+majesty.&amp;nbsp; On 4 November, Wolsey was arrested on charges of treason
+and taken from York Palace.&amp;nbsp; On his way south to face dubious justice
+at the Tower of London, he grew ill.&amp;nbsp; The group escorting him were
+concerned enough to stop at Leicester.&amp;nbsp; There, Wolsey's condition
+quickly worsened and he died on 29 November.
+&lt;br&gt;His death was timely for it saved him from being executed as a traitor.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+This cardinal,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Was fashion'd to much honor from his cradle.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading:
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+But to those men that sought him sweet as
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+summer.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+And though he were unsatisfied in getting
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+He was most princely: ever witness for him
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+him,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+So excellent in art, and still so rising,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+And found the blessedness of being little:
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+And, to add greater honors to his age
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Than man could give him, he died fearing
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+God.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Shakespeare and Fletcher, &lt;i&gt;All Is True&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Griffith tells of Wolsey's death, Act IV.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Read a contemporary account of Wolsey's fall from grace at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082581&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082581&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH49ce.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH49ce.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH49ce.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11478</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The lyrics of King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH49ce89d25cca35c039a166</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215275</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH49ce.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1500sa.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1500sa.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: The lyrics of King Henry VIII&quot; width=&quot;399&quot; height=&quot;69&quot;&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Pastime with good company&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Pastime with good company
+&lt;br&gt;I love and shall until I die.
+&lt;br&gt;Grudge who likes, but none deny,
+&lt;br&gt;So God be pleased, thus live will I.
+&lt;br&gt;For my pastance:
+&lt;br&gt;Hunt, sing, and dance.
+&lt;br&gt;My heart is set!
+&lt;br&gt;All goodly sport
+&lt;br&gt;For my comfort.
+&lt;br&gt;Who shall me let?
+&lt;p&gt;Youth must have some dalliance,
+&lt;br&gt;Of good or ill some pastance.
+&lt;br&gt;Company I think then best --
+&lt;br&gt;All thoughts and fantasies to digest.
+&lt;br&gt;For idleness
+&lt;br&gt;Is chief mistress
+&lt;br&gt;Of vices all.
+&lt;br&gt;Then who can say
+&lt;br&gt;But mirth and play
+&lt;br&gt;Is best of all?
+&lt;p&gt;Company with honesty
+&lt;br&gt;Is virtue -- vices to flee.
+&lt;br&gt;Company is good and ill,
+&lt;br&gt;But every man has his free will.
+&lt;br&gt;The best ensue.
+&lt;br&gt;The worst eschew.
+&lt;br&gt;My mind shall be.
+&lt;br&gt;Virtue to use.
+&lt;br&gt;Vice to refuse.
+&lt;br&gt;Thus shall I use me!&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Alas, what shall I do for love?&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Alas, what shall I do for love?
+&lt;br&gt;For love, alas, what shall I do?
+&lt;br&gt;Since now so kind
+&lt;br&gt;I do you find
+&lt;br&gt;To kepe you me unto.
+&lt;br&gt;Alasse!
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Oh my heart&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Oh my heart, and oh my heart,
+&lt;br&gt;My hart it is so sore.
+&lt;br&gt;Since I must from my love depart,
+&lt;br&gt;And know no cause wherefore.
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;The time of youth is to be spent&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;The time of youth is to be spent,
+&lt;br&gt;But vice in it should be forfent.
+&lt;br&gt;Pastimes there be I note truly
+&lt;br&gt;Which one may use and vice deny.
+&lt;br&gt;And they be pleasant to God and man:
+&lt;br&gt;Those should we covet when we can.
+&lt;br&gt;As feats of arms, and such other
+&lt;br&gt;Wherby activeness one may utter.
+&lt;br&gt;Comparisons in them may lawfully be set,
+&lt;br&gt;For, thereby, courage is surely out fet.
+&lt;br&gt;Vertue it is, then, youth for to spend
+&lt;br&gt;In good disports which it does fend.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Alac! Alac! What shall I do?&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Alac! Alac! What shall I do?
+&lt;br&gt;For care is cast in to my heart,
+&lt;br&gt;And true love locked thereto.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Green grows the holly&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Green grows the holly.
+&lt;br&gt;So does the ivy.
+&lt;br&gt;Though winter's blasts blow never so high,
+&lt;br&gt;Green grows the holly.
+&lt;p&gt;As the holly grows green
+&lt;br&gt;And never changes hue,
+&lt;br&gt;So I am -- ever have been --
+&lt;br&gt;unto my lady true.
+&lt;p&gt;As the holly grows green
+&lt;br&gt;With ivy all alone,
+&lt;br&gt;When flowers can not be seen
+&lt;br&gt;And greenwood leaves be gone.
+&lt;p&gt;Now unto my lady
+&lt;br&gt;Promise to her I make:
+&lt;br&gt;From all other, only
+&lt;br&gt;to her, I me betake.
+&lt;p&gt;Adieu, my own lady.
+&lt;br&gt;Adieu, my special
+&lt;br&gt;Who hath my heart truly,
+&lt;br&gt;Be sure, and ever shall.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Who so that will all feats obtain&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Who so that will all feats obtain
+&lt;br&gt;In love he must be without disdain.
+&lt;br&gt;For love enforces all noble kind,
+&lt;br&gt;And disdain discourages all gentle mind.
+&lt;br&gt;Wherefore, to love and be not loved
+&lt;br&gt;Is worse than death? Let it be proved!
+&lt;br&gt;Love encourages, and makes one bold;
+&lt;br&gt;Disdain abates and makes him cold.
+&lt;br&gt;Love is given to God and man;
+&lt;br&gt;To woman also, I think the same.
+&lt;br&gt;But disdain is vice, and should be refused,
+&lt;br&gt;Yet never the less it is too much used.
+&lt;br&gt;Great pity it were, love for to compel
+&lt;br&gt;With disdain, both false and subtle.
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;If love now reigned&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;If love now reigned as it has been
+&lt;br&gt;And were rewarded as it has seen,
+&lt;br&gt;Noble men then would surely ensearch
+&lt;br&gt;All ways whereby they might it reach.
+&lt;br&gt;But envy reigns with such disdain
+&lt;br&gt;And causes lovers outwardly to refrain,
+&lt;br&gt;Which puts them to more and more,
+&lt;br&gt;Inwardly, most grievous and sore:
+&lt;br&gt;The fault in whom I cannot set,
+&lt;br&gt;But let them tell who love does get.
+&lt;br&gt;To lovers I put now sure this case:
+&lt;br&gt;Which of their loves does get them grace?
+&lt;br&gt;And unto them which doth it know
+&lt;br&gt;Better than do I, I think it so.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Whereto should I express&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Whereto should I express
+&lt;br&gt;My inward heaviness?
+&lt;br&gt;No mirth can make me fain,
+&lt;br&gt;'Till that we meet again.
+&lt;p&gt;Do way, dear heart, not so.
+&lt;br&gt;Let no thought you dismay.
+&lt;br&gt;Though you now part me from,
+&lt;br&gt;We shall meet when we may.
+&lt;p&gt;When I remember me
+&lt;br&gt;Of your most gentle mind,
+&lt;br&gt;It may in no wise agree
+&lt;br&gt;That I should be unkind.
+&lt;p&gt;The daisy delectable,
+&lt;br&gt;The violet waning and blue,
+&lt;br&gt;You are not variable --
+&lt;br&gt;I love you and no more.
+&lt;p&gt;I make you fast and sure;
+&lt;br&gt;It is to me great pain
+&lt;br&gt;Thus long to endure
+&lt;br&gt;'Till that we meet again.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Though that men do call it dotage&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Though that men do call it dotage,
+&lt;br&gt;Who loves not wants courage.
+&lt;br&gt;And whosoever may love get
+&lt;br&gt;From Venus surely he must it fetch,
+&lt;br&gt;Or else from her which is her heir.
+&lt;br&gt;And she to him must seem most fair.
+&lt;br&gt;Where eye and mind do both agree;
+&lt;br&gt;There is no but -- there must it be!
+&lt;br&gt;The eye does look and represent,
+&lt;br&gt;But mind affirms with full consent.
+&lt;br&gt;Thus am I fixed without grudge:
+&lt;br&gt;My eye with heart does me so judge.
+&lt;br&gt;Love maintains all noble courage;
+&lt;br&gt;Who love disdains is all of the village.
+&lt;br&gt;Such lovers, though they take pain,
+&lt;br&gt;It were pity they should obtain.
+&lt;br&gt;For often times where they do sue
+&lt;br&gt;They hinder lovers that would be true.
+&lt;br&gt;For who so loves should love but one.
+&lt;br&gt;Change who so will, I will be none.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Departure is my chief pain&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Departure is my chief pain
+&lt;br&gt;I trust right well of return again.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Without discord&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Without discord
+&lt;br&gt;And both accord,
+&lt;br&gt;Now let us be.
+&lt;br&gt;Both harts alone
+&lt;br&gt;To set in one,
+&lt;br&gt;Best seems me.
+&lt;br&gt;For when one sole
+&lt;br&gt;Is in the dole
+&lt;br&gt;Of love's pain,
+&lt;br&gt;Then help must have
+&lt;br&gt;Himself to save
+&lt;br&gt;And love to obtain.
+&lt;p&gt;Where for now we
+&lt;br&gt;That lovers be,
+&lt;br&gt;Let us now pray:
+&lt;br&gt;Once love sure
+&lt;br&gt;For to procure
+&lt;br&gt;Without denial.
+&lt;br&gt;Where love so sues
+&lt;br&gt;There no heart rues,
+&lt;br&gt;But condescend.
+&lt;br&gt;If contrary,
+&lt;br&gt;What remedy?
+&lt;br&gt;God it amend.
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Though some say that youth rules me&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;(possibly by King Henry VIII)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Though some say that youth rules me,
+&lt;br&gt;I trust in age to tarry.
+&lt;br&gt;God and my right, and my duty,
+&lt;br&gt;From them shall I never vary,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;p&gt;I pray you all that aged be
+&lt;br&gt;How well did you your youth carry?
+&lt;br&gt;I think some worse of each degree.
+&lt;br&gt;Therein a wager lay dare I,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;p&gt;Pastimes of youth some time among
+&lt;br&gt;None can say but necessary.
+&lt;br&gt;I hurt no man, I do no wrong,
+&lt;br&gt;I love true where I did marry,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;p&gt;Then soon discuss that hence we must
+&lt;br&gt;Pray we to God and Saint Mary
+&lt;br&gt;That all amend, and here an end.
+&lt;br&gt;Thus says the King, the eighth Harry,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Who so that will for grace sue&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Who so that will for grace sue,
+&lt;br&gt;His intent must needs be true,
+&lt;br&gt;And love her in heart and deed,
+&lt;br&gt;Else it were pity that he should speed.
+&lt;br&gt;Many one says that love is ill,
+&lt;br&gt;But those be they which know no skill.
+&lt;p&gt;Or else, because they may not obtain,
+&lt;br&gt;They would that others should it disdain.
+&lt;br&gt;But love is a thing given by God:
+&lt;br&gt;In that, therefore, can be none odd,
+&lt;br&gt;But perfect in deed, and between two.
+&lt;br&gt;Where fore, then, should we it eschew?&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Lusty Youth should us ensue!&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Lusty Youth should us ensue!
+&lt;br&gt;His merry heart shall sure all rue.
+&lt;br&gt;For whatsoever they do him tell
+&lt;br&gt;It is not for him, we know it well.
+&lt;p&gt;For they would have him his liberty refrain,
+&lt;br&gt;And all merry company for to disdain.
+&lt;br&gt;But I will not do whatsoever they say,
+&lt;br&gt;But follow his mind in all that we may.
+&lt;p&gt;How should youth himself best use
+&lt;br&gt;But all disdainers for to refuse?
+&lt;br&gt;Youth has as chief assurance
+&lt;br&gt;Honest mirth with virtue's pastance.
+&lt;p&gt;For in them consists great honour,
+&lt;br&gt;Though that disdainers would therein put error.
+&lt;br&gt;For they do sue to get them grace --
+&lt;br&gt;All only riches to purchase.
+&lt;p&gt;With good order, counsel, and equity,
+&lt;br&gt;Goode Lord grant us our mansion to be.
+&lt;br&gt;For without their good guidance
+&lt;br&gt;Youth should fall in great mischance.
+&lt;p&gt;For Youth is frail and prompt to do
+&lt;br&gt;As well vices as virtues to ensue.
+&lt;br&gt;Where fore by these he must be guided,
+&lt;br&gt;And virtues pastance must therein be used.
+&lt;p&gt;Now unto God this prayer we make,
+&lt;br&gt;That this rude play may well betake
+&lt;br&gt;And that we may our faults amend
+&lt;br&gt;And bliss obtain at our last end. Amen.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Let not us that young men be&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;(possibly by King Henry VIII)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Let not us that young men be
+&lt;br&gt;From Venus' ways banished to be, banished to be.
+&lt;br&gt;Though that Age with great disdain
+&lt;br&gt;Would have Youth love to refrain, love to refrain,
+&lt;br&gt;In their minds consider they must
+&lt;br&gt;How they did in their most lust.
+&lt;p&gt;For, if they were in like case
+&lt;br&gt;And would then have gotten grace,
+&lt;br&gt;They may not now than gainsay
+&lt;br&gt;That which then was most their joy.
+&lt;br&gt;Where for indeed, the truth to say,
+&lt;br&gt;It is for Youth the metest play.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082594&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082594&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH4d47.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH4d47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH4d47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3586</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Letter of Lady Jane Grey to Queen Mary I, 1554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH4d4789bb1eca6d50382d86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215275</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH4d47.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">prijane1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/prijane1.gif&quot; width=&quot;541&quot; height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;In this letter, Jane explains the circumstances which
+led to her becoming queen for nine days.&amp;nbsp; Her assertion that she was 
+      poisoned is nonsense.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+'Although my fault be such that but for the goodness and clemency of
+the Queen, I can have no hope of finding pardon.... having given ear to those who at the time appeared not only
+to myself, but also to the great part of this realm to be wise and now
+have manifested themselves to the contrary, not only to my and their great
+detriment, but with common disgrace and blame of all, they having with
+shameful boldness made to blamable and dishonourable an attempt to give
+to others that which was not theirs...[and my own] lack of prudence...for
+which I deserve heavy punishment...it being known that the error imputed
+to me has not been altogether caused by myself. [The Privy Council]....who
+with unwontd caresses and pleasantness, did me such reverence as was not
+at all suitable to my state. He [Dudley] then said that his Majesty had
+well weighed an Act of Parliament...that whoever should acknowledge the
+most serene Mary...or the lady Elizabeth and receive them as the true heirs
+of the crown of England should be had all for traitors...wherefore, in
+no manner did he wish that they should be heirs of him and of that crown,
+he being able in every way to disinherit them. And therefore, before his
+death, he gave order to the Council, that for the honour they owed to him...they
+should obey his last will...As to the rest, for my part, I know not what
+the Council had determined to do, but I know for certain that twice during
+this time, poison was given to me, first in the house of the Duchess of
+Northumberland and afterwards here in the Tower.... All these I have wished
+for the witness of my innocence and the disburdening of my conscience.' &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;
+to the Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082605&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082605&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5287.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5287.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5287.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7862</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Letter of Princess Mary to King Henry VIII, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH528790de1ecac150aa5d86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215275</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5287.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">primary1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/primary1.gif&quot; width=&quot;622&quot; height=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This letter 
+      was written on 22 June 1536.&amp;nbsp; In it, Princess Mary acknowledges the 
+      annulment of her parents' marriage, her own illegitimacy, and her father's 
+      position as head of a new English church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Mary 
+      refused to write this letter for several years, throughout the drama of 
+      the annulment and her father's remarriage to Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII 
+      suspected her behavior was encouraged by her mother; he deliberately 
+      separated Mary and Katharine of Aragon, banishing both from court.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;In the summer of 1536, on the advice of the 
+      Spanish ambassador, Mary succumbed and wrote this letter.&amp;nbsp; She always 
+      regretted it.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;It did, however, serve its purpose.&amp;nbsp; The death of 
+      Katharine of Aragon in January of that year, Anne Boleyn's execution in 
+      May, and Henry's third marriage to Jane Seymour encouraged a rapprochement 
+      between father and daughter.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;'Most
+humbly prostrate before the feet of your most excellent majesty, your most
+humble, so faithful and obedient subject, who has so extremely offended
+your most gracious highness that my heavy and fearful heart dare not presume
+to call you father, deserving of nothing from your majesty, save that the
+kindness of your most blessed nature does surmount all evils, offences
+and trespasses, and is ever merciful and ready to accept the penitent calling
+for grace, at any fitting time.&amp;nbsp; Having received this Thursday, at
+night, certain letters from Mr Secretary to whom I had lately written advising
+me to make my humble submission immediately to your self, which I dared
+not, without your gracious licence, presume to do before, and signifying
+that your most merciful heart and fatherly pity had granted me your blessing,
+with the condition that I should persevere in which I had commenced and
+begun; and that I should not again offend your majesty by the denial or
+refusal of any such articles and commandments as it may please your highness
+to address to me, for the perfect trial of my heart and inward affection,
+for the perfect declaration of the depths of my heart.
+&lt;p&gt;First, I acknowledge myself to have most unkindly and unnaturally offended
+your most excellent highness, in that I have not submitted myself to your
+most just and virtuous laws; and for my offence therein, which I must confess
+was in me a thousandfold more grievous than it could be in any other living
+creature, I put myself wholly and entirely at your gracious mercy; at whose
+hands I cannot receive that punishment for the same which I have deserved.
+&lt;p&gt;Secondly, to open my heart to your grace, in these things which I have
+before refused to condescend to, and have now written with my own hand,
+sending them to your highness herewith, I shall never beseech your grace
+to have pity and compassion on me if ever you shall perceive that I shall,
+secretly or openly, vary or alter from one piece of that which I have written
+and subscribed, or refuse to confirm, ratify or declare the same, wherever
+your majesty shall appoint me.
+&lt;p&gt;Thirdly, as I have and will, knowing your excellent learning, virtue,
+wisdom and knowledge, put my soul under your direction, and by the same
+have and will in all things henceforth direct my conscience, so I wholly
+commit my body to your mercy and fatherly pity; desiring no state, no condition,
+nor no manner or degree of living but such as your grace shall appoint
+unto me; knowing and confessing that my state cannot be so vile as either
+the extremity of justice would appoint to me, or as my offences have required
+and deserved.&amp;nbsp; And whatsoever your grace shall command me to do, touching
+any of these points, either for things past, present or to come, I shall
+gladly do the same as your majesty can command me.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Your Grace's most humble and obedient daughter and handmaid, Mary.'&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/ul&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;The following document accompanied the above 
+      letter:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;'The confession of me, Lady Mary, made upon certain points and articles
+written below; in which I do now plainly and with all my heart confess
+and
+declare my inward sentence, belief and judgement, with due conformity of
+obedience to the laws of the realm; so, minding for ever to persist and
+continue in this determination without change, alteration or variance,
+I do most humbly beseech the king's highness, my father, whom I have obstinately
+and disobediently offended in the denial of the same up to now, to forgive
+my offences therein, and to take me to his most gracious mercy.
+&lt;p&gt;First I confess and acknowledge the king's majesty to be my sovereign
+lord and king, in the imperial crown of this realm of England; and do submit
+myself to his highness and to each and every law and statute of this realm,
+as it becomes a true and faithful subject to do; which I shall also obey,
+keep, observe, advance and maintain according to my bounden duty with all
+the power, force and qualities with which God had endued me, during my
+life.
+&lt;p&gt;I do recognize, accept, take, repute and acknowledge the king's highness
+to be supreme head on earth, under Christ, of the church of England; and
+do utterly refuse the bishop of Rome's pretended authority, power and jurisdiction
+within this realm, formerly usurped, according to the laws and statutes
+made on that behalf, and by all the king's true subjects humbly received,
+admitted, obeyed, kept and observed.
+&lt;p&gt;And I do also utterly renounce and forsake all manner of remedy, interest
+and advantage which I may by any means claim by the bishop of Rome's laws,
+processes, jurisdiction or sentence, at this time or in any way hereafter,
+by any manner of title, colour, means or cause that is, shall or can be
+devised for that purpose.
+&lt;p&gt;I do freely, frankly and for the discharge of my duty towards God, the
+king's highness and his laws, without other respect, recognize and acknowledge
+that the marriage formerly had between his majesty and my mother, the late
+princess dowager, was by God's law and man's law incestuous and unlawful.'
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082601&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082601&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5a57.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5a57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5a57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8042</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5a57054557398614faa55c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5a57.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grace.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grace.gif&quot; width=&quot;418&quot; height=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The Pilgrimage of Grace was the worst uprising of Henry 
+      VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; It was a direct result of the dissolution of the 
+      monasteries, a policy which confused and angered most Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The original rebellion began at Louth in Lincolnshire in early October 
+      1536.&amp;nbsp; The presence of a royal commission was the spark; the local 
+      clergy encouraged it to flame.&amp;nbsp; The Lincolnshire rebellion lasted but 
+      a fortnight, but Yorkshire - led by the lawyer Robert Aske - was next.&amp;nbsp; 
+      With the charismatic Aske as their leader, the rebellion spread quickly.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Dissatisfaction with the king's religious and fiscal policies was deep and 
+      widespread.&amp;nbsp; An army of perhaps 30,000 men gathered in the north.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The king ordered the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk and the earl of 
+      Shrewsbury to respond.&amp;nbsp; But there was no standing army in England; 
+      also, popular sympathy lay with the rebels.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The king's forces were hopelessly outnumbered.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Worse, their soldiers lacked equipment and the desire to fight their 
+      countrymen.&amp;nbsp; And the rebel forces were far more experienced in 
+      battle, having fought the Scots near-continuously during Henry's reign.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Faced with such odds, the king turned to diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The rebels, after all, did not seek to overthrow him.&amp;nbsp; Their primary 
+      desire was for the dissolved monasteries to be restored.&amp;nbsp; They also 
+      criticized the king's 'low-born' advisers, particularly Thomas Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; 
+      His policies of high taxation and forced enclosures had worsened poverty 
+      throughout northern England; it was already, as Norfolk told the king, 
+      'the most barren country of the realm'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The king negotiated peace through Norfolk, conceding 
+      their demands and promising a free pardon to all rebels who dispersed.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Monastic lands would be restored and a new parliament called to address 
+      their concerns.&amp;nbsp; The rebels accordingly dispersed.&amp;nbsp; And then, on 
+      the slightest pretext, Henry broke his word; martial law was declared, 
+      rebel leaders were indicted and put on trial (many faced a jury of their 
+      peers.)&amp;nbsp; Several hundred rebels, including Aske, were executed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;[T]he king was truly informed that there was
+a new insurrection made by the northern men, who had assembled themselves
+into a huge and great army of warlike men, well appointed with captains,
+horse, armour and artillery, to the number of 40,000 men, who had encamped
+themselves in Yorkshire.&amp;nbsp; And these men had bound themselves to each
+other by their oath to be faithful and obedient to their captain.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The also declared, by their proclamation solemnly
+made, that their insurrection should extend no further than to the maintenance
+and defence of the faith of Christ and the deliverance of holy church,
+sore decayed and oppressed, and to the furtherance also of private and
+public matters in the realm concerning the wealth of all the king's poor
+subjects. They called this, their seditious and traitorous voyage, a holy
+and blessed pilgrimage; they also had certain banners in the field whereon
+was painted Christ hanging on the cross on one side, and a chalice with
+a painted cake in it on the other side, with various other banners of similar
+hypocrisy and feigned sanctity.&amp;nbsp; The soldiers also had a certain cognizance
+or badge embroidered or set upon the sleeves of their coats which was a
+representation of the five wounds of Christ, and in the midst thereof was
+written the name of Our Lord, and thus the rebellious garrison of Satan
+set forth and decked themselves with his false and counterfeited signs
+of holiness, only to delude and deceive the simple and ignorant people.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;After the king's highness was informed of this
+newly arisen insurrection he, making no delay in so weighty a matter, caused
+with all speed the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, the marquis of Exeter,
+the earl of Shrewsbury and others, accompanied by his mighty and royal
+army which was of great power and strength, immediately to set upon the
+rebels.&amp;nbsp; But when these noble captains and counsellors approached
+the rebels and saw their number and how they were determined on battle,
+they worked with great prudence to pacify all without shedding blood.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;But the northern men were so stiff-necked that
+they would in no way stoop, but stoutly stood and maintained their wicked
+enterprise.&amp;nbsp; Therefore the abovesaid nobles, perceiving and seeing
+no other was to pacify these wretched rebels, agreed upon a battle; ...
+but the night before the day appointed for the battle a little rain fell,
+nothing to speak of, but yet as if by a great miracle of God the water,
+which was a very small ford which the day before men might have gone over
+dry shod, suddenly rose to such a height depth and breadth that no man
+who lived there had ever seen before, so that on the day, even when the
+hour of battle should have some, it was impossible for one army to get
+at the other.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;After this appointment made between both the armies,
+disappointed, as it is to be thought, only by God who extended his great
+mercy and had compassion on the great number of innocent persons who in
+that deadly slaughter would have been likely to have been murdered, could
+not take place.&amp;nbsp; Then... a consultation was held and a pardon obtained
+from
+the king's majesty for all the captains and chief movers of this insurrection,
+and they promised that such things as they found themselves aggrieved by,
+all would be gently heard and their reasonable petitions granted, and that
+their articles should be presented to the king, so that by his highness'
+authority and the wisdom of his council all things should be brought to
+good order and conclusion.&amp;nbsp; And with this order every man quietly
+departed, and those who before were bent as hot as fire on fighting, being
+presented by God, went now peaceably to their houses, and were as cold
+as water.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082601&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082601&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5bab.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5bab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5bab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4702</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">introduction to the Tudor England website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Introduction to the Website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5babcd1fbea949f078c430</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5bab.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">intro.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;707&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;43&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial size=+2&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/intro.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Introduction&quot; width=&quot;307&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;The &lt;B&gt;Tudor England&lt;/B&gt; website is a labor of love which was 
+  established in the summer of 1997.&amp;nbsp; Since then, thousands of visitors 
+  have used it for entertainment and research.&amp;nbsp; And the site has grown and 
+  will undoubtedly keep growing until I develop Tudoritis.&amp;nbsp; This condition 
+  occurs when one spends too much time reading about Henry VIII and too little 
+  time outside interacting with other human beings.&amp;nbsp; The sufferer can be 
+  identified by pale, clammy skin, fingers stiffened from too much typing and 
+  eyes reddened from too much reading, squinting and peering at the computer 
+  screen.&amp;nbsp; They are apt to eat mutton, drink ale and find portraits of 
+  Thomas Seymour the ultimate in sexiness.&amp;nbsp; They mutter such phrases as 
+  &quot;God's oath!&quot; and begin every sentence with the word &quot;thou&quot;.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=Arial&gt;Avoid them at all costs.&amp;nbsp; If contact cannot be avoided, hit 
+  them with a copy of John Guy's &lt;I&gt;Tudor England.&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=Arial&gt;There is no cure for Tudoritis but it can be controlled through a 
+  strict diet of just one Tudor-related book a week.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;Everything at this site was written by me; &lt;/B&gt;every 
+  fact was checked and double-checked.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;In the course 
+      of my research, I have happily noted that this site is more accurate than 
+      many books published about Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; In other words, despite 
+      the many warnings about internet inaccuracies, the printed page does not 
+      guarantee either truth or objectivity.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;Respect for the work involved in 
+  creating and maintaining internet sites is sorely lacking in some 
+  visitors.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to borrow an image or bit of text,
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2femail.html&quot;&gt;please write 
+  and ask&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I have yet to turn anyone down and such simple courtesy 
+  means a great deal.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;Click &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fresearch.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/A&gt; for help with 
+  research, including the correct Turabian/MLA citation style for internet 
+  sources and various copyright issues, and &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcopyright.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/A&gt; for a shorter 
+  discussion of copyright.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to learn more about the right 
+  to reproduce works of art on the internet, &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fart.html&quot;&gt;please click 
+  here&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;As for me, I'm just a girl who lives in &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.annapolis.org&quot;&gt;Annapolis&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; You are welcome to &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Questions/comments&quot;&gt;write to 
+  me&lt;/A&gt; with questions and comments.&amp;nbsp; I try to respond to most messages 
+  within a couple of weeks.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to 
+Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082646&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082646&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5d58.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5d58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5d58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">35163</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5d58b2f095f04a321ee7d1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215263</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5d58.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER VIII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;THE PROTECTORATE OF THE NETHERLANDS: 1584-86&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;WE are now approaching the great crisis of the reign, some 
+    may think of English history--the grand struggle with Spain; a struggle 
+    which, if Elizabeth had allowed herself to be guided by her most celebrated 
+    counsellors, would have been entered upon a quarter of a century earlier. 
+    England was then unarmed and weighed down with a load of debt, the legacy of 
+    three thriftless and pugnacious reigns. The population was still mainly 
+    Catholic. The great nobles still thought themselves a match for the crown, 
+    and many of them longed to make one more effort to assert their old position 
+    in the State. Trade and industry were languishing. The poorer classes were 
+    suffering and discontented. Scotland was in the hands of a most dangerous 
+    enemy, whose title to the English crown was held by many to be better than 
+    Elizabeth's. Philip II., as yet unharassed by revolt, seemed almost to have 
+    drawn England as a sort of satellite into the vast orbit of his empire. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nearly a generation had now passed away since Elizabeth 
+    ascended the throne. Every year of it had seen some amendment in the 
+    condition of the country. Under a pacific and thrifty Government taxation 
+    had been light beyond precedent. All debts, even those of Henry VIII., had 
+    been honourably paid off. While the lord of American gold mines and of the 
+    richest commercial centres in Europe could not raise a loan on any terms, 
+    Elizabeth could borrow when she pleased at five per cent. But she had ceased 
+    to borrow, for she had a modest surplus stored in her treasury, a department 
+    of the administration managed under her own close personal supervision. A 
+    numerous militia had been enrolled and partially trained. Large magazines of 
+    arms had been accumulated. A navy had been created; not a large one indeed; 
+    but it did not need to be large, for the warship of those days did not 
+    differ from the ordinary vessel of commerce, nor was its crew differently 
+    trained. The royal navy could therefore be indefinitely increased if need 
+    arose. Philip's great generals, Alva and Parma, had long come to the 
+    conclusion that the conquest of England would be the most difficult 
+    enterprise their master could undertake. The wealth of landed proprietors 
+    and traders had increased enormously. New manufactures had been started by 
+    exiles from the Netherlands. New branches of foreign commerce had been 
+    opened up. The poor were well employed and contented. I believe it would be 
+    impossible to find in the previous history of England, or, for that matter, 
+    of Europe, since the fall of the Roman Empire, any instance of peace, 
+    prosperity, and good government extending over so many years. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Looking abroad we find that in all directions the strength 
+    and security of Elizabeth's position had been immensely increased. Her 
+    ministers, especially Walsingham--for Burghley in his old age came at last 
+    to see more with the eyes of his mistress--believed that by a more spirited 
+    policy Scotland might have been converted into a submissive and valuable 
+    ally. Elizabeth alone saw that this was impossible; that, so treated, 
+    Scotland would become to England what Holland was to Philip, what &amp;quot;the 
+    Spanish ulcer&amp;quot; was afterwards to Napoleon--a fatal drain on her strength and 
+    resources. It was enough for Elizabeth if the northern kingdom was so 
+    handled as to be harmless; and this, as I have shown, was in fact its 
+    condition from the moment that the only Scottish ruler who could be really 
+    dangerous was locked up in England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Dutch revolt crippled Philip. The conquest of England 
+    was postponed till the Dutch revolt should be suppressed. Why then, it has 
+    been asked, did not Elizabeth support the Dutch more vigorously? The answer 
+    is a simple one. If she had done so the suppression of the Dutch revolt 
+    would have been postponed to the conquest of England. This is proved by the 
+    events now to be related. Elizabeth was obliged by new circumstances to 
+    intervene more vigorously in the Netherlands, and the result was the Armada. 
+    If the attack had come ten or fifteen years earlier the fortune of England 
+    might have been different. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's foreign policy has been judged unfavourably by 
+    writers who have failed to keep in view how completely it turned on her 
+    relations with France. Though her interests and those of Henry III cannot be 
+    called identical, they coincided sufficiently to make it possible to keep up 
+    a good understanding which was of the highest advantage to both countries. 
+    But to maintain this good understanding there was need of the coolest temper 
+    and judgment on the part of the rulers; for the two peoples were hopelessly 
+    hostile. They were like two gamecocks in adjoining pens. The Spaniards were 
+    respected and liked by our countrymen. Their grave dignity, even their stiff 
+    assumption of intrinsic superiority, were too like our own not to awake a 
+    certain appreciative sympathy. Whereas all Englishmen from peer to peasant 
+    would at any time have enjoyed a tussle with France, until its burdens began 
+    to be felt. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Henry III, with whom the Valois dynasty was about to expire, 
+    was far from being the incompetent driveller depicted by most historians. He 
+    had good abilities, plenty of natural courage when roused, and a thorough 
+    comprehension of the politics of his day. His aims and plans were well 
+    conceived. But with no child to care for, and immersed in degrading 
+    self-indulgence, he wearied of the exertions and sacrifices necessary for 
+    carrying them through. Short spells of sensible and energetic action were 
+    succeeded by periods of unworthy lassitude and pusillanimous surrender. 
+    Before he came to the throne he had been the chief organiser of the 
+    Bartholomew Massacre. As King he naturally inclined, like Elizabeth, William 
+    of Orange, and Henry of Navarre, to make considerations of religion 
+    subordinate to considerations of State. Both he and Navarre would have been 
+    glad to throw over the fanatical or factious partisans by whom they were 
+    surrounded, and rally the &lt;i&gt;Politiques&lt;/i&gt; to their support. But it was a 
+    step that neither as yet ventured openly to take. The one was obliged to 
+    affect zeal for the old religion, the other for the new. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's ministers, with short-sighted animosity, had 
+    been urging her throughout her reign to give vigorous support to the 
+    Huguenots. She herself took a broader view of the situation. She preferred 
+    to deal with the legitimate government of France recognised by the vast 
+    majority of Frenchmen. Henry III., as she well knew, did not intend or 
+    desire to exterminate the Huguenots. If that turbulent faction had been 
+    openly abetted in its arrogant claims by English assistance, he would have 
+    been obliged to become the mere instrument of Elizabeth's worst enemies, 
+    Guise and the Holy League. France would have ceased to be any counterpoise 
+    to Spain. The English Queen had so skilfully played a most difficult and 
+    delicate game that Henry of Navarre had been able to keep his head above 
+    water; Guise had upon the whole been held in check; the royal authority, 
+    though impaired, had still controlled the foreign policy of France, and so, 
+    since 1572, had given England a firm and useful ally. As long as this 
+    balanced situation could be maintained, England was safe. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;But the time was now at hand when this nice equilibrium of 
+    forces would be disturbed by events which neither Elizabeth nor any one else 
+    could help. AlenÃ§on, the last of the Valois line, was dying. When he should 
+    be gone, the next heir to the French King would be no other than the 
+    Huguenot Henry of Bourbon, King of the tiny morsel of Navarre that lay north 
+    of the Pyrenees. Henry III. wished to recognise his right. But it was 
+    impossible that Guise or Philip, or the French nation itself, should 
+    tolerate this prospect. Thus the great war of religion which Elizabeth had 
+    so carefully abstained from stirring up was now inevitable. The French 
+    alliance, the key-stone of her policy, was about to crumble away with the 
+    authority of the French King which she had buttressed up. He would be 
+    compelled either to become the mere instrument of the Papal party or to 
+    combine openly with the Huguenot leader. In either case, Guise, not Henry 
+    III., would be the virtual sovereign, and Elizabeth's alliance would not be 
+    with France but with a French faction. She would thus be forced into the 
+    position which she had hitherto refused to accept--that of sole protector of 
+    French and Dutch Protestants, and open antagonist of Spain. The more showy 
+    part she was now to play has been the chief foundation of her glory with 
+    posterity. It is a glory which she deserves. The most industrious 
+    disparagement will never rob her of it. But the sober student will be of 
+    opinion that her reputation as a statesman has a more solid basis in the 
+    skill and firmness with which during so many years she staved off the 
+    necessity for decisive action. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Although the discovery of the Throgmorton plot (November 
+    1583), and the consequent expulsion of the Spanish ambassador, Mendoza, were 
+    not immediately followed by open war between England and Spain, yet the 
+    course of events thenceforward tended directly to that issue. Elizabeth 
+    immediately proposed to the Dutch States to form a naval alliance against 
+    Spain, and to concert other measures for mutual defence. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Orange met the offer with alacrity, and pressed Elizabeth to 
+    accept the sovereignty of Holland, Zealand, and Utrecht. Perhaps there was 
+    no former ruler of England who would not have clutched at such an 
+    opportunity of territorial aggrandisement. For Elizabeth it had no charms. 
+    Every sensible person now will applaud the sobriety of her aims. But though 
+    she eschewed territory, she desired to have military occupation of one or 
+    more coast fortresses, at all events for a time, both as a security for the 
+    fidelity of the Dutch to any engagements they might make with her, and to 
+    enable her to treat on more equal terms with France or Spain, if the 
+    Netherlands were destined, after all, to fall into the hands of one of those 
+    powers. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;While these negotiations were in progress, William of Orange 
+    was murdered (1584). AlenÃ§on had died a month earlier. The sovereignty of 
+    the revolted Netherlands was thus vacant. Elizabeth advised a joint 
+    protectorate by France and England. But the Dutch had small confidence in 
+    protectorates, especially of the joint kind. What they wanted was a 
+    sovereign, and as Elizabeth would not accept them as her subjects they 
+    offered themselves to Henry III. But after nibbling at the offer for eight 
+    months Henry was obliged to refuse it. His openly expressed intention to 
+    recognise the King of Navarre as his heir had caused a revival of the Holy 
+    League. During the winter 1584-5 its reorganisation was busily going on. 
+    Philip promised to subsidise it. Mendoza, now ambassador at Paris, was its 
+    life and soul. The insurrection was on the point of breaking out. Henry III 
+    knew that the vast majority of Frenchmen were Catholics. To accept the Dutch 
+    offer would, he feared, drive them all into the ranks of the Holy League. He 
+    therefore dismissed the Dutch envoys with the recommendation that they 
+    should apply to England for protection (1585). The manifesto of the Leaguers 
+    appeared at the end of March (1585). Henry of Navarre was declared 
+    incapable, as a Protestant, of succeeding to the crown. Henry III. was 
+    summoned to extirpate heresy. To enforce these demands the Leaguers flew to 
+    arms all over France. Had Henry III. been a man of spirit he would have 
+    placed himself at the head of the loyal Catholics and fought it out. But by 
+    the compact of Nemours he conceded all the demands of the League (1585). &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Thus began the last great war of religion, which lasted till Henry of 
+    Navarre was firmly seated on the throne of France. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had now finally lost the French alliance, the 
+    sheet-anchor of her policy since 1572, and she prepared for the grand 
+    struggle which could no longer be averted. As France failed her, she must 
+    make the best of the Dutch alliance. She did not conceal from herself that 
+    she would have to do her share of the fighting. But she was determined that 
+    the Dutch should also do theirs. Deprived of all hope of help from France 
+    they wished for annexation to the English crown, because solidarity between 
+    the two countries would give them an unlimited claim upon English resources. 
+    Elizabeth uniformly told them, first and last, that nothing should induce 
+    her to accept that proposal. She would give them a definite amount of
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    assistance in men and money. But every farthing would have to be repaid when 
+    the war was over; and in the meantime she must have Flushing and Brill as 
+    security. They must also bind themselves to make proper exertions in their 
+    own defence. Gilpin, her agent in Zealand, had warned her that if she showed 
+    herself too forward they would simply throw the whole burden of the war upon 
+    her. Splendid as had often been the resistance of separate towns when 
+    besieged, there had been, from the first, lamentable selfishness and apathy 
+    as to measures for combined defence. The States had less than 6000 men in 
+    the field--half of them English volunteers--at the very time when they were 
+    assuring Elizabeth that, if she would come to their assistance, they could 
+    and would furnish 15,000. She was justified in regarding their fine promises 
+    with much distrust. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;While this discussion was going on, Antwerp was lost. The 
+    blame of the delay, if blame there was, must be divided equally between the 
+    bargainers. The truth is that, cavil as they might about details, the 
+    strength of the English contingent was not the real object of concern to 
+    either of them. Each was thinking of something else. Though Elizabeth had so 
+    peremptorily refused the sovereignty offered by the United Provinces, they 
+    were still bent on forcing it upon her. She, on the other hand, had not 
+    given up the hope that her more decisive intervention would drive Philip to 
+    make the concessions to his revolted subjects which she had so often urged 
+    upon him. In her eyes, Philip's sovereignty over them was indefeasible. They 
+    were, perhaps, justified in asserting their ancient constitutional rights 
+    But if those were guaranteed, continuance of the rebellion would be 
+    criminal. Moreover, she held that elected deputies were but amateur 
+    statesmen, and had better leave the &lt;i&gt;haute politique&lt;/i&gt; to princes to 
+    settle. &amp;quot;Princes,&amp;quot; she once told a Dutch deputation, &amp;quot;are not to be charged 
+    with breach of faith if they sometimes listen to both sides; for they 
+    transact business in a princely way and with a princely understanding such 
+    as private persons cannot have.&amp;quot; Her promise not to make peace behind their 
+    backs was not to be interpreted as literally as if it had been made to a 
+    brother prince. It merely bound her--so she contended--not to make peace 
+    without safeguarding their interests; that is to say, what she considered to 
+    be their true interests. Conduct based on such a theory would not be 
+    tolerated now, and was not tamely acquiesced in by the Dutch then. But to 
+    speak of it as base and treacherous is an abuse of terms. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to follow in detail the peace 
+    negotiations which went on between Elizabeth and Parma up to the very 
+    sailing of the Armada (1586-8). The terms on which the Queen was prepared to 
+    make peace never varied substantially from first to last. We know very well 
+    what they were. She claimed for the Protestants of the Netherlands (who were 
+    a minority, perhaps, even in the rebel provinces) precisely the same degree 
+    of toleration which she allowed to her own Catholics. They were not to be 
+    questioned about their religion; but there was to be no public worship or 
+    proselytising. The old constitution, as before Alva, was to be restored, 
+    which would have involved the departure of the foreign troops. These terms 
+    would not have satisfied the States, and if Philip could have been induced 
+    to grant them, the States and Elizabeth must have parted company. But, as he 
+    would make no concessions, the Anglo-Dutch alliance could, and did, 
+    continue. The cautionary towns she was determined never to give up to any 
+    one unless (first) she was repaid her expenses for which they had been 
+    mortgaged, and (secondly) the struggle in the Netherlands was brought to an 
+    end on terms which she approved. There was, therefore, never any danger of 
+    their being surrendered to Philip, and they did, in fact, remain in 
+    Elizabeth's hands till her death. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth has been severely censured for selecting Leicester 
+    to command the English army in the Netherlands. It is certain that he was 
+    marked out by public opinion as the fittest person. The Queen's choice was 
+    heartily approved by all her ministers, especially by Walsingham, who kept 
+    up the most confidential relations with Leicester, and backed him 
+    throughout. Custom prescribed that an English army should be commanded, not 
+    by a professional soldier, but by a great nobleman. Among the nobility there 
+    were a few who had done a little soldiering in a rough way in Scotland or 
+    Ireland, but no one who could be called a professional general. The 
+    momentous step which Elizabeth was taking would have lost half its 
+    significance in the eyes of Europe if any less conspicuous person than 
+    Leicester had been appointed. Moreover, it was essential that the nobleman 
+    selected should be able and willing to spend largely out of his own 
+    resources. By traditional usage, derived from feudal times, peers who were 
+    employed on temporary services not only received no salary, but were 
+    expected to defray their own expenses, and defray them handsomely. Never did 
+    an English nobleman show more public spirit in this respect than Leicester. 
+    He raised every penny he could by mortgaging his estates. He not only paid 
+    his own personal expenses, but advanced large sums for military purposes, 
+    which his mistress never thought of repaying him. If he effected little as a 
+    general, it was because he was not provided with the means. Serious mistakes 
+    he certainly made, but they were not of a military kind. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Leicester was now fifty-four, bald, white-bearded, and 
+    red-faced, but still imposing in figure, carriage, and dress. To Elizabeth 
+    he was dear as the friend of her youth, one who, she was persuaded, had 
+    loved her for herself when they were both thirty years younger, and was 
+    still her most devoted and trustworthy servant. Burghley she liked and 
+    trusted, and all the more since he had become a more docile instrument of 
+    her policy. Walsingham, a keener intellect and more independent character, 
+    she could not but value, though impatient under his penetrating suspicion 
+    and almost constant disapproval. Leicester was the intimate friend, the 
+    frequent companion of her leisure hours. None of her younger favourites had 
+    supplanted him in her regard. By long intimacy he knew the &lt;i&gt;molles aditus 
+    et tempora&lt;/i&gt; when things might be said without offence which were not 
+    acceptable at the council-board. The other ministers were glad to use him 
+    for this purpose. There can be no question that his appointment to the 
+    command in the Netherlands was meant as the most decisive indication that 
+    could be given of Elizabeth's determination to face open war with Philip 
+    rather than allow him to establish absolute government in that country. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Since the deaths of AlenÃ§on and William of Orange, the 
+    United Provinces had been without a ruler. The government had been 
+    provisionally carried on by the &amp;quot;States,&amp;quot; or deputies from each province. 
+    Leicester had come with no other title than that of LieutenantGeneral of the 
+    Queen's troops. But what the States wanted was not so much a military leader 
+    as a sovereign ruler. They therefore urged Leicester to accept the powers 
+    and title of Governor-General, the office which had been held by the 
+    representatives of Philip. From this it would follow, both logically and 
+    practically, that Elizabeth herself stood in the place of Philip--in other 
+    words, that she was committed to the sovereignty which she had so 
+    peremptorily refused. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The offer was accepted by Leicester almost immediately after 
+    his arrival (14/24 January 1586). There can be little doubt that it was a 
+    preconcerted plan between the States and Elizabeth's ministers, who had all 
+    along supported the Dutch proposals. Leicester, we know, had contemplated it 
+    before leaving England. Davison, who was in Holland, hurried it on, and 
+    undertook to carry the news to Elizabeth. Burghley and Walsingham maintained 
+    that the step had been absolutely necessary, and implored her not to undo 
+    it. Elizabeth herself had suspected that something of the sort would be 
+    attempted, and had strictly enjoined Leicester at his departure to accept no 
+    such title. It was not that she wished his powers--that is to say, her own 
+    powers--to be circumscribed. On the contrary, she desired that they should 
+    in practice be as large and absolute as possible. What she objected to was 
+    the title, with all the consequences it involved. And what enraged her most 
+    of all was the attempt of her servants to push the thing through behind her 
+    back, on the calculation that she would be obliged to accept the 
+    accomplished fact. Her wrath vented itself on all concerned, on her 
+    ministers, on the States, and on Leicester. To the latter she addressed a 
+    characteristic letter:-- &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To my Lord of Leicester from the Queen by Sir Thomas 
+      Heneage. &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;How contemptuously we conceive ourself to have been used 
+      by you, you shall by this bearer understand, whom we have expressly sent 
+      unto you to charge you withal. We could never have imagined, had we not 
+      seen it fall out in experience, that a man raised up by ourself and 
+      extraordinarily favoured by us above any other subject of this land, would 
+      have in so contemptible [contemptuous] a sort, broken our commandment, in 
+      a cause that so greatly toucheth us in honour; whereof although you have 
+      showed yourself to make but little account, in most undutiful a sort, you 
+      may not therefore think that we have so little care of the reparation 
+      thereof as we mind to pass so great a wrong in silence unredressed. And 
+      therefore our express pleasure and command is that, all delays and excuses 
+      laid apart, you do presently, on the duty of your allegiance, obey and 
+      fulfil whatsoever the bearer hereof shall direct you to do in our name. 
+      Whereof fail not, as you will answer the contrary at your uttermost 
+      peril.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nor were these cutting reproaches reserved for his private 
+    perusal. She severely rebuked the States for encouraging &amp;quot;a creature of her 
+    own&amp;quot; to disobey her injunctions, and, as a reparation from them and from 
+    him, she required that he should make a public resignation of the government 
+    in the place where he had accepted it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is not to be wondered at that Elizabeth should think the 
+    vindication of her outraged authority to be the most pressing requirement of 
+    the moment. But the result was unfortunate for the object of the expedition. 
+    The States had conferred &amp;quot;absolute&amp;quot; authority upon Leicester, and would have 
+    thought it a cheap price to pay if, by their adroit manÅuvre, they had 
+    succeeded in forcing the Queen's hand. But they did not care to intrust 
+    absolute powers to a mere general of an English contingent. After long 
+    discussion, Elizabeth was at length persuaded that the least of evils was to 
+    allow him to retain the title which the States had conferred on him ( June 
+    1586). But in the meantime they had repented of their haste in letting power 
+    go out of their own hands. Their efforts were thenceforth directed to 
+    explain away the term &amp;quot;absolute.&amp;quot; The long displeasure of the Queen had 
+    destroyed the principal value of Leicester in their eye. He himself had soon 
+    incurred their dislike. Impetuous and domineering, he could not endure 
+    opposition. Every man who did not fall in with his plans was a malicious 
+    enemy, a traitor, a tool of Parma, who ought to be hanged. He still enjoyed 
+    the favour of the democratic and bigoted Calvinist party, especially in 
+    Utrecht, and he tried to play them off against the States, thereby promoting 
+    the rise of the factions which long afterwards distracted the United 
+    Provinces. The displeasures of the Queen had taken the shape of not sending 
+    him money, and his troops were in great distress and unable to move. 
+    Moreover, rumours of the secret peace negotiations were craftily spread by 
+    Parma, who, knowing well that they would come to nothing, turned them to the 
+    best account by leading the States to suspect that they were being betrayed 
+    to Spain. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had sent her army abroad more as a warning to 
+    Philip than with a view to active operations. It was no part of her plan to 
+    recover any of the territory already conquered by Parma, even if it had lain 
+    in her power. She knew that the majority of its inhabitants were Catholics 
+    and royalists. She knew also that Parma's attenuated army was considerably 
+    outnumbered by the Anglo-Dutch forces, and that he was in dire distress for 
+    food and money. The recovered provinces were completely ruined by the war. 
+    Their commerce was swept from the sea. The mouths of their great rivers were 
+    blockaded. The Protestants of Flanders and Brabant had largely migrated to 
+    the unsubdued provinces, whose prosperity, notwithstanding the burdens of 
+    war, was advancing by leaps and bounds. Their population was about two 
+    millions. That of England itself was little more than four. Religion was no 
+    longer the only or the chief motive of their resistance. For even the 
+    Catholics among them, who were still very numerous--some said a majority 
+    --keenly relished the material prosperity which had grown with independence. 
+    Encouraged by English protection, the States were in no humour to listen to 
+    compromise. But a compromise was what Elizabeth desired. She was therefore 
+    not unwilling that her forces should be confined to an attitude of 
+    observation, till it should appear whether her open intervention would 
+    extract from Philip such concessions as she deemed reasonable. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Leicester was eager to get to work, and he was warmly 
+    supported by Walsingham. Burghley's conduct was less straightforward. He had 
+    long found it advisable to cultivate amicable relations with the favourite. 
+    He had probably concurred in the plan for making him Governor-General. Even 
+    now he was professing to take his part. In reality he was not sorry to see 
+    him under a cloud; and though he sympathised as much as ever with the Dutch, 
+    he cared more for crippling his rival. Hence his activity in those obscure 
+    peace negotiations which he so carefully concealed from Leicester and 
+    Walsingham. To keep Walsingham long in the dark, on that or any other 
+    subject, was indeed impossible. It was found necessary at last to let him be 
+    present at an interview with the agents employed by Burghley and Parma, 
+    which brought their backstairs diplomacy to an abrupt conclusion. &amp;quot;They that 
+    have been the employers of them,&amp;quot; he wrote to Leicester, &amp;quot;are ashamed of the 
+    matter.&amp;quot; The negotiations went on through other channels, but never made any 
+    serious progress. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To compel Philip to listen to a compromise, without at the 
+    same time emboldening the Dutch to turn a deaf ear to it--such was the 
+    problem which Elizabeth had set herself. She therefore preferred to apply 
+    pressure in other quarters. Towards the end of 1585, Drake appeared on the 
+    coast of Spain itself, and plundered Vigo. Then crossing the Atlantic, he 
+    sacked and burned St. Domingo and Carthagena. Again in 1587, he forced his 
+    way into Cadiz harbour, burnt all the shipping and the stores collected for 
+    the Armada, and for two months plundered and destroyed every vessel he met 
+    off the coast of Portugal. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Philip had so long and so tamely submitted to the many 
+    injuries and indignities which Elizabeth heaped upon him, that it is not 
+    wonderful if she had come to think that he would never pluck up courage to 
+    retaliate. This time she was wrong. The conquest of England had always had 
+    its place in his overloaded programme. But it was to be in that hazy 
+    ever-receding future, when he should have put down the Dutch rebellion and 
+    neutralised France. Elizabeth's open intervention in the Netherlands at 
+    length induced him to change his plan. England, he now decided, must be 
+    first dealt with. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Parma's operations in the Netherlands were 
+    starved quite as much as Leicester's. Plundering excursions, two or three 
+    petty combats not deserving the name of battles, half-a-dozen small towns 
+    captured on one side or the other--such is the military record from the date 
+    of Elizabeth's intervention to the arrival of the Armada. Parma had somewhat 
+    the best of this work, such as it was. But the war in the Netherlands was 
+    practically stagnant. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;At the end of the first year of Leicester's government, 
+    events of the highest importance obliged him to pay a visit to England ( 
+    Nov. 1586). The Queen of Scots had been found guilty of conspiring to 
+    assassinate Elizabeth, and Parliament had been summoned to decide upon her 
+    fate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapternine.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    IX: The Execution of the Queen of Scots: 1584-1587&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082626&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082626&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5faa.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5faa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH5faa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2775</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fitzroy/Stafford/Blount Genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5faad9a3db2a4add0dfa3a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215268</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5faa.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Fitzroy Genealogy&quot; height=48 width=328&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Elizabeth Stafford&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born ?
+&lt;br&gt;daughter of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham (led failed revolt against
+Richard III &amp;amp; was executed for treason) and Catherine Woodville
+&lt;br&gt;married Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk
+&lt;br&gt;died May 1532
+&lt;br&gt;buried in Essex&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#006600&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;interesting notes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt; Elizabeth
+Stafford's mother, Catherine Woodville, was the niece of Queen Elizabeth
+Woodville and daughter of Jacquetta of Luxembourg
+&lt;br&gt;also, Henry's illegitimate son with Elizabeth Blount married Elizabeth
+Stafford's daughter, Mary Howard!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Elizabeth Blount, known as Bessie Blount&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born about 1502
+&lt;br&gt;daughter of Sir John Blount of Shropshire
+&lt;br&gt;married Gilbert, Lord Talboys
+&lt;br&gt;mother of Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond (father was Henry VIII)
+&lt;br&gt;died 1539
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Henry Fitzroy&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born early June1519
+&lt;br&gt;son of Elizabeth Blount and Henry VIII, king of England
+&lt;br&gt;created duke of Richmond, duke of Somerset &amp;amp; earl of Nottingham
+21 June 1524
+&lt;br&gt;married to Mary Howard 1533
+&lt;br&gt;died 1536/7
+&lt;br&gt;buried in Thetford (wrapped in lead rather than in a traditional coffin)&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#006600&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;interesting note:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt; once,
+in an effort to work out the complicated Tudor succession while Henry &amp;amp;
+Katharine were still married, some suggested Fitzroy marry his half-sister,
+Princess Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Oddly enough, the plan was endorsed by the pope!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealogy.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082713&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082713&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6095.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6095.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6095.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,625 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">43748</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter X</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6095703497b10345188f6c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215264</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6095.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER X&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;WAR WITH SPAIN: 1587-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH is not seen at her best in war. She did not easily 
+    resign herself to its sacrifices. It frightened her to see the money which 
+    she had painfully put together, pound by pound, during so many years, by 
+    many a small economy, draining out at the rate of Â£17,000 a month into the 
+    bottomless pit of military expenditure. When Leicester came back she simply 
+    stopped all remittances to the Netherlands, making sure that if she did not 
+    feed her soldiers some one else would have to do it. She saw that Parma was 
+    not pressing forward. And though rumours of the enormous preparations in 
+    Spain, which accounted for his inactivity, continued to pour in, she still 
+    hoped that her intervention in the Netherlands was bending Philip to 
+    concessions. All this time Parma was steadily carrying out his master's 
+    plans for the invasion. His little army was to be trebled in the autumn by 
+    reinforcements principally from Italy. In the meantime he was collecting a 
+    flotilla of flat-bottomed boats. As soon as the Armada should appear they 
+    were to make the passage under its protection. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It would answer no useful purpose, even if my limits 
+    permitted it, to enter into the particulars of Elizabeth's policy towards 
+    the United Provinces during the twelve months that preceded the appearance 
+    of the Armada. Her proceedings were often tortuous, and by setting them 
+    forth in minute detail her detractors have not found it difficult to 
+    represent them as treacherous. But, living three centuries later, what have 
+    we to consider but the general scope and drift of her policy? Looking at it 
+    as a whole we shall find that, whether we approve of it or not, it was 
+    simple, consistent, and undisguised. She had no intention of abandoning the 
+    Provinces to Philip, still less of betraying them. But she did wish them to 
+    return to their allegiance, if she could procure for them proper guarantees 
+    for such liberties as they had been satisfied with before Philip's tyranny 
+    began. If Philip had been wise he would have made those concessions. 
+    Elizabeth is not to be over-much blamed if she clung too long to the belief 
+    that he could be persuaded or compelled to do what was so much for his own 
+    interest. If she was deceived so was Burghley. Walsingham is entitled to the 
+    credit of having from first to last refused to believe that the negotiations 
+    were anything but a blind. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Though Elizabeth desired peace, she did not cease to deal 
+    blows at Philip. In the spring of 1587 (April-June), while she was most 
+    earnestly pushing her negotiations with Parma, she despatched Drake on a new 
+    expedition to the Spanish coast. He forced his way into the harbours of 
+    Cadiz and Corunna, destroyed many ships and immense stores, and came back 
+    loaded with plunder. The Armada had not been crippled, for most of the ships 
+    that were to compose it were lying in the Tagus. But the concentration had 
+    been delayed. Fresh stores had to be collected. Drake calculated, and as it 
+    proved rightly, that another season at least would be consumed in repairing 
+    the loss, and that England, for that summer and autumn, could rest secure of 
+    invasion. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The delay was most unwelcome to Philip. The expense of 
+    keeping such a fleet and army on foot through the winter would be enormous. 
+    Spain was maintaining not only the Armada but the army of Parma; for the 
+    resources of the Netherlands, which had been the true El Dorado of the 
+    Spanish monarchy, were completely dried up. So impatient was Philip 
+    --usually the slowest of men--that he proposed to despatch the Armada even 
+    in September, and actually wrote to Parma that he might expect it at any 
+    moment. But, as Drake had calculated, September was gone before everything 
+    was ready. The naval experts protested against the rashness of facing the 
+    autumnal gales, with no friendly harbour on either side of the Channel in 
+    which to take refuge. Philip then made the absurd suggestion that the army 
+    from the Netherlands should cross by itself in its flat-bottomed boats. But 
+    Parma told him that it was absolutely out of the question. Four English 
+    ships could sink the whole flotilla. In the meantime his soldiers, waiting 
+    on the Dunkirk Downs and exposed to the severities of the weather, were 
+    dying off like flies. Philip and Elizabeth resembled one another in this, 
+    that neither of them had any personal experience of war either by land or 
+    sea. For a Queen this was natural. For a King it was unnatural, and for an 
+    ambitious King unprecedented. They did not understand the proper adaptation 
+    of means to ends. Yet it was necessary to obtain their sanction before 
+    anything could be done. Hence there was much mismanagement on both sides. 
+    Still England was in no real danger during the summer and autumn of 1587, 
+    because Philip's preparations were not completed; and before the end of the 
+    year the English fleet was lying in the Channel. But the Queen grudged the 
+    expense of keeping the crews up to their full complement. The supply of 
+    provisions and ammunition was also very inadequate. The expensiveness of war 
+    is generally a sufficient reason for not going to war; but to attempt to do 
+    war cheaply is always unwise. &amp;quot;Sparing and war,&amp;quot; as Effingham observed, 
+    &amp;quot;have no affinity together.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Drake strongly urged that, instead of trying to guard the 
+    Channel, the English fleet should make for the coast of Spain, and boldly 
+    assail the Armada as soon as it put to sea. This was the advice of a man who 
+    had all the shining qualities of Nelson, and seems to have been in no 
+    respect his inferior. It was no counsel of desperation. He was confident of 
+    success. Lord Howard of Effingham, the Admiral, was of the same opinion. The 
+    negotiations were odious to him. For Burghley, who clings to them, he has no 
+    more reverence than Hamlet had for Polonius. &amp;quot;Since England was England,&amp;quot; he 
+    writes to Walsingham, &amp;quot;there was never such a stratagem and mask to deceive 
+    her as this treaty of peace. I pray God that we do not curse for this a long 
+    grey beard with a white head witless, that will make all the world think us 
+    heartless. You know whom I mean.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;With the hopes and fears of these sea-heroes, it is 
+    instructive to compare the forecast of the great soldier who was to conduct 
+    the invasion. Always obedient and devoted to his sovereign, Parma played his 
+    part in the deceptive negotiations with consummate skill. But his own 
+    opinion was that it would be wise to negotiate in good faith and accept the 
+    English terms. Though prepared to undertake the invasion, he took a very 
+    serious view of the risks to be encountered. He tells Philip that the 
+    English preparations are formidable both by land and sea. Even if the 
+    passage should be safely accomplished, disembarkation would be difficult. 
+    His army, reduced by the hardships of the winter from 30,000 men, which he 
+    had estimated as the proper number, to less than 17,000, was dangerously 
+    small for the work expected of it. He would have to fight battle after 
+    battle, and the further he advanced the weaker would his army become both 
+    from losses and from the necessity of protecting his communications. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Parma had carefully informed himself of the preparations in 
+    England. From the beginning of Elizabeth's reign, attention had been paid to 
+    the organisation, training, and equipment of the militia, and especially 
+    since the relations with Spain had become more hostile. On paper it seems to 
+    have amounted to 117,000 men. Mobilisation was a local business. Sir John 
+    Norris drew up the plan of defence. Beacon fires did the work of the 
+    telegraph. Every man knew whither he was to repair when their blaze should 
+    be seen. The districts to be abandoned, the positions to be defended, the 
+    bridges to be broken, were all marked out. Three armies, calculated to 
+    amount in the aggregate to 73,000 men, were ordered to assemble in July. 
+    Whether so many were actually mustered is doubtful. But Parma would 
+    certainly have found himself confronted by forces vastly superior in numbers 
+    to his own, and would have had, as he said, to fight battle after battle. 
+    The bow had not been entirely abandoned, but the greater part of the 
+    archers--two-thirds in some counties--had lately been armed with calivers. 
+    What was wanting in discipline would have been to some extent made up by the 
+    spontaneous cohesion of a force organised under its natural leaders, the 
+    nobles and gentry of each locality, not a few of whom had seen service 
+    abroad. But, after all, the greatest element of strength was the free spirit 
+    of the people. England was, and had long been, a nation of freemen. There 
+    were a few peers, and a great many knights and gentlemen. But there was no 
+    noble caste, as on the Continent, separated by an impassable barrier of 
+    birth and privilege from the mass of the people. All felt themselves 
+    fellow-countrymen bound together by common sentiments, common interests, and 
+    mutual respect. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This spirit of freedom--one might almost say of 
+    equality--made itself felt still more in the navy, and goes far to account 
+    for the cheerful energy and dash with which every service was performed. 
+    &amp;quot;The English officers lived on terms of sympathy with their men unknown to 
+    the Spaniards, who raised between the commander and the commanded absurd 
+    barriers of rank and blood which forbade to his pride any labour but that of 
+    fighting. Drake touched the true mainspring of English success when he once 
+    (in his voyage round the world) indignantly rebuked some coxcomb 
+    gentlemen-adventurers with, 'I should like to see the gentleman that will 
+    refuse to set his hand to a rope. I must have the gentlemen to hale and draw 
+    with the mariners.&amp;quot; Drake, Hawkins, Frobisher were all born of humble 
+    parents. They rose by their own valour and capacity. They had gentlemen of 
+    birth serving under them. To Howard and Cumberland and Seymour they were 
+    brothers-in-arms. The master of every little trading vessel was fired by 
+    their example, and hoped to climb as high. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is the pleasure of some writers to speak of Elizabeth's 
+    naval preparations as disgracefully insufficient, and to treat the 
+    triumphant result as a sort of miracle. To their apprehension, indeed, her 
+    whole reign is one long interference by Providence with the ordinary 
+    relations of cause and effect. The number of royal ships as compared with 
+    those of private owners in the fleet which met the great Armada-34 to 
+    161--is represented as discreditably small. By Englishmen of that day, it 
+    was considered to be. creditably large. Sir Edward Coke (who was thirtyeight 
+    at the time of the Armada), writing under Charles I., when the royal navy 
+    was much larger, says: &amp;quot;In the reign of Queen Elizabeth (I being then 
+    acquainted with this business) there were thirty-three [royal ships] besides 
+    pinnaces, which so guarded and regarded the navigation of the merchants, as 
+    they had safe vent for their commodities, and trade and traffic flourished.&amp;quot;&lt;a onclick=&quot;return pageTxt_href_onClick(this,true);&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterten.html#2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It seems to be overlooked that the royal navy, such as it 
+    was, was almost the creation of Elizabeth. Her father was the first English 
+    king who made any attempt to keep a standing navy of his own. He established 
+    the Admiralty and the first royal dockyard. Under Edward and Mary the navy, 
+    like everything else, went to ruin. Elizabeth's ship-building, humble as it 
+    seems to us, excited the admiration of her subjects, and was regarded as one 
+    of the chief advances of her reign. The ships, when not in commission, were 
+    kept in the Medway. The Queen personally paid the greatest attention to 
+    them. They were always kept in excellent condition, and could be fitted out 
+    for sea at very short notice. Economy was enforced in this, as in other 
+    departments, but not at the expense of efficiency. The wages of officers and 
+    men were very much augmented; but in the short periods for which crews were 
+    enlisted, and in the victualling, there seems to have been unwise parsimony 
+    in 1588. The grumbling of alarmists about unpreparedness, apathy, 
+    stinginess, and red-tape was precisely what it is in our own day. We know 
+    that some allowance is to be made for it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The movements of the Armada were perfectly well known in 
+    England, and all the dispositions to meet it at sea were completed in a 
+    leisurely manner. Conferences were still going on at Ostend between English 
+    and Spanish commissioners. On the part of Elizabeth there was sincerity, but 
+    not blind credulity nor any disposition to make unworthy concessions. 
+    Conferences quite as protracted have often been held between belligerents 
+    while hostilities were being actively carried on. The large majority of 
+    Englishmen were resolved to fight to the death against any invader. But, as 
+    against Spain, there was not that eager pugnacity which a war with France 
+    always called forth, except, perhaps, among the sea-rovers; and even they 
+    would have contented themselves, if it had been possible, with the 
+    unrecognized privateering which had so long given them the profits of war 
+    with the immunities of peace. The rest of the nation respected their Queen 
+    for her persevering endeavour to find a way of reconciliation with an 
+    ancient ally, and to limit, in the meantime, the area of hostilities. They 
+    were confident, and with good reason, that she would surrender no important 
+    interest, and that aggressive designs would be met, as they had always been 
+    met, more than half-way. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The story of the great victory is too well known to need 
+    repetition here. But some comments are necessary. It is usual, for one 
+    reason or other, to exaggerate the disparity of the opposing fleets, and to 
+    represent England as only saved from impending ruin by the extraordinary 
+    daring of her seamen, and a series of fortunate accidents. The final 
+    destruction of the Armada, after the pursuit was over, was certainly the 
+    work of wind and sea. But if we fairly weigh the available strength on each 
+    side, we shall see that the English commanders might from the first feel, as 
+    they did feel, a reasonable assurance of defeating the invaders. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Let us first compare the strength of the fleets: &lt;i&gt;--I will 
+    insert this graphic as soon as possible--Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Armada carried besides 21,855 soldiers. The first thing 
+    that strikes us is the immense preponderance in tonnage on the part of the 
+    Spaniards, and in sailors on the part of the English. This really goes far 
+    to explain the result. Nothing is more certain than that the Spanish ships, 
+    notwithstanding their superior size, were for fighting and sailing purposes 
+    very inferior to the English. It had always been believed that, to withstand 
+    the heavy seas of the Atlantic, a ship should be constructed like a lofty 
+    fortress. The English builders were introducing lower and longer hulls and a 
+    greater spread of canvas. Their crews, as has always been the case in oar 
+    navy, were equally handy as sailors and gunners. The Spanish ships were 
+    under-manned. The soldiers were not accustomed to work the guns, and were of 
+    no use unless it came to boarding, which Howard ordered his captains to 
+    avoid. The English guns, if fewer than the Spanish, were heavier and worked 
+    by more practised men. Their balls not only cut up the rigging of the 
+    Spaniards but tore their hulls (which were supposed to be cannon-proof), 
+    while the English ships were hardly touched. The slaughter among the 
+    wretched soldiers crowded between decks was terrible. Blood was seen pouring 
+    out of the leescuppers. &amp;quot;The English ships,&amp;quot; says a Spanish officer, &amp;quot;were 
+    under such good management that they did with them what they pleased.&amp;quot; The 
+    work was done almost entirely by the Queen's ships.&amp;quot; If you had seen,&amp;quot; says 
+    Sir William Winter, &amp;quot;the simple service done by the merchants and coast 
+    ships, you would have said we had been little helped by them, otherwise than 
+    that they did make a show.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The principal and final battle was fought off Gravelines.
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    The Armada therefore did arrive at its destination, but only to show that 
+    the general plan of the invasion was an impracticable one. The superiority 
+    in tonnage and number of guns on the morning of that day, though not what it 
+    had been when the fighting began a week before, was still immense, if 
+    superiority in those particulars had been of any use. But with this battle 
+    the plan of Philip was finally shattered. So far from being in a condition 
+    to cover Parma's passage, the Spanish admiral was glad to escape as best he 
+    could from the English pursuit. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;During the eight days' fight, be it observed, the Armada had 
+    experienced no unfavourable weather or other stroke of ill-fortune. The wind 
+    had been mostly in the west, and not tempestuous. After the last battle, 
+    when the crippled Spanish ships were drifting upon the Dutch shoals, it 
+    opportunely shifted, and enabled them to escape into the North Sea. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It would not be easy to find any great naval engagement in 
+    which the victors suffered so little. In the last battle, when they came to 
+    close quarters, they had about sixty killed. During the first seven days 
+    their loss seems to have been almost nil. One vessel only-not belonging to 
+    the Queen--became entangled among the enemy, and succumbed. Except the 
+    master of this vessel not one of the captains was killed from first to last. 
+    Many men of rank were serving in the fleet. It
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    is not mentioned that one of them was so much as wounded. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Looking at all these facts, we can surely come to only one 
+    conclusion. Philip's plan was hopeless from the first. Barring accidents, 
+    the English were bound to win. On no other occasion in our history was our 
+    country so well prepared to meet her enemies. Never was her safety from 
+    invasion so amply guaranteed. The defeat of the Great Armada was the 
+    deserved and crowning triumph of thirty years of good government at home and 
+    wise policy abroad; of careful provision for defence and sober abstinence 
+    from adventure and aggression. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Of the land preparations it is impossible to speak with 
+    equal confidence, as they were never put to the test. If the Spaniards had 
+    landed, Leicester's militia would no doubt have experienced a bloody defeat. 
+    London might have been taken and plundered. But Parma himself never expected 
+    to become master of the country without the aid of a great Catholic rising. 
+    This, we may affirm with confidence, would not have taken place on even the 
+    smallest scale. Overwhelming forces would soon have gathered round the 
+    Spaniards. They would probably have retired to the coast, and there 
+    fortified some place from which it would have been difficult to dislodge 
+    them as long as they retained the command of the sea. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such seems to have been the utmost success which, in the 
+    most favourable event, could have attended the invasion. A great disaster, 
+    no doubt, for England, and one for which Elizabeth would have been judged by 
+    history with more severity than justice; for Englishmen have always chosen 
+    to risk it, down to our own time.(1) No government which insisted on making 
+    adequate provision for the military defence of the country would have been 
+    tolerated then, or, to all appearance, would be tolerated now. We have 
+    always trusted to our navy. It were to be wished that our naval superiority 
+    were as assured now as when we defeated the Armada. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The arrangements for feeding the soldiers and sailors were 
+    very defective. A praiseworthy system of control had been introduced to 
+    check waste and peculation in time of peace. Of course it did not easily 
+    adapt itself to the exigencies of war. Military operations are sure to 
+    suffer where a certain, or rather uncertain, amount of waste and peculation 
+    is not risked. We have not forgotten the &amp;quot;horrible and heart-rending&amp;quot; 
+    sufferings of our army in the Crimea, which, like those of Elizabeth's 
+    fleet, had to be relieved by private effort. In the sixteenth century the 
+    lot of the soldier and sailor everywhere was want and disease, varied at 
+    intervals by plunder and excess. Philip's soldiers and sailors were worse 
+    off than Elizabeth's, though he grudged no money for purposes of war. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Those who profess to be scandalised by the appointment of 
+    Leicester to the command of the army should point out what fitter choice 
+    could have been made. He was the only great nobleman with any military 
+    experience; and to suppose that any one but a great nobleman could have been 
+    appointed to such a command is to show a profound ignorance of the ideas of 
+    the time. He had Sir John Norris, a really able soldier, as his marshal of 
+    the camp. After all, no one has alleged that he did not do his duty with 
+    energy and intelligence. The story that the Queen thought of making him her 
+    &amp;quot;Lieutenant in the government of England and Ireland,&amp;quot; but was dissuaded 
+    from it by Burghley and Hatton, rests on no authority but that of Camden, 
+    who is fond of repeating spiteful gossip about Leicester. No sensible person 
+    will believe that she meant to create a sort of Grand Vizier. She may have 
+    thought of making him what we should call &amp;quot;Commander-in-Chief.&amp;quot; There would 
+    be much to say for such a concentration of authority while the kingdom was 
+    threatened with invasion. The title of &amp;quot;Lieutenant&amp;quot; was a purely military 
+    one, and began to be applied under the Tudors to the commanders of the 
+    militia in each county. Leicester's title for the time was &amp;quot;Lieutenant and 
+    Captain-General of the Queen's armies and companies.&amp;quot; But we find him 
+    complaining to Walsingham that the patent of Hunsdon, the commander of the 
+    Midland army, gave him independent powers. &amp;quot;I shall have wrong if he 
+    absolutely command where my patent doth give me power. You may easily 
+    conceive what absurd dealings are likely to fall out if you allow two 
+    absolute commanders&amp;quot; (28 July). Camden's story is probably a confused echo 
+    of this dispute. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Writers who are loth to admit that the trust, the gratitude, 
+    the enthusiastic loyalty which Elizabeth inspired were the first and most 
+    important cause of the great victory, have sought to belittle the grandest 
+    moment of her life by pointing out that the famous speech at Tilbury was 
+    made after the battle of Gravelines. But the dispersal of the Armada by the 
+    storm of August 5th was not yet known in England. Drake, writing on the 8th 
+    and 10th, thinks that it is gone to Denmark to refit, and begs the Queen not 
+    to diminish any of her forces. The occasion of the speech on the 10th seems 
+    to have been the arrival of a post on that day, while the Queen was at 
+    dinner in Leicester's tent, with a false alarm that Parma had embarked all 
+    his forces, and might be expected in England immediately.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;But the Lieutenant-General had reached the end of his 
+    career. Three weeks after the Tilbury review he died of &amp;quot;a continued fever,&amp;quot; 
+    at the age of fifty-six. He kept Elizabeth's regard to the last, because she 
+    believed--and during the latter part of his life, not wrongly--in his 
+    fidelity and devotion. There is no sign that she at any time valued his 
+    judgment or suffered him to sway her policy, except so far as he was the 
+    mouthpiece of abler advisers; nor did she ever allow his enmities, violent 
+    as they were, to prejudice her against any of her other servants. His 
+    fortune was no doubt much above his deserts, and he has paid the usual 
+    penalty. There are few personages in history about whom so much malicious 
+    nonsense has been written. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We cannot help looking on England as placed in a quite new 
+    position by the defeat of the Armada--a position of security and 
+    independence. In truth, what was changed was not so much the relative 
+    strength of England and Spain as the opinion of it held by Englishmen and 
+    Spaniards, and indeed by all Europe. The loss to Philip in mere ships, men, 
+    and treasure was no doubt considerable. But his inability to conquer England 
+    was demonstrated rather than caused by the destruction of the Armada. Philip 
+    himself talked loftily about &amp;quot;placing another fleet upon the seas.&amp;quot; But his 
+    subjects began to see that defence, not conquest, was now their 
+    business--and had been for some time if they had only known it: &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cervi, luporum preda rapacium,&lt;br&gt;
+      Sectamur ultro quos opimus&lt;br&gt;
+      Fallere et effugere eat triumphus&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's attitude to Philip underwent a marked change. 
+    Till then she had been unwilling to abandon the hope of a peaceful 
+    settlement. She had dealt him not a few stinging blows, but always with a 
+    certain restraint and forbearance, because they were meant for the purpose 
+    of bringing him to reason. Thirty years of patience on his part had led her 
+    to believe that he would never carry retaliation beyond assassination plots. 
+    At last, in his slow way, he had gathered up all his strength and essayed to 
+    crush her. Thenceforward she was a convert to Drake's doctrine that attack 
+    was the surest way of defence. She had still good reasons for devolving this 
+    work as much as possible on the private enterprise of her subjects. The 
+    burden fell on those who asked nothing better than to be allowed to bear it. 
+    Thus arose that system, or rather practice, of leaving national work to be 
+    executed by private enterprise, which has had so much to do with the 
+    building up of the British Empire. Private gain has been the mainspring of 
+    action. National defence and aggrandisement have been almost incidental 
+    results. With Elizabeth herself national and private aims could not be 
+    dissevered. The nation and she had but one purse. She was cheaply defending 
+    England, and she shared in the plunder. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The favourite cruising-ground of the English adventurers was 
+    off the Azores, where the Spanish treasure fleets always halted for fresh 
+    water and provisions, on their way to Europe. Some of these expeditions were 
+    on a large scale. But they were not so successful or profitable, in 
+    proportion to their size, as the smaller ventures of Drake and Hawkins 
+    earlier in the reign. The Spaniards were everywhere on the alert. The 
+    harbours of the New World, which formerly lay in careless security, were put 
+    into a state of defence. Treasure fleets made their voyages with more 
+    caution. &amp;quot;Not a grain of gold, silver, or pearl, but what must be got 
+    through the fire.&amp;quot; The day of great prizes was gone by. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Two of these expeditions are distinguished by their 
+    importance. The first was a joint-stock venture of Drake and Norris--the 
+    foremost sailor and the foremost soldier among Englishmen of that day--in 
+    the year after the great Armada (April 1589). They and some private backers 
+    found most of the capital. The Queen contributed six royal ships and 
+    Â£20,000. This fleet carried no less than 11,000 soldiers, for the aim was to 
+    wrest Portugal from the Spaniard and set up Don Antonio, a representative of 
+    the dethroned dynasty. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Stopping on their way at Corunna, they took the lower town, 
+    destroyed large stores, and defeated in the field a much superior force 
+    marching to the relief of the place. Norris mined and breached the walls of 
+    the upper town; but the storming parties having been repulsed with great 
+    loss, the army re-embarked and pursued its voyage. Landing at PenichÃ©, 
+    Norris marched fifty miles by Vimiero and Torres Vedras, names famous 
+    afterwards in the military annals of England, and on the seventh day arrived 
+    before Lisbon. But he had no battering train; for Drake, who had brought the 
+    fleet round to the mouth of the Tagus, judged it dangerous to enter the 
+    river. Nor did the Portuguese rise, as had been hoped. The army therefore, 
+    marching through the suburbs of Lisbon, rejoined the fleet at Cascaes, and 
+    proceeded to Vigo. That town was burnt, and the surrounding country 
+    plundered. This was the last exploit of the expedition. Great loss and 
+    dishonour had been inflicted on Spain; but no less than half of the soldiers 
+    and sailors had perished by disease; and the booty, though said to have been 
+    large, was a disappointment to the survivors. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The other great expedition was in 1596. The capture of 
+    Calais in April of that year by the Spaniards, had renewed the alarm of 
+    invasion, and it was determined to meet the danger at a distance from home. 
+    A great fleet, with 6000 soldiers on board, commanded by Essex and Howard of 
+    Effingham sailed straight to Cadiz, the principal port and arsenal of Spain. 
+    The harbour was forced by the fleet, the town and castle stormed by the 
+    army, several men-of-war taken or destroyed, a large merchant-fleet burnt, 
+    together with an immense quantity of stores and merchandise; the total value 
+    being estimated at twenty millions of ducats. This was by far the heaviest 
+    blow inflicted by England upon Spain during the reign, and was so regarded 
+    in Europe; for though the great Armada had been signally defeated by the 
+    English fleet, its subsequent destruction was due to the winds and waves. 
+    Essex was vehemently desirous to hold Cadiz; but Effingham and the Council 
+    of War appointed by the Queen would not hear of it. The expedition 
+    accordingly returned home, having effectually relieved England from the fear 
+    of invasion. The burning of Penzance by four Spanish galleys (1595) was not 
+    much to set against these great successes. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;One reason for the comparative impunity with which the 
+    English assailed the unwieldy empire of Philip was the insane pursuit of the 
+    French crown, to which he devoted all his resources after the murder of 
+    Henry III. In 1598, with one foot in the grave, and no longer able to 
+    conceal from himself that, with the exception of the conquest of Portugal, 
+    all the ambitious schemes of his life had failed, he was fain to conclude 
+    the peace of Vervins with Henry IV. Henry was ready to insist that England 
+    and the United Provinces should be comprehended in the treaty. Philip 
+    offered terms which Elizabeth would have welcomed ten years earlier. He 
+    proposed that the whole of the Low Countries should be constituted a 
+    separate sovereignty under his son-in-law the Archduke Albert. The Dutch, 
+    who were prospering in war as well as in trade, scouted the offer. English 
+    feeling was divided. There was a war-party headed by Essex and Raleigh, 
+    personally bitter enemies, but both athirst for glory, conquest, and empire, 
+    believing in no right but that of the strongest, greedy for wealth, and 
+    disdaining the slower, more laborious, and more legitimate modes of 
+    acquiring it. They were tired of campaigning it in France and the Low 
+    Countries, where hard knocks and beggarly plunder were all that a soldier 
+    had to look to. They proposed to carry a great English army across the 
+    Atlantic, to occupy permanently the isthmus of Panama, and from that central 
+    position to wrestle with the Spaniard for the trade and plunder of the New 
+    World. The peace party held that these ambitious schemes would bring no 
+    profit except possibly to a few individuals; that the treasury would be 
+    exhausted and the country irritated by taxation and the pressing of 
+    soldiers; that to re-establish the old commercial intercourse with Spain 
+    would be more reputable and attended with more solid advantage to the nation 
+    at large; and finally, that the English arms would be much better employed 
+    in a thorough conquest of Ireland. These were the views of Burghley; and 
+    they were strongly supported by Buckhurst, the best of the younger statesmen 
+    who now surrounded Elizabeth. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth always encouraged her ministers to speak their 
+    minds; but, as Buckhurst said on this occasion, &amp;quot;when they have done their 
+    extreme duty she wills what she wills.&amp;quot; She determined to maintain the 
+    treaty of 1585 with the Dutch. but she took the opportunity of getting it 
+    amended in such a way as to throw upon them a larger share of the expenses 
+    of the war, and to provide more definitely for the ultimate repayment of her 
+    advances. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We have seen that three years before the Armada Elizabeth 
+    had lost the French alliance, which had till then been the key-stone of her 
+    policy. Since then, though aware that Henry III. wished her well, and that 
+    he would thwart the Spanish faction as much as he dared, she had not been 
+    able to count on him. He might at any moment be pushed by Guise into an 
+    attack on England, either with or without the concurrence of Spain. The 
+    accession, therefore, of Henry IV. afforded her great relief. In him she had 
+    a sure ally. It is true that, like her other allies the Dutch, he was more 
+    in a condition to require help than to afford it. But the more work she 
+    provided for Philip in Holland or France, the safer England would be. The 
+    armies of the Holy League might be formidable to Henry; but as long as he 
+    could hold them at bay they were not dangerous to England. She had never 
+    quite got over her scruple about helping the Dutch against their lawful 
+    sovereign. But Henry IV. was the legitimate King of France, and she could 
+    heartily aid him to put down his rebels. From 2000 to 5000 English troops 
+    were therefore constantly serving in France down to the peace of Vervins.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Philip, in defiance of the Salic law, claimed the crown of 
+    France for his daughter in right of her mother, who was a sister of Henry 
+    III. To Brittany he alleged that she had a special claim, as being descended 
+    from Anne of Brittany, which the Bourbons were not. Brittany, therefore, he 
+    invaded at once by sea. Elizabeth, alarmed by the proximity of this Spanish 
+    force, desired that her troops in France should be employed in expelling it, 
+    and that they should be vigorously supported by Henry IV. Henry, on the 
+    other hand, was always drawing away the English to serve his more pressing 
+    needs in other parts of France. This brought upon him many harsh rebukes and 
+    threats from the English Queen. But she had, for the first time, met her 
+    match. He judged, and rightly, that she would not desert him. So, with 
+    oft-repeated apologies, light promises, and well-turned compliments, he just 
+    went on doing what suited him best, getting all the fighting he could out of 
+    the English, and airily eluding Elizabeth's repeated demands for some coast 
+    town, which could be held, like Brill and Flushing, as a security for her 
+    heavy subsidies. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;When Henry was reconciled to the Catholic Church, Elizabeth 
+    went through the form of expressing surprise and regret at a step which she 
+    must have long expected, and must have felt to be wise (1593). Her alliance 
+    with Henry was not shaken. It was drawn even closer by a new treaty, each 
+    sovereign engaging not to make peace without the consent of the other. This 
+    engagement did not prevent Henry from concluding the separate peace of 
+    Vervins five years later, when he judged that his interest required it 
+    (1598). Elizabeth's dissatisfaction was, this time, genuine enough. But 
+    Henry was no longer her protÃ©gÃ©, a homeless, landless, penniless king, 
+    depending on English subsidies, roaming over the realm he called his own 
+    with a few thousands, or sometimes hundreds, of undisciplined cavaliers, who 
+    gathered and dispersed at their own pleasure. He was master of a re-united 
+    France, and could no longer be either patronised or threatened. Elizabeth 
+    might expostulate, and declare that &amp;quot;if there was such a sin as that against 
+    the Holy Ghost it must needs be ingratitude:&amp;quot; gratitude was a sentiment to 
+    which she was as much a stranger as Henry. The only difference between them 
+    was the national one: the Englishwoman preached; the Frenchman mocked. What 
+    made her so sore was that he had, so to speak, stolen her policy from her. 
+    His predecessor had always suspected her--and with good reason--of intending 
+    &amp;quot;to draw her neck out of the collar&amp;quot; if once she could induce him to 
+    undertake a joint war. The joint war had at length been undertaken by Henry 
+    IV., and it was he who had managed to slip out of it first, while Elizabeth, 
+    who longed for peace, was obliged to stand by the Dutch. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The two sovereigns, however, knew their own interests too 
+    well to quarrel. Henry gave Elizabeth to understand that his designs against 
+    Spain had undergone no change; he was only halting for breath; he would help 
+    the Dutch underhand--just what she used to say to Henry III. She had now to 
+    deal with a French King as sagacious as herself, and a great deal more 
+    prompt and vigorous in action; not the man to be made a cat's-paw by any 
+    one. She had to accept him as a partner, if not on her own terms, then on 
+    his. Both sovereigns were thoroughly veracious--in Carlyle's sense of the 
+    word. That is to say, their policy was determined not by passion, or vanity, 
+    or sentiment of any kind, but by enlightened self-interest, and was 
+    therefore calculable by those who knew how to calculate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes: &lt;/b&gt;1.
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The Earl of Sussex, after 
+    inspecting the preparations for defence in Hampshire towards the end of 
+    1587, writes to the Council that he had found nothing ready. The &amp;quot;better 
+    sort&amp;quot; said, &amp;quot;We are much charged many ways, and when the enemy comes we will 
+    provide for him; but he will not come yet.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereleven.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    XI: Domestic Affairs: 1588-1601&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082628&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082628&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH63ab.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH63ab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH63ab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,482 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28789</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Life in Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH63abdc8faa71ed542ef5ed</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH63ab.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">life-morpheus.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">life.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P align=center&gt;I am redesigning the Life in Tudor England website, mostly to 
+include lots of pictures.&lt;BR&gt;Until I finish, you can explore some of the topics 
+listed here.&amp;nbsp; Thanks for your patience.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=43 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/life-morpheus.gif&quot; width=333 
+border=0 alt=&quot;Life in Tudor England&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;P align=left&gt;
+  &lt;IMG height=371 
+  alt=&quot;woodcut of a family going to market in Tudor England&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/life.jpg&quot; width=300 align=left border=3&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;B&gt;Click on a topic below:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Chronology&quot;&gt;Chronology&lt;/a&gt; - 
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Glossary&quot;&gt;Glossary&lt;/A&gt; - 
+    &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Government&quot;&gt;Government&lt;/A&gt; - 
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Religion&quot;&gt;Religion&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Population&quot;&gt;Population&lt;/A&gt; - 
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Money&quot;&gt;Money&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Food&quot;&gt;Food&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Food&quot;&gt; and Drink&lt;/A&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Houses&quot;&gt;Houses&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Clothing&quot;&gt;Clothing and 
+    Appearance&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Marriage&quot;&gt;Marriage&lt;/A&gt; 
+    &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Sex&quot;&gt;Sex&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Diseases&quot;&gt;Diseases&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Arts&quot;&gt;Arts and Education&lt;/A&gt; 
+    &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Crime&quot;&gt;Crime and 
+    Punishment&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Travel&quot;&gt;Travel&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Sorcery&quot;&gt;Sorcery&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Rebellions&quot;&gt;Rebellions&lt;/A&gt; 
+    &lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Famous&quot;&gt;Famous 
+Names to Know in Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor FAQ&lt;/A&gt;: 
+frequently asked questions&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Chronology&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Chronology&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;22 August 1485&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Bosworth Field; Henry Tudor's army 
+  defeats King Richard III; Henry becomes King Henry VII &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 January 1486&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VII marries King Edward IV's eldest 
+  surviving child, Princess Elizabeth of York &lt;/P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 June 1491&lt;/B&gt; - Henry 
+  Tudor is born to King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;8 August 1503&lt;/B&gt; - Princess Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII, 
+  marries King James IV of Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;21 April 1509&lt;/B&gt; - Henry Tudor becomes King Henry VIII of 
+  England&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;9 September 1513&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Flodden Field between England and 
+  Scotland; King James IV of Scotland is killed &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 December 1515&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII appoints Cardinal Thomas Wolsey 
+  lord chancellor&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;7 June 1520&lt;/B&gt; - Field of the Cloth of Gold occurs; this is the famous 
+  meeting between King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;11 October 1521&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII is given the title 'Defender of 
+  the Faith' by the pope &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 October 1529&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's great statesman, Cardinal 
+  Wolsey, is driven from power and dies in disgrace &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 January 1533&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;7 September 1533&lt;/B&gt; - Elizabeth Tudor is born to King Henry VIII and 
+  Anne Boleyn&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 November 1534&lt;/B&gt; - the Act of Supremacy is passed by Parliament; it 
+  declares the English monarch to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England; 
+  under Elizabeth this title is changed to Supreme Governor&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;June and 
+  July 1535&lt;/B&gt; - Bishop John Fisher and Sir Thomas More are executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 March 1536&lt;/B&gt; - dissolution of the monasteries begins &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;14 April 1536&lt;/B&gt; - Wales is officially incorporated into 
+England&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;19 May 1536&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn, is 
+  executed &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;12 October 1537&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's only son, Prince Edward, is 
+  born; his mother is the king's third wife, Jane Seymour, who dies shortly 
+  thereafter&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 July 1540&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's great statesman, Thomas Cromwell, 
+  is executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 June 1541&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII is titled king of Ireland&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;13 February 1542&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, 
+  executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 November 1542&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Solway Moss between England and 
+  Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;20 July 1545&lt;/B&gt; - the Mary Rose, the flagship of King Henry VIII's 
+  navy, sinks &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 January 1547&lt;/B&gt; - Edward Tudor becomes King Edward VI &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;10 September 1547&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Pinkie between England and 
+  Scotland&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;23 September 1548&lt;/B&gt; - the Protestant Book of Common Prayer comes into 
+  use &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;6 July 1553&lt;/B&gt; - King Edward VI dies &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;10 July 1553&lt;/B&gt; - the Tudor cousin Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed queen 
+  of England; she rules for just nine days &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;3 August 1553&lt;/B&gt; - Mary Tudor becomes Queen Mary I &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;11 April 1554&lt;/B&gt; - Sir Thomas Wyatt is executed after leading a 
+  rebellion against Queen Mary I &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 July 1554&lt;/B&gt; - Queen Mary I marries King Philip II of Spain &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;16 October 1555&lt;/B&gt; - the Protestant churchmen Latimer and Ridley are 
+  burned at the stake&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;21 March 1556&lt;/B&gt; - Thomas Cranmer, former archbishop of Canterbury, 
+  burned at the stake&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 November 1558&lt;/B&gt; - Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;29 April 1559&lt;/B&gt; - the Elizabethan religious settlement is passed by 
+  Parliament &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;22 February 1560&lt;/B&gt; - Treaty of Berwick between England and Scotland 
+  &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;19 June 1566&lt;/B&gt; - King James VI of Scotland, son of Mary queen of 
+  Scots, is born &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 July 1567&lt;/B&gt; - Mary, queen of Scots abdicates her throne in Scotland 
+  and comes to England &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 August 1572&lt;/B&gt; - the St Batholomew's Day massacre of Protestants 
+  occurs in Paris&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 October 1585&lt;/B&gt; - the English colony at Roanoke in Virginia is 
+  established &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;8 February 1587&lt;/B&gt; - Mary, queen of Scots is executed at Fotheringhay 
+  Castle &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;31 July 1588&lt;/B&gt; - defeat of the Spanish Armada&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;6 February 1595&lt;/B&gt; - Sir Walter Raleigh leaves England to sail to the 
+  New World &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;14 August 1598 &lt;/B&gt;- Tyrone's Rebellion occurs in Ireland &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 February 1601&lt;/B&gt; - Robert Devereux, the earl of Essex, is executed 
+  for leading a rebellion against Queen Elizabeth I &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 December 1601&lt;/B&gt;- the Elizabethan 'Poor Law' is passed; it has a 
+  profound effect upon English society &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 March 1603&lt;/B&gt; - Queen Elizabeth I dies; the Tudor dynasty ends; King 
+  James VI of Scotland becomes king of England&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Government&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Government&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Tudor England's government was 
+an &lt;B&gt;absolute monarchy&lt;/B&gt;. In this system, the monarch (king or queen) has 
+control over all aspects of government.&lt;BR&gt;Parliament did exist during the 16th 
+century but its role was often merely advisory. As the years passed, it became 
+increasingly powerful. Its main power was passing taxation. Whenever the king or 
+queen needed money, they first had to convince Parliament to order more 
+taxation. Parliament was only assembled when the king or queen ordered it, 
+unlike modern times.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Religion&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Religion&lt;BR&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;England was a Catholic nation under 
+the rule of Henry VII (1485-1509) and during much of Henry VIII's (1509-1547) 
+reign. In 1534, King Henry VIII declared himself Supreme Head of a new Church of 
+England. This coincided with the rejection of papal authority and dissolution of 
+the English monasteries. Protestantism was introduced to England. Under King 
+Edward VI (1547-1553), England was a Protestant nation. Under Queen Mary I 
+(1553-1558), England was again a Catholic nation. Under Queen Elizabeth I 
+(1558-1603), England was again a Protestant nation. It was under Elizabeth that 
+the Anglican church became firmly established and 
+dominant.&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Population&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Population: includes England and 
+Wales.&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1524.....2.3 million&lt;/B&gt; 
+  &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1541.....2.7 million&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1550.....2.9 million&lt;/B&gt; 
+  &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1569.....3.2 million&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1599.....4.0 
+million&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;In &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;1520&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;, 6% of the population lived in 
+urban areas (towns of over 4,000 people.)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;In 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1520&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;, 3% of the population 
+lived in London.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Around 5% of the population were considered gentlemen. 
+Their numbers increased throughout the 16th century. 'Gentlemen' are people who 
+do not work with their hands. The middle class was larger; they were usually 
+literate and included craftsmen and tradesmen. The vast majority of the 
+population is poor and termed 'peasants' or 'common people'. They were mostly 
+illiterate and suffered the most when famines occurred and the currency was 
+debased.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;In 1509, there was one duke, one marquis, ten earls, and thirty 
+barons in England. The peerage increased to 51 by the end of Henry VIII's reign 
+and had reached 57 when Elizabeth I became queen. But she was stingy with 
+granting peerages and the only duke left in England (Norfolk) was executed in 
+1572. A new duke was not titled until 1623.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Money&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Money&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;The currency in Tudor England is 
+divided into pounds, shilling, and pence. The pence/penny is the basic unit of 
+currency; 12 pennies make a shilling and 20 shillings make a pound.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;There are numerous coins in circulation throughout the 16th century. When 
+money becomes tight, the monarchs are fond of reducing the amount of precious 
+metal in the coins. This debases the real worth of English money and causes 
+problems for everyone.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Among the coins in circulation are the royal (a gold coin worth 10 
+shillings); this was introduced during the reign of King Henry VII. Under his 
+grandson, King Edward VI, the angel was introduced; it was another gold coin 
+worth 10 shillings. There were also groats, farthings, sixpences, etc Around the 
+mid-16th century, a common laborer would make around 1 shilling per day. 
+&amp;nbsp;So it would take a laborer twenty days to earn a pound! &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Coins are made at royal mints located in several large cities. Forgery often 
+occurs. Often, the royal treasurers are implicated.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Because of debasement and famine, inflation is a constant problem. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;It is difficult to translate Tudor prices into contemporary money. Also, 
+prices varied widely throughout the 16th century. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Food&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Food and Drink&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;There are three main components 
+of the Tudor diet - bread, beer, and meat (usually beef or mutton.) Like us, 
+they had three meals - breakfast, dinner, and supper. &lt;B&gt;Breakfast &lt;/B&gt;was early 
+in the morning and a relatively simple meal. &amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt;Dinner &lt;/B&gt;was the largest 
+meal and held between 11 am and 1 pm. &amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt;Supper &lt;/B&gt;could be held anytime 
+between 5 pm and 8 pm, depending upon the person's social class. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Everyone in Tudor England ate bread and cheese. The only difference between 
+classes was the quality of bread and cheese. &amp;nbsp;The cheapest bread was called 
+'Carter's bread'; it was a mixture of rye and wheat. &amp;nbsp;The middle classes or 
+prosperous tenants ate 'ravel', also called 'yeoman's bread' and made of 
+wholemeal. &amp;nbsp;The most expensive bread was called 'marchet' and made of white 
+wheat flour. Aristocratic households ate marchet, particularly during banquets. 
+&amp;nbsp;Everyone from the poorest peasant to the wealthies monarch drank beer. 
+&amp;nbsp;It was brewed without hops and was not particularly alcoholic. People 
+drank beer liberally. However, water was considered unhealthy - and for good 
+reason. &amp;nbsp;Under Henry VII, French wines were imported in greater quantities 
+but only aristocrats drank them. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;The poor and wealthy alike lived off 
+the land.&amp;nbsp; England was self-sufficient, able to feed its population without 
+resorting to imports, at least during good harvests.&amp;nbsp; Most peasants had 
+small bits of land in villages and towns. They kept chickens, pigs, and perhaps 
+a cow. &amp;nbsp;Those with animals slaughtered them in November. &amp;nbsp;The meat was 
+smoked, dried, or salted so it could be kept for meals in the cold months. 
+&amp;nbsp;Bacon was the most common meat of poor people. Smoked bacon and salted 
+beef were most popular during the winter. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Of course, meat could not be eaten on Fridays for religious reasons. 
+&amp;nbsp;Instead, fish - dried cod or slated herring, most likely - was eaten. It 
+was &lt;I&gt;not&lt;/I&gt; fresh since there was no efficient or speedy way to transport 
+fresh foods. &amp;nbsp;Vegetables were plentiful, particularly beans, peas, carrots, 
+and onions. &amp;nbsp;Fruits were available, too - apples, plums, pears, 
+strawberries, cherries, etc &amp;nbsp;But potatoes and tomatoes were not available. 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;As you can see, diets were most interesting and varied in the warmer months 
+but cold weather meant preserved meats and little else. &amp;nbsp;Everyone, rich and 
+poor alike, suffered from malnutrition, particularly Vitamin C deficiency (which 
+we call scurvy.) &amp;nbsp;Molds in certain breads could also cause health problems. 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;There were 2 great famines in Tudor England - in the mid-1550s during Mary 
+I's reign and mid-1590s during Elizabeth I's reign.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Houses&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Houses&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;Types&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt; of Houses: 
+&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;There are castles, mansions, manor houses, and 
+cottages. The materials used to build them depend upon the wealth of their 
+owners. Castles and churches were always built of stone, but it was expensive. 
+Middle-class homes were timber-framed but wood was too expensive to use for the 
+entire house. &lt;BR&gt;Instead, bricks were sometimes used, or white-washed wattle 
+and daub. When timbers were coated with black tar, the famous Tudor 
+'black-and-white' effect was achieved. Many houses had steep, thatched roofs and 
+upper stories which hung over the lower ones. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Rooms:&lt;/B&gt; The rooms in a nobleman's house would include a great hall for 
+feasting and entertaining, a great chamber used for sleeping and receiving 
+visitors and playing games, a cellar which was not necessarily below ground and 
+was used primarily for storage, a closet used as a private office or study, a 
+gallery (either enclosed or open on one side) which ran parallel to the house 
+and was used for exercise, a private bedchamber for the master of the house), a 
+kitchen, a parlor used as either a sitting room or small entertaining area, and 
+a privy which was a small, windowless room used as a bathroom. There were also 
+withdrawing rooms where wardrobes were kept or the owner could go for more 
+privacy. Often these rooms connected two bedrooms. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Noble Households:&lt;/B&gt; In Tudor England, a person's social status and 
+prestige were determined by two main things: the lavishness of their standard of 
+living and the number of their servants and attendants. The successful 
+maintenance of a large household also indicated a person's ability to govern, 
+albeit on a much smaller scale than the king.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;A nobleman of sufficient rank and skill was often called to serve the monarch 
+in London. To that end, they would purchase and maintain - often at great 
+expense - townhomes in or just outside London. In London, the most affluent 
+street was known as The Strand. These homes were built on the riverside and so 
+were equipped with docks; the nobles could travel by personal barge from their 
+homes to various royal palaces. Nobles also owned homes in the counties near 
+their largest estates. Naturally enough, the maintenance of these various 
+residences was expensive, and became increasingly so as the century progressed. 
+But the greatest expense - and worry - was their principal estate, always 
+situated in the countryside. At these estates, their spiritual, public, private, 
+and economic worlds merged. They were an opportunity for the proud noble to 
+demonstrate his standing in the nation and to dominate local affairs thoroughly. 
+Also, they could play host to the reigning monarch on a royal progress. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Many of the most famous noble country homes can still be seen today. For 
+example, view Compton Wynyates in Warwickshire where Henry VIII often visited 
+and the duke of Buckingham's beautiful Penshurst Place in Kent. Five centuries 
+ago, estates such as these were managed by noblemen and their principal 
+officers, primarily knights and esquires. Together, they governed the estates 
+and surrounding lands. They gathered in the official presence chamber where 
+petitions were presented from tenants and neighbors. The councilors would judge 
+their claims and mediate disputes. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;When the nobleman traveled to London or his lesser homes, a large group of 
+servants would accompany him - this was his 'skeleton' household. They journeyed 
+in carts packed with people and possessions. As Henry VII's rule impressed some 
+degree of stability upon England, such travel became less dangerous. But it 
+remained uncomfortable, even for the wealthy in padded coaches. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;The presence of such wealthy and accomplished landowners was both a blessing 
+and a curse to Tudor monarchs. For early Tudor kings, these nobles could help 
+secure their rule, particularly in the North where trouble traditionally brewed. 
+Henry VII had no family ties to northern England; this made him even more 
+reliant on the great Northern lords to maintain peace and effective government. 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Knights and esquires wore their lord's livery; they also promised the support 
+of their tenants and servants in case of conflict. In this way, great households 
+could also serve as sources of rebellion and treason.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Gardens &lt;/B&gt;are very popular in Tudor England. As the century goes on, 
+they become increasingly ornate and expensive. Even noble families grow their 
+own fruits and vegetables when they can. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;I will add more information about homes of the poor, as well as 
+pictures, soon. 17 October 2002&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Clothing&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Clothing&lt;/BIG&gt; &lt;BIG&gt;and Appearance&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Tudor 
+England is famous for its beautiful and ornate clothing, particularly during the 
+reign of Queen Elizabeth I. &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/A&gt; to 
+view portraits of the queen and her courtiers. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Medieval sumptuary laws remained in force throughout the 16th century. These 
+laws dictated what each member of society could wear, depending upon their 
+social class. The laws are not enforced often. And fabrics such as silk, satin 
+and velvet are so expensive that only the wealthy can afford them. Cloth of gold 
+and the color purple are reserved for royalty. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;During the reign of King Henry VIII, Spanish and French style gowns are very 
+popular. Clothes become more form-fitting and ornate. Men wear colorful tights 
+to emphasize well-developed calves. Women often have such low necklines that 
+preachers condemn them. Both sexes wear as much jewelry as they can afford. And 
+everyone, rich and poor, wears a hat. Certain clothing dyes are not expensive, 
+and so even the poor can wear green and brown outfits. Foreign visitors comment 
+upon the colorful outfits of the English poor. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Women have long hair which they wear loose until marriage. After the reign of 
+King Henry VII, men typically have short hair and beards and mustaches. It is 
+Henry VIII who makes beards popular; during his father's reign, men are 
+clean-shaven.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;The poor wear homespun woolen clothing with knitted hose and hobnail shoes. 
+In the field, they wear tunics and breeches.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Children are dressed as miniature adults from the age of six onwards. Before 
+then, both boys and girls wear simple shifts or gowns. They are swaddled as 
+infants, a constricting practice which is believed to prevent illness. In fact, 
+for the first four months of their lives, infants are completely immobilized in 
+swaddling bands.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Men generally wear flat-heeled shoes while women wore overshoes outside. 
+These were clogs which raised her feet so her gown wouldn't drag in the 
+dirt.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Blonde hair is the most prized haircolor, but auburn and red hair are also 
+popular. Very white skin and red lips are achieved through the use of dangerous 
+cosmetics; lead, borax, and sulphur were sometimes used. Every woman hated 
+spots, whether freckles or pimples. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;As for bathing, most Englishmen think baths are unhealthy. Queen Elizabeth I 
+is considered strange for bathing as much as four times a year. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Everyone uses perfume. Perfume is splashed on bodies and clothing, 
+particularly the gloves. The most popular scents included marjoram, lavendar, 
+musk, and rose.&lt;BR&gt;Noblemen and women carry pomanders, a hollow sphere holding a 
+waxed perfume ball. Pomanders are often highly decorative and expensive 
+accessories. Women attach them to their girdles and men dangle them from a 
+chain. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Dentists are surgeons who remove rotten teeth and also perform other small 
+operations. People clean their teeth by rubbing them with a mixture of white 
+wine and vinegar boiled with honey. Fashionable noblewomen will sometimes 
+deliberately blacken their front teeth. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Marriage&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Marriage&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Marriage usually occurred during 
+the mid-twenties for most Tudor citizens. The wealthy and aristocratic tended to 
+marry earlier because of inheritance issues. But contrary to popular belief, 
+there were few child marriages in Tudor England. Of course, you could be 
+pre-contracted or betrothed at a much earlier age. Any marriage contract was 
+legally binding if the girl was 12 and the boy was 14. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Annulments and divorces were uncommon because they required special religious 
+dispensations. Most marriages ended with the death of a spouse. At any time in 
+the 16th century, roughly a third of marriages are the second or third marriage. 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Rebellions&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Rebellions&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;People in Tudor England 
+suffered through famine, poverty, and immense religious changes. Life was 
+uncertain and dangerous. Most riots in the country were small and local; they 
+usually involved food or the hated enclosure policies. Enclosure was the process 
+by which noblemen seized public land for themselves. They would build hedges 
+around the land to keep people out. But peasants needed the land to graze their 
+animals and would often tear the hedges down.&lt;BR&gt;There were also larger 
+rebellions throughout the 16th century. Here is a list of the most 
+important:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)&lt;/B&gt; - This rebellion occurred in November 
+1536 in the north of England; it was a result of King Henry VIII's religious 
+changes. Northern England was always more conservative and Catholic than the 
+rest of the country. When their monasteries were destroyed and the lands and 
+money seized by Henry's prominent noblemen, the northerners rebelled. There were 
+roughly 30,000 people involved, a mix of lords, middle-class laborers, and 
+peasants. They called themselves 'pilgrims' and were led by an attorney named 
+Robert Aske. They chose the five wounds of Christ as their symbol. They did not 
+specifically rebel against King Henry VIII, but rather his councilors such as 
+Thomas Cromwell. The king promised clemency if the rebels dispersed but 
+eventually executed about 100 rebels.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Kett's Rebellion (1549) &lt;/B&gt;- In 1549, King Edward VI ruled England, 
+though the government was under control of the Protestant Lord Protector 
+Somerset. In East Anglia, a Norfolk gentleman named Robert Kett led a rebellion 
+against the king's religious policies, the dissolution of the monasteries, and 
+the very unpopular enclosure of common lands by greedy noblemen. The rebels were 
+defeated at Norwich by an English army supported by foreign 
+mercenaries.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Wyatt's Rebellion (1554)&lt;/B&gt; - In spring 1554, Sir Thomas 
+Wyatt led a rebellion against Queen Mary I's proposed marriage to King Philip II 
+of Spain. Despite an army of 3,000 men, Wyatt was unable to enter London. He was 
+executed on 11 April 1554, after explicitly denying that Princess Elizabeth was 
+involved in the rebellion. Nonetheless, Elizabeth is temporarily imprisoned in 
+the Tower of London and Lady Jane Grey is executed. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Northern Rebellion&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;(1569)&lt;/B&gt; - In 1569, the north of England 
+again rebels against the Tudor monarchy, this time inspired by the imprisonment 
+of Mary, queen of Scots and Catholic discontent. The rebels are led by the earls 
+of Westmorland and Northumberland and the duke of Norfolk; they choose the five 
+wounds of Christ as their symbol, as had the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels. The 
+duke of Norfolk plans to depose Queen Elizabeth I and marry Mary, queen of 
+Scots, thus becoming king of England. The rebellion is crushed and several 
+hundred rebels are hanged. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Throckmorton Plot (1583) &lt;/B&gt;- This was the second plot to free Mary, 
+queen of Scots. In 1583, Sir Francis Throckmorton, a Catholic nobleman, works 
+with the Spanish ambassador to use Spanish troops to depose Queen Elizabeth I 
+and free Mary. He was arrested in November 1583 and later 
+executed.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Babington Plot&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;(1586)&lt;/B&gt; - This was the third 
+and final plot to free Mary, queen of Scots. In 1586, Sir Anthony Babington, a 
+Catholic nobleman, conspired with a Catholic priest and others to assassinate 
+Queen Elizabeth I and proclaim Mary queen of England. The plot is discovered by 
+the secretary of state Sir Francis Walsingham and Babington and Mary are 
+executed. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Essex Rebellion (1601)&lt;/B&gt; - Robert Devereux, the earl of Essex, was a 
+great favorite of Queen Elizabeth I's, but he was also arrogant and ambitious. 
+Disgraced and sent from court on numerous occasions, he attempted to lead a 
+rebellion against the queen on 8 February 1601. Essex protested that he did not 
+intend to harm the queen but to free her from the bad influence of other 
+councilors. He marched through London with 300 men but no others rallied to his 
+side. He was later executed. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT language=JavaScript src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife%5ffiles%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;SCRIPT language=javascript&gt;geovisit();&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;NOSCRIPT&gt;&lt;IMG height=1 alt=setstats src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife_files/visit.gif&quot; width=1 
+border=0&gt;&lt;/NOSCRIPT&gt; &lt;IMG height=1 alt=1 src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife_files/serv.gif&quot; width=1&gt; 
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082551&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082551&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6420.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6420.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6420.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10182</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The fall of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1530</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH642006539ecbdad801b586</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215275</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6420.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1530.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1530.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1530: The fall of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&quot; width=&quot;471&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This account 
+      of Thomas Wolsey's fall from royal favor was written by the Tudor 
+      chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Wolsey was born c1473 and 
+      eventually held the titles Cardinal-Archbishop of York and Lord 
+      Chancellor.&amp;nbsp; He was famous at Oxford University for taking his degree 
+      at the age of fifteen; he was intelligent, hard-working, and also very 
+      fond of pomp and ceremony.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;He became King Henry VII's chaplain during the last two 
+      years of his life.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII appointed him to a minor office upon 
+      his accession, but Wolsey's only became involved in government affairs in 
+      1512.&amp;nbsp; He urged Henry to wage war against the French on behalf of 
+      Pope Julius II.&amp;nbsp; The war was successful and Henry generously rewarded 
+      its main proponent and organizer.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey subsequently became the 
+      king's chief minister from 1515 to 1529.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;His powerful office and close friendship with Henry 
+      earned him many enemies, particularly aristocrats who resented his 
+      usurpation of their traditional influence.&amp;nbsp; They also resented his 
+      great wealth.&amp;nbsp; Over the years, Wolsey amassed a vast fortune, though 
+      he did so largely through his church offices.&amp;nbsp; He spent lavishly, but 
+      he was also charitable and personally financed many diplomatic missions.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It should be noted that most gentlemen entered government service for 
+      financial reward; Wolsey was no different.&amp;nbsp; And as the king's chief 
+      minister, he was expected to entertain foreign dignitaries and maintain a 
+      suitably impressive lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; His increasingly ostentatious 
+      displays of wealth did, however, damage both his personal reputation and 
+      that of the church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Wolsey lacked the genius for administration of his 
+      protÃ©gÃ© and successor, Thomas Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; But he was efficient and 
+      capable; when he found he could not control Parliament (it met only once 
+      during his years as chancellor), he simply refused to summon it.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      was also blamed for the high taxation necessary to support Henry VIII's 
+      ambitious foreign policy.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;He maintained the king's favor until he failed to secure 
+      an annulment of Henry's first marriage.&amp;nbsp; From 1527-1529, as Anne 
+      Boleyn's influence rose, Wolsey's waned.&amp;nbsp; She disliked the Cardinal 
+      because of his interference in her earlier engagement to Henry Percy.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And both she and the king were increasingly impatient with the pope's 
+      endless prevarication.&amp;nbsp; Torn between his secular and spiritual 
+      masters, Wolsey chose Henry's side - but it did not matter.&amp;nbsp; On 9 
+      October 1529, he was indicted for praemunire; he later confessed his 
+      guilt.&amp;nbsp; Parliament was summoned to indict him on forty-four charges.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The king kept him from prison but stripped him of many offices and all of 
+      his power.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was ordered to retire to his archbishopric of 
+      York.&amp;nbsp; Indiscreet letters to Rome led to his arrest on 4 November.&amp;nbsp; 
+      He died on the 24th, while returning to London and, most likely, execution 
+      at the Tower.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Hall implies that Wolsey committed suicide.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      did not.&amp;nbsp; He did, however, avoid execution at the Tower which was the 
+      fate Henry VIII intended for him.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Cromwell defended Wolsey in 
+      parliament.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;You have heard under the last year how the cardinal of York [Wolsey]
+was attainted in praemunire, and despite that the king had given him the
+bishoprics of York and Winchester, with great possessions, and had licensed
+him to live in his diocese of York.&amp;nbsp; Being thus in his diocese, grudging
+his fall and not remembering the kindness the King showed to him, he wrote
+to the court of Rome and to several other princes letters reproaching the
+king, and as much as he was able stirred them to revenge his case against
+the King and his realm; so much so that various opprobrious words about
+the king were spoken to Dr Edward Kern, the king's orator at Rome, and
+it was said to him that for the cardinal's sake the king's matrimonial
+suit would have the worse speed.&amp;nbsp; The cardinal would also speak fair
+to the people to win their hearts, and always declared that he was unjustly
+and untruly commanded, which fair speaking made many men believe that he
+spoke the truth.&amp;nbsp; And to be held in higher repute by the people he
+determined to be installed or enthroned at York with all possible pomp,
+and caused a throne to be erected in the Cathedral Church of such a height
+and design as was never seen before; and he sent to all the lords, abbots,
+priors, knights, esquires and gentlemen of his diocese to be at his manor
+of Cawood on 6 November, and so to bring him to York with all pomp and
+solemnity.
+&lt;p&gt;The King, who knew of his doings and secret communications, all this
+year pretended to ignore them to see what he would eventually do, until
+he saw his proud heart so highly exalted that he intended to be so triumphantly
+installed without informing the king, even as if in disdain of the king.&amp;nbsp;
+Then the king thought it was not fitting or convenient to let him any longer
+continue in his malicious and proud purposes and attempts.&amp;nbsp; Therefore
+he sent letters to Henry, the sixth earl of Northumberland, willing him
+with all diligence to arrest the cardinal, and to deliver him to the earl
+of Shrewsbury, great steward of the king's household.&amp;nbsp; When the earl
+had seen the letter, with a suitable number of men he came to the manor
+of Cawood on 4 November, and when he was brought to the cardinal in his
+chamber he said to him:&amp;nbsp; &quot;My Lord, I pray you have patience, for here
+I arrest you.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &quot;Arrest me,&quot; said the cardinal;&amp;nbsp; &quot;Yes,&quot; said
+the earl, &quot;I have orders to do so.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &quot;You have no such power,&quot; said
+the cardinal, &quot;for I am both a cardinal and a peer of the College of Rome,
+and ought not to be arrested by any temporal power, for I am not subject
+to that power, therefore if you arrest me I will withstand it.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &quot;Well,&quot;
+said the Earl, &quot;here is the king's commission, and therefore I charge you
+to obey.&quot;&amp;nbsp; The Cardinal somewhat remembered himself, and said, &quot;Well,
+my lord, I am content to obey, but although by negligence I fell under
+punishment of the praemunire and lost by law all my lands and goods, yet
+my person was in the king's protection and I was pardoned that offence.&amp;nbsp;
+Therefore I wonder why I now should be arrested, especially considering
+that I am a member of the apostolic See, on whom no temporal man should
+lay violent hands.&amp;nbsp; Well, I see the King lacks good counsel.&quot;&amp;nbsp;
+&quot;Well,&quot; said the earl, &quot;when I was sworn warden of the marches you yourself
+told me that I might with my staff arrest all men under the degree of king,
+and now I am stronger for I have a commission for what I do as you have
+seen.&quot;&amp;nbsp; The cardinal at length obeyed, and was kept in his private
+chamber, and his goods seized and his officers discharged, and his physician,
+Dr Augustine, was also arrested, and brought to the Tower by Sir Walter
+Welshe, one of the king's chamber.&amp;nbsp; On 6 November the cardinal was
+conveyed from Cawood to Sheffield Castle, and there delivered into the
+keeping of the earl of Shrewsbury until the king's pleasure was known.&amp;nbsp;
+About this arrest there was much talk among the common people, and many
+were glad, for surely he was not in favour with the commons.
+&lt;p&gt;When the cardinal was thus arrested the king sent Sir William Kingston
+Knight, captain of the guard and constable of the Tower of London with
+some of the yeomen of the guard to Sheffield, to fetch the cardinal to
+the Tower.&amp;nbsp; When the cardinal saw the captain of the guard he was
+much astonished and shortly became ill, for he foresaw some great trouble,
+and for that reason men said he willingly took so much strong purgative
+that his constitution could not bear it.&amp;nbsp; But Sir William Kingston
+comforted him, and by easy journeys he brought him to the Abbey of Leicester
+on 27 November, where through weakness caused by purgatives and vomiting
+he died the second night following, and is buried in the same Abbey.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082597&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082597&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6456.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6456.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6456.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5562</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The poetry of John Skelton</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6456a7052a5ec96817c3de</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6456.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1500s.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1500s.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: The poetry of John Skelton&quot; width=&quot;392&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Skelton was the poet laureate of England under Henry
+VII;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;he also tutored the young Prince Henry, duke of York,
+who became the infamous Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To Mistress
+Margaret Hussey&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;Merry Margaret,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As midsummer flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Gentle as falcon
+&lt;br&gt;Or hawk of the tower;
+&lt;br&gt;With solace and gladness,
+&lt;br&gt;Much mirth and no madness,
+&lt;br&gt;All good and no badness;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So joyously,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So maidenly,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So womanly
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her demeaning
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In every thing,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Far, far passing
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; That I can endite,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Or suffice to write
+&lt;br&gt;Of merry Margaret,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As midsummer flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Gentle as falcon
+&lt;br&gt;Or hawk of the tower.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As patient and as still
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And as full of good will
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As fair Isaphill;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Colyander,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sweet pomander,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Good Cassander;
+&lt;br&gt;Steadfast of thought,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Well made, well wrought,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Far may be sought
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ere that ye can find
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So courteous, so kind
+&lt;br&gt;As merry Margaret,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This midsummer flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Gentle as falcon
+&lt;br&gt;Or hawk of the tower.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;To Mistress Isabell Pennell&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;By Saint Mary, my lady,
+&lt;br&gt;Your mammy and your dady
+&lt;br&gt;Brought forth a goodly baby!
+&lt;br&gt;My maiden Isabell,
+&lt;br&gt;Reflaring rosabell,
+&lt;br&gt;The flagrant camamell,
+&lt;br&gt;The ruddy rosary,
+&lt;br&gt;The sovereign rosemary,
+&lt;br&gt;The pretty strawberry,
+&lt;br&gt;The columbine, the nepte,
+&lt;br&gt;The jeloffer well set,
+&lt;br&gt;The proper violet;
+&lt;br&gt;EnnewÃšd your colour
+&lt;br&gt;Is like the daisy flower
+&lt;br&gt;After the April shower;
+&lt;br&gt;Star of the morrow gray,
+&lt;br&gt;That blossom on the spray,
+&lt;br&gt;The freshest flower of May:
+&lt;br&gt;Maidenly demure,
+&lt;br&gt;Of womanhood the lure;
+&lt;br&gt;Wherefore, I make you sure,
+&lt;br&gt;It were an heavenly health,
+&lt;br&gt;It were and endless wealth,
+&lt;br&gt;A life for God himself,
+&lt;br&gt;To hear this nightingale
+&lt;br&gt;Among the birdes smale
+&lt;br&gt;Warbling in the vale,
+&lt;br&gt;Dug, dug, jug, jug,
+&lt;br&gt;Good year and good luck,
+&lt;br&gt;With chuck, chuck, chuck, chuck!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;With Lullay, Lullay, Like A Child&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;With lullay, lullay, like a child,
+&lt;br&gt;Thou sleepÃšst too long, thou art beguiled!
+&lt;p&gt;&quot;My darling dear, my daisy flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Let me,&quot; quoth he, &quot;lie in your lap.&quot;
+&lt;br&gt;&quot;Lie still,&quot; quoth she, &quot;my paramour,
+&lt;br&gt;Lie still hardily, and take a nap.&quot;
+&lt;br&gt;His head was heavy, such was his hap,
+&lt;br&gt;All drowsy, dreaming, drowned in sleep,
+&lt;br&gt;That of his love he took no keep,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With hey, lullay, etc.
+&lt;p&gt;With ba, ba, ba, and bas, bas, bas!
+&lt;br&gt;She cherished him both cheek and chin
+&lt;br&gt;That he wist never where he was;
+&lt;br&gt;He had forgotten all deadly sin!
+&lt;br&gt;He wanted wit her love to win:
+&lt;br&gt;He trusted her payment and lost all his pay;
+&lt;br&gt;She left him sleeping and stale away,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With hey, lullay, etc.
+&lt;p&gt;The rivers rough, the waters wan;
+&lt;br&gt;She sparÃšd not to wet her feet.
+&lt;br&gt;She waded over, she found a man
+&lt;br&gt;That halsÃšd her heartily and kissed her sweet;
+&lt;br&gt;Thus after her cold she caught a heat.
+&lt;br&gt;&quot;My lief,&quot; she said, &quot;rowteth in his bed;
+&lt;br&gt;Iwys he hath an heavy head,&quot;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With hey, lullay, etc.
+&lt;p&gt;What dreamest thou, drunkard, drowsy pate?
+&lt;br&gt;Thy lust and liking is from thee gone;
+&lt;br&gt;Thou blinkard blowboll, thou wakÃšst too late;
+&lt;br&gt;Behold thou liest, luggard, alone!
+&lt;br&gt;Well may thou sigh, well may thou groan,
+&lt;br&gt;To deal with her so cowardly.
+&lt;br&gt;Ywis, pole-hatchet, she blearÃšd thine eye!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Quoth Skelton Laureate.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082594&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082594&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6815.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6815.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6815.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1562 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">74662</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs: King Edward VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6815ffdac32a15841e2fff</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215272</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6815.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymour-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymour-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed6baby-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed1543-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parr-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward4-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed6main-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward6.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">loseley.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=8 CELLPADDING=0 WIDTH=&quot;98%&quot; &gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;
+&lt;td ALIGN=RIGHT VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;15&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymour-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;etching of Edward's mother, Jane Seymour&quot; BORDER=1 height=169 width=150&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;engraving of Jane Seymour, mother of Edward VI&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymour-min.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Horenbout&quot; height=165 width=166&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; miniature portrait of Jane Seymour, painted by Lucas 
+Horenbout&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed6baby-crop.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Holbein's famous portrait of Edward as a toddler&quot; BORDER=2 height=194 width=150&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Edward as a young prince, painted by Hans Holbein&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to learn more about this portrait, &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fnga.gov%2fcgi-bin%2fpinfo%3fObject%3d74%2b0%2bnone&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;click 
+here&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed1543-crop.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Prince Edward in 1543&quot; BORDER=2 height=194 width=137&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; portrait of Edward VI, c1546, by an unknown artist&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Edward's beloved stepmother, Katharine Parr&quot; BORDER=2 height=191 width=150&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Edward VI's beloved stepmother, Katharine Parr, painted by 
+William Scrots, c1543 &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward4-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;profile portrait of Edward VI&quot; BORDER=2 height=228 width=150&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; Edward VI, c1546, perhaps painted by William Scrots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed6main-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Edward VI, once more in a Henrician pose&quot; BORDER=2 height=214 width=150&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Edward VI in a pose reminiscent of his father, 
+c1543, painted by William Scrots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;15&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;King Edward VI&quot; height=48 width=315&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/loseley.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Edward VI in 1547, in a pose reminiscent of his father&quot; BORDER=2 height=311 width=226 align=LEFT&gt;&lt;b&gt;Henry
+VIII had just one legitimate son, Prince Edward.&amp;nbsp; Born in October
+1537, Edward was the fulfillment of his father's tangled marital history.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had ended his marriages to Katharine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn when
+they failed at the most important queenly duty, each woman bearing a healthy
+princess but no surviving prince.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour, the king's third
+wife, was luckier.&amp;nbsp; She ensured the king's lasting affection when
+she gave birth to Edward, but she died soon afterwards of puerperal sepsis.&amp;nbsp;
+The infant prince was the only male Tudor heir of his generation; he had
+two sisters and Henry VIII's sisters Mary and Margaret had several daughters.&amp;nbsp;
+If Edward died, the throne would pass to a woman and the Tudor dynasty
+would end.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, King Henry did all he could to protect his
+son's health; the infant prince lived in safe seclusion until his father
+wed Katharine Parr.&amp;nbsp; Henry's last wife became a beloved mother to
+Edward and he adopted the zealous Protestantism which she championed.&amp;nbsp;
+He also grew close to his half-sister Elizabeth, with whom he shared a
+household for some years.&amp;nbsp; His older half-sister, Mary, was an equally
+zealous Catholic; her religion and the vast difference in their ages prevented
+a close relationship.&amp;nbsp; Edward became king at the age of 10, but he
+was a mere figurehead.&amp;nbsp; His Seymour uncles battled with and ultimately
+lost the Protectorship to the ambitious John Dudley, duke of Northumberland.&amp;nbsp;
+During his brief reign, Edward demonstrated impressive piety and intelligence.&amp;nbsp;
+But his potential would never be realized.&amp;nbsp; He died an agonizing death
+at 15, possibly from a combination of tuberculosis and the measles.&amp;nbsp;
+Northumberland had persuaded him to leave the throne to his Protestant
+cousin, Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; This decision begat one of the most tragic
+tales of Tudor England.&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html#Biography&quot;&gt;Read
+a more detailed biography of King Edward VI&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Edward's
+journal entries&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed6birth.html&quot;&gt;Jane Seymour's
+pregnancy is announced&lt;/a&gt;, 1537&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Edward.
+&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Edward's mother.
+&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Edward's cousin and heiress.
+&lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of King Edward's life at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The above portrait is of King Edward VI, c1547, by 
+  an unknown artist.&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2fnewpics.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/a&gt; to 
+  learn more.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Henry VIII married Jane Seymour in shocking haste and, when she died
+less than two years later, he sought another wife immediately afterwards.&amp;nbsp;
+This evident dislike of bachelorhood was a cornerstone of Henry's adult
+life.&amp;nbsp; But it shouldn't imply that he didn't grieve for Jane.&amp;nbsp;
+Indeed, unlike his other wives, she was the only one he always spoke of
+with affection.&amp;nbsp; The cynic may argue this was because she died before
+Henry could turn on her.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, when his own life came
+to an end, Henry envisioned a grand tomb to hold him and his 'entirely
+beloved' Jane.&amp;nbsp; This did not come to pass; instead, Henry's body was
+interred with Jane's at her burial site, St George's Chapel.
+&lt;p&gt;It is indicative of Henry's contradictory character that, ten years
+and three wives after her death, he still held Jane in such sentimental
+regard.&amp;nbsp; Though he is notorious for his six marriages, one could easily
+argue that only his union with Jane Seymour - brief though it was - completely
+satisfied him, as man &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; king.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her immediate predecessor
+Anne Boleyn (whose motto was &lt;i&gt;le plus heureuse &lt;/i&gt;- 'the most happy'),
+Jane chose as her motto, 'Bound to obey and serve.'&amp;nbsp; A more striking
+contrast to the witty, flirtatious and passionate Anne Boleyn could not
+be imagined.&amp;nbsp; While Anne had been almost exotic in her attractiveness,
+stylish, and educated at the notorious French court, Jane was the pious
+and dutiful daughter of an old English family.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she had
+as many ambitious relatives (including two brothers executed by her son),
+but she never imposed upon the king.&amp;nbsp; When she argued for Henry to
+reinstate his daughter Mary, the king replied that she would do well to
+think of herself and the children they would have; Jane replied, with typical
+tact and submissiveness, that she was thinking only of the king's happiness.&amp;nbsp;
+She had the most pleasing feminine habit of showing disinterested concern
+for others.&amp;nbsp; Again, a contrast to her predecessor who had despised
+- and been despised by - Princess Mary.
+&lt;p&gt;But Jane's quiet, pliant nature should not be mistaken for shyness or
+ignorance.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was intelligent enough to manage Henry Tudor,
+a feat at which even great men like Wolsey, Cromwell, and More struggled.&amp;nbsp;
+She also managed to capture and maintain a king's interest while he was
+married to another woman.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Henry was increasingly weary
+of Anne and the lack of a male heir but his desire for Jane also urged
+on Anne's execution.&amp;nbsp; And before the execution, Henry was careful
+to obtain a divorce from Anne as well; this meant that his marriage to
+Jane was the first legal union of his life.&amp;nbsp; At forty-five, well into
+middle-age, the king declared he was finally entering a legally and spiritually
+pure marriage.
+&lt;p&gt;If Jane would have maintained Henry's interest and affection forever
+cannot, of course, be known.&amp;nbsp; She lived just eighteen months after
+their marriage, long enough to deliver a prince and short enough to enshrine
+her memory.&amp;nbsp; Beyond Henry, she also impressed others as the perfect
+epitome of a quiet, obedient and kind wife - various ambassadors and contemporaries
+agree on this.&amp;nbsp; But one musn't forget that she knowingly - if quietly
+- carried on an affair with a married man  while ostensibly serving his
+wife.&amp;nbsp; Many vilified Anne Boleyn for the very same behavior; however,
+Jane's behavior is rarely portrayed in a negative manner.
+&lt;p&gt;The exact date she met the king is not known.&amp;nbsp; But before he dallied
+with her, he had made another of Anne Boleyn's ladies-in-waiting his mistress.&amp;nbsp;
+This was Margaret (or Madge) Shelton, Anne Boleyn's first cousin, a girl
+'very gentle of countenance' and 'soft of speech.'&amp;nbsp; She was governess
+to Princess Elizabeth and her husband was captain of the child's guard.&amp;nbsp;
+The affair with Madge lasted about six months in early 1535; Chapuys, the
+Imperial ambassador, also mentions another affair in autumn 1534 but the
+woman's name is not known.&amp;nbsp; In autumn 1535, the king's fancy turned
+to Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Henry was on progress to Southampton and stayed
+at her father's home, Wolf Hall in Wiltshire, with the traveling court.&amp;nbsp;
+This meeting at Wolf Hall was not their first (it simply couldn't have
+been since she had been in royal service since 1529).&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII
+was rarely one for passion at first sight and, for one reason or another,
+Jane attracted his &lt;i&gt;amorous&lt;/i&gt; attentions at Wolf Hall.
+&lt;p&gt;He had not deserted his relationship with Anne, however; there was still
+a chance she would provide a male heir and Henry was loathe to end a marriage
+he had fought so hard to secure.&amp;nbsp; Still, in the back of all minds,
+the precedent of repudiated Katharine existed.&amp;nbsp; If the aunt of the
+Holy Roman Emperor could be divorced, why not 'Nan Bullen'?&amp;nbsp; But such
+speculation was dormant until Anne suffered a stillbirth during the summer
+of 1534.
+&lt;p&gt;Before this, Chapuys and other enemies commented that she was growing
+old, her dark good looks were fading; she was in her mid-thirties, no longer
+young and leaving her safest reproductive years behind.&amp;nbsp; She still
+could manage Henry though she lacked Jane Seymour's delicate touch.&amp;nbsp;
+But she would have been a fool to think her position was completely secure.&amp;nbsp;
+Each new dalliance, each sharp word reinforced her tenuous position.&amp;nbsp;
+Above all else, she must produce a male heir - Henry would never repudiate
+the mother of his son.&amp;nbsp; So when she miscarried late in her pregnancy,
+she naturally worried.&amp;nbsp; It did not help her disposition or relations
+with the king.
+&lt;p&gt;Shortly thereafter, Henry began the dalliance mentioned above.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne drove her rival from court, Chapuys relates, Henry was angry and threatening
+- he told Anne that she &quot;had good reason tto be content with what he had
+done for her, which he would not do now if the thing were to begin and
+that she should consider from what she had come and other things.&quot;&amp;nbsp;
+One can imagine the effect of such words on Anne.&amp;nbsp; She became terminally
+insecure and anxious even as she struggled to conceive and deliver a healthy
+child.&amp;nbsp; And Henry, sensitive as always, remarked that he believed
+she had never been pregnant at all.&amp;nbsp; (This was untrue - Anne's advancing
+pregnancy had been noted by several contemporaries.)
+&lt;p&gt;From the fall of 1534 and most of 1535, Anne sought security in the
+only way possible.&amp;nbsp; But Henry was occasionally impotent, a not uncommon
+occurrence for an overweight man of forty-five.&amp;nbsp; Like most men of
+his age (and many of ours), he didn't blame himself; after all, he was
+still attracted to other women.&amp;nbsp; Ironically enough, it was after his
+visit to Wolf Hall, when he returned to London in October 1535, that he
+and Anne conceived a child.&amp;nbsp; The fancy for Jane Seymour, only a few
+weeks old, would be overlooked.
+&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, Katharine of Aragon had finally passed away on 7 January
+1536.&amp;nbsp; The great rival vanquished and she herself pregnant, Anne lived
+as her motto decreed - 'the most happy.'&amp;nbsp; But Katharine's death was
+not the happy event it may have seemed.&amp;nbsp; After all, in the eyes of
+Catholic Europe, Katharine had always been Henry's wife.&amp;nbsp; With her
+death, the king of England was officially widowed.&amp;nbsp; In other words,
+he was free to marry again.&amp;nbsp; The union with Anne was not recognized.&amp;nbsp;
+And just a few weeks after Katharine's death, Anne miscarried the child.&amp;nbsp;
+It was a male fetus, about fifteen weeks old.&amp;nbsp; Her own sorrow as a
+mother was undoubtedly overwhelmed by the realization that she was doomed.
+&lt;p&gt;She told Henry she had miscarried because he had suffered a serious
+fall and the news, related by her uncle Norfolk, had distressed her terribly.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was uninterested.&amp;nbsp; According to Anne's attendants, he said to
+her, &quot;I see God will not give me male children&quot; and that he would have
+&quot;no more boys by &lt;i&gt;her&lt;/i&gt;.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Perhaps two miscarriages was not uncommon
+in Tudor England but, in light of Katharine of Aragon's many miscarriages,
+Anne's were magnified.
+&lt;p&gt;With Anne now widely believed to be incapable of delivering a male heir,
+Henry's relationship with Jane Seymour assumed a new importance.&amp;nbsp;
+There are stories which cannot be confirmed as true - Anne discovered Jane
+sitting on the king's lap, Anne discovered gifts Henry had bought for 'Mistress
+Seymour' - but they are disquieting.&amp;nbsp; In any case, Jane was bewitching
+the king in her own quiet way much as Anne herself had done.&amp;nbsp; She
+denied the king just enough to ensure a chaste reputation and certainly
+Henry was like many men - the forbidden fruit was all the more attractive.&amp;nbsp;
+And she also came from a respectable noble family which passionately pounced
+upon the Boleyn's declining fortunes.
+&lt;p&gt;The Seymours had old antecedents though their claim of Norman ancestry
+was dubious.&amp;nbsp; Their name was originally St Maur and a Sir Wido de
+Saint Maur was supposed to have come over with the conquest.&amp;nbsp; Prosperous
+marriages enriched the family and extended their holdings.&amp;nbsp; Jane's
+father was born in 1474 and knighted in the field by Henry VII at a battle
+called Blackheath.&amp;nbsp; He continued to enjoy royal favor into Henry VIII's
+reign, accompanying the king on his French campaign in 1513 and also the
+infamous Field of Cloth of Gold in 1532.&amp;nbsp; He was a Gentleman of the
+Bedchamber and sheriff of his home county but never especially prominent
+or ambitious.&amp;nbsp; What was important was his reputation as a pious and
+courteous man; also, he was often in close contact with the king.&amp;nbsp;
+And, even more important, he came from a large family with many healthy
+children.&amp;nbsp; Jane herself was one of ten children; her own mother had
+six sons, though two of died of the sweating sickness in 1528.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's father was over 60 when the king's fancy turned to her; it was
+her older brothers Edward and Thomas who stood to profit most from her
+ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; They seized - and relished - this unexpected opportunity
+to advance their fortunes.&amp;nbsp; Their sister, in her mid-twenties, was
+not particularly beautiful; her most pleasing feature was her fair, unblemished
+skin.&amp;nbsp; Chapuys, who had no cause to denigrate her, described her as
+'of middle stature and no great beauty.'&amp;nbsp; But she was calm, courteous,
+and kindly.&amp;nbsp; Such characteristics were important, especially to a
+monarch like Henry who felt himself surrounded by devious and temperamental
+women.&amp;nbsp; She was also virtuous.&amp;nbsp; She may have responded to Henry's
+flirtations (who would deny the king?) but she responded to no others -
+this despite service under two queens.&amp;nbsp; But when Henry sent her gifts
+with a letter, she returned them, saying, &quot;If the King desired to make
+her a present of money, she prayed that it might be when she made an honorable
+marriage.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Once again, the royal appetite was whetted.&amp;nbsp; And,
+of course, such modest behavior was desirable in a woman Henry increasingly
+wanted to wed.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's family was joined by supporters who had been slighted by the
+Boleyn faction.&amp;nbsp; In other words, anyone who had not prospered under
+Anne's rule wanted to support Jane.&amp;nbsp; On 18 April 1536, Cromwell (Henry's
+chief minister and confidante) threw in his lot with the Seymours.&amp;nbsp;
+He vacated his apartments at Greenwich Palace so the Seymours could move
+in.&amp;nbsp; This was crucial.&amp;nbsp; Not only could the king visit Jane discreetly,
+without anyone knowing, but Cromwell's opinion carried weight with Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne Boleyn's fall was inevitable; Jane Seymour's rise was unstoppable.
+&lt;p&gt;On Friday, 19 May 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed on various charges,
+the most powerful being that of treason.&amp;nbsp; The secret betrothal of
+King Henry and Jane took place at Hampton Court the next day.&amp;nbsp; During
+Anne's arrest and trial, Henry's sense of decency (never great) had persuaded
+him to send Jane away.&amp;nbsp; She went to Sir Nicholas Carew's house at
+Croydon where she was afforded every respect.&amp;nbsp; But as the date of
+Anne's demise approached, Henry grew more impatient; Jane was moved to
+a closer house just a mile from the king's residence at Whitehall.&amp;nbsp;
+From there she went to Hampton Court for her betrothal; it was back again
+to Whitehall for the marriage on 30 May.&amp;nbsp; Thomas Cranmer performed
+the ceremony.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine it was a happy and triumphant day for
+Jane but confidence would have been foolhardy.&amp;nbsp; After all, the king
+had divorced one wife who had not born a son and executed another.&amp;nbsp;
+She had known both Katharine and Anne quite well.&amp;nbsp; Even if she didn't
+grieve for their fates, she must have realized the instability of her own.
+&lt;p&gt;Once queen, Jane chose a phoenix rising from a castle filled with Tudor
+roses and the panther for her heraldry.&amp;nbsp; It was easy enough to alter
+Anne's leopards and falcons, after all.&amp;nbsp; On their first procession
+through London as husband and wife, they passed the Tower where the late
+queen's body lay stuffed in an arrow chest, the head tucked beneath the
+arm.&amp;nbsp; For 'Jane the Quene,' the Tower was hung with banners and streamers.&amp;nbsp;
+Furthermore, there was the incredible dowry the king had lavished upon
+her - 104 manors, 5 castles and various gardens and forests.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+also planned an equally lavish coronation for his new queen.&amp;nbsp; This,
+however, was stymied by an outbreak of the plague; Henry said that it would
+only be postponed.&amp;nbsp; As soon as it was healthy and safe, Jane would
+be officially crowned.
+&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Jane displayed good common sense by ordering her ladies-in-waiting
+to dress conservatively.&amp;nbsp; She wanted no one to tempt the king even
+as she had done.&amp;nbsp; She also became mother to two motherless princesses.&amp;nbsp;
+Both Mary and Elizabeth benefited from Jane's kindness.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
+of marriageable age (seven years younger than Jane) and could be used as
+a tool in Henry's diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; Three-year-old Elizabeth, lacking Mary's
+maternal nobility, was not marriageable yet but Henry was described as
+'very affectionate' toward her.&amp;nbsp; He called her 'his Madame Ysabeau'
+and allowed both Elizabeth and Mary, though bastardized, precedence over
+their cousins.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's religious opinions should be discussed, if only because history
+has often misread her true feelings.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her brothers and son,
+Jane was not a Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She was conservative in her religion as
+she was in her behavior.&amp;nbsp; The first harsh words Henry was recorded
+as speaking to her were over religion; she mentioned that a rebellion was
+perhaps God's rebuke over Henry's dissolution of the monasteries.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry brusquely reminded her that the late queen had died as a result of
+meddling in his affairs.&amp;nbsp; This implied threat would have been enough
+to frighten any woman.&amp;nbsp; Luckily, Jane became pregnant a few months
+later, in early January 1537.&amp;nbsp; This news undoubtedly helped lessen
+the sadness of her father's death on 21 December 1536.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's condition was announced in March and the news was officially
+celebrated on Trinity Sunday, 27 May 1537.&amp;nbsp; She was now the king's
+'most dear and most entirely beloved wife', as Henry wrote to the duke
+of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Her coronation was now planned to be after the child's
+birth, probably late October.&amp;nbsp; There is no sign that the pregnancy
+was especially difficult; all writings point to Jane's good stature and
+health.&amp;nbsp; Henry canceled a progress to stay with her and certainly
+the entire court - and country - held their breath, wondering if this young
+woman would succeed in her greatest duty.
+&lt;p&gt;Certainly Henry was optimistic and, as usual, the astrologers and doctors
+predicted the birth of a son.&amp;nbsp; They had been wrong with Elizabeth
+but Henry was eager to forget and make preparations.&amp;nbsp; He had a Garter
+stall made for this long-awaited son in St George's Chapel at Windsor;
+the royal apartments at Hampton Court Palace were refurbished in preparation
+for the birth; Jane's brothers were yet again elevated to new positions,
+granted more lands and pensions.&amp;nbsp; And finally, on 9 October, she went
+into labor.
+&lt;p&gt;Her labor was as arduous as any could be in the sixteenth century.&amp;nbsp;
+It lasted three days; after the first two, a procession was mounted in
+London to pray for the Queen.&amp;nbsp; On 12 October, the eve of the Feast
+of St Edward, the child was born.&amp;nbsp; Jane was well enough after the
+birth to receive guests, most touchingly her husband.&amp;nbsp; Henry wept
+when he took this longed-for heir in his arms.&amp;nbsp; The christening was
+held three days later and, wrapped in furs and velvet, she attended.&amp;nbsp;
+Princess Mary acted as godmother to her half-brother and four-year-old
+Elizabeth was carried by Thomas Seymour.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;It would be impossible to list all the celebrations which occurred
+when Prince Edward was born.&amp;nbsp; Suffice to say, 2000 shots were fired
+from the Tower and bells were rung throughout the countryside.&amp;nbsp; On
+18 October, Henry had his son proclaimed Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall
+and Earl of Carnarvon.&amp;nbsp; Yet again the Seymour brothers were given
+generous endowments for the king was never more generous or magnanimous.&amp;nbsp;
+But their sister who had made such celebrating possible was not recovering
+from the birth.&amp;nbsp; In modern times, we call her illness puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp;
+In Jane's time, it was the most common cause of death for pregnant women.&amp;nbsp;
+Cleanliness and the proper treatment for infections were not understood.&amp;nbsp;
+Once she became infected, she was doomed.&amp;nbsp; On 19 October, she took
+to her bed again; she recovered somewhat on the 23rd, as her attendants
+reported, but only for a matter of hours.&amp;nbsp; Soon she was delirious
+and, early the next morning, her confessor was sent for.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who
+had planned to go hunting that day, postponed his trip - but only for that
+day, he told a courtier.&amp;nbsp; It was enough; 'Jane the Quene' died near
+midnight on 24 October, living just days after her great triumph.&amp;nbsp;
+For her husband, increasingly obese, bald, and well into middle-age, the
+grief was genuine.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He planned a sumptuous burial for 12 November
+and the churches that had celebrated Edward's birth now began to pray for
+the soul of the late queen.&amp;nbsp; Hampton Court Palace, scene of her triumph
+and death, was hung with black.
+&lt;p&gt;Princess Mary was chief mourner at her step-mother's funeral but Henry
+did not attend.&amp;nbsp; He wished to be alone with his grief.&amp;nbsp; Jane
+Seymour was buried as a queen - unlike Katharine of Aragon who had died
+as Princess Dowager and Anne Boleyn, who had died divorced and disgraced.&amp;nbsp;
+Her hearse was taken to Windsor and interred in a vault in St George's
+Chapel.&amp;nbsp; Henry was perhaps already planning a sufficient monument
+for the grave he would eventually share with Jane.&amp;nbsp; But he also kept
+track of his late wife's possessions - her jewelry was distributed to her
+ladies, Princess Mary, and her brothers.&amp;nbsp; But her dowry, the 104 manors
+and 5 castles, were given back to the king.&amp;nbsp; And, very soon indeed,
+speculation began -&amp;nbsp; who would receive these favors next?
+&lt;p&gt;Henry VIII turned to the continent for his next wife, the German princess
+Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was famously annulled only a few months
+later.&amp;nbsp; His fifth wife was Anne Boleyn's cousin, the young and pretty
+Catherine Howard.&amp;nbsp; She met her cousin's fate not even two years into
+the marriage and then Henry wed the twice-widowed Katharine Parr.&amp;nbsp;
+Pious, intelligent and an accomplished nurse, she would be his last wife.&amp;nbsp;
+By the time of this last marriage, the king was suffering from a variety
+of ailments, most caused by his increasing obesity.&amp;nbsp; He continued
+to take a keen interest in his son's education and Katharine Parr became
+a true mother to the young Elizabeth and Edward.&amp;nbsp; Her passionate Protestantism
+had a great effect on both children; it also nearly caused her death, since
+Henry VIII had become even more tyrannical as the years passed.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;The king's own death on 28 January 1547 was the second and final time
+the Tudor throne would pass, easily and without dispute, to a male heir.&amp;nbsp;
+But Edward VI's extreme youth ensured that his reign would not immediately
+be his own.
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Who was this young man, the product of his father's long and desperate
+search for an heir?&amp;nbsp; He died at the age of sixteen, never more than
+a puppet king who had to beg his uncle for pocket money and was beaten
+by his tutors.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI was just a child when crowned at Westminster.&amp;nbsp;
+His father knew the dangers of leaving a child as heir and did his best
+to protect the court from factionalism.&amp;nbsp; However, Henry's will was
+shortsighted and hardly practical; he wanted a regency council of peers,
+each equal to the other.&amp;nbsp; But even as he lay dying, the earl of Hertford
+and Sir William Paget were already planning their coup.&amp;nbsp; Hertford,
+Jane Seymour's brother and Edward's uncle, would be made Lord Protector&amp;nbsp;
+and Paget would be first minister.&amp;nbsp; On 28 January 1547, Hertford rode
+to his nephew and brought him to the security of the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp;
+On 31 January the council met there and agreed to Paget's nomination of
+Hertford as protector.&amp;nbsp; Only then was Henry VIII's demise made public
+and Edward VI proclaimed king.&amp;nbsp; There followed a distribution of titles
+and sinecures, the most notable being Hertford's elevation to the dukedom
+of Somerset.
+&lt;p&gt;However, Somerset's authority was not fully secure; the council's nomination
+of him as Protector was just a verbal agreement.&amp;nbsp; Without letters
+patent authenticated by the Great Seal, he had a title but no legal basis
+for control.&amp;nbsp; But the Great Seal was in the hands of the lord chancellor,
+a conservative named Wriothesley who had been created earl of Southampton
+during the accession honors.&amp;nbsp; But even elevated to an earldom, Wriothesley
+was not happy with what he perceived to be Somerset's usurption of power.&amp;nbsp;
+He refused to affix the seal to Somerset's patent of formal authority.&amp;nbsp;
+Early in March, Somerset was able to rid himself of this nuisance.&amp;nbsp;
+He brought to the council's attention certain irregularities in the chancellor's
+office (notably his neglect of the legal side of his responsibilities),
+and forced Wriothesley's resignation.&amp;nbsp; Somerset's ally Lord Rich was
+quickly appointed lord chancellor and the Great Seal was finally affixed
+to the letters patent.&amp;nbsp; Somerset was now the most powerful man in
+England, with the exception of his young nephew.
+&lt;p&gt;One of the powers Somerset acquired in his patent of office was the
+right to appoint whoever he wanted to the Privy Council.&amp;nbsp; To that
+end, he brought in some of the older, experienced men who had not been
+appointed executors in Henry's will.&amp;nbsp; But he never allowed the council
+to function with any degree of autonomy and rarely consulted its members.&amp;nbsp;
+Instead, he used them to simply endorse his own privately-made decisions.&amp;nbsp;
+On the rare occasions he did meet with them, he demonstrated an appalling
+lack of the attributes all leaders need - tact and cunning.&amp;nbsp; His tongue
+was so savage that he reduced a colleague to tears and, before long, Paget
+was warning him about his arrogance and rudeness.&amp;nbsp; Somerset ignored
+Paget as he ignored most everyone else.&amp;nbsp; He ruled by edict, issuing
+proclamations to a greater extent than any head of government in the Tudor
+age.
+&lt;p&gt;His fall was inevitable.&amp;nbsp; But it did not happen until five years
+into Edward's reign, by which time Somerset had effectively cemented the
+new religion in England and offended virtually every other nobleman.&amp;nbsp;
+What did Edward VI think of his uncle's autocratic use of power?&amp;nbsp;
+The boy king left behind a journal remarkable in its detachment; indeed,
+he recorded the executions of both Somerset and his younger brother with
+no emotion.
+&lt;p&gt;Edward was not completely cold, however.&amp;nbsp; He was always affectionate
+to his stepmother, Katharine Parr, whose benevolent influence eased his
+lonely childhood.&amp;nbsp; He also spent time with his half-sister Elizabeth;
+the two children were just four years apart in age and Elizabeth was a
+Protestant.&amp;nbsp; He was never particularly close to his other half-sister,
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was understandable for Mary was old enough to be his mother
+(21 years older) and a devout Catholic who refused to bow to her brother's
+religious convictions.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she had obeyed their father but
+Edward was an adolescent who Mary believed was a pawn of Protestant heretics.&amp;nbsp;
+(Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; site to read selections from Edward's journal &amp;amp; other documents)
+&lt;p&gt;Edward's education was always strict.&amp;nbsp; His earliest tutors were
+female and he was guarded under the strictest regulations - for example,
+nobody less than a knight was allowed to visit him.&amp;nbsp; At the age of
+six, his two principal tutors were appointed - Ricahrd Cox, a committed
+but moderate reformer, and John Cheke, the most distinguished humanist
+in the land.&amp;nbsp; There is evidence that he was occasionally beaten. Upon
+his ascension, he was a precocious and intelligent boy.&amp;nbsp; His elevation
+to the kingship did not end his courtesy to his tutors.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
+he now began to share his studies with a handful of contemporaries; one
+of these, Barnaby Fitzpatrick, was the son of an Irish peer and became
+a Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber.&amp;nbsp; He was also Edward's closest friend
+and, away on a mission to France, received letters from the king which
+betray normal adolescent exuberance.&amp;nbsp; These letters - along with those
+to Katharine Parr - are the only examples in which Edward exhibits emotion.
+&lt;p&gt;Edward left behind a reputation for bigoted, extreme Protestantism which
+he does not deserve.&amp;nbsp; There were many pro-Protestant laws enacted
+during his reign, with his approval, but at the instigation of his guardians.&amp;nbsp;
+He was a devout Protestant, the product of the new religion which even
+his father had not understood.&amp;nbsp; Still, he was by no means as self-righteouslessly
+intolerant as his older sister; perhaps he would have been - but that is
+just speculation.
+&lt;p&gt;Edward's ministers demonstrated passionate self-interest in this religious
+climate.&amp;nbsp; These Protestant lords had profitted economically from the
+dissolution of the monasteries and no one - lord or commoner - wanted to
+reinstate papal taxation.&amp;nbsp; They were determined to keep their land
+grants, gold plate, and other treasures.&amp;nbsp; In doing so, they appealed
+to the intellectual vanity of their young king.&amp;nbsp; Edward was raised
+a Protestant, even as Mary had been raised a Catholic, and there is no
+reason to doubt he held his faith as deeply.&amp;nbsp; Unlike their sister
+Elizabeth, who declared she wanted no windows in men's souls, Edward and
+Mary believed they were guiding their subjects onto the path of righteousness.&amp;nbsp;
+When Somerset and others altered their beliefs with changing political
+climates, they were careful to appeal to this sense of self-righteousness.
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;I wrote a more detailed account of Edward's
+childhood before writing this section; if you would like to read it, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward33.html&quot;&gt;please
+click here&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It will be somewhat repetitious since it contains
+information found at this page, but there is more detail and might be useful
+for students researching Edward's life.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+The essential fact of Edward's brief reign is this - it is more a commentary
+on Somerset and his successor, Northumberland, than it is on Edward himself.&amp;nbsp;
+In the early months of his rule, the councilors were more interested in
+securing the throne and creating a peaceful transition to the new order.&amp;nbsp;
+As Edward's uncle and a soldier of experience, Somerset was the natural
+choice as 'Protector of all the realms and domains of the King's Majesty
+and Governor of his most royal person.'&amp;nbsp; The other fifteen men Henry
+had selected as councilors were men only recently promoted to high office;
+twelve of them were Protestant, since the Howards - the leading Catholic
+faction at court - had fallen from power.&amp;nbsp; Somerset's main rivals
+for power were John Dudley, earl of Northumberland (soon promoted to earl
+of Warwick) and his own brother, Thomas Seymour (soon created Baron Seymour
+of Sudeley and Lord High Admiral.)&amp;nbsp; Seymour was ambitious and angry
+that he could not wield absolute power; in his opinion, why should one
+uncle have control and another be fobbed off with consolation prizes?&amp;nbsp;
+A more temperate man would have been content with his newly ennobled title
+and position on the council but Seymour was ambitious and jealous - a lethal
+combination.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he would bring down himself and his brother,
+thus securing Dudley's ascendancy.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset loved his younger brother and, in general, was considered a
+kind man - but he was unfortunately ill-equipped to manage his squabbling
+council and had a mean-tempered wife who offended virtually everyone she
+met.&amp;nbsp; She was his second wife and mother of his nine children; Somserset's
+first wife had been banished to a convent after having an affair with his
+father.&amp;nbsp; Anne Stanhope was as proud and quarrelsome as her brother-in-law
+Seymour.&amp;nbsp; She considered herself the first lady of the realm, claiming
+precedence over Katharine Parr, Henry VIII's widow.&amp;nbsp; When Seymour
+married Katharine just four months after Henry's death, Anne and virtually
+everyone at court saw it as evidence of his vast ambition.&amp;nbsp; It opened
+yet another rift between the two brothers.
+&lt;p&gt;There were, of course, reasons for Seymour to be jealous.&amp;nbsp; On 16
+February 1547, Henry VIII was buried with the Seymour brothers' sister,
+Jane, at St George's chapel in Windsor, and - the very next day - Edward
+VI confirmed his uncle as duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Along with the title
+came an income of 7400 pds a year, a vast sum in those days.&amp;nbsp; By contrast,
+Henry VIII left Princesses &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and Elizabeth 3000 pds each - less than half of Somerset's income but still
+considered a great sum.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had to content himself with the lands
+of his baronetcy as well as his wife's fortune - and, soon enough, embezzlement.&amp;nbsp;
+When his brother made it clear he would not share ultimate authority, Seymour
+began to plot against him.&amp;nbsp; Already, he had begun flirting with the
+adolescent Elizabeth, being raised at his wife's home in Chelsea (discussed
+in greater detail at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth
+I&lt;/a&gt; pages.)&amp;nbsp; He also secured the guardianship of &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Grey&lt;/a&gt;, telling her parents he would arrange her marriage to the young
+king.&amp;nbsp; Thus, he was in control of two of Henry VIII's heirs.&amp;nbsp;
+He also began visiting his nephew, attempting to gain Edward's affections
+by giving him presents and money.&amp;nbsp; Since Somerset was strict with
+his nephew and kept him constantly short of money, the king was grateful
+for the gifts.
+&lt;p&gt;But even as Seymour began his ambitious plans, Somerset was careful
+to court Princess Mary's favor.&amp;nbsp; This was a smart policy since she
+was her brother's heir, popular with the English people, and cousin to
+the Holy Roman Emperor.&amp;nbsp; Also, she was content to remain in the countryside
+since she disliked Edward's Protestant court.&amp;nbsp; Many historians have
+written that Seymour and others courted Mary's favor with the view that
+she would one day be queen.&amp;nbsp; However, this is wrong - as is the view
+that Edward VI was a sickly king, always delicate of health.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
+until the last eighteen months of his life, Edward was quite healthy and
+gave every intention of living many years.&amp;nbsp; He was slender and had
+fair coloring but also enjoyed activity and took a keen - and passionate
+- interest in learning and religion.&amp;nbsp;; As he grew older, he naturally
+chafed at his uncle Somerset's absolute control over his life.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset - unlike his brother and Dudley - never played to Edward's
+natural feelings of superiority and authority.&amp;nbsp; He treated the king
+as he treated his children - with firmness, discipline, and a strict regimen.&amp;nbsp;
+Seymour and Dudley spoke to the young king
+&lt;i&gt;as a king&lt;/i&gt;, pretending
+to defer to his naturally superior wisdom.&amp;nbsp; For a while, though, Somerset
+kept near-absolute control over the council.&amp;nbsp; He became popular with
+the poor - and unpopular with his fellow nobles - by promoting reform of
+agricultural laws (creating fixed rents and the abolition of enclosures)and
+he attempted to reform the judicial system in favor of equality for all.&amp;nbsp;
+In fact, he established a court of pleas at his own home in London.&amp;nbsp;
+This earned him the nickname 'the Good Duke' but to his councilors he was
+too moderate to satisfy any faction and too headstrong to listen to anyone.&amp;nbsp;
+To this perception of arrogance and class-betrayal was added a spiritual
+weakness - Somerset would not allow anyone to be tortured or burned over
+religious matters.&amp;nbsp; This tolerance was unexpected and unwelcome by
+his peers.
+&lt;p&gt;But along with idealistic plans for social reform, Somerset was also
+grasping and greedy.&amp;nbsp; The combination of such traits was considered
+hypocritical and inconsistent.&amp;nbsp; After all, his councilors muttered,
+who was Somerset to criticize their rents when he spent the government's
+money with little regard for moderation?&amp;nbsp; They pointed to his London
+residence, Somerset House, built&amp;nbsp; at the exorbinant cost of 10000
+pds; there were other homes, too, equally grand and all designed to emphasize
+his stature as Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; It may be that Somerset was uneasy
+in his role since, before his sister's ascendancy, his family was only
+moderately successful.&amp;nbsp; In just ten years, they had become the pre-eminent
+family in the land and he may have been insecure about such a rapid rise.&amp;nbsp;
+In any case, he was encouraged in such spending by his wife.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's main problem was that he lacked the charisma and will-power
+of Henry VIII, a man who had blustered and bullied his council into action.&amp;nbsp;
+The sheer intimidating force of his personality had awed everyone - and
+Somerset lacked that bravura, a natural ability to inspire and lead.&amp;nbsp;
+Instead, he was forced to shout and insult his peers into action, at one
+time driving a man to tears.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, his brother was proving an
+embarrassment.&amp;nbsp; Right after Henry's death, Seymour had sought permission
+to marry Elizabeth; when that was denied, he renewed a former attachment
+to Katharine Parr and married her.&amp;nbsp; In any case, in the four months
+after Henry's death before he married Katharine, his nephew King Edward
+had suggested he marry Anne of Cleves or Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; But Seymour's
+own brother squashed both those plans, the union with Mary in particular;
+Seymour was not 'born to be king, nor to marry a king's daughter.'&amp;nbsp;
+So when he married the queen dowager, people naturally assumed it was a
+union of ambition and not affection.
+&lt;p&gt;Seymour further angered the council and his brother by flirting with
+Princess Elizabeth; she was sent from he and Katharine's Chelsea home after
+Katharine became pregnant.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine died in childbirth, Seymour
+was soon engaged in pressing his suit to Elizabeth again as well as arguing
+with the council - and his brother in particular - over Katharine's possessions.&amp;nbsp;
+He was also ingratiating himself with King Edward by bribing a man called
+John Fowler, one of the king's closest servants.&amp;nbsp; Fowler and Edward
+were close and shared conversations; they revealed the young king's increasing
+frustration with Somerset's actions.&amp;nbsp; Edward wanted more pocket money,
+less severe tutors, more time for leisure pursuits - he wanted to be treated
+as king and not a child.&amp;nbsp; Fowler, paid by Seymour, was happy to pass
+these complaints on.&amp;nbsp; So Seymour smuggled in some money and small
+presents and, though these pleased the king, they didn't personally endear
+his uncle to him.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps even the young Edward could sense his uncle's
+calculating ambition.
+&lt;p&gt;But Edward did publicly support and bless his uncle and stepmother's
+marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, in a fit of anger, he once told Seymour that - if
+Somerset should die - he would appoint his 'favorite' uncle Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp;
+Such statements only encouraged Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, in November
+1547, Seymour had urged Edward to sign a document which would be placed
+before Parliament in its new session; it would officially divide the office
+of Lord Protector between the king's two uncles.&amp;nbsp; Edward was naturally
+cautious and asked his tutor, John Cheke, for guidance.&amp;nbsp; Cheke was
+a learned man obsessed with otherwordly concerns but he also understood
+the intrigues of the Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; His advice was for Edward to not
+sign and distance himself from both uncles.&amp;nbsp; Seymour was furious.&amp;nbsp;
+He went about telling councilors that he wanted Edward to live with him
+and the queen dowager and - more threateningly - he could easily steal
+the king from under Somerset's nose.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine died on 5 September
+1548 after a difficult childbirth, one important link to his nephew disappeared.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, Edward had been genuinely fond of Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But after
+her death, Seymour became even more openly ambitious and insulting to his
+brother.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that he wanted to marry his former ward
+Jane Grey but Seymour found this laughable.&amp;nbsp; He had more ambitious
+plans - once again, he intended to woo Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; It may
+have been that Katharine Parr exerted a calming influence upon her husband
+and, once she died, he became more obvious and unrestrained in his plans.&amp;nbsp;
+Whatever the case, he began to voice open disapproval of his brother's
+government, threatening to disrupt Parliamenr; in short, he was a great
+embarrassment to the protector.&amp;nbsp; Somerset tried to be conciliatory
+but Seymour had none of it.&amp;nbsp; He began to gather support (at least
+nominally) from other nobles who were dissatisfied with Somerset for less
+personal reasons.&amp;nbsp; As Lord High Admiral, a post he had heretofore
+neglected, Seymour was able to control the English navy.&amp;nbsp; He openly
+asked people for support in case of a coup.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he was
+completely indiscreet.
+&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Elizabeth's governess Mrs Ashley, another victim of Seymour's
+charm, was encouraging her young charge to think kindly of Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+But Elizabeth was cautious and less than thrilled; she retired to the country
+and stayed far away from London.&amp;nbsp; But others had heard of Seymour's
+plans and one of these was Lord Russell, the keeper of the Privy Seal,
+an important office in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; He confronted Seymour with
+rumors of his intention to wed Elizabeth; he said this would ensure Seymour's
+ruin.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Russell cautioned, King Edward would view a match
+with Elizabeth very suspiciously - after all, it smacked of ambition and
+the next step would be his own death.&amp;nbsp; Then, Seymour and Elizabeth
+would rule.&amp;nbsp; Seymour's folly went further, however.&amp;nbsp; He was also
+embezzling vast sums in a complicated scheme with the vice-treasurer of
+the Bristol mint.&amp;nbsp; (Once again, this is discussed in the Elizabeth
+I pages as well.)
+&lt;p&gt;The vice-treasurer was a man called Sir William Sharington.&amp;nbsp; Sharington
+had taken advantage of the general laxity and chaos the new reign to clip
+and debase the coinage produced at Bristol.&amp;nbsp; He doctored the account
+books to cover the operation but rumors spread of his crimes.&amp;nbsp; It
+was inevitable - after all, others worked at the mint and Sharington was
+using the money to refurbish his house in a very lavish manner.&amp;nbsp; Seymour
+discovered Sharington's secret and, rather than turn him in, decided upon
+blackmail.&amp;nbsp; He planned to use the proceeds to finance his coup to
+take over the government.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, he as using his position as
+Lord High Admiral to encourage piracy (rather than protect against it,
+as was his duty), allowing the pirates safe passage in exchange for shares
+of their booty.&amp;nbsp; He also charged ships a toll to pass from England
+to Ireland on official government business.
+&lt;p&gt;He also planned to kidnap Edward, with John Fowler's help.&amp;nbsp; Fowler
+provided keys to Edward's room and forged a stamp of Edward's signature.&amp;nbsp;
+But at the end of 1548, everyone knew of his plans.&amp;nbsp; The council openly
+discussed charges against him.&amp;nbsp; His aristocratic friends cautioned
+that their support would not be forthcoming after all.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough,
+someone had tipped off the council to one of the greatest crimes - the
+Bristol mint was raided and Sharington fell to pieces, accusing Seymour
+of forcing him to commit treason and turning King's evidence against him.&amp;nbsp;
+(In an ironic footnote, he was not only pardoned - but restored to his
+office and position in life.)&amp;nbsp; Somerset attempted to help his brother,
+summoning him to London for a private audience.&amp;nbsp; Seymour refused.&amp;nbsp;
+Somerset had no choice but to lay all before the council and let them proceed
+against his brother.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, John Fowler's incriminating evidence
+was laid bare - as was King Edward's.&amp;nbsp; But still no direct action
+was taken against him; it was just a treason investigation.&amp;nbsp; But on
+16 January, Seymour ensured his immediate arrest.
+&lt;p&gt;He still had the forged keys to Edward's apartment at Hampton Court
+and, in the middle of the night, decided to risk everything on kidnapping
+the king.&amp;nbsp; He entered through the privy garden - but, in the room
+outside Edward's bedroom, slept the king's pet spaniel.&amp;nbsp; The dog woke
+up, barking, and Seymour shot him.&amp;nbsp; A Yeoman of the Guard appeared,
+demanding an explanation, even as King Edward awoke and stood in his bedroom
+doorway; he was clad in his nightshirt and openly terrified.&amp;nbsp; Seymour
+told them he had come to test the king's guards; the dog had attacked him
+so he was forced to shoot.&amp;nbsp; The guard let him leave but, upon learning
+of the incident, the council decided to confine Seymour to the Tower while
+they investigated.&amp;nbsp; The official charge was attempting to murder King
+Edward; even the suspicion of regicide was enough to condemn Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+On 18 January, the council officially sent agents to question everyone
+Seymour had conspired with; among those questioned were Princess Elizabeth
+and her household.
+&lt;p&gt;Seymour refused to appear privately before the council; he would settle
+for nothing less than an open trial.&amp;nbsp; On 22 February, the council
+officially indicted him of thirty-three charges of treason.&amp;nbsp; And Seymour
+never had an open trial in which to make his case - as in Henry VIII's
+time, a Bill of Attainder was passed on 4 March, approved by Parliament
+and King Edward.&amp;nbsp; Somerset delayed signing the death warrant so the
+council, led by Dudley, went to Edward for his signature.&amp;nbsp; So on 20
+March, Seymour was executed at the Tower of London, dying 'dangerously,
+irksomely, horribly.'&amp;nbsp; Somerset's understandable inability to condemn
+his brother resulted in a growing rift on the council.&amp;nbsp; His family
+was disgraced and he was angry at the councilors for so rapidly proceeding
+against his brother.&amp;nbsp; It was only a matter of time before he, too,
+fell from power.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's fall was engineered by Dudley and helped along by a backlash
+against his regime.&amp;nbsp; How did Somerset's policies help foster a climate
+of betrayal and manipulation; specifically, how had he failed in his duties
+as Lord Protector?
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;A more thorough discussion of Somerset's government policies, and
+how they led to his downfall&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's government was a confused jumble of misplaced idealism and
+factional squabbling.&amp;nbsp; With the dynamic and charismatic figure of
+Henry VIII gone, Tudor government was in a shambles.&amp;nbsp; Its fate was
+inevitable - an autocratic king was replaced with a nine-year-old boy -
+what else could result but chaos?&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII had been a mass of contradictions
+always united in the belief that the king's will was the highest authority.&amp;nbsp;
+Even when his religious policies became incomprehensible to anyone but
+him, he still believed they were righteous - and through the force of his
+will and use of kingly authority, he convinced most others of the same.&amp;nbsp;
+Up until the week of his death, he entertained foreign ambassadors and
+plotted grandiose foreign invasions, displaying a disturbing interest in
+current events while his council thought he should be contemplating the
+afterlife.&amp;nbsp; When he was gone, no one knew how to fill the void.&amp;nbsp;
+Certainly his heir, still a child, was king in name only.&amp;nbsp; His Lord
+Protectors - first Somerset and then Dudley - tried to &lt;i&gt;act&lt;/i&gt; as kings
+and both perished.&amp;nbsp; The truth was obvious and inescapable - the English
+people may have muttered (at great risk) about Henry's religious quarrels
+and his private follies but they had respected his position as king.&amp;nbsp;
+The men that followed him had grown up in his shadow, jockeying for position
+and favor.&amp;nbsp; When he died, they struggled amongst themselves for Henry's
+vanished supreme authority.&amp;nbsp; In the end, they failed and the English
+people suffered six years of turmoil.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's position as Lord Protector seemed natural enough.&amp;nbsp; After
+all, no one seriously expected a council of sixteen peers to rule England.&amp;nbsp;
+Factionalism and squabbling had long marked Henry's court (particularly
+after Cromwell's execution) and it only worsened after his death.&amp;nbsp;
+There needed to be a leader, a respected man who (in the council's opinion)
+would not be a ruler but a figurehead.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he would be
+perceived as leader while actually sharing authority with the council.&amp;nbsp;
+(A position, in other words, like that of Speaker of the House in the U.S.
+Congress.)&amp;nbsp; Of course, such a plan depended on the leader being willing
+to share power privately.&amp;nbsp; Somerset originally promised to do so but,
+fairly quickly, decided to disregard his peers.&amp;nbsp; This understandably
+angered them.&amp;nbsp; In addition to his arrogant refusal to consult them,
+he also implemented policies which helped the poor at the expense of the
+aristocracy.
+&lt;p&gt;In private life, Somerset was regarded as a genial man, though criticized
+as middle-of-the-road and unreadable.&amp;nbsp; His wife, Anne Stanhope, was
+the stereotypical shrewish wife who offended virtually everyone she met,
+particularly other aristocratic wives.&amp;nbsp; She bore Somerset nine children
+and he was considered a strict but fair father.&amp;nbsp; Insofar as it is
+possible to sketch a psychological portrait of Somerset at this site, I
+would characterize him as an essentially kind and sympathetic man who took
+his responsibilities very seriously; he was also prone to feelings of inferiority
+and easily offended.&amp;nbsp; As a result, his government policies were idealistic
+- but his personal relationships with counncil members were unsatisfying.&amp;nbsp;
+He came to be regarded as arrogant and bullying when, in fact, he was simply
+ill-suited to his job.&amp;nbsp; Added to this, he craved appreciation - he
+cultivated the appearance of fairness and virtue even as he replaced the
+council with his own hand-picked advisors.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset had achieved the position of Lord Protector simply because
+his younger sister, Jane, bore Henry VIII the longed-for son.&amp;nbsp; As
+such, Henry always regarded her in a sentimental haze; she was the perfect
+wife - gentle, meek and obedient.&amp;nbsp; She had also fulfilled her duty
+as queen by providing a male heir, though she tragically died as a result.&amp;nbsp;
+It was Jane who, years after her death, was painted as Henry's consort
+in paintings of the Tudor dynasty; and it was Jane whom Henry wished to
+lie beside in death.&amp;nbsp; While she lived as queen (for a brief eighteen
+months), her brothers, Edward and Thomas, were showered with favors.&amp;nbsp;
+After Edward VI's birth, the favors continued.&amp;nbsp; Edward, the elder
+brother who became duke of Somerset in 1547, was closer to Henry than Thomas
+and adept at handling his mercurial monarch.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Somerset had
+emerged as a competent soldier and politician.&amp;nbsp; But competency alone
+could not run Tudor England; indeed, even the great Cromwell had struggled
+to control Henry's council before they connived at his execution.&amp;nbsp;
+Somerset was no Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; He lacked a coherent vision of government
+and the personality to govern.&amp;nbsp; But for several years he was Lord
+Protector - before his younger brother's jealousy and ambition destroyed
+them both.
+&lt;p&gt;The personal tragedy of Edward and Thomas Seymour was discussed above.&amp;nbsp;
+Suffice to say, it played out against the backdrop of actual government
+- all the mundane day-to-day policies whicch actually control a country.&amp;nbsp;
+Edward VI became king even as his father's past was catching up to the
+English economy.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII had indulged in many frivolous pursuits,
+including several extremely expensive battles in France.&amp;nbsp; He left
+behind a mountain of debt and little means to pay it.&amp;nbsp; The English
+economy was heavily dependent upon wool exports to Europe, particularly
+the Low Countries.&amp;nbsp; And it possessed the enviable ability to feed
+its population without importing food - but only during good harvests.&amp;nbsp;
+When harvests were bad, famine occurred and the poor became beggars, often
+relying on the newly-impoverished churches for support.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset dealt with crises by consulting his own advisors and not the
+council.&amp;nbsp; It was unfortunate that the disregarded councilors included
+one John Dudley, earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was very ambitious and determined
+to destroy both Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He began through simple gossip
+- encouraging Thomas Seymour's jealousy whhile telling Somerset his brother
+coveted his position.&amp;nbsp; But, for a long while, Somerset was impervious
+to Dudley's scheming.&amp;nbsp; Within weeks of Henry's death, Somerset obtained
+a dry stamp of Edward VI's signature - perhaps his most powerful tool (since
+the king's signature implied the king's will - and the king's will was
+law.)&amp;nbsp; And he soon commanded that Edward's signature alone was not
+completely legal; instead, documents must include both Edward &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt;
+Somerset's signatures.&amp;nbsp; For almost exactly two years (until his brother
+was arrested on 17 January 1549), Somerset ruled England as thoroughly
+as any king.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, it could be said he consulted the official privy
+council less than Henry VIII had; certainly he entrusted less business
+to it.
+&lt;p&gt;His foreign policy was dominated by one thing - Scotland.&amp;nbsp; He wanted
+to marry Edward VI to Mary Stuart, heiress to the Scottish throne and known
+to history as Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; But he knew that such a betrothal
+would have to be forced and enforced constantly.&amp;nbsp; He also knew that
+England could ill afford to continually invade their troublesome northern
+neighbor.&amp;nbsp; So Somerset proposed a logical - but impractical - plan.&amp;nbsp;
+He would maintain a permanent English presence in Scotland by constructing
+armed garrisons.&amp;nbsp; He invaded Scotland in September 1547 and won a
+battle at Pinkie.&amp;nbsp; He instantly began to build forts while neglecting
+to enforce a naval blockade to prevent French involvement.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps
+Somerset did not correctly gauge the Scottish-French alliance; he was certainly
+unprepared when 6000 French troops arrived and promptly captured English
+forts and built their own garrisons.&amp;nbsp; Two years after the Battle of
+Pinkie, the French had moved Mary Stuart to France (thereby ending Somerset's
+planned marriage between her and Edward.)&amp;nbsp; Also, the battle had become
+defensive and inconclusive.&amp;nbsp; Somerset was reduced to hiring mercenaries
+(over 7000) to maintain some positions but conditions were bleak enough
+to drive mercenaries away.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, France had decided to declare
+war; Henri II officially did so on 8 August 1549.&amp;nbsp; England could not
+fight France and so Somerset offered to return Boulogne (captured by Henry
+VIII) five years before an earlier treaty demanded.&amp;nbsp; The French king
+demanded the return of Calais as well.&amp;nbsp; So Somerset ordered new forts
+built at both cities and managed to fend off an attack at Boulogne.&amp;nbsp;
+But soon enough the French king declared his trump card - Mary Stuart was
+betrothed to his son and heir, the Dauphin.&amp;nbsp; The message was clear
+- soon, the French would control Scotland..
+&lt;p&gt;The conflicts with Scotland and France cost a great deal of money and
+hurt Somerset's reputation.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, he paid for the battles
+by debasing coinage (hardly an intelligent policy.)&amp;nbsp; He combined these
+foreign policy and economic mishaps by his religious policy.&amp;nbsp; Keep
+in mind that in 1547 just 20% of Londoners were Protestant; Protestants
+were also a vocal minority in Essex, Bristol, Kent and Sussex but outside
+this all-important southeast corridor, the religion had barely spread.&amp;nbsp;
+It was long known that whoever could hold London could control all of England
+- London was the capital and one of the laargest cities in Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+But since Protestants only accounted for 1/5 of the population, what explains
+Somerset's - and the rest of government's - legal support for this new
+religion?&amp;nbsp; The answer is complicated and deserves its own book - in
+brief, the Protestants were a minority but they were a vocal minority with
+money and influence.&amp;nbsp; Their members formed the basis of Somerset's
+support and - as a vocal minority - they were far more passionate and committed
+to spreading their faith than Catholics were with preserving the old order.&amp;nbsp;
+This is an important point; offensive actions are more ideologically appealing
+than defensive actions.&amp;nbsp; The group that initiated the changes (Protestants)
+were far more likely to be committed
+&lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; inspired to action.
+&lt;p&gt;Many of the wealthy Protestants had benefited from the dissolution of
+the monasteries in the 1530s but many historians have exaggerated Henry
+VIII's generosity, implying that he gave vast monastic lands away to favored
+courtiers.&amp;nbsp; In truth, he and Cromwell charged a fair - and often steep
+- price for most of the lands.&amp;nbsp; They  were purchased by nobles - who
+then were committed to keeping their new lands.&amp;nbsp; But most were also
+committed to Protestantism for very real ideological and religious reasons.&amp;nbsp;
+One should not underestimate the importance of religion to 16th century
+people, though our own age is awash in skepticism and cynicism.&amp;nbsp; For
+people of the 16th century, the miseries of this world were transitory
+- they were more committed to ensuring exiistence in the hereafter.
+&lt;p&gt;Throughout Somerset's protectorate, the Tudor government - though sympathetic
+to Protestantism - did not dare officially declare itself Protestant.&amp;nbsp;
+Why?&amp;nbsp; Once again, the specter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V hung
+over England.&amp;nbsp; And with the Franco-Scottish alliance a pressing concern,
+Somerset could not afford to alienate the neutral Charles V.&amp;nbsp; (Like
+Henry VIII, Somerset wanted to avoid a Franco-Spanish-Scottish alliance
+against England.)&amp;nbsp; So he avoided an official declaration of England's
+religious
+sympathies and allowed Charles's cousin, Princess Mary, freedom to celebrate
+Catholic services.&amp;nbsp; But the religious policy was as confusing as everything
+else during those years - what were the proper rites for church services?
+what doctrinal changes from Henry's reign would remain? would the use of
+an English bible be enforced? should the Host be elevated during mass?&amp;nbsp;
+These questions - and many others - remained hotly debated.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile,
+Somerset's government passed numerous guidelines, each more upsetting to
+traditionalists than the last - unlicensed preaching was banned on 24 April
+1548; &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt; preaching was banned just five months later.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
+clergy would recite twelve government-approved homilies/proverbs from the
+pulpit.&amp;nbsp; Images were outlawed, altars were ordered removed, private
+masses ended....&amp;nbsp; And the twelve government-endorsed homilies continued
+this destruction, railing against good works and purgatory while advocating
+salvation through faith &lt;i&gt;alone&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; All churchmen felt themselves
+under attack while their parishes agreed.&amp;nbsp; (For example, good works
+and purgatory were deeply-held beliefs of common people.)
+&lt;p&gt;Added to this confusion was Edward VI's blossoming religious convictions.&amp;nbsp;
+Like his sister, Mary, Edward became committed to a specific ideology and
+determined to impose it upon the English people - for their own good, of
+course.&amp;nbsp; His tacit approval did not matter much to Somerset (who,
+after all, possessed the king's signature) but it was symbolic.&amp;nbsp; For
+the English people, the religious policies were frightening and confusing.&amp;nbsp;
+Most English people lived in the countryside and were fundamentally conservative
+- as most rural populations are; they weree slow to change and suspicious
+of new ideas.&amp;nbsp; Confined to London for most of his short life, Edward
+was unaware of this basic truth.&amp;nbsp; Like Somerset, he resided in London
+where the new ideas were rampant.
+&lt;p&gt;But, of course, the people had another reason for dissatisfaction.&amp;nbsp;
+As mentioned earlier, Somerset's economic policy was essentially nonexistent.&amp;nbsp;
+There was no overriding philosophy - just one hare-brained scheme to raise
+money after another.&amp;nbsp; The population had been steadily increasing
+(see &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffacts.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Facts
+&amp;amp; Figures&lt;/a&gt;) and, of course, fueled a rise in prices.&amp;nbsp; But along
+with this, currency debasement continued and increased inflation.&amp;nbsp;
+One official mentioned the obvious solution - restore the coinage - but
+Somerset was desperate for quick money to fund his Scottish plans.&amp;nbsp;
+Most of his economic policies were implemented by John Hales.&amp;nbsp; Hales
+introduced many bills to parliament 1548-49, the main ones were: the maintenance
+of tillage, requiring sheep farmers to keep a certain number of cows to
+ensure regular milk and cheese supplies; he also attempted to end the compulsory
+purchase by the government of food at fixed prices.&amp;nbsp; Those bills failed
+- but a tax on sheep and wool was approvedd in order to discourage sheep
+farming (and enclosures.)&amp;nbsp; The attempts to end enclosures was perhaps
+the most ill-advised of Somerset's policies.&amp;nbsp; Landholders were naturally
+opposed to it and, when they supposedly frustrated attempts to collect
+evidence of enclosures, Somerset grew angry - he decided to proceed without
+legal basis.&amp;nbsp; (The landowners had frustrated the government by packing
+juries with their own tenants and servants.)&amp;nbsp; Somerset's decision
+to proceed inflamed the entire Midlands (where the commission had begun
+its work.)
+&lt;p&gt;In May 1549, revolts began which can be loosely classified as 'class
+warfare', or as close to such as Tudor England would ever get.&amp;nbsp; This
+was not a repeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace, where nobleman led their supporters
+in protest of new religious policies.&amp;nbsp; This was the revolt ot thousands
+of laborers and poor farmers who had long resented the use of enclosures.&amp;nbsp;
+They were revolting against the noblemen with, so they believed, the government's
+support.&amp;nbsp; These poor people, who had suffered through rising inflation
+and prices and debased currency, were determined to end a grossly unfair
+practice.&amp;nbsp; When Somerset insisted the nobles had deliberately filled
+the juries with supporters, the people grew angry.&amp;nbsp; They took to the
+fields - filling ditches, tearing down fences and hedges.&amp;nbsp; Too late,
+Somerset recognized the force he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; He threatened to
+disperse the rioters by force, to no avail.&amp;nbsp; In May the first revolts
+broke out; by August, revolts broke out in Leicestershire.&amp;nbsp; It was
+up to the nobility to restore order to their lands, using troops originally
+destined for Scotland.&amp;nbsp; But thousands perished during the fighting.
+&lt;p&gt;The revolts had revealed the ugly undercurrent of dissatisfaction among
+the English people.&amp;nbsp; The factors already discussed combined to encourage
+revolt.&amp;nbsp; It was also a terribly hot summer with a bad harvest.&amp;nbsp;
+As prices rose, Somerset foolishly decided to fix maximum prices for goods
+- but the prices were incredibly high and,, once again, demonstrated his
+knowledge of London prices and ignorance of the rest of England.&amp;nbsp;
+In general, the rebels wanted such basic rights as this - the right to
+have landlords forced off 'common' ground and the right to fish freely.&amp;nbsp;
+In a way, it was very much a 'Robin Hood' rebellion; they distrusted the
+gentry and sought to separate the church and nobility.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's policies during the rebellions were typical of 'the Good
+Duke', or so the peasantry believed - but they enraged the nobility.&amp;nbsp;
+In effect, he waffled between action and inaction.&amp;nbsp; When the revolts
+began, he had not wanted to delay his Scottish campaign and so he didn't
+respond immediately.&amp;nbsp; Instead, he issued grandiose proclamations and
+promised to pardon rebels if they stopped.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the revolts
+spread and the council urged action.&amp;nbsp; In July, Somerset finally brought
+troops back from Scotland and sent them to smash the rebels with impunity.&amp;nbsp;
+Thousands of deaths ensued and much property was damaged.&amp;nbsp; The council
+was furious - Somerset had blundered once again, disregarding their advice
+and following no clear policy of his own.&amp;nbsp; Even Paget, his former
+ally, was disgusted.&amp;nbsp; He wrote Somerset a threatening and dismissive
+letter which read, in part:
+&lt;ul&gt;Society in a realm doth consist and is maintained by mean of religion
+and law.&amp;nbsp; And these two or one wanting, farewell all just society,
+farewell king, government, justice and all other virtue.&amp;nbsp; Look well
+whether you have either law or religion at home and I fear you shall find
+neither. ....And put no more so many irons in the fire at once as you have
+had within this twelvemonth - war with Scotland, with France.... commissions
+out for that matter, new laws for this, proclamation for another, one in
+another's neck.&lt;/ul&gt;
+Paget's opinion of his former ally indicated the growing disillusionment
+with Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Coupled with his brother's ambitious attempt to overthrow
+him, the complete loss of the council's confidence was thus the beginning
+of Somerset's end.
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;written by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Marilee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082560&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082560&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH690a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH690a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH690a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">16478</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Jane Seymour third wife of King Henry VIII mother of King Edward VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Jane Seymour third wife of King Henry VIII mother of King Edward VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Jane Seymour: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH690ae8278921151e9e29a7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH690a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourcardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourbiography.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;607&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Here lies Jane, a phoenix &lt;BR&gt;Who 
+      died in giving another phoenix birth. &lt;BR&gt;Let her be mourned, for 
+      birds like these &lt;BR&gt;Are rare indeed. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane 
+      Seymour's epitaph&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourcardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Jane Seymour&quot; width=&quot;336&quot; height=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;327&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Henry VIII had 
+      six wives but only one gave him a son.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour fulfilled her 
+      most important duty as queen, but she was never crowned and  died just 
+      twelve days after the long and arduous birth.&amp;nbsp; She was Henry's third 
+      wife and seems never to have made much of an impression upon anyone except 
+      the king.&amp;nbsp; Her meek and circumspect manner was in distinct contrast 
+      to Henry's second wife, the sharp-tongued Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Jane had 
+      served as lady-in-waiting to Anne and she supplanted her in much the same 
+      way Anne had replaced Katharine of Aragon in Henry's affections.&amp;nbsp; We 
+      will never know if Jane sought the king's favor or was a frightened pawn 
+      of her family and the king's desire.&amp;nbsp; But we do know that she bravely 
+      sought pardons for those involved in the Pilgrimage of Grace revolt in 
+      1536.&amp;nbsp; Rebuked by the king, and mindful of the fates of his first two 
+      wives, she retired into a quiet and decorous role.&amp;nbsp; The triumphant 
+      birth of her son Edward allowed her two ambitious brothers into the king's 
+      inner circle; however, both would be executed during Edward's reign.&lt;/B&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read 
+        the biography of Jane Seymour.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters written by 
+        Jane&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed6birth.html&quot;&gt;Jane Seymour's 
+        pregnancy is announced&lt;/A&gt;, 1537.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: 
+        Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward 
+        VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's son. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Seymour's life at &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for 
+        the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;
+        Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by 
+        Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign 
+        of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or 
+        other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt; 
+        &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Seymour's 
+        family was of ancient and respectable lineage.&amp;nbsp; Her father was Sir 
+        John Seymour of Wolf Hall in Wiltshire; he served in the Tournai 
+        campaign of 1513 and accompanied Henry VIII to the Field of the Cloth of 
+        Gold in 1520.&amp;nbsp; He was made a knight of the body and later a 
+        gentleman of the king's bedchamber.&amp;nbsp; Both positions were very 
+        desirable for they allowed personal access to the king.&amp;nbsp; Courtiers 
+        were always desperate to gain the king's ear, if even for a brief 
+        moment.&amp;nbsp; Sir John was able to secure appointments at 
+        court for his family; of his eight children, three would come to 
+        historical prominence - the eldest son Edward as duke of Somerset and 
+        Lord Protector, another son Thomas as Lord Admiral and husband of Henry VIII's last queen, and his daughter Jane as queen of England.
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;The Seymour rise to prominence at Henry's court mirrored that of the 
+        Boleyns; it was the path sought by all English families with a minor 
+        pedigree or clever son.&amp;nbsp; But gaining the king's favor was rather 
+        different than maintaining it and the Seymours proved far more adept at 
+        the latter. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Jane's birthdate is unknown; various accounts use anywhere from 1504 
+        to 1509.&amp;nbsp; She first came to court as a lady-in-waiting to &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of 
+        Aragon&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's first wife.&amp;nbsp; But soon enough &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+        Boleyn&lt;/A&gt; was queen and Jane attended her.&amp;nbsp; She witnessed 
+        first-hand the tempestuous relationship between Anne and Henry.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Jane herself was known for her quiet and soothing manner.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Certainly Henry knew of her but there is no evidence that he took 
+        particular notice until September 1535 when his royal progress stopped 
+        at Wolf Hall.&amp;nbsp; Such a visit was a great honor for the Seymour 
+        family.&amp;nbsp; And it brought Jane, away from court and its flirtatious 
+        young beauties, immediately to the king's attention.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;P&gt;Many historians have argued this was the beginning of Henry's 
+        infatuation, but it was unlikely.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn was not completely 
+        out of favor just yet; she was pregnant again,&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourbiography.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Jane Seymour by an unknown artist&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;423&quot;&gt; though she would suffer a 
+        miscarriage in January.&amp;nbsp; And Henry's flirtations were confined to 
+        Anne's cousin, Madge Shelton.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour was perhaps in the 
+        king's thoughts but he did nothing for several months. 
+        &lt;P&gt;
+      In February 1536, however, foreign ambassadors began to report rumors 
+        of the king's romance with Jane.&amp;nbsp; They speculated upon her chances 
+        of becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry made his affection clear to Jane; she 
+        received costly gifts (which she prudently returned) and her brothers 
+        were promoted at court.&amp;nbsp; In April 1536, Edward Seymour and his wife 
+        moved to rooms which connected through a hidden passage with the king's 
+        apartments.&amp;nbsp; Henry could thus continue his courtship of Jane in 
+        relative privacy. 
+        &lt;P&gt;But the king was also mindful of the vicious rumors and public 
+        outrage which had accompanied his open courtship of Anne Boleyn while 
+        still wed to Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; He was far more discreet with 
+        Jane, and this undoubtedly suited her character.&amp;nbsp; She was content 
+        to remain unknown.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that she would not dine alone 
+        with the king, insisting always upon a chaperone, and that she responded 
+        to a particularly bold flirtation by reminding the king of his marriage. 
+
+        &lt;P&gt;Henry did not need to be reminded of his second marriage; it had 
+        become a bitter disappointment for him.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to rid 
+        himself of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Jane's presence was merely another impetus 
+        for action. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Another impetus was the death of Katharine of Aragon on 7 January 
+        1536.&amp;nbsp; All of Europe, and most Englishmen, had regarded her as the 
+        king's rightful wife and Anne as merely his concubine.&amp;nbsp; On 29 
+        January, Anne miscarried a son; the king ominously declared that he 
+        would have no more children by her.&amp;nbsp; For Henry, it was suddenly 
+        clear that if he could rid himself of Anne and marry Jane, then he would 
+        have a legitimate marriage recognized by all and another possibility for 
+        a son. 
+        &lt;P&gt;The king began to mention publicly that he had been bewitched into 
+        marriage with Anne; he knew his words would reach her.&amp;nbsp; Anne was 
+        terrified but  could do little.&amp;nbsp; She had few friends at court, 
+        and even those were prepared to desert her for the king's favor.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On 2 May, she was arrested and taken to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; On 
+        15 May, she was condemned to death; Henry sent a personal message to 
+        Jane with the news.&amp;nbsp; Four days later Anne was executed; the day 
+        after, 20 May, the king was formally betrothed to Jane.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        married ten days later on 30 May and Jane was publicly declared queen on 
+        4 June.&amp;nbsp; She chose an apt motto, 'Bound to Obey and Serve'. 
+        &lt;P&gt;She was never granted the lavish coronation which Anne had 
+        enjoyed.&amp;nbsp; It was summertime and the minor plagues were sweeping 
+        through London; the king said she must wait until the spring to be 
+        crowned.&amp;nbsp; It is also possible, and was rumored, that Henry had no 
+        intention of crowning Jane until she had proved her worth and provided a 
+        son.&amp;nbsp; If she proved barren, he could annul their marriage with 
+        hopefully little fanfare. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Almost a decade had passed since the 'King's Great Matter' first 
+        began and still Henry did not have a legitimate heir.&amp;nbsp; And on 20 
+        July 1536, he received the devastating news that his only illegitimate 
+        son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, had died at the age of 17.&amp;nbsp; 
+        There had always been the possibility that Fitzroy could have succeeded 
+        him, but now Henry VIII was left with only two daughters, both declared 
+        illegitimate.&amp;nbsp; It is certain that if Jane had not provided a son, 
+        she would have been quickly discarded.&amp;nbsp; Personal affection could 
+        not overcome political necessity. 
+        &lt;P&gt;But Jane was able to provide the king with his fondest wish.&amp;nbsp; 
+        And indeed the whole country wished for an heir; they had no desire to 
+        return to ruinous civil war.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;P&gt;Rumors of her pregnancy began almost immediately after her 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it wasn't early 1537 that rumors could finally be 
+        confirmed as fact.&amp;nbsp; The London chronicler Edward Hall recorded 
+        public rejoicing at news of Jane's quickening:&amp;nbsp; 'On 27 May 
+        1537, Trinity Sunday, there was a Te Deum sung in St Paul's cathedral 
+        for joy at the queen's quickening of her child, my lord chancellor, lord 
+        privy seal and various other lords and bishops being then present; the 
+        mayor and aldermen with the best guilds of the city being there in their 
+        liveries, all giving laud and praise to God for joy about it.' 
+        &lt;P&gt;Bonfires were lit and celebrations held throughout England; prayers 
+        were offered for a safe delivery.&amp;nbsp; In early October, Jane went to 
+        Hampton Court Palace for her lying-in and on 12 October, after a long 
+        and difficult labor, she gave birth to the wished-for son.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+        the eve of St Edward's day and so he was baptized by that name on 15 
+        October.&amp;nbsp; His two half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, attended the 
+        splendid christening ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Mary stood as godmother; Elizabeth 
+        was carried in the arms of Thomas Seymour, Jane's brother who would 
+        later plan to marry her.&amp;nbsp; Her grandfather, Thomas Boleyn, also 
+        attended the ceremony. 
+        &lt;P&gt;After 29 years as king of England, Henry VIII finally had a 
+        legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; Past grievances could be forgotten at this 
+        grand moment. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Jane did not savor her success for long.&amp;nbsp; The christening 
+        ceremony had begun in her bedchamber; she was wrapped in robes and 
+        carried on a litter to the king's chapel.&amp;nbsp; She was able to 
+        participate but the long ordeal proved too much.&amp;nbsp; She was already 
+        weak and exhausted; she needed quiet and rest and received 
+        neither.&amp;nbsp; Only a day later, it was reported that the queen was very 
+        ill.&amp;nbsp; Her condition quickly worsened.&amp;nbsp; She was delirious and 
+        had a&amp;nbsp; high fever; doctors bled her and attendants hastened to 
+        fulfill her craving for sweets and wine.&amp;nbsp; The king's chief minister 
+        Cromwell would later blame the sweets for her death but they did little 
+        to harm Jane.&amp;nbsp; Modern historians believe she had puerperal sepsis, 
+        or 'childbed fever'.&amp;nbsp; It was all too common in the 16th century. 
+        &lt;P&gt;It was later rumored that she died from complications of a Cesarean 
+        section, that Henry VIII had ordered the child ripped from her womb, but this was unlikely.&amp;nbsp; There were no reports that she was 
+        bleeding excessively and she was able to attend the christening and 
+        greet visitors.&amp;nbsp; Sadly, Jane was a victim of her times.&amp;nbsp; Poor 
+        hygiene and medical knowledge could not stop the fever which finally 
+        killed her near midnight on 24 October. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Jane's early death, at the moment of her great triumph, and her 
+        gentle character had an enduring hold on Henry VIII's memory.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        was given a solemn state funeral; Princess Mary acted as her chief 
+        mourner.&amp;nbsp; In her short time as queen, Jane had attempted to 
+        reconcile Henry and his stubborn daughter.&amp;nbsp; Her body was embalmed 
+        and laid to rest in the tomb at Windsor Castle which Henry was building 
+        for himself.&amp;nbsp; Years after her death, even while he was married to 
+        other women, Jane continued to appear in royal portraits as queen 
+        consort.&amp;nbsp; Her special status as mother to the heir was never 
+        forgotten. 
+        &lt;P&gt;The king wore black until well into 1538 and waited more than two 
+        years to marry again.&amp;nbsp; This was the longest interval between 
+        marriages during his reign.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;CENTER&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six 
+        Wives main page&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary 
+        Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082568&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082568&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH694c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH694c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH694c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The death of Elizabeth of York and the betrothal of Princess Margaret to the king of Scots, 1503</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH694cb8bfec0c2da3321f9a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215265</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH694c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizdeat.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizdeat.gif&quot; width=&quot;609&quot; height=&quot;140&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by Tudor citizen Richard Grafton.&amp;nbsp; Its spelling 
+      has been modernized.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Elizabeth of York was born on 
+      11 February 1465 to King Edward IV and his queen, Elizabeth Woodville.&amp;nbsp; 
+      After her father's death and her uncle Richard's usurpation, Elizabeth was 
+      the sole Yorkist heir to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Her two brothers, the 
+      infamous 'Princes in the Tower', had disappeared; their murders are 
+      alternately blamed upon Richard and Elizabeth's future husband, King Henry 
+      VII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Her marriage to Henry was planned by his mother, the 
+      formidable Lady Margaret Beaufort, and her mother.&amp;nbsp; Richard was 
+      defeated in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485 and Henry was 
+      declared king of England.&amp;nbsp; He postponed the marriage for several 
+      months, however; he did not wish his claim to the throne to be based upon 
+      Elizabeth's status as heiress of Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; They married on 18 
+      January 1486 and their first child, a son called Arthur, was born nine 
+      months later.&amp;nbsp; They eventually had eight children, four of whom 
+      survived infancy.&amp;nbsp; She died in childbirth on her 38th birthday.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Henry VII never married again.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Princess Margaret Tudor was the eldest daughter of Henry 
+      VII and Elizabeth of York, born on 29 November 1489.&amp;nbsp; She was married 
+      to the Scottish king James IV on 8 August 1503, in an attempt to establish 
+      peace between the two kingdoms.&amp;nbsp; It did not work; James was killed at 
+      Flodden Field in 1513, during the reign of Margaret's younger brother, 
+      King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; Margaret married twice more.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+      great-grandson, King James VI of Scotland, became King James I of England 
+      in 1603, thus uniting the two countries.&amp;nbsp; Margaret died on 18 October 
+      1541.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;....Queen Elizabeth, lying in the tower of London, was brought
+to bed on Candlemas day of a fair daughter who was there christened and
+named Catherine, and on 11 February, the most virtuous princess and gracious
+queen there died, and was with all funeral pomp carried through the City
+of London to Westminster, and there buried, whose daughter also lived but
+a little time after her mother. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;....All this winter preparation was made for the conveyance of Lady Margaret,
+betrothed to the king of Scots, into Scotland.&amp;nbsp; And when all things
+were ready and prepared the king moved on the last day of June from Richmond,
+in the company of this daughter, and came to Colyweston, where his mother
+the countess of Richmond then was.&amp;nbsp; And at the end of certain days
+of recreation the king gave her his blessing with a fatherly exhortation,
+and committed her conveyance to the king her husband's presence to the
+earl of Surrey: and Henry Algernon Percy, earl of Northumberland was appointed
+as Warden of the Marches, to deliver her at the border of both the Marches.
+&lt;p&gt;Thus this fair lady was conveyed with a great company of lords, ladies,
+knights, esquires and gentlemen until she came to Berwick and from there
+to a village called Lambton Kirk in Scotland where the king with the flower
+of Scotland was ready to receive her, to whom the earl of Northumberland
+according to his commission delivered her.
+&lt;p&gt;The Scots that day, I assure you, were not behind the English but far
+above, both in dress and rich jewels and weighty chains.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082592&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082592&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6b64.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6b64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6b64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">31032</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Catherine Howard: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6b645e6135820f42d5d3d4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215273</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6b64.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">howardcardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">howard-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;631&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The King's affection was so
+marvelously set upon that gentlewoman [Catherine], as it was never
+known that he had the like to any woman.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer's secretary, Ralph Morice, in a
+letter to his master, 1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;95&quot; alt=&quot;Catherine Howard&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/howardcardinal.gif&quot; width=&quot;389&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img height=&quot;252&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Catherine Howard by Holbein, on the back of a playing-card&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/howard-crop.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;250&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Catherine 
+      Howard by Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Catherine Howard was a cousin of Henry
+VIII's ill-fated second queen, Anne Boleyn; and like Anne, Catherine
+would die on the scaffold at Tower Green.&amp;nbsp; Her birthdate is
+unknown, but her father was the younger brother of the duke of
+Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though personally impoverished, Catherine had a powerful
+family name and thus secured an appointment as lady-in-waiting to
+Henry's fourth queen, Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; While at court, she caught
+the eye of the middle-aged king and became a political pawn of her
+family and its Catholic allies.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's greatest crime was
+her silliness.&amp;nbsp; Raised in the far too permissive household of her
+grandmother, she was a flirtatious and emotional girl who rarely
+understood the consequences of her actions.&amp;nbsp; She made the mistake
+of continuing her girlish indiscretions as queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry was
+besotted with her, calling her his 'Rose without a Thorn' and showering
+her with gifts and public affection.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was understandably
+more attracted to men her own age and, after just seventeen months of
+marriage to the king, she was arrested for adultery.&amp;nbsp; The
+distraught king at first refused to believe the evidence but it was
+persuasive.&amp;nbsp; Unlike Anne Boleyn, Catherine had betrayed the
+king.&amp;nbsp; She was beheaded on 13 February 1542, only nineteen or
+twenty years old.&amp;nbsp; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;
+ color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The drama of her execution lends gravity to a brief
+life which would otherwise pass unnoticed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Read the biography of Catherine Howard.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;Catherine's
+letter to Thomas Culpeper&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricath.html&quot;&gt;The fall
+of Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;, 1540&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view the only known portrait of Catherine. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Catherine's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I found her in
+such lamentation and heaviness, as I never saw no creature, so that it
+would have pitied any man's heart in the world, to have looked upon
+her.'&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer describes
+visiting Catherine after her arrest, 1542&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Catherine Howard's short life is one of the great cautionary tales of
+Henry VIII's reign; there is about it something strangely pathetic and
+small, but also powerful and moving.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was neither
+particularly beautiful or intelligent, but she was a charming,
+flirtatious girl who rose, virtually overnight, from obscurity to
+become queen of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was the daughter of the 2d duke of Norfolk's youngest son,
+Edmund, and his wife, Jocasta (Joyce) Culpeper.&amp;nbsp; She was one of
+too many children for her impoverished parents and the date of her
+birth was not recorded; most historians believe it was 1521.&amp;nbsp;
+Edmund was not an auspicious individual and, like most younger sons,
+spent most of his life in constant need of money.&amp;nbsp; He complained
+to the king's chief minister &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; that he wished to be a poor man's son for at least then he
+could work without shame.&amp;nbsp; But he was an aristocrat, a member of
+one of the greatest noble families of England, and he could do little
+but beg for help from one relation to another.&amp;nbsp; He sent his
+daughter to live with her grandmother, the dowager duchess of Norfolk,
+and thus avoided responsibility for Catherine's upbringing.&amp;nbsp; This
+should not reflect badly upon him since it was typical of the times;
+and though Catherine's grandmother complained ceaselessly about the
+expense of supporting numerous grandchildren, she did provide a
+comfortable home.&amp;nbsp; She did not, however, provide strict
+supervision - a fact which would have dire consequences for the entire
+Norfolk family after Catherine became queen. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine was raised in a type of dormitory at Lambeth Palace,
+crowded in with other young girls (some were servants to her
+grandmother) and her education was not intellectual.&amp;nbsp; Rather, her
+days were spent passing the time in the most pleasant manner
+possible.&amp;nbsp; The duchess's household was not wealthy and Catherine
+understandably chafed at her constricted lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; There was
+within her a strong love of luxury and inability to control her
+desires; this was a lack of self-control, a realization that certain
+things should not be done, must not be risked, no matter how much she
+wanted something.&amp;nbsp; While she was simply one of many daughters of
+an impoverished lord, this immaturity did not matter.&amp;nbsp; But when
+she became queen, it remained and past indiscretions also returned to
+haunt her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine grew into a merry and vivacious girl, not conventionally
+beautiful but graceful and charming.&amp;nbsp; She possessed all the
+vitality of youth, something which proved irresistible to her aged
+king.&amp;nbsp; The only part of her sporadic education which she seemed to
+enjoy were her music lessons; in particular, she enjoyed the attentions
+of her music teacher, a man named Henry Mannox.&amp;nbsp; They first met in
+1536, when Catherine was just fifteen years old.&amp;nbsp; Hired to teach
+her the virginal and lute, Mannox soon began a practiced seduction of
+his young pupil.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine later swore the relationship was not consummated.&amp;nbsp;
+'At the flattering and fair persuasions of Mannox being but a young
+girl I suffered him at sundry times to handle and touch the secret
+parts of my body which neither became me with honesty to permit nor him
+to require,' she later told interrogators.&amp;nbsp; Mannox admitted the
+same.&amp;nbsp; Since Catherine later confessed to more serious
+transgressions, there was no reason for her to lie in this
+instance.&amp;nbsp; And one can certainly condemn Mannox for taking
+advantage of his young student. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As a mere music teacher, Mannox was too far below her in social
+status for a serious relationship to develop.&amp;nbsp; Though he followed
+the duchess's household to London in 1538, Catherine's attentions soon
+turned elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; She fell in love with a gentleman-pensioner in
+her grandmother's household named Francis Dereham.&amp;nbsp; This
+relationship was far more serious and undoubtedly consummated.&amp;nbsp;
+There is much evidence on this point, including Catherine's own
+confession: 'Francis Dereham by many persuasions procured me to his
+vicious purpose and obtained first to lie upon my bed with his doublet
+and hose and after within the bed and finally he lay with me naked and
+used me in such sort as a man doth his wife many and sundry times but
+how often I know not.' &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Their affair continued throughout 1538.&amp;nbsp; They addressed one
+another as 'husband' and 'wife' and when Dereham was sent to Ireland on
+business, he left 100 pds in Catherine's keeping.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Mannox, still with the household, was infuriated; his
+attraction to Catherine continued while she spurned his company for
+Dereham's.&amp;nbsp; In revenge, he sent an anonymous note to the dowager
+duchess.&amp;nbsp; She then discovered Catherine and Dereham together and
+there was a frightful scene.&amp;nbsp; But a physical relationship between
+a betrothed couple was not uncommon by sixteenth-century standards and
+Catherine and Dereham parted with some understanding of marriage when
+he returned from Ireland. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But, unluckily for Dereham, Catherine's heart cooled towards him
+while he was away.&amp;nbsp; And in 1539, having moved closer to court and
+staying at her uncle's house, she met Thomas Culpeper.&amp;nbsp; A
+gentleman of the king's Privy Chamber and cousin of Catherine's mother
+Joyce Culpeper, he was a handsome and charming young man; his position
+in court was considered important since it allowed personal access to
+the king.&amp;nbsp; Catherine fell in love with him, though Culpeper's own
+feelings are not known.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's family was powerful and she
+was an attractive girl.&amp;nbsp; It is likely that he was at least
+interested in her, if not immediately infatuated.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But then the great event occurred which was to change Catherine's
+life forever.&amp;nbsp; She arrived at court in late 1539 or early 1540 as
+a lady-in-waiting to &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves&lt;/a&gt; and Henry VIII fell in love with her. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is clear from Catherine's life before meeting the king that she
+was a flirtatious and emotional girl.&amp;nbsp; It is also clear that she
+possessed the charm and sexual allure to attract men.&amp;nbsp; These were
+to be her greatest strengths and weaknesses, for while they attracted
+the king, they also led her into increasingly reckless behavior.&amp;nbsp;
+If she had married Dereham or Culpeper, or any other social-climber,
+she would have remained a gossip and flirt, perhaps she would have
+succumbed to adultery.&amp;nbsp; But behavior that could be tolerated in a
+poor niece of a duke was treason in a queen of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine's family was torn between elation and trepidation with
+regard to Henry's infatuation.&amp;nbsp; T&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;
+ color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;he Norfolk name was one of the oldest in
+England.&amp;nbsp; They had supported Richard III against the first Tudor
+king, Henry VII, but managed to win favor with their military prowess
+and servile devotion to the new dynasty.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII never
+fully trusted Thomas Howard, the 3d duke of Norfolk, though he wed two
+of Norfolk's nieces.&amp;nbsp; Their grand name, then, was both blessing
+and curse.&amp;nbsp; As an old family in a court of upstarts and fond of
+feudal prerogative, Catherine's relatives had made wary friends and
+bitter enemies at court.&amp;nbsp; And the divisive reign of Anne Boleyn,
+herself no friend of her Norfolk relations (the duke presided over her
+trial), had taught them all to tread carefully about the king.&amp;nbsp;
+And Catherine's personality worried them.&amp;nbsp; Could she sustain the
+king's attraction?&amp;nbsp; And, if so, could she become a mature and
+successful queen?&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;It is important
+to remember that Henry's previous English queens, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;
+and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour&lt;/a&gt;, had spent years in royal service before marrying their
+king.&amp;nbsp; They were veterans of the English court and knew the
+intricacies and dangers of their position.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was a mere
+child by contrast, barely literate, and born in a later
+generation.&amp;nbsp; But for the conservative faction at Henry's court,
+those dedicated to the restoration of the Catholic faith as practiced
+before the Reformation, she was their last, best hope.&amp;nbsp; Unlike
+Anne Boleyn, Catherine's personal and political success was not tied to
+the Protestant faith.&amp;nbsp; She had been raised Catholic by her Norfolk
+grandmother and, despite her personal lapses, she represented the
+conservative faith to others.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Catherine's
+relatives questioned her maturity, but they were not willing to risk
+the king's wrath by pointing it out.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was mercurial and
+dangerous, and his latest marriage was a bitter disappointment.&amp;nbsp;
+Woe to the courtier who spoke ill of his latest attraction!&amp;nbsp; It
+was left to the Norfolk clan to coach Catherine as best they could and
+hope their triumph would last.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The king soon
+publicly favored young Mistress Howard.&amp;nbsp; On 24 April she was given
+lands seized from a felon; a few weeks later, she received an expensive
+gift of quilted sarcanet.&amp;nbsp; It is possible their relationship was
+consummated around this time for there was a sudden urgency to annul
+the ill-fated marriage to Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The king's advisors
+soon found a valid impediment to the fourth marriage and, on 13 July
+1540, it was officially ended by Parliament.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the
+French ambassador reported rumors that Catherine was pregnant.&amp;nbsp;
+The king had one son and heir but the vagaries of life in the 16th
+century made another heir necessary.&amp;nbsp; Henry had just turned
+forty-nine years old and half his subjects were eighteen or
+younger.&amp;nbsp; The security of his realm was his greatest concern and
+it could only be guaranteed by legitimate heirs; as a second son
+himself, he knew the life of young &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince
+Edward&lt;/a&gt; was a slender thread upon which to balance a dynasty.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Henry married
+Catherine on 28 July 1540 at Oatlands Palace in Surrey.&amp;nbsp; The
+ceremony was a success, albeit lacking in the usual pomp and display of
+royal unions.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was never crowned queen of England.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VIII simply couldn't afford the ceremony; perhaps, too, he wished
+to wait until the marriage proved successful in the most important way
+and Catherine bore him a son.&amp;nbsp; The king consulted his council on
+creating a new succession should the blessed event occur, pushing his
+daughters Mary and Elizabeth even further from the throne.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The next year
+was an Indian summer in the king's life.&amp;nbsp; Catherine chose as her
+motto 'Non autre volonte que la sienne' ('No other wish but his' or 'No
+other will than his') and did her best to amuse and distract him.&amp;nbsp;
+The waste of lives and exorbitant money fighting France had depressed
+the English treasury and the king's spirits.&amp;nbsp; And the Reformation
+had cost him the love of the common people.&amp;nbsp; Henry also
+increasingly suffered from the ailments which would kill him a few
+years later.&amp;nbsp; He had severe headaches and pains throughout his
+body; he found it difficult to sleep and was often impotent.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;English
+politics had become another headache for the king.&amp;nbsp; His great
+advisor and friend, Thomas Cromwell, had championed the Protestant
+cause and the union with Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The king's
+disappointment - and the endless conniving of Cromwell's enemies - led
+to his arrest and execution on the very day Henry and Catherine
+married.&amp;nbsp; Within a few months, the king openly lamented the loss
+of his 'most faithful servant'.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Chief among
+Cromwell's enemies were Catherine's uncle Norfolk and his close friend,
+Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester.&amp;nbsp; Norfolk had always chafed
+at the power Henry granted the 'commoner' Cromwell; Gardiner was a
+Catholic who despised Cromwell's legislative destruction of the papacy
+in England.&amp;nbsp; They used Catherine and the king's own impatience and
+cupidity to destroy Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; But it was only a brief triumph.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Catherine was
+not pregnant in the summer of 1540, nor did she become so.&amp;nbsp; But
+the king was so physically affectionate with her in public that none
+doubted the happy event would occur.&amp;nbsp; Still, warning signs about
+this hasty marriage had already begun.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's relationship
+with Dereham had never been kept secret, though Henry was perhaps
+unaware of it.&amp;nbsp; His courtiers gossiped and wondered.&amp;nbsp; Joan
+Bulmer, a young woman who had lived with Catherine at Lambeth,
+requested that Catherine bring her to court to share in her 'great
+destiny'; it was a subtle blackmail.&amp;nbsp; In August 1541, Dereham was
+made her secretary, perhaps as a bribe to keep quiet about their former
+relationship.&amp;nbsp; So even as she collected rich gifts of gowns,
+jewels, fur cloaks, and golden clocks, Catherine knew her indecorous
+past lurked in the background.&amp;nbsp; Was she worried?&amp;nbsp; As her
+later behavior showed, she was not.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was not merely collecting personal finery, but also lands and
+manors that had once belonged to Jane Seymour and even Thomas
+Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; And she began to explore the traditional role of the
+queen as patroness.&amp;nbsp; She also took great care to ensure her aged
+husband's happiness.&amp;nbsp; Many biographers have speculated on
+Catherine's true feelings for Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; She probably did not
+love him in the most romantic sense of the word, but she did love him
+for the affection and generosity he showed her.&amp;nbsp; And she also
+approached him with something of an awed reverence, for he was the king
+and thus a quasi-mystical figure, all-knowing and all-powerful.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But he was not immune to illness and in the spring of 1541, the
+king fell low with a serious fever and Catherine was sent away for her
+own safety.&amp;nbsp; It was around this time that she began her affair
+with Culpeper, the handsome young man who had caught her fancy two
+years before; as evidence, we need only &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;read her only
+surviving letter&lt;/a&gt;, written to Culpeper in April 1541.&amp;nbsp; When the
+king recovered, he took Catherine on a royal progress through the north
+of England and again the French ambassador reported rumors of her
+pregnancy.&amp;nbsp; It was even suggested that, should the condition be
+confirmed, Catherine would be crowned at York Minster.&amp;nbsp; These
+rumors prove that Henry still made love to his wife on a somewhat
+regular basis.&amp;nbsp; And for her part, Catherine was confident she
+could 'meddle with a man' without pregnancy, which made her
+relationship with Culpeper safe.&amp;nbsp; He and Dereham both traveled in
+the progress as members of the royal household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In Catherine's rather simple view of marriage, as long as she and
+the king were happy, nothing else mattered.&amp;nbsp; And since the king
+would be happy as long as he was ignorant, all would be well. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And the king was ignorant for a surprisingly long time.&amp;nbsp; For
+his part, Culpeper was using Catherine's infatuation to further his own
+ambitions.&amp;nbsp; He was not a particularly 'gentlemanly'
+gentleman.&amp;nbsp; In fact, he had brutally raped a park-keeper's wife,
+ordering three of his servants to hold her down during the attack; he
+also murdered a villager who tried to save her.&amp;nbsp; He had been
+pardoned by the king, but it is one of the few facts we know about
+Culpeper and not a pleasant one.&amp;nbsp; His ambitions regarding
+Catherine undoubtedly stemmed from Henry VIII's ill health.&amp;nbsp; If
+the king died, then the queen dowager would maintain some influence and
+power at court.&amp;nbsp; Before that inevitable day, she could give him as
+many expensive gifts as he desired.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Did Catherine love Culpeper?&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly did, at least
+as much as her immature view of love allowed.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome,
+very charming, if only in a superficial manner, and he complemented and
+cajoled her.&amp;nbsp; She became increasingly open in her affection,
+enough to worry Culpeper himself.&amp;nbsp; As a gentleman of the privy
+chamber, he knew the king's moods better than anyone and had no desire
+to risk much for Catherine.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But there were others at court who knew of the relationship, and
+they would not keep quiet.&amp;nbsp; When the northern progress finally
+ended on 1 November, and the royal couple settled at Hampton Court
+Palace, Catherine's past and present indiscretions caught up with
+her.&amp;nbsp; She had been safe enough during the northern progress, for a
+traveling court was not nearly as gossip-ridden as a settled one; there
+were, after all, far more practical matters to attend to as the king
+moved from city to city.&amp;nbsp; But once they were home, other matters
+could take precedence - matters like the queen's infidelity. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine's fall from grace was so rapid that foreign ambassadors
+were at a loss to explain it.&amp;nbsp; The man behind it was John
+Lascelles, the brother of Mary Hall, herself a chambermaid to the
+dowager duchess of Norfolk and thus privy to Catherine's past.&amp;nbsp;
+However, the past was not necessarily a danger to the queen; most young
+women could not withstand scrutiny of their early flirtations.&amp;nbsp;
+They were perhaps not serious enough to warrant her execution.&amp;nbsp;
+Lascelles, who was a 'convinced reformer', was motivated by his
+religious convictions and not personal animosity towards
+Catherine.&amp;nbsp; But she represented the conservative Catholic faction
+and, with her influence, they were growing more powerful and
+reactionary.&amp;nbsp; Lascelles went to Thomas Cranmer, Henry's close
+friend and archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer recognized the
+dangers to Catherine, namely the precontract with Dereham that would
+invalidate her marriage to Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; The precontract, of
+course, while ending her marriage, also excused her intimacy with
+Dereham.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On 2 November, while Henry attended a Mass for All Souls' Day,
+Cranmer passed him a letter with the charges.&amp;nbsp; The king was
+immediately 'perplexed' and believed the letter was a forgery.&amp;nbsp;
+This was his first and thoroughly honest reaction; Catherine had
+deceived him well.&amp;nbsp; He ordered Cranmer to keep the matter private
+and began an investigation.&amp;nbsp; It took but a few days for
+Catherine's house of cards to come tumbling down.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;An assortment of female servants were arrested and sent to the
+Tower, as was Dereham.&amp;nbsp; He was tortured; he confessed his earlier
+relationship and named Culpeper as the queen's current lover.&amp;nbsp;
+Culpeper was then arrested, tortured, and confessed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When confronted with the confessions, Henry's confusion gave way
+to great anger and self-pity.&amp;nbsp; He managed to blame everyone but
+himself for this latest marital catastrophe.&amp;nbsp; He wished for a
+sword to slay Catherine himself - a not uncommon reaction for a
+cuckolded husband, particularly one who had been so generous and
+trusting.&amp;nbsp; He left Hampton Court on 5 November, sailing to
+Whitehall Palace.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was arrested on 12 November and her
+tearful pleas to see the king were ignored; she was locked in her
+rooms.&amp;nbsp; Two days later, she was taken to Syon House.&amp;nbsp; She
+would never see Henry again. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Cranmer was given the distasteful task of interrogating the
+terrified girl.&amp;nbsp; She was hysterical, convinced she would be
+executed like her cousin; even the archbishop felt pity for her
+condition.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps he suggested an option to Henry VIII that he
+had first proposed for Anne Boleyn - let Catherine admit her sins,
+annul the marriage, and send her away.&amp;nbsp; The Dereham precontract
+was the perfect excuse.&amp;nbsp; Catherine need only admit its existence
+and her life would be spared.&amp;nbsp; It was the king's 'most gracious
+mercy' and her only possible chance for survival. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Catherine, frightened and lacking any counsel, did not realize
+that the precontract would save her life.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she was
+convinced it would be used to condemn her.&amp;nbsp; And so, even as she
+admitted to 'carnal copulation' with Dereham, she stressed his
+'importune forcement' and 'violence'.&amp;nbsp; She and Cranmer wanted the
+same end but talked at odds.&amp;nbsp; And it was possible, too, that Henry
+VIII had never intended to spare her life. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Indeed, with each day that passed, the king was less inclined to
+show mercy.&amp;nbsp; The floodgates had opened and ever more scurrilous
+rumors were heard about his 'Rose without a thorn'. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine was demoted from her position as Queen on 22 November
+and formally indicted two days later for leading an 'abominable, base,
+carnal, voluptuous and vicious life'.&amp;nbsp; She remained at Syon House
+for the next two months.&amp;nbsp; On 10 December, Dereham paid a horrific
+penalty for his 'crimes'; he was hung, drawn, and quartered
+(disemboweled and castrated while still conscious) as a traitor.&amp;nbsp;
+Culpeper was also executed that day, though he suffered a more merciful
+beheading; this was ordered by the king, perhaps because of Culpeper's
+higher rank and personal service in his household.&amp;nbsp; Their heads
+were fixed on spears atop London Bridge and remained there as late as
+1546. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine, meanwhile, continued in a state of suspended
+hysteria.&amp;nbsp; Her various relatives were sent to the Tower, including
+the elderly dowager duchess.&amp;nbsp; Only the duke survived, having
+sufficiently humbled himself before Henry. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Perhaps the executions of Dereham and Culpeper had brought a
+newfound maturity to Catherine.&amp;nbsp; She was content to remain quietly
+at Syon House, though it was clear the king could not allow it.&amp;nbsp;
+On 21 January the House of Lords passed an Act of Attainder and it
+received the king's approval on 11 February.&amp;nbsp; It was intended to
+answer the question vexing them all - of what exactly was Catherine
+Howard guilty?&amp;nbsp; If she had been precontracted to Dereham, then she
+was never married to the king - and thus not guilty of adultery.&amp;nbsp;
+But in a speech on 6 February, Henry made it clear that the new Act
+could punish those who &lt;i&gt;intended&lt;/i&gt; to commit treason (or adultery,
+since adultery in a queen was treason.)&amp;nbsp; It was this intent which
+sealed Catherine's fate.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On Friday, 10 February 1542, the duke of Suffolk arrived to take
+Catherine to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The hysterical frenzy returned;
+she struggled and had to be forced aboard the barge.&amp;nbsp; She was
+dressed in black velvet and lodged in the Queen's Apartments, though no
+longer queen.&amp;nbsp; On Sunday night, she was informed that she would be
+executed the next day.&amp;nbsp; Her only request was that the block be
+brought to her for she wished to 'know how to place herself.'&amp;nbsp; It
+was to be her last act on a grand stage; she would die with all the
+dignity and composure possible. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Around seven o'clock on Monday, 13 February, several privy
+councilors arrived as escort.&amp;nbsp; Her uncle Norfolk was not among
+them, having wisely withdrawn to his country estates.&amp;nbsp; Catherine
+was weak and frightened and had to be helped up the steps to the
+scaffold.&amp;nbsp; But once there, she made a small, quiet speech
+regarding her 'worthy and just punishment'; she prayed for the king's
+preservation and for God's forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; The actual execution was
+over quickly. Catherine's body was interred at the nearby chapel of St
+Peter ad Vincula.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine Howard did not have an impact upon English
+history.&amp;nbsp; She is perhaps the most inconsequential of Henry VIII's
+six wives, her reign as queen a very brief eighteen months.&amp;nbsp; She
+bore no children and made no lasting impression upon those who knew
+her.&amp;nbsp; But it should be remembered that she was thirty years
+younger than her husband, a silly young girl who never understood the
+dangers of royal regard.&amp;nbsp; Her life was over before it had truly
+begun; we can only wonder how it might have ended differently.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The only biography of Catherine Howard is &lt;i&gt;A
+Tudor Tragedy&lt;/i&gt; by Lacey Baldwin Smith,&lt;br&gt;
+which is sadly out-of-print.&amp;nbsp; Catherine is also the subject of
+Ford Madox Ford's&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;The Fifth Queen&lt;/i&gt;, one of my favorite works of historical
+fiction.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082570&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082570&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6bdc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6bdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6bdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9853</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6bdcc6060a8b2a403af541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6bdc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  stepfather and stepson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Arthur&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  1588&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Guildford Dudley&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Anne Boleyn&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Thomas Seymour&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Mary I&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Philip of Spain&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Pilgrimage of Grace, Wyatt's Rebellion, Essex Rebellion&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Mary Stuart, queen of Scots&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;General History &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!-- The following section is an HTML table which reassembles the sliced image in a browser. Copy the table section including the opening and closing table tags, and paste the data where you want the reassembled image to appear in the destination document. --&gt;&lt;!-------------------------- BEGIN COPYING THE TABLE HERE ---------------------------&gt;&lt;!-- Image with table --&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=725 border=0 height=&quot;542&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. What was the relationship between the earl 
+
+      of Leicester and the earl of Essex (during Elizabeth's 
+
+    reign)?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;father and 
+
+        son&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;brothers&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;stepfather and 
+
+        stepson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;they weren't related&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII's first son was 
+
+      named....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Henry&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Arthur&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. The famous battle with the Armada happened 
+
+      in what year?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1558&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1568&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1578&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1588&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Lady Jane Grey was married 
+
+      to....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Robert 
+
+        Dudley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jasper Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Guildford 
+
+        Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ralph Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Who was Elizabeth I's mother?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Katharine of 
+
+        Aragon&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Boleyn&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Katharine Parr&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. After Henry VIII's death, Katharine Parr 
+
+      married....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Robert Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Who was the last Tudor to rule over a part 
+
+      of France?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry 
+
+        VIII&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward VI&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        I&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth I&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Who was Mary I's 
+
+    husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Philip of 
+
+        Spain&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles of France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John, duke 
+
+        of Burgundy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Edward, duke of 
+
+      Normandy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Place these Tudor-era rebellions in 
+
+      chronological order.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Wyatt's Rebellion, 
+
+        Pilgrimage of Grace, Essex Rebellion&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Essex Rebellion, 
+
+        Wyatt's Rebellion, Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pilgrimage of 
+
+        Grace, Wyatt's Rebellion, Essex Rebellion&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wyatt's 
+
+        Rebellion, Essex Rebellion, Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Henry VIII's will excluded which of the 
+
+      following Tudor relatives from the succession?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Princess Mary 
+
+        Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Princess Elizabeth 
+
+        Tudor&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Frances Grey&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Stuart, queen of Scots&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082610&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082610&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6c5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6c5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6c5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9122</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6c5cc7060a8f2a483b0561</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6c5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Lochleven&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  December 8th&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Catherine d'Medici&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Francis&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  half-brother&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Bothwell&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Amyas Paulet&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Norfolk&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  thistle and rose&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. 8 February 1587&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=539 border=0 height=&quot;562&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Mary escaped from which Scottish castle in 
+
+      1568?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Dunbar&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lochleven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stirling&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Linlithgow&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Mary was born on what day in 
+
+      1542?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;October 
+
+        8th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;July 6th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;January 
+
+        6th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;December 8th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. Mary's mother-in-law in France 
+
+      was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Catherine 
+
+        d'Medici&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Antoinette 
+
+        d'Guise&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Claude 
+
+        d'Guise&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Isabella of 
+
+    Navarre&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Mary's first husband was 
+
+      named....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Henry&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Philip&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. James Stewart, earl of Moray, was 
+
+      Mary's.....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;uncle&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;grandfather&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;half-brother&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;second 
+
+        husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Mary's third husband, James Hepburn, was 
+
+      earl of....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Lennox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Bothwell&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Leith&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lithgow&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Mary's last jailer was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Amyas 
+
+        Paulet&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jasper Walsingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Amyas 
+
+        Walsingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jasper Paulet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Who was the English duke 
+
+      executed for conspiring to marry Mary and place her on the English 
+
+      throne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Buckingham&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;York&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Mary's emblems were the....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;thistle and 
+
+        crown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;rose and crown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;dandelion and 
+
+        crown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;thistle and rose&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Mary was executed at Fotheringhay Castle 
+
+      on what date?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 January 
+
+        1587&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;8 February 1587&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;8 March 
+
+        1587&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;8 April 
+
+1587&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt; 
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082610&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082610&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6d5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6d5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6d5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9775</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6d5cc9060a972a583b25a1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215279</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6d5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Joanna&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Ludlow Castle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Knight of the Loyal Heart&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  200,000 crowns&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  1516&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Lorenzo Campeggio&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Chapuys&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Elizabeth Barton&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Charles V&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Kimbolton Castle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!-- The following section is an HTML table which reassembles the sliced image in a browser. Copy the table section including the opening and closing table tags, and paste the data where you want the reassembled image to appear in the destination document. --&gt;&lt;!-------------------------- BEGIN COPYING THE TABLE HERE ---------------------------&gt;&lt;!-- Image with table --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=531 border=0 height=&quot;650&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Which of Katharine's 
+
+    sisters went insane and traveled around Spain with her husband's corpse?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Isabella&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Joanna&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Maria&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pilar&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Where did Katharine's first husband, 
+
+      Prince Arthur, die?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Windsor 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ludlow Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. When competing in tournaments, Katharine's 
+
+      husband, Henry VIII, acted as her champion; he was called....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Knight of the Fair 
+
+        Lady&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Knight of the Fair Rose&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Knight of 
+
+        the Loyal Heart&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Knight of the Proud 
+
+      Heart&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's dowry for her marriage to 
+
+      Prince Arthur was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;100,000 
+
+        crowns&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;200,000 crowns&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;400,000 
+
+        crowns&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;500,000 crowns&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Katharine's only surviving child, Princess 
+
+      Mary, was born in....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1514&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1515&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1516&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1517&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Which Cardinal did Pope Clement VII send to 
+
+      England to debate Katharine and Henry's annulment?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lorenzo 
+
+        Campeggio&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Antonio de 
+
+        Puebla&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francisco Felipez&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Giovanni 
+
+        Vivarini&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Who was the Spanish ambassador to England 
+
+      during Katharine's estrangement from Henry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Mendoza&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;de 
+
+        Vives&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Fuensalida&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Chapuys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. A mystic called 'The Holy Maid 
+
+      of Kent' championed Katharine's cause; her real name was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Margaret 
+
+        Fuller&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth Barton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Hardesty&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Alice Patermore&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Katharine's nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor, 
+
+      was named....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Francis 
+
+        I&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John II&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles 
+
+        V&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry IV&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Where did Katharine die?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Kimbolton 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Fotheringhay Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Tutbury 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor 
+
+Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt; 
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082611&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082611&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6ddc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6ddc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6ddc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9366</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6ddcca060a9b2a603b35c1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215279</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6ddc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Lamentations of a Sinner&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Jane Seymour&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  1535&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Edward I&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Hampton Court Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Winchester Cathedral&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  1570&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Lettice Knollys&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  1536&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Pinkie&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;General History&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=585 border=0 height=&quot;571&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Katharine Parr wrote which of these 
+
+      books?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lamentations of a 
+
+        Sinner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;The Mirror of the Sinful 
+
+        Soul&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Utopia&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Defense of the Seven 
+
+        Sacraments&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Who was Henry VIII's queen during the 
+
+      Pilgrimage of Grace?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Katharine of 
+
+        Aragon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. What year were John Fisher and Thomas More 
+
+      executed?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1535&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1537&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1539&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn &amp;amp; Catherine Howard 
+
+      were descended from which English king?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry 
+
+        III&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry IV&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward 
+
+        I&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward II&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Where was Edward VI born?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Greenwich 
+
+        Palace&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Westminster Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Where did Mary I marry her 
+
+    husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Westminster 
+
+        Abbey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Winchester Cathedral&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;St 
+
+        Paul's Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;York Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. What year did the Pope excommunicate 
+
+      Elizabeth I?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1558&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1565&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1570&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1585&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;48&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Which cousin of Elizabeth I's 
+
+      did Robert Dudley marry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;48&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lettice 
+
+        Knollys&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane Carey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Catherine Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;68&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. In what year was Wales officially 
+
+      incorporated into England (thus ending its status as a separate 
+
+      province)?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;68&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1491&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1509&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1521&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. During Edward VI's reign, the Scots were 
+
+      defeated at the battle of....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Lochleven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pinkie&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Leith&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Perth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;some questions submitted by Tracey &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;whom I once titled 
+
+Tracey the Magnificent, but now I'll call her Tracey the Quizzerific&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082612&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082612&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6e5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6e5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6e5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9425</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6e5ccb060a9f2a683b45e1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215279</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6e5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Greenwich Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Chapel of the Observant Friars&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  duchess of Norfolk&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Thomas Cranmer&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Lady Bryan&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Enfield&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  1548&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  'Sweet Sister Temperance'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt; 
+
+
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I, quiz one&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+      &lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=491 border=0&gt;
+
+ 
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=567 border=0 height=&quot;566&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. In which palace was Elizabeth born in 
+
+      1533?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Hampton 
+
+        Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Greenwich Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Whitehall 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Where was her christening 
+
+      held?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the Queen's 
+
+        Chapel&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Lady Chapel&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Chapel of the 
+
+        Reformed Friars&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Chapel of the Observant 
+
+        Friars&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. Which lady carried Elizabeth to her 
+
+      christening?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;duchess of 
+
+        Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;countess of Kent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;countess of 
+
+        Shrewsbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duchess of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;37&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Who was Elizabeth's 
+
+      godfather?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;37&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles 
+
+        Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Wyatt&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who was Elizabeth's first 
+
+      governess?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Katharine 
+
+        Ashley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Tuke&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Bryan&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Elizabeth's cradle was lined with what 
+
+      color satin?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Blue&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Purple&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;White&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. After Henry VIII's death, Elizabeth was moved 
+
+      to which royal house?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Enfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hatfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nonsuch Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. In what year was Elizabeth's first 
+
+      book published?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1548&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1550&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1555&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1562&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;What nickname did Edward VI have for 
+
+      Elizabeth?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;'Rose without a 
+
+        Thorn'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;'Lady Virtue'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;'Sweet Sister 
+
+        Temperance'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;'Sweet Sister 
+
+Felicity'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;63&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. At her sister Mary's coronation in 1553, 
+
+      Elizabeth wore a robe of what color?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;63&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Violet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;White&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Blue&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082612&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082612&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6edc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6edc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6edc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9850</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6edccc060aa32a703b5601</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215279</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6edc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Lady Margaret Douglas&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  she carried the queen's train&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  white&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Bell Tower&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  two months&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Woodstock&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Sir Thomas Pope&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  duke of Savoy&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  three&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. 28 November 1558&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+3 face=&quot;Dolphin&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+2&gt;Elizabeth I, quiz two&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- The following section is an HTML table which reassembles the sliced image in a browser. Copy the table section including the opening and closing table tags, and paste the data where you want the reassembled image to appear in the destination document. --&gt;&lt;!-------------------------- BEGIN COPYING THE TABLE HERE ---------------------------&gt;&lt;!-- Image with table --&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+
+
+     
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=572 border=0 height=&quot;643&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. At Mary I's court, which cousin had precedence 
+
+      over Elizabeth?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Margaret 
+
+        Douglas&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Katherine Knollys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Mary 
+
+        Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Constance Sidney&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;What role did Elizabeth have at 
+
+      Mary's coronation?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she had no 
+
+        role&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she carried a cross&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she carried the 
+
+        queen's train&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she recited the Lord's 
+
+      Prayer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. In 1554, Elizabeth was summoned to London after 
+
+      the Wyatt rebellion.&amp;nbsp; On her trip, she wore a gown of what 
+
+      color?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;black&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;red&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Where was Elizabeth imprisoned 
+
+      within the Tower of London in 1554?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Bell 
+
+        Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;White Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;King William's 
+
+        Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Queen's House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How long was Elizabeth held in the 
+
+      Tower?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;a 
+
+        fortnight&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;one year&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;six 
+
+        months&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;two months&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Elizabeth lived in what manor when Mary 
+
+      I married Philip of Spain?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Oatlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Woodstock&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hatfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Enfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. Who was Elizabeth's custodian at Hatfield in 
+
+      1556?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Sir Thomas 
+
+        Parry&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sir Henry Bedingfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sir Thomas 
+
+        Pope&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sir John Paulet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. To whom did Philip of Spain wish to 
+
+      marry Elizabeth?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;duke of 
+
+        Anjou&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of Alencon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of 
+
+        Milan&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of Savoy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How many days passed after Mary I's 
+
+      death before Elizabeth met with her new Council?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;One&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Three&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Five&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Seven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. On what day did Elizabeth enter London as 
+
+      queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;23 November 
+
+        1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 November 1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;26 November 
+
+        1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;28 November 
+
+1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to 
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082613&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082613&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6f5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6f5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6f5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9326</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quizzes</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f5ccd060aa72a783b6621</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215279</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius!- 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  39&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  23 yards&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  15 January 1559&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  10 hours&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  bishop of Carlisle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Lady Mary Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Semper Eadem&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  1558&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  1562&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. when he was proposed as a bridegroom for the queen of Scots&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #990000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=Dolphin size=6&gt;Tudor Quiz&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;zes:&lt;BR&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;Elizabeth I, quiz three &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=755 border=0 height=&quot;527&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. How many ladies attended Elizabeth at her 
+
+      coronation?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;14&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;27&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;39&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;45&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;At her coronation, Elizabeth wore 
+
+      a mantle of cloth of gold and silver.&amp;nbsp; How many yards of cloth were 
+
+      used to make it?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;11 yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;17 
+
+        yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;20 yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 
+
+    yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. On what day was her coronation?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;15 January 
+
+        1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;18 January 1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;21 January 
+
+        1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 January 1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt; How long did the banquet after her 
+
+      coronation last?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;10 
+
+        hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;14 
+
+    hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who crowned Elizabeth at Westminster 
+
+      Abbey?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;archbishop of 
+
+        Canterbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;bishop of Durham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;bishop of 
+
+        Carlisle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;bishop of York&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Which lady-in-waiting publicly offended 
+
+      the queen by dressing too well in 1559?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Lettice 
+
+        Knollys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Mary Howard&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady 
+
+        Frances Sidney&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. What was Elizabeth's motto as 
+
+    queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Dieu et Mon 
+
+        Droit&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Veritas Temporis Filia&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;In Omnia 
+
+        Paratus&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Semper Eadem&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. In what year did Mary, queen of 
+
+      Scots first assume the title 'Queen of England'?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1560&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1564&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1571&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;In what year did Elizabeth almost die of 
+
+      smallpox?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1560&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1562&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1565&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. When did Elizabeth actually title Robert 
+
+      Dudley the 'earl of Leicester'?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;when he was proposed as a 
+
+        bridegroom for Mary queen of Scots&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;when his wife 
+
+        died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;at her coronation&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;when he was sent 
+
+        to command troops in the Netherlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082613&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082613&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6fdc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6fdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH6fdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8944</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6fdcce060aab2a803b7641</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215279</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6fdc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  May 2nd&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Tower of London&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Mark Smeaton&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Thomas Lovell&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  23 pds&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  duke of Norfolk&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  20 pds&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  sheriff of London&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Thomas Cranmer&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. eleven days&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;The Trial and Execution of Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=528 border=0 height=&quot;604&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. On what day was Anne arrested?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;May 1st&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;May 
+
+        2nd&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;May 3rd&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;May 
+
+4th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Where was Anne's trial 
+
+      held?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Westminster 
+
+        Hall&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Tower of London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Whitehall 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. Which of the following men confessed to 
+
+      committing adultery with Anne?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry 
+
+        Norris&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francis 
+
+        Weston&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mark Smeaton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt; Which of the following men was 
+
+      &lt;U&gt;not&lt;/U&gt; convicted of adultery with Anne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Lovell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;George Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francis 
+
+        Weston&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;William Brereton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How much was the headsman from Calais 
+
+      paid to execute Anne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;11 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;17 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;31 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;6. Who presided in place of the king at her 
+
+      trial?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;duke of 
+
+        Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of 
+
+        Nottingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of Northumberland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. At her execution, how much did Anne distribute 
+
+      in alms?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;15 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;20 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;24 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. Who escorted Anne to the 
+
+      scaffold?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the mayor of 
+
+        London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the constable of the Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her 
+
+        almoner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the sheriff of 
+
+  London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Which of the following men wept on the 
+
+      day of Anne's execution?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duke of 
+
+        Nofolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;King Henry VIII&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. How many days did Henry VIII wait after Anne's 
+
+      execution before marrying again?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;five 
+
+        days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;seven days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;nine 
+
+        days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;eleven 
+
+days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082614&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082614&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH704a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH704a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH704a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,714 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">51311</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter VII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH704aa5ee186f0ac9ae7fbd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215263</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH704a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER VII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;THE PAPAL ATTACK: 1570-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;SOVEREIGNS and statesmen in the sixteenth century are to be 
+    honoured or condemned according to the degree in which they aimed on the one 
+    hand at preserving political order, and on the other at allowing freedom of 
+    opinion. It was not always easy to reconcile these two aims. The first was a 
+    temporary necessity, and yet was the more urgent--as indeed is always the 
+    case with the tasks of the--statesman. He is responsible for the present; it 
+    is not for him to attempt to provide for a remote future. Political order 
+    and the material well-being of nations may be disastrously impaired by the 
+    imprudence or weakness of a ruler. Thought, after all, may be trusted to 
+    take care of itself in the long-run. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To the modern Liberal, with his doctrine of absolute 
+    religious equality, toleration seems an insult, and anything short of 
+    toleration is regarded as persecution. In the sixteenth century the most 
+    advanced statesmen did not see their way to proclaim freedom of public 
+    worship and of religious discussion. It was much if they tolerated freedom 
+    of opinion, and connived at a quiet, private propagation of other religions 
+    than those established by law. It would be wrong to condemn and despise them 
+    as actuated by superstition and narrow-minded prejudice. Their motives were 
+    mainly political, and it is reasonable to suppose that they knew better than 
+    we do whether a larger toleration was compatible with public order. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We have seen that under the Act of Supremacy, in the first 
+    year of Elizabeth, the oath was only tendered to persons holding office, 
+    spiritual or temporal, under the crown, and that the penalty for refusing it 
+    was only deprivation. But in her fifth year (1563), it was enacted that the 
+    oath might be tendered to members of the House of Commons, schoolmasters, 
+    and attorneys, who, if they refused it, might be punished by forfeiture of 
+    property and perpetual imprisonment. To those who had held any 
+    ecclesiastical office, or who should openly disapprove of the established 
+    worship, or celebrate or hear mass, the oath might be tendered a second 
+    time, with the penalties of high treason for refusal. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;That this law authorised an atrocious persecution cannot be 
+    disputed, and there is no doubt that many zealous Protestants wished it to 
+    be enforced. But the practical question is, Was it enforced? The government 
+    wished to be armed with the power of using it, and for the purpose of 
+    expelling Catholics from offices it was extensively used. But no one was at 
+    this time visited with the severer penalties, the bishops having been 
+    privately forbidden to tender the oath a second time to any one without 
+    special instructions. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Act of Uniformity, passed in the first year of 
+    Elizabeth, prohibited the use of any but the established liturgy, whether in 
+    public or private, under pain of perpetual imprisonment for the third 
+    offence, and imposed a fine of one shilling on recusants--that is, upon 
+    persons who absented themselves from church on Sundays and holidays. To what 
+    extent Catholics were interfered with under this Act has been a matter of 
+    much dispute. Most of them, during the first eleven years of Elizabeth, 
+    either from ignorance or worldliness, treated the Anglican service as 
+    equivalent to the Catholic, and made no difficulty about attending church, 
+    even after this compliance with the law had been forbidden by Pius IV in the 
+    sixth year of Elizabeth. Only the more scrupulous absented themselves, and 
+    called in the ministrations of the &amp;quot;old priests,&amp;quot; who with more or less 
+    secrecy said mass in private houses. Some of these offenders were certainly 
+    punished before Elizabeth had been two years on the throne. The enforcement 
+    of laws was by no means so uniform in those days as it is now. Much depended 
+    on the leanings of the noblemen and justices of the peace in different 
+    localities. Both from disposition and policy Elizabeth desired, as a general 
+    rule, to connive at Catholic nonconformity when it did not take an 
+    aggressive and fanatical form. But she had no scruple about applying the 
+    penalties of these Acts to individuals who for any reason, religious or 
+    political, were specially obnoxious to her. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;So things went on till the northern insurrection: the laws 
+    authorising a searching and sanguinary persecution; the Government, much to 
+    the disgust of zealous Protestants, declining to put those laws in 
+    execution. Judged by modern ideas, the position of the Catholics was 
+    intolerable; but if measured by the principles of government then 
+    universally accepted, or if compared with the treatment of persons ever so 
+    slightly suspected of heresy in countries cursed with the Inquisition, it 
+    was not a position of which they had any great reason to complain; nor did 
+    the large majority of them complain. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Pope Pius IV (1559-1566) was comparatively cautious and 
+    circumspect in his attitude towards Elizabeth. But his successor Pius V 
+    (1566-1572), having made up his mind that her destruction was the one thing 
+    necessary for the defeat of heresy in Europe, strove to stir up against her 
+    rebellion at home and invasion from abroad. A bull deposing her, and 
+    absolving her subjects from their allegiance, was drawn up. But while Pius, 
+    conscious of the offence which it would give to all the sovereigns of 
+    Europe, delayed to issue it, the northern rebellion flared up and was 
+    trampled out. The absence of such a bull was by many Catholics made an 
+    excuse for holding aloof from the rebel earls. When it was too late the bull 
+    was issued (February 1570). Philip and Charles IX--sovereigns first and 
+    Catholics afterwards--refused to let it be published in their dominions. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;After the northern insurrection the Queen issued a 
+    remarkable appeal to her people, which was ordered to be placarded in every 
+    parish, and read in every church. She could point with honest pride to 
+    eleven years of such peace abroad and tranquillity at home as no living 
+    Englishman could remember. Her economy had enabled her to conduct the 
+    government without any of the illegal exactions to which former sovereigns 
+    had resorted. &amp;quot;She had never sought the life, the blood, the goods, the 
+    houses, estates or lands of any person in her dominions.&amp;quot; This happy state 
+    of things the rebels had tried to disturb on pretext of religion. They had 
+    no real grievance on that score. Attendance at parish church was indeed 
+    obligatory by law, though, she might have added, it was very loosely 
+    enforced. But she disclaimed any wish to pry into opinions, or to inquire in 
+    what sense any one understood rites or ceremonies. In other words, the 
+    language of the communion service was not incompatible with the doctrine of 
+    transubstantiation, and loyal Catholics were at liberty, were almost 
+    invited, to interpret it in that sense if they liked. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This compromise between their religious and political 
+    obligations had in fact been hitherto adopted by the large majority of 
+    English Catholics. But a time was come when it was to be no longer possible 
+    for them. They were summoned to make their choice between their duty as 
+    citizens and their duty as Catholics. The summons had come, not from the 
+    Queen, but from the Pope, and it is not strange that they had thenceforth a 
+    harder time of it. Many of them, indignant with the Pope for bringing 
+    trouble upon them, gave up the struggle and conformed to the Established 
+    Church. The temper of the rest became more bitter and dangerous. The Puritan 
+    Parliament of 1571 passed a bill to compel all persons not only to attend 
+    church, but to receive the communion twice a year; and another making formal 
+    reconciliation to the Church of Rome high treason both for the convert and 
+    the priest who should receive him. Here we have the persecuting spirit, 
+    which was as inherent in the zealous Protestant as in the zealous Catholic. 
+    Attempts to excuse such legislation, as prompted by political reasons, can 
+    only move the disgust of every honest-minded man. The first of these bills 
+    did not receive the royal assent, though Cecil--just made Lord Burghley--had 
+    strenuously pushed it through the Upper House. Elizabeth probably saw that 
+    its only effect would be to enable the Protestant zealots in every parish to 
+    enjoy the luxury of harassing their quiet Catholic neighbours, who attended 
+    church but would scruple to take the sacrament. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Protestant spirit of this House of Commons showed itself 
+    not only in laws for strengthening the Government and persecuting the 
+    Catholics, but in attempts to puritanise the Prayer-book, which much 
+    displeased the Queen. Strickland, one of the Puritan leaders, was forbidden 
+    to attend the House. But such was the irritation caused by this invasion of 
+    its privileges, that the prohibition was removed after one day. It was in 
+    this session of Parliament that the doctrines of the Church of England were 
+    finally determined by the imposition on the clergy of the Thirty-nine 
+    Articles, which, as every one knows, are much more Protestant than the 
+    Prayer-book. Till then they had only had the sanction of Convocation. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;During the first forty years or so, from the beginning of 
+    the Reformation, Protestantism spread in most parts of Europe with great 
+    rapidity. It was not merely an intellectual revolt against doctrines no 
+    longer credible. The numbers of the reformers were swelled, and their force 
+    intensified by the flocking in of pious souls, athirst for personal 
+    holiness, and of many others who, without being high-wrought enthusiasts, 
+    were by nature disposed to value whatever seemed to make for a purer 
+    morality. The religion which had nurtured Bernard and Ã Kempis was deserted, 
+    not merely as being untrue, but as incompatible with the highest spiritual 
+    life--nay, as positively corrupting to society. This imagination, of course, 
+    had but a short day. The return to the Bible and the doctrines of primitive 
+    Christianity, the deliverance from &amp;quot;the Bishop of Rome and his detestable 
+    enormities,&amp;quot; were not found to be followed by any general improvement of 
+    morals in Protestant countries. He that was unjust was unjust still; he that 
+    was filthy was filthy still. The repulsive contrast too often seen between 
+    sanctimonious professions and unscrupulous conduct contributed to the 
+    disenchantment. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the meanwhile a great regeneration was going on within 
+    the Catholic Church itself. Signs of this can be detected quite as early as 
+    the first rise of Protestantism. It is, therefore, not to be attributed to 
+    Protestant teaching and example, though doubtless the rivalry of the younger 
+    religion stimulated the best energies of the older. No long time elapsed 
+    before this regeneration had worked its way to the highest places in the 
+    Church. The Popes by whom Elizabeth was confronted were all men of pure 
+    lives and single-hearted devotion to the Catholic cause. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The last two years of the Council of Trent (1562-3) were the 
+    starting-point of the modern Catholic Church. Many proposals had been made 
+    for compromise with Protestantism. But the Fathers of Trent saw that the 
+    only chance of survival for a Church claiming to be Catholic was to remain 
+    on the old lines. By the canons and decrees of the Council, ratified by Pius 
+    IV., the old doctrines and discipline were confirmed and definitely 
+    formulated. One branch indeed of the Papal power was irretrievably gone. 
+    Royal authority had become absolute, and the kings, including Philip II., 
+    refused to tolerate any interference with it. The Papacy had to acquiesce in 
+    the loss of its power over sovereigns. But as regards the bishops and 
+    clergy, and things strictly appertaining to religion, its spiritual 
+    autocracy, which the great councils of the last century had aimed at 
+    breaking, was re-established, and has continued. The new situation, though 
+    it seemed to place the Popes on a humbler footing than in the days of 
+    Gregory VII. or Innocent III., was a healthy one. It confined them to their 
+    spiritual domain, and drove them to make the best of it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Until the decrees of the Council of Trent, the split between 
+    Protestants and Catholics was not definitely and irrevocably decided. Many 
+    on both sides had shrunk from admitting it. The Catholic world might seem to 
+    be narrowed by the defection of the Protestant States. But all the more 
+    clearly did it appear that a Church claiming to be universal is not 
+    concerned with political boundaries. The resistance to the spread of heresy 
+    had hitherto consisted of many local struggles, in which the repressive 
+    measures had emanated from the orthodox sovereigns, and had therefore been 
+    fitful and unconnected. But not long after the Tridentine reorganisation, 
+    the Pope appears again as commander-in-chief of the Catholic forces, 
+    surveying and directing combined operations from one end of Europe to the 
+    other. Pius IV. had been with difficulty prevented by Philip from 
+    excommunicating Elizabeth. Pius V had launched his bull, as we have seen, a 
+    few months too late (1570); and even then it was not allowed to be published 
+    in either Spain or France. The life of that Pope was wasted in earnest 
+    remonstrances with the Catholic sovereigns for not executing the sentence of 
+    the Church against the heretic Queen. Gregory XIII, who succeeded him just 
+    before the Bartholomew Massacre, took the attack into his own hands. He was 
+    a warm patron of the Jesuits, who were especially devoted to the 
+    centralising system re-established at Trent. He and they had made up their 
+    minds that England was the key of the Protestant position; that until 
+    Elizabeth was removed no advance was to be hoped for anywhere. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The decline of a religion may be accompanied by a positive 
+    increase of earnestness and activity on the part of its remaining votaries, 
+    deluding them into a belief that they are but passing through, or have 
+    successfully passed through, a period of temporary depression and eclipse. 
+    Among the Catholics of the latter part of the sixteenth century there was 
+    all the enthusiasm of a religious revival. In no place did this show itself 
+    more than at Oxford. There the weak points of popular movements have never 
+    been allowed to pass without challenge, and what is really valuable or 
+    beautiful in time worn faiths has been sure of receiving fair-play and 
+    something more. The gloss of the Reformation was already worn off. The 
+    worldly and carnal were its supporters and directors. It no longer demanded 
+    enthusiasm and sacrifice. It walked in purple and fine linen. Young men of 
+    quick intellect and high aspirations who, a generation earlier, would have 
+    been captivated by its fair promise and have thrown themselves into its 
+    current, yielded now to the eternal spell of the older Church, cleansed as 
+    she was of her pollutions, and purged of her dross by the discipline of 
+    adversity. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The leader of these Oxford enthusiasts was a young fellow of 
+    Oriel, William Allen. In the third year of Elizabeth, at the age of 
+    twenty-eight, he resigned the Principalship of St. Mary Hall. The next eight 
+    years were spent partly abroad, partly in secret missionary work in England, 
+    carried on at the peril of his life. The old priests, who with more or less 
+    concealment and danger continued to exercise their office among the English 
+    Catholics, were gradually dying off. In order to train successors to them, 
+    Allen founded an English seminary at Douai (1568). To this important step it 
+    was mainly due that the Catholic religion did not become extinct in this 
+    country. In the first five years of its existence the college at Douai sent 
+    nearly a hundred priests to England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was the aim of Allen to put an end to the practical 
+    toleration allowed to Catholic laymen of the quieter sort. The Catholic who 
+    began by putting in the compulsory number of attendances at his parish 
+    church was likely to end by giving up his faith altogether. If he did not, 
+    his son would. Allen deliberately preferred a sweeping persecution--one that 
+    would make the position of Catholics intolerable, and ripen them for 
+    rebellion. He wanted martyrs. The ardent young men whom he trained at Douai 
+    and (after 1578) at Rheims, went back to their native land with the clear 
+    understanding that of all the services they could render to the Church the 
+    greatest would be to die under the hangman's knife. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Gregory XIII hoped great things from Allen's seminary, and 
+    furnished funds for its support. In 1579 Allen went to Rome, and enlisted 
+    the support of Mercurian, General of the Jesuits. Two English Jesuits, 
+    Robert Parsons and Edward Campion, exfellows of Balliol and St. John's, were 
+    selected as missionaries. Campion was eight years younger than Allen. He had 
+    had a brilliant career at Oxford, being especially distinguished for his 
+    eloquence. He was at that time personally known to both Cecil and the Queen, 
+    and enjoyed their favour. He took deacon's orders in 1568, but not long 
+    afterwards joined Allen at Douai, and formally abjured the Anglican Church. 
+    He had been six years a Jesuit when he was despatched on his dangerous 
+    mission to England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Tired of waiting for the initiative of Philip, Gregory XIII. 
+    and the Jesuits had planned a threefold attack on Elizabeth in England, 
+    Scotland, and Ireland. In England a revivalist movement was to be carried on 
+    among the Catholics by the missionaries. Catholic writers have been at great 
+    pains to argue that this was a purely religious movement, prosecuted with 
+    the single object of saving souls. The Jesuits have always known their men 
+    and employed them with discrimination. Saving of souls was very likely the 
+    simple object of a man of Campion's saintly and exalted nature. He himself 
+    declared that he had been strictly forbidden to meddle with worldly concerns 
+    or affairs of State, and nothing inconsistent with this declaration was 
+    proved against him at his trial. But without laying any stress on statements 
+    extracted from prisoners under torture, we cannot doubt that his employers 
+    aimed at re-establishing Catholicism in England by rebellion and foreign 
+    invasion. This was thoroughly understood by every missionary who crossed the 
+    sea; and if Campion never alluded to it even in his most familiar 
+    conversations he must have had an extraordinary control over his tongue. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The evidence that the assassination of the Queen was a 
+    recognised part of the Jesuit plan, determined by the master spirits and 
+    accepted by all the subordinate agents, is perhaps not quite conclusive. If 
+    proved, it would only show that they were not more scrupulous than most 
+    statesmen and politicians of the time. Lax as sixteenth century notions were 
+    about political murder, there were always some consciences more tender than 
+    others. It is likely enough that Campion personally disapproved of such 
+    projects, and that they were not thrust upon his attention. But he can 
+    hardly have avoided being aware that they were contemplated by the less 
+    squeamish of his brethren. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Campion and Parsons came to England in disguise in the 
+    summer of 1580. Their mission was not a success. It only served to show how 
+    much more securely Elizabeth was seated on her throne than in the earlier 
+    years of her reign. In his letters to Rome, Campion boasts of the welcome he 
+    met with everywhere, the crowds that attended his preaching, the ardour of 
+    the Catholics, and the disrepute into which Protestantism was falling. He 
+    had evidently worked himself up to such a state of ecstasy that he was 
+    living in a world of his own imagination, and was no competent witness of 
+    facts. He crept about England in various disguises, and when he was in 
+    districts where the nobles and gentry favoured the old religion, he preached 
+    with a publicity which seems extraordinary to us in these days when the laws 
+    are executed with prompt uniformity by means of railways, telegraphs, and a 
+    well-organised police. In the sixteenth century England had nothing that can 
+    be called an organised machinery for the prevention and detection of crime. 
+    If an outbreak occurred the Government collected militia, and trampled it 
+    out with an energy that took no account of law and feared no consequences. 
+    But in ordinary times it had to depend on the local justices of the peace 
+    and parish constables, and if they were remiss the laws were a dead letter. 
+    There were no newspapers. The high-roads were few and bad. One parish did 
+    not know what was going on in the next. Campion could be passed on from one 
+    gentleman's house to another on horses quite as good as any officer of the 
+    Government rode, and could travel all over England without ever using a 
+    high-road or showing his face in a town. If he preached to a hundred people 
+    in some Lancashire village, Lord Derby did not want to know it, and before 
+    the news reached Burghley or Walsingham he would be in another county, or 
+    perhaps back in London--then, as now, the safest of all hiding-places. Thus, 
+    though a warrant was issued for his arrest as soon as he arrived in England, 
+    it was not till July in the next year (1581) that he was taken, after an 
+    unusually public and pro. tracted appearance in the neighbourhood of Oxford.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;He had little or nothing to show for his twelve months' 
+    tour, and this although the Government had, as Allen hoped, allowed itself 
+    to be provoked into an increase of severity which seems to have been quite 
+    unnecessary. The large majority of Catholic laymen would evidently have 
+    preferred that both Seminarists and Jesuits should keep away. They did not 
+    want civil war. They did not want to be persecuted. They were against a 
+    foreign invasion, without which they knew very well that Elizabeth could not 
+    be deposed. They were even loyal to her. They were content to wait till she 
+    should disappear in the course of nature and make room for the Queen of 
+    Scots. Mendoza writes to Philip that &amp;quot;they place themselves in the hands of 
+    God, and are willing to sacrifice life and all in the service, &lt;i&gt;but 
+    scarcely with that burning zeal which they ought to show&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;By the bull of Pius V, Englishmen were forbidden to 
+    acknowledge Elizabeth as their Queen; in other words, they were ordered to 
+    expose themselves to the penalties of treason. If the Pope would be 
+    satisfied with nothing less than this, it was quite certain that he would 
+    alienate most of his followers in England. Gregory XIII therefore had 
+    authorised the Jesuits to explain that although the Protestants, by &lt;i&gt;
+    willingly&lt;/i&gt; acknowledging the Queen, were incurring the damnation 
+    pronounced by the bull, Catholics would be excused for &lt;i&gt;unwillingly&lt;/i&gt; 
+    acknowledging her until some opportunity arrived for dethroning her. 
+    Protestant writers have exclaimed against this distinction as treacherous. 
+    It was perfectly reasonable. It represents, for instance, the attitude of 
+    every Alsatian who accords an unwilling recognition to the German Emperor. 
+    But the English Government intolerantly and unwisely made it the occasion 
+    for harassing the consciences of men who were most of them guiltless of any 
+    intention to rebel. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Amongst other persecuting laws passed early in 1581, was one 
+    which raised the fine for non-attendance at church to twenty pounds a month. 
+    Such a measure was calculated to excite much more wide-spread disaffection 
+    than the hanging of a few priests. It was not intended to be a &lt;i&gt;brutum 
+    fulmen&lt;/i&gt;. The names of all recusants in each parish were returned to the 
+    Council. They amounted to about 50,000, and the fines exacted became a not 
+    inconsiderable item in the royal revenue. That number certainly formed but a 
+    small portion of the Catholic population. But if all the rest had been in 
+    the habit of going to church, contrary to the Pope's express injunction, 
+    rather than pay a small fine, the Government ought to have seen that they 
+    were not the stuff of which rebels are made. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Campion, after being compelled by torture to disclose the 
+    names of his hosts in different counties, was called on to maintain the 
+    Catholic doctrines in a three days' discussion before a large audience 
+    against four Protestant divines, who do not seem to have been ashamed of 
+    themselves. He was offered pardon if he would attend once in church. As he 
+    steadfastly refused, he was racked again till his limbs were dislocated. 
+    When he had partially recovered he was put on his trial, along with several 
+    of his companions, not under any of the recent anti-catholic laws but under 
+    the ordinary statute of Edward III., for &amp;quot;compassing and imagining the 
+    Queen's death&amp;quot;--such a horror had the Burghleys and Walsinghams of anything 
+    like religious persecution! Being unable to hold up his hand to plead Not 
+    Guilty, &amp;quot;two of his companions raised it for him, first kissing the broken 
+    joints.&amp;quot; According to Mendoza (whom on other occasions we are invited to 
+    accept as a witness of truth), his nails had been torn from his fingers. 
+    Apart from his religious belief nothing treasonable was proved against him 
+    in deed or word. He acknowledged Elizabeth for his rightful sovereign, as 
+    the new interpretation of the papal bull permitted him to do, but he 
+    declined to give any opinion about the Pope's right to depose princes. This 
+    was enough for the judge and jury, and he was found guilty. At the place of 
+    execution he was again offered his pardon if he would deny the papal right 
+    of deposition, or even hear a Protestant sermon. He wished the Queen a long 
+    and quiet reign and all prosperity, but more he would not say. At the 
+    quartering &amp;quot;a drop of blood spirted on the clothes of a youth named Henry 
+    Walpole, to whom it came as a divine command. Walpole, converted on the 
+    spot, became a Jesuit, and soon after met the same fate on the same spot.&amp;quot;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Mr. Froude's comment is that &amp;quot;if it be lawful in defence of 
+    national independence to kill open enemies in war, it is more lawful to 
+    execute the secret conspirator who is teaching doctrines in the name of God 
+    which are certain to be fatal to it.&amp;quot; It would perhaps be enough to remark 
+    that this reasoning amply justifies some of the worst atrocities of the 
+    French Revolution. Hallam and Macaulay have condemned it by anticipation in 
+    language which will commend itself to all who are not swayed by religious, 
+    or, what is more offensive, anti-religious bigotry.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Cruel as the English criminal law was, and long remained, it 
+    never authorised the use of torture to extract confession. The rack in the 
+    Tower is said to have made its appearance, with other innovations of 
+    absolute government, in the reign of Edward IV But it seems to have been 
+    little used before the reign of Elizabeth, under whom it became the ordinary 
+    preliminary to a political trial. For this the chief blame must rest 
+    personally on Burghley. Opinions may differ as to his rank as a statesman, 
+    but no one will contest his eminent talents as a minister of police. In the 
+    former capacity he had sufficient sense of shame to publish a Pecksniffian 
+    apology for his employment of the rack. &amp;quot;None,&amp;quot; he says, &amp;quot;of those who were 
+    at any time put to the rack were asked, during their torture, any question 
+    as to points of doctrine, but merely concerning their plots and 
+    conspiracies, and the persons with whom they had dealings, and &lt;i&gt;what was 
+    their own opinion&lt;/i&gt; as to the Pope's right to deprive the Queen of her 
+    crown.&amp;quot; What was this but a point of doctrine? The wretched victim who 
+    conscientiously believed it (as all Christendom once did), but wished to 
+    save himself by silence, was driven either to tell a lie or to consign 
+    himself to rope and knife. &amp;quot;The Queen's servants, the warders, whose office 
+    and act it is to handle the rack, were ever, by those that attended the 
+    examinations, specially charged to use it in so charitable a manner as such 
+    a thing might be.&amp;quot; It may be hoped that there are not many who would dissent 
+    from Hallam's remark that &amp;quot;such miserable excuses serve only to mingle 
+    contempt with our detestation.&amp;quot; He adds: &amp;quot;It is due to Elizabeth to observe 
+    that she ordered the torture to be disused.&amp;quot; I do not know what authority 
+    there is for this statement. Three years later the Protestant Archbishop of 
+    Dublin was puzzled how to torture the Catholic Archbishop of Cashel, because 
+    there was no &amp;quot;rack or other engine&amp;quot; in Dublin. Walsingham, on being 
+    consulted, suggested that his feet might be toasted against the fire, which 
+    was accordingly done. Some of the Anglican bishops, as might be expected 
+    from fanatics, were forward in recommending torture. But Cecil was no more 
+    of a fanatic than his mistress. What both of them cared for was not a 
+    particular religious belief--they bad both of them conformed to Popery under 
+    Queen Mary--but the sovereign's claim to prescribe religious belief, or 
+    rather religious profession, and they were provoked with the missionaries 
+    for thwarting them. Provoking it was, no doubt. But everything seems to show 
+    that it would have been better to pursue the earlier policy of the reign; to 
+    be content with enacting severe laws which practically were not put into 
+    execution. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The English branch of the Jesuit attack was, for political 
+    purposes, a dead failure. A few persons of rank, who at heart were Catholics 
+    before, were formally reconciled to the Pope. Mendoza claims that among them 
+    were six peers whose names he conceals. These peers, if he is to be 
+    believed, were treasonable enough in their designs. But, even by his 
+    account, they were determined not to stir unless a foreign army should have 
+    first entered England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;How far Mendoza's master was from seeing his way to attack 
+    England at this time was strikingly shown by his behaviour under the most 
+    audacious outrage that Elizabeth had yet inflicted on him. Some twelve 
+    months before (October 1580), Drake had returned from his famous voyage 
+    round the world. That voyage was nothing else than a piratical expedition, 
+    for which it was notorious that the funds had been mainly furnished by 
+    Elizabeth and Leicester. On sea and land Drake had robbed Philip of gold, 
+    silver, and precious stones to the value of at least Â£750,000. In vain did 
+    Mendoza clamour for restitution and talk about war. Elizabeth kept the 
+    booty, knighted Drake, and openly showed him every mark of confidence and 
+    favour. When Mendoza told her that as she would not hear words, they must 
+    come to cannon and see if she would hear them, she replied (&amp;quot;quietly in her 
+    most natural voice&amp;quot;) that, if he used threats of that kind, she would throw 
+    him into prison. The correspondence between the Spanish ambassador and his 
+    master shows that, however big they might talk about cannon, they felt 
+    themselves paralysed by Elizabeth's intimate relations with France. She had 
+    managed to keep free from any offensive alliance with Henry III. But at the 
+    first sound of the Spanish cannon she could have it. She was, therefore, 
+    secure. Probably the whole history of diplomacy does not show another 
+    instance of such a complicated balance of forces so dexterously manipulated.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Irish branch of the Papal attack, the landing of the 
+    legate Sanders, the insurrection of Desmond (1579-1583), the massacre of the 
+    Pope's Italian soldiers at Smerwick (1580), must be passed over here. It is 
+    enough to say that, in Ireland, too, the Catholics were beaten. We turn now 
+    to their attempt to get hold of Scotland (1579-1582). &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Scotland was in a state of anarchy, from which it could only 
+    be rescued by an able and courageous king. The nobles, instead of becoming 
+    weaker, as elsewhere, had acquired a strength and independence greater even 
+    than their fathers had enjoyed. Thirty years earlier, the Church had 
+    possessed quite half the land of the country, and had steadily supported the 
+    crown. Almost the whole of this wealth had been seized in one form or 
+    another by the nobles. And though, as compared with English noblemen, they 
+    were still poor in money, they were much bigger men relatively to their 
+    sovereign. The power of the crown was extensive enough in theory. What was 
+    wanted was a king who should know how to convert it into a reality. That was 
+    more than any regent could do. Even Moray had not succeeded. The house of 
+    Douglas was one of the most powerful in Scotland, and Morton, who had been 
+    looked on as its head during the minority of the Earl of Angus, was an able 
+    and daring man. But he had not the large views, the public spirit, or the 
+    integrity of Moray. He was feared by all, hated by many, respected by none. 
+    As a mere party chief, no one would have been better able to hold his own. 
+    As representing the crown, he had every man's hand against him. To subsidise 
+    such a man was perfectly useless. If Elizabeth was to make his cause her 
+    own, she might just as well undertake the conquest of Scotland at once. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The essence of the good understanding between England and 
+    France was that both countries should keep their hands off Scotland. 
+    Elizabeth, knowing that if worst came to worst, she could always be 
+    beforehand with France in the northern kingdom, could afford to respect this 
+    arrangement, and she did mean to respect it, France, on the other hand, 
+    being also well aware of the advantage given to England by geographical 
+    situation, was always tempted to steal a march on her, and even when most 
+    desirous of her alliance, never quite gave up intrigues in Scotland. This 
+    was equally the case whatever party was uppermost at the French court, 
+    whether its policy was being directed by the King or by the Duke of Guise.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Jesuits looked on Guise as their fighting man, who was 
+    to do the work which they could not prevail on crowned heads to undertake. 
+    James, though only thirteen, had been declared of age. It was too late to 
+    think of deposing him. If his character was feeble, his understanding and 
+    acquirements were much beyond his years, and his preferences were already a 
+    force to be reckoned with in Scotch politics. His interests were evidently 
+    opposed to those of his mother. But the Jesuits hoped to persuade him that 
+    his seat would never be secure unless he came to a compromise with her on 
+    the terms that he was to accept the crown as her gift and recognise her 
+    joint-sovereignty. This would throw him entirely into the hands of the 
+    Catholic nobles, and would be a virtual declaration of war against 
+    Elizabeth. He would have to proclaim himself a Catholic, and call in the 
+    French. It was hoped that Philip, jealous though he had always been of 
+    French interference, would not object to an expedition warranted by the 
+    Jesuits and commanded by Guise, who was more and more sinking into a tool of 
+    Spain and Rome. A combined army of Scotch and French would pour across the 
+    Border. It would be joined by the English Catholics. Elizabeth would be 
+    deposed, and Mary set on the throne. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was a pretty scheme on paper, but certain to break down 
+    in every stage of its execution. James might chaffer with his mother; but, 
+    young as he was, he knew well that she meant to overreach him. He would be 
+    glad enough to get rid of Morton, but he did not want to be a puppet in the 
+    hands of the Marians. He did not like the Presbyterian preachers; but the 
+    young pedant already valued himself on his skill in confuting the apologists 
+    of Popery. He resented Elizabeth's lectures; but he knew that his succession 
+    to the English crown depended on her good will, and he meant to keep on good 
+    terms with her. No approval of the scheme could be obtained from Philip, and 
+    if he did not peremptorily forbid the expedition, it was because he did not 
+    believe it would come off. If a French army had appeared in Scotland, it 
+    would have been treated as all foreigners were in that country. And finally, 
+    if, &lt;i&gt;per impossibile&lt;/i&gt;, the French and Scotch had entered England, they 
+    would have been overwhelmed by such an unanimous uprising of the English 
+    people of all parties and creeds as had never been witnessed in our history.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Historians, who would have us believe that Elizabeth was 
+    constantly bringing England to the verge of ruin by her stinginess and want 
+    of spirit, represent this combination as highly formidable. It required 
+    careful watching; but the only thing that could make it really dangerous was 
+    rash and premature employment of force by England--the course advocated not 
+    only by Burghley, but by the whole Council. Elizabeth seems to have stood 
+    absolutely alone in her opinion; but here, as always, though she allowed her 
+    ministers to speak their minds freely, she did not fear to act on her own 
+    judgment against their unanimous advice. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To carry out their schemes, Guise and the Jesuits sent to 
+    Scotland a nephew of the late Regent Lennox, EsmÃ© Stuart, who had been 
+    brought up in France, and bore the title of Count d'Aubigny (September 
+    1579). He speedily won the heart of the King, who created him Earl, and 
+    afterwards Duke of Lennox. Elizabeth soon obtained proof of his designs, and 
+    urged Morton to resist them by force. But the favourite, professing to be 
+    converted to Protestantism, enlisted the preachers on his side, and, by this 
+    unnatural coalition, Morton was brought to the scaffold (June 1581). During 
+    the interval between his arrest and execution, the English Council were 
+    urgent with Elizabeth to invade Scotland, rescue the Anglophile leader, and 
+    crush Lennox. She went all lengths in the way of threats. Lord Hunsdon was 
+    even ordered to muster an army on the Border. But this last step at once 
+    produced an energetic protest from the French ambassador; and in Scotland 
+    there was a general rally of all parties against the &amp;quot;auld enemies.&amp;quot; 
+    Elizabeth had never meant to make her threats good, and Morton was left to 
+    his fate. She was quite right not to invade Scotland; but, that being her 
+    intention, she should not have tempted Morton to treason by the promise of 
+    her protection. No male statesman would have been so insensible to dishonour.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The death of the man who, next to Moray, had been the 
+    mainstay of the Reformation and the scourge of the Marian party, was 
+    received with a shout of exultation from Catholic Europe. Already in their 
+    heated imaginations the Jesuits saw the Kirk overthrown and the vantage 
+    ground gained for an attack on England. Some modern historians--with less 
+    excuse, since they have the sequel before their eyes --make the same 
+    blunder. The situation was really unchanged. Morton, who had the true 
+    antipathy of a Scottish noble to clerics of all sorts, had plundered the 
+    Kirk ministers, and tried to bring them under the episcopal yoke. He had 
+    quarrelled with most of his old associates of the Congregation. It was their 
+    enmity quite as much as the attack of Lennox that had pulled him down. When 
+    he was out of the way they naturally reverted to an Anglophile policy. The 
+    weakness of the Catholic party was plainly shown by the fact that Lennox 
+    himself, the pupil of the Jesuits, never ventured to throw off the disguise 
+    of a heretic. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The further development of the Jesuit scheme met with 
+    difficulties on all sides. Most even of the Catholic lords were alarmed by 
+    the suggestion that James should hold the crown by the gift of his mother, 
+    because it would imply that hitherto he had not been lawful King; and this 
+    would invalidate their titles to all the lands they had grabbed from Church 
+    and crown during the last fourteen years. It would seem therefore that, if 
+    they had harassed the Government during all that time, it was from a liking 
+    for anarchy rather than from attachment to Mary. Two Jesuits, Crichton and 
+    Holt, who were sent in disguise to Scotland, found Lennox desponding. He was 
+    obliged to confess that, greatly as he had fascinated the King, he could not 
+    move him an inch in his religious opinions. On the contrary, James imagined 
+    that his controversial skill had converted Lennox, and was extremely proud 
+    of the feat. The only course remaining was to seize him, and send him to 
+    France or Spain, Lennox in the meantime administering the Government in the 
+    name of Mary. But to carry out this stroke, Lennox said he must have a 
+    foreign army. In view of the mutual jealousy of France and Spain it was 
+    suggested that, if Philip would furnish money underhand, the Pope might send 
+    an Italian army direct to Scotland, via the Straits of Gibraltar. Crichton 
+    went to Rome to arrange this precious scheme, and Holt was proceeding to 
+    Madrid. But Philip forbade him to come. If Lennox could convert James, or 
+    send him to Spain, well and good. But until one of these preliminaries was 
+    accomplished he was to expect no help from Philip. Nor were prospects more 
+    hopeful on the side of France. Mary from her prison implored Guise to 
+    undertake the long-planned expedition. But he would not venture it without 
+    the assent of his own sovereign and the King of Spain. While he was 
+    hesitating, the Anglophiles patched up their differences and got possession 
+    of the King's person (Raid of Ruthven, August 1582). His tears were 
+    unavailing. &amp;quot;Better bairns greet,&amp;quot; said the Master of Glamis, &amp;quot;than bearded 
+    men.&amp;quot; The favourite fled to France, where he died in the next year. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus once more had it been clearly shown that if the 
+    Anglophiles were left to depend on themselves they would not fail to do all 
+    that was necessary to safeguard English interests. &amp;quot;Anglophiles&amp;quot; is a 
+    convenient appellation. But, strictly speaking, there was no party in 
+    Scotland that loved England. There was a religious party to whom it was of 
+    the highest importance that Elizabeth should be safe and powerful. She was 
+    therefore certain of its co-operation. This party would not be always 
+    uppermost; for Scottish nobles were too selfish, too treacherous, too much 
+    interested in disorder to permit any stability. But, whether in power or in 
+    opposition, it would be able and it would be obliged to serve English 
+    interests. There was only one way in which it could be paralyzed or 
+    alienated, and that was by a recurrence on the part of England to the 
+    traditions of armed interference inherited by Elizabeth's councillors from 
+    Henry VIII, and the Protector Somerset. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such is the plain history of this Jesuit and Papal scheme 
+    which we are asked to believe was so dangerous to England and so 
+    inadequately handled by Elizabeth. She had not shown much concern for her 
+    honour. But her coolness, her intrepidity, her correct estimate of the 
+    forces with which she had to deal, her magnificent confidence in her own 
+    judgment, saved England from the endless expenditure of blood and treasure 
+    into which her advisers would have plunged, and prolonged the formal peace 
+    with her three principal neighbours, a peace of already unexampled duration, 
+    and of incalculable advantage to her country. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The policy which Elizabeth had thus deliberately adopted 
+    towards Scotland she persisted in. The successful Anglophiles clamoured for 
+    pensions, and her ministers were for gratifying them. She was willing to 
+    give a moderate pension to James, but not a penny to the nobles. &amp;quot;Her 
+    servants and favourites,&amp;quot; she said, &amp;quot;professed to love her for her high 
+    qualities, AlenÃ§on for her beauty, and the Scots for her crown; but they all 
+    wanted the same thing in the end; they wanted nothing but her money, and 
+    they should not have it.&amp;quot; She had ascertained that James regarded his mother 
+    as his rival for the crowns of both kingdoms, and that, whatever he might 
+    sometimes pretend, his real wish was that she should be kept under lock and 
+    key. She had also satisfied herself that the Scottish noblemen on whom Mary 
+    counted would, with very few exceptions, throw every difficulty in the way 
+    of her restoration, out of regard for their own private interest--the only
+    &lt;i&gt;datum&lt;/i&gt; from which it was safe to calculate in dealing with a Scottish 
+    nobleman. She therefore felt herself secure. By communicating her knowledge 
+    to Mary she could show her the hopelessness of her intrigues in Scotland; 
+    while a resumption of friendly negotiations for her restoration would always 
+    be a cheap and effectual way of intimidating James. Thus she could look on 
+    with equanimity when his new favourite Stewart, Earl of Arran, again chased 
+    the Anglophiles into England ( December 1583). Arran himself urgently 
+    entreated her to accept him and his young master as the genuine Anglophiles. 
+    Walsingham's voice was still for war. But, with both factions at her feet 
+    and suing for her favour, Elizabeth had good reason to be satisfied with her 
+    policy of leaving the Scottish nobles to worry it out among themselves.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereight.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    VIII: The Protectorate of the Netherlands: 1584-1586&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082626&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082626&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH7689.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH7689.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH7689.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">20109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">films set in 16th century England and Europe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">films set in 16th century England and Europe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Films</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH7689c5a65ded2f2a97ee0d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215267</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7689.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-film.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films-main.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films4.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films5.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films6.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films.gif&quot; width=&quot;302&quot; height=&quot;105&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Films&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;Information about new Tudor-related films can be found 
+        at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmedia.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Media News&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;There have been many films made about the fascinating Tudors and they 
+      range from the sublime to the truly awful, rather like the many 
+      biographies which fill bookstores and bore readers.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-film.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Vanessa Redgrave and Timothy Dalton as Mary and Darnley from 1971's 'Mary Queen of Scots'&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; height=&quot;247&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;Vanessa 
+      Redgrave and Timothy Dalton as Mary and Darnley from 1971's 'Mary Queen of 
+      Scots'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Now if I could make a Tudor film, it would be 
+      a remake of 1971's 'Mary, Queen of Scots' (shown above) with Cate Blanchett as Elizabeth 
+      and Gwyneth Paltrow as Mary.&amp;nbsp; Sadly, no one seems willing to loan me 
+      the money for such a project.....&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      England: Contents&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The films are 
+      listed in chronological order and this list is not definitive.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=231 
+      alt=&quot;Joseph Fiennes and Cate Blanchett in 1998's 'Elizabeth'&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films3.jpg&quot; width=150 border=1 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0282100&quot;&gt;THE PRINCE 
+      AND THE PAUPER (1909 through 2000)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;There 
+      have been numerous adaptations of the classic Mark Twain novel which 
+      begins during the final days of Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; This link will 
+      take you to the most recent version.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0024473&quot;&gt;THE PRIVATE LIFE OF HENRY VIII 
+      (1933)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film stars the great 
+      Charles Laughton as King Henry and beautiful Merle Oberon as Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It's the first 'Tudor movie' I ever watched and still one of the best.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It can be purchased on video.&amp;nbsp; Interesting note - Laughlin's 
+      real-life wife, Elsa Lanchester, plays Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The two later 
+      co-starred in Billy Wilder's superb adaptation of Agatha Christie's 
+      'Witness for the Prosecution', - check it out, it's a fun, suspenseful 
+      film with a different twist ending from the book.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0027948&quot;&gt;MARY OF SCOTLAND 
+      (1936)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film is based upon a 
+      Maxwell Anderson play, and stars Katharine Hepburn as Mary Stuart and the 
+      great Fredric March as Bothwell.&amp;nbsp; It was directed by John Ford.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It can't be purchased; check the cable listings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0028872&quot;&gt;FIRE OVER 
+      ENGLAND (1937)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Vivien Leigh and Laurence 
+      Olivier play lovers against the backdrop of Anglo-Spanish intrigue, with 
+      Flora Robson as Queen Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; This is a nice, swashbuckling 
+      romance with intrigue and intelligent dialogue.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0031826&quot;&gt;THE PRIVATE LIVES OF ELIZABETH AND 
+      ESSEX (1939)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;also called 
+      &lt;I&gt;Elizabeth and Essex &lt;/I&gt;and &lt;I&gt;Elizabeth the Queen&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;This film is based upon the Maxwell Anderson play, as was &lt;I&gt;Anne 
+      of the Thousand Days&lt;/I&gt; (below) and &lt;I&gt;Mary of Scotland&lt;/I&gt; 
+      (above).&amp;nbsp; It has an interesting cast - Bette Davis in her first 
+      incarnation as Queen Elizabeth, the great Errol Flynn as Essex, and Vincent Price 
+      (before he was typecast in horror films) as 
+      Walter Raleigh.&amp;nbsp; It can't be purchased; check the cable 
+      listings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=224 
+      alt=&quot;Gwyneth Paltrow and Joseph Fiennes in 1998's 'Shakespeare in Love'&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films-main.jpg&quot; width=171 border=1 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0046564&quot;&gt;YOUNG BESS 
+      (1953)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Based upon the Margaret Irwin 
+      novel, which has recently been reissued, this film stars Jean Simmons as 
+      Elizabeth Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Charles Laughton reprises his role as Henry VIII 
+      from &lt;I&gt;The Private Life of Henry VIII&lt;/I&gt; (above).&amp;nbsp; The plot is 
+      primarily concerned with Elizabeth's relationship with Thomas Seymour, and 
+      takes great historical liberties; it is entertaining and well done.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It can be purchased on video.&amp;nbsp; And read Irwin's work, too - she's 
+      incredible.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0046387&quot;&gt;THE SWORD 
+      AND THE ROSE (1953)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film tells the 
+      story of Henry VIII's youngest sister Mary and her forbidden love affair 
+      with Charles Brandon.&amp;nbsp; I haven't seen it but several visitors have 
+      told me it's wonderful; you can purchase it on VHS.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0048791&quot;&gt;THE VIRGIN QUEEN 
+      (1955)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Once again, Bette Davis 
+      plays Queen Elizabeth; Richard Todd plays Raleigh and Joan Collins is his 
+      true love.&amp;nbsp; I recently watched it again on AMC; it's colorized and 
+      the men wear a lot of wacky-colored clothes (which is actually realistic, 
+      though jarring.)&amp;nbsp; The dialogue is 
+      witty and Bette Davis is always fun to watch.&amp;nbsp; It can be purchased on 
+      video; also, check the cable listings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0060665&quot;&gt;A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS 
+      (1966)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film is based on 
+      Robert Bolt's play and stars Paul Scofield as Sir Thomas More, executed 
+      for refusing to recognize Henry VIII as head of the English church.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This is a great film worth watching on its own merits, even without its 
+      Tudor connections.&amp;nbsp; The story of More's refusal to betray his 
+      conscience is justly famous and the film is a wonderful tribute to his 
+      life and accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; It is available on dvd.&amp;nbsp; Look out for 
+      the uncredited cameo of Vanessa Redgrave as Anne Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0064030&quot;&gt;ANNE OF THE THOUSAND DAYS 
+      (1969)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film stars Genevieve 
+      Bujold as Anne Boleyn and Richard Burton as Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; It's 
+      entertaining, the supporting actors are good, and Bujold's performance has 
+      grown on me; she shows the vulnerability beneath Anne's wit and charm.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It's based upon Maxwell Anderson's play.&amp;nbsp; If they remade this film, 
+      wouldn't Virginie Ledoyen be the perfect Anne?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;  
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=258 
+      alt=&quot;Richard Burton and Genevieve Bujold in 1969's 'Anne of the Thousand Days'&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films4.jpg&quot; width=171 border=1 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0066714&quot;&gt;THE SIX WIVES OF HENRY VIII 
+      (1971)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This is a great Masterpiece 
+      Theatre series which was shown on PBS in America.&amp;nbsp; It stars Keith 
+      Michell as Henry VIII and is divided into six parts, one for each 
+      wife.&amp;nbsp; It was recently released on dvd.&amp;nbsp; I have written a review 
+      of the dvd at Amazon.com; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fcm%2fmember-reviews%2f-%2fA18JIM9I1DKVJU%2fref%3dcm%5faya%5frev%5fall%2f102-8493939-9158525&quot;&gt;click 
+      here to read it&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Michell later appeared 
+      in &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0070170&quot;&gt;a film version of the 
+      series&lt;/A&gt;, much shortened, of course, and with different actresses 
+      portraying the wives.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0067402&quot;&gt;MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS 
+      (1971)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I should admit that I am a 
+      fan of Vanessa Redgrave and thus suitably biased, but this is an 
+      entertaining movie.&amp;nbsp; It also features the equally great Glenda Jackson 
+      as Queen Elizabeth, a role she reprised in the Masterpiece Theatre series, 
+      &lt;I&gt;Elizabeth R&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Redgrave was nominated for the Best Actress 
+      Oscar for her role.&amp;nbsp; In the film there is a meeting between the two 
+      queenly cousins, - the meeting never occurred in real life, though Mary 
+      desperately wished for it.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Patrick McGoohan, aka 
+      Danger Man and Number Six, is 
+      suitably evil as Moray and Timothy Dalton is a thoroughly repulsive 
+      Darnley.&amp;nbsp; (I think everyone can agree that playing Darnley is a 
+      thankless task.)&amp;nbsp; The sets and costumes are a wonderful evocation of the 
+      Tudor era.&amp;nbsp; The same production team made &lt;I&gt;Anne of the Thousand 
+      Days&lt;/I&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0066652&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH R 
+      (1971)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This Masterpiece Theatre 
+      mini-series starring Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth is fantastic.&amp;nbsp; And 
+      it was recently released on dvd, with lots of extras.&amp;nbsp; I have written 
+      a review of the dvd at Amazon.com; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fcm%2fmember-reviews%2f-%2fA18JIM9I1DKVJU%2fref%3dcm%5faya%5frev%5fall%2f102-8493939-9158525&quot;&gt;click 
+      here to read it&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It's worth the expense.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;Jackson is incomparable and the series itself is wonderful.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The mini-series format gives the story enough time to unfold and what a 
+      fascinating, engrossing story it is - the great events of Elizabeth's 
+      reign, the facets of her character, her interminable marriage 
+      negotiations..... these are treated in detail and with commendable 
+      historical accuracy.&amp;nbsp; The supporting actors - Mary, queen of Scots, 
+      Dudley, Cecil (William and Robert), Bacon, Essex, etc - are also superb.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0091374&quot;&gt;LADY JANE 
+      (1986)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This popular film stars 
+      Helena Bonham Carter as Lady Jane Grey and the very handsome Cary Elwes as Guilford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; The movie, like many Tudor flicks, is less 
+      than accurate in the facts department, mostly concerning Jane and 
+      Guilford's marriage.&amp;nbsp; But the invented 'love story' between them is 
+      well done and saves the film from being too depressing.&amp;nbsp; I had the 
+      pleasure of seeing Jane Lapotaire, who plays Princess Mary in this film, 
+      portray Katharine of Aragon at a RSC production of 'Henry VIII'.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;I&gt;Lady Jane&lt;/I&gt; is finally available on dvd.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Colin Firth and Judi Dench in 'Shakespeare in Love'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;229&quot; height=&quot;174&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0138097&quot;&gt;SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE 
+      (1998)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film stars Gwyneth Paltrow as the fictional Lady Viola de Lesseps and Joseph Fiennes as 
+      Shakespeare.&amp;nbsp; Judi Dench appears briefly as Queen Elizabeth I; though 
+      her time on screen is short, she is unforgettable.&amp;nbsp; There are 
+      numerous supporting actors who also shine.&amp;nbsp; The costumes, sets, and 
+      musical score are also wonderful.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Paltrow and 
+      Fiennes are lovely together; the script is witty and fun; and the ending 
+      is spectacular.&amp;nbsp; This is one of the few films I've seen that 
+      successfully mixes genres.&amp;nbsp; And it's almost as if the actors themselves knew they were 
+      in a great film.&amp;nbsp; Their performances are confident and 
+      enthusiastic.&amp;nbsp; This is truly a joy to watch.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;I went to see this film on a whim and then promptly forced family 
+      and friends to watch it with me.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Some naysayers have written to me in disagreement and all of their complaints 
+      are directed against Paltrow.&amp;nbsp; I think she is perfect in the role; 
+      even her scenes as the cross-dressing Thomas Kent are great.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      opinions can differ - and even if you dislike her performance, there is 
+      much else to recommend the film.&lt;br&gt;Both Shakespeare in Love and Elizabeth 
+      were released around the same time in 1998.&amp;nbsp; Ironically, as it turned 
+      out, I was really looking forward to Elizabeth and didn't give SIL a 
+      thought.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;There are 
+      numerous &lt;I&gt;Shakespeare in Love&lt;/I&gt; fan sites; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fHollywood%2fStudio%2f5740%2fSILwebring.htm&quot;&gt;visit 
+      their webring&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0127536&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+      (1998)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film  stars Cate Blanchett as the Virgin 
+      Queen.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I disliked this film when I first saw it, 
+      though I admired the visuals.&amp;nbsp; The cinematography and costuming were 
+      excellent; some of the acting was impressive, particularly Blanchett and 
+      Christopher Eccleston as Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; (When are they ever bad?)&amp;nbsp; But I found the story and 
+      direction to be muddled and overwrought, as was the score.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Part of my disappointment was doubtless caused by my &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fintro.html&quot;&gt;Tudoritis&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I 
+      was looking forward to the film and wouldn't have been easily 
+      satisfied.&amp;nbsp; But my movie-going companion, who does not suffer from 
+      Tudoritis, remarked, 'This isn't just a bad Tudor film.&amp;nbsp; It's a bad 
+      film, period.'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I recently watched it again.&amp;nbsp; And 
+      again, I admired Blanchett's performance and the costumes were still 
+      spectacular.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      I still wonder why they felt the need to rewrite one of the most 
+      compelling female lives of all time.&amp;nbsp; And did Elizabeth live in a 
+      cathedral?!?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The official website has been taken 
+      down, but Geocities.com hosts a
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsouthbeach%2fkeys%2f4122&quot;&gt;nice fan page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2ftitle%2ftt0357392&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;THE OTHER BOLEYN GIRL (2003)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This film is an adaptation of Philippa Gregory's popular 
+      novel.&amp;nbsp; It was produced by the BBC and stars Natasha McElhone as Mary 
+      Boleyn and Jodhi May as Anne.&amp;nbsp; The film premiered in the UK in spring 
+      2003.&amp;nbsp; As of October '03, it hasn't aired in the US and isn't currently scheduled for sale 
+      anywhere.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bbc.co.uk%2fdrama%2fboleyn.shtml&quot;&gt;Click here to visit the 
+      BBC's official website for the film&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Click the above IMDB.com 
+      link to check its release schedule.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films6.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Drew Barrymore and Dougray Scott in 'Ever After'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;181&quot;&gt;Two other films set in the 16th century are also worth watching:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0110963&quot;&gt;LA REINE MARGOT (QUEEN 
+      MARGOT)(1994)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I love this French film starring 
+      the incomparable Isabelle Adjani as Marguerite, daughter of Catherine 
+      d'Medici and princess of France.&amp;nbsp; It's a wonderful story with great 
+      historical accuracy.&amp;nbsp; And can you believe Adjani was 38 when she made 
+      this film?&amp;nbsp; Let's hope it will be released on dvd in the US 
+      soon.&amp;nbsp; Until then, read the Alexandre Dumas novel upon which it's 
+      based.&amp;nbsp; I think it's one of his more entertaining 
+      works.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0120631&quot;&gt;EVER AFTER (1998)&lt;/A&gt; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film is a retelling of the Cinderella story set in 
+      16th century France.&amp;nbsp; Drew Barrymore plays the heroine who triumphs 
+      over the ugly stepsisters and evil stepmother.&amp;nbsp; It's very 
+      entertaining; the 
+      performances are fun, the costumes beautiful, and the romance 
+      endearing.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The official movie site is still up; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.foxmovies.com%2feverafter&quot;&gt;click here to 
+      visit&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;In order, the images are from 'Elizabeth', 
+      'Shakespeare in Love', 'Anne of the Thousand Days', 'Shakespeare in Love', 
+      'Ever After'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082548&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082548&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4799</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King Henry VIII's second and fifth wives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King Henry VIII's second and fifth wives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King Henry VIII's second and fifth wives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH845f746043a4af83ca5998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215273</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH845f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynhoward.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;705&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;41&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynhoward.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Boleyn-Howard Connection&quot; width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;262&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Many
+
+historians and biographers mention that Catherine Howard was related in
+
+some way to Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Historically, they are joined by a gruesome
+
+bond - they were the only two wives executed by King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; Catherine
+
+married Henry just four years after Anne's execution; yet during those
+
+four years, he had married two other women (Jane Seymour and Anne of Cleves.)
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Catherine and Anne were first cousins.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's
+
+father, Lord Edmund Howard, was the brother of Anne Boleyn's mother, Lady
+
+Elizabeth Howard.&amp;nbsp; Edmund and Elizabeth were the children of Thomas
+
+Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; However, despite their close familial
+
+ties, the two women never met.&amp;nbsp; There are many obvious reasons for
+
+this - first of all, Anne was about fifteen years older than Catherine.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Secondly, the Norfolk family was a tangled collection of cousins (far too
+
+many to list here) and, since Catherine was one of many children of a poor
+
+younger son, her status was relatively unimportant in the mid-1530s.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Third, and perhaps most important, Anne Boleyn disliked her uncle Thomas
+
+Howard, the 3rd duke of Norfolk (and formerly earl of Surrey) - he was
+
+conniving, opportunistic, and arrogant.&amp;nbsp;  This perhaps affected her
+
+relationships with all her Norfolk cousins; the only family member she
+
+was noticeably close to was her brother, George.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Anne and Norfolk were
+
+never close and he only barely managed to hide his dislike while she was
+
+queen.&amp;nbsp; When she was arrested and tried, he made&amp;nbsp;haste
+
+to distance himself from her at all costs.&amp;nbsp; He also attended her trial and 
+    passed judgment against her.&amp;nbsp; His groveling was effective
+
+- and still worked four years later when yet another niece (Catherine Howard)
+
+was arrested.&amp;nbsp; At Catherine's arrest, virtually every member of the
+
+Norfolk family was taken to the Tower - except the duke.&amp;nbsp; His frantic
+
+letter to Henry VIII included insults of all his imprisoned relatives,
+
+most importantly the 'abominable deeds' of Anne and Catherine.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+was certainly an unappealing character but, unlike so many others, he managed
+
+to survive in the treacherous Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; Later imprisoned and with
+
+his goods seized by the king, Norfolk was condemned to death.&amp;nbsp; Luckily, and 
+    ironically, Henry
+
+VIII died without signing the warrant for his execution.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;to the 
+    Catherine Howard website&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082684&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082684&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH9c15.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH9c15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH9c15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4804</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: King Henry VIII has a jousting accident, 1524</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9c15207cbc6ced4414b44f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9c15.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1524.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1524.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1524: King Henry VIII has a jousting accident&quot; width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;105&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;was written by George Cavendish, Cardinal Wolsey's gentleman-usher.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Henry VIII was a superb athlete but, as he grew older, his 
+      prowess often came at the expense of his health.&amp;nbsp; Historians have 
+      speculated that the injuries he suffered may have contributed to his 
+      increasingly bad headaches (and correspondingly short temper.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;On 10 March the king, having a new armor made to his own design
+and fashion, such as no armorer before that time had seen, though to test
+the same at the tilt, and ordered a joust for the purpose.&amp;nbsp; The lord
+marquis of Dorset and the earl of Dorset and the earl of Surrey were appointed
+to be on foot: the king came to one end of the tilt and the duke of Suffolk
+to the other.&amp;nbsp; Then a gentleman said to the duke: 'Sir the king is
+come to the end of the tilt.'&amp;nbsp; 'I see him not,' said the duke, 'by
+my faith, for my headpiece blocks my sight.'&amp;nbsp; With these words, God
+knows by what chance, the king had his spear delivered to him by the lord
+Marquis, the visor of his headpiece being up and not down or fastened,
+so that his face as quite naked.&amp;nbsp; The gentleman said to the duke:
+'Sir the king is coming.' &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Then the duke set forward and charged with his spear, and the king likewise
+unadvisedly set off towards the duke.&amp;nbsp; The people, seeing the king's
+face bare, cried hold, hold; the duke neither saw nor heard, and whether
+the king remembered his visor was up or not few could tell.&amp;nbsp; Alas,
+what sorrow was it to the people when they saw the splinters of duke's
+spear strike the king's headpiece.&amp;nbsp; For most certainly the duke struck
+the king on the brow right under the guard of the headpiece on the very
+skull cap or basinet piece to which the barbette is hinged for strength
+and safety, which skull cap or basinet no armorer takes heed of, for it
+is always covered by the visor, barbette and volant piece, and thus that
+piece is so protected that it takes no weight.&amp;nbsp; But when the spear
+landed on that place there was great danger of death since the face was
+bare, for the duke's spear broke into splinters and pushed the king's visor
+or barbette so far back with the counter blow that all the King's head
+piece was full of splinters.&amp;nbsp; The armorers were much blamed for this,
+and so was the lord marquise for delivering the spear blow when his face
+was open, but the king said that no one was to blame but himself, for he
+intended to have saved himself and his sight.
+&lt;p&gt;The duke immediately disarmed and came to the king, showing him the
+closeness of his sight, and he swore that he would never run against the
+king again.&amp;nbsp; But if the king had been even a little hurt, his servants
+would have put the duke in jeopardy.&amp;nbsp; Then the king called his armorers
+and put all his pieces of armor together and then took a spear and ran
+six courses very well, by which all men could see that he had taken no
+hurt, which was a great joy and comfort to all his subjects present.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082596&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082596&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH9e41.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH9e41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH9e41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11563</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9e41940f594fe21b2a7ccd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215263</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9e41.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;EARLY LIFE: 1533-1558&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; HAVE to deal, under strict limitations of 
+    space, with a long life, almost the whole of its adult period passed in the 
+    exercise of sovereignty--a life which is in effect the history of England 
+    during forty-five years, abounding at the same time in personal interest, 
+    and the subject, both in its public and private aspects, of fierce and 
+    probably interminable controversies. Evidently a bird's-eye view is all that 
+    can be attempted; and the most important episodes alone can be selected for 
+    consideration. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The daughter of Henry VIII and 
+    Anne Boleyn was born on 6 September 1533. Anne was niece of Thomas, third 
+    Duke of Norfolk, and all the great Howard kinsmen attended at the baptism 
+    four days afterwards. &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt; was 
+    two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded, and she herself 
+    was declared illegitimate by Act of Parliament. It is not recorded that in 
+    after years she expressed any opinion about her mother or ever mentioned her 
+    name. She never took any steps to get the Act of Attainder repealed; but 
+    perhaps she indirectly showed her belief in Anne's innocence by raising the 
+    son of Norris, her alleged paramour, to the peerage, and by the great favour 
+    she always showed to his family. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;During her father's life 
+    Elizabeth lived chiefly at Hatfield with her brother Edward, under a 
+    governess. Henry had been empowered by Parliament in 1536 to settle the 
+    succession by his will. In 1544 he caused an Act to be passed placing Mary 
+    and Elizabeth next in order of succession after Edward. By his will, made a 
+    few days before his death, he repeated the provisions of the Act of 1544, 
+    and placed next to Elizabeth the daughters of his younger sister, the 
+    Duchess of Suffolk, tacitly passing over his elder sister, the Queen of 
+    Scotland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;After her father's death 
+    (January 1547) Elizabeth, then a girl of thirteen, went to reside with the 
+    Queen Dowager Catherine, who had not been many weeks a widow before she 
+    married her old lover Thomas Seymour, the Lord Admiral, brother of the 
+    Protector Somerset, described as &amp;quot;fierce in courage, courtly in fashion, in 
+    personage stately, in voice magnificent, but somewhat empty of matter.&amp;quot; The 
+    romping that soon began to go on between this dangerous man and Elizabeth 
+    was of such a nature that early in the next year Catherine found it 
+    necessary to send her away somewhat abruptly. From that time she resided 
+    chiefly at Hatfield. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In August 1548 Catherine died, 
+    and the Admiral at once formed the project of marrying Elizabeth. This and 
+    other ambitious designs brought him to the scaffold (March 1549). It does 
+    not appear that Elizabeth saw or directly corresponded with him after he was 
+    a widower. But she listened to his messages, and dropped remarks of an 
+    encouraging kind which she meant to be repeated to him. She knew perfectly 
+    well that the marriage would not be permitted. She was only flirting with a 
+    man old enough to be her father just as she afterwards flirted with men 
+    young enough to be her sons. We already get a glimpse of the utter absence 
+    both of delicacy and depth of feeling which characterised her through life. 
+    When she heard of the Admiral's execution she simply remarked, &amp;quot;This day 
+    died a man with much wit and very little judgment.&amp;quot; With Elizabeth the heart 
+    never really spoke, and if the senses did, she had them under perfect 
+    control. And this was why she never loved or was loved, and never has been 
+    or will be regarded with enthusiasm by either man or woman. For some time 
+    after this scandal she was evidently somewhat under a cloud. She lived at 
+    her manor-houses of Ashridge, Enfield, and Hatfield, diligently pursuing her 
+    studies under the celebrated scholar Ascham. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Edward died (6 July 1553) 
+    Elizabeth was nearly twenty. Although Mary's cause was her own, she remained 
+    carefully neutral during the short queen-ship of Jane. On its collapse she 
+    hastened to congratulate her sister, and rode by her side when she made her 
+    entry into London. During the early part of Mary's reign her life hung by a 
+    thread. The slightest indiscretion would have been fatal to her. Wyatt's 
+    insurrection was made avowedly in her favour. But neither to that nor any 
+    other conspiracy did she extend the smallest encouragement. Her prudent and 
+    blameless conduct gave her the more right in after years to deal severely 
+    with Mary Stuart, whose behaviour under precisely similar circumstances was 
+    so very different. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Renard, the Spanish ambassador, 
+    demanded her execution as the condition of the Spanish match, and Mary 
+    assured him that she would do her best to satisfy him. In the time of Henry 
+    VIII. such an intention on the part of the sovereign would have been 
+    equivalent to a sentence of death. But Mary was far from being as powerful 
+    as her father. The Council had to be reckoned with, and in the Council 
+    independent and even peremptory language was now to be heard. It was not 
+    without strong protests on the part of some of the Lords that Elizabeth was 
+    sent to the Tower, Sussex, a noble of the old blood, who was charged to 
+    conduct her there, took upon him to delay her departure, that she might 
+    appeal to the Queen for an interview. Mary was furious: &amp;quot;For their lives,&amp;quot; 
+    she said, &amp;quot;they durst not have acted so in her father's time; she wished he 
+    was alive and among them for a single month.&amp;quot; But it was usless to storm. 
+    The absolute monarchy had seen its best days. Sussex, fearing foul play, 
+    warned the Lieutenant of the Tower to keep within his written instructions. 
+    Howard of Effingham, the Lord Admiral, had done more than any one else to 
+    place Mary on the throne. But he was Elizabeth's great-uncle, and he angrily 
+    insisted that her food in the Tower should be prepared by her own servants. 
+    A proposal in Parliament to give the Queen the power to nominate a successor 
+    was received with such disfavour that it had to be withdrawn. Finally the 
+    judges declared that there was no evidence to convict Elizabeth. Sullenly 
+    therefore the Queen had to give way. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth was sent to 
+    Woodstock, where she resided for about a year under guard. This was only 
+    reasonable. An heir to the throne, in whose favour there had been plots, 
+    could not expect complete freedom. In October 1555 she was allowed to go to 
+    Hatfield under the surveillance of Sir Thomas Pope. During the rest of the 
+    reign she escaped molestation by outward conformity to the Catholic 
+    religion, and by taking no part whatever in politics. But as it became clear 
+    that her accession was at hand there can be no doubt that she was engaged in 
+    studying the problems with which she would have to deal. She was already in 
+    close intimacy with Cecil, and it is evident that she mounted the throne 
+    with a policy carefully thought out in its main lines. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Mary was known to be 
+    dying, the Spanish ambassador, Feria, called on Elizabeth, and told her that 
+    his master had exerted his influence with the Queen and Council on her 
+    behalf, and had secured her succession. But she declined to be patronised, 
+    and told him that the people and nobility were on her side. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwo.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    II: The Change of Religion: 1559&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082620&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082620&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHb51b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHb51b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHb51b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41570</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources Mary Tudor sister of King Henry VIII grandmother of Lady Jane Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb51bce046c0e5305dedb1f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215275</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb51b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon1.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Cloth of Gold and Cloth of Frieze&quot; width=&quot;492&quot; height=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon2.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;494&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The marriage portrait of Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, was Henry VIII's closest 
+
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Brandon's father was Henry VII's standard-bearer at the Battle of 
+
+Bosworth Field and died defending the future king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII repaid his 
+
+loyalty by educating young Charles with his own children, and from the beginning 
+
+Charles and the future Henry VIII were devoted friends.&amp;nbsp; But their 
+
+friendship was sorely tested when Brandon secretly married Henry's favorite 
+
+sister, the beautiful Princess Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; At this page, you can learn 
+
+more about their romantic story and its aftermath.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon had an inauspicious beginning and his rise to wealth and 
+prominence was due largely to two things: his father's death at Bosworth Field 
+and his own personal magnetism.&amp;nbsp; Upon his death in 1545, Brandon was 
+perhaps the only person in England who had successfully retained Henry VIII's 
+affection for over forty turbulent years. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His father was William Brandon, Henry Tudor's standard 
+bearer at Bosworth Field in 1485.&amp;nbsp; He was reportedly killed there by 
+Richard III himself.&amp;nbsp; Around 1480 or so, William had married the daughter 
+and heiress of Sir Henry Bruyn of South Ockendon in Essex.&amp;nbsp; But unlike his 
+respectable, middle-class forebears who had led exemplary and cautious 
+lives, William had a tasste for politics.&amp;nbsp; When the Duke of Gloucester 
+seized the throne in 1483 and declared himself Richard III, William and his 
+younger brother Thomas decided to make a stand.&amp;nbsp; They joined the duke of 
+Buckingham's rebellion; it failed and the brothers fled to Brittany where they 
+joined other Lancastrian exiles who supported Henry Tudor, the earl of Richmond.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When William fled England, his wife was already 
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon was born sometime in late 1483 or early 
+1484.&amp;nbsp; His mother died in childbirth and, upon his grandfather's death in 
+1491, the orphaned boy went to the royal court.&amp;nbsp; This was the custom of the 
+time but since Brandon was not heir to an important title or great wealth, his 
+case was decided more on sentiment.&amp;nbsp; He had a claim on Henry Tudor's affections 
+since his father had died in his service.&amp;nbsp; That demonstration of loyalty at 
+Bosworth meant a great deal to the first Tudor king.&amp;nbsp; Since Charles was 
+just two years older than Henry's first son, Prince Arthur, it is probable that 
+they were playmates. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Arthur married the Spanish princess Katharine of 
+Aragon in 1502, his court moved to Ludlow Castle in the Welsh Marches, the 
+traditional seat of the Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not accompany the 
+royal couple but remained in London as companion to Arthur's younger 
+brother, Henry duke of York. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Though seven years older than Henry, Charles shared his 
+most prominent characteristics - natural athleticism, robust physical health 
+(unlike the delicate Arthur), and a devotion to all sports (wrestling, hunting, 
+tilting and jousting, etc.)&amp;nbsp; During these adolescent years, the two boys 
+laid the foundation for a lifelong friendship.&amp;nbsp; Arthur died just months 
+after his wedding and, in 1509, the duke of York succeeded to the throne.&amp;nbsp; 
+This marked the real beginning of Charles Brandon's rise to prominence and 
+privilege. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But before 1509, young Charles had undergone an 
+embarrassing marital situation which revealed his ambition and 
+callousness.&amp;nbsp; In 1505, he had become engaged to Anne Browne, a young woman 
+of impressive lineage; her father was  Anthony Browne, Governor of Calais, 
+and her mother was Lucy Neville, niece of the 'Kingmaker.'&amp;nbsp; Charles and 
+Anne were betrothed &lt;I&gt;per verba de praesenti&lt;/I&gt;, a binding contract under 
+canon law.&amp;nbsp; In such cases, there was no ceremony or witnesses; as one can 
+imagine, this led to several unpleasant cases of men and (more rarely) women 
+repudiating their betrothed &lt;I&gt;if&lt;/I&gt; they lacked proper respect for church 
+law.&amp;nbsp; Charles apparently did.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne slept together, as 
+evidenced by the birth of a daughter in 1506, but he did not marry her.&amp;nbsp; 
+Instead, he married her aunt, a very wealthy widow named Margaret Neville 
+Mortimer.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was never taken seriously due to its mercenary 
+nature and, more importantly, legal action begun by Anne's angry family.&amp;nbsp; 
+Eventually, the Mortimer marriage was annulled due to the previous contract and 
+Charles married Anne in a well-attended public ceremony.&amp;nbsp; They had another 
+daughter in 1510; Anne Browne died just two years later. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By late 1512, Charles had recovered from his grief enough 
+to contemplate yet another union.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps even more mercenary 
+since his betrothed was an eight-year-old orphan.&amp;nbsp; It was common practice 
+for the Crown to assume guardianship of an orphaned minor child who had 
+inherited property.&amp;nbsp; The Crown then sold the guardianship to the highest 
+bidder, often the child's own relatives who wanted to receive the property 
+revenues until the child came of age and decide whom they would marry.&amp;nbsp; 
+Charles had been given the wardship of Elizabeth Grey, the heiress to Lord Lisle 
+of Sparsholt in Berkshire.&amp;nbsp; This, along with various offices, grants &amp;amp; 
+pensions, was a mark of Henry's continued favor.&amp;nbsp; In early 1513, Charles 
+announced his engagement to the girl and, on 15 May 1513, the king created him 
+Viscount Lisle, in right of his betrothed wife.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon finally 
+had a noble title and even more property. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; That same year, the new Lord Lisle accompanied the king to 
+France and also helped entertain the Hapsburg Emperor Maximilian and his 
+twice-widowed, 33-year-old daughter, Margaret, Regent of the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; 
+For Henry, the meeting was also a diplomatic necessity since, in 1508, his 
+father had entered into a formal contract of marriage between his youngest 
+daughter, Mary, and Maximilian's son, Charles of Castile.&amp;nbsp; But over the 
+next few years, little mention had been made of the contract.&amp;nbsp; Henry used 
+the visit to broach the subject; the end result was an agreement that Princess Mary and Charles 
+would wed in 1514, after Charles had reached his 14th birthday. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Lord Lisle made a fool of himself by flirting 
+with Margaret.&amp;nbsp; There is little chance she truly favored him, and certainly 
+none that she planned to marry him, but they flirted, Henry translating for his 
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Charles Brandon was demonstrating his heavy-handed 
+flair for the ladies.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he greatly offended Margaret by 
+encouraging gossip about their meeting.&amp;nbsp; In particular, it stressed her 
+attraction to him and a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; As a Hapsburg princess, she was 
+not amused and Henry VIII was forced to make a public apology.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+not angry with his friend; on 1 February 1514, he created Charles the duke of 
+Suffolk, the title once held by the Yorkist de la Poles.&amp;nbsp; He also received 
+the majority of their confiscated estates.&amp;nbsp; This elevation was remarkable; 
+it meant that Suffolk was one of only three dukes in the kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The 
+other two were Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk (reinstated to the title after his 
+victory at Flodden in 1513), and Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham and 
+descendant of Edward III.&amp;nbsp; Of course, many were surprised that a yeoman's 
+son was now one of their greatest peers but Brandon's friendship with Henry 
+explained matters.&amp;nbsp; In Europe, it was said that 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal Wolsey&lt;/a&gt; and Brandon truly 
+ruled England through influence upon Henry VIII. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1514 as well, the usual tangle of European diplomacy 
+had made Henry distrustful of the Hapsburgs.&amp;nbsp; Also, the deadline for 
+Charles of Castile's marriage to Princess Mary had come and passed with only 
+dismissive explanations from the emperor.&amp;nbsp; So when Louis XII of France 
+offered a peace treaty to England, Henry was eager to accept it.&amp;nbsp; Louis 
+considerably sweetened the offer by offering to wed the Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; For 
+Henry, this was a diplomatic coup.&amp;nbsp; For his sister, of course, it was 
+considerably different. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor, born 18 March 1495, was the baby of the Tudor 
+family and widely considered the most beautiful princess of her time.&amp;nbsp; She 
+shared her brother Henry's exuberance for spectacle and was the star of his 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Like him, she loved dancing, masques, and parties; they were also 
+close emotionally.&amp;nbsp; So when Henry told her that she would marry the widowed 
+King of France, a man in his fifties with gout and a pock-marked face, she 
+poured out her heart.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she would do her duty as a Princess, she 
+told Henry, but when the marriage was over, she wanted to choose her next spouse 
+- and choose him for love alone.&amp;nbsp; Itt was an extraordinary demand for any 
+woman of that time but Henry VIII loved his sister and he agreed.&amp;nbsp; 
+Why?&amp;nbsp; Partly because he loved her but also because he wanted her to leave 
+for France peacefully and willingly; and also, perhaps more troubling, because 
+she had confessed her secret love to him.&amp;nbsp; It was none other than his best friend, Charles 
+Brandon. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had enjoyed unprecedented freedom at Henry VIII's 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Just fourteen when her father died, she had spent the next five 
+years virtually unchaperoned in his hectic court, her brother openly encouraging 
+her participation in every event.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, she was nineteen years old, 
+very beautiful, and very willful.&amp;nbsp; She had developed an attachment to 
+Charles Brandon; she had known him all her life.&amp;nbsp; It may have begun as a 
+child's awe of a robust, attractive man, successful in all sports (so important 
+at the Tudor court) and very charming.&amp;nbsp; But it had changed into something 
+more and, by 1514, most of the king's inner circle knew of her affection.&amp;nbsp; 
+There was no scandal, however.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her brother's promise and 
+married the aged Louis XII at Greenwich Palace on 13 August 1514.&amp;nbsp; The Duc 
+de Longueville acted as the king's proxy in every respect; he even lay down on a 
+bed with Mary and touched her body with his naked leg, thus 'consummating' the 
+marriage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary enjoyed herself at her wedding festivities and its 
+attendant celebrations.&amp;nbsp; It would have been impossible to feel 
+otherwise.&amp;nbsp; She had a splendid trousseau, marvelous jewels sent over from 
+France, and all the honors due to the queen of France.&amp;nbsp; All contemporary 
+accounts remark on her great beauty, particularly her clear complexion and long 
+red-gold hair, the Tudor trademark.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was eager to see her, 
+telling the English ambassador that he had many gifts for his bride and expected 
+a kiss for each one. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary eventually traveled from Dover to Boulogne on 2 
+October, after waiting weeks for stormy weather to end.&amp;nbsp;  She actually left in the 
+midst of more storms since Henry VIII had grown bored waiting for them to 
+end.&amp;nbsp; Upon her departure, she kissed her brother and reminded him of his 
+promise about her future.&amp;nbsp; Henry, eager to leave, committed her to God and 
+her husband and left.&amp;nbsp; There were fourteen ships in Mary's retinue but the 
+weather was so terrible that only four reached port on time; the rest docked at 
+various ports on the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary, suffering from seasickness 
+and constant rain, was carried ashore by one of her gentlemen, Sir Christopher 
+Garnish.&amp;nbsp; She journeyed from Montreuil to Abbeville and contemporary 
+chroniclers recorded her outfit; they were much impressed with her beauty and 
+charm.&amp;nbsp; She wore cloth of gold on crimson with tight sleeves in the English style and a 
+hat of crimson silk which she wore cocked over one eye.&amp;nbsp; Her husband met 
+her at a carefully arranged 'accident' outside Abbeville and, on 9 October, they 
+married in that city. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The marriage lasted for eighty-two days.&amp;nbsp; On 31 
+December 1514, Louis died quite abruptly.&amp;nbsp; Despite his ill health, he had 
+been notably active during his marriage.&amp;nbsp; This may have contributed to 
+his demise; he boasted that on their wedding night, he had 'crossed the river' 
+three times.&amp;nbsp; Before his death, he was visited by the duke of Suffolk on a 
+diplomatic trip and Charles wrote to Henry that his sister was discreet and 
+dignified.&amp;nbsp; This undoubtedly relieved both men; they had perhaps wondered 
+how Mary would greet her true love.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however, was aware of her 
+position as Queen of France and, during her brief marriage, conducted herself 
+with aplomb. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The King of France's death changed her world 
+considerably.&amp;nbsp; Now a queen dowager in a foreign country she had barely 
+begun to settle in, she was suddenly pushed into strict seclusion for 40 
+days.&amp;nbsp; This was French custom; after all, the widowed queen might be 
+pregnant and the child's paternity must be certain.&amp;nbsp; Mary was not pregnant 
+but she was sent to the Hotel de Cluny for her period of mourning, without even 
+the comfort of her English attendants.&amp;nbsp; The new king, Francois, had 
+appointed several Frenchwomen to attend her and dismissed her women.&amp;nbsp; May 
+was undoubtedly terrified.&amp;nbsp; She was closed off from the world, shut behind 
+heavy black drapes, and once more a pawn for her brother.&amp;nbsp; Would Henry 
+arrange another marriage or would he keep his promise?&amp;nbsp; Frantic, Mary wrote 
+to him from Cluny in early January 1515, just two weeks after her husband's 
+death; she begged him to contact Francois and have her sent home to England and 
+reminded him:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, I beseech your grace that you will keep all the 
+promises that you promised me when I took my leave of you by the 
+waterside.&amp;nbsp; Sir, your grace knoweth well that I did marry for your pleasure 
+at this time and now I trust you will suffer me to marry as me liketh for to 
+do... wherefore I beseech your grace for to be a good lord and brother unto 
+me.&quot;&amp;nbsp; If Henry did not keep his promise, Mary said she would enter a 
+nunnery and &quot;never no man shall know joy of me.&quot; &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary also had to deal with visits from the new French 
+king, Francois I.&amp;nbsp; He was twenty-one and knew the English-French alliance 
+was breaking down.&amp;nbsp; He did not want Mary wed by Henry to some Hapsburg 
+prince.&amp;nbsp; He suggested two of his own kinsmen as husbands and then hinted 
+that Henry was trying to marry her to Charles of Castile again.&amp;nbsp; Alone and 
+in a fragile state, Mary was terribly frightened; Francois's words touched on 
+her greatest fears.&amp;nbsp; She eventually confessed her love for Suffolk to 
+Francois.&amp;nbsp; Surprisingly, she found him sympathetic and kind.&amp;nbsp; He 
+promised to help secure her future happiness, a promise which Mary found 
+generous and Francois found opportunistic.&amp;nbsp; For, by this time, he knew the 
+duke of Suffolk was on his way to France to bargain for Mary's return, 
+specifically the return of her jewels, plate, and dower rights.&amp;nbsp; With the 
+dowager queen's confession, Francois had a powerful bargaining tool &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; peace 
+of mind - if Mary wed her English duke, she was no longer Henry's political 
+pawn. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles had been sent to France by Henry, specifically 
+promising to keep his relations with the widow on a formal basis.&amp;nbsp; Henry 
+had no reason to distrust him.&amp;nbsp; Charles was his creation, dependent on him 
+for everything, and also ambitious.&amp;nbsp; Why would he bite the hand that so 
+generously fed him?&amp;nbsp; So Suffolk departed on his most important mission 
+ever; it was well-known that the matter would be complicated.&amp;nbsp; The French 
+would not want to surrender any property to Mary and she would naturally want 
+her rightful share.&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, perhaps Henry meant to keep his 
+promise.&amp;nbsp; After all, he knew his sister's feelings - and now he sent her 
+true love to bring her home.&amp;nbsp; But rattled by Francois's suggestions of a 
+Hapsburg marriage, Mary was set on a course which nearly ruined her and Suffolk.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk arrived on 27 January; five days later, he met 
+Francois at Senlis.&amp;nbsp; Francois summoned Suffolk to a private audience and 
+bluntly dropped his bombshell - the duke had come to marry the Dowager Queen, 
+had he not?&amp;nbsp; Poor Suffolk was taken aback and protested vehemently.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois went on to share Mary's confession and reassure the duke.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+their friend, Francois said, and he would write to the English king and explain 
+all.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk took no chances; he dashed off his own account of the 
+interview to Wolsey and then went to see Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a most emotional 
+reunion.&amp;nbsp; She accused him of taking her to England only to have her married 
+off again against her will.&amp;nbsp; He protested but she would have none of 
+it.&amp;nbsp; She issued an ultimatum - either marry me now or never marry me at 
+all.&amp;nbsp; There would be no better time, she said, for he had jealous enemies 
+on the Privy Council who would prevent it in England.&amp;nbsp; She had her 
+brother's explicit promise that she could follow her heart and Henry knew her 
+greatest desire.&amp;nbsp; What was the risk for him, anyway?&amp;nbsp; She was a 
+princess and queen, very beautiful, and imperious.&amp;nbsp; Why would any man deny 
+her?&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was understandably torn between his obedience to Henry and 
+his desire for Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But he was always ambitious and rarely foolish.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew that Mary would be a great prize; after all, he harbored no overt dynastic 
+ambitions but six years of marriage had produced no living child for Henry 
+VIII.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Suffolk and Mary would create a new royal line.&amp;nbsp; And 
+she was a royal princess and queen, just twenty years old and madly in love with 
+him.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was swayed by tears and ambition and, sometime in February 
+1515, they married secretly at the Cluny chapel. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The consequences were rapid and hardly comforting.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois demanded Suffolk's acquiescence in several disputes over Mary's dowry 
+as payment for their 'secret.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey&lt;/A&gt; and 
+Henry wanted the duke to be firm and reject all the French king's demands.&amp;nbsp; 
+Furthermore, news of the wedding was circulating throughout Paris and Mary 
+suspected she might be pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk knew he could no longer delay 
+confession and wrote to Wolsey, now Archbishop of York.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to 
+arrange a more public wedding ceremony since he knew their secret wedding could 
+easily be invalidated; certainly he knew that better than most.&amp;nbsp; And he 
+feared that the king's council was urging an annulment.&amp;nbsp; Many didn't 
+consider Suffolk a fit match for a princess and others wanted to promote 
+pro-Hapsburg policy of which Mary's remarriage could play a part. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But most important was Henry's reaction.&amp;nbsp; How would 
+he consider the betrayal of his best friend and favorite sister?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Henry's reaction was not favorable.&amp;nbsp; Brandon had written to Wolsey for 
+support and he received a prompt reply but it hardly comforted him; the king 
+could not believe his most trusted friend had betrayed him but, if it were true, 
+the newlyweds had to pay a stiff penalty - literally.&amp;nbsp; They must pay back 
+Mary's marriage portion in annual installments of 4000 pds, leaving her just 
+6000 pds to live on.&amp;nbsp; She must return all the plate and jewels she had 
+taken to France as her dowry as well as the many gifts King Louis had given her.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, they must hasten to beg the king for 
+forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary did just that, both blaming her for the 
+hasty marriage.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk wrote:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, for the passion of God, let it 
+not be in your heart against me, and rather than you should hold me in mistrust, 
+strike off my head and let me not live.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary knew her brother well so, 
+along with her letter, she sent him the most sumptuous jewel Louis had given her 
+- a diamond called the Mirror of Naples wwhich formed part of the French crown 
+jewels.&amp;nbsp; She assured her brother that she had not acted out of 'sensual 
+appetite'; instead, she had been subject to 'consternation, fear and doubt' 
+which made her force Suffolk's hand.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not reply.&amp;nbsp; Francois 
+eventually allowed her to keep some of Louis's gifts and, on 16 April, they set 
+out for the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Mary wrote to Henry again at Calais, telling him 
+that she was now under his jurisdiction since Calais was an English possession 
+and that she would not sail for England until he gave permission.&amp;nbsp; She 
+reminded him of 'the great and tender love' they had always shared and promised 
+to remain in Calais if that is what he wished. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was not.&amp;nbsp; Henry sent permission for them to cross the 
+Channel in early May and met them privately at the manor of Barking outside 
+London.&amp;nbsp; There is no record of that meeting, of course, and one must assume 
+that Wolsey had perhaps exaggerated Henry's displeasure since he wanted 
+Suffolk's gratitude.&amp;nbsp; Henry was willing enough to forgive his best friend 
+and favorite sister, &lt;i&gt;after&lt;/i&gt; she turned over all her jewels and plate from France 
+and signed a contract to repay the 24000 pds spent on her first marriage in the 
+annual installments of 4000 pds.&amp;nbsp; It was obvious that Henry was not 
+surprised by the marriage; he was mostly angry at Suffolk for breaking his word.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;another version of the Brandon marriage portrait&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary were wed again at Greenwich Palace on 13 
+May with Henry and
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; 
+in attendance.&amp;nbsp; There was feasting and celebration but it was strictly a 
+family affair and foreign ambassadors wondered if they should congratulate the 
+couple.&amp;nbsp; After all, the situation was odd and there were some (mostly on 
+the king's council) who disapproved of the match.&amp;nbsp; But, for the most part, 
+there were no hard feelings or grudges.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was a popular man, 
+good-looking and charming, and few - even in Tudor England - could resist such a 
+grand love story.&amp;nbsp; After all, they had risked everything to be 
+together.&amp;nbsp; Before long, the Suffolks were back in the king's good 
+graces.&amp;nbsp; They are recorded as extending all the great court celebrations of 
+the next few years.&amp;nbsp; Mary's pregnancy in France had been a false alarm but 
+she did become pregnant a few months later.&amp;nbsp; In fact, she was now pregnant 
+along with her sister-in-law Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Due to the queen's history of 
+miscarriages and stillbirths, few were hopeful of the outcome; but, on 18 
+February 1516, she gave birth to her only surviving child, a princess called 
+Mary after her aunt.&amp;nbsp; The new duchess of Suffolk, however, was more 
+fortunate - on 11 March 1516, she gave birth to a healthy baby boy called Henry 
+after the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Wolsey stood as the child's godfathers. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary and Henry's older sister Margaret of Scotland visited 
+that summer, bringing her six-month-old daughter, Lady Margaret Douglas.&amp;nbsp; 
+She had been in Scotland for thirteen years but her visit was pleasant 
+enough.&amp;nbsp; Henry had never tired of lecturing Margaret on morality (she had 
+married the Earl of Angus after James of Scotland's death at Flodden); this, of 
+course, is laughable when one considers his own matrimonial career.&amp;nbsp; But 
+Margaret's visit was some ten years before Anne Boleyn entered Henry's 
+life.&amp;nbsp; In 1516, the king was just seven years into his reign, still 
+handsome and bluff.&amp;nbsp; Still, Margaret had little in common with her siblings 
+after her years away; also, her first husband had been killed by the English at 
+Flodden Field. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor was far closer to her foreign sister-in-law 
+than to Margaret.&amp;nbsp; After all, she and Katharine had spent their formative 
+years together.&amp;nbsp; When, in 1517, Katharine went on a pilgrimage to pray for 
+a son, Mary accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; Both Mary and Brandon understood the queen's 
+ 
+heartfelt desire to bear her husband a prince and successor and were 
+sympathetic supporters.&amp;nbsp; There was a passing cloud in 1516 - Mary's revenues 
+from France had fallen off and she was behind in payment of her debt - but the 
+cloud passed quickly.&amp;nbsp; In early summer 1517, they were at Richmond Palace 
+again.&amp;nbsp; Mary was once more pregnant and, on 16 July 1517, she went into 
+labor on her way home.&amp;nbsp; A daughter was born, called Frances after the 
+French king; the Suffolks 
+had another daughter, Eleanor, in 1519. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1518, Mary and Suffolk were at court again, attending 
+the betrothal of the infant Princess Mary to the infant dauphin of France.&amp;nbsp; 
+And they attended the famous Field of Cloth of Gold at Guines, near 
+Calais in 1520.&amp;nbsp; Mary was widely considered the most beautiful woman there.&amp;nbsp; 
+A French admiral commented, &quot;Madame, you are the rose of Christendom.&amp;nbsp; You 
+should have stayed in France.&amp;nbsp; We would have appreciated you.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+was now in her mid-twenties and, when Katharine of Aragon was pregnant or ill, acted 
+as her brother's hostess. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Back in England, however, things began to change.&amp;nbsp; In 
+the new year of 1522, Mary first met
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+She knew Anne's older sister Mary quite well for she had been one of her 
+ladies-in-waiting when Mary Tudor wed Louis XII in France.&amp;nbsp; She had also remained 
+in France until dismissed by Francois.&amp;nbsp; Anne wanted to join Queen 
+Katharine's household as a lady-in-waiting, a much-sought-after position.&amp;nbsp; 
+It is likely that Mary repaid Mary Boleyn's service by helping Anne.&amp;nbsp; 
+Certainly she may have liked the girl; Anne had spent time at the French court 
+and was fashionable and high-spirited, much like Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anne entered Katharine's service but was sent home in 
+disgrace for three years.&amp;nbsp; In just a matter of months, she had managed to 
+attract the attention of Henry Percy, heir to the powerful Earl of 
+Northmberland.&amp;nbsp; The young couple entered into an understanding but Percy was under the guardianship of Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; The king's most trusted 
+advisor and Percy's powerful father were understandably angry at the secret 
+romance.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Anne and Percy were brought to heel&lt;/a&gt;; 
+there were better matches for him and she had overstepped her bounds.&amp;nbsp; Anne 
+was openly furious, so much that she was banished from court.&amp;nbsp; However, she 
+was allowed back in late 1525, around the time that Henry VIII was first 
+beginning to contemplate his lack of heirs. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon had delivered the Princess Mary in 
+1516, when she was thirty-one years old.&amp;nbsp; Since then, there had been no other 
+surviving children.&amp;nbsp; In 1525, she was forty and it was obvious she would 
+have no further children.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was nervous; his dynasty was just forty 
+years old.&amp;nbsp; It would not survive with just one princess as heir.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew the problem was not his fault - after all, in 1519, a mistress called 
+Bessie Blount had born a son.&amp;nbsp; In summer 1525, this child, called Henry 
+Fitzroy, was made the duke of Richmond and Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was present 
+at the grand ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was normally a patient, dignified wife 
+but the lavish ceremony, involving all the important nobility, offended 
+her.&amp;nbsp; She argued with Henry, telling him it insulted her and their daughter 
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry was unused to such criticism and responded by dismissing three 
+of her favorite ladies.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not critical of their benefactor 
+since Henry had created his nephew the Earl of Lincoln at the same 
+ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Also, Mary's repayment of her debt was still in limbo. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was also in failing health.&amp;nbsp; She had suffered 
+through the sweating sickness in 1518 and never completely recovered.&amp;nbsp; She may also have been exhibiting the first signs of the 
+disease which eventually killed her; most historians believe it was 
+cancer.&amp;nbsp; She was present at several court functions over the next few years 
+(a summer 1526 party for European ambassadors, for example) but came to court 
+with less and less frequency.&amp;nbsp; Her physical condition was deteriorating but 
+she was also uncomfortable with her brother's course of action. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1527, Henry's infatuation with Anne Boleyn had 
+begun.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to annul his marriage to Katharine, arguing that 
+it had never been legal in the first place.&amp;nbsp; He asserted that Katharine and 
+Arthur had consummated their marriage and, once again, his old friend Suffolk 
+acted in the king's interest.&amp;nbsp; He dug out some heretofore-lost memories 
+that hinted at consummation.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Wolsey had lost Henry's trust 
+because of the many delays in the annulment; the king used Suffolk to openly 
+attack his once powerful advisor.&amp;nbsp; At a public hearing on the case, Suffolk banged his fist on 
+the table and shouted &quot;It was never merry in England whilst we had cardinals 
+among us.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Of course, Suffolk would not have dared to attack Wolsey 
+without Henry's implicit support.&amp;nbsp; It was the downfall of the Cardinal.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1531, Henry banished Katharine of Aragon from 
+court.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne were constantly together and he made no secret of his 
+intention to marry her.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not happy about this but what 
+could they do?&amp;nbsp; They depended on Henry for everything.&amp;nbsp; Mary made a 
+cutting remark about Anne sometime in early 1532 and refused to accompany Henry 
+and Anne on a state visit to France.&amp;nbsp; Her husband warned Henry that Anne 
+may have slept with Sir Thomas Wyatt.&amp;nbsp; But that is all they dared.&amp;nbsp; 
+They were concerned about their own family. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this time, Suffolk's daughters with Anne Browne were 
+wed to titled men.&amp;nbsp; His eldest daughter with Mary, the lady Frances, was 
+engaged to Henry Grey third Marquess of Dorset, descendent of the famous &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2fplant%2fqueens%2felizwood.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth 
+Woodville&lt;/A&gt;; before Edward IV, she had been married to a Grey and had two sons 
+by him.&amp;nbsp; It was from the elder son that Henry Grey was descended.&amp;nbsp; Frances and Henry were the parents of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; The celebration of Frances's wedding to Henry Grey was held at 
+the Suffolk home in London.&amp;nbsp; It was Mary's last visit to the city.&amp;nbsp; 
+She was increasingly ill and also uncomfortable with her brother.&amp;nbsp; His 
+favor was no longer certain.&amp;nbsp; He had married the pregnant Anne Boleyn in a 
+secret ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was put in charge of the new queen's &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;coronation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Therefore, he was not with his wife when she passed away quietly at their home 
+in Westhorpe on 26 June 1533.&amp;nbsp; She was thirty-eight years old.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+death was not considered important news since most people were concerned with 
+the impending birth of Anne Boleyn's child, destined to be 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Mary had seen her husband in early May but his duties kept him busy; it was a 
+hurried visit and she simply wasted away in the next few weeks. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her brother ordered requiem masses to be sung at 
+Westminster Abbey but showed no other sign of mourning.&amp;nbsp; He was, after all, 
+in the midst of the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon did not attend the 
+funeral but it was a marvelous affair.&amp;nbsp; The coffin lay in state for a month 
+at Westhorpe and was interred at the church of Bury St Edmunds on 22 July.&amp;nbsp; 
+The abbey church and her monument were destroyed during the dissolution of the 
+monasteries.&amp;nbsp; Her coffin was saved, however, and moved to a nearby church 
+called St Mary.&amp;nbsp; In 1784, it was moved yet again within that church.&amp;nbsp; 
+The movers ghoulishly opened the coffin; they found a good set of teeth and two 
+feet of hair which was still red-gold.&amp;nbsp; Souvenir hunters cut off pieces of 
+the hair. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's death was perhaps most mourned in Suffolk county 
+where she had been a popular and respected figure.&amp;nbsp; Her husband replaced 
+her quickly enough - and, as was typical of Brandon, with aplomb.&amp;nbsp; He 
+decided to marry his son's betrothed.&amp;nbsp; The girl was called Catherine 
+Willoughby and she as a baroness in her own right, heiress to 15000 ducats a 
+year.&amp;nbsp; She was also just fourteen-years-old, the same age as his youngest 
+child.&amp;nbsp; Brandon himself was almost fifty.&amp;nbsp; But he needed money badly 
+and she was very rich; he married her quite rapidly.&amp;nbsp; The exact date is unknown.&amp;nbsp; 
+His and Mary's son, the eighteen-year-old Henry Brandon, Earl of Lincoln, would 
+be betrothed elsewhere easily enough.&amp;nbsp; But that was not to be.&amp;nbsp; After 
+his father's wedding, the young earl died, probably of the Tudor scourge, 
+tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was not particularly grieved; six months after his 
+death, he and Catherine had a son and named him Henry Brandon.&amp;nbsp; This usage 
+of a dead child's name was common practice in England. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk remained in Henry's favor.&amp;nbsp; The king gave his 
+old friend the unpleasant task of persuading Katharine of Aragon to accept the 
+break with Rome and the new title Princess Dowager.&amp;nbsp; He was also to move 
+her to Somersham near Cambridge, a manor known for its dank and unhealthy 
+atmosphere.&amp;nbsp; Katharine would not be bullied; she told Suffolk that he would 
+have to bind her in ropes if he wanted to move her anywhere.&amp;nbsp; After a week 
+of such talks, Suffolk left, having accomplished precious little. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He never saw Katharine again.&amp;nbsp; He did attend all the 
+momentous events of the 1530s - he sat at the trials of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Thomas More&lt;/a&gt; 
+and Anne Boleyn, he was even present at the scaffold when &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;she was 
+beheaded&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He also helped lead forces to end the &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/A&gt;, 
+one of the most serious problems of Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, his wife 
+gave birth to a second son called Charles and his daughter Frances, after two 
+still-births, gave birth to a healthy baby girl, named &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;, 
+probably after Queen Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; The exact date of birth is not known, 
+but it was probably October and eclipsed by the birth - finally! - of Henry's 
+son, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince Edward&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk acted as godfather to the new prince.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The last years of his life were quite happy.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+Catherine Willoughby were affectionate, they had two healthy sons, and the 
+dissolution of the monasteries allowed the king to grant him more lands and 
+pensions.&amp;nbsp; He and his wife entertained the king and his new wife 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine 
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;; and, of course, Suffolk was one the men who arrested and extracted a 
+confession from that queen.&amp;nbsp; He died quite suddenly on 22 August 1545, his 
+last official business being plans for an invasion of France.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+sixty years old, a good age at the time, and - once the news was known - it was 
+not suurprising.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk requested a quiet funeral but the king would have 
+none of it - he ordered a lavish ceremony at St George's Chapel in 
+Windsor.&amp;nbsp; Henry planned and paid for the service.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly 
+an emotional occasion for him; after all, Charles Brandon had been his companion 
+for virtually his entire life.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Suffolk was one of the few men who 
+could still remember the Bluff King Hal of legend.&amp;nbsp; Henry was now 
+overweight, bald, and suffering from a variety of physical ailments.&amp;nbsp; He 
+would only outlive his friend by about eighteen months.&amp;nbsp; In that time, he 
+had good cause to regret the death of his one true friend.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Learn about 
+Charles and Mary's granddaughter, Lady Jane Grey, who was queen of England for 
+nine days in 1553&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+Citizens&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082575&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082575&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHbf2b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHbf2b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHbf2b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England 16th century genealogy English royal family genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England 16th century genealogy English royal family genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHbf2b3c7e4aa75f202a6f93</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHbf2b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorgenealogy.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">beaufortgen.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=6 width=&quot;100%&quot; border=0&gt;
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD noWrap bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;16%&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial size=3&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+     
+      &lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=8&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;54%&quot; bgColor=#ffffff&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorgenealogy.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Genealogy&quot; width=&quot;408&quot; height=&quot;160&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;
+
+&lt;IMG height=223 alt=&quot;Margaret Beaufort, mother of King Henry VII&quot; 
+
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/beaufortgen.jpg&quot; width=175 align=left 
+
+lowsrc=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/portrait%20of%20Margaret%20Beaufort,%20mother%20of%20King%20Henry%20VII&quot; 
+
+border=0&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;I&gt;It all began with her.... &lt;/I&gt;Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry 
+
+Tudor and descendant of King Edward III.&amp;nbsp; Her descent was actually 
+
+illegitimate, through Edward III's son, John of Gaunt and his mistress Catherine 
+
+Swynford.&amp;nbsp; Though Gaunt later married Swynford and an act of government 
+
+legitimized their children, they were expressly forbidden to inherit the throne 
+
+by Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV.&amp;nbsp; Margaret bore her only child, 
+
+who became King Henry VII, at the age of thirteen.&amp;nbsp; While the York and 
+
+Lancaster branches of the royal family battled for the throne, her husband died 
+
+and her brother-in-law fled to Brittany with the young Henry.&amp;nbsp; His long 
+
+exile ended on 15 August 1485 when King Richard III was defeated at Bosworth 
+
+Field.&amp;nbsp; The Plantagenet dynasty, having ruled England since 1154, ended in 
+
+strife and the Tudor dynasty began.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Henry Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, earl 
+
+of Richmond; later titled King Henry VII&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;son of Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort &lt;BR&gt;born 28 
+
+January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, Wales &lt;BR&gt;claimed title of Henry VII, king of 
+
+England c.1484 &lt;BR&gt;declared king 22 August 1485 at Battle of Redmoor 
+
+Plain/Bosworth Field &lt;BR&gt;coronation 30 October 1485 at Westminster Abbey, London 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;married to Elizabeth Plantagenet, princess of England, on 18 January 1486 at 
+
+Westminster Abbey, London&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;Eight Children with Elizabeth Plantagenet:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/b&gt;Arthur, prince of Wales, born 20 
+
+September 1486 &lt;BR&gt;Margaret, born 28 November 1489 &lt;BR&gt;Henry VIII, king of 
+
+England, born 28 June 1491 &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth, born 2 July 1492; died 1495 &lt;BR&gt;Mary, 
+
+born 18 March 1496 &lt;BR&gt;Edmund, duke of Somerset, born 21 February 1499; died 
+
+1500 &lt;BR&gt;Edward ? &lt;BR&gt;Katherine, born and died 2 February 1503&lt;br&gt;died 22 April 1509 at Richmond Palace, Surrey 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;buried at the Henry VII 'Lady Chapel', Westminster Abbey, London &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet&lt;/u&gt;, also called Elizabeth of York&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;daughter of Edward IV, king of England &amp;amp; Queen Elizabeth Woodville 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;born 11 February 1466 at Westminster Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry 
+
+VII, king of England, on 18 January 1486 at Westminster Abbey, London &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Eight Children&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Arthur, prince of Wales, born 20 
+
+September 1486 &lt;BR&gt;Margaret, born 28 November 1489 &lt;BR&gt;Henry VIII, king of 
+
+England, born 28 June 1491 &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth, born 2 July 1492; died 1495 &lt;BR&gt;Mary, 
+
+born 18 March 1496 &lt;BR&gt;Edmund, duke of Somerset, born 21 February 1499; died 
+
+1500 &lt;BR&gt;Edward ? &lt;BR&gt;Katherine, born and died 2 February 1503&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;coronation 25 
+
+November 1487 at Westminster Abbey, London &lt;BR&gt;died 11 February 1503 at Tower of 
+
+London, London &lt;BR&gt;buried at the Henry VII 'Lady Chapel', Westminster Abbey, 
+
+London &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Prince Arthur of Wales &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;/u&gt;born 20 September 1486 at St. Swithin's 
+
+Priory, Winchester &lt;BR&gt;titled Prince of Wales 27 February 1490, Westminster 
+
+Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;married to Princess Katharine of Aragon on 14 November 1501 
+
+at St.Paul's Cathedral, London &lt;BR&gt;died 2 April 1502 at Ludlow Castle, 
+
+Shropshire &lt;BR&gt;buried at Worcester Cathedral &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Princess Margaret Tudor&lt;/u&gt;; later titled 
+queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;born 28 November 1489 at Westminster Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;married to James 
+
+Stuart, titled King James IV of Scotland, 8 August 1503 at Holyrood Abbey, 
+
+Edinburgh &lt;BR&gt;titled Queen of Scotland 8 August 1503 at Holyrood Abbey, 
+
+Edinburgh&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/u&gt;&lt;i&gt;Six Children with King James IV of Scotland:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+James of Rothesay, duke of 
+
+Rothesay, born 21 February 1507 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born 15 July 1508 &lt;BR&gt;Arthur, duke 
+
+of Rothesay, born 20 October 1509 &lt;BR&gt;James, later King James V of Scotland, 
+
+born 15 April 1512 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born November 1512 &lt;BR&gt;Alexander, duke of Ross, 
+
+born 30 April 1514&lt;br&gt;widowed 1513 &lt;BR&gt;married to Archibald Douglas, 6th earl 
+
+of Angus, on 4 August 1514 at Kinnoul Church&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;One Child with Archibald 
+Douglas:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Margaret, Lady Douglas, born 1515 &lt;BR&gt;divorced 1528 &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry 
+
+Stewart, Lord Methven I, on 3 March 1528 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;One Child with Henry Stewart:&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Lady Dorothea Stewart, born ? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscottish.html&quot;&gt;Go to the Scottish 
+genealogy page&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Prince Henry Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, duke of York; later titled 
+King Henry VIII&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;born&amp;nbsp; 28 June 1491 at Greenwich Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;titled King of 
+
+England 24 June 1509 at Westminster Abbey, London &lt;BR&gt;married to Katharine of 
+
+Aragon, princess of Spain, on 11 June 1509 at Grey Friars Church, Greenwich 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Six Children with Katharine of Aragon:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;daughter, born 31 January 1510 &lt;BR&gt;Henry (1), 
+
+duke of Cornwall, born 1 January 1511 &lt;BR&gt;Henry (2), duke of Cornwall, born 
+
+November 1513 &lt;BR&gt;son, born December 1514 &lt;BR&gt;Mary, later titled Mary I, queen 
+
+of England, born 18 February 1516 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born 10 November 1518 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1533 &lt;BR&gt;married to Anne Boleyn, marquess of Pembroke, on 
+
+25 January 1533 at Westminster, London &lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Three Children with Anne Boleyn:&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Elizabeth I, queen of England, born 7 September 1533 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Henry, duke of Cornwall, born 1534 &lt;BR&gt;son, born 29 January 1536 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1536 &lt;BR&gt;married to Jane Seymour on 20 May 1536 &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+One Child with Jane Seymour:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Edward, later titled Edward VI, king of England, 
+
+born 12 October 1537 at Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;widowed 24 October 1537 at 
+
+Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;married to Anne of Cleves on 6 January 1540 at 
+
+Greenwich Palace &lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1540 &lt;BR&gt;married to Catherine Howard on 
+
+28 July 1540 at Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1541 &lt;BR&gt;married to 
+
+Katharine Parr on 12 July 1543 at Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;died 28 January 1547 
+
+at Whitehall Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;buried at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;mistresses &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth Stafford - no children 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth Blount, called Bessie Blount &lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;One child with Elizabeth 
+Blount:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Henry 
+
+Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, born 1519 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffitzroy.html&quot;&gt;Go to the 
+Stafford/Blount/Fitzroy genealogy page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Princess Mary Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, 
+queen of France and duchess of 
+
+Suffolk&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;born 18 March 1496 at Richmond Palace, Surrey &lt;BR&gt;married to 
+
+King Louis XII of France on 9 October 1514 at Abbeville Cathedral, France 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;widowed 1514 &lt;BR&gt;married to Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, on 3 March 
+
+1515 in Paris &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Three Children&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Henry, earl of Lincoln, 
+
+born 11 March 1515 &lt;BR&gt;Frances, born 16 July 1517 &lt;BR&gt;Eleanor, born 1519 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;died 25 June 1533 at Westhorpe Hall, Suffolk &lt;BR&gt;buried at St. Mary's 
+
+Church, Bury St. Edmunds &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, princess of Spain&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;last child of Ferdinand of Aragon, king of Spain &amp;amp; Isabella, queen of 
+
+Castle &lt;BR&gt;born 15 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, Madrid &lt;BR&gt;married to 
+
+Arthur, prince of Wales, on 14 November 1501 at St. Paul's Cathedral, London 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;widowed 2 April 1502 at Ludlow Castle, Shropshire &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry VIII, 
+
+king of England, on 11 June 1509 at Grey Friars Church, Greenwich&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Six Children&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;daughter, born 31 January 1510 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Henry (1), duke of Cornwall, born 1 January 1511 &lt;BR&gt;Henry (2), duke of 
+
+Cornwall, born November 1513 &lt;BR&gt;son, born December 1514 &lt;BR&gt;Mary I, queen of 
+
+England, born 18 February 1516 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born 10 November 1518&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;marriage 
+
+annulled 1533 &lt;BR&gt;died 7 January 1536 at Kimbolton Castle &lt;BR&gt;buried at 
+
+Peterborough Cathedral &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, marquess of Pembroke&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;born about 1501/2 or 1507 at Blickling Hall, Norfolk &lt;BR&gt;titled marquess of 
+
+Pembroke on 1 September 1532 &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry VIII, king of England, on 25 
+
+January 1533 at Westminster Abbey, London&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Three Children&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;Elizabeth I, queen of England, born 7 September 1533 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Henry, duke of Cornwall, born 1534 &lt;BR&gt;son, born 29 January 1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;marriage annulled 1536&lt;br&gt;executed 19 May 1536 at Tower Green, Tower of 
+
+London &lt;BR&gt;buried at the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula, Tower of London&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Go to the Boleyn 
+family webpage&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This page is under constant construction;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;please check back to see later additions.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;DIV style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=8&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;18%&quot; 
+    bgColor=#5E0000&gt;
+      &lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082551&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082551&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHd8a0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHd8a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHd8a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,616 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">43662</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter V</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd8a0b05e9bf41fe28359d1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215263</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd8a0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER V&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;ARISTOCRATIC PLOTS: 1568-1572&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;FROM the beginning of the reign Cecil had 
+    never ceased to impress upon his mistress that a French or Spanish invasion 
+    on behalf of the Pope might at any time be expected, and that she should 
+    hurry to meet it by forming a league with the foreign Protestants of both 
+    Confessions, and vigorously assisting them to carry on a war of religion on 
+    the Continent. He was assuredly too well informed to believe that France and 
+    Spain would cease to counteract each other's designs on England, or that 
+    Lutherans and Calvinists would heartily combine for mutual defence. The 
+    enemies he really feared were his Catholic countrymen, with whom he would 
+    have to fight for his head if Elizabeth should die. He therefore desired to 
+    force on the struggle in her lifetime, when they would be rebels, and he 
+    would wield the power of the Crown. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth, on the other hand, was against 
+    interference on the Continent, because it would be the surest way to bring 
+    upon England the calamity of invasion. She saw as plainly as Cecil did that 
+    it would compel her to throw herself into the arms of her own Protestants 
+    and to become, like her two predecessors, the mere chief of a party; whereas 
+    she meant to be the Queen of all Englishmen, and to tranquillise the natural 
+    fears of each party by letting it see that it would not be sacrificed to the 
+    violence of the other. Moreover the unbridled ascendancy of the Protestants 
+    would mean such alterations in the established worship as would have driven 
+    from the parish churches thousands of the most military class, peers, 
+    squires and their tenantry, who were enduring Anglicanism with its 
+    episcopate, its semi-Catholic prayer-book, and its claim to belong to the 
+    Universal Apostolic Church, because they could persuade themselves that its 
+    variations from the old religion were unimportant and temporary. And this 
+    again would increase the probability of foreign invasion. For, though to 
+    Philip all forms of heresy were equally damnable and equally marked out for 
+    extermination sooner or later, yet he was in much less hurry to begin with 
+    the politically harmless Lutherans or Anglicans than with the dangerous 
+    levellers who derived their inspiration from Geneva. Now for Elizabeth to 
+    gain time was everything. She had gained ten precious years already by her 
+    moderation. She was to gain twenty more before the slow-moving Spaniard 
+    decided to launch the great Armada. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But though Elizabeth shunned war with Spain 
+    she nevertheless resognised that Philip was the enemy, and that all ways of 
+    damaging him short of war were for her advantage. English and Huguenot 
+    corsairs swarmed in the Channel. Spanish ships were seized. The crews were 
+    hanged or made to walk the plank; the prizes were carried into English 
+    ports, and there sold without disguise or rebuke. These outrages were 
+    represented as reprisals for cruelties inflicted on English sailors who 
+    occasionally fell into the hands of the Inquisition. Practically a ship with 
+    a valuable cargo was treated as fair game whatever its nationality. But 
+    while in the case of other countries it was only individual traders who 
+    suffered, to Spain it meant obstruction of her high road to her Belgic 
+    dominions, then simmering with disaffection. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The English nobles of the old blood disliked 
+    these proceedings. Even Cecil did not conceal from himself that they 
+    fostered a spirit of lawlessness. What the corsairs were doing he would have 
+    preferred to see done by the royal navy. To that Elizabeth would not 
+    consent. The activity of the corsairs gave her all the advantage she could 
+    hope to have from war, without any of its disadvantages. Instead of laying 
+    out her treasure on a navy, she was deriving an income from the piratical 
+    ventures of Hawkins and Drake; while the ships and sailors of this volunteer 
+    navy would be available for the defence of the country whenever the need 
+    should arise. Whatever may be thought of the morality of her plan, there can 
+    be no question as to its efficiency and economy. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Since even these outrages, exasperating as 
+    they were, had not goaded Philip to the point of declaring war, a still more 
+    daring provocation now followed. Some ships, conveying a large sum of money 
+    borrowed by Philip in Genoa for the payment of Alva's army, having put into 
+    English ports to avoid the corsairs, Elizabeth, with the hearty approval of 
+    Cecil, took possession of the money, and said she would herself borrow it 
+    from the Genoese (December 1568). The Minister hoped this would bring on a 
+    war. The Queen audaciously but more correctly anticipated that Philip's 
+    resentment would still stop short of that extremity. He remonstrated: he 
+    threatened: he seized all English ships and sailors in his ports. Elizabeth, 
+    undismayed, swept all the Spaniards and Flemings whom she could find in 
+    London into her prisons, and seized their goods, to a value far greater than 
+    that of the English property in Philip's grasp. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In striking contrast with this unflinching 
+    attitude towards Spain was the behaviour of Elizabeth when threatened with 
+    war by France, unless she undertook to close her harbours to the Huguenots, 
+    and to forbid her own corsairs to prey on French commerce. The summons was 
+    promptly obeyed. Full satisfaction was made (April 1569). Yet France was at 
+    the moment a far less formidable antagonist than Spain. The French 
+    government did not possess the means of invading England. On this side of 
+    the Channel the old anti-French feeling was so persistent that all parties 
+    were ready and willing for the fray. The defeat of the Huguenots at Jarnac 
+    (April 1569) may have had something to do with Elizabeth's compliance. But 
+    what influenced her still more was her perception that war with France would 
+    compel her to place herself under the protection of Spain; whereas she 
+    desired to keep Spain at arm's-length, and to maintain a good understanding 
+    with France, as did Eliot, Pym, and Cromwell afterwards, regardless of the 
+    rooted prejudices of their countrymen. Elizabeth probably stood alone in her 
+    judgment on this occasion. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The quarrel with Philip had more serious 
+    results at home than abroad. It was indirectly the cause of the only English 
+    rebellion that disturbed the long reign of Elizabeth. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Most of the nobility and gentry, even when 
+    professedly Protestants, regretted the alienation of England from the 
+    Universal Church. If they had all pulled together they must have had their 
+    way, for they were the military and political class. But their discontent 
+    varied widely in its intensity. There were nobles like Sussex who were 
+    resolved to serve their Queen loyally and zealously, but who, all the same, 
+    wished her to cultivate a good understanding with Philip, to marry the 
+    Archduke, to abstain from assisting the Huguenots, to give no countenance to 
+    the rovers, to recognise Mary as her heir-presumptive and marry her to 
+    Norfolk. There were others like Norfolk, Montagu, Arundel, and Southampton, 
+    who had treasonable relations with the Spanish ambassador, and aimed at 
+    overthrowing Cecil, marrying Mary to Norfolk, and compelling the Queen to 
+    restore the Catholic worship, or at least to make such changes in the 
+    Anglican model as would facilitate a reunion with Rome when Mary should 
+    succeed. A third party, headed by the Catholic lords of the north, was 
+    plotting to depose Elizabeth in favour of Mary, and to marry the latter to 
+    Don John of Austria. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;With these powerful nobles in opposition, 
+    who, before the Reformation, could have hurled any sovereign from his 
+    throne, where was Elizabeth to look for support? The town populations were 
+    Protestant --too Protestant indeed for her taste. But the town populations 
+    were a minority, and less military than the landowners and their tenants. 
+    She had her Cecils, Bacons, Walsinghams, Hunsdons, Knollyses, Sadlers, 
+    Killegrews, Drurys, capable and devoted servants, but new men without 
+    territorial wealth or influence, and with no force except what they 
+    possessed as wielding the power of the Crown. It would be difficult to name 
+    more than half-a-dozen peers who zealously promoted her policy. Most of them 
+    looked on it coldly, and would support her only as long as she seemed to be 
+    strongest. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary's rejection of Elizabeth's terms 
+    coincided with the quarrel with Philip (December 1568). The disaffected 
+    nobles thought that the time was now come for striking a blow. Conscious 
+    that the feudal devotion of the gentry and yeomanry to their local chiefs 
+    had in Tudor times been largely superseded by awe of the central government, 
+    they were importuning Philip to give them the signal for rebellion by 
+    sending a division of Alva's army from the Netherlands. Philip, cautious as 
+    usual, and afraid of driving England into alliance with France, declined to 
+    send a soldier until either the Norfolk party had overthrown Cecil, or the 
+    northern lords had carried off Mary. Between these two sets of conspirators 
+    there was much jealousy and distrust. The Spanish ambassador thought the 
+    southern scheme the most feasible. Not without difficulty he persuaded the 
+    northern lords to wait till it should be seen whether the Queen could be 
+    induced or compelled to sanction the marriage of Mary with Norfolk. If she 
+    refused, they were to make a dash on Wingfield, a seat of Lord Shrewsbury's 
+    in Derbyshire where Mary was staying, while Norfolk was to raise the eastern 
+    counties. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All through the summer of 1569 these plots 
+    were brewing. Three times Norfolk and his father-in-law Arundel went to the 
+    Council with the intention of arresting Cecil. Three times their hearts 
+    failed them. The northern lords, who were not members of the Council, came 
+    up to London to see Norfolk bell the cat, but went back, more suspicious 
+    than ever, to make their own preparations. Cecil himself seems to have been 
+    hedging. In his private advice to the Queen he was opposing the Norfolk 
+    marriage, pointing out that free or in prison, married or single, in England 
+    or in Scotland, Mary must always be dangerous, and breathing for the first 
+    time the suggestion that she might lawfully be put to death in England for 
+    complicity in English plots. In the Council he concurred in a vote that she 
+    should be married to an Englishman --in other words, to Norfolk. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If Elizabeth could have felt any confidence 
+    in Norfolk's loyalty, it seems probable that much as she disliked the 
+    marriage she would have yielded to the almost unanimous pronouncement of the 
+    nobility in its favour. But a sure instinct warned her of her danger. &amp;quot;If 
+    she consented she would be in the Tower before four months were over.&amp;quot; After 
+    much deliberation she commanded the Duke on his allegiance to renounce his 
+    project. He gave his promise, but soon retired to his own county, and sent 
+    word to the northern earls that &amp;quot;he would stand and abide the venture.&amp;quot; But 
+    while he was shivering and hesitating, Elizabeth, for once, was all 
+    promptitude and decision. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary was hurried to Tutbury Castle. Arundel 
+    and Pembroke were summoned to Windsor, and kept under surveillance. Norfolk 
+    himself came in quietly, and was lodged in the Tower. Thus the southern 
+    conspiracy collapsed (September-October 1569). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Catholic lords and gentlemen of the north 
+    who had been awaiting Norfolk's signal, were staggered by his tame 
+    surrender. Sussex, who was in command at York, and who, being of the old 
+    blood himself, did not care to see old houses crushed, advised Elizabeth to 
+    wink at their half-begun treason, and be thankful it had not come to 
+    fighting. She winked at the attempted flight to Alva of Southampton and 
+    Montagu, and even affected to trust the latter with the command of the 
+    militia called out in Sussex. She could afford to ignore the disaffection of 
+    a southern noble. A Sussex squire or yeoman, even if he was not a 
+    Protestant, would think twice before he cast in his lot with rebellion. The 
+    northern counties were mainly Catholic. They were much behind the south in 
+    civilisation. The Tudor sovereigns were never seen there. Great families 
+    were still looked up to. Elizabeth knew that though rebellion might be 
+    adjourned, might possibly never come off, it was a constant menace, which 
+    crippled her policy. She determined therefore to have done with it, once for 
+    all, and summoned Northumberland and Westmoreland to London. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Thus driven into a corner, the two earls 
+    burst into rebellion. They entered Durham in arms, overthrew the communion 
+    table in the cathedral, set up the old altar, and had mass said (14 November 
+    1569). Next day they marched south, with the object of rescuing Mary from 
+    Tutbury. But when they were within fifty miles of that place, Shrewsbury and 
+    Huntingdon, in obedience to hurried orders from London, conveyed her to 
+    Coventry. Having thus missed their spring, the rebel earls halted 
+    irresolutely for three days, and then turned back. Their followers dropped 
+    away from them. Clinton and Warwick were on their track, with the musters of 
+    the Midlands; and before the end of December they were fain to fly across 
+    the Border. Northumberland was arrested by Moray. Two years later he was 
+    given up to Elizabeth, and executed. Westmoreland, after being protected for 
+    a time by Ker of Ferniehirst, escaped to the Netherlands, where he died. 
+    England was not again disturbed by rebellion till the great civil war.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The failure of the northern earls to kindle a 
+    general rebellion was due to the cautious and temporising policy for which 
+    Elizabeth has been so severely blamed by heated partisans. The powerful 
+    party which preferred a Spanish alliance, disliked religious innovation, and 
+    looked forward to the succession of Mary, had not been driven to despair of 
+    accomplishing those ends in a lawful way. Their avowed policy had not been 
+    proscribed--had not even been repudiated. Some of their chief leaders were 
+    on the Council--as we should say, were members of the Government; others 
+    were employed and trusted and visited by the Queen. They objected to being 
+    hurried into civil war by the northern lords, who were not of the Council, 
+    who kept away from London, and were rebels by inheritance and tradition. 
+    They would have nothing to do with the ill-advised movement; and, as in 
+    those days neutrality in the presence of open insurrection was no more 
+    permissible to a nobleman than it would be now to an officer in the army, 
+    they had no choice but to range themselves on the side of the Government. If 
+    Elizabeth had openly branded the Queen of Scots as a murderess, if she had 
+    pointed to Huntingdon or the son of Catherine Grey as her successor, if she 
+    had put herself at the head of a Protestant league, she might possibly have 
+    come victorious out of a civil war. But a civil war it would have been, and 
+    of the worst kind: one party calling in the Spaniard, and the other, in all 
+    probability, driven to call in the Frenchman. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The assassination of Moray a few weeks later 
+    (23 January 1570) was a severe blow to Elizabeth, and an irreparable 
+    disaster to his own country. An attempt has been made to create an 
+    impression that the English Queen was somehow responsible for his death, 
+    because she did not march an army into Scotland to support him. He no more 
+    wished to receive an English army into Scotland than Elizabeth wished to 
+    send one. Therein they were both of them wiser than the critics of their own 
+    day, or this. What he did ask for was money, and the recognition of James. 
+    The request for money Elizabeth was willing to consider, though, as a rule, 
+    she did not believe in paying for any work she could get done gratis. The 
+    recognition of James seems a very simple thing to the critics. But it was as 
+    difficult for Elizabeth as the recognition of the Prince of Bulgaria is now 
+    to Austria, and for similar reasons. She was under no obligation whatever to 
+    Moray. His own interest compelled him to play her game. But she well knew 
+    his value. On hearing of his death she shut herself up in her chamber, 
+    exclaiming, with tears, that she had lost the best friend she had in the 
+    world. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As long as Moray lived, and was able to keep 
+    the Marian lords in some sort of check, Elizabeth judged, and rightly, that 
+    she had more to lose than to gain by any open interference in Scotland. It 
+    was no business of hers to put down anarchy there. Scotch anarchy did not 
+    imperil England. What would imperil England would be the appearance of 
+    French troops in Scotland; and she judged that nothing would be so likely to 
+    bring them there as any pretension to establish an English protectorate. Her 
+    Protestant councillors fretted at her &lt;i&gt;laisser faire&lt;/i&gt; policy. But then 
+    they, for personal or at least for sectarian reasons, were eager for that 
+    general European conflagration which she, with superior discernment and 
+    larger patriotism, was trying to avert. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The death of Moray so weakened the King's 
+    party that it became necessary to give them a little help. Elizabeth gave it 
+    in such a way as she thought would be least likely to excite the jealousy of 
+    France. She told the new Regent Lennox that, though she could not send an 
+    army to support him, she would send one to chastise the Hamiltons and the 
+    Borderers, who were harbouring her rebel the Earl of Westmoreland, and, 
+    along with him, making raids into England. This was done sharply and 
+    thoroughly. The robber holds on the Border, and Hamilton Castle itself, were 
+    one after another taken and blown up by the English Wardens of the Marches 
+    (April and May 1570). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;What Elizabeth desired more than anything 
+    else was to settle Scotch affairs, in conjunction with France, on the terms 
+    that neither power should interfere in Scotland. To Cecil this was 
+    unsatisfactory, because the restoration of Mary, on any terms whatever, 
+    would, if she survived Elizabeth, ensure her succession to the English 
+    throne, and the ruin of Cecil himself. He did not want to conciliate 
+    Catholics at home or abroad. He wanted to commit his mistress to an 
+    internecine war with them. In an angry dispute with Arundel at the Council 
+    board about this time, he blurted out his doctrine, that the Queen had no 
+    friends but the Protestants, and that if she restored Mary she would lose 
+    them all. No language could have been more displeasing to Elizabeth, 
+    especially in the presence of crypto-Catholic lords, and she snubbed him 
+    unmercifully. &amp;quot;Mr Secretary, I mean to have done with this business; I shall 
+    listen to the proposals of the French King. I am not going to be tied any 
+    longer to you and your brethren in Christ.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The peace of St. Germain between the French 
+    court and the Huguenots (August 8, 1570), and the disgrace of the Guises, 
+    were followed by negotiations for a tripartite treaty between England, 
+    France, and Scotland on the basis of the restoration of Mary. Elizabeth, of 
+    course, insisted on the guarantees she had often sketched out. She was 
+    willing--nay, anxious--to leave Scotland alone, if the French would do the 
+    same. The French, on the other hand, felt that the equality of such an 
+    arrangement was more seeming than real, because there were always English 
+    troops lying at Berwick, within sixty miles of Edinburgh. They haggled over 
+    the guarantees, and in the meantime, notwithstanding the real desire of 
+    Catherine and Charles IX. to conclude an alliance with Elizabeth against 
+    Philip, they continued to send money and encouragement to the Marian lords 
+    in Scotland. For if, for any reason, the English alliance should not come 
+    off, they meant to take up Mary's cause in earnest, and detach her from her 
+    Guise relations by marrying her to the Duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry III.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All this was known to Elizabeth, and in her 
+    extreme anxiety for the tripartite treaty, she thought the moment was come 
+    to dangle the bait which she always reserved for occasions of special 
+    importance. She informed the French ambassador that she was ready to marry 
+    Anjou herself. It is not to be supposed that she had the least intention of 
+    doing so. She had settled with herself from the first how she would get out 
+    of her proposal when it had served its turn. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A minor motive for this move was the hope 
+    that it would reconcile her Protestant councillors to the restoration of 
+    Mary. She did not succeed with all of them. Some continued to mutter that 
+    Anjou was a Papist, that tripartite treaties were a delusion, and that the 
+    only safe course was to grasp the Scotch nettle and uphold James with the 
+    whole force of England. But upon Cecil the effect was almost comical. He 
+    jumped at the plan. Anything that was likely to make Elizabeth a mother 
+    would be salvation to him. Whether the Queen at the mature age of 
+    thirty-seven was likely to be happy with a husband of twenty was a question 
+    that did not give him a moment's concern. She was not too old to have two or 
+    three children, and, that result once achieved, Mary might go to Scotland or 
+    anywhere else for what he cared, and do her worst. The sanguine man already 
+    saw visions of a converted Valois heading an Anglo-French crusade against 
+    Philip, and establishing the reformed faith throughout Europe. Walsingham 
+    his right-hand man, then ambassador at Paris, was equally bitten. This was 
+    in the year before the massacre of St. Bartholomew. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The overture of Elizabeth was very welcome to 
+    the French court. Negotiations for the match were soon opened, and continued 
+    during the first six months of 1571. At the same time, both the Scotch 
+    factions were summoned to accept the tripartite arrangement. Mary was at 
+    first eager for it, and instructed her agent, the Bishop of Ross, to swallow 
+    every condition that might be imposed. She looked on it as the only means of 
+    obtaining her release. But there is ample proof that she intended to throw 
+    its stipulations to the winds and fight for her own cause when once she 
+    should get back to Scotland. In playing this perfidious game, she had 
+    confidently counted on the help of France. The Regent's party, however, 
+    declined the treaty. They dreaded Mary's return, and they had no wish to 
+    shake hands with the Marian lords or admit them to a share in the 
+    Government. The tripartite scheme thus fell through. Mary herself ceased to 
+    care for it as soon as she heard of the projected match between Elizabeth 
+    and Anjou. She saw that if France was going to co-operate heartily with 
+    England, her sovereignty in Scotland would be merely nominal. She might 
+    almost as well remain with Lord Shrewsbury. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;To remain quietly in England and be content 
+    with her position as heir-presumptive to the English crown was indeed the 
+    best and safest course open to her. She had only to acquiesce in it and give 
+    up plotting, and she might have lived here in considerable magnificence, and 
+    with as much freedom as she could desire. If she wished for a husband, she 
+    might have married any Englishman of whose loyalty Elizabeth could feel 
+    assured. It was of the greatest importance to both countries that she should 
+    bear more children. For it must be remembered that if James had died in his 
+    childhood, his next heir was a Hamilton, who had no title to the English 
+    throne. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If the proposed Anjou match had not produced 
+    the full results which Elizabeth hoped, it had at least defeated the plans 
+    and disorganised the party of her rival. It had served its turn; and all 
+    that now remained was to get out of it as decently as possible. The old 
+    pretext for breaking off the Austrian match was reproduced. Anjou could not 
+    be allowed to have a private mass; and when, in its eagerness, the French 
+    court seemed disposed to give way on this point, Elizabeth began to talk 
+    about a restitution of Calais. Ruefully did poor Cecil watch the vanishing 
+    of his dream. It was to no purpose that he tried to frighten Elizabeth by 
+    representing that a jilted prince would be converted into an angry enemy. 
+    She knew better. Anjou comprehended that she did not mean to have him, and, 
+    to avoid the indignity of a refusal, himself broke off negotiations. But, as 
+    Elizabeth had calculated, the new alliance did not suffer. The French King 
+    went out of his way to say that &amp;quot;for her upright dealing he would honour the 
+    Queen of England during his life,&amp;quot; and Catherine, most unsentimental of 
+    women, had another suitor to offer--her youngest son AlenÃ§on, then just 
+    turned seventeen! &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While the negotiations for the Anjou match 
+    were going on, what is known as the Ridolfi Plot was hatching against 
+    Elizabeth. Ridolfi, an Italian banker in London, and secretly an agent of 
+    the Pope, was in close relations with Norfolk and the other peers who for 
+    two years had been dabbling in treason. They were still pressing Philip to 
+    invade England; but he and Alva were less than ever disposed to undertake 
+    the venture since the pitiful collapse of the northern insurrection. In 
+    order to impress Philip with the importance of the conspiracy, Ridolfi went 
+    to Madrid, and showed Philip a letter purporting to be written by Norfolk, 
+    to which was attached a list of noblemen stated to be favourable to the 
+    cause. It contained the names of forty out of the sixty-seven peers then 
+    existing, while, of the rest, some were marked as neutral, and fifteen at 
+    most as true to Elizabeth. The classification was on the face of it absurdly 
+    untrustworthy. But correct or incorrect, it did not weigh with Philip. He 
+    wanted deeds, not lists of names, and Ridolfi was informed that, unless 
+    Elizabeth were first assassinated or imprisoned, not a Spanish soldier could 
+    be sent to England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Whatever secret disaffection might prevail 
+    among the peers, the temper displayed by the new House of Commons, elected 
+    in the spring of 1571, was not of a kind to encourage Elizabeth's enemies at 
+    home or abroad. So far as can be judged from its proceedings and debates, it 
+    was not only entirely Protestant, but largely Puritan.(1) A bill was passed 
+    by which any person refusing, on demand, to acknowledge Elizabeth's right to 
+    the crown was made incapable of succeeding her; a provision which, though it 
+    did not name Mary, could apply to no one else. It was made high treason to 
+    deny that the inheritance of the crown could be determined by the Queen and 
+    Parliament. To affirm in writing that any particular person was entitled to 
+    succeed the Queen, except the Queen's issue, or some one established by 
+    Parliament, was made punishable with imprisonment for life, and forfeiture 
+    of all property for the second offence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The plot which Ridolfi was so busily pushing 
+    in 1571 was, in fact, a continuation of the twin aristocratic conspiracies, 
+    one of which had exploded in the northern insurrection. By forcing that 
+    insurrection to break out before the southern conspirators had made up their 
+    minds what to do, the Government had effectually destroyed what chances of 
+    success the disaffected nobles had ever had. Alva was right in his judgment 
+    that, if the Percys, Nevilles, and Dacres could do so little, the Howard 
+    group, whose estates, vast as they were, lay, for the most part, in more 
+    orderly and civilised parts of the country, could do still less. There was, 
+    indeed, some talk among them of seizing the Queen at the opening of the 
+    Parliament of 1571, just as there had been a talk of arresting Cecil two 
+    years before. But the truth was that insurrection was a played-out game in 
+    England; and if Norfolk had been a ten-times abler and bolder man than he 
+    was, it would have made no difference. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The true history of the time is not to be 
+    read in the croakings and wailings privately exchanged between Cecil, 
+    Walsingham, and the rest of the Protestant junto, angry and alarmed because 
+    Elizabeth would not let them play her cards for her. It is a strange 
+    perversity which persists in adopting their view that she was on the brink 
+    of ruin, when the patent fact is that Protestantism was making rapid 
+    strides, that the Queen's personal popularity was increasing every day, and 
+    that Spain, France, and Scotland, the only countries with which she was 
+    concerned, were all humble suitors for her alliance on almost any terms that 
+    it might please her to exact. The correspondence of Philip with Alva is 
+    there to prove, that while writhing under the repeated aggressions of 
+    England, he was obliged to put up with them because a war would imperil his 
+    hold on the Netherlands. To all the invitations of the Norfolks and 
+    Northumberlands, the able and well-informed Alva turned a deaf ear, because 
+    he believed Elizabeth too strong to be overthrown. A French alliance she 
+    could always have as long as the Guises were excluded from power. If they 
+    regained their influence the Huguenots would keep them fully occupied. 
+    Scotland, unless foreign troops made their appearance there, could be no 
+    source of danger to England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's policy was thus, in its broad 
+    lines, as simple as it was successful. At home it was her wisdom to wink as 
+    long as possible at the disaffection of the few, to win the affection of the 
+    many by economical government, to reserve the persecuting laws for special 
+    cases, while preventing any general and sweeping application of them, and, 
+    lastly, to drive no party to desperation by a too pronounced encouragement 
+    of its opponents. Spain, as being the centre of reaction and the hope of her 
+    disloyal nobles, she meant to harass and weaken as far as she could do so 
+    without bringing on an open war. With Charles IX. and his mother she desired 
+    a defensive alliance, and an understanding that neither country should send 
+    troops into Scotland or permit Spain to do so. In its general conception, I 
+    repeat, this policy was simple and coherent. How it succeeded we know. There 
+    was nothing sentimental about it, though, where individuals were concerned, 
+    Elizabeth's judgment was sometimes warped by sentiment. Upon the whole, she 
+    kept herself at the English point of view. Whereas Cecil was compelled by 
+    personal considerations to place himself too much at the point of view of 
+    his &amp;quot;brethren in Christ,&amp;quot; both at home and abroad. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;However, a plot there was, and it was 
+    necessary that it should be unravelled and punished. Almost from its 
+    inception, Cecil (created Lord Burghley February 1571), had been more or 
+    less on the scent of it. Hints had come from abroad: spies had been 
+    employed: suspected persons had been closely watched: inferior agents had 
+    been imprisoned, questioned, racked: and enough had been discovered to make 
+    it certain that Englishmen of the highest rank were plotting treason. Who 
+    they were might be suspected, but was not ascertained until a lucky arrest 
+    put the Minister in possession of evidence incriminating Norfolk, Arundel, 
+    Southampton, Lumley, Cobham, the Spanish ambassador, the Bishop of Ross, and 
+    Mary herself (September 1571). Norfolk was sent to the Tower, and the other 
+    peers placed under arrest. The ambassador was dismissed. The Bishop made 
+    ample confessions. Mary, who had hitherto lived as the guest of Lord 
+    Shrewsbury, enjoying field-sports, receiving her friends and corresponding 
+    with whom she would, was confined to a single room, and carefully cut off, 
+    for a time, from all communication with the outer world. Both in England and 
+    abroad it was universally expected that she would be brought to trial and 
+    executed. James was at length officially styled &amp;quot;King&amp;quot; and his mother &amp;quot;late 
+    Queen.&amp;quot; Her partisans in Edinburgh Castle were informed that she would never 
+    be restored, and that, if they did not surrender the Castle to the Regent 
+    Mar, an English force would be sent to take it. The casket letters had 
+    hitherto been withheld from publication under pressure from Elizabeth; they 
+    were now at last given to the world in the famous &amp;quot;Detection&amp;quot; of Buchanan.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Under any other Tudor, or under the Stuarts, 
+    all the peers arrested would undoubtedly have lost their heads. Norfolk 
+    alone was brought to trial (January 1572). There was much in the proceedings 
+    which, according to modern notions, was unfair to the accused. But the peers 
+    who tried him felt sure that he was guilty, and they were right. Subsequent 
+    investigations have established beyond a doubt that he had conspired to 
+    bring a foreign army into the country--the worst form that treason can take. 
+    He had done this with contemptible hypocrisy, for a purely selfish object, 
+    and after the most lenient and generous construction had been placed on his 
+    first steps in crime. And yet historians have been found to make light of 
+    the offence, and to pity the malefactor as the victim of a romantic 
+    attachment to a woman whom he had never seen, and whom he believed to be an 
+    adulteress and a murderess. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;During the spring of 1572 Elizabeth hesitated 
+    to let justice take its course. She had reigned fourteen years without 
+    taking the life of a single noble. The scaffold on Tower Hill from such long 
+    disuse was falling to pieces, and Norfolk's sentence had made it necessary 
+    to erect a new one. Elizabeth was loath to break the spell. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Not knowing with any certainty how many of 
+    her nobles might have given more or less approval to the Ridolfi plot, but 
+    confident that she could cow them by letting the voice of the untitled 
+    aristocracy and middle class be heard, she called a new Parliament (May 
+    1572). The response went beyond her expectation. Of Mary's well-wishers, 
+    once so numerous, all except a few fanatics had now given her up. Two 
+    alternative courses of action with respect to her were submitted for 
+    consideration, with the intimation that the Queen would accept whichever of 
+    them Parliament should approve. The first was attainder. The second was that 
+    she should be disabled from succession to the crown; that if she attempted 
+    treason again she should &amp;quot;suffer pains of death without further trouble of 
+    Parliament;&amp;quot; and that it should be treason if she assented to any enterprise 
+    to deliver her out of prison. Both houses at once voted to proceed with the 
+    attainder. Elizabeth, we may be sure, was not sorry for this unmistakable 
+    exhibition of feeling. It would open the eyes of her enemies both at home 
+    and abroad. But she had no intention of proceeding to such extremities this 
+    time. Mary should have fair warning. Accordingly Parliament was desired to 
+    &amp;quot;defer&amp;quot; the bill of attainder, and to proceed with the second measure. But 
+    the Commons were in grim earnest. They immediately resolved that the second 
+    bill would be useless and even mischievous, as it would imply that at 
+    present Mary had a right of succession, whereas she was already disabled by 
+    law; and that they therefore preferred to proceed with the attainder. With 
+    this resolution the Lords concurred. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Here they were on dangerous ground. To rake 
+    up the law empowering Henry VIII. to determine the succession was to disable 
+    all the Stuarts, James included, and so to throw away the opportunity of 
+    uniting the crowns. Elizabeth had always, for excellent reasons, refused to 
+    allow this question to be raised. Accordingly she again directed the House 
+    to defer the attainder; she would not have the Scottish Queen &amp;quot;either 
+    enabled or disabled to or from any manner of title to the crown,&amp;quot; nor &amp;quot;any 
+    other &lt;i&gt;title&lt;/i&gt; to the same whatsoever touched at all;&amp;quot; to make sure of 
+    which she would have the second bill drawn by her own law officers. To the 
+    repeated demands of the Commons for the execution of Norfolk, she at length 
+    gave way, and a few days later he was beheaded (2 June 1572). The second 
+    bill, as drawn by the law officers, passed both Houses. Its exact terms are 
+    not known, for it never received the royal assent. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Burghley who was of opinion (as some one 
+    afterwards said about Strafford) that &amp;quot;stone dead hath no fellow,&amp;quot; bemoaned 
+    himself privately to Walsingham on the disappointment of their hopes; and 
+    modern historians, with whom his authority is final, are loud in their 
+    condemnation of Elizabeth's vacillation and blindness. Vacillation there was 
+    really none. She had determined from the first not to allow Mary to be 
+    punished. She had gained all she wanted when the temper of Parliament had 
+    been ascertained and displayed to the world. There have always been plenty 
+    of people to accuse her of treachery and cruelty because she put Mary to 
+    death fifteen years later, for complicity in an assassination plot. How 
+    would her name have gone down to posterity if the Scottish Queen had been 
+    executed in 1572 merely for inviting a foreign army to rescue her from 
+    captivity? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. The oath of supremacy imposed on members of 
+    the House of Commons in 1562 practically excluded conscientious Catholics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptersix.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    VI: Foreign Affairs: 1572-1583&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082624&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082624&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHd90f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHd90f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHd90f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5329</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The obituary of King Henry VII, 1509</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd90f48d2e9665396611163</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd90f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1509.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1509.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1509: The obituary of King Henry VII&quot; width=&quot;436&quot; height=&quot;73&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right was recorded in the &lt;i&gt;Anglica Historia&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry VII was the first Tudor king of England.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+      born on 28 January 1457 to Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, earl of 
+      Richmond and half-brother of the ill-fated King Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; Henry was 
+      born when his mother was just 13 years old; he was her only child.&amp;nbsp; 
+      His father died a few months prior to his birth.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry had a tumultuous life, much of it spent in exile 
+      until he fought King Richard III at Bosworth Field in the summer of 1485.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Richard's own forces betrayed him, most notably Henry's step-uncle and 
+      stepfather; he died in battle.&amp;nbsp; Henry was crowned king of England and 
+      soon married the royal princess Elizabeth of York.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry's improbable rise encouraged those qualities which 
+      made him a very effective but personally unpopular king.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+      secretive, acquisitive, and rarely trusted others.&amp;nbsp; He gained a 
+      reputation as both greedy and miserly.&amp;nbsp; He may have been both but 
+      keep in mind that he inherited a bankrupt government; he died solvent, no 
+      small achievement for a king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;After the upheaval of the 'Wars of the Roses', the 
+      English people desired peace.&amp;nbsp; They were prepared to accept Henry's 
+      very dubious claim to the throne (via his mother, through a rumored 
+      marriage between her great-grandfather, a royal duke, and his mistress) if 
+      he provided a stable government.&amp;nbsp; He did so, and his position was 
+      greatly strengthened by his marriage to the popular Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Even more importantly, he provided two male heirs within a few years of 
+      marriage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry's true genius was in administration.&amp;nbsp; He did 
+      not reform government, but he did increase its effectiveness.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      also reestablished royal authority over the English nobility.&amp;nbsp; His 
+      later years were unexpectedly difficult.&amp;nbsp; The deaths of Prince Arthur 
+      and Elizabeth of York within a year of each other saddened him personally 
+      and made the succession more insecure.&amp;nbsp; His own death in 1509 was 
+      preceded by several years of illness.&amp;nbsp; He was succeeded by his 18 
+      year old son, Henry.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;He [Henry VII] well knew how to maintain his royal majesty and all
+which appertains to kingship at every time and in every place.&amp;nbsp; He
+was most fortunate in war, although he was constitutionally more inclined
+to peace than to war.&amp;nbsp; He cherished justice above all things; as a
+result he vigorously punished violence, manslaughter and every other kind
+of wickedness whatsoever.&amp;nbsp; Consequently he was greatly regretted on
+that account by all his subjects, who had been able to conduct their lives
+peaceably, far removed from the assaults and evil doings of scoundrels.&amp;nbsp;
+He was the most ardent supporter of our faith and daily participated with
+great piety in religious services....&lt;br&gt;But all these virtues were obscured latterly by avarice, from which
+he suffered.&amp;nbsp; This avarice is surely a bad enough vice in a private
+individual, whom it forever torments; in a monarch indeed it may be considered
+the worst vice since it is harmful to everyone and distorts those qualities
+of trustfulness, justice and integrity by which the State must be governed.
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082593&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082593&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHdaa0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHdaa0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHdaa0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28147</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter IX</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdaa0ae5ebcf3fee49357c1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215263</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdaa0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER IX&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;EXECUTION OF THE QUEEN OF SCOTS: 1584-1587&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;THROGMORTON'S plot--of which the Queen of 
+    Scots was undoubtedly cognisant, though it was not pressed against 
+    her--brought home to every one the danger in which Elizabeth stood (1584). 
+    To the Catholic conspiracy, the temptation to take her life was enormous. It 
+    was becoming clear that, while she lived, the much talked of insurrection 
+    would never come off. The large majority of Catholics would have nothing to 
+    do with it --still less with foreign invasion. They would obey their lawful 
+    sovereign. But if once Elizabeth were dead, by whatever means, their lawful 
+    sovereign would be Mary. The rebels would be the Protestants, if they should 
+    try to place any one else on the throne. The Protestants had no organisation. 
+    They had no candidate for the crown ready. It was to be feared that no great 
+    noble would step forward to lead them. Burghley himself, though longing as 
+    much as ever for Mary's head, had with a prudent eye to all eventualities, 
+    contrived some time before to persuade her that he was her well-wisher. 
+    Houses of Commons, it is true, had shown themselves strongly and 
+    increasingly Protestant. But with the demise of the crown, Parliament, if in 
+    being at the time, would be &lt;i&gt;ipso facto&lt;/i&gt; dissolved. The Privy Council, 
+    in like manner, would cease to have any legal existence. Burghley, 
+    Walsingham, and the other new men of whom it was mostly composed, had no 
+    power or weight, except as instruments of the sovereign. Her death would 
+    leave them helpless. The country would take its direction not from them, but 
+    from the great nobles of large ancestral possessions. Nor could they provide 
+    for such an emergency by privately selecting a Protestant successor 
+    beforehand, and privately organising their partisans. It would have been as 
+    much as their lives were worth if their mistress had caught them doing 
+    anything of the kind. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In this dilemma an ingenious plan suggested 
+    itself to them. They drew up a &amp;quot;Bond of Association,&amp;quot; by which the 
+    subscribers engaged that, if the Queen were murdered, they would never 
+    accept as successor any one &amp;quot;by whom &lt;i&gt;or for whom&lt;/i&gt;&amp;quot; such act should be 
+    committed, but would &amp;quot;prosecute such person to death.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was a hypothetical way of excluding Mary 
+    and organising a Protestant resistance to which Elizabeth could make no 
+    objection. But the ministers knew that, as a merely voluntary association 
+    without Parliamentary sanction, it would add little strength or confidence 
+    to the Protestant party. It would not even test their numbers; for no Marian 
+    ventured to refuse the oath. Mary herself desired to be allowed to take it. 
+    The bond was therefore converted into a Statute by Parliament, though not 
+    without some important alterations (March 1585). It was enacted that if the 
+    realm was invaded, or a rebellion instigated, by &lt;i&gt;or for&lt;/i&gt; any one 
+    pretending a title to the succession, or if the Queen's murder was plotted 
+    by any one, or with the privity of any one that pretended title, such 
+    pretender, &lt;i&gt;after ezamination and judgment&lt;/i&gt; by an extraordinary 
+    commission to be nominated by the Queen, and consisting of at least 
+    twenty-four privy councillors and lords of Parliament assisted by the chief 
+    judges, should be excluded from the succession, and that, on proclamation of 
+    the sentence and direction by the Queen, all subjects might and should 
+    pursue the offender to death. If the Queen were murdered, the lords of the 
+    Council at the time of her death, or the majority of them, should join to 
+    themselves at least twelve other lords of Parliament not making title to the 
+    crown, and the chief judges; and if, after examination, they should come to 
+    the above-mentioned conclusion, they should without delay, by all forcible 
+    and possible means, prosecute the guilty persons to death, and should have 
+    power to raise and use such forces as should in that behalf be needful and 
+    convenient; and no subjects should be liable to punishment for anything done 
+    according to the tenor of the Statute. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Here, then, was a legal way provided by which 
+    the Protestant ministers might act against Mary if Elizabeth were murdered. 
+    They were in fact created a Provisional Government, with power to exclude 
+    Mary from the throne. Whether they would have the courage or strength to do 
+    so remained to be seen; but they would at least have formal law on their 
+    side. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It had never entered into Mary's plans to 
+    wait for Elizabeth's natural death. She therefore read the new Act as a 
+    sentence of exclusion. Another blow soon fell on her. In 1584, elated by her 
+    son's victory over the raiders of Ruthven, and believing that he was willing 
+    to recognise her joint sovereignty and cooperate with a Guise invasion, she 
+    had scornfully refused the last overtures that Elizabeth ever made to her. 
+    She now learnt that he had never intended to accept association with her, 
+    and that he had urged Elizabeth not to release her. In the following year he 
+    had accepted an annual pension of Â£4000 with some grumbling at its amount; 
+    and a defensive alliance was at length concluded between the two countries, 
+    Mary's name not being mentioned in the treaty (July 1586). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As the prospects of the Scottish Queen became 
+    darker both in England and her own country, she grew more desperate and 
+    reckless. Early in 1586, Walsingham contrived a way of regularly inspecting 
+    all her most secret correspondence. He soon discovered that she was 
+    encouraging Babington's plot for assassinating Elizabeth. Some of the 
+    conspirators, though avowed Catholics, had offices in the royal household; 
+    such was Elizabeth's easy-going confidence. It was hoped that Parma would at 
+    the moment of the murder land troops on the east coast. Mendoza, now Spanish 
+    ambassador in Paris, warmly encouraged the project. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Scottish Queen was now in the case 
+    contemplated by the Statute of the previous year. But it required all the 
+    urgency of the Council to prevail with Elizabeth to have her brought to 
+    trial. Elizabeth's whole conduct shows that she would even now have 
+    preferred to deal with her rival as she did in the inquiry into the Darnley 
+    murder. She would have been content to discredit her, to expose her guilt, 
+    and, if possible, to bring her to her knees confessing her crimes and 
+    pleading for mercy. But Mary was not of the temper to confess. Humiliation 
+    and effacement were to her worse than death. She chose to brazen it out with 
+    a well-grounded confidence that, as long as she asserted her innocence, 
+    people would always be found to believe in it, let the evidence be what it 
+    would. Besides, long impunity had convinced her that Elizabeth did not dare 
+    to take her life. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There was nothing for it, therefore, but to 
+    bring her to trial. A Special Commission was nominated under the provisions 
+    of the Statute of 1585, consisting of forty-five persons--peers, privy 
+    councillors, and judges--who proceeded to Fotheringay Castle, whither Mary 
+    had been removed. She at first refused their jurisdiction; but on being 
+    informed that they would proceed in her absence, she appeared before them 
+    under protest (14 October 1586). After sitting at Fotheringay for two days, 
+    the Court adjourned to Westminster, where it pronounced her guilty (25 
+    October). A declaration was added that her disqualification for the 
+    succession, which followed by the Statute, did not affect any rights that 
+    her son might possess. The verdict was immediately known; but its 
+    proclamation was deferred till Parliament could be consulted. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A general election had been held while the 
+    trial was going on, and Parliament met four days after its conclusion (29 
+    October). The whole evidence was gone into afresh. Not a word seems to have 
+    been said in Mary's favour; and an address was presented to the Queen 
+    praying for execution. If precedents were wanted for the capital punishment 
+    of an anointed sovereign, there were the cases of Agag, Jezebel, Athaliah, 
+    Deiotarus, king of Galatia, put to death by Julius CÃŠsar, Rhescuporis, king 
+    of Thrace, by Tiberius, and Conradin by Charles of Anjou. In vain did 
+    Elizabeth request them to reconsider their vote, and devise some other 
+    expedient. Usually so deferential to her suggestions, they reiterated their 
+    declaration that &amp;quot;the Queen's safety could no way be secured as long as the 
+    Queen of Scots lived.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's hesitation has been generally set 
+    down to hypocrisy. It has been taken for granted that she desired Mary's 
+    death, and was glad to have it pressed upon her by her subjects. I believe 
+    that her reluctance was most genuine. If not of generous disposition, 
+    neither was she revengeful or cruel. She had no animosity against her 
+    enemies. She lacked gall. She was never in any hurry to punish the 
+    disaffected, or even to weed them out of her service. She rather prided 
+    herself on employing them even about her person. Since her accession only 
+    two English peers had been put to death, though several had richly deserved 
+    it. She could affirm with perfect truth that, for the last fifteen years, 
+    she, and she alone, had stood between Mary and the scaffold, and this at 
+    great and increasing risk to her own life. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There had, perhaps, been a time when to 
+    destroy the prospect of a Catholic succession would have driven the 
+    Catholics into rebellion. But that time had long gone by, as every one knew. 
+    Elizabeth had only two dangers now to fear, invasion and assassination, the 
+    latter being the most threatening. There would be little inducement to 
+    attempt it if Mary were not alive to profit by it. Yet Elizabeth hesitated. 
+    The explanation of her reluctance is very simple. She flinched from the 
+    obloquy, the undeserved obloquy, which she saw was in store for her. 
+    Careless to an extraordinary degree about her personal danger, she would 
+    have preferred, as far as she was herself concerned, to let Mary live. It 
+    was her ministers and the Protestant party who, for their own interest, were 
+    forcing her to shed her cousin's blood; and it seemed to her unfair that the 
+    undivided odium should fall, as she foresaw it would fall, on her alone.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The suspense continued through December and 
+    January. In the meantime it became abundantly clear that no foreign court 
+    would interfere actively to save Mary's life. While she had been growing old 
+    in captivity, new interests had sprung up, fresh schemes had been formed in 
+    which she had no place. She stood in the way of half-a-dozen ambitions. 
+    Everybody was weary of her and her wrongs and her pretensions. The Pope had 
+    felt less interest of late in a princess whose rights, if established, would 
+    pass to a Protestant heir. Philip could not intercede for her even if he had 
+    desired to save her life. He was already at war with England, and, if she 
+    had known it, not with any intention of supporting her claims. James by his 
+    recent treaty with England had tacitly treated his mother as an enemy. Her 
+    scheme for kidnapping and disinheriting him, found among her papers at 
+    Chartley, had been promptly communicated to him. Decency required that he 
+    should make a show of remonstrance and menace. But he had every reason to 
+    desire her death, and his only thought was to use the opportunity for 
+    extorting from Elizabeth a recognition of his title to the English crown and 
+    an increase of his pension. He sent the Master of Gray to drive this 
+    bargain. The very choice of his envoy, the man who had persuaded him to 
+    break with his mother, showed Elizabeth how the land lay, and she did not 
+    think it worth her while to bribe him in either way. The Marian nobles 
+    blustered and called for war. Not one of them wanted to see Mary back in 
+    Scotland or cared what became of her; but they had got an idea that Philip 
+    would pay them for a plundering raid into England, and the doubly lucrative 
+    prospect was irresistible. James, however, though pretending resentment and 
+    really sulky at his rebuff, knew his own interests too well to quarrel with 
+    England. What the action of the French King was is less certain. Openly he 
+    remonstrated with considerable vigour and persistence; not entering into the 
+    question of Mary's guilt, but protesting against the punishment of a Queen 
+    and a member of his family. Probably his efforts, so far as they went, were 
+    sincere, for he instructed his ambassador to bribe the English ministers if 
+    possible to save her life. But it was evident that, however offended Henry 
+    III might be by the execution of his sister-in-law, he would not be provoked 
+    into playing the game of Spain. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A warrant for the execution had been drawn 
+    soon after the adjournment of Parliament, and all through December and 
+    January Elizabeth's ministers kept urging her to sign it. At length, when 
+    the Scotch and French ambassadors were gone, and with them the last excuse 
+    for delay, she signed it in the presence of Davison (who had lately been 
+    made co-secretary with Walsingham), and directed him to have it sealed (1 
+    February). What else passed between them on that occasion must always remain 
+    uncertain, because Davison's four written statements, and his answers at his 
+    trial, differ in important particulars not only from the Queen's account but 
+    from one another. So much, however, will to most persons who examine the 
+    evidence be very clear. Elizabeth meant the execution to take place. There 
+    is no reason to doubt Davison's statement that she &amp;quot;forbade him to trouble 
+    her any further, or let her hear any more thereof till it was done, seeing 
+    that for her part she had now performed all that either in law or reason 
+    could be required of her.&amp;quot; But signing the warrant, as both of them knew, 
+    was not enough. The formal delivery of it to some person, with direction to 
+    carry it out, was the final step necessary. This, by Davison's own 
+    admission, the Queen managed to evade. He saw that she wished to thrust the 
+    responsibility upon him and Walsingham, and he suspected that she meant to 
+    disavow them. Although, therefore, she had enjoined strict secrecy, he laid 
+    the matter before Hatton and Burghley. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Burghley assembled in his own room the Earls 
+    of Derby and Leicester, Lords Howard of Effingham, Hunsdon, and Cobham, 
+    Knollys, Hatton, Walsingham, and Davison (3 February). (1) These ten were 
+    probably the only privy councillors then at Greenwich. He laid before them 
+    Davison's statement of what had passed between the Queen and himself at both 
+    interviews. He said that she had done as much as could be expected of her; 
+    that she evidently wished her ministers to take whatever responsibility 
+    remained upon themselves without informing her; and that they ought to do 
+    so. His proposal was agreed to. A letter was written to the Earls of Kent 
+    and Shrewsbury instructing them to carry out the execution. This letter all 
+    the ten signed, and it was at once despatched along with the warrant. They 
+    quite understood that Elizabeth would disavow them. They saw that she wished 
+    to have a pretext for saying that Mary had been put to death without her 
+    knowledge, and before she had finally made up her mind. They were willing to 
+    furnish her with this pretext. Of course there would be more or less of a 
+    storm to keep up the make-believe. But ten privy councillors acting together 
+    could not well be punished. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On Thursday (9 February) the news of the 
+    execution arrived. Elizabeth now learnt for the first time that the 
+    responsibility which she had intended to fix on the two secretaries, one a 
+    nobody and the other no favourite, had been shared by eight others of the 
+    Council, including all its most important members. Storm at them the might 
+    and did, and all the more furiously because they had combined for 
+    self-protection. But to punish she whole ten was out of the question. Yet if 
+    no one were punished, with what face could she tender her improbable 
+    explanation to foreign courts? The unlucky Davison was singled out. He could 
+    be charged with divulging what he had been ordered to keep secret and 
+    misleading the others. He was tried before a Special Commission, fined 
+    10,000 marks, and imprisoned for some time in the Tower. The fine was 
+    rigidly exacted, and it reduced him to poverty. Burghley, whose tool he had 
+    been almost as much as Elizabeth's, took pains to make his disgrace 
+    permanent, because he wanted the secretaryship for his son, Robert Cecil.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The strange thing is, that Elizabeth not only 
+    expected her transparent falsehoods to be formally accepted as satisfactory, 
+    but hoped that they would be really believed. Her letter to James was an 
+    insult to his understanding. &amp;quot;I would you knew (though not felt) the extreme 
+    dolour that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far 
+    contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. . . . I beseech you that as God and 
+    many more know how innocent I am in this case, so you will believe me that 
+    if I had bid [bidden] ought I would have bid [abided] by it. . . . Thus 
+    assuring yourself of me that as I know this [the execution] was deserved, 
+    yet if I had meant it I would never lay it on others' shoulders, no more 
+    will I not damnify myself that thought it not.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Little as James cared what became of his 
+    mother, it was impossible that he should not feel humiliated when he was 
+    expected to swallow such a pill as this --and ungilded too. He had no 
+    intention of going to war with the country of which he might now at any 
+    moment become the legitimate King. But to let Elizabeth see that unless he 
+    was paid he could be disagreeable, he winked at raids across the border and 
+    coquetted with the faction who were inviting Philip to send a Spanish army 
+    to Scotland. It was but a passing display of temper. The end of the year 
+    (1587) saw him again drawing close to Elizabeth, and she was able to give 
+    her undivided attention to the coming Armada. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It cannot be seriously maintained that 
+    because Mary was not an English subject she could not be lawfully tried and 
+    punished for crimes committed in England. Those, if any there now be, who 
+    adopt her own contention that, being an anointed Queen, she was not amenable 
+    to any earthly tribunal, but to God alone, are beyond the reach of earthly 
+    argument. The English government had a right to detain her as a dangerous 
+    public enemy. She, on the other hand, had a right to resist such restraint 
+    if she could, and she might have carried conspiracy very far without 
+    incurring our blame. But for good reasons we draw a line at conspiracy to 
+    murder. No government ever did or will let it pass unpunished. If Napoleon 
+    at St. Helena had engaged in conspiracies for seizing the island, no one 
+    could have blamed him, even though they might have involved bloodshed. But 
+    if he had been convicted of plotting the assassination of Sir Hudson Lowe, 
+    he would assuredly have been hanged. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;That the execution was a wise and opportune 
+    stroke of policy can hardly be disputed. It broke up the Catholic party in 
+    England at the moment when their disaffection was about to be tempted by the 
+    appearance of the Armada. There had been a time when they had hopes of 
+    James. But he was now known to be a stiff Protestant. Only the small 
+    Jesuitical faction was prepared to accept Philip either as an heir of John 
+    of Gaunt or as Mary's legatee. There was no other Catholic with a shadow of 
+    a claim. The bulk of the party therefore ceased to look forward to a 
+    restoration of the old religion, and rallied to the cause of national 
+    independence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE ON PAULET'S ALLEGED REFUSAL TO MURDER MARY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;I have not alluded in the text to the story, 
+    generally repeated by historians, that Elizabeth urged Paulet and Drury to 
+    murder Mary privately. There is no doubt that, after the signature of the 
+    warrant, Walsingham and Davison, by Elizabeth's direction, urged Paulet and 
+    Drury to put Mary to death, and that they refused. But was it a private 
+    murder that was meant or a public execution without delivery of the warrant? 
+    There is nothing in any of Davison's statements inconsistent with the latter 
+    and far more probable explanation. The blacker charge is founded solely on 
+    the two letters which are generally accepted as being those which passed 
+    between the secretaries and Paulet, but which may be confidently set down as 
+    impudent forgeries. They were first given to the world in 1722 by Dr. George 
+    Mackenzie, a violent Marian, who says that &lt;i&gt;a copy&lt;/i&gt; of them was sent 
+    him by Mr. Urry of Christ Church, Oxford, and that they had been found among 
+    Paulet's papers. Two years later they were printed by Hearne, an Oxford 
+    Jacobite and Nonjuror, who says he got them from &lt;i&gt;a ropy&lt;/i&gt; furnished him 
+    by a friend unnamed (Urry?), who told him he had &lt;i&gt;copied&lt;/i&gt; them in 1717 
+    from a MS. letter-book of Paulet's. There is also a MS. &lt;i&gt;copy&lt;/i&gt; in the 
+    Harleian collection, which contains erasures and emendations--an 
+    extraordinary thing in a copy. It is said to be in the handwriting of the 
+    Earl of Oxford himself. There is nothing to show whence he copied it. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;No one has ever seen the originals of these 
+    letters. Neither has any one, except Hearne's unnamed friend, seen the &amp;quot;letterbook&amp;quot; 
+    into which Paulet it; supposed to have copied them. Where had this 
+    &amp;quot;letter-book&amp;quot; been before 1717? Where was it in 1717? What became of it 
+    after 1717? To none of these questions is there any answer. The most 
+    rational conclusion is that the &amp;quot;letter-book&amp;quot; never existed, and that the 
+    letters were fabricated in the reign of George I. by some Oxford Jacobite, 
+    who thought it easier and more prudent to circulate &lt;i&gt;copies&lt;/i&gt; than to 
+    attempt an imitation of Paulet's well-known handwriting, with all the other 
+    difficulties involved in forging a manuscript. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But it may be said, Do not the letters fit in 
+    with Davison's narrative? Of course they do. It was for the very purpose of 
+    putting an odious meaning on that narrative that they were fabricated. It 
+    was known that letters about putting Mary to death had passed. The real 
+    letters had never been seen, and had doubtless been destroyed. Here 
+    therefore was a fine opportunity for manufacturing spurious ones.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. 
+    The remaining Privy Councillors were Archbishop Whitgift, Lord Chancellor 
+    Bromley, the Earls of Shrewsbury and Warwick, Lord Buckburst, Sir James 
+    Crofts, Sir Ralph Sadler, Sir Walter Mildmay, Sir Amyas Pualet, and the 
+    Latin Secretary, Wolley.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterten.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    X: War with Spain: 1587-1603&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082627&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082627&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHdee0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHdee0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHdee0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,705 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">39559</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdee018166253fa4b7b9dc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215276</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdee0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosbiography.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosbiographyblack.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosmain13.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryfrancis-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">marysig.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">darnley-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">bothwell.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-film.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-death.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosbiography.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;764&quot; height=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; Mary, queen of Scots is one of the most fascinating and
+controversial monarchs of 16th century Europe.&amp;nbsp; At one time, she
+claimed the crowns of four nations - Scotland, France, England and
+Ireland.&amp;nbsp; Her physical beauty and kind heart were acknowledged
+even by her enemies.&amp;nbsp; Yet she lacked the political skills to rule
+successfully in Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Her second marriage was unpopular and
+ended in murder and scandal; her third was even less popular and ended
+in forced abdication in favor of her infant son.&amp;nbsp; She fled to
+England in 1568, hoping for the help of her cousin, Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp;
+Her presence was dangerous for the English queen, who feared Catholic
+plotting on Mary's behalf.&amp;nbsp; The two queens never met and Mary
+remained imprisoned for the next nineteen years.&amp;nbsp; She was executed
+in 1587, only forty-four years old.&amp;nbsp; By orders of the English
+government, all of her possessions were burned.&amp;nbsp; In 1603, upon
+Elizabeth's death, Mary's son became king of England as James I.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosbiographyblack.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;521&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;FURTHER READING&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+You may also view a &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;
+chronology&lt;/a&gt; of her life, read &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;,
+including letters written by Mary, view &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;portraits of Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and her contemporaries, test your knowledge of Mary's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;,
+and learn more about her famous cousin, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html#Sources&quot;&gt;
+Click here to view sources&lt;/a&gt; for this biography; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html#Weblinks&quot;&gt;
+click here for weblinks&lt;/a&gt; related to Mary, queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; My
+personal favorite is &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart Society of
+Scotland&lt;/a&gt; website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;NEWS&amp;nbsp; April
+2004&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;Two new studies of Mary, queen of Scots have arrived in
+bookstores.&amp;nbsp; Jane Dunn's &lt;i&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.randomhouse.com%2fknopf%2fcatalog%2fdisplay.pperl%3f0375408983&quot;&gt;
+Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is a dual biography
+with a beautiful selection of portraits and judicious use of primary
+sources.&amp;nbsp; John Guy's &lt;i&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.houghtonmifflinbooks.com%2fcatalog%2ftitledetail.cfm%3ftitleNumber%3d688331&quot;&gt;
+Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (published in the
+UK as &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f184115752X%2fref%3dpd%5fsim%5fb%5fdp%5f2%2f026-6790542-2760433&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;
+is the first biography dedicated to the Scottish queen in over thirty
+years.&amp;nbsp; Its central thesis argues that Burghley was the true
+villain of Mary's story.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+September 2004&lt;/b&gt;: I am working on a new, detailed biography of
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; Please check back soon.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'As a sinner I am
+truly conscious of having often offended my Creator and I beg him to
+forgive me, but as a Queen and Sovereign, I am aware of no fault or
+offence for which I have to render account to anyone here
+below.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of Scots to her
+jailer, Sir Amyas Paulet; October 1586&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;In November 1542, King James V of Scotland, lay dying at his
+beloved Falkland Palace, built just five years earlier.&amp;nbsp; He was
+devastated by his army's defeat by the English at Solway Moss and saw
+little hope for the future.&amp;nbsp; At Falkland, he was told that Mary of
+Guise, his French-born wife once wooed by Henry VIII, had given birth
+to a daughter at Linlithgow Palace on December 8.&amp;nbsp; This was a
+feast-day in honor of the Virgin Mary and many took it as a good omen
+for the little &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;407&quot;
+ alt=&quot;sketch of Mary, queen of Scots, age 12 or 13, by Clouet&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosmain13.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;250&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;princess; for her father,
+however, it was otherwise.&amp;nbsp; Upon receiving news of Mary's birth,
+he reportedly said, 'Woe is me. My dynasty came with a lass.&amp;nbsp; It
+will go with a lass.'&amp;nbsp; James's ancestor, Robert II, had become
+King of Scots in 1371.&amp;nbsp; The son of Robert the Bruce's daughter
+Marjorie
+and Walter, the High Steward of Scotland, Robert was nearest in
+succession to the throne.&amp;nbsp; He called his&amp;nbsp; new dynasty
+'Stewart,' a variation on his father's title; in France, it was spelled
+Stuart. Mary's father, James V, believed this lineage had ended with
+his daughter's birth.&amp;nbsp; He certainly never contemplated that his
+grandson would one day rule both Scotland and its old enemy,
+England.&amp;nbsp; James died within a week of Mary's birth and, before she
+was even a year old, the child was crowned queen of Scots. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The regents of Scotland made a treaty with
+Henry VIII in which Edward, Henry's long-awaited and precious son,
+would wed Mary.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII became increasingly erratic and
+despotic in his later years and continued to send his army north.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1546, Henry also encouraged the murder of Cardinal Beaton, a great
+Scots patriot; the proof - shortly before the murder, he had offered
+one
+thousand pounds for expenses associated with a plot to murder
+Beaton.&amp;nbsp; After this, the Scots were determined to avoid the
+proposed English marriage. In July 1548, they sent the five-year-old
+Mary to France, her mother's homeland.&amp;nbsp; The Scots Parliament had
+agreed to her marriage with Francis, the heir of Henry II, king of
+France from 1547 to 1559.&amp;nbsp; Mary sailed from Dumbarton Castle to
+France, using this route to avoid English ships patrolling the English
+Channel.&amp;nbsp; According to most contemporary reports, Mary was
+exceptionally lovely (even in an age when most noble women were
+accorded the title of 'fair' or 'beautiful'), intelligent and full of
+vitality.&amp;nbsp; One French observer wrote admiringly: 'It is not
+possible to hope for more from a Princess on this earth.'&amp;nbsp; From
+this vantage point, Mary's life seemed to be set on a glorious course;
+but like a later foreign queen of France, Marie Antoinette, Mary's life
+was not destined to be peaceful and happy. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary left for Scotland, she traveled
+with the children of Scotland's nobility, including the 'Four Maries,'
+the women who would stay with her throughout her later imprisonment and
+execution.&amp;nbsp; They were Mary Fleming, Mary Seton, Mary Beaton and
+Mary Livingstone.&amp;nbsp; Mary Seton was the only one to die unmarried
+and lived on until 1615, praying for Mary's soul and giving alms in her
+memory.&amp;nbsp; The group arrived in France in August 1548. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;France, 1548-61&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Mary was given a royal welcome in France by King Henry II.&amp;nbsp;
+He ordered that she would have precedence over his own daughters as she
+was sovereign of an independent country and also because she was to wed
+his heir, the Dauphin.&amp;nbsp; The king also became very fond of the
+child, saying, 'The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child I
+have ever seen.'&amp;nbsp; While in France, Mary's maternal grandmother,
+Antoinette de Guise, wrote to her daughter in Scotland that Mary was
+'very pretty, graceful and self-assured.' &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was 5 when she first met the
+four-year-old Dauphin, her betrothed husband.&amp;nbsp; According to most
+contemporaries, they were close and affectionate with one another even
+as children.&amp;nbsp; They traveled from one royal palace to another -
+Fountaineblea to Meudon, or to Chambord or Saint-Germain.&amp;nbsp; They
+were always attended to by a retinue of servants and, even then, Mary
+had developed a fondness for animals, especially dogs, which was to
+continue throughout her life.&amp;nbsp; Mary was also educated in the
+traditional manner of French princesses; she spoke French and learned
+Latin, Italian, Spanish and a little Greek.&amp;nbsp; She learned to dance,
+sing, play the lute as well as converse on religious matters.&amp;nbsp; Her
+religious tutor was the prior of Inchmahome, a Scottish priest.&amp;nbsp;
+When she was seven, her mother came to France to visit her; when Mary
+of Guise returned to Scotland, neither realized that they would never
+see each other again. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By the age of eleven, Mary was deemed to be
+as intelligent and well-spoken as a woman of twenty-five by her doting
+father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; It is worth noting that the Guise family regarded
+Mary as one of their own; not only was betrothed to the heir to the
+throne but her mother was a Guise as well.&amp;nbsp; Her uncle, Cardinal
+Guise, taught her about statecraft, perhaps encouraging her natural
+feelings of clemency and mercy.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Mary was to be
+remarkably free from bigotry during her short reign in Scotland, even
+towards her subjects of a different religion. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Mary queen of Scots and her first husband, Francis II of France&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryfrancis-crop.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;170&quot; height=&quot;226&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+In 1555, Mary sent back letters to her mother in Scotland to be used
+for administrative purposes and it is from these that we first see her
+royal signature &lt;img
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/marysig.jpg&quot;&gt;'MARIE R'&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1558, she married the Dauphin in an incredible celebration in
+Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris.&amp;nbsp; Exceptionally tall for a woman in
+the 16th century, Mary was every inch the regal Queen; she had an oval
+face, shapely chin, and small mouth which were set off by her
+golden-red hair, her large forehead, and hazel eyes.&amp;nbsp; Many
+considered Mary to be the most beautiful princess in Europe, much as
+they had thought of her relative, Henry VIII's sister, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;,
+who had also come to France as queen for a short while.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
+not always in the best of health but, unlike her husband, there were no
+immediate concerns for her life. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1558, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;
+of England passed away and Henry II of France encouraged his
+daughter-in- law to assume the royal arms of England.&amp;nbsp; In his
+opinion - and that of most of Catholic Europe - Mary of Scotland was
+the next heir to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; This belief, of course,
+would have serious repercussions throughout Mary's life.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth I never forgot this first offense and never rested easily
+while her Catholic relative was alive.&amp;nbsp; But the matter was
+smoothed over when Elizabeth was persuadd the assumption was due more
+to Guise ambitions than Mary's actual wish.&amp;nbsp; In 1559, Henry II of
+France, died at the age of 40. Mary and her husband were crowned Queen
+and King of France.&amp;nbsp; But in June of 1560, Mary's mother died in
+Scotland at the age of 45.&amp;nbsp; And just six months later, her young
+husband also died of an ear infection.&amp;nbsp; Mary was understandably
+devastated by this chain of tragic events.&amp;nbsp; Thockmorton, the
+English ambassador, commented that Francis had left 'as dolorous a wife
+as she had good cause to be.&amp;nbsp; By long watching with him during his
+sickness and painful diligence about him' she had become exhausted and
+made herself ill.&amp;nbsp; She wrote a poem, in French, about her grief at
+his death; this is a translation of one verse: &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;By day, by night, I think of him/ In wood or mead, or where I
+be/ My heart keeps watch for one who's gone./ And yet I feel he's aye
+with me.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What was Mary to do next?&amp;nbsp; She left for
+Scotland, a land rife with religious and civil discord. Without waiting
+for a safe-conduct pass from Elizabeth, whose ships were patrolling her
+route, Mary set out for Scotland on 14 August 1561 and, five days
+later, reached Leith, the port of Edinburgh. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;Scotland, 1561-68&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary knew very well that she was succeeding
+to a most troubled heritage.&amp;nbsp; But after her recent years of loss
+and grief, she was determined to make a bright future.&amp;nbsp; Also, in
+an age of religious persecution which earned her cousin Mary Tudor the
+nickname 'Bloody Mary,' Mary was determined that every one of her
+Scottish subjects should worship God as their conscience bade; there
+would be no religious persecution under her rule. &amp;nbsp;In this, she
+resembled her cousin &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;copy of a French miniature of Mary, painted c1565&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+The Scots received their new queen with great joy and
+celebration.&amp;nbsp; At once, she began to try and help them; within a
+year of her arrival, one-sixth of all Church benefices was given to the
+Protestant ministers to relieve their poverty.&amp;nbsp; She also attempted
+to strengthen the power of the Crown against Scotland's notoriously
+difficult-to-control nobles.&amp;nbsp; Of course, such a strategy would
+lead to more peace and stability within the realm.&amp;nbsp; As a result,
+she was popular with the common people but not the nobility; she played
+croquet, golfed, went for hunts and archery practice, sung, danced,
+and, in general, showed an admirable zest for life.&amp;nbsp; In 1562 the
+English ambassador reported to Elizabeth, 'When the soldiers came back
+from the night's sentry-duty, she said she was sorry she was not a man
+to be all night on the fields and to walk the causeway with buff-coat,
+steel-helmet, buckler, and broadsword.' &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1563, Mary began the traditional 'royal
+progress' throughout Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In 1564, the fourth Earl of Atholl
+organized a great hunt in honor of the queen and, yet again, Mary
+charmed all who met her.&amp;nbsp; Yet she also treaded dangerous ground
+with her policy of non-discrimination and desire to unify the nation,
+taking power away from the independent nobles.&amp;nbsp; Though a Catholic,
+Mary became friends with one of the most learned Protestants of the
+time, George Buchanan.&amp;nbsp; In the political realm, Mary kept up
+peaceful relations with France, Spain, and England, though she never
+met Elizabeth face-to-face.&amp;nbsp; But, in 1566, her patience was tried
+by the English ambassador's persistent and obvious spying; she ordered
+him out of the kingdom and declared him persona non grata.&amp;nbsp; And
+her peace with France and Spain was kept without a treaty, though a
+treaty would have given Scotland some measure of protection against
+England in the possibility of conflict.&amp;nbsp; However, Mary was aware
+that any treaty could compromise her subjects, involving them in yet
+another war and causing strife.&amp;nbsp; Above all, she wanted peace and
+prosperity, and she kept Scotland safely distanced from political
+machinations.&amp;nbsp; When the threat to Mary's reign finally came, it
+was not from one of these outside powers; indeed, it came from within
+her own nation. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;Mary's second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/darnley-crop.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;197&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+As queen, Mary was more than aware that she should marry and provide
+heirs to the throne.&amp;nbsp; In July of 1565, she wed a cousin named
+Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, a weak, vain, and unstable young man; like
+Mary, he was also a grandchild of Henry VIII's sister Margaret.&amp;nbsp;
+Why Mary wed Darnley remains a mystery; he was superficially charming
+and, unlike most men, taller than the queen. &amp;nbsp;He was fond of
+courtly amusements and thus a nice change from the dour Scottish lords
+who surrounded her. &amp;nbsp;But he never seemed to care for Mary and
+sought far more power than she was willing to give him.&amp;nbsp; When she
+was six months pregnant in March of 1566, Darnley joined a group of
+Scottish nobles who broke into her supper-room at Holyrood Palace and
+dragged her Piedmontese secretary, David Riccio, into another room and
+stabbed him to death.&amp;nbsp; They claimed Riccio had undue influence
+over her foreign policy but, in reality, they probably meant to cause
+Mary, from watching this horrific crime, to suffer a miscarriage, thus
+losing her child and her own life as well since one usually meant the
+other in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; Mary certainly believed that Darnley,
+angry because she had denied him the crown matrimonial, wanted to kill
+her and the child, thus becoming King of Scots.&amp;nbsp; But it is
+unlikely that, had he been successful, Darnley would have long survived
+his wife. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After Riccio's death, the nobles kept Mary
+prisoner at Holyrood Palace.&amp;nbsp; Entering the later stages of her
+pregnancy, she was desperate to escape and - somehow - won over Darnley
+and they escaped together.&amp;nbsp; Three months later the future James VI
+of Scotland was born and congratulations came from all over
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; Still young and healthy after the birth, Mary now had an
+heir.&amp;nbsp; This was the apex of her reign, her greatest and happiest
+moment.&amp;nbsp; In December 1566 James was baptized in the Chapel Royal
+of Stirling Castle. Mary, once the fragile last hope of the Stewart
+dynasty, was just 23 years old and had fulfilled one of a monarch's
+greatest duties - providing a healthy son and heir.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth of
+England, ten years older, watched these events with interest for, even
+then, she knew her own future would be - by choice - unmarried and
+childless.&amp;nbsp; She could well imagine that Mary's son would be her
+heir as well. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But this future soon seemed perilous for
+James's birth provided only a temporary calm.&amp;nbsp; The nobles who had
+plotted with Darnley now felt betrayed by him; after all, they had
+captured the queen and her potential heir, murdered her dear friend,
+and were in a position to demand anything.&amp;nbsp; But Darnley's decision
+to help Mary escape infuriated them.&amp;nbsp; In February of 1567 they had
+Darnley's house, Kirk o' Field, blown up; Darnley's strangled body was
+found in the garden.&amp;nbsp; Many nobles were implicated, most
+particularly James Hepburn, the Earl of Bothwell. Certainly Bothwell's
+later life (imprisoned in Denmark, he died in 1578, virtually insane)
+was a degree of punishment for this crime.&amp;nbsp; However, in the
+immediate aftermath of Darnley's murder, he met with Mary about six
+miles outside of Edinburgh.&amp;nbsp; He had 600 men with him and asked to
+escort Mary to his castle at Dunbar; he told her she was in danger if
+she went to Edinburgh.&amp;nbsp; Mary, unwilling to cause further bloodshed
+and understandably terrified, followed his suggestions.&amp;nbsp;
+Bothwell's noble friends had previously pressed her to marry him and
+he, too, had told her she needed a strong husband who could help unify
+the nobles behind her.&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused the proposal then,
+preferring to marry Darnley, but now she knew herself to be
+powerless.&amp;nbsp; She also had an infant son to consider. So she
+consented to wed Bothwell, hoping that this would finally stabilize the
+country.&amp;nbsp; Also, Bothwell showed&amp;nbsp;&lt;img
+ alt=&quot;Mary's third husband, James Hepburn, Lord Bothwell&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/bothwell.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;226&quot; height=&quot;224&quot;&gt; Mary an agreement the nobles
+had signed which indicated they were prepared to accept him as their
+overlord.&amp;nbsp; In May 1567 they wed at Holyrood and Mary wrote to the
+foreign courts that it was the right decision for her country. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the nobles were still not to be
+trusted.&amp;nbsp; Now, they were angry that Bothwell would be all-powerful
+and they decided to wage war against him.&amp;nbsp; Barely a month after
+the marriage, rebel nobles and their forces met Mary's troops at
+Carberry Hill, 8 miles south-east of Edinburgh.&amp;nbsp; The nobles
+demanded that Mary abandon Bothwell, whom they had earlier ordered her
+to wed.&amp;nbsp; She refused and reminded them of their earlier
+order.&amp;nbsp; To avoid the bloodshed of battle, she turned herself over
+and the rebels took her to Edinburgh while Bothwell struggled to rally
+troops of his own.&amp;nbsp; Mary was taken to Lochleven Castle and held
+prisoner in that island fortress; fearing for her own life, she became
+desperately ill.&amp;nbsp; She was forced to sign a document abdicating the
+crown in favor of her year-old son.&amp;nbsp; At the end of that month,
+July 1567, James was crowned king and James Stewart, the Earl of Moray,
+Mary's bastard half-brother, became Regent.&amp;nbsp; Moray wasted no time
+in repaying Mary's earlier kindness to him by stealing her son and
+jewels.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Scottish history reveals that all these
+nefarious nobles came to a bad end - Moray was murdered just 3 years
+later and the next regents were also killed; in fact, her son James had
+one of the traitors executed in 1580, when he was just a teenager. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's cause was aided in 1568 when John Hay,
+before his execution, made a statement from the scaffold that told how
+the nobles had murdered Darnley.&amp;nbsp; Before this, the nobles had
+attempted to make the people believe Mary was responsible.&amp;nbsp; Now,
+she was able to win sympathy and friends.&amp;nbsp; George Douglas, one of
+the brothers of her keeper at Lochleven, helped her escape.&amp;nbsp; After
+10 months of captivity, she was free to fight for the throne.&amp;nbsp; Her
+supporters gathered an army and, on their way to Dumbarton Castle, a
+battle was fought at Langside, Glasgow.&amp;nbsp; Mary's forces lost and
+she was forced to flee with her supporters.&amp;nbsp; Against all advice,
+she was determined to go south and ask Elizabeth I for support.&amp;nbsp;
+As James's godmother and Mary's cousin as well as a fellow independent
+Queen, Mary felt certain Elizabeth would help her.&amp;nbsp; As most know,
+this was the beginning of yet another chapter of suffering and misery
+for Mary. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;The Final Years, 1568-87&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Mary set sail for England on 16 May 1568.&amp;nbsp; She soon arrived
+in Workington, Cumbria; Elizabeth did not know what to do and kept Mary
+guarded in the north.&amp;nbsp; After all, without Mary's knowledge, she
+had been helping her enemies, promising money and&amp;nbsp;&lt;img
+ alt=&quot;Mary, queen of Scots and Lord Darnley, as portrayed by Vanessa Redgrave and Timothy Dalton in the film 'Mary Queen of Scots', 1971&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-film.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; height=&quot;247&quot;&gt; sanctuary in return
+for their treacherous behavior against their queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's
+motives for this were obvious - Mary was the closest Catholic claimant
+to the English throne and Elizabeth knew some of her subjects were not
+above hoping she could be deposed and Mary made queen of both Scotland
+and England.&amp;nbsp; So she had determined to keep her cousin's kingdom
+in continual strife; if Mary was busy at home, she would have less
+chance to plot against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth's conscience was
+determined to be clear so she appointed commissioners to look into the
+matter; they met throughout 1568 and 1569.&amp;nbsp; In December of 1569,
+the so-called Casket Letters were first presented at Westminster.&amp;nbsp;
+They were supposedly letters and other papers belonging to Bothwell and
+found in his casket (letter box).&amp;nbsp; They disappeared soon
+afterwards and only translations and copies remain.&amp;nbsp; However, few
+believed they were either real or important at the time for Elizabeth,
+in January 1569, released a statement that 'Nothing had been
+sufficiently proved, whereby the Queen of England should conceive an
+evil opinion of her good sister.'&amp;nbsp; Everyone took this to mean that
+Mary was not guilty of any conspiracy alleged in the letters. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But in this same year, conservative nobles in
+England supported an idea that Mary should wed the Duke of
+Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; This also indicated that Elizabeth, and most English
+nobles, believed Mary innocent of Darnley's murder and any charges in
+the Casket Letters.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth did not consent to the marriage
+and kept Mary under lock and key.&amp;nbsp; Soon, this arrangement had
+settled into stone; Mary was moved from prison to prison, eventually
+ending up at Fotheringhay Castle, about 70 miles north-west of London
+and as close to Elizabeth as she ever came.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Mary
+plotted from the very beginning to escape.&amp;nbsp; She felt justified in
+doing so since she was being held against her will.&amp;nbsp; However, as
+the years passed, the plots grew more outlandish and murderous.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary's imprisonment was only to end with her execution.&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;Read a more detailed account of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html&quot;&gt;Mary's
+arrival in England&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;the plots
+which led to her trial and execution&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;i&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/i&gt;
+website.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In October of 1586, Mary was put on trial at
+Fotheringhay for plotting to kill Elizabeth and claim the English
+throne.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's last letter to Mary was delivered at the
+start of the trial: &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life
+and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never
+proceeded so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected
+and maintained you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you
+and all made manifest. Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles
+and peers of the kingdom as if I were myself present. I therefore
+require, charge, and command that you make answer for I have been well
+informed of your arrogance. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Act plainly without reserve, and you will sooner be
+able to obtain favour of me. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary defended herself admirably though she
+had no friends or supporters at the trial and, essentially, the verdict
+had been decided before the proceedings had begun.&amp;nbsp; Mary admitted
+her desire to escape but stated, 'I have not procured or encouraged any
+hurt against Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; And she appealed for
+mercy, mentioning her own reputation for tolerance and kindness: 'My
+subjects now complain they were never so well off as under my
+government.'&amp;nbsp; But she also accepted the inevitable, telling the
+assembled nobles, 'May God keep me from having to do with you all
+again.'&amp;nbsp; When the verdict was read to her, she said, 'I do not
+fear to die in a good cause.' &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The trial lasted just two days and was over
+on 16 October 1586 but it was not until 7 February 1587 that she was
+told she would be executed the next morning.&amp;nbsp; She asked for her
+chaplain but was refused this last comfort.&amp;nbsp; The Earl of Kent
+said: 'Your life would be the death of our religion, your death would
+be its life.'&amp;nbsp; In fact, Mary had been a tolerant ruler in Scottish
+religious matters.&amp;nbsp; But such was the extreme religious upheaval of
+the time, tolerance itself was a sign of weakness.&amp;nbsp; The
+death-sentence was signed by Elizabeth who later argued that her
+secretary Davison had deceived her as to its contents; she said she
+would not have signed it otherwise.&amp;nbsp; Her letter to Mary's son
+James about the execution, written on 14 February, is a remarkable
+document:&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the
+extreme dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident
+which (far contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this
+kinsman of mine, whom ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to
+instruct you truly of that which is too irksome for my pen to tell you.
+I beseech you that as God and many more know, how innocent I am in this
+case : so you will believe me, that if I had bid aught I would have bid
+by it. I am not so base minded that fear of any living creature or
+Prince should make me so afraid to do that were just; or done, to deny
+the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor carry so vile a mind. But,
+as not to disguise, fits not a King, so will I never dissemble my
+actions, but cause them show even as I meant them. Thus assuring
+yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if I had meant it
+I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will I not damnify
+myself that thought it not. &lt;br&gt;
+The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for your
+part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor a
+more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully to
+preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you,
+judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave
+to trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long reign. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and cousin, &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth R.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;A year later, the Catholic Philip V of Spain invaded England
+with his Armada, perhaps - to some degree - urged on by Mary's
+execution. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img
+ alt=&quot;Laslett John Pott's painting 'Mary Queen of Scots being led to execution', 1871&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-death.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;282&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Mary did not retire until two in the morning on the last day of her
+life.&amp;nbsp; She spent her final hours making a will and generously
+providing to those who had served her faithfully.&amp;nbsp; Early on the
+morning of 8 February 1587, dressed in black satin and velvet, she
+entered the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle.&amp;nbsp; She commanded her
+servant, Melville, to go to her son and tell him that she had never
+done anything to compromise their kingdom of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
+calm and composed before the several hundred spectators present; she
+listened while the execution warrant was read and then prayed aloud in
+English for the Church and her son.&amp;nbsp; She also mentioned Queen
+Elizabeth and prayed for her to continue to serve God in the years to
+come. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary comforted her weeping servants, her
+friends and supporters to the last.&amp;nbsp; They helped her undress;
+beneath her all-black gown, she wore a red petticoat and bodice.&amp;nbsp;
+Her women helped her attach the long red sleeves.&amp;nbsp; Mary thus died
+wearing the liturgical color of Catholic martyrdom.&amp;nbsp; She gave them
+her golden rosary and Agnus Dei, asking them to remember her in their
+prayers.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes were covered with a white cloth.&amp;nbsp; While
+her servants wept and called out prayers in a medley of languages, she
+laid her neck upon the block, commended herself to God and received the
+death-stroke.&amp;nbsp; But the executioner was unsteady and the first blow
+cut the back of her head; Mary whispered, 'Sweet Jesus', and the second
+blow descended.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When the executioner lifted her head and
+cried out, 'God save the Queen,' a macabre surprise occurred.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary, queen of Scots had worn an auburn wig to her execution.&amp;nbsp; It
+was left in the executioner's hand as her head, with its short, grey
+hair, fell to the floor.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had always loved animals and her little
+Skye terrier had brought her great comfort during the years in
+prison.&amp;nbsp; It had curled itself around her feet while she knelt at
+the block and died just days after the queen.&amp;nbsp; As queen of Scots,
+Mary's motto had been 'In my end is my beginning'.&amp;nbsp; And certainly
+the end of her life marked the beginning of her legend.&amp;nbsp; The
+Catholic nations which had condemned her behavior during Darnley's
+murder and the marriage to Bothwell now celebrated her as a
+martyr.&amp;nbsp; Her former brother-in-law, Henri III of France, held a
+funeral mass at Notre-Dame, where Mary had wed Francis almost thirty
+years before.&amp;nbsp; Accounts of her execution, illustrated by crude
+woodcuts, were sold throughout Europe.&amp;nbsp; She was now the
+sympathetic heroine; the past could be forgotten.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sixteen years later, Mary's son
+became King of England and Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In 1612, he moved her body
+to Westminster Abbey, London, constructing a magnificent tomb which
+rivaled Elizabeth I's.&amp;nbsp; In her &lt;i&gt; Essay on Adversity&lt;/i&gt;,
+written in 1580 while she was imprisoned, Mary had written of rulers:
+'Tribulation has been to them as a furnace to fine gold - a means of
+proving their virtue.'&amp;nbsp; It was a fitting epitaph for her own
+infamous life.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;You can &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryqos-letter.html&quot;&gt; read
+Mary's last letter&lt;/a&gt;, written to Henri III of France just six hours
+before her execution, &lt;br&gt;
+as well as &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexmary.html&quot;&gt;an
+eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;i&gt;Primary Sources &lt;/i&gt;
+section.&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;CHRONOLOGY&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+The major events of her life.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IMAGES&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Portraits of the queen, her friends and
+family, with
+commentary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;PRIMARY
+SOURCES&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Letters written by Mary, as well as an
+eyewitness account of her execution.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt;Test your knowledge of Mary's
+life and times.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt;Learn about Mary's famous cousin.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+Relatives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; margin-left: 80px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;small&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Sources&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sources:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+Life of Mary, Queen of Scots (2 vol) by George Chalmers -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/small&gt;
+&lt;small&gt;My Heart is My Own by John Guy&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Mary, Queen of
+Scots: The Daughter of Debate by Marjorie Bowen&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Mary,
+Queen of Scots: The Daughter of Debate (yes, same title - earlier book)
+by Sir Arthur MacNalty&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;The Castles, Palaces, and
+Prisons of Mary of Scotland by Charles MacKie&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;On the
+Trail of Mary, Queen of Scots by JK Cheetham&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;The
+Queen of Scots by Stefan Zweig&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Mary, Queen of Scots
+by Antonia Fraser&lt;/small&gt;&amp;nbsp; - &lt;small&gt;Mary, Queen of Scots by Susan
+Watkins&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Two Queens in One Isle by Alison Plowden - &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;The
+Casket Letters: A Solution to the&amp;nbsp; Mystery of Mary, Queen of Scots
+and the Murder of Lord Darnley by MH Davison - &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;Tudor
+Cousins: Rivals for the Throne by Dulcie Ashdown - &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;All
+the Queen's Men by Gordon Donaldson - The First Trial of Mary, Queen of
+Scots by Gordon Donaldson - Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord
+Darnley by Alison Weir - In My End is My Beginning: A Life of Mary,
+Queen of Scots by James Mackay - Mary Queen of Scots: A Study in
+Failure by Jenny Wormald - The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and
+Stuart Britain, edited by John Morrill - Two Queens in One Isle by
+Alison Plowden - New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors by
+Susan Brigden - The Life of Mary, Queen of Scots by Agnes Strickland -
+The Mystery of Mary Stuart by Andrew Lang - Mary, Queen of Scots and
+Her Accusers by John Hosack - Scotland Under Mary Stuart: An Account of
+Everyday Life by Marjorie Bowen - Elizabeth and Mary by Jane Dunn -
+Original Letters Illustrative of English History, edited by Henry Ellis
+- Mary, Queen of Scots: A Study of the Lennox Narrative in the
+University Library of Cambridge, edited by Reginald H. Mahon - The
+Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland by Raphael Holinshed -
+Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Documents connected with her
+personal history, edited by Agnes Strickland&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;small&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Weblinks&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Weblinks:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart Society of
+Scotland&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is the most detailed Mary, queen of Scots site
+on the web.&amp;nbsp; It has a&amp;nbsp; lengthy biography of the queen,
+samples of her poetry and letters, and much more - too much to list
+here, in fact. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fles%5fvalois&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+This site is currently available in French.&amp;nbsp; It's beautifully
+designed and has lots of information; go visit and try out your foreign
+language skills!&amp;nbsp; Its creator also made this &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsarah%5fn%5fbernard&quot;&gt;Lady Jane Grey site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.newadvent.org%2fcathen%2f09764a.htm&quot;&gt;The Catholic
+Encyclopedia's biography of Mary&lt;/a&gt;, with links to other topics.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082705&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082705&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHdee8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHdee8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHdee8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8241</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">marilee &amp; jeremy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Scottish Genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdee8c1665bb38763b04e6f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215277</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdee8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;Scottish Genealogy&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;for now, this page only concerns James II through Mary queen of Scots
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James II, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;son of King James I of Scotland and Lady Joan
+Beaufort&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born 16 October 1430 at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 25 March 1437 at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;married 3 July 1449 at Holyrood Abbey to Marie von Geldern
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;eight children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Child, born 19 May 1450
+&lt;br&gt;Mary, born c.1451
+&lt;br&gt;James, later James III of Scotland, king of Scotland, born 10 July
+1451
+&lt;br&gt;Margaret
+&lt;br&gt;Alexander of Albany, duke of Albany, born c.1454
+&lt;br&gt;David, earl of Moray, born c.1454
+&lt;br&gt;John of Mar, earl of Mar &amp;amp; Garioch, born c.1459
+&lt;br&gt;John
+&lt;br&gt;died 3 August 1460 at Roxburgh Castle
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James III, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;son of King James II and Queen Joan of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 10 July 1451 at Stirling
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 10 August 1460 at Kelso Abbey, Roxburghshire
+&lt;br&gt;married 13 July 1469 to Margaret Oldenburg, called Margaret of Denmark
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;three children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James, later James IV of Scotland, king of Scotland, born 17 March
+1473
+&lt;br&gt;James, duke of Ross, born March 1476
+&lt;br&gt;John, earl of Mar, born December 1479
+&lt;br&gt;died 11 June 1488 at Milltown, Bannockburn
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Cambuskenneth Abbey, Stirlingshire
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James IV, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;son King James III and Queen Margaret of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 17 March 1473
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 26 June 1488 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire
+&lt;br&gt;married 8 August 1503 to Margaret Tudor, princess of England, at Holyrood
+Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;seven children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;James of Rothesay, duke of Rothesay, born 21
+February 1507&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;daughter, born 15 July 1508&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Arthur, duke of Rothesay, born 20 October 1509&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;James, later King James V of Scotland, born 15
+April 1512&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;daughter, born November 1512&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Alexander, duke of Ross, born 30 April 1514&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;died 9 September 1513 at the Battle of Flodden Field, Northumberland
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;mistresses&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(1) &lt;/font&gt;Mary Boyd, also called Marion Boyd
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;two children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Alexander Stuart, called Alexander of St. Andrews, Archbishop of St.
+Andrews, born about 1493
+&lt;br&gt;Catherine Stuart
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/font&gt; Jean Kennedy, also called Janet Kennedy
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;two children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, called James of Moray, earl of Moray, born about 1499
+&lt;br&gt;two children who died young
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/font&gt; Margaret Drummond
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Margaret Stuart, born about 1497
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/font&gt; Isabel, Lady Stewart
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Jean Stuart, also called Janet Stuart&lt;/ul&gt;
+(As you can see, James IV was a procreative guy!&amp;nbsp; Here are two more
+interesting facts about him:&amp;nbsp; Margaret Tudor, his wife, petitioned
+for divorce in 1514, arguing that James had survived the Battle of Flodden
+and was living in the Holy Land.&amp;nbsp; In reality, his corpse was kept
+in a lumber room at Richmond Palace, home of his brother-in-law Henry VIII.)
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James V, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;son of King James IV and Queen Margaret of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 15 April 1512 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 21 September 1513 at Chapel Royal, Stirling Castle
+&lt;br&gt;married 1 January 1537 to Madeleine of France at Notre Dame Cathedral,
+Paris
+&lt;br&gt;married 9 May 1538 to Mary de Guise (also called Mary de Lorraine)
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;three children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James of Rothesay, duke of Rothesay, born 22 May 1540; died in infancy
+&lt;br&gt;Arthur (Robert) of Rothesay, duke of Rothesay, born April 1541; died
+in infancy
+&lt;br&gt;Mary 'Queen of Scots', queen of Scotland, born 7 December 1542
+&lt;br&gt;died 14 December 1542 at Falkland Palace, Fife
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;mistresses&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/font&gt; Elizabeth Shaw
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, called James of Kelso and Melrose, Abbot of Kelso and
+Melrose, born c.1529
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/font&gt; Margaret Erskine
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;James Stuart, called James of Moray, earl of Moray, Regent of
+Scotland, born c.1531
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/font&gt; Eupheme Elphinstone
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Robert Stuart, called Robert of Orkney, earl of Orkney, born c.1533
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(4) &lt;/font&gt;Elizabeth Carmichael, also called
+Katherine Carmichael
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, called John of Coldinghame, Prior of Coldinghame, born
+c.1531
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(5)&lt;/font&gt; Elizabeth Stewart
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Adam Stewart, Adam of Charterhouse, Prior of Charterhouse, born ?
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(6) &lt;/font&gt;Elizabeth Bethune
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Jean Stuart, born ?&lt;/ul&gt;
+(As you can see, James V, much like his father, was fond of the ladies.&amp;nbsp;
+When Mary queen of Scots returned to Scotland, most of her troubles began
+with her various half-siblings.&amp;nbsp; These various royal bastards caused
+most of Scotland's notorious political instability.&amp;nbsp; Think of poor
+Henry VIII - he could barely manage two sons!)
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Mary Stuart; later titled
+Queen Mary of Scotland (called Mary queen of Scots)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;daughter of King James V and Queen Mary of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 7 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;titled Queen of Scotland 9 September 1543 at Stirling Castle
+&lt;br&gt;married 24 April 1558 to Francis de Valois, later called Francis II,
+king of France, at Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris
+&lt;br&gt;married 29 July 1565 to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley at Holyrood Palace,
+Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, later titled James VI, king of Scotland &amp;amp; James I,
+king of England, born 19 June 1566
+&lt;br&gt;married 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn 4th earl Bothwell at Holyrood
+Palace, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;two children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;twins, born and died July 1568
+&lt;br&gt;surrendered the throne in favor of her son at Carberry Hill 15 June
+1567
+&lt;br&gt;executed 8 February 1587 at Fotheringhay Castle, Northampton
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Westminster Abbey, London in 1612
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealog.html&quot;&gt;return
+to Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;return
+to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;read
+about Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082761&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082761&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHe0d5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHe0d5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHe0d5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">23139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe0d5b8389c3383653c916e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215264</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe0d5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER II&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;THE CHANGE OF RELIGION: 1559&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;MARY died on the 17th of November 1558. 
+    Parliament was then sitting, and, in communicating the event to both Houses, 
+    Archbishop Heath frankly took the initiative in recognising
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt;, &amp;quot;of whose most lawful right 
+    and title in the succession of the Crown, thanks be to God, we need not to 
+    doubt.&amp;quot; He was a staunch Catholic, and two months later refused to officiate 
+    at her coronation. But he was an Englishman, and even the most convinced 
+    Catholics, though looking forward with uneasiness to the religious policy of 
+    the new &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Queen&lt;/font&gt;, were sincerely glad 
+    that there was no danger of a disputed succession. Besides, it was by no 
+    means clear that &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt; would not 
+    accept the ecclesiastical constitution as established in the late reign. 
+    That there would be an end of burnings, and of the harassing tyranny of the 
+    bishops, every one felt certain; but it seemed quite upon the cards that
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt; would continue to recognise 
+    the headship of the Pope in a formal way and maintain the Mass. It must be 
+    remembered that the religious changes had only begun some thirty years 
+    before. All middle-aged men could remember the time when the ecclesiastical 
+    fabric stood to all appearance unbroken, as it had stood for centuries. Only 
+    twenty-four years had passed since the Act of Supremacy had transferred the 
+    headship of the Church from the Pope to the King; only eleven since the 
+    Protestant doctrine and worship had been forced on the country by the 
+    Protector Somerset, to the horror and disgust of the great majority of 
+    Englishmen. The nation had sorrowed for the death of Edward VI., because it 
+    darkened the prospects of the succession, and seemed likely sooner or later 
+    to bring on a civil war. But apart from the hot Protestant minority, chiefly 
+    to be found in London, the mass of the nation was conservative, and welcomed 
+    the reestablishment of the old religion as a return to order and common 
+    sense after a short and bitter experience of revolutionary anarchy. There 
+    was a rooted objection to restore the old meddlesome tyranny of the bishops, 
+    and the nobles and squires who had got hold of the abbey lands would not 
+    hear of giving them up. But the return to communion with the Catholic Church 
+    and the recognition of the Pope as its head gave satisfaction to 
+    three-fourths, perhaps to five-sixths, of the nation, and to a still larger 
+    proportion of its most influential class, the great landed proprietors. 
+    Mary's accession was the great and unique opportunity for the old Church. If 
+    Mary and Pole had been coolheaded politicians instead of excitable fanatics, 
+    if they had contented themselves with restoring the old worship, depriving 
+    the few Protestant clergy of their benefices, and punishing only outrageous 
+    attacks on the State religion, Elizabeth would not have had the power, it 
+    may be doubted whether she would have had the inclination, to undo her 
+    sister's work. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This great opportunity was thrown away. 
+    Mary's bishops came back brooding over the long catalogue of humiliations 
+    and indignities which their Church had suffered, and thirsting to avenge 
+    their own wrongs. For six years they had their fling, and contrived to make 
+    the country forget the period of Protestant misgovernment. England had never 
+    before known what it was to be governed by clergymen. It was a sort of rule 
+    as hateful to most Catholic laymen as to Protestants. Catholics therefore 
+    for the most part, as well as Protestants, hailed the accession of 
+    Elizabeth. At any rate there would be an end of the clerical tyranny. Nor 
+    were they without hope that she would maintain the old worship. She had 
+    conformed to it for the last five years, and Philip had given the word that 
+    she was to be supported. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We are now accustomed to the Papal &lt;i&gt;non 
+    possumus&lt;/i&gt;. No nation or Church can hope that the smallest deviation from 
+    Roman doctrine or discipline will be tolerated. But in 1558 the hard and 
+    fast line had not yet been drawn. France was still pressing for such changes 
+    as communion in both kinds, worship in the vulgar tongue, and marriage of 
+    priests. The Council of Trent, it is true, had already in 1545 decided that 
+    Catholic doctrine was contained in the Bible &lt;i&gt;and tradition&lt;/i&gt;, and in 
+    1551 had defined transubstantiation and the sacraments. But in 1552 the 
+    Council was prorogued, and it did not resume till 1562. Doctrine and 
+    discipline therefore might be, and were still considered to be, in the 
+    melting-pot, and no one could be certain what would come out. If Elizabeth 
+    had contented herself with the French programme, and had joined France in 
+    pressing it, the other sovereigns, who really cared for nothing but 
+    uniformity, would probably have forced the Pope to compromise. The Lutheran 
+    doctrine of consubstantiation might have been tolerated. The Anglican 
+    formulÃŠ have been held by many to be compatible with a belief in the Real 
+    Presence. The formal severance of England from Catholic unity might thus 
+    have been postponed--possibly avoided--in the same sense that it has been 
+    avoided in France. After the completion of the Council of Trent (1562-3) it 
+    was too late. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Two years after her accession Elizabeth told 
+    the Spanish ambassador, De Quadra, that her belief was the belief of all the 
+    Catholics in the realm; and on his asking her how then she could have 
+    altered religion in 1559, she said she had been compelled to act as she did, 
+    and that, if he knew how she had been driven to it, she was sure he would 
+    excuse her. Seven years later she made the same statement to De Silva. 
+    Elizabeth was habitually so regardless of truth that her assertions can be 
+    allowed little weight when they are improbable. No doubt, as a matter of 
+    taste and feeling, she preferred the Catholic worship. She was not pious. 
+    She was not troubled with a tender conscience or tormented by a sense of 
+    sin. She did not care to cultivate close personal relations with her God. A 
+    religion of form and ceremony suited her better. But her training had been 
+    such as to free her from all superstitious fear or prejudice, and her 
+    religious convictions were determined by her sense of what was most 
+    reasonable and convenient. There is not the least evidence that she was a 
+    reluctant agent in the adoption of Protestantism in 1559. Who was there to 
+    coerce her? The Protestants could not have set up a Protestant competitor. 
+    The great nobles, though opposed to persecution and desirous of minimising 
+    the Pope's authority, would have preferred to leave worship as it was. But 
+    upon one thing Elizabeth was determined. She would resume the full 
+    ecclesiastical supremacy which her father had annexed to the Crown. She 
+    judged, and she probably judged rightly, that the only way to assure this 
+    was to make the breach with the old religion complete. If she had placed 
+    herself in the hands of moderate Catholics like Paget, possessed with the 
+    belief that she could only maintain herself by the protection of Philip, 
+    they would have advised her to be content with the practical authority over 
+    the English Church which many an English king had known how to exercise. 
+    That was not enough for her. She desired a position free from all ambiguity 
+    and possibility of dispute, not one which would have to be defended with 
+    constant vigilance and at the cost of incessant bickering. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;From the point of view of her foreign 
+    relations the moment might seem to be a dangerous one for carrying out a 
+    religious revolution, and many a statesman with a deserved reputation for 
+    prudence would have counselled delay. But this disadvantage was more than 
+    counterbalanced by the unpopularity which the cruelties and disasters of 
+    Mary's last three years had brought upon the most active Catholics. Again, 
+    Elizabeth no doubt recognised that the Catholics, though at present the 
+    strongest, were the declining party. The future was with the Protestants. It 
+    was the young men who had fixed their hopes upon her in her sister's time, 
+    and who were ready to rally round her now. By her natural disposition, and 
+    by her culture, she belonged to the Renaissance rather than to the 
+    Reformation. But obscurantist as Calvinism essentially was, the Calvinists, 
+    as a minority struggling for freedom to think and teach what they believed, 
+    represented for a time the cause of light and intellectual emancipation. Was 
+    she to put herself at the head of reaction or progress? She did not love the 
+    Calvinists. They were too much in earnest for her. Their narrow creed was as 
+    tainted with superstition as that of Rome, and, at bottom, was less humane, 
+    less favourable to progress. But whom else had she to work with? The 
+    reasonable, secular-minded, tolerant sceptics are not always the best 
+    fighting material; and at that time they were few in number and tending--in 
+    England at least--to be ground out of existence between the upper and nether 
+    millstones of the rival fanaticisms. If she broke with Catholicism she would 
+    be sure of the ardent and unwavering support of one-third of the nation; so 
+    sure, that she would have no need to take any further pains to please them. 
+    As for the remaining two-thirds, she hoped to conciliate most of them by 
+    posing as their protector against the persecution which would have been 
+    pleasing to Protestant bigots. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the policy of a complete breach with Rome, 
+    Cecil was disposed to go as far as the Queen, and further. Cecil was at this 
+    time thirty-eight. For forty years he continued to be the confidential and 
+    faithful servant of Elizabeth. One of those new men whom the Tudors most 
+    trusted, he was first employed by Henry VIII. Under Edward he rose to be 
+    Secretary of State, and was a pronounced Protestant. On the fall of his 
+    patron Somerset he was for a abort time sent to the Tower, but was soon in 
+    office again--sooner, some thought, than was quite decent--under his 
+    patron's old enemy, Northumberland. He signed the letters patent by which 
+    the crown was conferred on Lady Jane Grey; but took an early opportunity of 
+    going over to Mary. During her reign he conformed to the old religion, and, 
+    though not holding any office, was consulted on public business, and was one 
+    of the three commissioners who went to fetch Cardinal Pole to England. 
+    Thoroughly capable in business, one of those to whom power naturally falls 
+    because they know how to use it, a shrewd balancer of probabilities, without 
+    a particle of fanaticism in his composition and detesting it in others, 
+    though ready to make use of it to serve his ends, entirely believing that &amp;quot;whate'er 
+    is best administered is best,&amp;quot; Cecil nevertheless had his religious 
+    predilections, and they were all on the side of the Protestants. Moreover he 
+    had a personal motive which, by the nature of the case, was not present to 
+    the Queen. She might die prematurely; and if that event should take place 
+    before the Protestant ascendancy was firmly established his power would be 
+    at an end, and his very life would be in danger. A time came when he and his 
+    party had so strengthened themselves, if not in absolute numerical 
+    superiority, yet by the hold they had established on all departments of 
+    Government from the highest to the lowest, that they were in a condition to 
+    resist a Catholic claimant to the throne, if need were, sword in hand. But 
+    during the early years of the reign Cecil was working with the rope round 
+    his neck. Hence he could not regard the progress of events with the 
+    imperturbable &lt;i&gt;sang-froid&lt;/i&gt; which Elizabeth always displayed; and all 
+    his influence was employed to push the religious revolution through as 
+    rapidly and completely as possible. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The story that Elizabeth was influenced in 
+    her attitude to Rome by an arrogant reply from Pope Paul IV. to her official 
+    notification of her accession, though refuted by Lingard and Hallam in their 
+    later editions, has been repeated by recent historians. Her accession was 
+    notified to every friendly sovereign except the Pope. He was studiously 
+    ignored from the first. Equally unsupported by facts are all attempts to 
+    show that during the early weeks of her reign she had not made up her mind 
+    as to the course she would take about religion. All preaching, it is true, 
+    was suspended by proclamation; and it was ordered that the established 
+    worship should go on &amp;quot;until consultation might be had in Parliament by the 
+    Queen and the three Estates.&amp;quot; In the meantime she had herself crowned 
+    according to the ancient ritual by the Catholic Bishop of Carlisle. But this 
+    is only what might have been expected from a strong ruler who was not 
+    disposed to let important alterations be initiated by popular commotion or 
+    the presumptuous forwardness of individual clergymen. The impending change 
+    was quite sufficiently marked from the first by the removal of the most 
+    bigoted Catholics from the Council and by the appointment of Cecil and Bacon 
+    to the offices of Secretary and of Lord Keeper. The new Parliament, 
+    Protestant candidates for which had been recommended by the Government, met 
+    as soon as possible (25 January 1559). When it rose (8 May) the great change 
+    had been legally and decisively accomplished. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The government, worship, and doctrine of the 
+    Established Church are the most abiding marks left by Elizabeth on the 
+    national life of England. Logically it might have been expected that the 
+    settlement of doctrine would precede that of government and worship. It is 
+    characteristic of a State Church that the inverse order should have been 
+    followed. For the Queen the most important question was Church government; 
+    for the people, worship. Both these matters were disposed of with great 
+    promptitude at the beginning of 1559. Doctrine might interest the clergy; 
+    but it could wait. The Thirty-nine Articles were not adopted by Convocation 
+    till 1563, and were not sanctioned by Parliament till 1571. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The government of the Church was settled by 
+    the &lt;i&gt;Act of Supremacy (April 1559)&lt;/i&gt;. It revived the Act of Henry VIII., 
+    except that the Queen was styled Supreme Governor of the Church instead of 
+    Supreme Head, although the nature of the supremacy was precisely the same. 
+    The penalties were relaxed. Henry's oath of supremacy might be tendered to 
+    any subject, and to decline it was high treason; Elizabeth's oath was to be 
+    obligatory only on persons holding spiritual or temporal office under the 
+    Crown, and the penalty for declining was the loss of such office. Those who 
+    chose to attack the supremacy were still liable to the penalties of treason 
+    on the third offence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Worship was settled with equal expedition by 
+    the &lt;i&gt;Act of Uniformity (April 1559)&lt;/i&gt;, which imposed the second or more 
+    Protestant Prayer-book of Edward VI., but with a few very important 
+    alterations. A deprecation in the Litany of &amp;quot;the tyranny of the Bishop of 
+    Rome and all his detestable enormities,&amp;quot; and a rubric which declared that by 
+    kneeling at the Communion no adoration was intended to any real and 
+    essential presence of Christ, were expunged. The words of administration in 
+    the present communion service consist of two sentences. The first sentence, 
+    implying real presence, belonged to Edward's first Prayer-book; the second, 
+    implying mere commemoration, belonged to his second Prayer-book. The 
+    Prayerbook of 1559 simply pieced the two together, with a view to satisfy 
+    both Catholics and Protestants. Lastly, the vestments prescribed in Edward's 
+    first Prayer-book were retained till further notice. These alterations of 
+    Edward's second Prayer-book, all of them designed to propitiate the 
+    Catholics, were dictated by Elizabeth herself. In all this legislation 
+    Convocation was entirely ignored. Both its houses showed themselves strongly 
+    Catholic. But their opinion was not asked, and no notice was taken of their 
+    remonstrances. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While determining that England should have a 
+    purely national Church, and for that reason casting in her lot with the 
+    Protestants, Elizabeth, as we have seen, made very considerable sacrifices 
+    of logic and consistency in order to induce Catholics to conform. Like a 
+    strong and wise statesman, she did not allow herself to be driven into one 
+    concession after another, but went at once as far as she intended to go. At 
+    the same time the coercion applied to the Catholics, while sufficient to 
+    influence the worldly-minded majority, was, during the early part of her 
+    reign, very mild for those times. She wished no one to be molested who did 
+    not go out of his way to invite it. Outward conformity was all she wanted. 
+    And of this mere attendance at church was accepted as sufficient evidence. 
+    The principal difficulty, of course, was with the clergy. From them more 
+    than a mere passive conformity had to be exacted. To sign declarations, take 
+    oaths, and officiate in church was a severer strain on the conscience. It is 
+    said that less than 200 out of 9400 sacrificed their benefices rather than 
+    conform, and that of these about 100 were dignitaries. The number must be 
+    under-stated; for the chief difficulty of the new bishops, for a long time, 
+    was to find clergymen for the parish churches. But we cannot doubt that the 
+    large majority of the parish clergy stuck to their livings, remaining 
+    Catholics at heart, and avoiding, where they could, and as long as they 
+    could, compliance with the new regulations. It must not be supposed that the 
+    enactment of religious changes by Parliament was equivalent, as it would be 
+    at the present day, to their immediate enforcement throughout the country; 
+    especially in the north where the great proprietors and justices of the 
+    peace did not carry out the law. A certain number of the ejected priests 
+    continued to celebrate the ancient rites privately in the houses of the more 
+    earnest Catholics; for which they were not unfrequently punished by 
+    imprisonment. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Of course this was persecution. But according 
+    to the ideas of that day it was a very mild kind of persecution; and where 
+    it occurred it seems to have been due to the zeal of some of the bishops, 
+    and to private busybodies who set the law in motion, rather than to any 
+    systematic action on the part of the Government.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterthree.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    III: Foreign Relations: 1559-1563&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082621&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082621&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHea16.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHea16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHea16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12382</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">What's New at Tudor England?</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHea16bc5da551a21d13a89f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHea16.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">whatsnew.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ivesbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8miniseries.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">dunnbook.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">guyscots.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/whatsnew.gif&quot; alt=&quot;What's New?&quot; width=&quot;377&quot; height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ivesbook.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;95&quot; height=&quot;140&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;29 September 2004&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Professor 
+      Eric Ives, who wrote the definitive biography of Anne Boleyn in 1986, has 
+      just released &lt;i&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f104-8047124-6243950%3fv%3dglance%26s%3dbooks%26n%3d507846&quot;&gt;US&lt;/a&gt; 
+      and
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      UK&lt;/a&gt;), which incorporates new research and addresses issues raised by 
+      the biographies of Anne which followed his own (including Warnicke and 
+      Starkey's work.)&amp;nbsp; Tudor enthusiasts know that
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0521406773%2fqid%3d1096481812%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      Warnicke's&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn&lt;/i&gt; questioned many of 
+      Ives's conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;I should stress that this is a &lt;i&gt;new&lt;/i&gt; biography, 
+      not simply a new edition of the 1986 work.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;I'm still working on the Reviews section; please check back soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;If you haven't been to &lt;i&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/i&gt; in a 
+      while, please visit.&amp;nbsp; I did post &lt;b&gt;lots&lt;/b&gt; of new portraits in the last 
+      month or so, - check out the
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fhenry7images.html&quot;&gt;Henry VII&lt;/a&gt; -
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fhenry8images.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt; - 
+      and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots&lt;/a&gt; pages. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;I will be adding some new Elizabeth I portraits soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;20 September 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The Henry VIII miniseries starring Ray Winstone is &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2fB0002KPIR8%2fqid%3d1092239900%2fsr%3d1-4%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f4%2f102-1488722-9759359%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3ddvd&quot;&gt;being
+released on Region 1 dvd&lt;/a&gt; on 16 November for US viewers. &lt;br&gt;
+However, it will appear on PBS as a two-part 'Masterpiece Theatre'
+presentation before its DVD release, on 7 November and 14
+November.&amp;nbsp; Click here to visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.pbs.org%2fpreviews%2fhenryVIII&quot;&gt;the PBS Previews page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;img
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8miniseries.jpg&quot; title=&quot;&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Henry VIII dvd&quot; style=&quot;width: 105px; height: 150px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Henry's
+38-year reign saw England transformed from a sleepy backwater of
+jousting tournaments and Catholic piety to a nation torn by religious
+and political strife - all because the king wanted a male heir.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&quot;He was a very troubled man,&quot; observes Winstone, who in
+the course of the film ages from the young athletic king to the burly
+icon familiar from Hans Holbein paintings. &quot;This is a man who allowed
+two of his wives - women he loved passionately - to be murdered. At the
+same time, he wrote beautiful love letters, understood science and, to
+a certain extent, was a great ambassador. He was an intelligent,
+gentle, romantic man who lost his way when it came to love.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/div&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;July 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+According to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.gallifreyone.com%2fnewstv.php&quot;&gt;Outpost
+Gallifrey&lt;/a&gt;, the new &lt;b&gt;Doctor Who&lt;/b&gt; series will feature &lt;b&gt;an
+appearance by Henry VIII&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;An article in the
+June 29 Daily Star says that the new Doctor Who series &quot;will feature
+historic figures including Shakespeare, Henry VIII and Einstein - who
+are locked up together inside a Big Brother-style house. Famous
+housemates will face eviction and death from aliens when the classic
+sci-fi show comes back to our screens next year. The new series, which
+stars Christopher Eccleston as Dr Who, is aiming to win over a whole
+new generation of young followers of the Tardis timelord. Christopher
+said: 'We can parallel things with science fiction and address what's
+going on around us to a certain extent for young people without being
+pompous.' In one of the planned episodes of the hotly-awaited series,
+some of the world's most famous figures from the past are kidnapped
+from their time zones by aliens. They are put in a Big Bruvstyle house
+for extraterrestrial television entertainment.&quot;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; (Thanks
+to Paul Engelberg)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The Ninth Doctor is
+being played by Christopher Eccleston, who played the duke of Norfolk
+in 1998's &lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Yes, these are tenuous Tudor links
+but I'm a Doctor Who fan as well.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr style=&quot;width: 100%; height: 2px;&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Thanks to the
+Barbie collector who emailed me the link to
+        &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.barbiecollector.com%2fshowcase%2fproduct.asp%3ftype%3d%26amp;subtype%3d%26amp;product%5fid%3d1003486&quot;&gt;the
+'World of Royalty: Queen Elizabeth I' doll&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; For those of you
+who missed the 1995 Elizabeth doll, mark September in your
+calendars.&amp;nbsp; And start saving - the doll will probably retail at
+$250.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;
+sequel in the works?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;(Source: &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.comingsoon.net%2fnews.php%3fid%3d4977&quot;&gt;http://www.comingsoon.net/news.php?id=4977&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Aussie's &lt;i&gt;The
+Daily Telegraph&lt;/i&gt; spoke to &lt;b&gt;
+Elizabeth&lt;/b&gt; director Shekhar Kapur who says that he is working on a
+sequel to the 1998 Cate Blanchett drama.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+Blanchett is expected to take the throne again and star in the epic -
+based on Queen Elizabeth I - which has the working title of &lt;b&gt;Golden
+Age&lt;/b&gt;. &quot;It is about the battle between her life as a monarch and her
+personal life,&quot; Kapur said. &quot;It ends in the destruction of the Spanish
+Armada on the larger level.&quot;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+The Indian-born Kapur said the script, which Michael Hirst is working
+on, would be ready in six months. &quot;And then it depends on Cate's
+schedule and my schedule as to when we start shooting.&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+More links:&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.imdb.com%2ftitle%2ftt0127536%2fnews&quot;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0127536/news&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fin.news.yahoo.com%2f040604%2f139%2f2dhbb.html&quot;&gt;http://in.news.yahoo.com/040604/139/2dhbb.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;EARLIER NEWS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;i&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/dunnbook.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Jane Dunn biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth
+and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens&lt;/i&gt; by Jane Dunn was recently
+released.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; I am &lt;i&gt;still&lt;/i&gt; working on the new and improved Reviews
+section, but here is a quick review - this is a worthwhile addition to your
+Tudor library.&amp;nbsp; I've read enough about both women to wonder if I
+would learn anything from this book, but I was pleasantly
+surprised.&amp;nbsp; A liberal use of primary sources plus a lovely
+selection of portraits - and the book jacket and boards are beautifully
+designed.&amp;nbsp; As competition for Alison Plowden's &lt;i&gt;Two Queens in
+One Isle&lt;/i&gt;, this book is the better choice.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/guyscots.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;John Guy biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;151&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        At last!&amp;nbsp;
+Finally, another major biography of Mary Stuart has been
+released.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart&lt;/i&gt; is by
+noted Tudor historian John Guy&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Antonia Fraser's biography
+was serviceable but my own casual research revealed large gaps in her
+use of primary sources.&amp;nbsp; I always wondered - when would another
+historian focus on Mary's tumultuous life?&amp;nbsp; I should note that the
+UK version of this work is entitled &lt;i&gt;My Heart is My Own: The Life of
+Mary Queen of Scots&lt;/i&gt; and the jacket features the Clouet sketch of an
+adolescent Mary.&amp;nbsp; The American edition, shown above, has the 'hat'
+portrait &lt;i&gt;minus&lt;/i&gt; the hat!&amp;nbsp; As an admirer of
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqos1565.jpg&quot;&gt;the hat&lt;/a&gt;
+and its fluffy feather, I'm rather disappointed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; 
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynbook.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;70&quot; height=&quot;108&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/i&gt; by Joanna Denny
+was published in April 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-4110626-7673264&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;In comparison with the
+two existing major biographies of Anne (by Carrolly Erickson and Retha
+Warnicke), this one is the most successful 'popular' biography.&amp;nbsp;
+And no, I don't mean 'popular' as a slur; far from it.&amp;nbsp; I'll post
+my review at the new Reviews section when I've finished.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Folger Shakespeare 
+        Library has finished its nine-year restoration of the Trevelyon 
+        Miscellany.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It's now the focus of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.folger.edu%2fpublic%2fexhibit%2fTrevelyon%2fintro.asp&quot;&gt;an excellent 
+        exhibit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;News
+prior to summer 2004 has been deleted.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Share your Tudor news!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082526&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082526&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHf07a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHf07a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHf07a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5547</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The coronation of Lady Jane Grey, 1553</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf07a4bc5623da32d1b8e11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf07a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">jane1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/jane1.gif&quot; width=&quot;518&quot; height=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This account 
+      of Jane Grey's coronation was written by Henry Machyn, a London undertaker.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Jane was the great-niece of King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; She is 
+      famous as the 'Nine Days' Queen', for she ruled for that small amount of 
+      time in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; Her reign was the direct result of the duke of 
+      Northumberland's ambition.&amp;nbsp; When it was clear that King Edward VI was 
+      dying, Northumberland married Jane to his son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; As the 
+      leading Protestant nobleman, he could not accept the rule of Henry VIII's 
+      Catholic daughter, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Nor did he wish to lose the power he 
+      amassed during Edward's reign.&amp;nbsp; Under the term of Henry's will, Mary 
+      was to follow Edward upon the throne.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland urged Edward VI 
+      to write his own will, settling the succession upon his Protestant cousin 
+      Jane instead.&amp;nbsp; The young king did so.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Jane and Guildford were executed in 1554.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;On 6 July died the noble King Edward VI, in the seventh year of his
+reign, son and heir to the noble King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; And he was poisoned,
+as everybody says, for which now, thanks be to God, there are many of the
+false traitors brought to their end, and I trust God that more will follow
+as they may be spied out.
+&lt;p&gt;On 7 July a proclamation was made that all penthouses should be no lower
+than 10 foot, and all private lights be condemned.
+&lt;p&gt;The same day an old man was set on the pillory for counterfeit, false
+writings.
+&lt;p&gt;The same day there came to the Tower the lord treasurer, the earl of
+Shrewsbury, and the lord admiral with others; and there they discharged
+Sir James Croft of the constableship of the Tower, and there they put in
+the said lord admiral, and he took his oath and charge of the Tower, and
+the next day after he conveyed into all places in the Tower and... great
+guns, such as the White Tower on high.
+&lt;p&gt;On 9 July all the head officers and the guard were sworn to Queen Jane
+as queen of England.... daughter of the duke of Suffolk, and served as
+queen of....
+&lt;p&gt;The following day queen Jane was received into the Tower with a great
+company of lords and nobles of... after the queen, and the duchess of Suffolk
+her mother, bearing her train, with many ladies, and there was a firing
+of guns and chamber such as has not often been seen, between 4 and 5 o'clock;
+by 6 o'clock began the proclamation on the same afternoon of Queen Jane,
+with two heralds and a trumpet blowing, declaring that Lady Mary was unlawfully
+begotten, and so went through Cheapside to Fleet Street, proclaiming Queen
+Jane.&amp;nbsp; And there was a young man taken at that time for speaking certain
+words about Queen Mary, that she had the true title.
+&lt;p&gt;On 11 July, at 8 o'clock in the morning the young man was set on the
+pillory for speaking this, and both his ears were cut off.&amp;nbsp; There
+was a herald and a trumpeter blowing, and he was quickly taken down.&amp;nbsp;
+And the same day the young man's master, dwelling at St John's Head, whose
+name was Sandur Onyone, and another Master Owen, a gun-maker at London
+Bridge, living at Ludgate, were drowned.
+&lt;p&gt;On 12 July by night were carried to the Tower 3 carts full of all manner
+of ordnance, such as great guns and small, bows, bills, spears, morrish
+pikes, armour, arrows, gunpowder and stakes, money, tents and all manner
+of ordnance, a great number of cannon balls, and a great number of men
+at arms; and it was for a great army near Cambridge; and two days after
+the duke and various lords and knights went with him, and many gentlemen
+and gunners, and many men of the guard and men of arms towards Lady Mary's
+grace, to destroy her grace, and so to Bury, and all was against him, for
+his men forsook him.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;to the Lady 
+Jane Grey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082604&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082604&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHf2d1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHf2d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHf2d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11195</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">16th century England primary sources letters of Henry VIII The Six Wives of Henry VIII Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots Lady Jane Grey Edward VI's journal executions etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">16th century England primary sources letters of Henry VIII The Six Wives of Henry VIII Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots Lady Jane Grey Edward VI's journal executions etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Eyewitness accounts of people and events in Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf2d1eda94f12b26d69997d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215275</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf2d1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">primarynew.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">bigbooks.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;552&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;68%&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;68%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/primarynew.gif&quot; width=&quot;546&quot; height=&quot;168&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=153 alt=&quot;stack of old books&quot; 
+    src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/bigbooks.gif&quot; width=207 align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;Primary sources are important historical 
+    documents which allow readers an unparalleled glimpse into the past.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They are written from the perspective of a participant or observer and can 
+    include letters, speeches, diary / journal entries, and manuscripts.&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html#Notation&quot;&gt;*&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;The sources at this page &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    face=Arial color=#000000&gt;represent a unique opportunity to view&amp;nbsp;Tudor 
+    England through the eyes of its inhabitants.&amp;nbsp; They are arranged in 
+    chronological order.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;68%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1502&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fdarthur.html&quot;&gt;two accounts of the death of Prince 
+    Arthur&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1503&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2felizdeat.html&quot;&gt;the death of Elizabeth 
+    of York &amp;amp; betrothal of Princess Margaret to the king of Scots&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1509&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fhobit.html&quot;&gt;Henry VII's 
+    obituary&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1509&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8crown.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII &amp;amp; 
+    Katharine of Aragon's coronations at Westminster Abbey&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1500s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fskelton.html&quot;&gt;the poetry of John 
+    Skelton, Henry VII's poet laureate &amp;amp; Henry VIII's tutor&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1500s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprihenry.html&quot;&gt;the lyrics of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1505-1547&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;Letters of the Six Wives 
+    of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1515&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fhenrydes.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary 
+    description of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1523&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;the romance of Anne 
+    Boleyn &amp;amp; Henry Percy&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Also describes the 
+    beginning of Henry VIII's infatuation with Anne.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1524&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8joust.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII's jousting 
+    accident&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1520s/undated&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn-poems.html&quot;&gt;poetry 
+    about Anne Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1530&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpriwols1.html&quot;&gt;the fall of Cardinal 
+    Wolsey&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1530s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;selections from Henry 
+    VIII's love letters to Anne Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1530s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;contemporary 
+    descriptions of Anne Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1533&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;the coronation of Anne 
+    Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1535&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimore.html&quot;&gt;the last letter of Sir 
+    Thomas More&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1535&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2f1535exec.html&quot;&gt;the executions of John 
+    Fisher, Thomas More &amp;amp; others&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;the fall of Anne 
+    Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne3.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn's speech at 
+    her execution&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexanne.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary account of 
+    Anne Boleyn's execution&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;letter of Princess Mary 
+    to Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Mary acknowledges her 
+    illegitimacy and Henry's title as head of the English church.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgrace.html&quot;&gt;the Pilgrimage of 
+    Grace&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1537&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed6birth.html&quot;&gt;Jane Seymour's 
+    pregnancy is announced&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1539&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Anne of Cleves arrives 
+    in England &amp;amp; marries Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 
+    size=-1&gt;Describes the first meeting between Anne and Henry.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1541&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricath.html&quot;&gt;the fall of Catherine 
+    Howard&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1545&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8speech.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII's speech 
+    before Parliament&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1549-1551&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed1.html&quot;&gt;Edward VI's 
+    journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1552&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsomerset.html&quot;&gt;the execution of the 
+    Duke of Somerset&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1553&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;the coronation of Queen 
+    Jane&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1554&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;Mary I's speech at the 
+    Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1554&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;letter of Lady Jane 
+    Grey to Mary I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;Jane explains the 
+    circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine days.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1554&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;the executions of Lady 
+    Jane Grey and Lord Guildford Dudley&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1556&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpcranmer.html&quot;&gt;the execution of 
+    Archbishop Thomas Cranmer&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1557&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary 
+    description of Mary I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1558-1603&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html&quot;&gt;letters of 
+    Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1558-1603&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html&quot;&gt;poetry of 
+    Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1558-1603&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html&quot;&gt;speeches of 
+    Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1586&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;letter from 
+    Elizabeth I to Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1587&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;letter from 
+    Elizabeth I to James VI of Scotland&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1587&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryqos-letter.html&quot;&gt;the last letter 
+    of Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1587&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexmary.html&quot;&gt;the execution of Mary, 
+    queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;Are you quoting a Primary 
+    Source in your paper, or research project?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    color=#000000 size=-1&gt;The correct format is based upon both the 
+    Turabian/Chicago and MLA styles.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;Here 
+    is an example:&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Hanson, Marilee. 
+    &quot;Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn.&quot; &lt;I&gt;EnglishHistory.net&lt;/I&gt;. 2004. 
+    http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (11 April 2004).&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+    &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=1&gt;Please note: you must use the year and date you read the 
+    source here.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;HR&gt;
+
+    &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+    name=Notation&gt;&lt;/A&gt;*Memoirs / autobiographies are not considered primary 
+    sources. &amp;nbsp;They are typically written after the fact and bad memories, 
+    bias, or a change in perspective can limit their reliability. 
+    &amp;nbsp;Newspapers and magazine articles are considered primary sources if the 
+    piece is written directly after the event and does not include any 
+    'analysis' or subjective reporting.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; 
+    &lt;CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+    &lt;CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+    England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+    
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082544&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082544&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHf6d1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHf6d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHf6d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7023</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The last letter of Sir Thomas More, 1535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf6d1d9e14f32b2af285a7d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215275</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf6d1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">primore.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">moresketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/primore.gif&quot; width=&quot;527&quot; height=&quot;70&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/moresketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Holbein's sketch of Thomas More&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;Th&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;e 
+    following letter was written to More's daughter Margaret on 5 July 1535, the 
+    day before his execution.&amp;nbsp; More wrote with a stick of charcoal on 
+    cloth; King Henry VIII had ordered his books and writing materials to be 
+    removed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;More had been appointed Lord Chancellor upon
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpriwols1.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey's fall&lt;/a&gt; in 
+    1529.&amp;nbsp; He was already a respected philosopher and writer throughout 
+    Europe.&amp;nbsp; But to his English contemporaries, he was most famous as a 
+    lawyer.&amp;nbsp; He was a brilliant jurist; he served in parliament and on 
+    diplomatic missions.&amp;nbsp; Unlike most royal servants, he had unimpeachable 
+    integrity.&amp;nbsp; He could not be bribed.&amp;nbsp; He believed, above all else, 
+    in the impartial supremacy of the law.&amp;nbsp; As Chancellor, he worked 
+    industriously to promote justice and faith in the courts.&amp;nbsp; However, he 
+    resigned in 1532 when the king's determination to annul his marriage to 
+    Katharine of Aragon caused Henry to reject papal authority in England.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;More was deeply pious.&amp;nbsp; He recognized the abuses of the 
+    Catholic church, but he believed it could reform itself from within.&amp;nbsp; 
+    He could not accept spiritual reformation via secular power.&amp;nbsp; As a 
+    young man, he had been torn between a career in the church and a career in 
+    law.&amp;nbsp; Though he had chosen the latter, he never lost his passion for 
+    theology.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;After resigning the chancellorship, More retired to his 
+    family home.&amp;nbsp; He attempted to live modestly and quietly, hoping to be 
+    left alone.&amp;nbsp; But he was too famous and respected to be forgotten.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Henry VIII knew that his controversial reformation would be far more 
+    credible if men such as More accepted it.&amp;nbsp; As the premier intellectual 
+    in England, More's opinion was too important to remain his own.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;It should be noted that More accepted parliament's ability 
+    to decide the succession in favor of the king's children with Anne Boleyn, 
+    for it was a legal issue and parliament was within rights to decide it.&amp;nbsp; 
+    However, he would not take an oath recognizing Henry's position as Supreme 
+    Head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; He simply could not repudiate the 
+    spiritual authority of the papacy.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;And so he was arrested in the spring of 1534.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+    kept in the Tower of London for over a year, under increasingly harsh 
+    conditions.&amp;nbsp; The king hoped that imprisonment would alter More's 
+    disposition.&amp;nbsp; It did not.&amp;nbsp; More was finally charged with high 
+    treason and tried at Westminster on 1 July 1533.&amp;nbsp; Despite his brilliant 
+    defense, he was found guilty and executed on 6 July.&amp;nbsp; The news shocked 
+    all of Europe.&amp;nbsp; It remains the most famous example of judicial murder 
+    during Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp; More was later canonized by the Catholic church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;Our Lord bless you, good daughter, and your good husband, and
+your little boy, and all yours, and all my children, and all my god-children
+and all our friends. Recommend me when ye may to my good daughter Cecily,
+whom I beseech Our Lord to comfort; and I send her my blessing and to all
+her children, and pray her to pray for me. I send her a handkercher, and
+God comfort my good son, her husband. My good daughter Daunce hath the
+picture in parchment that you delivered me from my Lady Coniers, her name
+on the back. Show her that I heartily pray her that you may send it in
+my name to her again, for a token from me to pray for me.
+&lt;p&gt;I like special well Dorothy Colly. I pray you be good unto her. I would
+wot whether this be she that you wrote me of. If not, yet I pray you be
+good to the other as you may in her affliction, and to my good daughter
+Jane Aleyn too. Give her, I pray you, some kind answer, for she sued hitherto
+me this day to pray you be good to her.
+&lt;p&gt;I cumber you, good Margaret, much, but I would be sorry if it should
+be any longer than to-morrow, for it is St. Thomas's even, and the utas
+of St. Peter; and therefore, to-morrow long I to go to God. It were a day
+very meet and convenient for me.
+&lt;p&gt;I never liked your manner towards me better than when you kissed me
+last; for I love when daughterly love and dear charity hath no leisure
+to look to worldly courtesy. Farewell, my dear child, and pray for me,
+and I shall for you and all your friends, that we may merrily meet in heaven.
+I thank you for your great cost. I send now my good daughter Clement her
+algorism stone, and I send her and my godson and all hers God's blessing
+and mine. I pray you at time convenient recommend me to my good son John
+More. I liked well his natural fashion. Our Lord bless him and his good
+wife, my loving daughter, to whom I pray him to be good, as he hath great
+cause; and that, if the land of mine come to his hands, he break not my
+will concerning his sister Daunce. And the Lord bless Thomas and Austin,
+and all that they shall have.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;to the Thomas 
+      More website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082599&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082599&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHfda5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHfda5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHfda5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4197</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor Monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHfda5362c7ed5732b01e622</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215274</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHfda5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">monarchs.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizmonarchs2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=56 alt=&quot;Tudor Monarchs&quot; 
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/monarchs.gif&quot; width=326&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;The Tudor dynasty ruled England from 
+      1485 to 1603.&amp;nbsp; Their story encompasses some of the most dramatic and 
+      unforgettable events in European history.&amp;nbsp; And they remain the most 
+      famous and controversial of royal families.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Follow the links on this page to learn more about the Tudor monarchs.&amp;nbsp; 
+      You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the 
+      monarchs and their courtiers.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt; includes contemporary 
+      chronicles and letters.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizmonarchs2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The Coronation Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I&quot; width=&quot;235&quot; height=&quot;341&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;the above portrait is of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry7.html&quot;&gt;Henry 
+  VII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1485 to 1509&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry 
+  VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;ruled 1509 to 1547&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;THE SIX WIVES 
+  OF HENRY VIII&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Katharine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, 
+  Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Katharine Parr&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward 
+  VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1547 to 1553&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane 
+  I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1553&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary 
+  I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1553 to 1558&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth 
+  I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1558 to 1603&lt;/FONT&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082528&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082528&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHff55.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHff55.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASHff55.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The announcement of Jane Seymour's pregnancy, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHff558fa031758e30a02b1d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214928</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215265</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHff55.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed6birth.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed6birth.gif&quot; width=&quot;582&quot; height=&quot;72&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;King Henry VIII's third marriage, made when he was almost 
+      forty-five, finally brought him the longed-for son.&amp;nbsp; Edward's mother 
+      was Jane Seymour, the daughter of a Wiltshire knight.&amp;nbsp; She died a 
+      fortnight after his birth in October.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;On 27 May 1537, Trinity Sunday, there was a &lt;i&gt;Te Deum&lt;/i&gt;
+sung in St Paul's cathedral for joy at the queen's quickening of her child,
+my lord chancellor, lord privy seal and various other lords and bishops
+being then present; the mayor and aldermen with the best guilds of the
+city being there in their liveries, all giving laud and praise to God for
+joy about it.&amp;nbsp; The bishop of Worcester, Dr Latimer, made an oration
+before all the lords and commons after the &lt;i&gt;Te Deum&lt;/i&gt; was sung, explaining
+the reason for their assembly, which oration was marvelously fruitful to
+the hearers.&amp;nbsp; And also the same night various great fires were made
+in London, with a hogshead of wine at every fire for the poor people to
+drink as long as it lasted.&amp;nbsp; I pray Jesus, if it be his will, to send
+us a prince.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082602&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082602&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,600 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01371ab2334fa85c63413933</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01708e9450c45ca1c118dd6e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157ce8f12563b15c09acf31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01048cb86f86d5e1a3309782</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c0555890d011f8c47192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5d58b2f095f04a321ee7d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b6b4b0acf85ab93c6c5f7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd8a0b05e9bf41fe28359d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018ca23021dc0cdbf824e592</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdaa0ae5ebcf3fee49357c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9e41940f594fe21b2a7ccd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH704aa5ee186f0ac9ae7fbd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016311805c5894048320a34c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6095703497b10345188f6c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH18cc002ed30f680db951c3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ab4397899845933bb37f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0d5b8389c3383653c916e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ff3be41f70dfc0c83668b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013ee95ca136b7e320400a8d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ae057ca36570b2ebb8626c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01dfef237687bf0134e88e9e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01346c967faef427754dacc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH444986a5947f1f93dd4461</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018bb3389e577e540b31c8e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011ece88697ed785c02e7622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a73bbd5043ad6b707dfe1e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0132187a4b019d5742a6bdd2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c05599b5c7cfe01bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHff558fa031758e30a02b1d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01329ea865e97888f7dcb1be</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH694cb8bfec0c2da3321f9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH104f029cc724a2045384df</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01251438e98f926ef093edfa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01267a30e99b515ef0aa4d7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018af2318cbf41644af1cd84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c055aa0c7d7d496bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7689c5a65ded2f2a97ee0d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5faad9a3db2a4add0dfa3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e5550c79ba7b8310fade58</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1f6cb2e7565aaa0142a6c0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157f87feabc783416248d4b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a0746c297f32e02b8bc63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e88948331181409aab201e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbf2b3c7e4aa75f202a6f93</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5a57054557398614faa55c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0192fd262ce3b45d11d58e8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9c15207cbc6ced4414b44f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d7ce7911a82315bf34c8d2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011b71775a26d74fef192962</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd90f48d2e9665396611163</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5babcd1fbea949f078c430</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf07a4bc5623da32d1b8e11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019edd59d035237e0e9c4a03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb23f85c09ef213</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb3ff85c09ef22f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb5bf85c09ef24b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb77f85c09ef267</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb93f85c09ef283</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebaff85c09ef29f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebcbf85c09ef2bb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019f5d5ad035277e169c5a23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fdd5bd0352b7e1e9c6a43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a05d5cd0352f7e269c7a63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a0dd5dd035337e2e9c8a83</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a15d5ed035377e369c9aa3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a1dd5fd0353b7e3e9caac3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a25d60d0353f7e469cbae3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a2dd61d035437e4e9ccb03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01bfdd9bd0362b801ea07243</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e68a5186626c0f4e8eef14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01049ab9a58175e2833a5645</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH278cb9be1b4811a33b0c26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e46681519f37f8a8760f42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH27a70ce59ec813486d845e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH02f7d3098dd80789eeb0ec</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ad04ada6e97e8f0ae04ea7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1d78ad2eb25b5e7b05f119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH2d245100e05dfd01bdc269</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012e83f21d0fa1913aff5c90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6815ffdac32a15841e2fff</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c686dac3b780f66cc74436</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdaa2febb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdac520db219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdae742fb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb09651b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb2b873b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH845f746043a4af83ca5998</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH20231d2f433d4af691239b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH20631d2f433d6af891439d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6b645e6135820f42d5d3d4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0173cf29888ba0debb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015e9ea6386857edec159d2e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c7a19cd2b780f66cc74fe6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH690ae8278921151e9e29a7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017525905f72432afb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfda5362c7ed5732b01e622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHea16bc5da551a21d13a89f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01fd9e47f9ed8572bc1c2789</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb1ec972bc382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb208972bc382da2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb224972bc382dbe</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ea53b4a906ce20a5864758</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH411aba1939c9aa833e0f36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH49ce89d25cca35c039a166</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH4d4789bb1eca6d50382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf2d1eda94f12b26d69997d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH528790de1ecac150aa5d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf6d1d9e14f32b2af285a7d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH642006539ecbdad801b586</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01cf774f2d407164c30b50d9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb51bce046c0e5305dedb1f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d8b7d86d12036f5fb122bd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012c77d02a2d42eb08c5227c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fb1f312ebd307a21624e2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee018166253fa4b7b9dc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01037187e8d73031bf360f70</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01274681a7875c3f90e5f588</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e423c1abddcbf5dfb6f19d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0a6f29d92adaa2aa1a344a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c48790ee9421e150a9b032</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f1c05d719b1a542df1bdc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee8c1665bb38763b04e6f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013c14e9791797c35503f8f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH42a4d81340217c0b7654eb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6456a7052a5ec96817c3de</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0144a552cf4079e32cc6d23d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a98c752d8383e964db71af</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH63abdc8faa71ed542ef5ed</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6bdcc6060a8b2a403af541</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10707efb2c8a0005</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10723efb2c8a0021</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1073fefb2c8a003d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1075befb2c8a0059</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10777efb2c8a0075</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10793efb2c8a0091</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107afefb2c8a00ad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107cbefb2c8a00c9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107e7efb2c8a00e5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10803efb2c8a0101</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6c5cc7060a8f2a483b0561</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12307efb2c8a1c05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12323efb2c8a1c21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6d5cc9060a972a583b25a1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6ddcca060a9b2a603b35c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6e5ccb060a9f2a683b45e1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6edccc060aa32a703b5601</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f5ccd060aa72a783b6621</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6fdcce060aab2a803b7641</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01477115e16674d4e7dacac2</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+builddate	1395215291
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215262
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI	Source->SO
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title	Source
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;Source;->idx
+indexstem	Tudor-Enhanced
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	2517823
+numdocs	150
+numsections	150
+stemindexes	7
+subcollectionmap	citizens,monarchs,others,relatives->cm	citizens->ci	monarchs->mo	relatives->re	others->ot
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,600 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01371ab2334fa85c63413933</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01708e9450c45ca1c118dd6e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157ce8f12563b15c09acf31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01048cb86f86d5e1a3309782</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c0555890d011f8c47192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5d58b2f095f04a321ee7d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b6b4b0acf85ab93c6c5f7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd8a0b05e9bf41fe28359d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018ca23021dc0cdbf824e592</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdaa0ae5ebcf3fee49357c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9e41940f594fe21b2a7ccd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH704aa5ee186f0ac9ae7fbd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016311805c5894048320a34c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6095703497b10345188f6c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH18cc002ed30f680db951c3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ab4397899845933bb37f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0d5b8389c3383653c916e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ff3be41f70dfc0c83668b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013ee95ca136b7e320400a8d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ae057ca36570b2ebb8626c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01dfef237687bf0134e88e9e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01346c967faef427754dacc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH444986a5947f1f93dd4461</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018bb3389e577e540b31c8e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011ece88697ed785c02e7622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a73bbd5043ad6b707dfe1e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0132187a4b019d5742a6bdd2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c05599b5c7cfe01bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHff558fa031758e30a02b1d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01329ea865e97888f7dcb1be</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH694cb8bfec0c2da3321f9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH104f029cc724a2045384df</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01251438e98f926ef093edfa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01267a30e99b515ef0aa4d7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018af2318cbf41644af1cd84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c055aa0c7d7d496bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7689c5a65ded2f2a97ee0d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5faad9a3db2a4add0dfa3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e5550c79ba7b8310fade58</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1f6cb2e7565aaa0142a6c0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157f87feabc783416248d4b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a0746c297f32e02b8bc63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e88948331181409aab201e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbf2b3c7e4aa75f202a6f93</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5a57054557398614faa55c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0192fd262ce3b45d11d58e8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9c15207cbc6ced4414b44f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d7ce7911a82315bf34c8d2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011b71775a26d74fef192962</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd90f48d2e9665396611163</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5babcd1fbea949f078c430</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf07a4bc5623da32d1b8e11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019edd59d035237e0e9c4a03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb23f85c09ef213</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb3ff85c09ef22f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb5bf85c09ef24b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb77f85c09ef267</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb93f85c09ef283</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebaff85c09ef29f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebcbf85c09ef2bb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019f5d5ad035277e169c5a23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fdd5bd0352b7e1e9c6a43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a05d5cd0352f7e269c7a63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a0dd5dd035337e2e9c8a83</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a15d5ed035377e369c9aa3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a1dd5fd0353b7e3e9caac3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a25d60d0353f7e469cbae3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a2dd61d035437e4e9ccb03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01bfdd9bd0362b801ea07243</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e68a5186626c0f4e8eef14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01049ab9a58175e2833a5645</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH278cb9be1b4811a33b0c26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e46681519f37f8a8760f42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH27a70ce59ec813486d845e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH02f7d3098dd80789eeb0ec</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ad04ada6e97e8f0ae04ea7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1d78ad2eb25b5e7b05f119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH2d245100e05dfd01bdc269</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012e83f21d0fa1913aff5c90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6815ffdac32a15841e2fff</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c686dac3b780f66cc74436</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdaa2febb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdac520db219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdae742fb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb09651b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb2b873b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH845f746043a4af83ca5998</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH20231d2f433d4af691239b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH20631d2f433d6af891439d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6b645e6135820f42d5d3d4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0173cf29888ba0debb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015e9ea6386857edec159d2e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c7a19cd2b780f66cc74fe6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH690ae8278921151e9e29a7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017525905f72432afb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfda5362c7ed5732b01e622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHea16bc5da551a21d13a89f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01fd9e47f9ed8572bc1c2789</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb1ec972bc382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb208972bc382da2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb224972bc382dbe</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ea53b4a906ce20a5864758</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH411aba1939c9aa833e0f36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH49ce89d25cca35c039a166</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH4d4789bb1eca6d50382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf2d1eda94f12b26d69997d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH528790de1ecac150aa5d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf6d1d9e14f32b2af285a7d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH642006539ecbdad801b586</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01cf774f2d407164c30b50d9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb51bce046c0e5305dedb1f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d8b7d86d12036f5fb122bd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012c77d02a2d42eb08c5227c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fb1f312ebd307a21624e2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee018166253fa4b7b9dc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01037187e8d73031bf360f70</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01274681a7875c3f90e5f588</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e423c1abddcbf5dfb6f19d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0a6f29d92adaa2aa1a344a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c48790ee9421e150a9b032</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f1c05d719b1a542df1bdc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee8c1665bb38763b04e6f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013c14e9791797c35503f8f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH42a4d81340217c0b7654eb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6456a7052a5ec96817c3de</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0144a552cf4079e32cc6d23d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a98c752d8383e964db71af</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH63abdc8faa71ed542ef5ed</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6bdcc6060a8b2a403af541</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10707efb2c8a0005</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10723efb2c8a0021</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1073fefb2c8a003d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1075befb2c8a0059</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10777efb2c8a0075</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10793efb2c8a0091</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107afefb2c8a00ad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107cbefb2c8a00c9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107e7efb2c8a00e5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10803efb2c8a0101</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6c5cc7060a8f2a483b0561</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12307efb2c8a1c05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12323efb2c8a1c21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6d5cc9060a972a583b25a1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6ddcca060a9b2a603b35c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6e5ccb060a9f2a683b45e1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6edccc060aa32a703b5601</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f5ccd060aa72a783b6621</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6fdcce060aab2a803b7641</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01477115e16674d4e7dacac2</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0103.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0103.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1944</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschron.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschron.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01037187e8d73031bf360f70</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0103.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt; 
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;This page has been moved to&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;
+    http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082768&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082768&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0104.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0104.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0104.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6424</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01048cb86f86d5e1a3309782</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215292</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0104.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">annedesc.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/annedesc.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;374&quot; height=&quot;171&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; height=&quot;194&quot;&gt;Contemporary descriptions of 
+    Henry VIII's infamous second wife vary widely.&amp;nbsp; Even her 
+    admirers and supporters found it difficult to praise her physical 
+    appearance.&amp;nbsp; She was striking but not beautiful; her sister Mary was 
+    considered the beauty of the Boleyn family.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;There were occasional comments from hostile sources
+that Anne had the attributes of a witch - a large mole on her neck, possibly
+an extra finger.&amp;nbsp; The latter is probably true.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;When reading the following comments, 
+      remember
+that most observers at Henry's court were not friendly with Anne.&amp;nbsp;
+Naturally, their descriptions of her were colored by their dislike. &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Also, contemporary views about her lifestyle were
+influenced by one overriding fact: most people believed she was the sole
+force behind the Henrician reformation.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon was popular 
+and respected.&amp;nbsp; Cast as the interloper, Anne was suitably despised.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;In the early 1530s, the Venetian ambassador 
+  Savorgnano wrote:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Anne was 'a young woman of noble birth, though many say of bad character,
+whose will is law to him, and he is expected to marry her should the divorce
+take place, which it is supposed will not be effected, as the peers of
+the realm.... and the people are opposed to it.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;The Abbot of Whitby describes the
+political situation in 1530:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'The King's Grace is ruled by one common stewed whore, Anne Boleyn,
+who makes all the spirituality to be beggared, and the temporality also.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Henry VIII ordered Katharine of
+Aragon to relinquish certain jewels (property of the crown) to Anne Boleyn;
+Katharine replied:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'I will not give them up to a person who is the scandal of Christendom
+and a disgrace to you.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;In 1532, a new Venetian ambassador described Anne 
+thusly:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'not one of the handsomest women in the world.&amp;nbsp; She is of middling
+stature, with a swarthy complexion, long neck, wide mouth, bosom not much
+raised, and in fact has nothing but the King's great appetite, and her
+eyes, which are black and beautiful - and take great effect on those who
+served the Queen when she was on the throne.&amp;nbsp; She lives like a queen,
+and the King accompanies her to Mass - and everywhere.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;And the French ambassador contradicts Anne's 
+enemies; he reports that she is controlled by the king:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'....all that the Lady does is by the king's order.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;The Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, described circumstances in early 1533 to his master, Charles V:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'Your Majesty must root out the Lady and her adherents.... This accursed
+Anne has her foot in the stirrup, and will do the Queen and the Princess
+all the harm she can.&amp;nbsp; She has boasted that she will make the Princess
+her lady-in-waiting, or marry her to some varlet.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Chapuys describes Anne's attendance
+at Mass on 14 April 1533:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'It looks like a dream, and even those who take her part know not whether
+to laugh or to cry.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Henry and Anne's conversation at
+her coronation procession was reported by Chapuys:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'How liked you the look of the City?' Henry asked.
+&lt;br&gt;Anne replied, 'Sir, I liked the City well enough - but I saw a great
+many caps on heads, and heard but few tongues.'
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury,
+was Anne's friend and champion.&amp;nbsp; When news reached him of her arrest,
+he bravely wrote to Henry VIII protesting - only to think better of offending
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer added a suitably apologetic postscript to the letter.&amp;nbsp;
+Here are excerpts in which he describes Anne:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;'If it be true that is openly reported of the Queen's Grace... I am
+in such perplexity that my mind is clean amazed; for I never had better
+opinion in woman than I had in her; which maketh me to think that she should
+not be culpable...&amp;nbsp; Next to Your Grace, I was most bound to her of
+all creatures living... I wish and pray for her that she may declare herself
+inculpable and innocent... I loved her not a little for the love which
+I judged her to bear towards God and His Gospel.'
+    
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082598&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082598&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4805</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Selections from King Henry VIII's love letters to Anne Boleyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/lovelett.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/lovelett.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01049ab9a58175e2833a5645</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0104/9ab9a581.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ablovelett.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ablovelett.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: Selections from King Henry VIII's love letters to Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;452&quot; height=&quot;113&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;These famous 
+      love letters from King Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn are undated.&amp;nbsp; They 
+      were found in the Vatican Library, possibly stolen from Anne and sent to 
+      the papacy during Henry VIII's struggle for an annulment of his marriage 
+      to Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Though Henry argued for an annulment on the 
+      basis of his conscience (he stated that the marriage was in direct 
+      contradiction to the Bible), most people believed he simply wanted to 
+      marry Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anne's replies to these letters 
+      are lost.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The letters were written in French.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;My mistress and friend:&amp;nbsp; I and my heart put ourselves in your
+hands, begging you to have them suitors for your good favour, and that
+your affection for them should not grow less through absence.&amp;nbsp; For
+it would be a great pity to increase their sorrow since absence does it
+sufficiently, and more than ever I could have thought possible reminding
+us of a point in astronomy, which is, that the longer the days are the
+farther off is the sun, and yet the more fierce.&amp;nbsp; So it is with our
+love, for by absence we are parted, yet nevertheless it keeps its fervour,
+at least on my side, and I hope on yours also:&amp;nbsp; assuring you that
+on my side the ennui of absence is already too much for me:&amp;nbsp; and when
+I think of the increase of what I must needs suffer it would be well nigh
+unbearable for me were it not for the firm hope I have and as I cannot
+be with you in person, I am sending you the nearest possible thing to that,
+namely, my picture set in a bracelet, with the whole device which you already
+know.&amp;nbsp; Wishing myself in their place when it shall please you.&amp;nbsp;
+This by the hand of &lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Your loyal servant and friend&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;H. Rex&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;No more to you at this present mine own darling for lack of time but that
+I would you were in my arms or I in yours for I think it long since I kissed
+you.&amp;nbsp; Written after the killing of an hart at a xj. of the clock minding
+with God's grace tomorrow mightily timely to kill another: by the hand
+of him which I trust shortly shall be yours.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry R.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Mine own sweetheart, these shall be to advertise you of the great loneliness
+that I find here since your departing, for I ensure you methinketh the
+time longer since your departing now last than I was wont to do a whole
+fortnight:&amp;nbsp; I think your kindness and my fervents of love causeth
+it, for otherwise I would not have thought it possible that for so little
+a while it should have grieved me, but now that I am coming toward you
+methinketh my pains been half released....&amp;nbsp; Wishing myself (specially
+an evening) in my sweetheart's arms, whose pretty dukkys I trust shortly
+to kiss.&amp;nbsp; Written with the hand of him that was, is, and shall be
+yours by his will.&lt;p&gt;H.R.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082597&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082597&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH011b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH011b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH011b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6608</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: A contemporary description of Henry VIII, 1515</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/henrydes.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011b71775a26d74fef192962</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1515.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1515.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1515: A contemporary description of King Henry VIII&quot; width=&quot;397&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The accounts 
+      at right were written by the Venetian ambassador to Henry's court.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They are among the most famous descriptions of Henry VIII and capture his 
+      exuberance, vanity and wit.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry VIII was born on 
+      28 June 1491, the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; 
+      He was originally destined to be archbishop of Canterbury, but his older 
+      brother, Prince Arthur, died in 1502, shortly after marrying the Spanish 
+      princess Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; And so Henry became king of England at 
+      the age of 18.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;He was strong, handsome, athletic and very intelligent.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The English people at first idolized him.&amp;nbsp; His thirty-eight year 
+      reign, however, disabused them of their early worship.&amp;nbsp; Henry married 
+      six times, executed two of his wives, was rumored to have poisoned one and 
+      secretly ordered the death of another.&amp;nbsp; He was increasingly mercurial 
+      and tyrannical.&amp;nbsp; He imprisoned or executed, or both, many of the 
+      great nobles; he also executed several religious and intellectual leaders, 
+      most famously Sir Thomas More.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Much of the drama and confusion of Henry's reign was 
+      caused by his pressing need for a male heir.&amp;nbsp; His first marriage, to 
+      his brother's widow, Katharine of Aragon, lasted over twenty years but 
+      produced only a surviving daughter.&amp;nbsp; In order to marry again, Henry 
+      eventually rejected papal authority in England and named himself supreme 
+      head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; This decision forever altered English 
+      history; it also threw the English people into a social and religious 
+      upheaval which superficially ended during Queen Elizabeth I's reign.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;As king, Henry was as efficient as his father, though 
+      far more of a spendthrift.&amp;nbsp; He effectively controlled Parliament and 
+      chose brilliant advisers (first Wolsey, then Cromwell.)&amp;nbsp; His foreign 
+      policy was largely inconsequential, driven by his desire to interfere in 
+      continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; He remains one of the most famous and 
+      influential kings in English history.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;After dinner, we were taken to the King [Henry VIII], who embraced
+us, without ceremony, and conversed for a very long while very familiarly,
+on various topics, in good Latin and in French, which he speaks very well
+indeed, and he then dismissed us, and we were brought back here to London....
+&lt;br&gt;His Majesty is the handsomest potentate I ever set eyes on; above the
+usual height, with an extremely fine calf to his leg, his complexion very
+fair and bright, with auburn hair combed straight and short, in the French
+fashion, his throat being rather long and thick.&amp;nbsp; He was born on the
+28th of June, 1491, so he will enter his twenty-fifth year the month after
+next.&amp;nbsp; He speaks French, English, and Latin, and a little Italian,
+plays well on the lute and harpsichord, sings from book at sight, draws
+the bow with greater strength&amp;nbsp; than any man in England, and jousts
+marvelously.&amp;nbsp; Believe me, he is in every respect a most accomplished
+Prince; and I, who have now seen all the sovereigns in Christendom, and
+last of all these two of France and England in such great state, might
+well rest content. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;[And later that year....] His Majesty came into our arbor, and addressing
+me in French, said: 'Talk with me awhile!&amp;nbsp; The King of France, is
+he as tall as I am?'&amp;nbsp; I told him there was but little difference.&amp;nbsp;
+He continued, 'Is he as stout?'&amp;nbsp; I said he was not; and he then inquired,
+'What sort of legs has he?'&amp;nbsp; I replied 'Spare.'&amp;nbsp; Whereupon he
+opened the front of his doublet, and placing his hand on his thigh, said
+'Look here! and I have also a good calf to my leg.'&amp;nbsp; He then told
+me that he was very fond of this King of France, and that for the sake
+of seeing him, he went over there in person, and that on more than three
+occasions he was very near him with his army, but that he never would allow
+himself to be seen, and always retreated, which his Majesty attributed
+to deference for King Louis, who did not choose an engagement to take place;
+and he here commenced discussing in detail all the events of that war,
+and then took his departure....
+&lt;br&gt;After dinner, his Majesty and many others armed themselves &lt;i&gt;cap-a-pie&lt;/i&gt;,
+and he chose us to see him joust, running upwards of thirty courses, in
+one of which he capsized his opponent (who is the finest jouster in the
+whole kingdom), horse and all.&amp;nbsp; He then took off his helmet, and came
+under the windows where we were, and talked and laughed with us to our
+very great honor, and to the surprise of all beholders.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082595&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082595&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH011e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8053</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England 1485 to 1603 images biographies primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor dynasty Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, Mary I, Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey, 16th century England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England 1485 to 1603: Table of Contents</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/contents.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/contents.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH011ece88697ed785c02e7622</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH011e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorenglandcontents1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorrosemain.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">biography.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">questions.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">portraits.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newquizzes.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newsources.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newmedia.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newsearch.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newemail.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newconstruction.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorenglandcontents1.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Tudor England: Contents&quot; width=&quot;316&quot; height=&quot;181&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnews.html&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Site News&lt;br&gt;New Exhibits, Books, Films etc&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;updated 29 September '04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;354&quot; alt=&quot;crowned Tudor rose&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorrosemain.jpg&quot; width=&quot;190&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2f&quot;&gt;to EnglishHistory.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/biography.gif&quot; width=&quot;124&quot;
+ height=&quot;27&quot; alt=&quot;Biographies&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;MONARCHS&lt;/a&gt;:
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;King Henry VII - King
+Henry VIII - King Edward VI - Queen Mary I - Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;THE SIX
+WIVES OF KING HENRY VIII&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon
+- Anne Boleyn - Jane Seymour - Anne of Cleves - Catherine Howard -
+Katharine Parr&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;ROYAL
+RELATIVES&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
+Grey - Mary, Queen of Scots - Princess Mary Tudor - Princess Margaret
+Tudor - Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;TUDOR
+CITIZENS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sir
+Thomas More - The Boleyn Family - Thomas Wolsey - Thomas Cromwell -
+Thomas Cranmer - Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/questions.gif&quot; width=&quot;115&quot;
+ height=&quot;26&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;Visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England FAQ&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Frequently Asked Questions, including a
+brief history of
+Tudor England.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/portraits.gif&quot; width=&quot;96&quot;
+ height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt;
+to view portraits of the Tudors and their contemporaries.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newquizzes.gif&quot; width=&quot;80&quot;
+ height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Test your
+knowledge of Tudor England&lt;/a&gt; at the Quizzes page.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newsources.gif&quot; width=&quot;81&quot;
+ height=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;PRIMARY
+SOURCES&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;:&amp;nbsp; Read eyewitness
+accounts of people and events in Tudor England, including letters
+written by the six wives of Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;SECONDARY
+SOURCES&lt;/a&gt;:&amp;nbsp; Read &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Biographies;
+Histories; Studies, etc about the Tudor era.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newmedia.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;69&quot; height=&quot;23&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbiblio.html&quot;&gt;Bibliography&lt;/a&gt;
+- &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffilms.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Films&lt;/a&gt;
+- &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html&quot;&gt;Links&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newsearch.gif&quot; width=&quot;74&quot;
+ height=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Can't find what you need?&amp;nbsp; Visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsearch.html&quot;&gt;the Tudor England
+search engine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newemail.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;63&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2femail.html&quot;&gt;the Email
+page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newconstruction.gif&quot; width=&quot;205&quot;
+ height=&quot;23&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+You can also visit the incomplete &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html&quot;&gt;Life in Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealogy.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;
+webpages.&amp;nbsp; Some information is available, including a graphic
+image of the Tudor family tree.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Meet other Tudor enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor
+Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+Would you like to learn more about Tudor
+England? &lt;br&gt;
+Visit the following sites - &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.suite101.com%2fwelcome.cfm%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Suite101.com:
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org&quot;&gt;Tudorhistory.org&lt;/a&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fCollegePark%2f2809&quot;&gt;Claire Webb's
+Tudor Website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; -&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudor-portraits.com&quot;&gt;Tudor-Portraits.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;338&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;th&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;86&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Tudor History Web Ring&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/graphic.jpg&quot; width=&quot;189&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/th&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;th&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;[&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fpub39.bravenet.com%2fsitering%2fnav.php%3fusernum%3d3350046640%26amp;action%3dlist%26amp;siteid%3d%2528siteid%2529&quot;&gt;List
+Sites&lt;/a&gt;] [&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fpub39.bravenet.com%2fsitering%2fnav.php%3fusernum%3d3350046640%26amp;action%3drandom%26amp;siteid%3d%2528siteid%2529&quot;&gt;Random&lt;/a&gt;]
+[&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fpub39.bravenet.com%2fsitering%2fnav.php%3fusernum%3d3350046640%26amp;action%3djoin%26amp;siteid%3d%2528siteid%2529&quot;&gt;Join&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;This site created and
+maintained by Marilee &lt;br&gt;
+with help from the loveliest person in the world.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcopyright.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Click
+here for copyright information&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082525&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082525&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0125.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3121</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Anne Boleyn, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exanne.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01251438e98f926ef093edfa</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0125.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynex.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynex.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1536: The execution of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;372&quot; height=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution was recorded in the &lt;i&gt;Annals of John Stow&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The execution took place on 19 May 1536 at 8 o'clock in the 
+    morning.&amp;nbsp; It was the first public execution of an English queen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This account mentions the famous 'hangman of Calais' who was 
+    brought to London for the execution.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;p&gt;
+All these being on a scaffold made there for the execution, the said
+Queen Anne said as followeth: Masters, I here humbly submit me to the law,
+as the law hath judged me, and as for mine offences, God knoweth them,
+I remit them to God, beseeching him to have mercy on my soul; and I beseech
+Jesu save my Sovereign and master the King, the most goodliest, and gentlest
+Prince that is, and long to reign over you, which words she spake with
+a smiling countenance: which done, she kneeled down on both her knees,
+and said, To Jesu Christ I commend my soul and with that word suddenly
+the hangman of Calais smote off her head at one stroke with a sword: her
+body with the head was buried in the choir of the Chapel in the Tower.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082600&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082600&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0126.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4825</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford Dudley, 1554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exjane.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exjane.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01267a30e99b515ef0aa4d7a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0126.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">exjane.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/exjane.gif&quot; width=&quot;426&quot; height=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey and her husband, Lord Guildford Dudley, were executed on 12 February 
+      1554 at the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The account at right was found in the 
+      anonymous &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;i&gt;Chronicle of Queen
+Jane and of Two Years of Queen Mary&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The decision to 
+      execute her cousin was not easy for Queen Mary I.&amp;nbsp; But when Jane's 
+      father led another rebellion against her rule, she could no longer 
+      tolerate the Protestant threat.&amp;nbsp; Also, Philip II of Spain would not 
+      come to England for their marriage until the rebels were defeated.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+His [Guildford's] carcase thrown into a cart, and his head in a cloth,
+he was brought to the chapel within the Tower, where the Lady Jane, whose
+lodging was in Partidge's house, did see his dead carcase taken out of
+the cart, as well as she did see him before alive on going to his death
+- a sight to her no less than death.&amp;nbsp;By this time was there a scaffold
+made upon the green over against the White Tower, for the said Lady Jane
+to die upon....&amp;nbsp; The said lady, being nothing abashed....with a book
+in her hand whereon she prayed all the way till she came to the said scaffold....&amp;nbsp;
+First, when she mounted the said scaffold she said to the people standing
+thereabout: 'Good people, I am come hither to die, and by a law I am condemned
+to the same.&amp;nbsp; The fact, indeed, against the queen's highness was unlawful,
+and the consenting thereunto by me: but touching the procurement and desire
+thereof by me or on my behalf, I do wash my hands thereof in innocency,
+before God, and the face of you, good Christian people, this day' and therewith
+she wrung her hands, in which she had her book.&amp;nbsp; And then, kneeling
+down, she turned to Feckenham [the dean of St Paul's] saying, 'Shall I
+say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; And he said, 'Yea.'&amp;nbsp; Then she said the psalm
+of &lt;i&gt;Miserere mei Deus&lt;/i&gt;, in English, in most devout manner, to the
+end.&amp;nbsp; Then she stood up and gave...Mistress Tilney her gloves and
+handkercher, and her book to master Bruges, the lieutenant's brother; forthwith
+she untied her gown.&amp;nbsp; The hangman went to her to help her therewith;
+then she desired him to let her alone, and also with her other attire and
+neckercher, giving to her a fair handkercher to knit about her eyes.
+&lt;p&gt;Then the hangman kneeled down, and asked her forgiveness, whom she gave
+most willingly.&amp;nbsp; Then he willed her to stand upon the straw: which
+doing, she saw the block.&amp;nbsp; Then she said, 'I pray you dispatch me
+quickly.'&amp;nbsp; Then she kneeled down, saying, 'Will you take it off before
+I lay me down?' and the hangman answered her, 'No, madame.'&amp;nbsp; She tied
+the kercher about her eyes; then feeling for the block said, 'What shall
+I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; One of the standers-by guiding her thereto,
+she laid her head down upon the block, and stretched forth her body and
+said: 'Lord, into thy hands I commend my spirit!'&amp;nbsp; And so she ended.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;
+to the Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082605&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082605&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0127.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0127.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0127.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9699</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, queen of Scots: Chronology: 1542 to 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01274681a7875c3f90e5f588</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0127.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqoschronology.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1575.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;608&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img height=&quot;96&quot; alt=&quot;Mary, Queen of Scots Chronology&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqoschronology.gif&quot; width=&quot;706&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1575.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Mary, queen of Scots, c1575, by an unknown artist&quot;
+ width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;437&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Miniature portrait of Mary, queen of Scots,
+c1575, by an unknown artist.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;If you would like to look at
+Scottish royal genealogy, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscottish.html&quot;&gt;click here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Read &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryqos-letter.html&quot;&gt;Mary's last
+letter&lt;/a&gt;, an eyewitness account of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexmary.html&quot;&gt;her execution in
+1587&lt;/a&gt;, and other documents relating to her life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I wrote a letter
+to Mary at her trial, and about the execution to Mary's son, King James
+VI.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;Read
+her letters here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Portraits of Mary, her
+parents, husbands and child, with commentary, can be found at the
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;If you are interested in
+further research, &lt;i&gt;The Catholic Encyclopedia&lt;/i&gt; features &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.newadvent.org%2fcathen%2f09764a.htm&quot;&gt;an article on Mary's
+life&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Encyclopedia Britannica&lt;/i&gt; also has &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.britannica.com%2feb%2farticle%3feu%3d52479&quot;&gt;an article about
+Mary&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;And the most comprehensive
+website about the Scottish queen is maintained by &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart Society of
+Scotland&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1542&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+8 December; Mary Stuart is born at Linlithgow Palace&lt;br&gt;
+14 December; James V, King of Scots, Mary's father, dies at 31 &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1543&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Mary crowned Queen of Scots &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1546&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Cardinal Beaton is murdered; ascendancy of pro-French party&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1547&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/big&gt;January; King Henry VIII of England dies&lt;br&gt;
+March; King Francis I of France dies&lt;br&gt;
+10 September; battle of Pinkie; Scots defeated by English forces led by
+duke of Somerset; new French king, Henry II, sends troops and money to
+Scotland; Mary is betrothed to Henry II's heir Francis, dauphin of
+France&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1548&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+August; Mary sent to France &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1550&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Mary's mother, Mary of Guise, visits her in France &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;big&gt;1554&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Mary of Guise is officially named Regent in Scotland &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1558&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/big&gt;Fifteen-year-old Mary marries the 14-year-old Francis,
+dauphin of France, in Paris&lt;br&gt;
+        Queen Mary I of England dies and
+Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen&lt;br&gt;
+Mary's father-in-law quarters her arms with those of England, offending
+Elizabeth
+        &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;1559&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Death of King Henry II of France; Francis and Mary are crowned king and
+queen of France &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1560&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;/big&gt;June; Mary of Guise passes away in Scotland&lt;br&gt;
+December; Mary's husband, Francis, Mary's husband, passes away &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;big&gt;1561&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Mary returns to Scotland &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1562&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Northern campaign and
+visit to Inverness; aged 19 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1563&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary visits
+Inveraray,Dunure Castle, Dumfries, and Peebles; aged 20 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1564&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary hunts near Blair
+Atholl, Tayside; aged 21 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1565&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary marries her
+19-year-old cousin Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley; aged 22 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1566&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary's Piedmontese
+secretary, David Riccio/Rizzio, is murdered; Mary's only child born
+(James, later king of Scotland and England); aged 23 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1567&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary's husband, Lord
+Darnley, murdered; Mary weds James Hepburn, the 30-year-old Earl of
+Bothwell; the Carberry Hill confrontation; Mary is imprisoned at
+Lochleven Castle; Mary's one-year-old son James is crowned as James VI
+of Scotland; aged 24 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1568&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary escapes from
+Lochleven Castle; Battle of Langside, Glasgow; Mary flees to England;
+aged 25 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1568-87&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary is held captive
+in various English prisons; aged 25-44 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1569&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth exonerates
+Mary from the charges made against her; aged 26 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1578&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary's third husband,
+the earl of Bothwell (age 41), dies in a prison in Denmark; aged 35 &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1580&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary writes &lt;i&gt;Essay
+on Adversity&lt;/i&gt; in prison; aged 37 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1586&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Mary is tried for
+conspiring to kill Elizabeth; aged 43 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1587&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; on 8 February, Mary is
+executed in the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1603&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Queen Elizabeth I dies
+in March &amp;amp; Mary's only child, James VI of Scotland, becomes James I
+of England.&amp;nbsp; He is the first King of both Scotland and
+England.&amp;nbsp; He moves his mother's&amp;nbsp; body to Westminster Abbey
+and has a grand monument built. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;center&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html#Biography&quot;&gt;Read
+the biography of Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to Mary,
+queen of Scots main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+Relatives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/center&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082705&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082705&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH012c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH012c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH012c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">21906</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Relatives - Margaret Tudor, queen of Scotland</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/margaret.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/margaret.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH012c77d02a2d42eb08c5227c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH012c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">margaretb.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">margsket.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">jamesiv.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/margaretb.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Margaret Tudor&quot; height=50 width=296&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Margaret Tudor's life was in many respects as contrary and
+tempestuous as that of her granddaughter, Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Certainly
+the parallels between their second marriages are the most obvious and entertaining.&amp;nbsp;
+Both women married handsome younger earls with powerful fathers who embroiled
+them in conflict with the notoriously fractious Scottish lords and the
+English monarch.&amp;nbsp; And though both women married those earls for love,
+without regard for any effect upon their rule and reputation, they came
+to bitterly regret their hasty decisions.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/margsket.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;sketch of Margaret Tudor&quot; BORDER=2 height=329 width=200 align=LEFT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+They also entered Scotland as foreigners who found their new home backward
+and unsettling.&amp;nbsp; Margaret was the eldest daughter of Henry VII of
+England and Elizabeth of York, born on 28 November 1489 at the Palace of
+Westminster, a year and a half before her famous brother, Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp;
+The elaborate and costly preparations for her birth were recorded by contemporary
+chroniclers; Elizabeth of York had officially retired from court life in
+October 1489 and, when labor began, the queen was accompanied by the earls
+of Oxford and Derby to Mass.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards she entered the state bedchamber
+where she presided over a meal of spiced wines and sweet cakes.&amp;nbsp; The
+queen's chamberlain then asked all present to pray for a successful labor.&amp;nbsp;
+The noblemen then left and Elizabeth, attended by twenty ladies and their
+various attendants, entered the inner chamber where she would actually
+give birth.&amp;nbsp; Her bed was a magnificent creation with a gold canopy
+and embroidered red roses for her husband's house of Lancaster.&amp;nbsp; At
+nine o'clock that night Princess Margaret Tudor was born.&amp;nbsp; She was
+christened by John Morton, the archbishop of Canterbury, at the chapel
+in Westminster two days later; her godparents were her grandmother Lady
+Margaret Beaufort for whom she was named, the duchess of Norfolk, Lady
+Berkeley and the earl of Shrewsbury.&amp;nbsp; After the celebrations, she
+was returned to her room where four nurses (her two head nurses were Alice
+Davy and Alice Bywimble) and six rockers, along with their various attendants,
+waited to serve their new charge.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her first year was spent mostly in an oak cradle
+lined with ermine and draped in cloth of gold, an ornate setting to which
+she became accustomed and sorely missed later in life.&amp;nbsp; As the first
+Tudor princess, Margaret was immediately placed on the European marriage
+market since Henry VII was eager to strengthen foreign support for his
+new dynasty.&amp;nbsp; She spent her first fourteen years in England and was
+imbued with a self-righteous belief that England was meant to control Scotland,
+if not subjugate it entirely, and that Tudor rule was as valid as any other
+European dynasty.&amp;nbsp; Despite the general view that the Tudors were upstarts
+and her father's claim to the throne was rather dubious, Margaret embraced
+her royal title and lineage with passion.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The atmosphere of those early years in England was
+still medieval, and she lived in Gothic palaces with ornate decoration
+and rituals.&amp;nbsp; All of Henry VII's children came to participate publicly
+in court life while still children.&amp;nbsp; Before the age of five, Margaret
+attended court ceremonies and played her part with aplomb.&amp;nbsp; She had
+an early love of pomp and pageantry which was never lost, and her father's
+court was rather extravagant considering Henry's reputation as a shabby
+miser.&amp;nbsp; As a child, Margaret shared a household with her older brother,
+Prince Arthur.&amp;nbsp; Born on 20 September 1486, barely nine months after
+his parents' marriage, Arthur was the hope and joy of the Tudors.&amp;nbsp;
+He and Margaret traveled with their own households from Eltham to Westminster
+to Windsor and back again, visiting their parents as often as possible.&amp;nbsp;
+Their education was guided by their formidable grandmother, Lady Margaret
+Beaufort, who was a shining example of female piety and learning.&amp;nbsp;
+Lady Beaufort's impact upon Margaret ensured her a thorough education but
+Margaret never shared her grandmother's love of scholarship.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VII was a busy and oft-distracted king whose reign was a constant struggle
+in the early years of Margaret's life; he loved his daughter, but had little
+time for any of his children.&amp;nbsp; Her mother, Elizabeth of York, was
+a quiet and gentle woman whose motto 'Humble and Reverent' aptly summarized
+her way of life.&amp;nbsp; She was a loving mother but spent most of her marriage
+either pregnant or recovering from increasingly difficult births.&amp;nbsp;
+Her ill health often forced her into confinement and her role at court
+functions was filled by her mother-in-law.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret reveled in court life and enjoyed her position
+as princess to the full; she began a lifelong love affair with beautiful
+clothes, delighted in dancing and music as well as archery and playing
+cards.&amp;nbsp; She had no responsibilities other than to fulfill her public
+duties as princess and, as a result of her privileged position, developed
+a very stubborn personality.&amp;nbsp; It was Margaret's lot to be impatient
+and disappointed when things did not go her way.&amp;nbsp; In this, however,
+she can be forgiven; most royal children were equally stubborn and certainly
+the two siblings who survived childhood with her shared this trait.&amp;nbsp;
+It is worth remembering, too, that her acute awareness of her position
+included the knowledge that she would one day leave England, perhaps forever.&amp;nbsp;
+It was not the fate of princesses to live and die in their own countries.&amp;nbsp;
+But as Margaret's later actions make clear, those early years in England
+left an indelible mark upon her; she always put English interests first,
+even when it was not the sensible thing to do.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her fifth birthday coincided with Henry's elevation
+to the dukedom of York in 1494.&amp;nbsp; There was a grand celebratory tournament
+in Westminster which lasted three days and the appearance of the 'right
+high and excellent Princess, the Lady Margaret' was recorded for posterity.&amp;nbsp;
+She wore a gown of buckram and velvet trimmed in gold lace with a winged
+white cap, an unflattering but popular style from the Low Countries.&amp;nbsp;
+Her best features were her clear complexion and fair hair, both inherited
+from her mother.&amp;nbsp; But her temperament was that of her maternal grandfather,
+Edward IV, a trait she shared with her brother Henry.&amp;nbsp; While Prince
+Arthur was a reserved and thoughtful boy dedicated to scholarship, Margaret
+and Henry were gregarious and energetic.&amp;nbsp; They danced at the tournament,
+to the amusement of the adults, and Margaret presented the prizes to the
+jousters.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Traveling with a great retinue from one palace to
+another, she was hardly aware of the struggles her father faced; plague,
+rebellion, and war marked Henry's years on the throne as he constantly
+struggled to fill his treasury and placate his people.&amp;nbsp; One of the
+more serious struggles led to Margaret's betrothal in 1496 to James IV,
+king of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Henry wanted an alliance with Scotland for two
+pressing reasons.&amp;nbsp; First, James was following the old Scottish tradition
+of angering the English by supporting Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the
+English throne who claimed to be Prince Richard of York.&amp;nbsp; This debacle
+lasted from 1491 to 1497, but was made more pressing by Prince Arthur's
+engagement to Princess Katharine of Aragon, the daughter of Ferdinand and
+Isabella of Spain.&amp;nbsp; At the time, only Spain recognized Henry's rule
+and he was desperate to secure a marriage alliance between the two countries.&amp;nbsp;
+But the Spanish would not send Katharine to England unless Henry was secure
+on the throne and their daughter could arrive safely and peacefully in
+England.&amp;nbsp; In 1493, they brokered an agreement between Scotland and
+England which ended Scottish support of Warbeck and gave hope for a more
+comprehensive peace in the future.&amp;nbsp; Second, Scotland had long been
+allied with France in what was termed the 'Auld Alliance', essentially
+the partnership of two English enemies.&amp;nbsp; French money and troops had
+often threatened the English-Scots border and Henry was desperate to avoid
+further unrest.&amp;nbsp; He and his councilors thought a marriage between
+James and Margaret would create a bond between England and Scotland which
+would allow England some desperately needed peace and tranquility.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; James IV of Scotland was amenable to the idea as
+well.&amp;nbsp; He was sixteen years older than Margaret, but such differences
+in age were common enough in royal marriages.&amp;nbsp; For the security of
+his own realm, as well as an impressive dowry, he was content to marry
+Margaret.&amp;nbsp; James's own life had been tempestuous and unhappy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/jamesiv.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;King James IV of Scotland&quot; BORDER=2 height=230 width=199 align=LEFT&gt;Born
+on 17 March 1473, he was barely sixteen years old when disaffected Scottish
+lords led by the Humes and Hepburns forced him to ride in battle against
+his own father, James III.&amp;nbsp; At the climactic battle of Sauchieburn
+in the summer of 1488, James III was murdered by a man pretending to be
+a priest and his son was crowned king of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; James IV was traumatized
+by his role in his father's death; for the rest of his life he wore an
+iron chain around his waist as penance and made frequent pilgrimages to
+the shrine of his patron St Ninian.&amp;nbsp; His personality was both charismatic
+and melancholy and he was quite brilliant.&amp;nbsp; His varied interests included
+dentistry, golf, and hunting; he was also very energetic, and exhausted
+his nobles with his ceaseless traveling across his kingdom.&amp;nbsp; He was
+quite dedicated to the ideal of the chivalrous knight and admired the tales
+of King Arthur.&amp;nbsp; This romantic notion led him to numerous love affairs
+(by the time of his betrothal to Margaret, he already had five healthy
+illegitimate children) and a lifelong desire to lead a Crusade.&amp;nbsp; His
+people loved him and his court attracted a number of brilliant poets, including
+William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas and David Lindsay.&amp;nbsp; Also, Scotland had
+three universities while England had only two, a fact which few historians
+have noted when dismissing any evidence of Scottish learning in the late
+15th century.&amp;nbsp; But the country remained fractious and dangerous, largely
+because of its squabbling nobility.&amp;nbsp; Certainly James's reign was marked
+by increased prosperity and the flowering of the arts, but he could not
+subdue the clans or even intimidate them much.&amp;nbsp; And the lesson of
+his father's reign haunted him as he attempted to provide some order and
+stability for his people.&amp;nbsp; He was more successful at this than most
+Scottish kings, but not successful enough.&amp;nbsp; In Scotland, the nobles
+controlled far more land than the king and were savage opponents of royal
+authority.&amp;nbsp; The burgeoning middle class was terrified of warfare and
+also susceptible to English bribes.&amp;nbsp; Shifting loyalties and simmering
+resentment marked relations between the king and his nobles.&amp;nbsp; Poor
+James did not have an easy life as king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But his prolific romantic life was legendarily successful.&amp;nbsp;
+James cut quite a swath through the common and noble women of Scotland,
+eventually losing his heart to Lady Margaret Drummond.&amp;nbsp; James had
+earlier attempted to marry a Spanish princess himself (much as Henry VII
+secured a Spanish bride for Prince Arthur) but, when that failed, his love
+for Margaret Drummond was such that he seriously considered marrying her.&amp;nbsp;
+His councilors were understandably aghast; any marriage to a subject would
+necessarily elevate that subject's family to pre-eminence in the realm.&amp;nbsp;
+They would not allow it and did their utmost to persuade James to reconsider.&amp;nbsp;
+The king began negotiations for Margaret Tudor's hand even as Margaret
+Drummond gave birth to their daughter.&amp;nbsp; James moved mother and child
+to his palace of Linlithgow and showed them every favor.&amp;nbsp; Rumors of
+a secret marriage between the two were rampant but the Scots successfully
+concluded the marriage treaty with Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; Still, James's ministers
+were concerned that Henry VII would learn of Margaret Drummond and it might
+complicate relations.&amp;nbsp; But the problem was solved when Margaret Drummond
+and her two sisters were poisoned in spring 1502.&amp;nbsp; The king was devastated.&amp;nbsp;
+No one was arrested for the crime, for which most of his councilors were
+secretly grateful.&amp;nbsp; James almost immediately began another affair
+with Lady Janet Kennedy, but his grief for Margaret Drummond did not lessen.&amp;nbsp;
+She was the great love of his life and he never forgot her.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Margaret Drummond's death freed him to openly
+plan his marriage to Margaret Tudor, who until then had been merely a bargaining
+chip with the English.&amp;nbsp; James was determined that his marriage would
+restore Scottish pride which had suffered much from English harassment
+along its borders.&amp;nbsp; He ordered a grand trousseau from Paris, as well
+as presents for Margaret and new clothing for his courtiers.&amp;nbsp; His
+own clothes included several pairs of scarlet hose, robes of black velvet
+trimmed in fur, a crimson jacket lined with cloth of gold, and a truly
+grand wedding outfit of white damask embroidered with silver and gold thread.&amp;nbsp;
+To Margaret he sent a gown worth almost 160 pds and his courtiers received
+sumptuous clothes and jewelry.&amp;nbsp; His spending grew so extravagant that
+he was forced to acknowledge his penury to Henry VII; the English king
+had written to find out the salaries of Margaret's ladies-in-waiting who
+would accompany her to Scotland.&amp;nbsp; James was forced to prevaricate
+on that matter, replying only that they would receive 'competent fees'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In England, meanwhile, preparations for Katharine
+of Aragon's marriage to Prince Arthur consumed far more time and energy
+than Margaret's betrothal.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish princess was married to the
+Tudor heir in the autumn of 1501 and Margaret attended the wedding feast
+at Westminster Hall; she wore a gown of crimson velvet trimmed in fur and
+sat, along with Prince Henry, on a wooden stool covered with scarlet cloth
+beside their parents.&amp;nbsp; Prince Henry had apparently flown into a rage
+when told that his sister would soon be known as queen of Scots and thus
+accorded precedence over him in public ceremonies.&amp;nbsp; This essentially
+meant that Margaret would be announced before him at court functions, a
+relatively trivial matter, but observers noted the young prince's love
+of his own high position.&amp;nbsp; The tantrum resolved itself and Henry was
+on perfect behavior during the wedding festivities which followed.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The earl of Bothwell, the bishop of Moray, and the
+archbishop of Glasgow were sent as ambassadors from Scotland.&amp;nbsp; They
+were also present at Westminster during those celebratory days, under orders
+to observe Margaret and report on her appearance and behavior.&amp;nbsp; If
+they found it 'most convenient and advisable' they were to marry her at
+once by proxy.&amp;nbsp; Many of the intricacies of the marriage negotiation
+had already been decided upon and Pope Alexander VI had given the necessary
+dispensation, though he advised Margaret to remain in England for another
+year so she would be ready for child-bearing upon her arrival in Scotland.&amp;nbsp;
+The matter of dower lands was soon settled as well.&amp;nbsp; James was to
+be responsible for 'the apparatus of her body, the ornamenting of her residences,
+her vehicles, stud, furniture, dress, private and domestic affairs, and
+all other things whatsoever necessary and becoming the honour, state and
+dignity of the said Lady Margaret.'&amp;nbsp; Margaret's dowry was 30,000 gold
+nobles to be paid over three years.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once Prince Arthur and his new wife had left for
+Ludlow Castle, their seat as Prince and Princess of Wales, Margaret's betrothal
+was celebrated at Richmond Palace.&amp;nbsp; There everyone gathered in Queen
+Elizabeth's official presence chamber and the archbishop of Glasgow conducted
+the proxy marriage ceremony.&amp;nbsp; He asked Margaret and her parents, 'Doth
+Your Grace know of any impediment other than there is dispensed withal?&amp;nbsp;
+Doth the Queen likewise?&amp;nbsp; Or the Princess?'&amp;nbsp; In their turn, the
+three said, 'There is none.'&amp;nbsp; Then Henry VII asked, 'Is it the very
+will and mind of the king of Scotland that the said earl Bothwell should
+in his name assure the said Princess?'&amp;nbsp; Both archbishop and earl gave
+assent and then Margaret was asked, 'Are you content without compulsion,
+and of your own free will?'&amp;nbsp; The princess answered composedly, 'If
+it please my lord and father the king, and my lady mother the queen.'&amp;nbsp;
+Her father said, 'It is my will and pleasure' and Margaret knelt for her
+parents' blessing.&amp;nbsp; Bothwell took her hand and repeated his marriage
+vows.&amp;nbsp; He did so easily enough; soon all eyes were upon Margaret,
+who spoke clearly and with no noticeable nervousness, 'I, Margaret, the
+first begotten daughter of the right excellent, right high and mighty prince
+and princess, Henry by the Grace of God king of England, and Elizabeth
+queen of the same, wittingly and of deliberate mind, having twelve years
+complete in age in the month of November last past, contract matrimony
+with the right excellent, right high and mighty prince, James king of Scotland,
+and the person of whom, Patrick earl of Bothwell, procurator of the said
+prince, represents, and take the said James king of Scotland into and for
+my husband and spouse, and all other for him forsake, during his and mine
+lives natural, and thereto I plight and give to him, in your person as
+procurator aforesaid, my faith and troth.'&amp;nbsp; And then, continues the
+herald's account, 'the trumpets....blew up, and the loud noise of the minstrels
+played in the best and most joyful manner.'
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The king then led the Scots to his rooms while Elizabeth
+of York took Margaret's hand and led her to the royal dais.&amp;nbsp; The mother
+and daughter sat side by side now, equal in title and precedence.&amp;nbsp;
+The next few days were spent in celebratory tournaments and banquets at
+Westminster Hall, all of which had Margaret's participation.&amp;nbsp; And
+yet, just as it seemed that Henry VII's most fervent ambitions were being
+realized, news soon arrived from Wales that Arthur and his bride had fallen
+ill.&amp;nbsp; The young prince died while his new bride recovered.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+and Elizabeth were devastated; accounts of their grief can be read at the
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.&amp;nbsp; The court was thrown into mourning and a few
+weeks after the death Elizabeth of York became pregnant yet again.&amp;nbsp;
+It did not help her delicate health.&amp;nbsp; A son was born prematurely and
+christened Edward, but died soon after.&amp;nbsp; The queen's strength never
+recovered and, upon yet another stillbirth on 2 February 1503, she became
+deathly ill.&amp;nbsp; She died on 11 February 1503, her thirty-seventh birthday,
+having given birth nine times and leaving three surviving children.&amp;nbsp;
+An account of Elizabeth's death, which coincided with Margaret's departure
+for Scotland, can also be read at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret's feelings on her brother's death and mother's
+ill
+health are not recorded.&amp;nbsp; She was obviously closer in temperament
+to Henry, but also she was consumed with preparations for her departure
+to Scotland.&amp;nbsp; And for a young woman with Margaret's great love of
+expensive gifts, pageantry, and magnificent gowns, the preparations were
+a delightful diversion.&amp;nbsp; She also enjoyed being queen of Scotland.&amp;nbsp;
+Since she had to wait a year before going to Scotland, she was given her
+own establishments at Windsor and Westminster where she was served from
+golden plates engraved with the Scottish arms.&amp;nbsp; Scores of footmen
+served her, dressed in the white and green Tudor livery while her litter
+bearers wore green and black.&amp;nbsp; The litter which would carry her on
+progress north was itself a grand creation lined with blue velvet and cloth
+of gold; her state carriage was lined with bearskin, the horses hung with
+black and crimson velvet and her own saddle lavishly embroidered with red
+roses.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The rest of this article will be published&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;as soon as I finish scanning color portraits of Margaret.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;written by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Marilee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082576&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082576&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH012e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH012e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH012e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">29115</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Anne of Cleves fourth wife of King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Anne of Cleves fourth wife of King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Anne of Cleves: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/cleves.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/cleves.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH012e83f21d0fa1913aff5c90</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH012e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevescardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevesholbein2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cleves-bio1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cleves-bio2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;634&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My Lord, if it were not to
+satisfy the world, and My Realm, I would not do that I must do this day
+for none earthly thing.' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Henry VIII to Cromwell on his wedding day to
+Anne of Cleves&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevescardinal.gif&quot; width=&quot;352&quot; height=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevesholbein2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; width=&quot;331&quot; height=&quot;325&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves 
+      by Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Anne of Cleves was the fourth wife of King
+Henry VIII; it was a very brief marriage, to the astonishment of all
+observers but the relief of both spouses.&amp;nbsp; Henry infamously
+referred to his bride as a 'Flanders mare' and told courtiers and
+ambassadors that he could not perform his husbandly duties because of
+Anne's appearance.&amp;nbsp; Anne's reaction to Henry's physical charms was
+not recorded, but she agreed to an annulment very quickly and remained
+in England for the rest of her life.&amp;nbsp; Henry was grateful for her
+cooperation and granted her a generous income and several homes,
+including Hever Castle.&amp;nbsp; Anne enjoyed an independent lifestyle
+denied most women, often visiting Henry's court as an honored
+guest.&amp;nbsp; Her fondness for English ale and gambling were her only
+vices.&amp;nbsp; Along with her successor as Henry's wife, Catherine
+Howard, Anne remains a mysterious figure about whom too little is
+known.&amp;nbsp; Had she and Henry remained married and had children, the
+course of English history might have changed dramatically.&amp;nbsp; But
+the mysteries of physical attraction denied Anne her place on the
+throne, ended the brilliant career of Thomas Cromwell, and thrust the
+king into the arms of his ill-fated fifth queen, Catherine Howard.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Anne of Cleves.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Anne&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves meets Henry VIII for the first time&lt;/a&gt;, 1540&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Anne. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Anne's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'So she came to
+Greenwich that night, and was received as queen.&amp;nbsp; And the next
+day, being Sunday, the king's grace kept a great court at Greenwich,
+where his grace with the queen offered at mass, richly dressed.&amp;nbsp;
+And on Twelfth Night, which was Tuesday, the king's majesty was married
+to the said queen Anne solemnly, in her closet at Greenwich, and his
+grace and she went publicly in procession that day, she having a rich
+coronet of stone and pearls set with rosemary on her hair, and a gown
+of rich cloth of silver, richly hung with stones and pearls, with all
+her ladies and gentlewomen following her, which was a goodly sight to
+behold.' &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; Anne of Cleves marries King
+Henry VIII, 1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Anne of Cleves was Henry VIII's fourth wife, though not his first
+choice for the role by far.&amp;nbsp; His ambassadors searched out all the
+eligible heiresses of Europe and discovered their king had a very nasty
+marital reputation.&amp;nbsp; The beautiful Christina of Milan was told of
+the king's interest and wittily replied that if she had two heads she
+would risk it, but she had only one; Marie de Guise, who would later
+wed his nephew the King of Scots, replied much the same.&amp;nbsp; The
+tragic tale of his second queen, Anne Boleyn, had kept European gossips
+busy for three years now.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's poor and disrespectful treatment of his first wife (he
+was rumored to have bullied Katharine of Aragon to an unhappy death)
+and the quick end of his third (in his desperation for a healthy male
+heir, the king was rumored to have ordered Jane Seymour cut open,
+mangled and killed) only contributed to his low reputation. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;One wouldn't think a king would have too difficult a time finding
+a wife, but Henry VIII - who defied his contemporaries in so many other
+ways - did so in this respect as well. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the end, it was religion which brought Anne of Cleves to
+England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry had sought out Catholic princesses like Marie de Guise and
+his fifth wife would be a Catholic as well.&amp;nbsp; Despite the Henrician
+'reformation', England and its monarch remained a Catholic nation,
+albeit one in which supreme authority resided within the king rather
+than the pope.&amp;nbsp; But Henry's influential advisor, Thomas Cromwell,
+wanted England to ally herself with a Protestant nation that also
+rejected papal authority.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell recognized the inexorable
+Catholic decline which was only just beginning to occur; the king's
+assumption of supreme authority had merely been the first and most
+spectacular opening shot in a new religious war.&amp;nbsp; Raised to be a
+churchman until his brother's untimely death and deeply interested in
+theological debate, Henry VIII didn't appreciate the Pandora's Box of
+change he had opened.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell, younger and more philosophically
+attuned to the attitudes of the rising middle class, did appreciate
+it.&amp;nbsp; And he approved of it.&amp;nbsp; The marriage to Anne of Cleves
+would openly ally England with a Protestant duchy, thus making the
+'reformation' even more settled. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry VIII's previous two marriages had been love matches; he had
+been quite independent in choosing women of his own court to
+marry.&amp;nbsp; But this fourth marriage was necessarily a more diplomatic
+endeavor.&amp;nbsp; In this, the king returned to the traditional role of
+kings searching for brides; he also understood that, since the Act of
+Supremacy in 1534, England stood dangerously isolated amongst the
+Catholic powers of Spain and France. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There was a gap of over two years between Jane Seymour's death in
+October 1537 and Anne of Cleves's arrival in England in late December
+1539.&amp;nbsp; Romantics believe the king waited such a long while to
+marry again because he loved Jane so much.&amp;nbsp; Whether he loved her
+or not is beside the point, though there is ample evidence that he
+did.&amp;nbsp; Henry actually waited so long (and he did so quite
+impatiently) because marriage negotiations took an unexpectedly long
+time.&amp;nbsp; He actually sent out instructions regarding the search for
+a new wife barely a month after Jane's death. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But the French princesses would not assemble for his perusal; they
+also made it clear they preferred other suitors.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Likewise,
+other heiresses of Europe, some of which (like Christina of Milan) were
+related through tangled Hapsburg bloodlines to the king's first wife,
+Katharine of Aragon, avoided the English ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; And always,
+busy with his paperwork and contacts throughout Europe, Cromwell sought
+to arrange a Protestant alliance. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;During all of these negotiations, one must not forget the king's
+own views regarding his future wife.&amp;nbsp; Henry was used to making his
+own decisions about the women in his life; he had high standards for
+female beauty and insisted his next wife be physically
+attractive.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he told his ambassadors that no official
+overtures be made to certain ladies until he had approved of their
+looks.&amp;nbsp; 'The thing touches me too near,' said the king, which was
+true enough but not the sort of thing kings were supposed to say.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, he was not merely a man but a monarch; he was not supposed
+to marry for himself alone. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The ambassadors were often placed in embarrassing positions,
+commissioning portraits and sending back detailed descriptions of pock
+marks and hairstyles.&amp;nbsp; Finally, the choices were narrowed down to
+four serious contenders - Marie de Guise, the widow of the duc de
+Longueville, was tall, beautiful and already proven in
+childbirth.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned earlier, she chose the Scottish king
+James V.&amp;nbsp; Henry then looked to her younger sister, but she also
+became otherwise engaged.&amp;nbsp; Then there was the beautiful and
+intelligent Christina of Milan, just sixteen and one of the most
+sought-after heiresses of her generation.&amp;nbsp; But the king of England
+was three times her age, fat and with a cruel reputation; she allowed
+herself to be painted by Holbein but did nothing to solve the problem
+of her being a great-niece of Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; This
+impediment of affinity was a nice way to avoid the king of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The year of 1538 passed with no alliance.&amp;nbsp; Henry had intended
+to use his fourth marriage as a balance between France and the Hapsburg
+empire.&amp;nbsp; But it now seemed as if those two enemies might join
+forces against him in defense of the papal supremacy. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Suddenly Cromwell's moment had arrived.&amp;nbsp; The fourth serious
+contender was the sister of the duke of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The duke was not
+a Protestant himself but was allied through marriage with Saxony and
+the league of Lutheran princes; he was also at odds with the Hapsburg
+emperor Charles V over the duchy of Gelderland.&amp;nbsp; The duchy of
+Cleves might one day rival the Netherlands in terms of trade and
+strategic advantage.&amp;nbsp; The king was persuaded to send his favorite
+court painter, Hans Holbein the Younger, to the German duchy.&amp;nbsp;
+There he painted both Anne and her sister Amelia.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who by
+this time was wearying of the endless rounds of negotiations (and whom
+Cromwell feared would soon turn to another English noblewoman), was
+interested in Anne.&amp;nbsp; Negotiations began in earnest. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was 24 years old, and had spent most of her life at the ducal
+court of Dusseldorf.&amp;nbsp; She was well-educated in domestic skills but
+she was neither intellectual or flirtatious, both qualities the king
+admired.&amp;nbsp; She had no musical skills, and music was one of Henry's
+passions, and no interest in books.&amp;nbsp; On the trip to England, her
+escort (perhaps sensing disaster ahead) tried to teach her the king's
+favorite card games but Anne found them hopeless.&amp;nbsp; It was not her
+fault, nor that of Henry VIII, but she was raised in a different
+country and, as things turned out, was not given time to acclimatize
+herself before the king rejected her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+  &lt;img height=&quot;280&quot; alt=&quot;Holbein's betrothal portrait of Anne of Cleves&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cleves-bio1.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;190&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The issue of the betrothal portrait is the most fascinating part
+of this story.&amp;nbsp; Holbein was a man of vast talent; his best
+portraits are simply astounding, beautifully composed and possessing
+great psychological insight.&amp;nbsp; Look at the infamous portrait of
+Anne of Cleves to the left; it is clear that Holbein was more
+fascinated with the embroidery of her gown than with Anne's
+personality.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are downcast and her features lost beneath the ornate
+trappings of her dress and hood. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There has long been a rumor that Henry was so enraged with the
+work, believing that Holbein had deliberately duped him with a false
+portrait, that he fired the painter.&amp;nbsp; But that is not true.&amp;nbsp;
+At the time, there were a few remarks that she did not look as well as
+the portrait asserted, but this was not unlikely - she had arrived in
+England after a long journey, perhaps the sea air did not agree with
+her skin?&amp;nbsp; Or perhaps nervousness over the impending marriage
+caused a change in her complexion.&amp;nbsp; We cannot know.&amp;nbsp; But we
+do know that Henry's ambassadors, only too aware of their master's
+wishes, allowed the portrait to be sent as a fair likeness of
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; Would they have dared to mislead their monarch in such a
+way?&amp;nbsp; It's not likely.&amp;nbsp; Even Henry himself did not make much
+of the supposed difference between the painted and real Anne, aside
+from a comment to Cromwell that she was 'nothing so fair as she had
+been reported.'&amp;nbsp; Often expectations can be idealistic, and that
+was possibly the case with Henry.&amp;nbsp; Holbein continued to receive
+commissions from the English aristocracy before dying of plague in
+London in 1543. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;What actually happened to drive Anne and Henry apart was a simple
+matter of attraction.&amp;nbsp; Almost five hundred years later, we still
+don't understand why certain people are physically attracted to each
+other; it simply happens.&amp;nbsp; And it didn't happen with Anne and
+Henry; in fact, quite the opposite occurred and the king was repulsed
+by her.&amp;nbsp; Anne's feelings on the matter are not known but Henry was
+no longer the strong, athletic king of years past; various injuries had
+reduced his exercise but not his appetite.&amp;nbsp; He was increasingly
+obese and subject to its attendant problems. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;There were other reasons for the king to look askance at this new
+bride.&amp;nbsp; The foreign crisis which had caused Cromwell to seek an
+alliance with the Protestant duchy had passed; France and Spain had
+returned to their old enmity.&amp;nbsp; England was no longer threatened by
+the Catholic powers.&amp;nbsp; Also, the dispute over Gelderland had become
+more serious and Henry was not eager to fight the suddenly genial
+Spanish in defense of Anne's brother.&amp;nbsp; These issues were clear in
+mid-autumn 1539 but the marriage negotiations continued.&amp;nbsp; By that
+point, they had a momentum of their own.&amp;nbsp; A proxy marriage
+occurred and Anne left her home in late November.&amp;nbsp; She reached
+Calais on 11 December; during the journey, she was addressed as Queen
+of England and treated accordingly.&amp;nbsp; For a fortnight she waited at
+Calais until the weather settled.&amp;nbsp; On 27 December she set out for
+Deal; it was a stormy crossing.&amp;nbsp; It was on the first day of 1540
+that the king, so impatient to see his new bride, entered her rooms in
+disguise.&amp;nbsp; The scene was recorded by the Imperial ambassador,
+Eustace Chapuys: &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And on New Years Day in the afternoon the king's grace with five
+of his privy chamber, being disguised with mottled cloaks with hoods so
+that they should not be recognized, came secretly to Rochester, and so
+went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne was looking out of a
+window to see the bull-baiting which was going on in the courtyard, and
+suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed here a token which the
+king had sent her for New Year's gift, and she being abashed and not
+knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her.&amp;nbsp; But she
+regarded him little, but always looked out the window.... and when the
+king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into
+another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of
+purple velvet.&amp;nbsp; And when the lords and knights saw his grace they
+did him reverence.... and then her grace humbled herself lowly to the
+king's majesty, and his grace saluted her again, and they talked
+together lovingly, and afterwards he took her by the hand and led her
+to another chamber where their graces amused themselves that night and
+on Friday until the afternoon.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;You can read the entire account at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+Henry had so far managed to conceal his dislike of Anne.&amp;nbsp; There is
+reason to believe it was not an immediate revulsion; it was only after
+their wedding night, which the king declared he could not consummate,
+that word spread of his physical distaste.&amp;nbsp; When Cromwell asked
+him the next morning, 'How liked you the Queen?', Henry replied, 'I
+liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse.' &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On Twelfth Night (6 January), they were married in the 'Queen's
+Closet' at Greenwich Palace, where Henry had also married his last
+bride.&amp;nbsp; But the king was already looking for ways out.&amp;nbsp; The
+very day of the ceremony, he told Cromwell, 'My Lord, if it were not to
+satisfy the world, and my Realm, I would not do that I must do this day
+for none earthly thing.'&amp;nbsp; These were ominous words. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is also possible that around this time, the king met &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;, cousin of his second wife, Anne Boleyn, and now destined to
+be lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves when her Flemish attendants were
+dismissed.&amp;nbsp; There is no doubt he felt an instant attraction to the
+lively, curvaceous Catherine.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry's nobility, which had long chafed against the power and
+influence of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Cromwell&lt;/a&gt;
+(much as they had against Wolsey), welcomed this opportunity to
+discredit him.&amp;nbsp; The minister had pushed the king into the Cleves
+marriage, they reminded Henry gleefully.&amp;nbsp; The king's wrath turned
+against his former friend and Cromwell was executed on 28 July 1540, a
+decision Henry almost instantly regretted.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so four things pushed Henry towards an annulment - his dislike
+of Anne, foreign policy changes, his attraction to Catherine Howard,
+and his courtiers' hatred of Cromwell. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the few days between the first meeting and the wedding,
+Cromwell and the king had found a potential way out, though the
+ceremony continued as planned.&amp;nbsp; In the mid-1530s, Anne had briefly
+been engaged to Francis, duke of Lorraine.&amp;nbsp; The English had not
+explored the issue too much, merely asking the government of Cleves if
+negotiations had ended.&amp;nbsp; Now they looked more closely, with the
+king waiting impatiently for the right response.&amp;nbsp; They suddenly
+discovered there was no dispensation from the precontract; Anne was
+still officially betrothed to Francis.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The ambassadors from Cleves were not unaware of Henry's
+intent.&amp;nbsp; They struggled to find the right documents but, on 26
+February 1540, all they could produce was a report in their archives
+which stated that negotiations with Lorraine 'were not going to take
+their natural course.'&amp;nbsp; No actual papers of dispensation could be
+produced since they did not exist.&amp;nbsp; Thus Henry's marriage to Anne
+of Cleves was legally invalid from the start.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This is one of the more ironic moments in Henry's checkered
+marital career.&amp;nbsp; For once, his decision to end a marriage was
+legally valid and acceptable to all. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, the king made certain comments regarding Anne's body
+and virtue which reveal him in a less than gentlemanly light.&amp;nbsp; He
+told Anthony Denny, a member of the Privy Chamber, that she had
+'breasts so slack and other parts of body in such sort that [he]
+somewhat suspected her virginity.'&amp;nbsp; He further told his court
+physicians of the 'hanging of her breasts and looseness of her
+flesh.'&amp;nbsp; Clearly, consummation of the marriage would not
+occur.&amp;nbsp; The king bravely slept in the same bed at least every
+other night, yet he reported a month later that Anne 'was still as good
+a Maid.... as ever her Mother bare her.'&amp;nbsp; This contradiction - she
+was not a virgin, yet was - was never mentioned. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;What did Anne think of all this controversy?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Luckily for her, she had only a small knowledge of English and
+even less knowledge of the physical relationship between a man and
+wife.&amp;nbsp; Her English ladies were astounded by her innocence.&amp;nbsp;
+'When he [Henry] comes to bed, he kisses me and taketh me by the hand,
+and biddeth me 'Goodnight, sweetheart,' and in the morning, kisses me,
+and biddeth me, 'Farewell, darling.'&amp;nbsp; Is this not enough?' asked
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; No, she was told emphatically, it most certainly was not. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne's ignorance casts a bad light on her mother, Duchess Maria,
+but it served to protect her feelings in England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In the end, she ruled as queen for just four months; her last
+official appearance as the royal consort was during the May Day
+celebrations.&amp;nbsp; She was never crowned, though even if the king had
+wished it, he could not have afforded such a ceremony.&amp;nbsp; During
+those months, the Catholic nobility pushed their advantage against the
+Protestant Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; The minister was too Lutheran for the king's
+taste.&amp;nbsp; Likewise, the Catholics encouraged the flirtations of
+young Catherine Howard, also a Catholic and the duke of Norfolk's
+niece.&amp;nbsp; Too young and ill-educated to be aware of how others used
+her as a pawn, she happily danced before the king and accepted his
+gifts.&amp;nbsp; She was granted lands in April and the next month received
+rich gifts of fabric and jewelry.&amp;nbsp; There is every possibility
+Catherine consummated her relationship with the king in May.&amp;nbsp; How
+else can we explain the sudden race to rid himself of Anne? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The investigation into her precontract with Lorraine had been
+hastily done in January and February but for two months afterwards, the
+king merely lamented his fate.&amp;nbsp; Parliament even confirmed Anne's
+dowry in April.&amp;nbsp; But suddenly in May there was a fierce new
+determination to annul the marriage; the king was no longer content to
+complain.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is possible, and was rumored, that Henry had slept with
+Catherine and consequently there was a chance she was pregnant.&amp;nbsp;
+Another male heir was never far from Henry's mind.&amp;nbsp; He was also
+deeply in love with his 'Rose without a Thorn', a somewhat pathetic
+attraction between an elderly (the king was almost 49 years old) man
+and a very young woman.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so Anne had to go.&amp;nbsp; She succumbed to the inevitable with
+surprising grace.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she was leery of the royal temper, or&lt;img
+ height=&quot;218&quot; alt=&quot;engraving of Anne of Cleves, after Holbein&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cleves-bio2.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;154&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; remembered the king's marital
+history, or she simply didn't care.&amp;nbsp; Henry was very
+grateful.&amp;nbsp; If she had not cooperated....&amp;nbsp; He knew, from the
+example of Katharine of Aragon, what could happen if a queen fought an
+annulment.&amp;nbsp; He had no desire to alienate Cleves or engage in
+another lengthy legal and theological dispute.&amp;nbsp; The king declared
+the marriage had not been consummated and, in any case, it was invalid
+from the start.&amp;nbsp; Would Anne agree? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She did agree, most readily.&amp;nbsp; She was shocked at first by the
+news; the king's representatives visited her at Richmond Palace, where
+she had gone to escape the threat of plague.&amp;nbsp; They brought an
+interpreter so there would be no misunderstanding.&amp;nbsp; For her part,
+Anne quickly grasped the situation.&amp;nbsp; She had no advisers and the
+king had already executed one wife and harassed another to death.&amp;nbsp;
+Certainly she enjoyed the role of queen, was more fluent in English and
+had taken a liking to her new country; even the people cheered her on
+the occasional public ride between palaces.&amp;nbsp; But did she dare
+fight Henry?&amp;nbsp; Of course not. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's servants wrote that she was 'content always with your
+Majesty', thus accepting Henry's judgment, and in her &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt;letter of&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt; submission&lt;/a&gt;
+she signed herself 'daughter of Cleves', not 'queen of England'.&amp;nbsp;
+She agreed the marriage had never been consummated and signed all
+necessary documents.&amp;nbsp; For his part, Henry was now prepared to be
+generous.&amp;nbsp; Anne was to enjoy precedence over all the ladies in
+England, except the Queen and the king's daughters.&amp;nbsp; She was to be
+known as the king's 'good sister' and received a very nice settlement
+of manors and estates, some of which belonged to Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; This
+guaranteed her an income of 3000 pds a year, making her one of the
+wealthiest women in England.&amp;nbsp; All this depended upon her remaining
+in England, and this Anne was more than willing to do.&amp;nbsp; 'The
+King's highness whom I cannot have as a husband is nevertheless a most
+kind, loving and friendly father and brother,' she wrote to her
+brother.&amp;nbsp; Why should she return home in ignominy, dependent upon
+her brother's generosity, when she could remain in England and live a
+comfortable, independent life? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was perhaps as content with the arrangement as Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+She grew to enjoy English ale and gambling; she spent large sums on
+gowns; she visited with the king's children and occasionally the king
+himself.&amp;nbsp; She was heard to remark that she was more attractive
+than Katharine Parr, to whom the king's attention turned in 1543.&amp;nbsp;
+In fact, upon Catherine Howard's execution in 1542, rumors circulated
+that perhaps the king would take back his former bride.&amp;nbsp; The
+French ambassador was suitably impressed with Anne's handling of a
+delicate situation, observing that 'all her affairs could never make
+her utter a word by which one might suppose that she was
+discontented.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;These rumors were understandable enough; Anne occupied a nebulous
+place in English society, unmarried but wealthy and independent.&amp;nbsp;
+She was not an heiress but still honored as a royal.&amp;nbsp; She answered
+to no male authority but that of the king, and he did not choose to
+trouble her.&amp;nbsp; For the rest of her life, rumors spread about her
+lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; For Anne's part, she was content and happy and had
+little reason to be otherwise. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She made her last public appearance at Mary Tudor's coronation in
+1553, riding alongside the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She died in 1557
+of a 'declining illness' and was buried with appropriate honor at
+Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; Her will is perhaps most representative of her
+kindly character.&amp;nbsp; In it, she remembered gifts to everyone who had
+ever served her, no matter how humble or long ago. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne had chosen as her motto 'God send me well to keep' and it
+proved apt, though in a way few could have predicted.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082569&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082569&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0132.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0132.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0132.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5898</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The death of Prince Arthur Tudor, 1502</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/darthur.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0132187a4b019d5742a6bdd2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0132.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">arthurdeath.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/arthurdeath.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1502: The death of Prince Arthur&quot; width=&quot;474&quot; height=&quot;68&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The first 
+      account listed at right was taken from a contemporary herald's report, 
+      first published in 1715.&amp;nbsp; The second account was written by Tudor 
+      citizen Richard Grafton.&amp;nbsp; Its spelling has been modernized.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Arthur was the eldest son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth 
+      of York.&amp;nbsp; He was born on 20 September 1486, barely a year after the 
+      pivotal battle of Bosworth Field, and died on 2 April 1502.&amp;nbsp; Arthur 
+      was indeed named after the mythical King Arthur; Henry VII was Welsh and 
+      the legend was popular in medieval England.&amp;nbsp; In fact, it was 
+      generally believed at the time that Winchester was built upon the ruins of 
+      Camelot.&amp;nbsp; And so Elizabeth of York was sent to Winchester to give 
+      birth and Arthur was christened at its cathedral.&amp;nbsp; He was titled 
+      Prince of Wales (and was the first to receive the title) when he was 3 
+      years old.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Negotiations for his marriage to Katharine of Aragon, 
+      daughter of the famous Ferdinand and Isabella, began in 1488.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      terms were settled in 1500 and the couple were married in London on 14 
+      November 1501.&amp;nbsp; They journeyed to Ludlow Castle, the traditional seat 
+      of the Prince of Wales, and established a small court.&amp;nbsp; However, 
+      Arthur died suddenly on 2 April 1502, possibly of tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      two accounts at right record his parents' reaction to the news.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;When his Grace [Henry VII] understood that 
+      sorrowful heavy tydings, he sent for the Queene [Elizabeth of York], 
+      saying that he and his Queene would take the painful sorrows together.&amp;nbsp; 
+      After that she was come and saw the Kyng her Lord, and that naturall and 
+      paineful sorrowe, as I have heard saye, she with full great and constant 
+      comfortable words besought his Grace that he would first after God 
+      remember the weale of his own noble person, the comfort of his realme and 
+      of her.&amp;nbsp; She then saied that my Lady his mother had never no more children 
+      but him only, and that God by his Grace had ever preserved him, and 
+      brought him where he was.&amp;nbsp; Over that, howe that God had left him yet a 
+      fayre Prince, two fayre Princesses and that God is where he was, and we 
+      are both young ynoughe. &lt;br&gt;
+      ....Then his Grace of true gentle and faithful love, in good hast came and 
+      relieved her, and showed her howe wise counsell she had given him before, 
+      and he for his parte would thanke God for his sonn, and would she should 
+      doe in like wise. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;When
+the king by his high policy had completed his alliance with Spain in this
+way, there suddenly came a lamentable mischance and loss to the king, queen
+and all the people.&amp;nbsp; For that noble prince Arthur, the king's first
+begotten son, after he had been married to the Lady Catherine for five
+months, departed this transitory life at Ludlow on 2 April 1502. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;With great funeral obsequies he was buried in the cathedral church of
+Worcester.&amp;nbsp; After his death the name of prince belonged to his brother
+the duke of York, since his brother died without his issue, and so without
+being thus created he ought to be called, unless some apparent cause was
+a let or obstacle to it.&amp;nbsp; But the duke, suspecting that his brother's
+wife was with child, as was thought possible by the expert and wise men
+of the prince's council, was by a month or more delayed from his title,
+name and pre-eminence, in which time the truth might easily appear to women.
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is reported that this lady Catherine thought and feared such an unhappy
+chance might come, for when she had embraced her father and taken leave
+of her noble and prudent mother, and sailed towards England, she was continually
+so tossed and tumbled hither and thither with boisterous winds that what
+with the raging of the water and the contrary winds her ship was prevented
+many times from approaching the shore and landing.&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082591&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082591&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">23069</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Elizabeth I: Poetry</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/eliz1-writings.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01329ea865e97888f7dcb1be</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0132/9ea865e9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+        
+&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;   
+&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;   
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;I am redesigning the Elizabethan &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html#Speeches&quot;&gt;speeches &lt;/a&gt;- &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html#Letters&quot;&gt;letters &lt;/a&gt;- &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html#Poetry&quot;&gt;poetry&lt;/a&gt; pages - as of 15 October 2002.&lt;br&gt;
+   Until I'm finished, all the text is posted here. &amp;nbsp;Click the above 
+links  to visit the different sections.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;/div&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Poetry&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;COMPOSED 1554-5&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;Much suspected by me, &lt;br&gt;
+   Nothing proved can be, &lt;br&gt;
+   Quoth Elizabeth prisoner. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;WRITTEN ON A WALL AT WOODSTOCK, 1554-5&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;Oh Fortune, thy wresting wavering state &lt;br&gt;
+   Hath fraught with cares my troubled wit, &lt;br&gt;
+   Whose witness this present prison late &lt;br&gt;
+   Could bear, where once was joy's loan quit. &lt;br&gt;
+   Thou causedst the guilty to be loosed &lt;br&gt;
+   From bands where innocents were inclosed, &lt;br&gt;
+   And caused the guiltless to be reserved, &lt;br&gt;
+   And freed those that death had well deserved. &lt;br&gt;
+   But all herein can be nothing wrought, &lt;br&gt;
+   So God send to my foes all they have thought. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;    
+&lt;h3&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt; &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
+     
+&lt;h3&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;small&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;+0&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;WRITTEN IN HER FRENCH PSALTER, 1554-5&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
+    No crooked leg, no bleared eye, &lt;br&gt;
+   No part deformed out of kind, &lt;br&gt;
+   Nor yet so ugly half can be &lt;br&gt;
+   As is the inward suspicious mind.&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;/div&gt;
+   &lt;/div&gt;
+       
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;THE DOUBT OF FUTURE FOES, 1568-70&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;The doubt of future foes exiles my present joy, &lt;br&gt;
+   And wit me warns to shun such snares as threaten mine annoy; &lt;br&gt;
+   For falsehood now doth flow, and subjects' faith doth ebb, &lt;br&gt;
+   Which should not be if reason ruled or wisdom weaved the web. &lt;br&gt;
+   But clouds of joys untried do cloak aspiring minds, &lt;br&gt;
+   Which turn to rain of late repent by changed course of winds. &lt;br&gt;
+   The top of hope supposed the root upreared shall be, &lt;br&gt;
+   And fruitless all their grafted guile, as shortly ye shall see. &lt;br&gt;
+   The dazzled eyes with pride, which great ambition blinds, &lt;br&gt;
+   Shall be unsealed by worthy wights whose foresight falsehood finds. &lt;br&gt;
+   The daughter of debate that discord aye doth sow &lt;br&gt;
+   Shall reap no gain where former rule still peace hath taught to know.
+&lt;br&gt;
+   No foreign banished wight shall anchor in this port; &lt;br&gt;
+   Our realm brooks not seditious sects, let them elsewhere resort. &lt;br&gt;
+   My rusty sword through rest shall first his edge employ &lt;br&gt;
+   To poll their tops that seek such change or gape for future joy. &lt;/p&gt;
+       
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;THAT WHICH OUR SOVEREIGN LADY WROTE IN DEFIANCE OF FORTUNE, 1568-70&lt;/b&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;Never think you fortune can bear the sway &lt;br&gt;
+   Where virtue's force can cause her to obey. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz%2fpoetry.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+0&quot;&gt;ON MONSIEUR'S DEPARTURE, 1582&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;I grieve and dare not show my discontent, &lt;br&gt;
+   I love and yet am forced to seem to hate, &lt;br&gt;
+   I do, yet dare not say I ever meant, &lt;br&gt;
+   I seem stark mute but inwardly do prate. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; I am and not, I freeze and yet am burned, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Since from myself another self I turned. &lt;br&gt;
+   My care is like my shadow in the sun, &lt;br&gt;
+   Follows me flying, flies when I pursue it, &lt;br&gt;
+   Stands and lies by me, doth what I have done. &lt;br&gt;
+   His too familiar care doth make me rue it. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; No means I find to rid him from my breast, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Till by the end of things it be supprest. &lt;br&gt;
+   Some gentler passion slide into my mind, &lt;br&gt;
+   For I am soft and made of melting snow; &lt;br&gt;
+   Or be more cruel, love, and so be kind. &lt;br&gt;
+   Let me or float or sink, be high or low. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Or let me live with some more sweet content, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; Or die and so forget what love ere meant. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;a name=&quot;Speeches&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;ELIZABETH'S MARRIAGE SPEECH TO PARLIAMENT, 1559&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's Parliament thought to bully her into marriage.&amp;nbsp;
+  From Henry VIII's accession in 1509 onwards, the Tudor dynasty was always
+  consumed by the problem of succession.&amp;nbsp; For a hundred years, Englishmen
+  - and many Europeans - discussed the topic.&amp;nbsp; It was of vital importance.&amp;nbsp;
+  Elizabeth, however, would not be bullied and refused to marry.&amp;nbsp; She
+ responded to Parliament's demand for her marriage with a wonderful extemporaneous
+ speech.&amp;nbsp; This was in 1559, barely a year into her reign.&lt;/font&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;When the Assembly of Parliament was now to be dissolved, they all thought
+  good that the Third Estate, or Lower House, should advise the Queen to
+marry  betimes: yet would not the Temporal Lords joyn with them, lest any
+of them  might seem to propound it in hope to prefer himself. Thomas Gargrave
+therefore,  Speaker of the Lower House, with some few selected men, after
+leave obtained,  came unto the Queen, and making his excuse by his Office,
+the Queen's Courtesie,  and the Weightiness of the matter, went forward to
+this purpose: There is  nothing which with more ardent affection we beg of
+God in our daily prayers,  than that our Happiness hitherto received by your
+most gratious Government  may be perpetuated to the English Nation unto all
+eternity, Whilstin our mind and cogitation we cast many ways how this may
+be effected, we can find none at all, unless your Majesty should either reign
+for ever, (which to hope for is not lawfull;) or else by Marriage bring forth
+Children, Heirs both of their Mother's Vertue and Empire, (which God Almighty
+grant.) This is the single, the onely, the all-comprehending Prayer of all
+English-men. All other men, of what place and degree soever, but especially
+Princes, must have a care, that though themselves be mortal, yet the Commonwealth
+may continue  immortal. This immortality may your Majesty give to the English,
+if (as your  humane nature, Age, Beauty and Fortune do require,) you will
+take some man  to your Hus band, who may be a Comfort and Help unto you,
+and a Consort in  Prosperity and Adversity. For (questionless) more availeth
+the Help of one  onely Husband for the effecting of matters, than the joynt
+Industry of many  men. Nothing can be more contrary to the publick Respects,
+than that such  a Princess, in whose Marriage is comprehended the Safety
+and Peace of the  Commonwealth, should live unmarried, and as it were a Vestal
+Virgin. A Kingdom  received from Ancestours is to be left to Children, who
+will be both an Ornament  and Strength to the Realm. The Kings of England
+have never been more carefull  of any thing, than that the Royal Family might
+not fail of Issue. Hence it  was, that within our fresh memory Henry the
+VII. your Grandfather, provided  his Sons Arthur and Henry of Marriage even
+in their tender years. Hence it  was that your Father sought to procure Mary
+Queen of Scots to be a Wife for  his young Son Prince Edward, then scarce
+eight years old: and very lately  your Sister, Queen Mary, being well in
+years, married Philip of Spain . If  lack of Children use to be inflicted
+by God as a great Punishment as well  upon Royal as private Families; what
+and how great a Sin may it be, if the  Prince voluntarily pluck it upon himself, 
+whereby an infinite heap of Miseries  must needs overwhelm the Commonwealth 
+with all Calamities which the mind even dreadeth to remember? Which that it
+may not come to pass, not onely we few that are here to present, but even 
+all England , yea all English men, do prostrate our selves at your feet, and
+with humble voice and frequent Sighs do from the bottom of our hearts most
+submissively pray and beseech you. These things spake he eloquently and more
+amply. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;ELIZABETH'S REPLY:&lt;small&gt; &lt;big&gt;(&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;small&gt;She 
+answered briefly:)&lt;/small&gt; In a  matter most unpleasing, most pleasing to 
+me is the apparent Good will of you and my People, as proceeding from a very 
+good mind towards me and the Commonwealth. Concerning Marriage, which ye so
+earnestly move me to, I have been long since perswaded, that I was sent into
+this world by God to think and doe those things chiefly which may tend to
+his Glory. Hereupon have I chosen that kind of life which is most free from
+the troublesome Cares of this world, that I might attend the Service of God
+alone. From which if either the tendred Marriages of most Potent Princes, 
+or the danger of Death intended against me, could have removed me, I had long
+agone enjoyed the honour of an Husband. And these things have I thought upon
+when I was a private person. But now that the publick Care of governing the
+Kingdom is laid upon me, to draw upon me also the Cares of Marriage may seem
+a point of inconsiderate Folly. Yea, to satisfie you, I have already joyned
+my self in Marriage to an Husband, namely, the Kingdom of England. And behold
+(said she which I marvell ye have forgotten,) the Pledge of this my Wedlock
+and Marriage with my Kingdom. (And therewith she drew the Ring from her Finger,
+and shewed it, wherewith at her Coronation she had in a set form of words
+solemnly given her self in Marriage to her Kingdom.) Here having made a pause,
+And do not (saith she) upbraid me with miserable lack of Children: for every
+one of you, and as many as are Englishmen, are Children and Kinsmen to me;
+of whom if God deprive me not, (which God forbid) I cannot without injury
+be accounted Barren. But I commend you that ye have not appointed me an Husband,
+for that were most unworthy the Majesty of an absolute Princess, and unbeseeming
+your Wisedom, which are Subjects born. Nevertheless if it please God that
+I enter into another course of life, I promise you I will doe nothing which
+may be prejudicial  to the Commonwealth, but will take such a Husband, as
+near as may be, as will have as great a Care of the Commonwealth as my self.
+But if I continue in this kind of life I have begun, I doubt not but God
+will so direct mine own and your Counsels, that ye shall not need to doubt
+of a Successour which may be more beneficial to the Commonwealth than he
+which may be born of me, considering that the Issue of the best Princes many
+times degenerateth. And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the
+memorial of my Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath,
+it be ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a
+Virgin, and died a Virgin. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH'S SPEECH AT TILBURY, 1588&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The English forces were gathered to fight the Spanish
+Armada;  their unlikely victory was one of the great highlights of Elizabeth's
+reign.&lt;/font&gt;   &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+ My loving people, &lt;br&gt;
+   We have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take 
+heed  how we commit our selves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; 
+but I assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving 
+people.  Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself that, under God, 
+I have  placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and 
+good-will  of my subjects; and therefore I am come amongst you, as you see, 
+at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the 
+midst and heat of the battle, to live and die amongst you all; to lay down 
+for my God, and for my kingdom, and my people, my honour and my blood, even 
+in the dust. I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I 
+have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and think 
+foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade 
+the borders of my realm; to which rather than any dishonour shall grow by 
+me, I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, judge, and 
+rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know already, for your 
+forwardness you have deserved rewards and crowns; and We do assure you in 
+the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time, my lieutenant 
+general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble 
+or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your 
+concord in the camp, and your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a
+famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my  people.
+ &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;a name=&quot;Letters&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;To King Edward VI, 15th May 1546.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;Like as the rich man daily gathereth riches to riches, and one bag of
+money layeth a great sort till it come to infinite, so methinks your Majesty,
+not being sufficed with many benefits and gentleness showed to me afore this 
+ time, doth now increase them in asking and desiring where you may bid and 
+ command, requiring a thing not worthy the desiring for itself, but made worthy
+ for your Highness's request. My picture, I mean, in which if the inward
+good  mind toward your Grace might as well be declared as the outward face
+and countenance shall be seen, I would not have tarried the commandment but
+prevent it, nor have been the last to grant but the first to offer it. For
+the face, I grant, I might well blush to offer, but the mind I shall never
+be ashamed to present. For though from the grace of the picture the colours
+may fade by time, may give you weather, may be spotted by chance; yet the
+other nor time with her swift wings shall overtake, nor the misty clouds
+with their lowerings may darken, nor chance with her slippery foot may overthrow.
+Of this although yet the proof could not be great because the occasion hath
+been but small, notwithstanding as a dog hath a day, so may I perchance have
+time to declare it in deeds where now I do write them in words. And further
+I shall most humbly beseech your Majesty that when you shall look on my picture,
+you will vouchsafe to think that as you have but the outward shadow of the
+body before you, so my inward mind wisheth that the body itself were oftener
+in your presence; howbeit because both my so being I think could do your
+Majesty little pleasure, though myself great good; and again because I see
+as yet not the time agreeing thereunto, I shall learn to follow this saying
+of Horace, ' Feras non culpes quod vitari non potest.' And thus I will (troubling
+your Majesty I fear) end with my most humble thanks. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Beseeching God long to preserve you to His Honour,
+to  your comfort, to the Realm's profit, and to my joy.&amp;nbsp; From Hatfield 
+this  15th day of May. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your Majesty's most humble sister and servant, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;/p&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;b&gt;To the Dowager Queen Katharine Parr, 31st July 1548.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This was written after Elizabeth had left Katharine's
+home  (after the Thomas Seymour debacle.)&amp;nbsp; Katharine was due to deliver
+her  first child soon; she died shortly after childbirth.&lt;/font&gt; Although
+your  Higness's letters be most joyful to me in absence, yet, considering
+what pain it is for you to write, your Grace being so sickly, your commendations 
+were enough in my Lord's letter. I much rejoice at your health, with the well
+liking of the country, with my humble thanks that your Grace wished me with
+you till you were weary of that country. Your Highness were like to be cumbered,
+if I should not depart till I were weary of being with you; although it were
+the worst soil in the world, your presence would make it pleasant. I cannot
+reprove my Lord for not doing your commendations in his letter, for he did
+it; and although he had not, yet I will not complain on him; for he shall
+be diligent to give me knowledge from time to time how his busy child doth;
+and if I were at his birth, no doubt I would see him beaten, for the trouble
+he hath put you to. Master Denny and my lady, with humble thanks, prayeth
+most entirely for your Grace, praying the Almighty  God to send you a most
+lucky deliverance, and my mistress wisheth no less,  giving your Highness
+most humble thanks for her commendations. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Written with very little leisure this last day of July.
+  &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your humble daughter, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;b&gt;To Princess Mary, 27th October 15--.&lt;/b&gt; Good Sister, as to hear of 
+your  sickness is unpleasant to me, so is it nothing fearful; for that I understand
+ it is your old guest that is wont oft to visit you, whose coming though
+it  be oft, yet is it never welcome, but notwithstanding it is comfortable 
+for  that iacula prÃŠuisa minus feriunt. And as I do understand your 
+need  of Jane Russel's service, so am I sorry that it is by my man's occasion 
+letted,  which if I had known afore, I would have caused his will give place 
+to need  of her service. For as it is her duty to obey his commandment, so 
+is it his  part to attend your pleasure; and, as I confess, it were meeter 
+for him to  go to her, since she attends upon you, so indeed he required the
+same, but  for that divers of his fellows had business abroad that made his
+tarrying  at home. &lt;br&gt;
+   Good Sister, though I have good cause to thank you for your oft sending
+ to me, yet I have more occasion to render hearty thanks for your gentle
+writing,  which how painful it is to you, I may well guess by myself; and
+you may well  see by my writing so oft, how pleasant it is to me. And thus
+I end to trouble  you, desiring God to send you as well to do, as you can
+think and wish, or  I desire or pray. From Ashridge, scribbled this 27th
+of October. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your loving sister, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;b&gt;To Queen Mary, 16th March 1554.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This was written when the order came that Elizabeth was
+ to be sent to the Tower, on suspicion that she was implicated by Wyatt's
+rebellion. Wyatt's correspondence with Elizabeth was seized, and amongst
+the evidence produced was an alleged copy of a letter written by Elizabeth
+to Henri II of France.&amp;nbsp; It was a forgery.&lt;/font&gt;    
+&lt;p&gt;If any ever did try this old saying, 'that a king's word was more than
+  another man's oath,' I most humbly beseech your Majesty to verify it to
+me, and to remember your last promise and my last demand, that I be not not
+condemned without answer and due proof, which it seems that I now am; for
+without cause proved, I am by your council from you commanded to go to the
+Tower, a place more wanted for a false traitor than a true subject, which
+though I know I desire it not, yet in the face of all this realm it appears
+proved. I pray to God I may die the shamefullest death that any ever died,
+if I may mean any such thing; and to this present hour I protest before God
+(Who shall judge my truth, whatsoever malice shall devise), that I never
+practised, counselled, nor consented to anything that might be prejudicial
+to your person anyway, or dangerous to the state by any means. And therefore
+I humbly beseech your Majesty to let me answer afore yourself, and not suffer
+me to trust to your Councillors, yea, and that afore I go to the Tower, if
+it be possible; if not, before I be further condemned. Howbeit, I trust assuredly
+your Highness will give me leave to do it afore I go, that thus shamefully
+I may not be cried out on, as I now shall be; yea, and that without cause.
+Let conscience move your Highness to pardon this my boldness, which innocency
+procures me to do, together with hope of your natural kindness, which I trust
+will not see me cast away without desert, which what it is I would desire
+no more of God but that you truly knew, but which thing I think and believe
+you shall never by report know, unless by yourself you hear. I have heard
+of many in my time cast away for want of coming to the presence of their
+Prince; and  in late days I heard my Lord of Somerset say that if his brother
+had been  suffered to speak with him he had never suffered; but persuasions
+were made to him so great that he was brought in belief that he could not
+live safely if the Admiral lived, and that made him give consent to his death.
+Though these persons are not to be compared to your Majesty, yet I pray to
+God the like evil persuasions persuade not one sister against the other,
+and all for that they have heard false report, and the truth not known. Therefore, 
+ once again, kneeling with humbleness of heart, because I am not suffered 
+to bow the knees of my body, I humbly crave to speak with your Highness, which
+I would not be so bold as to desire if I knew not myself most clear, as I
+know myself most true. And as for the traitor Wyatt, he might peradventure 
+ write me a letter, but on my faith I never received any from him. And as 
+for the copy of the letter sent to the French King, I pray God confound me 
+eternally if ever I sent him word, message, token, or letter, by any means, 
+and to this truth I will stand in till my death. &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your Highness's most faithful subject, that hath been 
+ from the beginning, and will be to my end, &lt;br&gt;
+   &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth. &lt;/p&gt;
+   I humbly crave but only one word of answer from yourself. &lt;font
+ size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;(added as a postscript)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   Read Elizabeth's last letter to Mary, queen of Scots and her letter to 
+King  James VI informing him of Mary's execution.&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+     
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;/div&gt;
+     
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+   &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082607&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082607&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0134.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,960 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36082</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Sir Thomas More: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Sir Thomas More: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Sir Thomas More: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/more.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/more.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01346c967faef427754dacc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0134.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">more.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">more.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">moresketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">morefamilysmall.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;IMG height=51 alt=&quot;Sir Thomas More&quot; 
+
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/more.gif&quot; width=310&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/more.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Sir Thomas More&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;315&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Thomas More's most famous literary 
+
+work, &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt;, was first conceived in 1515 when More was sent on a 
+
+diplomatic mission to Flanders.&amp;nbsp; The story, inspired by and modeled upon 
+
+Plato's &lt;I&gt;Republic&lt;/I&gt;, has given its name to a whole genre of 
+
+literature.&amp;nbsp; I do not wish to ignore More's literary and philosophical 
+
+accomplishments at this page, but I simply don't have the time to discuss 
+
+&lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt; within the context of the following biography.&amp;nbsp; I urge 
+
+readers to visit the following links to learn about More's work:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt; &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;gopher://gopher.cc.columbia.edu:71/11/miscellaneous/cubooks/offbooks/more&quot;&gt;Read 
+
+the entire text of &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt; at this link&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt; &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.d-holliday.com%2ftmore%2futopia.htm&quot;&gt;Another electronic version of 
+
+the text&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt; &lt;br&gt;This website lists various 
+
+essays on &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt; available in electronic format:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt; &lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.d-holliday.com%2ftmore%2fmore.htm&quot;&gt;More about More&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.d-holliday.com%2ftmore%2ferasmus.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Click 
+    here to read 
+    Erasmus's famous description of More in a letter from 1519&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Other online biographies of Sir Thomas More:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;br&gt;William 
+    Roper was More's son-in-law;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.fordham.edu%2fhalsall%2fmod%2f16Croper-more.html&quot;&gt;click here 
+    to read his famous biography&lt;/a&gt; of More.&lt;br&gt;John Farrow's
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.cin.org%2ffarmor.html&quot;&gt;biography of More&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;The 
+    Catholic Encyclopedia's
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.newadvent.org%2fcathen%2f14689c.htm&quot;&gt;biography of More&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;br&gt;An &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2f1535exec.html&quot;&gt;eyewitness account of 
+
+More's execution&lt;/A&gt; can be read at the Primary Sources section.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;You can also read &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimore.html&quot;&gt;More's final letter&lt;/A&gt;, 
+
+written to his beloved daughter Margaret while he was imprisoned in the 
+
+Tower.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Chronology of major events in More's life:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Born 7 
+
+  February 1478 at Milk Street, London &lt;BR&gt;Entered Parliament in 1504 
+
+  &lt;BR&gt;Appointed undersheriff of London in 1510 &lt;BR&gt;Became a member of the Privy 
+
+  Council in 1518 &lt;BR&gt;Knighted in 1521 &lt;BR&gt;Made Speaker of the House of Commons 
+
+  in 1523 &lt;BR&gt;Made Lord Chancellor of England in 1529 &lt;BR&gt;Imprisoned in the 
+
+  Tower of London on charges of treason in 1534 &lt;BR&gt;Executed 6 July 1535 at 
+
+  Tower Hill, the Tower of London &lt;BR&gt;Canonized as a saint by the Catholic 
+
+  Church in 1935&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'[E]ven though we should have no word or deed to charge upon 
+  you, yet we have your silence, and that is a sign of your evil intention and a 
+  sure proof of malice.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry 
+
+    VIII's attorney-general at the trial of Thomas More, 1535&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Thomas More is perhaps the most famous victim of Henry VIII's 
+
+  perverse judicial policies.&amp;nbsp; He was England's most famous and respected 
+
+  intellectual, close friends with the great philosopher Erasmus, and beloved by 
+
+  his closely-knit family and wide circle of friends.&amp;nbsp; He was that most 
+
+  rare of intellectuals - one who was humble, patient, and truly kind; he spent 
+
+  his life in ceaseless study, both intellectual and spiritual, and was a 
+
+  dedicated public servant.&amp;nbsp; He was also an astute judge of character, and 
+
+  capable of witty, trenchant observations - he once said of his famous king, 
+
+  'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold him.'&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  And, of course, when his son-in-law mentioned Henry VIII's fondness for More, 
+
+  the philosopher noted even more famously that if the king thought 'my head 
+
+  could win him a castle in France it should not fail to go!' &lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;
+
+  &lt;IMG height=236 alt=&quot;sketch of Thomas More as Lord Chancellor, by Holbein&quot; 
+
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/moresketch1.jpg&quot; width=175 align=left border=0&gt;In the end, Henry did not want More's head in exchange for any French 
+
+  castles; he wanted it because More refused to recognize the king's sovereignty 
+
+  over the English church.&amp;nbsp; But Henry had wanted More's approval 
+
+  desperately, and kept his former Lord Chancellor imprisoned for months in 
+
+  increasingly dire conditions, alternating between threats and flattery in 
+
+  desperate attempts to secure More's acknowledgment of the king's new 
+
+  role.&amp;nbsp; Henry knew, none better, that More's approval would carry great 
+
+  weight throughout Europe, and he offered More his life in return for a few 
+
+  simple words.&amp;nbsp; But More refused, and he learned the truth of the medieval 
+
+  adage that 'the king's wrath is death'. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More was the sole surviving son of Sir John More, a prominent lawyer and 
+
+  later judge, and Agnes Graunger.&amp;nbsp; He was born on 7 February 1478 (some 
+
+  sources say 1477), and entered Parliament in 1504.&amp;nbsp; One of his first acts 
+
+  in public life was to speak against one of Henry VII's more austere financial 
+
+  policies; as a result, Sir John was imprisoned and only released after a fine 
+
+  was paid and Thomas retired from public life.&amp;nbsp; After the king's death in 
+
+  1509, however, Thomas once again entered public service.&amp;nbsp; His early 
+
+  education had prepared him well for such a life.&amp;nbsp; His father had sent him 
+
+  to St Anthony's School at Threadneedle Street, under the direction of Nicholas 
+
+  Holt; upon reaching adolescence, More was sent to the household of Cardinal 
+
+  Morton, then archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England.&amp;nbsp; As 
+
+  Morton was the most powerful man in England next to the king, and the most 
+
+  prominent ecclesiastic, his household was an invigorating blend of political 
+
+  and religious life.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly here that More first learned how 
+
+  to reconcile a deeply spiritual character with a devotion to secular 
+
+  affairs.&amp;nbsp; Morton was living proof that a religious leader did not have to 
+
+  be monkish or retiring; he was also an inveterate gossip, and his twisted tale 
+
+  of Richard III's brief reign inspired More's awful &lt;I&gt;Life&lt;/I&gt; of the last 
+
+  Plantagenet king.&amp;nbsp; That biography is the only blight upon More's literary 
+
+  career. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Morton was sufficiently impressed with his young charge to sponsor More at 
+
+  Oxford.&amp;nbsp; The young man entered Canterbury Hall (now part of Christ 
+
+  Church) probably around 1492.&amp;nbsp; His time at Oxford was well-spent; under 
+
+  the tutelage of great scholars such as Thomas Linacre, More studied the 
+
+  classics and classical languages, as well as the other liberal arts.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  was a bright and engaging student, enthusiastic about learning but also 
+
+  accustomed to more basic pleasures (he loved to play upon the flute and viol, 
+
+  and began his lifelong passion for collecting pets - apparently his adult home 
+
+  in Chelsea was a veritable zoo.)&amp;nbsp; But like many university students, More 
+
+  found himself constantly short of money, a ploy his father used to keep the 
+
+  young man's mind upon his studies and not other, less academic pursuits. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;He returned to London after about two years at Oxford, and entered as a law 
+
+  student at the New Inn in late 1494; in early 1496 he was admitted to 
+
+  Lincoln's Inn as well, and then called to the outer bar and made a 
+
+  bencher.&amp;nbsp; He was once again a successful student, now following in his 
+
+  father's footsteps.&amp;nbsp; He was made a 'reader' (or tutor) at Furnival's Inn, 
+
+  and was successful enough to retain the appointment for three years.&amp;nbsp; But 
+
+  the law was not his true passion, and perhaps More already recognized this 
+
+  fact; he wrote poetry in his spare time, and entered into correspondence with 
+
+  the great English intellectuals of his age.&amp;nbsp; Most of these men were 
+
+  introduced to him through his former professor at Oxford, Thomas 
+
+  Linacre.&amp;nbsp; More's own reputation as a man of learning and wit was already 
+
+  begun, but he was beginning to suffer great spiritual conflict.&amp;nbsp; The law 
+
+  was not wholly satisfying to his character, but religious study might be, or 
+
+  so he thought.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps his introduction to the famous Dutch humanist 
+
+  Desiderius Erasmus in 1497 spurred his intense personal examination; the men 
+
+  became fast friends, and corresponded until More's execution.&amp;nbsp; Whatever 
+
+  the cause, it is certain that around the turn of the century, More turned his 
+
+  attention to religious matters; he delivered well-attended lectures on St 
+
+  Augustine's &lt;I&gt;The City of God&lt;/I&gt;, and was seriously considering becoming a 
+
+  priest.&amp;nbsp; He underwent a dramatic personal struggle, debating whether he 
+
+  had a true vocation, or calling, to be a priest; he left his comfortable home 
+
+  in Chelsea and moved near the London Charterhouse. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;At the Charterhouse, More began to examine the possibility of a wholly 
+
+  religious life.&amp;nbsp; He joined the monks in daily prayer, and wore a hair 
+
+  shirt; he wavered between joining the Franciscans or Carthusians, and both 
+
+  orders were particularly dedicated to lives of strictness and denial.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  Perhaps their extreme fervor dismayed More, for he possessed an ironic wit 
+
+  which would not rest easy with their single-minded worship.&amp;nbsp; Or perhaps 
+
+  he remembered his comfortable home and lifestyle in London.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the 
+
+  case, he decided to abandon his brief dream of becoming a priest. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;(It is worth noting that Erasmus later referred to his friend's decision in 
+  a letter, writing that More 'chose, therefore, to be a chaste husband rather 
+
+  than an impure priest.'&amp;nbsp; The implication is obvious, but sexual desires 
+
+  are normal enough in young men, and - even if Erasmus is correct - it does not 
+
+  speak ill of More's character.) 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;After finally deciding that the priesthood was not his true vocation, More 
+
+  returned to his law practice with a vengeance.&amp;nbsp; He was soon enough 
+
+  elected to Parliament, and found himself firmly on the side of his friends, 
+
+  mostly London merchants, as they battled Henry VII's unjust 'grants'.&amp;nbsp; As 
+
+  mentioned at the beginning of this biography, his speeches in defense of the 
+
+  merchants irked the king; as a result of More's persuasive oratory, Parliament 
+
+  lessened the amount from Henry's request of over Â£100,000 to about 
+
+  Â£30,000.&amp;nbsp; Immediately, the temperamental king imprisoned More's father 
+
+  upon some pretext, and demanded that the hefty sum of Â£100 as a fine.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  More paid the fine, and thought it wise to disappear a bit from public 
+
+  life.&amp;nbsp; He had other, more personal matters to occupy him anyway; in 1505, 
+
+  he married Jane, the eldest daughter of Master John Colte.&amp;nbsp; It was a 
+
+  happy marriage, and Jane bore four children before her untimely death in 1511 
+
+  (daughters Margaret, Elizabeth, and Cecilia, and son John.)&amp;nbsp; His 
+
+  son-in-law William Roper's biography implies that More married Jane out of 
+
+  pity; he preferred her younger sister, but thought it would bring shame upon 
+
+  the eldest daughter for her younger sister to be married before her.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  This anecdote was perhaps Roper's attempt to further enshrine More's generous 
+
+  character.&amp;nbsp; In truth, More loved his wife deeply, and two decades after 
+
+  her death he called her 'uxorcula Mori'. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;In any case, More was not a widower for long.&amp;nbsp; He was left with four 
+
+  young children to care for, and soon decided to marry again.&amp;nbsp; This time 
+
+  he chose a widow, Alice Middleton, seven years his senior.&amp;nbsp; She had a 
+
+  good dowry and became exceptionally devoted to More and his children.&amp;nbsp; The 
+
+  marriage was quite happy, and Alice maintained the household in London as a 
+
+  refuge for her busy, scholarly husband.&amp;nbsp; More became a renowned 'family 
+
+  man', loathe to leave his home and kin, and truly dedicated to their 
+
+  happiness.&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/morefamilysmall.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Holbein's famous portrait of Sir Thomas More and his family&quot; width=&quot;550&quot; height=&quot;370&quot;&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Rowland Lockey's 1593 copy of Holbein's famous portrait of 
+  Sir Thomas More and his family&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;P&gt;But More's love of family and learning were soon to become secondary to the 
+
+  desires of his king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was crowned in 1509, and More's 
+
+  reputation for learning and wit was already well-known.&amp;nbsp; In 1510, he was 
+
+  made Under-Sheriff of London, and four years later the Lord Chancellor, 
+
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, appointed More as ambassador to Flanders.&amp;nbsp; The 
+
+  mission was close to More's heart for it involved the rights of London 
+
+  merchants.&amp;nbsp; But he was unhappy in Flanders; the salary was insufficient 
+
+  for his needs, and he missed his family.&amp;nbsp; But it was in Flanders that he 
+
+  first began his most famous literary work, &lt;I&gt;Utopia&lt;/I&gt;; it was published 
+
+  shortly after his return to England and helped secure his fame throughout 
+
+  Europe. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Wolsey and Henry VIII were impressed enough by More's services that they 
+  offered him a position at Court.&amp;nbsp; In 1516, after returning from Flanders, 
+  he was officially granted a pension of Â£100 for life, a significant sum at the 
+  time.&amp;nbsp; In 1517, the government 
+
+  duties began in earnest - missions to the all-important Calais, and 
+
+  appointment to the Privy Council.&amp;nbsp; Other honors soon followed; he 
+
+  attended Henry personally at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, was knighted and 
+
+  made treasurer to the king in 1521, and secured lands in Kent and 
+
+  Oxford.&amp;nbsp; In 1523 Wolsey secured More's appointment as Speaker of the 
+
+  House of Commons, and a few years later More was appointed High Steward of 
+
+  Cambridge University and Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, all honorable 
+
+  and important offices. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;It is obvious that both Henry VIII and Wolsey greatly favored More, though 
+
+  how More himself thought of his government service is unclear.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  performed his offices with aplomb, but undoubtedly wished for 
+
+  more time with his family - and even more time with his studies.&amp;nbsp; Life at 
+
+  court held little attraction for him; he was not ambitious (which intrigued 
+
+  the king and Wolsey) and he thought little of the gossip and mad scramble for 
+
+  power which characterized the Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; But he did admire Henry and 
+
+  the king's intelligent and pious wife, Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; For her 
+
+  part, Henry's queen once commented that, of all her husband's ministers, only 
+
+  Thomas More had deserved the title 'Lord Chancellor', a remarkable comment 
+
+  considering More was the first layman to hold the office. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More first purchased the land for his famous home in Chelsea in 1523; soon 
+
+  enough his mansion upon the Thames was built, complete with a large garden 
+
+  bordering the river.&amp;nbsp; It was here that he retreated as often as possible 
+
+  from court; here, too, that he entertained his many friends, including 
+
+  Erasmus.&amp;nbsp; Often the king would arrive unannounced for dinner and stroll 
+
+  about the garden with More.&amp;nbsp; Despite his later decision to imprison and 
+
+  execute More, it is clear that the king was truly fond of his councilor.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  Henry enjoyed intellectual debate and More was arguably the most learned man 
+
+  in England; he was also witty and kind-hearted.&amp;nbsp; And for a long while, he 
+
+  basked in the king's service. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;The conflict within More between government service and personal time was 
+
+  never fully resolved, though for many successful years he remained a respected 
+
+  and influential friend to the king and an independent philosopher.&amp;nbsp; It 
+
+  was simply that he and Henry, for a long while, shared similar philosophical 
+
+  and religious views.&amp;nbsp; Henry had, after all, jumped to the defense of the 
+
+  Catholic faith with a religious treatise of his own, and thus won the title 
+
+  'Defender of the Faith' from the pope.&amp;nbsp; More had little reason to suspect 
+
+  that Henry, originally raised as the second son destined for the church, would 
+
+  one day force papal power from England.&amp;nbsp; But in the mid-1520s, More was 
+
+  aware - like everyone in England - that the king's long marriage to 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine 
+
+  of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; was unlikely to produce a male heir.&amp;nbsp; Of the four sons 
+
+  Katharine had borne, all had died - and only the Princess Mary, born in 1516, 
+
+  survived as a viable heir for the Tudor throne.&amp;nbsp; It was clear to everyone 
+
+  - especially the king - that something had to be done, though Henry never 
+
+  envisioned anything as drastic as what has come to be known as the '&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Henrician 
+
+  Reformation&lt;/a&gt;'.&amp;nbsp; It was only after years of frustration, delays, 
+
+  double-talk, and interference from Charles V that Henry finally denounced the 
+
+  pope's authority on religious matters. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Both the king and More had responded to the growing threat of Lutheranism 
+
+  with religious works (as mentioned above, Henry's work won special praise from the 
+
+  pope.)&amp;nbsp; Today More's work strike us as bigoted and narrow-minded, but 
+
+  it should be read within the context of his time and beliefs, and it is often less inflammatory than other Catholic polemics.&amp;nbsp; Also, the 
+
+  Lutherans were hardly decorous in their prose.&amp;nbsp; More was eventually 
+
+  persuaded to write in English so he could reach a wider audience; he had also 
+
+  watched as the Lutheran 'heretics' wrote in the vernacular and attracted 
+
+  numerous followers. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;But More's response to this new heresy was reinforced by the fall of 
+
+  Cardinal Wolsey, once his great patron.&amp;nbsp; Henry's decision to annul his 
+
+  marriage to Katharine of Aragon was simple enough, and quite common among 
+
+  monarchs and other high nobles in Europe.&amp;nbsp; It was a necessary way to end 
+
+  unsuccessful (i.e., childless) unions.&amp;nbsp; Henry had every reason to expect 
+
+  that the pope would grant his petition for an annulment; he even had a 
+
+  stronger claim that most men.&amp;nbsp; Henry could quote liberally from 
+
+  Leviticus, particularly the injunction against marrying a brother's 
+
+  wife.&amp;nbsp; On grounds of strict theology, he certainly had a case for 
+
+  annulment.&amp;nbsp; But he had two problems - a stubborn wife who refused to see 
+
+  reason, and her very powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who 
+
+  virtually controlled the pope.&amp;nbsp; As a result, the simple matter of an 
+
+  annulment became a major European political issue. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn, whose marriage to King Henry VIII brought about More's downfall&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; height=&quot;194&quot;&gt;Matters were complicated by Henry's growing - and 
+  scandalously open - passion for 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+
+  Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;, the daughter of Thomas Boleyn and niece of the duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; More knew 
+
+  the Boleyns well enough for Thomas was an ambassador and well-liked; like 
+
+  More, he was from humble beginnings but used his skill and intelligence to 
+
+  rise quickly in Henry's service.&amp;nbsp; His eldest daughter Mary had been 
+  Henry's mistress, and possibly borne his son.&amp;nbsp; Anne, however, was more 
+  ambitious than her sister.&amp;nbsp; She recognized 
+
+  the king's predicament; he needed heirs, and she was young and healthy.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  And Henry loved her passionately, at least for a time.&amp;nbsp; But it is far too 
+
+  simplistic to argue, as many biographers have, that Henry defied the Catholic 
+
+  Church because of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; The king was dissatisfied with his 
+
+  marriage before they met and there had been talk of an annulment as 
+
+  well.&amp;nbsp; His love for Anne simply gave new impetus to an existing desire to 
+
+  break with Katharine. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;
+
+  Wolsey's hatred of the Boleyns was spurred by jealousy.&amp;nbsp; He had been the king's closest advisor and confidante 
+
+  until his failure to secure an annulment earned royal displeasure.&amp;nbsp;  Anne and her supporters were quick to put distance between Henry 
+
+  and the elderly cardinal.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey's time had passed, and he died while on 
+
+  the way to the Tower for trial.&amp;nbsp; And so, in October of 1529, Thomas More 
+
+  became the first layperson appointed Lord Chancellor of England.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+
+  now Keeper of the Great Seal, and second only to the king in power.&amp;nbsp; It 
+
+  was a heady appointment, but More probably greeted the appointment with his 
+
+  usual ironic stance - particularly since he had just witnessed Wolsey's fall 
+
+  from grace. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More did not like the Boleyns.&amp;nbsp; They represented a new generation at 
+
+  court - greedy, flamboyant, and openly ambitious.&amp;nbsp; They were quick to 
+
+  make enemies, and difficult to please.&amp;nbsp; More, who had no love of gossip 
+
+  and admired Katharine of Aragon's deep piety (the old queen spent several 
+
+  hours a day on her knees in prayer), was aware that Henry was drifting from 
+
+  him intellectually and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn had come to represent 
+
+  the Lutheran cause in More's mind as well, though not because she was a 
+
+  Lutheran.&amp;nbsp; It was simply that her marriage to Henry would mean defiance 
+
+  of papal law, and would place England in spiritual jeopardy.&amp;nbsp; And so, to 
+
+  More and most Englishmen, Katharine represented the piety and virtues of the 
+
+  old faith, and Anne represented the startling spiritual changes sweeping 
+
+  throughout Europe. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More used his position as Lord Chancellor to wipe out as much of the new 
+
+  heresy as possible; he had always been a great lawyer and judge, and he used 
+
+  these talents formidably.&amp;nbsp; He never equaled Wolsey's power or prestige, 
+
+  simply because Henry had temporarily lost his taste for all-powerful political 
+
+  advisors.&amp;nbsp; But More was completely successful in ridding the English 
+
+  court of cases - he actually exhausted the case log!&amp;nbsp; And, of course, he 
+
+  didn't simply judge cases; he also enforced the existing heresy laws with 
+
+  great zeal.&amp;nbsp; One cannot condemn More for following the tenets of his own 
+
+  religious convictions, and it is worth noting that he specifically 
+
+  distinguished between the vice of heresy and the actual heretic.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  hesitated to bring the full force of the law against heretics; he was 
+
+  scrupulous about offering them every possible opportunity to recant.&amp;nbsp; In 
+
+  this he was successful, and only four people were actually executed for heresy 
+
+  during his tenure as Lord Chancellor. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More's religious views were shortly to conflict with his king's 
+
+  desires.&amp;nbsp; Henry was frustrated with the pope's endless delays in deciding 
+
+  his case, and he was determined to establish some control over the church in 
+
+  England.&amp;nbsp; He did not tell More of his plans, preferring to confide in 
+
+  more liberal members of his council and parliament.&amp;nbsp; And so, just a few 
+
+  months after More's elevation to the position of lord chancellor, a new 
+
+  parliament began to pass the sweeping laws which would end the supremacy of 
+
+  the Roman Catholic Church in England.&amp;nbsp; First there was a royal 
+
+  proclamation that all members of the clergy must acknowledge the king as 
+
+  'Supreme Head' of English affairs 'as far as the law of God will 
+
+  permit'.&amp;nbsp; More realized the threat to his own spiritual beliefs and 
+
+  immediately proffered his resignation.&amp;nbsp; Henry refused angrily, and 
+
+  promised More that he would never have to agree to anything proclamation that 
+
+  went against his conscience.&amp;nbsp; Was this promise a deliberate lie on the 
+
+  king's part?&amp;nbsp; Probably not, for Henry truly believed in the religious 
+
+  righteousness of his own cause and undoubtedly expected all to do the same. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;But More could not hold out for long, and nor could Henry - whose designs 
+
+  were becoming more sweeping and offensive to the old faith - ignore his chief 
+
+  minister's open opposition.&amp;nbsp; It was an embarrassment, and in May 1532 he 
+
+  finally accepted More's resignation.&amp;nbsp; By this time, More had lost his 
+
+  close friendship with the king; there were no more impromptu dinner visits, or 
+
+  intense conversations about philosophical matters.&amp;nbsp; It was clear to 
+
+  everyone that a line would soon be clearly drawn, and everyone would be either 
+
+  for or against the king - always remembering, of course, the old adage that 
+
+  'the king's wrath is death'. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;More still had powerful friends and allies, and Henry was always far more 
+
+  eager to have More's cooperation than his disobedience.&amp;nbsp; More was still, 
+
+  after all, the most famous English philosopher, widely read and respected on 
+
+  the continent.&amp;nbsp; And in England he even had the friendship of Thomas 
+
+  Cranmer, the very Protestant archbishop of Canterbury and, along with Thomas 
+
+  Cromwell, the chief advisor to the king.&amp;nbsp; But English Catholics, feeling 
+
+  their faith under siege, were also looking to More as their most prominent 
+
+  champion.&amp;nbsp; And so he was faced with the simple fact that despite his own 
+
+  longing for retirement and personal peace, he was too much a public figure to 
+
+  fade into the background.&amp;nbsp; His opinion mattered too much, and was sought 
+
+  by too many. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;After resigning from the lord chancellorship, More had immediately lost a 
+
+  great deal of his income but he scaled back his lifestyle and happily returned 
+
+  to Chelsea.&amp;nbsp; His greatest wish was to simply stay at home with his 
+
+  beloved family and write; he wanted no part in the politics of Henry's 
+
+  court.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't escape so easily.&amp;nbsp; Still, it is worth 
+
+  remembering that More did not hurry toward his fate; he did not accept death 
+
+  as inevitable and put himself directly in opposition to the king.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  wanted to live, and in the following years he did much to avoid his eventual 
+
+  fate - everything except betray his conscience. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;For about eighteen months he was able to escape the king's wrath.&amp;nbsp; He 
+
+  stayed away from Anne Boleyn's coronation, deliberately avoiding a public 
+
+  confrontation with the king.&amp;nbsp; And when his nephew, William Rastell, wrote 
+
+  a pro-Catholic treatise, More immediately wrote to Cromwell and Henry denying 
+
+  any involvement.&amp;nbsp; More specifically stressed that he knew his duty as a 
+
+  citizen, and supported his prince completely - too completely to criticize any 
+
+  of his decisions.&amp;nbsp; But such dissembling - and from such a famous man - 
+
+  would not please Henry for long.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough More's name was included in 
+
+  the Bill of Attainder against the Catholic mystic Elizabeth Barton, the Holy 
+
+  Maid of Kent.&amp;nbsp; More had once visited the woman, but was too skeptical to 
+
+  believe in her increasingly dramatic 'visions'.&amp;nbsp; He was brought before 
+
+  the Council and asked about his religious views; he explained that he had 
+
+  discussed his feelings to the king on various occasions, and never incurred 
+
+  Henry's wrath.&amp;nbsp; More was popular enough, and quite innocent, and so Henry 
+
+  grudgingly removed his name from the bill.&amp;nbsp; But he had intended the 
+
+  measure as a warning to More, and it was well-taken.&amp;nbsp; The duke of 
+
+  Norfolk, Anne Boleyn's uncle, warned More that 'the king's wrath is death' and 
+
+  More replied wittily, 'Is that all, my lord?&amp;nbsp; Then, in good faith, 
+
+  between your grace and me is but this - that I shall die today, and you 
+
+  tomorrow'.&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;hr&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Thou wilt give me this day a greater benefit than ever any mortal man 
+
+    can be able to give me.&amp;nbsp; Pluck up thy spirits, man, and be not afraid 
+
+    to do thine office.&amp;nbsp; My neck is very short: take heed, therefore, thou 
+
+    strike not awry for saving of thine honesty.'&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;Thomas 
+
+    More's last words to his executioner, 6 July 
+
+1535&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;Today came quickly for More; in March of 1534, just months after the birth 
+
+  of Henry and Anne's 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;daughter&lt;/a&gt;, the Act of Succession was passed which ordered 
+
+  everyone the government called upon to swear an oath acknowledging the 
+
+  legitimacy of Anne and Henry's heirs, and - most significantly - including a 
+
+  clause which repudiated the power of any 'foreign authority' in English 
+
+  affairs.&amp;nbsp; On the 14th of April More was summoned from Chelsea to take the 
+
+  oath at Lambeth; he refused.&amp;nbsp; He was turned over to the custody of the 
+
+  abbot of Westminster, and four days later taken to the Tower of London where he was 
+
+  lodged in the Bell Tower.&amp;nbsp; Months passed, and the king both threatened 
+
+  and cajoled his former friend, sending various emissaries while also keeping 
+
+  More in increasingly dire conditions.&amp;nbsp; More did not break.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+  Imprisoned with John Fisher, the bishop of Rochester, More took strength from 
+
+  that great man's equal courage. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;When not entertaining a rare visitor with his wit and charm, More engaged 
+
+  in prayer and writing.&amp;nbsp; In the spring of 1535 Cromwell visited the Tower 
+
+  personally to ask More's opinion of recently-passed statutes which gave Henry 
+
+  the title 'Supreme Head of the Church of England'.&amp;nbsp; More judiciously 
+
+  replied that he was a faithful servant of the king; in June, the 
+
+  solicitor-general interviewed him and reported to Henry and Cromwell that More 
+
+  had denied parliament's power to confer supreme ecclesiastical authority upon 
+
+  the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry now turned both petty and cruel - he used the pretext of 
+
+  More and Fisher's occasional letters to one another to confiscate all of 
+
+  More's writing materials.&amp;nbsp; He was now reduced to writing upon scraps with 
+
+  a stick of charcoal. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;The king was further angered when the pope made Fisher a cardinal, 
+
+  essentially a prince of the church, even while the bishop was imprisoned for 
+
+  treason.&amp;nbsp; The king caustically remarked that he would soon send Fisher's 
+
+  head to Rome so it could wear the red cardinal's hat.&amp;nbsp; By now, Henry had 
+
+  pushed aside all thought of popular reaction; he was flush with his own power, 
+
+  and determined to have his way.&amp;nbsp; More refused to submit to royal 
+
+  authority, and he would pay the ultimate price.&amp;nbsp; And so, on the 1st of 
+
+  July 1535, he was indicted for high treason at Westminster Hall.&amp;nbsp; More 
+
+  denied the chief charges and defended himself ably, but it was of no 
+
+  matter.&amp;nbsp; The jury found him guilty and he was sentenced to hang at 
+
+  Tyburn.&amp;nbsp; A few days later news arrived that the king would be merciful - 
+
+  More would instead be beheaded at Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; On the 6th of July, a bit 
+
+  before nine o'clock in the morning, More was executed; he met his end with 
+
+  great dignity, grace, and courage.&amp;nbsp; His body was buried at the Tower 
+
+  church of St Peter ad Vincula, but his head was parboiled and stuck on a pike 
+
+  in Tower Bridge.&amp;nbsp; His beloved daughter Margaret bribed a worker to give 
+
+  it to her and it was interred in the Roper family vault in Canterbury, 
+
+  Margaret having married William Roper some years before. 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;King Henry VIII was increasingly tyrannical and hated as his reign 
+  progressed.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn was beheaded less than a year after More on 
+  false charges of witchcraft, adultery and incest; the king would eventually 
+  marry four more times.&amp;nbsp; His fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was also 
+  executed.&lt;/P&gt; 
+
+  &lt;P&gt;On 29 December 1886, Pope Leo XIII formally beatified Thomas More, and his 
+
+  reputation for learning and saintliness has only grown.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note:&lt;/b&gt; Modern studies of More often discuss his religious 
+conservatism and intolerance of more progressive views.&amp;nbsp; He openly 
+denounced and persecuted members of the Protestant faith, and much of his 
+writing was both vitriolic and inflammatory on this point.&amp;nbsp; But to condemn 
+More for his religious intolerance is unfair.&amp;nbsp; He (and Bishop Fisher, et 
+al) represented the last gasp of Catholicism in England.&amp;nbsp; After his death, 
+the faith never regained its intellectual breadth and stature.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;In our own increasingly secular age, it is easy to be cynical and 
+
+dismissive of deeply held religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; But to judge More by modern 
+
+standards is obviously wrong; the following books do an admirable job of placing 
+
+More in the context of his time, and I recommend them to students for further 
+
+study:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The Life of Thomas More&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;by Peter 
+
+Ackroyd.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The King's Good Servant but God's First: The 
+
+Life and Writings of Saint Thomas More&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;by James 
+
+Monti.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Thomas More: A Biography&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;by Richard Marius.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Thomas More: A Portrait of 
+
+Courage&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;by Gerard B. Wegemer.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Citizens&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;i&gt;Tudor 
+England: Images&lt;/i&gt; to view portraits of the Tudor monarchs and their courtiers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082582&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082582&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1481 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">106237</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Lady Jane Grey The Nine Days Queen biography portraits primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Nine Days' Queen 1553</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215304</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0135.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janegrey.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janegrey-nga.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parr-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward6-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-eworthcr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janecrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;IMG height=47 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey.gif&quot; width=320&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=287 
+      alt=&quot;The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul Delaroche&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey-nga.jpg&quot; width=358 border=2&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read 
+        the biography of Lady Jane Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account 
+        of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;, 1553. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;Jane's letter to 
+        Queen Mary from the Tower of London&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account 
+        of Jane's execution&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: 
+        Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady 
+        Catherine Grey site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's tragic 
+        sister.&lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward 
+        VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's cousin who left her the throne. 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Grey's life at &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's 
+        Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/A&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bitterwisdom.com%2fladyjanegrey&quot;&gt;The Lady Jane Grey Internet 
+        Museum&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Tudor Dynasty enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor 
+        Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign 
+        of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or 
+        other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt; 
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; 
+      &lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt; 
+      &lt;B&gt;Jane Grey remains one of the most compelling and tragic figures in 
+      Tudor history.&amp;nbsp; She possessed royal blood through her grandmother, 
+      Princess Mary Tudor, and this heritage brought her to the scaffold in 
+      1554.&amp;nbsp; Jane had been named heiress to the English throne in her 
+      great-uncle Henry VIII's will, but only if his son Edward and daughters 
+      Mary and Elizabeth died without issue.&amp;nbsp; But Edward ruled for just six 
+      years and his ambitious advisor, John Dudley, was determined to remain in 
+      power.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he persuaded Edward to write his own will and 
+      leave the throne to his pious cousin, Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; Though just fifteen 
+      at the time, she was known for her Protestant piety and learning; it was 
+      this religious devotion which persuaded Edward to alter the succession.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Deeply pious himself, he could not leave the throne to his Catholic 
+      sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Jane was quickly wed to Dudley's son and crowned queen 
+      of England in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; But she ruled for just nine days, trapped 
+      and unhappy.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor claimed the throne with great popular 
+      support and Jane was imprisoned in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+      subsequent execution was a political necessity for Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Despite her youth, Jane met her end with great dignity and courage.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I think that at the supper I neither receive flesh nor 
+  blood, but bread and wine; which bread when it is broken, and the wine when it 
+  is drunken, put me in remembrance how that for my sins the body of Christ was 
+  broken, and his blood shed on the cross. ...I ground my faith upon God's word, 
+  and not upon the church...&amp;nbsp; The faith of the church must be tried by 
+  God's word, and not God's word by the church; neither yet my faith.'&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane Grey to John Feckenham, 
+      1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt; 
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Ancestry&lt;/B&gt; 
+        &lt;BR&gt;Lady Jane Grey was the eldest child of Lord Henry and Lady Frances 
+        Grey, the duke and duchess of 
+      &lt;IMG height=205 
+      alt=&quot;Princess Mary Tudor, grandmother of Lady Jane Grey&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey1.jpg&quot; width=101 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; She was a viable heir to 
+        the English throne because of her maternal grandmother, &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess 
+        Mary Tudor&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; After the death of her first husband, King Louis 
+        XII of France in 1515, Mary secretly wed her true love, &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Charles 
+        Brandon&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was her brother &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry 
+        VIII&lt;/A&gt;'s best friend; the king's friendship and Brandon's service to 
+        the Crown led to his creation as duke of Suffolk in 1514.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+        Mary had a son, Henry, who died as teenager.&amp;nbsp; Their next eldest 
+        child was a daughter, Frances.&amp;nbsp; Under the terms of the Third Act of 
+        Succession (1544) and Henry VIII's last will and testament (1547), the 
+        Suffolk line would inherit the throne after Henry VIII's children died 
+        childless.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the throne would pass to Henry's son &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward&lt;/A&gt;; 
+        if Edward died childless, it passed to Henry's eldest daughter &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/A&gt;; 
+        if she died childless, it passed to Henry's youngest daughter &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+        If Elizabeth died childless, the throne passed to Lady Frances.&amp;nbsp; 
+        This plan completely disregarded the children of Henry's elder sister &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;Margaret&lt;/A&gt;, 
+        the former queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not care for Margaret and, 
+        more importantly, did not want the English throne in Scottish hands. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So it was through Princess Mary that Jane Grey was 
+        bequeathed her deadly heritage.&amp;nbsp; Still, no one in the 1540s 
+        expected the Suffolk line to rule.&amp;nbsp; After all, Henry VIII had left 
+        three heirs and it was unlikely all three would die childless.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+        course, we know that this did occur and the Tudor dynasty died with 
+        Elizabeth I in 1603.&amp;nbsp; It was only in 1552, with Edward VI's health 
+        rapidly failing, that people realized there would be a succession 
+        crisis.&amp;nbsp; According to parliament and Henry VIII's will, Mary was 
+        Edward's heir - but she was Catholic, in her late thirties, and never 
+        robust.&amp;nbsp; More importantly, Edward was a devout Protestant and did 
+        not want Roman Catholicism restored in England.&amp;nbsp; Urged on by 
+        self-interested advisors, he removed Mary from the succession on the 
+        grounds of her illegitimacy (she was declared so by parliament in 
+        1532.)&amp;nbsp; But if he removed Mary, he also had to remove Elizabeth 
+        even though she was a Protestant; Elizabeth had also been declared a 
+        bastard by parliament in 1536.&amp;nbsp; In his &lt;I&gt;Device for the 
+        Succession&lt;/I&gt;, written in his own hand, Edward wrote that they were 
+        both &quot;illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward's course of action removed the succession 
+        from the heirs of Henry VIII and gave it to the heirs of Henry's younger 
+        sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was a tumultuous course for many reasons.&amp;nbsp; 
+        For example, the king of France, Henry II, was raising &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary 
+        Stuart&lt;/A&gt;, Margaret Tudor's granddaughter; he planned to marry this 
+        ten-year-old &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;queen 
+        of Scots&lt;/A&gt; to his son and heir, Francois.&amp;nbsp; By all the accepted 
+        laws of primogeniture, she had a better claim to the English throne than 
+        her Suffolk cousins.&amp;nbsp; In fact, most European Catholics believed 
+        Mary's claim better than her Tudor cousins, Mary and Elizabeth, since 
+        both were illegitimate by acts of constitutional and canon law.&amp;nbsp; 
+        However, Mary of Scotland was in France - not England; also, the 
+        Suffolks were Protestant and she was not.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI never 
+        considered leaving her the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The above paragraph illustrates the complexity of 
+        blood ties within the Tudor family.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary Tudor was 
+        half-Spanish and thus cousin to the Holy Roman Emperor, the succession 
+        crisis interested most of the major powers of Europe - France, the 
+        Hapsburg Empire, Italy (the pope hoped to bring England back to his 
+        authority), and the Protestant princes of Germany.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI 
+        died in 1553, all of these nations waited to see who would 
+        triumph.&amp;nbsp; Mary....&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth....&amp;nbsp; Mary of 
+        Scotland....&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey....&amp;nbsp; Which would become queen?&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Europe waited to see how England would 
+        welcome a queen as their sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; All of the possible 
+        candidates for the throne were women, an unprecedented occurrence.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The only woman to attempt to rule England as her father's sole heir had 
+        been Matilda in the 12th century; she had been forced out of the country 
+        by popular revolt and a male cousin named Stephen of Blois became 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; Now it seemed the English had no choice but to accept a 
+        woman ruler.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And because of the secret marriage of Mary Tudor 
+        and Charles Brandon, the first woman to rule England in her own right 
+        would be Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Early Life and Education&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;'I will tell you a truth which perchance ye will marvel 
+          at.&amp;nbsp; One of the greatest benefits that God ever gave me is that 
+          he sent me so sharp and severe parents and so gentle a 
+          schoolmaster.&amp;nbsp; For when I am in the presence of Father or Mother, 
+          whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry 
+          or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do 
+          it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as 
+          God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly 
+          threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and 
+          other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them), so 
+          without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time 
+          comes that I must go to Mr Aylmer, who teacheth me so gently, so 
+          pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all 
+          the time nothing while I am with him.&amp;nbsp; And when I am called from 
+          him, I fall on weeping because whatsoever I do else but learning is 
+          full of grief, trouble, fear and wholly misliking to me.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
+          &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Lady Jane Grey to Roger Ascham, 
+        1550&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Jane Grey was not close to her 
+        parents.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was the marquess of Dorset; he became the duke 
+        of Suffolk in 1551.&amp;nbsp; He married Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon's 
+        eldest daughter Frances when she was sixteen.&amp;nbsp; At the time, Grey 
+        was a ward of Brandon's.&amp;nbsp; He was also an appropriate match for a 
+        Princess's daughter.&amp;nbsp; The Grey family had an ancient and impressive 
+        lineage, originally receiving lands from Richard the Lionheart.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Later, they rose to prominence under Edward IV; he had married Elizabeth 
+        Woodville, the widow of Sir John Grey and mother of his two sons.&amp;nbsp; 
+        When she became queen, she tirelessly promoted the interests of the Grey 
+        family.&amp;nbsp; In fact, her eldest Grey son, Thomas, was created marquess 
+        of Dorset during Edward IV's reign.&amp;nbsp; His son, also called Thomas, 
+        was a companion to Charles Brandon - soldiering with him in France in 
+        1513 and journeying there a year later to celebrate Princess Mary 
+        Tudor's wedding to the French king.&amp;nbsp; In 1530, Thomas Grey died and 
+        Brandon became his son's guardian.&amp;nbsp; The marriage between Frances 
+        and the heir, Henry Grey, was a satisfactory way to join two noble 
+        families together.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their marriage was celebrated at Suffolk Place in 
+        London.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor died some months later.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon 
+        remarried, this time to an heiress called Catherine Willoughby.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She bore him two sons (his son with Mary Tudor had recently died).&amp;nbsp; 
+        When Brandon passed away in 1545, he and Catherine's eldest son, called 
+        Henry after his late half-brother, became duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+        his younger brother died of the dreaded sweating sickness a few years 
+        later.&amp;nbsp; This left the dukedom of Suffolk vacant until 1551, when 
+        Edward VI would award it to Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry VIII had left the throne to 
+        his children and, if they died without issue, &quot;to the heirs of the body 
+        of the lady Frances our niece, eldest daughter to our late sister the 
+        French Queen lawfully begotten....&quot;&amp;nbsp; This meant that the Grey 
+        children (by this time Frances and Henry had 3 daughters - Jane born in 
+        1537, Catherine born in 1540, and Mary born in 1545) had enhanced 
+        social status.&amp;nbsp; In 1547, when the will was read, no one seriously 
+        expected them to gain more.&amp;nbsp; Edward was small and blond, like his 
+        long-dead uncle Arthur, lacking Henry VIII's robust athleticism and good 
+        health.&amp;nbsp; But he was expected to live, marry, and provide 
+        heirs.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, any immediate interest in the Grey children 
+        centered on how Edward would favor them.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, it was 
+        thought that he might marry the eldest, his cousin Jane.&amp;nbsp; They were 
+        the same age, both precocious, very serious, and fervently 
+        Protestant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane had been raised, with her two sisters, at 
+        Bradgate.&amp;nbsp; This was the principal family home on the edge of 
+        Charnwood Forest.&amp;nbsp; It was a beautiful and luxurious estate, suited 
+        to the Grey's semi-regal status.&amp;nbsp; Lady Frances was very conscious 
+        of her royal heritage and, as she grew older, became quite like her 
+        uncle Henry.&amp;nbsp; She and her husband were well-known for their love of 
+        riding, hunting, hawking and gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were not, however, the 
+        most interested of parents.&amp;nbsp; In this, they resembled their 
+        aristocratic contemporaries. They provided very well for their three 
+        daughters.&amp;nbsp; While Frances and Henry spent time in London, their 
+        daughters remained at Bradgate, in the hands of capable servants.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Jane's nurse was a woman called Mrs Ellen and would remain with her 
+        until Jane's execution; her first tutor was probably the house chaplain, 
+        Dr Harding.&amp;nbsp; The first ten years of Jane's life, from her birth in 
+        October 1537 (the exact date is not known) to her residence in Katharine 
+        Parr's household in 1547, are not documented.&amp;nbsp; It is likely she 
+        received the typical upper-class girl's education - its primary emphasis 
+        would be on instilling good manners and the 'feminine' virtues of 
+        obedience and docility.&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly learned needlework and was 
+        taught dancing and how to play some musical instruments.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        neither of her parents were scholars and no one in the sixteenth century 
+        expected women to be well-educated.&amp;nbsp; She may have visited London, 
+        accompanying her parents to Dorset Place in Westminster; she may have 
+        met her royal cousins.&amp;nbsp; No one knows.&amp;nbsp; But in March 1547, Lady 
+        Jane Grey finally emerges into the historical landscape.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+        then that she entered the household of the dowager queen &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine 
+        Parr&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's sixth and last wife.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine had retired from court upon Edward VI's 
+        accession, though she remained close to London.&amp;nbsp; Her&lt;IMG height=191 alt=&quot;Jane's guardian, Katharine Parr&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; dower manor, 
+        Chelsea, was in the suburbs.&amp;nbsp; It was a comfortable brick home with 
+        modern amenities.&amp;nbsp; Here, Katharine planned to live with the man she 
+        had longed to marry before Henry laid claim to her, Thomas Seymour, 
+        Edward VI's uncle.&amp;nbsp; She also brought with her the 13 year old 
+        Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr was justly celebrated for her 
+        warm and open nature; she was a good stepmother to all of Henry's 
+        children, particularly the youngest two.&amp;nbsp; A few weeks after 
+        Katharine and Elizabeth settled at Chelsea, Jane Grey came to join 
+        them.&amp;nbsp; She was sent to acquire polish and learn social graces, a 
+        common practice for daughters of the nobility.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane acquired much more than social skills at 
+        Katharine's household.&amp;nbsp; For the first time in her young life, she 
+        was truly happy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was a devout Protestant and the most 
+        intellectual of Henry's queens.&amp;nbsp; Her home was the center of the 
+        Protestant 'New Learning'; there was instruction and frequent 
+        debates.&amp;nbsp; Jane, quiet and studious by nature, thrived.&amp;nbsp; And 
+        though her parents were Protestant, it was at Katharine Parr's that she 
+        became devoutly committed to the faith.&amp;nbsp; The Greys, after all, had 
+        become Protestants like many nobles - because it was a matter of 
+        political necessity.&amp;nbsp; At Katharine's, Jane became a Protestant 
+        because she truly believed in its tenets.&amp;nbsp; This serious and intense 
+        study of faith would remain with her throughout her short life.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During Edward VI's reign, the Lord Protector was 
+        Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr had married his 
+        younger brother, Sir Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was very ambitious and 
+        angered that his brother had so much authority while he had to be 
+        content with a baronetcy, a seat on the Privy Council, and the office of 
+        Lord Admiral.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Katharine Parr had planned to marry years 
+        before but Henry's sudden interest in the twice-widowed heiress delayed 
+        their plans.&amp;nbsp; Within months of his death, however, they were wed in 
+        a secret ceremony; the exact date is not known but it was probably April 
+        1547. Their whirlwind courtship offended some but Edward VI gave them 
+        his blessing.&amp;nbsp; Some people remarked that the new Lord Admiral would 
+        have preferred marrying Princess Elizabeth, such was his ambition.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He certainly lacked the evangelical zeal of his new wife, always 
+        remembering important business when it was time for prayers.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        possessed great charm, particularly with women and children; and his 
+        desire to advance his own career led to some indiscreet behavior - 
+        notably bursting into Princess Elizabeth's bedroom in the early morning, 
+        still in his bedclothes, to tickle her awake.&amp;nbsp; This was dangerous 
+        play for an ambitious man and a thirteen-year-old heiress to the 
+        throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Thomas had wed the dowager queen and 
+        she loved him passionately.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, other supporters of his 
+        brother Edward, the Lord Protector, were also rewarded for their 
+        loyalty.&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, for example, became earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Meanwhile, Thomas was also becoming interested in the other young 
+        heiress who lived with his wife - Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When news of 
+        Henry VIII's will came out, he wasted no time in becoming friends with 
+        the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He sent his most trusted friend and servant, John 
+        Harington, to talk to Jane's father, Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; Harington was to 
+        use 'all the persuasions he could' to gain Jane Grey's wardship and 
+        marriage rights.&amp;nbsp; Later, Harington would say he never promised 
+        anything explicitly but Henry Grey remembered a guarantee that&amp;nbsp; 
+        Jane would marry King Edward.&amp;nbsp; On this basis, Grey sold his 
+        daughter to Seymour for the sum of Â£2000.&amp;nbsp; Seymour paid a few 
+        hundred immediately, promising to pay the rest in installments.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In other words, Thomas Seymour was hedging his 
+        bets - if Edward VI died unexpectedly (as Tudor boys often did), he 
+        could arrange something with the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; If Edward 
+        lived, he could gain influence by marrying his ward, Jane Grey, to the 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; Jane, of course, was oblivious to Seymour's plans.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        remained in Katharine Parr's household, moving from Chelsea, to Hanworth 
+        in Middlesex, or Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Her sensitive and eager 
+        mind, long starved for affection and knowledge, was finally engaged on a 
+        course of study - Latin, Greek and modern languages as well as religious 
+        instruction.&amp;nbsp; As relations between the Seymour brothers 
+        deteriorated for a variety of reasons, Katharine Parr became 
+        pregnant.&amp;nbsp; About halfway through the pregnancy, she happened upon a 
+        very unpleasant sight - her husband and stepdaughter, Princess 
+        Elizabeth, locked in a passionate embrace.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's reaction 
+        was a testament to her good character.&amp;nbsp; She successfully averted an 
+        ugly scandal; a few weeks later, Elizabeth and her household staff were 
+        sent to Cheshunt on a visit to old family friends.&amp;nbsp; She parted from 
+        Katharine with real affection and sadness; Elizabeth undoubtedly felt 
+        embarrassed and guilty.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey remained with Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There is 
+        no evidence she was ever particularly close to Elizabeth; the gulf 
+        between nine and thirteen is great.&amp;nbsp; Though they lived in the same 
+        homes for over a year, there are no surviving letters or 
+        reminisces.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane was grateful for Elizabeth's departure; 
+        the princess was described as proud and disdainful, not good company for 
+        a shy child.&amp;nbsp; On 13 June 1548 Jane accompanied Katharine and Thomas 
+        to their Gloucestershire estate, Sudeley Castle.&amp;nbsp; On 30 August 
+        Katharine gave birth to a baby daughter, Mary; within a week, the 
+        dowager queen was dead, buried in the chapel at Sudeley.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+        yet another victim of puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, small for her 
+        age, freckled and with red hair, acted as chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents were becoming 
+        restless.&amp;nbsp; More than a year had passed since Seymour purchased 
+        their daughter's wardship.&amp;nbsp; In that time, no match had been made 
+        with Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; Also, they wondered if it would be better to marry 
+        Jane to the Lord Protector's son.&amp;nbsp; They wrote to Thomas Seymour, 
+        consoling him on the loss of his wife and remarking that, since 
+        Katharine was dead, her household would be dispersed - therefore, Jane 
+        should be sent home; Seymour was not to be outfoxed.&amp;nbsp; He wrote that 
+        his own mother was coming to Sudeley, to take charge of Katharine's 
+        household (none of which would be dispersed); she would be 'as dear unto 
+        Jane as though she were her own daughter.'&amp;nbsp; He did let Jane go home 
+        briefly in September.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly an unpleasant journey for 
+        the young girl.&amp;nbsp; However, Seymour was able to regain her parents' 
+        favor.&amp;nbsp; He stressed his determination to wed her to Edward (the 
+        greatest prize) and agreed to pay another Â£500 on his bond.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        Greys were chronically short of cash and wanted this grand 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; Jane returned to the Seymour household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the noose was tightening around Thomas 
+        Seymour's neck.&amp;nbsp; He had been boasting about his intent to destroy 
+        his overbearing brother and he had encouraged gossip that he would marry 
+        Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; This gossip was perhaps the most damaging, 
+        particularly to the eyes of the young king.&amp;nbsp; Was Seymour attempting 
+        to seize the throne?&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, earl of Warwick, had long waited 
+        for the opportunity to destroy the Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to 
+        be Lord Protector himself and was quite prepared to turn on his old 
+        friend, Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He used the arrogant and ambitious Thomas 
+        to destroy them both.&amp;nbsp; On 17 January 1549, Thomas Seymour was 
+        arrested at Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey was immediately 
+        brought home by her alarmed parents.&amp;nbsp; Because Parliament was in 
+        session, it was decided that Thomas would not have a trial - instead a 
+        bill of attainder was drawn up and passed through both houses in early 
+        March.&amp;nbsp; All that was needed was for the Lord Protector to sign the 
+        bill.&amp;nbsp; For about a week, Edward Seymour did nothing.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        understandably hesitant to execute his brother.&amp;nbsp; Seizing his 
+        chance, Dudley urged the council to appeal to the king - flattering his 
+        authority, they asked for him to sign the bill so they could proceed 
+        without further troubling the Protector.&amp;nbsp; Edward cared little for 
+        either of his uncles (the Protector kept him short of pocket money and 
+        assigned him cold-hearted tutors.)&amp;nbsp; He signed the bill.&amp;nbsp; On 20 
+        March 1549, Thomas Seymour was executed on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Dudley moved to take control of the 
+        government.&amp;nbsp; The year 1549 was marked by discontent - rising 
+        prices, high unemployment, bad harvests; also, people resented the 
+        radical religious changes passed since Henry VIII's death.&amp;nbsp; There 
+        were two serious revolts, in the West Country and Norfolk, both of which 
+        alarmed the land-owning gentry.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had once been popular with 
+        the common people but his execution of his own brother struck many as 
+        cold-blooded and evil.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had counted on this reaction.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He also counted on the support of the gentry; he was a capable soldier 
+        and put down the rebellion in the West Country.&amp;nbsp; This pleased the 
+        landowners and the king.&amp;nbsp; Also, it allowed Dudley to gather a 
+        well-armed and experienced group of soldiers about him.&amp;nbsp; On 10 
+        October, he and his supporters captured the fleeing Edward Seymour at 
+        Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; He was arrested and taken under guard to the 
+        Tower.&amp;nbsp; Dudley became one of the six prime attendants on the King 
+        but - very intelligently - did not take the title of Lord 
+        Protector.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley was on the list of sixteen executors Henry 
+        VIII had appointed in his will.&amp;nbsp; In 1543 he had been appointed Lord 
+        High Admiral, a post he relinquished reluctantly to the unqualified 
+        Thomas Seymour; in 1549, he regained that title.&amp;nbsp; He was also a 
+        family man with several sons.&amp;nbsp; But Dudley had learned from his 
+        dealings with Henry VIII; he knew to treat Edward not as one of his own 
+        sons but as a king.&amp;nbsp; He flattered the king, allowed him greater 
+        access to money, more physical freedom.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Dudley, his 
+        coup coincided with Edward's own physical maturity.&amp;nbsp; He became a 
+        sportsman, which Dudley encouraged, and began to travel a bit outside of 
+        London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His cousin Jane was not so fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        had returned to a home devoid of affection which also included physical 
+        abuse normal in the sixteenth-century (smacks, pinches, and the 
+        like).&amp;nbsp; The Greys were discovering that their daughter had matured 
+        into a thoughtful, intelligent, and self-righteously pious young 
+        woman.&amp;nbsp; She openly disapproved of their lack of piety, their 
+        devotion to material gain and social advancement, as well as their 
+        gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were happy to hire a tutor, John Aylmer, to 
+        continue her education - and take her off their hands.&amp;nbsp; Aylmer was 
+        a friend of Roger Ascham, the former tutor of Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On a visit to Aylmer, Ascham met Jane Grey; she impressed him 
+        greatly.&amp;nbsp; He preserved their meeting in his educational treatise, 
+        &lt;I&gt;The Schoolmaster&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Were the Greys really such terrible parents?&amp;nbsp; 
+        There is no doubt that Jane and her parents were not affectionate to one 
+        another.&amp;nbsp; Yet this was normal in an age which expected children to 
+        be dutiful and obedient and that discipline built character.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        fairness to them, Jane was openly critical of their pleasure-loving 
+        lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She encouraged the chaplain to deliver sermons against 
+        gambling, told visitors that she found her parents foolish and 
+        irritating, and she was very self-righteous.&amp;nbsp; What parent would 
+        enjoy the company of such a devout thirteen-year-old?&amp;nbsp; At home, 
+        Jane met John ab Ulmer, a Swiss Protestant and student of Henry 
+        Bullinger, chief pastor of the Protestant church in Zurich.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        were both friends of Aylmer and Ascham.&amp;nbsp; The four men corresponded 
+        about the education of this most pious young girl.&amp;nbsp; There are many 
+        surviving letters - Jane thanking Bullinger for sending a copy of his 
+        treatise on Christian Perfection - and some reveal her as more than a 
+        pious Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; In one, Aylmer is concerned that she is 
+        taking too much of an interest in music and her appearance.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        distressed - but what good news for the student of Jane's life!&amp;nbsp; 
+        She is human, after all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the European reformers were hopeful 
+        that Edward VI would marry this most proper cousin.&amp;nbsp; Their union 
+        would make England a most blessed Protestant realm.&amp;nbsp; But Jane 
+        turned fourteen and was still not betrothed to anyone while Edward was 
+        in serious talks to wed the French princess Elisabeth.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Charles Brandon's two sons with 
+        Catherine Willoughby had died.&amp;nbsp; This meant that their half-sister 
+        Frances Grey was sole surviving heir to the Brandon estates.&amp;nbsp; On 4 
+        October 1551, the title of duke of Suffolk was given to her husband in 
+        right of his wife.&amp;nbsp; And on 11 October, just a week later, Dudley 
+        was made duke of Northumberland; two years of Edward's favor had 
+        sufficiently emboldened him to petition the king.&amp;nbsp; He was the first 
+        man to receive a ducal title who had no ties of marriage or blood to the 
+        reigning royal family.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane Grey, that week in 1551 was to have 
+        terrible consequences. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Marriage&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The political situation in England during 
+        Edward's reign is fully explored in the Edward VI pages.&amp;nbsp; Suffice 
+        to say, the duke of Northumberland, John Dudley, had replaced Edward 
+        Seymour as the true power behind the throne.&amp;nbsp; In spring 1552, his 
+        young master fell ill.&amp;nbsp; No one was especially concerned; Edward VI 
+        had been ill before and recovered well enough.&amp;nbsp; But this time he 
+        did not fully recover.&amp;nbsp; It seemed as if his physical resemblance to 
+        the long-dead Prince Arthur went beyond their fair coloring and delicate 
+        physique - they were both consumptive as well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This naturally terrified the Protestant lords who 
+        had prospered during his six-year reign.&amp;nbsp; The Princesses Mary and 
+        Elizabeth were rarely seen at the king's court, Mary in 
+        particular.&amp;nbsp; She could no longer persuade herself that Edward was 
+        simply a misguided Protestant pawn.&amp;nbsp; He had, like Henry before him, 
+        ordered her to change her religion; he was king and expected 
+        obedience.&amp;nbsp; He was closer to Elizabeth (only 4 years older than 
+        him) and she was suitably Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she, too, was rarely at 
+        court.&amp;nbsp; His Grey family, however, was increasingly present.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary of Guise, mother of Mary queen of Scots 
+        and regent of Scotland, visited England in November 1551, Mary and 
+        Elizabeth were not invited.&amp;nbsp; But Frances and Henry Grey were there, 
+        bringing their fourteen-year-old daughter Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary of Guise's 
+        two-day visit to Hampton Court was Jane's official debut on the English 
+        political scene.&amp;nbsp; In early February, Jane contracted an unspecified 
+        illness.&amp;nbsp; It was serious enough to warrant mention from Aylmer (in 
+        a letter to Ascham.)&amp;nbsp; After her recovery, Jane's parents persuaded 
+        her to devote less time to study and more to social concerns.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+        course, an educated and pious daughter was an asset but they also wanted 
+        a daughter who could attract a king in marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 April 1552, Edward became ill with the 
+        measles.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, he recovered somewhat - enough to&lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin, King Edward VI&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6-crop.jpg&quot; width=137 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; attend St 
+        George's Day services at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; He also jousted, 
+        played on the tennis courts, and went hunting.&amp;nbsp; And on 27 June, he 
+        began his most extensive progress through the south and west of his 
+        kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed himself (he had never traveled so far 
+        outside London) but the pace was exhausting; combined with the illness 
+        in April and his strenuous athletics, it wore him down.&amp;nbsp; Passer-by 
+        thought he was ill; he was pale, losing weight, and lost his 
+        appetite.&amp;nbsp; He returned to Windsor in mid-September.&amp;nbsp; By then, 
+        the tuberculosis which killed him had begun in earnest.&amp;nbsp; By 
+        Christmas 1552, his condition was obvious.&amp;nbsp; The holiday 
+        celebrations were unusually festive, perhaps to take notice from the 
+        king's health.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary came to visit in February but his 
+        illness prevented their meeting for three days.&amp;nbsp; Still, the king's 
+        illness meant an increased respect for Mary, his heir under Henry VIII's 
+        will.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The exact nature and course of Edward's illness is 
+        discussed at the Edward VI page.&amp;nbsp; It was tuberculosis, or 
+        consumption as it was then called.&amp;nbsp; On 11 April 1553, Edward moved 
+        his household to his favorite residence, Greenwich Palace.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+        managed to open parliament in March but those who hadn't seen him since 
+        the holidays were shocked at his appearance; he was terribly thin and, 
+        oddly, his left shoulder seemed higher than his right.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+        obvious Edward was suffering terribly.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland, his closest 
+        advisor, was torn - he talked of retiring from political life but this 
+        was a passing dream.&amp;nbsp; He had made too many enemies - particularly 
+        the Catholic nobles and churchmen who would rally around Mary.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        truth, if Mary succeeded, the best Dudley could hope for was complete 
+        financial and political ruin.&amp;nbsp; More than likely, he would lose his 
+        head.&amp;nbsp; He could, of course, attempt to marry Princess Elizabeth to 
+        his one remaining unmarried son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; Why didn't he?&amp;nbsp; 
+        It certainly seems less convoluted than attempting to place Jane Grey on 
+        the throne.&amp;nbsp; The truth was that Elizabeth Tudor, nearly twenty 
+        years old, had seasoned political acumen - she would never be Dudley's 
+        pawn.&amp;nbsp; Dudley knew her well enough to guess as much.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Therefore, only Jane Grey (fourth in line, after her mother Frances) 
+        remained.&amp;nbsp; She would be amenable enough, the duke thought.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Frances and Henry were happy enough to 
+        encourage Dudley.&amp;nbsp; With Edward dying, there was no possibility of 
+        Jane marrying him.&amp;nbsp; They may have been put off by Dudley's 
+        ambition; he first attempted to marry Guildford to Eleanor Brandon's 
+        only child, Margaret Clifford (Eleanor was Frances's younger 
+        sister.)&amp;nbsp; But, swayed by the prospect of wealth and power, they 
+        agreed to marry Jane to Guildford.&amp;nbsp; In late April or&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;171&quot; height=&quot;215&quot; alt=&quot;Cary Elwes and Helena Bonham Carter as Guildford and Jane in the 1986 film 'Lady Jane'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; early May, the 
+        betrothal was announced.&amp;nbsp; Jane had protested the union but was 
+        persuaded by 'the urgency of her mother and the violence of her father'; 
+        in other words, persuaded by verbal and physical abuse.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Many have argued that Jane protested because she 
+        didn't like Guildford.&amp;nbsp; That is unlikely.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome 
+        enough (like most of the Dudley men), fair-haired and about her 
+        age.&amp;nbsp; He was arrogant and spoilt; his mother openly favored 
+        him.&amp;nbsp; But he had no other documented flaws.&amp;nbsp; When considered 
+        against other men of the age, he was a good match.&amp;nbsp; Jane's 
+        reservations centered on his father.&amp;nbsp; She disliked and feared 
+        Dudley, as most people did.&amp;nbsp; But the duke had a weapon against Jane 
+        which he would wield effectively - religion.&amp;nbsp; She was a devout and 
+        committed Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She didn't want Mary as queen any more than 
+        he did.&amp;nbsp; And, unlike Dudley, Jane's desire was based on real 
+        principle, not simple greed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So on 25 May 1553, Jane married Guildford at the 
+        Dudley's London residence, Durham House.&amp;nbsp; It was one of the great 
+        homes of Tudor England; her sister &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt; 
+        was also married that day, to the earl of Pembroke's heir.&amp;nbsp; Orders, 
+        signed by the king, had been sent to the Master of the Wardrobe so that 
+        the grandest clothing and jewels could be used.&amp;nbsp; Edward was 
+        supposed to attend but was far too ill.&amp;nbsp; He did not watch as his 
+        cousin marched down the aisle, richly appareled in cloth of gold and 
+        silver, her red hair braided with pearls.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For many, Jane and Guildford's marriage marks the 
+        beginning of the attempt to change the line of succession.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        reality, Edward VI had been pondering the problem for months.&amp;nbsp; Ever 
+        since he became ill, he had wondered how to prevent his Catholic sister 
+        from becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; His reasoning was purely religious.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Edward was a devout Protestant; he wanted his nation, for its own sake, 
+        to remain Protestant.&amp;nbsp; Just as Mary believed Catholicism was the 
+        path to righteousness, Edward believed in Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        king, charge by God with responsibility for his people's religious 
+        welfare.&amp;nbsp; It was a sacred duty.&amp;nbsp; For the sake of his immortal 
+        soul, Mary had to be prevented from leading England on the path to 
+        damnation.&amp;nbsp; This necessity overcame all else.&amp;nbsp; What was Henry 
+        VIII's will when compared to divine retribution?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So in late 1552/early 1553, he first began his 
+        Device for the Succession.&amp;nbsp; At first he left the throne to Lady 
+        Frances Grey and her male heirs, then to Jane Grey and her male 
+        heirs.&amp;nbsp; But it was evident that Frances Grey would have no more 
+        children and none of her daughters would bear children in time.&amp;nbsp; So 
+        he made a change - simple and explosive - he left the throne to 'the 
+        Lady Jane and her heirs male.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was the beginning of the end for Jane Grey. 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jane the Quene'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Edward's &lt;I&gt;Device for the Succession&lt;/I&gt; 
+        was eventually issued with the title &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the 
+        Limitation of the Crown&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It disinherited Mary and Elizabeth 
+        because they were 'illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        Furthermore, they were only half-sisters of the king, not entitled to 
+        succeed him, and might marry foreign husbands who would 'tend to the 
+        utter subversion of the commonwealth of this our realm.'&amp;nbsp; But 
+        Edward's device would have no legal validity as long as Henry VIII's 
+        1544 Act of Succession was still acknowledged by parliament.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        there was no time to wipe that law from the statute book.&amp;nbsp; Instead, 
+        Dudley planned to gain support from government and then carry out a coup 
+        so quickly that its legality would not matter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To gain government support, he spent June 1553 
+        persuading the Privy Council, judiciary, and various churchmen to 
+        endorse Edward's device.&amp;nbsp; The Lord Chief Justice, Sir Edward 
+        Montague, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, were uneasy; 
+        but Dudley was desperate and called them traitors.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, 
+        the king ordered them to obey.&amp;nbsp; So the &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the 
+        Limitation of the Crown &lt;/I&gt;was endorsed with the Great Seal on 21 
+        June.&amp;nbsp; It was recognized by the Lord Chancellor, the Privy 
+        Councilors, twenty-two peers of the realm, the Lord Mayor of London, 
+        various aldermen and sheriffs, the secretaries of state (including 
+        William Cecil, Elizabeth I's great statesman), and various judges and 
+        churchmen.&amp;nbsp; King Edward VI did not live long after this 
+        triumph.&amp;nbsp; After months of agony, he died in the early evening of 
+        Thursday 6 July.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, meanwhile, had been married to 
+        Guildford Dudley for almost six weeks.&amp;nbsp; She disliked her in-laws 
+        more than she disliked her parents so, immediately after the marriage, 
+        returned to Suffolk Place at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; From there, she moved to 
+        her parents' new residence in London, a former Carthusian monastery they 
+        were converting into a grand home.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's wife, the duchess of 
+        Northumberland and Jane's mother-in-law, was not happy with this 
+        arrangement.&amp;nbsp; She informed the Greys that Edward VI was dying and 
+        Jane had been made heir to his throne; she must hold herself in 
+        readiness (in other words, come to the Dudley home.)&amp;nbsp; Jane later 
+        said this was the first she knew of the king's impending death.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She didn't believe the duchess and told her as much; she accused the 
+        Dudleys of lying so they could steal her away from her parents.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The duchess accused the Greys of deliberating keeping Guildford and Jane 
+        apart.&amp;nbsp; Such petty conflict indicated rougher waters ahead for all 
+        involved.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the end, there was no reason Jane should not be 
+        with her husband.&amp;nbsp; She went to the Dudley's residence, Durham 
+        House, and possibly consummated her marriage.&amp;nbsp; But, after only a 
+        few days, she became ill and accused the Dudleys of poisoning her.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The charge was ludicrous (she was the key to their political salvation) 
+        and showed a surprising lack of logic on Jane's part.&amp;nbsp; But the 
+        Dudleys were concerned with her physical and mental state.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        sent her to Chelsea, Catherine Parr's former home where Jane had been so 
+        happy.&amp;nbsp; It was there that, on Sunday 9 July, Dudley's eldest 
+        daughter, Mary Sidney, came to visit her; they were to leave Chelsea and 
+        go to Syon House, a former convent on the Thames which Dudley 
+        controlled.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At this point, it is right to question Jane's true 
+        knowledge of Dudley's plans.&amp;nbsp; Remember, even if she knew Dudley 
+        intended to make her queen, there was nothing she could do to prevent 
+        it.&amp;nbsp; She was not stupid; the charge of poisoning was probably a 
+        result of nervousness and hysteria.&amp;nbsp; She knew her own 
+        lineage.&amp;nbsp; She knew that she was fourth in line for the English 
+        throne, after Mary, Elizabeth and her own mother Frances.&amp;nbsp; She also 
+        knew that, for some reason, the Dudleys and her parents were desperate 
+        to marry her to Guildford as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; She also watched 
+        her sister wed into another influential noble family on the same 
+        day.&amp;nbsp; Something was afoot and she undoubtedly suspected Dudley's 
+        plan.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her awareness of the plot was undoubtedly a 
+        greater strain than ignorance.&amp;nbsp; After all, she could do nothing to 
+        escape her family or in-laws.&amp;nbsp; She was, quite literally, 
+        trapped.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When she arrived at Syon House with Mary Sidney, 
+        she found her parents, in-laws, and a variety of distinguished nobles - 
+        the earls of Arundel, Huntington, and Pembroke, and the marquess of 
+        Northampton.&amp;nbsp; They greeted her very pleasantly and then knelt 
+        before her in reverence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was naturally embarrassed.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Dudley, in his capacity as President of the Council, then announced 
+        Edward's death.&amp;nbsp; The young king had led a 'virtuous life' and 
+        always cared for his kingdom - cared enough to disinherit his unworthy 
+        sisters and appointed his cousin Jane as his successor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was stunned.&amp;nbsp; She may have suspected as 
+        much but the actual moment of declaration was too much for her.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She muttered that she was 'insufficient' for the task.&amp;nbsp; The Lords 
+        of the Council then took a solemn oath to shed their blood in defense of 
+        her claim.&amp;nbsp; Jane murmured a quick prayer - if it was God's will 
+        that she be queen, then she would trust in God to help her govern 
+        England for His glory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her reaction was not what those gathered 
+        expected.&amp;nbsp; She was not openly thrilled, excited, or even 
+        pleased.&amp;nbsp; She made no stirring speech to raise their spirits - she 
+        simply uttered a prayer to God.&amp;nbsp; Did Jane want to be queen?&amp;nbsp; 
+        That is a much-debated question, impossible to answer.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        whatever her desire, she was queen and - for nine long days - ruled 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jana Regina'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;On Monday 10 July 1553, the new queen, Jane 
+        Grey, was taken in full state from Syon to Westminster (this journey was 
+        along the Thames in barges.)&amp;nbsp; They dined at the Dudley home, Durham 
+        House, and then journeyed by barge again to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; 
+        It was an ancient custom that all new sovereigns must come tot the Tower 
+        and take possession of it at the beginning of their reigns.&amp;nbsp; Jane 
+        and her various attendants arrived at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.&amp;nbsp; 
+        There was an eyewitness account by a Genoese merchant named Baptista 
+        Spinola.&amp;nbsp; He was standing with a group of spectators outside the 
+        main Tower gates, waiting to catch a glimpse of this new queen.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        wrote:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;She is very short and thin, but prettily shaped and 
+          graceful.&amp;nbsp; She has small features and a well-made nose, the mouth 
+          flexible and the lips red.&amp;nbsp; The eyebrows are arched and darker 
+          than her hair, which is nearly red.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are sparkling and 
+          reddish brown in color. &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Her complexion was good, unmarked by the 
+        pox, but freckled; she had sharp white teeth and a lovely smile.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Because she was so short, she wore chopines; these were shoes with a 
+        special cork sole designed to make her appear taller.&amp;nbsp; Her gown was 
+        made of green velvet stamped with gold (the colors undoubtedly flattered 
+        her red hair.)&amp;nbsp; Her husband Guildford, Spinola wrote, was 'a very 
+        tall strong boy with light hair' and clothed in white and silver 
+        velvet.&amp;nbsp; He 'paid her [Jane] much attention.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;
+        &lt;IMG height=343 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey or Katharine Parr? by Master John&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=170 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once in the Tower, Jane was installed in the royal 
+        apartments (now destroyed.)&amp;nbsp; There, another rift occurred between 
+        her and the Dudleys, much more serious than the first.&amp;nbsp; Jane was 
+        visited by the Lord Treasurer, the Marquess of Winchester, who brought a 
+        selection of the royal jewels for her to try on.&amp;nbsp; Among them was 
+        the crown.&amp;nbsp; Jane would later stress that she never asked for the 
+        crown - it was brought to her.&amp;nbsp; Winchester asked her to check if it 
+        fitted properly.&amp;nbsp; Jane would not.&amp;nbsp; She had played at being 
+        queen for nearly twenty-four hours but this, the most sacred symbol of 
+        the monarchy, was another reminder of the danger - and importance - of 
+        her role.&amp;nbsp; If she put it on, there was no turning back.&amp;nbsp; This 
+        was how she viewed it.&amp;nbsp; So she hesitated, would not take it from 
+        Winchester.&amp;nbsp; He didn't recognize her uneasiness.&amp;nbsp; He told her 
+        to take it, remarking that another would be made to crown her husband 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was then Jane realized the extent of Dudley's 
+        duplicity.&amp;nbsp; He had manipulated Edward, knowing the devout 
+        Protestant king wanted the throne to go to his equally devout cousin 
+        Jane; but, all along, Dudley simply wanted his own son crowned 
+        king.&amp;nbsp; None of the lords cared whether England was a righteous 
+        nation; no one cared about Edward's will.&amp;nbsp; Instead, her royal blood 
+        was to be used to maintain Dudley's control of England, to make his 
+        family into royalty.&amp;nbsp; She was outraged and angry.&amp;nbsp; And Jane 
+        was a Tudor herself, as proud of her royal background as she had a right 
+        to be.&amp;nbsp; The Dudleys, that arrogant, pretentious family, had no 
+        right to exploit her.&amp;nbsp; She told those assembled that she would 
+        gladly make Guildford a duke, but he would never be king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Guildford was present for this declaration.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He rushed out and fetched his mother.&amp;nbsp; The duchess, no admirer of 
+        Jane's anyway, joined her son in an attack - Jane was an unnatural wife 
+        and behaved like a child; in the end, Jane did not give in.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        duchess said Guildford would be leaving with her for Syon House.&amp;nbsp; 
+        When they had left, Jane called in the earls of Arundel and 
+        Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were ordered to prevent Guildford from 
+        leaving.&amp;nbsp; Jane did not like her husband - she probably pitied him 
+        for he was a pawn as well - but they had to stay together.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+        the consort to the monarch and could not act like a spoiled child.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Later, Jane would tell Mary I's officers this 
+        story, adding, 'I was compelled to act as a woman who is obliged to live 
+        on good terms with her husband; nevertheless I was not only deluded by 
+        the duke and the Council, but maltreated by my husband and his 
+        mother.'&amp;nbsp; The battle, however, had been domestic.&amp;nbsp; Jane would 
+        soon have much greater problems to confront.&amp;nbsp; For, later that 
+        evening, the Sheriff of London and various heralds and trumpeters, 
+        marched to the Cross in Cheapside to proclaim Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        announcement was met with silence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane's father-in-law, the architect of the 
+        plan to make her queen, her accession had gone smoothly.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        controlled London - with the Tower and armory, the treasury, and navy - 
+        and no councilors offered resistance.&amp;nbsp; Jane's only rival for the 
+        crown was Mary Tudor, thirty-seven, often ill, with no organized support 
+        or wealth.&amp;nbsp; Her situation was so dire that her champion, the 
+        Emperor Charles V, urged his ambassador to be friendly with Dudley; he 
+        wanted the duke's promise to protect Mary.&amp;nbsp; Every observer 
+        considered the throne won by Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But none of these learned men 
+        considered the feelings of ordinary Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; And they, unlike 
+        their aristocratic lords, would not gain wealth of prestige by 
+        supporting Jane or Mary.&amp;nbsp; So their support was based solely on 
+        ideas of right and wrong - to them, it was wrong for Jane to be queen 
+        and right for Mary to be queen.&amp;nbsp; It was that simple.&amp;nbsp; (&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;Click here 
+        to read an eyewitness account of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley understood popular opinion.&amp;nbsp; He also 
+        recognized the limits of his support - after all, most of the nobles 
+        would not stand by him if things turned ugly.&amp;nbsp; But he believed that 
+        a quick coup, eliminating all opposition, was the key to success.&amp;nbsp; 
+        So he had to get hold of Mary and Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary, the daughter of 
+        Katharine of Aragon, was much-loved by the English people.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        had always been sympathetic to her mother's plight; most believed Mary 
+        was legitimate, that Katharine had been forced aside by the king's lust 
+        and Anne Boleyn's ambition.&amp;nbsp; Did Mary understand the importance of 
+        this support?&amp;nbsp; She had been receiving regular letters from Dudley 
+        about her brother's condition.&amp;nbsp; They were accurate for Dudley 
+        wanted to remain in her good graces as long as possible.&amp;nbsp; In early 
+        July, he sent summons for Mary to come to Edward's deathbed.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        set out from Hunsdon (an old palace in Hertfordshire) but had not 
+        traveled far before a message reached her - the summons was a 
+        trap.&amp;nbsp; Mary, oddly for her, acted decisively and immediately turned 
+        back.&amp;nbsp; With half a dozen attendants, she went to Kenninghall in 
+        East Anglia.&amp;nbsp; She had friends there and, if need be, would be near 
+        the coast and safety in the Spanish Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When he realized she had fled, Dudley sent his son 
+        Robert after her.&amp;nbsp; But they couldn't capture her and, on 9 July, he 
+        was forced to act without her in his power.&amp;nbsp; The Bishop of London, 
+        Nicholas Ridley, preached at St Paul's Cross, calling Mary and Elizabeth 
+        bastards, and specifically singling out Mary as a papist who would 
+        destroy the true religion and make England the pawn of foreign 
+        powers.&amp;nbsp; The next day, of course, Jane was proclaimed queen.&amp;nbsp; 
+        But it was on that day that the Council received a letter from 
+        Mary.&amp;nbsp; It expressed her surprise that they hadn't announced her 
+        brother's death to her, his heir; furthermore, they were commanded to 
+        proclaim her queen in London.&amp;nbsp; They responded by reminding her of 
+        her illegitimacy and inability to inherit 'the Crown Imperial of this 
+        realm'; she must demonstrate her obedience to the 'Sovereign Lady Queen 
+        Jane' and turn herself over to the authorities.&amp;nbsp; It was hardly 
+        reassuring for Mary.&amp;nbsp; Also, her old allies, the Spanish envoys, 
+        were not responding to her desperate pleas for help.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane spent little time with her lords during her 
+        nine days as queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent an order to the Master of the 
+        Wardrobe for twenty yards of velvet, twenty-five ells of fine Holland 
+        linen cloth, thirty-three ells of coarser material for lining; she also 
+        collected the royal jewels, a motley assortment of fish-shaped 
+        toothpicks and Henry VIII's shaving materials.&amp;nbsp; This reveals an 
+        important fact about Jane's nine-day reign.&amp;nbsp; She made no explicit 
+        political statements; she was Dudley's puppet.&amp;nbsp; He was the one who 
+        met with the council, he was the one who wanted to capture Mary Tudor; 
+        he was the one tried to shore up their perilous situation.&amp;nbsp; When 
+        they fell from power, Jane never protested or attempted another 
+        coup.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine that she felt relieved to be simply Lady 
+        Jane Grey again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley spent the nine days attempting to 
+        strengthen their position.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative to capture Mary; when 
+        that failed, he needed to at least track her movements.&amp;nbsp; If he 
+        could reach her potential supporters first, there was a chance he could 
+        sway them to his side.&amp;nbsp; Dudley undoubtedly feared that (like his 
+        father during Henry VIII's reign), he would be the sacrificial lamb of 
+        Edward's unsuccessful government.&amp;nbsp; But he worked well under 
+        pressure, leaving Jane to fight domestic battles with her husband and 
+        mother-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, meanwhile, remained in the 
+        country.&amp;nbsp; She was no admirer of her half-sister Mary but knew that 
+        if Jane Grey was recognized as queen, her own claim to the crown was 
+        forfeit.&amp;nbsp; So she chose the safest course - she remained quiet, 
+        neither supporting nor rejecting Jane.&amp;nbsp; Like all of England and 
+        most of Europe, she was watching and waiting.&amp;nbsp; It became evident on 
+        11 July, just a day after her coronation, that Jane's hold on England 
+        was flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had prepared a letter for circulation 
+        to all the sheriffs and lieutenants in England; it announced Jane's 
+        succession and ordered them to resist any appeal from Mary.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        Dudley knew the issue would not be settled so easily.&amp;nbsp; It would be 
+        decided on the field of battle.&amp;nbsp; He was an experienced soldier and 
+        determined to succeed.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered a muster on 12 July at 
+        Tothill Fields, offering 10 pence a day as pay (a very high rate.)&amp;nbsp; 
+        Dudley intended to put Jane's father, Henry Grey, in charge of this army 
+        and remain in London himself.&amp;nbsp; He realized that most of his hold on 
+        the council was based on personal intimidation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen would not hear of it.&amp;nbsp; When 
+        told that her father was going to battle, Jane burst into tears and 
+        begged the council to let him remain at home, 'in her company.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        The councilors were already preparing to make Dudley a scapegoat for 
+        their treason.&amp;nbsp; Since the queen was so distraught, they argued, it 
+        would be better for Dudley to command the army.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was 
+        a great soldier, renowned for his defeat of the rebels in East Anglia 
+        (that triumph had begun his rise to power.)&amp;nbsp; It was up to Dudley, 
+        the councilors said, 'to remedy the matter.'&amp;nbsp; And Dudley had no 
+        choice but to leave.&amp;nbsp; 'Since ye think it good, I and mine will go, 
+        not doubting of your fidelity to the Queen's majesty which I leave in 
+        your custody.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did doubt their fidelity and he had every 
+        reason to doubt it.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't turn back now.&amp;nbsp; On 13 
+        July he had his personal armor delivered and appointed a retinue to meet 
+        him at Durham Place.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards, he addressed the councilors for 
+        the last time.&amp;nbsp; They were to send reinforcements to meet him at 
+        Newmarket, he said, for he and his companions would need much 
+        support.&amp;nbsp; They were leaving their wives and children behind, 
+        trusting in the loyalty of the council.&amp;nbsp; And, Dudley warned, if any 
+        man thought to betray him or the queen, their punishment would be 
+        eternal.&amp;nbsp; Remember, Dudley said, the oath you took 'to this 
+        virtuous lady the Queen's highness, who by your and our enticement is 
+        rather of force placed therein than by her own seeking and 
+        request.'&amp;nbsp; The assembled lords assured him of their loyalty; one of 
+        them said, 'If we should shrink from you as one that were culpable, 
+        which of us can excuse himself as guiltless?&amp;nbsp; Therefore herein your 
+        doubt is too far cast.'&amp;nbsp; Dudley's final words?&amp;nbsp; 'I pray God it 
+        be so,' he said and left for battle.&amp;nbsp; It was not an auspicious 
+        beginning.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did not trust the lords so he sent his 
+        cousin Henry Dudley on a secret mission to France that day, promising 
+        Calais and Ireland in exchange for immediate military assistance.&amp;nbsp; 
+        He did not tell the lords of this; nor did they tell him they were 
+        meeting secretly with the Imperial ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; A report arrived 
+        that Buckinghamshire had declared Mary to be queen but Mary herself was 
+        still unsure.&amp;nbsp; She retreated from Kenninghall to Framlingham 
+        Castle, nearer the coast.&amp;nbsp; She sent an urgent message to the 
+        Imperial envoys; if her cousin Charles V did not help her, she was 
+        doomed.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this confusion and treachery, Dudley had 
+        assembled an army of three thousand.&amp;nbsp; Early on Friday, the 14th of 
+        July, he left Durham Place for Cambridge.&amp;nbsp; The villagers he passed 
+        were silent, staring at the side of the road - 'The people press to see 
+        us, but not one sayeth God speed us.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As Dudley marched on, his situation became more 
+        perilous.&amp;nbsp; Norwich, one of the wealthiest towns in England, 
+        declared Mary queen, as did Colchester, Devon, and Oxfordshire.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Dudley had sent six royal ships to the port near Framlingham to cut off 
+        Mary's possible escape; the ships deserted Dudley and, with crews and 
+        heavy guns, proclaimed Mary queen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the loyal towns were 
+        sending money, men, and supplies.&amp;nbsp; The ordinary Englishman, ordered 
+        by his lord to fight in Dudley's army, refused to go.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's own 
+        army was - understandably - racked with dissension; no one wanted to be 
+        on the losing side.&amp;nbsp; Once the news had reached London that the 
+        ships had deserted Dudley, the councilors decided to save 
+        themselves.&amp;nbsp; They attempted to leave the Tower, where they had been 
+        stationed since Dudley's departure.&amp;nbsp; On the 16th of July, at about 
+        7 o'clock in the evening, the main gates of the Tower were locked; they 
+        keys were delivered to Jane.&amp;nbsp; Jane suspected one of the lords 
+        (possibly Winchester, the lord treasurer) of trying to leave the 
+        city.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, she was continuing her rule - sending 
+        out letters signed 'Jane the Quene' which instructed her loyal subjects 
+        to suppress Mary's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; But she must have realized the 
+        futility of it all.&amp;nbsp; She was just a teenage girl, inexperienced and 
+        frightened.&amp;nbsp; It was simply a question of waiting for the end.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On the 18th of July, most of her councilors had left the Tower on the 
+        pretext of visiting the French ambassador.&amp;nbsp; In reality, they were 
+        planning a visit to the Imperial embassy.&amp;nbsp; Once there, they assured 
+        Charles V's envoys that they had always been loyal to Mary; they had 
+        been kept prisoner by Dudley, forced to declare Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        now they were free and determined to proclaim Mary queen of 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; They did so around 5 o'clock in the evening, on Thursday, 
+        the 19th of July.&amp;nbsp; London erupted into a joyous celebration.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The foreign ambassadors were astonished, with the French envoy writing: 
+        'The atmosphere of this country and the nature of its people are so 
+        changeable that I am compelled to make my despatches correspondingly 
+        wavering and contradictory.'&amp;nbsp; They all agreed it owed more to 
+        Providence than anything else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was terribly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She had long 
+        fought with her parents but, upon becoming Dudley's pawn, had sought 
+        support from them, particularly her father.&amp;nbsp; He came to Jane as she 
+        ate supper that night and told her she was deposed.&amp;nbsp; Together, they 
+        took down the cloth of estate from above her head.&amp;nbsp; He ordered his 
+        men to leave their weapons and then went to Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Those near 
+        him heard him mutter, 'I am but one man.'&amp;nbsp; He proclaimed Mary queen 
+        and then left for his London residence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was left alone in the 
+        Tower.&amp;nbsp; Lady Throckmorton, one of her ladies-in-waiting, returned 
+        to the Tower for her duties but could not find Jane.&amp;nbsp; She asked for 
+        the queen's whereabouts and was told that the &lt;I&gt;Lady&lt;/I&gt; Jane was now a 
+        prisoner, detained elsewhere in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was in the deputy lieutenant's house, 
+        awaiting her fate.&amp;nbsp; The indignities began.&amp;nbsp; Her belongings 
+        were sorted through, all her money confiscated; within the day, she was 
+        accused of stealing valuables from the royal wardrobe.&amp;nbsp; Mary was 
+        riding to London, now accepted as queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was arrested by 
+        his former ally, the earl of Arundel.&amp;nbsp; His entire family was taken 
+        to the Tower; as they were marched through the streets, the crowd pelted 
+        them with filth and insults.&amp;nbsp; Even the Imperial envoy called it 
+        'dreadful' and 'a strange mutation.'&amp;nbsp; For Dudley's fall from power 
+        had been rapid, extraordinarily so - the nine days' progress from ruler 
+        to traitor was a confusing mix of treachery, rumor, and disgrace.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary did release Dudley's wife from the Tower, 
+        almost immediately; the duchess hurried to the queen to beg for her 
+        family's release.&amp;nbsp; Mary ordered her from the city.&amp;nbsp; Her cousin 
+        Frances, however, was more fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She had a private audience 
+        with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Within days, Henry Grey (who had been arrested at 
+        his London home and sent to the Tower on the 28th) was released.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On 3 August, Mary made her state entry into London.&amp;nbsp; As she rode 
+        past cheering crowds, clad in purple velvet and rich jewels, Jane Grey 
+        waited in prison, along with her husband and father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What would be their fate?&amp;nbsp; All Europe 
+        pondered this, even as Jane prepared to plead her case.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'I pray you despatch me quickly'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Grey possessed the 
+        committed idealism of a religious fanatic and the events following her 
+        brief reign allowed her a place in history as a Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Her cousin Mary never questioned her passionate Catholicism; Jane did 
+        question her own Protestantism but the quest for spiritual meaning only 
+        reinforced her 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Princess Mary Tudor, later Queen Mary I; also painted by Master John (note the stylistic similarities)&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;already strong convictions.&amp;nbsp; Had she remained queen, 
+        there is every possibility she would have persecuted Catholics with the 
+        same energy Mary persecuted Protestants (thus earning the nickname 
+        'Bloody Mary.')&amp;nbsp; Instead, Jane's fate was to be executed and later 
+        celebrated as a Protestant martyr, the greatest sacrificial lamb of 
+        Mary's misguided policies.&amp;nbsp; The truth is, of course, more 
+        complex.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not execute Jane because of their religious 
+        differences.&amp;nbsp; Rather, she was motivated by political necessity and 
+        her own desire to marry and reinstate the Catholic church in 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Immediately after her accession, Mary had 
+        imprisoned Jane in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The former queen was 
+        well-treated but undoubtedly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She probably expected 
+        imminent execution for she had long since realized the severity of her 
+        crime.&amp;nbsp; Since it became clear no one would intercede for her, she 
+        wrote to Mary herself.&amp;nbsp; Only an Italian translation of the letter 
+        exists.&amp;nbsp; In it, Jane described events since her marriage to 
+        Guildford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She was wrong for accepting the crown - she 
+        freely admitted this; but she had relied on the advice of others.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She knew the queen's 'goodness and clemency'; Mary must realize that 'I 
+        might have taken upon me that of which I was not worthy, yet no one can 
+        ever say either that I sought it.... or that I was pleased with 
+        it.'&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her cousin, an honest, plain-spoken child, for 
+        all her heretical ways.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;(&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary%2fjanemary.html&quot;&gt;Click 
+        here to read Jane's letter to Mary&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was in the midst of arranging her marriage to 
+        Philip of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; It was the 
+        culmination of a decades-old dream.&amp;nbsp; She had spent the last few 
+        years in the countryside, surrounded by a Catholic household and 
+        sympathetic nobles.&amp;nbsp; Thus, she never realized the extent of 
+        Protestantism in the vital areas of London and its surrounding 
+        countryside.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed all of England wanted to return to the 
+        early 1520s, the years before Henry VIII had decided to abandon her 
+        beloved mother and break with the church of Rome.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed 
+        that the popular support which had taken the throne from Jane&amp;nbsp; 
+        indicated support not simply for her rule - but for &lt;I&gt;Catholic&lt;/I&gt; rule 
+        in general.&amp;nbsp; In this misguided view, she was initially supported by 
+        her most trusted political advisor - a Spaniard named Simon Renard, the 
+        newly arrived Imperial ambassador.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles V had instructed Renard to guide Mary 
+        through the crucial first months of her reign.&amp;nbsp; At first, signs 
+        were good - Mary attended Mass with her privy councilors but, on 12 
+        August 1553, told her council that she would not 'compel or constrain 
+        other men's consciences.'&amp;nbsp; She hoped her subjects would open their 
+        hearts to the truth and, shortly thereafter, return to the religion she 
+        supported.&amp;nbsp; Renard was also instructed to urge moderate punishment 
+        upon those who had supported Jane.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not want his cousin 
+        to be too cruel; that would hurt her reputation.&amp;nbsp; He needn't have 
+        worried.&amp;nbsp; Mary was, in fact, too lenient for Renard.&amp;nbsp; 'As to 
+        Jane of Suffolk, whom they tried to make Queen, she [Mary] could not be 
+        induced to consent that she should die.'&amp;nbsp; Mary firmly believed her 
+        cousin was innocent of any intrigue; Jane had never intended to be 
+        queen, but had been the unwilling dupe of Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She could not 
+        put this innocent young woman to death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard admitted that Jane was 'morally' innocent 
+        but, nevertheless, she had worn the crown of England.&amp;nbsp; In times of 
+        trouble, those nine days may be used as a precedent for deposing Mary 
+        and restoring Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary was commended for her trusting nature but 
+        she must remember that kindness could be destroyed by duplicity.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Renard was somewhat mollified when, on 18 August, Dudley was sentenced 
+        to die.&amp;nbsp; He was convicted along with his eldest son and William 
+        Parr, marquess of Northampton.&amp;nbsp; The following day a group of lesser 
+        nobles were convicted.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's execution was set for Monday 21 
+        August but, at the last minute, Dudley announced he wanted to reconciled 
+        to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Did he hope to avert his own death, 
+        appealing to Mary's religion?&amp;nbsp; Or did he genuinely wish to 
+        convert?&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, his execution was delayed for one day 
+        while he made his peace with God.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock the next morning, 
+        he was escorted - with his son and Parr - to St Peter ad Vincula, the 
+        church within the Tower of London grounds.&amp;nbsp; There, he attended mass 
+        and, upon receiving the sacrament, Dudley addressed the crowd:&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;My masters, I let you all to understand that I do most faithfully 
+          believe this is the very right and true way, out of the which true 
+          religion you and I have been seduced these sixteen years past, by the 
+          false and erroneous preaching of the new preachers....&amp;nbsp; And I do 
+          believe the holy sacrament here most assuredly to be our Saviour and 
+          Redeemer Jesus Christ and this I pray you all to testify and pray for 
+          me. &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;He died the next morning, before a great crowd of 
+        spectators.&amp;nbsp; He repeated his speech at the mass; it had a great 
+        effect on the crowd.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this point, Jane Grey knew she was safe from 
+        imminent death.&amp;nbsp; She was still in the Tower but treated with 
+        increasing respect.&amp;nbsp; A week after Dudley's execution, Rowland Lea 
+        (an official of the royal mint who lived in the Tower and was the author 
+        of the &lt;I&gt;Chronicle of Queen Jane&lt;/I&gt;) ate with her.&amp;nbsp; She had a 
+        staff of four (two attendant ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob, one 
+        manservant, and her nurse and lifelong companion, Mrs Ellen.)&amp;nbsp; The 
+        government paid them each 20 shillings a week; Jane was allowed a 
+        generous allowance of 90 shillings a week.&amp;nbsp; She was allowed books 
+        and spent most of her time reading and studying.&amp;nbsp; When she wished 
+        it, she walked in the Queen's garden.&amp;nbsp; She no longer had to deal 
+        with her parents or her in-laws, undoubtedly a welcome relief.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        gentleman gaoler, called Partridge, and his wife were kind and 
+        respectful.&amp;nbsp; Lea recorded Jane's comments on Dudley:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;'Woe worth him! he hath brought me and our stock in most miserable 
+          calamity and misery by his exceeding ambition.&amp;nbsp; But for the 
+          answering that he hoped for life by his turning, though other men be 
+          of that opinion, I utterly am not; for what man is there living, I 
+          pray you, although he had been innocent, that would hope of life in 
+          that case; being in the field against the Queen in person as general, 
+          and after his taking so hated and evil spoken of by the commons? and 
+          at his coming into prison so wondered at [reviled] as the like was 
+          never heard by any man's time.&amp;nbsp; Who was judge that he should hope 
+          for pardon, whose life was odious to all men?&amp;nbsp; But what will ye 
+          more?&amp;nbsp; Like as his life was wicked and full of dissimulation, so 
+          was his end thereafter.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, I, nor no friend of mine, 
+          die so.&amp;nbsp; Should I, who am young and in my few years, forsake my 
+          faith for the love of life?&amp;nbsp; Nay, God forbid!&amp;nbsp; Much more he 
+          should not, whose fatal course, although he had lived his just number 
+          of years, could not have long continued.&amp;nbsp; But life was sweet, it 
+          appeared; so he might have lived, you will say, he did not care 
+          how.&amp;nbsp; Indeed the reason is good; for he that would have lived in 
+          chains to have had his life, by like would leave no other mean 
+          [un]attempted.&amp;nbsp; But God be merciful to us, for he sayeth, Whoso 
+          denieth him before me, he will not know him in his Father's Kingdom.'
+          &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Jane's intense religious convictions and her hatred of Dudley are 
+        evident in this passage.&amp;nbsp; She further demonstrated her religious 
+        intolerance when writing to Dr Harding, a former chaplain at her 
+        parents' home of Bradgate and her first tutor.&amp;nbsp; Harding had joined 
+        other Protestant chaplains in renouncing his reformed faith and becoming 
+        Catholic once again.&amp;nbsp; Jane was completely disgusted and appalled by 
+        his cowardice:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;UL&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;'I cannot but marvel at thee and lament thy case, who seemed 
+          sometime to be the lively member of Christ, but now the deformed imp 
+          of the devil; sometime the beautiful temple of God, but now the 
+          stinking and filthy kennel of Satan; sometime the unspotted spouse of 
+          Christ, but now the unshamefaced paramour of Antichrist; sometime my 
+          faithful brother, but now a stranger and apostate; sometime a stout 
+          Christian soldier, but now a cowardly runaway.&amp;nbsp; Yea, when I 
+          consider these things, I cannot but speak to thee, and cry out upon 
+          thee, thou seed of Satan.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;Oh wretched and unhappy man, what 
+          art thou but dust and ashes?&amp;nbsp; And wilt thou resist thy Maker that 
+          fashioned thee and framed thee?&amp;nbsp; ....Wilt thou refuse the true 
+          God, and worship the invention of man, the golden calf, the whore of 
+          Babylon, the Romish religion, the abominable idol, the most wicked 
+          mass?' &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/UL&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Such rhetoric reveals insight into Jane's character.&amp;nbsp; 
+        She was pious, devout, and kind - but she was also self-righteous and 
+        intolerant.&amp;nbsp; She and Mary were more alike than many realized.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Both were plain-spoken, transparently honest, and passionately believed 
+        their religion was the sole path to salvation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While Mary prepared for her coronation, Jane 
+        remained in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The Dudley brothers were now allowed to 
+        exercise on the roof of their prison, Beauchamp Tower, though there is 
+        no evidence that Jane and Guildford saw one another.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not 
+        speak of her imprisoned cousin.&amp;nbsp; Her time was taken up with her 
+        coronation and impending marriage, as well as the conflict her marriage 
+        was causing.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen did not want Mary to wed a Spaniard, 
+        for the same reasons Edward VI had excluded her from the succession - 
+        she was past middle-aged and would probably bear no children.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Therefore, she would leave the throne to a Catholic husband and England 
+        would become yet another state of the Imperial empire.&amp;nbsp; But as the 
+        weeks passed, Mary's leniency began to be questioned.&amp;nbsp; So Mary gave 
+        in to pressure and ordered Jane and the four Dudley sons to stand trial; 
+        the order had been prepared in mid-September but Mary did not allow the 
+        trial to take place until two months later.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;
+        &lt;IMG height=184 alt=&quot;engraving of Lady Jane Grey&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey2.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As they were led out of the Tower to be arraigned 
+        at Guildhall, the executioner walked before them.&amp;nbsp; He carried an 
+        axe, as was the custom.&amp;nbsp; Jane dressed soberly for the occasion, as 
+        befitted a proper young lady of the reformed church.&amp;nbsp; She was clad 
+        all in black; she wore a black cloth gown, black cape trimmed with 
+        velvet, and a black French hood trimmed with velvet.&amp;nbsp; At her girdle 
+        hung a prayer book also bound in black velvet.&amp;nbsp; She held a book of 
+        prayers open in her hands as she walked behind Guildford.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+        attended by her two ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        proceedings were a mere formality.&amp;nbsp; Jane and the four Dudleys pled 
+        guilty to the charge of high treason.&amp;nbsp; Sentence was passed against 
+        them; the men would be hung, drawn, and quartered and Jane would be 
+        burnt or beheaded at the Queen's pleasure.&amp;nbsp; They returned to the 
+        Tower, this time with the edge of the axe turned towards them.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        this way, spectators knew they were condemned.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the passing of the sentence was simply a 
+        formality.&amp;nbsp; As Renard reported in his subsequent dispatches, 'It is 
+        believed that Jane will not die' and, a week later, 'As for Jane, I am 
+        told her life is safe.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents had left the 
+        reformed church.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was forced to pay a 20000 pd fine but 
+        given a general pardon.&amp;nbsp; He returned to court.&amp;nbsp; His wife was 
+        Queen Mary's favorite lady and their two daughters, Catherine and Mary, 
+        were her ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Frances Grey was shown great 
+        favor at court, even gaining precedence over Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Most observers believed Jane would soon be pardoned and released, free 
+        to join her family at court.&amp;nbsp; The rehabilitation of the Greys 
+        seemed complete.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary's fervent desire to wed Philip of 
+        Spain was soon to have tragic consequences for the sixteen-year-old Jane 
+        Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'So perish all the Queen's enemies'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The complexities of 
+        Mary Tudor's decision to marry the twenty-six widower, Philip of Spain, 
+        are discussed at her &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;website&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+        They can be outlined briefly here.&amp;nbsp; Mary - and most of her 
+        contemporaries - believed she must marry; she needed a husband for 
+        support and guidance.&amp;nbsp; No woman had ruled England in her own right 
+        before.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen wanted Mary to wed the great-grandson of 
+        Edward IV, Edward Courtenay.&amp;nbsp; He was the last of the Plantagenets, 
+        young, good-looking, and charming; his high birth led him to spend most 
+        of his youth in prison.&amp;nbsp; Mary was kind to him.&amp;nbsp; She released 
+        him from the Tower and restored he and his mother to favor.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        remembered that Edward's parents had supported her mother during the 
+        great divorce.&amp;nbsp; But she also made it clear she would not marry 
+        him.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, whose life had possessed little happiness and peace 
+        after her adolescence, had always turned to her mother's family for 
+        advice and support.&amp;nbsp; And she continued to do so when she became 
+        queen.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Philip of Spain, heir to the Hapsburg empire, was 
+        the most sought-after prince in Europe.&amp;nbsp; But he was also the 
+        grandson of her aunt, which meant a great deal to the sentimental Mary 
+        Tudor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, she did not immediately plan to marry 
+        him.&amp;nbsp; She was deeply religious and had spent the past twenty years 
+        essentially alone and unloved.&amp;nbsp; She was naturally fearful of 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; She asked Renard - was Philip too young for her?&amp;nbsp; 
+        would she be able to satisfy him for she was ignorant of 'that which was 
+        called love' ?&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a deeply devout and chaste maiden 
+        and he was a twenty-six-year-old widower.&amp;nbsp; Would he be happy with 
+        her?&amp;nbsp; Renard assured her that Philip was delighted to wed 
+        Mary.&amp;nbsp; And, he added, they would have children together, providing 
+        England with a Catholic succession.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she had 
+        never considered marriage until God had raised her to the throne but - 
+        now that she was queen - she would lead her subjects down the path of 
+        righteousness.&amp;nbsp; With the might of the Holy Roman Empire behind her, 
+        her faith would be triumphant.&amp;nbsp; So she agreed to marry Philip in 
+        late October 1553; their engagement was made official.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was faced with a hostile reaction.&amp;nbsp; Both 
+        her subjects and the king of France made their anger known.&amp;nbsp; Many 
+        Englishmen believed Charles V wanted to drag England into war against 
+        France, another costly and ineffectual enterprise.&amp;nbsp; In truth, 
+        Charles really wanted control of that vital sea route between Spain and 
+        the Netherlands; he needed to control the English coast in order for his 
+        trade route to operate at its maximum profitability.&amp;nbsp; But England 
+        has always been an insular nation.&amp;nbsp; With Protestant propagandists 
+        and the French ambassador spreading all sorts of rumors (from Spanish 
+        invasions to immediate wars), the people were in an uproar.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Furthermore, Mary's councilors were an ineffectual bunch and their 
+        policies were roundly criticized.&amp;nbsp; It seemed that, just months into 
+        her reign, Mary was steadily falling from favor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 January 1554, Charles V's envoys arrived to 
+        iron out the details of the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; To secure his 
+        valuable trade route, Charles was prepared to be generous.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        fact, he included every provision possible to stifle English 
+        fears.&amp;nbsp; But it was no use.&amp;nbsp; The people didn't want the 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, word reached London of uprisings in the 
+        countryside - Carew in Devonshire, Wyatt in Kent, Crofts in 
+        Wales....&amp;nbsp; The councilors were alarmed.&amp;nbsp; And then word reached 
+        them that Henry Grey, the duke of Suffolk, had disappeared from his 
+        country home, Sheen.&amp;nbsp; They had planned the uprising for March when 
+        Philip was due to arrive but Courtenay, timid after years in the Tower, 
+        betrayed them.&amp;nbsp; So the conspirators were forced into action.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Carew could not raise his force without Courtenay's help so he fled to 
+        France and Crofts plans fell through.&amp;nbsp; But, by the end of January, 
+        Wyatt had taken Rochester and the royal ships at the Medway.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        duke of Norfolk left with a force from London but many men 
+        deserted.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt was encouraged and pressed on to London.&amp;nbsp; For 
+        two days, the fate of the Spanish marriage hung in the balance.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Londoners were undecided; Mary decided to sway the balance.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        went to Guildhall and made a rousing speech exhorting the Londoners to 
+        support her.&amp;nbsp; She did so against the advice of her council for they 
+        feared for her safety.&amp;nbsp; They needn't have worried.&amp;nbsp; When Wyatt 
+        reached London, he found the bridge closed to him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused to let the Tower guns be turned 
+        on the traitors.&amp;nbsp; She feared the innocent citizens of Southwark 
+        would be harmed if they were fired.&amp;nbsp; The rebels eventually 
+        surrendered but Mary had learned a valuable lesson - she discovered the 
+        depth of her subjects' hatred of the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it did 
+        not cause her to change her plans.&amp;nbsp; She was bewildered and angry 
+        but also hurt.&amp;nbsp; She had shown mercy and&lt;IMG height=226 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin Mary Tudor in 1554, by Hans Eworth&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworthcr.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; forgiveness and was 
+        rewarded by rebellion.&amp;nbsp; She was now particularly susceptible to Renard's advice.&amp;nbsp; Renard immediately questioned Mary's safety as 
+        well as Philip's - would the prince be safe when rebellions were 
+        occurring throughout the nation?&amp;nbsp; The queen was exhorted to ensure 
+        his safety.&amp;nbsp; She must do this by punishing the rebels so none would 
+        dare rebel again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard's advice was supported by Mary's 
+        council.&amp;nbsp; Inevitably, all her advisors urged Mary to execute Jane 
+        Grey.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt had been supported by the vanished Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; 
+        When he had disappeared from Sheen, he had gone to raise an army against 
+        the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But he gained little support.&amp;nbsp; Grey 
+        owed his life to Mary's kindness and he responded by seeking to 
+        overthrow her.&amp;nbsp; His intent was to lead men of the midland shires 
+        and join Wyatt near London.&amp;nbsp; His actual course fell far short of 
+        this goal - he fled from one county to another until he reached his 
+        manor of Astley.&amp;nbsp; He apparently hid in a tree trunk or under some 
+        hay; accounts vary.&amp;nbsp; He was promptly arrested by the earl of 
+        Huntingdon.&amp;nbsp; Later, rumors spread that he had proclaimed Jane queen 
+        during his ride through the midlands.&amp;nbsp; This was untrue but it 
+        didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; Jane had once been queen and, as Mary's advisors 
+        put it, she would be the figurehead of any Protestant plot.&amp;nbsp; Once 
+        again, she was &lt;I&gt;morally&lt;/I&gt; innocent but she was still 
+        dangerous.&amp;nbsp; She had to die.&amp;nbsp; To this, Renard added that Philip 
+        could not arrive until the Protestant threat had been destroyed.&amp;nbsp; 
+        All the opposition to her marriage had simply made the obstinate Mary 
+        more determined to marry Philip.&amp;nbsp; So the suspended sentence on Jane 
+        was revoked and she was condemned to die immediately.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The date of the execution was set for Friday 9 
+        February 1554.&amp;nbsp; Mary, who so hated executing her cousin, tried one 
+        last time to save her soul.&amp;nbsp; She sent John Feckenham, dean of St 
+        Paul's, to Jane.&amp;nbsp; He was given a few days to sway Jane to the 
+        Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Jane, long deprived of intellectual company and 
+        theological debate, was polite.&amp;nbsp; But she rebutted each of 
+        Feckenham's arguments with her own.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she relished this last 
+        chance to elucidate her precious faith.&amp;nbsp; After hours of argument, 
+        she remained Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she had also come to like Feckenham 
+        very much.&amp;nbsp; So she accepted his offer to accompany her to the 
+        scaffold and she promised to 'pray God in the bowels of his mercy to 
+        send you his Holy Spirit; for he hath given you his great gift of 
+        utterance, if it pleased him also to open the eyes of your heart.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Feckenham's work had delayed the executions until 
+        Monday 12 February.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Jane was also preparing to die with 
+        as much grace and dignity she could summon.&amp;nbsp; She chose her dress, 
+        composed her speech, and appointed the two members of her household who 
+        would accompany her and dispose of her body.&amp;nbsp; She sent a letter to 
+        her sister Catherine and one to her father (brought to the Tower on 10 
+        February.)&amp;nbsp; The latter included a remonstration that his actions 
+        had hastened her death.&amp;nbsp; But she did not write to her mother nor 
+        did Frances attempt to visit her or her husband.&amp;nbsp; There exists a 
+        story that Guildford asked to see Jane before they died and that Mary 
+        granted his request.&amp;nbsp; Jane, however, refused to see him, waiting 
+        until they met 'in a better place.'&amp;nbsp; But there is no evidence the 
+        story is true.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Jane and her husband showed no interest in 
+        seeing one another while in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane did watch her husband's execution.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        was taken from Beauchamp Tower at 10 o'clock in the morning and led to 
+        the execution area on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Jane stood by her window and 
+        watched as he went to his death.&amp;nbsp; Guildford died with great courage 
+        and dignity and, when the cart rolled past carrying his corpse, Jane 
+        muttered his name and a comment about 'the bitterness of death.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        Perhaps she realized that he had been a victim, too.&amp;nbsp; In any case, 
+        she saw his blood-splattered body, thrown atop equally stained straw, 
+        driven to St Peter-ad-Vincula; his head was wrapped in a cloth beside 
+        the body.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was now Jane's turn to face death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;(Click here to read 
+        an eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SMALL&gt;She 
+        wore the  &lt;IMG height=360 
+      alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey kneeling before the block, from Delaroche's painting&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janecrop.jpg&quot; width=165 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;same black outfit she had worn at her trial.&amp;nbsp; She carried 
+        her prayer book in her hands; she was escorted by Sir John Brydges, the 
+        lieutenant of the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Her nurse, Mrs Ellen, and her attendant, 
+        Mrs Tylney, also accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; They both cried but Jane was 
+        calm and composed.&amp;nbsp; She had, after all, watched her scaffold being 
+        erected near the White Tower; her rooms provided an excellent view of 
+        its construction.&amp;nbsp; Since she was a princess of royal blood, her 
+        execution was private.&amp;nbsp; Only a small crowd had been invited.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At the steps of the scaffold, he greeted 
+        Feckenham: 'God grant you all your desires and accept my own hearty 
+        thanks for all your attention to me. Although indeed, those attentions 
+        have tried me more than death can now terrify me.' She then ascended the 
+        steps and addressed the crowd.&amp;nbsp; She admitted she had committed 
+        treason when she accepted the crown but 'I do wash my hands in innocency, before God and the face of you, good Christian people this 
+        day.'&amp;nbsp; She wrung her hands and asked that they witness her death, 
+        and affirm that she died a good Christian.&amp;nbsp; She ended with yet 
+        another indication of her strong Protestant faith; she said, 'And now, 
+        good people, while I am alive, I pray you to assist me with your 
+        prayers.'&amp;nbsp; Protestants, unlike Catholics, did not believe in 
+        prayers for the dead.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt and asked Feckenham, 'Shall I 
+        say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; She read the fifty-first psalm in English and he 
+        followed her in Latin.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After the prayer, she told Feckenham, 'God I 
+        beseech Him abundantly reward you for your kindness to me.'&amp;nbsp; She 
+        then rose to her feet and completed her final duties.&amp;nbsp; She handed 
+        her gloves and handkerchief to her attendant, Mrs Tylney and her 
+        prayer-book to the lieutenant's brother, Thomas Brydges.&amp;nbsp; She then 
+        began to untie her gown; as was the tradition, the executioner stepped 
+        forward.&amp;nbsp; It was the custom that the victim's outer garments became 
+        the executioner's property.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane did not know this; or 
+        perhaps she was simply terrified as that masked figure came toward 
+        her.&amp;nbsp; She stepped back and 'desired him to leave her alone.'&amp;nbsp; 
+        Her attendants completed the unlacing.&amp;nbsp; They then gave her a 
+        handkerchief to tie over her eyes.&amp;nbsp; Next, the executioner knelt 
+        before her and begged her forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; This, too, was a custom and 
+        one Jane had expected.&amp;nbsp; She gave her forgiveness 'most 
+        willingly.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now there was nothing to do but end it all.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The executioner asked her to stand upon the straw.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she saw 
+        the actual block for the first time.&amp;nbsp; Her composure faltered for 
+        just a brief moment.&amp;nbsp; She whispered, 'I pray you despatch me 
+        quickly,' and began to kneel.&amp;nbsp; She hesitated and asked, 'Will you 
+        take it off before I lay me down?', referring to the blindfold.&amp;nbsp; 
+        The executioner replied, 'No, madame' and so she tied the handkerchief 
+        around her eyes.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt but, blindfolded, could not find 
+        the block.&amp;nbsp; Her arms flailed about for several moments and she 
+        cried out, 'What shall I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; Those standing on 
+        the scaffold were hesitant - should they help her?&amp;nbsp; A member of the 
+        crowd climbed the scaffold and helped her.&amp;nbsp; He guided her hands to 
+        the block.&amp;nbsp; She lowered her head and stretched forth her body; her 
+        last words were, 'Lord into thy hands I commend my spirit.'&amp;nbsp; The 
+        executioner swung his axe and severed her head.&amp;nbsp; Blood splattered 
+        across the scaffold and many of the witnesses.&amp;nbsp; The executioner 
+        then lifted her head and said, 'So perish all the Queen's enemies. 
+        Behold, the head of a traitor.'&amp;nbsp; It was the end of Lady Jane 
+        Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Permission had to be granted for her burial at St 
+        Peter-ad-Vincula since the church had recently become Catholic 
+        again.&amp;nbsp; Feckenham was forced to go to court for the 
+        permission.&amp;nbsp; So Jane's body lay exposed and unattended for nearly 
+        four hours, spread obscenely across the blood-soaked straw.&amp;nbsp; The 
+        French ambassador reported seeing it there hours after the 
+        execution.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants kept watch, though they were not allowed 
+        to cover the corpse.&amp;nbsp; Finally, Feckenham returned and Jane's body 
+        was laid to rest between the bodies of two other headless queens - 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+        Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; and 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; During the reign of her Protestant 
+        cousin, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;, Jane was celebrated as a martyr to her faith 
+        and she remains one of the most famous queens of England.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Live still to die, that by death you may purchase eternal life.... As 
+      the preacher sayeth, there is a time to be born and a time to die; and the 
+  day of death is better than the day of our birth.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;Jane Grey's message to John Brydges, lieutenant of the Tower of 
+      London, 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's 
+        lovely tribute to Lady Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;; it's a wonderful website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;CENTER&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: &lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;My favorite 
+        biographies of Lady Jane Grey are by Hester Chapman and Alison Plowden.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Thanks for reading / exploring this website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082561&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082561&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0137.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4354</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">index page for EnglishHistory.net gateway to John Keats Lord Byron Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">index page for EnglishHistory.net gateway to John Keats Lord Byron Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">EnglishHistory.net: John Keats, Lord Byron, Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/index.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/index.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01371ab2334fa85c63413933</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215292</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0137.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#996600&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td nowrap bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#666600&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;18%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#996600&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/indexkeats.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the John Keats website&quot; width=&quot;160&quot; height=&quot;200&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/indexbyron.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Lord Byron site&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;200&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;8&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;54%&quot; bgcolor=#CCCC66&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Hello.&amp;nbsp; This page is a gateway of sorts to 
+      my four websites.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You can visit my two never-ending 
+      website tributes to the wonderful poets
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;John Keats&lt;/a&gt; and
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;Lord Byron&lt;/a&gt;, as well as 
+      my &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England&lt;/a&gt; site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You can also visit
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; 
+      and view portraits of 16th century kings, queens, and various courtiers.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It's a reasonably entertaining way to pass the time.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, a study 
+      of Henry VIII's progression from handsome young king to bloated tyrant 
+      leads one to all sorts of reflections, most of them unpleasant.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The websites were originally posted 
+      in June 1997.&amp;nbsp; Of the three, the Keats site is my personal favorite.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The Tudor site gets the most visitors, with Byron in second place and 
+      Keats in third.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The visitors (such as you) are the 
+      main reason I haven't taken the sites down.&amp;nbsp; When thousands of people 
+      visit your work each month, you start to feel unaccountably responsible 
+      and mature about things.&amp;nbsp; So I can't keep a goldfish or plant alive, 
+      but my websites are still around.&amp;nbsp; Impressive.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Enjoy your visit.&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;8&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#CCCC66&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;18%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#666600&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/indextudor1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Tudor England site&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;201&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082528&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082528&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH013c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3065</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">search the Tudor England website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">search the Tudor England website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Search the Website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/search.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/search.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013c14e9791797c35503f8f5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorsearch.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;36&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;
+  &amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;
+  &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorsearch.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Search the website&quot; width=&quot;338&quot; height=&quot;138&quot;&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;
+  &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Simply enter the names or words in the box below and 
+  click 'Search'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;DIV align=center&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;!-- Begin PicoSearch Query Box --&gt;
+  &lt;FORM action=http://www.picosearch.com/cgi-bin/ts.pl method=post&gt;&lt;INPUT 
+  type=hidden value=158772 name=index&gt; 
+  &lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 bgColor=white border=0&gt;
+    &lt;TBODY&gt;
+    &lt;TR&gt;
+      &lt;TD&gt;
+        &lt;TABLE cellSpacing=2 cellPadding=0 bgColor=white border=0&gt;
+          &lt;TBODY&gt;
+          &lt;TR&gt;
+            &lt;TD&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.picosearch.com&quot; target=_gsdltop_&gt;
+            &lt;IMG 
+              alt=PicoSearch src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://www.picosearch.com/picosmall.gif&quot; border=0 width=&quot;56&quot; height=&quot;24&quot;&gt; &lt;/A&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+            &lt;TD&gt;&lt;INPUT name=query size=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+            &lt;TD&gt;&lt;INPUT type=submit value=Search name=SEARCH&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;&lt;!-- End PicoSearch Query Box --&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;P align=center&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082549&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082549&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH013e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,482 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">16721</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary Boleyn: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013ee95ca136b7e320400a8d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215294</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH013e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryboleyn.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryboleynunknown.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryboleyn.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Mary Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;493&quot; height=&quot;144&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryboleynunknown.jpg&quot; width=&quot;359&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Mary Boleyn by an unknown artist&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Mary Boleyn was the sister of 
+      King Henry VIII's second wife, the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; But she was 
+      also the king's mistress before her sister's ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; She may also have given birth 
+      to Henry's son.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;Information about the life of Mary Boleyn is sketchy at best.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Before her sister's ascendancy, Mary was the most famous member of her
+
+family, a dubious honor since it was based upon her adulterous affair with
+
+King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; There has been great debate over the exact year
+
+of her birth, with many researchers unable to agree on which Boleyn sister
+
+was older.&amp;nbsp; Some speculate Anne was born in 1501 or 1502; others place
+
+it at 1507.&amp;nbsp; The most recent scholarship supports 1507 as the year
+
+of Anne's birth.&amp;nbsp; Mary was born a year later, in 1508.&amp;nbsp; Their
+
+only surviving sibling was an older brother George, born in 1503.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was born at Hever Castle, the family seat.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She was named after Princess Mary Tudor, the youngest child of Henry VII
+
+and Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; Her family was loyal to the Tudor dynasty
+
+but had Yorkist connections.&amp;nbsp; Her mother was Elizabeth Howard, daughter
+
+of Thomas, earl of Surrey.&amp;nbsp; His father, the 1st duke of Norfolk, had
+
+died fighting for Richard III against Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; Mary's father, Thomas
+
+Boleyn, could trace his ancestry only to the 13th century.&amp;nbsp; His family
+
+was originally from Norfolk where they lived as tenant farmers.&amp;nbsp; In
+
+1457, a Sir Geoffrey Boleyn was serving as Lord Mayor of London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He wed Anne, heiress of Lord Hoo and Hastings, and - through her - acquired
+
+Hever Castle in Kent and Blickling Hall in Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; His son became
+
+a knight under Richard III and a baron under Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; He married
+
+a great heiress as well; she was Margaret, daughter of Thomas Butler, 7th
+
+earl of Ormond.&amp;nbsp; He was incredibly wealthy and bequeathed Margaret
+
+36 manors.&amp;nbsp; Their eldest child was Thomas Boleyn, Mary's father.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Thomas had married Elizabeth Howard by 1501.&amp;nbsp; Their three surviving
+
+children were born within the next 10 years.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1512, Thomas was one of three envoys assigned
+
+to the regent of Netherlands court.&amp;nbsp; His skill in speaking French
+
+and his family connections secured the appointment.&amp;nbsp; Once there, he
+
+was a great success with the regent, Margaret, archduchess of Austria.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He used this friendship to secure a prestigious appointment for his eldest
+
+daughter, Anne; she was to reside with the regent's wards, sharing their
+
+royal education.&amp;nbsp; This is the primary evidence that Anne was the elder
+
+sister.&amp;nbsp; In such cases, the elder sister would receive the opportunity
+
+first.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary was married before Anne - an unusual
+
+occurrence and one which led many to believe Mary was older.&amp;nbsp; However,
+
+it is completely plausible that Anne was not married first because she
+
+was still in Europe, gaining a royal education and hoping to wed a foreign
+
+nobleman.&amp;nbsp; Mary, on the other hand, wed a man named William Carey,
+
+a gentleman of the royal privy chamber on 4 February 1520.&amp;nbsp; Though
+
+he was not a titled lord, his duties meant he had intimate contact with
+
+the king on a daily basis.&amp;nbsp; He would be a valuable connection for
+
+the Boleyns.&amp;nbsp; Henry used his attendants, with whom he spent his leisure
+
+hours, to carry out government work.&amp;nbsp; Carey was 24 years old and Mary
+
+not quite twelve, young even for 16th century marriage.&amp;nbsp; The consummation
+
+of the marriage was probably delayed for a few years.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's wedding was held a few weeks before her father
+
+returned from a mission abroad.&amp;nbsp; This indicates that Thomas Boleyn
+
+had planned the marriage well in advance.&amp;nbsp; The king gave the newlyweds
+
+a cash present - 6s.8d.; this was undoubtedly welcome since William Carey
+
+was a younger son and lacked money and lands.&amp;nbsp; Henry's favor (and,
+
+more particularly, Mary's affair with Henry) helped in this respect - before
+
+his death in 1528, William had received two keeperships, a stewardship,
+
+an annuity, and manors in two counties.&amp;nbsp; As to William's ancestry,
+
+he could trace his descent from Edward III; his mother was a cousin of
+
+Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII's mother.&amp;nbsp; His aunt Catherine Spencer
+
+was married to Henry, fifth earl of Northumberland.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As William's wife, Mary had lodgings at court, information
+
+about royal policies, and the great opportunity to participate in all court
+
+events.&amp;nbsp; Their first child, Catherine, was born about 1524 when Mary
+
+was just sixteen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her family continued its ascendancy
+
+during these years.&amp;nbsp; Personally, she and her sister Anne were two
+
+of eight women who participated in a celebration at York Place, Cardinal
+
+Wolsey's home.&amp;nbsp; Anne played Perseverance and Mary was Kindness; they
+
+were clothed in white satin with bejeweled headdresses.&amp;nbsp; This was
+
+in 1522; Mary was just fourteen.&amp;nbsp; By the time she was seventeen, Mary
+
+was a first-time mother and Henry VIII's mistress.&amp;nbsp; There is much
+
+circumstantial evidence to support this:
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;* in 1527, Henry was planning to marry Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+sought and received a papal dispensation to marry the sister of a woman
+
+with whom he had engaged in illicit/unlawful intercourse.&amp;nbsp; Anne had
+
+only one sister - Mary. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;* Reginald Pole reported the following - in 1528, a member of Parliament
+
+insulted the king's morals by accusing Henry of sleeping with Anne's mother
+
+&lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt;
+
+sister.&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly flustered, the king replied:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Never with
+
+her mother.&quot;
+
+&lt;p&gt;* the affair was known of in diplomatic circles - in 1532, Francis I
+
+of France met Mary face-to-face when she accompanied Henry and Anne to
+
+Calais.&amp;nbsp; He mentioned her infamous behavior with her sister's spouse
+
+&lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt;
+
+the marriage to Anne.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The affair was brief, ending in mid-1525 (probably July.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+On 4 March 1526, Mary gave birth to a son, called Henry.&amp;nbsp; He was widely
+
+assumed to be the king's son.&amp;nbsp; He physically resembled the king, a&amp;nbsp;
+
+fact often remarked upon.&amp;nbsp; In 1535, for example, a man called 'young
+
+Master Carey' the king's son. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Perhaps more telling, Henry granted the Careys actual
+
+manors and estates during the affair and immediately before the child's
+
+birth.&amp;nbsp; Before, the Careys had been granted rather minor offices.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(You may recall that Henry publicly acknowledged another illegitimate son,
+
+born in 1519.&amp;nbsp; This boy was called &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffitzroy.html&quot;&gt;Henry
+
+Fitzroy&lt;/a&gt; - the surname traditionally given to royal bastards - and was
+
+ennobled, given the title duke of Richmond.&amp;nbsp; If Henry Carey was also
+
+his son, why didn't Henry do the same for him?&amp;nbsp; The answer lies in
+
+his determination to divorce Katharine of Aragon and marry &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne
+
+Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;, the child's aunt.&amp;nbsp; It is likely that even Henry VIII would
+
+have been too embarrassed to recognize his bastard son by his fiancee's
+
+younger sister.)&amp;nbsp;  Henry Carey was eventually ennobled as Lord Hunsdon by 
+Elizabeth I, the queen who may have been his half-sister and was undoubtedly his 
+cousin.&amp;nbsp; Though he served her ably, Elizabeth only offered Hunsdon a title 
+upon his deathbed.&amp;nbsp; To this dubious honor, the old man aptly replied that 
+if the queen hadn't thought him worth it while he was in health, he would not 
+accept it while ill.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Boleyn was referenced in &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;Henry's
+
+love letters to Anne&lt;/a&gt; in 1528, the year her husband died.&amp;nbsp; William
+
+had asked Mary to seek her sister's influence with the king; his elder
+
+sister, Eleanor, wanted the position of abbess at St Edith's Nunnery.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The nuns wanted their prioress elevated to the position instead.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Anne asked the king to intervene.&amp;nbsp; In the end, Eleanor's dubious moral
+
+destroyed her chances.&amp;nbsp; But the episode demonstrates Anne's willingness
+
+to help Mary; also, Mary clearly expected to benefit from her sister's
+
+closeness to the king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; William Carey died on 23 June 1528 and Henry VIII
+
+promptly granted Anne Boleyn the wardship of her nephew (and possibly his
+
+son), two-year-old Henry Carey.&amp;nbsp; In another letter to Anne, Henry
+
+remarked upon Mary's easy virtue.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne were concerned that,
+
+after William's death, Mary's behavior would degenerate; in other words,
+
+she would be an embarrassment to the king and his intended wife.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In November 1530, Henry gave Anne 20 pds to redeem
+
+a jewel from Mary; it was probably a gambling debt.&amp;nbsp; Two years later,
+
+Mary was one of thirty ladies who accompanied Henry and Anne on a visit
+
+to France (colorfully known to history as 'The Field of the Cloth of Gold'.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+They stayed in Calais in late October, attending various events with Francis
+
+I; ostensibly, they were celebrating a new peace agreement.&amp;nbsp; But it
+
+was also a chance to present Anne to a foreign king.&amp;nbsp; When Henry wed
+
+Anne in 1533, Mary became a lady-in-waiting to her sister.&amp;nbsp; It was
+
+only in 1534 that she and Anne had a serious conflict.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1534, Mary secretly married William Stafford.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was the younger son of Humphrey Stafford of Blatherwick in Northampton.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This marriage was a disaster for her, excepting her personal happiness.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Mary undoubtedly loved Stafford, a soldier she had met at Calais (he had
+
+been part of Henry VIII's retinue.)&amp;nbsp; But her relatives - all newly
+
+ennobled and very self-conscious about their status - were outraged.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was a commoner, not fit for the queen's sister.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, Mary
+
+and her new husband were banished from court.&amp;nbsp; (It is quite possible
+
+that her relatives planned to wed Mary to a nobleman, further cementing
+
+their rise to prominence; instead, her marriage was a step backwards socially.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+In late 1534, while her father and brother received numerous grants, titles,
+
+and other gifts, Mary was reduced to begging Thomas Cromwell for assistance.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Would he speak to Henry on her behalf?&amp;nbsp; Mary hoped Henry would persuade
+
+Anne to forgive her but her former lover was less than helpful.&amp;nbsp; So
+
+Mary asked Cromwell to speak to her father, her uncle, and her brother.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her son was still living with his
+
+aunt, Queen Anne.&amp;nbsp; He was being tutored by the great French poet,
+
+Nicholas Bourbon, clearly benefiting from the wardship.&amp;nbsp; His mother's
+
+life between 1534 and her sister's execution in 1536 is difficult to trace.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She seems to have resided at Rochford, Essex from the time of her disgrace
+
+to her death on 19 July 1543.&amp;nbsp; When her sister fell into disfavor
+
+and Henry sought a divorce, his earlier affair with Mary was mentioned.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Perhaps this would justify an annulment, even as Katharine of Aragon's
+
+marriage to his brother had?&amp;nbsp; But no one seriously considered this
+
+(after all, there had been a papal dispensation) and it was more expedient
+
+to press other charges.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not visit her sister when Anne was
+
+imprisoned in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Nor did she visit their brother George,
+
+also condemned to death.&amp;nbsp; There is no evidence that she wrote to them,
+
+either.&amp;nbsp; Like their uncle, the duke of Norfolk, she may have thought
+
+it wise to avoid association with her disgraced relatives.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary lived to see her children gain some royal favor.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her teenage daughter Catherine (born 1524) was appointed a maid of honor
+
+to Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII's fourth wife.&amp;nbsp; Sometime in 1540, she
+
+made a good match, marrying Sir Francis Knollys.&amp;nbsp; He was a member
+
+of Henry VIII's household.&amp;nbsp; She also became one of her cousin Elizabeth
+
+Tudor's closest friends.&amp;nbsp; Her daughter, Lettice Knollys, would later
+
+marry Elizabeth's great love, Robert Dudley; her son, the earl of Essex,
+
+would also be one of Elizabeth's favorites (though eventually executed
+
+for treason.)&amp;nbsp; Henry Carey, whose paternity was the subject of such
+
+speculation, would be ennobled as Lord Hunsdon in Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Elizabeth was kind to her Boleyn relatives, especially Mary's children.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Twenty-two years after Anne Boleyn's execution, a Boleyn was sole ruler
+
+of England.&amp;nbsp; It was a triumph few could have predicted.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Some other stuff about Mary Boleyn that I've found: &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;* Mary was considered more conventionally beautiful than Anne but lacked
+
+her sister's style and wit.
+
+&lt;br&gt;* As a child, Mary was taught French by Mademoiselle Semmonet;&amp;nbsp;
+
+she also studied music (practicing on the lute, harp, viol, and virginals.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;* Mary also spent time in Archduchess Margaret's service; she was removed
+
+in 1518/19 by her father and placed in Katharine of Aragon's service.
+
+&lt;br&gt;* Anne and George Boleyn were very close and reportedly had little
+
+use for their sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; (This was reported by several foreign
+
+ambassadors.) &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Note:&amp;nbsp; I have read that Mary Boleyn accompanied Princess Mary Tudor
+
+to France, as a lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; However, the trip occurred in 1515;
+
+Mary would have been just 7 years old - so the assertion seems unlikely. &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;So the following questions remain:
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; * did she accompany Mary to France?
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; * did she use her influence with Mary Tudor to get
+
+Anne a position as lady-in-waiting to Katharine of Aragon (thus allowing
+
+Henry VIII and Anne to meet?)&amp;nbsp; This has been mentioned in several
+
+books but, as I stated, it would mean Mary was a lady-in-waiting at the
+
+age of seven. &lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;I have used the spelling 'Boleyn' instead of 'Bullen'
+
+for one simple reason - it is how the family chose to spell it when they
+
+first rose to prominence.&amp;nbsp; Certainly they thought 'Boleyn' was more
+
+elegant - I'll stay mum on that issue, but since most history texts also
+
+use 'Boleyn', it remains less confusing than switching between two surnames.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Visit the 
+    Anne Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082580&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082580&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0144.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3357</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of the duke of Somerset, 1552</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/somerset.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/somerset.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0144a552cf4079e32cc6d23d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215306</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0144.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">somerset.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/somerset.gif&quot; width=&quot;537&quot; height=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This account 
+      of Somerset's execution was made by Henry Machyn, a London undertaker.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Somerset was the brother of Henry VIII's third wife Jane 
+      Seymour and thus uncle to King Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; He was a popular leader 
+      amongst the common people.&amp;nbsp; He attempted to reform agricultural 
+      policies and led a successful army against the Scots.&amp;nbsp; But the 
+      treachery of his younger brother (whom he was forced to execute) and the 
+      ambitions of other noblemen (most notably the earl of Warwick) doomed him.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On 22 January, soon after 8 o'clock in the morning, the duke of Somerset
+was beheaded on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; There was as great a company as has been
+seen... the king's guard being there with their halberds and a thousand
+more with halberds of the privilege of the Tower, Ratcliffe, Limehouse,
+Whitechapel, St Katherine's and Stratford Bow, as well as Hoxton and Shoreditch;
+and the two sheriffs being present there, seeing the execution of my lord,
+and his head being cut off, and shortly after his body was put into a coffin
+and carried into the Tower, and there buried in the church, on the northside
+of the choir of St Peter's, and I beseech God to have mercy on his soul,
+amen!&amp;nbsp; And there was a sudden rumbling a little before he died, as
+if it had been guns shooting and great horses coming, so that a thousand
+fell to the ground for fear, for they who were at one side thought no other
+but that one was killing another, so that they fell down to the ground,
+one upon another with their halberds, some fell into the ditch of the Tower
+and other places, and a hundred into the Tower ditch, and some ran away
+for fear.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082604&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082604&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0147.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0147.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0147.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2460</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England: 1485 to 1603: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources and more King Henry VIII Anne Boleyn Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots etc history of Tudor England 16th century English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England: 1485 to 1603: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources and more King Henry VIII Anne Boleyn Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: 1485 to 1603: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources and more</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01477115e16674d4e7dacac2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215308</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0147.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;map name=&quot;FPMap0&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;19, 14, 430, 499&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;/map&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudorroyalarms1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;434&quot; height=&quot;500&quot; alt=&quot;the royal arms of the Tudor dynasty, from a stained glass window&quot; usemap=&quot;#FPMap0&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/yearscastellar.gif&quot; width=&quot;451&quot; height=&quot;347&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082527&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082527&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0157.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0157.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0157.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12507</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The romance between Anne Boleyn and Henry Percy, 1523</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ab-percy.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0157ce8f12563b15c09acf31</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215292</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0157.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1523.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1523.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1523: The romance between Anne Boleyn &amp;amp; Henry Percy&quot; width=&quot;417&quot; height=&quot;101&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;was written by George Cavendish, Cardinal Wolsey's gentleman-usher.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; BORDER=0 height=194 width=139 align=LEFT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn was the second wife of King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The year of her birth is unknown; it was possibly 1501 or 1507.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      spent her adolescence at the French court but returned home to England in 
+      1522.&amp;nbsp; As the daughter of an ambitious courtier and niece of the duke 
+      of Norfolk, she was invited to serve at court as lady-in-waiting to 
+      Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; It was here that she caught the attention of 
+      King Henry.&amp;nbsp; Anne, however, had fallen in love with Lord Henry Percy, 
+      heir to the earl of Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; They were secretly engaged and 
+      planned to marry.&amp;nbsp; As Cavendish's account makes plain, Henry ordered 
+      Cardinal Wolsey to end the engagement.&amp;nbsp; The Cardinal did so, thus 
+      earning Anne's lasting enmity.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry's 'secret love' for Anne was highly controversial, 
+      and not merely because he was already married.&amp;nbsp; Kings did, after all, 
+      have mistresses.&amp;nbsp; But he had already had an open affair (and possibly 
+      a son) with her sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; His relationship with Anne, however, 
+      was far more serious.&amp;nbsp; In love and desperate for a legitimate male 
+      heir, Henry planned to annul his marriage to Katharine of Aragon and marry 
+      Anne.&amp;nbsp; The pope's refusal to help eventually led Henry to break with 
+      the church of Rome and declare himself supreme head of a new English 
+      church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It was all for naught.&amp;nbsp; Anne did not give Henry a 
+      surviving son and she was executed on 19 May 1536.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;    I will tell you as best I can how the king's love came about and what 
+    followed thereafter.&amp;nbsp; When this lady, Mistress Anne Boleyn, was very 
+    young she was sent to France to be a lady-in-waiting to the French queen.&amp;nbsp; 
+    When the queen died she was sent back to her father who arranged for her to 
+    become a lady-in-waiting to queen Catherine, wife of Henry.&amp;nbsp; Such was 
+    her success in this post, shown both by her exemplary behavior and excellent 
+    deportment that she quickly outshone all the others.&amp;nbsp; To such an 
+    extent, in fact, that the flames of desire began to burn secretly in the 
+    king's breast, unknown to all, least of all to Anne herself. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;At this time Lord Percy, the son and heir of the earl of Northumberland,
+
+was aide and secretary to Wolsey, the lord cardinal, and whenever the lord
+
+cardinal happened to be at court Lord Percy would pass the time in the
+
+queen's quarters where he would dally with the ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Of these, he was most familiar with mistress Anne Boleyn, to such an extent
+
+that a secret love grew up between them and they pledged that, in time,
+
+they intended to wed.&amp;nbsp; When knowledge of this reached the king's ears
+
+he was greatly distraught.&amp;nbsp; Realizing that he could no longer hide
+
+his secret love, he revealed all to the lord cardinal and discussed with
+
+him ways of sundering the couple's engagement to each other.
+
+&lt;p&gt;When the lord cardinal had left the court and returned to Westminster,
+
+he remembered Henry's request and summoned Lord Percy to his presence,
+
+saying in front of us, his servants: 'I am amazed at your foolishness in
+
+getting entangled, even engaged, to this silly girl at court - I mean Anne
+
+Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Have you not considered your position?&amp;nbsp; After the death
+
+of your noble father you stand to inherit one of the greatest earldoms
+
+in the country.&amp;nbsp; It would thus have been more proper if you had sought
+
+the consent of your father in this affair and to have made his highness
+
+the king privy to it, requesting his royal blessing.&amp;nbsp; Had you done
+
+so, he was not only have welcomed your request but would, I can assure
+
+you, have promoted you to a position more suited to your noble estate.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And thence you might have gained the king's favor by your conduct and wise
+
+council and and thus risen further still in his estimation.
+
+&lt;p&gt;'But now look what you have done by your thoughtlessness.&amp;nbsp; You
+
+have not only offended your own father but also your sovereign and pledged
+
+yourself to someone whom neither would agree to be suitable.&amp;nbsp; And
+
+do not doubt that I shall send for your father and when he comes he will
+
+break off this engagement or disinherit you forever.&amp;nbsp; The king himself
+
+will make a complaint to your father and demand no less an action than
+
+I have suggested.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, I happen to know that the king has already
+
+promised this lady to someone else and that though she is not yet aware
+
+of it, the arrangements are already far advanced.&amp;nbsp; The king however,
+
+being a man of great prudence and diplomacy, is confident that, once she
+
+is aware of the situation, she will agree to the union gladly.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Sir,' said Lord Percy, weeping, 'I knew nothing of the king's involvement
+
+in all this, and I am sorry to have incurred his displeasure.&amp;nbsp; I considered
+
+myself to be of sufficient age and in a good enough situation to be able
+
+to take a wife of my own choosing and never doubted that my father would
+
+have accepted my decision.&amp;nbsp; And though she is just a simple maid and
+
+her father is only a knight, yet she is of very noble descent.&amp;nbsp; On
+
+her mother's side she has Norfolk blood and on her father's side she is
+
+a direct descendant of the earl of Ormond.&amp;nbsp; Why then, sir, should
+
+I query the suitability of the match when her pedigree is of equal worth
+
+to mine?&amp;nbsp; Thus I humbly beg your favor in this matter and ask you
+
+to beg the king to be benevolent concerning this issue of my engagement,
+
+which I cannot deny, still less break it off?'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'See, gentlemen,' said the lord cardinal to us, 'what nonsense there
+
+is in this willful boy's head!&amp;nbsp; I though that when you heard me explain
+
+the king's involvement in this business you would have relented in your
+
+suit and have submitted yourself to the king's will, allowing his highness
+
+to decide on the matter as he thinks fit.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Sir, and so I would,' said Lord Percy, 'but in this matter I have gone
+
+so far that I am no longer able to renounce my commitment in full conscience.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'What?' said the cardinal, 'Do you think that the king and I do not
+
+know what to do in such a serious matter as this?&amp;nbsp; One thing's for
+
+sure, I can see no point in your making any further pleas in this case.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Very well,' said Lord Percy, 'if it please you, I will submit myself
+
+completely to the king's will in this matter and will release my conscience
+
+from the heavy burden of the engagement.'
+
+&lt;p&gt;'So be it, then,' said the cardinal, 'I will send for your father in
+
+the north, and he, the king and I will take whatever measure for the annulment
+
+of this hasty folly the king thinks necessary.&amp;nbsp; And in the meantime,
+
+I order you - and in the king's name command you - not to see her again
+
+if you intend to avoid the full wrath of his majesty.'&amp;nbsp; Having said
+
+this, he got up and went off to his study.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Then the earl of Northumberland was sent for, who, learning of the request
+
+being at the king's command, made great speed to court.&amp;nbsp; his first
+
+port of call after leaving the north was to lord cardinal, by whom he was
+
+briefed about the cause of his hasty summons and with whom he spent a considerable
+
+time in secret discussions.&amp;nbsp; After their long talk, the cardinal ordered
+
+some wine and after they had drunk together the meeting broke up and the
+
+earl left.
+
+&lt;p&gt;As he was leaving, he sat down on a bench that the servants used and
+
+called his son Lord Percy to him, saying, in our presence: 'Son, you have
+
+always been a proud, presumptuous, headstrong wastrel.&amp;nbsp; And you have
+
+so proved yourself once more.&amp;nbsp; What possible joy, comfort, pleasure
+
+or solace could I ever receive from you who have so misconducted yourself
+
+without discretion and in such secrecy.&amp;nbsp; With no regard for your own
+
+father, nor for your sovereign to whom all honest and loyal subjects give
+
+faithful and humble obedience, nor even for your own noble estate, you
+
+have ill-advisedly become engaged to this girl and thereby incurred the
+
+king's displeasure - an action intolerable in any of his subjects!
+
+&lt;p&gt;'If it wasn't for the wisdom of the king and his benevolence towards
+
+your empty-headedness and willful stupidity, his wrath would have been
+
+sufficient to cast me and all my family for generations to come into abject
+
+poverty and desolation.&amp;nbsp; But by the supreme goodness of his grace
+
+and the worthy lord cardinal, I have been excused your transgression -
+
+they have decided to pity your stupidity rather than blame it - and have
+
+presented me with a command concerning you and your future conduct.
+
+&lt;p&gt;'I pray to God that this may serve as sufficient warning to you to conduct
+
+yourself with more care hereafter, for I can assure you that, if you do
+
+not amend your ways, you will be the last earl of Northumberland if I have
+
+anything to do with it.&amp;nbsp; You do nothing but waste and consume everything
+
+that all your ancestors have built up and cherished with great honor.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But in the name of the good and gracious king, I intend - God willing -
+
+so to arrange my succession that you will benefit from it but little.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For I have no intention, I can assure you, of making you my heir.&amp;nbsp;
+
+I have, after all, praise be to God, a wide choice of sons who will, I
+
+am sure, prove themselves worthier than you and abler to conduct themselves
+
+as true nobles should.&amp;nbsp; And from these I will choose the best as my
+
+successor.
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Now gentlemen,' he said to us servants, 'it may so happen that when
+
+I am dead you will see these things that I have spoken of to my son prove
+
+to be the case.&amp;nbsp; Yet in the meantime, I would be grateful if you could
+
+be his friends and tell him when he strays from the path or is at fault.'&amp;nbsp;
+
+And with that he took his leave of us and said to his son: 'Go on your
+
+way and serve the lord cardinal, your master, and make sure you carry out
+
+your duty.'&amp;nbsp; And thus he departed and went down through the hall and
+
+out to his barge.
+
+&lt;p&gt;After much debate and consultation about lord Percy's case it was finally 
+decided that his engagement to Anne Boleyn should be dissolved and that he 
+should instead marry one of the earl of Shrewsbury's daughters, Mary Talbot, 
+which he later did.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082595&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082595&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0157/f87feabc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0157/f87feabc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0157/f87feabc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">39021</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeone.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0157f87feabc783416248d4b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0157/f87feabc.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER ONE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Prospects of a disputed succession to the 
+      crown -- Various claimants -Catherine incapable of having further children 
+      -- Irregularity of her marriage with the King -- Papal dispensations -- 
+      First mention of the divorce -- Situation of the Papacy -- Charles V. -- 
+      Policy of Wolsey -- Anglo-French alliance -- Imperial troops in Italy -- 
+      Appeal of the Pope -- Mission of Inigo de Mendoza -- The Bishop of Tarbes 
+      -Legitimacy of the Princess Mary called in question -- Secret meeting of 
+      the Legates' court -- Alarms of Catherine -- Sack of Rome by the Duke of 
+      Bourbon -- Proposed reform of the Papacy -- The divorce promoted by Wolsey 
+      -- Unpopular in England -- Attempts of the Emperor to gain Wolsey.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;IN the year 1526 the political prospects of England became 
+    seriously clouded. A disputed succession had led in the previous century to 
+    a desperate civil war. In that year it became known in private circles that 
+    if Henry VIII. was to die the realm would again be left without a certain 
+    heir, and that the strife of the Roses might be renewed on an even more 
+    distracting scale. The sons who had been born to Queen Catherine had died in 
+    childbirth or had died immediately after it. The passionate hope of the 
+    country that she might still produce a male child who would survive had been 
+    constantly disappointed, and now could be entertained no longer. She was 
+    eight years older than her husband. She had &amp;quot;certain diseases&amp;quot; which made it 
+    impossible that she should be again pregnant, and Henry had for two years 
+    ceased to cohabit with her. He had two children still living -- the Princess 
+    Mary, Catherine's daughter, then a girl of eleven, and an illegitimate son 
+    born in 1519, the mother being a daughter of Sir John Blount, and married 
+    afterwards to Sir Gilbert Talboys. By presumptive law the Princess was the 
+    next heir; but no woman had ever sat on the throne of England alone and in 
+    her own right, and it was doubtful whether the nation would submit to a 
+    female sovereign. The boy, though excluded by his birth from the prospect of 
+    the crown, was yet brought up with exceptional care, called a prince by his 
+    tutors, and probably regarded by his father as a possible successor should 
+    his sister go the way of her brothers. In 1525, after the King had 
+    deliberately withdrawn from Catherine, he was created Duke of Richmond -- a 
+    title of peculiar significance, since it had been borne by his grandfather, 
+    Henry VII. -- and he was granted precedence over the rest of the peerage. 
+    Illegitimacy was a serious, but, it might be thought, was not an absolute, 
+    bar. The Conqueror had been himself a bastard. The Church, by its habits of 
+    granting dispensations for irregular marriages or of dissolving them on 
+    pleas of affinity or consanguinity or other pretext, had confused the 
+    distinction between legitimate and illegitimate. A Church Court had 
+    illegitimatised the children of Edward IV. and Elizabeth Grey, on the ground 
+    of one of Edward's previous connections; yet no one regarded the princes 
+    murdered in the Tower as having been illegitimate in reality; and to prevent 
+    disputes and for an adequate object, the Duke of Richmond, had he grown to 
+    manhood, might, in the absence of other claims, have been recognised by 
+    Parliament. But the Duke was still a child, and might die as Henry's other 
+    sons had died; and other claims there were which, in the face of the bar 
+    sinister, could not fail to be asserted. James V. of Scotland was next in 
+    blood, being the son of Henry's eldest sister, Margaret. There were the 
+    Greys, inheriting from the second sister, Mary. Outside the royal house 
+    there were the still popular representatives of the White Rose, the Marquis 
+    of Exeter, who was Edward IV.'s grandson; the Countess of Salisbury, 
+    daughter of Edward's brother the Duke of Clarence, and sister of the 
+    murdered Earl of Warwick; and Henry's life was the only obstacle between the 
+    collision of these opposing pretensions. James, it was quite certain, would 
+    not be allowed to succeed without a struggle. National rivalry forbade it. 
+    Yet it was no less certain that he would try, and would probably be backed 
+    by France. There was but one escape from convulsions which might easily be 
+    the ruin of the realm. The King was in the flower of his age, and might 
+    naturally look for a Prince of Wales to come after him if he was married to 
+    a woman capable of bearing one. It is neither unnatural nor, under the 
+    circumstances, a matter to be censured if he and others began to reflect 
+    upon the peculiar character of his connection with Catherine of Aragon. It 
+    is not sufficiently remembered that the marriage of a widow with her 
+    husband's brother was then, as it is now, forbidden by the laws of all 
+    civilised countries. Such a marriage at the present day would be held &lt;i&gt;
+    ipso facto&lt;/i&gt; invalid and not a marriage at all. An irregular power was 
+    then held to rest with the successors of St. Peter to dispense, under 
+    certain conditions, with the inhibitory rules. The popes are now understood 
+    to have never rightly possessed such an authority, and therefore, according 
+    to modern law and sentiment, Henry and Catherine never were husband and wife 
+    at all. At the time it was uncertain whether the dispensing power extended 
+    so far as to sanction such a union, and when the discussion rose upon it the 
+    Roman canonists were themselves divided. Those who maintained the widest 
+    view of thepapal faculty yet agreed that such a dispensation could only be 
+    granted for urgent cause, such as to prevent foreign wars or internal 
+    seditions, and no such cause was alleged to have existed when Ferdinand and 
+    Henry VII. arranged the marriage between their children. The dispensation 
+    had been granted by Pope Julius with reluctance, had been acted upon after 
+    considerable hesitation, and was of doubtful validity, since the necessary 
+    conditions were absent. The marriages of kings were determined with little 
+    reference to the personal affection of the parties. Between Henry and 
+    Catherine there was probably as much and as little personal attachment as 
+    there usually is in such cases. He respected and perhaps admired her 
+    character; but she was not beautiful, she was not attractive, while she was 
+    as proud and intractable as her mother Isabella. Their union had been 
+    settled by the two fathers to cement the alliance between England and Spain. 
+    Such connections rest on a different foundation from those which are 
+    voluntarily entered into between private persons. What is made up for 
+    political reasons may pardonably be dissolved when other reasons of a 
+    similar kind require it; and when it became clear that Catherine could never 
+    bear another child, that the penalty threatened in the Levitical law against 
+    marriages of this precise kind had been literally enforced in the death of 
+    the male offspring, and that civil war was imminent in consequence upon the 
+    King's death, Henry may have doubted in good faith whether she had ever been 
+    his wife at all -- whether, in fact, the marriage was not of the character 
+    which everyone would now allow to attach to similar unions. Had there been a 
+    Prince of Wales, the question would never have arisen, and Henry, like other 
+    kings, would have borne his fate. But there was no prince, and the question 
+    had risen, and there was no reason why it should not. There was no trace at 
+    the outset of an attachment to another woman. If there had been, there would 
+    be little to condemn; but Anne Boleyn, when it was first mooted, was no more 
+    to the King than any other lady of the court. He required a wife who could 
+    produce a son to secure the succession. The powers which had allowed an 
+    irregular marriage could equally dissolve it, and the King felt that he had 
+    a right to demand a familiar concession which other sovereigns had often 
+    applied for in one form or another, and rarely in vain. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus as early as 1526 certainly, and probably as much as a 
+    year before, Cardinal Wolsey had been feeling his way at Rome for a 
+    separation between Henry and Catherine. On September 7 in that year the 
+    Bishop of Bath, who was English Ambassador at Paris, informed the Cardinal 
+    of the arrival there of a confidential agent of Pope Clement VII. The agent 
+    had spoken to the Bishop on this especial subject, and had informed him that 
+    there would be difficulties about it. The &amp;quot;blessed divorce&amp;quot; -- &lt;i&gt;benedictum 
+    divorcium&lt;/i&gt; the Bishop calls it -- had been already under consideration at 
+    Rome. The difficulties were not specified, but the political features of the 
+    time obliged Clement to be circumspect, and it was these that were probably 
+    referred to. Francis I. had been defeated and taken prisoner by the 
+    Imperialists at Pavia. He had been carried to Spain, and had been released 
+    at Henry's intercession, under severe conditions, to which he had 
+    reluctantly consented, and his sons had been left at Madrid as hostages for 
+    the due fulfilment of them. The victorious army, half Spanish, half German, 
+    remained under the Duke of Bourbon to complete the conquest of Italy; and 
+    Charles V., with his already vast dominions and a treasury which the world 
+    believed to be inexhaustibly supplied from the gold mines of the New World, 
+    seemed advancing to universal empire. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;France in the preceding centuries had been the hereditary 
+    enemy of England; Spain and Burgundy her hereditary friends. The marriage of 
+    Catherine of Aragon had been a special feature of the established alliance. 
+    She was given first to Prince Arthur, and then to Henry, as link in the 
+    confederacy which was to hold in check French ambition. Times were changing. 
+    Charles V. had been elected emperor, largely through English influence; but 
+    Charles was threatening to be a more serious danger to Europe than France 
+    had been. The Italian princes were too weak to resist the conqueror of Pavia. 
+    Italy once conquered, the Papacy would become a dependency of the empire, 
+    and, with Charles's German subjects in open revolt against it, the Church 
+    would lose its authority, and the organisation of the Catholic world would 
+    fall into hopeless decrepitude. So thought Wolsey, the most sharp-sighted of 
+    English ministers. He believed that the maintenance of the Papacy was the 
+    best defence of order and liberty. The only remedy which he could see was a 
+    change of partners. England held the balance between the great rival powers. 
+    If the English alliance could be transferred from the Empire to France, the 
+    Emperor could be held in check, and his supposed ambition neutralised. 
+    Wolsey was utterly mistaken; but the mistake was not an unnatural one. 
+    Charles, busy with his Italian wars, had treated the Lutheran schism with 
+    suspicious forbearance. Notwithstanding his Indian ingots his finances were 
+    disordered. Bourbon's lansquenets had been left to pay themselves by 
+    plunder. They had sacked monasteries, pillaged cathedral plate, and ravished 
+    nuns with irreverent ferocity. The estates of the Church had been as little 
+    spared by them as Lombardy; and to Clement VII. the invasion was another 
+    inroad of barbarians, and Bourbon a second Attila. What Bourbon's master 
+    meant by it, and what he might intend to do, was as uncertain to Clement as 
+    perhaps it was to Charles himself. In the prostrate, degraded, and desperate 
+    condition into which the Church was falling, any resolution was possible. To 
+    the clearest eyes in Europe the Papacy seemed tottering to its fall, and 
+    Charles's hand, if he chose to raise it, might precipitate the catastrophe. 
+    To ask a pope at such a time to give mortal offence to the Spanish nation by 
+    agreeing to the divorce of Catherine of Aragon was to ask him to sign his 
+    death-warrant. No wonder, therefore, that he found difficulties. Yet it was 
+    to France and England that Clement had to look for help in his extremities. 
+    The divorce perhaps had as yet been no more than a suggestion, a part of a 
+    policy which was still in its infancy. It could wait at any rate for a more 
+    convenient season. Meantime he sent his secretary, Sanga, to Paris to beg 
+    aid; and to Henry personally he made a passionate appeal, imploring him not 
+    to desert the Apostolic See in its hour of extreme need. He apologised for 
+    his importunacy, but he said he hoped that history would not have to record 
+    that Italy had been devastated in the time of Clement VII. to the dishonour 
+    of the King and of Wolsey. If France and England failed him, he would 
+    himself be ruined. The Emperor would be universal monarch. They would open 
+    their eyes at last, but they would open them too late. So piteous was the 
+    entreaty that Henry when he read the Pope's letter burst into tears. Clement 
+    had not been idle. He had brought his own small army into the field to 
+    oppose Bourbon; he joined the Italian League, and prepared to defend 
+    himself. He was called the father of Christendom, yet he was at open war 
+    with the most Catholic king. But Wolsey reasonably considered that unless 
+    the Western powers interfered the end would come. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;If England was to act, she could act only in alliance with 
+    France. The change of policy was ill understood, and was not popular among 
+    Henry's subjects. The divorce as yet had not been spoken of. No breath of 
+    such a purpose had gone abroad. But English sentiment was imperial, and 
+    could endure with equanimity even the afflictions of a pope. The King was 
+    more papal than his people; he allowed Wolsey to guide him, and negotiations 
+    were set on foot at once for a special treaty with France, one of the 
+    conditions of which was to be the marriage of the Princess Mary -- allotted 
+    like a card in a game -- either to Francis or to one of his sons; another 
+    condition being that the English crown should be settled upon her should 
+    Henry die without a legitimate son. Sir John Russell was simultaneously 
+    despatched to Rome with money to help the Pope in paying his troops and 
+    garrisoning the city. The ducats and the &amp;quot;kind words&amp;quot; which accompanied them 
+    &amp;quot;created incredible joy,&amp;quot; encouraged his Holiness to reject unjust 
+    conditions which had been offered, and restored him, if for the moment only, 
+    &amp;quot;from death to life.&amp;quot; If Russell described correctly what he saw in passing 
+    through Italy, Clement had good cause for anxiety. &amp;quot;The Swabians and 
+    Spaniards,&amp;quot; he wrote, &amp;quot;had committed horrible atrocities. They had burnt 
+    houses to the value of two hundred million ducats, with all the churches, 
+    images, and priests that fell into their hands. They had compelled the 
+    priests and monks to violate the nuns. Even where they were received without 
+    opposition they had burned the place; they had not spared the boys, and they 
+    had carried off the girls; and whenever they found the Sacrament of the 
+    Church they had thrown it into a river or into the vilest place they could 
+    find. If God did not punish such cruelty and wickedness, men would infer 
+    that He did not trouble Himself about the affairs of this world.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The news from Italy gave a fresh impulse to Wolsey's policy 
+    and the Anglo-French Alliance, which was pushed forward in spite of popular 
+    disapproval. The Emperor, unable to pay, and therefore unable to control, 
+    his troops, became himself alarmed. He found himself pressed into a course 
+    which was stimulating the German revolt against the Papacy, and he professed 
+    himself anxious to end the war. Inigo de Mendoza, the Bishop of Burgos, was 
+    despatched to Paris to negotiate for a general pacification. From Paris he 
+    was to proceed to London to assure Henry of the Emperor's inalienable 
+    friendship, and above all things to gain over Wolsey by the means which 
+    experience had shown to be the nearest way to Wolsey's heart. The great 
+    Cardinal was already Charles's pensionary, but the pension was several years 
+    in arrear. Mendoza was to tell him not only that the arrears should be 
+    immediately paid up, but that a second pension should be secured to him on 
+    the revenues of Milan, and that the Emperor would make him a further grant 
+    of 6,000 ducats annually out of the income of Spanish bishoprics. No means 
+    was to be spared to divert the hostility of so dangerous an enemy.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Wolsey was not to be so easily gained. He had formed large 
+    schemes which he did not mean to part with, and in the matter of pensions 
+    Francis I. was as liberal in promises as Charles. The Pope's prospects were 
+    brightening. Besides the English money, he had improved his finances by 
+    creating six new cardinals, and making 240,000 crowns out of the disposition 
+    of these sacred offices. A French embassy, with the Bishop of Tarbes at its 
+    head, came to England to complete the treaty with Henry in the Pope's 
+    defence. Demands were to be made upon the Emperor; if those demands were 
+    refused, war was to follow, and the cement of the alliance was to be the 
+    marriage of Mary with a French prince. It is likely that other secret 
+    projects were in view also of a similar kind. The marriage of Henry with 
+    Catherine had been intended to secure the continuance of the alliance with 
+    Spain. Royal ladies were the counters with which politicians played; and 
+    probably enough there were thoughts of placing a French princess in 
+    Catherine's place. However this may be, the legality of the King's marriage 
+    with his nominal queen was suddenly and indirectly raised in the discussion 
+    of the terms of the treaty, when the Bishop of Tarbes inquired whether it 
+    was certain that Catherine's daughter was legitimate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Mr. Brewer, the careful and admirable editor of the &amp;quot;Foreign 
+    and Domestic Calendar of State Papers,&amp;quot; doubts whether the Bishop did 
+    anything of the kind. I cannot agree with Mr. Brewer. The Bishop of Tarbes 
+    was among the best-known diplomatists in Europe. He was actively concerned 
+    during subsequent years in the process of the divorce case in London, in 
+    Paris, and at Rome. The expressions which he used on this occasion were 
+    publicly appealed to by Henry in his addresses to the peers and to the 
+    country, in the public pleas which he laid before the English prelates, in 
+    the various repeated defences which he made for his conduct. It is 
+    impossible that the Bishop should have been ignorant of the use which was 
+    made of his name, and impossible equally to suppose that he would have 
+    allowed his name to be used unfairly. The Bishop of Tarbes was 
+    unquestionably the first person to bring the question publicly forward. It 
+    is likely enough, however, that his introduction of so startling a topic had 
+    been privately arranged between himself and Wolsey as a prelude to the 
+    further steps which were immediately to follow. For the divorce had by this 
+    time been finally resolved on as part of a general scheme for the alteration 
+    of the balance of power. The domestic reasons for it were as weighty as ever 
+    were alleged for similar separations. The Pope's hesitation, it might be 
+    assumed, would now be overcome, since he had flung himself for support upon 
+    England and France, and his relations with the Emperor could hardly be worse 
+    than they were. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The outer world, and even the persons principally concerned, 
+    were taken entirely by surprise. For the two years during which it had been 
+    under consideration the secret had been successfully preserved. Not a hint 
+    had reached Catherine herself, and even when the match had been lighted by 
+    the Bishop of Tarbes the full meaning of it does not seem to have occurred 
+    to her. Mendoza, on his arrival in England, had found her disturbed; she was 
+    irritated at the position which had been given to the Duke of Richmond; she 
+    was angry, of course, at the French alliance; she complained that she was 
+    kept in the dark about public affairs; she was exerting herself to the 
+    utmost among the friends of the imperial connection to arrest Wolsey's 
+    policy and maintain the ancient traditions; but of the divorce she had not 
+    heard a word. It was to come upon her like a thunderstroke.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Before the drama opens a brief description will not be out 
+    of place of the two persons who were to play the principal parts on the 
+    stage, as they were seen a year later by Ludovico Falieri, the Venetian 
+    ambassador in England. Of Catherine his account is brief. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The Queen is of low stature and rather stout; very good and 
+    very religious; speaks Spanish, French, Flemish, and English; more beloved 
+    by the Islanders than any queen that has ever reigned; about forty-five 
+    years old, and has been in England thirty years. She has had two sons and 
+    one daughter. Both the sons died in infancy. One daughter survives.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On the King, Falieri is more elaborate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;In the 8th Henry such beauty of mind and body is combined 
+    as to surprise and astonish. Grand stature, suited to his exalted position, 
+    showing the superiority of mind and character; a face like an angel's, so 
+    fair it is; his head bald like CÃŠsar's, and he wears a beard, which is not 
+    the English custom. He is accomplished in every manly exercise, sits his 
+    horse well, tilts with his lance, throws the quoit, shoots with his bow 
+    excellent well; he is a fine tennis player, and he practises all these gifts 
+    with the greatest industry. Such a prince could not fail to have cultivated 
+    also his character and his intellect. He has been a student from his 
+    childhood; he knows literature, philosophy, and theology; speaks and writes 
+    Spanish, French, and Italian, besides Latin and English. He is kind, 
+    gracious, courteous, liberal, especially to men of learning, whom he is 
+    always ready to help. He appears religious also, generally hears two masses 
+    a day, and on holy days High Mass besides. He is very charitable, giving 
+    away ten thousand gold ducats annually among orphans, widows, and cripples.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such was the King, such the Queen, whom fate and the 
+    preposterous pretensions of the Papacy to dispense with the established 
+    marriage laws had irregularly mated, and whose separation was to shake the 
+    European world. Pope Clement complained in subsequent years that the burden 
+    of decision should have been thrown in the first instance upon himself. If 
+    the King had proceeded at the outset to try the question in the English 
+    courts; if a judgment had been given unfavourable to the marriage, and had 
+    he immediately acted upon it, Queen Catherine might have appealed to the 
+    Holy See; but accomplished facts were solid things. Her case might have been 
+    indefinitely protracted by legal technicalities till it died of itself. It 
+    would have been a characteristic method of escape out of the difficulty, and 
+    it was a view which Wolsey himself perhaps at first entertained. He knew 
+    that the Pope was unwilling to take the first step.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On the 17th of May, 1527, after a discussion of the Treaty 
+    with France, he called a meeting of his Legatine court at York Place. 
+    Archbishop Warham sate with him as assessor. The King attended, and the 
+    Cardinal, having stated that a question had arisen on the lawfulness of his 
+    marriage, enquired whether the King, for the sake of public morals and the 
+    good of his own soul, would allow the objections to be examined into. The 
+    King assented, and named a proctor. The Bull of Julius II. was introduced 
+    and considered. Wolsey declared that in a case so intricate the canon 
+    lawyers must be consulted, and he asked for the opinions of the assembled 
+    bishops. The bishops, one only excepted, gave dubious answers. The aged 
+    Bishop of Rochester, reputed the holiest and wisest of them, said decidedly 
+    that the marriage was good, and the Bull which legalised it sufficient. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;These proceedings were not followed up, but the secrecy 
+    which had hitherto been observed was no longer possible, and Catherine and 
+    her friends learnt now for the first time the measure which was in 
+    contemplation. Mendoza, writing on the day following the York Place meeting 
+    to the Emperor, informed him, as a fact which he had learnt on reliable 
+    authority, that Wolsey, for a final stroke of wickedness, was scheming to 
+    divorce the Queen. She was so much alarmed that she did not venture herself 
+    to speak of it, but it was certain that the lawyers and bishops had been 
+    invited to sign a declaration that, being his brother's widow, she could not 
+    be the wife of the King. The Pope, she was afraid, might be tempted to take 
+    part against her, or the Cardinal himself might deliver judgment as Papal 
+    Legate. Her one hope was in the Emperor. The cause of the action taken 
+    against her was her fidelity to the Imperial interests. Nothing as yet had 
+    been made formally public, and she begged that the whole matter might be 
+    kept as private as possible.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;That the Pope would be willing, if he dared, to gratify 
+    Henry at Charles's expense was only too likely. The German Lutherans and the 
+    German Emperor were at the moment his most dangerous enemies. France and 
+    England were the only Powers who seemed willing to assist him, and a week 
+    before the meeting of Wolsey's court he had experienced in the most terrible 
+    form what the imperial hostility might bring upon him. On the 7th of that 
+    same month of May the army of the Duke of Bourbon had taken Rome by storm. 
+    The city was given up to pillage. Reverend cardinals were dragged through 
+    the streets on mules' backs, dishonoured and mutilated. Convents of nuns 
+    were abandoned to the licentious soldiery. The horrors of the capture may 
+    have been exaggerated, but it is quite certain that to holy things or holy 
+    persons no respect was paid, and that the atrocities which in those days 
+    were usually perpetrated in stormed towns were on this occasion eminently 
+    conspicuous. The unfortunate Pope, shut up in the Castle of St. Angelo, 
+    looked down from its battlements upon scenes so dreadful that it must have 
+    appeared as if the Papacy and the Church itself had been overtaken by the 
+    final judgment. We regard the Spaniards as a nation of bigots, we consider 
+    it impossible that the countrymen of Charles and Philip could have been 
+    animated by any such bitterness against the centre of Catholic Christendom. 
+    Charles himself is not likely to have intended the humiliation of the Holy 
+    See. But Clement had reason for his misgivings, and Wolsey's policy was not 
+    without excuse. Lope de Soria was Charles's Minister at Genoa, and Lope de 
+    Soria's opinions, freely uttered, may have been shared by many a Catholic 
+    besides himself. On the 25th of May, a fortnight after the storm, he wrote 
+    to his master the following noticeable letter: -- &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The sack of Rome must be regarded as a visitation from God, 
+    who permits his servant the Emperor to teach his Vicar on earth and other 
+    Christian princes that their wicked purposes shall be defeated, the unjust 
+    wars which they have raised shall cease, peace be restored to Christendom, 
+    the faith be exalted, and heresy extirpated. . . . Should the Emperor think 
+    that the Church of God is not what it ought to be, and that the Pope's 
+    temporal power emboldens him to promote war among Christian princes, I 
+    cannot but remind your Majesty that it will not be a sin, but a meritorious 
+    action, to reform the Church; so that the Pope's authority be confined 
+    exclusively to his own spiritual affairs, and temporal affairs to be left to 
+    CÃŠsar, since by right what is God's belongs to God, and what is CÃŠsar's to 
+    CÃŠsar. I have been twenty-eight years in Italy, and I have observed that the 
+    Popes have been the sole cause of all the wars and miseries during that 
+    time. Your Imperial Majesty, as Supreme Lord on earth, is bound to apply a 
+    remedy to that evil.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Heretical English and Germans were not the only persons who 
+    could recognise the fitness of the secular supremacy of princes over popes 
+    and Churches. Such thoughts must have passed through the mind of Charles 
+    himself, and of many more besides him. De Soria's words might have been 
+    dictated by Luther or Thomas Cromwell. Had the Emperor at that moment placed 
+    himself at the head of the Reformation, all later history would have been 
+    different. One statesman at any rate had cause to fear that this might be 
+    what was about to happen. Wolsey was the embodiment of everything most 
+    objectionable and odious to the laity in the ecclesiastical administration 
+    of Europe. To defend the Papacy and to embarrass Charles was the surest 
+    method of protecting himself and his order. The divorce was an incident in 
+    the situation, but not the least important. Catherine represented the 
+    Imperialist interest in England. To put her away was to make the breach with 
+    her countrymen and kindred irreparable. He took upon himself to assure the 
+    King that after the last outrage the Pope would agree to anything that 
+    France and England demanded of him, and would trust to his allies to bear 
+    him harmless. That the divorce was a thing reasonable in itself to ask for, 
+    and certain to be conceded by any pope who was free to act on his own 
+    judgment, was assumed as a matter of course. Sir Gregory Casalis, the 
+    English agent at Rome, was instructed to obtain access to Clement in St. 
+    Angelo, to convey to him the indignation felt in England at his treatment, 
+    and then to insist on the illegality of the King's relations with Catherine, 
+    on the King's own scruples of conscience, and on the anxiety of his subjects 
+    that there should be a male heir to the crown. The &amp;quot;urgent cause&amp;quot; such as 
+    was necessary to be produced when exceptional actions were required of the 
+    popes was the imminence or even certainty of civil war if no such heir was 
+    born. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Catherine meanwhile had again communiated with Mendoza. She 
+    had spoken to her husband, and Henry, since further reticence was 
+    impossible, had told her that they had been living in mortal sin, and that a 
+    separation was necessary. A violent scene had followed, with natural tears 
+    and reproaches. The King endeavoured to console her, but it was not a matter 
+    where consolation could avail. Wolsey advised him to deal with her gently, 
+    till it was seen what the Pope and the King of France would do in the 
+    matter. Wolsey himself was to go immediately to Paris to see Francis, and 
+    consult with him on the measures necessary to be taken in consequence of the 
+    Pope's imprisonment. It was possible that Clement, finding himself helpless, 
+    might become a puppet in the Emperor's hands. Under such circumstances he 
+    could not be trusted by other countries with the spiritual authority 
+    attaching to his office, and schemes were being formed for some interim 
+    arrangement by which France and England were to constitute themselves into a 
+    separate patriarchate, with Wolsey at its head as Archbishop of Rouen. 
+    Mendoza says that this proposal had been actually made to Wolsey by the 
+    French Ambassador. In Spain it was even believed to be contemplated as a 
+    permanent modification of the ecclesiastical system. The Imperial 
+    Councillors at Valladolid told the Venetian Minister that the Cardinal 
+    intended to separate the Churches of England and France from that of Rome, 
+    saying that as the Pope was a prisoner he was not to be obeyed, and that 
+    even if the Emperor released him, he still would not be free unless his 
+    fortresses and territory now in the Emperor's hands were restored to him. 
+    Wolsey had reason for anxiety, for Catherine and Mendoza were writing to the 
+    Emperor insisting that he should make the Pope revoke Wolsey's Legatine 
+    powers. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In spite of efforts to keep secret the intended divorce, it 
+    soon became known thoughout England. The Queen was personally popular. The 
+    nation generally detested France, and looked on the Emperor as their 
+    hereditary friend. The reasons for the divorce might influence statesmen, 
+    but did not touch the body of the people. They naturally took the side of an 
+    injured wife, and if Mendoza can be believed (and there is no reason why he 
+    should not be believed), the first impression was decidedly unfavourable to 
+    a project which was regarded as part of the new policy. Mendoza made the 
+    most of the opposition. He told the Emperor that if six or seven thousand 
+    men were landed in Cornwall, forty thousand Englishmen would rise and join 
+    them. He saw Wolsey -- he reasoned with him, and when he found reason 
+    ineffectual, he named the bribe which the Emperor was willing to give. 
+    Knowing what Francis was bidding, he baited his hook more liberally. He 
+    spoke of the Papacy: &amp;quot;how the chair was now in the Emperor's hands, and the 
+    Emperor, if Wolsey deserved it, would no doubt promote his elevation.&amp;quot; The 
+    glittering temptation was unavailing. The papal chair had been Wolsey's 
+    highest ambition, but he remained unmoved. He said that he had served the 
+    Emperor in the past out of disinterested regard. He still trusted that the 
+    Emperor would replace the Pope and restore the Church. Mendoza's answer was 
+    not reassuring to an English statesman. He said that both the spiritual and 
+    temporal powers were now centred in his master, and he advised Wolsey, if he 
+    desired an arrangement, to extend his journey from France, go on to Spain, 
+    and see the Emperor in person. It was precisely this centering which those 
+    who had charge of English liberties had a right to resent. Divorce or no 
+    divorce, they could not allow a power possessed of so much authority in the 
+    rest of Christendom to be the servant of a single prince. The divorce was 
+    but an illustration of the situation, and such a Papacy as Mendoza 
+    contemplated would reduce England and all Catholic Europe into fiefs of the 
+    Empire. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudetwo.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter Two&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082631&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082631&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH015e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8777</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I / Mary Tudor - Marian Government Policies</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH015e9ea6386857edec159d2e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215302</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH015e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">marygovt.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;IMG 
+height=45 alt=&quot;Marian Government Policies&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/marygovt.gif&quot; 
+width=343&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The following is a list of government policies &amp;amp; officials. 
+&lt;BR&gt;It also includes religious legislation. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;When did Parliament meet during Mary's reign?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;5 October 1553 to 5 December 1553 &lt;BR&gt;2 April 1554 to 5 May 1554 &lt;BR&gt;12 
+November 1554 to 16 January 1555 &lt;BR&gt;21 October 1555 to 9 December 1555 &lt;BR&gt;20 
+January 1558 to 17 November 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Who were the Speakers of the House of Commons?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;Sir John Pollard, M.P. for Oxfordshire - elected 5 October 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
+Robert Brooke, M.P. for the City of London - elected 2 April 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
+Clement Higham, M.P. for West Looe - elected 12 November 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Sir John 
+Pollard, M.P. for Chippenham - elected 21 October 1555 &lt;BR&gt;Sir William Cordell, 
+M.P. for Suffolk - elected 20 January 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester&amp;nbsp; 1553-1555 &lt;BR&gt;Nicholas Heath, 
+Archbishop of York&amp;nbsp; 1556-1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Keepers of the Privy Seal&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;John Russell, 1st 
+Lord Russell, created 1st earl of Bedford, 1550)&amp;nbsp; 1542-1555 &lt;BR&gt;William 
+Paget&amp;nbsp; 1555-1559 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Principal Secretaries&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Sir John Cheke&amp;nbsp; 
+1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir John Bourne&amp;nbsp; 1553-1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Justices of the King's Bench&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Thomas 
+Bromley&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;William Portman&amp;nbsp; 1555 &lt;BR&gt;Edward Saunders&amp;nbsp; 1557 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Justices of Common Pleas&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Richard 
+Morgan&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Robert Brooke&amp;nbsp; 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Anthony Browne&amp;nbsp; 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Lord Treasurers&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;William Paulet, 1st earl of 
+Wiltshire (1550) and 1st marquis of Winchester (1551) &lt;BR&gt;held office of Lord 
+Treasurer from 1550 to 1572 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Barons of the Court of Exchequer&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;David 
+Brook&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Clement Heigham&amp;nbsp; 1558 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Masters of the Rolls - Court of Chancery&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
+Nicholas Hare&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir William Cordell&amp;nbsp; 1557&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Religious Developments&amp;nbsp; 1553-1558&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;UL&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT color=#990000&gt;Compare the religious acts of January - July 1553 to 
+  those passed after Mary became queen.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine the confusion 
+  caused by such rapid shifts in ideology.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/UL&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;1553&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - Sir Richard 
+Cotton ordered to seize Church plate and vestments.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;12 June - the Forty-Two Articles issued (includes the statement 
+that Justification before God is by faith alone; also, good works play no part 
+in salvation &amp;amp; there is no purgatory.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;19 
+July - Mary Tudor proclaimed queen of England.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;Immediate &amp;amp; rapid religious changes ensue.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;September - Bishops Bale, Coverdale, Ponet, Scory &amp;amp; 
+Barlow are deprived of their offices &amp;amp; eventually flee overseas.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Bishops Gardiner and Bonner are released from prison and 
+reinstated to former offices.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Mary orders that 
+Archbishop Cranmer be arrested.&amp;nbsp; His fellow Protestant leaders - Latimer, 
+Hooper &amp;amp; Ridley (and a score of others) are also arrested.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;October - Parliament in session.&amp;nbsp; It refuses to repeal the 
+Act of Supremacy, despite Mary's insistence.&amp;nbsp; They do pass an Actof Repeal 
+which essentially voids the Edwardian reformation - and reinstates Mass, 
+clerical celibacy &amp;amp; ritual worship.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;December 
+- Mary responds to Parliament's refusal to repeal the Act of Supremacy &amp;amp; 
+rejects the title of Supreme Head of the English Church.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - 
+prominent English Protestants flee to Germany and Switzerland, trying to avoid 
+Marian prosecution of married/non-celibate clergy.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;March - Mary issues Royal Injunction - orders bishops to remove 
+married clergy from office; suppress heresy; only ordain clergy who have been 
+ordained under the English Ordinal; restore Holy Days and attendant 
+ceremonies.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Gardiner begins a methodical purge of 
+married clergy.&amp;nbsp; This practice eventually claims almost a quarter of parish 
+clergy.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;April - Parliament meets again - and once 
+more clash with Mary.&amp;nbsp; They eventually agree to pass heresy laws - &lt;I&gt;if 
+&lt;/I&gt;there is no restoration of monastic lands.&amp;nbsp; Mary reluctantly agrees to 
+the condition.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;November - Cardinal Reginald Pole 
+(whose Plantagenet mother, Margaret, was brutally murdered by Henry VIII) 
+returns to England and the sentence of excommunication is lifted from 
+England.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Also, Parliament meets again and passes 
+a 2nd Act of Repeal which voids all religious legislation since 1529.&amp;nbsp; In 
+other words, the Henrician Reformation never occurred!&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1555&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - Mary 
+begins the new year by appointing a commission to re-establish various religious 
+houses.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;4 February - The first Protestant martyr 
+is publicly burned - John Rogers, translator of the Bible, is convicted under 
+the new heresy laws.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;16 October - Bishops Ridley 
+and Latimer are burnt for heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;12 November - Stephen Gardiner, Mary's Catholic adviser, 
+dies.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;13 November - Archbishop Cranmer is 
+officially deprived of the See of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;December - Cardinal Reginald Pole is given Cranmer's former 
+position - named Archbishop of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1556&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;The public 
+burning of Protestant martyrs continues unabated.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;21 March - Thomas Cranmer recants all retractions and is burnt for 
+heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford - where Ridley and Latimer were also 
+killed.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;22 March - Pole is officially consecrated 
+as Archbishop of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Cardinal Pole 
+becomes enmeshed in arguments with Pope Paul IV and is deprived of his position 
+as Papal Legate.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1557&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Many small 
+religious houses are re-established.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;June - Pole 
+is recalled to Rome to answer charges of heresy, referencing his arguments with 
+the pope.&amp;nbsp; Mary refuses to let him go.&amp;nbsp; The pope appoints Friar 
+William Peto as Papal Legate in Pole's place.&amp;nbsp; Mary refuses to recognize 
+the appointment.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1558&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;10 November - 
+five prominent Protestants burnt for hersey at Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; In total, about 
+300 Protestants were killed during Mary's reign.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;The prominent Protestant exile Thomas Bentham returns to London 
+and leads Protestant meetings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;17 November - Mary 
+and Pole both die.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Queen Mary I main page&lt;/A&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082673&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082673&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0163.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0163.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0163.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,726 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">51569</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptersix.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptersix.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH016311805c5894048320a34c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215294</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0163.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER VI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;FOREIGN AFFAIRS : 1572-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;THE year 1572 witnessed two events of capital 
+    importance in European history: the rising in the Netherlands, which 
+    resulted in the establishment of the Dutch Republic (April); and the 
+    massacre of St. Bartholomew, which marked the decisive rejection of 
+    Protestantism by France (August). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the beginning of that year--a few weeks 
+    before the proceedings in Parliament just narrated--Elizabeth had at last 
+    concluded the defensive alliance with France for which she had been so long 
+    negotiating (19 April). It cannot be too often repeated that this was the 
+    corner-stone of her foreign policy. For the sake of its superior importance 
+    she had abstained from the interference in Scotland which her Ministers were 
+    always urging. The more she interfered there the more she would have to 
+    interfere, till it would end in her having a rebellious province on her 
+    hands in addition to the hostility of both France and Spain; whereas an 
+    alliance with France would give her security on all sides, Scotland 
+    included. In the treaty it was agreed that if either country were invaded 
+    &amp;quot;under any pretence or cause, none excepted,&amp;quot; the other should send 6000 
+    troops to its assistance. This was accompanied with an explanation, in the 
+    King's handwriting, that &amp;quot;any cause &amp;quot; included religion. The article 
+    relating to Scotland is not less significant. The two sovereigns &amp;quot;shall make 
+    no innovations in Scotland, but defend it against foreigners, not suffering 
+    strangers to enter, or foment the factions in Scotland; but it shall be 
+    lawful for the Queen of England to chastise by arms the Scots who shall 
+    countenance the English rebels now in Scotland.&amp;quot; Mary was not mentioned. 
+    France therefore tacitly renounced her cause. Immediately after the 
+    conclusion of the treaty Charles IX. formally proposed a marriage between 
+    Elizabeth and his youngest brother, AlenÃ§on. This proposal she managed to 
+    encourage and elude for eleven years. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was just at this moment that the seizure 
+    of Brill by some Dutch rovers, who had taken refuge on the sea from the 
+    cruelty of Alva, caused most of the towns of Holland and Zealand to blaze 
+    into rebellion (1 April). Thus began the great war of liberation, which was 
+    to last thirty-seven years. The Protestant party in England hailed the 
+    revolt with enthusiasm. Large subscriptions were made to assist it, and 
+    volunteers poured across to take part in the struggle. Charles IX. and his 
+    mother, full of schemes of conquest in the Netherlands, urged Elizabeth to 
+    join them in a war against Philip. But, with a sagacity and self-restraint 
+    which do her infinite honour, she refused to be drawn beyond the lines laid 
+    down in the recent defensive alliance. Security, economy, fructification of 
+    the tax-payers' money in the tax-payers' pocket--such were the guiding 
+    principles of her policy. She was not to be dragged into dangerous 
+    enterprises either ambitious or Quixotic. Schemes for the partition of the 
+    Netherlands were laid before her. Zealand, it was said, would indemnify her 
+    for Calais. What Englishman with any common sense does not now see that she 
+    was right to reject the bribe? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;To Elizabeth no rebellion against a 
+    legitimate sovereign could be welcome in itself. Since Philip was so 
+    possessed by religious bigotry as to be dangerous to all Protestant States, 
+    she was not sorry that he should wear out his crusading ardour in the 
+    Netherlands; and she was ready to give just as much assistance to the Dutch, 
+    in an underhand way, as would keep him fully occupied without bringing a 
+    declaration of war upon herself. But she would have vastly preferred that he 
+    should repress Catholic and Protestant fanatics alike, and get along quietly 
+    with the mass of his subjects as his father had done before him. Charles IX. 
+    was eager to strike in if she would join him. Those who blame her so 
+    severely for her refusal seem to forget that a French conquest of the 
+    Netherlands would have been far more dangerous to this country than their 
+    possession by Spain. To keep them out of French hands has indeed been the 
+    traditional policy of England during the whole of modern history. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But, it is said, such a war would have 
+    clinched the alliance recently patched up between the French court and the 
+    Huguenots; there would have been no Bartholomew Massacre; &amp;quot;on Elizabeth 
+    depended at that moment whether the French Government would take its place 
+    once for all on the side of the Reformation.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Whether it would have been for the advantage 
+    of European progress in the long-run that France should settle down into 
+    Calvinism, I will forbear to inquire. Fortunately for the immediate 
+    interests of England, Elizabeth understood the situation in France better 
+    than some of her critics do, even with the results before their eyes. The 
+    Huguenots were but a small fraction of the nation. Whatever importance they 
+    possessed they derived from their rank, their turbulence, and the ambition 
+    of their leaders. In a few towns of the south and south-west they formed a 
+    majority of the population. But everywhere else they were mostly noblemen, 
+    full of the arrogance and reckless valour of their class, anything but 
+    puritans in their morals, and ready to destroy the unity of the kingdom for 
+    political no less than for religious objects. They had been losing ground 
+    for several years. The mass of the people abhorred their doctrines, and 
+    protested against any concession to their pretensions. Charles and his 
+    mother were absolutely careless about religion. Their feud with the Guises 
+    and their designs on the Netherlands had led them to invite the Huguenot 
+    chiefs to court, and so to give them a momentary influence in shaping the 
+    policy of France. It was with nothing more solid to lean on than this 
+    ricketty and short-lived combination that Burghley and Walsingham were eager 
+    to launch England into a war with the most powerful monarchy in Europe.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The massacre of St. Bartholomew (24 August) 
+    was a rude awakening from these dreams. That thunderclap did not show that, 
+    in signing the treaty with England and in proposing an attack on Philip, the 
+    French Government had been playing a treacherous game all along, in order to 
+    lure the Huguenots to the shambles. But it did show that when the Catholic 
+    sentiment in France was thoroughly roused, the dynasty itself must bend 
+    before it or be swept away. England might help the Huguenots to keep up a 
+    desultory and harassing civil war; she could no more enable them to control 
+    the policy of the French nation and wield its force, than she could at the 
+    present day restore the Bourbons or Bonapartes. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The first idea of Elizabeth and her 
+    ministers, on receiving the news of the massacre, naturally was that the 
+    French Government had been playing them false from the first, that the 
+    Catholic League for the extirpation of heresy in Europe, which had been so 
+    much talked of since the Bayonne interview in 1565, was after all a reality, 
+    and that England might expect an attack from the combined forces of Spain 
+    and France. Thanks to the prudent policy of Elizabeth, England was in a far 
+    better position to meet all dangers than she had been in 1565. The fleet was 
+    brought round to the Downs. The coast was guarded by militia. An expedition 
+    was organised to co-operate with the Dutch insurgents. Money was sent to the 
+    Prince of Orange. Huguenot refugees were allowed to fit out a flotilla to 
+    assist their co-religionists in Rochelle. The Scotch Regent Mar was 
+    informed, with great secrecy, that if he would demand the extradition of 
+    Mary, and undertake to punish her capitally for her husband's murder, she 
+    should be given up to him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A few weeks sufficed to show that there was 
+    no reason for panic. Confidence, indeed, between the French and English 
+    Governments had been severely shaken. Each stood suspiciously on its guard. 
+    But the alliance was too well grounded in the interests of both parties to 
+    be lightly cast aside. The French ambassador was instructed to excuse and 
+    deplore the massacre as best he could, and to press on the AlenÃ§on marriage. 
+    Elizabeth, dressed in deep mourning, gave him a stiff reception, but let him 
+    see her desire to maintain the alliance. The massacre did not restore the 
+    ascendancy of the Guises. To the Huguenots, as religious reformers, it gave 
+    a blow from which they did not recover. But as a political faction they were 
+    not crushed. Nay, their very weakness became their salvation, since it 
+    compelled them to fall into the second rank behind the &lt;i&gt;Politiques&lt;/i&gt;, 
+    the true party of progress, who were before long to find a victorious leader 
+    in Henry of Navarre. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Philip, for his part, was equally far from 
+    any thought of a crusade against England. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, commanding 
+    several companies of English volunteers, with the hardly concealed sanction 
+    of his government, was fighting against the Spaniards in Walcheren and 
+    hanging all his prisoners. Sir John Hawkins, with twenty ships, had sailed 
+    to intercept the Mexican treasure fleet. Yet Alva, though gnashing his 
+    teeth, was obliged to advise his master to swallow it all, and to be 
+    thankful if he could get Elizabeth to reopen commercial intercourse, which 
+    had been prohibited on both sides since the quarrel about the Genoese 
+    treasure. A treaty for this purpose was in fact concluded early in 1573. 
+    Thus the chief result of the Bartholomew Massacre, as far as Elizabeth was 
+    concerned, was to show how strong her position was, and that she had no need 
+    either to truckle to Catholics or let her hand be forced by Protestants. A 
+    balance of power on the Continent was what suited her, as it has generally 
+    suited this country. Let her critics say what they will, it was no business 
+    of hers to organise a Protestant league, and so drive the Catholic 
+    sovereigns to sink their mutual jealousies and combine against the common 
+    enemy. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Scotch Regent was quite ready to 
+    undertake the punishment of Mary, but only on condition that Elizabeth would 
+    send the Earl of Bedford or the Earl of Huntingdon with an army to be 
+    present at the execution and to take Edinburgh Castle. It need hardly be 
+    said that there was also a demand for money. Mar died during the 
+    negotiations, but they were continued by his successor Morton. Elizabeth was 
+    determined to give no open consent to Mary's execution. She meant, no doubt, 
+    as soon as it should be over, to protest, as she did fifteen years 
+    afterwards, that there had been an unfortunate mistake, and to lay the blame 
+    of it on the Scotch Government and her own agents. This part of the 
+    negotiation therefore came to nothing. But money was sent to Morton, which 
+    enabled him to establish a blockade of Edinburgh Castle, and by the 
+    mediation of Elizabeth's ambassador, the Hamiltons, Gordons, and all the 
+    other Marians except those in the Castle, accepted the very favourable terms 
+    offered them, and recognised James. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All that remained was to reduce the Castle. 
+    Its defenders numbered less than two hundred men. The city and the 
+    surrounding country were--as far as preaching and praying went--vehemently 
+    anti-Marian. The Regent had now no other military task on his hands. 
+    Elizabeth might well complain when she was told that unless she sent an army 
+    and paid the Scotch Protestants to co-operate with it, the Castle could not 
+    be taken. For some time she resisted this thoroughly Scotch demand. But at 
+    last she yielded to Morton's importunity. Sir William Drury marched in from 
+    Berwick, did the job, and marched back again (May 1573). Among the captives 
+    were the brilliant Maitland of Lethington, once the most active of 
+    Anglophiles, and Kirkaldy of Grange, who had begun the Scottish Reformation 
+    by the murder of Cardinal Beaton, and had taken Mary prisoner at Carberry 
+    Hill. A politician who did not turn his coat at least once in his life was a 
+    rare bird in Scotland. Maitland died a few days after his capture, probably 
+    by his own hand. Kirkaldy was hanged by his old friend Morton. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;By taking Edinburgh Castle Elizabeth did not 
+    earn any gratitude from the party who had called her in. What they wanted, 
+    and always would want, was money. Morton himself, treading in the steps of 
+    his old leader Moray, remained an unswerving Anglophile. But his coadjutors 
+    told the English ambassador plainly that, if they could not get money from 
+    England, they could and would earn it from France. Elizabeth's councillors 
+    were always teasing her to comply with these impudent demands. If there had 
+    been a grown-up King on the throne, a man with a will of his own, and whose 
+    right to govern could not be contested, it might have been worth while to 
+    secure his good-will by a pension; and this was what Elizabeth did when 
+    James became real ruler of the country. But she did not believe in paying a 
+    clique of greedy lords to call themselves the English party. An English 
+    party there was sure to be, if only because there was a French party. Their 
+    services would be neither greater nor smaller whether they were paid or 
+    unpaid. The French poured money into Scotland, and were worse served than 
+    Elizabeth, who kept her money in her treasury. It was no fault of Elizabeth 
+    if the conditions of political life in Scotland during the King's minority 
+    were such that a firmly established government was in the nature of things 
+    impossible. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As Mary was kept in strict seclusion during 
+    the panic that followed on the Bartholomew Massacre, she did not know how 
+    narrow was her escape from a shameful death on a Scottish scaffold. When the 
+    panic subsided she was allowed to resume her former manner of life as the 
+    honoured guest of Lord Shrewsbury, with full opportunities for communication 
+    with all her friends at home and abroad. Any alarm she had felt speedily 
+    disappeared. If Elizabeth had for a moment contemplated striking at her life 
+    or title by parliamentary procedure, that intention was evidently abandoned 
+    when the Parliament of 1572 was prorogued without any such measure becoming 
+    law. The public assumed, and rightly, that Elizabeth still regarded the 
+    Scottish Queen as her successor. Peter Wentworth in the next session (1576) 
+    asserted, and probably with truth, that many who had been loud in their 
+    demands for severity repented of their forwardness when they found that Mary 
+    might yet be their Queen, and tried to make their peace with her. 
+    Wentworth's outburst (for which he was sent to the Tower) was the only 
+    demonstration against Mary in that session. She told the Archbishop of 
+    Glasgow that her prospects had never been better, and when opportunities for 
+    secret escape were offered her she declined to use them, thinking that it 
+    was for her interest to remain in England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The desire of the English Queen to reinstate 
+    her rival arose principally from an uneasy consciousness that, by detaining 
+    her in custody, she was fatally impairing that religious respect for 
+    sovereigns which was the main, if not the only, basis of their power. The 
+    scaffold of Fotheringay was, in truth, the prelude to the scaffold of 
+    Whitehall. But as year succeeded year, and Elizabeth became habituated to 
+    the situation which had at first given her such qualms, she could not shut 
+    her eyes to the fact that, troublesome and even dangerous as Mary's presence 
+    in England was, the trouble and the danger had been very much greater when 
+    she was seated on the Scottish throne. The seething caldron of Scotch 
+    politics had not, indeed, become a negligible quantity. It required 
+    watching. But experience had shown that, while the King was a child, the 
+    Scots were neither valuable as friends nor formidable as foes. This was a 
+    truth quite as well understood at Paris and Madrid as at London, though the 
+    French, no less keen in those days than they are now to maintain that 
+    shadowy thing called &amp;quot;legitimate French influence&amp;quot; in countries with which 
+    they had any historical connection, continued to intrigue and waste their 
+    money among the hungry Scotch nobles. It was a fixed principle with 
+    Elizabeth, as with all English statesmen, not to tolerate the presence of 
+    foreign troops in Scotland. But she believed--and her belief was justified 
+    by events-that a French expedition was not the easy matter it had been when 
+    Mary of Guise was Regent of Scotland and Mary Tudor Queen of England. And, 
+    more important still, in spite of much treachery and distrust, the French 
+    and English Governments were bound together by a treaty which was equally 
+    necessary to each of them. Scotland, therefore, was no longer such a cause 
+    of anxiety to Elizabeth as it had been during the first ten years of her 
+    reign. Her ministers had neither her coolness nor her insight. Yet modern 
+    historians, proud of having unearthed their croaking criticisms, ask us to 
+    judge Elizabeth's policy by prognostications which turned out to be false 
+    rather than by the known results which so brilliantly justified it. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;How to deal with the Netherlands was a much 
+    more complicated and difficult problem. Here again Elizabeth's ministers 
+    were for carrying matters with a high hand. In their view, England was in 
+    constant danger of a Spanish invasion, which could only be averted by openly 
+    and vigorously supporting the revolted provinces. They would have had 
+    Elizabeth place herself at the head of a Protestant league, and dare the 
+    worst that Philip could do. She, on the other hand, believed that every year 
+    war could be delayed was so much &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;gained for England. There were many ways in 
+    which she could aid the Netherlands without openly challenging Philip. A 
+    curious theory of international relations prevailed in those days--an 
+    English Prime Minister, by the way, found it convenient not long ago to 
+    revive it--according to which, to carry on warlike operations against 
+    another country was a very different thing from going to war with that 
+    country. Of this theory Elizabeth largely availed herself. English generals 
+    were not only allowed, but encouraged, to raise regiments of volunteers to 
+    serve in the Low Countries. When there, they reported to the English 
+    Government, and received instructions from it with hardly a pretence of 
+    concealment. Money was openly furnished to the Prince of Orange. English 
+    fleets-also nominally of volunteers--were encouraged to prey on Spanish 
+    commerce, Elizabeth herself subscribing to their outfit and sharing in the 
+    booty. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We are not to suppose, because the revolt of 
+    the Netherlands crippled Philip for any attack on England, that Elizabeth 
+    welcomed it, or that she contemplated the prolongation of the struggle with 
+    cold-blooded satisfaction. Its immediate advantage to this country was 
+    obvious. But Elizabeth had a sincere abhorrence of war and disorder. She was 
+    equally provoked with Philip for persecuting the Dutch Protestants into 
+    rebellion, and with the Dutch for insisting on religious concessions which 
+    Philip could not be expected to grant, and which she herself was not 
+    granting to Catholics in England. At any time during the struggle, if Philip 
+    would have guaranteed liberty of conscience (as distinguished from liberty 
+    of public worship), the restoration of the old charters, and the removal of 
+    the Spanish troops, Elizabeth would not only have withheld all help from the 
+    Dutch, but would have put pressure on them to submit to Philip. The presence 
+    of Spanish veterans opposite the mouth of the Thames was a standing menace 
+    to England. &amp;quot;As they are there,&amp;quot; argued Burghley, we must help the Dutch to 
+    keep them employed. &amp;quot;If the Dutch were not such impracticable fanatics,&amp;quot; 
+    rejoined Elizabeth, &amp;quot;the Spanish veterans need not be there at all.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The &amp;quot;Pacification of Ghent&amp;quot; (November 1576), 
+    by which the Belgian Netherlands, for a short time, made common cause with 
+    Holland and Zealand, relieved Elizabeth, for a time, from the necessity of 
+    taking any decisive step. Philip was still recognised as sovereign, but he 
+    was required to be content with such powers as the old constitution gave 
+    him. It seemed likely that Catholic bigots would have to give up 
+    persecuting, and Protestant bigots to acquiesce in the official 
+    establishment of the old religion. This was precisely the settlement 
+    Elizabeth had always desired. It would get rid of the Spanish troops. It 
+    would keep out the French. It would relieve her from the necessity of 
+    interfering. If it put some restriction on the open profession of Calvinism 
+    she would not be sorry. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If this arrangement could have been carried 
+    out, would it in the long-run have been for the benefit of Europe? Those who 
+    hold that the conflict between Protestantism and Catholicism was simply a 
+    conflict between truth and falsehood will, of course, have no difficulty in 
+    giving their answer. Others may hold that freedom of conscience was all that 
+    was needed at the time, and they may picture the many advantages which 
+    Europe would have reaped during the last three centuries from the existence 
+    of a united Netherlands, independent, as it must soon have become, of Spain, 
+    and able to make its independence respected by its neighbours. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Short-lived as the coalition was destined to 
+    be, it secured for the Dutch a breathing-time when they were most sorely 
+    pressed, and enabled Elizabeth to avoid quarrelling with Spain. The first 
+    step of the newly allied States was to apply to her for assistance and a 
+    loan of money. The loan they obtained-Â£40,000--a very large sum in those 
+    days. But she earnestly advised them that if the new Governor, Don John of 
+    Austria, would accept the Pacification, they should use the money to pay the 
+    arrears of the Spanish troops; otherwise they would refuse to leave the 
+    country for Don John or any one else. This was done. Don John had treachery 
+    in his heart. But the departure of the Spaniards was a solid gain; and if 
+    the Protestants and Catholics of the Netherlands had been able to tolerate 
+    each other, they would have achieved the practical independence of their 
+    country, and achieved it by their own unaided efforts. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But Don John, the crusader, the victor of 
+    Lepanto, the half-brother of Philip, was a man of soaring ambition. His 
+    dream was to invade England, marry the Queen of Scots, and seat himself with 
+    her on the English throne. It was in vain that Philip, who never wavered in 
+    his desire to conciliate Elizabeth, and was jealous of his showy brother, 
+    had strictly enjoined him to leave England alone. He persisted in his 
+    design, and sent his confidant Escovedo to persuade Philip that to conquer 
+    the Netherlands it was necessary to begin by conquering England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;For a pair of determined enemies, Elizabeth 
+    and Philip were just now upon most amicable, not to say affectionate, terms. 
+    She knew well that he had incited assassins to take her life, and that 
+    nothing would at any time give him greater pleasure than to hear that one of 
+    them had succeeded. But she bore him no malice for that. She took it all in 
+    the way of business, and intended, for her part, to go on robbing and 
+    damaging him in every way she could short of going to war. Philip bore it 
+    all meekly. Alva himself insisted that he could not afford to quarrel with 
+    her. Diplomatic relations by means of resident ambassadors, which had been 
+    broken off by the expulsion of De Espes in 1571, were resumed; and English 
+    heretics in the prisons of the Inquisition were released in spite of the 
+    outcries of the Grand Inquisitor. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the summer of 1557 it seemed as if Don 
+    John's restless ambition would interrupt this pacific policy which suited 
+    both monarchs. He had sent for the Spanish troops again. He was known to be 
+    projecting an invasion of England. He was said to have a promise of help 
+    from Guise. Elizabeth's ministers, as usual, believed that she was on the 
+    brink of ruin, and implored her to send armies both to the Netherlands and 
+    to France. But she refused to be hustled into any precipitate action, and 
+    reasons soon appeared for maintaining an expectant attitude. The treaty of 
+    Bergerac between Henry III. and Henry of Navarre (September 1557) showed 
+    once more that the French King had no intention of letting the Huguenots be 
+    crushed. The invitation of the Archduke Matthias by the Belgian nobles 
+    showed that they were deeply jealous of English interference. Here, surely, 
+    was matter for reflection. The most Elizabeth could be got to do was to 
+    become security for a loan of Â£100,000 to the States, on condition that 
+    Matthias should leave the real direction of affairs to William of Orange, 
+    and to promise armed assistance (January 1578). At the same time she 
+    informed Philip that she was obliged to do this for her own safety; that she 
+    had no desire to contest his sovereignty of the Netherlands; on the 
+    contrary, she would help him to maintain it if he would govern reasonably; 
+    but he ought to remove Don John, who was her mortal enemy, and to appoint 
+    another Governor of his own family; in other words, Matthias. Her policy 
+    could not have been more candidly set forth, and Philip showed his 
+    disapproval of Don John's designs in a characteristic way--by causing 
+    Escovedo to be assassinated. Don John himself died in the autumn, of a fever 
+    brought on by disappointment, or, as some thought, of a complaint similar to 
+    Escovedo's (September 1578). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Elizabeth feared that Don John's scheme 
+    was countenanced by his brother, she had risked an open rupture by promising 
+    to send an army to the Netherlands. The murder of Escovedo and the arrival 
+    of the Spanish ambassador Mendoza (March 1578) reassured her. Philip was 
+    evidently pacific to the point of tameness. Instead, therefore, of sending 
+    an English army, she preferred to pay John Casimir, the Count Palatine, to 
+    lead a German army to the assistance of the States. As far as military 
+    strength went, they were probably no losers by the change. But what they 
+    wanted was to see Elizabeth committed to open war with Philip, and that was 
+    just what she desired to avoid. Indirect and underhand blows she was 
+    prepared to deal him, for she knew by experience that he would put up with 
+    them. Thus in the preceding autumn she had despatched Drake on his famous 
+    expedition to the South Pacific. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Don John was succeeded by his nephew, 
+    Alexander of Parma. The fine prospects of the revolted provinces were now 
+    about to be dashed. In the arts which smooth over difficulties and 
+    conciliate opposition, Parma had few equals. He was a head and shoulders 
+    above all contemporary generals; and no soldiers of that time were 
+    comparable to his Spanish and Italian veterans. When he assumed the command, 
+    he was master of only a small corner of the Low Countries. What he effected 
+    is represented by their present division between Belgians and Dutch. The 
+    struggle in the Netherlands continued, therefore, to be the principal object 
+    of Elizabeth's attention. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Shortly before the death of Don John, the 
+    Duke of AlenÃ§on, (1) brother and heir-presumptive of Henry III. had been 
+    invited by the Belgian nobles to become their Protector, and Orange, in his 
+    anxiety for union, had accepted their nominee. AlenÃ§on was to furnish 12,000 
+    French troops. It was hoped and believed that, though Henry had ostensibly 
+    disapproved of his brother's action, he would in the end give him open 
+    support, thus resuming the enterprise which had been interrupted six years 
+    before by the Bartholomew Massacre. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Now, how was Elizabeth to deal with this new 
+    combination? The Protectorship of AlenÃ§on might bring on annexation to 
+    France, the result which most of all she wished to avoid. For a moment she 
+    thought of offering her own protection (which Orange would have much 
+    preferred), and an army equal to that promised by AlenÃ§on. But upon further 
+    reflection, she determined to adhere to the policy of not throwing down the 
+    glove to Philip, and to try whether she could not put AlenÃ§on in harness, 
+    and make him do her work. One means of effecting this would be to allow him 
+    subsidies--the means employed on such a vast scale by Pitt in our wars with 
+    Napoleon. But Elizabeth intended to spend as little as possible in this way. 
+    She relied chiefly on a revival of the marriage comedy--now to be played 
+    positively for the last time; the lady being forty-five, and her wooer 
+    twenty-four. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A dignified policy it certainly was not. All 
+    that was ridiculous and repulsive in her coquetry with Henry had now to be 
+    repeated and outdone with his younger brother. To overcome the incredulity 
+    which her previous performances had produced, she was obliged to exaggerate 
+    her protestations, to admit a personal courtship, to simulate amorous 
+    emotion, and to go through a tender pantomime of kisses and caresses. But 
+    Elizabeth never let dignity stand in the way of business. What to most women 
+    would have been an insupportable humiliation did not cost her a pang. She 
+    even found amusement in it. From the nature of the case, she could not take 
+    one of her counsellors into her confidence. There was no chance of imposing 
+    upon foreigners unless she could persuade those about her that she was in 
+    earnest. They were amazed that she should run the risk of establishing the 
+    French in the Netherlands. She had no intention of doing so. When Philip 
+    should be brought so low as to be willing to concede a constitutional 
+    government, she could always throw her weight on his side and get rid of the 
+    French. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The match with AlenÃ§on had been proposed six 
+    years before. It had lately slumbered. But there was no difficulty in 
+    whistling him back, and making it appear that the renewed overture came from 
+    his side. After tedious negotiations, protracted over twelve months, he at 
+    length paid his first visit to Elizabeth ( August 1579). He was an 
+    under-sized man with an over-sized head, villainously ugly, with a face 
+    deeply seamed by smallpox, a nose ending in a knob that made it look like 
+    two noses, and a croaking voice. Elizabeth's liking for big handsome men is 
+    well known. But as she had not the least intention of marrying AlenÃ§on, it 
+    cost her nothing to affirm that she was charmed with his appearance, and 
+    that he was just the sort of man she could fancy for a husband. The only 
+    agreeable thing about him was his conversation, in which he shone, so that 
+    people who did not thoroughly know him always at first gave him credit for 
+    more ability than he possessed. Elizabeth, who had a pet name for all 
+    favourites, dubbed him her &amp;quot;frog&amp;quot;; and &amp;quot;Grenouille&amp;quot; he was fain to subscribe 
+    himself in his love-letters. This first visit was a short one, and he went 
+    away hopeful of success. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The English people could only judge by 
+    appearances, and for the first time in her reign Elizabeth was unpopular. 
+    The Puritan Stubbs published his &lt;i&gt;Discovery of a Gaping Gulf wherein 
+    England is like to be swallowed by another French Marriage&lt;/i&gt;. But the 
+    excitement was by no means confined to the Puritans. Hatred of Frenchmen 
+    long remained a ruling sentiment with most Englishmen. Elizabeth vented her 
+    rage on Stubbs, who had been so rude as to tell her that childbirth at her 
+    age would endanger her life. He was sentenced to have his hand cut off. &amp;quot;I 
+    remember,&amp;quot; says Camden, &amp;quot;being then present, that Stubbs, after his right 
+    hand was cut off, put off his hat with his left, and said with a loud voice, 
+    'God save the Queen.' The multitude standing about was deeply silent.&amp;quot;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Not long after AlenÃ§on's visit, a treaty of 
+    marriage was signed (November 1579), with a proviso that two months should 
+    be allowed for the Queen's subjects to become reconciled to it. If, at the 
+    end of that time, Elizabeth did not ratify the treaty, it was to be null and 
+    void. The appointed time came and went without ratification. Burghley, as 
+    usual, predicted that the jilted suitor would become a deadly enemy, and 
+    drew an alarming picture of the dangers that threatened England, with the 
+    old exhortation to his mistress to form a Protestant league and subsidise 
+    the Scotch Anglophiles. But in 1572 she had slipped out of the Anjou 
+    marriage, and yet secured a French alliance. She confided in her ability to 
+    play the same game now. Though she had not ratified the marriage treaty, she 
+    continued to correspond with AlenÃ§on and keep up his hopes, urging him at 
+    the same time to lead an army to the help of the States. This, however, he 
+    was unwilling to do till he had secured the marriage. The French King was 
+    ready, and even eager, to back his brother. But he, too, insisted on the 
+    marriage, and that Elizabeth should openly join him in war against Spain.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the summer of 1580, Philip conquered 
+    Portugal, thus not only rounding off his Peninsular realm, but acquiring the 
+    enormous transmarine dominions of the Portuguese crown. All Europe was 
+    profoundly impressed and alarmed by this apparent increase of his power. 
+    Elizabeth incessantly lectured Henry on the necessity of abating a 
+    preponderance so dangerous to all other States, and tried to convince him 
+    that it was specially incumbent on France to undertake the enterprise. But 
+    she preached in vain. Henry steadily refused to stir unless England would 
+    openly assist him with troops and money, of which the marriage was to be the 
+    pledge. He did not conceal his suspicion that, when Elizabeth had pushed him 
+    into war, she would &amp;quot;draw her neck out of the collar&amp;quot; and leave him to bear 
+    the whole danger. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was, in fact, her intention. She 
+    believed that a war with France would soon compel Philip to make proper 
+    concessions to the States; whereupon she would interpose and dictate a 
+    peace. &amp;quot;Marry my brother,&amp;quot; Henry kept saying, &amp;quot;and then I shall have 
+    security that you will bear your fair share of the fighting, and expenses.&amp;quot; 
+    &amp;quot;If I am to go to war,&amp;quot; argued Elizabeth, &amp;quot;I cannot marry your brother; for 
+    my subjects will say that I am dragged into it by my husband, and they will 
+    grudge the expense. Suppose, instead of a marriage, we have an alliance not 
+    binding me to open war; then I will furnish you with money &lt;i&gt;underhand&lt;/i&gt;. 
+    You know you have got to fight. You cannot afford to let Philip go on 
+    increasing his power.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Henry remained doggedly firm. No marriage, no 
+    war. At last, finding she could not stir him, Elizabeth again concluded a 
+    treaty of marriage, but with the extraordinary proviso that six weeks should 
+    be left for private explanations by letter between herself and AlenÃ§on. It 
+    soon appeared what this meant. In these six weeks Elizabeth furnished her 
+    suitor with money, and incited him to make a sudden attack on Parma, who was 
+    then besieging Cambray, close to the French frontier. AlenÃ§on, thinking 
+    himself now sure of the marriage, collected 15,000 men; and Henry, though 
+    not openly assisting him, no longer prohibited the enterprise. But, as soon 
+    as Elizabeth thought they were sufficiently committed, she gave them to 
+    understand that the marriage must be again deferred, that her subjects were 
+    discontented, that she could only join in a defensive alliance, but that she 
+    would furnish money &amp;quot;in reasonable sort&amp;quot; &lt;i&gt;underhand&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All this is very unscrupulous, very 
+    shameless, even for that shameless age. Hardened liars like Henry and 
+    AlenÃ§on thought it too bad. &lt;i&gt;They&lt;/i&gt; were ready for violence as well as 
+    fraud, and availed themselves of whichever method came handiest. Elizabeth 
+    also used the weapon which nature had given her. Being constitutionally 
+    averse from any but peaceful methods, she made up for it by a double dose of 
+    fraud. &lt;i&gt;Dente lupus, cornu taurus&lt;/i&gt;. It would have been useless for a 
+    mate statesman to try to pass himself off as a fickle impulsive, susceptible 
+    being, swayed from one moment to another in his political schemes by 
+    passions and weaknesses that are thought natural in the other sex. This was 
+    Elizabeth's advantage, and she made the most of it. She was a masculine 
+    woman simulating, when it suited her purpose, a feminine character. The men 
+    against whom she was matched were never sure whether they were dealing with 
+    a crafty and determined politician, or a vain, flighty, amorous woman. This 
+    uncertainty was constantly putting them out in their calculations. AlenÃ§on 
+    would never have been so taken in if he had not told himself that any folly 
+    might be expected from an elderly woman enamoured of a young man. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On this occasion Elizabeth scored, if not the 
+    full success she had hoped from her audacious mystification, yet no 
+    inconsiderable portion of it. Henry managed to draw back just in time, and 
+    was not let in for a big war. But AlenÃ§on, at the head of 15,000 men, and 
+    close to Cambray, could not for very shame beat a retreat. Parma retired at 
+    his approach, and the French army entered Cambray in triumph (August 1581). 
+    AlenÃ§on therefore had been put in harness to some purpose. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Though Henry III. had good reason to complain 
+    of the way he had been treated, he did not make it a quarrel with Elizabeth. 
+    His interests, as she saw all along, were too closely bound up with hers to 
+    permit him to think of such a thing. On the contrary, he renewed the 
+    alliance of 1572 in an ampler form, though it still remained strictly 
+    defensive. AlenÃ§on, after relieving and victualling Cambray, disbanded his 
+    army, and went over to England again to press for the marriage (November 
+    1581). Thither he was followed by ambassadors from the States. By the advice 
+    of Orange they had resolved to take him as their sovereign, and they were 
+    now urgently pressing him to return to the Netherlands to be installed. 
+    Elizabeth added her pressure; but he was unwilling to leave England until he 
+    should have secured the marriage. For three months (November 1581 to 
+    February 1582) did Elizabeth try every art to make him accept promise for 
+    performance. She was thoroughly in her element. To win her game in this way, 
+    not by the brutal arbitrament of war, or even by the ordinary tricks of 
+    vicarious diplomacy, but by artifices personally executed, feats of cajolery 
+    that might seem improbable on the stage,--this was delightful in the highest 
+    degree. The more distrustful AlenÃ§on showed himself, the keener was the 
+    pleasure of handling him. One day he is hidden behind a curtain to view her 
+    elegant dancing; not, surely, that he might be smitten with it, but that he 
+    might think she desired him to be smitten. Another day she kisses him on the 
+    lips (&lt;i&gt;en la boca&lt;/i&gt;) in the presence of the French ambassador. She gives 
+    him a ring. She presents him to her household as their future master. She 
+    orders the Bishop of Lincoln to draw up a marriage service. It is a 
+    repulsive spectacle; but, after all, we are not so much disgusted with the 
+    elderly woman who pretends to be willing to marry the young man, as with the 
+    young man who is really willing to marry the elderly woman. Unfortunately 
+    for Elizabeth, her acting was so realistic that it not only took in 
+    contemporaries, but has persuaded many modern writers that she was really 
+    influenced by a degrading passion. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Henry III. himself was at last induced to 
+    believe that Elizabeth was this time in earnest. But he could not be driven 
+    from his determination to risk nothing till he saw the marriage actually 
+    concluded. Pinart, the French Secretary of State, was accordingly sent over 
+    to settle the terms. Elizabeth demanded one concession after another, and 
+    finally asked for the restitution of Calais. There was no mistaking what 
+    this meant. Pinart, in the King's name, formally forbade AlenÃ§on to proceed 
+    to the Netherlands except as a married man, and tried to intimidate 
+    Elizabeth by threatening that his master would ally himself with Philip. But 
+    she laughed at him, and told him that she could have the Spanish alliance 
+    whenever she chose, which was perfectly true. AlenÃ§on himself gave way. He 
+    felt that he was being played with. He had come over here, with a &lt;i&gt;fatuilÃ©&lt;/i&gt; 
+    not uncommon among young Frenchmen, expecting to bend a love-sick Queen to 
+    serve his political designs. He found himself, to his intense mortification, 
+    bent to serve hers. Ashamed to show his face in France without either his 
+    Belgian dominions or his English wife, he was fain to accept Elizabeth's 
+    solemn promise that she would marry him as soon as she could, and allowed 
+    himself to be shipped off under the escort of an English fleet to the 
+    Netherlands (February 1582). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;According to Mr. Froude, &amp;quot;the Prince of 
+    Orange intimated that AlenÃ§on was accepted by the States only as a pledge 
+    that England would support them; if England failed them, they would not 
+    trust their fortunes to so vain an idiot.&amp;quot; This statement appears to be 
+    drawn from the second-band tattle of Mendoza, and is probably, like much 
+    else from that source, unworthy of credit. But whether Orange sent such an 
+    &amp;quot;intimation&amp;quot; or not, it cannot be allowed to weigh against the ample 
+    evidence that AlenÃ§on was accepted by him and by the States mainly for the 
+    sake of the French forces he could raise on his own account, and the 
+    assistance which he undertook to procure from his brother. Neither Orange 
+    nor any one else regarded him as an idiot. Orange had not been led to expect 
+    that he would bring any help from England except money supplied underhand; 
+    and money Elizabeth did furnish in very considerable quantities. But the 
+    Netherlanders now expected everything to be done for them, and were backward 
+    with their contributions both in men and money. Clearly there is something 
+    to be said for the let-alone policy to which Elizabeth usually leant. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The States intended AlenÃ§on's sovereignty to 
+    be of the strictly constitutional kind, such as it had been before the 
+    encroachments of Philip and his father. This did not suit the young 
+    Frenchman, and at the beginning of 1583 he attempted a &lt;i&gt;coup d'Ã©tat&lt;/i&gt;, 
+    not without encouragement from some of the Belgian Catholics. At Antwerp his 
+    French troops were defeated with great bloodshed by the citizens, and the 
+    general voice of the country was for sending him about his business. But 
+    both Elizabeth and Orange, though disconcerted and disgusted by his 
+    treachery, still saw nothing better to be done than to patch up the breach 
+    and retain his services. Both of them urged this course on the 
+    States--Orange with his usual dignified frankness; Elizabeth in the crooked, 
+    blustering fashion which has brought upon her policy, in so many instances, 
+    reproach which it does not really deserve. Norris, the commander of the 
+    English volunteers, had discountenanced the &lt;i&gt;coup-d'Ã©tat&lt;/i&gt; and taken his 
+    orders from the States. Openly Elizabeth reprimanded him, and ordered him to 
+    bring his men back to England. Secretly she told him he had done well, and 
+    bade him remain where he was. Norris was in fact there to protect the 
+    interests of England quite as much against the French as against Spain. 
+    There is not the least ground for the assertion that in promoting a 
+    reconciliation with AlenÃ§on, Orange acted under pressure from Elizabeth. 
+    Everything goes to show that he, the wisest and noblest statesman of his 
+    time, thought it the only course open to the States, unless they were 
+    prepared to submit to Philip. Both Elizabeth and Orange felt that the first 
+    necessity was to keep the quarrel alive between the Frenchman and the 
+    Spaniard. The English Queen therefore continued to feed AlenÃ§on with hopes 
+    of marriage, and the States patched up a reconciliation with him (March 
+    1583). But his heart failed him. He saw Parma taking town after town. He 
+    knew that he had made himself odious to the Netherlanders. He was covered 
+    with shame. He was fatally stricken with consumption. In June 1583 he left 
+    Belgium never to return. Within a twelvemonth he was dead. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;1. He had received the Duchy of 
+    Anjou in addition to that of AlenÃ§on, and some historians call him by the 
+    former title.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterseven.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    VII The Papal Attack: 1570-1583&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082625&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082625&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0170.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4201</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/1535exec.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/1535exec.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01708e9450c45ca1c118dd6e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215292</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0170.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1535.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1535.gif&quot; width=&quot;519&quot; height=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Th&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;e account at right was written by 
+    the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The summer of 1535 was one of the bloodiest of King Henry 
+    VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; The deaths of John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, and Sir 
+    Thomas More shocked and appalled Europe.&amp;nbsp; Henry's reputation never 
+    recovered and was further blemished when he later executed two wives.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;This year on 11 June were arraigned in the king's bench at
+Westminster three monks of the Charterhouse of London, and there condemned
+of high treason against the king, and sentenced to be drawn, hanged, disemboweled,
+beheaded and quartered.&amp;nbsp; One of them was called Francis Nitigate,
+another Master Exmew, storekeeper of the same place, and the third was
+called Master Middlemore, vicar of the same place.&amp;nbsp; This year also
+on 17 June was arraigned at Westminster in the king's bench John Fisher,
+bishop of Rochester, for treason against the king, and he was condemned
+there by a jury of knights and esquires (the lord chancellor sitting as
+high judge), who passed this sentence on him - that the said John Fisher
+should go from thence to the place where he came from, which was the Tower
+of London, and from thence to be drawn through the City of London to Tyburn,
+there to be hanged, cur down alive, his bowels taken out of his body and
+burnt before him, his head cut off, and his body be divided into four parts
+and his head and body be set in such places as the king should assign.&amp;nbsp;
+The effect of the treason was denying the king to be Supreme Head of the
+Church of England, according to a statute, The Act of Supremacy, made in
+the last session of Parliament.
+&lt;p&gt;On 19 June, a Saturday, the three monks of the Charterhouse, aforementioned,
+were drawn from the Tower to Tyburn, and there executed according to their
+sentence, and their heads and bodies hung at different gates around the
+city.
+&lt;p&gt;Also on 22 June, Tuesday, John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, was beheaded
+at Tower Hill, and the rest of his execution pardoned.&amp;nbsp; His body was
+buried in Barking churchyard, next to the Tower of London, and his head
+was set on London Bridge.
+&lt;p&gt;This year also on 1 July, being Thursday, Sir Thomas More, sometime
+chancellor of England, was arraigned at Westminster for high treason and
+there condemned, and the Tuesday after, being 6 July, he was beheaded at
+Tower Hill and his body was buried within the chapel in the Tower of London,
+and his head was set on London Bridge.&amp;nbsp; The effect of his death was
+for the same cause that the bishop of Rochester died for.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082599&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082599&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1006 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">69904</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdaa2febb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-rainbow.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizmom.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-scrots.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizsig-sm.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward4-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizsister.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-eworth.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=444 
+      alt=&quot;'The Rainbow Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1600&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-rainbow.jpg&quot; width=350 align=center border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Elizabeth Tudor is considered by many to be the greatest monarch in 
+      English history.&amp;nbsp; When she became queen in 1558, she was twenty-five 
+      years old, a survivor of scandal and danger, and considered illegitimate 
+      by most Europeans.&amp;nbsp; She inherited a bankrupt nation, torn by 
+      religious discord, a weakened pawn between the great powers of France and 
+      Spain.&amp;nbsp; She was only the third queen to rule England in her own 
+      right; the other two examples, her cousin Lady Jane Grey and half-sister 
+      Mary I, were disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Even her supporters believed her position 
+      dangerous and uncertain.&amp;nbsp; Her only hope, they counseled, was to marry 
+      quickly and lean upon her husband for support.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth had 
+      other ideas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;She ruled alone for nearly half a century, 
+      lending her name to a glorious epoch in world history.&amp;nbsp; She dazzled 
+      even her greatest enemies.&amp;nbsp; Her sense of duty was admirable, though 
+      it came at great personal cost.&amp;nbsp; She was committed above all else to 
+      preserving English peace and stability; her genuine love for her subjects 
+      was legendary.&amp;nbsp; Only a few years after her death in 1603, they 
+      lamented her passing.&amp;nbsp; In her greatest speech to Parliament, she told 
+      them, 'I count the glory of my crown that I have reigned with your 
+      love.'&amp;nbsp; And five centuries later, the worldwide love affair with 
+      Elizabeth Tudor continues.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Proud 
+      and haughty, as although she knows she was born of such a mother, she 
+      nevertheless does not consider herself of inferior degree to the Queen, 
+      whom she equals in self-esteem; nor does she believe herself less 
+      legitimate than her Majesty, alleging in her own favour that her mother 
+      would never cohabit with the King unless by way of marriage, with the 
+      authority of the Church....&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;She prides herself on her father and 
+  glories in him; everybody saying that she also resembles him more than the 
+  Queen does and he therefore always liked her and had her brought up in the 
+  same way as the Queen.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;I&gt;the Venetian 
+      ambassador Giovanni Michiel describes Elizabeth; spring 1557&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth Tudor was born on 7 September 1533 at Greenwich 
+      Palace.&amp;nbsp; She was the daughter of &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;King Henry 
+      VIII&lt;/A&gt; and his second wife, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+      Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Henry had &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;defied the 
+      papacy&lt;/A&gt; and the Holy Roman Emperor to marry Anne, spurred on by love 
+      and the need for a legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; And so Elizabeth's birth 
+      was one of the most exciting political events in 16th century European 
+      history; rarely had so much turmoil occurred on behalf of a mere 
+      infant.&amp;nbsp; But the confident predictions of astrologers and physicians 
+      were wrong and the longed-for prince turned out to be a princess.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Eustace Chapuys, the Imperial ambassador and enemy of Anne Boleyn, 
+      described the birth to his master as 'a 
+      &lt;IMG height=324 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizmom.jpg&quot; width=250 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;great disappointment and sorrow to 
+      the King, the Lady herself and to others of her party.'&amp;nbsp; But for the 
+      next two years, Henry VIII was willing to hope for a son to join this 
+      healthy daughter.&amp;nbsp; Immediately after Elizabeth's birth, he wrote to 
+      his 17 year old daughter, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Princess 
+      Mary&lt;/A&gt;, and demanded she relinquish her title Princess of Wales and 
+      acknowledge both the annulment of his marriage to her mother, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of 
+      Aragon&lt;/A&gt;, and the validity of his new marriage.&amp;nbsp; Mary refused; she 
+      already blamed Anne Boleyn (and, by extension, Elizabeth) for the sad 
+      alteration of her own fortunes.&amp;nbsp; In December, she was moved into her 
+      infant half-sister's household.&amp;nbsp; When told to pay her respects to the 
+      baby Princess, she replied that she knew of no Princess of England but 
+      herself, and burst into tears.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Henry already ignored Mary and Katharine's constant pleas to meet; now 
+      he began a more aggressive campaign to secure Anne and Elizabeth's 
+      position.&amp;nbsp; For one mother and daughter to be secure, the other pair 
+      must necessarily suffer.&amp;nbsp; Most Europeans, and indeed Englishmen, 
+      still believed Katharine to be the king's valid wife.&amp;nbsp; Now old and 
+      sickly, imprisoned in one moldy castle after another, she remained a very 
+      popular figure.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn was dismissed in polite circles as the 
+      king's 'concubine' and their marriage was recognized only by those of the new 
+      Protestant faith.&amp;nbsp; Henry attempted to legislate popular acceptance of 
+      his new queen and heiress.&amp;nbsp; But the various acts and oaths only cost 
+      the lives of several prominent Catholics, among them &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas 
+      More&lt;/A&gt; and Bishop John Fisher.&amp;nbsp; The English people never accepted 
+      'Nan Bullen' as their queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But while she had the king's personal favor, Elizabeth's mother was 
+      secure.&amp;nbsp; And she held that favor far longer than any had 
+      expected.&amp;nbsp; It was only after she miscarried twice that Henry began to 
+      consider this second marriage as cursed as the first.&amp;nbsp; The last 
+      miscarriage occurred in January 1536; Katharine died that same 
+      month.&amp;nbsp; With her death, the king's Catholic critics considered him a 
+      widower, free to marry again.&amp;nbsp; And this next marriage would not be 
+      tainted by the specter of bigamy.&amp;nbsp; It was only necessary to get rid 
+      of Anne, and find a new wife - one who could hopefully deliver a 
+      son.&amp;nbsp; The king already had a candidate in mind; her name was &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane 
+      Seymour&lt;/A&gt;, a lady-in-waiting to both Katharine and Anne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In the end, Henry VIII was not merely content to annul his marriage to 
+      Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was arrested, charged with a variety of crimes which even 
+      her enemies discounted, and executed on 19 May 1536.&amp;nbsp; Her little 
+      daughter was now in the same position as her half-sister, Princess 
+      Mary.&amp;nbsp; However, all of Europe and most Englishmen considered Mary to 
+      be Henry's legitimate heir, despite legislation to the contrary.&amp;nbsp; No 
+      one believed Elizabeth to be more than the illegitimate daughter of the 
+      king.&amp;nbsp; Also, there were already disparaging rumors of her mother's 
+      infidelities; perhaps the solemn, red-headed child was not the king's 
+      after all?&amp;nbsp; It was to Henry's (small) credit that he always 
+      acknowledged Elizabeth as his own, and took pride in her intellectual 
+      accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; As she grew older, even Catholic courtiers noted 
+      Elizabeth resembled her father more than Mary did.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Henry married Jane just twelve days after Anne's execution and his 
+      long-awaited son, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince 
+      Edward&lt;/A&gt;, was born in October 1537.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth participated in the 
+      christening, carried by Thomas Seymour, the handsome young brother of the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Jane died shortly after the birth of childbed fever.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Henry VIII married &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;Anne of 
+      Cleves&lt;/A&gt; on Twelfth Night (6 January) 1541.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was a disaster, 
+      and Henry quickly divorced Anne and married &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine 
+      Howard&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was a cousin of Anne Boleyn; they were both 
+      related to Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk and perhaps Henry's most 
+      nervous peer.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed a brief few months of happiness with 
+      his fifth wife.&amp;nbsp; But Catherine was thirty years younger than Henry 
+      and soon enough resumed an affair with a former lover.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      executed in February 1543 and buried beside Anne Boleyn in the Tower of 
+      London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For Elizabeth, these changes in her father's marital fortunes did not 
+      pass unnoticed.&amp;nbsp; She was part of her half-brother Edward's household; 
+      her days were spent mostly at lessons, with the occasional visit from her 
+      father.&amp;nbsp; As a child, no one expected her to comment upon her 
+      various stepmothers.&amp;nbsp; It was only when she reached adulthood and 
+      became queen that its psychological effects were revealed.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+      had a dim view of romantic love and, given her father's example, who can 
+      blame her?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It was Henry's sixth and final wife, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine 
+      Parr&lt;/A&gt;, who had the greatest impact upon Elizabeth's life.&amp;nbsp; A kind 
+      woman who believed passionately in&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-scrots.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;Princess Elizabeth, c1546, attributed to William Scrots&quot; width=&quot;370&quot; height=&quot;495&quot;&gt; education and religious reform, 
+      Katharine was a devoted stepmother.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, she had far more 
+      of an impact with the young Edward and Elizabeth than with Mary, who was 
+      just four years her junior.&amp;nbsp; Katharine arranged for 10 year old 
+      Elizabeth to have the most distinguished tutors in England, foremost among 
+      them Roger Ascham.&amp;nbsp; As a result, Elizabeth was educated as well as 
+      any legitimate prince, and she displayed a genuine love and aptitude for 
+      her studies.&amp;nbsp; 'Her mind has no womanly weakness,' Ascham would write 
+      approvingly, 'her perseverance is equal to that of a man.'&amp;nbsp; And 
+      later, 'She readeth more Greek every day, than some Prebendaries of this 
+      Church do in a whole week.'&amp;nbsp; And so she did; Elizabeth's love of 
+      scholarship never faltered and, in an age when women were considered 
+      inferior to men, she was a glorious exception.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      Along with 
+      such classical subjects as rhetoric, languages, philosophy, and history, 
+      Elizabeth also studied theology.&amp;nbsp; Ascham and her other tutors were 
+      famous Cambridge humanists who supported the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Likewise, Katharine Parr was devoted to the reformed faith.&amp;nbsp; Unlike 
+      their half-sister Mary, both Edward and Elizabeth were raised Protestant 
+      during its most formative years.&amp;nbsp; Yet while Edward was known for his 
+      piety and didacticism, Elizabeth already displayed the pragmatic character 
+      which would make her reign successful.&amp;nbsp; She studied theology and 
+      supported the Protestant cause; she had been raised to do so and knew 
+      only Protestants recognized her parents' marriage.&amp;nbsp; But she was never 
+      openly passionate about religion, recognizing its divisive role in English 
+      politics.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;Most people viewed the adolescent Elizabeth as a serious young 
+      woman who always carried a book with her, preternaturally composed.&amp;nbsp; 
+      She encouraged this perception, which was as accurate as any, by dressing 
+      with a degree of severity virtually absent at the Tudor royal court.&amp;nbsp; 
+      But she was not so serious that she avoided all the material trappings of 
+      her position.&amp;nbsp; Her household accounts, which came under the 
+      management of William Cecil (who later became her secretary of state), 
+      show evidence of a cultivated and lively mind, as well as a love of 
+      entertainment:&amp;nbsp; fees for musicians, musical instruments, and a 
+      variety of books.&amp;nbsp; As she grew older and her position more prominent, 
+      her household also expanded.&amp;nbsp; During her brother Edward's reign, she 
+      lived the life of a wealthy and privileged lady - and apparently enjoyed 
+      it immensely.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was thirteen years old when her father died.&amp;nbsp; They 
+      were never particularly close though he treated her with affection on her 
+      few visits to his court.&amp;nbsp; He even occasionally discussed the 
+      possibility of her marriage for, in the 16th century, royal bastards were 
+      common and often used to great advantage in diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; Under the 
+      1536 'Second Act of Succession', which declared both her and the 19 year 
+      old Mary illegitimate, Parliament gave Henry the ability to determine his 
+      children's status, as well as the actual succession.&amp;nbsp; Typically for 
+      Henry, he simply let both his daughters live as princesses and gave them 
+      precedence over everyone at court except his current wife.&amp;nbsp; But they 
+      had no real claim to the title of 'princess' and were known as 'the lady 
+      Elizabeth' and 'the lady Mary'.&amp;nbsp; This was often followed by the 
+      explanatory 'the king's daughter.'&amp;nbsp; It was an awkward situation which 
+      the king saw no reason to resolve.&amp;nbsp; His will did recognize his 
+      daughters' crucial place in the succession.&amp;nbsp; If Edward died without 
+      heirs, Mary would inherit the throne; if Mary died without heirs, 
+      Elizabeth would become queen.&amp;nbsp; He also left them the substantial 
+      income of 3000 pds a year, the same amount for each daughter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Did Elizabeth mourn her father?&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly so, for at least 
+      under Henry VIII she was three steps from the throne and protected by his 
+      rough paternal affection.&amp;nbsp; After his death, she had good cause to 
+      wish him alive again.&amp;nbsp; Ten year old Edward was king in name 
+      only.&amp;nbsp; The rule of England was actually in the hands of his uncle, 
+      the Lord Protector Edward Seymour, soon titled duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth was now separated from her brother's household, moving to 
+      Katharine Parr's home in Chelsea.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps the happiest time 
+      of her adolescence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But Katharine married again quickly, to the man she had loved before 
+      Henry VIII had claimed her.&amp;nbsp; Her new husband was Thomas Seymour, the 
+      younger brother of Lord Protector Somerset and uncle to the new King 
+      Edward.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome, charming, and very ambitious.&amp;nbsp; He also 
+      had terrible political instincts.&amp;nbsp; Seymour was not content to be 
+      husband of the Dowager Queen of England.&amp;nbsp; He was jealous of his 
+      brother's position and desperate to upstage him.&amp;nbsp; And so he 
+      inadvertently played into the hands of the equally ambitious John Dudley, 
+      earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; Dudley wished to destroy the Seymour protectorship 
+      and seize power for himself.&amp;nbsp; He allowed the feuding brothers to 
+      destroy each other.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For Elizabeth, the main problem with Seymour was his inappropriate and 
+      very flirtatious behavior.&amp;nbsp; As a teenaged girl with little experience 
+      of men, she was flattered by his attention and also a bit 
+      frightened.&amp;nbsp; Certainly it placed great strain on Katharine Parr, who 
+      had become pregnant soon after her marriage.&amp;nbsp; The queen originally 
+      participated in Seymour's early morning raids into Elizabeth's room, where 
+      he would tickle and wrestle with the girl in her nightdress.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      while Katharine considered this simple fun, her husband was more 
+      serious.&amp;nbsp; He soon had keys made for every room in their house and 
+      started visiting Elizabeth while she was still asleep and he was clad in 
+      just his nightshirt.&amp;nbsp; She soon developed the habit of rising early; 
+      when he appeared, her nose was safely in a book. Edward's council heard 
+      rumors of these romps and investigated.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth proved herself 
+      circumspect and clever; she managed to admit nothing which would 
+      offend&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She left the Seymour home for Hatfield House in May 1548, ostensibly 
+      because the queen was 'undoubtful of health'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth and 
+      Katharine exchanged affectionate letters, but they would not meet 
+      again.&amp;nbsp; The queen died on 4 September 1548 of childbed fever.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;After her death, Seymour's position became more dangerous.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      rumored that he wished to marry Elizabeth and thus secure the throne of 
+      England in case Edward died young.&amp;nbsp; He had already bought the 
+      wardship of &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt;, a Tudor cousin and heir in Henry VIII's will.&amp;nbsp; He planned 
+      to marry Jane and Edward, thus securing primary influence with his 
+      nephew.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, his grandiose plans unraveled and he was 
+      arrested.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps the most damning charge was his planned marriage 
+      to Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Immediately, the council sent Sir Robert Tyrwhit to 
+      Hatfield with the mission to take control of Elizabeth's household and 
+      gain her confession.&amp;nbsp; He immediately arrested Elizabeth's beloved 
+      governess Kat Ashley and her cofferer, Thomas Parry; they were sent to the 
+      Tower.&amp;nbsp; Now, Tyrwhit told the princess, confess all; he wanted 
+      confirmation of the charge that Seymour and Elizabeth planned to 
+      wed.&amp;nbsp; If she confessed, Tyrwhit said, she would be forgiven for she 
+      was young and foolish - her servants should have protected her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=122 alt=&quot;Elizabeth's signature as Princess of England&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsig-sm.jpg&quot; width=200 align=left border=2&gt;Elizabeth did not hesitate to demonstrate her own wit and 
+      learning.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she drove Tyrwhit to exasperation; 'in no way will 
+      she confess any practice by Mistress Ashley or the cofferer concerning my 
+      lord Admiral; and yet I do see it in her face that she is guilty and do 
+      perceive as yet she will abide more storms ere she accuse Mistress 
+      Ashley,' he wrote to Somerset, 'I do assure your Grace she hath a very 
+      good wit and nothing is gotten of her but by great policy.'&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth refused to scapegoat her loyal servants and defiantly asserted 
+      her complete innocence.&amp;nbsp; She told Tyrwhit she cared nothing for the 
+      Admiral and when he had mentioned some vague possibility of marriage, she 
+      had referred him to the council.&amp;nbsp; She also secured permission to 
+      write to Somerset and, upon doing so, demanded a public apology be made 
+      regarding her innocence.&amp;nbsp; She also demanded the return of her loyal 
+      servants for if they did not return, she said, her guilt would be 
+      assumed.&amp;nbsp; She read Ashley and Parry's 'confessions' in which they 
+      described Seymour's romps with her at Katharine Parr's home.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      details were undoubtedly embarrassing but she recognized their 
+      harmlessness.&amp;nbsp; In short, she demonstrated every aspect of her 
+      formidable intelligence and determination.&amp;nbsp; Poor Tyrwhit left for 
+      London with no damaging confession.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But the council didn't need Elizabeth's confession to execute 
+      Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He was charged with thirty-three other crimes, and he 
+      answered only three of the charges.&amp;nbsp; He was not given a trial; a 
+      messy execution was always best passed by a Bill of Attainder.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      was executed on 20 March 1549, dying 'very dangerously, irksomely, 
+      horribly... a wicked man and the realm is well rid of him.'&amp;nbsp; Contrary 
+      to some biographies, Elizabeth did not say, 'This day died a man with much 
+      wit, and very little judgment.'&amp;nbsp; The 17th century Italian novelist 
+      Leti invented this, as well as several forged letters long supposed to be 
+      hers.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Soon enough, Seymour's brother followed him to the scaffold.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Somerset was a kind man in private life and genuinely dedicated to 
+      economic and religious reform in England but, as a politician, he failed 
+      miserably.&amp;nbsp; He lacked charisma and confidence; he preferred to bully 
+      and bluster his way through council meetings.&amp;nbsp; He simply did not 
+      understand how to manage the divisive personalities of Edward VI's privy 
+      council.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, John Dudley had been quietly manipulating other 
+      councilors and the young king to gain ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; Upon Somerset's 
+      execution, Dudley became Lord Protector; he was also titled duke of 
+      Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; He was the first non-royal Englishman given that 
+      title.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For Elizabeth, these events were merely background noise at 
+      first.&amp;nbsp; Dudley took pains to cultivate a friendship with her, which 
+      she wisely avoided.&amp;nbsp; He sent her and Mary amiable letters.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Since Mary was a Catholic, and Dudley a Protestant who had benefited 
+      materially from the Reformation, he was necessarily more friendly to 
+      Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For example, Edward VI had given Dudley Hatfield House, 
+      which was currently Elizabeth's residence.&amp;nbsp; Dudley graciously 
+      returned it to her in exchange for lesser lands in her possession.&amp;nbsp; 
+      He also passed the patents to her lands, which allowed her more 
+      income.&amp;nbsp; This, of course, should have been done at Henry VIII's 
+      death.&amp;nbsp; So Elizabeth at first benefited from Dudley's rise to 
+      power.&amp;nbsp; She was now a well-respected and popular princess, a landed 
+      lady in her own right with a large income and keen mind.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      also an heir to the English throne, though still officially recognized as 
+      a bastard.&amp;nbsp; But she was shown every respect, and a degree of 
+      affection from Edward VI completely lacking in his relations with their 
+      sister Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Their mutual faith was an important connection with the increasingly 
+      devout Edward.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth visited Court occasionally, corresponded 
+      with her brother, and continued her studies mainly at Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      had always been excessively cautious and very intelligent, qualities she 
+      displayed to great effect during the Seymour crisis.&amp;nbsp; The only time 
+      in her life when she demonstrated any recklessness had been during the 
+      Seymour debacle; she had learned its lesson well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She also cultivated the image of a sober Protestant young lady.&amp;nbsp; 
+      When queen, she became known for her love of beautiful gowns and 
+      jewels.&amp;nbsp; But before 1558, she took care to dress soberly, the image 
+      of chastity and modesty.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps a conscious attempt to 
+      distance herself from Mary, a typical Catholic princess who dressed in all 
+      the glittering and garish finery she could afford.&amp;nbsp; It is an ironic 
+      note on Mary's character that she has become known as a dour, plain woman; 
+      she was as fond of clothes and jewelry as her sister would become.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It was Elizabeth who dressed plainly, most often in severely cut black or 
+      white gowns.&amp;nbsp; She wore each color to great effect.&amp;nbsp; She had 
+      matured into a tall, slender and striking girl, with a fair, unblemished 
+      complexion and the famous Tudor red hair.&amp;nbsp; She wore her hair loose 
+      and did not use cosmetics.&amp;nbsp; When she traveled about the countryside, 
+      crowds gathered to see her, a Protestant princess renowned for her virtue 
+      and learning, her appearance modest and pleasing.&amp;nbsp; In this respect, 
+      she was emulated by her cousin Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When Jane was invited to a 
+      reception for Mary of Guise, the regent of Scotland, Mary Tudor sent her 
+      'some goodly apparel of tinsel cloth of gold and velvet laid on with 
+      parchment lace of gold.'&amp;nbsp; Jane, a devout Protestant, was offended; 
+      such apparel reflected the material trappings of Catholicism.&amp;nbsp; When 
+      her parents insisted she wear it, Jane replied, 'Nay, that were a shame to 
+      follow my Lady Mary against God's word, and leave my Lady Elizabeth, which 
+      followeth God's word.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was honorably and extravagantly received at her brother's 
+      court.&amp;nbsp; For example, on 17 March 1552, she arrived at St James's 
+      Palace with 'a great company of lords, knights and gentlemen' along with 
+      over 200 ladies and a company of yeomen.&amp;nbsp; Two days later she left St 
+      James for Whitehall Palace, her procession accompanied by a grand 
+      collection of nobles.&amp;nbsp; The visit was a marked success for Edward was 
+      open in his affection.&amp;nbsp; She was his 'sweet sister Temperance,' unlike 
+      Mary who continued to defy his religious policy.&amp;nbsp; The Primary Sources 
+      section of this site contains an excerpt from Edward VI's journal in which 
+      he records a religious argument with Mary.&amp;nbsp; In that matter, Elizabeth 
+      remained distant, preferring to let her siblings argue without her.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Edward's ministers, especially after the Seymour affair, were careful 
+      with her.&amp;nbsp; Dudley recognized Elizabeth's formidable 
+      intelligence.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI became ill in 1553 and it was clear he 
+      would not survive, Dudley had a desperate plan to save himself from Mary 
+      I's Catholic rule - place Henry VIII's niece, Lady Jane Grey on the 
+      throne.&amp;nbsp; (This is discussed in great length at the &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt; site.)&amp;nbsp; Simply put, Dudley believed he would be supported 
+      because Jane was Protestant and the English would not want the Catholic 
+      Mary on the throne.&amp;nbsp; Of course, the question arises - Elizabeth was 
+      Protestant, so why not put her on the throne instead of Jane?&amp;nbsp; The 
+      main reason is that Dudley was well aware that Elizabeth Tudor would not 
+      be his puppet, unlike Jane Grey whom he had married to his son 
+      Guildford.&amp;nbsp; As for Edward VI, he went along with the plan because of 
+      two main reasons: Elizabeth was illegitimate so there might be resistance 
+      to her rule and, as a princess, she might be persuaded to marry a foreign 
+      prince and England would fall under foreign control.&amp;nbsp; Jane was 
+      already safely wed to an Englishman.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=228 
+      alt=&quot;a profile portrait of Elizabeth's half-brother, King Edward VI&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward4-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Edward VI's decision should not indicate any great dislike of 
+      Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; He was primarily determined to preserve the Protestant 
+      regime in England.&amp;nbsp; He believed this was necessary for his personal 
+      and political salvation.&amp;nbsp; He was also practical.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      disinherited Mary because of her Catholicism; however, it was officially 
+      sanctioned because of her illegitimacy.&amp;nbsp; Like Elizabeth, Mary had her 
+      illegitimacy established by an act of Parliament during Henry VIII's 
+      reign.&amp;nbsp; Since he had ostensibly disinherited Mary because of this 
+      act, he couldn't let Elizabeth inherit - it simply wasn't logical.&amp;nbsp; 
+      So the throne would pass to the legitimate - and Protestant - Lady Jane 
+      Grey.&amp;nbsp; As most know, she ruled for just nine days before Mary became 
+      queen of England.&amp;nbsp; It should be noted that Edward originally told 
+      Dudley that, though he didn't want Mary to succeed him, he saw no logical 
+      reason for Elizabeth to be disowned.&amp;nbsp; It was Dudley who pointed out 
+      the logical inconsistency - that Mary 'could not be put by unless the Lady 
+      Elizabeth were put by also.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Dudley attempted to place Mary and Elizabeth in his power while Edward 
+      was dying.&amp;nbsp; He knew that if he imprisoned the two princesses, they 
+      would be unable to rouse popular support against his plan.&amp;nbsp; But if 
+      that failed, he was determined to prevent them from seeing Edward, 
+      especially Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Dudley feared that Edward's affection for his 
+      sister, and Elizabeth's cleverness, might persuade Edward to rewrite his 
+      will in her favor.&amp;nbsp; Like her sister, Elizabeth would undoubtedly 
+      destroy Dudley, making him the scapegoat for Edward's ineffectual 
+      regime.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Elizabeth had suspected her brother was ill and set 
+      out from Hatfield to visit him just a few weeks before Edward died, but 
+      Dudley's men intercepted her and sent her home.&amp;nbsp; She then wrote her 
+      brother a number of letters, inquiring about his health and asking 
+      permission to come to Court.&amp;nbsp; These were intercepted as well.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But as Edward's health continued to deteriorate and death was imminent, 
+      Dudley sent a message to Hatfield, ordering Elizabeth to Greenwich 
+      Palace.&amp;nbsp; She may have been warned of his intentions - more likely she 
+      guessed them.&amp;nbsp; She refused the summons, taking to her bed with a 
+      sudden illness.&amp;nbsp; As a further precaution, her doctor sent a letter to 
+      the council certifying she was too ill for travel.&amp;nbsp; As for Mary, 
+      Dudley had told her that Edward desired her presence; it would be a 
+      comfort to him during his illness.&amp;nbsp; She was torn - though Dudley hid 
+      the true extent of the king's illness, the Imperial ambassador had kept 
+      Mary informed.&amp;nbsp; He was the agent of her cousin, the Holy Roman 
+      Emperor Charles V; Mary's mother had been his aunt.&amp;nbsp; Conscious of her 
+      sisterly duty, Mary set out for Greenwich from Hunsdon the day before 
+      Edward died.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Dudley was enraged by Elizabeth's refusal but he could do 
+      nothing.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, events moved too quickly for the princess to 
+      be his primary concern.&amp;nbsp; It was being whispered that Dudley had 
+      poisoned the king to place his daughter-in-law on the throne.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+      course, this was untrue since Dudley needed Edward to live as long as 
+      possible for his plan to work.&amp;nbsp; To this end, he had engaged a female 
+      'witch' to help prolong the king's life.&amp;nbsp; She concocted a mix of 
+      arsenic and other drugs; they worked, at least for Dudley's purpose.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The young king lived for a few more weeks though he suffered 
+      terribly.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 6 July 1553, Edward VI died.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Immediately, Dudley had Jane Grey proclaimed queen, an honor she had not 
+      sought and did not want.&amp;nbsp; It was only Dudley's appeal to her 
+      religious convictions which convinced her to accept the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Meanwhile, Jane's cousin, Mary Tudor, was still on her way to Greenwich 
+      to see her brother, until a sympathizer (sent by Nicholas Throckmorton or 
+      William Cecil) rode out to meet her; the summons was a trap, he told her, 
+      and Dudley intended to imprison her.&amp;nbsp; Mary rode to East Anglia, the 
+      conservative section of England where her support would be 
+      strongest.&amp;nbsp; Eventually she would realize the true extent of her 
+      support.&amp;nbsp; Protestants and Catholics alike rallied to her cause since 
+      she was Henry VIII's daughter and the true heir under his will.&amp;nbsp; As 
+      she left for East Anglia, she didn't know her brother was already dead but 
+      she sent a note to the Imperial ambassador Simon Renard; once she knew of 
+      Edward's death, she said, she would declare herself queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent 
+      another note to Dudley, telling him she was too ill to travel.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The failure of Dudley's ambitions is discussed at the &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt; site.&amp;nbsp; Suffice to say, he was overthrown and executed and 
+      Mary Tudor, at the age of thirty-seven, was declared queen of England in 
+      her own right.&amp;nbsp; During the nine days of Jane's reign, Elizabeth had 
+      continued her pretense of illness.&amp;nbsp; It was rumored that Dudley had 
+      sent councilors to her, offering a large bribe if she would just renounce 
+      her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth refused, remarking, 'You must 
+      first make this agreement with my elder sister, during whose lifetime I 
+      have no claim or title to resign.'&amp;nbsp; So she remained at her beloved 
+      Hatfield, deliberately avoiding a commitment one way or another.&amp;nbsp; 
+      When word reached her that Mary was finally queen, she sent a letter of 
+      congratulation to her sister and set off for London.&amp;nbsp; On 29 July, she 
+      entered the capital with 2000 mounted men wearing the green and white 
+      Tudor colors.&amp;nbsp; There she awaited Mary's official arrival into the 
+      city.&amp;nbsp; On 31 July, Elizabeth rode with her attendant nobles along the 
+      Strand and through the City to Colchester, the same path her sister would 
+      take.&amp;nbsp; It was here she would receive her sister as queen.&amp;nbsp; They 
+      had not seen each other for about five years.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary had always disliked her half-sister for many reasons, not least 
+      because she sensed an innate shiftiness in Elizabeth's character.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth, Mary believed, was never to be trusted.&amp;nbsp; Originally, this 
+      dislike was because of Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Mary had 
+      long blamed Anne for her own mother's tragic end as well as the alienation 
+      of her father's affections.&amp;nbsp; After Anne died and Elizabeth, too, was 
+      declared illegitimate, Mary found other reasons to hate Elizabeth, chief 
+      among them religion.&amp;nbsp; Like her mother, Mary was a devout Catholic; 
+      she recognized Elizabeth's lack of religious zeal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth's half-sister, Queen Mary I; she ruled England from 1553 to 1558&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt; But at her 
+      accession, the moment of her great triumph, she was prepared to be 
+      conciliatory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary ordered that Elizabeth share her triumphal march through 
+      London.&amp;nbsp; Their processions met at Wanstead on 2 August.&amp;nbsp; There, 
+      Elizabeth dismounted and knelt in the road before her sister.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      dismounted and raised her sister, embracing and kissing her with 
+      affection.&amp;nbsp; She even held her hand as they spoke.&amp;nbsp; Their two 
+      parties entered London together, the sisters riding side by side.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The contrast between their physical appearances could not have been more 
+      striking.&amp;nbsp; Mary, at thirty-seven, was old beyond her years.&amp;nbsp; An 
+      adulthood passed in anxiety and tribulation had marred her health and 
+      appearance.&amp;nbsp; She was small like her mother and thin, with Katharine's 
+      deep, almost gruff voice.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was nineteen years old, taller 
+      than her sister and slender.&amp;nbsp; While Mary was richly attired in 
+      velvets covered in jewels and gold, Elizabeth was dressed in her usual 
+      strikingly severe style.&amp;nbsp; Neither sister was conventionally beautiful 
+      but onlookers commented upon Mary's open compassion and kindness and 
+      Elizabeth's innate majesty.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary was thirty-seven, quite 
+      old to have a child, Elizabeth was viewed as her probable heir.&amp;nbsp; As 
+      such, she was cheered as much as the new queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;On 1 October, Elizabeth rode to Mary's coronation with Henry VIII's 
+      discarded fourth wife, Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; She was once again accorded a 
+      place of honor amongst the English ladies, though not the highest position 
+      as was her due.&amp;nbsp; The Imperial ambassador Renard reported that she 
+      spoke often with the French ambassador de Noailles.&amp;nbsp; For his part, de 
+      Noailles reported that Elizabeth complained her coronet was too heavy and 
+      made her head ache.&amp;nbsp; He replied to her that, God willing, she would 
+      soon wear a heavier crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This was dangerous talk, as Elizabeth soon discovered.&amp;nbsp; Mary's 
+      mood was fickle regarding her clever half-sister.&amp;nbsp; For every kind 
+      word or gesture, there were public statements dismissing Henry VIII as 
+      Elizabeth's father, or allowing distant cousins precedent at court.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It was simply impossible for Mary to forget the past, etched so acutely 
+      upon her spirit.&amp;nbsp; She could not like Elizabeth, nor trust her.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth responded to this emotional hostility by retreating to 
+      Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; There she continued her studies and attempted to remain 
+      safe in the morass of English politics.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But however much she might wish for peace, she was not to have 
+      it.&amp;nbsp; She was destined to be the focal point for all discontent over 
+      Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; And there was soon much reason for discontent.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Edward VI's council had left the economy in shambles; currency was debased 
+      and near worthless.&amp;nbsp; There was a series of bad harvests.&amp;nbsp; Prices 
+      rose and discontent spread.&amp;nbsp; And worst of all, Mary soon decided to 
+      marry King Philip II of Spain, son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; This was 
+      yet another example of her inability to forget the past.&amp;nbsp; Philip 
+      represented the homeland of her beloved mother, and a chance to bring all 
+      the weight of the Holy Roman Empire to bear upon the heretics of 
+      England.&amp;nbsp; Mary was determined to turn back the clock on twenty years 
+      of religious reform and make England a Catholic nation again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Understandably, her subjects were less than thrilled.&amp;nbsp; Even 
+      English Catholics did not want their country to become a powerless 
+      appendage of the Hapsburg empire.&amp;nbsp; Certainly a queen had to marry, 
+      but not the emperor's son!&amp;nbsp; In this climate of rebellion and 
+      repression, Elizabeth's life was in great danger.&amp;nbsp; It could not be 
+      otherwise; she was the only alternative to Mary's rule.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth conformed outwardly to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; But she 
+      could not distance herself too much from her Protestant supporters.&amp;nbsp; 
+      When Sir Thomas Wyatt, the son of her mother's great poetic admirer, led a 
+      rebellion in January 1554, matters came to an unpleasant impasse.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Wyatt had written to Elizabeth that he intended to overthrow Mary but his 
+      letter was intercepted, as was a letter from de Noailles to the king of 
+      France.&amp;nbsp; His letter implied that Elizabeth knew of the revolt in 
+      advance, and repeated rumors that she was off gathering armed 
+      supporters.&amp;nbsp; The government was able to suppress the rebellion before 
+      it spread very far and Wyatt was arrested.&amp;nbsp; Mary's council could find 
+      no real proof that de Noailles's suppositions were true but they decided 
+      to summon Elizabeth back to London for questioning.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      understandably frightened and ill; she sent word that she could not 
+      travel.&amp;nbsp; Two of Mary's personal physicians were sent to evaluate her 
+      condition.&amp;nbsp; They diagnosed 'watery humors' and perhaps an 
+      inflammation of the kidneys.&amp;nbsp; She was ill, they reported, but not too 
+      ill to travel the 30 miles to London in the queen's own litter.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Three of the queen's councilors - Howard, Hastings, and Cornwallis, all of 
+      whom were friendly with Elizabeth - escorted her back to London.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They traveled quite slowly, covering just six miles a day.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth kept the curtains of the litter pulled back as she entered 
+      the city, and the citizens were able to see her pale, frightened 
+      face.&amp;nbsp; She had good cause for her fear; the heads and corpses of 
+      Wyatt and his supporters were thrust upon spikes and gibbets throughout 
+      the city.&amp;nbsp; The queen waited for her at Whitehall but they did not 
+      meet immediately.&amp;nbsp; First, Elizabeth's household was dismissed and she 
+      was told that she must undergo close interrogation about her 
+      activities.&amp;nbsp; She was questioned by the unfriendly bishop of 
+      Winchester, Stephen Gardiner, but she was not intimidated.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      denied any involvement in the rebellion and repeatedly asked to see the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; But she was told that Mary was leaving for Oxford where she 
+      would hold a Parliament.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth would be leaving Whitehall as 
+      well, though at first the council could not decide where to send 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; No councilor wanted the responsibility of keeping her in close 
+      confinement at their homes; it was too unpleasant and potentially 
+      dangerous.&amp;nbsp; And so Gardiner and Renard had their way and she went to 
+      the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The earl of Sussex and the marquess of 
+      Winchester were sent to escort her from Whitehall.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was terrified.&amp;nbsp; The mere mention of the Tower was enough 
+      to shatter her already fragile nerves.&amp;nbsp; She begged to be allowed to 
+      write to her sister, and the men agreed.&amp;nbsp; The letter was long, 
+      rambling, and repetitious - proof of her fear and trepidation:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;I have heard in my time of many cast away for want of coming 
+        to the presence of their Prince....&amp;nbsp; Therefore once again kneeling 
+        with humbleness of my heart, because I am not suffered to bow the knees 
+        of my body, I humbly crave to speak with your Highness, which I would 
+        not be so bold to desire if I knew not myself most clear as I know 
+        myself most true.&amp;nbsp; And as for the traitor Wyatt, he might 
+        peradventure write me a letter but on my faith I never received any from 
+        him; and as for the copy of my letter sent to the French king, I pray 
+        God confound me eternally if ever I sent him word, message, token or 
+        letter by any means, and to this truth I will stand it to my 
+        death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;....Let conscience move your Highness to take some 
+        better way with me than to make me be condemned in all men's sight afore 
+        my desert know.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;After finishing, she carefully drew lines 
+      throughout the rest of the blank sheet so no forgeries could be added, and 
+      she signed it 'I humbly crave but one word of answer from yourself.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Your Highness's most faithful subject that hath been from the beginning 
+      and will be to my end, Elizabeth'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The letter had taken too long to write; they had missed the tide.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They could wait a few hours and take her to the Tower in the darkest part 
+      of night, but the council disagreed.&amp;nbsp; There could be an attempt to 
+      rescue her under cover of darkness.&amp;nbsp; They decided to wait until the 
+      next morning, Palm Sunday, when the streets would be nearly deserted since 
+      everyone would be in church.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her letter was sent to Mary 
+      who received it angrily and refused to read it through.&amp;nbsp; She had not 
+      given permission for it to be written or sent, and she rebuked her 
+      councilors fiercely.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The next morning, 17 March 1554, arrived cold and grey; there was a 
+      steady rain.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock in the morning, Elizabeth was taken from 
+      her rooms and through the garden to where the barge waited.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+      accompanied by six of her ladies and two gentleman-attendants.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      waited under a canopy until the barge began to slow; she then saw that 
+      they would enter beneath Traitor's Gate, beneath St Thomas's Tower.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This was the traditional entrance for prisoners returned to their cells 
+      after trial at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; The sight terrified her and she begged 
+      to be allowed entry by any other gate.&amp;nbsp; Her request was 
+      refused.&amp;nbsp; She was offered a cloak to protect her from the rain but 
+      she pushed it aside angrily.&amp;nbsp; Upon stepping onto the landing, she 
+      declared, 'Here landeth as true a subject, being prisoner, as ever landed 
+      at these stairs.&amp;nbsp; Before Thee, O God, do I speak it, having no other 
+      friend but Thee alone.'&amp;nbsp; She then noticed the yeoman warders gathered 
+      to receive her beyond the gate.&amp;nbsp; 'Oh Lord,' she said loudly, 'I never 
+      thought to have come in here as a prisoner, and I pray you all bear me 
+      witness that I come in as no traitor but as true a woman to the Queen's 
+      Majesty as any as is now living.'&amp;nbsp; Several of the warders stepped 
+      forward and bowed before her, and one called out, 'God preserve your 
+      Grace.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She still refused to enter the Tower.&amp;nbsp; After the warder's 
+      declaration, she sat upon a stone and would not move.&amp;nbsp; The Lieutenant 
+      of the Tower, Sir John Brydges, said to her, 'You had best come in, 
+      Madame, for here you sit unwholesomely.'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth replied with 
+      feeling, 'Better sit here, than in a worse place, for God knoweth where 
+      you will bring me.'&amp;nbsp; And so she sat until one of her attendants burst 
+      into tears.&amp;nbsp; She was taken to the Bell Tower, a small corner tower 
+      beside Brydges's own lodgings.&amp;nbsp; Her room was on the first floor, and 
+      had a large fireplace with three small windows.&amp;nbsp; Down the passageway 
+      from the door were three latrines which hung over the moat.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      not as destitute or uncomfortable as she had feared, but it was still the 
+      Tower of London and she was a prisoner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This was the beginning of one of the most trying times of her 
+      life.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth spent just two months in the Tower of London, but she had no 
+      idea that her stay would be so brief - and it did not feel particularly 
+      brief.&amp;nbsp; She truly believed some harm would come to her and she dwelt 
+      most upon the possibility of poison.&amp;nbsp; She knew Mary hated her and 
+      that many of her councilors constantly spoke ill of her, encouraging 
+      either her imprisonment or execution.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;However, Elizabeth had enough popular support that she would not face 
+      death at her sister's orders.&amp;nbsp; But Lady Jane Grey, the unfortunate 
+      Nine Days' Queen, and her husband were neither so popular or lucky.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They, too, had lived in the Tower under threat of execution; both had been 
+      convicted of treason.&amp;nbsp; But Mary had always been fond of Jane and was 
+      close friends with her mother Frances; she allowed her cousin to live very 
+      comfortably in the Tower while her fate remained undecided.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      probably intended to release Jane as soon as the country settled under her 
+      own rule.&amp;nbsp; But Renard wanted both Jane and her husband 
+      executed.&amp;nbsp; He warned Mary that the emperor would not allow Philip to 
+      enter England as long as Jane lived.&amp;nbsp; She was a traitor, and it was 
+      only a matter of time before the Protestants tried to place either Jane or 
+      Elizabeth upon the throne.&amp;nbsp; Mary was not persuaded by Renard's 
+      arguments, but his threat carried greater force - she wanted to marry 
+      Philip and he would not come to England until it was safe.&amp;nbsp; The small 
+      rebellion led by Jane's father clearly did not help matters.&amp;nbsp; And so 
+      Jane and the equally unfortunate Guildford Dudley were executed.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth herself arrived at the Tower just six weeks later, and her 
+      cousin's fate must have weighed heavily on her mind.&amp;nbsp; After all, she 
+      and Jane had lived and studied together briefly under Katharine Parr's 
+      tutelage, and Jane's admiration of Elizabeth had been open and 
+      obvious.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It was abundantly clear to Elizabeth that her position was precarious 
+      and dangerous.&amp;nbsp; During the first weeks of her imprisonment, she was 
+      allowed to take exercise along the Tower walls but when a small child 
+      began to give her flowers and other gifts, Brydges was told to keep her 
+      indoors.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had always been active, both physically and 
+      mentally.&amp;nbsp; She chafed at her confinement and its boring 
+      routine.&amp;nbsp; She was occasionally interrogated by members of Mary's 
+      council, but she held firm to her innocence.&amp;nbsp; She had faced such 
+      interrogations during Thomas Seymour's fall from grace, and could not be 
+      easily intimidated.&amp;nbsp; Still, the stress - which she handled with 
+      outward aplomb - took its toll on her physical health.&amp;nbsp; She lost 
+      weight, and became prone to headaches and stomach problems.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Ironically enough, it was the impending arrival of Philip of Spain 
+      which led to her freedom.&amp;nbsp; Renard had urged Mary to execute Jane and 
+      imprison Elizabeth so that Philip would be safe in England.&amp;nbsp; Philip, 
+      however, was far more sensitive to the political implications of such an 
+      act.&amp;nbsp; He knew the English were acutely sensitive to any shift in 
+      Mary's policies simply because she had chosen to marry a foreigner.&amp;nbsp; 
+      If she made an unpopular decision, it would be blamed upon his 
+      influence.&amp;nbsp; He knew, too, that the Protestant faith was still popular 
+      in the country, and that Elizabeth embodied its greatest hope.&amp;nbsp; If 
+      she were harmed in any way, his arrival in England would be even more 
+      unpopular and dangerous.&amp;nbsp; And the Wyatt rebellion had merely 
+      reinforced Philip's natural inclination to tread lightly.&amp;nbsp; His 
+      intention was to wed Mary, be crowned king of England, and find a suitable 
+      husband for Elizabeth, preferably one of his Hapsburg relations.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Then, if Mary died without bearing a child, England would remain within 
+      the Hapsburg sphere of influence, a willing and useful adjunct of the 
+      empire.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Accordingly, Philip wrote to Mary and advised that Elizabeth be set at 
+      liberty.&amp;nbsp; This conciliatory gesture was not appreciated by Mary, 
+      always inclined to believe the worst in her half-sister, but - once again 
+      - her eagerness for Philip's arrival made her desperate to please 
+      him.&amp;nbsp; She dispensed with Renard's advice and on Saturday 19 May at 
+      one o'clock in the afternoon, Elizabeth was finally released from the 
+      Tower; incidentally, her mother had been executed on the same day eighteen 
+      years earlier.&amp;nbsp; She spent one night at Richmond Palace, but it was 
+      clear that her release had not lifted Elizabeth's spirits.&amp;nbsp; That 
+      night she summoned her few servants and asked them to pray for her, 'For 
+      this night,' Elizabeth said, 'I think to die.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She did not die, of course, but she was still frightened and 
+      lonely.&amp;nbsp; She had been released into the care of Sir Henry 
+      Bedingfield, a Catholic supporter of Queen Mary whose father had guarded 
+      Katharine of Aragon during her last years at Kimbolton Castle.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      had come to the Tower on 5 May as the new Constable, replacing Sir John 
+      Gage, and his arrival had caused Elizabeth no end of terror.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      believed he was sent to secretly murder her for, not long before, a 
+      credible rumor had reached her; it was said that the Catholic elements of 
+      Mary's council had sent a warrant for her execution to the Tower but that 
+      Sir John Brydges, the strict but honest Lieutenant, had not acted upon it 
+      because it lacked the queen's signature.&amp;nbsp; With Bedingfield's arrival, 
+      Elizabeth lost her almost preternatural self-control and she asked her 
+      guards 'whether the Lady Jane's scaffold was taken away or no?'&amp;nbsp; When 
+      told it was gone, she asked about Bedingfield, and if 'her murdering were 
+      secretly committed to his charge, he would see the execution 
+      thereof?'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;From Richmond, Bedingfield took his cowed charge to Woodstock, a 
+      hunting-lodge miles from London and once favored by her Plantagenet 
+      grandfather, Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; She was neither officially under arrest nor 
+      free, a nebulous position which confused nearly everyone.&amp;nbsp; She could 
+      not be received at court, but she could not be set at liberty in the 
+      countryside.&amp;nbsp; And so Bedingfield was essentially her jailer, but not 
+      referred to as such; and Woodstock was her prison, but also not called 
+      such.&amp;nbsp; The journey to Woodstock certainly raised her spirit.&amp;nbsp; 
+      She was greeted by throngs of people shouting 'God save your grace!' and 
+      other messages of support.&amp;nbsp; Flowers, sweets, cakes and other small 
+      gifts were given to her.&amp;nbsp; At times, the reception was so enthusiastic 
+      that Elizabeth was openly overwhelmed.&amp;nbsp; It was now clear to her that 
+      the English people loved her, perhaps as much as they did Queen 
+      Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But the love of the people was small comfort when faced with the 
+      dilapidation of Woodstock.&amp;nbsp; The main house was in such disrepair that 
+      Elizabeth was lodged in the gatehouse.&amp;nbsp; The queen had ordered that 
+      her sister be treated honorably and given limited freedom; Elizabeth was 
+      allowed to walk in the orchard and gardens.&amp;nbsp; She also requested 
+      numerous books.&amp;nbsp; After a few weeks, her initial fear of Bedingfield 
+      had settled into a bemused appraisal of her jailer.&amp;nbsp; She now 
+      recognized him for what he was - a conscientious, unimaginative civil 
+      servant with a difficult assignment.&amp;nbsp; They got on tolerably well, and 
+      Bedingfield even forwarded her numerous letters to the Council and the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was concerned that her imprisonment in the 
+      countryside would remove her too much from the public eye and her 
+      ceaseless letter-writing was an attempt to reassert her position as 
+      princess of England.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not read the letters and angrily order 
+      Bedingfield to stop sending them along.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;At the end of June, Elizabeth fell ill and asked that the queen's 
+      physician Dr Owen be sent to her.&amp;nbsp; But Dr Owen was busy tending to 
+      Queen Mary and told Bedingfield that his charge must be patient.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      recommended the services of Drs Barnes and Walbeck.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+      refused to allow their examination; she preferred to commit her body to 
+      God rather than to the eyes of strangers, she told Bedingfield.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Finally, on 7 July, Mary finally sent permission to Woodstock for 
+      Elizabeth to write to her and the Council about her various 
+      concerns.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was petulant and took her time with the 
+      composition of this most important letter.&amp;nbsp; When it was finally sent, 
+      written in Bedingfield's hand from her dictation, it was a typically 
+      shrewd and pointed document.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth wanted the Council to 
+      consider 'her long imprisonment and restraint of liberty, either to charge 
+      her with special matter to be answered unto and tried, or to grant her 
+      liberty to come unto her highness's presence, which she sayeth she would 
+      not desire were it not that she knoweth herself to be clear even before 
+      God, for her allegiance.'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth specifically requested that the 
+      members of the queen's council who were executors of 'the Will of the 
+      King's majesty her father' read the letter and be allowed to visit with 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; It was a pointed reminder that despite her deprived 
+      circumstances, she was still next in line to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      Council heard the document uneasily.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary, however, had other matters on her mind.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 20 
+      July, even as Elizabeth mulled over her letter, Philip II of Spain finally 
+      landed at Southampton.&amp;nbsp; The handsome, fair-haired 27 year old King 
+      was already a widow with a male heir; his first wife Maria of Portugal had 
+      died in childbirth in 1545 after two years of&lt;IMG height=480 
+      alt=&quot;another portrait of Elizabeth's half-sister, Queen Mary I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworth.jpg&quot; width=332 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; marriage.&amp;nbsp; He was a 
+      conscientious and pious man who impressed all who met him with his 
+      discipline and work ethic.&amp;nbsp; But he also had a tendency toward 
+      religious asceticism which worsened as he grew older.&amp;nbsp; As a child, he 
+      had accompanied his father to the inquisition in Spain, watching 
+      impassively as heretics were burned alive.&amp;nbsp; But his marriage to Mary 
+      was one of political necessity and Philip had no intention of threatening 
+      its success with unpopular religious policies.&amp;nbsp; He was willing to 
+      move England slowly back into the Catholic fold; faced with Mary's 
+      impatience, it was Philip who advised moderation.&amp;nbsp; He wed his cousin 
+      at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July in a splendid ceremony.&amp;nbsp; On 18 
+      August they finally entered London in triumph, its citizens plied with 
+      enough free drinks and entertainment to greet Philip 
+      enthusiastically.&amp;nbsp; But there were already signs of trouble; the 
+      anonymous pamphlets condemning foreigners and the queen's marriage 
+      circulated, and Philip's Spanish entourage were unhappy over a number of 
+      petty slights and insults from their English hosts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had hoped the marriage would result in some change in her 
+      circumstances.&amp;nbsp; But she was sadly mistaken.&amp;nbsp; Instead she passed 
+      the months needling Bedingfield for more books, scribbling more letters, 
+      and listening to the occasional rumor from her servants.&amp;nbsp; The rumors 
+      were hardly comforting.&amp;nbsp; The queen was reportedly pregnant and she 
+      and Philip would open Parliament together on 12 November.&amp;nbsp; From then 
+      on, the reunion between England and the papacy could begin in force.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Mary was the happiest she had been since childhood, but the problem of 
+      Elizabeth remained.&amp;nbsp; Gardiner wanted her executed; he argued that 
+      Protestantism could not be completely eradicated until its great hope, 
+      Elizabeth herself, was gone.&amp;nbsp; But Philip and most other councilors 
+      were more pragmatic.&amp;nbsp; Parliament had already agreed that if Mary died 
+      in childbirth, Philip would be regent of England during their child's 
+      minority.&amp;nbsp; However, if both mother and child died, then Elizabeth 
+      once again assumed prominence.&amp;nbsp; Philip, always prudent, preferred to 
+      know his sister-in-law before making an enemy of her.&amp;nbsp; With his 
+      encouragement, and flush with happiness at her marriage and pregnancy, 
+      Mary finally invited Elizabeth to court.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In the third week of April 1555, almost a year since she was sent to 
+      Woodstock, Elizabeth was brought to Hampton Court Palace.&amp;nbsp; Mary had 
+      gone there to prepare for her lying-in.&amp;nbsp; They did not meet 
+      immediately.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was brought into the palace through a side 
+      entrance, still closely guarded.&amp;nbsp; According to the French ambassador, 
+      Philip visited her three days later but Mary never came.&amp;nbsp; Two weeks 
+      later, the most powerful members of the council appeared to chide her for 
+      not submitting to the queen's authority; she was told to admit her past 
+      wrongdoing and seek the queen's forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth replied that 
+      she had done nothing wrong in the past and wanted no mercy from her sister 
+      'but rather desired the law'.&amp;nbsp; She told Gardiner she would rather 
+      remain in prison forever than admit to crimes she had never 
+      committed.&amp;nbsp; He went off immediately to tell Mary of her sister's 
+      continued stubbornness.&amp;nbsp; The queen was not pleased.&amp;nbsp; The next 
+      day, Gardiner told Elizabeth that the queen marveled that 'she would so 
+      stoutly use herself, not confessing that she had offended'.&amp;nbsp; Did 
+      Elizabeth really believe she was wrongfully imprisoned? Gardiner asked.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth refused the bait.&amp;nbsp; She did not criticize her sister 
+      explicitly, telling him only that the queen must do with her as her 
+      conscience dictated.&amp;nbsp; Gardiner replied that if she wanted her liberty 
+      and former position, she must tell a different story; only by admitting 
+      her past faults, confessing all sins, could she hope for 
+      forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; It was a stalemate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth again told him she 
+      would rather be unjustly imprisoned than gain freedom with lies.&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The next week passed with no word from anyone.&amp;nbsp; And then, around 
+      10 o'clock one evening, a message arrived that the queen would see 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had begged for an interview for more than a year but 
+      now that the moment had at last arrived, she was understandably 
+      nervous.&amp;nbsp; She was accompanied into Mary's apartments by one of her 
+      own ladies-in-waiting and Mary's close friend and Mistress of the Robes 
+      Susan Clarencieux.&amp;nbsp; The queen's bedroom was lit with flickering 
+      candlelight; the queen herself was half-hidden in shadow.&amp;nbsp; Without 
+      asking permission, Elizabeth immediately prostrated herself and declared 
+      her innocence.&amp;nbsp; And though she and Mary sparred for a short while, 
+      the queen was willing to be generous at her own moment of triumph.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It was rumored that Philip watched the sisters from behind a curtain; 
+      whether or not he was there, Mary was content to make peace of 
+      sorts.&amp;nbsp; She sent Elizabeth away amicably enough and a week later poor 
+      Bedingfield was relieved of his duties.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth would remain at 
+      Hampton Court, still under light guard but with her own household and 
+      permission to receive certain guests.&amp;nbsp; It was the end of over a year 
+      of tiresome captivity and she was delighted.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;While she enjoyed her newfound liberty, the burning of Protestant 
+      heretics began in earnest.&amp;nbsp; These killings have earned Mary the 
+      nickname 'Bloody Mary' and blighted her reputation.&amp;nbsp; In truth, the 
+      roughly 300 people killed (about 60 women) was not considered excessive by 
+      Mary's European contemporaries; and in the government's mind, 
+      Protestantism had become dangerously linked with treason, sedition, and 
+      other secular crimes.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, who was perhaps the most personally 
+      kind and gentle of the Tudor rulers, the killings were necessary to save 
+      the heretics' souls as well.&amp;nbsp; It is a telling feature of her 
+      character that she could often forgive treason against herself, but would 
+      not countenance treason against God.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The burnings, coupled with the Spanish marriage, caused enough 
+      resentment; but, unfortunately for Mary, famine and poverty added to her 
+      list of woes.&amp;nbsp; But the greatest tragedy of all for the queen was the 
+      humiliating and heartbreaking realization that her pregnancy was not 
+      real.&amp;nbsp; Mary had truly believed she was pregnant; her stomach had 
+      become swollen and she had felt the child quicken.&amp;nbsp; But she had 
+      always suffered from digestive and menstrual troubles.&amp;nbsp; It is 
+      probable that she developed a tumor in her stomach which, combined with 
+      the lack of a cycle and her own fervent prayers, made her believe she was 
+      pregnant.&amp;nbsp; All of April was spent in a state of readiness.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Dozens of nurses and midwives crowded into Hampton Court, joined by a 
+      throng of noble ladies who would assist in the delivery.&amp;nbsp; On 30 April 
+      a rumor reached London that a male child had been born and celebrations 
+      ensued.&amp;nbsp; But it was a false alarm; the next three months were spent 
+      in a state of suspended disbelief.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 3 August, the queen's 
+      household departed to Oatlands and the pregnancy was not mentioned 
+      again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Mary's heartache was soon worsened by the impending departure of 
+      Philip.&amp;nbsp; He had spent over a year in a country he disliked, married 
+      to a woman he pitied but did not love.&amp;nbsp; He used the excuse of 
+      pressing business in the Low Countries to leave England.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      protested passionately, begging him to stay; it was clear to everyone that 
+      she truly loved her husband.&amp;nbsp; But Philip was equally determined to 
+      go.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps clear to him that Mary was seriously ill and 
+      would never have children.&amp;nbsp; If that was the case, he had no reason to 
+      remain in England.&amp;nbsp; He left explicit instructions that she treat her 
+      sister well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was sent to a small manor house a few miles from Oatlands 
+      where she played another waiting game, only this time with some measure of 
+      freedom and hope.&amp;nbsp; But it was to be another three years before she 
+      would become queen of England.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082564&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082564&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,582 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36987</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz2.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdac520db219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccda.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-coronation.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ditchley.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cecil-sm1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1woodcrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliztruelove.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-coronation.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The 'Coronation Portrait' of Elizabeth I; late 16th copy of a lost original&quot; width=&quot;294&quot; height=&quot;427&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Some have fallen from being Princes of this land to be 
+  prisoners in this place; I am raised from being prisoner in this place to be 
+  Prince of this land.&amp;nbsp; That dejection was a work of God's justice; this 
+  advancement is a work of His mercy.' &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth 
+      I at the Tower of London, during her coronation ceremonies, 
+      1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;There is an apocryphal story about Elizabeth's accession.&amp;nbsp; In it, 
+      she was out in the meadows surrounding Hatfield when the courtiers 
+      approached.&amp;nbsp; They bowed before her, and presented Mary's signet 
+      ring.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth supposedly fell upon her knees and exclaimed, most 
+      aptly, 'A Domino factum est illud et est mirabile in oculis nostris.' 
+      ('This is the Lord's doing, and it is marvelous in Our eyes.')&amp;nbsp; The 
+      citizens of London undoubtedly felt the same; upon receiving word of 
+      Mary's death, bonfires were lit and tables were set in the streets for a 
+      grand celebratory feast.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;A glorious accession, then, and much celebrated.&amp;nbsp; A 
+      contemporary observer, however, commented wryly upon the state of affairs 
+      in England in 1558: 'The Queen poor; the realm exhausted; the nobility 
+      poor and decayed; want of good captains and soldiers; the people out of 
+      order; justice not executed; justices of peace unmeet for office; all 
+      things dear; excess of meat and drink, and apparel; division among 
+      ourselves; war with France and Scotland; the French King, having one foot 
+      in Calais and the other in Scotland; steadfast enmity, but no steadfast 
+      friendship abroad.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was well aware of the dire situation she faced.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      herself had been the victim of the religious and political confusion of 
+      Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; And&lt;IMG height=412 
+      alt=&quot;'The Ditchley Portrait' of Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ditchley.jpg&quot; width=281 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; even the weather had been uncooperative for Queen 
+      Mary; the droughts which had plagued farmers led to high prices and much 
+      poverty.&amp;nbsp; Most of the poor flocked to London where they crowded into 
+      ever-expanding slums.&amp;nbsp; Mary's attempts to reform the debased currency 
+      of Henry VIII and Edward VI's reign had been somewhat successful, but 
+      England was still considered a poor credit risk on the Continent.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;And so the new queen, though popular and much-admired, did not inherit 
+      a stable and prosperous country - and the quest for stability and 
+      prosperity became the guiding force of her reign.&amp;nbsp; To that end, she 
+      came to eschew foreign entanglements and religious extremism.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Practical and pragmatic, Elizabeth chose as her motto 'Semper Eadem' 
+      ('Always the Same'), and it was highly appropriate.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Her succession was assured and untroubled.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth knew 
+      that when the celebrations ended, the real work would begin.&amp;nbsp; Almost 
+      immediately, she would be forced to consider a rival claim to the throne 
+      by her cousin, Mary Stuart.&amp;nbsp; Queen of Scotland since infancy, and now 
+      the wife of the French dauphin (and crowned queen of France in 1559), Mary 
+      was denied a place in the Tudor succession by Henry VIII's will.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      she was a Catholic and had the French monarchy behind her.&amp;nbsp; For her 
+      part, she was content to stay in France.&amp;nbsp; But she did - with spirit 
+      and not much sense, as was her wont - choose to quarter the royal arms of 
+      England, Wales and Ireland upon her heraldry, thus openly laying claim to 
+      the throne of England.&amp;nbsp; Even this symbolic act was fraught with 
+      political danger for the queenly cousins.&amp;nbsp; From her accession on, 
+      Elizabeth knew her Scottish 'sister' was a serious concern; and while Mary 
+      was safely in France, it was all for the better.&amp;nbsp; Scotland was 
+      already turning Protestant and England could continue to support its 
+      religious dissension and political upheaval.&amp;nbsp; If their northern 
+      neighbor was kept busy with its own troubles, it was less likely to clash 
+      with England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;As for her English subjects, even the Catholics were largely against 
+      Mary Stuart's claims.&amp;nbsp; In this case, nationalism trumped 
+      religion.&amp;nbsp; There were other English claimants, of course; the younger 
+      sisters of the unfortunate &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; But of the two, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt; 
+      was flighty and foolish and Mary was barely four feet tall.&amp;nbsp; Neither 
+      was a popular choice to be queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Her smooth accession was further assured by the Lord Chancellor, 
+      Nicholas Heath.&amp;nbsp; Parliament had been in session while Mary lay dying 
+      and, on 17 November, Heath announced her death to the assembled lords and 
+      commons.&amp;nbsp; He then said, 'Which hap as it is most heavy and grievous 
+      unto us, so have we no less cause another way to rejoice with praise to 
+      Almighty God for that He hath left unto us a true, lawful and right 
+      inheritrice to the crown of this realm, which is the Lady Elizabeth, of 
+      whose lawful right and title we need not to doubt.&amp;nbsp; Wherefore the 
+      lords of this house have determined with your assents and consents, to 
+      pass from hence into the palace, and there to proclaim the said Lady 
+      Elizabeth Queen of this realm without further tract of time.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;There was no dissension at Heath's words.&amp;nbsp; Traditionally, 
+      Parliament dissolved upon the death of the reigning monarch - but Heath's 
+      prompt actions ensured Elizabeth's lawful recognition as queen before the 
+      lords and commons dispersed.&amp;nbsp; And, as a leading Catholic, Heath also 
+      secured the loyalty of his religious party for the new queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth held court at Hatfield for about a week, assembling statesmen 
+      and studying English affairs more acutely.&amp;nbsp; Nicholas Throckmorton 
+      wrote to her immediately; he advised her to be wary and careful, so that 
+      neither 'the old or the new should wholly understand what you mean.'&amp;nbsp; 
+      She did not need such advice; it was already central to her 
+      character.&amp;nbsp; How else had she survived the reigns of Edward and 
+      Mary?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=206 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's greatest advisor, Sir William Cecil&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cecil-sm1.jpg&quot; width=140 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On 20 November, she held her first council meeting and appointed the 
+      loyal William Cecil as her Principal Secretary of State.&amp;nbsp; They had 
+      been friends for a long while, since his appointment as her accountant 
+      many years ago.&amp;nbsp; And, for the next forty years, they were to rule 
+      England as a virtually inseparable team.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's words to Cecil 
+      have become justly famous: 'I give you this charge, that you shall be of 
+      my Privy Council and content to take pains for me and my realm.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      judgment I have of you that you will not be corrupted by any manner of 
+      gift and that you will be faithful to the state; and that without respect 
+      of my private will you will give me that counsel which you think best and 
+      if you shall know anything necessary to be declared to me of secrecy, you 
+      shall show it to myself only.&amp;nbsp; And assure yourself I will not fail to 
+      keep taciturnity therein and therefore herewith I charge you.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;All monarchs use such appointments to reward loyalty and friendship; 
+      Cecil's was also a reward for ability.&amp;nbsp; On a more personal note, 
+      Elizabeth rewarded the faithful servants who had been her companions since 
+      childhood, among them Thomas Parry and Kat Ashley.&amp;nbsp; The handsome 
+      Robert Dudley was appointed Master of the Horse; he was the son of the 
+      late Lord Protector and had been imprisoned in the Tower with Elizabeth 
+      during Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; Not coincidentally, this position required 
+      close contact with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Thus from the very beginning, a source 
+      of rivalry was established amongst Elizabeth's closest councilors.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Cecil and Dudley disliked one another, each man viewing the other as his 
+      main rival for the queen's attention.&amp;nbsp; But even this potentially 
+      untenable situation benefited the young queen; it meant that she alone 
+      dominated her government while two rival factions developed, each centered 
+      around Cecil and Dudley.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Everything depends upon the husband this woman takes.'&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 1560&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'If I were a milkmaid with a pail on my 
+      arm, whereby my private person might be little set by, I would not forsake 
+      that poor and single state to match with the greatest monarch.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I 
+      to Parliament, regarding marriage&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth well understood the importance of public relations and knew 
+      her entry into London must be a lavish spectacle; the coronation which 
+      would follow must be even more impressive.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was placed in 
+      charge of the coronation plans.&amp;nbsp; He was well-suited to the 
+      task.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's favorite astronomer, Dr John Dee, was consulted 
+      and Sunday, 15 January 1559 was selected as the perfect date.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;On 23 November, Elizabeth left Hatfield for London; she stayed at the 
+      Charterhouse, and for the next five days she made regular appearances 
+      before adoring crowds.&amp;nbsp; On Monday 28 November, she left the 
+      Charterhouse to ride through London and to the Tower.&amp;nbsp; She wore a 
+      purple velvet gown and had a scarf tied loosely around her neck.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Dudley rode closely behind her.&amp;nbsp; When they neared the Tower, both the 
+      queen and her Master of the Horse appreciated the irony of the 
+      moment.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth said simply, and wittily: 'Some have fallen from 
+      being Princes of this land to be prisoners in this place; I am raised from 
+      being prisoner in this place to be Prince of this land.&amp;nbsp; That 
+      dejection was a work of God's justice; this advancement is a work of His 
+      mercy.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She spent the next ten days at the Tower, holding council meetings and 
+      slowly but steadily learning how to rule.&amp;nbsp; She had been welcomed to 
+      the throne with great celebration, but few monarchs have inherited such a 
+      dire predicament.&amp;nbsp; Religious turmoil was inevitable; though 
+      the Protestants regarded Elizabeth as their savior, many Marian exiles 
+      believed she would maintain her sister's religious changes.&amp;nbsp; She had 
+      to tread carefully - and fortunately for both Elizabeth and her nation, 
+      she was uniquely suited to do so.&amp;nbsp; She made it clear to her 
+      councilors that she wanted no windows into men's souls.&amp;nbsp; Also, she 
+      would not be dominated by one religious party at the expense of 
+      another.&amp;nbsp; For Elizabeth, her citizens were Englishmen first; their 
+      religious loyalties - whether Catholic or Protestant - were to remain 
+      subservient to their loyalty to her as queen of England.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      explains her later disregard for Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; She characteristically 
+      remarked that she preferred loyal Catholics to Puritans; this may have 
+      confused some of her subjects since she was a Protestant queen, and the 
+      Puritans were simply Protestant extremists.&amp;nbsp; However, Elizabeth 
+      recognized that, by the end of her reign, most of her Catholic subjects 
+      were loyal to her instead of the pope (despite her excommunication) and 
+      accepted royal prerogative.&amp;nbsp; Her Puritan subjects, however, did not 
+      recognize the sanctity of the crown, and their presence in Parliament 
+      ensured a steady erosion of royal power.&amp;nbsp; The end result of this 
+      conflict occurred during the reign of Charles I, when a powerful Puritan 
+      populace revolted against their Catholic king and beheaded him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Luckily, most of Elizabeth's councilors were of the same mind as the 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Their first priority was the stability of the realm, and they 
+      wanted to negotiate a truce of sorts between the two factions.&amp;nbsp; Of 
+      course, the more extreme members of both parties could not be 
+      satisfied.&amp;nbsp; Also, Philip II of Spain and Henri II of France had 
+      recently ended their near-constant warfare, and now England remained 
+      outside Continental affairs; perhaps it would become the prey of both 
+      powers.&amp;nbsp; When Elizabeth's court moved to Whitehall for Christmas, the 
+      Spanish ambassador De Feria tried to secure a possible marriage between 
+      Elizabeth and one of Philip's innumerable relatives.&amp;nbsp; Already her 
+      expected marriage dominated European politics.&amp;nbsp; No one expected her 
+      to rule alone.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The Christmas festivities at Whitehall were quite extravagant.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The English court had not had cause for much celebration in years; Mary's 
+      reign had been increasingly insular and solemn.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth, young 
+      and beautiful, was determined to celebrate her near-miraculous 
+      triumph.&amp;nbsp; And yet Christmas would pale in comparison to her 
+      coronation festivities.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;On the 12th of January, she set out once again to the Tower, traveling 
+      by river from Whitehall.&amp;nbsp; Two days later, at two o'clock in the 
+      afternoon, she rode in an open litter for her recognition procession 
+      throughout London.&amp;nbsp; She wore a gown of crimson velvet and cloth of 
+      gold with an ermine cape for warmth, and was surrounded by richly-dressed 
+      lords and ladies.&amp;nbsp; Crowds of Londoners thronged the streets, to the 
+      queen's open delight.&amp;nbsp; It was a cold and wet Saturday with snow 
+      flurries settling upon the brocade canopy of the queen's litter, but the 
+      weather could not distract from the spectacle.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The entire route through the city was marked by pageants, plays, and 
+      orations; even Anne Boleyn appeared in a tableau beside Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth's replies to each presentation were memorable and kind; to the 
+      Recorder of London, she memorably said, 'Whereas your request is that I 
+      should continue your good lady and Queen, be ye assured that I will be as 
+      good unto you as ever Queen was to her people.&amp;nbsp; No will in me can 
+      lack, neither do I trust shall there lack any power.&amp;nbsp; And persuade 
+      yourselves, that for the safety and quietness of you all, I will not spare 
+      if need be to spare my blood.'&amp;nbsp; These words were not merely facile 
+      endearments.&amp;nbsp; Long ago, during the dark days of Mary's reign, she had 
+      realized the importance of public relations and popular support.&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The next day she was crowned queen of England.&amp;nbsp; She entered 
+      Westminster on foot, walking upon a long blue carpet which the crowd 
+      promptly cut up for souvenirs.&amp;nbsp; The great Abbey was crowded full of 
+      both rural and urban dignitaries, and their ladies.&amp;nbsp; They watched as 
+      the queen marched slowly forward, the long red velvet train of her gown 
+      carried by the duchess of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Hundreds of candles and lamps 
+      burned, and the boys' choir sang beautifully while a medley of pipes, 
+      drums, and the church organ played.)&amp;nbsp; She was crowned by Owen 
+      Oglethorpe, the bishop of Carlisle.&amp;nbsp; The&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1woodcrop.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I on wood; c1565&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;285&quot;&gt; archbishop of Canterbury, 
+      Reginald Pole, had died the same day as Queen Mary; the archbishop of York 
+      asked to be excused on grounds of conscience; the bishop of Durham said he 
+      was too old to perform the ceremony.&amp;nbsp; And so it fell to Dr 
+      Oglethorpe, who was as good as anyone else in Elizabeth's eyes.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      ceremony itself was a mish-mash of Catholic and Protestant rituals - the 
+      Mass was said in Latin but the celebrant did not elevate the Host; the 
+      epistle and gospel were read in Latin and English; and the coronation oath 
+      itself was read from an English Bible.&amp;nbsp; In other words, it was a 
+      ceremony which accurately reflected the religious confusion of mid-16th 
+      century England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Oglethorpe placed the heavy Crown of St Edward on her head, but it was 
+      quickly removed after the oath was administered.&amp;nbsp; Then, wearing a 
+      lighter crown, the new queen was presented to the congregation.&amp;nbsp; 
+      There was an explosion of noise (the Venetian ambassador said it sounded 
+      like the end of the world) as bells were rung, trumpets were blown, and 
+      every other musical instrument played with such force that spectators 
+      winced.&amp;nbsp; The coronation banquet was held at Westminster Hall at three 
+      o'clock and lasted until one o'clock Monday morning.&amp;nbsp; The new queen, 
+      who now wore a becoming gown of purple velvet, sat beneath the great 
+      window on a raised dais.&amp;nbsp; There were eight hundred guests, and the 
+      queen was served by the Lord Chamberlain and the Chief Steward.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      spoke little during the banquet, and was so tired when it ended that a 
+      tournament planned for Monday afternoon was canceled.&amp;nbsp; She had also 
+      caught a cold; the opening of Parliament was thus delayed from the 23rd of 
+      January to the 25th.&amp;nbsp; Her arrival at Parliament, however, was another 
+      moment of triumph for Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She wore a crimson gown and a cap 
+      decorated with pearls and was quite lovely and energetic despite her 
+      recent cold.&amp;nbsp; When the crowd called out, 'God save and maintain 
+      thee!', she responded with enthusiasm, 'God a' mercy, good people!'&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;All things considered, these first two months on the throne had gone 
+      very smoothly.&amp;nbsp; But most European powers were convinced she wouldn't 
+      last a year as queen.&amp;nbsp; If she did, it would only be due to a 
+      quick marriage.&amp;nbsp; And so, over the next several years, the dominant 
+      issue of her reign would be one which she personally detested - who would 
+      the queen marry, and when?&amp;nbsp; For Elizabeth, treading carefully and 
+      conscious of the novelty of her position, the issue was a personal and 
+      political threat - and one which she handled with exquisite care.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She [Elizabeth] is incomparably more feared than her 
+  sister, and gives her orders and has her way as absolutely as her father did.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 
+  1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's seeming obliviousness to marriage, her refusal to discuss 
+      it, or her occasional witty but vague comments - all these infuriated her 
+      councilors.&amp;nbsp; They seemed incapable of appreciating the impact 
+      marriage would have upon her life, while its impact was distressingly 
+      clear to Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; The councilors wanted a king, and an heir, a 
+      natural enough desire since her throne could not be completely secure without 
+      them.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth knew herself to be intellectually superior to 
+      most men and she relished her independence.&amp;nbsp; And, of course, her 
+      father's marital history - as well as her sister's - made her question 
+      both the personal and political cost of marriage.&amp;nbsp; The new queen always 
+      had a low opinion of marital happiness, and saw little reason to change 
+      her mind.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Even in her own lifetime, rumors abounded that Elizabeth was physically 
+      deformed, incapable of pleasing a husband or bearing a child.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      also whispered that she was a sexual deviant whose appetites could not be 
+      satisfied by marriage.&amp;nbsp; However, it is clear enough that Elizabeth's 
+      character - pragmatic, rational, and calculating - was not overly 
+      romantic; she was openly fond of many courtiers, particularly Robert 
+      Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But she never wed Dudley, and a healthy flirtation does not 
+      indicate sexual deviancy.&amp;nbsp; Rather, it shows Elizabeth to be a normal 
+      young woman who enjoyed the company of a handsome man.&amp;nbsp; If she had 
+      not flirted with Dudley, or her other courtiers, then speculation about 
+      her character would be understandable.&amp;nbsp; In truth, she was no less 
+      flirtatious than her father, but the simple, unavoidable fact of her 
+      gender made her flirtations far more politically charged.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Furthermore, any sexual activity would have been immediately 
+      reported.&amp;nbsp; 'I do not live in a corner,' the queen once commented. 'A 
+      thousand eyes see all I do, and calumny will not fasten on me for 
+      ever.'&amp;nbsp; A foreign ambassador was caught paying one of her laundresses 
+      for proof of the queen's regular menstrual cycle; everyone at court 
+      gossiped about her relationships with the handsome courtiers who soon 
+      flocked to London.&amp;nbsp; The queen herself preferred to rise above such 
+      discussion.&amp;nbsp; If she fulfilled her royal duties with care and 
+      diligence, and if she brought prosperity and peace to her country, then 
+      she was successful.&amp;nbsp; And since she had great faith in her own 
+      talents, she saw no reason to share her throne with a husband.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;And so, out of love of independence and power, and a native distrust of 
+      marriage, Elizabeth was determined to remain single.&amp;nbsp; Her councilors, 
+      for their part, pretended to believe otherwise for quite a long 
+      time.&amp;nbsp; Despite her repeated vows to 'live and die a virgin', they 
+      embarked upon countless rounds of diplomatic negotiations searching for a 
+      husband.&amp;nbsp; They visited her in private, they 
+      openly begged her; they eventually forced a parliamentary showdown upon 
+      her.&amp;nbsp; William Cecil prayed that 'God would send our mistress a 
+      husband, and by time a son, that we may hope our posterity shall have a 
+      masculine succession.'&amp;nbsp; Despite their close friendship, and mutual 
+      respect, even Cecil succumbed to the sexism of their age - he rebuked a 
+      messenger for talking to the queen of something that 'was too much for 
+      woman's knowledge.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But over the years, her councilor's discomfort lessened.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+      Stuart bore a son, James, in 1566 and was imprisoned in England shortly 
+      afterwards.&amp;nbsp; James was raised as a Protestant and was soon the only 
+      Tudor relative with a viable claim.&amp;nbsp; His religion allowed most 
+      Englishmen to look favorably upon him as Elizabeth's eventual heir.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The queen wisely dangled its possibility before him and thus ensured 
+      Scottish political cooperation throughout the later years of her 
+      reign.&amp;nbsp; Also, as the years passed, so did the possibility that 
+      Elizabeth would bear a child.&amp;nbsp; And why marry, if not for an 
+      heir?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It is also worth noting the endless difficulties in selecting a 
+      suitable husband.&amp;nbsp; A foreign match would have dragged England into 
+      the morass of European politics, with possibly the same disastrous results 
+      of Mary's marriage.&amp;nbsp; But marriage to an Englishman would have given 
+      too much power to one political faction or the other.&amp;nbsp; And so 
+      Elizabeth's personal dislike of marriage turned out to be a shrewd 
+      political decision, though it confounded everyone for several years.&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;From the earliest days of her reign, one of Elizabeth's greatest 
+      political attributes was her endless prevarication.&amp;nbsp; Many historians 
+      have described it less as an attribute, and more as her greatest failing.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They mention her inability to decide upon marriage, or - most famously - 
+      her refusal to execute Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; They argue that these 
+      incidents prove she was hesitant and indecisive.&amp;nbsp; But it actually 
+      reveals a formidable political talent, and one which greatly benefited her 
+      nation.&amp;nbsp; The new queen was not one to whole-heartedly plunge into any 
+      scheme, personal or political; thus, she refused to become involved in 
+      foreign entanglements which would have bankrupted her country and produced 
+      strife and discontent.&amp;nbsp; She sent money and a few troops to 
+      continental Protestants, but no more.&amp;nbsp; In terms of religion, she 
+      sought to strike a balance between two extremes through careful thought 
+      and debate.&amp;nbsp; In doing so, she negotiated a truce of sorts which 
+      lasted through most of her reign - in contrast to the religious turmoil 
+      which marked the reigns before and after her own.&amp;nbsp; One could label 
+      her indecisive since she did not strike a definitive stance on either 
+      issue.&amp;nbsp; But she preserved the peace and prosperity of her nation; she 
+      put England, and the welfare of its citizens, first.&amp;nbsp; Thus, the 
+      ability to prevaricate was an essential tool of her political success, 
+      however much it frustrated those who wanted her to take sides.&amp;nbsp; In 
+      Elizabeth's case, one could argue that she took only the English side.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is a very vain and clever woman.&amp;nbsp; She must have 
+  been thoroughly schooled in the manner in which her father conducted his 
+  affairs.&amp;nbsp; She is determined to be governed by no one.' &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=307 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's greatest love, Sir Robert Dudley&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliztruelove.jpg&quot; width=300 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This understandably caused strife within her council.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+      clear from the beginning that Robert Dudley was the queen's favorite 
+      courtier.&amp;nbsp; They were openly affectionate and Dudley enjoyed flaunting 
+      the queen's favor.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was often terrified that Elizabeth would 
+      wed Dudley, but that fear at least was soon put to rest.&amp;nbsp; At the 
+      start of Elizabeth's reign, Dudley was still married to an heiress called 
+      Amy Robsart; she was safely tucked away in the country while her husband 
+      flirted at court.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth knew of the match; she had attended the 
+      wedding.&amp;nbsp; But the marriage, which had begun happily, was soon torn 
+      apart by Dudley's ambition.&amp;nbsp; But whatever he planned for the future, 
+      it was soon impossible for him to dream of becoming king.&amp;nbsp; Amy was 
+      living in secluded and deprived circumstances at Cumnor Place, the 
+      Oxfordshire manor of Anthony Forster, an MP and close friend of 
+      Dudley's.&amp;nbsp; She had been ill for some time.&amp;nbsp; On Sunday the 8th of 
+      September 1560, roughly nine months after Elizabeth's coronation, she gave 
+      her few servants permission to visit a fair.&amp;nbsp; When they returned, 
+      they found her lying dead at the bottom of the staircase with a broken 
+      neck.&amp;nbsp; There had been other ladies in the home; they reported playing 
+      backgammon with Amy until, suddenly and without explanation, she left the 
+      room and fell to her death.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was informed of the news while at 
+      Windsor Castle with the queen.&amp;nbsp; He immediately ordered a thorough 
+      investigation.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; His close relationship with the queen was 
+      already a minor scandal; Amy's suspicious death could make it 
+      explosive.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Amy had been ill for some months, with a 'canker in her breast', as the 
+      doctors said.&amp;nbsp; They had assured Dudley that his wife would not live 
+      much longer.&amp;nbsp; So the immediate supposition after her death - that 
+      Dudley had murdered Amy so he could marry the queen - does not make 
+      sense.&amp;nbsp; There were only three other conclusions to draw - first, that 
+      Amy, knowing her own condition, was depressed and angry at her husband; 
+      she therefore took her own life in an attempt to end her suffering and 
+      Dudley's hopes to be king.&amp;nbsp; Second, that one of Dudley's enemies had 
+      murdered Amy in an attempt to discredit him and make marriage with the 
+      queen impossible.&amp;nbsp; Or third, that nothing so nefarious occurred and 
+      her death was completely accidental; she simply fell while walking down 
+      the stairs.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But everyone enjoyed gossip and scandal too much to let it pass.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And Amy's maid told a jury that her mistress had often 'prayed to God to 
+      deliver her from desperation', and many courtiers remembered Dudley's 
+      public speculation about divorcing his wife.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was forced to 
+      send Dudley from court until the funeral, but he did not attend the 
+      service.&amp;nbsp; The queen sent Lady Norton as her representative, and it 
+      was known that other ladies had been asked but refused to go because of 
+      the scandal.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth's affection for Dudley was at its 
+      greatest during these early years and could not be denied.&amp;nbsp; Soon 
+      enough he was back at court and in as much favor as always.&amp;nbsp; Once, 
+      during a boating party on the Thames, he asked the ambassador de Quadra, 
+      who was also Bishop of Avila, to marry he and Elizabeth immediately.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The ambassador remarked that he would do so as soon as the queen dismissed 
+      her Protestant councilors from service.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In light of Amy Robsart's death, it is worth considering Elizabeth's 
+      own feelings on the matter.&amp;nbsp; Her closest advisors thought she had 
+      good cause to dread the woman's death, though not because of any 
+      scandal.&amp;nbsp; The queen, they realized, enjoyed flirting with Dudley and 
+      occasionally encouraged his fantasies, but she did not want to be given 
+      the opportunity to marry him.&amp;nbsp; When Amy Robsart died, Elizabeth had 
+      no ready excuse for denying Dudley's proposals.&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But the queen had other, far more appropriate suitors.&amp;nbsp; Cecil's 
+      natural inclination was to make peace with England's 
+      traditional enemy, France.&amp;nbsp; He urged a match with one of Queen Catherine d'Medici and 
+      King Henry II's sons.&amp;nbsp; These Francophile maneuvers began seriously 
+      after Mary Stuart's French husband died in 1560 and she returned to 
+      Scotland.&amp;nbsp; To thwart Cecil, other councilors pressed a Spanish 
+      marriage, perhaps even to her former brother-in-law Philip.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      queen expertly considered all options but never committed to any.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This routine would continue until advancing age made childbirth 
+      impossible.&amp;nbsp; Only then was Elizabeth truly free of parliamentary 
+      meddling in her private affairs, a situation which had inspired several 
+      famously bitter outbursts in 1566.&amp;nbsp; After insisting that the 
+      succession was too weighty an issue for such &amp;quot;a knot of harebrains&amp;quot; as the 
+      House of Commons, she later invoked her own arrest during Wyatt's 
+      rebellion as the reason for her refusal to name a successor (if she would 
+      not marry): &amp;quot;I did differ from her [Mary I] in religion and I was sought 
+      for divers ways.&amp;nbsp; And so shall never be my successor.&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp; And, she 
+      warned them, &amp;quot;as your Prince and head&amp;quot;, it was up to her to judge such 
+      weighty political issues without parliamentary interference, &amp;quot;For it is 
+      monstrous that the feet should direct the head.&amp;quot;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In other words, they could discuss and debate and suggest - but only 
+      Elizabeth could rule.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen 
+      Elizabeth I, part one&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082680&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082680&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">27296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdae742fb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccda/e742fb21.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-metsys.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz3-maryqos1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizfan.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=476 
+      alt=&quot;'The Sieve Portrait' of Elizabeth I by Quentin Metsys&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-metsys.jpg&quot; width=350 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my 
+      Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be 
+      ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a 
+  Virgin, and died a Virgin.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I to 
+      Parliament, 1559&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was content to ignore potential suitors; she considered 
+      religion to be the most pressing and divisive issue in England.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Having lived through years of spiritual upheaval, she well understood her 
+      subjects' need for peace.&amp;nbsp; But it would not be easy to find. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Both Protestants and Catholics had suffered throughout the reigns of 
+      Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Henry's religious policies had 
+      been muddled and disarming; no one, even the king, knew the definition of 
+      heresy.&amp;nbsp; Or rather, they knew heresy was whatever the king commanded, 
+      and that changed from year to year.&amp;nbsp; Edward had been a devout 
+      Protestant, as had his councilors.&amp;nbsp; The six years of his rule 
+      witnessed its political and social triumph, primarily through southern 
+      England.&amp;nbsp; The independent north remained conservative and 
+      Catholic.&amp;nbsp; Mary had been an equally devout Catholic, imbued with 
+      genuine religious fervor.&amp;nbsp; She brought papal privilege back to 
+      England after a twenty-year absence.&amp;nbsp; And now Elizabeth came to the 
+      throne, having been Protestant and Catholic, for she had tacked to the 
+      treacherous winds of her siblings' courts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Each faith harbored grievances against the other.&amp;nbsp; Her Protestant 
+      councilors increasingly felt that Catholics were political traitors, as if 
+      their very faith implied a lack of patriotism.&amp;nbsp; They warned Elizabeth 
+      that the pope commanded her Catholic subjects, not she; only a swift and 
+      strong blow could ensure their fear and forced loyalty.&amp;nbsp; But for the 
+      queen, her Catholic subjects were also, quite simply, subjects.&amp;nbsp; If 
+      they recognized her rule, she had no qualms about their private 
+      worship.&amp;nbsp; Let them go publicly to Protestant services and then do as 
+      they wished at home.&amp;nbsp; So long as they did not rebel, she was content 
+      not to pry. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This generosity, echoed in Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland, was 
+      considered a weakness by many.&amp;nbsp; And many Catholics did not trust the 
+      queen's promises. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's first parliament met from January to April 1559.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      new queen did not bother to revoke her illegitimacy, as Mary had.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This was indicative of Elizabeth's self-confidence and her ability to let 
+      the past go.&amp;nbsp; She even welcomed her former jailer Bedingfield to 
+      court, though with a caustic wit.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Religious turmoil was soon the subject of impassioned debate.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      royal supremacy - the royal title of Supreme Head of the Church of England 
+      - was reinstated, though altered to 'Supreme Governor'.&amp;nbsp; In the House 
+      of Lords, many bishops resisted the changes but they were quickly replaced 
+      by others, led by Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth pressed for a restoration of the 1549 Prayer Book, which she 
+      felt would be acceptable to Protestants and most complacent 
+      Catholics.&amp;nbsp; But the new bishops preferred the 1552 Prayer Book; it 
+      was rather vague about most controversial maters and thus less offensive 
+      to Catholics.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth assented and the Act of Uniformity was 
+      passed.&amp;nbsp; She was particularly successful in making religious 
+      dissension a political matter, rather than a troublesome question of 
+      doctrine.&amp;nbsp; In the Oath of Supremacy, in which her authority as 
+      Supreme Governor was recognized, the queen's powers were explicitly 
+      outlined.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple matter to remove Marian stalwarts from 
+      positions of authority, and about 300 clergy were dismissed.&amp;nbsp; In 
+      total, one third of parish clergy were replaced.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Most Englishmen were content with this settlement, though extremists on 
+      both sides felt it inadequate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth effectively placed the 
+      church under control of the crown, thus merging religious and political 
+      power in her person.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'From the very beginning&amp;nbsp; of her reign she has treated all 
+      religious questions with so much caution and incredible prudence that she 
+      seems both to protect the Catholic religion and at the same time not 
+      entirely to condemn or outwardly reject the new Reformation.... &lt;BR&gt;In my 
+      opinion, a very prudent action, intended to keep the adherents of both 
+      creeds in subjection, for the less she ruffles them at the beginning of 
+      her reign the more easily she will enthrall them later on.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;the Imperial envoy Count con Helffstein, March 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This balance was maintained successfully through most of her 
+      reign.&amp;nbsp; However, in later years, two great problems emerged.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The first was the growing popularity of the Puritan movement.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      extreme form of Protestantism was a direct attack upon the royal 
+      supremacy.&amp;nbsp; In England, the Puritans were directly influenced by 
+      continental Presbyterians.&amp;nbsp; They believed passionately in one rule 
+      only, that of Holy Scripture.&amp;nbsp; They also believed in a fellowship of 
+      ministers; parishes would elect their own religious leaders, under the 
+      supervision of a group of elders.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the parishes would 
+      usurp the power of the queen. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For the Puritans, it became distressingly clear that the Church of 
+      England was more dedicated to England and its ruler than to God.&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement 
+      underground.&amp;nbsp; John Whitgift, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 
+      1583, attempted to neutralize their cause by adopting some needed 
+      reforms.&amp;nbsp; But he did not wish to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I 
+      had created Protestant ones.&amp;nbsp; He was also more interested in 
+      establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.&amp;nbsp; A few 
+      Puritans were executed and many others banished under Whitgift; his use of 
+      the church courts robbed the new doctrine of its momentum.&amp;nbsp; It 
+      remained troublesome to the queen, but never a real threat.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Elizabeth's rule was preferable to any other; she had become, however 
+      unwillingly, the champion of the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; Puritan attempts 
+      to check the royal prerogative would only succeed in the next generation. 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The Catholics, however, became a genuine threat to the queen's very 
+      life.&amp;nbsp; While the Puritans used words against the queen, the Catholic 
+      extremists were eventually prepared to kill her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The first decade of Elizabeth's reign found the Catholics relatively 
+      quiet and content.&amp;nbsp; They were settled mainly in the north and west of 
+      England, and accepted the 1559 religious settlement.&amp;nbsp; They believed 
+      Elizabeth to be illegitimate and thus ineligible to be queen, but neither 
+      Pope Paul IV or his successor, Pius IV, seriously challenged her 
+      title.&amp;nbsp; She was not even excommunicated until 1570.&amp;nbsp; The two 
+      greatest European powers, Spain (the Hapsburg Empire) and France, were 
+      cautious but friendly.&amp;nbsp; England had long been a balance between their 
+      competing interests.&amp;nbsp; And as mentioned earlier, Philip II of Spain 
+      had even sought to marry Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For her part, the queen took 
+      care not to disturb calm waters. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But calm can be deceptive and misleading.&amp;nbsp; In 1568, ten years into 
+      her reign, Elizabeth was forced to abandon her studied disinterest and 
+      choose sides.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Europe was caught in bloody religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp; There was a 
+      Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands and Philip 
+      &lt;IMG height=216 
+      alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's troublesome cousin, Mary queen of Scots, c1565&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz3-maryqos1.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;II sent the duke of 
+      Alva to crush it.&amp;nbsp; There was now a massive military power directly 
+      across the Channel from England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's council could only 
+      wonder - once Alva's force completed its bloody business there, would he 
+      then look to England?&amp;nbsp; And that same year, &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.ne%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary 
+      Stuart&lt;/A&gt; fled her disastrous reign in Scotland to seek Elizabeth's 
+      help.&amp;nbsp; She needed an army to recover her throne from Protestant 
+      rebels who had forced her abdication and imprisoned her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+      and her councilors were aghast.&amp;nbsp; Mary was the true queen of England 
+      in the eyes of Catholic Europe, as well as some Catholic Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And she was now in England, on her way to becoming the greatest quandary 
+      of Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp; Just as Elizabeth had been the inevitable 
+      focus of conspiracies and plots against Mary I's rule, Mary queen of Scots 
+      would be the focus of discontent against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And if Elizabeth 
+      should die, naturally or otherwise, Mary had the strongest claim to the 
+      English throne.&amp;nbsp; All of the Protestant councilors were terrified; 
+      what should they do with Mary Stuart? &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Also, a Catholic missionary college was founded at Douai in Flanders by 
+      the Englishman William Allen.&amp;nbsp; He planned to take a proactive role in 
+      reasserting his faith in England, and he attracted many dedicated 
+      followers.&amp;nbsp; Douai was soon a flourishing center for anti-Elizabethan 
+      plots and propaganda. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;For the queen, her cherished and precarious balance, successfully 
+      maintained for a decade, was falling to pieces.&amp;nbsp; She took the 
+      precaution of imprisoning Mary queen of Scots in a variety of secure 
+      castles.&amp;nbsp; At first, this 'imprisonment' was little more than an 
+      inconvenience since Mary wished to return home.&amp;nbsp; She sincerely 
+      believed Elizabeth would help her, as a fellow queen and cousin.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      never recognized the political danger she brought to bear upon her 'sweet 
+      sister'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was told by the Protestant lords in Scotland that 
+      Mary was unwelcome; she faced certain death if she returned.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+      infant son (whose birth caused Elizabeth to exclaim, 'Alack, the Queen of 
+      Scots is lighter of a bonny son, and I am but of barren stock!') was now king.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      Scots also plied Elizabeth's council with 
+      evidence of Mary's complicity in her second husband's murder.&amp;nbsp; Would 
+      the queen of England lend her support to such a woman?&amp;nbsp; It was indeed 
+      a vexing problem.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth settled upon appointing a commission to 
+      investigate the charges against Mary. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;And soon enough, she had even more pressing concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The common people are ignorant, superstitious, and altogether blinded 
+      with the old popish doctrine.' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Sir Ralph Sadler to 
+      Sir William Cecil, 1569&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The conservative north had never been friendly to the Tudor 
+      dynasty.&amp;nbsp; The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, had been their 
+      lord; they led rebellions against his killer and successor, Henry 
+      VII.&amp;nbsp; The first Tudor king succeeded in establishing nominal 
+      authority over the fractious northern earls.&amp;nbsp; His son, Henry VIII, 
+      was equally troubled.&amp;nbsp; His Reformation led to the great northern 
+      rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.&amp;nbsp; Henry dealt 
+      brutally with the rebels and made only one northern progress 
+      afterwards, taking his fifth queen, Catherine Howard, to York soon 
+      after their marriage.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI's Protestant council was also troubled by the 
+      north while the Catholic Mary I gained her greatest support there.&amp;nbsp; She rode north 
+      after Dudley seized control of London and had Lady Jane Grey crowned 
+      queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had long recognized its intransigence.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      was never particularly close to the great northern lords of her reign, the 
+      earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, and the only duke in England, her 
+      Howard cousin Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; She showed Norfolk some 
+      degree of personal affection, as she did all of her maternal 
+      relatives.&amp;nbsp; But she recognized his ambition and their religious 
+      differences.&amp;nbsp; As a duke, he was one of the wealthiest men in England 
+      and thus had great influence.&amp;nbsp; Yet he was never a close advisor to 
+      the queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The arrival of Mary Stuart was the great topic at Elizabeth's court in 
+      1569.&amp;nbsp; What would the queen do?&amp;nbsp; Some of her councilors, 
+      including Dudley and Throckmorton, thought Mary should wed the premier 
+      peer in England.&amp;nbsp; This was, of course, the queen's cousin 
+      Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was vehemently opposed; he disliked Norfolk and his 
+      opposition only strengthened Dudley's support.&amp;nbsp; Two problems could 
+      possibly be solved by the marriage - Mary Stuart would be safely settled 
+      in England and the succession would be assured.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth recognized 
+      this short-sighted solution for the mirage it was, for how long would she 
+      live after the marriage?&amp;nbsp; Her realm would be bitterly divided and 
+      torn, with rival factions centered upon herself and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; As 
+      future king of England, he might dare to rebel against her.&amp;nbsp; And what 
+      support would she gain, a 'Virgin Queen' with only her subjects' love to 
+      sustain her?&amp;nbsp; And despite her pragmatism, Elizabeth was Protestant 
+      and the Norfolk marriage would be a Catholic triumph.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The queen soon let both Dudley and Norfolk know of her 
+      displeasure.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was roundly chastised and Norfolk left court for 
+      his country estate Kenninghall.&amp;nbsp; He refused a summons to appear 
+      before Elizabeth at Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; Her anger was further 
+      roused.&amp;nbsp; There were whispers of a rebellion, that&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and 
+      his supporters would free Mary and march on London.&amp;nbsp; The northern 
+      earls were less keen on the marriage; as Northumberland put it, he did not 
+      plan 'to hazard myself for the marriage.'&amp;nbsp; He and Westmorland and 
+      Lord Dacre had local grievances against the queen, mainly religious but 
+      also including the erosion of their local authority.&amp;nbsp; As hereditary 
+      nobles, they felt pushed aside at court and not given the proper respect.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This had been a common aristocratic complaint during her father's reign as 
+      well.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;But they had also heard stories of Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland 
+      and distrusted her character.&amp;nbsp; It is also not certain they wished for 
+      Norfolk to be king.&amp;nbsp; Their primary purpose was to undo the 1559 Act 
+      of Uniformity and crush the 'new found religion and heresy.'&amp;nbsp; As 
+      their proclamation asserted: &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles, Earl of 
+        Westmorland, the queen's most true and lawful subjects and to all her 
+        highness's people sendeth greeting:&amp;nbsp; Whereas divers new set up 
+        nobles about the Queen's Majesty have and do daily, not only go about to 
+        overthrow and put down the ancient nobility of this realm but have also 
+        misused the Queen's own person and have also by the space of twelve 
+        years now past set up and maintained a new found religion and heresy 
+        contrary to God's word.&amp;nbsp; For the amending and redressing thereof 
+        divers foreign powers do purpose shortly to invade this realm which will 
+        be to our utter destruction if we do not speedily forfend the same 
+        .....we will and require each and every of you as your duty to God for 
+        the setting forth of his true and Catholic religion ....come and resort 
+        unto us with all speed with all the armour and furniture as you or any 
+        of you have.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;And throughout the north, they found ready 
+      adherents for their cause.&amp;nbsp; The rebellion made clear to Elizabeth 
+      that a quiet decade had not eased religious change upon all her 
+      subjects.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic appeal was so strong that the earl of Sussex, 
+      sent to crush the rebellion, did not fully trust his own forces.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It began in 1569, but the queen was fortunate in her enemies.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Norfolk was indecisive; should he risk his grand title and privileges for 
+      the possibility of&lt;IMG height=345 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfan.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; becoming king?&amp;nbsp; While he hesitated, the earl of 
+      Sussex led his troops on a steady course north.&amp;nbsp; The rebels 
+      themselves were often conflicted in their duties to the queen and their 
+      church.&amp;nbsp; When faced with the queen's army, they returned home.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The noble leaders escaped abroad or bought their freedom by giving their 
+      property to the crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The Northern Rebellion was a frightening experience, but it ended 
+      satisfactorily enough.&amp;nbsp; It was clear, however, that northern England 
+      must be more carefully watched and controlled.&amp;nbsp; And as a result of 
+      the rebellion, &lt;I&gt;Regnans in excelsis&lt;/I&gt; was issued by the papacy in 
+      March 1570.&amp;nbsp; This was the official excommunication of Queen Elizabeth 
+      I; she was formally deposed and her Catholic subjects absolved of all 
+      loyalty and obedience to her office.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic powers of Europe 
+      were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen.&amp;nbsp; She was a 
+      heretic and enemy of the true faith.&amp;nbsp; This moment had been long 
+      expected in England.&amp;nbsp; And it brought fresh impetus to the Protestant 
+      councilors to protect Elizabeth's life. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;A papal bull could be a powerful document.&amp;nbsp; It could be used by 
+      any Catholic prince, though Elizabeth's mind turned immediately to her 
+      former brother-in-law Philip II, to justify an invasion.&amp;nbsp; In 1571, 
+      parliament took action.&amp;nbsp; It was now treason to declare Elizabeth a 
+      heretic or impugn her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; The fines for recusants, 
+      those who did not attend Protestant church services, were increased 
+      dramatically, from a shilling a week to 20 pds a month.&amp;nbsp; Many noble 
+      Catholic families would not compromise their faith and paid the fines; 
+      they were driven into poverty.&amp;nbsp; In later years, it would become 
+      treason to convert to Catholicism and all Catholic priests were ordered to 
+      leave England.&amp;nbsp; This happened only after Catholic plots against 
+      Elizabeth's life had been discovered.&amp;nbsp; Many of these plots were led 
+      by agents from Douai, dozens of whom had secretly returned to 
+      England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had reason to hope these measures would be successful.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Mary Stuart's son was growing up safely Protestant in Scotland and 
+      Elizabeth was friendly with his ministers.&amp;nbsp; English Catholics were 
+      deprived of priests, unable to attend universities, and support from 
+      European allies was slowly being cut off.&amp;nbsp; This support was 
+      particularly troubling; the first Catholic martyr of her reign, Cuthbert 
+      Mayne, was executed in 1577, but only because he had committed political 
+      treason.&amp;nbsp; There was no need to make martyrs, the council thought, and 
+      it should be remembered that the Catholic problem coincided with the rise 
+      in Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often wondered aloud at her subjects' 
+      ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; She had kept them safe and secure at home, thought only 
+      of their welfare, and yet it seemed plots against her abounded. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Perhaps the most confused subjects were those Catholics loyal to the 
+      queen but now deemed traitors because of their faith.&amp;nbsp; They were 
+      condemned to political limbo because of extremist actions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;The insularity of Elizabeth's reign was thus broken in 1568, and she 
+      was forced into continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; This was not of her 
+      choosing.&amp;nbsp; But the papal bull could not be ignored, nor the brutal 
+      actions of Alva in the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she didn't seek the 
+      role, or relish it, but Elizabeth was regarded as the champion of 
+      Protestantism in Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;At first, Spanish hostility was tempered by Philip's conflict with 
+      France.&amp;nbsp; He wanted Elizabeth's support and she encouraged him by 
+      considering a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; Of course, she had no intention of 
+      accepting his proposal but it was a useful diplomatic tool.&amp;nbsp; But then 
+      Alva's 50,000 troops arrived in the Netherlands, and began to 
+      systematically attack its Protestant population.&amp;nbsp; They in turn sought 
+      Elizabeth's aid.&amp;nbsp; Also, the Huguenots (French Protestants) were under 
+      attack, most famously in the gruesome St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 
+      1572. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Cecil urged support; after all, where would Alva's army go once it finished 
+      with the Netherlands?&amp;nbsp; They would have a secure base for either destroying 
+      English trade or invasion.&amp;nbsp; Dudley and Norfolk (tentatively pardoned 
+      by the queen after he promised to never contact Mary Stuart) urged 
+      caution.&amp;nbsp; The queen must abandon the Dutch and the Huguenots, or she 
+      faced wars with France and Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would save her precious 
+      treasury as well; Elizabeth had inherited an empty treasury and hence 
+      loathed to part with money.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She prevaricated as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; She allowed English ships 
+      under Drake and Hawkins to harass and seize Spanish ships returning from 
+      the New World; she did not officially approve of their actions but she 
+      gladly accepted stolen Spanish bullion.&amp;nbsp; She sent small contingents 
+      of troops to the Netherlands, though the situation deteriorated steadily 
+      over the next several years.&amp;nbsp; Philip retaliated by supporting 
+      insurrection in Ireland. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This conflict with Spain and the problem of Mary queen of Scots 
+      continued to vex Elizabeth for many years.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen 
+      Elizabeth I, part two&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082753&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082753&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">21375</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz4.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdb09651b219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccdb.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-zuccaro2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz4-four.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-bettes1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-zuccaro2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Zuccaro's sketch of Queen Elizabeth I; c1570s; the most authentic likeness of the queen&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;482&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I cannot but deplore my evil fortune, seeing 
+      you have been pleased not only to refuse me your presence, causing me to 
+      be declared unworthy of it by your nobles; but also suffered me to be torn 
+      in pieces by my rebels.... not allowing me to have copies of their false 
+      accusations, or affording me any liberty to accuse 
+      them.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;Mary, queen of Scots to Elizabeth I after the Northern 
+      Rebellion&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;There were three main plots concerning &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots&lt;/A&gt; - the duke of Norfolk's scheme of 1569, the Throckmorton Plot of 
+      1583, and the Babington Plot of 1586.&amp;nbsp; For as long as Mary lived, she 
+      was a potential threat to Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And since she was now 
+      imprisoned on English soil, she was an even greater menace.&amp;nbsp; Domestic 
+      enemies of the queen made no secret of their admiration for Mary 
+      Stuart.&amp;nbsp; And foreign ambassadors often communicated secretly with 
+      her, particularly the French and Spanish ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; As a former 
+      queen of France, Mary had many friends in that country.&amp;nbsp; And as a 
+      Catholic queen, she was friendly with the increasingly pious Philip II of 
+      Spain.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was always of two minds regarding her cousin.&amp;nbsp; She 
+      recognized the danger which Mary represented, but she was acutely 
+      conscious of Mary's status as a sovereign queen unlawfully deposed by her 
+      subjects.&amp;nbsp; She could not impugn her cousin's dignity without risking 
+      damage to the ideal of royal prerogative.&amp;nbsp; The trick was to deprive 
+      Mary of her standing as a sovereign.&amp;nbsp; Mary's own behavior, in 
+      Scotland and England, gave Elizabeth a distinct advantage.&amp;nbsp; Even 
+      staunch Catholic allies were troubled by Mary's reported crimes.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Perhaps she was innocent of complicity in her second husband's murder, but 
+      she had married James Hepburn, the earl of Bothwell in a Protestant ceremony.&amp;nbsp; And the 
+      evidence of the 'Casket Letters' (now believed to be false) supported the 
+      theory that Mary and Bothwell had an adulterous affair and then plotted 
+      Darnley's murder.&amp;nbsp; This erosion of Mary's reputation necessarily 
+      alienated her moderate supporters.&amp;nbsp; But for the extremists, such flaws 
+      could be overlooked for the greater good of overthrowing the heretic 
+      Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;At first, Mary was content to avoid plotting against her cousin.&amp;nbsp; 
+      But when it became clear that Elizabeth would not help her return to 
+      Scotland, she was forced into a corner.&amp;nbsp; She wrote constantly to the 
+      English queen, begging for a personal meeting, much as Elizabeth had 
+      requested an audience with Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth refused.&amp;nbsp; Mary was 
+      originally placed in the care of the wealthy earl of Shrewsbury and his 
+      formidable wife, Bess of Hardwick.&amp;nbsp; She was kept in comfortable 
+      quarters, with a large retinue of servants and accorded respect as a 
+      sovereign queen; she even ate beneath a cloth of estate.&amp;nbsp; But she was 
+      essentially a prisoner and no material comforts could obscure that 
+      essential fact. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=229 
+      alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I's cousin, Mary queen of Scots&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz4-four.jpg&quot; width=155 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Those early years in England were spent in various hearings and 
+      meetings, with Mary proclaiming her innocence of Darnley's murder and the 
+      duplicity of her Scottish nobles.&amp;nbsp; When these ended with her freedom 
+      still denied, she became understandably bitter.&amp;nbsp; She had been 
+      condemned to prison without a fair hearing, with no end in sight.&amp;nbsp; 
+      For a lively young woman who had always lived openly and passionately, 
+      with as great a love of the outdoors as Elizabeth, used to being her 
+      own mistress and the former queen of two countries, the situation was intolerable.&amp;nbsp; She was only 25 years 
+      old when she arrived in England and all of her natural energy and 
+      enthusiasm became fixed upon one goal - freedom. &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;She was essentially powerless.&amp;nbsp; And so she turned to subterfuge, 
+      relying upon a small network of Catholic and foreign allies.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      was surprisingly successful.&amp;nbsp; She gained important news from the 
+      continent and Elizabeth's court.&amp;nbsp; But Shrewsbury complained 
+      incessantly about the expense of Mary's imprisonment and Elizabeth's 
+      councilors complained about her ceaseless correspondence with 
+      Catholics.&amp;nbsp; And so she was eventually removed from Shrewsbury's care 
+      into less comfortable quarters. &amp;nbsp;This had the paradoxical effect of 
+      encouraging more plotting on Mary's part. &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;After the plot to marry Norfolk and the Northern Rebellion failed in 
+      1569, Mary increasingly turned to her foreign supporters. &amp;nbsp;They were 
+      able to provide crucial encouragement as well as the names of trusted 
+      English sympathizers. &amp;nbsp;In 1583, the second serious plan to free Mary 
+      and kill Elizabeth was discovered. &amp;nbsp;It is known as the 'Throckmorton 
+      Plot', after its leader Sir Francis Throckmorton. &amp;nbsp;A well-born 
+      Catholic Englishman, Throckmorton was given money and guidance by the 
+      French prince, the duc de Guise. &amp;nbsp;De Guise wished to invade Scotland 
+      and England simultaneously, murder Elizabeth with the assistance of 
+      English Catholics, and then place Mary on the throne. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth's 
+      great spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham was notoriously suspicious, a trait 
+      which most (including Elizabeth) often condemned. &amp;nbsp;But in this case, 
+      his prudence, and an agent named Fagot, foiled the plot. &amp;nbsp;The 30 year 
+      old Throckmorton was arrested and tortured on the rack before confessing 
+      everything. &amp;nbsp;He was executed at Tyburn on 10 July 1584. &amp;nbsp;Based 
+      upon his confession, the complicity of the Spanish ambassador Bernadino de 
+      Mendoza was discovered; he was expelled from England in January 1584.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In June 1584, even as Throckmorton awaited execution, the Protestant leader William of Orange was assassinated 
+      at Delft by a Catholic. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth's councilors became even more terrified for 
+      her safety. &amp;nbsp;It did not help matters that France was in the midst of 
+      terrible religious turmoil. &amp;nbsp;Catherine de Medici had sought to 
+      placate both parties by tolerating Protestant services; she also married 
+      her daughter Marguerite to the Protestant prince Henri of Navarre in 1572. 
+      &amp;nbsp;The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre was the result. &amp;nbsp;Henri had 
+      saved his own life by renouncing Protestantism, but in 1576 he was able to 
+      escape imprisonment and publicly embraced his faith again. &amp;nbsp;In 1584, 
+      King Henri III of France named Henri of Navarre his heir presumptive. 
+      &amp;nbsp;None of Catherine de Medici's sons had produced a male heir and so the 
+      throne would pass to a Protestant king.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;This decision led to 'The War of the Three Henrys' and, indirectly, 
+      Henri III's assassination in 1589 by a Catholic fanatic, Jacques Clement.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Henri of Navarre was then 
+      crowned king of France, but was forced to fight against the Catholic 
+      League. &amp;nbsp;He could not enter Paris until 1594, after once again 
+      renouncing his faith with the famous remark, 'Paris is well worth a Mass.' 
+      &amp;nbsp;But he continued at war with Spain for several more years and 
+      embarked upon a policy of religious toleration which culminated in the 
+      Edict of Nantes in 1598.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth and her council carefully considered the events in France. 
+      &amp;nbsp;There were three great Protestant leaders in Europe - Elizabeth I 
+      (however unwilling she was to accept the role), William of Orange, and 
+      Henri of Navarre. &amp;nbsp;Of the three, William was assassinated in 1584 and 
+      Navarre was once again forced to convert. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth survived 
+      unscathed, but the Throckmorton plot was a very troubling development. 
+      &amp;nbsp;It meant that foreign powers were determined to destroy her; there 
+      would be no more marriage proposals, only a shadowy network of 
+      plots.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In October, Cecil and Walsingham were concerned enough to draft the 
+      'Bond of Association', a document which pledged protection of the queen 
+      and destruction of her enemies. &amp;nbsp;Walsingham was now secretary of 
+      state, having assumed the more onerous duties of that office from Cecil in 
+      1568; his focus was primarily on diplomacy and espionage. &amp;nbsp;In January 
+      1585, he arranged for Mary, queen of Scots to be moved to Tutbury Castle.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Her personal papers were minutely examined during the process, without her 
+      knowledge. Walsingham wished to know all, but without rousing Mary's 
+      suspicions.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth approved of these plans. &amp;nbsp;She was personally courageous 
+      and refused to alter her many public appearances for fear of an assassin. 
+      &amp;nbsp;This caused her councilors many sleepless nights. &amp;nbsp;But they 
+      could not help but admire her bravery. &amp;nbsp;She also took to keeping a 
+      small sword beneath her pillow in case of an attack. &amp;nbsp;It was her only 
+      sign of distress and perfectly in keeping with her pragmatic approach to 
+      life. &amp;nbsp;The assassins might come, but she would be armed and ready to 
+      fight&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;In February 1585, Parliament banished Catholic priests and 
+      ordered the return of all Englishmen studying at seminaries abroad. 
+      &amp;nbsp;The 'Bond of&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-bettes1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Elizabeth I, painted by John Bettes the Younger, c1580s&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;478&quot;&gt; Association' was also given legal force, which meant 
+      that noncompliance with its terms would be a treasonable offense. &amp;nbsp;It 
+      would be officially ratified by Parliament in July 1586. &amp;nbsp;And in May, 
+      relations with Spain deteriorated further when Philip II ordered the 
+      seizure of English ships in Atlantic ports. &amp;nbsp;Three months later, 
+      England signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Alliance at Nonsuch Palace, in 
+      which Elizabeth pledged military assistance to the Protestant Dutch 
+      rebellion against Spain. &amp;nbsp;Almost 7000 English soldiers under the 
+      command of Robert Dudley immediately left for the Netherlands.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;It was clear to everyone that conflict between England and Spain was 
+      fast becoming inevitable. &amp;nbsp;As much as she preferred to prevaricate 
+      and remain neutral, Elizabeth was being forced to choose sides. &amp;nbsp;The 
+      problem of Mary, queen of Scots only encouraged Elizabeth's support for 
+      the Protestant cause.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;In December 1585, Mary was moved to Chartley Manor. &amp;nbsp;Walsingham 
+      knew she was plotting again, this time with increasing desperation. 
+      &amp;nbsp;Throckmorton's failure had shaken her badly, though she professed 
+      innocence. &amp;nbsp;Her exact role in that conspiracy remains unclear; it is 
+      possible she only knew of it, but did not actively encourage it. &amp;nbsp;But 
+      she did enthusiastically support the treason of another English Catholic, 
+      a young man named Sir Anthony Babington.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Another well-born Englishman, Babington had served as a page in 
+      Shrewsbury's household during the early years of Mary's imprisonment. 
+      &amp;nbsp;His romanticized memories of the queen, as well as his passionate 
+      Catholicism, made him susceptible to the plans of Thomas Morgan, one of 
+      Mary's trusted agents. &amp;nbsp;In 1580, the 19 year old Babington was 
+      traveling in France when he met Morgan. &amp;nbsp;After he returned to 
+      England, he became increasingly associated with Mary's admirers, 
+      eventually smuggling letters from the French embassy to the imprisoned 
+      queen. 
+      &amp;nbsp;Babington was only a half-hearted conspirator, but Walsingham was 
+      content to use him to lure Mary into a final trap. &amp;nbsp;When Babington 
+      learned the Catholic priest Ballard planned to murder Elizabeth, he tried 
+      to escape abroad but Walsingham refused him a passport. &amp;nbsp;Babington 
+      was frantic and turned to a friend for advice, confessing everything. 
+      &amp;nbsp;His friend then ran to Walsingham with the information. &amp;nbsp;But 
+      the queen's secretary of state did not act at once. &amp;nbsp;He sensed this 
+      was his best opportunity to catch Mary in the act, so to speak, and with 
+      enough evidence to finally convince Elizabeth of her cousin's complicity. 
+      &amp;nbsp;The queen's refusal to condemn Mary was no longer a benevolent 
+      quirk; for her councilors, it was a matter of life and death.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;Walsingham had soon collected a number of letters between Morgan, Mary, 
+      and Babington. &amp;nbsp;And in one of those, Mary explicitly approved the 
+      murder of Elizabeth. &amp;nbsp;It was this letter that Walsingham needed. 
+      &amp;nbsp;When confronted with it, Elizabeth was at first disbelieving and 
+      then angry. &amp;nbsp;She approved of moving Mary to Fotheringhay Castle and 
+      sending a commission of statesmen there to investigate the Babington Plot. 
+      &amp;nbsp;She also sent along a letter to be delivered to her captive cousin. 
+      &amp;nbsp;It read:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my 
+        life and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never 
+        proceeded so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected 
+        and maintained you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you and 
+        all made manifest. Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles and 
+        peers of the kingdom as if I were myself present. I therefore require, 
+        charge, and command that you make answer for I have been well informed 
+        of your arrogance. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Act plainly without reserve, 
+        and you will sooner be able to obtain favour of me. 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Mary defended herself at 
+      the resulting trial; her most potent argument was that she was a sovereign 
+      queen and thus not liable to the laws of England. &amp;nbsp;She also denied 
+      ever plotting the death of Elizabeth. &amp;nbsp;But it was too late. &amp;nbsp;She 
+      was condemned to death. &amp;nbsp;Elizabeth at first refused to sign the 
+      warrant for execution, much as she had earlier with Norfolk. &amp;nbsp;It was 
+      an agonizing decision. &amp;nbsp;There is a possibility she was tricked into 
+      signing it. &amp;nbsp;Mary was finally beheaded on 8 February 1587. &amp;nbsp;On 
+      the 14th, Elizabeth sent the following letter to Mary's son, King James VI 
+      of Scotland:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the 
+        extreme dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which 
+        (far contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman 
+        of mine, whom ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you 
+        truly of that which is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you 
+        that as God and many more know, how innocent I am in this case : so you 
+        will believe me, that if I had bid aught I would have bid by it. I am 
+        not so base minded that fear of any living creature or Prince should 
+        make me so afraid to do that were just; or done, to deny the same. I am 
+        not of so base a lineage, nor carry so vile a mind. But, as not to 
+        disguise, fits not a King, so will I never dissemble my actions, but 
+        cause them show even as I meant them. Thus assuring yourself of me, that 
+        as I know this was deserved, yet if I had meant it I would never lay it 
+        on others' shoulders; no more will I not damnify myself that thought it 
+        not. &lt;BR&gt;The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And 
+        for your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, 
+        nor a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more 
+        carefully to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise 
+        persuade you, judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in 
+        haste I leave to trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long 
+        reign. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and 
+        cousin, &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth R.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth had been 
+      queen for almost thirty years, surviving numerous obstacles and 
+      conspiracies. &amp;nbsp;Her councilors now believed the greatest threat to her 
+      reign was over. &amp;nbsp;But they were wrong, as the momentous events of 1588 
+      would soon prove.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz5.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE 
+      READING&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen 
+      Elizabeth I, part three&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;Mary, 
+      queen of Scots Images site&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen, with 
+      commentary.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+     
+
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082759&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082759&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">30106</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0172bf8eccdb2b873b219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215302</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0172/bf8eccdb/2b873b21.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-queenuse.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz5-mainpic.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">philipos-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-oldercrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=427 alt=&quot;crop from the famous 'Armada Portrait' of Elizabeth I&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz5-mainpic.jpg&quot; width=325 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+      Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with 
+      commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary 
+      Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen 
+        Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+        Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne 
+      Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary, 
+      queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's 
+      cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen 
+        fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is certainly a great Queen and were she only a Catholic 
+  she would be our dearly beloved.&amp;nbsp; Just look how well she governs!&amp;nbsp; 
+  She is only a woman, only mistress of half an island, and yet she makes 
+  herself feared by Spain, by France, by the Empire, by all....&amp;nbsp; Our 
+  children would have ruled the whole world.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+  Pope Sixtus V describes Elizabeth, c1588&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;When news of the execution of Mary, queen of Scots reached Europe, it 
+      gave Philip II of Spain yet another reason to look askance at his former 
+      sister-in-law.&amp;nbsp; English harassment of Spanish shipping and their 
+      support of rebellions against his rule had long angered him.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+      tried diplomacy; it had been successful enough until Elizabeth's 
+      Protestant councilors grew suspicious of his motives and angry over his 
+      treatment of continental Protestants.&amp;nbsp; After diplomacy came a gradual 
+      cooling between the countries; Philip even tried his hand at encouraging 
+      Irish rebellions against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And Philip grew increasingly 
+      pious as the years passed, and thus more inclined to take the 
+      excommunication of 1570 more seriously.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/philipos-crop.jpg&quot; lowsrc=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/Philip%20II%20of%20Spain&quot; width=&quot;155&quot; height=&quot;282&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Serious consequences were avoided for the first thirty years of 
+    Elizabeth's rule due to her own prevarication and Philip's more pressing 
+    problems.&amp;nbsp; But as the 1580s began, it was clear that something must 
+    give.&amp;nbsp; Philip could no longer afford the blatant piracy of the English, 
+    publicly disavowed but privately approved by Elizabeth (who always received 
+    the largest share of profits.)&amp;nbsp; She had even gone so far as to knight 
+    her greatest pirate, Sir Francis Drake, in 1581.&amp;nbsp; Four years later, the 
+    English openly supported the Netherlands when it revolted against Philip, a 
+    dangerous but popular policy for Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Philip had 
+    long claimed the throne of Portugal but had only recently seized it by force 
+    of arms.&amp;nbsp; If he wished to maintain control, he needed to defend the 
+    rich and wide-ranging Portuguese colonies.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Philip also needed to end the Protestant menace to Europe.&amp;nbsp; He 
+    supported plans to free Mary, queen of Scots and place her on the English 
+    throne.&amp;nbsp; His ambassador Mendoza had been peripherally involved in the 
+    Babington Plot and was expelled from England as a result.&amp;nbsp; Many of 
+    Elizabeth's councilors, most importantly the influential Robert Dudley, had 
+    advocated a tougher approach to Spanish meddling.&amp;nbsp; But always the 
+    queen, mindful of her treasury and always desiring peace, had held back.&amp;nbsp; 
+    She would send a few troops and some money, but little else.&amp;nbsp; Philip, 
+    however, had less love of peace and a more pressing piety.&amp;nbsp; England 
+    would be brought back into the Catholic fold, as the pope had commanded in 
+    1570.&amp;nbsp; The execution of Mary, queen of Scots in early 1587 gave him 
+    added impetus to act.&amp;nbsp; The English had sought to publicize Mary's 
+    various crimes, but most Europeans, even the Scots who had applauded her 
+    overthrow years ago, preferred the more tragic image of an innocent queen 
+    trapped by Elizabeth's wily councilors.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Philip spent much of 1587 finally preparing his long-rumored 'Armada' 
+    against England.&amp;nbsp; While Elizabeth's council had long warned her of this 
+    possibility, Philip's own advisors believed he could ill afford this new 
+    battle.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish fleet and army had fought too long and hard over 
+    the years.&amp;nbsp; They comprised the largest and best-prepared army and navy 
+    in the world; they had been successful against the Turks, had watched their 
+    traditional enemy, France, succumb to internal religious turmoil, had seized 
+    Portugal, and fought throughout the Low Countries.&amp;nbsp; But victories could 
+    be as tiresome and expensive as defeats.&amp;nbsp; Morale was low and leadership 
+    was lacking.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Philip's advisors consistently stressed the expense of the proposed 
+    battle.&amp;nbsp; But for the king, expenses were driving him to fight.&amp;nbsp; He 
+    needed to stop the English from seizing Spanish ships filled with precious 
+    coin and goods.&amp;nbsp; Each loss was a further blow to a nearly empty 
+    treasury.&amp;nbsp; There was no better time to fight than now, he declared, for 
+    the murder of Mary Stuart had at last united European opinion against 
+    Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; In July 1587, he received official approval from the pope 
+    for the invasion, provided England returned to Catholicism.&amp;nbsp; The pope 
+    even agreed to allow Philip to choose the next English ruler.&amp;nbsp; It would 
+    in all likelihood be the Spanish king himself for he claimed descent from 
+    the famous Edward III.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;As further impetus to Philip, even as he negotiated approval of the 
+    invasion with the pope, Drake led an expedition into Spain itself, seizing 
+    and destroying many vessels.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth protested that Drake had acted 
+    without her knowledge; this may have been true.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the queen 
+    had no desire for war.&amp;nbsp; But her protestations did not matter.&amp;nbsp; It 
+    was an audacious act which could not go unpunished.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth, of course, knew of the Spanish army lodged in the Low 
+    Countries, so close to English shores and able to intercept English 
+    shipping.&amp;nbsp; When word came that these forces were being steadily 
+    increased and an armada of Spanish ships was being prepared for battle, she 
+    could no longer debate and hesitate.&amp;nbsp; The impending threat was too 
+    obvious to ignore.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Yet what could England do against the great Spanish fleet?&amp;nbsp; All of 
+    Europe, and many Englishmen, believed England could not withstand the 
+    overwhelming Spanish force.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved 
+    myself that, under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in 
+  the loyal hearts and good-will of my subjects... I know I have the body but of 
+  a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a 
+  king of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince 
+  of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm...'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/font&gt; &lt;i&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;from Elizabeth I's speech to the troops at Tilbury, 1588&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The Armada which sailed against England is sometimes called 'The 
+    Invincible Armada', but its correct name is La Armada Grande.&amp;nbsp; Its 
+    supreme commander was the duke of Medina Sidonia, a nobleman who had done 
+    all he could to avoid this appointment.&amp;nbsp; He spent hours urging Philip, 
+    in the most polite and obsequious way possible, 
+    to find someone else, pointing out his own lack of experience in naval 
+    matters.&amp;nbsp; But the king would not listen.&amp;nbsp; Spain's greatest naval 
+    commander Don Alvaro de Bazan the elder, the marquess of Santa Cruz, had 
+    died and there had been a long, fruitless search for a suitable replacement.&amp;nbsp; 
+    The conscientious Medina Sidonia was Philip's choice, much to the duke's 
+    everlasting regret.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The Armada sailed from Lisbon on 20 May 1588, a grand procession of 130 
+    ships and over 30,000 men.&amp;nbsp; However, half of the vessels were transport 
+    ships and the majority of men were soldiers, not sailors.&amp;nbsp; Medina 
+    Sidonia was to sail to Flanders, where he would join the prince of Parma who 
+    waited with more soldiers and transports.&amp;nbsp; But the Armada stopped first 
+    in Corunna for some repair work and Medina Sidonia wrote to Philip, asking 
+    for the invasion to be postponed indefinitely.&amp;nbsp; The king was adamant, 
+    however, and the fleet sailed to Flanders.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Their arrival was expected and observed by the English.&amp;nbsp; Under the 
+    command of Lord Howard, they set out from Plymouth, under cover of night.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They managed to destroy some of the chief Spanish ships so that, with 
+    reinforcements, their numbers roughly equaled the Spanish.&amp;nbsp; More 
+    importantly, in terms of command and gunnery, the English had a far superior 
+    advantage.&amp;nbsp; By the time of the great battle off Gravelines, each fleet 
+    had roughly sixty warships.&amp;nbsp; The Spaniards fought heroically, but 
+    Howard was relentless.&amp;nbsp; The English ships were more agile and their 
+    commanders more inventive.&amp;nbsp; They did not allow the Spanish time to regroup 
+    and refit.&amp;nbsp; Only one Spanish ship was captured but several sank or ran 
+    ashore.&amp;nbsp; Medina Sidonia decided to lead the remaining fleet home, 
+    sailing along the north of Scotland and Ireland.&amp;nbsp; They met constant 
+    storms and rough seas, and not one pilot remained in the whole fleet.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Each passing storm destroyed more ships until, when the Armada finally 
+    limped home in the mid-September, half the fleet and most of its men were 
+    gone.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The defeat of the Armada was justly celebrated in Elizabeth's time.&amp;nbsp; 
+    It continues to be one of the most famous naval victories in history.&amp;nbsp; 
+    There is an engaging aspect to the whole story - the English fleet taking on 
+    the greatest naval power in the world and, against all odds, winning a 
+    stunning victory.&amp;nbsp; The psychological effect upon both nations was 
+    enormous.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Yet, upon closer inspection, the victory was neither as unexpected or 
+    immediately successful as is often believed.&amp;nbsp; The English navy had 
+    always been superior in tactics and gunnery than the Spanish, but had 
+    suffered from Elizabeth's penny-pinching support.&amp;nbsp; They simply never 
+    had enough money to build the ships and pay the sailors needed to become a 
+    world-class naval power.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish took so long to rebuild their 
+    navy that England finally had their opportunity, and they seized it with 
+    enthusiasm.&amp;nbsp; England would become the undisputed master of the seas.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But Spain was not nearly finished as a world power.&amp;nbsp; Barely two 
+    years after the Armada, they were virtually omnipotent in European affairs.&amp;nbsp; 
+    The religious turmoil in France had weakened their traditional enemy to such 
+    an extent that Spain stood unchallenged until 1598, when Henri of Navarre 
+    converted to Catholicism.&amp;nbsp; The balance of power in Europe was thus 
+    restored.&amp;nbsp; But Spain's army continued to grow until their dominance of 
+    land warfare equaled England's naval power.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;For Elizabeth, of course, the most important development was the most 
+    immediate - a brilliant victory over her greatest enemy, whose threats to 
+    invade had haunted most years of her reign.&amp;nbsp; She could breathe a 
+    much-deserved sigh of relief.&amp;nbsp; And she deserved no small credit for the 
+    success.&amp;nbsp; Her speech to the troops at Tilbury, rallying them to fight, 
+    remains justly famous; it is among her most stirring:&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My loving people,
+    We have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed 
+    how we commit our selves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; but I 
+    assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving 
+    people. Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself that, under God, I 
+    have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and 
+    good-will of my subjects; and therefore I am come amongst you, as you see, 
+    at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the 
+    midst and heat of the battle, to live and die amongst you all; to lay down 
+    for my God, and for my kingdom, and my people, my honour and my blood, even 
+    in the dust. I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I 
+    have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and 
+    think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare 
+    to invade the borders of my realm; to which rather than any dishonour shall 
+    grow by me, I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, 
+    judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know 
+    already, for your forwardness you have deserved rewards and crowns; and We 
+    do assure you in the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the 
+    mean time, my lieutenant general shall be in my stead, than whom never 
+    prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your 
+    obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the 
+    field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over those enemies of my God, 
+    of my kingdom, and of my people. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She enjoyed a renaissance of sorts among her people after the Armada.&amp;nbsp; 
+    She had already ruled for thirty years.&amp;nbsp; Those years of peace and 
+    general prosperity had led to an inevitable resentment amongst her subjects, 
+    particularly the young noblemen who now dominated her court.&amp;nbsp; They 
+    wanted adventure, glory, grand military exploits; they were fervent 
+    nationalists who wanted England to finally challenge the great powers of 
+    Europe; they believed themselves capable of anything.&amp;nbsp; And Elizabeth, 
+    nearing sixty, would regard them with either amusement or anger.&amp;nbsp; They 
+    did not know the price of war, she would complain; they did not understand 
+    how difficult it had been to bring peace and security to England.&amp;nbsp; They 
+    had not lived through the tumultuous reigns of her father and siblings.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They did not remember the bitter religious divide, which even now she only 
+    bridged with her inestimable charm and intellect.&amp;nbsp; England was at peace 
+    and her young courtiers chafed at peace.&amp;nbsp; But for the queen, peace was 
+    her greatest gift to her 'loving people.'&amp;nbsp; She knew its importance, the 
+    dear price it had cost her.&amp;nbsp; 'To be a King and wear a crown is a thing 
+    more pleasant to them that see it, than it is pleasant to them that bear 
+    it,' she remarked in her Golden Speech of 1601.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But she also knew those young courtiers disagreed, however much they 
+    fawned over her, pretending she was still the young queen of thirty.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Elizabeth was content to play the game for her vanity would not allow 
+    otherwise.&amp;nbsp; To grow old was a curse to her, she remarked; 'I am not 
+    sick, I feel no pain, yet I pine away.'&amp;nbsp; To have a young mind in an old 
+    body was another common lament.&amp;nbsp; She felt the loss of her youth keenly 
+    and did what she could to create a timeless role for herself.&amp;nbsp; She wore 
+    wigs and heavy make-up and still dressed in the opulent gowns of a maid, a 
+    fetching style when she was younger but now merely a reminder of her lack of 
+    marriage and family.&amp;nbsp; Her older subjects understood her melancholy; of 
+    the younger ones, Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Bacon were clever 
+    enough to guess its cause.&amp;nbsp; But most did not.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And the queen no longer had the comfort of loyal Cecil and her beloved 
+    Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Though Dudley had commanded the troops at Tilbury, he had died 
+    barely a month afterwards.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was now very old and had ceded much 
+    of his influence to his ambitious son Robert and Sir Francis Walsingham, who 
+    died in 1590.&amp;nbsp; The queen thus turned to another favorite, a young man 
+    who was a last link to Dudley.&amp;nbsp; His name was Robert Devereux, earl of 
+    Essex; he was Dudley's stepson and his mother was Elizabeth's cousin, 
+    Lettice Knollys.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Essex remains one of the more interesting courtiers of Elizabeth's later 
+    years.&amp;nbsp; He was the mortal enemy of Raleigh (who found him arrogant and 
+    overbearing) and close friends with Bacon.&amp;nbsp; He became the great 
+    favorite of Elizabeth's later years because, for a while, he was the ablest 
+    flirt and wit at court.&amp;nbsp; But his ambitions went far beyond being the 
+    queen's 'wild-horse'.&amp;nbsp; In this, he was encouraged by his flighty mother 
+    and sycophantic admirers.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Essex believed in the primacy of the nobility at Elizabeth's court and 
+    disliked the influence of Cecil and his son, Robert, and other 'upstarts' 
+    such as Raleigh.&amp;nbsp; He was too proud, which the queen - depending upon 
+    her mood - found endearing or infuriating.&amp;nbsp; And he dreamed of military 
+    glory, badgering the queen to send him to Ireland to quell rebellions or 
+    with the navy to harass Spanish ships.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often refused; she 
+    genuinely enjoyed his company and would not risk his life.&amp;nbsp; And when 
+    she did succumb, Essex performed disastrously.&amp;nbsp; Though a daring and 
+    brave soldier, he was a terrible commander and his exploits cost the frugal 
+    queen dearly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;His worst offense, however, was a slip of the tongue.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth 
+    would respond to Essex's tantrums by banishing him to the country until he 
+    begged forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Once, he decided to pretend illness instead.&amp;nbsp; 
+    When news of his condition reached Elizabeth, she sent a letter asking after 
+    his health - but nothing more.&amp;nbsp; Someone mentioned the queen's 
+    conditions for letting him return.&amp;nbsp; Infuriated, Essex cried out, 'Her 
+    conditions!&amp;nbsp; Her conditions are as crooked as her carcase.'&amp;nbsp; Those 
+    words reached the queen and she never forgot them.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Essex did return to court.&amp;nbsp; But his subsequent behavior was 
+    outlandish and insulting; he even dared to turn his back on Elizabeth during 
+    a council meeting.&amp;nbsp; The final blow came when he led a rebellion against 
+    the queen.&amp;nbsp; With his friend, the earl of Southampton, he planned to 
+    gather a small army and seize the queen and throne.&amp;nbsp; When captured, as 
+    inevitably he was, for his supporters were few and even those deserted him, 
+    Essex declared he only meant to save the queen from evil counsel.&amp;nbsp; But 
+    Elizabeth, who had so often vacillated over executions, only hesitated once 
+    with Essex.&amp;nbsp; He was executed on 25 February 1601.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Despite scurrilous gossip, Elizabeth's affection for Essex was more 
+    maternal than romantic.&amp;nbsp; She had no choice but to sign his 
+    death-warrant but it broke her heart.&amp;nbsp; When her godson, Sir John 
+    Harington, visited in the winter of 1602, he found her taste for old 
+    pleasures gone.&amp;nbsp; Harington read some of his rhymes and Elizabeth, with 
+    a little smile, remarked, 'When thou dost feel creeping time at thy gate, 
+    these fooleries will please thee less; I am past my relish for such 
+    matters.'&amp;nbsp; To the earl of Nottingham, mourning the loss of his wife, 
+    she said, ' I am tied with a chain of iron about my neck.&amp;nbsp; I am tied, 
+    I am tied, and the case is altered with me.'&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She mentioned Essex at times, but this was merely a symptom of her 
+    awareness that all of the work and struggle of her reign had ended in 
+    solitude.&amp;nbsp; She had often remarked on the essential loneliness of the 
+    crown but she felt it most deeply now.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Her council, led by Robert Cecil, whose father had died in 1601, watched 
+    her slow decline while preparing&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-oldercrop.jpg&quot; lowsrc=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/portrait%20of%20Elizabeth%20I%20in%20old%20age&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I in old age&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;171&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; for the future.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth still had 
+    not named a successor.&amp;nbsp; She had always understood its dangerous 
+    implications.&amp;nbsp; Yet there was no real doubt that she meant for James VI 
+    of Scotland, son of Mary queen of Scots, to succeed her.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+    married a Protestant princess and was already a father.&amp;nbsp; And he had 
+    long since made his peace with Elizabeth, exchanging frequent letters and 
+    accepting her political advice.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth retired to Richmond Palace, her 'warm, snug box' in March 1603.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Her death was preceded by physical weakness and mental depression, but there 
+    were no overt causes.&amp;nbsp; She was almost seventy years old, ancient for 
+    her time.&amp;nbsp; She rested in a low chair by the fire, refusing to let 
+    doctors examine her.&amp;nbsp; As the days passed, her condition slowly 
+    worsened.&amp;nbsp; She stood for hours on end until, finally, she was persuaded 
+    to lay upon cushions on the floor.&amp;nbsp; She rested there for two days, not 
+    speaking.&amp;nbsp; A doctor ventured close and asked how she could bear the 
+    endless silence.&amp;nbsp; She replied simply, 'I meditate.'&amp;nbsp; For the third 
+    and fourth day, she continued to rest in silence, with a finger often in her 
+    mouth.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants were terrified; they must move her but she 
+    refused.&amp;nbsp; The younger Cecil visited and said, 'Your Majesty, to content 
+    the people, you must go to bed.'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth replied, with some of her 
+    old spirit, 'Little man, little man, the word &lt;i&gt;must&lt;/i&gt; is not used to 
+    princes.'&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Finally, she grew so weak that they could carry her to bed.&amp;nbsp; She 
+    asked for music and, for a time, it brought some comfort.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+    councilors assembled; did she have any instructions regarding the 
+    succession?&amp;nbsp; She made a sign when Cecil mentioned the king of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; 
+    It was enough.&amp;nbsp; He returned to his office to begin the paperwork for a 
+    new ruler.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Archbishop Whitgift, whom she once called her 'little black 
+    husband', arrived to pray.&amp;nbsp; He was old and his knees ached terribly, 
+    but he knelt at the royal bedside until she finally slept.&amp;nbsp; She slept on into 
+    the early hours of 24 March until, at last, as the courtiers watched and 
+    waited, the steady breathing stopped.&amp;nbsp; 'Her Majesty departed this life, 
+    mildly like a lamb, easily like a ripe apple from the tree,' John Manningham 
+    was told.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;That same morning, the chief councilors rode to Whitehall where Cecil 
+    drafted the proclamation of the queen's death and James's succession.&amp;nbsp; 
+    He read it aloud first at Whitehall and then at St Paul's and finally 
+    Cheapside cross.&amp;nbsp; The councilors then formally demanded entrance to the 
+    Tower of London in the name of King James I of England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's 
+    maids and ladies were still waiting in the Coffer Room at Richmond Palace.&amp;nbsp; 
+    When news of the peaceful transition of power came, they began to prepare 
+    for Elizabeth's funeral.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The new king received the news of his accession on 27 March, for the 
+    ambitious Robert Carey had ridden at top speed to Edinburgh; his journey was 
+    so quick that its speed would not be matched until 1832.&amp;nbsp; But while 
+    James was initially welcomed peacefully and happily, his reign would quickly 
+    turn sour.&amp;nbsp; It was not long before even Robert Cecil, who became the 
+    most powerful statesman of James's reign, wrote to Harington:&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;You know all my former steps: good knight, rest content, and give heed to 
+    one that hath sorrowed in the bright lustre of a court, and gone heavily 
+    even on the best-seeming fair ground.&amp;nbsp; Tis a great task to prove one's 
+    honesty, and yet not spoil one's fortune.&amp;nbsp; You have tasted a little 
+    hereof in our blessed Queen's time, who was more than a man and, in troth, 
+    sometimes less than a woman.&amp;nbsp; I wish I waited now in her Presence 
+    Chamber, with ease at my foot, and rest in my bed.&amp;nbsp; I am pushed from 
+    the shore of comfort, and know not where the winds and waves of a court may 
+    bear me.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;And the common people realized their loss as well, as Godfrey Goodman, 
+    bishop of Gloucester wrote:&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;After a few years, when we had experience of a Scottish government, the 
+    Queen did seem to revive; then was her memory much magnified: such ringing 
+    of bells, such public joy and sermons in commemoration of her, the picture 
+    of her tomb painted in many churches, and in effect more solemnity and joy 
+    in memory of her coronation than was for the coming-in of King James.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth's funeral procession, composed of more than a thousand 
+    mourners, began on 28 April.&amp;nbsp; It was a stirring tribute to the queen, 
+    never forgotten by those who witnessed its passing.&amp;nbsp; But her tomb, paid 
+    for by the new king, was less impressive than that provided to his disgraced 
+    mother, and cost far less.&amp;nbsp; It can still be visited in Westminster 
+    Abbey, where Elizabeth rests alongside her half-sister Queen Mary I.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My good mistress is gone, I shall not 
+    hastily put forth for a new master.'&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sir John Harington, Nugae Antiquae&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;blockquote&gt;
+            &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;back to 
+      Queen Elizabeth I, part four&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note:&lt;/b&gt; The complicated story of Robert 
+      Devereux, earl of Essex, is most beautifully told in Lytton Strachey's 
+      'Elizabeth and Essex: A Tragic History'.&amp;nbsp; Strachey often wanders far 
+      off course, and his psychological portrait of Elizabeth is flawed, but he 
+      writes like a dream.&amp;nbsp; As for conventional biographies of Elizabeth I, 
+      my favorite is by Lacey Baldwin Smith.&lt;br&gt;Thanks for 
+      exploring / reading my Queen Elizabeth I website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+          &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;last 
+      revised 8 March 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+          
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082767&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082767&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36127</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Mary I of England half-sister of Elizabeth I 'Bloody Mary' : Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0173cf29888ba0debb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215302</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0173.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1cardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizsister.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryage28.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In thee, O lord, is my trust, let me never be 
+      confounded: if God be for us, who can be against us?' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;Mary Tudor's constant exclamation as queen of England&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1cardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Queen Mary I&quot; width=&quot;455&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I, by a follower of Anthonis Mor, c.1555-58&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Queen Mary I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmarygovt.html&quot;&gt;Marian 
+      government policies and religious legislation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;the letter Mary 
+        wrote to Henry VIII, acknowledging her illegitimacy,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;her speech at the 
+        Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary 
+        description of the queen&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;a letter from 
+        Katharine of Aragon to her daughter&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit 
+      the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of 
+      Aragon site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Mary's mother. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+      Grey&lt;/A&gt; site to learn more about Mary's cousin.&lt;br&gt;Visit the
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen 
+      Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; site to learn more about Mary's half-sister.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Queen Mary's life at &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+        A comprehensive exploration of Mary's life, featuring a lengthy 
+        biography and numerous portraits.&amp;nbsp; It also has ancillary studies of 
+        music, portraiture, genealogy, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have four certain and open enemies: the heretics 
+      and schismatics, the rebels and adherents of the duke of Northumberland, 
+      the king of France and Scotland, and the Lady Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;the Imperial ambassador Renard to Queen Mary, 1553&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The sad life of England's first female 
+        ruler is rendered even more tragic in comparison with her half-sister 
+        and successor's reign.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary Tudor, destined - like her 
+        half-brother and predecessor - to languish between those two giants of 
+        English history, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Yet there is much to 
+        warrant even a brief examination of her life and reign.&amp;nbsp; Though her 
+        hated half-sister would outshine her in virtually every sphere - 
+        physical, political, intellectual, artistic - Mary also had a formidable 
+        impact upon English history.&amp;nbsp; Throughout the first thirty-seven 
+        years of her life, she was tossed about by the whims of her father and, 
+        later and perhaps more galling, her Protestant brother and his 
+        council.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps inevitable that when she first tasted real 
+        power, the experience would be both intoxicating and unfortunate.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;When Mary came to the throne, she 
+        was thirty-seven years old.&amp;nbsp; She had never been married though, in 
+        her youth, several matches had been suggested and abandoned.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Contrary to later beliefs, Henry VIII was pleased with her birth in 
+        1516, proudly displaying the infant Mary to visiting ambassadors and&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=387 alt=&quot;Princess Mary, age 28, painted by Master John&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryage28.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; 
+        noblemen.&amp;nbsp; It was only years later, with Mary as his sole 
+        legitimate offspring, that Henry began his desperate search for a 
+        son.&amp;nbsp; This search would forever brand him as a misogynist and cruel 
+        tyrant who discarded, divorced, and beheaded the women who did not bear 
+        him sons.&amp;nbsp; But one must be fair to Henry and judge him by the 
+        standards of his time, which certainly his contemporaries did.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        was only the second Tudor monarch and, as such, he understood the 
+        necessity of stabilizing the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, his father 
+        had only won the crown in 1485, barely thirty years before Mary's 
+        birth.&amp;nbsp; And if Henry VII, born the unprepossessing earl of 
+        Richmond, could steal the crown then his son's actions can be 
+        understood.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, Henry VIII was determined the crown 
+        would remain in Tudor hands.&amp;nbsp; Mary, like her half-sister Elizabeth, 
+        was always recognized as his daughter.&amp;nbsp; But England had never had a 
+        woman ruler, one who ruled in her own right without a male consort or as 
+        regent for an infant son.&amp;nbsp; The only possible precedent was Matilda, 
+        Henry I's heir, and the precedent was not good - Matilda was expelled by 
+        the English barons and her cousin Stephen of Blois was made king.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Though this had happened four centuries before, its lesson was still 
+        valid.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With this in mind, Henry's 
+        treatment of Mary's mother becomes - if not palatable - at least 
+        understandable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the petty cruelties and humiliations he 
+        forced upon her were his own doing but the overall aim was to ensure the 
+        Tudor succession.&amp;nbsp; But all this happened years after Mary's 
+        birth.&amp;nbsp; From 1516 to about 1530, Mary led a happy, sheltered 
+        life.&amp;nbsp; She was considered one of the most important European 
+        princesses and Henry used her as every king used his daughter - as a 
+        pawn in political negotiations.&amp;nbsp; She was also well-educated with a 
+        fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic skill.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+        mother, Katharine of Aragon, was deeply devoted to Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was 
+        a reflection of Katharine's strongly domestic nature as well as the 
+        numerous miscarriages she suffered.&amp;nbsp; Any mother would naturally 
+        love a child but Katharine had lost enough children to make her 
+        especially devoted to the one who survived.&amp;nbsp; When Henry proposed 
+        the idea of divorce, Katharine fought it passionately, not least because 
+        divorce would destroy her daughter's future.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was the 
+        youngest daughter of those great Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand of Aragon 
+        and Isabella of Castile, the 'Catholic Kings' who united Spain 
+        geographically and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Through her mother, she could 
+        trace her lineage to John of Gaunt, that legendary figure in English 
+        history.&amp;nbsp; She grew up as an Infanta of Spain; and, unlike Henry, 
+        her claim to royalty was not a mere few decades old.&amp;nbsp; As such, she 
+        was naturally proud and dignified.&amp;nbsp; Mary inherited this pride as 
+        well as her mother's enduring affection for Spain.&amp;nbsp; When she became 
+        queen, this affection was to have terrible consequences.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Educated by her mother and a ducal 
+        governess, Mary was at last betrothed to her cousin, the Holy Roman 
+        Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain.)&amp;nbsp; Charles made the 
+        unfortunate demand that she come to Spain immediately, accompanied by a 
+        huge cash dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry ignored the request and Charles jilted 
+        Mary, concluding a match with a more accommodating princess.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Meanwhile, Henry invested his daughter as Princess of Wales in 1525 and 
+        she held court at Ludlow Castle.&amp;nbsp; With this decision, Henry meant 
+        to soothe Katharine's fears that Mary's position as the only legitimate 
+        Tudor heir was being undermined.&amp;nbsp; Only a few weeks before the 
+        investiture, Mary had attended a ceremony in which her father ennobled 
+        his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as duke of Richmond (among various 
+        other titles.)&amp;nbsp; And though he sharply rebuked Katharine for 
+        criticizing his open affection for Fitzroy, and the accompanying titles 
+        and wealth he gave the boy, Henry did not neglect his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In 
+        fact, Mary was the first princess of Wales, and the first female royal 
+        to hold court at Ludlow.&amp;nbsp; But of course, sending Mary to Wales was 
+        not the same as sending a son and heir; Henry never intended her to rule 
+        England, at least not as its sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; Her role in Wales would 
+        be primarily symbolic, and she would be replaced as soon as he had a 
+        legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; This elusive son - Henry's most fervent wish 
+        - occupied his mind even as he continued to scour Europe for a suitable 
+        husband for Mary.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Yet even as new betrothal plans 
+        were being made, the king's attention was increasingly elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Henry had met Anne Boleyn, daughter of a simple knight and sister of a 
+        former mistress.&amp;nbsp; His passionate attraction to Anne, coupled with 
+        the increased need for a male heir, made Henry restless.&amp;nbsp; He looked 
+        at Katharine, nine years his senior and as domestic as Anne was exotic, 
+        with new eyes.&amp;nbsp; At first he sought a quiet, amicable annulment of 
+        their long 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; Certainly such a decision was not revolutionary; Henry 
+        could cite numerous examples in European history where kings had 
+        annulled marriages to barren queens.&amp;nbsp; Since he and Katharine had a 
+        mutual respect and affection for one another, Henry anticipated her 
+        cooperation.&amp;nbsp; Certainly he would tread with delicacy but - in the 
+        end - his will would be done.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;But Henry had not anticipated his 
+        wife's immediate and intense anger.&amp;nbsp; For he had based his argument 
+        upon theology - in short, Henry argued that because Katharine had been 
+        briefly married to his brother, Arthur, her marriage to Henry was 
+        incestuous.&amp;nbsp; Katharine responded that this matter was already 
+        resolved.&amp;nbsp; Before she wed Henry, the Pope had granted a 
+        dispensation.&amp;nbsp; He did so under political pressure from Henry VII 
+        and Ferdinand - but also because Katharine swore she and Arthur had 
+        never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a virgin when 
+        she wed Henry, a fact Henry would be certain to know.&amp;nbsp; Cynics could 
+        not help but mock the King's sudden attack of conscience, occurring some 
+        twenty years into the marriage and in the midst of his affair with Anne 
+        Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to argue 
+        that Anne had no role in his decision.&amp;nbsp; In his mid-thirties, Henry 
+        had entered into the most passionate romantic attachment of his 
+        life.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, after her death, he would complain that Anne had 
+        'bewitched' him.&amp;nbsp; It was true that Henry displayed an intensity of 
+        feeling toward her which shocked their contemporaries.&amp;nbsp; Today we 
+        can read his love letters to her; across the span of four centuries, 
+        they retain their power.&amp;nbsp; Anne was not beautiful but she possessed 
+        greater gifts - she was witty, graceful, and stylish.&amp;nbsp; She had been 
+        educated at the glittering French court so she sang and danced 
+        beautifully, skills which Henry admired.&amp;nbsp; She was also very 
+        intelligent and confident.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her older sister Mary, Anne 
+        Boleyn had no desire to be the king's temporary mistress.&amp;nbsp; In fact, 
+        she had intended to wed Henry Percy, heir to the earl of Northumberland, 
+        until the king - already enchanted - put a stop to the match.&amp;nbsp; He 
+        wrote to Percy's father, arguing against the unsuitable match.&amp;nbsp; A 
+        knight's daughter wed to one of the most important peers of the 
+        realm?&amp;nbsp; Percy's angry father immediately sent for his son, ending 
+        the romance but not the attachment.&amp;nbsp; Percy wrote poetry about Anne 
+        and, at her trial, he had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; Unlike the 
+        other peers, he could not bear to sit in judgment of her.&amp;nbsp; For 
+        Anne, the loss of Percy was undoubtedly galling.&amp;nbsp; After all, had 
+        the king ended the engagement simply to make her his mistress?&amp;nbsp; 
+        Henry's disregard for her personal feelings, his interference in her 
+        personal life, was not endearing.&amp;nbsp; But it convinced Anne of the 
+        king's attraction and she resolved to be his wife or nothing.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;For Mary, the sudden ascent of 
+        Anne Boleyn signaled the end of her world.&amp;nbsp; Her beloved mother, 
+        equally loved by the English people, was being forced aside by a former 
+        lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Her father was determined to declare her a 
+        bastard; in effect, Henry's charge of incest dissolved his marriage and 
+        illegitimized his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this, Mary developed a 
+        lasting hatred of Anne Boleyn which extended to Anne's daughter, 
+        Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She never openly blamed her father for his actions, 
+        though she considered them unlawful and impious.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she 
+        persuaded herself that he had been Anne Boleyn's pawn.&amp;nbsp; Such a 
+        reaction was perhaps inevitable.&amp;nbsp; However, it was to have an 
+        unfortunate impact upon Elizabeth's life.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The Pope refused to recognize 
+        Henry's argument for an annulment or divorce and thus began a power 
+        struggle between the Vatican, Spain, and England.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's 
+        nephew, Charles V, naturally agreed with his aunt for personal and 
+        political reasons. He exerted considerable military and political 
+        pressure against the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry's numerous petitions were 
+        disregarded.&amp;nbsp; Eventually he simply gave up and decided the matter 
+        himself.&amp;nbsp; In 1534 Henry took the unprecedented step of breaking 
+        with Rome, establishing the Church of England with himself as Supreme 
+        Head.&amp;nbsp; The annulment was granted and Katharine and Mary were 
+        officially outcasts.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Mary continued 
+        her somewhat restricted life.&amp;nbsp; Despite her declared illegitimacy, 
+        Henry continued to propose various husbands for her.&amp;nbsp; The searches 
+        were not particularly thorough or serious, however, and Mary remained a 
+        spinster.&amp;nbsp; She was now in her late twenties, leaving behind her 
+        youth and - most importantly for a woman - her safest reproductive 
+        years.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Even before the official decree, 
+        Henry had stopped living with Katharine and recognizing her as 
+        Queen.&amp;nbsp; He took Anne Boleyn with him to France to meet his rival 
+        Francis I; this was an important state visit and her appearance was 
+        commented upon.&amp;nbsp; Henry, however, had already ordered Katharine to 
+        surrender her jewelry; Anne now wore it.&amp;nbsp; He also sent Katharine to 
+        one decaying residence after another, dismissing several of her devoted 
+        servants.&amp;nbsp; Though deprived of her title, home, jewels, and 
+        companionship, Katharine never recognized the divorce.&amp;nbsp; She refused 
+        the title of Princess Dowager, offered by Henry as recognition of her 
+        marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She continued to assert that 
+        she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, above 
+        all else, she professed faith in the judgment of the Pope.&amp;nbsp; A 
+        devout Catholic, daughter of the monarchs who introduced the Inquisition 
+        to Spain, Katharine never acknowledged the Church of England.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Since she had raised her daughter to be equally devout, Mary also 
+        refused to acknowledge both the Church and her father's position as 
+        Supreme Head.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Henry 
+        VIII, though ostensibly head of a new church which overthrew the 
+        Catholic supremacy, remained a devout Catholic&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; throughout his 
+        life.&amp;nbsp; He continued to attend Mass and heartily despised 'heretics' 
+        like Martin Luther.&amp;nbsp; But Henry possessed the ability to separate 
+        the secular from the spiritual, a quality which Mary completely lacked 
+        and Elizabeth honed to fine perfection.&amp;nbsp; Though his son would 
+        become a bigoted Protestant determined to stamp out Catholicism and his 
+        eldest daughter a bigoted Catholic determined to stamp out 
+        Protestantism, Henry was a Catholic who lapsed when it suited him.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Of course, he always asserted theological justification for the lapses.&amp;nbsp; 
+        However, he would not allow Katharine or Mary to deny his authority.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Both paid a stiff penalty for their refusal to submit.&amp;nbsp; Katharine, 
+        as noted, was sent from court and deprived of all accustomed luxuries.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Mary was equally disgraced.&amp;nbsp; Now a bastard, declared such by 
+        Parliament, she was denied any communication with her mother and made 
+        lady-in-waiting to Anne and Henry's daughter, Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Unlike 
+        Mary, Elizabeth was recognized as a Princess of the realm.&amp;nbsp; For the 
+        seventeen-year-old Mary, the complete reversal of her fortune was 
+        devastating.&amp;nbsp; She began to suffer from a variety of illnesses, 
+        undoubtedly stress-related.&amp;nbsp; These plagued her until her death, 
+        causing such symptoms as severe headaches, nausea, insomnia, and 
+        infrequent menstruation.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Anne took an equal dislike of 
+        Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple fact that if Anne and Elizabeth's fortunes 
+        rose, Mary's would fall.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was legitimate only 
+        if Mary was not, and vice versa.&amp;nbsp; Anne would have been foolish to 
+        encourage any reconciliation between Henry and Mary, quite possibly she 
+        did the opposite.&amp;nbsp; But after her fall from grace, Henry offered to 
+        pardon Mary and restore her to favor - but only if Mary acknowledged him 
+        as head of the Church of England and admitted the 'incestuous 
+        illegality' of his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; To Mary's credit, she 
+        refused to do so until her cousin, Charles V, persuaded her 
+        otherwise.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;She gave in to 
+        Henry's demands&lt;/A&gt;, an action she was to always regret.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Meanwhile, Katharine of Aragon had died at Kimbolton Castle, loving - 
+        and defying - Henry to the last; &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;her final letter&lt;/A&gt; 
+        to him was signed 'Katharine the Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine and Mary had 
+        not seen one another for years though they had written one another, 
+        against Henry's orders, in great secrecy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's last 
+        thoughts were undoubtedly of her daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry, however, was soon 
+        reconciled to Mary.&amp;nbsp; Flush with marriage to the meek Jane Seymour 
+        and her quick pregnancy, he welcomed Mary home.&amp;nbsp; She was given a 
+        household befitting her position as his daughter and included in court 
+        festivities; there were even rumors of a possible marriage in her 
+        future.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour encouraged Henry's reconciliation with both 
+        of his daughters.&amp;nbsp; Mary, in turn, respected and liked the new 
+        queen.&amp;nbsp; She was named godmother to Henry and Jane's son, Prince 
+        Edward, born in October 1537; and when Jane died shortly after her son's 
+        birth, Mary was the chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; Their friendship was not so 
+        unlikely.&amp;nbsp; They were relatively close in age and Mary, having lost 
+        her mother and longing for her father's affection, was grateful for any 
+        kindness.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, she had the satisfaction of knowing 
+        Elizabeth, too, was bastardized; Anne Boleyn's execution on charges of 
+        incest and treason had illegitimized her daughter.&amp;nbsp; It is revealing 
+        to note that, upon her ascension, Mary revoked the Act of Parliament 
+        which made her a bastard.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, upon ascension, didn't bother 
+        to do so.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;However, Mary and Elizabeth were 
+        not forgotten.&amp;nbsp; After Jane's death, Henry determined the line of 
+        succession as follows:&amp;nbsp; first, Edward or Edward's heirs; if Edward 
+        died without issue, the throne passed to Mary; after Mary, to 
+        Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry recognized the fragility of his succession, 
+        resting as it did upon just one son.&amp;nbsp; He, after all, was a second 
+        son.&amp;nbsp; But there was little he could do.&amp;nbsp; His fourth marriage, 
+        to Anne of Cleves, had ended disastrously.&amp;nbsp; She was too 
+        unnattractive for the king so she was titled 'the king's sister' and 
+        given a generous pension.&amp;nbsp; Anne preferred this solution to 
+        returning home.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=352 
+      alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-cr.jpg&quot; width=270 
+      align=right border=2&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Soon 
+        enough, Henry's attentions were captured elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; He wed 
+        Catherine Howard, cousin to the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; It was a 
+        pathetic match.&amp;nbsp; Henry was old enough to be her grandfather, 
+        plainly in lust with a young woman who exuded sex appeal.&amp;nbsp; Mary's 
+        opinion on the match is not known but it would be safe to assume that 
+        even if she disapproved, she would never say so.&amp;nbsp; Mary recognized 
+        her father's secular authority as king even as she disapproved of his 
+        spiritual authority as head of the English Church.&amp;nbsp; In any case, 
+        there was barely time to know Catherine before she, too, was executed on 
+        charges of adultery.&amp;nbsp; Whether she was guilty is a matter of 
+        conjecture; if she was, one can hardly blame her and, if she wasn't, she 
+        was yet another blot upon Henry's conscience.&amp;nbsp; In her defense, she 
+        refused the easy path of divorce.&amp;nbsp; Henry offered to recognize a 
+        pre-contract with another nobleman.&amp;nbsp; If she, too, recognized it, 
+        their marriage would be invalid.&amp;nbsp; Catherine would be divorced but 
+        still alive.&amp;nbsp; She refused to admit such an arrangement, however, 
+        and met her end at the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry's last queen was the 
+        Protestant Katharine Parr, twice-widowed and chosen for her excellent 
+        character and nursing abilities.&amp;nbsp; Like Jane Seymour, Katharine Parr 
+        was determined to bring the royal family closer together.&amp;nbsp; To that 
+        end, she provided the only true home and maternal guidance Edward and 
+        Elizabeth would ever know.&amp;nbsp; She also befriended Mary, a difficult 
+        task because of their opposing religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however, 
+        did respect Katharine's intellectual accomplishments.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr was the product of 
+        the changing climate in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; When he ended Catholic 
+        supremacy in England, dissolving the monasteries and granting their 
+        lands to various nobles and the crown, Henry had begun a process whose 
+        end he never foresaw.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry never became a 
+        Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But his decision to use Protestantism for his own ends 
+        allowed Protestantism to flourish.&amp;nbsp; Toward the end of his reign, 
+        there were few councilors who could remember the Catholic 
+        supremacy.&amp;nbsp; They had benefited from the break with Rome, both 
+        spiritually and materially; Henry, meanwhile, never understood the force 
+        he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine made the mistake of arguing about 
+        theology with him, she came very close to losing her head.&amp;nbsp; Only a 
+        timely intervention and her own impassioned apology saved her.&amp;nbsp; But 
+        upon Henry's death and Edward's ascension, the Protestant faction was in 
+        control.&amp;nbsp; The new king, just nine years old, had Protestant tutors 
+        and a Protestant step-mother.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, Edward VI is revealed in his 
+        journal as a priggish, unfeeling boy who noted the executions of his 
+        uncles with no trace of compassion.&amp;nbsp; His letters to Katharine Parr, 
+        however, are the only examples of feeling and affection which he left 
+        behind.&amp;nbsp; To her, he confided his insecurity and 
+        vulnerability.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr's influence on 
+        Edward VI was to simply strengthen the Protestantism which his tutors 
+        and the English court encouraged.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, the situation was 
+        disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Edward, swayed by religious fervor and his advisors, 
+        made English compulsory for church services.&amp;nbsp; Mary continued to 
+        celebrate Mass in the old form and in Latin.&amp;nbsp; During the six years 
+        of her brother's reign, she tread the fine line between piety and 
+        treason.&amp;nbsp; Edward attempted to reason with her at court yet she 
+        refused his advice.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was a woman in her thirties and he 
+        was still a child.&amp;nbsp; Edward was also under the control of the Duke 
+        of Somerset, Jane Seymour's staunchly Protestant brother.&amp;nbsp; Though 
+        Henry VIII's will had specified a specific group of councilors to guide 
+        his son's regency, his wishes were disregarded.&amp;nbsp; His fellow 
+        councilors, most of whom had profited from the Catholic expulsion, 
+        titled Somerset Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; The nine-year-old king had no deep 
+        affection for his uncle; Somerset kept Edward short of pocket money and 
+        hired harsh tutors who regularly beat the boy.&amp;nbsp; But their religious 
+        sympathies were similar.&amp;nbsp; Mary managed to disregard the combined 
+        pressure of Somerset and Edward, largely because she stayed away from 
+        court.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was firm with her.&amp;nbsp; He told her she was 
+        misguided and occasionally threatened her.&amp;nbsp; Mary was intelligent 
+        enough to not risk open disobedience, preferring the quiet celebration 
+        of Mass in her country home.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, in 1549, Somerset had 
+        overstepped his authority and was executed.&amp;nbsp; His fall was largely 
+        engineered by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and soon-to-be Duke of 
+        Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; From then on, Edward was under Dudley's 
+        control.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Edward VI ruled for just seven 
+        years.&amp;nbsp; The last year of his life was one of near-constant pain and 
+        suffering.&amp;nbsp; Various illnesses have been suggested,  &lt;/FONT&gt;
+        &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;consumption 
+        being the most likely.&amp;nbsp; He had never been of robust health, unlike 
+        his father, and the Protestant councilors did all they could to prolong 
+        his life.&amp;nbsp; To that end, Edward was given arsenic and various other 
+        poisons which were believed to prolong life even as they increased 
+        suffering.&amp;nbsp; For Dudley and his supporters, Edward's death was 
+        inevitable but they needed every available moment to prevent Mary from 
+        ascending the throne.&amp;nbsp; They were not fools and knew their fate with 
+        a Catholic queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley hurriedly married his son Guildford to &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+        Grey&lt;/A&gt;, Edward VI's Protestant, scholarly cousin.&amp;nbsp; Like Edward, 
+        Jane was a pawn in Dudley's schemes.&amp;nbsp; She was the granddaughter of 
+        Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor and, thus, a remote claimant to 
+        the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Working together, Edward and Dudley 
+        disregarded Henry VIII's will yet again and barred both Mary and 
+        Elizabeth from the succession.&amp;nbsp; In turn, Edward willed the throne 
+        to Jane and her heirs.&amp;nbsp; When he finally died, Jane was declared 
+        Queen by Dudley and the Protestant lords.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Jane Grey's ascension to the 
+        throne lasted but nine days.&amp;nbsp; Though the Protestant councilors were 
+        not fond of Mary's religious views, many still regarded her as the 
+        rightful heir.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, Bluff King Hal's daughter.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Like her mother, Mary had enormous sympathy from the English people, a 
+        gift she was to squander recklessly.&amp;nbsp; Many viewed her as the poor 
+        victim of Anne Boleyn's scheming, a quiet, kindly, and pious woman.&amp;nbsp; 
+        It should be noted that &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;the 
+        English people cared not so much for her religious views as they did her 
+        parentage.&amp;nbsp; She was the old king's child and therefore, she should 
+        follow Edward to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This loyalty to Mary's dynastic 
+        claims was something she never fully understood.&amp;nbsp; As queen, Mary 
+        was capable of both extreme affection and disdain for her English 
+        subjects.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With Jane declared queen, Mary 
+        fled to Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though her closest friends advised against it, 
+        she soon decided to ride to London and stake her own claim to the 
+        throne.&amp;nbsp; The people of London welcomed her ecstatically.&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+        arrested Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley, though she displayed her 
+        typical leniency by not immediately executing them.&amp;nbsp; When Jane's 
+        fugitive father attempted to lead an uprising for her, Mary had him 
+        executed along with John Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Jane and Guildford, however, 
+        remained in the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
+        &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+        &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;The PRIMARY 
+        SOURCES section contains many documents related to Queen Mary:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;-&lt;/B&gt;read a letter to Mary from her mother, Katharine of 
+        Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read the entire text of Mary's letter to her father, in which 
+        she acknowledged Henry as head of the church of England, the dissolution 
+        of his marriage to Katharine of Aragon &amp;amp; her own illegitimacy (a 
+        letter she later disavowed)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a journal entry of 
+        Edward VI, in which he recorded a religious dispute with 
+        Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;- read a letter from Catherine Parr to Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read Mary's speech 
+        at the Guildhall, in which she asked for loyalty in the face of Wyatt's 
+        uprising&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a letter from Lady Jane Grey to Mary, in which Jane 
+        explains the circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine 
+        days&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford 
+        Dudley&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the execution of Archbishop Thomas 
+        Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+        size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a contemporary description of Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+        
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        
+        &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+        England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;CENTER&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082562&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082562&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0175.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5099</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">The Six Wives of Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Kathryn Howard Catherine Parr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">The Six Wives of Henry VIII Katharine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Katharine Parr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Six Wives of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH017525905f72432afb219c61</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0175.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wivesmain.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-aragon.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-boleyn.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-seymour.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-cleves.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-howard.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wives-parr.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
+ height=&quot;329&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
+ height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;56&quot;
+ alt=&quot;The Six Wives of Henry VIII&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives.gif&quot; width=&quot;588&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;45%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;23%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wivesmain.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine Parr by Lucas Horenbout&quot;
+ width=&quot;225&quot; height=&quot;225&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;45%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;35&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Katharine of Aragon page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-aragon.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;281&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;34&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Anne Boleyn page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-boleyn.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;169&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt; &lt;img
+ height=&quot;33&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Jane Seymour page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-seymour.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;186&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+ height=&quot;34&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Anne of Cleves page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-cleves.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;204&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+ height=&quot;35&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Catherine Howard page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-howard.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;248&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+ height=&quot;36&quot; alt=&quot;click here to visit the Katharine Parr page&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wives-parr.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;211&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Simply click on the above 
+      names.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you would like to meet 
+      fellow Six Wives enthusiasts, please visit
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A fanlisting for 
+      the six wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;center&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;The above portrait is of Katharine
+Parr by Lucas Horenbout.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/center&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;1%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;23%&quot; height=&quot;273&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Portraits of the
+Six Wives can be viewed at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Read 
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by the Six Wives&lt;/a&gt; and other 
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;primary sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082529&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082529&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH018a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exmary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/exmary.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018af2318cbf41644af1cd84</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">exmary.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/exmary.gif&quot; width=&quot;321&quot; height=&quot;110&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;Mary Stuart 
+      was executed on 8 February 1587 at Fotheringhay Castle, after a trial 
+      whose outcome forever troubled Queen Elizabeth I.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;This famous account of the execution was written by Robert 
+      Wynkfielde.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Accounts such as these, and woodcuts of the scene, were 
+      very popular throughout Europe.&amp;nbsp; The great scandals of Mary's life 
+      were forgotten and she was mourned as a Catholic martyr.&amp;nbsp; The truth 
+      of her demise was not so simple.&amp;nbsp; Mary &lt;i&gt;did&lt;/i&gt; plot against 
+      Elizabeth's life; and Elizabeth did consistently reject petitions to 
+      execute Mary over the 19-year course of her imprisonment.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Eventually, however, the Catholic threat was deemed too great and 
+      Elizabeth reluctantly signed the warrant for execution.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+Her [Mary queen of Scots] prayers being ended, the executioners, kneeling,
+desired her Grace to forgive them her death: who answered, 'I forgive you
+with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles.'&amp;nbsp;
+Then they, with her two women, helping her up, began to disrobe her of
+her apparel: then she, laying her crucifix upon the stool, one of the executioners
+took from her neck the &lt;i&gt;Agnus Dei&lt;/i&gt;, which she, laying hands off it,
+gave to one of her women, and told the executioner he should be answered
+money for it.&amp;nbsp; Then she suffered them, with her two women, to disrobe
+her of her chain of pomander beads and all other her apparel most willingly,
+and with joy rather than sorrow, helped to make unready herself, putting
+on a pair of sleeves with her own hands which they had pulled off, and
+that with some haste, as if she had longed to be gone.
+&lt;br&gt;All this time they were pulling off her apparel, she never changed
+her countenance, but with smiling cheer she uttered these words, 'that
+she never had such grooms to make her unready, and that she never put off
+her clothes before such a company.'
+&lt;br&gt;Then she, being stripped of all her apparel saving her petticoat and
+kirtle, her two women beholding her made great lamentation, and crying
+and crossing themselves prayed in Latin.&amp;nbsp; She, turning herself to
+them, embracing them, said these words in French, 'Ne crie vous, j'ay prome
+pour vous', and so crossing and kissing them, bade them pray for her and
+rejoice and not weep, for that now they should see an end of all their
+mistress's troubles.
+&lt;br&gt;Then she, with a smiling countenance, turning to her men servants,
+as Melvin and the rest, standing upon a bench nigh the scaffold, who sometime
+weeping, sometime crying out aloud, and continually crossing themselves,
+prayed in Latin, crossing them with her hand bade them farewell, and wishing
+them to pray for her even until the last hour.
+&lt;br&gt;This done, one of the women having a &lt;i&gt;Corpus Christi &lt;/i&gt;cloth lapped
+up three-corner-ways, kissing it, put it over the Queen of Scots' face,
+and pinned it fast to the caule of her head.&amp;nbsp; Then the two women departed
+from her, and she kneeling down upon the cushion most resolutely, and without
+any token or fear of death, she spake aloud this Psalm in Latin, &lt;i&gt;In
+Te Domine confido, non confundar in eternam&lt;/i&gt;, etc.&amp;nbsp; Then, groping
+for the block, she laid down her head, putting her chin over the block
+with both her hands, which, holding there still, had been cut off had they
+not been espied.&amp;nbsp; Then lying upon the block most quietly, and stretching
+out her arms cried, &lt;i&gt;In manus tuas, Domine&lt;/i&gt;, etc., three or four times.&amp;nbsp;
+Then she, lying very still upon the block, one of the executioners holding
+her slightly with one of his hands, she endured two strokes of the other
+executioner with an axe, she making very small noise or none at all, and
+not stirring any part of her from the place where she lay: and so the executioner
+cut off her head, saving one little gristle, which being cut asunder, he
+lift up her head to the view of all the assembly and bade &lt;i&gt;God save the
+Queen&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Then, her dress of lawn falling from off her head, it
+appeared as grey as one of threescore and ten years old, polled very short,
+her face in a moment being so much altered from the form she had when she
+was alive, as few could remember her by her dead face.&amp;nbsp; Her lips stirred
+up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off.
+&lt;br&gt;Then Mr Dean [Dr Fletcher, Dean of Peterborough] said with a loud voice,
+'So perish all the Queen's enemies,' and afterwards the Earl of Kent came
+to the dead body, and standing over it, with a loud voice said, 'Such end
+of all the Queen's and the Gospel's enemies.'
+&lt;br&gt;Then one of the executioners, pulling off her garters, espied her little
+dog which was crept under her clothes, which could not be gotten forth
+but by force, yet afterward would not depart from the dead corpse, but
+came and lay between her head and her shoulders, which being imbrued with
+her blood was carried away and washed, as all things else were that had
+any blood was either burned or washed clean, and the executioners sent
+away with money for their fees, not having any one thing that belonged
+unto her.&amp;nbsp; And so, every man being commanded out of the hall, except
+the sheriff and his men, she was carried by them up into a great chamber
+lying ready for the surgeons to embalm her.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;nt&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082608&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082608&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH018b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH018b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH018b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5093</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor Citizens: Charles Brandon, The Boleyn Family, Mary Boleyn, Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer, St Thomas More</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Citizens: Charles Brandon, The Boleyn Family, Mary Boleyn, Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer, St Thomas More</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens: Biographies, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018bb3389e577e540b31c8e7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">citizens-morpheus.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cranmercitizens.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=53 alt=&quot;Tudor Citizens&quot; 
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/citizens-morpheus.gif&quot; width=284&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;The Tudor citizens profiled here 
+      lived through a century of incredible change; their lives reflect the 
+      tumultuous spirit of Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; They also provide insight into 
+      the personalities and politics of the Tudor monarchs.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Follow the links on this page to learn more about these fascinating men 
+      and women.&amp;nbsp; 
+      You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the 
+      courtiers.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt; includes contemporary 
+      chronicles and letters.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cranmercitizens.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Thomas Cranmer&quot; width=&quot;235&quot; height=&quot;313&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;the above portrait is of Thomas Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;
+                Charles Brandon&lt;br&gt; &lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;duke of Suffolk &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;The 
+                Boleyn Family&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Thomas 
+                Wolsey&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Cardinal and Lord 
+                Chancellor&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;
+                Thomas Cromwell&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lord 
+                Chancellor and earl of Essex &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcranmer.html&quot;&gt;Thomas 
+                Cranmer&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;archbishop of Canterbury 
+                and martyr&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+                &lt;/font&gt;
+                &lt;CENTER&gt;
+                &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+                href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;St 
+                Thomas More&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+                &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Lord 
+                Chancellor, author, and martyr&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082530&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082530&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH018c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH018c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH018c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1044 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">76440</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter IV</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfour.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH018ca23021dc0cdbf824e592</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215293</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH018c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER IV&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;ELIZABETH AND MARY STUART: 1559-1568&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;WHEN Elizabeth mounted the throne, it was 
+    taken for granted that she was to marry, and marry with the least possible 
+    delay. This was expected of her, not merely because in the event of her 
+    dying without issue there would be a dispute whether the claim of Mary 
+    Stuart or that of Catherine Grey was to prevail, but for a more general 
+    reason. The rule of an unmarried woman, except provisionally during such 
+    short interval as might be necessary to provide her with a husband, was 
+    regarded as quite out of the question. It was the custom for the husbands of 
+    heiresses to step into the property of their wives and stand in the shoes, 
+    so to speak, of the last male proprietor, in order to perform those duties 
+    which could not be efficiently performed by a woman. Elizabeth's sister, 
+    while a subject, had no thought of marrying. But her accession was 
+    considered by herself and every one else to involve marriage. If the nobles 
+    of England could have foreseen that Elizabeth would elude this obligation, 
+    she would probably never have been allowed to mount the throne. Her marriage 
+    was thought to be as much a matter of course, and as necessary, as her 
+    coronation. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Accordingly the House of Commons, which met a 
+    month after her accession, immediately requested her to select a husband 
+    without delay. Her declaration that she had no desire to change her state 
+    was supposed to indicate only the real or affected coyness to be expected 
+    from a young lady. There was no lack of suitors, foreign or English. The 
+    Archduke Charles, son of the Emperor and cousin of Philip, would have been 
+    welcomed by all Catholics and acquiesced in by political Protestants like 
+    Cecil. The ardent Protestants were eager for Arran, and Cecil, till he saw 
+    it was useless, worked his best for him, regardless of the personal 
+    sacrifice his mistress must make in wedding a man who was not always quite 
+    sane and eventually became a confirmed lunatic. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Not many months of the new reign had passed 
+    before it began to be suspected that Elizabeth's partiality for Lord Robert 
+    Dudley had something to do with her evident distaste for all her suitors. To 
+    her Ministers and the public this partiality for a married man became a 
+    cause of great disquietude. They not unnaturally feared that with a young 
+    woman who had no relations to advise and keep watch over her, it might lead 
+    to some disastrous scandal incompatible with her continuance on the throne. 
+    Marriage with Dudley at this time was out of the question. But within four 
+    months of her accession, the Spanish ambassador mentions a report that 
+    Dudley's wife had a cancer, and that the Queen was only waiting for her 
+    death to marry him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;About the humble extraction of Elizabeth's 
+    favourite much nonsense was talked in his lifetime by his ill-wishers, and 
+    has been duly repeated since. He was as well born as most of the peerage of 
+    that time; very few of whom could show nobility of any antiquity in the male 
+    line. The Duke of Norfolk being the only Duke at Elizabeth's accession, and 
+    in possession of an ancient title, was looked on as the head of his order. 
+    Yet it was only seventy-five years since a Howard had first reached the 
+    peerage in consequence of having had the good fortune to marry the heiress 
+    of the Mowbrays. Edmund Dudley, Minister of Henry VII. and father of 
+    Northumberland, was grandson of John, fourth Lord Dudley; and 
+    Northumberland, by his mother's side, was sole heir and representative of 
+    the ancient barony of De L'Isle, which title he bore before he received his 
+    earldom and dukedom. In point of wealth and influence, indeed, the favourite 
+    might be called an upstart. The younger son of an attainted father, he had 
+    not an acre of land or a farthing of money which he did not owe either to 
+    his wife or to the generosity of Elizabeth. This it was that moved the 
+    sneers and ill-will of a people with whom nobility has always been a 
+    composite idea implying, not only birth and title, but territorial wealth. 
+    Moreover his grandfather, though of good extraction, was a simple esquire, 
+    and had risen by helping Henry VII. to trample on the old nobility. After 
+    his fall his son had climbed to power under Henry VIII. and Edward VI. in 
+    the same way. Lord Robert Dudley, again, had to begin at the bottom of the 
+    ladder. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;No one will claim for Elizabeth's favourite 
+    that he was a man of distinguished ability or high character. He had a fine 
+    figure and a handsome face. He bore himself well in manly exercises. His 
+    manners were attractive when he wished to please. To these qualities he 
+    first owed his favour with Elizabeth, who was never at any pains to conceal 
+    her liking for good-looking men and her dislike of ugly ones. Finding 
+    himself in favour, and inheriting to the full the pushing audacity of his 
+    father and grandfather, he professed for the Queen a love which he certainly 
+    did not feel, in order to serve his soaring ambition. Elizabeth, it is my 
+    firm conviction, never loved Dudley or any other man, in any sense of the 
+    word, high or low. She had neither a tender heart nor a sensual temperament. 
+    But she had a more than feminine appetite for admiration; and the more she 
+    was, unhappily for herself, a stranger to the emotion of love, the more 
+    restlessly did she desire to be thought capable of inspiring it. She was 
+    therefore easily taken in by Dudley's professions, and, though she did not 
+    care for him enough to marry him, she liked to have him as well as several 
+    other handsome men, dangling about her, &amp;quot;like her lap-dog,&amp;quot; to use her own 
+    expression. Further she believed--and here came in the mischief --that his 
+    devotion to her person would make him a specially faithful servant. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We know, though Elizabeth did not, that in 
+    1561, Dudley was promising the Spanish ambassador to be Philip's humble 
+    vassal, and to do his best for Catholicism, if Philip would promote his 
+    marriage with the Queen; that, in the same year, he was offering his 
+    services to the French Huguenots for the same consideration; that at one 
+    time he posed as the protector of the Puritans, while at another he was 
+    intriguing with the captive Queen of Scots; whom, again, later on, he had a 
+    chief share in bringing to the block. But we must remember that very few 
+    statesmen, English or foreign, in the sixteenth century could have shown a 
+    record free from similar blots. Those who, like Elizabeth and Cecil, were 
+    undeniably actuated on the whole by public spirit, or by any principle more 
+    respectable than pure selfishness, never hesitated to lie or play a double 
+    game when it seemed to serve their turn. William of Orange is the only 
+    eminent statesman, as far as I know, against whom this charge cannot be 
+    made. When this was the standard of honour for consistent politicians and 
+    real patriots, what was to be expected of lower natures? Dudley's conduct on 
+    several occasions was bad and contemptible; and he must be judged with the 
+    more severity, because he sinned not only against the code of duty binding 
+    on the ordinary man and citizen, but against his professions of a tender 
+    sentiment by means of which he had acquired his special influence. I have 
+    said that he was not a man of great ability. But neither was he the 
+    empty-headed incapable trifler that some writers have depicted him. He was 
+    not so judged by his contemporaries. That Elizabeth, because she liked him, 
+    would have selected a man of notorious incapacity to command her armies, 
+    both in the Netherlands and when the Armada was expected, is one of those 
+    hypotheses that do not become more credible by being often repeated. Cecil 
+    himself, when it was not a question of the marriage--of which he was a 
+    determined opponent--regarded him as a useful servant of the Queen. I do not 
+    doubt that Elizabeth estimated his capacity at about its right value. What 
+    she over-estimated was his affection for on, he had a chief share in 
+    bringing to the block. But we must remember that very few statesmen, English 
+    or foreign, in the sixteenth century could have shown a record free from 
+    similar blots. Those who, like Elizabeth and Cecil, were undeniably actuated 
+    on the whole by public spirit, or by any principle more respectable than 
+    pure selfishness, never hesitated to lie or play a double game when it 
+    seemed to serve their turn. William of Orange is the only eminent statesman, 
+    as far as I know, against whom this charge cannot be made. When this was the 
+    standard of honour for consistent politicians and real patriots, what was to 
+    be expected of lower natures? Dudley's conduct on several occasions was bad 
+    and contemptible; and he must be judged with the more severity, because he 
+    sinned not only against the code of duty binding on the ordinary man and 
+    citizen, but against his professions of a tender sentiment by means of which 
+    he had acquired his special influence. I have said that he was not a man of 
+    great ability. But neither was he the empty-headed incapable trifler that 
+    some writers have depicted him. He was not so judged by his contemporaries. 
+    That Elizabeth, because she liked him, would have selected a man of 
+    notorious incapacity to command her armies, both in the Netherlands and when 
+    the Armada was expected, is one of those hypotheses that do not become more 
+    credible by being often repeated. Cecil himself, when it was not a question 
+    of the marriage--of which he was a determined opponent--regarded him as a 
+    useful servant of the Queen. I do not doubt that Elizabeth estimated his 
+    capacity at about its right value. What she over-estimated was his affection 
+    for herself, and consequently his trustworthiness. Sovereigns--and 
+    others--often place a near relative in an important post, not as being the 
+    most capable person they know, but as most likely to be true to them. 
+    Elizabeth had no near relatives. If we grant--as we must grant--that she 
+    believed in Dudley's love, we cannot wonder that she employed him in 
+    positions of trust. A female ruler will always be liable to make these 
+    mistakes, unless her Ministers and captains are to be of her own sex. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On the 3rd of September 1560, two months 
+    after the Treaty of Leith, Elizabeth told De Quadra that she had made up her 
+    mind to marry the Archduke Charles. On the 8th, Lady Robert Dudley died at 
+    Cumnor Hall. On the 11th, Elizabeth told De Quadra that she had changed her 
+    mind. Dudley neglected his wife, and never brought her to court. We cannot 
+    doubt that he fretted under a tie which stood in the way of his ambition. 
+    Her death had been predicted. It is not strange, therefore, that he should 
+    have been suspected of having caused it. Nevertheless, not a particle of 
+    evidence pointing in that direction has ever been produced, and it seems 
+    most probable that the poor deserted creature committed suicide. A coroner's 
+    jury investigated the case diligently, and, it would seem, with some animus 
+    against Foster, the owner of Cumnor Hall, but returned a verdict of 
+    accidental death. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Anyhow, Dudley was now free. The Scotch 
+    Estates were eagerly pressing Arran's suit, and the English Protestants were 
+    as eagerly backing them. The opportunity was certainly unique. Though 
+    nothing was said about deposing Mary, yet nothing could be more certain than 
+    that, if this marriage took place, the Queen of France would never reign in 
+    Scotland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;At her wits' end how to escape a match so 
+    desirable for the Queen, so repulsive to the woman, Elizabeth had announced 
+    her willingness to espouse the Archduke in order to gain a short 
+    breathing-time. Vienna was at least further than Edinburgh, and difficulties 
+    were sure to arise when details began to be discussed. At this moment, by 
+    the sudden death of his wife, Dudley became marriageable. If Elizabeth had 
+    been free to marry or not, as she pleased, it seems to me in the highest 
+    degree improbable that she would ever have thought of taking Dudley. But 
+    believing that a husband was inevitable, and expecting that she would be 
+    forced to take some one who was either unknown to her or positively 
+    distasteful, it was most natural that she should ask herself whether it was 
+    not the least of evils to put this cruel persecution to an end by choosing a 
+    man whom at least she admired and liked, who loved her, as she thought, for 
+    her own sake, and would be as obedient &amp;quot;as her lap-dog.&amp;quot; When nations are 
+    ruled by women, and marriageable women, feelings and motives which belong to 
+    the sphere of private life, and should be confined to it, are apt to invade 
+    the domain of politics. If Elizabeth's subjects expected their sovereign to 
+    suppress all personal feelings in choosing a consort, they ought to have 
+    established the Salic law. No woman, queen or not queen, can be expected 
+    voluntarily to make such a sacrifice. Her happiness is too deeply involved.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the autumn, then, of 1560, when Elizabeth 
+    had been not quite two years on the throne, she seriously thought of 
+    marrying Dudley. It is difficult to say how long she continued to think of 
+    it seriously. With him, as with other suitors, she went on coquetting when 
+    she had perfectly made up her mind that nothing was to come of it. Perhaps 
+    we shall be right in saying that, as long as there was any question of the 
+    Archduke Charles, she looked to Dudley as a possible refuge. This would be 
+    till about the beginning of 1568. It seems to be always assumed, as a matter 
+    of course, that Cecil played the part of Elizabeth's good genius in 
+    persistently dissuading her from marrying Dudley. I am not so sure of this. 
+    If she had been a wife and a mother many of her difficulties would have at 
+    once disappeared, and the weakest points in her character would have no 
+    longer been brought out. It ended in her not marrying at all. I am inclined 
+    to think that another enemy of Dudley, the Earl of Sussex, showed more good 
+    sense and truer patriotism when he wrote in October 1560:-- &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;I wish not her Majesty to linger this 
+      matter of so great importance, but to choose speedily; and therein to 
+      follow so much her own affection as [that], by the looking upon him whom 
+      she should choose, omnes ejus sensus titillarentur; which shall be the 
+      readiest way, with the help of God, to bring us a blessed prince which 
+      shall redeem us out of thraldom. If I knew that England had other rightful 
+      inheritors I would then advise otherwise, and seek to serve the time by a 
+      husband's choice [seek for an advantageous political alliance]. But seeing 
+      that she is ultimum refugium, and that no riches, friendship, foreign 
+      alliance, or any other present commodity that might come by a husband, can 
+      serve our turn, without issue of her body, if the Queen will love anybody, 
+      let her love where and whom she lists, so much thirst I to see her love. 
+      And whomsoever she shall love and choose, him will I love, honour, and 
+      serve to the uttermost.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Perhaps I may be excused for expressing the 
+    opinion that the ideal husband for Elizabeth, if it had been possible, would 
+    have been Lord James Stuart, afterwards Earl of Moray. Of sufficient 
+    capacity, kindly heart, undaunted resolution, and unswerving rectitude of 
+    purpose, he would have supplied just those elements that were wanting to 
+    correct her defects. King of Scotland he perhaps could not be. Regent of 
+    Scotland he did become. If he could, at the same time, have been Elizabeth's 
+    husband, the two crowns might have, in the next generation, been worn by a 
+    Stuart of a nobler stock than the son of Mary and Darnley. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Mary Stuart, on the death of her husband 
+    Francis II., returned to her own kingdom (August 1561), she found the 
+    Scotch nobles sore at the rejection of Arran's suit. Bent on giving a 
+    sovereign to England, in one way or another, they were now ready, 
+    Protestants as well as Catholics, to back Mary's demand that she should be 
+    recognised as Elizabeth's heir-presumptive. To this the English. Queen could 
+    not consent, for the very sufficient reason, that not only would the 
+    Catholic party be encouraged to hold together and give trouble, but the more 
+    bigoted and desperate members of it would certainly attempt her life, lest 
+    she should disappoint Mary's hopes by marrying. &amp;quot;She was not so foolish,&amp;quot; 
+    she said, &amp;quot;as to hang a winding-sheet before her eyes or make a funeral 
+    feast whilst she was alive,&amp;quot; but she promised that she would neither do 
+    anything nor allow anything to be done by Parliament to prejudice Mary's 
+    title. To this undertaking she adhered long after Mary's hostile conduct had 
+    given ample justification for treating her as an enemy. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Openly Mary was claiming nothing but the 
+    succession. In reality she cared little for a prospect so remote and 
+    uncertain. What she was scheming for was to hurl Elizabeth from her throne. 
+    This was an object for which she never ceased to work till her head was off 
+    her shoulders. Her aims were more sharply defined than those of Elizabeth, 
+    and she was remarkably free from that indecision which too often marred the 
+    action of the English Queen. In ability and information she was not at all 
+    inferior to Elizabeth; in promptitude and energy she was her superior. These 
+    masculine qualities might have given her the victory in the bitter duel, but 
+    that, in the all-important domain of feeling, her sex indomitably asserted 
+    itself, and weighted her too heavily to match the superb self-control of 
+    Elizabeth. She could love and she could hate; Elizabeth had only likes and 
+    dislikes, and therefore played the cooler game. When Mary really loved, 
+    which was only once, all selfish calculations were flung to the winds; she 
+    was ready to sacrifice everything, and not count the cost--body and soul, 
+    crown and life, interest and honour. When she hated, which was often, 
+    rancour was apt to get the better of prudence. And so at the fatal 
+    turning-point of her career, when mad hate and madder love possessed her 
+    soul, she went down before her great rival never to rise again. Here was a 
+    woman indeed. And if, for that reason, she lost the battle in life, for that 
+    reason too she still disputes it from the tomb. She has always had, and 
+    always will have, the ardent sympathy of a host of champions, to whom the 
+    &amp;quot;fair vestal throned by the west&amp;quot; is a mere politician, sexless, coldblooded, 
+    and repulsive. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In 1564 Mary, as yet fancy-free, was seeking 
+    to match herself on purely political grounds. She was not so fastidious as 
+    Elizabeth, for she does not seem to have troubled herself at all about 
+    personal qualities, if a match seemed otherwise eligible. The Hamiltons 
+    pressed Arran upon her. But he was a Protestant. He was not heir to any 
+    throne but that of Scotland; and, though a powerful family in Scotland, the 
+    Hamiltons could give her no help elsewhere. Philip, who, now that the Guises 
+    had become his protÃ©gÃ©s, was less jealous of her designs, wished her to 
+    marry his cousin, the Archduke Charles of Austria. But this prince, whom 
+    Elizabeth professed to find too much of a Catholic, was, in the eyes of 
+    'Mary and her more bigoted co-religionists, too nearly a Lutheran; and she 
+    doubted whether Philip cared enough for him to risk a war for establishing 
+    him and herself upon the English throne. For this reason the husband on whom 
+    she had set her heart was Don Carlos, Philip's own son, a sort of wild 
+    beast. But Philip received her overtures doubtfully; the fact being that he 
+    could not trust Don Carlos, whom he eventually put to death. Catherine de' 
+    Medici loved Mary as little as she did the other Guises, but the prospect of 
+    the Spanish match filled her with such terror that she proposed to make the 
+    Scottish Queen her daughter-in-law a second time by a marriage with Charles 
+    IX., a lad under thirteen, if she would wait two years for him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On the other hand, Elizabeth impressed upon 
+    Mary that, unless she married a member of some Reformed Church, the English 
+    Parliament would certainly demand that her title to the succession, whatever 
+    it was, should be declared invalid. The House of Commons was strongly 
+    Protestant, and had with difficulty been prevented from addressing the Queen 
+    in favour of the succession of Lady Catherine Grey. Apart from religion 
+    there was deep irritation against the whole Scotch nation. Sir Ralph Sadler, 
+    who had been much employed in Scotland, denounced them as &amp;quot;false, beggarly, 
+    and perjured, whom the very stones in the English streets would rise 
+    against.&amp;quot; When Elizabeth was dangerously ill in October 1562, the Council 
+    discussed whom they should proclaim in the event of her death. Some were for 
+    the will of Henry VIII. and Catherine Grey. Others, sick of female rulers, 
+    were for taking the Earl of Huntingdon, a descendant of the Duke of 
+    Clarence. None were for Mary or Darnley. Mary's chief friends--Montagu, 
+    Northumberland, Westmoreland, and Derby--were not on the Council. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Parliament and the Council being against her, 
+    Mary could not afford to quarrel with the Queen. Elizabeth told her that she 
+    would regard a marriage with any Spanish, Austrian, or French prince as a 
+    declaration of war. Help from those quarters was far away, and at the mercy 
+    of winds and waves: the Border fortresses were near, and their garrisons 
+    always ready to march. Besides, whichever of the two she might 
+    obtain--Charles IX. or the Archduke--she drove the other into the arms of 
+    Elizabeth. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But there was another possible husband who 
+    had crossed her mind from time to time; not a prince indeed, yet of royal 
+    extraction in the female line, and, what was more, not without pretensions 
+    to that very succession which she coveted. Henry Lord Darnley, son of 
+    Matthew Stuart, Earl of Lennox, was, by his father's side, of the royal 
+    family of Scotland, while his mother was the daughter of Margaret Tudor, 
+    sister of Henry VIII., by her second husband, the Earl of Angus. Born and 
+    brought up in England, where his father had been long an exile, he was 
+    reckoned as an Englishman, which, in the opinion of many lawyers, was 
+    essential as a qualification for the crown. He was also a Catholic, and if 
+    Elizabeth had died at this time, it was perhaps Darnley, rather than Mary, 
+    whom the Catholics would have tried to place on the throne. Elizabeth had 
+    promised that, if Mary would marry an English nobleman, she would do her 
+    best to get Mary's title recognised by Parliament. To Elizabeth, therefore, 
+    Mary now turned, with the request that she would point out such a nobleman, 
+    not without a hope that she would name Darnley (March 1564). But, to Mary's 
+    mortification, she formally recommended Lord Robert Dudley. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This recommendation has often been treated as 
+    if it was a sorry joke perpetrated by Elizabeth, who had never any intention 
+    of furthering, or even permitting, such a match. But nothing is more certain 
+    than that Elizabeth was most anxious to bring it about; and it affords a 
+    decisive proof that her feeling for Dudley, whatever name she herself may 
+    have put to it, was not what is usually called love. Cecil and all her most 
+    intimate advisers entertained no doubt that she was sincere. She undertook, 
+    if Mary would accept Dudley, to make him a duke; and, in the meantime, she 
+    created him Earl of Leicester. She regarded him, so she told Mary's envoy 
+    Melville, as her brother and her friend; if he was Mary's husband she would 
+    have no suspicion or fear of any usurpation before her death, being assured 
+    that he was so loving and trusty that he would never permit anything to be 
+    attempted during her time. &amp;quot;But,&amp;quot; she said, pointing to Darnley, who was 
+    present, &amp;quot;you like better yonder long lad.&amp;quot; Her suspicion was correct. 
+    Melville had secret instructions to procure permission for Darnley to go to 
+    Scotland. However, he answered discreetly that &amp;quot;no woman of spirit could 
+    choose such an one who more resembled a woman than a man.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;How was Elizabeth to be persuaded to let 
+    Darnley leave England? There was only one way to disarm suspicion: Mary 
+    declared herself ready to marry Leicester (January 1565). Darnley 
+    immediately obtained leave of absence for three months ostensibly to recover 
+    the forfeited Lennox property. In Scotland the purpose of his coming was not 
+    mistaken, and it roused the Protestants to fury. The Queen's chapel, the 
+    only place in the Lowlands where mass was said, was beset. Her priests were 
+    mobbed and maltreated. Moray, who till lately had supported his sister with 
+    such loyalty and energy that Knox had quarrelled with him, prepared, with 
+    the other Lords of the Congregation, for resistance. Elizabeth, and Cecil 
+    also, had been completely overreached. A prudent player sometimes gets into 
+    difficulties by attributing equal prudence to a daring and reckless 
+    antagonist. Elizabeth, as a patriotic ruler, desired nothing but peace and 
+    security for her own kingdom. If she could have that, she had no wish to 
+    meddle with Scotland. Mary, caring nothing for the interests of her 
+    subjects, was facing civil war with a light heart; and, for the chance of 
+    obtaining the more brilliant throne, was ready to risk her own. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Undeterred by Elizabeth's threats, Mary 
+    married Darnley (29 July 1565). Moray and Argyll, having obtained a 
+    promise of assistance from England, took arms; but most of the Lords of the 
+    Congregation showed themselves even more powerless or perfidious than they 
+    had been five years before. Morton, Ruthven, and Lindsay, stoutest of 
+    Protestants, were related to Darnley, and were gratified by the elevation of 
+    their kinsman. Moray failed to elicit a spark of spirit out of the 
+    priest-baiting citizens of Edinburgh, and the Queen, riding steel cap on 
+    head and pistols at saddle-bow, chased him into England. Lord Bedford, who 
+    was in command at Berwick, could have stepped across the Border and 
+    scattered her undisciplined array without difficulty. He implored Elizabeth 
+    to let him do it; offered to do it on his own responsibility, and be 
+    disavowed. But he found, to his mortification, that she had been playing a 
+    game of brag. She had hoped that a threatening attitude would stop the 
+    marriage. But as it was an accomplished fact she was not going to draw the 
+    sword. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was shabby treatment of Moray and his 
+    friends, and to some of her councillors it seemed not only shameful but 
+    dangerous to show the white feather. But judging from the course of events, 
+    Elizabeth's policy was the safe one. The English Catholics--some of them at 
+    all events, as will be explained presently--were becoming more discontented 
+    and dangerous. The northern earls were known to be disaffected. Mary 
+    believed that in every country in England the Catholics had their 
+    organisation and their leaders, and that, if she chose, she could march to 
+    London. No doubt she was much deceived. In reluctance to resort to violence 
+    and respect for constituted authority, England, even north of the Humber, 
+    was at least two centuries ahead of Scotland, and, if she had come attended 
+    by a horde of savage Highlanders and Border ruffians, &amp;quot;the very stones in 
+    the streets would have risen against them.&amp;quot; It was Elizabeth's rule--and a 
+    very good rule too--never to engage in a war if she could avoid it. From 
+    this rule she could not be drawn to swerve either by passion or ambition, or 
+    that most fertile source of fighting, a regard for honour. All the old 
+    objections to an invasion of Scotland still subsisted in full strength, and 
+    were reinforced by others. It was better to wait for an attack which might 
+    never come than go half-way to meet it. An invasion of Scotland might drive 
+    the northern earls to declare for Mary, which, unless compelled to choose 
+    sides, they might never do. Some people are more perturbed by the 
+    expectation and uncertainty of danger than by its declared presence. Not so 
+    Elizabeth. Smouldering treason she could take coolly as long as it only 
+    smouldered. As for the betrayal of the Scotch refugees, Elizabeth never 
+    allowed the private interests of her own subjects, much less those of 
+    foreigners, to weigh against the interests of England. Moray, one of the 
+    most magnanimous and self-sacrificing of statesmen, evidently felt that 
+    Elizabeth's course was wise, if not exactly chivalrous. He submitted to her 
+    public rebuke without publicly contradicting her, and waited patiently in 
+    exile till it should be convenient for her to help him and his cause. Mary, 
+    too, though elated by her success, and never abandoning her intention to 
+    push it further, found it best to halt for a while. Philip wrote to her that 
+    he would help her secretly with money if Elizabeth attacked her, but not 
+    otherwise, and warned her against any premature clutch at the English crown. 
+    Elizabeth's seeming tameness could hardly have received a more complete 
+    justification. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary had determined to espouse Darnley, 
+    before she had set eyes on him, for purely political reasons. There is no 
+    reason to suppose she ever cared for him. It is more likely, as Mr. Froude 
+    suggests, that for a great political purpose she was doing an act which in 
+    itself she loathed. A woman of twenty-two, already a widow, mature beyond 
+    her years, exceptionally able, absorbed in the great game of politics, and 
+    accustomed to admiration, was not likely to care for a raw lad of nineteen, 
+    foolish, ignorant, ill-conditioned, vicious, and without a single manly 
+    quality. One man we know she did love later on--loved passionately and 
+    devotedly, no slim girl-faced youngster, but the fierce, stout-limbed, 
+    dare-devil Bothwell; and Bothwell gradually made his way to her heart by his 
+    readiness to undertake every desperate service she required of him. What 
+    Mary admired, nay envied, in the other sex was the stout heart and the 
+    strong arm. She loved herself to rough it on the war-path. She surprised 
+    Randolph by her spirit:--&amp;quot;Never thought I that stomach to be in her that I 
+    find. She repented nothing but, when the Lords and others came in the 
+    morning from the watches, that she was not a man, to know what life it was 
+    to lie all night in the fields or to walk upon the causeway with a jack and 
+    a knapscap, a Glasgow buckler and a broadsword.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;She desires much,&amp;quot; says 
+    Knollys, &amp;quot;to hear of hardiness and valiancy, commending by name all approved 
+    hardy men of her country, although they be her enemies; and she concealeth 
+    no cowardice even in her friends.&amp;quot; Valuable to Mary as a man of action, 
+    Bothwell was not worth much as an adviser. For advice she looked to the 
+    Italian Rizzio, in whom she confided because, with the detachment of a 
+    foreigner, he regarded Scotch ambitions, animosities, and intrigues only as 
+    so much material to be utilised for the purpose of the combined onslaught on 
+    Protestantism which the Pope was trying to organise. Bothwell was at this 
+    time thirty, and Rizzio, according to Lesley, fifty. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In spite of all the prurient suggestions of 
+    writers who have fastened on the story of Mary's life as on a savoury 
+    morsel, there is no reason whatever for thinking that she was a woman of a 
+    licentious disposition, and there is strong evidence to the contrary. There 
+    was never anything to her discredit in France. Her behaviour in the affair 
+    of Chastelard was irreproachable. The charge of adultery with Rizzio is 
+    dismissed as unworthy of belief even by Mr. Froude, the severest of her 
+    judges. Bothwell indeed she loved, and, like many another woman who does not 
+    deserve to be called licentious, she sacrificed her reputation to the man 
+    she loved. But the most conclusive proof that she was no slave to appetite 
+    is afforded by her nineteen years' residence in England, which began when 
+    she was only twenty-five. During almost the whole of that time she was 
+    mixing freely in the society of the other sex, with the fullest opportunity 
+    for misconduct had she been so inclined. It is not to be supposed that she 
+    was fettered by any scruples of religion or morality. Yet no charge of 
+    unchastity is made against her. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Darnley found that his wife, though she 
+    conferred on him the title of King, did not procure for him the crown 
+    matrimonial or allow him the smallest authority, he gave free vent to his 
+    anger. No less angry were his kinsmen, Morton, Ruthven, and Lindsay. They 
+    had deserted the Congregation in the expectation that when Darnley was King 
+    they would be all-powerful. Instead of this they found themselves neglected; 
+    while the Queen's confidence was given to Catholics and to Bothwell, who, 
+    though nominally a Protestant, always acted with the Catholics. The 
+    Protestant seceders had in fact fallen between two stools. It was against 
+    Rizzio that their rage burnt fiercest. Bothwell was only a bull-headed, 
+    blundering swordsman. Rizzio was doubly detestable to them as the brain of 
+    the Queen's clique and as a low-born foreigner. Rizzio, therefore, they 
+    determined to remove in the time-honoured Scottish fashion. Notice of the 
+    day fixed for the murder was sent to the banished noblemen in England, so 
+    that they might appear in Edinburgh immediately it was accomplished. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Randolph, the English ambassador, and 
+    Bedford, who commanded on the Border, were also taken into the secret, and 
+    they communicated it to Cecil and Leicester. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It is unnecessary here to repeat the 
+    well-known story of the murder of Rizzio. It was part of a large scheme for 
+    bringing back the exiled Protestant lords, closing the split in the 
+    Protestant party, and securing the ascendancy of the Protestant religion. At 
+    first it appeared to have succeeded. Bedford wrote to Cecil that &amp;quot;everything 
+    would now go well.&amp;quot; But Mary, by simulating a return of wifely fondness, 
+    managed to detach her weak husband from his confederates. By his aid she 
+    escaped from their hands. Bothwell and her Catholic friends gathered round 
+    her in arms. In a few days she re-entered Edinburgh in triumph, and Rizzio's 
+    murderers had to take refuge in England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But if the Protestant stroke had failed, Mary 
+    was obliged to recognise that her plan for re-establishing the Catholic 
+    ascendancy in Scotland could not be rushed in the high-handed way she had 
+    proposed as a mere preliminary to the more important subjugation of England. 
+    At the very moment when she seemed to stand victorious over all opposition, 
+    the ground had yawned under her feet, and, while she was dreaming of 
+    dethroning Elizabeth, she had found herself a helpless captive in the hands 
+    of her own subjects. The lesson was a valuable one, and if she could profit 
+    by it her prospects had never been so good. The barbarous outrage of which, 
+    in the sixth month of pregnancy, she had been the object could not but 
+    arouse widespread sympathy for her. She had extricated herself from her 
+    difficulties with splendid courage and clever-ness. The loss of such an 
+    adviser as Rizzio was really a stroke of luck for her. All she had to do was 
+    to abandon, or at all events postpone, her design of reestablishing the 
+    Catholic religion in Scotland, and to discontinue her intrigues against 
+    Elizabeth. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Her prospects in England were still further 
+    improved when she gave birth to a son (19 June 1566). Once more there was 
+    an heir-male to the old royal line, and, as Elizabeth continued to evade 
+    marriage, most people who were not fierce Protestants began to think it 
+    would be more reasonable and safe to abide by the rule of primogeniture than 
+    by the will of Henry VIII., sanctioned though it was by Act of Parliament. 
+    There can be no doubt that this was the opinion and intention of Elizabeth, 
+    though she strongly objected to having anything settled during her own 
+    lifetime. But she had herself gone a long way towards settling it by her 
+    treatment of Mary's only serious competitor. Catherine Grey had contracted a 
+    secret marriage with the Earl of Hertford, son of the Protector Somerset. 
+    Her pregnancy necessitated an avowal. The clergyman who had married them was 
+    not forthcoming, and Hertford's sister, the only witness, was dead. 
+    Elizabeth chose to disbelieve their story, though she would not have been 
+    able to prove when, where, or by whom her own father and mother had been 
+    married. She had a right to be angry; but when she sent the unhappy couple 
+    to the Tower, and caused her tool, Archbishop Parker, to pronounce the union 
+    invalid and its offspring illegitimate, she was playing Mary's game. The 
+    House of Commons elected in 1563 was still undissolved. It was strongly 
+    Protestant, and it favoured Catherine's title even after her disgrace. In 
+    its second session, in the autumn of 1566, it made a determined effort to 
+    compel Elizabeth to marry, and in the meanwhile to recognise Catherine as 
+    the heirpresumptive. The zealous Protestants knew well that the Peers were 
+    in favour of the Stuart title, and they feared that a new House of Commons 
+    might agree with the Peers. To get rid of their pertinacity Elizabeth 
+    dissolved Parliament, not without strong expressions of displeasure (2 January 1567). Cecil himself earned the thanks of Mary for his attitude on this 
+    occasion. It cannot be doubted that he dreaded her succession; but he saw 
+    which way the tide was running, and he thought it prudent to swim with it.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was at this moment that Mary flung away 
+    all her advantage, and entered oh the fatal course which led to her ruin. 
+    Her loathing for Darnley, her fierce desire to avenge on him the insults and 
+    outrage she had suffered, left no room in heart or mind for considerations 
+    of policy. She would have been glad to obtain a divorce. But the Catholic 
+    Church does not grant divorce for misconduct after marriage. Some pretext 
+    must be found for alleging that the marriage was null from the beginning. 
+    This did not suit Mary. It would have made her son illegitimate, and would 
+    have placed her in exactly the position of Catherine Grey. A mere separation 
+    a toro would not have suited her any better, for it would not have enabled 
+    her to contract another marriage. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Mary's reliance on Bothwell grew into 
+    attachment, when her attachment warmed into love, it is impossible to fix 
+    with any exactness. Her infatuation presented itself to him as a grand 
+    opening for his daring ambition. A notorious profligate, he loved her--if 
+    the word is to be so degraded--as much or as little as he had loved twenty 
+    other women. What, however, he desired in her case, was marriage. A more 
+    sensible man would have foreseen that marriage would mean certain ruin for 
+    himself and the Queen. But he was accustomed to despise all difficulties in 
+    his path, being intellectually incapable of measuring them, and believing in 
+    nothing but audacity and brute force. Husband of the Queen, why should he 
+    not be master of the kingdom? Why not King? When such an idea had once 
+    occurred to Bothwell, Darnley's expectancy of life would be much the same as 
+    that of a calf in the presence of the butcher. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The wretched victim had alienated all his 
+    friends among the nobility. Some owed him a deadly grudge for his treachery. 
+    Others had been offended by his insolence. To all he was an encumbrance and 
+    a nuisance. Several, therefore, of the leading personages were more or less 
+    engaged in the compact for putting him out of the way. Moray, Argyll, and 
+    Maitland offered to assist in ridding Mary of her husband by way of a 
+    Protestant sentence of divorce, on condition that Morton and his friends in 
+    exile should be pardoned and recalled. The bargain was struck, and Mary 
+    assented to it. Nothing was said about murder. No one had any interest in 
+    murder except Mary and Bothwell, whose project of marriage was as yet 
+    unsuspected. At the same time, if Bothwell liked to kill Darnley on his own 
+    responsibility, as no doubt he made it pretty plain that he would--why, so 
+    much the better. It relieved the other lords of all trouble. It was a 
+    simple, thorough, old-fashioned expedient, which had never been attended 
+    with any discredit in Scotland, and had only one inconvenience --that it 
+    usually saddled the murderer with a blood feud. In the present case Lennox 
+    was the only peer who would feel the least aggrieved; and he was in no 
+    condition to wage blood-feuds. Anyhow, that was Bothwell's look-out. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;So obvious was all this that it was hardly 
+    worth while to observe secrecy except as to the exact occasion and mode of 
+    execution. Many persons were more or less aware of what was going to be 
+    done; but none cared to interfere. Moray was an honourable and conscientious 
+    man, if judged by the standard of his environment--the only fair way of 
+    estimating character. But Moray chose to leave Edinburgh the morning before 
+    the deed; and thought it sufficient to be able to say afterwards that &amp;quot;if 
+    any man said he was present when purposes [talk] were held in his audience 
+    tending to any unlawful or dishonourable end, he spoke wickedly and 
+    untruly.&amp;quot; The inner circle of the plot consisted of Bothwell, Argyll, Huntly, 
+    Maitland, and Sir James Balfour. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;That Darnley was murdered by Bothwell is not 
+    disputed. That Mary was cognisant of the plot, and lured him to the 
+    shambles, has been doubted by few investigators at once competent and 
+    unbiassed. She lent herself to this part not without compunction. Bothwell 
+    had the advantage over her that the loved has over the lover; and he used it 
+    mercilessly for his headlong ambition, hardly taking the trouble to pretend 
+    that he cared for the unhappy woman who was sacrificing everything for him. 
+    He in fact cared more for his lawful wife, whom he was preparing to divorce, 
+    and to whom he had been married only six months. Mary was tormented by 
+    jealousy of her after the divorce as well as before. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The murder of Darnley (10 February 1567) was 
+    universally ascribed to Mary at the time by Catholics as well as Protestants 
+    at home and abroad, and it fatally damaged her cause in England and the rest 
+    of Europe. In Scotland itself--such was the backward and barbarous state of 
+    the country--it would probably not have shaken her throne if she had 
+    followed it up with firm and prudent government. She might even have 
+    indulged her illicit passion for Bothwell, with little pretence of 
+    concealment, if she had not advanced him in place and power above his 
+    equals. There was probably not a noble in Scotland, from Moray downwards, 
+    who would have scrupled to be her Minister. The Protestant commonalty 
+    indeed, who with all the national laxity as to the observance of the sixth 
+    commandment, were shocked by any trifling with the seventh, would no doubt 
+    have made their bark heard. But their bite had not yet become formidable; 
+    and in any case they were not to be propitiated. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;What brought sudden and irretrievable ruin on 
+    Mary was not the murder of Darnley, but the infatuation which made her the 
+    passive instrument of Bothwell's presumptuous ambition. The lords, Catholic 
+    and Protestant alike, allowed the murder to pass uncondemned and unpunished; 
+    but they were furious when they found that Darnley had only been removed to 
+    make room for Bothwell, and that they were to have for their master a noble 
+    of by no means the highest lineage, bankrupt in fortune, and generally 
+    disliked for his arrogant and bullying demeanour. The project of marriage 
+    was not disclosed till ten weeks after the murder (19 April 1567). Five 
+    days later, Bothwell, fearing lest he should be frustrated by public 
+    indignation or interference from England, carried off the Queen, as had been 
+    previously arranged between them. His idea was that, when Mary had been thus 
+    publicly outraged, it would be recognised as impossible that she should 
+    marry any one but the ravisher. In this coarse expedient, as in the clumsy 
+    means employed for disposing of Darnley, we see the blundering foolhardiness 
+    of the man. The marriage ceremony was performed as soon as Bothwell's 
+    divorce could be managed (15 May). Just a month later Mary surrendered to 
+    the insurgent lords at Carberry Hill, and Bothwell, flying for his life, 
+    disappears from history. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The feelings with which Elizabeth had 
+    contemplated the course of events in Scotland during the last six months 
+    were no doubt of a mixed nature. At the beginning of 1567, her seven-years' 
+    duel with Mary appeared to be ending in defeat. The last bold thrust, aimed 
+    in her interest if not by her hand --the murder of Rizzio--had not improved 
+    her position. It seemed that she would soon be obliged to make her choice 
+    between two equally dreaded alternatives: she must either recognise Mary as 
+    her heir or take a husband. From this unpleasant dilemma she was released by 
+    the headlong descent of her rival in the first six months of 1567. But all 
+    other feelings were soon swallowed up in alarm and indignation at the 
+    spectacle of subjects in revolt against their sovereign. As tidings came in 
+    rapid succession of Mary's surrender at Carberry Hill, of her return to 
+    Edinburgh amidst the insults and threats of the Calvinist mob, of her 
+    imprisonment at Loch Leven, of the proposal to try and execute her, 
+    Elizabeth's anger waxed hotter, and she told the Scotch lords in her most 
+    imperious tones that she could not, and would not, permit them to use force 
+    with their sovereign. If they deposed or punished her, she would revenge it 
+    upon them. If they could not prevail on her to do what was right, they must 
+    &amp;quot;remit themselves to Almighty God, in whose hands only princes' hearts 
+    remain.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This language, addressed as it was to the 
+    only men in Scotland who were disposed to support the English interest, was 
+    imprudent. In her fellow-feeling for a sister sovereign, and her keen 
+    perception of the revolutionary tendencies of the time, Elizabeth spoilt an 
+    unique opportunity of placing her relations with Scotland on a footing of 
+    permanent security, of providing for the English succession in a way at once 
+    advantageous to the nation and free from risk to her own life, and lastly, 
+    of escaping from the constant worry about her own marriage. She had seen 
+    clearly enough what might be made of the situation. Throgmorton had been 
+    despatched to Scotland with instructions to do his best to get the infant 
+    Prince confided to her care. Once in England, she would virtually have 
+    adopted him. She would have possessed a son and heir without the 
+    inconvenience of marriage. To a Parliamentary recognition, indeed, of his 
+    title she would assuredly not have consented. It would have made him 
+    independent and dangerous. But if he behaved well to her, his succession 
+    would be more certain than any Act of Parliament could make it. Mary, if 
+    released and restored to power, would no longer be formidable. If she were 
+    deposed or put to death, Elizabeth would indirectly govern Scotland, at all 
+    events, till James should be of age. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This splendid opportunity Elizabeth lost by 
+    her peremptory and domineering language. The old Scotch pride took fire. The 
+    Anglophile lords, who would have been glad enough to send the young Prince 
+    to England, could not afford to appear less patriotic than the Francophiles. 
+    Throgmorton's attempt to get hold of James was as unsuccessful as that of 
+    the Protector Somerset to get hold of James's mother had been twenty years 
+    before. He was told that, before the Prince could be sent to England, his 
+    title to the English succession must be recognised; a condition which 
+    Elizabeth could not grant. Her claim that Mary should be restored without 
+    conditions was equally unacceptable to the Anglophile lords. They might have 
+    been induced to release her if she would have consented to give up Bothwell, 
+    or if they could have caught and hanged him. But such was her devotion to 
+    him, that no threats or promises availed to shake it. It was in vain that 
+    they offered to produce letters of his to the divorced Lady Bothwell, in 
+    which he assured her that he regarded her still as his lawful wife, and Mary 
+    only as his concubine. The unhappy Queen had been aware even before her 
+    marriage--as a pathetic letter to Bothwell shows--that her passionate love 
+    was not returned. Two days after the marriage, his unkindness had driven her 
+    to think of suicide. But nothing they could say could shake her constancy. 
+    &amp;quot;She would not consent by any persuasion to abandon the Lord Bothwell for 
+    her husband. She would live and die with him. If it were put to her choice 
+    to relinquish her crown and kingdom or the Lord Bothwell, she would leave 
+    her kingdom and dignity to go as a simple damsel with him; and she will 
+    never consent that he shall fare worse or have more harm than herself. Let 
+    them put Bothwell and herself on board ship to go wherever fortune might 
+    carry them.&amp;quot; This temper made it difficult for the Anglophile lords to know 
+    what to do with the prisoner of Loch Leven. They were disappointed and angry 
+    that Elizabeth, instead of approving their enterprise, and sending the money 
+    for which, as usual, they were begging, should treat them as rebels, and 
+    even secretly urge the Hamiltons to rescue Mary by force. The Hamiltons were 
+    in arms at Dumbarton. They wanted either that the Prince should be 
+    proclaimed King, with the Duke of Chatelherault for Regent, or that Mary 
+    should be divorced from Bothwell and married to Lord John Hamilton, the 
+    Duke's second son, and, in default of the crazy Arran, his destined 
+    successor. With Argyll, too, disgust at Mary's crime was tempered by a 
+    desire to marry her to his brother. Lady Douglas of Loch Leven herself, for 
+    whom Sir Walter Scott has invented such magnificent tirades, desired nothing 
+    better than to be her mother-in-law. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The prompt action of the confederate lords 
+    foiled these schemes. By the threat of a public trial on the charge of 
+    complicity in her husband's murder, or, as her advocates believe, by the 
+    fear of instant death, Mary was compelled to abdicate in favour of her son, 
+    and to nominate Moray Regent (29 July 1567). Elizabeth would not recognise 
+    him; partly from a natural fear lest she should be suspected of having been 
+    in collusion with him all along, partly from genuine abhorrence of such 
+    revolutionary proceedings. The French Government, on the other hand, casting 
+    principle and sentiment alike to the winds, courted his alliance. He might 
+    keep his sister in prison, or put her to death, or send her to be immured in 
+    a French convent: only let him embrace the French interests, and an army 
+    should be sent to support him --a Huguenot army if he did not like 
+    Catholics. But Moray turned a deaf ear to these solicitations, and waited 
+    patiently till Elizabeth's ill-humour should give way to more statesmanlike 
+    considerations. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The escape of Mary from Loch Leven (2 May 
+    1568), and the rising of the Hamiltons in her favour, were largely due to 
+    the unfriendly attitude assumed by Elizabeth to the Regent's government. 
+    After the defeat of Langside (13 May) it would perhaps have been difficult 
+    for the fugitive Queen to make her way to France or Spain. But it was not 
+    the difficulty which deterred her from making the attempt. Both Catherine 
+    and Philip, later on, were disposed to befriend her, or, rather, to make use 
+    of her; but at the time of her escape from Scotland, she had nothing to 
+    expect from them but severity. Elizabeth was the only sovereign who had 
+    tried to help her. Moreover, Mary had always laboured under the delusion 
+    that because most Englishmen regarded her as the next heir to the crown, and 
+    a great many preferred the old religion to the new, she had as good a party 
+    in England as Elizabeth herself, if not a better. During her prosperity, she 
+    had made repeated applications to be allowed to visit the southern kingdom. 
+    She was convinced that, if she once appeared on English ground, Elizabeth's 
+    throne would be shaken; and Elizabeth's unwillingness to receive the visit 
+    had confirmed her in her belief. If she now crossed the Solway without 
+    waiting for the permission which she had requested by letter, it was not 
+    because she was hard pressed. The Regent had gone to Edinburgh after the 
+    battle. At Dundrennan, among the Catholic Maxwells, Lord Herries guaranteed 
+    her safety for forty days; and, at an hour's notice, a boat would place, her 
+    beyond pursuit. Her haste was rather prompted by the expectation that 
+    Elizabeth, alarmed by her application, would refuse to receive her. To 
+    Elizabeth the arrival of the Scottish Queen was, indeed, as unwelcome as it 
+    was unexpected. For ten years she had governed successfully, because she had 
+    managed to hold an even course between conflicting principles and parties, 
+    and to avoid taking up a decisive attitude on the most burning questions. 
+    The very indecision, which was the weak spot in her character, and which so 
+    fretted her Ministers, had, it must be confessed, contributed something to 
+    the result. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Cecil might groan over a policy of letting 
+    things drift. But it may be doubted whether they had not often drifted 
+    better than Cecil would have steered them if he might have had his way. To 
+    do nothing is not, indeed, the golden rule of statesmanship. But at that 
+    time, England's peculiar position between France and Spain, and between 
+    Calvinism and Catholicism, enabled her ruler to play a waiting game. This 
+    was the general rule applicable to the situation. Elizabeth apprehended it 
+    more clearly than her Ministers did, and she fell back on it again and 
+    again, when they flattered themselves that they had committed her to a 
+    forward policy. It was safe. It was cheap. It required coolness and 
+    intrepidity--qualities with which Elizabeth was well furnished by nature. 
+    But it was not spirited: it was not showy. Hence it has not found favour 
+    with historians, who insist that it ought to have ended in disaster. As a 
+    matter of fact, England was carried safely through unparalleled 
+    difficulties; and, when all is said, Elizabeth is entitled to be judged by 
+    the general result of her long reign. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary's arrival was unwelcome to Elizabeth, 
+    because it seemed likely to force her hand. To do nothing would be no longer 
+    possible. The Catholic nobles and gentry of the north flocked to Carlisle to 
+    pay court to the heiress of the English crown. It was not that they believed 
+    her innocent of her husband's murder. The suspicion of her complicity was at 
+    that time universal. But they supposed that it would never amount to more 
+    than a suspicion. They did not expect that the charge would ever be formally 
+    made. They were not aware that it could be supported by overwhelming 
+    evidence. Later on, when the proofs were produced, they had already 
+    committed themselves to her cause, and were bound not to be convinced.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If the attitude of these Catholics be thought 
+    to indicate some moral callousness, it may be fairly argued that it was less 
+    cynical than that of Elizabeth herself, who, while not unwilling that Mary 
+    should be suspected, would not allow her to be convicted. Steady to her main 
+    purpose, though hesitating, and even vacillating, in the means she adopted, 
+    she still adhered, notwithstanding all that had lately taken place, to her 
+    intention that Mary, if her survivor, should be her successor. Like all the 
+    greatest statesmen of her time, she placed secular interests before 
+    religious opinions. She was persuaded that the maintenance of the principle 
+    of authority was all-important. Nothing else could hold society together or 
+    prevent the rival fanaticisms from tearing each other to pieces. For 
+    authority there was no other basis left than the principle of hereditary 
+    succession by primogeniture. This principle must, therefore, be treated as 
+    something sacred--not to be set aside or tampered with in a short-sighted 
+    grasping at any seeming immediate utility. To allow it to be called in 
+    question was to shake her own title. Already, in France, the Jesuits were 
+    preaching that orthodoxy and the will of the people were the only legitimate 
+    foundation of sovereignty. Few English Catholics had learned that doctrine; 
+    but they would not be slow to learn it if the hereditary claim of Mary was 
+    to be set aside. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If Mary had been content to claim what 
+    primogeniture gave her--the right to the succession--there would have been 
+    no quarrel between her and Elizabeth. But it was notorious that she had all 
+    along been plotting to substitute herself for Elizabeth. Never had she 
+    cherished that dream with more confidence than when the Percys and Nevilles 
+    crowded round her at Carlisle. In her sanguine imagination, she already saw 
+    herself mistress of a finer kingdom than that which had just expelled her, 
+    and marching, at the head of her new subjects, to wreak vengeance on her old 
+    ones. She seemed likely to be no less dangerous as an exile in England than 
+    as a Queen in Scotland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had now reason to regret the 
+    unnecessary warmth with which she had espoused Mary's cause. To suppose that 
+    she had any sentimental feelings for one whom she knew to be her deadly 
+    enemy is, in my judgment, ridiculous. Elizabeth was not a generous 
+    woman--especially towards other women; and in this case generosity would 
+    have been folly, and culpable folly. She did not hate Mary--she was too cool 
+    and self-reliant to hate an enemy--but she disliked her. She was jealous, 
+    with a small feminine jealousy, of her beauty and fascinations. The 
+    consciousness of this unworthy feeling made her all the more anxious not to 
+    betray it. And so, at a time when she did not expect to have Mary on her 
+    hands, she had been tempted to use language implying a pity, sympathy, and 
+    affection which assuredly she did not feel, and which it would not have been 
+    creditable to her to feel. Petty insincerities of this kind have usually to 
+    be paid for sooner or later. She had now to exchange the language of 
+    sympathy for the language of business with what grace she could; and she has 
+    not escaped the charge, certainly undeserved, of deliberate treachery. It 
+    was awkward, after such exaggerated professions of sympathy, to be obliged 
+    to hold the fugitive at arm's-length, and even to put restraint on her 
+    movements. But no other course was possible. No sovereign, at any time in 
+    history, has allowed a pretender to the crown to move about freely in his 
+    dominions and make a party among his subjects. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Wince as she might, and did, under the 
+    reproach of treachery, Elizabeth was not going to allow her unwise words to 
+    tie her to unwise action. Only one arrangement appeared to her to be at once 
+    admissible in principle and prudent in practice. Mary must be restored to 
+    the Scottish throne; but in such a way that she should thenceforth be 
+    powerless for mischief. She must be content with the title of Queen. The 
+    real government must be in the hands of Moray. Thus the principle of 
+    legitimacy and the sacredness of royalty would be saved, and the English 
+    Catholics would be content to bide their time. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Cecil, for his part, was also anxious to see 
+    Mary back in Scotland; but not as Queen. Though regarded in Catholic circles 
+    as a desperate heretic, he was really a &lt;i&gt;politique&lt;/i&gt;, a worldly-minded 
+    man--I mean the epithet to be laudatory--and he would probably have admitted 
+    in the abstract the wisdom of Elizabeth's opinion--that it was of more 
+    importance to England to have a legitimate sovereign than a gospel religion. 
+    But he was not prepared to submit frankly to the application of this 
+    principle. His personal prospects were too deeply concerned. It was all very 
+    well for Elizabeth to lay down a principle in which she might be said to 
+    have a life-interest. She was thirteen years his junior; but she might 
+    easily predecease him; and, with Mary on the throne, his power would 
+    certainly go, and, not improbably, his head with it. It was not in human 
+    nature, therefore, that he should cherish the principle of primogeniture as 
+    his mistress did; and, as far as his dread of her displeasure would allow 
+    him, he was always casting about for some means of defeating Mary's 
+    reversion. Her sudden plunge into crime was to him a turn of good fortune 
+    beyond his dreams. If he could have had his will she would have been 
+    promptly handed over to the Regent on the understanding that she was to be 
+    consigned to perpetual imprisonment, or, still better, to the scaffold.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In order to carry out her plan, Elizabeth 
+    called on Mary and the Regent to submit their respective cases to a 
+    Commission, consisting of the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Sussex, and Sir 
+    Ralph Sadler. Mary was extremely reluctant, as she well might be, to face 
+    any investigation; but she was told that, until her character was formally 
+    cleared, she could not be admitted to Elizabeth's presence; and she was at 
+    the same time privately assured that her restoration should, in any case, be 
+    managed without any damage to her honour. Moray received an equally positive 
+    assurance that if his sister was proved guilty, she should not be restored. 
+    The two statements were not absolutely irreconcilable, because Elizabeth 
+    intended to prevent the worst charges from being openly proved. Her sole 
+    object--and we can hardly blame her--was to obtain security for herself and 
+    her own kingdom. She did not wish the Queen of Scots to be proved a 
+    murderess in open court; but she did desire that the charge should be made, 
+    and also that the Commissioners should see the originals of the casket 
+    letters. Any public disclosure of the evidence might be prevented, and some 
+    sort of ambiguous acquittal pronounced, on grounds which all the world would 
+    see to be nugatory: such, for instance, as the culprit's own solemn denial 
+    of the charge; which was, in fact, the only answer Mary intended to make. 
+    What was known to the Commissioners would come to be more or less known to 
+    all persons of influence in England, and would surely discredit Mary to such 
+    a degree that even her warmest partisans would cease to conspire in her 
+    favour. Mary herself (so Elizabeth hoped), when made aware that this 
+    terrible weapon was in reserve, and could at any moment be used against her, 
+    would be permanently humbled and crippled, and would be glad to accept such 
+    terms as Elizabeth would impose. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Commissioners opened their court at York 
+    (October 1568). But they had not been sitting long before Elizabeth 
+    discovered that Norfolk was scheming to marry Mary, and that the project was 
+    approved by many of the English nobility. Their purpose was not, as yet, 
+    disloyal. They thought that, married to the head of the English peerage, and 
+    residing in England, Mary would have to give up her plots with France, while 
+    her presence would strengthen the Conservative party, which desired to keep 
+    up the old alliance with Spain, and looked for the re-establishment sooner 
+    or later of the old religion. This scheme, though not disloyal, was 
+    extremely alarming to Elizabeth. Norfolk was nominally a Protestant. But she 
+    had placed him on the Commission as a representative of the Conservative 
+    party, believing that, while he would lend himself to hushing up Mary's 
+    guilt, his eyes would be opened to her real character. Yet here he was, like 
+    the Hamiltons, Campbells, and Douglases, ready to take her with her smirched 
+    reputation, simply for the chance of her two crowns. It was not a case of 
+    love, for he had never seen her. He seems to have been staggered for a 
+    moment by the sight of the casket letters, and to have doubted whether it 
+    was for his honour or even his safety to marry such a woman. But in the end, 
+    as we shall see, he swallowed his scruples. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On discovering Norfolk's intrigue, Elizabeth 
+    hastily revoked the Commission, and ordered another investigation to be held 
+    by the most important peers and statesmen of England. The casket letters and 
+    the depositions were submitted to them. Mary's able and zealous advocate, 
+    the Bishop of Ross, could say nothing except that his mistress had sent him 
+    on the supposition that Moray was to be the defendant: let her appear in 
+    person before the Queen, and she would give reasons why Moray ought not to 
+    be allowed to advance any charges against her. To make no better answer than 
+    this was virtually to admit that the charges against her were unanswerable.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was thought that she was now sufficiently 
+    frightened to be ready to accept Elizabeth's terms, and they were 
+    unofficially communicated to her. Her return to Scotland was no longer 
+    contemplated, for Moray had absolutely declined to charge her openly with 
+    the murder or produce the letters unless she were detained in England. But 
+    in order to get rid of the revolutionary proceedings at Loch Leven she 
+    herself, as it were of her own free will, and on the ground that she was 
+    weary of government, was to confer the crown on her son and the regency on 
+    Moray. James was to be educated in England. She herself was to reside in 
+    England as long as Elizabeth should find it convenient. It was not mentioned 
+    in the communication, but it was probably intended, that she should marry 
+    some Englishman of no political importance, in order to produce more 
+    children who would succeed James if, as was likely enough, he should die in 
+    his infancy. If she would accept these conditions the charges against her 
+    should be &amp;quot;committed to perpetual silence;&amp;quot; if not, the trial must go on, 
+    and the verdict could not be doubtful (December 1568). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A woman less daring and less keen-sighted 
+    than Mary would assuredly, at this point, have given up the game, and 
+    thankfully accepted the conditions offered. They would not have prevented 
+    her from ascending the English throne if she had outlived Elizabeth. But 
+    that was a delay which she had always scouted as intolerable, and she was 
+    one to whom life was worth nothing if it meant defeat, retirement, even for 
+    a time, from the public scene, and the abandonment of long-cherished 
+    ambitions. Moreover her quick wit had divined that Elizabeth was using a 
+    threat which she did not mean to put into execution. There would be no 
+    verdict--not even any publication to the world of the evidence. Guilty 
+    therefore as she was, and aware that her guilt could be proved, she coolly 
+    faced &amp;quot;the great extremities&amp;quot; at which Elizabeth had hinted, and rejected 
+    the conditions. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Perhaps even Mary's daring would have 
+    flinched from this bold game but for a quarrel between Elizabeth and Philip, 
+    to be mentioned presently. Hitherto Philip, much to his credit, had declined 
+    to interfere in Mary's behalf. To him, as to every one else, Catholic as 
+    well as Protestant, her guilt seemed evident. She had been only a scandal 
+    and embarrassment to the Catholic cause. But if there was to be war with 
+    England, every enemy of Elizabeth was a weapon to be used. Accordingly he 
+    now began, though reluctantly, to think of helping the Queen of Scots, and 
+    even of marrying her to his brother Don John of Austria. With the prospect 
+    of such backing it was not wonderful that she declined to own herself 
+    beaten. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's calculations, though reasonable, 
+    were thus disappointed. The inquiry was dropped without any decision. The 
+    Regent was sent home with a small sum of money, and Mary remained in England 
+    (January 1569). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfive.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    V: Aristocratic Plots: 1568-1572&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082623&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082623&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0192.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0192.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0192.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7981</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The coronations of King Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon, 1509</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0192fd262ce3b45d11d58e8a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0192.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">h8crown.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/h8crown.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1509: The coronations of King Henry VIII and Katharine of Aragon&quot; width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;114&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry VIII was born on 28 June 1491, the second son of King 
+      Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; He was originally destined to be 
+      archbishop of Canterbury, but his older brother, Prince Arthur, died in 
+      1502, shortly after marrying the Spanish princess Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And so Henry became king of England at the age of 18.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry married his brother's widow mere weeks after his 
+      father died.&amp;nbsp; He claimed it had been Henry VII's dying wish, but this 
+      is doubtful.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's plight appealed to Henry's chivalric 
+      streak; he respected and admired her.&amp;nbsp; They were married for over 
+      twenty years and, for a long while, were happy together.&amp;nbsp; But the 
+      lack of a male heir and increasingly different lifestyles led to an 
+      emotional separation; not surprisingly, Henry became infatuated with 
+      another, much younger woman.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry and Katharine were married on 11 June 1509 and 
+      crowned together at Westminster Abbey on the 24th.&amp;nbsp; Over the next 
+      nine years, Katharine bore six children, only one of whom survived.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Her marriage to Henry was annulled against her will in 1533 and she died 
+      three years later.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The following day being a Sunday, and also Midsummer's Day, the noble 
+    prince with his queen left the palace for Westminster Abbey at the appointed 
+    hour.&amp;nbsp; The barons of the Cinq Ports held canopies over the royal couple 
+    who trod on striped cloth of ray, which was immediately cut up by the crowd 
+    when they had entered the abbey.&amp;nbsp; Inside, according to sacred tradition 
+    and ancient custom, his grace and the queen were anointed and crowned by the 
+    archbishop of Canterbury in the presence of other prelates of the realm and 
+    the nobility and a large number of civic dignitaries.&amp;nbsp; The people were 
+    asked if they would take this most noble prince as their king and obey him.&amp;nbsp; 
+    With great reverence, love and willingness they responded with the cry 'Yea, 
+    Yea'. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;When the ceremony was finished, the lords spiritual and temporal paid homage 
+to the king and, with the queen's permission, returned to Westminster Hall - 
+each one beneath his canopy - where the lord marshal bearing his staff of office 
+ushered all to their seats.&amp;nbsp; Each noble and lord proceeded to his allotted 
+place arranged earlier according to seniority.&amp;nbsp; The nine-piece table being 
+set with the king's estate seated on the right and the queen's estate on the 
+left, the first course of the banquet was announced with a fanfare.&amp;nbsp; At the 
+sound the duke of Buckingham entered riding a huge charger covered with richly 
+embroidered trappings, together with the lord steward mounted on a horse decked 
+with cloth of gold.&amp;nbsp; The two of them led in the banquet which was truly 
+sumptuous, and as well as a great number of delicacies also included unusual 
+heraldic devices and mottoes.
+&lt;p&gt;How can I describe the abundance of fine and delicate fare prepared for this 
+magnificent and lordly feast, produced both abroad and in the many and various 
+parts of this realm to which God has granted his bounty.&amp;nbsp; Or indeed the 
+exemplary execution of the service of the meal itself, the clean handling and 
+distribution of the food and the efficient ordering of the courses, such that no 
+person of any estate lacked for anything.
+&lt;p&gt;.....
+&lt;p&gt;The following day the aforementioned defending team, lady Pallas's scholars, 
+presented themselves before the king ready for the tourney.&amp;nbsp; All on 
+horseback and armed from head to foot they each had one side of their 
+armor-skirts and horse-trappings made of white velvet embroidered with gold 
+roses and other devices, and the other made of green velvet embroidered with 
+gold pomegranates.&amp;nbsp; On their headpieces each wore a plume of gold damask.
+&lt;p&gt;At the same time the other side rode in, the aforementioned eight knights 
+fully armed and dressed, like their mounts, in green satin embroidered with fine 
+golden bramble branches.&amp;nbsp; Following them, blowing horns, came a number of 
+men dressed as foresters or gamekeepers in green cloth, with caps and hose to 
+match, who arranged a set like a park with white and green fencing around it.&amp;nbsp; 
+Inside this paddock were fallow deer and artificial trees, bushes, ferns, and so 
+forth.&amp;nbsp; Once set up before the queen the paddock gates were unlocked and 
+the deer ran out into the palace grounds.&amp;nbsp; Greyhounds were then let loose 
+which killed the deer, the bodies of which were then presented to the queen and 
+the assembled ladies by the above-mentioned knights.
+&lt;p&gt;Crocheman, who had brought in the golden lance the previous day, then 
+declared that his knights were the servants of the goddess Diana and whilst they 
+had been indulging in their pastime of hunting had received news that lady 
+Pallas's knights had come into these parts to perform feats of arms.&amp;nbsp; 
+Thereupon they had left off the chase and come hither to encounter these nights 
+and to fight with them for the love of the ladies.
+&lt;p&gt;He added that if lady Pallas's knights vanquished them or forced them to 
+leave the field of battle then they would receive the deer that had been killed 
+and the greyhounds that slew them.&amp;nbsp; But if Diana's knights overpowers their 
+opponents they were to be given the swords of those knights and nothing more.
+&lt;p&gt;Hearing this, the queen and her ladies asked the king for his advice on the 
+matter.&amp;nbsp; The king, thinking that perhaps there was some grudge between the 
+two parties and believing that to grant the request might lead to some 
+unpleasantness, decided not to consent to these terms.&amp;nbsp; Instead, to defuse 
+the situation, it was decided that both parties should fight the tourney but 
+that only a limited number of strokes would be permitted.
+&lt;p&gt;This was done and the two sides then left the field.&amp;nbsp; The jousts then 
+came to an end and the prizes were awarded to each man according to his deserts.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082593&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082593&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9769</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq10.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10707efb2c8a0005</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215306</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on.... Are you trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  1495&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  1503&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Louis XII of France&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  the Mirror of Naples&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Holyrood House&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  in battle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Thomas Wolsey &amp; Catherine Courtenay&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  he was her grandson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  she was her granddaughter&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. she married without the king's consent&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=6&gt;Tudor Quizzes:  &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+2&gt;The Sisters of Henry VIII&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Princesses Margaret &amp;amp; Mary Tudor&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=606 border=0 height=&quot;671&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+
+      
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. What year was Princess Mary born?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1494&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1495&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1496&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1497&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2. In what year did Princess Margaret marry 
+
+      the King of Scots?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1503&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1505&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1507&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1510&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Who was Mary's first 
+
+    husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Francis I of 
+
+        France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles of Castile&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Louis X of 
+
+        France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Louis XII of France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; What famous jewel did Mary's husband 
+
+      send her as a gift?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the Mirror of 
+
+        Naples&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Queen's Sapphire&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Jewel of 
+
+        the Seine&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Eleanor of Aquitaine's wedding 
+
+      ring&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Where did Margaret wed her first 
+
+      husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Greenwich 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Holyrood 
+
+        House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Berwick Abbey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. How did Margaret's first husband 
+
+    die?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;of a 
+
+        seizure&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;of syphilis&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he killed 
+
+        himself&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;in battle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;92&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Who were the godparents of Mary's first 
+
+      son, Henry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;92&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry VIII &amp;amp; Catherine 
+
+        of Aragon&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Wolsey &amp;amp; Catherine 
+
+        Courtenay&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry VIII &amp;amp; Anne 
+
+        Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Wolsey &amp;amp; Margaret de la 
+
+      Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;97&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Mary queen of Scots was Margaret 
+
+      Tudor's granddaughter.&amp;nbsp; She chose Henry Stuart, earl of Darnley, as 
+
+      her second husband.&amp;nbsp; How was he related to Margaret Tudor?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;97&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;he was her 
+
+        great-nephew&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was her 
+
+        great-grandson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was her grandson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he 
+
+        was not a blood relation&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. How was Lady Jane Grey related to Princess 
+
+      Mary Tudor?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she was her 
+
+        granddaughter&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was her 
+
+        great-granddaughter&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was not related to 
+
+        Mary&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was her great-niece&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;345&quot; height=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Margaret's granddaughter Arabella Stuart 
+
+      was imprisoned and died in the Tower of London for what crime?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;98&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she poisoned her 
+
+        husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she had a child out of 
+
+        wedlock&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she insulted Queen Anne&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she 
+
+        married without the king's consent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082614&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082614&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1072.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1072.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1072.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10204</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz - Catherine Howard</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq11.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10723efb2c8a0021</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215306</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1072.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on.... You can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#101040' text='#FFFFFF'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Ford Madox Ford&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  silver&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Anne Boleyn&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  twenty-three&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Lady Margaret Douglas&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  rape and murder&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  dismissed it as a forgery&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Oatlands Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Hampton Court Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. No Other Will Than His&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #800000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#800000 aLink=#000000 link=#800000 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+2&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt; 
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=849 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=625 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=70&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Who wrote 
+
+      'The Fifth Queen', a fictionalized account of Catherine's 
+
+    life?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=70&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Victoria Holt&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ford Madox 
+
+        Ford&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jean Plaidy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ruth 
+
+      Rendell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=65&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;2. What 
+
+      color gown did Queen Catherine prefer to dance in?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=65&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;dark 
+
+        green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=82&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      Lady Rochford was executed along with Catherine.&amp;nbsp; She had been the 
+
+      sister-in-law of which of Henry's former wives?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=82&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne 
+
+        Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=74&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      Catherine's paternal grandfather sired how many children?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=74&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;seven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;twelve&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;nineteen&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;twenty-three&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=65&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Which of 
+
+      Henry VIII's nieces had&amp;nbsp; affairs with two Howard 
+
+    cousins?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=65&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady 
+
+        Margaret Douglas&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Eleanor 
+
+        Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Frances Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady 
+
+        Arabella Stuart&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=84&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Two years 
+
+      before he was executed for adultery with the queen, Thomas Culpeper was 
+
+      accused of what crimes?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=84&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;treason&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;counterfeiting 
+
+        money&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;rape and murder&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;theft and 
+
+        assault&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=112&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. On 1 
+
+      November 1541, Henry VIII was given a letter detailing Catherine's 
+
+      adultery.&amp;nbsp; What was his immediate reaction?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=112&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;he 
+
+        ordered her arrest&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he dismissed the letter as a 
+
+        forgery&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he confronted Catherine 
+
+        personally&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he dismissed her 
+
+    household&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=360 height=59&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+      face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Where were Catherine &amp;amp; Henry VIII 
+
+      married on 28 July 1540?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=237 height=59&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Greenwich Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Oatlands Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nonsuch 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=67&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Catherine 
+
+      spent her only New Year's holiday as queen at what palace?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=67&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Hampton Court Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Greenwich 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=51&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. What was 
+
+      Catherine's motto?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=51&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;The 
+
+        Most Happy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Bound to Obey and Serve&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;The 
+
+        Rose Without a Thorn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;No Other Will Than 
+
+      His&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;questions &amp;amp; answers taken from the following sources 
+
+-&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;LB Smith, A Tuudor Tragedy: The Life and Times of 
+
+Catherine Howard&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;&amp;amp; Antonia Fraser, The Wives of 
+
+Henry VIII&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082615&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082615&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1073.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1073.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1073.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9284</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Thomas Cranmer</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq12.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f1073fefb2c8a003d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215306</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1073.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Jesus&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  he married&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  eight years&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  1533&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Josiah&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  1549&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  13 Nov 1553&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Reginald Pole &lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Juan de Villagarcia&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. burned at the stake&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #0000ff}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=#000000 size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=#000000 
+
+size=+2&gt;Thomas Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=554 border=0 height=&quot;792&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At which Cambridge 
+
+      college did Cranmer study&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+      face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;St&amp;nbsp; 
+
+        John's&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Trinity&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jesus&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Magdalene&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Which event forced 
+
+      Cranmer to forfeit his college fellowship?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;he 
+
+        married&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;his father died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he failed 
+
+        exams&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he suffered a breakdown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. How long did it take for Cranmer 
+
+      to receive his BA?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;two 
+
+        years&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;five years&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;eight 
+
+        years&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;ten years&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;When was Cranmer 
+
+      appointed archbishop of Canterbury?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1531&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1535&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1537&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. At Edward VI's coronation, 
+
+      Cranmer compared him to which Biblical figure?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;David&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Solomon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Moses&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Josiah&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;71&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;In what year did use of 
+
+      Cranmer's new &lt;I&gt;Book of Common Prayer&lt;/I&gt;&amp;nbsp; become 
+
+      compulsory?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;71&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1547&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1549&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1551&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. On what date was Cranmer formally 
+
+      charged with treason at Guildhall?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;79&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;13 Nov 
+
+        1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 Nov 1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;14 Dec 
+
+        1553&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 Feb 1554&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. Who replaced Cranmer 
+
+      as archbishop of Canterbury?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;53&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Stephen 
+
+        Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John, Lord Lumley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Reginald 
+
+        Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward Courtenay&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;69&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. Which Spanish friar accompanied 
+
+      Cranmer to his execution on 21 March 1556?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;69&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Juan de 
+
+        Villagarcia&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pedro de Villanova&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Eustace 
+
+        Chapuys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pietro Carmeliano&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;10.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How was Cranmer 
+
+      executed?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;177&quot; height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;beheaded&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;hanged&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;poisoned&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;burned 
+
+        at the stake&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to 
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082615&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082615&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1075.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1075.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1075.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9501</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq13.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f1075befb2c8a0059</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215306</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1075.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Greenwich&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  New Year's Day 1511&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  1520&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Leo X&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  None&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Thomas Cranmer&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Stephen Gardiner&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Whitehall&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  constable of Dover Castle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Jane Seymour&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #800000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=#000000 size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; 
+
+color=#000000 size=+2&gt;King Henry VIII&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=721 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=556 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=58&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At 
+
+      which Palace was Henry born on 28 June 1491?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=58&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Hampton 
+
+        Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Greenwich&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Oatlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=39&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;When was Henry's first son born?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=39&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;New 
+
+        Year's Day 1511&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Christmas 1511&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;New 
+
+        Year's Day 1514&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Christmas 1510&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=82&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. The Field of 
+
+      the Cloth of Gold, the famous meeting between Henry and Francis I of 
+
+      France, was held in what year?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=82&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1517&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1518&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1519&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1520&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=58&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;Henry was given the title Fidei Defensor by which pope?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=58&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Julius 
+
+        II&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Leo X&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Paul 
+
+        XII&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Clement VII&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=47&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. How many 
+
+      wives did Henry divorce?&lt;FONT size=+2&gt;*&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=47&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;None&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Two&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Three&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Four&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=60&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who 
+
+      broke the news of Catherine Howard's adultery to Henry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=60&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the duke 
+
+        of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duke of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=77&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. Who wed Henry 
+
+      to his last wife, Katharine Parr?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=77&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John Fisher&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen 
+
+        Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;William Warham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=355 height=69&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. 
+
+      After Wolsey's fall from grace, Henry took over the Cardinal's home of 
+
+      York Place.&amp;nbsp; What did Henry rename the palace?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=184 height=69&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Hampton Court 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nonsuch&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Oatlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Whitehall&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=62&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. On 5 April 
+
+      1493, the toddler Henry received his first official office.&amp;nbsp; What was 
+
+      it?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=62&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;constable of Dover Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord of the 
+
+        North&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;constable of Calais&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;sheriff of 
+
+        Leicester&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=355 height=49&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. Which wife 
+
+      is buried beside Henry VIII?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=184 height=49&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Katharine 
+
+        Parr&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;P&gt;*&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fquizstuff.html&quot;&gt;click here for a 
+
+brief discussion of&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fquizstuff.html&quot;&gt;the answer to question 
+
+five&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082616&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082616&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1077.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1077.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1077.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10259</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: General History</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq14.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10777efb2c8a0075</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215306</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1077.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  1513&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  23 April&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Countess of Oxford&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  duc d'Longueville&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  fornication&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  royalty, dukes &amp; marquesses&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Lord Willoughby d'Eresby&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  none&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  France and the Papacy&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Jericho House at Blackmore&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #990000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;: &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;General 
+
+History&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=977 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=587 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=82&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;What 
+
+      year did Bessie Blount (mother of Henry VIII's illegitimate son, Henry 
+
+      Fitzroy) come to court?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=82&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1513&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1515&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1517&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1519&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=66&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;On what day was Henry VIII's 'official' birthday 
+
+    celebrated?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=66&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;28 
+
+        June&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;19 February&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 
+
+        April&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;15 August&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=123&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. Before her 
+
+      marriage to the King of France, Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor was 
+
+      betrothed to the Archduke Charles of Austria, Prince of Castile. Who was 
+
+      appointed her chief lady-in-waiting?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=123&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Duchess 
+
+        of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Countess of Norwich&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Countess 
+
+        of Oxford&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Duchess of Buckingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=94&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      &lt;B&gt;On 13 August 1514, Mary Tudor was married by proxy to Louis XII of 
+
+      France. Who stood in for the king at the ceremony? &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=94&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;dauphin 
+
+        Francis&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duc d'Anjou&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duc 
+
+        d'Angouleme&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duc d'Longueville&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=108&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. In 1515, 
+
+      Fray Diego Fernandez, Katharine of Aragon's Spanish confessor, was sent 
+
+      from court. Of what charge had an ecclesiastical court convicted 
+
+      him?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=108&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;heresy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;fornication&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;murder&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;sedition&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=64&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At 
+
+      Henry VIII's court, who was allowed to wear cloth of gold?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=64&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;royalty, 
+
+        dukes and marquesses&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;royalty and 
+
+        dukes&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;royalty&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;anyone who could afford 
+
+        it&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=97&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. Maria de 
+
+      Salinas was Katharine of Aragon's favorite lady-in-waiting. In June 1516, 
+
+      she married which English gentleman?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=97&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lord 
+
+        Howard of Parham Park&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duke of 
+
+        Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord Penham d'Este&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord 
+
+        Willoughby d'Eresby&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=342 height=59&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. 
+
+      After 1517, how many more times did Henry VIII see his older sister 
+
+      Margaret?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=217 height=59&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;none&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;once&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;twice&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;all 
+
+        the time&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=81&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. In 1518, 
+
+      England signed the 'Treaty of Universal and Perpetual Peace' with which 
+
+      countries?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=81&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Spain 
+
+        and the Low Countries&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;France and 
+
+        Spain&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;France and the Papacy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;France and 
+
+        Scotland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=342 height=83&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. Where was 
+
+      Henry VIII's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, born?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=217 height=83&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Eltham 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jericho House at 
+
+        Blackmore&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Penshurst Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Riding Manor 
+
+        in Durham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- row 01 --&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;FONT size=2&gt;Some of these questions are extra 
+
+hard, simply to give Tudor enthusiasts a challenge.&amp;nbsp; All answers can be 
+
+verified in Weir's 'Henry VIII: The King and His 
+
+Court.'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082616&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082616&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1079.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1079.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1079.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10278</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: General History</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq15.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10793efb2c8a0091</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215307</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1079.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  12 April 1533&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Lady Mary Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  blue and purple&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Lord Mountjoy&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  26 August&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  never&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Princess Mary Tudor&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  8 August 1540&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Stephen Gardiner&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;: &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;General 
+
+History&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+color=#000000&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=642 border=0 height=&quot;844&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;On 4 September 1532, Anne 
+
+      Boleyn was titled Marquess of Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; What color gown did she wear 
+
+      to the ceremony at Windsor Castle?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;purple&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;cloth of 
+
+        gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;73&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;On what day did Anne 
+
+      Boleyn appear in public as Queen of England for the first time? &lt;FONT 
+
+      size=2&gt;(Please note - I'm not asking for the coronation 
+
+      date!)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;73&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;2 April 
+
+        1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;10 April 1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 April 
+
+        1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;22 April 1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. Which lady of the court carried 
+
+      the train of her gown during that appearance?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Anne 
+
+        Bassett&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Duchess of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Mary 
+
+        Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Duchess of Buckingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;What color livery 
+
+      did Anne's servants wear? &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;green and 
+
+        yellow&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green and blue&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;yellow and 
+
+        red&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;blue and purple&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. On 3 July 1533, who was sent to 
+
+      Ampthill to tell Katharine of Aragon that Henry VIII had married Anne 
+
+      Boleyn and that she must relinquish her title of Queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lord 
+
+        Mountjoy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord Taillyboys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of 
+
+        Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;On what day in 1533 did 
+
+      Anne enter confinement, awaiting the birth of her first 
+
+    child?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;15 August&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;26 
+
+        August&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1 September&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;5 
+
+      September&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;113&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. On 2 June 1536, Henry VIII dined 
+
+      in public with Jane Seymour for the first time; they had married on 30 
+
+      May.&amp;nbsp; But when was Jane's formal coronation as queen of 
+
+      England?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;113&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she was never 
+
+        crowned&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;5 June 1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;15 August 
+
+        1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 December 1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. Who was chief mourner 
+
+      at Jane Seymour's funeral obsequies?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Margaret 
+
+        Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Stanhope&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. On what day was Henry's marriage 
+
+      to Catherine Howard made public?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 August 
+
+        1540&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 August 1540&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 December 
+
+        1540&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;it was never officially 
+
+  announced&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;393&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. Who preached the sermon at Henry 
+
+      VIII's funeral?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;221&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Reginald 
+
+        Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas 
+
+More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- row 01 --&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;FONT size=2&gt;Some of these questions are extra 
+
+hard, simply to give Tudor enthusiasts a challenge.&amp;nbsp; All answers can be 
+
+verified in Weir's 'Henry VIII: The King and His 
+
+Court.'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082617&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082617&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f107a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f107a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f107a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Lady Jane Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq16.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f107afefb2c8a00ad</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215307</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f107a.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  green and white&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Guilford&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  her father&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Katharine Parr&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Durham House&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Dr John Feckenham&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Mary, Elizabeth, Jane&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  2000 pounds&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  marquess of Dorset&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. three weeks&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;: &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;&lt;B&gt;Lady Jane Grey&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=692 border=0 height=&quot;887&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;At Jane Grey's 
+
+      coronation, her husband Guilford wore white, gold and silver.&amp;nbsp; What 
+
+      colors were Jane's bodice and kirtle?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;purple and cloth 
+
+        of gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green and white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson and 
+
+        cloth of silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson and white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;During the 
+
+      first three days of her reign, Jane did not attend any council 
+
+      meetings.&amp;nbsp; Who sat in her place at the head of the council 
+
+      table?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;95&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;John Dudley, duke 
+
+        of Northumberland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry Grey, duke of 
+
+        Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of 
+
+        Canterbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Guilford Dudley, her 
+
+    husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;3. On 19 July 1553, who 
+
+      came to to the Tower and told Jane she was no longer queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her 
+
+        husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her mother&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her 
+
+        mother-in-law&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her father&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;In 1548, 
+
+      Jane acted as chief mourner at whose funeral? &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her sister 
+
+        Mary&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her sister Catherine&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her guardian 
+
+        Katharine Parr&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;5. Where did Jane wed 
+
+      Guilford Dudley on 25 May 1553?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Durham 
+
+        House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Syon House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sheen 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Tower of London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who did Queen 
+
+      Mary send to the Tower in an attempt to convert Jane before her 
+
+      execution?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Sir John 
+
+        Brydges&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Dr John Feckenham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen 
+
+        Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Roger Ascham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;7. According to Henry 
+
+      VIII's will, if Edward VI died without issue, how would the line of 
+
+      succession proceed?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Mary Tudor, 
+
+        Elizabeth Tudor, Jane Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Tudor, Elizabeth Tudor, 
+
+        Mary Stuart&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane Grey, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth 
+
+        Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Tudor, Elizabeth Tudor, Edward 
+
+        Courtenay&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=384 height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;8. How much 
+
+      money did Thomas Seymour pay to Jane's parents for her wardship and 
+
+      marriage?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=280 height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;500 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1000 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;2000 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;5000 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;9. Before he received the 
+
+      title duke of Suffolk, what title did Jane's father hold?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;earl of 
+
+        Oxford&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;marquess of Pembroke&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lord High 
+
+        Admiral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;marquess of Dorset&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=384 height=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000&gt;10. How long did Jane's 
+
+      mother wait after her husband's execution before marrying again (to Adrian 
+
+      Stokes)?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=280 height=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;three 
+
+        weeks&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;five weeks&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;six 
+
+        weeks&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;two 
+
+months&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;to the Lady Jane 
+
+Grey site&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082617&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082617&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f107c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f107c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f107c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10446</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Elizabeth I and Mary, queen of Scots</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq17.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq17.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f107cbefb2c8a00c9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215307</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f107c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;You're a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, you can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  nine&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  five&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  ear infection&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  duke of Orkney&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  he was strangled&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Thomas Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  free Mary from captivity&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  debate&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  the Casket Letters&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Essay on Adversity&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+   &lt;/script&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #990000}
+
+   &lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/head&gt;
+
+&lt;body text=&quot;#000000&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; link=&quot;#990000&quot; vlink=&quot;#990000&quot; alink=&quot;#000000&quot; background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+3&gt;Tudor
+
+Quizzes&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;Elizabeth I and Mary, queen of
+
+Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&lt;form name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Mary, queen of Scots in 1565&quot; BORDER=2 width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH=&quot;668&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;1395&quot; &gt;
+
+&lt;caption&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/caption&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;1.
+
+How old was Elizabeth when Mary Stewart was born?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;82&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;five&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;eight&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;nine&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;eleven&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;89&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;2.
+
+How old was Mary Stewart when she left Scotland and sailed to France as
+
+the betrothed of the dauphin?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;89&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;four&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;five&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;ten&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;twelve&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;106&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;3.
+
+In 1560, Mary's first husband Francois died.&amp;nbsp; What was the cause of
+
+death?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;106&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;syphilis&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;broken
+
+neck&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;sweating sickness&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;ear infection&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;112&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;4.What
+
+title did Mary give Bothwell a few days before their wedding in 1567?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;112&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;duke
+
+of Edinburgh&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;duke of Orkney&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;duke of Leith&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;duke
+
+of Glasgow&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;160&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;5.
+
+In February 1567, the home of Mary's second husband Darnley was blown up.&amp;nbsp;
+
+However, Darnley's body was found in the garden; he had escaped from the
+
+house.&amp;nbsp; What was the real cause of his death?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;160&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;he
+
+was strangled&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;he was poisoned&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;he was stabbed&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;he
+
+was shot&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;111&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;6.
+
+In 1571, Mary planned to marry which cousin of Elizabeth's in connection
+
+with the 'Ridolfi Plot'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;111&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Francis
+
+Knollys&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;William Carey&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Thomas Howard&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Thomas
+
+Parry&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;186&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;7.
+
+In 1567, Mary was imprisoned by her Scottish enemies.&amp;nbsp; When she heard
+
+the news, Elizabeth wrote to the captors.&amp;nbsp; What did she tell them?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;186&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;they
+
+must free Mary from captivity&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;they must keep Mary imprisoned
+
+indefinitely&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;they must exile Mary to France&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;they
+
+must exile Mary to England&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;8.
+
+In a letter written in 1569, Elizabeth referred to Mary as 'the daughter
+
+of' what?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;strife&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;wrath&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;discord&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;debate&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;209&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;9.
+
+In 1569, a collection of letters supposedly written by Mary and her third
+
+husband Bothwell were presented at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; They offered conclusive
+
+proof that Mary and Bothwell had plotted Darnley's murder.&amp;nbsp; These
+
+letters had a nickname; what was it?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;209&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;the
+
+Edinburgh Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;the Casket Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;the
+
+Coffer Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;the Caisson Letters&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;342&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;146&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;10.
+
+In 1580, Mary wrote an essay which included this observation on monarchs
+
+- 'Tribulation has been to them as a furnace to fine gold - a means of
+
+proving their virtue.'&amp;nbsp; What was this essay called?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;217&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;146&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Essay
+
+on Imprisonment&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Essay on the Cares of Kingdoms&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Essay
+
+on Adversity&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Essay on the Virtue of Monarchy&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;input onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;input onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/form&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;!-- row 01 --&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082618&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082618&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f107e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f107e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f107e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10618</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz - Queen Mary I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq18.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq18.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f107e7efb2c8a00e5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215307</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f107e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on.... You can do it!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#101040' text='#FFFFFF'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Reginald&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Naples&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  blue and green&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  countess of Arundel&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Prudent&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Philip left for Flanders&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  countess of Lennox&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  he was put under house arrest&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. her unborn child&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #800000}
+
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#800000 aLink=#000000 link=#800000 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+3&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=+2&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt; 
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE height=1214 cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=625 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=139&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. The 
+
+    countess of Salisbury was Mary's governess; she was  executed by King 
+
+    Henry VIII in 1541.&amp;nbsp; When she became queen, Mary summoned the countess' 
+
+    eldest son 
+
+    home to England.&amp;nbsp; What was his name?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=139&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Reginald&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ambrose&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Robert&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=116&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;2. When Philip 
+
+    of Spain arrived in England to marry Mary I, he was a mere prince.&amp;nbsp; But 
+
+    the night before the wedding, his father titled him king of....?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=116&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Ghent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Netherlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Naples&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sicily&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=82&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; What 
+
+    were the colors of Mary's livery?&amp;nbsp; (In other words, what colors did her 
+
+    servants/attendants wear?)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=82&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;crimson and white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green and gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;white and silver&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;blue and green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=146&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+      Three women rode at Mary's side on the way to the Tower to prepare for her 
+
+    coronation.&amp;nbsp; Two were the marchioness of Exeter and the 
+
+    marchioness of Winchester.&amp;nbsp; Who was the third?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=146&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;countess of Arundel&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Princess Elizabeth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duchess of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duchess of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=99&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. In the 
+
+    above procession, Princess Elizabeth and Anne of Cleves wore cloth of 
+
+    silver.&amp;nbsp; What color did all other noblewomen and the members of Mary's 
+
+    household wear?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=99&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;black&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=83&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Mary's 
+
+    future husband was known as Philip the....?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=83&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Good&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Silent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Proud&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Prudent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=138&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Mary 
+
+    believed she was pregnant until late July 1555.&amp;nbsp; Finally recognizing 
+
+    she was not, she left Hampton Court Palace for Oatlands.&amp;nbsp; A month 
+
+    later, another event saddened the queen.&amp;nbsp; What was it?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=138&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her close friend Susan Clarencieux died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Philip left for Flanders&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Katharine of Aragon's tomb was defaced&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;a London mob burned Mary's portrait&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=360 height=42&gt;&lt;FONT 
+
+      face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Who was the chief mourner at Mary's 
+
+    funeral?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=237 height=42&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;the marchioness of Exeter&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duchess of Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the countess of Lennox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duchess of Feria&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=141&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. The bishop of Winchester preached Mary's funeral sermon 
+
+    on 12 December 1558.&amp;nbsp; What happened to him the next day?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=141&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;he died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was put under house arrest&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was sent to the Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;he was appointed archbishop of Canterbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=360 height=108&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. In 1558, 
+
+    Mary wrote her will.&amp;nbsp; To whom did she leave the throne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=237 height=108&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her half-sister, Princess Elizabeth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her husband, Philip of Spain&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her cousin, Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her unborn child&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;questions &amp;amp; answers taken from the following source 
+
+-&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;Carolly Ericksoon, Bloody Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082618&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082618&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1080.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1080.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1080.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10261</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz: Tudor Films</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq19.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq19.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f10803efb2c8a0101</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215307</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1080.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Congratulations! You're a Tudor Genius!- 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Judi Dench&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Vanessa Redgrave&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  'Lady Jane'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Glenda Jackson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Joseph Fiennes&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  'Mary, Queen of Scots'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  'Young Bess'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Fanny Ardant&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Bette Davis&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. at Katharine's bedside&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+   &lt;/script&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #0000ff}
+
+   &lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/head&gt;
+
+&lt;body text=&quot;#000000&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot; link=&quot;#0000FF&quot; vlink=&quot;#0000FF&quot; alink=&quot;#000000&quot; background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+3&gt;Tudor
+
+Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;Tudor
+
+Films&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films3.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;a scene from 'Elizabeth', 1998&quot; BORDER=2 width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;231&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;form name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH=&quot;554&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;1230&quot; &gt;
+
+&lt;caption&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/caption&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;1.
+
+Which actress played Queen Elizabeth I in the film 'Shakespeare in Love'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Gwyneth
+
+Paltrow&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Cate Blanchett&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Glenda Jackson&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Judi
+
+Dench&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;2.Which
+
+actress had an unbilled cameo role as Anne Boleyn in 'A Man for All Seasons'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;120&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Genevieve
+
+Bujold&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Vanessa Redgrave&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Glenda Jackson&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Susannah
+
+York&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;3.
+
+Which of the following Tudor films was NOT nominated for the Academy Award
+
+for Best Picture?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;85&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Shakespeare
+
+in Love&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;A Man for All Seasons&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Anne of the
+
+Thousand Days&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Lady Jane&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;4.Which
+
+actress played Queen Elizabeth I in the BBC miniseries 'Elizabeth R'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;Glenda
+
+Jackson&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Imelda Staunton&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Rosalie Crutchley&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Nicola
+
+Bryant&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;5.
+
+Which actor played Robert Dudley in 'Elizabeth' and William Shakespeare
+
+in 'Shakespeare in Love'? &lt;font size=-1&gt;(see picture above)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;Geoffrey
+
+Rush&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Rupert Everett&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Joseph Fiennes&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Ralph
+
+Fiennes&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;6.
+
+All of the following Tudor films were nominated for Best Costume Design
+
+at the Academy Awards.&amp;nbsp; Which film did NOT win the award?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;Anne
+
+of the Thousand Days&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;A Man for All Seasons&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Mary,
+
+Queen of Scots&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Shakespeare in Love&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;163&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;7.
+
+In which Tudor film is Elizabeth Tudor asked, &quot;If you were queen of England,
+
+what would you do, eh?&amp;nbsp; Would you give your admiral the opportunity
+
+to do great deeds?&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;163&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Fire
+
+Over England&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Young Bess&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;The Virgin Queen&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Elizabeth
+
+R&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;8.
+
+Which of the following actresses has NOT portrayed Anne Boleyn?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Dorothy
+
+Tutin&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Genevieve Bujold&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Merle Oberon&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Fanny
+
+Ardant&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;9.
+
+Which of the following actresses has NOT portrayed Mary, queen of Scots?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;104&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;option selected&gt;Katharine
+
+Hepburn&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Vanessa Redgrave&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Bette Davis&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;Vivian
+
+Pickles&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;349&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;147&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;10.
+
+Some historical liberties are taken in the film 'Anne of the Thousand Days'.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In reality, Princess Mary Tudor was at Hatfield when her mother Katharine
+
+of Aragon died.&amp;nbsp; But in the film, where is Mary when her mother dies?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;177&quot; HEIGHT=&quot;147&quot;&gt;&lt;select size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;option 
+
+        selected&gt;at
+
+Katharine's bedside&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;imprisoned in the Tower of London&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;serving
+
+Anne Boleyn at court&lt;/option&gt;&lt;option&gt;imprisoned at a country estate&lt;/option&gt;&lt;/select&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;input onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;input onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;/form&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1 color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1 color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082618&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082618&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1230.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1230.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1230.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9383</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quizzes: The Six Thomases</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq20.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq20.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f12307efb2c8a1c05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215307</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1230.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  1523&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  earl of Southampton&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  More&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Christ Church&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Anne of Cleves&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Reginald Pole&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Wolsey&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  More&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#0000FF link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/goldback.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;The Six Thomases&lt;/u&gt;:&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Wolsey, More, Cromwell,&lt;br&gt;Howard, Wriothesley, Cranmer&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=539 border=0 height=&quot;562&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; In what year was  Cromwell&amp;nbsp; nominated for a seat in the House of Commons?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1519&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1521&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1523&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1525&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;  Wriothesley's title was....?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;earl of Southampton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of Somerset&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;
+    earl of Chester&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of Northumberland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Which of the six 
+    Thomases wrote &lt;i&gt;The History of Richard III&lt;/i&gt;?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wolsey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey endowed 
+    Cardinal's College at Oxford University; it is now called....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Corpus Christi&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Christ Church&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;All Souls&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jesus&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&amp;nbsp; Which of King Henry 
+    VIII's marriages did Cromwell arrange?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Jane Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&amp;nbsp; Which Thomas had a 
+    son who was executed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Who succeeded Cranmer as archbishop of Canterbury?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;John Whitgift&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stephen Gardiner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Reginald Pole&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;William Warham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8.&amp;nbsp; Which 
+    Thomas inspired John Skelton to write the following verse:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+    'Ye are so puffed with pride / That no man may abide / Your high and lordly 
+    looks'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wolsey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Which Thomas said of King 
+    Henry VIII, 'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold 
+    him.'&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;More&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wolsey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Which of the six Thomases was the only one to die of natural causes in his own home?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Wriothesley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt; 
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082619&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082619&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1232.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1232.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0196/254f1232.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9912</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz 21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq21.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq21.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0196254f12323efb2c8a1c21</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215307</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0196/254f1232.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You are a Tudor genius! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Guise&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  white&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  It was traditionally worn during mourning.&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  marigold&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  dysentery&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  she thought she was pregnant&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Calais&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  she was never crowned&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Darnley asked for her hand in marriage&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Lady Fleming&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#0000FF link=#0000FF bgColor=#FFE1F0&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mary, queen of Scots: Life in France&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=725 border=0 height=&quot;542&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; Mary's relatives in 
+    France belonged to which powerful family?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Valois&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Huguenot&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;
+    Guise&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Montmorency&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; What scandalous 
+    color did Mary choose for her wedding gown?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;*This 
+    question refers, of course, to her French marriage to the dauphin Francis.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;purple&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;gold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;scarlet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. Why was this color 
+    considered so scandalous?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;it was traditionally worn by prostitutes&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;it was traditionally worn by male monarchs&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+        &lt;OPTION&gt;it was traditionally worn by the Queen Regent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;it was traditionally worn during mourning&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4. Mary chose which flower 
+    as her emblem?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;lily&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;marigold&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;hyacinth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;violet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Which of the following illnesses did Mary NOT suffer from 
+    while living in France?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;'the sweat'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;dysentery&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;smallpox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;toothache&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. &lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In late summer 1560, Mary ordered the French royal court 
+    to leave Fontainebleau for St-Germain.&amp;nbsp; Why did she give the order?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;her husband was seriously ill&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;she had a bitter argument with Catherine d'Medici&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was ill with smallpox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she thought she was pregnant&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. While Mary lived in 
+    France, one of her uncles recaptured which English outpost on the continent?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Boulogne&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nancy&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Calais&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Aquitaine&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Where was Mary 
+    crowned Queen of France?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she was never crowned&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Rheims Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Notre-Dame Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;at the Louvre Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Mary's second  husband's name was mentioned to her while 
+    she lived in France.&amp;nbsp; In what context did Lord Darnley's name appear?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Darnley asked for restoration of family lands&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Darnley asked for her hand in marriage&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Darnley joined the Scottish rebels&lt;/OPTION&gt;
+    &lt;OPTION&gt;Darnley offered to escort her home to Scotland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Which governess of 
+    Mary's had an affair (and an illegitimate son) with Mary's father-in-law, 
+    King Henry II of France?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Seton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Morton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Campbell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Fleming&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to Mary, queen 
+of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082620&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082620&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10656</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, 2 December 1505</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, 2 December 1505</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter1.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019edd59d035237e0e9c4a03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+    Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon &lt;br&gt;2 December 1505&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;The following letter was written in Spanish by 
+  Katharine while she was Princess Dowager of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Katharine only wrote 
+  in English after her marriage to King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; Her mother, the famous 
+  Queen Isabella of Castile, had died in the previous year; her father was beset 
+  by diplomatic troubles, particularly with the English (he was unable to force 
+  Castilian acceptance of a trade agreement with England, which resulted in loss 
+  of money for the parsimonious King Henry VII.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In 
+  1502, Katharine's husband and Henry VII's heir, Prince Arthur, had died.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Katharine was put in an untenable position, and spent seven years of miserable 
+  widowhood in England before Arthur's brother married her.&amp;nbsp; Her father was 
+  never able to pay the full amount of her dowry to Prince Arthur.&amp;nbsp; This 
+  issue became even more pressing when she was then betrothed to Prince 
+  Henry.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand and Henry VII were equally wily monarchs, each 
+  unwilling to compromise in order to make Katharine's life in England 
+  bearable.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The marriage to Prince Henry, though 
+  formally recognized in 1504, was not to be celebrated until two years later 
+  when the prince came of age.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish ambassador Dr De Puebla had 
+  negotiated the contract, and assumed Henry VII would gladly support Katharine 
+  for those two years.&amp;nbsp; But Henry gave her barely enough money for food; 
+  she had no money to pay servants' wages or buy clothing, among other 
+  things.&amp;nbsp; She lived in extreme poverty and with a frightening lack of 
+  attention or respect.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII made it clear that if her dowry was not 
+  paid, he would renege on the marriage to Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; And Ferdinand 
+  made it clear that he lacked the funds to pay the dowry; indeed, it was not 
+  even a priority in his tumultuous life.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In this 
+  letter, Katharine mentions an 'Infanta Isabel'; this was her older sister 
+  Isabella.&amp;nbsp; She also unfairly maligns the amiable Dr De Puebla.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Katharine's duenna Dona Elvira despised De Puebla for political reasons and 
+  poisoned the young woman's mind against him.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This letter, a litany of complaints - all politely phrased - 
+  is fascinating, and offers invaluable insight into Katharine's life as 
+  Princess of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She was poor, hungry, and desperately ill; 'I shall 
+  soon die,' she wrote to her father in despair.&amp;nbsp; She survived, of course, 
+  but these conditions explain why she considered her marriage to King Henry 
+  VIII to be so miraculous.&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This letter also offers a 
+  funny glimpse into Henry VII's miserly nature.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Most high and most puissant lord, &lt;BR&gt;Hitherto I have not wished 
+    to let your highness know the affairs here, that I might not give you 
+    annoyance, and also thinking that they would improve; but it appears that 
+    the contrary is the case, and that each day my troubles increase; and all 
+    this on account of the doctor de Puebla, to whom it has not sufficed that 
+    from the beginning he transacted a thousand falsities against the service of 
+    your highness, but now he has given me new trouble; and because I believe 
+    your highness will think I complain without reason, I desire to tell you all 
+    that has passed. &lt;BR&gt;Your highness shall know, as I have often written to 
+    you, that since I came into England, I have not had a single maravedi, 
+    except a certain sum which was given me for food, and this such a sum that 
+    it did not suffice without my having many debts in London; and that which 
+    troubles me more is to see my servants and maidens so at a loss, and that 
+    they have not the wherewith to get clothes; and this I believe is all done 
+    by hand of the doctor, who, notwithstanding your highness has written, 
+    sending him word that he should have money from the king of England, my lord 
+    that their costs should be given them, yet, in order not to trouble him, 
+    will rather entrench upon and neglect the service of your highness.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Now, my lord, a few days ago, donna Elvira de Manuel asked my leave to go to 
+    Flanders to be cured of a complaint which has come into her eyes, so that 
+    she lost the sight of one of them; and there is a physician in Flanders who 
+    cured the infanta donna Isabel of the same disease which which she is 
+    affected.&amp;nbsp; She labored to bring him here so as not to leave me, but 
+    could never succeed with him; and I, since if she were blind she could not 
+    serve me, durst not hinder her journey.&amp;nbsp; I begged the king of England, 
+    my lord, that until our donna Elvira should return his highness would 
+    command that I should have, as a companion, an old English lady, or that he 
+    would take me to his court; and I imparted all this to the doctor, thinking 
+    to make of the rogue a true man; but it did not suffice me - because he not 
+    only drew me to court, in which I have some pleasure, because I had 
+    supplicated the king for an asylum, but he negotiated that the king should 
+    dismiss all my household, and take away my chamber-equipage, and send to 
+    place it in a house of his own, so that I should not in any way be mistress 
+    of it. &lt;BR&gt;And all this does not weigh upon me, except that it concerns the 
+    service of your highness, doing the contrary of that which ought to be 
+    done.&amp;nbsp; I entreat your highness that you will consider that I am your 
+    daughter, and that consent not that on account of the doctor I should have 
+    such trouble, but that you will command some ambassador to come here, who 
+    may be a true servant of your highness, and for no interest will cease to do 
+    that which pertains to your service.&amp;nbsp; And if in this your highness 
+    trusts me not, do you command some person to come here, who may inform you 
+    of the truth, and then you will have one who will better serve you.&amp;nbsp; As 
+    for me, I have had so much pain and annoyance that I have lost my health in 
+    a great measure; so that for two months I have had severe tertian fevers, 
+    and this will be the cause that I shall soon die.&amp;nbsp; I supplicate your 
+    highness to pardon me that I presume to entreat you to do me so great favor 
+    as to command that this doctor may not remain; because he certainly does not 
+    fulfill the service of your highness, which he postpones to the service of 
+    the worst interest which can be.&amp;nbsp; Our Lord guard the life and most 
+    royal estate of your highness, and ever increase it as I desire.&amp;nbsp; From 
+    Richmond, the second of December. &lt;BR&gt;My lord, I had forgotten to remind 
+    your highness how you know that it was agreed that you were to give, as a 
+    certain part of my dowry, the plate and jewels that I brought; and yet I am 
+    certain that the king of England, my lord, will not receive anything of 
+    plate nor of jewels which I have used; because he told me himself that he 
+    was indignant that they should say in his kingdom that he took away from me 
+    my ornaments.&amp;nbsp; And as little may your highness expect that he will take 
+    them in account and will return them to me; because I am certain he will not 
+    do so, nor is any such thing customary here.&amp;nbsp; In like wise the jewels 
+    which I brought from thence [Spain] valued at a&amp;nbsp; great sum.&amp;nbsp; The 
+    king would not take them in the half of the value, because here all these 
+    things are esteemed much cheaper, and the king has so many jewels that he 
+    rather desires money than them.&amp;nbsp; I write thus to your highness because 
+    I know that there will be great embarrassment if he will not receive them, 
+    except at less price.&amp;nbsp; It appears to me that it would be better if your 
+    highness should take them for yourself, and should give to the king of 
+    England, my lord, his money.&amp;nbsp; Your highness will see what would serve 
+    you best, and with this I shall be most content. &lt;BR&gt;The humble servant of 
+    your highness, who kisses your hands.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082699&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082699&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8817</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Queen Anne Boleyn to her husband, King Henry VIII, 6 May 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Anne Boleyn to her husband, King Henry VIII, 6 May 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb23f85c09ef213</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb2.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Anne Boleyn to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;6 May 1536&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+  &lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Queen Anne Boleyn&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne1.jpg&quot; width=150 align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;First of 
+  all, this letter may be a fake.&amp;nbsp; Then again, it may not.&amp;nbsp; The debate 
+  over its authenticity continues and no definitive answer is possible.&amp;nbsp; 
+  The original no longer exists; a copy was said to be found amongst Thomas 
+  Cromwell's papers after his execution.&amp;nbsp; Most of Anne's modern biographers 
+  believe it to be a forgery.&amp;nbsp; Their reason?&amp;nbsp; They don't believe any 
+  16th century prisoner would have been allowed to write to their monarch in 
+  such a familiar manner.&amp;nbsp; Yet Anne was not just any political prisoner - 
+  she was Henry VIII's wife and had been his grand passion for several 
+  years.&amp;nbsp; Locked away in the Tower, aware of the concurrent arrests of her 
+  brother and friends and worried about her young daughter, she may very well 
+  have written to the king.&amp;nbsp; She was in a desperate situation, of course, 
+  but she also believed (as witnesses attest) that Henry would be merciful and 
+  simply divorce her and send her to a convent.&amp;nbsp; She was proven wrong and 
+  executed thirteen days after this letter was supposedly written.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In debating the authenticity, another point to consider is 
+  Anne's personality.&amp;nbsp; Her combative temperament was well-documented by her 
+  contemporaries; they observed with awe that she dared to chastise and insult 
+  the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII himself commented upon her boldness.&amp;nbsp; It had probably helped to attract his attention.&amp;nbsp;  But the appeal of such a passionate 
+  and emotional woman did not hold him forever.&amp;nbsp; By the end of their 
+  relationship, Henry was comparing her to a shrew and warned her to hold her 
+  tongue in his presence.&amp;nbsp; His next wife was the very quiet and meek Jane 
+  Seymour, and a more glaring contrast to Anne Boleyn cannot be imagined.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;If Anne had written a letter to Henry from her prison, it 
+  would undoubtedly read exactly like this one.&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;As to 
+  its authenticity..... I have included this letter because it is an interesting 
+  historical curiosity, whether authentic or forged.&amp;nbsp; It is up to the 
+  individual reader to reject or accept it.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Your grace's displeasure and 
+    my imprisonment are things so strange to me, that what to write, or what to 
+    excuse, I am altogether ignorant.&amp;nbsp; Whereas you send to me (willing me 
+    to confess a truth and so obtain your favor), by such a one, whom you know 
+    to be mine ancient professed enemy, I no sooner received this message by 
+    him, than I rightly conceived your meaning; and if, as you say, confessing a 
+    truth indeed may procure my safety, I shall with all willingness and duty, 
+    perform your duty.&amp;nbsp; But let not your grace ever imagine that your poor 
+    wife will be brought to acknowledge a fault, where not so much as a thought 
+    ever proceeded.&amp;nbsp; And to speak a truth, never a prince had wife more 
+    loyal in all duty, and in all true affection, than you have ever found in 
+    Anne Bulen - with which name and place I could willingly have contented 
+    myself, if God and your grace's pleasure had been so pleased.&amp;nbsp; Neither 
+    did I at any time so far forget myself in my exaltation or received 
+    queenship, but that I always looked for such alteration as I now find; for 
+    the ground of my preferment being on no surer foundation than your grace's 
+    fancy, the least alteration was fit and sufficient (I knew) to draw that 
+    fancy to some other subject.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;You have chosen me from low estate to be your 
+    queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire; if, then, you found me 
+    worthy of such honor, good your grace, let not any light fancy or bad 
+    counsel of my enemies withdraw your princely favor from me; neither let that 
+    stain - that unworthy stain - of a disloyal heart towards your good grace 
+    ever cast so foul a blot on me, and on the infant princess your 
+    daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Try me, good king, 
+    but let me have a lawful trial, and let not my sworn enemies sit as my 
+    accusers and as my judges; yea, let me receive an open trial, for my truth 
+    shall fear no open shame.&amp;nbsp; Then you shall see either my innocency 
+    cleared, your suspicions and conscience satisfied, the ignominy and slander 
+    of the world stopped, or my guilt openly declared.&amp;nbsp; So that, whatever 
+    God and you may determine of, your grace may be freed from an open censure; 
+    and my offense being so lawfully proved, your grace may be at liberty, both 
+    before God and man, not only to execute worthy punishment on me as an 
+    unfaithful wife but to follow your affection already settled on that party 
+    for whose sake I am now as I am, whose name I could some while since have 
+    pointed unto - your grace being not ignorant of my suspicions therein.&amp;nbsp; 
+    But if you have already determined of me, and that not only my death, but an 
+    infamous slander must bring your the joying of your desired happiness, then 
+    I desire of God that he will pardon your great sin herein, and likewise my 
+    enemies, the instruments thereof; and that he will not call you to a strait 
+    account for your unprincely and cruel usage of me at his general 
+    judgment-seat, where both you and myself must shortly appear; and in whose 
+    just judgment, I doubt not (whatsoever the world may think of me), mine 
+    innocency shall be openly known and sufficiently cleared.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;My last and only request shall be, that myself 
+    only bear the burden of your grace's displeasure, and that it may not touch 
+    the innocent souls of those poor gentlemen, whom, as I understand, are 
+    likewise in strait imprisonment for my sake.&amp;nbsp; If ever I have found 
+    favor in your sight - if ever the name of Anne Bulen have been pleasing in 
+    your ears - then let me obtain this request; and so I will leave to trouble 
+    your grace any further, with mine earnest prayer to the Trinity to have your 
+    grace in his good keeping, and to direct you in all your actions.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;From my doleful prison in the Tower, 
+    the 6th May.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082688&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082688&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3947</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Jane Seymour to the Privy Council of England, 12 October 1537</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Jane Seymour to the Privy Council of England, 12 October 1537</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter11.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter11.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb3ff85c09ef22f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb3.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Jane Seymour to the Privy Council 
+of England&lt;br&gt; 12 October 1537&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Jane was the mother of Henry VIII's longed-for heir, 
+  Prince Edward.&amp;nbsp; He was born on 12 October 1537, and this letter was 
+  immediately sent to the Privy Council by the queen.&amp;nbsp; Jane may not have 
+  personally composed the letter; however, it was sent in her name and sealed 
+  with her signet.&amp;nbsp; Though she died of puerperal fever twelve days after 
+  the birth, she was not immediately ill.&amp;nbsp; In fact, the letter muses upon 
+  the precariousness of the infant prince's health.&amp;nbsp; This sentiment was 
+  understandable enough in an age of high infant mortality.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Right trusty and well beloved, we greet you well, and for as 
+    much as by the inestimable goodness and grace of Almighty God, we be 
+    delivered and brought in childbed of a prince, conceived in most lawful 
+    matrimony between my lord the king's majesty and us, doubting not but that 
+    for the love and affection which you bear unto us and to the commonwealth of 
+    this realm, the knowledge thereof should be joyous and glad tidings unto 
+    you, we have thought good to certify you of the same.&amp;nbsp; To the intent 
+    you might not only render unto God condign thanks and prayers for so great a 
+    benefit but also continually pray for the long continuance and preservation 
+    of the same here in this life to the honor of God, joy and pleasure of my 
+    lord the king and us, and the universal weal, quiet and tranquility of this 
+    whole realm.&amp;nbsp; Given under our signet at my lord's manor of Hampton 
+    Court the 12th day of October. &lt;BR&gt;Jane the Quene.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;to Jane 
+    Seymour website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082703&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082703&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Anne of Cleves to her husband, King Henry VIII, 11 July 1540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Anne of Cleves to her husband, King Henry VIII, 11 July 1540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter12.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter12.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb5bf85c09ef24b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb5.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Anne of Cleves to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;11 July 1540&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The following letter was Anne of Cleves's very 
+  diplomatic response to Henry VIII's request for an annulment of their brief 
+  marriage.&amp;nbsp; Though her brother pressed her to return home to the duchy of 
+  Cleves, Anne was content to remain in England.&amp;nbsp; There were two reasons 
+  for this - first, Henry was so grateful for her easy submission and gracious 
+  manners, he rewarded her with a very comfortable lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She was able 
+  to live as a wealthy dowager and enjoyed a close relationship with the king 
+  (now termed her 'brother') and his three children.&amp;nbsp; Secondly, she did not 
+  want to face an ignominious return to Cleves.&amp;nbsp; After Henry's public 
+  rejection of their union, she would not have found another husband and would 
+  have been forced to rely on her brother's generosity.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  size=-1&gt;Henry was very impressed by this letter.&amp;nbsp; Its tone of respectful 
+  subservience to his wishes inspired his gratitude.&amp;nbsp; Despite his 
+  reputation for tyranny, the great king could be kind and generous.&amp;nbsp; Anne 
+  had little cause to think ill of him.&amp;nbsp; After all, most historians focus 
+  on Henry's feelings in this matter - but perhaps the lady from Cleves was less 
+  than enamored with her husband and was equally desperate to escape the 
+  marriage.&amp;nbsp; According to all reports, she learned to love English beer and 
+  grew plump and&amp;nbsp; happy in her adopted country.&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Pleaseth your most excellent majesty to understand that, 
+    whereas, at sundry times heretofore, I have been informed and perceived by 
+    certain lords and others your grace's council, of the doubts and questions 
+    which have been moved and found in our marriage; and how hath petition 
+    thereupon been made to your highness by your nobles and commons, that the 
+    same might be examined and determined by the holy clergy of this realm; to 
+    testify to your highness by my writing, that which I have before promised by 
+    my word and will, that is to say, that the matter should be examined and 
+    determined by the said clergy; it may please your majesty to know that, 
+    though this case must needs be most hard and sorrowful unto me, for the 
+    great love which I bear to your most noble person, yet, having more regard 
+    to God and his truth than to any worldly affection, as it beseemed me, at 
+    the beginning, to submit me to such examination and determination of the 
+    said clergy, whom I have and do accept for judges competent in that 
+    behalf.&amp;nbsp; So now being ascertained how the same clergy hath therein 
+    given their judgment and sentence, I acknowledge myself hereby to accept and 
+    approve the same, wholly and entirely putting myself, for my state and 
+    condition, to your highness' goodness and pleasure; most humbly beseeching 
+    your majesty that, though it be determined that the pretended matrimony 
+    between us is void and of none effect, whereby I neither can nor will repute 
+    myself for your grace's wife, considering this sentence (whereunto I stand) 
+    and your majesty's clean and pure living with me, yet it will please you to 
+    take me for one of your humble servants, and so determine of me, as I may 
+    sometimes have the fruition of your most noble presence; which as I shall 
+    esteem for a great benefit, so, my lords and others of your majesty's 
+    council, now being with me, have put me in comfort thereof; and that your 
+    highness will take me for your sister; for the which I most humbly thank you 
+    accordingly. &lt;BR&gt;Thus, most gracious prince, I beseech our Lord God to send 
+    your majesty long life and good health, to God's glory, your own honor, and 
+    the wealth of this noble realm. &lt;BR&gt;From Richmond, the 11th day of July, the 
+    32nd year of your majesty's most noble reign. &lt;BR&gt;Your majesty's most humble 
+    sister and servant, Anne the daughter of Cleves. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;to Anne of 
+    Cleves website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082694&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082694&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5919</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Catherine Howard to Master Thomas Culpeper, spring 1541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Catherine Howard to Master Thomas Culpeper, spring 1541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter13.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter13.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb77f85c09ef267</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">howard1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Catherine Howard to Master Thomas 
+Culpeper&lt;br&gt;spring 1541&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;IMG height=202 alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Queen Catherine Howard&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/howard1.jpg&quot; width=200 align=left&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;This is 
+  the only surviving letter written by Henry VIII's fifth wife.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+  written in the spring of 1541, roughly eight months after she married the 
+  king.&amp;nbsp; After Catherine's fall from grace, Culpeper was among the men 
+  charged with committing adultery with the queen.&amp;nbsp; It was a treasonable 
+  offense, and he was executed for it (along with Francis Dereham.)&amp;nbsp; 
+  Culpeper tried to save himself by arguing that he had met with Catherine only 
+  because the young queen was 'dying of love for him', and would not let him end 
+  the relationship.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Catherine, for her part, argued otherwise; she told 
+  her interrogators that Culpeper ceaselessly begged for a meeting and she was 
+  too fearful to refuse.&amp;nbsp; However, the letter clearly supports Culpeper's 
+  version of events.&amp;nbsp; After all, the queen did write 'it makes my heart die 
+  to think what fortune I have that I cannot be always in your company.'&lt;/FONT&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The affection she felt for Culpeper led to a legend 
+  surrounding Catherine's last words - 'I die a Queen, but would rather die the 
+  wife of Culpeper.'&amp;nbsp; This final declaration of love did not occur; its 
+  invention was an attempt to give Catherine's pathetic and tragic story some 
+  mark of distinction.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Catherine was not as well educated as Henry's other wives, 
+  though her mere ability to read and write was impressive enough for the 
+  time.&amp;nbsp; This letter taxed her greatly, as she points out in the closing 
+  lines.&amp;nbsp; It is transcribed here as originally written, and the grammatical 
+  mistakes are Catherine's own.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Master Culpeper, &lt;BR&gt;I heartily recommend me unto you, praying 
+    you to send me word how that you do.&amp;nbsp; It was showed me that you was 
+    sick, the which thing troubled me very much till such time that I hear from 
+    you praying you to send me word how that you do, for I never longed so much 
+    for a thing as I do to see you and to speak with you, the which I trust 
+    shall be shortly now.&amp;nbsp; That which doth comfortly me very much when I 
+    think of it, and when I think again that you shall depart from me again it 
+    makes my heart die to think what fortune I have that I cannot be always in 
+    your company.&amp;nbsp; It my trust is always in you that you will be as you 
+    have promised me, and in that hope I trust upon still, praying you that you 
+    will come when my Lady Rochford is here for then I shall be best at leisure 
+    to be at your commandment, thanking you for that you have promised me to be 
+    so good unto that poor fellow my man which is one of the griefs that I do 
+    feel to depart from him for then I do know no one that I dare trust to send 
+    to you, and therefore I pray you take him to be with you that I may sometime 
+    hear from you one thing.&amp;nbsp; I pray you to give me a horse for my man for 
+    I had much ado to get one and therefore I pray send me one by him and in so 
+    doing I am as I said afor, and thus I take my leave of you, trusting to see 
+    you shortly again and I would you was with me now that you might see what 
+    pain I take in writing to you. &lt;BR&gt;Yours as long as life endures, 
+    &lt;BR&gt;Katheryn. &lt;BR&gt;One thing I had forgotten and that is to instruct my man 
+    to tarry here with me still for he says whatsomever you bid him he will do 
+    it.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;to Catherine 
+    Howard website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082587&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082587&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6087</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Katharine Parr to her husband, King Henry VIII, July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine Parr to her husband, King Henry VIII, July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter14.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter14.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feeb93f85c09ef283</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215298</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeb9.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine Parr to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;July 1544&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Katharine Parr wed King Henry VIII on 12 July 1543 
+  at Hampton Court Palace.&amp;nbsp; Henry was her third husband and not her 
+  personal choice.&amp;nbsp; She was in love with Thomas Seymour, the brother of 
+  Henry's third wife, Jane; he eventually became her fourth husband just a few 
+  months after Henry's death in 1547.&amp;nbsp; Once the marriage to Henry was 
+  settled upon, Katharine worked to make it successful.&amp;nbsp; She was, in all 
+  respects, admirably suited to the task.&amp;nbsp; She had experience managing 
+  temperamental elderly men and nursing their various ailments.&amp;nbsp; She was 
+  very intelligent and committed to scholarship, but she also participated fully 
+  in the life of Henry's court.&amp;nbsp; She grew as fond of finery as any of his 
+  wives and dressed magnificently.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;She and Henry grew 
+  close.&amp;nbsp; He refused to allow anyone else to wrap his badly ulcered leg; he 
+  also made her Queen-Regent while he attended the siege of Boulogne in 
+  1544.&amp;nbsp; This letter was written during that six-week absence and its tone 
+  is loving and respectful.&amp;nbsp; In it, Katharine mentions the King of 
+  Scotland's widow, Marie de Guise, as well as Henry's three children.&amp;nbsp; In 
+  addition to her success as a sixth wife, Katharine was an admirable stepmother 
+  who genuinely loved the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth and Prince 
+  Edward.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Although the distance of time and account of days neither is 
+    long nor many of your majesty's absence, yet the want of your presence, so 
+    much desired and beloved by me, maketh me that I cannot quietly pleasure in 
+    anything until I hear from your majesty.&amp;nbsp; The time, therefore, seemeth 
+    to me very long, with a great desire to know how your highness hath done 
+    since your departing hence, whose prosperity and health I prefer and desire 
+    more than mine own.&amp;nbsp; And whereas I know your majesty's absence is never 
+    without great need, yet love and affection compel me to desire your 
+    presence. &lt;BR&gt;Again, the same zeal and affection force me to be best content 
+    with that which is your will and pleasure.&amp;nbsp; Thus love maketh me in all 
+    things to set apart mine own convenience and pleasure, and to embrace most 
+    joyfully his will and pleasure whom I love.&amp;nbsp; God, the knower of 
+    secrets, can judge these words not to be written only with ink, but most 
+    truly impressed on the heart.&amp;nbsp; Much more I omit, lest it be thought I 
+    go about to praise myself, or crave a thank; which thing to do I mind 
+    nothing less, but a plain, simple relation of the love and zeal I bear your 
+    majesty, proceeding from the abundance of the heart.&amp;nbsp; Wherein I must 
+    confess I desire no commendation, having such just occasion to do the same. 
+    &lt;BR&gt;I make like account with your majesty as I do with God for his benefits 
+    and gifts heaped upon me daily, acknowledging myself a great debtor to him, 
+    not being able to recompense the least of his benefits; in which state I am 
+    certain and sure to die, yet I hope in His gracious acceptation of my 
+    goodwill.&amp;nbsp; Even such confidence have I in your majesty's gentleness, 
+    knowing myself never to have done my duty as were requisite and meet for 
+    such a noble prince, at whose hands I have found and received so much love 
+    and goodness, that with words I cannot express it.&amp;nbsp; Lest I should be 
+    too tedious to your majesty, I finish this my scribbled letter, committing 
+    you to the governance of the Lord with long and prosperous life here, and 
+    after this life to enjoy the kingdom of his elect. &lt;BR&gt;From Greenwich, by 
+    your majesty's humble and obedient servant, &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the 
+  Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine 
+    Parr website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082703&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082703&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3508</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Queen Katharine Parr to the Privy Council, 25 July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Queen Katharine Parr to the Privy Council, 25 July 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter15.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter15.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feebaff85c09ef29f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215298</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feeba.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Queen Katharine Parr to the 
+    Privy Council&lt;br&gt;25 July 1544&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;This letter refers to the successful English siege 
+  of Boulogne in July 1544.&amp;nbsp; I have included it because it is an example - 
+  along with a similar letter by Queen Anne Boleyn - of the typical letter of an 
+  English queen consort.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine the Queen. &lt;BR&gt;Right trusty and well-beloved cousins, 
+    we greet you well.&amp;nbsp; Letting you wit that having received your letters 
+    of the 23rd of this present, we have by the same had singular comfort, as 
+    well to perceive thereby the state of health my lord the king's majesty was 
+    in at that present, as also the good beginning of success of his grace's 
+    affairs there; for your joyful news whereof we give unto you our right 
+    hearty thanks.&amp;nbsp; And forasmuch as, touching the other contents of your 
+    said letters, we have presently written at length unto my said lord, the 
+    king's majesty, we forbear to repeat the same unto you, not doubting but 
+    that his highness will communicate the same unto you accordingly.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Given under our signet at my said lord the king's majesty's honor of Hampton 
+    Court, the 25th day of July, the 36th year of his majesty's most noble 
+  reign.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine 
+    Parr website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082704&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082704&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6193</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine Parr to her stepdaughter, Princess Mary, 20 September 1544 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine Parr to her stepdaughter, Princess Mary, 20 September 1544</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter16.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter16.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019ece8feebcbf85c09ef2bb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215299</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019e/ce8feebc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine Parr to her stepdaughter, 
+Princess Mary&lt;br&gt;20 September 1544&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Katharine was very close to all of her stepchildren, 
+  though she and Princess Mary differed greatly in matters of religion.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Mary was, in truth, only a few years younger than Katharine and so the queen 
+  did not have a profound impact upon Mary's life - not as she did upon the much 
+  younger Elizabeth and Edward, both of whom came to love Katharine as a 
+  mother.&amp;nbsp; But Katharine and Mary did become close, and the princess 
+  undoubtedly appreciated Katharine's attempts to heal Henry VIII's broken 
+  family.&amp;nbsp; This letter was written in thanks for a purse Mary had 
+  embroidered and sent to the queen.&amp;nbsp; Katharine also inquires about Mary's 
+  progress in translating Erasmus's &lt;I&gt;Paraphrase on the Gospel of John&lt;/I&gt; and 
+  her health.&amp;nbsp; Mary was notoriously prone to illness and it is obvious that 
+  Katharine felt genuine concern for her step-daughter's well-being.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Katharine wished for Mary to publish her translation; her 
+  own writings (such as &lt;I&gt;Lamentations....&lt;/I&gt;) became 16th century 
+  bestsellers, particularly during the Protestant reigns of Edward VI and 
+  Elizabeth I.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Although, most noble and dearest lady, there are many reasons 
+    that easily induce my writing to you at this time, yet nothing so greatly 
+    moves me thereto as my concern for your health; which, as I hope it is very 
+    good, so am I greatly desirous to be assured thereof. &lt;BR&gt;Wherefor, I 
+    despatch to you this messenger, who will be (I judge) most acceptable to 
+    you, not only from his skill in music, in which you, I am well aware, take 
+    as much delight as myself, but also because, having long sojourned with me, 
+    he can give the most certain information of my whole estate and 
+    health.&amp;nbsp; And, in truth, I have had it in mind before this to have made 
+    a journey to you and salute you in person; but all things do not correspond 
+    with my will.&amp;nbsp; Now, however, I hope this winter, and that ere long, 
+    that, being nearer, we shall meet; than which, I assure you, nothing can be 
+    to me more agreeable, and more to my heart's desire. &lt;BR&gt;Now since, as I 
+    have heard, the finishing touch (as far as the translation is concerned) is 
+    given by Mallet to Erasmus's work upon John, and nought now remains but that 
+    proper care and vigilance should be taken in revising, I entreat you to send 
+    over to me this very excellent and useful work, now amended by Mallet, or 
+    some of your people, that it may be committed to the press in due time; and 
+    farther, to signify whether you wish it to go forth to the world (most 
+    auspiciously) under your name, or as the production of an unknown 
+    writer.&amp;nbsp; To which work you will, in my opinion, do a real injury, if 
+    you refuse to let it go down to posterity under the auspices of your own 
+    name, since you have undertaken so much labor in accurately translating it 
+    for the great good of the public, and would have undertaken still greater 
+    (as is well known) if the health of your body had permitted. &lt;BR&gt;And, since 
+    all the world knows that you have toiled and labored much in this business, 
+    I do not see why you should repudiate that praise which all men justly 
+    confer on you.&amp;nbsp; However, I leave this whole matter to your discretion 
+    and, whatever resolution you may adopt, that will meet my fullest 
+    approbation. &lt;BR&gt;For the purse, which you have sent me as a present, I 
+    return you great thanks.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, the greatest and best of beings, 
+    that He deign to bless you uninterruptedly with true and unalloyed 
+    happiness.&amp;nbsp; May you long fare well in him. &lt;BR&gt;From Hanworth, 20th of 
+    September, &lt;BR&gt;Most devotedly and lovingly yours, Katharine the 
+  Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine 
+    Parr website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082704&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082704&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4950</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 16 September 1513</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 16 September 1513</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019f5d5ad035277e169c5a23</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215299</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019f.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, 
+King Henry VIII&lt;br&gt; 16 September 1513&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;This letter concerns the great English victory 
+  against the Scots at Flodden Field.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was busy at war in 
+  France, along with most of his great nobles and councilors.&amp;nbsp; Katharine 
+  was Queen Regent in his absence, but she tactfully credits the victory against 
+  the Scots to Henry himself.&amp;nbsp; Along with letter, she sent a piece of King 
+  James IV of Scotland's coat.&amp;nbsp; Though he was married to Henry's older 
+  sister Margaret, James remained at odds with the English and was killed at 
+  Flodden Field.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Sir, &lt;BR&gt;My Lord Howard hath sent me a letter open to your 
+    Grace, within one of mine, by the which you shall see at length the great 
+    Victory that our Lord hath sent your subjects in your absence; and for this 
+    cause there is no need herein to trouble your Grace with long writing, but, 
+    to my thinking, this battle hath been to your Grace and all your realm the 
+    greatest honor that could be, and more than you should win all the crown of 
+    France; thanked be God of it, and I am sure your Grace forgetteth not to do 
+    this, which shall be cause to send you many more such great victories, as I 
+    trust he shall do.&amp;nbsp; My husband, for hastiness, with Rougecross I could 
+    not send your Grace the piece of the King of Scots coat which John Glynn now 
+    brings.&amp;nbsp; In this your Grace shall see how I keep my promise, sending 
+    you for your banners a king's coat.&amp;nbsp; I thought to send himself unto 
+    you, but our Englishmens' hearts would not suffer it. It should have been 
+    better for him to have been in peace than have this reward.&amp;nbsp; All that 
+    God sends is for the best. &lt;BR&gt;My Lord of Surrey, my Henry, would fain know 
+    your pleasure in the burying of the King of Scots' body, for he has written 
+    to me so.&amp;nbsp; With the next messenger your Grace's pleasure may be herein 
+    known.&amp;nbsp; And with this I make an end, praying God to send you home 
+    shortly, for without this no joy here can be accomplished; and for the same 
+    I pray, and now go to Our Lady of Walsingham that I promised so long ago to 
+    see.&amp;nbsp; At Woburn the 16th of September. &lt;BR&gt;I send your Grace herein a 
+    bill found in a Scotsman's purse of such things as the French King sent to 
+    the said King of Scots to make war against you, beseeching you to send 
+    Mathew hither as soon as this messenger comes to bring me tidings from your 
+    Grace. &lt;BR&gt;Your humble wife and true servant, Katharine.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082700&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082700&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2254</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography portraits primary sources chronology</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography portraits primary sources chronology</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqos.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqos.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019fb1f312ebd307a21624e2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019f/b1f312eb.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosdarkmain.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;482&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;map name=&quot;FPMap0&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area coords=&quot;517, 180, 768, 256&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;518, 286, 771, 363&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;412, 431, 631, 499&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;635, 431, 794, 498&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;area href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoslinks.html&quot; shape=&quot;rect&quot; coords=&quot;796, 431, 884, 497&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/map&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosdarkmain.jpg&quot; width=&quot;900&quot; height=&quot;500&quot; usemap=&quot;#FPMap0&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082575&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082575&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8418</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her daughter, Princess Mary, April 1534</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her daughter, Princess Mary, April 1534</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter3.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019fdd5bd0352b7e1e9c6a43</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215299</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019f/dd5bd035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+    &lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her daughter, 
+Princess Mary&lt;br&gt; April 1534&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;This letter was written by Katharine about seven 
+  months after the birth of Henry VIII's daughter with Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Henry 
+  had demanded that Mary take the oath to the Act of Succession, thus 
+  acknowledging the invalidity of her parents' marriage as well as her own 
+  illegitimacy.&amp;nbsp; Mary understandably refused, but her resolve was 
+  faltering.&amp;nbsp; Henry would not allow her to visit her mother; he also 
+  dismissed her household and placed her in the care of Lady Anne Shelton, the 
+  aunt of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Mary was miserable and quickly fell ill.&amp;nbsp; She 
+  had never been robust and the constant emotional turmoil of her life affected 
+  her physical health.&amp;nbsp; She understandably looked to her mother for advice 
+  and support.&amp;nbsp; In this letter, Katharine tells Mary to follow her own 
+  strategy - obey Henry in all things except those which would offend 
+  God.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;As the letter indicates, Katharine herself genuinely feared 
+  for Mary's life, as well as her own.&amp;nbsp; But she was determined to remain 
+  true to her conscience, and none of Henry VIII's threats would persuade her 
+  otherwise.&amp;nbsp; Mary would eventually betray her mother's wishes and accede 
+  to the Act of Succession; her letter to Henry VIII is included in the &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt; 
+  section and is a remarkable document.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In this letter, 
+  Katharine mentions Lady Salisbury.&amp;nbsp; This was Margaret de la Pole, 
+  countess of Salisbury; she was also a Plantagenet heir and cousin of Henry 
+  VIII's.&amp;nbsp; She had been Mary's governess for many years and was very close 
+  to both Katharine and Mary.&amp;nbsp; Upon Mary's disobedience, Henry dismissed 
+  her from Mary's service; Margaret was eventually executed on trumped-up 
+  charges of treason in 1541.&amp;nbsp; Her death was perhaps the most blatant act 
+  of judicial murder in Henry's bloody reign.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I find this letter psychologically interesting.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Katharine became increasingly pious as her marriage to Henry dissolved into 
+  ceaseless acrimony and misery.&amp;nbsp; Religious fervor became her only 
+  comfort.&amp;nbsp; In this, she perhaps inadvertently over-stressed its importance 
+  to her daughter.&amp;nbsp; She placed Mary in an untenable and dangerous position, 
+  essentially telling her that it was God's will to disobey her father, even as 
+  she assumed God was on her side in the annulment proceedings.&amp;nbsp; But Henry 
+  was equally convinced of the religious righteousness of his cause.&amp;nbsp; Poor 
+  Mary, torn between two bullying parents, inevitably turned to her 
+  mother.&amp;nbsp; After all, Katharine's situation was far more sympathetic and 
+  she was badly treated (after she refused many generous offers to accept 
+  Henry's wishes.)&amp;nbsp; But the effect on Mary's personality was 
+  devastating.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She remained emotionally insecure for the rest of her 
+  life.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;hr&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Daughter, I heard such tidings today that I do perceive if it be 
+    true, the time is come that Almighty God will prove you; and I am very glad 
+    of it, for I trust He doth handle you with a good love.&amp;nbsp; I beseech you 
+    agree of His pleasure with a merry heart; and be sure that, without fail, He 
+    will not suffer you to perish if you beware to offend Him.&amp;nbsp; I pray you, 
+    good daughter, to offer yourself to Him.&amp;nbsp; If any pangs come to you, 
+    shrive yourself; first make you clean; take heed of His commandments, and 
+    keep them as near as He will give you grace to do, for then you are sure 
+    armed.&amp;nbsp; And if this lady [Anne Shelton] do come to you as it is spoken, 
+    if she do bring you a letter from the King, I am sure in the self same 
+    letter you shall be commanded what you shall do.&amp;nbsp; Answer with few 
+    words, obeying the King, your father, in everything, save only that you will 
+    not offend God and lose your own soul; and go no further with learning and 
+    disputation in the matter.&amp;nbsp; And wheresoever, and in whatsoever company 
+    you shall come, observe the King's commandments.&amp;nbsp; Speak you few words 
+    and meddle nothing.&amp;nbsp; I will send you two books in Latin; the one shall 
+    be De Vita Christi with a declaration of the Gospels, and the other the 
+    Epistles of St Jerome that he did write to Paul and Eustochium, and in them 
+    I trust you shall see good things.&amp;nbsp; And sometimes for your recreation 
+    use your virginals or lute if you have any. &lt;BR&gt;But one thing I especially 
+    desire you, for the love that you do owe unto God and unto me, to keep your 
+    heart with a chaste mind, and your body from all ill and wanton company, not 
+    thinking or desiring any husband for Christ's passion; neither determine 
+    yourself to any manner of living till this troublesome time be past.&amp;nbsp; 
+    For I dare make sure that you shall see a very good end, and better than you 
+    can desire.&amp;nbsp; I would God, good daughter, that you did know with how 
+    good a heart I do write this letter unto you.&amp;nbsp; I never did one with a 
+    better, for I perceive very well that God loveth you.&amp;nbsp; I beseech Him of 
+    His goodness to continue it; and if it fortune that you shall have nobody 
+    with you of your acquaintance, I think it best you keep your keys yourself, 
+    for howsoever it is, so shall be done as shall please them. &lt;BR&gt;And now you 
+    shall begin, and by likelihood I shall follow.&amp;nbsp; I set not a rush by it; 
+    for when they have done the uttermost they can, than I am sure of the 
+    amendment.&amp;nbsp; I pray you, recommend me unto my good lady of Salisbury, 
+    and pray her to have a good heart, for we never come to the kingdom of 
+    Heaven but by troubles. &lt;BR&gt;Daughter, whatsoever you come, take no pain to 
+    send unto me, for if I may, I will send to you. &lt;BR&gt;Your loving mother, 
+    &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    to Queen Mary I website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082700&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082700&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6258</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter4.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a05d5cd0352f7e269c7a63</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215299</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a0.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial 
+ambassador, Eustace Chapuys &lt;br&gt;1535&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;In this letter, Katharine writes to Eustace Chapuys, 
+  the Imperial ambassador and her fervent ally against the annulment.&amp;nbsp; Upon 
+  Katharine's request, Chapuys had asked Henry VIII if Katharine and Princess 
+  Mary could meet.&amp;nbsp; The princess was ill and had not seen her mother for 
+  four years.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not give his permission but he didn't explicitly 
+  refuse either - and that gave Chapuys hope.&amp;nbsp; But Henry also warned the 
+  ambassador that he feared both a popular uprising on Katharine's behalf and 
+  the possibility of Princess Mary's escape to the Continent.&amp;nbsp; Chapuys 
+  reassured the king that both mother and daughter were loyal subjects - but he 
+  didn't mention his own attempts to persuade Katharine to lend support to an 
+  uprising.&amp;nbsp; Both Henry and Chapuys were aware of the vast popular support 
+  of both Katharine and Mary.&amp;nbsp; In the end, Katharine refused to countenance 
+  a rebellion.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she disliked the idea of others dying on her 
+  behalf, but she also would not disobey her husband.&amp;nbsp; This was at the core 
+  of her character - a staunch and unwavering belief that she and Henry were 
+  still husband and wife, and it was her duty to obey him in all things 
+  excepting those which offended God.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Katharine's 
+  protests to Henry that she would never support a rebellion meant little to the 
+  king.&amp;nbsp; He refused to allow mother and daughter to meet, much to their 
+  mutual sorrow.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Mine especial friend, &lt;BR&gt;You have greatly bound me with the 
+    pains that you have taken in speaking with the king my lord concerning the 
+    coming of my daughter unto me.&amp;nbsp; The reward you shall trust to have of 
+    God; for (as you know) in me there is no power to gratify what you have 
+    done, but only with my goodwill.&amp;nbsp; As touching the answer which has been 
+    made you, that his highness is contented to send her to some place nigh me, 
+    so as I do not see her, I pray you vouchsafe to give unto his highness mine 
+    effectual thanks for the goodness which he shows to his daughter and mine, 
+    and for the comfort that I have thereby received; as as to my seeing of her, 
+    you shall certify that, if she were within one mile of me, I would not see 
+    her.&amp;nbsp; For the time permitteth not that I should go about sights, and be 
+    it that I would I could not, because I lack provision therefore. &lt;BR&gt;Howbeit, 
+    you shall always say unto his highness that the thing which I desired was to 
+    send her where I am; being assured that a little comfort and mirth, which 
+    she should take with me, should undoubtedly be half a health to her.&amp;nbsp; I 
+    have proved the like by experience, being diseased of the same infirmity, 
+    and know how much good it may do that I say.&amp;nbsp; And, since I desired a 
+    thing so just and reasonable, and that so much touched the honor and 
+    conscience of the king my lord, I thought not it should have been denied me. 
+    &lt;BR&gt;Let not, for my love, to do what you may that this may yet be 
+    done.&amp;nbsp; Here have I, among others, heard that he had some suspicion of 
+    the surety of her.&amp;nbsp; I cannot believe that a thing so far from reason 
+    should pass from the royal heart of his highness; neither can I think that 
+    he hath so little confidence in me.&amp;nbsp; If any such matter chance to be 
+    communed of, I pray you say unto his highness that I am determined to die 
+    (without doubt) in this realm; and that I, from henceforth, offer mine own 
+    person for surety, to the intent that, if any such thing should be 
+    attempted, that then he do justice of me, as of the most evil woman that 
+    ever was born. &lt;BR&gt;The residue I remit to your good wisdom and judgment as 
+    unto a trusty friend, to whom I pray God give health. &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the 
+    Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082701&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082701&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4343</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Katharine of Aragon to the Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII, 7 January 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter5.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a0dd5dd035337e2e9c8a83</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a0/dd5dd035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King 
+Henry VIII&lt;br&gt;7 January 1536&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;This is the last letter Katharine wrote to 
+  Henry.&amp;nbsp; Its magnanimity is proof that the queen's much-vaunted piety was 
+  sincere.&amp;nbsp; However, she was not averse to a few rebukes.&amp;nbsp; Henry had 
+  treated her horribly and she had not seen their daughter for years.&amp;nbsp; But 
+  Katharine's capacity for forgiveness was great, as was her self-delusion; in 
+  this letter, she again attributes his love for Anne Boleyn to mere physical 
+  desire.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Henry openly celebrated her death and she was 
+  buried as Dowager Princess of Wales in Peterborough Cathedral.&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+  &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;In light of this, the last line of her letter becomes especially 
+  tragic.&amp;nbsp; While she may have desired a visit with him above all else, 
+  Henry was only too happy to learn of her death.&amp;nbsp; It is probable, too, 
+  that his harsh treatment of Katharine hastened her decline.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My&amp;nbsp; most dear lord, king and husband, &lt;BR&gt;The hour of my 
+    death now drawing on, the tender love I owe you forceth me, my case being 
+    such, to commend myself to you, and to put you in remembrance with a few 
+    words of the health and safeguard of your soul which you ought to prefer 
+    before all worldly matters, and before the care and pampering of your body, 
+    for the which you have cast me into many calamities and yourself into many 
+    troubles.&amp;nbsp; For my part, I pardon you everything, and I wish to devoutly 
+    pray God that He will pardon you also.&amp;nbsp; For the rest, I commend unto 
+    you our daughter Mary, beseeching you to be a good father unto her, as I 
+    have heretofore desired.&amp;nbsp; I entreat you also, on behalf of my maids, to 
+    give them marriage portions, which is not much, they being but three.&amp;nbsp; 
+    For all my other servants I solicit the wages due them, and a year more, 
+    lest they be unprovided for.&amp;nbsp; Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes 
+    desire you above all things. &lt;BR&gt;Katharine the Quene.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;to Katharine of 
+Aragon website&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082701&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082701&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5246</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to King Henry VIII, late summer 1526</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to King Henry VIII, late summer 1526</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a15d5ed035377e369c9aa3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Anne Boleyn to King Henry VIII&lt;br&gt; late 
+summer 1526&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background &lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+  &lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Queen Anne Boleyn&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; width=139 align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Seventeen of 
+  Henry VIII's famous love letters to Anne Boleyn exist; they can be viewed at 
+  the Vatican Library.&amp;nbsp; However, only one of Anne's love letters to the 
+  king has survived.&amp;nbsp; It is undated, but its contents place it in late 
+  summer/early autumn of 1526.&amp;nbsp; How?&amp;nbsp; She thanks the king for 
+  personally appointing her a maid of honor to his queen, Katharine of Aragon, 
+  but also - and more importantly - she acknowledges the king's serious 
+  declaration of love for her.&amp;nbsp; As students of Anne's life know, this 
+  subtle but vital shift in their relationship occurred in summer 1526.&amp;nbsp; We 
+  also know that she returned to court as a maid of honor to Katharine of Aragon 
+  at the same time.&amp;nbsp; Interestingly, this letter reveals that Anne owed her 
+  position at court entirely to the king's favor.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This 
+  is believed to be the first love letter Anne wrote to Henry, and is rarely 
+  included in any biography of the queen.&amp;nbsp; However, its authenticity is not 
+  in serious doubt.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;One should remember that Henry's 
+  brief relationship with Anne's sister, Mary Boleyn, had only ended a year 
+  before (in July 1525.)&amp;nbsp; On 4 March 1526, Mary gave birth to a son called 
+  Henry, widely assumed to be the king's son.&amp;nbsp; Anne's feelings about this 
+  awkward situation were never made clear, but she was not close to her 
+  sister.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Please note that Anne spelt her surname 
+  'Bulen' in this letter.&amp;nbsp; This is the third variation of the name I've found.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Sire, &lt;BR&gt;It belongs only to the august mind of a great king, to 
+    whom Nature has given a heart full of generosity towards the sex, to repay 
+    by favors so extraordinary an artless and short conversation with a 
+    girl.&amp;nbsp; Inexhaustible as is the treasury of your majesty's bounties, I 
+    pray you to consider that it cannot be sufficient to your generosity; for, 
+    if you recompense so slight a conversation by gifts so great, what will you 
+    be able to do for those who are ready to consecrate their entire obedience 
+    to your desires?&amp;nbsp; How great soever may be the bounties I have received, 
+    the joy that I feel in being loved by a king whom I adore, and to whom I 
+    would with pleasure make a sacrifice of my heart, if fortune had rendered it 
+    worthy of being offered to him, will ever be infinitely greater. &lt;BR&gt;The 
+    warrant of maid of honor to the queen induces me to think that your majesty 
+    has some regard for me, since it gives me means of seeing you oftener, and 
+    of assuring you by my own lips (which I shall do on the first opportunity) 
+    that I am, &lt;BR&gt;Your majesty's very obliged and very obedient servant, 
+    without any reserve, &lt;BR&gt;Anne Bulen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082702&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082702&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5720</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, mid-summer 1528</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, mid-summer 1528</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter7.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a1dd5fd0353b7e3e9caac3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a1/dd5fd035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&lt;br&gt; 
+mid-summer 1528&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;This letter was written in the summer of 1528, as 
+  indicated by its reference to the sweating sickness.&amp;nbsp; When a servant of 
+  Anne's became infected at court, Henry VIII reluctantly sent her away to Hever 
+  Castle.&amp;nbsp; Most of his famous love letters to Anne were written during this 
+  period of forced separation.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Anne did become ill, but 
+  survived.&amp;nbsp; She wrote this letter to Wolsey in thanks for the gift and 
+  letter he sent her while she was ill.&amp;nbsp; The great Cardinal and Anne have 
+  often been placed at perpetual odds in history books, but in 1528 their 
+  relationship was still amicable enough.&amp;nbsp; Anne and Henry both believed the 
+  Cardinal would be able to secure Henry's annulment from Katharine of Aragon; 
+  when he eventually failed, both were disillusioned - and Henry's 
+  disillusionment led him to arrest his old friend.&amp;nbsp; Only Wolsey's natural 
+  death saved him from certain execution.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Wolsey was 
+  pro-French and wanted to marry Henry VIII to a French princess when his first 
+  marriage was annulled.&amp;nbsp; He was discomfited by the rise of Anne Boleyn, 
+  and her many relatives.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, opposition to the Cardinal's 
+  policies centered around the only other person who so completely dominated 
+  Henry VIII's life - Anne herself.&amp;nbsp; In the beginning, both Anne and Wolsey 
+  realized they could not afford to offend each other.&amp;nbsp; But just a year 
+  after this letter was written, after the disastrous legatine hearing at 
+  Blackfriars, Anne realized Wolsey could not secure the annulment.&amp;nbsp; And 
+  she suspected, quite correctly, that he had never intended for her to marry 
+  Henry.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Wolsey had hoped the delays in securing the annulment would 
+  outlast Henry's passion for Anne; he only later realized the annulment itself 
+  would be impossible.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My lord, &lt;BR&gt;In my most humble wise that my poor heart can 
+    think, I do thank your grace for your kind letter, and for your rich and 
+    goodly present, the which I shall never be able to deserve without your 
+    help, of which I have hitherto had so great plenty, that all the days of my 
+    life I am most bound of all creatures, next the king's grace, to love and 
+    serve your grace, of the which I beseech you never to doubt that ever I 
+    shall vary from this thought, as long as any breath is in my body.&amp;nbsp; And 
+    as touching your grace's trouble with the sweat, I thank our Lord that them 
+    I desired and prayed for are escaped; and that is the king's grace and you, 
+    not doubting that God has preserved you both for great causes known alonely 
+    of His high wisdom.&amp;nbsp; And as for the coming of the legate, I desire that 
+    much.&amp;nbsp; And if it be God's pleasure, I pray him to send this matter 
+    shortly to a good end; and then I trust, my lord, to recompense part of your 
+    great pains.&amp;nbsp; In the which I must require you, in the mean time, to 
+    accept my goodwill in the stead of the power; the which must proceed partly 
+    from you, as our Lord knoweth, whom I beseech to send you long life, with 
+    continuance in honor. Written by the hand of her that is most bound to be 
+    your humble and obedient servant, &lt;BR&gt;Anne Boleyn.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to Cardinal 
+    Thomas Wolsey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082702&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082702&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5400</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1529</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a25d60d0353f7e469cbae3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a2.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter from Anne Boleyn to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&lt;br&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1529&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The tone of this letter differs remarkably from the 
+  preceding letter.&amp;nbsp; The disastrous and humiliating legatine hearings at 
+  Blackfriars in May 1529 had finally convinced Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn that 
+  Wolsey could not secure the annulment.&amp;nbsp; Anne now believed, and with good 
+  reason, that the Cardinal had never intended for her to be queen of England 
+  and had hoped the endless delays of the annulment would cool Henry's passion 
+  for her.&amp;nbsp; She was angry, and now more receptive to the anti-Wolsey 
+  machinations of her uncle, the duke of Norfolk, and other other noblemen who 
+  resented Wolsey's influence with the king.&amp;nbsp; Anne now became their willing 
+  partner in destruction; they had their way and in October of 1529, 
+  the Cardinal fell spectacularly from grace.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Upon 
+  Wolsey's fall, his position was filled by his far less ostentatious and more 
+  cunning protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; He learned the lessons of Wolsey's 
+  life well, and his initial support of Anne Boleyn was tempered by a realistic 
+  understanding of Henry VIII's temperament.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;My lord, &lt;BR&gt;Though you are a man of great understanding, you 
+    cannot avoid being censured by every body for having drawn on yourself the 
+    hatred of a king who had raised you to the highest degree to which the 
+    greatest ambition of a man seeking his fortune can aspire.&amp;nbsp; I cannot 
+    comprehend, and the king still less, how your reverent lordship, after 
+    having allured us by so many fine promises about divorce, can have repented 
+    of your purpose, and how you could have done what you have, in order to 
+    hinder the consummation of it.&amp;nbsp; What, then, is your mode of 
+    proceeding?&amp;nbsp; You quarreled with the queen to favor me at the time when 
+    I was less advanced in the king's good graces; and after having therein 
+    given me the strongest marks of your affection, your lordship abandons my 
+    interests to embrace those of the queen.&amp;nbsp; I acknowledge that I have put 
+    much confidence in your professions and promises, in which I find myself 
+    deceived.&amp;nbsp; But, for the future, I shall rely on nothing by the 
+    protection of Heaven and the love of my dear king, which alone will be able 
+    to set right again those plans which you have broken and spoiled, and to 
+    place me in that happy station which God wills, the king so much wishes, and 
+    which will be entirely to the advantage of the kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The wrong you 
+    have done me has caused me much sorrow; but I feel infinitely more in seeing 
+    myself betrayed by a man who pretended to enter into my interests only to 
+    discover the secrets of my heart.&amp;nbsp; I acknowledge that, believing you 
+    sincere, I have been too precipitate in my confidence; it is this which has 
+    induced, and still induces me, to keep more moderation in avenging myself, 
+    not being able to forget that I have been Your servant, &lt;BR&gt;Anne 
+  Boleyn.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to Cardinal 
+    Thomas Wolsey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082685&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082685&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3142</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Letter of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Cromwell, 1535 </Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources - Letter of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Cromwell, 1535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter9.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a2dd61d035437e4e9ccb03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a2/dd61d035.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;70%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Letter of Anne Boleyn to Thomas Cromwell&lt;br&gt; 
+1535&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;I have included this letter, which refers to the 
+  wardship of a member of the Pointz family, simply because it is the typical 
+  sort of letter Anne would have written as queen of England.&amp;nbsp; Anne had 
+  been granted the lucrative wardship of the Pointz heir by Henry VIII, but one 
+  of Cromwell's associates interfered with it.&amp;nbsp; In this letter, Anne asks 
+  for Cromwell's help in resolving the matter.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Master Secretary, I pray you despatch with speed this matter, 
+    for mine honor lies much on it, and what should the king's attorney do with 
+    Pointz's obligation, since I have the child by the king's grace's gift, but 
+    only to trouble him hereafter, which by no means I will suffer, and thus 
+    fare you as well as I would ye did. &lt;BR&gt;Your loving mistress, &lt;BR&gt;Anne the 
+    Queen.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;to Letters of the Six Wives 
+of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Primary Sources&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to 
+    Thomas Cromwell website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082703&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082703&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4872</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Copyright Information</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/copyright.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/copyright.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a73bbd5043ad6b707dfe1e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a7.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Copyright Information&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;This is simply a copy of information posted on 
+  the &lt;/font&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fresearch.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Help for students 
+  conducting research&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; page.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fresearch.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Visit there&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; to 
+  learn more about copyright, the correct Turabian/MLA style citation for 
+  internet sites, and more. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Everything at this site was written by me (Marilee.)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
+  Therefore, I hold the copyright for all my original work. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And I take all the blame if it bores you to tears or 
+  confuses you endlessly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The site was created in 1997 and is updated regularly.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Visit the &lt;/font&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnew.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; 
+  page to find out the exact dates.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you need a 
+  last name to credit the site, please use Marilee Hanson.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;I do not hold the sole copyright to anything at the
+  &lt;/font&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; 
+  section.&amp;nbsp; Those are original historical documents in the public domain 
+  which I collected and transcribed.&amp;nbsp; Yes, it was loads of work to type 
+  everything up, but they were simply transcribed (not written) by me.&amp;nbsp; 
+  That is why they're called 'Primary Sources'. &lt;BR&gt;I do hold the copyright on 
+  the electronic version of the texts, which I typed.&amp;nbsp; This is where the 
+  internet becomes confusing - essentially, the words are not mine but by virtue 
+  of transcribing them into electronic format, I own this particular version.&amp;nbsp; 
+  So I would ask that no one copies my hard work, at least without asking 
+  permission and/or giving me credit. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;As for graphics used here, copyright law allows the use of images for 
+  educational purposes, provided no profit is made and the image is not 
+  altered.&amp;nbsp; And since I did go to the considerable trouble of scanning the 
+  images, I like to be asked before someone 'borrows' them.&amp;nbsp; This simple 
+  act of courtesy goes a long way in the happy-go-lucky world of the internet.
+  &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;If you would like to learn more about the legal use of 
+  images, please click &lt;/font&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fart.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;here&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;If you have a history-related website of your own,
+  &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Link&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;please let me know&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; so I can add 
+  it to my Links page.&amp;nbsp; Thanks.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;In the end, your visit to this site makes my work worthwhile. &lt;BR&gt;
+  Thanks for visiting and &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Copyright&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;write to 
+  me&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; with any specific questions/comments. &lt;BR&gt;-Marilee&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor England&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082552&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082552&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01a9.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4907</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England: Quizzes: Test your knowledge of Tudor England 16th century English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England: Quizzes: Test your knowledge of Tudor England 16th century English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Quizzes: Test your knowledge of Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudor1.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01a98c752d8383e964db71af</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215306</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01a9.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">quizzes.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">bothwellquizzes.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/quizzes.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Quizzes&quot; width=&quot;347&quot; height=&quot;163&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Please note:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt; 
+          You must close each window within a quiz &lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt; a new window 
+          can open.&lt;br&gt;
+          In other words, there are three options - Check Answers, Reset, Give 
+          Up? - and only one can be chosen at a time.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/bothwellquizzes.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;anonymous portrait of James Hepburn, earl of Bothwell, third husband of Mary, queen of Scots&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;198&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of James Hepburn, earl of Bothwell,&lt;br&gt;third 
+        husband of Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot; size=&quot;-1&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England: Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz One:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq1.html&quot;&gt;General History I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Two:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq2.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Three:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq3.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Four:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq4.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Five:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq5.html&quot;&gt;General History II&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Six:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq6.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I, 
+      part one&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Seven:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq7.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I, 
+      part two&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Eight:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq8.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I, 
+      part three&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Nine:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq9.html&quot;&gt;The Trial and 
+      Execution of Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Ten:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq10.html&quot;&gt;The Sisters of 
+      Henry VIII: Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Eleven:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq11.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Twelve:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq12.html&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Thirteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq13.html&quot;&gt;King Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Fourteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq14.html&quot;&gt;General History&amp;nbsp; 
+      III&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Fifteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq15.html&quot;&gt;General History IV&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Sixteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq16.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Seventeen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq17.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I 
+      and Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Eighteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq18.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Nineteen:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq19.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Films&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Twenty:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq20.html&quot;&gt;The Six Thomases&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Quiz Twenty-one:
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq21.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots: Life in France&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082545&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082545&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01ad.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01ad.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01ad.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">20144</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Katharine Catherine Katherine of Aragon first wife of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Katharine Catherine Katherine of Aragon first wife of Henry VIII mother of Queen Mary I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Katharine / Katherine / Catherine of Aragon: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/aragon.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ad04ada6e97e8f0ae04ea7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ad.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragoncardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonsittow1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;674&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;39&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In this world I will confess
+myself to be the king's true wife, and in the next they will know how
+unreasonably I am afflicted.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon, 1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;39&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragoncardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine of Aragon&quot; width=&quot;443&quot; height=&quot;114&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonsittow1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Michael Sittow, c1502&quot; width=&quot;351&quot; height=&quot;541&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by 
+      Michael Sittow, c1502&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;The youngest surviving child of
+the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Katharine was born on 16 December 1485,
+the same year that Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty.&amp;nbsp; At
+the age of three, she was betrothed to his infant son, Prince
+Arthur.&amp;nbsp; In 1501, shortly before her sixteenth birthday, Katharine
+sailed to England.&amp;nbsp; But her marriage to Arthur lasted less than
+six months and was supposedly never consummated.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+then betrothed to Arthur's younger brother, Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; When he
+became king in 1509, at the age of eighteen, he promptly married
+Katharine and they lived together happily for many years.&amp;nbsp; But
+their marriage produced just one living child, a daughter called Mary,
+and Henry was desperate for a male heir.&amp;nbsp; He also fell deeply in
+love with another woman.&amp;nbsp; Cast aside, Katharine fought against
+great odds to deny Henry an annulment.&amp;nbsp; But the king would not be
+denied and when the Catholic church would not grant the annulment, he
+declared himself head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+banished from court and died on 7 January 1536, broken-hearted but
+still defiant.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+          &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Katharine of Aragon.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Katharine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8crown.html&quot;&gt;an account of her
+coronation&lt;/a&gt; at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;b&gt;Secondary Sources&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Read JA Froude's 1891 work &lt;i&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;The Divorce 
+          of Catherine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
+Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Katharine.&lt;br&gt;
+Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Mary I site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Katharine's daughter.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Interact&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk
+          &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by
+Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of
+the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My tribulations are so great, my life so
+disturbed by the plans daily invented to further the king's wicked
+intention, the surprises which the king gives me, with certain persons
+of his council, are so mortal, and my treatment is what God knows, that
+it is enough to shorten ten lives, much more mine.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon to Charles V, November 1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Katharine was born on 16 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, in the
+archbishop of Toledo's palace.&amp;nbsp; Her early life promised a future
+of splendor and success, if not personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; Her parents,
+Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, were legends throughout
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; Their marriage had united the kingdom of Spain and
+together they had driven the Moors from Granada.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+mother was deeply pious and very intelligent.&amp;nbsp; Her children, even
+the daughters, received excellent educations.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's brother
+Juan and sister Joanna were married off into the powerful Hapsburg
+family and two other sisters, Isabella and Maria, would each marry the
+king of Portugal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was promised to England; the
+betrothal contract was finalized before her fourth birthday.&amp;nbsp; The
+island nation, so long torn between Plantagenet cousins vying for the
+throne, was now ruled by Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; He had married the daughter
+of the former Plantagenet king, Edward IV, and in 1486 had a male heir
+and a desire to establish the stability and validity of his new
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; A match with a Spanish princess would give him
+both.&amp;nbsp; And so Katharine, proud and solemn and accompanied by a
+vast dowry, came to England in 1501.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; She
+wed Prince Arthur within a few weeks of her arrival.&amp;nbsp; It was a
+grand celebration; all of London rejoiced and there was every
+expectation of a glorious future for both husband and wife.&amp;nbsp; They
+left for Ludlow Castle, the government seat of the Prince of Wales, and
+within six months Arthur was dead.&amp;nbsp; It was the dreaded sweating
+sickness.&amp;nbsp; The news devastated his parents.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+returned to London but was not sent home.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was already
+writing to her parents about another marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine was now promised to Arthur's younger brother,
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; Born 28 June 1491, he was almost six years younger than
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But he was robust and healthy, and already regarded as
+a precocious intellect.&amp;nbsp; Before his brother's death, he had been
+destined for the church and educated accordingly.&amp;nbsp; But now he was
+the future king and as such he needed a future wife.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII
+betrothed young Henry to his brother's widow, a plan which required a
+papal dispensation.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand, at odds with France, was anxious
+to please his English ally; Isabella's piety may have ruined the plan
+but she was dying and did not protest.&amp;nbsp; Katharine and her duenna,
+Dona Elvira, both wrote that her marriage to Arthur had never been
+consummated.&amp;nbsp; Pope Julius II granted the dispensation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The new betrothal may have been spurred by Henry VII's legendary
+avarice.&amp;nbsp; Katharine had brought half of her dowry with her upon
+marriage to Arthur; if she returned home, her marriage contract
+required that the dowry be returned.&amp;nbsp; Also, her inheritance as
+dowager Princess of Wales was substantial.&amp;nbsp; If she left England,
+so would that steady income.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine herself &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;wrote to her father&lt;/a&gt;
+that she had no wish to remain in England but she would obey his
+decision.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she had already learned enough of Henry VII's
+character to know she would be shabbily treated.&amp;nbsp; Despite her
+royal position, she lived in poverty.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish ambassador was
+forced to buy her necessities and she was unable to pay her
+attendants.&amp;nbsp; And soon enough Henry VII was implying that he would
+break the Spanish betrothal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine spent the next seven years
+in a state of political limbo.&amp;nbsp; And when he turned fourteen, Henry
+VII had his son publicly repudiate the betrothal, claiming that the
+marriage contract was made without his knowledge or consent.&amp;nbsp; Yet
+Katharine remained in England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;In 1509, the situation was resolved with startling speed.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VII died and his eighteen year old son became king.&amp;nbsp;
+Handsome, proud, and imbued with the romantic spirit of chivalry, he
+promptly married Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Did he marry her out of a sense of
+obligation?&amp;nbsp; Was it because, as he later claimed, he wished to
+respect his father's last wish?&amp;nbsp; Were political councilors
+encouraging the Spanish alliance?&amp;nbsp; Or did he love the dignified
+and lovely young princess?&amp;nbsp; It is impossible to know.&amp;nbsp; But
+they certainly acted like a loving and affectionate couple, far beyond
+typical royal marriages.&amp;nbsp; There were public displays of affection,
+declarations of love and respect, and for a long while she was also a
+close political adviser.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry VIII's court was full of gaiety and celebration.&amp;nbsp; It
+was a welcome change from the austerity of his father's rule.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine proved herself to be the perfect consort, even when politics
+led her father to humiliate and betray Henry.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+recognized that she must choose between unwavering support of her
+father and loyalty to her husband.&amp;nbsp; She chose Henry, though his
+Lord Chancellor, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, never trusted her and instead favored an Anglo-French
+alliance.&amp;nbsp; His influence, and Henry's own suspicions, led the king
+to disregard her political advice.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Katharine's primary duty was both personal and political - to
+bear children, as many as possible and preferably sons.&amp;nbsp; This was
+especially important in England since Henry VIII was the sole surviving
+son of his father.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was far from barren and did her
+best; in the first nine years of their marriage, she conceived at least
+six times.&amp;nbsp; She miscarried twice, once delivered a stillborn
+daughter, and two sons died within weeks.&amp;nbsp; The only surviving
+child was a daughter, Princess Mary, born in 1516.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+last recorded pregnancy was in 1518, when she was thirty-three years
+old.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry was not unhappy with the birth of Mary; he assured
+ambassadors that if it were a daughter this time, a son would surely
+follow.&amp;nbsp; But it was soon clear there would be no sons.&amp;nbsp; The
+age difference between he and Katharine was now more noticeable.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen, struggling with frequent pregnancies and constant stress,
+looked older than her years.&amp;nbsp; Henry was a far more prudent king
+than most; he had just two serious affairs during his marriage to
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But one of his mistresses, Elizabeth Blount, bore him
+a son.&amp;nbsp; It was clear he could have sons, but the queen could
+not.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;By 1527, the question of the succession was the most pressing
+issue facing the king.&amp;nbsp; Two years before, he had titled his
+illegitimate son the duke of Richmond and granted him vast estates.&amp;nbsp;
+Many, Katharine included, believed this was a preliminary step to
+naming him heir to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This never occurred and Richmond
+would die in 1536, but - until then - it was a possibility.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+sent Princess Mary to Ludlow Castle as Princess of Wales and his
+official heir, but even that did not stop the rumors or her mother's
+concerns.&amp;nbsp; Katharine confronted Henry; he responded angrily and
+dismissed several of her beloved Spanish attendants.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The king by now had hopes of a legitimate heir.&amp;nbsp; He had
+fallen in love the year previously with a young Englishwoman, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+She was the sister of a former mistress and refused to take that
+position herself.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who was also deeply pious and a student
+of theology, now took a closer look at his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp;
+In particular, he looked at the text in Leviticus which seemed to
+directly reference his own life - 'If a man shall take his brother's
+wife it is an unclean thing..... they shall be childless.'(Leviticus,
+XX, 21)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Of course, they were not childless but a daughter was not the
+heir he needed.&amp;nbsp; No woman had attempted to rule England since the
+disastrous Matilda centuries&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt; before.&amp;nbsp; Henry now firmly believed
+that his incestuous marriage had been doomed from the start.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But how could he annul the marriage?&amp;nbsp; He needed to convince
+the current pope, Clement VII, that the dispensation of his predecessor
+was inadequate.&amp;nbsp; It directly contradicted the Bible and had no
+merit.&amp;nbsp; This should have been a simple enough matter.&amp;nbsp; Royal
+marriages had been annulled for far less.&amp;nbsp; But Katharine's nephew,
+Charles V, was the Holy Roman Emperor and he had no intention of
+allowing his aunt to be cast off.&amp;nbsp; This was not out of personal
+love or loyalty, but a purely political stance.&amp;nbsp; And after the
+1527 'sack of Rome', Charles controlled the pope.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry was soon thwarted, despite extensive work by Wolsey and
+other advisers.&amp;nbsp; For her part, Katharine was kept in the dark for
+as long as the king could manage it.&amp;nbsp; But she was no fool.&amp;nbsp;
+She knew of the romance between her husband and Mistress Boleyn; she
+knew Henry avoided her company, though he was scrupulous about
+attending official functions with her.&amp;nbsp; He had always respected
+her unassailable dignity and eloquence.&amp;nbsp; He did not wish to fight
+Katharine; he wanted an amicable end to their union and he was prepared
+to be generous.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;When news of his intentions became official, she was given
+counsel but only that chosen by the king.&amp;nbsp; She turned to the
+Spanish ambassador and close friends at court for support.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+Boleyn was not popular and Katharine was a respected and beloved
+queen.&amp;nbsp; The king soon came under popular scorn for his
+plans.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But Henry was as firmly convinced of the righteousness of his
+cause as Katharine was of hers.&amp;nbsp; He had read the Bible; he had
+debated the issue with prominent theologians; he even sponsored
+hearings of the case at European universities.&amp;nbsp; Both king and pope
+knew there was a valid basis for the annulment, and a pressing national
+need for it.&amp;nbsp; Clement could have granted it without troubling his
+conscience.&amp;nbsp; And with the spread of Lutheranism in the German
+states, Clement had no wish to antagonize the loyal and devoted king of
+England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;But the English king could not be helped at the Holy Roman Emperor's 
+    expense.&amp;nbsp; This was soon made abundantly clear.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The pope prevaricated; he could do little else.&amp;nbsp; And for
+several years, the 'King's Great Matter' consumed England and
+fascinated Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Henry inevitably tired of the endless parade of papal legates
+and repetitious hearings.&amp;nbsp; He was growing older and Anne was
+growing impatient.&amp;nbsp; Her youth was being wasted to no purpose, she
+told the king.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Katharine encouraged Mary to be
+obstinate in protecting her rights as princess.&amp;nbsp; Mary lost her
+father's favor and was forbidden to visit her mother.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Finally, in 1533, Henry did the only thing he could to end the
+marriage - he rejected the authority of the Holy See and declared
+himself Supreme Head of a new Church of England.&amp;nbsp; His archbishop
+of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, issued the long-awaited decree of
+nullity.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was no longer queen of England but 'Princess
+dowager of Wales'.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary was now illegitimate, and rumors
+spread that Anne Boleyn had finally succumbed to the king and was
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; Katharine was exiled from court and to a
+succession of damp and unpleasant castles.&amp;nbsp; She had but a handful
+of servants for few would call her queen and she refused to be called
+princess.&amp;nbsp; It was a mark of her early education that she was meek,
+deeply pious and believed in obedience to her husband - but she was
+also a proud and intelligent princess of Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would never
+allow her dignity, or that of her daughter, to be destroyed.&amp;nbsp; In
+the end, this stubborn spirit did both her and Mary far more harm than
+good.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was undoubtedly truthful when she declared her
+marriage to Arthur unconsummated but the truth was cold comfort in the
+last years of her life.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Her final years were lonely and sad; the Spanish ambassador kept
+her informed of outside events and smuggled letters to her daughter,
+but she was often ill and at prayer.&amp;nbsp; The wrongs she had suffered
+from Henry filled her with sadness rather than anger.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she
+was inspired by her motto, Humble and Loyal, for that is how she
+remained.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;She died at Kimbolton Castle on 7 January 1536, three weeks
+after her fiftieth birthday.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that she had been
+poisoned.&amp;nbsp; But if Henry had been so inclined, he would have
+attempted it years before and spared himself much trouble.&amp;nbsp; A
+lingering illness and the psychological effects of her exile were the
+obvious causes.&amp;nbsp; She was buried at Peterborough Abbey with all the
+ceremony befitting the widow of the prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Henry did
+not attend the funeral; we do not know if he read Katharine's &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;last letter&lt;/a&gt; to
+him.&amp;nbsp; It was a love letter and she signed it 'Katherine the
+Queen'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;The tragedy of their annulment was that both he and Katharine
+were equally convinced of their causes.&amp;nbsp; For the modern reader,
+both arguments are persuasive.&amp;nbsp; It is an ironic footnote to her
+life story that Katharine, such a devoted and pious Catholic,
+unintentionally brought the Reformation to England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt; to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082566&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082566&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01ae.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01ae.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01ae.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,593 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41522</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources Mary Tudor sister of King Henry VIII grandmother of Lady Jane Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/brandon.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ae057ca36570b2ebb8626c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215294</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ae.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon1.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Cloth of Gold and Cloth of Frieze&quot; width=&quot;492&quot; height=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon2.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;494&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The marriage portrait of Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, was Henry VIII's closest 
+
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Brandon's father was Henry VII's standard-bearer at the Battle of 
+
+Bosworth Field and died defending the future king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII repaid his 
+
+loyalty by educating young Charles with his own children, and from the beginning 
+
+Charles and the future Henry VIII were devoted friends.&amp;nbsp; But their 
+
+friendship was sorely tested when Brandon secretly married Henry's favorite 
+
+sister, the beautiful Princess Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; At this page, you can learn 
+
+more about their romantic story and its aftermath.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon had an inauspicious beginning and his rise to wealth and 
+prominence was due largely to two things: his father's death at Bosworth Field 
+and his own personal magnetism.&amp;nbsp; Upon his death in 1545, Brandon was 
+perhaps the only person in England who had successfully retained Henry VIII's 
+affection for over forty turbulent years. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His father was William Brandon, Henry Tudor's standard 
+bearer at Bosworth Field in 1485.&amp;nbsp; He was reportedly killed there by 
+Richard III himself.&amp;nbsp; Around 1480 or so, William had married the daughter 
+and heiress of Sir Henry Bruyn of South Ockendon in Essex.&amp;nbsp; But unlike his 
+respectable, middle-class forebears who had led exemplary and cautious 
+lives, William had a tasste for politics.&amp;nbsp; When the Duke of Gloucester 
+seized the throne in 1483 and declared himself Richard III, William and his 
+younger brother Thomas decided to make a stand.&amp;nbsp; They joined the duke of 
+Buckingham's rebellion; it failed and the brothers fled to Brittany where they 
+joined other Lancastrian exiles who supported Henry Tudor, the earl of Richmond.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When William fled England, his wife was already 
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon was born sometime in late 1483 or early 
+1484.&amp;nbsp; His mother died in childbirth and, upon his grandfather's death in 
+1491, the orphaned boy went to the royal court.&amp;nbsp; This was the custom of the 
+time but since Brandon was not heir to an important title or great wealth, his 
+case was decided more on sentiment.&amp;nbsp; He had a claim on Henry Tudor's affections 
+since his father had died in his service.&amp;nbsp; That demonstration of loyalty at 
+Bosworth meant a great deal to the first Tudor king.&amp;nbsp; Since Charles was 
+just two years older than Henry's first son, Prince Arthur, it is probable that 
+they were playmates. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Arthur married the Spanish princess Katharine of 
+Aragon in 1502, his court moved to Ludlow Castle in the Welsh Marches, the 
+traditional seat of the Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not accompany the 
+royal couple but remained in London as companion to Arthur's younger 
+brother, Henry duke of York. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Though seven years older than Henry, Charles shared his 
+most prominent characteristics - natural athleticism, robust physical health 
+(unlike the delicate Arthur), and a devotion to all sports (wrestling, hunting, 
+tilting and jousting, etc.)&amp;nbsp; During these adolescent years, the two boys 
+laid the foundation for a lifelong friendship.&amp;nbsp; Arthur died just months 
+after his wedding and, in 1509, the duke of York succeeded to the throne.&amp;nbsp; 
+This marked the real beginning of Charles Brandon's rise to prominence and 
+privilege. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But before 1509, young Charles had undergone an 
+embarrassing marital situation which revealed his ambition and 
+callousness.&amp;nbsp; In 1505, he had become engaged to Anne Browne, a young woman 
+of impressive lineage; her father was  Anthony Browne, Governor of Calais, 
+and her mother was Lucy Neville, niece of the 'Kingmaker.'&amp;nbsp; Charles and 
+Anne were betrothed &lt;I&gt;per verba de praesenti&lt;/I&gt;, a binding contract under 
+canon law.&amp;nbsp; In such cases, there was no ceremony or witnesses; as one can 
+imagine, this led to several unpleasant cases of men and (more rarely) women 
+repudiating their betrothed &lt;I&gt;if&lt;/I&gt; they lacked proper respect for church 
+law.&amp;nbsp; Charles apparently did.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne slept together, as 
+evidenced by the birth of a daughter in 1506, but he did not marry her.&amp;nbsp; 
+Instead, he married her aunt, a very wealthy widow named Margaret Neville 
+Mortimer.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was never taken seriously due to its mercenary 
+nature and, more importantly, legal action begun by Anne's angry family.&amp;nbsp; 
+Eventually, the Mortimer marriage was annulled due to the previous contract and 
+Charles married Anne in a well-attended public ceremony.&amp;nbsp; They had another 
+daughter in 1510; Anne Browne died just two years later. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By late 1512, Charles had recovered from his grief enough 
+to contemplate yet another union.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps even more mercenary 
+since his betrothed was an eight-year-old orphan.&amp;nbsp; It was common practice 
+for the Crown to assume guardianship of an orphaned minor child who had 
+inherited property.&amp;nbsp; The Crown then sold the guardianship to the highest 
+bidder, often the child's own relatives who wanted to receive the property 
+revenues until the child came of age and decide whom they would marry.&amp;nbsp; 
+Charles had been given the wardship of Elizabeth Grey, the heiress to Lord Lisle 
+of Sparsholt in Berkshire.&amp;nbsp; This, along with various offices, grants &amp;amp; 
+pensions, was a mark of Henry's continued favor.&amp;nbsp; In early 1513, Charles 
+announced his engagement to the girl and, on 15 May 1513, the king created him 
+Viscount Lisle, in right of his betrothed wife.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon finally 
+had a noble title and even more property. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; That same year, the new Lord Lisle accompanied the king to 
+France and also helped entertain the Hapsburg Emperor Maximilian and his 
+twice-widowed, 33-year-old daughter, Margaret, Regent of the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; 
+For Henry, the meeting was also a diplomatic necessity since, in 1508, his 
+father had entered into a formal contract of marriage between his youngest 
+daughter, Mary, and Maximilian's son, Charles of Castile.&amp;nbsp; But over the 
+next few years, little mention had been made of the contract.&amp;nbsp; Henry used 
+the visit to broach the subject; the end result was an agreement that Princess Mary and Charles 
+would wed in 1514, after Charles had reached his 14th birthday. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Lord Lisle made a fool of himself by flirting 
+with Margaret.&amp;nbsp; There is little chance she truly favored him, and certainly 
+none that she planned to marry him, but they flirted, Henry translating for his 
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Charles Brandon was demonstrating his heavy-handed 
+flair for the ladies.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he greatly offended Margaret by 
+encouraging gossip about their meeting.&amp;nbsp; In particular, it stressed her 
+attraction to him and a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; As a Hapsburg princess, she was 
+not amused and Henry VIII was forced to make a public apology.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+not angry with his friend; on 1 February 1514, he created Charles the duke of 
+Suffolk, the title once held by the Yorkist de la Poles.&amp;nbsp; He also received 
+the majority of their confiscated estates.&amp;nbsp; This elevation was remarkable; 
+it meant that Suffolk was one of only three dukes in the kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The 
+other two were Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk (reinstated to the title after his 
+victory at Flodden in 1513), and Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham and 
+descendant of Edward III.&amp;nbsp; Of course, many were surprised that a yeoman's 
+son was now one of their greatest peers but Brandon's friendship with Henry 
+explained matters.&amp;nbsp; In Europe, it was said that 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal Wolsey&lt;/a&gt; and Brandon truly 
+ruled England through influence upon Henry VIII. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1514 as well, the usual tangle of European diplomacy 
+had made Henry distrustful of the Hapsburgs.&amp;nbsp; Also, the deadline for 
+Charles of Castile's marriage to Princess Mary had come and passed with only 
+dismissive explanations from the emperor.&amp;nbsp; So when Louis XII of France 
+offered a peace treaty to England, Henry was eager to accept it.&amp;nbsp; Louis 
+considerably sweetened the offer by offering to wed the Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; For 
+Henry, this was a diplomatic coup.&amp;nbsp; For his sister, of course, it was 
+considerably different. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor, born 18 March 1495, was the baby of the Tudor 
+family and widely considered the most beautiful princess of her time.&amp;nbsp; She 
+shared her brother Henry's exuberance for spectacle and was the star of his 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Like him, she loved dancing, masques, and parties; they were also 
+close emotionally.&amp;nbsp; So when Henry told her that she would marry the widowed 
+King of France, a man in his fifties with gout and a pock-marked face, she 
+poured out her heart.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she would do her duty as a Princess, she 
+told Henry, but when the marriage was over, she wanted to choose her next spouse 
+- and choose him for love alone.&amp;nbsp; Itt was an extraordinary demand for any 
+woman of that time but Henry VIII loved his sister and he agreed.&amp;nbsp; 
+Why?&amp;nbsp; Partly because he loved her but also because he wanted her to leave 
+for France peacefully and willingly; and also, perhaps more troubling, because 
+she had confessed her secret love to him.&amp;nbsp; It was none other than his best friend, Charles 
+Brandon. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had enjoyed unprecedented freedom at Henry VIII's 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Just fourteen when her father died, she had spent the next five 
+years virtually unchaperoned in his hectic court, her brother openly encouraging 
+her participation in every event.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, she was nineteen years old, 
+very beautiful, and very willful.&amp;nbsp; She had developed an attachment to 
+Charles Brandon; she had known him all her life.&amp;nbsp; It may have begun as a 
+child's awe of a robust, attractive man, successful in all sports (so important 
+at the Tudor court) and very charming.&amp;nbsp; But it had changed into something 
+more and, by 1514, most of the king's inner circle knew of her affection.&amp;nbsp; 
+There was no scandal, however.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her brother's promise and 
+married the aged Louis XII at Greenwich Palace on 13 August 1514.&amp;nbsp; The Duc 
+de Longueville acted as the king's proxy in every respect; he even lay down on a 
+bed with Mary and touched her body with his naked leg, thus 'consummating' the 
+marriage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary enjoyed herself at her wedding festivities and its 
+attendant celebrations.&amp;nbsp; It would have been impossible to feel 
+otherwise.&amp;nbsp; She had a splendid trousseau, marvelous jewels sent over from 
+France, and all the honors due to the queen of France.&amp;nbsp; All contemporary 
+accounts remark on her great beauty, particularly her clear complexion and long 
+red-gold hair, the Tudor trademark.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was eager to see her, 
+telling the English ambassador that he had many gifts for his bride and expected 
+a kiss for each one. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary eventually traveled from Dover to Boulogne on 2 
+October, after waiting weeks for stormy weather to end.&amp;nbsp;  She actually left in the 
+midst of more storms since Henry VIII had grown bored waiting for them to 
+end.&amp;nbsp; Upon her departure, she kissed her brother and reminded him of his 
+promise about her future.&amp;nbsp; Henry, eager to leave, committed her to God and 
+her husband and left.&amp;nbsp; There were fourteen ships in Mary's retinue but the 
+weather was so terrible that only four reached port on time; the rest docked at 
+various ports on the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary, suffering from seasickness 
+and constant rain, was carried ashore by one of her gentlemen, Sir Christopher 
+Garnish.&amp;nbsp; She journeyed from Montreuil to Abbeville and contemporary 
+chroniclers recorded her outfit; they were much impressed with her beauty and 
+charm.&amp;nbsp; She wore cloth of gold on crimson with tight sleeves in the English style and a 
+hat of crimson silk which she wore cocked over one eye.&amp;nbsp; Her husband met 
+her at a carefully arranged 'accident' outside Abbeville and, on 9 October, they 
+married in that city. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The marriage lasted for eighty-two days.&amp;nbsp; On 31 
+December 1514, Louis died quite abruptly.&amp;nbsp; Despite his ill health, he had 
+been notably active during his marriage.&amp;nbsp; This may have contributed to 
+his demise; he boasted that on their wedding night, he had 'crossed the river' 
+three times.&amp;nbsp; Before his death, he was visited by the duke of Suffolk on a 
+diplomatic trip and Charles wrote to Henry that his sister was discreet and 
+dignified.&amp;nbsp; This undoubtedly relieved both men; they had perhaps wondered 
+how Mary would greet her true love.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however, was aware of her 
+position as Queen of France and, during her brief marriage, conducted herself 
+with aplomb. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The King of France's death changed her world 
+considerably.&amp;nbsp; Now a queen dowager in a foreign country she had barely 
+begun to settle in, she was suddenly pushed into strict seclusion for 40 
+days.&amp;nbsp; This was French custom; after all, the widowed queen might be 
+pregnant and the child's paternity must be certain.&amp;nbsp; Mary was not pregnant 
+but she was sent to the Hotel de Cluny for her period of mourning, without even 
+the comfort of her English attendants.&amp;nbsp; The new king, Francois, had 
+appointed several Frenchwomen to attend her and dismissed her women.&amp;nbsp; May 
+was undoubtedly terrified.&amp;nbsp; She was closed off from the world, shut behind 
+heavy black drapes, and once more a pawn for her brother.&amp;nbsp; Would Henry 
+arrange another marriage or would he keep his promise?&amp;nbsp; Frantic, Mary wrote 
+to him from Cluny in early January 1515, just two weeks after her husband's 
+death; she begged him to contact Francois and have her sent home to England and 
+reminded him:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, I beseech your grace that you will keep all the 
+promises that you promised me when I took my leave of you by the 
+waterside.&amp;nbsp; Sir, your grace knoweth well that I did marry for your pleasure 
+at this time and now I trust you will suffer me to marry as me liketh for to 
+do... wherefore I beseech your grace for to be a good lord and brother unto 
+me.&quot;&amp;nbsp; If Henry did not keep his promise, Mary said she would enter a 
+nunnery and &quot;never no man shall know joy of me.&quot; &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary also had to deal with visits from the new French 
+king, Francois I.&amp;nbsp; He was twenty-one and knew the English-French alliance 
+was breaking down.&amp;nbsp; He did not want Mary wed by Henry to some Hapsburg 
+prince.&amp;nbsp; He suggested two of his own kinsmen as husbands and then hinted 
+that Henry was trying to marry her to Charles of Castile again.&amp;nbsp; Alone and 
+in a fragile state, Mary was terribly frightened; Francois's words touched on 
+her greatest fears.&amp;nbsp; She eventually confessed her love for Suffolk to 
+Francois.&amp;nbsp; Surprisingly, she found him sympathetic and kind.&amp;nbsp; He 
+promised to help secure her future happiness, a promise which Mary found 
+generous and Francois found opportunistic.&amp;nbsp; For, by this time, he knew the 
+duke of Suffolk was on his way to France to bargain for Mary's return, 
+specifically the return of her jewels, plate, and dower rights.&amp;nbsp; With the 
+dowager queen's confession, Francois had a powerful bargaining tool &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; peace 
+of mind - if Mary wed her English duke, she was no longer Henry's political 
+pawn. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles had been sent to France by Henry, specifically 
+promising to keep his relations with the widow on a formal basis.&amp;nbsp; Henry 
+had no reason to distrust him.&amp;nbsp; Charles was his creation, dependent on him 
+for everything, and also ambitious.&amp;nbsp; Why would he bite the hand that so 
+generously fed him?&amp;nbsp; So Suffolk departed on his most important mission 
+ever; it was well-known that the matter would be complicated.&amp;nbsp; The French 
+would not want to surrender any property to Mary and she would naturally want 
+her rightful share.&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, perhaps Henry meant to keep his 
+promise.&amp;nbsp; After all, he knew his sister's feelings - and now he sent her 
+true love to bring her home.&amp;nbsp; But rattled by Francois's suggestions of a 
+Hapsburg marriage, Mary was set on a course which nearly ruined her and Suffolk.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk arrived on 27 January; five days later, he met 
+Francois at Senlis.&amp;nbsp; Francois summoned Suffolk to a private audience and 
+bluntly dropped his bombshell - the duke had come to marry the Dowager Queen, 
+had he not?&amp;nbsp; Poor Suffolk was taken aback and protested vehemently.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois went on to share Mary's confession and reassure the duke.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+their friend, Francois said, and he would write to the English king and explain 
+all.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk took no chances; he dashed off his own account of the 
+interview to Wolsey and then went to see Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a most emotional 
+reunion.&amp;nbsp; She accused him of taking her to England only to have her married 
+off again against her will.&amp;nbsp; He protested but she would have none of 
+it.&amp;nbsp; She issued an ultimatum - either marry me now or never marry me at 
+all.&amp;nbsp; There would be no better time, she said, for he had jealous enemies 
+on the Privy Council who would prevent it in England.&amp;nbsp; She had her 
+brother's explicit promise that she could follow her heart and Henry knew her 
+greatest desire.&amp;nbsp; What was the risk for him, anyway?&amp;nbsp; She was a 
+princess and queen, very beautiful, and imperious.&amp;nbsp; Why would any man deny 
+her?&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was understandably torn between his obedience to Henry and 
+his desire for Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But he was always ambitious and rarely foolish.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew that Mary would be a great prize; after all, he harbored no overt dynastic 
+ambitions but six years of marriage had produced no living child for Henry 
+VIII.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Suffolk and Mary would create a new royal line.&amp;nbsp; And 
+she was a royal princess and queen, just twenty years old and madly in love with 
+him.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was swayed by tears and ambition and, sometime in February 
+1515, they married secretly at the Cluny chapel. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The consequences were rapid and hardly comforting.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois demanded Suffolk's acquiescence in several disputes over Mary's dowry 
+as payment for their 'secret.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey&lt;/A&gt; and 
+Henry wanted the duke to be firm and reject all the French king's demands.&amp;nbsp; 
+Furthermore, news of the wedding was circulating throughout Paris and Mary 
+suspected she might be pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk knew he could no longer delay 
+confession and wrote to Wolsey, now Archbishop of York.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to 
+arrange a more public wedding ceremony since he knew their secret wedding could 
+easily be invalidated; certainly he knew that better than most.&amp;nbsp; And he 
+feared that the king's council was urging an annulment.&amp;nbsp; Many didn't 
+consider Suffolk a fit match for a princess and others wanted to promote 
+pro-Hapsburg policy of which Mary's remarriage could play a part. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But most important was Henry's reaction.&amp;nbsp; How would 
+he consider the betrayal of his best friend and favorite sister?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Henry's reaction was not favorable.&amp;nbsp; Brandon had written to Wolsey for 
+support and he received a prompt reply but it hardly comforted him; the king 
+could not believe his most trusted friend had betrayed him but, if it were true, 
+the newlyweds had to pay a stiff penalty - literally.&amp;nbsp; They must pay back 
+Mary's marriage portion in annual installments of 4000 pds, leaving her just 
+6000 pds to live on.&amp;nbsp; She must return all the plate and jewels she had 
+taken to France as her dowry as well as the many gifts King Louis had given her.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, they must hasten to beg the king for 
+forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary did just that, both blaming her for the 
+hasty marriage.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk wrote:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, for the passion of God, let it 
+not be in your heart against me, and rather than you should hold me in mistrust, 
+strike off my head and let me not live.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary knew her brother well so, 
+along with her letter, she sent him the most sumptuous jewel Louis had given her 
+- a diamond called the Mirror of Naples wwhich formed part of the French crown 
+jewels.&amp;nbsp; She assured her brother that she had not acted out of 'sensual 
+appetite'; instead, she had been subject to 'consternation, fear and doubt' 
+which made her force Suffolk's hand.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not reply.&amp;nbsp; Francois 
+eventually allowed her to keep some of Louis's gifts and, on 16 April, they set 
+out for the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Mary wrote to Henry again at Calais, telling him 
+that she was now under his jurisdiction since Calais was an English possession 
+and that she would not sail for England until he gave permission.&amp;nbsp; She 
+reminded him of 'the great and tender love' they had always shared and promised 
+to remain in Calais if that is what he wished. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was not.&amp;nbsp; Henry sent permission for them to cross the 
+Channel in early May and met them privately at the manor of Barking outside 
+London.&amp;nbsp; There is no record of that meeting, of course, and one must assume 
+that Wolsey had perhaps exaggerated Henry's displeasure since he wanted 
+Suffolk's gratitude.&amp;nbsp; Henry was willing enough to forgive his best friend 
+and favorite sister, &lt;i&gt;after&lt;/i&gt; she turned over all her jewels and plate from France 
+and signed a contract to repay the 24000 pds spent on her first marriage in the 
+annual installments of 4000 pds.&amp;nbsp; It was obvious that Henry was not 
+surprised by the marriage; he was mostly angry at Suffolk for breaking his word.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;another version of the Brandon marriage portrait&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary were wed again at Greenwich Palace on 13 
+May with Henry and
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; 
+in attendance.&amp;nbsp; There was feasting and celebration but it was strictly a 
+family affair and foreign ambassadors wondered if they should congratulate the 
+couple.&amp;nbsp; After all, the situation was odd and there were some (mostly on 
+the king's council) who disapproved of the match.&amp;nbsp; But, for the most part, 
+there were no hard feelings or grudges.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was a popular man, 
+good-looking and charming, and few - even in Tudor England - could resist such a 
+grand love story.&amp;nbsp; After all, they had risked everything to be 
+together.&amp;nbsp; Before long, the Suffolks were back in the king's good 
+graces.&amp;nbsp; They are recorded as extending all the great court celebrations of 
+the next few years.&amp;nbsp; Mary's pregnancy in France had been a false alarm but 
+she did become pregnant a few months later.&amp;nbsp; In fact, she was now pregnant 
+along with her sister-in-law Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Due to the queen's history of 
+miscarriages and stillbirths, few were hopeful of the outcome; but, on 18 
+February 1516, she gave birth to her only surviving child, a princess called 
+Mary after her aunt.&amp;nbsp; The new duchess of Suffolk, however, was more 
+fortunate - on 11 March 1516, she gave birth to a healthy baby boy called Henry 
+after the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Wolsey stood as the child's godfathers. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary and Henry's older sister Margaret of Scotland visited 
+that summer, bringing her six-month-old daughter, Lady Margaret Douglas.&amp;nbsp; 
+She had been in Scotland for thirteen years but her visit was pleasant 
+enough.&amp;nbsp; Henry had never tired of lecturing Margaret on morality (she had 
+married the Earl of Angus after James of Scotland's death at Flodden); this, of 
+course, is laughable when one considers his own matrimonial career.&amp;nbsp; But 
+Margaret's visit was some ten years before Anne Boleyn entered Henry's 
+life.&amp;nbsp; In 1516, the king was just seven years into his reign, still 
+handsome and bluff.&amp;nbsp; Still, Margaret had little in common with her siblings 
+after her years away; also, her first husband had been killed by the English at 
+Flodden Field. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor was far closer to her foreign sister-in-law 
+than to Margaret.&amp;nbsp; After all, she and Katharine had spent their formative 
+years together.&amp;nbsp; When, in 1517, Katharine went on a pilgrimage to pray for 
+a son, Mary accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; Both Mary and Brandon understood the queen's 
+ 
+heartfelt desire to bear her husband a prince and successor and were 
+sympathetic supporters.&amp;nbsp; There was a passing cloud in 1516 - Mary's revenues 
+from France had fallen off and she was behind in payment of her debt - but the 
+cloud passed quickly.&amp;nbsp; In early summer 1517, they were at Richmond Palace 
+again.&amp;nbsp; Mary was once more pregnant and, on 16 July 1517, she went into 
+labor on her way home.&amp;nbsp; A daughter was born, called Frances after the 
+French king; the Suffolks 
+had another daughter, Eleanor, in 1519. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1518, Mary and Suffolk were at court again, attending 
+the betrothal of the infant Princess Mary to the infant dauphin of France.&amp;nbsp; 
+And they attended the famous Field of Cloth of Gold at Guines, near 
+Calais in 1520.&amp;nbsp; Mary was widely considered the most beautiful woman there.&amp;nbsp; 
+A French admiral commented, &quot;Madame, you are the rose of Christendom.&amp;nbsp; You 
+should have stayed in France.&amp;nbsp; We would have appreciated you.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+was now in her mid-twenties and, when Katharine of Aragon was pregnant or ill, acted 
+as her brother's hostess. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Back in England, however, things began to change.&amp;nbsp; In 
+the new year of 1522, Mary first met
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+She knew Anne's older sister Mary quite well for she had been one of her 
+ladies-in-waiting when Mary Tudor wed Louis XII in France.&amp;nbsp; She had also remained 
+in France until dismissed by Francois.&amp;nbsp; Anne wanted to join Queen 
+Katharine's household as a lady-in-waiting, a much-sought-after position.&amp;nbsp; 
+It is likely that Mary repaid Mary Boleyn's service by helping Anne.&amp;nbsp; 
+Certainly she may have liked the girl; Anne had spent time at the French court 
+and was fashionable and high-spirited, much like Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anne entered Katharine's service but was sent home in 
+disgrace for three years.&amp;nbsp; In just a matter of months, she had managed to 
+attract the attention of Henry Percy, heir to the powerful Earl of 
+Northmberland.&amp;nbsp; The young couple entered into an understanding but Percy was under the guardianship of Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; The king's most trusted 
+advisor and Percy's powerful father were understandably angry at the secret 
+romance.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Anne and Percy were brought to heel&lt;/a&gt;; 
+there were better matches for him and she had overstepped her bounds.&amp;nbsp; Anne 
+was openly furious, so much that she was banished from court.&amp;nbsp; However, she 
+was allowed back in late 1525, around the time that Henry VIII was first 
+beginning to contemplate his lack of heirs. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon had delivered the Princess Mary in 
+1516, when she was thirty-one years old.&amp;nbsp; Since then, there had been no other 
+surviving children.&amp;nbsp; In 1525, she was forty and it was obvious she would 
+have no further children.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was nervous; his dynasty was just forty 
+years old.&amp;nbsp; It would not survive with just one princess as heir.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew the problem was not his fault - after all, in 1519, a mistress called 
+Bessie Blount had born a son.&amp;nbsp; In summer 1525, this child, called Henry 
+Fitzroy, was made the duke of Richmond and Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was present 
+at the grand ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was normally a patient, dignified wife 
+but the lavish ceremony, involving all the important nobility, offended 
+her.&amp;nbsp; She argued with Henry, telling him it insulted her and their daughter 
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry was unused to such criticism and responded by dismissing three 
+of her favorite ladies.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not critical of their benefactor 
+since Henry had created his nephew the Earl of Lincoln at the same 
+ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Also, Mary's repayment of her debt was still in limbo. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was also in failing health.&amp;nbsp; She had suffered 
+through the sweating sickness in 1518 and never completely recovered.&amp;nbsp; She may also have been exhibiting the first signs of the 
+disease which eventually killed her; most historians believe it was 
+cancer.&amp;nbsp; She was present at several court functions over the next few years 
+(a summer 1526 party for European ambassadors, for example) but came to court 
+with less and less frequency.&amp;nbsp; Her physical condition was deteriorating but 
+she was also uncomfortable with her brother's course of action. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1527, Henry's infatuation with Anne Boleyn had 
+begun.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to annul his marriage to Katharine, arguing that 
+it had never been legal in the first place.&amp;nbsp; He asserted that Katharine and 
+Arthur had consummated their marriage and, once again, his old friend Suffolk 
+acted in the king's interest.&amp;nbsp; He dug out some heretofore-lost memories 
+that hinted at consummation.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Wolsey had lost Henry's trust 
+because of the many delays in the annulment; the king used Suffolk to openly 
+attack his once powerful advisor.&amp;nbsp; At a public hearing on the case, Suffolk banged his fist on 
+the table and shouted &quot;It was never merry in England whilst we had cardinals 
+among us.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Of course, Suffolk would not have dared to attack Wolsey 
+without Henry's implicit support.&amp;nbsp; It was the downfall of the Cardinal.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1531, Henry banished Katharine of Aragon from 
+court.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne were constantly together and he made no secret of his 
+intention to marry her.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not happy about this but what 
+could they do?&amp;nbsp; They depended on Henry for everything.&amp;nbsp; Mary made a 
+cutting remark about Anne sometime in early 1532 and refused to accompany Henry 
+and Anne on a state visit to France.&amp;nbsp; Her husband warned Henry that Anne 
+may have slept with Sir Thomas Wyatt.&amp;nbsp; But that is all they dared.&amp;nbsp; 
+They were concerned about their own family. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this time, Suffolk's daughters with Anne Browne were 
+wed to titled men.&amp;nbsp; His eldest daughter with Mary, the lady Frances, was 
+engaged to Henry Grey third Marquess of Dorset, descendent of the famous &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2fplant%2fqueens%2felizwood.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth 
+Woodville&lt;/A&gt;; before Edward IV, she had been married to a Grey and had two sons 
+by him.&amp;nbsp; It was from the elder son that Henry Grey was descended.&amp;nbsp; Frances and Henry were the parents of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; The celebration of Frances's wedding to Henry Grey was held at 
+the Suffolk home in London.&amp;nbsp; It was Mary's last visit to the city.&amp;nbsp; 
+She was increasingly ill and also uncomfortable with her brother.&amp;nbsp; His 
+favor was no longer certain.&amp;nbsp; He had married the pregnant Anne Boleyn in a 
+secret ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was put in charge of the new queen's &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;coronation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Therefore, he was not with his wife when she passed away quietly at their home 
+in Westhorpe on 26 June 1533.&amp;nbsp; She was thirty-eight years old.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+death was not considered important news since most people were concerned with 
+the impending birth of Anne Boleyn's child, destined to be 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Mary had seen her husband in early May but his duties kept him busy; it was a 
+hurried visit and she simply wasted away in the next few weeks. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her brother ordered requiem masses to be sung at 
+Westminster Abbey but showed no other sign of mourning.&amp;nbsp; He was, after all, 
+in the midst of the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon did not attend the 
+funeral but it was a marvelous affair.&amp;nbsp; The coffin lay in state for a month 
+at Westhorpe and was interred at the church of Bury St Edmunds on 22 July.&amp;nbsp; 
+The abbey church and her monument were destroyed during the dissolution of the 
+monasteries.&amp;nbsp; Her coffin was saved, however, and moved to a nearby church 
+called St Mary.&amp;nbsp; In 1784, it was moved yet again within that church.&amp;nbsp; 
+The movers ghoulishly opened the coffin; they found a good set of teeth and two 
+feet of hair which was still red-gold.&amp;nbsp; Souvenir hunters cut off pieces of 
+the hair. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's death was perhaps most mourned in Suffolk county 
+where she had been a popular and respected figure.&amp;nbsp; Her husband replaced 
+her quickly enough - and, as was typical of Brandon, with aplomb.&amp;nbsp; He 
+decided to marry his son's betrothed.&amp;nbsp; The girl was called Catherine 
+Willoughby and she as a baroness in her own right, heiress to 15000 ducats a 
+year.&amp;nbsp; She was also just fourteen-years-old, the same age as his youngest 
+child.&amp;nbsp; Brandon himself was almost fifty.&amp;nbsp; But he needed money badly 
+and she was very rich; he married her quite rapidly.&amp;nbsp; The exact date is unknown.&amp;nbsp; 
+His and Mary's son, the eighteen-year-old Henry Brandon, Earl of Lincoln, would 
+be betrothed elsewhere easily enough.&amp;nbsp; But that was not to be.&amp;nbsp; After 
+his father's wedding, the young earl died, probably of the Tudor scourge, 
+tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was not particularly grieved; six months after his 
+death, he and Catherine had a son and named him Henry Brandon.&amp;nbsp; This usage 
+of a dead child's name was common practice in England. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk remained in Henry's favor.&amp;nbsp; The king gave his 
+old friend the unpleasant task of persuading Katharine of Aragon to accept the 
+break with Rome and the new title Princess Dowager.&amp;nbsp; He was also to move 
+her to Somersham near Cambridge, a manor known for its dank and unhealthy 
+atmosphere.&amp;nbsp; Katharine would not be bullied; she told Suffolk that he would 
+have to bind her in ropes if he wanted to move her anywhere.&amp;nbsp; After a week 
+of such talks, Suffolk left, having accomplished precious little. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He never saw Katharine again.&amp;nbsp; He did attend all the 
+momentous events of the 1530s - he sat at the trials of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Thomas More&lt;/a&gt; 
+and Anne Boleyn, he was even present at the scaffold when &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;she was 
+beheaded&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He also helped lead forces to end the &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/A&gt;, 
+one of the most serious problems of Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, his wife 
+gave birth to a second son called Charles and his daughter Frances, after two 
+still-births, gave birth to a healthy baby girl, named &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;, 
+probably after Queen Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; The exact date of birth is not known, 
+but it was probably October and eclipsed by the birth - finally! - of Henry's 
+son, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince Edward&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk acted as godfather to the new prince.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The last years of his life were quite happy.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+Catherine Willoughby were affectionate, they had two healthy sons, and the 
+dissolution of the monasteries allowed the king to grant him more lands and 
+pensions.&amp;nbsp; He and his wife entertained the king and his new wife 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine 
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;; and, of course, Suffolk was one the men who arrested and extracted a 
+confession from that queen.&amp;nbsp; He died quite suddenly on 22 August 1545, his 
+last official business being plans for an invasion of France.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+sixty years old, a good age at the time, and - once the news was known - it was 
+not suurprising.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk requested a quiet funeral but the king would have 
+none of it - he ordered a lavish ceremony at St George's Chapel in 
+Windsor.&amp;nbsp; Henry planned and paid for the service.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly 
+an emotional occasion for him; after all, Charles Brandon had been his companion 
+for virtually his entire life.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Suffolk was one of the few men who 
+could still remember the Bluff King Hal of legend.&amp;nbsp; Henry was now 
+overweight, bald, and suffering from a variety of physical ailments.&amp;nbsp; He 
+would only outlive his friend by about eighteen months.&amp;nbsp; In that time, he 
+had good cause to regret the death of his one true friend.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Learn about 
+Charles and Mary's granddaughter, Lady Jane Grey, who was queen of England for 
+nine days in 1553&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+Citizens&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082587&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082587&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01b6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01b6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01b6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">36039</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter XI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereleven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereleven.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01b6b4b0acf85ab93c6c5f7a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215293</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01b6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER XI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;DOMESTIC AFFAIRS: 1588-1601&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;IT was a boast of Elizabeth that when once 
+    her servants were chosen she did not lightly displace them. Difference of 
+    opinion from their mistress, or from one another, did not involve 
+    resignation or dismissal, because, though they were free to speak their 
+    minds, all had to carry out with fidelity and even zeal, whatever policy the 
+    Queen prescribed. This condition they accepted; not only the astute and 
+    compliant Burghley, but the more eager and opinionated Walsingham; and 
+    therefore they had practically a life-tenure of office. Soon after the 
+    Armada the first generation of them began to disappear. Bacon, Sussex, and 
+    Bedford were already gone. Leicester died in 1588; his brother Warwick, and 
+    Mildmay in 1589; Walsingham and Randolph in 1591; Hatton in 1592; Grey de 
+    Wilton in 1593; Knollys and Hunsdon in 1596. Of the trusty servants with 
+    whom she began her reign, Burghley alone remained. The leading men of the 
+    new generation were Robert Cecil, the Treasurer's second son, trained to 
+    business under his father's eye, and of qualities similar, though inferior; 
+    Nottingham (formerly Howard of Effingham), a straightforward man of no great 
+    ability, but acceptable to the Queen for his father's services and his own 
+    (and not the less so for his fine presence); the accomplished Buckhurst; the 
+    brilliant Raleigh; and, younger than the rest, Essex. The last was the son 
+    of a man much favoured by Elizabeth. Leicester was his step-father, Knollys 
+    his grandfather, Hunsdon his great-uncle, Walsingham his father-in-law, 
+    Burghley his guardian. Ardent, impulsive, presumptuous, a warm friend, a 
+    rancorous enemy, profuse in expense, lawless in his amours, jealous of his 
+    equals, brooking no superior, impatient of all rule or order that delayed 
+    him from leaping at once to the highest place,--he was possessed with a most 
+    exaggerated notion of his own capacity, which appears to have been only 
+    moderate. As the ward of Burghley he had been much in the company of his 
+    future enemy, Robert Cecil, whose sly prim ways were most unlike his own. 
+    The contrast did him no harm with the public, to whom the younger man was a 
+    Tom Jones and the elder a Blifil. Two vastly abler men, Francis Bacon and 
+    Raleigh, less advantageously placed, but unhampered with any scruples, were 
+    busily trying to profit by the all-pervading animosity of Cecil and Essex.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Belonging, as Essex did by his connections, 
+    to the inner circle who stood closest to Elizabeth, it was natural that she 
+    should take an interest in him, and give him opportunities for turning his 
+    showy qualities to account. In 1586 he was sent to the Low Countries as 
+    general of cavalry under his step-father, Leicester. He distinguished 
+    himself by his fiery valour in the expeditions to Spain, and as commander of 
+    the English army in France, though he does not seem to have had any real 
+    military talent. But Elizabeth's regard for him was soon shaken by his 
+    presumptuous and unruly behaviour. When he fought a duel with Sir Charles 
+    Blount because she had conferred some favour on the latter, she swore &amp;quot;by 
+    God's death it were fitting some one should take him down and teach him 
+    better manners, or there were no rule with him.&amp;quot; He displeased her by his 
+    quarrels with Cecil and Effingham, and his discontented grumbling. She was 
+    highly dissatisfied with his management of the Azores expedition in 1597. In 
+    July 1598, at a meeting of the Council, she was provoked by his insolence to 
+    strike him; and though after three months he obtained his pardon, he never 
+    regained her favour. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It was at this time that Burghley died (4 
+    August), in his seventy-eighth year. Elizabeth, though she could call him &amp;quot;a 
+    froward old fool&amp;quot; about a trifling matter ( March 1596), could not but feel 
+    that much was changed when she lost the able and faithful servant who had 
+    worked with her for forty years. &amp;quot;She seemeth to take it very grievously, 
+    shedding of tears and separating herself from all company.&amp;quot; Buckhurst was 
+    the new Treasurer. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Essex had for some time cast his eyes on 
+    Ireland as a field where glory and power might be won. There can be little 
+    doubt that he was already speculating on the advantage that the possession 
+    of an army might give him in any difficulty with his rivals or with the 
+    Queen herself. Cecil perfidiously advocated his appointment to a post which 
+    had been the grave of so many reputations. The Queen at length consented, 
+    though reluctantly. Essex was a popular favourite. He had managed--it is not 
+    very clear how--to win the confidence of both Puritans and Papists. The 
+    general belief was that, for the first time since she had mounted the 
+    throne, Elizabeth was afraid of one of her subjects. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;During the whole of the reign Ireland had 
+    been a cause of trouble and anxiety. Elizabeth's treatment of that unhappy 
+    country was not more creditable or successful than that of other English 
+    statesmen before and after her. There was the same absence of any systematic 
+    policy steadily carried out, the same wearisome and disreputable alternation 
+    between bursts of savage repression and intervals of pusillanimity, 
+    concession, and neglect. In the competition of the various departments of 
+    the public service for attention and expenditure, Ireland generally came 
+    last. All other needs had to be served first whether at home or abroad.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the early years of the reign the chief 
+    trouble lay in Ulster, then the most purely Celtic part of Ireland, and 
+    practically retouched by English conquest. Twice, in her weariness of the 
+    struggle with Shan O'Neill, Elizabeth conceded to him something like a 
+    subkingship of Ulster in return for his nominal submission. In the end he 
+    was beaten, and his head was fixed on the walls of Dublin Castle (1566). But 
+    nothing further was done to anglicise Ulster. During the attempt of the 
+    Devonshire adventurers to colonise South Munster (1569-71), and the 
+    consequent rebellion, the northern province remained an unconcerned 
+    spectator. Nor did it join in the great Desmond rising (1579-83), which, 
+    with the insurrection of the Catholic lords of the Pale and the landing of 
+    the Pope's Italians at Smerwick, was the Irish branch of the threefold 
+    attack on Elizabeth directed by Gregory XIII. The attempt of the elder Essex 
+    to colonise Antrim (1573-75) was a disastrous failure, and Ulster still 
+    remained practically independent of the Dublin Government. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The most successful Deputy of the reign was 
+    Perrot (1584-87), a valiant soldier and strict ruler, who, after long 
+    experience in the Irish wars, had come to the conclusion that what Ireland 
+    most wanted was justice. The native chiefs, released from the constant dread 
+    of spoliation, and finding that English encroachment was repressed as 
+    inflexibly as Irish disorder, became quiet and friendly. But this system did 
+    not suit the dominant race. The Deputy was accused to the Queen of seeking 
+    to betray the country to the Irish and the Spaniard. Recalled, and put upon 
+    his trial for treason, he was found guilty on suborned evidence, and 
+    sentenced to death. It is usually said that his real offence was some 
+    disrespectful language about the Queen, which he confessed. But it seems 
+    that she forbore to take his life precisely because she would not have it 
+    thought that she was influenced by personal resentment. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;His successor, Fitzwilliam, was a Deputy of 
+    the old sort--greedy, violent, careless of consequences, and always acting 
+    on the principle that, as against an Englishman, a Celt had no rights. The 
+    execution of MacMahon in Monaghan, and the confiscation of his lands on a 
+    trivial pretext, alarmed the North. Ulster had not been bled white like the 
+    rest of Ireland. The O'Neills had a nephew of their old hero Shan for their 
+    chief, who had been brought up at the English Court and made Earl of Tyrone 
+    by Elizabeth. An educated and remarkably able man, he had none of his 
+    uncle's illusions. He clung to his ancestral rights and dignity, but he 
+    hoped to preserve them by zealously discharging his obligations as a vassal 
+    of the Queen. He served in the war against Desmond, and exerted himself to 
+    maintain order in Ulster. But he had no mind to sink into the position of a 
+    mere dignified land-owner like the English nobles; nor indeed, under such a 
+    Deputy as Fitzwilliam, was he likely to preserve even his lands if he lost 
+    his power. Rather than that, he determined to enter into what he knew was a 
+    most unequal struggle, on the off-chance of pulling through by help from 
+    Spain. It is clear that he was driven into rebellion against his 
+    inclination. But when he had once drawn the sword he maintained the struggle 
+    against one Deputy after another with wonderful tenacity and resource. For 
+    the first time in Irish history, the rebel forces were disciplined and armed 
+    like those of the crown, and stood up to them in equal numbers on equal 
+    terms. At length, in August 1598, Tyrone inflicted upon Sir Henry Bagnall 
+    near Armagh the severest defeat that the English had ever suffered in 
+    Ireland; slaying 1500 of his men, and capturing all his artillery and 
+    baggage. Insurrections at once broke out all over Ireland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was the situation with which Essex 
+    undertook to deal. He had loudly blamed other Deputies for not vigorously 
+    attacking Tyrone in his own country. Vigour was the one military quality 
+    which he himself possessed. He went with the title of Lieutenant and 
+    Governor-General, and with extraordinary powers, at the head of 21,000 
+    men--such an army as had never been sent to Ireland (April 1599). The Queen, 
+    who trembled at the expense, and did not wish to see any of her nobles, 
+    least of all Essex, permanently established in a great military command, 
+    enjoined him to push at once into Ulster, as he had himself proposed, and 
+    finish the war. Instead of doing this, he went south into districts that had 
+    been depopulated and desolated by the savage warfare of the last thirty 
+    years. Even here he met with discreditable reverses. When he got back to 
+    Dublin (July) his army was reduced by disease and desertion to less than 
+    5000 men. Disregarding the Queen's express prohibition, he made his friend 
+    Southampton General of horse. When she censured his bad management, he 
+    replied with impertinent complaints about the favour she was showing to 
+    Cecil, Raleigh, and Cobham, and began to consult with his friends about 
+    carrying selected troops over to England to remove them. Rumours of his 
+    intention to return reached the Queen. &amp;quot;We do charge you,&amp;quot; she wrote, &amp;quot;as 
+    you tender our pleasure, that you adventure not to come out of that 
+    kingdom.&amp;quot; He declared that he could not invade Ulster without 
+    reinforcements. They were sent, and at length he marched into Louth 
+    (September). There he was met by Tyrone, who, in an interview, completely 
+    twisted him round his finger, and obtained a cessation of arms and the 
+    promise of concessions amounting to what would now be called Home Rule. A 
+    few days later, on receipt of an angry letter from the Queen forbidding him 
+    to grant any terms without her permission, he deserted his post and hurried 
+    to England. The first notice Elizabeth received of this astounding piece of 
+    insubordination was his still more astounding incursion into her bedroom, 
+    all muddy from his ride, before she was completely dressed (28 September 
+    1599). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth seems to have been so much taken 
+    aback by the Earl's unparalleled presumption, that she did not blaze out as 
+    might have been expected. She gave him audience an hour or two later, and 
+    heard what he had to say. Probably he adopted an injured tone as usual, and 
+    inveighed against &amp;quot;that knave Raleigh&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;that sycophant Cobham.&amp;quot; But his 
+    insubordination had been gross, and no talking could make it anything else. 
+    It was more dangerous than Leicester's disobedience in 1586, because it came 
+    from a vastly more dangerous person. The same afternoon the Queen referred 
+    the matter to the Council. Essex was put under arrest, and never saw her 
+    again. The more she reflected, the more indignant and alarmed she became. 
+    &amp;quot;By God's son,&amp;quot; she said to Harington, &amp;quot;I am no Queen; this man is above 
+    me.&amp;quot; After a delay of nine months, occasioned by his illness, the fallen 
+    favourite was brought before a special Commission on the charge of contempt 
+    and disobedience, and sentenced to be suspended from his offices and 
+    confined to his house during the Queen's pleasure (June 1600). In a few 
+    weeks he was released from arrest, but he could not obtain permission to 
+    appear at court, though he implored it in most abject letters. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There are persons who consider themselves to 
+    be intolerably wronged and persecuted if they cannot have precedence and 
+    power over their fellow-citizens. Essex was such a person. Instead of being 
+    thankful that he had escaped the punishment which under most sovereigns he 
+    would have suffered, he entered into criminal plots for coercing, if not 
+    overthrowing, the Queen. He urged the Scotch King to enforce the recognition 
+    of his title by arms. He tried to persuade Mountjoy, his successor in 
+    Ireland, to carry his army to Scotland to co-operate with James. These 
+    intrigues were not known to the Government. But it did not escape 
+    observation that he was collecting men of the sword in the neighbourhood of 
+    his house; that he was holding consultations with suspected nobles and 
+    gentlemen (some of whom were afterwards engaged in the Gunpowder Plot); that 
+    the Puritan clergy were preaching and praying for his cause; and that there 
+    was a certain ferment in the city. Essex was therefore summoned to attend 
+    before the Council. Instead of obeying, he flew to arms, with Lords 
+    Southampton, Rutland, Sandys, Cromwell, and Monteagle, and about 300 
+    gentlemen. But the citizens of London did not respond to his appeal, and the 
+    insurrection was easily suppressed, less than a dozen persons being slain on 
+    both sides (8 February 1601). A more senseless and profligate attempt to 
+    overthrow a good government it would be difficult to find in history. It was 
+    not dignified by any semblance of principle, and it would sufficiently stamp 
+    the character of its author, even if it stood alone as an evidence of his 
+    vanity, egotism, and want of common sense. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The trial and execution of the principal 
+    malefactor followed as a matter of course and without delay (February 25). 
+    It would have been scandalous to spare him. Elizabeth had once been fond of 
+    him, and had no reason to be ashamed of it. To talk of her &amp;quot;passion&amp;quot; and her 
+    &amp;quot;amorous inclination,&amp;quot; as Hume and others have done, is revolting and 
+    malignant nonsense. It is creditable to old age when it can take pleasure in 
+    the unfolding of bright and promising youth. But royal favour was not good 
+    for such a man as Essex. It developed the worst features in his showy but 
+    faulty character. As he steadily deteriorated, her regard cooled; but so 
+    much of it remained that she tried to amend him by chastisement, &amp;quot;ad 
+    correctionem,&amp;quot; as she said, &amp;quot;non ad ruinam.&amp;quot; She had long before warned him 
+    that, though she had put up with much disrespect to her person, he must not 
+    touch her sceptre, or he would be dealt with according to the law of 
+    England. She was as good as her word, and, though the memory of it was 
+    painful to her, there is not the smallest evidence that she ever repented of 
+    having allowed the law to take its course. Only three of the accomplices of 
+    Essex were punished capitally. The five peers, none of them powerful or 
+    formidable, experienced Elizabeth's accustomed clemency. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It has been suggested by an admirer of Essex 
+    that he failed in Ireland because his &amp;quot;sensitively attuned nature&amp;quot; shrank 
+    from the systematic desolation and starvation afterwards employed by his 
+    successor. No evidence is offered for this suggestion. In a letter to the 
+    Queen (25 June 1599) he advocates &amp;quot;burning and spoiling the country &lt;i&gt;in 
+    all places&lt;/i&gt;,&amp;quot; which method &amp;quot;shall starve the rebels in one year.&amp;quot; This 
+    course Mountjoy carried out. With means far inferior to those of Essex, and 
+    notwithstanding the landing of 3000 Spaniards at Kinsale (September 1601), 
+    he was the first Englishman who completely subdued Ireland. Tyrone 
+    surrendered a few days before the Queen's death. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Little has been said in these pages about 
+    parliamentary proceedings. The real history of the reign does not lie there. 
+    The country was governed wholly by the Queen, with the advice of her 
+    Council, and not at all by Parliament. In the forty-five years of her reign 
+    there were only thirteen sessions of Parliament. The functions of Parliament 
+    were to vote grants of money when the ordinary revenues of the crown were 
+    insufficient, and to make laws. Its right in these matters was unquestioned. 
+    If the Queen had never wanted subsidies or penal laws against her political 
+    and religious opponents (of other laws she often said there were more than 
+    enough already), it would never have been summoned at all; nor is there any 
+    reason to suppose that the country would have complained as long as it was 
+    governed with prudence and success. In fact, to do without Parliaments was 
+    distinctly popular, because it meant doing without subsidies. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the thirty years preceding the Armada--the 
+    sessions of Parliament being nine--Elizabeth applied for only eight 
+    subsidies, and of one of them a portion was remitted. By her economy she not 
+    only defrayed the expenses of government out of the ordinary revenue, which, 
+    at the end of the reign was about Â£300,000 a year, but paid off old debts. 
+    It was not till the twenty-fourth year of her reign that she discharged the 
+    last of her father's debts, up to which time she had been paying interest on 
+    it. Subsequently she even accumulated a small reserve, which, as she told 
+    Parliament, was a most necessary thing if she was not to be driven to borrow 
+    on sudden emergency. But this reserve vanished immediately she became 
+    involved in the great war with Spain; and during the last fifteen years of 
+    her life, although she received twelve subsidies, she was always in 
+    difficulty for money. She had to sell crown lands to the value of Â£372,000. 
+    Parliament, which had voted the usual single subsidies without complaint, 
+    grumbled and pretended poverty when she asked for three and even four. 
+    Bacon's famous outburst (1593) about gentlemen having to sell their plate 
+    and farmers their brass pots to pay the tax, was a piece of claptrap. The 
+    nation was, relatively to former times, rolling in wealth. But the old 
+    belief had still considerable strength--that government being the affair of 
+    the King, not of his subjects, he should provide for its expenses out of his 
+    hereditary income, just as they paid their private expenses out of their 
+    private incomes; that he had no more claim to dip into their pockets than 
+    they had to dip into his; and that a subsidy, as its name imports, was an 
+    occasional and extraordinary assistance furnished as a matter not of duty 
+    but of good-will. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This might have been healthy doctrine when 
+    kings were campaigning on the Continent for personal or dynastic objects. It 
+    was out of place when a large expenditure was indispensable for the 
+    interests and safety of the country. The grumbling, therefore, about 
+    taxation towards the end of the reign was unreasonable and discreditable to 
+    the grumblers. The Queen met them with her usual good sense. She explained 
+    to them--though, as she correctly said, she was under no constitutional 
+    obligation to do so--how the money went, what she had spent on the Spanish 
+    war, on Ireland, and in loans to the Dutch and the French King. The plea was 
+    unanswerable. Her private expenditure was on a very modest scale. In 
+    particular she had never indulged in that besetting and costly sin of 
+    princes, palace-building; and this at a time when the noble mansions which 
+    still testify to the wealth of the England of that day were rising in every 
+    county. Her only extravagance was dress. Some have carped at her collection 
+    of jewelry. But jewels, like the silver balustrades of Frederick William I., 
+    were a mode of hoarding, and in her later years she reconverted jewels into 
+    money to meet the expenses of the State. Modern writers, who so airily blame 
+    her for not subsidising more liberally her Scotch, Dutch, and French allies, 
+    would find it difficult, if they condescended to particulars, to explain how 
+    she was able to give them as much money as she did. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It is common to make much of the debate on 
+    monopolies in the last Parliament of Elizabeth (1601), as showing the rise 
+    of a spirit of resistance to the royal prerogative. I do not think that the 
+    report of that debate would convey such an impression to any one reading it 
+    without preconceived views. None of the speakers contested the prerogative. 
+    They only complained that it was being exercised in a way prejudicial to the 
+    public interest. If the monopolies had been unimportant, or if the patentees 
+    had used their privilege less greedily, there would evidently have been no 
+    complaint as to the principle involved. No course of action was decided on, 
+    because the Queen intervened by a message in which she stated that she had 
+    not been aware of the abuses prevailing, that she was as indignant at them 
+    as Parliament could be, and that she would put a stop, not to monopolies, 
+    but to such as were injurious. With this message the House of Commons was 
+    more than satisfied. As a matter of fact monopolies went on till dealt with 
+    by the declaratory statute in the twenty-first year of James I. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If the last Tudor handed down the English 
+    Constitution to the first Stuart as she had received it from her 
+    predecessors, unchanged either in theory or practice, it was far otherwise 
+    with the English Church. There are two conflicting views as to the 
+    historical position of the Church in this country. According to one it was, 
+    all through the Middle Age, National as well as Catholic. The changes which 
+    took place at the Reformation made no difference in that respect, and 
+    involved no break in its continuity. It is not a Protestant Church. It is 
+    still National and still Catholic, resting on precisely the same 
+    foundations, and existing by the same title as it did in the days of Dunstan 
+    and Becket. According to the other view, the epithets National and Catholic 
+    are contradictory. A Church which undergoes radical changes of government, 
+    worship, and doctrine is no longer the same Church but a new one, and must 
+    be held to have been established by the authority which prescribed these 
+    changes, which, in this case, was the Queen and Parliament. The word 
+    &amp;quot;Protestant&amp;quot; was avoided in its formularies to make conformity easier for 
+    Catholics; but it is a Protestant Church all the same. Whichever of these 
+    views is nearer to the truth, it cannot be denied that, by the legislation 
+    of Elizabeth the English Church became--what it was not in the Middle Age--a 
+    spiritual organisation entirely dependent on the State. This it remains 
+    still; the supremacy having been virtually transferred from the crown to 
+    Parliament in the next century. I shall not venture to inquire how far this 
+    condition of dependence has affected its ability and inclination to perform 
+    the part of a true spiritual power. It is enough to say that no act of will 
+    on the part of any English statesman has had such important and lasting 
+    consequences, for good or for evil, as the decision of Elizabeth to make the 
+    Church of England what it is. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We have seen that the government and worship 
+    of the Church were established by &lt;i&gt;Act of Parliament in 1559&lt;/i&gt;, and its 
+    doctrines in 1571. But when once Elizabeth had placed her ecclesiastical 
+    powers beyond dispute, by obtaining statutory sanction for them, she allowed 
+    no further interference by Parliament. All its attempts, even at mere 
+    discussion of ecclesiastical matters, she peremptorily suppressed. She 
+    supplied any further legislation that was needed by virtue of her supremacy, 
+    and she exercised her ecclesiastical government by the Court of High 
+    Commission. The new Anglican model was acquiesced in by the majority of the 
+    nation. But it had, at first, no hearty support except from the Government. 
+    The earnest religionists were either Catholics or Puritans. The object of 
+    Elizabeth was to compel these two extreme parties to outward conformity of 
+    worship. What their real beliefs were she did not care. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The large majority of the Catholics showed a 
+    loyal and patriotic spirit at the time of the Armada. But they were not 
+    treated with confidence by the Government. Great numbers of them were 
+    imprisoned or confined in the houses of Protestant gentlemen, by way of 
+    precaution, when the Armada was approaching. No Catholic, I believe, was 
+    intrusted with any command either by land or sea; and after the danger was 
+    over, the persecution, in all its forms, became sharper than ever. There was 
+    the less reason for this, inasmuch as it was no secret that the secular 
+    priests and the great majority of the English Catholics had become bitterly 
+    hostile to the small Jesuitical faction whose treasonable conspiracies had 
+    brought so much trouble on their loyal co-religionists. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The term &amp;quot;Puritan&amp;quot; is used loosely, though 
+    conveniently, to designate several shades of belief, By far the larger 
+    number of those to whom it is applied were, and meant to remain, members of 
+    the Established Church. They objected to certain ceremonies and vestments. 
+    They hoped to procure the abolition of these, and, in the meantime, evaded 
+    them when they could. They were what would now be called the Evangelical or 
+    Low Church party. They held Calvin's distinctive doctrines on 
+    predestination, as indeed did most of the bishops; but though preferring his 
+    Presbyterian organisation, or something like it, they did not treat it as 
+    essential. They were broadly distinguished from the Brownists or 
+    Independents, then an insignificant minority, who held each congregation to 
+    be a church, and therefore protested against the establishment of any 
+    national church. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Though Elizabeth persecuted the Catholics 
+    with a severity steadily increasing in proportion as they became less 
+    numerous and formidable, she remained to the last anxious to make conformity 
+    easy for them. This was her reason for so obstinately refusing the 
+    concessions in the matter of ritual and vestments-trifling as they appear to 
+    the modern mind--which would have satisfied almost the whole of the Puritan 
+    party. This policy (for policy it assuredly was rather than conviction), 
+    which drove the most earnest Protestants into an attitude of opposition 
+    destined in the next two reigns to have such serious consequences, has been 
+    severely censured. But there can be no question that it did answer the 
+    purpose she had in view, which for the moment was most important. It did 
+    induce great numbers of Catholics to conform. She avoided a civil war in her 
+    own time between Catholics and Anglicans at the price of a civil war later 
+    on between Anglicans and Puritans. Looking at the great drama as a whole, 
+    perhaps the Puritans of the Great Rebellion might congratulate themselves on 
+    the part that Elizabeth chose to play in its earlier acts. It cannot be 
+    doubted that a civil war in the sixteenth century between Catholics and 
+    Protestants would have been waged with far more ferocity than was displayed 
+    by either Cavaliers or Roundheads, and would have been attended with the 
+    horrors of foreign invasion. To conciliate the earnest religionists on both 
+    sides was impossible. Elizabeth chose the &lt;i&gt;via media&lt;/i&gt;, and the 
+    successful equilibrium which she maintained during nearly half a century 
+    proves that she hit upon what in her own day was the true centre of gravity.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But while doing justice to Elizabeth's 
+    insight and prudence, we may not excuse her extreme severity to the 
+    nonconformists of either party. It was not necessary. It seems to have been 
+    even impolitic. It arose from her arbitrary temper--from a quality, that is 
+    to say, valuable in a ruler, but apt, in great rulers, to be somewhat in 
+    excess. I have condemned her persecution of the Catholics. Her persecution 
+    of the Protestant nonconformists was marked by even greater injustice. 
+    Against the Catholics it might at least be urged that their opinions 
+    logically led to disloyalty. But the Independents, Barrow, Greenwood, and 
+    Penry, were indisputably loyal men. They were put to death nominally for 
+    spreading writings which, contrary to common sense, were held to be 
+    seditious, but really for their religious opinions, which, in the case of 
+    the first two, were extracted from them by the interrogatories of Archbishop 
+    Whitgift, an Inquisitor as strenuous and merciless as Torquemada. Some of 
+    the Council, especially Burghley and Knollys, were strongly opposed to 
+    Whitgift's proceedings. It must therefore be assumed that he had the Queen's 
+    personal approval. She had committed herself to a struggle with intrepid and 
+    obstinate men. The crowded gaols were a visible demonstration that she could 
+    not compel them to submit; and to hang them all was out of the question. An 
+    Act was therefore passed in 1593, by which those who would not promise to 
+    attend church were to be banished the country. Thus most of the Independents 
+    were at last got rid of. The non-separatist Puritans, who aimed at less 
+    radical changes, and hoped to effect them, if not under their present 
+    sovereign, yet under her successor, kept on the windy side of the law, 
+    attending church once a month, and not entering till the service was nearly 
+    over. Thus, at the end of her reign, Elizabeth perhaps flattered herself 
+    that she was within measurable distance of religious uniformity. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwelve.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    XII: Last Years and Death: 1601-1603&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082629&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082629&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01bf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01bf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01bf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4703</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">letters of the six wives of Henry VIII Katharine Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Katharine Parr</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Letters written by the Six Wives of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="hascover">1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01bfdd9bd0362b801ea07243</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01bf.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">letters2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">letters.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cover.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&amp;nbsp; 
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;TABLE height=698 cellSpacing=8 cellPadding=0 width=776 border=0&gt;
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=12 height=150&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=center noWrap width=340 height=150&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;IMG height=90 
+      alt=&quot;Letters written by the six wives of Henry VIII&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/letters2.gif&quot; width=414&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=center width=141 height=150&gt;&lt;IMG height=172 
+      alt=&quot;portrait of Catherine Howard by Holbein&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/letters.jpg&quot; width=170&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=18 height=150&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=226 height=150&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=12 height=532&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=481 colSpan=2 height=532&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Katharine 
+      of Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter1.html&quot;&gt;to her father, King 
+      Ferdinand II of Aragon, 2 December 1505&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter2.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, 16 September 1513&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter3.html&quot;&gt;to her daughter, 
+      Princess Mary, April 1534&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter4.html&quot;&gt;to the Imperial 
+      ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, 1535&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter5.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, 7 January 1536&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter6.html&quot;&gt;to King Henry VIII, 
+      late summer 1526&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter7.html&quot;&gt;to Cardinal Thomas 
+      Wolsey, mid-summer 1528&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter8.html&quot;&gt;to Cardinal Thomas 
+      Wolsey, 1529&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter9.html&quot;&gt;to Thomas Cromwell, 
+      1535&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;to 
+      her husband, King Henry VIII, May 1536&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Jane Seymour&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter11.html&quot;&gt;to the Privy Council, 
+      12 October 1537&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter12.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, 11 July 1540&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;to Thomas Culpeper, 
+      spring 1541&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Katharine Parr&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter14.html&quot;&gt;to her husband, King 
+      Henry VIII, July 1544&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter15.html&quot;&gt;to the Privy Council, 
+      25 July 1544&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter16.html&quot;&gt;to her stepdaughter, 
+      Princess Mary, 20 September 1544&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;sources:&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;Letters of the Queens 
+      of England, 1100-1547, ed by Anne Crawford&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;Lives 
+      of the Queens of England, by Agnes Strickland&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-2&gt;Catherine of Aragon, by Garrett Mattingly&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-2&gt;Anne Boleyn, by Norah Lofts&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;A Tudor 
+      Tragedy, by LB Smith&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=18 height=532&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=226 height=532&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Read the biographies of the Tudor 
+      queens -&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;visit the &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;The Six Wives 
+      of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt; main page.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082572&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082572&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01c4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01c4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01c4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12852</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Are you conducting research?</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/research.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/research.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c48790ee9421e150a9b032</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c4.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Are you conducting research for a paper/project?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Conducting research for a paper or project can be a rewarding 
+  academic experiment.&amp;nbsp; It's a bit like detective work - your teacher or 
+  professor tells you to write about a subject, and off you go....&amp;nbsp; You 
+  have to wade through tons of information, and then - out of thousands of words 
+  - decide what to include in your paper or project.&amp;nbsp; It can be 
+  frustrating, and sometimes boring, but you're guaranteed to learn (and that 
+  is, after all, the ultimate goal of education.) &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;The first step&lt;/B&gt; is the most obvious - &lt;B&gt;choosing a topic&lt;/B&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Choose something which interests you!&amp;nbsp; Research can be fun if you're 
+  actually interested in the topic.&amp;nbsp; But if you're not, it can be boring 
+  and frustrating. &lt;BR&gt;Now quite often you can't choose your topic.&amp;nbsp; But 
+  even if you don't have a choice, the right attitude is important.&amp;nbsp; Don't 
+  look at the research as a chore - look at it as an opportunity to learn new 
+  things which may be useful to you one day.&amp;nbsp; Who knows?&amp;nbsp; The love of 
+  your life might turn out to be a Tudor fanatic. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Once you're topic has been chosen, you're ready for &lt;B&gt;step two&lt;/B&gt; - 
+  &lt;B&gt;background reading&lt;/B&gt;! &lt;BR&gt;Read a general introduction to your topic, 
+  either in your textbook or an encyclopedia.&amp;nbsp; This will only take a little 
+  while, and it's invaluable. &lt;BR&gt;After all, if you're doing a paper on Henry 
+  VIII, it helps to have read a brief biography of his life.&amp;nbsp; Then, while 
+  you're doing more specialized research, you can place the research in its 
+  proper context. &lt;BR&gt;If you want to do further reading on Tudor history, please 
+  visit the &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbiblio.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+  Bibliography&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It's a list of the works I used to create this site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Background research leads to &lt;B&gt;step three&lt;/B&gt; - &lt;B&gt;narrow your topic to 
+  acceptable limits&lt;/B&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;If you only have to write a 3-5 page paper, don't 
+  choose something like the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; Instead, choose a particular 
+  aspect of the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; A good idea is to do background reading, and 
+  write down some 'key words'.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps one of the 'key words' will become 
+  your final topic. &lt;BR&gt;Another idea is to use the 'key words' to make questions 
+  or statements.&amp;nbsp; If you're writing about the Reformation in England, you 
+  could write the following - The Reformation in England was different than the 
+  Reformation in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Or, Was the Reformation in England different 
+  than the Reformation in Germany? &lt;BR&gt;Answering such questions, or finding 
+  support for the statements, can guide your research.&amp;nbsp; Create as many 
+  questions and statements as you need. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Once you have narrowed your topic, move on to &lt;B&gt;step four&lt;/B&gt; - &lt;B&gt;more 
+  background research&lt;/B&gt;! &lt;BR&gt;Once again, head for the encyclopedias.&amp;nbsp; 
+  They will give you a summary of the narrowed topic and familiarize you with 
+  the major themes and vocabulary you will encounter later. &lt;BR&gt;Also, most 
+  encyclopedias include a bibliography which lists the major scholarly works 
+  related to your topic.&amp;nbsp; Once you have that list, head to the library and 
+  use the internet. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;And keep it simple!&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Whenever you're writing a paper, always keep 
+  its length in mind.&amp;nbsp; A short paper (3-5 pages) doesn't require the same 
+  amount of research as a longer paper.&amp;nbsp; Don't make yourself work harder. 
+  &lt;BR&gt;If you're interested in a topic beyond what you can include in the paper, 
+  that's great - but immerse yourself in the topic during personal time.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Don't let your paper become more than you can handle.&amp;nbsp; And too much 
+  detail can drown your topic  and lower your grade.&amp;nbsp; It's natural to want 
+  to impress your teacher or professor with the breadth of your knowledge, but 
+  too much detail can actually be harmful to the presentation of a clear, 
+  concise argument. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you start feeling lost or confused, talk to your teacher.&amp;nbsp; After 
+  all, they know exactly what they want in a paper. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And now some information about using my sites for research, or the internet 
+  in general.... &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;U&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Help for students conducting research on the 'World Wide 
+  Web'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/U&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Conducting research on the internet can be a tricky and confusing 
+  experience.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for us all, the Department of English at Saint Louis 
+  University has created &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.slu.edu%2fdepartments%2fenglish%2fresearch&quot;&gt;a website to help 
+  everyone&lt;/A&gt; - please take the time to explore this valuable resource.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Also, I have collected information about 'Citing Electronic Sources'.&amp;nbsp; 
+  With these tools, you should be able to research and write about any topic - 
+  and use the internet as authoritatively as you use the library! &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you prefer to cut and paste links, the link to the Saint Louis 
+  University site is: &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.slu.edu%2fdepartments%2fenglish%2fresearch&quot;&gt;http://www.slu.edu/departments/english/research/&lt;/a&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Copyright 
+information for this website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I'm very happy that 
+so many people from all over the world use this site for research.&amp;nbsp; It's 
+the reason I created the site and continue to work on it.&amp;nbsp; Many of you have 
+written and asked how to cite my work in your papers and reports.&amp;nbsp; This is 
+the correct format based upon both the Turabian/Chicago and MLA styles:&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+Hanson, Marilee. &amp;quot;Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn.&amp;quot; &lt;i&gt;
+EnglishHistory.net&lt;/i&gt;. 2001. http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (7 
+May 2001).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You must change the article title to 
+reflect what you are quoting and&amp;nbsp; use the date you read the source here.
+&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Please visit the following sites to learn more - &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2flcweb2.loc.gov%2fammem%2fndlpedu%2fcite.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The LOC's 
+Citing Electronic Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt; page and the &lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.columbia.edu%2fcu%2fcup%2fcgos%2fidx%5fbasic.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Columbia University Press&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Let me clearly state that citing electronic sources is a valid form of 
+    research and accepted at most academic institutions.&amp;nbsp; And I would also 
+    like to reassure every visitor to the site that I have checked and 
+    double-checked every bit of information included on these pages. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Also, if you are citing 'Primary Sources', you do not need to know the 
+    original source of the 'primary source'.&amp;nbsp; Again, it is perfectly 
+    acceptable to cite an internet page as a source and every teacher should be 
+    aware of this - if they're not, tell them. &lt;BR&gt;As I've discovered over 
+    the years, simply because a book has its information printed on paper and 
+    bound in a nice cover doesn't mean it's accurate.&amp;nbsp; In fact, quite a few 
+    recently-published&amp;nbsp; history texts are woefully inaccurate and 
+    misleading.&amp;nbsp; So it is best to check and double-check your research, 
+    whether it comes from the internet or a library.&amp;nbsp; I recently wrote a 
+    rant about this - &lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fhistory.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;click here to read&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you have general questions about copyright law, &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2flcweb.gov%2fcopyright&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;go to this site&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; This is the 
+    homepage of the US Copyright Office; it contains information about 
+    international copyright law, too.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt; 
+    &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And now - 
+  &lt;B&gt;Copyright information&lt;/B&gt;....&amp;nbsp; boring but vital!&amp;nbsp; Here it is, in 
+  brief - &lt;B&gt;everything at this site was written by me 
+  (Marilee.)&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Therefore, I hold 
+  the copyright for all my original work. &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And I take all the blame if it bores you to tears or 
+  confuses you endlessly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The site was created in 1997 and is updated regularly.&amp;nbsp; 
+  Visit the &lt;FONT color=#FFFFFF&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnew.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  page to find out the exact dates.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you need a 
+  last name to credit the site, please use Marilee Hanson.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I do not hold the sole copyright to anything at the &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;FONT color=#FFFFFF face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; 
+  section.&amp;nbsp; Those are original historical documents in the public domain 
+  which I collected and transcribed.&amp;nbsp; Yes, it was loads of work to type 
+  everything up, but they were simply transcribed (not written) by me.&amp;nbsp; 
+  That is why they're called 'Primary Sources'. &lt;BR&gt;I do hold the copyright on 
+  the electronic version of the texts, which I typed.&amp;nbsp; This is where the 
+  internet becomes confusing - essentially, the words are not mine but by virtue 
+  of transcribing them into electronic format, I own this particular version.&amp;nbsp; 
+  So I would ask that no one copies my hard work, at least without asking 
+  permission and/or giving me credit. &lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;As for graphics used here, copyright law allows the use of images for 
+  educational purposes, provided no profit is made and the image is not 
+  altered.&amp;nbsp; And since I did go to the considerable trouble of scanning the 
+  images, I like to be asked before someone 'borrows' them.&amp;nbsp; This simple 
+  act of courtesy goes a long way in the happy-go-lucky world of the internet.
+  &lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If you would like to learn more about the legal use of 
+  images, please click &lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT color=#FFFFFF face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fart.html&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;here&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In the end, your visit to this site makes my work worthwhile. &lt;BR&gt;Thanks 
+  for visiting &amp;amp;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Copyright&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;write to 
+  me&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt; with any specific questions/comments. 
+&lt;BR&gt;-Marilee&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to Lord 
+Byron&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;to John Keats&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;You can also visit this GeoCities site for additional help: &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fAthens%2fOracle%2f4184&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;How to Organize a Research 
+Paper and Document It with MLA Citations&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;And for further reading on Tudor England, &lt;BR&gt;visit the &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbiblio.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Tudor Bibliography&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt; - 
+&lt;BR&gt;a list of the works I used to create this site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082655&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082655&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01c6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">1601</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs - Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c686dac3b780f66cc74436</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-correct.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizfinal.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-correct.gif&quot; width=&quot;535&quot; height=&quot;151&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfinal.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Click here to enter the Queen Elizabeth I website.&quot; width=&quot;248&quot; height=&quot;405&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082589&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082589&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">27511</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Katharine Katherine Catherine Parr sixth wife of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Katharine Katherine Catherine Parr sixth wife of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Katharine / Catherine / Katherine Parr: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/parr.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/parr.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01c7a19cd2b780f66cc74fe6</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01c7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parrcardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parrhorenbout.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parrbiography.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;588&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'They curse and ban my words
+everyday, and all their thoughts be set to do me harm....&amp;nbsp; I am so
+vexed that I am utterly weary.' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Katharine Parr in 1544, regarding Catholic attempts to discredit her&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parrcardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine Parr&quot; width=&quot;355&quot; height=&quot;97&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img height=&quot;324&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine Parr by Lucas Horenbout&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parrhorenbout.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;324&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Katharine Parr 
+      by Lucas Horenbout&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Katharine Parr was the sixth and last
+wife of King Henry VIII, destined to outlive the mercurial ruler.&amp;nbsp;
+She was already twice-widowed and childless when they wed in 1543; she
+was also in love with Thomas Seymour, the brother of Henry's third
+queen Jane.&amp;nbsp; But the king's will was law and Katharine bowed to
+his demands with grace.&amp;nbsp; She was an admirable wife to Henry and a
+loving stepmother to his two youngest children, Elizabeth and
+Edward.&amp;nbsp; She was also the most intellectual of Henry's wives,
+caught up in the turbulent religious climate of the times.&amp;nbsp; And it
+was this passionate interest in theology which nearly ended her life,
+for the king was old and sickly but still capable of destroying those
+closest to him.&amp;nbsp; Katharine saved herself and earned Henry's
+respect enough to be appointed Regent of England during his military
+campaign in Boulogne.&amp;nbsp; Upon his death in 1547, she married Seymour
+with indecent haste, the only one of four husbands she had chosen
+herself.&amp;nbsp; Her greatest achievement was the popularity of her
+devotional works; they were 16th century bestsellers and capture
+Katharine's complex and abiding piety.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html#Biography&quot;&gt; &lt;font
+ size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Katharine Parr.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Katharine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Katharine. &lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Katharine's life and times at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+          Interact&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk
+          &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by
+Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+          &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of
+the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Lord, hearken to my
+words.&amp;nbsp; Consider the thought of mine heart.&amp;nbsp; Behold, how loud
+I cry unto thee.&amp;nbsp; Let my just prayer enter into thine ears, which
+unfeignedly cometh from mine heart.&amp;nbsp; Hear me, Lord, for I am poor
+and destitute of man's help.&amp;nbsp; Take care for my soul.&amp;nbsp; Save
+me, thy servant, which wholly trust in thee.&amp;nbsp; Have mercy upon me,
+O Lord, for I will never cease crying to thee for help.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;a prayer written by Katharine Parr&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+After the debacle of his fifth marriage to a girl thirty years his
+junior, Henry VIII found himself in a novel position.&amp;nbsp; For the
+first time in his tangled marital career, a future wife was not waiting
+to be claimed.&amp;nbsp; The king turned fifty-one the year &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine
+Howard&lt;/a&gt; was executed; he was obese, often bedridden and in great
+pain.&amp;nbsp; His moods grew dark and vengeful.&amp;nbsp; The Tudor court
+vacillated between the opposing factions of Catholicism and the
+reformed faith; they waited expectantly for Henry to choose his next
+wife, knowing she would tip the balance in favor of one party.&amp;nbsp;
+But which?&amp;nbsp; And was there a woman at court who would risk marrying
+the elderly king? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The position of Queen was the greatest honor for an Englishwoman;
+but in the last years of Henry's reign, it was also the most dangerous
+honor.&amp;nbsp; After the humiliation of Catherine Howard's infidelity,
+Henry was determined his next wife would not dare cuckold him.&amp;nbsp;
+And so there was an interesting clause in the Act of Attainder which
+had condemned Catherine to death.&amp;nbsp; It stated that 'to avoid doubts
+for the future', anyone who knew anything 'incontinent' about the queen
+must reveal it - or be condemned for treason.&amp;nbsp; And if the king
+chose to marry a woman whom he 'took to be a pure and clean maid' and
+she turned out to be otherwise, the charge of treason would apply to
+both the woman and 'all who knew it and did not reveal it'.&amp;nbsp; In
+other words, you must speak up - either before or after the royal
+marriage - or die. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This new law was enough to frighten even the most seasoned
+courtier.&amp;nbsp; Before, the chance to parade a young girl before the
+king was a chance to make a family's fortune; now, it was merely a
+chance to risk death.&amp;nbsp; For who could be completely certain of a
+young woman's chastity?&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, who could trust the old
+king's judgment on the matter?&amp;nbsp; Henry had declared he 'somewhat
+suspected' the virginity of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves&lt;/a&gt;, but he had believed Catherine Howard to be a virgin when
+she was not.&amp;nbsp; If one was relying solely upon the king's word.....
+What if a chaste young woman did marry Henry and he then mistakenly
+declared she was 'incontinent'?&amp;nbsp; No one could impugn the word of
+the king, nor escape his wrath. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Understandably enough, the mood at court was hesitant and
+frightened.&amp;nbsp; And so when the king's eye turned favorably to one
+Lady Latimer, thirty-one years old and twice-widowed, courtiers
+breathed a sigh of relief and her family could safely encourage the
+royal interest.&amp;nbsp; After all, a widow need not prove her nebulous
+virginity to a credulous monarch. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine Parr, Lady Latimer, had many other admirable qualities
+which attracted the king.&amp;nbsp; She has the historical reputation of a
+doting stepmother and devoted scholar, but she&lt;img height=&quot;381&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine Parr by William Scrots, c1546&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parrbiography.jpg&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; was also a woman as dedicated to finery and
+amusements as any of Henry's previous wives.&amp;nbsp; And though
+twice-widowed, she was still twenty years younger than the king.&amp;nbsp;
+She was tall, vivacious and witty, with a kindly and sensible
+nature.&amp;nbsp; She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal and
+Maud Greene; Katharine was the eldest of three children, born probably
+in 1512, followed the next year by her brother William and a year later
+by her sister Anne.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Maud were courtiers during the
+early years of Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was knighted at the
+king's coronation in 1509 and Maud was a lady-in-waiting to his first
+queen, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
+of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; But Thomas died unexpectedly in 1517, and
+Katharine's mother dedicated herself to securing good marriages for her
+children.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was raised in Northamptonshire in the
+household of her uncle Sir William Parr.&amp;nbsp; Her education was good,
+but not comprehensive.&amp;nbsp; Later in life, she would undertake the
+difficult task of learning Greek and Latin; this was indicative of her
+genuine love and respect for scholarship, particularly with regard to
+women.&amp;nbsp; It was Katharine Parr who encouraged Elizabeth I's
+education, thus creating the most learned monarch in English
+history.&amp;nbsp; She also made John Cheke and Roger Ascham tutors to
+young Prince Edward; the influence of these Cambridge 'reformers' upon
+both Elizabeth and Edward was profound. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine's first marriage was in 1529; her mother died two years
+later.&amp;nbsp; Her first husband was young Edward Borough, son of a minor
+lord in Lincolnshire.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was childless and Edward, who
+had a history of lingering illness, died in 1532.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
+next husband, John Neville, Lord Latimer, was forty years old, twice
+Katharine's age and with a son and daughter.&amp;nbsp; They wed in late
+spring 1533; Katharine was his third wife.&amp;nbsp; Latimer was a wealthy
+northern landowner and Katharine quickly adapted to her new lifestyle
+as mistress of a large household.&amp;nbsp; She also became - at the young
+age of twenty-one - the beloved stepmother of Latimer's daughter.&amp;nbsp;
+The most trying time of their marriage was the infamous Pilgrimage of
+Grace, which forced the conservative North against Henry VIII's
+religious policies.&amp;nbsp; Poor Latimer was torn between the demands of
+the rebels (who kidnapped him and, later, his wife and daughter) and
+those of his angry king.&amp;nbsp; Called to London to explain himself,
+Latimer was eventually cleared of complicity.&amp;nbsp; But his health was
+broken from the stress and never recovered.&amp;nbsp; Katharine began to
+spend more time in London, nursing her husband and visiting with her
+younger sister Anne.&amp;nbsp; Anne Parr had married William Herbert, the
+illegitimate grandson of the powerful earl of Pembroke, and was also a
+lady-in-waiting to Henry VIII's fourth and fifth wives.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine was still a young woman, and this time at court opened
+her eyes in many ways.&amp;nbsp; First, she was at last in the presence of
+healthy, dynamic men her own age; unlike her invalid husbands, these
+men were flirtatious and charming.&amp;nbsp; There was never a hint of
+impropriety in Katharine's actions, and she continued to nurse the
+ailing Lord Latimer with notable care and compassion.&amp;nbsp; But she
+would have been less than human if she did not notice the contrast
+between her life in northern England and the glittering, challenging
+court of Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She became increasingly interested in the theological debates of
+the court, but she also enjoyed its less intellectual pleasures -
+dancing, music, banquets, grand costumes.&amp;nbsp; When she became queen,
+this love of clothes and jewels would be indulged on the grandest
+scale.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;While Lord Latimer lingered on his deathbed throughout 1541 and
+1542, Katharine realistically assessed her future.&amp;nbsp; She would soon
+be a very wealthy widow, finally free to make her own choices and with
+the youth to enjoy them.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, she had fallen in love with
+the charming Thomas Seymour, brother of the late Queen Jane and uncle
+to Henry VIII's only male heir.&amp;nbsp; But she had also caught Henry
+VIII's jaded eye.&amp;nbsp; His first gifts to Katharine were delivered on
+16 February 1543, a year after Catherine Howard's execution.&amp;nbsp; On 2
+March, her husband Lord Latimer at last passed away.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+looked to Seymour as her future husband, to a life of passionate
+fulfillment rather than one of duty.&amp;nbsp; Seymour, meanwhile, took
+note of the king's interest and wisely stepped back.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so Katharine Parr once again followed a dutiful course,
+entering into a third marriage with an older, sickly husband.&amp;nbsp; But
+though she followed her duty, it was not an easy choice.&amp;nbsp; She
+wrote to Seymour, 'As truly as God is God, my mind was fully bent....
+to marry you before any man I know.'&amp;nbsp; But the will of God was
+different than her own, she continued, and after a great spiritual
+struggle, she had no choice but obedience.&amp;nbsp; She and Seymour parted
+with some promises for the future (after all, the king was ill and
+failing) and their feelings undiminished.&amp;nbsp; The ascendancy of the
+Parr family had now begun.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Events moved quickly.&amp;nbsp; She and Henry were married by Stephen
+Gardiner in the 'Queen's closet' at Hampton Court Palace on 12 July
+1543, with all the royal children present.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; The marriage was an immediate success.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine chose as her motto 'To be useful in all I do.'&amp;nbsp; And she
+had a truly endearing personality, as proven by the genuine affection
+which a variety of people felt for her.&amp;nbsp; To the king, she was the
+perfect companion and nursemaid; to his children, she was a loving
+stepmother.&amp;nbsp; As queen, she attracted those courtiers sympathetic
+to the reformed faith.&amp;nbsp; Her rooms became famous for their
+theological debates, a fact which soon incensed Stephen Gardiner and
+other Catholics.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When the king left for France on yet another expensive military
+campaign in July 1544, Katharine - his 'most dearly and most entirely
+beloved wife' - was made Regent of England.&amp;nbsp; The only other wife
+accorded this honor had been Henry's first, Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry returned in October to find his affairs in good order. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Their marriage had its physical side as well.&amp;nbsp; Though
+occasionally impotent, the king did consummate their marriage and
+Katharine was fond of ordering black satin nightdresses.&amp;nbsp; She
+would often sit with the king's sore leg in her lap, or in his lap
+herself.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed her dancing and they both loved music;
+they also exchanged rich gifts.&amp;nbsp; It was only when Katharine waded
+into the complicated morass of Tudor theology that she roused Henry's
+temper. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's religious beliefs remain confusing centuries later; one
+can only sympathize with his contemporaries who had to guess at them
+and hope for the best.&amp;nbsp; Raised a Catholic, Henry was forced to
+repudiate the papacy in order to marry Anne Boleyn; for several years
+afterwards, Protestants and Catholics alike were struck down by the
+king.&amp;nbsp; To lean too far one way or the other risked certain
+death.&amp;nbsp; As the king grew older, he came to appreciate the mess he
+had created.&amp;nbsp; Where did he stand?&amp;nbsp; Was he an ally of the
+Lutheran princes?&amp;nbsp; Or did he miss the faith of his youth?&amp;nbsp; It
+is probable that even Henry did not know the answer.&amp;nbsp; But even if
+he didn't know what he believed, he did know heresy when he heard it -
+or so he thought.&amp;nbsp; Encouraged by Gardiner and other Catholic
+councilors, he was soon persuaded that Katharine Parr was a heretic. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine was coming dangerously attracted to evangelical
+Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; Her companions were of a younger generation than
+the king, having grown up in the decades following Martin Luther's
+triumph in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Theology was no longer only the province of
+churchmen; the laity - and women especially - could now question and
+debate the most important issues for themselves.&amp;nbsp; As an
+intelligent woman with a deep love of scholarship, this new faith
+appealed to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There was no room for her in Catholicism,
+but she could be a guiding light for the reformers. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so she was, attracting Mile Coverdale, John Parkhurst, Anthony
+Cope and others.&amp;nbsp; She had also become close friends with Thomas
+Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury, and Catherine Willoughby, the
+duchess of Suffolk, another young wife of an elderly husband.&amp;nbsp;
+Both she and Katharine used their youthful energy in defense of the new
+faith. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;343&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine Parr or Lady Jane Grey?&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;170&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Perhaps the central belief of this new faith was the need for
+everyone to personally study the Bible.&amp;nbsp; This was a truly
+revolutionary idea; it also lessened the power of Henry VIII as Supreme
+Head of the Church of England since it encouraged his subjects to think
+for themselves.&amp;nbsp; Conservatives argued that reading the Bible only
+encouraged heresy.&amp;nbsp; But as Katharine wrote angrily, 'Is it not
+extreme wickedness to charge the holy sanctified word of God with the
+offenses of man?&amp;nbsp; To allege the Scriptures to be perilous learning
+because certain readers thereof fall into heresies?'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In May 1543, the king's council felt sufficiently alarmed by this
+permissive climate to pass the Act for the Advancement of the True
+Religion.&amp;nbsp; It was directed against the 'lower sort' who wished to
+study the Bible in English, either alone or in public.&amp;nbsp; It was
+later amended to allow noblewomen the right to read the Bible but they
+must do so alone and not engage in religious debate.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine, however, seemed content to ignore this warning.&amp;nbsp;
+The king was openly affectionate; foreign ambassadors wrote home in
+praise of her kindness; her stepchildren loved her.&amp;nbsp; She was
+secure in her position and unaware of any danger.&amp;nbsp; As patroness,
+she favored the reformers and also sought to protect those who fell
+from favor. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But in 1546, Baron Thomas Wriothesley was made Lord Chancellor; he
+was a conservative especially interested in stamping out heresy.&amp;nbsp;
+On 24 May 1546, the reformist Anne Askew was arrested and horribly
+tortured.&amp;nbsp; She had ties to court, particularly to the duchess of
+Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; But she refused to implicate the queen despite repeated
+questioning; Wriothesley and his secretary Richard Rich were personally
+involved in her torture.&amp;nbsp; On 16 July she was burnt at the stake
+for heresy.&amp;nbsp; Only a few days before, the Privy Council had ordered
+Katharine's estate books seized, presumably because she would soon be
+arrested and her property confiscated.&amp;nbsp; This indicates that her
+Catholic enemies felt confident the king would follow their lead in
+disposing of his sixth wife, much as he had destroyed &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; four years before.&amp;nbsp; And since the king possessed the
+disturbing quality of acting well to those he was about to destroy, his
+continued affection for Katharine did not worry them.&amp;nbsp; Katharine,
+however, was still lulled into a feeling of safety.&amp;nbsp; In response
+to Anne Askew's execution, she hurriedly threw out her most evangelical
+books - but that was all. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Around this time, Henry VIII was in a more irritable mood than
+usual.&amp;nbsp; His ulcerated leg had grown worse, as had the recurrent
+headaches.&amp;nbsp; Katharine made the mistake of engaging the king in
+theological discourse while he was physically unwell and under the
+influence of his conservative courtiers.&amp;nbsp; It nearly cost her her
+life. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Shortly after Anne Askew's execution, the royal couple were
+sitting in their usual position - the king's sore leg resting upon his
+wife's lap.&amp;nbsp; As she nursed him, Katharine began to lecture her
+husband on religion.&amp;nbsp; The king was in no mood for what he
+considered heresy, nor to be lectured by his wife.&amp;nbsp; It seemed
+Katharine's enemies had won.&amp;nbsp; But then the old king threw all into
+confusion, possibly on purpose.&amp;nbsp; He told his doctor, Thomas Wendy,
+that Katharine was about to be arrested and soon enough an anonymous
+courtier dropped a copy of the warrant outside Katharine's rooms.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen was devastated and immediately in fear for her
+life.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine went to the king's rooms and there he immediately began
+to discuss religion with her, in particular contradicting many of her
+reformist beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Recognizing the test, Katharine agreed with it
+all, telling Henry that 'women by their first creation were made
+subject to men' and that 'men out to instruct their wives, who would do
+all their learning from them'.&amp;nbsp; The king was 'a prince of such
+excellent learning and wisdom' that she would gladly follow his
+counsel.&amp;nbsp; But this appeal to Henry's vanity was not enough.&amp;nbsp;
+'You are become a doctor able to instruct us and not to be instructed
+by us,' the king said, referring to her earlier lecture.&amp;nbsp; But
+Katharine replied that he had 'much mistaken the freedom she had taken
+to argue with him', for she had only done it to learn from him and
+distract him from his illness.&amp;nbsp; 'And is it even so?' asked Henry,
+with a smile. 'Then Kate, we are friends again.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr
+had escaped. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But no one had told the king's council.&amp;nbsp; When Wriothesley and
+forty guards arrived to arrest Katharine the next day, the king himself
+beat them about the heads and shoulders, calling them foul names.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine was thus saved in a most public and spectacular fashion, and
+was soon gifted with more jewels and plate than before.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Her appeal to Henry's vanity saved her life and it also allowed
+the king to remind everyone who was the real master.&amp;nbsp; Wriothesley
+had sought to recreate the destruction of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;
+and Cromwell, using the king's temper to destroy his personal
+enemies.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII was of a mind to do otherwise.&amp;nbsp; He
+had long lamented the loss of Cromwell and he disliked any manipulation
+by his councilors.&amp;nbsp; By saving Katharine in such a public manner,
+he forced his courtiers to recognize his omnipotence and mutability. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But he was not indestructible.&amp;nbsp; The king's health began a
+decline in the spring of 1546 from which he only sporadically
+recovered.&amp;nbsp; By the winter, he was dangerously ill.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine's own position gained new prominence since upon Henry's death
+she would be the dowager queen.&amp;nbsp; She already had great influence
+over her stepson &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince
+Edward&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She continued to nurse Henry
+assiduously, but was sent away to Greenwich Palace with Mary and
+Elizabeth for Christmas celebrations.&amp;nbsp; She returned to London on
+10 January but never saw the king again.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII died in the
+early morning hours of 28 January 1547. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;After Henry's death, Thomas Seymour's elder brother Edward assumed
+the title Protector of the Kingdom, ruling in the name of his nine year
+old nephew.&amp;nbsp; Katharine, meanwhile, married Thomas with what others
+(including her royal stepchildren) felt was indecent haste.&amp;nbsp; The
+actual date is not known but Seymour referred to himself as her husband
+in a letter of 17 May.&amp;nbsp; The wedding took place in the moonlit
+gardens of Chelsea Manor.&amp;nbsp; Letters indicate that the ambitious
+Seymour pressed for a quick union.&amp;nbsp; As a dowager queen, Katharine
+was expected to behave perfectly; also, it was theoretically possible
+she was pregnant by Henry VIII. &amp;nbsp;For once, the always dutiful
+Katharine had acted impulsively. &amp;nbsp;She had given up Thomas Seymour
+once and would not do so again. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;For the new king's councilors, the marriage was a disaster.&amp;nbsp;
+They recognized Seymour's ambition even as Katharine fell even more
+deeply in love.&amp;nbsp; Edward Seymour's wife Anne Stanhope, now the
+duchess of Somerset, engaged in a petty battle of precedence with
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Also, there were arguments over Katharine's
+possessions, particularly jewelry which Henry VIII had given her.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, there was far happier news to distract her.&amp;nbsp; In late
+November 1547, thirty-five years old and childless through three
+previous marriages, Katharine Parr became pregnant. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;However, her pregnancy was not the happy triumph she had
+expected.&amp;nbsp; Her husband proved too forward with the young Princess
+Elizabeth and Katharine was forced to send her step-daughter
+away.&amp;nbsp; This breach hurt them both deeply.&amp;nbsp; The young &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt; remained with the household, however, for Seymour had
+'bought' her from her ambitious parents, hoping to marry her to Prince
+Edward. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine gave birth to a girl named Mary at Sudeley Castle in
+Gloucestershire on 30 August.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey stood as godmother to the
+infant, but the happy occasion took a quick turn for the worse.&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine Parr soon fell victim to puerperal sepsis, or 'childbed
+fever', which had also killed Queen Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; She suffered
+painful delusions before sinking into calm, able to dictate her will
+and final wishes.&amp;nbsp; She died on 5 September, and Jane Grey acted as
+chief mourner at the funeral.&amp;nbsp; She was buried at Sudeley in St
+Mary's Church.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Katharine's Parr life was always one of duty and kindness.&amp;nbsp;
+She left behind a formidable tradition of scholarship and religious
+devotion, as evidenced by her own books.&amp;nbsp; The great tragedy of her
+life was that, when finally able to marry for love, her happiness was
+all too brief. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Susan E. James wrote &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f1840146834%2fqid%3d1068483380%2fsr%3d1-1%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f1%2f103-9144463-8095031%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3dbooks&quot;&gt;
+a wonderful biography&lt;/a&gt; of Katharine in 1999.&lt;br&gt;
+It includes extensive selections from her letters to Thomas Seymour.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082571&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082571&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01cf.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2164</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">A discussion of question five from Tudor Quiz: Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/quizstuff.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/quizstuff.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01cf774f2d407164c30b50d9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215304</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01cf.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;In my many (too many) readings about Henry's checkered marital
+career, one thing always struck me - the constant back and forth between
+biographers/historians over the exact ending of his six marriages.&amp;nbsp;
+It's a common assumption that Henry divorced Katharine of Aragon, Anne
+Boleyn, Anne of Cleves, and Catherine Howard, yet a close reading of the
+actual circumstances of each case reveals something quite different - those
+marriages were annulled, and annulments are not divorces.
+&lt;p&gt;An annulment invalidates a marriage by declaring the marriage was never
+valid; in other words, a marriage never took place.&amp;nbsp; If we take this
+a step further, it could be argued that Henry never had six wives at all
+- since he annulled four of his marriagess!
+&lt;br&gt;A divorce recognizes the legal validity of a marriage; it acknowledges
+that a legal marriage did occur and was recognized by both spouses.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;I will add a discussion of each case when I have some spare time, which
+I hope is sooner rather than later.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorq13.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Quiz: Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082744&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082744&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01d7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01d7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01d7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8130</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Henry VIII's speech before Parliament, 1545</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8speech.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8speech.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01d7ce7911a82315bf34c8d2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01d7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">h8speech.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/h8speech.gif&quot; width=&quot;575&quot; height=&quot;87&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This speech, 
+      given on 24 December 1545, was recorded by a member of Parliament.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+      These words bring Henry VIII's personality to life - at times belligerent, 
+      then coaxing, mixing flattery and threats.&amp;nbsp; Unlike his descendants, 
+      Henry had few problems with parliament; his domination of its members was 
+      legendary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+On 24 December the king's majesty came into the parliament
+house, to give his royal assent to such acts as had been passed there,
+where the speaker made to him an eloquent oration, to which it has always
+been the custom for the lord chancellor to answer, but at this time it
+was the king's pleasure that it should be otherwise, for the king himself
+answered, as follows word for word, as near as I was able to report it.
+&lt;p&gt;'Although my Chancellor for the time being has been used, before
+this time, very eloquently and substantially to answer such orations as
+have been set forth in this high court of parliament, yet he is not so
+able to open and set forth my mind and meaning and the secrets of my heart
+in so plain and ample manner as I myself can.&amp;nbsp; Wherefore, taking it
+upon myself to answer your eloquent oration, master speaker, I say that
+where you, in the name of our well beloved commons, have both praised and
+extolled me for the notable qualities which you have conceived to be in
+me, I most heartily thank you all that you have reminded me of my duty,
+which is to endeavor myself to obtain and get such excellent qualities
+and necessary virtues as a prince or governor should or ought to have,
+of which gifts I recognize myself both bare and barren.&amp;nbsp; But for such
+small qualities as God has endowed me with I render to his goodness my
+most humble thanks, intending with all my wit and diligence to get and
+acquire for myself such notable virtues and princely qualities as you have
+alleged to be incorporated in my person.&amp;nbsp; Having first remembered
+these thanks for your loving admonition and good counsel, I next thank
+you again because, considering our great charges (not for our pleasure
+but for your defense, not for our gain but to our great cost) which we
+have lately sustained, as well in defense against our and your enemies
+as for the conquest of that fortress which was to this realm most displeasant
+and noisome, and shall be by God's grace hereafter most profitable and
+pleasant to our nation, you have freely of your own decision granted to
+us a certain subsidy, specified here in an act, which truly we take in
+good part, regarding more your kindness than the profit thereof, as he
+that sets more by your loving hearts than by your substance.&amp;nbsp; Besides
+this hearty kindness I cannot a little rejoice when I consider the perfect
+trust and sure confidence which you have put in me, as men having undoubted
+hope and unfeigned belief in my good deeds and just proceedings for you,
+since without my desire or request you have committed to my order and disposition
+all chantries, colleges, hospitals and other places specified in a certain
+act, firmly trusting that I will order them to the glory of God and the
+profit of the commonwealth.&amp;nbsp; Surely if, contrary to your expectation,
+I should suffer the ministries of the church to decay, or learning (which
+is so great a jewel) to be diminished, a poor and miserable people to be
+unrelieved, you might say that I, being put in so special a trust as I
+am in this case, were no trusty friend to you, nor a charitable man to
+my fellow Christians, nor a lover of the public wealth, nor yet one who
+feared God, to whom account must be rendered of all our doings.&amp;nbsp; Doubt
+not, I pray you, that you expectations will be fulfilled more Godly or
+goodly than you will wish or desire, as you will plainly see afterwards. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;'Now, since I find such kindness on your part towards me, I cannot choose
+but to love and favor you, affirming that no prince in the world more favors
+his subjects than I do you, and no subjects or commons more love and obey
+their sovereign lord than I see you do me, for whose defense my treasure
+shall not be hidden, nor if necessity requires it will my person be not
+risked.&amp;nbsp; But although I with you and you with me are in this perfect
+love and concord, this friendly amity cannot continue unless both you,
+my lords temporal, and you, my lords spiritual, and you, my loving subjects,
+study and take pains to amend one thing which is surely amiss and far out
+of order, which I most heartily require you to do, which is that charity
+and concord is not amongst you, but discord and dissension bears rule in
+every place.&amp;nbsp; St Paul wrote to the Corinthians, in the 12th chapter:
+'Charity is gentle, Charity is not envious, Charity is not proud,' and
+so on in that chapter.&amp;nbsp; Behold then what love and charity is amongst
+you when one calls another heretic and anabaptist and he calls him back
+papist, hypocrite, and pharisee.&amp;nbsp; Are these tokens of charity amongst
+you?&amp;nbsp; No, no, I assure you that this lack of charity amongst yourselves
+will be the hindrance and assuaging of the fervent love between us, as
+I said before, unless this is healed and clearly made whole.&amp;nbsp; I must
+judge the fault and occasion of this discord to be partly the negligence
+of you, the fathers and preachers of the spirituality.&amp;nbsp; For if I know
+a man who lives in adultery I must judge him to be a lecherous and carnal
+person; if I see a man boast and brag about himself I cannot but deem him
+a proud man.&amp;nbsp; I see and hear daily that you of the clergy preach against
+each other without charity or discretion.&amp;nbsp; Some are too stiff in their
+old 'Mumpsimus', others are are too busy and curious in their new 'Sumpsimus'.&amp;nbsp;
+Thus almost all men are in variety and discord, and few or none truly and
+sincerely preach the word of God as they ought to do.&amp;nbsp; Shall I now
+judge you to be charitable persons who do this?&amp;nbsp; No, no, I cannot
+do so.&amp;nbsp; Alas, how can the poor souls live in concord when you preachers
+sow amongst them in your sermons debate and discord?&amp;nbsp; They look to
+you for light and you bring them darkness.&amp;nbsp; Amend these crimes, I
+exhort you, and set forth God's word truly, both by true preaching and
+giving a good example, or else, I, whom God has appointed his vicar and
+high minister here, will see these divisions extinct, and these enormities
+corrected, according to my true duty, or else I am an unprofitable servant
+and an untrue officer'. ....
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082603&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082603&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01d8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">34363</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Relatives - Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/cathgrey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/cathgrey.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01d8b7d86d12036f5fb122bd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215304</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01d8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#660000&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+3&gt;Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born 1540, died 27 January 1568&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;' I have sent you, good sister Catherine, a book, which although it
+be not outwardly trimmed with gold, yet inwardly it is more worthy than
+precious stones. It is the book, dear sister, of the laws of the lord:
+It is His Testament and Last Will, which He bequeathed unto us wretches,
+which shall lead you to the path of eternal joy, and if you, with a good
+mind read it, and with an earnest desire, follow it, it shall bring you
+to an immortal and everlasting life.&amp;nbsp; It will teach you to live and
+learn you to die.... It shall win you more than you should have gained
+by the possession of your woeful father's lands, for as if God prospered
+him, you shall inherit his lands.... [it holds] such riches as neither
+the covetous shall withdraw from you, neither the thief shall steal, neither
+let the moth corrupt.... And as touching my death, rejoice as I do and
+consider that I shall be delivered of this corruption and put on incorruption,
+for as I am assured that I shall for losing of a mortal life, find an immortal
+felicity. Pray God grant you and send you his grace to live in the love...
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Farewell good sister, put only your trust in God,
+who only must uphold you,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your loving sister, Jane Duddley'
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;letter from Lady Jane Grey to her sister Catherine,
+1554&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;'....when I call to mind what a husband I have of you, and my great
+hard fate to miss the viewing of so good a one....&amp;nbsp; Thus most humbly
+thanking you, my sweet lord, for your sending to see how I do.... I most
+lovingly bid you farewell....'
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;letter of Catherine Grey to Edward Seymour, 1562&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Lady Jane Grey, the unfortunate queen of England for just nine
+days, wrote the above letter to her younger sister Catherine before her
+execution.&amp;nbsp; It was the last communication between the seventeen-year-old
+Jane and fourteen-year-old Catherine.&amp;nbsp; Married to men of their parents'
+choosing in a double ceremony the year before, they both suffered when
+Jane was deposed and Princess Mary Tudor (named for their grandmother)
+became queen.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (The tragedy of Jane's life, and the complexities
+of the plot to make her queen of England, is discussed in much greater
+detail in the following sections:&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward
+VI&lt;/a&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; Catherine's reaction to the sudden disgrace of her family,
+the ruin of all their hopes and dreams, is not recorded.&amp;nbsp; However,
+it is safe to assume she was devastated.&amp;nbsp; She was just fourteen and
+watched her entire world turn upside down.&amp;nbsp; The Greys had long been
+the noblest family in the realm of England, united by ties of friendship
+and blood to the Tudor monarchs.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's grandmother was Henry
+VIII's youngest sister, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
+Mary&lt;/a&gt;; her grandfather was his best friend, Charles Brandon, duke of
+Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; The bonds of blood and friendship had allowed the Brandons
+to rise to wealth and prominence.&amp;nbsp; But they were dangerous bonds as
+well; for after Edward VI's death, the Tudor succession was once more an
+urgent question and anyone with royal blood was a target - for various
+plots of dissatisfied citizens, for international speculation, for aristocratic
+mobility, etc.
+&lt;br&gt;(*note - The Brandons became the Greys when Frances Brandon (Charles
+&amp;amp; Mary's eldest daughter) married Henry Grey.)
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Poor Catherine, despite Jane's fervent prayers, was
+not to lead a life of 'grace.'&amp;nbsp; She lacked Jane's intellect and religious
+fervor; taken together, those qualities may have guided her impulsive nature
+and provided solace in her troubled world.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she was - and
+always remained - an ordinary girl condemned to unhappiness because of
+her Tudor blood.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, brother-in-law, and father were executed
+due to her father's stupidity and ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; Mary I was often naive
+and kind-hearted; she lacked the ruthlessness of her father (Henry VIII's
+conscience rarely troubled him - despite the many executions he ordered.)&amp;nbsp;
+His daughter did not care to kill innocents - especially those she believed
+to be the pawns of more greedy souls. Upon her accession, Jane Grey and
+her husband Guildford Dudley were imprisoned in the Tower; but they were
+not executed. It was only when Jane's father, Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk,
+tried to raise a revolt - capitalizing on anger at the queen's impending
+Spanish marriage - that Mary realized Jane must die.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey did
+not try to restore his daughter to the throne
+&lt;br&gt;(despite the assertion of many history books.)&amp;nbsp; But that didn't
+matter - Jane had been proclaimed queen once before and Mary recognized
+the danger.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Grey's actions followed upon the Wyatt rebellion,
+one of the most serious rebellions of the Tudor era.&amp;nbsp; Mary was conscientious
+and attached to her legitimate family.&amp;nbsp; But she ordered Jane, Guildford,
+and Henry Grey executed.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen did not forget the remaining Grey family.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry's wife was Frances Brandon, the eldest daughter of Mary's aunt, Princess
+Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Queen Mary remembered her aunt's kindness to the beleaguered
+Katharine of Aragon; she also wanted to put the past behind her - she was
+marrying Philip of Spain, thus fulfilling her heart's two great desires.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary I wanted a family and to restore the Catholic faith to England.&amp;nbsp;
+On her way to achieve both, she was inclined to be generous.&amp;nbsp; She
+allowed Frances and her two remaining children, Catherine and Mary (11
+years old) to remain at court.&amp;nbsp; They attended her wedding on 25 July
+1554 to Philip at Winchester Cathedral.&amp;nbsp; Catherine and Mary were appointed
+maids of honor; the queen was careful to show them special kindness, singling
+them out for favor.&amp;nbsp; Even when their mother's second marriage, they
+were still afforded every privilege.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Frances Grey had waited
+just three weeks after her husband's execution to marry her steward, Adrian
+Stokes, a young man fifteen years her junior.&amp;nbsp; Queen Mary did not
+protest; perhaps she was happy her cousin was putting the past to rest.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Frances Grey's second marriage fared
+much better than Catherine's first one.&amp;nbsp; She had been married on 21
+or 25 Mary 1553 to the earl of Pembroke's heir; it had been a double ceremony
+- her sister Jane was also wed to the dukke of Northumberland's son Guildford.&amp;nbsp;
+But when Mary I was proclaimed queen in July, Pembroke was eager to distance
+himself from the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He banished Catherine from his home and had
+the marriage annulled.&amp;nbsp; It was cruel of Pembroke but politically necessary.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, he had no idea how Mary would react to the Grey-Northumberland
+treachery.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Catherine remained at court, openly favored
+by the queen but despondent.&amp;nbsp; There was occasional domestic and international
+speculation about her future once it became clear Mary would provide no
+heir.&amp;nbsp; When discussing Princess Elizabeth's future, most stressed
+the need to either support or destroy her two main rivals - Catherine Grey
+and Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; In other words, if Elizabeth's rule was
+to be secure, she needed to deal with both Catherine and Mary.&amp;nbsp; Mary
+of Scotland was a problem that could be faced later (she was off in France
+for now) but Catherine Grey was close and a dangerous rallying point for
+dissatisfied Englishmen.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before Elizabeth became queen, however, Catherine
+did achieve some measure of personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; After a period of
+depression, she became friends with Lady Jane Seymour, daughter of the
+late Lord Protector Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford and duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp;
+(She was named for her aunt, Henry VIII's third queen and mother of his
+son.)&amp;nbsp; Jane was also a maid of honor and suffered from poor health
+(already battling the consumption which killed her.)&amp;nbsp; Queen Mary encouraged
+the two girls to become friends, allowing Catherine to accompany Jane on
+her frequent visits home.&amp;nbsp; The Seymour family's main home was currently
+Hanworth, Catherine Parr's manor which had passed to her husband Thomas
+Seymour, then to his brother, and then to his brother's wife.&amp;nbsp; The
+widowed duchess of Somerset lived there with her second husband (like Frances
+Grey, she had married her steward) and her oldest son, Edward.&amp;nbsp; Edward
+was in his late teens, just a few years older than Catherine, and already
+tall, dark-haired and good-looking.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, the two young
+people became attached to one another.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Both Edward and Catherine had suffered public humiliation.&amp;nbsp;
+She had been repudiated by the Pembroke family and her sister and father
+were executed as traitors; his father, too, had been executed as a traitor
+and the Seymour wealth had yet to be restored.&amp;nbsp; Also, their family
+title remained in abeyance.&amp;nbsp; Edward, who should have been titled earl
+of Hertford, waited for his title to be officially reinstated.&amp;nbsp; Beyond
+these painful personal experiences, they were also lonely.&amp;nbsp; Both were
+past the age for betrothal but still unattached.&amp;nbsp; And, equally important,
+both were physically attractive.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was the beauty of the
+Grey family; small like Jane, she had the Tudor red-gold hair and a fair
+complexion.&amp;nbsp; Their attraction was physical and emotional; it was also
+obvious.&amp;nbsp; Before long, the duchess of Somerset was asking her son
+about his intentions.&amp;nbsp; He replied that he enjoyed visiting with Catherine;
+his mother should not worry about the queen's feelings, he said, because
+Catherine had been sent by Mary to live at Hanworth - so 'her majesty's
+feelings in this matter cannot be doubted.'&amp;nbsp; Whatever Mary's feelings,
+they did not soon matter.&amp;nbsp; In November 1558, she died and Elizabeth
+Tudor, unlike her half-sister in so many ways, became queen of England.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When it came time for the successor to be crowned,
+there was no dispute.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was Henry VIII's daughter
+and her only rivals were other women.&amp;nbsp; The Archbishop of York announced
+her succession as 'true, lawful and right.'&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth took no
+chances.&amp;nbsp; Upon Mary I's death, Mary queen of Scots's French father-in-law
+had her proclaimed queen of England.&amp;nbsp; Mary and her husband, the dauphin
+Francois, quartered the English royal arms with those of France; in official
+documents Mary was titled Queen of England and Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In the eyes
+of Catholic Europe, such action was completely legal.&amp;nbsp; Mary was queen
+of England, by right of legitimacy and primogeniture.&amp;nbsp; No one expected
+Henri II to actually invade England and place her on the throne - but he
+continued the diplomatic snubs, angering and irritating the English.&amp;nbsp;
+For example, when the English pressed for the restoration of Calais, the
+French answered - restore to whom?&amp;nbsp; Wasn't the queen of Scots also
+the queen of England?&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, a group of parliamentary
+ministers met with Elizabeth to petition her to marry.&amp;nbsp; This was the
+only way to secure her throne.&amp;nbsp; Once she provided England with an
+heir, everything would be fine.&amp;nbsp; It was the familiar refrain of Tudor
+England.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps no other government has been so dominated by one
+biological occurrence.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had no intention of marrying or providing
+children; she was married to the nation, she told her ministers, and took
+the seal of office from her finger.&amp;nbsp; This, she said, was her wedding
+ring, to be worn until death.&amp;nbsp; The ministers had to be content but
+they were not silenced.&amp;nbsp; They would battle over this issue for years
+to come.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Elizabeth's refusal to marry made Catherine Grey's
+position all the more dangerous.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Catherine did not like the new queen.&amp;nbsp; This
+had its root in their tangled family history.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary Tudor
+and Katharine of Aragon had been friends, each despising the interloper
+(and Elizabeth's mother), Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Their children, Frances Grey
+and Mary I, continued the friendship - and openly despised Anne's daughter
+Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary I had been kind to Catherine; furthermore, Catherine
+was brought up to believe Elizabeth was the illegitimate daughter of an
+executed adulterer and traitor.&amp;nbsp; And whatever Henry Grey's activities,
+his daughter Catherine was legitimate.&amp;nbsp; Like Mary I, the Greys were
+very conscious of their family history, and naturally proud.&amp;nbsp; Under
+Mary's reign, they had been encouraged to move beyond their 1553 disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
+Now, however, they were ruled by an equally proud and disdainful queen.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth disliked her Grey cousins as much as they disliked - and feared
+- her.&amp;nbsp; They also resented having too bow and scrape for her favor.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And it soon became clear they would have to bow and
+scrape - and probably to no avail.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth allowed Catherine and
+her sister to reside at court but no longer as maids of honor; they were
+'ladies of the presence'.&amp;nbsp; Mary had allowed them access to the privy
+chamber, that most private area; Elizabeth did not.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+international ambassadors began to question Elizabeth about her cousin.&amp;nbsp;
+It was rumored that the Spanish wanted to marry Catherine to one of their
+royal noblemen; after all, the king of France had a pawn in Mary queen
+of Scots.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish naturally wanted Catherine as their pawn.&amp;nbsp;
+It was known that Catherine was unhappy at court (so the Spanish ambassador,
+Count Feria, reported to his master) and might be persuaded to leave England.&amp;nbsp;
+If not, they could always kidnap her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth reacted by becoming
+quite amiable with Catherine, calling her 'daughter' and restoring her
+to the privy chamber.&amp;nbsp; She even mentioned formally adopting Catherine.&amp;nbsp;
+Poor Catherine was probably more frightened by this sudden friendliness
+than she was of Elizabeth's coldness.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Catherine had made the mistake of speaking insolently
+about Elizabeth in mid-1559.&amp;nbsp; The duke of Saxony's envoy reported
+that Catherine had said 'very arrogant and unseemly words in the hearing
+of the Queen and others standing by.'&amp;nbsp; Her exact words were not recorded.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, what mattered is that she had been rude to Elizabeth I, a proud
+woman inclined to make others regret their pride.&amp;nbsp; Since Elizabeth's
+immediate reaction had been to begin favoring her, Catherine had good cause
+to worry.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this period, Catherine had sought personal
+solace with Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; His title had been reinstated by the
+queen and his optimism grew.&amp;nbsp; As early as March 1559, he had asked
+the duchess of Suffolk for Catherine's hand in marriage.&amp;nbsp; Frances
+Grey agreed but counseled the young couple to be careful.&amp;nbsp; Edward
+should seek out members of the Privy Council who would be sympathetic to
+their suit; Frances herself would write to Elizabeth, asking for 'her majesty's
+favor and good will.' (Of course, as all this was going on, Elizabeth was
+receiving word of the Spanish plan to kidnap Catherine.)&amp;nbsp; Frances
+Grey became ill and died before the letter was sent off.&amp;nbsp; Edward seemed
+to get cold feet (he was also meeting another young woman and deciding
+whether to risk his newly-gained title); he told Frances's widower that
+he would let matters rest.&amp;nbsp; So Catherine was left at court, serving
+the unpredictable Elizabeth, and wondering when her betrothed would come
+for her.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The relationship may have died that natural death
+had not Lady Jane Seymour become involved.&amp;nbsp; She was now in the later
+stages of tuberculosis and determined to secure her brother's future before
+she died.&amp;nbsp; She loved him and wanted him to make this royal marriage,
+perhaps his path to wealth and greater prominence.&amp;nbsp; She brought her
+friend and brother together again, encouraging a reconciliation; perhaps
+she first suggested a secret marriage.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, sometime
+in October 1560, Catherine and Edward solemnly declared their intention
+to marry.&amp;nbsp; They agreed the wedding should take place when the queen
+was next absent; Jane would hire a clergyman and Edward would buy the ring.&amp;nbsp;
+He had one made specially for the occasion, a posy ring (a plain gold band
+with a concealed spring opening five links); on those links, he had inscribed
+a verse of his own making:
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+As circles five by art compact show but one ring
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+in sight,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+So trust uniteth faithful minds with knot of
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+secret might,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Whose force to break (but greedy Death) no wight
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+possesseth power,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+As time and sequels well shall prove; my ring can
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+say no more.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This course of action doomed them both.&amp;nbsp; In
+1515, Catherine's grandparents had been secretly wed, but they were able
+to soothe their mercurial monarch.&amp;nbsp; Catherine and Edward would be
+far less successful.&amp;nbsp; Sometime in early December, Elizabeth decided
+to go to Eltham and hunt.&amp;nbsp; Catherine had a toothache and Jane was
+sick (as always), the queen was told.&amp;nbsp; They would stay behind.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth left in early morning and, by 8 o'clock, Catherine and Jane had
+slipped out of Whitehall Palace and rushed to Edward's lodgings on Cannon
+Row.&amp;nbsp; The minister was late; Jane went to fetch him and, within the
+hour, the couple were married.&amp;nbsp; The groom was openly impatient so
+his sister withdrew.&amp;nbsp; Then the couple consummated their union; they
+did so quickly since both Catherine and Jane needed to return to duties
+at Whitehall.&amp;nbsp; After about ninety minutes of togetherness, it was
+time to hurry back into their complicated clothing.&amp;nbsp; This alone took
+a quarter of an hour.&amp;nbsp; Edward then escorted Catherine and Jane as
+far as he dared, kissed her and bade her farewell.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their immediate circumstances did not change.&amp;nbsp;
+They did not tell the queen or anyone of the marriage.&amp;nbsp; Instead, they
+continued their secret meetings, sleeping together several times in the
+palaces of Westminster and Greenwich.&amp;nbsp; They never spent an entire
+night together.&amp;nbsp; Jane helped when she could; Catherine's maids probably
+suspected marriage for they left the young lovers alone often.&amp;nbsp; But
+neither Edward or Catherine seemed to have a plan.&amp;nbsp; How long did they
+expect to carry on furtively?&amp;nbsp; One cannot say.&amp;nbsp; But Jane Seymour
+died in March 1561; she vould arrange no more meetings for them.&amp;nbsp;
+One of Catherine's maids, frightened of her involvement, went on vacation
+and never returned.&amp;nbsp; Catherine received warnings from many prominent
+people, including Secretary of State William Cecil, to 'beware of too great
+familiarity' with Edward.&amp;nbsp; She denied any involvement with him.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth I had decided to send Edward abroad with Cecil's son Thomas,
+as part of a European tour to finish their education.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was
+understandably beleaguered - and then, when it would cause the greatest
+harm, she became pregnant.&amp;nbsp; She had first suspected in early March;
+both Edward and his dying sister agreed there was nothing to do but tell
+Elizabeth and beg forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; But Jane died and Catherine stalled.&amp;nbsp;
+She was perhaps uncertain of her pregnancy or perhaps simply too frightened
+to face its consequences.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, when Edward questioned
+her, she said she didn't know for certain.&amp;nbsp; In mid-April, he left
+on the European trip.&amp;nbsp; He promised Catherine he would return immediately
+if and when she could determine her condition.&amp;nbsp; He also left a letter,
+signed and officially sealed, which gave her all his lands and possessions
+if he should die overseas.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By mid-July, Catherine could no longer hide her condition.&amp;nbsp;
+She wrote to Edward, begging him to return home but the letters were delayed
+and opened by a government informer who acted as courier.&amp;nbsp; She was
+forced to accompany Elizabeth on the annual summer progress.&amp;nbsp; In Ipswich,
+she finally broke down and confessed all.&amp;nbsp; First, she spoke to the
+Countess of Shrewsbury, who berated her and asked her to leave.&amp;nbsp; Next,
+the increasingly distraught Catherine went to Robert Dudley, son of the
+executed duke of Northumberland and brother to Jane Grey's husband Guildford.&amp;nbsp;
+He had become Elizabeth I's favorite and Catherine hoped he would intercede
+on her behalf with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley listened to her story, promised
+nothing, and - the next morning - told everything to the queen.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A few days later, Secretary Cecil wrote to the earl
+of Sussex this summation of events:
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;'The Lady Catherine is certainly known to be
+big with child, as she saith by the Earl of Hertford, who is in France.&amp;nbsp;
+She is committed to the Tower.&amp;nbsp; He is sent for.&amp;nbsp; She saith that
+she was married to him secretly before Christmas last.&amp;nbsp; Thus is God
+displeased with us.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+What Cecil did not mention is that Elizabeth was in no mood to be sympathetic
+to either Catherine or Edward.&amp;nbsp; Barring her personal dislike of the
+Greys, Elizabeth was in a furious tangle of emotions.&amp;nbsp; She had recently
+struggled with the idea of marrying Dudley, the greatest love of her life;
+through the summer and autumn of 1560, she struggled to reconcile her royal
+duties and her heart's desire.&amp;nbsp; In the end, she decided not to marry.&amp;nbsp;
+But this personal struggle had affected her greatly - she was irritable
+and would suffer no mention of marriage or children.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Not unnaturally, Elizabeth asked why Catherine should
+be allowed to sneak about and marry without the queen's permission, solely
+because she was in love?&amp;nbsp; Catherine possessed Tudor blood as well,
+she must be made to reconcile duty and passion, even as Elizabeth had done.&amp;nbsp;
+Instead, she had been insolent and ungrateful; her marriage was the last
+straw for Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; As heir presumptive, Catherine had gone too
+far; she had not only married without permission but she had wed a Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+They were notorious for their political ambitions; Elizabeth had personal
+experience of this with Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; She ordered Edward, home
+from the Continent, to the Tower on 5 September.&amp;nbsp; He and Catherine,
+plus his brother Henry and numerous servants, were subjected to a litany
+of embarrassing questions: which of them had entered the bridal bed first;
+which had left the bed first; who had laid on which side?&amp;nbsp; The investigation
+was still continuing when, on 21 September, Catherine went into labor.&amp;nbsp;
+She delivered a healthy son, christened Edward four days later within the
+Tower.&amp;nbsp; Catherine and Edward continued to assert that no one, save
+Jane Seymour, had aided their deception.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was not entirely
+convinced but Cecil, so perceptive, urged leniency.&amp;nbsp; He understood
+Elizabeth's personal feelings in the matter.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But soon it no longer mattered.&amp;nbsp; Neither Catherine
+or Edward could produce evidence of their marriage; they said it had happened,
+but was it legal by constitutional and canonical standards?&amp;nbsp; They
+could not even produce the minister, summoned by Jane Seymour during that
+early morning.&amp;nbsp; It remained up to Elizabeth; would she believe them
+or not?&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth turned the entire matter over to the church and,
+on 10 May 1562, the Archbishop of Canterbury ruled there had been no marriage
+between Edward and Catherine.&amp;nbsp; They were officially censured for having
+committed fornication; there would be a fine and imprisonment, to be determined
+by the Queen's mercy.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the autumn of 1562, Elizabeth became gravely ill
+with smallpox, one of the scourges of that era.&amp;nbsp; It was believed she
+would die.&amp;nbsp; The Council met to decide who would succeed to the throne
+- not unnaturally, many (including Cecil)) supported Catherine Grey.&amp;nbsp;
+The crisis was averted when Elizabeth recovered but, once again, the English
+people were up in arms over the succession.&amp;nbsp; She was always suspicious
+of such talk, remembering her days under Mary's rule, and once said, 'So
+long as I live I shall be Queen of England, when I am dead they shall succeed
+that have most right.'&amp;nbsp; She never said more until she was on her deathbed
+in 1603.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, Catherine managed to complicate the
+issue further - she became pregnant once again.&amp;nbsp; The Lieutenant of
+the Tower, Edward Warner, was a kind man and had allowed the couple to
+spend time together - he left certain doors unlocked and paid no attention
+to who passed through them.&amp;nbsp; So in February 1563, Catherine gave birth
+to their second son, Thomas; two Tower warders acted as godfathers.&amp;nbsp;
+The queen, who had been content to let them languish in the Tower indefinitely,
+was further enraged.&amp;nbsp; Edward was fined 15000 pds (later reduced to
+3000); he was also charged with the following crimes:&amp;nbsp; deflowering
+a royal virgin in the Queen's household, flouting his imprisonment by meeting
+with her in the Tower, and engaging in more carnal relations.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One must sympathize with Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Not only
+had Catherine and Edward disdained and insulted the Crown by their earlier
+offenses; that was awful enough.&amp;nbsp; But now they had done it again -
+no contrition, no realization of the enormity of their crime - just the
+same stupid, disrespectful behavior.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's patience, never
+great, was at an end.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was very intelligent and conscious
+of her own position.&amp;nbsp; She assumed Catherine must, at the very least,
+understand her position as well.&amp;nbsp; She could not be so foolish and
+thoughtless as everyone argued in her defense; everyone knew that actions
+have consequences - so must Catherine Grey.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Whether Catherine was a fool is a matter of speculation
+- and personal sympathy.&amp;nbsp; Certainly,, she had an awful sense of timing.&amp;nbsp;
+But she was soon to suffer worse than before.&amp;nbsp; There was an outbreak
+of plague in London and an exodus of everyone who could afford to leave.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth seized the opportunity to teach her cousin a lesson.&amp;nbsp; The
+Seymour family was moved, Edward and little Edward sent under house arrest
+to Hanworth (where his mother still lived); Catherine and baby Thomas went
+to her uncle John Grey's home in Essex.&amp;nbsp; Even though they were free
+of the Tower, they were still to be treated as prisoners.&amp;nbsp; Catherine
+was perhaps finally repentant - she was, according to her uncle, 'a penitent
+and sorrowful woman for the Queen's displeasure.'
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was also increasingly ill.&amp;nbsp; Her uncle, who
+could not have been happy with his disgraced niece, wrote that 'I never
+came to her, but I found her weeping or else saw by her face she had wept.'&amp;nbsp;
+'She is so fraughted with phlegm by reason of thought, weeping and sitting
+still that many times she is like to overcome therewith...'&amp;nbsp; As for
+Catherine, she wrote that she was in 'continual agony'; 'I never felt what
+the want of my prince's favor was before now...'&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was unmoved.&amp;nbsp;
+When John Grey ventured to ask for financial assistance (he was, after
+all, keeping a prisoner for the crown), Elizabeth simply ordered Edward
+to pay.&amp;nbsp; The young earl used to opportunity to plead his own case.&amp;nbsp;
+By now it was mid-1564; there had been pamphlets circulating attesting
+to the legality of the Grey-Seymour union and the legitimacy of their sons.&amp;nbsp;
+The Protestant establishment was as eager to support this as the Catholics
+were to support Mary of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Catherine, born and bred an Englishwoman
+and already
+&lt;br&gt;having born two healthy sons, was heir presumptive.&amp;nbsp; So the same
+talk continued.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The commotion eventually died down.&amp;nbsp; But John
+Grey died in autumn 1564; his niece was transferred to Ingatestone under
+the custody of Sir William Petre.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had begun to imply she
+favored her Stewart relations over the Greys.&amp;nbsp; One can hardly blame
+her; at least Mary of Scotland was troublesome only to herself.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile,
+Catherine's sister Mary had made a secret marriage of her own.&amp;nbsp; Once
+again, the Greys angered the queen.&amp;nbsp; Mary and her husband were imprisoned.&amp;nbsp;
+Catherine was moved from Petre's home in February 1567.&amp;nbsp; She entered
+the custody of Sir John Wentworth of Gosfield Hall in Essex; in September,
+she was moved for the last time, to Cockfield Hall.&amp;nbsp; It was in Suffolkshire,
+and remote from the intrigues of London.&amp;nbsp; Her keeper was Sir Owen
+Hopton and his task was an awful one.&amp;nbsp; By this time, Catherine was
+gravely ill with tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; Royal physicians were sent for but
+they could do nothing.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By January 1568, Hopton wrote to Cecil that the end
+was near.&amp;nbsp; What did Catherine think, trapped in yet another prison,
+knowing she would never see her husband again?&amp;nbsp; She did not speak
+of Edward; rather, she took comfort in prayer even as Jane had done fourteen
+years before.&amp;nbsp; On the 27th of January, Hopton's wife tried to raise
+her spirits; Catherine replied, 'No, no, my lady, my time is come and it
+is not God's will that I should live any longer, and his will be done,
+not mine.&amp;nbsp; As I am, so shall you be; behold the picture of yourselves.'&amp;nbsp;
+Around seven o'clock, she asked to see Hopton.&amp;nbsp; She asked him to take
+a message to the Queen; 'I must needs confess I have greatly offended her
+in that I made my choice without her knowledge, otherwise I take God to
+witness I had never the heart to think any evil against her majesty.'&amp;nbsp;
+She asked Elizabeth to be good to her sons, to not blame them for their
+parents' crimes.&amp;nbsp; She also asked her cousin to forgive Edward for
+'I know my death will be heavy news unto him.'&amp;nbsp; She sent their wedding
+ring back to him, as well as the few gifts she possessed.&amp;nbsp; Among them
+was a ring engraved with a death's head and a motto, 'While I live yours.'&amp;nbsp;
+This was 'the last token unto my lord that ever I shall send him; it is
+the picture of myself.'&amp;nbsp; And at nine o'clock, having made some small
+peace with the world, Catherine Grey died.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She had spent nearly seven years in various prisons
+and was twenty-seven when she died.&amp;nbsp; Edward, upon hearing the news,
+was heartbroken.&amp;nbsp; But he also hoped for release.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Catherine's
+death would end the queen's anger.&amp;nbsp; Two years later, he was rewarded;
+he was released and pardoned.&amp;nbsp; In 1586, he married again to one Frances
+Howard.&amp;nbsp; They had no children and Edward never stopped petitioning
+the courts to legitimize his sons with Catherine.&amp;nbsp; In 1606, three
+years after Elizabeth's death, the clergyman was found - fifty years after
+the fact! - and a common law court legitimized the marriage and their sons.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward eventually died in January 1621, both of his
+sons already dead.&amp;nbsp; But his grandson, William Seymour, had already
+re-enacted Edward and Catherine's tragic love story by making a secret
+marriage of his own to Arbella Stewart, a member of the royal family.&amp;nbsp;
+And Edward apparently didn't gain sympathy for young lovers through his
+own experience.&amp;nbsp; His and Catherine's eldest son, Edward, married Honora
+Rogers, a girl far below his station; Edward did everything he could to
+end the marriage and his son threatened to commit suicide rather than return
+to Edward's home.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Relatives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;to
+Lady Jane Grey page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;written by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Marilee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082577&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082577&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01df.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01df.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01df.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,638 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">42860</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Cromwell</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01dfef237687bf0134e88e9e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215294</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01df.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cromwell.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cromwell-small.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cromwell.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Thomas Cromwell&quot; height=59 width=313&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born c.1485 in Putney
+&lt;br&gt;executed 28 July 1540 in London
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&quot;A good household manager, but not fit to meddle in
+the affairs of kings.&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;May 1538, Henry VIII describes Cromwell to the French
+ambassador&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cromwell-small.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Cromwell as the earl of Essex&quot; BORDER=2 height=264 width=220 align=LEFT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Thomas Cromwell was as great a statesman as England has ever seen and,
+in his decade of power, permanently changed the course of English history.&amp;nbsp;
+Unlike his mentor, Cardinal Wolsey, Cromwell was not a priest or a papist.&amp;nbsp;
+He was a lawyer determined to impose his own character - methodical, detached,
+and calculating - upon government.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell wanted government to be effective and efficient;
+to achieve this, he had to end the chaos of feudal privilege and ill-defined
+jurisdictions.&amp;nbsp; He was blessed with a logical mind in an age sadly
+devoid of them.&amp;nbsp; And unlike his royal master, he did not let his emotions
+interfere with his position.&amp;nbsp; He was the ideal statesman for Tudor
+England and, just months after his execution in 1540, Henry VIII was bemoaning
+his loss.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was introduced to government service as
+a secretary for &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; His abilities won him the older man's respect and soon
+Cromwell was his most trusted servant and principal secretary.&amp;nbsp; But
+Cromwell managed to distance himself from Wolsey immediately after the
+Cardinal fell from grace and soon had taken his place as Henry's most valuable
+advisor.&amp;nbsp; Before entering Wolsey's service, Cromwell lived an adventurous
+life.&amp;nbsp; His father had been a brewer and blacksmith known for permanent
+drunkenness and illegal activities.&amp;nbsp; From this inauspicious beginning,
+his son went on to indulge his curiosity and practical nature by traveling
+through Europe.&amp;nbsp; Over the course of several years, he was a soldier
+in Europe, a banker in Italy, clerk in the Netherlands, and a lawyer in
+London.&amp;nbsp; Like so many ambitious men, he was in Wolsey's service in
+the mid-1520s.&amp;nbsp; His most important work was the suppression of 29
+religious houses whose monies Wolsey used to endow colleges at Ipswich
+and Oxford.&amp;nbsp; When Wolsey fell from grace in 1529, Cromwell was hurriedly
+elected burgess for Taunton so he could remain in government service.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There were striking similarities between the two
+men - both managed to remain favorites of the mercurial Henry VIII for
+years; both were despised by the older nobility who coveted their influence
+with the king; both sought to reform the creaky medieval bureaucracy of
+Tudor government; both were highly intelligent and well-versed in international
+affairs.&amp;nbsp; And both, ultimately, fell from Henry's favor with spectacular
+speed.&amp;nbsp; In the end, the king preferred to listen to the old nobility.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Cromwell and Wolsey were also markedly different
+in many ways.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was the man responsible for the Henrician
+reformation while Wolsey fell because he served two masters, the king of
+England and the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Though Henry had ejected Rome from his nation,
+he still practiced the Roman Catholic religion.&amp;nbsp; The king's religious
+tendencies were never reformist and many historians have made the mistake
+of painting him as one of the first Protestant kings.&amp;nbsp; Henry was never
+a Protestant and he wrote treatises vilifying Martin Luther for which he
+was titled 'Defender of the Faith' by the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Rather, he was an
+opportunist who disliked papal authority and interference in his realm
+and wanted some of the vast wealth the English church possessed.&amp;nbsp;
+For Henry, often desperately short of money, it was near-blasphemy for
+his subjects to pay taxes directly to Rome; he wanted the money for his
+government.&amp;nbsp; He also wanted an annulment from a devoutly Catholic
+wife, Katharine of Aragon, and when the Pope, held hostage by the Holy
+Roman Emperor, refused to rule in his favor, he found it most expedient
+to simply disregard the papacy.&amp;nbsp; But throughout it all, Henry was
+unaware of the forces he had unleashed when he declared himself head of
+the English church.&amp;nbsp; Trained for the church as a child, he remained
+staunchly Catholic for his entire life though the Catholic church deemed
+him a heretic.
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;a discussion of the Henrician reformation&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It is important to remember that during Henry's reign,
+at least half of his subjects were under the age of eighteen.&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+court swarmed with young people - pages, scullery maids, and the like.&amp;nbsp;
+English culture celebrated youth; tournaments, hunts, glorious warfare
+were all the province of the young and strong.&amp;nbsp; And while Henry was
+young, he joined these events with a gusto sadly lacking in his father
+or son.&amp;nbsp; But time does not stop, not even for a despotic monarch determined
+to have his way in all things.&amp;nbsp; During his 'great matter', Henry was
+in his thirties and changing from 'Bluff King Hal' into an overweight and
+balding hypochondriac.&amp;nbsp; He had rid himself of Rome to gain wealth
+and a son.&amp;nbsp; He gained both and, once he had, continually toyed with
+the idea of making peace with the pope.&amp;nbsp; He didn't relish excommunication
+and it is likely that he persuaded himself that he wasn't disobeying Christ's
+vicar but rather the Emperor's puppet.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But he misjudged the mood of his people, particularly
+his nobles.&amp;nbsp; Educated and by nature inquisitive and acquisitive, the
+new Protestant teachings intrigued them; they also sought the vast monastic
+lands which Henry planned to sell.&amp;nbsp; This was the paradox of the Henrician
+reformation.&amp;nbsp; It was motivated by greed and genuine religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp;
+As time passed, the new generation of nobles were Protestant because it
+was expedient and philosophically appealing.&amp;nbsp; And with each year,
+more Englishmen were born who were further and further away from the old
+days of Roman domination.&amp;nbsp; Henry, in his forties, could remember the
+papist ways but, as the years passed, fewer and fewer of his subjects did.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In terms of the practical effect the reformation
+had on everyday Englishmen, the situation is more difficult to gauge.&amp;nbsp;
+Unlike the wealthy noblemen, they couldn't bid on the seized monastic properties.&amp;nbsp;
+And in many towns and villages, the parish church was the community center,
+where births, weddings, and deaths were officiated over by a priest.&amp;nbsp;
+But they undoubtedly enjoyed not paying their tax to Rome.&amp;nbsp; Once again,
+a paradox emerged - an excommunicated nation which found itself torn between
+loyalty to the sovereign and loyalty to the papacy.&amp;nbsp; Also, since Henry's
+marriage to Anne Boleyn could only be recognized if one accepted his annulment
+from Katharine - which in itself meant a rejection of papal authority -
+and it was treason to &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; recognize his marriage to Anne, then many
+people were swayed by the threat of execution.&amp;nbsp; In other words, accept
+Henry's decisions or die.&amp;nbsp; Of course, I cannot discuss all aspects
+of the reformation at this site; I recommend L.B. Smith's &lt;i&gt;Henry VIII&lt;/i&gt;
+which studies Henry's own theological beliefs.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There was opposition to the reformation which probably
+had more to do with the attendant loss of independence in north England.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1536, a northern uprising which came to be called the Pilgrimage of
+Grace, gathered over 40,000 men and marched through England.&amp;nbsp; It eventually
+destroyed itself by internal division and lack of clear purpose but one
+of the rebels' demands was a warning for Cromwell - they want their king
+to be advised by &lt;i&gt;noble&lt;/i&gt; councilors who understand the people's wishes,
+not common men like Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Henry was angry at their presumption
+- how dare his ignorant subjects rebel annd then tell him how to run the
+country! - but he was persuaded to show mercy and pardon those involved.&amp;nbsp;
+And he continued to listen to Cromwell.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Pilgrimage
+of Grace&lt;/a&gt; was largely motivated not by religious concerns but by Cromwell's
+determination to dissolve the monasteries and improve the royal tax collecting
+methods.&amp;nbsp; For example, the movement began in Louth, in Lincolnshire,
+and began with the murder of two tax collectors, one of whom was hanged
+and the other sewn into a sack and thrown to a pack of hungry dogs!
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So the common people might grumble somewhat but they
+were ultimately more influenced by practical matters.&amp;nbsp; Had Henry's
+excommunication been followed by a terrible harvest or bad weather, it
+may have been otherwise.&amp;nbsp; During his daughter Mary's reign, such signs
+were taken to mean God was angry with her for attempting to reinstate Catholicism.&amp;nbsp;
+But not only did Henry enjoy good weather, he had a brilliant servant.&amp;nbsp;
+Cromwell was the one who gave force to Henry's grand declarations.&amp;nbsp;
+The king declared that Rome had no authority in England and Cromwell instituted
+the reforms which would make it so.&amp;nbsp; The king declared that all monastic
+lands were forfeit and Cromwell set out to close the monasteries, assess
+their value, and sell them to the highest bidder.&amp;nbsp; For a decade, this
+partnership worked marvelously.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry and Cromwell both recognized a fundamental
+truth of the English people; the government could do what it liked as long
+as traditional religious views were not upset too much.&amp;nbsp; Certainly
+Henry did not upset his own.&amp;nbsp; The name of the pope was omitted in
+their prayers but not much else.&amp;nbsp; Henry's break with Rome was really
+a legal reformation rather than one of real religious content.&amp;nbsp; England
+practiced Catholicism without a pope and, in his place, was their king.&amp;nbsp;
+This situation suited Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Like many, he recognized that the
+Church had lost its way, remaining a ponderous medieval institution concerned
+with wealth and influence.&amp;nbsp; But Europe was no longer medieval; countries
+were becoming nation-states, patriotic and immune to the cultural unity
+which Rome promoted.&amp;nbsp; The pope envisioned a collection of nations
+joined beneath the cloak of Christendom with him at its head; but, particularly
+in xenophobic England, there were mutterings that the church was dominated
+by other nations.&amp;nbsp; Also, the church claimed authority over its subjects;
+no priest or cleric could be tried by their sovereign nation.&amp;nbsp; They
+would answer only to Rome.&amp;nbsp; This problem had angered Henry II centuries
+before and resulted in Thomas Becket's murder.&amp;nbsp; In Henry's time, it
+had grown worse.&amp;nbsp; Also, as king, he believed himself ruler of &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt;
+his subjects, priest and commoner alike.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One must also mention the corruption of the church,
+sadly evident to everyone.&amp;nbsp; Certainly there were Godly men who struggled
+to enforce the tenets of their faith.&amp;nbsp; But there were also bishops
+and cardinals more interested in business and finance than theology.&amp;nbsp;
+The church preached that the surest path to heaven was through good works,
+particularly at a monastery or abbey, but every Englishmen knew that only
+the wealthy could afford to endow or board at them.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+an increasing number of churchmen were absent from their posts.&amp;nbsp; Cardinal
+Wolsey embodied this avaricious streak; he was bishop, archbishop, abbot,
+and cardinal yet the affairs of state kept him from his duties.&amp;nbsp; Instead
+of tending to his flock, he tended to his purse.&amp;nbsp; He sired illegitimate
+children and collected nearly 50,000 pds a year from his vast holdings.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey represented the church as it had become; certainly
+such abuses may not have turned most Englishmen from their faith.&amp;nbsp;
+But when confronted with the forces of Protestantism, the church found
+precious few willing to die for their beliefs.&amp;nbsp; After all, why would
+anyone die for a faith they didn't respect?&amp;nbsp; When the king styled
+himself head of the church, many were perhaps relieved.&amp;nbsp; Henry made
+no claim to a holy life, not like the churchman Wolsey; he also was shrewd
+enough to endow his monarchy with papal apparatus.&amp;nbsp; From the 1530s
+on, the Tudor dynasty was even more divine and the machinery of state could
+enforce its divinity.
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Cromwell's revolution in government&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell's rise to power was extraordinary and occurred
+just when Henry needed a minister of great administrative imagination and
+genius, uninterested in the squabbles of his council and determined to
+empower the machinery of state.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell entered royal service in
+early 1530 and, from then on, rose rapidly.&amp;nbsp; In late 1530 he was sworn
+into the King's Council and, just a year later, began to attract unfavorable
+attention from Wolsey's old rivals.&amp;nbsp; These were Stephen Gardiner,
+bishop of Winchester, Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk, and Charles Brandon,
+duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; Gardiner had worked with Wolsey but, like Norfolk
+and Suffolk, viewed the Cardinal's fall as a chance to take his place.&amp;nbsp;
+From 1529 to about 1533, they enjoyed the king's confidence even as Cromwell
+rose to overtake them all.&amp;nbsp; His career progressed as follows:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - member of the privy council
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Master of Court of Wards
+and Master of Jewel House
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1533&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Chancellor of the Exchequer
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1534&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/font&gt;- King's Secretary and Master
+of the Rolls
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1535&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Vicar-General
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Lord Privy Seal and Baron
+Cromwell of Oakham
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1537&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Knight of the Garter and
+Dean of Wells
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1539&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - Lord Great Chamberlain
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - created Earl of Essex
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As the above list shows, Henry never forgot the fallen
+Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; He had heaped honors upon him with extravagant generosity
+and had written to the pope recommending religious promotion.&amp;nbsp; In
+the end, Henry believed himself betrayed.&amp;nbsp; Not only had Wolsey accumulated
+obscene wealth, but he had grown arrogant and eventually treasonous.&amp;nbsp;
+And so Cromwell, despite his years of diligence and genius, was eventually
+rewarded with an earldom but only a short time before his execution.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His influence upon the 1530s, one of the most influential
+and vital decades in English history, was enormous.&amp;nbsp; One needs only
+to study the 1540s to realize how the loss of Cromwell affected Tudor government.&amp;nbsp;
+He also came to power during Anne Boleyn's ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; It was a symbolic
+changing of the guard - the old Katharine of Aragon thrust aside for the
+young, ambitious Anne Boleyn and Wolsey disgraced and replaced by his protÃ©gÃ©
+Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell supported Anne until she, like Wolsey, became
+a liability.&amp;nbsp; Among his immediate accomplishments were the following:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;1&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - the dissolution of the monasteries
+and establishment of the royal supremacy
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;2&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - founded the ministries of Augmentations
+and First Fruits to handle income from the dissolution
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;3&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - founded the two courts of Wards
+and Surveyors which allowed more efficient taxation and leasing
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;4 &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;- politically integrated the
+kingdom by extending sovereign authority into northern England, Wales &amp;amp;
+Ireland (actions which angered the great feudal lords)
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#990000&quot;&gt;5&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; - used the power of that relatively
+new invention, the printing-press and thus spearheaded the first propaganda
+campaign in English history.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the 1530s, he had instituted reforms of the English
+government which earned enmity from the nobility.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell recognized
+the basic inefficiency of feudal government and, from it, struggled to
+create a more logical system.&amp;nbsp; Instead of offices held solely because
+of birth, he wanted trained servants with expertise in their field.&amp;nbsp;
+He built a bureaucracy of professionals outside the royal household.&amp;nbsp;
+He began the first era of parliamentary control of England, using the institution
+to dissolve the monasteries which made up a quarter of all arable land
+and validate his other decisions.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; From the above list, one will note that most of the
+'accomplishments' were motivated by financial need.&amp;nbsp; Like his predecessors
+in government ministry, Cromwell needed to provide secure and regular income.&amp;nbsp;
+This alone necessitated an assault on the church's wealth.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell
+also developed a novel, and very unpopular idea - in the past, taxes were
+created to support warfare; in 1534, he developed a new tax.&amp;nbsp; Its
+basis?&amp;nbsp; The king's maintenance of peace.&amp;nbsp; These measures did
+not help his reputation but, by 1547, had brought nearly 2,000,000 pds
+to Henry's treasury.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Henry would use the entire windfall
+to finance his increasingly complicated foreign policy.&amp;nbsp; At the time
+of Henry's death, all the wealth Cromwell had accumulated was gone and
+Edward VI was left with debased currency and massive debts.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1534, however, Henry was prepared to reap the
+benefits of his new anti-clerical policies.&amp;nbsp; He had appointed his
+friend Thomas Cranmer to the venerable and powerful position of Archbishop
+of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer was like Cromwell in many ways - both owed
+their rise to prominence entirely to Henry's mercurial favor; both came
+from humble backgrounds; both were despised by the traditional nobility.&amp;nbsp;
+Cranmer had come to Henry's attention by first suggesting a solution to
+the divorce problem - petition learned churchmen for their opinion, assuming
+they agreed with Henry.&amp;nbsp; Like Cromwell, Cranmer benefited directly
+from the fall of Katharine of Aragon and the Imperial alliance and the
+rise of Anne Boleyn and her Norfolk relations.&amp;nbsp; Henry's midlife crisis
+provided fertile ground for ambitious men.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer and Cromwell liked
+one another and became friends, though Cranmer was careful to distance
+himself once Cromwell's ruin was assured.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1535, Henry appointed Cromwell Vicar General and,
+over the next five years, the honors increased - Lord Privy Seal, titled
+Baron Cromwell of Oakham, Knight of the Garter and Dean of Wells, and finally
+Lord Great Chancellor and ennoblement as Earl of Essex.&amp;nbsp; The last
+was Cromwell's greatest ambition and long before justified by his superior
+service to the crown.&amp;nbsp; During the accumulation of these honors, however,
+Cromwell began to recognize the flaws in his success.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; First, he had accompanied Anne Boleyn on her rise
+to power; yet, in 1536, he helped engineer her disgrace and execution on
+charges of adultery, incest, and witchcraft.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; Cromwell
+recognized Henry's dissatisfaction with the marriage - after several years,
+Anne's sharp tongue had offended many and, even worse, she had not produced
+a male heir.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Henry had become infatuated with Anne's
+lady-in-waiting, Mistress Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Tiring of his wife, he wanted
+to be rid of her.&amp;nbsp; Divorce was only briefly considered before being
+pushed aside.&amp;nbsp; As he had with Katharine of Aragon, Henry became convinced
+his marriage was invalid, only this time because of adultery, and he retained
+his absolute conviction in her guilt even as he truly believed his and
+Katharine's marriage was invalid.&amp;nbsp; To rid himself of Anne, he turned
+to the ever-ready Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, Anne was on trial with her
+brother and two male servants.&amp;nbsp; They were all executed, despite spirited
+defenses and the widely-held belief that it was judicial murder.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell betrayed his former patron because she no
+longer held the king's favor.&amp;nbsp; In the rough world of Tudor politics,
+friendships were lost in the struggle for prestige and survival.&amp;nbsp;
+And now Cromwell turned to Mistress Jane Seymour and her relatively obscure
+family for support.&amp;nbsp; The Seymours, however, never warmed to Cromwell
+as had the Boleyns, largely because they didn't trust him or his influence
+over the king.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was careful to press Jane's cause to the
+king though Henry needed little urging.&amp;nbsp; Just days after Anne Boleyn's
+execution, Jane Seymour became his third wife, dying eighteen months later
+after delivering the longed-for son, Prince Edward.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell busied
+himself with auctioning off church properties to various noblemen and further
+reforming the archaic machinery of Tudor government.&amp;nbsp; In doing so,
+he continued to ignore Henry's council of noble peers.&amp;nbsp; When the council
+did meet, Cromwell dominated the meetings and disregarded most suggestions.&amp;nbsp;
+To his credit, he was right on most counts; the nobility was quite distanced
+from the changing nature of government.&amp;nbsp; They were fiercely protective
+of their own 'inalienable' rights as landowners and peers and notoriously
+difficult when these rights were impugned (this conflict between the nobility
+and monarchy was centuries-old - simply remember the 13th century &lt;i&gt;Magna
+Carta&lt;/i&gt;, when the nobles forced King John I to recognize their 'natural'
+rights.)
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As discussed earlier, the nobility resented Cromwell's
+influence with the king and his pro-monarchy, anti-nobility policy.&amp;nbsp;
+And while many of the nobles benefited from the sale of clerical lands,
+many others had relatives dedicated to religious service.&amp;nbsp; Also, reverence
+for the church and its servants was as deeply-held as reverence for the
+monarchy.&amp;nbsp; Henry's attacks upon the church struck many as unnatural
+and wrong; since they could not turn on the king, they turned on Cromwell
+and blamed him for every unpopular policy.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII, who relished
+his popularity, allowed his faithful servant to be impugned.&amp;nbsp; Thus,
+Henry could meet with his nobles, listen to their complaints, and even
+agree with them since many were his dearest friends.&amp;nbsp; The king remained
+popular while his chief minister became increasingly despised and isolated.&amp;nbsp;
+It is worth noting that one of Cromwell's friends, Richard Moryson, argued
+that merit and not birth should be the only qualification for entry into
+the privy council.&amp;nbsp; Moryson eventually became a member himself.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It is also important to note that years of listening
+to anti-Cromwell gossip eventually affected Henry.&amp;nbsp; Even the king
+did not exist in a vacuum and, as his temper became increasingly erratic,
+he was easily swayed by inflamed opinion.&amp;nbsp; Thus, Cromwell suffered
+from a lapse in Henry's temper and one which the king almost immediately
+regretted.&amp;nbsp; Chief among Cromwell's enemies were the highest nobles
+in the land, once Wolsey's great enemies and led by the dukes of Suffolk
+and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; These men had pushed Wolsey from favor after years of
+effort and were determined to do the same to his protÃ©gÃ©.&amp;nbsp;
+The perfect opportunity arrived when Queen Jane died two weeks after childbirth,
+in October 1537.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was genuinely bereaved at her death but
+almost immediately the search began for a new queen.&amp;nbsp; After all, Jane
+had delivered a son but one male heir was not enough in the sixteenth century.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry's council began to search for a new consort with the king's enthusiastic
+support.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Cromwell, this was a chance to further extend
+his influence while thwarting the English nobility.&amp;nbsp; Henry's second
+and third wives had been English noblewomen whose families directly profited
+from their rise to power.&amp;nbsp; The influence of these families naturally
+troubled Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; As their influence rose, his own suffered - so
+he was opposed to the idea of another English wife.&amp;nbsp; Also, as an intelligent
+statesman, he recognized the diplomatic power of royal marriages.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry's troublesome foreign policy could be soothed if he chose a foreign
+wife - a princess or duchess of one of the great European families.&amp;nbsp;
+Kings were meant to marry other royalty and Cromwell immediately searched
+for possible candidates.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While searching, he was careful to avoid Catholic
+candidates.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell's rise to power was directly connected to the
+fall of Catholicism in England and he wanted to keep England on the path
+of Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, he sought a Protestant ally for Henry
+VIII.&amp;nbsp; Naturally, his gaze turned to the Protestant states of Germany,
+birthplace of the Lutheran revolution.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Henry VIII was
+concerned with more aesthetic matters, sending artists (most famously,
+Hans Holbein the Younger) to France and Milan to paint potential brides.&amp;nbsp;
+Among those painted was Christina, duchess of Milan and niece of the Holy
+Roman Emperor; she famously remarked that she would be happy to marry Henry
+- if she had two heads!&amp;nbsp; Henry also  considered Marie de Guise, a widowed
+cousin of the French king.&amp;nbsp; Marie, however, chose to marry Henry's
+nephew, James V of Scotland, thus creating a French-Scottish alliance along
+Henry's troublesome northern border.&amp;nbsp; Their only surviving child is
+famous in history as the tragic Mary queen of Scots.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cromwell was well aware that if France and the Holy
+Roman Empire ended hostilities, as seemed likely, England would be left
+out in the diplomatic cold.&amp;nbsp; He was quite happy when the French and
+Imperial marriage negotiations fell apart.&amp;nbsp; But as the search wound
+on, Henry became increasingly desperate for a wife.&amp;nbsp; No doubt he was
+lonely; also, his court needed a queen to be complete.&amp;nbsp; A king was
+not meant to be a bachelor, as every European monarch knew.&amp;nbsp; Finally,
+Cromwell found a Protestant ally with two available sisters - the duke
+of Cleves, whose lands were strategically located and wealthy.&amp;nbsp; He
+had two sisters not yet wed called Anne and Amelia.&amp;nbsp; As the eldest,
+Anne was chosen as the possible bride and Holbein immediately went to Cleves
+to paint her portrait.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fathens%2fforum%2f9194%2fcleves1.jpg&quot;&gt;This
+painting&lt;/a&gt; would become of paramount importance in the coming year.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was determined to have a beautiful wife and specifically asked his
+various ambassadors probing questions - does Marie de Guise have wide hips
+for childbearing? is Christina of Milan pock-marked? does Anne of Cleves
+play the lute?&amp;nbsp; Holbein's famous portrait of Anne cannot be adequately
+judged in our time; after all, standards of beauty have changed.&amp;nbsp;
+However, it is amusing to note that she - so maligned in her own time as
+the ugliest of Henry's wives - is the most attractive by twentieth-century
+standards.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Holbein's portrait showed a perfectly attractive
+young woman - and, on that basis, Cromwell was able to secure the marriage
+alliance with a Protestant ally.&amp;nbsp; Anne set sail for England, little
+realizing what lay ahead.&amp;nbsp; The king, meanwhile, was ecstatic that
+after almost three years as a widower he would be a husband again, able
+to play one of his favorite roles.&amp;nbsp; The entire country was thrilled
+at the news, in fact, and after Anne arrived, Cromwell finally secured
+his greatest ambition - an earldom.&amp;nbsp; He was titled earl of Essex by
+Henry VIII on 18 April 1540 after the marriage treaty was finalized.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this time, he also attempted to placate the
+nobility by redistributing lands to the great magnates, providing them
+with near-autonomous controls of great sections of land.&amp;nbsp; For example,
+the duke of Suffolk traded East Anglian lands for lands in Lincolnshire
+- the duke of Norfolk already held lands  in Anglia while Lincolnshire needed
+a strong leader.&amp;nbsp; Earlier, Cromwell had attempted to befriend Henry's
+oldest child, the stubbornly Catholic Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; She rebuffed
+his attention, largely on religious grounds.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Two years of marriage-brokering were often interrupted
+by rumors of rebellion.&amp;nbsp; The Pilgrimage of Grace had made Henry more
+sensitive to popular sentiment.&amp;nbsp; While Cromwell searched for a wife,
+rumors spread that the king planned new taxes.&amp;nbsp; Also, the last remnants
+of the legitimate Plantagenet line - the Nevilles, Poles, and Courtenays
+- were suspected of encouraging rebellionn and Henry used this convenient
+excuse to order more executions.&amp;nbsp; But popular unrest needed to be
+assuaged in some manner so Cromwell engineered the passing of the Six Articles
+at Parliament in April 1539.&amp;nbsp; These articles attempted to stamp a
+more conservative gloss on the Henrician reformation, thus placating conservative
+European nobles - and the Catholic nations in Europe, now forced to concede
+Henry was not so great a heretic after all.&amp;nbsp; It was a supreme example
+of Cromwell's talent for diffusing domestic tension.&amp;nbsp; In effect, it
+was all talk and no action; it didn't alter the course of the reformation
+one bit.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 6 October 1539, the marriage treaty with
+Cleves was finalized just two months after Holbein delivered his portrait.&amp;nbsp;
+Princess Anne, once betrothed to the duke of Lorraine, was now destined
+to be queen of England.&amp;nbsp; It was the fulfillment of Cromwell's domestic
+and foreign policies.&amp;nbsp; On 11 December, Anne was at Calais waiting
+for a favorable wind to carry her to Dover.&amp;nbsp; She was there for almost
+two weeks while Henry waited at Greenwich.&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 27 December
+she landed at Deal and then traveled to Dover and Canterbury before arriving
+at Rochester on 1 January 1540.&amp;nbsp; Henry, desperate to see his bride
+in person, rushed in disguise to meet her 'to thus nourish love', he told
+Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; Their comical first meeting is described at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The meeting was an unmitigated disaster and the beginning
+of Cromwell's end.&amp;nbsp; The New Year gifts Henry had brought for Anne
+were delivered the next day by a courier with a brief note of welcome.&amp;nbsp;
+'I am ashamed that men have so praised her as they have done, and I like
+her not', the king said ominously; he told Cromwell that Anne was 'nothing
+so well as she was spoken of' and, if he had known the truth of her appearance,
+she would never have come to England.&amp;nbsp; The next day, his betrothed
+arrived in Greenwich and the marriage, scheduled for that day, was delayed
+for two days while Henry sought escape.&amp;nbsp; But there was none to be
+had - the Holy Roman Emperor was in Paris meeting with the French king
+and Henry, locked out by those two great powers, could not risk offending
+the German princes who approved the union with Anne.&amp;nbsp; They were, after
+all, his only allies at the moment.&amp;nbsp; So Anne was not sent back and
+Henry moaned that he must 'put my neck in the yoke'.&amp;nbsp; He wrote to
+Cromwell, 'My lord, if it were not to satisfy the world and my realm, I
+would not do that I must do this day for none earthly thing'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Poor Anne of Cleves - barely able to speak English,
+in a foreign land, and despised by her intended husband!&amp;nbsp; The confused
+woman was led to a private marriage ceremony at Greenwich and, then, to
+her equally humiliating marriage-bed.&amp;nbsp; The union was not consummated,
+a subject upon which Henry never wavered.&amp;nbsp; He spoke openly of how
+disgusted he was by Anne's appearance; 'struck to the heart' by distaste,
+he 'left her as good a maid as he found her'.&amp;nbsp; They lay together for
+the entire length of their marriage but were never physically intimate.&amp;nbsp;
+After a few months had passed, the French-Imperial alliance showed signs
+of cooling and Henry's natural boldness had returned.&amp;nbsp; He wanted out
+of this fourth marriage and told Cromwell to arrange it.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What were Cromwell's options?&amp;nbsp; There were two
+ways to nullify the marriage (in essence, arrange a divorce) - Henry had
+not consented to the marriage (this was proved by his failure to consummate
+it) and Anne had not consented to the marriage (this was proved by Anne's
+precontract to the duke of Lorraine.)&amp;nbsp; Henry had long been concerned
+with the latter problem - but had been assured that the contract was completely
+repudiated.&amp;nbsp; Still, the day before his marriage to Anne, he called
+the Clevian ambassadors to him and raised the issue.&amp;nbsp; They were astonished,
+and rightly so, and offered to remain as prisoners in England until the
+formal repudiation papers were delivered from Cleves.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile,
+Thomas Cranmer told the king that Anne could simply swear that the betrothal
+had been repudiated - no official documents were necessary.&amp;nbsp; His friend
+Cromwell 'travailed on him [Henry] to pass the matter over'; he hoped that
+once Henry was married to Anne, the king would resign himself to the marriage.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But instead Henry turned to the precontract when
+his distaste could not be overcome.&amp;nbsp; On 9 July, Parliament declared
+the marriage null and void and Anne, surprising Henry and the court, was
+content to be called 'sister' and receive a handsome income and household
+in England.&amp;nbsp; She had no desire to return to Cleves, where she would
+remain under her brother's thumb and perhaps married again.&amp;nbsp; It is
+also possible she found Henry as unattractive as he found her.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was so pleased with this unexpected docility that he gave her status second
+only to his daughters, Princesses Mary and Elizabeth, both of whom came
+to befriend Anne.&amp;nbsp; Anne's letter to Henry, in which she accepts the
+dissolution of their marriage, can be read at '&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;Letters
+of the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, the time had come to search for a convenient
+scapegoat - the person responsible for the disastrous union.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+railed against his ambassadors who had so misled him with descriptions
+of her beauty - though, in truth, the ambassador's descriptions had been
+honest.&amp;nbsp; It was soon alleged that Cromwell had kept them from the
+king, for fear of discouraging the union.&amp;nbsp; Now, Cromwell was arrested
+on 10 June 1540, at 3pm on a Saturday, while at a Privy Council meeting.&amp;nbsp;
+This was a full month before the marriage was nullified.&amp;nbsp; Henry and
+Cromwell's enemies were in the midst of finding scapegoats for the marriage,
+while not yet assured of its outcome.&amp;nbsp; Henry, in a fit of temper and
+pique, complained bitterly that his minister had betrayed him while trying
+to further his own influence; the nobility were only too happy to encourage
+such thoughts.&amp;nbsp; They urged Henry to arrest Cromwell and teach the
+upstart his final lesson - namely, that it does not pay to mislead a king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So the captain of the guard arrived at the council
+chamber and arrested Cromwell, while a table of his enemies looked on.&amp;nbsp;
+The moment the guard entered the room, Cromwell recognized the danger -
+and threw his hat upon the table in rage.&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and Southampton
+stripped his decorations from his robe of state and Cromwell was then escorted
+to a barge - and, then, the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The events which follow
+are far from clear - Cromwell's fall and execution are among the most mysterious
+events of Henry VIII's reign and cannot be easily understood.&amp;nbsp; I have
+yet to read a history which offers an adequate explanation.&amp;nbsp; In truth,
+Henry became increasingly mercurial and tempermental in his later years,
+and Cromwell was just one of many victims of the king's ever-changing whims.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; First, if Cromwell fell from favor because
+of the Cleves marriage, as most believe, why did Henry title him earl of
+Essex in April 1540 - months after the marriage had been finalized and
+while negotiations for divorce were underway?&amp;nbsp; Second, if Cromwell
+was executed because his government policies angered the king, as has been
+alleged, why did Henry give his voluntary approval to all of Cromwell's
+legislation?&amp;nbsp; Third, is his enemies were in the ascendancy, why had
+Henry only recently shown the duke of Norfolk (Cromwell's great enemy)
+open favor?&amp;nbsp; After all, Norfolk had just been sent abroad on diplomatic
+work - away from the king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What are we left with?&amp;nbsp; The charges eventually
+listed in Cromwell's attainder &lt;i&gt;did not&lt;/i&gt; list the above - Cromwell
+was not accused of misleading Henry on matters of policy, he was not held
+responsible for the disastrous marriage, and he was not charged with leading
+England into an unwanted Lutheran alliance.&amp;nbsp; Instead, he was charged
+with selling export licenses illegally, granting passports and commissions
+without royal knowledge, freeing people suspected of treason and - of course
+- that he, base-born and ignoble, had usuurped and deliberately misused
+royal power.&amp;nbsp; Most significantly, however, he was charged with heresy
+- this charge was the bulk of his attaindder and apparently swayed Henry
+decisively.&amp;nbsp; Norfolk, allied with the Catholic bishops Cromwell had
+forced from power, engineered this charge.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell, they charged,
+had encouraged and spread heretical literature, allowed heretics to preach,
+released them from prison, and allied himself against their enemies.&amp;nbsp;
+Significantly, it was reported that in March 1539 Cromwell said that, even
+if Henry turned from Protestantism, 'yet I would not turn, and if the king
+did turn, and all his people, I would fight in this field in mine own person,
+with my sword in my hand &lt;i&gt;against him&lt;/i&gt; and all other'.&amp;nbsp; That
+was treason.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Shortly after his arrest, incriminating letters to
+Lutherans were found in Cromwell's home, placed there by agents of the
+duke of Norfolk; they were so inflammatory that the king was outraged.&amp;nbsp;
+Cromwell's name, Henry swore, would be abolished forever.&amp;nbsp; Cromwell
+wrote two desperate letters from the Tower; the one that survives is in
+tatters.&amp;nbsp; He assured his monarch that he was a good, loyal servant
+and a faithful Christian.&amp;nbsp; But Henry, surrounded by Cromwell's enemies
+and - more significantly - newly infatuated with Norfolk's niece, Catherine
+Howard, would hear nothing.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Norfolk was shrewd enough
+to create a Lutheran conspiracy; three popular reformers, Robert Barnes,
+Thomas Garret, and William Jerome, were executed just days after Cromwell.&amp;nbsp;
+None of the men were allowed an open trial.&amp;nbsp; That would allow the
+public opportunity for them to dispute the false charges.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
+they were condemned by Act of Attainder, a parliamentary tool which dispensed
+with justice in favor of speed.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The executed men were also neighbors of Cromwell,
+which was their only link to the earl.&amp;nbsp; And they were as innocent
+as Cromwell of the charges against them - as evidenced by the confusion
+of contemporary chroniclers.&amp;nbsp; Edward Hall, one of the great chroniclers
+of Tudor England, could find no real evidence against them although he
+'searched to know the truth'.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So Cromwell was executed privately on Tower Green
+on 28 July 1540, still protesting his innocence.&amp;nbsp; He died with dignity
+- but the whole sordid affair of his deatth would not rest.&amp;nbsp; For the
+volatile Henry VIII was soon despairing of his loss, just a few months
+after he allowed the execution.&amp;nbsp; He raged at his council, accusing
+them of lying and deliberately destroying his 'most faithful servant'.&amp;nbsp;
+Cromwell's destruction had been engineered on 'light pretexts' and against
+the king's wishes.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Henry was a victim as well - of a determined
+group of nobles and clerics, led by Norfolk, who hated Cromwell and carried
+the king along on their path of destruction.&amp;nbsp; Events were rapid and
+deliberately confused.&amp;nbsp; By the time Henry realized what had happened,
+it was too late.&amp;nbsp; He could only bemoan his loss, while never understanding
+exactly why it happened.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This was no comfort to Thomas Cromwell, however;
+after a lifetime of dedicated service, he met his end by execution and
+all of Henry's regrets could not bring him back to life.
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Want to learn more about Cromwell?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Try these books (used as sources for my article) -&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The Cardinal and the Secretary: Thomas Wolsey and Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by Neville Williams.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Policy and Police: the enforcement of the Reformation
+in the Age of Thomas Cromwell&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by G. R. Elton.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Reform and Renewal: Thomas Cromwell and the Common Weal&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by G. R. Elton.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Thomas Cromwell and the English Reformation&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by A. G. Dickens.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Thomas Cromwell: Tudor Minister&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;by B. W. Beckingsale.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082581&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082581&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5819</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources: The last letter of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The last letter of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryqos-letter.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryqos-letter.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e46681519f37f8a8760f42</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-letter.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-letter.gif&quot; width=&quot;331&quot; height=&quot;87&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;Mary Stuart 
+      wrote this letter on 8 February 1587, completing it just six hours before her
+execution at Fotheringhay Castle.&amp;nbsp;  &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;It is addressed to her former brother-in-law,
+King Henry III of France.&amp;nbsp; She had written to him regularly throughout
+her imprisonment in England.&amp;nbsp; The letter is a remarkable document.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary clearly believes she is dying as a martyr to her Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp;
+She also displays genuine concern for the loyal servants who joined her
+English imprisonment.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;It should be noted that Henry III did not provide the
+wages and pensions which Mary so poignantly sought.&amp;nbsp; It was King Philip II of
+Spain who honored her last wishes.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+8 February 1587
+
+&lt;br&gt;To the most Christian king, my brother and old ally,
+
+&lt;p&gt;Royal brother, having by God's will, for my sins I think, thrown myself
+
+into the power of the Queen my cousin, at whose hands I have suffered much
+
+for almost twenty years, I have finally been condemned to death by her
+
+and her Estates.&amp;nbsp; I have asked for my papers, which they have taken
+
+away, in order that I might make&amp;nbsp;my
+
+will, but I have been unable to recover anything of use to me, or even
+
+get leave either to make my will freely or to have my body conveyed after
+
+my death, as I would wish, to your kingdom where I had the honor to be
+
+queen, your sister and old ally.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Tonight, after dinner, I have been advised of my sentence:&amp;nbsp; I am
+
+to be executed like a criminal at eight in the morning.&amp;nbsp; I have not
+
+had time to give you a full account of everything that has happened, but
+
+if you will listen to my doctor and my other unfortunate servants, you
+
+will learn the truth, and how, thanks be to God, I scorn death and vow
+
+that I meet it innocent of any crime, even if I were their subject.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Catholic faith and the assertion of my God-given right to the English
+
+crown are the two issues on which I am condemned, and yet I am not allowed
+
+to say that it is for the Catholic religion that I die, but for fear of
+
+interference with theirs.&amp;nbsp; The proof of this is that they have taken
+
+away my chaplain, and although he is in the building, I have not been able
+
+to get permission for him to come and hear my confession and give me the
+
+Last Sacrament, while they have been most insistent that I receive the
+
+consolation and instruction of their minister, brought here for that purpose.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The bearer of this letter and his companions, most of them your subjects,
+
+will testify to my conduct at my last hour.&amp;nbsp; It remains for me to
+
+beg Your Most Christian Majesty, my brother-in-law and old ally, who have
+
+always protested your love for me, to give proof now of your goodness on
+
+all these points:&amp;nbsp; firstly by charity, in paying my unfortunate servants
+
+the wages due them - this is a burden on my conscience that only you can
+
+relieve:&amp;nbsp; further, by having prayers offered to God for a queen who
+
+has borne the title Most Christian, and who dies a Catholic, stripped of
+
+all her possessions.&amp;nbsp; As for my son, I commend him to you in so far
+
+as he deserves, for I cannot answer for him.&amp;nbsp; I have taken the liberty
+
+of sending you two precious stones, talismans against illness, trusting
+
+that you will enjoy good health and a long and happy life.&amp;nbsp; Accept
+
+them from your loving sister-in-law, who, as she dies, bears witness of
+
+her warm feeling for you. Again I commend my servants to you.&amp;nbsp; Give
+
+instructions, if it please you, that for my soul's sake part of what you
+
+owe me should be paid, and that for the sake of Jesus Christ, to whom I
+
+shall pray for you tomorrow as I die, I be left enough to found a memorial
+
+mass and give the customary alms.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Wednesday, at two in the morning
+
+&lt;p&gt;Your most loving and most true sister
+
+&lt;br&gt;Mary R&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;nt&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082608&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082608&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5098</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Elizabeth I's letters relating to Mary, queen of Scots</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/scot-letters.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e423c1abddcbf5dfb6f19d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e4/23c1abdd.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;1586 &amp;amp; 1587, Letters from Elizabeth I to Mary,
+queen of Scots and James VI of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;October 1586 and 14 February 1587.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;To Mary, queen of Scots, October 1586.&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;At the opening of the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots,
+at Fotheringhay on 12th October 1586, the Commissioners delivered her this
+personal letter from Queen Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It has been translated
+from the French.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life
+and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never proceeded
+so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected and maintained
+you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you and all made manifest.
+Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles and peers of the kingdom
+as if I were myself present. I therefore require, charge, and command that
+you make answer for I have been well informed of your arrogance.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Act plainly without reserve, and you will sooner
+be able to obtain favour of me.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;To King James VI of Scotland, 14th February 1587.&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Although she signed the warrant for Mary's execution,
+Elizabeth tore it up.&amp;nbsp; Another copy was signed, and - before the queen
+could change her mind yet again - Burghley and others upon the council
+sent if off.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's life was in constant danger while Mary lived,
+as numerous plots attested.&amp;nbsp; Her Council was determined to keep her
+safe.&amp;nbsp; As for Elizabeth, she was understandably torn between protecting
+her throne and taking the life of a fellow sovereign, even one she did
+not respect or like.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The second warrant was sent from London on 4th February,
+and reached Fotheringhay on the following evening.&amp;nbsp; On the 7th the
+Earls of Shrewsbury and Kent, who were in charge of the execution, warned
+Mary to prepare for death on the following day.&amp;nbsp; On the 9th the news
+of her execution reached London, and was received by the Queen with surprise
+and horror.&amp;nbsp; She openly raged against her councilors; her capable
+secretary Davison, who had given her the second warrant, was sent to the
+Tower.&amp;nbsp; Four days later she wrote to James of Scotland to protest
+her innocence of Mary's death.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the extreme
+dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far contrary
+to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman of mine, whom
+ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you truly of that which
+is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you that as God and many
+more know, how innocent I am in this case : so you will believe me, that
+if I had bid aught I would have bid by it. I am not so base minded that
+fear of any living creature or Prince should make me so afraid to do that
+were just; or done, to deny the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor
+carry so vile a mind. But, as not to disguise, fits not a King, so will
+I never dissemble my actions, but cause them show even as I meant them.
+Thus assuring yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if
+I had meant it I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will
+I not damnify myself that thought it not.
+&lt;br&gt;The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for
+your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor
+a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully
+to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you,
+judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave to
+trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long reign.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and cousin,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth R.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschron.html&quot;&gt;to
+Mary, queen of Scots: Chronology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082762&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082762&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">32301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter Four</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudefour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudefour.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e5550c79ba7b8310fade58</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER FOUR&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn -- Letters to her from the
+      &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; -- The Convent at Wilton -- The 
+      Divorce -- The Pope's promises -- Arrival of Campeggio in England -- 
+      Reception at the Bridewell Palace -- Proposal to Catherine to take the 
+      veil -- Her refusal -- Uncertainty of the succession -- A singular 
+      expedient -- Alarms of Wolsey -- The true issue -Speech of the
+      &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; in the City -- Threats of the 
+      Emperor -- Defects in the Bull of Pope Julius -- Alleged discovery of a 
+      brief supplying them -- Distress of Clement. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;THE marriage with Anne Boleyn was now a fixed 
+    idea in &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Henry&lt;/font&gt;'s mind. He had become 
+    passionately attached to her, though not perhaps she to him. The evidence of 
+    his feeling remains in a series of letters to her -- how preserved for 
+    public inspection no one knows. Some of them were said to have been stolen 
+    by Campeggio. Perhaps they were sold to him; at any rate, they survive. A 
+    critic in the &amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Edinburgh Review&lt;/i&gt;&amp;quot; described them as such as &amp;quot;might 
+    have been written by a pot-boy to his girl.&amp;quot; The pot-boy must have been a 
+    singular specimen of his kind. One, at any rate, remains to show that, 
+    though &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Henry&lt;/font&gt; was in love, he did not 
+    allow his love to blind him to his duty as a prince. The lady, though 
+    obliged to wait for the full gratification of her ambition, had been using 
+    her influence to advance her friends, while Wolsey brought upon himself the 
+    rebuke of his master by insufficient care in the distribution of Church 
+    patronage. The correspondence throws an unexpected light upon the
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt;'s character. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Abbess of Wilton had died. The situation 
+    was a pleasant one. Among the sisters who aspired to the vacant office was a 
+    certain Eleanor Carey, a near connection of Anne, and a favourite with her. 
+    The appointment rested virtually with the Crown. The Lady Anne spoke to the 
+    King. The King deputed Wolsey to inquire into the fitness of the various 
+    candidates, with a favourable recommendation of Eleanor Carey's claims. The 
+    inquiry was made, and the result gives us a glimpse into the habits of the 
+    devout recluses in these sacred institutions.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;As for the matter of Wilton,&amp;quot; wrote Henry to 
+    Anne, &amp;quot;my Lord Cardinal here had the nuns before him, and examined them in 
+    the presence of Master Bell, who assures me that she whom we would have had 
+    Abbess has confessed herself to have had two children by two different 
+    priests, and has since been kept not long ago by a servant of Lord Broke 
+    that was. Wherefore I would not for all the gold in the world clog your 
+    conscience nor mine, to make her ruler of a house which is of so ungodly 
+    demeanour, nor I trust you would not that, neither for brother nor sister, I 
+    should so distain mine honour or conscience. And as touching the Prioress 
+    [Isabella Jordan] or Dame Eleanor's elder sister, though there is not any 
+    evident cause proved against them, and the Prioress is so old that of many 
+    years she could not be as she was named, yet notwithstanding, to do you 
+    pleasure I have done that neither of them shall have it, but that some other 
+    good and well-disposed woman shall have it, whereby the house shall be 
+    better reformed, whereof I assure you it hath much need, and God much the 
+    better served.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This letter is followed by another to the 
+    Cardinal. Wolsey, in whose hands the King had left the matter, in a second 
+    letter which is lost, instead of looking out for the &amp;quot;good and well-disposed 
+    woman,&amp;quot; though IsaBella Jordan's reputation was doubtful, yet chose to 
+    appoint her, and the King's observations upon this action of his are worth 
+    attending to, as addressed by such a person as Henry is supposed to have 
+    been to a Cardinal Archbishop and Legate of the Holy See. Many of the 
+    letters signed by the King were the composition of his ministers and 
+    secretaries. This to Wolsey was his own. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The great affection and love I bear you, 
+    causeth me, using the doctrine of my Master, &lt;i&gt;quem diligo castigo,&lt;/i&gt; 
+    thus plainly as now ensueth to break to you my mind, ensuring you that 
+    neither sinister report, affection to my own pleasure, interest, nor 
+    mediation of any other body beareth part in this case, wherefore whatsoever 
+    I do say, I pray you think it spoken of no displeasure, but of him that 
+    would you as much good both of body and soul as you would yourself. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Methinks it is not the right train of a 
+    trusty loving friend and servant when the matter is put by the master's 
+    consent into his arbitre and judgement -especially in a matter wherein his 
+    master hath both royalty and interest, to elect and choose a person who was 
+    by him defended. And yet another thing which displeaseth me more. That is to 
+    cloke your offence made by ignorance of my pleasure, saying that you 
+    expressly knew not my determinate mind in that behalf. Alas, my lord, what 
+    can be more evident or plainer than these words, specially to a wise man 
+    -'His Grace careth not who, but referreth it all to you, so that none of 
+    those who either be or have been spotted with incontinence, like as by 
+    report the Prioress hath been in her youth, have it;' and also in another 
+    place in the letter, 'And therefore his Highness thinketh her not meet for 
+    that purpose;' thirdly, in another place in the same letter by these words, 
+    'And though his Grace speaketh not of it so openly, yet meseemeth his 
+    pleasure is that in no wise the Prioress have it, nor yet Dame Eleanor's 
+    eldest sister, for many considerations the which your Grace can and will 
+    best consider.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Ah, my Lord, it is a double offence both to 
+    do ill and to colour it too; but with men that have wit it cannot be 
+    accepted so. Wherefore, good my Lord, use no more that way with me, for 
+    there is no man living that more hateth it. These things having been thus 
+    committed, either I must have reserved them &lt;i&gt;in pectore,&lt;/i&gt; whereby more 
+    displeasure might happen to breed, or else thus soundly and plainly to 
+    declare them to you, because I do think that &lt;i&gt;cum amico et familiari 
+    sincere semper est agendum,&lt;/i&gt; and especially the master to his best 
+    beloved servant and friend, for in so doing the one shall be more 
+    circumspect in his doing, the other shall declare and show the lothness that 
+    is in him to have any occasion to be displeased with him. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;And as touching the redress of Religion 
+    [convent discipline], if it be observed and continued, undoubtedly it is a 
+    gracious act. Notwithstanding, if all reports be true, &lt;i&gt;ab imbecillis 
+    imbecilla expectantur.&lt;/i&gt; How be it, Mr. Bell hath informed me that the 
+    Prioress's age, personage and manner, &lt;i&gt;prÃŠ se fert gravitatem.&lt;/i&gt; I pray 
+    God it be so indeed, seeing she is preferred to that room. I understand 
+    furthermore, which is greatly to my comfort, that you have ordered yourself 
+    to Godward as religiously and virtuously as any Prelate or father of 
+    Christ's Church can do, where in so doing and persevering there can be 
+    nothing more acceptable to God, more honour to yourself, nor more desired of 
+    your friends, among the which I reckon myself not the least. . . . &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;I pray you, my Lord, think it not that it is 
+    upon any displeasure that I write this unto you. For surely it is for my 
+    discharge before God, being in the room that I am in, and secondly for the 
+    great zeal I bear unto you, not undeserved in your behalf. Wherefore I pray 
+    you take it so; and I assure you, your fault acknowledged, there shall 
+    remain in me no spark of displeasure, trusting hereafter you shall 
+    recompense that with a thing much more acceptable to me. And thus fare you 
+    well; advertising you that, thanked be God, I and all my folk be, and have 
+    been since we came to Ampthill, which was on Saturday last, July 11, in 
+    marvellous good health and clearness of air. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Written with the hand of him that is, and 
+    shall be your loving Sovereign Lord and friend, -- Henry R.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Campeggio meanwhile was loitering on his way 
+    as he had been directed, pretending illness, pretending difficulties of the 
+    road. In sending him at all the Pope had broken his promise to Charles. He 
+    engaged, however, that no sentence should be given which had not been 
+    submitted first to Charles's approval. The Emperor, anxious to avoid a 
+    complete rupture with England, let the Legate go forward, but he directed 
+    Mendoza to inform Wolsey that he must defend his aunt's honour; her cause 
+    was his and he would hold it as such. Wolsey, though afraid of the 
+    consequence of opposing the divorce to himself and the Church, yet at heart 
+    had ceased to desire it. Mendoza reported that English opinion was still 
+    unfavourable, and that he did not believe that the commission would have any 
+    result. The Pope would interpose delays. Wolsey would allow and recognise 
+    them. Both Legates would agree privately to keep the matter in suspense. The 
+    English Cardinal appeared to be against the Queen, but every one knew that 
+    secretly he was now on her side. Catherine only was seriously frightened. 
+    She had doubtless been informed of the secret decretal by which the Pope 
+    appeared to have prejudged her cause. She supposed that the Pope meant it, 
+    and did not understand how lightly such engagements sate upon him. The same 
+    Clement, when Benvenuto Cellini reproached him for breaking his word, 
+    replied, smiling, that the Pope had power to bind and to loose. Catherine 
+    came before long to know him better and to understand the bearings of this 
+    singular privilege; but as yet she thought that words meant what they seemed 
+    to say. When she heard that Campeggio was actually coming, she wrote 
+    passionately to the Emperor, flinging herself upon him for protection. 
+    Charles calmed her alarm. She was not, he said, to be condemned without a 
+    hearing. The Pope had assured him that the Legates should determine nothing 
+    to her detriment. The case should be decided at Rome, as she had desired. 
+    Campeggio's orders were to advise that it should be dropped. Apart from his 
+    present infatuation, the King was a good Christian and would act as one. If 
+    he persisted, she might rely on the Pope's protection. She must consent to 
+    nothing which would imply the dissolution of her marriage. If the worst 
+    came, the King would be made conscious of his duties.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;return pageTxt_href_onClick(this,true);&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html#1&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the middle of October the Legate arrived. 
+    He had been ill in earnest from gout and was still suffering. He had to rest 
+    two days in Calais before he could face the Channel. The passage was wild. A 
+    deputation of Peers and Bishops waited to receive him at Dover. Respectful 
+    demonstrations had been prepared at the towns through which he was to pass, 
+    and a state ceremonial was to accompany his entrance into London. But he 
+    was, or pretended to be, too sick to allow himself to be seen. He was eight 
+    days on the road from the coast, and on reaching his destination he was 
+    carried privately in a state barge to the house provided for his residence. 
+    Wolsey called the next morning. The King was absent, but returned two days 
+    later to the Bridewell palace. There Campeggio waited on him, accompanied by 
+    Wolsey. The weather continued to frown. &amp;quot;I wish,&amp;quot; wrote Gerardo Molza to the 
+    Marchioness of Mantua, &amp;quot;that you could have seen the two Cardinals abreast, 
+    one on his mule, the other carried in his chair, the rain falling fast so 
+    that we were all drenched.&amp;quot; The King, simple man, believed that the 
+    documents which he held secured him. The Pope in sending the Legate had 
+    acted in the teeth of the Emperor's prohibition, and no one guessed how the 
+    affair had been soothed down. The farce was well played, and the language 
+    used was what Henry expected. Messer Floriano, one of Campeggio's suit, made 
+    a grand oration, setting out the storming of Rome, the perils of the Church, 
+    and the misery of Italy, with moving eloquence. The crowd was so dense in 
+    the hall of audience that some of the Italians lost their shoes, and had to 
+    step back barefoot to their lodgings through the wet streets. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Legate was exhausted by the exertion, but 
+    he was not allowed to rest, and the serious part of the business began at 
+    once behind the scenes. He had hoped, as the Emperor said, that the case 
+    might be dropped. He found Henry immoveable. &amp;quot;An angel from heaven,&amp;quot; he 
+    wrote on the 17th of October, &amp;quot;would not be able to persuade the King that 
+    his marriage was not invalid. The matter had come to such a pass that it 
+    could no longer be borne with. The Cardinal of York and the whole kingdom 
+    insisted that the question must be settled in some way.&amp;quot; One road out of the 
+    difficulty alone presented itself. The Emperor had insisted that the 
+    marriage should not be dissolved by Catherine's consent, objecting 
+    reasonably that a judgment invalidating it would shake other royal marriages 
+    besides hers. But no such judgment would be necessary if Catherine could be 
+    induced to enter &amp;quot;lax religion,&amp;quot; to take vows of chastity which, at her age 
+    and under her conditions of health, would be a mere form. The Pope could 
+    then allow Henry to take another wife without offence to any one. The 
+    legitimacy of the Princess would not be touched, and the King undertook that 
+    the succession should be settled upon her if he had no male heir. The Queen 
+    in consenting would lose nothing, for the King had for two years lived apart 
+    from her, and would never return to cohabitation. The Emperor would be 
+    delivered from an obligation infinitely inconvenient to him, and his own 
+    honour and the honour of Spain would be equally untouched. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;These arguments were laid before the Queen by 
+    both the Legates, and urged with all their eloquence. In the interests of 
+    the realm, in the interests of Europe, in the interests of the Church, in 
+    her own and her daughter's interest as well, it would have been wiser if she 
+    had complied. Perhaps she would have complied had the King's plea been 
+    confined, as at first, to the political exigencies of the succession. But 
+    the open and premature choice of the lady who was to take her place was an 
+    indignity not to be borne. She had the pride of her race. Her obstinacy was 
+    a match for her husband's. She was shaken for a moment by the impassioned 
+    entreaties of Campeggio, and she did not at once absolutely refuse. The 
+    Legate postponed the opening of his court. He referred to Rome for further 
+    instructions, complaining of the responsibility which was thrown upon him. 
+    Being on the spot he was able to measure the danger of disappointing the 
+    King after the secret commission, the secret decretal, and the Pope's 
+    private letter telling Henry that he was right. Campeggio wrote to Salviati, 
+    after his first interview with Catherine, that he did not yet despair. 
+    Something might be done if the Emperor would advise her to comply. He asked 
+    Fisher to help him, and Fisher seemed not wholly unwilling; but, after a few 
+    days' reflection, Catherine told him that before she would consent she would 
+    be torn limb from limb; she would have an authoritative sentence from the 
+    Pope, and would accept nothing else; nothing should make her alter her 
+    opinion, and if after death she could return to life, she would die over 
+    again rather than change it.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Wolsey was in equal anxiety. He had set the 
+    stone rolling, but he could not stop it. If Clement failed the King now, 
+    after all that he had promised, he might not only bring ruin on Wolsey 
+    himself, but might bring on the overthrow of the temporal power of the 
+    Church of England. Catherine was personally popular; but in the middle 
+    classes of the laity, among the peers and gentlemen of England, the 
+    exactions of the Church courts, the Pope's agents and collectors, the 
+    despotic tyranny of the Bishops, had created a resentment the extent of 
+    which none knew better than he. The entire gigantic system of clerical 
+    dominion, of which Wolsey was himself the pillar and representative, was 
+    tottering to its fall. If the King was driven to bay, the favour of a 
+    good-natured people for a suffering woman would be a poor shelter either for 
+    the Church or for him. Campeggio turned to Wolsey for advice on Catherine's 
+    final refusal. The Pope, he said, had hoped that Wolsey would advise the 
+    King to yield. Wolsey had advised. He told Cavendish that he had gone on his 
+    knees to the King, but he could only say to Campeggio that &amp;quot;the King -- 
+    fortified and justified by reasons, writings, and counsels of many learned 
+    men who feared God -- would never yield.&amp;quot; If he was to find that the Pope 
+    had been playing with him, and the succession was to be left undetermined, 
+    &amp;quot;the Church would be ruined and the realm would be in infinite peril.&amp;quot;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;How great, how real, was the dread of a 
+    disputed succession, appears from an extraordinary expedient which had 
+    suggested itself to Campeggio himself, and which he declares that some 
+    perplexed politicians had seriously contemplated. &amp;quot;They have thought,&amp;quot; he 
+    wrote on the 28th of October, &amp;quot;of marrying the Princess Mary to the King's 
+    natural son [the Duke of Richmond] if it could be done by dispensation from 
+    His Holiness.&amp;quot; The Legate said that at first he had himself thought of this 
+    as a means of establishing the succession; but he did not believe it would 
+    satisfy the King's desire. If anything could be more astonishing than a 
+    proposal for the marriage of a brother and sister, it was the reception 
+    which the suggestion met with at Rome. The Pope's secretary replied that 
+    &amp;quot;with regard to the dispensation for marrying the son to the daughter of the 
+    King, if on the succession being so established the King would abandon the 
+    divorce, the Pope would be much more inclined to grant it.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;a onclick=&quot;return pageTxt_href_onClick(this,true);&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html#2&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Clement's estimate of the extent of the 
+    dispensing power was large. But the situation was desperate. He had 
+    entangled himself in the meshes. He had promised what he had no intention of 
+    performing. He was finding that he had been trifling with a lion, and that 
+    the lion was beginning to rouse himself. Again and again Wolsey urged the 
+    dangers upon him. He wrote on the 1st of November to Casalis that &amp;quot;the 
+    King's honour was touched, having been so great a benefactor to the Holy 
+    See. The Pope would alienate all faith and devotion to the Apostolic See. 
+    The sparks of opposition which had been extinguished with such care and 
+    vigilance would blaze out to the utmost anger of all, both in England and 
+    elsewhere.&amp;quot;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html#3&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;Clement and his Cardinals heard, but 
+    imperfectly believed. &amp;quot;He tells us,&amp;quot; wrote Sanga, &amp;quot;that if the divorce is 
+    not granted the authority of the Apostolic See in England will be 
+    annihilated; he is eager to save it because his own greatness is bound up 
+    with ours.&amp;quot; The Curia was incredulous, and thought that Wolsey was only 
+    alarmed for himself. Wolsey, however, was right. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Although opinions might have varied on the 
+    merits of the King's request, people were beginning to ask what value as a 
+    supreme judge a Pope could have, who could not decide on a point of canon 
+    law. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The excitement was growing. Certain knowledge 
+    of what was going on was confined to the few who had access to the secret 
+    correspondence, and they knew only what was meant for their own eyes. All 
+    parties, English and Imperial alike, distrusted the Pope. He had impartially 
+    lied to both, and could be depended on by neither, except so far as they 
+    could influence his fears. Catherine was still the favourite with the London 
+    citizens. She had been seen accidentally in a gallery of the Palace, and had 
+    been enthusiastically cheered. The King found it necessary to explain 
+    himself. On the 8th of November he summoned the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, the 
+    Privy Council, and a body of Peers, and laid the situation before them from 
+    his own point of view. He spoke of his long friendship with the Emperor, and 
+    of his hope that it would not be broken, and again of his alliance with 
+    France, and of his desire to be at peace with all the world. &amp;quot;He had 
+    wished,&amp;quot; he said, &amp;quot;to attach France more closely to him by marrying his 
+    daughter to a French prince, and the French Ambassador, in considering the 
+    proposal, had raised the question of her legitimacy. His own mind had long 
+    misgiven him on the lawfulness of his marriage. M. de Tarbes' words had 
+    added to his uneasiness. The succession to the crown was uncertain; he had 
+    consulted his bishops and lawyers, and they had assured him that he had been 
+    living in mortal sin. . . . He meant only to do what was right, and he 
+    warned his subjects to be careful of forming hasty judgments on their 
+    Prince's actions.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Apart from the present question the King was 
+    extremely popular, and reports arriving from Spain touched the national 
+    pride. There was a talk of calling Parliament. Mendoza and Catherine again 
+    urged Charles to speak plainly. The Pope must inhibit Parliament from 
+    interfering. The Nuncio in London would present the order, and Parliament, 
+    they thought, would submit. They were mistaking the national temper. 
+    Mendoza's letters had persuaded the Spanish Council that the whole of 
+    England was in opposition to the King. The Spanish Chancellor had said 
+    publicly that if the cause was proceeded with there would be war, and &amp;quot;the 
+    King would be dethroned by his own subjects.&amp;quot; The words were reported to 
+    Wolsey, and were confirmed by an English agent, Sylvester Darius, who had 
+    been sent to Valladolid on business connected with the truce. Darius had 
+    spoken to the Chancellor on the probability of England taking active part 
+    with France. &amp;quot;Why do you talk of the King of England?&amp;quot; the Chancellor had 
+    answered; &amp;quot;if we wished, we could expel him from his kingdom in three 
+    months. What force had the King? his own subjects would expel him. He knew 
+    how matters were.&amp;quot; It was one thing for a free people to hold independent 
+    opinions on the arrangements of their own royal family. It was another to be 
+    threatened with civil war at the instigation of a foreign sovereign. Wolsey 
+    quoted the dangerous language at a public meeting in London; and a voice 
+    answered, &amp;quot;The Emperor has lost the hearts of a hundred thousand 
+    Englishmen.&amp;quot; A fresh firebrand was thrown into the flames immediately after. 
+    The national pride was touched on a side where it was already sensitive from 
+    interest. There were 15,000 Flemish artisans in London. English workmen had 
+    been jealous of their skill, and had long looked askance at them. The cry 
+    rose that they had an army of traitors in their midst who must be instantly 
+    expelled. The Flemings' houses were searched for arms, and watched by a 
+    guard, and the working city population, traders, shopkeepers, mechanics, 
+    apprentices, came over to the King's side, and remained there. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Meantime the cause itself hung fire. A new 
+    feature had been introduced to enable Campeggio to decline to proceed and 
+    the Pope to withdraw decently from his promises. The original Bull of Pope 
+    Julius permitting the marriage had been found to contain irregularities of 
+    form which were supposed fatal to it. The validity of the objection was not 
+    denied, but was met by the production of a brief alleged to have been found 
+    in Spain, and bearing the same date with the Bull, which exactly met that 
+    objection. No trace of such a brief could be found in the Vatican Register. 
+    It had informalities of its own, and its genuineness was justly suspected, 
+    but it answered the purpose of a new circumstance. A copy only was sent to 
+    England, which was shown by Catherine in triumph to Henry, but the original 
+    was detained. It would be sent to Rome, but not to London; without it 
+    Campeggio could pretend inability to move, and meanwhile he could refuse to 
+    proceed on his commission. Subterfuges which answer for the moment revenge 
+    themselves in the end. Having been once raised, it was absolutely necessary 
+    that a question immediately affecting the succession should be settled in 
+    some way, and many of the peers who had been hitherto cool began to back the 
+    King's demands. An address was drawn up, having among others the Duke of 
+    Norfolk's signature, telling the Pope that the divorce must be conceded, and 
+    complaints were sent through Casalis againt Campeggio's dilatoriness. The 
+    King, he was to say, would not submit to be deluded. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Casalis delivered his message, and describes 
+    the effect which it produced. &amp;quot;The Pope,&amp;quot; he wrote, &amp;quot;very angry, laid his 
+    hand on my arm and forbade me to proceed, saying there was but too good 
+    ground for complaint, and he was deluded by his own councillors. He had 
+    granted the decretal only to be shown to the King, and then burnt. Wolsey 
+    now wished to divulge it. He saw what would follow, and would gladly recall 
+    what had been done, even with the loss of one of his fingers.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Casalis replied that Wolsey wished only to 
+    show it to a few persons whose secrecy might be depended on. Was it not 
+    demanded for that purpose? Why had the Pope changed his mind? The Pope, only 
+    the more excited, said he saw the Bull would be the ruin of him, and he 
+    would make no more concessions. Casalis prayed him to consider. Waving his 
+    arms violently, Clement said, &amp;quot;I do consider. I consider the ruin which is 
+    hanging over me. I repent what I have done. If heresies arise, is it my 
+    fault? I will not violate my conscience. Let them, if they like, send the 
+    Legate back, because he will not proceed. They can do as they please, 
+    provided they do not make me responsible.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Did the Pope mean, then, Casalis asked, that 
+    the commission should not proceed? The Pope could not say as much as that; 
+    he had told Campeggio, he said, to dissuade the King and persuade the Queen.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;What harm could there be,&amp;quot; Casalis inquired, 
+    &amp;quot;in showing the decretal, under oath, to a few of the Privy Council?&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Pope said the decretal ought to have been 
+    burnt, and refused to discuss the matter further.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Chapter Five&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082635&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082635&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e6.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e6.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">13951</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England links</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England links</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Links</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/links.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/links.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e68a5186626c0f4e8eef14</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e6.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">links.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosdarnleylinks.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/links.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Links&quot; width=&quot;319&quot; height=&quot;156&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#General&quot;&gt;General History&lt;/A&gt; - 
+&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#Individuals&quot;&gt;Individuals&lt;/A&gt; 
+- &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#Shopping&quot;&gt;Shopping&lt;/A&gt; - 
+&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#Miscellaneous&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/A&gt; 
+-&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flinks.html#My&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;My Favorite 
+Links&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2femail.html&quot;&gt;Submit a 
+Link&lt;/a&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Individual pages 
+throughout the site also list relevant links.&amp;nbsp; For example, the Anne Boleyn 
+webpage has Anne Boleyn links.&amp;nbsp; I actually prefer those listings to 
+maintaining a 'master list' here.&amp;nbsp; As a result, this page has more general 
+links.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosdarnleylinks.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;double portrait of Mary, queen of Scots and her second husband, Lord Darnley&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;229&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;double 
+        portrait of Mary, queen of Scots and her second husband, Lord Darnley&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England: Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=General&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;General 
+History&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.suite101.com%2fwelcome.cfm%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Suite101.com: Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; Wendy Dunn has created a wonderful site, 
+which includes original fiction and articles, regular updates, and lots of 
+links.&amp;nbsp; She even sponsors a &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.suite101.com%2fcontest.cfm%2f6820%2f419&quot;&gt;Tudor Ghost Story 
+contest&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Wendy also published her first novel, a tale of Anne Boleyn 
+and Thomas Wyatt, this year; &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.wendyjdunn.com&quot;&gt;visit her 
+author's site for more information&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; You can read an excerpt, order the 
+book, and read various articles about Anne.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org&quot;&gt;Tudorhistory.org&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+Lara Eakins's started her Tudor site in 1995.&amp;nbsp; I don't think I even had an 
+internet connection back then.&amp;nbsp; It has lovely 
+graphics, original photographs, and lots of information on various Tudor topics, 
+including architecture and music.&amp;nbsp; It also sponsors a Tudor England mailing 
+list and pen-pal page.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to chat with other Tudor 
+enthusiasts, this is where you should go. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudor-portraits.com&quot;&gt;The Tudor and 
+Elizabethan Portrait Site&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a great resource for those who love 
+Tudor and Elizabethan portraits.&amp;nbsp; There are some beautiful scans available here.&amp;nbsp; Edward has also collected 
+portraits of 16th century European nobility. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fCollegePark%2f2809&quot;&gt;Claire Webb's Tudor England 
+Website&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site offers a collection of interesting 
+essays on various Tudor topics, as well as an 'information point' and an 
+extensive list of Tudor-related books. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fhenry8jane%2fTudor.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Dynasty 
+Website&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; Petra's site has information about all the 
+Tudor monarchs, plus she has &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fhansiiHolbein&quot;&gt;a 
+separate website about Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; They are part of her 
+&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fhenry8jane&quot;&gt;larger study of European 
+monarchs&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; This is a great place to visit if you want to plot the 
+genealogical course of European royalty through the centuries, and there are 
+many nice portraits. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.royalty.nu&quot;&gt;World of 
+Royalty&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a great site that features the 
+Tudors, as well as other royal families.&amp;nbsp; It has contemporary royal news 
+and an extensive Tudor bibliography. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.royal.gov.uk.%2foutput%2fPage1.asp&quot;&gt;The 
+Official Website of the British Monarchy&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The name 
+says it all.&amp;nbsp; The site has been recently redesigned; it features nice 
+graphics and brief biographies of all British monarchs.&amp;nbsp; There is a current 
+news page, information about royal residences and artwork, and a special section 
+on the Queen's Golden Jubilee. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.maryrose.org&quot;&gt;The Mary 
+Rose&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A lovely site dedicated to Henry VIII's 
+infamous warship, with lots of additional information. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2frenaissance.dm.net%2fcompendium%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Life in Elizabethan 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A wonderful and very detailed site which has 
+so much information that I couldn't possibly list it all - go visit!&amp;nbsp; 
+Weddings, food, religion, a collection of proverbs....&amp;nbsp; and it's 
+beautifully designed as well.&amp;nbsp; This site also features &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2frenaissance.dm.net%2fcompendium%2fmap-england.html&quot;&gt;a map of 
+Renaissance England&lt;/A&gt; to help you get your geographical bearings. 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ffolger.edu&quot;&gt;The Folger Shakespeare 
+Library&amp;nbsp;&lt;/A&gt; The Folger has recently redesigned their 
+website.&amp;nbsp; It has information on their collections and current and past 
+exhibitions. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=Individuals&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;Individuals&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fSoHo%2fStudios%2f1344%2fhenryviii.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII and 
+His Six Wives&amp;nbsp;&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; An introduction to Great Harry 
+and his checkered marital career. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene%2findex%5fenglish.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey: Nine Days' Queen&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A very detailed introduction 
+to Jane's life, well-written and engaging. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsarah%5fn%5fbernard&quot;&gt;Lady 
+Jane Grey: Queen of England for Nine Days&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; A lovely 
+site with lots of pictures and an in-depth study of Jane's short life. 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.wantree.com.au%2f%7ehalligan%2fladyjane%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site has many pictures to complement any 
+study of Jane's life.&amp;nbsp; It also discusses her sisters, Catherine and 
+Mary. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale&quot;&gt;Mary 
+Tudor&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a very extensive site that has all you 
+need to know about Mary I's life, from birth to death. Lots of nice portraits as 
+well, and it even lists all the Marian films out there. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart 
+Society of Scotland&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is the most detailed Mary, 
+queen of Scots site on the web.&amp;nbsp; It has a&amp;nbsp; lengthy biography of the 
+queen, samples of her poetry and letters, and much more - too much to list here, 
+in fact. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fles%5fvalois&quot;&gt;Mary, 
+queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site is currently available in 
+French.&amp;nbsp; It's beautifully designed and has lots of information; go visit 
+and try out your foreign language skills!&amp;nbsp; Its creator also made this &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsarah%5fn%5fbernard&quot;&gt;Lady Jane Grey site&lt;/A&gt; listed 
+above. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.elizabethi.org&quot;&gt;The Life and Times 
+of Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site offers a comprehensive look 
+at Elizabeth I's life, and features a Tudor Trophy Challenge. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=Shopping&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;Shopping&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.royalpaperdolls.com&quot;&gt;Royal Paper 
+Dolls&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; Laurie Sebastian's page offers paper dolls of 
+famous kings and queens throughout history, with a comprehensive collection of 
+Tudors.&amp;nbsp; She also has biographical and historical information about the 
+monarchs, suggestions for further reading, and a links page. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudorrosedesigns.com&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose 
+Designs&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This site offers a large collection of 
+Tudor-related cross stitch patterns, including the Tudor rose crop used on my 
+main page.&amp;nbsp; Quite a few visitors have commented upon it - well, now you can 
+cross stitch it! There is also a large collection of Victorian images.&amp;nbsp; You 
+can pay through PayPal and also buy gift certificates. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=https:%2f%2fwww.shakespeare-etc.org&quot;&gt;Shakespeare, 
+Etc - The Folger Shakespeare Library Gift Shop&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The 
+Folger's online gift store has a nice selection of Elizabethan items, including 
+a poster of the queen and a Tudor rose pin. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.morganlibrary.org%2fshop%2findex.html&quot;&gt;The Pierpont Morgan Library 
+Gift Shop&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The New York museum has an eclectic gift 
+shop which features Bluff King Hal and his six wives on a box of chocolates as 
+well as a collection of porcelain boxes. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhousefurniture.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Tudor 
+House: Fine English Furniture&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; This store sells a wide 
+variety of English oak reproduction furniture.&amp;nbsp; They also have a wonderful 
+selection of Tudor links at the site.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=Miscellaneous&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;Miscellaneous&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.dnaco.net%2f%7ealeed%2fcorsets%2fgeneral.html&quot;&gt;The Elizabethan 
+Costuming Page&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The perfect resource for Tudor 
+fashion; this site includes numerous lengthy articles, images, and an extensive 
+collection of links. &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.rennfest.com%2fmrf%2findex.html&quot;&gt;The 
+Maryland Renaissance Festival&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp; The RenFest in my home 
+state.&amp;nbsp; It starts this year on August 23rd.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of the 
+Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game 
+set in 16th century England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne 
+Boleyn or other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;A name=My&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;I&gt;My Favorite 
+Links&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2faldaily.com&quot;&gt;Arts &amp;amp; Letters 
+Daily&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A daily collection of interesting 
+articles from around the world, mostly arts/culture stuff with the occasional 
+science article.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.city-journal.org&quot;&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;City Journal&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One of my 
+two favorite magazines with many great writers, including Dr. Theodore Dalrymple 
+and Heather MacDonald.&amp;nbsp; The website features many full-length 
+articles.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.theatlantic.com&quot;&gt;The Atlantic Monthly&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This 
+magazine has lost its mind lately with some terrible political commentary but it 
+occasionally has interesting articles.&amp;nbsp; And their website includes a 
+regular 'Flashbacks' series which focuses on famous articles from their 
+archives.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.space.com%2fspacewatch&quot;&gt;Spacewatch&lt;/A&gt; &amp;nbsp; The title says it all.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amsmeteors.org&quot;&gt;The American Meteor Society&lt;/A&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Again, the title says it all.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;And &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats.html&quot;&gt;John 
+Keats&lt;/A&gt; and &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fbyron.html&quot;&gt;Lord Byron&lt;/A&gt;, my 
+other two never-ending websites.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082548&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082548&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01e8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">43180</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter Two</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudetwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudetwo.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01e88948331181409aab201e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01e8.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER TWO&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Mission of Wolsey to Paris -- 
+      Visits Bishop Fisher on the way -- Anxieties of the Emperor -- Letter of 
+      the Emperor to Henry VIII. -Large offers to Wolsey -- Address of the 
+      French Cardinals to the Pope -- Anne Boleyn chosen by Henry to succeed 
+      Catherine -- Surprise and displeasure of Wolsey -- Fresh attempts of the 
+      Emperor to bribe him -- Wolsey forced to continue to advocate the divorce 
+      -Mission of Dr. Knight to Rome -- The Pope at Orvieto -- The King applies 
+      for a dispensation to make a second marriage -- Language of the 
+      dispensation demanded -- Inferences drawn from it -- Alleged intrigue 
+      between the King and Mary Boleyn. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;IT was believed at the time -- 
+    and it was the tradition afterwards -- that Wolsey, in his mission to Paris, 
+    intended to replace Catherine by a French princess, the more surely to 
+    commit Francis to the support of Henry in the divorce, and to strengthen the 
+    new alliance. Nothing can be inherently more likely. The ostensible reason, 
+    however, was to do away with any difficulties which might have been 
+    suggested by the objection of the Bishop of Tarbes to the legitimacy of the 
+    Princess Mary. If illegitimate, she would be no fitting bride for the Duke 
+    of Orleans. But she had been born &lt;i&gt;bonÃ¢ fide parentum.&lt;/i&gt; There was no 
+    intention of infringing her prospective rights or of altering her present 
+    position. Her rank and title were to be secured to her in amplest measure.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Cardinal went upon his 
+    journey with the splendour attaching to his office and befitting a churchman 
+    who was aspiring to be the spiritual president of the two kingdoms. On his 
+    way to the coast he visited two prelates whose support to his policy was 
+    important. Archbishop Warham had been cold about the divorce, if not openly 
+    hostile. Wolsey found him &amp;quot;not much changed from his first fashion,&amp;quot; but 
+    admitting that, although it might be unpleasant to the Queen, truth and 
+    justice must prevail. Bishop Fisher was a more difficult subject. He had 
+    spoken in the Legate's court in Catherine's favour. It was from him, as the 
+    King supposed, that Catherine herself had learnt what was impending over 
+    her. Wolsey called at his palace as he passed through Rochester. He asked 
+    the Bishop plainly if he had been in communication with the Queen. The 
+    Bishop, after some hesitation, confessed that the Queen had sought his 
+    advice, and said that he had declined to give an opinion without the King's 
+    command. Before Wolsey left London, at a last interview at York Place, the 
+    King had directed him to explain &amp;quot;the whole matter&amp;quot; to the Bishop. He went 
+    through the entire history, mentioned the words of the Bishop of Tarbes, and 
+    discussed the question which had risen upon it, on account of which he had 
+    been sent into France. Finally, he described the extreme violence with which 
+    Catherine had received the intelligence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Bishop greatly blamed the 
+    conduct of the Queen, and said he thought that if he might speak to her he 
+    might bring her to submission. He agreed, or seemed to agree, that the 
+    marriage had been irregular, though he did not himself think that it could 
+    now be broken. Others of the bishops, he thought, agreed with him; but he 
+    was satisfied that the King meant nothing against the laws of God, and would 
+    be fully justified in submitting his misgivings to the Pope.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mendoza's and the Queen's 
+    letters had meanwhile been despatched to Spain, to add to the anxieties 
+    which were overwhelming the Emperor. Nothing could have been less welcome at 
+    such a juncture than a family quarrel with his uncle of England, whose 
+    friendship he was still hoping to retain. The bird that he had caged at Rome 
+    was no convenient prisoner. The capture of Rome had not been ordered by 
+    himself, though politically he was obliged to maintain it. The time did not 
+    suit for the ambitious Church reforms of Lope de Soria. Peace would have to 
+    be made with the Pope on some moderate conditions. His own Spain was hardly 
+    quieted after the revolt of the &lt;i&gt;Comunidades.&lt;/i&gt; Half Germany was in 
+    avowed apostasy from the Church of Rome. The Turks were overrunning Hungary, 
+    and sweeping the Mediterranean with their pirate fleets, and the passionate 
+    and restless Francis was watching his opportunity to revenge Pavia and 
+    attack his captor in the Low Countries and in Italy. The great Emperor was 
+    moderate, cautious, prudent to a fault. In a calmer season he might have 
+    been tempted to take the Church in hand; and none understood better the 
+    condition into which it had fallen. But he was wise enough to know that if a 
+    reform of the Papacy was undertaken at all it must be undertaken with the 
+    joint consent of the other Christian princes, and all his present efforts 
+    were directed to peace. He was Catherine's natural guardian. Her position in 
+    England had been hitherto a political security for Henry's friendship. It 
+    was his duty and his interest to defend her, and he meant to do it; not, 
+    however, by sending roving expeditions to land in Cornwall and raise a civil 
+    war; all means were to be tried before that; to attempt such a thing, he 
+    well knew, would throw Europe into a blaze. The letters found him at 
+    Valladolid. He replied, of course, that he was shocked at a proceeding so 
+    unlooked for and so scandalous, but he charged Mendoza to be moderate and to 
+    confine himself to remonstrance. He wrote himself to Henry -- 
+    confidentially, as from friend to friend, and ciphering his letter with his 
+    own hand. He was unable to believe, he said, that Henry could contemplate 
+    seriously bringing his domestic discomforts before the world. Even supposing 
+    the marriage illegitimate -- even supposing that the Pope had no power to 
+    dispense in such cases -- &amp;quot;it would be better and more honourable to keep 
+    the matter secret, and to work out a remedy.&amp;quot; He bade Mendoza remind the 
+    King that to question the dispensing power affected the position of other 
+    princes besides his own; that to touch the legitimacy of his daughter would 
+    increase the difficulties with the succession, and not remove them. He 
+    implored the King &amp;quot;to keep the matter secret, as he would do himself.&amp;quot; 
+    Meanwhile, he told Mendoza, for Catherine's comfort, that he had written to 
+    demand a mild brief from the Pope to stop the scandal. He had requested him, 
+    as Catherine had suggested, to revoke Wolsey's powers, or at least to 
+    command that neither he nor any English Court should try the case. If heard 
+    at all it must be heard before his Holiness and the Sacred College. But he 
+    could not part with the hope that he might still bring Wolsey to his own and 
+    the Queen's side. A council of Cardinals was to meet at Avignon to consider 
+    the Pope's captivity. The Cardinal of England was expected to attend. 
+    Charles himself might go to Perpignan. Wolsey might meet him there, discuss 
+    the state of Europe, and settle the King's secret affair at the same time.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Should 
+    this be impossible, he charged Mendoza once more to leave no stone unturned 
+    to recover Wolsey's friendship. &amp;quot;In our name,&amp;quot; he said, &amp;quot;you will make him 
+    the following offers: -- &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;1. The 
+    payment of all arrears on his several pensions, amounting to 9,000 ducats 
+    annually. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;2. Six 
+    thousand additional ducats annually until such a time as a bishoprick or 
+    other ecclesiastical endowment of the same revenue becomes vacant in our 
+    kingdom. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;3. The 
+    Duke, who is to have Milan, to give him a Marquisate in that Duchy, with an 
+    annual rent of 12,000 ducats, or 15,000 if the smaller sum be not enough; 
+    the said Marquisate to be held by the Cardinal during his life, and to pass 
+    after him to any heir whom he shall appoint.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As if this was not sufficient, 
+    the Emperor' paid a yet further tribute to the supposed all-powerful 
+    Cardinal. He wrote himself to him as to his &amp;quot;good friend.&amp;quot; He said that if 
+    there was anything in his dominions which the Cardinal wished to possess he 
+    had only to name it, as he considered Wolsey the best friend that he had in 
+    the world.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;For the ministers of great 
+    countries deliberately to sell themselves to foreign princes was the custom 
+    of the age. The measure of public virtue which such a custom indicates was 
+    not exalted; and among the changes introduced by the Reformation the 
+    abolition or suspension of it was not the least beneficial. Thomas Cromwell, 
+    when he came to power, set the example of refusal, and corruption of public 
+    men on a scale so scandalously enormous was no more heard of. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Gold, however, had flowed in upon Wolsey in such enormous streams and 
+    from so many sources that the Emperor's munificence and attention failed to 
+    tempt him. On reaching Paris he found Francis bent upon war, and willing to 
+    promise anything for Henry's assistance. The belief at the French Court was 
+    that the Emperor, hearing that the Churches of England and France meant to 
+    decline from their obedience to the Roman Communion, would carry the Pope to 
+    Spain; that Clement would probably be poisoned there, and the Apostolic See 
+    would be established permanently in the Peninsula. Wolsey himself wrote 
+    this, and believed it, or desired Henry to believe it, proving the extreme 
+    uncertainty among the best-informed of contemporary politicians as to the 
+    probable issue of the capture of Rome. The French Cardinals drew and sent an 
+    address to the Pope, intimating that as long as he was in confinement they 
+    could accept no act of his as lawful, and would not obey it. Wolsey signed 
+    at the head of them. The Cardinals Salviati, Bourbon, Lorraine, and the 
+    Chancellor Cardinal of Sens, signed after him. The first stroke in the game 
+    had been won by Wolsey. Had the Pope recalled his powers as legate, an 
+    immediate schism might have followed. But a more fatal blow had been 
+    prepared for him by his master in England. Trusting to the Cardinal's 
+    promises that the Pope would make no difficulty about the divorce, Henry had 
+    considered himself at liberty to choose a successor to Catherine. He had 
+    suffered once in having allowed politics to select a wife for him. This time 
+    he intended to be guided by his own inclination. When Elizabeth afterwards 
+    wished to marry Leicester, Lord Sussex said she had better fix after her own 
+    liking; there would be the better chance of the heir that her realm was 
+    looking for. Her father fixed also after his liking in selecting Elizabeth's 
+    mother. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn was the second 
+    daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, a Norfolk knight of ancient blood, and 
+    himself a person of some distinction in the public service. Lady Boleyn was 
+    a Howard, daughter of the Duke of Norfolk. Anne was born in 1507, and by 
+    birth and connection was early introduced into the court. When a girl she 
+    was taken to Paris to be educated. In 1522 she was brought back to England, 
+    became a lady-in-waiting, and, being a witty, brilliant young woman, 
+    attracted and encouraged the attentions of the fashionable cavaliers of the 
+    day. Wyatt, the poet, was among her adorers, and the young Percy, afterwards 
+    Earl of Northumberland. It was alleged afterwards that between her and Percy 
+    there had been a secret marriage which had been actually consummated. That 
+    she had been involved in some dangerous intrigue or other she herself 
+    subsequently confessed. But she was attractive, she was witty; she drew 
+    Henry's fancy, and the fancy became an ardent passion. Now, for the first 
+    time, in Wolsey's absence, the Lady Anne's name appears in connection with 
+    the divorce. On the 16th of August Mendoza informed Charles, as a matter of 
+    general belief, that if the suit for the divorce was successful the King 
+    would marry a daughter of Master Boleyn, whom the Emperor would remember as 
+    once ambassador at the Imperial court. There is no direct evidence that 
+    before Wolsey had left England the King had seriously thought of Anne at 
+    all. Catherine could have had no suspicion of it, or her jealous indignation 
+    would have made itself heard. The Spanish Ambassador spoke of it as a new 
+    feature in the case. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Boleyns were Wolsey's 
+    enemies, and belonged to the growing faction most hostile to the Church. The 
+    news as it came upon him was utterly distasteful. (1) Anne in turn hated 
+    Wolsey, as he probably knew that she would, and she compelled him to stoop 
+    to the disgrace of suing for her favour. The inference is reasonable, 
+    therefore, that the King took the step which in the event was to produce 
+    such momentous consequences when the Cardinal was not at hand to dissuade 
+    him. He was not encouraged even by her own family. Her father, as will be 
+    seen hereafter, was from the first opposed to his daughter's advancement. He 
+    probably knew her character too well. But Henry, when he had taken an idea 
+    into his head, was not to be moved from it. The lady was not beautiful: she 
+    was rather short than tall, her complexion was dark, her neck long, her 
+    mouth broad, her figure not particularly good. The fascinating features were 
+    her long flowing brown hair, a pair of effective dark eyes, and a boldness 
+    of character which might have put him on his guard, and did not. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The immediate effect was to 
+    cool Wolsey's ardour for the divorce. His mission in France, which opened so 
+    splendidly, eventuated in little. The French cardinals held no meeting at 
+    Avignon. They had signed the address to Clement, but they had not made the 
+    Cardinal of York into their patriarch. Rouen was not added to his other 
+    preferments. Could he but have proposed a marriage for his sovereign with 
+    the Princess of Alencon, all might have been different, but it had fared 
+    with him as it fared with the Earl of Warwick, whom Henry's grandfather had 
+    sent to France to woo a bride for him, and in his absence married Elizabeth 
+    Grey. He perhaps regretted the munificent offers of the Emperor which he had 
+    hastily rejected, and he returned to England in the autumn to feel the 
+    consequences of the change in his situation. Mr. Brewer labours in vain to 
+    prove that Wolsey was unfavourable to the divorce from the beginning. 
+    Catherine believed that he was the instigator of it. Mendoza was of the same 
+    opinion. Unquestionably he promoted it with all his power, and made it a 
+    part of a great policy. To maintain that he was acting thus against his 
+    conscience and to please the King is more dishonouring to him than to 
+    suppose that he was either the originator or the willing instrument. All, 
+    however, was altered when Anne Boleyn came upon the stage, and she made 
+    haste to make him feel the change. &amp;quot;The Legate has returned from France,&amp;quot; 
+    wrote Mendoza on the 26th of October. He went to visit the King at Richmond, 
+    and sent to ask where he could see him. The King was in his chamber. It 
+    happened that the lady, who seemed to entertain no great affection for the 
+    Cardinal, was in the room with the King, and before the latter could answer 
+    the message she said for him, &amp;quot;Where else is the Cardinal to come? Tell him 
+    he may come here where the King is.&amp;quot; The Legate felt that such treatment 
+    boded no good to him, but concealed his resentment. &amp;quot;The cause,&amp;quot; said 
+    Mendoza, &amp;quot;is supposed to be that the said lady bears the Legate a grudge, 
+    for other reasons, and because she has discovered that during his visit to 
+    France the Legate proposed to have an alliance for the King found in that 
+    country.&amp;quot; Wolsey persuaded Mendoza that the French marriage had been a 
+    fiction, but at once he began to endeavour to undo his work, and prevent the 
+    dissolution of the marriage with Catherine. He tried to procure an 
+    unfavourable opinion from the English Bishops before legal proceedings were 
+    commenced. Mendoza, however, doubted his stability if the King persisted in 
+    his purpose, and advised that a papal decision on the case should be 
+    procured and forwarded as soon as possible.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Pope's captivity, however, 
+    would destroy the value of any judgment which he might give while he 
+    continued in durance. The Emperor, encouraged by the intimation that Wolsey 
+    was wavering, reverted to his previous hope. In a special memorandum of 
+    measures to be taken, the most important, notwithstanding the refusal of the 
+    previous offers, was still thought to be to &amp;quot;bribe the Cardinal.&amp;quot; He must 
+    instantly be paid the arrears of his pensions out of the revenues of the 
+    sees of Palencia and Badajoz. If there was not money enough in the treasury, 
+    a further and larger pension of twelve or fourteen thousand crowns was to be 
+    given to him out of some rich bishopric in Castile. The Emperor admitted 
+    that he had promised the Cortes to appoint no more foreigners to Spanish 
+    sees, but such a promise could not be held binding, being in violation of 
+    the liberties of the Church. Every one would see that it was for the good of 
+    the kingdom. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The renewed offer was doubtless 
+    conveyed to Wolsey, but he probably found that he had gone too deep to 
+    retire. If he made such an effort as Mendoza relates, he must have speedily 
+    discovered that it would be useless. He had encouraged the King in a belief 
+    that the divorce would be granted by the Pope as a matter of course, and the 
+    King, having made up his own mind, was not to be moved from it. If Wolsey 
+    now drew back, the certain inference would be that he had accepted an 
+    imperial bribe. There was no resource, therefore, but to go on. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While Wolsey had been 
+    hesitating, the King had, unknown to him, sent his secretary, Dr. Knight, to 
+    Rome with directions to obtain access if possible to the Pope, and procure 
+    the dispensation which had been already applied for to enable him to marry a 
+    second time without the formalities of a judgment. Such an expedient would 
+    be convenient in many ways. It would leave Catherine's position unaffected 
+    and the legitimacy of the Princess Mary unimpugned. Knight went. He found 
+    that without a passport he could not even enter the city, still less be 
+    allowed an interview. &amp;quot;With ten thousand crowns he could not bribe his way 
+    into St. Angelo.&amp;quot; He contrived, however, to have a letter introduced, which 
+    the Pope answered by telling Knight to wait in some quiet place. He (the 
+    Pope) would &amp;quot;there send him all the King's requests in as ample a form as 
+    they were desired.&amp;quot; Knight trusted in a short time &amp;quot;to have in his custody 
+    as much, perfect, sped, and under lead, as his Highness had long time 
+    desired.&amp;quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Knight was too sanguine. The 
+    Emperor, finding the Pope's detention as a prisoner embarrassing, allowed 
+    him, on the 9th of December, to escape to Orvieto, where he was apparently 
+    at liberty; but he was only in a larger cage, all his territories being 
+    occupied by Imperial troops, and he himself watched by the General of the 
+    Observants, and warned at his peril to grant nothing to Catherine's 
+    prejudice. Henry's Secretary followed him, saw him, and obtained something 
+    which on examination proved to be worthless. The negotiations were left 
+    again in Wolsey's hands, and were pressed with all the eagerness of a 
+    desperate man. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Pope Clement had ceased to be a 
+    free agent. He did not look to the rights of the case. He would gladly have 
+    pleased Henry could he have pleased him without displeasing Charles. The 
+    case itself was peculiar, and opinions differed on the rights and wrongs of 
+    it. The reader must be from time to time reminded that, as the law of 
+    England has stood ever since, a marriage with a brother's widow was not a 
+    marriage. As the law of the Church then stood, it was not a marriage unless 
+    permitted by the Pope; and according to the same law of England the Pope 
+    neither has, nor ever had, any authority to dispense with the law. Therefore 
+    Henry, on the abstract contention, was in the right. He had married 
+    Catherine under an error. The problem was to untie the knot with as little 
+    suffering to either as the nature of the case permitted. That the 
+    negotiations were full of inconsistencies, evasions, and contradictions, was 
+    natural and inevitable. To cut the knot without untying it was the only 
+    direct course, but that all means were exhausted before the application of 
+    so violent a remedy was rather a credit than a reproach. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The first inconsistency was in 
+    the King. He did not regard his marriage as valid; therefore he thought 
+    himself at liberty to marry again; but he did not wish to illegitimatise his 
+    daughter or degrade Catherine. He disputed the validity of the dispensation 
+    of Julius II.; yet he required a dispensation from Clement which was equally 
+    questionable to enable him to take a second wife. The management of the case 
+    having reverted to Wolsey, fresh instructions were sent to Sir Gregory 
+    Casalis, the regular English agent at the Papal court, to wait on Clement. 
+    Casalis was &amp;quot;bid consider how much the affair concerned the relief of the 
+    King's conscience, the safety of his soul, the preservation of his life, the 
+    continuation of his succession, the welfare and repose of all his subjects 
+    now and hereafter.&amp;quot; The Pope at Orvieto was personally accessible. Casalis 
+    was to represent to him the many difficulties which had arisen in connection 
+    with the marriage, and the certainty of civil war in England should the King 
+    die leaving the succession no better provided for. He was, therefore, to 
+    request the Pope to grant a commission to Wolsey to hear the case and to 
+    decide it, and (perhaps as an alternative) to sign a dispensation, a draft 
+    of which Wolsey enclosed. The language of the dispensation was peculiar. 
+    Wolsey explained it by saying that &amp;quot;the King, remembering by the example of 
+    past times what false claims [to the crown] had been put forward, to avoid 
+    all colour or pretext of the same, desired this of the Pope as absolutely 
+    necessary.&amp;quot; If these two requests were conceded, Henry undertook on his part 
+    to require the Emperor to set the Pope at liberty, or to declare war against 
+    him if he refused. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A dispensation, which was to 
+    evade the real point at issue, yet to convey to the King a power to take 
+    another wife, was a novelty in itself and likely to be carefully worded. It 
+    has given occasion among modern historians to important inferences 
+    disgraceful to everyone concerned. The sinister meaning supposed to be 
+    obvious to modern critics could not have been concealed from the Pope 
+    himself. Here, therefore, follow the words which have been fastened on as 
+    for ever fatal to the intelligence and character of Henry and his Ministers.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Pope, after reviewing the 
+    later history of England, the distractions caused by rival claimants of the 
+    crown, after admitting the necessity of guarding against the designs of the 
+    ambitious, and empowering Henry to marry again, was made to address the King 
+    in these words: -- &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;In order to take away all 
+    occasion from evil doers, we do in the plenitude of our power hereby suspend
+    &lt;i&gt;hÃ¢c vice&lt;/i&gt; all canons forbidding marriage in the fourth degree, also 
+    all canons &lt;i&gt;de impedimento publicÅ honestatis&lt;/i&gt; preventing marriage in 
+    consequence of clandestine espousals, further all canons relating to 
+    precontracts clandestinely made but not consummated, also all canons 
+    affecting impediments created by affinity rising &lt;i&gt;ex illicito coitu,&lt;/i&gt; 
+    in any degree even in the first, so far as the marriage to be contracted by 
+    you, the petitioner, can be objected to or in any wise be impugned by the 
+    same. Further, to avoid canonical objections on the side of the woman by 
+    reason of former contract clandestinely made, or impediment of public 
+    honesty or justice arising from such clandestine contract, or of any 
+    affinity contracted in any degree even the first, &lt;i&gt;ex illicito coitu:&lt;/i&gt; 
+    and in the event that it has proceeded beyond the second or third degrees of 
+    consanguinity, whereby otherwise you, the petitioner, would not be allowed 
+    by the canons to contract marriage, we hereby license you to take such woman 
+    for wife, and suffer you and the woman to marry free from all ecclesiastical 
+    objections and censures.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The explanation given by Wolsey 
+    of the wording of this document is that it was intended to preclude any 
+    objections which might be raised to the prejudice of the offspring of a 
+    marriage in itself irregular. It was therefore made as comprehensive as 
+    possible. Dr. Lingard, followed by Mr. Brewer, and other writers see in it a 
+    transparent personal application to the situation in which Henry intended to 
+    place himself in making a wife of Anne Boleyn. Two years subsequent to the 
+    period when this dispensation was asked for, when the question of the 
+    divorce had developed into a battle between England and the Papacy, and the 
+    passions of Catholics and Reformers were boiling over in recrimination and 
+    invective, the King's plea that he was parting from Catherine out of 
+    conscience was met by stories set floating in society that the King himself 
+    had previously intrigued with the mother and sister of the lady whom he 
+    intended to marry; precisely the same obstacle existed, therefore, to his 
+    marriage with Anne, being further aggravated by incest. No attempt was ever 
+    made to prove these charges; no particulars were given of time or place. No 
+    witnesses were produced, nor other evidence, though to prove them would have 
+    been of infinite importance. Queen Catherine, who if any one must have known 
+    it if the accusation was true, never alludes to Mary Boleyn in the fiercest 
+    of her denunciations. It was heard of only in the conversation of 
+    disaffected priests or secret visitors to the Spanish Ambassador, and was 
+    made public only in the manifesto of Reginald Pole, which accompanied Paul 
+    III.'s Bull for Henry's deposition. Even this authority, which was not much 
+    in itself, is made less by the fact that in the first draft of &amp;quot;Pole's 
+    Book,&amp;quot; sent to England to be examined in 1535, the story is not mentioned. 
+    Evidently, therefore, Pole had not then heard of it or did not believe it. 
+    The guilt with the mother is now abandoned as too monstrous. The guilt with 
+    the sister is peremptorily insisted on, and the words of the dispensation 
+    are appealed to as no longer leaving room for doubt. To what else, it is 
+    asked, can such extraordinary expressions refer unless to some disgraceful 
+    personal &lt;i&gt;liaison?&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The uninstructed who draw 
+    inferences of fact from the verbiage of legal documents will discover often 
+    what are called &amp;quot;mare's nests.&amp;quot; I will request the reader to consider what 
+    this supposition involves. The dispensation would have to be copied into the 
+    Roman registers, subject to the inspection of the acutest canon lawyers in 
+    the world. If the meaning is so clear to us, it must have been clear to 
+    them. We are, therefore, to believe that Henry, when demanding to be 
+    separated from Catherine, as an escape from mortal sin, for the relief of 
+    his conscience and the surety of his succession, was gratuitously putting 
+    the Pope in possession of a secret which had only to be published to 
+    extinguish him and his plea in an outburst of scorn and laughter. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There was no need for such an 
+    acknowledgment, for the intrigue could not be proved. It could not be 
+    required for the legitimation of the children that were to be born; for a 
+    man of Wolsey's ability must have known that no dispensation would be held 
+    valid that was granted after so preposterous a confidence. It was as if a 
+    man putting in a claim for some great property, before the case came on for 
+    trial privately informed both judge and jury that it was based on forgery.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We are called on to explain 
+    further, why, when all Europe was shaken by the controversy, no hint is to 
+    be found in any public document of a fact which, if true, would be decisive; 
+    and yet more extraordinary, why the Pope and the Curia, when driven to bay 
+    in all the exasperation of a furious controversy, left a weapon unused which 
+    would have assured them an easy victory. Wolsey was not a fool. Is it 
+    conceivable that he would have composed a document so fatal and have drawn 
+    the Pope's pointed attention to it? My credulity does not extend so far. We 
+    cannot prove a negative; we cannot prove that Henry had not intrigued with 
+    Mary Boleyn, or with all the ladies of his court. But the language of the 
+    dispensation cannot be adduced as an evidence of it, unless King, Pope, and 
+    all the interested world had parted with their senses. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As to the story itself, there 
+    is no ground for distinguishing between the mother and the daughter. When it 
+    was first set circulating both were named together. The mother only has been 
+    dropped, lest the improbability should seem too violent for belief. That 
+    Mary Boleyn had been the King's mistress before or after her own marriage is 
+    now asserted as an ascertained fact by respectable historians -- a fact 
+    sufficient, can it be proved, to cover with infamy for ever the English 
+    separation from Rome, King, Ministers, Parliaments, Bishops, and every one 
+    concerned with it. The effectiveness of the weapon commends it to Catholic 
+    controversialists. I have only to repeat that the evidence for the charge is 
+    nothing but the floating gossip of Catholic society, never heard of, never 
+    whispered, till the second stage of the quarrel, when it had developed into 
+    a passionate contest; never even then alleged in a form in which it could be 
+    met and answered. It could not have been hid from Queen Catherine if it was 
+    known to Reginald Pole. We have many letters of Catherine, eloquent on the 
+    story of her wrongs; letters to the Emperor, letters to the Pope; yet no 
+    word of Mary Boleyn. What reason can be given save that it was a legend 
+    which grew out of the temper of the time? Nothing could be more plausible 
+    than to meet the King's plea of conscience with an allegation which made it 
+    ridiculous. But in the public pleadings of a cause which was discussed in 
+    every capital in Europe by the keenest lawyers and diplomatists of the age, 
+    an accusation which, if maintained, would have been absolutely decisive, is 
+    never alluded to in any public document till the question had passed beyond 
+    the stage of discussion. The silence of all responsible persons is 
+    sufficient proof of its nature. It was a mere floating calumny, born of wind 
+    and malice. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mr. Brewer does indeed imagine 
+    that he has discovered what he describes as a tacit confession on Henry's 
+    part. When the Act of Appeals was before the House of Commons which ended 
+    the papal jurisdiction in England, a small knot of Opposition members used 
+    to meet privately to deliberate how to oppose it. Among these one of the 
+    most active was Sir George Throgmorton, a man who afterwards, with his 
+    brother Michael, made himself useful to Cromwell and played with both 
+    parties, but was then against the divorce and against all the measures which 
+    grew out of it. Throgmorton, according to his own account, had been admitted 
+    to an interview with the King and Cromwell. In 1537, after the Pilgrimage of 
+    Grace, while the ashes of the rebellion were still smouldering, after 
+    Michael Throgmorton had betrayed Cromwell's confidence and gone over to 
+    Reginald Pole, Sir George was reported to have used certain expressions to 
+    Sir Thomas Dyngley and to two other gentlemen, which he was called on by the 
+    Council to explain. The letter to the King in which he replied is still 
+    extant. He said that he had been sent for by the King after a speech on the 
+    Act of Appeals, &amp;quot;and that he saw his Grace's conscience was troubled about 
+    having married his brother's wife.&amp;quot; He professed to have said to Dyngley 
+    that he had told the King that if he did marry Queen Anne his conscience 
+    would be more troubled at length, for it was thought he had meddled both 
+    with the mother and the sister; that his Grace said: &amp;quot;Never with the 
+    mother,&amp;quot; and my Lord Privy Seal (Cromwell), standing by, said, &amp;quot;nor with the 
+    sister neither, so put that out of your mind.&amp;quot; Mr. Brewer construes this 
+    into an admission of the King that Mary Boleyn had been his mistress, and 
+    omits, of course, by inadvertence, that Throgmorton, being asked why he had 
+    told this story to Dyngley, answered that &amp;quot;he spake it only out of 
+    vainglory, to show he was one that durst speak for the Commonwealth.&amp;quot; 
+    Nothing is more common than for &amp;quot;vainglorious&amp;quot; men, when admitted to 
+    conversations with kings, to make the most of what they said themselves, and 
+    to report not very accurately what was said to them. Had the conversation 
+    been authentic, Throgmorton would naturally have appealed to Cromwell's 
+    recollection. But Mr. Brewer accepts the version of a confessed boaster as 
+    if it was a complete and trustworthy account of what had actually passed. He 
+    does not ask himself whether if the King or Cromwell had given their version 
+    it might not have borne another complexion. Henry was not a safe person to 
+    take liberties with. Is it likely that if one of his subjects, who was 
+    actively opposing him in Parliament, had taxed him with an enormous crime, 
+    he would have made a confession which Throgmorton had only to repeat in the 
+    House of Commons to ruin him and his cause? Mr. Brewer should have added 
+    also that the authority which he gave for the story was no better than 
+    Father Peto, afterwards Cardinal Peto, as bitter an enemy of the Reformation 
+    as Pole himself. Most serious of all, Mr. Brewer omits to mention that 
+    Throgmorton was submitted afterwards to a severe cross-examination before a 
+    Committee of Council, the effect of which, if he had spoken truly, could 
+    only be to establish the authenticity of a disgraceful charge.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The last evidence alleged is 
+    the confession made by Anne Boleyn, after her condemnation, of some mystery 
+    which had invalidated her marriage with the King and had been made the 
+    ground of an Act of Parliament. The confession was not published, and 
+    Catholic opinion concluded, and concludes still, that it must have been the 
+    Mary Boleyn intrigue. Catholic opinion does not pause to inquire whether 
+    Anne could have been said to confess an offence of the King and her sister. 
+    The cross-examination of Throgmorton turns the conjecture into an absurdity. 
+    When asked, in 1537, whom he ever heard say such a thing, he would have had 
+    but to appeal to the proceedings in Parliament in the year immediately 
+    preceding. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Is it likely finally that if 
+    Throgmorton's examination proves what Mr. Brewer thinks it proves, a record 
+    of it would have been preserved among the official State Papers? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If all the stories current 
+    about Henry VIII. were to be discussed with as much detail as I have allowed 
+    to this, the world would not contain the books which should be written. An 
+    Irish lawyer told me in my youth to believe nothing which I heard in that 
+    country which had not been sifted in a court of justice, and only half of 
+    that. Legend is as the air invulnerable, and blows aimed at it, if not 
+    &amp;quot;malicious mockery&amp;quot; are waste of effort. Charges of scandalous immorality 
+    are precious to controversialists, for if they are disproved ever so 
+    completely the stain adheres. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1.
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    The date of Henry's resolution to marry Anne is of some consequence, since 
+    the general assumption is that it was the origin of the divorce. Rumour, of 
+    course, said so afterwards, but there is no evidence for it. The early 
+    love-letters written by the King to her are assigned by Mr. Brewer to the 
+    midsummer of 1527. But they are undated, and therefore the period assigned 
+    to them is conjecture merely.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudethree.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter Three&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082632&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082632&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01ea.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01ea.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01ea.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4312</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The fall of Catherine Howard, 1541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricath.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricath.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ea53b4a906ce20a5864758</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ea.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pricath.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pricath.gif&quot; width=&quot;485&quot; height=&quot;72&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Spanish ambassador Eustace Chapuys.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Catherine was Henry VIII's fifth wife and the cousin of his 
+      second wife, Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; She was perhaps only 18 years old when she 
+      caught the king's eye; her immature and reckless behavior guaranteed a 
+      brief marriage.&amp;nbsp; Though the king was besotted with her, she was 
+      understandably more attracted to men her own age.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;In this account, Chapuys inaccurately uses the name 'Dorand'
+to refer to Francis Dereham.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Thomas &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Culpepper's position saved him from Dereham's 
+      gruesome fate.&amp;nbsp; Lady Rochford was Anne Boleyn's former sister-in-law.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;This year on 13 November Sir Thomas Wriothesley, secretary to the king,
+came to Hampton Court to the queen, and called all the ladies and gentlewomen
+and her servants into the great chamber, and there openly before them declared
+certain offenses she had committed in misusing her body with certain persons
+before the king's time, because of which he there discharged all her household;
+and the morning after she was taken to Sion, with my Lady Bainton and two
+other gentlewomen and certain of her servants to wait on her there until
+the king's further pleasure.&amp;nbsp; And various people were taken to the
+Tower of London, such as my Lady Rochford, Master Culpepper, one of the
+king's privy chamber, and others.
+&lt;p&gt;On 1 December Thomas Culpepper, one of the gentlemen of the king's privy
+chamber, and Francis Dorand, gentleman, were arraigned at the Guildhall
+in London, for high treason against the king's majesty, in misdemeanor
+with the queen, as appeared by their indictment which they confessed to,
+and they were sentenced to be drawn, hanged, and quartered, the lord mayor
+sitting there as chief, the lord chancellor on his right hand, and the
+duke of Norfolk on his left hand, the duke of Suffolk, the lord privy seal,
+the earls of Sussex, of Hertford, and various others of the king's council
+sitting with all the judges also in commission that day.&amp;nbsp; And on 10
+December the said Culpepper and Dorand were drawn from the Tower of London
+to Tyburn, and there Culpepper, after exhorting the people to pray for
+him, stood on the ground by the gallows, knelt down and had his head struck
+off; and then Dorand was hanged, dismembered, disemboweled, beheaded and
+quartered.&amp;nbsp; Culpepper's body was buried at St Sepulchre's church near
+Newgate, and their heads were set on London Bridge.
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;to the Catherine 
+Howard website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082602&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082602&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01f1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5834</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 1587</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scot-letters.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01f1c05d719b1a542df1bdc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01f1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">scot-letters.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">scots-letters.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/scot-letters.gif&quot; width=&quot;598&quot; height=&quot;114&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/scots-letters.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The Darnley Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;240&quot;&gt;The 
+      first letter was sent to Mary, queen of Scots at the opening of her trial 
+      at Fotheringhay on 12 October 1586.&amp;nbsp; It was written in French.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;
+Four days after Mary's execution, Elizabeth sent the second letter to Mary's 
+son, King James VI of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In it, she asserts her innocence in his 
+mother's death.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Although she signed the warrant for Mary's execution,
+Elizabeth tore it up.&amp;nbsp; Another copy was signed, and - before the queen
+could change her mind yet again - Burghley and others upon the council
+sent if off.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's life was in constant danger while Mary lived,
+as numerous plots attested.&amp;nbsp; Her councilors were determined to keep her
+safe.&amp;nbsp; As for Elizabeth, she was understandably torn between protecting
+her throne and taking the life of a fellow sovereign, even one she did
+not respect or like.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The second warrant was sent from London on 4th February,
+and reached Fotheringhay on the following evening.&amp;nbsp; On the 7th the Earls of 
+Shrewsbury and Kent, who were in charge of the execution, warned Mary to prepare 
+for death on the following day.&amp;nbsp; On the 9th news of the execution reached 
+London, and was received by the Queen with surprise and horror.&amp;nbsp; She openly 
+raged against her councilors; her capable secretary Davison, who had given her 
+the second warrant, was sent to the Tower.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;To Mary, queen of Scots, October 1586&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life
+and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never proceeded
+so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected and maintained
+you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you and all made manifest.
+Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles and peers of the kingdom
+as if I were myself present. I therefore require, charge, and command that
+you make answer for I have been well informed of your arrogance.
+&lt;br&gt;Act plainly without reserve, and you will sooner
+be able to obtain favour of me.&lt;p&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;To King James VI of Scotland, 14th February 1587&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the extreme
+dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far contrary
+to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this kinsman of mine, whom
+ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to instruct you truly of that which
+is too irksome for my pen to tell you. I beseech you that as God and many
+more know, how innocent I am in this case : so you will believe me, that
+if I had bid aught I would have bid by it. I am not so base minded that
+fear of any living creature or Prince should make me so afraid to do that
+were just; or done, to deny the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor
+carry so vile a mind. But, as not to disguise, fits not a King, so will
+I never dissemble my actions, but cause them show even as I meant them.
+Thus assuring yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if
+I had meant it I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will
+I not damnify myself that thought it not.
+&lt;br&gt;The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for
+your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor
+a more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully
+to preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you,
+judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave to
+trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long reign.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Your most assured loving sister and cousin,
+&lt;br&gt;Elizabeth R.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+the Queen Elizabeth I website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;nt&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082607&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082607&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01fd.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01fd.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9557</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The execution of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, 1556</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pcranmer.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01fd9e47f9ed8572bc1c2789</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01fd.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pcranmer.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pcranmer.gif&quot; width=&quot;359&quot; height=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This 
+      dramatic account of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer's execution was written by 
+      an anonymous bystander.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Cranmer was executed on 21 March 1556.&amp;nbsp; Imprisoned by 
+      the Catholic Queen Mary I, Cranmer wrote a recantation of Protestantism, 
+      but he denied that recantation before he died.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Mary had good cause to dislike Cranmer.&amp;nbsp; Not only 
+      was he the premier Protestant in England, he also annulled her parents' 
+      marriage and subsequently married King Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+But that I know for our great friendships, and long continued love,
+you look even of duty that I should signify to you of the truth of such
+things as here chanceth among us; I would not at this time have written
+to you the unfortunate end, and doubtful tragedy, of Thomas Cranmer late
+bishop of Canterbury: because I little pleasure take in beholding of such
+heavy sights.&amp;nbsp; And, when they are once overpassed, I like not to rehearse
+them again; being but a renewing of my woe, and doubling my grief.&amp;nbsp;
+For although his former, and wretched end, deserves a greater misery, (if
+any greater might have chanced than chanced unto him), yet, setting aside
+his offenses to God and his country, and beholding the man without his
+faults, I think there was none that pitied not his case, and bewailed not
+his fortune, and feared not his own chance, to see so noble a prelate,
+so grave a counsellor, of so long continued honor, after so many dignities,
+in his old years to be deprived of his estate, adjudged to die, and in
+so painful a death to end his life.&amp;nbsp; I have no delight to increase
+it.&amp;nbsp; Alas, it is too much of itself, that ever so heavy a case should
+betide to man, and man to deserve it.
+&lt;br&gt;But to come to the matter: on Saturday last, being 21 of March, was
+his day appointed to die.&amp;nbsp; And because the morning was much rainy,
+the sermon appointed by Mr Dr Cole to be made at the stake, was made in
+St Mary's church: whither Dr Cranmer was brought by the mayor and aldermen,
+and my lord Williams: with whom came divers gentlemen of the shire, sir
+T A Bridges, sir John Browne, and others.&amp;nbsp; Where was prepared, over
+against the pulpit, a high place for him, that all the people might see
+him.&amp;nbsp; And, when he had ascended it, he kneeled him down and prayed,
+weeping tenderly: which moved a great number to tears, that had conceived
+an assured hope of his conversion and repentance....
+&lt;br&gt;When praying was done, he stood up, and, having leave to speak, said,
+'Good people, I had intended indeed to desire you to pray for me; which
+because Mr Doctor hath desired, and you have done already, I thank you
+most heartily for it.&amp;nbsp; And now will I pray for myself, as I could
+best devise for mine own comfort, and say the prayer, word for word, as
+I have here written it.'&amp;nbsp; And he read it standing: and after kneeled
+down, and said the Lord's Prayer; and all the people on their knees devoutly
+praying with him....
+&lt;br&gt;And then rising, he said, 'Every man desireth, good people, at the
+time of their deaths, to give some good exhortation, that other may remember
+after their deaths, and be the better thereby.&amp;nbsp; So I beseech God grant
+me grace, that I may speak something, at this my departing, whereby God
+may be glorified, and you edified....
+&lt;br&gt;And now I come to the great thing that troubleth my conscience more
+than nay other thing that ever I said or did in my life: and that is, the
+setting abroad of writings contrary to the truth.&amp;nbsp; Which here now
+I renounce and refuse, as things written with my hand, contrary to the
+truth which I thought in my heart, and written for fear of death, and to
+save my life, if it might be: and that is, all such bills, which I have
+written or signed with mine own hand since my degradation: wherein I have
+written many things untrue.&amp;nbsp; And forasmuch as my hand offended in
+writing contrary to my heart, therefore my hand shall first be punished:
+for if I may come to the fire, it shall be first burned.&amp;nbsp; And as for
+the pope, I refuse him, as Christ's enemy and antichrist, with all his
+false doctrine.'
+&lt;br&gt;And here, being admonished of his recantation and dissembling, he said,
+'Alas, my lord, I have been a man that all my life loved plainness, and
+never dissembled till now against the truth; which I am most sorry for
+it.'&amp;nbsp; He added hereunto, that, for the sacrament, he believed as he
+had taught in his book against the bishop of Winchester.&amp;nbsp; And here
+he was suffered to speak no more....
+&lt;br&gt;Then was he carried away; and a great number, that did run to see him
+go so wicjedly to his death, ran after him, exhorting him, while time was,
+to remember himself.&amp;nbsp; And one Friar John, a godly and well learned
+man, all the way traveled with him to reduce him.&amp;nbsp; But it would not
+be.&amp;nbsp; What they said in particular I cannot tell, but the effect appeared
+in the end: for at the stake he professed, that he died in all such opinions
+as he had taught, and oft repented him of his recantation.
+&lt;br&gt;Coming to the stake with a cheerful countenance and willing mind, he
+put off his garments with haste, and stood upright in his shirt: and bachelor
+of divinity, named Elye, of Brazen-nose college, labored to convert him
+to his former recantation, with the two Spanish friars.&amp;nbsp; And when
+the friars saw his constancy, they said in Latin to one another 'Let us
+go from him: we ought not to be nigh him: for the devil is with him.'&amp;nbsp;
+But the bachelor of divinity was more earnest with him: unto whom he answered,
+that, as concerning his recantation, he repented it right sore, because
+he knew it was against the truth; with other words more.&amp;nbsp; Whereby
+the Lord Williams cried, 'Make short, make short.'&amp;nbsp; Then the bishop
+took certain of his friends by the hand.&amp;nbsp; But the bachelor of divinity
+refused to take him by the hand, and blamed all the others that so did,
+and said, he was sorry that ever he came in his company.&amp;nbsp; And yet
+again he required him to agree to his former recantation.&amp;nbsp; And the
+bishop answered, (showing his hand), 'This was the hand that wrote it,
+and therefore shall it suffer first punishment.'
+&lt;br&gt;Fire being now put to him, he stretched out his right hand, and thrust
+it into the flame, and held it there a good space, before the fire came
+to any other part of his body; where his hand was seen of every man sensibly
+burning, crying with a&amp;nbsp; loud voice, 'This hand hath offended.'&amp;nbsp;
+As soon as the fire got up, he was very soon dead, never stirring or crying
+all the while.
+&lt;br&gt;His patience in the torment, his courage in dying, if it had been taken
+either for the glory of God, the wealth of his country, or the testimony
+of truth, as it was for a pernicious error, and subversion of true religion,
+I could worthily have commended the example, and matched it with the fame
+of any father of ancient time: but, seeing that not the death, but cause
+and quarrel thereof, commendeth the sufferer, I cannot but much dispraise
+his obstinate stubbornness and sturdiness in dying, and specially in so
+evil a cause.&amp;nbsp; Surely his death much grieved every man; but not after
+one sort.&amp;nbsp; Some pitied to see his body so tormented with the fire
+raging upon the silly carcass, that counted not of the folly.&amp;nbsp; Other
+that passed not much of the body, lamented to see him spill his soul, wretchedly,
+without redemption, to be plagued for ever.&amp;nbsp; His friends sorrowed
+for love; his enemies for pity; strangers for a common kind of humanity,
+whereby we are bound one to another.&amp;nbsp; Thus I have enforced myself,
+for your sake, to discourse this heavy narration, contrary to my mind:
+and, being more than half weary, I make a short end, wishing you a quieter
+life, with less honor; and easier death, with more praise.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082606&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082606&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH01ff.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,573 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">23100</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">books about English history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">books about 16th century Tudor history</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Bibliography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/biblio.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/biblio.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH01ff3be41f70dfc0c83668b0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215294</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH01ff.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">biblio.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">favoritebooks.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pavane.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">fifthqueen.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">candlemass.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">deathofthefox.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maskofroyalty.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">cranmer.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">youngbess.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizessex.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorfashion.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">erasmus.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/biblio.gif&quot; width=&quot;257&quot; height=&quot;113&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Bibliography&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Over the years, I've read most 
+    of the Tudor books, fiction and nonfiction, I could find.&amp;nbsp; Countless 
+    books.&amp;nbsp; Good books, a few great ones, and lots of bad ones.&amp;nbsp; This 
+    page currently lists my favorite Tudor works.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=2 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      England: Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/favoritebooks.gif&quot; alt=&quot;My favorite Tudor books&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; height=&quot;77&quot;&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;When people ask me what 
+        Tudor-related books to read, these are the ones I list:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pavane.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;152&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0345440919%2ftudorengla148-20%3ePavane%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;PAVANE 
+
+    by Keith Roberts&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Eventually I will be at a loss 
+
+    for superlatives when describing my favorite books.&amp;nbsp; PAVANE is a 
+
+    beautiful book, written by one of the masters of 1960s science 
+
+    fiction.&amp;nbsp; It is a work of alternative history, one of the first of that 
+
+    genre and perhaps the best.&amp;nbsp; It begins in 1588 with the assassination 
+
+    of Queen Elizabeth I and the subsequent supremacy of the Catholic faith in 
+
+    England.&amp;nbsp; From there, PAVANE evolves into a truly entrancing book which 
+        explores freedom, communication, religion, etc&amp;nbsp; Like The Fifth Queen, it 
+
+    has a superb ending.&amp;nbsp; If you haven't read this, please please please 
+
+    check it out.&amp;nbsp; It's recently been reissued and it's simply 
+
+    wonderful.&amp;nbsp; Few books strike me as deeply imagined, most walk over 
+
+    familiar ground - PAVANE is a true original. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/fifthqueen.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;156&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0141181303%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Fifth%2520Queen%2520(Penguin%2520Classics)%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    FIFTH QUEEN by Ford Madox Ford&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;I love this 
+
+    book.&amp;nbsp;  Ford uses the life of Henry VIII's fifth queen to explore the culture of 
+
+    fear, treachery, and paranoia which characterized the Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Catherine battles Thomas Cromwell in an attempt to prevent further religious 
+
+    and political change.&amp;nbsp; The book is divided into three parts and 
+
+    contains engrossing portraits of familiar Tudor figures; Princess Mary, 
+
+    Henry VIII, Cromwell, Norfolk, Catherine herself - all are beautifully 
+
+    brought to life.&amp;nbsp;  Ford spent years researching this 
+
+    book but it is a work of fiction; liberties are taken, characterizations may 
+    not be historically correct, etc&amp;nbsp; I think it's one of the best works of historical 
+
+    fiction ever written - and the ending is fantastic.&amp;nbsp; As for the 
+    'character' of Catherine, Ford creates an interesting / complex figure from 
+    scant historical sources.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/candlemass.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;153&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f1585790230%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Candlemass%2520Road%2520(Common%2520Reader...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    CANDLEMASS ROAD by George MacDonald Fraser&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Fraser 
+
+    is justly famous as author of the Flashman novels, among the best (and 
+
+    certainly the funniest) historical fiction ever.&amp;nbsp; But his talent is 
+
+    more expansive than even Flashman would suggest.&amp;nbsp; Everything he writes 
+
+    turns to gold, at least in my opinion (even the flawed 'Pyrates' had great 
+    moments.)&amp;nbsp; Long fascinated by the history 
+
+    of his native Scotland, in THE CANDLEMASS ROAD, Fraser recounts the story of 
+
+    Lady Margaret Dacre and her perilous life along the English-Scottish 
+
+    border during Elizabeth I's reign.&amp;nbsp; The writing is superb; I expect nothing less from 
+
+    Fraser.&amp;nbsp; My one quibble is that the book is so short - I didn't want it 
+
+    to end. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f1585790257%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Steel%2520Bonnets%2520(Common%2520Reader...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    STEEL BONNETS by George MacDonald Fraser&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;This work 
+
+    of history is concerned with the outlaws and Border lords (reivers) who 
+
+    fought along the English and Scottish frontier for several hundred 
+
+    years.&amp;nbsp; It's a wonderful work of history and makes me wish more great 
+
+    writers would turn to the genre; if nothing else, you're guaranteed good 
+
+    writing.&amp;nbsp; And this was such a fascinating time period - I'm thrilled 
+
+    that one of my favorite novelists wrote its definitive history. 
+
+    &lt;BR&gt;And if you haven't read any &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0452259614%2ftudorengla148-20%3eFlashman:%2520From%2520the%2520Flashman%2520Papers,...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Flashman&lt;/A&gt;, 
+
+    it's never too late to start.... &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/deathofthefox.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;155&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156863030%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Succession:%2520A%2520Novel%2520of%2520Elizabeth%2520and...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    SUCCESSION: A NOVEL OF ELIZABETH AND JAMES&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156287951%2ftudorengla148-20%3eEntered%2520from%2520the%2520Sun:%2520The%2520Murder%2520of...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ENTERED 
+
+    FROM THE SUN: THE MURDER OF MARLOWE&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156252333%2ftudorengla148-20%3eDeath%2520of%2520the%2520Fox:%2520A%2520Novel%2520of%2520Elizabeth...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;DEATH 
+
+    OF THE FOX: A NOVEL OF ELIZABETH AND RALEIGH&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;by George 
+
+    Garrett &lt;BR&gt;It's not enough for me that a book is set in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; I want 
+    it to be a great book which just happens to be set in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; Every time I slumber 
+
+    or groan my way through the latest awful Tudor fiction full of heaving 
+
+    bosoms and Egads!-worthy dialogue, I think fondly of Fraser and 
+    Ford and this trilogy by George Garrett.... &lt;br&gt;Garrett's books should be read by 
+    anyone with an interest in 16th century England.&amp;nbsp; But they aren't read 
+    by many, which I think is very sad - even more so when one considers the 
+    popularity of terrible Tudor fiction.&amp;nbsp; Of this trilogy, my favorite is 
+    DEATH OF THE 
+
+    FOX; Garrett brings the complex and fascinating Walter Raleigh to 
+
+    life.&amp;nbsp; But all three works are wonderful.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;  ENTERED FROM THE SUN 
+
+    is a nice companion piece to Anthony Burgess's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0786703210%2ftudorengla148-20%3eA%2520Dead%2520Man%2520in%2520Deptford%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;A 
+
+    DEAD MAN IN DEPTFORD&lt;/A&gt;, another good work of historical fiction.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    (Burgess also wrote &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f039331507X%2ftudorengla148-20%3eNothing%2520Like%2520the%2520Sun:%2520A%2520Story%2520of...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;NOTHING 
+
+    LIKE THE SUN&lt;/A&gt;, a fictional look at Shakespeare's love life.)&amp;nbsp; And 
+
+    though THE SUCCESSION has less to do with Elizabeth and James than the title 
+
+    implies, it's still a fun exploration of Tudor life.&amp;nbsp; I can't do these 
+    books justice - just read them.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maskofroyalty.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;166&quot;&gt;A TUDOR TRAGEDY: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CATHERINE HOWARD &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0897330560%2ftudorengla148-20%3eHenry%2520VIII:%2520The%2520Mask%2520of%2520Royalty%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;HENRY 
+
+    VIII: THE MASK OF ROYALTY&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0316801534%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520Tudor:%2520Portrait%2520of%2520a%2520Queen%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    TUDOR: PORTRAIT OF A QUEEN&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;by Lacey Baldwin Smith 
+
+    &lt;BR&gt;I've been raving about LB Smith since I started this 
+
+    website.&amp;nbsp; When visitors write and ask what is essential to read, I 
+
+    point them to Smith's work.&amp;nbsp; Unfortunately, two of the above works are 
+
+    out of print.&amp;nbsp; Yeah, I know - there's plenty of room for junk on 
+
+    bookshelves but apparently no room for great works of history.&amp;nbsp; Well, 
+
+    go to Amazon.com or Barnes &amp;amp; Noble.com and order them used.&amp;nbsp; Smith's bio of Catherine Howard 
+
+    is the only one ever written which concerns Henry VIII's ill-fated 'Rose 
+
+    Without a Thorn'.&amp;nbsp; He collects the scant historical knowledge of her 
+
+    life and creates a compelling portrait of a misguided girl and her ambitious 
+
+    family (the sprawling Norfolk clan).&amp;nbsp; His bio of Henry VIII is simply 
+
+    the best available on the second Tudor king.&amp;nbsp; It has great 
+
+    psychological insight and a sharp sense of humor.&amp;nbsp; After a lifetime of 
+
+    studying Henry, Smith is still fascinated by the king and determined to 
+
+    understand his contradictory character.&amp;nbsp; But read it only after reading 
+
+    a general bio of Henry VIII; the author assumes some knowledge of the Tudor 
+
+    court and its cast of characters.&amp;nbsp; And his brief bio of Elizabeth Tudor 
+
+    is a persuasive sketch of England's most fascinating and accomplished queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cranmer.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;154&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0300074484%2520%2ftudorengla148-20%253EThomas%2520Cranmer%253C%2fA%253E&quot;&gt;THOMAS 
+    CRANMER by Diarmaid MacCulloch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    This is the definitive 
+    biography of the father of English Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer was the 
+    archbishop of Canterbury from 1533 to 1556; he presided over the Reformation 
+    and the creation of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.&amp;nbsp; He was burnt 
+    at the stake as a heretic during the reign of Mary I.&amp;nbsp; MacCulloch's 
+    book is dense, literally and figuratively.&amp;nbsp; But it is also a 
+    beautifully written study of one of the most compelling lives of the 16th 
+    century.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer was a conflicted and courageous man, and deserved 
+    such a monumental biography.&amp;nbsp; MacCulloch uses sources never mentioned 
+    in previous studies; he charts the evolution of Protestantism with an eye 
+    for the telling detail.&amp;nbsp; Personally, I am always surprised by the 
+    number of Tudor enthusiasts who are familiar with the story of Thomas More 
+    but have only a vague idea of Cranmer's life.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps it's the 
+    enduring popularity of A Man for All Seasons?&amp;nbsp; I don't know.&amp;nbsp; But 
+    both men deserve recognition and study.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0553212567%2ftudorengla148-20%253EThe%2520Prince%2520and%2520the%2520Pauper%253C%2fA%253E&quot;&gt;THE 
+
+    PRINCE AND THE PAUPER by Mark Twain&lt;/a&gt; &lt;BR&gt;This is 
+
+    Twain's famous tale of Prince Edward, only son of King Henry VIII, and Tom 
+
+    Canty, a pauper boy who is his physical twin.&amp;nbsp; Twain wrote my favorite 
+
+    book of all time (Huckleberry Finn) so I am biased, but this is still a 
+
+    great book.&amp;nbsp; The story is very entertaining and fun and there are 
+
+    moments of genuine suspense and pathos.&amp;nbsp; Some people classify this book 
+
+    as children's literature; in fact, they say that about lots of Twain's 
+
+    work.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; He's a natural storyteller and perfect for adults. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;IMG height=140 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/youngbess.jpg&quot; width=91 
+
+    align=left alt=&quot;Young Bess by Margaret Irwin&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074900357X%2ftudorengla148-20%3eYoung%2520Bess%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;YOUNG 
+
+    BESS&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0749003898%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth,%2520Captive%2520Princess%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH, 
+
+    CAPTIVE PRINCESS&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0749004088%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520and%2520the%2520Prince%2520of%2520Spain%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    AND THE PRINCE OF SPAIN&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;by Margaret Irwin &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth Tudor has brought out the best in many writers, but 
+
+    perhaps none more so than Margaret Irwin.&amp;nbsp; This trilogy has recently 
+
+    been reissued, thus earning the publisher my enduring gratitude.&amp;nbsp; She 
+
+    creates a vivid portrait of Elizabeth's entire life and there is the usual 
+
+    colorful cast of supporting characters.&amp;nbsp; Of the three books, my 
+
+    favorite is the last but all are excellent.&amp;nbsp; Her writing is evocative 
+
+    and often very beautiful.&amp;nbsp; I'll be reading along and think, What a 
+
+    perfect sentence!&amp;nbsp; If you want a persuasive and compelling portrait of 
+
+    the Virgin Queen, read Irwin.&amp;nbsp; No one else comes close. 
+
+    &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizessex.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;153&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156283107%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520and%2520Essex:%2520A%2520Tragic%2520History...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    AND ESSEX: A TRAGIC HISTORY&lt;/A&gt; by Lytton Strachey &lt;BR&gt;This is one of my favorite books about Queen Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Strachey 
+
+    always writes like a dream, with style and wit, and in this work he explores 
+
+    the complex relationship between the Virgin Queen and the infamous earl of 
+
+    Essex.&amp;nbsp; Essex was the great favorite of Elizabeth's later years, but he 
+
+    rebelled against the queen (his petulance was exceeded only by his 
+
+    ingratitude.)&amp;nbsp; Like Strachey's equally good &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0156286971%2ftudorengla148-20%3eEminent%2520Victorians%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Eminent 
+
+    Victorians&lt;/A&gt;, this biographical study is primarily psychological.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Strachey wants to know why Elizabeth and Essex acted as they did - their 
+
+    motivations, desires, flaws....&amp;nbsp; There is much room for disagreement 
+
+    and often his analysis of Elizabeth's personality makes one want to analyze 
+
+    Strachey himself, but this is still a great book.&amp;nbsp; It brings Elizabeth 
+
+    and her court to life and it pulls you deep into the story of the queen and 
+
+    Essex.&amp;nbsp; It also discusses the always intriguing Sir Francis 
+
+    Bacon.&amp;nbsp; What a fascinating bit of history! &lt;BR&gt;And 
+
+    once again, let me emphasize the beautiful writing.&amp;nbsp; Style counts with 
+
+    me.&amp;nbsp; If I want a dry, boring recitation of facts, then I can pick up an 
+
+    encyclopedia or, sadly, most modern histories/biographies.&amp;nbsp; It's like 
+
+    that famous Mark Twain quote - 'The difference between the almost right word and the right word is really a large matter; it's the 
+
+    difference between the lightning bug and the lightning.'&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Exactly.&amp;nbsp; All of the books I've listed here are full of the right words.&amp;nbsp; Anyone can tell you that Elizabeth Tudor was born 
+
+    in 1533 and her mother was executed in 1536 and blah blah blah.&amp;nbsp; It's 
+
+    easy enough.&amp;nbsp; But can the writer create a compelling story worthy of 
+
+    their subject?&amp;nbsp; Can they bring history to life?&amp;nbsp; I hate picking up 
+
+    books which are full of facts but written like - oh, they're written in a&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    perfectly acceptable manner.&amp;nbsp; But who wants perfectly acceptable things 
+
+    all the time?&amp;nbsp; You want a gripping, fun, fascinating book.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0226504654%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabeth%2520I:%2520Collected%2520Works%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+
+    I: COLLECTED WORKS&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The great queen in her own 
+
+    words - letters, poems, and speeches are gathered here for our admiring 
+
+    perusal.&amp;nbsp; This selection is arranged in chronological order and 
+
+    reasonably priced. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorfashion.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;150&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0486298450%2ftudorengla148-20%3eTudor%2520Costume%2520and%2520Fashion%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;TUDOR 
+
+    COSTUME AND FASHION&lt;/A&gt; by Herbert Norris &lt;BR&gt;Most people 
+
+    believe that Janet Arnold's '&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0901286206%2ftudorengla148-20%3eQueen%2520Elizabeth's%2520Wardrobe%2520Unlock'd:%2520The...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Queen 
+
+    Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd&lt;/A&gt;' is the best work on Tudor fashion.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    And it is certainly the best guide to making an Elizabethan costume.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    But it's also very expensive.&amp;nbsp; Norris covers the entire Tudor dynasty 
+
+    and includes several color sketches; the book is published by Dover so it's 
+
+    reasonably priced.&amp;nbsp; If you want to learn about all the different styles 
+
+    of hats/hoods and skirts and shoes, etc, this is the book for you.&amp;nbsp; If 
+
+    you actually want to make a Tudor costume, search out Arnold or any of the 
+
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.renfaire.com%2fCostume%2findex.html&quot;&gt;excellent Renaissance 
+
+    Festival sites&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/erasmus.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;155&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f048641762X%2ftudorengla148-20%3eErasmus%2520and%2520the%2520Age%2520of%2520Reformation%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;ERASMUS 
+
+    AND THE AGE OF REFORMATION&lt;/A&gt; by Johan Huizinga &lt;BR&gt;This 
+
+    is the best biography I have read of Erasmus, the great Dutch philosopher 
+
+    and friend of Thomas More.&amp;nbsp; He also spoke for many bookworms when he 
+
+    wrote, 'When I get a little money I buy books; and if any is left I buy food 
+
+    and clothes.'&amp;nbsp; Those are nice words to remember when you're torn 
+
+    between purchasing &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0714837156%2ftudorengla148-20%3eBernini:%2520The%2520Sculptor%2520of%2520the%2520Roman...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;the 
+
+    Bernini catalogue&lt;/A&gt; or a new outfit.&amp;nbsp; Go with the books.&amp;nbsp; You 
+
+    can always borrow clothes from more fashionable friends and relatives.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    And there are already enough well-dressed people out there.&amp;nbsp; Wouldn't 
+
+    you rather have a nice personal library?&lt;br&gt;Often you finish a biography and are happy you've 
+
+    never met its subject (I always finish biographies of Bluff King Hal in that 
+
+    mood), but sometimes it's different.&amp;nbsp; Huizinga brings Erasmus and his 
+    times to compelling life.&amp;nbsp; The book includes numerous letters and 
+    illustrations, and these are especially valuable since Erasmus corresponded 
+    with many 16th century luminaries.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;    &lt;font color=&quot;#0000FF&quot;&gt;THE ROYAL PALACES OF TUDOR ENGLAND&lt;/font&gt; and other works by Simon Thurley&lt;br&gt;I&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; 
+enjoy all of Thurley's work - his most recent is a comprehensive study of 
+Hampton Court - but this is easily the best study of Tudor royal architecture 
+ever.&amp;nbsp; It is beautifully illustrated and includes floor plans of various 
+palaces.&amp;nbsp; It also has a brief glossary.&amp;nbsp; This book isn't simply 
+indispensable, - it's also well-written and entertaining.&amp;nbsp; There are lots 
+of quirky facts interspersed throughout, and it does a wonderful job of 
+explaining various aspects of the royal household.&amp;nbsp; It's expensive, yes, 
+but worth it.&amp;nbsp; And it will make you read most Tudor fiction with a 
+jaundiced eye.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt; 
+
+    &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;HR align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;There are some works I haven't listed, like Tillyard's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0394701623%2ftudorengla148-20%3eElizabethan%2520World%2520Picture%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+
+    World Picture&lt;/A&gt; and AL Rowse's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f1566633168%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Elizabethan%2520Renaissance%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;two-volume 
+
+    study&lt;/A&gt; of Elizabethan society.&amp;nbsp; I've also left off Alison Plowden's 
+
+    '&lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0750921927%2ftudorengla148-20%3eYoung%2520Elizabeth:%2520The%2520First%2520Twenty-Five...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;Elizabethan 
+
+    Quartet&lt;/A&gt;', which are wonderful introductory books on Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; 
+
+    Plowden wrote the &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0531150003%2ftudorengla148-20%3eLady%2520Jane%2520Grey%2520and%2520the%2520House%2520of%2520Suffolk%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;best 
+
+    book&lt;/A&gt; I've read about Mary Tudor and Jane Grey, but it's 
+
+    out-of-print.&amp;nbsp; And I haven't mentioned Roy Strong's &lt;A 
+
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0851153771%2ftudorengla148-20%3eThe%2520Tudor%2520and%2520Stuart%2520Monarchy:...%3c%2fA%3e&quot;&gt;entertaining 
+
+    study&lt;/A&gt; of Tudor portraits.&amp;nbsp; There are lots that I enjoyed which I 
+
+    haven't listed.&amp;nbsp; I will add them eventually.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082546&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082546&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH02f7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH02f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH02f7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">13812</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">new Tudor-related books, exhibits, films etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">new Tudor-related books, exhibits, films etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Media News</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/media.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/media.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH02f7d3098dd80789eeb0ec</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH02f7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">media.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ivesbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8miniseries.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">r3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">dunnbook.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">guyscots.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot; height=&quot;613&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; height=&quot;553&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/media.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot;
+ height=&quot;138&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor Media News&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;This page contains information on&lt;br&gt;
+Tudor-related Exhibits, Books, Films, etc&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/dunnbook.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Jane Dunn biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England:
+Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Share your Tudor news!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot; height=&quot;553&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; height=&quot;553&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;29 September 2004&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ivesbook.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Professor 
+      Eric Ives, who wrote the definitive biography of Anne Boleyn in 1988, has 
+      just released &lt;i&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f104-8047124-6243950%3fv%3dglance%26s%3dbooks%26n%3d507846&quot;&gt;US&lt;/a&gt; 
+      and
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      UK&lt;/a&gt;), which incorporates new research and addresses issues raised by 
+      the biographies of Anne which followed his own (including Warnicke and 
+      Starkey's work.)&amp;nbsp; Tudor enthusiasts know that
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0521406773%2fqid%3d1096481812%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      Warnicke's&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn&lt;/i&gt; questioned many of 
+      Ives's conclusions.&lt;p&gt;I should stress that this is a &lt;i&gt;new&lt;/i&gt; biography, 
+      not simply a new edition of the 1988 work.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;I'm still working on the Reviews section; please check back soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;20 September 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The Henry VIII miniseries starring Ray Winstone is &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2fB0002KPIR8%2fqid%3d1092239900%2fsr%3d1-4%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f4%2f102-1488722-9759359%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3ddvd&quot;&gt;being
+      &lt;/a&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2fB0002KPIR8%2fqid%3d1092239900%2fsr%3d1-4%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f4%2f102-1488722-9759359%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3ddvd&quot;&gt;
+released on Region 1 dvd&lt;/a&gt; on 16 November for US viewers. &lt;br&gt;
+However, it will appear on PBS as a two-part 'Masterpiece Theatre'
+presentation before its DVD release, on 7 November and 14
+November.&amp;nbsp; Click here to visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.pbs.org%2fpreviews%2fhenryVIII&quot;&gt;the PBS Previews page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;img
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8miniseries.jpg&quot; title=&quot;&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Henry VIII dvd&quot; style=&quot;width: 105px; height: 150px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Henry's
+38-year reign saw England transformed from a sleepy backwater of
+jousting tournaments and Catholic piety to a nation torn by religious
+and political strife - all because the king wanted a male heir.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;small&gt;
+      &lt;/small&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;He was a very troubled man,&quot; observes Winstone, who in
+the course of the film ages from the young athletic king to the burly
+icon familiar from Hans Holbein paintings. &quot;This is a man who allowed
+two of his wives - women he loved passionately - to be murdered. At the
+same time, he wrote beautiful love letters, understood science and, to
+a certain extent, was a great ambassador. He was an intelligent,
+gentle, romantic man who lost his way when it came to love.&quot;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/div&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;July 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+According to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.gallifreyone.com%2fnewstv.php&quot;&gt;Outpost
+Gallifrey&lt;/a&gt;, the new &lt;b&gt;Doctor Who&lt;/b&gt; series will feature &lt;b&gt;an
+appearance by Henry VIII&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;An article in the
+June 29 Daily Star says that the new Doctor Who series &quot;will feature
+historic figures including Shakespeare, Henry VIII and Einstein - who
+are locked up together inside a Big Brother-style house. Famous
+housemates will face eviction and death from aliens when the classic
+sci-fi show comes back to our screens next year. The new series, which
+stars Christopher Eccleston as Dr Who, is aiming to win over a whole
+new generation of young followers of the Tardis timelord. Christopher
+said: 'We can parallel things with science fiction and address what's
+going on around us to a certain extent for young people without being
+pompous.' In one of the planned episodes of the hotly-awaited series,
+some of the world's most famous figures from the past are kidnapped
+from their time zones by aliens. They are put in a Big Bruvstyle house
+for extraterrestrial television entertainment.&quot;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; (Thanks
+to Paul Engelberg)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The Ninth Doctor is
+being played by Christopher Eccleston, who played the duke of Norfolk
+in 1998's &lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Yes, these are tenuous Tudor links
+but I'm a Doctor Who fan as well.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr style=&quot;width: 100%; height: 2px;&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Thanks to the
+Barbie collector who emailed me the link to
+        &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.barbiecollector.com%2fshowcase%2fproduct.asp%3ftype%3d%26amp;subtype%3d%26amp;product%5fid%3d1003486&quot;&gt;the
+'World of Royalty: Queen Elizabeth I' doll&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; For those of you
+who missed the 1995 Elizabeth doll, mark September in your
+calendars.&amp;nbsp; And start saving - the doll will probably retail at
+$250.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;
+sequel in the works?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;(Source: &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.comingsoon.net%2fnews.php%3fid%3d4977&quot;&gt;http://www.comingsoon.net/news.php?id=4977&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Aussie's &lt;i&gt;The
+Daily Telegraph&lt;/i&gt; spoke to &lt;b&gt;
+Elizabeth&lt;/b&gt; director Shekhar Kapur who says that he is working on a
+sequel to the 1998 Cate Blanchett drama.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+Blanchett is expected to take the throne again and star in the epic -
+based on Queen Elizabeth I - which has the working title of &lt;b&gt;Golden
+Age&lt;/b&gt;. &quot;It is about the battle between her life as a monarch and her
+personal life,&quot; Kapur said. &quot;It ends in the destruction of the Spanish
+Armada on the larger level.&quot;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+The Indian-born Kapur said the script, which Michael Hirst is working
+on, would be ready in six months. &quot;And then it depends on Cate's
+schedule and my schedule as to when we start shooting.&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+More links:&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.imdb.com%2ftitle%2ftt0127536%2fnews&quot;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0127536/news&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fin.news.yahoo.com%2f040604%2f139%2f2dhbb.html&quot;&gt;http://in.news.yahoo.com/040604/139/2dhbb.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;EARLIER NEWS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/r3.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Richard III&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;107&quot; height=&quot;150&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;big&gt;The Criterion Collection (which
+has collected quite a bit of my money over the years) has just released
+Laurence Olivier's
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fcriterionco.com%2fasp%2frelease.asp%3fid%3d213&quot;&gt;1955
+version of &lt;i&gt;
+Richard III&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; This was the third Shakespeare play which
+Olivier both directed and starred in (after &lt;i&gt;Henry V &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;Hamlet&lt;/i&gt;)
+and remains the definitive film treatment of &lt;i&gt;Richard III&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+Olivier's work is incredible, - he is the physical embodiment of
+villainy, plotting with gleeful malevolence one moment and inspiring
+our pity the next.&amp;nbsp; And if anyone is wondering why this is
+included at the &lt;i&gt;Tudor&lt;/i&gt; Media News page, well - the future Henry
+VII does make an appearance and the Battle of Bosworth Field marks both
+the end of Richard's life and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty.&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;i&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/dunnbook.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Jane Dunn biography&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth
+and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens&lt;/i&gt; by Jane Dunn was recently
+released.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; I am still working on the new and improved Reviews
+section, but here is a quick review - a worthwhile addition to your
+Tudor library.&amp;nbsp; I've read enough about both women to wonder if I
+would learn anything from this book, but I was pleasantly
+surprised.&amp;nbsp; A liberal use of primary sources plus a lovely
+selection of portraits - and the book jacket and boards are beautifully
+designed.&amp;nbsp; As competition for Alison Plowden's &lt;i&gt;Two Queens in
+One Isle&lt;/i&gt;, this book is the better choice.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/guyscots.gif&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ alt=&quot;John Guy biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;151&quot;&gt;At last!&amp;nbsp;
+Finally, another major biography of Mary Stuart has been
+released.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart&lt;/i&gt; is by
+noted Tudor historian John Guy&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Antonia Fraser's biography
+was serviceable but my own casual research revealed large gaps in her
+use of primary sources.&amp;nbsp; I always wondered - when would another
+historian focus on Mary's tumultuous life?&amp;nbsp; I should note that the
+UK version of this work is entitled &lt;i&gt;My Heart is My Own: The Life of
+Mary Queen of Scots&lt;/i&gt; and the jacket features the Clouet sketch of an
+adolescent Mary.&amp;nbsp; The American edition, shown above, has the 'hat'
+portrait &lt;i&gt;minus&lt;/i&gt; the hat!&amp;nbsp; As an admirer of
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqos1565.jpg&quot;&gt;the hat&lt;/a&gt;
+and its fluffy feather, I'm rather disappointed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynbook.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ width=&quot;70&quot; height=&quot;108&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/i&gt; by Joanna Denny
+will be published in April 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-4110626-7673264&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;In comparison with the
+two existing major biographies of Anne (by Carrolly Erickson and Retha
+Warnicke), this one is the most successful 'popular' biography.&amp;nbsp;
+And no, I don't mean 'popular' as a slur; far from it.&amp;nbsp; I'll post
+my review at the new Reviews section when I've finished.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Folger Shakespeare 
+        Library has finished its nine-year restoration of the Trevelyon 
+        Miscellany.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It's now the focus of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.folger.edu%2fpublic%2fexhibit%2fTrevelyon%2fintro.asp&quot;&gt;an excellent 
+        exhibit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;News
+prior to summer 2004 has been deleted.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Share your Tudor news!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082642&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082642&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0a6f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0a6f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH0a6f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4421</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor Relatives: Mary, queen of Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor, Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Mary, queen of Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor, Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Relatives: Mary, queen of Scots, Lady Jane Grey, Princesses Mary and Margaret Tudor, Lady Catherine Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relatives.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relatives.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0a6f29d92adaa2aa1a344a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0a6f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">relative2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryrelatives.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;IMG 
+height=54 alt=&quot;Tudor Relatives&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/relative2.gif&quot; width=313&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;The Tudor relatives profiled here 
+      are among the most fascinating figures in English history.&amp;nbsp; The 
+      tragic histories of Lady Jane Grey and Mary, queen of Scots, the tangled 
+      love lives of Henry VIII's sisters, and the neglected tale of Lady 
+      Catherine Grey bring Tudor England to vivid life.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Follow the links on this page to learn more about the Tudor relatives.&amp;nbsp; 
+      You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt; includes contemporary 
+      chronicles and letters.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryrelatives.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Mary, queen of Scots, 1558, in celebration of her first marriage&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; height=&quot;326&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;the above portrait is of Mary, 
+      queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+  Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Catholic heir to Elizabeth 
+      I's throne&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+  Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The 'Nine Days Queen'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+  Princess Mary Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;queen of France 
+  and duchess of Suffolk&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+  Princess Margaret Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+  &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;queen of 
+  Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Catherine 
+  Grey&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; sister of the tragic Jane Grey&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082529&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082529&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH104f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH104f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH104f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3377</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Email</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/email.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/email.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH104f029cc724a2045384df</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH104f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">newtudoremail.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn3sepia.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;7%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;84%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/newtudoremail.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Email&quot; width=&quot;283&quot; height=&quot;137&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;9%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;7%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;84%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;9%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;7%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;84%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn3sepia.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sepia-tinged sketch of Anne Boleyn (possibly) by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;216&quot; height=&quot;382&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt; If you have Tudor-related questions&lt;/b&gt;, please visit
+the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England
+FAQ&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It's a detailed list of questions and answers, including
+a brief history of Tudor England, why Mary I isn't the same person as
+Mary, queen of Scots, a discussion of the Reformation, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;If you wish to comment upon the site - 
+      tell me Tudor-related news - exchange links - ask a question not included 
+      at the FAQ, etc, you have two options -
+      &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net?subject=Tudor England website&quot;&gt;
+      click here to send me email&lt;/a&gt; or
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2fguestbook%2faddentry.php&quot;&gt;sign the 
+      Guestbook&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;If you are a student using this
+website for research / writing, please visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fkeats%2fstudentsqa.html&quot;&gt;Information for
+Students&lt;/a&gt; page at my John Keats site.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Two more things....&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Any additions to the site are listed at
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnews.html&quot;&gt;What's New?&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;As of 2004,  due to its surprising 
+      popularity, &lt;i&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/i&gt; has
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;its own website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Thanks for visiting,&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;9%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082550&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082550&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH18cc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH18cc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH18cc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">37699</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter III</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterthree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterthree.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH18cc002ed30f680db951c3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215294</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH18cc.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER III&lt;br&gt;FOREIGN RELATIONS: 1559-1563&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE successful wars waged by Edward III and Henry V are 
+    apt to cause an exaggerated estimate of the strength of England under the 
+    Tudors. The population--Wales included--was probably not much more than four 
+    millions. That of France was perhaps four times as large, and the 
+    superiority in wealth was even greater. Before the reign of Louis XI., 
+    France, weakened by feudal disunion, had been an easy prey to her smaller 
+    but better-organised neighbour. The work of concentration effected by the 
+    greatest of French kings towards the close of the fifteenth century, and the 
+    simultaneous rise of the great Spanish empire, caused England to fall at 
+    once into the rank of a second-rate power. Such she really was under Henry 
+    VIII., notwithstanding the rather showy figure he managed to make by 
+    adhering alternately to Charles v. and Francis I. Under the bad government 
+    of Edward and Mary the fighting strength of England declined not only 
+    relatively, but absolutely, until in the last year of Mary it touched the 
+    lowest point in our history. Although we were at war with France, there were 
+    no soldiers, no officers, no arms, no fortresses that could resist 
+    artillery, few ships, a heavy debt, and deep discouragement. The loss of 
+    Calais, which had been held for 200 years, was the simple and natural 
+    consequence of this prostration. Justice will not be done to the great 
+    recovery under Elizabeth unless we understand how low the country had sunk 
+    when she came to the throne. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;During the early years of her reign, it was the universal 
+    opinion at home and abroad that without Spanish protection she could not 
+    preserve her throne against a French invasion in the interests of Mary 
+    Stuart. Henry II. meant that, by the marriage of the Dauphin Francis with 
+    Mary, the kingdoms of England and Scotland should be united to one another 
+    and eventually to France. Philip would thus lose the command of the sea 
+    route to the Netherlands, and the hereditary duel with the House of Austria 
+    would be decided. This scheme could not seem fantastic in a century which 
+    had seen such immense agglomerations of territory effected by political 
+    marriages. Philip, on the other hand, made sure that the danger from France 
+    must necessarily throw Elizabeth and England into his arms. Notwithstanding 
+    the warnings he received from his ambassador Feria that Elizabeth was a 
+    heretic, he felt certain that she would not venture to alter religion at the 
+    risk of offending him. The only question with him was whether he should 
+    marry her himself or bestow her on some sure friend of his house. That she 
+    would refuse both himself and his nominee was a contingency he never 
+    contemplated. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth, from the first, made up her mind that the cards 
+    in her hand could be played to more advantage than Philip supposed. England, 
+    no doubt, needed his protection for the present. But could he please himself 
+    about granting it? Her bold calculation was that his own interests would 
+    compel him, in any case, to prevent the execution of the Stuart-Valois 
+    scheme, and that consequently she might settle religion without reference to 
+    his wishes. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The offer of marriage came in January 1559. In his letter to 
+    Feria, Philip spoke as if Elizabeth would of course jump at it. After 
+    dwelling on its many inconveniences, he said he had decided to make the 
+    sacrifice on condition that Elizabeth would uphold the Catholic religion; 
+    but she must not expect him to remain long with her; he would visit England 
+    occasionally. Feria foolishly allowed this letter to be seen, and the 
+    contents were reported to Elizabeth. She was as much amused as piqued. Their 
+    ages were not unsuitable. Philip was thirty-two, and Elizabeth was 
+    twenty-five. But she was as fastidious about men as her father was about 
+    women; and for no political consideration would she have tied herself to her 
+    ugly, disagreeable, little brother-in-law. After some fencing, she replied 
+    that she did not mean to marry, and that she was not afraid of France. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Before the death of Mary, negotiations for a peace between 
+    France, Spain, and England had already begun. Calais was almost the only 
+    difficulty remaining to be settled. Our countrymen have never been able &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;to understand how their possession of a fortress within the 
+    natural boundaries of another country can be disagreeable to its 
+    inhabitants. Elizabeth shared the national feeling, and she wanted Philip to 
+    insist on the restitution of Calais. He would have done so if she had 
+    pleased him as to other matters. Even as it was, the presence of a French 
+    garrison in Calais was so inconvenient to the master of the Netherlands that 
+    he was ready to fight on if England would do her part. But Elizabeth would 
+    only promise to fight Scotland--a very indirect and, indeed, useless way of 
+    supporting Philip. When once this point was made clear, peace was soon 
+    concluded between the three powers at CÃ¢teau, near Cambray (March 1559); 
+    appearances being saved by a stipulation that Calais should be restored in 
+    eight years, or half a million of crowns be forfeited. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In thus giving way Elizabeth showed her good sense. To have 
+    fought on would have meant deeper debt, terrible exhaustion, and, what was 
+    worse, dependence on Philip. Moreover, Calais could only have been recovered 
+    by reducing France to helplessness, which would have been fatal to the 
+    balance of power on which Elizabeth relied to make herself independent of 
+    both her great neighbours. The peace of CÃ¢teau Cambresis was attended with a 
+    secret compact between Philip II. and Henry II., that each monarch should 
+    suppress heresy in his own dominions and not encourage it in those of his 
+    neighbour. By the accession of Elizabeth, and the Scotch Reformation which 
+    immediately followed, Protestantism reached its highwater mark in Europe. 
+    The long wars of Charles V with France had enabled it to spread. Francis I. 
+    had intrigued with the Protestant princes of the Empire, and Charles had 
+    been obliged to humour them. Protestantism was victorious in Britain, 
+    Scandinavia, North Germany, the Palatinate, and Swabia. It had spread widely 
+    in Poland, Hungary, the Netherlands, and France. This rapid growth was now 
+    about to be checked. In some of these countries the new religion was 
+    destined to succumb; in some entirely to disappear. Men who could remember 
+    the first preachings of Luther lived to see not only the high-water, but the 
+    ebb, of the Protestant tide. The revolutionary tendencies inherent in 
+    Protestantism began to alarm the sovereigns; and all the more because the 
+    Church in Catholic, hardly less than in Protestant, countries was becoming a 
+    department of the State. Kings had been jealous of the spiritual power when 
+    it belonged to the Popes. They became jealous for it when it was annexed to 
+    the throne. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Notwithstanding its secret stipulations, the peace of CÃ¢teau 
+    Cambresis relieved England from the most pressing and immediate perils by 
+    which she was threatened. Neither French nor Spanish troops had made their 
+    appearance on our soil. A breathing-time at least had been gained, during 
+    which something might be done towards putting the country in a state of 
+    defence, and restoring the finances. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;But the danger from France was by no means at an end. In the 
+    treaty with England, the title of Elizabeth had been acknowledged. But in 
+    that with Spain, the Dauphin had styled himself &amp;quot;King of Scotland, England, 
+    and Ireland.&amp;quot; He and Mary had also assumed the English arms. If a French 
+    army invaded England, it would come by way of Scotland. The English 
+    Catholics, who had for the most part frankly accepted the succession of 
+    Elizabeth, were disappointed and irritated by the change of religion. If 
+    Mary should go to Scotland with a French force, it was to be apprehended 
+    that a rebellion would immediately break out in the northern counties. 
+    Philip, no doubt, would land in the south to drive out the Dauphiness. But 
+    the remedy would be worse than the disease. For he was deeply discontented 
+    with the conduct of Elizabeth, and would probably take the opportunity of 
+    deposing her. To establish, therefore, her independence of both her powerful 
+    neighbours, Elizabeth had to begin by destroying French influence in 
+    Scotland. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The wisest heads in Scotland had long seen the advantage of 
+    uniting their country to England by marriage. The blundering and bullying 
+    policy of the Protector Somerset had driven the Scotch to renew their 
+    ancient alliance with France. But the attempts of the Regent Mary of Guise 
+    to increase French influence, and to establish a small standing army, in 
+    order at once to strengthen her authority, and to serve the designs of Henry 
+    II. against England, had again made the French connection unpopular, and 
+    caused a corresponding revival of friendly feeling towards England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nowhere was the Church so wealthy, relatively to the other 
+    estates, as in Scotland. It was supposed to possess half the property of the 
+    country. Nowhere were the clergy so immoral. Nowhere was superstition so 
+    gross. But the doctrines of the Reformation were spreading among the common 
+    people, and in 1557 some of the nobles, hungering for the wealth of the 
+    Church, put themselves at the head of the Protestant movement. They were 
+    known as the &amp;quot;Lords of the Congregation.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Scotch Reformation began not from the Government, as in 
+    England, but from the people. Hence, while change of supremacy was the main 
+    question in England, change of doctrine and worship took the lead in 
+    Scotland. The two parties were about equal in numbers, the Protestants being 
+    strongest in the Lowlands. But, with the exception of the murder of Beaton 
+    in 1546, there had, as yet, been no appeal to force, nor any attempt to 
+    procure a public change of religion. The accession of Elizabeth emboldened 
+    the Protestants. At Perth they took possession of the churches and burnt a 
+    monastery. On the other hand, after the peace of CÃ¢teau Cambresis, Henry II. 
+    directed the Regent to put down Protestantism, both in pursuance of the 
+    agreement with Philip, and in order to prepare for the Franco-Scottish 
+    invasion of England. The result was that the Protestants rose in open 
+    rebellion (June 1559). The Lords of the Congregation occupied Perth, 
+    Stirling, and Edinburgh. All over the Lowlands abbeys were wrecked, monks 
+    harried, churches cleared of images, the Mass abolished, and King Edward's 
+    service established in its place. In England the various changes of religion 
+    in the last thirty years had always been effected legally by King and 
+    Parliament. In Scotland the Catholic Church was overthrown by a simultaneous 
+    popular outbreak. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The catastrophe came later than in England; but popular 
+    feeling was more prepared for it; and what was now cast down was never set 
+    up again. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It seemed at first as if the Regent and her handful of 
+    regular troops, commanded by d'Oysel, would be swept away. But d'Oysel had 
+    fortified Leith, and was even able to take the field. A French army was 
+    expected. The tumultuary forces of the needy Scotch nobles could not be kept 
+    together long, and it became clear that, unless supported by Elizabeth, the 
+    rebellion would be crushed as soon as the French reinforcements should 
+    arrive, if not sooner. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus early did Elizabeth find herself confronted by the 
+    Scottish difficulty, which was to cause her so much anxiety throughout the 
+    greater part of her reign. The problem, though varying in minor details, was 
+    always essentially the same. There was a Protestant faction looking for 
+    support to England, and a Catholic faction looking to France. Two or three 
+    of the Protestant leaders--Moray, Glencairn, Kirkaldy--did really care 
+    something about a religious reformation. The rest thought more of getting 
+    hold of Church lands and pursuing old family feuds. In the experience of 
+    Elizabeth, they were a needy, greedy, treacherous crew, always sponging on 
+    her treasury, and giving her very little service in return for her money. 
+    Besides, the whole Scotch nation was so touchy in its patriotism, so jealous 
+    of foreign interference, that foreign soldiers present on its soil were sure 
+    to be regarded with an evil eye, no matter for what purpose they had come, 
+    or by whom they had been invited. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Lords of the Congregation invoked the protection of 
+    Elizabeth. They suggested that she should marry the Earl of Arran, and that 
+    he and she should be King and Queen of Great Britain. Arran was the eldest 
+    son of the Duke of Chatelherault, who, Mary being as yet childless, was 
+    heir-presumptive to the Scottish crown. There were many reasons why 
+    Elizabeth should decline interference. It was throwing down the glove to 
+    France. Interference in Scotland had always been disastrous. It might drive 
+    the English Catholics to despair, as cutting off the hope of Mary's 
+    succession to the English crown. To make a Protestant match would irritate 
+    Philip. He might invade England to forestall the French. Almost all her 
+    Council--even Bacon--advised her to leave Scotland alone, marry the Archduke 
+    Charles, and trust to the Spanish alliance for the defence of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;These were serious considerations; and to them was to be 
+    joined another which with Elizabeth always had great weight--more, 
+    naturally, than it had with any of her advisers. She shrank from doing 
+    anything which might have the practical effect of weakening the common cause 
+    of monarchs. She felt instinctively that with Protestants reverence for the 
+    religious basis of kingship must tend to become weaker than with Catholics. 
+    She did not desire to encourage this tendency or to familiarise her own 
+    subjects with it. Knox &lt;i&gt;First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous 
+    Regimen of Women&lt;/i&gt; had been directed against Mary. The Blasts that were to 
+    follow had been dropped; but the first could not be treated as unblown. And 
+    the arrogant preacher did not mend matters by writing to Elizabeth that she 
+    was to consider her case as an exception &amp;quot;contrary to nature,&amp;quot; allowed by 
+    God &amp;quot;for the comfort of His kirk,&amp;quot; but that if she based her title on her 
+    birth or on law, &amp;quot;her felicity would be short.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nevertheless Elizabeth adopted the bolder course. The Lords 
+    of the Congregation were assured that England would not see them crushed by 
+    French arms. A small supply of money was sent to them. As to the marriage 
+    with Arran, no positive answer was given; but he was sent for to be looked 
+    at. When he came, he was found to be even a poorer creature than his father; 
+    at times, indeed, not quite right in his mind. It was hard upon the 
+    Hamiltons, among whom were so many able and daring men, that, with the crown 
+    almost in their grasp, their chiefs should be such incapables. To Elizabeth 
+    it was no doubt a relief to find that Arran was an impossible husband. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the meantime 2000 French had arrived, and the Lords were 
+    urgent in their demands for help. But Elizabeth determined, and rightly, 
+    that they must do their own work if they could. She was willing to give them 
+    such pecuniary help as was necessary. But the demand for troops was 
+    unreasonable. Fighting men abounded in Scotland. Why should English troops 
+    be sent to do their fighting for them, with the certainty of earning black 
+    looks rather than thanks? If a large army was despatched from France, she 
+    would attack it with her fleet. If it landed, she would send an English 
+    army. But if the Lords of the Congregation did not beat the handful of 
+    Frenchmen at Leith it must be because they were either weak or treacherous. 
+    In either case Elizabeth might have to give up the policy she preferred, 
+    leave Scotland alone, and fall back upon an alliance with Philip. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In order therefore to preserve this second string to her 
+    bow, and to let the Scotch Anglophiles see that she possessed it, she 
+    reopened negotiations for the Austrian marriage. Charles, in his turn, was 
+    invited to come and be looked at. Much as she disliked the idea of marriage, 
+    she knew that political reasons might make it necessary. But, come what 
+    would, she would never marry a man who was not to her fancy as a man. She 
+    would take no one on the strength of his picture. She had heard that Charles 
+    was not overwise, and that he had an extraordinarily big head, &amp;quot;bigger than 
+    the Earl of Bedford's.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Scotch Lords, finding that Elizabeth was determined to 
+    have some solid return for her money, went to work with more vigour. They 
+    proclaimed the deposition of the Regent, drove her from Edinburgh, and 
+    besieged her and her French garrison in Leith. But this burst of energy was 
+    soon over. The Protestants were more ready to pull down images and harry 
+    monks than make campaigns. Leith was not to be taken. In three weeks their 
+    army dwindled away, and the little disciplined force of Frenchmen re-entered 
+    Edinburgh. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The position had become very critical for Elizabeth. A 
+    French army of 15,000 men was daily expected at Leith. If once it landed, 
+    the Congregation would be crushed; the Hamiltons would make their peace; and 
+    the disciplined army of d'ElbÅuf, swelled by hordes of hungry Scotchmen, 
+    would pour over the Border, and proclaim Mary in the midst of the Catholic 
+    population which ten years later rose in rebellion under the northern Earls.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In this difficulty the Spanish Ministers in the Netherlands 
+    were consulted. If Elizabeth expelled the garrison at Leith, and so brought 
+    upon herself a war with France, could she depend on Philip's assistance? The 
+    reply was menacing. Their master, for his own interest, could not allow the 
+    Queen of France and Scotland to enforce her title to the throne of England. 
+    But he would oppose it in his own way. If a French army entered England from 
+    the north, a Spanish army would land on the south coast. Turning to her own 
+    Council for advice, Elizabeth found no encouragement. They recommended her 
+    to take Philip's advice, and even to retrace some of her steps in the matter 
+    of religion in order to propitiate him. She made a personal appeal to the 
+    Duke of Norfolk to take the command of the forces on the Border. But he 
+    declined to be the instrument of a policy which he disapproved. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We need not wonder if Elizabeth hesitated for a while. Some 
+    of these councillors were not too well affected to her. But most of them 
+    were thoroughly loyal, and there was really much to be said for the more 
+    cautious policy. She herself was an eminently cautious politician, inclined 
+    by nature to shrink from risky courses. Never, therefore, in her whole 
+    career did she give greater proof of her large-minded comprehension of the 
+    main lines of policy which it behoved her to follow than when she determined 
+    to override the opinions of so many prudent advisers, and expel the French 
+    force from the northern kingdom. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;England was not quite in the helpless, disabled position 
+    that it pleased the Spaniards to believe. Twelve months of careful and 
+    energetic administration had already done wonders. There had been wise 
+    economy and wise expenditure. Money had been scraped together, and, though 
+    there was still a heavy debt, the legacy of three wasteful reigns, the 
+    confidence of the Antwerp money-lenders had revived, and they were willing 
+    to advance considerable sums. A fleet had been equipped and manned; 
+    shiploads of arms had been imported; forces had been collected on the south 
+    coasts. The Border garrisons had been quietly raised in strength till they 
+    were able to furnish an expeditionary force at a moment's notice. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The smallest energy on the part of the Congregation might 
+    have finished the war without the presence of an English force. Elizabeth 
+    had a right to be angry. The Scotch Protestants expected to have the hardest 
+    part of the work done for them, and to be paid for executing their own share 
+    of it. Lord James and a few of the leaders were in earnest, but others were 
+    selfish time-servers. As for the lower class, their Calvinism was still new. 
+    It had not yet bred that fierce spirit of independence which before long was 
+    to outweigh the force of nobles and gentry. But if the weakness of the 
+    Anglophile party was disappointing, it had at all events shown that 
+    Elizabeth must depend upon herself to ward off danger on that side; and 
+    after some reasonable hesitation she decided to put through the work she had 
+    begun. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It says much for the patriotism of Elizabeth's Council that 
+    when they found she had made up her mind they did not stand sulkily aloof, 
+    but co-operated heartily and vigorously in carrying out the policy they had 
+    opposed. Norfolk himself accepted the command of the Border army, and acted 
+    throughout the affair with fidelity and diligence. He was not a man 
+    distinguished by ability of any kind, and the actual fighting was to be done 
+    by Lord Grey, a firm and experienced, though not brilliant, commander. But 
+    that the natural leader of the Conservative nobility should be seen at the 
+    head of Elizabeth's army was a useful lesson to traitors at home and enemies 
+    abroad, who were telling each other that her throne was insecure. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;An agreement between the English Queen and the Lords of the 
+    Congregation was drawn up (27 February), with scrupulous care to avoid the 
+    appearance of dictation and encroachment which had gathered all Scotland to 
+    Pinkie Cleugh eleven years before. It set forth that the English troops were 
+    entering Scotland for no other object than to assist the Duke of 
+    Chatelherault, the heir-presumptive to the throne, and the other nobles, to 
+    drive out the foreign invaders. They would build no fortress. There was no 
+    intention to prejudice Mary's lawful authority. Cecil appears to have wanted 
+    to add something about &amp;quot;Christ's true religion;&amp;quot; but Elizabeth struck it 
+    out. Circumstances might compel her to be the protector of foreign 
+    Protestants; but neither then nor at any other time did she desire to pose 
+    in that character. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;A month later (28 March) Lord Grey crossed the Border, and 
+    marched to Leith. The siege of that place proved to be tedious. The Lords of 
+    the Congregation gave very insufficient assistance; and, when an assault had 
+    been repulsed with heavy loss, the citizens of Edinburgh would not receive 
+    the wounded into their houses. At last, when food was running short in the 
+    town, an envoy from France arrived with power to treat on behalf of the 
+    Queen of Scots. Her mother, the Regent, had died during the siege. After 
+    much haggling a treaty was signed. No French troops were in future to be 
+    kept in Scotland. Offices of State were to be held only by natives. The 
+    government during Mary's absence was to be vested in a Council of twelve 
+    noblemen; seven nominated by her and five by the Estates. Elizabeth's title 
+    to the kingdoms of England and Ireland was recognised (July 1560). &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such was the Treaty of Edinburgh, or of Leith, as it is 
+    sometimes called, one of the most successful achievements of a successful 
+    reign. It was gained by wise counsel and bold resolve; and its fruits, 
+    though not completely fulfilling its promise, were solid and valuable. It 
+    was not ratified by Mary. But her nonratification in the long-run injured no 
+    one but herself, besides putting her in the wrong, and giving Elizabeth a 
+    standing excuse for treating her as an enemy. England was permanently free 
+    from the menace of a disciplined French army in the northern kingdom. 
+    Nothing was settled in the treaty about religion. But this was equivalent to 
+    a confirmation of the violent change that had recently taken place; in 
+    itself a guarantee of security to England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The moral effect of this success was even greater than its 
+    more tangible results. It had been very generally believed, at all events 
+    abroad, that Elizabeth was tottering on her throne; that the large majority 
+    were on the point of rising to depose her; that, wriggle as she might, she 
+    would find she was a mere &lt;i&gt;protÃ©gÃ©e&lt;/i&gt; of Philip, with no option but to 
+    follow his directions and square her policy to his. Whatever small basis of 
+    fact underlay this delusive estimate had been ridiculously exaggerated in 
+    the reports sent to Philip by his ambassador De Quadra, a man who evidently 
+    paid more attention to hole-and-corner tattle than to the broad forces of 
+    English politics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;All these imaginings were now proved to be vain. Elizabeth 
+    had shown that she could protect herself by her own strength and in her own 
+    way. She had civilly ignored Philip's advice, or rather his injunctions. She 
+    had thrown down the glove to France, and France had not taken it up. She had 
+    placed in command of her armies the very man whom she was supposed to fear, 
+    and he had done her bidding, and done it well. England once more stood 
+    before Europe as an independent power, able to take care of itself, aid its 
+    friends, and annoy its enemies. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is true that, as far as Elizabeth personally is 
+    concerned, her Scotch policy had not always in its execution been as prompt 
+    and firm as could be desired. Those who follow it in greater detail than is 
+    possible here will find much in it that is irresolute and even vacillating. 
+    This defect appears throughout Elizabeth's career, though it will always be 
+    ignored, as it ought to be ignored, by those who reserve their attention for 
+    what is worth observing in the course of human affairs. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In her intellectual grasp of European politics as a whole, 
+    and of the interests of her own kingdom, Elizabeth was probably superior to 
+    any of her counsellors.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;No one could better than she think out the general idea of a 
+    political campaign. But theoretical and practical qualifications are seldom, 
+    if ever, combined in equal excellence. Not only are the qualities themselves 
+    naturally opposed, but the constant exercise of either increases the 
+    disparity. Her sex obliged Elizabeth to leave the large field of execution 
+    to others. Her practical gifts therefore, whatever they were, deteriorated 
+    rather than advanced as she grew older. In men, who every day and every hour 
+    of the day are engaged in action, the habit of prompt decision and 
+    persistence in a course once adopted, even if it be not quite the best, is 
+    naturally formed and strengthened. It is a habit so valuable, so 
+    indispensable to continued success, that in practice it largely compensates 
+    for some inferiority in conception and design. Elizabeth's irresolution and 
+    vacillation were therefore a consequence of her position--that of an 
+    extremely able and well-informed woman called upon to conduct a government 
+    in which so much had to be decided by the sovereign at her own discretion. 
+    The abler she was, the more disposed to make her will felt, the less 
+    steadiness and consistency in action were to be expected from her. As the 
+    wife of a king, upon whom the final responsibility would have rested--her 
+    inferior perhaps in intellect and knowledge, but with the masculine habit of 
+    making up his mind once for all, and then steering a straight course--she 
+    would have been a wise and enlightened adviser, not afraid of consistently 
+    maintaining principles, when the time, mode, and degree of their application 
+    rested with another. As it was, Cecil and other able statesmen who served 
+    her No one could better than she think out the general idea of a political 
+    campaign. But theoretical and practical qualifications are seldom, if ever, 
+    combined in equal excellence. Not only are the qualities themselves 
+    naturally opposed, but the constant exercise of either increases the 
+    disparity. Her sex obliged Elizabeth to leave the large field of execution 
+    to others. Her practical gifts therefore, whatever they were, deteriorated 
+    rather than advanced as she grew older. In men, who every day and every hour 
+    of the day are engaged in action, the habit of prompt decision and 
+    persistence in a course once adopted, even if it be not quite the best, is 
+    naturally formed and strengthened. It is a habit so valuable, so 
+    indispensable to continued success, that in practice it largely compensates 
+    for some inferiority in conception and design. Elizabeth's irresolution and 
+    vacillation were therefore a consequence of her position--that of an 
+    extremely able and well-informed woman called upon to conduct a government 
+    in which so much had to be decided by the sovereign at her own discretion. 
+    The abler she was, the more disposed to make her will felt, the less 
+    steadiness and consistency in action were to be expected from her. As the 
+    wife of a king, upon whom the final responsibility would have rested--her 
+    inferior perhaps in intellect and knowledge, but with the masculine habit of 
+    making up his mind once for all, and then steering a straight course--she 
+    would have been a wise and enlightened adviser, not afraid of consistently 
+    maintaining principles, when the time, mode, and degree of their application 
+    rested with another. As it was, Cecil and other able statesmen who served 
+    her against the heretics of all countries. To this appeal he replied by 
+    formally summoning Catherine to put down heresy in France. An accidential 
+    collision at Vassy, in which a number of Huguenots were slain, brought on 
+    the first of those wars of religion which were to desolate France for the 
+    next thirty years (March 1562). Both factions, equally dead to patriotism, 
+    opened their country to foreigners. The Guises called in the forces of Spain 
+    and the Pope. CondÃ© applied to Elizabeth and the Protestant princes of 
+    Germany. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was necessary to give the Huguenots just so much help as 
+    would prevent them from being crushed. Aggressive in appearance, such 
+    interference was in reality legitimate self-defence. But unfortunately 
+    neither Elizabeth nor her Council had forgotten Calais, and they extorted 
+    from CondÃ© the surrender of Havre as a pledge for its restoration. In the 
+    case of Scotland they had come, as we have seen, to recognise that to 
+    establish a permanent raw by holding fortified posts on the territory of 
+    another nation is poor statesmanship. The possession of Calais was of little 
+    military value as against France. It is true that it would enable England to 
+    make sea communication between Spain and the Netherlands very insecure, and 
+    would thus give Philip a powerful motive for desiring to stand well with 
+    this country. But such a calculation had less weight with Englishmen at that 
+    moment than pure Jingoism--the longing to be again able to crow over their 
+    French enemy. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The occupation of Havre (October 1562) gave to the Huguenot 
+    cause the minimum of assistance, and brought upon it the maximum of odium. A 
+    hollow reconciliation was soon patched up between the rival factions (March 
+    1563), and Elizabeth was summoned to evacuate Havre. She refused, loudly 
+    complaining of the Huguenots for deserting her. She &amp;quot;had come to the quiet 
+    possession of Havre without force or any other unlawful means, and she had 
+    good reason to keep it.&amp;quot; Up to this time the fiction of peace between the 
+    two nations had been maintained. It was now open war. It is only fair to 
+    Elizabeth to say that all her Council and the whole nation were even hotter 
+    than she was. The garrison of Havre, with their commander Warwick, were 
+    eager for the fray. They would &amp;quot;make the French cock cry Cuck,&amp;quot; they would 
+    &amp;quot;spend the last drop of their blood before the French should fasten a foot 
+    in the town.&amp;quot; The inhabitants were all expelled, and the siege began, CondÃ© 
+    as well as the Catholics appearing in the Queen-mother's army. After a 
+    valiant defence the English, reduced to a handful of men by typhus, sailed 
+    away (28 July 1563). Peace was concluded early in the next year (April 
+    1564). Elizabeth did not repeat her mistake. Thenceforward to the end of her 
+    reign we shall find her carefully cultivating friendly relations with every 
+    ruler of France. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfour.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    IV: Elizabeth and Mary Stuart: 1559-1568&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082622&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082622&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH1a07.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH1a07.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH1a07.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">17008</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter One</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Chapter Three</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudethree.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudethree.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1a0746c297f32e02b8bc63</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1a07.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;CHAPTER THREE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Anxiety of the Pope to satisfy the King -- 
+      Fears of the Emperor -Proposed alternatives -- France and England declare 
+      war in the Pope's defence -- Campeggio to be sent to England -- The King's 
+      account of the Pope's conduct -- The Pope's distress and alarm -The secret 
+      decretal -- Instructions to Campeggio. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE story returns to Orvieto. The dispensation was promised 
+    on condition that it should not be immediately acted on. Catherine having 
+    refused to acquiesce in a private arrangement, Wolsey again pressed the Pope 
+    for a commission to decide the cause in England, and to bind himself at the 
+    same time not to revoke it, but to confirm any judgment which he might 
+    himself give. &amp;quot;There were secret causes,&amp;quot; he said, &amp;quot;which could not be 
+    committed to writing which made such a concession imperative: certain 
+    diseases in the Queen defying all remedy, for which, as for other causes, 
+    the King would never again live with her as his wife.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Pope, smarting from ill-treatment and grateful for the 
+    help of France and England, professed himself earnestly anxious to do what 
+    Henry desired. But he was still virtually a prisoner. He had been obliged by 
+    the General of the Observants, when in St. Angelo, to promise to do nothing 
+    &amp;quot;whereby the King's divorce might be judged in his own dominions.&amp;quot; He 
+    pleaded for time. He promised a commission of some kind, but he said he was 
+    undone if action was taken upon it while the Germans and Spaniards remained 
+    in Italy. He saw evident ruin before him, he said, but he professed to be 
+    willing to run the hazard rather than that Wolsey should suspect him of 
+    ingratitude. He implored the Cardinal, &lt;i&gt;cum suspiriis et lacrymis,&lt;/i&gt; not 
+    to precipitate him for ever, and precipitated he would be if, on receiving 
+    the commission, the Cardinal at once began the process. A fortnight later 
+    Casalis described a long conversation with the Pope and Cardinals on the 
+    course to be pursued. Henry bad desired that a second Legate should be sent 
+    from Rome to act with Wolsey. To consent to this would directly compromise 
+    the Papal Court. Clement had no objection to the going forward with the 
+    cause, but he did not wish to be himself responsible. He signed an imperfect 
+    commission not inconsistent with his promise to the General of the 
+    Observants. On this Wolsey might act or, if he preferred it, might proceed 
+    on his own Legatine authority. For himself, instead of engaging to confirm 
+    Wolsey's sentence, he said that no doctor could better resolve the point at 
+    issue than the King himself. If he was resolved, said the Pope, let him 
+    commit his cause to the Legate, marry again, follow up the trial, and then 
+    let a public application be made for a Legate to be sent from the 
+    Consistory. If the Queen was cited first, she would put in no answer, save 
+    to protest against the place and judges. The Imperialists would demand a 
+    prohibition, and then the King could not marry, or, if he did, the offspring 
+    would be illegitimate. They would also demand a commission for the cause to 
+    be heard at Rome, which the Pope would be unable to refuse. But the King 
+    being actually married again, they could not ask for a prohibition. They 
+    could only ask that the cause should be re-examined at Rome, when the Pope 
+    would give sentence and a judgment could be passed which would satisfy the 
+    whole world. This was the Pope's own advice, but he did not wish it to be 
+    known that it had come from himself. Casalis might select the Legate to 
+    England after the first steps had been taken. Campeggio he thought the 
+    fittest, being already an English bishop. At any rate, the Pope bade Casalis 
+    say he would do his best to satisfy the King, though he knew that the 
+    Emperor would never forgive him. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is not certain what would have followed had Henry acted 
+    on the Pope's suggestion. The judgment which Clement promised might have 
+    been in his favour. Clement evidently wished him to think that it would. But 
+    he might, after all, have found himself required to take Catherine back. 
+    Either alternative was possible. At any rate he did not mean, if he could 
+    help it, to have recourse to violent methods. Charles himself, though he 
+    intended to prevent, if he could, a legal decision against his aunt, had 
+    hinted at the possibility and even desirableness of a private arrangement, 
+    if Catherine would agree. Catherine, unfortunately, would agree to nothing, 
+    but stood resolutely upon her rights, and Charles was forced to stand by 
+    her. Henry was equally obstinate, and the Pope was between the rock and the 
+    whirlpool. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Pope had promised, however, and had promised with 
+    apparent sincerity. The Papal states remaining occupied by the Imperial 
+    troops, Henry carried out his own part of the engagement by joining France 
+    in a declaration of war against the Emperor. Toison d'or and Clarencieulx 
+    appeared before Charles at Burgos on the 22nd of January, Charles sitting on 
+    his throne to receive their defiance. Toison d'or said that the Emperor had 
+    opened Christendom to the Turks, had imprisoned the Pope, had allowed his 
+    armies to sack Rome and plunder churches and monasteries, had insulted the 
+    holy relics, slain or robbed princes of the Church, cardinals, patriarchs, 
+    archbishops, outraged nunneries and convents, had encouraged Lutheran 
+    heretics in committing these atrocities, &amp;amp;c. For these reasons France 
+    declared open war with the Emperor. The English herald -- he was accused 
+    afterwards of having exceeded his instructions -- was almost as peremptory. 
+    Henry, in earlier times, had lent Charles large sums of money, which had not 
+    been repaid. Clarencieulx said that, unless the Pope was released and the 
+    debt settled, the King of England must make common cause with his brother of 
+    France. Six weeks' interval was allowed for the Emperor to consider his 
+    answer before hostilities on the side of England should commence. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Emperor replied with calmness and dignity. War with 
+    France was inevitable. As to England, he felt like Cicero, when doubting 
+    whether he should quarrel with CÃŠsar, that it was inconvenient to be in debt 
+    to an enemy. If England attacked him he said he would defend himself, but he 
+    declined to accept the defiance. Mendoza was not recalled from London. At 
+    the end of the six weeks the situation was prolonged by successive truces 
+    till the peace of Cambray. But Henry had kept his word to the Pope. England 
+    appeared by the side of France in the lists as the armed champion of the 
+    Papacy, and the Pope was expected to fulfil his promises without disguise or 
+    subterfuge. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Clement's method of proceeding with the divorce was 
+    rejected. The dispensation and commission which had been amended with a view 
+    to it were rejected also as worthless. Dr. Fox and Stephen Gardiner were 
+    despatched to Orvieto with fuller powers and with a message peremptory and 
+    even menacing. They were again to impress on the Pope the danger of a 
+    disputed succession. They were to hint that, if relief was refused in 
+    deference to the Emperor, England might decline from obedience to the Holy 
+    See. The Pope must, therefore, pass the commission and the dispensation in 
+    the form in which it had been sent from England. If he objected that it was 
+    unusual, they were to announce that the cause was of great moment. The King 
+    would not be defrauded of his expectation through fear of the Emperor. If he 
+    could not obtain justice from the Pope, he would be compelled to seek it 
+    elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The language of these instructions shows that the King and 
+    Wolsey understood the Proteus that they were dealing with, and the necessity 
+    of binding his hands if he was not to slip from them. It was not now the 
+    fountain of justice, the august head of Christendom, that they were 
+    addressing, but a shifty old man, clad by circumstances with the robe of 
+    authority, but whose will was the will of the power which happened to be 
+    strongest in Italy. It was not tolerable that the Emperor should dictate on 
+    a question which touched the vital interests of an independent kingdom. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Spanish diplomatists had afterwards to excuse and explain 
+    away Clement's concessions on the ground that they were signed when he was 
+    angry at his imprisonment, had been extorted by threats, and were therefore 
+    of no validity. He struggled hard to avoid committing himself. The unwelcome 
+    documents were recast into various forms. The dispensation was not signed 
+    after all, but in the place of it other briefs were signed of even graver 
+    importance. The Pope yielded to the demand to send a second Legate to try 
+    the cause with Wolsey in England, where it was assumed as a matter of course 
+    that judgment would be given for the King. The Legate chosen was Campeggio, 
+    who was himself, as was said, an English bishop. The Pope also did express 
+    in writing his own opinion on the cause as favourable to the King's plea. 
+    What passed at Orvieto was thus afterwards compendiously related by Henry in 
+    a published statement of his case. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;On his first scruple the King sent to the Bishop of Rome, 
+    as Christ's Vicar, who had the keys of knowledge, to dissolve his doubts. 
+    The said Bishop refused to take any knowledge of it and desired the King to 
+    apply for a commission to be sent into the realm, authorised to determine 
+    the cause, thus pretending that it might no wise be entreated at Rome, but 
+    only within the King's own realm. He delegated his whole powers to Campeggio 
+    and Wolsey, giving them also a special commission in form of a decretal, 
+    wherein he declared the King's marriage null and empowered him to marry 
+    again. In the open commission also he gave them full authority to give 
+    sentence for the King. Secretly he gave them instructions to burn the 
+    commission decretal and not proceed upon it; (but) at the time of sending 
+    the commission he also sent the King a brief, written in his own hand, 
+    admitting the justice of his cause and promising &lt;i&gt;sanctissime sub&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;
+    verbo Pontificis&lt;/i&gt; that he would never advocate it to Rome.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Engagements which he intended to keep or break according to 
+    the turns of the war between Francis and Charles did not press very heavily 
+    perhaps on Clement's conscience, but they were not extorted from him without 
+    many agonies. &amp;quot;He has granted the commission,&amp;quot; Casalis wrote. &amp;quot;He is not 
+    unwilling to please the King and Wolsey, but fears the Spaniards more than 
+    ever he did. The Friar-General has forbidden him in the Emperor's name to 
+    grant the King's request. He fears for his life from the Imperialists if the 
+    Emperor knows of it. Before he would grant the brief he said, weeping, that 
+    it would be his utter ruin. The Venetians and Florentines desired his 
+    destruction. His sole hope of life was from the Emperor. He asked me to 
+    swear whether the King would desert him or not. Satisfied on this point, he 
+    granted the brief, saying that he placed himself in the King's arms, as he 
+    would be drawn into perpetual war with the Emperor. Wolsey might dispose of 
+    him and the Papacy as if he were Pope himself.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Emperor had insisted, at Catherine's desire, that the 
+    cause should not be heard in England. The Pope had agreed that it should be 
+    heard in England. Consent had been wrung from him, but his consent had been 
+    given, and Campeggio was to go and make the best of it. His open commission 
+    was as ample as words could make it. He and Wolsey were to hear the cause 
+    and decide it. The secret &amp;quot;decretal&amp;quot; which he had wept over while he signed 
+    it declared, before the cause was heard, the sentence which was to be given, 
+    and he had pledged his solemn word not to revoke the hearing to Rome. All 
+    that Clement could do was to instruct the Legate before he started to waste 
+    time on his way, and, on his arrival in England, to use his skill to 
+    &amp;quot;accommodate matters,&amp;quot; and to persuade the Queen -- if he found her 
+    persuadeable -- to save him from his embarrassments by taking the veil. This 
+    was a course which Charles himself in his private mind would have 
+    recommended, but was too honourable to advise it. The fatal decretal was to 
+    be seen only by a very few persons, and then, as Henry said, Campeggio was 
+    to burn it. He was instructed also to pass no sentence without first 
+    referring back to Rome, and, if driven to extremity, was to find an excuse 
+    for postponing a decision; very natural conduct on the part of a weak, 
+    frightened mortal -- conduct not unlike that of his predecessor, Alexander 
+    III., in the quarrel between Becket and Henry II. -- but in both cases 
+    purely human, not such as might have been looked for in a divinely guided 
+    Vicar of Christ. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter Four&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082634&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082634&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH1d78.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH1d78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH1d78.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">6387</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: King Henry VIII has a jousting accident, 1524</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn-poems.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn-poems.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1d78ad2eb25b5e7b05f119</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1d78.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">abpoems.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/abpoems.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: Sir Thomas Wyatt's poetry inspired by Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;377&quot; height=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas Wyatt wrote these two famous poems inspired
+by Henry VIII's tragic second queen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne1.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; height=194 width=150 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Wyatt was born in 1503 at Allington Castle, Kent.&amp;nbsp; He was the
+son of Henry Wyatt and Anne Skinner, and was educated at St John's College,
+part of Cambridge University.&amp;nbsp; He entered the diplomatic service of
+Henry VIII around 1526, just as the king's rumored passion for Anne Boleyn
+began to attract notice.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt himself was infatuated with Anne Boleyn,
+but found his desires thwarted by the king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It has often been rumored that Anne was Wyatt's mistress before Henry
+VIII fell in love with her, but there is little evidence to support an
+actual physical relationship.&amp;nbsp; Both she and Wyatt were witty and flirtatious.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They enjoyed each other's company, and there is no doubt Wyatt wished for
+more personal favors - but he was rebuffed, and for the simple reason that
+Anne had more glittering prospects (namely, the king of England himself.)&amp;nbsp;
+Hence the bitter tone of the Petrarchan sonnet opposite.&amp;nbsp; It is an intriguing
+portrait of Anne and specifically mentions her attachment to the king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Incidentally, Wyatt was sent on a diplomatic mission to Italy in 1527.&amp;nbsp;
+It was perhaps an attempt by Henry VIII to rid the court of a potential
+rival.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt's association with Anne haunted him again in 1536 when
+he was imprisoned for having carnal knowledge of the queen.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+was executed but Wyatt was freed.&amp;nbsp; He served as English
+ambassador to Spain for two years (1537-39) but suffered imprisonment again
+in 1541 when Thomas Cromwell fell from power and the Norfolk faction briefly
+gained ascendancy over the king.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Wyatt did not remain
+imprisoned long, but he died on 11 October 1542 of unknown causes.&amp;nbsp;
+He had long since deserted his wife, Elizabeth Brooke, and was living with
+his mistress, Elizabeth Darrell, and their only child Francis.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;As for his poetry, Wyatt's work was circulated in manuscript during
+his lifetime and often highly praised. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;The first poem was perhaps based upon Petrarch's sonnet #190.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;The Latin phrase 'Noli me tangere' is taken from the
+Vulgate; it is translated as 'Touch me not'.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;The poem is believed to be a direct comment upon Henry VIII's infatuation
+for Anne, her character, and her newfound importance at the English
+court.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;In the second poem, 'The thing ye seek for' is, of course, sex.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      work, though undated, was probably written after
+Anne and Henry were wed in 1533.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Wyatt had been rebuffed
+by Anne once again; the poem is certainly churlish enough.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;'Whoso List to Hunt, I Know Where Is An Hind'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Whoso list to hunt, I know where is an hind,
+&lt;br&gt;But as for me, hÃ©las, I may no more.
+&lt;br&gt;The vain travail hath wearied me so sore,
+&lt;br&gt;I am of them that farthest cometh behind.
+&lt;br&gt;Yet may I by no means my wearied mind
+&lt;br&gt;Draw from the deer, but as she fleeth afore
+&lt;br&gt;Fainting I follow. I leave off therefore,
+&lt;br&gt;Sithens in a net I seek to hold the wind.
+&lt;br&gt;Who list her hunt, I put him out of doubt,
+&lt;br&gt;As well as I may spend his time in vain.
+&lt;br&gt;And graven with diamonds in letters plain
+&lt;br&gt;There is written, her fair neck round about:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Noli me tangere&lt;/i&gt;, for Caesar's I am,
+&lt;br&gt;And wild for to hold, though I seem tame.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;'Ye Olde Mule'&lt;/b&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;Ye old mule that think yourself so fair,
+&lt;br&gt;Leave off with craft your beauty to repair,
+&lt;br&gt;For it is true, without any fable,
+&lt;br&gt;No man setteth more by riding in your saddle.
+&lt;br&gt;Too much travail so do your train appair.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ye old mule
+&lt;br&gt;With false savour though you deceive th'air,
+&lt;br&gt;Whoso taste you shall well perceive your lair
+&lt;br&gt;Savoureth somewhat of a Kappurs stable.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ye old mule
+&lt;br&gt;Ye must now serve to market and to fair,
+&lt;br&gt;All for the burden, for panniers a pair.
+&lt;br&gt;For since gray hairs been powdered in your sable,
+&lt;br&gt;The thing ye seek for, you must yourself enable
+&lt;br&gt;To purchase it by payment and by prayer,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ye old mule.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082596&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082596&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH1f6c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH1f6c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH1f6c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41737</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Introduction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Introduction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by JA Froude: Introduction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeintroduction.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/froudeintroduction.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1f6cb2e7565aaa0142a6c0</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1f6c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-new1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;The Divorce of&lt;br&gt;Catherine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;by 
+    JA Froude, 1891&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-new1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;321&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE mythic element cannot be eliminated out of history. Men 
+    who play leading parts on the world's stage gather about them the admiration 
+    of friends and the animosity of disappointed rivals or political enemies. 
+    The atmosphere becomes charged with legends of what they have said or done 
+    -- some inventions, some distortions of facts, but rarely or never accurate. 
+    Their outward acts, being public, cannot be absolutely misstated; their 
+    motives, being known only to themselves, are an open field for imagination; 
+    and as the disposition is to believe evil rather than good, the portraits 
+    drawn may vary indefinitely, according to the sympathies of the describer, 
+    but are seldom too favourable. The more distinguished a man is the more he 
+    is talked about. Stories are current about him in his own lifetime, 
+    guaranteed apparently by the highest authorities; related, insisted upon; 
+    time, place, and circumstance accurately given -- most of them mere 
+    malicious lies; yet, if written down, to reappear in memoirs a hundred years 
+    hence, they are likely to pass for authentic, or at least probable. Even 
+    where there is no malice, imagination will still be active. People believe 
+    or disbelieve, repeat or suppress, according to their own inclinations; and 
+    death, which ends the feuds of unimportant persons, lets loose the tongues 
+    over the characters of the great. Kings are especially sufferers; when alive 
+    they hear only flattery; when they are gone men revenge, themselves by 
+    drawing hideous portraits of them, and the more distinguished they may have 
+    been the more minutely their weaknesses are dwelt upon. &lt;i&gt;&amp;quot;C'est un plaisir 
+    indicible,&amp;quot;&lt;/i&gt; says Voltaire, &lt;i&gt;&amp;quot;de donner des dÃ©crets contre des 
+    souverains morts quand on ne peut en lancer contre eux de leur vivant de 
+    peur de perdre ses oreilles.&amp;quot;&lt;/i&gt; The dead sovereigns go their way. Their 
+    real work for good or evil lives after them; but they themselves are where 
+    the opinions expressed about their character affect them no more. To CÃŠsar 
+    or Napoleon it matters nothing what judgment the world passes upon their 
+    conduct. It is of more importance for the ethical value of history that acts 
+    which as they are related appear wicked should be duly condemned, that acts 
+    which are represented as having advanced the welfare of mankind should be 
+    duly honoured, than that the real character of individuals should be 
+    correctly appreciated. To appreciate any single man with complete accuracy 
+    is impossible. To appreciate him even proximately is extremely difficult. 
+    Rulers of kingdoms may have public reasons for what they do, which at the 
+    time may be understood or allowed for. Times change, and new interests rise. 
+    The circumstances no longer exist which would explain their conduct. The 
+    student looks therefore for an explanation in elements which he thinks he 
+    understands -- in pride, ambition, fear, avarice, jealousy, or sensuality; 
+    and, settling the question thus to his own satisfaction, resents or 
+    ridicules attempts to look for other motives.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;So long as his moral judgment is generally correct, he 
+    inflicts no injury, and he suffers none. Cruelty and lust are proper objects 
+    of abhorrence; he learns to detest them in studying the Tiberius of Tacitus, 
+    though the character described by the great Roman historian may have been a 
+    mere creation of the hatred of the old Roman aristocracy. The manifesto of 
+    the Prince of Orange was a libel against Philip the Second; but the Philip 
+    of Protestant tradition is an embodiment of the persecuting spirit of 
+    Catholic Europe which it would be now useless to disturb. The tendency of 
+    history is to fall into wholesome moral lines whether they be accurate or 
+    not, and to interfere with harmless illusions may cause greater errors than 
+    it aspires to cure. Crowned offenders are arraigned at the tribunal of 
+    history for the crimes which they are alleged to have committed. It may be 
+    sometimes shown that the crimes were not crimes at all, that the sufferers 
+    had deserved their fate, that the severities were useful and essential for 
+    some great and valuable purpose. But the reader sees in the apology for acts 
+    which he had regarded as tyrannical a defence of tyranny itself. Preoccupied 
+    with the received interpretation, he finds deeds excused which he had learnt 
+    to execrate; and in learning something which, even if true, is of no real 
+    moment to him, he suffers in the maiming of his perceptions of the 
+    difference between right and wrong. The whitewashing of the villains of 
+    tradition is, therefore, justly regarded as waste of labour. If successful, 
+    it is of imperfect value; if unsuccessful, it is a misuse of industry which 
+    deserves to be censured. Time is too precious to be squandered over 
+    paradoxes. The dead are gone; the censure of mankind has written their 
+    epitaphs, and so they may be left. Their true award will be decided 
+    elsewhere. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This is the commonsense verdict. When the work of a man is 
+    done and ended; when, except indirectly and invisibly, he affects the living 
+    world no more, the book is closed, the sentence is passed, and there he may 
+    be allowed to rest. The case is altered, however, when the dead still live 
+    in their actions, when their principles and the effects of their conduct are 
+    still vigorous and operative, and the movements which they initiated 
+    continue to be fought over. It sometimes happens that mighty revolutions can 
+    be traced to the will and resolution of a single man, and that the conflict 
+    continues when he is gone. The personal character of such a man becomes then 
+    of intrinsic importance as an argument for attack or defence. The changes 
+    introduced by Henry VIII. are still denounced or defended with renewed 
+    violence; the ashes of a conflict which seemed to have been decided are 
+    again blown into a flame; and what manner of man Henry was, and what the 
+    statesmen and churchmen were who stood by him and assisted him in reshaping 
+    the English constitution, becomes a practical question of our own time. By 
+    their fruits ye shall know them. A good tree cannot bear evil fruit, neither 
+    can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Roman Catholics argue from the 
+    act to the man, and from the man back to the act. The Reformation, they say, 
+    was a rebellion against an authority appointed by God for the rule of the 
+    world; it was a wicked act in itself; the author or the authors of it were 
+    presumably, therefore, themselves wicked; and the worst interpretation of 
+    their conduct is antecedently probable, because a revolt against the Church 
+    of Christ could only have originated in depraved hearts. Or again, inverting 
+    the argument, they say with sufficient plausibility that the sins and crimes 
+    of the King are acknowledged facts of history; that from so bad a man no 
+    good thing could ever rise; that Henry was a visible servant of the devil, 
+    and therefore the Reformation, of which he was the instrument, was the 
+    devil's work. If the picture drawn of him by his Catholic contemporaries is 
+    correct, the inference is irresistible. That picture, however, was drawn by 
+    those whose faith he wounded and whose interests he touched, and therefore 
+    might be regarded with suspicion. Religious animosity is fertile in calumny, 
+    because it assumes beforehand that every charge is likely to be true in 
+    proportion to its enormity, and Catholic writers were credulous of evil when 
+    laid to the charge of so dangerous an adversary. But the Catholics have not 
+    been Henry's only accusers; all sorts and sects have combined in the general 
+    condemnation. The Anglican High Churchman is as bitter against him as 
+    Reginald Pole himself. He admits and maintains the separation from Rome 
+    which Henry accomplished for him; but he abhors as heartily as Pole or 
+    Lingard the internal principles of the Reformation. He resents the control 
+    of the clergy by the civil power. He demands the restoration of the 
+    spiritual privileges which Henry and his parliaments took away from them. He 
+    aspires to the recovery of ecclesiastical independence. He therefore with 
+    equal triumph points to the blots in Henry's character, and deepens their 
+    shade with every accusation, proved or unproved, which he can find in 
+    contemporary records. With him, too, that a charge was alleged at the time 
+    is evidence sufficient to entitle him to accept it as a fact. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Again, Protestant writers have been no less unsparing, from 
+    an imprudent eagerness to detach their cause from a disreputable ally. In 
+    Elizabeth's time it was a point of honour and loyalty to believe in the 
+    innocence of her mother. If Anne Boleyn was condemned on forged or false 
+    evidence to make way for Jane Seymour, what appears so clearly to us must 
+    have been far clearer to Henry and his Council; of all abominable crimes 
+    committed by tyrannical princes there was never one more base or cowardly 
+    than Anne's execution; and in insisting on Anne's guiltlessness they have 
+    condemned the King, his ministers, and his parliaments. Having discovered 
+    him to have murdered his wife, they have found him also to have been a 
+    persecutor of the truth. The Reformation in England was at its outset 
+    political rather than doctrinal. The avarice and tyranny of the Church 
+    officials had galled the limbs of the laity. Their first steps were to break 
+    the chains which fretted them, and to put a final end to the temporal power 
+    of the clergy. Spiritual liberty came later, and came slowly from the 
+    constitution of the English mind. Superstition had been familiarised by 
+    custom, protected by natural reverence, and shielded from inquiry by the 
+    peculiar horror attaching to unbelief. The nation had been taught from 
+    immemorial time that to doubt on the mysteries of faith was the worst crime 
+    which man could commit; and while they were willing to discover that on 
+    their human side the clergy were but brother mortals of questionable 
+    character, they drew a distinction between the Church as a national 
+    institution and the doctrines which it taught. An old creed could not yield 
+    at once. The King did much; he protected individual Lutherans to the edge of 
+    rashness. He gave the nation the English Bible. He made Latimer a bishop. He 
+    took away completely and for ever the power of the prelates to punish what 
+    they called heresy &lt;i&gt;ex officio&lt;/i&gt; and on their own authority; but the 
+    zeal of the ultra-Protestants broke loose when the restraint was taken off; 
+    the sense of the country was offended by the irreverence with which objects 
+    and opinions were treated which they regarded as holy, and Parliament, which 
+    had put a bit in the mouth of the ecclesiastical courts, was driven to a 
+    substitute in the Bill of the Six Articles. The advanced section in popular 
+    movements is usually unwise. The characteristic excellence of the English 
+    Reformation is, that throughout its course it was restrained by the law, and 
+    the Six Articles Bill, tempered as it was in the execution, was a 
+    permissible, and perhaps useful, measure in restraint of intemperance. It 
+    was the same in Germany. Anabaptists continued to be burnt in Saxony and 
+    Hesse long after Luther's revolt; Calvin thought the stake a fitting penalty 
+    for doubts upon the Trinity. John Knox, in Scotland, approved of 
+    witch-burning and sending mass-priests to the gallows. Henry could not 
+    disregard the pronounced feeling of the majority of the English people. He 
+    was himself but one of them, and changed slowly as they changed. Yet 
+    Protestant tradition has assumed that the bloody whip with six strings was 
+    an act of arbitrary ferocity. It considers that the King could, and ought 
+    to, have advanced at once into an understanding of the principle of 
+    toleration -- toleration of the new opinions, and a more severe repression 
+    of the old. The Puritans and Evangelicals forgot that he had given them the 
+    English Testament. They forgot that by setting his foot upon the bishops he 
+    had opened the pulpits to themselves, and they classed him among the 
+    persecutors, or else joined in the shallow laughs of the ultramontane 
+    Catholics at what they pleased to call his inconsistency. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus from all sides a catena of invective has been wrapped 
+    about Henry's character. The sensible part of the country held its tongue. 
+    The speakers and writers were the passionate and fanatical of both 
+    persuasions, and by them the materials were supplied for the Henry VIII. who 
+    has been brought down to us by history, while the candid and philosophic 
+    thinkers of the last and present centuries have accepted the traditional 
+    figure. In their desire to be impartial they have held the balance equal 
+    between Catholics and Protestants, inclining slightly to the Catholic side, 
+    from a wish to conciliate a respectable body who had been unjustly maligned 
+    and oppressed; while they have lavished invectives upon the early Reformers 
+    violent enough to have satisfied even Pole himself, whose rhetoric has 
+    formed the base of their declamation. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Liberal philosophy would have had a bad time of it in 
+    England, perhaps in all Europe, if there had been no Henry VIII. to take the 
+    Pope by the throat. But one service writers like Macaulay have undoubtedly 
+    accomplished. They have shown that it is entirely impossible to separate the 
+    King from his ministers -- to condemn Henry and to spare Cranmer. Protestant 
+    writers, from Burnet to Southey, have tried to save the reforming bishops 
+    and statesmen at Henry's expense. Cranmer, and Latimer, and Ridley have been 
+    described as saints, though their master was a villain. But the cold 
+    impartiality of Macaulay has pointed out unanswerably that in all Henry's 
+    most questionable acts his own ministers and his prelates were active 
+    participants -- that his Privy Council, his parliaments, his judges on the 
+    bench, the juries empanelled to try the victims of his tyranny, were equally 
+    his accomplices; some actively assisting; the rest, if these acts were 
+    really criminal, permitting themselves to be bribed or terrified into 
+    acquiescence. The leading men of all descriptions, the nation itself, 
+    through the guilt of its representatives, were all stained in the same 
+    detestable colours. It may be said, indeed, that they were worse than the 
+    King himself. For the King at least may be pleaded the coarse temptations of 
+    a brutal nature; but what palliation can be urged for the peers and judges 
+    who sacrificed Anne Boleyn, or More, or Fisher, according to the received 
+    hypothesis? Not even the excuse of personal fear of an all-powerful despot. 
+    For Henry had no Janissaries or PrÃŠtorians to defend his person or execute 
+    his orders. He had but his hundred yeomen of the guard, not more numerous 
+    than the ordinary followers of a second-rate noble. The Catholic leaders, 
+    who were infuriated at his attacks upon the Church, and would if they could 
+    have introduced foreign armies to dethrone him, insisted on his weakness as 
+    an encouragement to an easy enterprise. Beyond those few yeomen they urged 
+    that he had no protection save in the attachment of the subjects whom he was 
+    alienating. What strange influence was such a king able to exercise that he 
+    could overawe the lords and gentry of England, the learned professions, the 
+    municipal authorities? How was it that he was able to compel them to be the 
+    voluntary instruments of his cruelty? Strangest of all, he seems to have 
+    needed no protection, but rather to have been personally popular, even among 
+    those who disapproved his public policy. The air was charged with threats of 
+    insurrection, but no conspiracy was ever formed to kill him, like those 
+    which so often menaced the life of his daughter. When the North was in arms 
+    in the Pilgrimage of Grace, and a question rose among the leaders whether in 
+    the event of victory the King was to be deposed, it was found that anyone 
+    who proposed to remove him would be torn in pieces by the people.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Granting that Henry VIII. was, as Dickens said of him, &amp;quot;a 
+    spot of blood and grease&amp;quot; on the page of English history, the contemporary 
+    generation of Englishmen must have been fit subjects of such a sovereign. 
+    Every country, says Carlyle, gets as good a government as it deserves. The 
+    England of the Cromwells and the Cranmers, the Howards and the Fitzwilliams, 
+    the Wriothesleys and the Pagets, seems to have been made of baser materials 
+    than any land of which mankind has preserved a record. Roman Catholics may 
+    fairly plead that out of such a race no spiritual reform is likely to have 
+    arisen which could benefit any human soul. Of all the arguments which can be 
+    alleged for the return of England to the ancient fold, this is surely the 
+    most powerful. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Yet England shows no intention of returning. History may say 
+    what it pleases, yet England remains tenacious of the liberties which were 
+    then won for us, and unconscious of the disgrace attaching to them; 
+    unconscious, also, that the version of the story which it accepts contains 
+    anything which requires explanation. The legislation of Henry VIII., his 
+    Privy Council, and his parliaments is the Magna Charta of the modern world. 
+    The Act of Appeals and the Act of Supremacy asserted the national 
+    independence, and repudiated the interference of foreign bishop, prince, or 
+    potentate within the limits of the English empire. The clergy had held for 
+    many centuries an &lt;i&gt;imperium in imperio.&lt;/i&gt; Subject themselves to no law 
+    but their own, they had asserted an irresponsible jurisdiction over the 
+    souls and bodies of the people. The Act for the submission of these persons 
+    reduced them to the common condition of subjects under the control of the 
+    law. Popes were no longer allowed to dispense with ordinary obligations. 
+    Clerical privileges were abolished. The spiritual courts, with their 
+    intolerable varieties of iniquity, were swept away, or coerced within 
+    rational limits. The religious houses were suppressed, their enormous wealth 
+    was applied for the defence of the realm, and the worse than Augean dunghill 
+    of abuses was cleared out with resolute hand. These great results were 
+    accomplished in the face of papal curses, in defiance of superstitious 
+    terrors, so despicable when bravely confronted, so terrible while the 
+    spectre of supernatural power was still unexorcised; in the face, too, of 
+    earthly perils which might make stout hearts shake, of an infuriated 
+    priesthood stirring the people into rebellion, of an exasperated Catholic 
+    Europe threatening fire and sword in the name of the Pope. These were 
+    distinguished achievements, not likely to have been done at all by an 
+    infamous prince and infamous ministers; yet done so well that their work is 
+    incorporated in the constitution almost in the form in which they left it; 
+    and this mighty revolution, the greatest and most far-reaching in modern 
+    times, was accomplished without a civil war, by firmness of hand, by the 
+    action of Parliament, and a resolute enforcement of the law. Nor has the 
+    effect of Henry's legislation been confined to England. Every great country, 
+    Catholic or Protestant, has practically adopted its chief provisions. Popes 
+    no longer pretend a power of deposing princes, absolving subjects from their 
+    allegiance, or selling dispensations for offences against the law of the 
+    land. Appeals are no longer carried from the national courts to the court of 
+    the Rota. The papal treasury is no longer supplied by the plunder of the 
+    national clergy, collected by resident papal officials. Bishops and 
+    convocations have ceased to legislate above and independent of the secular 
+    authority, and clerks who commit crimes bear the same penalties as the 
+    profane. The high quality of the Reformation statutes is guaranteed by their 
+    endurance; and it is hard to suppose that the politicians who conceived and 
+    carried them out were men of base conditions. The question is not of the 
+    character of the King. If nothing was at issue but the merits or demerits of 
+    a single sovereign, he might be left where he lies. The question is of the 
+    characters of the reforming leaders, who, jointly with the King, were the 
+    authors of this tremendous and beneficent revolution. Henry in all that he 
+    did acted with these men and through them. Is it possible to believe that 
+    qualities so opposite as the popular theory requires existed in the same 
+    persons? Is it possible, for instance, that Cranmer, who composed or 
+    translated the prayers in the English Liturgy, was the miserable wretch 
+    which Macaulay or Lingard describes? The era of Elizabeth was the outspring 
+    of the movement which Henry VIII. commenced, and it was the grandest period 
+    in English history. Is it credible that so invigorating a stream flowed from 
+    a polluted fountain? &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Before accepting a conclusion so disgraceful -- before 
+    consigning the men who achieved so great a victory, and risked and lost 
+    their lives in the battle, to final execration -- it is at least permissible 
+    to pause. The difficulty can only be made light of by impatience, by 
+    prejudice, or by want of thought. To me at any rate, who wished to discover 
+    what the real history of the Reformation had been, it seemed so 
+    considerable, that, dismissing the polemical invectives of later writers, I 
+    turned to the accounts of their conduct, which had been left behind by the 
+    authors of it themselves. Among the fortunate anomalies of the situation, 
+    Henry departed from previous custom in holding annual parliaments. At every 
+    step which he took, either in the rearrangement of the realm or in his own 
+    domestic confusions, he took the Lords and Commons into his council, and 
+    ventured nothing without their consent. The preambles of the principal 
+    statutes contain a narrative clear and precise of the motives of everything 
+    that he did -- a narrative which at least may have been a true one, which 
+    was not put forward as a defence, but was a mere explanation of acts which 
+    on the surface seemed violent and arbitrary. If the explanation is correct, 
+    it shows us a time of complications and difficulties, which, on the whole, 
+    were successfully encountered. It shows us severe measures severely 
+    executed, but directed to public and necessary purpose, involving no 
+    sycophancy or baseness, no mean subservience to capricious tyranny, but such 
+    as were the natural safeguards during a dangerous convulsion, or remedies of 
+    accidents incidental to hereditary monarchy. The story told is clear and 
+    distinct; pitiless, but not dishonourable. Between the lines can be read the 
+    storm of popular passions, the beating of the national heart when it was 
+    stirred to its inmost depths. We see established institutions rooted out, 
+    idols overthrown, and injured worshippers exasperated to fury; the air, as 
+    was inevitable at such a crisis, full of flying rumours, some lies, some 
+    half lies with fragments of truth attaching to them, bred of malice or dizzy 
+    brains, the materials out of which the popular tradition has been built. It 
+    was no insular revolution. The stake played for was the liberty of mankind. 
+    All Europe was watching England, for England was the hinge on which the fate 
+    of the Reformation turned. Could it be crushed in England, the Catholics 
+    were assured of universal victory, and therefore tongues and pens were busy 
+    everywhere throughout Christendom, Catholic imagination representing Henry 
+    as an incarnate Satan, for which, it must be admitted, his domestic 
+    misadventures gave them tempting opportunities. So thick fell the showers of 
+    calumny, that, bold as he was, he at times himself winced under it. He 
+    complained to Charles V. of the libels circulated about him in France and 
+    Flanders. Charles, too, had suffered in the same way. He answered, 
+    humorously, that &amp;quot;if kings gave occasion to be spoken about they would be 
+    spoken about; kings were not kings of tongues.&amp;quot; Henry VIII. was an easy mark 
+    for slander; but if all slanders are to pass as true which are flung at 
+    public men whose policy provides them with an army of calumniators, the 
+    reputation of the best of them is but a spotted rag. The clergy were the 
+    vocal part of Europe. They had the pulpits; they had the writing of the 
+    books and pamphlets. They had cause to hate Henry, and they hated him with 
+    an intensity of passion which could not have been more savage had he been 
+    the devil himself. But there are men whose enmity is a compliment. They 
+    libelled Luther almost as freely as they libelled the English king. I 
+    myself, after reading and weighing all that I could find forty years ago in 
+    prints or manuscripts, concluded that the real facts of Henry's conduct were 
+    to be found in the Statute Book and nowhere else; that the preambles of the 
+    Acts of Parliament did actually represent the sincere opinion about him of 
+    the educated laymen of England, who had better opportunities of knowing the 
+    truth than we can have, and that a modern Englishman may be allowed to 
+    follow their authority without the imputation of paradox or folly. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;With this impression, and with the Statute Book for a guide, 
+    I wrote the opening portion of my &amp;quot;History of England, from the Fall of 
+    Wolsey to the Defeat of the Armada.&amp;quot; The Published criticisms upon my work 
+    were generally unfavourable. Catholic writers inherited the traditions and 
+    the temper of their forefathers, and believed the eatena of their own 
+    historians. Protestants could not believe in a defence of the author of the 
+    Six Articles Bill. Secular reviewers were easily witty at the &amp;quot;model 
+    husband&amp;quot; whom they supposed me to be imposing upon them, and resented the 
+    interference with a version of the story authenticated by great names among 
+    my predecessors. The public, however, took an interest in what I had to say. 
+    The book was read, and continues to be read; at the close of my life, 
+    therefore, I have to go once more over the ground; and as I am still 
+    substantially alone in maintaining an opinion considered heretical by 
+    orthodox historians, I have to decide in what condition I am to leave my 
+    work behind me. In the thirty-five years which have elapsed since those 
+    early volumes appeared large additions have been made to the materials for 
+    the history of the period. The vast collection of manuscripts in the English 
+    Record Office, which then were only partially accessible, have been sorted, 
+    catalogued, and calendared by the industry of my friends Mr. Brewer and Mr. 
+    Gairdner. Private collections in great English houses have been examined and 
+    reported on by the Historical Manuscripts Commission. Foreign archives at 
+    Paris, Simancas, Rome, Venice, Vienna, and Brussels have been searched to 
+    some extent by myself, but in a far larger degree by able scholars specially 
+    appointed for the purpose. In the despatches, thus made accessible, of the 
+    foreign ambassadors resident at Henry's court we have the invaluable, if not 
+    impartial, comments of trained and responsible politicians who related from 
+    day to day the events which were passing under their eyes. Being Catholics, 
+    and representatives of Catholic powers, they were bitterly hostile to the 
+    Reformation -- hostile alike on political grounds and religious -- and 
+    therefore inclined to believe and report the worst that could be said both 
+    of it and of its authors. But they wrote before the traditions had become 
+    stereotyped; their accounts are fresh and original; and, being men of the 
+    world, and writing in confidence to their own masters, they were as 
+    veracious as their prejudices would allow them to be. Unconsciously, too, 
+    they render another service of infinite importance. Being in close 
+    communication with the disaffected English peers and clergy, and engaged 
+    with them secretly in promoting rebellion, the ministers of Charles V. 
+    reveal with extraordinary clearness the dangers with which the Government 
+    had to deal. They make it perfectly plain that the Act of Supremacy, with 
+    its stern and peremptory demands, was no more than a legitimate and 
+    necessary defence against organised treason. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was thus inevitable that much would have to be added to 
+    what I had already published. When a microscope is applied to the petal of a 
+    flower or the wing of an insect, simple outlines and simple surfaces are 
+    resolved into complex organisms with curious and beautiful details. The 
+    effect of these despatches is precisely the same -- we see with the eyes, we 
+    hear with the ears, of men who were living parts of the scenes which they 
+    describe. Stories afterwards elaborated into established facts we trace to 
+    their origin in rumours of the hour; we read innumerable anecdotes, some 
+    with the clear stamp of truth on them, many mere creations of passing wit or 
+    malice, no more authentic than the thousands like them which circulate in 
+    modern society, guaranteed by the positive assertions of personal witnesses, 
+    yet visibly recognisable as lies. Through all this the reader must pick his 
+    way and use his own judgment. He knows that many things are false which are 
+    reported about his own eminent contemporaries. He may be equally certain 
+    that lies were told as freely then as now. He will probably allow his 
+    sympathies to guide him. He will accept as fact what fits in with his creed 
+    or his theory. He will share the general disposition to believe evil, 
+    especially about kings and great men. The exaggerated homage paid to 
+    princes, when they are alive, has to be compensated by suspecting the worst 
+    of them as soon as they are gone. But the perusal of all these documents 
+    leaves the broad aspect of the story, in my opinion, precisely where it was. 
+    It is made more interesting by the greater fulness of particulars; it is 
+    made more vivid by the clear view which they afford of individual persons 
+    who before were no more than names. But I think now, as I thought forty 
+    years ago, that through the confusions and contradictions of a stormy and 
+    angry time, the statutebook remains the safest guide to follow. If there be 
+    any difference, it is that actions which till explained appeared 
+    gratuitously cruel, like the execution of Bishop Fisher, are seen beyond 
+    dispute to have been reasonable and just. Bishop Fisher is proved by the 
+    words of the Spanish Ambassador himself to have invited and pressed the 
+    introduction of a foreign Catholic army into England in the Pope's interest.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus I find nothing to withdraw in what I then wrote, and 
+    little to alter save in correcting some small errors of trivial moment; but, 
+    on the other hand, I find much to add; and the question rises in what way I 
+    had better do it, with fair consideration for those who have bought the book 
+    as it stands. To take the work to pieces and introduce the new material into 
+    the text or the notes will impose a necessity of buying a new copy, or of 
+    being left with an inferior one, on the many friends who least deserve to be 
+    so treated. I have concluded, therefore, on writing an additional volume, 
+    where such parts of the story as have had important light thrown upon them 
+    can be told over again in ampler form. The body of the history I leave as it 
+    stands. It contains what I believe to be a true account of the time, of the 
+    immediate causes which brought about the changes of the sixteenth century, 
+    and of the characters and principles of the actors in them. I have only to 
+    fill up certain deficiencies and throw light into places hitherto left dark. 
+    For the rest, I do not pretend to impartiality. I believe the Reformation to 
+    have been the greatest incident in English history; the root and source of 
+    the expansive force which has spread the Anglo-Saxon race over the globe, 
+    and imprinted the English genius and character on the constitution of 
+    mankind. I am unwilling to believe more evil than I can help of my 
+    countrymen who accomplished so beneficent a work, and in a book written with 
+    such convictions the mythical element cannot be wholly wanting. Even things 
+    which immediately surround us, things which we see and touch, we do not 
+    perceive as they are; we perceive only our own sensations, and our 
+    sensations are a combined result of certain objects and of the faculties 
+    which apprehend them. Something of ourselves must always be intermixed 
+    before knowledge can reach us; in every conclusion which we form, in every 
+    conviction which is forced upon us, there is still a subjective element. It 
+    is so in physical science. It is so in art. It is so in our speculations on 
+    our own nature. It is so in religion. It is so even in pure mathematics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The curved and rectilineal figures on which we reason are 
+    our own creation, and have no existence exterior to the reasoning mind. Most 
+    of all is it so in history, where we have no direct perceptions to help us, 
+    but are dependent on the narratives of others whose beliefs were necessarily 
+    influenced by their personal dispositions. The first duty of an historian is 
+    to be on his guard against his own sympathies; but he cannot wholly escape 
+    their influence. In judging of the truth of particular statements, the 
+    conclusion which he will form must be based partly upon evidence and partly 
+    upon what he conceives to be likely or unlikely. In a court of justice, 
+    where witnesses can be cross-examined, uncertain elements can in some degree 
+    be eliminated; yet, after all care is taken, judges and juries have been 
+    often blinded by passion and prejudice. When we have nothing before us but 
+    rumours set in circulation, we know not by whom or on what authority, and we 
+    are driven to consider probabilities, the Protestant, who believes the 
+    Reformation to have been a victory of truth over falsehood, cannot come to 
+    the same conclusion as the Catholic, who believes it to have been a curse, 
+    or perhaps to the same conclusion as the indifferent philosopher, who 
+    regards Protestant and Catholic alike with benevolent contempt. For myself, 
+    I can but say that I have discriminated with such faculty as I possess. I 
+    have kept back nothing. I have consciously distorted nothing which conflicts 
+    with my own views. I have accepted what seems sufficiently proved. I have 
+    rejected what I can find no support for save in hearsay or prejudice. But 
+    whether accepting or rejecting, I have endeavoured to follow the rule that 
+    incidents must not be lightly accepted as authentic which are inconsistent 
+    with the universal laws of human nature, and that to disprove a calumny it 
+    is sufficient to show that there is no valid witness for it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Finally, I do not allow myself to be tempted into 
+    controversy with particular writers whose views disagree with my own. To 
+    contradict in detail every hostile version of Henry VIII.'s or his 
+    ministers' conduct would be as tedious as it would be irritating and 
+    unprofitable. My censors have been so many that a reply to them all is 
+    impossible, and so distinguished that a selection would be invidious. Those 
+    who wish for invectives against the King, or Cranmer, or Cromwell, can find 
+    them everywhere, from school manuals to the grave works of elaborate 
+    historians. For me, it is enough to tell the story as it presents itself to 
+    my own mind, and to leave what appears to me to be the truth to speak for 
+    itself. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The English nation throughout their long history have borne 
+    an honourable reputation. Luther quotes a saying of Maximilian that there 
+    were three real sovereigns in Europe -- the Emperor, the King of France, and 
+    the King of England. The Emperor was a king of kings. If he gave an order to 
+    the princes of the Reich, they obeyed or disobeyed as they pleased. The King 
+    of France was a king of asses. He ordered about his people at his will, and 
+    they obeyed like asses. The King of England was king of a loyal nation who 
+    obeyed him with heart and mind as loyal and faithful subjects. This was the 
+    character borne in the world by the fathers of the generation whom popular 
+    historians represent as having dishonoured themselves by subserviency to a 
+    bloodthirsty tyrant. It is at least possible that popular historians have 
+    been mistaken, and that the subjects of Henry VIII. were neither much better 
+    nor much worse than those who preceded or came after them. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: 
+    The Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/i&gt; by J.A. Froude.&amp;nbsp; Published in New York by C. Scribner's Sons, 
+    1891.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudeone.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Chapter One&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Secondary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to 
+Katharine of Aragon website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082630&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082630&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH2023.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH2023.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH2023.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2816 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">99158</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs - Henry VII, one</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry7.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH20231d2f433d4af691239b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215302</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2023.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;blink&gt;&lt;font size=5&gt;NOTE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blink&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;I am redesigning the Henry VII pages as of &lt;b&gt;March 2004&lt;/b&gt;.
+
+&lt;br&gt;Until the new design is posted, you can read the old (and lengthy) biography here.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;You can also view portraits of Henry VII at the
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; site.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Sorry for any inconvenience. &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;King Henry VII &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;If Henry VII's reign was to usher in '&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;smooth-faced
+
+peace,&lt;/font&gt; w&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;ith smiling plenty, and fair prosperous
+
+days', few could have predicted it in 1485.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;The Battle of
+
+Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485 was the last armed confrontation between
+
+Lancastrians and Yorkists, those two factions that had fought for decades
+
+in The Wars of the Roses.&amp;nbsp; The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership
+
+of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; After winning the throne
+
+of England, he wed Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of the dead Yorkist
+
+king Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; Thus, the two warring houses were joined in marriage.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The union was both symbolic and necessary.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Despite his victory at Bosworth, the exiled nobleman who took the name
+
+Henry VII needed the support of those sympathetic to the defeated Yorkist
+
+cause.&amp;nbsp; He also needed the legitimacy of his wife's claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He had spent years in exile and campaigned tirelessly to win support for
+
+his claim to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; It had not been an easy task.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In fact, it was only when Richard duke of York usurped the throne from
+
+his young nephew Edward (son and heir of Edward IV) that Henry Tudor became
+
+a viable candidate for king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor's claim to the throne was never based
+
+on ancestry alone.&amp;nbsp; He knew, none better, that such a claim would
+
+be flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; His royal blood came from women - his mother,
+
+Margaret Beaufort, was the granddaughter of John Beaufort (died 1410),
+
+the eldest of the bastard sons of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Gaunt's eldest legitimate son was the first Lancastrian king of England.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Beauforts were so named because Margaret's grandfather had been born
+
+in Beaufort Castle in Champagne; his mother was Gaunt's mistress and later
+
+became his third wife.&amp;nbsp; After the marriage, their children were declared
+
+legitimate by an act of Parliament in 1397 (during Richard II's reign).&amp;nbsp;
+
+When their fellow kinsman Henry IV Bolingbroke came to the throne, he confirmed
+
+this act of legitimacy but added a stipulation that the Beauforts should
+
+never succeed to the English throne (1407).&amp;nbsp; Certainly no act of government
+
+could alter the fact that the Beauforts had been born illegitimate; and
+
+Henry IV's declaration regarding the succession is equally ambivalent -
+
+after all, what practical effect could it guarantee?&amp;nbsp; The end result
+
+was that the Beauforts occupied an odd position in the English nobility
+
+and, taken together as a group, posed a unique threat to the security of
+
+the throne.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret Beaufort's father John succeeded to the
+
+earldom of Somerset in 1418 and, after a life of military embarrassment
+
+(including seventeen years in a French prison), he married Margaret Beauchamp,
+
+daughter of Sir John Beauchamp of Blestoe.&amp;nbsp; A year after their marriage,
+
+John was created duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Margaret, his only child, was
+
+born on 31 May 1443; she never knew her father.&amp;nbsp; John had led yet
+
+another disastrous military expedition to France and ended up dying in
+
+Dorset a few days before her first birthday.&amp;nbsp; It was rumored that
+
+he committed suicide.&amp;nbsp; Her mother, meanwhile, married again - this
+
+time to Lionel, Lord Welles, and survived another four decades.&amp;nbsp; Margaret,
+
+however, was the sole heir to the dukedom of Somerset and its vast holdings.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since she was a great heiress, she was betrothed
+
+while still a child to John de la Pole, the son and heir of Henry VI's
+
+chief minister, the marquess of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; A conspiracy followed which
+
+alleged that Suffolk was planning to place Margaret and his son on the
+
+throne if Henry VI died childless; there is no proof but it indicates how
+
+important Margaret's royal blood was, even tainted with her grandfather's
+
+illegitimacy.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was murdered in May 1450 and in early 1453,
+
+the marriage between Margaret and John de la Pole was annulled.&amp;nbsp; A
+
+child of ten, she was a pawn once more.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI wanted to wed her
+
+to his half-brother Edmund Tudor so, at the age of twelve, she was married
+
+again.&amp;nbsp; Her new husband was the earl of Richmond.&amp;nbsp; His ancestry
+
+was even more colorful than her own.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edmund Tudor was the eldest son of a princess of
+
+France and Queen of England and her Welsh attendant.&amp;nbsp; Catherine of
+
+Valois was the youngest daughter of Charles VI of France and Queen Isabelle.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At the age of eighteen, Catherine had wed that great warrior-king Henry
+
+V.&amp;nbsp; He was fifteen years her senior and, even in life, recognized
+
+as one of England's greatest kings.&amp;nbsp; His triumph at Agincourt in 1415
+
+inspired one of Shakespeare's greatest plays, &lt;i&gt;Henry V&lt;/i&gt;, and led Charles
+
+VI to sue for peace.&amp;nbsp; Charles promised that, upon his death, Henry
+
+would inherit the French throne; to show his good faith and secure Henry's
+
+claim, he was wed to Catherine.&amp;nbsp; She was, by all accounts, quite beautiful
+
+and vivacious.&amp;nbsp; They were married in May 1420 and, in December, made
+
+a triumphal entry into Paris.&amp;nbsp; From there, they sailed to Dover and
+
+Catherine was crowned at Westminster Abbey in February 1421.&amp;nbsp; She
+
+joined Henry on his public progress through England for a few months but,
+
+in June 1421, a year after their marriage, Henry departed again for France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He left knowing his wife was pregnant and, on 6 December 1421, she gave
+
+birth to their son, the future Henry VI, at Windsor.&amp;nbsp; Henry V would
+
+never see his son.&amp;nbsp; Catherine traveled to France without the child
+
+to visit Henry but he then left to besiege Meaux and Catherine went to
+
+her parents north of Paris.&amp;nbsp; During the siege, Henry contracted dysentery
+
+and died at the chateaux of Vincennes on 31 August 1422.&amp;nbsp; The glorious
+
+king of England and heir to the French throne had fallen victim to the
+
+scourge of armies everywhere.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His great achievements were not forgotten but, immediately
+
+after his death, confusion swept through England.&amp;nbsp; Henry V had died,
+
+leaving behind a twenty-year-old widow and an infant son.&amp;nbsp; On 21 October
+
+1422, her father suddenly died, after suffering years of intermittent insanity.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The infant Henry VI was now king of both England and France.&amp;nbsp; Catherine,
+
+quite naturally, remained at her son's side, accompanying him to the various
+
+public and ceremonial appearances he made as a child.&amp;nbsp; However, her
+
+presence was a novel problem in 15th century England - a Dowager Queen
+
+who was remaining in England until her son's majority and would, in all
+
+likelihood, wish to marry again.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, still young
+
+and beautiful and contemporaries noted her energy and flirtatiousness.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For the protector of the realm (Humphrey, duke of Gloucester) and the royal
+
+council, Catherine's remarriage was a very real concern.&amp;nbsp; Whomever
+
+she wed would become step-father to the king; understandably, they viewed
+
+such a man as a threat to their own positions of authority.&amp;nbsp; Since
+
+they were unable to agree on whom would be allowed to court the queen,
+
+they passed a law in 1427 stating that no dowager queen could marry without
+
+the king's permission; furthermore, permission could only be granted once
+
+the king reached the age of discretion.&amp;nbsp; Since Henry VI was only six
+
+years old in 1427, the council felt that they had effectively delayed any
+
+remarriage for some years - at least until the king could no longer be
+
+influenced by a step-father.&amp;nbsp; (In fairness to the council, there was
+
+no precedent for the problem Catherine of Valois presented; neither of
+
+the two queens of England who had outlived their spouses and married a
+
+second time - King John and Richard II's wives - had remained in England.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Also, no dowager queen since the twelfth century had married one of her
+
+husband's subjects.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The council was also careful to keep Catherine under
+
+watch.&amp;nbsp; From 1427 until about 1430 she and her entourage lived in
+
+Henry VI's household.&amp;nbsp; In April 1430 she traveled with her son to
+
+Paris for his coronation as king of France.&amp;nbsp; Her activities were thus
+
+restricted and watched.&amp;nbsp; However, the council was not completely successful
+
+at isolating the eligible dowager queen and, around 1431, Catherine met
+
+a Welshman named Owen ap Maredudd ap Tudur.&amp;nbsp; Their love affair and
+
+marriage resulted in four children, the eldest of whom was Henry VII's
+
+father.&amp;nbsp; So, once again, Henry Tudor inherited royal blood from a
+
+female.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The origin of Catherine and Owen's romance is obscure.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Later chroniclers attributed it to drunkenness (at a ball, Owen was so
+
+drunk that he stumbled and fell into the queen's lap) or voyeurism (the
+
+queen saw Owen bathing in a stream and was attracted to him; she secretly
+
+traded places with her maid and arranged to meet him in disguise; Owen
+
+was too passionate and attempted to kiss her; she pulled away and received
+
+a scratch on her cheek; the next evening, as he was serving her dinner,
+
+he saw the wound and was ashamed of his behavior; she forgave him, they
+
+fell in love and married.)&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, they were attracted
+
+to one another, fell in love, and married.&amp;nbsp; The legitimacy of the
+
+union was never questioned (not even by Richard III when Henry Tudor positioned
+
+himself as claimant).&amp;nbsp; Certainly the council was unhappy with her
+
+choice for the Welsh were regarded by many as barbarians but, in her choice,
+
+she showed good sense.&amp;nbsp; The 1427 statute had stipulated that any man
+
+who married the queen without the king's permission would be subject to
+
+fines, imprisonment, and forfeiture of lands.&amp;nbsp; By marrying a man who
+
+was simply a member of her household (perhaps the manager of some lands),
+
+Catherine effectively protected Owen from retribution.&amp;nbsp; (No one knows
+
+the true nature of Owen's work in the queen's household but he probably
+
+functioned as a steward.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1432 Owen was made an English citizen and in March
+
+1434 Catherine gifted him with some lands of his own in Flintshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They lived together in the countryside, away from court intrigues, for
+
+some years.&amp;nbsp; During this time, he began to follow the English use
+
+of surnames and became known, however inaccurately, as Owen Tudor.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The couple had four children - three sons and a daughter, though the daughter
+
+died young.&amp;nbsp; Their sons were named Edmund, Jasper, and Owen.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The latter became a Benedictine monk while his two older brothers struggled
+
+to survive in an increasingly hostile England.&amp;nbsp; On 3 January 1437
+
+Catherine had died of an unspecified illness which had plagued her for
+
+some time.&amp;nbsp; With her death, Owen lacked protection from the king's
+
+council.&amp;nbsp; They were now determined to finally prosecute him for breaking
+
+the 1427 law.&amp;nbsp; Owen appeared before the council and acquitted himself
+
+of all charges but, after his release, was arrested.&amp;nbsp; He managed to
+
+escape Newgate Prison but was recaptured and sent to Windsor Castle in
+
+July 1438.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Eventually Owen would be released and pardoned (1440)
+
+and taken into his step-son Henry VI's household.&amp;nbsp; In the years following
+
+Catherine's death and Owen's imprisonment, Edmund and Jasper Tudor were
+
+cared for by the abbess Katherine de la Pole, the earl of Suffolk's sister.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Around 1442, their half-brother Henry VI began to take an interest in their
+
+upbringing and they were brought to London.&amp;nbsp; In 1452, it was decided
+
+that the two brothers, now teenagers, should be ennobled.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI
+
+decided this out of both affection and politics.&amp;nbsp; He knew he had to
+
+recognize his half-brothers in some public manner, making them an official
+
+part of the royal family; he also cared for them deeply.&amp;nbsp; So on 23
+
+November 1452, Edmund was created earl of Richmond and Jasper was created
+
+earl of Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were now the premier earls of England and
+
+had precedence over all other laymen except dukes.&amp;nbsp; They were also
+
+gifted with estates and rich gifts.&amp;nbsp; On their behalf, the Commons
+
+petitioned Henry VI to recognize them as his 'uterine' brothers (born of
+
+the same mother); this he did, and more.&amp;nbsp; Since no earl, especially
+
+the brother of the king, could be penniless, Henry continued to grant his
+
+brothers numerous lands and annuities.&amp;nbsp; And, as mentioned before,
+
+he also arranged a rich marriage for Edmund to Margaret Beaufort.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The importance of their Welsh blood should not be
+
+underestimated.&amp;nbsp; Both Edmund and Jasper strove to maintain the king's
+
+authority in both south and west Wales and their Welsh ancestry (discussed
+
+in the Welsh Connection section) made them popular in much of Wales.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Welsh support would later prove critical to Henry VII during the battle
+
+at Bosworth.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Henry's youth was spent in the shadow of Henry VI's disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
+
+When Edward IV came to the throne, he was determined to avenge his late
+
+father, the duke of York.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI was increasingly deranged, perhaps
+
+having inherited his French grandfather's mental illness.&amp;nbsp; As a result
+
+of his dementia, his queen Margaret of Anjou, increasingly dominated the
+
+Lancastrian party.&amp;nbsp; She was determined to protect her son's inheritance
+
+and, to that end, dedicated her life to a dangerous and complex problem.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Lancastrian and Yorkist forces met definitively at the Battle of Tewkesbury
+
+in summer 1471.&amp;nbsp; Edward, Margaret and Henry's son, was killed in battle
+
+and Henry VI was captured and taken to the Tower of London where he was
+
+killed.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The Lancastrian cause seemed dead.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV
+
+was, unlike Henry, a capable and strong king.&amp;nbsp; Soon after becoming
+
+king he married an unknown widow named Elizabeth Woodville.&amp;nbsp; Understandably,
+
+she was anxious to promote the interests of her own family which created
+
+conflict with the old nobility.&amp;nbsp; Edward and Elizabeth had many children,
+
+including two sons.&amp;nbsp; (Their eldest daughter, also named Elizabeth,
+
+would become Henry Tudor's wife.&amp;nbsp; She was known as Elizabeth of York.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+By all accounts, the marriage was happy despite the conflict between the
+
+Woodvilles and Edward's noble Yorkist supporters.&amp;nbsp; The succession
+
+was secure and with support from his brother, Richard duke of Gloucester,
+
+Edward's rule was successful.&amp;nbsp; However, Edward died in 1483 and Richard
+
+usurped the throne from his two young nephews.&amp;nbsp; This changed the course
+
+of English history.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Had Richard not betrayed his nephews, there is every
+
+possibility the Yorkist dynasty would have survived.&amp;nbsp; But Richard's
+
+own future would have been quite difficult; he was despised by Elizabeth
+
+Woodville, and - as Edward IV's only brother - he would become the focus
+
+of Woodville discontent.&amp;nbsp; That would not have lasted for long and
+
+Edward V would have followed his mother's wishes.&amp;nbsp; The boy had, after
+
+all, been raised and tutored by his Woodville relations and hardly knew
+
+Richard.
+
+&lt;p&gt;(NOTE: &lt;b&gt;The story of Richard III's claiming of the throne is told
+
+in great detail &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2fplant%2fkings%2frichard3.html&quot;&gt;at
+
+his site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; Please read those pages to gain a better understanding
+
+of the events of 1483-1485.&amp;nbsp; I have not included the information here
+
+since this page is about Henry VII.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ricahrd was an able administrator but faced quite
+
+a few obstacles during his brief reign.&amp;nbsp; If Edward IV had died with
+
+no rightful heir, Richard's ascension would have been viewed much differently.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Then, he would have been the rightful king.&amp;nbsp; And since he wed Anne
+
+Neville of Warwick, daughter of the 'Kingmaker', he would have had crucial
+
+support.&amp;nbsp; But Richard's only son and wife died with months of one
+
+another in 1484.&amp;nbsp; He was grief-stricken and also struggling with the
+
+nobility, particularly the ambitious duke of Buckingham (a brash and arrogant
+
+man with his own share of Plantagenet blood.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, over in France, Henry Tudor was positioning
+
+himself as heir to his murdered uncle Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; With the support
+
+of exiled Lancastrians and the French monarchy, Henry planned to mount
+
+an invasion of England.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What had prepared Henry for this moment?&amp;nbsp; At
+
+twenty-eight he was hardly an experienced soldier but he was used to a
+
+life of sudden change.&amp;nbsp; In the 1450s his father Edmund and uncle Jasper
+
+were Henry VI's closest relatives, part of a small group of influential
+
+advisors to the king.&amp;nbsp; Other than these half-brothers, Henry VI was
+
+bereft of close blood relatives; his uncles, the dukes of Bedford, Clarence
+
+and Gloucester, had all died without legitimate heirs and this left both
+
+an emotional and dynastic void at the court.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry's government
+
+was reviled as inefficient and corrupt.&amp;nbsp; His two most prominent ministers
+
+were the dukes of Suffolk and Somerset and the English people reviled them.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry had also raised taxes and spent heavily to assert his right to the
+
+French throne.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps if he had been successful at it, the English
+
+people would not have grumbled about the taxes.&amp;nbsp; But he wasn't successful
+
+and, as the defeats multiplied, the people grew naturally resentful of
+
+the taxation and Henry's attempts to enforce it.&amp;nbsp; Also, many Englishmen
+
+(commoner and noble alike) were uncertain about the very survival of Henry's
+
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; After eight years of marriage, he and Margaret of Anjou
+
+had no children.&amp;nbsp; Increasingly, eyes turned to Henry's cousin Richard,
+
+duke of York, for stability and reform.&amp;nbsp; Henry, perhaps feeling as
+
+if Richard were being positioned to either dominate his government or usurp
+
+the throne, turned to his small group of advisors for guidance.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since Edmund and Jasper were young, their role at
+
+court was peripheral.&amp;nbsp; Their upbringing had also been quite different
+
+from most young noblemen.&amp;nbsp; However, they were not fools and were careful
+
+to never alienate the powerful duke of York during Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In the summer of 1453, Henry VI suffered an intermittent bout of madness
+
+so severe that he recognized no one, never spoke and had to carried from
+
+place to place.&amp;nbsp; Immediate steps had to be taken to ensure the survival
+
+of the royal government.&amp;nbsp; The winter of 1453 and 1454 was occupied
+
+with the struggle between Queen Margaret and Richard to be declared regent.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For whatever reason, the Tudor brothers sided with the duke of York.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Finally, on 3 April 1454, Parliament decided to appoint Richard regent
+
+during the king's illness.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There are records showing the brothers attended council
+
+meetings and parliamentary sessions; they were also involved in the extensive
+
+reform of the king's household, of which they were members.&amp;nbsp; At that
+
+time, their relationship with the duke of York was not regarded as incompatible
+
+with their attachment to Henry VI and his Lancastrian dynasty.&amp;nbsp; At
+
+any rate, around Christmas 1454, Henry VI suddenly recovered and the duke
+
+of York was no longer in power.&amp;nbsp; Instead, Henry VI restored his old
+
+favorites to their former positions, notably the hated Somerset (who was
+
+the uncle of Edmund Tudor's wife.)&amp;nbsp; The duke of York and his allies
+
+left London in apparent disgust.&amp;nbsp; The Tudor brothers, and most of
+
+the court, realized that a breach had been opened in the nobility.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Most were happy to see the king recover but they were not happy to see
+
+the capable York depart; further, the duke was hated by the queen after
+
+their struggle for the regency.&amp;nbsp; If the two groups clashed, which
+
+side would the Tudors choose?
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The 'Battle' of St Albans on 1 May 1455 revealed
+
+the extent of the problem.&amp;nbsp; The king had left London to visit Leicester,
+
+accompanied by his half-brother Jasper and the duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They spent the evening at Watford and the next day rode on to St Albans;
+
+the duke of York and the earls of Warwick and Salisbury were waiting for
+
+them.&amp;nbsp; There was a skirmish, several of the king's servants (including
+
+Somerset) were killed, and the king himself suffered a wound on the neck.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There was also violent fighting in the streets of the town.&amp;nbsp; The Yorkist
+
+forces were successful in capturing the king and escorted him back to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+On 26 May, Parliament was summoned to meet at Westminster in six weeks.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As peers of the realm, the Tudor brothers were required to attend.&amp;nbsp;
+
+All the lords gathered there swore allegiance to Henry VI but measures
+
+were undertaken to fix the kingdom's disastrous finances.&amp;nbsp; To that
+
+end, every grant Henry had made during his reign was revoked - with the
+
+notable exceptions of Edmund and Jasper's lands.&amp;nbsp; This exemption shows
+
+that York and his allies wanted Tudor support.&amp;nbsp; They were, after all,
+
+members of the royal family.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The second session of Parliament was in November
+
+1455 and the brothers did not attend.&amp;nbsp; They were in Wales, ostensibly
+
+to keep the king's peace there.&amp;nbsp; They had been sent on such a mission
+
+before (their only real task given by the king), perhaps because their
+
+father had been a Welshman.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, the respect many Welsh felt
+
+for the Tudor brothers, particularly Jasper, would aid his nephew Henry
+
+Tudor; after all, Henry landed in Pembrokeshire in 1485.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wales was always a problem for Henry VI for a major
+
+rebellion had ended just 40 years before and occasional fighting was not
+
+uncommon.&amp;nbsp; Edmund Tudor, as the eldest brother, went there as a representative
+
+of the English king.&amp;nbsp; While the duke of York was regent, Edmund led
+
+a raid to reassert the duke's authority on his lands, centered on the castle
+
+Carmarthen.&amp;nbsp; He fought - and won - the castle back from a Welsh rebel
+
+who had seized it.&amp;nbsp; While the duke was regent, this success was acceptable;
+
+Edmund held the castle for Richard and his authority as regent.&amp;nbsp; But
+
+after Richard left London in some disgrace, his English supporters in and
+
+near Wales were worried.&amp;nbsp; What if Edmund Tudor attempted to return
+
+Carmarthen and its lands to Henry VI rather than the duke?&amp;nbsp; Edmund
+
+was no longer a representative of the duke as regent; he was now a representative
+
+of the king.&amp;nbsp; Determined&amp;nbsp; to reassert Richard's authority in
+
+West Wales, they led a raid on Carmarthen and imprisoned Edmund sometime
+
+in September 1456.&amp;nbsp; Edmund was released soon after but had already
+
+developed a fatal illness.&amp;nbsp; He died on 1 November 1456 at Carmarthen
+
+and was given a fine burial at the nearby Greyfriars Church.&amp;nbsp; No one
+
+was ever accused of directly causing his death and it is possible that
+
+he always suffered from ill health; government records show he was absent
+
+from meetings far more than Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Then again, Edmund was also a
+
+husband and on, 28 January 1457, a father; sadly, he died before his son
+
+was born.&amp;nbsp; This son would be called Henry and would become the first
+
+Tudor king of England.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;Kingdoms are but cares,
+
+&lt;br&gt;State is devoid of stay,
+
+&lt;br&gt;Riches are ready snares,
+
+&lt;br&gt;And hasten to decay.
+
+&lt;br&gt;Pleasure is a privy prick
+
+&lt;br&gt;Which vice doth still provoke;
+
+&lt;br&gt;Pomp, imprompt; and fame, a flame;
+
+&lt;br&gt;Power, a smoldering smoke,
+
+&lt;br&gt;Who meaneth to remove the rock
+
+&lt;br&gt;Out of the slimy mud,
+
+&lt;br&gt;Shall mire himself, and hardly 'scape
+
+&lt;br&gt;The swelling of the flood.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;- Henry VI, written while he was&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;a prisoner in the Tower of London&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;NOTE: This is a terribly convoluted tale.&amp;nbsp; I
+
+have tried to whittle it down to the bare essentials while still conveying
+
+the most important information.&amp;nbsp; For a more detailed description of
+
+all the battles and plots, find a good book - like 'The Making of the Tudor
+
+Dynasty' - and devote your weekend to reading it.&amp;nbsp; If you're wondering
+
+why all this stuff about Jasper Tudor is important...&amp;nbsp; well, it consumed
+
+the early years of Henry Tudor's life.&amp;nbsp; Even if he wasn't directly
+
+involved, they were his relatives and their success - or failure - had
+
+a direct impact on his life.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;b&gt;Also, the state of the monarchy pre-Henry VII:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+Edward IV, the first Yorkist king, was the only English king since Henry
+
+II to die solvent.&amp;nbsp; Having repossessed the lands of the exiled Lancastrian
+
+nobility and seeking support from the middle-class, he was able to run
+
+England effectively and efficiently.&amp;nbsp; Whatever his faults as a man
+
+(unfaithful and increasingly debauched), he was a good king.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; Since Henry VII spent most
+
+of his formative years away from this court, he could claim no special
+
+understanding of English politics; indeed, if his early life taught him
+
+anything it was the tenuousness of a title.&amp;nbsp; His uncle Jasper's life
+
+was the ultimate lesson.&amp;nbsp; On 3 February 1461 Edward, earl of March
+
+and son of the duke of York, triumphed over the Lancastrian forces at Mortimer's
+
+Cross in Herefordshire.&amp;nbsp; It was a terrible blow for Henry VI and Jasper,
+
+particularly since Jasper and the earl of Wiltshire had shared command
+
+over the defeated army.&amp;nbsp; His father, Owen Tudor, was executed after
+
+the battle.&amp;nbsp; Jasper had choice but to flee in disguise, seeking refuge
+
+at his lordship of Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; While he tried to solicit Welsh allies,
+
+Margaret of Anjou and her son Prince Edward had gathered a large army of
+
+northerners.&amp;nbsp; They reached St Albans in Hertfordshire on 17 February
+
+and soundly defeated the Yorkist forces led by the ill-prepared earl of
+
+Warwick.&amp;nbsp; This victory enabled Margaret to free her husband, prisoner
+
+of the Yorkists since the previous summer (the skirmish at St Albans).&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her plan was to march straight to London while Jasper Tudor led forces
+
+from South Wales.&amp;nbsp; But Jasper was unable to raise enough troops in
+
+time and Margaret's northern soldiers made the fatal mistake of pillaging
+
+the English countryside.&amp;nbsp; The Londoners were understandably terrified
+
+of the advancing northerners and refused to allow Margaret's men into London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They did, however, open their gates to the future Edward IV and the earl
+
+of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; Henry VI and his family fled to Scotland and Jasper Tudor
+
+was left in Wales.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jasper's lands were seized and he was hunted mercilessly
+
+by Edward IV's ally William Herbert.&amp;nbsp; There is no record of his whereabouts
+
+but he did successfully elude capture, eventually escaping to Scotland.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His nephew, four-year-old Henry, was left behind at Pembroke Castle, seat
+
+of Jasper's power in Pembrokeshire.&amp;nbsp; Since William Herbert was awarded
+
+Jasper's lands by Edward IV, Henry was in his custody.&amp;nbsp; Because the
+
+young earl of Richmond was a member of the Lancastrian royal family, Herbert
+
+paid 1000 pds for his wardship; furthermore, he was given control over
+
+the boy's future marriage.&amp;nbsp; Herbert was never cruel to the boy; in
+
+fact, he and his wife, Anne Devereux, had a large family of their own and
+
+Henry was part of it.&amp;nbsp; Anne was particularly kind to the boy and,
+
+when he triumphed in 1485, Henry Tudor sent for her to come to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At their home, he was known as the earl of Richmond though his inheritance
+
+had been given to Edward IV's brother George, duke of Clarence.&amp;nbsp; His
+
+education was good - two Oxford scholars named Scot and Haseley who were
+
+also remembered when he became king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Henry rarely saw his mother.&amp;nbsp; A few months
+
+after his birth in 1457, she married a man named Henry Stafford.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They lived in Lincolnshire and, later, Surrey, long distances from Pembrokeshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Also, the fall of Pembroke Castle and Herbert's purchase of her son's wardship
+
+were obstacles.&amp;nbsp; But Margaret's husband made peace with the new king
+
+around 1461 and, while her son was not allowed to return to her guardianship,
+
+she was allowed to visit and write to him.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the exiled Lancastrian nobility (Henry's
+
+family) were involved in countless plots to return to power.&amp;nbsp; Captured
+
+spies exaggerated reports of their strength; one told Edward IV that the
+
+kings of France, Denmark, Portugal, and Aragon were planning a Lancastrian-led
+
+invasion.&amp;nbsp; Certainly any monarch would be uneasy after such reports.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Edward IV captured the earl of Oxford and his son, believed to be Lancastrian
+
+sympathizers, and executed them for treason.&amp;nbsp; Though the plot was
+
+not as grand as the spy alleged, it had involved French support and Jasper
+
+Tudor made his way to the continent.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, a convoluted agreement
+
+was made with Louis XI the French king.&amp;nbsp; This second plan failed around
+
+Christmas 1462.&amp;nbsp; In 1464, Louis XI decided to switch loyalties to
+
+Edward IV and urged the other Lancastrian ally, Francis II duke of Brittany,
+
+to do the same.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It is difficult not to admire the tenacity the Lancastrian
+
+exiles maintained during these years of planning and defeat.&amp;nbsp; Jasper
+
+increasingly began to see Wales as the perfect place for invasion since
+
+it was always hostile to the English monarchy.&amp;nbsp; The Welsh were understandably
+
+sympathetic to any cause which involved this high-ranking Welshman.&amp;nbsp;
+
+To many, Jasper was a national hero - a Welshman who had succeeded at the
+
+English court and could be counted upon to support their rights.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In the spring of 1468, they had cause to rejoice because Jasper was coming
+
+to Wales.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV had just made a treaty with independent French
+
+nobles which angered Louis XI of France.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, he decided
+
+to once again lend his support to the Lancastrian struggle.&amp;nbsp; But,
+
+once again, the support was not as much as necessary.&amp;nbsp; Jasper arrived
+
+in Wales and, though he gathered 2000 men, he was eventually routed at
+
+Harlech Castle.&amp;nbsp; Jasper once again escaped, some say by impersonating
+
+a peasant.&amp;nbsp; Once again, he was in France, still exiled and still defeated.&amp;nbsp;
+
+One can only imagine his frustration.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Jasper's invasion, however slight, did create
+
+a breach in the Yorkist party.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV's supporter, the earl of
+
+Warwick who had marched with him to London in 1461, was becoming dissatisfied
+
+with the king.&amp;nbsp; Called the 'kingmaker' because of his ability, Warwick
+
+wanted more power than Edward was willing to give.&amp;nbsp; In early 1469,
+
+the two former allies were not speaking and Warwick raised an army.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was victorious over William Herbert's army at Edgecote.&amp;nbsp; (Herbert
+
+was Henry VII's guardian and Edward IV's ally.)&amp;nbsp; Warwick realized
+
+he could not claim the throne for himself; instead, he had to switch sides
+
+and support Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; So, with Edward IV's brother George duke of
+
+Clarence, unhappy with his brother as well, Warwick went to France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There, Louis XI attempted to reconcile Warwick with his former enemies.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Margaret of Anjou didn't want Warwick for an ally.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She didn't trust him; he had, after all, had a major role in arresting
+
+and deposing her husband in 1461.&amp;nbsp; But Margaret's desire to reassert
+
+Lancastrian authority was great and she reluctantly agreed to his help.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Another invasion was planned.&amp;nbsp; Warwick and Jasper would go through
+
+Wales and Margaret and Prince Edward follow when it was safe.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+Tudor was now thirteen years old, certainly old enough to understand the
+
+danger he was in after the Battle at Edgecote.&amp;nbsp; Since his guardian
+
+had been killed by Warwick, he was under the sole protection of Anne Devereux.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She took him and her Herbert children to her family's home in Herefordshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry's mother tried to regain custody of her son after Herbert's death;
+
+however, her attempts soon didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; For when Jasper and Warwick's
+
+army arrived in England, Edward IV was not in London and was unable to
+
+reach London before the Lancastrian forces.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, Edward fled
+
+to Holland on 2 October 1470.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, a relative of Anne Devereux's
+
+had taken Henry Tudor to Hereford and given him to Jasper when he arrived
+
+at the city.&amp;nbsp; The reunion of uncle and nephew was undoubtedly emotional
+
+for Jasper, an exile from his country for years.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Warwick
+
+entered London and freed Henry VI from the Tower.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was also a reunion for Henry and his mother.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Within a few days, he and Jasper had joined Margaret and her husband.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They entered London together and spent about six weeks there.&amp;nbsp; On
+
+12 November, Henry left his mother again to leave with Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+VI's restoration immeasurably increased Jasper Tudor's wealth and prestige
+
+(he was rewarded with lands, monies, grants); but Henry Tudor was not made
+
+the earl of Richmond.&amp;nbsp; His father's title had been given to Edward
+
+IV's brother George duke of Clarence and Clarence would not give it back.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Since he was an ally of Warwick's, there was nothing Jasper or Margaret
+
+could do for the boy.&amp;nbsp; Jasper, having spent ten years in exile and
+
+with little money or prestige, kept his nephew with him and enjoyed his
+
+success.&amp;nbsp; Alas, it did not last.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Edward IV and the
+
+Lancastrians met on the battlefield - this time at a town called Tewkesbury.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 12 March 1471, Edward returned from Europe and
+
+landed in Yorkshire.&amp;nbsp; He marched south to London, reaching there on
+
+11 April; on 14 April, he fought Warwick at the Battle of Barnet.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Edward won and promptly killed Warwick.&amp;nbsp; He also regained custody
+
+of Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; The situation was once again dire; Jasper Tudor promptly
+
+began to raise an army to fight Edward.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Margaret of Anjou
+
+and Prince Edward arrived in England as planned so many months ago.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She knew nothing of Warwick's defeat and her husband's capture.&amp;nbsp; Upon
+
+hearing the news, she was devastated but unbowed.&amp;nbsp; She gathered an
+
+army in the West Country and marched north toward Wales; she was planning
+
+to meet and join forces with Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV was no fool and realized
+
+that he must make a quick, decisive strike.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to
+
+meet Margaret's army before she met up with Jasper.&amp;nbsp; Edward and Margaret
+
+met south of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471.&amp;nbsp; Margaret was soundly defeated
+
+and her son killed during or after the battle.&amp;nbsp; Captured like her
+
+husband and with their only child killed, Margaret was taken to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Jasper Tudor, unable to reach her in time, was an exile once again - and,
+
+this time, so was his nephew.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;The defeat at Tewkesbury was devastating to the Lancastrian cause.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Only hours after Edward IV returned in triumph to London, Henry VI was
+
+dead in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The circumstances of his death were mysterious
+
+but the execution of his supporter the duke of Somerset was an open warning.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Jasper Tudor had good reason to fear for both his and Henry's safety.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Margaret Beaufort and her husband almost immediately declared allegiance
+
+to Edward to protect themselves.&amp;nbsp; But her son, as one of the few surviving
+
+males with Lancastrian blood, was destined for France.&amp;nbsp; Jasper hoped
+
+that their old ally Louis XI would aid them once again.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before he arrived in France, however, he fought a
+
+battle in Wales at Chepstow.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV was still determined to capture
+
+him and sent Sir Roger Vaughan to do so.&amp;nbsp; Jasper Tudor managed to
+
+defeat Vaughan and executed him.&amp;nbsp; This ruthless act was uncharacteristic
+
+for Jasper but can be easily explained - Vaughan had killed his father,
+
+Owen Tudor, almost ten years before at the battle of Mortimer's Cross.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The satisfaction of this execution was Jasper's only comfort as he fought
+
+his way to the coast.&amp;nbsp; From there, he, his nephew, and a few servants
+
+made their way to France.&amp;nbsp; They ended up landing in Brittany, where
+
+the duke Francis II had long supported them.&amp;nbsp; Francis was desperate
+
+to preserve his duchy's independence from the French state and recognized
+
+Jasper and Henry as powerful diplomatic tools.&amp;nbsp; If Edward would aid
+
+him, then perhaps he would return the Tudors - that was Francis's official
+
+diplomatic message.&amp;nbsp; Edward made several attempts to gain custody
+
+of the Tudors but was unsuccessful.&amp;nbsp; His concern, however, was intermittent
+
+since they were not in England and he was more concerned with his own family
+
+and rule.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; From 1471 to Edward's death twelve years later, Jasper
+
+and Henry remained in Brittany, staying at the castle of Suscinio, traditionally
+
+used as the duke's summer residence.&amp;nbsp; Louis XI of France, meanwhile,
+
+was engaged in more diplomatic rivalry.&amp;nbsp; Resenting Edward's relations
+
+with his enemies, he sought the release of Jasper and Henry into his custody.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He told the duke of Brittany that the Tudors had, after all, intended to
+
+go to France itself - their landing in Brittany had been a mistake of bad
+
+weather.&amp;nbsp; Also, Jasper had been given a pension by Louis during their
+
+earlier stay; consequently, he was a servant of the king and under his
+
+protection.&amp;nbsp; Both men wanted to use the Tudors as diplomatic pawns
+
+but Francis II was unwilling to give up his advantage.&amp;nbsp; The Tudors
+
+stayed in Brittany, under increasingly strict control.&amp;nbsp; There were
+
+reports that Edward IV wanted Henry killed and that Louis XI was going
+
+to kidnap them.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward IV had to console himself with Francis II's promise
+
+that the Tudors were under protective custody.&amp;nbsp; In the mid-1470s he
+
+tried a new strategy, with the aid of Henry's mother.&amp;nbsp; She had extracted
+
+a promise from the king that some of her lands would pass to her son on
+
+her death.&amp;nbsp; Edward not only agreed but he also suggested an English
+
+bride - perhaps one of his own daughters - for the exiled earl.&amp;nbsp; Margaret
+
+Beaufort gave her full support to this plan.&amp;nbsp; She wanted her son in
+
+England above all else.&amp;nbsp; Whether Edward intended to keep his promise
+
+is unknown but it was certainly a good idea.&amp;nbsp; By marrying Henry into
+
+his family, he would neutralize this last Lancastrian threat.&amp;nbsp; And,
+
+for a while, it seemed he would be successful.&amp;nbsp; In late 1476, worn
+
+down by ill health and the English ambassadors, Francis II consented to
+
+send Henry to England.&amp;nbsp; Henry developed - or faked - an illness at
+
+the port and was able to elude being sent home.&amp;nbsp; It may be that he
+
+suspected duplicity on Edward's part or was counseled by his uncle.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(It seems evident that Henry, the first Tudor king, shared many qualities
+
+with his granddaughter, Elizabeth I, last of the Tudor monarchs - both
+
+were shaped by perilous upbringings into cautious, careful rulers.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In truth, they bore little resemblance to Henry VIII, Edward VI &amp;amp; Mary
+
+I.&amp;nbsp; They were also far more concerned with domestic policy than foreign
+
+entanglements.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Since Henry had, by now, grown into a handsome and
+
+affable teenager, he was always welcome at the ducal court.&amp;nbsp; After
+
+avoiding being sent to England, he simply returned to the duke's custody.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There, he continued to be treated fairly - indeed, even generously.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Every now and again, Edward IV and Margaret Beaufort tried to lure him
+
+to England (for different reasons, of course.)&amp;nbsp; Margaret had asked
+
+Edward to let Henry stand as heir to her estates and he agreed (in 1472)
+
+but by 1482, Edward IV decided this - if Henry returned to England and
+
+gained Edward's favor, he would receive Margaret's lands plus other estates.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But if he stayed in France, he would get nothing.&amp;nbsp; Nothing had been
+
+decided when Edward died unexpectedly on 9 April 1483.&amp;nbsp; By this time,
+
+Duke Francis was facing instability in his own lands.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough,
+
+this made Henry and Jasper's position more tenuous.&amp;nbsp; Still, they received
+
+as much support from the duke as he could provide, including generous gifts
+
+of money.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It may be that, upon Edward's death, Henry seriously thought
+
+of returning home.&amp;nbsp; The events which followed the king's demise certainly
+
+set him upon that course.&amp;nbsp; As recounted earlier, Richard duke of Gloucester,
+
+seized the throne from his nephew, Edward V, his brother's 12-year-old
+
+heir.&amp;nbsp; Richard officially seized the throne on 26 June.&amp;nbsp; There
+
+was no immediate effect on Henry and Jasper Tudor.&amp;nbsp; But their protectors,
+
+the French king Louis XI and Duke Francis II, immediately recognized the
+
+possibilities - after all, Richard III's claim was tenuous and he would
+
+need to work out some arrangement regarding other claimants.&amp;nbsp; Jasper
+
+and Henry Tudor would bear even greater pressure on Richard than they had
+
+on Edward.&amp;nbsp; At first, Richard simply tried to establish friendly relations
+
+with the king and duke, without explicitly mentioning the Tudors.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His more immediate concern was the closing of French ports to English exiles
+
+(notably former Queen Elizabeth Woodville's brother and a large section
+
+of the English fleet.)&amp;nbsp; In England, Margaret still wanted her son
+
+to return - though to his rightful position as earl of Richmond, not as
+
+king of England.&amp;nbsp; But events soon changed, with the same rapidity
+
+of Richard's usurpation, and Henry Tudor dreamed of more than an earldom.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard III's usurpation was bad enough to most Englishmen,
+
+and especially the nobility.&amp;nbsp; But in 1483, Edward IV's two sons -
+
+held in the Tower - mysteriously died.&amp;nbsp; It was whispered that Richard
+
+had them murdered and secretly buried.&amp;nbsp; Thus was born the legend of
+
+the 'Princes of the Tower'.&amp;nbsp; (What happened remains a matter of conjecture;
+
+mystery novelist and playwright, Josephine Tey, wrote&lt;i&gt; The Daughter of
+
+Time&lt;/i&gt;, a book which convincingly argues for Richard's innocence.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In that case, Henry VII executed the boys - who would be his brothers-in-law
+
+- in order to secure his throne.&amp;nbsp; Morre recently, the lawyer Bertram
+
+Fields examines the case in &lt;i&gt;Royal Blood&lt;/i&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; The deaths of Edward
+
+V and his brother, Richard duke of York, angered the populace and encouraged
+
+the image of Richard III as a deceitful murderer.&amp;nbsp; Since Richard never
+
+officially responded to the rumors, they were believed to be true.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Soon enough, the duke of Buckingham, Henry Stafford, created more chaos.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He led a rebellion against Richard III in October and was captured and
+
+executed in November.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; First of all, it is important to remember that Buckingham,
+
+Richard III and Henry Tudor were the &lt;i&gt;only&lt;/i&gt; surviving male heirsto
+
+the house of Plantagenet.&amp;nbsp; The reasons why Buckingham led a rebellion
+
+against Richard are not clear but several possibilities can be considered
+
+- first, he had as legitimate a claim to tthe throne as Richard and, gauging
+
+popular dissatisfaction with the new king, Buckingham felt he should take
+
+his chances and set himself up as the rival claimant (particularly since
+
+Edward V and Richard of York were supposedly murdered); second, as a rival
+
+claimant, Buckingham undoubtedly felt uneasy about his own safety (particularly
+
+when it was rumored Richard had murdered his two nephews; if he had, it
+
+was possible he would decide to murder Buckingham as well.)&amp;nbsp; These
+
+two reasons alone are sufficient to explain Buckingham's motivations.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Later historians, especially Polydore Vergil (Henry VII's official historian)
+
+would later claim Buckingham really intended to defeat Richard and place
+
+Henry Tudor on the throne.&amp;nbsp; But it hardly seems likely; indeed, Buckingham
+
+could legitimately believe he had a more solid claim than Henry.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There had been uprisings against Richard III just
+
+days after his coronation which highlighted popular dissatisfaction.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Meanwhile, Margaret Beaufort had become friends with Edward IV's widow,
+
+Elizabeth Woodville (or Wydeville).&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth heard the rumors of
+
+her sons' deaths in the Tower; she had no way of gauging their truth.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But she was eager to reassert her family's claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; With
+
+her sons supposedly dead, that left her five daughters - in particular,
+
+her eldest Elizabeth of York - to claim the throne.&amp;nbsp; They could do
+
+so only through marriage to a male claimant (such as Henry Tudor.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+So the plan to wed Elizabeth and Henry began in earnest.&amp;nbsp; Both women
+
+knew that such a marriage would imply that Henry Tudor wanted to replace
+
+Richard on the throne.&amp;nbsp; Margaret quickly sent Christopher Urswick,
+
+a young priest from her household, to Brittany.&amp;nbsp; her son, so long
+
+an exile and dependent on others, was to plan a return to England - to
+
+claim two great positions, husband &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; king.&amp;nbsp; Margaret also
+
+sent a large sum of money to her son, raised from loans in London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She advised him to come to Wales as soon as possible (since he would receive
+
+support in Wales, particularly from the duke of Buckingham.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This, of course, lends credence to the idea that
+
+Buckingham wanted to support Henry's claim.&amp;nbsp; But, again, that is conjecture.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Buckingham did write a letter to Henry on 24 September 1483 which stated
+
+he would support the rebellion against Richard, &lt;i&gt;even though &lt;/i&gt;he and
+
+Henry's interests may not be perfectly compatible.&amp;nbsp; What is certain
+
+is that Buckingham suspected his own life was forfeit with Richard III;
+
+he and Henry Tudor could sort out things once Richard was defeated.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He told Henry the rebellion would begin on 18 October, thus giving Henry
+
+three weeks notice.&amp;nbsp; He did not mention acknowledging Henry as king
+
+- he also did not mention marriage to Elizzabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; Henry received
+
+Margaret and Buckingham's letters and talked with the duke of Brittany.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He needed further financial support but also relied on Francis's advice.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The duke promised support; another vital link was established.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard III had not suspected Buckingham of treachery
+
+- at first.&amp;nbsp; Thus, he had no large arrmy assembled to fight the duke.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But such a massively-planned uprising could not remain secret forever and
+
+Richard was informed on 11 October that a vast rebellion would occur in
+
+a week.&amp;nbsp; He had heard vague descriptions of a plan a few weeks before
+
+and had summoned Buckingham to him.&amp;nbsp; The duke feigned a stomach ache;
+
+a more tersely-worded summons soon followed.&amp;nbsp; The duke again refused
+
+the summons.&amp;nbsp; By then, the rebellion was a week away and Richard had
+
+been informed of Buckingham's involvement and the extent of the rebellion.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Richard hurriedly assembled his army; and though he had been betrayed by
+
+Buckingham, his former friend, he was not bitter - he specifically ordered
+
+his troops to not 'rob, spoil or hurt' any of Buckingham's followers.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Richard was prepared to be merciful.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Buckingham's rebellion began - and failed, largely
+
+because his Welsh tenants decided they liked him less than Richard III.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Robbed of this crucial support, he fled to a friend's home but the friend,
+
+Ralph Bannaster, turned him in and, on 31 October, Buckingham was taken
+
+to Sir James Tyrell and Christopher Wellesbourne, staunch supporters of
+
+Richard III.&amp;nbsp; Once Buckingham had been captured, the other rebellions
+
+collapsed.&amp;nbsp; Many of the rebels fled to Brittany, to join Henry Tudor,
+
+now their last hope.&amp;nbsp; Richard III attempted to prevent this mass exodus
+
+of rebels but failed.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, at Plymouth Harbor, Henry heard
+
+the news of Buckingham's execution on 2 November 1483.&amp;nbsp; (He had been
+
+delayed on his way to England because of a storm.)&amp;nbsp; His other rival
+
+for the throne had been killed (Buckingham's son and heir was just six
+
+years old) but Buckingham's failure was hardly encouraging.&amp;nbsp; He returned
+
+to Brittany, once more an exile after twelve years abroad.&amp;nbsp; His position
+
+was perhaps more untenable than before - the uprising had been soundly
+
+defeated and Richard III was once again making friendly overtures to duke
+
+Francis.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's only hope lay with the English exiles now
+
+joining him in Brittany.&amp;nbsp; There were roughly 500 men, among them the
+
+marquess of Dorset.&amp;nbsp; These exiles told him he must reassemble his
+
+allies and attack again, before Richard III became more firmly entrenched
+
+as king - and before the duke ended his hospitality.&amp;nbsp; In December,
+
+Henry gave a speech at Rennes Cathedral meant to boost morale and inspire
+
+his supporters.&amp;nbsp; He promised to marry Elizabeth of York, thus joining
+
+the houses of York and Lancaster together.&amp;nbsp; The assembled men swore
+
+oaths of loyalty to him.&amp;nbsp; Their next task was more difficult - persuading
+
+the duke of Brittany to lend them more money to assemble yet another fleet.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Again, Henry promised to repay the money.&amp;nbsp; He was fortunate that Richard
+
+III had decided to retaliate against Breton and French ships because of
+
+their assistance to Henry and Buckingham.&amp;nbsp; The duke was angered and
+
+agreed to loan Henry more money.&amp;nbsp; So another flotilla was assembled
+
+and final preparations made in mid-spring 1484.&amp;nbsp; But, for some unknown
+
+reason, the exiles did not sail for England.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Instead, they remained at Vannes in Brittany.&amp;nbsp;
+
+By this time, Henry fully realized the enormous stakes of the enterprise.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was particularly moved by the loyalty of the other exiles.&amp;nbsp; Many
+
+were separated from their families and all were wanted men - and they suffered
+
+these injuries to support him.&amp;nbsp; He owed them a great debt and it is
+
+to his credit that, immediately after Bosworth, he rewarded them.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Elizabeth Woodville's son by her first husband, the marquess of Dorset,
+
+was in Brittany as were her three brothers, Lionel, Edward and Richard.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They were joined by many loyal servants.&amp;nbsp; All of the exiles were undoubtedly
+
+horrified by the supposed murders of Edward V and Richard of York.&amp;nbsp;
+
+While these men schemed with Henry Tudor, the object of their schemes -
+
+Richard III - attempted to nullify their threat.&amp;nbsp; He tried various
+
+tactics, mixing friendly overtures with veiled threats.&amp;nbsp; He knew Margaret
+
+Beaufort had sent messages to her son and plotted in the rebellion but
+
+he couldn't risk alienating her husband, Lord Stanley.&amp;nbsp; So he told
+
+Stanley to watch his wife carefully, dismiss the servants who had relayed
+
+messages, and prevent any contact with Henry and other rebels.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+also gave Stanley possession of Margaret's property for the course of Stanley's
+
+life; after his death, the lands would pass to the crown.&amp;nbsp; Still,
+
+Margaret had every reason to be grateful for her life.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In March of 1484, Richard attempted a reconciliation
+
+with his former sister-in-law, Elizabeth Woodville.&amp;nbsp; She and her five
+
+daughters had sought sanctuary in Westminster.&amp;nbsp; Richard gathered the
+
+lord mayor of London, all leading aristocrats and various aldermen to his
+
+palace.&amp;nbsp; He announced that - if Elizabeth and her children left sanctuary
+
+- he would protect them; they would be reccognized as his kin and given
+
+a pension and dowries.&amp;nbsp; Most importantly, he publicly promised they
+
+would not be sent to any prisons, including the Tower of London (the site
+
+of their brothers' deaths.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He also attempted to win over the duke of Brittany
+
+again.&amp;nbsp; In this he was aided by the ailing duke's treasurer, Pierre
+
+Landais.&amp;nbsp; Landais believed Brittany's fate would be better served
+
+with an English alliance.&amp;nbsp; It could be, too, that he disliked the
+
+assembled rebels.&amp;nbsp; As a result, Henry asked the French king Charles
+
+VIII for asylum at his court.&amp;nbsp; Charles agreed and, soon enough, Henry
+
+left Brittany for Paris.&amp;nbsp; It was a dangerous decision and, as it was
+
+taken without Francis's permission, would have resulted in his arrest.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But he managed to arrive in Anjou with his pursuers just an hour behind.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(His uncle Jasper had left a few days earlier, ostensibly to visit Francis
+
+at Rennes.&amp;nbsp; Both he and Henry turned away at the last moment and headed
+
+toward Anjou.)&amp;nbsp; There were about 400 rebels left behind.&amp;nbsp; Duke
+
+Francis certainly had every right to send them back to England, to face
+
+certain death.&amp;nbsp; But he did not - sick as he was, he was determined
+
+to undo some of Landais's damage.&amp;nbsp; He allowed the rebels to join Henry
+
+in Paris. He also gave them a large gift of money (about 700 livres) to
+
+pay for their travel (this was in addition to their living allowance he
+
+was also paying!)&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor was touched by his old protector's
+
+kindness and generosity.&amp;nbsp; He sent a letter of thanks, realizing that
+
+the treachery had been Landais's and not the duke's.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the French royal family were very eager
+
+to use Henry as a diplomatic weapon against the English.&amp;nbsp; But the
+
+situation at the French court was confused and problematic; in the end,
+
+Henry relied upon the king's older sister, Anne of Beaujeu, for assistance.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her role was of vital importance as Henry planned for the greatest battle
+
+of his life, Bosworth Field.
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;The French court which welcomed Henry Tudor was a curious place.&amp;nbsp;
+
+King Louis XI had died on 30 August 1483, leaving behind a thirteen-year-old
+
+heir who became Charles VIII.&amp;nbsp; As often happened when a minor succeeded
+
+to the throne, a power struggle ensued between the new king's relatives
+
+over the role of regent.&amp;nbsp; Charles's mother, Charlotte of Savoy, was
+
+not a serious contender; she had never been involved in politics and was
+
+seriously ill.&amp;nbsp; (She died on 1 December.)&amp;nbsp; So the struggle was
+
+between Charles's older sister, Anne, and his younger sister's husband,
+
+Louis duc d'Orleans.&amp;nbsp; Anne was twenty-two years old and married to
+
+Pierre, Lord Beaujeu, the heir of the duc d'Bourbon.&amp;nbsp; Anne triumphed
+
+over her brother-in-law Louis and her gained control of the government.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor's former patron, Duke Francis II, soon
+
+became involved in this struggle - at least ostensibly.&amp;nbsp; His servant
+
+Pierre Landais (discussed on the previous page) was hated by the Orleans
+
+party who were seeking an alliance with his old enemies - namely, the noblemen
+
+of Brittany who had fled during Landais's ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; (Naturally
+
+enough, they had fled from Brittany to France, where they met with the
+
+Orleans party.)&amp;nbsp; On 7 April 1484 these new allies attempted to destroy
+
+Landais, breaking into the ducal palace at Nantes and then going to his
+
+country house.&amp;nbsp; They failed to find Landais, however, and were forced
+
+to flee in shambles.&amp;nbsp; They waited at the town of Ancenis, in Brittany
+
+but near the French border.&amp;nbsp; Landais remained in power and seemed
+
+to bear no ill will toward the Breton-Orleans conspirators.&amp;nbsp; In autumn,
+
+the Orleans party attempted - once again - to make peace between Francis
+
+II and his exiled noblemen.&amp;nbsp; This time, they didn't attempt to kidnap
+
+Landais as part of their plan!&amp;nbsp; Landais was a pragmatist and undoubtedly
+
+wanted to rid himself of the troublesome Breton-Orleans scheming.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So he supported their plan; in doing so, he knew he would anger the French
+
+monarchy.&amp;nbsp; Naturally, he turned to England's King Richard III for
+
+assistance, asking that Richard recognize the Orleans-Breton alliance;
+
+in return, Landais offered to send Henry Tudor to England.&amp;nbsp; (Landais
+
+would then have the support of Burgundy, Orleans, &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; England against
+
+any French designs on Brittany.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, Henry Tudor fled to France where he was
+
+welcomed with open arms.&amp;nbsp; With Henry Tudor gone, Brittany had no olive
+
+branch to offer England; this would weaken the Breton-English alliance.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It would also aid Anne of Beaujeu in her struggle against the Orleans party.&amp;nbsp;
+
+When Henry arrived in Anjou, he sent a messenger to Charles VIII, then
+
+at Montargis.&amp;nbsp; The king immediately sent an envoy to greet Henry and
+
+bring him to Chartres.&amp;nbsp; The envoy was given the generous sum of 20000
+
+francs for expenses on the week-long journey.&amp;nbsp; Charles was, of course,
+
+delighted to encourage Henry in his plan to overthrow Richard III - though
+
+less delighted to give him large sums of money on a continual basis, as
+
+Duke Francis had.&amp;nbsp; Also, Charles may have been unnerved by the large
+
+number of Henry's English followers who needed to be housed and fed while
+
+awaiting developments.&amp;nbsp; Charles did give Henry about 3000 francs to
+
+clothe his army and granted permission for Henry to assemble mercenaries
+
+for his army.&amp;nbsp; Henry traveled with the king north to Paris (the court
+
+spent autumn in the beautiful Loire valley); on 4 February 1485, they reached
+
+the French capital.&amp;nbsp; During this journey, Henry finally realized the
+
+necessity of immediate and decisive action.&amp;nbsp; He had spent nearly fourteen
+
+years as an exile in France and Landais's betrayal revealed the instability
+
+of his position.&amp;nbsp; What if Anne of Beaujeu fell from power?&amp;nbsp; Would
+
+he be a pawn for the Orleans cause?&amp;nbsp; Also, it is true that Henry was
+
+in his late twenties, strong and healthy and undoubtedly yearning to be
+
+his own man.&amp;nbsp; Why would he want to live in other people's homes, dependent
+
+on their good will and generosity?
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard III was certainly unhappy with events in
+
+France.&amp;nbsp; He sent word to Charles of his displeasure and also tried
+
+to rally English support against Henry.&amp;nbsp; Henry was sending letters
+
+to England during the winter of 1484-5 to inspire potential supporters
+
+(since many were dissatisfied with Richard's rule, for reasons outlined
+
+in previous pages.)&amp;nbsp; Richard was aware of these letters and ordered
+
+the mayors and sheriffs throughout England to arrest anyone receiving or
+
+distributing them.&amp;nbsp; (One of the letters has survived - click here
+
+to read it.)&amp;nbsp; An interesting note about these letters - Henry was
+
+styling himself King of England, a deliberate and flagrant disregard of
+
+Richard's position.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 7 December 1484, Richard responded to the letters
+
+by sending out his own proclamations.&amp;nbsp; He condemned the exiles supporting
+
+Henry in France; he also mocked Henry's use of the royal title.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+also reiterated the ancient animosity between England and France, reminding
+
+the English people that - in exchange for Charles's support - Henry had
+
+supposedly promised to return the English possessions in France and relinquish
+
+the traditional English claim to the French throne.&amp;nbsp; These, of course,
+
+were matters near and dear to all English hearts.&amp;nbsp; From the 12th century
+
+onwards, the English claim to the French throne and territories was a patriotic
+
+dream shared by all Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; The great heroes of the past (most
+
+gloriously, Henry V) had led their countrymen to battle over those claims;
+
+thousands of Englishmen died in those battles.&amp;nbsp; By painting Henry
+
+as a traitor to one of the most precious English dreams (that of possessing
+
+France), Richard hoped to appeal to English patriotism.&amp;nbsp; He also reminded
+
+his subjects that Henry would be invading with mercenaries who would commit
+
+'the most cruel murders, slaughters, robberies and disinheritances that
+
+were ever seen in any Christian Realm.'&amp;nbsp; Once again, Richard appealed
+
+to a time-honored English abhorrence of invasion.&amp;nbsp; He also attended
+
+to more practical matters - ordering sheriffs to prepare troops for muster
+
+and raise cash for military payments.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; I would like to emphasize - once again - the tenuousness
+
+of Henry Tudor's claim.&amp;nbsp; At this point, only he and Richard III were
+
+viable claimants to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; But Richard's position was
+
+stronger by far (and as will become clear later), the Battle of Bosworth
+
+ended in Henry's favor only because a key nobleman betrayed Richard.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This was hardly an auspicious beginning to Henry's rule.&amp;nbsp; Throughout
+
+these pages, I have tried to emphasize the general unpopularity of Richard's
+
+rule - &lt;i&gt;with regard to the disappearance of his nephews&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+disappearance sullied Richard's character and made those Englishmen who
+
+didn't support Henry Tudor less than thrilled about defending Richard III.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In other words, they would simply wait out the conflict without openly
+
+supporting either party.&amp;nbsp; And that is exactly what most of the country
+
+did.&amp;nbsp; Personally, I do not believe Richard III murdered his nephews
+
+but, of course, the mystery will always remain open to interpretation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It is true that Richard III has received a 'raw deal' from historians.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Can we blame this on Shakespeare?&amp;nbsp; :-)&amp;nbsp; Hey, it is a great play
+
+but written during the reign of Henry Tudor's granddaughter.&amp;nbsp; It isn't
+
+likely the playwright wanted to offend the monarch (witness the ending
+
+to All Is True for proof of that - a sympathetic introduction to Katharine
+
+of Aragon which ends with Elizabeth's triumphant birth.)&amp;nbsp; Richard
+
+was a capable and intelligent man and - whatever the truth about his nephews
+
+- had far more experience in government thhan Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; He also
+
+reacted to betrayal with an appealing mixture of punishment and forgiveness;
+
+he was far more conciliatory than, say, Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; (During this
+
+time, an embarrassing episode occurred which may have furthered Richard's
+
+resolve to shore up his support against Henry:&amp;nbsp; John de Vere, the
+
+Lancastrian earl of Oxford, was imprisoned at Calais in France; he escaped,
+
+along with two English soldiers, to join Henry Tudor in Paris.&amp;nbsp; Understandably,
+
+this embarrassed Richard; he issued pardons to the English soldiers at
+
+Calais, including de Vere's supporters, but they still rebelled.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In the end, Henry's morale went up and Richard's fell drastically.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The Oxford episode indicated the lack of loyalty to Richard's regime.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This was coupled with the disloyalty of Sir William Stanley, advising Henry
+
+from England.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, these domestic actions were accompanied
+
+by foreign policy initiatives designed to find Richard prominent allies.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In this, he was successful as well.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor's old ally, Duke
+
+Francis of Brittany, entered into a seven-year truce with England on 2
+
+March 1485.&amp;nbsp; One of the specific points of the truce was that neither
+
+side would support rebellion against the other, thus allying Richard and
+
+Duke Francis against the French throne.&amp;nbsp; Not surprisingly, Charles
+
+VIII began to fear an English-Breton invasion of France. So he encouraged
+
+Henry Tudor to hasten his plans to invade England.&amp;nbsp; In March 1485,
+
+Richard's queen, Anne Neville, died and this personal heartbreak had to
+
+be shoved aside in the face of Henry Tudor's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; It was soon
+
+rumored that Richard would marry Elizabeth of York or her sister Cecily,
+
+thus regaining the support of Henry's Yorkist allies.&amp;nbsp; Henry, whom
+
+Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort intended to wed Elizabeth, was
+
+upset but could do little.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Richard kept a shrewd eye on
+
+Lord Stanley (I'll let you alert readers figure out the Tudor-Stanley connection
+
+from the earlier pages - here's a clue: who was Margaret Beaufort married
+
+to?)&amp;nbsp; Around July 1485, Stanley asked permission to visit relative
+
+in Lancashire.&amp;nbsp; The king was no fool; he allowed Stanley to leave
+
+London but kept his son and heir, George, Lord Strange, as hostage.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Essentially, Strange remained in Richard's household in order to assure
+
+his father's good behavior.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles VIII was, of course, still encouraging Henry's
+
+planned invasion but still hedging about financial support.&amp;nbsp; When
+
+news came that Richard might marry Elizabeth of York, Henry became frantic.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He cast about for another prominent Yorkist bride, with little success.&amp;nbsp;
+
+More importantly, (with the support of Philippe de Commynes, an influential
+
+diplomat) Henry pressed Charles to request money from the French parliament.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The French king did so on 4 May 1485 and was successful; he returned with
+
+Henry to Paris about a month later.&amp;nbsp; Already, plans to assemble an
+
+invasion fleet were being approved.&amp;nbsp; At Harfleur, near the mouth of
+
+the River Seine, Henry spent about 50000 livres to assemble 4000 men.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Of these, 1500 were discharged soldiers from a base at Pont de l'Arche.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The French soldiers were commanded by a nobleman from Savoy called Philibert
+
+de Chandee, who later became a good friend of Henry Tudor's.&amp;nbsp; There
+
+were also Henry's 400 English supporters who had shared his exile.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry placed these men under the command of Richard Guildford.&amp;nbsp; (It
+
+was later rumored that about 1000 Scots joined Henry's force; whether that
+
+number is correct or not, some Scots did fight on Henry's side.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's great enterprise was about to begin.&amp;nbsp;
+
+On 1 August 1485, Henry and his followers left Honfleur and sailed down
+
+the Seine into the Channel.&amp;nbsp; On 7 August, they sailed into Milford
+
+Sound near sunset.&amp;nbsp; They actually landed at Mill Bay, inside the Sound.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This was the land of Pembrokeshire where Henry had been imprisoned as a
+
+young man.&amp;nbsp; Upon landing, Henry knelt down and whispered, 'Judge me,
+
+Lord, and fight my cause.'&amp;nbsp; He kissed the English soil, crossed himself,
+
+and told his men to follow him - in the name of God and St George.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was no coincidence that he landed in Wales, his father's native land;
+
+it was there that he hoped to gain crucial support for his cause.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;(&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;NOTE:&amp;nbsp; Historical sources regarding
+
+the actual battle at Bosworth are scanty at best.&amp;nbsp; No one who actually
+
+fought at the battle recorded the battle; typically, the chroniclers from
+
+London recorded great events but they were far from the action in 1485.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Also, the supporters of Richard III didn't want to remember their defeat
+
+- and unlikely to write about in the chargged political climate.&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+
+supporters were concerned with more immediate matters after the battle
+
+- namely, beginning the rule of a very ineexperienced monarch who had not
+
+been to England in fifteen years.&amp;nbsp; And there is another very important
+
+fact - medieval battles are incredibly confusing to describe (just as they
+
+were confusing to fight.)&amp;nbsp; Imagine a Revolutionary War battle - the
+
+British soldiers in matching red coats, marching in perfect cadence to
+
+a fixed point, they shoot, reload and aim with some degree of consistency.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Medieval warfare did not proceed along those lines.&amp;nbsp; In general, it
+
+was chaotic and confusing to the participants - and the chroniclers.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So if the following account confuses you a little, you're in good company.&amp;nbsp;
+
+I have tried to be as clear as possible, to the extent of omitting stuff
+
+which is particularly confusing (including Henry's mysterious 'disappearance'
+
+the night before the battle; that will eventually be included in the Primary
+
+Sources section, directly from Polydore Vergil's work.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The most prominent chronicler of the Battle was
+
+Polydore Vergil, Henry VII's official court historian.&amp;nbsp; Of course,
+
+his version is the official Tudor account but we must rely upon it.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In most respects, Vergil had little reason to alter anything since the
+
+Tudor claimant was victorious.)&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Henry's force marched to the nearest inhabited
+
+area, a settlement called Dale.&amp;nbsp; There they spent the night; the next
+
+day (8 August) they left Dale to a castle called Haverfordwest, about 12
+
+miles to the north-east.&amp;nbsp; The townsmen actually welcomed the invaders,
+
+an indication of their nebulous loyalty to Richard III.&amp;nbsp; Of course,
+
+news of Henry's arrival on English soil was only just spreading along the
+
+coast.&amp;nbsp; In this northern part of Pembrokeshire, there were fewer castles
+
+and - again - it was Jasper Tudor's former home.&amp;nbsp; Also, Richard III
+
+had extensive control over south Wales, which shows that Henry's Welsh
+
+support was as nebulous as Richard's English support.&amp;nbsp; Richard's control
+
+over much of Wales also meant that Henry was forced to march north into
+
+the center of Wales.&amp;nbsp; And, of course, it must be recalled that the
+
+Stanleys (his mother's in-laws) controlled much of north Wales and Cheshire.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Sir William Stanley was Richard III's chief lieutenant in Anglesey, Caernarfonshire,
+
+and Merioneth, cities which made up the northern part of royal holdings
+
+in Wales.&amp;nbsp; (Remember that Sir William was the younger brother of Henry's
+
+stepfather.)&amp;nbsp; Henry may have been in touch with the Stanleys immediately
+
+upon landing in Wales.&amp;nbsp; Oddly enough, a letter Henry sent to another
+
+supporter, John ap Maredudd ab Ieuan ap Mareddud, has survived; it was
+
+written about 8 August, immediately after the landing, and designed to
+
+gain Welsh support.&amp;nbsp; The letter to ap Mareddud can be read by clicking
+
+here.&amp;nbsp; What did ap Mareddud do?&amp;nbsp; We don't know - though it is
+
+true that Henry did have some significant Welsh support.&amp;nbsp; Of course,
+
+it was nowhere near as great as many later remembered.&amp;nbsp; And it is
+
+false to state that
+
+&lt;i&gt;every&lt;/i&gt; Welshman welcomed the return of Owen Tudor's
+
+descendants.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the Tudor dynasty in no way favored Wales
+
+or its native population - so any support from the Welsh was not rewarded.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In 1536, in particular, the Welsh had good cause to resent any support
+
+they had given.&amp;nbsp; After Bosworth, certain laudatory poems and songs
+
+were written - but as these were dedicated to an actual king than a pretender
+
+to the throne, they were naturally fawning.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In reality, Henry did not receive
+
+a rapturous welcome.&amp;nbsp; On 8 August, at Haverfordwest, he received a
+
+crushing blow - John Savage, nephew of Henry's stepfather, and the powerful
+
+Welsh lord, Rhys ap Thomas, were not planning to support his cause.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Of course, they had promised otherwise while he was in France but Richard
+
+III suspected both men of disloyalty - and before Henry landed, he made
+
+certain they understood the penalty of treason.&amp;nbsp; With this crushing
+
+news, even the professed loyalty of Pembroke was small consolation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry's march from Havefordwest northeast to Cardigan and there to Machynlleth
+
+(about 100 miles from the Dale settlement) is not documented.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+arrived at Machynlleth on 14 August and wrote a letter to Sir Roger Kynaston,
+
+the guardian of the Grey estates; to pass safely to Shrewsbury, Henry needed
+
+- at the very least - Kynaston's inaction..&amp;nbsp; The guardian didn't need
+
+to declare for him but he could at least not impede his progress. Click
+
+here to read the letter to Kynaston.&amp;nbsp; Whatever Kynaston's decision,
+
+Henry did pass safely through to Shrewsbury.&amp;nbsp; To get to this point,
+
+his force had marched through the mountains of Wales but they had the continual
+
+arrival of good news to cheer them on the lonely journey - supporters were
+
+marching to join them, bringing along much-needed supplies.&amp;nbsp; Among
+
+these supporters was Rhys ap Thomas, who finally decided to honor his previous
+
+promise.&amp;nbsp; Rhys later said he brought almost 2000 men with him; if
+
+true, his force made up a third of Henry's entire army.&amp;nbsp; They were
+
+in time to join Henry at Shrewsbury, the traditional gateway to the English
+
+midlands; they marched along the old Roman road even as supporters sent
+
+along money to pay the mercenary troops.&amp;nbsp; But at Shrewsbury, Henry's
+
+progress was no longer easy.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Shrewsbury was an important
+
+town and had two bailiffs, Roger Knight and Thomas Mitton, both in power
+
+for about two decades.&amp;nbsp; They had prospered under Richard III, notably
+
+from the failure of Buckingham's rebellion (notably, Mitton received Buckingham's
+
+castle and Shrewsbury's tax bill was significantly reduced.)&amp;nbsp; And
+
+one must remember Richard III's admonitions to the English people, specifically
+
+warning them of the dangers of mercenary troops.&amp;nbsp; The people of Shrewsbury
+
+had no desire for foreign troops to plunder and pillage their town.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(Keep in mind that Henry's army was not primarily English.)&amp;nbsp; When
+
+Henry requested permission to march through the streets, Mitton made a
+
+familiar reply - &quot;over my belly.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Henry could not afford to go around
+
+the city so he retreated.&amp;nbsp; At a nearby village, he composed a letter
+
+to the bailiffs, promising that his men would simply march through Shrewsbury
+
+peacefully, without causing any damage or harm.&amp;nbsp; He respected the
+
+oath of loyalty to Richard III and did not expect any of the townspeople
+
+to break it.&amp;nbsp; The letter may not have swayed the bailiffs but the
+
+arrival of Rowland Warburton, a retainer of Sir William Stanley, arrived
+
+and persuaded the bailiffs to let Henry pass.&amp;nbsp; The Stanley support
+
+was impressive enough to sway even Mitton, who lay on the ground so Henry
+
+could step over his belly (thus keeping his former oath.)&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What effect did this 'adventure'
+
+have on Henry?&amp;nbsp; He realized, once again, that his support was not
+
+widespread.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, in the end he relied upon the apathy of the English
+
+population - essentially their decision to not actively support Richard
+
+III.&amp;nbsp; Shrewsbury was the first English town he marched through, a
+
+test of how the average citizen would respond to his invasion.&amp;nbsp; Since
+
+they did not recognize his claim to the throne, Henry had little to celebrate.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In a way, his march was as
+
+much a public relations enterprise as a military endeavor.&amp;nbsp; Everywhere
+
+he went, he attempted to drum up support - and he was often successful.&amp;nbsp;
+
+More men and prominent lords joined the cause, all for various reasons.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At Stafford, Henry met up with Sir William Stanley.&amp;nbsp; Stanley brought
+
+news that Richard III, informed of Henry's march, was camped at Nottingham.&amp;nbsp;
+
+From there, it was just a brief march south to block Henry's path to London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In other words, Stanley was urging Henry to hurry if he wanted to reach
+
+the capital.&amp;nbsp; Henry marched to meet Richard, stopping for the night
+
+at Lichfield; as at Shrewsbury, he kept his army outside the walls so as
+
+not to offend the citizens.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now it gets a bit confusing:
+
+&lt;i&gt;Lord&lt;/i&gt;
+
+Stanley, whose son Lord Strange was Richard's 'hostage', was marching with
+
+about 5000 men toward Lichfield (presumably to meet up with Richard III
+
+at Nottingham.)&amp;nbsp; He did not dare meet with Henry Tudor, though he
+
+supported his claim.&amp;nbsp; Ostensibly, Lord Stanley was loyal to Richard.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So he avoided Henry's army though, supposedly, sent a message assuring
+
+him of eventual support.&amp;nbsp; Of course, promises can be easily broken
+
+and Henry was uneasy.&amp;nbsp; He knew Richard had scouts watching Stanley
+
+and held his son hostage.&amp;nbsp; Under such circumstances, Stanley's support
+
+was not completely assured.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Lord Stanley's brother - Sir
+
+William - had met up with Henry's army at Lichfield on 20 August.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Lord Stanley had arrived near Atherstone, close to the actual battlefield.&amp;nbsp;
+
+On this Saturday (20 August, still!), Lord Stanley sent his brother a message
+
+that Richard was near and fighting could begin in just three hours.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This, of course, did not happen.&amp;nbsp; But the Stanleys apparently met
+
+together and decided on a course of action - namely, they would not publicly
+
+declare their support for either Richard or Henry.&amp;nbsp; On Sunday, they
+
+apparently decided upon their battle plans - namely, Lord Stanley's betrayal
+
+of Richard.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lord Stanley was, of course,
+
+Henry's stepfather but his waffling is understandable.&amp;nbsp; But it caused
+
+both Richard III and Henry a great deal of anxiety.&amp;nbsp; Henry secretly
+
+met with the Stanleys on 21 August but, after the meeting, was still unsure
+
+of their unqualified support.&amp;nbsp; Under such circumstances, Henry's nervousness
+
+was greater than the king's.&amp;nbsp; But Richard was far from secure himself.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was at Nottingham when he heard of Henry's arrival in Pembrokeshire
+
+and, from there, his steady march through Wales to the midlands.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As mentioned earlier, Richard had made preparations for this moment in
+
+1484.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered his nobles and gentry to assemble according to
+
+plan.&amp;nbsp; He was undoubtedly unnerved that Henry was receiving some measure
+
+of support and that his march was essentially unimpeded.&amp;nbsp; He called
+
+the dukes of Northumberland and Norfolk to him, as well as the lieutenant
+
+of the Tower of London (where most of the king's weaponry was stored.)&amp;nbsp;
+
+Because Sir William Stanley did not respond to summons, Richard declared
+
+him a traitor.&amp;nbsp; He also intimidated Lord Strange enough for the young
+
+man to confess to some sort of 'conspiracy' to betray the king.&amp;nbsp; This
+
+simply confirmed Richard's fears.&amp;nbsp; He realized as well that Henry
+
+was trying to reach London as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; So he gathered
+
+his own forces to prevent this; he was later called a coward for not confronting
+
+Henry sooner but consider this - Richard wanted to assemble as many supporters
+
+as possible while dragging out the ordeal for Henry's army.&amp;nbsp; The assembled
+
+mercenaries were tired, hungry, and - like Henry - knew the crucial Stanley
+
+support was not secure.&amp;nbsp; Richard's army was a bit larger than Henry's
+
+though exact figures do not exist.&amp;nbsp; They marched south in traditional
+
+square battle formation, Richard and his guard behind two groups of horsemen.&amp;nbsp;
+
+There were about 100 knights and noblemen who had responded to Richard's
+
+summons.&amp;nbsp; Most of these men were from the north, specifically Yorkshire
+
+and Lancashire.&amp;nbsp; Richard marched with these men as the King of England,
+
+wearing his crown and coat-of-arms.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative that every
+
+Englishman who watched the march be reminded the Richard was the king and
+
+Henry just a pretender.&amp;nbsp; He would be crushed just like the duke of
+
+Buckingham.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Finally, on 21 August (Sunday),
+
+both armies knew battle was near.&amp;nbsp; Richard knew Henry's camp was near
+
+Atherstone; he himself camped at the plain of Redmoor.&amp;nbsp; The next day
+
+the forces would meet on the battlefield, a place later called Bosworth
+
+Field.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;br&gt;(I wanted to point out an interesting fact about Henry's tactics prior
+
+to Bosworth; by marching toward London, he essentially determined where
+
+the battle would be fought - &lt;i&gt;wherever he and Richard met up on the way
+
+to London&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; So Bosworth Field was not chosen for any purpose other
+
+than the two armies met there.&amp;nbsp; Today, it is impossible to adequately
+
+understand the geography of the battlefield and Richard and Henry's camps
+
+prior to the battle; hundreds of years of building, etc. have altered the
+
+landscape.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;(Also: William Brandon, Henry's standard bearer, was slain at this
+
+battle.&amp;nbsp; His son, Charles, would become Henry VIII's best friend,
+
+husband to Princess Mary Tudor &amp;amp; grandfather of Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His biography is available at Tudor Citizens.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;The actual battle supposedly took place on Redmoor plain, near Richard
+
+III's encampment.&amp;nbsp; Long after the battle, it came to be called the
+
+Battle of Bosworth Field because the town of Market Bosworth lay to the
+
+north of Redmoor plain.&amp;nbsp; Also, a Welsh chronicler asserted that the
+
+battle actually took place at the town.&amp;nbsp; In other words, there is
+
+some debate about where the battle took place - &lt;i&gt;though one can reasonably
+
+assert it occurred at Redmoor plain&lt;/i&gt;.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sunday 22 August began inauspiciously for Richard
+
+III and one of his most powerful allies, the duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Richard
+
+admitted he had slept little and suffered bad dreams; in the superstitious
+
+medieval world this did not bode well.&amp;nbsp; Also, the duke of Norfolk
+
+found a sign outside his quarters which read, 'Jack of Norfolk be not so
+
+bold, For Dykon thy master is bought and sold.'&amp;nbsp; After his sleepless
+
+night, Richard arose earlier than even his chaplain (so there was no morning
+
+mass) and had no breakfast.&amp;nbsp; He insisted on wearing his crown throughout
+
+the day, as he had insisted upon marching to Redmoor clad in his ceremonial
+
+robes and crown.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor had spent a sleepless night as well,
+
+and his morning began with disturbing news.&amp;nbsp; His stepfather, Lord
+
+Stanley, was still officially part of Richard's force.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Stanley's
+
+force waited between Henry and Richard's camps.&amp;nbsp; But when Henry pushed
+
+his stepfather to join him, Stanley still demurred (this on the day of
+
+the battle!)&amp;nbsp; One can imagine Henry's response.&amp;nbsp; Stanley sent
+
+Henry a brief message; he should prepare his army for battle and wait for
+
+Stanley to join him at the appropriate moment.&amp;nbsp; (Note: Richard's archers
+
+were under the command of the duke of Norfolk while Henry's archers were
+
+under the command of John de Vere, the earl of Oxford.&amp;nbsp; The actual
+
+make-up of each army is a matter of debate as well, as is their size.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They each had a number of infantry and cavalry, complemented with cannon
+
+and guns and - of course - the traditional bows and swords.&amp;nbsp; One chronicler
+
+estimated Richard's cannon at 140; Henry had cannon brought from France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As to the actual numbers involved, chroniclers are always prone to exaggeration
+
+and this time was no exception.&amp;nbsp; We know Henry landed in Wales with
+
+about 4000 and was joined by a large number of reinforcements; Richard's
+
+force must have been equal - at least.&amp;nbsp; Sir William Stanley led about
+
+3000 troops.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One more mention of the Stanleys: Richard was less
+
+troubled by their waffling than Henry.&amp;nbsp; After all, Richard would have
+
+been content if they simply stayed out of the battle whereas Henry was
+
+desperate for their support.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, Richard's army had higher
+
+morale - and supposedly larger numbers.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry marched northeast at a leisurely pace toward
+
+Richard's camp.&amp;nbsp; Were his troops wary of attacking first?&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly;
+
+but, in the end, Richard decided to order his attack when Henry's force
+
+passed by a march.&amp;nbsp; At this time, he also realized that Lord Stanley
+
+was not joining him.&amp;nbsp; (He could see Stanley's army motionless on the
+
+field.)&amp;nbsp; Richard ordered his hostage, Lord Strange, beheaded but in
+
+the heat and confusion of battle, the order was not carried out.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The first moments of battle were an indication of the chaos to come.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Immediately, arrows were exchanged and then hand-to-hand combat began.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Swords, pikes, aces, spears....&amp;nbsp; These were the weapons of choice.&amp;nbsp;
+
+(Interesting note: Richard's ally, the duke of Northumberland, waited at
+
+the rear of the army with a well equipped force which never entered battle
+
+for one simple reason - the topography of the battlefield.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Richard's scouts told him that Henry, too, remained
+
+outside the fighting, observing the battle with a small group of supporters.&amp;nbsp;
+
+By identifying Henry's standard, Richard determined his exact position.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Then he undertook a most courageous and incredible feat - he spurred his
+
+horse to ride directly at Henry, the pretender to his throne.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+knew that if Henry was slain - before Stanley intervention - the battle
+
+would end.&amp;nbsp; On his horse, at full gallop, he slay a great number of
+
+those around Henry (notably his standard bearer, William Brandon, and that
+
+respected soldier, the 'giant' John Cheyne.)&amp;nbsp; Henry, of course, was
+
+innocent of real experience in battle but he did not run - though he also
+
+kept a horse nearby in case the battle was lost.&amp;nbsp; Still, the tide
+
+would have turned against Henry except....&amp;nbsp; the Stanleys finally entered
+
+the battle, on the Tudor side!
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It cannot be emphasized enough that Richard III died
+
+valiantly in battle.&amp;nbsp; Every later chronicler asserted his bravery
+
+and skill.&amp;nbsp; One wrote that, after Stanley's men swarmed around him,
+
+Richard fought 'manfully in the thickest press of his enemies.'&amp;nbsp; According
+
+to Polydore Vergil, 'that day he would make end either of war or life';
+
+he would 'die like a king or win victory in this field.'&amp;nbsp; He was wounded
+
+several times but refused the advice of his few companions to flee.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He also refused the offer of a horse.&amp;nbsp; His heroism was evident to
+
+all.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he could not prevail.&amp;nbsp; His crown was knocked
+
+from his head; his head was struck so many times that the helmet was beaten
+
+into the skull; even after his death, his body continued to be beaten.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Around him lay the bodies of his few companions - Conyers, Brackenbury,
+
+Ratcliffe....&amp;nbsp; There is a legend that his crown landed in a hawthorne
+
+bush; true or not, it was soon enough in Henry Tudor's hands - and not
+
+because of any personal bravery on the part of the first Tudor king.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The battle lasted about two hours.&amp;nbsp; Its outcome
+
+- Henry's triumph - was only made possiblee by Stanley's disgraceful betrayal
+
+of his king.&amp;nbsp; Had he waited a few moments longer, Henry may have been
+
+personally killed by Richard.&amp;nbsp; That single action inaugurated the
+
+Tudor dynasty - and it was a shameful inauguration.&amp;nbsp; Whatever his
+
+qualities before the battle, his actions immediately afterwards are not
+
+endearing.&amp;nbsp; Richard III, who had fought so heroically and suffered
+
+an awful death, continued to be humiliated and abused.&amp;nbsp; His body was
+
+slung naked over a horse, arms and legs hanging over the sides; a halter
+
+was tossed around his neck to symbolize his defeat.&amp;nbsp; In this manner,
+
+he was taken to a friary in Leicester where his body lay on view for two
+
+days; it was naked from the waist down except for a scant and cheap black
+
+cloth.&amp;nbsp; He was buried at the friary with no ceremony.&amp;nbsp; The church
+
+no longer exists - Henry's son ordered the dissolution of the monasteries
+
+in the 1530s and Richard's grave was opened and the body thrown out.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Later, the coffin was supposedly used as a horse trough and cellar steps
+
+in a nearby manor.&amp;nbsp; Richard III remains the only English king since
+
+1066 to have no burial place.&amp;nbsp; He was also the last English king to
+
+die in battle.
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor had now declared himself Henry VII and
+
+Lord Stanley placed Richard's crown upon his stepson's head.&amp;nbsp; His
+
+officers were busy settling old scores, executing old foes and rounding
+
+up the prisoners.&amp;nbsp; In the end, we can reasonably estimate that about
+
+400 men - in total - died that day.&amp;nbsp; Of course, after the battle few
+
+wanted to talk about the actual fighting - those two hours which ended
+
+in betrayal and death for one king and the beginning of one of the most
+
+celebrated dynasties in English history.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;On a personal note....&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;I do want to stress that Henry Tudor did nto participate
+
+in the fighting - and, in fact, he kept a horse nearby so he could flee
+
+if the battle was lost.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he planned to 'turn tail
+
+and run', as the clichÃ© goes.&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;It might seem odd that a king who supposedly won his crown in 
+  battle was actually quite cowardly on the battlefield, and didn't participate 
+  - but it's the truth.&amp;nbsp; Richard III only lost because Lord Stanley 
+  disgracefully betrayed his king.&amp;nbsp; And he did so after Richard had already 
+  forgiven him numerous offenses (many bordering on treason), and had treated 
+  him kindly.&amp;nbsp; Henry may have claimed a crown that day, but he claimed no 
+  glory.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;You may visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.r3.org&quot;&gt;Richard
+
+III Society&lt;/a&gt; site for the other side of the story.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Henry Tudor as King
+
+&lt;p&gt;'His [Henry VII] body was slender but well built and strong; his height
+
+above the average.&amp;nbsp; His appearance was remarkably attractive and his
+
+face was cheerful especially when speaking; his eyes were small and blue;
+
+his teeth few, poor and blackish; his hair was thin and grey; his complexion
+
+pale'.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Polydore Vergil, from the &lt;i&gt;Anglica Historia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Many historians have long argued that Bosworth Field marked
+
+the end of medieval England, and the beginning of more modern government.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This assumes at least some drastic changes occurred during the 24 years
+
+Henry ruled England.&amp;nbsp; However, no such changes occurred.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+maintained the government of his predecessors; he simply had a more efficient
+
+administration.
+
+&lt;p&gt;This should detract from his formidable accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; Despite
+
+his very questionable claim to the throne, Henry proved himself to be an
+
+able and enthusiastic king.&amp;nbsp; He devoted himself to the minutiae of
+
+government, personally initialing household account books.&amp;nbsp; He was
+
+quite miserly, which greatly benefited his spendthrift son Henry VIII,
+
+but this was understandable - the first Tudor king knew financial success
+
+would be the life or death of his new dynasty.&amp;nbsp; Like all monarchs,
+
+he needed money - and often badly.&amp;nbsp; But he needed parliament's permission
+
+to raise taxes or create new ones.&amp;nbsp; Yet Henry knew that parliament
+
+would be opposed to giving a new - and unpopular king - more sources of
+
+revenue, particularly since England's economy was not prosperous.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And so Henry only called parliament seven times during his reign.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Instead of creating new methods to raise money, he cannily exploited the
+
+existing sources.&amp;nbsp; Every loophole that existed was stretched wide
+
+- Henry sought every penny he could from eevery source of revenue.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And he protected the money fanatically.&amp;nbsp; Few monarchs lived so frugally,
+
+and as Francis Bacon noted, 'towards his queen [Elizabeth of York] he was
+
+nothing uxorious, nor scarce indulgent....'
+
+&lt;br&gt;For Henry VII, money equaled security.&amp;nbsp; And so rights of Wardship,
+
+Marriage, Promotions, and Death, forced loans and benvolences, and trade
+
+dues were all tools to gain financial security.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Upon becoming king, Henry's immediate problem was the same as his Yorkist
+
+predecessors - the legitimacy of his claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; Bosworth
+
+Field had not ended the struggle for England's crown, and Henry faced considerable
+
+unrest throughout the early years of his reign.&amp;nbsp; The Northerners (who
+
+never lost their distrust of the Tudors) had supported Richard III, and
+
+did not welcome a Welsh king.&amp;nbsp; And Yorkist support continued in Ireland
+
+(where Lambert Simnel was crowned Edward VI 1487), and in Europe (where
+
+Edward IV and Richard III's sister Margaret lived on as the influential
+
+duchess of Burgundy.)&amp;nbsp; Also, because Henry's claim to the throne was
+
+so weak, he inevitably had to work harder to create the impression of royal
+
+authority.&amp;nbsp; By all accounts, he lacked the majesty, or charisma, of
+
+his son Henry VIII and granddaughter Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; But charisma was
+
+perhaps a negligible quality during those early years; more important were
+
+hard work, dedication, and discipline.&amp;nbsp; And Henry possessed those
+
+qualities in abundance.
+
+&lt;p&gt;First, Henry benefited directly from the Wars of the Roses - heirs to
+
+many of the old noble families were killed during the battles.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+simply appropriated their lands and revenue.&amp;nbsp; Those that had supported
+
+Richard III (those that survived, that is) were attainted and their estates
+
+confiscated.&amp;nbsp; He also created a council 'Learned in the Law' in 1495
+
+to deal with enforcement of already-existing taxes, particularly those
+
+owed by the nobility.&amp;nbsp; Henry also forbid nobles to retain their own
+
+armies.&amp;nbsp; A small number of attendants was acceptable, but Henry did
+
+not want any lord to have more power than the king.&amp;nbsp; Edward IV had
+
+attempted the same maneuver, with less success.&amp;nbsp; Henry was aided by
+
+a simple fact - as king, he owned most of the gunpowder in the country.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Therefore, he simply blew up the castles and keeps of recalcitrant barons.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was quite an effective policy, though Henry did not curb the power and
+
+influence of all nobles.&amp;nbsp; But it is worth noting that the English
+
+nobility, already in decline during the Wars of the Roses, fell from influence
+
+rapidly under the Tudors - under Elizabeth I, for instance, England had
+
+just one duke (and he was executed for treason.)
+
+&lt;p&gt;Henry did continue the Yorkist tradition of promoting government officers
+
+from the middle class (primarily clerics and lawyers.)&amp;nbsp; But he did
+
+not create the middle class government that many historians propose; nobles
+
+still retained the most powerful positions.&amp;nbsp; Henry kept many of Edward
+
+IV and Richard III's councilors, and these were either from the aristocracy,
+
+or related through marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it should be noted that the middle
+
+class was growing in power and influence, and carefully making its way
+
+through the corridors of power.
+
+&lt;p&gt;Henry also revived the powers of the Justices of the Peace, first introduced
+
+by Henry II.&amp;nbsp; They administered the king's justice throughout England,
+
+and were supposedly free of local prejudices.&amp;nbsp; His Yorkist predecessors
+
+had appointed a Council of the North and thus allowed the great border
+
+families of Neville, Dacre, Scrope, and Percy to rule as virtually independent
+
+princes with their own armies.&amp;nbsp; This was necessary because the Scottish
+
+border was notoriously difficult to maintain; raids from the north were
+
+all too common, and the Yorkists had needed the Northern lords to protect
+
+English interests.&amp;nbsp; When Edward IV was king, Richard had been 'Lord
+
+of the North', having inherited the vast Neville estates through his wife.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry was not so inclined - he did not want the Northern families to be
+
+too powerful; after all, they could turn that power against their king.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But he also knew the North needed a strong leader, a servant of the crown.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And so he released the last Percy heir, the earl of Northumberland, from
+
+the Tower of London and appointed him Lord Warden of the East and Middle
+
+Marches.&amp;nbsp; But Henry carefully trimmed Percy's powers, and only allowed
+
+the council to meet sporadically.&amp;nbsp; He successfully subdued it into
+
+becoming a mere extension of his own London-based authority.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Henry also attempted to quell the Scottish problem, and undercut the
+
+Auld Alliance (the alliance between France and Scotland), by marrying his
+
+eldest daughter Margaret to the king of Scots in 1503.&amp;nbsp; He planned
+
+to marry his youngest daughter, Mary, to Charles, the prince of Castile.&amp;nbsp;
+
+His eldest son and heir apparent, Prince Arthur, was wed to the youngest
+
+daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, the powerful 'Catholic Kings' of Spain.&amp;nbsp;
+
+With these marriage alliances, Henry hoped to protect his domestic interests;
+
+he did not want to engage in costly foreign wars since the establishment
+
+of his own dynasty was more important, but he needed foreign allies.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Marriage was less costly than war, and - Henry hoped - more effective.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The matches were impressive, particularly the match with Spain since it
+
+meant that the most powerful European monarchs recognized his shaky claim
+
+to the throne.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082556&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082556&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH2063.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH2063.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH2063.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1513 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">53816</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">King Henry VIII (1491-1547): Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Six Wives of Henry VIII The Reformation</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">King Henry VIII (1491-1547): Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Six Wives of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">King Henry VIII: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/henry8.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH20631d2f433d6af891439d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215302</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2063.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8main.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">h8two.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">fitzroy.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;King Henry VIII&quot; height=52 width=315&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8main.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of King Henry VIII by an unknown artist&quot; BORDER=2 height=348 width=250&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#One&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+    View portraits of King Henry VIII at
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#One&quot;&gt;A
+
+brief discussion of his personality and historical importance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; 
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Two&quot;&gt;Henry Tudor, duke of York: 1491-1502&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Three&quot;&gt;Heir
+
+apparent: 1502-1509&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Four&quot;&gt;1509-1526:
+
+Katharine of Aragon, Cardinal Wolsey &amp;amp; Princess Mary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Five&quot;&gt;1526-1536:
+
+Anne Boleyn and the Henrician Reformation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Six&quot;&gt;1536-1546:
+
+Four wives, Thomas Cromwell &amp;amp; foreign policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Seven&quot;&gt;Death
+
+and disorder: Henry's last months and a discussion of his illness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Eight&quot;&gt;The
+
+English nobility during Henry's reign&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Nine&quot;&gt;Henry: 
+    lapsed Catholic or Protestant reformer?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Ten&quot;&gt;Notable
+
+Dates and Events&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Eleven&quot;&gt;Bibliography
+
+and Further Reading&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Henry's wives:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;The Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;      &lt;b&gt;Henry's children:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;
+      King Edward VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;'My, you ought to seen old Henry the Eight when he was in bloom.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He &lt;i&gt;was&lt;/i&gt; a blossom.&amp;nbsp; He used to marry a new wife every day, and
+
+chop off her head next morning.&amp;nbsp; And he would do it just as indifferent
+
+as if he was ordering up eggs.&amp;nbsp; 'Fetch up Nell Gwynn,' he says.&amp;nbsp;
+
+They fetch her up.&amp;nbsp; Next morning, 'Chop off her head!'&amp;nbsp; And they
+
+chop it off.&amp;nbsp; 'Fetch up Jane Shore,' he says; and up she comes.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Next morning, 'Chop off her head' - and they chop it off.&amp;nbsp; 'Ring up
+
+Fair Rosamun.'&amp;nbsp; Fair Rosamun answers the bell.&amp;nbsp; Next morning,
+
+'Chop off her head.'&amp;nbsp; And he made every one of them tell him a tale
+
+every night; and he kept that up till he had hogged a thousand and one
+
+tales that way, and then he put them all in a book, and called it Domesday
+
+Book - which was a good name and stated the case.&amp;nbsp; You don't know
+
+kings, Jim, but I know them; and this old rip of ourn is one of the cleanest
+
+I've struck in history.&amp;nbsp; Well, Henry he takes a notion he wants to
+
+get up some trouble with this country.&amp;nbsp; How does he go at it - give
+
+notice? - give the country a show?&amp;nbsp; No.&amp;nbsp; All of a sudden he heaves
+
+all the tea in Boston Harbor overboard, and whacks out a declaration of
+
+independence, and dares them to come on.&amp;nbsp; That was &lt;i&gt;his&lt;/i&gt; style
+
+- he never give anybody a chance.&amp;nbsp; He  had suspicions of his father,
+
+the Duke of Wellington.&amp;nbsp; Well, what did he do? - ask him to show up?&amp;nbsp;
+
+No - drownded him in a butt of mamsey, like a cat.&amp;nbsp; Spose people left
+
+money laying around where he was - what did he do?&amp;nbsp; He collared it.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Spose he contracted to do a thing; and you paid him, and didn't set down
+
+there and see that he done it - what did he do?&amp;nbsp; He always done the
+
+other thing.&amp;nbsp; Spose he opened his mouth - what then?&amp;nbsp; If he didn't
+
+shut it up powerful quick, he'd lose a lie, every time.&amp;nbsp; That's the
+
+kind of a bug Henry was....&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;All I say is, kings is kings, and you got to make allowances.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Take them all around, they're a mighty ornery lot.&amp;nbsp; It's the way they're
+
+raised.'&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;from Mark Twain's &lt;i&gt;Adventures of Huckleberry Finn&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;One&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=4&gt;I have no fear but when you
+
+heard that our Prince, now Henry the Eighth, whom we may call our Octavius,
+
+had succeeded to his father's throne, all your melancholy left you at once.&amp;nbsp;
+
+What may you not promise yourself from a Prince with whose extraordinary
+
+and almost Divine character you are acquainted?&amp;nbsp; When you know what
+
+a hero he now shows himself, how wisely he behaves, what a lover he is
+
+of justice and goodness, what affection he bears to the learned I will
+
+venture to swear that you will need no wings to make you fly to behold
+
+this new and auspicious star.&amp;nbsp; If you could see how all the world
+
+here is rejoicing in the possession of so great a Prince, how his life
+
+is all their desire, you could not contain your tears for joy.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+heavens laugh, the earth exults, all things are full of milk, of honey,
+
+of nectar!&amp;nbsp; Avarice is expelled the country.&amp;nbsp; Liberality scatters
+
+wealth with bounteous hand.&amp;nbsp; Our King does not desire gold or gems
+
+or precious metals, but virtue, glory, immortality.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;font size=2&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lord Mountjoy to Erasmus&lt;/i&gt;, 1509&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;hr&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;A brief discussion of his personality and historical
+
+importance&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; How can one adequately describe Henry's personality?&amp;nbsp;
+
+Imagine yourself as Henry VIII, the second son suddenly yanked into the
+
+spotlight by your older brother's death. Sheltered and smothered by a father
+
+suddenly aware that he has just one heir left; handsome and intelligent
+
+and, by turns, both recklessly indulged and then denied.&amp;nbsp; Any of us
+
+would have emerged as a mass of contradictions and frustrations.&amp;nbsp;
+
+So Henry VIII, crowned king at the prime of his life, just eighteen years
+
+old and physically magnificent with more enthusiasm and energy than most
+
+of his contemporaries, became a conflicted and confused man.&amp;nbsp; But
+
+it is a shame to let the last twenty years of his life color the interpretation
+
+of his entire life.&amp;nbsp; One should not see him as simply an ogre king
+
+who beheaded two wives, divorced two others, and rejected another in one
+
+of the most humiliating ways possible.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His personality was quite amazing; his intelligence,
+
+learning, and curiosity impressed even the world-weary ambassadors who
+
+littered his court.&amp;nbsp; His thirst for knowledge was insatiable, though
+
+it never became the near-mania that haunted Philip II.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII
+
+didn't spend his declining years surrounded by slips of paper detailing
+
+the most minute occurrences in his realm.&amp;nbsp; But he did spend his entire
+
+reign reading dispatches, scribbling notations, meeting with diplomats
+
+and politicians.&amp;nbsp; Very little occurred in England that escaped his
+
+attention; indeed, very little occurred in Europe that escaped Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He prided himself on this and well he should; the Spanish ambassador reported
+
+that Henry knew of the fall of Cadiz before the Holy Roman Emperor.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He was usually genial company.&amp;nbsp; He loved music
+
+and wrote his own.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed dancing and entertainment.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+held countless banquets and tournaments.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed all physical
+
+activities and excelled at most of them.&amp;nbsp; Hunting, archery, tennis,
+
+jousting - the king made his court into an endless round of competition
+
+and celebration.&amp;nbsp; When he grew older, these former pleasures became
+
+torments; like most former athletes, Henry became fat as he aged and the
+
+once-loved pastimes became bitter reminders of the ravages of time.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And he ruled over a country where almost half the population was 18 years
+
+old or younger!&amp;nbsp; Youth was everywhere, staring the old king in his
+
+face.&amp;nbsp; We can imagine the effects.&amp;nbsp; Quite naturally, he sought
+
+reassurances - from women, his courtiers, his council.&amp;nbsp; Affairs could
+
+distract him, but love affairs were never his grand passion.&amp;nbsp; Despite
+
+his licentious reputation, Henry VIII was really a 16th century sexual
+
+prude; among his European contemporaries, he philandered the least.&amp;nbsp;
+
+State affairs indulged his taste for war and glory; family affairs gnawed
+
+at his conscience and pride.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII did not want distractions.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He wanted a grand mission, a defining statement.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he got
+
+his wish, though in the most improbable way possible.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He began life as a second son, destined for the
+
+church.&amp;nbsp; It was the dream of Henry VII for his eldest son, Arthur,
+
+to be king and for his second son, Henry, to be the highest churchman in
+
+England.&amp;nbsp; And so, for the first ten years of his life, Henry was a
+
+student of theology.&amp;nbsp; And for the next thirty years of his life, he
+
+remained a dutiful son of the church.&amp;nbsp; It is ironic, then, that his
+
+most significant historical achievement was the destruction of the Roman
+
+Catholic faith in England.&amp;nbsp; The impact of the Henrician reformation
+
+forever altered the course of English history.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII, who had
+
+indulged in endless diplomatic squabbles and foreign wars, left no grand
+
+achievement beyond his own borders.&amp;nbsp; Vast amounts of money were spent
+
+on these foreign entanglements - and many lives lost - but, in the end,
+
+nothing changed in the European balance of power.&amp;nbsp; England, constantly
+
+pulled between the two great continental powers of France and the Holy
+
+Roman Empire, nearly bankrupted itself in an attempt to become respected
+
+and feared.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Why did Henry ultimately fail in those tasks normally
+
+reserved for monarchs?&amp;nbsp; Ultimately, he was a victim of his times.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The 16th century was a confusing mess of changing loyalties, betrayals,
+
+near-constant fighting, and most importantly, a rising skepticism of that
+
+great institution of the fading medieval world, the Roman Catholic church.&amp;nbsp;
+
+With the advent of the printing press a century before, literacy and intellectual
+
+debate grew rapidly.&amp;nbsp; The High Renaissance in Italy occurred during
+
+the first 20 years of Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; It was a time of unparalleled
+
+scientific experiment, intellectual fervor, and spirited debate.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In such a time, traditional views of kingship were bound to change for
+
+both the ruler and those he ruled.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (As evidence of this confusion, one need only remember
+
+that Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor crowned by the Pope, led the brutal
+
+sack of Rome in 1527.&amp;nbsp; Charles, supposedly the anointed defender of
+
+the papacy, actually ordered his imperial army to loot, pillage, and kill
+
+their way through Rome and the Vatican.&amp;nbsp; The pope ended up fleeing
+
+to relative safety in his nightshirt.)
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While reading any biography of Henry VIII, one must
+
+remember the flavor of his times and judge him, if at all, by sixteenth-century
+
+standards.&amp;nbsp; It's always amusing to read descriptions of Henry as the
+
+lustful tyrant torn between bedding and beheading innocent women; in truth,
+
+he blushed at dirty jokes and was more faithful than many 20th century
+
+husbands.&amp;nbsp; He was married to Katharine of Aragon for over twenty years
+
+and had just a handful of mistresses.&amp;nbsp; He waited years to physically
+
+consummate his relationship with Anne Boleyn, and despite being in the
+
+prime of his life, remained faithful to her until marriage.&amp;nbsp; Was this
+
+sexual prudery a result of his early church training?&amp;nbsp; Perhaps.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Whatever the case, it was a hallmark of his life.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was
+
+always an incurable romantic.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His personal and political decisions were always
+
+grandiose, melodramatic, and played for great effect.&amp;nbsp; He loved pomp
+
+and pageantry, even as he loathed to deal with the consequences of his
+
+actions.&amp;nbsp; Like his father, he was caught in the transition from medieval
+
+England to renaissance England.&amp;nbsp; And like his father, he was well-versed
+
+in English history and desperate to continue the Tudor dynasty, to secure
+
+his claims to Ireland, Scotland, and France, to raise England to the status
+
+of its continental neighbors, and to expand his God-given right to rule
+
+all Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; When reading about Henry's political and dynastic
+
+ambitions, one is always struck by the wide scope of his desires.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Though most came to naught in the end, he actually planned invasions of
+
+France, plotted to join Charles V's invasion of Italy, and intended to
+
+seize the Scottish throne.&amp;nbsp; The word 'ambitious' hardly does Great
+
+Harry justice.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His political ambitions failed and he bequeathed
+
+a woeful mess to his nine-year-old heir, Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; His greatest
+
+achievement was a dubious one, and one for which he was often eager to
+
+distance himself - the Henrician reformation, the end of Roman Catholicism
+
+in England and the birth of the Anglican church.&amp;nbsp; The king, for all
+
+his contradictions and failures, helped destroy the greatest institution
+
+in medieval Europe.&amp;nbsp; Once Germany and England fell to the new heresy,
+
+its spread across Europe was inevitable and invincible.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the biography of Henry at this site, I hope to
+
+capture both the king's personality and assess his importance to history.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry VIII's reign was as tumultuous as the king himself.&amp;nbsp; If nothing
+
+else, it makes for entertaining reading.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Henry Tudor, duke of York: 1491-1502&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The second Henry Tudor was born on 28 June 1491 at Greenwich
+
+Palace in London.&amp;nbsp; He was the third child of the first Tudor monarch,
+
+Henry VII, and his wife, Elizabeth Plantagenet, daughter of the Yorkist
+
+king, Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; At the time of her second son's birth, Queen Elizabeth
+
+was just 25 years old; her husband was 34, and had been king for almost
+
+six years.&amp;nbsp; Those six years had been difficult ones.&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+
+marriage to Elizabeth had helped amass Yorkist support for his rule, but
+
+the English people were hardly enthusiastic about Henry, even as they had
+
+been noticeably ambivalent about his predecessor, Elizabeth's uncle, Richard
+
+III.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was popular with the common people; her young life
+
+had all the romance and tragedy necessary for sympathetic gossip and she
+
+was a classical fair beauty, possessing all the female virtues necessary
+
+for a queen.&amp;nbsp; She was quiet, demure, and charming; she was also content
+
+to allow her formidable mother-in-law, Margaret Beaufort, assume a position
+
+of unprecedented influence over the king.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+
+Elizabeth's emotional attachment to her husband has been much-debated.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In truth, she had known all her&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/h8two.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;sketch of Henry VIII as a toddler&quot; BORDER=1 height=214 width=150 align=right&gt; life that she would never marry a man of
+
+her own choice.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her mother, Elizabeth Woodville, conspired
+
+with Margaret Beaufort for Elizabeth to marry Henry Tudor, exiled son of
+
+Henry VI's half-brother.&amp;nbsp; Henry was, by all accounts, grateful for
+
+the match.&amp;nbsp; He appreciated its political implications.&amp;nbsp; He also
+
+respected his new queen and was faithful to his marriage vows, an unusual
+
+trait in a king.&amp;nbsp; Upon her marriage, Elizabeth entered a semi-retirement
+
+- she was queen and her duty was to produce as many heirs as possible.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Nine months after her marriage, she gave birth to her first child at St Swithin's Priory in Winchester, a prince named Arthur.&amp;nbsp; Henry and
+
+Elizabeth had wed on 18 January 1486 at Westminster Abbey in London; Prince
+
+Arthur was born 20 September 1486.&amp;nbsp; Three years later, Elizabeth gave
+
+birth to their second child, a princess called Margaret after Henry VII's
+
+mother.&amp;nbsp; She was born on 28 November 1489 at Westminster Palace in
+
+London.&amp;nbsp; For the new king, the birth of a healthy second child, and
+
+his wife's rapid recovery, were good omens.&amp;nbsp; Even as he attempted
+
+to enforce his rule in the always troublesome northern England which had
+
+been Richard III's base of support, Henry VII could rest assured that his
+
+dynasty was becoming secure.&amp;nbsp; But it was only on 28 June 1491, when
+
+another healthy prince was born, this time at Greenwich Palace, that Henry
+
+VII could breathe a sigh of relief.&amp;nbsp; This second son was a necessary
+
+insurance policy for the new Tudor dynasty.&amp;nbsp; Childhood mortality was
+
+high and diseases such as small pox, the sweating sickness, and the plague
+
+were rife throughout England.&amp;nbsp; A king needed as many healthy heirs
+
+as possible, and the birth of a second son was an occasion for celebration.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 27 February 1490, Prince Arthur was titled prince
+
+of Wales at Westminster Palace in London; this was the real beginning of
+
+a tradition that continues to this day.&amp;nbsp; And in 1494, Arthur's baby
+
+brother was titled duke of York, the traditional title of the king's brother.&amp;nbsp;
+
+At this early age, all we know of Prince Henry was that he was considered
+
+a handsome and precocious toddler, but one would expect such descriptions
+
+of the king's son.&amp;nbsp; He did not share his brother's fair coloring or
+
+slight build.&amp;nbsp; Prince Henry was a sturdy, strawberry-blond boy noted
+
+for his energy and temper.&amp;nbsp; Just a year after his birth, his mother
+
+bore another daughter; this child was called Elizabeth and she died three
+
+years later.&amp;nbsp; It was the first in a series of tragedies for the young
+
+queen.&amp;nbsp; She and Henry VII were considered good and affectionate parents,
+
+but they never lost sight of the political importance of their children.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Together they decided that Prince Henry, like most second sons, was destined
+
+for the church, and his early schooling was planned accordingly.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This strong emphasis upon theology and its esoteric debates remained with
+
+Henry for the rest of his life and made him feel uniquely qualified to
+
+interpret religious law during the 1520s.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Heir apparent: 1502-1509&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's position as the second son lasted only until 2 April
+
+1502, just a few months before his eleventh birthday.&amp;nbsp; It was on that
+
+day that his brother Arthur died at Ludlow Castle, the government seat
+
+of the prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; The insecurity of the Tudor succession was
+
+suddenly unavoidable.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth of York, despite repeated pregnancies,
+
+had not borne another healthy son; after Henry's birth, there was just
+
+one more male child - a son called Edmund, born in 1499 and dead just a
+
+year later.&amp;nbsp; The queen did become pregnant shortly after Arthur's
+
+death but this eighth pregnancy proved to be her last.&amp;nbsp; The child,
+
+called Katherine, was born and died on 2 February 1503.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth
+
+contracted an infection and died a few days later, on 11 February, her
+
+thirty-seventh birthday.&amp;nbsp; So in the short space of a year, Henry lost
+
+both his older brother and mother.&amp;nbsp; But the effects of these losses
+
+was felt even more keenly by Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; His reign had proved to be
+
+neither peaceful or happy.&amp;nbsp; He was beset by worries - constant diplomatic
+
+maneuvering, subjects who mocked him as a cold-hearted, tax-hungry miser,
+
+and now he had lost his son and wife.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Arthur's death was more than a personal tragedy;
+
+it was a political tragedy as well.&amp;nbsp; The young prince had been married
+
+to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
+
+Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; on 14 November 1501 at St.Paul's Cathedral, London.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The daughter of the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Ferdinand of Aragon and
+
+Isabella of Castile, Katharine's marriage to the Tudor heir had marked
+
+the high point of Henry VII's foreign diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; His grip on the
+
+English throne had long been considered both illegitimate and untenable
+
+by most European powers, except in cases where it suited their interests
+
+to pretend otherwise.&amp;nbsp; But a bond of marriage between the house of
+
+Tudor and the ruling dynasty of Spain gave Henry's rule a stamp of approval.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was now allied with one of the most powerful ruling families in Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Prince Henry met his sister-in-law and future wife on this momentous occasion,
+
+heading the procession that led her to the cathedral.&amp;nbsp; Later, he officially
+
+introduced her to the citizens of London.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With Arthur's death, his teenage wife was trapped
+
+in England while Henry VII squabbled with her father over the remaining
+
+payments on her dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was perhaps even then mulling over
+
+the idea of not letting the all-important Spanish alliance go to waste.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Soon enough he was openly proposing that Katharine marry young Prince Henry,
+
+now the heir apparent and five years her junior.&amp;nbsp; What did young Prince
+
+Henry know of these plans?&amp;nbsp; Probably very little.&amp;nbsp; After Arthur's
+
+death, Henry VII became somewhat paranoid and tried desperately to protect
+
+his only son from any injury or illness.&amp;nbsp; People who wished to visit
+
+the young prince had to receive permission from Henry VII, and this remained
+
+the case well into the boy's adolescence.&amp;nbsp; Such strict rules may have
+
+irked the heir but they did not interfere with his continuing education.&amp;nbsp;
+
+While his older brother was in Wales learning the intricacies of government,
+
+Henry received a primarily classical education, mastering Latin and French
+
+and becoming an excellent and exuberant athlete.&amp;nbsp; Contemporary sources
+
+make it clear that he was a happy child, fond of sports and spectacle,
+
+and equally proud of his intellectual accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; In short,
+
+he possessed all the personality and charm his father noticeably lacked.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Both his physical appearance and character were similar to those of his
+
+Plantagenet grandfather Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; This fact was much remarked upon
+
+by those Englishmen who had lived through the last years of the Wars of
+
+the Roses.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Prince Henry, his father spent the last
+
+years of his reign establishing good relationships with other monarchs
+
+and avoiding expensive war; also, his fondness for extorting money from
+
+an unwilling populace never wavered.&amp;nbsp; He left his son a king's greatest
+
+gift - a healthy treasury.&amp;nbsp; Ironically, one of Henry VIII's first
+
+acts as king was to execute his father's most productive, and hence most
+
+notorious, tax collectors.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VII never really decided whether
+
+he wanted to marry Prince Henry to Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; He kept the
+
+young princess in England for seven years while he toyed with the idea.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Her living conditions steadily deteriorated; she was miserably unhappy,
+
+many of her Spanish attendants were sent home, she lacked money for even
+
+basic necessities.&amp;nbsp; Food and adequate clothing were constant concerns.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She struggled to bear her hardships with the serene and regal dignity that
+
+was ingrained in her character as a princess of Spain, and such calm in
+
+the face of deprivation impressed young Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; It is certainly
+
+true that even years later, in the midst of an acrimonious separation,
+
+he never lost his respect for Katharine.&amp;nbsp; This respect was always
+
+tinged with a bit of fear.&amp;nbsp; He was keenly aware of her great ancestry
+
+and extensive education, her self-deprecating wit and complete mastery
+
+of all feminine tasks.&amp;nbsp; Even as queen of England, she took particular
+
+pride in sewing and mending Henry's shirts.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+
+They had little contact during the later years of Henry VII's reign, only
+
+meeting occasionally at formal&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Henry VIII, c1509&quot; BORDER=1 height=194 width=125 align=right&gt; events.&amp;nbsp; Henry was formally promised
+
+in marriage to Katharine on 23 June 1503; the treaty stated that he would
+
+marry Katharine on his fifteenth birthday, 28 June 1505, and that her parents
+
+send over 100,000 crowns worth of plate and jewels in addition to the dowry
+
+she had given when married to Prince Arthur.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was a stickler
+
+on the dowry issue, refusing to allow the marriage to be solemnized, much
+
+less celebrated and consummated, until the money arrived.&amp;nbsp; But the
+
+Spaniards were as loathe to part with money as Henry.&amp;nbsp; So 1505 came
+
+and went with no marriage though Prince Henry referred in letters to Katharine
+
+as his 'most dear and well-beloved consort, the princess my wife'.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But his father was still king, and his father refused to allow the marriage.&amp;nbsp;
+
+To strengthen his bargaining power with the Spaniards, he had Prince Henry
+
+make a formal protest to Richard Fox, the bishop of Winchester, disowning
+
+the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; Both parties prevaricated - until 1509, when
+
+Henry VII suddenly died at the age of 52, and his headstrong son, chafing
+
+at his father's authority, was free to make his own decisions.&amp;nbsp; To
+
+the surprise of all, including the Spaniards, he promptly announced he
+
+would marry Katharine and crown her queen of England.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After years of being shut away from the world, he
+
+was now king.&amp;nbsp; All of the boundless energy and enthusiasm of his character
+
+was unleashed.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps out of chivalry, or adolescent affection,
+
+or, as he later claimed, out of respect for his father's wishes, he wed
+
+his late brother's wife.&amp;nbsp; In light of future events, it is worth noting
+
+that the dowry had not been the only sticking-point in the marriage plans
+
+- there was the not insignificant fact that Katharine had been married
+
+to Henry's brother, and her marriage to Henry would be regarded as incestuous
+
+and unacceptable to the church.&amp;nbsp; As Henry VIII would later argue,
+
+&lt;i&gt;Leviticus&lt;/i&gt;
+
+clearly stated that a man was forbidden to marry his brother's widow.&amp;nbsp;
+
+For her part, Katharine claimed, and her duenna, Dona Elvira, agreed, that
+
+her marriage to Arthur had never been consummated.&amp;nbsp; The young prince
+
+of Wales had been suffering from consumption for months, even before the
+
+wedding, and their wedding night had passed uneventfully.&amp;nbsp; If this
+
+was true, and it seems to have been (until it was in Henry VIII's interests
+
+for it not to be), there was no barrier to her union with Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Both the English and Spanish courts sought the requisite papal dispensation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was granted and the path to marriage was clear.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=4&gt;His Majesty is the handsomest potentate I ever
+
+set eyes on; above the usual height, with an extremely fine calf to his
+
+leg, his complexion very fair and bright, auburn hair combed straight and
+
+short, in the French fashion, and a round face so very beautiful that it
+
+would become a pretty woman, his throat being rather long and thick....&amp;nbsp;
+
+He will enter his twenty-fifth year the month after next.&amp;nbsp; He speaks
+
+French, English and Latin, and a little Italian, plays well on the lute
+
+and harpsichord, sings from book at sight, draws the bow with greater strength
+
+than any man in England and jousts marvelously....&amp;nbsp; a most accomplished
+
+Prince.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=4&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;the Venetian diplomat Pasqualigo in a dispatch&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;, 1515&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;1509-1526: Katharine of Aragon, Cardinal Wolsey
+
+and Princess Mary&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey on 23 June 1509.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He had married Katharine on 11 June at Grey Friars Church in Greenwich
+
+and she shared his coronation.&amp;nbsp; It was a splendid event and continued
+
+throughout midsummer with much celebration and spectacle.&amp;nbsp; There is
+
+an account of the coronation at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.&amp;nbsp; It was soon clear that the young king, who turned
+
+18 just a few days after his coronation, had little interest in the day-to-day
+
+business of government.&amp;nbsp; While it is true that Henry was a vocal participant
+
+at council meetings, the early years of his reign were devoted more to
+
+enjoyment than the drudgery of administration.&amp;nbsp; He was content to
+
+allow trusted nobles and ecclesiastics to rule in his name - William Warham,
+
+archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey and later 2d duke
+
+of Norfolk, Bishop Richard Foxe, and, beginning around 1514, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+
+Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned earlier, one of the first acts of Henry's
+
+reign was a particularly brutal one, especially designed to benefit his
+
+popularity.&amp;nbsp; He ordered the executions of his father's most productive
+
+and hated tax collectors, Edmund Dudley and Sir Richard Empson.&amp;nbsp; It
+
+was a bloody beginning for his reign and a taste of things to come.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Certainly it pleased the English people for most tax collectors were hated,
+
+and Dudley and Empson had been particularly ruthless.&amp;nbsp; But their efficiency
+
+had the complete support of King Henry VII, whose orders they followed.&amp;nbsp;
+
+A problem had emerged for the new king - how could he execute the tax collectors
+
+when their only crime was to obey their king?&amp;nbsp; He resorted, for the
+
+first but not the last time, to judicial murder, charging the men with
+
+'constructive treason'.&amp;nbsp; It was a wholly fictitious charge which no
+
+one fully understood, even those at the trial.&amp;nbsp; This cold-blooded
+
+act pleased the people and demonstrated Henry's desire for popular approval.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But it also revealed a ruthlessness to his character that grew more pronounced
+
+as the years passed.&amp;nbsp; Many historians argue that Henry grew tyrannical
+
+only after Katharine of Aragon failed to provide an heir but the evidence
+
+proves otherwise.&amp;nbsp; If someone could not be legally executed, the king
+
+simply invented a new charge.&amp;nbsp; For example, in 1513, before leaving
+
+for war in France, he executed Edmund de la Pole, his Plantagenet cousin
+
+held prisoner in the Tower since Henry VII's reign.&amp;nbsp; A benign spirit,
+
+locked away for most of his life, Edmund was no threat to anyone.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But Henry executed him to remind his subjects that, though he would be
+
+in France, any challenge to his authority would be met with grave displeasure.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His marriage to Katharine was very happy, at least
+
+during these early years.&amp;nbsp; She had a more reserved character than
+
+her husband and blushed at his ribald jests, but she entered into the spirit
+
+of frivolity which pervaded their court.&amp;nbsp; There was dancing and music,
+
+for Henry was a splendid dancer and musician; he composed songs and wrote
+
+poetry, most of which has survived and is quite lovely.&amp;nbsp; He also enjoyed
+
+hunting, sometimes tiring ten horses during a single hunt, and jousting;
+
+by all accounts, he was the greatest athlete at the court.&amp;nbsp; And he
+
+was a dedicated and affectionate husband.&amp;nbsp; Everything he built was
+
+decorated with an intertwined H and K, and Katharine's pomegranates were
+
+carved next to Tudor roses.&amp;nbsp; He called himself the 'Knight of the
+
+Loyal Heart' and bowed before his queen after each grueling tournament.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He also involved Katharine in the seemingly endless visits of foreign dignitaries,
+
+inviting the ambassadors to her apartments and openly seeking her advice
+
+and opinion.&amp;nbsp; It was clear that they loved and respected one another,
+
+and those early years made his eventual disinterest all the more painful
+
+for the queen to bear.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+
+Katharine bore their first child on 31 January 1510, just six months after
+
+their coronation.&amp;nbsp; It was a girl, born too early to survive.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The next birth, on 1 January 1511, was a far happier occasion.&amp;nbsp; It
+
+was a boy, called Henry after his father and titled duke of Cornwall.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The delighted father planned celebrations to rival his&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-min.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon, c1525 by Horenbout&quot; height=168 width=166 align=right&gt; coronation.&amp;nbsp;
+
+The boy was apparently healthy yet died about two months later.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+cause was unknown, but it was an age of high infant mortality.&amp;nbsp; The
+
+young parents were devastated.&amp;nbsp; Henry consoled himself by waging war
+
+against France, courtesy of his father-in-law Ferdinand of Aragon, and
+
+Katharine's fierce piety led her to kneel for hours on cold stone floors
+
+in prayer.&amp;nbsp; But Henry's attempts to gain glory on the battlefield
+
+were misplaced.&amp;nbsp; In June 1512, the marquess of Dorset sailed out of
+
+Southampton, bound for Gascony with 12,000 troops.&amp;nbsp; They reached the
+
+port of Fuentarrabia, where they were to join the Spanish and attack Bayonne.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But the Spanish troops never arrived.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand, without consulting
+
+his son-in-law, attacked and seized Navarre instead and then declared the
+
+'Holy War' over.&amp;nbsp; He had essentially used Henry's troops as bait;
+
+when the French went off to fight the English, Ferdinand seized his chance
+
+and attacked Navarre.&amp;nbsp; To top off his treachery, he also openly criticized
+
+the English soldiers who, without receiving his permission, had sailed
+
+home after waiting four months at Fuentarrabia.&amp;nbsp; Henry was too embarrassed
+
+by his soldiers' mutiny to call his father-in-law's bluff.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Desperate to erase the memory of that military blunder,
+
+he planned a grand campaign for the spring of 1513.&amp;nbsp; His ambassadors
+
+even secured the support of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+joined the 'Holy Alliance' of England and Spain to attack France.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But once again Ferdinand's self-interest ruled the day.&amp;nbsp; He went behind
+
+his allies' backs to make a secret truce with Louis XII of France, and
+
+so he kept Navarre peacefully.&amp;nbsp; This happened in March 1513 and suitably
+
+angered Henry.&amp;nbsp; But the English king had learned a lesson from his
+
+previous blunder.&amp;nbsp; His forces were launched from England's only possession
+
+on the continent, Calais in northern France.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish would not
+
+be involved.&amp;nbsp; On 1 August 1513, about a month after he left England,
+
+Henry besieged the town of Therouanne.&amp;nbsp; Two centuries before, Edward
+
+III had seized that city after the great battle of Crecy.&amp;nbsp; With Maximilian
+
+by his side (actually as his subordinate; he allowed Henry command of his
+
+troops in exchange for paying their salaries), Henry won a victory within
+
+a fortnight.&amp;nbsp; The capture of a duke, marquis, and vice-admiral fleeing
+
+the scene helped raise substantial ransoms.&amp;nbsp; He gave the town to Maximilian
+
+as a gift and the emperor ordered it razed to the ground.&amp;nbsp; Their next
+
+battle was one month later at Tournai.&amp;nbsp; It surrendered after eight
+
+days and Henry decided it would become another English stronghold within
+
+France.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He had left Katharine in charge at home, officially
+
+titled Governor of the Realm and Captain-General of the Armed Forces, an
+
+honor never allowed his other wives.&amp;nbsp; She had been resoundingly successful.&amp;nbsp;
+
+France and Scotland had an 'Auld Alliance' against England, and&amp;nbsp; James
+
+IV of Scotland, married to Henry's sister Margaret Tudor, had responded
+
+to English aggression against his ally.&amp;nbsp; He led his armies into northern
+
+England.&amp;nbsp; Thomas Howard, the earl of Surrey, took the few English
+
+troops left in the nation to meet him.&amp;nbsp; The armies clashed at Flodden
+
+Edge, between Berwick and the Cheviots.&amp;nbsp; Three hours of fighting ended
+
+the Scottish threat.&amp;nbsp; The evening of 9 September 1513 saw over 10,000
+
+Scots dead, including most of their aristocracy.&amp;nbsp; James IV himself
+
+was killed.&amp;nbsp; Had Henry's attention been focused on his own country,
+
+he could have seized a golden opportunity - with James dead and the high
+
+nobility of Scotland destroyed, he could have marched into Edinburgh and
+
+seized his sister Margaret and her infant son, now King James V.&amp;nbsp;
+
+But instead he remained enthralled with dreams of European conquest, perhaps
+
+comparing himself to his hero, Henry V.&amp;nbsp; And these dreams were encouraged
+
+by news that the Pope had, in secret, promised to recognize Henry as king
+
+of France if he could physically seize possession of the country.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This generous offer had been inspired by French meddling in papal affairs.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this triumphant time, Katharine lost another
+
+child.&amp;nbsp; In November 1513, another prince, also called Henry, duke
+
+of Cornwall, was born and soon died.&amp;nbsp; It was the third miscarriage
+
+in as many years.&amp;nbsp; Was Henry worried?&amp;nbsp; He was still young, as
+
+was Katharine, and had been king for just five years.&amp;nbsp; He was naturally
+
+optimistic, though undoubtedly disappointed.&amp;nbsp; Once again, the queen
+
+was on her knees in prayer.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she felt the losses more keenly.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In letters to her father, she blamed herself.&amp;nbsp; She clearly saw the
+
+dead children as a reproof of some sort, a failure to fulfill the most
+
+basic feminine role.&amp;nbsp; But she was able to send Henry the bloody coat
+
+of the Scottish king; it may have been some consolation.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, in 1514, as &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+
+Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt; extended his control of government, Katharine had reason
+
+to become wary.&amp;nbsp; The golden happiness of the first years with Henry
+
+was wearing thin.&amp;nbsp; Her father had betrayed her husband openly and
+
+scornfully, treating them both as little more than foolish children.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She had been her father's best ambassador, heedlessly pressing his claims
+
+upon Henry, using the natural affection between husband and wife to urge
+
+alliances with Spain.&amp;nbsp; She felt the sting of her father's betrayals.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He had lied to her, misled her, and tricked her into betraying her husband.&amp;nbsp;
+
+It was clear that her primary loyalty must be to Henry and the English
+
+people; she would never trust Ferdinand again.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, the king
+
+returned home and his councilors told him that Henry VII's great treasury
+
+was fast running low.&amp;nbsp; War with France was too costly to continue.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry had seized Tournai and made the competent Thomas Wolsey its bishop,
+
+but more extensive campaigning was out of the question.&amp;nbsp; In this,
+
+the king surprisingly agreed.&amp;nbsp; He had won his share of glory - at
+
+least for now - and it would be enough.&amp;nbsp; And Ferdinand's betrayal
+
+had been met with a suitable reply.&amp;nbsp; Henry's younger sister
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;,
+
+the most beautiful of the Tudor children, had been betrothed to Ferdinand's
+
+nephew, the duke of Burgundy, but now Henry made peace with France and
+
+promised Mary to Louis XII, three times her age and suffering from gout.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's
+
+new desire for peace with France, England's traditional enemy, was encouraged
+
+by Spanish duplicity.&amp;nbsp; But it&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&quot; height=234 width=150 align=right&gt; was also due to the growing influence
+
+of Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; Derisively called 'Master Almoner' by those jealous of
+
+his influence, Wolsey came from a humble background and, like most talented
+
+and ambitious men from poor families, he used the church to advance in
+
+society.&amp;nbsp; He attended Oxford and showed such promise that he was made
+
+bursar of Magdalen College and then chaplain to Archbishop Deane.&amp;nbsp;
+
+In 1507, in his thirties and now well-connected, he became chaplain to
+
+Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry VIII's accession, Wolsey received a seat on
+
+the council and was made king's almoner.&amp;nbsp; This position allowed him
+
+personal contact with the young, impressionable monarch.&amp;nbsp; He accompanied
+
+Henry to France during the successful campaigns of 1513, where he was made
+
+bishop of Tournai, and their close relationship grew stronger.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+
+appreciated Wolsey's dedication to administrative detail and hard work.&amp;nbsp;
+
+And both Warham and Fox, the two senior councilors Henry inherited from
+
+his father, regarded Wolsey as their protÃ©gÃ©.&amp;nbsp; They
+
+were quite happy to retire to their dioceses, leaving the younger man to
+
+deal with the headstrong and rash young king.&amp;nbsp; One can easily sympathize
+
+with Warham and Fox since Henry VIII's personality was quite different
+
+from his father's.&amp;nbsp; The most obvious difference was that he spent
+
+money with the same passion his father had collected it.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But it is important to remember that Henry VIII
+
+never completely abandoned his power to Wolsey, though court gossip believed
+
+otherwise.&amp;nbsp; He carefully read the Cardinal's dispatches and proved
+
+himself well-informed about domestic and foreign affairs when dealing with
+
+ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry possessed a lifelong love of keeping his
+
+subjects, noble or common, on their toes; he enjoyed indulging his taste
+
+for surprises.&amp;nbsp; In banquets, this showed itself in his passion for
+
+elaborate costumes in which his identity was hidden.&amp;nbsp; His subjects
+
+would guess which costume hid their king, to the delight of all.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Once, he and several courtiers dressed as Robin Hood and his band of outlaws
+
+and then broke into Katharine of Aragon's apartments.&amp;nbsp; The queen,
+
+used to such antics, wisely played along but several of her ladies were
+
+terrified.&amp;nbsp; At the
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section, you can read about Henry's first meeting with his
+
+fourth wife, Anne of Cleves; he disguised himself at their first meeting,
+
+to the amusement of his nobles and the confusion of the lady.&amp;nbsp; At
+
+times, this love of surprise - of keeping those close to him on an uneven
+
+keel - was downright cruel.&amp;nbsp; He would later allow his councilors to
+
+plan Thomas Cranmer's arrest, only to tell the archbishop their plan in
+
+secret.&amp;nbsp; When the soldiers arrived, they were openly embarrassed and
+
+thwarted when Cranmer revealed his knowledge of the plan and the king's
+
+pardon.&amp;nbsp; And his sixth and final wife, Katharine Parr, was likewise
+
+surprised.&amp;nbsp; Walking in her garden with Henry, she was accosted by
+
+soldiers intending to arrest her.&amp;nbsp; Their warrant had been signed by
+
+Henry himself.&amp;nbsp; But when they attempted to seize the queen, Henry
+
+cursed them, beat several of them about the head and shoulders, and demanded
+
+they beg Katharine's forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine the guards' confusion.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; All of these instances serve to illustrate Henry's
+
+desire to remain in control, to hold absolute power in his hands always.&amp;nbsp;
+
+As king, he could give orders but it was also his privilege to immediately
+
+change his mind without bothering to consult anyone.&amp;nbsp; His will was
+
+law.&amp;nbsp; And so he demonstrated his power by doing exactly as he liked,
+
+oftimes choosing the perfect moment to throw everyone off guard and demonstrate
+
+his complete authority.&amp;nbsp; It may have seemed irrational to his contemporaries,
+
+and also to us, but it was quite an effective policy.&amp;nbsp; It meant that
+
+no one ever really knew where they stood with the king.&amp;nbsp; And so, not
+
+knowing his true feelings, they were all the more eager to sycophantically
+
+fawn over him and seek his approval.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This strain of the king's character was perhaps
+
+a bit more light-hearted in the early years of his reign but, like most
+
+of Henry's good qualities, it soon developed an ugly cast.&amp;nbsp; His mutability
+
+was certainly recognized by Wolsey, and famously by Sir Thomas More, and
+
+later led to the Cardinal's downfall.&amp;nbsp; But in the early years of their
+
+relationship, as Wolsey's genius for administration and diplomacy led him
+
+to amass great titles and wealth, the men got along amazingly well.&amp;nbsp;
+
+This continued for over a dozen years.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, Wolsey was titled
+
+archbishop of York, and in 1515 he became a cardinal and lord chancellor,
+
+and in 1518 he was made papal legate.&amp;nbsp; As archbishop of York, he lived
+
+at York Palace and to most outside observers this was the real seat of
+
+government power.&amp;nbsp; Messengers rode constantly between York and Henry's
+
+palaces.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For a long while, both Wolsey and Henry were focused
+
+on foreign affairs.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was a Francophile and desired peace between
+
+the traditional enemies.&amp;nbsp; He used Ferdinand's treacherous behavior
+
+to encourage a marriage between Henry's sister and Louis XII.&amp;nbsp; This
+
+pro-France policy naturally placed him at odds with Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Though she recognized her father's treachery and protected her marriage
+
+by no longer pressing Spanish claims, she was still the daughter of the
+
+Spanish king.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey didn't trust her, which certainly wasn't surprising.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Katharine developed a natural antipathy to the Cardinal as well.&amp;nbsp;
+
+She was a deeply pious woman, growing more so as she aged.&amp;nbsp; She thought
+
+Wolsey far too worldly to be a man of the church.&amp;nbsp; She favored councilors
+
+like &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+
+More&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2ffisher.html&quot;&gt;John
+
+Fisher&lt;/a&gt;, bishop of Rochester, men whose dedication to the church was
+
+as passionate as her own.&amp;nbsp; She was also peeved that her role as Henry's
+
+confidante and advisor was slowly stolen away by Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
+
+was jealous of the Cardinal's influence with her husband, particularly
+
+since it meant a subsequent decline in her own influence.&amp;nbsp; The king
+
+no longer brought foreign ambassadors to her rooms and he no longer sought
+
+her opinions.&amp;nbsp; It was as if her father's betrayals implicated her.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Wolsey was the consummate diplomat, skilled at flattering the queen when
+
+they met, but their mutual dislike was open knowledge at court.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In December 1514, Katharine suffered another miscarriage;
+
+it was her fourth, and the third son.&amp;nbsp; It was particularly galling
+
+for her since earlier that year Henry had taken his first public mistress.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was not a lecher, and certainly less victimized by lust than his fellow
+
+monarchs, particularly Francis I of France.&amp;nbsp; But kings take mistresses
+
+and around New Years' 1514, Henry's eye was caught by &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2ffitzroy.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth
+
+Blount&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She was the cousin of Lord Mountjoy and one of Katharine's
+
+ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Bessie was pretty and vivacious, and quite happy
+
+to bask in the king's attention.&amp;nbsp; And she had his attention for several
+
+years, which once more proves Henry's monogamous streak.&amp;nbsp; And he did
+
+not neglect his wife.&amp;nbsp; On 18 February 1516, Katharine and Henry's
+
+luck changed.&amp;nbsp; Their only surviving child, a princess called Mary,
+
+was born.&amp;nbsp; She was healthy and survived the difficult early months
+
+of infancy.&amp;nbsp; Henry was proud, if disappointed, and told an ambassador:
+
+'We are both young.&amp;nbsp; If it was a daughter this time, by the grace
+
+of God the sons will follow.'
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; One can easily understand Henry's disappointment.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He was a good father to Mary in those early years, proudly carrying her
+
+about and showing her off to visitors.&amp;nbsp; But he was perhaps aware that
+
+time was running out for a male heir to be born.&amp;nbsp; There are indications
+
+that he explored the idea of divorcing Katharine as early as 1518.&amp;nbsp;
+
+An English courtier had supposedly visited the Vatican on an exploratory
+
+mission earlier that year.&amp;nbsp; And gossip about Katharine's miscarriages
+
+had spread through the English court as early as 1514.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry was still affectionate towards Katharine,
+
+and they remained intimate for several years after Mary's birth, as evidenced
+
+by other pregnancies.&amp;nbsp; But perhaps the bloom of the relationship had
+
+gone.&amp;nbsp; His wife looked older than her years, her body worn out by
+
+ceaseless pregnancies and births.&amp;nbsp; She was by nature a reserved and
+
+serious person; her mind dwelt constantly upon the failure of her most
+
+important duty as queen.&amp;nbsp; On 10 November 1518, her last child - another
+
+daughter - was born, and died.&amp;nbsp; Special doctors summoned from Spain
+
+arrived to help the queen conceive again.&amp;nbsp; They were unsuccessful.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Henry publicly vowed to lead a crusade against the&amp;nbsp;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/fitzroy.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;miniature portrait of Henry Fitzroy, Henry VIII's illegitimate son&quot; height=203 width=208 align=LEFT&gt;Turks
+
+if God granted him a son.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But it was not to be, at least not with Katharine
+
+of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; In 1519, Elizabeth Blount, his young mistress, bore him
+
+a healthy son.&amp;nbsp; Henry was ecstatic.&amp;nbsp; Here at last was proof that
+
+the king could father sons.&amp;nbsp; Henry named the boy after himself, giving
+
+him the last name 'Fitzroy', the traditional surname of royal bastards.&amp;nbsp;
+
+He would soon lavish so many titles upon the boy that Katharine felt it
+
+necessary to remind him that Princess Mary was his heir.&amp;nbsp; Henry publicly
+
+chastised her and, in a fit of spite, sent several of her favorite attendants
+
+back to Spain.
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now we come to an important moment in what came
+
+to be called 'the king's great matter' (Henry's attempt to annul his marriage
+
+to Katharine.)&amp;nbsp; Fitzroy's birth proved Henry could have a son, and
+
+no one could deny Katharine's fertility.&amp;nbsp; It is doubtful Henry ever
+
+blamed her for the failure to produce a male heir after witnessing the
+
+endless cycle of pregnancies and prayer.&amp;nbsp; Yet why had he and Katharine
+
+been unable to produce a living son between them?&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough,
+
+the king's mind turned to God.&amp;nbsp; It must be God's will that they had
+
+no male heir.&amp;nbsp; But what had he done to offend God?&amp;nbsp; Henry searched
+
+for an answer and soon found it quite easily.&amp;nbsp; In the Bible, &lt;i&gt;Leviticus
+
+&lt;/i&gt;XVIII,
+
+16 clearly stated 'Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy brother's wife: 
+it is thy brother's nakedness'.&amp;nbsp; And, later, in chapter XX, 'If a man shall 
+take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother's 
+nakedness; they shall be childless'.&amp;nbsp; What could be more clear?&amp;nbsp; The 
+Bible itself condemned his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; The pope's dispensation 
+was meaningless.&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And so began one of the most fascinating decades in English 
+history.&lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;1526-1536: Anne Boleyn and the Henrician Reformation&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;This section, along with the remainder of the biography, is
+
+    not available as of March 2004.
+
+&lt;br&gt;I will post its completion soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+
+&lt;font size=-2&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;
+
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;
+
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Portraits
+
+of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+
+Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Henry's wives:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;The Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;      &lt;b&gt;Henry's children:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;
+      King Edward VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Test your knowledge
+
+of Henry VIII's life at Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to
+
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082557&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082557&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH278c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH278c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH278c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5646</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: A contemporary description of Queen Mary I, 1557</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/marydesc.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/marydesc.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH278cb9be1b4811a33b0c26</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH278c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">marydesc.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/marydesc.gif&quot; width=&quot;405&quot; height=&quot;100&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This 
+      description of Queen Mary I was written by Giovanni Michieli, the Venetian 
+      ambassador to her court.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;He mentions Mary's 
+      infamous menstrual problems, the cause of great physical and psychological 
+      stress for the queen, as well as her near-sightedness.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+She
+is of low rather than of middling stature, but, although short, she has
+not personal defect in her limbs, nor is any part of her body deformed.&amp;nbsp;
+She is of spare and delicate frame, quite unlike her father, who was tall
+and stout; nor does she resemble her mother, who, if not tall, was nevertheless
+bulky.&amp;nbsp; Her face is well formed, as shown by her features and lineaments,
+and as seen by her portraits.&amp;nbsp; When younger she was considered, not
+merely tolerably handsome, but of beauty exceeding mediocrity.&amp;nbsp; At
+present, with the exception of some wrinkles, caused more by anxieties
+than by age, which makes her appear some years older, her aspect, for the
+rest, is very grave.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are so piercing that they inspire not
+only respect, but fear in those on whom she fixes them, although she is
+very shortsighted, being unable to read or do anything else unless she
+has her sight quite close to what she wishes to peruse or to see distinctly.&amp;nbsp;
+Her voice is rough and loud, almost like a man's, so that when she peaks
+she is always heard a long way off.&amp;nbsp; In short, she is a seemly woman,
+and never to be loathed for ugliness, even at her present age, without
+considering her degree of queen.&amp;nbsp; But whatever may be the amount deducted
+from her physical endowments, as much more may with truth, and without
+flattery, be added to those of her mind, as, besides the facility and quickness
+of her understanding, which comprehends whatever is intelligible to others,
+even to those who are not of her own sex (a marvellous gift for a woman),
+she is skilled in five languages, not merely understanding, but speaking
+four of them fluently - English, Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian, in
+which last, however, she does not venture to converse, although it is well
+known to her; but the replies she gives in Latin, and her very intelligent
+remarks made in that tongue surprise everybody....
+&lt;br&gt;Besides woman's work, such as embroidery of every sort with the needle,
+she also practices music, playing especially on the clavichord and on the
+lute so excellently that, when intent on it...she surprised the best performers,
+both by the rapidity of her hand and by her style of playing.&amp;nbsp; Such
+are her virtues and external accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; Internally, with the
+exception of certain trifles, in which, to say the truth, she is like other
+women, being sudden and passionate, and close and miserly, rather more
+so than would become a bountiful and generous queen, she in other respects
+has no notable imperfections; whilst in certain things she is singular
+and without an equal, for not only is she brave and valiant, unlike other
+timid and spiritless women, but she courageous and resolute that neither
+in adversity nor peril did she ever even display or commit any act of cowardice
+or pusillanimity, maintaining always, on the contrary, a wonderful grandeur
+and dignity, knowing what became the dignity of a sovereign as well as
+any of the most consummate statesmen in her service; so that from her way
+of proceeding and from the method observed by her (and in which she still
+perseveres), it cannot be denied that she shows herself to have been born
+of truly royal lineage.
+&lt;p&gt;[She is also subject to] a very deep melancholy, much greater than that
+to which she is constitutionally liable, from menstrous retention and suffocation
+of the matrix to which, for many years, she has been often subject, so
+that the remedy of tears and weeping, to which from childhood she has been
+accustomed, and still often used by her, is not sufficient; she requires
+to be blooded either from the foot or elsewhere, which keeps her always
+pale and emaciated.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082606&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082606&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH27a7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH27a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH27a7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2839</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Queen Mary I's speech at the Guildhall, 1554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryspee.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/maryspee.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH27a70ce59ec813486d845e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215300</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH27a7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryspee.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryspee.gif&quot; width=&quot;529&quot; height=&quot;81&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This account 
+      of Mary's famous speech rallying her subjects was recorded by John Foxe in &lt;i&gt;The Actes and Monuments
+of these latter and perillous dayes&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The first year 
+      of Mary's reign witnessed a Protestant rebellion led by Sir Thomas Wyatt.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The uprising was sparked by her impending marriage to Philip II of Spain.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+'I am your Queen, to whom at my coronation, when I was wedded to the
+realm and laws of the same (the spousal ring whereof I have on my finger,
+which never hitherto was, not hereafter shall be, left off), you promised
+your allegiance and obedience to me....&amp;nbsp; And I say to you, on the
+word of a Prince, I cannot tell how naturally the mother loveth the child,
+for I was never the mother of any; but certainly, if a Prince and Governor
+may as naturally and earnestly love her subjects as the mother doth love
+the child, then assure yourselves that I, being your lady and mistress,
+do as earnestly and tenderly love and favour you.&amp;nbsp; And I, thus loving
+you, cannot but think that ye as heartily and faithfully love me; and then
+I doubt not but we shall give these rebels a short and speedy overthrow'.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082605&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082605&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH29c0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH29c0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH29c0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28412</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">museum art reproductions right to display public domain images Bridgeman vs Corel copyright</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">right to display public domain images Bridgeman vs Corel copyright</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Right to Display Public Domain Images: Copyright and fair use, Bridgeman vs Corel, museums vs the public, etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/art.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH29c0555890d011f8c47192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215293</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH29c0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">copyrightba.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">copyrightelizabeth.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;73%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;73%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;73%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/copyrightba.gif&quot; width=&quot;422&quot; height=&quot;162&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=2 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I created this page in 1999 as a common sense 
+      &lt;I&gt;introduction&lt;/I&gt; to copyright terms.&amp;nbsp; It also discusses the Bridgeman vs 
+    Corel decision and public domain issues.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The issue of copyright was most 
+      eloquently discussed - and the concept of public domain most eloquently 
+      defended - by the historian Thomas Macaulay in 1841.&amp;nbsp; Please
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.baen.com%2flibrary%2fpalaver4.htm&quot;&gt;read his speeches&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;updated 1 
+      October 2004:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; I had to share this news with public domain 
+      advocates.&amp;nbsp; I was reading through some of the Congressional speeches 
+      regarding copyright and came across this gem - Congresswoman Mary Bono 
+      (whose late husband pushed through one of the most disastrous copyright 
+      laws ever) was reminded that the US Constitution prohibits perpetual 
+      intellectual property rights.&amp;nbsp; Her response?&amp;nbsp; The copyright term 
+      should be &amp;quot;forever minus one day&amp;quot;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I'm serious.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;If that doesn't offend and alarm you, 
+      what will?&amp;nbsp; If she had her way, you wouldn't be able to read The 
+      Bible for free.&amp;nbsp; Please consider this issue when you vote.&amp;nbsp; This 
+      is one of the great unreported stories in the US, Europe and now, sadly, 
+      Australia.&amp;nbsp; Yes, the Aussies signed (August 2004) a free-trade 
+      agreement with the US which required that Australia accept our draconian 
+      copyright laws.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=4&gt;Definition of terms used on this 
+      page -&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;COPYRIGHT - &lt;/B&gt;The legal right given to a writer, composer, artist, 
+      or a distributor to exclusive production, sale, or distribution of their 
+      work. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Why does COPYRIGHT exist?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;It allows artists to profit 
+      from their work.&amp;nbsp; Profit, in turn, creates an incentive to work and 
+      distribute the work.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;PUBLIC DOMAIN&lt;/B&gt; - the status of publications, products, and 
+      processes that are not protected under patent or copyright.&amp;nbsp; All 
+      images at this site are in the public domain, and have been for several 
+      hundred years. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Why does PUBLIC DOMAIN exist?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;It exists to 
+      allow the free exchange of knowledge.&amp;nbsp; If it did not, museums would 
+      be allowed to keep images under perpetual copyright, thus denying everyone 
+      the opportunity to view, critique, or otherwise examine works. &lt;BR&gt;Please 
+      note that most 20th century works of art are not yet considered part of 
+      the PUBLIC DOMAIN. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Click
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.unc.edu%2f%7eunclng%2fpublic-d.htm&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; to view a chart of 
+      when works pass into the public domain.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;FAIR USE&lt;/B&gt; - Fair use is a limitation on the exclusive rights of 
+      the copyright owner; in other words, it allows reasonable public access to 
+      copyrighted works. &lt;BR&gt;The idea is an important part of the English 
+      common-law tradition. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Why does FAIR USE exist?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;FAIR USE 
+      allows people to use images and written works without compensating the 
+      original writer/creator, as long as they act in good faith and do not 
+      profit from reproducing the work.&amp;nbsp; Education, parody, criticism, news 
+      reporting, etc are all examples of fair use. &lt;BR&gt;The idea of FAIR USE has 
+      guided the use of reproductions of works for years.&amp;nbsp; In most cases, 
+      the lack of commercial gain is necessary for a claim of fair use.&amp;nbsp; If 
+      you are a non-profit website designed for educational purposes, you are in 
+      the perfect position to claim FAIR USE of images which are already in the 
+      PUBLIC DOMAIN. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/copyrightelizabeth.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; alt=&quot;Wm Scrots's portrait of 13 year old Princess Elizabeth, c1546&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; height=&quot;334&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Yes, we live in a world where the Scrots portrait 
+      of the future Queen Elizabeth I is considered to be under copyright - but 
+      Elizabeth's own letters / speeches / poetry have been in the public domain 
+      for centuries....&amp;nbsp; Funny.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;For a long time, the FAIR USE doctrine occupied a grey area of law, 
+      usually decided on a case-by-case basis.&amp;nbsp; Typically, if someone were 
+      profiting from another person's work which was not in the PUBLIC DOMAIN, 
+      it was not considered fair use.&amp;nbsp; Museums typically did not sue 
+      non-profit websites which reproduced images for educational 
+      purposes.&amp;nbsp; If they had, the court would have forced them to prove a 
+      substantial loss of profit from the use.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, such proof 
+      would not exist and the court would not look favorably upon such a 
+      vindictive case, particularly since the images were already in the public 
+      domain. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;However, on 18th February 1999, the grey area was cleared 
+      considerably.&amp;nbsp; Fair Use was no longer a murky legal issue to be 
+      debated by webmasters and museums.&amp;nbsp; The United States District Court 
+      for the Southern District of New York decided the following case -
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd., Plaintiff, - versus - Corel 
+      Corporation, et ano., Defendants.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;97 Civ. 6232 
+      (LAK)&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Their decision was one of the most important copyright decision 
+      affecting museums ever filed.&amp;nbsp; The decision was based on both US and 
+      UK copyright law.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHO WAS INVOLVED IN THE CASE &amp;amp; WHAT WAS IT ABOUT?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The 
+      Bridgeman Art Library had made photographic reproductions of famous works 
+      of art from museums around the world (works already in the public 
+      domain.)&amp;nbsp; The Corel Corporation used those reproductions for an 
+      educational CD-ROM without paying Bridgeman.&amp;nbsp; Bridgeman claimed 
+      copyright infringement. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHAT DID THE COURT DECIDE?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The Court ruled that 
+      reproductions of images in the public domain are not protected by 
+      copyright if the reproductions are slavish or lacking in originality.
+      &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In their opinion, the Court noted:&amp;nbsp; ''There is little doubt that many 
+      photographs, probably the overwhelming majority, reflect at least the 
+      modest amount of originality required for copyright protection....&amp;nbsp; 
+      But 'slavish copying', although doubtless requiring technical skill and 
+      effort, does not qualify.'' &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;In other words, an exact reproduction of an image in the public 
+      domain does not possess creativity itself.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, the 
+      reproduction is not protected under copyright law.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;It's important to me because it 
+      allows me to share the beautiful images at my sites.&amp;nbsp; But it's 
+      important to everyone because it means that museums cannot assert 
+      perpetual copyright to works.&amp;nbsp; In other words, museums cannot take a 
+      picture of an old painting about to become part of the public domain, 
+      claim a new copyright through the reproduction, and do the same process 
+      over and over so that the painting never truly enters the public 
+      domain.&amp;nbsp; They would simply be taking the work from one private domain 
+      to another, thus invalidating the spirit of copyright law. &lt;BR&gt;In short, 
+      simply transferring an exact image from one medium to another does not 
+      create a new copyright. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;WHAT DOES THE DECISION COVER?&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;This decision concerns only 
+      reproductions of two-dimensional works (like paintings or drawings.)&amp;nbsp; 
+      Reproductions of three-dimensional works, such as sculpture, possess the 
+      necessary creativity for a separate copyright - after all, the 
+      photographer must choose an angle to shoot from, lighting, backdrop, 
+      etc&amp;nbsp; In other words, he is not merely reproducing an exact image.
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Also, please note that a non-exact reproduction of 
+      an image is not covered.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;This is an important point - only EXACT COPIES of the paintings are 
+      affected by the decision.&amp;nbsp; The decision is based upon the correct 
+      premise that 'slavish copies' do not possess any originality or creativity 
+      of their own, and are thus ineligible for copyright. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;The Court explained this point further: &lt;BR&gt;''There has been no 
+      independent creation, no distinguishable variation from pre-existing 
+      works, nothing recognizably the author's own contribution''....&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;This merely reflected an earlier ruling by the Supreme Court which 
+      stated that &quot;sweat of the brow&quot; (for example, the act of reproducing a 
+      work) is not the &quot;creative spark&quot; which deserves copyright.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;THE ENTIRE TEXT OF THE COURT'S RULING IS AVAILABLE ONLINE at the 
+      First Amendment Law Library -&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.constitution.org%2f1ll%2fcourt%2ffed%2fbridgman.html&quot;&gt;http://www.constitution.org/1ll/court/fed/bridgman.html&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I encourage visitors to read the decision.&amp;nbsp; Judge Kaplan is 
+      remarkably concise, particularly when compared to other jurists.&amp;nbsp; 
+      (Note: the original decision has been replaced by Judge Kaplan's 
+      memorandum opinion after Bridgeman moved for reargument and 
+      reconsideration following his summary judgment.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;It is interesting to note that many museums, and the American 
+      Association of Museums, were unhappy that Bridgeman brought the case 
+      against Corel, surmising (correctly, it turned out) that the Court would 
+      not rule in their favor.&amp;nbsp; In fact, the Court quoted a former general 
+      counsel from the Museum of Modern Art, New York in rendering its decision&lt;FONT size=4&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+      Museum directors, like everyone else, knew that exact reproductions did 
+      not possess the necessary creativity to have their own copyright.&amp;nbsp; 
+      After all, if such a standard did exist, I could copy out John Keats's 
+      poetry word-for-word and then claim I was entitled to a copyright to the 
+      poems.&amp;nbsp; Such an idea is ludicrous.&amp;nbsp; Keats's poetry 
+      is in the public domain.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And if his original poems are in the public domain, why aren't 
+      portraits of him painted at the same time?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Exactly.&amp;nbsp; They are - museums would just prefer otherwise.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=4 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In closing, I would like to point out three things - 
+      &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;First, the Bridgeman vs Corel decision will not bankrupt 
+      museums.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt; It is true that museums make money selling 
+      reproductions of the images in their collections.&amp;nbsp; However, 
+      commercial publishers will still want a high quality reproduction of the 
+      image which can only truly be provided by the museum which controls access 
+      to the painting; publishers don't care much about copyright, only the 
+      best-looking image.&amp;nbsp; Webmasters, at best, can only scan reproductions 
+      and even the best scanner cannot capture the quality of a museum-approved 
+      reproduction.&amp;nbsp; And webmasters are not selling reproductions which 
+      claim to be made by the museums which own the original work; that would be 
+      fraudulent and illegal.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Second, most museums hold their collections in the public trust and 
+      exist primarily as educational/cultural facilities.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;The public domain 
+      images in their collections are exactly that - in the public domain, and 
+      we are the public.&amp;nbsp; Most museums also receive money and special tax 
+      breaks from the cities/states/countries in which they are located.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Why?&amp;nbsp; Because they are public institutions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Third - and perhaps most importantly - copyrights and public domain 
+      and fair use are all terms which exist together for a reason. 
+      &lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Copyrights are necessary because&lt;/B&gt; they allow artists/writers 
+      to profit from their own work.&amp;nbsp; And profit, of course, provides 
+      incentive to create more work. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Public Domain is necessary 
+      because&lt;/B&gt; it allows for the free exchange of ideas, a necessary part of 
+      life in a free society. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Fair Use is necessary because&lt;/B&gt; it allows 
+      the public some access to copyrighted work, as long as they do not profit 
+      from it.&amp;nbsp; After all, you should not be allowed to essentially steal 
+      money for another person's hard work.&amp;nbsp; However, fair use allows news 
+      reporting, book reviews, research reports, educational works, etc to 
+      discuss the work. &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Or, as the US Supreme Court put it:&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&quot;Creative work is to 
+      be encouraged and rewarded, but private motivation must ultimately serve 
+      the cause of promoting broad public availability of literature, music, and 
+      the other arts. The immediate effect of our copyright law is to secure a 
+      fair return for an &quot;author's&quot; creative labor. But the ultimate aim is, by 
+      this incentive, to stimulate artistic creativity for the general public 
+      good.&quot;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Or, as I put it:&lt;br&gt;Why should a museum's 
+      copyright exceed the artist's personal copyright?&amp;nbsp; Yes, that's right 
+      - artists and their descendants do not receive money from museums making 
+      reproductions of their works.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; Because the works are in 
+      the public domain.&amp;nbsp; Copyright has passed for the artist!&amp;nbsp; They 
+      can no longer profit from their work.&amp;nbsp; Yet museums are claiming they 
+      possess an endless copyright of the work simply because they own the 
+      original (which is in the public domain.)&amp;nbsp; If it sounds absurd, well, 
+      it is absurd.&amp;nbsp; It's absurd and offensive and illegal.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Take a moment to imagine Van Gogh's heirs suing 
+      over all those coffee mugs with his famous sunflowers, or the endless 
+      posters of his starry skies.&amp;nbsp; Exactly.&amp;nbsp; You would laugh at the 
+      news.&amp;nbsp; Now take a moment to laugh at museums.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In a perfect world, the artist profits from their work for a very 
+      lengthy period of time and then the work becomes part of our cultural 
+      heritage. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In our imperfect world, however, museums often attempt to 
+      intimidate webmasters and others into either paying large sums for 
+      reproduction rights, or to remove the images entirely.&amp;nbsp; They count 
+      upon webmasters having neither the legal knowledge to defend their rights 
+      or having money to hire legal counsel.&amp;nbsp; Most museums, of course, have 
+      large budgets and numerous attorneys.&amp;nbsp; And they know it's far easier 
+      to intimidate the 'little guy' rather than a wealthy company which can tie 
+      a case up in court for many expensive years.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;They also know that 
+      Bridgeman vs Corel has clarified the formerly vague concept of fair 
+      use.&amp;nbsp; Before, they could shape fair use to their own needs.&amp;nbsp; Now, 
+      however, fair use has been quite clearly defined. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;It is important to 
+      remember that museums were first created in the 18th century to allow the 
+      public free access to their cultural treasures, not to make money selling 
+      t-shirts, mugs, posters, etc&amp;nbsp; I understand that they wish to raise 
+      funds for their work, but - as I explained earlier - Bridgeman vs Corel 
+      will not bankrupt museums.&amp;nbsp; After all, in the early 1980s, the movie 
+      industry believed VCRs would destroy Hollywood.&amp;nbsp; Obviously, that 
+      hasn't happened.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In light of the Bridgeman vs Corel decision, museums 
+      have decided to focus on controlling access rather than subverting the 
+      concept of public domain.&amp;nbsp; This, too, has led to some rather 
+      questionable practices.&amp;nbsp; Think about it for a moment - if a unique 
+      work of art is in the public domain and the museum willfully disallows 
+      access to the work (for reproduction purposes), aren't they guilty of 
+      creating a monopoly?&amp;nbsp; And of attempting to create an illegal 
+      perpetual copyright?&amp;nbsp; Just a few points to ponder, among many others.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;I have (very quickly) created this page to help webmasters understand 
+      their rights.&amp;nbsp; I apologize if something is explained badly, or not at 
+      all.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;Please keep in mind that the all-important Bridgeman vs Corel 
+      decision applies only to exact reproductions of two-dimensional works of 
+      art already in the public domain.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;And so drawings of 
+      Winnie-the-Pooh, for example, which are still under copyright, cannot be 
+      reproduced on your webpage; neither can a book written in 1970, or a song 
+      recorded in 1950, or painting made in 1945.&amp;nbsp; Unfortunately, copyright 
+      extensions are a fact of life throughout most of the world.&amp;nbsp; In the 
+      US, for example, copyright has been extended 11 times in the last 40 
+      years.&amp;nbsp; However, all works prior to the 20th century are in the 
+      public domain.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.unc.edu%2f%7eunclng%2fpublic-d.htm&quot;&gt;
+      Check the charts&lt;/a&gt; for 20th century works.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Remember - when in doubt, ask.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.nolo.com&quot;&gt;Nolo.com&lt;/A&gt; has a great legal advice section.
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;And give thanks to the US District Court for the 
+      Southern District of New York.&amp;nbsp; In our age of increasing mergers 
+      between large, global multi-media companies and the pre-eminence of a few 
+      large museums, it's possible that - one day - a handful of 
+      companies/museums could control access to most of the great works of art 
+      in human history.&amp;nbsp; Public domain guarantees us access to those works, 
+      and without it we would be....&amp;nbsp; Well, we would be stuck at the table 
+      of mediocrity, denied our right to explore the best parts of our heritage. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;-&lt;i&gt;Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;P align=center&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Updates and Links&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;FONT size=2 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;For now (October 2004), the Bridgeman decision 
+      stands.&amp;nbsp; If anything changes, I will post it here.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Please note that 
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.iht.com%2farticles%2f114102.html&quot;&gt;recent EU-sponsored 
+      copyright changes&lt;/a&gt; further extend copyright terms of 20th century works.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Books, music, etc which might have been scheduled to pass into the public 
+      domain are now protected for several more decades.&amp;nbsp; (Yet another 
+      sell-out to the growing 'content industry'....)&amp;nbsp; If you live in 
+      Europe, please research the new terms.&amp;nbsp; If the above link has 
+      expired, simply type 'EU copyright law 2003' into a search engine and 
+      start exploring.&amp;nbsp; Though most articles focus on digital music and 
+      film, the law applies to all creative works.&amp;nbsp; It's even worse than the DMCA.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Egads!&amp;nbsp; I never thought a law could be worse than the DMCA.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Please
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.cni.org%2fHforums%2fcni-copyright%2f1999-02%2f0084.html&quot;&gt;click 
+      here&lt;/a&gt; to read an interesting 'question and answer' about Bridgeman.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Professor Ochoa's response is reasonable and apt, particularly this 
+      comment: 'Where the public does not have access to the original painting, 
+      the ONLY way it has to reproduce the painting itself is to reproduce a 
+      reproduction of it. Unless we hold that the Bridgeman photographs can be 
+      freely copied, the painting, as a practical matter, is not in the public 
+      domain.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;In other words, unless museums are willing to allow 
+      people to photograph the original work, the paintings are not truly in the 
+      public domain.&amp;nbsp; I do disagree with his closing comment, in which he 
+      attempts to distinguish between US copyright law and other nations.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The concepts of 'fair use' and 'public domain' are recognized on an 
+      international level.&amp;nbsp; Also, is a person making a slavish photographic 
+      reproduction of a work of art truly the &lt;i&gt;author&lt;/i&gt; of the photograph?&amp;nbsp; 
+      This point was discussed in the Bridgeman decision.&amp;nbsp; The term &lt;i&gt;
+      copyist&lt;/i&gt; is far more appropriate, despite the amount of work involved 
+      in taking the photograph.&amp;nbsp; An apt comparison is this (earlier 
+      discussed with the example of Keats's poetry) - if a 
+      photographer who merely reproduces a work of art is the &lt;i&gt;author&lt;/i&gt; of 
+      the reproduction, then someone who copies a novel out word-for-word is 
+      also its &lt;i&gt;author&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Clearly, this cannot be the case.&amp;nbsp; Yet 
+      the amount of work required to photograph the painting is the same as the 
+      work involved in copying out a book by hand.&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;In other words, &lt;i&gt;
+      labor&lt;/i&gt; does not imply originality, or a creative spark.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; You 
+      can take three minutes or three days to make a reproduction.&amp;nbsp; You can 
+      use a camera or Martian technology.&amp;nbsp; It doesn't matter.&amp;nbsp; You are 
+      merely copying the work.&amp;nbsp; If it 
+      seems as though I'm being simplistic here, rest assured that I am - and it 
+      is deliberate.&amp;nbsp; This issue is very simple and analogies help reveal 
+      the simplicity.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;In any case, Bridgeman vs Corel 
+      was not concerned with the &lt;i&gt;processes&lt;/i&gt; of reproduction 
+      since those are covered by patent law.&amp;nbsp; It was concerned with 
+      copyright.&amp;nbsp; Copyright exists to reward the creative spark / 
+      originality.&amp;nbsp; It does not exist to reward labor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;You may wonder why I'm going on 
+      and on about the photography angle.&amp;nbsp; It's because museums have made 
+      it their new argument for copyright protection and against Bridgeman.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They claim the court did not fully understand or appreciate the labor 
+      involved in making photographic reproductions.&amp;nbsp; But they are being 
+      disingenuous, as my above paragraph demonstrates.&amp;nbsp; Also, Judge Kaplan 
+      most assuredly considered the labor involved.&amp;nbsp; No one is denying that 
+      photographers labor to create the reproduction.&amp;nbsp; But why should that 
+      work be used to create a perpetual copyright for something in the public 
+      domain?!&amp;nbsp; Museums are mute on that point.&amp;nbsp; The photographers are 
+      paid for their labor.&amp;nbsp; The museums deny the public access to the 
+      works and therefore control the 'licensing' of the best reproductions.&amp;nbsp; 
+      They are paid for the licenses.&amp;nbsp; Who suffers in this situation?&amp;nbsp; 
+      The public!&amp;nbsp; By law, we should be able to go to a museum and demand 
+      access to a painting in the public domain so we can take photographs.&amp;nbsp; 
+      But museums won't let us!&amp;nbsp; I know this because I've tried it.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Museums simply don't want competition for their 'officially-licensed' 
+      merchandise.&amp;nbsp; It's all about profit, - if they were concerned with 
+      'artistic integrity', they would allow the public right of access or 
+      provide an approved, high-quality reproduction to anyone who asked.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Don't hold your breath waiting for that to happen....&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;If the concept of public domain 
+      is to have any meaning at all, then exact photographic reproductions 
+      cannot be given copyright.&amp;nbsp; It's a matter of principle - and common 
+      sense - and public interest.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhomepages.law.asu.edu%2f%7edkarjala%2fOpposingCopyrightExtension&quot;&gt;Opposing Copyright Extension, 
+      Protecting the Public Domain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;The best source 
+      on the internet.&amp;nbsp; It contains information on the disastrous Jan 2003 Eldred 
+      ruling by the US Supreme Court.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2f&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;to EnglishHistory.net&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;13%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082656&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082656&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5902</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: King Edward VI's journal, 1549-51</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed1.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH29c05599b5c7cfe01bb192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH29c0/5599b5c7.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed1.gif&quot; width=&quot;489&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;In the 
+      first journal entry to the right Edward VI records the results of an unsuccessful
+war in Scotland, civil disturbances in England and the execution of the 
+      Protector's brother who was also the king's uncle.&amp;nbsp; It ends with the 
+      Protector's fall from power.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;In the second 
+      journal entry Edward discusses a religious dispute with his older 
+      half-sister Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; She was under renewed pressure to end the 
+      illegal Mass in her household.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1549&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the meantime in England rose great stirs, likely to increase much
+if it had not been well foreseen.&amp;nbsp; The council, about nineteen of
+them, were gathered in London, thinking to meet with the Lord Protector
+and to make him amend some of his disorders.&amp;nbsp; He, fearing his position,
+caused the secretary in my name to be sent to the lords to know for what
+cause they gathered their powers together and, if they meant to talk with
+him, to say that they should come in a peaceable manner.&amp;nbsp; The next
+morning, being 6 October and Saturday, he commanded the armour to be brought
+out of the armoury of Hampton Court, about 500 harnesses, to arm both his
+and my men with it, the gates of the house to be fortified, and people
+to be raised.&amp;nbsp; People came abundantly to the house.&amp;nbsp; That night
+with all the people at nine or ten o'clock at night I went to Windsor,
+and there watch and ward was kept every night.&amp;nbsp; The lords sat in the
+open places of London, calling gentlemen before them and declaring the
+causes of accusing the lord protector, and caused the same to be proclaimed.
+&lt;p&gt;After which time few came to Windsor, but only the men of my own guard
+who the lords willed, fearing the rage of the people so lately quieted.&amp;nbsp;
+Then the protector began to treat by letters, sending Sir Philip Hoby,
+lately come from his embassy in Flanders to see his family, who brought
+on his return a very gentle letter to the protector which he delivered
+to him, another to me, another to my household, to declare his faults,
+ambition, vainglory, entering into rash wars in my youth, negligence about
+Newhaven, enriching himself from my treasure, following his own opinions,
+and doing all by his own authority etc., which letters were openly read,
+and immediately the lords came to Windsor, took him and brought him through
+Holborn to the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards I came to Hampton Court where they
+appointed by my consent six lords of the council to be attendant on me,
+at least two, and four knights.&amp;nbsp; Lords - the marquis of Northampton,
+the earls of Warwick and Arundel, lords Russell, Sr John and Wentworth.&amp;nbsp;
+Knights - Sir Andrew Dudley, Sir Edward Rogers, Sir Thomas Darcy, Sir Thomas
+Wroth.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards I came through London to Westminster.&amp;nbsp; Lord
+Warwick was made admiral of England.&amp;nbsp; Sir Thomas Cheney was sent to
+the emperor for relief, which he could not obtain.&amp;nbsp; Mr Nicholas Wootton
+was made secretary.&amp;nbsp; The lord protector, by his own agreement and
+submission, lost his protectorship, treasureship, marshalship, all his
+movables and nearly 2,000 pds of lands, by act of Parliament.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;hr&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1551&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;The lady Mary, my sister, came to me to Westminster, where after greetings
+she was called with my council into a chamber where it was declared how
+long I had suffered her mass, in hope of her reconciliation, and how now,
+there being no hope as I saw by her letters, unless I saw some speedy amendment
+I could not bear it.&amp;nbsp; She answered that her soul was God's and her
+faith she would not change, nor hide her opinion with dissembled doings.&amp;nbsp;
+It was said I did not constrain her faith but willed her only as a subject
+to obey.&amp;nbsp; And that her example might lead to too much inconvenience.
+&lt;p&gt;On 19 March the emperor's ambassador came with a short message from
+his master of threatened war, if I would not allow his cousin the princess
+to use her mass.&amp;nbsp; No answer was given to this at the time.
+&lt;p&gt;The following day the bishops of Canterbury, London and Rochester, Thomas
+Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley and John Scory, concluded that to give licence
+to sin was sin; to allow and wink at it for a time might be born as long
+as all possible haste was used.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082603&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082603&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1141 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">56373</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">16th century England Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">16th century England Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/faq.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/faq.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH29c055aa0c7d7d496bb192</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH29c0/55aa0c7d.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">faqnew.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">imagesbw.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry7faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8faq1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourfaq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">clevesfaq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz2faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosfaq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table height=&quot;601&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;71%&quot; height=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;71%&quot; height=&quot;21&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;14%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;71%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&lt;br&gt;      
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/faqnew.gif&quot; width=&quot;621&quot;
+ height=&quot;129&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Simply click on
+a question and you will be taken to the answer.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/imagesbw.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; alt=&quot;black-and-white version of the van de Passe etching of Queen Elizabeth I&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;313&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Top&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;General
+Questions&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#One&quot;&gt;Who were the
+Tudors?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Two&quot;&gt;When did they rule
+England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Three&quot;&gt;Why are they so
+famous?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Four&quot;&gt;What did they
+accomplish?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Five&quot;&gt;Can you give me a
+brief history of Tudor England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Tree&quot;&gt;Where can I view
+the Tudor family tree?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Six&quot;&gt;Where can I look
+at portraits of the Tudors?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Rose&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;What is the 'Tudor Rose'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-nine&quot;&gt;Does this
+website have a search engine?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fifty&quot;&gt;I am quoting
+from this website for my paper / report.&amp;nbsp; How do I correctly cite
+the source?&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Update&quot;&gt;When
+was the site last updated?&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Specific Questions&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Seven&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Was Henry VII really a miser?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eight&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Did Elizabeth of York really hate Henry VII?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Nine&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Did Prince Arthur and Katharine of Aragon consummate their marriage?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Ten&quot;&gt;Why did Henry VIII
+have six wives?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Ten-a&quot;&gt;Who were the six
+wives?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven&quot;&gt;Did Henry VIII
+really murder all his wives?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-a&quot;&gt;What was the
+'King's Great Matter'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;What was the
+Reformation?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twelve&quot;&gt;How did Henry
+VIII die?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirteen&quot;&gt;How did
+Katharine of Aragon die?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirteena&quot;&gt;Why do you
+spell Katharine's name as you do?&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; (And why do you spell
+Catherine Howard and Katharine Parr's differently?)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourteen&quot;&gt;Was Anne
+Boleyn really a witch?&amp;nbsp; Did she have an extra finger?&amp;nbsp; Did
+she really commit adultery and have an incestuous affair with her
+brother?&amp;nbsp; How many times was she pregnant as Queen?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fifteen&quot;&gt;Where is Anne
+Boleyn buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Sixteen&quot;&gt;Did Jane
+Seymour die of complications from a Caesarean section?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Seventeen&quot;&gt;Was Anne of
+Cleves really that ugly?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eighteen&quot;&gt;What happened
+to Anne of Cleves after Henry divorced her?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Nineteen&quot;&gt;Did Catherine
+Howard commit adultery while Queen of England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty&quot;&gt;Where is
+Catherine Howard buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-one&quot;&gt;How many
+times was Katharine Parr married?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-two&quot;&gt;Was
+Katharine Parr imprisoned by Henry VIII?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-three&quot;&gt;What
+happened to Henry VIII's sisters, Margaret and Mary Tudor?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-four&quot;&gt;Did Henry
+VIII execute a lot of people?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-five&quot;&gt;Did Henry
+VIII have a legitimate reason to divorce Katharine of Aragon?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-six&quot;&gt;How did
+Edward VI die?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Six-a&quot;&gt;Who is the 'Nine
+Days Queen'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-seven&quot;&gt;Did Lady
+Jane Grey want to be Queen of England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-eight&quot;&gt;Did Lady
+Jane Grey love her husband?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Twenty-nine&quot;&gt;Where is
+Lady Jane Grey buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty&quot;&gt;Why is Mary I
+called 'Bloody Mary'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-a&quot;&gt;Are there two
+Mary Tudors at this site?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-one&quot;&gt;Did Mary I
+really hate her half-sister, Elizabeth?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-two&quot;&gt;Was Mary I
+ever pregnant during her marriage to Philip of Spain?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-three&quot;&gt;What were
+Mary I's last words?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-four&quot;&gt;Where is
+Mary I buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-five&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth I truly a great queen - or did her ministers do all the work?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-six&quot;&gt;How smart
+was Elizabeth I?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-seven&quot;&gt;Did
+Elizabeth ever plan to marry anyone?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-eight&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth really a 'Virgin Queen'?&amp;nbsp; Did she have secret lovers
+and/or children?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Thirty-nine&quot;&gt;Why is the
+1588 battle with the Spanish Armada so famous?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty&quot;&gt;Why are there
+so many portraits of Elizabeth I?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-one&quot;&gt;Where is
+Elizabeth I buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-two&quot;&gt;Why was
+Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-two-a&quot;&gt;How long
+was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-three&quot;&gt;Are Mary,
+queen of Scots and Mary Tudor the same person?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-four&quot;&gt;Why did
+Elizabeth I have Mary, queen of Scots killed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-five&quot;&gt;Was Mary,
+queen of Scots guilty of the crimes for which she was executed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-six&quot;&gt;Where is
+Mary, queen of Scots buried?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-sixa&quot;&gt;Why
+is Mary, queen of Scots's last name sometimes spelled 'Stewart' and
+other times 'Stuart'?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-sixa&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-seven&quot;&gt;Why did
+Elizabeth I leave her throne to James I of Scotland?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Fourty-eight&quot;&gt;What
+dynasty followed the Tudors?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a name=&quot;One&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Who were the
+Tudors?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors were a Welsh-English
+family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor was the
+son of Margaret Beaufort, who was descended from King Edward III
+through an illegitimate line, and Edmund Tudor, the son of Princess
+Catherine of Valois and her second husband, Owen Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Through
+Catherine of Valois, Jasper was the half-brother of the last
+Lancastrian king, Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; The Yorkist branch of the Plantagenet
+dynasty would eventually seize the throne from the incompetent Henry
+VI, but their reign ended when Richard III was killed at the battle of
+Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485.&amp;nbsp; Henry Tudor then claimed the
+throne as King Henry VII.&amp;nbsp; He promptly married Elizabeth of York,
+daughter of the only successful Yorkist king, Edward IV, and niece of
+Richard III.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry VII and Elizabeth of York's
+second son, three of their grandchildren and one of their
+great-grandchildren, would rule England as part of the Tudor
+dynasty.&amp;nbsp; When their rule ended, the throne passed to the Scottish
+branch of their family - James I was the great-grandson of their
+daughter, Margaret Tudor.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealog.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;
+for more information.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;When did
+they rule England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors ruled England from 1485
+to 1603.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why are
+they so famous?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors are famous because their
+dynasty was full of colorful characters and big events.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VIII and his six wives.... the English reformation.... the tragic tale
+of Lady Jane Grey.... the great intelligence of Elizabeth I and the
+artistic accomplishments of her reign....&amp;nbsp; During the sixteenth
+century, England emerged from the medieval world.&amp;nbsp; It was a time
+of great change, most notably it marked the end of the Catholic church
+in England.&amp;nbsp; There was an attendant rise in nationalism, a new
+spirit of confidence and patriotism swept the country.&amp;nbsp; Great
+naval exploits began the great English seafaring tradition.&amp;nbsp;
+Whether as pirates or officers or explorers, Elizabethan sailors
+controlled the seas.&amp;nbsp; And besides the political and religious
+changes, the Tudors themselves were interesting and complex people.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What did
+they accomplish?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Tudors were able to establish
+England as a world power.&amp;nbsp; They did so by positioning their
+country as a peace-maker between the dueling powers of France and
+Spain/the Holy Roman Empire.&amp;nbsp; They also gave England a century of
+dynastic stability.&amp;nbsp; With the exception of Lady Jane Grey's brief
+reign and Catholic attempts to place Mary, queen of Scots on Elizabeth
+I's throne, most Tudor monarchs came to the throne - and remained on
+the throne - unchallenged.&amp;nbsp; This lengthy period of peace allowed
+England a much-needed respite from the Lancastrian-Yorkist wars.&amp;nbsp;
+Government ran more efficiently; royal power replaced that of
+aristocrats and there was a uniform system of justice and taxation
+throughout the country.&amp;nbsp; And, as always in times of peace, the
+arts flourished.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Can you
+give me a brief history of Tudor England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Tudor England began when Henry VII
+became king in 1485.&amp;nbsp; There were five Tudor monarchs, not counting
+Lady Jane Grey who ruled for just nine days.&amp;nbsp; The monarchs were,
+in order, Henry VII (ruled from 1485 to 1509), his son Henry VIII
+(ruled from 1509 to 1547), Edward VI, son of Henry VIII (ruled from
+1547 to 1553), Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII (ruled from 1553 to
+1558), and Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII (ruled from 1558 to
+1603.)&amp;nbsp; The most powerful Tudor monarchs were Henry VIII and
+Elizabeth I, though she was far more beloved of the English
+people.&amp;nbsp; Both were powerful personalities who were able to control
+their squabbling councilors and answer the demands of an increasingly
+vocal Parliament.&amp;nbsp; Under Henry VII, the English government came to
+be more stabilized and centralized.&amp;nbsp; Under Henry VIII, English
+authority was tested on the Continent, though even military victories
+were too costly to maintain.&amp;nbsp; A great victory over Scotland early
+in his reign (1513) was most notable; the attendant confusion of its
+northern neighbor was beneficial for England.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII's
+desperate quest for a legitimate heir led to &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;the
+Reformation&lt;/a&gt;; this was the end of the Catholic church's authority in
+England.&amp;nbsp; The king, unable to obtain an annulment, declared
+himself Supreme Head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; He also sold or
+destroyed most church property in England.&amp;nbsp; His son, Edward VI,
+was just a child when he inherited the throne but already known for his
+piety and serious nature.&amp;nbsp; His councilors continued to strengthen
+the Protestant state, but their plans were dashed when Edward died at
+16 years of age.&amp;nbsp; An attempt to place his Protestant cousin, Lady
+Jane Grey, on the throne instead of the Catholic Princess Mary
+failed.&amp;nbsp; Mary was declared queen to great acclaim; she was
+originally very popular even with the Protestants.&amp;nbsp; But a policy
+of religious persecution, a hated marriage with Philip of Spain, and
+bad agricultural conditions (as well as the debt she had inherited from
+her father and brother) soon made Mary broken-hearted and
+disliked.&amp;nbsp; She was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth, who
+was a religious pragmatist and passionately devoted to her
+country.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's policy of toleration was extended to both
+the religious and political spheres.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, she avoided
+extremism at all costs.&amp;nbsp; She often prevaricated over major
+decisions, unwilling to commit to an action before all diplomatic
+attempts failed.&amp;nbsp; This infuriated many of her advisors, but it
+also gave her country the religious and political peace it needed to
+thrive.&amp;nbsp; Her reign was marked by the great victory over the
+Spanish Armada in 1588, the artistic achievements of men such as
+Shakespeare and Bacon, and English exploration and colonization of
+North America.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Tree&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Where can I view the
+Tudor family tree?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealogy.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;
+site.&amp;nbsp; It has a graphic image of the family tree and a more
+detailed text genealogy.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where can I
+look at portraits of the Tudors?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;You can visit the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Images&lt;/a&gt; section of my
+site.&amp;nbsp; You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org&quot;&gt;Tudorhistory.org&lt;/a&gt;
+and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.tudor-portraits.com&quot;&gt;Tudor-portraits.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Rose&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;What
+is the 'Tudor Rose'?&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;The Tudor
+Rose is the most famous symbol of the Tudor dynasty. &amp;nbsp;You can see
+a beautiful example of it on &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;the main page&lt;/a&gt;.
+&amp;nbsp;It shows the petals of a red rose enfolding the petals of a white
+rose. &amp;nbsp;The red rose was the symbol of the House of Lancaster and
+the white rose was the symbol of the House of York. &amp;nbsp;Henry VII was
+the first Tudor king and a Lancastrian. &amp;nbsp;He married Princess
+Elizabeth of York. &amp;nbsp; Their marriage was the literal union of both
+houses, symbolized by the new 'Tudor Rose'. &amp;nbsp;Also, the Wars of the
+Roses were thus called because they represented the 15th century
+struggle between Lancaster and York for the throne of England. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;225&quot;
+ alt=&quot;sketch of Henry Tudor while he was exiled in France&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry7faq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;sketch of the
+future King Henry VII while he was exiled in France&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Seven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was Henry
+VII really a miser?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry VII, the first Tudor king, was
+tight-fisted with money.&amp;nbsp; His tax inspectors were notorious and
+despised.&amp;nbsp; However, the English treasury was nearly empty after
+years of wars.&amp;nbsp; Henry was determined to create a stable government
+and all governments need money to run.&amp;nbsp; It became something of an
+obsession with him, particularly in his later years.&amp;nbsp; But to his
+credit, he left a healthy treasury to his son and heir, Henry VIII -
+which the latter promptly spent.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Henry VII, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry7.html&quot;&gt;visit his
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Elizabeth of York really hate Henry VII?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Many authors have argued that
+Elizabeth hated Henry because he took the throne from her family and
+she was forced to marry him.&amp;nbsp; But all the contemporary accounts I
+have read indicate they had a pleasant enough marriage.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII
+never had an affair and he genuinely mourned her death in 1503.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth's life as queen was primarily domestic.&amp;nbsp; Her motto
+'Humble and Reverent' sums up her character.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did Prince
+Arthur and Katharine of Aragon consummate their marriage?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;This question was very important
+during Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; He said his marriage to Katharine
+should be annulled because she had been his brother's wife.&amp;nbsp; He
+disregarded the papal dispensation which had given them permission to
+wed in 1509 by arguing that the Pope could not disregard the Bible
+itself.&amp;nbsp; There are passages in Leviticus which specifically forbid
+a man taking his brother's wife as his own.&amp;nbsp; Katharine swore that
+she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage, as did her duenna.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;I have to support Katharine of
+Aragon on this one; her marriage to Arthur probably wasn't
+consummated.&amp;nbsp; They were both young and Arthur was already very
+ill.&amp;nbsp; Also, Katharine was deeply pious; it is difficult to believe
+she would lie to a papal legate about such a thing.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;204&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of King Henry VIII, c1542&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8faq1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;portrait of King
+Henry VIII, c1542&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Ten&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why did
+Henry VIII have six wives?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry had six wives because....&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;He had the first wife because he was
+betrothed to her by his father.&amp;nbsp; He had the second wife because he
+fell in love and also needed a legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; He had the
+third wife because he still needed a male heir.&amp;nbsp; He had the fourth
+wife because of diplomatic reasons.&amp;nbsp; He had the fifth wife because
+he fell in love again.&amp;nbsp; He had the sixth wife because he was old
+and sick and grouchy and needed a companion and nurse who wouldn't give
+him too much trouble.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;To learn
+more about Henry VIII's six wives, visit their website.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Ten-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Who were
+the six wives?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;They were (in order) Katharine of
+Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and
+Katharine Parr.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eleven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did Henry
+VIII really murder all his wives?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, only two of the six wives were
+executed - the second wife, Anne Boleyn, and the fifth wife, Catherine
+Howard.&amp;nbsp; His first wife died of natural causes.&amp;nbsp; His third
+wife died from childbirth complications.&amp;nbsp; His fourth wife was
+divorced and outlived him.&amp;nbsp; And the sixth wife outlived him as
+well.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eleven-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+was the 'King's Great Matter'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;This refers to Henry VIII's attempts
+to annul his marriage Katharine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp;
+It consumed several years of his reign. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It also involved the dissolution of all Catholic
+monasteries in England.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eleven-b&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+was the Reformation?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Reformation refers to a period
+in the early 16th century in which the Roman Catholic Church was
+challenged by a new form of Christianity collectively known as
+Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic Church was both a religious and
+political institution; by the 16th century, corruption was widespread
+and many Christians were disappointed in the excesses and abuses of
+church leaders.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Reformation began in 1517 when a
+German priest named Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses on the
+door of a royal church in Wittenberg.&amp;nbsp; Luther did not want to
+start a new religion; he merely wanted to reform the papacy.&amp;nbsp;
+However, a few years later, Pope Leo X excommunicated him.&amp;nbsp;
+Luther's main philosophical idea was 'justification by faith', the idea
+that salvation is granted as a gift through God's grace and not through
+a priestly intermediary.&amp;nbsp; He also advocated marriage for the
+clergy.&amp;nbsp; His ideas were revolutionary and scandalous, but also
+very popular.&amp;nbsp; They represented an attempt to bring religious
+faith back to the people and end long-standing corruption within the
+church.&amp;nbsp; But the doctrine of 'justification by faith' also sharply
+curtailed the church's power over spirituality, making it a matter of
+personal debate and belief.&amp;nbsp; As Lady Jane Grey, the Nine Days'
+Queen of England, wrote of her Protestant faith in 1554, 'I ground my
+faith upon God's word, and not upon the church....&amp;nbsp; The faith of
+the church must be tried by God's word, and not God's word by the
+church; neither yet my faith.'&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In England, the Reformation was
+mainly associated with Henry VIII's attempts to annul his marriage to
+Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; When the papacy refused to annul their union
+due to the political pressure of Katharine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor
+Charles V, Henry was outraged.&amp;nbsp; He spent several years attempting
+to persuade the pope to change his mind.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he simply
+declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and confiscated
+all church lands and money in his country.&amp;nbsp; This is known to
+history as 'the dissolution of the monasteries.' &amp;nbsp;However, Henry
+VIII remained a spiritual Catholic; he disliked Luther's ideas and was
+never a Protestant himself.&amp;nbsp; He simply rejected Roman Catholic
+influence in England.&amp;nbsp; But he had unwittingly opened up the door
+to dramatic changes.&amp;nbsp; From 1533 onwards, the influence of the
+Roman Catholic Church in England declined while the new ideas of the
+Reformation began to slowly gain adherents.&amp;nbsp; The resulting
+religious convulsions would consume most of Europe for the entire
+century.&amp;nbsp; In Tudor England, the conflict between the old faith and
+the new consumed its rulers.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was a lapsed Catholic;
+his successor Edward VI was a devout Protestant; his successor Mary I
+was a devout Catholic; her successor Elizabeth I was, understandably
+enough, a religious pragmatist.&amp;nbsp; However, she came into conflict
+with her Catholic cousin, Mary, queen of Scots.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twelve&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How did
+Henry VIII die?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry had been in ill health for
+some time.&amp;nbsp; He was obese and this led to many complications in his
+health, such as fevers, headaches and ulcers.&amp;nbsp; He died on 28
+January 1547 after suffering through a bad fever; he was bled during
+his illness, which undoubtedly contributed to his death.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;To learn
+more about Henry VIII's life, visit his website.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How did
+Katharine of Aragon die?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Contrary to rumor, Katharine was not
+poisoned by Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; If he had been that ruthless, he would
+have killed her years before and saved himself the whole trouble of his
+'Great Matter'.&amp;nbsp; Most historians believe she died of cancer.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Katharine of Aragon, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirteena&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; Why do you spell
+Katharine's name as you do?&amp;nbsp; (And why do you spell Catherine
+Howard and Katharine Parr's differently?)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+I spell Katharine of Aragon's name as it is spelled on her tomb at
+Peterborough.&amp;nbsp; I chose to spell Catherine Howard's with a 'C'
+because it's spelled thus by LB Smith in his biography of Henry VIII's
+fifth queen.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr's name is spelled that way to differentiate 
+      her from the wife who preceded her.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Anne Boleyn really a witch?&amp;nbsp; Did she have an extra finger?&amp;nbsp;
+Did she really commit adultery and have an incestuous affair with her
+brother?&amp;nbsp; How many times was she pregnant as Queen?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, Anne Boleyn was not a
+witch.&amp;nbsp; Yes, she did have a small growth on one hand which some
+have called an extra finger.&amp;nbsp; No, she did not commit adultery or
+have an incestuous affair with her brother.&amp;nbsp; Even her enemies
+admitted the charges were false, simply used as excuses to execute
+her.&amp;nbsp; She was pregnant at least three times, but only gave birth
+to one living child - a baby girl who would grow up to be Elizabeth I.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Anne Boleyn, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fifteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where is
+Anne Boleyn buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn is buried at the chapel
+of St Peter ad Vincula at the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; She is not buried
+in a regular coffin, however, since one was not provided; instead, her
+body was forced into an old arrow chest.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;165&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourfaq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;
+ border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;miniature portrait
+of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Sixteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did Jane
+Seymour die of complications from a Caesarean section?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;This rumor has been around for a
+long time, but it's not true.&amp;nbsp; Jane actually lived several days
+after the birth of her son, Edward, and was able to greet
+well-wishers.&amp;nbsp; But she soon succumbed to a violent fever and
+died.&amp;nbsp; Most historians believe she died from puerperal sepsis, an
+infection which killed many new mothers.&amp;nbsp; Keep in mind that, even
+today, childbirth is a dangerous and bloody business.&amp;nbsp; In the 16th
+century, standards of hygiene were very lax.&amp;nbsp; Puerperal sepsis
+caused severe fevers and delusions; it was almost always fatal.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Henry VIII's sixth wife, Katharine
+Parr, would also die from it.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Jane Seymour, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Seventeen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Anne of Cleves really that ugly?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;It's ironic to me that, of all of
+Henry's six wives, the one who is most attractive to modern eyes is the
+one he divorced for being a 'Flanders mare'.&amp;nbsp; You can &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.htmll&quot;&gt;look at portraits of
+Anne&lt;/a&gt; (one is below this answer) and decide for yourself.&amp;nbsp; It
+was probably a simple case of 'chemistry', or a lack thereof.&amp;nbsp; You
+want to kiss some people and you don't want to kiss others - why?&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VIII simply wasn't attracted to her but that doesn't mean she was
+ugly; it simply means she wasn't his type.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Anne of Cleves, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;163&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/clevesfaq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;166&quot;
+ border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;miniature portrait
+of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Eighteen&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What happened to Anne of
+Cleves after Henry divorced her?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Anne remained in England, where she
+was treated with great respect and honor.&amp;nbsp; Henry called her his
+'sister' and she was given lots of money and lands in their divorce
+settlement.&amp;nbsp; She came to court regularly and enjoyed the life of
+an independent, wealthy woman.&amp;nbsp; She also became quite fond of
+English beer.&amp;nbsp; I think we can agree that she was probably the
+happiest of the six wives.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Nineteen&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Catherine Howard commit adultery while Queen of England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Probably.&amp;nbsp; You can read her
+letter to Thomas Culpeper &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Catherine Howard, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where is
+Catherine Howard buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She is buried at the chapel of St
+Peter ad Vincula, along with her cousin Anne Boleyn and other victims
+of Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+many times was Katharine Parr married?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Katharine was married four
+times.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was her third husband.&amp;nbsp; She had one child
+with her fourth husband, and died of puerperal sepsis shortly
+afterwards.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Katharine Parr, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Katharine Parr imprisoned by Henry VIII?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Almost, but her quick wit and
+instinct for survival saved her.&amp;nbsp; Religious conservatives at
+Henry's court attempted to persuade the king his wife was a
+heretic.&amp;nbsp; After being lectured one too many times on religious
+matters by Katharine, Henry was inclined to agree.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
+warned of the plot and, without letting on to the king, told him she
+was grateful to talk about such matters with him so he could guide her
+in the correct direction.&amp;nbsp; His ego soothed, the king again favored
+her.&amp;nbsp; When guards came to arrest Katharine, Henry personally
+berated them and protected her.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+happened to Henry VIII's sisters, Margaret and Mary Tudor?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Margaret married the king of
+Scotland, James IV, and upon his death, she married the earl of
+Angus.&amp;nbsp; Mary wed the king of France and, upon his death, she wed
+the duke of Suffolk.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Mary Tudor, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; To learn more about Margaret Tudor, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;visit
+her website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Henry VIII execute a lot of people?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;He executed a lot of people on
+trumped-up charges, or what is commonly termed 'judicial murder'.&amp;nbsp;
+He was very capricious and tyrannical, particularly as he grew
+older.&amp;nbsp; He was also sensitive to other claims on the Tudor throne;
+for that reason, he imprisoned or executed most of his Plantagenet
+relatives.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Henry VIII have a legitimate reason to divorce Katharine of Aragon?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes.&amp;nbsp; Other queens were
+divorced for a lot less.&amp;nbsp; The annulment would have been granted if
+Katharine's nephew had not been Holy Roman Emperor.&amp;nbsp; His position
+gave him great influence over papal policy.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+did Edward VI die?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Edward died of tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp;
+Recently, historians and doctors suggested that it may have been
+complicated by measles.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;To learn more about Edward VI, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;visit his
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Six-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Who is the
+'Nine Days Queen'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The description refers to Lady Jane
+Grey, the Tudor cousin who ruled England for just nine days in
+1553.&amp;nbsp; She was later executed by Mary I.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Lady Jane Grey, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;visit
+her website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Lady Jane Grey want to be Queen of England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, she did not.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Lady Jane Grey love her husband?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, quite the contrary.&amp;nbsp; By all
+accounts, she disliked Guildford and refused to have him crowned king,
+though she appreciated his newfound maturity and composure upon their
+imprisonment.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Twenty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where is Lady Jane Grey buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;At the chapel of St Peter ad
+Vincula, alongside Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard.&amp;nbsp; As at Anne's
+execution, there was no coffin provided for Jane's corpse.&amp;nbsp; Her
+body lay beside the block for several hours before someone finally
+found a coffin.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;img height=&quot;213&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Mary Tudor as princess of England, by Master John, 1544&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;portrait of
+Princess Mary Tudor in 1544, by Master John&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why is
+Mary I called 'Bloody Mary'?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Several hundred Protestants were
+burned as heretics during her reign.&amp;nbsp; Hence, she is called 'Bloody
+Mary'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Mary I, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Are
+there two Mary Tudors at this site?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes, one is Mary Tudor, sister of
+Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; The other is Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Mary I really hate her half-sister, Elizabeth?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Mary I ever pregnant during her marriage to Philip of Spain?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No.&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;font
+ face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She thought she was pregnant - she hoped she
+was - but it was probably an 'hysterical pregnancy'.&amp;nbsp; Her
+menstrual cycle was always irregular and she had a distended stomach,
+possibly from a tumor.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+were Mary's last words?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;It is rumored she said that if her
+body was cut open, the words 'Calais' and 'Philip' would be found
+engraved upon her heart.&amp;nbsp; It is an apocryphal story.&amp;nbsp; Calais
+was the last English outpost on the continent, lost during her reign,
+and Philip was the beloved husband who had abandoned her.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where
+is Mary I buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In Westminster Abbey, beside her
+half-sister, Elizabeth I.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-five&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth I truly a great queen - or did her ministers do all the work?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She was truly a great queen.&amp;nbsp;
+Though she had good ministers, chief among them William Cecil,
+Elizabeth - like her father - was always in charge.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Elizabeth I, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;217&quot;
+ alt=&quot;the Armada Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I, by George Gower&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz2faq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;The Armada Portrait
+of Queen Elizabeth I, by George Gower&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+smart was Elizabeth I?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Very smart.&amp;nbsp; She was
+undoubtedly one of the most (if not the most) intelligent monarchs to
+rule England.&amp;nbsp; She was always a dedicated scholar and genuinely
+loved to study and learn.&amp;nbsp; Her tutor Roger Ascham, and indeed
+everyone who met her, recognized and commented upon her
+intelligence.&amp;nbsp; Of course, this was believed to be a 'masculine'
+trait and only acceptable because of her special position as queen.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-seven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Did
+Elizabeth ever plan to marry anyone?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Probably not.&amp;nbsp; She used
+marriage negotiations as political tools, and she personally loved
+Robert Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But she was never enthusiastic about the prospect
+of marriage.&amp;nbsp; And who can blame her?&amp;nbsp; After the disastrous
+examples of her father and half-sister, Elizabeth had no reason to
+equate marriage with personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; She also realized that
+any marriage would end her authority as queen in her own right.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Elizabeth really a 'Virgin Queen'?&amp;nbsp; Did she have secret lovers
+and/or children?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She was probably a virgin.&amp;nbsp;
+It's difficult to imagine any secret affair remaining secret for
+long.&amp;nbsp; And birth control was tricky and untrustworthy in the 16th
+century.&amp;nbsp; She knew that any affair would risk a pregnancy - and
+that would destroy her life.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, it is worth noting
+Elizabeth's own strict and methodical character, and the disdain she
+showed for women who could not control their feelings or appreciate the
+consequences of their actions.&amp;nbsp; Consider her opinions of her two
+cousins, Mary, queen of Scots and Catherine Grey.&amp;nbsp; Both rushed
+into hasty, inappropriate and passionate unions and both had disastrous
+results.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth looked down upon them both, remarking that
+they would do well to remember their high positions in life and its
+attendant responsibilities.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;She lamented her lost opportunities
+for love and a family of her own.&amp;nbsp; But she was queen and it was an
+exalted and lonely position.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No, she never had children.&amp;nbsp;
+It's fun to read theories that she was the mother of Bacon - or
+Shakespeare - or was even Shakespeare himself.... but could she really
+keep a pregnancy secret?&amp;nbsp; Foreign ambassadors paid her servants to
+learn every intimate detail of her life.&amp;nbsp; Upon hearing some gossip
+about her relationship with Dudley, Elizabeth observed that a thousand
+eyes were always upon her so how could she do anything scandalous?&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Thirty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+is the 1588 battle with the Spanish Armada so famous?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Because England was a small nation
+with a little navy and they were facing the greatest power in the
+world.&amp;nbsp; And they defeated it, with help from Mother Nature.&amp;nbsp;
+It marked the beginning of England's mastery of the seas.&amp;nbsp; The
+great history of the English navy began, as did serious English
+exploration and colonization.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why are
+there so many portraits of Elizabeth I?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Because she ruled for such a long
+time (45 years) and because she understood the value of
+propaganda.&amp;nbsp; Her portraits were iconographic; they represented the
+queen in all her majesty, triumphant and beautiful.&amp;nbsp; They
+symbolized the confidence and pride of her nation.&amp;nbsp; It was also a
+sign of loyalty to have portraits of the queen in your house.&amp;nbsp;
+Many nobles commissioned portraits, or copies of official portraits.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To view portraits of Elizabeth I, with
+commentary, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;visit
+the Elizabethan Images webpage&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-one&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where
+is Elizabeth I buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In Westminster Abbey, beside her
+half-sister Mary I.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Mary fled to England after losing a
+battle against her Scottish foes.&amp;nbsp; She was seeking Elizabeth's aid
+in restoring her to the throne of Scotland.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;To learn more about Mary, queen of Scots, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;visit her
+website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-two-a&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;How
+long was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Mary was imprisoned from 1568 to
+1587.&amp;nbsp; She was just 25 years old when she arrived in England and
+44 years old when she was executed.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;244&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Mary, queen of Scots, c1558&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosfaq.jpg&quot; width=&quot;165&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;portrait of Mary,
+queen of Scots, c1558&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-two&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Are
+Mary, queen of Scots and Mary Tudor the same person?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;No.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor was Henry
+VIII's sister.&amp;nbsp; Mary, queen of Scots was the granddaughter of
+Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII's sister.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-three&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+did Elizabeth I have Mary, queen of Scots killed?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Because she was conniving to have
+Elizabeth assassinated and herself made queen of England.&amp;nbsp; In
+fairness to Mary, she only began plotting after being imprisoned for
+several years and it was clear she would never be released.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-four&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Was
+Mary, queen of Scots guilty of the crimes for which she was executed?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes, probably.&amp;nbsp; She even
+admitted to plotting against Elizabeth, but said it was only to gain
+her freedom.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-six&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Where
+is Mary, queen of Scots buried?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;In Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; Her body
+was moved there by her son, James, who became king of England in 1603.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-sixa&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Why is Mary, queen of Scots's last name
+sometimes spelled 'Stewart' and other times 'Stuart'?&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;In Scotland, her family name was
+spelled 'Stewart'.&amp;nbsp; However, Mary was half-French and spent her
+formative years in France.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, she adopted the French
+spelling of Stewart, which was 'Stuart'.&amp;nbsp; (She also signed her
+name 'Marie', which was the French spelling of her first name.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-seven&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Why
+did Elizabeth I leave her throne to James I of Scotland?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;James was Elizabeth's closest male
+relative.&amp;nbsp; He was part Tudor as well, being the great-grandson of
+Margaret Tudor, eldest daughter of the first Tudor king, Henry VII.&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-eight&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;What
+dynasty followed the Tudors?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The Stuart dynasty followed the
+Tudors, so called because their family name was Stuart/Stewart.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fourty-nine&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Does
+this website have a search engine?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Yes, it does.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsearch.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/a&gt; to
+visit the Tudor England search engine.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Fifty&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;I am
+quoting from this website for my paper / report.&amp;nbsp; How do I
+correctly cite the source?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;The correct format is based upon
+both the Turabian/Chicago and MLA styles.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Here is an example:&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot;&gt;Hanson, Marilee. &quot;Contemporary
+Descriptions of Anne Boleyn.&quot; &lt;i&gt;EnglishHistory.net.&lt;/i&gt; 2004.
+http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (11 April 2004).&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot; size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Please note: you must use
+the year and date you read the source.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Update&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;When
+was the site last updated?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Please visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fnews.html&quot;&gt;Site
+News&lt;/a&gt; page for the last update. &amp;nbsp;I don't post routine
+maintenance there, only significant additions to the website.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Top&quot;&gt;TOP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;center&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial,Helvetica&quot; size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/center&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082531&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082531&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH2d24.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH2d24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH2d24.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,748 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">42806</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Anne Boleyn queen of England wife of King Henry VIII mother of Queen Elizabeth I The Six Wives of King Henry VIII biography images letters primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Anne Boleyn queen of England mother of Queen Elizabeth I wife of King Henry VIII The Six Wives of King Henry VIII biography images letters primary sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Anne Boleyn: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/boleyn.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH2d245100e05dfd01bdc269</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH2d24.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyncardinalbig.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynmainjpg.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynsmall.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragon-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynstrong.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8boleyn.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynsketch2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'[A] woman who is the scandal of 
+      Christendom.'&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon describes her
+rival, 1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyncardinalbig.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;352&quot; height=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt; 
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynmainjpg.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;the most famous portrait of Anne Boleyn; at the NPG, London&quot;
+ width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;357&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;portrait of Anne Boleyn by an unknown 
+      artist, late 16th century&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;br&gt;Anne Boleyn is one of the most famous queens
+in English history, though she ruled for just three years.&amp;nbsp; The
+daughter of an ambitious knight and niece of the duke of Norfolk, Anne
+spent her adolescence in France.&amp;nbsp; When she returned to England,
+her wit and style were her greatest charms.&amp;nbsp; She had a circle of
+admirers and became secretly engaged to Henry Percy.&amp;nbsp; She also
+entered the service of Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; But she soon caught
+the eye of Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; He ordered Percy from court and tried to
+make Anne his mistress.&amp;nbsp; She refused.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, Mary, had
+been the king's mistress and gained little from it but scandal.&amp;nbsp;
+Her hopes with Percy dashed, Anne demanded that the king marry
+her.&amp;nbsp; She waited nearly seven years for Henry to obtain an
+annulment.&amp;nbsp; It finally took an irrevocable breach with the Holy
+See before they wed in 1533.&amp;nbsp; But she was unable to give Henry the
+son he desperately needed and their marriage ended tragically for
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was executed on patently false charges of witchcraft,
+incest and adultery on 19 May 1536.&amp;nbsp; Her daughter, Elizabeth,
+would become England's greatest queen.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
+written by Anne&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;The
+romance between Anne &amp;amp; Henry Percy,&lt;/a&gt; c1523&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Eyewitness accounts of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;her coronation in
+1533&lt;/a&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;her
+execution in 1536&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-lastdays.html&quot;&gt;An
+account of Anne's last days&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne3.html&quot;&gt;Anne's
+last words&lt;/a&gt;, 19 May 1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexanne.html&quot;&gt;Another
+account of her execution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p&gt;
+          &lt;b&gt;Secondary Sources&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Read JA Froude's 1891 work &lt;i&gt;
+          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;The Divorce 
+          of Catherine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Understandably, it also 
+          discusses Anne Boleyn as well as Henry VIII's rumored affair with her 
+          sister Mary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;Contemporary
+descriptions of Anne&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;Henry
+VIII's love letters to Anne&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn-poems.html&quot;&gt;Poetry
+about Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Anne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Anne's daughter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+Read about Anne's sister, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Mary Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2ffiveanne.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;The
+Boleyn-Howard connection&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Anne's relationship to Henry VIII's fifth wife&lt;/font&gt;
+        &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Anne Boleyn's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Links&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fboleynfamily&quot;&gt;The Boleyns&lt;/a&gt;: A 
+        website dedicated to the entire Boleyn family, with particular emphasis 
+        upon Anne.&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fjack-of-all-trades.ca%2fmeandmine&quot;&gt;Me and Mine&lt;/a&gt;: 
+        Biography and images of Anne Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Anne Boleyn enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.fine-eyes.net%2fanneboleyn%2findextwo.html&quot;&gt;Mistress
+Anne: The Official Anne Boleyn Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fsearch%3fquery%3dAnne%2bBoleyn&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Anne Boleyn at Yahoo! Groups&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; There are numerous groups
+dedicated to Anne.&amp;nbsp; I think you need a Yahoo! ID to join.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&amp;nbsp; It does
+not focus exclusively on Anne.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;NEWS&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; September 2004&lt;br&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: 
+        The Most Happy&lt;/b&gt; by Eric Ives has just been published
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f026-3687195-0558069&quot;&gt;
+        in the UK&lt;/a&gt; and
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f002-7093489-7046463%3fv%3dglance%26s%3dbooks%26n%3d507846&quot;&gt;
+        US&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I will be posting a lengthy review soon.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Professor Ives had previously written the definitive 
+        biography of Anne in 1986; this work incorporates new research.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/b&gt; by Joanna Denny
+        was published
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-9295844-3953254&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt; 
+        in April 2004.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The above portrait of Anne Boleyn is a late
+16th copy of a lost original.&amp;nbsp; It can be viewed at the National Portrait
+Gallery, London.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is of middling stature, with a swarthy
+complexion, long neck, wide mouth, bosom not much raised, and in fact
+has nothing but the King's great appetite, and her eyes, which are
+black and beautiful - and take great effect on those who served the
+Queen when she was on the throne.&amp;nbsp; She lives like a queen, and the
+King accompanies her to Mass - and everywhere.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;the Venetian ambassador describes Anne, 1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Anne Boleyn's birthdate is unknown; even the year is widely
+debated.&amp;nbsp; General opinion now favors 1501 or 1502, though some
+historians persuasively argue for 1507.&amp;nbsp; She was probably born at
+Blickling Hall in Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Her father was Sir Thomas Boleyn, a
+minor courtier with a talent for foreign languages; he was of London
+merchant stock and eager to advance in the world.&amp;nbsp; Like most men,
+he chose to marry well.&amp;nbsp; His bride was Elizabeth Howard, daughter
+of the second duke of Norfolk and sister of the third duke.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne had two surviving siblings, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and George.&amp;nbsp; Their birthdates are also unknown, as is the order of their 
+  births.&amp;nbsp; We only know that all three Boleyn siblings were close in age.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In 1514, Henry VIII married his youngest sister, Mary, to the aged king of France.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+accompanied the Tudor princess as a very&lt;img
+ height=&quot;232&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynsmall.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;175&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; young lady-in-waiting; she remained in France after the French king died and
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;
+returned home.&amp;nbsp; Anne gained the subsequent honor of being educated
+under the watchful eye of the new French queen Claude.&amp;nbsp; This
+education had a uniquely French emphasis upon fashion and flirtation,
+though more intellectual skills were not neglected.&amp;nbsp; Anne became
+an accomplished musician, singer and dancer.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In 1521 or early 1522, with war between England and France
+imminent, Anne returned home.&amp;nbsp; When she first caught Henry VIII's
+eye is unknown.&amp;nbsp; He was originally attracted to her sister, Mary
+who came to court before Anne.&amp;nbsp; She was the king's mistress in the
+early 1520s and, as a mark of favor, her father was elevated to the
+peerage as viscount Rochfort/Rochford in 1525.&amp;nbsp; Mary herself would leave 
+  court with only a dull marriage, and possibly the king's illegitimate son, as 
+  her reward.&amp;nbsp; Anne learned much from her sister's example.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Her first years at court were spent in service to Henry VIII's
+first wife, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; She became quite popular among
+the younger men.&amp;nbsp; She was not considered a great beauty; her
+sister occupied that position in the family, but even Mary was merely
+deemed 'pretty'.&amp;nbsp; Hostile chroniclers &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;described Anne&lt;/a&gt;
+as plain, sallow, and possessing two distinct flaws - a large mole on
+the side of her neck and an extra finger on her left hand.&amp;nbsp; Such
+praise as she received focused on her style, her wit and charm; she was
+quick-tempered and spirited.&amp;nbsp; Her most remarkable physical
+attributes were her large dark eyes and long black hair.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king's attraction was focused upon her sharp and teasing
+manner, and her oft-stated unavailability.&amp;nbsp; What he couldn't have,
+he pined for all the more.&amp;nbsp; This was especially difficult for a
+king used to having his own way in everything.&amp;nbsp; Anne was also
+seriously involved with &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Henry Percy&lt;/a&gt;,
+the son and heir of the earl of Northumberland; there were rumors of an
+engagement and declarations of true love.&amp;nbsp; The king ordered his
+great minister, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
+Thomas Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, to end the match.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey did so, thus ensuring
+Percy's unhappy marriage to the earl of Shrewsbury's daughter and
+Anne's great enmity.&amp;nbsp; It was safer to blame the Cardinal than his
+king.&amp;nbsp; Also, Henry's jealousy revealed the depth of his feelings,
+and Anne quite naturally thought - if she could not be an earl's wife,
+why not try for the crown of England? &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When Anne avoided Henry's company, was sullen and evasive to him,
+he sent her from court; he hoped that a few months in the country would
+persuade her of his charms.&amp;nbsp; It did not work.&amp;nbsp; Anne was
+already playing a far more serious game than the king.&amp;nbsp; Later,
+after she had been arrested, Henry would claim he had been 'bewitched'
+and the term wasn't used lightly in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; But perhaps
+it was simply the contrast between her vivacity and Katharine's
+solemnity; or perhaps the king mistook the inexplicable ardor of true
+love for something more ominous, long after that love had faded.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is impossible to fully explain the mystery of attraction
+between two people.&amp;nbsp; How Anne was able to capture and maintain the
+king's attention for such a long while, despite great obstacles and the
+constant presence of malicious gossip, cannot be explained.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was headstrong and querulous.&amp;nbsp; But for several years, he remained
+faithful to his feelings for Anne - and his attendant desire for a
+legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragon-min.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ width=&quot;166&quot; height=&quot;168&quot;&gt;One cannot separate the king's desire for a
+son, indeed its very necessity, from his personal desire for
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; The two interests merged perfectly in 1527.&amp;nbsp; Henry had
+discovered the &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;invalidity
+of his marriage&lt;/a&gt; to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Now it was possible to annul
+his marriage and secure his two fondest hopes - Anne's hand in marriage
+and the long-desired heir.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; Cardinal Wolsey had long advocated an Anglo-French
+alliance.&amp;nbsp; For that reason, he disliked the Spanish
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
+of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He now set about securing his monarch's annulment
+with the intention of marrying Henry to a French princess.&amp;nbsp; And if
+not a French princess, perhaps a great lady of the English court.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey did not like Anne, and she despised him.&amp;nbsp; It was Wolsey who
+had delivered the king's orders to Henry Percy, driving her suitor from
+court.&amp;nbsp; She never forgot that injury to her heart.&amp;nbsp; And while
+she could not revenge herself upon the king, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter8.html&quot;&gt;she could work
+against&lt;/a&gt; his Lord Chancellor.&amp;nbsp; His protÃ©gÃ© and successor &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; became a close ally. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Anne alone did not cause Wolsey's fall from grace, though she
+took the blame for it.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, 'Nan Bullen', as the common people
+derisively called her, became the scapegoat for all the king's
+unpopular decisions.&amp;nbsp; But it is important to remember that no one
+- not Wolsey, not Cromwell, and certainly not Anne Boleyn - ever
+controlled Henry VIII, or made him do other than exactly what he
+wanted.&amp;nbsp; He was a king who thoroughly knew and enjoyed his
+position.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Sir Thomas
+More&lt;/a&gt; would aptly point this out to his son-in-law, William Roper -
+'If a lion knew his strength, it were hard for any man to hold
+him.'&amp;nbsp; And later, when Roper commented upon the king's affection
+for More, the philosopher replied that if his head would win the king a
+castle in France, then Henry would not hesitate to chop it off.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But most people found it easier to hate Anne than to hate their
+monarch.&amp;nbsp; As the king's desire for an annulment became the gossip
+of all Europe, she was roundly criticized and condemned.&amp;nbsp; And she
+was not popular at the English court either.&amp;nbsp; Both her unique
+situation and her oft times abrasive personality offended many.&amp;nbsp;
+And Katharine's solemn piety had impressed the English court for three
+decades; her supporters were numerous, though not inclined to face the
+king's formidable wrath.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Anne was sustained only by the
+king's affection and she knew his mercurial temper.&amp;nbsp; It is
+possible that she was as surprised by his faithfulness as everyone
+else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As the struggle for an annulment proceeded and the pope
+prevaricated between Henry and Katharine's nephew, the Holy Roman
+Emperor Charles V, Anne's position at the English court became steadily
+more prominent.&amp;nbsp; There were at first little signs.&amp;nbsp; The king
+would eat alone with her; she received expensive gifts; she began to
+dress in the most fashionable and expensive gowns; the king paid her
+gambling debts since Anne, like most courtiers, enjoyed cards and dice.
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The king was not too outlandish at first; he had no desire to
+prejudice the pope against his case by flaunting a new love.&amp;nbsp; But
+as the delays mounted, and rumors of his new love spread, Henry
+realized there was no purpose in hiding the truth.&amp;nbsp; By 1530, Anne
+was openly honored by the king at court.&amp;nbsp; She was accorded
+precedence over all other ladies, and she sat with the king at
+banquets and hunts while Katharine was virtually ignored.&amp;nbsp; The
+pretense of his first marriage was allowed to continue; Katharine
+continued to personally mend his shirts and send him gifts and
+notes.&amp;nbsp; But it was an untenable situation.&amp;nbsp; It grated on both
+women.&amp;nbsp; Anne perhaps taxed the king with it.&amp;nbsp; To placate her,
+she was titled marquess of Pembroke on 4 September 1532 at Windsor
+Castle; she wore a beautiful crimson gown and her hair hung
+loose.&amp;nbsp; Now elevated to the peerage in her own right, she had
+wealth and lands of her own.&amp;nbsp; But when she accompanied him to
+France on a state visit a short while later, the ladies of the French
+court refused to meet with her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is believed that her elevation to the peerage marked the
+physical consummation of Anne and Henry's relationship.&amp;nbsp; She would
+give birth to &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;
+just a year later, and there were rumors of a secret marriage in late
+1532.&amp;nbsp; It is possible that she became pregnant after just a few
+months and a second, legitimate wedding became a necessity.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot;
+ alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;
+ width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;The king had his fondest wish within his
+grasp.&amp;nbsp; Anne was pregnant with his long-awaited son, or so he
+thought, and this son must be legitimate.&amp;nbsp; He could no longer wait
+upon the pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry rejected the authority of the Holy See and
+Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, annulled his marriage to
+Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Anne married again in January 1533 in a
+small ceremony.&amp;nbsp; But though they were now husband and wife, few
+recognized the fact.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;Her
+coronation&lt;/a&gt; was a lavish affair; the king spared no expense.&amp;nbsp;
+But the people of London were noticeably unimpressed.&amp;nbsp; They cried
+out 'HA! HA!' mockingly as tapestries decorated with Henry and Anne's
+entwined initials passed by.&amp;nbsp; Henry asked, 'How liked you the look
+of the City?'&amp;nbsp; Anne replied, 'Sir, I liked the City well enough -
+but I saw a great many caps on heads, and heard but few tongues.'&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And so her coronation was yet another reminder of her complete
+dependency upon the king.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne enjoyed her triumph as much as she could.&amp;nbsp; She ordered
+new blue and purple livery for her servants and set about replacing
+Katharine's badge of pomegranates with her own falcon symbol.&amp;nbsp; She
+chose as her motto, 'The Most Happy', in stark contrast to her
+predecessor.&amp;nbsp; Katharine had been 'Humble and Loyal'; Henry's
+mother, Elizabeth of York had chosen 'Humble and Reverent'.&amp;nbsp; But
+humility was not a marked characteristic of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was pious, though not as rigid and inflexible as Katharine of
+Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Anne's sympathies naturally lay with the progressive
+thought now challenging Catholic orthodoxy; with Henry's rejection of the papacy and his
+creation of a new Church of England, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html#Eleven-b&quot;&gt;the
+Reformation&lt;/a&gt; had come to England.&amp;nbsp; It was not as revolutionary
+as Luther's movement in Germany.&amp;nbsp; Henry actually remained a devout
+Catholic, only denying what he now regarded as the illegitimate
+authority of the papacy.&amp;nbsp; Anne knew that her marriage and future
+children would never be recognized as legitimate by Catholic
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; She had to support the new church, otherwise she was no more than 
+  the king's mistress.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And this new emphasis upon debating even the most esoteric bits of
+theology appealed to her nature.&amp;nbsp; She was always curious and open
+to new ideas; she never blindly accepted&lt;img height=&quot;175&quot;
+ alt=&quot;The above portrait is of Anne Boleyn, painted by Lucas Horenbout; dated 1525-27.  Sir Roy Strong identified the portrait.  Anne wears a necklace with her falcon badge.&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynstrong.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;175&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; anything.&amp;nbsp; But this is not to deny her
+deep faith.&amp;nbsp; As queen, she was close friends with Thomas Cranmer
+and she also sponsored various religious books.&amp;nbsp; She had none of
+the hard-fought pragmatism of her daughter, 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Religious faith was a
+vital part of Anne's life, as it was for every person in the 16th
+century.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She entered confinement for the birth of her first child on 26
+August 1533.&amp;nbsp; The child was born on 7 September 1533.&amp;nbsp; The
+physicians and astrologers had been mistaken; it was not a
+prince.&amp;nbsp; But the healthy baby girl called Elizabeth was not the
+disappointment most assumed, nor did she immediately cause her mother's
+downfall.&amp;nbsp; The birth had been very easy and quick.&amp;nbsp; 'There
+was good speed in the deliverance and bringing forth,' Anne wrote to
+Lord Cobham that very day.&amp;nbsp; The queen recovered quickly.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had every reason to believe that strong princes would
+follow.&amp;nbsp; It was only when Anne miscarried two sons that he began
+to question the validity of his second marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth's christening was a grand affair, though the king did
+not attend.&amp;nbsp; This fact was much remarked-upon, but Henry
+confounded all by his continuing affection for Anne.&amp;nbsp; He also
+promptly declared Elizabeth his heir, thus according her precedence
+over her 17 year old half-sister, 
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Princess Mary&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Anne could
+breathe a sigh of relief, recover, and become pregnant again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Immediately after Elizabeth's christening, Henry wrote to Mary and
+demanded that she relinquish her title of Princess of Wales.&amp;nbsp; The
+title belonged to his heiress.&amp;nbsp; He also demanded that she
+acknowledge the validity of his new marriage and legitimacy of her
+half-sister.&amp;nbsp; But Mary could be as obstinate as her mother; she refused.&amp;nbsp; Enraged, Henry evicted Mary from her
+home, the manor Beaulieu, so he could give it to Anne's brother, George.&amp;nbsp; In December, 
+  she was moved into Elizabeth's household
+under the care of Lady Anne Shelton, a sister of Anne's father.&amp;nbsp;
+It was an understandably miserable time for Mary.&amp;nbsp; When told to pay her
+respects to the baby Princess, she said that she knew of no Princess of
+England but herself and burst into tears.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry was infuriated and Anne encouraged the estrangement.&amp;nbsp;
+Her daughter's status depended upon Mary remaining out of favor.&amp;nbsp;
+In the two and a half years she lived after Elizabeth's birth, Anne
+proved herself a devoted mother.&amp;nbsp; Soon after the birth, Elizabeth
+had to be moved from London, for purposes of health; London was rife
+with a variety of illnesses - sweating sickness, smallpox, and
+plague.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth and Mary were sent to Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; Both
+Henry and Anne visited their daughter often, occasionally taking her
+back with them to Greenwich or the palace at Eltham.&amp;nbsp; During these
+visits, Mary was kept alone in her room.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;186&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Henry VIII&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8boleyn.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;150&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;There are account books and
+letters which reveal certain facts about Elizabeth's early
+childhood:&amp;nbsp; bills for an orange satin gown and russet velvet
+kirtle, for the king's heir had to be fashionably dressed; a letter in
+late 1535, after her second birthday, from the wet nurse asking
+permission to wean her; a plan of study in classical languages, for
+Anne was determined her daughter would be as educated as Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The conflict with Mary dominated a great deal of Henry and Anne's
+thoughts.&amp;nbsp; In January 1534, the king's new chief minister, Thomas
+Cromwell, went to visit Mary at Hatfield.&amp;nbsp; He urged her to
+renounce her title and warned her that her behavior would lead to her
+ruin.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she simply wanted her father's blessing
+and the honor of kissing his hand.&amp;nbsp; When Cromwell chastised her,
+she left the room.&amp;nbsp; Mary, and indeed most of England, believed
+Anne to be the cause of Henry's disgust with his eldest child.&amp;nbsp; In
+truth, Henry had far more to do with it than Anne; this was proven
+after Anne's execution.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed that she would regain her
+favor with the wicked stepmother out of the way but she was proven
+terribly wrong.&amp;nbsp; Eventually, under threat of her life, she &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;wrote the letter&lt;/a&gt;
+her father had long desired.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;He and Anne also tried a gentler course with Mary; their goal was
+to show that she had brought Henry's displeasure upon herself and that
+he and Anne were quite willing - under reasonable conditions - to
+receive her.&amp;nbsp; At their next visit to Hatfield, Anne arranged to
+see her stepdaughter.&amp;nbsp; She invited Mary to come to court and
+'visit me as Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Mary responded with a cruel insult - 'I know
+no Queen in England but my mother.&amp;nbsp; But if you, Madam, as my
+father's mistress, will intercede for me with him, I should be
+grateful.'&amp;nbsp; Anne did not lose her temper; she pointed out the
+absurdity of the request and repeated her offer.&amp;nbsp; Mary then
+refused to answer and Anne left in a rage.&amp;nbsp; From then on, she made
+no attempts to gain Mary's friendship.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The problem with Mary highlights the untenable positions Anne and
+Elizabeth occupied in English politics.&amp;nbsp; Many of Henry's subjects
+did not know who to call Princess, who was the rightful heir, and who
+was the true wife.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon lived on, still calling
+herself Queen, and Mary, encouraged by the spiteful Imperial ambassador
+Eustace Chapuys, still called herself Princess.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
+Chapuys, who openly despised Anne, told Mary that Anne was planning to
+have her murdered.&amp;nbsp; It was a terrible lie but one that Mary, in
+her hysterical state, was inclined to believe.&amp;nbsp; When word came
+that she and Elizabeth's household was moving from Hatfield to The
+More, she refused to go.&amp;nbsp; She believed she would be moved and
+quietly murdered.&amp;nbsp; Guards had to actually seize her and throw her
+into her litter.&amp;nbsp; Her distress naturally made her ill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth, meanwhile, was too young to notice any of this.&amp;nbsp;
+But such events helped cement the lifelong hatred Mary would have for
+her half-sister.&amp;nbsp; Her Spanish friends continued to spread rumors
+about Anne and Elizabeth, saying the infant princess was physically
+deformed and monstrous in appearance.&amp;nbsp; To dispel this, in April
+1534, Henry showed the naked infant to several continental
+ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; In that same month, Anne announced she was once
+again pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Nothing could have pleased Henry more.&amp;nbsp; She
+may have had a miscarriage in February for there were rumors she was
+pregnant in January but nothing came of it; given the heightened
+circumstances, it is unlikely she could have hidden her
+condition.&amp;nbsp; Even a suspicion of pregnancy was sure to become
+gossip.&amp;nbsp; But the main source of this miscarriage is Chapuys,
+hardly an impartial observer.&amp;nbsp; At any rate, she was definitely
+pregnant again in April 1534.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;The elated king took his wife to the medieval palace at Eltham;
+there, they sent for the princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry was often seen
+carrying her about and playing with her.&amp;nbsp; The king&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynsketch2.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot;
+ width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;206&quot;&gt; and queen soon returned to Greenwich and
+then Henry left on a progress, leaving Anne at the palace.&amp;nbsp; This
+was probably out of concern for her health and lends some credence to
+the belief she miscarried in February.&amp;nbsp; If she had, Henry would
+show special concern for her health, and this he did.&amp;nbsp; He was
+supposed to meet Francis I of France in June at Calais to sign a treaty
+but decided not to, writing that Katharine and Mary, 'bearing no small
+grudge against his most entirely beloved Queen Anne, might perchance in
+his absence take occasion to practice matters of no small peril to his
+royal person, realm, and subjects.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;His extra attention to Anne did not help her health.&amp;nbsp; In
+September 1534, she miscarried a six-month-old fetus; it was old enough
+for features to be discerned - it was a boy.&amp;nbsp; Henry was bitterly
+disappointed.&amp;nbsp; Anne was likewise.&amp;nbsp; She was also angry for
+Henry had begun a casual affair that summer.&amp;nbsp; She reproached him
+and Henry replied, 'You have good reason to be content with what I have
+done for you - and I would not do it again, if the thing were to
+begin.&amp;nbsp; Consider from what you have come.'&amp;nbsp; The scene was
+furious and overheard by her attendants.&amp;nbsp; But it was a passing
+storm.&amp;nbsp; Henry was already tired of his new mistress and, within
+days, Chapuys was sadly writing to Charles V of Henry's continued
+affection.&amp;nbsp; But there were signs that things were not progressing
+smoothly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;For example, Henry had hoped to cement his relationship with
+Francis I by betrothing Elizabeth to Francis's son, the Duc
+d'Angouleme.&amp;nbsp; After Anne suffered two miscarriages, as the French
+ambassador reported to Francis, the French king grew wary of such a
+betrothal.&amp;nbsp; To him, it must have seemed that Anne's position was
+weakening; after all, Henry had dismissed one wife because she had no
+sons - would he do the same to Anne?&amp;nbsp; And, if he did, then what
+good was a marriage to Elizabeth?&amp;nbsp; Of course, it was in France's
+interests to promote Anne for Katharine of Aragon and her daughter were
+Charles V's pawns.&amp;nbsp; But his doubts highlight the
+instability of Anne's position.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;This undoubtedly affected her mental and physical health.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was never the mercenary adulterer of legend.&amp;nbsp; In fact, he
+was remarkably conventional in his sexual appetites, unlike his French
+rival.&amp;nbsp; Any affairs would have been widely reported and yet,
+during his long marriage to Katharine of Aragon, there were just a
+handful of mistresses.&amp;nbsp; He enjoyed being around attractive
+women.&amp;nbsp; He was flirtatious and would joke with them, compliment
+them, but only rarely did he enter into a physical relationship.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But for Anne, any occasional fling was devastating, especially if
+it followed upon her miscarriage.&amp;nbsp; Such behavior was said to
+indicate his displeasure with her; this she could not afford.&amp;nbsp;
+They were occasionally estranged and the effect was to increase her
+already-noticeable anxiety.&amp;nbsp; In late 1534 Anne, accompanied by the
+duke of Suffolk, her uncle Norfolk, and other courtiers, visited
+Richmond Palace, where both Elizabeth and Mary resided.&amp;nbsp; Anne
+entered her daughter's rooms only to realize that the two dukes had
+left her.&amp;nbsp; They were paying court to Mary and remained with her
+until Anne had left.&amp;nbsp; Still, this slight could be forgotten when
+the Treason Act was passed in November.&amp;nbsp; It was now a capital
+crime to deny the legitimacy of her marriage or children.&amp;nbsp; By
+December, she and Henry had made up yet again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;A scandal occurred shortly thereafter which added further damage to Anne's 
+  reputation.&amp;nbsp; Her sister, Mary, who had been Henry's mistress years 
+  before, married Sir William Stafford without her family or the king's 
+  permission.&amp;nbsp; Because Stafford was poor, Mary's father was angry and cut 
+  off her allowance.&amp;nbsp; She appealed to the king and Anne but they would not 
+  help.&amp;nbsp; (Mary did not attend court during Anne's reign, since her presence 
+  would have been an embarrassment for the king and queen.)&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;194&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;139&quot;
+ border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Always fascinated with rumors surrounding his
+English 'brother', Francis I decided to hedge his bets in the mercurial
+Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he would remain friendly with Anne
+and also with Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; And so he instructed his new
+ambassador, Admiral Chabot, to ignore Anne when he arrived at
+court.&amp;nbsp; Chabot was received by Henry and two days passed without
+any mention of the queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry asked if Chabot wanted to visit
+her.&amp;nbsp; The ambassador replied, 'As it pleases Your Highness' and
+then asked permission to visit Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry refused, but Chabot
+made certain everyone knew of his request.&amp;nbsp; He also told courtiers
+that Francis wanted to marry the Dauphin to Mary; when Henry reminded
+him of the union with Elizabeth, the ambassador said nothing.&amp;nbsp;
+Still, Francis did enrage Charles V by acknowledging Elizabeth's
+legitimacy.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It was a tedious and frightening dance for Anne.&amp;nbsp; During the
+two and a half years after Elizabeth's birth, she was rarely secure,
+certain of her position and the king's affections.&amp;nbsp; Her little
+daughter received every favor she could bestow; Anne insisted Henry
+favor Elizabeth because it strengthened her position.&amp;nbsp; But she was
+surrounded by fair-weather friends who, at the slightest sign of
+Henry's disfavor, ignored her.&amp;nbsp; She only trusted her brother,
+George, whose wife, Jane Rochford, was a viper in their nest.&amp;nbsp;
+Meanwhile, Henry was again flirting openly with another woman.&amp;nbsp;
+This time it was Anne's cousin and lady-in-waiting, Madge
+Shelton.&amp;nbsp; Anne still had influence over her husband, but knew only
+one way to make his favor permanent.&amp;nbsp; She must bear a son.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry would never dismiss the mother of his long-awaited heir.&amp;nbsp;
+Her enemies would at last be silenced.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Henry's health had begun to worsen.&amp;nbsp; The first
+signs of the illness which would kill him appeared (occluded sinus on
+his leg).&amp;nbsp; Headaches became frequent and severe.&amp;nbsp; The king
+was a hypochondriac.&amp;nbsp; Now unable to indulge his love of sports, he
+instead indulged his fear of pain and illness.&amp;nbsp; And he was
+frequently impotent.&amp;nbsp; He was in his mid-forties and increasingly
+obese; this, combined with his other ailments, made his continued
+virility questionable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly his 'mistresses' did not
+conceive.&amp;nbsp; But the continued lack of an heir and Anne's
+miscarriages must have reminded him of Katharine.&amp;nbsp; How could it
+not?&amp;nbsp; Like most of his contemporaries, the king blamed his wife
+when she did not conceive or carry to term.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And, like Francis I, Thomas Cromwell - that influential and
+brilliant man - was keeping his options open as well.&amp;nbsp; He visited
+Mary and was rumored to promise support for her reinstatement.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne was terrified at this loss of her one-time supporter who was also
+the king's most trusted advisor.&amp;nbsp; But Anne had one last chance,
+and in June 1535, became pregnant again.&amp;nbsp; She lost that child as
+well, in January 1536; she was reported to have said, 'I have
+miscarried of my savior.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When her destruction came, it was rapid and unbelievable.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had always been one to plot against people while he pretended
+affection.&amp;nbsp; Anne suffered the same fate as Katharine.&amp;nbsp; She
+knew he was dissatisfied with her but he maintained their lifestyle
+together.&amp;nbsp; And all the while, he was seeking the best way to
+destroy her.&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon died in January as well, just a
+few days before Anne's miscarriage.&amp;nbsp; These events, taken together,
+pushed Henry into action.&amp;nbsp; While Katharine had lived, most of
+Europe, and many Englishmen, had regarded her as his rightful wife, not
+Anne.&amp;nbsp; Now he was rid of Katharine; if he were to rid himself of
+Anne, he could marry again - and this third marriage would never be
+tainted by the specter of bigamy.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Henry's &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;decision
+to thoroughly destroy Anne&lt;/a&gt; baffled even her enemies.&amp;nbsp; There
+was a possible way out which would spare Anne's life.&amp;nbsp; Henry had
+admitted an affair with her sister,&lt;img height=&quot;194&quot;
+ alt=&quot;an 18th century portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne3.jpg&quot; width=&quot;144&quot;
+ border=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; Mary.&amp;nbsp; He could have argued that was as
+damning as Katharine's marriage to his brother.&amp;nbsp; But he chose a
+more direct route.&amp;nbsp; He had her arrested, charged with adultery,
+witchcraft, and incest; the charges were ludicrous even to her
+enemies.&amp;nbsp; Her brother George was arrested as well.&amp;nbsp; His
+despised wife, Jane Rochford, testified about an incestuous love
+affair.&amp;nbsp; Whether anyone believed her was irrelevant.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+VIII wanted Anne convicted and killed.&amp;nbsp; George would also lose his
+life, as did three of their friends.&amp;nbsp; Only one had confessed to
+the charge, and that was under torture; it was still enough to convict
+them all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As queen of England, Anne was tried by her peers; the main charge
+was adultery, and this was an act of treason for a queen.&amp;nbsp; No
+member of the nobility would help her; her craven uncle Norfolk
+pronounced the death sentence.&amp;nbsp; Poor Henry Percy, her first love,
+swooned during the trial and had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; As
+a concession to her former position, she was not beheaded by a clumsy
+axe.&amp;nbsp; A skilled swordsman was brought over from France.&amp;nbsp; She
+was assured that there would be little pain; she replied, with typical
+spirit, 'I have heard that the executioner is very good.&amp;nbsp; And I
+have a little neck.'&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have chosen me from low estate to be your
+queen and companion, far beyond my desert or desire; if, then, you
+found me worthy of such honor, good your grace, let not any light fancy
+or bad counsel of my enemies withdraw your princely favor from me;
+neither let that stain - that unworthy stain - of a disloyal heart
+towards your good grace ever cast so foul a blot on me, and on the
+infant princess your daughter.' &lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;from Anne Boleyn's &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;last letter&lt;/a&gt;
+to King Henry VIII, 1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter10.html&quot;&gt;its authenticity
+is debated&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She had prayed for exile, to end her days in a nunnery, but now
+faced a more tragic fate.&amp;nbsp; She met it with bravery and wit.&amp;nbsp;
+She was brought to the scaffold at 8 o'clock in the morning on 19 May
+1536.&amp;nbsp; It was a heretofore unknown spectacle, the first public
+execution of an English queen.&amp;nbsp; Anne, who had defended herself so
+ably at her trial, chose her last words carefully:&amp;nbsp; 'Good
+Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law,
+and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing
+against it.&amp;nbsp; I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak
+anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray
+God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler
+nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a
+good, a gentle and sovereign lord.&amp;nbsp; And if any person will meddle
+of my cause, I require them to judge the best.&amp;nbsp; And thus I take my
+leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to
+pray for me.&amp;nbsp; O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my
+soul.'&amp;nbsp; She was then blindfolded and knelt at the block.&amp;nbsp; She
+repeated several times, 'To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu
+receive my soul.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It was a sardonic message to the king.&amp;nbsp; Even now he waited
+impatiently to hear the Tower cannon mark Anne's death.&amp;nbsp; He wished
+to marry Anne's lady-in-waiting, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; They wed ten days after the execution.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Elizabeth was just three and a half when her mother died.&amp;nbsp;
+She was a precocious child, though; when her governess visited her just
+days after the execution, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/a&gt;
+asked, 'Why, Governor, how hap it yesterday Lady Princess, and today
+but Lady Elizabeth?'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Anne was buried in an old arrow box since no coffin was
+provided.&amp;nbsp; But the box was too short; her head was tucked beside
+her.&amp;nbsp; The remains were taken to St Peter ad Vincula, the church of
+the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; It was later rumored that her few remaining
+friends smuggled her body to a more suitable grave and she is buried
+under a plain slab in a Norfolk church.&amp;nbsp; The church is said to be
+haunted.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And if any person will meddle of my
+cause, I require them to judge the best.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
+  &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;from Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This page receives 15,000+ unique visitors per 
+month.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082567&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082567&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH3ab4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH3ab4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH3ab4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">21536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter XII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwelve.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3ab4397899845933bb37f5</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215294</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3ab4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER XII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;LAST YEARS AND DEATH: 1601-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;THE death of Mary Stuart did something to simplify parties 
+    in Scotland; and, if her son had possessed the qualities of a ruler, he 
+    would have had a better chance of reducing his kingdom to order than any of 
+    his predecessors, because a middle class was at length rising into 
+    importance. As far as knowledge and discernment went, he was an able 
+    politician, and on several occasions he showed not only skill in his 
+    combinations, but--what he is not generally credited with by those who study 
+    only his career in England -- considerable energy and courage. But he was 
+    wanting in perseverance, and a slave to idle pleasures. He had always some 
+    favourite upon whom he lavished any money that came into his hands. What was 
+    needed in his own interest and that of his country was that he should 
+    exercise rigid economy, develop all the forces that made for order, ally 
+    himself with the burghs and lower barons, cultivate good relations with the 
+    Kirk, industriously attend to all the details of government, and seize every 
+    opportunity to humble the great nobles of whatever party or creed. Instead 
+    of this, he tried to maintain himself by balancing rival parties, and 
+    employing one nobleman to execute his vengeance on another. Instead of 
+    honestly and zealously seconding the policy of Elizabeth, and so deserving 
+    her confidence and support, which would have been of the utmost value to 
+    him, he tried to levy blackmail on her by coquetting with Spain and the 
+    Catholics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth is accused of deliberately encouraging Scottish 
+    factions in order to keep the northern kingdom weak. She certainly supported 
+    Stewart, Earl of Bothwell, a turbulent and unprincipled man, while he was 
+    the antagonist of the Catholic nobles who were inviting the Spaniard. But it 
+    is plain that she desired nothing so much as to see James crush all 
+    aristocratic disorder, and make himself master of his kingdom. Her 
+    exhortations to him on this subject are full of wisdom, and expressed in 
+    most stirring language. But they only produced petitions for money. 
+    Notwithstanding her own difficulties, she long allowed him Â£3000 a year, 
+    which, in 1600, was increased to Â£6000. But ten times that amount would have 
+    done him no good, because he would immediately have squandered it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;As Elizabeth grew old, James naturally became absorbed in 
+    the prospect of his succession to the English crown. All Scotchmen shared 
+    his eagerness. In England, feeling was almost unanimous in his favour, 
+    though some of the Catholics continued to talk of the Infanta or Arabella 
+    Stuart the niece of Darnley. By teasing Elizabeth to recognise his title, 
+    intriguing with her courtiers, and calling on his own subjects to furnish 
+    him with the means of asserting his rights, James irritated the English 
+    Queen. But she had always intended that he should succeed her, and she did 
+    nothing to prejudice his claim. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The two leading men at the English court--Cecil and 
+    Raleigh--who had been united in their hostility to Essex, were now secretly 
+    competing for the favour of James. Each warned the Scottish King against the 
+    other, and represented himself as the only trustworthy adviser. Cecil, from 
+    his confidential relations with the Queen, had the most difficult game to 
+    play, and it was not till her health was evidently failing that he ventured 
+    to open private communications with James. Even then he did not dare to 
+    correspond with him directly, but it was understood that everything written 
+    by Lord Henry Howard (brother of the last Duke of Norfolk) was to be taken 
+    as written by Cecil. To make up for his previous backwardness, he lent James 
+    Â£10,000--a pledge of fidelity which it was out of his rival's power to 
+    emulate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The long career of Elizabeth was now drawing to its close. 
+    Her sun might seem to be going down in calm splendour. She had triumphed 
+    over all her enemies. She might say with Virgil's heroine-- &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Vixi, et quem dederat cursum fortuna, peregi;&lt;br&gt;
+      Et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The mighty Philip had gone to his grave five years before 
+    her (1598), a beaten man, having failed in Holland, failed in France, failed 
+    against England. Of the three great champions who withstood him, Elizabeth, 
+    if not the most distinguished by high qualities, had yet, perhaps, the 
+    largest share in saving Europe from the retrograde tyranny which menaced it. 
+    The glorious resistance of William of Orange covered only sixteen years 
+    (1568-84). That of Henry IV can hardly be said to have had any European 
+    importance before his accession to the French throne, from which date to the 
+    peace of Vervins and the death of Philip is a period of nine years 
+    (1589-98). But the whole of Elizabeth's long reign was spent in abating the 
+    power of Spain. It was the persistent, never-relaxing pressure from an 
+    unassailable enemy which wore out Philip, as it afterwards wore out 
+    Bonaparte. Elizabeth had found England weak and distracted: she was leaving 
+    it united and powerful. Nor was she of those to whom their due meed of 
+    praise is denied during life, and accorded only by the tardy justice of 
+    posterity. Her wisdom and courage were the admiration not of her own people 
+    alone, but of all Europe. &amp;quot;Her very enemies,&amp;quot; says a French historian, 
+    &amp;quot;proclaimed her the most glorious and fortunate of all women who ever wore a 
+    crown.&amp;quot; From the point of view of public life, little or nothing was 
+    wanting--so Bacon thought--to fill up the full measure of her felicity. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Yet it seems that the last months of her life were clouded 
+    by melancholy, and deformed by a querulous ill-temper. Some have suggested 
+    that she suffered from remorse for her severity to Essex; others that she 
+    felt herself out of sympathy with the Puritan tendencies of the time. It is 
+    not necessary to resort to these unfounded or far-fetched suppositions to 
+    account for her gloom. If we turn from her public to her private life, what 
+    situation could be more profoundly pitiable? Honour and obedience, indeed, 
+    still surrounded her. But that which also should accompany old age, love and 
+    troops of friends, she might not look to have. Near relations she had none. 
+    Alone she had chosen to live, and alone she must die. As her time 
+    approached, she was haunted by the consciousness that, among all those who 
+    treated her with so much reverence, there was not one who had any reason to 
+    be attached to her or to care that her life should be prolonged. Those who 
+    have not loved when they were young must not expect to find love when they 
+    are old. While health and strength remained, she had tasted the satisfaction 
+    of living her own life and playing the great game of politics, for which she 
+    was exceptionally gifted. But to a woman who has passed through life without 
+    knowing what it is to love or be loved, who has no memory of even an 
+    unrequited affection to feed on, who has never shared a husband's joys and 
+    sorrows, never borne the sweet burden of maternity, never suckled babe or 
+    rocked cradle, who must finish her journey alone, sitting in the solemn 
+    twilight before the last dark hour uncared for and uncaring, without the 
+    cheer of children or the varied interests that gather round the family--to 
+    such a one, what avails it that she has tasted the excitement of public 
+    life, that she has borne a share in politics or business--what even that her 
+    aims have been high or that she has done the State some service, if she has 
+    renounced the crown of womanhood, and turned from their appointed use those 
+    numbered years within which the female heart can find present joy and lay up 
+    store of calm satisfaction for declining age? &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had always enjoyed good health, thanks to her 
+    &amp;quot;exact temperance both as to wine and diet, which, she used to say, was the 
+    noblest part of physic,&amp;quot; and her active habits. In capacity for resisting 
+    bodily fatigue and freedom from nervous ailments, she was like a man. It was 
+    not till the beginning of 1602 that those about her noticed any signs of 
+    failing strength. She still went on hunting and dancing. In dancing she 
+    excelled, and she kept it up for exercise, as many an old man keeps up his 
+    skating or tennis without being exposed to ill-natured remarks. In December 
+    1602 her godson Harington, an amusing person, whose company she enjoyed, 
+    found her &amp;quot;in most pitiable state,&amp;quot; both in body and mind. &amp;quot;She held in her 
+    hand a golden cup which she often put to her lips; but in sooth her heart 
+    seemeth too full to lack more filling.&amp;quot; He read her some verses he had 
+    written, &amp;quot;whereat she smiled once,&amp;quot; but said, &amp;quot;When thou dost feel creeping 
+    Time at thy gate, these fooleries will please thee less. I am past my relish 
+    for such matters. Thou seest my bodily meat doth not suit me well. I have 
+    eaten but one ill-tasted cake since yesternight.&amp;quot; Harington hastened to send 
+    a present to the King of Scots, with the inscription, &amp;quot;&lt;i&gt;Domine memento mei 
+    cum veneris in regnum&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the same month Robert Carey, son of her cousin Lord 
+    Hunsdon, visited her, and professed to think her looking well. &amp;quot;No, Robin,&amp;quot; 
+    she said, &amp;quot;I am not well,&amp;quot; and then &amp;quot;discoursed of her indisposition, and 
+    that her heart had been sad and heavy for ten or twelve days, and in her 
+    discourse she fetched not so few as forty or fifty great sighs. . . . 
+    Hereupon I wrote to the King of Scots.&amp;quot;(1) Her melancholy was not caused by 
+    any weakening of her mind. A long letter to James, dated 5 January 1603, 
+    though hardly legible, is very vigorous and characteristic. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;At the beginning of March1603 she became much worse. There 
+    was some disease of the throat, attended with swelling and a distressing 
+    formation of phlegm, which made speaking difficult. The only relatives about 
+    her were Robert Carey and his sister Lady Scrope, watching keenly that they 
+    might be the first to inform James of her death. She could not be brought by 
+    any of her Council to take food or go to bed. When in bed she had been 
+    troubled by a visual illusion; &amp;quot;she saw her body exceedingly lean and 
+    fearful in a light of fire.&amp;quot; At last Nottingham, the Admiral, who was 
+    mourning the recent death of his wife, was sent for. He was a second cousin 
+    of Anne Boleyn, and was the one person to whom the dying Queen seemed to 
+    cling with some trust. He induced her to take some broth. &amp;quot;For any of the 
+    rest,&amp;quot; says her maid-of-honour, Mistress Southwell, &amp;quot;she would not answer 
+    them to any question, but said softly to my Lord Admiral's earnest 
+    persuasions that if he knew what she had seen in her bed he would not 
+    persuade her as he did. And Secretary Cecil, overhearing her, asked if her 
+    Majesty had seen any spirits; to which she said she scorned to answer him so 
+    idle a question. Then he told her how, to content the people, her Majesty 
+    must go to bed. To which she smiled, wonderfully contemning him, saying that 
+    the word must was not to be used to princes; and thereupon said, 'Little 
+    man, little man, if your father had lived ye [he?] durst not have said so 
+    much: but thou knowest I must die, and that maketh thee so presumptuous.' 
+    And presently commanding him and the rest to depart her chamber, willed my 
+    Lord Admiral to stay; to whom she shook her head, and with a pitiful voice 
+    said, 'My Lord, I am tied with a chain of iron about my neck.' He alleging 
+    her wonted courage to her, she replied, 'I am tied, and the case is altered 
+    with me.'&amp;quot; At last, &amp;quot;what by fair means,&amp;quot; says Carey, &amp;quot;what by force, he got 
+    her to bed.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was perfectly understood that she meant James to be her 
+    successor. The Admiral now told his colleagues that she had confided her 
+    intention to him just before her illness took a serious turn. Two years 
+    before, in conversation with Rosni, the minister of Henry IV., she had 
+    spoken of the approaching union of the Scotch and English crowns as a matter 
+    of course. But it was not till a few hours before her death that her 
+    councillors ventured to question her on the subject. They gave out that she 
+    indicated James by a sign; and this is also asserted by Carey, who, however, 
+    does not seem to have been present, though probably his sister was. Mistress 
+    Southwell seems to write as an eye-witness, but betrays a Catholic bias, 
+    which may cast some doubt on her testimony. &amp;quot;The Council sent to her the 
+    bishop of Canterbury and other of the prelates, upon sight of whom she was 
+    much offended, cholericly rating them, bidding them be packing, saying she 
+    was no atheist, but knew full well they were hedgepriests, and took it for 
+    an indignity that they should speak to her. Now being given over by all, and 
+    at the last gasp, keeping still her sense in everything and giving ever when 
+    she spoke apt answers, though she spake very seldom, having then a sore 
+    throat, she desired to wash it, that she might answer more freely to what 
+    the Council demanded; which was to know whom she would have king; but they, 
+    seeing her throat troubled her so much, desired her to hold up her finger 
+    when they named whom liked her. Whereupon they named the king of France, the 
+    king of Scotland, at which she never stirred. They named my lord Beauchamp, 
+    (2) whereto she said, 'I will have no rascal's son in my seat, but one 
+    worthy to be a king.' Hereupon instantly she died.&amp;quot; (23 March, afternoon.)
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is certain, however, that she lived several hours after 
+    this characteristic outburst. Carey says that at six o'clock in the evening 
+    he went into her room with the Archbishop; that, though speechless, she 
+    showed by signs that she followed his prayers, and twice desired him to 
+    remain when he was going away. She died in the early hours of Thursday, 24 
+    March. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;There have been many greater statesmen than Elizabeth. She 
+    was far from being an admirable type of womanhood. She does not, in my 
+    opinion, stand first even among female sovereigns, for I should put that 
+    able ruler and perfect woman, Isabella of Castile, above her. I admit, 
+    however, that such comparisons are apt to be unjust. Few rulers have had to 
+    contend with such formidable and complicated difficulties as the English 
+    Queen. Few have surmounted them so triumphantly. This is the criterion, and 
+    the sufficient criterion, which determines the judgment of practical men. 
+    Research, if applied with fairness and common sense, may perhaps modify, it 
+    can never set aside, the popular verdict. There are writers who have made 
+    the discovery that Elizabeth was a very poor ruler, selfish and wayward, 
+    shortsighted, easily duped, fainthearted, rash, miserly, wasteful, and 
+    swayed by the pettiest impulses of vanity, spite, and personal inclination. 
+    They have not explained, and never will, how it was that a woman with all 
+    these disqualifications for government should have ruled England with signal 
+    success for forty-four years. Statesmen are indebted to good luck 
+    occasionally, like other people. But when this explanation is offered again 
+    and again with dull regularity, we are compelled to say, with one who had at 
+    once the best opportunity and the highest capacity for estimating the 
+    greatness of Elizabeth: &amp;quot;It is not to closet penmen that we are to look for 
+    guidance in such a case; for men of that order being keen in style, poor in 
+    judgment, and partial in feeling, are no faithful witnesses as to the real 
+    passages of business. It is for ministers and great officers to judge of 
+    these things, and those who have handled the helm of government and been 
+    acquainted with the difficulties and mysteries of State business.&amp;quot; (Bacon,
+    &lt;i&gt;In felicem memoriam ElizabethÅ.)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The judgment of those who have handled the helm of 
+    government is to be found in the words of her contemporary, the great 
+    Henry--&amp;quot;She was my other self:&amp;quot; and of a greater still in the next 
+    generation-&amp;quot;Queen Elizabeth of famous memory; we need not be ashamed to call 
+    her so!&amp;quot; (Carlyle, &lt;i&gt;Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell&lt;/i&gt;, Speech 
+    V.)&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. Elizabeth made large use of the courage and 
+    fidelity of her kinsmen on the Boleyn side, but she did little to advance 
+    them either in rank or wealth. Hunsdon had set his heart on regaining the 
+    Boleyn Earldom of Wiltshire. When he was dying, Elizabeth brought the patent 
+    and robes of in earl, and laid them on his bed; but the choleric old man 
+    replied, &amp;quot;Madam, seeing you counted me not worthy of this honour while I was 
+    living, I count myself unworthy of it now I am dying.&amp;quot; 2. Son of Catherine 
+    Grey by the Earl of Hertford. &amp;quot;Rascal&amp;quot; at that time meant a person of low 
+    birth. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082629&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082629&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH3d9e.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH3d9e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH3d9e.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7454</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The coronation of Anne Boleyn, 1533</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne1.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3d9e49bb1ec972bc382d86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3d9e.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">prianne1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">anne2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/prianne1.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1533: The coronation of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;322&quot; height=&quot;155&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/anne2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Anne Boleyn&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;139&quot; height=&quot;194&quot;&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's coronation was written by the Tudor chronicler 
+    Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry only provided coronations for his first two wives.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Katharine of Aragon shared his coronation in 1509; Anne's lavish ceremony 
+    took place on 29 May 1533.&amp;nbsp; She would be executed almost exactly three 
+    years later.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The coronation was not a success, despite its expense.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Anne was not popular.&amp;nbsp; Insults were shouted; mocking laughter was 
+    heard.&amp;nbsp; Anne was already two months pregnant with the future Queen 
+    Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; This undoubtedly hastened her secret marriage and 
+    coronation.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII wanted no one to doubt the legitimacy of his 
+    son or the nobility of his parentage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+    On
+Thursday 29 May, Lady Anne, marquess of Pembroke, was received as queen
+of England by all the lords of England.&amp;nbsp; And the mayor and aldermen,
+with all the guilds of the City of London, went to Greenwich in their barges
+after the best fashion, with also a barge of bachelors of the mayor's guild
+richly hung with cloth of gold with a great number to wait on her.&amp;nbsp;
+And so all the lords with the mayor and all the guilds of London brought
+her by water from Greenwich to the Tower of London, and there the king's
+grace received her as she landed, and then over a thousand guns were fired
+at the Tower, and others were fired at Limehouse, and on other ships lying
+in the Thames. &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;And on Saturday, the last day of May, she rode from the Tower of London
+through the City with a goodly company of lords, knights and gentlemen,
+with all the peers of the realm, richly appareled.&amp;nbsp; She herself rode
+in a rich chariot covered with cloth of silver, and a rich canopy of cloth
+of silver borne over her head by the four Lords of the Ports, in gowns
+of scarlet, followed by four richly hung chariots of ladies; and also several
+other ladies and gentlewoman riding on horseback, all in gowns made of
+crimson velvet.&amp;nbsp; And there were various pageant made on scaffolds
+in the city; and all the guilds were standing in their liveries, every
+one in order, the mayor and aldermen standing in Cheapside.&amp;nbsp; And when
+she&amp;nbsp; came before them the Recorder of London made a goodly presentation
+to her, and then the mayor gave her a purse of cloth of fold with a thousand
+marks of angel nobles in it, as a present from the whole of the city; and
+so the lords brought her to the palace of Westminster and left her there
+that night.
+&lt;p&gt;On 1 June Queen Anne was brought from Westminster Hall to St Peter's
+Abbey in procession, with all the monks of Westminster going in rich copes
+of gold, with thirteen mitred abbots; and after them all the king's chapel
+in rich copes with four bishops and two mitred archbishops, and all the
+lords going in their parliament robes, and the crown borne before her by
+the duke of Suffolk, and her two sceptres by two earls, and she herself
+going under a rich canopy of cloth of gold, dressed in a kirtle of crimson
+velvet decorated with ermine, and a robe of purple velvet decorated with
+ermine over that, and a rich coronet with a cap of pearls and stones on
+her head; and the old duchess of Norfolk carrying her train in a robe of
+scarlet with a coronet of gold on her cap, and Lord Burgh, the queen's
+Chamberlain, supporting the train in the middle.
+&lt;p&gt;After her followed ten ladies in robes of scarlet trimmed with ermine
+and round coronets of gold on their heads; and next after them all the
+queen's maids in gowns of scarlet edged with white Baltic fur.&amp;nbsp; And
+so she was brought to St Peter's church at Westminster, and there set in
+her high royal seat, which was made on a high platform before the altar.&amp;nbsp;
+And there she was anointed and crowned queen of England by the archbishop
+of Canterbury and the archbishop of York, and so sat, crowned, in her royal
+seat all through the mass, and she offered at the said mass.&amp;nbsp; And
+when the mass was done they left, every man in his order, to Westminster
+Hall, she still going under the canopy, crowned, with two sceptres in her
+hands, my Lord Wiltshire her father, and Lord Talbot leading her, and so
+dined there; and there was made the most honourable feast that has been
+seen.
+&lt;p&gt;The great hall at Westminster was richly hung with rich cloth of Arras,
+and a table was set at the upper end of the hall, going up twelve steps,
+where the queen dined; and a rich cloth of estate hung over her head.&amp;nbsp;
+There were also four other tables along the hall; and it was railed on
+every side, from the high dais in Westminster Hall to the platform in the
+church in the abbey.
+&lt;p&gt;And when she went to church to her coronation there was a striped blue
+cloth spread from the high dais of the king's bench to the high altar of
+Westminster on which she went.
+&lt;p&gt;And when the queen's Grace had washed her hands, then came the duke
+of Suffolk, high constable for that day and steward of the feast, riding
+on horseback, richly dressed and decorated, and with him, also riding on
+horseback, Lord William Howard as deputy for the duke of Norfolk in his
+office of marshall of England, and there came the queen's service followed
+by the archbishop's with a certain space between, which was all borne by
+knights; the archbishop sitting at the queen's board, at the end on her
+left hand.&amp;nbsp; The earl of Sussex was sewer, earl of Essex carver, earl
+of Derby cup bearer, earl of Arundel butler, Viscount Lisle panter, and
+Lord Grey almoner.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082598&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082598&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10954</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The fall of Anne Boleyn, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne2.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3d9e49bb208972bc382da2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3d9e/49bb2089.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynex.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynex.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1536: The execution of Anne Boleyn&quot; width=&quot;372&quot; height=&quot;167&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's fall from royal favor was written by the Spanish 
+    ambassador Eustace Chapuys,
+
+in a letter to Emperor Charles V.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Chapuys despised Anne; she returned the feeling.&amp;nbsp; He 
+    was the chief adviser and confidante of Henry VIII's first wife, Katharine 
+    of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; He did not recognize the king's marriage to Anne and 
+    referred to her as 'the concubine' and 'the whore' in his official 
+    dispatches.&amp;nbsp; Like many, Chapuys blamed Anne for the king's poor 
+    treatment of Katharine and their daughter, Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Chapuys had confidently predicted Anne's fall for several 
+    years.&amp;nbsp; When it actually happened, he was quite surprised.&amp;nbsp; He had 
+    not recognized the depth of Henry's feelings for the woman who would become 
+    his third wife, Jane Seymour.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Despite Chapuys's dislike of Anne, his account gives little 
+    credit to the king.&amp;nbsp; He clearly considered Henry's behavior to be 
+    inappropriate; it was also unpopular.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+The joy shown by the people every day, not only at the ruin of the concubine
+but at the hope of princess Mary's restoration is inconceivable, but as
+yet the king shows no great disposition towards the latter; indeed he has
+twice shown himself obstinate when spoken to on the subject by his council.&amp;nbsp;
+I hear that, even before the arrest of the concubine, the king, speaking
+with Mistress Jane Seymour of their future marriage, the latter suggested
+that the princess should be replaced in her former position; and the king
+told her she was a fool, and ought to solicit the advancement of the children
+they would have between them, and not any others.&amp;nbsp; She replied that
+in asking for the restoration of the princess she was seeking the rest
+and tranquility of the king, herself, her future children, and the whole
+realm; for, without that neither your majesty nor this people would ever
+be content.
+&lt;p&gt;I will endeavor by all means to make her continue in this vein; I hope
+also to go and speak with the king within three days, and with members
+of the council in general.&amp;nbsp; I think the concubine's little bastard
+Elizabeth will be excluded from the succession, and that the king will
+get himself requested by parliament to marry.&amp;nbsp; To cover the affection
+he has for the said Seymour he has lodged her seven miles away in the house
+of a grand esquire, and says publicly that he has no desire in the world
+to marry again, unless he is constrained by his subjects to do so.&amp;nbsp;
+Several have already told me and sent to say that, if it cost them their
+lives, when parliament meets they will urge the cause of the princess to
+the utmost.
+&lt;p&gt;The very evening the concubine was brought to the Tower of London, when
+the duke of Richmond went to say goodnight to his father, and ask his blessing
+after the English custom, the king began to weep, saying that he and his
+sister, meaning the princess, were greatly bound to God for having escaped
+the hands of that accursed whore, who had determined to poison them; from
+which it is clear that the king knew something about it.
+&lt;p&gt;Master Norris, the king's chief butler, Master Weston who used to lie
+with the king, Master Brereton gentleman of the chamber, and the groom
+of whom I wrote to your majesty by my man, were all condemned as traitors.&amp;nbsp;
+Only the groom confessed that he had been three times with the said whore
+and concubine.&amp;nbsp; The others were condemned upon presumption and certain
+indications, without valid proof or confession.
+&lt;p&gt;The concubine and her brother were condemned for treason by all the
+principal lords of England, and the duke of Norfolk pronounced sentence.&amp;nbsp;
+I am told the earl of Wiltshire was quite as ready to assist at the judgement
+as he had done at the condemnation of the other four.&amp;nbsp; Neither the
+whore nor her brother was brought to Westminster like the other criminals.&amp;nbsp;
+They were condemned within the Tower of London, but the thing was not done
+secretly, for there were more than 2,000 persons present.&amp;nbsp; What she
+was principally charged with was having cohabited with her brother and
+other accomplices; that there was a promise between her and Norris to marry
+after the king's death, which it thus appeared they hoped for; and that
+she had received and given to Norris certain medals, which might be interpreted
+to mean that she had poisoned the late queen, and intrigued to do the same
+to the princess.&amp;nbsp; These things she totally denied and gave to each
+a plausible answer.&amp;nbsp; Yet she confessed she had given money to Weston,
+as she had often done to other young gentlemen.&amp;nbsp; She was also charged,
+and her brother likewise, with having laughed at the king and his dress,
+and that she showed in various ways she did not love the king, but was
+tired of him.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was charged with having cohabited with
+her by presumption, because he had once been found a long time with her,
+and with certain other little follies.&amp;nbsp; To all he replied so well
+that several of those present wagered 10 to 1 that he would be acquitted,
+especially as no witnesses were produced against either him or her, as
+it is usual to do, particularly when the accused denies the charge.
+&lt;p&gt;I must not omit that among other things charged against him as a crime
+was, that his sister had told his wife that the king was impotent.&amp;nbsp;
+This he was not openly charged with, but it was shown him in writing, with
+a warning not to repeat it.&amp;nbsp; But he immediately declared the matter,
+in great contempt of Cromwell and some others, saying he would not in this
+point arouse any suspicion which might prejudice the king's issue.&amp;nbsp;
+He was also charged with having spread reports which called in question
+whether his sister's daughter was the king's child.&amp;nbsp; To which he made
+no reply.&amp;nbsp; They were judged separately and did not see each other.&amp;nbsp;
+The concubine was condemned first, and having heard the sentence, which
+was to be burnt or beheaded at the king's pleasure, she preserved her composure,
+saying that she held herself ready to greet death and that what she regretted
+most was that the above persons, who were innocent and loyal to the king,
+were to die for her.&amp;nbsp; She only asked a short time for confession.&amp;nbsp;
+Her brother, after his condemnation, said that since he must die, he would
+no longer maintain his innocence, but confessed that he had deserved death.&amp;nbsp;
+He only begged the king that his debts, which he recounted, might be paid
+out of his goods.
+&lt;p&gt;Although everybody rejoices at the execution of the whore there are
+some who murmur at the mode of procedure against her and the others, and
+people speak variously of the king; and it will not pacify the world when
+it is known what has passed and is passing between him and Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+Already it sounds ill in the ears of the people, that the king, having
+received such ignominy, has shown himself more glad than ever since the
+arrest of the whore; for he has been going about banqueting with ladies,
+sometimes remaining after midnight, and returning by the river.&amp;nbsp; Most
+of the time he was accompanied by various musical instruments, and, on
+the other hand, by the singers of his chamber, which many interpret as
+showing his delight at getting rid of a thin, old and wicked fool with
+hope of change, which is a thing especially agreeable to this king.&amp;nbsp;
+He supped lately with several ladies in the house of the bishop of Carlisle,
+and showed an extravagant joy, as the said bishop came to tell me next
+morning, who reported moreover that the king had said to him, among other
+things, that he had long expected the issue of these affairs, and that
+thereupon he had before composed a tragedy, which he carried with him;
+and so saying the king drew from his bosom a little book written in his
+own hand, but the bishop did not read the contents.&amp;nbsp; It may have been
+certain ballads that the king had composed, at which the whore and her
+brother laughed as foolish things, which was objected to them as a great
+crime.
+&lt;p&gt;Three days after the concubine's imprisonment the princess was removed,
+and was honourably accompanied both by the servants of the little bastard
+and by several gentlemen who came of their own accord.&amp;nbsp; Many of her
+old servants and maids at this news went to her, and although her governess
+allowed them to remain, she was warned by me not to accept or retain anyone
+but those given her by the king her father.&amp;nbsp; What I most fear as regards
+her is, that when the king is asked by parliament to restore her to her
+rights, he will refuse his consent unless the princess first swears to
+the statutes invalidating the first marriage and the pope's authority.&amp;nbsp;
+To this, I think, she will not easily yield, although I should advise her
+to acquiesce in everything as far as she can without prejudice to her conscience.&lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082600&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082600&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3135</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne3.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prianne3.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH3d9e49bb224972bc382dbe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH3d9e/49bb2249.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">prianne3.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleyn-sketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/prianne3.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1536: Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution&quot; width=&quot;328&quot; height=&quot;152&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleyn-sketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;sketch of Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;157&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This 
+    account of Anne Boleyn's speech at her execution was made by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The execution took place on 19 May 1536 at 8 o'clock in the 
+    morning.&amp;nbsp; It was the first public execution of an English queen.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;p&gt;
+'Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the
+law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing
+against it.&amp;nbsp; I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything
+of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save
+the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more
+merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle
+and sovereign lord.&amp;nbsp; And if any person will meddle of my cause, I
+require them to judge the best.&amp;nbsp; And thus I take my leave of the world
+and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me.&amp;nbsp; O Lord
+have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul.' &lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;After being blindfolded and kneeling at the block, she repeated several 
+times:
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;'To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu receive my soul.'&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082600&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082600&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH411a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH411a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH411a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4832</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The first meeting of Anne of Cleves and Henry VIII and their marriage, 1539-1540</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricleve.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/pricleve.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH411aba1939c9aa833e0f36</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH411a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pricleve.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pricleve.gif&quot; width=&quot;472&quot; height=&quot;94&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The accounts 
+      at right were written by the Spanish ambassador Eustace Chapuys.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Anne was Henry VIII's fourth wife.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was 
+      annulled after only a few months, primarily because the king did not find 
+      her attractive.&amp;nbsp; And he had already found an attractive replacement - 
+      Catherine Howard.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Of particular interest is Henry's trick at their first
+meeting and Anne's reaction, undoubtedly a humbling experience for the
+king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1539&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;This year on St John's Day, 27 December, Lady Anne, daughter of the
+duke of Cleves in Germany, landed at Dover at 5 o'clock at night, and there
+was honorably received by the duke of Suffolk and other great lords, and
+so lodged in the castle.&amp;nbsp; And on the following Monday she rode to
+Canterbury where she was honorably received by the archbishop of Canterbury
+and other great men, and lodged at the king's palace at St Austin's, and
+there highly feasted.&amp;nbsp; On Tuesday she came to Sittingbourne.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1540&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;On New Year's Eve the duke of Norfolk with other knights and the barons
+of the exchequer received her grace on the heath, two miles beyond Rochester,
+and so brought her to the abbey of Rochester where she stayed that night
+and all New Years Day.&amp;nbsp; And on New Years Day in the afternoon the
+king's grace with five of his privy chamber, being disguised with mottled
+cloaks with hoods so that they should not be recognized, came secretly
+to Rochester, and so went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne
+was looking out of a window to see the bull-baiting which was going on
+in the courtyard, and suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed here
+a token which the king had sent her for New Year's gift, and she being
+abashed and not knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her.&amp;nbsp;
+But she regarded him little, but always looked out the window.... and when
+the king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into
+another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of purple
+velvet.&amp;nbsp; And when the lords and knights saw his grace they did him
+reverence.... and then her grace humbled herself lowly to the king's majesty,
+and his grace saluted her again, and they talked together lovingly, and
+afterwards he took her by the hand and led her to another chamber where
+their graces amused themselves that night and on Friday until the afternoon.
+&lt;p&gt;....So she came to Greenwich that night, and was received as queen.&amp;nbsp;
+And the next day, being Sunday, the king's grace kept a great court at
+Greenwich, where his grace with the queen offered at mass, richly dressed.&amp;nbsp;
+And on Twelfth Night, which was Tuesday, the king's majesty was married
+to the said queen Anne solemnly, in her closet at Greenwich, and his grace
+and she went publicly in procession that day, she having a rich coronet
+of stone and pearls set with rosemary on her hair, and a gown of rich cloth
+of silver, richly hung with stones and pearls, with all her ladies and
+gentlewomen following her, which was a goodly sight to behold.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082602&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082602&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH42a4.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH42a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH42a4.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8597</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England Secondary Sources biographies histories studies etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England Secondary Sources biographies histories studies etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Biographies, Histories, Studies, etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH42a4d81340217c0b7654eb</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215306</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH42a4.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorsecondarysources.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;566&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;34&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;34&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;34&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorsecondarysources.gif&quot; width=&quot;446&quot; height=&quot;143&quot; alt=&quot;Secondary Sources: Biographies, Histories, Studies, etc&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;ES Beesly, &lt;i&gt;Queen 
+    Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; (1892)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterone.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER
+      &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;:&lt;/font&gt; 
+      EARLY LIFE, 1533-1558&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwo.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER II&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      THE CHANGE OF RELIGION, 1559 &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterthree.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      III&lt;/a&gt;: FOREIGN RELATIONS, 1559-1563&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfour.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      IV&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH&lt;/font&gt; AND MARY STUART, 
+      1559-1568&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterfive.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER V&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      ARISTOCRATIC PLOTS, 1568-1572&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptersix.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER VI&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      FOREIGN AFFAIRS, 1572-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterseven.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      VII&lt;/a&gt;: THE PAPAL ATTACK, 1570-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereight.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      VIII&lt;/a&gt;: PROTECTORATE OF THE, NETHERLANDS, 1584-1586&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapternine.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      IX&lt;/a&gt;: EXECUTION OF THE QUEEN OF SCOTS: 1584-1587&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterten.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER X&lt;/a&gt;: 
+      WAR WITH SPAIN, 1587-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereleven.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      XI&lt;/a&gt;: DOMESTIC AFFAIRS, 1588-1601&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwelve.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER 
+      XII&lt;/a&gt;: LAST YEARS AND DEATH, 1601-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;JA Froude, &lt;i&gt;The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon: The 
+    Story as Told by the Imperial Ambassadors Resident at the Court of Henry 
+    VIII &lt;/i&gt;(1891)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;BEING 
+    A SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME TO THE AUTHOR'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudeintroduction.html&quot;&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudeone.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER ONE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Prospects of a disputed succession to the crown -- Various 
+    claimants -Catherine incapable of having further children -- Irregularity of 
+    her marriage with the King -- Papal dispensations -- First mention of the 
+    divorce -- Situation of the Papacy -- Charles V. -- Policy of Wolsey -- 
+    Anglo-French alliance -- Imperial troops in Italy -- Appeal of the Pope -- 
+    Mission of Inigo de Mendoza -- The Bishop of Tarbes -Legitimacy of the 
+    Princess Mary called in question -- Secret meeting of the Legates' court -- 
+    Alarms of Catherine -- Sack of Rome by the Duke of Bourbon -- Proposed 
+    reform of the Papacy -- The divorce promoted by Wolsey -- Unpopular in 
+    England -- Attempts of the Emperor to gain Wolsey.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudetwo.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER TWO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mission of 
+    Wolsey to Paris -- Visits Bishop Fisher on the way -- Anxieties of the 
+    Emperor -- Letter of the Emperor to Henry VIII. -Large offers to Wolsey -- 
+    Address of the French Cardinals to the Pope -- Anne Boleyn chosen by Henry 
+    to succeed Catherine -- Surprise and displeasure of Wolsey -- Fresh attempts 
+    of the Emperor to bribe him -- Wolsey forced to continue to advocate the 
+    divorce -Mission of Dr. Knight to Rome -- The Pope at Orvieto -- The King 
+    applies for a dispensation to make a second marriage -- Language of the 
+    dispensation demanded -- Inferences drawn from it -- Alleged intrigue 
+    between the King and Mary Boleyn.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudethree.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER THREE&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Anxiety 
+    of the Pope to satisfy the &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; -- 
+    Fears of the Emperor -Proposed alternatives -- France and England declare 
+    war in the Pope's defence -- Campeggio to be sent to England -- The
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt;'s account of the Pope's conduct 
+    -- The Pope's distress and alarm -The secret decretal -- Instructions to 
+    Campeggio. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffroudefour.html&quot;&gt;CHAPTER FOUR&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;A&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;nne 
+    Boleyn -- Letters to her from the &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; 
+    -- The Convent at Wilton -- The Divorce -- The Pope's promises -- Arrival of 
+    Campeggio in England -- Reception at the Bridewell Palace -- Proposal to 
+    Catherine to take the veil -- Her refusal -- Uncertainty of the succession 
+    -- A singular expedient -- Alarms of Wolsey -- The true issue -Speech of the
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;King&lt;/font&gt; in the City -- Threats of the 
+    Emperor -- Defects in the Bull of Pope Julius -- Alleged discovery of a 
+    brief supplying them -- Distress of Clement.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: 700; font-style: italic&quot;&gt;
+    more to come....&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+    England&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082545&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082545&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH4449.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH4449.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH4449.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">24390</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Wolsey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH444986a5947f1f93dd4461</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH4449.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey-small.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Thomas Wolsey&quot; height=67 width=286&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born c. 1465 in Ipswich
+&lt;br&gt;died 29 November 1530 in Leicester&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+He was a man
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Himself with princes...
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+But his performance, as he is now, nothing...
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Shakespeare and Fletcher, &lt;i&gt;All Is True; the History of King Henry VIII&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Katharine of Aragon is speaking of Cardinal Wolsey.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+O Cromwell, Cromwell!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Had I but served my God with half the zeal
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+I served my king, he would not in mine age
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Have left me naked to mine enemies.
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;i&gt;All Is True&lt;/i&gt;. Wolsey's speech in act IV.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wolsey-small.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Cardinal Wolsey&quot; BORDER=0 height=296 width=190 align=LEFT&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+The life of Cardinal Wolsey is one of the great cautionary tales of Henry
+VIII's reign; like his protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey rose
+and fell by the whim of a conflicted and contradictory king.&amp;nbsp; He was
+born in obscurity, the son of a butcher in Ipswich, a town in Suffolk.&amp;nbsp;
+But he was intelligent and ambitious enough to attend the University of
+Oxford and in 1498 he was ordained a priest.&amp;nbsp; Five years later, he
+became the chaplain to the deputy lieutenant of Calais, a nobleman named
+Sir Richard Nanfan.&amp;nbsp; Nanfan recommended Wolsey's services to his king,
+Henry VII, but Wolsey did not leave Calais until Nanfan's death in 1507.&amp;nbsp;
+Then he journeyed to London to begin his service to the king; Henry VII
+was as impressed with Wolsey as Nanfan had been and, shortly before his
+death in April 1509, appointed him dean of Lincoln.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry's
+death Wolsey, about thirty years of age and blessed with energy and confidence,
+found himself with a new master - an eighteen-year-old king determined
+to achieve as much glory and renown as possible.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey and Henry became close friends, or as close
+as one could be to a king.&amp;nbsp; Both men were determined to leave their
+mark upon history but while Henry preferred costly wars and grandiloquent
+diplomacy, Wolsey was committed to financial and judicial reform in England
+and English-arbitrated European peace.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was always a churchman
+though this should not imply ignorance of the material world.&amp;nbsp; He
+was determined to gain his own fortune, thus cementing his rise from obscurity,
+but he also possessed a great legal mind and a shrewd understanding of
+international affairs.&amp;nbsp; He combined these attributes with his earlier
+spiritual training to dominate both the secular and spiritual aspects of
+English life.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was quick to recognize Wolsey's intelligence
+and appointed him royal almoner in November 1509 but, as the years passed,
+delegated more and more authority to Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; The early years of Henry's
+reign were spent with the young monarch, regaled as the handsomest prince
+in Europe, jousting, hunting, and debating visiting scholars.&amp;nbsp; And
+while Henry was interested in more practical affairs, he grew to depend
+on Wolsey's assistance.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey's position, however, was completely
+changed by the French expedition of 1513.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII had long wanted
+to prove English strength in battle against this old
+&lt;br&gt;enemy.&amp;nbsp; His wish is understandable; he was young and, like many
+young people, had chafed at his father's authority.&amp;nbsp; When Henry VII
+died, his son saw this as an opportunity to reveal a new England to Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+Under this new Henry, England would no longer be solvent but boring, dependable
+but not lively.&amp;nbsp; Instead, it would be a court of artists, musicians,
+dancers, and scholars, all presided over by the new king.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry's plan to gain this European respect was simple:
+a successful military strike against France.&amp;nbsp; After one failure, he
+went in person to achieve glory in August 1513 at the Battle of the Spurs.&amp;nbsp;
+Only a month later, the English defeated the Scots at Flodden Field where
+Henry's brother-in-law James IV was killed.&amp;nbsp; Of course, the English
+couldn't sustain a permanent presence in France so they decided on to make
+peace.&amp;nbsp; Henry's youngest sister Mary was the sacrificial lamb.&amp;nbsp;
+At eighteen, she was married to the sixty-year-old Louis XII of France.&amp;nbsp;
+The bridegroom survived just three months of marriage and Mary angered
+her brother by secretly following her heart and marrying Henry's best friend
+Charles Brandon just weeks after Louis XII's death.&amp;nbsp; Mary and Brandon
+were the grandparents of &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry was exultant at his French victory; this success
+was Europe's true introduction to his reign.&amp;nbsp; England would be taken
+seriously as a European power broker, courted by the French and Spanish
+and mediating between these nations and the vulnerable papacy.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+was generous in rewarding Wolsey for his service.&amp;nbsp; Upon Henry's recommendation,
+Pope Leo X made Wolsey bishop of Lincoln in February 1514 and, just nine
+months later, archbishop of York.&amp;nbsp; But the honors did not end there.&amp;nbsp;
+The next year he was made Cardinal and, in December 1515, lord chancellor
+of England.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Perhaps even more importantly for Wolsey, he was
+taken into Henry's complete confidence.&amp;nbsp; He was friend, confidante,
+and advisor to a king increasingly conflicted in his personal life.&amp;nbsp;
+Eventually, Henry would want a divorce from Katharine of Aragon to marry
+Anne Boleyn and secure his throne.&amp;nbsp; Whether motivated solely by personal
+dissatisfaction or spiritual unrest or both, Henry was determined to end
+his marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, once determined on his course, he was committed
+to it.&amp;nbsp; Naturally enough, he turned to his most capable and trusted
+servant, Wolsey, for help.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before the divorce issue, Wolsey had quickly established
+himself as second only to Henry in power.&amp;nbsp; This naturally angered
+the old nobility who made up the privy council and dominated Parliament.&amp;nbsp;
+They were indignant that Wolsey, son of a butcher, controlled access to
+the king.&amp;nbsp; They were also angry that Wolsey refused to treat them
+as they deserved - simply put, they were nobility and he, despite the honors
+the king heaped upon him, was a commoner.&amp;nbsp; In the natural order, he
+was their inferior.&amp;nbsp; His refusal to act inferior was galling to them,
+particularly the powerful dukes.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Henry was even more proud that his nobles.&amp;nbsp;
+That begs the question - was he ever insulted by Wolsey's supposedly overbearing
+arrogance?&amp;nbsp; No; in fact, Henry displayed his typical cunning by selecting
+his advisor based on both ability and indebtedness.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was his
+creation - his to reward or, as he did eventually, destroy.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was also careful to never offend or anger
+Henry.&amp;nbsp; It was a careful dance and a tribute to his own intelligence
+that he succeeded in managing this most unmanageable king.&amp;nbsp; (The complexity
+of Henry's character, both as man and monarch, cannot be adequately addressed
+here.&amp;nbsp; I highly recommend L. B. Smith's &lt;i&gt;Henry VIII: The Mask of
+Royalty&lt;/i&gt;, a wonderful study of the nature of kingship, life in 16th
+century England, and Henry's moral universe.)&amp;nbsp; Wolsey appealed to
+Henry's vanity by crediting all success to the king and all failures to
+his own inadequacies.&amp;nbsp; For a long while, there were no failures.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1518, the pope made him a special papal representative a latere.&amp;nbsp;
+With his incredible secular and ecclesiastical authority, Wolsey was able
+to achieve wealth and influence second only to the king.&amp;nbsp; At Hampton
+Court Palace, over four hundred servants waited to attend him in their
+richly embroidered livery.&amp;nbsp; People scurried to win his favor for they
+knew that the only way to Henry was through Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; But his ties
+to Rome, including his religious training, would prove the Cardinal's undoing.&amp;nbsp;
+He could not serve two masters.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Before his loyalties were divided between Rome and
+Henry, Wolsey was able to serve Henry's European interests.&amp;nbsp; As stated
+before, they wanted England to be the balancing power in Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+At the time, Europe was dominated by the two rival powers of France and
+the Holy Roman Empire of the Hapsburgs.&amp;nbsp; The situation became even
+more complicated when Katharine of Aragon's nephew Charles became Holy
+Roman Emperor in 1519.&amp;nbsp; Originally, Wolsey and Henry favored an alliance
+with the Imperial power.&amp;nbsp; This was based on economics (English trade
+with the Lowlands), history (England was
+&lt;br&gt;rarely at peace with France), and also family (after all, Charles was
+Katharine's nephew.)&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Charles recognized Wolsey's ambition
+and intimated he could influence the papal elections in the Cardinal's
+favor.&amp;nbsp; But first Wolsey tried his hand at peace by arranging meetings
+between Henry and the two rival monarchs in 1520.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The meetings were unsuccessful, however, and war
+broke out in 1521.&amp;nbsp; In 1523 Henry and Wolsey agreed to support the
+Hapsburgs by sending troops to France.&amp;nbsp; But war costs a great deal
+of money and then, as now, the way to raise money was to raise taxes.&amp;nbsp;
+And then, as now, the decision was incredibly unpopular.&amp;nbsp; This unpleasant
+task fell to Wolsey - Henry was careful to let Wolsey implement the collection
+and, accordingly, take the blame.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, the foreign policy which demanded this increased
+taxation became inconsistent and illogical.&amp;nbsp; In 1528, the English
+were supporting their former enemy, France, against the Hapsburgs; in August
+1529, France and the Hapsburgs made peace and isolated England.&amp;nbsp; It
+was a confusing and contradictory mess, further complicated when the hired
+troops of the Holy Roman Emperor sacked Rome in 1527.&amp;nbsp; The Emperor
+Charles had to face the unpleasant task of explaining how he, the protector
+of Christendom, had allowed the Eternal City to be pillaged and the pope
+sent fleeing through an underground tunnel.&amp;nbsp; However, Charles - and
+the rest of Europe - were quick to recognize that he now controlled Rome
+and the pope.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During this time, Wolsey was also reforming the English
+judicial system.&amp;nbsp; The end result - Wolsey was despised by both ordinary
+Englishmen and the aristocracy alike.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to extend
+justice to the nobility who were essentially lawless.&amp;nbsp; Only their
+code of honor determined their behavior for Henry often excused rape and
+murder on the part of his fellow nobles; treason against him was another
+matter entirely.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey used the power of the Star Chamber to impose
+his new laws, thus making the noble and the commoner - if not equal under
+the law - at least more equal than before.&amp;nbsp; He also developed
+&lt;br&gt;committees to hear cases involving the poor; these became known as
+the Court of Requests in 1529.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His attempts to reform the English church were less
+successful.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was unable to devote much time or effort
+to the cause since his duties as lord chancellor were so great.&amp;nbsp; Also,
+his own life was, in many ways, at odds with his spiritual training and
+titles.&amp;nbsp; His wealth was tremendous and ostentatious, he had two illegitimate
+children, and he struck many as greedy and vain.&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly, the
+ordinary churchman was not impressed with the moral foundations of Wolsey's
+leadership.&amp;nbsp; But despite the appearance of hypocrisy, he did institute
+some reforms.&amp;nbsp; Most notably, he suppressed nearly 30 monasteries to
+pay for Cardinal's College at Oxford, later called Christ Church.&amp;nbsp;
+Understandably, these actions alienated the clergy and concerned the papacy.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey had by now offended everyone except the king.&amp;nbsp; And, ironically,
+most of his offensive policies were always implemented either at Henry's
+instigation or approval.&amp;nbsp; Many historians have portrayed Henry VIII
+as a credulous monarch manipulated by Wolsey, Cromwell, and his unruly
+nobles.&amp;nbsp; The truth is far more complex.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henry did not turn on Wolsey until after the Cardinal's
+opulent lifestyle first aroused his envy.&amp;nbsp; Jealousy planted a seed
+which Wolsey sensed too late; for example, he gave Hampton Court to Henry
+as a gift once the king remarked it was a finer palace than any of his
+own.&amp;nbsp; In the late 1520s, Henry was not simply envious; he was also
+desperate for personal happiness, spiritual freedom, and a secure succession.&amp;nbsp;
+His only hope was a divorce from Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; Poor Wolsey
+- his spiritual master, the Pope, was a paawn of Emperor Charles V, and
+his temporal master wanted a divorce from the emperor's aunt.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The Pope had no choice but to obey Charles's wishes
+though he struggled to appease Henry as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; He suggested
+that Henry's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, should
+wed Katharine and Henry's daughter Mary.&amp;nbsp; He told Henry to take Anne
+Boleyn as his mistress and promised to legitimize their children.&amp;nbsp;
+The pope even suggested bigamy, advising the king to send Katharine to
+a nunnery and marry Anne.&amp;nbsp; But Henry wanted no doubt of the legitimacy
+of his second marriage and its hoped-for offspring.&amp;nbsp; From 1527 to
+1529, he was content to let Wolsey try the usual diplomatic and military
+solutions but these were unsuccessful.&amp;nbsp; After all, England did not
+have the military might to force Charles from Italy and free the Pope to
+make an independent decision.&amp;nbsp; Had he been free of Charles, the Pope
+would undoubtedly have ruled in Henry's favor; it had been done before
+for monarchs throughout Europe.&amp;nbsp; In fact, though the term 'divorce'
+is most often used in this case, Henry wasn't actually seeking a divorce.&amp;nbsp;
+He was actually seeking an annulment - he argued that he had never been
+legally married to Katharine.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Matters were further complicated because Wolsey lacked
+virtually any support at the English court.&amp;nbsp; Henry's infatuation with
+Anne Boleyn had also cost the Cardinal for Anne, while kind to Wolsey when
+he was still powerful, recognized him as a rival - and, later, an obstacle
+to her and Henry's marriage.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Wolsey's sympathies were probably
+torn between Katharine and Anne.&amp;nbsp; Though portrayed as an enemy to
+both women, he was undoubtedly unable to choose which side to support.&amp;nbsp;
+This, too, was a result of his conflicting loyalties to the Pope and Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+Also, Wolsey had usually supported peace with the Hapsburgs and was loathe
+to offend the powerful emperor by helping Henry discard Katharine for an
+English knight's daughter.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But as Wolsey, near sixty-five, failed to secure
+an acceptable solution, Henry became impatient.&amp;nbsp; He was now all too
+willing to listen to his outraged nobles; having suffered with Wolsey for
+so long, they used their king's impatience to secure his destruction.&amp;nbsp;
+It was suddenly remembered that Wolsey's office of papal legate was in
+direct violation of the ancient Statute of Praemunire which outlawed direct
+papal jurisdiction.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Henry had sanctioned Wolsey's legatine
+authority and so had broken the law himself.&amp;nbsp; This did not matter.&amp;nbsp;
+Wolsey was no longer useful to his increasingly ruthless master and on
+9
+&lt;br&gt;October 1529, he was deprived of everything but the archbishopric of
+York.&amp;nbsp; He left London for York in April 1530.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But Wolsey's enemies wanted him completely destroyed
+and evidence, probably fabricated, was produced which showed he was corresponding
+with the French king.&amp;nbsp; This was argued to be high treason; the Cardinal
+still believed himself to be invulnerable and fit to represent the king's
+majesty.&amp;nbsp; On 4 November, Wolsey was arrested on charges of treason
+and taken from York Palace.&amp;nbsp; On his way south to face dubious justice
+at the Tower of London, he grew ill.&amp;nbsp; The group escorting him were
+concerned enough to stop at Leicester.&amp;nbsp; There, Wolsey's condition
+quickly worsened and he died on 29 November.
+&lt;br&gt;His death was timely for it saved him from being executed as a traitor.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+This cardinal,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Was fashion'd to much honor from his cradle.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading:
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+But to those men that sought him sweet as
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+summer.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+And though he were unsatisfied in getting
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+He was most princely: ever witness for him
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+him,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+So excellent in art, and still so rising,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+And found the blessedness of being little:
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+And, to add greater honors to his age
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Than man could give him, he died fearing
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+God.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Shakespeare and Fletcher, &lt;i&gt;All Is True&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Griffith tells of Wolsey's death, Act IV.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Read a contemporary account of Wolsey's fall from grace at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; section.
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082581&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082581&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH49ce.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH49ce.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH49ce.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11478</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The lyrics of King Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prihenry.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prihenry.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH49ce89d25cca35c039a166</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH49ce.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1500sa.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1500sa.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: The lyrics of King Henry VIII&quot; width=&quot;399&quot; height=&quot;69&quot;&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Pastime with good company&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Pastime with good company
+&lt;br&gt;I love and shall until I die.
+&lt;br&gt;Grudge who likes, but none deny,
+&lt;br&gt;So God be pleased, thus live will I.
+&lt;br&gt;For my pastance:
+&lt;br&gt;Hunt, sing, and dance.
+&lt;br&gt;My heart is set!
+&lt;br&gt;All goodly sport
+&lt;br&gt;For my comfort.
+&lt;br&gt;Who shall me let?
+&lt;p&gt;Youth must have some dalliance,
+&lt;br&gt;Of good or ill some pastance.
+&lt;br&gt;Company I think then best --
+&lt;br&gt;All thoughts and fantasies to digest.
+&lt;br&gt;For idleness
+&lt;br&gt;Is chief mistress
+&lt;br&gt;Of vices all.
+&lt;br&gt;Then who can say
+&lt;br&gt;But mirth and play
+&lt;br&gt;Is best of all?
+&lt;p&gt;Company with honesty
+&lt;br&gt;Is virtue -- vices to flee.
+&lt;br&gt;Company is good and ill,
+&lt;br&gt;But every man has his free will.
+&lt;br&gt;The best ensue.
+&lt;br&gt;The worst eschew.
+&lt;br&gt;My mind shall be.
+&lt;br&gt;Virtue to use.
+&lt;br&gt;Vice to refuse.
+&lt;br&gt;Thus shall I use me!&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Alas, what shall I do for love?&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Alas, what shall I do for love?
+&lt;br&gt;For love, alas, what shall I do?
+&lt;br&gt;Since now so kind
+&lt;br&gt;I do you find
+&lt;br&gt;To kepe you me unto.
+&lt;br&gt;Alasse!
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Oh my heart&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Oh my heart, and oh my heart,
+&lt;br&gt;My hart it is so sore.
+&lt;br&gt;Since I must from my love depart,
+&lt;br&gt;And know no cause wherefore.
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;The time of youth is to be spent&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;The time of youth is to be spent,
+&lt;br&gt;But vice in it should be forfent.
+&lt;br&gt;Pastimes there be I note truly
+&lt;br&gt;Which one may use and vice deny.
+&lt;br&gt;And they be pleasant to God and man:
+&lt;br&gt;Those should we covet when we can.
+&lt;br&gt;As feats of arms, and such other
+&lt;br&gt;Wherby activeness one may utter.
+&lt;br&gt;Comparisons in them may lawfully be set,
+&lt;br&gt;For, thereby, courage is surely out fet.
+&lt;br&gt;Vertue it is, then, youth for to spend
+&lt;br&gt;In good disports which it does fend.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Alac! Alac! What shall I do?&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Alac! Alac! What shall I do?
+&lt;br&gt;For care is cast in to my heart,
+&lt;br&gt;And true love locked thereto.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Green grows the holly&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Green grows the holly.
+&lt;br&gt;So does the ivy.
+&lt;br&gt;Though winter's blasts blow never so high,
+&lt;br&gt;Green grows the holly.
+&lt;p&gt;As the holly grows green
+&lt;br&gt;And never changes hue,
+&lt;br&gt;So I am -- ever have been --
+&lt;br&gt;unto my lady true.
+&lt;p&gt;As the holly grows green
+&lt;br&gt;With ivy all alone,
+&lt;br&gt;When flowers can not be seen
+&lt;br&gt;And greenwood leaves be gone.
+&lt;p&gt;Now unto my lady
+&lt;br&gt;Promise to her I make:
+&lt;br&gt;From all other, only
+&lt;br&gt;to her, I me betake.
+&lt;p&gt;Adieu, my own lady.
+&lt;br&gt;Adieu, my special
+&lt;br&gt;Who hath my heart truly,
+&lt;br&gt;Be sure, and ever shall.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Who so that will all feats obtain&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Who so that will all feats obtain
+&lt;br&gt;In love he must be without disdain.
+&lt;br&gt;For love enforces all noble kind,
+&lt;br&gt;And disdain discourages all gentle mind.
+&lt;br&gt;Wherefore, to love and be not loved
+&lt;br&gt;Is worse than death? Let it be proved!
+&lt;br&gt;Love encourages, and makes one bold;
+&lt;br&gt;Disdain abates and makes him cold.
+&lt;br&gt;Love is given to God and man;
+&lt;br&gt;To woman also, I think the same.
+&lt;br&gt;But disdain is vice, and should be refused,
+&lt;br&gt;Yet never the less it is too much used.
+&lt;br&gt;Great pity it were, love for to compel
+&lt;br&gt;With disdain, both false and subtle.
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;If love now reigned&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;If love now reigned as it has been
+&lt;br&gt;And were rewarded as it has seen,
+&lt;br&gt;Noble men then would surely ensearch
+&lt;br&gt;All ways whereby they might it reach.
+&lt;br&gt;But envy reigns with such disdain
+&lt;br&gt;And causes lovers outwardly to refrain,
+&lt;br&gt;Which puts them to more and more,
+&lt;br&gt;Inwardly, most grievous and sore:
+&lt;br&gt;The fault in whom I cannot set,
+&lt;br&gt;But let them tell who love does get.
+&lt;br&gt;To lovers I put now sure this case:
+&lt;br&gt;Which of their loves does get them grace?
+&lt;br&gt;And unto them which doth it know
+&lt;br&gt;Better than do I, I think it so.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Whereto should I express&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Whereto should I express
+&lt;br&gt;My inward heaviness?
+&lt;br&gt;No mirth can make me fain,
+&lt;br&gt;'Till that we meet again.
+&lt;p&gt;Do way, dear heart, not so.
+&lt;br&gt;Let no thought you dismay.
+&lt;br&gt;Though you now part me from,
+&lt;br&gt;We shall meet when we may.
+&lt;p&gt;When I remember me
+&lt;br&gt;Of your most gentle mind,
+&lt;br&gt;It may in no wise agree
+&lt;br&gt;That I should be unkind.
+&lt;p&gt;The daisy delectable,
+&lt;br&gt;The violet waning and blue,
+&lt;br&gt;You are not variable --
+&lt;br&gt;I love you and no more.
+&lt;p&gt;I make you fast and sure;
+&lt;br&gt;It is to me great pain
+&lt;br&gt;Thus long to endure
+&lt;br&gt;'Till that we meet again.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Though that men do call it dotage&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Though that men do call it dotage,
+&lt;br&gt;Who loves not wants courage.
+&lt;br&gt;And whosoever may love get
+&lt;br&gt;From Venus surely he must it fetch,
+&lt;br&gt;Or else from her which is her heir.
+&lt;br&gt;And she to him must seem most fair.
+&lt;br&gt;Where eye and mind do both agree;
+&lt;br&gt;There is no but -- there must it be!
+&lt;br&gt;The eye does look and represent,
+&lt;br&gt;But mind affirms with full consent.
+&lt;br&gt;Thus am I fixed without grudge:
+&lt;br&gt;My eye with heart does me so judge.
+&lt;br&gt;Love maintains all noble courage;
+&lt;br&gt;Who love disdains is all of the village.
+&lt;br&gt;Such lovers, though they take pain,
+&lt;br&gt;It were pity they should obtain.
+&lt;br&gt;For often times where they do sue
+&lt;br&gt;They hinder lovers that would be true.
+&lt;br&gt;For who so loves should love but one.
+&lt;br&gt;Change who so will, I will be none.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Departure is my chief pain&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Departure is my chief pain
+&lt;br&gt;I trust right well of return again.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Without discord&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Without discord
+&lt;br&gt;And both accord,
+&lt;br&gt;Now let us be.
+&lt;br&gt;Both harts alone
+&lt;br&gt;To set in one,
+&lt;br&gt;Best seems me.
+&lt;br&gt;For when one sole
+&lt;br&gt;Is in the dole
+&lt;br&gt;Of love's pain,
+&lt;br&gt;Then help must have
+&lt;br&gt;Himself to save
+&lt;br&gt;And love to obtain.
+&lt;p&gt;Where for now we
+&lt;br&gt;That lovers be,
+&lt;br&gt;Let us now pray:
+&lt;br&gt;Once love sure
+&lt;br&gt;For to procure
+&lt;br&gt;Without denial.
+&lt;br&gt;Where love so sues
+&lt;br&gt;There no heart rues,
+&lt;br&gt;But condescend.
+&lt;br&gt;If contrary,
+&lt;br&gt;What remedy?
+&lt;br&gt;God it amend.
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Though some say that youth rules me&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;(possibly by King Henry VIII)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Though some say that youth rules me,
+&lt;br&gt;I trust in age to tarry.
+&lt;br&gt;God and my right, and my duty,
+&lt;br&gt;From them shall I never vary,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;p&gt;I pray you all that aged be
+&lt;br&gt;How well did you your youth carry?
+&lt;br&gt;I think some worse of each degree.
+&lt;br&gt;Therein a wager lay dare I,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;p&gt;Pastimes of youth some time among
+&lt;br&gt;None can say but necessary.
+&lt;br&gt;I hurt no man, I do no wrong,
+&lt;br&gt;I love true where I did marry,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;p&gt;Then soon discuss that hence we must
+&lt;br&gt;Pray we to God and Saint Mary
+&lt;br&gt;That all amend, and here an end.
+&lt;br&gt;Thus says the King, the eighth Harry,
+&lt;br&gt;Though some say that youth rules me.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Who so that will for grace sue&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Who so that will for grace sue,
+&lt;br&gt;His intent must needs be true,
+&lt;br&gt;And love her in heart and deed,
+&lt;br&gt;Else it were pity that he should speed.
+&lt;br&gt;Many one says that love is ill,
+&lt;br&gt;But those be they which know no skill.
+&lt;p&gt;Or else, because they may not obtain,
+&lt;br&gt;They would that others should it disdain.
+&lt;br&gt;But love is a thing given by God:
+&lt;br&gt;In that, therefore, can be none odd,
+&lt;br&gt;But perfect in deed, and between two.
+&lt;br&gt;Where fore, then, should we it eschew?&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Lusty Youth should us ensue!&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Lusty Youth should us ensue!
+&lt;br&gt;His merry heart shall sure all rue.
+&lt;br&gt;For whatsoever they do him tell
+&lt;br&gt;It is not for him, we know it well.
+&lt;p&gt;For they would have him his liberty refrain,
+&lt;br&gt;And all merry company for to disdain.
+&lt;br&gt;But I will not do whatsoever they say,
+&lt;br&gt;But follow his mind in all that we may.
+&lt;p&gt;How should youth himself best use
+&lt;br&gt;But all disdainers for to refuse?
+&lt;br&gt;Youth has as chief assurance
+&lt;br&gt;Honest mirth with virtue's pastance.
+&lt;p&gt;For in them consists great honour,
+&lt;br&gt;Though that disdainers would therein put error.
+&lt;br&gt;For they do sue to get them grace --
+&lt;br&gt;All only riches to purchase.
+&lt;p&gt;With good order, counsel, and equity,
+&lt;br&gt;Goode Lord grant us our mansion to be.
+&lt;br&gt;For without their good guidance
+&lt;br&gt;Youth should fall in great mischance.
+&lt;p&gt;For Youth is frail and prompt to do
+&lt;br&gt;As well vices as virtues to ensue.
+&lt;br&gt;Where fore by these he must be guided,
+&lt;br&gt;And virtues pastance must therein be used.
+&lt;p&gt;Now unto God this prayer we make,
+&lt;br&gt;That this rude play may well betake
+&lt;br&gt;And that we may our faults amend
+&lt;br&gt;And bliss obtain at our last end. Amen.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;Let not us that young men be&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;(possibly by King Henry VIII)&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Let not us that young men be
+&lt;br&gt;From Venus' ways banished to be, banished to be.
+&lt;br&gt;Though that Age with great disdain
+&lt;br&gt;Would have Youth love to refrain, love to refrain,
+&lt;br&gt;In their minds consider they must
+&lt;br&gt;How they did in their most lust.
+&lt;p&gt;For, if they were in like case
+&lt;br&gt;And would then have gotten grace,
+&lt;br&gt;They may not now than gainsay
+&lt;br&gt;That which then was most their joy.
+&lt;br&gt;Where for indeed, the truth to say,
+&lt;br&gt;It is for Youth the metest play.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082594&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082594&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH4d47.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH4d47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH4d47.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">3586</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Letter of Lady Jane Grey to Queen Mary I, 1554</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prijane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/prijane1.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH4d4789bb1eca6d50382d86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215304</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH4d47.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">prijane1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/prijane1.gif&quot; width=&quot;541&quot; height=&quot;83&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;In this letter, Jane explains the circumstances which
+led to her becoming queen for nine days.&amp;nbsp; Her assertion that she was 
+      poisoned is nonsense.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+'Although my fault be such that but for the goodness and clemency of
+the Queen, I can have no hope of finding pardon.... having given ear to those who at the time appeared not only
+to myself, but also to the great part of this realm to be wise and now
+have manifested themselves to the contrary, not only to my and their great
+detriment, but with common disgrace and blame of all, they having with
+shameful boldness made to blamable and dishonourable an attempt to give
+to others that which was not theirs...[and my own] lack of prudence...for
+which I deserve heavy punishment...it being known that the error imputed
+to me has not been altogether caused by myself. [The Privy Council]....who
+with unwontd caresses and pleasantness, did me such reverence as was not
+at all suitable to my state. He [Dudley] then said that his Majesty had
+well weighed an Act of Parliament...that whoever should acknowledge the
+most serene Mary...or the lady Elizabeth and receive them as the true heirs
+of the crown of England should be had all for traitors...wherefore, in
+no manner did he wish that they should be heirs of him and of that crown,
+he being able in every way to disinherit them. And therefore, before his
+death, he gave order to the Council, that for the honour they owed to him...they
+should obey his last will...As to the rest, for my part, I know not what
+the Council had determined to do, but I know for certain that twice during
+this time, poison was given to me, first in the house of the Duchess of
+Northumberland and afterwards here in the Tower.... All these I have wished
+for the witness of my innocence and the disburdening of my conscience.' &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;
+to the Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082605&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082605&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5287.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5287.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5287.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7862</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Letter of Princess Mary to King Henry VIII, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary1.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH528790de1ecac150aa5d86</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215304</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5287.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">primary1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/primary1.gif&quot; width=&quot;622&quot; height=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This letter 
+      was written on 22 June 1536.&amp;nbsp; In it, Princess Mary acknowledges the 
+      annulment of her parents' marriage, her own illegitimacy, and her father's 
+      position as head of a new English church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Mary 
+      refused to write this letter for several years, throughout the drama of 
+      the annulment and her father's remarriage to Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII 
+      suspected her behavior was encouraged by her mother; he deliberately 
+      separated Mary and Katharine of Aragon, banishing both from court.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;In the summer of 1536, on the advice of the 
+      Spanish ambassador, Mary succumbed and wrote this letter.&amp;nbsp; She always 
+      regretted it.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;It did, however, serve its purpose.&amp;nbsp; The death of 
+      Katharine of Aragon in January of that year, Anne Boleyn's execution in 
+      May, and Henry's third marriage to Jane Seymour encouraged a rapprochement 
+      between father and daughter.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;'Most
+humbly prostrate before the feet of your most excellent majesty, your most
+humble, so faithful and obedient subject, who has so extremely offended
+your most gracious highness that my heavy and fearful heart dare not presume
+to call you father, deserving of nothing from your majesty, save that the
+kindness of your most blessed nature does surmount all evils, offences
+and trespasses, and is ever merciful and ready to accept the penitent calling
+for grace, at any fitting time.&amp;nbsp; Having received this Thursday, at
+night, certain letters from Mr Secretary to whom I had lately written advising
+me to make my humble submission immediately to your self, which I dared
+not, without your gracious licence, presume to do before, and signifying
+that your most merciful heart and fatherly pity had granted me your blessing,
+with the condition that I should persevere in which I had commenced and
+begun; and that I should not again offend your majesty by the denial or
+refusal of any such articles and commandments as it may please your highness
+to address to me, for the perfect trial of my heart and inward affection,
+for the perfect declaration of the depths of my heart.
+&lt;p&gt;First, I acknowledge myself to have most unkindly and unnaturally offended
+your most excellent highness, in that I have not submitted myself to your
+most just and virtuous laws; and for my offence therein, which I must confess
+was in me a thousandfold more grievous than it could be in any other living
+creature, I put myself wholly and entirely at your gracious mercy; at whose
+hands I cannot receive that punishment for the same which I have deserved.
+&lt;p&gt;Secondly, to open my heart to your grace, in these things which I have
+before refused to condescend to, and have now written with my own hand,
+sending them to your highness herewith, I shall never beseech your grace
+to have pity and compassion on me if ever you shall perceive that I shall,
+secretly or openly, vary or alter from one piece of that which I have written
+and subscribed, or refuse to confirm, ratify or declare the same, wherever
+your majesty shall appoint me.
+&lt;p&gt;Thirdly, as I have and will, knowing your excellent learning, virtue,
+wisdom and knowledge, put my soul under your direction, and by the same
+have and will in all things henceforth direct my conscience, so I wholly
+commit my body to your mercy and fatherly pity; desiring no state, no condition,
+nor no manner or degree of living but such as your grace shall appoint
+unto me; knowing and confessing that my state cannot be so vile as either
+the extremity of justice would appoint to me, or as my offences have required
+and deserved.&amp;nbsp; And whatsoever your grace shall command me to do, touching
+any of these points, either for things past, present or to come, I shall
+gladly do the same as your majesty can command me.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Your Grace's most humble and obedient daughter and handmaid, Mary.'&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/ul&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;The following document accompanied the above 
+      letter:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;'The confession of me, Lady Mary, made upon certain points and articles
+written below; in which I do now plainly and with all my heart confess
+and
+declare my inward sentence, belief and judgement, with due conformity of
+obedience to the laws of the realm; so, minding for ever to persist and
+continue in this determination without change, alteration or variance,
+I do most humbly beseech the king's highness, my father, whom I have obstinately
+and disobediently offended in the denial of the same up to now, to forgive
+my offences therein, and to take me to his most gracious mercy.
+&lt;p&gt;First I confess and acknowledge the king's majesty to be my sovereign
+lord and king, in the imperial crown of this realm of England; and do submit
+myself to his highness and to each and every law and statute of this realm,
+as it becomes a true and faithful subject to do; which I shall also obey,
+keep, observe, advance and maintain according to my bounden duty with all
+the power, force and qualities with which God had endued me, during my
+life.
+&lt;p&gt;I do recognize, accept, take, repute and acknowledge the king's highness
+to be supreme head on earth, under Christ, of the church of England; and
+do utterly refuse the bishop of Rome's pretended authority, power and jurisdiction
+within this realm, formerly usurped, according to the laws and statutes
+made on that behalf, and by all the king's true subjects humbly received,
+admitted, obeyed, kept and observed.
+&lt;p&gt;And I do also utterly renounce and forsake all manner of remedy, interest
+and advantage which I may by any means claim by the bishop of Rome's laws,
+processes, jurisdiction or sentence, at this time or in any way hereafter,
+by any manner of title, colour, means or cause that is, shall or can be
+devised for that purpose.
+&lt;p&gt;I do freely, frankly and for the discharge of my duty towards God, the
+king's highness and his laws, without other respect, recognize and acknowledge
+that the marriage formerly had between his majesty and my mother, the late
+princess dowager, was by God's law and man's law incestuous and unlawful.'
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082601&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082601&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5a57.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5a57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5a57.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8042</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/grace.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/grace.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5a57054557398614faa55c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5a57.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grace.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grace.gif&quot; width=&quot;418&quot; height=&quot;74&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The Pilgrimage of Grace was the worst uprising of Henry 
+      VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; It was a direct result of the dissolution of the 
+      monasteries, a policy which confused and angered most Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The original rebellion began at Louth in Lincolnshire in early October 
+      1536.&amp;nbsp; The presence of a royal commission was the spark; the local 
+      clergy encouraged it to flame.&amp;nbsp; The Lincolnshire rebellion lasted but 
+      a fortnight, but Yorkshire - led by the lawyer Robert Aske - was next.&amp;nbsp; 
+      With the charismatic Aske as their leader, the rebellion spread quickly.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Dissatisfaction with the king's religious and fiscal policies was deep and 
+      widespread.&amp;nbsp; An army of perhaps 30,000 men gathered in the north.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The king ordered the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk and the earl of 
+      Shrewsbury to respond.&amp;nbsp; But there was no standing army in England; 
+      also, popular sympathy lay with the rebels.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The king's forces were hopelessly outnumbered.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Worse, their soldiers lacked equipment and the desire to fight their 
+      countrymen.&amp;nbsp; And the rebel forces were far more experienced in 
+      battle, having fought the Scots near-continuously during Henry's reign.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Faced with such odds, the king turned to diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The rebels, after all, did not seek to overthrow him.&amp;nbsp; Their primary 
+      desire was for the dissolved monasteries to be restored.&amp;nbsp; They also 
+      criticized the king's 'low-born' advisers, particularly Thomas Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; 
+      His policies of high taxation and forced enclosures had worsened poverty 
+      throughout northern England; it was already, as Norfolk told the king, 
+      'the most barren country of the realm'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The king negotiated peace through Norfolk, conceding 
+      their demands and promising a free pardon to all rebels who dispersed.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Monastic lands would be restored and a new parliament called to address 
+      their concerns.&amp;nbsp; The rebels accordingly dispersed.&amp;nbsp; And then, on 
+      the slightest pretext, Henry broke his word; martial law was declared, 
+      rebel leaders were indicted and put on trial (many faced a jury of their 
+      peers.)&amp;nbsp; Several hundred rebels, including Aske, were executed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;[T]he king was truly informed that there was
+a new insurrection made by the northern men, who had assembled themselves
+into a huge and great army of warlike men, well appointed with captains,
+horse, armour and artillery, to the number of 40,000 men, who had encamped
+themselves in Yorkshire.&amp;nbsp; And these men had bound themselves to each
+other by their oath to be faithful and obedient to their captain.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The also declared, by their proclamation solemnly
+made, that their insurrection should extend no further than to the maintenance
+and defence of the faith of Christ and the deliverance of holy church,
+sore decayed and oppressed, and to the furtherance also of private and
+public matters in the realm concerning the wealth of all the king's poor
+subjects. They called this, their seditious and traitorous voyage, a holy
+and blessed pilgrimage; they also had certain banners in the field whereon
+was painted Christ hanging on the cross on one side, and a chalice with
+a painted cake in it on the other side, with various other banners of similar
+hypocrisy and feigned sanctity.&amp;nbsp; The soldiers also had a certain cognizance
+or badge embroidered or set upon the sleeves of their coats which was a
+representation of the five wounds of Christ, and in the midst thereof was
+written the name of Our Lord, and thus the rebellious garrison of Satan
+set forth and decked themselves with his false and counterfeited signs
+of holiness, only to delude and deceive the simple and ignorant people.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;After the king's highness was informed of this
+newly arisen insurrection he, making no delay in so weighty a matter, caused
+with all speed the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, the marquis of Exeter,
+the earl of Shrewsbury and others, accompanied by his mighty and royal
+army which was of great power and strength, immediately to set upon the
+rebels.&amp;nbsp; But when these noble captains and counsellors approached
+the rebels and saw their number and how they were determined on battle,
+they worked with great prudence to pacify all without shedding blood.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;But the northern men were so stiff-necked that
+they would in no way stoop, but stoutly stood and maintained their wicked
+enterprise.&amp;nbsp; Therefore the abovesaid nobles, perceiving and seeing
+no other was to pacify these wretched rebels, agreed upon a battle; ...
+but the night before the day appointed for the battle a little rain fell,
+nothing to speak of, but yet as if by a great miracle of God the water,
+which was a very small ford which the day before men might have gone over
+dry shod, suddenly rose to such a height depth and breadth that no man
+who lived there had ever seen before, so that on the day, even when the
+hour of battle should have some, it was impossible for one army to get
+at the other.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;After this appointment made between both the armies,
+disappointed, as it is to be thought, only by God who extended his great
+mercy and had compassion on the great number of innocent persons who in
+that deadly slaughter would have been likely to have been murdered, could
+not take place.&amp;nbsp; Then... a consultation was held and a pardon obtained
+from
+the king's majesty for all the captains and chief movers of this insurrection,
+and they promised that such things as they found themselves aggrieved by,
+all would be gently heard and their reasonable petitions granted, and that
+their articles should be presented to the king, so that by his highness'
+authority and the wisdom of his council all things should be brought to
+good order and conclusion.&amp;nbsp; And with this order every man quietly
+departed, and those who before were bent as hot as fire on fighting, being
+presented by God, went now peaceably to their houses, and were as cold
+as water.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082601&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082601&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5bab.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5bab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5bab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4702</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">introduction to the Tudor England website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Introduction to the Website</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/intro.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/intro.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5babcd1fbea949f078c430</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5bab.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">intro.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;707&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;43&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;43&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial size=+2&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/intro.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Introduction&quot; width=&quot;307&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;The &lt;B&gt;Tudor England&lt;/B&gt; website is a labor of love which was 
+  established in the summer of 1997.&amp;nbsp; Since then, thousands of visitors 
+  have used it for entertainment and research.&amp;nbsp; And the site has grown and 
+  will undoubtedly keep growing until I develop Tudoritis.&amp;nbsp; This condition 
+  occurs when one spends too much time reading about Henry VIII and too little 
+  time outside interacting with other human beings.&amp;nbsp; The sufferer can be 
+  identified by pale, clammy skin, fingers stiffened from too much typing and 
+  eyes reddened from too much reading, squinting and peering at the computer 
+  screen.&amp;nbsp; They are apt to eat mutton, drink ale and find portraits of 
+  Thomas Seymour the ultimate in sexiness.&amp;nbsp; They mutter such phrases as 
+  &quot;God's oath!&quot; and begin every sentence with the word &quot;thou&quot;.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=Arial&gt;Avoid them at all costs.&amp;nbsp; If contact cannot be avoided, hit 
+  them with a copy of John Guy's &lt;I&gt;Tudor England.&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+  face=Arial&gt;There is no cure for Tudoritis but it can be controlled through a 
+  strict diet of just one Tudor-related book a week.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;Everything at this site was written by me; &lt;/B&gt;every 
+  fact was checked and double-checked.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;In the course 
+      of my research, I have happily noted that this site is more accurate than 
+      many books published about Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; In other words, despite 
+      the many warnings about internet inaccuracies, the printed page does not 
+      guarantee either truth or objectivity.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;Respect for the work involved in 
+  creating and maintaining internet sites is sorely lacking in some 
+  visitors.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to borrow an image or bit of text,
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2femail.html&quot;&gt;please write 
+  and ask&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I have yet to turn anyone down and such simple courtesy 
+  means a great deal.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;Click &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fresearch.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/A&gt; for help with 
+  research, including the correct Turabian/MLA citation style for internet 
+  sources and various copyright issues, and &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcopyright.html&quot;&gt;here&lt;/A&gt; for a shorter 
+  discussion of copyright.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to learn more about the right 
+  to reproduce works of art on the internet, &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fart.html&quot;&gt;please click 
+  here&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;As for me, I'm just a girl who lives in &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.annapolis.org&quot;&gt;Annapolis&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; You are welcome to &lt;A 
+  href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net?subject=Questions/comments&quot;&gt;write to 
+  me&lt;/A&gt; with questions and comments.&amp;nbsp; I try to respond to most messages 
+  within a couple of weeks.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;to 
+Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082646&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082646&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5d58.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5d58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5d58.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">35163</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereight.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptereight.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5d58b2f095f04a321ee7d1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215293</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5d58.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER VIII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;THE PROTECTORATE OF THE NETHERLANDS: 1584-86&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;WE are now approaching the great crisis of the reign, some 
+    may think of English history--the grand struggle with Spain; a struggle 
+    which, if Elizabeth had allowed herself to be guided by her most celebrated 
+    counsellors, would have been entered upon a quarter of a century earlier. 
+    England was then unarmed and weighed down with a load of debt, the legacy of 
+    three thriftless and pugnacious reigns. The population was still mainly 
+    Catholic. The great nobles still thought themselves a match for the crown, 
+    and many of them longed to make one more effort to assert their old position 
+    in the State. Trade and industry were languishing. The poorer classes were 
+    suffering and discontented. Scotland was in the hands of a most dangerous 
+    enemy, whose title to the English crown was held by many to be better than 
+    Elizabeth's. Philip II., as yet unharassed by revolt, seemed almost to have 
+    drawn England as a sort of satellite into the vast orbit of his empire. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nearly a generation had now passed away since Elizabeth 
+    ascended the throne. Every year of it had seen some amendment in the 
+    condition of the country. Under a pacific and thrifty Government taxation 
+    had been light beyond precedent. All debts, even those of Henry VIII., had 
+    been honourably paid off. While the lord of American gold mines and of the 
+    richest commercial centres in Europe could not raise a loan on any terms, 
+    Elizabeth could borrow when she pleased at five per cent. But she had ceased 
+    to borrow, for she had a modest surplus stored in her treasury, a department 
+    of the administration managed under her own close personal supervision. A 
+    numerous militia had been enrolled and partially trained. Large magazines of 
+    arms had been accumulated. A navy had been created; not a large one indeed; 
+    but it did not need to be large, for the warship of those days did not 
+    differ from the ordinary vessel of commerce, nor was its crew differently 
+    trained. The royal navy could therefore be indefinitely increased if need 
+    arose. Philip's great generals, Alva and Parma, had long come to the 
+    conclusion that the conquest of England would be the most difficult 
+    enterprise their master could undertake. The wealth of landed proprietors 
+    and traders had increased enormously. New manufactures had been started by 
+    exiles from the Netherlands. New branches of foreign commerce had been 
+    opened up. The poor were well employed and contented. I believe it would be 
+    impossible to find in the previous history of England, or, for that matter, 
+    of Europe, since the fall of the Roman Empire, any instance of peace, 
+    prosperity, and good government extending over so many years. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Looking abroad we find that in all directions the strength 
+    and security of Elizabeth's position had been immensely increased. Her 
+    ministers, especially Walsingham--for Burghley in his old age came at last 
+    to see more with the eyes of his mistress--believed that by a more spirited 
+    policy Scotland might have been converted into a submissive and valuable 
+    ally. Elizabeth alone saw that this was impossible; that, so treated, 
+    Scotland would become to England what Holland was to Philip, what &amp;quot;the 
+    Spanish ulcer&amp;quot; was afterwards to Napoleon--a fatal drain on her strength and 
+    resources. It was enough for Elizabeth if the northern kingdom was so 
+    handled as to be harmless; and this, as I have shown, was in fact its 
+    condition from the moment that the only Scottish ruler who could be really 
+    dangerous was locked up in England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Dutch revolt crippled Philip. The conquest of England 
+    was postponed till the Dutch revolt should be suppressed. Why then, it has 
+    been asked, did not Elizabeth support the Dutch more vigorously? The answer 
+    is a simple one. If she had done so the suppression of the Dutch revolt 
+    would have been postponed to the conquest of England. This is proved by the 
+    events now to be related. Elizabeth was obliged by new circumstances to 
+    intervene more vigorously in the Netherlands, and the result was the Armada. 
+    If the attack had come ten or fifteen years earlier the fortune of England 
+    might have been different. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's foreign policy has been judged unfavourably by 
+    writers who have failed to keep in view how completely it turned on her 
+    relations with France. Though her interests and those of Henry III cannot be 
+    called identical, they coincided sufficiently to make it possible to keep up 
+    a good understanding which was of the highest advantage to both countries. 
+    But to maintain this good understanding there was need of the coolest temper 
+    and judgment on the part of the rulers; for the two peoples were hopelessly 
+    hostile. They were like two gamecocks in adjoining pens. The Spaniards were 
+    respected and liked by our countrymen. Their grave dignity, even their stiff 
+    assumption of intrinsic superiority, were too like our own not to awake a 
+    certain appreciative sympathy. Whereas all Englishmen from peer to peasant 
+    would at any time have enjoyed a tussle with France, until its burdens began 
+    to be felt. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Henry III, with whom the Valois dynasty was about to expire, 
+    was far from being the incompetent driveller depicted by most historians. He 
+    had good abilities, plenty of natural courage when roused, and a thorough 
+    comprehension of the politics of his day. His aims and plans were well 
+    conceived. But with no child to care for, and immersed in degrading 
+    self-indulgence, he wearied of the exertions and sacrifices necessary for 
+    carrying them through. Short spells of sensible and energetic action were 
+    succeeded by periods of unworthy lassitude and pusillanimous surrender. 
+    Before he came to the throne he had been the chief organiser of the 
+    Bartholomew Massacre. As King he naturally inclined, like Elizabeth, William 
+    of Orange, and Henry of Navarre, to make considerations of religion 
+    subordinate to considerations of State. Both he and Navarre would have been 
+    glad to throw over the fanatical or factious partisans by whom they were 
+    surrounded, and rally the &lt;i&gt;Politiques&lt;/i&gt; to their support. But it was a 
+    step that neither as yet ventured openly to take. The one was obliged to 
+    affect zeal for the old religion, the other for the new. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's ministers, with short-sighted animosity, had 
+    been urging her throughout her reign to give vigorous support to the 
+    Huguenots. She herself took a broader view of the situation. She preferred 
+    to deal with the legitimate government of France recognised by the vast 
+    majority of Frenchmen. Henry III., as she well knew, did not intend or 
+    desire to exterminate the Huguenots. If that turbulent faction had been 
+    openly abetted in its arrogant claims by English assistance, he would have 
+    been obliged to become the mere instrument of Elizabeth's worst enemies, 
+    Guise and the Holy League. France would have ceased to be any counterpoise 
+    to Spain. The English Queen had so skilfully played a most difficult and 
+    delicate game that Henry of Navarre had been able to keep his head above 
+    water; Guise had upon the whole been held in check; the royal authority, 
+    though impaired, had still controlled the foreign policy of France, and so, 
+    since 1572, had given England a firm and useful ally. As long as this 
+    balanced situation could be maintained, England was safe. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;But the time was now at hand when this nice equilibrium of 
+    forces would be disturbed by events which neither Elizabeth nor any one else 
+    could help. AlenÃ§on, the last of the Valois line, was dying. When he should 
+    be gone, the next heir to the French King would be no other than the 
+    Huguenot Henry of Bourbon, King of the tiny morsel of Navarre that lay north 
+    of the Pyrenees. Henry III. wished to recognise his right. But it was 
+    impossible that Guise or Philip, or the French nation itself, should 
+    tolerate this prospect. Thus the great war of religion which Elizabeth had 
+    so carefully abstained from stirring up was now inevitable. The French 
+    alliance, the key-stone of her policy, was about to crumble away with the 
+    authority of the French King which she had buttressed up. He would be 
+    compelled either to become the mere instrument of the Papal party or to 
+    combine openly with the Huguenot leader. In either case, Guise, not Henry 
+    III., would be the virtual sovereign, and Elizabeth's alliance would not be 
+    with France but with a French faction. She would thus be forced into the 
+    position which she had hitherto refused to accept--that of sole protector of 
+    French and Dutch Protestants, and open antagonist of Spain. The more showy 
+    part she was now to play has been the chief foundation of her glory with 
+    posterity. It is a glory which she deserves. The most industrious 
+    disparagement will never rob her of it. But the sober student will be of 
+    opinion that her reputation as a statesman has a more solid basis in the 
+    skill and firmness with which during so many years she staved off the 
+    necessity for decisive action. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Although the discovery of the Throgmorton plot (November 
+    1583), and the consequent expulsion of the Spanish ambassador, Mendoza, were 
+    not immediately followed by open war between England and Spain, yet the 
+    course of events thenceforward tended directly to that issue. Elizabeth 
+    immediately proposed to the Dutch States to form a naval alliance against 
+    Spain, and to concert other measures for mutual defence. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Orange met the offer with alacrity, and pressed Elizabeth to 
+    accept the sovereignty of Holland, Zealand, and Utrecht. Perhaps there was 
+    no former ruler of England who would not have clutched at such an 
+    opportunity of territorial aggrandisement. For Elizabeth it had no charms. 
+    Every sensible person now will applaud the sobriety of her aims. But though 
+    she eschewed territory, she desired to have military occupation of one or 
+    more coast fortresses, at all events for a time, both as a security for the 
+    fidelity of the Dutch to any engagements they might make with her, and to 
+    enable her to treat on more equal terms with France or Spain, if the 
+    Netherlands were destined, after all, to fall into the hands of one of those 
+    powers. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;While these negotiations were in progress, William of Orange 
+    was murdered (1584). AlenÃ§on had died a month earlier. The sovereignty of 
+    the revolted Netherlands was thus vacant. Elizabeth advised a joint 
+    protectorate by France and England. But the Dutch had small confidence in 
+    protectorates, especially of the joint kind. What they wanted was a 
+    sovereign, and as Elizabeth would not accept them as her subjects they 
+    offered themselves to Henry III. But after nibbling at the offer for eight 
+    months Henry was obliged to refuse it. His openly expressed intention to 
+    recognise the King of Navarre as his heir had caused a revival of the Holy 
+    League. During the winter 1584-5 its reorganisation was busily going on. 
+    Philip promised to subsidise it. Mendoza, now ambassador at Paris, was its 
+    life and soul. The insurrection was on the point of breaking out. Henry III 
+    knew that the vast majority of Frenchmen were Catholics. To accept the Dutch 
+    offer would, he feared, drive them all into the ranks of the Holy League. He 
+    therefore dismissed the Dutch envoys with the recommendation that they 
+    should apply to England for protection (1585). The manifesto of the Leaguers 
+    appeared at the end of March (1585). Henry of Navarre was declared 
+    incapable, as a Protestant, of succeeding to the crown. Henry III. was 
+    summoned to extirpate heresy. To enforce these demands the Leaguers flew to 
+    arms all over France. Had Henry III. been a man of spirit he would have 
+    placed himself at the head of the loyal Catholics and fought it out. But by 
+    the compact of Nemours he conceded all the demands of the League (1585). &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Thus began the last great war of religion, which lasted till Henry of 
+    Navarre was firmly seated on the throne of France. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had now finally lost the French alliance, the 
+    sheet-anchor of her policy since 1572, and she prepared for the grand 
+    struggle which could no longer be averted. As France failed her, she must 
+    make the best of the Dutch alliance. She did not conceal from herself that 
+    she would have to do her share of the fighting. But she was determined that 
+    the Dutch should also do theirs. Deprived of all hope of help from France 
+    they wished for annexation to the English crown, because solidarity between 
+    the two countries would give them an unlimited claim upon English resources. 
+    Elizabeth uniformly told them, first and last, that nothing should induce 
+    her to accept that proposal. She would give them a definite amount of
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    assistance in men and money. But every farthing would have to be repaid when 
+    the war was over; and in the meantime she must have Flushing and Brill as 
+    security. They must also bind themselves to make proper exertions in their 
+    own defence. Gilpin, her agent in Zealand, had warned her that if she showed 
+    herself too forward they would simply throw the whole burden of the war upon 
+    her. Splendid as had often been the resistance of separate towns when 
+    besieged, there had been, from the first, lamentable selfishness and apathy 
+    as to measures for combined defence. The States had less than 6000 men in 
+    the field--half of them English volunteers--at the very time when they were 
+    assuring Elizabeth that, if she would come to their assistance, they could 
+    and would furnish 15,000. She was justified in regarding their fine promises 
+    with much distrust. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;While this discussion was going on, Antwerp was lost. The 
+    blame of the delay, if blame there was, must be divided equally between the 
+    bargainers. The truth is that, cavil as they might about details, the 
+    strength of the English contingent was not the real object of concern to 
+    either of them. Each was thinking of something else. Though Elizabeth had so 
+    peremptorily refused the sovereignty offered by the United Provinces, they 
+    were still bent on forcing it upon her. She, on the other hand, had not 
+    given up the hope that her more decisive intervention would drive Philip to 
+    make the concessions to his revolted subjects which she had so often urged 
+    upon him. In her eyes, Philip's sovereignty over them was indefeasible. They 
+    were, perhaps, justified in asserting their ancient constitutional rights 
+    But if those were guaranteed, continuance of the rebellion would be 
+    criminal. Moreover, she held that elected deputies were but amateur 
+    statesmen, and had better leave the &lt;i&gt;haute politique&lt;/i&gt; to princes to 
+    settle. &amp;quot;Princes,&amp;quot; she once told a Dutch deputation, &amp;quot;are not to be charged 
+    with breach of faith if they sometimes listen to both sides; for they 
+    transact business in a princely way and with a princely understanding such 
+    as private persons cannot have.&amp;quot; Her promise not to make peace behind their 
+    backs was not to be interpreted as literally as if it had been made to a 
+    brother prince. It merely bound her--so she contended--not to make peace 
+    without safeguarding their interests; that is to say, what she considered to 
+    be their true interests. Conduct based on such a theory would not be 
+    tolerated now, and was not tamely acquiesced in by the Dutch then. But to 
+    speak of it as base and treacherous is an abuse of terms. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to follow in detail the peace 
+    negotiations which went on between Elizabeth and Parma up to the very 
+    sailing of the Armada (1586-8). The terms on which the Queen was prepared to 
+    make peace never varied substantially from first to last. We know very well 
+    what they were. She claimed for the Protestants of the Netherlands (who were 
+    a minority, perhaps, even in the rebel provinces) precisely the same degree 
+    of toleration which she allowed to her own Catholics. They were not to be 
+    questioned about their religion; but there was to be no public worship or 
+    proselytising. The old constitution, as before Alva, was to be restored, 
+    which would have involved the departure of the foreign troops. These terms 
+    would not have satisfied the States, and if Philip could have been induced 
+    to grant them, the States and Elizabeth must have parted company. But, as he 
+    would make no concessions, the Anglo-Dutch alliance could, and did, 
+    continue. The cautionary towns she was determined never to give up to any 
+    one unless (first) she was repaid her expenses for which they had been 
+    mortgaged, and (secondly) the struggle in the Netherlands was brought to an 
+    end on terms which she approved. There was, therefore, never any danger of 
+    their being surrendered to Philip, and they did, in fact, remain in 
+    Elizabeth's hands till her death. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth has been severely censured for selecting Leicester 
+    to command the English army in the Netherlands. It is certain that he was 
+    marked out by public opinion as the fittest person. The Queen's choice was 
+    heartily approved by all her ministers, especially by Walsingham, who kept 
+    up the most confidential relations with Leicester, and backed him 
+    throughout. Custom prescribed that an English army should be commanded, not 
+    by a professional soldier, but by a great nobleman. Among the nobility there 
+    were a few who had done a little soldiering in a rough way in Scotland or 
+    Ireland, but no one who could be called a professional general. The 
+    momentous step which Elizabeth was taking would have lost half its 
+    significance in the eyes of Europe if any less conspicuous person than 
+    Leicester had been appointed. Moreover, it was essential that the nobleman 
+    selected should be able and willing to spend largely out of his own 
+    resources. By traditional usage, derived from feudal times, peers who were 
+    employed on temporary services not only received no salary, but were 
+    expected to defray their own expenses, and defray them handsomely. Never did 
+    an English nobleman show more public spirit in this respect than Leicester. 
+    He raised every penny he could by mortgaging his estates. He not only paid 
+    his own personal expenses, but advanced large sums for military purposes, 
+    which his mistress never thought of repaying him. If he effected little as a 
+    general, it was because he was not provided with the means. Serious mistakes 
+    he certainly made, but they were not of a military kind. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Leicester was now fifty-four, bald, white-bearded, and 
+    red-faced, but still imposing in figure, carriage, and dress. To Elizabeth 
+    he was dear as the friend of her youth, one who, she was persuaded, had 
+    loved her for herself when they were both thirty years younger, and was 
+    still her most devoted and trustworthy servant. Burghley she liked and 
+    trusted, and all the more since he had become a more docile instrument of 
+    her policy. Walsingham, a keener intellect and more independent character, 
+    she could not but value, though impatient under his penetrating suspicion 
+    and almost constant disapproval. Leicester was the intimate friend, the 
+    frequent companion of her leisure hours. None of her younger favourites had 
+    supplanted him in her regard. By long intimacy he knew the &lt;i&gt;molles aditus 
+    et tempora&lt;/i&gt; when things might be said without offence which were not 
+    acceptable at the council-board. The other ministers were glad to use him 
+    for this purpose. There can be no question that his appointment to the 
+    command in the Netherlands was meant as the most decisive indication that 
+    could be given of Elizabeth's determination to face open war with Philip 
+    rather than allow him to establish absolute government in that country. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Since the deaths of AlenÃ§on and William of Orange, the 
+    United Provinces had been without a ruler. The government had been 
+    provisionally carried on by the &amp;quot;States,&amp;quot; or deputies from each province. 
+    Leicester had come with no other title than that of LieutenantGeneral of the 
+    Queen's troops. But what the States wanted was not so much a military leader 
+    as a sovereign ruler. They therefore urged Leicester to accept the powers 
+    and title of Governor-General, the office which had been held by the 
+    representatives of Philip. From this it would follow, both logically and 
+    practically, that Elizabeth herself stood in the place of Philip--in other 
+    words, that she was committed to the sovereignty which she had so 
+    peremptorily refused. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The offer was accepted by Leicester almost immediately after 
+    his arrival (14/24 January 1586). There can be little doubt that it was a 
+    preconcerted plan between the States and Elizabeth's ministers, who had all 
+    along supported the Dutch proposals. Leicester, we know, had contemplated it 
+    before leaving England. Davison, who was in Holland, hurried it on, and 
+    undertook to carry the news to Elizabeth. Burghley and Walsingham maintained 
+    that the step had been absolutely necessary, and implored her not to undo 
+    it. Elizabeth herself had suspected that something of the sort would be 
+    attempted, and had strictly enjoined Leicester at his departure to accept no 
+    such title. It was not that she wished his powers--that is to say, her own 
+    powers--to be circumscribed. On the contrary, she desired that they should 
+    in practice be as large and absolute as possible. What she objected to was 
+    the title, with all the consequences it involved. And what enraged her most 
+    of all was the attempt of her servants to push the thing through behind her 
+    back, on the calculation that she would be obliged to accept the 
+    accomplished fact. Her wrath vented itself on all concerned, on her 
+    ministers, on the States, and on Leicester. To the latter she addressed a 
+    characteristic letter:-- &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To my Lord of Leicester from the Queen by Sir Thomas 
+      Heneage. &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;How contemptuously we conceive ourself to have been used 
+      by you, you shall by this bearer understand, whom we have expressly sent 
+      unto you to charge you withal. We could never have imagined, had we not 
+      seen it fall out in experience, that a man raised up by ourself and 
+      extraordinarily favoured by us above any other subject of this land, would 
+      have in so contemptible [contemptuous] a sort, broken our commandment, in 
+      a cause that so greatly toucheth us in honour; whereof although you have 
+      showed yourself to make but little account, in most undutiful a sort, you 
+      may not therefore think that we have so little care of the reparation 
+      thereof as we mind to pass so great a wrong in silence unredressed. And 
+      therefore our express pleasure and command is that, all delays and excuses 
+      laid apart, you do presently, on the duty of your allegiance, obey and 
+      fulfil whatsoever the bearer hereof shall direct you to do in our name. 
+      Whereof fail not, as you will answer the contrary at your uttermost 
+      peril.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Nor were these cutting reproaches reserved for his private 
+    perusal. She severely rebuked the States for encouraging &amp;quot;a creature of her 
+    own&amp;quot; to disobey her injunctions, and, as a reparation from them and from 
+    him, she required that he should make a public resignation of the government 
+    in the place where he had accepted it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is not to be wondered at that Elizabeth should think the 
+    vindication of her outraged authority to be the most pressing requirement of 
+    the moment. But the result was unfortunate for the object of the expedition. 
+    The States had conferred &amp;quot;absolute&amp;quot; authority upon Leicester, and would have 
+    thought it a cheap price to pay if, by their adroit manÅuvre, they had 
+    succeeded in forcing the Queen's hand. But they did not care to intrust 
+    absolute powers to a mere general of an English contingent. After long 
+    discussion, Elizabeth was at length persuaded that the least of evils was to 
+    allow him to retain the title which the States had conferred on him ( June 
+    1586). But in the meantime they had repented of their haste in letting power 
+    go out of their own hands. Their efforts were thenceforth directed to 
+    explain away the term &amp;quot;absolute.&amp;quot; The long displeasure of the Queen had 
+    destroyed the principal value of Leicester in their eye. He himself had soon 
+    incurred their dislike. Impetuous and domineering, he could not endure 
+    opposition. Every man who did not fall in with his plans was a malicious 
+    enemy, a traitor, a tool of Parma, who ought to be hanged. He still enjoyed 
+    the favour of the democratic and bigoted Calvinist party, especially in 
+    Utrecht, and he tried to play them off against the States, thereby promoting 
+    the rise of the factions which long afterwards distracted the United 
+    Provinces. The displeasures of the Queen had taken the shape of not sending 
+    him money, and his troops were in great distress and unable to move. 
+    Moreover, rumours of the secret peace negotiations were craftily spread by 
+    Parma, who, knowing well that they would come to nothing, turned them to the 
+    best account by leading the States to suspect that they were being betrayed 
+    to Spain. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth had sent her army abroad more as a warning to 
+    Philip than with a view to active operations. It was no part of her plan to 
+    recover any of the territory already conquered by Parma, even if it had lain 
+    in her power. She knew that the majority of its inhabitants were Catholics 
+    and royalists. She knew also that Parma's attenuated army was considerably 
+    outnumbered by the Anglo-Dutch forces, and that he was in dire distress for 
+    food and money. The recovered provinces were completely ruined by the war. 
+    Their commerce was swept from the sea. The mouths of their great rivers were 
+    blockaded. The Protestants of Flanders and Brabant had largely migrated to 
+    the unsubdued provinces, whose prosperity, notwithstanding the burdens of 
+    war, was advancing by leaps and bounds. Their population was about two 
+    millions. That of England itself was little more than four. Religion was no 
+    longer the only or the chief motive of their resistance. For even the 
+    Catholics among them, who were still very numerous--some said a majority 
+    --keenly relished the material prosperity which had grown with independence. 
+    Encouraged by English protection, the States were in no humour to listen to 
+    compromise. But a compromise was what Elizabeth desired. She was therefore 
+    not unwilling that her forces should be confined to an attitude of 
+    observation, till it should appear whether her open intervention would 
+    extract from Philip such concessions as she deemed reasonable. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Leicester was eager to get to work, and he was warmly 
+    supported by Walsingham. Burghley's conduct was less straightforward. He had 
+    long found it advisable to cultivate amicable relations with the favourite. 
+    He had probably concurred in the plan for making him Governor-General. Even 
+    now he was professing to take his part. In reality he was not sorry to see 
+    him under a cloud; and though he sympathised as much as ever with the Dutch, 
+    he cared more for crippling his rival. Hence his activity in those obscure 
+    peace negotiations which he so carefully concealed from Leicester and 
+    Walsingham. To keep Walsingham long in the dark, on that or any other 
+    subject, was indeed impossible. It was found necessary at last to let him be 
+    present at an interview with the agents employed by Burghley and Parma, 
+    which brought their backstairs diplomacy to an abrupt conclusion. &amp;quot;They that 
+    have been the employers of them,&amp;quot; he wrote to Leicester, &amp;quot;are ashamed of the 
+    matter.&amp;quot; The negotiations went on through other channels, but never made any 
+    serious progress. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To compel Philip to listen to a compromise, without at the 
+    same time emboldening the Dutch to turn a deaf ear to it--such was the 
+    problem which Elizabeth had set herself. She therefore preferred to apply 
+    pressure in other quarters. Towards the end of 1585, Drake appeared on the 
+    coast of Spain itself, and plundered Vigo. Then crossing the Atlantic, he 
+    sacked and burned St. Domingo and Carthagena. Again in 1587, he forced his 
+    way into Cadiz harbour, burnt all the shipping and the stores collected for 
+    the Armada, and for two months plundered and destroyed every vessel he met 
+    off the coast of Portugal. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Philip had so long and so tamely submitted to the many 
+    injuries and indignities which Elizabeth heaped upon him, that it is not 
+    wonderful if she had come to think that he would never pluck up courage to 
+    retaliate. This time she was wrong. The conquest of England had always had 
+    its place in his overloaded programme. But it was to be in that hazy 
+    ever-receding future, when he should have put down the Dutch rebellion and 
+    neutralised France. Elizabeth's open intervention in the Netherlands at 
+    length induced him to change his plan. England, he now decided, must be 
+    first dealt with. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Parma's operations in the Netherlands were 
+    starved quite as much as Leicester's. Plundering excursions, two or three 
+    petty combats not deserving the name of battles, half-a-dozen small towns 
+    captured on one side or the other--such is the military record from the date 
+    of Elizabeth's intervention to the arrival of the Armada. Parma had somewhat 
+    the best of this work, such as it was. But the war in the Netherlands was 
+    practically stagnant. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;At the end of the first year of Leicester's government, 
+    events of the highest importance obliged him to pay a visit to England ( 
+    Nov. 1586). The Queen of Scots had been found guilty of conspiring to 
+    assassinate Elizabeth, and Parliament had been summoned to decide upon her 
+    fate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapternine.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    IX: The Execution of the Queen of Scots: 1584-1587&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082626&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082626&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5faa.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5faa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH5faa.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2775</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Fitzroy/Stafford/Blount Genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH5faad9a3db2a4add0dfa3a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH5faa.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/fitzroy.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;Fitzroy Genealogy&quot; height=48 width=328&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Elizabeth Stafford&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born ?
+&lt;br&gt;daughter of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham (led failed revolt against
+Richard III &amp;amp; was executed for treason) and Catherine Woodville
+&lt;br&gt;married Thomas Howard, 3rd duke of Norfolk
+&lt;br&gt;died May 1532
+&lt;br&gt;buried in Essex&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#006600&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;interesting notes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt; Elizabeth
+Stafford's mother, Catherine Woodville, was the niece of Queen Elizabeth
+Woodville and daughter of Jacquetta of Luxembourg
+&lt;br&gt;also, Henry's illegitimate son with Elizabeth Blount married Elizabeth
+Stafford's daughter, Mary Howard!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Elizabeth Blount, known as Bessie Blount&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born about 1502
+&lt;br&gt;daughter of Sir John Blount of Shropshire
+&lt;br&gt;married Gilbert, Lord Talboys
+&lt;br&gt;mother of Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond (father was Henry VIII)
+&lt;br&gt;died 1539
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Henry Fitzroy&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born early June1519
+&lt;br&gt;son of Elizabeth Blount and Henry VIII, king of England
+&lt;br&gt;created duke of Richmond, duke of Somerset &amp;amp; earl of Nottingham
+21 June 1524
+&lt;br&gt;married to Mary Howard 1533
+&lt;br&gt;died 1536/7
+&lt;br&gt;buried in Thetford (wrapped in lead rather than in a traditional coffin)&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;#006600&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;interesting note:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt; once,
+in an effort to work out the complicated Tudor succession while Henry &amp;amp;
+Katharine were still married, some suggested Fitzroy marry his half-sister,
+Princess Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Oddly enough, the plan was endorsed by the pope!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealogy.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082713&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082713&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6095.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6095.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6095.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">43748</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter X</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterten.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterten.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6095703497b10345188f6c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215294</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6095.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER X&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;WAR WITH SPAIN: 1587-1603&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH is not seen at her best in war. She did not easily 
+    resign herself to its sacrifices. It frightened her to see the money which 
+    she had painfully put together, pound by pound, during so many years, by 
+    many a small economy, draining out at the rate of Â£17,000 a month into the 
+    bottomless pit of military expenditure. When Leicester came back she simply 
+    stopped all remittances to the Netherlands, making sure that if she did not 
+    feed her soldiers some one else would have to do it. She saw that Parma was 
+    not pressing forward. And though rumours of the enormous preparations in 
+    Spain, which accounted for his inactivity, continued to pour in, she still 
+    hoped that her intervention in the Netherlands was bending Philip to 
+    concessions. All this time Parma was steadily carrying out his master's 
+    plans for the invasion. His little army was to be trebled in the autumn by 
+    reinforcements principally from Italy. In the meantime he was collecting a 
+    flotilla of flat-bottomed boats. As soon as the Armada should appear they 
+    were to make the passage under its protection. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It would answer no useful purpose, even if my limits 
+    permitted it, to enter into the particulars of Elizabeth's policy towards 
+    the United Provinces during the twelve months that preceded the appearance 
+    of the Armada. Her proceedings were often tortuous, and by setting them 
+    forth in minute detail her detractors have not found it difficult to 
+    represent them as treacherous. But, living three centuries later, what have 
+    we to consider but the general scope and drift of her policy? Looking at it 
+    as a whole we shall find that, whether we approve of it or not, it was 
+    simple, consistent, and undisguised. She had no intention of abandoning the 
+    Provinces to Philip, still less of betraying them. But she did wish them to 
+    return to their allegiance, if she could procure for them proper guarantees 
+    for such liberties as they had been satisfied with before Philip's tyranny 
+    began. If Philip had been wise he would have made those concessions. 
+    Elizabeth is not to be over-much blamed if she clung too long to the belief 
+    that he could be persuaded or compelled to do what was so much for his own 
+    interest. If she was deceived so was Burghley. Walsingham is entitled to the 
+    credit of having from first to last refused to believe that the negotiations 
+    were anything but a blind. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Though Elizabeth desired peace, she did not cease to deal 
+    blows at Philip. In the spring of 1587 (April-June), while she was most 
+    earnestly pushing her negotiations with Parma, she despatched Drake on a new 
+    expedition to the Spanish coast. He forced his way into the harbours of 
+    Cadiz and Corunna, destroyed many ships and immense stores, and came back 
+    loaded with plunder. The Armada had not been crippled, for most of the ships 
+    that were to compose it were lying in the Tagus. But the concentration had 
+    been delayed. Fresh stores had to be collected. Drake calculated, and as it 
+    proved rightly, that another season at least would be consumed in repairing 
+    the loss, and that England, for that summer and autumn, could rest secure of 
+    invasion. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The delay was most unwelcome to Philip. The expense of 
+    keeping such a fleet and army on foot through the winter would be enormous. 
+    Spain was maintaining not only the Armada but the army of Parma; for the 
+    resources of the Netherlands, which had been the true El Dorado of the 
+    Spanish monarchy, were completely dried up. So impatient was Philip 
+    --usually the slowest of men--that he proposed to despatch the Armada even 
+    in September, and actually wrote to Parma that he might expect it at any 
+    moment. But, as Drake had calculated, September was gone before everything 
+    was ready. The naval experts protested against the rashness of facing the 
+    autumnal gales, with no friendly harbour on either side of the Channel in 
+    which to take refuge. Philip then made the absurd suggestion that the army 
+    from the Netherlands should cross by itself in its flat-bottomed boats. But 
+    Parma told him that it was absolutely out of the question. Four English 
+    ships could sink the whole flotilla. In the meantime his soldiers, waiting 
+    on the Dunkirk Downs and exposed to the severities of the weather, were 
+    dying off like flies. Philip and Elizabeth resembled one another in this, 
+    that neither of them had any personal experience of war either by land or 
+    sea. For a Queen this was natural. For a King it was unnatural, and for an 
+    ambitious King unprecedented. They did not understand the proper adaptation 
+    of means to ends. Yet it was necessary to obtain their sanction before 
+    anything could be done. Hence there was much mismanagement on both sides. 
+    Still England was in no real danger during the summer and autumn of 1587, 
+    because Philip's preparations were not completed; and before the end of the 
+    year the English fleet was lying in the Channel. But the Queen grudged the 
+    expense of keeping the crews up to their full complement. The supply of 
+    provisions and ammunition was also very inadequate. The expensiveness of war 
+    is generally a sufficient reason for not going to war; but to attempt to do 
+    war cheaply is always unwise. &amp;quot;Sparing and war,&amp;quot; as Effingham observed, 
+    &amp;quot;have no affinity together.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Drake strongly urged that, instead of trying to guard the 
+    Channel, the English fleet should make for the coast of Spain, and boldly 
+    assail the Armada as soon as it put to sea. This was the advice of a man who 
+    had all the shining qualities of Nelson, and seems to have been in no 
+    respect his inferior. It was no counsel of desperation. He was confident of 
+    success. Lord Howard of Effingham, the Admiral, was of the same opinion. The 
+    negotiations were odious to him. For Burghley, who clings to them, he has no 
+    more reverence than Hamlet had for Polonius. &amp;quot;Since England was England,&amp;quot; he 
+    writes to Walsingham, &amp;quot;there was never such a stratagem and mask to deceive 
+    her as this treaty of peace. I pray God that we do not curse for this a long 
+    grey beard with a white head witless, that will make all the world think us 
+    heartless. You know whom I mean.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;With the hopes and fears of these sea-heroes, it is 
+    instructive to compare the forecast of the great soldier who was to conduct 
+    the invasion. Always obedient and devoted to his sovereign, Parma played his 
+    part in the deceptive negotiations with consummate skill. But his own 
+    opinion was that it would be wise to negotiate in good faith and accept the 
+    English terms. Though prepared to undertake the invasion, he took a very 
+    serious view of the risks to be encountered. He tells Philip that the 
+    English preparations are formidable both by land and sea. Even if the 
+    passage should be safely accomplished, disembarkation would be difficult. 
+    His army, reduced by the hardships of the winter from 30,000 men, which he 
+    had estimated as the proper number, to less than 17,000, was dangerously 
+    small for the work expected of it. He would have to fight battle after 
+    battle, and the further he advanced the weaker would his army become both 
+    from losses and from the necessity of protecting his communications. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Parma had carefully informed himself of the preparations in 
+    England. From the beginning of Elizabeth's reign, attention had been paid to 
+    the organisation, training, and equipment of the militia, and especially 
+    since the relations with Spain had become more hostile. On paper it seems to 
+    have amounted to 117,000 men. Mobilisation was a local business. Sir John 
+    Norris drew up the plan of defence. Beacon fires did the work of the 
+    telegraph. Every man knew whither he was to repair when their blaze should 
+    be seen. The districts to be abandoned, the positions to be defended, the 
+    bridges to be broken, were all marked out. Three armies, calculated to 
+    amount in the aggregate to 73,000 men, were ordered to assemble in July. 
+    Whether so many were actually mustered is doubtful. But Parma would 
+    certainly have found himself confronted by forces vastly superior in numbers 
+    to his own, and would have had, as he said, to fight battle after battle. 
+    The bow had not been entirely abandoned, but the greater part of the 
+    archers--two-thirds in some counties--had lately been armed with calivers. 
+    What was wanting in discipline would have been to some extent made up by the 
+    spontaneous cohesion of a force organised under its natural leaders, the 
+    nobles and gentry of each locality, not a few of whom had seen service 
+    abroad. But, after all, the greatest element of strength was the free spirit 
+    of the people. England was, and had long been, a nation of freemen. There 
+    were a few peers, and a great many knights and gentlemen. But there was no 
+    noble caste, as on the Continent, separated by an impassable barrier of 
+    birth and privilege from the mass of the people. All felt themselves 
+    fellow-countrymen bound together by common sentiments, common interests, and 
+    mutual respect. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This spirit of freedom--one might almost say of 
+    equality--made itself felt still more in the navy, and goes far to account 
+    for the cheerful energy and dash with which every service was performed. 
+    &amp;quot;The English officers lived on terms of sympathy with their men unknown to 
+    the Spaniards, who raised between the commander and the commanded absurd 
+    barriers of rank and blood which forbade to his pride any labour but that of 
+    fighting. Drake touched the true mainspring of English success when he once 
+    (in his voyage round the world) indignantly rebuked some coxcomb 
+    gentlemen-adventurers with, 'I should like to see the gentleman that will 
+    refuse to set his hand to a rope. I must have the gentlemen to hale and draw 
+    with the mariners.&amp;quot; Drake, Hawkins, Frobisher were all born of humble 
+    parents. They rose by their own valour and capacity. They had gentlemen of 
+    birth serving under them. To Howard and Cumberland and Seymour they were 
+    brothers-in-arms. The master of every little trading vessel was fired by 
+    their example, and hoped to climb as high. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It is the pleasure of some writers to speak of Elizabeth's 
+    naval preparations as disgracefully insufficient, and to treat the 
+    triumphant result as a sort of miracle. To their apprehension, indeed, her 
+    whole reign is one long interference by Providence with the ordinary 
+    relations of cause and effect. The number of royal ships as compared with 
+    those of private owners in the fleet which met the great Armada-34 to 
+    161--is represented as discreditably small. By Englishmen of that day, it 
+    was considered to be. creditably large. Sir Edward Coke (who was thirtyeight 
+    at the time of the Armada), writing under Charles I., when the royal navy 
+    was much larger, says: &amp;quot;In the reign of Queen Elizabeth (I being then 
+    acquainted with this business) there were thirty-three [royal ships] besides 
+    pinnaces, which so guarded and regarded the navigation of the merchants, as 
+    they had safe vent for their commodities, and trade and traffic flourished.&amp;quot;&lt;a onclick=&quot;return pageTxt_href_onClick(this,true);&quot; href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterten.html#2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It seems to be overlooked that the royal navy, such as it 
+    was, was almost the creation of Elizabeth. Her father was the first English 
+    king who made any attempt to keep a standing navy of his own. He established 
+    the Admiralty and the first royal dockyard. Under Edward and Mary the navy, 
+    like everything else, went to ruin. Elizabeth's ship-building, humble as it 
+    seems to us, excited the admiration of her subjects, and was regarded as one 
+    of the chief advances of her reign. The ships, when not in commission, were 
+    kept in the Medway. The Queen personally paid the greatest attention to 
+    them. They were always kept in excellent condition, and could be fitted out 
+    for sea at very short notice. Economy was enforced in this, as in other 
+    departments, but not at the expense of efficiency. The wages of officers and 
+    men were very much augmented; but in the short periods for which crews were 
+    enlisted, and in the victualling, there seems to have been unwise parsimony 
+    in 1588. The grumbling of alarmists about unpreparedness, apathy, 
+    stinginess, and red-tape was precisely what it is in our own day. We know 
+    that some allowance is to be made for it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The movements of the Armada were perfectly well known in 
+    England, and all the dispositions to meet it at sea were completed in a 
+    leisurely manner. Conferences were still going on at Ostend between English 
+    and Spanish commissioners. On the part of Elizabeth there was sincerity, but 
+    not blind credulity nor any disposition to make unworthy concessions. 
+    Conferences quite as protracted have often been held between belligerents 
+    while hostilities were being actively carried on. The large majority of 
+    Englishmen were resolved to fight to the death against any invader. But, as 
+    against Spain, there was not that eager pugnacity which a war with France 
+    always called forth, except, perhaps, among the sea-rovers; and even they 
+    would have contented themselves, if it had been possible, with the 
+    unrecognized privateering which had so long given them the profits of war 
+    with the immunities of peace. The rest of the nation respected their Queen 
+    for her persevering endeavour to find a way of reconciliation with an 
+    ancient ally, and to limit, in the meantime, the area of hostilities. They 
+    were confident, and with good reason, that she would surrender no important 
+    interest, and that aggressive designs would be met, as they had always been 
+    met, more than half-way. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The story of the great victory is too well known to need 
+    repetition here. But some comments are necessary. It is usual, for one 
+    reason or other, to exaggerate the disparity of the opposing fleets, and to 
+    represent England as only saved from impending ruin by the extraordinary 
+    daring of her seamen, and a series of fortunate accidents. The final 
+    destruction of the Armada, after the pursuit was over, was certainly the 
+    work of wind and sea. But if we fairly weigh the available strength on each 
+    side, we shall see that the English commanders might from the first feel, as 
+    they did feel, a reasonable assurance of defeating the invaders. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Let us first compare the strength of the fleets: &lt;i&gt;--I will 
+    insert this graphic as soon as possible--Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Armada carried besides 21,855 soldiers. The first thing 
+    that strikes us is the immense preponderance in tonnage on the part of the 
+    Spaniards, and in sailors on the part of the English. This really goes far 
+    to explain the result. Nothing is more certain than that the Spanish ships, 
+    notwithstanding their superior size, were for fighting and sailing purposes 
+    very inferior to the English. It had always been believed that, to withstand 
+    the heavy seas of the Atlantic, a ship should be constructed like a lofty 
+    fortress. The English builders were introducing lower and longer hulls and a 
+    greater spread of canvas. Their crews, as has always been the case in oar 
+    navy, were equally handy as sailors and gunners. The Spanish ships were 
+    under-manned. The soldiers were not accustomed to work the guns, and were of 
+    no use unless it came to boarding, which Howard ordered his captains to 
+    avoid. The English guns, if fewer than the Spanish, were heavier and worked 
+    by more practised men. Their balls not only cut up the rigging of the 
+    Spaniards but tore their hulls (which were supposed to be cannon-proof), 
+    while the English ships were hardly touched. The slaughter among the 
+    wretched soldiers crowded between decks was terrible. Blood was seen pouring 
+    out of the leescuppers. &amp;quot;The English ships,&amp;quot; says a Spanish officer, &amp;quot;were 
+    under such good management that they did with them what they pleased.&amp;quot; The 
+    work was done almost entirely by the Queen's ships.&amp;quot; If you had seen,&amp;quot; says 
+    Sir William Winter, &amp;quot;the simple service done by the merchants and coast 
+    ships, you would have said we had been little helped by them, otherwise than 
+    that they did make a show.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The principal and final battle was fought off Gravelines.
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    The Armada therefore did arrive at its destination, but only to show that 
+    the general plan of the invasion was an impracticable one. The superiority 
+    in tonnage and number of guns on the morning of that day, though not what it 
+    had been when the fighting began a week before, was still immense, if 
+    superiority in those particulars had been of any use. But with this battle 
+    the plan of Philip was finally shattered. So far from being in a condition 
+    to cover Parma's passage, the Spanish admiral was glad to escape as best he 
+    could from the English pursuit. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;During the eight days' fight, be it observed, the Armada had 
+    experienced no unfavourable weather or other stroke of ill-fortune. The wind 
+    had been mostly in the west, and not tempestuous. After the last battle, 
+    when the crippled Spanish ships were drifting upon the Dutch shoals, it 
+    opportunely shifted, and enabled them to escape into the North Sea. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It would not be easy to find any great naval engagement in 
+    which the victors suffered so little. In the last battle, when they came to 
+    close quarters, they had about sixty killed. During the first seven days 
+    their loss seems to have been almost nil. One vessel only-not belonging to 
+    the Queen--became entangled among the enemy, and succumbed. Except the 
+    master of this vessel not one of the captains was killed from first to last. 
+    Many men of rank were serving in the fleet. It
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    is not mentioned that one of them was so much as wounded. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Looking at all these facts, we can surely come to only one 
+    conclusion. Philip's plan was hopeless from the first. Barring accidents, 
+    the English were bound to win. On no other occasion in our history was our 
+    country so well prepared to meet her enemies. Never was her safety from 
+    invasion so amply guaranteed. The defeat of the Great Armada was the 
+    deserved and crowning triumph of thirty years of good government at home and 
+    wise policy abroad; of careful provision for defence and sober abstinence 
+    from adventure and aggression. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Of the land preparations it is impossible to speak with 
+    equal confidence, as they were never put to the test. If the Spaniards had 
+    landed, Leicester's militia would no doubt have experienced a bloody defeat. 
+    London might have been taken and plundered. But Parma himself never expected 
+    to become master of the country without the aid of a great Catholic rising. 
+    This, we may affirm with confidence, would not have taken place on even the 
+    smallest scale. Overwhelming forces would soon have gathered round the 
+    Spaniards. They would probably have retired to the coast, and there 
+    fortified some place from which it would have been difficult to dislodge 
+    them as long as they retained the command of the sea. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such seems to have been the utmost success which, in the 
+    most favourable event, could have attended the invasion. A great disaster, 
+    no doubt, for England, and one for which Elizabeth would have been judged by 
+    history with more severity than justice; for Englishmen have always chosen 
+    to risk it, down to our own time.(1) No government which insisted on making 
+    adequate provision for the military defence of the country would have been 
+    tolerated then, or, to all appearance, would be tolerated now. We have 
+    always trusted to our navy. It were to be wished that our naval superiority 
+    were as assured now as when we defeated the Armada. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The arrangements for feeding the soldiers and sailors were 
+    very defective. A praiseworthy system of control had been introduced to 
+    check waste and peculation in time of peace. Of course it did not easily 
+    adapt itself to the exigencies of war. Military operations are sure to 
+    suffer where a certain, or rather uncertain, amount of waste and peculation 
+    is not risked. We have not forgotten the &amp;quot;horrible and heart-rending&amp;quot; 
+    sufferings of our army in the Crimea, which, like those of Elizabeth's 
+    fleet, had to be relieved by private effort. In the sixteenth century the 
+    lot of the soldier and sailor everywhere was want and disease, varied at 
+    intervals by plunder and excess. Philip's soldiers and sailors were worse 
+    off than Elizabeth's, though he grudged no money for purposes of war. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Those who profess to be scandalised by the appointment of 
+    Leicester to the command of the army should point out what fitter choice 
+    could have been made. He was the only great nobleman with any military 
+    experience; and to suppose that any one but a great nobleman could have been 
+    appointed to such a command is to show a profound ignorance of the ideas of 
+    the time. He had Sir John Norris, a really able soldier, as his marshal of 
+    the camp. After all, no one has alleged that he did not do his duty with 
+    energy and intelligence. The story that the Queen thought of making him her 
+    &amp;quot;Lieutenant in the government of England and Ireland,&amp;quot; but was dissuaded 
+    from it by Burghley and Hatton, rests on no authority but that of Camden, 
+    who is fond of repeating spiteful gossip about Leicester. No sensible person 
+    will believe that she meant to create a sort of Grand Vizier. She may have 
+    thought of making him what we should call &amp;quot;Commander-in-Chief.&amp;quot; There would 
+    be much to say for such a concentration of authority while the kingdom was 
+    threatened with invasion. The title of &amp;quot;Lieutenant&amp;quot; was a purely military 
+    one, and began to be applied under the Tudors to the commanders of the 
+    militia in each county. Leicester's title for the time was &amp;quot;Lieutenant and 
+    Captain-General of the Queen's armies and companies.&amp;quot; But we find him 
+    complaining to Walsingham that the patent of Hunsdon, the commander of the 
+    Midland army, gave him independent powers. &amp;quot;I shall have wrong if he 
+    absolutely command where my patent doth give me power. You may easily 
+    conceive what absurd dealings are likely to fall out if you allow two 
+    absolute commanders&amp;quot; (28 July). Camden's story is probably a confused echo 
+    of this dispute. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Writers who are loth to admit that the trust, the gratitude, 
+    the enthusiastic loyalty which Elizabeth inspired were the first and most 
+    important cause of the great victory, have sought to belittle the grandest 
+    moment of her life by pointing out that the famous speech at Tilbury was 
+    made after the battle of Gravelines. But the dispersal of the Armada by the 
+    storm of August 5th was not yet known in England. Drake, writing on the 8th 
+    and 10th, thinks that it is gone to Denmark to refit, and begs the Queen not 
+    to diminish any of her forces. The occasion of the speech on the 10th seems 
+    to have been the arrival of a post on that day, while the Queen was at 
+    dinner in Leicester's tent, with a false alarm that Parma had embarked all 
+    his forces, and might be expected in England immediately.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;But the Lieutenant-General had reached the end of his 
+    career. Three weeks after the Tilbury review he died of &amp;quot;a continued fever,&amp;quot; 
+    at the age of fifty-six. He kept Elizabeth's regard to the last, because she 
+    believed--and during the latter part of his life, not wrongly--in his 
+    fidelity and devotion. There is no sign that she at any time valued his 
+    judgment or suffered him to sway her policy, except so far as he was the 
+    mouthpiece of abler advisers; nor did she ever allow his enmities, violent 
+    as they were, to prejudice her against any of her other servants. His 
+    fortune was no doubt much above his deserts, and he has paid the usual 
+    penalty. There are few personages in history about whom so much malicious 
+    nonsense has been written. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We cannot help looking on England as placed in a quite new 
+    position by the defeat of the Armada--a position of security and 
+    independence. In truth, what was changed was not so much the relative 
+    strength of England and Spain as the opinion of it held by Englishmen and 
+    Spaniards, and indeed by all Europe. The loss to Philip in mere ships, men, 
+    and treasure was no doubt considerable. But his inability to conquer England 
+    was demonstrated rather than caused by the destruction of the Armada. Philip 
+    himself talked loftily about &amp;quot;placing another fleet upon the seas.&amp;quot; But his 
+    subjects began to see that defence, not conquest, was now their 
+    business--and had been for some time if they had only known it: &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cervi, luporum preda rapacium,&lt;br&gt;
+      Sectamur ultro quos opimus&lt;br&gt;
+      Fallere et effugere eat triumphus&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's attitude to Philip underwent a marked change. 
+    Till then she had been unwilling to abandon the hope of a peaceful 
+    settlement. She had dealt him not a few stinging blows, but always with a 
+    certain restraint and forbearance, because they were meant for the purpose 
+    of bringing him to reason. Thirty years of patience on his part had led her 
+    to believe that he would never carry retaliation beyond assassination plots. 
+    At last, in his slow way, he had gathered up all his strength and essayed to 
+    crush her. Thenceforward she was a convert to Drake's doctrine that attack 
+    was the surest way of defence. She had still good reasons for devolving this 
+    work as much as possible on the private enterprise of her subjects. The 
+    burden fell on those who asked nothing better than to be allowed to bear it. 
+    Thus arose that system, or rather practice, of leaving national work to be 
+    executed by private enterprise, which has had so much to do with the 
+    building up of the British Empire. Private gain has been the mainspring of 
+    action. National defence and aggrandisement have been almost incidental 
+    results. With Elizabeth herself national and private aims could not be 
+    dissevered. The nation and she had but one purse. She was cheaply defending 
+    England, and she shared in the plunder. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The favourite cruising-ground of the English adventurers was 
+    off the Azores, where the Spanish treasure fleets always halted for fresh 
+    water and provisions, on their way to Europe. Some of these expeditions were 
+    on a large scale. But they were not so successful or profitable, in 
+    proportion to their size, as the smaller ventures of Drake and Hawkins 
+    earlier in the reign. The Spaniards were everywhere on the alert. The 
+    harbours of the New World, which formerly lay in careless security, were put 
+    into a state of defence. Treasure fleets made their voyages with more 
+    caution. &amp;quot;Not a grain of gold, silver, or pearl, but what must be got 
+    through the fire.&amp;quot; The day of great prizes was gone by. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Two of these expeditions are distinguished by their 
+    importance. The first was a joint-stock venture of Drake and Norris--the 
+    foremost sailor and the foremost soldier among Englishmen of that day--in 
+    the year after the great Armada (April 1589). They and some private backers 
+    found most of the capital. The Queen contributed six royal ships and 
+    Â£20,000. This fleet carried no less than 11,000 soldiers, for the aim was to 
+    wrest Portugal from the Spaniard and set up Don Antonio, a representative of 
+    the dethroned dynasty. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Stopping on their way at Corunna, they took the lower town, 
+    destroyed large stores, and defeated in the field a much superior force 
+    marching to the relief of the place. Norris mined and breached the walls of 
+    the upper town; but the storming parties having been repulsed with great 
+    loss, the army re-embarked and pursued its voyage. Landing at PenichÃ©, 
+    Norris marched fifty miles by Vimiero and Torres Vedras, names famous 
+    afterwards in the military annals of England, and on the seventh day arrived 
+    before Lisbon. But he had no battering train; for Drake, who had brought the 
+    fleet round to the mouth of the Tagus, judged it dangerous to enter the 
+    river. Nor did the Portuguese rise, as had been hoped. The army therefore, 
+    marching through the suburbs of Lisbon, rejoined the fleet at Cascaes, and 
+    proceeded to Vigo. That town was burnt, and the surrounding country 
+    plundered. This was the last exploit of the expedition. Great loss and 
+    dishonour had been inflicted on Spain; but no less than half of the soldiers 
+    and sailors had perished by disease; and the booty, though said to have been 
+    large, was a disappointment to the survivors. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The other great expedition was in 1596. The capture of 
+    Calais in April of that year by the Spaniards, had renewed the alarm of 
+    invasion, and it was determined to meet the danger at a distance from home. 
+    A great fleet, with 6000 soldiers on board, commanded by Essex and Howard of 
+    Effingham sailed straight to Cadiz, the principal port and arsenal of Spain. 
+    The harbour was forced by the fleet, the town and castle stormed by the 
+    army, several men-of-war taken or destroyed, a large merchant-fleet burnt, 
+    together with an immense quantity of stores and merchandise; the total value 
+    being estimated at twenty millions of ducats. This was by far the heaviest 
+    blow inflicted by England upon Spain during the reign, and was so regarded 
+    in Europe; for though the great Armada had been signally defeated by the 
+    English fleet, its subsequent destruction was due to the winds and waves. 
+    Essex was vehemently desirous to hold Cadiz; but Effingham and the Council 
+    of War appointed by the Queen would not hear of it. The expedition 
+    accordingly returned home, having effectually relieved England from the fear 
+    of invasion. The burning of Penzance by four Spanish galleys (1595) was not 
+    much to set against these great successes. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;One reason for the comparative impunity with which the 
+    English assailed the unwieldy empire of Philip was the insane pursuit of the 
+    French crown, to which he devoted all his resources after the murder of 
+    Henry III. In 1598, with one foot in the grave, and no longer able to 
+    conceal from himself that, with the exception of the conquest of Portugal, 
+    all the ambitious schemes of his life had failed, he was fain to conclude 
+    the peace of Vervins with Henry IV. Henry was ready to insist that England 
+    and the United Provinces should be comprehended in the treaty. Philip 
+    offered terms which Elizabeth would have welcomed ten years earlier. He 
+    proposed that the whole of the Low Countries should be constituted a 
+    separate sovereignty under his son-in-law the Archduke Albert. The Dutch, 
+    who were prospering in war as well as in trade, scouted the offer. English 
+    feeling was divided. There was a war-party headed by Essex and Raleigh, 
+    personally bitter enemies, but both athirst for glory, conquest, and empire, 
+    believing in no right but that of the strongest, greedy for wealth, and 
+    disdaining the slower, more laborious, and more legitimate modes of 
+    acquiring it. They were tired of campaigning it in France and the Low 
+    Countries, where hard knocks and beggarly plunder were all that a soldier 
+    had to look to. They proposed to carry a great English army across the 
+    Atlantic, to occupy permanently the isthmus of Panama, and from that central 
+    position to wrestle with the Spaniard for the trade and plunder of the New 
+    World. The peace party held that these ambitious schemes would bring no 
+    profit except possibly to a few individuals; that the treasury would be 
+    exhausted and the country irritated by taxation and the pressing of 
+    soldiers; that to re-establish the old commercial intercourse with Spain 
+    would be more reputable and attended with more solid advantage to the nation 
+    at large; and finally, that the English arms would be much better employed 
+    in a thorough conquest of Ireland. These were the views of Burghley; and 
+    they were strongly supported by Buckhurst, the best of the younger statesmen 
+    who now surrounded Elizabeth. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Elizabeth always encouraged her ministers to speak their 
+    minds; but, as Buckhurst said on this occasion, &amp;quot;when they have done their 
+    extreme duty she wills what she wills.&amp;quot; She determined to maintain the 
+    treaty of 1585 with the Dutch. but she took the opportunity of getting it 
+    amended in such a way as to throw upon them a larger share of the expenses 
+    of the war, and to provide more definitely for the ultimate repayment of her 
+    advances. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We have seen that three years before the Armada Elizabeth 
+    had lost the French alliance, which had till then been the key-stone of her 
+    policy. Since then, though aware that Henry III. wished her well, and that 
+    he would thwart the Spanish faction as much as he dared, she had not been 
+    able to count on him. He might at any moment be pushed by Guise into an 
+    attack on England, either with or without the concurrence of Spain. The 
+    accession, therefore, of Henry IV. afforded her great relief. In him she had 
+    a sure ally. It is true that, like her other allies the Dutch, he was more 
+    in a condition to require help than to afford it. But the more work she 
+    provided for Philip in Holland or France, the safer England would be. The 
+    armies of the Holy League might be formidable to Henry; but as long as he 
+    could hold them at bay they were not dangerous to England. She had never 
+    quite got over her scruple about helping the Dutch against their lawful 
+    sovereign. But Henry IV. was the legitimate King of France, and she could 
+    heartily aid him to put down his rebels. From 2000 to 5000 English troops 
+    were therefore constantly serving in France down to the peace of Vervins.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Philip, in defiance of the Salic law, claimed the crown of 
+    France for his daughter in right of her mother, who was a sister of Henry 
+    III. To Brittany he alleged that she had a special claim, as being descended 
+    from Anne of Brittany, which the Bourbons were not. Brittany, therefore, he 
+    invaded at once by sea. Elizabeth, alarmed by the proximity of this Spanish 
+    force, desired that her troops in France should be employed in expelling it, 
+    and that they should be vigorously supported by Henry IV. Henry, on the 
+    other hand, was always drawing away the English to serve his more pressing 
+    needs in other parts of France. This brought upon him many harsh rebukes and 
+    threats from the English Queen. But she had, for the first time, met her 
+    match. He judged, and rightly, that she would not desert him. So, with 
+    oft-repeated apologies, light promises, and well-turned compliments, he just 
+    went on doing what suited him best, getting all the fighting he could out of 
+    the English, and airily eluding Elizabeth's repeated demands for some coast 
+    town, which could be held, like Brill and Flushing, as a security for her 
+    heavy subsidies. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;When Henry was reconciled to the Catholic Church, Elizabeth 
+    went through the form of expressing surprise and regret at a step which she 
+    must have long expected, and must have felt to be wise (1593). Her alliance 
+    with Henry was not shaken. It was drawn even closer by a new treaty, each 
+    sovereign engaging not to make peace without the consent of the other. This 
+    engagement did not prevent Henry from concluding the separate peace of 
+    Vervins five years later, when he judged that his interest required it 
+    (1598). Elizabeth's dissatisfaction was, this time, genuine enough. But 
+    Henry was no longer her protÃ©gÃ©, a homeless, landless, penniless king, 
+    depending on English subsidies, roaming over the realm he called his own 
+    with a few thousands, or sometimes hundreds, of undisciplined cavaliers, who 
+    gathered and dispersed at their own pleasure. He was master of a re-united 
+    France, and could no longer be either patronised or threatened. Elizabeth 
+    might expostulate, and declare that &amp;quot;if there was such a sin as that against 
+    the Holy Ghost it must needs be ingratitude:&amp;quot; gratitude was a sentiment to 
+    which she was as much a stranger as Henry. The only difference between them 
+    was the national one: the Englishwoman preached; the Frenchman mocked. What 
+    made her so sore was that he had, so to speak, stolen her policy from her. 
+    His predecessor had always suspected her--and with good reason--of intending 
+    &amp;quot;to draw her neck out of the collar&amp;quot; if once she could induce him to 
+    undertake a joint war. The joint war had at length been undertaken by Henry 
+    IV., and it was he who had managed to slip out of it first, while Elizabeth, 
+    who longed for peace, was obliged to stand by the Dutch. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The two sovereigns, however, knew their own interests too 
+    well to quarrel. Henry gave Elizabeth to understand that his designs against 
+    Spain had undergone no change; he was only halting for breath; he would help 
+    the Dutch underhand--just what she used to say to Henry III. She had now to 
+    deal with a French King as sagacious as herself, and a great deal more 
+    prompt and vigorous in action; not the man to be made a cat's-paw by any 
+    one. She had to accept him as a partner, if not on her own terms, then on 
+    his. Both sovereigns were thoroughly veracious--in Carlyle's sense of the 
+    word. That is to say, their policy was determined not by passion, or vanity, 
+    or sentiment of any kind, but by enlightened self-interest, and was 
+    therefore calculable by those who knew how to calculate. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes: &lt;/b&gt;1.
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The Earl of Sussex, after 
+    inspecting the preparations for defence in Hampshire towards the end of 
+    1587, writes to the Council that he had found nothing ready. The &amp;quot;better 
+    sort&amp;quot; said, &amp;quot;We are much charged many ways, and when the enemy comes we will 
+    provide for him; but he will not come yet.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereleven.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    XI: Domestic Affairs: 1588-1601&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082628&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082628&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH63ab.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH63ab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH63ab.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28789</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Life in Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH63abdc8faa71ed542ef5ed</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215306</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH63ab.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">life-morpheus.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">life.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;P align=center&gt;I am redesigning the Life in Tudor England website, mostly to 
+include lots of pictures.&lt;BR&gt;Until I finish, you can explore some of the topics 
+listed here.&amp;nbsp; Thanks for your patience.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=43 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/life-morpheus.gif&quot; width=333 
+border=0 alt=&quot;Life in Tudor England&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;P align=left&gt;
+  &lt;IMG height=371 
+  alt=&quot;woodcut of a family going to market in Tudor England&quot; 
+  src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/life.jpg&quot; width=300 align=left border=3&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;B&gt;Click on a topic below:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Chronology&quot;&gt;Chronology&lt;/a&gt; - 
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Glossary&quot;&gt;Glossary&lt;/A&gt; - 
+    &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Government&quot;&gt;Government&lt;/A&gt; - 
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Religion&quot;&gt;Religion&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Population&quot;&gt;Population&lt;/A&gt; - 
+    &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Money&quot;&gt;Money&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Food&quot;&gt;Food&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Food&quot;&gt; and Drink&lt;/A&gt; 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Houses&quot;&gt;Houses&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Clothing&quot;&gt;Clothing and 
+    Appearance&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Marriage&quot;&gt;Marriage&lt;/A&gt; 
+    &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Sex&quot;&gt;Sex&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Diseases&quot;&gt;Diseases&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Arts&quot;&gt;Arts and Education&lt;/A&gt; 
+    &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Crime&quot;&gt;Crime and 
+    Punishment&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Travel&quot;&gt;Travel&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Sorcery&quot;&gt;Sorcery&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Rebellions&quot;&gt;Rebellions&lt;/A&gt; 
+    &lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Famous&quot;&gt;Famous 
+Names to Know in Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor FAQ&lt;/A&gt;: 
+frequently asked questions&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Chronology&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Chronology&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;22 August 1485&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Bosworth Field; Henry Tudor's army 
+  defeats King Richard III; Henry becomes King Henry VII &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 January 1486&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VII marries King Edward IV's eldest 
+  surviving child, Princess Elizabeth of York &lt;/P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 June 1491&lt;/B&gt; - Henry 
+  Tudor is born to King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;8 August 1503&lt;/B&gt; - Princess Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII, 
+  marries King James IV of Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;21 April 1509&lt;/B&gt; - Henry Tudor becomes King Henry VIII of 
+  England&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;9 September 1513&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Flodden Field between England and 
+  Scotland; King James IV of Scotland is killed &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 December 1515&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII appoints Cardinal Thomas Wolsey 
+  lord chancellor&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;7 June 1520&lt;/B&gt; - Field of the Cloth of Gold occurs; this is the famous 
+  meeting between King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;11 October 1521&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII is given the title 'Defender of 
+  the Faith' by the pope &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 October 1529&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's great statesman, Cardinal 
+  Wolsey, is driven from power and dies in disgrace &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 January 1533&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;7 September 1533&lt;/B&gt; - Elizabeth Tudor is born to King Henry VIII and 
+  Anne Boleyn&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 November 1534&lt;/B&gt; - the Act of Supremacy is passed by Parliament; it 
+  declares the English monarch to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England; 
+  under Elizabeth this title is changed to Supreme Governor&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;June and 
+  July 1535&lt;/B&gt; - Bishop John Fisher and Sir Thomas More are executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 March 1536&lt;/B&gt; - dissolution of the monasteries begins &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;14 April 1536&lt;/B&gt; - Wales is officially incorporated into 
+England&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;19 May 1536&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn, is 
+  executed &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;12 October 1537&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's only son, Prince Edward, is 
+  born; his mother is the king's third wife, Jane Seymour, who dies shortly 
+  thereafter&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 July 1540&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's great statesman, Thomas Cromwell, 
+  is executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 June 1541&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII is titled king of Ireland&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;13 February 1542&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, 
+  executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 November 1542&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Solway Moss between England and 
+  Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;20 July 1545&lt;/B&gt; - the Mary Rose, the flagship of King Henry VIII's 
+  navy, sinks &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 January 1547&lt;/B&gt; - Edward Tudor becomes King Edward VI &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;10 September 1547&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Pinkie between England and 
+  Scotland&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;23 September 1548&lt;/B&gt; - the Protestant Book of Common Prayer comes into 
+  use &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;6 July 1553&lt;/B&gt; - King Edward VI dies &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;10 July 1553&lt;/B&gt; - the Tudor cousin Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed queen 
+  of England; she rules for just nine days &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;3 August 1553&lt;/B&gt; - Mary Tudor becomes Queen Mary I &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;11 April 1554&lt;/B&gt; - Sir Thomas Wyatt is executed after leading a 
+  rebellion against Queen Mary I &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 July 1554&lt;/B&gt; - Queen Mary I marries King Philip II of Spain &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;16 October 1555&lt;/B&gt; - the Protestant churchmen Latimer and Ridley are 
+  burned at the stake&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;21 March 1556&lt;/B&gt; - Thomas Cranmer, former archbishop of Canterbury, 
+  burned at the stake&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 November 1558&lt;/B&gt; - Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;29 April 1559&lt;/B&gt; - the Elizabethan religious settlement is passed by 
+  Parliament &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;22 February 1560&lt;/B&gt; - Treaty of Berwick between England and Scotland 
+  &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;19 June 1566&lt;/B&gt; - King James VI of Scotland, son of Mary queen of 
+  Scots, is born &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 July 1567&lt;/B&gt; - Mary, queen of Scots abdicates her throne in Scotland 
+  and comes to England &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 August 1572&lt;/B&gt; - the St Batholomew's Day massacre of Protestants 
+  occurs in Paris&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 October 1585&lt;/B&gt; - the English colony at Roanoke in Virginia is 
+  established &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;8 February 1587&lt;/B&gt; - Mary, queen of Scots is executed at Fotheringhay 
+  Castle &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;31 July 1588&lt;/B&gt; - defeat of the Spanish Armada&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;6 February 1595&lt;/B&gt; - Sir Walter Raleigh leaves England to sail to the 
+  New World &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;14 August 1598 &lt;/B&gt;- Tyrone's Rebellion occurs in Ireland &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 February 1601&lt;/B&gt; - Robert Devereux, the earl of Essex, is executed 
+  for leading a rebellion against Queen Elizabeth I &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 December 1601&lt;/B&gt;- the Elizabethan 'Poor Law' is passed; it has a 
+  profound effect upon English society &lt;/P&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 March 1603&lt;/B&gt; - Queen Elizabeth I dies; the Tudor dynasty ends; King 
+  James VI of Scotland becomes king of England&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Government&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Government&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Tudor England's government was 
+an &lt;B&gt;absolute monarchy&lt;/B&gt;. In this system, the monarch (king or queen) has 
+control over all aspects of government.&lt;BR&gt;Parliament did exist during the 16th 
+century but its role was often merely advisory. As the years passed, it became 
+increasingly powerful. Its main power was passing taxation. Whenever the king or 
+queen needed money, they first had to convince Parliament to order more 
+taxation. Parliament was only assembled when the king or queen ordered it, 
+unlike modern times.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Religion&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Religion&lt;BR&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;England was a Catholic nation under 
+the rule of Henry VII (1485-1509) and during much of Henry VIII's (1509-1547) 
+reign. In 1534, King Henry VIII declared himself Supreme Head of a new Church of 
+England. This coincided with the rejection of papal authority and dissolution of 
+the English monasteries. Protestantism was introduced to England. Under King 
+Edward VI (1547-1553), England was a Protestant nation. Under Queen Mary I 
+(1553-1558), England was again a Catholic nation. Under Queen Elizabeth I 
+(1558-1603), England was again a Protestant nation. It was under Elizabeth that 
+the Anglican church became firmly established and 
+dominant.&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Population&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Population: includes England and 
+Wales.&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1524.....2.3 million&lt;/B&gt; 
+  &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1541.....2.7 million&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1550.....2.9 million&lt;/B&gt; 
+  &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1569.....3.2 million&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1599.....4.0 
+million&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;In &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;1520&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;, 6% of the population lived in 
+urban areas (towns of over 4,000 people.)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;In 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1520&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;, 3% of the population 
+lived in London.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Around 5% of the population were considered gentlemen. 
+Their numbers increased throughout the 16th century. 'Gentlemen' are people who 
+do not work with their hands. The middle class was larger; they were usually 
+literate and included craftsmen and tradesmen. The vast majority of the 
+population is poor and termed 'peasants' or 'common people'. They were mostly 
+illiterate and suffered the most when famines occurred and the currency was 
+debased.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;In 1509, there was one duke, one marquis, ten earls, and thirty 
+barons in England. The peerage increased to 51 by the end of Henry VIII's reign 
+and had reached 57 when Elizabeth I became queen. But she was stingy with 
+granting peerages and the only duke left in England (Norfolk) was executed in 
+1572. A new duke was not titled until 1623.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
+color=#000000&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Money&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Money&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;The currency in Tudor England is 
+divided into pounds, shilling, and pence. The pence/penny is the basic unit of 
+currency; 12 pennies make a shilling and 20 shillings make a pound.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;There are numerous coins in circulation throughout the 16th century. When 
+money becomes tight, the monarchs are fond of reducing the amount of precious 
+metal in the coins. This debases the real worth of English money and causes 
+problems for everyone.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Among the coins in circulation are the royal (a gold coin worth 10 
+shillings); this was introduced during the reign of King Henry VII. Under his 
+grandson, King Edward VI, the angel was introduced; it was another gold coin 
+worth 10 shillings. There were also groats, farthings, sixpences, etc Around the 
+mid-16th century, a common laborer would make around 1 shilling per day. 
+&amp;nbsp;So it would take a laborer twenty days to earn a pound! &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Coins are made at royal mints located in several large cities. Forgery often 
+occurs. Often, the royal treasurers are implicated.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Because of debasement and famine, inflation is a constant problem. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;It is difficult to translate Tudor prices into contemporary money. Also, 
+prices varied widely throughout the 16th century. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Food&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Food and Drink&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;There are three main components 
+of the Tudor diet - bread, beer, and meat (usually beef or mutton.) Like us, 
+they had three meals - breakfast, dinner, and supper. &lt;B&gt;Breakfast &lt;/B&gt;was early 
+in the morning and a relatively simple meal. &amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt;Dinner &lt;/B&gt;was the largest 
+meal and held between 11 am and 1 pm. &amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt;Supper &lt;/B&gt;could be held anytime 
+between 5 pm and 8 pm, depending upon the person's social class. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Everyone in Tudor England ate bread and cheese. The only difference between 
+classes was the quality of bread and cheese. &amp;nbsp;The cheapest bread was called 
+'Carter's bread'; it was a mixture of rye and wheat. &amp;nbsp;The middle classes or 
+prosperous tenants ate 'ravel', also called 'yeoman's bread' and made of 
+wholemeal. &amp;nbsp;The most expensive bread was called 'marchet' and made of white 
+wheat flour. Aristocratic households ate marchet, particularly during banquets. 
+&amp;nbsp;Everyone from the poorest peasant to the wealthies monarch drank beer. 
+&amp;nbsp;It was brewed without hops and was not particularly alcoholic. People 
+drank beer liberally. However, water was considered unhealthy - and for good 
+reason. &amp;nbsp;Under Henry VII, French wines were imported in greater quantities 
+but only aristocrats drank them. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;The poor and wealthy alike lived off 
+the land.&amp;nbsp; England was self-sufficient, able to feed its population without 
+resorting to imports, at least during good harvests.&amp;nbsp; Most peasants had 
+small bits of land in villages and towns. They kept chickens, pigs, and perhaps 
+a cow. &amp;nbsp;Those with animals slaughtered them in November. &amp;nbsp;The meat was 
+smoked, dried, or salted so it could be kept for meals in the cold months. 
+&amp;nbsp;Bacon was the most common meat of poor people. Smoked bacon and salted 
+beef were most popular during the winter. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Of course, meat could not be eaten on Fridays for religious reasons. 
+&amp;nbsp;Instead, fish - dried cod or slated herring, most likely - was eaten. It 
+was &lt;I&gt;not&lt;/I&gt; fresh since there was no efficient or speedy way to transport 
+fresh foods. &amp;nbsp;Vegetables were plentiful, particularly beans, peas, carrots, 
+and onions. &amp;nbsp;Fruits were available, too - apples, plums, pears, 
+strawberries, cherries, etc &amp;nbsp;But potatoes and tomatoes were not available. 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;As you can see, diets were most interesting and varied in the warmer months 
+but cold weather meant preserved meats and little else. &amp;nbsp;Everyone, rich and 
+poor alike, suffered from malnutrition, particularly Vitamin C deficiency (which 
+we call scurvy.) &amp;nbsp;Molds in certain breads could also cause health problems. 
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;There were 2 great famines in Tudor England - in the mid-1550s during Mary 
+I's reign and mid-1590s during Elizabeth I's reign.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Houses&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Houses&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;Types&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt; of Houses: 
+&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;There are castles, mansions, manor houses, and 
+cottages. The materials used to build them depend upon the wealth of their 
+owners. Castles and churches were always built of stone, but it was expensive. 
+Middle-class homes were timber-framed but wood was too expensive to use for the 
+entire house. &lt;BR&gt;Instead, bricks were sometimes used, or white-washed wattle 
+and daub. When timbers were coated with black tar, the famous Tudor 
+'black-and-white' effect was achieved. Many houses had steep, thatched roofs and 
+upper stories which hung over the lower ones. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Rooms:&lt;/B&gt; The rooms in a nobleman's house would include a great hall for 
+feasting and entertaining, a great chamber used for sleeping and receiving 
+visitors and playing games, a cellar which was not necessarily below ground and 
+was used primarily for storage, a closet used as a private office or study, a 
+gallery (either enclosed or open on one side) which ran parallel to the house 
+and was used for exercise, a private bedchamber for the master of the house), a 
+kitchen, a parlor used as either a sitting room or small entertaining area, and 
+a privy which was a small, windowless room used as a bathroom. There were also 
+withdrawing rooms where wardrobes were kept or the owner could go for more 
+privacy. Often these rooms connected two bedrooms. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Noble Households:&lt;/B&gt; In Tudor England, a person's social status and 
+prestige were determined by two main things: the lavishness of their standard of 
+living and the number of their servants and attendants. The successful 
+maintenance of a large household also indicated a person's ability to govern, 
+albeit on a much smaller scale than the king.&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;A nobleman of sufficient rank and skill was often called to serve the monarch 
+in London. To that end, they would purchase and maintain - often at great 
+expense - townhomes in or just outside London. In London, the most affluent 
+street was known as The Strand. These homes were built on the riverside and so 
+were equipped with docks; the nobles could travel by personal barge from their 
+homes to various royal palaces. Nobles also owned homes in the counties near 
+their largest estates. Naturally enough, the maintenance of these various 
+residences was expensive, and became increasingly so as the century progressed. 
+But the greatest expense - and worry - was their principal estate, always 
+situated in the countryside. At these estates, their spiritual, public, private, 
+and economic worlds merged. They were an opportunity for the proud noble to 
+demonstrate his standing in the nation and to dominate local affairs thoroughly. 
+Also, they could play host to the reigning monarch on a royal progress. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Many of the most famous noble country homes can still be seen today. For 
+example, view Compton Wynyates in Warwickshire where Henry VIII often visited 
+and the duke of Buckingham's beautiful Penshurst Place in Kent. Five centuries 
+ago, estates such as these were managed by noblemen and their principal 
+officers, primarily knights and esquires. Together, they governed the estates 
+and surrounding lands. They gathered in the official presence chamber where 
+petitions were presented from tenants and neighbors. The councilors would judge 
+their claims and mediate disputes. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;When the nobleman traveled to London or his lesser homes, a large group of 
+servants would accompany him - this was his 'skeleton' household. They journeyed 
+in carts packed with people and possessions. As Henry VII's rule impressed some 
+degree of stability upon England, such travel became less dangerous. But it 
+remained uncomfortable, even for the wealthy in padded coaches. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;The presence of such wealthy and accomplished landowners was both a blessing 
+and a curse to Tudor monarchs. For early Tudor kings, these nobles could help 
+secure their rule, particularly in the North where trouble traditionally brewed. 
+Henry VII had no family ties to northern England; this made him even more 
+reliant on the great Northern lords to maintain peace and effective government. 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Knights and esquires wore their lord's livery; they also promised the support 
+of their tenants and servants in case of conflict. In this way, great households 
+could also serve as sources of rebellion and treason.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Gardens &lt;/B&gt;are very popular in Tudor England. As the century goes on, 
+they become increasingly ornate and expensive. Even noble families grow their 
+own fruits and vegetables when they can. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;I will add more information about homes of the poor, as well as 
+pictures, soon. 17 October 2002&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Clothing&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Clothing&lt;/BIG&gt; &lt;BIG&gt;and Appearance&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Tudor 
+England is famous for its beautiful and ornate clothing, particularly during the 
+reign of Queen Elizabeth I. &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/A&gt; to 
+view portraits of the queen and her courtiers. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Medieval sumptuary laws remained in force throughout the 16th century. These 
+laws dictated what each member of society could wear, depending upon their 
+social class. The laws are not enforced often. And fabrics such as silk, satin 
+and velvet are so expensive that only the wealthy can afford them. Cloth of gold 
+and the color purple are reserved for royalty. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;During the reign of King Henry VIII, Spanish and French style gowns are very 
+popular. Clothes become more form-fitting and ornate. Men wear colorful tights 
+to emphasize well-developed calves. Women often have such low necklines that 
+preachers condemn them. Both sexes wear as much jewelry as they can afford. And 
+everyone, rich and poor, wears a hat. Certain clothing dyes are not expensive, 
+and so even the poor can wear green and brown outfits. Foreign visitors comment 
+upon the colorful outfits of the English poor. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Women have long hair which they wear loose until marriage. After the reign of 
+King Henry VII, men typically have short hair and beards and mustaches. It is 
+Henry VIII who makes beards popular; during his father's reign, men are 
+clean-shaven.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;The poor wear homespun woolen clothing with knitted hose and hobnail shoes. 
+In the field, they wear tunics and breeches.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Children are dressed as miniature adults from the age of six onwards. Before 
+then, both boys and girls wear simple shifts or gowns. They are swaddled as 
+infants, a constricting practice which is believed to prevent illness. In fact, 
+for the first four months of their lives, infants are completely immobilized in 
+swaddling bands.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Men generally wear flat-heeled shoes while women wore overshoes outside. 
+These were clogs which raised her feet so her gown wouldn't drag in the 
+dirt.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Blonde hair is the most prized haircolor, but auburn and red hair are also 
+popular. Very white skin and red lips are achieved through the use of dangerous 
+cosmetics; lead, borax, and sulphur were sometimes used. Every woman hated 
+spots, whether freckles or pimples. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;As for bathing, most Englishmen think baths are unhealthy. Queen Elizabeth I 
+is considered strange for bathing as much as four times a year. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Everyone uses perfume. Perfume is splashed on bodies and clothing, 
+particularly the gloves. The most popular scents included marjoram, lavendar, 
+musk, and rose.&lt;BR&gt;Noblemen and women carry pomanders, a hollow sphere holding a 
+waxed perfume ball. Pomanders are often highly decorative and expensive 
+accessories. Women attach them to their girdles and men dangle them from a 
+chain. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Dentists are surgeons who remove rotten teeth and also perform other small 
+operations. People clean their teeth by rubbing them with a mixture of white 
+wine and vinegar boiled with honey. Fashionable noblewomen will sometimes 
+deliberately blacken their front teeth. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Marriage&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Marriage&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Marriage usually occurred during 
+the mid-twenties for most Tudor citizens. The wealthy and aristocratic tended to 
+marry earlier because of inheritance issues. But contrary to popular belief, 
+there were few child marriages in Tudor England. Of course, you could be 
+pre-contracted or betrothed at a much earlier age. Any marriage contract was 
+legally binding if the girl was 12 and the boy was 14. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;Annulments and divorces were uncommon because they required special religious 
+dispensations. Most marriages ended with the death of a spouse. At any time in 
+the 16th century, roughly a third of marriages are the second or third marriage. 
+&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Rebellions&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Rebellions&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;People in Tudor England 
+suffered through famine, poverty, and immense religious changes. Life was 
+uncertain and dangerous. Most riots in the country were small and local; they 
+usually involved food or the hated enclosure policies. Enclosure was the process 
+by which noblemen seized public land for themselves. They would build hedges 
+around the land to keep people out. But peasants needed the land to graze their 
+animals and would often tear the hedges down.&lt;BR&gt;There were also larger 
+rebellions throughout the 16th century. Here is a list of the most 
+important:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)&lt;/B&gt; - This rebellion occurred in November 
+1536 in the north of England; it was a result of King Henry VIII's religious 
+changes. Northern England was always more conservative and Catholic than the 
+rest of the country. When their monasteries were destroyed and the lands and 
+money seized by Henry's prominent noblemen, the northerners rebelled. There were 
+roughly 30,000 people involved, a mix of lords, middle-class laborers, and 
+peasants. They called themselves 'pilgrims' and were led by an attorney named 
+Robert Aske. They chose the five wounds of Christ as their symbol. They did not 
+specifically rebel against King Henry VIII, but rather his councilors such as 
+Thomas Cromwell. The king promised clemency if the rebels dispersed but 
+eventually executed about 100 rebels.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Kett's Rebellion (1549) &lt;/B&gt;- In 1549, King Edward VI ruled England, 
+though the government was under control of the Protestant Lord Protector 
+Somerset. In East Anglia, a Norfolk gentleman named Robert Kett led a rebellion 
+against the king's religious policies, the dissolution of the monasteries, and 
+the very unpopular enclosure of common lands by greedy noblemen. The rebels were 
+defeated at Norwich by an English army supported by foreign 
+mercenaries.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Wyatt's Rebellion (1554)&lt;/B&gt; - In spring 1554, Sir Thomas 
+Wyatt led a rebellion against Queen Mary I's proposed marriage to King Philip II 
+of Spain. Despite an army of 3,000 men, Wyatt was unable to enter London. He was 
+executed on 11 April 1554, after explicitly denying that Princess Elizabeth was 
+involved in the rebellion. Nonetheless, Elizabeth is temporarily imprisoned in 
+the Tower of London and Lady Jane Grey is executed. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Northern Rebellion&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;(1569)&lt;/B&gt; - In 1569, the north of England 
+again rebels against the Tudor monarchy, this time inspired by the imprisonment 
+of Mary, queen of Scots and Catholic discontent. The rebels are led by the earls 
+of Westmorland and Northumberland and the duke of Norfolk; they choose the five 
+wounds of Christ as their symbol, as had the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels. The 
+duke of Norfolk plans to depose Queen Elizabeth I and marry Mary, queen of 
+Scots, thus becoming king of England. The rebellion is crushed and several 
+hundred rebels are hanged. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Throckmorton Plot (1583) &lt;/B&gt;- This was the second plot to free Mary, 
+queen of Scots. In 1583, Sir Francis Throckmorton, a Catholic nobleman, works 
+with the Spanish ambassador to use Spanish troops to depose Queen Elizabeth I 
+and free Mary. He was arrested in November 1583 and later 
+executed.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Babington Plot&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;(1586)&lt;/B&gt; - This was the third 
+and final plot to free Mary, queen of Scots. In 1586, Sir Anthony Babington, a 
+Catholic nobleman, conspired with a Catholic priest and others to assassinate 
+Queen Elizabeth I and proclaim Mary queen of England. The plot is discovered by 
+the secretary of state Sir Francis Walsingham and Babington and Mary are 
+executed. &lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Essex Rebellion (1601)&lt;/B&gt; - Robert Devereux, the earl of Essex, was a 
+great favorite of Queen Elizabeth I's, but he was also arrogant and ambitious. 
+Disgraced and sent from court on numerous occasions, he attempted to lead a 
+rebellion against the queen on 8 February 1601. Essex protested that he did not 
+intend to harm the queen but to free her from the bad influence of other 
+councilors. He marched through London with 300 men but no others rallied to his 
+side. He was later executed. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+&lt;DIV align=center&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;
+&lt;SCRIPT language=JavaScript src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife%5ffiles%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;SCRIPT language=javascript&gt;geovisit();&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+&lt;NOSCRIPT&gt;&lt;IMG height=1 alt=setstats src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife_files/visit.gif&quot; width=1 
+border=0&gt;&lt;/NOSCRIPT&gt; &lt;IMG height=1 alt=1 src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorlife_files/serv.gif&quot; width=1&gt; 
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082551&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082551&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6420.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6420.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6420.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">10182</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The fall of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, 1530</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH642006539ecbdad801b586</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215304</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6420.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1530.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1530.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1530: The fall of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey&quot; width=&quot;471&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This account 
+      of Thomas Wolsey's fall from royal favor was written by the Tudor 
+      chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Wolsey was born c1473 and 
+      eventually held the titles Cardinal-Archbishop of York and Lord 
+      Chancellor.&amp;nbsp; He was famous at Oxford University for taking his degree 
+      at the age of fifteen; he was intelligent, hard-working, and also very 
+      fond of pomp and ceremony.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;He became King Henry VII's chaplain during the last two 
+      years of his life.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII appointed him to a minor office upon 
+      his accession, but Wolsey's only became involved in government affairs in 
+      1512.&amp;nbsp; He urged Henry to wage war against the French on behalf of 
+      Pope Julius II.&amp;nbsp; The war was successful and Henry generously rewarded 
+      its main proponent and organizer.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey subsequently became the 
+      king's chief minister from 1515 to 1529.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;His powerful office and close friendship with Henry 
+      earned him many enemies, particularly aristocrats who resented his 
+      usurpation of their traditional influence.&amp;nbsp; They also resented his 
+      great wealth.&amp;nbsp; Over the years, Wolsey amassed a vast fortune, though 
+      he did so largely through his church offices.&amp;nbsp; He spent lavishly, but 
+      he was also charitable and personally financed many diplomatic missions.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It should be noted that most gentlemen entered government service for 
+      financial reward; Wolsey was no different.&amp;nbsp; And as the king's chief 
+      minister, he was expected to entertain foreign dignitaries and maintain a 
+      suitably impressive lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; His increasingly ostentatious 
+      displays of wealth did, however, damage both his personal reputation and 
+      that of the church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Wolsey lacked the genius for administration of his 
+      protÃ©gÃ© and successor, Thomas Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; But he was efficient and 
+      capable; when he found he could not control Parliament (it met only once 
+      during his years as chancellor), he simply refused to summon it.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      was also blamed for the high taxation necessary to support Henry VIII's 
+      ambitious foreign policy.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;He maintained the king's favor until he failed to secure 
+      an annulment of Henry's first marriage.&amp;nbsp; From 1527-1529, as Anne 
+      Boleyn's influence rose, Wolsey's waned.&amp;nbsp; She disliked the Cardinal 
+      because of his interference in her earlier engagement to Henry Percy.&amp;nbsp; 
+      And both she and the king were increasingly impatient with the pope's 
+      endless prevarication.&amp;nbsp; Torn between his secular and spiritual 
+      masters, Wolsey chose Henry's side - but it did not matter.&amp;nbsp; On 9 
+      October 1529, he was indicted for praemunire; he later confessed his 
+      guilt.&amp;nbsp; Parliament was summoned to indict him on forty-four charges.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The king kept him from prison but stripped him of many offices and all of 
+      his power.&amp;nbsp; Wolsey was ordered to retire to his archbishopric of 
+      York.&amp;nbsp; Indiscreet letters to Rome led to his arrest on 4 November.&amp;nbsp; 
+      He died on the 24th, while returning to London and, most likely, execution 
+      at the Tower.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Hall implies that Wolsey committed suicide.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      did not.&amp;nbsp; He did, however, avoid execution at the Tower which was the 
+      fate Henry VIII intended for him.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Cromwell defended Wolsey in 
+      parliament.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;You have heard under the last year how the cardinal of York [Wolsey]
+was attainted in praemunire, and despite that the king had given him the
+bishoprics of York and Winchester, with great possessions, and had licensed
+him to live in his diocese of York.&amp;nbsp; Being thus in his diocese, grudging
+his fall and not remembering the kindness the King showed to him, he wrote
+to the court of Rome and to several other princes letters reproaching the
+king, and as much as he was able stirred them to revenge his case against
+the King and his realm; so much so that various opprobrious words about
+the king were spoken to Dr Edward Kern, the king's orator at Rome, and
+it was said to him that for the cardinal's sake the king's matrimonial
+suit would have the worse speed.&amp;nbsp; The cardinal would also speak fair
+to the people to win their hearts, and always declared that he was unjustly
+and untruly commanded, which fair speaking made many men believe that he
+spoke the truth.&amp;nbsp; And to be held in higher repute by the people he
+determined to be installed or enthroned at York with all possible pomp,
+and caused a throne to be erected in the Cathedral Church of such a height
+and design as was never seen before; and he sent to all the lords, abbots,
+priors, knights, esquires and gentlemen of his diocese to be at his manor
+of Cawood on 6 November, and so to bring him to York with all pomp and
+solemnity.
+&lt;p&gt;The King, who knew of his doings and secret communications, all this
+year pretended to ignore them to see what he would eventually do, until
+he saw his proud heart so highly exalted that he intended to be so triumphantly
+installed without informing the king, even as if in disdain of the king.&amp;nbsp;
+Then the king thought it was not fitting or convenient to let him any longer
+continue in his malicious and proud purposes and attempts.&amp;nbsp; Therefore
+he sent letters to Henry, the sixth earl of Northumberland, willing him
+with all diligence to arrest the cardinal, and to deliver him to the earl
+of Shrewsbury, great steward of the king's household.&amp;nbsp; When the earl
+had seen the letter, with a suitable number of men he came to the manor
+of Cawood on 4 November, and when he was brought to the cardinal in his
+chamber he said to him:&amp;nbsp; &quot;My Lord, I pray you have patience, for here
+I arrest you.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &quot;Arrest me,&quot; said the cardinal;&amp;nbsp; &quot;Yes,&quot; said
+the earl, &quot;I have orders to do so.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &quot;You have no such power,&quot; said
+the cardinal, &quot;for I am both a cardinal and a peer of the College of Rome,
+and ought not to be arrested by any temporal power, for I am not subject
+to that power, therefore if you arrest me I will withstand it.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &quot;Well,&quot;
+said the Earl, &quot;here is the king's commission, and therefore I charge you
+to obey.&quot;&amp;nbsp; The Cardinal somewhat remembered himself, and said, &quot;Well,
+my lord, I am content to obey, but although by negligence I fell under
+punishment of the praemunire and lost by law all my lands and goods, yet
+my person was in the king's protection and I was pardoned that offence.&amp;nbsp;
+Therefore I wonder why I now should be arrested, especially considering
+that I am a member of the apostolic See, on whom no temporal man should
+lay violent hands.&amp;nbsp; Well, I see the King lacks good counsel.&quot;&amp;nbsp;
+&quot;Well,&quot; said the earl, &quot;when I was sworn warden of the marches you yourself
+told me that I might with my staff arrest all men under the degree of king,
+and now I am stronger for I have a commission for what I do as you have
+seen.&quot;&amp;nbsp; The cardinal at length obeyed, and was kept in his private
+chamber, and his goods seized and his officers discharged, and his physician,
+Dr Augustine, was also arrested, and brought to the Tower by Sir Walter
+Welshe, one of the king's chamber.&amp;nbsp; On 6 November the cardinal was
+conveyed from Cawood to Sheffield Castle, and there delivered into the
+keeping of the earl of Shrewsbury until the king's pleasure was known.&amp;nbsp;
+About this arrest there was much talk among the common people, and many
+were glad, for surely he was not in favour with the commons.
+&lt;p&gt;When the cardinal was thus arrested the king sent Sir William Kingston
+Knight, captain of the guard and constable of the Tower of London with
+some of the yeomen of the guard to Sheffield, to fetch the cardinal to
+the Tower.&amp;nbsp; When the cardinal saw the captain of the guard he was
+much astonished and shortly became ill, for he foresaw some great trouble,
+and for that reason men said he willingly took so much strong purgative
+that his constitution could not bear it.&amp;nbsp; But Sir William Kingston
+comforted him, and by easy journeys he brought him to the Abbey of Leicester
+on 27 November, where through weakness caused by purgatives and vomiting
+he died the second night following, and is buried in the same Abbey.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082597&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082597&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6456.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6456.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6456.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5562</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The poetry of John Skelton</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/skelton.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/skelton.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6456a7052a5ec96817c3de</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215306</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6456.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1500s.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1500s.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: The poetry of John Skelton&quot; width=&quot;392&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;Skelton was the poet laureate of England under Henry
+VII;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;he also tutored the young Prince Henry, duke of York,
+who became the infamous Henry VIII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To Mistress
+Margaret Hussey&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;Merry Margaret,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As midsummer flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Gentle as falcon
+&lt;br&gt;Or hawk of the tower;
+&lt;br&gt;With solace and gladness,
+&lt;br&gt;Much mirth and no madness,
+&lt;br&gt;All good and no badness;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So joyously,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So maidenly,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So womanly
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her demeaning
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In every thing,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Far, far passing
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; That I can endite,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Or suffice to write
+&lt;br&gt;Of merry Margaret,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As midsummer flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Gentle as falcon
+&lt;br&gt;Or hawk of the tower.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As patient and as still
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And as full of good will
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As fair Isaphill;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Colyander,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sweet pomander,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Good Cassander;
+&lt;br&gt;Steadfast of thought,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Well made, well wrought,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Far may be sought
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ere that ye can find
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So courteous, so kind
+&lt;br&gt;As merry Margaret,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This midsummer flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Gentle as falcon
+&lt;br&gt;Or hawk of the tower.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;
+&lt;font size=+1&gt;To Mistress Isabell Pennell&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;By Saint Mary, my lady,
+&lt;br&gt;Your mammy and your dady
+&lt;br&gt;Brought forth a goodly baby!
+&lt;br&gt;My maiden Isabell,
+&lt;br&gt;Reflaring rosabell,
+&lt;br&gt;The flagrant camamell,
+&lt;br&gt;The ruddy rosary,
+&lt;br&gt;The sovereign rosemary,
+&lt;br&gt;The pretty strawberry,
+&lt;br&gt;The columbine, the nepte,
+&lt;br&gt;The jeloffer well set,
+&lt;br&gt;The proper violet;
+&lt;br&gt;EnnewÃšd your colour
+&lt;br&gt;Is like the daisy flower
+&lt;br&gt;After the April shower;
+&lt;br&gt;Star of the morrow gray,
+&lt;br&gt;That blossom on the spray,
+&lt;br&gt;The freshest flower of May:
+&lt;br&gt;Maidenly demure,
+&lt;br&gt;Of womanhood the lure;
+&lt;br&gt;Wherefore, I make you sure,
+&lt;br&gt;It were an heavenly health,
+&lt;br&gt;It were and endless wealth,
+&lt;br&gt;A life for God himself,
+&lt;br&gt;To hear this nightingale
+&lt;br&gt;Among the birdes smale
+&lt;br&gt;Warbling in the vale,
+&lt;br&gt;Dug, dug, jug, jug,
+&lt;br&gt;Good year and good luck,
+&lt;br&gt;With chuck, chuck, chuck, chuck!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;With Lullay, Lullay, Like A Child&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;With lullay, lullay, like a child,
+&lt;br&gt;Thou sleepÃšst too long, thou art beguiled!
+&lt;p&gt;&quot;My darling dear, my daisy flower,
+&lt;br&gt;Let me,&quot; quoth he, &quot;lie in your lap.&quot;
+&lt;br&gt;&quot;Lie still,&quot; quoth she, &quot;my paramour,
+&lt;br&gt;Lie still hardily, and take a nap.&quot;
+&lt;br&gt;His head was heavy, such was his hap,
+&lt;br&gt;All drowsy, dreaming, drowned in sleep,
+&lt;br&gt;That of his love he took no keep,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With hey, lullay, etc.
+&lt;p&gt;With ba, ba, ba, and bas, bas, bas!
+&lt;br&gt;She cherished him both cheek and chin
+&lt;br&gt;That he wist never where he was;
+&lt;br&gt;He had forgotten all deadly sin!
+&lt;br&gt;He wanted wit her love to win:
+&lt;br&gt;He trusted her payment and lost all his pay;
+&lt;br&gt;She left him sleeping and stale away,
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With hey, lullay, etc.
+&lt;p&gt;The rivers rough, the waters wan;
+&lt;br&gt;She sparÃšd not to wet her feet.
+&lt;br&gt;She waded over, she found a man
+&lt;br&gt;That halsÃšd her heartily and kissed her sweet;
+&lt;br&gt;Thus after her cold she caught a heat.
+&lt;br&gt;&quot;My lief,&quot; she said, &quot;rowteth in his bed;
+&lt;br&gt;Iwys he hath an heavy head,&quot;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; With hey, lullay, etc.
+&lt;p&gt;What dreamest thou, drunkard, drowsy pate?
+&lt;br&gt;Thy lust and liking is from thee gone;
+&lt;br&gt;Thou blinkard blowboll, thou wakÃšst too late;
+&lt;br&gt;Behold thou liest, luggard, alone!
+&lt;br&gt;Well may thou sigh, well may thou groan,
+&lt;br&gt;To deal with her so cowardly.
+&lt;br&gt;Ywis, pole-hatchet, she blearÃšd thine eye!
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Quoth Skelton Laureate.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082594&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082594&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6815.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6815.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6815.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1565 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">74662</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs: King Edward VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/edward6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/edward6.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6815ffdac32a15841e2fff</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215301</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6815.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymour-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymour-min.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed6baby-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed1543-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parr-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward4-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed6main-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward6.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">loseley.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=8 CELLPADDING=0 WIDTH=&quot;98%&quot; &gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;
+&lt;td ALIGN=RIGHT VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;15&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;tr&gt;
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymour-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;etching of Edward's mother, Jane Seymour&quot; BORDER=1 height=169 width=150&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;engraving of Jane Seymour, mother of Edward VI&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymour-min.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Horenbout&quot; height=165 width=166&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; miniature portrait of Jane Seymour, painted by Lucas 
+Horenbout&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed6baby-crop.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Holbein's famous portrait of Edward as a toddler&quot; BORDER=2 height=194 width=150&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Edward as a young prince, painted by Hans Holbein&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to learn more about this portrait, &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fnga.gov%2fcgi-bin%2fpinfo%3fObject%3d74%2b0%2bnone&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;click 
+here&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed1543-crop.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Prince Edward in 1543&quot; BORDER=2 height=194 width=137&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; portrait of Edward VI, c1546, by an unknown artist&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Edward's beloved stepmother, Katharine Parr&quot; BORDER=2 height=191 width=150&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Edward VI's beloved stepmother, Katharine Parr, painted by 
+William Scrots, c1543 &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward4-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;profile portrait of Edward VI&quot; BORDER=2 height=228 width=150&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; Edward VI, c1546, perhaps painted by William Scrots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed6main-cr.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;Edward VI, once more in a Henrician pose&quot; BORDER=2 height=214 width=150&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Edward VI in a pose reminiscent of his father, 
+c1543, painted by William Scrots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td WIDTH=&quot;15&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH=&quot;80%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6.gif&quot; ALT=&quot;King Edward VI&quot; height=48 width=315&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;img SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/loseley.jpg&quot; ALT=&quot;portrait of Edward VI in 1547, in a pose reminiscent of his father&quot; BORDER=2 height=311 width=226 align=LEFT&gt;&lt;b&gt;Henry
+VIII had just one legitimate son, Prince Edward.&amp;nbsp; Born in October
+1537, Edward was the fulfillment of his father's tangled marital history.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry had ended his marriages to Katharine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn when
+they failed at the most important queenly duty, each woman bearing a healthy
+princess but no surviving prince.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour, the king's third
+wife, was luckier.&amp;nbsp; She ensured the king's lasting affection when
+she gave birth to Edward, but she died soon afterwards of puerperal sepsis.&amp;nbsp;
+The infant prince was the only male Tudor heir of his generation; he had
+two sisters and Henry VIII's sisters Mary and Margaret had several daughters.&amp;nbsp;
+If Edward died, the throne would pass to a woman and the Tudor dynasty
+would end.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, King Henry did all he could to protect his
+son's health; the infant prince lived in safe seclusion until his father
+wed Katharine Parr.&amp;nbsp; Henry's last wife became a beloved mother to
+Edward and he adopted the zealous Protestantism which she championed.&amp;nbsp;
+He also grew close to his half-sister Elizabeth, with whom he shared a
+household for some years.&amp;nbsp; His older half-sister, Mary, was an equally
+zealous Catholic; her religion and the vast difference in their ages prevented
+a close relationship.&amp;nbsp; Edward became king at the age of 10, but he
+was a mere figurehead.&amp;nbsp; His Seymour uncles battled with and ultimately
+lost the Protectorship to the ambitious John Dudley, duke of Northumberland.&amp;nbsp;
+During his brief reign, Edward demonstrated impressive piety and intelligence.&amp;nbsp;
+But his potential would never be realized.&amp;nbsp; He died an agonizing death
+at 15, possibly from a combination of tuberculosis and the measles.&amp;nbsp;
+Northumberland had persuaded him to leave the throne to his Protestant
+cousin, Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; This decision begat one of the most tragic
+tales of Tudor England.&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html#Biography&quot;&gt;Read
+a more detailed biography of King Edward VI&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Edward's
+journal entries&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed6birth.html&quot;&gt;Jane Seymour's
+pregnancy is announced&lt;/a&gt;, 1537&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;blockquote&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Edward.
+&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Edward's mother.
+&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
+Jane Grey site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Edward's cousin and heiress.
+&lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of King Edward's life at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The above portrait is of King Edward VI, c1547, by 
+  an unknown artist.&amp;nbsp;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2fnewpics.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/a&gt; to 
+  learn more.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;a NAME=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Henry VIII married Jane Seymour in shocking haste and, when she died
+less than two years later, he sought another wife immediately afterwards.&amp;nbsp;
+This evident dislike of bachelorhood was a cornerstone of Henry's adult
+life.&amp;nbsp; But it shouldn't imply that he didn't grieve for Jane.&amp;nbsp;
+Indeed, unlike his other wives, she was the only one he always spoke of
+with affection.&amp;nbsp; The cynic may argue this was because she died before
+Henry could turn on her.&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, when his own life came
+to an end, Henry envisioned a grand tomb to hold him and his 'entirely
+beloved' Jane.&amp;nbsp; This did not come to pass; instead, Henry's body was
+interred with Jane's at her burial site, St George's Chapel.
+&lt;p&gt;It is indicative of Henry's contradictory character that, ten years
+and three wives after her death, he still held Jane in such sentimental
+regard.&amp;nbsp; Though he is notorious for his six marriages, one could easily
+argue that only his union with Jane Seymour - brief though it was - completely
+satisfied him, as man &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; king.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her immediate predecessor
+Anne Boleyn (whose motto was &lt;i&gt;le plus heureuse &lt;/i&gt;- 'the most happy'),
+Jane chose as her motto, 'Bound to obey and serve.'&amp;nbsp; A more striking
+contrast to the witty, flirtatious and passionate Anne Boleyn could not
+be imagined.&amp;nbsp; While Anne had been almost exotic in her attractiveness,
+stylish, and educated at the notorious French court, Jane was the pious
+and dutiful daughter of an old English family.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she had
+as many ambitious relatives (including two brothers executed by her son),
+but she never imposed upon the king.&amp;nbsp; When she argued for Henry to
+reinstate his daughter Mary, the king replied that she would do well to
+think of herself and the children they would have; Jane replied, with typical
+tact and submissiveness, that she was thinking only of the king's happiness.&amp;nbsp;
+She had the most pleasing feminine habit of showing disinterested concern
+for others.&amp;nbsp; Again, a contrast to her predecessor who had despised
+- and been despised by - Princess Mary.
+&lt;p&gt;But Jane's quiet, pliant nature should not be mistaken for shyness or
+ignorance.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was intelligent enough to manage Henry Tudor,
+a feat at which even great men like Wolsey, Cromwell, and More struggled.&amp;nbsp;
+She also managed to capture and maintain a king's interest while he was
+married to another woman.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Henry was increasingly weary
+of Anne and the lack of a male heir but his desire for Jane also urged
+on Anne's execution.&amp;nbsp; And before the execution, Henry was careful
+to obtain a divorce from Anne as well; this meant that his marriage to
+Jane was the first legal union of his life.&amp;nbsp; At forty-five, well into
+middle-age, the king declared he was finally entering a legally and spiritually
+pure marriage.
+&lt;p&gt;If Jane would have maintained Henry's interest and affection forever
+cannot, of course, be known.&amp;nbsp; She lived just eighteen months after
+their marriage, long enough to deliver a prince and short enough to enshrine
+her memory.&amp;nbsp; Beyond Henry, she also impressed others as the perfect
+epitome of a quiet, obedient and kind wife - various ambassadors and contemporaries
+agree on this.&amp;nbsp; But one musn't forget that she knowingly - if quietly
+- carried on an affair with a married man  while ostensibly serving his
+wife.&amp;nbsp; Many vilified Anne Boleyn for the very same behavior; however,
+Jane's behavior is rarely portrayed in a negative manner.
+&lt;p&gt;The exact date she met the king is not known.&amp;nbsp; But before he dallied
+with her, he had made another of Anne Boleyn's ladies-in-waiting his mistress.&amp;nbsp;
+This was Margaret (or Madge) Shelton, Anne Boleyn's first cousin, a girl
+'very gentle of countenance' and 'soft of speech.'&amp;nbsp; She was governess
+to Princess Elizabeth and her husband was captain of the child's guard.&amp;nbsp;
+The affair with Madge lasted about six months in early 1535; Chapuys, the
+Imperial ambassador, also mentions another affair in autumn 1534 but the
+woman's name is not known.&amp;nbsp; In autumn 1535, the king's fancy turned
+to Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Henry was on progress to Southampton and stayed
+at her father's home, Wolf Hall in Wiltshire, with the traveling court.&amp;nbsp;
+This meeting at Wolf Hall was not their first (it simply couldn't have
+been since she had been in royal service since 1529).&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII
+was rarely one for passion at first sight and, for one reason or another,
+Jane attracted his &lt;i&gt;amorous&lt;/i&gt; attentions at Wolf Hall.
+&lt;p&gt;He had not deserted his relationship with Anne, however; there was still
+a chance she would provide a male heir and Henry was loathe to end a marriage
+he had fought so hard to secure.&amp;nbsp; Still, in the back of all minds,
+the precedent of repudiated Katharine existed.&amp;nbsp; If the aunt of the
+Holy Roman Emperor could be divorced, why not 'Nan Bullen'?&amp;nbsp; But such
+speculation was dormant until Anne suffered a stillbirth during the summer
+of 1534.
+&lt;p&gt;Before this, Chapuys and other enemies commented that she was growing
+old, her dark good looks were fading; she was in her mid-thirties, no longer
+young and leaving her safest reproductive years behind.&amp;nbsp; She still
+could manage Henry though she lacked Jane Seymour's delicate touch.&amp;nbsp;
+But she would have been a fool to think her position was completely secure.&amp;nbsp;
+Each new dalliance, each sharp word reinforced her tenuous position.&amp;nbsp;
+Above all else, she must produce a male heir - Henry would never repudiate
+the mother of his son.&amp;nbsp; So when she miscarried late in her pregnancy,
+she naturally worried.&amp;nbsp; It did not help her disposition or relations
+with the king.
+&lt;p&gt;Shortly thereafter, Henry began the dalliance mentioned above.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne drove her rival from court, Chapuys relates, Henry was angry and threatening
+- he told Anne that she &quot;had good reason tto be content with what he had
+done for her, which he would not do now if the thing were to begin and
+that she should consider from what she had come and other things.&quot;&amp;nbsp;
+One can imagine the effect of such words on Anne.&amp;nbsp; She became terminally
+insecure and anxious even as she struggled to conceive and deliver a healthy
+child.&amp;nbsp; And Henry, sensitive as always, remarked that he believed
+she had never been pregnant at all.&amp;nbsp; (This was untrue - Anne's advancing
+pregnancy had been noted by several contemporaries.)
+&lt;p&gt;From the fall of 1534 and most of 1535, Anne sought security in the
+only way possible.&amp;nbsp; But Henry was occasionally impotent, a not uncommon
+occurrence for an overweight man of forty-five.&amp;nbsp; Like most men of
+his age (and many of ours), he didn't blame himself; after all, he was
+still attracted to other women.&amp;nbsp; Ironically enough, it was after his
+visit to Wolf Hall, when he returned to London in October 1535, that he
+and Anne conceived a child.&amp;nbsp; The fancy for Jane Seymour, only a few
+weeks old, would be overlooked.
+&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, Katharine of Aragon had finally passed away on 7 January
+1536.&amp;nbsp; The great rival vanquished and she herself pregnant, Anne lived
+as her motto decreed - 'the most happy.'&amp;nbsp; But Katharine's death was
+not the happy event it may have seemed.&amp;nbsp; After all, in the eyes of
+Catholic Europe, Katharine had always been Henry's wife.&amp;nbsp; With her
+death, the king of England was officially widowed.&amp;nbsp; In other words,
+he was free to marry again.&amp;nbsp; The union with Anne was not recognized.&amp;nbsp;
+And just a few weeks after Katharine's death, Anne miscarried the child.&amp;nbsp;
+It was a male fetus, about fifteen weeks old.&amp;nbsp; Her own sorrow as a
+mother was undoubtedly overwhelmed by the realization that she was doomed.
+&lt;p&gt;She told Henry she had miscarried because he had suffered a serious
+fall and the news, related by her uncle Norfolk, had distressed her terribly.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry was uninterested.&amp;nbsp; According to Anne's attendants, he said to
+her, &quot;I see God will not give me male children&quot; and that he would have
+&quot;no more boys by &lt;i&gt;her&lt;/i&gt;.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Perhaps two miscarriages was not uncommon
+in Tudor England but, in light of Katharine of Aragon's many miscarriages,
+Anne's were magnified.
+&lt;p&gt;With Anne now widely believed to be incapable of delivering a male heir,
+Henry's relationship with Jane Seymour assumed a new importance.&amp;nbsp;
+There are stories which cannot be confirmed as true - Anne discovered Jane
+sitting on the king's lap, Anne discovered gifts Henry had bought for 'Mistress
+Seymour' - but they are disquieting.&amp;nbsp; In any case, Jane was bewitching
+the king in her own quiet way much as Anne herself had done.&amp;nbsp; She
+denied the king just enough to ensure a chaste reputation and certainly
+Henry was like many men - the forbidden fruit was all the more attractive.&amp;nbsp;
+And she also came from a respectable noble family which passionately pounced
+upon the Boleyn's declining fortunes.
+&lt;p&gt;The Seymours had old antecedents though their claim of Norman ancestry
+was dubious.&amp;nbsp; Their name was originally St Maur and a Sir Wido de
+Saint Maur was supposed to have come over with the conquest.&amp;nbsp; Prosperous
+marriages enriched the family and extended their holdings.&amp;nbsp; Jane's
+father was born in 1474 and knighted in the field by Henry VII at a battle
+called Blackheath.&amp;nbsp; He continued to enjoy royal favor into Henry VIII's
+reign, accompanying the king on his French campaign in 1513 and also the
+infamous Field of Cloth of Gold in 1532.&amp;nbsp; He was a Gentleman of the
+Bedchamber and sheriff of his home county but never especially prominent
+or ambitious.&amp;nbsp; What was important was his reputation as a pious and
+courteous man; also, he was often in close contact with the king.&amp;nbsp;
+And, even more important, he came from a large family with many healthy
+children.&amp;nbsp; Jane herself was one of ten children; her own mother had
+six sons, though two of died of the sweating sickness in 1528.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's father was over 60 when the king's fancy turned to her; it was
+her older brothers Edward and Thomas who stood to profit most from her
+ascendancy.&amp;nbsp; They seized - and relished - this unexpected opportunity
+to advance their fortunes.&amp;nbsp; Their sister, in her mid-twenties, was
+not particularly beautiful; her most pleasing feature was her fair, unblemished
+skin.&amp;nbsp; Chapuys, who had no cause to denigrate her, described her as
+'of middle stature and no great beauty.'&amp;nbsp; But she was calm, courteous,
+and kindly.&amp;nbsp; Such characteristics were important, especially to a
+monarch like Henry who felt himself surrounded by devious and temperamental
+women.&amp;nbsp; She was also virtuous.&amp;nbsp; She may have responded to Henry's
+flirtations (who would deny the king?) but she responded to no others -
+this despite service under two queens.&amp;nbsp; But when Henry sent her gifts
+with a letter, she returned them, saying, &quot;If the King desired to make
+her a present of money, she prayed that it might be when she made an honorable
+marriage.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Once again, the royal appetite was whetted.&amp;nbsp; And,
+of course, such modest behavior was desirable in a woman Henry increasingly
+wanted to wed.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's family was joined by supporters who had been slighted by the
+Boleyn faction.&amp;nbsp; In other words, anyone who had not prospered under
+Anne's rule wanted to support Jane.&amp;nbsp; On 18 April 1536, Cromwell (Henry's
+chief minister and confidante) threw in his lot with the Seymours.&amp;nbsp;
+He vacated his apartments at Greenwich Palace so the Seymours could move
+in.&amp;nbsp; This was crucial.&amp;nbsp; Not only could the king visit Jane discreetly,
+without anyone knowing, but Cromwell's opinion carried weight with Henry.&amp;nbsp;
+Anne Boleyn's fall was inevitable; Jane Seymour's rise was unstoppable.
+&lt;p&gt;On Friday, 19 May 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed on various charges,
+the most powerful being that of treason.&amp;nbsp; The secret betrothal of
+King Henry and Jane took place at Hampton Court the next day.&amp;nbsp; During
+Anne's arrest and trial, Henry's sense of decency (never great) had persuaded
+him to send Jane away.&amp;nbsp; She went to Sir Nicholas Carew's house at
+Croydon where she was afforded every respect.&amp;nbsp; But as the date of
+Anne's demise approached, Henry grew more impatient; Jane was moved to
+a closer house just a mile from the king's residence at Whitehall.&amp;nbsp;
+From there she went to Hampton Court for her betrothal; it was back again
+to Whitehall for the marriage on 30 May.&amp;nbsp; Thomas Cranmer performed
+the ceremony.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine it was a happy and triumphant day for
+Jane but confidence would have been foolhardy.&amp;nbsp; After all, the king
+had divorced one wife who had not born a son and executed another.&amp;nbsp;
+She had known both Katharine and Anne quite well.&amp;nbsp; Even if she didn't
+grieve for their fates, she must have realized the instability of her own.
+&lt;p&gt;Once queen, Jane chose a phoenix rising from a castle filled with Tudor
+roses and the panther for her heraldry.&amp;nbsp; It was easy enough to alter
+Anne's leopards and falcons, after all.&amp;nbsp; On their first procession
+through London as husband and wife, they passed the Tower where the late
+queen's body lay stuffed in an arrow chest, the head tucked beneath the
+arm.&amp;nbsp; For 'Jane the Quene,' the Tower was hung with banners and streamers.&amp;nbsp;
+Furthermore, there was the incredible dowry the king had lavished upon
+her - 104 manors, 5 castles and various gardens and forests.&amp;nbsp; Henry
+also planned an equally lavish coronation for his new queen.&amp;nbsp; This,
+however, was stymied by an outbreak of the plague; Henry said that it would
+only be postponed.&amp;nbsp; As soon as it was healthy and safe, Jane would
+be officially crowned.
+&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Jane displayed good common sense by ordering her ladies-in-waiting
+to dress conservatively.&amp;nbsp; She wanted no one to tempt the king even
+as she had done.&amp;nbsp; She also became mother to two motherless princesses.&amp;nbsp;
+Both Mary and Elizabeth benefited from Jane's kindness.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
+of marriageable age (seven years younger than Jane) and could be used as
+a tool in Henry's diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; Three-year-old Elizabeth, lacking Mary's
+maternal nobility, was not marriageable yet but Henry was described as
+'very affectionate' toward her.&amp;nbsp; He called her 'his Madame Ysabeau'
+and allowed both Elizabeth and Mary, though bastardized, precedence over
+their cousins.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's religious opinions should be discussed, if only because history
+has often misread her true feelings.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her brothers and son,
+Jane was not a Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She was conservative in her religion as
+she was in her behavior.&amp;nbsp; The first harsh words Henry was recorded
+as speaking to her were over religion; she mentioned that a rebellion was
+perhaps God's rebuke over Henry's dissolution of the monasteries.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry brusquely reminded her that the late queen had died as a result of
+meddling in his affairs.&amp;nbsp; This implied threat would have been enough
+to frighten any woman.&amp;nbsp; Luckily, Jane became pregnant a few months
+later, in early January 1537.&amp;nbsp; This news undoubtedly helped lessen
+the sadness of her father's death on 21 December 1536.
+&lt;p&gt;Jane's condition was announced in March and the news was officially
+celebrated on Trinity Sunday, 27 May 1537.&amp;nbsp; She was now the king's
+'most dear and most entirely beloved wife', as Henry wrote to the duke
+of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Her coronation was now planned to be after the child's
+birth, probably late October.&amp;nbsp; There is no sign that the pregnancy
+was especially difficult; all writings point to Jane's good stature and
+health.&amp;nbsp; Henry canceled a progress to stay with her and certainly
+the entire court - and country - held their breath, wondering if this young
+woman would succeed in her greatest duty.
+&lt;p&gt;Certainly Henry was optimistic and, as usual, the astrologers and doctors
+predicted the birth of a son.&amp;nbsp; They had been wrong with Elizabeth
+but Henry was eager to forget and make preparations.&amp;nbsp; He had a Garter
+stall made for this long-awaited son in St George's Chapel at Windsor;
+the royal apartments at Hampton Court Palace were refurbished in preparation
+for the birth; Jane's brothers were yet again elevated to new positions,
+granted more lands and pensions.&amp;nbsp; And finally, on 9 October, she went
+into labor.
+&lt;p&gt;Her labor was as arduous as any could be in the sixteenth century.&amp;nbsp;
+It lasted three days; after the first two, a procession was mounted in
+London to pray for the Queen.&amp;nbsp; On 12 October, the eve of the Feast
+of St Edward, the child was born.&amp;nbsp; Jane was well enough after the
+birth to receive guests, most touchingly her husband.&amp;nbsp; Henry wept
+when he took this longed-for heir in his arms.&amp;nbsp; The christening was
+held three days later and, wrapped in furs and velvet, she attended.&amp;nbsp;
+Princess Mary acted as godmother to her half-brother and four-year-old
+Elizabeth was carried by Thomas Seymour.
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;It would be impossible to list all the celebrations which occurred
+when Prince Edward was born.&amp;nbsp; Suffice to say, 2000 shots were fired
+from the Tower and bells were rung throughout the countryside.&amp;nbsp; On
+18 October, Henry had his son proclaimed Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall
+and Earl of Carnarvon.&amp;nbsp; Yet again the Seymour brothers were given
+generous endowments for the king was never more generous or magnanimous.&amp;nbsp;
+But their sister who had made such celebrating possible was not recovering
+from the birth.&amp;nbsp; In modern times, we call her illness puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp;
+In Jane's time, it was the most common cause of death for pregnant women.&amp;nbsp;
+Cleanliness and the proper treatment for infections were not understood.&amp;nbsp;
+Once she became infected, she was doomed.&amp;nbsp; On 19 October, she took
+to her bed again; she recovered somewhat on the 23rd, as her attendants
+reported, but only for a matter of hours.&amp;nbsp; Soon she was delirious
+and, early the next morning, her confessor was sent for.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who
+had planned to go hunting that day, postponed his trip - but only for that
+day, he told a courtier.&amp;nbsp; It was enough; 'Jane the Quene' died near
+midnight on 24 October, living just days after her great triumph.&amp;nbsp;
+For her husband, increasingly obese, bald, and well into middle-age, the
+grief was genuine.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He planned a sumptuous burial for 12 November
+and the churches that had celebrated Edward's birth now began to pray for
+the soul of the late queen.&amp;nbsp; Hampton Court Palace, scene of her triumph
+and death, was hung with black.
+&lt;p&gt;Princess Mary was chief mourner at her step-mother's funeral but Henry
+did not attend.&amp;nbsp; He wished to be alone with his grief.&amp;nbsp; Jane
+Seymour was buried as a queen - unlike Katharine of Aragon who had died
+as Princess Dowager and Anne Boleyn, who had died divorced and disgraced.&amp;nbsp;
+Her hearse was taken to Windsor and interred in a vault in St George's
+Chapel.&amp;nbsp; Henry was perhaps already planning a sufficient monument
+for the grave he would eventually share with Jane.&amp;nbsp; But he also kept
+track of his late wife's possessions - her jewelry was distributed to her
+ladies, Princess Mary, and her brothers.&amp;nbsp; But her dowry, the 104 manors
+and 5 castles, were given back to the king.&amp;nbsp; And, very soon indeed,
+speculation began -&amp;nbsp; who would receive these favors next?
+&lt;p&gt;Henry VIII turned to the continent for his next wife, the German princess
+Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was famously annulled only a few months
+later.&amp;nbsp; His fifth wife was Anne Boleyn's cousin, the young and pretty
+Catherine Howard.&amp;nbsp; She met her cousin's fate not even two years into
+the marriage and then Henry wed the twice-widowed Katharine Parr.&amp;nbsp;
+Pious, intelligent and an accomplished nurse, she would be his last wife.&amp;nbsp;
+By the time of this last marriage, the king was suffering from a variety
+of ailments, most caused by his increasing obesity.&amp;nbsp; He continued
+to take a keen interest in his son's education and Katharine Parr became
+a true mother to the young Elizabeth and Edward.&amp;nbsp; Her passionate Protestantism
+had a great effect on both children; it also nearly caused her death, since
+Henry VIII had become even more tyrannical as the years passed.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;p&gt;The king's own death on 28 January 1547 was the second and final time
+the Tudor throne would pass, easily and without dispute, to a male heir.&amp;nbsp;
+But Edward VI's extreme youth ensured that his reign would not immediately
+be his own.
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Who was this young man, the product of his father's long and desperate
+search for an heir?&amp;nbsp; He died at the age of sixteen, never more than
+a puppet king who had to beg his uncle for pocket money and was beaten
+by his tutors.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI was just a child when crowned at Westminster.&amp;nbsp;
+His father knew the dangers of leaving a child as heir and did his best
+to protect the court from factionalism.&amp;nbsp; However, Henry's will was
+shortsighted and hardly practical; he wanted a regency council of peers,
+each equal to the other.&amp;nbsp; But even as he lay dying, the earl of Hertford
+and Sir William Paget were already planning their coup.&amp;nbsp; Hertford,
+Jane Seymour's brother and Edward's uncle, would be made Lord Protector&amp;nbsp;
+and Paget would be first minister.&amp;nbsp; On 28 January 1547, Hertford rode
+to his nephew and brought him to the security of the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp;
+On 31 January the council met there and agreed to Paget's nomination of
+Hertford as protector.&amp;nbsp; Only then was Henry VIII's demise made public
+and Edward VI proclaimed king.&amp;nbsp; There followed a distribution of titles
+and sinecures, the most notable being Hertford's elevation to the dukedom
+of Somerset.
+&lt;p&gt;However, Somerset's authority was not fully secure; the council's nomination
+of him as Protector was just a verbal agreement.&amp;nbsp; Without letters
+patent authenticated by the Great Seal, he had a title but no legal basis
+for control.&amp;nbsp; But the Great Seal was in the hands of the lord chancellor,
+a conservative named Wriothesley who had been created earl of Southampton
+during the accession honors.&amp;nbsp; But even elevated to an earldom, Wriothesley
+was not happy with what he perceived to be Somerset's usurption of power.&amp;nbsp;
+He refused to affix the seal to Somerset's patent of formal authority.&amp;nbsp;
+Early in March, Somerset was able to rid himself of this nuisance.&amp;nbsp;
+He brought to the council's attention certain irregularities in the chancellor's
+office (notably his neglect of the legal side of his responsibilities),
+and forced Wriothesley's resignation.&amp;nbsp; Somerset's ally Lord Rich was
+quickly appointed lord chancellor and the Great Seal was finally affixed
+to the letters patent.&amp;nbsp; Somerset was now the most powerful man in
+England, with the exception of his young nephew.
+&lt;p&gt;One of the powers Somerset acquired in his patent of office was the
+right to appoint whoever he wanted to the Privy Council.&amp;nbsp; To that
+end, he brought in some of the older, experienced men who had not been
+appointed executors in Henry's will.&amp;nbsp; But he never allowed the council
+to function with any degree of autonomy and rarely consulted its members.&amp;nbsp;
+Instead, he used them to simply endorse his own privately-made decisions.&amp;nbsp;
+On the rare occasions he did meet with them, he demonstrated an appalling
+lack of the attributes all leaders need - tact and cunning.&amp;nbsp; His tongue
+was so savage that he reduced a colleague to tears and, before long, Paget
+was warning him about his arrogance and rudeness.&amp;nbsp; Somerset ignored
+Paget as he ignored most everyone else.&amp;nbsp; He ruled by edict, issuing
+proclamations to a greater extent than any head of government in the Tudor
+age.
+&lt;p&gt;His fall was inevitable.&amp;nbsp; But it did not happen until five years
+into Edward's reign, by which time Somerset had effectively cemented the
+new religion in England and offended virtually every other nobleman.&amp;nbsp;
+What did Edward VI think of his uncle's autocratic use of power?&amp;nbsp;
+The boy king left behind a journal remarkable in its detachment; indeed,
+he recorded the executions of both Somerset and his younger brother with
+no emotion.
+&lt;p&gt;Edward was not completely cold, however.&amp;nbsp; He was always affectionate
+to his stepmother, Katharine Parr, whose benevolent influence eased his
+lonely childhood.&amp;nbsp; He also spent time with his half-sister Elizabeth;
+the two children were just four years apart in age and Elizabeth was a
+Protestant.&amp;nbsp; He was never particularly close to his other half-sister,
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was understandable for Mary was old enough to be his mother
+(21 years older) and a devout Catholic who refused to bow to her brother's
+religious convictions.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she had obeyed their father but
+Edward was an adolescent who Mary believed was a pawn of Protestant heretics.&amp;nbsp;
+(Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
+Sources&lt;/a&gt; site to read selections from Edward's journal &amp;amp; other documents)
+&lt;p&gt;Edward's education was always strict.&amp;nbsp; His earliest tutors were
+female and he was guarded under the strictest regulations - for example,
+nobody less than a knight was allowed to visit him.&amp;nbsp; At the age of
+six, his two principal tutors were appointed - Ricahrd Cox, a committed
+but moderate reformer, and John Cheke, the most distinguished humanist
+in the land.&amp;nbsp; There is evidence that he was occasionally beaten. Upon
+his ascension, he was a precocious and intelligent boy.&amp;nbsp; His elevation
+to the kingship did not end his courtesy to his tutors.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
+he now began to share his studies with a handful of contemporaries; one
+of these, Barnaby Fitzpatrick, was the son of an Irish peer and became
+a Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber.&amp;nbsp; He was also Edward's closest friend
+and, away on a mission to France, received letters from the king which
+betray normal adolescent exuberance.&amp;nbsp; These letters - along with those
+to Katharine Parr - are the only examples in which Edward exhibits emotion.
+&lt;p&gt;Edward left behind a reputation for bigoted, extreme Protestantism which
+he does not deserve.&amp;nbsp; There were many pro-Protestant laws enacted
+during his reign, with his approval, but at the instigation of his guardians.&amp;nbsp;
+He was a devout Protestant, the product of the new religion which even
+his father had not understood.&amp;nbsp; Still, he was by no means as self-righteouslessly
+intolerant as his older sister; perhaps he would have been - but that is
+just speculation.
+&lt;p&gt;Edward's ministers demonstrated passionate self-interest in this religious
+climate.&amp;nbsp; These Protestant lords had profitted economically from the
+dissolution of the monasteries and no one - lord or commoner - wanted to
+reinstate papal taxation.&amp;nbsp; They were determined to keep their land
+grants, gold plate, and other treasures.&amp;nbsp; In doing so, they appealed
+to the intellectual vanity of their young king.&amp;nbsp; Edward was raised
+a Protestant, even as Mary had been raised a Catholic, and there is no
+reason to doubt he held his faith as deeply.&amp;nbsp; Unlike their sister
+Elizabeth, who declared she wanted no windows in men's souls, Edward and
+Mary believed they were guiding their subjects onto the path of righteousness.&amp;nbsp;
+When Somerset and others altered their beliefs with changing political
+climates, they were careful to appeal to this sense of self-righteousness.
+&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;I wrote a more detailed account of Edward's
+childhood before writing this section; if you would like to read it, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward33.html&quot;&gt;please
+click here&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It will be somewhat repetitious since it contains
+information found at this page, but there is more detail and might be useful
+for students researching Edward's life.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+The essential fact of Edward's brief reign is this - it is more a commentary
+on Somerset and his successor, Northumberland, than it is on Edward himself.&amp;nbsp;
+In the early months of his rule, the councilors were more interested in
+securing the throne and creating a peaceful transition to the new order.&amp;nbsp;
+As Edward's uncle and a soldier of experience, Somerset was the natural
+choice as 'Protector of all the realms and domains of the King's Majesty
+and Governor of his most royal person.'&amp;nbsp; The other fifteen men Henry
+had selected as councilors were men only recently promoted to high office;
+twelve of them were Protestant, since the Howards - the leading Catholic
+faction at court - had fallen from power.&amp;nbsp; Somerset's main rivals
+for power were John Dudley, earl of Northumberland (soon promoted to earl
+of Warwick) and his own brother, Thomas Seymour (soon created Baron Seymour
+of Sudeley and Lord High Admiral.)&amp;nbsp; Seymour was ambitious and angry
+that he could not wield absolute power; in his opinion, why should one
+uncle have control and another be fobbed off with consolation prizes?&amp;nbsp;
+A more temperate man would have been content with his newly ennobled title
+and position on the council but Seymour was ambitious and jealous - a lethal
+combination.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he would bring down himself and his brother,
+thus securing Dudley's ascendancy.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset loved his younger brother and, in general, was considered a
+kind man - but he was unfortunately ill-equipped to manage his squabbling
+council and had a mean-tempered wife who offended virtually everyone she
+met.&amp;nbsp; She was his second wife and mother of his nine children; Somserset's
+first wife had been banished to a convent after having an affair with his
+father.&amp;nbsp; Anne Stanhope was as proud and quarrelsome as her brother-in-law
+Seymour.&amp;nbsp; She considered herself the first lady of the realm, claiming
+precedence over Katharine Parr, Henry VIII's widow.&amp;nbsp; When Seymour
+married Katharine just four months after Henry's death, Anne and virtually
+everyone at court saw it as evidence of his vast ambition.&amp;nbsp; It opened
+yet another rift between the two brothers.
+&lt;p&gt;There were, of course, reasons for Seymour to be jealous.&amp;nbsp; On 16
+February 1547, Henry VIII was buried with the Seymour brothers' sister,
+Jane, at St George's chapel in Windsor, and - the very next day - Edward
+VI confirmed his uncle as duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Along with the title
+came an income of 7400 pds a year, a vast sum in those days.&amp;nbsp; By contrast,
+Henry VIII left Princesses &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and Elizabeth 3000 pds each - less than half of Somerset's income but still
+considered a great sum.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had to content himself with the lands
+of his baronetcy as well as his wife's fortune - and, soon enough, embezzlement.&amp;nbsp;
+When his brother made it clear he would not share ultimate authority, Seymour
+began to plot against him.&amp;nbsp; Already, he had begun flirting with the
+adolescent Elizabeth, being raised at his wife's home in Chelsea (discussed
+in greater detail at the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth
+I&lt;/a&gt; pages.)&amp;nbsp; He also secured the guardianship of &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Grey&lt;/a&gt;, telling her parents he would arrange her marriage to the young
+king.&amp;nbsp; Thus, he was in control of two of Henry VIII's heirs.&amp;nbsp;
+He also began visiting his nephew, attempting to gain Edward's affections
+by giving him presents and money.&amp;nbsp; Since Somerset was strict with
+his nephew and kept him constantly short of money, the king was grateful
+for the gifts.
+&lt;p&gt;But even as Seymour began his ambitious plans, Somerset was careful
+to court Princess Mary's favor.&amp;nbsp; This was a smart policy since she
+was her brother's heir, popular with the English people, and cousin to
+the Holy Roman Emperor.&amp;nbsp; Also, she was content to remain in the countryside
+since she disliked Edward's Protestant court.&amp;nbsp; Many historians have
+written that Seymour and others courted Mary's favor with the view that
+she would one day be queen.&amp;nbsp; However, this is wrong - as is the view
+that Edward VI was a sickly king, always delicate of health.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
+until the last eighteen months of his life, Edward was quite healthy and
+gave every intention of living many years.&amp;nbsp; He was slender and had
+fair coloring but also enjoyed activity and took a keen - and passionate
+- interest in learning and religion.&amp;nbsp;; As he grew older, he naturally
+chafed at his uncle Somerset's absolute control over his life.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset - unlike his brother and Dudley - never played to Edward's
+natural feelings of superiority and authority.&amp;nbsp; He treated the king
+as he treated his children - with firmness, discipline, and a strict regimen.&amp;nbsp;
+Seymour and Dudley spoke to the young king
+&lt;i&gt;as a king&lt;/i&gt;, pretending
+to defer to his naturally superior wisdom.&amp;nbsp; For a while, though, Somerset
+kept near-absolute control over the council.&amp;nbsp; He became popular with
+the poor - and unpopular with his fellow nobles - by promoting reform of
+agricultural laws (creating fixed rents and the abolition of enclosures)and
+he attempted to reform the judicial system in favor of equality for all.&amp;nbsp;
+In fact, he established a court of pleas at his own home in London.&amp;nbsp;
+This earned him the nickname 'the Good Duke' but to his councilors he was
+too moderate to satisfy any faction and too headstrong to listen to anyone.&amp;nbsp;
+To this perception of arrogance and class-betrayal was added a spiritual
+weakness - Somerset would not allow anyone to be tortured or burned over
+religious matters.&amp;nbsp; This tolerance was unexpected and unwelcome by
+his peers.
+&lt;p&gt;But along with idealistic plans for social reform, Somerset was also
+grasping and greedy.&amp;nbsp; The combination of such traits was considered
+hypocritical and inconsistent.&amp;nbsp; After all, his councilors muttered,
+who was Somerset to criticize their rents when he spent the government's
+money with little regard for moderation?&amp;nbsp; They pointed to his London
+residence, Somerset House, built&amp;nbsp; at the exorbinant cost of 10000
+pds; there were other homes, too, equally grand and all designed to emphasize
+his stature as Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; It may be that Somerset was uneasy
+in his role since, before his sister's ascendancy, his family was only
+moderately successful.&amp;nbsp; In just ten years, they had become the pre-eminent
+family in the land and he may have been insecure about such a rapid rise.&amp;nbsp;
+In any case, he was encouraged in such spending by his wife.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's main problem was that he lacked the charisma and will-power
+of Henry VIII, a man who had blustered and bullied his council into action.&amp;nbsp;
+The sheer intimidating force of his personality had awed everyone - and
+Somerset lacked that bravura, a natural ability to inspire and lead.&amp;nbsp;
+Instead, he was forced to shout and insult his peers into action, at one
+time driving a man to tears.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, his brother was proving an
+embarrassment.&amp;nbsp; Right after Henry's death, Seymour had sought permission
+to marry Elizabeth; when that was denied, he renewed a former attachment
+to Katharine Parr and married her.&amp;nbsp; In any case, in the four months
+after Henry's death before he married Katharine, his nephew King Edward
+had suggested he marry Anne of Cleves or Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; But Seymour's
+own brother squashed both those plans, the union with Mary in particular;
+Seymour was not 'born to be king, nor to marry a king's daughter.'&amp;nbsp;
+So when he married the queen dowager, people naturally assumed it was a
+union of ambition and not affection.
+&lt;p&gt;Seymour further angered the council and his brother by flirting with
+Princess Elizabeth; she was sent from he and Katharine's Chelsea home after
+Katharine became pregnant.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine died in childbirth, Seymour
+was soon engaged in pressing his suit to Elizabeth again as well as arguing
+with the council - and his brother in particular - over Katharine's possessions.&amp;nbsp;
+He was also ingratiating himself with King Edward by bribing a man called
+John Fowler, one of the king's closest servants.&amp;nbsp; Fowler and Edward
+were close and shared conversations; they revealed the young king's increasing
+frustration with Somerset's actions.&amp;nbsp; Edward wanted more pocket money,
+less severe tutors, more time for leisure pursuits - he wanted to be treated
+as king and not a child.&amp;nbsp; Fowler, paid by Seymour, was happy to pass
+these complaints on.&amp;nbsp; So Seymour smuggled in some money and small
+presents and, though these pleased the king, they didn't personally endear
+his uncle to him.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps even the young Edward could sense his uncle's
+calculating ambition.
+&lt;p&gt;But Edward did publicly support and bless his uncle and stepmother's
+marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, in a fit of anger, he once told Seymour that - if
+Somerset should die - he would appoint his 'favorite' uncle Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp;
+Such statements only encouraged Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, in November
+1547, Seymour had urged Edward to sign a document which would be placed
+before Parliament in its new session; it would officially divide the office
+of Lord Protector between the king's two uncles.&amp;nbsp; Edward was naturally
+cautious and asked his tutor, John Cheke, for guidance.&amp;nbsp; Cheke was
+a learned man obsessed with otherwordly concerns but he also understood
+the intrigues of the Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; His advice was for Edward to not
+sign and distance himself from both uncles.&amp;nbsp; Seymour was furious.&amp;nbsp;
+He went about telling councilors that he wanted Edward to live with him
+and the queen dowager and - more threateningly - he could easily steal
+the king from under Somerset's nose.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine died on 5 September
+1548 after a difficult childbirth, one important link to his nephew disappeared.&amp;nbsp;
+After all, Edward had been genuinely fond of Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But after
+her death, Seymour became even more openly ambitious and insulting to his
+brother.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that he wanted to marry his former ward
+Jane Grey but Seymour found this laughable.&amp;nbsp; He had more ambitious
+plans - once again, he intended to woo Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; It may
+have been that Katharine Parr exerted a calming influence upon her husband
+and, once she died, he became more obvious and unrestrained in his plans.&amp;nbsp;
+Whatever the case, he began to voice open disapproval of his brother's
+government, threatening to disrupt Parliamenr; in short, he was a great
+embarrassment to the protector.&amp;nbsp; Somerset tried to be conciliatory
+but Seymour had none of it.&amp;nbsp; He began to gather support (at least
+nominally) from other nobles who were dissatisfied with Somerset for less
+personal reasons.&amp;nbsp; As Lord High Admiral, a post he had heretofore
+neglected, Seymour was able to control the English navy.&amp;nbsp; He openly
+asked people for support in case of a coup.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he was
+completely indiscreet.
+&lt;p&gt;Meanwhile, Elizabeth's governess Mrs Ashley, another victim of Seymour's
+charm, was encouraging her young charge to think kindly of Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+But Elizabeth was cautious and less than thrilled; she retired to the country
+and stayed far away from London.&amp;nbsp; But others had heard of Seymour's
+plans and one of these was Lord Russell, the keeper of the Privy Seal,
+an important office in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; He confronted Seymour with
+rumors of his intention to wed Elizabeth; he said this would ensure Seymour's
+ruin.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, Russell cautioned, King Edward would view a match
+with Elizabeth very suspiciously - after all, it smacked of ambition and
+the next step would be his own death.&amp;nbsp; Then, Seymour and Elizabeth
+would rule.&amp;nbsp; Seymour's folly went further, however.&amp;nbsp; He was also
+embezzling vast sums in a complicated scheme with the vice-treasurer of
+the Bristol mint.&amp;nbsp; (Once again, this is discussed in the Elizabeth
+I pages as well.)
+&lt;p&gt;The vice-treasurer was a man called Sir William Sharington.&amp;nbsp; Sharington
+had taken advantage of the general laxity and chaos the new reign to clip
+and debase the coinage produced at Bristol.&amp;nbsp; He doctored the account
+books to cover the operation but rumors spread of his crimes.&amp;nbsp; It
+was inevitable - after all, others worked at the mint and Sharington was
+using the money to refurbish his house in a very lavish manner.&amp;nbsp; Seymour
+discovered Sharington's secret and, rather than turn him in, decided upon
+blackmail.&amp;nbsp; He planned to use the proceeds to finance his coup to
+take over the government.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, he as using his position as
+Lord High Admiral to encourage piracy (rather than protect against it,
+as was his duty), allowing the pirates safe passage in exchange for shares
+of their booty.&amp;nbsp; He also charged ships a toll to pass from England
+to Ireland on official government business.
+&lt;p&gt;He also planned to kidnap Edward, with John Fowler's help.&amp;nbsp; Fowler
+provided keys to Edward's room and forged a stamp of Edward's signature.&amp;nbsp;
+But at the end of 1548, everyone knew of his plans.&amp;nbsp; The council openly
+discussed charges against him.&amp;nbsp; His aristocratic friends cautioned
+that their support would not be forthcoming after all.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough,
+someone had tipped off the council to one of the greatest crimes - the
+Bristol mint was raided and Sharington fell to pieces, accusing Seymour
+of forcing him to commit treason and turning King's evidence against him.&amp;nbsp;
+(In an ironic footnote, he was not only pardoned - but restored to his
+office and position in life.)&amp;nbsp; Somerset attempted to help his brother,
+summoning him to London for a private audience.&amp;nbsp; Seymour refused.&amp;nbsp;
+Somerset had no choice but to lay all before the council and let them proceed
+against his brother.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, John Fowler's incriminating evidence
+was laid bare - as was King Edward's.&amp;nbsp; But still no direct action
+was taken against him; it was just a treason investigation.&amp;nbsp; But on
+16 January, Seymour ensured his immediate arrest.
+&lt;p&gt;He still had the forged keys to Edward's apartment at Hampton Court
+and, in the middle of the night, decided to risk everything on kidnapping
+the king.&amp;nbsp; He entered through the privy garden - but, in the room
+outside Edward's bedroom, slept the king's pet spaniel.&amp;nbsp; The dog woke
+up, barking, and Seymour shot him.&amp;nbsp; A Yeoman of the Guard appeared,
+demanding an explanation, even as King Edward awoke and stood in his bedroom
+doorway; he was clad in his nightshirt and openly terrified.&amp;nbsp; Seymour
+told them he had come to test the king's guards; the dog had attacked him
+so he was forced to shoot.&amp;nbsp; The guard let him leave but, upon learning
+of the incident, the council decided to confine Seymour to the Tower while
+they investigated.&amp;nbsp; The official charge was attempting to murder King
+Edward; even the suspicion of regicide was enough to condemn Seymour.&amp;nbsp;
+On 18 January, the council officially sent agents to question everyone
+Seymour had conspired with; among those questioned were Princess Elizabeth
+and her household.
+&lt;p&gt;Seymour refused to appear privately before the council; he would settle
+for nothing less than an open trial.&amp;nbsp; On 22 February, the council
+officially indicted him of thirty-three charges of treason.&amp;nbsp; And Seymour
+never had an open trial in which to make his case - as in Henry VIII's
+time, a Bill of Attainder was passed on 4 March, approved by Parliament
+and King Edward.&amp;nbsp; Somerset delayed signing the death warrant so the
+council, led by Dudley, went to Edward for his signature.&amp;nbsp; So on 20
+March, Seymour was executed at the Tower of London, dying 'dangerously,
+irksomely, horribly.'&amp;nbsp; Somerset's understandable inability to condemn
+his brother resulted in a growing rift on the council.&amp;nbsp; His family
+was disgraced and he was angry at the councilors for so rapidly proceeding
+against his brother.&amp;nbsp; It was only a matter of time before he, too,
+fell from power.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's fall was engineered by Dudley and helped along by a backlash
+against his regime.&amp;nbsp; How did Somerset's policies help foster a climate
+of betrayal and manipulation; specifically, how had he failed in his duties
+as Lord Protector?
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;A more thorough discussion of Somerset's government policies, and
+how they led to his downfall&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's government was a confused jumble of misplaced idealism and
+factional squabbling.&amp;nbsp; With the dynamic and charismatic figure of
+Henry VIII gone, Tudor government was in a shambles.&amp;nbsp; Its fate was
+inevitable - an autocratic king was replaced with a nine-year-old boy -
+what else could result but chaos?&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII had been a mass of contradictions
+always united in the belief that the king's will was the highest authority.&amp;nbsp;
+Even when his religious policies became incomprehensible to anyone but
+him, he still believed they were righteous - and through the force of his
+will and use of kingly authority, he convinced most others of the same.&amp;nbsp;
+Up until the week of his death, he entertained foreign ambassadors and
+plotted grandiose foreign invasions, displaying a disturbing interest in
+current events while his council thought he should be contemplating the
+afterlife.&amp;nbsp; When he was gone, no one knew how to fill the void.&amp;nbsp;
+Certainly his heir, still a child, was king in name only.&amp;nbsp; His Lord
+Protectors - first Somerset and then Dudley - tried to &lt;i&gt;act&lt;/i&gt; as kings
+and both perished.&amp;nbsp; The truth was obvious and inescapable - the English
+people may have muttered (at great risk) about Henry's religious quarrels
+and his private follies but they had respected his position as king.&amp;nbsp;
+The men that followed him had grown up in his shadow, jockeying for position
+and favor.&amp;nbsp; When he died, they struggled amongst themselves for Henry's
+vanished supreme authority.&amp;nbsp; In the end, they failed and the English
+people suffered six years of turmoil.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's position as Lord Protector seemed natural enough.&amp;nbsp; After
+all, no one seriously expected a council of sixteen peers to rule England.&amp;nbsp;
+Factionalism and squabbling had long marked Henry's court (particularly
+after Cromwell's execution) and it only worsened after his death.&amp;nbsp;
+There needed to be a leader, a respected man who (in the council's opinion)
+would not be a ruler but a figurehead.&amp;nbsp; In other words, he would be
+perceived as leader while actually sharing authority with the council.&amp;nbsp;
+(A position, in other words, like that of Speaker of the House in the U.S.
+Congress.)&amp;nbsp; Of course, such a plan depended on the leader being willing
+to share power privately.&amp;nbsp; Somerset originally promised to do so but,
+fairly quickly, decided to disregard his peers.&amp;nbsp; This understandably
+angered them.&amp;nbsp; In addition to his arrogant refusal to consult them,
+he also implemented policies which helped the poor at the expense of the
+aristocracy.
+&lt;p&gt;In private life, Somerset was regarded as a genial man, though criticized
+as middle-of-the-road and unreadable.&amp;nbsp; His wife, Anne Stanhope, was
+the stereotypical shrewish wife who offended virtually everyone she met,
+particularly other aristocratic wives.&amp;nbsp; She bore Somerset nine children
+and he was considered a strict but fair father.&amp;nbsp; Insofar as it is
+possible to sketch a psychological portrait of Somerset at this site, I
+would characterize him as an essentially kind and sympathetic man who took
+his responsibilities very seriously; he was also prone to feelings of inferiority
+and easily offended.&amp;nbsp; As a result, his government policies were idealistic
+- but his personal relationships with counncil members were unsatisfying.&amp;nbsp;
+He came to be regarded as arrogant and bullying when, in fact, he was simply
+ill-suited to his job.&amp;nbsp; Added to this, he craved appreciation - he
+cultivated the appearance of fairness and virtue even as he replaced the
+council with his own hand-picked advisors.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset had achieved the position of Lord Protector simply because
+his younger sister, Jane, bore Henry VIII the longed-for son.&amp;nbsp; As
+such, Henry always regarded her in a sentimental haze; she was the perfect
+wife - gentle, meek and obedient.&amp;nbsp; She had also fulfilled her duty
+as queen by providing a male heir, though she tragically died as a result.&amp;nbsp;
+It was Jane who, years after her death, was painted as Henry's consort
+in paintings of the Tudor dynasty; and it was Jane whom Henry wished to
+lie beside in death.&amp;nbsp; While she lived as queen (for a brief eighteen
+months), her brothers, Edward and Thomas, were showered with favors.&amp;nbsp;
+After Edward VI's birth, the favors continued.&amp;nbsp; Edward, the elder
+brother who became duke of Somerset in 1547, was closer to Henry than Thomas
+and adept at handling his mercurial monarch.&amp;nbsp; In truth, Somerset had
+emerged as a competent soldier and politician.&amp;nbsp; But competency alone
+could not run Tudor England; indeed, even the great Cromwell had struggled
+to control Henry's council before they connived at his execution.&amp;nbsp;
+Somerset was no Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; He lacked a coherent vision of government
+and the personality to govern.&amp;nbsp; But for several years he was Lord
+Protector - before his younger brother's jealousy and ambition destroyed
+them both.
+&lt;p&gt;The personal tragedy of Edward and Thomas Seymour was discussed above.&amp;nbsp;
+Suffice to say, it played out against the backdrop of actual government
+- all the mundane day-to-day policies whicch actually control a country.&amp;nbsp;
+Edward VI became king even as his father's past was catching up to the
+English economy.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII had indulged in many frivolous pursuits,
+including several extremely expensive battles in France.&amp;nbsp; He left
+behind a mountain of debt and little means to pay it.&amp;nbsp; The English
+economy was heavily dependent upon wool exports to Europe, particularly
+the Low Countries.&amp;nbsp; And it possessed the enviable ability to feed
+its population without importing food - but only during good harvests.&amp;nbsp;
+When harvests were bad, famine occurred and the poor became beggars, often
+relying on the newly-impoverished churches for support.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset dealt with crises by consulting his own advisors and not the
+council.&amp;nbsp; It was unfortunate that the disregarded councilors included
+one John Dudley, earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was very ambitious and determined
+to destroy both Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He began through simple gossip
+- encouraging Thomas Seymour's jealousy whhile telling Somerset his brother
+coveted his position.&amp;nbsp; But, for a long while, Somerset was impervious
+to Dudley's scheming.&amp;nbsp; Within weeks of Henry's death, Somerset obtained
+a dry stamp of Edward VI's signature - perhaps his most powerful tool (since
+the king's signature implied the king's will - and the king's will was
+law.)&amp;nbsp; And he soon commanded that Edward's signature alone was not
+completely legal; instead, documents must include both Edward &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt;
+Somerset's signatures.&amp;nbsp; For almost exactly two years (until his brother
+was arrested on 17 January 1549), Somerset ruled England as thoroughly
+as any king.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, it could be said he consulted the official privy
+council less than Henry VIII had; certainly he entrusted less business
+to it.
+&lt;p&gt;His foreign policy was dominated by one thing - Scotland.&amp;nbsp; He wanted
+to marry Edward VI to Mary Stuart, heiress to the Scottish throne and known
+to history as Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; But he knew that such a betrothal
+would have to be forced and enforced constantly.&amp;nbsp; He also knew that
+England could ill afford to continually invade their troublesome northern
+neighbor.&amp;nbsp; So Somerset proposed a logical - but impractical - plan.&amp;nbsp;
+He would maintain a permanent English presence in Scotland by constructing
+armed garrisons.&amp;nbsp; He invaded Scotland in September 1547 and won a
+battle at Pinkie.&amp;nbsp; He instantly began to build forts while neglecting
+to enforce a naval blockade to prevent French involvement.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps
+Somerset did not correctly gauge the Scottish-French alliance; he was certainly
+unprepared when 6000 French troops arrived and promptly captured English
+forts and built their own garrisons.&amp;nbsp; Two years after the Battle of
+Pinkie, the French had moved Mary Stuart to France (thereby ending Somerset's
+planned marriage between her and Edward.)&amp;nbsp; Also, the battle had become
+defensive and inconclusive.&amp;nbsp; Somerset was reduced to hiring mercenaries
+(over 7000) to maintain some positions but conditions were bleak enough
+to drive mercenaries away.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, France had decided to declare
+war; Henri II officially did so on 8 August 1549.&amp;nbsp; England could not
+fight France and so Somerset offered to return Boulogne (captured by Henry
+VIII) five years before an earlier treaty demanded.&amp;nbsp; The French king
+demanded the return of Calais as well.&amp;nbsp; So Somerset ordered new forts
+built at both cities and managed to fend off an attack at Boulogne.&amp;nbsp;
+But soon enough the French king declared his trump card - Mary Stuart was
+betrothed to his son and heir, the Dauphin.&amp;nbsp; The message was clear
+- soon, the French would control Scotland..
+&lt;p&gt;The conflicts with Scotland and France cost a great deal of money and
+hurt Somerset's reputation.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, he paid for the battles
+by debasing coinage (hardly an intelligent policy.)&amp;nbsp; He combined these
+foreign policy and economic mishaps by his religious policy.&amp;nbsp; Keep
+in mind that in 1547 just 20% of Londoners were Protestant; Protestants
+were also a vocal minority in Essex, Bristol, Kent and Sussex but outside
+this all-important southeast corridor, the religion had barely spread.&amp;nbsp;
+It was long known that whoever could hold London could control all of England
+- London was the capital and one of the laargest cities in Europe.&amp;nbsp;
+But since Protestants only accounted for 1/5 of the population, what explains
+Somerset's - and the rest of government's - legal support for this new
+religion?&amp;nbsp; The answer is complicated and deserves its own book - in
+brief, the Protestants were a minority but they were a vocal minority with
+money and influence.&amp;nbsp; Their members formed the basis of Somerset's
+support and - as a vocal minority - they were far more passionate and committed
+to spreading their faith than Catholics were with preserving the old order.&amp;nbsp;
+This is an important point; offensive actions are more ideologically appealing
+than defensive actions.&amp;nbsp; The group that initiated the changes (Protestants)
+were far more likely to be committed
+&lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; inspired to action.
+&lt;p&gt;Many of the wealthy Protestants had benefited from the dissolution of
+the monasteries in the 1530s but many historians have exaggerated Henry
+VIII's generosity, implying that he gave vast monastic lands away to favored
+courtiers.&amp;nbsp; In truth, he and Cromwell charged a fair - and often steep
+- price for most of the lands.&amp;nbsp; They  were purchased by nobles - who
+then were committed to keeping their new lands.&amp;nbsp; But most were also
+committed to Protestantism for very real ideological and religious reasons.&amp;nbsp;
+One should not underestimate the importance of religion to 16th century
+people, though our own age is awash in skepticism and cynicism.&amp;nbsp; For
+people of the 16th century, the miseries of this world were transitory
+- they were more committed to ensuring exiistence in the hereafter.
+&lt;p&gt;Throughout Somerset's protectorate, the Tudor government - though sympathetic
+to Protestantism - did not dare officially declare itself Protestant.&amp;nbsp;
+Why?&amp;nbsp; Once again, the specter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V hung
+over England.&amp;nbsp; And with the Franco-Scottish alliance a pressing concern,
+Somerset could not afford to alienate the neutral Charles V.&amp;nbsp; (Like
+Henry VIII, Somerset wanted to avoid a Franco-Spanish-Scottish alliance
+against England.)&amp;nbsp; So he avoided an official declaration of England's
+religious
+sympathies and allowed Charles's cousin, Princess Mary, freedom to celebrate
+Catholic services.&amp;nbsp; But the religious policy was as confusing as everything
+else during those years - what were the proper rites for church services?
+what doctrinal changes from Henry's reign would remain? would the use of
+an English bible be enforced? should the Host be elevated during mass?&amp;nbsp;
+These questions - and many others - remained hotly debated.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile,
+Somerset's government passed numerous guidelines, each more upsetting to
+traditionalists than the last - unlicensed preaching was banned on 24 April
+1548; &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt; preaching was banned just five months later.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
+clergy would recite twelve government-approved homilies/proverbs from the
+pulpit.&amp;nbsp; Images were outlawed, altars were ordered removed, private
+masses ended....&amp;nbsp; And the twelve government-endorsed homilies continued
+this destruction, railing against good works and purgatory while advocating
+salvation through faith &lt;i&gt;alone&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; All churchmen felt themselves
+under attack while their parishes agreed.&amp;nbsp; (For example, good works
+and purgatory were deeply-held beliefs of common people.)
+&lt;p&gt;Added to this confusion was Edward VI's blossoming religious convictions.&amp;nbsp;
+Like his sister, Mary, Edward became committed to a specific ideology and
+determined to impose it upon the English people - for their own good, of
+course.&amp;nbsp; His tacit approval did not matter much to Somerset (who,
+after all, possessed the king's signature) but it was symbolic.&amp;nbsp; For
+the English people, the religious policies were frightening and confusing.&amp;nbsp;
+Most English people lived in the countryside and were fundamentally conservative
+- as most rural populations are; they weree slow to change and suspicious
+of new ideas.&amp;nbsp; Confined to London for most of his short life, Edward
+was unaware of this basic truth.&amp;nbsp; Like Somerset, he resided in London
+where the new ideas were rampant.
+&lt;p&gt;But, of course, the people had another reason for dissatisfaction.&amp;nbsp;
+As mentioned earlier, Somerset's economic policy was essentially nonexistent.&amp;nbsp;
+There was no overriding philosophy - just one hare-brained scheme to raise
+money after another.&amp;nbsp; The population had been steadily increasing
+(see &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffacts.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Facts
+&amp;amp; Figures&lt;/a&gt;) and, of course, fueled a rise in prices.&amp;nbsp; But along
+with this, currency debasement continued and increased inflation.&amp;nbsp;
+One official mentioned the obvious solution - restore the coinage - but
+Somerset was desperate for quick money to fund his Scottish plans.&amp;nbsp;
+Most of his economic policies were implemented by John Hales.&amp;nbsp; Hales
+introduced many bills to parliament 1548-49, the main ones were: the maintenance
+of tillage, requiring sheep farmers to keep a certain number of cows to
+ensure regular milk and cheese supplies; he also attempted to end the compulsory
+purchase by the government of food at fixed prices.&amp;nbsp; Those bills failed
+- but a tax on sheep and wool was approvedd in order to discourage sheep
+farming (and enclosures.)&amp;nbsp; The attempts to end enclosures was perhaps
+the most ill-advised of Somerset's policies.&amp;nbsp; Landholders were naturally
+opposed to it and, when they supposedly frustrated attempts to collect
+evidence of enclosures, Somerset grew angry - he decided to proceed without
+legal basis.&amp;nbsp; (The landowners had frustrated the government by packing
+juries with their own tenants and servants.)&amp;nbsp; Somerset's decision
+to proceed inflamed the entire Midlands (where the commission had begun
+its work.)
+&lt;p&gt;In May 1549, revolts began which can be loosely classified as 'class
+warfare', or as close to such as Tudor England would ever get.&amp;nbsp; This
+was not a repeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace, where nobleman led their supporters
+in protest of new religious policies.&amp;nbsp; This was the revolt ot thousands
+of laborers and poor farmers who had long resented the use of enclosures.&amp;nbsp;
+They were revolting against the noblemen with, so they believed, the government's
+support.&amp;nbsp; These poor people, who had suffered through rising inflation
+and prices and debased currency, were determined to end a grossly unfair
+practice.&amp;nbsp; When Somerset insisted the nobles had deliberately filled
+the juries with supporters, the people grew angry.&amp;nbsp; They took to the
+fields - filling ditches, tearing down fences and hedges.&amp;nbsp; Too late,
+Somerset recognized the force he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; He threatened to
+disperse the rioters by force, to no avail.&amp;nbsp; In May the first revolts
+broke out; by August, revolts broke out in Leicestershire.&amp;nbsp; It was
+up to the nobility to restore order to their lands, using troops originally
+destined for Scotland.&amp;nbsp; But thousands perished during the fighting.
+&lt;p&gt;The revolts had revealed the ugly undercurrent of dissatisfaction among
+the English people.&amp;nbsp; The factors already discussed combined to encourage
+revolt.&amp;nbsp; It was also a terribly hot summer with a bad harvest.&amp;nbsp;
+As prices rose, Somerset foolishly decided to fix maximum prices for goods
+- but the prices were incredibly high and,, once again, demonstrated his
+knowledge of London prices and ignorance of the rest of England.&amp;nbsp;
+In general, the rebels wanted such basic rights as this - the right to
+have landlords forced off 'common' ground and the right to fish freely.&amp;nbsp;
+In a way, it was very much a 'Robin Hood' rebellion; they distrusted the
+gentry and sought to separate the church and nobility.
+&lt;p&gt;Somerset's policies during the rebellions were typical of 'the Good
+Duke', or so the peasantry believed - but they enraged the nobility.&amp;nbsp;
+In effect, he waffled between action and inaction.&amp;nbsp; When the revolts
+began, he had not wanted to delay his Scottish campaign and so he didn't
+respond immediately.&amp;nbsp; Instead, he issued grandiose proclamations and
+promised to pardon rebels if they stopped.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the revolts
+spread and the council urged action.&amp;nbsp; In July, Somerset finally brought
+troops back from Scotland and sent them to smash the rebels with impunity.&amp;nbsp;
+Thousands of deaths ensued and much property was damaged.&amp;nbsp; The council
+was furious - Somerset had blundered once again, disregarding their advice
+and following no clear policy of his own.&amp;nbsp; Even Paget, his former
+ally, was disgusted.&amp;nbsp; He wrote Somerset a threatening and dismissive
+letter which read, in part:
+&lt;ul&gt;Society in a realm doth consist and is maintained by mean of religion
+and law.&amp;nbsp; And these two or one wanting, farewell all just society,
+farewell king, government, justice and all other virtue.&amp;nbsp; Look well
+whether you have either law or religion at home and I fear you shall find
+neither. ....And put no more so many irons in the fire at once as you have
+had within this twelvemonth - war with Scotland, with France.... commissions
+out for that matter, new laws for this, proclamation for another, one in
+another's neck.&lt;/ul&gt;
+Paget's opinion of his former ally indicated the growing disillusionment
+with Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Coupled with his brother's ambitious attempt to overthrow
+him, the complete loss of the council's confidence was thus the beginning
+of Somerset's end.
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor Monarchs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;center&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;written by &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:marilee@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Marilee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/td&gt;
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082560&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082560&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH690a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH690a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH690a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">16478</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Jane Seymour third wife of King Henry VIII mother of King Edward VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Jane Seymour third wife of King Henry VIII mother of King Edward VI</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Jane Seymour: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/seymour.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/seymour.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH690ae8278921151e9e29a7</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH690a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourcardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">seymourbiography.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;607&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Here lies Jane, a phoenix &lt;BR&gt;Who 
+      died in giving another phoenix birth. &lt;BR&gt;Let her be mourned, for 
+      birds like these &lt;BR&gt;Are rare indeed. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane 
+      Seymour's epitaph&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt; &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourcardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Jane Seymour&quot; width=&quot;336&quot; height=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&quot; width=&quot;325&quot; height=&quot;327&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Henry VIII had 
+      six wives but only one gave him a son.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour fulfilled her 
+      most important duty as queen, but she was never crowned and  died just 
+      twelve days after the long and arduous birth.&amp;nbsp; She was Henry's third 
+      wife and seems never to have made much of an impression upon anyone except 
+      the king.&amp;nbsp; Her meek and circumspect manner was in distinct contrast 
+      to Henry's second wife, the sharp-tongued Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Jane had 
+      served as lady-in-waiting to Anne and she supplanted her in much the same 
+      way Anne had replaced Katharine of Aragon in Henry's affections.&amp;nbsp; We 
+      will never know if Jane sought the king's favor or was a frightened pawn 
+      of her family and the king's desire.&amp;nbsp; But we do know that she bravely 
+      sought pardons for those involved in the Pilgrimage of Grace revolt in 
+      1536.&amp;nbsp; Rebuked by the king, and mindful of the fates of his first two 
+      wives, she retired into a quiet and decorous role.&amp;nbsp; The triumphant 
+      birth of her son Edward allowed her two ambitious brothers into the king's 
+      inner circle; however, both would be executed during Edward's reign.&lt;/B&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read 
+        the biography of Jane Seymour.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters written by 
+        Jane&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed6birth.html&quot;&gt;Jane Seymour's 
+        pregnancy is announced&lt;/A&gt;, 1537.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: 
+        Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward 
+        VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's son. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Seymour's life at &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor 
+      Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt; 
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for 
+        the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;
+        Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by 
+        Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign 
+        of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century 
+        England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or 
+        other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt; 
+        &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Seymour's 
+        family was of ancient and respectable lineage.&amp;nbsp; Her father was Sir 
+        John Seymour of Wolf Hall in Wiltshire; he served in the Tournai 
+        campaign of 1513 and accompanied Henry VIII to the Field of the Cloth of 
+        Gold in 1520.&amp;nbsp; He was made a knight of the body and later a 
+        gentleman of the king's bedchamber.&amp;nbsp; Both positions were very 
+        desirable for they allowed personal access to the king.&amp;nbsp; Courtiers 
+        were always desperate to gain the king's ear, if even for a brief 
+        moment.&amp;nbsp; Sir John was able to secure appointments at 
+        court for his family; of his eight children, three would come to 
+        historical prominence - the eldest son Edward as duke of Somerset and 
+        Lord Protector, another son Thomas as Lord Admiral and husband of Henry VIII's last queen, and his daughter Jane as queen of England.
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;The Seymour rise to prominence at Henry's court mirrored that of the 
+        Boleyns; it was the path sought by all English families with a minor 
+        pedigree or clever son.&amp;nbsp; But gaining the king's favor was rather 
+        different than maintaining it and the Seymours proved far more adept at 
+        the latter. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Jane's birthdate is unknown; various accounts use anywhere from 1504 
+        to 1509.&amp;nbsp; She first came to court as a lady-in-waiting to &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of 
+        Aragon&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's first wife.&amp;nbsp; But soon enough &lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne 
+        Boleyn&lt;/A&gt; was queen and Jane attended her.&amp;nbsp; She witnessed 
+        first-hand the tempestuous relationship between Anne and Henry.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Jane herself was known for her quiet and soothing manner.&amp;nbsp; 
+        Certainly Henry knew of her but there is no evidence that he took 
+        particular notice until September 1535 when his royal progress stopped 
+        at Wolf Hall.&amp;nbsp; Such a visit was a great honor for the Seymour 
+        family.&amp;nbsp; And it brought Jane, away from court and its flirtatious 
+        young beauties, immediately to the king's attention.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;P&gt;Many historians have argued this was the beginning of Henry's 
+        infatuation, but it was unlikely.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn was not completely 
+        out of favor just yet; she was pregnant again,&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/seymourbiography.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Jane Seymour by an unknown artist&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;423&quot;&gt; though she would suffer a 
+        miscarriage in January.&amp;nbsp; And Henry's flirtations were confined to 
+        Anne's cousin, Madge Shelton.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour was perhaps in the 
+        king's thoughts but he did nothing for several months. 
+        &lt;P&gt;
+      In February 1536, however, foreign ambassadors began to report rumors 
+        of the king's romance with Jane.&amp;nbsp; They speculated upon her chances 
+        of becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry made his affection clear to Jane; she 
+        received costly gifts (which she prudently returned) and her brothers 
+        were promoted at court.&amp;nbsp; In April 1536, Edward Seymour and his wife 
+        moved to rooms which connected through a hidden passage with the king's 
+        apartments.&amp;nbsp; Henry could thus continue his courtship of Jane in 
+        relative privacy. 
+        &lt;P&gt;But the king was also mindful of the vicious rumors and public 
+        outrage which had accompanied his open courtship of Anne Boleyn while 
+        still wed to Katharine of Aragon.&amp;nbsp; He was far more discreet with 
+        Jane, and this undoubtedly suited her character.&amp;nbsp; She was content 
+        to remain unknown.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that she would not dine alone 
+        with the king, insisting always upon a chaperone, and that she responded 
+        to a particularly bold flirtation by reminding the king of his marriage. 
+
+        &lt;P&gt;Henry did not need to be reminded of his second marriage; it had 
+        become a bitter disappointment for him.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to rid 
+        himself of Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Jane's presence was merely another impetus 
+        for action. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Another impetus was the death of Katharine of Aragon on 7 January 
+        1536.&amp;nbsp; All of Europe, and most Englishmen, had regarded her as the 
+        king's rightful wife and Anne as merely his concubine.&amp;nbsp; On 29 
+        January, Anne miscarried a son; the king ominously declared that he 
+        would have no more children by her.&amp;nbsp; For Henry, it was suddenly 
+        clear that if he could rid himself of Anne and marry Jane, then he would 
+        have a legitimate marriage recognized by all and another possibility for 
+        a son. 
+        &lt;P&gt;The king began to mention publicly that he had been bewitched into 
+        marriage with Anne; he knew his words would reach her.&amp;nbsp; Anne was 
+        terrified but  could do little.&amp;nbsp; She had few friends at court, 
+        and even those were prepared to desert her for the king's favor.&amp;nbsp; 
+        On 2 May, she was arrested and taken to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; On 
+        15 May, she was condemned to death; Henry sent a personal message to 
+        Jane with the news.&amp;nbsp; Four days later Anne was executed; the day 
+        after, 20 May, the king was formally betrothed to Jane.&amp;nbsp; They 
+        married ten days later on 30 May and Jane was publicly declared queen on 
+        4 June.&amp;nbsp; She chose an apt motto, 'Bound to Obey and Serve'. 
+        &lt;P&gt;She was never granted the lavish coronation which Anne had 
+        enjoyed.&amp;nbsp; It was summertime and the minor plagues were sweeping 
+        through London; the king said she must wait until the spring to be 
+        crowned.&amp;nbsp; It is also possible, and was rumored, that Henry had no 
+        intention of crowning Jane until she had proved her worth and provided a 
+        son.&amp;nbsp; If she proved barren, he could annul their marriage with 
+        hopefully little fanfare. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Almost a decade had passed since the 'King's Great Matter' first 
+        began and still Henry did not have a legitimate heir.&amp;nbsp; And on 20 
+        July 1536, he received the devastating news that his only illegitimate 
+        son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, had died at the age of 17.&amp;nbsp; 
+        There had always been the possibility that Fitzroy could have succeeded 
+        him, but now Henry VIII was left with only two daughters, both declared 
+        illegitimate.&amp;nbsp; It is certain that if Jane had not provided a son, 
+        she would have been quickly discarded.&amp;nbsp; Personal affection could 
+        not overcome political necessity. 
+        &lt;P&gt;But Jane was able to provide the king with his fondest wish.&amp;nbsp; 
+        And indeed the whole country wished for an heir; they had no desire to 
+        return to ruinous civil war.&amp;nbsp; 
+        &lt;P&gt;Rumors of her pregnancy began almost immediately after her 
+        marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it wasn't early 1537 that rumors could finally be 
+        confirmed as fact.&amp;nbsp; The London chronicler Edward Hall recorded 
+        public rejoicing at news of Jane's quickening:&amp;nbsp; 'On 27 May 
+        1537, Trinity Sunday, there was a Te Deum sung in St Paul's cathedral 
+        for joy at the queen's quickening of her child, my lord chancellor, lord 
+        privy seal and various other lords and bishops being then present; the 
+        mayor and aldermen with the best guilds of the city being there in their 
+        liveries, all giving laud and praise to God for joy about it.' 
+        &lt;P&gt;Bonfires were lit and celebrations held throughout England; prayers 
+        were offered for a safe delivery.&amp;nbsp; In early October, Jane went to 
+        Hampton Court Palace for her lying-in and on 12 October, after a long 
+        and difficult labor, she gave birth to the wished-for son.&amp;nbsp; It was 
+        the eve of St Edward's day and so he was baptized by that name on 15 
+        October.&amp;nbsp; His two half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, attended the 
+        splendid christening ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Mary stood as godmother; Elizabeth 
+        was carried in the arms of Thomas Seymour, Jane's brother who would 
+        later plan to marry her.&amp;nbsp; Her grandfather, Thomas Boleyn, also 
+        attended the ceremony. 
+        &lt;P&gt;After 29 years as king of England, Henry VIII finally had a 
+        legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; Past grievances could be forgotten at this 
+        grand moment. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Jane did not savor her success for long.&amp;nbsp; The christening 
+        ceremony had begun in her bedchamber; she was wrapped in robes and 
+        carried on a litter to the king's chapel.&amp;nbsp; She was able to 
+        participate but the long ordeal proved too much.&amp;nbsp; She was already 
+        weak and exhausted; she needed quiet and rest and received 
+        neither.&amp;nbsp; Only a day later, it was reported that the queen was very 
+        ill.&amp;nbsp; Her condition quickly worsened.&amp;nbsp; She was delirious and 
+        had a&amp;nbsp; high fever; doctors bled her and attendants hastened to 
+        fulfill her craving for sweets and wine.&amp;nbsp; The king's chief minister 
+        Cromwell would later blame the sweets for her death but they did little 
+        to harm Jane.&amp;nbsp; Modern historians believe she had puerperal sepsis, 
+        or 'childbed fever'.&amp;nbsp; It was all too common in the 16th century. 
+        &lt;P&gt;It was later rumored that she died from complications of a Cesarean 
+        section, that Henry VIII had ordered the child ripped from her womb, but this was unlikely.&amp;nbsp; There were no reports that she was 
+        bleeding excessively and she was able to attend the christening and 
+        greet visitors.&amp;nbsp; Sadly, Jane was a victim of her times.&amp;nbsp; Poor 
+        hygiene and medical knowledge could not stop the fever which finally 
+        killed her near midnight on 24 October. 
+        &lt;P&gt;Jane's early death, at the moment of her great triumph, and her 
+        gentle character had an enduring hold on Henry VIII's memory.&amp;nbsp; She 
+        was given a solemn state funeral; Princess Mary acted as her chief 
+        mourner.&amp;nbsp; In her short time as queen, Jane had attempted to 
+        reconcile Henry and his stubborn daughter.&amp;nbsp; Her body was embalmed 
+        and laid to rest in the tomb at Windsor Castle which Henry was building 
+        for himself.&amp;nbsp; Years after her death, even while he was married to 
+        other women, Jane continued to appear in royal portraits as queen 
+        consort.&amp;nbsp; Her special status as mother to the heir was never 
+        forgotten. 
+        &lt;P&gt;The king wore black until well into 1538 and waited more than two 
+        years to marry again.&amp;nbsp; This was the longest interval between 
+        marriages during his reign.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;
+        &lt;CENTER&gt;
+        &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six 
+        Wives main page&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+        href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+        England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to Primary 
+        Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082568&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082568&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH694c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH694c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH694c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5247</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The death of Elizabeth of York and the betrothal of Princess Margaret to the king of Scots, 1503</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH694cb8bfec0c2da3321f9a</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH694c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizdeat.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizdeat.gif&quot; width=&quot;609&quot; height=&quot;140&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by Tudor citizen Richard Grafton.&amp;nbsp; Its spelling 
+      has been modernized.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Elizabeth of York was born on 
+      11 February 1465 to King Edward IV and his queen, Elizabeth Woodville.&amp;nbsp; 
+      After her father's death and her uncle Richard's usurpation, Elizabeth was 
+      the sole Yorkist heir to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Her two brothers, the 
+      infamous 'Princes in the Tower', had disappeared; their murders are 
+      alternately blamed upon Richard and Elizabeth's future husband, King Henry 
+      VII.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Her marriage to Henry was planned by his mother, the 
+      formidable Lady Margaret Beaufort, and her mother.&amp;nbsp; Richard was 
+      defeated in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485 and Henry was 
+      declared king of England.&amp;nbsp; He postponed the marriage for several 
+      months, however; he did not wish his claim to the throne to be based upon 
+      Elizabeth's status as heiress of Edward IV.&amp;nbsp; They married on 18 
+      January 1486 and their first child, a son called Arthur, was born nine 
+      months later.&amp;nbsp; They eventually had eight children, four of whom 
+      survived infancy.&amp;nbsp; She died in childbirth on her 38th birthday.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Henry VII never married again.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Princess Margaret Tudor was the eldest daughter of Henry 
+      VII and Elizabeth of York, born on 29 November 1489.&amp;nbsp; She was married 
+      to the Scottish king James IV on 8 August 1503, in an attempt to establish 
+      peace between the two kingdoms.&amp;nbsp; It did not work; James was killed at 
+      Flodden Field in 1513, during the reign of Margaret's younger brother, 
+      King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; Margaret married twice more.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+      great-grandson, King James VI of Scotland, became King James I of England 
+      in 1603, thus uniting the two countries.&amp;nbsp; Margaret died on 18 October 
+      1541.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;....Queen Elizabeth, lying in the tower of London, was brought
+to bed on Candlemas day of a fair daughter who was there christened and
+named Catherine, and on 11 February, the most virtuous princess and gracious
+queen there died, and was with all funeral pomp carried through the City
+of London to Westminster, and there buried, whose daughter also lived but
+a little time after her mother. &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;....All this winter preparation was made for the conveyance of Lady Margaret,
+betrothed to the king of Scots, into Scotland.&amp;nbsp; And when all things
+were ready and prepared the king moved on the last day of June from Richmond,
+in the company of this daughter, and came to Colyweston, where his mother
+the countess of Richmond then was.&amp;nbsp; And at the end of certain days
+of recreation the king gave her his blessing with a fatherly exhortation,
+and committed her conveyance to the king her husband's presence to the
+earl of Surrey: and Henry Algernon Percy, earl of Northumberland was appointed
+as Warden of the Marches, to deliver her at the border of both the Marches.
+&lt;p&gt;Thus this fair lady was conveyed with a great company of lords, ladies,
+knights, esquires and gentlemen until she came to Berwick and from there
+to a village called Lambton Kirk in Scotland where the king with the flower
+of Scotland was ready to receive her, to whom the earl of Northumberland
+according to his commission delivered her.
+&lt;p&gt;The Scots that day, I assure you, were not behind the English but far
+above, both in dress and rich jewels and weighty chains.
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082592&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082592&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6b64.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6b64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6b64.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">31032</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Catherine Howard: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6b645e6135820f42d5d3d4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215302</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6b64.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">howardcardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">howard-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;631&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The King's affection was so
+marvelously set upon that gentlewoman [Catherine], as it was never
+known that he had the like to any woman.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer's secretary, Ralph Morice, in a
+letter to his master, 1540&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;95&quot; alt=&quot;Catherine Howard&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/howardcardinal.gif&quot; width=&quot;389&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
+      &lt;img height=&quot;252&quot;
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Catherine Howard by Holbein, on the back of a playing-card&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/howard-crop.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;250&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;miniature portrait of Catherine 
+      Howard by Hans Holbein the Younger&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Catherine Howard was a cousin of Henry
+VIII's ill-fated second queen, Anne Boleyn; and like Anne, Catherine
+would die on the scaffold at Tower Green.&amp;nbsp; Her birthdate is
+unknown, but her father was the younger brother of the duke of
+Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though personally impoverished, Catherine had a powerful
+family name and thus secured an appointment as lady-in-waiting to
+Henry's fourth queen, Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; While at court, she caught
+the eye of the middle-aged king and became a political pawn of her
+family and its Catholic allies.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's greatest crime was
+her silliness.&amp;nbsp; Raised in the far too permissive household of her
+grandmother, she was a flirtatious and emotional girl who rarely
+understood the consequences of her actions.&amp;nbsp; She made the mistake
+of continuing her girlish indiscretions as queen.&amp;nbsp; Henry was
+besotted with her, calling her his 'Rose without a Thorn' and showering
+her with gifts and public affection.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was understandably
+more attracted to men her own age and, after just seventeen months of
+marriage to the king, she was arrested for adultery.&amp;nbsp; The
+distraught king at first refused to believe the evidence but it was
+persuasive.&amp;nbsp; Unlike Anne Boleyn, Catherine had betrayed the
+king.&amp;nbsp; She was beheaded on 13 February 1542, only nineteen or
+twenty years old.&amp;nbsp; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;
+ color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The drama of her execution lends gravity to a brief
+life which would otherwise pass unnoticed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Read the biography of Catherine Howard.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;Catherine's
+letter to Thomas Culpeper&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricath.html&quot;&gt;The fall
+of Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;, 1540&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
+England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view the only known portrait of Catherine. &lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;Test your knowledge of Catherine's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        Interact&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/b&gt; Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
+the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This
+email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
+of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
+England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
+other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I found her in
+such lamentation and heaviness, as I never saw no creature, so that it
+would have pitied any man's heart in the world, to have looked upon
+her.'&lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Thomas Cranmer describes
+visiting Catherine after her arrest, 1542&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+Catherine Howard's short life is one of the great cautionary tales of
+Henry VIII's reign; there is about it something strangely pathetic and
+small, but also powerful and moving.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was neither
+particularly beautiful or intelligent, but she was a charming,
+flirtatious girl who rose, virtually overnight, from obscurity to
+become queen of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was the daughter of the 2d duke of Norfolk's youngest son,
+Edmund, and his wife, Jocasta (Joyce) Culpeper.&amp;nbsp; She was one of
+too many children for her impoverished parents and the date of her
+birth was not recorded; most historians believe it was 1521.&amp;nbsp;
+Edmund was not an auspicious individual and, like most younger sons,
+spent most of his life in constant need of money.&amp;nbsp; He complained
+to the king's chief minister &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fcromwell.html&quot;&gt;Thomas
+Cromwell&lt;/a&gt; that he wished to be a poor man's son for at least then he
+could work without shame.&amp;nbsp; But he was an aristocrat, a member of
+one of the greatest noble families of England, and he could do little
+but beg for help from one relation to another.&amp;nbsp; He sent his
+daughter to live with her grandmother, the dowager duchess of Norfolk,
+and thus avoided responsibility for Catherine's upbringing.&amp;nbsp; This
+should not reflect badly upon him since it was typical of the times;
+and though Catherine's grandmother complained ceaselessly about the
+expense of supporting numerous grandchildren, she did provide a
+comfortable home.&amp;nbsp; She did not, however, provide strict
+supervision - a fact which would have dire consequences for the entire
+Norfolk family after Catherine became queen. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine was raised in a type of dormitory at Lambeth Palace,
+crowded in with other young girls (some were servants to her
+grandmother) and her education was not intellectual.&amp;nbsp; Rather, her
+days were spent passing the time in the most pleasant manner
+possible.&amp;nbsp; The duchess's household was not wealthy and Catherine
+understandably chafed at her constricted lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; There was
+within her a strong love of luxury and inability to control her
+desires; this was a lack of self-control, a realization that certain
+things should not be done, must not be risked, no matter how much she
+wanted something.&amp;nbsp; While she was simply one of many daughters of
+an impoverished lord, this immaturity did not matter.&amp;nbsp; But when
+she became queen, it remained and past indiscretions also returned to
+haunt her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine grew into a merry and vivacious girl, not conventionally
+beautiful but graceful and charming.&amp;nbsp; She possessed all the
+vitality of youth, something which proved irresistible to her aged
+king.&amp;nbsp; The only part of her sporadic education which she seemed to
+enjoy were her music lessons; in particular, she enjoyed the attentions
+of her music teacher, a man named Henry Mannox.&amp;nbsp; They first met in
+1536, when Catherine was just fifteen years old.&amp;nbsp; Hired to teach
+her the virginal and lute, Mannox soon began a practiced seduction of
+his young pupil.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine later swore the relationship was not consummated.&amp;nbsp;
+'At the flattering and fair persuasions of Mannox being but a young
+girl I suffered him at sundry times to handle and touch the secret
+parts of my body which neither became me with honesty to permit nor him
+to require,' she later told interrogators.&amp;nbsp; Mannox admitted the
+same.&amp;nbsp; Since Catherine later confessed to more serious
+transgressions, there was no reason for her to lie in this
+instance.&amp;nbsp; And one can certainly condemn Mannox for taking
+advantage of his young student. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;As a mere music teacher, Mannox was too far below her in social
+status for a serious relationship to develop.&amp;nbsp; Though he followed
+the duchess's household to London in 1538, Catherine's attentions soon
+turned elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; She fell in love with a gentleman-pensioner in
+her grandmother's household named Francis Dereham.&amp;nbsp; This
+relationship was far more serious and undoubtedly consummated.&amp;nbsp;
+There is much evidence on this point, including Catherine's own
+confession: 'Francis Dereham by many persuasions procured me to his
+vicious purpose and obtained first to lie upon my bed with his doublet
+and hose and after within the bed and finally he lay with me naked and
+used me in such sort as a man doth his wife many and sundry times but
+how often I know not.' &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Their affair continued throughout 1538.&amp;nbsp; They addressed one
+another as 'husband' and 'wife' and when Dereham was sent to Ireland on
+business, he left 100 pds in Catherine's keeping.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Mannox, still with the household, was infuriated; his
+attraction to Catherine continued while she spurned his company for
+Dereham's.&amp;nbsp; In revenge, he sent an anonymous note to the dowager
+duchess.&amp;nbsp; She then discovered Catherine and Dereham together and
+there was a frightful scene.&amp;nbsp; But a physical relationship between
+a betrothed couple was not uncommon by sixteenth-century standards and
+Catherine and Dereham parted with some understanding of marriage when
+he returned from Ireland. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But, unluckily for Dereham, Catherine's heart cooled towards him
+while he was away.&amp;nbsp; And in 1539, having moved closer to court and
+staying at her uncle's house, she met Thomas Culpeper.&amp;nbsp; A
+gentleman of the king's Privy Chamber and cousin of Catherine's mother
+Joyce Culpeper, he was a handsome and charming young man; his position
+in court was considered important since it allowed personal access to
+the king.&amp;nbsp; Catherine fell in love with him, though Culpeper's own
+feelings are not known.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's family was powerful and she
+was an attractive girl.&amp;nbsp; It is likely that he was at least
+interested in her, if not immediately infatuated.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But then the great event occurred which was to change Catherine's
+life forever.&amp;nbsp; She arrived at court in late 1539 or early 1540 as
+a lady-in-waiting to &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fcleves.html&quot;&gt;Anne of
+Cleves&lt;/a&gt; and Henry VIII fell in love with her. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;It is clear from Catherine's life before meeting the king that she
+was a flirtatious and emotional girl.&amp;nbsp; It is also clear that she
+possessed the charm and sexual allure to attract men.&amp;nbsp; These were
+to be her greatest strengths and weaknesses, for while they attracted
+the king, they also led her into increasingly reckless behavior.&amp;nbsp;
+If she had married Dereham or Culpeper, or any other social-climber,
+she would have remained a gossip and flirt, perhaps she would have
+succumbed to adultery.&amp;nbsp; But behavior that could be tolerated in a
+poor niece of a duke was treason in a queen of England. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine's family was torn between elation and trepidation with
+regard to Henry's infatuation.&amp;nbsp; T&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;
+ color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;he Norfolk name was one of the oldest in
+England.&amp;nbsp; They had supported Richard III against the first Tudor
+king, Henry VII, but managed to win favor with their military prowess
+and servile devotion to the new dynasty.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII never
+fully trusted Thomas Howard, the 3d duke of Norfolk, though he wed two
+of Norfolk's nieces.&amp;nbsp; Their grand name, then, was both blessing
+and curse.&amp;nbsp; As an old family in a court of upstarts and fond of
+feudal prerogative, Catherine's relatives had made wary friends and
+bitter enemies at court.&amp;nbsp; And the divisive reign of Anne Boleyn,
+herself no friend of her Norfolk relations (the duke presided over her
+trial), had taught them all to tread carefully about the king.&amp;nbsp;
+And Catherine's personality worried them.&amp;nbsp; Could she sustain the
+king's attraction?&amp;nbsp; And, if so, could she become a mature and
+successful queen?&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;It is important
+to remember that Henry's previous English queens, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;
+and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fseymour.html&quot;&gt;Jane
+Seymour&lt;/a&gt;, had spent years in royal service before marrying their
+king.&amp;nbsp; They were veterans of the English court and knew the
+intricacies and dangers of their position.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was a mere
+child by contrast, barely literate, and born in a later
+generation.&amp;nbsp; But for the conservative faction at Henry's court,
+those dedicated to the restoration of the Catholic faith as practiced
+before the Reformation, she was their last, best hope.&amp;nbsp; Unlike
+Anne Boleyn, Catherine's personal and political success was not tied to
+the Protestant faith.&amp;nbsp; She had been raised Catholic by her Norfolk
+grandmother and, despite her personal lapses, she represented the
+conservative faith to others.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Catherine's
+relatives questioned her maturity, but they were not willing to risk
+the king's wrath by pointing it out.&amp;nbsp; Henry VIII was mercurial and
+dangerous, and his latest marriage was a bitter disappointment.&amp;nbsp;
+Woe to the courtier who spoke ill of his latest attraction!&amp;nbsp; It
+was left to the Norfolk clan to coach Catherine as best they could and
+hope their triumph would last.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The king soon
+publicly favored young Mistress Howard.&amp;nbsp; On 24 April she was given
+lands seized from a felon; a few weeks later, she received an expensive
+gift of quilted sarcanet.&amp;nbsp; It is possible their relationship was
+consummated around this time for there was a sudden urgency to annul
+the ill-fated marriage to Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The king's advisors
+soon found a valid impediment to the fourth marriage and, on 13 July
+1540, it was officially ended by Parliament.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the
+French ambassador reported rumors that Catherine was pregnant.&amp;nbsp;
+The king had one son and heir but the vagaries of life in the 16th
+century made another heir necessary.&amp;nbsp; Henry had just turned
+forty-nine years old and half his subjects were eighteen or
+younger.&amp;nbsp; The security of his realm was his greatest concern and
+it could only be guaranteed by legitimate heirs; as a second son
+himself, he knew the life of young &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince
+Edward&lt;/a&gt; was a slender thread upon which to balance a dynasty.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Henry married
+Catherine on 28 July 1540 at Oatlands Palace in Surrey.&amp;nbsp; The
+ceremony was a success, albeit lacking in the usual pomp and display of
+royal unions.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was never crowned queen of England.&amp;nbsp;
+Henry VIII simply couldn't afford the ceremony; perhaps, too, he wished
+to wait until the marriage proved successful in the most important way
+and Catherine bore him a son.&amp;nbsp; The king consulted his council on
+creating a new succession should the blessed event occur, pushing his
+daughters Mary and Elizabeth even further from the throne.&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The next year
+was an Indian summer in the king's life.&amp;nbsp; Catherine chose as her
+motto 'Non autre volonte que la sienne' ('No other wish but his' or 'No
+other will than his') and did her best to amuse and distract him.&amp;nbsp;
+The waste of lives and exorbitant money fighting France had depressed
+the English treasury and the king's spirits.&amp;nbsp; And the Reformation
+had cost him the love of the common people.&amp;nbsp; Henry also
+increasingly suffered from the ailments which would kill him a few
+years later.&amp;nbsp; He had severe headaches and pains throughout his
+body; he found it difficult to sleep and was often impotent.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;English
+politics had become another headache for the king.&amp;nbsp; His great
+advisor and friend, Thomas Cromwell, had championed the Protestant
+cause and the union with Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The king's
+disappointment - and the endless conniving of Cromwell's enemies - led
+to his arrest and execution on the very day Henry and Catherine
+married.&amp;nbsp; Within a few months, the king openly lamented the loss
+of his 'most faithful servant'.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Chief among
+Cromwell's enemies were Catherine's uncle Norfolk and his close friend,
+Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester.&amp;nbsp; Norfolk had always chafed
+at the power Henry granted the 'commoner' Cromwell; Gardiner was a
+Catholic who despised Cromwell's legislative destruction of the papacy
+in England.&amp;nbsp; They used Catherine and the king's own impatience and
+cupidity to destroy Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; But it was only a brief triumph.&lt;/font&gt;
+  &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot; color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Catherine was
+not pregnant in the summer of 1540, nor did she become so.&amp;nbsp; But
+the king was so physically affectionate with her in public that none
+doubted the happy event would occur.&amp;nbsp; Still, warning signs about
+this hasty marriage had already begun.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's relationship
+with Dereham had never been kept secret, though Henry was perhaps
+unaware of it.&amp;nbsp; His courtiers gossiped and wondered.&amp;nbsp; Joan
+Bulmer, a young woman who had lived with Catherine at Lambeth,
+requested that Catherine bring her to court to share in her 'great
+destiny'; it was a subtle blackmail.&amp;nbsp; In August 1541, Dereham was
+made her secretary, perhaps as a bribe to keep quiet about their former
+relationship.&amp;nbsp; So even as she collected rich gifts of gowns,
+jewels, fur cloaks, and golden clocks, Catherine knew her indecorous
+past lurked in the background.&amp;nbsp; Was she worried?&amp;nbsp; As her
+later behavior showed, she was not.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;She was not merely collecting personal finery, but also lands and
+manors that had once belonged to Jane Seymour and even Thomas
+Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; And she began to explore the traditional role of the
+queen as patroness.&amp;nbsp; She also took great care to ensure her aged
+husband's happiness.&amp;nbsp; Many biographers have speculated on
+Catherine's true feelings for Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; She probably did not
+love him in the most romantic sense of the word, but she did love him
+for the affection and generosity he showed her.&amp;nbsp; And she also
+approached him with something of an awed reverence, for he was the king
+and thus a quasi-mystical figure, all-knowing and all-powerful.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But he was not immune to illness and in the spring of 1541, the
+king fell low with a serious fever and Catherine was sent away for her
+own safety.&amp;nbsp; It was around this time that she began her affair
+with Culpeper, the handsome young man who had caught her fancy two
+years before; as evidence, we need only &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletter13.html&quot;&gt;read her only
+surviving letter&lt;/a&gt;, written to Culpeper in April 1541.&amp;nbsp; When the
+king recovered, he took Catherine on a royal progress through the north
+of England and again the French ambassador reported rumors of her
+pregnancy.&amp;nbsp; It was even suggested that, should the condition be
+confirmed, Catherine would be crowned at York Minster.&amp;nbsp; These
+rumors prove that Henry still made love to his wife on a somewhat
+regular basis.&amp;nbsp; And for her part, Catherine was confident she
+could 'meddle with a man' without pregnancy, which made her
+relationship with Culpeper safe.&amp;nbsp; He and Dereham both traveled in
+the progress as members of the royal household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;In Catherine's rather simple view of marriage, as long as she and
+the king were happy, nothing else mattered.&amp;nbsp; And since the king
+would be happy as long as he was ignorant, all would be well. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;And the king was ignorant for a surprisingly long time.&amp;nbsp; For
+his part, Culpeper was using Catherine's infatuation to further his own
+ambitions.&amp;nbsp; He was not a particularly 'gentlemanly'
+gentleman.&amp;nbsp; In fact, he had brutally raped a park-keeper's wife,
+ordering three of his servants to hold her down during the attack; he
+also murdered a villager who tried to save her.&amp;nbsp; He had been
+pardoned by the king, but it is one of the few facts we know about
+Culpeper and not a pleasant one.&amp;nbsp; His ambitions regarding
+Catherine undoubtedly stemmed from Henry VIII's ill health.&amp;nbsp; If
+the king died, then the queen dowager would maintain some influence and
+power at court.&amp;nbsp; Before that inevitable day, she could give him as
+many expensive gifts as he desired.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Did Catherine love Culpeper?&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly did, at least
+as much as her immature view of love allowed.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome,
+very charming, if only in a superficial manner, and he complemented and
+cajoled her.&amp;nbsp; She became increasingly open in her affection,
+enough to worry Culpeper himself.&amp;nbsp; As a gentleman of the privy
+chamber, he knew the king's moods better than anyone and had no desire
+to risk much for Catherine.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But there were others at court who knew of the relationship, and
+they would not keep quiet.&amp;nbsp; When the northern progress finally
+ended on 1 November, and the royal couple settled at Hampton Court
+Palace, Catherine's past and present indiscretions caught up with
+her.&amp;nbsp; She had been safe enough during the northern progress, for a
+traveling court was not nearly as gossip-ridden as a settled one; there
+were, after all, far more practical matters to attend to as the king
+moved from city to city.&amp;nbsp; But once they were home, other matters
+could take precedence - matters like the queen's infidelity. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine's fall from grace was so rapid that foreign ambassadors
+were at a loss to explain it.&amp;nbsp; The man behind it was John
+Lascelles, the brother of Mary Hall, herself a chambermaid to the
+dowager duchess of Norfolk and thus privy to Catherine's past.&amp;nbsp;
+However, the past was not necessarily a danger to the queen; most young
+women could not withstand scrutiny of their early flirtations.&amp;nbsp;
+They were perhaps not serious enough to warrant her execution.&amp;nbsp;
+Lascelles, who was a 'convinced reformer', was motivated by his
+religious convictions and not personal animosity towards
+Catherine.&amp;nbsp; But she represented the conservative Catholic faction
+and, with her influence, they were growing more powerful and
+reactionary.&amp;nbsp; Lascelles went to Thomas Cranmer, Henry's close
+friend and archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; Cranmer recognized the
+dangers to Catherine, namely the precontract with Dereham that would
+invalidate her marriage to Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; The precontract, of
+course, while ending her marriage, also excused her intimacy with
+Dereham.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On 2 November, while Henry attended a Mass for All Souls' Day,
+Cranmer passed him a letter with the charges.&amp;nbsp; The king was
+immediately 'perplexed' and believed the letter was a forgery.&amp;nbsp;
+This was his first and thoroughly honest reaction; Catherine had
+deceived him well.&amp;nbsp; He ordered Cranmer to keep the matter private
+and began an investigation.&amp;nbsp; It took but a few days for
+Catherine's house of cards to come tumbling down.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;An assortment of female servants were arrested and sent to the
+Tower, as was Dereham.&amp;nbsp; He was tortured; he confessed his earlier
+relationship and named Culpeper as the queen's current lover.&amp;nbsp;
+Culpeper was then arrested, tortured, and confessed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;When confronted with the confessions, Henry's confusion gave way
+to great anger and self-pity.&amp;nbsp; He managed to blame everyone but
+himself for this latest marital catastrophe.&amp;nbsp; He wished for a
+sword to slay Catherine himself - a not uncommon reaction for a
+cuckolded husband, particularly one who had been so generous and
+trusting.&amp;nbsp; He left Hampton Court on 5 November, sailing to
+Whitehall Palace.&amp;nbsp; Catherine was arrested on 12 November and her
+tearful pleas to see the king were ignored; she was locked in her
+rooms.&amp;nbsp; Two days later, she was taken to Syon House.&amp;nbsp; She
+would never see Henry again. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Cranmer was given the distasteful task of interrogating the
+terrified girl.&amp;nbsp; She was hysterical, convinced she would be
+executed like her cousin; even the archbishop felt pity for her
+condition.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps he suggested an option to Henry VIII that he
+had first proposed for Anne Boleyn - let Catherine admit her sins,
+annul the marriage, and send her away.&amp;nbsp; The Dereham precontract
+was the perfect excuse.&amp;nbsp; Catherine need only admit its existence
+and her life would be spared.&amp;nbsp; It was the king's 'most gracious
+mercy' and her only possible chance for survival. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;But Catherine, frightened and lacking any counsel, did not realize
+that the precontract would save her life.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she was
+convinced it would be used to condemn her.&amp;nbsp; And so, even as she
+admitted to 'carnal copulation' with Dereham, she stressed his
+'importune forcement' and 'violence'.&amp;nbsp; She and Cranmer wanted the
+same end but talked at odds.&amp;nbsp; And it was possible, too, that Henry
+VIII had never intended to spare her life. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Indeed, with each day that passed, the king was less inclined to
+show mercy.&amp;nbsp; The floodgates had opened and ever more scurrilous
+rumors were heard about his 'Rose without a thorn'. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine was demoted from her position as Queen on 22 November
+and formally indicted two days later for leading an 'abominable, base,
+carnal, voluptuous and vicious life'.&amp;nbsp; She remained at Syon House
+for the next two months.&amp;nbsp; On 10 December, Dereham paid a horrific
+penalty for his 'crimes'; he was hung, drawn, and quartered
+(disemboweled and castrated while still conscious) as a traitor.&amp;nbsp;
+Culpeper was also executed that day, though he suffered a more merciful
+beheading; this was ordered by the king, perhaps because of Culpeper's
+higher rank and personal service in his household.&amp;nbsp; Their heads
+were fixed on spears atop London Bridge and remained there as late as
+1546. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine, meanwhile, continued in a state of suspended
+hysteria.&amp;nbsp; Her various relatives were sent to the Tower, including
+the elderly dowager duchess.&amp;nbsp; Only the duke survived, having
+sufficiently humbled himself before Henry. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Perhaps the executions of Dereham and Culpeper had brought a
+newfound maturity to Catherine.&amp;nbsp; She was content to remain quietly
+at Syon House, though it was clear the king could not allow it.&amp;nbsp;
+On 21 January the House of Lords passed an Act of Attainder and it
+received the king's approval on 11 February.&amp;nbsp; It was intended to
+answer the question vexing them all - of what exactly was Catherine
+Howard guilty?&amp;nbsp; If she had been precontracted to Dereham, then she
+was never married to the king - and thus not guilty of adultery.&amp;nbsp;
+But in a speech on 6 February, Henry made it clear that the new Act
+could punish those who &lt;i&gt;intended&lt;/i&gt; to commit treason (or adultery,
+since adultery in a queen was treason.)&amp;nbsp; It was this intent which
+sealed Catherine's fate.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;On Friday, 10 February 1542, the duke of Suffolk arrived to take
+Catherine to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The hysterical frenzy returned;
+she struggled and had to be forced aboard the barge.&amp;nbsp; She was
+dressed in black velvet and lodged in the Queen's Apartments, though no
+longer queen.&amp;nbsp; On Sunday night, she was informed that she would be
+executed the next day.&amp;nbsp; Her only request was that the block be
+brought to her for she wished to 'know how to place herself.'&amp;nbsp; It
+was to be her last act on a grand stage; she would die with all the
+dignity and composure possible. &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Around seven o'clock on Monday, 13 February, several privy
+councilors arrived as escort.&amp;nbsp; Her uncle Norfolk was not among
+them, having wisely withdrawn to his country estates.&amp;nbsp; Catherine
+was weak and frightened and had to be helped up the steps to the
+scaffold.&amp;nbsp; But once there, she made a small, quiet speech
+regarding her 'worthy and just punishment'; she prayed for the king's
+preservation and for God's forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; The actual execution was
+over quickly. Catherine's body was interred at the nearby chapel of St
+Peter ad Vincula.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;Catherine Howard did not have an impact upon English
+history.&amp;nbsp; She is perhaps the most inconsequential of Henry VIII's
+six wives, her reign as queen a very brief eighteen months.&amp;nbsp; She
+bore no children and made no lasting impression upon those who knew
+her.&amp;nbsp; But it should be remembered that she was thirty years
+younger than her husband, a silly young girl who never understood the
+dangers of royal regard.&amp;nbsp; Her life was over before it had truly
+begun; we can only wonder how it might have ended differently.&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
+Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
+Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The only biography of Catherine Howard is &lt;i&gt;A
+Tudor Tragedy&lt;/i&gt; by Lacey Baldwin Smith,&lt;br&gt;
+which is sadly out-of-print.&amp;nbsp; Catherine is also the subject of
+Ford Madox Ford's&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;The Fifth Queen&lt;/i&gt;, one of my favorite works of historical
+fiction.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082570&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082570&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6bdc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6bdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6bdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9853</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq1.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6bdcc6060a8b2a403af541</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215306</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6bdc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  stepfather and stepson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Arthur&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  1588&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Guildford Dudley&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Anne Boleyn&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Thomas Seymour&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Mary I&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Philip of Spain&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Pilgrimage of Grace, Wyatt's Rebellion, Essex Rebellion&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Mary Stuart, queen of Scots&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;General History &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!-- The following section is an HTML table which reassembles the sliced image in a browser. Copy the table section including the opening and closing table tags, and paste the data where you want the reassembled image to appear in the destination document. --&gt;&lt;!-------------------------- BEGIN COPYING THE TABLE HERE ---------------------------&gt;&lt;!-- Image with table --&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=725 border=0 height=&quot;542&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. What was the relationship between the earl 
+
+      of Leicester and the earl of Essex (during Elizabeth's 
+
+    reign)?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;father and 
+
+        son&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;brothers&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;stepfather and 
+
+        stepson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;they weren't related&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII's first son was 
+
+      named....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;32&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Henry&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Arthur&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. The famous battle with the Armada happened 
+
+      in what year?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1558&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1568&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1578&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1588&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Lady Jane Grey was married 
+
+      to....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Robert 
+
+        Dudley&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jasper Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Guildford 
+
+        Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ralph Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Who was Elizabeth I's mother?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Katharine of 
+
+        Aragon&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Boleyn&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Katharine Parr&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. After Henry VIII's death, Katharine Parr 
+
+      married....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Robert Dudley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Who was the last Tudor to rule over a part 
+
+      of France?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry 
+
+        VIII&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward VI&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        I&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth I&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Who was Mary I's 
+
+    husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Philip of 
+
+        Spain&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles of France&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John, duke 
+
+        of Burgundy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Edward, duke of 
+
+      Normandy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Place these Tudor-era rebellions in 
+
+      chronological order.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Wyatt's Rebellion, 
+
+        Pilgrimage of Grace, Essex Rebellion&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Essex Rebellion, 
+
+        Wyatt's Rebellion, Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pilgrimage of 
+
+        Grace, Wyatt's Rebellion, Essex Rebellion&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Wyatt's 
+
+        Rebellion, Essex Rebellion, Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;330&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Henry VIII's will excluded which of the 
+
+      following Tudor relatives from the succession?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Princess Mary 
+
+        Tudor&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Princess Elizabeth 
+
+        Tudor&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Frances Grey&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Stuart, queen of Scots&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082610&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082610&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6c5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6c5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6c5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9122</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq2.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq2.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6c5cc7060a8f2a483b0561</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215307</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6c5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Lochleven&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  December 8th&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Catherine d'Medici&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Francis&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  half-brother&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Bothwell&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Amyas Paulet&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Norfolk&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  thistle and rose&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. 8 February 1587&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=539 border=0 height=&quot;562&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Mary escaped from which Scottish castle in 
+
+      1568?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Dunbar&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lochleven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Stirling&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Linlithgow&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Mary was born on what day in 
+
+      1542?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;October 
+
+        8th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;July 6th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;January 
+
+        6th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;December 8th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. Mary's mother-in-law in France 
+
+      was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Catherine 
+
+        d'Medici&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Antoinette 
+
+        d'Guise&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Claude 
+
+        d'Guise&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Isabella of 
+
+    Navarre&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Mary's first husband was 
+
+      named....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Henry&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Philip&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. James Stewart, earl of Moray, was 
+
+      Mary's.....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;uncle&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;grandfather&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;half-brother&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;second 
+
+        husband&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Mary's third husband, James Hepburn, was 
+
+      earl of....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Lennox&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Bothwell&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Leith&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lithgow&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Mary's last jailer was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Amyas 
+
+        Paulet&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jasper Walsingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Amyas 
+
+        Walsingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jasper Paulet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Who was the English duke 
+
+      executed for conspiring to marry Mary and place her on the English 
+
+      throne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Buckingham&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;York&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Mary's emblems were the....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;thistle and 
+
+        crown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;rose and crown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;dandelion and 
+
+        crown&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;thistle and rose&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Mary was executed at Fotheringhay Castle 
+
+      on what date?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;167&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 January 
+
+        1587&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;8 February 1587&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;8 March 
+
+        1587&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;8 April 
+
+1587&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt; 
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082610&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082610&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6d5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6d5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6d5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9775</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq4.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq4.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6d5cc9060a972a583b25a1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215307</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6d5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Joanna&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Ludlow Castle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Knight of the Loyal Heart&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  200,000 crowns&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  1516&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Lorenzo Campeggio&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Chapuys&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Elizabeth Barton&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Charles V&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Kimbolton Castle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!-- The following section is an HTML table which reassembles the sliced image in a browser. Copy the table section including the opening and closing table tags, and paste the data where you want the reassembled image to appear in the destination document. --&gt;&lt;!-------------------------- BEGIN COPYING THE TABLE HERE ---------------------------&gt;&lt;!-- Image with table --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=531 border=0 height=&quot;650&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Which of Katharine's 
+
+    sisters went insane and traveled around Spain with her husband's corpse?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Isabella&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Joanna&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Maria&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pilar&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Where did Katharine's first husband, 
+
+      Prince Arthur, die?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Windsor 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Ludlow Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. When competing in tournaments, Katharine's 
+
+      husband, Henry VIII, acted as her champion; he was called....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Knight of the Fair 
+
+        Lady&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Knight of the Fair Rose&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Knight of 
+
+        the Loyal Heart&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Knight of the Proud 
+
+      Heart&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's dowry for her marriage to 
+
+      Prince Arthur was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;100,000 
+
+        crowns&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;200,000 crowns&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;400,000 
+
+        crowns&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;500,000 crowns&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Katharine's only surviving child, Princess 
+
+      Mary, was born in....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1514&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1515&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1516&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1517&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Which Cardinal did Pope Clement VII send to 
+
+      England to debate Katharine and Henry's annulment?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;64&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lorenzo 
+
+        Campeggio&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Antonio de 
+
+        Puebla&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francisco Felipez&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Giovanni 
+
+        Vivarini&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. Who was the Spanish ambassador to England 
+
+      during Katharine's estrangement from Henry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Mendoza&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;de 
+
+        Vives&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Fuensalida&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Chapuys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. A mystic called 'The Holy Maid 
+
+      of Kent' championed Katharine's cause; her real name was....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;62&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Margaret 
+
+        Fuller&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Elizabeth Barton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Hardesty&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Alice Patermore&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. Katharine's nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor, 
+
+      was named....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Francis 
+
+        I&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;John II&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles 
+
+        V&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry IV&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;327&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. Where did Katharine die?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;176&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Kimbolton 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Fotheringhay Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Tutbury 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor 
+
+Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt; 
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082611&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082611&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6ddc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6ddc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6ddc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9366</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz 1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq5.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq5.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6ddcca060a9b2a603b35c1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215307</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6ddc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Lamentations of a Sinner&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Jane Seymour&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  1535&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Edward I&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Hampton Court Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Winchester Cathedral&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  1570&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  Lettice Knollys&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  1536&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Pinkie&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;General History&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=585 border=0 height=&quot;571&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1. Katharine Parr wrote which of these 
+
+      books?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lamentations of a 
+
+        Sinner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;The Mirror of the Sinful 
+
+        Soul&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Utopia&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Defense of the Seven 
+
+        Sacraments&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Who was Henry VIII's queen during the 
+
+      Pilgrimage of Grace?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Katharine of 
+
+        Aragon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane 
+
+        Seymour&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Anne of Cleves&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;3. What year were John Fisher and Thomas More 
+
+      executed?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;42&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1533&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1535&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1537&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1539&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Anne Boleyn &amp;amp; Catherine Howard 
+
+      were descended from which English king?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry 
+
+        III&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Henry IV&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward 
+
+        I&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Edward II&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5. Where was Edward VI born?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Greenwich 
+
+        Palace&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Westminster Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor 
+
+        Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6. Where did Mary I marry her 
+
+    husband?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Westminster 
+
+        Abbey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Winchester Cathedral&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;St 
+
+        Paul's Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;York Cathedral&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;7. What year did the Pope excommunicate 
+
+      Elizabeth I?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;54&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1558&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1565&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1570&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1585&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;48&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;8. Which cousin of Elizabeth I's 
+
+      did Robert Dudley marry?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;48&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lettice 
+
+        Knollys&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Jane Carey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Catherine Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;68&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9. In what year was Wales officially 
+
+      incorporated into England (thus ending its status as a separate 
+
+      province)?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;68&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1491&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1509&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1521&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1536&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;10. During Edward VI's reign, the Scots were 
+
+      defeated at the battle of....&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;233&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Lochleven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Pinkie&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Leith&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Perth&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;some questions submitted by Tracey &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;whom I once titled 
+
+Tracey the Magnificent, but now I'll call her Tracey the Quizzerific&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082612&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082612&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6e5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6e5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6e5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9425</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq6.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq6.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6e5ccb060a9f2a683b45e1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215307</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6e5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Greenwich Palace&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Chapel of the Observant Friars&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  duchess of Norfolk&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Thomas Cranmer&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  Lady Bryan&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Enfield&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  1548&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  'Sweet Sister Temperance'&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. Crimson&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt; 
+
+
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I, quiz one&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+      &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+      &lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=491 border=0&gt;
+
+ 
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=567 border=0 height=&quot;566&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. In which palace was Elizabeth born in 
+
+      1533?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Hampton 
+
+        Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Greenwich Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Whitehall 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Windsor Castle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Where was her christening 
+
+      held?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the Queen's 
+
+        Chapel&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Lady Chapel&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Chapel of the 
+
+        Reformed Friars&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Chapel of the Observant 
+
+        Friars&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. Which lady carried Elizabeth to her 
+
+      christening?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;duchess of 
+
+        Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;countess of Kent&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;countess of 
+
+        Shrewsbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duchess of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;37&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Who was Elizabeth's 
+
+      godfather?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;37&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles 
+
+        Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Wyatt&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who was Elizabeth's first 
+
+      governess?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Katharine 
+
+        Ashley&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mary 
+
+        Tuke&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Bryan&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Elizabeth's cradle was lined with what 
+
+      color satin?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Blue&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Purple&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;White&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. After Henry VIII's death, Elizabeth was moved 
+
+      to which royal house?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Enfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hatfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Richmond 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Nonsuch Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. In what year was Elizabeth's first 
+
+      book published?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;44&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1548&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1550&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1555&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1562&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;What nickname did Edward VI have for 
+
+      Elizabeth?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;'Rose without a 
+
+        Thorn'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;'Lady Virtue'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;'Sweet Sister 
+
+        Temperance'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;'Sweet Sister 
+
+Felicity'&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;308&quot; height=&quot;63&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. At her sister Mary's coronation in 1553, 
+
+      Elizabeth wore a robe of what color?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;231&quot; height=&quot;63&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Violet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;White&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Blue&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Crimson&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;
+
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082612&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082612&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6edc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6edc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6edc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9850</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq7.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq7.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6edccc060aa32a703b5601</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215307</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6edc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  Lady Margaret Douglas&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  she carried the queen's train&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  white&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Bell Tower&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  two months&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Woodstock&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Sir Thomas Pope&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  duke of Savoy&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  three&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. 28 November 1558&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #800000; font-weight: bold}
+
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+3 face=&quot;Dolphin&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT size=+2&gt;Elizabeth I, quiz two&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- The following section is an HTML table which reassembles the sliced image in a browser. Copy the table section including the opening and closing table tags, and paste the data where you want the reassembled image to appear in the destination document. --&gt;&lt;!-------------------------- BEGIN COPYING THE TABLE HERE ---------------------------&gt;&lt;!-- Image with table --&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=500 border=0&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+
+
+     
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=572 border=0 height=&quot;643&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+  &lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. At Mary I's court, which cousin had precedence 
+
+      over Elizabeth?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Margaret 
+
+        Douglas&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Katherine Knollys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Mary 
+
+        Howard&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Constance Sidney&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;What role did Elizabeth have at 
+
+      Mary's coronation?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;46&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;she had no 
+
+        role&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she carried a cross&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she carried the 
+
+        queen's train&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;she recited the Lord's 
+
+      Prayer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. In 1554, Elizabeth was summoned to London after 
+
+      the Wyatt rebellion.&amp;nbsp; On her trip, she wore a gown of what 
+
+      color?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;66&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;black&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;white&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;red&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;green&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Where was Elizabeth imprisoned 
+
+      within the Tower of London in 1554?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Bell 
+
+        Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;White Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;King William's 
+
+        Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the Queen's House&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How long was Elizabeth held in the 
+
+      Tower?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;a 
+
+        fortnight&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;one year&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;six 
+
+        months&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;two months&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Elizabeth lived in what manor when Mary 
+
+      I married Philip of Spain?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;59&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;Oatlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Woodstock&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hatfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Enfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. Who was Elizabeth's custodian at Hatfield in 
+
+      1556?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;45&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Sir Thomas 
+
+        Parry&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sir Henry Bedingfield&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sir Thomas 
+
+        Pope&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Sir John Paulet&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. To whom did Philip of Spain wish to 
+
+      marry Elizabeth?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;47&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;duke of 
+
+        Anjou&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of Alencon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of 
+
+        Milan&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of Savoy&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How many days passed after Mary I's 
+
+      death before Elizabeth met with her new Council?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;One&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Three&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Five&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Seven&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;344&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. On what day did Elizabeth enter London as 
+
+      queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;23 November 
+
+        1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;25 November 1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;26 November 
+
+        1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;28 November 
+
+1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to 
+
+Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082613&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082613&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6f5c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6f5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6f5c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">9326</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quizzes</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq8.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq8.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6f5ccd060aa72a783b6621</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215308</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6f5c.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! You're a Tudor Genius!- 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  39&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  23 yards&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  15 January 1559&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  10 hours&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  bishop of Carlisle&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  Lady Mary Howard&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  Semper Eadem&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  1558&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  1562&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. when he was proposed as a bridegroom for the queen of Scots&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;STYLE fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {font-weight: bold; color: #990000}
+&lt;/STYLE&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#990000 aLink=#000000 link=#990000 bgColor=#ffffff 
+
+background=&quot;parc2h.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;FONT face=Dolphin size=6&gt;Tudor Quiz&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;zes:&lt;BR&gt;
+
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;FONT size=5&gt;Elizabeth I, quiz three &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;!--webbot bot=&quot;Include&quot; endspan i-checksum=&quot;43556&quot; --&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+
+&lt;FORM name=forma&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=755 border=0 height=&quot;527&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/CAPTION&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. How many ladies attended Elizabeth at her 
+
+      coronation?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;14&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;27&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;39&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;45&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;At her coronation, Elizabeth wore 
+
+      a mantle of cloth of gold and silver.&amp;nbsp; How many yards of cloth were 
+
+      used to make it?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;76&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;11 yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;17 
+
+        yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;20 yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 
+
+    yards&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. On what day was her coronation?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;15 January 
+
+        1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;18 January 1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;21 January 
+
+        1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 January 1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt; How long did the banquet after her 
+
+      coronation last?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;10 
+
+        hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;12 hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;14 
+
+    hours&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Who crowned Elizabeth at Westminster 
+
+      Abbey?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;archbishop of 
+
+        Canterbury&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;bishop of Durham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;bishop of 
+
+        Carlisle&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;bishop of York&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;6.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Which lady-in-waiting publicly offended 
+
+      the queen by dressing too well in 1559?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Lady Lettice 
+
+        Knollys&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Mary Howard&amp;nbsp;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady 
+
+        Frances Sidney&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Lady Catherine Grey&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. What was Elizabeth's motto as 
+
+    queen?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Dieu et Mon 
+
+        Droit&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Veritas Temporis Filia&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;In Omnia 
+
+        Paratus&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Semper Eadem&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. In what year did Mary, queen of 
+
+      Scots first assume the title 'Queen of England'?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1558&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1560&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1564&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1571&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;In what year did Elizabeth almost die of 
+
+      smallpox?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;38&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION 
+
+        selected&gt;1559&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1560&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1562&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;1565&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. When did Elizabeth actually title Robert 
+
+      Dudley the 'earl of Leicester'?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;40&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;when he was proposed as a 
+
+        bridegroom for Mary queen of Scots&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;when his wife 
+
+        died&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;at her coronation&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;when he was sent 
+
+        to command troops in the Netherlands&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082613&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082613&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6fdc.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6fdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH6fdc.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8944</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilyn Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Quiz</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq9.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/tudorq9.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH6fdcce060aab2a803b7641</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215308</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH6fdc.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+   msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Well Done! - 10/10&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;) 
+
+  }
+
+  else{ 
+
+    if(counter&lt;4){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Come on, are you really trying?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;3&amp; &amp; counter&lt;8){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+    if(counter&gt;7){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&quot;+counter+&quot;/10 - Nearly there - keep trying!&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+     }
+
+  }  
+
+
+
+  msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+  if(a==0){
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   }
+
+   else{ 
+
+     msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='Back to Quiz...' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)   
+
+   }
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+msg.document.write(&quot;&quot;)
+
+}
+
+
+
+function giveup(){
+
+answers=window.open(&quot;&quot;,&quot;answers&quot;,&quot;toolbar=no,directories=no,menubar=no,width=300,height=320&quot;) 
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;head&gt;&lt;title&gt;Answers&lt;/title&gt;&lt;/head&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;body bgcolor='#ffffee' text='#004080'&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Answers&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;1.  May 2nd&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;2.  Tower of London&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;3.  Mark Smeaton&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;4.  Thomas Lovell&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;5.  23 pds&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;6.  duke of Norfolk&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;7.  20 pds&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;8.  sheriff of London&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;9.  Thomas Cranmer&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;10. eleven days&lt;br&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;center&gt;&lt;input type=button value='OK' onClick='self.close()'&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&lt;/form&gt;&quot;)
+
+   answers.document.write(&quot;&quot;)  
+
+}
+
+&lt;!-- --&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/SCRIPT&gt;
+
+&lt;style fprolloverstyle&gt;A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
+&lt;/style&gt;
+
+&lt;/HEAD&gt;
+
+&lt;BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff background=&quot;grey.jpg&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;5&quot;&gt;The Trial and Execution of Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=4 cellPadding=4 width=528 border=0 height=&quot;604&quot;&gt;
+
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;1. On what day was Anne arrested?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q1&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;May 1st&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;May 
+
+        2nd&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;May 3rd&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;May 
+
+4th&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;2.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;B&gt;Where was Anne's trial 
+
+      held?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;36&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q2&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Westminster 
+
+        Hall&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Tower of London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Whitehall 
+
+        Palace&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Hampton Court&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;3. Which of the following men confessed to 
+
+      committing adultery with Anne?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q3&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Henry 
+
+        Norris&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Charles Brandon&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francis 
+
+        Weston&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Mark Smeaton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;4.&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt; Which of the following men was 
+
+      &lt;U&gt;not&lt;/U&gt; convicted of adultery with Anne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q4&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Lovell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;George Boleyn&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Francis 
+
+        Weston&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;William Brereton&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;5.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;How much was the headsman from Calais 
+
+      paid to execute Anne?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;56&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q5&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;11 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;17 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;23 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;31 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;6. Who presided in place of the king at her 
+
+      trial?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q6&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;duke of 
+
+        Norfolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;duke of Suffolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of 
+
+        Nottingham&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;earl of Northumberland&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;7. At her execution, how much did Anne distribute 
+
+      in alms?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;52&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q7&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;8 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;15 
+
+        pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;20 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;24 pds&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;8. Who escorted Anne to the 
+
+      scaffold?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;35&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q8&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;the mayor of 
+
+        London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the constable of the Tower&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;her 
+
+        almoner&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the sheriff of 
+
+  London&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;9.&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;Which of the following men wept on the 
+
+      day of Anne's execution?&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;49&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q9&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;Thomas 
+
+        Cranmer&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;Thomas Cromwell&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;the duke of 
+
+        Nofolk&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;King Henry VIII&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;314&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;10. How many days did Henry VIII wait after Anne's 
+
+      execution before marrying again?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+
+    &lt;TD width=&quot;186&quot; height=&quot;57&quot;&gt;&lt;SELECT size=1 name=q10&gt;&lt;OPTION selected&gt;five 
+
+        days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;seven days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;nine 
+
+        days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;OPTION&gt;eleven 
+
+days&lt;/OPTION&gt;&lt;/SELECT&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=scoretest(forma) type=button value=&quot;Check Answers&quot;&gt;&lt;INPUT type=reset value=Reset&gt;&lt;INPUT onclick=giveup() type=button value=&quot;Give up?&quot;&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/FORM&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+
+Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082614&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082614&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH704a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH704a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH704a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,717 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">51311</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter VII</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterseven.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterseven.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH704aa5ee186f0ac9ae7fbd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215293</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH704a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER VII&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;THE PAPAL ATTACK: 1570-1583&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;SOVEREIGNS and statesmen in the sixteenth century are to be 
+    honoured or condemned according to the degree in which they aimed on the one 
+    hand at preserving political order, and on the other at allowing freedom of 
+    opinion. It was not always easy to reconcile these two aims. The first was a 
+    temporary necessity, and yet was the more urgent--as indeed is always the 
+    case with the tasks of the--statesman. He is responsible for the present; it 
+    is not for him to attempt to provide for a remote future. Political order 
+    and the material well-being of nations may be disastrously impaired by the 
+    imprudence or weakness of a ruler. Thought, after all, may be trusted to 
+    take care of itself in the long-run. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To the modern Liberal, with his doctrine of absolute 
+    religious equality, toleration seems an insult, and anything short of 
+    toleration is regarded as persecution. In the sixteenth century the most 
+    advanced statesmen did not see their way to proclaim freedom of public 
+    worship and of religious discussion. It was much if they tolerated freedom 
+    of opinion, and connived at a quiet, private propagation of other religions 
+    than those established by law. It would be wrong to condemn and despise them 
+    as actuated by superstition and narrow-minded prejudice. Their motives were 
+    mainly political, and it is reasonable to suppose that they knew better than 
+    we do whether a larger toleration was compatible with public order. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;We have seen that under the Act of Supremacy, in the first 
+    year of Elizabeth, the oath was only tendered to persons holding office, 
+    spiritual or temporal, under the crown, and that the penalty for refusing it 
+    was only deprivation. But in her fifth year (1563), it was enacted that the 
+    oath might be tendered to members of the House of Commons, schoolmasters, 
+    and attorneys, who, if they refused it, might be punished by forfeiture of 
+    property and perpetual imprisonment. To those who had held any 
+    ecclesiastical office, or who should openly disapprove of the established 
+    worship, or celebrate or hear mass, the oath might be tendered a second 
+    time, with the penalties of high treason for refusal. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;That this law authorised an atrocious persecution cannot be 
+    disputed, and there is no doubt that many zealous Protestants wished it to 
+    be enforced. But the practical question is, Was it enforced? The government 
+    wished to be armed with the power of using it, and for the purpose of 
+    expelling Catholics from offices it was extensively used. But no one was at 
+    this time visited with the severer penalties, the bishops having been 
+    privately forbidden to tender the oath a second time to any one without 
+    special instructions. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Act of Uniformity, passed in the first year of 
+    Elizabeth, prohibited the use of any but the established liturgy, whether in 
+    public or private, under pain of perpetual imprisonment for the third 
+    offence, and imposed a fine of one shilling on recusants--that is, upon 
+    persons who absented themselves from church on Sundays and holidays. To what 
+    extent Catholics were interfered with under this Act has been a matter of 
+    much dispute. Most of them, during the first eleven years of Elizabeth, 
+    either from ignorance or worldliness, treated the Anglican service as 
+    equivalent to the Catholic, and made no difficulty about attending church, 
+    even after this compliance with the law had been forbidden by Pius IV in the 
+    sixth year of Elizabeth. Only the more scrupulous absented themselves, and 
+    called in the ministrations of the &amp;quot;old priests,&amp;quot; who with more or less 
+    secrecy said mass in private houses. Some of these offenders were certainly 
+    punished before Elizabeth had been two years on the throne. The enforcement 
+    of laws was by no means so uniform in those days as it is now. Much depended 
+    on the leanings of the noblemen and justices of the peace in different 
+    localities. Both from disposition and policy Elizabeth desired, as a general 
+    rule, to connive at Catholic nonconformity when it did not take an 
+    aggressive and fanatical form. But she had no scruple about applying the 
+    penalties of these Acts to individuals who for any reason, religious or 
+    political, were specially obnoxious to her. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;So things went on till the northern insurrection: the laws 
+    authorising a searching and sanguinary persecution; the Government, much to 
+    the disgust of zealous Protestants, declining to put those laws in 
+    execution. Judged by modern ideas, the position of the Catholics was 
+    intolerable; but if measured by the principles of government then 
+    universally accepted, or if compared with the treatment of persons ever so 
+    slightly suspected of heresy in countries cursed with the Inquisition, it 
+    was not a position of which they had any great reason to complain; nor did 
+    the large majority of them complain. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Pope Pius IV (1559-1566) was comparatively cautious and 
+    circumspect in his attitude towards Elizabeth. But his successor Pius V 
+    (1566-1572), having made up his mind that her destruction was the one thing 
+    necessary for the defeat of heresy in Europe, strove to stir up against her 
+    rebellion at home and invasion from abroad. A bull deposing her, and 
+    absolving her subjects from their allegiance, was drawn up. But while Pius, 
+    conscious of the offence which it would give to all the sovereigns of 
+    Europe, delayed to issue it, the northern rebellion flared up and was 
+    trampled out. The absence of such a bull was by many Catholics made an 
+    excuse for holding aloof from the rebel earls. When it was too late the bull 
+    was issued (February 1570). Philip and Charles IX--sovereigns first and 
+    Catholics afterwards--refused to let it be published in their dominions. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;After the northern insurrection the Queen issued a 
+    remarkable appeal to her people, which was ordered to be placarded in every 
+    parish, and read in every church. She could point with honest pride to 
+    eleven years of such peace abroad and tranquillity at home as no living 
+    Englishman could remember. Her economy had enabled her to conduct the 
+    government without any of the illegal exactions to which former sovereigns 
+    had resorted. &amp;quot;She had never sought the life, the blood, the goods, the 
+    houses, estates or lands of any person in her dominions.&amp;quot; This happy state 
+    of things the rebels had tried to disturb on pretext of religion. They had 
+    no real grievance on that score. Attendance at parish church was indeed 
+    obligatory by law, though, she might have added, it was very loosely 
+    enforced. But she disclaimed any wish to pry into opinions, or to inquire in 
+    what sense any one understood rites or ceremonies. In other words, the 
+    language of the communion service was not incompatible with the doctrine of 
+    transubstantiation, and loyal Catholics were at liberty, were almost 
+    invited, to interpret it in that sense if they liked. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This compromise between their religious and political 
+    obligations had in fact been hitherto adopted by the large majority of 
+    English Catholics. But a time was come when it was to be no longer possible 
+    for them. They were summoned to make their choice between their duty as 
+    citizens and their duty as Catholics. The summons had come, not from the 
+    Queen, but from the Pope, and it is not strange that they had thenceforth a 
+    harder time of it. Many of them, indignant with the Pope for bringing 
+    trouble upon them, gave up the struggle and conformed to the Established 
+    Church. The temper of the rest became more bitter and dangerous. The Puritan 
+    Parliament of 1571 passed a bill to compel all persons not only to attend 
+    church, but to receive the communion twice a year; and another making formal 
+    reconciliation to the Church of Rome high treason both for the convert and 
+    the priest who should receive him. Here we have the persecuting spirit, 
+    which was as inherent in the zealous Protestant as in the zealous Catholic. 
+    Attempts to excuse such legislation, as prompted by political reasons, can 
+    only move the disgust of every honest-minded man. The first of these bills 
+    did not receive the royal assent, though Cecil--just made Lord Burghley--had 
+    strenuously pushed it through the Upper House. Elizabeth probably saw that 
+    its only effect would be to enable the Protestant zealots in every parish to 
+    enjoy the luxury of harassing their quiet Catholic neighbours, who attended 
+    church but would scruple to take the sacrament. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Protestant spirit of this House of Commons showed itself 
+    not only in laws for strengthening the Government and persecuting the 
+    Catholics, but in attempts to puritanise the Prayer-book, which much 
+    displeased the Queen. Strickland, one of the Puritan leaders, was forbidden 
+    to attend the House. But such was the irritation caused by this invasion of 
+    its privileges, that the prohibition was removed after one day. It was in 
+    this session of Parliament that the doctrines of the Church of England were 
+    finally determined by the imposition on the clergy of the Thirty-nine 
+    Articles, which, as every one knows, are much more Protestant than the 
+    Prayer-book. Till then they had only had the sanction of Convocation. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;During the first forty years or so, from the beginning of 
+    the Reformation, Protestantism spread in most parts of Europe with great 
+    rapidity. It was not merely an intellectual revolt against doctrines no 
+    longer credible. The numbers of the reformers were swelled, and their force 
+    intensified by the flocking in of pious souls, athirst for personal 
+    holiness, and of many others who, without being high-wrought enthusiasts, 
+    were by nature disposed to value whatever seemed to make for a purer 
+    morality. The religion which had nurtured Bernard and Ã Kempis was deserted, 
+    not merely as being untrue, but as incompatible with the highest spiritual 
+    life--nay, as positively corrupting to society. This imagination, of course, 
+    had but a short day. The return to the Bible and the doctrines of primitive 
+    Christianity, the deliverance from &amp;quot;the Bishop of Rome and his detestable 
+    enormities,&amp;quot; were not found to be followed by any general improvement of 
+    morals in Protestant countries. He that was unjust was unjust still; he that 
+    was filthy was filthy still. The repulsive contrast too often seen between 
+    sanctimonious professions and unscrupulous conduct contributed to the 
+    disenchantment. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;In the meanwhile a great regeneration was going on within 
+    the Catholic Church itself. Signs of this can be detected quite as early as 
+    the first rise of Protestantism. It is, therefore, not to be attributed to 
+    Protestant teaching and example, though doubtless the rivalry of the younger 
+    religion stimulated the best energies of the older. No long time elapsed 
+    before this regeneration had worked its way to the highest places in the 
+    Church. The Popes by whom Elizabeth was confronted were all men of pure 
+    lives and single-hearted devotion to the Catholic cause. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The last two years of the Council of Trent (1562-3) were the 
+    starting-point of the modern Catholic Church. Many proposals had been made 
+    for compromise with Protestantism. But the Fathers of Trent saw that the 
+    only chance of survival for a Church claiming to be Catholic was to remain 
+    on the old lines. By the canons and decrees of the Council, ratified by Pius 
+    IV., the old doctrines and discipline were confirmed and definitely 
+    formulated. One branch indeed of the Papal power was irretrievably gone. 
+    Royal authority had become absolute, and the kings, including Philip II., 
+    refused to tolerate any interference with it. The Papacy had to acquiesce in 
+    the loss of its power over sovereigns. But as regards the bishops and 
+    clergy, and things strictly appertaining to religion, its spiritual 
+    autocracy, which the great councils of the last century had aimed at 
+    breaking, was re-established, and has continued. The new situation, though 
+    it seemed to place the Popes on a humbler footing than in the days of 
+    Gregory VII. or Innocent III., was a healthy one. It confined them to their 
+    spiritual domain, and drove them to make the best of it. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Until the decrees of the Council of Trent, the split between 
+    Protestants and Catholics was not definitely and irrevocably decided. Many 
+    on both sides had shrunk from admitting it. The Catholic world might seem to 
+    be narrowed by the defection of the Protestant States. But all the more 
+    clearly did it appear that a Church claiming to be universal is not 
+    concerned with political boundaries. The resistance to the spread of heresy 
+    had hitherto consisted of many local struggles, in which the repressive 
+    measures had emanated from the orthodox sovereigns, and had therefore been 
+    fitful and unconnected. But not long after the Tridentine reorganisation, 
+    the Pope appears again as commander-in-chief of the Catholic forces, 
+    surveying and directing combined operations from one end of Europe to the 
+    other. Pius IV. had been with difficulty prevented by Philip from 
+    excommunicating Elizabeth. Pius V had launched his bull, as we have seen, a 
+    few months too late (1570); and even then it was not allowed to be published 
+    in either Spain or France. The life of that Pope was wasted in earnest 
+    remonstrances with the Catholic sovereigns for not executing the sentence of 
+    the Church against the heretic Queen. Gregory XIII, who succeeded him just 
+    before the Bartholomew Massacre, took the attack into his own hands. He was 
+    a warm patron of the Jesuits, who were especially devoted to the 
+    centralising system re-established at Trent. He and they had made up their 
+    minds that England was the key of the Protestant position; that until 
+    Elizabeth was removed no advance was to be hoped for anywhere. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The decline of a religion may be accompanied by a positive 
+    increase of earnestness and activity on the part of its remaining votaries, 
+    deluding them into a belief that they are but passing through, or have 
+    successfully passed through, a period of temporary depression and eclipse. 
+    Among the Catholics of the latter part of the sixteenth century there was 
+    all the enthusiasm of a religious revival. In no place did this show itself 
+    more than at Oxford. There the weak points of popular movements have never 
+    been allowed to pass without challenge, and what is really valuable or 
+    beautiful in time worn faiths has been sure of receiving fair-play and 
+    something more. The gloss of the Reformation was already worn off. The 
+    worldly and carnal were its supporters and directors. It no longer demanded 
+    enthusiasm and sacrifice. It walked in purple and fine linen. Young men of 
+    quick intellect and high aspirations who, a generation earlier, would have 
+    been captivated by its fair promise and have thrown themselves into its 
+    current, yielded now to the eternal spell of the older Church, cleansed as 
+    she was of her pollutions, and purged of her dross by the discipline of 
+    adversity. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The leader of these Oxford enthusiasts was a young fellow of 
+    Oriel, William Allen. In the third year of Elizabeth, at the age of 
+    twenty-eight, he resigned the Principalship of St. Mary Hall. The next eight 
+    years were spent partly abroad, partly in secret missionary work in England, 
+    carried on at the peril of his life. The old priests, who with more or less 
+    concealment and danger continued to exercise their office among the English 
+    Catholics, were gradually dying off. In order to train successors to them, 
+    Allen founded an English seminary at Douai (1568). To this important step it 
+    was mainly due that the Catholic religion did not become extinct in this 
+    country. In the first five years of its existence the college at Douai sent 
+    nearly a hundred priests to England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was the aim of Allen to put an end to the practical 
+    toleration allowed to Catholic laymen of the quieter sort. The Catholic who 
+    began by putting in the compulsory number of attendances at his parish 
+    church was likely to end by giving up his faith altogether. If he did not, 
+    his son would. Allen deliberately preferred a sweeping persecution--one that 
+    would make the position of Catholics intolerable, and ripen them for 
+    rebellion. He wanted martyrs. The ardent young men whom he trained at Douai 
+    and (after 1578) at Rheims, went back to their native land with the clear 
+    understanding that of all the services they could render to the Church the 
+    greatest would be to die under the hangman's knife. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Gregory XIII hoped great things from Allen's seminary, and 
+    furnished funds for its support. In 1579 Allen went to Rome, and enlisted 
+    the support of Mercurian, General of the Jesuits. Two English Jesuits, 
+    Robert Parsons and Edward Campion, exfellows of Balliol and St. John's, were 
+    selected as missionaries. Campion was eight years younger than Allen. He had 
+    had a brilliant career at Oxford, being especially distinguished for his 
+    eloquence. He was at that time personally known to both Cecil and the Queen, 
+    and enjoyed their favour. He took deacon's orders in 1568, but not long 
+    afterwards joined Allen at Douai, and formally abjured the Anglican Church. 
+    He had been six years a Jesuit when he was despatched on his dangerous 
+    mission to England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Tired of waiting for the initiative of Philip, Gregory XIII. 
+    and the Jesuits had planned a threefold attack on Elizabeth in England, 
+    Scotland, and Ireland. In England a revivalist movement was to be carried on 
+    among the Catholics by the missionaries. Catholic writers have been at great 
+    pains to argue that this was a purely religious movement, prosecuted with 
+    the single object of saving souls. The Jesuits have always known their men 
+    and employed them with discrimination. Saving of souls was very likely the 
+    simple object of a man of Campion's saintly and exalted nature. He himself 
+    declared that he had been strictly forbidden to meddle with worldly concerns 
+    or affairs of State, and nothing inconsistent with this declaration was 
+    proved against him at his trial. But without laying any stress on statements 
+    extracted from prisoners under torture, we cannot doubt that his employers 
+    aimed at re-establishing Catholicism in England by rebellion and foreign 
+    invasion. This was thoroughly understood by every missionary who crossed the 
+    sea; and if Campion never alluded to it even in his most familiar 
+    conversations he must have had an extraordinary control over his tongue. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The evidence that the assassination of the Queen was a 
+    recognised part of the Jesuit plan, determined by the master spirits and 
+    accepted by all the subordinate agents, is perhaps not quite conclusive. If 
+    proved, it would only show that they were not more scrupulous than most 
+    statesmen and politicians of the time. Lax as sixteenth century notions were 
+    about political murder, there were always some consciences more tender than 
+    others. It is likely enough that Campion personally disapproved of such 
+    projects, and that they were not thrust upon his attention. But he can 
+    hardly have avoided being aware that they were contemplated by the less 
+    squeamish of his brethren. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Campion and Parsons came to England in disguise in the 
+    summer of 1580. Their mission was not a success. It only served to show how 
+    much more securely Elizabeth was seated on her throne than in the earlier 
+    years of her reign. In his letters to Rome, Campion boasts of the welcome he 
+    met with everywhere, the crowds that attended his preaching, the ardour of 
+    the Catholics, and the disrepute into which Protestantism was falling. He 
+    had evidently worked himself up to such a state of ecstasy that he was 
+    living in a world of his own imagination, and was no competent witness of 
+    facts. He crept about England in various disguises, and when he was in 
+    districts where the nobles and gentry favoured the old religion, he preached 
+    with a publicity which seems extraordinary to us in these days when the laws 
+    are executed with prompt uniformity by means of railways, telegraphs, and a 
+    well-organised police. In the sixteenth century England had nothing that can 
+    be called an organised machinery for the prevention and detection of crime. 
+    If an outbreak occurred the Government collected militia, and trampled it 
+    out with an energy that took no account of law and feared no consequences. 
+    But in ordinary times it had to depend on the local justices of the peace 
+    and parish constables, and if they were remiss the laws were a dead letter. 
+    There were no newspapers. The high-roads were few and bad. One parish did 
+    not know what was going on in the next. Campion could be passed on from one 
+    gentleman's house to another on horses quite as good as any officer of the 
+    Government rode, and could travel all over England without ever using a 
+    high-road or showing his face in a town. If he preached to a hundred people 
+    in some Lancashire village, Lord Derby did not want to know it, and before 
+    the news reached Burghley or Walsingham he would be in another county, or 
+    perhaps back in London--then, as now, the safest of all hiding-places. Thus, 
+    though a warrant was issued for his arrest as soon as he arrived in England, 
+    it was not till July in the next year (1581) that he was taken, after an 
+    unusually public and pro. tracted appearance in the neighbourhood of Oxford.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;He had little or nothing to show for his twelve months' 
+    tour, and this although the Government had, as Allen hoped, allowed itself 
+    to be provoked into an increase of severity which seems to have been quite 
+    unnecessary. The large majority of Catholic laymen would evidently have 
+    preferred that both Seminarists and Jesuits should keep away. They did not 
+    want civil war. They did not want to be persecuted. They were against a 
+    foreign invasion, without which they knew very well that Elizabeth could not 
+    be deposed. They were even loyal to her. They were content to wait till she 
+    should disappear in the course of nature and make room for the Queen of 
+    Scots. Mendoza writes to Philip that &amp;quot;they place themselves in the hands of 
+    God, and are willing to sacrifice life and all in the service, &lt;i&gt;but 
+    scarcely with that burning zeal which they ought to show&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;quot; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;By the bull of Pius V, Englishmen were forbidden to 
+    acknowledge Elizabeth as their Queen; in other words, they were ordered to 
+    expose themselves to the penalties of treason. If the Pope would be 
+    satisfied with nothing less than this, it was quite certain that he would 
+    alienate most of his followers in England. Gregory XIII therefore had 
+    authorised the Jesuits to explain that although the Protestants, by &lt;i&gt;
+    willingly&lt;/i&gt; acknowledging the Queen, were incurring the damnation 
+    pronounced by the bull, Catholics would be excused for &lt;i&gt;unwillingly&lt;/i&gt; 
+    acknowledging her until some opportunity arrived for dethroning her. 
+    Protestant writers have exclaimed against this distinction as treacherous. 
+    It was perfectly reasonable. It represents, for instance, the attitude of 
+    every Alsatian who accords an unwilling recognition to the German Emperor. 
+    But the English Government intolerantly and unwisely made it the occasion 
+    for harassing the consciences of men who were most of them guiltless of any 
+    intention to rebel. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Amongst other persecuting laws passed early in 1581, was one 
+    which raised the fine for non-attendance at church to twenty pounds a month. 
+    Such a measure was calculated to excite much more wide-spread disaffection 
+    than the hanging of a few priests. It was not intended to be a &lt;i&gt;brutum 
+    fulmen&lt;/i&gt;. The names of all recusants in each parish were returned to the 
+    Council. They amounted to about 50,000, and the fines exacted became a not 
+    inconsiderable item in the royal revenue. That number certainly formed but a 
+    small portion of the Catholic population. But if all the rest had been in 
+    the habit of going to church, contrary to the Pope's express injunction, 
+    rather than pay a small fine, the Government ought to have seen that they 
+    were not the stuff of which rebels are made. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Campion, after being compelled by torture to disclose the 
+    names of his hosts in different counties, was called on to maintain the 
+    Catholic doctrines in a three days' discussion before a large audience 
+    against four Protestant divines, who do not seem to have been ashamed of 
+    themselves. He was offered pardon if he would attend once in church. As he 
+    steadfastly refused, he was racked again till his limbs were dislocated. 
+    When he had partially recovered he was put on his trial, along with several 
+    of his companions, not under any of the recent anti-catholic laws but under 
+    the ordinary statute of Edward III., for &amp;quot;compassing and imagining the 
+    Queen's death&amp;quot;--such a horror had the Burghleys and Walsinghams of anything 
+    like religious persecution! Being unable to hold up his hand to plead Not 
+    Guilty, &amp;quot;two of his companions raised it for him, first kissing the broken 
+    joints.&amp;quot; According to Mendoza (whom on other occasions we are invited to 
+    accept as a witness of truth), his nails had been torn from his fingers. 
+    Apart from his religious belief nothing treasonable was proved against him 
+    in deed or word. He acknowledged Elizabeth for his rightful sovereign, as 
+    the new interpretation of the papal bull permitted him to do, but he 
+    declined to give any opinion about the Pope's right to depose princes. This 
+    was enough for the judge and jury, and he was found guilty. At the place of 
+    execution he was again offered his pardon if he would deny the papal right 
+    of deposition, or even hear a Protestant sermon. He wished the Queen a long 
+    and quiet reign and all prosperity, but more he would not say. At the 
+    quartering &amp;quot;a drop of blood spirted on the clothes of a youth named Henry 
+    Walpole, to whom it came as a divine command. Walpole, converted on the 
+    spot, became a Jesuit, and soon after met the same fate on the same spot.&amp;quot;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Mr. Froude's comment is that &amp;quot;if it be lawful in defence of 
+    national independence to kill open enemies in war, it is more lawful to 
+    execute the secret conspirator who is teaching doctrines in the name of God 
+    which are certain to be fatal to it.&amp;quot; It would perhaps be enough to remark 
+    that this reasoning amply justifies some of the worst atrocities of the 
+    French Revolution. Hallam and Macaulay have condemned it by anticipation in 
+    language which will commend itself to all who are not swayed by religious, 
+    or, what is more offensive, anti-religious bigotry.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Cruel as the English criminal law was, and long remained, it 
+    never authorised the use of torture to extract confession. The rack in the 
+    Tower is said to have made its appearance, with other innovations of 
+    absolute government, in the reign of Edward IV But it seems to have been 
+    little used before the reign of Elizabeth, under whom it became the ordinary 
+    preliminary to a political trial. For this the chief blame must rest 
+    personally on Burghley. Opinions may differ as to his rank as a statesman, 
+    but no one will contest his eminent talents as a minister of police. In the 
+    former capacity he had sufficient sense of shame to publish a Pecksniffian 
+    apology for his employment of the rack. &amp;quot;None,&amp;quot; he says, &amp;quot;of those who were 
+    at any time put to the rack were asked, during their torture, any question 
+    as to points of doctrine, but merely concerning their plots and 
+    conspiracies, and the persons with whom they had dealings, and &lt;i&gt;what was 
+    their own opinion&lt;/i&gt; as to the Pope's right to deprive the Queen of her 
+    crown.&amp;quot; What was this but a point of doctrine? The wretched victim who 
+    conscientiously believed it (as all Christendom once did), but wished to 
+    save himself by silence, was driven either to tell a lie or to consign 
+    himself to rope and knife. &amp;quot;The Queen's servants, the warders, whose office 
+    and act it is to handle the rack, were ever, by those that attended the 
+    examinations, specially charged to use it in so charitable a manner as such 
+    a thing might be.&amp;quot; It may be hoped that there are not many who would dissent 
+    from Hallam's remark that &amp;quot;such miserable excuses serve only to mingle 
+    contempt with our detestation.&amp;quot; He adds: &amp;quot;It is due to Elizabeth to observe 
+    that she ordered the torture to be disused.&amp;quot; I do not know what authority 
+    there is for this statement. Three years later the Protestant Archbishop of 
+    Dublin was puzzled how to torture the Catholic Archbishop of Cashel, because 
+    there was no &amp;quot;rack or other engine&amp;quot; in Dublin. Walsingham, on being 
+    consulted, suggested that his feet might be toasted against the fire, which 
+    was accordingly done. Some of the Anglican bishops, as might be expected 
+    from fanatics, were forward in recommending torture. But Cecil was no more 
+    of a fanatic than his mistress. What both of them cared for was not a 
+    particular religious belief--they bad both of them conformed to Popery under 
+    Queen Mary--but the sovereign's claim to prescribe religious belief, or 
+    rather religious profession, and they were provoked with the missionaries 
+    for thwarting them. Provoking it was, no doubt. But everything seems to show 
+    that it would have been better to pursue the earlier policy of the reign; to 
+    be content with enacting severe laws which practically were not put into 
+    execution. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The English branch of the Jesuit attack was, for political 
+    purposes, a dead failure. A few persons of rank, who at heart were Catholics 
+    before, were formally reconciled to the Pope. Mendoza claims that among them 
+    were six peers whose names he conceals. These peers, if he is to be 
+    believed, were treasonable enough in their designs. But, even by his 
+    account, they were determined not to stir unless a foreign army should have 
+    first entered England. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;How far Mendoza's master was from seeing his way to attack 
+    England at this time was strikingly shown by his behaviour under the most 
+    audacious outrage that Elizabeth had yet inflicted on him. Some twelve 
+    months before (October 1580), Drake had returned from his famous voyage 
+    round the world. That voyage was nothing else than a piratical expedition, 
+    for which it was notorious that the funds had been mainly furnished by 
+    Elizabeth and Leicester. On sea and land Drake had robbed Philip of gold, 
+    silver, and precious stones to the value of at least Â£750,000. In vain did 
+    Mendoza clamour for restitution and talk about war. Elizabeth kept the 
+    booty, knighted Drake, and openly showed him every mark of confidence and 
+    favour. When Mendoza told her that as she would not hear words, they must 
+    come to cannon and see if she would hear them, she replied (&amp;quot;quietly in her 
+    most natural voice&amp;quot;) that, if he used threats of that kind, she would throw 
+    him into prison. The correspondence between the Spanish ambassador and his 
+    master shows that, however big they might talk about cannon, they felt 
+    themselves paralysed by Elizabeth's intimate relations with France. She had 
+    managed to keep free from any offensive alliance with Henry III. But at the 
+    first sound of the Spanish cannon she could have it. She was, therefore, 
+    secure. Probably the whole history of diplomacy does not show another 
+    instance of such a complicated balance of forces so dexterously manipulated.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Irish branch of the Papal attack, the landing of the 
+    legate Sanders, the insurrection of Desmond (1579-1583), the massacre of the 
+    Pope's Italian soldiers at Smerwick (1580), must be passed over here. It is 
+    enough to say that, in Ireland, too, the Catholics were beaten. We turn now 
+    to their attempt to get hold of Scotland (1579-1582). &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Scotland was in a state of anarchy, from which it could only 
+    be rescued by an able and courageous king. The nobles, instead of becoming 
+    weaker, as elsewhere, had acquired a strength and independence greater even 
+    than their fathers had enjoyed. Thirty years earlier, the Church had 
+    possessed quite half the land of the country, and had steadily supported the 
+    crown. Almost the whole of this wealth had been seized in one form or 
+    another by the nobles. And though, as compared with English noblemen, they 
+    were still poor in money, they were much bigger men relatively to their 
+    sovereign. The power of the crown was extensive enough in theory. What was 
+    wanted was a king who should know how to convert it into a reality. That was 
+    more than any regent could do. Even Moray had not succeeded. The house of 
+    Douglas was one of the most powerful in Scotland, and Morton, who had been 
+    looked on as its head during the minority of the Earl of Angus, was an able 
+    and daring man. But he had not the large views, the public spirit, or the 
+    integrity of Moray. He was feared by all, hated by many, respected by none. 
+    As a mere party chief, no one would have been better able to hold his own. 
+    As representing the crown, he had every man's hand against him. To subsidise 
+    such a man was perfectly useless. If Elizabeth was to make his cause her 
+    own, she might just as well undertake the conquest of Scotland at once. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The essence of the good understanding between England and 
+    France was that both countries should keep their hands off Scotland. 
+    Elizabeth, knowing that if worst came to worst, she could always be 
+    beforehand with France in the northern kingdom, could afford to respect this 
+    arrangement, and she did mean to respect it, France, on the other hand, 
+    being also well aware of the advantage given to England by geographical 
+    situation, was always tempted to steal a march on her, and even when most 
+    desirous of her alliance, never quite gave up intrigues in Scotland. This 
+    was equally the case whatever party was uppermost at the French court, 
+    whether its policy was being directed by the King or by the Duke of Guise.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The Jesuits looked on Guise as their fighting man, who was 
+    to do the work which they could not prevail on crowned heads to undertake. 
+    James, though only thirteen, had been declared of age. It was too late to 
+    think of deposing him. If his character was feeble, his understanding and 
+    acquirements were much beyond his years, and his preferences were already a 
+    force to be reckoned with in Scotch politics. His interests were evidently 
+    opposed to those of his mother. But the Jesuits hoped to persuade him that 
+    his seat would never be secure unless he came to a compromise with her on 
+    the terms that he was to accept the crown as her gift and recognise her 
+    joint-sovereignty. This would throw him entirely into the hands of the 
+    Catholic nobles, and would be a virtual declaration of war against 
+    Elizabeth. He would have to proclaim himself a Catholic, and call in the 
+    French. It was hoped that Philip, jealous though he had always been of 
+    French interference, would not object to an expedition warranted by the 
+    Jesuits and commanded by Guise, who was more and more sinking into a tool of 
+    Spain and Rome. A combined army of Scotch and French would pour across the 
+    Border. It would be joined by the English Catholics. Elizabeth would be 
+    deposed, and Mary set on the throne. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;It was a pretty scheme on paper, but certain to break down 
+    in every stage of its execution. James might chaffer with his mother; but, 
+    young as he was, he knew well that she meant to overreach him. He would be 
+    glad enough to get rid of Morton, but he did not want to be a puppet in the 
+    hands of the Marians. He did not like the Presbyterian preachers; but the 
+    young pedant already valued himself on his skill in confuting the apologists 
+    of Popery. He resented Elizabeth's lectures; but he knew that his succession 
+    to the English crown depended on her good will, and he meant to keep on good 
+    terms with her. No approval of the scheme could be obtained from Philip, and 
+    if he did not peremptorily forbid the expedition, it was because he did not 
+    believe it would come off. If a French army had appeared in Scotland, it 
+    would have been treated as all foreigners were in that country. And finally, 
+    if, &lt;i&gt;per impossibile&lt;/i&gt;, the French and Scotch had entered England, they 
+    would have been overwhelmed by such an unanimous uprising of the English 
+    people of all parties and creeds as had never been witnessed in our history.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Historians, who would have us believe that Elizabeth was 
+    constantly bringing England to the verge of ruin by her stinginess and want 
+    of spirit, represent this combination as highly formidable. It required 
+    careful watching; but the only thing that could make it really dangerous was 
+    rash and premature employment of force by England--the course advocated not 
+    only by Burghley, but by the whole Council. Elizabeth seems to have stood 
+    absolutely alone in her opinion; but here, as always, though she allowed her 
+    ministers to speak their minds freely, she did not fear to act on her own 
+    judgment against their unanimous advice. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;To carry out their schemes, Guise and the Jesuits sent to 
+    Scotland a nephew of the late Regent Lennox, EsmÃ© Stuart, who had been 
+    brought up in France, and bore the title of Count d'Aubigny (September 
+    1579). He speedily won the heart of the King, who created him Earl, and 
+    afterwards Duke of Lennox. Elizabeth soon obtained proof of his designs, and 
+    urged Morton to resist them by force. But the favourite, professing to be 
+    converted to Protestantism, enlisted the preachers on his side, and, by this 
+    unnatural coalition, Morton was brought to the scaffold (June 1581). During 
+    the interval between his arrest and execution, the English Council were 
+    urgent with Elizabeth to invade Scotland, rescue the Anglophile leader, and 
+    crush Lennox. She went all lengths in the way of threats. Lord Hunsdon was 
+    even ordered to muster an army on the Border. But this last step at once 
+    produced an energetic protest from the French ambassador; and in Scotland 
+    there was a general rally of all parties against the &amp;quot;auld enemies.&amp;quot; 
+    Elizabeth had never meant to make her threats good, and Morton was left to 
+    his fate. She was quite right not to invade Scotland; but, that being her 
+    intention, she should not have tempted Morton to treason by the promise of 
+    her protection. No male statesman would have been so insensible to dishonour.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The death of the man who, next to Moray, had been the 
+    mainstay of the Reformation and the scourge of the Marian party, was 
+    received with a shout of exultation from Catholic Europe. Already in their 
+    heated imaginations the Jesuits saw the Kirk overthrown and the vantage 
+    ground gained for an attack on England. Some modern historians--with less 
+    excuse, since they have the sequel before their eyes --make the same 
+    blunder. The situation was really unchanged. Morton, who had the true 
+    antipathy of a Scottish noble to clerics of all sorts, had plundered the 
+    Kirk ministers, and tried to bring them under the episcopal yoke. He had 
+    quarrelled with most of his old associates of the Congregation. It was their 
+    enmity quite as much as the attack of Lennox that had pulled him down. When 
+    he was out of the way they naturally reverted to an Anglophile policy. The 
+    weakness of the Catholic party was plainly shown by the fact that Lennox 
+    himself, the pupil of the Jesuits, never ventured to throw off the disguise 
+    of a heretic. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The further development of the Jesuit scheme met with 
+    difficulties on all sides. Most even of the Catholic lords were alarmed by 
+    the suggestion that James should hold the crown by the gift of his mother, 
+    because it would imply that hitherto he had not been lawful King; and this 
+    would invalidate their titles to all the lands they had grabbed from Church 
+    and crown during the last fourteen years. It would seem therefore that, if 
+    they had harassed the Government during all that time, it was from a liking 
+    for anarchy rather than from attachment to Mary. Two Jesuits, Crichton and 
+    Holt, who were sent in disguise to Scotland, found Lennox desponding. He was 
+    obliged to confess that, greatly as he had fascinated the King, he could not 
+    move him an inch in his religious opinions. On the contrary, James imagined 
+    that his controversial skill had converted Lennox, and was extremely proud 
+    of the feat. The only course remaining was to seize him, and send him to 
+    France or Spain, Lennox in the meantime administering the Government in the 
+    name of Mary. But to carry out this stroke, Lennox said he must have a 
+    foreign army. In view of the mutual jealousy of France and Spain it was 
+    suggested that, if Philip would furnish money underhand, the Pope might send 
+    an Italian army direct to Scotland, via the Straits of Gibraltar. Crichton 
+    went to Rome to arrange this precious scheme, and Holt was proceeding to 
+    Madrid. But Philip forbade him to come. If Lennox could convert James, or 
+    send him to Spain, well and good. But until one of these preliminaries was 
+    accomplished he was to expect no help from Philip. Nor were prospects more 
+    hopeful on the side of France. Mary from her prison implored Guise to 
+    undertake the long-planned expedition. But he would not venture it without 
+    the assent of his own sovereign and the King of Spain. While he was 
+    hesitating, the Anglophiles patched up their differences and got possession 
+    of the King's person (Raid of Ruthven, August 1582). His tears were 
+    unavailing. &amp;quot;Better bairns greet,&amp;quot; said the Master of Glamis, &amp;quot;than bearded 
+    men.&amp;quot; The favourite fled to France, where he died in the next year. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Thus once more had it been clearly shown that if the 
+    Anglophiles were left to depend on themselves they would not fail to do all 
+    that was necessary to safeguard English interests. &amp;quot;Anglophiles&amp;quot; is a 
+    convenient appellation. But, strictly speaking, there was no party in 
+    Scotland that loved England. There was a religious party to whom it was of 
+    the highest importance that Elizabeth should be safe and powerful. She was 
+    therefore certain of its co-operation. This party would not be always 
+    uppermost; for Scottish nobles were too selfish, too treacherous, too much 
+    interested in disorder to permit any stability. But, whether in power or in 
+    opposition, it would be able and it would be obliged to serve English 
+    interests. There was only one way in which it could be paralyzed or 
+    alienated, and that was by a recurrence on the part of England to the 
+    traditions of armed interference inherited by Elizabeth's councillors from 
+    Henry VIII, and the Protector Somerset. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Such is the plain history of this Jesuit and Papal scheme 
+    which we are asked to believe was so dangerous to England and so 
+    inadequately handled by Elizabeth. She had not shown much concern for her 
+    honour. But her coolness, her intrepidity, her correct estimate of the 
+    forces with which she had to deal, her magnificent confidence in her own 
+    judgment, saved England from the endless expenditure of blood and treasure 
+    into which her advisers would have plunged, and prolonged the formal peace 
+    with her three principal neighbours, a peace of already unexampled duration, 
+    and of incalculable advantage to her country. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;The policy which Elizabeth had thus deliberately adopted 
+    towards Scotland she persisted in. The successful Anglophiles clamoured for 
+    pensions, and her ministers were for gratifying them. She was willing to 
+    give a moderate pension to James, but not a penny to the nobles. &amp;quot;Her 
+    servants and favourites,&amp;quot; she said, &amp;quot;professed to love her for her high 
+    qualities, AlenÃ§on for her beauty, and the Scots for her crown; but they all 
+    wanted the same thing in the end; they wanted nothing but her money, and 
+    they should not have it.&amp;quot; She had ascertained that James regarded his mother 
+    as his rival for the crowns of both kingdoms, and that, whatever he might 
+    sometimes pretend, his real wish was that she should be kept under lock and 
+    key. She had also satisfied herself that the Scottish noblemen on whom Mary 
+    counted would, with very few exceptions, throw every difficulty in the way 
+    of her restoration, out of regard for their own private interest--the only
+    &lt;i&gt;datum&lt;/i&gt; from which it was safe to calculate in dealing with a Scottish 
+    nobleman. She therefore felt herself secure. By communicating her knowledge 
+    to Mary she could show her the hopelessness of her intrigues in Scotland; 
+    while a resumption of friendly negotiations for her restoration would always 
+    be a cheap and effectual way of intimidating James. Thus she could look on 
+    with equanimity when his new favourite Stewart, Earl of Arran, again chased 
+    the Anglophiles into England ( December 1583). Arran himself urgently 
+    entreated her to accept him and his young master as the genuine Anglophiles. 
+    Walsingham's voice was still for war. But, with both factions at her feet 
+    and suing for her favour, Elizabeth had good reason to be satisfied with her 
+    policy of leaving the Scottish nobles to worry it out among themselves.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptereight.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    VIII: The Protectorate of the Netherlands: 1584-1586&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082626&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082626&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH7689.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH7689.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH7689.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">20109</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">films set in 16th century England and Europe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">films set in 16th century England and Europe</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Films</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/films.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/films.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH7689c5a65ded2f2a97ee0d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH7689.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-film.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films-main.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films4.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films5.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films6.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films.gif&quot; width=&quot;302&quot; height=&quot;105&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Films&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;Information about new Tudor-related films can be found 
+        at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmedia.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Media News&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;There have been many films made about the fascinating Tudors and they 
+      range from the sublime to the truly awful, rather like the many 
+      biographies which fill bookstores and bore readers.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-film.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Vanessa Redgrave and Timothy Dalton as Mary and Darnley from 1971's 'Mary Queen of Scots'&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; height=&quot;247&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;Vanessa 
+      Redgrave and Timothy Dalton as Mary and Darnley from 1971's 'Mary Queen of 
+      Scots'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Now if I could make a Tudor film, it would be 
+      a remake of 1971's 'Mary, Queen of Scots' (shown above) with Cate Blanchett as Elizabeth 
+      and Gwyneth Paltrow as Mary.&amp;nbsp; Sadly, no one seems willing to loan me 
+      the money for such a project.....&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;DIV style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+      England: Contents&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The films are 
+      listed in chronological order and this list is not definitive.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=231 
+      alt=&quot;Joseph Fiennes and Cate Blanchett in 1998's 'Elizabeth'&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films3.jpg&quot; width=150 border=1 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0282100&quot;&gt;THE PRINCE 
+      AND THE PAUPER (1909 through 2000)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;There 
+      have been numerous adaptations of the classic Mark Twain novel which 
+      begins during the final days of Henry VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; This link will 
+      take you to the most recent version.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0024473&quot;&gt;THE PRIVATE LIFE OF HENRY VIII 
+      (1933)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film stars the great 
+      Charles Laughton as King Henry and beautiful Merle Oberon as Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It's the first 'Tudor movie' I ever watched and still one of the best.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It can be purchased on video.&amp;nbsp; Interesting note - Laughlin's 
+      real-life wife, Elsa Lanchester, plays Anne of Cleves.&amp;nbsp; The two later 
+      co-starred in Billy Wilder's superb adaptation of Agatha Christie's 
+      'Witness for the Prosecution', - check it out, it's a fun, suspenseful 
+      film with a different twist ending from the book.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0027948&quot;&gt;MARY OF SCOTLAND 
+      (1936)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film is based upon a 
+      Maxwell Anderson play, and stars Katharine Hepburn as Mary Stuart and the 
+      great Fredric March as Bothwell.&amp;nbsp; It was directed by John Ford.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It can't be purchased; check the cable listings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0028872&quot;&gt;FIRE OVER 
+      ENGLAND (1937)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Vivien Leigh and Laurence 
+      Olivier play lovers against the backdrop of Anglo-Spanish intrigue, with 
+      Flora Robson as Queen Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; This is a nice, swashbuckling 
+      romance with intrigue and intelligent dialogue.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0031826&quot;&gt;THE PRIVATE LIVES OF ELIZABETH AND 
+      ESSEX (1939)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;also called 
+      &lt;I&gt;Elizabeth and Essex &lt;/I&gt;and &lt;I&gt;Elizabeth the Queen&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;This film is based upon the Maxwell Anderson play, as was &lt;I&gt;Anne 
+      of the Thousand Days&lt;/I&gt; (below) and &lt;I&gt;Mary of Scotland&lt;/I&gt; 
+      (above).&amp;nbsp; It has an interesting cast - Bette Davis in her first 
+      incarnation as Queen Elizabeth, the great Errol Flynn as Essex, and Vincent Price 
+      (before he was typecast in horror films) as 
+      Walter Raleigh.&amp;nbsp; It can't be purchased; check the cable 
+      listings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=224 
+      alt=&quot;Gwyneth Paltrow and Joseph Fiennes in 1998's 'Shakespeare in Love'&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films-main.jpg&quot; width=171 border=1 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0046564&quot;&gt;YOUNG BESS 
+      (1953)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Based upon the Margaret Irwin 
+      novel, which has recently been reissued, this film stars Jean Simmons as 
+      Elizabeth Tudor.&amp;nbsp; Charles Laughton reprises his role as Henry VIII 
+      from &lt;I&gt;The Private Life of Henry VIII&lt;/I&gt; (above).&amp;nbsp; The plot is 
+      primarily concerned with Elizabeth's relationship with Thomas Seymour, and 
+      takes great historical liberties; it is entertaining and well done.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It can be purchased on video.&amp;nbsp; And read Irwin's work, too - she's 
+      incredible.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0046387&quot;&gt;THE SWORD 
+      AND THE ROSE (1953)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film tells the 
+      story of Henry VIII's youngest sister Mary and her forbidden love affair 
+      with Charles Brandon.&amp;nbsp; I haven't seen it but several visitors have 
+      told me it's wonderful; you can purchase it on VHS.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; 
+        &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0048791&quot;&gt;THE VIRGIN QUEEN 
+      (1955)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Once again, Bette Davis 
+      plays Queen Elizabeth; Richard Todd plays Raleigh and Joan Collins is his 
+      true love.&amp;nbsp; I recently watched it again on AMC; it's colorized and 
+      the men wear a lot of wacky-colored clothes (which is actually realistic, 
+      though jarring.)&amp;nbsp; The dialogue is 
+      witty and Bette Davis is always fun to watch.&amp;nbsp; It can be purchased on 
+      video; also, check the cable listings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0060665&quot;&gt;A MAN FOR ALL SEASONS 
+      (1966)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film is based on 
+      Robert Bolt's play and stars Paul Scofield as Sir Thomas More, executed 
+      for refusing to recognize Henry VIII as head of the English church.&amp;nbsp; 
+      This is a great film worth watching on its own merits, even without its 
+      Tudor connections.&amp;nbsp; The story of More's refusal to betray his 
+      conscience is justly famous and the film is a wonderful tribute to his 
+      life and accomplishments.&amp;nbsp; It is available on dvd.&amp;nbsp; Look out for 
+      the uncredited cameo of Vanessa Redgrave as Anne Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;/font&gt; 
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0064030&quot;&gt;ANNE OF THE THOUSAND DAYS 
+      (1969)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film stars Genevieve 
+      Bujold as Anne Boleyn and Richard Burton as Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; It's 
+      entertaining, the supporting actors are good, and Bujold's performance has 
+      grown on me; she shows the vulnerability beneath Anne's wit and charm.&amp;nbsp; 
+      It's based upon Maxwell Anderson's play.&amp;nbsp; If they remade this film, 
+      wouldn't Virginie Ledoyen be the perfect Anne?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;  
+      &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;IMG height=258 
+      alt=&quot;Richard Burton and Genevieve Bujold in 1969's 'Anne of the Thousand Days'&quot; 
+      src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films4.jpg&quot; width=171 border=1 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0066714&quot;&gt;THE SIX WIVES OF HENRY VIII 
+      (1971)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This is a great Masterpiece 
+      Theatre series which was shown on PBS in America.&amp;nbsp; It stars Keith 
+      Michell as Henry VIII and is divided into six parts, one for each 
+      wife.&amp;nbsp; It was recently released on dvd.&amp;nbsp; I have written a review 
+      of the dvd at Amazon.com; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fcm%2fmember-reviews%2f-%2fA18JIM9I1DKVJU%2fref%3dcm%5faya%5frev%5fall%2f102-8493939-9158525&quot;&gt;click 
+      here to read it&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Michell later appeared 
+      in &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0070170&quot;&gt;a film version of the 
+      series&lt;/A&gt;, much shortened, of course, and with different actresses 
+      portraying the wives.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0067402&quot;&gt;MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS 
+      (1971)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I should admit that I am a 
+      fan of Vanessa Redgrave and thus suitably biased, but this is an 
+      entertaining movie.&amp;nbsp; It also features the equally great Glenda Jackson 
+      as Queen Elizabeth, a role she reprised in the Masterpiece Theatre series, 
+      &lt;I&gt;Elizabeth R&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Redgrave was nominated for the Best Actress 
+      Oscar for her role.&amp;nbsp; In the film there is a meeting between the two 
+      queenly cousins, - the meeting never occurred in real life, though Mary 
+      desperately wished for it.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Patrick McGoohan, aka 
+      Danger Man and Number Six, is 
+      suitably evil as Moray and Timothy Dalton is a thoroughly repulsive 
+      Darnley.&amp;nbsp; (I think everyone can agree that playing Darnley is a 
+      thankless task.)&amp;nbsp; The sets and costumes are a wonderful evocation of the 
+      Tudor era.&amp;nbsp; The same production team made &lt;I&gt;Anne of the Thousand 
+      Days&lt;/I&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0066652&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH R 
+      (1971)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This Masterpiece Theatre 
+      mini-series starring Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth is fantastic.&amp;nbsp; And 
+      it was recently released on dvd, with lots of extras.&amp;nbsp; I have written 
+      a review of the dvd at Amazon.com; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fcm%2fmember-reviews%2f-%2fA18JIM9I1DKVJU%2fref%3dcm%5faya%5frev%5fall%2f102-8493939-9158525&quot;&gt;click 
+      here to read it&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It's worth the expense.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;Jackson is incomparable and the series itself is wonderful.&amp;nbsp; 
+      The mini-series format gives the story enough time to unfold and what a 
+      fascinating, engrossing story it is - the great events of Elizabeth's 
+      reign, the facets of her character, her interminable marriage 
+      negotiations..... these are treated in detail and with commendable 
+      historical accuracy.&amp;nbsp; The supporting actors - Mary, queen of Scots, 
+      Dudley, Cecil (William and Robert), Bacon, Essex, etc - are also superb.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0091374&quot;&gt;LADY JANE 
+      (1986)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This popular film stars 
+      Helena Bonham Carter as Lady Jane Grey and the very handsome Cary Elwes as Guilford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; The movie, like many Tudor flicks, is less 
+      than accurate in the facts department, mostly concerning Jane and 
+      Guilford's marriage.&amp;nbsp; But the invented 'love story' between them is 
+      well done and saves the film from being too depressing.&amp;nbsp; I had the 
+      pleasure of seeing Jane Lapotaire, who plays Princess Mary in this film, 
+      portray Katharine of Aragon at a RSC production of 'Henry VIII'.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;I&gt;Lady Jane&lt;/I&gt; is finally available on dvd.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;
+      &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films5.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Colin Firth and Judi Dench in 'Shakespeare in Love'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;229&quot; height=&quot;174&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0138097&quot;&gt;SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE 
+      (1998)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film stars Gwyneth Paltrow as the fictional Lady Viola de Lesseps and Joseph Fiennes as 
+      Shakespeare.&amp;nbsp; Judi Dench appears briefly as Queen Elizabeth I; though 
+      her time on screen is short, she is unforgettable.&amp;nbsp; There are 
+      numerous supporting actors who also shine.&amp;nbsp; The costumes, sets, and 
+      musical score are also wonderful.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Paltrow and 
+      Fiennes are lovely together; the script is witty and fun; and the ending 
+      is spectacular.&amp;nbsp; This is one of the few films I've seen that 
+      successfully mixes genres.&amp;nbsp; And it's almost as if the actors themselves knew they were 
+      in a great film.&amp;nbsp; Their performances are confident and 
+      enthusiastic.&amp;nbsp; This is truly a joy to watch.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+      size=-1&gt;I went to see this film on a whim and then promptly forced family 
+      and friends to watch it with me.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Some naysayers have written to me in disagreement and all of their complaints 
+      are directed against Paltrow.&amp;nbsp; I think she is perfect in the role; 
+      even her scenes as the cross-dressing Thomas Kent are great.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      opinions can differ - and even if you dislike her performance, there is 
+      much else to recommend the film.&lt;br&gt;Both Shakespeare in Love and Elizabeth 
+      were released around the same time in 1998.&amp;nbsp; Ironically, as it turned 
+      out, I was really looking forward to Elizabeth and didn't give SIL a 
+      thought.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;There are 
+      numerous &lt;I&gt;Shakespeare in Love&lt;/I&gt; fan sites; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fHollywood%2fStudio%2f5740%2fSILwebring.htm&quot;&gt;visit 
+      their webring&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT color=&quot;#000099&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0127536&quot;&gt;ELIZABETH 
+      (1998)&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film  stars Cate Blanchett as the Virgin 
+      Queen.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I disliked this film when I first saw it, 
+      though I admired the visuals.&amp;nbsp; The cinematography and costuming were 
+      excellent; some of the acting was impressive, particularly Blanchett and 
+      Christopher Eccleston as Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; (When are they ever bad?)&amp;nbsp; But I found the story and 
+      direction to be muddled and overwrought, as was the score.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Part of my disappointment was doubtless caused by my &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fintro.html&quot;&gt;Tudoritis&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; I 
+      was looking forward to the film and wouldn't have been easily 
+      satisfied.&amp;nbsp; But my movie-going companion, who does not suffer from 
+      Tudoritis, remarked, 'This isn't just a bad Tudor film.&amp;nbsp; It's a bad 
+      film, period.'&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I recently watched it again.&amp;nbsp; And 
+      again, I admired Blanchett's performance and the costumes were still 
+      spectacular.&amp;nbsp; But 
+      I still wonder why they felt the need to rewrite one of the most 
+      compelling female lives of all time.&amp;nbsp; And did Elizabeth live in a 
+      cathedral?!?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The official website has been taken 
+      down, but Geocities.com hosts a
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsouthbeach%2fkeys%2f4122&quot;&gt;nice fan page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2ftitle%2ftt0357392&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;THE OTHER BOLEYN GIRL (2003)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;This film is an adaptation of Philippa Gregory's popular 
+      novel.&amp;nbsp; It was produced by the BBC and stars Natasha McElhone as Mary 
+      Boleyn and Jodhi May as Anne.&amp;nbsp; The film premiered in the UK in spring 
+      2003.&amp;nbsp; As of October '03, it hasn't aired in the US and isn't currently scheduled for sale 
+      anywhere.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bbc.co.uk%2fdrama%2fboleyn.shtml&quot;&gt;Click here to visit the 
+      BBC's official website for the film&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Click the above IMDB.com 
+      link to check its release schedule.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films6.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Drew Barrymore and Dougray Scott in 'Ever After'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;181&quot;&gt;Two other films set in the 16th century are also worth watching:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0110963&quot;&gt;LA REINE MARGOT (QUEEN 
+      MARGOT)(1994)&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;I love this French film starring 
+      the incomparable Isabelle Adjani as Marguerite, daughter of Catherine 
+      d'Medici and princess of France.&amp;nbsp; It's a wonderful story with great 
+      historical accuracy.&amp;nbsp; And can you believe Adjani was 38 when she made 
+      this film?&amp;nbsp; Let's hope it will be released on dvd in the US 
+      soon.&amp;nbsp; Until then, read the Alexandre Dumas novel upon which it's 
+      based.&amp;nbsp; I think it's one of his more entertaining 
+      works.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fus.imdb.com%2fTitle%3f0120631&quot;&gt;EVER AFTER (1998)&lt;/A&gt; 
+      &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This film is a retelling of the Cinderella story set in 
+      16th century France.&amp;nbsp; Drew Barrymore plays the heroine who triumphs 
+      over the ugly stepsisters and evil stepmother.&amp;nbsp; It's very 
+      entertaining; the 
+      performances are fun, the costumes beautiful, and the romance 
+      endearing.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;The official movie site is still up; &lt;A 
+      href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.foxmovies.com%2feverafter&quot;&gt;click here to 
+      visit&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;In order, the images are from 'Elizabeth', 
+      'Shakespeare in Love', 'Anne of the Thousand Days', 'Shakespeare in Love', 
+      'Ever After'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082548&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082548&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH845f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4799</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King Henry VIII's second and fifth wives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King Henry VIII's second and fifth wives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King Henry VIII's second and fifth wives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/fiveanne.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/fiveanne.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH845f746043a4af83ca5998</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215302</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH845f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynhoward.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;705&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;41&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;41&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynhoward.gif&quot; alt=&quot;The Boleyn-Howard Connection&quot; width=&quot;349&quot; height=&quot;262&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Many
+
+historians and biographers mention that Catherine Howard was related in
+
+some way to Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; Historically, they are joined by a gruesome
+
+bond - they were the only two wives executed by King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; Catherine
+
+married Henry just four years after Anne's execution; yet during those
+
+four years, he had married two other women (Jane Seymour and Anne of Cleves.)
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Catherine and Anne were first cousins.&amp;nbsp; Catherine's
+
+father, Lord Edmund Howard, was the brother of Anne Boleyn's mother, Lady
+
+Elizabeth Howard.&amp;nbsp; Edmund and Elizabeth were the children of Thomas
+
+Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; However, despite their close familial
+
+ties, the two women never met.&amp;nbsp; There are many obvious reasons for
+
+this - first of all, Anne was about fifteen years older than Catherine.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Secondly, the Norfolk family was a tangled collection of cousins (far too
+
+many to list here) and, since Catherine was one of many children of a poor
+
+younger son, her status was relatively unimportant in the mid-1530s.&amp;nbsp;
+
+Third, and perhaps most important, Anne Boleyn disliked her uncle Thomas
+
+Howard, the 3rd duke of Norfolk (and formerly earl of Surrey) - he was
+
+conniving, opportunistic, and arrogant.&amp;nbsp;  This perhaps affected her
+
+relationships with all her Norfolk cousins; the only family member she
+
+was noticeably close to was her brother, George.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Anne and Norfolk were
+
+never close and he only barely managed to hide his dislike while she was
+
+queen.&amp;nbsp; When she was arrested and tried, he made&amp;nbsp;haste
+
+to distance himself from her at all costs.&amp;nbsp; He also attended her trial and 
+    passed judgment against her.&amp;nbsp; His groveling was effective
+
+- and still worked four years later when yet another niece (Catherine Howard)
+
+was arrested.&amp;nbsp; At Catherine's arrest, virtually every member of the
+
+Norfolk family was taken to the Tower - except the duke.&amp;nbsp; His frantic
+
+letter to Henry VIII included insults of all his imprisoned relatives,
+
+most importantly the 'abominable deeds' of Anne and Catherine.&amp;nbsp; He
+
+was certainly an unappealing character but, unlike so many others, he managed
+
+to survive in the treacherous Tudor court.&amp;nbsp; Later imprisoned and with
+
+his goods seized by the king, Norfolk was condemned to death.&amp;nbsp; Luckily, and 
+    ironically, Henry
+
+VIII died without signing the warrant for his execution.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;to the Anne 
+    Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;to the 
+    Catherine Howard website&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082684&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082684&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH9c15.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH9c15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH9c15.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4804</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: King Henry VIII has a jousting accident, 1524</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8joust.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8joust.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9c15207cbc6ced4414b44f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9c15.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1524.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1524.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1524: King Henry VIII has a jousting accident&quot; width=&quot;367&quot; height=&quot;105&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;was written by George Cavendish, Cardinal Wolsey's gentleman-usher.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Henry VIII was a superb athlete but, as he grew older, his 
+      prowess often came at the expense of his health.&amp;nbsp; Historians have 
+      speculated that the injuries he suffered may have contributed to his 
+      increasingly bad headaches (and correspondingly short temper.)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;On 10 March the king, having a new armor made to his own design
+and fashion, such as no armorer before that time had seen, though to test
+the same at the tilt, and ordered a joust for the purpose.&amp;nbsp; The lord
+marquis of Dorset and the earl of Dorset and the earl of Surrey were appointed
+to be on foot: the king came to one end of the tilt and the duke of Suffolk
+to the other.&amp;nbsp; Then a gentleman said to the duke: 'Sir the king is
+come to the end of the tilt.'&amp;nbsp; 'I see him not,' said the duke, 'by
+my faith, for my headpiece blocks my sight.'&amp;nbsp; With these words, God
+knows by what chance, the king had his spear delivered to him by the lord
+Marquis, the visor of his headpiece being up and not down or fastened,
+so that his face as quite naked.&amp;nbsp; The gentleman said to the duke:
+'Sir the king is coming.' &lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Then the duke set forward and charged with his spear, and the king likewise
+unadvisedly set off towards the duke.&amp;nbsp; The people, seeing the king's
+face bare, cried hold, hold; the duke neither saw nor heard, and whether
+the king remembered his visor was up or not few could tell.&amp;nbsp; Alas,
+what sorrow was it to the people when they saw the splinters of duke's
+spear strike the king's headpiece.&amp;nbsp; For most certainly the duke struck
+the king on the brow right under the guard of the headpiece on the very
+skull cap or basinet piece to which the barbette is hinged for strength
+and safety, which skull cap or basinet no armorer takes heed of, for it
+is always covered by the visor, barbette and volant piece, and thus that
+piece is so protected that it takes no weight.&amp;nbsp; But when the spear
+landed on that place there was great danger of death since the face was
+bare, for the duke's spear broke into splinters and pushed the king's visor
+or barbette so far back with the counter blow that all the King's head
+piece was full of splinters.&amp;nbsp; The armorers were much blamed for this,
+and so was the lord marquise for delivering the spear blow when his face
+was open, but the king said that no one was to blame but himself, for he
+intended to have saved himself and his sight.
+&lt;p&gt;The duke immediately disarmed and came to the king, showing him the
+closeness of his sight, and he swore that he would never run against the
+king again.&amp;nbsp; But if the king had been even a little hurt, his servants
+would have put the duke in jeopardy.&amp;nbsp; Then the king called his armorers
+and put all his pieces of armor together and then took a spear and ran
+six courses very well, by which all men could see that he had taken no
+hurt, which was a great joy and comfort to all his subjects present.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;    &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082596&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082596&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH9e41.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH9e41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH9e41.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11563</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterone.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH9e41940f594fe21b2a7ccd</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215293</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH9e41.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;EARLY LIFE: 1533-1558&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+    I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt; HAVE to deal, under strict limitations of 
+    space, with a long life, almost the whole of its adult period passed in the 
+    exercise of sovereignty--a life which is in effect the history of England 
+    during forty-five years, abounding at the same time in personal interest, 
+    and the subject, both in its public and private aspects, of fierce and 
+    probably interminable controversies. Evidently a bird's-eye view is all that 
+    can be attempted; and the most important episodes alone can be selected for 
+    consideration. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The daughter of Henry VIII and 
+    Anne Boleyn was born on 6 September 1533. Anne was niece of Thomas, third 
+    Duke of Norfolk, and all the great Howard kinsmen attended at the baptism 
+    four days afterwards. &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt; was 
+    two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded, and she herself 
+    was declared illegitimate by Act of Parliament. It is not recorded that in 
+    after years she expressed any opinion about her mother or ever mentioned her 
+    name. She never took any steps to get the Act of Attainder repealed; but 
+    perhaps she indirectly showed her belief in Anne's innocence by raising the 
+    son of Norris, her alleged paramour, to the peerage, and by the great favour 
+    she always showed to his family. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;During her father's life 
+    Elizabeth lived chiefly at Hatfield with her brother Edward, under a 
+    governess. Henry had been empowered by Parliament in 1536 to settle the 
+    succession by his will. In 1544 he caused an Act to be passed placing Mary 
+    and Elizabeth next in order of succession after Edward. By his will, made a 
+    few days before his death, he repeated the provisions of the Act of 1544, 
+    and placed next to Elizabeth the daughters of his younger sister, the 
+    Duchess of Suffolk, tacitly passing over his elder sister, the Queen of 
+    Scotland. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;After her father's death 
+    (January 1547) Elizabeth, then a girl of thirteen, went to reside with the 
+    Queen Dowager Catherine, who had not been many weeks a widow before she 
+    married her old lover Thomas Seymour, the Lord Admiral, brother of the 
+    Protector Somerset, described as &amp;quot;fierce in courage, courtly in fashion, in 
+    personage stately, in voice magnificent, but somewhat empty of matter.&amp;quot; The 
+    romping that soon began to go on between this dangerous man and Elizabeth 
+    was of such a nature that early in the next year Catherine found it 
+    necessary to send her away somewhat abruptly. From that time she resided 
+    chiefly at Hatfield. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In August 1548 Catherine died, 
+    and the Admiral at once formed the project of marrying Elizabeth. This and 
+    other ambitious designs brought him to the scaffold (March 1549). It does 
+    not appear that Elizabeth saw or directly corresponded with him after he was 
+    a widower. But she listened to his messages, and dropped remarks of an 
+    encouraging kind which she meant to be repeated to him. She knew perfectly 
+    well that the marriage would not be permitted. She was only flirting with a 
+    man old enough to be her father just as she afterwards flirted with men 
+    young enough to be her sons. We already get a glimpse of the utter absence 
+    both of delicacy and depth of feeling which characterised her through life. 
+    When she heard of the Admiral's execution she simply remarked, &amp;quot;This day 
+    died a man with much wit and very little judgment.&amp;quot; With Elizabeth the heart 
+    never really spoke, and if the senses did, she had them under perfect 
+    control. And this was why she never loved or was loved, and never has been 
+    or will be regarded with enthusiasm by either man or woman. For some time 
+    after this scandal she was evidently somewhat under a cloud. She lived at 
+    her manor-houses of Ashridge, Enfield, and Hatfield, diligently pursuing her 
+    studies under the celebrated scholar Ascham. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Edward died (6 July 1553) 
+    Elizabeth was nearly twenty. Although Mary's cause was her own, she remained 
+    carefully neutral during the short queen-ship of Jane. On its collapse she 
+    hastened to congratulate her sister, and rode by her side when she made her 
+    entry into London. During the early part of Mary's reign her life hung by a 
+    thread. The slightest indiscretion would have been fatal to her. Wyatt's 
+    insurrection was made avowedly in her favour. But neither to that nor any 
+    other conspiracy did she extend the smallest encouragement. Her prudent and 
+    blameless conduct gave her the more right in after years to deal severely 
+    with Mary Stuart, whose behaviour under precisely similar circumstances was 
+    so very different. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Renard, the Spanish ambassador, 
+    demanded her execution as the condition of the Spanish match, and Mary 
+    assured him that she would do her best to satisfy him. In the time of Henry 
+    VIII. such an intention on the part of the sovereign would have been 
+    equivalent to a sentence of death. But Mary was far from being as powerful 
+    as her father. The Council had to be reckoned with, and in the Council 
+    independent and even peremptory language was now to be heard. It was not 
+    without strong protests on the part of some of the Lords that Elizabeth was 
+    sent to the Tower, Sussex, a noble of the old blood, who was charged to 
+    conduct her there, took upon him to delay her departure, that she might 
+    appeal to the Queen for an interview. Mary was furious: &amp;quot;For their lives,&amp;quot; 
+    she said, &amp;quot;they durst not have acted so in her father's time; she wished he 
+    was alive and among them for a single month.&amp;quot; But it was usless to storm. 
+    The absolute monarchy had seen its best days. Sussex, fearing foul play, 
+    warned the Lieutenant of the Tower to keep within his written instructions. 
+    Howard of Effingham, the Lord Admiral, had done more than any one else to 
+    place Mary on the throne. But he was Elizabeth's great-uncle, and he angrily 
+    insisted that her food in the Tower should be prepared by her own servants. 
+    A proposal in Parliament to give the Queen the power to nominate a successor 
+    was received with such disfavour that it had to be withdrawn. Finally the 
+    judges declared that there was no evidence to convict Elizabeth. Sullenly 
+    therefore the Queen had to give way. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth was sent to 
+    Woodstock, where she resided for about a year under guard. This was only 
+    reasonable. An heir to the throne, in whose favour there had been plots, 
+    could not expect complete freedom. In October 1555 she was allowed to go to 
+    Hatfield under the surveillance of Sir Thomas Pope. During the rest of the 
+    reign she escaped molestation by outward conformity to the Catholic 
+    religion, and by taking no part whatever in politics. But as it became clear 
+    that her accession was at hand there can be no doubt that she was engaged in 
+    studying the problems with which she would have to deal. She was already in 
+    close intimacy with Cecil, and it is evident that she mounted the throne 
+    with a policy carefully thought out in its main lines. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p class=&quot;3text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;When Mary was known to be 
+    dying, the Spanish ambassador, Feria, called on Elizabeth, and told her that 
+    his master had exerted his influence with the Queen and Council on her 
+    behalf, and had secured her succession. But she declined to be patronised, 
+    and told him that the people and nobility were on her side. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptertwo.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    II: The Change of Religion: 1559&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082620&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082620&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHb51b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHb51b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHb51b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,593 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">41570</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources Mary Tudor sister of King Henry VIII grandmother of Lady Jane Grey</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk and Princess Mary Tudor: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/brandon.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/brandon.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHb51bce046c0e5305dedb1f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215304</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHb51b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandon2.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">brandonpage1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon1.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Cloth of Gold and Cloth of Frieze&quot; width=&quot;492&quot; height=&quot;116&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandon2.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;494&quot; height=&quot;65&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The marriage portrait of Charles Brandon and Princess Mary Tudor&quot; width=&quot;324&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, was Henry VIII's closest 
+
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Brandon's father was Henry VII's standard-bearer at the Battle of 
+
+Bosworth Field and died defending the future king.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII repaid his 
+
+loyalty by educating young Charles with his own children, and from the beginning 
+
+Charles and the future Henry VIII were devoted friends.&amp;nbsp; But their 
+
+friendship was sorely tested when Brandon secretly married Henry's favorite 
+
+sister, the beautiful Princess Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp; At this page, you can learn 
+
+more about their romantic story and its aftermath.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Charles Brandon had an inauspicious beginning and his rise to wealth and 
+prominence was due largely to two things: his father's death at Bosworth Field 
+and his own personal magnetism.&amp;nbsp; Upon his death in 1545, Brandon was 
+perhaps the only person in England who had successfully retained Henry VIII's 
+affection for over forty turbulent years. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His father was William Brandon, Henry Tudor's standard 
+bearer at Bosworth Field in 1485.&amp;nbsp; He was reportedly killed there by 
+Richard III himself.&amp;nbsp; Around 1480 or so, William had married the daughter 
+and heiress of Sir Henry Bruyn of South Ockendon in Essex.&amp;nbsp; But unlike his 
+respectable, middle-class forebears who had led exemplary and cautious 
+lives, William had a tasste for politics.&amp;nbsp; When the Duke of Gloucester 
+seized the throne in 1483 and declared himself Richard III, William and his 
+younger brother Thomas decided to make a stand.&amp;nbsp; They joined the duke of 
+Buckingham's rebellion; it failed and the brothers fled to Brittany where they 
+joined other Lancastrian exiles who supported Henry Tudor, the earl of Richmond.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When William fled England, his wife was already 
+pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon was born sometime in late 1483 or early 
+1484.&amp;nbsp; His mother died in childbirth and, upon his grandfather's death in 
+1491, the orphaned boy went to the royal court.&amp;nbsp; This was the custom of the 
+time but since Brandon was not heir to an important title or great wealth, his 
+case was decided more on sentiment.&amp;nbsp; He had a claim on Henry Tudor's affections 
+since his father had died in his service.&amp;nbsp; That demonstration of loyalty at 
+Bosworth meant a great deal to the first Tudor king.&amp;nbsp; Since Charles was 
+just two years older than Henry's first son, Prince Arthur, it is probable that 
+they were playmates. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Arthur married the Spanish princess Katharine of 
+Aragon in 1502, his court moved to Ludlow Castle in the Welsh Marches, the 
+traditional seat of the Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not accompany the 
+royal couple but remained in London as companion to Arthur's younger 
+brother, Henry duke of York. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Though seven years older than Henry, Charles shared his 
+most prominent characteristics - natural athleticism, robust physical health 
+(unlike the delicate Arthur), and a devotion to all sports (wrestling, hunting, 
+tilting and jousting, etc.)&amp;nbsp; During these adolescent years, the two boys 
+laid the foundation for a lifelong friendship.&amp;nbsp; Arthur died just months 
+after his wedding and, in 1509, the duke of York succeeded to the throne.&amp;nbsp; 
+This marked the real beginning of Charles Brandon's rise to prominence and 
+privilege. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But before 1509, young Charles had undergone an 
+embarrassing marital situation which revealed his ambition and 
+callousness.&amp;nbsp; In 1505, he had become engaged to Anne Browne, a young woman 
+of impressive lineage; her father was  Anthony Browne, Governor of Calais, 
+and her mother was Lucy Neville, niece of the 'Kingmaker.'&amp;nbsp; Charles and 
+Anne were betrothed &lt;I&gt;per verba de praesenti&lt;/I&gt;, a binding contract under 
+canon law.&amp;nbsp; In such cases, there was no ceremony or witnesses; as one can 
+imagine, this led to several unpleasant cases of men and (more rarely) women 
+repudiating their betrothed &lt;I&gt;if&lt;/I&gt; they lacked proper respect for church 
+law.&amp;nbsp; Charles apparently did.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne slept together, as 
+evidenced by the birth of a daughter in 1506, but he did not marry her.&amp;nbsp; 
+Instead, he married her aunt, a very wealthy widow named Margaret Neville 
+Mortimer.&amp;nbsp; The marriage was never taken seriously due to its mercenary 
+nature and, more importantly, legal action begun by Anne's angry family.&amp;nbsp; 
+Eventually, the Mortimer marriage was annulled due to the previous contract and 
+Charles married Anne in a well-attended public ceremony.&amp;nbsp; They had another 
+daughter in 1510; Anne Browne died just two years later. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By late 1512, Charles had recovered from his grief enough 
+to contemplate yet another union.&amp;nbsp; This was perhaps even more mercenary 
+since his betrothed was an eight-year-old orphan.&amp;nbsp; It was common practice 
+for the Crown to assume guardianship of an orphaned minor child who had 
+inherited property.&amp;nbsp; The Crown then sold the guardianship to the highest 
+bidder, often the child's own relatives who wanted to receive the property 
+revenues until the child came of age and decide whom they would marry.&amp;nbsp; 
+Charles had been given the wardship of Elizabeth Grey, the heiress to Lord Lisle 
+of Sparsholt in Berkshire.&amp;nbsp; This, along with various offices, grants &amp;amp; 
+pensions, was a mark of Henry's continued favor.&amp;nbsp; In early 1513, Charles 
+announced his engagement to the girl and, on 15 May 1513, the king created him 
+Viscount Lisle, in right of his betrothed wife.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon finally 
+had a noble title and even more property. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; That same year, the new Lord Lisle accompanied the king to 
+France and also helped entertain the Hapsburg Emperor Maximilian and his 
+twice-widowed, 33-year-old daughter, Margaret, Regent of the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; 
+For Henry, the meeting was also a diplomatic necessity since, in 1508, his 
+father had entered into a formal contract of marriage between his youngest 
+daughter, Mary, and Maximilian's son, Charles of Castile.&amp;nbsp; But over the 
+next few years, little mention had been made of the contract.&amp;nbsp; Henry used 
+the visit to broach the subject; the end result was an agreement that Princess Mary and Charles 
+would wed in 1514, after Charles had reached his 14th birthday. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Lord Lisle made a fool of himself by flirting 
+with Margaret.&amp;nbsp; There is little chance she truly favored him, and certainly 
+none that she planned to marry him, but they flirted, Henry translating for his 
+friend.&amp;nbsp; Once again, Charles Brandon was demonstrating his heavy-handed 
+flair for the ladies.&amp;nbsp; In the end, he greatly offended Margaret by 
+encouraging gossip about their meeting.&amp;nbsp; In particular, it stressed her 
+attraction to him and a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; As a Hapsburg princess, she was 
+not amused and Henry VIII was forced to make a public apology.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+not angry with his friend; on 1 February 1514, he created Charles the duke of 
+Suffolk, the title once held by the Yorkist de la Poles.&amp;nbsp; He also received 
+the majority of their confiscated estates.&amp;nbsp; This elevation was remarkable; 
+it meant that Suffolk was one of only three dukes in the kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The 
+other two were Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk (reinstated to the title after his 
+victory at Flodden in 1513), and Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham and 
+descendant of Edward III.&amp;nbsp; Of course, many were surprised that a yeoman's 
+son was now one of their greatest peers but Brandon's friendship with Henry 
+explained matters.&amp;nbsp; In Europe, it was said that 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal Wolsey&lt;/a&gt; and Brandon truly 
+ruled England through influence upon Henry VIII. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1514 as well, the usual tangle of European diplomacy 
+had made Henry distrustful of the Hapsburgs.&amp;nbsp; Also, the deadline for 
+Charles of Castile's marriage to Princess Mary had come and passed with only 
+dismissive explanations from the emperor.&amp;nbsp; So when Louis XII of France 
+offered a peace treaty to England, Henry was eager to accept it.&amp;nbsp; Louis 
+considerably sweetened the offer by offering to wed the Princess Mary.&amp;nbsp; For 
+Henry, this was a diplomatic coup.&amp;nbsp; For his sister, of course, it was 
+considerably different. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor, born 18 March 1495, was the baby of the Tudor 
+family and widely considered the most beautiful princess of her time.&amp;nbsp; She 
+shared her brother Henry's exuberance for spectacle and was the star of his 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Like him, she loved dancing, masques, and parties; they were also 
+close emotionally.&amp;nbsp; So when Henry told her that she would marry the widowed 
+King of France, a man in his fifties with gout and a pock-marked face, she 
+poured out her heart.&amp;nbsp; Certainly she would do her duty as a Princess, she 
+told Henry, but when the marriage was over, she wanted to choose her next spouse 
+- and choose him for love alone.&amp;nbsp; Itt was an extraordinary demand for any 
+woman of that time but Henry VIII loved his sister and he agreed.&amp;nbsp; 
+Why?&amp;nbsp; Partly because he loved her but also because he wanted her to leave 
+for France peacefully and willingly; and also, perhaps more troubling, because 
+she had confessed her secret love to him.&amp;nbsp; It was none other than his best friend, Charles 
+Brandon. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had enjoyed unprecedented freedom at Henry VIII's 
+court.&amp;nbsp; Just fourteen when her father died, she had spent the next five 
+years virtually unchaperoned in his hectic court, her brother openly encouraging 
+her participation in every event.&amp;nbsp; In 1514, she was nineteen years old, 
+very beautiful, and very willful.&amp;nbsp; She had developed an attachment to 
+Charles Brandon; she had known him all her life.&amp;nbsp; It may have begun as a 
+child's awe of a robust, attractive man, successful in all sports (so important 
+at the Tudor court) and very charming.&amp;nbsp; But it had changed into something 
+more and, by 1514, most of the king's inner circle knew of her affection.&amp;nbsp; 
+There was no scandal, however.&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her brother's promise and 
+married the aged Louis XII at Greenwich Palace on 13 August 1514.&amp;nbsp; The Duc 
+de Longueville acted as the king's proxy in every respect; he even lay down on a 
+bed with Mary and touched her body with his naked leg, thus 'consummating' the 
+marriage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary enjoyed herself at her wedding festivities and its 
+attendant celebrations.&amp;nbsp; It would have been impossible to feel 
+otherwise.&amp;nbsp; She had a splendid trousseau, marvelous jewels sent over from 
+France, and all the honors due to the queen of France.&amp;nbsp; All contemporary 
+accounts remark on her great beauty, particularly her clear complexion and long 
+red-gold hair, the Tudor trademark.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was eager to see her, 
+telling the English ambassador that he had many gifts for his bride and expected 
+a kiss for each one. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary eventually traveled from Dover to Boulogne on 2 
+October, after waiting weeks for stormy weather to end.&amp;nbsp;  She actually left in the 
+midst of more storms since Henry VIII had grown bored waiting for them to 
+end.&amp;nbsp; Upon her departure, she kissed her brother and reminded him of his 
+promise about her future.&amp;nbsp; Henry, eager to leave, committed her to God and 
+her husband and left.&amp;nbsp; There were fourteen ships in Mary's retinue but the 
+weather was so terrible that only four reached port on time; the rest docked at 
+various ports on the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary, suffering from seasickness 
+and constant rain, was carried ashore by one of her gentlemen, Sir Christopher 
+Garnish.&amp;nbsp; She journeyed from Montreuil to Abbeville and contemporary 
+chroniclers recorded her outfit; they were much impressed with her beauty and 
+charm.&amp;nbsp; She wore cloth of gold on crimson with tight sleeves in the English style and a 
+hat of crimson silk which she wore cocked over one eye.&amp;nbsp; Her husband met 
+her at a carefully arranged 'accident' outside Abbeville and, on 9 October, they 
+married in that city. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The marriage lasted for eighty-two days.&amp;nbsp; On 31 
+December 1514, Louis died quite abruptly.&amp;nbsp; Despite his ill health, he had 
+been notably active during his marriage.&amp;nbsp; This may have contributed to 
+his demise; he boasted that on their wedding night, he had 'crossed the river' 
+three times.&amp;nbsp; Before his death, he was visited by the duke of Suffolk on a 
+diplomatic trip and Charles wrote to Henry that his sister was discreet and 
+dignified.&amp;nbsp; This undoubtedly relieved both men; they had perhaps wondered 
+how Mary would greet her true love.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however, was aware of her 
+position as Queen of France and, during her brief marriage, conducted herself 
+with aplomb. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The King of France's death changed her world 
+considerably.&amp;nbsp; Now a queen dowager in a foreign country she had barely 
+begun to settle in, she was suddenly pushed into strict seclusion for 40 
+days.&amp;nbsp; This was French custom; after all, the widowed queen might be 
+pregnant and the child's paternity must be certain.&amp;nbsp; Mary was not pregnant 
+but she was sent to the Hotel de Cluny for her period of mourning, without even 
+the comfort of her English attendants.&amp;nbsp; The new king, Francois, had 
+appointed several Frenchwomen to attend her and dismissed her women.&amp;nbsp; May 
+was undoubtedly terrified.&amp;nbsp; She was closed off from the world, shut behind 
+heavy black drapes, and once more a pawn for her brother.&amp;nbsp; Would Henry 
+arrange another marriage or would he keep his promise?&amp;nbsp; Frantic, Mary wrote 
+to him from Cluny in early January 1515, just two weeks after her husband's 
+death; she begged him to contact Francois and have her sent home to England and 
+reminded him:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, I beseech your grace that you will keep all the 
+promises that you promised me when I took my leave of you by the 
+waterside.&amp;nbsp; Sir, your grace knoweth well that I did marry for your pleasure 
+at this time and now I trust you will suffer me to marry as me liketh for to 
+do... wherefore I beseech your grace for to be a good lord and brother unto 
+me.&quot;&amp;nbsp; If Henry did not keep his promise, Mary said she would enter a 
+nunnery and &quot;never no man shall know joy of me.&quot; &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary also had to deal with visits from the new French 
+king, Francois I.&amp;nbsp; He was twenty-one and knew the English-French alliance 
+was breaking down.&amp;nbsp; He did not want Mary wed by Henry to some Hapsburg 
+prince.&amp;nbsp; He suggested two of his own kinsmen as husbands and then hinted 
+that Henry was trying to marry her to Charles of Castile again.&amp;nbsp; Alone and 
+in a fragile state, Mary was terribly frightened; Francois's words touched on 
+her greatest fears.&amp;nbsp; She eventually confessed her love for Suffolk to 
+Francois.&amp;nbsp; Surprisingly, she found him sympathetic and kind.&amp;nbsp; He 
+promised to help secure her future happiness, a promise which Mary found 
+generous and Francois found opportunistic.&amp;nbsp; For, by this time, he knew the 
+duke of Suffolk was on his way to France to bargain for Mary's return, 
+specifically the return of her jewels, plate, and dower rights.&amp;nbsp; With the 
+dowager queen's confession, Francois had a powerful bargaining tool &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; peace 
+of mind - if Mary wed her English duke, she was no longer Henry's political 
+pawn. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles had been sent to France by Henry, specifically 
+promising to keep his relations with the widow on a formal basis.&amp;nbsp; Henry 
+had no reason to distrust him.&amp;nbsp; Charles was his creation, dependent on him 
+for everything, and also ambitious.&amp;nbsp; Why would he bite the hand that so 
+generously fed him?&amp;nbsp; So Suffolk departed on his most important mission 
+ever; it was well-known that the matter would be complicated.&amp;nbsp; The French 
+would not want to surrender any property to Mary and she would naturally want 
+her rightful share.&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, perhaps Henry meant to keep his 
+promise.&amp;nbsp; After all, he knew his sister's feelings - and now he sent her 
+true love to bring her home.&amp;nbsp; But rattled by Francois's suggestions of a 
+Hapsburg marriage, Mary was set on a course which nearly ruined her and Suffolk.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk arrived on 27 January; five days later, he met 
+Francois at Senlis.&amp;nbsp; Francois summoned Suffolk to a private audience and 
+bluntly dropped his bombshell - the duke had come to marry the Dowager Queen, 
+had he not?&amp;nbsp; Poor Suffolk was taken aback and protested vehemently.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois went on to share Mary's confession and reassure the duke.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+their friend, Francois said, and he would write to the English king and explain 
+all.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk took no chances; he dashed off his own account of the 
+interview to Wolsey and then went to see Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a most emotional 
+reunion.&amp;nbsp; She accused him of taking her to England only to have her married 
+off again against her will.&amp;nbsp; He protested but she would have none of 
+it.&amp;nbsp; She issued an ultimatum - either marry me now or never marry me at 
+all.&amp;nbsp; There would be no better time, she said, for he had jealous enemies 
+on the Privy Council who would prevent it in England.&amp;nbsp; She had her 
+brother's explicit promise that she could follow her heart and Henry knew her 
+greatest desire.&amp;nbsp; What was the risk for him, anyway?&amp;nbsp; She was a 
+princess and queen, very beautiful, and imperious.&amp;nbsp; Why would any man deny 
+her?&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was understandably torn between his obedience to Henry and 
+his desire for Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But he was always ambitious and rarely foolish.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew that Mary would be a great prize; after all, he harbored no overt dynastic 
+ambitions but six years of marriage had produced no living child for Henry 
+VIII.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Suffolk and Mary would create a new royal line.&amp;nbsp; And 
+she was a royal princess and queen, just twenty years old and madly in love with 
+him.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was swayed by tears and ambition and, sometime in February 
+1515, they married secretly at the Cluny chapel. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The consequences were rapid and hardly comforting.&amp;nbsp; 
+Francois demanded Suffolk's acquiescence in several disputes over Mary's dowry 
+as payment for their 'secret.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey&lt;/A&gt; and 
+Henry wanted the duke to be firm and reject all the French king's demands.&amp;nbsp; 
+Furthermore, news of the wedding was circulating throughout Paris and Mary 
+suspected she might be pregnant.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk knew he could no longer delay 
+confession and wrote to Wolsey, now Archbishop of York.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to 
+arrange a more public wedding ceremony since he knew their secret wedding could 
+easily be invalidated; certainly he knew that better than most.&amp;nbsp; And he 
+feared that the king's council was urging an annulment.&amp;nbsp; Many didn't 
+consider Suffolk a fit match for a princess and others wanted to promote 
+pro-Hapsburg policy of which Mary's remarriage could play a part. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But most important was Henry's reaction.&amp;nbsp; How would 
+he consider the betrayal of his best friend and favorite sister?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
+&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Henry's reaction was not favorable.&amp;nbsp; Brandon had written to Wolsey for 
+support and he received a prompt reply but it hardly comforted him; the king 
+could not believe his most trusted friend had betrayed him but, if it were true, 
+the newlyweds had to pay a stiff penalty - literally.&amp;nbsp; They must pay back 
+Mary's marriage portion in annual installments of 4000 pds, leaving her just 
+6000 pds to live on.&amp;nbsp; She must return all the plate and jewels she had 
+taken to France as her dowry as well as the many gifts King Louis had given her.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Beyond that, they must hasten to beg the king for 
+forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary did just that, both blaming her for the 
+hasty marriage.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk wrote:&amp;nbsp; &quot;Sir, for the passion of God, let it 
+not be in your heart against me, and rather than you should hold me in mistrust, 
+strike off my head and let me not live.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary knew her brother well so, 
+along with her letter, she sent him the most sumptuous jewel Louis had given her 
+- a diamond called the Mirror of Naples wwhich formed part of the French crown 
+jewels.&amp;nbsp; She assured her brother that she had not acted out of 'sensual 
+appetite'; instead, she had been subject to 'consternation, fear and doubt' 
+which made her force Suffolk's hand.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not reply.&amp;nbsp; Francois 
+eventually allowed her to keep some of Louis's gifts and, on 16 April, they set 
+out for the French coast.&amp;nbsp; Mary wrote to Henry again at Calais, telling him 
+that she was now under his jurisdiction since Calais was an English possession 
+and that she would not sail for England until he gave permission.&amp;nbsp; She 
+reminded him of 'the great and tender love' they had always shared and promised 
+to remain in Calais if that is what he wished. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was not.&amp;nbsp; Henry sent permission for them to cross the 
+Channel in early May and met them privately at the manor of Barking outside 
+London.&amp;nbsp; There is no record of that meeting, of course, and one must assume 
+that Wolsey had perhaps exaggerated Henry's displeasure since he wanted 
+Suffolk's gratitude.&amp;nbsp; Henry was willing enough to forgive his best friend 
+and favorite sister, &lt;i&gt;after&lt;/i&gt; she turned over all her jewels and plate from France 
+and signed a contract to repay the 24000 pds spent on her first marriage in the 
+annual installments of 4000 pds.&amp;nbsp; It was obvious that Henry was not 
+surprised by the marriage; he was mostly angry at Suffolk for breaking his word.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/brandonpage1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;another version of the Brandon marriage portrait&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;363&quot;&gt;&lt;P&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk and Mary were wed again at Greenwich Palace on 13 
+May with Henry and
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt; 
+in attendance.&amp;nbsp; There was feasting and celebration but it was strictly a 
+family affair and foreign ambassadors wondered if they should congratulate the 
+couple.&amp;nbsp; After all, the situation was odd and there were some (mostly on 
+the king's council) who disapproved of the match.&amp;nbsp; But, for the most part, 
+there were no hard feelings or grudges.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was a popular man, 
+good-looking and charming, and few - even in Tudor England - could resist such a 
+grand love story.&amp;nbsp; After all, they had risked everything to be 
+together.&amp;nbsp; Before long, the Suffolks were back in the king's good 
+graces.&amp;nbsp; They are recorded as extending all the great court celebrations of 
+the next few years.&amp;nbsp; Mary's pregnancy in France had been a false alarm but 
+she did become pregnant a few months later.&amp;nbsp; In fact, she was now pregnant 
+along with her sister-in-law Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Due to the queen's history of 
+miscarriages and stillbirths, few were hopeful of the outcome; but, on 18 
+February 1516, she gave birth to her only surviving child, a princess called 
+Mary after her aunt.&amp;nbsp; The new duchess of Suffolk, however, was more 
+fortunate - on 11 March 1516, she gave birth to a healthy baby boy called Henry 
+after the king.&amp;nbsp; Henry and Wolsey stood as the child's godfathers. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary and Henry's older sister Margaret of Scotland visited 
+that summer, bringing her six-month-old daughter, Lady Margaret Douglas.&amp;nbsp; 
+She had been in Scotland for thirteen years but her visit was pleasant 
+enough.&amp;nbsp; Henry had never tired of lecturing Margaret on morality (she had 
+married the Earl of Angus after James of Scotland's death at Flodden); this, of 
+course, is laughable when one considers his own matrimonial career.&amp;nbsp; But 
+Margaret's visit was some ten years before Anne Boleyn entered Henry's 
+life.&amp;nbsp; In 1516, the king was just seven years into his reign, still 
+handsome and bluff.&amp;nbsp; Still, Margaret had little in common with her siblings 
+after her years away; also, her first husband had been killed by the English at 
+Flodden Field. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor was far closer to her foreign sister-in-law 
+than to Margaret.&amp;nbsp; After all, she and Katharine had spent their formative 
+years together.&amp;nbsp; When, in 1517, Katharine went on a pilgrimage to pray for 
+a son, Mary accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; Both Mary and Brandon understood the queen's 
+ 
+heartfelt desire to bear her husband a prince and successor and were 
+sympathetic supporters.&amp;nbsp; There was a passing cloud in 1516 - Mary's revenues 
+from France had fallen off and she was behind in payment of her debt - but the 
+cloud passed quickly.&amp;nbsp; In early summer 1517, they were at Richmond Palace 
+again.&amp;nbsp; Mary was once more pregnant and, on 16 July 1517, she went into 
+labor on her way home.&amp;nbsp; A daughter was born, called Frances after the 
+French king; the Suffolks 
+had another daughter, Eleanor, in 1519. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1518, Mary and Suffolk were at court again, attending 
+the betrothal of the infant Princess Mary to the infant dauphin of France.&amp;nbsp; 
+And they attended the famous Field of Cloth of Gold at Guines, near 
+Calais in 1520.&amp;nbsp; Mary was widely considered the most beautiful woman there.&amp;nbsp; 
+A French admiral commented, &quot;Madame, you are the rose of Christendom.&amp;nbsp; You 
+should have stayed in France.&amp;nbsp; We would have appreciated you.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Mary 
+was now in her mid-twenties and, when Katharine of Aragon was pregnant or ill, acted 
+as her brother's hostess. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Back in England, however, things began to change.&amp;nbsp; In 
+the new year of 1522, Mary first met
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+She knew Anne's older sister Mary quite well for she had been one of her 
+ladies-in-waiting when Mary Tudor wed Louis XII in France.&amp;nbsp; She had also remained 
+in France until dismissed by Francois.&amp;nbsp; Anne wanted to join Queen 
+Katharine's household as a lady-in-waiting, a much-sought-after position.&amp;nbsp; 
+It is likely that Mary repaid Mary Boleyn's service by helping Anne.&amp;nbsp; 
+Certainly she may have liked the girl; Anne had spent time at the French court 
+and was fashionable and high-spirited, much like Mary. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Anne entered Katharine's service but was sent home in 
+disgrace for three years.&amp;nbsp; In just a matter of months, she had managed to 
+attract the attention of Henry Percy, heir to the powerful Earl of 
+Northmberland.&amp;nbsp; The young couple entered into an understanding but Percy was under the guardianship of Wolsey.&amp;nbsp; The king's most trusted 
+advisor and Percy's powerful father were understandably angry at the secret 
+romance.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;Anne and Percy were brought to heel&lt;/a&gt;; 
+there were better matches for him and she had overstepped her bounds.&amp;nbsp; Anne 
+was openly furious, so much that she was banished from court.&amp;nbsp; However, she 
+was allowed back in late 1525, around the time that Henry VIII was first 
+beginning to contemplate his lack of heirs. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine of Aragon had delivered the Princess Mary in 
+1516, when she was thirty-one years old.&amp;nbsp; Since then, there had been no other 
+surviving children.&amp;nbsp; In 1525, she was forty and it was obvious she would 
+have no further children.&amp;nbsp; Her husband was nervous; his dynasty was just forty 
+years old.&amp;nbsp; It would not survive with just one princess as heir.&amp;nbsp; He 
+knew the problem was not his fault - after all, in 1519, a mistress called 
+Bessie Blount had born a son.&amp;nbsp; In summer 1525, this child, called Henry 
+Fitzroy, was made the duke of Richmond and Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was present 
+at the grand ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was normally a patient, dignified wife 
+but the lavish ceremony, involving all the important nobility, offended 
+her.&amp;nbsp; She argued with Henry, telling him it insulted her and their daughter 
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; Henry was unused to such criticism and responded by dismissing three 
+of her favorite ladies.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not critical of their benefactor 
+since Henry had created his nephew the Earl of Lincoln at the same 
+ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Also, Mary's repayment of her debt was still in limbo. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was also in failing health.&amp;nbsp; She had suffered 
+through the sweating sickness in 1518 and never completely recovered.&amp;nbsp; She may also have been exhibiting the first signs of the 
+disease which eventually killed her; most historians believe it was 
+cancer.&amp;nbsp; She was present at several court functions over the next few years 
+(a summer 1526 party for European ambassadors, for example) but came to court 
+with less and less frequency.&amp;nbsp; Her physical condition was deteriorating but 
+she was also uncomfortable with her brother's course of action. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1527, Henry's infatuation with Anne Boleyn had 
+begun.&amp;nbsp; He was determined to annul his marriage to Katharine, arguing that 
+it had never been legal in the first place.&amp;nbsp; He asserted that Katharine and 
+Arthur had consummated their marriage and, once again, his old friend Suffolk 
+acted in the king's interest.&amp;nbsp; He dug out some heretofore-lost memories 
+that hinted at consummation.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Wolsey had lost Henry's trust 
+because of the many delays in the annulment; the king used Suffolk to openly 
+attack his once powerful advisor.&amp;nbsp; At a public hearing on the case, Suffolk banged his fist on 
+the table and shouted &quot;It was never merry in England whilst we had cardinals 
+among us.&quot;&amp;nbsp; Of course, Suffolk would not have dared to attack Wolsey 
+without Henry's implicit support.&amp;nbsp; It was the downfall of the Cardinal.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1531, Henry banished Katharine of Aragon from 
+court.&amp;nbsp; He and Anne were constantly together and he made no secret of his 
+intention to marry her.&amp;nbsp; The Suffolks were not happy about this but what 
+could they do?&amp;nbsp; They depended on Henry for everything.&amp;nbsp; Mary made a 
+cutting remark about Anne sometime in early 1532 and refused to accompany Henry 
+and Anne on a state visit to France.&amp;nbsp; Her husband warned Henry that Anne 
+may have slept with Sir Thomas Wyatt.&amp;nbsp; But that is all they dared.&amp;nbsp; 
+They were concerned about their own family. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this time, Suffolk's daughters with Anne Browne were 
+wed to titled men.&amp;nbsp; His eldest daughter with Mary, the lady Frances, was 
+engaged to Henry Grey third Marquess of Dorset, descendent of the famous &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2fplant%2fqueens%2felizwood.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth 
+Woodville&lt;/A&gt;; before Edward IV, she had been married to a Grey and had two sons 
+by him.&amp;nbsp; It was from the elder son that Henry Grey was descended.&amp;nbsp; Frances and Henry were the parents of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane 
+Grey&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; The celebration of Frances's wedding to Henry Grey was held at 
+the Suffolk home in London.&amp;nbsp; It was Mary's last visit to the city.&amp;nbsp; 
+She was increasingly ill and also uncomfortable with her brother.&amp;nbsp; His 
+favor was no longer certain.&amp;nbsp; He had married the pregnant Anne Boleyn in a 
+secret ceremony.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk was put in charge of the new queen's &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;coronation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Therefore, he was not with his wife when she passed away quietly at their home 
+in Westhorpe on 26 June 1533.&amp;nbsp; She was thirty-eight years old.&amp;nbsp; Her 
+death was not considered important news since most people were concerned with 
+the impending birth of Anne Boleyn's child, destined to be 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; 
+Mary had seen her husband in early May but his duties kept him busy; it was a 
+hurried visit and she simply wasted away in the next few weeks. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her brother ordered requiem masses to be sung at 
+Westminster Abbey but showed no other sign of mourning.&amp;nbsp; He was, after all, 
+in the midst of the Reformation.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon did not attend the 
+funeral but it was a marvelous affair.&amp;nbsp; The coffin lay in state for a month 
+at Westhorpe and was interred at the church of Bury St Edmunds on 22 July.&amp;nbsp; 
+The abbey church and her monument were destroyed during the dissolution of the 
+monasteries.&amp;nbsp; Her coffin was saved, however, and moved to a nearby church 
+called St Mary.&amp;nbsp; In 1784, it was moved yet again within that church.&amp;nbsp; 
+The movers ghoulishly opened the coffin; they found a good set of teeth and two 
+feet of hair which was still red-gold.&amp;nbsp; Souvenir hunters cut off pieces of 
+the hair. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's death was perhaps most mourned in Suffolk county 
+where she had been a popular and respected figure.&amp;nbsp; Her husband replaced 
+her quickly enough - and, as was typical of Brandon, with aplomb.&amp;nbsp; He 
+decided to marry his son's betrothed.&amp;nbsp; The girl was called Catherine 
+Willoughby and she as a baroness in her own right, heiress to 15000 ducats a 
+year.&amp;nbsp; She was also just fourteen-years-old, the same age as his youngest 
+child.&amp;nbsp; Brandon himself was almost fifty.&amp;nbsp; But he needed money badly 
+and she was very rich; he married her quite rapidly.&amp;nbsp; The exact date is unknown.&amp;nbsp; 
+His and Mary's son, the eighteen-year-old Henry Brandon, Earl of Lincoln, would 
+be betrothed elsewhere easily enough.&amp;nbsp; But that was not to be.&amp;nbsp; After 
+his father's wedding, the young earl died, probably of the Tudor scourge, 
+tuberculosis.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was not particularly grieved; six months after his 
+death, he and Catherine had a son and named him Henry Brandon.&amp;nbsp; This usage 
+of a dead child's name was common practice in England. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk remained in Henry's favor.&amp;nbsp; The king gave his 
+old friend the unpleasant task of persuading Katharine of Aragon to accept the 
+break with Rome and the new title Princess Dowager.&amp;nbsp; He was also to move 
+her to Somersham near Cambridge, a manor known for its dank and unhealthy 
+atmosphere.&amp;nbsp; Katharine would not be bullied; she told Suffolk that he would 
+have to bind her in ropes if he wanted to move her anywhere.&amp;nbsp; After a week 
+of such talks, Suffolk left, having accomplished precious little. &lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; He never saw Katharine again.&amp;nbsp; He did attend all the 
+momentous events of the 1530s - he sat at the trials of
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;Thomas More&lt;/a&gt; 
+and Anne Boleyn, he was even present at the scaffold when &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;she was 
+beheaded&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; He also helped lead forces to end the &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Pilgrimage of Grace&lt;/A&gt;, 
+one of the most serious problems of Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, his wife 
+gave birth to a second son called Charles and his daughter Frances, after two 
+still-births, gave birth to a healthy baby girl, named &lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;, 
+probably after Queen Jane Seymour.&amp;nbsp; The exact date of birth is not known, 
+but it was probably October and eclipsed by the birth - finally! - of Henry's 
+son, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Prince Edward&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Suffolk acted as godfather to the new prince.
+&lt;/font&gt; 
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The last years of his life were quite happy.&amp;nbsp; He and 
+Catherine Willoughby were affectionate, they had two healthy sons, and the 
+dissolution of the monasteries allowed the king to grant him more lands and 
+pensions.&amp;nbsp; He and his wife entertained the king and his new wife 
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine 
+Howard&lt;/a&gt;; and, of course, Suffolk was one the men who arrested and extracted a 
+confession from that queen.&amp;nbsp; He died quite suddenly on 22 August 1545, his 
+last official business being plans for an invasion of France.&amp;nbsp; But he was 
+sixty years old, a good age at the time, and - once the news was known - it was 
+not suurprising.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Suffolk requested a quiet funeral but the king would have 
+none of it - he ordered a lavish ceremony at St George's Chapel in 
+Windsor.&amp;nbsp; Henry planned and paid for the service.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly 
+an emotional occasion for him; after all, Charles Brandon had been his companion 
+for virtually his entire life.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Suffolk was one of the few men who 
+could still remember the Bluff King Hal of legend.&amp;nbsp; Henry was now 
+overweight, bald, and suffering from a variety of physical ailments.&amp;nbsp; He 
+would only outlive his friend by about eighteen months.&amp;nbsp; In that time, he 
+had good cause to regret the death of his one true friend.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;CENTER&gt;
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Learn about 
+Charles and Mary's granddaughter, Lady Jane Grey, who was queen of England for 
+nine days in 1553&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to 
+Tudor Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+Citizens&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082575&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082575&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHbf2b.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHbf2b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHbf2b.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor England 16th century genealogy English royal family genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor England 16th century genealogy English royal family genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor England: Genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/genealogy.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/genealogy.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHbf2b3c7e4aa75f202a6f93</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215296</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHbf2b.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">tudorgenealogy.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">beaufortgen.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=6 width=&quot;100%&quot; border=0&gt;
+  &lt;TBODY&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD noWrap bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;
+  &lt;TR&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;16%&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial size=3&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+     
+      &lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=8&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;54%&quot; bgColor=#ffffff&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/tudorgenealogy.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Tudor England: Genealogy&quot; width=&quot;408&quot; height=&quot;160&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;
+
+&lt;IMG height=223 alt=&quot;Margaret Beaufort, mother of King Henry VII&quot; 
+
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/beaufortgen.jpg&quot; width=175 align=left 
+
+lowsrc=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/portrait%20of%20Margaret%20Beaufort,%20mother%20of%20King%20Henry%20VII&quot; 
+
+border=0&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;I&gt;It all began with her.... &lt;/I&gt;Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry 
+
+Tudor and descendant of King Edward III.&amp;nbsp; Her descent was actually 
+
+illegitimate, through Edward III's son, John of Gaunt and his mistress Catherine 
+
+Swynford.&amp;nbsp; Though Gaunt later married Swynford and an act of government 
+
+legitimized their children, they were expressly forbidden to inherit the throne 
+
+by Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV.&amp;nbsp; Margaret bore her only child, 
+
+who became King Henry VII, at the age of thirteen.&amp;nbsp; While the York and 
+
+Lancaster branches of the royal family battled for the throne, her husband died 
+
+and her brother-in-law fled to Brittany with the young Henry.&amp;nbsp; His long 
+
+exile ended on 15 August 1485 when King Richard III was defeated at Bosworth 
+
+Field.&amp;nbsp; The Plantagenet dynasty, having ruled England since 1154, ended in 
+
+strife and the Tudor dynasty began.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Henry Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, earl 
+
+of Richmond; later titled King Henry VII&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;son of Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort &lt;BR&gt;born 28 
+
+January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, Wales &lt;BR&gt;claimed title of Henry VII, king of 
+
+England c.1484 &lt;BR&gt;declared king 22 August 1485 at Battle of Redmoor 
+
+Plain/Bosworth Field &lt;BR&gt;coronation 30 October 1485 at Westminster Abbey, London 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;married to Elizabeth Plantagenet, princess of England, on 18 January 1486 at 
+
+Westminster Abbey, London&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;Eight Children with Elizabeth Plantagenet:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/b&gt;Arthur, prince of Wales, born 20 
+
+September 1486 &lt;BR&gt;Margaret, born 28 November 1489 &lt;BR&gt;Henry VIII, king of 
+
+England, born 28 June 1491 &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth, born 2 July 1492; died 1495 &lt;BR&gt;Mary, 
+
+born 18 March 1496 &lt;BR&gt;Edmund, duke of Somerset, born 21 February 1499; died 
+
+1500 &lt;BR&gt;Edward ? &lt;BR&gt;Katherine, born and died 2 February 1503&lt;br&gt;died 22 April 1509 at Richmond Palace, Surrey 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;buried at the Henry VII 'Lady Chapel', Westminster Abbey, London &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet&lt;/u&gt;, also called Elizabeth of York&lt;/B&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;daughter of Edward IV, king of England &amp;amp; Queen Elizabeth Woodville 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;born 11 February 1466 at Westminster Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry 
+
+VII, king of England, on 18 January 1486 at Westminster Abbey, London &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Eight Children&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Arthur, prince of Wales, born 20 
+
+September 1486 &lt;BR&gt;Margaret, born 28 November 1489 &lt;BR&gt;Henry VIII, king of 
+
+England, born 28 June 1491 &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth, born 2 July 1492; died 1495 &lt;BR&gt;Mary, 
+
+born 18 March 1496 &lt;BR&gt;Edmund, duke of Somerset, born 21 February 1499; died 
+
+1500 &lt;BR&gt;Edward ? &lt;BR&gt;Katherine, born and died 2 February 1503&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;coronation 25 
+
+November 1487 at Westminster Abbey, London &lt;BR&gt;died 11 February 1503 at Tower of 
+
+London, London &lt;BR&gt;buried at the Henry VII 'Lady Chapel', Westminster Abbey, 
+
+London &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Prince Arthur of Wales &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
+&lt;/u&gt;born 20 September 1486 at St. Swithin's 
+
+Priory, Winchester &lt;BR&gt;titled Prince of Wales 27 February 1490, Westminster 
+
+Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;married to Princess Katharine of Aragon on 14 November 1501 
+
+at St.Paul's Cathedral, London &lt;BR&gt;died 2 April 1502 at Ludlow Castle, 
+
+Shropshire &lt;BR&gt;buried at Worcester Cathedral &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Princess Margaret Tudor&lt;/u&gt;; later titled 
+queen of Scots&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;born 28 November 1489 at Westminster Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;married to James 
+
+Stuart, titled King James IV of Scotland, 8 August 1503 at Holyrood Abbey, 
+
+Edinburgh &lt;BR&gt;titled Queen of Scotland 8 August 1503 at Holyrood Abbey, 
+
+Edinburgh&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/u&gt;&lt;i&gt;Six Children with King James IV of Scotland:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+James of Rothesay, duke of 
+
+Rothesay, born 21 February 1507 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born 15 July 1508 &lt;BR&gt;Arthur, duke 
+
+of Rothesay, born 20 October 1509 &lt;BR&gt;James, later King James V of Scotland, 
+
+born 15 April 1512 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born November 1512 &lt;BR&gt;Alexander, duke of Ross, 
+
+born 30 April 1514&lt;br&gt;widowed 1513 &lt;BR&gt;married to Archibald Douglas, 6th earl 
+
+of Angus, on 4 August 1514 at Kinnoul Church&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;One Child with Archibald 
+Douglas:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Margaret, Lady Douglas, born 1515 &lt;BR&gt;divorced 1528 &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry 
+
+Stewart, Lord Methven I, on 3 March 1528 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;One Child with Henry Stewart:&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Lady Dorothea Stewart, born ? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;A 
+
+href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscottish.html&quot;&gt;Go to the Scottish 
+genealogy page&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Prince Henry Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, duke of York; later titled 
+King Henry VIII&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;born&amp;nbsp; 28 June 1491 at Greenwich Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;titled King of 
+
+England 24 June 1509 at Westminster Abbey, London &lt;BR&gt;married to Katharine of 
+
+Aragon, princess of Spain, on 11 June 1509 at Grey Friars Church, Greenwich 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Six Children with Katharine of Aragon:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;daughter, born 31 January 1510 &lt;BR&gt;Henry (1), 
+
+duke of Cornwall, born 1 January 1511 &lt;BR&gt;Henry (2), duke of Cornwall, born 
+
+November 1513 &lt;BR&gt;son, born December 1514 &lt;BR&gt;Mary, later titled Mary I, queen 
+
+of England, born 18 February 1516 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born 10 November 1518 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1533 &lt;BR&gt;married to Anne Boleyn, marquess of Pembroke, on 
+
+25 January 1533 at Westminster, London &lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Three Children with Anne Boleyn:&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Elizabeth I, queen of England, born 7 September 1533 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Henry, duke of Cornwall, born 1534 &lt;BR&gt;son, born 29 January 1536 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1536 &lt;BR&gt;married to Jane Seymour on 20 May 1536 &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;
+One Child with Jane Seymour:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Edward, later titled Edward VI, king of England, 
+
+born 12 October 1537 at Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;widowed 24 October 1537 at 
+
+Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;married to Anne of Cleves on 6 January 1540 at 
+
+Greenwich Palace &lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1540 &lt;BR&gt;married to Catherine Howard on 
+
+28 July 1540 at Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;marriage annulled 1541 &lt;BR&gt;married to 
+
+Katharine Parr on 12 July 1543 at Hampton Court Palace &lt;BR&gt;died 28 January 1547 
+
+at Whitehall Palace, London &lt;BR&gt;buried at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;mistresses &lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth Stafford - no children 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Elizabeth Blount, called Bessie Blount &lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;One child with Elizabeth 
+Blount:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Henry 
+
+Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, born 1519 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffitzroy.html&quot;&gt;Go to the 
+Stafford/Blount/Fitzroy genealogy page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Princess Mary Tudor&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, 
+queen of France and duchess of 
+
+Suffolk&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;born 18 March 1496 at Richmond Palace, Surrey &lt;BR&gt;married to 
+
+King Louis XII of France on 9 October 1514 at Abbeville Cathedral, France 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;widowed 1514 &lt;BR&gt;married to Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, on 3 March 
+
+1515 in Paris &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Three Children&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Henry, earl of Lincoln, 
+
+born 11 March 1515 &lt;BR&gt;Frances, born 16 July 1517 &lt;BR&gt;Eleanor, born 1519 &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;died 25 June 1533 at Westhorpe Hall, Suffolk &lt;BR&gt;buried at St. Mary's 
+
+Church, Bury St. Edmunds &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, princess of Spain&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;last child of Ferdinand of Aragon, king of Spain &amp;amp; Isabella, queen of 
+
+Castle &lt;BR&gt;born 15 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, Madrid &lt;BR&gt;married to 
+
+Arthur, prince of Wales, on 14 November 1501 at St. Paul's Cathedral, London 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;widowed 2 April 1502 at Ludlow Castle, Shropshire &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry VIII, 
+
+king of England, on 11 June 1509 at Grey Friars Church, Greenwich&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Six Children&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;daughter, born 31 January 1510 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Henry (1), duke of Cornwall, born 1 January 1511 &lt;BR&gt;Henry (2), duke of 
+
+Cornwall, born November 1513 &lt;BR&gt;son, born December 1514 &lt;BR&gt;Mary I, queen of 
+
+England, born 18 February 1516 &lt;BR&gt;daughter, born 10 November 1518&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;marriage 
+
+annulled 1533 &lt;BR&gt;died 7 January 1536 at Kimbolton Castle &lt;BR&gt;buried at 
+
+Peterborough Cathedral &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;, marquess of Pembroke&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;born about 1501/2 or 1507 at Blickling Hall, Norfolk &lt;BR&gt;titled marquess of 
+
+Pembroke on 1 September 1532 &lt;BR&gt;married to Henry VIII, king of England, on 25 
+
+January 1533 at Westminster Abbey, London&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Three Children&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;Elizabeth I, queen of England, born 7 September 1533 
+
+&lt;BR&gt;Henry, duke of Cornwall, born 1534 &lt;BR&gt;son, born 29 January 1536&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;marriage annulled 1536&lt;br&gt;executed 19 May 1536 at Tower Green, Tower of 
+
+London &lt;BR&gt;buried at the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula, Tower of London&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Go to the Boleyn 
+family webpage&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+&lt;CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+
+&lt;P&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;This page is under constant construction;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;FONT 
+
+size=-1&gt;please check back to see later additions.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+
+&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;DIV style=&quot;TEXT-ALIGN: center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD width=8&gt;&lt;/TD&gt;
+    &lt;TD vAlign=top width=&quot;18%&quot; 
+    bgColor=#5E0000&gt;
+      &lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/TD&gt;&lt;/TR&gt;&lt;/TBODY&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt;&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082551&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082551&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHd8a0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHd8a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHd8a0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">43662</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter V</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfive.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapterfive.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd8a0b05e9bf41fe28359d1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215293</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd8a0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER V&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;ARISTOCRATIC PLOTS: 1568-1572&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;FROM the beginning of the reign Cecil had 
+    never ceased to impress upon his mistress that a French or Spanish invasion 
+    on behalf of the Pope might at any time be expected, and that she should 
+    hurry to meet it by forming a league with the foreign Protestants of both 
+    Confessions, and vigorously assisting them to carry on a war of religion on 
+    the Continent. He was assuredly too well informed to believe that France and 
+    Spain would cease to counteract each other's designs on England, or that 
+    Lutherans and Calvinists would heartily combine for mutual defence. The 
+    enemies he really feared were his Catholic countrymen, with whom he would 
+    have to fight for his head if Elizabeth should die. He therefore desired to 
+    force on the struggle in her lifetime, when they would be rebels, and he 
+    would wield the power of the Crown. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth, on the other hand, was against 
+    interference on the Continent, because it would be the surest way to bring 
+    upon England the calamity of invasion. She saw as plainly as Cecil did that 
+    it would compel her to throw herself into the arms of her own Protestants 
+    and to become, like her two predecessors, the mere chief of a party; whereas 
+    she meant to be the Queen of all Englishmen, and to tranquillise the natural 
+    fears of each party by letting it see that it would not be sacrificed to the 
+    violence of the other. Moreover the unbridled ascendancy of the Protestants 
+    would mean such alterations in the established worship as would have driven 
+    from the parish churches thousands of the most military class, peers, 
+    squires and their tenantry, who were enduring Anglicanism with its 
+    episcopate, its semi-Catholic prayer-book, and its claim to belong to the 
+    Universal Apostolic Church, because they could persuade themselves that its 
+    variations from the old religion were unimportant and temporary. And this 
+    again would increase the probability of foreign invasion. For, though to 
+    Philip all forms of heresy were equally damnable and equally marked out for 
+    extermination sooner or later, yet he was in much less hurry to begin with 
+    the politically harmless Lutherans or Anglicans than with the dangerous 
+    levellers who derived their inspiration from Geneva. Now for Elizabeth to 
+    gain time was everything. She had gained ten precious years already by her 
+    moderation. She was to gain twenty more before the slow-moving Spaniard 
+    decided to launch the great Armada. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But though Elizabeth shunned war with Spain 
+    she nevertheless resognised that Philip was the enemy, and that all ways of 
+    damaging him short of war were for her advantage. English and Huguenot 
+    corsairs swarmed in the Channel. Spanish ships were seized. The crews were 
+    hanged or made to walk the plank; the prizes were carried into English 
+    ports, and there sold without disguise or rebuke. These outrages were 
+    represented as reprisals for cruelties inflicted on English sailors who 
+    occasionally fell into the hands of the Inquisition. Practically a ship with 
+    a valuable cargo was treated as fair game whatever its nationality. But 
+    while in the case of other countries it was only individual traders who 
+    suffered, to Spain it meant obstruction of her high road to her Belgic 
+    dominions, then simmering with disaffection. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The English nobles of the old blood disliked 
+    these proceedings. Even Cecil did not conceal from himself that they 
+    fostered a spirit of lawlessness. What the corsairs were doing he would have 
+    preferred to see done by the royal navy. To that Elizabeth would not 
+    consent. The activity of the corsairs gave her all the advantage she could 
+    hope to have from war, without any of its disadvantages. Instead of laying 
+    out her treasure on a navy, she was deriving an income from the piratical 
+    ventures of Hawkins and Drake; while the ships and sailors of this volunteer 
+    navy would be available for the defence of the country whenever the need 
+    should arise. Whatever may be thought of the morality of her plan, there can 
+    be no question as to its efficiency and economy. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Since even these outrages, exasperating as 
+    they were, had not goaded Philip to the point of declaring war, a still more 
+    daring provocation now followed. Some ships, conveying a large sum of money 
+    borrowed by Philip in Genoa for the payment of Alva's army, having put into 
+    English ports to avoid the corsairs, Elizabeth, with the hearty approval of 
+    Cecil, took possession of the money, and said she would herself borrow it 
+    from the Genoese (December 1568). The Minister hoped this would bring on a 
+    war. The Queen audaciously but more correctly anticipated that Philip's 
+    resentment would still stop short of that extremity. He remonstrated: he 
+    threatened: he seized all English ships and sailors in his ports. Elizabeth, 
+    undismayed, swept all the Spaniards and Flemings whom she could find in 
+    London into her prisons, and seized their goods, to a value far greater than 
+    that of the English property in Philip's grasp. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In striking contrast with this unflinching 
+    attitude towards Spain was the behaviour of Elizabeth when threatened with 
+    war by France, unless she undertook to close her harbours to the Huguenots, 
+    and to forbid her own corsairs to prey on French commerce. The summons was 
+    promptly obeyed. Full satisfaction was made (April 1569). Yet France was at 
+    the moment a far less formidable antagonist than Spain. The French 
+    government did not possess the means of invading England. On this side of 
+    the Channel the old anti-French feeling was so persistent that all parties 
+    were ready and willing for the fray. The defeat of the Huguenots at Jarnac 
+    (April 1569) may have had something to do with Elizabeth's compliance. But 
+    what influenced her still more was her perception that war with France would 
+    compel her to place herself under the protection of Spain; whereas she 
+    desired to keep Spain at arm's-length, and to maintain a good understanding 
+    with France, as did Eliot, Pym, and Cromwell afterwards, regardless of the 
+    rooted prejudices of their countrymen. Elizabeth probably stood alone in her 
+    judgment on this occasion. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The quarrel with Philip had more serious 
+    results at home than abroad. It was indirectly the cause of the only English 
+    rebellion that disturbed the long reign of Elizabeth. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Most of the nobility and gentry, even when 
+    professedly Protestants, regretted the alienation of England from the 
+    Universal Church. If they had all pulled together they must have had their 
+    way, for they were the military and political class. But their discontent 
+    varied widely in its intensity. There were nobles like Sussex who were 
+    resolved to serve their Queen loyally and zealously, but who, all the same, 
+    wished her to cultivate a good understanding with Philip, to marry the 
+    Archduke, to abstain from assisting the Huguenots, to give no countenance to 
+    the rovers, to recognise Mary as her heir-presumptive and marry her to 
+    Norfolk. There were others like Norfolk, Montagu, Arundel, and Southampton, 
+    who had treasonable relations with the Spanish ambassador, and aimed at 
+    overthrowing Cecil, marrying Mary to Norfolk, and compelling the Queen to 
+    restore the Catholic worship, or at least to make such changes in the 
+    Anglican model as would facilitate a reunion with Rome when Mary should 
+    succeed. A third party, headed by the Catholic lords of the north, was 
+    plotting to depose Elizabeth in favour of Mary, and to marry the latter to 
+    Don John of Austria. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;With these powerful nobles in opposition, 
+    who, before the Reformation, could have hurled any sovereign from his 
+    throne, where was Elizabeth to look for support? The town populations were 
+    Protestant --too Protestant indeed for her taste. But the town populations 
+    were a minority, and less military than the landowners and their tenants. 
+    She had her Cecils, Bacons, Walsinghams, Hunsdons, Knollyses, Sadlers, 
+    Killegrews, Drurys, capable and devoted servants, but new men without 
+    territorial wealth or influence, and with no force except what they 
+    possessed as wielding the power of the Crown. It would be difficult to name 
+    more than half-a-dozen peers who zealously promoted her policy. Most of them 
+    looked on it coldly, and would support her only as long as she seemed to be 
+    strongest. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary's rejection of Elizabeth's terms 
+    coincided with the quarrel with Philip (December 1568). The disaffected 
+    nobles thought that the time was now come for striking a blow. Conscious 
+    that the feudal devotion of the gentry and yeomanry to their local chiefs 
+    had in Tudor times been largely superseded by awe of the central government, 
+    they were importuning Philip to give them the signal for rebellion by 
+    sending a division of Alva's army from the Netherlands. Philip, cautious as 
+    usual, and afraid of driving England into alliance with France, declined to 
+    send a soldier until either the Norfolk party had overthrown Cecil, or the 
+    northern lords had carried off Mary. Between these two sets of conspirators 
+    there was much jealousy and distrust. The Spanish ambassador thought the 
+    southern scheme the most feasible. Not without difficulty he persuaded the 
+    northern lords to wait till it should be seen whether the Queen could be 
+    induced or compelled to sanction the marriage of Mary with Norfolk. If she 
+    refused, they were to make a dash on Wingfield, a seat of Lord Shrewsbury's 
+    in Derbyshire where Mary was staying, while Norfolk was to raise the eastern 
+    counties. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All through the summer of 1569 these plots 
+    were brewing. Three times Norfolk and his father-in-law Arundel went to the 
+    Council with the intention of arresting Cecil. Three times their hearts 
+    failed them. The northern lords, who were not members of the Council, came 
+    up to London to see Norfolk bell the cat, but went back, more suspicious 
+    than ever, to make their own preparations. Cecil himself seems to have been 
+    hedging. In his private advice to the Queen he was opposing the Norfolk 
+    marriage, pointing out that free or in prison, married or single, in England 
+    or in Scotland, Mary must always be dangerous, and breathing for the first 
+    time the suggestion that she might lawfully be put to death in England for 
+    complicity in English plots. In the Council he concurred in a vote that she 
+    should be married to an Englishman --in other words, to Norfolk. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If Elizabeth could have felt any confidence 
+    in Norfolk's loyalty, it seems probable that much as she disliked the 
+    marriage she would have yielded to the almost unanimous pronouncement of the 
+    nobility in its favour. But a sure instinct warned her of her danger. &amp;quot;If 
+    she consented she would be in the Tower before four months were over.&amp;quot; After 
+    much deliberation she commanded the Duke on his allegiance to renounce his 
+    project. He gave his promise, but soon retired to his own county, and sent 
+    word to the northern earls that &amp;quot;he would stand and abide the venture.&amp;quot; But 
+    while he was shivering and hesitating, Elizabeth, for once, was all 
+    promptitude and decision. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Mary was hurried to Tutbury Castle. Arundel 
+    and Pembroke were summoned to Windsor, and kept under surveillance. Norfolk 
+    himself came in quietly, and was lodged in the Tower. Thus the southern 
+    conspiracy collapsed (September-October 1569). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Catholic lords and gentlemen of the north 
+    who had been awaiting Norfolk's signal, were staggered by his tame 
+    surrender. Sussex, who was in command at York, and who, being of the old 
+    blood himself, did not care to see old houses crushed, advised Elizabeth to 
+    wink at their half-begun treason, and be thankful it had not come to 
+    fighting. She winked at the attempted flight to Alva of Southampton and 
+    Montagu, and even affected to trust the latter with the command of the 
+    militia called out in Sussex. She could afford to ignore the disaffection of 
+    a southern noble. A Sussex squire or yeoman, even if he was not a 
+    Protestant, would think twice before he cast in his lot with rebellion. The 
+    northern counties were mainly Catholic. They were much behind the south in 
+    civilisation. The Tudor sovereigns were never seen there. Great families 
+    were still looked up to. Elizabeth knew that though rebellion might be 
+    adjourned, might possibly never come off, it was a constant menace, which 
+    crippled her policy. She determined therefore to have done with it, once for 
+    all, and summoned Northumberland and Westmoreland to London. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Thus driven into a corner, the two earls 
+    burst into rebellion. They entered Durham in arms, overthrew the communion 
+    table in the cathedral, set up the old altar, and had mass said (14 November 
+    1569). Next day they marched south, with the object of rescuing Mary from 
+    Tutbury. But when they were within fifty miles of that place, Shrewsbury and 
+    Huntingdon, in obedience to hurried orders from London, conveyed her to 
+    Coventry. Having thus missed their spring, the rebel earls halted 
+    irresolutely for three days, and then turned back. Their followers dropped 
+    away from them. Clinton and Warwick were on their track, with the musters of 
+    the Midlands; and before the end of December they were fain to fly across 
+    the Border. Northumberland was arrested by Moray. Two years later he was 
+    given up to Elizabeth, and executed. Westmoreland, after being protected for 
+    a time by Ker of Ferniehirst, escaped to the Netherlands, where he died. 
+    England was not again disturbed by rebellion till the great civil war.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The failure of the northern earls to kindle a 
+    general rebellion was due to the cautious and temporising policy for which 
+    Elizabeth has been so severely blamed by heated partisans. The powerful 
+    party which preferred a Spanish alliance, disliked religious innovation, and 
+    looked forward to the succession of Mary, had not been driven to despair of 
+    accomplishing those ends in a lawful way. Their avowed policy had not been 
+    proscribed--had not even been repudiated. Some of their chief leaders were 
+    on the Council--as we should say, were members of the Government; others 
+    were employed and trusted and visited by the Queen. They objected to being 
+    hurried into civil war by the northern lords, who were not of the Council, 
+    who kept away from London, and were rebels by inheritance and tradition. 
+    They would have nothing to do with the ill-advised movement; and, as in 
+    those days neutrality in the presence of open insurrection was no more 
+    permissible to a nobleman than it would be now to an officer in the army, 
+    they had no choice but to range themselves on the side of the Government. If 
+    Elizabeth had openly branded the Queen of Scots as a murderess, if she had 
+    pointed to Huntingdon or the son of Catherine Grey as her successor, if she 
+    had put herself at the head of a Protestant league, she might possibly have 
+    come victorious out of a civil war. But a civil war it would have been, and 
+    of the worst kind: one party calling in the Spaniard, and the other, in all 
+    probability, driven to call in the Frenchman. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The assassination of Moray a few weeks later 
+    (23 January 1570) was a severe blow to Elizabeth, and an irreparable 
+    disaster to his own country. An attempt has been made to create an 
+    impression that the English Queen was somehow responsible for his death, 
+    because she did not march an army into Scotland to support him. He no more 
+    wished to receive an English army into Scotland than Elizabeth wished to 
+    send one. Therein they were both of them wiser than the critics of their own 
+    day, or this. What he did ask for was money, and the recognition of James. 
+    The request for money Elizabeth was willing to consider, though, as a rule, 
+    she did not believe in paying for any work she could get done gratis. The 
+    recognition of James seems a very simple thing to the critics. But it was as 
+    difficult for Elizabeth as the recognition of the Prince of Bulgaria is now 
+    to Austria, and for similar reasons. She was under no obligation whatever to 
+    Moray. His own interest compelled him to play her game. But she well knew 
+    his value. On hearing of his death she shut herself up in her chamber, 
+    exclaiming, with tears, that she had lost the best friend she had in the 
+    world. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As long as Moray lived, and was able to keep 
+    the Marian lords in some sort of check, Elizabeth judged, and rightly, that 
+    she had more to lose than to gain by any open interference in Scotland. It 
+    was no business of hers to put down anarchy there. Scotch anarchy did not 
+    imperil England. What would imperil England would be the appearance of 
+    French troops in Scotland; and she judged that nothing would be so likely to 
+    bring them there as any pretension to establish an English protectorate. Her 
+    Protestant councillors fretted at her &lt;i&gt;laisser faire&lt;/i&gt; policy. But then 
+    they, for personal or at least for sectarian reasons, were eager for that 
+    general European conflagration which she, with superior discernment and 
+    larger patriotism, was trying to avert. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The death of Moray so weakened the King's 
+    party that it became necessary to give them a little help. Elizabeth gave it 
+    in such a way as she thought would be least likely to excite the jealousy of 
+    France. She told the new Regent Lennox that, though she could not send an 
+    army to support him, she would send one to chastise the Hamiltons and the 
+    Borderers, who were harbouring her rebel the Earl of Westmoreland, and, 
+    along with him, making raids into England. This was done sharply and 
+    thoroughly. The robber holds on the Border, and Hamilton Castle itself, were 
+    one after another taken and blown up by the English Wardens of the Marches 
+    (April and May 1570). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;What Elizabeth desired more than anything 
+    else was to settle Scotch affairs, in conjunction with France, on the terms 
+    that neither power should interfere in Scotland. To Cecil this was 
+    unsatisfactory, because the restoration of Mary, on any terms whatever, 
+    would, if she survived Elizabeth, ensure her succession to the English 
+    throne, and the ruin of Cecil himself. He did not want to conciliate 
+    Catholics at home or abroad. He wanted to commit his mistress to an 
+    internecine war with them. In an angry dispute with Arundel at the Council 
+    board about this time, he blurted out his doctrine, that the Queen had no 
+    friends but the Protestants, and that if she restored Mary she would lose 
+    them all. No language could have been more displeasing to Elizabeth, 
+    especially in the presence of crypto-Catholic lords, and she snubbed him 
+    unmercifully. &amp;quot;Mr Secretary, I mean to have done with this business; I shall 
+    listen to the proposals of the French King. I am not going to be tied any 
+    longer to you and your brethren in Christ.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The peace of St. Germain between the French 
+    court and the Huguenots (August 8, 1570), and the disgrace of the Guises, 
+    were followed by negotiations for a tripartite treaty between England, 
+    France, and Scotland on the basis of the restoration of Mary. Elizabeth, of 
+    course, insisted on the guarantees she had often sketched out. She was 
+    willing--nay, anxious--to leave Scotland alone, if the French would do the 
+    same. The French, on the other hand, felt that the equality of such an 
+    arrangement was more seeming than real, because there were always English 
+    troops lying at Berwick, within sixty miles of Edinburgh. They haggled over 
+    the guarantees, and in the meantime, notwithstanding the real desire of 
+    Catherine and Charles IX. to conclude an alliance with Elizabeth against 
+    Philip, they continued to send money and encouragement to the Marian lords 
+    in Scotland. For if, for any reason, the English alliance should not come 
+    off, they meant to take up Mary's cause in earnest, and detach her from her 
+    Guise relations by marrying her to the Duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry III.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;All this was known to Elizabeth, and in her 
+    extreme anxiety for the tripartite treaty, she thought the moment was come 
+    to dangle the bait which she always reserved for occasions of special 
+    importance. She informed the French ambassador that she was ready to marry 
+    Anjou herself. It is not to be supposed that she had the least intention of 
+    doing so. She had settled with herself from the first how she would get out 
+    of her proposal when it had served its turn. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A minor motive for this move was the hope 
+    that it would reconcile her Protestant councillors to the restoration of 
+    Mary. She did not succeed with all of them. Some continued to mutter that 
+    Anjou was a Papist, that tripartite treaties were a delusion, and that the 
+    only safe course was to grasp the Scotch nettle and uphold James with the 
+    whole force of England. But upon Cecil the effect was almost comical. He 
+    jumped at the plan. Anything that was likely to make Elizabeth a mother 
+    would be salvation to him. Whether the Queen at the mature age of 
+    thirty-seven was likely to be happy with a husband of twenty was a question 
+    that did not give him a moment's concern. She was not too old to have two or 
+    three children, and, that result once achieved, Mary might go to Scotland or 
+    anywhere else for what he cared, and do her worst. The sanguine man already 
+    saw visions of a converted Valois heading an Anglo-French crusade against 
+    Philip, and establishing the reformed faith throughout Europe. Walsingham 
+    his right-hand man, then ambassador at Paris, was equally bitten. This was 
+    in the year before the massacre of St. Bartholomew. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The overture of Elizabeth was very welcome to 
+    the French court. Negotiations for the match were soon opened, and continued 
+    during the first six months of 1571. At the same time, both the Scotch 
+    factions were summoned to accept the tripartite arrangement. Mary was at 
+    first eager for it, and instructed her agent, the Bishop of Ross, to swallow 
+    every condition that might be imposed. She looked on it as the only means of 
+    obtaining her release. But there is ample proof that she intended to throw 
+    its stipulations to the winds and fight for her own cause when once she 
+    should get back to Scotland. In playing this perfidious game, she had 
+    confidently counted on the help of France. The Regent's party, however, 
+    declined the treaty. They dreaded Mary's return, and they had no wish to 
+    shake hands with the Marian lords or admit them to a share in the 
+    Government. The tripartite scheme thus fell through. Mary herself ceased to 
+    care for it as soon as she heard of the projected match between Elizabeth 
+    and Anjou. She saw that if France was going to co-operate heartily with 
+    England, her sovereignty in Scotland would be merely nominal. She might 
+    almost as well remain with Lord Shrewsbury. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;To remain quietly in England and be content 
+    with her position as heir-presumptive to the English crown was indeed the 
+    best and safest course open to her. She had only to acquiesce in it and give 
+    up plotting, and she might have lived here in considerable magnificence, and 
+    with as much freedom as she could desire. If she wished for a husband, she 
+    might have married any Englishman of whose loyalty Elizabeth could feel 
+    assured. It was of the greatest importance to both countries that she should 
+    bear more children. For it must be remembered that if James had died in his 
+    childhood, his next heir was a Hamilton, who had no title to the English 
+    throne. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;If the proposed Anjou match had not produced 
+    the full results which Elizabeth hoped, it had at least defeated the plans 
+    and disorganised the party of her rival. It had served its turn; and all 
+    that now remained was to get out of it as decently as possible. The old 
+    pretext for breaking off the Austrian match was reproduced. Anjou could not 
+    be allowed to have a private mass; and when, in its eagerness, the French 
+    court seemed disposed to give way on this point, Elizabeth began to talk 
+    about a restitution of Calais. Ruefully did poor Cecil watch the vanishing 
+    of his dream. It was to no purpose that he tried to frighten Elizabeth by 
+    representing that a jilted prince would be converted into an angry enemy. 
+    She knew better. Anjou comprehended that she did not mean to have him, and, 
+    to avoid the indignity of a refusal, himself broke off negotiations. But, as 
+    Elizabeth had calculated, the new alliance did not suffer. The French King 
+    went out of his way to say that &amp;quot;for her upright dealing he would honour the 
+    Queen of England during his life,&amp;quot; and Catherine, most unsentimental of 
+    women, had another suitor to offer--her youngest son AlenÃ§on, then just 
+    turned seventeen! &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While the negotiations for the Anjou match 
+    were going on, what is known as the Ridolfi Plot was hatching against 
+    Elizabeth. Ridolfi, an Italian banker in London, and secretly an agent of 
+    the Pope, was in close relations with Norfolk and the other peers who for 
+    two years had been dabbling in treason. They were still pressing Philip to 
+    invade England; but he and Alva were less than ever disposed to undertake 
+    the venture since the pitiful collapse of the northern insurrection. In 
+    order to impress Philip with the importance of the conspiracy, Ridolfi went 
+    to Madrid, and showed Philip a letter purporting to be written by Norfolk, 
+    to which was attached a list of noblemen stated to be favourable to the 
+    cause. It contained the names of forty out of the sixty-seven peers then 
+    existing, while, of the rest, some were marked as neutral, and fifteen at 
+    most as true to Elizabeth. The classification was on the face of it absurdly 
+    untrustworthy. But correct or incorrect, it did not weigh with Philip. He 
+    wanted deeds, not lists of names, and Ridolfi was informed that, unless 
+    Elizabeth were first assassinated or imprisoned, not a Spanish soldier could 
+    be sent to England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Whatever secret disaffection might prevail 
+    among the peers, the temper displayed by the new House of Commons, elected 
+    in the spring of 1571, was not of a kind to encourage Elizabeth's enemies at 
+    home or abroad. So far as can be judged from its proceedings and debates, it 
+    was not only entirely Protestant, but largely Puritan.(1) A bill was passed 
+    by which any person refusing, on demand, to acknowledge Elizabeth's right to 
+    the crown was made incapable of succeeding her; a provision which, though it 
+    did not name Mary, could apply to no one else. It was made high treason to 
+    deny that the inheritance of the crown could be determined by the Queen and 
+    Parliament. To affirm in writing that any particular person was entitled to 
+    succeed the Queen, except the Queen's issue, or some one established by 
+    Parliament, was made punishable with imprisonment for life, and forfeiture 
+    of all property for the second offence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The plot which Ridolfi was so busily pushing 
+    in 1571 was, in fact, a continuation of the twin aristocratic conspiracies, 
+    one of which had exploded in the northern insurrection. By forcing that 
+    insurrection to break out before the southern conspirators had made up their 
+    minds what to do, the Government had effectually destroyed what chances of 
+    success the disaffected nobles had ever had. Alva was right in his judgment 
+    that, if the Percys, Nevilles, and Dacres could do so little, the Howard 
+    group, whose estates, vast as they were, lay, for the most part, in more 
+    orderly and civilised parts of the country, could do still less. There was, 
+    indeed, some talk among them of seizing the Queen at the opening of the 
+    Parliament of 1571, just as there had been a talk of arresting Cecil two 
+    years before. But the truth was that insurrection was a played-out game in 
+    England; and if Norfolk had been a ten-times abler and bolder man than he 
+    was, it would have made no difference. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The true history of the time is not to be 
+    read in the croakings and wailings privately exchanged between Cecil, 
+    Walsingham, and the rest of the Protestant junto, angry and alarmed because 
+    Elizabeth would not let them play her cards for her. It is a strange 
+    perversity which persists in adopting their view that she was on the brink 
+    of ruin, when the patent fact is that Protestantism was making rapid 
+    strides, that the Queen's personal popularity was increasing every day, and 
+    that Spain, France, and Scotland, the only countries with which she was 
+    concerned, were all humble suitors for her alliance on almost any terms that 
+    it might please her to exact. The correspondence of Philip with Alva is 
+    there to prove, that while writhing under the repeated aggressions of 
+    England, he was obliged to put up with them because a war would imperil his 
+    hold on the Netherlands. To all the invitations of the Norfolks and 
+    Northumberlands, the able and well-informed Alva turned a deaf ear, because 
+    he believed Elizabeth too strong to be overthrown. A French alliance she 
+    could always have as long as the Guises were excluded from power. If they 
+    regained their influence the Huguenots would keep them fully occupied. 
+    Scotland, unless foreign troops made their appearance there, could be no 
+    source of danger to England. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's policy was thus, in its broad 
+    lines, as simple as it was successful. At home it was her wisdom to wink as 
+    long as possible at the disaffection of the few, to win the affection of the 
+    many by economical government, to reserve the persecuting laws for special 
+    cases, while preventing any general and sweeping application of them, and, 
+    lastly, to drive no party to desperation by a too pronounced encouragement 
+    of its opponents. Spain, as being the centre of reaction and the hope of her 
+    disloyal nobles, she meant to harass and weaken as far as she could do so 
+    without bringing on an open war. With Charles IX. and his mother she desired 
+    a defensive alliance, and an understanding that neither country should send 
+    troops into Scotland or permit Spain to do so. In its general conception, I 
+    repeat, this policy was simple and coherent. How it succeeded we know. There 
+    was nothing sentimental about it, though, where individuals were concerned, 
+    Elizabeth's judgment was sometimes warped by sentiment. Upon the whole, she 
+    kept herself at the English point of view. Whereas Cecil was compelled by 
+    personal considerations to place himself too much at the point of view of 
+    his &amp;quot;brethren in Christ,&amp;quot; both at home and abroad. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;However, a plot there was, and it was 
+    necessary that it should be unravelled and punished. Almost from its 
+    inception, Cecil (created Lord Burghley February 1571), had been more or 
+    less on the scent of it. Hints had come from abroad: spies had been 
+    employed: suspected persons had been closely watched: inferior agents had 
+    been imprisoned, questioned, racked: and enough had been discovered to make 
+    it certain that Englishmen of the highest rank were plotting treason. Who 
+    they were might be suspected, but was not ascertained until a lucky arrest 
+    put the Minister in possession of evidence incriminating Norfolk, Arundel, 
+    Southampton, Lumley, Cobham, the Spanish ambassador, the Bishop of Ross, and 
+    Mary herself (September 1571). Norfolk was sent to the Tower, and the other 
+    peers placed under arrest. The ambassador was dismissed. The Bishop made 
+    ample confessions. Mary, who had hitherto lived as the guest of Lord 
+    Shrewsbury, enjoying field-sports, receiving her friends and corresponding 
+    with whom she would, was confined to a single room, and carefully cut off, 
+    for a time, from all communication with the outer world. Both in England and 
+    abroad it was universally expected that she would be brought to trial and 
+    executed. James was at length officially styled &amp;quot;King&amp;quot; and his mother &amp;quot;late 
+    Queen.&amp;quot; Her partisans in Edinburgh Castle were informed that she would never 
+    be restored, and that, if they did not surrender the Castle to the Regent 
+    Mar, an English force would be sent to take it. The casket letters had 
+    hitherto been withheld from publication under pressure from Elizabeth; they 
+    were now at last given to the world in the famous &amp;quot;Detection&amp;quot; of Buchanan.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Under any other Tudor, or under the Stuarts, 
+    all the peers arrested would undoubtedly have lost their heads. Norfolk 
+    alone was brought to trial (January 1572). There was much in the proceedings 
+    which, according to modern notions, was unfair to the accused. But the peers 
+    who tried him felt sure that he was guilty, and they were right. Subsequent 
+    investigations have established beyond a doubt that he had conspired to 
+    bring a foreign army into the country--the worst form that treason can take. 
+    He had done this with contemptible hypocrisy, for a purely selfish object, 
+    and after the most lenient and generous construction had been placed on his 
+    first steps in crime. And yet historians have been found to make light of 
+    the offence, and to pity the malefactor as the victim of a romantic 
+    attachment to a woman whom he had never seen, and whom he believed to be an 
+    adulteress and a murderess. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;During the spring of 1572 Elizabeth hesitated 
+    to let justice take its course. She had reigned fourteen years without 
+    taking the life of a single noble. The scaffold on Tower Hill from such long 
+    disuse was falling to pieces, and Norfolk's sentence had made it necessary 
+    to erect a new one. Elizabeth was loath to break the spell. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Not knowing with any certainty how many of 
+    her nobles might have given more or less approval to the Ridolfi plot, but 
+    confident that she could cow them by letting the voice of the untitled 
+    aristocracy and middle class be heard, she called a new Parliament (May 
+    1572). The response went beyond her expectation. Of Mary's well-wishers, 
+    once so numerous, all except a few fanatics had now given her up. Two 
+    alternative courses of action with respect to her were submitted for 
+    consideration, with the intimation that the Queen would accept whichever of 
+    them Parliament should approve. The first was attainder. The second was that 
+    she should be disabled from succession to the crown; that if she attempted 
+    treason again she should &amp;quot;suffer pains of death without further trouble of 
+    Parliament;&amp;quot; and that it should be treason if she assented to any enterprise 
+    to deliver her out of prison. Both houses at once voted to proceed with the 
+    attainder. Elizabeth, we may be sure, was not sorry for this unmistakable 
+    exhibition of feeling. It would open the eyes of her enemies both at home 
+    and abroad. But she had no intention of proceeding to such extremities this 
+    time. Mary should have fair warning. Accordingly Parliament was desired to 
+    &amp;quot;defer&amp;quot; the bill of attainder, and to proceed with the second measure. But 
+    the Commons were in grim earnest. They immediately resolved that the second 
+    bill would be useless and even mischievous, as it would imply that at 
+    present Mary had a right of succession, whereas she was already disabled by 
+    law; and that they therefore preferred to proceed with the attainder. With 
+    this resolution the Lords concurred. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Here they were on dangerous ground. To rake 
+    up the law empowering Henry VIII. to determine the succession was to disable 
+    all the Stuarts, James included, and so to throw away the opportunity of 
+    uniting the crowns. Elizabeth had always, for excellent reasons, refused to 
+    allow this question to be raised. Accordingly she again directed the House 
+    to defer the attainder; she would not have the Scottish Queen &amp;quot;either 
+    enabled or disabled to or from any manner of title to the crown,&amp;quot; nor &amp;quot;any 
+    other &lt;i&gt;title&lt;/i&gt; to the same whatsoever touched at all;&amp;quot; to make sure of 
+    which she would have the second bill drawn by her own law officers. To the 
+    repeated demands of the Commons for the execution of Norfolk, she at length 
+    gave way, and a few days later he was beheaded (2 June 1572). The second 
+    bill, as drawn by the law officers, passed both Houses. Its exact terms are 
+    not known, for it never received the royal assent. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Burghley who was of opinion (as some one 
+    afterwards said about Strafford) that &amp;quot;stone dead hath no fellow,&amp;quot; bemoaned 
+    himself privately to Walsingham on the disappointment of their hopes; and 
+    modern historians, with whom his authority is final, are loud in their 
+    condemnation of Elizabeth's vacillation and blindness. Vacillation there was 
+    really none. She had determined from the first not to allow Mary to be 
+    punished. She had gained all she wanted when the temper of Parliament had 
+    been ascertained and displayed to the world. There have always been plenty 
+    of people to accuse her of treachery and cruelty because she put Mary to 
+    death fifteen years later, for complicity in an assassination plot. How 
+    would her name have gone down to posterity if the Scottish Queen had been 
+    executed in 1572 merely for inviting a foreign army to rescue her from 
+    captivity? &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. The oath of supremacy imposed on members of 
+    the House of Commons in 1562 practically excluded conscientious Catholics. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychaptersix.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    VI: Foreign Affairs: 1572-1583&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082624&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082624&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHd90f.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHd90f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHd90f.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5329</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The obituary of King Henry VII, 1509</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHd90f48d2e9665396611163</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHd90f.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">1509.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/1509.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Primary Sources: 1509: The obituary of King Henry VII&quot; width=&quot;436&quot; height=&quot;73&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;The account 
+      at right was recorded in the &lt;i&gt;Anglica Historia&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry VII was the first Tudor king of England.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+      born on 28 January 1457 to Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, earl of 
+      Richmond and half-brother of the ill-fated King Henry VI.&amp;nbsp; Henry was 
+      born when his mother was just 13 years old; he was her only child.&amp;nbsp; 
+      His father died a few months prior to his birth.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry had a tumultuous life, much of it spent in exile 
+      until he fought King Richard III at Bosworth Field in the summer of 1485.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Richard's own forces betrayed him, most notably Henry's step-uncle and 
+      stepfather; he died in battle.&amp;nbsp; Henry was crowned king of England and 
+      soon married the royal princess Elizabeth of York.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry's improbable rise encouraged those qualities which 
+      made him a very effective but personally unpopular king.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+      secretive, acquisitive, and rarely trusted others.&amp;nbsp; He gained a 
+      reputation as both greedy and miserly.&amp;nbsp; He may have been both but 
+      keep in mind that he inherited a bankrupt government; he died solvent, no 
+      small achievement for a king.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;After the upheaval of the 'Wars of the Roses', the 
+      English people desired peace.&amp;nbsp; They were prepared to accept Henry's 
+      very dubious claim to the throne (via his mother, through a rumored 
+      marriage between her great-grandfather, a royal duke, and his mistress) if 
+      he provided a stable government.&amp;nbsp; He did so, and his position was 
+      greatly strengthened by his marriage to the popular Elizabeth of York.&amp;nbsp; 
+      Even more importantly, he provided two male heirs within a few years of 
+      marriage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Henry's true genius was in administration.&amp;nbsp; He did 
+      not reform government, but he did increase its effectiveness.&amp;nbsp; He 
+      also reestablished royal authority over the English nobility.&amp;nbsp; His 
+      later years were unexpectedly difficult.&amp;nbsp; The deaths of Prince Arthur 
+      and Elizabeth of York within a year of each other saddened him personally 
+      and made the succession more insecure.&amp;nbsp; His own death in 1509 was 
+      preceded by several years of illness.&amp;nbsp; He was succeeded by his 18 
+      year old son, Henry.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;He [Henry VII] well knew how to maintain his royal majesty and all
+which appertains to kingship at every time and in every place.&amp;nbsp; He
+was most fortunate in war, although he was constitutionally more inclined
+to peace than to war.&amp;nbsp; He cherished justice above all things; as a
+result he vigorously punished violence, manslaughter and every other kind
+of wickedness whatsoever.&amp;nbsp; Consequently he was greatly regretted on
+that account by all his subjects, who had been able to conduct their lives
+peaceably, far removed from the assaults and evil doings of scoundrels.&amp;nbsp;
+He was the most ardent supporter of our faith and daily participated with
+great piety in religious services....&lt;br&gt;But all these virtues were obscured latterly by avarice, from which
+he suffered.&amp;nbsp; This avarice is surely a bad enough vice in a private
+individual, whom it forever torments; in a monarch indeed it may be considered
+the worst vice since it is harmful to everyone and distorts those qualities
+of trustfulness, justice and integrity by which the State must be governed.
+&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;to
+Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082593&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082593&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHdaa0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHdaa0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHdaa0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">28147</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter IX</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapternine.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychapternine.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdaa0ae5ebcf3fee49357c1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215293</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdaa0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER IX&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;EXECUTION OF THE QUEEN OF SCOTS: 1584-1587&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;THROGMORTON'S plot--of which the Queen of 
+    Scots was undoubtedly cognisant, though it was not pressed against 
+    her--brought home to every one the danger in which Elizabeth stood (1584). 
+    To the Catholic conspiracy, the temptation to take her life was enormous. It 
+    was becoming clear that, while she lived, the much talked of insurrection 
+    would never come off. The large majority of Catholics would have nothing to 
+    do with it --still less with foreign invasion. They would obey their lawful 
+    sovereign. But if once Elizabeth were dead, by whatever means, their lawful 
+    sovereign would be Mary. The rebels would be the Protestants, if they should 
+    try to place any one else on the throne. The Protestants had no organisation. 
+    They had no candidate for the crown ready. It was to be feared that no great 
+    noble would step forward to lead them. Burghley himself, though longing as 
+    much as ever for Mary's head, had with a prudent eye to all eventualities, 
+    contrived some time before to persuade her that he was her well-wisher. 
+    Houses of Commons, it is true, had shown themselves strongly and 
+    increasingly Protestant. But with the demise of the crown, Parliament, if in 
+    being at the time, would be &lt;i&gt;ipso facto&lt;/i&gt; dissolved. The Privy Council, 
+    in like manner, would cease to have any legal existence. Burghley, 
+    Walsingham, and the other new men of whom it was mostly composed, had no 
+    power or weight, except as instruments of the sovereign. Her death would 
+    leave them helpless. The country would take its direction not from them, but 
+    from the great nobles of large ancestral possessions. Nor could they provide 
+    for such an emergency by privately selecting a Protestant successor 
+    beforehand, and privately organising their partisans. It would have been as 
+    much as their lives were worth if their mistress had caught them doing 
+    anything of the kind. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In this dilemma an ingenious plan suggested 
+    itself to them. They drew up a &amp;quot;Bond of Association,&amp;quot; by which the 
+    subscribers engaged that, if the Queen were murdered, they would never 
+    accept as successor any one &amp;quot;by whom &lt;i&gt;or for whom&lt;/i&gt;&amp;quot; such act should be 
+    committed, but would &amp;quot;prosecute such person to death.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This was a hypothetical way of excluding Mary 
+    and organising a Protestant resistance to which Elizabeth could make no 
+    objection. But the ministers knew that, as a merely voluntary association 
+    without Parliamentary sanction, it would add little strength or confidence 
+    to the Protestant party. It would not even test their numbers; for no Marian 
+    ventured to refuse the oath. Mary herself desired to be allowed to take it. 
+    The bond was therefore converted into a Statute by Parliament, though not 
+    without some important alterations (March 1585). It was enacted that if the 
+    realm was invaded, or a rebellion instigated, by &lt;i&gt;or for&lt;/i&gt; any one 
+    pretending a title to the succession, or if the Queen's murder was plotted 
+    by any one, or with the privity of any one that pretended title, such 
+    pretender, &lt;i&gt;after ezamination and judgment&lt;/i&gt; by an extraordinary 
+    commission to be nominated by the Queen, and consisting of at least 
+    twenty-four privy councillors and lords of Parliament assisted by the chief 
+    judges, should be excluded from the succession, and that, on proclamation of 
+    the sentence and direction by the Queen, all subjects might and should 
+    pursue the offender to death. If the Queen were murdered, the lords of the 
+    Council at the time of her death, or the majority of them, should join to 
+    themselves at least twelve other lords of Parliament not making title to the 
+    crown, and the chief judges; and if, after examination, they should come to 
+    the above-mentioned conclusion, they should without delay, by all forcible 
+    and possible means, prosecute the guilty persons to death, and should have 
+    power to raise and use such forces as should in that behalf be needful and 
+    convenient; and no subjects should be liable to punishment for anything done 
+    according to the tenor of the Statute. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Here, then, was a legal way provided by which 
+    the Protestant ministers might act against Mary if Elizabeth were murdered. 
+    They were in fact created a Provisional Government, with power to exclude 
+    Mary from the throne. Whether they would have the courage or strength to do 
+    so remained to be seen; but they would at least have formal law on their 
+    side. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It had never entered into Mary's plans to 
+    wait for Elizabeth's natural death. She therefore read the new Act as a 
+    sentence of exclusion. Another blow soon fell on her. In 1584, elated by her 
+    son's victory over the raiders of Ruthven, and believing that he was willing 
+    to recognise her joint sovereignty and cooperate with a Guise invasion, she 
+    had scornfully refused the last overtures that Elizabeth ever made to her. 
+    She now learnt that he had never intended to accept association with her, 
+    and that he had urged Elizabeth not to release her. In the following year he 
+    had accepted an annual pension of Â£4000 with some grumbling at its amount; 
+    and a defensive alliance was at length concluded between the two countries, 
+    Mary's name not being mentioned in the treaty (July 1586). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;As the prospects of the Scottish Queen became 
+    darker both in England and her own country, she grew more desperate and 
+    reckless. Early in 1586, Walsingham contrived a way of regularly inspecting 
+    all her most secret correspondence. He soon discovered that she was 
+    encouraging Babington's plot for assassinating Elizabeth. Some of the 
+    conspirators, though avowed Catholics, had offices in the royal household; 
+    such was Elizabeth's easy-going confidence. It was hoped that Parma would at 
+    the moment of the murder land troops on the east coast. Mendoza, now Spanish 
+    ambassador in Paris, warmly encouraged the project. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The Scottish Queen was now in the case 
+    contemplated by the Statute of the previous year. But it required all the 
+    urgency of the Council to prevail with Elizabeth to have her brought to 
+    trial. Elizabeth's whole conduct shows that she would even now have 
+    preferred to deal with her rival as she did in the inquiry into the Darnley 
+    murder. She would have been content to discredit her, to expose her guilt, 
+    and, if possible, to bring her to her knees confessing her crimes and 
+    pleading for mercy. But Mary was not of the temper to confess. Humiliation 
+    and effacement were to her worse than death. She chose to brazen it out with 
+    a well-grounded confidence that, as long as she asserted her innocence, 
+    people would always be found to believe in it, let the evidence be what it 
+    would. Besides, long impunity had convinced her that Elizabeth did not dare 
+    to take her life. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There was nothing for it, therefore, but to 
+    bring her to trial. A Special Commission was nominated under the provisions 
+    of the Statute of 1585, consisting of forty-five persons--peers, privy 
+    councillors, and judges--who proceeded to Fotheringay Castle, whither Mary 
+    had been removed. She at first refused their jurisdiction; but on being 
+    informed that they would proceed in her absence, she appeared before them 
+    under protest (14 October 1586). After sitting at Fotheringay for two days, 
+    the Court adjourned to Westminster, where it pronounced her guilty (25 
+    October). A declaration was added that her disqualification for the 
+    succession, which followed by the Statute, did not affect any rights that 
+    her son might possess. The verdict was immediately known; but its 
+    proclamation was deferred till Parliament could be consulted. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A general election had been held while the 
+    trial was going on, and Parliament met four days after its conclusion (29 
+    October). The whole evidence was gone into afresh. Not a word seems to have 
+    been said in Mary's favour; and an address was presented to the Queen 
+    praying for execution. If precedents were wanted for the capital punishment 
+    of an anointed sovereign, there were the cases of Agag, Jezebel, Athaliah, 
+    Deiotarus, king of Galatia, put to death by Julius CÃŠsar, Rhescuporis, king 
+    of Thrace, by Tiberius, and Conradin by Charles of Anjou. In vain did 
+    Elizabeth request them to reconsider their vote, and devise some other 
+    expedient. Usually so deferential to her suggestions, they reiterated their 
+    declaration that &amp;quot;the Queen's safety could no way be secured as long as the 
+    Queen of Scots lived.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Elizabeth's hesitation has been generally set 
+    down to hypocrisy. It has been taken for granted that she desired Mary's 
+    death, and was glad to have it pressed upon her by her subjects. I believe 
+    that her reluctance was most genuine. If not of generous disposition, 
+    neither was she revengeful or cruel. She had no animosity against her 
+    enemies. She lacked gall. She was never in any hurry to punish the 
+    disaffected, or even to weed them out of her service. She rather prided 
+    herself on employing them even about her person. Since her accession only 
+    two English peers had been put to death, though several had richly deserved 
+    it. She could affirm with perfect truth that, for the last fifteen years, 
+    she, and she alone, had stood between Mary and the scaffold, and this at 
+    great and increasing risk to her own life. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;There had, perhaps, been a time when to 
+    destroy the prospect of a Catholic succession would have driven the 
+    Catholics into rebellion. But that time had long gone by, as every one knew. 
+    Elizabeth had only two dangers now to fear, invasion and assassination, the 
+    latter being the most threatening. There would be little inducement to 
+    attempt it if Mary were not alive to profit by it. Yet Elizabeth hesitated. 
+    The explanation of her reluctance is very simple. She flinched from the 
+    obloquy, the undeserved obloquy, which she saw was in store for her. 
+    Careless to an extraordinary degree about her personal danger, she would 
+    have preferred, as far as she was herself concerned, to let Mary live. It 
+    was her ministers and the Protestant party who, for their own interest, were 
+    forcing her to shed her cousin's blood; and it seemed to her unfair that the 
+    undivided odium should fall, as she foresaw it would fall, on her alone.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The suspense continued through December and 
+    January. In the meantime it became abundantly clear that no foreign court 
+    would interfere actively to save Mary's life. While she had been growing old 
+    in captivity, new interests had sprung up, fresh schemes had been formed in 
+    which she had no place. She stood in the way of half-a-dozen ambitions. 
+    Everybody was weary of her and her wrongs and her pretensions. The Pope had 
+    felt less interest of late in a princess whose rights, if established, would 
+    pass to a Protestant heir. Philip could not intercede for her even if he had 
+    desired to save her life. He was already at war with England, and, if she 
+    had known it, not with any intention of supporting her claims. James by his 
+    recent treaty with England had tacitly treated his mother as an enemy. Her 
+    scheme for kidnapping and disinheriting him, found among her papers at 
+    Chartley, had been promptly communicated to him. Decency required that he 
+    should make a show of remonstrance and menace. But he had every reason to 
+    desire her death, and his only thought was to use the opportunity for 
+    extorting from Elizabeth a recognition of his title to the English crown and 
+    an increase of his pension. He sent the Master of Gray to drive this 
+    bargain. The very choice of his envoy, the man who had persuaded him to 
+    break with his mother, showed Elizabeth how the land lay, and she did not 
+    think it worth her while to bribe him in either way. The Marian nobles 
+    blustered and called for war. Not one of them wanted to see Mary back in 
+    Scotland or cared what became of her; but they had got an idea that Philip 
+    would pay them for a plundering raid into England, and the doubly lucrative 
+    prospect was irresistible. James, however, though pretending resentment and 
+    really sulky at his rebuff, knew his own interests too well to quarrel with 
+    England. What the action of the French King was is less certain. Openly he 
+    remonstrated with considerable vigour and persistence; not entering into the 
+    question of Mary's guilt, but protesting against the punishment of a Queen 
+    and a member of his family. Probably his efforts, so far as they went, were 
+    sincere, for he instructed his ambassador to bribe the English ministers if 
+    possible to save her life. But it was evident that, however offended Henry 
+    III might be by the execution of his sister-in-law, he would not be provoked 
+    into playing the game of Spain. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;A warrant for the execution had been drawn 
+    soon after the adjournment of Parliament, and all through December and 
+    January Elizabeth's ministers kept urging her to sign it. At length, when 
+    the Scotch and French ambassadors were gone, and with them the last excuse 
+    for delay, she signed it in the presence of Davison (who had lately been 
+    made co-secretary with Walsingham), and directed him to have it sealed (1 
+    February). What else passed between them on that occasion must always remain 
+    uncertain, because Davison's four written statements, and his answers at his 
+    trial, differ in important particulars not only from the Queen's account but 
+    from one another. So much, however, will to most persons who examine the 
+    evidence be very clear. Elizabeth meant the execution to take place. There 
+    is no reason to doubt Davison's statement that she &amp;quot;forbade him to trouble 
+    her any further, or let her hear any more thereof till it was done, seeing 
+    that for her part she had now performed all that either in law or reason 
+    could be required of her.&amp;quot; But signing the warrant, as both of them knew, 
+    was not enough. The formal delivery of it to some person, with direction to 
+    carry it out, was the final step necessary. This, by Davison's own 
+    admission, the Queen managed to evade. He saw that she wished to thrust the 
+    responsibility upon him and Walsingham, and he suspected that she meant to 
+    disavow them. Although, therefore, she had enjoined strict secrecy, he laid 
+    the matter before Hatton and Burghley. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Burghley assembled in his own room the Earls 
+    of Derby and Leicester, Lords Howard of Effingham, Hunsdon, and Cobham, 
+    Knollys, Hatton, Walsingham, and Davison (3 February). (1) These ten were 
+    probably the only privy councillors then at Greenwich. He laid before them 
+    Davison's statement of what had passed between the Queen and himself at both 
+    interviews. He said that she had done as much as could be expected of her; 
+    that she evidently wished her ministers to take whatever responsibility 
+    remained upon themselves without informing her; and that they ought to do 
+    so. His proposal was agreed to. A letter was written to the Earls of Kent 
+    and Shrewsbury instructing them to carry out the execution. This letter all 
+    the ten signed, and it was at once despatched along with the warrant. They 
+    quite understood that Elizabeth would disavow them. They saw that she wished 
+    to have a pretext for saying that Mary had been put to death without her 
+    knowledge, and before she had finally made up her mind. They were willing to 
+    furnish her with this pretext. Of course there would be more or less of a 
+    storm to keep up the make-believe. But ten privy councillors acting together 
+    could not well be punished. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;On Thursday (9 February) the news of the 
+    execution arrived. Elizabeth now learnt for the first time that the 
+    responsibility which she had intended to fix on the two secretaries, one a 
+    nobody and the other no favourite, had been shared by eight others of the 
+    Council, including all its most important members. Storm at them the might 
+    and did, and all the more furiously because they had combined for 
+    self-protection. But to punish she whole ten was out of the question. Yet if 
+    no one were punished, with what face could she tender her improbable 
+    explanation to foreign courts? The unlucky Davison was singled out. He could 
+    be charged with divulging what he had been ordered to keep secret and 
+    misleading the others. He was tried before a Special Commission, fined 
+    10,000 marks, and imprisoned for some time in the Tower. The fine was 
+    rigidly exacted, and it reduced him to poverty. Burghley, whose tool he had 
+    been almost as much as Elizabeth's, took pains to make his disgrace 
+    permanent, because he wanted the secretaryship for his son, Robert Cecil.
+    &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The strange thing is, that Elizabeth not only 
+    expected her transparent falsehoods to be formally accepted as satisfactory, 
+    but hoped that they would be really believed. Her letter to James was an 
+    insult to his understanding. &amp;quot;I would you knew (though not felt) the extreme 
+    dolour that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident which (far 
+    contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. . . . I beseech you that as God and 
+    many more know how innocent I am in this case, so you will believe me that 
+    if I had bid [bidden] ought I would have bid [abided] by it. . . . Thus 
+    assuring yourself of me that as I know this [the execution] was deserved, 
+    yet if I had meant it I would never lay it on others' shoulders, no more 
+    will I not damnify myself that thought it not.&amp;quot; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Little as James cared what became of his 
+    mother, it was impossible that he should not feel humiliated when he was 
+    expected to swallow such a pill as this --and ungilded too. He had no 
+    intention of going to war with the country of which he might now at any 
+    moment become the legitimate King. But to let Elizabeth see that unless he 
+    was paid he could be disagreeable, he winked at raids across the border and 
+    coquetted with the faction who were inviting Philip to send a Spanish army 
+    to Scotland. It was but a passing display of temper. The end of the year 
+    (1587) saw him again drawing close to Elizabeth, and she was able to give 
+    her undivided attention to the coming Armada. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;It cannot be seriously maintained that 
+    because Mary was not an English subject she could not be lawfully tried and 
+    punished for crimes committed in England. Those, if any there now be, who 
+    adopt her own contention that, being an anointed Queen, she was not amenable 
+    to any earthly tribunal, but to God alone, are beyond the reach of earthly 
+    argument. The English government had a right to detain her as a dangerous 
+    public enemy. She, on the other hand, had a right to resist such restraint 
+    if she could, and she might have carried conspiracy very far without 
+    incurring our blame. But for good reasons we draw a line at conspiracy to 
+    murder. No government ever did or will let it pass unpunished. If Napoleon 
+    at St. Helena had engaged in conspiracies for seizing the island, no one 
+    could have blamed him, even though they might have involved bloodshed. But 
+    if he had been convicted of plotting the assassination of Sir Hudson Lowe, 
+    he would assuredly have been hanged. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;That the execution was a wise and opportune 
+    stroke of policy can hardly be disputed. It broke up the Catholic party in 
+    England at the moment when their disaffection was about to be tempted by the 
+    appearance of the Armada. There had been a time when they had hopes of 
+    James. But he was now known to be a stiff Protestant. Only the small 
+    Jesuitical faction was prepared to accept Philip either as an heir of John 
+    of Gaunt or as Mary's legatee. There was no other Catholic with a shadow of 
+    a claim. The bulk of the party therefore ceased to look forward to a 
+    restoration of the old religion, and rallied to the cause of national 
+    independence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE ON PAULET'S ALLEGED REFUSAL TO MURDER MARY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;I have not alluded in the text to the story, 
+    generally repeated by historians, that Elizabeth urged Paulet and Drury to 
+    murder Mary privately. There is no doubt that, after the signature of the 
+    warrant, Walsingham and Davison, by Elizabeth's direction, urged Paulet and 
+    Drury to put Mary to death, and that they refused. But was it a private 
+    murder that was meant or a public execution without delivery of the warrant? 
+    There is nothing in any of Davison's statements inconsistent with the latter 
+    and far more probable explanation. The blacker charge is founded solely on 
+    the two letters which are generally accepted as being those which passed 
+    between the secretaries and Paulet, but which may be confidently set down as 
+    impudent forgeries. They were first given to the world in 1722 by Dr. George 
+    Mackenzie, a violent Marian, who says that &lt;i&gt;a copy&lt;/i&gt; of them was sent 
+    him by Mr. Urry of Christ Church, Oxford, and that they had been found among 
+    Paulet's papers. Two years later they were printed by Hearne, an Oxford 
+    Jacobite and Nonjuror, who says he got them from &lt;i&gt;a ropy&lt;/i&gt; furnished him 
+    by a friend unnamed (Urry?), who told him he had &lt;i&gt;copied&lt;/i&gt; them in 1717 
+    from a MS. letter-book of Paulet's. There is also a MS. &lt;i&gt;copy&lt;/i&gt; in the 
+    Harleian collection, which contains erasures and emendations--an 
+    extraordinary thing in a copy. It is said to be in the handwriting of the 
+    Earl of Oxford himself. There is nothing to show whence he copied it. &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;No one has ever seen the originals of these 
+    letters. Neither has any one, except Hearne's unnamed friend, seen the &amp;quot;letterbook&amp;quot; 
+    into which Paulet it; supposed to have copied them. Where had this 
+    &amp;quot;letter-book&amp;quot; been before 1717? Where was it in 1717? What became of it 
+    after 1717? To none of these questions is there any answer. The most 
+    rational conclusion is that the &amp;quot;letter-book&amp;quot; never existed, and that the 
+    letters were fabricated in the reign of George I. by some Oxford Jacobite, 
+    who thought it easier and more prudent to circulate &lt;i&gt;copies&lt;/i&gt; than to 
+    attempt an imitation of Paulet's well-known handwriting, with all the other 
+    difficulties involved in forging a manuscript. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;But it may be said, Do not the letters fit in 
+    with Davison's narrative? Of course they do. It was for the very purpose of 
+    putting an odious meaning on that narrative that they were fabricated. It 
+    was known that letters about putting Mary to death had passed. The real 
+    letters had never been seen, and had doubtless been destroyed. Here 
+    therefore was a fine opportunity for manufacturing spurious ones.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notes:&lt;/b&gt; 1. 
+    The remaining Privy Councillors were Archbishop Whitgift, Lord Chancellor 
+    Bromley, the Earls of Shrewsbury and Warwick, Lord Buckburst, Sir James 
+    Crofts, Sir Ralph Sadler, Sir Walter Mildmay, Sir Amyas Pualet, and the 
+    Latin Secretary, Wolley.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterten.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    X: War with Spain: 1587-1603&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082627&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082627&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHdee0.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHdee0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHdee0.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,708 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">39559</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdee018166253fa4b7b9dc2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdee0.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosbiography.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosbiographyblack.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqosmain13.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryfrancis-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">marysig.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos1565cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">darnley-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">bothwell.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-film.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryqos-death.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;center&gt;
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tbody&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosbiography.gif&quot;
+ width=&quot;764&quot; height=&quot;103&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; Mary, queen of Scots is one of the most fascinating and
+controversial monarchs of 16th century Europe.&amp;nbsp; At one time, she
+claimed the crowns of four nations - Scotland, France, England and
+Ireland.&amp;nbsp; Her physical beauty and kind heart were acknowledged
+even by her enemies.&amp;nbsp; Yet she lacked the political skills to rule
+successfully in Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Her second marriage was unpopular and
+ended in murder and scandal; her third was even less popular and ended
+in forced abdication in favor of her infant son.&amp;nbsp; She fled to
+England in 1568, hoping for the help of her cousin, Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp;
+Her presence was dangerous for the English queen, who feared Catholic
+plotting on Mary's behalf.&amp;nbsp; The two queens never met and Mary
+remained imprisoned for the next nineteen years.&amp;nbsp; She was executed
+in 1587, only forty-four years old.&amp;nbsp; By orders of the English
+government, all of her possessions were burned.&amp;nbsp; In 1603, upon
+Elizabeth's death, Mary's son became king of England as James I.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt; &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosbiographyblack.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;521&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;FURTHER READING&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+You may also view a &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;
+chronology&lt;/a&gt; of her life, read &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;,
+including letters written by Mary, view &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;portraits of Mary&lt;/a&gt;
+and her contemporaries, test your knowledge of Mary's life at &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/a&gt;,
+and learn more about her famous cousin, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html#Sources&quot;&gt;
+Click here to view sources&lt;/a&gt; for this biography; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html#Weblinks&quot;&gt;
+click here for weblinks&lt;/a&gt; related to Mary, queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; My
+personal favorite is &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart Society of
+Scotland&lt;/a&gt; website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;NEWS&amp;nbsp; April
+2004&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/b&gt;Two new studies of Mary, queen of Scots have arrived in
+bookstores.&amp;nbsp; Jane Dunn's &lt;i&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.randomhouse.com%2fknopf%2fcatalog%2fdisplay.pperl%3f0375408983&quot;&gt;
+Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is a dual biography
+with a beautiful selection of portraits and judicious use of primary
+sources.&amp;nbsp; John Guy's &lt;i&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.houghtonmifflinbooks.com%2fcatalog%2ftitledetail.cfm%3ftitleNumber%3d688331&quot;&gt;
+Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (published in the
+UK as &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f184115752X%2fref%3dpd%5fsim%5fb%5fdp%5f2%2f026-6790542-2760433&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;i&gt;My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;/a&gt;
+is the first biography dedicated to the Scottish queen in over thirty
+years.&amp;nbsp; Its central thesis argues that Burghley was the true
+villain of Mary's story.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+September 2004&lt;/b&gt;: I am working on a new, detailed biography of
+Mary.&amp;nbsp; Please check back soon.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'As a sinner I am
+truly conscious of having often offended my Creator and I beg him to
+forgive me, but as a Queen and Sovereign, I am aware of no fault or
+offence for which I have to render account to anyone here
+below.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font
+ size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of Scots to her
+jailer, Sir Amyas Paulet; October 1586&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;In November 1542, King James V of Scotland, lay dying at his
+beloved Falkland Palace, built just five years earlier.&amp;nbsp; He was
+devastated by his army's defeat by the English at Solway Moss and saw
+little hope for the future.&amp;nbsp; At Falkland, he was told that Mary of
+Guise, his French-born wife once wooed by Henry VIII, had given birth
+to a daughter at Linlithgow Palace on December 8.&amp;nbsp; This was a
+feast-day in honor of the Virgin Mary and many took it as a good omen
+for the little &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt; &lt;img height=&quot;407&quot;
+ alt=&quot;sketch of Mary, queen of Scots, age 12 or 13, by Clouet&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqosmain13.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;250&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;princess; for her father,
+however, it was otherwise.&amp;nbsp; Upon receiving news of Mary's birth,
+he reportedly said, 'Woe is me. My dynasty came with a lass.&amp;nbsp; It
+will go with a lass.'&amp;nbsp; James's ancestor, Robert II, had become
+King of Scots in 1371.&amp;nbsp; The son of Robert the Bruce's daughter
+Marjorie
+and Walter, the High Steward of Scotland, Robert was nearest in
+succession to the throne.&amp;nbsp; He called his&amp;nbsp; new dynasty
+'Stewart,' a variation on his father's title; in France, it was spelled
+Stuart. Mary's father, James V, believed this lineage had ended with
+his daughter's birth.&amp;nbsp; He certainly never contemplated that his
+grandson would one day rule both Scotland and its old enemy,
+England.&amp;nbsp; James died within a week of Mary's birth and, before she
+was even a year old, the child was crowned queen of Scots. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The regents of Scotland made a treaty with
+Henry VIII in which Edward, Henry's long-awaited and precious son,
+would wed Mary.&amp;nbsp; But Henry VIII became increasingly erratic and
+despotic in his later years and continued to send his army north.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1546, Henry also encouraged the murder of Cardinal Beaton, a great
+Scots patriot; the proof - shortly before the murder, he had offered
+one
+thousand pounds for expenses associated with a plot to murder
+Beaton.&amp;nbsp; After this, the Scots were determined to avoid the
+proposed English marriage. In July 1548, they sent the five-year-old
+Mary to France, her mother's homeland.&amp;nbsp; The Scots Parliament had
+agreed to her marriage with Francis, the heir of Henry II, king of
+France from 1547 to 1559.&amp;nbsp; Mary sailed from Dumbarton Castle to
+France, using this route to avoid English ships patrolling the English
+Channel.&amp;nbsp; According to most contemporary reports, Mary was
+exceptionally lovely (even in an age when most noble women were
+accorded the title of 'fair' or 'beautiful'), intelligent and full of
+vitality.&amp;nbsp; One French observer wrote admiringly: 'It is not
+possible to hope for more from a Princess on this earth.'&amp;nbsp; From
+this vantage point, Mary's life seemed to be set on a glorious course;
+but like a later foreign queen of France, Marie Antoinette, Mary's life
+was not destined to be peaceful and happy. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary left for Scotland, she traveled
+with the children of Scotland's nobility, including the 'Four Maries,'
+the women who would stay with her throughout her later imprisonment and
+execution.&amp;nbsp; They were Mary Fleming, Mary Seton, Mary Beaton and
+Mary Livingstone.&amp;nbsp; Mary Seton was the only one to die unmarried
+and lived on until 1615, praying for Mary's soul and giving alms in her
+memory.&amp;nbsp; The group arrived in France in August 1548. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;France, 1548-61&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Mary was given a royal welcome in France by King Henry II.&amp;nbsp;
+He ordered that she would have precedence over his own daughters as she
+was sovereign of an independent country and also because she was to wed
+his heir, the Dauphin.&amp;nbsp; The king also became very fond of the
+child, saying, 'The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child I
+have ever seen.'&amp;nbsp; While in France, Mary's maternal grandmother,
+Antoinette de Guise, wrote to her daughter in Scotland that Mary was
+'very pretty, graceful and self-assured.' &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was 5 when she first met the
+four-year-old Dauphin, her betrothed husband.&amp;nbsp; According to most
+contemporaries, they were close and affectionate with one another even
+as children.&amp;nbsp; They traveled from one royal palace to another -
+Fountaineblea to Meudon, or to Chambord or Saint-Germain.&amp;nbsp; They
+were always attended to by a retinue of servants and, even then, Mary
+had developed a fondness for animals, especially dogs, which was to
+continue throughout her life.&amp;nbsp; Mary was also educated in the
+traditional manner of French princesses; she spoke French and learned
+Latin, Italian, Spanish and a little Greek.&amp;nbsp; She learned to dance,
+sing, play the lute as well as converse on religious matters.&amp;nbsp; Her
+religious tutor was the prior of Inchmahome, a Scottish priest.&amp;nbsp;
+When she was seven, her mother came to France to visit her; when Mary
+of Guise returned to Scotland, neither realized that they would never
+see each other again. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By the age of eleven, Mary was deemed to be
+as intelligent and well-spoken as a woman of twenty-five by her doting
+father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; It is worth noting that the Guise family regarded
+Mary as one of their own; not only was betrothed to the heir to the
+throne but her mother was a Guise as well.&amp;nbsp; Her uncle, Cardinal
+Guise, taught her about statecraft, perhaps encouraging her natural
+feelings of clemency and mercy.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Mary was to be
+remarkably free from bigotry during her short reign in Scotland, even
+towards her subjects of a different religion. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img
+ alt=&quot;portrait of Mary queen of Scots and her first husband, Francis II of France&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryfrancis-crop.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;170&quot; height=&quot;226&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+In 1555, Mary sent back letters to her mother in Scotland to be used
+for administrative purposes and it is from these that we first see her
+royal signature &lt;img
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/marysig.jpg&quot;&gt;'MARIE R'&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
+In 1558, she married the Dauphin in an incredible celebration in
+Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris.&amp;nbsp; Exceptionally tall for a woman in
+the 16th century, Mary was every inch the regal Queen; she had an oval
+face, shapely chin, and small mouth which were set off by her
+golden-red hair, her large forehead, and hazel eyes.&amp;nbsp; Many
+considered Mary to be the most beautiful princess in Europe, much as
+they had thought of her relative, Henry VIII's sister, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/a&gt;,
+who had also come to France as queen for a short while.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
+not always in the best of health but, unlike her husband, there were no
+immediate concerns for her life. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1558, &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen Mary I&lt;/a&gt;
+of England passed away and Henry II of France encouraged his
+daughter-in- law to assume the royal arms of England.&amp;nbsp; In his
+opinion - and that of most of Catholic Europe - Mary of Scotland was
+the next heir to the English throne.&amp;nbsp; This belief, of course,
+would have serious repercussions throughout Mary's life.&amp;nbsp;
+Elizabeth I never forgot this first offense and never rested easily
+while her Catholic relative was alive.&amp;nbsp; But the matter was
+smoothed over when Elizabeth was persuadd the assumption was due more
+to Guise ambitions than Mary's actual wish.&amp;nbsp; In 1559, Henry II of
+France, died at the age of 40. Mary and her husband were crowned Queen
+and King of France.&amp;nbsp; But in June of 1560, Mary's mother died in
+Scotland at the age of 45.&amp;nbsp; And just six months later, her young
+husband also died of an ear infection.&amp;nbsp; Mary was understandably
+devastated by this chain of tragic events.&amp;nbsp; Thockmorton, the
+English ambassador, commented that Francis had left 'as dolorous a wife
+as she had good cause to be.&amp;nbsp; By long watching with him during his
+sickness and painful diligence about him' she had become exhausted and
+made herself ill.&amp;nbsp; She wrote a poem, in French, about her grief at
+his death; this is a translation of one verse: &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;By day, by night, I think of him/ In wood or mead, or where I
+be/ My heart keeps watch for one who's gone./ And yet I feel he's aye
+with me.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What was Mary to do next?&amp;nbsp; She left for
+Scotland, a land rife with religious and civil discord. Without waiting
+for a safe-conduct pass from Elizabeth, whose ships were patrolling her
+route, Mary set out for Scotland on 14 August 1561 and, five days
+later, reached Leith, the port of Edinburgh. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;Scotland, 1561-68&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary knew very well that she was succeeding
+to a most troubled heritage.&amp;nbsp; But after her recent years of loss
+and grief, she was determined to make a bright future.&amp;nbsp; Also, in
+an age of religious persecution which earned her cousin Mary Tudor the
+nickname 'Bloody Mary,' Mary was determined that every one of her
+Scottish subjects should worship God as their conscience bade; there
+would be no religious persecution under her rule. &amp;nbsp;In this, she
+resembled her cousin &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;.
+    &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;copy of a French miniature of Mary, painted c1565&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+The Scots received their new queen with great joy and
+celebration.&amp;nbsp; At once, she began to try and help them; within a
+year of her arrival, one-sixth of all Church benefices was given to the
+Protestant ministers to relieve their poverty.&amp;nbsp; She also attempted
+to strengthen the power of the Crown against Scotland's notoriously
+difficult-to-control nobles.&amp;nbsp; Of course, such a strategy would
+lead to more peace and stability within the realm.&amp;nbsp; As a result,
+she was popular with the common people but not the nobility; she played
+croquet, golfed, went for hunts and archery practice, sung, danced,
+and, in general, showed an admirable zest for life.&amp;nbsp; In 1562 the
+English ambassador reported to Elizabeth, 'When the soldiers came back
+from the night's sentry-duty, she said she was sorry she was not a man
+to be all night on the fields and to walk the causeway with buff-coat,
+steel-helmet, buckler, and broadsword.' &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In 1563, Mary began the traditional 'royal
+progress' throughout Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In 1564, the fourth Earl of Atholl
+organized a great hunt in honor of the queen and, yet again, Mary
+charmed all who met her.&amp;nbsp; Yet she also treaded dangerous ground
+with her policy of non-discrimination and desire to unify the nation,
+taking power away from the independent nobles.&amp;nbsp; Though a Catholic,
+Mary became friends with one of the most learned Protestants of the
+time, George Buchanan.&amp;nbsp; In the political realm, Mary kept up
+peaceful relations with France, Spain, and England, though she never
+met Elizabeth face-to-face.&amp;nbsp; But, in 1566, her patience was tried
+by the English ambassador's persistent and obvious spying; she ordered
+him out of the kingdom and declared him persona non grata.&amp;nbsp; And
+her peace with France and Spain was kept without a treaty, though a
+treaty would have given Scotland some measure of protection against
+England in the possibility of conflict.&amp;nbsp; However, Mary was aware
+that any treaty could compromise her subjects, involving them in yet
+another war and causing strife.&amp;nbsp; Above all, she wanted peace and
+prosperity, and she kept Scotland safely distanced from political
+machinations.&amp;nbsp; When the threat to Mary's reign finally came, it
+was not from one of these outside powers; indeed, it came from within
+her own nation. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img alt=&quot;Mary's second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/darnley-crop.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; height=&quot;197&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+As queen, Mary was more than aware that she should marry and provide
+heirs to the throne.&amp;nbsp; In July of 1565, she wed a cousin named
+Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, a weak, vain, and unstable young man; like
+Mary, he was also a grandchild of Henry VIII's sister Margaret.&amp;nbsp;
+Why Mary wed Darnley remains a mystery; he was superficially charming
+and, unlike most men, taller than the queen. &amp;nbsp;He was fond of
+courtly amusements and thus a nice change from the dour Scottish lords
+who surrounded her. &amp;nbsp;But he never seemed to care for Mary and
+sought far more power than she was willing to give him.&amp;nbsp; When she
+was six months pregnant in March of 1566, Darnley joined a group of
+Scottish nobles who broke into her supper-room at Holyrood Palace and
+dragged her Piedmontese secretary, David Riccio, into another room and
+stabbed him to death.&amp;nbsp; They claimed Riccio had undue influence
+over her foreign policy but, in reality, they probably meant to cause
+Mary, from watching this horrific crime, to suffer a miscarriage, thus
+losing her child and her own life as well since one usually meant the
+other in the 16th century.&amp;nbsp; Mary certainly believed that Darnley,
+angry because she had denied him the crown matrimonial, wanted to kill
+her and the child, thus becoming King of Scots.&amp;nbsp; But it is
+unlikely that, had he been successful, Darnley would have long survived
+his wife. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After Riccio's death, the nobles kept Mary
+prisoner at Holyrood Palace.&amp;nbsp; Entering the later stages of her
+pregnancy, she was desperate to escape and - somehow - won over Darnley
+and they escaped together.&amp;nbsp; Three months later the future James VI
+of Scotland was born and congratulations came from all over
+Europe.&amp;nbsp; Still young and healthy after the birth, Mary now had an
+heir.&amp;nbsp; This was the apex of her reign, her greatest and happiest
+moment.&amp;nbsp; In December 1566 James was baptized in the Chapel Royal
+of Stirling Castle. Mary, once the fragile last hope of the Stewart
+dynasty, was just 23 years old and had fulfilled one of a monarch's
+greatest duties - providing a healthy son and heir.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth of
+England, ten years older, watched these events with interest for, even
+then, she knew her own future would be - by choice - unmarried and
+childless.&amp;nbsp; She could well imagine that Mary's son would be her
+heir as well. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But this future soon seemed perilous for
+James's birth provided only a temporary calm.&amp;nbsp; The nobles who had
+plotted with Darnley now felt betrayed by him; after all, they had
+captured the queen and her potential heir, murdered her dear friend,
+and were in a position to demand anything.&amp;nbsp; But Darnley's decision
+to help Mary escape infuriated them.&amp;nbsp; In February of 1567 they had
+Darnley's house, Kirk o' Field, blown up; Darnley's strangled body was
+found in the garden.&amp;nbsp; Many nobles were implicated, most
+particularly James Hepburn, the Earl of Bothwell. Certainly Bothwell's
+later life (imprisoned in Denmark, he died in 1578, virtually insane)
+was a degree of punishment for this crime.&amp;nbsp; However, in the
+immediate aftermath of Darnley's murder, he met with Mary about six
+miles outside of Edinburgh.&amp;nbsp; He had 600 men with him and asked to
+escort Mary to his castle at Dunbar; he told her she was in danger if
+she went to Edinburgh.&amp;nbsp; Mary, unwilling to cause further bloodshed
+and understandably terrified, followed his suggestions.&amp;nbsp;
+Bothwell's noble friends had previously pressed her to marry him and
+he, too, had told her she needed a strong husband who could help unify
+the nobles behind her.&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused the proposal then,
+preferring to marry Darnley, but now she knew herself to be
+powerless.&amp;nbsp; She also had an infant son to consider. So she
+consented to wed Bothwell, hoping that this would finally stabilize the
+country.&amp;nbsp; Also, Bothwell showed&amp;nbsp;&lt;img
+ alt=&quot;Mary's third husband, James Hepburn, Lord Bothwell&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/bothwell.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;226&quot; height=&quot;224&quot;&gt; Mary an agreement the nobles
+had signed which indicated they were prepared to accept him as their
+overlord.&amp;nbsp; In May 1567 they wed at Holyrood and Mary wrote to the
+foreign courts that it was the right decision for her country. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the nobles were still not to be
+trusted.&amp;nbsp; Now, they were angry that Bothwell would be all-powerful
+and they decided to wage war against him.&amp;nbsp; Barely a month after
+the marriage, rebel nobles and their forces met Mary's troops at
+Carberry Hill, 8 miles south-east of Edinburgh.&amp;nbsp; The nobles
+demanded that Mary abandon Bothwell, whom they had earlier ordered her
+to wed.&amp;nbsp; She refused and reminded them of their earlier
+order.&amp;nbsp; To avoid the bloodshed of battle, she turned herself over
+and the rebels took her to Edinburgh while Bothwell struggled to rally
+troops of his own.&amp;nbsp; Mary was taken to Lochleven Castle and held
+prisoner in that island fortress; fearing for her own life, she became
+desperately ill.&amp;nbsp; She was forced to sign a document abdicating the
+crown in favor of her year-old son.&amp;nbsp; At the end of that month,
+July 1567, James was crowned king and James Stewart, the Earl of Moray,
+Mary's bastard half-brother, became Regent.&amp;nbsp; Moray wasted no time
+in repaying Mary's earlier kindness to him by stealing her son and
+jewels.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Scottish history reveals that all these
+nefarious nobles came to a bad end - Moray was murdered just 3 years
+later and the next regents were also killed; in fact, her son James had
+one of the traitors executed in 1580, when he was just a teenager. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary's cause was aided in 1568 when John Hay,
+before his execution, made a statement from the scaffold that told how
+the nobles had murdered Darnley.&amp;nbsp; Before this, the nobles had
+attempted to make the people believe Mary was responsible.&amp;nbsp; Now,
+she was able to win sympathy and friends.&amp;nbsp; George Douglas, one of
+the brothers of her keeper at Lochleven, helped her escape.&amp;nbsp; After
+10 months of captivity, she was free to fight for the throne.&amp;nbsp; Her
+supporters gathered an army and, on their way to Dumbarton Castle, a
+battle was fought at Langside, Glasgow.&amp;nbsp; Mary's forces lost and
+she was forced to flee with her supporters.&amp;nbsp; Against all advice,
+she was determined to go south and ask Elizabeth I for support.&amp;nbsp;
+As James's godmother and Mary's cousin as well as a fellow independent
+Queen, Mary felt certain Elizabeth would help her.&amp;nbsp; As most know,
+this was the beginning of yet another chapter of suffering and misery
+for Mary. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;The Final Years, 1568-87&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;Mary set sail for England on 16 May 1568.&amp;nbsp; She soon arrived
+in Workington, Cumbria; Elizabeth did not know what to do and kept Mary
+guarded in the north.&amp;nbsp; After all, without Mary's knowledge, she
+had been helping her enemies, promising money and&amp;nbsp;&lt;img
+ alt=&quot;Mary, queen of Scots and Lord Darnley, as portrayed by Vanessa Redgrave and Timothy Dalton in the film 'Mary Queen of Scots', 1971&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-film.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; height=&quot;247&quot;&gt; sanctuary in return
+for their treacherous behavior against their queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's
+motives for this were obvious - Mary was the closest Catholic claimant
+to the English throne and Elizabeth knew some of her subjects were not
+above hoping she could be deposed and Mary made queen of both Scotland
+and England.&amp;nbsp; So she had determined to keep her cousin's kingdom
+in continual strife; if Mary was busy at home, she would have less
+chance to plot against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth's conscience was
+determined to be clear so she appointed commissioners to look into the
+matter; they met throughout 1568 and 1569.&amp;nbsp; In December of 1569,
+the so-called Casket Letters were first presented at Westminster.&amp;nbsp;
+They were supposedly letters and other papers belonging to Bothwell and
+found in his casket (letter box).&amp;nbsp; They disappeared soon
+afterwards and only translations and copies remain.&amp;nbsp; However, few
+believed they were either real or important at the time for Elizabeth,
+in January 1569, released a statement that 'Nothing had been
+sufficiently proved, whereby the Queen of England should conceive an
+evil opinion of her good sister.'&amp;nbsp; Everyone took this to mean that
+Mary was not guilty of any conspiracy alleged in the letters. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But in this same year, conservative nobles in
+England supported an idea that Mary should wed the Duke of
+Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; This also indicated that Elizabeth, and most English
+nobles, believed Mary innocent of Darnley's murder and any charges in
+the Casket Letters.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth did not consent to the marriage
+and kept Mary under lock and key.&amp;nbsp; Soon, this arrangement had
+settled into stone; Mary was moved from prison to prison, eventually
+ending up at Fotheringhay Castle, about 70 miles north-west of London
+and as close to Elizabeth as she ever came.&amp;nbsp; Of course, Mary
+plotted from the very beginning to escape.&amp;nbsp; She felt justified in
+doing so since she was being held against her will.&amp;nbsp; However, as
+the years passed, the plots grew more outlandish and murderous.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary's imprisonment was only to end with her execution.&lt;br&gt;
+    &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;Read a more detailed account of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html&quot;&gt;Mary's
+arrival in England&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;the plots
+which led to her trial and execution&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;i&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/i&gt;
+website.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In October of 1586, Mary was put on trial at
+Fotheringhay for plotting to kill Elizabeth and claim the English
+throne.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's last letter to Mary was delivered at the
+start of the trial: &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life
+and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never
+proceeded so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected
+and maintained you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you
+and all made manifest. Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles
+and peers of the kingdom as if I were myself present. I therefore
+require, charge, and command that you make answer for I have been well
+informed of your arrogance. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Act plainly without reserve, and you will sooner be
+able to obtain favour of me. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary defended herself admirably though she
+had no friends or supporters at the trial and, essentially, the verdict
+had been decided before the proceedings had begun.&amp;nbsp; Mary admitted
+her desire to escape but stated, 'I have not procured or encouraged any
+hurt against Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; And she appealed for
+mercy, mentioning her own reputation for tolerance and kindness: 'My
+subjects now complain they were never so well off as under my
+government.'&amp;nbsp; But she also accepted the inevitable, telling the
+assembled nobles, 'May God keep me from having to do with you all
+again.'&amp;nbsp; When the verdict was read to her, she said, 'I do not
+fear to die in a good cause.' &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The trial lasted just two days and was over
+on 16 October 1586 but it was not until 7 February 1587 that she was
+told she would be executed the next morning.&amp;nbsp; She asked for her
+chaplain but was refused this last comfort.&amp;nbsp; The Earl of Kent
+said: 'Your life would be the death of our religion, your death would
+be its life.'&amp;nbsp; In fact, Mary had been a tolerant ruler in Scottish
+religious matters.&amp;nbsp; But such was the extreme religious upheaval of
+the time, tolerance itself was a sign of weakness.&amp;nbsp; The
+death-sentence was signed by Elizabeth who later argued that her
+secretary Davison had deceived her as to its contents; she said she
+would not have signed it otherwise.&amp;nbsp; Her letter to Mary's son
+James about the execution, written on 14 February, is a remarkable
+document:&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the
+extreme dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident
+which (far contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this
+kinsman of mine, whom ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to
+instruct you truly of that which is too irksome for my pen to tell you.
+I beseech you that as God and many more know, how innocent I am in this
+case : so you will believe me, that if I had bid aught I would have bid
+by it. I am not so base minded that fear of any living creature or
+Prince should make me so afraid to do that were just; or done, to deny
+the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor carry so vile a mind. But,
+as not to disguise, fits not a King, so will I never dissemble my
+actions, but cause them show even as I meant them. Thus assuring
+yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if I had meant it
+I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will I not damnify
+myself that thought it not. &lt;br&gt;
+The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for your
+part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor a
+more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully to
+preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you,
+judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave
+to trouble you:&amp;nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long reign. &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and cousin, &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth R.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;A year later, the Catholic Philip V of Spain invaded England
+with his Armada, perhaps - to some degree - urged on by Mary's
+execution. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;img
+ alt=&quot;Laslett John Pott's painting 'Mary Queen of Scots being led to execution', 1871&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryqos-death.jpg&quot;
+ align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;282&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
+Mary did not retire until two in the morning on the last day of her
+life.&amp;nbsp; She spent her final hours making a will and generously
+providing to those who had served her faithfully.&amp;nbsp; Early on the
+morning of 8 February 1587, dressed in black satin and velvet, she
+entered the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle.&amp;nbsp; She commanded her
+servant, Melville, to go to her son and tell him that she had never
+done anything to compromise their kingdom of Scotland.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
+calm and composed before the several hundred spectators present; she
+listened while the execution warrant was read and then prayed aloud in
+English for the Church and her son.&amp;nbsp; She also mentioned Queen
+Elizabeth and prayed for her to continue to serve God in the years to
+come. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary comforted her weeping servants, her
+friends and supporters to the last.&amp;nbsp; They helped her undress;
+beneath her all-black gown, she wore a red petticoat and bodice.&amp;nbsp;
+Her women helped her attach the long red sleeves.&amp;nbsp; Mary thus died
+wearing the liturgical color of Catholic martyrdom.&amp;nbsp; She gave them
+her golden rosary and Agnus Dei, asking them to remember her in their
+prayers.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes were covered with a white cloth.&amp;nbsp; While
+her servants wept and called out prayers in a medley of languages, she
+laid her neck upon the block, commended herself to God and received the
+death-stroke.&amp;nbsp; But the executioner was unsteady and the first blow
+cut the back of her head; Mary whispered, 'Sweet Jesus', and the second
+blow descended.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When the executioner lifted her head and
+cried out, 'God save the Queen,' a macabre surprise occurred.&amp;nbsp;
+Mary, queen of Scots had worn an auburn wig to her execution.&amp;nbsp; It
+was left in the executioner's hand as her head, with its short, grey
+hair, fell to the floor.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had always loved animals and her little
+Skye terrier had brought her great comfort during the years in
+prison.&amp;nbsp; It had curled itself around her feet while she knelt at
+the block and died just days after the queen.&amp;nbsp; As queen of Scots,
+Mary's motto had been 'In my end is my beginning'.&amp;nbsp; And certainly
+the end of her life marked the beginning of her legend.&amp;nbsp; The
+Catholic nations which had condemned her behavior during Darnley's
+murder and the marriage to Bothwell now celebrated her as a
+martyr.&amp;nbsp; Her former brother-in-law, Henri III of France, held a
+funeral mass at Notre-Dame, where Mary had wed Francis almost thirty
+years before.&amp;nbsp; Accounts of her execution, illustrated by crude
+woodcuts, were sold throughout Europe.&amp;nbsp; She was now the
+sympathetic heroine; the past could be forgotten.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sixteen years later, Mary's son
+became King of England and Scotland.&amp;nbsp; In 1612, he moved her body
+to Westminster Abbey, London, constructing a magnificent tomb which
+rivaled Elizabeth I's.&amp;nbsp; In her &lt;i&gt; Essay on Adversity&lt;/i&gt;,
+written in 1580 while she was imprisoned, Mary had written of rulers:
+'Tribulation has been to them as a furnace to fine gold - a means of
+proving their virtue.'&amp;nbsp; It was a fitting epitaph for her own
+infamous life.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;center&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;You can &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryqos-letter.html&quot;&gt; read
+Mary's last letter&lt;/a&gt;, written to Henri III of France just six hours
+before her execution, &lt;br&gt;
+as well as &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexmary.html&quot;&gt;an
+eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/a&gt; at the &lt;i&gt;Primary Sources &lt;/i&gt;
+section.&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt; &lt;/center&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/b&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html&quot;&gt;CHRONOLOGY&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+The major events of her life.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;IMAGES&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Portraits of the queen, her friends and
+family, with
+commentary.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;PRIMARY
+SOURCES&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Letters written by Mary, as well as an
+eyewitness account of her execution.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt;Test your knowledge of Mary's
+life and times.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
+Elizabeth I&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt;Learn about Mary's famous cousin.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
+Relatives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; margin-left: 80px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;small&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Sources&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sources:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+Life of Mary, Queen of Scots (2 vol) by George Chalmers -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/small&gt;
+&lt;small&gt;My Heart is My Own by John Guy&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Mary, Queen of
+Scots: The Daughter of Debate by Marjorie Bowen&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Mary,
+Queen of Scots: The Daughter of Debate (yes, same title - earlier book)
+by Sir Arthur MacNalty&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;The Castles, Palaces, and
+Prisons of Mary of Scotland by Charles MacKie&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;On the
+Trail of Mary, Queen of Scots by JK Cheetham&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;The
+Queen of Scots by Stefan Zweig&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Mary, Queen of Scots
+by Antonia Fraser&lt;/small&gt;&amp;nbsp; - &lt;small&gt;Mary, Queen of Scots by Susan
+Watkins&lt;/small&gt; - &lt;small&gt;Two Queens in One Isle by Alison Plowden - &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;The
+Casket Letters: A Solution to the&amp;nbsp; Mystery of Mary, Queen of Scots
+and the Murder of Lord Darnley by MH Davison - &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;Tudor
+Cousins: Rivals for the Throne by Dulcie Ashdown - &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;All
+the Queen's Men by Gordon Donaldson - The First Trial of Mary, Queen of
+Scots by Gordon Donaldson - Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord
+Darnley by Alison Weir - In My End is My Beginning: A Life of Mary,
+Queen of Scots by James Mackay - Mary Queen of Scots: A Study in
+Failure by Jenny Wormald - The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and
+Stuart Britain, edited by John Morrill - Two Queens in One Isle by
+Alison Plowden - New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors by
+Susan Brigden - The Life of Mary, Queen of Scots by Agnes Strickland -
+The Mystery of Mary Stuart by Andrew Lang - Mary, Queen of Scots and
+Her Accusers by John Hosack - Scotland Under Mary Stuart: An Account of
+Everyday Life by Marjorie Bowen - Elizabeth and Mary by Jane Dunn -
+Original Letters Illustrative of English History, edited by Henry Ellis
+- Mary, Queen of Scots: A Study of the Lennox Narrative in the
+University Library of Cambridge, edited by Reginald H. Mahon - The
+Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland by Raphael Holinshed -
+Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Documents connected with her
+personal history, edited by Agnes Strickland&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;small&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Weblinks&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Weblinks:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Marie Stuart Society of
+Scotland&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is the most detailed Mary, queen of Scots site
+on the web.&amp;nbsp; It has a&amp;nbsp; lengthy biography of the queen,
+samples of her poetry and letters, and much more - too much to list
+here, in fact. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fles%5fvalois&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+This site is currently available in French.&amp;nbsp; It's beautifully
+designed and has lots of information; go visit and try out your foreign
+language skills!&amp;nbsp; Its creator also made this &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsarah%5fn%5fbernard&quot;&gt;Lady Jane Grey site&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.newadvent.org%2fcathen%2f09764a.htm&quot;&gt;The Catholic
+Encyclopedia's biography of Mary&lt;/a&gt;, with links to other topics.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082705&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082705&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHdee8.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHdee8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHdee8.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">8241</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">marilee &amp; jeremy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Scottish Genealogy</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scottish.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/scottish.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHdee8c1665bb38763b04e6f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215305</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHdee8.dir</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=+2&gt;Scottish Genealogy&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;for now, this page only concerns James II through Mary queen of Scots
+&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr WIDTH=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James II, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;son of King James I of Scotland and Lady Joan
+Beaufort&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;born 16 October 1430 at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 25 March 1437 at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;married 3 July 1449 at Holyrood Abbey to Marie von Geldern
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;eight children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Child, born 19 May 1450
+&lt;br&gt;Mary, born c.1451
+&lt;br&gt;James, later James III of Scotland, king of Scotland, born 10 July
+1451
+&lt;br&gt;Margaret
+&lt;br&gt;Alexander of Albany, duke of Albany, born c.1454
+&lt;br&gt;David, earl of Moray, born c.1454
+&lt;br&gt;John of Mar, earl of Mar &amp;amp; Garioch, born c.1459
+&lt;br&gt;John
+&lt;br&gt;died 3 August 1460 at Roxburgh Castle
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James III, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;son of King James II and Queen Joan of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 10 July 1451 at Stirling
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 10 August 1460 at Kelso Abbey, Roxburghshire
+&lt;br&gt;married 13 July 1469 to Margaret Oldenburg, called Margaret of Denmark
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;three children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James, later James IV of Scotland, king of Scotland, born 17 March
+1473
+&lt;br&gt;James, duke of Ross, born March 1476
+&lt;br&gt;John, earl of Mar, born December 1479
+&lt;br&gt;died 11 June 1488 at Milltown, Bannockburn
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Cambuskenneth Abbey, Stirlingshire
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James IV, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;son King James III and Queen Margaret of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 17 March 1473
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 26 June 1488 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire
+&lt;br&gt;married 8 August 1503 to Margaret Tudor, princess of England, at Holyrood
+Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;seven children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;James of Rothesay, duke of Rothesay, born 21
+February 1507&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;daughter, born 15 July 1508&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Arthur, duke of Rothesay, born 20 October 1509&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;James, later King James V of Scotland, born 15
+April 1512&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;daughter, born November 1512&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;Alexander, duke of Ross, born 30 April 1514&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;died 9 September 1513 at the Battle of Flodden Field, Northumberland
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;mistresses&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(1) &lt;/font&gt;Mary Boyd, also called Marion Boyd
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;two children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Alexander Stuart, called Alexander of St. Andrews, Archbishop of St.
+Andrews, born about 1493
+&lt;br&gt;Catherine Stuart
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/font&gt; Jean Kennedy, also called Janet Kennedy
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;two children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, called James of Moray, earl of Moray, born about 1499
+&lt;br&gt;two children who died young
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/font&gt; Margaret Drummond
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Margaret Stuart, born about 1497
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(4)&lt;/font&gt; Isabel, Lady Stewart
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Jean Stuart, also called Janet Stuart&lt;/ul&gt;
+(As you can see, James IV was a procreative guy!&amp;nbsp; Here are two more
+interesting facts about him:&amp;nbsp; Margaret Tudor, his wife, petitioned
+for divorce in 1514, arguing that James had survived the Battle of Flodden
+and was living in the Holy Land.&amp;nbsp; In reality, his corpse was kept
+in a lumber room at Richmond Palace, home of his brother-in-law Henry VIII.)
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;James Stuart; later titled
+James V, king of Scotland&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;son of King James IV and Queen Margaret of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 15 April 1512 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;coronation 21 September 1513 at Chapel Royal, Stirling Castle
+&lt;br&gt;married 1 January 1537 to Madeleine of France at Notre Dame Cathedral,
+Paris
+&lt;br&gt;married 9 May 1538 to Mary de Guise (also called Mary de Lorraine)
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;three children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James of Rothesay, duke of Rothesay, born 22 May 1540; died in infancy
+&lt;br&gt;Arthur (Robert) of Rothesay, duke of Rothesay, born April 1541; died
+in infancy
+&lt;br&gt;Mary 'Queen of Scots', queen of Scotland, born 7 December 1542
+&lt;br&gt;died 14 December 1542 at Falkland Palace, Fife
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;mistresses&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/font&gt; Elizabeth Shaw
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, called James of Kelso and Melrose, Abbot of Kelso and
+Melrose, born c.1529
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(2)&lt;/font&gt; Margaret Erskine
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;James Stuart, called James of Moray, earl of Moray, Regent of
+Scotland, born c.1531
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/font&gt; Eupheme Elphinstone
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Robert Stuart, called Robert of Orkney, earl of Orkney, born c.1533
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(4) &lt;/font&gt;Elizabeth Carmichael, also called
+Katherine Carmichael
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, called John of Coldinghame, Prior of Coldinghame, born
+c.1531
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(5)&lt;/font&gt; Elizabeth Stewart
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Adam Stewart, Adam of Charterhouse, Prior of Charterhouse, born ?
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#FF0000&quot;&gt;(6) &lt;/font&gt;Elizabeth Bethune
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;Jean Stuart, born ?&lt;/ul&gt;
+(As you can see, James V, much like his father, was fond of the ladies.&amp;nbsp;
+When Mary queen of Scots returned to Scotland, most of her troubles began
+with her various half-siblings.&amp;nbsp; These various royal bastards caused
+most of Scotland's notorious political instability.&amp;nbsp; Think of poor
+Henry VIII - he could barely manage two sons!)
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;BernhardMod BT&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=+1&gt;Mary Stuart; later titled
+Queen Mary of Scotland (called Mary queen of Scots)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;daughter of King James V and Queen Mary of Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;born 7 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland
+&lt;br&gt;titled Queen of Scotland 9 September 1543 at Stirling Castle
+&lt;br&gt;married 24 April 1558 to Francis de Valois, later called Francis II,
+king of France, at Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris
+&lt;br&gt;married 29 July 1565 to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley at Holyrood Palace,
+Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;one child&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;James Stuart, later titled James VI, king of Scotland &amp;amp; James I,
+king of England, born 19 June 1566
+&lt;br&gt;married 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn 4th earl Bothwell at Holyrood
+Palace, Edinburgh
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;two children&lt;/u&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;twins, born and died July 1568
+&lt;br&gt;surrendered the throne in favor of her son at Carberry Hill 15 June
+1567
+&lt;br&gt;executed 8 February 1587 at Fotheringhay Castle, Northampton
+&lt;br&gt;buried at Westminster Abbey, London in 1612
+&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ul&gt;
+&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgenealog.html&quot;&gt;return
+to Tudor Genealogy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;return
+to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;read
+about Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082761&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082761&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHe0d5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHe0d5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHe0d5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">23139</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892: Chapter II</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwo.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/beeslychaptertwo.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHe0d5b8389c3383653c916e</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215294</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHe0d5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">eliz1-ermine.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;7&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ermine.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; alt=&quot;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas 
+    Hilliard;&lt;br&gt;from the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; website&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;CHAPTER II&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;b&gt;THE CHANGE OF RELIGION: 1559&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;MARY died on the 17th of November 1558. 
+    Parliament was then sitting, and, in communicating the event to both Houses, 
+    Archbishop Heath frankly took the initiative in recognising
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt;, &amp;quot;of whose most lawful right 
+    and title in the succession of the Crown, thanks be to God, we need not to 
+    doubt.&amp;quot; He was a staunch Catholic, and two months later refused to officiate 
+    at her coronation. But he was an Englishman, and even the most convinced 
+    Catholics, though looking forward with uneasiness to the religious policy of 
+    the new &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Queen&lt;/font&gt;, were sincerely glad 
+    that there was no danger of a disputed succession. Besides, it was by no 
+    means clear that &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt; would not 
+    accept the ecclesiastical constitution as established in the late reign. 
+    That there would be an end of burnings, and of the harassing tyranny of the 
+    bishops, every one felt certain; but it seemed quite upon the cards that
+    &lt;font class=&quot;highlight_yellow&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/font&gt; would continue to recognise 
+    the headship of the Pope in a formal way and maintain the Mass. It must be 
+    remembered that the religious changes had only begun some thirty years 
+    before. All middle-aged men could remember the time when the ecclesiastical 
+    fabric stood to all appearance unbroken, as it had stood for centuries. Only 
+    twenty-four years had passed since the Act of Supremacy had transferred the 
+    headship of the Church from the Pope to the King; only eleven since the 
+    Protestant doctrine and worship had been forced on the country by the 
+    Protector Somerset, to the horror and disgust of the great majority of 
+    Englishmen. The nation had sorrowed for the death of Edward VI., because it 
+    darkened the prospects of the succession, and seemed likely sooner or later 
+    to bring on a civil war. But apart from the hot Protestant minority, chiefly 
+    to be found in London, the mass of the nation was conservative, and welcomed 
+    the reestablishment of the old religion as a return to order and common 
+    sense after a short and bitter experience of revolutionary anarchy. There 
+    was a rooted objection to restore the old meddlesome tyranny of the bishops, 
+    and the nobles and squires who had got hold of the abbey lands would not 
+    hear of giving them up. But the return to communion with the Catholic Church 
+    and the recognition of the Pope as its head gave satisfaction to 
+    three-fourths, perhaps to five-sixths, of the nation, and to a still larger 
+    proportion of its most influential class, the great landed proprietors. 
+    Mary's accession was the great and unique opportunity for the old Church. If 
+    Mary and Pole had been coolheaded politicians instead of excitable fanatics, 
+    if they had contented themselves with restoring the old worship, depriving 
+    the few Protestant clergy of their benefices, and punishing only outrageous 
+    attacks on the State religion, Elizabeth would not have had the power, it 
+    may be doubted whether she would have had the inclination, to undo her 
+    sister's work. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;This great opportunity was thrown away. 
+    Mary's bishops came back brooding over the long catalogue of humiliations 
+    and indignities which their Church had suffered, and thirsting to avenge 
+    their own wrongs. For six years they had their fling, and contrived to make 
+    the country forget the period of Protestant misgovernment. England had never 
+    before known what it was to be governed by clergymen. It was a sort of rule 
+    as hateful to most Catholic laymen as to Protestants. Catholics therefore 
+    for the most part, as well as Protestants, hailed the accession of 
+    Elizabeth. At any rate there would be an end of the clerical tyranny. Nor 
+    were they without hope that she would maintain the old worship. She had 
+    conformed to it for the last five years, and Philip had given the word that 
+    she was to be supported. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;We are now accustomed to the Papal &lt;i&gt;non 
+    possumus&lt;/i&gt;. No nation or Church can hope that the smallest deviation from 
+    Roman doctrine or discipline will be tolerated. But in 1558 the hard and 
+    fast line had not yet been drawn. France was still pressing for such changes 
+    as communion in both kinds, worship in the vulgar tongue, and marriage of 
+    priests. The Council of Trent, it is true, had already in 1545 decided that 
+    Catholic doctrine was contained in the Bible &lt;i&gt;and tradition&lt;/i&gt;, and in 
+    1551 had defined transubstantiation and the sacraments. But in 1552 the 
+    Council was prorogued, and it did not resume till 1562. Doctrine and 
+    discipline therefore might be, and were still considered to be, in the 
+    melting-pot, and no one could be certain what would come out. If Elizabeth 
+    had contented herself with the French programme, and had joined France in 
+    pressing it, the other sovereigns, who really cared for nothing but 
+    uniformity, would probably have forced the Pope to compromise. The Lutheran 
+    doctrine of consubstantiation might have been tolerated. The Anglican 
+    formulÃŠ have been held by many to be compatible with a belief in the Real 
+    Presence. The formal severance of England from Catholic unity might thus 
+    have been postponed--possibly avoided--in the same sense that it has been 
+    avoided in France. After the completion of the Council of Trent (1562-3) it 
+    was too late. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Two years after her accession Elizabeth told 
+    the Spanish ambassador, De Quadra, that her belief was the belief of all the 
+    Catholics in the realm; and on his asking her how then she could have 
+    altered religion in 1559, she said she had been compelled to act as she did, 
+    and that, if he knew how she had been driven to it, she was sure he would 
+    excuse her. Seven years later she made the same statement to De Silva. 
+    Elizabeth was habitually so regardless of truth that her assertions can be 
+    allowed little weight when they are improbable. No doubt, as a matter of 
+    taste and feeling, she preferred the Catholic worship. She was not pious. 
+    She was not troubled with a tender conscience or tormented by a sense of 
+    sin. She did not care to cultivate close personal relations with her God. A 
+    religion of form and ceremony suited her better. But her training had been 
+    such as to free her from all superstitious fear or prejudice, and her 
+    religious convictions were determined by her sense of what was most 
+    reasonable and convenient. There is not the least evidence that she was a 
+    reluctant agent in the adoption of Protestantism in 1559. Who was there to 
+    coerce her? The Protestants could not have set up a Protestant competitor. 
+    The great nobles, though opposed to persecution and desirous of minimising 
+    the Pope's authority, would have preferred to leave worship as it was. But 
+    upon one thing Elizabeth was determined. She would resume the full 
+    ecclesiastical supremacy which her father had annexed to the Crown. She 
+    judged, and she probably judged rightly, that the only way to assure this 
+    was to make the breach with the old religion complete. If she had placed 
+    herself in the hands of moderate Catholics like Paget, possessed with the 
+    belief that she could only maintain herself by the protection of Philip, 
+    they would have advised her to be content with the practical authority over 
+    the English Church which many an English king had known how to exercise. 
+    That was not enough for her. She desired a position free from all ambiguity 
+    and possibility of dispute, not one which would have to be defended with 
+    constant vigilance and at the cost of incessant bickering. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;From the point of view of her foreign 
+    relations the moment might seem to be a dangerous one for carrying out a 
+    religious revolution, and many a statesman with a deserved reputation for 
+    prudence would have counselled delay. But this disadvantage was more than 
+    counterbalanced by the unpopularity which the cruelties and disasters of 
+    Mary's last three years had brought upon the most active Catholics. Again, 
+    Elizabeth no doubt recognised that the Catholics, though at present the 
+    strongest, were the declining party. The future was with the Protestants. It 
+    was the young men who had fixed their hopes upon her in her sister's time, 
+    and who were ready to rally round her now. By her natural disposition, and 
+    by her culture, she belonged to the Renaissance rather than to the 
+    Reformation. But obscurantist as Calvinism essentially was, the Calvinists, 
+    as a minority struggling for freedom to think and teach what they believed, 
+    represented for a time the cause of light and intellectual emancipation. Was 
+    she to put herself at the head of reaction or progress? She did not love the 
+    Calvinists. They were too much in earnest for her. Their narrow creed was as 
+    tainted with superstition as that of Rome, and, at bottom, was less humane, 
+    less favourable to progress. But whom else had she to work with? The 
+    reasonable, secular-minded, tolerant sceptics are not always the best 
+    fighting material; and at that time they were few in number and tending--in 
+    England at least--to be ground out of existence between the upper and nether 
+    millstones of the rival fanaticisms. If she broke with Catholicism she would 
+    be sure of the ardent and unwavering support of one-third of the nation; so 
+    sure, that she would have no need to take any further pains to please them. 
+    As for the remaining two-thirds, she hoped to conciliate most of them by 
+    posing as their protector against the persecution which would have been 
+    pleasing to Protestant bigots. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;In the policy of a complete breach with Rome, 
+    Cecil was disposed to go as far as the Queen, and further. Cecil was at this 
+    time thirty-eight. For forty years he continued to be the confidential and 
+    faithful servant of Elizabeth. One of those new men whom the Tudors most 
+    trusted, he was first employed by Henry VIII. Under Edward he rose to be 
+    Secretary of State, and was a pronounced Protestant. On the fall of his 
+    patron Somerset he was for a abort time sent to the Tower, but was soon in 
+    office again--sooner, some thought, than was quite decent--under his 
+    patron's old enemy, Northumberland. He signed the letters patent by which 
+    the crown was conferred on Lady Jane Grey; but took an early opportunity of 
+    going over to Mary. During her reign he conformed to the old religion, and, 
+    though not holding any office, was consulted on public business, and was one 
+    of the three commissioners who went to fetch Cardinal Pole to England. 
+    Thoroughly capable in business, one of those to whom power naturally falls 
+    because they know how to use it, a shrewd balancer of probabilities, without 
+    a particle of fanaticism in his composition and detesting it in others, 
+    though ready to make use of it to serve his ends, entirely believing that &amp;quot;whate'er 
+    is best administered is best,&amp;quot; Cecil nevertheless had his religious 
+    predilections, and they were all on the side of the Protestants. Moreover he 
+    had a personal motive which, by the nature of the case, was not present to 
+    the Queen. She might die prematurely; and if that event should take place 
+    before the Protestant ascendancy was firmly established his power would be 
+    at an end, and his very life would be in danger. A time came when he and his 
+    party had so strengthened themselves, if not in absolute numerical 
+    superiority, yet by the hold they had established on all departments of 
+    Government from the highest to the lowest, that they were in a condition to 
+    resist a Catholic claimant to the throne, if need were, sword in hand. But 
+    during the early years of the reign Cecil was working with the rope round 
+    his neck. Hence he could not regard the progress of events with the 
+    imperturbable &lt;i&gt;sang-froid&lt;/i&gt; which Elizabeth always displayed; and all 
+    his influence was employed to push the religious revolution through as 
+    rapidly and completely as possible. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The story that Elizabeth was influenced in 
+    her attitude to Rome by an arrogant reply from Pope Paul IV. to her official 
+    notification of her accession, though refuted by Lingard and Hallam in their 
+    later editions, has been repeated by recent historians. Her accession was 
+    notified to every friendly sovereign except the Pope. He was studiously 
+    ignored from the first. Equally unsupported by facts are all attempts to 
+    show that during the early weeks of her reign she had not made up her mind 
+    as to the course she would take about religion. All preaching, it is true, 
+    was suspended by proclamation; and it was ordered that the established 
+    worship should go on &amp;quot;until consultation might be had in Parliament by the 
+    Queen and the three Estates.&amp;quot; In the meantime she had herself crowned 
+    according to the ancient ritual by the Catholic Bishop of Carlisle. But this 
+    is only what might have been expected from a strong ruler who was not 
+    disposed to let important alterations be initiated by popular commotion or 
+    the presumptuous forwardness of individual clergymen. The impending change 
+    was quite sufficiently marked from the first by the removal of the most 
+    bigoted Catholics from the Council and by the appointment of Cecil and Bacon 
+    to the offices of Secretary and of Lord Keeper. The new Parliament, 
+    Protestant candidates for which had been recommended by the Government, met 
+    as soon as possible (25 January 1559). When it rose (8 May) the great change 
+    had been legally and decisively accomplished. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The government, worship, and doctrine of the 
+    Established Church are the most abiding marks left by Elizabeth on the 
+    national life of England. Logically it might have been expected that the 
+    settlement of doctrine would precede that of government and worship. It is 
+    characteristic of a State Church that the inverse order should have been 
+    followed. For the Queen the most important question was Church government; 
+    for the people, worship. Both these matters were disposed of with great 
+    promptitude at the beginning of 1559. Doctrine might interest the clergy; 
+    but it could wait. The Thirty-nine Articles were not adopted by Convocation 
+    till 1563, and were not sanctioned by Parliament till 1571. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;The government of the Church was settled by 
+    the &lt;i&gt;Act of Supremacy (April 1559)&lt;/i&gt;. It revived the Act of Henry VIII., 
+    except that the Queen was styled Supreme Governor of the Church instead of 
+    Supreme Head, although the nature of the supremacy was precisely the same. 
+    The penalties were relaxed. Henry's oath of supremacy might be tendered to 
+    any subject, and to decline it was high treason; Elizabeth's oath was to be 
+    obligatory only on persons holding spiritual or temporal office under the 
+    Crown, and the penalty for declining was the loss of such office. Those who 
+    chose to attack the supremacy were still liable to the penalties of treason 
+    on the third offence. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Worship was settled with equal expedition by 
+    the &lt;i&gt;Act of Uniformity (April 1559)&lt;/i&gt;, which imposed the second or more 
+    Protestant Prayer-book of Edward VI., but with a few very important 
+    alterations. A deprecation in the Litany of &amp;quot;the tyranny of the Bishop of 
+    Rome and all his detestable enormities,&amp;quot; and a rubric which declared that by 
+    kneeling at the Communion no adoration was intended to any real and 
+    essential presence of Christ, were expunged. The words of administration in 
+    the present communion service consist of two sentences. The first sentence, 
+    implying real presence, belonged to Edward's first Prayer-book; the second, 
+    implying mere commemoration, belonged to his second Prayer-book. The 
+    Prayerbook of 1559 simply pieced the two together, with a view to satisfy 
+    both Catholics and Protestants. Lastly, the vestments prescribed in Edward's 
+    first Prayer-book were retained till further notice. These alterations of 
+    Edward's second Prayer-book, all of them designed to propitiate the 
+    Catholics, were dictated by Elizabeth herself. In all this legislation 
+    Convocation was entirely ignored. Both its houses showed themselves strongly 
+    Catholic. But their opinion was not asked, and no notice was taken of their 
+    remonstrances. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;While determining that England should have a 
+    purely national Church, and for that reason casting in her lot with the 
+    Protestants, Elizabeth, as we have seen, made very considerable sacrifices 
+    of logic and consistency in order to induce Catholics to conform. Like a 
+    strong and wise statesman, she did not allow herself to be driven into one 
+    concession after another, but went at once as far as she intended to go. At 
+    the same time the coercion applied to the Catholics, while sufficient to 
+    influence the worldly-minded majority, was, during the early part of her 
+    reign, very mild for those times. She wished no one to be molested who did 
+    not go out of his way to invite it. Outward conformity was all she wanted. 
+    And of this mere attendance at church was accepted as sufficient evidence. 
+    The principal difficulty, of course, was with the clergy. From them more 
+    than a mere passive conformity had to be exacted. To sign declarations, take 
+    oaths, and officiate in church was a severer strain on the conscience. It is 
+    said that less than 200 out of 9400 sacrificed their benefices rather than 
+    conform, and that of these about 100 were dignitaries. The number must be 
+    under-stated; for the chief difficulty of the new bishops, for a long time, 
+    was to find clergymen for the parish churches. But we cannot doubt that the 
+    large majority of the parish clergy stuck to their livings, remaining 
+    Catholics at heart, and avoiding, where they could, and as long as they 
+    could, compliance with the new regulations. It must not be supposed that the 
+    enactment of religious changes by Parliament was equivalent, as it would be 
+    at the present day, to their immediate enforcement throughout the country; 
+    especially in the north where the great proprietors and justices of the 
+    peace did not carry out the law. A certain number of the ejected priests 
+    continued to celebrate the ancient rites privately in the houses of the more 
+    earnest Catholics; for which they were not unfrequently punished by 
+    imprisonment. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Of course this was persecution. But according 
+    to the ideas of that day it was a very mild kind of persecution; and where 
+    it occurred it seems to have been due to the zeal of some of the bishops, 
+    and to private busybodies who set the law in motion, rather than to any 
+    systematic action on the part of the Government.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;From &lt;i&gt;
+    Queen Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt; by Edward Spencer Beesly.&amp;nbsp; Published in London by 
+    Macmillan and Co., 1892.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+    &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fbeeslychapterthree.html&quot;&gt;to Chapter 
+    III: Foreign Relations: 1559-1563&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;to the Queen 
+    Elizabeth I website&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; /&amp;nbsp;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;to the Mary, 
+    queen of Scots website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
+    to Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;/font&gt;
+  
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082621&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082621&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHea16.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHea16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHea16.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">12382</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">What's New at Tudor England?</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/news.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/news.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHea16bc5da551a21d13a89f</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHea16.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">whatsnew.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ivesbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">henry8miniseries.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">dunnbook.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">guyscots.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">boleynbook.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/whatsnew.gif&quot; alt=&quot;What's New?&quot; width=&quot;377&quot; height=&quot;78&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ivesbook.jpg&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;95&quot; height=&quot;140&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;29 September 2004&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Professor 
+      Eric Ives, who wrote the definitive biography of Anne Boleyn in 1986, has 
+      just released &lt;i&gt;The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: The Most Happy &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393461%2fsr%3d8-1%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl14%2f104-8047124-6243950%3fv%3dglance%26s%3dbooks%26n%3d507846&quot;&gt;US&lt;/a&gt; 
+      and
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0631234799%2fqid%3d1096393233%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      UK&lt;/a&gt;), which incorporates new research and addresses issues raised by 
+      the biographies of Anne which followed his own (including Warnicke and 
+      Starkey's work.)&amp;nbsp; Tudor enthusiasts know that
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f0521406773%2fqid%3d1096481812%2fref%3dsr%5f8%5fxs%5fap%5fi1%5fxgl%2f202-4684411-4080647&quot;&gt;
+      Warnicke's&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn&lt;/i&gt; questioned many of 
+      Ives's conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;I should stress that this is a &lt;i&gt;new&lt;/i&gt; biography, 
+      not simply a new edition of the 1986 work.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;I'm still working on the Reviews section; please check back soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;If you haven't been to &lt;i&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/i&gt; in a 
+      while, please visit.&amp;nbsp; I did post &lt;b&gt;lots&lt;/b&gt; of new portraits in the last 
+      month or so, - check out the
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fhenry7images.html&quot;&gt;Henry VII&lt;/a&gt; -
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fhenry8images.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt; - 
+      and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html&quot;&gt;Mary, queen of 
+      Scots&lt;/a&gt; pages. &lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;I will be adding some new Elizabeth I portraits soon.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt; &lt;font
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;20 September 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The Henry VIII miniseries starring Ray Winstone is &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.com%2fexec%2fobidos%2ftg%2fdetail%2f-%2fB0002KPIR8%2fqid%3d1092239900%2fsr%3d1-4%2fref%3dsr%5f1%5f4%2f102-1488722-9759359%3fv%3dglance%26amp;s%3ddvd&quot;&gt;being
+released on Region 1 dvd&lt;/a&gt; on 16 November for US viewers. &lt;br&gt;
+However, it will appear on PBS as a two-part 'Masterpiece Theatre'
+presentation before its DVD release, on 7 November and 14
+November.&amp;nbsp; Click here to visit &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.pbs.org%2fpreviews%2fhenryVIII&quot;&gt;the PBS Previews page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;img
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/henry8miniseries.jpg&quot; title=&quot;&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Henry VIII dvd&quot; style=&quot;width: 105px; height: 150px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Henry's
+38-year reign saw England transformed from a sleepy backwater of
+jousting tournaments and Catholic piety to a nation torn by religious
+and political strife - all because the king wanted a male heir.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&quot;He was a very troubled man,&quot; observes Winstone, who in
+the course of the film ages from the young athletic king to the burly
+icon familiar from Hans Holbein paintings. &quot;This is a man who allowed
+two of his wives - women he loved passionately - to be murdered. At the
+same time, he wrote beautiful love letters, understood science and, to
+a certain extent, was a great ambassador. He was an intelligent,
+gentle, romantic man who lost his way when it came to love.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/div&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;
+ style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;July 2004&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+According to &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.gallifreyone.com%2fnewstv.php&quot;&gt;Outpost
+Gallifrey&lt;/a&gt;, the new &lt;b&gt;Doctor Who&lt;/b&gt; series will feature &lt;b&gt;an
+appearance by Henry VIII&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;An article in the
+June 29 Daily Star says that the new Doctor Who series &quot;will feature
+historic figures including Shakespeare, Henry VIII and Einstein - who
+are locked up together inside a Big Brother-style house. Famous
+housemates will face eviction and death from aliens when the classic
+sci-fi show comes back to our screens next year. The new series, which
+stars Christopher Eccleston as Dr Who, is aiming to win over a whole
+new generation of young followers of the Tardis timelord. Christopher
+said: 'We can parallel things with science fiction and address what's
+going on around us to a certain extent for young people without being
+pompous.' In one of the planned episodes of the hotly-awaited series,
+some of the world's most famous figures from the past are kidnapped
+from their time zones by aliens. They are put in a Big Bruvstyle house
+for extraterrestrial television entertainment.&quot;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; (Thanks
+to Paul Engelberg)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;The Ninth Doctor is
+being played by Christopher Eccleston, who played the duke of Norfolk
+in 1998's &lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Yes, these are tenuous Tudor links
+but I'm a Doctor Who fan as well.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr style=&quot;width: 100%; height: 2px;&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Thanks to the
+Barbie collector who emailed me the link to
+        &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.barbiecollector.com%2fshowcase%2fproduct.asp%3ftype%3d%26amp;subtype%3d%26amp;product%5fid%3d1003486&quot;&gt;the
+'World of Royalty: Queen Elizabeth I' doll&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; For those of you
+who missed the 1995 Elizabeth doll, mark September in your
+calendars.&amp;nbsp; And start saving - the doll will probably retail at
+$250.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/i&gt;
+sequel in the works?&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;(Source: &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.comingsoon.net%2fnews.php%3fid%3d4977&quot;&gt;http://www.comingsoon.net/news.php?id=4977&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;Aussie's &lt;i&gt;The
+Daily Telegraph&lt;/i&gt; spoke to &lt;b&gt;
+Elizabeth&lt;/b&gt; director Shekhar Kapur who says that he is working on a
+sequel to the 1998 Cate Blanchett drama.&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+Blanchett is expected to take the throne again and star in the epic -
+based on Queen Elizabeth I - which has the working title of &lt;b&gt;Golden
+Age&lt;/b&gt;. &quot;It is about the battle between her life as a monarch and her
+personal life,&quot; Kapur said. &quot;It ends in the destruction of the Spanish
+Armada on the larger level.&quot;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;br&gt;
+The Indian-born Kapur said the script, which Michael Hirst is working
+on, would be ready in six months. &quot;And then it depends on Cate's
+schedule and my schedule as to when we start shooting.&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+More links:&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.imdb.com%2ftitle%2ftt0127536%2fnews&quot;&gt;http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0127536/news&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fin.news.yahoo.com%2f040604%2f139%2f2dhbb.html&quot;&gt;http://in.news.yahoo.com/040604/139/2dhbb.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;hr&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;font
+ face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;EARLIER NEWS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;i&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/dunnbook.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;Jane Dunn biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;148&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Elizabeth
+and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens&lt;/i&gt; by Jane Dunn was recently
+released.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; I am &lt;i&gt;still&lt;/i&gt; working on the new and improved Reviews
+section, but here is a quick review - this is a worthwhile addition to your
+Tudor library.&amp;nbsp; I've read enough about both women to wonder if I
+would learn anything from this book, but I was pleasantly
+surprised.&amp;nbsp; A liberal use of primary sources plus a lovely
+selection of portraits - and the book jacket and boards are beautifully
+designed.&amp;nbsp; As competition for Alison Plowden's &lt;i&gt;Two Queens in
+One Isle&lt;/i&gt;, this book is the better choice.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/guyscots.gif&quot;
+ alt=&quot;John Guy biography&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; height=&quot;151&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;
+        At last!&amp;nbsp;
+Finally, another major biography of Mary Stuart has been
+released.&amp;nbsp;
+        &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart&lt;/i&gt; is by
+noted Tudor historian John Guy&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Antonia Fraser's biography
+was serviceable but my own casual research revealed large gaps in her
+use of primary sources.&amp;nbsp; I always wondered - when would another
+historian focus on Mary's tumultuous life?&amp;nbsp; I should note that the
+UK version of this work is entitled &lt;i&gt;My Heart is My Own: The Life of
+Mary Queen of Scots&lt;/i&gt; and the jacket features the Clouet sketch of an
+adolescent Mary.&amp;nbsp; The American edition, shown above, has the 'hat'
+portrait &lt;i&gt;minus&lt;/i&gt; the hat!&amp;nbsp; As an admirer of
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqos1565.jpg&quot;&gt;the hat&lt;/a&gt;
+and its fluffy feather, I'm rather disappointed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; 
+        &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
+ src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/boleynbook.jpg&quot;
+ width=&quot;70&quot; height=&quot;108&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Anne
+Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen&lt;/i&gt; by Joanna Denny
+was published in April 
+        &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f074995017X%2fqid%3d1076882496%2fsr%3d2-2%2fref%3dsr%5f2%5f11%5f2%2f026-4110626-7673264&quot;&gt;in the UK&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;In comparison with the
+two existing major biographies of Anne (by Carrolly Erickson and Retha
+Warnicke), this one is the most successful 'popular' biography.&amp;nbsp;
+And no, I don't mean 'popular' as a slur; far from it.&amp;nbsp; I'll post
+my review at the new Reviews section when I've finished.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Folger Shakespeare 
+        Library has finished its nine-year restoration of the Trevelyon 
+        Miscellany.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;It's now the focus of &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.folger.edu%2fpublic%2fexhibit%2fTrevelyon%2fintro.asp&quot;&gt;an excellent 
+        exhibit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+      &lt;blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+        &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot; face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;News
+prior to summer 2004 has been deleted.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcontents.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+to Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+          &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot; size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;a
+ href=&quot;mailto:email@englishhistory.net&quot;&gt;Share your Tudor news!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082526&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082526&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHf07a.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHf07a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHf07a.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">5547</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The coronation of Lady Jane Grey, 1553</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/jane1.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/jane1.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf07a4bc5623da32d1b8e11</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215297</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf07a.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">jane1.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/jane1.gif&quot; width=&quot;518&quot; height=&quot;91&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;This account 
+      of Jane Grey's coronation was written by Henry Machyn, a London undertaker.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Jane was the great-niece of King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; She is 
+      famous as the 'Nine Days' Queen', for she ruled for that small amount of 
+      time in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; Her reign was the direct result of the duke of 
+      Northumberland's ambition.&amp;nbsp; When it was clear that King Edward VI was 
+      dying, Northumberland married Jane to his son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; As the 
+      leading Protestant nobleman, he could not accept the rule of Henry VIII's 
+      Catholic daughter, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Nor did he wish to lose the power he 
+      amassed during Edward's reign.&amp;nbsp; Under the term of Henry's will, Mary 
+      was to follow Edward upon the throne.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland urged Edward VI 
+      to write his own will, settling the succession upon his Protestant cousin 
+      Jane instead.&amp;nbsp; The young king did so.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Jane and Guildford were executed in 1554.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;On 6 July died the noble King Edward VI, in the seventh year of his
+reign, son and heir to the noble King Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp; And he was poisoned,
+as everybody says, for which now, thanks be to God, there are many of the
+false traitors brought to their end, and I trust God that more will follow
+as they may be spied out.
+&lt;p&gt;On 7 July a proclamation was made that all penthouses should be no lower
+than 10 foot, and all private lights be condemned.
+&lt;p&gt;The same day an old man was set on the pillory for counterfeit, false
+writings.
+&lt;p&gt;The same day there came to the Tower the lord treasurer, the earl of
+Shrewsbury, and the lord admiral with others; and there they discharged
+Sir James Croft of the constableship of the Tower, and there they put in
+the said lord admiral, and he took his oath and charge of the Tower, and
+the next day after he conveyed into all places in the Tower and... great
+guns, such as the White Tower on high.
+&lt;p&gt;On 9 July all the head officers and the guard were sworn to Queen Jane
+as queen of England.... daughter of the duke of Suffolk, and served as
+queen of....
+&lt;p&gt;The following day queen Jane was received into the Tower with a great
+company of lords and nobles of... after the queen, and the duchess of Suffolk
+her mother, bearing her train, with many ladies, and there was a firing
+of guns and chamber such as has not often been seen, between 4 and 5 o'clock;
+by 6 o'clock began the proclamation on the same afternoon of Queen Jane,
+with two heralds and a trumpet blowing, declaring that Lady Mary was unlawfully
+begotten, and so went through Cheapside to Fleet Street, proclaiming Queen
+Jane.&amp;nbsp; And there was a young man taken at that time for speaking certain
+words about Queen Mary, that she had the true title.
+&lt;p&gt;On 11 July, at 8 o'clock in the morning the young man was set on the
+pillory for speaking this, and both his ears were cut off.&amp;nbsp; There
+was a herald and a trumpeter blowing, and he was quickly taken down.&amp;nbsp;
+And the same day the young man's master, dwelling at St John's Head, whose
+name was Sandur Onyone, and another Master Owen, a gun-maker at London
+Bridge, living at Ludgate, were drowned.
+&lt;p&gt;On 12 July by night were carried to the Tower 3 carts full of all manner
+of ordnance, such as great guns and small, bows, bills, spears, morrish
+pikes, armour, arrows, gunpowder and stakes, money, tents and all manner
+of ordnance, a great number of cannon balls, and a great number of men
+at arms; and it was for a great army near Cambridge; and two days after
+the duke and various lords and knights went with him, and many gentlemen
+and gunners, and many men of the guard and men of arms towards Lady Mary's
+grace, to destroy her grace, and so to Bury, and all was against him, for
+his men forsook him.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;to the Lady 
+Jane Grey website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082604&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082604&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHf2d1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHf2d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHf2d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">11195</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">16th century England primary sources letters of Henry VIII The Six Wives of Henry VIII Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots Lady Jane Grey Edward VI's journal executions etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">16th century England primary sources letters of Henry VIII The Six Wives of Henry VIII Queen Elizabeth I Mary Queen of Scots Lady Jane Grey Edward VI's journal executions etc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: Eyewitness accounts of people and events in Tudor England</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf2d1eda94f12b26d69997d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215304</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf2d1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">primarynew.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">bigbooks.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;552&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;68%&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;68%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/primarynew.gif&quot; width=&quot;546&quot; height=&quot;168&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=153 alt=&quot;stack of old books&quot; 
+    src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/bigbooks.gif&quot; width=207 align=left&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;Primary sources are important historical 
+    documents which allow readers an unparalleled glimpse into the past.&amp;nbsp; 
+    They are written from the perspective of a participant or observer and can 
+    include letters, speeches, diary / journal entries, and manuscripts.&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html#Notation&quot;&gt;*&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;The sources at this page &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    face=Arial color=#000000&gt;represent a unique opportunity to view&amp;nbsp;Tudor 
+    England through the eyes of its inhabitants.&amp;nbsp; They are arranged in 
+    chronological order.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;tr&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;15%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;68%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;blockquote&gt;
+
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1502&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fdarthur.html&quot;&gt;two accounts of the death of Prince 
+    Arthur&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1503&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2felizdeat.html&quot;&gt;the death of Elizabeth 
+    of York &amp;amp; betrothal of Princess Margaret to the king of Scots&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1509&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fhobit.html&quot;&gt;Henry VII's 
+    obituary&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1509&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8crown.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII &amp;amp; 
+    Katharine of Aragon's coronations at Westminster Abbey&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1500s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fskelton.html&quot;&gt;the poetry of John 
+    Skelton, Henry VII's poet laureate &amp;amp; Henry VIII's tutor&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1500s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprihenry.html&quot;&gt;the lyrics of Henry 
+    VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1505-1547&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;Letters of the Six Wives 
+    of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1515&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fhenrydes.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary 
+    description of Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1523&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fab-percy.html&quot;&gt;the romance of Anne 
+    Boleyn &amp;amp; Henry Percy&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Also describes the 
+    beginning of Henry VIII's infatuation with Anne.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1524&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8joust.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII's jousting 
+    accident&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1520s/undated&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn-poems.html&quot;&gt;poetry 
+    about Anne Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1530&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpriwols1.html&quot;&gt;the fall of Cardinal 
+    Wolsey&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1530s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;selections from Henry 
+    VIII's love letters to Anne Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1530s&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fannedesc.html&quot;&gt;contemporary 
+    descriptions of Anne Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1533&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne1.html&quot;&gt;the coronation of Anne 
+    Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1535&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimore.html&quot;&gt;the last letter of Sir 
+    Thomas More&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1535&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2f1535exec.html&quot;&gt;the executions of John 
+    Fisher, Thomas More &amp;amp; others&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne2.html&quot;&gt;the fall of Anne 
+    Boleyn&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprianne3.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn's speech at 
+    her execution&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexanne.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary account of 
+    Anne Boleyn's execution&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;letter of Princess Mary 
+    to Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Mary acknowledges her 
+    illegitimacy and Henry's title as head of the English church.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1536&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fgrace.html&quot;&gt;the Pilgrimage of 
+    Grace&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1537&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed6birth.html&quot;&gt;Jane Seymour's 
+    pregnancy is announced&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1539&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricleve.html&quot;&gt;Anne of Cleves arrives 
+    in England &amp;amp; marries Henry VIII&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 
+    size=-1&gt;Describes the first meeting between Anne and Henry.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1541&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpricath.html&quot;&gt;the fall of Catherine 
+    Howard&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1545&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8speech.html&quot;&gt;Henry VIII's speech 
+    before Parliament&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1549-1551&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fed1.html&quot;&gt;Edward VI's 
+    journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1552&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsomerset.html&quot;&gt;the execution of the 
+    Duke of Somerset&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1553&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;the coronation of Queen 
+    Jane&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1554&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;Mary I's speech at the 
+    Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1554&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;letter of Lady Jane 
+    Grey to Mary I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;Jane explains the 
+    circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine days.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+    &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1554&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;the executions of Lady 
+    Jane Grey and Lord Guildford Dudley&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1556&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpcranmer.html&quot;&gt;the execution of 
+    Archbishop Thomas Cranmer&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1557&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary 
+    description of Mary I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1558-1603&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html&quot;&gt;letters of 
+    Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1558-1603&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html&quot;&gt;poetry of 
+    Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1558-1603&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2feliz1-writings.html&quot;&gt;speeches of 
+    Elizabeth I&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1586&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;letter from 
+    Elizabeth I to Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1587&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fscot-letters.html&quot;&gt;letter from 
+    Elizabeth I to James VI of Scotland&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;1587&lt;/B&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryqos-letter.html&quot;&gt;the last letter 
+    of Mary, queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 face=&quot;Arial&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;1587&amp;nbsp; &lt;/B&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexmary.html&quot;&gt;the execution of Mary, 
+    queen of Scots&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+    &lt;hr&gt;
+    &lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;td width=&quot;17%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+  &lt;/tr&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;Are you quoting a Primary 
+    Source in your paper, or research project?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
+    color=#000000 size=-1&gt;The correct format is based upon both the 
+    Turabian/Chicago and MLA styles.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000 size=-1&gt;Here 
+    is an example:&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Hanson, Marilee. 
+    &quot;Contemporary Descriptions of Anne Boleyn.&quot; &lt;I&gt;EnglishHistory.net&lt;/I&gt;. 2004. 
+    http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (11 April 2004).&lt;/FONT&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
+    &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=1&gt;Please note: you must use the year and date you read the 
+    source here.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
+    &lt;HR&gt;
+
+    &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;A 
+    name=Notation&gt;&lt;/A&gt;*Memoirs / autobiographies are not considered primary 
+    sources. &amp;nbsp;They are typically written after the fact and bad memories, 
+    bias, or a change in perspective can limit their reliability. 
+    &amp;nbsp;Newspapers and magazine articles are considered primary sources if the 
+    piece is written directly after the event and does not include any 
+    'analysis' or subjective reporting.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; 
+    &lt;CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
+    &lt;CENTER&gt;
+    &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=Arial color=#000000 size=-1&gt;&lt;A 
+    href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+    England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
+    
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082544&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082544&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHf6d1.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHf6d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHf6d1.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">7023</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The last letter of Sir Thomas More, 1535</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primore.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primore.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHf6d1d9e14f32b2af285a7d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215304</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHf6d1.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">primore.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">moresketch1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/primore.gif&quot; width=&quot;527&quot; height=&quot;70&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/moresketch1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Holbein's sketch of Thomas More&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;175&quot; height=&quot;236&quot;&gt;Th&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;e 
+    following letter was written to More's daughter Margaret on 5 July 1535, the 
+    day before his execution.&amp;nbsp; More wrote with a stick of charcoal on 
+    cloth; King Henry VIII had ordered his books and writing materials to be 
+    removed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;More had been appointed Lord Chancellor upon
+    &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fpriwols1.html&quot;&gt;Wolsey's fall&lt;/a&gt; in 
+    1529.&amp;nbsp; He was already a respected philosopher and writer throughout 
+    Europe.&amp;nbsp; But to his English contemporaries, he was most famous as a 
+    lawyer.&amp;nbsp; He was a brilliant jurist; he served in parliament and on 
+    diplomatic missions.&amp;nbsp; Unlike most royal servants, he had unimpeachable 
+    integrity.&amp;nbsp; He could not be bribed.&amp;nbsp; He believed, above all else, 
+    in the impartial supremacy of the law.&amp;nbsp; As Chancellor, he worked 
+    industriously to promote justice and faith in the courts.&amp;nbsp; However, he 
+    resigned in 1532 when the king's determination to annul his marriage to 
+    Katharine of Aragon caused Henry to reject papal authority in England.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;More was deeply pious.&amp;nbsp; He recognized the abuses of the 
+    Catholic church, but he believed it could reform itself from within.&amp;nbsp; 
+    He could not accept spiritual reformation via secular power.&amp;nbsp; As a 
+    young man, he had been torn between a career in the church and a career in 
+    law.&amp;nbsp; Though he had chosen the latter, he never lost his passion for 
+    theology.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;After resigning the chancellorship, More retired to his 
+    family home.&amp;nbsp; He attempted to live modestly and quietly, hoping to be 
+    left alone.&amp;nbsp; But he was too famous and respected to be forgotten.&amp;nbsp; 
+    Henry VIII knew that his controversial reformation would be far more 
+    credible if men such as More accepted it.&amp;nbsp; As the premier intellectual 
+    in England, More's opinion was too important to remain his own.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;It should be noted that More accepted parliament's ability 
+    to decide the succession in favor of the king's children with Anne Boleyn, 
+    for it was a legal issue and parliament was within rights to decide it.&amp;nbsp; 
+    However, he would not take an oath recognizing Henry's position as Supreme 
+    Head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; He simply could not repudiate the 
+    spiritual authority of the papacy.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;And so he was arrested in the spring of 1534.&amp;nbsp; He was 
+    kept in the Tower of London for over a year, under increasingly harsh 
+    conditions.&amp;nbsp; The king hoped that imprisonment would alter More's 
+    disposition.&amp;nbsp; It did not.&amp;nbsp; More was finally charged with high 
+    treason and tried at Westminster on 1 July 1533.&amp;nbsp; Despite his brilliant 
+    defense, he was found guilty and executed on 6 July.&amp;nbsp; The news shocked 
+    all of Europe.&amp;nbsp; It remains the most famous example of judicial murder 
+    during Henry's reign.&amp;nbsp; More was later canonized by the Catholic church.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;Our Lord bless you, good daughter, and your good husband, and
+your little boy, and all yours, and all my children, and all my god-children
+and all our friends. Recommend me when ye may to my good daughter Cecily,
+whom I beseech Our Lord to comfort; and I send her my blessing and to all
+her children, and pray her to pray for me. I send her a handkercher, and
+God comfort my good son, her husband. My good daughter Daunce hath the
+picture in parchment that you delivered me from my Lady Coniers, her name
+on the back. Show her that I heartily pray her that you may send it in
+my name to her again, for a token from me to pray for me.
+&lt;p&gt;I like special well Dorothy Colly. I pray you be good unto her. I would
+wot whether this be she that you wrote me of. If not, yet I pray you be
+good to the other as you may in her affliction, and to my good daughter
+Jane Aleyn too. Give her, I pray you, some kind answer, for she sued hitherto
+me this day to pray you be good to her.
+&lt;p&gt;I cumber you, good Margaret, much, but I would be sorry if it should
+be any longer than to-morrow, for it is St. Thomas's even, and the utas
+of St. Peter; and therefore, to-morrow long I to go to God. It were a day
+very meet and convenient for me.
+&lt;p&gt;I never liked your manner towards me better than when you kissed me
+last; for I love when daughterly love and dear charity hath no leisure
+to look to worldly courtesy. Farewell, my dear child, and pray for me,
+and I shall for you and all your friends, that we may merrily meet in heaven.
+I thank you for your great cost. I send now my good daughter Clement her
+algorism stone, and I send her and my godson and all hers God's blessing
+and mine. I pray you at time convenient recommend me to my good son John
+More. I liked well his natural fashion. Our Lord bless him and his good
+wife, my loving daughter, to whom I pray him to be good, as he hath great
+cause; and that, if the land of mine come to his hands, he break not my
+will concerning his sister Daunce. And the Lord bless Thomas and Austin,
+and all that they shall have.&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fmore.html&quot;&gt;to the Thomas 
+      More website&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082599&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082599&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHfda5.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHfda5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHfda5.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">4197</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Content">Tudor Monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Tudor Monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHfda5362c7ed5732b01e622</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215303</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHfda5.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">monarchs.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizmonarchs2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+&lt;IMG height=56 alt=&quot;Tudor Monarchs&quot; 
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/monarchs.gif&quot; width=326&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;The Tudor dynasty ruled England from 
+      1485 to 1603.&amp;nbsp; Their story encompasses some of the most dramatic and 
+      unforgettable events in European history.&amp;nbsp; And they remain the most 
+      famous and controversial of royal families.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;Follow the links on this page to learn more about the Tudor monarchs.&amp;nbsp; 
+      You can also visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the 
+      monarchs and their courtiers.&amp;nbsp;
+      &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt; includes contemporary 
+      chronicles and letters.&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+            &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizmonarchs2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The Coronation Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I&quot; width=&quot;235&quot; height=&quot;341&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &amp;nbsp;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor 
+England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-2&gt;the above portrait is of Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;5%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;30%&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry7.html&quot;&gt;Henry 
+  VII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1485 to 1509&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry 
+  VIII&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;ruled 1509 to 1547&lt;/font&gt;&lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;THE SIX WIVES 
+  OF HENRY VIII&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Katharine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, 
+  Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Katharine Parr&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward 
+  VI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1547 to 1553&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Jane 
+  I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1553&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary 
+  I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1553 to 1558&lt;/FONT&gt; 
+  &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;
+  &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth 
+  I&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;ruled 1558 to 1603&lt;/FONT&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082528&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082528&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHff55.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHff55.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASHff55.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">2842</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The announcement of Jane Seymour's pregnancy, 1536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed6birth.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="weblink">&lt;a href=&quot;http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ed6birth.html&quot;&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="/weblink">&lt;/a&gt;</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Others</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHff558fa031758e30a02b1d</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214940</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215295</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHff55.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">ed6birth.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+  &lt;center&gt;
+  &lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;94%&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;bottom&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
+      &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/ed6birth.gif&quot; width=&quot;582&quot; height=&quot;72&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+    &lt;tr&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The account 
+      at right was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;King Henry VIII's third marriage, made when he was almost 
+      forty-five, finally brought him the longed-for son.&amp;nbsp; Edward's mother 
+      was Jane Seymour, the daughter of a Wiltshire knight.&amp;nbsp; She died a 
+      fortnight after his birth in October.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+      &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;br&gt;
+      &lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td width=&quot;4%&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;On 27 May 1537, Trinity Sunday, there was a &lt;i&gt;Te Deum&lt;/i&gt;
+sung in St Paul's cathedral for joy at the queen's quickening of her child,
+my lord chancellor, lord privy seal and various other lords and bishops
+being then present; the mayor and aldermen with the best guilds of the
+city being there in their liveries, all giving laud and praise to God for
+joy about it.&amp;nbsp; The bishop of Worcester, Dr Latimer, made an oration
+before all the lords and commons after the &lt;i&gt;Te Deum&lt;/i&gt; was sung, explaining
+the reason for their assembly, which oration was marvelously fruitful to
+the hearers.&amp;nbsp; And also the same night various great fires were made
+in London, with a hogshead of wine at every fire for the poor people to
+drink as long as it lasted.&amp;nbsp; I pray Jesus, if it be his will, to send
+us a prince.&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
+    &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;to Primary Sources&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+    &lt;/tr&gt;
+  &lt;/table&gt;
+  &lt;/center&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082602&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082602&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,600 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01371ab2334fa85c63413933</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01708e9450c45ca1c118dd6e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157ce8f12563b15c09acf31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01048cb86f86d5e1a3309782</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c0555890d011f8c47192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5d58b2f095f04a321ee7d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b6b4b0acf85ab93c6c5f7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd8a0b05e9bf41fe28359d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018ca23021dc0cdbf824e592</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdaa0ae5ebcf3fee49357c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9e41940f594fe21b2a7ccd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH704aa5ee186f0ac9ae7fbd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016311805c5894048320a34c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6095703497b10345188f6c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH18cc002ed30f680db951c3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ab4397899845933bb37f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0d5b8389c3383653c916e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ff3be41f70dfc0c83668b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013ee95ca136b7e320400a8d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ae057ca36570b2ebb8626c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01dfef237687bf0134e88e9e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01346c967faef427754dacc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH444986a5947f1f93dd4461</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018bb3389e577e540b31c8e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011ece88697ed785c02e7622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a73bbd5043ad6b707dfe1e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0132187a4b019d5742a6bdd2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c05599b5c7cfe01bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHff558fa031758e30a02b1d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01329ea865e97888f7dcb1be</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH694cb8bfec0c2da3321f9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH104f029cc724a2045384df</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01251438e98f926ef093edfa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01267a30e99b515ef0aa4d7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018af2318cbf41644af1cd84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c055aa0c7d7d496bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7689c5a65ded2f2a97ee0d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5faad9a3db2a4add0dfa3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e5550c79ba7b8310fade58</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1f6cb2e7565aaa0142a6c0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157f87feabc783416248d4b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a0746c297f32e02b8bc63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e88948331181409aab201e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbf2b3c7e4aa75f202a6f93</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5a57054557398614faa55c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0192fd262ce3b45d11d58e8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9c15207cbc6ced4414b44f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d7ce7911a82315bf34c8d2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011b71775a26d74fef192962</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd90f48d2e9665396611163</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5babcd1fbea949f078c430</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf07a4bc5623da32d1b8e11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019edd59d035237e0e9c4a03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb23f85c09ef213</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb3ff85c09ef22f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb5bf85c09ef24b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb77f85c09ef267</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb93f85c09ef283</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebaff85c09ef29f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebcbf85c09ef2bb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019f5d5ad035277e169c5a23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fdd5bd0352b7e1e9c6a43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a05d5cd0352f7e269c7a63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a0dd5dd035337e2e9c8a83</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a15d5ed035377e369c9aa3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a1dd5fd0353b7e3e9caac3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a25d60d0353f7e469cbae3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a2dd61d035437e4e9ccb03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01bfdd9bd0362b801ea07243</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e68a5186626c0f4e8eef14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01049ab9a58175e2833a5645</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH278cb9be1b4811a33b0c26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e46681519f37f8a8760f42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH27a70ce59ec813486d845e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH02f7d3098dd80789eeb0ec</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ad04ada6e97e8f0ae04ea7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1d78ad2eb25b5e7b05f119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH2d245100e05dfd01bdc269</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012e83f21d0fa1913aff5c90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6815ffdac32a15841e2fff</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c686dac3b780f66cc74436</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdaa2febb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdac520db219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdae742fb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb09651b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb2b873b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH845f746043a4af83ca5998</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH20231d2f433d4af691239b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH20631d2f433d6af891439d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6b645e6135820f42d5d3d4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0173cf29888ba0debb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015e9ea6386857edec159d2e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c7a19cd2b780f66cc74fe6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH690ae8278921151e9e29a7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017525905f72432afb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfda5362c7ed5732b01e622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHea16bc5da551a21d13a89f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01fd9e47f9ed8572bc1c2789</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb1ec972bc382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb208972bc382da2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb224972bc382dbe</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ea53b4a906ce20a5864758</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH411aba1939c9aa833e0f36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH49ce89d25cca35c039a166</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH4d4789bb1eca6d50382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf2d1eda94f12b26d69997d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH528790de1ecac150aa5d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf6d1d9e14f32b2af285a7d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH642006539ecbdad801b586</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01cf774f2d407164c30b50d9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb51bce046c0e5305dedb1f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d8b7d86d12036f5fb122bd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012c77d02a2d42eb08c5227c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fb1f312ebd307a21624e2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee018166253fa4b7b9dc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01037187e8d73031bf360f70</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01274681a7875c3f90e5f588</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e423c1abddcbf5dfb6f19d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0a6f29d92adaa2aa1a344a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c48790ee9421e150a9b032</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f1c05d719b1a542df1bdc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee8c1665bb38763b04e6f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013c14e9791797c35503f8f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH42a4d81340217c0b7654eb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6456a7052a5ec96817c3de</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0144a552cf4079e32cc6d23d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a98c752d8383e964db71af</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH63abdc8faa71ed542ef5ed</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6bdcc6060a8b2a403af541</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10707efb2c8a0005</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10723efb2c8a0021</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1073fefb2c8a003d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1075befb2c8a0059</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10777efb2c8a0075</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10793efb2c8a0091</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107afefb2c8a00ad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107cbefb2c8a00c9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107e7efb2c8a00e5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10803efb2c8a0101</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6c5cc7060a8f2a483b0561</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12307efb2c8a1c05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12323efb2c8a1c21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6d5cc9060a972a583b25a1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6ddcca060a9b2a603b35c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6e5ccb060a9f2a683b45e1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6edccc060aa32a703b5601</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f5ccd060aa72a783b6621</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6fdcce060aab2a803b7641</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01477115e16674d4e7dacac2</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+builddate	1395215320
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215292
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI	Source->SO
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title	Source
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;Source;->idx
+indexstem	Web-Tudor
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	2517823
+numdocs	150
+numsections	150
+stemindexes	7
+subcollectionmap	citizens,monarchs,others,relatives->cm	citizens->ci	monarchs->mo	relatives->re	others->ot
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,600 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01371ab2334fa85c63413933</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01708e9450c45ca1c118dd6e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157ce8f12563b15c09acf31</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01048cb86f86d5e1a3309782</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c0555890d011f8c47192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5d58b2f095f04a321ee7d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01b6b4b0acf85ab93c6c5f7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd8a0b05e9bf41fe28359d1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018ca23021dc0cdbf824e592</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdaa0ae5ebcf3fee49357c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9e41940f594fe21b2a7ccd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH704aa5ee186f0ac9ae7fbd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH016311805c5894048320a34c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6095703497b10345188f6c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH18cc002ed30f680db951c3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3ab4397899845933bb37f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHe0d5b8389c3383653c916e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ff3be41f70dfc0c83668b0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013ee95ca136b7e320400a8d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ae057ca36570b2ebb8626c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01dfef237687bf0134e88e9e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01346c967faef427754dacc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH444986a5947f1f93dd4461</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018bb3389e577e540b31c8e7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011ece88697ed785c02e7622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a73bbd5043ad6b707dfe1e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0132187a4b019d5742a6bdd2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c05599b5c7cfe01bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHff558fa031758e30a02b1d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01329ea865e97888f7dcb1be</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH694cb8bfec0c2da3321f9a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH104f029cc724a2045384df</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01251438e98f926ef093edfa</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01267a30e99b515ef0aa4d7a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH018af2318cbf41644af1cd84</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH29c055aa0c7d7d496bb192</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH7689c5a65ded2f2a97ee0d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5faad9a3db2a4add0dfa3a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e5550c79ba7b8310fade58</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1f6cb2e7565aaa0142a6c0</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0157f87feabc783416248d4b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a0746c297f32e02b8bc63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e88948331181409aab201e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHbf2b3c7e4aa75f202a6f93</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5a57054557398614faa55c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0192fd262ce3b45d11d58e8a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH9c15207cbc6ced4414b44f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d7ce7911a82315bf34c8d2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH011b71775a26d74fef192962</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHd90f48d2e9665396611163</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH5babcd1fbea949f078c430</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf07a4bc5623da32d1b8e11</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019edd59d035237e0e9c4a03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb23f85c09ef213</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb3ff85c09ef22f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb5bf85c09ef24b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb77f85c09ef267</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feeb93f85c09ef283</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebaff85c09ef29f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019ece8feebcbf85c09ef2bb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019f5d5ad035277e169c5a23</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fdd5bd0352b7e1e9c6a43</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a05d5cd0352f7e269c7a63</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a0dd5dd035337e2e9c8a83</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a15d5ed035377e369c9aa3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a1dd5fd0353b7e3e9caac3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a25d60d0353f7e469cbae3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a2dd61d035437e4e9ccb03</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01bfdd9bd0362b801ea07243</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e68a5186626c0f4e8eef14</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01049ab9a58175e2833a5645</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH278cb9be1b4811a33b0c26</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e46681519f37f8a8760f42</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH27a70ce59ec813486d845e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH02f7d3098dd80789eeb0ec</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ad04ada6e97e8f0ae04ea7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1d78ad2eb25b5e7b05f119</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH2d245100e05dfd01bdc269</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012e83f21d0fa1913aff5c90</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6815ffdac32a15841e2fff</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c686dac3b780f66cc74436</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdaa2febb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdac520db219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdae742fb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb09651b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0172bf8eccdb2b873b219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH845f746043a4af83ca5998</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH20231d2f433d4af691239b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH20631d2f433d6af891439d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6b645e6135820f42d5d3d4</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0173cf29888ba0debb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH015e9ea6386857edec159d2e</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c7a19cd2b780f66cc74fe6</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH690ae8278921151e9e29a7</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH017525905f72432afb219c61</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHfda5362c7ed5732b01e622</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHea16bc5da551a21d13a89f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01fd9e47f9ed8572bc1c2789</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb1ec972bc382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb208972bc382da2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH3d9e49bb224972bc382dbe</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01ea53b4a906ce20a5864758</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH411aba1939c9aa833e0f36</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH49ce89d25cca35c039a166</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH4d4789bb1eca6d50382d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf2d1eda94f12b26d69997d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH528790de1ecac150aa5d86</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHf6d1d9e14f32b2af285a7d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH642006539ecbdad801b586</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01cf774f2d407164c30b50d9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHb51bce046c0e5305dedb1f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01d8b7d86d12036f5fb122bd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH012c77d02a2d42eb08c5227c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019fb1f312ebd307a21624e2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee018166253fa4b7b9dc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01037187e8d73031bf360f70</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01274681a7875c3f90e5f588</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01e423c1abddcbf5dfb6f19d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0a6f29d92adaa2aa1a344a</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01c48790ee9421e150a9b032</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01f1c05d719b1a542df1bdc2</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHdee8c1665bb38763b04e6f</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH013c14e9791797c35503f8f5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH42a4d81340217c0b7654eb</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6456a7052a5ec96817c3de</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0144a552cf4079e32cc6d23d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01a98c752d8383e964db71af</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH63abdc8faa71ed542ef5ed</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6bdcc6060a8b2a403af541</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10707efb2c8a0005</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10723efb2c8a0021</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1073fefb2c8a003d</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f1075befb2c8a0059</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10777efb2c8a0075</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10793efb2c8a0091</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107afefb2c8a00ad</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107cbefb2c8a00c9</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f107e7efb2c8a00e5</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f10803efb2c8a0101</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6c5cc7060a8f2a483b0561</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12307efb2c8a1c05</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH0196254f12323efb2c8a1c21</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6d5cc9060a972a583b25a1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6ddcca060a9b2a603b35c1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6e5ccb060a9f2a683b45e1</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6edccc060aa32a703b5601</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6f5ccd060aa72a783b6621</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH6fdcce060aab2a803b7641</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH01477115e16674d4e7dacac2</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">biblio_for_dl_scientometrics.do</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215322_1/pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215322_1/pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215322_1/pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">35935</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">pdf03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Sally Jo Cunningham</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Applications for Bibliometric Research in the Emerging Digital Libraries</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/import</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:09+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">644</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">35935</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">1999:09:27 16:05:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Microsoft Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat PDFWriter 2.0 for Macintosh</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Title">biblio_for_dl_scientometrics.do</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215322</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Applications for Bibliometric Research&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;in the Emerging Digital Libraries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Sally Jo Cunningham&lt;br&gt;
+Department of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;
+University of Waikato&lt;br&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+email:  sallyjo@waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Abstract:&lt;/b&gt;  Large numbers of research documents have recently become available on&lt;br&gt;
+the Internet through  âdigital librariesâ, and these collections are seeing high levels of&lt;br&gt;
+use  by  their  related  research  communities.  A  secondary    use  for  these  document&lt;br&gt;
+repositories and indexes is as a platform for bibliometric research.  We examine the&lt;br&gt;
+extent to which the new digital libraries support conventional bibliometric analysis, and&lt;br&gt;
+discuss  shortcomings  in  their  current  forms.    Interestingly,  these  electronic  text&lt;br&gt;
+archives also provide opportunities for new types of studies:  generally the full text of&lt;br&gt;
+documents are available for analysis, giving a finer grain of insight than abstract-only&lt;br&gt;
+online databases;  these repositories often contain technical reports or pre-prints, the&lt;br&gt;
+âgrey  literatureâ  that  has  been  previously  unavailable  for  analysis;  and  document&lt;br&gt;
+âusageâ  can  be  measured  directly  by  recording  user  accesses,  rather  than  studied&lt;br&gt;
+indirectly through document references.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1.  Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+In recent years a number of &amp;quot;digital libraries&amp;quot; have become available through the&lt;br&gt;
+Internet.  While the technology promises in the future to support large, heterogenous&lt;br&gt;
+collections, at present the most widely used of the academically-focussed digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries are generally repositories of one or two types of document (typically technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports, journal articles, pre-prints, or conference proceedings), grouped by discipline.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A distinguishing characteristic of these digital libraries is that the full text of documents&lt;br&gt;
+are often available for retrieval, as well as bibliographic records.The sciences are&lt;br&gt;
+represented much more heavily in the present crop of digital libraries than the social&lt;br&gt;
+sciences, arts, or humanities. They are maintained by professional societies,&lt;br&gt;
+universities, research laboratories, and even private individuals.  Access is generally&lt;br&gt;
+free, both to search and to download documents.&lt;br&gt;
+The emergence of these subject-specific digital libraries is particularly important&lt;br&gt;
+given the pattern of access to materials presently employed by research scientists.&lt;br&gt;
+Informal exchanges of preprints, reprints, and photocopies of papers passed on by&lt;br&gt;
+colleagues currently are major venues for the transmission of scientific information&lt;br&gt;
+between researchers in the sciences.  In one study, the dependence on these sources&lt;br&gt;
+ranges from 12% (for chemistry)  to 39% (for mathematics) of all papers cited in&lt;br&gt;
+researchers' own publications [11]. A qualitative study of study of how computer&lt;br&gt;
+scientists locate and retrieve documents (computing is one of the domains considered&lt;br&gt;
+later in this paper) indicates that for that field, technical reports and research documents&lt;br&gt;
+found in various locations on the Internet are a preferred source of information [6].&lt;br&gt;
+Many of the digital library systems discussed in this paper are repositories for just this&lt;br&gt;
+type of literature.  The documents tend to be of high quality:  primarily  technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports or working papers from research institutions (both academic and commercial),&lt;br&gt;
+as well as advance copies of work accepted for publication in conventional paper&lt;br&gt;
+journals. Moreover, these digital libraries are also coming to include refereed work&lt;br&gt;
+published digitally (in electronic journals).  Anecdotal evidence suggests that in their&lt;br&gt;
+fields, these digital libraries are coming to be the resource of choice for locating cutting&lt;br&gt;
+edge work.&lt;br&gt;
+For specialized subjects such as high energy physics, this dependence on&lt;br&gt;
+informal or extra-library dissemination can be much higher. Ginsparg ([9], [10])&lt;br&gt;
+reports that fields in physics have traditionally relied heavily on preprint exchanges, and&lt;br&gt;
+the digital repositories of physics preprints begun in 1991 (the PHYSICS E-PRINT&lt;br&gt;
+ARCHIVES) have to a large extent supplanted conventional publishing and physical&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=3&gt;&lt;/a&gt;paper mailing of technical reports.  By providing ready access to information sources&lt;br&gt;
+that are already preferentially utilized by scientists, the digital libraries show potential to&lt;br&gt;
+increase access to information that until recently was expensive or difficult to acquire in&lt;br&gt;
+paper form.  Indeed, in some fields (most notably physics) this process has already&lt;br&gt;
+begun, as researchers in less developed countries report access to ongoing research&lt;br&gt;
+through the Internet repositories that their local libraries could not afford to acquire&lt;br&gt;
+through conventional journal subscriptions ([9], [10]).&lt;br&gt;
+The primary use for new bibliographic resources is, of course, for the contents&lt;br&gt;
+of the documents involved.  A secondary use for emerging resources is as a basis for&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric analysis of the subject field.  With the conventionally published scientific&lt;br&gt;
+literature, the sheer difficulty of accumulating statistics discouraged bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+research until the advent of large bibliographic databases in the 1960's. Computerized&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases sparked a significant increase in the number of large-scale&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic studies, as significant portions of the collection and analysis of data could&lt;br&gt;
+be automated ([12], [13]).  The availability of CD-ROM versions of bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+databases has been of particular importance, since they provide a cheaper alternative to&lt;br&gt;
+the online commercial databases [3].&lt;br&gt;
+These computerized bibliographic resources have drawbacks, however.  The&lt;br&gt;
+greatest is that the full text of documents are rarely available, and even abstracts are not&lt;br&gt;
+always present.  This obviously limits the types of bibliometric research that can be&lt;br&gt;
+conducted &lt;i&gt;solely&lt;/i&gt; through these databases.  In addition, these databases are generally&lt;br&gt;
+limited to formally published documents (those appearing in selected books, journals,&lt;br&gt;
+and conference proceedings).  The &amp;quot;grey literature&amp;quot; of technical reports, pre-prints, and&lt;br&gt;
+other works not formally published are largely ignored, and it is this absence of easy&lt;br&gt;
+access to these documents that has hampered the analysis of these important forms of&lt;br&gt;
+scientific communication.&lt;br&gt;
+The digital libraries currently in existence complement the online and CD-ROM&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases.  They are best suited for examinations of the &amp;quot;physical&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+characteristics of documents (for example, document length), analysis based on&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=4&gt;&lt;/a&gt;bibliographic information that can be automatically extracted from the document text or&lt;br&gt;
+the sometimes unevenly formatted bibliographic records (such as obsolescence&lt;br&gt;
+studies),  and usage studies (geographic or institutional origin of users, date/time of&lt;br&gt;
+access, individual patterns of document retrieval, etc.).  Because  references are present&lt;br&gt;
+in the document file but not identified by field, co-citation and bibliographic coupling&lt;br&gt;
+research is not well-supported, and conducting these studies requires considerable&lt;br&gt;
+effort on the part of the researcher.&lt;br&gt;
+The variety of bibliographic repositories in the available digital libraries in itself&lt;br&gt;
+has great potential in conducting bibliometric research.  Sigogneau et al [15] present a&lt;br&gt;
+case study illustrating the ways in which the strengths of different databases can be&lt;br&gt;
+played off each other; they conduct a fine-grained analysis of the emergence of research&lt;br&gt;
+fronts in molecular and cellular biology, and demonstrate that the observations gleaned&lt;br&gt;
+from two complementary bibliographic databases provide greater insight into their&lt;br&gt;
+problem. Similarly, it appears that  the types of bibliographic data that can be gleaned&lt;br&gt;
+from the relatively unstructured digital libraries can be profitably combined with data&lt;br&gt;
+from online databases, CD-ROMS, and other more conventional bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+resources.&lt;br&gt;
+This paper is organized as follows:  Section 2 discusses the types of indexing&lt;br&gt;
+and searching available with current digital libraries; Section 3 gives examples of&lt;br&gt;
+conventional bibliometric techniques applied to Internet-accessible archives; Section 4&lt;br&gt;
+discusses opportunities to directly measure usage of documents and to detect&lt;br&gt;
+information-seeking patterns in researchers; and Section 5 presents our conclusions.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;2.  Indexing and searching in current digital libraries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+At present, the types of indexing fields for most academically-oriented digital&lt;br&gt;
+library systems are limited.  Many schemes index on user-supplied document&lt;br&gt;
+descriptions, abstracts, or similar document surrogates (for example, the PHYSICS E-&lt;br&gt;
+PRINT ARCHIVE [10], a collection of physics pre-prints and technical reports). As will&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=5&gt;&lt;/a&gt;be discussed below, the quality of this user-provided data can be highly variable, and&lt;br&gt;
+may unfavorably impact the usefulness of the index for searching. Alternatively, a&lt;br&gt;
+designated site librarian may maintain a catalog (eg, the WATERS [14] system, now&lt;br&gt;
+subsumed by NCSTRL (http://www.ncstrl.org/), both primarily collections of&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical reports);  in this case the quality of the bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+information may be expedited to be higher, but fewer sites will be likely to support&lt;br&gt;
+such a librarian and therefore fewer documents are likely to be included in the digital&lt;br&gt;
+library. In a âharvestingâ system such as the computer science technical report&lt;br&gt;
+collections supported by HARVEST  [2] or the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical report collection ([16], [17]), documents are indexed from&lt;br&gt;
+passive repositories (that may not even be aware that their documents are being&lt;br&gt;
+included in the digital library). Harvesting systems therefore cannot rely on the&lt;br&gt;
+presence of bibliographic data of any sort.&lt;br&gt;
+Because of the relative paucity of high-quality bibliographic data available to&lt;br&gt;
+many of the current academically- or research-focussed digital library collections, their&lt;br&gt;
+search interfaces tend to be more primitive than those ordinarily found in online&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases or library catalogs.  Systems such as NCSTRL can support&lt;br&gt;
+author, title, and subject searching, but  this more sophisticated search functionality&lt;br&gt;
+comes at the expense of requiring participating repositories to use specific software.  As&lt;br&gt;
+a consequence, these latter systems may provide access to a small number of sites than&lt;br&gt;
+harvesting systems. Harvesters may access a broader range of providers, but at the&lt;br&gt;
+penalty of being limited to unfielded, keyword searches over the raw text of the&lt;br&gt;
+document or document surrogate.&lt;br&gt;
+Specifically, the indexing in existing digital libraries has a variety of shortcomings for&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric applications:&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;lack of fielded indexing:&lt;/i&gt;   As noted above, some large and widely used digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries (such as the computer science technical report collection of the  NEW&lt;br&gt;
+ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY) may lack formal cataloging entirely, and rely on&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=6&gt;&lt;/a&gt;keyword searching over the raw document text. Obviously this  makes  field-&lt;br&gt;
+dependent analysis more difficult (for example, locating documents produced by&lt;br&gt;
+specific authors), and in the worst case my require a manual examination of all&lt;br&gt;
+files in the collection in order to reliably identify a desired document subset.&lt;br&gt;
+However, keyword search techniques that approximate fielded searching results&lt;br&gt;
+may suffice:  for example in the  NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY computer&lt;br&gt;
+science technical report collection,  limiting the keyword search for âJohnsonâ&lt;br&gt;
+to a search of first pages only is likely to retrieve documents written by Johnson&lt;br&gt;
+(since for the  majority  of  computer  science  technical  reports,  the  first  page&lt;br&gt;
+contains little more than author, title, date, and institution details).&lt;br&gt;
+A more principled  approach to extracting bibliographic information is embodied&lt;br&gt;
+in  the  CiteSeer  tool  [1].  This  software  parses  raw,  unfielded  academic&lt;br&gt;
+documents and attempts to identify such indexing information as author, title,&lt;br&gt;
+reference list, etc. Obviously such a tool cannot attain 100% accuracy over a&lt;br&gt;
+heterogenous document collection, but in practice it appears useful in that it can&lt;br&gt;
+make a good first pass in processing a set of documents, providing an initial set&lt;br&gt;
+of parsed documents for analysis. The remaining (presumably much smaller) set&lt;br&gt;
+of unparsable documents can then be dealt with manually.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;lack of consistency in field formatting:&lt;/i&gt;  Current digital libraries usually acquire&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic  information  from  either  the  authors  of  submitted  articles  or&lt;br&gt;
+automatic extraction routines (retrieving bibliographic details from catalog files&lt;br&gt;
+that may or may not be in a given document site, and that may or may not be in&lt;br&gt;
+an  easily  parsable  form).  Neither  of  these  methods  produce  records  with&lt;br&gt;
+standard  formatting,  which  causes  problems  with  automated  bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+analysis.   Consider the following examples selected from entries in the hep-th&lt;br&gt;
+(high energy physics) collection of the PHYSICS E-PRINT ARCHIVES:&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=7&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(i)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: A. Yu. Alekseev, V. Schomerus&lt;br&gt;
+(ii)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: Adel Bilal and Ian. I. Kogan&lt;br&gt;
+(iii)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: Paul S. Aspinwall and David R. Morrison (with an appendix &lt;br&gt;
+by Mark Gross)&lt;br&gt;
+(iv)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: A. H. Chamseddine and Herbi Dreiner (ETH-Zurich)&lt;br&gt;
+In this case, typical for existing digital libraries, there is no standardized format&lt;br&gt;
+for authors' names (here, appearing with full names, initials plus last name, and&lt;br&gt;
+a mixture of  the  two);  no  standard  convention  for  separating  author  names&lt;br&gt;
+(here, either a comma or &amp;quot;and&amp;quot; are  used);  and  parenthetical  information  can&lt;br&gt;
+include a variety of information such as the name of an associate author or the&lt;br&gt;
+institutional affiliations of an author.  Manual processing or specially  crafted&lt;br&gt;
+software would be required to reformat these fields for analysis.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;duplicate entries: &lt;/i&gt; Digital libraries that draw documents from a variety of sources&lt;br&gt;
+may  inadvertently  contain  duplicate  items.    Unfortunately,  the  irregular&lt;br&gt;
+formatting of the bibliographic information makes it difficult to  automatically&lt;br&gt;
+detect these duplicates.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;implicit field tagging:&lt;/i&gt;  In some repositories, items are not explicitly tagged with&lt;br&gt;
+certain  types  of  information  â  most  commonly  the  document's  date  of&lt;br&gt;
+publication or production.  Instead, the date is implicit in the document's title&lt;br&gt;
+(eg, its numeration in a technical report series) or in the location of the document&lt;br&gt;
+in the file structure of the repository  (eg,  separate  directories  exist  for  each&lt;br&gt;
+year).  A second common piece of  implicit  data  is  the  authorsâ  institutional&lt;br&gt;
+affiliations.  This may be contained in the document itself (typically on a cover&lt;br&gt;
+page),  or  may  be  implicit  in  the  documentâs  location  (for  example,  a&lt;br&gt;
+corporationâs technical reports are stored in its ftp repository).  Again, in these&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=8&gt;&lt;/a&gt;cases  special  processing  is  required  to  append  this  field  information  to  a&lt;br&gt;
+document record for bibliometric analysis.  &lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;extraction of document text:&lt;/i&gt;  Few of  the  documents  stored  in  the  research-&lt;br&gt;
+oriented digital libraries discussed in this paper are straight ascii text; instead,&lt;br&gt;
+documents may appear in a variety of file formats, such as LaTeX, PostScript,&lt;br&gt;
+PDF, etc.  If the contents of the documents are to be automatically processed&lt;br&gt;
+(for  example,  to  count  the  words  in  a  document,  or  to  extract  reference&lt;br&gt;
+publication dates for an obsolescence study), then the text must be extracted.&lt;br&gt;
+Utilities are available to convert most common document formats to ascii.&lt;br&gt;
+It is likely that many of these problems will be addressed as the Internet-based&lt;br&gt;
+document indexing systems mature.  Even minor changes can greatly increase the&lt;br&gt;
+useability of a bibliographic database for bibliometric research.  For example, the&lt;br&gt;
+addition of an explicit date tag to many online databases in 1975 sparked new&lt;br&gt;
+applications in time series research [3].&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;3.  Opportunities for applications of bibliometric techniques&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+One type of bibliometric research concentrates on quantifying fundamental,&lt;br&gt;
+structural details about a subject literature:  how many items are published, how many&lt;br&gt;
+authors are publishing, over what time period documents are likely to be used, etc.&lt;br&gt;
+More complex studies analyze the relationships between documents, such as how&lt;br&gt;
+documents cluster into subjects.  The following examples give a flavour of the&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric research that is possible using the emerging digital libraries:&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;examining the âphysicalâ characteristics of archived documents&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+One relatively straightforward type of bibliometric study characterizes the&lt;br&gt;
+formats of different literatures.   For example, Figure 1 presents a the range of the size&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=9&gt;&lt;/a&gt;of computer science technical reports as measured by their length in pages.   Of the&lt;br&gt;
+45,720 documents in the CSTR collection as of April 1998, nearly 1600 did not contain&lt;br&gt;
+page divisions in their files (and hence are excluded from analysis). Note that the&lt;br&gt;
+number of pages in the shorter documents (&amp;lt;50 pages) falls into an approximately&lt;br&gt;
+normal distribution (slightly skewed to the left), while presumably the longer&lt;br&gt;
+documents represent Mastersâ and Doctoral theses. A surprising number of documents&lt;br&gt;
+are very short (between one and 5 pages); these may represent the type of condensed&lt;br&gt;
+results frequently found in the âtechnical notesâ, âshort papersâ, and âposter sessionsâ&lt;br&gt;
+of computing conferences and journals. The average number of pages per document,&lt;br&gt;
+27.5, appears to be slightly longer than the common upper bound for a computing&lt;br&gt;
+journal article, although this observation must be confirmed by a similar study of the&lt;br&gt;
+lengths of formally published computing articles.&lt;br&gt;
+This type of analysis is of particular interest for technical reports, since they&lt;br&gt;
+have not been studied in the same detail as formally published papers.  A comparison of&lt;br&gt;
+the physical characteristics of the formal and informal literature could provide&lt;br&gt;
+supporting evidence for common beliefs about the relationship between the two types&lt;br&gt;
+of documents. For example,  do publishing constraints force journal and proceedings&lt;br&gt;
+articles to be shorter than technical reports, and therefore presumably omit technical&lt;br&gt;
+details of findings?  Do technical reports contain more/less extensive reference sections?&lt;br&gt;
+If reference sections of technical reports are longer than those of published articles, then&lt;br&gt;
+citation links are being ommitted in published works; if technical reports contain fewer&lt;br&gt;
+references, then this may confirm earlier indications that computer scientists tend to&lt;br&gt;
+âresearch firstâ and do literature surveys later [6].&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 1.  Range of sizes of CS technical reports, measured by number of pages&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;obsolescence studies.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+A document is considered obsolete when it is no longer referenced by the&lt;br&gt;
+current literature. Typically, documents receive their greatest number and frequency of&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=10&gt;&lt;/a&gt;citations immediately after publication, and the frequency of citation falls rapidly as time&lt;br&gt;
+passes. One technique for estimating the obsolescence rate of a body of  literatureâ the&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;synchronous&lt;/i&gt; method â  is to find the median date in the references of the documents.&lt;br&gt;
+This median date is subtracted from the year of publication for the documents, yielding&lt;br&gt;
+the &lt;i&gt;median citation age&lt;/i&gt;.  As would be expected, this median varies between the&lt;br&gt;
+disciplines.  Typically the social sciences and arts have a higher median citation age&lt;br&gt;
+than the âhardâ sciences and engineering, indicating that documents obsolesce more&lt;br&gt;
+quickly for the latter fields.&lt;br&gt;
+As noted in Section 2, references are not generally explicitly tagged in existing&lt;br&gt;
+digital repositories.  However, reference dates can usually be extracted from the&lt;br&gt;
+document text by first locating the reference section (usually delimited by a &amp;quot;references&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+or &amp;quot;bibliography&amp;quot; section heading), and then extracting all numbers in the appropriate&lt;br&gt;
+ranges for dates  for the field under study.&lt;br&gt;
+To illustrate this process, 188 technical reports were sampled from Internet-&lt;br&gt;
+accessible repositories1 and used as source documents for a synchronous obsolescence&lt;br&gt;
+study.  Conveniently, the repositories chosen organize technical reports into sub-&lt;br&gt;
+directories by their date of publication.  The reference dates for each technical report&lt;br&gt;
+were automatically extracted by software that scanned the documentâs file for numbers&lt;br&gt;
+of the form 19XX, since previous studies indicate that few if any computing reports&lt;br&gt;
+reference documents published in previous centuries [5].  Table 1 presents the median&lt;br&gt;
+citation age calculated for these documents, broken down by repository and the year of&lt;br&gt;
+publication for the source documents from which the reference dates were extracted:&lt;br&gt;
+Table 1.  Median citation ages for technical report repositories&lt;br&gt;
+The median citation age ranges between 2 and 4 years, which is consistent with&lt;br&gt;
+previous examinations of computing and information systems literature ([5], [4]).&lt;br&gt;
+When graphed, the distribution of reference dates show the exponential curve typically&lt;br&gt;
+found in obsolescence studies, including the final droop due to an âimmediacy effectâ&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=11&gt;&lt;/a&gt;as fewer very new documents are available for citation [7].  These types of results&lt;br&gt;
+provide confirmation that references used in computer science technical reports (the pre-&lt;br&gt;
+eminent âgrey literatureâ of  the computing field) conforms to the same patterns as&lt;br&gt;
+references found in the formally published literature.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;co-citation and bibliographic coupling studies&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The rate at which documents cite each other (co-citation) or cite the same&lt;br&gt;
+documents (bibliographic coupling) can be used to produce &amp;quot;maps&amp;quot; of a subject&lt;br&gt;
+literature.  These techniques rely on analysis of the references of documents, and these&lt;br&gt;
+references must be in a common format.  While digital libraries contain full text of&lt;br&gt;
+documents, their references are not standardized, and indeed are not  even tagged as&lt;br&gt;
+such.  To perform these studies the references must be manually extracted and&lt;br&gt;
+processedâa tedious process that is only worthwhile for documents (such as technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports) that are not included in existing citation databases such as the Science Citation&lt;br&gt;
+Index and Social Science Citation Index.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;detecting cycles or regularities in the rate of production of research&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Analysis of trends in the production of technical reports can give indications&lt;br&gt;
+about working conditions that affect research; for example, is more research produced&lt;br&gt;
+over the summer, when the teaching load is lighter?  or is research steadily produced&lt;br&gt;
+throughout the year?&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 2.  Distribution of the number of documents submitted to hep-th, 1992-1994&lt;br&gt;
+Figures 2 and 3 present statistics on document accumulation in the hep-th (high&lt;br&gt;
+energy physics) e-print server, a part of the PHYSICS E-PRINT ARCHIVE.  This system&lt;br&gt;
+is one of the oldest formal pre-print archives, and has become the primary means for&lt;br&gt;
+information dissemination in its field.  Examination of these figures reveals several&lt;br&gt;
+trends.  Clearly the absolute number of documents deposited in the repository has&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=12&gt;&lt;/a&gt;tended to increase over the time period.  For all three years, research production has its&lt;br&gt;
+lowest point in January and February, increases through May and June, then decreases&lt;br&gt;
+until August and September.  At that point the rate of production steps up, reaching a&lt;br&gt;
+yearly peak in November and December.  This pattern is less clear for 1992, which&lt;br&gt;
+might be expected as the archive was established in mid-1991.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 3.  Distribution of the percentage of documents submitted to hep-th, 1992-1994&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;4.  Analysis of usage data&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The emerging Internet-based digital libraries will permit research on scientific&lt;br&gt;
+information collection and use at a much finer grain than is possible with current paper&lt;br&gt;
+libraries or online bibliographic databases.  Current bibliometric or scientometric&lt;br&gt;
+research of this type must measure information use indirectly â for example,  through&lt;br&gt;
+examination of the list of references appended to published articles.  However, it is well&lt;br&gt;
+known that authors do not necessarily include in the reference list all documents that&lt;br&gt;
+could have been cited, and conversely that not all references listed may have been&lt;br&gt;
+actually âusedâ in performing the research; citation behavior can be affected by a&lt;br&gt;
+number of motivating factors (Garfield lists &lt;i&gt;15&lt;/i&gt; possible reasons in [8]).&lt;br&gt;
+Digital library transaction logs provide a powerful tool for direct analysis of&lt;br&gt;
+document âusageâ: since  digital libraries contain the actual document (rather than only a&lt;br&gt;
+document surrogate), the relative amount of âuseâ that a digital libraryâs clients make of&lt;br&gt;
+a given document sees can be estimated from the number of times the document file is&lt;br&gt;
+downloaded (and, presumably, the document is read). Note that file downloading is a&lt;br&gt;
+much stronger statement on the part of the user than, for example, having a&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic record appear in the query result set for a conventional bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+system; the user downloads only &lt;i&gt;after&lt;/i&gt; the document has been found potentially relevant&lt;br&gt;
+through examination of its document surrogate. Additionally,  downloading is&lt;br&gt;
+frequently time-consuming  and sometimes costly (depending on local pricing for&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=13&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Internet access). Downloaded documents are therefore highly likely at least to be&lt;br&gt;
+scanned, if not read closely.  The transaction logs for a digital library can provide a&lt;br&gt;
+global picture of the use of documents in the collection, since all user interactions with&lt;br&gt;
+the library can be automatically logged  for analysis. By contrast, it is of course&lt;br&gt;
+impossible to track usage of print bibliographies, and very difficult to monitor usage of&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic data available on CD-ROM across more than one or two sites.&lt;br&gt;
+Furthermore, analysis of search requests by geographic location, institution,&lt;br&gt;
+and sometimes even individual user are also possible.  As an example, Table 2 presents&lt;br&gt;
+a portion of the summary of usage statistics (broken down by domain code) for queries&lt;br&gt;
+to the computer science technical collection of the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY.&lt;br&gt;
+Examination of the data indicates that the heaviest use of the collection comes from&lt;br&gt;
+North America, Europe (particularly Germany and Finland), as well as the local New&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand community and nearby Australia.  As expected for such a collection, a large&lt;br&gt;
+proportion of users are from educational (.edu) institutions; surprisingly, however, a&lt;br&gt;
+similar number of queries come from commercial (.com) organizations, indicating&lt;br&gt;
+perhaps that the documents are seeing use in commercial research and development&lt;br&gt;
+units.&lt;br&gt;
+Table 2. Accesses to the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY CS collection  by Domain&lt;br&gt;Code&lt;br&gt;
+Of course, usage levels can also be further broken down by IP number&lt;br&gt;
+(indicating  institutions), and systems requiring users to register may also be able to&lt;br&gt;
+analyze usage on an individual basis. Since the query strings themselves are also&lt;br&gt;
+recorded in the transaction logs, this domain/institution/individual activity could also be&lt;br&gt;
+linked to specific subjects through the query terms.  Summaries of this type could be&lt;br&gt;
+invaluable for studies of geographic diffusion and distribution of research topics.&lt;br&gt;
+Transaction log analysis can also indicate time-related  patterns in the&lt;br&gt;
+information seeking behavior of digital library users.   As a sample of this type of&lt;br&gt;
+analysis,  Paul Ginsparg notes a seven day periodicity in the number of search requests&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=14&gt;&lt;/a&gt;made to the PHYSICS E-PRINT archives (Figure 4, reproduced from [9]).  From this he&lt;br&gt;
+adduces that many physicists do not yet have weekend access to the Internet (an&lt;br&gt;
+alternative, slightly more cynical hypothesis is that even high energy theoretical&lt;br&gt;
+physicists take the weekend off).&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 4.  Summary of search requests to the physics pre-print archives&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;5.  Conclusion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+This study suggests opportunities for conducting bibliometric research on the&lt;br&gt;
+evolving digital libraries.  These repositories are suitable platforms for conventional&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric techniques (such as obsolescence studies, quantification of physical&lt;br&gt;
+characteristics of documents comprising a subject literature, time analysis, etc.).  The&lt;br&gt;
+ability to directly monitor access to documents in digital libraries also enables&lt;br&gt;
+researchers to explicitly quantify document usage, as well as to implicitly measure&lt;br&gt;
+usage through citations.  Additional facilities could aid in the performance of&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic experiments, such as: improved tagging of document fields; provision of&lt;br&gt;
+utilities to strip out titles, authors, etc. from common document formats; and the ability&lt;br&gt;
+to easily eliminate duplicate entries from downloaded library subsets.  Unfortunately,&lt;br&gt;
+the most useful of these additional facilities â those associated with a higher degree of&lt;br&gt;
+cataloging â run counter to the underlying philosophy of many digital libraries:  to&lt;br&gt;
+avoid, if possible,  manual processing and formal cataloging of documents.   While&lt;br&gt;
+adherence to this principle can limit the accuracy of fielded searching (or indeed,&lt;br&gt;
+preclude it altogether), it can also avoid the cataloging bottleneck and permit digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries to provide access to larger numbers of documents.&lt;br&gt;
+The digital libraries complement the information currently available through&lt;br&gt;
+paper, online, and CD-ROM bibliographic resources.  While these latter databases&lt;br&gt;
+generally have the advantage of standardized formatting of bibliographic fields, the&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries are freely accessible, often contain &amp;quot;grey literature&amp;quot; that is otherwise&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=15&gt;&lt;/a&gt;unavailable for analysis, and generally make the full text of documents available.  The&lt;br&gt;
+insights gained from analysis of digital libraries will add to the store of &amp;quot;information&lt;br&gt;
+about information&amp;quot; that we have gained from older types of bibliographic repositories.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+[1] Bollacker, K.D., S. Lawrence, and C.L.Giles, CiteSeer: An Autonomous Web&lt;br&gt;
+Agent for Automatic  Retrieval  and  Identification  of  Interesting  Publications,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the Second International Conference  on  Autonomous  Agents&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+(Minneapolis/St. Paul, May 9-13), 1998.&lt;br&gt;
+[2] Bowman, C.M., P.B. Danzig, U. Manber,  and M.F. Schwartz,  Scalable Internet&lt;br&gt;
+resource discovery:  Research problems and approaches,  &lt;i&gt;Communications of&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;the ACM 37(8)&lt;/i&gt;  (1994)  98-107.&lt;br&gt;
+[3] Burton, Hilary D. , Use of a virtual information system for bibliometric analysis,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Informaton Processing &amp;amp; Management 24(1)&lt;/i&gt;  (1988) 39-44.&lt;br&gt;
+[4] Cunningham, S.J., An empirical investigation of the obsolescence rate for&lt;br&gt;
+information systems literature, &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Research&lt;/i&gt;., 1996, http://library.fgcu.edu/iclc/lisrissu.htm&lt;br&gt;
+ [5]  Cunningham,  S.J.,  and  D.  Bocock,    Obsolescence  of  computing  literature.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt;  &lt;i&gt;34(2) &lt;/i&gt; (1995), pp. 255-262.&lt;br&gt;
+ [6] Cunningham, S.J. and Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Information searching&lt;br&gt;
+preferences and practices of computer science researchers, &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;OZCHI '96&lt;/i&gt; (1996)  294-299.&lt;br&gt;
+[7] de Solla Price, D.J.,  Citation measures of hard science, soft science, technology,&lt;br&gt;
+and nonscience.  In: C.E. Nelson  and  D.K.  Pollock  (eds),  &lt;i&gt;Communication&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;among scientists and engineers&lt;/i&gt;  (Heath Lexington, 1970).&lt;br&gt;
+[8]  Garfield, E., &lt;i&gt;Citation Indexing:  Its theory and application in Science, Technology&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;and Humanities (&lt;/i&gt;Wiley, 1979).&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=16&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[9]  Ginsparg, P.  After dinner remarks:  14 Oct â94 APS meeting at LANL, 1994&lt;br&gt;
+(&amp;lt;URL: http://xxx.lanl.gov/blurb&amp;gt; ).&lt;br&gt;
+[10] Ginsparg, P., First steps towards electronic research communication, &lt;i&gt;Computers&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;in Physics 8(4)&lt;/i&gt; (1994)  390-401.  &lt;br&gt;
+[11] Hallmark,  J., Scientists' access and retrieval of references cited in their recent&lt;br&gt;
+journal articles, &lt;i&gt; College and Research Libraries 55(3)&lt;/i&gt;  (1994) 199-210.&lt;br&gt;
+[12] Hawkins, D.T. , Unconventional uses of on-line information retrieval systems:&lt;br&gt;
+on-line bibliometric studies,  &lt;i&gt;Journal of the American Society for Information&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Science 28&lt;/i&gt;  (1977)  13-18.&lt;br&gt;
+[13] McGhee, P.E. , P.R. Skinner, K. Roberto,  N.J. Ridenour,  and S.M. Larson,&lt;br&gt;
+Using online databases to study current research trends:  an online bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+study, &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science Research 9&lt;/i&gt;  (1987)   285-291.&lt;br&gt;
+[14] Maly, K., E.A. Fox,  J.C. French,  and A.L. Selman,  Wide area technical report&lt;br&gt;
+server    (&lt;i&gt;Technical    Report  ,  &lt;/i&gt;  Dept.  of  Computer  Science,  Old  Dominion&lt;br&gt;
+University, &lt;br&gt;
+1994. &lt;br&gt;
+Also &lt;br&gt;
+available &lt;br&gt;
+at &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;URL:&lt;br&gt;
+http://www.cs.odu.edu/WATERS/WATERS-paper.ps&amp;gt; ).&lt;br&gt;
+[15] Sigogneau, M.J. , S. Bain, J.P. Courtial, and H. Feillet,  Scientific innovation in&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographical databases:  a comparative study of the Science Citation Index&lt;br&gt;
+and the Pascal database,  &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics 22(1)&lt;/i&gt;   (1991)  65-82.&lt;br&gt;
+[16] Witten, I.H., S.J. Cunningham, M. Vallabh,  and T.C. Bell,  A New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+digital library for computer science research,  &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of Digital Libraries&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;'95&lt;/i&gt; (1995) 25-30.&lt;br&gt;
+[17]  Witten, I.H., C. Nevill-Manning, and S.J. Cunningham, A public library based&lt;br&gt;
+on full-text retrieval, &lt;i&gt;Communications of the ACM&lt;/i&gt; 41(4), 1998, p. 71&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=17&gt;&lt;/a&gt;                                    &lt;br&gt;
+1Documents were randomly sampled from the DEC&lt;br&gt;
+(ftp://crl.dec.com/pub/DEC/CRL/tech-reports/), Sony&lt;br&gt;
+(ftp://ftp.csl.sony.co.jp/CSL/CSL-Papers), and Ohio (ftp://archive.cis.ohio-&lt;br&gt;
+state.edu/pub/tech-report/) technical report repositories&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASH0791.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASH0791.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASH0791.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Authorship patterns in Information Systems</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215322_2/rtf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215322_2/rtf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/rtf01.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215322_2/rtf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">rtf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">rtf01.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">rtf01.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">RTFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">144917</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">rtf01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">RTF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconrtf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Sally Jo Cunningham</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Stuart M. Dillon</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH079154443e2ecce7bb4208</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215322</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0791.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.rtf:application/rtf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;b&gt;Authorship patterns in  Information
+Systems&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Sally Jo Cunningham and Stuart M. Dillon&lt;p&gt;
+Department of Computer Science&lt;p&gt;
+University of Waikato&lt;p&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;p&gt;
+email:  sallyjo@waikato.ac.nz&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Abstract:&lt;/b&gt; This paper examines the patterns of multiple authorship in
+five information systems journals. Specifically, we determine the distribution
+of the number of authors per paper in this field, the proportion of male and
+female authors,  gender composition of research teams, and the incidence of
+collaborative relationships spanning institutional affiliations and across
+different geographic regions.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1.  Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+In his seminal work &lt;i&gt;Little Science, Big Science&lt;/i&gt; [16], Derek J. De Solla
+Price drew attention to the 20th century trend of increasing team work in
+scientific research and co-authorship in publicationÂmaking a
+tongue-in-cheek prediction that &quot;by 1980 the single author paper will be
+extinct&quot;, and that scientific collaboration would continue to increase so that
+scholarly publications would &quot;move steadily toward an infinity of authors per
+paper&quot; (p. 89). &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Since 1963, Price's conjectures have been measured and, to a large extent,
+verified, for a number of domains in the social sciences, arts, and physical
+sciences.  Characteristics of collaboration in research have been examined in a
+number of ways:  for example,  through bibliographic analysis of readily
+quantifiable variables such as the rate of co-authorship and mean number of
+co-authors per document (for an overview of this type of research, see [10]);
+through studies of the social organizations that support collaboration in
+particular and research in general (such as the ground-breaking work of Crane
+[6]); and by ethnographic descriptions of the patterns of behavior employed by
+researchers in finding collaborators, organizing the research tasks, and
+composing the written documentation of the work (for example, the examination
+of the philosophy research process presented in [19]).&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+This paper examines authorship patterns in the field of Information Systems
+(IS).  IS is a relatively young discipline, an interdisciplinary field at the
+conjunction of computer science, management, and the social sciences.  It
+concerns itself primarily managerial, and &quot;people&quot; issues that support
+information management (primarily in an organizational context), and to a
+lesser extent with hardware and software issues. Perhaps because it is an
+emerging, interdisciplinary field, IS has been the focus of few
+bibliometric/scientometric studies. The present work uses bibliometric
+techniques to examine the extent of collaborative authorship in the field, the
+geographic distribution of co-authors, and gender patterns in publication and
+collaboration.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;2.  Methodology&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+The journals and time periods examined for this study are listed in Table 1.
+Journal articles, rather than books or technical reports, were chosen for
+analysis because the journal is the primary source of information in IS, making
+up the bulk of documents cited [7]. Five journals were selected for study,
+based on the criteria that they well known internationally, cover a relatively
+broad set of topics in the IS field,  have author information available, and
+are published in the English language. It should be noted, however, that the
+journals selected tend to the management end of IS.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+Journal title                              abbreviation      years         
+Journal of Systems Management              JSM               1989-1995     
+Information Systems Research               ISR               1990-1995     
+Strategic Information Systems              SIS               1991-1995     
+Management Information Systems Quarterly   MISQ              1989-1995     
+Decision Support Systems                   DSS               1989-1995     
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 1. Journals analyzed in this study&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The following definitions and guidelines were used in gathering data from the
+five journals:&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·author:  All individuals identified as authors in the heading of the
+paper were included, and counted equally.  Some journal volumes apparently
+enforced an alphabetic name ordering on authors, while other journalsÂor
+even other volumes of the same journalÂdid not; for this reason we did not
+attempt to record the rank orderings of authors. Only personal (rather than
+corporate) authors were included in this study.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·article:  All refereed papers from each issue of each journal were
+considered for inclusion in the study. All other articles (book reviews,
+editorials, letters to the editor, reports of conferences, etc.) were excluded.
+While all refereed articles were included in the examination of co-authorship
+rates, some of these papers were omitted from the remainder of the study
+because the gender and/or the affiliation of one or more authors could not be
+determined.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·gender:  Where possible, the gender of an author was determined from
+the author's biography or picture.  If this information was not available or
+was inconclusive, the gender was inferred from the author's personal name(s).
+If any doubt remained for any co-author of an article (that is, if the author
+was listed only by initials or had an ambiguous personal name), then that
+article was omitted from the study of author gender.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·institution:  For co-authored articles, we noted whether or not all
+authors were affiliated with the same institution (generally a university or
+company).  A single institution could have more than one physical location.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·geographic area:  Co-authored articles were examined to determine
+whether all authors' institutions are from the same geographic region. This
+somewhat subjective category was defined as follows:  for highly populated and
+physically large countries such as the United States, authors were considered
+to be from the same region if their institution were located in the same or
+adjacent states; for lightly populated or physically compact countries (such as
+New Zealand or the Netherlands, respectively), the entire country was
+considered to be a single geographic region.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;3.  Results&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+This section discusses the amount of collaboration in publishing, the
+geographic/institutional spread of co-author affiliation, and the gender of
+authors in the IS literature.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;degree of collaborative authorship&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Tables 2Â4 summarize authorship collaboration in IS. Approximately 38% of
+the articles have a single author; the majority of he papers are co-authored,
+with two or three authors (Table 2). The maximum number of authors for a single
+paper was six, found in a vanishingly small minority of the articles (less than
+0.5%).  Viewed strictly in terms of the percentage of co-authored papers (Table
+3), it is readily apparent that co-authorship is the norm for all journals,
+over the entire period of study.  The journal with the smallest degree of
+co-authorship, the &lt;i&gt;Journal of Systems Management&lt;/i&gt; (JSM), saw its
+percentage of collaboratively written articles rise from approximately
+one-third to one-half; the remainder of the journals have a co-authorship rate
+ranging from 40% to 100%. The percentage of co-authored papers has risen
+slightly between 1989 and 1995 in four of the five journalsÂperhaps
+reflecting the trend to increased co-authorship reported in other fields, as
+the subjects matured  [3].&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+number of        number of          percentage     
+authors          articles                          
+1                368                37.74%         
+2                391                40.10%         
+3                171                17.54%         
+4                37                 3.80%          
+5                4                  0.41%          
+6                4                  0.41%          
+Total            975                100.00%        
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 2.  Distribution of number of co-authors per paper&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+            JSM         ISR         SIS         MISQ        DSS         average     
+1989        36%                                 68%         73%         59%         
+1990        29%         75%                     68%         57%         57%         
+1991        39%         92%         60%         77%         71%         68%         
+1992        41%         100%        40%         81%         68%         66%         
+1993        48%         92%         63%         89%         70%         72%         
+1994        46%         90%         67%         82%         70%         71%         
+1995        54%         87%         58%         87%         79%         75%         
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 3. Percentage of co-authored articles&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+          Mean      Variance    Std dev    std error   Number of        
+                                                       articles         
+JSM       1.50      .466        .682       .039        308              
+ISR       2.175     .604        .777       .079        97               
+SIS       1.739     .655        .809       .086        88               
+MISQ      2.251     .954        .977       .075        171              
+DSS       2.071     .866        .931       .053        311              
+Total     1.903     .799        .894       .029        975              
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 4a.  Mean number of co-authors per paper&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/rtf011.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Table 4b. T-test of mean number of co-authors&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The mean number of authors per article ranged from 1.5 (for the Journal of
+Systems Management) to 2.175 (for Information Systems Research), with an
+overall mean of 1.903 (Table 4a). As was noted when considering the
+distribution of numbers of co-authors in Table 2, while collaboration is the
+norm, the size of the research team in IS is relatively small.  Differences in
+mean between the journals was generally not statisticaly significant, with the
+exception of ISR/DSS and ISR/MISQ (Table 4b).&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;institutional affiliation and geographic region&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Table 5 presents the institutional and geographical commonalities found amongst
+co-authors. As noted in Section 2, at this point we use a subset of the
+articles examined in this study:  those papers for which we could identify the
+institutional affiliation and gender of all authors. For nearly half of the
+co-authored articles of this subsetÂ46%Âall authors for an article
+are either affiliated with the same institution &lt;i&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; are resident in the
+same geographic region. Just over half of the multiply authored papers, then,
+involve a collaboration across significant distances.  For nearly one-third
+(32%) of the co-authored papers, all authors are affiliated with the same
+institutionÂagain, indicating a significant degree of collaboration across
+institutional boundaries.  The collaborative relationships of working groups
+are thus surprisingly dispersed, suggesting that IS is a field with a healthy
+&quot;invisible college&quot;.   &lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+                       JSM       ISR       SIS       MISQ      DSS       average     
+                       1989-     1990-     1991-     1989-     1989-                 
+                       1994      1994      1994      1994      1994                  
+Co-authored articles     147       71 80     35 62     128       133       514 861   
+occurrences out of     364 40%   89%       56%       166 77%   189 70%   60%         
+percentage                                                                           
+co-authors from same       95        15        20        48        61        239     
+institution OR same    147 65%   71 21%    35 58%    128 38%   133 46%   514 46%     
+geographical area                                                                    
+occurrences out of                                                                   
+percentage                                                                           
+co-authors from same       34        1         5         11        23        74      
+area,  different       147 23%   71 1%     35 14%    128 9%    133 17%   514 14%     
+institutions                                                                         
+occurrences out of                                                                   
+percentage                                                                           
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 5. Percentage of co-authors from the same institution or geographical
+area&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;gender of authors&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Gender was recorded for &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt; authors for whom it was explicitly stated or
+could be inferred; this could be determined for 861 papers, with 1021 authors.
+As no attempt was made to maintain a list of names, it is unknown how many
+unique individuals are represented in that total.  Approximately four-fifths of
+the authors were male (Table 6), with male authors being in the majority for
+each journal. &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+Gender      Number       Percentage      
+male        804          78.7%           
+female      217          21.3%           
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 6. Gender of authors&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The preponderance of male authors appears to mirror the under-representation of
+women in the Management/IS disciplines of academia, in which opportunities for
+publication and research are more likely than in commercial enterprises ([12],
+[21]).  IS departments are generally located within the business or management
+faculty in universities, where women tend to be over-represented as
+instructors, lecturers, contract researchers, and other untenured staff
+positions.  In the mid-eighties in the US, for example, women held 52% of the
+instructor and lower teaching positions and 36% of the assistant professorships
+in business schools, but accounted for only 6% of the full  [2].  These lower
+level positions provide fewer opportunities for research funding, and generally
+involve a higher teaching load (with proportionally less time for research).&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Next, we examine the question of whether or not males and female have the same
+patterns of collaboration and co-authorship (Table 7). The percentage of male
+authors who published a single-authored paper is 37.31% ([343 male single
+authors] / [804 male authors]); the percentage of female authors who published
+solo is 18.89% ([41 single author females] / [217 female authors]).  The
+percentage of male authors involved in male-only co-authored papers is 42.66%
+([343 / 804]), while the percentage of female authors who published in
+female-only groups is 6.91% (15/217). Clearly, then, a female author is more
+likely to co-publish than a male author, and more likely to publish in mixed
+gender research teams.&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+              single       multiple      single       multiple        multiple          
+              male author  authors,      female       authors,        authors, male     
+                           male only     author       female only     and female        
+number        300          343           41           15              161               
+percentage    34.9%        39.9%         4.8%         1.7%            18.7%             
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 7.  Gender composition of publishing teams&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;4.  Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+The high proportion of multiply-authored papers is characteristic of the
+physical and life sciences rather than the social sciences. In the &quot;hard&quot;
+sciences the percentage of co-authored articles is reported to range from
+two-thirds and up ([5], [13]), with nearly universal co-authorship in fields
+for which research is based on complex, expensive instruments/equipment ([14],
+as reported in [9]).  By way of contrast, the proportion of single-authored
+papers is much higher in the humanities and social sciences: in philosophy, for
+example, collaboration is so unusual that some researchers find it difficult to
+imagine how a joint project could be produced [19]. Even in these disciplines,
+however, sub-fields may vary in their degree of collaboration, often reflecting
+equipment or team needs outside the norm for that discipline (for example,
+biophysical and archaeological anthropology show higher degrees of
+collaboration than sociocultural and linguistic anthropology [4]).  IS, then,
+seems to fit more into the multiply-authored norm of the physical or
+experimental sciences than the humanities/social sciences.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+This point is slightly muddied, however, when comparing the mean number of
+authors in IS with the mean of other fields (Table 8).  IS articles tend to
+have a smaller average number of co-authors than the &quot;hard&quot; sciences, even
+though the rate of co-authorship is high. Two hypotheses present themselves:
+that the experimental team needed to support IS research is smaller than the
+team size necessary for managing the instruments for the physical sciences;
+and/or that the support personnel for IS research may not be acknowledged with
+authorship, as seems to be the case in some of the sciences.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+Discipline             authors/paper      year(s) of study    Reference       
+Library science        1.17               1989-90             [17]            
+Counseling             1.45               1971-1982           [8]             
+Anthropology           1.79               1983                [4]             
+Applied, physical,     2.13               1978-1980           [20]            
+analytical chemistry                                                          
+Chemical engineering   2.13                                   [22]            
+Biomedicine (basic     2.21               1961-1978           [18]            
+life sciences)                                                                
+Biomedicine            2.25               1961-1978           [18]            
+(preclinical basic                                                            
+research)                                                                     
+Biochemistry           2.41               1978-1980           [20]            
+Biomedicine            2.71               1961-1978           [18]            
+(clinical research)                                                           
+Biochemistry           2.72                                   [22]            
+Chemistry              2.82               1974-1975           [11]            
+Schistosomiasis        2.92               1972-1986           [15]            
+Political Science      3.54               1974-1975           [11]            
+Biology                3.97               1974-1975           [11]            
+Psychology             4.58               1974-1975           [11]            
+Astronomy &amp;amp;            7.4                1974                [1]             
+astrophysics                                                                  
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 8.  Average number of authors for a variety of fields&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The degree of collaboration in IS that crosses institutional and geographic
+boundaries is significant, and warrants further attentionÂin particular,
+to investigate the communication techniques that support co-authorship.
+Traditionally, collaboration occurs through face-to-face meetings, telephone,
+and postal correspondence; it is likely that email and other Internet-based
+communication modes also see significant use, given the naturally high degree
+of computer literacy in this field.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+[1]Abt, H. A. (1984) &quot;Citations to single and multiauthored papers&lt;i&gt;,&quot;
+Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific&lt;/i&gt; 96, 746-749.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[2]Aisenberg, N., and Harrington, M.  (1988) &lt;i&gt;Women of Academe&lt;/i&gt;,
+University of Massachusetts Press.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[3]Beaver, D. de B., and Rosen, R. (1979) &quot;Studies in scientific collaboration
+Part III:  Professionalization and the natural history of modern scientific
+co-authorship,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics &lt;/i&gt;1(3), 231-245.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[4]Choi, J.M. (1988) &quot;An analysis of authorship in anthropology journals, 1963
+&amp;amp; 1983&lt;i&gt;,&quot; Behavioral &amp;amp; Social Sciences Librarian&lt;/i&gt; 6(3/4), 85-94.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[5]Clarke, B.L. (1964) &quot;Multiple authorship trends in scientific papers,'
+&lt;i&gt;Science&lt;/i&gt; 143, 882-884.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[6]Crane, D. (1972) &lt;i&gt;Invisible colleges:  Diffusion of Knowledge in
+Scientific communities&lt;/i&gt;,  University of Chicago Press.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[7]Cunningham, S.J. (1996) &quot;An empirical investigation of the obsolescence
+rate for information systems literature.&quot;   &lt;i&gt;Working Paper Series 95/16&lt;/i&gt;,
+Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. To
+appear in &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science Research&lt;/i&gt;..&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[8]Gladding, S. (1984) &quot;Multiple authorship in the &lt;i&gt;Personnel and Guidance
+Journal&lt;/i&gt;:  a 12-year study), &lt;i&gt;Personnel and Guidance Journal&lt;/i&gt;, June,
+628-630.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[9]Gordon, M.D. (1979) &quot;A critical reassessment of inferred relations between
+multiple authorship, scientific collaboration, the production of papers and
+their acceptance for publication,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt; 2(3), 193-201.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[10]Harsanyi, M.A. (1993) &quot;Multiple authors, multiple
+problemsÂBibliometrics and the study of scholarly collaboration:  a
+literature review,&quot; &lt;i&gt;LISR&lt;/i&gt; 15, 325-354.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[11]Heffner, A.G. (1981) &quot;Funded research, multiple authorship and
+subauthorship collaboration in four disciplines,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt; 3,
+231-.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[12]McKeen, C.A., and Bujaki, M.L. (1994) &quot;Taking women into account&quot;,  &lt;i&gt;CA
+Magazine, 127&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(2)&lt;/i&gt;, pp. 29-35.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[13]Meadows, A.J. (1974)  &lt;i&gt;Communication in Science&lt;/i&gt;. London:
+Butterworths.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[14]Meadows, A.J., and O'Connor, J.G. (1971) &quot;A survey in depth of a selected
+information field (astronomy and astrophysics). Astronomy Department,
+University of Leicester.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[15]Pao, M.L. (1992) &quot;Global and local collaborators:  a study of scientific
+collaboration,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Information Processing &amp;amp; Management&lt;/i&gt; 28(1), 99-109.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[16]Price, Derek J. de Solla. (1963) &lt;i&gt;Little science, big science&lt;/i&gt;.  New
+York:  Columbia University Press.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[17]Raptis, P. (1992) &quot;Authorship characteristics in five international
+library science journals,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Libri &lt;/i&gt;42(1), 35-52.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[18]Satyanarayana, K. and Ratnakar, K.V. (1989) &quot;Authorship patterns in life
+sciences, preclinical basic and clinical research papers,&quot;
+&lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt; 17(3-4), 363-371.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[19]Sievert, D., and Sievert, ME.  (1989)  &quot;Philosophical Research:  report
+from the field,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the Humanists at Work symposium&lt;/i&gt; (April,
+Chicago, ILL, USA). Published by the University of Illinois at Chicago.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[20]Stefaniak, B. (1982) &quot;Individual and multiple authorship of papers in
+chemistry and physics,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics &lt;/i&gt;4(4), 331-337.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[21]Still, L.V. (1993) &lt;i&gt;Where to from here?  The managerial woman in
+transition&lt;/i&gt;, Business and Professional Publishing.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[22]Subrahmanyam, K., and Stephens, E.M. (1982) &quot;Research collaboration and
+funding in biochemistry and chemical engineering,&quot; &lt;i&gt;International Forum on
+Information and Documentation&lt;/i&gt; 7, 26-.&lt;p&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASH1a9c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASH1a9c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASH1a9c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software...</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215322/pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215322/pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215322/pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">269487</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">pdf01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ian H. Witten</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rodger J. McNab</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Stefan J. Boddie</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">David Bainbridge</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Greenstone: A comprehensive open-source digital library software system</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/import</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:09+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">644</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">269487</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">2000:03:02 15:21:24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Microsoft Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat PDFWriter 4.0 for Power Macintosh</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215322</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1a9c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-2_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-3_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-4_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-5_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-7_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-8_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Greenstone:  A Comprehensive Open-Source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Digital Library Software System&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Ian H. Witten,* Rodger J. McNab,â  Stefan J. Boddie,* David Bainbridge*&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+* Dept of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;
+â  Digilib Systems&lt;br&gt;
+University of Waikato, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+E-mail:  {ihw, sjboddie, davidb}@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+E-mail:  rodger@digilibs.com&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+multilingual information retrieval to distributed computing&lt;br&gt;protocols, from interoperability to search engine&lt;br&gt;
+This paper describes the Greenstone digital library&lt;br&gt;
+technology, from metadata standards to multiformat&lt;br&gt;
+software, a comprehensive, open-source system for the&lt;br&gt;
+document parsing, from multimedia to multiple operating&lt;br&gt;
+construction and presentation of information collections.&lt;br&gt;
+systems, from Web browsers to plug-and-play DVDs.&lt;br&gt;
+Collections built with Greenstone offer effective full-text&lt;br&gt;searching and metadata-based browsing facilities that are&lt;br&gt;
+The Greenstone Digital Library Software from the New&lt;br&gt;
+attractive and easy to use. Moreover, they are easily&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project tackles this issue&lt;br&gt;
+maintainable and can be augmented and rebuilt entirely&lt;br&gt;
+by providing a new way of organizing information and&lt;br&gt;
+automatically. The system is extensible: software&lt;br&gt;
+making it available over the Internet. A &lt;i&gt;collection&lt;/i&gt; of&lt;br&gt;
+âpluginsâ accommodate different document and metadata&lt;br&gt;
+information comprises several (typically several thousand,&lt;br&gt;
+types.&lt;br&gt;
+or several million) &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, and a uniform interface is&lt;br&gt;provided to all documents in a collection. A library may&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+include many different collections, each organized&lt;br&gt;differentlyâthough there is a strong family resemblance in&lt;br&gt;
+Notwithstanding intense research activity in the digital&lt;br&gt;
+how collections are presented.&lt;br&gt;
+library field during the second half of the 1990s,&lt;br&gt;comprehensive software systems for creating digital&lt;br&gt;
+Making information available using this system is far more&lt;br&gt;
+libraries are not widely available. In fact, the usual solution&lt;br&gt;
+than âjust putting it on the Web.â The collection becomes&lt;br&gt;
+when creating a digital library is also the most&lt;br&gt;
+maintainable, searchable, and browsable. Each collection,&lt;br&gt;
+obviousâjust put it on the Web. But consider how much&lt;br&gt;
+prior to presentation, undergoes a âbuildingâ process that,&lt;br&gt;
+effort is involved in constructing a Web site for a digital&lt;br&gt;
+once established, is completely automatic. This process&lt;br&gt;
+library. To be effective it needs to be visually attractive&lt;br&gt;
+creates all the structures that are used at run-time for&lt;br&gt;
+and ergonomically easy to use, incorporate convenient and&lt;br&gt;
+accessing the collection. Searching is based on various&lt;br&gt;
+powerful searching capabilities, and offer rich and natural&lt;br&gt;
+indexes, while browsing is based on various metadata;&lt;br&gt;
+browsing facilities. Above all it must be easy to maintain&lt;br&gt;
+support structures for both are created during the building&lt;br&gt;
+and augment, which presents a significant challenge if any&lt;br&gt;
+operation. When new material appears it can be fully&lt;br&gt;
+manual organization is involved.&lt;br&gt;
+incorporated into the collection by rebuilding.&lt;br&gt;
+The alternative is to automate these activities through&lt;br&gt;
+To address the exceptionally broad demands of digital&lt;br&gt;
+software tools. But the broad scope of digital library&lt;br&gt;
+libraries, the system is public and extensible. It is issued&lt;br&gt;
+requirements makes this a daunting prospect. Ideally the&lt;br&gt;
+under the Gnu public license and, in the spirit of open-&lt;br&gt;
+software should incorporate facilities ranging from&lt;br&gt;
+source software, users are invited to contribute&lt;br&gt;modifications and enhancements. Only through an&lt;br&gt;international cooperative effort will digital library software&lt;br&gt;become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the worldâs&lt;br&gt;needs. Currently the Greenstone software is used at sites in&lt;br&gt;Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Romania, UK, and the&lt;br&gt;US, and collections range from newspaper articles to&lt;br&gt;technical documents, from educational journals to oral&lt;br&gt;history, from visual art to folksongs. The software has&lt;br&gt;been used for collections in many different languages, and&lt;br&gt;for CD-ROMs that have been published by the United&lt;br&gt;Nations and other humanitarian agencies in Belgium,&lt;br&gt;France, Japan, and the US for distribution in developing&lt;br&gt;countries (Humanity Libraries, 1998; PAHO, 1999;&lt;br&gt;UNESCO, 1999; UNU, 1998). Further details can be&lt;br&gt;obtained from &lt;i&gt;www.nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-2_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+become a first-class component of the library. And what&lt;br&gt;permits it to be integrated into existing searching and&lt;br&gt;browsing structures without any manual intervention is&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;metadata&lt;/i&gt;. This provides sufficient focus to the concept of&lt;br&gt;âdigital libraryâ to support the development of a&lt;br&gt;construction kit.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;OVERVIEW OF GREENSTONE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Information collections built by Greenstone combine&lt;br&gt;extensive full-text search facilities with browsing indexes&lt;br&gt;based on different metadata types. There are several ways&lt;br&gt;for users to find information, although they differ between&lt;br&gt;collections depending on the metadata available and the&lt;br&gt;collection design. Typically you can &lt;i&gt;search for particular&lt;br&gt;words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text, or within a section of a&lt;br&gt;document, or within a title or section heading. You can&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;browse documents by title&lt;/i&gt;: just click on the displayed book&lt;br&gt;icon to read it. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by subject&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;Subjects are represented by bookshelves: just click on a&lt;br&gt;shelf to see the books. Where appropriate, documents&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 1: Searching the HDL collection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+come complete with a table of contents (constructed&lt;br&gt;automatically): you can click on a chapter or subsection to&lt;br&gt;
+This paper sets the scene with a brief discussion of what a&lt;br&gt;
+open it, expand the full table of contents, or expand the full&lt;br&gt;
+digital library is. We then give an overview of the facilities&lt;br&gt;
+document.&lt;br&gt;
+offered by Greenstone and show how end users find&lt;br&gt;information in collections. Next we describe the files and&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;An example of searching is shown in Figure 1 where&lt;br&gt;
+directories involved in a collection, and then discuss the&lt;br&gt;
+documents in the Global Help Projectâs Humanity&lt;br&gt;
+processes of updating existing collections and creating new&lt;br&gt;
+Development Library (HDL) are being searched for&lt;br&gt;
+ones, including extending the software to provide new&lt;br&gt;
+chapters matching the word &lt;i&gt;butterfly&lt;/i&gt;. In Figure 2 the same&lt;br&gt;
+facilities. We conclude with an overview of related work.&lt;br&gt;
+collection is being browsed by subject: by clicking on the&lt;br&gt;bookshelf icons the user has discovered an item under&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;WHAT IS A DIGITAL LIBRARY?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Section 16, Animal Husbandry. Pursuing an interest in&lt;br&gt;butterfly farming, the user selects a book by clicking on its&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Ten definitions of the term âdigital libraryâ have been&lt;br&gt;
+book icon. In Figure 3 the front cover of the book is&lt;br&gt;
+culled from the literature by Fox (1998), and their spirit is&lt;br&gt;
+displayed as a graphic on the left, and the automatically&lt;br&gt;
+captured in the following brief characterization:&lt;br&gt;
+constructed table of contents appears at the start of the&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+document. The current focus, &lt;i&gt;Introduction and Summary&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;A collection of digital objects, including text,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+is shown in bold in the table of contents with its text&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;video, and audio, along with methods for access&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+starting further down the page.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;and retrieval, and for selection, organization&lt;br&gt;and maintenance of the collection&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In accordance with Leskâs advice, a statement of purpose&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+and coverage accompanies each collection, along with an&lt;br&gt;
+(Akscyn and Witten, 1998). Lesk (1998) views digital&lt;br&gt;
+explanation of how it is organized (Figure 1 shows the&lt;br&gt;
+libraries as âorganized collections of digital information,â&lt;br&gt;
+start of this). A distinction is made between &lt;i&gt;searching&lt;/i&gt; and&lt;br&gt;
+and wisely recommends that they articulate the principles&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;browsing&lt;/i&gt;. Searching is full-text, andâdepending on the&lt;br&gt;
+governing what is included and how the collection is&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs designâthe user can choose between indexes&lt;br&gt;
+organized.&lt;br&gt;
+built from different parts of the documents, or from&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Digital libraries are generally distinguished from the&lt;br&gt;
+different metadata. Some collections have an index of full&lt;br&gt;
+World-Wide Web, the essential difference being in&lt;br&gt;
+documents, an index of sections, an index of paragraphs,&lt;br&gt;
+selection and organization. But they are not generally&lt;br&gt;
+an index of titles, and an index of section headings, each of&lt;br&gt;
+distinguished from a web &lt;i&gt;site&lt;/i&gt;: indeed, virtually all extant&lt;br&gt;
+which can be searched for particular words or phrases.&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries manifest themselves as a web site. Hence&lt;br&gt;
+Browsing involves data structures created from metadata&lt;br&gt;
+the obvious question: to make a digital library, why not&lt;br&gt;
+that the user can examine: lists of authors, lists of titles,&lt;br&gt;
+just put the information on the Web?&lt;br&gt;
+lists of dates, hierarchical classification structures, and so&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+on. Data structures for both browsing and searching are&lt;br&gt;
+But we make a distinction between a digital library and a&lt;br&gt;
+built according to instructions in a configuration file,&lt;br&gt;
+web site that lies at the heart of our software design: one&lt;br&gt;
+which controls both building and serving the collection.&lt;br&gt;
+should easily be able to add new material to a library&lt;br&gt;
+Sample configuration files are discussed below.&lt;br&gt;
+without having to integrate it manually or edit its content&lt;br&gt;in any way. Once added, new material should immediately&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=3&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-3_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+matter of specifying all the necessary plugins. In order to&lt;br&gt;build browsing indexes from metadata, an analogous&lt;br&gt;scheme of âclassifiersâ is used: classifiers create indexes&lt;br&gt;of various kinds based on metadata. Source documents are&lt;br&gt;brought into the Greenstone system through a process&lt;br&gt;called &lt;i&gt;importing&lt;/i&gt;, which uses the plugins and classifiers&lt;br&gt;specified in the collection configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The international Unicode character set is used throughout,&lt;br&gt;so documentsâand interfacesâcan be written in any&lt;br&gt;language. Collections have so far been produced in&lt;br&gt;English, French, Spanish, German, Maori, Chinese, and&lt;br&gt;Arabic. The NZDL Web site provides numerous examples.&lt;br&gt;Collections can contain text, pictures, and even audio and&lt;br&gt;video clips; a text-only version of the interface is also&lt;br&gt;provided to accommodate visually impaired users.&lt;br&gt;Compression technology is used to ensure best use of&lt;br&gt;storage (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al &lt;/i&gt;., 1999). Most non-textual material is&lt;br&gt;either linked to textual documents or accompanied by&lt;br&gt;textual descriptions (such as photo captions) to allow full-&lt;br&gt;text searching and browsing. However, the architecture&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 2: Browsing the HDL collection by subject&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+permits the implementation of plugins and classifiers even&lt;br&gt;for non-textual data.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Rich browsing facilities can be provided by manually&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+linking parts of documents together and building explicit&lt;br&gt;
+The system includes an âadministrativeâ function whereby&lt;br&gt;
+indexes and tables of contents. However, manually-created&lt;br&gt;
+specified users can examine the composition of all&lt;br&gt;
+linking becomes difficult to maintain, and often falls into&lt;br&gt;
+collections, protect documents so that they can only be&lt;br&gt;
+disrepair when a collection expands. The Greenstone&lt;br&gt;
+accessed by registered users on presentation of a password,&lt;br&gt;
+software takes a different tack: it facilitates &lt;i&gt;maintainability&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+and so on. Logs of user activity are kept that record all&lt;br&gt;
+by creating all searching and browsing structures&lt;br&gt;
+queries made to every Greenstone collection (though this&lt;br&gt;
+automatically from the documents themselves. No links&lt;br&gt;
+facility can be disabled).&lt;br&gt;
+are inserted by hand. This means that when new&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Although primarily designed for Internet access over the&lt;br&gt;
+documents in the same format become available, they can&lt;br&gt;
+World-Wide Web, collections can be made available, in&lt;br&gt;
+be added automatically. Indeed, for some collections this is&lt;br&gt;
+precisely the same form, on CD-ROM. In either case they&lt;br&gt;
+done by processes that wake up regularly, scout for new&lt;br&gt;
+are accessed through any Web browser. Greenstone CD-&lt;br&gt;
+material, and rebuild the indexesâall without manual&lt;br&gt;
+ROMs operate on a standalone PC under Windows 3.X,&lt;br&gt;
+intervention.&lt;br&gt;
+95, 98, and NT, and the interaction is identical to accessing&lt;br&gt;
+Collections comprise many documents: thousands, tens of&lt;br&gt;
+the collection on the Webâexcept that response is faster&lt;br&gt;
+thousands, or even millions. Each document may be&lt;br&gt;
+and more predictable. The requirement to operate on early&lt;br&gt;
+hierarchically organized into &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt; (subsections, sub-&lt;br&gt;
+Windows systems is one that plagues the software design,&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and so on). Each section comprises one or&lt;br&gt;
+but is crucial for many usersâparticularly those in&lt;br&gt;
+more &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;. Metadata such as author, title, date,&lt;br&gt;
+underdeveloped countries seeking access to humanitarian&lt;br&gt;
+keywords, and so on, may be associated with documents,&lt;br&gt;
+aid collections. If the PC is connected to a network&lt;br&gt;
+or with individual sections of documents. This is the raw&lt;br&gt;
+(intranet or Internet), a custom-built Web server provided&lt;br&gt;
+material for indexes. It must either be provided explicitly&lt;br&gt;
+on each CD makes exactly the same information available&lt;br&gt;
+for each document and section (for example, in an&lt;br&gt;
+to others through their standard Web browser. The use of&lt;br&gt;
+accompanying spreadsheet) or be derivable automatically&lt;br&gt;
+compression ensures that the greatest possible volume of&lt;br&gt;
+from the source documents. Metadata is converted to&lt;br&gt;
+information can be packed on to a CD-ROM.&lt;br&gt;
+Dublin Core and stored with the document for internal use.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The collection-serving software operates under Unix and&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In order to accommodate different kinds of source&lt;br&gt;
+Windows NT, and works with standard Web servers. A&lt;br&gt;
+documents, the software is organized so that âpluginsâ can&lt;br&gt;
+flexible process structure allows different collections to be&lt;br&gt;
+be written for new document types. Plugins exist for plain&lt;br&gt;
+served by different computers, yet be presented to the user&lt;br&gt;
+text documents, HTML documents, email documents, and&lt;br&gt;
+in the same way, on the same Web page, as part of the&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic formats. Word documents are handled by&lt;br&gt;
+same digital library, even as part of the same collection&lt;br&gt;
+saving them as HTML; PostScript ones by applying a&lt;br&gt;
+(McNab and Witten, 1998). Existing collections can be&lt;br&gt;
+preprocessor (Nevill-Manning &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1998). Specially&lt;br&gt;
+updated and new ones brought on-line at any time, without&lt;br&gt;
+written plugins also exist for proprietary formats such as&lt;br&gt;
+bringing the system down; the process responsible for the&lt;br&gt;
+that used by the BBC archives department. A collection&lt;br&gt;
+user interface will notice (through periodic polling) when&lt;br&gt;
+may have source documents in different forms: it is just a&lt;br&gt;
+new collections appear and add them to the list presented&lt;br&gt;to the user.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=4&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-4_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;FILES IN A COLLECTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;When a new collection is created or material is added to an&lt;br&gt;existing one, the original source documents are first&lt;br&gt;brought into the system through a process known as&lt;br&gt;âimporting.â This involves converting documents into a&lt;br&gt;simple HTML-like format known as GML (for&lt;br&gt;âGreenstone Markup Languageâ), which includes any&lt;br&gt;metadata associated with the document. Documents are&lt;br&gt;assumed to be in the Unicode UTF-8 code (of which the&lt;br&gt;ASCII characters form a subset).&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Files and directories&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;There is a separate directory for each collection, which&lt;br&gt;contains five subdirectories: the original raw material&lt;br&gt;(&lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;), the GML files created from this (&lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;), the&lt;br&gt;final collection as it is served to users (&lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;), a directory&lt;br&gt;for use during the building process (&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;), and one for&lt;br&gt;any supporting files (&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;)âincluding the configuration file&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 3: Reading a book in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+that controls the collection creation procedure. Additional&lt;br&gt;files might be required: for example, building a hierarchy&lt;br&gt;of classifications requires a data file of sub-classifications.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;FINDING INFORMATION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Greenstone digital library systems generally include&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+several separate collections. A home page allows you to&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The imported documents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+select a collection; in addition, each collection has its own&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In order to identify documents internally, a unique object&lt;br&gt;
+âaboutâ page that gives you information about how the&lt;br&gt;
+identifier or OID is assigned to each original source&lt;br&gt;
+collection is organized and the principles governing what&lt;br&gt;
+document when it is imported (formed by hashing the&lt;br&gt;
+is included.&lt;br&gt;
+content, to overcome file duplication effects caused by&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;All icons in the screenshots of Figures 1â4 are clickable.&lt;br&gt;
+mirroring) and stored as metadata within that document. It&lt;br&gt;
+Those icons at the top of the page return to the home page,&lt;br&gt;
+is important that OIDs persist throughout the index-&lt;br&gt;
+provide help text, and allow you to set user interface and&lt;br&gt;
+building processâso that a userâs search history is&lt;br&gt;
+searching preferences. The navigation bar underneath&lt;br&gt;
+unaffected by rebuilding the collection. OIDs are assigned&lt;br&gt;
+gives access to the searching and browsing facilities,&lt;br&gt;
+by hashing the contents of the original source document.&lt;br&gt;
+which differ from one collection to another.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Once imported, each document is stored in its own&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Each of the five buttons provides a different way to find&lt;br&gt;
+subdirectory of &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, along with any associated&lt;br&gt;
+information. You can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that&lt;br&gt;
+filesâfor example, images. To ensure compatibility with&lt;br&gt;
+appear in the text from the âsearchâ page (or from the&lt;br&gt;
+Windows 3.0, only eight characters are used in directory&lt;br&gt;
+âaboutâ page of Figure 1). This collection contains indexes&lt;br&gt;
+and file names, which causes annoying but essentially&lt;br&gt;
+of chapters, section titles, and entire books. The default&lt;br&gt;
+trivial complications.&lt;br&gt;
+search interface is a simple one, suitable for casual users;&lt;br&gt;advanced searchingâwhich allows full Boolean&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Inside the documents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+expressions, phrase searching, case and stemming&lt;br&gt;controlâcan be enabled from the &lt;i&gt;Preferences&lt;/i&gt; page.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The GML format imposes a limited amount of structure on&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+documents. Documents are divided into paragraphs. They&lt;br&gt;
+This collection has four browsable metadata indexes. You&lt;br&gt;
+can be split hierarchically into sections and subsections.&lt;br&gt;
+can &lt;i&gt;access publications by subject&lt;/i&gt; by clicking the &lt;i&gt;subjects&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+OIDs are extended to identify these components by&lt;br&gt;
+button, which brings up a list of subjects, represented by&lt;br&gt;
+appending numbers, separated by periods, to a documentâs&lt;br&gt;
+bookshelves (Figure 2). You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+OID. When a book is read, its section hierarchy is visible&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;title&lt;/i&gt; by clicking &lt;i&gt;titles a-z&lt;/i&gt; (Figure 4), which brings up a list&lt;br&gt;
+as the table of contents (Figure 3). Chapters, sections,&lt;br&gt;
+of books in alphabetic order. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and pages are all implemented simply as&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;by organization&lt;/i&gt; (i.e. Dublin Core âpublisherâ), bringing up&lt;br&gt;
+âsectionsâ within the document. In some collections&lt;br&gt;
+a list of organizations. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+documents do not have a hierarchical subsection structure,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;âhow toâ listing&lt;/i&gt;, yielding a list of hints defined by the&lt;br&gt;
+but are split into pages to permit browsing within a&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs editors. We use the Dublin Core as a base and&lt;br&gt;
+retrieved document.&lt;br&gt;
+extend it in an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; manner to accommodate the&lt;br&gt;individual requirements of collection designers.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The document structure is used for searchable indexes.&lt;br&gt;There are three levels of index: &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=5&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-5_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked, which converts the files into&lt;br&gt;GML using the specified plugins. Old material for which&lt;br&gt;GML files have previously been created is not re-imported.&lt;br&gt;Then the &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked to build the requisite&lt;br&gt;indexes for the collection. Finally, the contents of the&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory are moved into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory, and&lt;br&gt;the new version of the collection automatically becomes&lt;br&gt;live.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;This procedure may seem cumbersome. But all the steps&lt;br&gt;are necessary for efficient operation with large collections.&lt;br&gt;The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process could be performed on the fly during&lt;br&gt;the building operationâbut because building indexes is a&lt;br&gt;multipass operation, the often lengthy importing would be&lt;br&gt;repeated several times. The &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process can take&lt;br&gt;considerable timeâa day or two, for very large&lt;br&gt;collections. Consequently, the results are placed in the&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory so that, if the collection already exists, it&lt;br&gt;will continue to be served to users in its old form&lt;br&gt;throughout the building operation.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Active users of the collection will not be disturbed when&lt;br&gt;the new version becomes liveâthey will probably not&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 4: Browsing titles in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+even notice. The persistent OIDs ensure that interactions&lt;br&gt;remain coherentâusers who are examining the results of a&lt;br&gt;query or browse operation will still retrieve the expected&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;, corresponding to the distinctions that GML&lt;br&gt;
+documentsâand if a search is actually in progress when&lt;br&gt;
+makesâthe hierarchical structure is flattened for the&lt;br&gt;
+the change takes place the program detects the resulting&lt;br&gt;
+purposes of creating these indexes. Indexes can be of text,&lt;br&gt;
+file-structure inconsistency and automatically and&lt;br&gt;
+or metadata, or any combination. Thus you can create a&lt;br&gt;
+transparently re-executes the query, this time on the new&lt;br&gt;
+searchable index of section titles, and/or authors, and/or&lt;br&gt;
+version of the collection.&lt;br&gt;
+document descriptions, as well as the document text.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;UPDATING EXISTING COLLECTIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;How it works&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Updating an existing collection with new files in the same&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The original material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory may be in any&lt;br&gt;
+format is easy. For example, the raw material for the HDL&lt;br&gt;
+format, and plugins are required to process each format&lt;br&gt;
+is supplied in the form of HTML files marked up with&lt;br&gt;
+type. The plugins that a collection uses must be specified&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;&amp;lt;TOC&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to split books into sections and&lt;br&gt;
+in the collection configuration file. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; program&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and &amp;lt;&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to indicate where an image is&lt;br&gt;
+reads the list of plugins and passes each document to each&lt;br&gt;
+to be inserted. For each book in the library there is a&lt;br&gt;
+plugin in order until it finds one that can process it. When&lt;br&gt;
+directory that contains a single HTML file representing the&lt;br&gt;
+updating an existing collection, all plugins necessary to&lt;br&gt;
+book, and separate files containing the associated images.&lt;br&gt;
+process new material should already have been specified in&lt;br&gt;
+An accompanying spreadsheet file contains the&lt;br&gt;
+the configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+classification hierarchy; this is converted to a simple file&lt;br&gt;format (using Excelâs &lt;i&gt;Save As&lt;/i&gt; command).&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The building step creates the indexes for both searching&lt;br&gt;and browsing. The MG software is generally used to do the&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Since the collection exists, its directory is already set up&lt;br&gt;
+searching (Witten  &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999), and the &lt;i&gt;mgbuild&lt;/i&gt; module is&lt;br&gt;
+with subdirectories &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;br&gt;
+automatically invoked to create each of the indexes that is&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;, and the &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt; directory will contain a suitable collection&lt;br&gt;
+required. For example, the Humanity Development Library&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+has three indexes, one for entire books, one for chapters,&lt;br&gt;and one for section titles. Subdirectories of the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+directory are created for each of these indexes.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The updating procedure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;To update a collection, the new raw material is placed in&lt;br&gt;the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, in whatever form it is available. Then&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=6&gt;&lt;/a&gt;creator&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+1&lt;br&gt;
+maintainer&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+public&lt;br&gt;
+True&lt;br&gt;
+3&lt;br&gt;4&lt;br&gt;
+indexes&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+5&lt;br&gt;
+defaultindex&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+6&lt;br&gt;
+plugins&lt;br&gt;
+GMLPlug TEXTPlug ArcPlug RecPlug&lt;br&gt;
+7&lt;br&gt;8&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title&lt;br&gt;
+9&lt;br&gt;10&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;generic text collection&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+11&lt;br&gt;
+(a)&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+12&lt;br&gt;
+creator&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+1&lt;br&gt;
+maintainer&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+public&lt;br&gt;
+True&lt;br&gt;
+3&lt;br&gt;4&lt;br&gt;
+indexes&lt;br&gt;
+document:text document:From&lt;br&gt;
+5&lt;br&gt;
+defaultindex&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+6&lt;br&gt;
+plugins&lt;br&gt;
+GMLPlug EMAILPlug ArcPlug RecPlug&lt;br&gt;
+7&lt;br&gt;8&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title&lt;br&gt;
+9&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+DateList&lt;br&gt;
+10&lt;br&gt;11&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;Email messages&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+12&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+13&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:From    &amp;quot;email senders&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+14&lt;br&gt;15&lt;br&gt;
+format&lt;br&gt;
+QueryResults \\\\&lt;br&gt;
+16&lt;br&gt;
+(b)&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[link][icon][/link]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Title]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Author]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br&gt;
+17&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 5: Collection configuration files (a) generic, (b) for an email collection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;MG also compresses the text of the collection; and the&lt;br&gt;
+certain circumstances, however, it might be preferable to&lt;br&gt;
+image files are linked into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; subdirectory. Now&lt;br&gt;
+use a standardized format such as XML. This is&lt;br&gt;
+none of the material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directories&lt;br&gt;
+straightforward to implementï£§just write an XML&lt;br&gt;
+is needed to run the collection and can be removed from&lt;br&gt;
+pluginï£§although we have not done so ourselves. Given&lt;br&gt;
+the file system (though they would be needed if the&lt;br&gt;
+the transitory nature of the imported data, to date, we have&lt;br&gt;
+collection were rebuilt).&lt;br&gt;
+found GML a satisfactory and beneficial format.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Associated with each collection is a database stored in&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;CREATING NEW COLLECTIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+GDBM (Gnu database manager) format. This contains an&lt;br&gt;entry for each document, giving its OID, its internal MG&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Building new collections from scratch is only slightly&lt;br&gt;
+document number, and metadata such as title. Information&lt;br&gt;
+different from updating an existing collection. The key&lt;br&gt;
+for each of the browsing indexes, which appear as buttons&lt;br&gt;
+new requirement is creating a collection configuration file,&lt;br&gt;
+on the Greenstone search/browse bar, is also extracted&lt;br&gt;
+and a software utility is provided to help. Two pieces of&lt;br&gt;
+during the building process and stored in the database. A&lt;br&gt;
+information are required for this: the name of the directory&lt;br&gt;
+âclassifierâ program is required for each browsing index to&lt;br&gt;
+that the collection will use (into which the source data and&lt;br&gt;
+extract the appropriate information from GML documents.&lt;br&gt;
+other files will eventually be placed), and a contact e-mail&lt;br&gt;
+Like plugins, classifiers are written on an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; basis for&lt;br&gt;
+address for use if any problems are encountered by the&lt;br&gt;
+the particular information required, and where possible&lt;br&gt;
+software once the collection is up and running. The utility&lt;br&gt;
+reused from one collection to another.&lt;br&gt;
+creates files and directories within the newly-named&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+directory to support a generic collection of plain text&lt;br&gt;
+The building program creates the indexes based on&lt;br&gt;
+documents. With suitable data placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+whatever appears in the &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directory. The first plugin&lt;br&gt;
+directory, building the collection at this point will yield a&lt;br&gt;
+specified by all collections is one that processes GML&lt;br&gt;
+document-level searchable index of all the text and a&lt;br&gt;
+files, and so if &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; contains imported files they will be&lt;br&gt;
+browsable list of âtitlesâ (defined in this case to be the&lt;br&gt;
+processed correctly. If it contains material in the original&lt;br&gt;
+document filenames).&lt;br&gt;
+format, that will be converted using the appropriate plugin.&lt;br&gt;Thus the import process is optional.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;To enhance the functionality and presentationâ something&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+anything but the most trivial collection will requireâthe&lt;br&gt;
+GML is designed to be fast and easy to parse, an important&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file must be edited. For a collection sourced&lt;br&gt;
+requirement when millions of documents are to be&lt;br&gt;
+from documents in an already supported data format,&lt;br&gt;
+processed. Something as simple as requiring tags to be&lt;br&gt;
+presented in a similar fashion to an existing collection, the&lt;br&gt;
+lower-case, for example, yields a substantial speed-up. In&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=7&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-7_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;These are modules of code that can be slotted into the&lt;br&gt;system to enhance its capabilities. Plugins parse&lt;br&gt;documents, extracting the text and metadata to be indexed.&lt;br&gt;Classifiers control how metadata is brought together to&lt;br&gt;form browsable data structures. Both are specified in an&lt;br&gt;object-oriented framework using inheritance to minimize&lt;br&gt;the amount of code written.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;A plugin must specify three things: what file formats it can&lt;br&gt;handle, how they should be parsed, and whether the plugin&lt;br&gt;is recursive. File formats are normally determined using&lt;br&gt;regular expression matching on the filename. For example,&lt;br&gt;the HTML plugin accepts all files that end in &lt;i&gt;.htm&lt;/i&gt;, . &lt;i&gt;html&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;.HTM&lt;/i&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;.HTML&lt;/i&gt;. (It is quite possible, however, to write&lt;br&gt;plugins that âlook insideâ the file as well.) For other files,&lt;br&gt;the plugin returns &lt;i&gt;undefined&lt;/i&gt; and the file is passed to the&lt;br&gt;next plugin in the collectionâs configuration file (e.g.&lt;br&gt;Figure 5 line 7). If it can, the plugin parses the file and&lt;br&gt;returns the number of documents processed. This involves&lt;br&gt;extracting text and metadata and adding it to the libraryâs&lt;br&gt;content through calls to &lt;i&gt;add text&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;add metadata&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Some plugins (ârecursiveâ ones) add extra files into the&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 6: Searching bookmarked Web pages&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+stream of data processed during the building phase by&lt;br&gt;artificially reactivating the list of plugins. This is how&lt;br&gt;directory hierarchies are traversed.&lt;br&gt;
+amount of editing is minimal. Importing new data formats&lt;br&gt;and browsing metadata in ways not currently supported are&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Plugins are small modules of code that are easy to write.&lt;br&gt;
+more complex activities that require programming skills.&lt;br&gt;
+We monitored the time it took to develop a new one that&lt;br&gt;was different to any we had produced so far. We chose to&lt;br&gt;make as an example a collection of HTML bookmark files,&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Modifying the configuration file&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the motivation being to produce a convenient way of&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+searching and browsing oneâs bookmarked Web pages.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 5b shows simple alterations to the generic&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 6 shows a user searching for bookmarked pages&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file in Figure 5a that was generated by the&lt;br&gt;
+about &lt;i&gt;music&lt;/i&gt;. The new plugin took under an hour to write,&lt;br&gt;
+new-collection utility. &lt;i&gt;TEXTPlug&lt;/i&gt; is replaced with&lt;br&gt;
+and was 160 lines long (ignoring blank lines and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;EMAILPlug&lt;/i&gt; (line 7) which reads email files and extracts&lt;br&gt;
+comments)âabout the average length of existing plugins.&lt;br&gt;
+metadata (&lt;i&gt;From&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;To&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Date&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Subject&lt;/i&gt;) from them. A classifier&lt;br&gt;for dates is added (line 10) to make the collection&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Classifiers are more general than plugins because they&lt;br&gt;
+browsable chronologically. The default presentation of&lt;br&gt;
+work on GML-format data. For example, any plugin that&lt;br&gt;
+search results is overridden (line 17) to display both the&lt;br&gt;
+generates date metadata in accordance with the Dublin&lt;br&gt;
+title of the message (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Title&lt;/i&gt;) and its sender&lt;br&gt;
+core can request the collection to be browsable&lt;br&gt;
+(i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Author&lt;/i&gt;). Elements in square brackets,&lt;br&gt;
+chronologically by specifying the &lt;i&gt;DateList&lt;/i&gt; classifier in the&lt;br&gt;
+such as &lt;i&gt;[Title]&lt;/i&gt;, are replaced by the metadata associated&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs configuration file (Figure 7). Classifiers are&lt;br&gt;
+with a particular document. The built-in term &lt;i&gt;[icon]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+more elaborate than most plugins, but new ones are seldom&lt;br&gt;
+produces a suitable image that represents the document&lt;br&gt;
+required. The average length of existing classifiers is 230&lt;br&gt;
+(such as a book icon or page icon), and the &lt;i&gt;[link]âŠ[/link]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+lines.&lt;br&gt;
+construct forms a hyperlink to the complete document.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+Anything else in the format statement, which in this case is&lt;br&gt;
+Classifiers must specify three things: an initialization&lt;br&gt;
+solely table-cell tags in HTML, is passed through to the&lt;br&gt;
+routine, how individual documents are classified, and the&lt;br&gt;
+page being displayed.&lt;br&gt;
+final browsable data structure. Initialization takes care of&lt;br&gt;any options specified in the configuration file (such as&lt;br&gt;
+As this example shows, creating a new collection that stays&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;metadata=Title &lt;/i&gt;on line 9 of Figure 5b). Classifying&lt;br&gt;
+within the bounds of the libraryâs established capabilities&lt;br&gt;
+individual documents is an iterative process: for each one,&lt;br&gt;
+falls within the capability of many computer usersâfor&lt;br&gt;
+a call to &lt;i&gt;document-classify&lt;/i&gt; is made. On presentation of the&lt;br&gt;
+instance, computer-trained librarians. Extending&lt;br&gt;
+documentâs OID, the necessary metadata is located and&lt;br&gt;
+Greenstone to handle new document formats and browse&lt;br&gt;
+used to control where the document is added to the&lt;br&gt;
+metadata in new ways is more challenging.&lt;br&gt;
+browsable data structure being constructed.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Once all documents have been added, a request is made for&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writing new plugins and classifiers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the completed data structure. Some classifiers return the&lt;br&gt;data structure directly; others transform the data structure&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Extensibility  is  obtained through  plugins  and  classifiers.&lt;br&gt;
+before it is returned. For example, the &lt;i&gt;AZList&lt;/i&gt; classifier&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=8&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-8_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+a page number, next and previous page buttons, and&lt;br&gt;displaying a particular page at different resolutions. A text&lt;br&gt;version of the page is also available upon which a&lt;br&gt;searching option is also provided.&lt;br&gt;
+Started in 1994, Harvest is also a long-running research&lt;br&gt;project. It provides an efficient means of gathering source&lt;br&gt;data from the Internet and distributing indexing&lt;br&gt;information over the Internet. This is accomplished&lt;br&gt;through five components: &lt;i&gt;gatherer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;broker&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;indexer&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;replicator&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;cache&lt;/i&gt;. The first three are central to creating,&lt;br&gt;updating and searching a collection; the last two help to&lt;br&gt;improve performance over the Internet through transparent&lt;br&gt;mirroring and caching techniques.&lt;br&gt;
+The system is configurable and customizable. While&lt;br&gt;searching is most commonly implemented using Glimpse&lt;br&gt;(&lt;i&gt;glimpse.cs.arizona.edu&lt;/i&gt;), in principle any search engine&lt;br&gt;that supports incremental updates and Boolean&lt;br&gt;combinations of attribute-based queries can be used. It is&lt;br&gt;possible to control what type of documents are gathered&lt;br&gt;during creation and updating, and how the query interface&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 7: Browsing a newspaper collection by date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+looks and is laid out.&lt;br&gt;
+Sample collections cited by the developers include 21,000&lt;br&gt;
+divides the alphabetically sorted list of metadata into&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical reports and 7,000 home pages.&lt;br&gt;
+separate pages of about the same size and returns the&lt;br&gt;
+Other examples include a sizable collection of agriculture-&lt;br&gt;
+alphabetic ranges for each one (Figure 4).&lt;br&gt;
+related electronic journals and magazines called âtomato-&lt;br&gt;juiceâ (accessed through &lt;i&gt;hegel.lib.ncsu.edu&lt;/i&gt;) and a full-text&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;OVERVIEW OF RELATED WORK&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+index of library-related electronic serials&lt;br&gt;
+Two projects that provide substantial open source digital&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;sunsite.berkeley.edu/IndexMorganagus&lt;/i&gt;). Harvest is also&lt;br&gt;
+library software are Dienst (Lagoze and Fielding, 1998)&lt;br&gt;
+often used to index Web sites (for example&lt;br&gt;
+and Harvest (Bowman &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1994). The origins of Dienst&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;www.middlebury.edu&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;www.cs.cornell.edu/cdlrg&lt;/i&gt;) stretch back to 1992. The term&lt;br&gt;
+Comparing Greenstone with Dienst and Harvest, there are&lt;br&gt;
+has come to represent three entities: a conceptual&lt;br&gt;
+both similarities and differences. All provide substantial&lt;br&gt;
+architecture for distributed digital libraries; an open&lt;br&gt;
+digital library systems, hence common themes recur, but&lt;br&gt;
+protocol for service communication; and a software&lt;br&gt;
+they are driven by projects with different aims. Harvest,&lt;br&gt;
+system that implements the protocol. To date, five sample&lt;br&gt;
+for instance, was not conceived as a digital library project&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries have been built using this technology.&lt;br&gt;
+at all, but by virtue of its selective document gathering&lt;br&gt;
+They manifest themselves in two forms: technical reports&lt;br&gt;
+process it can be classed (and is used) as one. While it&lt;br&gt;
+and primary source documents.&lt;br&gt;
+provides sophisticated search options, it lacks the&lt;br&gt;
+Best known is NCSTRL, the Networked Computer&lt;br&gt;
+complementary service of browsing. Furthermore it adds&lt;br&gt;
+Science Technical Reference Library project&lt;br&gt;
+no structure or order to the documents collected, relying&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;www.ncstrl.org&lt;/i&gt;). This collection facilitates searching by&lt;br&gt;
+on whatever structures are present in the site that they&lt;br&gt;
+title, author and abstract, and browsing by year and author,&lt;br&gt;
+were gathered from. A proven strength of the design is its&lt;br&gt;
+across a distributed network of document repositories.&lt;br&gt;
+flexibility through configuration and customizationï£§an&lt;br&gt;
+Documents can (where supported) be delivered in various&lt;br&gt;
+element also present in Greenstone.&lt;br&gt;
+formats such as PostScript, a thumbnail overview of the&lt;br&gt;
+Dienstï£§best exemplified through the NCSTRL&lt;br&gt;
+pages, and a GIF image of a particular page.&lt;br&gt;
+workï£§supports searching and browsing, like Greenstone.&lt;br&gt;
+The &lt;i&gt;Making of America&lt;/i&gt; resource is an example of a&lt;br&gt;
+Both use open protocols. Differences include a high&lt;br&gt;
+collection based around primary sourcesï£§in this case&lt;br&gt;
+reliance in Dienst on user-supplied information when a&lt;br&gt;
+American social history, 1830â1900. It has a different&lt;br&gt;
+document is added, and a smaller range of document types&lt;br&gt;
+âlook and feelâ to NCSTRL, being strongly oriented&lt;br&gt;
+supportedâalthough Dienst does include a document&lt;br&gt;
+toward browsing rather than searching. A user navigates&lt;br&gt;
+model that should, over time, allow this to expand with&lt;br&gt;
+their way through a hierarchical structure of hyperlinks to&lt;br&gt;
+relative ease.&lt;br&gt;
+reach a book of interest. The book itself is a series of&lt;br&gt;
+There are also commercial systems that provide similar&lt;br&gt;
+scanned images: delivery options include going directly to&lt;br&gt;
+digital library services to those described. However, since&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=9&gt;&lt;/a&gt;corporate culture instills proprietary attitudes there is little&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+opportunity for advancement through a shared&lt;br&gt;
+1.  Akscyn, R.M. and Witten, I.H. (1998) âReport on First&lt;br&gt;
+collaborative effort. Consequently they are not reviewed&lt;br&gt;
+Summit on International Cooperation on Digital&lt;br&gt;
+here.&lt;br&gt;
+Libraries.â ks.com/idla-wp-oct98.&lt;br&gt;
+2.  Bowman, C.M., Danzig, P.B., Manber, U., and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Schwartz, M.F. âScalable Internet resource discovery:&lt;br&gt;
+Greenstone is a comprehensive software system for&lt;br&gt;
+Research problems and approachesâ &lt;i&gt;Communications&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+creating digital library collections. It builds data structures&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;of the ACM,&lt;/i&gt; Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 98â107, 1994.&lt;br&gt;
+for searching and browsing from the material provided,&lt;br&gt;
+3.  Fox, E. (1998) âDigital library definitions.â&lt;br&gt;
+rather than relying on any hand-crafting. The process is&lt;br&gt;
+ei.cs.vt.edu/~fox/dlib/def.html.&lt;br&gt;
+controlled by a configuration file, and once a collection&lt;br&gt;exists new material can be added completely&lt;br&gt;
+4.  Humanity Libraries (1998) &lt;i&gt;Humanity Development&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+automatically. Browsing is based on Dublin Core&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Global Help&lt;br&gt;
+metadata.&lt;br&gt;
+Project, Antwerp, Belgium.&lt;br&gt;
+New collections can be developed easily, particularly if&lt;br&gt;
+5.  Lagoze, C. and Fielding, D âDefining Collections in&lt;br&gt;
+they resemble existing ones. Extensibility is achieved&lt;br&gt;
+Distributed Digital Librariesâ &lt;i&gt;D-Lib Magazine&lt;/i&gt;, Nov.&lt;br&gt;
+through software âpluginsâ that can be written to&lt;br&gt;
+1998.&lt;br&gt;
+accommodate documents, and metadata, in different&lt;br&gt;
+6.  PAHO (1999) &lt;i&gt;Virtual Disaster Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM&lt;br&gt;
+formats. Standard plugins exist for many document types;&lt;br&gt;
+produced by the Pan-American Health Organization,&lt;br&gt;
+new ones are easily written. Browsing is controlled by&lt;br&gt;
+Washington DC, USA.&lt;br&gt;
+âclassifiersâ that process metadata into browsing structures&lt;br&gt;
+7.  McNab, R.J., Witten, I.H. and Boddie, S.J. (1998) âA&lt;br&gt;
+(by date, alphabetical, hierarchical, etc).&lt;br&gt;
+distributed digital library architecture incorporating&lt;br&gt;
+However, the most powerful support for extensibility is&lt;br&gt;
+different index styles.â &lt;i&gt;Proc IEEE Advances in Digital&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+achieved not by technical means but by making the source&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 36â45.&lt;br&gt;
+code freely available under the Gnu public license. Only&lt;br&gt;
+8.  Nevill-Manning, C.G., Reed, T., and Witten, I.H.&lt;br&gt;
+through an international cooperative effort will digital&lt;br&gt;
+(1998) âExtracting text from PostScriptâ&lt;br&gt;
+library software become sufficiently comprehensive to&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;SoftwareâPractice and Experience&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp.&lt;br&gt;
+meet the worldâs needs with the richness and flexibility&lt;br&gt;
+481â491; April.&lt;br&gt;
+that users deserve.&lt;br&gt;
+9.  UNESCO (1999) &lt;i&gt;SAHEL point DOC: Anthologie du&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;dÃ©veloppement au Sahel&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by&lt;br&gt;UNESCO, Paris, France.&lt;br&gt;
+We gratefully acknowledge all those who have worked on&lt;br&gt;the Greenstone software, and all members of the New&lt;br&gt;
+10. UNU (1998) &lt;i&gt;Collection on critical global issues.&lt;/i&gt; CD-&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand Digital Library project for their enthusiasm and&lt;br&gt;
+ROM produced by the United Nations University&lt;br&gt;
+ideas.&lt;br&gt;
+Press, Tokyo, Japan.&lt;br&gt;
+11. Witten, I.H., Moffat, A. and Bell, T. (1999) &lt;i&gt;Managing&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Gigabytes: compressing and indexing documents and&lt;br&gt;images&lt;/i&gt;, Morgan Kaufmann, second edition.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASH8bbe.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASH8bbe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASH8bbe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bronwyn; page: 1 of 1 1 Using language models for generic entity extraction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/langmodl.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215321/langmodl.text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">langmodl.text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">langmodl.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">langmodl.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PostScriptPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">16751</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">langmodl</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconps_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ian H. Witten</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Zane Bray</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Malika Mahoui</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">W.J. Teahan</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH8bbe6da0374b413b1b355c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215321</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH8bbe.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.ps:application/postscript:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+Bronwyn; page: 1 of 1 1 Using language models for generic entity extraction
+Ian H. Witten, Zane Bray, Malika Mahoui, W.J. Teahan Computer ScienceUniversity
+of WaikatoHamilton, New Zealandihw@cs.waikato.ac.nz AbstractThis paper describes
+the use of statisticallanguage modeling techniques, such as arecommonly used
+for text compression, to extractmeaningful, low-level, information about
+thelocation of semantic tokens, or \\322entities,\\323 in text.We begin by
+marking up several different tokentypes in training documents\\321for example,people\\325s
+names, dates and time periods, phonenumbers, and sums of money. We form alanguage
+model for each token type and examinehow accurately it identifies new tokens.
+We thenapply a search algorithm to insert tokenboundaries in a way that maximizes
+compressionof the entire test document. The technique can beapplied to hierarchically-defined
+tokens, leadingto a kind of \\322soft parsing\\323 that will, we believe,be
+able to identify structured items such asreferences and tables in html or
+plain text, basedon nothing more than a few marked-up examplesin training
+documents. 1.   INTRODUCTIONText mining is about looking for patterns in
+text, and maybe defined as the process of analyzing text to extractinformation
+that is useful for particular purposes.Compared with the kind of data stored
+in databases, textis unstructured, amorphous, and difficult to deal with.Nevertheless,
+in modern Western culture, text is the mostcommon vehicle for the formal
+exchange of information.The motivation for trying to extract information
+from it iscompelling\\321even if success is only partial.Text mining is possible
+because you do not have tounderstand text in order to extract useful information
+fromit. Here are four examples. First, if only names could beidentified,
+links could be inserted automatically to otherplaces that mention the same
+name\\321links that are\\322dynamically evaluated\\323 by calling upon a search
+engineto bind them at click time. Second, actions can beassociated with different
+types of data, using eitherexplicit programming or programming-by-demonstrationtechniques.
+A day/time specification appearing anywherewithin one\\325s email could be
+associated with diary actionssuch as updating a personal organizer or creating
+anautomatic reminder, and each mention of a day/time in thetext could raise
+a popup menu of calendar-based actions.Third, text could be mined for data
+in tabular format,allowing databases to be created from formatted tablessuch
+as stock-market information on Web pages. Fourth,an agent could monitor incoming
+newswire stories forcompany names and collect documents that mentionthem\\321an
+automated press clipping service.In all these examples, the key problem is
+to recognizedifferent types of target fragments, which we will calltokens
+or \\322entities\\323. This is really a kind of languagerecognition problem:
+we have a text made up of differentsublanguages {for personal names, company
+names, dates,table entries, and so on} and seek to determine whichparts are
+expressed in which language.The information extraction research community
+{of whichwe were, until recently, unaware} has studied these tasksand reported
+results at annual Message UnderstandingConferences {MUC}. For example, \\322named
+entities\\323 aredefined as proper names and quantities of interest,including
+personal, organization, and location names, aswell as dates, times, percentages,
+and monetary amounts{Chinchor, 1999}.The standard approach to this problem
+is manual:tokenizers and grammars are hand-designed for theparticular data
+being extracted. Looking at currentcommercial state-of-the-art text mining
+software, forexample, IBM\\325s Intelligent Miner for Text {Tkach, 1997}uses
+specific recognition modules carefully programmedfor the different data types,
+while Apple\\325s data detectors{Nardi et al., 1998} uses language grammars.
+The  TextTokenization Tool of Grover et al. {1999} is anotherexample, and
+a demonstration version is available on theWeb. The challenge for machine
+learning is to use
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASHeaa2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASHeaa2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASHeaa2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,4289 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1997-00 Listing of Working Papers</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215322_3/word01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215322_3/word01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/word01.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215322_3/word01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">word01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">word01.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">word01.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">110080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">word01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHeaa2992e081949673150f3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215322</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHeaa2.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Title&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.12mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1997-00 Listing of Working Papers &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Using compression to identify acronyms in text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stuart Yeates, David Bainbridge, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Text mining is about looking for patterns in natural language text, and may be defined as the process of analyzing text to extract information from it for particular purposes.  In previous work, we claimed that compression is a key technology for text mining, and backed this up with a study that showed how particular kinds of lexical tokens&amp;mdash;names, dates, locations, &lt;i&gt;etc.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;mdash;can be identified and located in running text, using compression models to provide the leverage necessary to distinguish different token types (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Text categorization using compression models
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Chang Chui, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Text categorization, or the assignment of natural language texts to predefined categories based on their content, is of growing importance as the volume of information available on the internet continues to overwhelm us.  The use of predefined categories implies a &amp;ldquo;supervised learning&amp;rdquo; approach to categorization, where already-classified articles - which effectively define the categories - are used as &amp;ldquo;training data&amp;rdquo; to build a model that can be used for classifying new articles that comprise the &amp;ldquo;test data&amp;rdquo;.  This contrasts with &amp;ldquo;unsupervised&amp;rdquo; learning, where there is no training data and clusters of like documents are sought amongst the test articles.  With supervised learning, meaningful labels (such as keyphrases) are attached to the training documents, and appropriate labels can be assigned automatically to test documents depending on which category they fall into.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Reserved for Sally Jo
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Interactive machine learning&amp;mdash;letting users build classifiers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Malcolm Ware, Eibe Frank, Geoffrey Holmes, Mark Hall, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+According to standard procedure, building a classifier is a fully automated process that follows data preparation by a domain expert.  In contrast, &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;interactive&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;machine learning engages users in actually generating the classifier themselves.  This offers a natural way of integrating background knowledge into the modeling stage&amp;mdash;so long as interactive tools can be designed that support efficient and effective communication.  This paper shows that appropriate techniques can empower users to create models that compete with classifiers built by state-of-the-art learning algorithms.  It demonstrates that users&amp;mdash;even users who are not domain experts&amp;mdash;can often construct good classifiers, without any help from a learning algorithm, using a simple two-dimensional visual interface.  Experiments demonstrate that, not surprisingly, success hinges on the domain: if a few attributes can support good predictions, users generate accurate classifiers, whereas domains with many high-order attribute interactions favor standard machine learning techniques.  The future challenge is to achieve a symbiosis between human user and machine learning algorithm.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+KEA: Practical automatic keyphrase extraction
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ian H. Witten, Gordon W. Paynter, Eibe Frank, Carl Gutwin, Craig G. Nevill-Manning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Keyphrases provide semantic metadata that summarize and characterize documents.  This paper describes Kea, an algorithm for automatically extracting keyphrases from text.  Kea identifies candidate keyphrases using lexical methods, calculates feature values for each candidate, and uses a machine learning algorithm to predict which candidates are good keyphrases.  The machine learning scheme first builds a prediction model using training documents with known keyphrases, and then uses the model to find keyphrases in new documents.  We use a large test corpus to evaluate Kea's effectiveness in terms of how many author-assigned keyphrases are correctly identified.  The system is simple, robust, and publicly available.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;ÎŒ&lt;/i&gt;-Charts and Z:  hows, whys and wherefores
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greg Reeve, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we show, by a series of examples, how the &lt;i&gt;ÎŒ&lt;/i&gt;-chart formalism can be translated into Z.  We give reasons for why this is an interesting and sensible thing to do and what it might be used for.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+One dimensional non-uniform rational B-splines for animation control
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Abdelaziz Mahoui
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Most 3D animation packages use graphical representations called motion graphs to represent the variation in time of the motion parameters.  Many use two-dimensional B-splines as animation curves because of their power to represent free-form curves.  In this project, we investigate the possibility of using One-dimensional Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) curves for the interactive construction of animation control curves.  One-dimensional NURBS curves present the potential of solving some problems encountered in motion graphs when two-dimensional B-splines are used.  The study focuses on the properties of One-dimensional NURBS mathematical model.  It also investigates the algorithms and shape modification tools devised for two-dimensional curves and their port to the One-dimensional NURBS model.  It also looks at the issues related to the user interface used to interactively modify the shape of the curves.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Correlation-based feature selection of discrete and numeric class machine learning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark A. Hall
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Algorithms for feature selection fall into two broad categories: &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;wrappers&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;that use the learning algorithm itself to evaluate the usefulness of features and &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;filters&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;that evaluate features according to heuristics based on general characteristics of the data.  For application to large databases, filters have proven to be more practical than wrappers because they are much faster.  However, most existing filter algorithms only work with discrete classification problems.  This paper describes a fast, correlation-based filter algorithm that can be applied to continuous and discrete problems.  The algorithm often out-performs the well-known ReliefF attribute estimator when used as a preprocessing step for naÃ¯ve Bayes, instance-based learning, decision trees, locally weighted regression, and model trees.  It performs more feature selection than ReliefF does-reducing the data dimensionality by fifty percent in most cases.  Also, decision and model trees built from the prepocessed data are often significantly smaller.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A development environment for predictive modelling in foods
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+G. Holmes, M.A. Hall
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) is a comprehensive suite of Java class libraries that implement many state-of-the-art machine learning/data mining algorithms.  Non-programmers interact with the software via a user interface component called the Knowledge Explorer.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Applications constructed from the WEKA class libraries can be run on any computer with a web browsing capability, allowing users to apply machine learning techniques to their own data regardless of computer platform.  This paper describes the user interface component of the WEKA system in reference to previous applications in the predictive modeling of foods.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for data mining
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark A. Hall, Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Data engineering is generally considered to be a central issue in the development of data mining applications.  The success of many learning schemes, in their attempts to construct models of data, hinges on the reliable identification of a small set of highly predictive attributes.  The inclusion of irrelevant, redundant and noisy attributes in the model building process phase can result in poor predictive performance and increased computation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Attribute selection generally involves a combination of search and attribute utility estimation plus evaluation with respect to specific learning schemes.  This leads to a large number of possible permutations and has led to a situation where very few benchmark studies have been conducted.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper presents a benchmark comparison of several attribute selection methods.  All the methods produce an attribute ranking, a useful devise of isolating the individual merit of an attribute.  Attribute selection is achieved by cross-validating the rankings with respect to a learning scheme to find the best attributes.  Results are reported for a selection of standard data sets and two learning schemes C4.5 and naÃ¯ve Bayes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Reeves, Greg Reeve
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Malika Mahoui, Sally Jo Cunningham
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Transaction logs are invaluable sources of fine-grained information about users' search behavior.  This paper compares the searching behavior of users across two WWW-accessible digital libraries: the New Zealand Digital Library's Computer Science Technical Reports collection (CSTR), and the Karlsruhe Computer Science Bibliographies (CSBIB) collection.  Since the two collections are designed to support the same type of users-researchers/students in computer science a comparative log analysis is likely to uncover common searching preferences for that user group.  The two collections differ in their content, however; the CSTR indexes a full text collection, while the CSBIB is primarily a bibliographic database.  Differences in searching behavior between the two systems may indicate the effect of differing search facilities and content type.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lexical attraction for text compression
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Joscha Bach, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+New methods of acquiring structural information in text documents may support better compression by identifying an appropriate prediction context for each symbol.  The method of &amp;ldquo;lexical attraction&amp;rdquo; infers syntactic dependency structures from statistical analysis of large corpora.  We describe the generation of a lexical attraction model, discuss its application to text compression, and explore its potential to outperform fixed-context models such as word-level PPM.  Perhaps the most exciting aspect of this work is the prospect of using compression as a metric for structure discovery in text.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Generating rule sets from model trees
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes, Mark Hall, Eibe Frank
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Knowledge discovered in a database must be represented in a form that is easy to understand.  Small, easy to interpret nuggets of knowledge from data are one requirement and the ability to induce them from a variety of data sources is a second.  The literature is abound with classification algorithms, and in recent years with algorithms for time sequence analysis, but relatively little has been published on extracting meaningful information from problems involving continuous classes (regression).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Model trees-decision trees with linear models at the leaf nodes-have recently emerged as an accurate method for numeric prediction that produces understandable models.  However, it is well known that decision lists-ordered sets of If-Then rules-have the potential to be more compact and therefore more understandable than their tree counterparts.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we present an algorithm for inducing simple, yet accurate rule sets from model trees.  The algorithm works by repeatedly building model trees and selecting the best rule at each iteration.  It produces rule sets that are, on the whole, as accurate but smaller than the model tree constructed from the entire dataset.  Experimental results for various heuristics which attempt to find a compromise between rule accuracy and rule coverage are reported.  We also show empirically that our method produces more accurate and smaller rule sets than the commercial state-of-the-art rule learning system Cubist.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A diagnostic tool for tree based supervised classification learning algorithms
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Leonard Trigg, Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The process of developing applications of machine learning and data mining that employ supervised classification algorithms includes the important step of knowledge verification.  Interpretable output is presented to a user so that they can verify that the knowledge contained in the output makes sense for the given application.  As the development of an application is an iterative process it is quite likely that a user would wish to compare models constructed at various times or stages.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+One crucial stage where comparison of models is important is when the accuracy of a model is being estimated, typically using some form of cross-validation.  This stage is used to establish an estimate of how well a model will perform on unseen data.  This is vital information to present to a user, but it is also important to show the degree of variation between models obtained from the entire dataset and models obtained during cross-validation.  In this way it can be verified that the cross-validation models are at least structurally aligned with the model garnered from the entire dataset.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper presents a diagnostic tool for the comparison of tree-based supervised classification models.  The method is adapted from work on approximate tree matching and applied to decision trees.  The tool is described together with experimental results on standard datasets.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine learning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark A. Hall
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Algorithms for feature selection fall into two broad categories: &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;wrappers&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;use the learning algorithm itself to evaluate the usefulness of features, while &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;filters&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;evaluate features according to heuristics based on general characteristics of the data.  For application to large databases, filters have proven to be more practical than wrappers because they are much faster.  However, most existing filter algorithms only work with discrete classification problems.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes a fast, correlation-based filter algorithm that can be applied to continuous and discrete problems.  Experiments using the new method as a preprocessing step for naÃ¯ve Bayes, instance-based learning, decision trees, locally weighted regression, and model trees show it to be an effective feature selector- it reduces the data in dimensionality by more than sixty percent in most cases without negatively affecting accuracy.  Also, decision and model trees built from the pre-processed data are often significantly smaller.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Browsing tree structures
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark Apperley, Robert Spence, Stephen Hodge, Michael Chester
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Graphic representations of tree structures are notoriously difficult to create, display, and interpret, particularly when the volume of information they contain, and hence the number of nodes, is large.  The problem of interactively browsing information held in tree structures is examined, and the implementation of an innovative tree browser described.  This browser is based on distortion-oriented display techniques and intuitive direct manipulation interaction.  The tree layout is automatically generated, but the location and extent of detail shown is controlled by the user.  It is suggested that these techniques could be extended to the browsing of more general networks.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Facilitating multiple copy/past operations
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark Apperley, Jay Baker, Dale Fletcher, Bill Rogers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Copy and paste, or cut and paste, using a clipboard or paste buffer has long been the principle facility provided to users for transferring data between and within GUI applications.  We argue that this mechanism can be clumsy in circumstances where several pieces of information must be moved systematically.  In two situations - extraction of data fields from unstructured data found in a directed search process, and reorganisation of computer program source text - we present alternative, more natural, user interface facilities to make the task less onerous, and to provide improved visual feedback during the operation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+For the data extraction task we introduce the Stretchable Selection Tool, a semi-transparent overlay augmenting the mouse pointer to automate paste operations and provide information to prompt the user.  We describe a prototype implementation that functions in a collaborative software environment, allowing users to cooperate on a multiple copy/paste operation.  For text reorganisation, we present an extension to Emacs, providing similar functionality, but without the collaborative features.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Automating iterative tasks with programming by demonstration: a user evaluation
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Gordon W. Paynter, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Computer users often face iterative tasks that cannot be automated using the tools and aggregation techniques provided by their application program: they end up performing the iteration by hand, repeating user interface actions over and over again.  We have implemented an agent, called Familiar, that can be taught to perform iterative tasks using programming by demonstration (PBD).  Unlike other PBD systems, it is domain independent and works with unmodified, widely-used, applications in a popular operating system.  In a formal evaluation, we found that users quickly learned to use the agent to automate iterative tasks.  Generally, the participants preferred to use multiple selection where possible, but could and did use PBD in situations involving iteration over many commands, or when other techniques were unavailable.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A survey of software requirements specification practices in the New Zealand software industry
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lindsay Groves, Ray Nickson, Greg Reeve, Steve Reeves, Mark Utting
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We report on the software development techniques used in the New Zealand software industry, paying particular attention to requirements gathering.  We surveyed a selection of software companies with a general questionnaire and then conducted in-depth interviews with four companies.  Our results show a wide variety in the kinds of companies undertaking software development, employing a wide range of software development techniques.  Although our data are not sufficiently detailed to draw statistically significant conclusions, it appears that larger software development groups typically have more well-defined software development processes, spend proportionally more time on requirements gathering, and follow more rigorous testing regimes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The LRU*WWW proxy cache document replacement algorithm
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Chung-yi Chang, Tony McGregor, Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Obtaining good performance from WWW proxy caches is critically dependent on the document replacement policy used by the proxy.  This paper validates the work of other authors by reproducing their studies of proxy cache document replacement algorithms.  From this basis a cross-trace study is mounted.  This demonstrates that the performance of most document replacement algorithms is dependent on the type of workload that they are presented with.  Finally we propose a new algorithm, LRU*, that consistently performs well across all our traces.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Reduced-error pruning with significance tests
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When building classification models, it is common practice to prune them to counter spurious effects of the training data: this often improves performance and reduces model size.  &amp;quot;Reduced-error pruning&amp;quot; is a fast pruning procedure for decision trees that is known to produce small and accurate trees.  Apart from the data from which the tree is grown, it uses an independent &amp;quot;pruning&amp;quot; set, and pruning decisions are based on the model's error rate on this fresh data.  Recently it has been observed that reduced-error pruning overfits the pruning data, producing unnecessarily large decision trees.  This paper investigates whether standard statistical significance tests can be used to counter this phenomenon.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The problem of overfitting to the pruning set highlights the need for significance testing.  We investigate two classes of test, &amp;quot;parametric&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;non-parametric.&amp;quot;  The standard chi-squared statistic can be used both in a parametric test and as the basis for a non-parametric permutation test.  In both cases it is necessary to select the significance level at which pruning is applied.  We show empirically that both versions of the chi-squared test perform equally well if their significance levels are adjusted appropriately.  Using a collection of standard datasets, we show that significance testing improves on standard reduced error pruning if the significance level is tailored to the particular dataset at hand using cross-validation, yielding consistently smaller trees that perform at least as well and sometimes better.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Weka: Practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java implementations
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ian H. Witten, Eibe Frank, Len Trigg, Mark Hall, Geoffrey Holmes, Sally Jo Cunningham
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (Weka) is a comprehensive suite of Java class libraries that implement many state-of-the-art machine learning and data mining algorithms.  Weka is freely available on the World-Wide Web and accompanies a new text on data mining [1] which documents and fully explains all the algorithms it contains.  Applications written using the Weka class libraries can be run on any computer with a Web browsing capability; this allows users to apply machine learning techniques to their own data regardless of computer platform.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Pace Regression
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Yong Wang, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper articulates a new method of linear regression, &amp;ldquo;pace regression&amp;rdquo;, that addresses many drawbacks of standard regression reported in the literature&amp;mdash;particularly the subset selection problem.  Pace regression improves on classical ordinary least squares (OLS) regression by evaluating the effect of each variable and using a clustering analysis to improve the statistical basis for estimating their contribution to the overall regression.  As well as outperforming OLS, it also outperforms&amp;mdash;in a remarkably general sense&amp;mdash;other linear modeling techniques in the literature, including subset selection procedures, which seek a reduction in dimensionality that falls out as a natural byproduct of pace regression.  The paper defines six procedures that share the fundamental idea of pace regression, all of which are theoretically justified in terms of asymptotic performance.  Experiments confirm the performance improvement over other techniques.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A compression-based algorithm for Chinese word segmentation
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W.J. Teahan, Yingying Wen, Rodger McNab, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Chinese language is written without using spaces or other word delimiters.  Although a text may be thought of as a corresponding sequence of words, there is considerable ambiguity in the placement of boundaries.  Interpreting a text as a sequence of words is beneficial for some information retrieval and storage tasks: for example, full-text search, word-based compression, and keyphrase extraction.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We describe a scheme that infers appropriate positions for word boundaries using an adaptive language model that is standard in text compression.  It is trained on a corpus of pre-segmented text, and when applied to new text, interpolates word boundaries so as to maximize the compression obtained.  This simple and general method performs well with respect to specialized schemes for Chinese language segmentation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Clustering with finite data from semi-parametric mixture distributions
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Yong Wang, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Existing clustering methods for the semi-parametric mixture distribution perform well as the volume of data increases.  However, they all suffer from a serious drawback in finite-data situations: small outlying groups of data points can be completely ignored in the clusters that are produced, no matter how far away they lie from the major clusters.  This can result in unbounded loss if the loss function is sensitive to the distance between clusters.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper proposes a new distance-based clustering method that overcomes the problem by avoiding global constraints.  Experimental results illustrate its superiority to existing methods when small clusters are present in finite data sets; they also suggest that it is more accurate and stable than other methods even when there are no small clusters.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Niupepa Collection:  Opening the blinds on a window to the past
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham, Mark Apperley
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes the building of a digital library collection of historic newspapers.  The newspapers (&lt;i&gt;Niupepa&lt;/i&gt; in Maori), which were published in New Zealand during the period 1842 to 1933, form a unique historical record of the Maori language, and of events from an historical perspective.  Images of these newspapers have been converted to digital form, electronic text extracted from these, and the collection is now being made available over the Internet as a part of the New Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project at the University of Waikato.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Boosting trees for cost-sensitive classifications
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, Zijian Zheng
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper explores two boosting techniques for cost-sensitive tree classification in the situation where misclassification costs change very often.  Ideally, one would like to have only one induction, and use the induced model for different misclassification costs.  Thus, it demands robustness of the induced model against cost changes.  Combining multiple trees gives robust predictions against this change.  We demonstrate that ordinary boosting combined with the minimum expected cost criterion to select the prediction class is a good solution under this situation.  We also introduce a variant of the ordinary boosting procedure which utilizes the cost information during training.  We show that the proposed technique performs better than the ordinary boosting in terms of misclassification cost.  However, this technique requires to induce a set of new trees every time the cost changes.  Our empirical investigation also reveals some interesting behavior of boosting decision trees for cost-sensitive classification.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Generating accurate rule sets without global optimization 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The two dominant schemes for rule-learning, C4.5 and RIPPER, both operate in two stages.  First they induce an initial rule set and then they refine it using a rather complex optimization stage that discards (C4.5) or adjusts (RIPPER) individual rules to make them work better together.  In contrast, this paper shows how good rule sets can be learned one rule at a time, without any need for global optimization.  We present an algorithm for inferring rules by repeatedly generating partial decision trees, thus combining the two major paradigms for rule generation-creating rules from decision trees and the separate-and-conquer rule-learning technique.  The algorithm is straightforward and elegant: despite this, experiments on standard datasets show that it produces rule sets that are as accurate as and of similar size to those generated by C4.5, and more accurate than RIPPER's.  Moreover, it operates efficiently, and because it avoids postprocessing, does not suffer the extremely slow performance on pathological example sets for which the C4.5 method has been criticized.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+VQuery: a graphical user interface for Boolean query Specification and dynamic result preview
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Textual query languages based on Boolean logic are common amongst the search facilities of on-line information repositories.  However, there is evidence to suggest that the syntactic and semantic demands of such languages lead to user errors and adversely affect the time that it takes users to form queries.  Additionally, users are faced with user interfaces to these repositories which are unresponsive and uninformative, and consequently fail to support effective query refinement.  We suggest that graphical query languages, particularly Venn-like diagrams, provide a natural medium for Boolean query specification which overcomes the problems of textual query languages.  Also, dynamic result previews can be seamlessly integrated with graphical query specification to increase the effectiveness of query refinements.  We describe VQuery, a query interface to the New Zealand Digital Library which exploits querying by Venn diagrams and integrated query result previews.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Revising &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;: semantics and logic
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Martin C. Henson, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We introduce a simple specification logic &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;c comprising a logic and semantics (in &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;ZF&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; set theory).  We then provide an interpretation for (a rational reconstruction of) the specification language &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; within &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;c.  As a result we obtain a sound logic for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;, including the schema calculus.  A consequence of our formalisation is a critique of a number of concepts used in &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;.  We demonstrate that the complications and confusions which these concepts introduce can be avoided without compromising expressibility.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A logic for the schema calculus
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Martin C. Henson, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we introduce and investigate a logic for the schema calculus of &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;.  The schema calculus is arguably the reason for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;'s popularity but so far no true calculus (a sound system of rules for reasoning about schema expressions) has been given.  Presentations thus far have either failed to provide a calculus (e.g. the draft standard [3]) or have fallen back on informal descriptions at a syntactic level (most text books e.g. [7[).  Once the calculus is established we introduce a derived equational logic which enables us to formalise properly the informal notations of schema expression equality to be found in the literature.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+New foundations for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Martin C. Henson, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We provide a constructive and intensional interpretation for the specification language &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; in a theory of operations and kinds &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;.  The motivation is to facilitate the development of an integrated approach to program construction.  We illustrate the new foundations for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; with examples.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Predicting apple bruising relationships using machine learning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+G. Holmes, S.J. Cunningham, B.T. Dela Rue, A.F. Bollen
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many models have been used to describe the influence of internal or external factors on apple bruising.  Few of these have addressed the application of derived relationships to the evaluation of commercial operations.  From an industry perspective, a model must enable fruit to be rejected on the basis of a commercially significant bruise and must also accurately quantify the effects of various combinations of input features (such as cultivar, maturity, size, and so on) on bruise prediction.  Input features must in turn have characteristics which are measurable commercially; for example, the measure of force should be impact energy rather than energy absorbed.  Further, as the commercial criteria for acceptable damage levels change, the model should be versatile enough to regenerate new bruise thresholds from existing data.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Machine learning is a burgeoning technology with a vast range of potential applications particularly in agriculture where large amounts of data can be readily collected [1].  The main advantage of using a machine learning method in an application is that the models built for prediction can be viewed and understood by the owner of the data who is in a position to determine the usefulness of the model, an essential component in a commercial environment.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An evaluation of passage-level indexing strategies for a technical report archive
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Michael Williams
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Past research has shown that using evidence from document passages rather than complete documents is an effective way of improving the precision of full-text database searches.  However, passage-level indexing has yet to be widely adopted for commercial or online databases.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper reports on experiments designed to test the efficacy of passage-level indexing with a particular collection of a full-text online database, the New Zealand Digital Library.  Discourse passages and word-window passages are used for the indexing process.  Both ranked and Boolean searching are used to test the resulting indexes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Overlapping window passages are shown to offer the best retrieval performance with both ranked and Boolean queries.  Modifications may be necessary to the term weighting methodology in order to ensure optimal ranked query performance.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Managing multiple collections, multiple languages, and multiple media in a distributed digital library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ian H. Witten, Rodger McNab, Steve Jones, Sally Jo Cunningham, David Bainbridge, Mark Apperley
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Managing the organizational and software complexity of a comprehensive digital library presents a significant challenge.  Different library collections each have their own distinctive features.  Different presentation languages have structural implications such as left-to-right writing order and text-only interfaces for the visually impaired.  Different media involve different file formats, and-more importantly-radically different search strategies are required for non-textual media.  In a distributed library, new collections can appear asynchronously on servers in different parts of the world.  And as searching interfaces mature from the command-line era exemplified by current Web search engines into the age of reactive visual interfaces, experimental new interfaces must be developed, supported, and tested.  This paper describes our experience, gained from operating a substantial digital library service over several years, in solving these problems by designing an appropriate software architecture.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Experiences with a weighted decision tree learner
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+John G. Cleary, Leonard E. Trigg
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Machine learning algorithms for inferring decision trees typically choose a single &amp;ldquo;best&amp;rdquo; tree to describe the training data.  Recent research has shown that classification performance can be significantly improved by voting predictions of multiple, independently produced decision trees.  This paper describes an algorithm, OB1, that makes a weighted sum over many possible models.  We describe one instance of OB1, that includes &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;all&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; possible decision trees as well as naÃ¯ve Bayesian models.  OB1 is compared with a number of other decision tree and instance based learning alogrithms on some of the data sets from the UCI repository.  Both an information gain and an accuracy measure are used for the comparison.  On the information gain measure OB1 performs significantly better than all the other algorithms.  On the accuracy measure it is significantly better than all the algorithms except naÃ¯ve Bayes which performs comparably to OB1.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An entropy gain measure of numeric prediction performance
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Leonard Trigg
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Categorical classifier performance is typically evaluated with respect to error rate, expressed as a percentage of test instances that were not correctly classified.  When a classifier produces multiple classifications for a test instance, the prediction is counted as incorrect (even if the correct class was one of the predictions).  Although commonly used in the literature, error rate is a coarse measure of classifier performance, as it is based only on a single prediction offered for a test instance.  Since many classifiers can produce a class distribution as a prediction, we should use this to provide a better measure of how much information the classifier is extracting from the domain.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Numeric classifiers are a relatively new development in machine learning, and as such there is no single performance measure that has become standard.  Typically these machine learning schemes predict a single real number for each test instance, and the error between the predicted and actual value is used to calculate a myriad of performance measures such as correlation coefficient, root mean squared error, mean absolute error, relative absolute error, and root relative squared error.  With so many performance measures it is difficult to establish an overall performance evaluation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The next section describes a performance measure for machine learning schemes that attempts to overcome the problems with current measures.  In addition, the same evaluation measure is used for categorical and numeric classifier.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Proceedings of CBISE '98 CaiSE*98 Workshop on Component Based Information Systems Engineering
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Edited by John Grundy
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Component-based information systems development is an area of research and practice of increasing importance.  Information Systems developers have realised that traditional approaches to IS engineering produce monolithic, difficult to maintain, difficult to reuse systems.  In contrast, the use of software components, which embody data, functionality and well-specified and understood interfaces, makes interoperable, distributed and highly reusable IS components feasible.  Component-based approaches to IS engineering can be used at strategic and organisational levels, to model business processes and whole IS architectures, in development methods which utilise component-based models during analysis and design, and in system implementation.  Reusable components can allow end users to compose and configure their own Information Systems, possibly from a range of suppliers, and to more tightly couple their organisational workflows with their IS support.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This workshop proceedings contains a range of papers addressing one or more of the above issues relating to the use of component models for IS development.  All of these papers were refereed by at least two members of an international workshop committee comprising industry and academic researchers and users of component technologies.  Strategic uses of components are addressed in the first three papers, while the following three address uses of components for systems design and workflow management.  Systems development using components, and the provision of environments for component management are addressed in the following group of five papers.  The last three papers in this proceedings address component management and analysis techniques.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All of these papers provide new insights into the many  varied uses of component technology for IS engineering.  I hope you find them as interesting and useful as I have when collating this proceedings and organising the workshop.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An analysis of usage of a digital library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones, Sally Jo Cunningham, Rodger McNab
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+As experimental digital library testbeds gain wider acceptance and develop significant user bases, it becomes important to investigate the ways in which users interact with the systems in practice.  Transaction logs are one source of usage information, and the information on user behaviour can be culled from them both automatically (through calculation of summary statistics) and manually (by examining query strings for semantic clues on search motivations and searching strategy).  We conduct a transaction log analysis on user activity in the Computer Science Technical Reports Collection of the New Zealand Digital Library, and report insights gained and identify resulting search interface design issues.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Measuring ATM traffic: final report for New Zealand Telecom
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+John Cleary, Ian Graham, Murray Pearson, Tony McGregor
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The report describes the development of a low-cost ATM monitoring system, hosted by a standard PC.  The monitor can be used remotely returning information on ATM traffic flows to a central site.  The monitor is interfaces to a GPS timing receiver, which provides an absolute time accuracy of better than 1 usec.  By monitoring the same traffic flow at different points in a network it is possible to measure cell delay and delay variation in real time, and with existing traffic.  The monitoring system characterises cells by a CRC calculated over the cell payload, thus special measurement cells are not required.  Delays in both local area and wide-area networks have been measured using this system.  It is possible to measure delay in a network that is not end-to-end ATM, as long as some cells remain identical at the entry and exit points.  Examples are given of traffic and delay measurements in both wide and local area network systems, including delays measured over the Internet from Canada to New Zealand.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Despite its simplicity, the naÃ¯ve Bayes learning scheme performs well on most classification tasks, and is often significantly more accurate than more sophisticated methods.  Although the probability estimates that it produces can be inaccurate, it often assigns maximum probability to the correct class.  This suggests that its good performance might be restricted to situations where the output is categorical.  It is therefore interesting to see how it performs in domains where the predicted value is numeric, because in this case, predictions are more sensitive to inaccurate probability estimates.&amp;lt;P&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper shows how to apply the naÃ¯ve Bayes methodology to numeric prediction (i.e. regression) tasks, and compares it to linear regression, instance-based learning, and a method that produces &amp;ldquo;model trees&amp;rdquo;-decision trees with linear regression functions at the leaves.  Although we exhibit an artificial dataset for which naÃ¯ve Bayes is the method of choice, on real-world datasets it is almost uniformly worse than model trees.  The comparison with linear regression depends on the error measure: for one measure naÃ¯ve Bayes performs similarly, for another it is worse.  Compared to instance-based learning, it performs similarly with respect to both measures.  These results indicate that the simplistic statistical assumption that naÃ¯ve Bayes makes is indeed more restrictive for regression than for classification.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Link as you type: using key phrases for automated dynamic link generation
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When documents are collected together from diverse sources they are unlikely to contain useful hypertext links to support browsing amongst them.  For large collections of thousands of documents it is prohibitively resource intensive to manually insert links into each document.  Users of such collections may wish to relate documents within them to text that they are themselves generating.  This process, often involving keyword searching, distracts from the authoring process and results in material related to query terms but not necessarily to the author's document.  Query terms that are effective in one collection might not be so in another.  We have developed Phrasier, a system that integrates authoring (of text and hyperlinks), browsing, querying and reading in support of information retrieval activities.  Phrasier exploits key phrases which are automatically extracted from documents in a collection, and uses them as link anchors and to identify candidate destinations for hyperlinks.  This system suggests links into existing collections for purposes of authoring and retrieval of related information, creates links between documents in a collection and provides supportive document and link overviews.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/17
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Melody based tune retrieval over the World Wide Web
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+David Bainbridge, Rodger J. McNab, Lloyd A. Smith
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we describe the steps taken to develop a Web-based version of an existing stand-alone, single-user digital library application for melodical searching of a collection of music.  For the three key components: input, searching, and output, we assess the suitability of various Web-based strategies that deal with the now distributed software architecture and explain the decisions we made.  The resulting melody indexing service, known as MELDEX, has been in operation for one year, and the feed-back we have received has been favorable.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/18
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Making oral history accessible over the World Wide Web
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+David Bainbridge, Sally Jo Cunningham
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We describe a multimedia, WWW-based oral history collection constructed from off-the-shelf or publicly available software.  The source materials for the collection include audio tapes of interviews and summary transcripts of each interview, as well as photographs illustrating episodes mentioned in the tapes.  Sections of the transcripts are manually matched to associated segments of the tapes, and the tapes are digitized.  Users search a full-text retrieval system based on the text transcripts to retrieve relevant transcript sections and their associated audio recordings and photographs.  It is also possible to search for photos by matching text queries against text descriptions of the photos in the collection, where the located photos link back to their respective interview transcript and audio recordings.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1997&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A dynamic and flexible representation of social relationships in CSCW
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones, Steve Marsh
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+CSCW system designers lack effective support in addressing the social issues and interpersonal relationships which are linked with the use of CSCW systems.  We present a formal description of trust to support CSCW system designers in considering the social aspects of group work, embedding those considerations in systems and analysing computer supported group processes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We argue that trust is a critical aspect in group work, and describe what we consider to be the building blocks of trust.  We then present a formal notation for the building blocks, their use in reasoning about social interactions and how they are amended over time.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We then consider how the formalism may be used in practice, and present some insights from initial analysis of the behaviour of the formalism.  This is followed by a description of possible amendments and extensions to the formalism.  We conclude that it is possible to formalise a notion of trust and to model the formalisation by a computational mechanism.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Design issues for World Wide Web navigation visualisation tools
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Andy Cockburn, Steve Jones
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The World Wide Web (WWW) is a successful hypermedia information space used by millions of people, yet it suffers from many deficiencies and problems in support for navigation around its vast information space.  In this paper we identify the origins of these navigation problems, namely WWW browser design, WWW page design, and WWW page description languages.  Regardless of their origins, these problems are eventually represented to the user at the browser's user interface.  To help overcome these problems, many tools are being developed which allow users to visualise WWW subspaces.  We identify five key issues in the design and functionality of these visualisation systems: characteristics of the visual representation, the scope of the subspace representation, the mechanisms for generating the visualisation, the degree of browser independence, and the navigation support facilities.  We provide a critical review of the diverse range of WWW visualisation tools with respect to these issues.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stacked generalization:  when does it work?
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stacked generalization is a general method of using a high-level model to combine lower-level models to achieve greater predictive accuracy.  In this paper we address two crucial issues which have been considered to be a 'black art' in classification tasks ever since the introduction of stacked generalization in 1992 by Wolpert: the type of generalizer that is suitable to derive the higher-level model, and the kind of attributes that should be used as its input. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We demonstrate the effectiveness of stacked generalization for combining three different types of learning algorithms, and also for combining models of the same type derived from a single learning algorithm in a multiple-data-batches scenario.  We also compare the performance of stacked generalization with published results arcing and bagging.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Browsing in digital libraries:  a phrase-based approach
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Craig Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, Gordon W. Paynter
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A key question for digital libraries is this: how should one go about becoming familiar with a digital collection, as opposed to a physical one?  Digital collections generally present an appearance which is extremely opaque-a screen, typically a Web page, with no indication of what, or how much, lies beyond: whether a carefully-selected collection or a morass of worthless ephemera; whether half a dozen documents or many millions.  At least physical collections occupy physical space, present a physical appearance, and exhibit tangible physical organization.  When standing on the threshold of a large library one gains a sense of presence and permanence that reflects the care taken in building and maintaining the collection inside.  No-one could confuse it with a dung-heap!  Yet in the digital world the difference is not so palpable.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A graphical notation for the design of information visualisations
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Matthew C. Humphrey
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Visualisations are coherent, graphical expressions of complex information that enhance people's ability to communicate and reason about that information.  Yet despite the importance of visualisations in helping people to understand and solve a wide variety of problems, there is a dearth of formal tools and methods for discussing, describing and designing them.  Although simple visualisations, such as bar charts and scatterplots, are easily produced by modern interactive software, novel visualisations of multivariate, multirelational data must be expressed in a programming language.  The Relational Visualisation Notation is a new, graphical language for designing such highly expressive visualisations that does not use programming constructs.  Instead, the notation is based on relational algebra, which is widely used in database query languages, and it is supported by a suite of direct manipulation tools.  This article presents the notation and examines the designs of some interesting visualisations.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Applications of machine learning in information retrieval
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sally Jo Cunningham, James Littin, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Information retrieval systems provide access to collections of thousands, or millions, of documents, from which, by providing an appropriate description, users can recover any one.  Typically, users iteratively refine the descriptions they provide to satisfy their needs, and retrieval systems can utilize user feedback on selected documents to indicate the accuracy of the description at any stage.  The style of description required from the user, and the way it is employed to search the document database, are consequences of the indexing method used for the collection.  The index may take different forms, from storing keywords with links to individual documents, to clustering documents under related topics.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Computer concepts without computers:  a first course in computer science
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes, Tony C. Smith, William J. Rogers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+While some institutions seek to make CS1 curricula more enjoyable by incorporating specialised educational software [1] or by setting more enjoyable programming assignments [2], we have joined the growing number of Computer Science departments that seek to improve the quality of the CS1 experience by focusing student attention away from the computer monitor [3,4].  Sophisticated computing concepts usually reserved for senior level courses are presented in a &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;popular science&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; manner, and given equal time alongside the essential introductory programming material.  By exposing students to a broad range of specific computational problems we endeavour to make the introductory course more interesting and enjoyable, and instil in students a sense of vision for areas they might specialise in as computing majors.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A sight-singing tutor
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lloyd A. Smith, Rodger J. McNab
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes a computer program designed to aid its users in learning to sight-sing.  Sight-singing-the ability to sing music from a score without prior study-is an important skill for musicians and holds a central place in most university music curricula.  Its importance to vocalists is obvious; it is also an important skill for instrumentalists and conductors because it develops the aural imagination necessary to judge how the music should sound, when played (Benward and Carr 1991).  Furthermore, it is an important skill for amateur musicians, who can save a great deal of rehearsal time through an ability to sing music at sight.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stacking bagged and dagged models
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, I.H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper, we investigate the method of &lt;i&gt;stacked generalization&lt;/i&gt; in combining models derived from different subsets of a training dataset by a single learning algorithm, as well as different algorithms.  The simplest way to combine predictions from competing models is majority vote, and the effect of the sampling regime used to generate training subsets has already been studied in this context-when bootstrap samples are used the method is called &lt;i&gt;bagging&lt;/i&gt;, and for disjoint samples we call it &lt;i&gt;dagging&lt;/i&gt;.  This paper extends these studies to stacked generalization, where a learning algorithm is employed to combine the models.  This yields new methods dubbed &lt;i&gt;bag-stacking&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;dag-stacking&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We demonstrate that bag-stacking and dag-stacking can be effective for classification tasks even when the training samples cover just a small fraction of the full dataset.  In contrast to earlier bagging results, we show that bagging and bag-stacking work for stable as well as unstable learning algorithms, as do dagging and dag-stacking.  We find that bag-stacking (dag-stacking) almost always has higher predictive accuracy than bagging (dagging), and we also show that bag-stacking models derived using two different algorithms is more effective than bagging.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Extracting text from Postscript
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Craig Nevill-Manning, Todd Reed, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We show how to extract plain text from PostScript files. A textual scan is inadequate because PostScript interpreters can generate characters on the page that do not appear in the source file. Furthermore, word and line breaks are implicit in the graphical rendition, and must be inferred from the positioning of word fragments. We present a robust technique for extracting text and recognizing words and paragraphs. The method uses a standard PostScript interpreter but redefines several PostScript operators, and simple heuristics are employed to locate word and line breaks. The scheme has been used to create a full-text index, and plain-text versions, of 40,000 technical reports (34 Gbyte of PostScript). Other text-extraction systems are reviewed: none offer the same combination of robustness and simplicity.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Gathering and indexing rich fragments of the World Wide Web
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes, William J Rogers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+While the World Wide Web (WWW) is an attractive option as a resource for teaching and research it does have some undesirable features. The cost of allowing students unlimited access can be high-both in money and time; students may become addicted to 'surfing' the web-exploring purely for entertainment-and jeopardise their studies. Students are likely to discover undesirable material because large scale search engines index sites regardless of their merit. Finally, the explosive growth of WWW usage means that servers and networks are often overloaded, to the extent that a student may gain a very negative view of the technology.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We have developed a piece of software which attempts to address these issues by capturing rich fragments of the WWW onto local storage media. It is possible to put a collection onto CD ROM, providing portability and inexpensive storage. This enables the presentation of the WWW to distance learning students, who do not have internet access. The software interfaces to standard, commonly available web browsers, acting as a proxy server to the files stored on the local media, and provides a search engine giving full text searching capability within the collection.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Using model trees for classification
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Yong Wang, Stuart Inglis, Geoffrey Holmes, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Model trees, which are a type of decision tree with linear regression functions at the leaves, form the basis of a recent successful technique for predicting continuous numeric values.  They can be applied to classification problems by employing a standard method of transforming a classification problem into a problem of function approximation.  Surprisingly, using this simple transformation the model tree inducer M5', based on Quinlan's M5, generates more accurate classifiers than the state-of-the-art decision tree learner C5.0, particularly when most of the attributes are numeric.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Discovering inter-attribute relationships
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+It is important to discover relationships between attributes being used to predict a class attribute in supervised learning situations for two reasons.  First, any such relationship will be potentially interesting to the provider of a dataset in its own right.  Second, it would simplify a learning algorithm's search space, and the related irrelevant feature and subset selection problem, if the relationships were removed from datasets ahead of learning.  An algorithm to discover such relationships is presented in this paper.  The algorithm is described and a surprising number of inter-attribute relationships are discovered in datasets from the University of California at Irvine (UCI) repository.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Learning from batched data:  model combination vs data combination
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When presented with multiple batches of data, one can either combine them into a single batch before applying a machine learning procedure or learn from each batch independently and combine the resulting models.  The former procedure, data combination, is straightforward; this paper investigates the latter, model combination.  Given an appropriate combination method, one might expect model combination to prove superior when the data in each batch was obtained under somewhat different conditions or when different learning algorithms were used on the batches.  Empirical results show that model combination often outperforms data combination even when the batches are drawn randomly from a single source of data and the same learning method is used on each.  Moreover, this is not just an artifact of one particular method of combining models: it occurs with several different combination methods.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We relate this phenomenon to the learning curve of the classifiers being used.  Early in the learning process when the learning curve is steep there is much to gain from data combination, but later when it becomes shallow there is less to gain and model combination achieves a greater reduction in variance and hence a lower error rate.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The practical implication of these results is that one should consider using model combination rather than data combination, especially when multiple batches of data for the same task are readily available.  It is often superior even when the batches are drawn randomly from a single sample, and we expect its advantage to increase if genuine statistical differences between the batches exist.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Information seeking retrieval, reading and storing behaviour of library users
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Turner K.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In the interest of digital libraries, it is advisable that designers be aware of the potential behaviour of the users of such a system.  There are two distinct parts under investigation, the interaction between traditional libraries involving the seeking and retrieval of relevant material, and the reading and storage behaviours ensuing. Through this analysis, the findings could be incorporated into digital library facilities. There has been copious amounts of research on information seeking leading to the development of behavioural models to describe the process. Often research on the information seeking practices of individuals is based on the task and field of study. The information seeking model, presented by Ellis et al. (1993), characterises the format of this study where it is used to compare various research on the information seeking practices of groups of people (from academics to professionals). It is found that, although researchers do make use of library facilities, they tend to rely heavily on their own collections and primarily use the library as a source for previously identified information, browsing and interloan. It was found that there are significant differences in user behaviour between the groups analysed. When looking at the reading and storage of material it was hard to draw conclusions, due to the lack of substantial research and information on the topic. However, through the use of reading strategies, a general idea on how readers behave can be developed. Designers of digital libraries can benefit from the guidelines presented here to better understand their audience.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Proceeding of the INTERACT97 Combined Workshop on CSCW in HCI-Worldwide
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Matthias Rauterberg, Lars Oestreicher, John Grundy
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This is the proceedings for the INTERACT97 combined workshop on &amp;ldquo;CSCW in HCI-worldwide&amp;rdquo;.  The position papers in this proceedings are those selected from topics relating to HCI community development worldwide and to CSCW issues.  Originally these were to be two separate INTERACT workshops, but were combined to ensure sufficient participation for a combined workshop to run.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The combined workshop has been split into two separate sessions to run in the morning of July 15&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;, Sydney, Australia.  One to discuss the issues relating to the position papers focusing on general CSCW systems, the other to the development of HCI communities in a worldwide context.  The CSCW session uses as a case study a proposed groupware tool for facilitating the development of an HCI database with a worldwide geographical distribution.  The HCI community session focuses on developing the content for such a database, in order for it to foster the continued development of HCI communities.  The afternoon session of the combined workshop involves a joint discussion of the case study groupware tool, in terms of its content and likely groupware facilities.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The position papers have been grouped into those focusing on HCI communities and hence content issues for a groupware database, and those focusing on CSCW and groupware issues, and hence likely groupware support in the proposed HCI database/collaboration tools.  We hope that you find the position papers in this proceedings offer a wide range of interesting reports of HCI community development worldwide, leading CSCW system research, and that a groupware tool supporting aspects of a worldwide HCI database can draw upon the varied work reported.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/17
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Internationalising a spreadsheet for Pacific Basin languages
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Robert Barbour, Alvin Yeo
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+As people trade and engage in commerce, an economically dominant culture tends to migrate language into other recently contacted cultures.  Information technology (IT) can accelerate enculturation and promote the expansion of western hegemony in IT.  Equally, IT can present a culturally appropriate interface to the user that promotes the preservation of culture and language with very little additional effort.  In this paper a spreadsheet is internationalised to accept languages from the Latin-1 character set such as English, Maori and Bahasa Melayu (Malaysia's national language).  A technique that allows a non-programmer to add a new language to the spreadsheet is described.  The technique could also be used to internationalise other software at the point of design by following the steps we outline.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/18
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Localising a spreadsheet:  an Iban example
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Presently, there is little localisation of software to smaller cultures if it is not economically viable.  We believe software should also be localised to the languages of small cultures in order to sustain and preserve these small cultures.  As an example, we localised a spreadsheet from English to Iban.  The process in which we carried out the localisation can be used as a framework for the localisation of software to languages of small ethnic minorities.  Some problems faced during the localisation process are also discussed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/19
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Strategies of internationalisation and localisation: a postmodernist/s perspective
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many software companies today are developing software not only for local consumption but for the rest of the world.  We introduce the concepts of internationalisation and localisation and discuss some techniques using these processes.  An examination of postmodern critique with respect to the software industry is also reported.  In addition, we also feature our proposed internationalisation technique that was inspired by taking into account the researches of postmodern philosophers and mathematicians.  As illustrated in our prototype, the technique empowers non-programmers to localise their own software.  Further development of the technique and its implications on user interfaces and the future of software internationalisation and localisation are discussed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/20
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Language use in software
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many of the popular software we use today are in English.  Very few software applications are available in minority languages.  Besides economic goals, we justify why software should be made available to smaller cultures.  Furthermore, there is evidence that people learn and progress faster in software in their mother tongue (Griffiths et at, 1994) (Krock, 1996).  We hypothesise that experienced users of English spreadsheet can easily migrate to a spreadsheet in their native tongue i.e. Bahasa Melayu (Malaysia's national language).  Observations made in the study suggest that the native speakers of Bahasa Melayu had difficulties with the Bahasa Melayu interface.  The subjects' main difficulty was their unfamiliarity with computing terminology in Bahasa Melayu.  We present possible strategies to increase the use of Bahasa Melayu in IT.  These strategies may also be used to promote the use of other minority languages in IT.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/21
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Usability testing:  a Malaysian study
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour, Mark Apperley
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An exploratory study of software assessment techniques is conducted in Malaysia.  Subjects in the study comprised staff members of a Malaysian university with a high Information Technology (IT) presence.  The subjects assessed a spreadsheet tool with a Bahasa Melayu (Malaysia's national language) interface.  Software evaluation techniques used include the think aloud method, interviews and the System Usability Scale.  The responses in the various techniques used are reported and initial results indicate idiosyncratic behaviour of Malaysian subjects.  The implications of the findings are also discussed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/22
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Inducing cost-sensitive trees via instance-weighting
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We introduce an instance-weighting method to induce cost-sensitive trees in this paper.  It is a generalization of the standard tree induction process where only the initial instance weights determine the type of tree (i.e., minimum error trees or minimum cost trees) to be induced.  We demonstrate that it can be easily adopted to an existing tree learning algorithm.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Previous research gave insufficient evidence to support the fact that the greedy divide-and-conquer algorithm can effectively induce a truly cost-sensitive tree directly from the training data.  We provide this empirical evidence in this paper.  The algorithm employing the instance-weighting method is found to be comparable to or better than both C4.5 and C5 in terms of total misclassification costs, tree size and the number of high cost errors.  The instance-weighting method is also simpler and more effective in implementation than a method based on altered priors.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/23
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Fast convergence with a greedy tag-phrase dictionary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ross Peeters, Tony C. Smith
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The best general-purpose compression schemes make their gains by estimating a probability distribution over all possible next symbols given the context established by some number of previous symbols.  Such context models typically obtain good compression results for plain text by taking advantage of regularities in character sequences.  Frequent words and syllables can be incorporated into the model quickly and thereafter used for reasonably accurate prediction.  However, the precise context in which frequent patterns emerge is often extremely varied, and each new word or phrase immediately introduces new contexts which can adversely affect the compression rate
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A great deal of the structural regularity in a natural language is given rather more by properties of its grammar than by the orthographic transcription of its phonology.  This implies that access to a grammatical abstraction might lead to good compression.  While grammatical models have been used successfully for compressing computer programs [4], grammar-based compression of plain text has received little attention, primarily because of the difficulties associated with constructing a suitable natural language grammar.  But even without a precise formulation of the syntax of a language, there is a linguistic abstraction which is easily accessed and which demonstrates a high degree of regularity which can be exploited for compression purposes-namely, lexical categories.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/24
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Tag based models of English text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W. J. Teahan, John G. Cleary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The problem of compressing English text is important both because of the ubiquity of English as a target for compression and because of the light that compression can shed on the structure of English.  English text is examined in conjunction with additional information about the parts of speech of each word in the text (these are referred to as &amp;ldquo;tags&amp;rdquo;).  It is shown that the tags plus the text can be compressed more than the text alone.  Essentially the tags can be compressed for nothing or even a small net saving in size.  A comparison is made of a number of different ways of integrating compression of tags and text using an escape mechanism similar to PPM.  These are also compared with standard word based and character based compression programs.  The result is that the tag character and word based schemes always outperform the character based schemes.  Overall, the tag based schemes outperform the word based schemes.  We conclude by conjecturing that tags chosen for compression rather than linguistic purposes would perform even better.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/25
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Musical image compression
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+David Bainbridge, Stuart Inglis
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Optical music recognition aims to convert the vast repositories of sheet music in the world into an on-line digital format [Bai97].  In the near future it will be possible to assimilate music into digital libraries and users will be able to perform searches based on a sung melody in addition to typical text-based searching [MSW+96].  An important requirement for such a system is the ability to reproduce the original score as accurately as possible.  Due to the huge amount of sheet music available, the efficient storage of musical images is an important topic of study.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper investigates whether the &amp;ldquo;knowledge&amp;rdquo; extracted from the optical music recognition (OMR) process can be exploited to gain higher compression than the JBIG international standard for bi-level image compression.  We present a hybrid approach where the primitive shapes of music extracted by the optical music recognition process-note heads, note stems, staff lines and so forth-are fed into a graphical symbol based compression scheme originally designed for images containing mainly printed text.  Using this hybrid approach the average compression rate for a single page is improved by 3.5% over JBIG.  When multiple pages with similar typography are processed in sequence, the file size is decreased by 4-8%.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Section 2 presents the relevant background to both optical music recognition and textual image compression.  Section 3 describes the experiments performed on 66 test images, outlining the combinations of parameters that were examined to give the best results.  The initial results and refinements are presented in Section 4, and we conclude in the last section by summarizing the findings of this work.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/26
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Correcting English text using PPM models
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W. J. Teahan, S. Inglis, J. G. Cleary, G. Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An essential component of many applications in natural language processing is a language modeler able to correct errors in the text being processed.  For optical character recognition (OCR), poor scanning quality or extraneous pixels in the image may cause one or more characters to be mis-recognized; while for spelling correction, two characters may be transposed, or a character may be inadvertently inserted or missed out. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes a method for correcting English text using a PPM model.  A method that segments words in English text is introduced and is shown to be a significant improvement over previously used methods.  A similar technique is also applied as a post-processing stage after pages have been recognized by a state-of-the-art commercial OCR system.  We show that the accuracy of the OCR system can be increased from 95.9% to 96.6%, a decrease of about 10 errors per page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/27
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Constraints on parallelism beyond 10 instructions per cycle
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+John G. Cleary, Richard H. Littin, J. A. David McWha, Murray W. Pearson
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The problem of extracting Instruction Level Parallelism at levels of 10 instructions per clock and higher is considered.  Two different architectures which use speculation on memory accesses to achieve this level of performance are reviewed.  It is pointed out that while this form of speculation gives high potential parallelism it is necessary to retain execution state so that incorrect speculation can be detected and subsequently squashed.  Simulation results show that the space to store such state is a critical resource in obtaining good speedup.  To make good use of the space it is essential that state be stored efficiently and that it be retired as soon as possible.  A number of techniques for extracting the best usage from the available state storage are introduced.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/28
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Effects of re-ordered memory operations on parallelism
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Richard H. Littin, John G. Cleary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The performance effect of permitting different memory operations to be re-ordered is examined.  The available parallelism is computed using a machine code simulator.  A range of possible restrictions on the re-ordering of memory operations is considered: from the purely sequential case where no re-ordering is permitted; to the completely permissive one where memory operations may occur in any order so that the parallelism is restricted only by data dependencies.  A general conclusion is drawn that to reliably obtain parallelism beyond 10 instructions per clock will require an ability to re-order all memory instructions.  A brief description of a feasible architecture capable of this is given.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/29
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+OZCHI'96 Industry Session:  Sixth Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Edited by Chris Phillips, Janis McKauge
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The idea for a specific industry session at OZCHI was first mooted at the 1995 conference in Wollongong, during questions following a session of short papers which happened (serendipitously) to be presented by people from industry.  An animated discussion took place, most of which was about how OZCHI could be made more relevant to people in industry, be it working as usability consultants, or working within organisations either as usability professionals or as `champions of the cause'.  The discussion raised more questions than answers, about the format of such as session, about the challenges of attracting industry participation, and about the best way of publishing the results.  Although no real solutions were arrived at, it was enough to place an industry session on the agenda for OZCHI'96.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/30
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Adaptive models of English text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W. J. Teahan, John G. Cleary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+High quality models of English text with performance approaching that of humans is important for many applications including spelling correction, speech recognition, OCR, and encryption.  A number of different statistical models of English are compared with each other and with previous estimates from human subjects.  It is concluded that the best current models are word based with part of speech tags.  Given sufficient training text, they are able to attain performance comparable to humans.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/31
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A graphical user interface for Boolean query specification
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones, Shona McInnes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+On-line information repositories commonly provide keyword search facilities via textual query languages based on Boolean logic.  However, there is evidence to suggest that the syntactical demands of such languages can lead to user errors and adversely affect the time that it takes users to form queries.  Users also face difficulties because of the conflict in semantics between AND and OR when used in Boolean logic and English language.  We suggest that graphical query languages, in particular Venn-like diagrams, can alleviate the problems that users experience when forming Boolean expressions with textual languages.  We describe Vquery, a Venn-diagram based user interface to the New Zealand Digital Library (NZDL).  The design of Vquery has been partly motivated by analysis of NZDL usage.  We found that few queries contain more than three terms, use of the intersection operator dominates and that query refinement is common.  A study of the utility of Venn diagrams for query specification indicates that with little or no training users can interpret and form Venn-like diagrams which accurately correspond to Boolean expressions.  The utility of Vquery is considered and directions for future work are proposed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASHeaa2/9d2e0811.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASHeaa2/9d2e0811.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASHeaa2/9d2e0811.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2213 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215323/word03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215323/word03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/word03.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215323/word03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">word03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">word03.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">word03.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">414720</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">word03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ian H. Witten</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rodger J. McNab</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Stefan J. Boddie</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">David Bainbridge</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Greenstone: A comprehensive open-source digital library software system</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHeaa29d2e081149673150f3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215323</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHeaa2/9d2e0811.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word030.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word031.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word032.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word033.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word034.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word035.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Greenstone:  A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.74mm 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Ian H. Witten,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; Rodger J. McNab,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;dagger;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; Stefan J. Boddie,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; David Bainbridge&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;98.51%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;2&quot; rows=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.57%&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Dept of Computer Science
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+University of Waikato, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+E-mail:  {ihw, sjboddie, davidb}@cs.waikato.ac.nz 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;53.43%&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;sup&gt;&amp;dagger; &lt;/sup&gt;Digilib Systems
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+E-mail:  rodger@digilibs.com
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.49mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes the Greenstone digital library software, a comprehensive, open-source system for the construction and presentation of information collections. Collections built with Greenstone offer effective full-text searching and metadata-based browsing facilities that are attractive and easy to use. Moreover, they are easily maintainable and can be augmented and rebuilt entirely automatically. The system is extensible: software &amp;ldquo;plugins&amp;rdquo; accommodate different document and metadata types.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Notwithstanding intense research activity in the digital library field during the second half of the 1990s, comprehensive software systems for creating digital libraries are not widely available. In fact, the usual solution when creating a digital library is also the most obvious&amp;mdash;just put it on the Web. But consider how much effort is involved in constructing a Web site for a digital library. To be effective it needs to be visually attractive and ergonomically easy to use, incorporate convenient and powerful searching capabilities, and offer rich and natural browsing facilities. Above all it must be easy to maintain and augment, which presents a significant challenge if any manual organization is involved. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The alternative is to automate these activities through software tools. But the broad scope of digital library requirements makes this a daunting prospect. Ideally the software should incorporate facilities ranging from multilingual information retrieval to distributed computing protocols, from interoperability to search engine technology, from metadata standards to multiformat document parsing, from multimedia to multiple operating systems, from Web browsers to plug-and-play DVDs. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Digital Library Software from the New Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project tackles this issue by providing a new way of organizing information and making it available over the Internet. A &lt;i&gt;collection&lt;/i&gt; of information comprises several (typically several thousand, or several million) &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, and a uniform interface is provided to all documents in a collection. A library may include many different collections, each organized differently&amp;mdash;though there is a strong family resemblance in how collections are presented.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Making information available using this system is far more than &amp;ldquo;just putting it on the Web.&amp;rdquo; The collection becomes maintainable, searchable, and browsable. Each collection, prior to presentation, undergoes a &amp;ldquo;building&amp;rdquo; process that, once established, is completely automatic. This process creates all the structures that are used at run-time for accessing the collection. Searching is based on various indexes, while browsing is based on various metadata; support structures for both are created during the building operation. When new material appears it can be fully incorporated into the collection by rebuilding.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To address the exceptionally broad demands of digital libraries, the system is public and extensible. It is issued under the Gnu public license and, in the spirit of open-source software, users are invited to contribute modifications and enhancements. Only through an international cooperative effort will digital library software become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the world's needs. Currently the Greenstone software is used at sites in Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Romania, UK, and the US, and collections range from newspaper articles to technical documents, from educational journals to oral history, from visual art to folksongs. The software has been used for collections in many different languages, and for CD-ROMs that have been published by the United Nations and other humanitarian agencies in Belgium, France, Japan, and the US for distribution in developing countries (Humanity Libraries, 1998; PAHO, 1999; UNESCO, 1999; UNU, 1998). Further details can be obtained from &lt;i&gt;www.nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;740&quot; height=&quot;658&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word030.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Searching the HDL collection&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper sets the scene with a brief discussion of what a digital library is. We then give an overview of the facilities offered by Greenstone and show how end users find information in collections. Next we describe the files and directories involved in a collection, and then discuss the processes of updating existing collections and creating new ones, including extending the software to provide new facilities. We conclude with an overview of related work.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;What is a digital library?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ten definitions of the term &amp;ldquo;digital library&amp;rdquo; have been culled from the literature by Fox (1998), and their spirit is captured in the following brief characterization: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 7.55mm 0.00mm 7.81mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;A collection of digital objects, including text, video, and audio, along with methods for access and retrieval, and for selection, organization and maintenance of the collection&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(Akscyn and Witten, 1998). Lesk (1998) views digital libraries as &amp;ldquo;organized collections of digital information,&amp;rdquo; and wisely recommends that they articulate the principles governing what is included and how the collection is organized.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Digital libraries are generally distinguished from the World-Wide Web, the essential difference being in selection and organization. But they are not generally distinguished from a web &lt;i&gt;site&lt;/i&gt;: indeed, virtually all extant digital libraries manifest themselves as a web site. Hence the obvious question: to make a digital library, why not just put the information on the Web? 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+But we make a distinction between a digital library and a web site that lies at the heart of our software design: one should easily be able to add new material to a library without having to integrate it manually or edit its content in any way. Once added, new material should immediately become a first-class component of the library. And what permits it to be integrated into existing searching and browsing structures without any manual intervention is &lt;i&gt;metadata&lt;/i&gt;. This provides sufficient focus to the concept of &amp;ldquo;digital library&amp;rdquo; to support the development of a construction kit.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Overview of Greenstone&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Information collections built by Greenstone combine extensive full-text search facilities with browsing indexes based on different metadata types. There are several ways for users to find information, although they differ between collections depending on the metadata available and the collection design. Typically you can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text, or within a section of a document, or within a title or section heading. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by title&lt;/i&gt;: just click on the displayed book icon to read it. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by subject&lt;/i&gt;. Subjects are represented by bookshelves: just click on a shelf to see the books. Where appropriate, documents come complete with a table of contents (constructed automatically): you can click on a chapter or subsection to open it, expand the full table of contents, or expand the full document. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An example of searching is shown in Figure 1 where documents in the Global Help Project's Humanity Development Library (HDL) are being searched for chapters matching the word &lt;i&gt;butterfly&lt;/i&gt;. In Figure 2 the same collection is being browsed by subject: by clicking on the bookshelf icons the user has discovered an item under Section 16, Animal Husbandry. Pursuing an interest in butterfly farming, the user selects a book by clicking on its book icon. In Figure 3 the front cover of the book is displayed as a graphic on the left, and the automatically constructed table of contents appears at the start of the document. The current focus, &lt;i&gt;Introduction and Summary&lt;/i&gt;, is shown in bold in the table of contents with its text starting further down the page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In accordance with Lesk's advice, a statement of purpose and coverage accompanies each collection, along with an explanation of how it is organized (Figure 1 shows the start of this). A distinction is made between &lt;i&gt;searching&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;browsing&lt;/i&gt;. Searching is full-text, and&amp;mdash;depending on the collection's design&amp;mdash;the user can choose between indexes built from different parts of the documents, or from different metadata. Some collections have an index of full documents, an index of sections, an index of paragraphs, an index of titles, and an index of section headings, each of which can be searched for particular words or phrases. Browsing involves data structures created from metadata that the user can examine: lists of authors, lists of titles, lists of dates, hierarchical classification structures, and so on. Data structures for both browsing and searching are built according to instructions in a configuration file, which controls both building and serving the collection. Sample configuration files are discussed below.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;740&quot; height=&quot;658&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word031.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Browsing the HDL collection by subject&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Rich browsing facilities can be provided by manually linking parts of documents together and building explicit indexes and tables of contents. However, manually-created linking becomes difficult to maintain, and often falls into disrepair when a collection expands. The Greenstone software takes a different tack: it facilitates &lt;i&gt;maintainability&lt;/i&gt; by creating all searching and browsing structures automatically from the documents themselves. No links are inserted by hand. This means that when new documents in the same format become available, they can be added automatically. Indeed, for some collections this is done by processes that wake up regularly, scout for new material, and rebuild the indexes&amp;mdash;all without manual intervention.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Collections comprise many documents: thousands, tens of thousands, or even millions. Each document may be hierarchically organized into &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt; (subsections, sub-subsections, and so on). Each section comprises one or more &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;. Metadata such as author, title, date, keywords, and so on, may be associated with documents, or with individual sections of documents. This is the raw material for indexes. It must either be provided explicitly for each document and section (for example, in an accompanying spreadsheet) or be derivable automatically from the source documents. Metadata is converted to Dublin Core and stored with the document for internal use.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In order to accommodate different kinds of source documents, the software is organized so that &amp;ldquo;plugins&amp;rdquo; can be written for new document types. Plugins exist for plain text documents, HTML documents, email documents, and bibliographic formats. Word documents are handled by saving them as HTML; PostScript ones by applying a preprocessor (Nevill-Manning &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1998). Specially written plugins also exist for proprietary formats such as that used by the BBC archives department. A collection may have source documents in different forms: it is just a matter of specifying all the necessary plugins. In order to build browsing indexes from metadata, an analogous scheme of &amp;ldquo;classifiers&amp;rdquo; is used: classifiers create indexes of various kinds based on metadata. Source documents are brought into the Greenstone system through a process called &lt;i&gt;importing&lt;/i&gt;, which uses the plugins and classifiers specified in the collection configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The international Unicode character set is used throughout, so documents&amp;mdash;and interfaces&amp;mdash;can be written in any language. Collections have so far been produced in English, French, Spanish, German, Maori, Chinese, and Arabic. The NZDL Web site provides numerous examples. Collections can contain text, pictures, and even audio and video clips; a text-only version of the interface is also provided to accommodate visually impaired users. Compression technology is used to ensure best use of storage (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1999). Most non-textual material is either linked to textual documents or accompanied by textual descriptions (such as photo captions) to allow full-text searching and browsing. However, the architecture permits the implementation of plugins and classifiers even for non-textual data.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The system includes an &amp;ldquo;administrative&amp;rdquo; function whereby specified users can examine the composition of all collections, protect documents so that they can only be accessed by registered users on presentation of a password, and so on. Logs of user activity are kept that record all queries made to every Greenstone collection (though this facility can be disabled).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Although primarily designed for Internet access over the World-Wide Web, collections can be made available, in precisely the same form, on CD-ROM. In either case they are accessed through any Web browser. Greenstone CD-ROMs operate on a standalone PC under Windows 3.X, 95, 98, and NT, and the interaction is identical to accessing the collection on the Web&amp;mdash;except that response is faster and more predictable. The requirement to operate on early Windows systems is one that plagues the software design, but is crucial for many users&amp;mdash;particularly those in underdeveloped countries seeking access to humanitarian aid collections. If the PC is connected to a network (intranet or Internet), a custom-built Web server provided on each CD makes exactly the same information available to others through their standard Web browser. The use of compression ensures that the greatest possible volume of information can be packed on to a CD-ROM.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The collection-serving software operates under Unix and Windows NT, and works with standard Web servers. A flexible process structure allows different collections to be served by different computers, yet be presented to the user in the same way, on the same Web page, as part of the same digital library, even as part of the same collection (McNab and Witten, 1998). Existing collections can be updated and new ones brought on-line at any time, without bringing the system down; the process responsible for the user interface will notice (through periodic polling) when new collections appear and add them to the list presented to the user. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;760&quot; height=&quot;662&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word032.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Reading a book in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Finding information &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone digital library systems generally include several separate collections. A home page allows you to select a collection; in addition, each collection has its own &amp;ldquo;about&amp;rdquo; page that gives you information about how the collection is organized and the principles governing what is included.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All icons in the screenshots of Figures 1-4 are clickable. Those icons at the top of the page return to the home page, provide help text, and allow you to set user interface and searching preferences. The navigation bar underneath gives access to the searching and browsing facilities, which differ from one collection to another. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Each of the five buttons provides a different way to find information. You can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text from the &amp;ldquo;search&amp;rdquo; page (or from the &amp;ldquo;about&amp;rdquo; page of Figure 1). This collection contains indexes of chapters, section titles, and entire books. The default search interface is a simple one, suitable for casual users; advanced searching&amp;mdash;which allows full Boolean expressions, phrase searching, case and stemming control&amp;mdash;can be enabled from the &lt;i&gt;Preferences&lt;/i&gt; page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This collection has four browsable metadata indexes. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by subject&lt;/i&gt; by clicking the &lt;i&gt;subjects&lt;/i&gt; button, which brings up a list of subjects, represented by bookshelves (Figure 2). You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by title&lt;/i&gt; by clicking &lt;i&gt;titles a-z&lt;/i&gt; (Figure 4), which brings up a list of books in alphabetic order. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by organization&lt;/i&gt; (i.e. Dublin Core &amp;ldquo;publisher&amp;rdquo;), bringing up a list of organizations. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by &amp;ldquo;how to&amp;rdquo; listing&lt;/i&gt;, yielding a list of hints defined by the collection's editors. We use the Dublin Core as a base and extend it in an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; manner to accommodate the individual requirements of collection designers.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Files in a collection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When a new collection is created or material is added to an existing one, the original source documents are first brought into the system through a process known as &amp;ldquo;importing.&amp;rdquo; This involves converting documents into a simple HTML-like format known as GML (for &amp;ldquo;Greenstone Markup Language&amp;rdquo;), which includes any metadata associated with the document. Documents are assumed to be in the Unicode UTF-8 code (of which the ASCII characters form a subset). 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Files and directories&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There is a separate directory for each collection, which contains five subdirectories: the original raw material (&lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;), the GML files created from this (&lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;), the final collection as it is served to users (&lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;), a directory for use during the building process (&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;), and one for any supporting files (&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;)&amp;mdash;including the configuration file that controls the collection creation procedure. Additional files might be required: for example, building a hierarchy of classifications requires a data file of sub-classifications.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The imported documents&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In order to identify documents internally, a unique object identifier or OID is assigned to each original source document when it is imported (formed by hashing the content, to overcome file duplication effects caused by mirroring) and stored as metadata within that document. It is important that OIDs persist throughout the index-building process&amp;mdash;so that a user's search history is unaffected by rebuilding the collection. OIDs are assigned by hashing the contents of the original source document.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once imported, each document is stored in its own subdirectory of &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, along with any associated files&amp;mdash;for example, images. To ensure compatibility with Windows 3.0, only eight characters are used in directory and file names, which causes annoying but essentially trivial complications.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Inside the documents&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The GML format imposes a limited amount of structure on documents. Documents are divided into paragraphs. They can be split hierarchically into sections and subsections. OIDs are extended to identify these components by appending numbers, separated by periods, to a document's OID. When a book is read, its section hierarchy is visible as the table of contents (Figure 3). Chapters, sections, subsections, and pages are all implemented simply as &amp;ldquo;sections&amp;rdquo; within the document. In some collections documents do not have a hierarchical subsection structure, but are split into pages to permit browsing within a retrieved document.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The document structure is used for searchable indexes. There are three levels of index: &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;, corresponding to the distinctions that GML makes&amp;mdash;the hierarchical structure is flattened for the purposes of creating these indexes. Indexes can be of text, or metadata, or any combination. Thus you can create a searchable index of section titles, and/or authors, and/or document descriptions, as well as the document text.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;698&quot; height=&quot;698&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word033.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 4&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Browsing titles in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Updating existing collections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Updating an existing collection with new files in the same format is easy. For example, the raw material for the HDL is supplied in the form of HTML files marked up with &amp;lt;&amp;lt;TOC&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to split books into sections and subsections, and &amp;lt;&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to indicate where an image is to be inserted. For each book in the library there is a directory that contains a single HTML file representing the book, and separate files containing the associated images. An accompanying spreadsheet file contains the classification hierarchy; this is converted to a simple file format (using Excel's &lt;i&gt;Save As&lt;/i&gt; command).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Since the collection exists, its directory is already set up with subdirectories &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;, and the &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt; directory will contain a suitable collection configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The updating procedure&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To update a collection, the new raw material is placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, in whatever form it is available. Then the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked, which converts the files into GML using the specified plugins. Old material for which GML files have previously been created is not re-imported. Then the &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked to build the requisite indexes for the collection. Finally, the contents of the &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory are moved into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory, and the new version of the collection automatically becomes live.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This procedure may seem cumbersome. But all the steps are necessary for efficient operation with large collections. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process could be performed on the fly during the building operation&amp;mdash;but because building indexes is a multipass operation, the often lengthy importing would be repeated several times. The &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process can take considerable time&amp;mdash;a day or two, for very large collections. Consequently, the results are placed in the &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory so that, if the collection already exists, it will continue to be served to users in its old form throughout the building operation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Active users of the collection will not be disturbed when the new version becomes live&amp;mdash;they will probably not even notice. The persistent OIDs ensure that interactions remain coherent&amp;mdash;users who are examining the results of a query or browse operation will still retrieve the expected documents&amp;mdash;and if a search is actually in progress when the change takes place the program detects the resulting file-structure inconsistency and automatically and transparently re-executes the query, this time on the new version of the collection. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;How it works&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The original material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory may be in any format, and plugins are required to process each format type. The plugins that a collection uses must be specified in the collection configuration file. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; program reads the list of plugins and passes each document to each plugin in order until it finds one that can process it. When updating an existing collection, all plugins necessary to process new material should already have been specified in the configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The building step creates the indexes for both searching and browsing. The MG software is generally used to do the searching (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999), and the &lt;i&gt;mgbuild&lt;/i&gt; module is automatically invoked to create each of the indexes that is required. For example, the Humanity Development Library has three indexes, one for entire books, one for chapters, and one for section titles. Subdirectories of the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory are created for each of these indexes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;92.93%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;4&quot; rows=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+creator
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+maintainer
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+public
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+True
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+indexes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+defaultindex
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+plugins
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GMLPlug TEXTPlug ArcPlug RecPlug
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+classify
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;generic text collection&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(a)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;label&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;92.93%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;4&quot; rows=&quot;17&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+creator
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+maintainer 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+public 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+True
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+indexes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text document:From
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+defaultindex
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+plugins
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GMLPlug EMAILPlug ArcPlug RecPlug
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+classify
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+classify
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+DateList
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;Email messages&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+.document:From    &amp;quot;email senders&amp;quot; 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+format
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+QueryResults /
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(b)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[link][icon][/link]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Title]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Author]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+17
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;label&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 5: Collection configuration files (a) generic, (b) for an email collection&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+MG also compresses the text of the collection; and the image files are linked into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; subdirectory. Now none of the material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directories is needed to run the collection and can be removed from the file system (though they would be needed if the collection were rebuilt).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Associated with each collection is a database stored in GDBM (Gnu database manager) format. This contains an entry for each document, giving its OID, its internal MG document number, and metadata such as title. Information for each of the browsing indexes, which appear as buttons on the Greenstone search/browse bar, is also extracted during the building process and stored in the database. A &amp;ldquo;classifier&amp;rdquo; program is required for each browsing index to extract the appropriate information from GML documents. Like plugins, classifiers are written on an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; basis for the particular information required, and where possible reused from one collection to another.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The building program creates the indexes based on whatever appears in the &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directory. The first plugin specified by all collections is one that processes GML files, and so if &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; contains imported files they will be processed correctly. If it contains material in the original format, that will be converted using the appropriate plugin. Thus the import process is optional.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GML is designed to be fast and easy to parse, an important requirement when millions of documents are to be processed. Something as simple as requiring tags to be lower-case, for example, yields a substantial speed-up. In certain circumstances, however, it might be preferable to use a standardized format such as XML. This is straightforward to implement_just write an XML plugin_although we have not done so ourselves. Given the transitory nature of the imported data, to date, we have found GML a satisfactory and beneficial format.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Creating new collections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Building new collections from scratch is only slightly different from updating an existing collection. The key new requirement is creating a collection configuration file, and a software utility is provided to help. Two pieces of information are required for this: the name of the directory that the collection will use (into which the source data and other files will eventually be placed), and a contact e-mail address for use if any problems are encountered by the software once the collection is up and running. The utility creates files and directories within the newly-named directory to support a generic collection of plain text documents. With suitable data placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, building the collection at this point will yield a document-level searchable index of all the text and a browsable list of &amp;ldquo;titles&amp;rdquo; (defined in this case to be the document filenames).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To enhance the functionality and presentation&amp;mdash; something anything but the most trivial collection will require&amp;mdash;the configuration file must be edited. For a collection sourced from documents in an already supported data format, presented in a similar fashion to an existing collection, the amount of editing is minimal. Importing new data formats and browsing metadata in ways not currently supported are more complex activities that require programming skills.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;698&quot; height=&quot;698&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word034.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 6&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Searching bookmarked Web pages&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Modifying the configuration file&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 5b shows simple alterations to the generic configuration file in Figure 5a that was generated by the new-collection utility. &lt;i&gt;TEXTPlug&lt;/i&gt; is replaced with &lt;i&gt;EMAILPlug&lt;/i&gt; (line 7) which reads email files and extracts metadata (&lt;i&gt;From&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;To&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Date&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Subject&lt;/i&gt;) from them. A classifier for dates is added (line 10) to make the collection browsable chronologically. The default presentation of search results is overridden (line 17) to display both the title of the message (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Title&lt;/i&gt;) and its sender (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Author&lt;/i&gt;). Elements in square brackets, such as &lt;i&gt;[Title]&lt;/i&gt;, are replaced by the metadata associated with a particular document. The built-in term &lt;i&gt;[icon]&lt;/i&gt; produces a suitable image that represents the document (such as a book icon or page icon), and the &lt;i&gt;[link]&amp;hellip;[/link]&lt;/i&gt; construct forms a hyperlink to the complete document. Anything else in the format statement, which in this case is solely table-cell tags in HTML, is passed through to the page being displayed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+As this example shows, creating a new collection that stays within the bounds of the library's established capabilities falls within the capability of many computer users&amp;mdash;for instance, computer-trained librarians. Extending Greenstone to handle new document formats and browse metadata in new ways is more challenging.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Writing new plugins and classifiers&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Extensibility  is  obtained through  plugins  and  classifiers.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+These are modules of code that can be slotted into the system to enhance its capabilities. Plugins parse documents, extracting the text and metadata to be indexed. Classifiers control how metadata is brought together to form browsable data structures. Both are specified in an object-oriented framework using inheritance to minimize the amount of code written.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A plugin must specify three things: what file formats it can handle, how they should be parsed, and whether the plugin is recursive. File formats are normally determined using regular expression matching on the filename. For example, the HTML plugin accepts all files that end in &lt;i&gt;.htm&lt;/i&gt;, .&lt;i&gt;html&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;.HTM&lt;/i&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;.HTML&lt;/i&gt;. (It is quite possible, however, to write plugins that &amp;ldquo;look inside&amp;rdquo; the file as well.) For other files, the plugin returns &lt;i&gt;undefined&lt;/i&gt; and the file is passed to the next plugin in the collection's configuration file (e.g. Figure 5 line 7). If it can, the plugin parses the file and returns the number of documents processed. This involves extracting text and metadata and adding it to the library's content through calls to &lt;i&gt;add text&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;add metadata&lt;/i&gt;. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Some plugins (&amp;ldquo;recursive&amp;rdquo; ones) add extra files into the stream of data processed during the building phase by artificially reactivating the list of plugins. This is how directory hierarchies are traversed. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Plugins are small modules of code that are easy to write. We monitored the time it took to develop a new one that was different to any we had produced so far. We chose to make as an example a collection of HTML bookmark files, the motivation being to produce a convenient way of searching and browsing one's bookmarked Web pages. Figure 6 shows a user searching for bookmarked pages about &lt;i&gt;music&lt;/i&gt;. The new plugin took under an hour to write, and was 160 lines long (ignoring blank lines and comments)&amp;mdash;about the average length of existing plugins.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Classifiers are more general than plugins because they work on GML-format data. For example, any plugin that generates date metadata in accordance with the Dublin core can request the collection to be browsable chronologically by specifying the &lt;i&gt;DateList&lt;/i&gt; classifier in the collection's configuration file (Figure 7). Classifiers are more elaborate than most plugins, but new ones are seldom required. The average length of existing classifiers is 230 lines. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Classifiers must specify three things: an initialization routine, how individual documents are classified, and the final browsable data structure. Initialization takes care of any options specified in the configuration file (such as &lt;i&gt;metadata=Title &lt;/i&gt;on line 9 of Figure 5b). Classifying individual documents is an iterative process: for each one, a call to &lt;i&gt;document-classify&lt;/i&gt; is made. On presentation of the document's OID, the necessary metadata is located and used to control where the document is added to the browsable data structure being constructed. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once all documents have been added, a request is made for the completed data structure. Some classifiers return the data structure directly; others transform the data structure before it is returned. For example, the &lt;i&gt;AZList&lt;/i&gt; classifier divides the alphabetically sorted list of metadata into separate pages of about the same size and returns the alphabetic ranges for each one (Figure 4).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;698&quot; height=&quot;698&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word035.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 7&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Browsing a newspaper collection by date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Overview of related work&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Two projects that provide substantial open source digital library software are Dienst (Lagoze and Fielding, 1998) and Harvest (Bowman &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1994). The origins of Dienst (&lt;i&gt;www.cs.cornell.edu/cdlrg&lt;/i&gt;) stretch back to 1992. The term has come to represent three entities: a conceptual architecture for distributed digital libraries; an open protocol for service communication; and a software system that implements the protocol. To date, five sample digital libraries have been built using this technology. They manifest themselves in two forms: technical reports and primary source documents.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Best known is NCSTRL, the Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library project (&lt;i&gt;www.ncstrl.org&lt;/i&gt;). This collection facilitates searching by title, author and abstract, and browsing by year and author, across a distributed network of document repositories. Documents can (where supported) be delivered in various formats such as PostScript, a thumbnail overview of the pages, and a GIF image of a particular page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The &lt;i&gt;Making of America&lt;/i&gt; resource is an example of a collection based around primary sources_in this case American social history, 1830â1900. It has a different &amp;ldquo;look and feel&amp;rdquo; to NCSTRL, being strongly oriented toward browsing rather than searching. A user navigates their way through a hierarchical structure of hyperlinks to reach a book of interest. The book itself is a series of scanned images: delivery options include going directly to a page number, next and previous page buttons, and displaying a particular page at different resolutions. A text version of the page is also available upon which a searching option is also provided.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Started in 1994, Harvest is also a long-running research project. It provides an efficient means of gathering source data from the Internet and distributing indexing information over the Internet. This is accomplished through five components: &lt;i&gt;gatherer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;broker&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;indexer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;replicator&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;cache&lt;/i&gt;. The first three are central to creating, updating and searching a collection; the last two help to improve performance over the Internet through transparent mirroring and caching techniques.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The system is configurable and customizable. While searching is most commonly implemented using Glimpse (&lt;i&gt;glimpse.cs.arizona.edu&lt;/i&gt;), in principle any search engine that supports incremental updates and Boolean combinations of attribute-based queries can be used. It is possible to control what type of documents are gathered during creation and updating, and how the query interface looks and is laid out.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sample collections cited by the developers include 21,000 computer science technical reports and 7,000 home pages. Other examples include a sizable collection of agriculture-related electronic journals and magazines called &amp;ldquo;tomato-juice&amp;rdquo; (accessed through &lt;i&gt;hegel.lib.ncsu.edu&lt;/i&gt;) and a full-text index of library-related electronic serials (&lt;i&gt;sunsite.berkeley.edu/IndexMorganagus&lt;/i&gt;). Harvest is also often used to index Web sites (for example &lt;i&gt;www.middlebury.edu&lt;/i&gt;).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Comparing Greenstone with Dienst and Harvest, there are both similarities and differences. All provide substantial digital library systems, hence common themes recur, but they are driven by projects with different aims. Harvest, for instance, was not conceived as a digital library project at all, but by virtue of its selective document gathering process it can be classed (and is used) as one. While it provides sophisticated search options, it lacks the complementary service of browsing. Furthermore it adds no structure or order to the documents collected, relying on whatever structures are present in the site that they were gathered from. A proven strength of the design is its flexibility through configuration and customization_an element also present in Greenstone.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Dienst_best exemplified through the NCSTRL work_supports searching and browsing, like Greenstone. Both use open protocols. Differences include a high reliance in Dienst on user-supplied information when a document is added, and a smaller range of document types supported&amp;mdash;although Dienst does include a document model that should, over time, allow this to expand with relative ease.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There are also commercial systems that provide similar digital library services to those described. However, since corporate culture instills proprietary attitudes there is little opportunity for advancement through a shared collaborative effort. Consequently they are not reviewed here.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Conclusions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone is a comprehensive software system for creating digital library collections. It builds data structures for searching and browsing from the material provided, rather than relying on any hand-crafting. The process is controlled by a configuration file, and once a collection exists new material can be added completely automatically. Browsing is based on Dublin Core metadata.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+New collections can be developed easily, particularly if they resemble existing ones. Extensibility is achieved through software &amp;ldquo;plugins&amp;rdquo; that can be written to accommodate documents, and metadata, in different formats. Standard plugins exist for many document types; new ones are easily written. Browsing is controlled by &amp;ldquo;classifiers&amp;rdquo; that process metadata into browsing structures (by date, alphabetical, hierarchical, etc).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+However, the most powerful support for extensibility is achieved not by technical means but by making the source code freely available under the Gnu public license. Only through an international cooperative effort will digital library software become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the world's needs with the richness and flexibility that users deserve.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Acknowledgments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We gratefully acknowledge all those who have worked on the Greenstone software, and all members of the New Zealand Digital Library project for their enthusiasm and ideas.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.49mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Akscyn, R.M. and Witten, I.H. (1998) &amp;ldquo;Report on First Summit on International Cooperation on Digital Libraries.&amp;rdquo; ks.com/idla-wp-oct98.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Bowman, C.M., Danzig, P.B., Manber, U., and Schwartz, M.F. &amp;ldquo;Scalable Internet resource discovery: Research problems and approaches&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;Communications of the ACM,&lt;/i&gt; Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 98â107, 1994.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Fox, E. (1998) &amp;ldquo;Digital library definitions.&amp;rdquo; ei.cs.vt.edu/~fox/dlib/def.html.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Humanity Libraries (1998) &lt;i&gt;Humanity Development Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Global Help Project, Antwerp, Belgium.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lagoze, C. and Fielding, D &amp;ldquo;Defining Collections in Distributed Digital Libraries&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;D-Lib Magazine&lt;/i&gt;, Nov. 1998.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PAHO (1999) &lt;i&gt;Virtual Disaster Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Pan-American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+McNab, R.J., Witten, I.H. and Boddie, S.J. (1998) &amp;ldquo;A distributed digital library architecture incorporating different index styles.&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;Proc IEEE Advances in Digital Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 36-45.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Nevill-Manning, C.G., Reed, T., and Witten, I.H. (1998) &amp;ldquo;Extracting text from PostScript&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;Software&amp;mdash;Practice and Experience&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 481-491; April.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;9&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+UNESCO (1999) &lt;i&gt;SAHEL point DOC: Anthologie du dÃ©veloppement au Sahel&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by UNESCO, Paris, France.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;10&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+UNU (1998) &lt;i&gt;Collection on critical global issues.&lt;/i&gt; CD-ROM produced by the United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;11&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Witten, I.H., Moffat, A. and Bell, T. (1999) &lt;i&gt;Managing Gigabytes: compressing and indexing documents and images&lt;/i&gt;, Morgan Kaufmann, second edition.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Footer&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASHeaa2/a12e0809.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASHeaa2/a12e0809.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASHeaa2/a12e0809.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,5438 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How to build your own digital library with Greenstone</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215323_1/word05.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215323_1/word05.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/word05.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215323_1/word05.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">word05.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">word05.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">word05.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">488960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">word05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ian H. Witten</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Stefan J. Boddie</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">GREENSTONE DIGITAL LIBRARY INSTALLERâS GUIDE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHeaa2a12e080949673150f3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215324</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHeaa2/a12e0809.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word050.wmf:unknown:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word051.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word052.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word053.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word054.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word055.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word056.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word057.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word058.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word059.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 8.33mm 39.06mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGray&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;0x08 graphic&quot; src=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGray&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;GREENSTONE DIGITAL LIBRARY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGray&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;INSTALLER'S GUIDE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ian H. Witten and Stefan Boddie&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Department of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;University of Waikato, New Zealand&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone is a suite of software for building and distributing digital library collections. It provides a new way of organizing information and publishing it on the Internet or on CD-ROM. Greenstone is produced by the New Zealand Digital Library Project at the University of Waikato, and developed and distributed in cooperation with UNESCO and the Human Info NGO. It is open-source software, available from &lt;i&gt;http://greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt; under the terms of the G&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;nu&lt;/span&gt; General Public License.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 51.68mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;We want to ensure that this software works well for you. Please report any problems to &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;greenstone@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;About this manual&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This document explains how to install Greenstone so that you can run it on your own computer. It also describes how to obtain associated software that is freely available&amp;mdash;the Apache Webserver and Perl. We have striven to make the installation procedure as simple as it possibly can be.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The software runs on different platforms, and in different configurations. Consequently there are many issues that affect (or might affect) the installation procedure. Section 1 mentions some questions that you will need to consider before installing Greenstone. Section 2 details the installation procedure for all the different versions; you need only read the part that relates to your operating system. Section 3 describes the demonstration digital library collections that are included in the distribution. Section 4 explains how to set up common webservers, Apache and Microsoft PWS/IIS, to work with Greenstone. Section 5 describes various Greenstone configuration options, and Section 6 shows how to make a personalized home page for your digital library installation. Finally, an Appendix lists pieces of associated software and how to obtain them.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Companion documents&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The complete set of Greenstone documents include five volumes:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library Installer's Guide &lt;i&gt;(this document)&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library User's Guide
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library Developer's Guide
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library: From Paper to Collection
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library: Using the Organizer
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acknowledgements&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone software is a collaborative effort between many people. Rodger McNab and Stefan Boddie are the principal architects and implementors.  Contributions have been made by David Bainbridge, George Buchanan, Hong Chen, Michael Dewsnip, Katherine Don, Elke Duncker, Carl Gutwin, Geoff Holmes, Dana McKay, John McPherson, Craig Nevill-Manning, Dynal Patel, Gordon Paynter, Bernhard Pfahringer, Todd Reed, Bill Rogers, John Thompson, and Stuart Yeates. Other members of the New Zealand Digital Library project provided advice and inspiration in the design of the system: Mark Apperley, Sally Jo Cunningham, Matt Jones, Steve Jones, Te Taka Keegan, Michel Loots, Malika Mahoui, Gary Marsden, Dave Nichols and Lloyd Smith. We would also like to acknowledge all those who have contributed to the GNU-licensed packages included in this distribution: &lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;MG, GDBM, PDFTOHTML, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;PERL, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;WGET, WVWARE &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;and&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt; XLHTML.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOA&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Contents&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;About this manual&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;br&gt;Versions of Greenstone&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone software runs on different platforms, and in different configurations, as summarized in Figure 1.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm -9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: White; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;576&quot; height=&quot;19&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word050.wmf&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img alt=&quot;0x08 graphic&quot; src=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Figure 1  The different options for Windows and Unix versions of Greenstone
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There are many issues that affect (or might affect) the installation procedure. Before reading on, you should consider these questions: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Are you using Windows or Unix? 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If Windows, are you using Windows 3.1/3.11 or a more recent version? Although you can view collections on 3.1/3.11 machines, and serve other computers on the same network, you cannot build new collections. The full Greenstone software runs on 95/98/Me, and NT/2000. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If Unix, are you using Linux or another version of Unix? For Linux, a binary version of the complete system is provided which is easy to install. For other types of Unix you will have to install the source code and compile it. This may require you to install some additional software on your machine. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;9&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If Windows NT/2000 or Unix, can you log in as the system &amp;ldquo;administrator&amp;rdquo; or &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo;? This may be required to configure a webserver appropriately for Greenstone. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;10&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Do you want the source code? If you are using Windows or Linux, you can just install binaries. But you may want the source code as well&amp;mdash;it's in the Greenstone distribution. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;11&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Do you want to build new digital library collections? If so, you need to have Perl, which is freely available for both Windows and Unix. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;12&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Is your computer running a webserver? The Greenstone software comes with a Windows webserver. However, if you are already running a Web server, you may want to stay with it. For Unix, you need to run a webserver. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;13&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Do you know how to reconfigure your webserver? If you don't use the Greenstone webserver, you will have to reconfigure your existing one slightly to recognize the Greenstone software.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;br&gt;The Installation Procedure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Versions of Greenstone are available for both Windows and Unix, as binaries and in source code form. The Greenstone user interface uses a Web browser: Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer (version 4.0 or greater in both cases) are both suitable. In case you don't already have a Web browser, Windows versions of Netscape are provided on the CD-ROM.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.1Windows&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you are a Unix user, please skip ahead to Section 2.2. For Windows users, if you want just a simple, straightforward installation, go through the following &amp;ldquo;simple installation&amp;rdquo; procedure. The Greenstone system occupies about 40 Mb of disk space.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you choose anything other than the default setup, you will have to decide whether you want to install the binary code or the source code. If in doubt, choose the binary code. The installation procedure is the same for both. The following sections tell you more about the options you will be presented with. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When you've finished installation you should skip ahead to Section 2.3.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Simple installation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To install the Windows version from the CD-ROM, insert the disk into the drive (e.g. into &lt;i&gt;D:&lt;/i&gt;). If the installation procedure does not start automatically after about 20 seconds, click on the &lt;i&gt;Start&lt;/i&gt; menu, select &lt;i&gt;Run&lt;/i&gt; and type &lt;i&gt;D:/setup.exe&lt;/i&gt;, where &amp;ldquo;&lt;i&gt;D&lt;/i&gt;&amp;rdquo; is the letter that identifies your CD-ROM drive. For Windows 3.1, select &lt;i&gt;Run&lt;/i&gt; from the &amp;ldquo;File manager&amp;rdquo; and type &lt;i&gt;D:/Windows/win3.1/setup.exe&lt;/i&gt;. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+For the simplest installation, just accept the default at each point by clicking the &lt;i&gt;Next&lt;/i&gt; button. That's all you need to do! Greenstone is installed in the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once installation is complete, to start your Greenstone system click on the &lt;i&gt;Start&lt;/i&gt; button, open the &lt;i&gt;Program &lt;/i&gt;menu, and select &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library&lt;/i&gt;. This brings up a dialogue box: just click &lt;i&gt;Enter Library. &lt;/i&gt;This automatically starts your Internet browser and loads the Greenstone Digital Library home page, which should look something like the example in Figure 2. You enter the Greenstone Demo collection by clicking on its icon. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;2&quot; rows=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 2&lt;br&gt;Your Greenstone home page
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;669&quot; height=&quot;555&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word051.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Windows binaries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There are two separate Windows binary programs on the CD-ROM: the &lt;i&gt;Local Library&lt;/i&gt; and the &lt;i&gt;Web Library&lt;/i&gt;. The default installation described above selects the Local Library version. We strongly recommend that you use this version. The Web Library, which is much harder to set up, is only necessary if you already run a web server and want to use it for Greenstone. Despite its modest name, the Local Library offers a complete, self-contained, web-serving capability.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Local Library.&lt;/b&gt; This enables any Windows computer to serve pre-built Greenstone collections. The Greenstone Demo collection will automatically be installed; you can also install the other collections on the CD-ROM (Section 3). The Local Library software is the same as that used on CD-ROMs produced by the Greenstone system. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Local Library is intended for use on standalone computers or computers that do not already have webserver software. It contains a small built-in webserver so that other computers on the same network can also access the library. (However, the webserver has limited configurability.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Local Library software automatically determines whether your computer has network software installed or is connected to a network. It operates correctly under any combinations of these conditions. However, there are two possible problems that may be encountered. Greenstone may
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;14&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+cause an unwanted telephone dialup operation;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;15&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+fail to run because network software is installed, but installed incorrectly. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A restricted version of the Local Library is supplied which is intended for use in these situations. The restricted version only works with Netscape (not Internet Explorer). When you invoke the Local Library version of Greenstone, the dialogue box contains a button that allows you to use the restricted version instead. Unless the above problems arise, you should always use the standard version. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Web Library&lt;/b&gt;. This enables any computer with an existing webserver to serve pre-built Greenstone collections. As with the Local Library above, the Greenstone Demo collection will automatically be installed. You can also install the other collections on the CD-ROM (see Section 3). 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Web Library differs from the Local Library because it is intended for computers that already have webserver software. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run the Web Library, you also need
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;16&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Webserver software. One possibility is Apache (see Appendix). 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;17&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The Collector&lt;/b&gt;. This component, which is included in both the Local Library and the Web Library, allows you to build collections containing material of your choice.  (You will not be able to use the Collector on a Windows 3.1/3.11 machine.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Windows webserver configuration (Web Library version only)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An advantage of the Local Library version of Greenstone is that it runs &amp;ldquo;out of the box&amp;rdquo; and does not require any special configuration. For the Web Library version, however, you will have to make some adjustments to your webserver setup. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you already have a webserver, some small changes have to be made to its configuration to make your Greenstone installation operate. The install script explains what these are for the Apache webserver&amp;mdash;see Section 4.2 for instructions for configuring the PWS and IIS webservers. You may need help from a system administrator to reconfigure an existing webserver&amp;mdash;they should be able to understand the instructions printed by the install script. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you do not already have a webserver, you will have to install one. (See the Appendix for information on the Apache webserver.) Then you will have to configure it appropriately. Section 4 gives a detailed account of the parts of a webserver installation that affect Greenstone, and how they need to be altered. It comes down to including half a dozen or so lines in a configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Windows source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone source code occupies 50 Mb of disk space, but to compile it you will need about 90 Mb. To compile the source on Windows you need 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;18&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Microsoft Visual C++ compiler. (We are currently sorting out some minor problems in compiling Greenstone with various Windows ports of GNU GCC.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(You do not need GDBM, the Gnu database manager, because it is included in the Greenstone source distribution.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+It is unlikely that you will be able to compile Greenstone on a Windows 3.1/3.11 machine. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In the event that you recompile Greenstone and wish to use the recompiled version to create CD-ROMs, you should note that code produced by recent versions of the Visual C++ compiler does not run under Windows 3.1/3.11, although there is no problem with later Windows systems (95, 98, Me, NT, 2000). If you want your CD-ROMs to operate on early Windows machines, you will need a different version of the compiler. Moreover, Greenstone uses STL, the C++ standard template library, and although these compilers sometimes come with STL, the provided version does not always work properly. Hence to recompile Greenstone in such a way that it produces CD-ROMs that work on early versions of Windows, you need 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Microsoft Visual C++ compiler, Version 4.0 or 4.2. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An external version of STL, the C++ standard template library. STL is packaged with Greenstone for use with these compiler versions.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Note that the Windows installation procedure does not attempt to compile Greenstone for you if you choose to install the source code. For platform- and compiler-specific instructions on compiling Greenstone, see the &lt;i&gt;Install.txt &lt;/i&gt;document which is placed in the top-level Greenstone directory (&lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; by default) during the installation procedure. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.2Unix&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This section is written for Unix users. (Windows users should skip ahead to Section 2.3.) You need to choose whether to install the binary code or the source code. The binary code occupies about 50 Mb of disk space; the source code requires about 160 Mb to compile.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Unix binaries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The binary code requires an Intel x86-based Linux distribution which includes ELF binary support. Distributions that meet these requirements include: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+RedHat 5.1 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+SuSE Linux 6.1 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;23&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Debian 2.1 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Slackware 4.0 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+More recent versions of these distributions should also work. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You will need a webserver: we recommend Apache. We also strongly recommend you to install your webserver &lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt; installing Greenstone&amp;mdash;this will make it much easier to answer the questions that are asked during the Greenstone installation procedure. If you want to build new digital library collections, you will also need Perl if this is not already on your system. To check, open a terminal window, type &lt;i&gt;perl -v&lt;/i&gt;, and see if a message appears specifying, amongst other things, the version number. For most versions of Linux, Perl is installed by default. The Appendix gives information on how to obtain Apache and Perl. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Unix source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The source code is the same for Unix as for Windows. It has been compiled and tested on Linux, Solaris, and Macintosh OS/X; it should be a fairly routine matter to port it to other flavors of Unix. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To compile the Greenstone source code on Unix, you need 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;25&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GCC, the Gnu C++ compiler. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;26&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GDBM, the Gnu database manager. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run the Greenstone software, you also need a Web server and Perl, as described above under &lt;i&gt;Unix binaries&lt;/i&gt;. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Unix installation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To install the Unix version from the CD-ROM, insert the disk into the drive, and type 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.08mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+mount /cdrommount the CD-ROM device (this command may differ from one system to another; for example on OS/X you &lt;i&gt;cd&lt;/i&gt; to the &lt;i&gt;/Volumes&lt;/i&gt; directory and then to the appropriate subdirectory for the CD-ROM) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.44mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.07mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+cd /cdromchange directory to the CD-ROM's top level 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.44mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.07mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+cd Unixchange directory to where the Unix install script resides 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.44mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.07mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+sh Install.shbegin the installation process (an explicit &lt;i&gt;sh&lt;/i&gt; is used because many installations forbid you to execute programs directly from CD-ROM)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The final command begins an interactive dialogue which requests the information that is needed to install Greenstone on your system, and gives detailed feedback on what is happening. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The installation procedure begins by asking you which directory to install Greenstone into. The first file placed there is the &amp;ldquo;uninstall&amp;rdquo; program that cleans up any partial installation, should you encounter problems or terminate the installation prematurely. Next you choose whether you want to install binaries or source code. You are then asked some questions about your webserver setup. You need to have a valid cgi executable directory (normally called &amp;ldquo;cgi-bin&amp;rdquo; on Unix systems); you can either create a new one or use your existing one. If you create a new one, you will need to enter this information in your webserver's configuration file. In either case you need to enter the web address of the cgi directory. The installation dialogue will guide you through all these choices. It is important to set the file permissions correctly on certain directories, and you are prompted for the necessary information. Finally, you are prompted for a password for the &amp;ldquo;administrator&amp;rdquo; user &lt;i&gt;admin&lt;/i&gt;. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+By default, all Greenstone software is installed in the directory &lt;i&gt;/usr/local/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; if it is the root user who is doing the installation, and into the directory ~&lt;i&gt;/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; otherwise (where &amp;ldquo;~&amp;rdquo; is the user's home directory).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Installing the binaries takes just a few minutes, enough time for you to answer the appropriate questions. If you install the source code, the installation script will compile it, which takes from ten minutes to an hour or so, depending on the speed of your processor. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To uninstall the software, type 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.08mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+cd ~/gsdlor &lt;i&gt;/usr/local/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; if it was the root user who installed Greenstone 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.44mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.07mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+sh Uninstall.sh
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+During the installation procedure you will be asked whether you want to install any Greenstone collections. The Greenstone Demo collection is installed automatically; other collections on the CD-ROM are described in Section 3. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Unix webserver configuration&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you already have a webserver, some small changes will have to be made to its configuration to make your Greenstone installation operate. The install script explains what these are. You will probably need help from your system administrator to reconfigure the webserver&amp;mdash;he or she should be able to understand the instructions output by the install script. For your convenience, the output of the install script is written to a file called INSTALL_RECORD in the directory into which you installed Greenstone.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you do not already have a webserver, you will have to install one. The Appendix gives information on Apache. Then you will have to configure it appropriately. Section 4 gives a detailed account of the parts of an Apache webserver installation that affect Greenstone, and how they need to be altered. It comes down to including half a dozen or so lines in a configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You do not need to be the Unix &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; user to go through the installation procedure above. When it comes to configuring an existing Apache server, however, you may need &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; privileges&amp;mdash;it all depends on how Apache is set up. If you install Apache yourself, you can do it as a user without &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; privileges. If you need to work your way around an uncooperative system administrator, you can always install a second Apache webserver on your computer&amp;mdash;even if one exists already.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.3How to find Greenstone&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Local library (Windows only)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you are using the Local Library, simply run the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone&lt;/i&gt; program from the &lt;i&gt;Start&lt;/i&gt; menu. This automatically opens a dialog box that starts your Internet browser and loads the Greenstone Digital Library home page. The Greenstone Demo collection should be accessible from this page.   The dialog box contais a&lt;i&gt; File&lt;/i&gt; menu item that allows you to change the default browser used by Greenstone.  It doesn't matter whether you use Netscape or Internet Explorer, except that if you are running on Windows 2000, we recommend that you use Internet Explorer.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Web library (Windows and Unix)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you are using the Web Library, once you have installed the software and configured the webserver, use this URL to enter your Greenstone system: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -2.47mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Demo collection should be accessible from this page. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Collector&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A link to the Collector is provided on the digital library home page. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Administration&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A link to the Administration pages is provided on the digital library home page. The &amp;ldquo;administrator&amp;rdquo; user is called &lt;i&gt;admin&lt;/i&gt;, with a password that you specified during the installation process. The administrator is authorized to add new users, and to build collections.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.4The Greenstone Librarian Interface (GLI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Librarian Interface (GLI) is a tool to assist you with building digital libraries using Greenstone. It gives you access to Greenstone's collection-building functionality from an easy-to-use &amp;ldquo;point and click&amp;rdquo; interface.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GLI is installed automatically with all distributions of Greenstone. It is placed in the subdirectory &lt;i&gt;gli&lt;/i&gt; of the top-level Greenstone directory (&lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/gli&lt;/i&gt; by default). Note that it runs in conjunction with Greenstone and will not work properly unless it is placed in a subdirectory of your Greenstone installation. If you have downloaded one of the Greenstone distributions, this will be the case.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To use the GLI, your computer needs to have the Java Runtime Environment. If it doesn't, the installer will offer to install a version that is included on the CD-ROM.  On Unix, you will also need to ensure that Perl is installed (for Windows, Perl is already included in the Greenstone software). Please report any problems you have running or using the Librarian Interface to &lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;greenstone@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Running under Windows &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run GLI under Windows, browse to the &lt;i&gt;gli&lt;/i&gt; folder in your Greenstone installation (e.g. using Windows Explorer), and double-click on the file called &lt;i&gt;gli.bat&lt;/i&gt;. This file checks that Greenstone, the Java Runtime Environment, and Perl are all installed, and starts the Greenstone Librarian Interface.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Running under Unix &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run GLI under Unix, change to the &lt;i&gt;gli &lt;/i&gt;directory in your Greenstone installation, then run the &lt;i&gt;gli.sh&lt;/i&gt; script. This script checks that Greenstone, the Java Runtime Environment, and Perl are all installed and on your search path, and starts the Greenstone Librarian Interface.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Getting help&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Librarian Interface has extensive on-line help facilities. You get help by clicking the &lt;i&gt;Help&lt;/i&gt; button at the top right of the screen. This opens up the text to a section that relates to what you are doing&amp;mdash;which of the GLI panels you are on. You can click around the help text to learn what you need to know. Use it.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Compiling the Greenstone Librarian Interface&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you have downloaded the Greenstone source distribution, you will have the Java source code of the Librarian Interface. To compile it, your computer needs to have a &lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Java Development Kit&lt;/font&gt;. The Appendix gives information on how to obtain this. To compile the source code, run the &lt;i&gt;makegli.bat&lt;/i&gt; (Windows) or &lt;i&gt;makegli.sh&lt;/i&gt; (Unix) files. Once compiled, you can run GLI as described above.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.5Testing and troubleshooting&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To test Greenstone, point your Web browser at the Greenstone home page and explore the Demo collection and any other collections that you have installed. Don't worry&amp;mdash;you can't break anything. Click liberally: most images that appear on the screen are clickable. If you hold the mouse stationary over an image, most browsers will soon pop up a message that tells you what will happen if you click. Experiment! Choose common words like &amp;ldquo;the&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;and&amp;rdquo; to search for&amp;mdash;that should evoke some responses, and nothing will break. For more information, see the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library User's Guide&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Troubleshooting &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;3&quot; rows=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Problem&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Try this&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;Local Library (Windows only)&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I start Greenstone my computer asks me to dial up my Internet Service Provider.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Push the &lt;i&gt;Cancel&lt;/i&gt; button in the dialog box. This usually solves the problem.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I start Greenstone my computer &lt;i&gt;still&lt;/i&gt; asks me to dial up my Internet Service Provider.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Choose the &amp;ldquo;Restricted version&amp;rdquo; when you run Greenstone. This version only works with Netscape.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I point my browser at the digital library, it can't find that page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Check your Internet Proxy settings and turn proxies off (use &lt;i&gt;Edit preferences&lt;/i&gt; on Netscape or &lt;i&gt;Internet options&lt;/i&gt; on Explorer).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Collector seems to be working very slowly!
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Are you using Netscape under Windows 2000? If so, try using Internet Explorer instead&amp;mdash;on Windows 2000 (only) there seems to be some incompatibility with Netscape.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;3&quot; rows=&quot;8&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Problem&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Try this&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;Web Library (Windows and Unix)&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I start Apache, it quits immediately.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Add a &lt;i&gt;ServerName localhost&lt;/i&gt; directive to the Apache configuration file (see Section 4.1).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I point my browser at the digital library, it displays garbage&amp;mdash;a binary file.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Check the &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive in the Apache configuration file, making sure it comes before the &lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; directive (see Sections 4.2 and 4.3).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+I get the Greenstone home page (Figure 2), but the Demo collection icon does not appear.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Run the program &lt;i&gt;library&lt;/i&gt; (in the cgi-bin directory) from the DOS (or shell) prompt to generate debugging information that will help you locate the problem.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;Both versions&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I point my browser at the digital library, it can't find that page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Try using 127.0.0.1 in place of &lt;i&gt;localhost&lt;/i&gt;. This reserved IP number is defined to be a &amp;ldquo;loopback&amp;rdquo; to your local computer.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+My browser complains that it can't find &lt;i&gt;main.cfg&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Check that the Greenstone files exist and are world-readable. If you are using the Web library, try running the &lt;i&gt;library&lt;/i&gt; program from the command line. If it runs OK, the problem is with file permissions (see Section 5.1). If not, the &lt;i&gt;gsdlhome&lt;/i&gt; variable is probably set incorrectly in the &lt;i&gt;gsdlsite.cfg&lt;/i&gt; configuration file (see Section 5.2).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+I'm having trouble using the Collector.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Read the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library User's Guide&lt;/i&gt;, Section 3.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+I've added a new user but they can't seem to log in.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Check that the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/etc&lt;/i&gt; and all its contents are globally writeable (see Section 5.1).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.6To learn more&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To learn more about the innards of your Greenstone installation, consult the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library Developer's Guide&lt;/i&gt;. It includes (for example) details of the directory structure that has been created, and information about how to configure your Greenstone site.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;br&gt;Greenstone Collections&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Several demonstration Greenstone collections are included on the CD-ROM. If you have Web access, many others can be downloaded, in either pre-built or unbuilt form, from the New Zealand Digital Library Project website (&lt;i&gt;nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt;). 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Demo collection is a small subset of the Humanity Development Library (HDL), a polished collection. It illustrates that relatively rich browsing capabilities can be provided (so long as suitable metadata is available). It is included automatically when the software is installed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 34.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone also comes with some well-documented example collections whose &amp;ldquo;about&amp;rdquo; page describes how they are constructed. They demonstrate various capabilities of Greenstone. The install dialogue will ask you whether you want to include them in your Greenstone installation; the approximate amount of disk space needed for each collection is shown below. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;3&quot; rows=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;demo&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Demo&lt;br&gt;(7Â Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A small subset of the HDL. If you clone this collection, the full facilities will only appear if your new files provide appropriate metadata information.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;dls-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Development Library Subset collection &lt;br&gt;(150 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Like the Greenstone Demo, this is a subset of the HDL&amp;mdash;but much larger.  It contains 250 publications&amp;mdash;books, reports and magazines&amp;mdash;in various areas of human development (the full HDL contains 1,230 publications). It has the same structure as the Greenstone Demo. It's fairly complex, and if you're just starting out you might prefer to look at some other collections first (e.g. &lt;i&gt;MSWord and PDF demonstration&lt;/i&gt;, the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Archives&lt;/i&gt;, or the &lt;i&gt;Simple image collection&lt;/i&gt;).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;wrdpdf-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+MSWord and PDF demonstration &lt;br&gt;(4 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This contains a few documents in PDF, MSWord, RTF, and Postscript formats, demonstrating the ability to build collections from documents in different formats. The collection configuration file is very simple.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;gsarch-e &lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Archives collection &lt;br&gt;(5 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A collection of email messages from the Greenstone mailing list archives, this uses the Email plugin, which parses files in email formats. The collection configuration file is very simple.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;cltbib-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Bibliography collection &lt;br&gt;(7 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+With about 4,000 bibliography entries, this collection incorporates a form-based search interface that allows fielded searching. It is fairly complex.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;cltext-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Bibliography supplement &lt;br&gt;(1 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This tiny collection of 10 bibliography entries illustrates the &amp;quot;supercollection&amp;quot; facility which searches several collections together, seamlessly. It operates together with the &lt;i&gt;Bibliography&lt;/i&gt; collection, and its configuration file is almost the same.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;MARC-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+MARC example &lt;br&gt;(1 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Based on some MARC records from the Library of Congress, this is a simple collection (and does not allow form-based searching).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;oai-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+OAI demo collection &lt;br&gt;(18 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Using the Open Archive Protocol and the &lt;i&gt;Import-From&lt;/i&gt; feature, this retrieves metadata from an archive and builds a collection from the records. In this case they are images, so both the OAI and Image plugins are used.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;image-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Simple image collection &lt;br&gt;(1 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;figure&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This very basic image collection contains no text and no explicit metadata&amp;mdash;which makes it rather unrealistic. The configuration file is about as simple as you can get.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;authen-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Formatting and authentication demo &lt;br&gt;(8 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+With the same material as the original Greenstone demo collection, this shows off two independent features: non-standard document formatting, and controlled access to the documents via user authentication.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;garish&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Garish version of demo collection &lt;br&gt;(8 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This collection also contains the same material as the Greenstone demo. Its appearance has been altered to show how the pages generated can be set out differently. It relies on a non-standard macro file that is supplied with Greenstone.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;isis-e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+CDS/ISIS example (1 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This collection is built from a CDS/ISIS database of about 150 bibliography entries. It uses the ISISPlug plugin, which reads the standard ISIS .mst and .fdt files and converts them to Greenstone metadata.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4&lt;br&gt;Setting up the Webserver&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this section we describe how to set up your webserver to work with Greenstone. Note that all this is unnecessary when using the Windows Local Library, because this software works &amp;ldquo;out of the box&amp;rdquo; and does not require a webserver.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We discuss both the Apache webserver, which is freely available for both Windows and Unix (see the Appendix for details) and Microsoft's Personal Web Server (PWS) and Internet Information Services (IIS) webserver. PWS is the standard Microsoft server for Windows 95/98; IIS is the standard webserver for Windows 2000 and the forthcoming Windows XP; Windows NT can use either. The Apache description applies equally to the Windows Web Library and Unix versions (though we use Windows-style terminology and pathnames); the PWS/IIS section applies only to the Windows Web Library. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once you have installed your webserver, the next step is to install Greenstone. We will assume that during the install procedure you have taken the default action for each stage by clicking on the &lt;i&gt;Next&lt;/i&gt; button. The result is that the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; is created and the Web Library binary is stored there, along with some supporting files. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All webservers use the special URL &amp;ldquo;localhost&amp;rdquo; to denote the computer that the webserver is running on. Thus when you install a webserver, you can get at your &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; documents by typing the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost&lt;/i&gt; into a browser. If your computer has a domain name set up, this is used instead of localhost to identify your computer from remote sites. Thus on the New Zealand Digital Library's computer, &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;http://localhost&lt;/i&gt; are equivalent. If you type &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt; on your computer you will get the New Zealand Digital Library webserver, whereas if you type &lt;i&gt;http://localhost&lt;/i&gt; you will get your own computer's webserver. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.1The Apache web server&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Apache webserver is usually installed in &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache&lt;/i&gt; and is configured so that the cgi-bin directory is in the subdirectory &lt;i&gt;/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; and the document root is the subdirectory &lt;i&gt;/htdocs&lt;/i&gt;. It is reconfigured by editing the configuration file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/conf/httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;. This is a text file: it's quite easy to read it to see how things are set up. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Depending on how your computer's networking software is set up, you may have to add this line to Apache's &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt; configuration file: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ServerName localhost
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If this line is not included, the system attempts to find your server's name. However, there are bugs in some versions of Windows that cause this to fail. In this case, Apache will exit immediately when you start it up. It does display an error message, but it is immediately erased and you probably can't read it. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Setting up the Greenstone cgi-bin directory&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Cgi-bin is a directory from which the webserver treats documents as executable programs. Apache's &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive is used to create a cgi-bin directory. Note that this directive can make any directory a cgi executable directory&amp;mdash;it doesn't have to be called &amp;ldquo;cgi-bin&amp;rdquo;! Conversely, a directory called &amp;ldquo;cgi-bin&amp;rdquo; isn't special unless &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; has been applied to it. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When installed, Apache has a cgi-bin directory of &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;. This means that if presented with the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/cgi-bin/hello&lt;/i&gt;, the webserver will attempt to execute a file called &lt;i&gt;hello&lt;/i&gt; from within the above directory. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There is one Greenstone program, which is called &amp;ldquo;library.exe&amp;rdquo;, that needs to be executed by the webserver; it in turn reads a file called the Greenstone site configuration file, or &amp;ldquo;gsdlsite.cfg&amp;rdquo;, which needs to be located in the same directory. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The best way of arranging this is to use Apache's &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive to create a new cgi-bin directory. Here's the excerpt from Apache's &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt; configuration file that adds &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; as an additional cgi-bin directory: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ScriptAlias /gsdl/cgi-bin/ &amp;quot;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin/&amp;quot; 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;Directory C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Options None
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  AllowOverride None 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/Directory&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(It's a curious fact that Apache configuration files use forward slashes in place of standard Windows backslashes.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This means that any URLs of the form &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; ... will be sought in the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;, and executed by the web server. For example, if presented with the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/cgi-bin/hello&lt;/i&gt;, the web server will attempt to retrieve the file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin/hello&lt;/i&gt; and execute it. However, the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/cgi-bin/hello&lt;/i&gt; looks in Apache's regular &lt;i&gt;cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; directory for the file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;/hello&lt;/i&gt; and executes it, just as it did before. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The document root directory&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The document root directory is the root of your webserver's directory structure. When installed, Apache has a document root &lt;i&gt;of C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/htdocs&lt;/i&gt;. This means that if presented with the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/hello.html&lt;/i&gt;, the webserver will attempt to retrieve a file called &lt;i&gt;hello.html&lt;/i&gt; from within the above directory. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Several files within Greenstone need to be read by the webserver. The simplest way to arrange this is to use the &lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; directive, which is just like &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; except that it applies to ordinary web pages, not cgi scripts. Insert these lines into your Apache configuration file, after the &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive, to add &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; as an additional place to look for documents.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alias /gsdl/ &amp;quot;C:/Program Files/gsdl/&amp;quot; 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;Directory C:/Program Files/gsdl&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  AllowOverride None
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Order allow,deny
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Allow from all 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/Directory&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This means that any URLs that match the first argument of Alias (gsdl) are sought as files in the place corresponding to the second argument. In other words, URLs of the form &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/&lt;/i&gt; ... will be sought as files in the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;. For example, if presented with the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/hello.html&lt;/i&gt;, the webserver will attempt to retrieve the file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/hello.html&lt;/i&gt;. However, the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/hello.html&lt;/i&gt; looks in the regular &lt;i&gt;htdocs&lt;/i&gt; directory for the file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/htdocs/hello.html&lt;/i&gt;, just as it did before. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Be sure to add the &lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; directive after the &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive. Instructing Apache to alias &lt;i&gt;/gsdl &lt;/i&gt;before&lt;i&gt; /gsdl/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; would match the URL &lt;i&gt;/gsdl/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt; against the Alias directive rather than the ScriptAlias, and it would be interpreted as a request for a document rather than the result of executing a program. The outcome would be to &amp;ldquo;display&amp;rdquo; the binary program file as a page in the Web browser, instead of executing it.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Security&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You should be aware that if the web library version of Greenstone is set up as instructed above, anyone will be allowed to download any file in the &lt;i&gt;gsdl&lt;/i&gt; directory structure. This includes the index files and source documents of any collections you make, the user database, usage logs, etc.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you are concerned about this, you can easily tighten up your webserver configuration to improve security. For the Apache webserver, put these lines into the configuration file instead of those given in the previous subsection:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alias /gsdl/ &amp;quot;C:/Program Files/gsdl/&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;Directory &amp;quot;C:/Program Files/gsdl&amp;quot;&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Order allow,deny
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Deny from all
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  &amp;lt;FilesMatch
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;quot;/.(gif|jpe?g|png|css|mov|mpeg|ps|pdf|doc|rtf|jar|class)$&amp;quot;&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    Order allow,deny
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    Allow from all
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  &amp;lt;/FilesMatch&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/Directory&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This means that only files whose extensions match the regular expression in the &lt;i&gt;FilesMatch&lt;/i&gt; line may be downloaded.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.2The PWS and IIS webservers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Although neither PWS nor IIS is installed by default on current Windows systems, they can easily be installed using the &amp;ldquo;Add/Remove programs&amp;rdquo; control panel. If they are not already on your Windows distribution CD-ROM you will have to download them from the Microsoft web site (&lt;i&gt;www.microsoft.com&lt;/i&gt;).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The setup procedure for Greenstone is identical for both PWS and IIS. Invoke the Personal Web Manager and perform the following actions.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Select &lt;i&gt;Advanced&lt;/i&gt; to get the &lt;i&gt;Advanced Options&lt;/i&gt; screen.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Select &lt;i&gt;Home&lt;/i&gt; and click &lt;i&gt;Add&lt;/i&gt;. Fill out the fields as follows:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Directory&lt;/i&gt; field:&lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; field:&lt;i&gt;gsdl&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Access permissions:&lt;i&gt;Read&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Application permissions:&lt;i&gt;None&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Click &lt;i&gt;OK&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This makes Greenstone files accessible to the webserver. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Back in &lt;i&gt;Advanced Options&lt;/i&gt;, select &lt;i&gt;gsdl&lt;/i&gt; and click &lt;i&gt;Add&lt;/i&gt;. Fill out the fields as follows:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Directory&lt;/i&gt; field:&lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; field:&lt;i&gt;cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Access permissions:&lt;i&gt;None&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Application permissions:&lt;i&gt;Execute&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Click &lt;i&gt;OK&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This allows the Greenstone program &lt;i&gt;library.exe&lt;/i&gt; to be executed by the webserver.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Go to the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Note: you need to specify the &lt;i&gt;.exe&lt;/i&gt; file extension with PWS and IIS.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5&lt;br&gt;Configuring your Site&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+For Greenstone to work properly, access permissions for certain files must be set up appropriately. Also, there is a configuration file associated with each Greenstone site. The install procedure creates a generic configuration file based on your installation choices; however its contents can be tailored to cope with different situations. This section explains both of these issues. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.1File permissions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This section is irrelevant for Windows 95/98, because these systems don't identify the owners of files. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+On Windows NT, 2000 and Unix systems, cgi scripts don't run as normal users, because users can't be identified over the Web. Instead, they run as the user who started up the webserver program (on Windows systems), or as a special user (commonly called &lt;i&gt;nobody &lt;/i&gt;on Unix systems). Because of this, all files and directories within &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; need to be globally readable (or at least readable by the cgi-script user, perhaps &amp;ldquo;&lt;i&gt;nobody&lt;/i&gt;&amp;rdquo;). To test whether file permissions are set up correctly, run the program &lt;i&gt;library.exe&lt;/i&gt; from the command line. If the files are in the right places but the permissions are set incorrectly, it will run from the command line&amp;mdash;that is, when &lt;i&gt;you&lt;/i&gt; execute it&amp;mdash;but not from a browser&amp;mdash;that is, when the &amp;ldquo;&lt;i&gt;nobody&lt;/i&gt;&amp;rdquo; user executes it. Another test is to log in as another user to see if the file permissions are specific to your original user account. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To work through a Web browser, all the Greenstone directories must be globally readable. Also, the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/etc&lt;/i&gt; directory and all its contents must be globally &lt;i&gt;writable&lt;/i&gt;. This is the directory into which the library program writes the usage log, error and initialization logs, and various user databases. If you're reluctant to make this directory globally writable, you can set permissions so that just the files &lt;i&gt;errout.txt&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;initout.txt&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;key.db&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;users.db&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;history.db&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;usage.txt&lt;/i&gt; are writable by the cgi user. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If file permissions are not set up correctly for &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/etc&lt;/i&gt;, you may find that user authentication and search history do not work, and that no usage log (&lt;i&gt;usage.txt&lt;/i&gt;) is generated. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.2The gsdlsite.cfg configuration file&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The install procedure creates a generic Greenstone site configuration file based on your installation choices. For our installation this file is &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin/gsdlsite.cfg&lt;/i&gt; and its content is: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# Site configuration file for Greenstone. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# Lines begining with 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# are comments. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# This file should be placed in the same directory as your library 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# executable file. it should be edited to suit your site.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# points to the GSDLHOME directory 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+gsdlhome  &amp;ldquo;C:/Program Files/gsdl&amp;rdquo;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# this is the http address of GSDLHOME 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# if your webservers DocumentRoot is set to $GSDLHOME 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# then httpprefix can be commented out
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+httpprefix /gsdl
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# this is the http address of the directory which 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# contains the images for the interface. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+httpimg   /gsdl/images
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# should contain the http address of this cgi script. This 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# is not needed if the http server sets the environment variable 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# SCRIPT_NAME 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+#gwcgi    /cgi-bin/library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# maxrequests is the most requests a fastcgi process 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# will serve before it exits. This can be set to a 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# low figure (like 1) while debugging and then set 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# to a high figure (like 10000) when everything is 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# working well. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+#maxrequests 10000
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You can customise your installation by editing this file, although you will probably not need to do so. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The &lt;i&gt;gsdlhome&lt;/i&gt; line simply points to the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; directory. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;httpprefix&lt;/i&gt; is the web address of the directory that Greenstone is installed in. We explained earlier how to create an alias so that URLs of the form &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/&lt;/i&gt; ... are sought in the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; directory. Putting a line &lt;i&gt;httpprefix /gsdl&lt;/i&gt; into the &lt;i&gt;gsdlsite&lt;/i&gt; configuration file establishes the same convention for the Greenstone software. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;httpimg&lt;/i&gt; is the web address of the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/images&lt;/i&gt; directory, which contains all the gif images used in the interface. In any standard Greenstone installation this will always be &lt;i&gt;httpprefix/images&lt;/i&gt;, and the line in the file above is left untouched. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;gwcgi&lt;/i&gt; is the web address of the library cgi program. This is not required by most webservers (including Apache), and should remain commented out. Don't uncomment it unless you're sure you need to, because that may introduce problems. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;maxrequests&lt;/i&gt; is only used by versions of Greenstone that are compiled with the &amp;ldquo;fast-cgi&amp;rdquo; option on. The standard binary distribution does not include this option because not all webservers are configured to support it. Fastcgi speeds up cgi executions by keeping the main executable in memory between invocations of the software, rather than loading it in from disk each time a web page is requested from the Greenstone software. The trade-off is the amount of memory used, which can grow the longer the program remains in memory. Once &lt;i&gt;maxrequests&lt;/i&gt; pages have been generated, the cgi program quits, thereby freeing any accumulated memory. To respond to the next request for a Web page, the cgi program is read in from disk again, and a new cycle of page requests is begun. Most installations use the standard cgi protocol, which means that &lt;i&gt;maxrequests&lt;/i&gt; can be safely ignored. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6&lt;br&gt;Personalizing your Installation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Probably the first thing you will want to do once your Greenstone installation is up and running is personalize the home page. The file that generates the Greenstone home page is called &lt;i&gt;home.dm&lt;/i&gt;, and is located in the &lt;i&gt;macros&lt;/i&gt; subdirectory of the directory into which you installed Greenstone. (The default for Windows systems is &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;.) This is a plain text file that you will have to edit to create a new home page. Instead of editing it, we recommend creating a new file, say &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt;. This will be like &lt;i&gt;home.dm&lt;/i&gt; but will define &amp;ldquo;package home&amp;rdquo;&amp;mdash;which is the bit that does the actual work&amp;mdash;in a different way.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When you make a different home page, there must be some way of linking in to the digital library pages so that you can search and browse the collections on your system. The solution that Greenstone adopts is to use &amp;ldquo;macros&amp;rdquo;. That's why the home-page file is called &amp;ldquo;.dm&amp;rdquo; and not &amp;ldquo;.html&amp;rdquo;&amp;mdash;it's a &amp;ldquo;macro&amp;rdquo; file rather than a regular &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; file. But don't quail: the macro file basically contains just &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt;, sprinkled with a few mystical incantantations which are explained below. The macro language is a powerful facility, and only a small part of it is described below&amp;mdash;see the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library Developer's Guide&lt;/i&gt; for more information.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.1Example&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 3 shows an example of a new digital library home page. Each of the &amp;ldquo;Click here&amp;rdquo; links takes you to the appropriate Greenstone facility. This page was generated by the file called &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; shown in Figure 4.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You can use Figure 4 as a template for creating your own specialized Greenstone home page. Basically, it defines a macro called &lt;i&gt;content&lt;/i&gt;. Inside the curly braces is ordinary &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt;. You could insert additional text, along with any &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; formatting commands, to put the content that you &lt;br&gt;want to see on the page. The text is regular &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt;; if you want you can include hyperlinks and use all the other facilities that &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; provides.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;2&quot; rows=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 3&lt;br&gt;Your own Greenstone home page
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;666&quot; height=&quot;384&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word052.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 4&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; used to create Figure 3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+package home
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+_content_ {
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;Your own Greenstone home page&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;table&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr valign=top&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Search page for the demo collection&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httpquery_&amp;amp;c=demo&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;quot;About&amp;quot; page for the demo collection&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppageabout_&amp;amp;c=demo&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Preferences page for the demo collection&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagepref_&amp;amp;c=demo&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Home page&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagehome_&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Help page&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagehelp_&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Administration page&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagestatus_&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;The Collector&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagecollector_&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+}
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# if you hate the squirly green bar down the left-hand side of the 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# page, uncomment these lines:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# _header_ { 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+#          }
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To make your new home page link in with other digital library pages, you need to use an appropriate magic spell. In this macro language, magic spells are words flanked by underscores. You can see these in Figure 4. For example, &lt;i&gt;_httppagehome_&lt;/i&gt; takes you to the home page, &lt;i&gt;_httppagehelp_&lt;/i&gt; to the help page, and so on. In some cases you need to include a collection name. For example, &lt;i&gt;_httpquery_&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;amp;c=demo&lt;/i&gt; specifies the search page for the demo collection; for other collections you should replace &lt;i&gt;demo&lt;/i&gt; by the appropriate collection name.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The definition of the macro called &lt;i&gt;_content_ &lt;/i&gt;is plain &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt;. Any standard &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; code may be placed within a macro definition. However, the special characters `{`, `}', `/', and `_' must be escaped with a backslash to prevent them from being processed by the macro language interpreter. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Note that the &lt;i&gt;_content_ &lt;/i&gt;macro definition does not contain any &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; header or footer. If you want to change the header or footer of your home page, you should define &lt;i&gt;_header_&lt;/i&gt; and/or &lt;i&gt;_footer_&lt;/i&gt; macros, adding them to the &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; file in the form 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+_macroname_ { 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ ...
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+} 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+For example, the squirly green bar down the left-hand side of Greenstone pages is defined in the &lt;i&gt;_header_ &lt;/i&gt;macro, and making this macro null will remove it, as indicated at the end of Figure 4.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.2How to make it work&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You have to tell Greenstone about the new home page &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt;. The system reads in the macro files that are specified in the main configuration file &lt;i&gt;main.cfg&lt;/i&gt;, so if you create a new one you must include it there. Name clashes are handled sensibly: the most recent definition takes precedence. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Thus to make the Greenstone digital library software use the home page in Figure 3 instead of the default, first put the &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; file in Figure 4 into the &lt;i&gt;macros&lt;/i&gt; directory. Then edit the &lt;i&gt;main.cfg &lt;/i&gt;configuration file to replace &lt;i&gt;home.dm&lt;/i&gt; with &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; in the list of macro files that are loaded at startup. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.3Redirecting a URL to Greenstone&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You may want to redirect a more convenient URL to your Greenstone cgi program. For example, on our system the URL &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt; (which is shorthand for &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org/index.html)&lt;/i&gt; is redirected to &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt;. The Apache webserver accomplishes this with the &lt;i&gt;Redirect&lt;/i&gt; directive. Along with other directives, this goes into the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/conf/httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt; configuration file. To redirect the URL &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com&lt;/i&gt; to &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt;, put this line into &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Redirect /index.html http://www.yourserver.com/cgi-bin/library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Then you will reach your digital library system directly from the URL &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com&lt;/i&gt;. Instead, if you wanted a URL like &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com/greenstone&lt;/i&gt; to be redirected to &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt;, include in the &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt; file 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Redirect /greenstone http://www.yourserver.com/cgi-bin/library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If your computer doesn't have a domain name (like the &amp;ldquo;www.yourserver.com&amp;rdquo; above), just replace &lt;i&gt;www.yourserver.com&lt;/i&gt; by &lt;i&gt;localhost&lt;/i&gt; in the lines above. So long as the browser is running on the same machine as the webserver&amp;mdash;which it surely is if your computer doesn't have a domain name&amp;mdash;this has the same effect as the above redirections. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Instead of putting redirect directives into the file &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;, you can equally well put them into a file called &lt;i&gt;.htaccess&lt;/i&gt; within your server's document root directory. In fact, doing so has two advantages. First, changes to &lt;i&gt;.htaccess&lt;/i&gt; take effect immediately, whereas you have to restart the Apache webserver to see the effect of changes to &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;. Second, on Unix systems you usually have to be logged in as the &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; user to edit &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;, whereas you don't to edit &lt;i&gt;.htaccess&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;AppendixTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Appendix&lt;br&gt;Associated Software&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Here is how to obtain the software packages mentioned above. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.1Apache Webserver&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run any version of Greenstone apart from the Windows Local Library version, you need an external webserver. Many installations, particularly larger ones, will already have a webserver. If you are using Linux, Apache may be on your installation disk but may not have been selected during the installation procedure. The Apache Webserver from &lt;i&gt;www.apache.org&lt;/i&gt; is free, and easy to install. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.2Perl&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone uses the Perl language when building collections. For Windows, Perl is already included in the Greenstone software.  Most Unix systems already have Perl installed, but if not, source code and binaries for a wide range of Unix platforms are freely available at &lt;i&gt;www.perl.com&lt;/i&gt;. Perl version 5.0 or higher is needed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.3GCC&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Unix version of Greenstone compiles under the Gnu C++ compiler, GCC. Greenstone makes extensive use of the C++ standard template library (we've found it to be broken on some older versions of GCC; please tell us if you have STL problems). Note that this version of Greenstone does not compile under GCC 3.0.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.4GDBM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All versions of Greenstone use the Gnu Database Manager, GDBM. It is supplied with all Windows versions of Greenstone and installed automatically during the installation procedure. Linux systems already have GDBM, so we do not provide it for Linux. Most other Unix systems have it, but if necessary you can download it from &lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.gnu.org&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;www.gnu.org&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.5Java runtime environment&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To use the Greenstone Librarian Interface, you need a suitable version of the Java Runtime Environment. If you don't already have this, a suitable version is included on the CD-ROM, or you can download the latest version from &lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fjava.sun.com%2fj2se%2fdownloads.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;http://java.sun.com/j2se/downloads.html&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;. Version 1.4.0 or higher is needed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.6Java compiler&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;To compile the source code of the Greenstone Librarian Interface, you must first install a Java Development Kit. You can download the J2SE Software Development Kit from &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fjava.sun.com%2fj2se%2fdownloads.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;http://java.sun.com/j2se/downloads.html&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;. Version 1.4.0 or higher is needed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ii APPENDIX B&amp;mdash;GLOSSARY OF TERMS
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+APPENDIX B&amp;mdash;GLOSSARY OF TERMS iii
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Footer&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Greenstone gsdl-2.50&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;March&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt; 2004&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Footer&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+iv CONTENTS
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+v
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word053.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Footer&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2 VERSIONS OF GREENSTONE
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word054.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+12 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+INSTALLATION PROCEDURE 13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word055.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+16 GREENSTONE COLLECTIONS
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GREENSTONE COLLECTIONS 15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word056.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+22 SETTING UP THE WEBSERVER
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+SETTING UP THE WEBSERVER 21
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -4.91mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word057.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+26 CONFIGURING YOUR SITE
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+CONFIGURING YOUR SITE 25
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+30 PERSONALIZING YOUR INSTALLATION
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PERSONALIZING YOUR INSTALLATION 29
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word058.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+32 ASSOCIATED SOFTWARE
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PERSONALIZING YOUR INSTALLATION 33
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -4.91mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word059.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 14.06mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -14.06mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 14.06mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -14.06mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Only &amp;ldquo;Administrators&amp;rdquo; can install software
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+NT/2000
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+3.x
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Serves collections but no building
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Binaries available for all versions
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Windows
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Windows or Unix?
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Other
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sun Solaris or Macintosh OS/X
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Linux
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Untested
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Source code tested
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Source code tested, binaries available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+May need &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; login to install
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Unix
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+95/98/Me
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASHeaa2/a32e0805.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASHeaa2/a32e0805.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/HASHeaa2/a32e0805.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1106 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Evolving Tool Support for Digital Librarians</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215324/word06.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Basic/tmp/1395215324/word06.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/word06.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215324/word06.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">word06.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">word06.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">word06.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">65536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">word06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Michael B. Twidale</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">David M. Nichols</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">COMPUTATIONAL SENSE: THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE EDUCATION OF DIGITAL LIBRARIANS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHeaa2a32e080549673150f3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215324</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHeaa2/a32e0805.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Working Paper Series
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ISSN 1170-487X
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;COMPUTATIONAL SENSE: THE ROLE OF&lt;br&gt;TECHNOLOGY IN THE EDUCATION OF DIGITAL LIBRARIANS&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Michael B. Twidale and David M. Nichols&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Working Paper:  10/2006
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+October 2006
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Â© 2006 Michael B. Twidale and David M. Nichols
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Department of Computer Science
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The University of Waikato
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Private Bag 3105
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Table of Contents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm -1.39mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Computational Sense:&lt;br&gt; the role of technology in the education of digital librarians&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Michael B. Twidale&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt; &amp;amp; David M. Nichols&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Graduate School of Library and Information Science &lt;br&gt;University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+twidale@uiuc.edu
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato&lt;br&gt; Hamilton, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+dmn@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;NTRODUCTION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;The rapid progress of digital library technology from research to implementation has created a force for change in the curricula of library schools. The education of future librarians has always had to adapt to new technologies but the pace, complexity and implications of digital libraries pose considerable challenges. In this article we explore how we might successfully blend elements of computer science and library science to produce effective educational experiences for the digital librarians of tomorrow. We first outline the background to current digital librarian education and then propose the concept of &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;computational sense&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; as an appropriate meeting point for these two disciplines.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;DIGITAL LIBRARIANS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;There is an ongoing discussion on what it means to be a digital librarian (Coleman, 2005; Marion, 2001; Mostafa et al, 2006; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Pomerantz et al, 2006)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. It is similar to being a traditional librarian in terms of ethos and applicability of core guiding theories, including access, cataloguing, collection development and teaching people both search skills and general information literacy. It can be viewed as simply integrating one set of digital information resou&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;rces into a set of access servic&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;es provided around a pre-existing set of paper-based resources. However it also requires additional technical skills, extending the librarian's role into new areas. For example, DL creation can be more akin to publishing than collection development, involving aspects of editing, revision and aligning to data and metadata standards.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;The topic of digital librarianship is subject to rapid change (Pomerantz et al, 2006), as it is partially defined by the availability and functionality of appropriate software. The ease of building a digital library or an institutional repository has been radically changed over the past decade by the emergence of software such as Greenstone (W&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;itten &amp;amp; Bainbridge, 2003) and DS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;pace (Tansley et al, 2005). For example, the courses presented in library schools are often based around similar material presented in tutorials at digital library conferences. Education based around digital library software inevitably brings with it techniques and concepts from computer science; especially as most of these courses combine theory and practice (Ma, Clegg, &amp;amp; O'Brien, 2006) Issues that can cause problems for library students vary from the basic (such as selecting the appropriate software version, downloading and installing) to advanced topics involving customization and extensibility (Nichols et al, 2006).&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;COMPUTATIONAL SENSE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;As libraries have become more computerised, librarians have had to learn more and more about computer systems, file formats and web servers. Over time, commodity software can hide away certain levels of complexity as a basic infrastructure is develop&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;ed&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. But innovative computer applications will always require a degree of explicit support and tinkering. For example, the Greenstone software development team has, over several years, developed a variety of tools to abstract away from technical details to simplify the tasks of creating and maintaining digital collections. Despite this work the experiences of using digital library software can still be disconcerting for some students (Nichols et al, 2006). This state of affairs is more a reflection on the state-of-the-art in content management systems than a criticism of any particular software applications.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;From the perspective of software developers the power of digital library software derives from the flexibility of computer programming languages. Indeed, the Greenstone digital library suite embeds programming language constructs into its customization features; providing considerable flexibility for collection design but at the expense of learnability (Nichols et al, 2005). A practical example is the nature of conditional statements in Greenstone macros, which:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;have a unique syntax (rather than re-using an existing language such as JavaScript or PHP)&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;have a different syntax to conditional statements in Greenstone formatting statements&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;have no error checking at design time (such as the red underlining of spell checkers or Visual Studio)&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;have no integrated documentation (such as found in modern programming development environments)&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;At one level it is simple to say that these can be corrected through more software development. The larger question is whether this is the right direction for systems that are to be used in digital librarian education. The resulting system would be very similar to an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) of the sort regularly used by computer science students and programmers the world over. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;This raises the question: should future librarians be forced to become programmers in order to graduate? We believe that digital librarians should not have to become programmers but that they &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;do&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; need to acquire a fluency with information technology beyond &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;that of &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;a traditional MLS degree. We coin the term &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;computational sense&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; to describe this level of fluency. It covers a range of issues that remain in flux and are clearly open for debate. We &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;outline a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; few of them below for illustration.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Comfort and fluency with computational systems&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Of course a digital librarian should be comfortable in using the latest technologies available. However, although necessary we do not believe this is sufficient for librarians to be able to take active roles in exploiting the potential of a rapidly changing set of technologies.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Metacognitive skills in learning about new computational resources&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Possessing training in a technology is insufficient because technologies change so rapidly. New versions of applications contain new functionalities, new interfaces and hence new possibilities for how they might be used. New applications become available to complement or replace existing applications. Online resources and computational services can enhance or disrupt what users expect or want to be able to do with existing resources. Patrons' changing reactions to library catalogues in the light of their experiences with Amazon and Google are just one indicator of this.  Consequently, practising librarians need to be able to learn about the latest versions, applications and new ways of combining applications quickly and maybe without formal training. This can be done, but probably requires the teaching of the metacognitive skills that can facilitate more efficient and effective learning both by individuals and communities within and across organisations.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Fluency in incremental tailoring and combining of applications for evolving needs &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Even if they do not directly program new digital library applications, librarians are likely to be involved directly or indirectly in the installation and use of those applications, which invariably involves tailoring work. Modern applications typically come with a host of options, and the defaults are often less than ideal. Making a resource useful and usable in a particular context typically involves a range of tailoring activities ranging from selecting between options, choosing modules to install, including or linking the application to the resources it will use or provide, integrating the software with other applications or provisions and `skinning' the interface to create an integrated, consistent and coherent look and feel for end users as part of a focus on usability. All these require varying levels of technical expertise. They also require the ability to interact productively with others, both stakeholders with far less technical skill, and also technical experts, lacking local knowledge of use-in-context. Although somewhat daunting-sounding this information intermediary role is one firmly within the bounds of the ethos of traditional librarianship (Erlich and Cash, 1994).&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;A sense of applications as ongoing co-designed artefacts rather than technological givens&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Computational sense &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;should include&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; an understanding and an expectation that digital librarians be involved not just in the selection, analysis, and facilitation of learning and use of computational artefacts, but that they should also be involved in the &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;design&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; of those artefacts. At the very least it should empower digital librarians to take a more direct role in larger-scale design processes. Applications should not be taken as technological givens, to be coped with by them and in their information intermediary role in helping others to learn and use. Rather these applications need to be regarded as provisional, changing and amenable to change by librarians. In many existing cases this still might not actually be feasible, but we believe that it is worth considering what it would take to give more librarians the skills necessary to not merely critique inadequate systems but to get involved in actually improving them. Design does not necessarily require programming. As noted above, tailoring is one aspect of design, but there are others. As well as in-house design, there are various approaches to wider involvement in larger co-design processes, including participatory design (Kyng and Mathiassen, 1997) and the involvement of lead users (von Hippel, 2005) as well as open source software development. Modern systems are frequently in the process of near-continual re-design as new versions and modules are released, which at least raises the possibility of greater involvement by people with appropriate skills&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;A sense of the feasibility of potential design options  &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;To be fully involved in ongoing co-design, it is very helpful to have a good sense of what is feasible in current systems development and what is not. A qualitative sense of the relative costs of different design options is also helpful as the design space is collectively explored. Typically computer science students are expected to acquire these rich qualitative skills just by lots of practice. They are rarely explicitly taught. We speculate that it might be possible to teach these skills of judgement without requiring considerable practical programming experience. If so, it would allow digital librarians to engage in far more productive interactions both with vendors and systems development teams, as advocates for stakeholders and use-in-context as different functionalities and possibilities are uncovered. If you don't have a sense of what it is reasonable to ask for, you are inclined to select just from the options on offer. All design involves trade-offs and compromises, but when these are done in ignorance of whole categories of costs, benefits, and opportunities, truly innovative design possibilities are overlooked.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Spreadsheets as a guiding metaphor&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;To illustrate our vision, we use an example from an earlier round of technological innovation coinciding with the advent of the personal computer in the 1980s. Prior to that time, people who wanted to do mathematical calculations on computers (including scientists and financial experts) would have had to write a program in a language such as FORTRAN, or commission someone else to do it for them. This was for many daunting or &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;prohibitively &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;expensive in terms of money, opportunity cost or effort-risk-reward calculations. With the advent of the early spreadsheet programs on PCs, many people started using them because they were far easier to both learn and use than programming to achieve basic numerical calculations. Although intended for accounting calculations, the ease of learning and use encouraged innovation and appropriation by many others with needs to manipulate numbers. Nevertheless, spreadsheets were not completely trivial to use. One needed basic numeracy to be able to use them productively and not generate nonsense - what we might call a numerical sense. One just did not need to know how to program in FORTRAN. Ability to program certainly helped in avoiding certain classic errors, and was essential for more complex calculations that either the spreadsheet software of the day could not manage or where the programming of macros was needed. But programming ceased to be a &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;prerequisite&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; and the skills of sophisticated spreadsheet use, planning, design and debugging could be taught to people who had not first learned to program. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;In a similar manner, we believe that it is possible to extract some of the skills traditionally acquired (explicitly but more often implicitly) from long experience of programming, and teach these to librarians under the label of computational sense. In so doing we can widen the number of people able to productively engage with information technologies, just as spreadsheets widened the use of computers by numerate people far beyond the range of those willing to invest time in learning FORTRAN. This approach also challenges the developers of digital library software to produce tools as useful and useable as the spreadsheet.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Computational sense extends beyond the notion of programming to encompass an ability to understand the broader notions of the capabilities of software and the socio-technical issues of usability, system deployment and maintenance. In this article we have proposed some characteristics of computational sense and how they might influence the design of the curriculum for digital librarians. In doing so we don't claim to have a complete list but simply to contribute a new perspective to the ongoing debate on the nature of digital librarianship. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;EFERENCES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Coleman, A. (2005) Interdisciplinarity, interactivity, and interoperability for educating the digerati. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Education for Information&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; 23(4) 233-243.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Erlich, K. and Cash, D. (1994) Turning information into knowledge: information finding as a collaborative activity. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of Digital Libraries '94&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. College Station, TX. 119-125.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;von Hippel, E. (2005) &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Democratizing Innovation.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Kyng, M. and Mathiassen, L. (1997) (eds.) &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Computers and Design in Context&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Ma, Y., Clegg, W., and O'Brien, A. (2006) Digital library education: the current status. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL'06)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. ACM Press, New York, NY, 165-174. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Marion, L. (2001). Digital librarian, cybrarian, or librarian with specialized skills: Who will staff digital libraries? In H. Thompson (Ed.), &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Crossing the Divide: Proceedings of the Tenth National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Chicago, IL: American Library Association. 143-149.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Mostafa, J., Brancolini, K., Smith, L.C. and Mischo, W. (2005) Developing a digital library education program. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL'05)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;, 427. ACM Press.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Nichols, D. M., Bainbridge, D., Downie, J. S., and Twidale, M. B. (2006). Learning by building digital libraries. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL'06).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; ACM Press, New York, NY, 185-186 &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Nichols, D. M., Bainbridge, D., Marsden, G., Patel, D., Cunningham, S. J., Thompson, J., Boddie, S. J. and Witten, I. H. (2005) Evolving tool support for digital librarians. Theng, Y.-L. and Foo, S. (eds), In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Design and Usability of Digital Libraries: Case Studies in the Asia Pacific&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;, 171-189. Information Science Publishing, London.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Pomerantz, J., Wildemuth, B. M., Yang, S., and Fox, E. A. (2006) Curriculum development for digital libraries. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL'06).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; ACM Press, New York, NY, 175-184. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Tansley, R., Smith, M. and Walker, J.H. (2005) The DSpace open source digital asset management system: challenges and opportunities. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL 2005)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. LNCS 3652. Springer.242-253.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Witten, I.H. and Bainbridge, D. (2003). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;How to Build a Digital Library&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8bbe6da0374b413b1b355c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A comprehensive open-source digital library software system</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applications for Bibliometric Research in the Emerging Digital Libraries</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH079154443e2ecce7bb4208</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2992e081949673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A comprehensive open-source digital library software system</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa29d2e081149673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>GREENSTONE DIGITAL LIBRARY INSTALLERâS GUIDE</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2a12e080949673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>COMPUTATIONAL SENSE: THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE EDUCATION OF DIGITAL LIBRARIANS</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2a32e080549673150f3</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215325
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215320
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI	dc.Creator->CR
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title	dc.Creator
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;dc.Creator;->idx
+indexstem	Word-PDF-Basic
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	717786
+numdocs	8
+numsections	8
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Basic/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8bbe6da0374b413b1b355c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A comprehensive open-source digital library software system</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applications for Bibliometric Research in the Emerging Digital Libraries</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH079154443e2ecce7bb4208</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2992e081949673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A comprehensive open-source digital library software system</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa29d2e081149673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>GREENSTONE DIGITAL LIBRARY INSTALLERâS GUIDE</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2a12e080949673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>COMPUTATIONAL SENSE: THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE EDUCATION OF DIGITAL LIBRARIANS</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2a32e080549673150f3</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASH019c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">biblio_for_dl_scientometrics.do</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215327_2/pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215327_2/pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215327_2/pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">pdf03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">35935</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">pdf03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Sally Jo Cunningham</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Applications for Bibliometric Research in the Emerging Digital Libraries</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/import</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:09+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">pdf03.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">644</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">35935</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">1999:09:27 16:05:06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Microsoft Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.1</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">17</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat PDFWriter 2.0 for Macintosh</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Title">biblio_for_dl_scientometrics.do</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215327</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH019c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Applications for Bibliometric Research&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;in the Emerging Digital Libraries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Sally Jo Cunningham&lt;br&gt;
+Department of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;
+University of Waikato&lt;br&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+email:  sallyjo@waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Abstract:&lt;/b&gt;  Large numbers of research documents have recently become available on&lt;br&gt;
+the Internet through  âdigital librariesâ, and these collections are seeing high levels of&lt;br&gt;
+use  by  their  related  research  communities.  A  secondary    use  for  these  document&lt;br&gt;
+repositories and indexes is as a platform for bibliometric research.  We examine the&lt;br&gt;
+extent to which the new digital libraries support conventional bibliometric analysis, and&lt;br&gt;
+discuss  shortcomings  in  their  current  forms.    Interestingly,  these  electronic  text&lt;br&gt;
+archives also provide opportunities for new types of studies:  generally the full text of&lt;br&gt;
+documents are available for analysis, giving a finer grain of insight than abstract-only&lt;br&gt;
+online databases;  these repositories often contain technical reports or pre-prints, the&lt;br&gt;
+âgrey  literatureâ  that  has  been  previously  unavailable  for  analysis;  and  document&lt;br&gt;
+âusageâ  can  be  measured  directly  by  recording  user  accesses,  rather  than  studied&lt;br&gt;
+indirectly through document references.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1.  Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+In recent years a number of &amp;quot;digital libraries&amp;quot; have become available through the&lt;br&gt;
+Internet.  While the technology promises in the future to support large, heterogenous&lt;br&gt;
+collections, at present the most widely used of the academically-focussed digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries are generally repositories of one or two types of document (typically technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports, journal articles, pre-prints, or conference proceedings), grouped by discipline.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;A distinguishing characteristic of these digital libraries is that the full text of documents&lt;br&gt;
+are often available for retrieval, as well as bibliographic records.The sciences are&lt;br&gt;
+represented much more heavily in the present crop of digital libraries than the social&lt;br&gt;
+sciences, arts, or humanities. They are maintained by professional societies,&lt;br&gt;
+universities, research laboratories, and even private individuals.  Access is generally&lt;br&gt;
+free, both to search and to download documents.&lt;br&gt;
+The emergence of these subject-specific digital libraries is particularly important&lt;br&gt;
+given the pattern of access to materials presently employed by research scientists.&lt;br&gt;
+Informal exchanges of preprints, reprints, and photocopies of papers passed on by&lt;br&gt;
+colleagues currently are major venues for the transmission of scientific information&lt;br&gt;
+between researchers in the sciences.  In one study, the dependence on these sources&lt;br&gt;
+ranges from 12% (for chemistry)  to 39% (for mathematics) of all papers cited in&lt;br&gt;
+researchers' own publications [11]. A qualitative study of study of how computer&lt;br&gt;
+scientists locate and retrieve documents (computing is one of the domains considered&lt;br&gt;
+later in this paper) indicates that for that field, technical reports and research documents&lt;br&gt;
+found in various locations on the Internet are a preferred source of information [6].&lt;br&gt;
+Many of the digital library systems discussed in this paper are repositories for just this&lt;br&gt;
+type of literature.  The documents tend to be of high quality:  primarily  technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports or working papers from research institutions (both academic and commercial),&lt;br&gt;
+as well as advance copies of work accepted for publication in conventional paper&lt;br&gt;
+journals. Moreover, these digital libraries are also coming to include refereed work&lt;br&gt;
+published digitally (in electronic journals).  Anecdotal evidence suggests that in their&lt;br&gt;
+fields, these digital libraries are coming to be the resource of choice for locating cutting&lt;br&gt;
+edge work.&lt;br&gt;
+For specialized subjects such as high energy physics, this dependence on&lt;br&gt;
+informal or extra-library dissemination can be much higher. Ginsparg ([9], [10])&lt;br&gt;
+reports that fields in physics have traditionally relied heavily on preprint exchanges, and&lt;br&gt;
+the digital repositories of physics preprints begun in 1991 (the PHYSICS E-PRINT&lt;br&gt;
+ARCHIVES) have to a large extent supplanted conventional publishing and physical&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=3&gt;&lt;/a&gt;paper mailing of technical reports.  By providing ready access to information sources&lt;br&gt;
+that are already preferentially utilized by scientists, the digital libraries show potential to&lt;br&gt;
+increase access to information that until recently was expensive or difficult to acquire in&lt;br&gt;
+paper form.  Indeed, in some fields (most notably physics) this process has already&lt;br&gt;
+begun, as researchers in less developed countries report access to ongoing research&lt;br&gt;
+through the Internet repositories that their local libraries could not afford to acquire&lt;br&gt;
+through conventional journal subscriptions ([9], [10]).&lt;br&gt;
+The primary use for new bibliographic resources is, of course, for the contents&lt;br&gt;
+of the documents involved.  A secondary use for emerging resources is as a basis for&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric analysis of the subject field.  With the conventionally published scientific&lt;br&gt;
+literature, the sheer difficulty of accumulating statistics discouraged bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+research until the advent of large bibliographic databases in the 1960's. Computerized&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases sparked a significant increase in the number of large-scale&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic studies, as significant portions of the collection and analysis of data could&lt;br&gt;
+be automated ([12], [13]).  The availability of CD-ROM versions of bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+databases has been of particular importance, since they provide a cheaper alternative to&lt;br&gt;
+the online commercial databases [3].&lt;br&gt;
+These computerized bibliographic resources have drawbacks, however.  The&lt;br&gt;
+greatest is that the full text of documents are rarely available, and even abstracts are not&lt;br&gt;
+always present.  This obviously limits the types of bibliometric research that can be&lt;br&gt;
+conducted &lt;i&gt;solely&lt;/i&gt; through these databases.  In addition, these databases are generally&lt;br&gt;
+limited to formally published documents (those appearing in selected books, journals,&lt;br&gt;
+and conference proceedings).  The &amp;quot;grey literature&amp;quot; of technical reports, pre-prints, and&lt;br&gt;
+other works not formally published are largely ignored, and it is this absence of easy&lt;br&gt;
+access to these documents that has hampered the analysis of these important forms of&lt;br&gt;
+scientific communication.&lt;br&gt;
+The digital libraries currently in existence complement the online and CD-ROM&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases.  They are best suited for examinations of the &amp;quot;physical&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+characteristics of documents (for example, document length), analysis based on&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=4&gt;&lt;/a&gt;bibliographic information that can be automatically extracted from the document text or&lt;br&gt;
+the sometimes unevenly formatted bibliographic records (such as obsolescence&lt;br&gt;
+studies),  and usage studies (geographic or institutional origin of users, date/time of&lt;br&gt;
+access, individual patterns of document retrieval, etc.).  Because  references are present&lt;br&gt;
+in the document file but not identified by field, co-citation and bibliographic coupling&lt;br&gt;
+research is not well-supported, and conducting these studies requires considerable&lt;br&gt;
+effort on the part of the researcher.&lt;br&gt;
+The variety of bibliographic repositories in the available digital libraries in itself&lt;br&gt;
+has great potential in conducting bibliometric research.  Sigogneau et al [15] present a&lt;br&gt;
+case study illustrating the ways in which the strengths of different databases can be&lt;br&gt;
+played off each other; they conduct a fine-grained analysis of the emergence of research&lt;br&gt;
+fronts in molecular and cellular biology, and demonstrate that the observations gleaned&lt;br&gt;
+from two complementary bibliographic databases provide greater insight into their&lt;br&gt;
+problem. Similarly, it appears that  the types of bibliographic data that can be gleaned&lt;br&gt;
+from the relatively unstructured digital libraries can be profitably combined with data&lt;br&gt;
+from online databases, CD-ROMS, and other more conventional bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+resources.&lt;br&gt;
+This paper is organized as follows:  Section 2 discusses the types of indexing&lt;br&gt;
+and searching available with current digital libraries; Section 3 gives examples of&lt;br&gt;
+conventional bibliometric techniques applied to Internet-accessible archives; Section 4&lt;br&gt;
+discusses opportunities to directly measure usage of documents and to detect&lt;br&gt;
+information-seeking patterns in researchers; and Section 5 presents our conclusions.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;2.  Indexing and searching in current digital libraries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+At present, the types of indexing fields for most academically-oriented digital&lt;br&gt;
+library systems are limited.  Many schemes index on user-supplied document&lt;br&gt;
+descriptions, abstracts, or similar document surrogates (for example, the PHYSICS E-&lt;br&gt;
+PRINT ARCHIVE [10], a collection of physics pre-prints and technical reports). As will&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=5&gt;&lt;/a&gt;be discussed below, the quality of this user-provided data can be highly variable, and&lt;br&gt;
+may unfavorably impact the usefulness of the index for searching. Alternatively, a&lt;br&gt;
+designated site librarian may maintain a catalog (eg, the WATERS [14] system, now&lt;br&gt;
+subsumed by NCSTRL (http://www.ncstrl.org/), both primarily collections of&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical reports);  in this case the quality of the bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+information may be expedited to be higher, but fewer sites will be likely to support&lt;br&gt;
+such a librarian and therefore fewer documents are likely to be included in the digital&lt;br&gt;
+library. In a âharvestingâ system such as the computer science technical report&lt;br&gt;
+collections supported by HARVEST  [2] or the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical report collection ([16], [17]), documents are indexed from&lt;br&gt;
+passive repositories (that may not even be aware that their documents are being&lt;br&gt;
+included in the digital library). Harvesting systems therefore cannot rely on the&lt;br&gt;
+presence of bibliographic data of any sort.&lt;br&gt;
+Because of the relative paucity of high-quality bibliographic data available to&lt;br&gt;
+many of the current academically- or research-focussed digital library collections, their&lt;br&gt;
+search interfaces tend to be more primitive than those ordinarily found in online&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic databases or library catalogs.  Systems such as NCSTRL can support&lt;br&gt;
+author, title, and subject searching, but  this more sophisticated search functionality&lt;br&gt;
+comes at the expense of requiring participating repositories to use specific software.  As&lt;br&gt;
+a consequence, these latter systems may provide access to a small number of sites than&lt;br&gt;
+harvesting systems. Harvesters may access a broader range of providers, but at the&lt;br&gt;
+penalty of being limited to unfielded, keyword searches over the raw text of the&lt;br&gt;
+document or document surrogate.&lt;br&gt;
+Specifically, the indexing in existing digital libraries has a variety of shortcomings for&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric applications:&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;lack of fielded indexing:&lt;/i&gt;   As noted above, some large and widely used digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries (such as the computer science technical report collection of the  NEW&lt;br&gt;
+ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY) may lack formal cataloging entirely, and rely on&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=6&gt;&lt;/a&gt;keyword searching over the raw document text. Obviously this  makes  field-&lt;br&gt;
+dependent analysis more difficult (for example, locating documents produced by&lt;br&gt;
+specific authors), and in the worst case my require a manual examination of all&lt;br&gt;
+files in the collection in order to reliably identify a desired document subset.&lt;br&gt;
+However, keyword search techniques that approximate fielded searching results&lt;br&gt;
+may suffice:  for example in the  NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY computer&lt;br&gt;
+science technical report collection,  limiting the keyword search for âJohnsonâ&lt;br&gt;
+to a search of first pages only is likely to retrieve documents written by Johnson&lt;br&gt;
+(since for the  majority  of  computer  science  technical  reports,  the  first  page&lt;br&gt;
+contains little more than author, title, date, and institution details).&lt;br&gt;
+A more principled  approach to extracting bibliographic information is embodied&lt;br&gt;
+in  the  CiteSeer  tool  [1].  This  software  parses  raw,  unfielded  academic&lt;br&gt;
+documents and attempts to identify such indexing information as author, title,&lt;br&gt;
+reference list, etc. Obviously such a tool cannot attain 100% accuracy over a&lt;br&gt;
+heterogenous document collection, but in practice it appears useful in that it can&lt;br&gt;
+make a good first pass in processing a set of documents, providing an initial set&lt;br&gt;
+of parsed documents for analysis. The remaining (presumably much smaller) set&lt;br&gt;
+of unparsable documents can then be dealt with manually.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;lack of consistency in field formatting:&lt;/i&gt;  Current digital libraries usually acquire&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic  information  from  either  the  authors  of  submitted  articles  or&lt;br&gt;
+automatic extraction routines (retrieving bibliographic details from catalog files&lt;br&gt;
+that may or may not be in a given document site, and that may or may not be in&lt;br&gt;
+an  easily  parsable  form).  Neither  of  these  methods  produce  records  with&lt;br&gt;
+standard  formatting,  which  causes  problems  with  automated  bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+analysis.   Consider the following examples selected from entries in the hep-th&lt;br&gt;
+(high energy physics) collection of the PHYSICS E-PRINT ARCHIVES:&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=7&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(i)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: A. Yu. Alekseev, V. Schomerus&lt;br&gt;
+(ii)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: Adel Bilal and Ian. I. Kogan&lt;br&gt;
+(iii)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: Paul S. Aspinwall and David R. Morrison (with an appendix &lt;br&gt;
+by Mark Gross)&lt;br&gt;
+(iv)&lt;br&gt;
+Authors: A. H. Chamseddine and Herbi Dreiner (ETH-Zurich)&lt;br&gt;
+In this case, typical for existing digital libraries, there is no standardized format&lt;br&gt;
+for authors' names (here, appearing with full names, initials plus last name, and&lt;br&gt;
+a mixture of  the  two);  no  standard  convention  for  separating  author  names&lt;br&gt;
+(here, either a comma or &amp;quot;and&amp;quot; are  used);  and  parenthetical  information  can&lt;br&gt;
+include a variety of information such as the name of an associate author or the&lt;br&gt;
+institutional affiliations of an author.  Manual processing or specially  crafted&lt;br&gt;
+software would be required to reformat these fields for analysis.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;duplicate entries: &lt;/i&gt; Digital libraries that draw documents from a variety of sources&lt;br&gt;
+may  inadvertently  contain  duplicate  items.    Unfortunately,  the  irregular&lt;br&gt;
+formatting of the bibliographic information makes it difficult to  automatically&lt;br&gt;
+detect these duplicates.&lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;implicit field tagging:&lt;/i&gt;  In some repositories, items are not explicitly tagged with&lt;br&gt;
+certain  types  of  information  â  most  commonly  the  document's  date  of&lt;br&gt;
+publication or production.  Instead, the date is implicit in the document's title&lt;br&gt;
+(eg, its numeration in a technical report series) or in the location of the document&lt;br&gt;
+in the file structure of the repository  (eg,  separate  directories  exist  for  each&lt;br&gt;
+year).  A second common piece of  implicit  data  is  the  authorsâ  institutional&lt;br&gt;
+affiliations.  This may be contained in the document itself (typically on a cover&lt;br&gt;
+page),  or  may  be  implicit  in  the  documentâs  location  (for  example,  a&lt;br&gt;
+corporationâs technical reports are stored in its ftp repository).  Again, in these&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=8&gt;&lt;/a&gt;cases  special  processing  is  required  to  append  this  field  information  to  a&lt;br&gt;
+document record for bibliometric analysis.  &lt;br&gt;
+â¢&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;extraction of document text:&lt;/i&gt;  Few of  the  documents  stored  in  the  research-&lt;br&gt;
+oriented digital libraries discussed in this paper are straight ascii text; instead,&lt;br&gt;
+documents may appear in a variety of file formats, such as LaTeX, PostScript,&lt;br&gt;
+PDF, etc.  If the contents of the documents are to be automatically processed&lt;br&gt;
+(for  example,  to  count  the  words  in  a  document,  or  to  extract  reference&lt;br&gt;
+publication dates for an obsolescence study), then the text must be extracted.&lt;br&gt;
+Utilities are available to convert most common document formats to ascii.&lt;br&gt;
+It is likely that many of these problems will be addressed as the Internet-based&lt;br&gt;
+document indexing systems mature.  Even minor changes can greatly increase the&lt;br&gt;
+useability of a bibliographic database for bibliometric research.  For example, the&lt;br&gt;
+addition of an explicit date tag to many online databases in 1975 sparked new&lt;br&gt;
+applications in time series research [3].&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;3.  Opportunities for applications of bibliometric techniques&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+One type of bibliometric research concentrates on quantifying fundamental,&lt;br&gt;
+structural details about a subject literature:  how many items are published, how many&lt;br&gt;
+authors are publishing, over what time period documents are likely to be used, etc.&lt;br&gt;
+More complex studies analyze the relationships between documents, such as how&lt;br&gt;
+documents cluster into subjects.  The following examples give a flavour of the&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric research that is possible using the emerging digital libraries:&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;examining the âphysicalâ characteristics of archived documents&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+One relatively straightforward type of bibliometric study characterizes the&lt;br&gt;
+formats of different literatures.   For example, Figure 1 presents a the range of the size&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=9&gt;&lt;/a&gt;of computer science technical reports as measured by their length in pages.   Of the&lt;br&gt;
+45,720 documents in the CSTR collection as of April 1998, nearly 1600 did not contain&lt;br&gt;
+page divisions in their files (and hence are excluded from analysis). Note that the&lt;br&gt;
+number of pages in the shorter documents (&amp;lt;50 pages) falls into an approximately&lt;br&gt;
+normal distribution (slightly skewed to the left), while presumably the longer&lt;br&gt;
+documents represent Mastersâ and Doctoral theses. A surprising number of documents&lt;br&gt;
+are very short (between one and 5 pages); these may represent the type of condensed&lt;br&gt;
+results frequently found in the âtechnical notesâ, âshort papersâ, and âposter sessionsâ&lt;br&gt;
+of computing conferences and journals. The average number of pages per document,&lt;br&gt;
+27.5, appears to be slightly longer than the common upper bound for a computing&lt;br&gt;
+journal article, although this observation must be confirmed by a similar study of the&lt;br&gt;
+lengths of formally published computing articles.&lt;br&gt;
+This type of analysis is of particular interest for technical reports, since they&lt;br&gt;
+have not been studied in the same detail as formally published papers.  A comparison of&lt;br&gt;
+the physical characteristics of the formal and informal literature could provide&lt;br&gt;
+supporting evidence for common beliefs about the relationship between the two types&lt;br&gt;
+of documents. For example,  do publishing constraints force journal and proceedings&lt;br&gt;
+articles to be shorter than technical reports, and therefore presumably omit technical&lt;br&gt;
+details of findings?  Do technical reports contain more/less extensive reference sections?&lt;br&gt;
+If reference sections of technical reports are longer than those of published articles, then&lt;br&gt;
+citation links are being ommitted in published works; if technical reports contain fewer&lt;br&gt;
+references, then this may confirm earlier indications that computer scientists tend to&lt;br&gt;
+âresearch firstâ and do literature surveys later [6].&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 1.  Range of sizes of CS technical reports, measured by number of pages&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;obsolescence studies.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+A document is considered obsolete when it is no longer referenced by the&lt;br&gt;
+current literature. Typically, documents receive their greatest number and frequency of&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=10&gt;&lt;/a&gt;citations immediately after publication, and the frequency of citation falls rapidly as time&lt;br&gt;
+passes. One technique for estimating the obsolescence rate of a body of  literatureâ the&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;synchronous&lt;/i&gt; method â  is to find the median date in the references of the documents.&lt;br&gt;
+This median date is subtracted from the year of publication for the documents, yielding&lt;br&gt;
+the &lt;i&gt;median citation age&lt;/i&gt;.  As would be expected, this median varies between the&lt;br&gt;
+disciplines.  Typically the social sciences and arts have a higher median citation age&lt;br&gt;
+than the âhardâ sciences and engineering, indicating that documents obsolesce more&lt;br&gt;
+quickly for the latter fields.&lt;br&gt;
+As noted in Section 2, references are not generally explicitly tagged in existing&lt;br&gt;
+digital repositories.  However, reference dates can usually be extracted from the&lt;br&gt;
+document text by first locating the reference section (usually delimited by a &amp;quot;references&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+or &amp;quot;bibliography&amp;quot; section heading), and then extracting all numbers in the appropriate&lt;br&gt;
+ranges for dates  for the field under study.&lt;br&gt;
+To illustrate this process, 188 technical reports were sampled from Internet-&lt;br&gt;
+accessible repositories1 and used as source documents for a synchronous obsolescence&lt;br&gt;
+study.  Conveniently, the repositories chosen organize technical reports into sub-&lt;br&gt;
+directories by their date of publication.  The reference dates for each technical report&lt;br&gt;
+were automatically extracted by software that scanned the documentâs file for numbers&lt;br&gt;
+of the form 19XX, since previous studies indicate that few if any computing reports&lt;br&gt;
+reference documents published in previous centuries [5].  Table 1 presents the median&lt;br&gt;
+citation age calculated for these documents, broken down by repository and the year of&lt;br&gt;
+publication for the source documents from which the reference dates were extracted:&lt;br&gt;
+Table 1.  Median citation ages for technical report repositories&lt;br&gt;
+The median citation age ranges between 2 and 4 years, which is consistent with&lt;br&gt;
+previous examinations of computing and information systems literature ([5], [4]).&lt;br&gt;
+When graphed, the distribution of reference dates show the exponential curve typically&lt;br&gt;
+found in obsolescence studies, including the final droop due to an âimmediacy effectâ&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=11&gt;&lt;/a&gt;as fewer very new documents are available for citation [7].  These types of results&lt;br&gt;
+provide confirmation that references used in computer science technical reports (the pre-&lt;br&gt;
+eminent âgrey literatureâ of  the computing field) conforms to the same patterns as&lt;br&gt;
+references found in the formally published literature.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;co-citation and bibliographic coupling studies&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The rate at which documents cite each other (co-citation) or cite the same&lt;br&gt;
+documents (bibliographic coupling) can be used to produce &amp;quot;maps&amp;quot; of a subject&lt;br&gt;
+literature.  These techniques rely on analysis of the references of documents, and these&lt;br&gt;
+references must be in a common format.  While digital libraries contain full text of&lt;br&gt;
+documents, their references are not standardized, and indeed are not  even tagged as&lt;br&gt;
+such.  To perform these studies the references must be manually extracted and&lt;br&gt;
+processedâa tedious process that is only worthwhile for documents (such as technical&lt;br&gt;
+reports) that are not included in existing citation databases such as the Science Citation&lt;br&gt;
+Index and Social Science Citation Index.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;detecting cycles or regularities in the rate of production of research&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Analysis of trends in the production of technical reports can give indications&lt;br&gt;
+about working conditions that affect research; for example, is more research produced&lt;br&gt;
+over the summer, when the teaching load is lighter?  or is research steadily produced&lt;br&gt;
+throughout the year?&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 2.  Distribution of the number of documents submitted to hep-th, 1992-1994&lt;br&gt;
+Figures 2 and 3 present statistics on document accumulation in the hep-th (high&lt;br&gt;
+energy physics) e-print server, a part of the PHYSICS E-PRINT ARCHIVE.  This system&lt;br&gt;
+is one of the oldest formal pre-print archives, and has become the primary means for&lt;br&gt;
+information dissemination in its field.  Examination of these figures reveals several&lt;br&gt;
+trends.  Clearly the absolute number of documents deposited in the repository has&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=12&gt;&lt;/a&gt;tended to increase over the time period.  For all three years, research production has its&lt;br&gt;
+lowest point in January and February, increases through May and June, then decreases&lt;br&gt;
+until August and September.  At that point the rate of production steps up, reaching a&lt;br&gt;
+yearly peak in November and December.  This pattern is less clear for 1992, which&lt;br&gt;
+might be expected as the archive was established in mid-1991.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 3.  Distribution of the percentage of documents submitted to hep-th, 1992-1994&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;4.  Analysis of usage data&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+The emerging Internet-based digital libraries will permit research on scientific&lt;br&gt;
+information collection and use at a much finer grain than is possible with current paper&lt;br&gt;
+libraries or online bibliographic databases.  Current bibliometric or scientometric&lt;br&gt;
+research of this type must measure information use indirectly â for example,  through&lt;br&gt;
+examination of the list of references appended to published articles.  However, it is well&lt;br&gt;
+known that authors do not necessarily include in the reference list all documents that&lt;br&gt;
+could have been cited, and conversely that not all references listed may have been&lt;br&gt;
+actually âusedâ in performing the research; citation behavior can be affected by a&lt;br&gt;
+number of motivating factors (Garfield lists &lt;i&gt;15&lt;/i&gt; possible reasons in [8]).&lt;br&gt;
+Digital library transaction logs provide a powerful tool for direct analysis of&lt;br&gt;
+document âusageâ: since  digital libraries contain the actual document (rather than only a&lt;br&gt;
+document surrogate), the relative amount of âuseâ that a digital libraryâs clients make of&lt;br&gt;
+a given document sees can be estimated from the number of times the document file is&lt;br&gt;
+downloaded (and, presumably, the document is read). Note that file downloading is a&lt;br&gt;
+much stronger statement on the part of the user than, for example, having a&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic record appear in the query result set for a conventional bibliographic&lt;br&gt;
+system; the user downloads only &lt;i&gt;after&lt;/i&gt; the document has been found potentially relevant&lt;br&gt;
+through examination of its document surrogate. Additionally,  downloading is&lt;br&gt;
+frequently time-consuming  and sometimes costly (depending on local pricing for&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=13&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Internet access). Downloaded documents are therefore highly likely at least to be&lt;br&gt;
+scanned, if not read closely.  The transaction logs for a digital library can provide a&lt;br&gt;
+global picture of the use of documents in the collection, since all user interactions with&lt;br&gt;
+the library can be automatically logged  for analysis. By contrast, it is of course&lt;br&gt;
+impossible to track usage of print bibliographies, and very difficult to monitor usage of&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic data available on CD-ROM across more than one or two sites.&lt;br&gt;
+Furthermore, analysis of search requests by geographic location, institution,&lt;br&gt;
+and sometimes even individual user are also possible.  As an example, Table 2 presents&lt;br&gt;
+a portion of the summary of usage statistics (broken down by domain code) for queries&lt;br&gt;
+to the computer science technical collection of the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY.&lt;br&gt;
+Examination of the data indicates that the heaviest use of the collection comes from&lt;br&gt;
+North America, Europe (particularly Germany and Finland), as well as the local New&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand community and nearby Australia.  As expected for such a collection, a large&lt;br&gt;
+proportion of users are from educational (.edu) institutions; surprisingly, however, a&lt;br&gt;
+similar number of queries come from commercial (.com) organizations, indicating&lt;br&gt;
+perhaps that the documents are seeing use in commercial research and development&lt;br&gt;
+units.&lt;br&gt;
+Table 2. Accesses to the NEW ZEALAND DIGITAL LIBRARY CS collection  by Domain&lt;br&gt;Code&lt;br&gt;
+Of course, usage levels can also be further broken down by IP number&lt;br&gt;
+(indicating  institutions), and systems requiring users to register may also be able to&lt;br&gt;
+analyze usage on an individual basis. Since the query strings themselves are also&lt;br&gt;
+recorded in the transaction logs, this domain/institution/individual activity could also be&lt;br&gt;
+linked to specific subjects through the query terms.  Summaries of this type could be&lt;br&gt;
+invaluable for studies of geographic diffusion and distribution of research topics.&lt;br&gt;
+Transaction log analysis can also indicate time-related  patterns in the&lt;br&gt;
+information seeking behavior of digital library users.   As a sample of this type of&lt;br&gt;
+analysis,  Paul Ginsparg notes a seven day periodicity in the number of search requests&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=14&gt;&lt;/a&gt;made to the PHYSICS E-PRINT archives (Figure 4, reproduced from [9]).  From this he&lt;br&gt;
+adduces that many physicists do not yet have weekend access to the Internet (an&lt;br&gt;
+alternative, slightly more cynical hypothesis is that even high energy theoretical&lt;br&gt;
+physicists take the weekend off).&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 4.  Summary of search requests to the physics pre-print archives&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;5.  Conclusion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+This study suggests opportunities for conducting bibliometric research on the&lt;br&gt;
+evolving digital libraries.  These repositories are suitable platforms for conventional&lt;br&gt;
+bibliometric techniques (such as obsolescence studies, quantification of physical&lt;br&gt;
+characteristics of documents comprising a subject literature, time analysis, etc.).  The&lt;br&gt;
+ability to directly monitor access to documents in digital libraries also enables&lt;br&gt;
+researchers to explicitly quantify document usage, as well as to implicitly measure&lt;br&gt;
+usage through citations.  Additional facilities could aid in the performance of&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic experiments, such as: improved tagging of document fields; provision of&lt;br&gt;
+utilities to strip out titles, authors, etc. from common document formats; and the ability&lt;br&gt;
+to easily eliminate duplicate entries from downloaded library subsets.  Unfortunately,&lt;br&gt;
+the most useful of these additional facilities â those associated with a higher degree of&lt;br&gt;
+cataloging â run counter to the underlying philosophy of many digital libraries:  to&lt;br&gt;
+avoid, if possible,  manual processing and formal cataloging of documents.   While&lt;br&gt;
+adherence to this principle can limit the accuracy of fielded searching (or indeed,&lt;br&gt;
+preclude it altogether), it can also avoid the cataloging bottleneck and permit digital&lt;br&gt;
+libraries to provide access to larger numbers of documents.&lt;br&gt;
+The digital libraries complement the information currently available through&lt;br&gt;
+paper, online, and CD-ROM bibliographic resources.  While these latter databases&lt;br&gt;
+generally have the advantage of standardized formatting of bibliographic fields, the&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries are freely accessible, often contain &amp;quot;grey literature&amp;quot; that is otherwise&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=15&gt;&lt;/a&gt;unavailable for analysis, and generally make the full text of documents available.  The&lt;br&gt;
+insights gained from analysis of digital libraries will add to the store of &amp;quot;information&lt;br&gt;
+about information&amp;quot; that we have gained from older types of bibliographic repositories.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+[1] Bollacker, K.D., S. Lawrence, and C.L.Giles, CiteSeer: An Autonomous Web&lt;br&gt;
+Agent for Automatic  Retrieval  and  Identification  of  Interesting  Publications,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the Second International Conference  on  Autonomous  Agents&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+(Minneapolis/St. Paul, May 9-13), 1998.&lt;br&gt;
+[2] Bowman, C.M., P.B. Danzig, U. Manber,  and M.F. Schwartz,  Scalable Internet&lt;br&gt;
+resource discovery:  Research problems and approaches,  &lt;i&gt;Communications of&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;the ACM 37(8)&lt;/i&gt;  (1994)  98-107.&lt;br&gt;
+[3] Burton, Hilary D. , Use of a virtual information system for bibliometric analysis,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Informaton Processing &amp;amp; Management 24(1)&lt;/i&gt;  (1988) 39-44.&lt;br&gt;
+[4] Cunningham, S.J., An empirical investigation of the obsolescence rate for&lt;br&gt;
+information systems literature, &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Research&lt;/i&gt;., 1996, http://library.fgcu.edu/iclc/lisrissu.htm&lt;br&gt;
+ [5]  Cunningham,  S.J.,  and  D.  Bocock,    Obsolescence  of  computing  literature.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt;  &lt;i&gt;34(2) &lt;/i&gt; (1995), pp. 255-262.&lt;br&gt;
+ [6] Cunningham, S.J. and Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Information searching&lt;br&gt;
+preferences and practices of computer science researchers, &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;OZCHI '96&lt;/i&gt; (1996)  294-299.&lt;br&gt;
+[7] de Solla Price, D.J.,  Citation measures of hard science, soft science, technology,&lt;br&gt;
+and nonscience.  In: C.E. Nelson  and  D.K.  Pollock  (eds),  &lt;i&gt;Communication&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;among scientists and engineers&lt;/i&gt;  (Heath Lexington, 1970).&lt;br&gt;
+[8]  Garfield, E., &lt;i&gt;Citation Indexing:  Its theory and application in Science, Technology&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;and Humanities (&lt;/i&gt;Wiley, 1979).&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=16&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[9]  Ginsparg, P.  After dinner remarks:  14 Oct â94 APS meeting at LANL, 1994&lt;br&gt;
+(&amp;lt;URL: http://xxx.lanl.gov/blurb&amp;gt; ).&lt;br&gt;
+[10] Ginsparg, P., First steps towards electronic research communication, &lt;i&gt;Computers&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;in Physics 8(4)&lt;/i&gt; (1994)  390-401.  &lt;br&gt;
+[11] Hallmark,  J., Scientists' access and retrieval of references cited in their recent&lt;br&gt;
+journal articles, &lt;i&gt; College and Research Libraries 55(3)&lt;/i&gt;  (1994) 199-210.&lt;br&gt;
+[12] Hawkins, D.T. , Unconventional uses of on-line information retrieval systems:&lt;br&gt;
+on-line bibliometric studies,  &lt;i&gt;Journal of the American Society for Information&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Science 28&lt;/i&gt;  (1977)  13-18.&lt;br&gt;
+[13] McGhee, P.E. , P.R. Skinner, K. Roberto,  N.J. Ridenour,  and S.M. Larson,&lt;br&gt;
+Using online databases to study current research trends:  an online bibliometric&lt;br&gt;
+study, &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science Research 9&lt;/i&gt;  (1987)   285-291.&lt;br&gt;
+[14] Maly, K., E.A. Fox,  J.C. French,  and A.L. Selman,  Wide area technical report&lt;br&gt;
+server    (&lt;i&gt;Technical    Report  ,  &lt;/i&gt;  Dept.  of  Computer  Science,  Old  Dominion&lt;br&gt;
+University, &lt;br&gt;
+1994. &lt;br&gt;
+Also &lt;br&gt;
+available &lt;br&gt;
+at &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;URL:&lt;br&gt;
+http://www.cs.odu.edu/WATERS/WATERS-paper.ps&amp;gt; ).&lt;br&gt;
+[15] Sigogneau, M.J. , S. Bain, J.P. Courtial, and H. Feillet,  Scientific innovation in&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographical databases:  a comparative study of the Science Citation Index&lt;br&gt;
+and the Pascal database,  &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics 22(1)&lt;/i&gt;   (1991)  65-82.&lt;br&gt;
+[16] Witten, I.H., S.J. Cunningham, M. Vallabh,  and T.C. Bell,  A New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+digital library for computer science research,  &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of Digital Libraries&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;'95&lt;/i&gt; (1995) 25-30.&lt;br&gt;
+[17]  Witten, I.H., C. Nevill-Manning, and S.J. Cunningham, A public library based&lt;br&gt;
+on full-text retrieval, &lt;i&gt;Communications of the ACM&lt;/i&gt; 41(4), 1998, p. 71&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=17&gt;&lt;/a&gt;                                    &lt;br&gt;
+1Documents were randomly sampled from the DEC&lt;br&gt;
+(ftp://crl.dec.com/pub/DEC/CRL/tech-reports/), Sony&lt;br&gt;
+(ftp://ftp.csl.sony.co.jp/CSL/CSL-Papers), and Ohio (ftp://archive.cis.ohio-&lt;br&gt;
+state.edu/pub/tech-report/) technical report repositories&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASH0791.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASH0791.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASH0791.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Authorship patterns in Information Systems</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215327_3/rtf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215327_3/rtf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/rtf01.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215327_3/rtf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">rtf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">rtf01.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">rtf01.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">RTFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">144917</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">rtf01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">RTF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconrtf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.rtf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Sally Jo Cunningham</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Stuart M. Dillon</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH079154443e2ecce7bb4208</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215327</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0791.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.rtf:application/rtf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;b&gt;Authorship patterns in  Information
+Systems&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Sally Jo Cunningham and Stuart M. Dillon&lt;p&gt;
+Department of Computer Science&lt;p&gt;
+University of Waikato&lt;p&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;p&gt;
+email:  sallyjo@waikato.ac.nz&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Abstract:&lt;/b&gt; This paper examines the patterns of multiple authorship in
+five information systems journals. Specifically, we determine the distribution
+of the number of authors per paper in this field, the proportion of male and
+female authors,  gender composition of research teams, and the incidence of
+collaborative relationships spanning institutional affiliations and across
+different geographic regions.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1.  Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+In his seminal work &lt;i&gt;Little Science, Big Science&lt;/i&gt; [16], Derek J. De Solla
+Price drew attention to the 20th century trend of increasing team work in
+scientific research and co-authorship in publicationÂmaking a
+tongue-in-cheek prediction that &quot;by 1980 the single author paper will be
+extinct&quot;, and that scientific collaboration would continue to increase so that
+scholarly publications would &quot;move steadily toward an infinity of authors per
+paper&quot; (p. 89). &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Since 1963, Price's conjectures have been measured and, to a large extent,
+verified, for a number of domains in the social sciences, arts, and physical
+sciences.  Characteristics of collaboration in research have been examined in a
+number of ways:  for example,  through bibliographic analysis of readily
+quantifiable variables such as the rate of co-authorship and mean number of
+co-authors per document (for an overview of this type of research, see [10]);
+through studies of the social organizations that support collaboration in
+particular and research in general (such as the ground-breaking work of Crane
+[6]); and by ethnographic descriptions of the patterns of behavior employed by
+researchers in finding collaborators, organizing the research tasks, and
+composing the written documentation of the work (for example, the examination
+of the philosophy research process presented in [19]).&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+This paper examines authorship patterns in the field of Information Systems
+(IS).  IS is a relatively young discipline, an interdisciplinary field at the
+conjunction of computer science, management, and the social sciences.  It
+concerns itself primarily managerial, and &quot;people&quot; issues that support
+information management (primarily in an organizational context), and to a
+lesser extent with hardware and software issues. Perhaps because it is an
+emerging, interdisciplinary field, IS has been the focus of few
+bibliometric/scientometric studies. The present work uses bibliometric
+techniques to examine the extent of collaborative authorship in the field, the
+geographic distribution of co-authors, and gender patterns in publication and
+collaboration.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;2.  Methodology&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+The journals and time periods examined for this study are listed in Table 1.
+Journal articles, rather than books or technical reports, were chosen for
+analysis because the journal is the primary source of information in IS, making
+up the bulk of documents cited [7]. Five journals were selected for study,
+based on the criteria that they well known internationally, cover a relatively
+broad set of topics in the IS field,  have author information available, and
+are published in the English language. It should be noted, however, that the
+journals selected tend to the management end of IS.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+Journal title                              abbreviation      years         
+Journal of Systems Management              JSM               1989-1995     
+Information Systems Research               ISR               1990-1995     
+Strategic Information Systems              SIS               1991-1995     
+Management Information Systems Quarterly   MISQ              1989-1995     
+Decision Support Systems                   DSS               1989-1995     
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 1. Journals analyzed in this study&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The following definitions and guidelines were used in gathering data from the
+five journals:&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·author:  All individuals identified as authors in the heading of the
+paper were included, and counted equally.  Some journal volumes apparently
+enforced an alphabetic name ordering on authors, while other journalsÂor
+even other volumes of the same journalÂdid not; for this reason we did not
+attempt to record the rank orderings of authors. Only personal (rather than
+corporate) authors were included in this study.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·article:  All refereed papers from each issue of each journal were
+considered for inclusion in the study. All other articles (book reviews,
+editorials, letters to the editor, reports of conferences, etc.) were excluded.
+While all refereed articles were included in the examination of co-authorship
+rates, some of these papers were omitted from the remainder of the study
+because the gender and/or the affiliation of one or more authors could not be
+determined.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·gender:  Where possible, the gender of an author was determined from
+the author's biography or picture.  If this information was not available or
+was inconclusive, the gender was inferred from the author's personal name(s).
+If any doubt remained for any co-author of an article (that is, if the author
+was listed only by initials or had an ambiguous personal name), then that
+article was omitted from the study of author gender.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·institution:  For co-authored articles, we noted whether or not all
+authors were affiliated with the same institution (generally a university or
+company).  A single institution could have more than one physical location.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Â·geographic area:  Co-authored articles were examined to determine
+whether all authors' institutions are from the same geographic region. This
+somewhat subjective category was defined as follows:  for highly populated and
+physically large countries such as the United States, authors were considered
+to be from the same region if their institution were located in the same or
+adjacent states; for lightly populated or physically compact countries (such as
+New Zealand or the Netherlands, respectively), the entire country was
+considered to be a single geographic region.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;3.  Results&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+This section discusses the amount of collaboration in publishing, the
+geographic/institutional spread of co-author affiliation, and the gender of
+authors in the IS literature.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;degree of collaborative authorship&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Tables 2Â4 summarize authorship collaboration in IS. Approximately 38% of
+the articles have a single author; the majority of he papers are co-authored,
+with two or three authors (Table 2). The maximum number of authors for a single
+paper was six, found in a vanishingly small minority of the articles (less than
+0.5%).  Viewed strictly in terms of the percentage of co-authored papers (Table
+3), it is readily apparent that co-authorship is the norm for all journals,
+over the entire period of study.  The journal with the smallest degree of
+co-authorship, the &lt;i&gt;Journal of Systems Management&lt;/i&gt; (JSM), saw its
+percentage of collaboratively written articles rise from approximately
+one-third to one-half; the remainder of the journals have a co-authorship rate
+ranging from 40% to 100%. The percentage of co-authored papers has risen
+slightly between 1989 and 1995 in four of the five journalsÂperhaps
+reflecting the trend to increased co-authorship reported in other fields, as
+the subjects matured  [3].&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+number of        number of          percentage     
+authors          articles                          
+1                368                37.74%         
+2                391                40.10%         
+3                171                17.54%         
+4                37                 3.80%          
+5                4                  0.41%          
+6                4                  0.41%          
+Total            975                100.00%        
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 2.  Distribution of number of co-authors per paper&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+            JSM         ISR         SIS         MISQ        DSS         average     
+1989        36%                                 68%         73%         59%         
+1990        29%         75%                     68%         57%         57%         
+1991        39%         92%         60%         77%         71%         68%         
+1992        41%         100%        40%         81%         68%         66%         
+1993        48%         92%         63%         89%         70%         72%         
+1994        46%         90%         67%         82%         70%         71%         
+1995        54%         87%         58%         87%         79%         75%         
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 3. Percentage of co-authored articles&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+          Mean      Variance    Std dev    std error   Number of        
+                                                       articles         
+JSM       1.50      .466        .682       .039        308              
+ISR       2.175     .604        .777       .079        97               
+SIS       1.739     .655        .809       .086        88               
+MISQ      2.251     .954        .977       .075        171              
+DSS       2.071     .866        .931       .053        311              
+Total     1.903     .799        .894       .029        975              
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 4a.  Mean number of co-authors per paper&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpdocimg_/rtf011.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Table 4b. T-test of mean number of co-authors&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The mean number of authors per article ranged from 1.5 (for the Journal of
+Systems Management) to 2.175 (for Information Systems Research), with an
+overall mean of 1.903 (Table 4a). As was noted when considering the
+distribution of numbers of co-authors in Table 2, while collaboration is the
+norm, the size of the research team in IS is relatively small.  Differences in
+mean between the journals was generally not statisticaly significant, with the
+exception of ISR/DSS and ISR/MISQ (Table 4b).&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;institutional affiliation and geographic region&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Table 5 presents the institutional and geographical commonalities found amongst
+co-authors. As noted in Section 2, at this point we use a subset of the
+articles examined in this study:  those papers for which we could identify the
+institutional affiliation and gender of all authors. For nearly half of the
+co-authored articles of this subsetÂ46%Âall authors for an article
+are either affiliated with the same institution &lt;i&gt;or&lt;/i&gt; are resident in the
+same geographic region. Just over half of the multiply authored papers, then,
+involve a collaboration across significant distances.  For nearly one-third
+(32%) of the co-authored papers, all authors are affiliated with the same
+institutionÂagain, indicating a significant degree of collaboration across
+institutional boundaries.  The collaborative relationships of working groups
+are thus surprisingly dispersed, suggesting that IS is a field with a healthy
+&quot;invisible college&quot;.   &lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+                       JSM       ISR       SIS       MISQ      DSS       average     
+                       1989-     1990-     1991-     1989-     1989-                 
+                       1994      1994      1994      1994      1994                  
+Co-authored articles     147       71 80     35 62     128       133       514 861   
+occurrences out of     364 40%   89%       56%       166 77%   189 70%   60%         
+percentage                                                                           
+co-authors from same       95        15        20        48        61        239     
+institution OR same    147 65%   71 21%    35 58%    128 38%   133 46%   514 46%     
+geographical area                                                                    
+occurrences out of                                                                   
+percentage                                                                           
+co-authors from same       34        1         5         11        23        74      
+area,  different       147 23%   71 1%     35 14%    128 9%    133 17%   514 14%     
+institutions                                                                         
+occurrences out of                                                                   
+percentage                                                                           
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 5. Percentage of co-authors from the same institution or geographical
+area&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;gender of authors&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+Gender was recorded for &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt; authors for whom it was explicitly stated or
+could be inferred; this could be determined for 861 papers, with 1021 authors.
+As no attempt was made to maintain a list of names, it is unknown how many
+unique individuals are represented in that total.  Approximately four-fifths of
+the authors were male (Table 6), with male authors being in the majority for
+each journal. &lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+Gender      Number       Percentage      
+male        804          78.7%           
+female      217          21.3%           
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 6. Gender of authors&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The preponderance of male authors appears to mirror the under-representation of
+women in the Management/IS disciplines of academia, in which opportunities for
+publication and research are more likely than in commercial enterprises ([12],
+[21]).  IS departments are generally located within the business or management
+faculty in universities, where women tend to be over-represented as
+instructors, lecturers, contract researchers, and other untenured staff
+positions.  In the mid-eighties in the US, for example, women held 52% of the
+instructor and lower teaching positions and 36% of the assistant professorships
+in business schools, but accounted for only 6% of the full  [2].  These lower
+level positions provide fewer opportunities for research funding, and generally
+involve a higher teaching load (with proportionally less time for research).&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Next, we examine the question of whether or not males and female have the same
+patterns of collaboration and co-authorship (Table 7). The percentage of male
+authors who published a single-authored paper is 37.31% ([343 male single
+authors] / [804 male authors]); the percentage of female authors who published
+solo is 18.89% ([41 single author females] / [217 female authors]).  The
+percentage of male authors involved in male-only co-authored papers is 42.66%
+([343 / 804]), while the percentage of female authors who published in
+female-only groups is 6.91% (15/217). Clearly, then, a female author is more
+likely to co-publish than a male author, and more likely to publish in mixed
+gender research teams.&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+              single       multiple      single       multiple        multiple          
+              male author  authors,      female       authors,        authors, male     
+                           male only     author       female only     and female        
+number        300          343           41           15              161               
+percentage    34.9%        39.9%         4.8%         1.7%            18.7%             
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 7.  Gender composition of publishing teams&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;4.  Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+The high proportion of multiply-authored papers is characteristic of the
+physical and life sciences rather than the social sciences. In the &quot;hard&quot;
+sciences the percentage of co-authored articles is reported to range from
+two-thirds and up ([5], [13]), with nearly universal co-authorship in fields
+for which research is based on complex, expensive instruments/equipment ([14],
+as reported in [9]).  By way of contrast, the proportion of single-authored
+papers is much higher in the humanities and social sciences: in philosophy, for
+example, collaboration is so unusual that some researchers find it difficult to
+imagine how a joint project could be produced [19]. Even in these disciplines,
+however, sub-fields may vary in their degree of collaboration, often reflecting
+equipment or team needs outside the norm for that discipline (for example,
+biophysical and archaeological anthropology show higher degrees of
+collaboration than sociocultural and linguistic anthropology [4]).  IS, then,
+seems to fit more into the multiply-authored norm of the physical or
+experimental sciences than the humanities/social sciences.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+This point is slightly muddied, however, when comparing the mean number of
+authors in IS with the mean of other fields (Table 8).  IS articles tend to
+have a smaller average number of co-authors than the &quot;hard&quot; sciences, even
+though the rate of co-authorship is high. Two hypotheses present themselves:
+that the experimental team needed to support IS research is smaller than the
+team size necessary for managing the instruments for the physical sciences;
+and/or that the support personnel for IS research may not be acknowledged with
+authorship, as seems to be the case in some of the sciences.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+
+
+&lt;pre&gt;
+Discipline             authors/paper      year(s) of study    Reference       
+Library science        1.17               1989-90             [17]            
+Counseling             1.45               1971-1982           [8]             
+Anthropology           1.79               1983                [4]             
+Applied, physical,     2.13               1978-1980           [20]            
+analytical chemistry                                                          
+Chemical engineering   2.13                                   [22]            
+Biomedicine (basic     2.21               1961-1978           [18]            
+life sciences)                                                                
+Biomedicine            2.25               1961-1978           [18]            
+(preclinical basic                                                            
+research)                                                                     
+Biochemistry           2.41               1978-1980           [20]            
+Biomedicine            2.71               1961-1978           [18]            
+(clinical research)                                                           
+Biochemistry           2.72                                   [22]            
+Chemistry              2.82               1974-1975           [11]            
+Schistosomiasis        2.92               1972-1986           [15]            
+Political Science      3.54               1974-1975           [11]            
+Biology                3.97               1974-1975           [11]            
+Psychology             4.58               1974-1975           [11]            
+Astronomy &amp;amp;            7.4                1974                [1]             
+astrophysics                                                                  
+
+&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Table 8.  Average number of authors for a variety of fields&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The degree of collaboration in IS that crosses institutional and geographic
+boundaries is significant, and warrants further attentionÂin particular,
+to investigate the communication techniques that support co-authorship.
+Traditionally, collaboration occurs through face-to-face meetings, telephone,
+and postal correspondence; it is likely that email and other Internet-based
+communication modes also see significant use, given the naturally high degree
+of computer literacy in this field.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;
+[1]Abt, H. A. (1984) &quot;Citations to single and multiauthored papers&lt;i&gt;,&quot;
+Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific&lt;/i&gt; 96, 746-749.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[2]Aisenberg, N., and Harrington, M.  (1988) &lt;i&gt;Women of Academe&lt;/i&gt;,
+University of Massachusetts Press.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[3]Beaver, D. de B., and Rosen, R. (1979) &quot;Studies in scientific collaboration
+Part III:  Professionalization and the natural history of modern scientific
+co-authorship,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics &lt;/i&gt;1(3), 231-245.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[4]Choi, J.M. (1988) &quot;An analysis of authorship in anthropology journals, 1963
+&amp;amp; 1983&lt;i&gt;,&quot; Behavioral &amp;amp; Social Sciences Librarian&lt;/i&gt; 6(3/4), 85-94.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[5]Clarke, B.L. (1964) &quot;Multiple authorship trends in scientific papers,'
+&lt;i&gt;Science&lt;/i&gt; 143, 882-884.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[6]Crane, D. (1972) &lt;i&gt;Invisible colleges:  Diffusion of Knowledge in
+Scientific communities&lt;/i&gt;,  University of Chicago Press.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[7]Cunningham, S.J. (1996) &quot;An empirical investigation of the obsolescence
+rate for information systems literature.&quot;   &lt;i&gt;Working Paper Series 95/16&lt;/i&gt;,
+Dept. of Computer Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. To
+appear in &lt;i&gt;Library and Information Science Research&lt;/i&gt;..&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[8]Gladding, S. (1984) &quot;Multiple authorship in the &lt;i&gt;Personnel and Guidance
+Journal&lt;/i&gt;:  a 12-year study), &lt;i&gt;Personnel and Guidance Journal&lt;/i&gt;, June,
+628-630.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[9]Gordon, M.D. (1979) &quot;A critical reassessment of inferred relations between
+multiple authorship, scientific collaboration, the production of papers and
+their acceptance for publication,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt; 2(3), 193-201.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[10]Harsanyi, M.A. (1993) &quot;Multiple authors, multiple
+problemsÂBibliometrics and the study of scholarly collaboration:  a
+literature review,&quot; &lt;i&gt;LISR&lt;/i&gt; 15, 325-354.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[11]Heffner, A.G. (1981) &quot;Funded research, multiple authorship and
+subauthorship collaboration in four disciplines,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt; 3,
+231-.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[12]McKeen, C.A., and Bujaki, M.L. (1994) &quot;Taking women into account&quot;,  &lt;i&gt;CA
+Magazine, 127&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(2)&lt;/i&gt;, pp. 29-35.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[13]Meadows, A.J. (1974)  &lt;i&gt;Communication in Science&lt;/i&gt;. London:
+Butterworths.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[14]Meadows, A.J., and O'Connor, J.G. (1971) &quot;A survey in depth of a selected
+information field (astronomy and astrophysics). Astronomy Department,
+University of Leicester.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[15]Pao, M.L. (1992) &quot;Global and local collaborators:  a study of scientific
+collaboration,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Information Processing &amp;amp; Management&lt;/i&gt; 28(1), 99-109.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[16]Price, Derek J. de Solla. (1963) &lt;i&gt;Little science, big science&lt;/i&gt;.  New
+York:  Columbia University Press.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[17]Raptis, P. (1992) &quot;Authorship characteristics in five international
+library science journals,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Libri &lt;/i&gt;42(1), 35-52.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[18]Satyanarayana, K. and Ratnakar, K.V. (1989) &quot;Authorship patterns in life
+sciences, preclinical basic and clinical research papers,&quot;
+&lt;i&gt;Scientometrics&lt;/i&gt; 17(3-4), 363-371.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[19]Sievert, D., and Sievert, ME.  (1989)  &quot;Philosophical Research:  report
+from the field,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the Humanists at Work symposium&lt;/i&gt; (April,
+Chicago, ILL, USA). Published by the University of Illinois at Chicago.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[20]Stefaniak, B. (1982) &quot;Individual and multiple authorship of papers in
+chemistry and physics,&quot; &lt;i&gt;Scientometrics &lt;/i&gt;4(4), 331-337.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[21]Still, L.V. (1993) &lt;i&gt;Where to from here?  The managerial woman in
+transition&lt;/i&gt;, Business and Professional Publishing.&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+[22]Subrahmanyam, K., and Stephens, E.M. (1982) &quot;Research collaboration and
+funding in biochemistry and chemical engineering,&quot; &lt;i&gt;International Forum on
+Information and Documentation&lt;/i&gt; 7, 26-.&lt;p&gt;
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASH1a9c.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASH1a9c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASH1a9c.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software...</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215327_1/pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215327_1/pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215327_1/pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">pdf01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PDFPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">269487</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">pdf01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconpdf_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="NumPages">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ian H. Witten</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rodger J. McNab</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Stefan J. Boddie</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">David Bainbridge</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Greenstone: A comprehensive open-source digital library software system</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.ExifTool.ExifToolVersion">8.57</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.Directory">/research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/import</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileModifyDate">2014:03:19 20:42:09+13:00</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileName">pdf01.pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FilePermissions">644</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileSize">269487</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.FileType">PDF</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.File.MIMEType">application/pdf</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Author">Bronwyn</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.CreateDate">2000:03:02 15:21:24</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Creator">Microsoft Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Linearized">false</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PDFVersion">1.2</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.PageCount">9</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="ex.PDF.Producer">Acrobat PDFWriter 4.0 for Power Macintosh</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215327</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH1a9c.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-2_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-3_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-4_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-5_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-7_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">pdf01-8_1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.pdf:application/pdf:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+&lt;A name=1&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Greenstone:  A Comprehensive Open-Source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Digital Library Software System&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Ian H. Witten,* Rodger J. McNab,â  Stefan J. Boddie,* David Bainbridge*&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+* Dept of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;
+â  Digilib Systems&lt;br&gt;
+University of Waikato, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand&lt;br&gt;
+E-mail:  {ihw, sjboddie, davidb}@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+E-mail:  rodger@digilibs.com&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+multilingual information retrieval to distributed computing&lt;br&gt;protocols, from interoperability to search engine&lt;br&gt;
+This paper describes the Greenstone digital library&lt;br&gt;
+technology, from metadata standards to multiformat&lt;br&gt;
+software, a comprehensive, open-source system for the&lt;br&gt;
+document parsing, from multimedia to multiple operating&lt;br&gt;
+construction and presentation of information collections.&lt;br&gt;
+systems, from Web browsers to plug-and-play DVDs.&lt;br&gt;
+Collections built with Greenstone offer effective full-text&lt;br&gt;searching and metadata-based browsing facilities that are&lt;br&gt;
+The Greenstone Digital Library Software from the New&lt;br&gt;
+attractive and easy to use. Moreover, they are easily&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project tackles this issue&lt;br&gt;
+maintainable and can be augmented and rebuilt entirely&lt;br&gt;
+by providing a new way of organizing information and&lt;br&gt;
+automatically. The system is extensible: software&lt;br&gt;
+making it available over the Internet. A &lt;i&gt;collection&lt;/i&gt; of&lt;br&gt;
+âpluginsâ accommodate different document and metadata&lt;br&gt;
+information comprises several (typically several thousand,&lt;br&gt;
+types.&lt;br&gt;
+or several million) &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, and a uniform interface is&lt;br&gt;provided to all documents in a collection. A library may&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+include many different collections, each organized&lt;br&gt;differentlyâthough there is a strong family resemblance in&lt;br&gt;
+Notwithstanding intense research activity in the digital&lt;br&gt;
+how collections are presented.&lt;br&gt;
+library field during the second half of the 1990s,&lt;br&gt;comprehensive software systems for creating digital&lt;br&gt;
+Making information available using this system is far more&lt;br&gt;
+libraries are not widely available. In fact, the usual solution&lt;br&gt;
+than âjust putting it on the Web.â The collection becomes&lt;br&gt;
+when creating a digital library is also the most&lt;br&gt;
+maintainable, searchable, and browsable. Each collection,&lt;br&gt;
+obviousâjust put it on the Web. But consider how much&lt;br&gt;
+prior to presentation, undergoes a âbuildingâ process that,&lt;br&gt;
+effort is involved in constructing a Web site for a digital&lt;br&gt;
+once established, is completely automatic. This process&lt;br&gt;
+library. To be effective it needs to be visually attractive&lt;br&gt;
+creates all the structures that are used at run-time for&lt;br&gt;
+and ergonomically easy to use, incorporate convenient and&lt;br&gt;
+accessing the collection. Searching is based on various&lt;br&gt;
+powerful searching capabilities, and offer rich and natural&lt;br&gt;
+indexes, while browsing is based on various metadata;&lt;br&gt;
+browsing facilities. Above all it must be easy to maintain&lt;br&gt;
+support structures for both are created during the building&lt;br&gt;
+and augment, which presents a significant challenge if any&lt;br&gt;
+operation. When new material appears it can be fully&lt;br&gt;
+manual organization is involved.&lt;br&gt;
+incorporated into the collection by rebuilding.&lt;br&gt;
+The alternative is to automate these activities through&lt;br&gt;
+To address the exceptionally broad demands of digital&lt;br&gt;
+software tools. But the broad scope of digital library&lt;br&gt;
+libraries, the system is public and extensible. It is issued&lt;br&gt;
+requirements makes this a daunting prospect. Ideally the&lt;br&gt;
+under the Gnu public license and, in the spirit of open-&lt;br&gt;
+software should incorporate facilities ranging from&lt;br&gt;
+source software, users are invited to contribute&lt;br&gt;modifications and enhancements. Only through an&lt;br&gt;international cooperative effort will digital library software&lt;br&gt;become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the worldâs&lt;br&gt;needs. Currently the Greenstone software is used at sites in&lt;br&gt;Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Romania, UK, and the&lt;br&gt;US, and collections range from newspaper articles to&lt;br&gt;technical documents, from educational journals to oral&lt;br&gt;history, from visual art to folksongs. The software has&lt;br&gt;been used for collections in many different languages, and&lt;br&gt;for CD-ROMs that have been published by the United&lt;br&gt;Nations and other humanitarian agencies in Belgium,&lt;br&gt;France, Japan, and the US for distribution in developing&lt;br&gt;countries (Humanity Libraries, 1998; PAHO, 1999;&lt;br&gt;UNESCO, 1999; UNU, 1998). Further details can be&lt;br&gt;obtained from &lt;i&gt;www.nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=2&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-2_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+become a first-class component of the library. And what&lt;br&gt;permits it to be integrated into existing searching and&lt;br&gt;browsing structures without any manual intervention is&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;metadata&lt;/i&gt;. This provides sufficient focus to the concept of&lt;br&gt;âdigital libraryâ to support the development of a&lt;br&gt;construction kit.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;OVERVIEW OF GREENSTONE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Information collections built by Greenstone combine&lt;br&gt;extensive full-text search facilities with browsing indexes&lt;br&gt;based on different metadata types. There are several ways&lt;br&gt;for users to find information, although they differ between&lt;br&gt;collections depending on the metadata available and the&lt;br&gt;collection design. Typically you can &lt;i&gt;search for particular&lt;br&gt;words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text, or within a section of a&lt;br&gt;document, or within a title or section heading. You can&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;browse documents by title&lt;/i&gt;: just click on the displayed book&lt;br&gt;icon to read it. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by subject&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;Subjects are represented by bookshelves: just click on a&lt;br&gt;shelf to see the books. Where appropriate, documents&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 1: Searching the HDL collection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+come complete with a table of contents (constructed&lt;br&gt;automatically): you can click on a chapter or subsection to&lt;br&gt;
+This paper sets the scene with a brief discussion of what a&lt;br&gt;
+open it, expand the full table of contents, or expand the full&lt;br&gt;
+digital library is. We then give an overview of the facilities&lt;br&gt;
+document.&lt;br&gt;
+offered by Greenstone and show how end users find&lt;br&gt;information in collections. Next we describe the files and&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;An example of searching is shown in Figure 1 where&lt;br&gt;
+directories involved in a collection, and then discuss the&lt;br&gt;
+documents in the Global Help Projectâs Humanity&lt;br&gt;
+processes of updating existing collections and creating new&lt;br&gt;
+Development Library (HDL) are being searched for&lt;br&gt;
+ones, including extending the software to provide new&lt;br&gt;
+chapters matching the word &lt;i&gt;butterfly&lt;/i&gt;. In Figure 2 the same&lt;br&gt;
+facilities. We conclude with an overview of related work.&lt;br&gt;
+collection is being browsed by subject: by clicking on the&lt;br&gt;bookshelf icons the user has discovered an item under&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;WHAT IS A DIGITAL LIBRARY?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Section 16, Animal Husbandry. Pursuing an interest in&lt;br&gt;butterfly farming, the user selects a book by clicking on its&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Ten definitions of the term âdigital libraryâ have been&lt;br&gt;
+book icon. In Figure 3 the front cover of the book is&lt;br&gt;
+culled from the literature by Fox (1998), and their spirit is&lt;br&gt;
+displayed as a graphic on the left, and the automatically&lt;br&gt;
+captured in the following brief characterization:&lt;br&gt;
+constructed table of contents appears at the start of the&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+document. The current focus, &lt;i&gt;Introduction and Summary&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;A collection of digital objects, including text,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+is shown in bold in the table of contents with its text&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;video, and audio, along with methods for access&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+starting further down the page.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;and retrieval, and for selection, organization&lt;br&gt;and maintenance of the collection&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In accordance with Leskâs advice, a statement of purpose&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+and coverage accompanies each collection, along with an&lt;br&gt;
+(Akscyn and Witten, 1998). Lesk (1998) views digital&lt;br&gt;
+explanation of how it is organized (Figure 1 shows the&lt;br&gt;
+libraries as âorganized collections of digital information,â&lt;br&gt;
+start of this). A distinction is made between &lt;i&gt;searching&lt;/i&gt; and&lt;br&gt;
+and wisely recommends that they articulate the principles&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;browsing&lt;/i&gt;. Searching is full-text, andâdepending on the&lt;br&gt;
+governing what is included and how the collection is&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs designâthe user can choose between indexes&lt;br&gt;
+organized.&lt;br&gt;
+built from different parts of the documents, or from&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Digital libraries are generally distinguished from the&lt;br&gt;
+different metadata. Some collections have an index of full&lt;br&gt;
+World-Wide Web, the essential difference being in&lt;br&gt;
+documents, an index of sections, an index of paragraphs,&lt;br&gt;
+selection and organization. But they are not generally&lt;br&gt;
+an index of titles, and an index of section headings, each of&lt;br&gt;
+distinguished from a web &lt;i&gt;site&lt;/i&gt;: indeed, virtually all extant&lt;br&gt;
+which can be searched for particular words or phrases.&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries manifest themselves as a web site. Hence&lt;br&gt;
+Browsing involves data structures created from metadata&lt;br&gt;
+the obvious question: to make a digital library, why not&lt;br&gt;
+that the user can examine: lists of authors, lists of titles,&lt;br&gt;
+just put the information on the Web?&lt;br&gt;
+lists of dates, hierarchical classification structures, and so&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+on. Data structures for both browsing and searching are&lt;br&gt;
+But we make a distinction between a digital library and a&lt;br&gt;
+built according to instructions in a configuration file,&lt;br&gt;
+web site that lies at the heart of our software design: one&lt;br&gt;
+which controls both building and serving the collection.&lt;br&gt;
+should easily be able to add new material to a library&lt;br&gt;
+Sample configuration files are discussed below.&lt;br&gt;
+without having to integrate it manually or edit its content&lt;br&gt;in any way. Once added, new material should immediately&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=3&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-3_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+matter of specifying all the necessary plugins. In order to&lt;br&gt;build browsing indexes from metadata, an analogous&lt;br&gt;scheme of âclassifiersâ is used: classifiers create indexes&lt;br&gt;of various kinds based on metadata. Source documents are&lt;br&gt;brought into the Greenstone system through a process&lt;br&gt;called &lt;i&gt;importing&lt;/i&gt;, which uses the plugins and classifiers&lt;br&gt;specified in the collection configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The international Unicode character set is used throughout,&lt;br&gt;so documentsâand interfacesâcan be written in any&lt;br&gt;language. Collections have so far been produced in&lt;br&gt;English, French, Spanish, German, Maori, Chinese, and&lt;br&gt;Arabic. The NZDL Web site provides numerous examples.&lt;br&gt;Collections can contain text, pictures, and even audio and&lt;br&gt;video clips; a text-only version of the interface is also&lt;br&gt;provided to accommodate visually impaired users.&lt;br&gt;Compression technology is used to ensure best use of&lt;br&gt;storage (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al &lt;/i&gt;., 1999). Most non-textual material is&lt;br&gt;either linked to textual documents or accompanied by&lt;br&gt;textual descriptions (such as photo captions) to allow full-&lt;br&gt;text searching and browsing. However, the architecture&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 2: Browsing the HDL collection by subject&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+permits the implementation of plugins and classifiers even&lt;br&gt;for non-textual data.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Rich browsing facilities can be provided by manually&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+linking parts of documents together and building explicit&lt;br&gt;
+The system includes an âadministrativeâ function whereby&lt;br&gt;
+indexes and tables of contents. However, manually-created&lt;br&gt;
+specified users can examine the composition of all&lt;br&gt;
+linking becomes difficult to maintain, and often falls into&lt;br&gt;
+collections, protect documents so that they can only be&lt;br&gt;
+disrepair when a collection expands. The Greenstone&lt;br&gt;
+accessed by registered users on presentation of a password,&lt;br&gt;
+software takes a different tack: it facilitates &lt;i&gt;maintainability&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+and so on. Logs of user activity are kept that record all&lt;br&gt;
+by creating all searching and browsing structures&lt;br&gt;
+queries made to every Greenstone collection (though this&lt;br&gt;
+automatically from the documents themselves. No links&lt;br&gt;
+facility can be disabled).&lt;br&gt;
+are inserted by hand. This means that when new&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Although primarily designed for Internet access over the&lt;br&gt;
+documents in the same format become available, they can&lt;br&gt;
+World-Wide Web, collections can be made available, in&lt;br&gt;
+be added automatically. Indeed, for some collections this is&lt;br&gt;
+precisely the same form, on CD-ROM. In either case they&lt;br&gt;
+done by processes that wake up regularly, scout for new&lt;br&gt;
+are accessed through any Web browser. Greenstone CD-&lt;br&gt;
+material, and rebuild the indexesâall without manual&lt;br&gt;
+ROMs operate on a standalone PC under Windows 3.X,&lt;br&gt;
+intervention.&lt;br&gt;
+95, 98, and NT, and the interaction is identical to accessing&lt;br&gt;
+Collections comprise many documents: thousands, tens of&lt;br&gt;
+the collection on the Webâexcept that response is faster&lt;br&gt;
+thousands, or even millions. Each document may be&lt;br&gt;
+and more predictable. The requirement to operate on early&lt;br&gt;
+hierarchically organized into &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt; (subsections, sub-&lt;br&gt;
+Windows systems is one that plagues the software design,&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and so on). Each section comprises one or&lt;br&gt;
+but is crucial for many usersâparticularly those in&lt;br&gt;
+more &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;. Metadata such as author, title, date,&lt;br&gt;
+underdeveloped countries seeking access to humanitarian&lt;br&gt;
+keywords, and so on, may be associated with documents,&lt;br&gt;
+aid collections. If the PC is connected to a network&lt;br&gt;
+or with individual sections of documents. This is the raw&lt;br&gt;
+(intranet or Internet), a custom-built Web server provided&lt;br&gt;
+material for indexes. It must either be provided explicitly&lt;br&gt;
+on each CD makes exactly the same information available&lt;br&gt;
+for each document and section (for example, in an&lt;br&gt;
+to others through their standard Web browser. The use of&lt;br&gt;
+accompanying spreadsheet) or be derivable automatically&lt;br&gt;
+compression ensures that the greatest possible volume of&lt;br&gt;
+from the source documents. Metadata is converted to&lt;br&gt;
+information can be packed on to a CD-ROM.&lt;br&gt;
+Dublin Core and stored with the document for internal use.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The collection-serving software operates under Unix and&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In order to accommodate different kinds of source&lt;br&gt;
+Windows NT, and works with standard Web servers. A&lt;br&gt;
+documents, the software is organized so that âpluginsâ can&lt;br&gt;
+flexible process structure allows different collections to be&lt;br&gt;
+be written for new document types. Plugins exist for plain&lt;br&gt;
+served by different computers, yet be presented to the user&lt;br&gt;
+text documents, HTML documents, email documents, and&lt;br&gt;
+in the same way, on the same Web page, as part of the&lt;br&gt;
+bibliographic formats. Word documents are handled by&lt;br&gt;
+same digital library, even as part of the same collection&lt;br&gt;
+saving them as HTML; PostScript ones by applying a&lt;br&gt;
+(McNab and Witten, 1998). Existing collections can be&lt;br&gt;
+preprocessor (Nevill-Manning &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1998). Specially&lt;br&gt;
+updated and new ones brought on-line at any time, without&lt;br&gt;
+written plugins also exist for proprietary formats such as&lt;br&gt;
+bringing the system down; the process responsible for the&lt;br&gt;
+that used by the BBC archives department. A collection&lt;br&gt;
+user interface will notice (through periodic polling) when&lt;br&gt;
+may have source documents in different forms: it is just a&lt;br&gt;
+new collections appear and add them to the list presented&lt;br&gt;to the user.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=4&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-4_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;FILES IN A COLLECTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;When a new collection is created or material is added to an&lt;br&gt;existing one, the original source documents are first&lt;br&gt;brought into the system through a process known as&lt;br&gt;âimporting.â This involves converting documents into a&lt;br&gt;simple HTML-like format known as GML (for&lt;br&gt;âGreenstone Markup Languageâ), which includes any&lt;br&gt;metadata associated with the document. Documents are&lt;br&gt;assumed to be in the Unicode UTF-8 code (of which the&lt;br&gt;ASCII characters form a subset).&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Files and directories&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;There is a separate directory for each collection, which&lt;br&gt;contains five subdirectories: the original raw material&lt;br&gt;(&lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;), the GML files created from this (&lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;), the&lt;br&gt;final collection as it is served to users (&lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;), a directory&lt;br&gt;for use during the building process (&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;), and one for&lt;br&gt;any supporting files (&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;)âincluding the configuration file&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 3: Reading a book in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+that controls the collection creation procedure. Additional&lt;br&gt;files might be required: for example, building a hierarchy&lt;br&gt;of classifications requires a data file of sub-classifications.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;FINDING INFORMATION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Greenstone digital library systems generally include&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+several separate collections. A home page allows you to&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The imported documents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+select a collection; in addition, each collection has its own&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;In order to identify documents internally, a unique object&lt;br&gt;
+âaboutâ page that gives you information about how the&lt;br&gt;
+identifier or OID is assigned to each original source&lt;br&gt;
+collection is organized and the principles governing what&lt;br&gt;
+document when it is imported (formed by hashing the&lt;br&gt;
+is included.&lt;br&gt;
+content, to overcome file duplication effects caused by&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;All icons in the screenshots of Figures 1â4 are clickable.&lt;br&gt;
+mirroring) and stored as metadata within that document. It&lt;br&gt;
+Those icons at the top of the page return to the home page,&lt;br&gt;
+is important that OIDs persist throughout the index-&lt;br&gt;
+provide help text, and allow you to set user interface and&lt;br&gt;
+building processâso that a userâs search history is&lt;br&gt;
+searching preferences. The navigation bar underneath&lt;br&gt;
+unaffected by rebuilding the collection. OIDs are assigned&lt;br&gt;
+gives access to the searching and browsing facilities,&lt;br&gt;
+by hashing the contents of the original source document.&lt;br&gt;
+which differ from one collection to another.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Once imported, each document is stored in its own&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Each of the five buttons provides a different way to find&lt;br&gt;
+subdirectory of &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, along with any associated&lt;br&gt;
+information. You can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that&lt;br&gt;
+filesâfor example, images. To ensure compatibility with&lt;br&gt;
+appear in the text from the âsearchâ page (or from the&lt;br&gt;
+Windows 3.0, only eight characters are used in directory&lt;br&gt;
+âaboutâ page of Figure 1). This collection contains indexes&lt;br&gt;
+and file names, which causes annoying but essentially&lt;br&gt;
+of chapters, section titles, and entire books. The default&lt;br&gt;
+trivial complications.&lt;br&gt;
+search interface is a simple one, suitable for casual users;&lt;br&gt;advanced searchingâwhich allows full Boolean&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Inside the documents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+expressions, phrase searching, case and stemming&lt;br&gt;controlâcan be enabled from the &lt;i&gt;Preferences&lt;/i&gt; page.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The GML format imposes a limited amount of structure on&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+documents. Documents are divided into paragraphs. They&lt;br&gt;
+This collection has four browsable metadata indexes. You&lt;br&gt;
+can be split hierarchically into sections and subsections.&lt;br&gt;
+can &lt;i&gt;access publications by subject&lt;/i&gt; by clicking the &lt;i&gt;subjects&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+OIDs are extended to identify these components by&lt;br&gt;
+button, which brings up a list of subjects, represented by&lt;br&gt;
+appending numbers, separated by periods, to a documentâs&lt;br&gt;
+bookshelves (Figure 2). You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+OID. When a book is read, its section hierarchy is visible&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;title&lt;/i&gt; by clicking &lt;i&gt;titles a-z&lt;/i&gt; (Figure 4), which brings up a list&lt;br&gt;
+as the table of contents (Figure 3). Chapters, sections,&lt;br&gt;
+of books in alphabetic order. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and pages are all implemented simply as&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;by organization&lt;/i&gt; (i.e. Dublin Core âpublisherâ), bringing up&lt;br&gt;
+âsectionsâ within the document. In some collections&lt;br&gt;
+a list of organizations. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+documents do not have a hierarchical subsection structure,&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;âhow toâ listing&lt;/i&gt;, yielding a list of hints defined by the&lt;br&gt;
+but are split into pages to permit browsing within a&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs editors. We use the Dublin Core as a base and&lt;br&gt;
+retrieved document.&lt;br&gt;
+extend it in an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; manner to accommodate the&lt;br&gt;individual requirements of collection designers.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The document structure is used for searchable indexes.&lt;br&gt;There are three levels of index: &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=5&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-5_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked, which converts the files into&lt;br&gt;GML using the specified plugins. Old material for which&lt;br&gt;GML files have previously been created is not re-imported.&lt;br&gt;Then the &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked to build the requisite&lt;br&gt;indexes for the collection. Finally, the contents of the&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory are moved into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory, and&lt;br&gt;the new version of the collection automatically becomes&lt;br&gt;live.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;This procedure may seem cumbersome. But all the steps&lt;br&gt;are necessary for efficient operation with large collections.&lt;br&gt;The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process could be performed on the fly during&lt;br&gt;the building operationâbut because building indexes is a&lt;br&gt;multipass operation, the often lengthy importing would be&lt;br&gt;repeated several times. The &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process can take&lt;br&gt;considerable timeâa day or two, for very large&lt;br&gt;collections. Consequently, the results are placed in the&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory so that, if the collection already exists, it&lt;br&gt;will continue to be served to users in its old form&lt;br&gt;throughout the building operation.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Active users of the collection will not be disturbed when&lt;br&gt;the new version becomes liveâthey will probably not&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 4: Browsing titles in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+even notice. The persistent OIDs ensure that interactions&lt;br&gt;remain coherentâusers who are examining the results of a&lt;br&gt;query or browse operation will still retrieve the expected&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;, corresponding to the distinctions that GML&lt;br&gt;
+documentsâand if a search is actually in progress when&lt;br&gt;
+makesâthe hierarchical structure is flattened for the&lt;br&gt;
+the change takes place the program detects the resulting&lt;br&gt;
+purposes of creating these indexes. Indexes can be of text,&lt;br&gt;
+file-structure inconsistency and automatically and&lt;br&gt;
+or metadata, or any combination. Thus you can create a&lt;br&gt;
+transparently re-executes the query, this time on the new&lt;br&gt;
+searchable index of section titles, and/or authors, and/or&lt;br&gt;
+version of the collection.&lt;br&gt;
+document descriptions, as well as the document text.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;UPDATING EXISTING COLLECTIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;How it works&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Updating an existing collection with new files in the same&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The original material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory may be in any&lt;br&gt;
+format is easy. For example, the raw material for the HDL&lt;br&gt;
+format, and plugins are required to process each format&lt;br&gt;
+is supplied in the form of HTML files marked up with&lt;br&gt;
+type. The plugins that a collection uses must be specified&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;&amp;lt;TOC&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to split books into sections and&lt;br&gt;
+in the collection configuration file. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; program&lt;br&gt;
+subsections, and &amp;lt;&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to indicate where an image is&lt;br&gt;
+reads the list of plugins and passes each document to each&lt;br&gt;
+to be inserted. For each book in the library there is a&lt;br&gt;
+plugin in order until it finds one that can process it. When&lt;br&gt;
+directory that contains a single HTML file representing the&lt;br&gt;
+updating an existing collection, all plugins necessary to&lt;br&gt;
+book, and separate files containing the associated images.&lt;br&gt;
+process new material should already have been specified in&lt;br&gt;
+An accompanying spreadsheet file contains the&lt;br&gt;
+the configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+classification hierarchy; this is converted to a simple file&lt;br&gt;format (using Excelâs &lt;i&gt;Save As&lt;/i&gt; command).&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;The building step creates the indexes for both searching&lt;br&gt;and browsing. The MG software is generally used to do the&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Since the collection exists, its directory is already set up&lt;br&gt;
+searching (Witten  &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999), and the &lt;i&gt;mgbuild&lt;/i&gt; module is&lt;br&gt;
+with subdirectories &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;br&gt;
+automatically invoked to create each of the indexes that is&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;, and the &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt; directory will contain a suitable collection&lt;br&gt;
+required. For example, the Humanity Development Library&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file.&lt;br&gt;
+has three indexes, one for entire books, one for chapters,&lt;br&gt;and one for section titles. Subdirectories of the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+directory are created for each of these indexes.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The updating procedure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;To update a collection, the new raw material is placed in&lt;br&gt;the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, in whatever form it is available. Then&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=6&gt;&lt;/a&gt;creator&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+1&lt;br&gt;
+maintainer&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+public&lt;br&gt;
+True&lt;br&gt;
+3&lt;br&gt;4&lt;br&gt;
+indexes&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+5&lt;br&gt;
+defaultindex&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+6&lt;br&gt;
+plugins&lt;br&gt;
+GMLPlug TEXTPlug ArcPlug RecPlug&lt;br&gt;
+7&lt;br&gt;8&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title&lt;br&gt;
+9&lt;br&gt;10&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;generic text collection&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+11&lt;br&gt;
+(a)&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+12&lt;br&gt;
+creator&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+1&lt;br&gt;
+maintainer&lt;br&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;br&gt;
+2&lt;br&gt;
+public&lt;br&gt;
+True&lt;br&gt;
+3&lt;br&gt;4&lt;br&gt;
+indexes&lt;br&gt;
+document:text document:From&lt;br&gt;
+5&lt;br&gt;
+defaultindex&lt;br&gt;
+document:text&lt;br&gt;
+6&lt;br&gt;
+plugins&lt;br&gt;
+GMLPlug EMAILPlug ArcPlug RecPlug&lt;br&gt;
+7&lt;br&gt;8&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title&lt;br&gt;
+9&lt;br&gt;
+classify&lt;br&gt;
+DateList&lt;br&gt;
+10&lt;br&gt;11&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;Email messages&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+12&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+13&lt;br&gt;
+collectionmeta&lt;br&gt;
+.document:From    &amp;quot;email senders&amp;quot;&lt;br&gt;
+14&lt;br&gt;15&lt;br&gt;
+format&lt;br&gt;
+QueryResults \\\\&lt;br&gt;
+16&lt;br&gt;
+(b)&lt;br&gt;
+&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[link][icon][/link]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Title]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Author]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&lt;br&gt;
+17&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 5: Collection configuration files (a) generic, (b) for an email collection&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;MG also compresses the text of the collection; and the&lt;br&gt;
+certain circumstances, however, it might be preferable to&lt;br&gt;
+image files are linked into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; subdirectory. Now&lt;br&gt;
+use a standardized format such as XML. This is&lt;br&gt;
+none of the material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directories&lt;br&gt;
+straightforward to implementï£§just write an XML&lt;br&gt;
+is needed to run the collection and can be removed from&lt;br&gt;
+pluginï£§although we have not done so ourselves. Given&lt;br&gt;
+the file system (though they would be needed if the&lt;br&gt;
+the transitory nature of the imported data, to date, we have&lt;br&gt;
+collection were rebuilt).&lt;br&gt;
+found GML a satisfactory and beneficial format.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Associated with each collection is a database stored in&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;CREATING NEW COLLECTIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+GDBM (Gnu database manager) format. This contains an&lt;br&gt;entry for each document, giving its OID, its internal MG&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Building new collections from scratch is only slightly&lt;br&gt;
+document number, and metadata such as title. Information&lt;br&gt;
+different from updating an existing collection. The key&lt;br&gt;
+for each of the browsing indexes, which appear as buttons&lt;br&gt;
+new requirement is creating a collection configuration file,&lt;br&gt;
+on the Greenstone search/browse bar, is also extracted&lt;br&gt;
+and a software utility is provided to help. Two pieces of&lt;br&gt;
+during the building process and stored in the database. A&lt;br&gt;
+information are required for this: the name of the directory&lt;br&gt;
+âclassifierâ program is required for each browsing index to&lt;br&gt;
+that the collection will use (into which the source data and&lt;br&gt;
+extract the appropriate information from GML documents.&lt;br&gt;
+other files will eventually be placed), and a contact e-mail&lt;br&gt;
+Like plugins, classifiers are written on an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; basis for&lt;br&gt;
+address for use if any problems are encountered by the&lt;br&gt;
+the particular information required, and where possible&lt;br&gt;
+software once the collection is up and running. The utility&lt;br&gt;
+reused from one collection to another.&lt;br&gt;
+creates files and directories within the newly-named&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+directory to support a generic collection of plain text&lt;br&gt;
+The building program creates the indexes based on&lt;br&gt;
+documents. With suitable data placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+whatever appears in the &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directory. The first plugin&lt;br&gt;
+directory, building the collection at this point will yield a&lt;br&gt;
+specified by all collections is one that processes GML&lt;br&gt;
+document-level searchable index of all the text and a&lt;br&gt;
+files, and so if &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; contains imported files they will be&lt;br&gt;
+browsable list of âtitlesâ (defined in this case to be the&lt;br&gt;
+processed correctly. If it contains material in the original&lt;br&gt;
+document filenames).&lt;br&gt;
+format, that will be converted using the appropriate plugin.&lt;br&gt;Thus the import process is optional.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;To enhance the functionality and presentationâ something&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+anything but the most trivial collection will requireâthe&lt;br&gt;
+GML is designed to be fast and easy to parse, an important&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file must be edited. For a collection sourced&lt;br&gt;
+requirement when millions of documents are to be&lt;br&gt;
+from documents in an already supported data format,&lt;br&gt;
+processed. Something as simple as requiring tags to be&lt;br&gt;
+presented in a similar fashion to an existing collection, the&lt;br&gt;
+lower-case, for example, yields a substantial speed-up. In&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=7&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-7_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;These are modules of code that can be slotted into the&lt;br&gt;system to enhance its capabilities. Plugins parse&lt;br&gt;documents, extracting the text and metadata to be indexed.&lt;br&gt;Classifiers control how metadata is brought together to&lt;br&gt;form browsable data structures. Both are specified in an&lt;br&gt;object-oriented framework using inheritance to minimize&lt;br&gt;the amount of code written.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;A plugin must specify three things: what file formats it can&lt;br&gt;handle, how they should be parsed, and whether the plugin&lt;br&gt;is recursive. File formats are normally determined using&lt;br&gt;regular expression matching on the filename. For example,&lt;br&gt;the HTML plugin accepts all files that end in &lt;i&gt;.htm&lt;/i&gt;, . &lt;i&gt;html&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;.HTM&lt;/i&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;.HTML&lt;/i&gt;. (It is quite possible, however, to write&lt;br&gt;plugins that âlook insideâ the file as well.) For other files,&lt;br&gt;the plugin returns &lt;i&gt;undefined&lt;/i&gt; and the file is passed to the&lt;br&gt;next plugin in the collectionâs configuration file (e.g.&lt;br&gt;Figure 5 line 7). If it can, the plugin parses the file and&lt;br&gt;returns the number of documents processed. This involves&lt;br&gt;extracting text and metadata and adding it to the libraryâs&lt;br&gt;content through calls to &lt;i&gt;add text&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;add metadata&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Some plugins (ârecursiveâ ones) add extra files into the&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 6: Searching bookmarked Web pages&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+stream of data processed during the building phase by&lt;br&gt;artificially reactivating the list of plugins. This is how&lt;br&gt;directory hierarchies are traversed.&lt;br&gt;
+amount of editing is minimal. Importing new data formats&lt;br&gt;and browsing metadata in ways not currently supported are&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Plugins are small modules of code that are easy to write.&lt;br&gt;
+more complex activities that require programming skills.&lt;br&gt;
+We monitored the time it took to develop a new one that&lt;br&gt;was different to any we had produced so far. We chose to&lt;br&gt;make as an example a collection of HTML bookmark files,&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Modifying the configuration file&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the motivation being to produce a convenient way of&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+searching and browsing oneâs bookmarked Web pages.&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 5b shows simple alterations to the generic&lt;br&gt;
+Figure 6 shows a user searching for bookmarked pages&lt;br&gt;
+configuration file in Figure 5a that was generated by the&lt;br&gt;
+about &lt;i&gt;music&lt;/i&gt;. The new plugin took under an hour to write,&lt;br&gt;
+new-collection utility. &lt;i&gt;TEXTPlug&lt;/i&gt; is replaced with&lt;br&gt;
+and was 160 lines long (ignoring blank lines and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;EMAILPlug&lt;/i&gt; (line 7) which reads email files and extracts&lt;br&gt;
+comments)âabout the average length of existing plugins.&lt;br&gt;
+metadata (&lt;i&gt;From&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;To&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Date&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Subject&lt;/i&gt;) from them. A classifier&lt;br&gt;for dates is added (line 10) to make the collection&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Classifiers are more general than plugins because they&lt;br&gt;
+browsable chronologically. The default presentation of&lt;br&gt;
+work on GML-format data. For example, any plugin that&lt;br&gt;
+search results is overridden (line 17) to display both the&lt;br&gt;
+generates date metadata in accordance with the Dublin&lt;br&gt;
+title of the message (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Title&lt;/i&gt;) and its sender&lt;br&gt;
+core can request the collection to be browsable&lt;br&gt;
+(i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Author&lt;/i&gt;). Elements in square brackets,&lt;br&gt;
+chronologically by specifying the &lt;i&gt;DateList&lt;/i&gt; classifier in the&lt;br&gt;
+such as &lt;i&gt;[Title]&lt;/i&gt;, are replaced by the metadata associated&lt;br&gt;
+collectionâs configuration file (Figure 7). Classifiers are&lt;br&gt;
+with a particular document. The built-in term &lt;i&gt;[icon]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+more elaborate than most plugins, but new ones are seldom&lt;br&gt;
+produces a suitable image that represents the document&lt;br&gt;
+required. The average length of existing classifiers is 230&lt;br&gt;
+(such as a book icon or page icon), and the &lt;i&gt;[link]âŠ[/link]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+lines.&lt;br&gt;
+construct forms a hyperlink to the complete document.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;
+Anything else in the format statement, which in this case is&lt;br&gt;
+Classifiers must specify three things: an initialization&lt;br&gt;
+solely table-cell tags in HTML, is passed through to the&lt;br&gt;
+routine, how individual documents are classified, and the&lt;br&gt;
+page being displayed.&lt;br&gt;
+final browsable data structure. Initialization takes care of&lt;br&gt;any options specified in the configuration file (such as&lt;br&gt;
+As this example shows, creating a new collection that stays&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;metadata=Title &lt;/i&gt;on line 9 of Figure 5b). Classifying&lt;br&gt;
+within the bounds of the libraryâs established capabilities&lt;br&gt;
+individual documents is an iterative process: for each one,&lt;br&gt;
+falls within the capability of many computer usersâfor&lt;br&gt;
+a call to &lt;i&gt;document-classify&lt;/i&gt; is made. On presentation of the&lt;br&gt;
+instance, computer-trained librarians. Extending&lt;br&gt;
+documentâs OID, the necessary metadata is located and&lt;br&gt;
+Greenstone to handle new document formats and browse&lt;br&gt;
+used to control where the document is added to the&lt;br&gt;
+metadata in new ways is more challenging.&lt;br&gt;
+browsable data structure being constructed.&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Once all documents have been added, a request is made for&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writing new plugins and classifiers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+the completed data structure. Some classifiers return the&lt;br&gt;data structure directly; others transform the data structure&lt;br&gt;
+ &lt;br&gt;Extensibility  is  obtained through  plugins  and  classifiers.&lt;br&gt;
+before it is returned. For example, the &lt;i&gt;AZList&lt;/i&gt; classifier&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=8&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;IMG src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/pdf01-8_1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+a page number, next and previous page buttons, and&lt;br&gt;displaying a particular page at different resolutions. A text&lt;br&gt;version of the page is also available upon which a&lt;br&gt;searching option is also provided.&lt;br&gt;
+Started in 1994, Harvest is also a long-running research&lt;br&gt;project. It provides an efficient means of gathering source&lt;br&gt;data from the Internet and distributing indexing&lt;br&gt;information over the Internet. This is accomplished&lt;br&gt;through five components: &lt;i&gt;gatherer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;broker&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;indexer&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;replicator&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;cache&lt;/i&gt;. The first three are central to creating,&lt;br&gt;updating and searching a collection; the last two help to&lt;br&gt;improve performance over the Internet through transparent&lt;br&gt;mirroring and caching techniques.&lt;br&gt;
+The system is configurable and customizable. While&lt;br&gt;searching is most commonly implemented using Glimpse&lt;br&gt;(&lt;i&gt;glimpse.cs.arizona.edu&lt;/i&gt;), in principle any search engine&lt;br&gt;that supports incremental updates and Boolean&lt;br&gt;combinations of attribute-based queries can be used. It is&lt;br&gt;possible to control what type of documents are gathered&lt;br&gt;during creation and updating, and how the query interface&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 7: Browsing a newspaper collection by date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+looks and is laid out.&lt;br&gt;
+Sample collections cited by the developers include 21,000&lt;br&gt;
+divides the alphabetically sorted list of metadata into&lt;br&gt;
+computer science technical reports and 7,000 home pages.&lt;br&gt;
+separate pages of about the same size and returns the&lt;br&gt;
+Other examples include a sizable collection of agriculture-&lt;br&gt;
+alphabetic ranges for each one (Figure 4).&lt;br&gt;
+related electronic journals and magazines called âtomato-&lt;br&gt;juiceâ (accessed through &lt;i&gt;hegel.lib.ncsu.edu&lt;/i&gt;) and a full-text&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;OVERVIEW OF RELATED WORK&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+index of library-related electronic serials&lt;br&gt;
+Two projects that provide substantial open source digital&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;sunsite.berkeley.edu/IndexMorganagus&lt;/i&gt;). Harvest is also&lt;br&gt;
+library software are Dienst (Lagoze and Fielding, 1998)&lt;br&gt;
+often used to index Web sites (for example&lt;br&gt;
+and Harvest (Bowman &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1994). The origins of Dienst&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;www.middlebury.edu&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;www.cs.cornell.edu/cdlrg&lt;/i&gt;) stretch back to 1992. The term&lt;br&gt;
+Comparing Greenstone with Dienst and Harvest, there are&lt;br&gt;
+has come to represent three entities: a conceptual&lt;br&gt;
+both similarities and differences. All provide substantial&lt;br&gt;
+architecture for distributed digital libraries; an open&lt;br&gt;
+digital library systems, hence common themes recur, but&lt;br&gt;
+protocol for service communication; and a software&lt;br&gt;
+they are driven by projects with different aims. Harvest,&lt;br&gt;
+system that implements the protocol. To date, five sample&lt;br&gt;
+for instance, was not conceived as a digital library project&lt;br&gt;
+digital libraries have been built using this technology.&lt;br&gt;
+at all, but by virtue of its selective document gathering&lt;br&gt;
+They manifest themselves in two forms: technical reports&lt;br&gt;
+process it can be classed (and is used) as one. While it&lt;br&gt;
+and primary source documents.&lt;br&gt;
+provides sophisticated search options, it lacks the&lt;br&gt;
+Best known is NCSTRL, the Networked Computer&lt;br&gt;
+complementary service of browsing. Furthermore it adds&lt;br&gt;
+Science Technical Reference Library project&lt;br&gt;
+no structure or order to the documents collected, relying&lt;br&gt;
+(&lt;i&gt;www.ncstrl.org&lt;/i&gt;). This collection facilitates searching by&lt;br&gt;
+on whatever structures are present in the site that they&lt;br&gt;
+title, author and abstract, and browsing by year and author,&lt;br&gt;
+were gathered from. A proven strength of the design is its&lt;br&gt;
+across a distributed network of document repositories.&lt;br&gt;
+flexibility through configuration and customizationï£§an&lt;br&gt;
+Documents can (where supported) be delivered in various&lt;br&gt;
+element also present in Greenstone.&lt;br&gt;
+formats such as PostScript, a thumbnail overview of the&lt;br&gt;
+Dienstï£§best exemplified through the NCSTRL&lt;br&gt;
+pages, and a GIF image of a particular page.&lt;br&gt;
+workï£§supports searching and browsing, like Greenstone.&lt;br&gt;
+The &lt;i&gt;Making of America&lt;/i&gt; resource is an example of a&lt;br&gt;
+Both use open protocols. Differences include a high&lt;br&gt;
+collection based around primary sourcesï£§in this case&lt;br&gt;
+reliance in Dienst on user-supplied information when a&lt;br&gt;
+American social history, 1830â1900. It has a different&lt;br&gt;
+document is added, and a smaller range of document types&lt;br&gt;
+âlook and feelâ to NCSTRL, being strongly oriented&lt;br&gt;
+supportedâalthough Dienst does include a document&lt;br&gt;
+toward browsing rather than searching. A user navigates&lt;br&gt;
+model that should, over time, allow this to expand with&lt;br&gt;
+their way through a hierarchical structure of hyperlinks to&lt;br&gt;
+relative ease.&lt;br&gt;
+reach a book of interest. The book itself is a series of&lt;br&gt;
+There are also commercial systems that provide similar&lt;br&gt;
+scanned images: delivery options include going directly to&lt;br&gt;
+digital library services to those described. However, since&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;A name=9&gt;&lt;/a&gt;corporate culture instills proprietary attitudes there is little&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+opportunity for advancement through a shared&lt;br&gt;
+1.  Akscyn, R.M. and Witten, I.H. (1998) âReport on First&lt;br&gt;
+collaborative effort. Consequently they are not reviewed&lt;br&gt;
+Summit on International Cooperation on Digital&lt;br&gt;
+here.&lt;br&gt;
+Libraries.â ks.com/idla-wp-oct98.&lt;br&gt;
+2.  Bowman, C.M., Danzig, P.B., Manber, U., and&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+Schwartz, M.F. âScalable Internet resource discovery:&lt;br&gt;
+Greenstone is a comprehensive software system for&lt;br&gt;
+Research problems and approachesâ &lt;i&gt;Communications&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+creating digital library collections. It builds data structures&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;of the ACM,&lt;/i&gt; Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 98â107, 1994.&lt;br&gt;
+for searching and browsing from the material provided,&lt;br&gt;
+3.  Fox, E. (1998) âDigital library definitions.â&lt;br&gt;
+rather than relying on any hand-crafting. The process is&lt;br&gt;
+ei.cs.vt.edu/~fox/dlib/def.html.&lt;br&gt;
+controlled by a configuration file, and once a collection&lt;br&gt;exists new material can be added completely&lt;br&gt;
+4.  Humanity Libraries (1998) &lt;i&gt;Humanity Development&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+automatically. Browsing is based on Dublin Core&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Global Help&lt;br&gt;
+metadata.&lt;br&gt;
+Project, Antwerp, Belgium.&lt;br&gt;
+New collections can be developed easily, particularly if&lt;br&gt;
+5.  Lagoze, C. and Fielding, D âDefining Collections in&lt;br&gt;
+they resemble existing ones. Extensibility is achieved&lt;br&gt;
+Distributed Digital Librariesâ &lt;i&gt;D-Lib Magazine&lt;/i&gt;, Nov.&lt;br&gt;
+through software âpluginsâ that can be written to&lt;br&gt;
+1998.&lt;br&gt;
+accommodate documents, and metadata, in different&lt;br&gt;
+6.  PAHO (1999) &lt;i&gt;Virtual Disaster Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM&lt;br&gt;
+formats. Standard plugins exist for many document types;&lt;br&gt;
+produced by the Pan-American Health Organization,&lt;br&gt;
+new ones are easily written. Browsing is controlled by&lt;br&gt;
+Washington DC, USA.&lt;br&gt;
+âclassifiersâ that process metadata into browsing structures&lt;br&gt;
+7.  McNab, R.J., Witten, I.H. and Boddie, S.J. (1998) âA&lt;br&gt;
+(by date, alphabetical, hierarchical, etc).&lt;br&gt;
+distributed digital library architecture incorporating&lt;br&gt;
+However, the most powerful support for extensibility is&lt;br&gt;
+different index styles.â &lt;i&gt;Proc IEEE Advances in Digital&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+achieved not by technical means but by making the source&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 36â45.&lt;br&gt;
+code freely available under the Gnu public license. Only&lt;br&gt;
+8.  Nevill-Manning, C.G., Reed, T., and Witten, I.H.&lt;br&gt;
+through an international cooperative effort will digital&lt;br&gt;
+(1998) âExtracting text from PostScriptâ&lt;br&gt;
+library software become sufficiently comprehensive to&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;SoftwareâPractice and Experience&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp.&lt;br&gt;
+meet the worldâs needs with the richness and flexibility&lt;br&gt;
+481â491; April.&lt;br&gt;
+that users deserve.&lt;br&gt;
+9.  UNESCO (1999) &lt;i&gt;SAHEL point DOC: Anthologie du&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;dÃ©veloppement au Sahel&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by&lt;br&gt;UNESCO, Paris, France.&lt;br&gt;
+We gratefully acknowledge all those who have worked on&lt;br&gt;the Greenstone software, and all members of the New&lt;br&gt;
+10. UNU (1998) &lt;i&gt;Collection on critical global issues.&lt;/i&gt; CD-&lt;br&gt;
+Zealand Digital Library project for their enthusiasm and&lt;br&gt;
+ROM produced by the United Nations University&lt;br&gt;
+ideas.&lt;br&gt;
+Press, Tokyo, Japan.&lt;br&gt;
+11. Witten, I.H., Moffat, A. and Bell, T. (1999) &lt;i&gt;Managing&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Gigabytes: compressing and indexing documents and&lt;br&gt;images&lt;/i&gt;, Morgan Kaufmann, second edition.&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;hr&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASH8bbe.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASH8bbe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASH8bbe.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Bronwyn; page: 1 of 1 1 Using language models for generic entity extraction</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/langmodl.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215327/langmodl.text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">langmodl.text</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">langmodl.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">langmodl.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">PostScriptPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">16751</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">langmodl</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">PS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_iconps_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.ps</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ian H. Witten</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Zane Bray</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Malika Mahoui</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">W.J. Teahan</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH8bbe6da0374b413b1b355c</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215327</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH8bbe.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.ps:application/postscript:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
+Bronwyn; page: 1 of 1 1 Using language models for generic entity extraction
+Ian H. Witten, Zane Bray, Malika Mahoui, W.J. Teahan Computer ScienceUniversity
+of WaikatoHamilton, New Zealandihw@cs.waikato.ac.nz AbstractThis paper describes
+the use of statisticallanguage modeling techniques, such as arecommonly used
+for text compression, to extractmeaningful, low-level, information about
+thelocation of semantic tokens, or \\322entities,\\323 in text.We begin by
+marking up several different tokentypes in training documents\\321for example,people\\325s
+names, dates and time periods, phonenumbers, and sums of money. We form alanguage
+model for each token type and examinehow accurately it identifies new tokens.
+We thenapply a search algorithm to insert tokenboundaries in a way that maximizes
+compressionof the entire test document. The technique can beapplied to hierarchically-defined
+tokens, leadingto a kind of \\322soft parsing\\323 that will, we believe,be
+able to identify structured items such asreferences and tables in html or
+plain text, basedon nothing more than a few marked-up examplesin training
+documents. 1.   INTRODUCTIONText mining is about looking for patterns in
+text, and maybe defined as the process of analyzing text to extractinformation
+that is useful for particular purposes.Compared with the kind of data stored
+in databases, textis unstructured, amorphous, and difficult to deal with.Nevertheless,
+in modern Western culture, text is the mostcommon vehicle for the formal
+exchange of information.The motivation for trying to extract information
+from it iscompelling\\321even if success is only partial.Text mining is possible
+because you do not have tounderstand text in order to extract useful information
+fromit. Here are four examples. First, if only names could beidentified,
+links could be inserted automatically to otherplaces that mention the same
+name\\321links that are\\322dynamically evaluated\\323 by calling upon a search
+engineto bind them at click time. Second, actions can beassociated with different
+types of data, using eitherexplicit programming or programming-by-demonstrationtechniques.
+A day/time specification appearing anywherewithin one\\325s email could be
+associated with diary actionssuch as updating a personal organizer or creating
+anautomatic reminder, and each mention of a day/time in thetext could raise
+a popup menu of calendar-based actions.Third, text could be mined for data
+in tabular format,allowing databases to be created from formatted tablessuch
+as stock-market information on Web pages. Fourth,an agent could monitor incoming
+newswire stories forcompany names and collect documents that mentionthem\\321an
+automated press clipping service.In all these examples, the key problem is
+to recognizedifferent types of target fragments, which we will calltokens
+or \\322entities\\323. This is really a kind of languagerecognition problem:
+we have a text made up of differentsublanguages {for personal names, company
+names, dates,table entries, and so on} and seek to determine whichparts are
+expressed in which language.The information extraction research community
+{of whichwe were, until recently, unaware} has studied these tasksand reported
+results at annual Message UnderstandingConferences {MUC}. For example, \\322named
+entities\\323 aredefined as proper names and quantities of interest,including
+personal, organization, and location names, aswell as dates, times, percentages,
+and monetary amounts{Chinchor, 1999}.The standard approach to this problem
+is manual:tokenizers and grammars are hand-designed for theparticular data
+being extracted. Looking at currentcommercial state-of-the-art text mining
+software, forexample, IBM\\325s Intelligent Miner for Text {Tkach, 1997}uses
+specific recognition modules carefully programmedfor the different data types,
+while Apple\\325s data detectors{Nardi et al., 1998} uses language grammars.
+The  TextTokenization Tool of Grover et al. {1999} is anotherexample, and
+a demonstration version is available on theWeb. The challenge for machine
+learning is to use
+&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASHeaa2.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASHeaa2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASHeaa2.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,4289 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">1997-00 Listing of Working Papers</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215327_4/word01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215327_4/word01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/word01.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215327_4/word01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">word01.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">word01.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">word01.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">110080</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">word01</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHeaa2992e081949673150f3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215328</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHeaa2.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Title&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.12mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1997-00 Listing of Working Papers &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Using compression to identify acronyms in text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stuart Yeates, David Bainbridge, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Text mining is about looking for patterns in natural language text, and may be defined as the process of analyzing text to extract information from it for particular purposes.  In previous work, we claimed that compression is a key technology for text mining, and backed this up with a study that showed how particular kinds of lexical tokens&amp;mdash;names, dates, locations, &lt;i&gt;etc.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;mdash;can be identified and located in running text, using compression models to provide the leverage necessary to distinguish different token types (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Text categorization using compression models
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Chang Chui, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Text categorization, or the assignment of natural language texts to predefined categories based on their content, is of growing importance as the volume of information available on the internet continues to overwhelm us.  The use of predefined categories implies a &amp;ldquo;supervised learning&amp;rdquo; approach to categorization, where already-classified articles - which effectively define the categories - are used as &amp;ldquo;training data&amp;rdquo; to build a model that can be used for classifying new articles that comprise the &amp;ldquo;test data&amp;rdquo;.  This contrasts with &amp;ldquo;unsupervised&amp;rdquo; learning, where there is no training data and clusters of like documents are sought amongst the test articles.  With supervised learning, meaningful labels (such as keyphrases) are attached to the training documents, and appropriate labels can be assigned automatically to test documents depending on which category they fall into.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Reserved for Sally Jo
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Interactive machine learning&amp;mdash;letting users build classifiers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Malcolm Ware, Eibe Frank, Geoffrey Holmes, Mark Hall, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+According to standard procedure, building a classifier is a fully automated process that follows data preparation by a domain expert.  In contrast, &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;interactive&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;machine learning engages users in actually generating the classifier themselves.  This offers a natural way of integrating background knowledge into the modeling stage&amp;mdash;so long as interactive tools can be designed that support efficient and effective communication.  This paper shows that appropriate techniques can empower users to create models that compete with classifiers built by state-of-the-art learning algorithms.  It demonstrates that users&amp;mdash;even users who are not domain experts&amp;mdash;can often construct good classifiers, without any help from a learning algorithm, using a simple two-dimensional visual interface.  Experiments demonstrate that, not surprisingly, success hinges on the domain: if a few attributes can support good predictions, users generate accurate classifiers, whereas domains with many high-order attribute interactions favor standard machine learning techniques.  The future challenge is to achieve a symbiosis between human user and machine learning algorithm.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+KEA: Practical automatic keyphrase extraction
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ian H. Witten, Gordon W. Paynter, Eibe Frank, Carl Gutwin, Craig G. Nevill-Manning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Keyphrases provide semantic metadata that summarize and characterize documents.  This paper describes Kea, an algorithm for automatically extracting keyphrases from text.  Kea identifies candidate keyphrases using lexical methods, calculates feature values for each candidate, and uses a machine learning algorithm to predict which candidates are good keyphrases.  The machine learning scheme first builds a prediction model using training documents with known keyphrases, and then uses the model to find keyphrases in new documents.  We use a large test corpus to evaluate Kea's effectiveness in terms of how many author-assigned keyphrases are correctly identified.  The system is simple, robust, and publicly available.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;ÎŒ&lt;/i&gt;-Charts and Z:  hows, whys and wherefores
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greg Reeve, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we show, by a series of examples, how the &lt;i&gt;ÎŒ&lt;/i&gt;-chart formalism can be translated into Z.  We give reasons for why this is an interesting and sensible thing to do and what it might be used for.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+One dimensional non-uniform rational B-splines for animation control
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Abdelaziz Mahoui
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Most 3D animation packages use graphical representations called motion graphs to represent the variation in time of the motion parameters.  Many use two-dimensional B-splines as animation curves because of their power to represent free-form curves.  In this project, we investigate the possibility of using One-dimensional Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) curves for the interactive construction of animation control curves.  One-dimensional NURBS curves present the potential of solving some problems encountered in motion graphs when two-dimensional B-splines are used.  The study focuses on the properties of One-dimensional NURBS mathematical model.  It also investigates the algorithms and shape modification tools devised for two-dimensional curves and their port to the One-dimensional NURBS model.  It also looks at the issues related to the user interface used to interactively modify the shape of the curves.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Correlation-based feature selection of discrete and numeric class machine learning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark A. Hall
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Algorithms for feature selection fall into two broad categories: &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;wrappers&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;that use the learning algorithm itself to evaluate the usefulness of features and &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;filters&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;that evaluate features according to heuristics based on general characteristics of the data.  For application to large databases, filters have proven to be more practical than wrappers because they are much faster.  However, most existing filter algorithms only work with discrete classification problems.  This paper describes a fast, correlation-based filter algorithm that can be applied to continuous and discrete problems.  The algorithm often out-performs the well-known ReliefF attribute estimator when used as a preprocessing step for naÃ¯ve Bayes, instance-based learning, decision trees, locally weighted regression, and model trees.  It performs more feature selection than ReliefF does-reducing the data dimensionality by fifty percent in most cases.  Also, decision and model trees built from the prepocessed data are often significantly smaller.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A development environment for predictive modelling in foods
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+G. Holmes, M.A. Hall
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) is a comprehensive suite of Java class libraries that implement many state-of-the-art machine learning/data mining algorithms.  Non-programmers interact with the software via a user interface component called the Knowledge Explorer.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Applications constructed from the WEKA class libraries can be run on any computer with a web browsing capability, allowing users to apply machine learning techniques to their own data regardless of computer platform.  This paper describes the user interface component of the WEKA system in reference to previous applications in the predictive modeling of foods.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Benchmarking attribute selection techniques for data mining
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark A. Hall, Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Data engineering is generally considered to be a central issue in the development of data mining applications.  The success of many learning schemes, in their attempts to construct models of data, hinges on the reliable identification of a small set of highly predictive attributes.  The inclusion of irrelevant, redundant and noisy attributes in the model building process phase can result in poor predictive performance and increased computation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Attribute selection generally involves a combination of search and attribute utility estimation plus evaluation with respect to specific learning schemes.  This leads to a large number of possible permutations and has led to a situation where very few benchmark studies have been conducted.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper presents a benchmark comparison of several attribute selection methods.  All the methods produce an attribute ranking, a useful devise of isolating the individual merit of an attribute.  Attribute selection is achieved by cross-validating the rankings with respect to a learning scheme to find the best attributes.  Results are reported for a selection of standard data sets and two learning schemes C4.5 and naÃ¯ve Bayes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Reeves, Greg Reeve
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2000/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Malika Mahoui, Sally Jo Cunningham
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Transaction logs are invaluable sources of fine-grained information about users' search behavior.  This paper compares the searching behavior of users across two WWW-accessible digital libraries: the New Zealand Digital Library's Computer Science Technical Reports collection (CSTR), and the Karlsruhe Computer Science Bibliographies (CSBIB) collection.  Since the two collections are designed to support the same type of users-researchers/students in computer science a comparative log analysis is likely to uncover common searching preferences for that user group.  The two collections differ in their content, however; the CSTR indexes a full text collection, while the CSBIB is primarily a bibliographic database.  Differences in searching behavior between the two systems may indicate the effect of differing search facilities and content type.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lexical attraction for text compression
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Joscha Bach, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+New methods of acquiring structural information in text documents may support better compression by identifying an appropriate prediction context for each symbol.  The method of &amp;ldquo;lexical attraction&amp;rdquo; infers syntactic dependency structures from statistical analysis of large corpora.  We describe the generation of a lexical attraction model, discuss its application to text compression, and explore its potential to outperform fixed-context models such as word-level PPM.  Perhaps the most exciting aspect of this work is the prospect of using compression as a metric for structure discovery in text.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Generating rule sets from model trees
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes, Mark Hall, Eibe Frank
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Knowledge discovered in a database must be represented in a form that is easy to understand.  Small, easy to interpret nuggets of knowledge from data are one requirement and the ability to induce them from a variety of data sources is a second.  The literature is abound with classification algorithms, and in recent years with algorithms for time sequence analysis, but relatively little has been published on extracting meaningful information from problems involving continuous classes (regression).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Model trees-decision trees with linear models at the leaf nodes-have recently emerged as an accurate method for numeric prediction that produces understandable models.  However, it is well known that decision lists-ordered sets of If-Then rules-have the potential to be more compact and therefore more understandable than their tree counterparts.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we present an algorithm for inducing simple, yet accurate rule sets from model trees.  The algorithm works by repeatedly building model trees and selecting the best rule at each iteration.  It produces rule sets that are, on the whole, as accurate but smaller than the model tree constructed from the entire dataset.  Experimental results for various heuristics which attempt to find a compromise between rule accuracy and rule coverage are reported.  We also show empirically that our method produces more accurate and smaller rule sets than the commercial state-of-the-art rule learning system Cubist.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A diagnostic tool for tree based supervised classification learning algorithms
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Leonard Trigg, Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The process of developing applications of machine learning and data mining that employ supervised classification algorithms includes the important step of knowledge verification.  Interpretable output is presented to a user so that they can verify that the knowledge contained in the output makes sense for the given application.  As the development of an application is an iterative process it is quite likely that a user would wish to compare models constructed at various times or stages.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+One crucial stage where comparison of models is important is when the accuracy of a model is being estimated, typically using some form of cross-validation.  This stage is used to establish an estimate of how well a model will perform on unseen data.  This is vital information to present to a user, but it is also important to show the degree of variation between models obtained from the entire dataset and models obtained during cross-validation.  In this way it can be verified that the cross-validation models are at least structurally aligned with the model garnered from the entire dataset.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper presents a diagnostic tool for the comparison of tree-based supervised classification models.  The method is adapted from work on approximate tree matching and applied to decision trees.  The tool is described together with experimental results on standard datasets.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine learning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark A. Hall
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Algorithms for feature selection fall into two broad categories: &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;wrappers&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;use the learning algorithm itself to evaluate the usefulness of features, while &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;filters&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;evaluate features according to heuristics based on general characteristics of the data.  For application to large databases, filters have proven to be more practical than wrappers because they are much faster.  However, most existing filter algorithms only work with discrete classification problems.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes a fast, correlation-based filter algorithm that can be applied to continuous and discrete problems.  Experiments using the new method as a preprocessing step for naÃ¯ve Bayes, instance-based learning, decision trees, locally weighted regression, and model trees show it to be an effective feature selector- it reduces the data in dimensionality by more than sixty percent in most cases without negatively affecting accuracy.  Also, decision and model trees built from the pre-processed data are often significantly smaller.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Browsing tree structures
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark Apperley, Robert Spence, Stephen Hodge, Michael Chester
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Graphic representations of tree structures are notoriously difficult to create, display, and interpret, particularly when the volume of information they contain, and hence the number of nodes, is large.  The problem of interactively browsing information held in tree structures is examined, and the implementation of an innovative tree browser described.  This browser is based on distortion-oriented display techniques and intuitive direct manipulation interaction.  The tree layout is automatically generated, but the location and extent of detail shown is controlled by the user.  It is suggested that these techniques could be extended to the browsing of more general networks.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Facilitating multiple copy/past operations
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Mark Apperley, Jay Baker, Dale Fletcher, Bill Rogers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Copy and paste, or cut and paste, using a clipboard or paste buffer has long been the principle facility provided to users for transferring data between and within GUI applications.  We argue that this mechanism can be clumsy in circumstances where several pieces of information must be moved systematically.  In two situations - extraction of data fields from unstructured data found in a directed search process, and reorganisation of computer program source text - we present alternative, more natural, user interface facilities to make the task less onerous, and to provide improved visual feedback during the operation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+For the data extraction task we introduce the Stretchable Selection Tool, a semi-transparent overlay augmenting the mouse pointer to automate paste operations and provide information to prompt the user.  We describe a prototype implementation that functions in a collaborative software environment, allowing users to cooperate on a multiple copy/paste operation.  For text reorganisation, we present an extension to Emacs, providing similar functionality, but without the collaborative features.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Automating iterative tasks with programming by demonstration: a user evaluation
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Gordon W. Paynter, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Computer users often face iterative tasks that cannot be automated using the tools and aggregation techniques provided by their application program: they end up performing the iteration by hand, repeating user interface actions over and over again.  We have implemented an agent, called Familiar, that can be taught to perform iterative tasks using programming by demonstration (PBD).  Unlike other PBD systems, it is domain independent and works with unmodified, widely-used, applications in a popular operating system.  In a formal evaluation, we found that users quickly learned to use the agent to automate iterative tasks.  Generally, the participants preferred to use multiple selection where possible, but could and did use PBD in situations involving iteration over many commands, or when other techniques were unavailable.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A survey of software requirements specification practices in the New Zealand software industry
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lindsay Groves, Ray Nickson, Greg Reeve, Steve Reeves, Mark Utting
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We report on the software development techniques used in the New Zealand software industry, paying particular attention to requirements gathering.  We surveyed a selection of software companies with a general questionnaire and then conducted in-depth interviews with four companies.  Our results show a wide variety in the kinds of companies undertaking software development, employing a wide range of software development techniques.  Although our data are not sufficiently detailed to draw statistically significant conclusions, it appears that larger software development groups typically have more well-defined software development processes, spend proportionally more time on requirements gathering, and follow more rigorous testing regimes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The LRU*WWW proxy cache document replacement algorithm
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Chung-yi Chang, Tony McGregor, Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Obtaining good performance from WWW proxy caches is critically dependent on the document replacement policy used by the proxy.  This paper validates the work of other authors by reproducing their studies of proxy cache document replacement algorithms.  From this basis a cross-trace study is mounted.  This demonstrates that the performance of most document replacement algorithms is dependent on the type of workload that they are presented with.  Finally we propose a new algorithm, LRU*, that consistently performs well across all our traces.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Reduced-error pruning with significance tests
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When building classification models, it is common practice to prune them to counter spurious effects of the training data: this often improves performance and reduces model size.  &amp;quot;Reduced-error pruning&amp;quot; is a fast pruning procedure for decision trees that is known to produce small and accurate trees.  Apart from the data from which the tree is grown, it uses an independent &amp;quot;pruning&amp;quot; set, and pruning decisions are based on the model's error rate on this fresh data.  Recently it has been observed that reduced-error pruning overfits the pruning data, producing unnecessarily large decision trees.  This paper investigates whether standard statistical significance tests can be used to counter this phenomenon.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The problem of overfitting to the pruning set highlights the need for significance testing.  We investigate two classes of test, &amp;quot;parametric&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;non-parametric.&amp;quot;  The standard chi-squared statistic can be used both in a parametric test and as the basis for a non-parametric permutation test.  In both cases it is necessary to select the significance level at which pruning is applied.  We show empirically that both versions of the chi-squared test perform equally well if their significance levels are adjusted appropriately.  Using a collection of standard datasets, we show that significance testing improves on standard reduced error pruning if the significance level is tailored to the particular dataset at hand using cross-validation, yielding consistently smaller trees that perform at least as well and sometimes better.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Weka: Practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java implementations
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ian H. Witten, Eibe Frank, Len Trigg, Mark Hall, Geoffrey Holmes, Sally Jo Cunningham
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (Weka) is a comprehensive suite of Java class libraries that implement many state-of-the-art machine learning and data mining algorithms.  Weka is freely available on the World-Wide Web and accompanies a new text on data mining [1] which documents and fully explains all the algorithms it contains.  Applications written using the Weka class libraries can be run on any computer with a Web browsing capability; this allows users to apply machine learning techniques to their own data regardless of computer platform.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Pace Regression
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Yong Wang, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper articulates a new method of linear regression, &amp;ldquo;pace regression&amp;rdquo;, that addresses many drawbacks of standard regression reported in the literature&amp;mdash;particularly the subset selection problem.  Pace regression improves on classical ordinary least squares (OLS) regression by evaluating the effect of each variable and using a clustering analysis to improve the statistical basis for estimating their contribution to the overall regression.  As well as outperforming OLS, it also outperforms&amp;mdash;in a remarkably general sense&amp;mdash;other linear modeling techniques in the literature, including subset selection procedures, which seek a reduction in dimensionality that falls out as a natural byproduct of pace regression.  The paper defines six procedures that share the fundamental idea of pace regression, all of which are theoretically justified in terms of asymptotic performance.  Experiments confirm the performance improvement over other techniques.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A compression-based algorithm for Chinese word segmentation
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W.J. Teahan, Yingying Wen, Rodger McNab, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Chinese language is written without using spaces or other word delimiters.  Although a text may be thought of as a corresponding sequence of words, there is considerable ambiguity in the placement of boundaries.  Interpreting a text as a sequence of words is beneficial for some information retrieval and storage tasks: for example, full-text search, word-based compression, and keyphrase extraction.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We describe a scheme that infers appropriate positions for word boundaries using an adaptive language model that is standard in text compression.  It is trained on a corpus of pre-segmented text, and when applied to new text, interpolates word boundaries so as to maximize the compression obtained.  This simple and general method performs well with respect to specialized schemes for Chinese language segmentation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Clustering with finite data from semi-parametric mixture distributions
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Yong Wang, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Existing clustering methods for the semi-parametric mixture distribution perform well as the volume of data increases.  However, they all suffer from a serious drawback in finite-data situations: small outlying groups of data points can be completely ignored in the clusters that are produced, no matter how far away they lie from the major clusters.  This can result in unbounded loss if the loss function is sensitive to the distance between clusters.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper proposes a new distance-based clustering method that overcomes the problem by avoiding global constraints.  Experimental results illustrate its superiority to existing methods when small clusters are present in finite data sets; they also suggest that it is more accurate and stable than other methods even when there are no small clusters.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+99/16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Niupepa Collection:  Opening the blinds on a window to the past
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Te Taka Keegan, Sally Jo Cunningham, Mark Apperley
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes the building of a digital library collection of historic newspapers.  The newspapers (&lt;i&gt;Niupepa&lt;/i&gt; in Maori), which were published in New Zealand during the period 1842 to 1933, form a unique historical record of the Maori language, and of events from an historical perspective.  Images of these newspapers have been converted to digital form, electronic text extracted from these, and the collection is now being made available over the Internet as a part of the New Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project at the University of Waikato.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Boosting trees for cost-sensitive classifications
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, Zijian Zheng
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper explores two boosting techniques for cost-sensitive tree classification in the situation where misclassification costs change very often.  Ideally, one would like to have only one induction, and use the induced model for different misclassification costs.  Thus, it demands robustness of the induced model against cost changes.  Combining multiple trees gives robust predictions against this change.  We demonstrate that ordinary boosting combined with the minimum expected cost criterion to select the prediction class is a good solution under this situation.  We also introduce a variant of the ordinary boosting procedure which utilizes the cost information during training.  We show that the proposed technique performs better than the ordinary boosting in terms of misclassification cost.  However, this technique requires to induce a set of new trees every time the cost changes.  Our empirical investigation also reveals some interesting behavior of boosting decision trees for cost-sensitive classification.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Generating accurate rule sets without global optimization 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The two dominant schemes for rule-learning, C4.5 and RIPPER, both operate in two stages.  First they induce an initial rule set and then they refine it using a rather complex optimization stage that discards (C4.5) or adjusts (RIPPER) individual rules to make them work better together.  In contrast, this paper shows how good rule sets can be learned one rule at a time, without any need for global optimization.  We present an algorithm for inferring rules by repeatedly generating partial decision trees, thus combining the two major paradigms for rule generation-creating rules from decision trees and the separate-and-conquer rule-learning technique.  The algorithm is straightforward and elegant: despite this, experiments on standard datasets show that it produces rule sets that are as accurate as and of similar size to those generated by C4.5, and more accurate than RIPPER's.  Moreover, it operates efficiently, and because it avoids postprocessing, does not suffer the extremely slow performance on pathological example sets for which the C4.5 method has been criticized.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+VQuery: a graphical user interface for Boolean query Specification and dynamic result preview
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Textual query languages based on Boolean logic are common amongst the search facilities of on-line information repositories.  However, there is evidence to suggest that the syntactic and semantic demands of such languages lead to user errors and adversely affect the time that it takes users to form queries.  Additionally, users are faced with user interfaces to these repositories which are unresponsive and uninformative, and consequently fail to support effective query refinement.  We suggest that graphical query languages, particularly Venn-like diagrams, provide a natural medium for Boolean query specification which overcomes the problems of textual query languages.  Also, dynamic result previews can be seamlessly integrated with graphical query specification to increase the effectiveness of query refinements.  We describe VQuery, a query interface to the New Zealand Digital Library which exploits querying by Venn diagrams and integrated query result previews.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Revising &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;: semantics and logic
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Martin C. Henson, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We introduce a simple specification logic &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;c comprising a logic and semantics (in &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;ZF&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; set theory).  We then provide an interpretation for (a rational reconstruction of) the specification language &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; within &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;c.  As a result we obtain a sound logic for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;, including the schema calculus.  A consequence of our formalisation is a critique of a number of concepts used in &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;.  We demonstrate that the complications and confusions which these concepts introduce can be avoided without compromising expressibility.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A logic for the schema calculus
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Martin C. Henson, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we introduce and investigate a logic for the schema calculus of &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;.  The schema calculus is arguably the reason for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;'s popularity but so far no true calculus (a sound system of rules for reasoning about schema expressions) has been given.  Presentations thus far have either failed to provide a calculus (e.g. the draft standard [3]) or have fallen back on informal descriptions at a syntactic level (most text books e.g. [7[).  Once the calculus is established we introduce a derived equational logic which enables us to formalise properly the informal notations of schema expression equality to be found in the literature.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+New foundations for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Martin C. Henson, Steve Reeves
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We provide a constructive and intensional interpretation for the specification language &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; in a theory of operations and kinds &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;.  The motivation is to facilitate the development of an integrated approach to program construction.  We illustrate the new foundations for &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Z&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; with examples.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Predicting apple bruising relationships using machine learning
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+G. Holmes, S.J. Cunningham, B.T. Dela Rue, A.F. Bollen
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many models have been used to describe the influence of internal or external factors on apple bruising.  Few of these have addressed the application of derived relationships to the evaluation of commercial operations.  From an industry perspective, a model must enable fruit to be rejected on the basis of a commercially significant bruise and must also accurately quantify the effects of various combinations of input features (such as cultivar, maturity, size, and so on) on bruise prediction.  Input features must in turn have characteristics which are measurable commercially; for example, the measure of force should be impact energy rather than energy absorbed.  Further, as the commercial criteria for acceptable damage levels change, the model should be versatile enough to regenerate new bruise thresholds from existing data.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Machine learning is a burgeoning technology with a vast range of potential applications particularly in agriculture where large amounts of data can be readily collected [1].  The main advantage of using a machine learning method in an application is that the models built for prediction can be viewed and understood by the owner of the data who is in a position to determine the usefulness of the model, an essential component in a commercial environment.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An evaluation of passage-level indexing strategies for a technical report archive
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Michael Williams
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Past research has shown that using evidence from document passages rather than complete documents is an effective way of improving the precision of full-text database searches.  However, passage-level indexing has yet to be widely adopted for commercial or online databases.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper reports on experiments designed to test the efficacy of passage-level indexing with a particular collection of a full-text online database, the New Zealand Digital Library.  Discourse passages and word-window passages are used for the indexing process.  Both ranked and Boolean searching are used to test the resulting indexes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Overlapping window passages are shown to offer the best retrieval performance with both ranked and Boolean queries.  Modifications may be necessary to the term weighting methodology in order to ensure optimal ranked query performance.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Managing multiple collections, multiple languages, and multiple media in a distributed digital library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ian H. Witten, Rodger McNab, Steve Jones, Sally Jo Cunningham, David Bainbridge, Mark Apperley
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Managing the organizational and software complexity of a comprehensive digital library presents a significant challenge.  Different library collections each have their own distinctive features.  Different presentation languages have structural implications such as left-to-right writing order and text-only interfaces for the visually impaired.  Different media involve different file formats, and-more importantly-radically different search strategies are required for non-textual media.  In a distributed library, new collections can appear asynchronously on servers in different parts of the world.  And as searching interfaces mature from the command-line era exemplified by current Web search engines into the age of reactive visual interfaces, experimental new interfaces must be developed, supported, and tested.  This paper describes our experience, gained from operating a substantial digital library service over several years, in solving these problems by designing an appropriate software architecture.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Experiences with a weighted decision tree learner
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+John G. Cleary, Leonard E. Trigg
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Machine learning algorithms for inferring decision trees typically choose a single &amp;ldquo;best&amp;rdquo; tree to describe the training data.  Recent research has shown that classification performance can be significantly improved by voting predictions of multiple, independently produced decision trees.  This paper describes an algorithm, OB1, that makes a weighted sum over many possible models.  We describe one instance of OB1, that includes &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;all&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; possible decision trees as well as naÃ¯ve Bayesian models.  OB1 is compared with a number of other decision tree and instance based learning alogrithms on some of the data sets from the UCI repository.  Both an information gain and an accuracy measure are used for the comparison.  On the information gain measure OB1 performs significantly better than all the other algorithms.  On the accuracy measure it is significantly better than all the algorithms except naÃ¯ve Bayes which performs comparably to OB1.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An entropy gain measure of numeric prediction performance
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Leonard Trigg
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Categorical classifier performance is typically evaluated with respect to error rate, expressed as a percentage of test instances that were not correctly classified.  When a classifier produces multiple classifications for a test instance, the prediction is counted as incorrect (even if the correct class was one of the predictions).  Although commonly used in the literature, error rate is a coarse measure of classifier performance, as it is based only on a single prediction offered for a test instance.  Since many classifiers can produce a class distribution as a prediction, we should use this to provide a better measure of how much information the classifier is extracting from the domain.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Numeric classifiers are a relatively new development in machine learning, and as such there is no single performance measure that has become standard.  Typically these machine learning schemes predict a single real number for each test instance, and the error between the predicted and actual value is used to calculate a myriad of performance measures such as correlation coefficient, root mean squared error, mean absolute error, relative absolute error, and root relative squared error.  With so many performance measures it is difficult to establish an overall performance evaluation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The next section describes a performance measure for machine learning schemes that attempts to overcome the problems with current measures.  In addition, the same evaluation measure is used for categorical and numeric classifier.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Proceedings of CBISE '98 CaiSE*98 Workshop on Component Based Information Systems Engineering
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Edited by John Grundy
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Component-based information systems development is an area of research and practice of increasing importance.  Information Systems developers have realised that traditional approaches to IS engineering produce monolithic, difficult to maintain, difficult to reuse systems.  In contrast, the use of software components, which embody data, functionality and well-specified and understood interfaces, makes interoperable, distributed and highly reusable IS components feasible.  Component-based approaches to IS engineering can be used at strategic and organisational levels, to model business processes and whole IS architectures, in development methods which utilise component-based models during analysis and design, and in system implementation.  Reusable components can allow end users to compose and configure their own Information Systems, possibly from a range of suppliers, and to more tightly couple their organisational workflows with their IS support.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This workshop proceedings contains a range of papers addressing one or more of the above issues relating to the use of component models for IS development.  All of these papers were refereed by at least two members of an international workshop committee comprising industry and academic researchers and users of component technologies.  Strategic uses of components are addressed in the first three papers, while the following three address uses of components for systems design and workflow management.  Systems development using components, and the provision of environments for component management are addressed in the following group of five papers.  The last three papers in this proceedings address component management and analysis techniques.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All of these papers provide new insights into the many  varied uses of component technology for IS engineering.  I hope you find them as interesting and useful as I have when collating this proceedings and organising the workshop.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An analysis of usage of a digital library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones, Sally Jo Cunningham, Rodger McNab
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+As experimental digital library testbeds gain wider acceptance and develop significant user bases, it becomes important to investigate the ways in which users interact with the systems in practice.  Transaction logs are one source of usage information, and the information on user behaviour can be culled from them both automatically (through calculation of summary statistics) and manually (by examining query strings for semantic clues on search motivations and searching strategy).  We conduct a transaction log analysis on user activity in the Computer Science Technical Reports Collection of the New Zealand Digital Library, and report insights gained and identify resulting search interface design issues.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Measuring ATM traffic: final report for New Zealand Telecom
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+John Cleary, Ian Graham, Murray Pearson, Tony McGregor
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The report describes the development of a low-cost ATM monitoring system, hosted by a standard PC.  The monitor can be used remotely returning information on ATM traffic flows to a central site.  The monitor is interfaces to a GPS timing receiver, which provides an absolute time accuracy of better than 1 usec.  By monitoring the same traffic flow at different points in a network it is possible to measure cell delay and delay variation in real time, and with existing traffic.  The monitoring system characterises cells by a CRC calculated over the cell payload, thus special measurement cells are not required.  Delays in both local area and wide-area networks have been measured using this system.  It is possible to measure delay in a network that is not end-to-end ATM, as long as some cells remain identical at the entry and exit points.  Examples are given of traffic and delay measurements in both wide and local area network systems, including delays measured over the Internet from Canada to New Zealand.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Despite its simplicity, the naÃ¯ve Bayes learning scheme performs well on most classification tasks, and is often significantly more accurate than more sophisticated methods.  Although the probability estimates that it produces can be inaccurate, it often assigns maximum probability to the correct class.  This suggests that its good performance might be restricted to situations where the output is categorical.  It is therefore interesting to see how it performs in domains where the predicted value is numeric, because in this case, predictions are more sensitive to inaccurate probability estimates.&amp;lt;P&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper shows how to apply the naÃ¯ve Bayes methodology to numeric prediction (i.e. regression) tasks, and compares it to linear regression, instance-based learning, and a method that produces &amp;ldquo;model trees&amp;rdquo;-decision trees with linear regression functions at the leaves.  Although we exhibit an artificial dataset for which naÃ¯ve Bayes is the method of choice, on real-world datasets it is almost uniformly worse than model trees.  The comparison with linear regression depends on the error measure: for one measure naÃ¯ve Bayes performs similarly, for another it is worse.  Compared to instance-based learning, it performs similarly with respect to both measures.  These results indicate that the simplistic statistical assumption that naÃ¯ve Bayes makes is indeed more restrictive for regression than for classification.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Link as you type: using key phrases for automated dynamic link generation
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When documents are collected together from diverse sources they are unlikely to contain useful hypertext links to support browsing amongst them.  For large collections of thousands of documents it is prohibitively resource intensive to manually insert links into each document.  Users of such collections may wish to relate documents within them to text that they are themselves generating.  This process, often involving keyword searching, distracts from the authoring process and results in material related to query terms but not necessarily to the author's document.  Query terms that are effective in one collection might not be so in another.  We have developed Phrasier, a system that integrates authoring (of text and hyperlinks), browsing, querying and reading in support of information retrieval activities.  Phrasier exploits key phrases which are automatically extracted from documents in a collection, and uses them as link anchors and to identify candidate destinations for hyperlinks.  This system suggests links into existing collections for purposes of authoring and retrieval of related information, creates links between documents in a collection and provides supportive document and link overviews.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/17
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Melody based tune retrieval over the World Wide Web
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+David Bainbridge, Rodger J. McNab, Lloyd A. Smith
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper we describe the steps taken to develop a Web-based version of an existing stand-alone, single-user digital library application for melodical searching of a collection of music.  For the three key components: input, searching, and output, we assess the suitability of various Web-based strategies that deal with the now distributed software architecture and explain the decisions we made.  The resulting melody indexing service, known as MELDEX, has been in operation for one year, and the feed-back we have received has been favorable.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+98/18
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Making oral history accessible over the World Wide Web
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+David Bainbridge, Sally Jo Cunningham
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We describe a multimedia, WWW-based oral history collection constructed from off-the-shelf or publicly available software.  The source materials for the collection include audio tapes of interviews and summary transcripts of each interview, as well as photographs illustrating episodes mentioned in the tapes.  Sections of the transcripts are manually matched to associated segments of the tapes, and the tapes are digitized.  Users search a full-text retrieval system based on the text transcripts to retrieve relevant transcript sections and their associated audio recordings and photographs.  It is also possible to search for photos by matching text queries against text descriptions of the photos in the collection, where the located photos link back to their respective interview transcript and audio recordings.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;1997&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A dynamic and flexible representation of social relationships in CSCW
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones, Steve Marsh
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+CSCW system designers lack effective support in addressing the social issues and interpersonal relationships which are linked with the use of CSCW systems.  We present a formal description of trust to support CSCW system designers in considering the social aspects of group work, embedding those considerations in systems and analysing computer supported group processes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We argue that trust is a critical aspect in group work, and describe what we consider to be the building blocks of trust.  We then present a formal notation for the building blocks, their use in reasoning about social interactions and how they are amended over time.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We then consider how the formalism may be used in practice, and present some insights from initial analysis of the behaviour of the formalism.  This is followed by a description of possible amendments and extensions to the formalism.  We conclude that it is possible to formalise a notion of trust and to model the formalisation by a computational mechanism.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Design issues for World Wide Web navigation visualisation tools
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Andy Cockburn, Steve Jones
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The World Wide Web (WWW) is a successful hypermedia information space used by millions of people, yet it suffers from many deficiencies and problems in support for navigation around its vast information space.  In this paper we identify the origins of these navigation problems, namely WWW browser design, WWW page design, and WWW page description languages.  Regardless of their origins, these problems are eventually represented to the user at the browser's user interface.  To help overcome these problems, many tools are being developed which allow users to visualise WWW subspaces.  We identify five key issues in the design and functionality of these visualisation systems: characteristics of the visual representation, the scope of the subspace representation, the mechanisms for generating the visualisation, the degree of browser independence, and the navigation support facilities.  We provide a critical review of the diverse range of WWW visualisation tools with respect to these issues.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stacked generalization:  when does it work?
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stacked generalization is a general method of using a high-level model to combine lower-level models to achieve greater predictive accuracy.  In this paper we address two crucial issues which have been considered to be a 'black art' in classification tasks ever since the introduction of stacked generalization in 1992 by Wolpert: the type of generalizer that is suitable to derive the higher-level model, and the kind of attributes that should be used as its input. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We demonstrate the effectiveness of stacked generalization for combining three different types of learning algorithms, and also for combining models of the same type derived from a single learning algorithm in a multiple-data-batches scenario.  We also compare the performance of stacked generalization with published results arcing and bagging.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Browsing in digital libraries:  a phrase-based approach
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Craig Nevill-Manning, Ian H. Witten, Gordon W. Paynter
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A key question for digital libraries is this: how should one go about becoming familiar with a digital collection, as opposed to a physical one?  Digital collections generally present an appearance which is extremely opaque-a screen, typically a Web page, with no indication of what, or how much, lies beyond: whether a carefully-selected collection or a morass of worthless ephemera; whether half a dozen documents or many millions.  At least physical collections occupy physical space, present a physical appearance, and exhibit tangible physical organization.  When standing on the threshold of a large library one gains a sense of presence and permanence that reflects the care taken in building and maintaining the collection inside.  No-one could confuse it with a dung-heap!  Yet in the digital world the difference is not so palpable.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A graphical notation for the design of information visualisations
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Matthew C. Humphrey
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Visualisations are coherent, graphical expressions of complex information that enhance people's ability to communicate and reason about that information.  Yet despite the importance of visualisations in helping people to understand and solve a wide variety of problems, there is a dearth of formal tools and methods for discussing, describing and designing them.  Although simple visualisations, such as bar charts and scatterplots, are easily produced by modern interactive software, novel visualisations of multivariate, multirelational data must be expressed in a programming language.  The Relational Visualisation Notation is a new, graphical language for designing such highly expressive visualisations that does not use programming constructs.  Instead, the notation is based on relational algebra, which is widely used in database query languages, and it is supported by a suite of direct manipulation tools.  This article presents the notation and examines the designs of some interesting visualisations.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Applications of machine learning in information retrieval
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sally Jo Cunningham, James Littin, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Information retrieval systems provide access to collections of thousands, or millions, of documents, from which, by providing an appropriate description, users can recover any one.  Typically, users iteratively refine the descriptions they provide to satisfy their needs, and retrieval systems can utilize user feedback on selected documents to indicate the accuracy of the description at any stage.  The style of description required from the user, and the way it is employed to search the document database, are consequences of the indexing method used for the collection.  The index may take different forms, from storing keywords with links to individual documents, to clustering documents under related topics.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Computer concepts without computers:  a first course in computer science
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes, Tony C. Smith, William J. Rogers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+While some institutions seek to make CS1 curricula more enjoyable by incorporating specialised educational software [1] or by setting more enjoyable programming assignments [2], we have joined the growing number of Computer Science departments that seek to improve the quality of the CS1 experience by focusing student attention away from the computer monitor [3,4].  Sophisticated computing concepts usually reserved for senior level courses are presented in a &amp;lt;I&amp;gt;popular science&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt; manner, and given equal time alongside the essential introductory programming material.  By exposing students to a broad range of specific computational problems we endeavour to make the introductory course more interesting and enjoyable, and instil in students a sense of vision for areas they might specialise in as computing majors.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A sight-singing tutor
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lloyd A. Smith, Rodger J. McNab
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes a computer program designed to aid its users in learning to sight-sing.  Sight-singing-the ability to sing music from a score without prior study-is an important skill for musicians and holds a central place in most university music curricula.  Its importance to vocalists is obvious; it is also an important skill for instrumentalists and conductors because it develops the aural imagination necessary to judge how the music should sound, when played (Benward and Carr 1991).  Furthermore, it is an important skill for amateur musicians, who can save a great deal of rehearsal time through an ability to sing music at sight.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Stacking bagged and dagged models
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, I.H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this paper, we investigate the method of &lt;i&gt;stacked generalization&lt;/i&gt; in combining models derived from different subsets of a training dataset by a single learning algorithm, as well as different algorithms.  The simplest way to combine predictions from competing models is majority vote, and the effect of the sampling regime used to generate training subsets has already been studied in this context-when bootstrap samples are used the method is called &lt;i&gt;bagging&lt;/i&gt;, and for disjoint samples we call it &lt;i&gt;dagging&lt;/i&gt;.  This paper extends these studies to stacked generalization, where a learning algorithm is employed to combine the models.  This yields new methods dubbed &lt;i&gt;bag-stacking&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;dag-stacking&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We demonstrate that bag-stacking and dag-stacking can be effective for classification tasks even when the training samples cover just a small fraction of the full dataset.  In contrast to earlier bagging results, we show that bagging and bag-stacking work for stable as well as unstable learning algorithms, as do dagging and dag-stacking.  We find that bag-stacking (dag-stacking) almost always has higher predictive accuracy than bagging (dagging), and we also show that bag-stacking models derived using two different algorithms is more effective than bagging.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Extracting text from Postscript
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Craig Nevill-Manning, Todd Reed, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We show how to extract plain text from PostScript files. A textual scan is inadequate because PostScript interpreters can generate characters on the page that do not appear in the source file. Furthermore, word and line breaks are implicit in the graphical rendition, and must be inferred from the positioning of word fragments. We present a robust technique for extracting text and recognizing words and paragraphs. The method uses a standard PostScript interpreter but redefines several PostScript operators, and simple heuristics are employed to locate word and line breaks. The scheme has been used to create a full-text index, and plain-text versions, of 40,000 technical reports (34 Gbyte of PostScript). Other text-extraction systems are reviewed: none offer the same combination of robustness and simplicity.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Gathering and indexing rich fragments of the World Wide Web
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes, William J Rogers
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+While the World Wide Web (WWW) is an attractive option as a resource for teaching and research it does have some undesirable features. The cost of allowing students unlimited access can be high-both in money and time; students may become addicted to 'surfing' the web-exploring purely for entertainment-and jeopardise their studies. Students are likely to discover undesirable material because large scale search engines index sites regardless of their merit. Finally, the explosive growth of WWW usage means that servers and networks are often overloaded, to the extent that a student may gain a very negative view of the technology.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We have developed a piece of software which attempts to address these issues by capturing rich fragments of the WWW onto local storage media. It is possible to put a collection onto CD ROM, providing portability and inexpensive storage. This enables the presentation of the WWW to distance learning students, who do not have internet access. The software interfaces to standard, commonly available web browsers, acting as a proxy server to the files stored on the local media, and provides a search engine giving full text searching capability within the collection.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Using model trees for classification
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Eibe Frank, Yong Wang, Stuart Inglis, Geoffrey Holmes, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Model trees, which are a type of decision tree with linear regression functions at the leaves, form the basis of a recent successful technique for predicting continuous numeric values.  They can be applied to classification problems by employing a standard method of transforming a classification problem into a problem of function approximation.  Surprisingly, using this simple transformation the model tree inducer M5', based on Quinlan's M5, generates more accurate classifiers than the state-of-the-art decision tree learner C5.0, particularly when most of the attributes are numeric.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Discovering inter-attribute relationships
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Geoffrey Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+It is important to discover relationships between attributes being used to predict a class attribute in supervised learning situations for two reasons.  First, any such relationship will be potentially interesting to the provider of a dataset in its own right.  Second, it would simplify a learning algorithm's search space, and the related irrelevant feature and subset selection problem, if the relationships were removed from datasets ahead of learning.  An algorithm to discover such relationships is presented in this paper.  The algorithm is described and a surprising number of inter-attribute relationships are discovered in datasets from the University of California at Irvine (UCI) repository.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Learning from batched data:  model combination vs data combination
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting, Boon Toh Low, Ian H. Witten
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When presented with multiple batches of data, one can either combine them into a single batch before applying a machine learning procedure or learn from each batch independently and combine the resulting models.  The former procedure, data combination, is straightforward; this paper investigates the latter, model combination.  Given an appropriate combination method, one might expect model combination to prove superior when the data in each batch was obtained under somewhat different conditions or when different learning algorithms were used on the batches.  Empirical results show that model combination often outperforms data combination even when the batches are drawn randomly from a single source of data and the same learning method is used on each.  Moreover, this is not just an artifact of one particular method of combining models: it occurs with several different combination methods.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We relate this phenomenon to the learning curve of the classifiers being used.  Early in the learning process when the learning curve is steep there is much to gain from data combination, but later when it becomes shallow there is less to gain and model combination achieves a greater reduction in variance and hence a lower error rate.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The practical implication of these results is that one should consider using model combination rather than data combination, especially when multiple batches of data for the same task are readily available.  It is often superior even when the batches are drawn randomly from a single sample, and we expect its advantage to increase if genuine statistical differences between the batches exist.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Information seeking retrieval, reading and storing behaviour of library users
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Turner K.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In the interest of digital libraries, it is advisable that designers be aware of the potential behaviour of the users of such a system.  There are two distinct parts under investigation, the interaction between traditional libraries involving the seeking and retrieval of relevant material, and the reading and storage behaviours ensuing. Through this analysis, the findings could be incorporated into digital library facilities. There has been copious amounts of research on information seeking leading to the development of behavioural models to describe the process. Often research on the information seeking practices of individuals is based on the task and field of study. The information seeking model, presented by Ellis et al. (1993), characterises the format of this study where it is used to compare various research on the information seeking practices of groups of people (from academics to professionals). It is found that, although researchers do make use of library facilities, they tend to rely heavily on their own collections and primarily use the library as a source for previously identified information, browsing and interloan. It was found that there are significant differences in user behaviour between the groups analysed. When looking at the reading and storage of material it was hard to draw conclusions, due to the lack of substantial research and information on the topic. However, through the use of reading strategies, a general idea on how readers behave can be developed. Designers of digital libraries can benefit from the guidelines presented here to better understand their audience.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Proceeding of the INTERACT97 Combined Workshop on CSCW in HCI-Worldwide
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Matthias Rauterberg, Lars Oestreicher, John Grundy
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This is the proceedings for the INTERACT97 combined workshop on &amp;ldquo;CSCW in HCI-worldwide&amp;rdquo;.  The position papers in this proceedings are those selected from topics relating to HCI community development worldwide and to CSCW issues.  Originally these were to be two separate INTERACT workshops, but were combined to ensure sufficient participation for a combined workshop to run.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The combined workshop has been split into two separate sessions to run in the morning of July 15&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;, Sydney, Australia.  One to discuss the issues relating to the position papers focusing on general CSCW systems, the other to the development of HCI communities in a worldwide context.  The CSCW session uses as a case study a proposed groupware tool for facilitating the development of an HCI database with a worldwide geographical distribution.  The HCI community session focuses on developing the content for such a database, in order for it to foster the continued development of HCI communities.  The afternoon session of the combined workshop involves a joint discussion of the case study groupware tool, in terms of its content and likely groupware facilities.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The position papers have been grouped into those focusing on HCI communities and hence content issues for a groupware database, and those focusing on CSCW and groupware issues, and hence likely groupware support in the proposed HCI database/collaboration tools.  We hope that you find the position papers in this proceedings offer a wide range of interesting reports of HCI community development worldwide, leading CSCW system research, and that a groupware tool supporting aspects of a worldwide HCI database can draw upon the varied work reported.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/17
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Internationalising a spreadsheet for Pacific Basin languages
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Robert Barbour, Alvin Yeo
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+As people trade and engage in commerce, an economically dominant culture tends to migrate language into other recently contacted cultures.  Information technology (IT) can accelerate enculturation and promote the expansion of western hegemony in IT.  Equally, IT can present a culturally appropriate interface to the user that promotes the preservation of culture and language with very little additional effort.  In this paper a spreadsheet is internationalised to accept languages from the Latin-1 character set such as English, Maori and Bahasa Melayu (Malaysia's national language).  A technique that allows a non-programmer to add a new language to the spreadsheet is described.  The technique could also be used to internationalise other software at the point of design by following the steps we outline.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/18
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Localising a spreadsheet:  an Iban example
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Presently, there is little localisation of software to smaller cultures if it is not economically viable.  We believe software should also be localised to the languages of small cultures in order to sustain and preserve these small cultures.  As an example, we localised a spreadsheet from English to Iban.  The process in which we carried out the localisation can be used as a framework for the localisation of software to languages of small ethnic minorities.  Some problems faced during the localisation process are also discussed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/19
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Strategies of internationalisation and localisation: a postmodernist/s perspective
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many software companies today are developing software not only for local consumption but for the rest of the world.  We introduce the concepts of internationalisation and localisation and discuss some techniques using these processes.  An examination of postmodern critique with respect to the software industry is also reported.  In addition, we also feature our proposed internationalisation technique that was inspired by taking into account the researches of postmodern philosophers and mathematicians.  As illustrated in our prototype, the technique empowers non-programmers to localise their own software.  Further development of the technique and its implications on user interfaces and the future of software internationalisation and localisation are discussed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/20
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Language use in software
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Many of the popular software we use today are in English.  Very few software applications are available in minority languages.  Besides economic goals, we justify why software should be made available to smaller cultures.  Furthermore, there is evidence that people learn and progress faster in software in their mother tongue (Griffiths et at, 1994) (Krock, 1996).  We hypothesise that experienced users of English spreadsheet can easily migrate to a spreadsheet in their native tongue i.e. Bahasa Melayu (Malaysia's national language).  Observations made in the study suggest that the native speakers of Bahasa Melayu had difficulties with the Bahasa Melayu interface.  The subjects' main difficulty was their unfamiliarity with computing terminology in Bahasa Melayu.  We present possible strategies to increase the use of Bahasa Melayu in IT.  These strategies may also be used to promote the use of other minority languages in IT.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/21
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Usability testing:  a Malaysian study
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alvin Yeo, Robert Barbour, Mark Apperley
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An exploratory study of software assessment techniques is conducted in Malaysia.  Subjects in the study comprised staff members of a Malaysian university with a high Information Technology (IT) presence.  The subjects assessed a spreadsheet tool with a Bahasa Melayu (Malaysia's national language) interface.  Software evaluation techniques used include the think aloud method, interviews and the System Usability Scale.  The responses in the various techniques used are reported and initial results indicate idiosyncratic behaviour of Malaysian subjects.  The implications of the findings are also discussed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/22
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Inducing cost-sensitive trees via instance-weighting
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Kai Ming Ting
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We introduce an instance-weighting method to induce cost-sensitive trees in this paper.  It is a generalization of the standard tree induction process where only the initial instance weights determine the type of tree (i.e., minimum error trees or minimum cost trees) to be induced.  We demonstrate that it can be easily adopted to an existing tree learning algorithm.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Previous research gave insufficient evidence to support the fact that the greedy divide-and-conquer algorithm can effectively induce a truly cost-sensitive tree directly from the training data.  We provide this empirical evidence in this paper.  The algorithm employing the instance-weighting method is found to be comparable to or better than both C4.5 and C5 in terms of total misclassification costs, tree size and the number of high cost errors.  The instance-weighting method is also simpler and more effective in implementation than a method based on altered priors.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/23
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Fast convergence with a greedy tag-phrase dictionary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ross Peeters, Tony C. Smith
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The best general-purpose compression schemes make their gains by estimating a probability distribution over all possible next symbols given the context established by some number of previous symbols.  Such context models typically obtain good compression results for plain text by taking advantage of regularities in character sequences.  Frequent words and syllables can be incorporated into the model quickly and thereafter used for reasonably accurate prediction.  However, the precise context in which frequent patterns emerge is often extremely varied, and each new word or phrase immediately introduces new contexts which can adversely affect the compression rate
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A great deal of the structural regularity in a natural language is given rather more by properties of its grammar than by the orthographic transcription of its phonology.  This implies that access to a grammatical abstraction might lead to good compression.  While grammatical models have been used successfully for compressing computer programs [4], grammar-based compression of plain text has received little attention, primarily because of the difficulties associated with constructing a suitable natural language grammar.  But even without a precise formulation of the syntax of a language, there is a linguistic abstraction which is easily accessed and which demonstrates a high degree of regularity which can be exploited for compression purposes-namely, lexical categories.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/24
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Tag based models of English text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W. J. Teahan, John G. Cleary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The problem of compressing English text is important both because of the ubiquity of English as a target for compression and because of the light that compression can shed on the structure of English.  English text is examined in conjunction with additional information about the parts of speech of each word in the text (these are referred to as &amp;ldquo;tags&amp;rdquo;).  It is shown that the tags plus the text can be compressed more than the text alone.  Essentially the tags can be compressed for nothing or even a small net saving in size.  A comparison is made of a number of different ways of integrating compression of tags and text using an escape mechanism similar to PPM.  These are also compared with standard word based and character based compression programs.  The result is that the tag character and word based schemes always outperform the character based schemes.  Overall, the tag based schemes outperform the word based schemes.  We conclude by conjecturing that tags chosen for compression rather than linguistic purposes would perform even better.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/25
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Musical image compression
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+David Bainbridge, Stuart Inglis
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Optical music recognition aims to convert the vast repositories of sheet music in the world into an on-line digital format [Bai97].  In the near future it will be possible to assimilate music into digital libraries and users will be able to perform searches based on a sung melody in addition to typical text-based searching [MSW+96].  An important requirement for such a system is the ability to reproduce the original score as accurately as possible.  Due to the huge amount of sheet music available, the efficient storage of musical images is an important topic of study.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper investigates whether the &amp;ldquo;knowledge&amp;rdquo; extracted from the optical music recognition (OMR) process can be exploited to gain higher compression than the JBIG international standard for bi-level image compression.  We present a hybrid approach where the primitive shapes of music extracted by the optical music recognition process-note heads, note stems, staff lines and so forth-are fed into a graphical symbol based compression scheme originally designed for images containing mainly printed text.  Using this hybrid approach the average compression rate for a single page is improved by 3.5% over JBIG.  When multiple pages with similar typography are processed in sequence, the file size is decreased by 4-8%.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Section 2 presents the relevant background to both optical music recognition and textual image compression.  Section 3 describes the experiments performed on 66 test images, outlining the combinations of parameters that were examined to give the best results.  The initial results and refinements are presented in Section 4, and we conclude in the last section by summarizing the findings of this work.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/26
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Correcting English text using PPM models
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W. J. Teahan, S. Inglis, J. G. Cleary, G. Holmes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An essential component of many applications in natural language processing is a language modeler able to correct errors in the text being processed.  For optical character recognition (OCR), poor scanning quality or extraneous pixels in the image may cause one or more characters to be mis-recognized; while for spelling correction, two characters may be transposed, or a character may be inadvertently inserted or missed out. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes a method for correcting English text using a PPM model.  A method that segments words in English text is introduced and is shown to be a significant improvement over previously used methods.  A similar technique is also applied as a post-processing stage after pages have been recognized by a state-of-the-art commercial OCR system.  We show that the accuracy of the OCR system can be increased from 95.9% to 96.6%, a decrease of about 10 errors per page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/27
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Constraints on parallelism beyond 10 instructions per cycle
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+John G. Cleary, Richard H. Littin, J. A. David McWha, Murray W. Pearson
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The problem of extracting Instruction Level Parallelism at levels of 10 instructions per clock and higher is considered.  Two different architectures which use speculation on memory accesses to achieve this level of performance are reviewed.  It is pointed out that while this form of speculation gives high potential parallelism it is necessary to retain execution state so that incorrect speculation can be detected and subsequently squashed.  Simulation results show that the space to store such state is a critical resource in obtaining good speedup.  To make good use of the space it is essential that state be stored efficiently and that it be retired as soon as possible.  A number of techniques for extracting the best usage from the available state storage are introduced.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/28
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Effects of re-ordered memory operations on parallelism
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Richard H. Littin, John G. Cleary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The performance effect of permitting different memory operations to be re-ordered is examined.  The available parallelism is computed using a machine code simulator.  A range of possible restrictions on the re-ordering of memory operations is considered: from the purely sequential case where no re-ordering is permitted; to the completely permissive one where memory operations may occur in any order so that the parallelism is restricted only by data dependencies.  A general conclusion is drawn that to reliably obtain parallelism beyond 10 instructions per clock will require an ability to re-order all memory instructions.  A brief description of a feasible architecture capable of this is given.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -0.14mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/29
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+OZCHI'96 Industry Session:  Sixth Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Edited by Chris Phillips, Janis McKauge
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The idea for a specific industry session at OZCHI was first mooted at the 1995 conference in Wollongong, during questions following a session of short papers which happened (serendipitously) to be presented by people from industry.  An animated discussion took place, most of which was about how OZCHI could be made more relevant to people in industry, be it working as usability consultants, or working within organisations either as usability professionals or as `champions of the cause'.  The discussion raised more questions than answers, about the format of such as session, about the challenges of attracting industry participation, and about the best way of publishing the results.  Although no real solutions were arrived at, it was enough to place an industry session on the agenda for OZCHI'96.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/30
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Adaptive models of English text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+W. J. Teahan, John G. Cleary
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+High quality models of English text with performance approaching that of humans is important for many applications including spelling correction, speech recognition, OCR, and encryption.  A number of different statistical models of English are compared with each other and with previous estimates from human subjects.  It is concluded that the best current models are word based with part of speech tags.  Given sufficient training text, they are able to attain performance comparable to humans.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+97/31
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A graphical user interface for Boolean query specification
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Steve Jones, Shona McInnes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+On-line information repositories commonly provide keyword search facilities via textual query languages based on Boolean logic.  However, there is evidence to suggest that the syntactical demands of such languages can lead to user errors and adversely affect the time that it takes users to form queries.  Users also face difficulties because of the conflict in semantics between AND and OR when used in Boolean logic and English language.  We suggest that graphical query languages, in particular Venn-like diagrams, can alleviate the problems that users experience when forming Boolean expressions with textual languages.  We describe Vquery, a Venn-diagram based user interface to the New Zealand Digital Library (NZDL).  The design of Vquery has been partly motivated by analysis of NZDL usage.  We found that few queries contain more than three terms, use of the intersection operator dominates and that query refinement is common.  A study of the utility of Venn diagrams for query specification indicates that with little or no training users can interpret and form Venn-like diagrams which accurately correspond to Boolean expressions.  The utility of Vquery is considered and directions for future work are proposed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASHeaa2/9d2e0811.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASHeaa2/9d2e0811.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASHeaa2/9d2e0811.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,2213 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Greenstone: A Comprehensive Open-Source</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215328/word03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215328/word03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/word03.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215328/word03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">word03.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">word03.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">word03.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">414720</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">word03</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ian H. Witten</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Rodger J. McNab</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Stefan J. Boddie</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">David Bainbridge</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">Greenstone: A comprehensive open-source digital library software system</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHeaa29d2e081149673150f3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215328</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHeaa2/9d2e0811.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word030.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word031.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word032.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word033.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word034.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word035.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Greenstone:  A Comprehensive Open-Source Digital Library Software System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.74mm 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Ian H. Witten,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; Rodger J. McNab,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;dagger;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; Stefan J. Boddie,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; David Bainbridge&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;98.51%&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;2&quot; rows=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.57%&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Dept of Computer Science
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+University of Waikato, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+E-mail:  {ihw, sjboddie, davidb}@cs.waikato.ac.nz 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;53.43%&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;sup&gt;&amp;dagger; &lt;/sup&gt;Digilib Systems
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+E-mail:  rodger@digilibs.com
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.49mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper describes the Greenstone digital library software, a comprehensive, open-source system for the construction and presentation of information collections. Collections built with Greenstone offer effective full-text searching and metadata-based browsing facilities that are attractive and easy to use. Moreover, they are easily maintainable and can be augmented and rebuilt entirely automatically. The system is extensible: software &amp;ldquo;plugins&amp;rdquo; accommodate different document and metadata types.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Notwithstanding intense research activity in the digital library field during the second half of the 1990s, comprehensive software systems for creating digital libraries are not widely available. In fact, the usual solution when creating a digital library is also the most obvious&amp;mdash;just put it on the Web. But consider how much effort is involved in constructing a Web site for a digital library. To be effective it needs to be visually attractive and ergonomically easy to use, incorporate convenient and powerful searching capabilities, and offer rich and natural browsing facilities. Above all it must be easy to maintain and augment, which presents a significant challenge if any manual organization is involved. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The alternative is to automate these activities through software tools. But the broad scope of digital library requirements makes this a daunting prospect. Ideally the software should incorporate facilities ranging from multilingual information retrieval to distributed computing protocols, from interoperability to search engine technology, from metadata standards to multiformat document parsing, from multimedia to multiple operating systems, from Web browsers to plug-and-play DVDs. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Digital Library Software from the New Zealand Digital Library (NZDL) project tackles this issue by providing a new way of organizing information and making it available over the Internet. A &lt;i&gt;collection&lt;/i&gt; of information comprises several (typically several thousand, or several million) &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, and a uniform interface is provided to all documents in a collection. A library may include many different collections, each organized differently&amp;mdash;though there is a strong family resemblance in how collections are presented.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Making information available using this system is far more than &amp;ldquo;just putting it on the Web.&amp;rdquo; The collection becomes maintainable, searchable, and browsable. Each collection, prior to presentation, undergoes a &amp;ldquo;building&amp;rdquo; process that, once established, is completely automatic. This process creates all the structures that are used at run-time for accessing the collection. Searching is based on various indexes, while browsing is based on various metadata; support structures for both are created during the building operation. When new material appears it can be fully incorporated into the collection by rebuilding.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To address the exceptionally broad demands of digital libraries, the system is public and extensible. It is issued under the Gnu public license and, in the spirit of open-source software, users are invited to contribute modifications and enhancements. Only through an international cooperative effort will digital library software become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the world's needs. Currently the Greenstone software is used at sites in Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Romania, UK, and the US, and collections range from newspaper articles to technical documents, from educational journals to oral history, from visual art to folksongs. The software has been used for collections in many different languages, and for CD-ROMs that have been published by the United Nations and other humanitarian agencies in Belgium, France, Japan, and the US for distribution in developing countries (Humanity Libraries, 1998; PAHO, 1999; UNESCO, 1999; UNU, 1998). Further details can be obtained from &lt;i&gt;www.nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;740&quot; height=&quot;658&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word030.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Searching the HDL collection&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This paper sets the scene with a brief discussion of what a digital library is. We then give an overview of the facilities offered by Greenstone and show how end users find information in collections. Next we describe the files and directories involved in a collection, and then discuss the processes of updating existing collections and creating new ones, including extending the software to provide new facilities. We conclude with an overview of related work.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;What is a digital library?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Ten definitions of the term &amp;ldquo;digital library&amp;rdquo; have been culled from the literature by Fox (1998), and their spirit is captured in the following brief characterization: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 7.55mm 0.00mm 7.81mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;A collection of digital objects, including text, video, and audio, along with methods for access and retrieval, and for selection, organization and maintenance of the collection&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(Akscyn and Witten, 1998). Lesk (1998) views digital libraries as &amp;ldquo;organized collections of digital information,&amp;rdquo; and wisely recommends that they articulate the principles governing what is included and how the collection is organized.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Digital libraries are generally distinguished from the World-Wide Web, the essential difference being in selection and organization. But they are not generally distinguished from a web &lt;i&gt;site&lt;/i&gt;: indeed, virtually all extant digital libraries manifest themselves as a web site. Hence the obvious question: to make a digital library, why not just put the information on the Web? 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+But we make a distinction between a digital library and a web site that lies at the heart of our software design: one should easily be able to add new material to a library without having to integrate it manually or edit its content in any way. Once added, new material should immediately become a first-class component of the library. And what permits it to be integrated into existing searching and browsing structures without any manual intervention is &lt;i&gt;metadata&lt;/i&gt;. This provides sufficient focus to the concept of &amp;ldquo;digital library&amp;rdquo; to support the development of a construction kit.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Overview of Greenstone&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Information collections built by Greenstone combine extensive full-text search facilities with browsing indexes based on different metadata types. There are several ways for users to find information, although they differ between collections depending on the metadata available and the collection design. Typically you can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text, or within a section of a document, or within a title or section heading. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by title&lt;/i&gt;: just click on the displayed book icon to read it. You can &lt;i&gt;browse documents by subject&lt;/i&gt;. Subjects are represented by bookshelves: just click on a shelf to see the books. Where appropriate, documents come complete with a table of contents (constructed automatically): you can click on a chapter or subsection to open it, expand the full table of contents, or expand the full document. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An example of searching is shown in Figure 1 where documents in the Global Help Project's Humanity Development Library (HDL) are being searched for chapters matching the word &lt;i&gt;butterfly&lt;/i&gt;. In Figure 2 the same collection is being browsed by subject: by clicking on the bookshelf icons the user has discovered an item under Section 16, Animal Husbandry. Pursuing an interest in butterfly farming, the user selects a book by clicking on its book icon. In Figure 3 the front cover of the book is displayed as a graphic on the left, and the automatically constructed table of contents appears at the start of the document. The current focus, &lt;i&gt;Introduction and Summary&lt;/i&gt;, is shown in bold in the table of contents with its text starting further down the page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In accordance with Lesk's advice, a statement of purpose and coverage accompanies each collection, along with an explanation of how it is organized (Figure 1 shows the start of this). A distinction is made between &lt;i&gt;searching&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;browsing&lt;/i&gt;. Searching is full-text, and&amp;mdash;depending on the collection's design&amp;mdash;the user can choose between indexes built from different parts of the documents, or from different metadata. Some collections have an index of full documents, an index of sections, an index of paragraphs, an index of titles, and an index of section headings, each of which can be searched for particular words or phrases. Browsing involves data structures created from metadata that the user can examine: lists of authors, lists of titles, lists of dates, hierarchical classification structures, and so on. Data structures for both browsing and searching are built according to instructions in a configuration file, which controls both building and serving the collection. Sample configuration files are discussed below.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;740&quot; height=&quot;658&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word031.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Browsing the HDL collection by subject&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Rich browsing facilities can be provided by manually linking parts of documents together and building explicit indexes and tables of contents. However, manually-created linking becomes difficult to maintain, and often falls into disrepair when a collection expands. The Greenstone software takes a different tack: it facilitates &lt;i&gt;maintainability&lt;/i&gt; by creating all searching and browsing structures automatically from the documents themselves. No links are inserted by hand. This means that when new documents in the same format become available, they can be added automatically. Indeed, for some collections this is done by processes that wake up regularly, scout for new material, and rebuild the indexes&amp;mdash;all without manual intervention.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Collections comprise many documents: thousands, tens of thousands, or even millions. Each document may be hierarchically organized into &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt; (subsections, sub-subsections, and so on). Each section comprises one or more &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;. Metadata such as author, title, date, keywords, and so on, may be associated with documents, or with individual sections of documents. This is the raw material for indexes. It must either be provided explicitly for each document and section (for example, in an accompanying spreadsheet) or be derivable automatically from the source documents. Metadata is converted to Dublin Core and stored with the document for internal use.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In order to accommodate different kinds of source documents, the software is organized so that &amp;ldquo;plugins&amp;rdquo; can be written for new document types. Plugins exist for plain text documents, HTML documents, email documents, and bibliographic formats. Word documents are handled by saving them as HTML; PostScript ones by applying a preprocessor (Nevill-Manning &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1998). Specially written plugins also exist for proprietary formats such as that used by the BBC archives department. A collection may have source documents in different forms: it is just a matter of specifying all the necessary plugins. In order to build browsing indexes from metadata, an analogous scheme of &amp;ldquo;classifiers&amp;rdquo; is used: classifiers create indexes of various kinds based on metadata. Source documents are brought into the Greenstone system through a process called &lt;i&gt;importing&lt;/i&gt;, which uses the plugins and classifiers specified in the collection configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The international Unicode character set is used throughout, so documents&amp;mdash;and interfaces&amp;mdash;can be written in any language. Collections have so far been produced in English, French, Spanish, German, Maori, Chinese, and Arabic. The NZDL Web site provides numerous examples. Collections can contain text, pictures, and even audio and video clips; a text-only version of the interface is also provided to accommodate visually impaired users. Compression technology is used to ensure best use of storage (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., 1999). Most non-textual material is either linked to textual documents or accompanied by textual descriptions (such as photo captions) to allow full-text searching and browsing. However, the architecture permits the implementation of plugins and classifiers even for non-textual data.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The system includes an &amp;ldquo;administrative&amp;rdquo; function whereby specified users can examine the composition of all collections, protect documents so that they can only be accessed by registered users on presentation of a password, and so on. Logs of user activity are kept that record all queries made to every Greenstone collection (though this facility can be disabled).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Although primarily designed for Internet access over the World-Wide Web, collections can be made available, in precisely the same form, on CD-ROM. In either case they are accessed through any Web browser. Greenstone CD-ROMs operate on a standalone PC under Windows 3.X, 95, 98, and NT, and the interaction is identical to accessing the collection on the Web&amp;mdash;except that response is faster and more predictable. The requirement to operate on early Windows systems is one that plagues the software design, but is crucial for many users&amp;mdash;particularly those in underdeveloped countries seeking access to humanitarian aid collections. If the PC is connected to a network (intranet or Internet), a custom-built Web server provided on each CD makes exactly the same information available to others through their standard Web browser. The use of compression ensures that the greatest possible volume of information can be packed on to a CD-ROM.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The collection-serving software operates under Unix and Windows NT, and works with standard Web servers. A flexible process structure allows different collections to be served by different computers, yet be presented to the user in the same way, on the same Web page, as part of the same digital library, even as part of the same collection (McNab and Witten, 1998). Existing collections can be updated and new ones brought on-line at any time, without bringing the system down; the process responsible for the user interface will notice (through periodic polling) when new collections appear and add them to the list presented to the user. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;760&quot; height=&quot;662&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word032.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Reading a book in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Finding information &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone digital library systems generally include several separate collections. A home page allows you to select a collection; in addition, each collection has its own &amp;ldquo;about&amp;rdquo; page that gives you information about how the collection is organized and the principles governing what is included.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All icons in the screenshots of Figures 1-4 are clickable. Those icons at the top of the page return to the home page, provide help text, and allow you to set user interface and searching preferences. The navigation bar underneath gives access to the searching and browsing facilities, which differ from one collection to another. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Each of the five buttons provides a different way to find information. You can &lt;i&gt;search for particular words&lt;/i&gt; that appear in the text from the &amp;ldquo;search&amp;rdquo; page (or from the &amp;ldquo;about&amp;rdquo; page of Figure 1). This collection contains indexes of chapters, section titles, and entire books. The default search interface is a simple one, suitable for casual users; advanced searching&amp;mdash;which allows full Boolean expressions, phrase searching, case and stemming control&amp;mdash;can be enabled from the &lt;i&gt;Preferences&lt;/i&gt; page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This collection has four browsable metadata indexes. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by subject&lt;/i&gt; by clicking the &lt;i&gt;subjects&lt;/i&gt; button, which brings up a list of subjects, represented by bookshelves (Figure 2). You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by title&lt;/i&gt; by clicking &lt;i&gt;titles a-z&lt;/i&gt; (Figure 4), which brings up a list of books in alphabetic order. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by organization&lt;/i&gt; (i.e. Dublin Core &amp;ldquo;publisher&amp;rdquo;), bringing up a list of organizations. You can &lt;i&gt;access publications by &amp;ldquo;how to&amp;rdquo; listing&lt;/i&gt;, yielding a list of hints defined by the collection's editors. We use the Dublin Core as a base and extend it in an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; manner to accommodate the individual requirements of collection designers.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Files in a collection&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When a new collection is created or material is added to an existing one, the original source documents are first brought into the system through a process known as &amp;ldquo;importing.&amp;rdquo; This involves converting documents into a simple HTML-like format known as GML (for &amp;ldquo;Greenstone Markup Language&amp;rdquo;), which includes any metadata associated with the document. Documents are assumed to be in the Unicode UTF-8 code (of which the ASCII characters form a subset). 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Files and directories&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There is a separate directory for each collection, which contains five subdirectories: the original raw material (&lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;), the GML files created from this (&lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;), the final collection as it is served to users (&lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;), a directory for use during the building process (&lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;), and one for any supporting files (&lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;)&amp;mdash;including the configuration file that controls the collection creation procedure. Additional files might be required: for example, building a hierarchy of classifications requires a data file of sub-classifications.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The imported documents&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In order to identify documents internally, a unique object identifier or OID is assigned to each original source document when it is imported (formed by hashing the content, to overcome file duplication effects caused by mirroring) and stored as metadata within that document. It is important that OIDs persist throughout the index-building process&amp;mdash;so that a user's search history is unaffected by rebuilding the collection. OIDs are assigned by hashing the contents of the original source document.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once imported, each document is stored in its own subdirectory of &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, along with any associated files&amp;mdash;for example, images. To ensure compatibility with Windows 3.0, only eight characters are used in directory and file names, which causes annoying but essentially trivial complications.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Inside the documents&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The GML format imposes a limited amount of structure on documents. Documents are divided into paragraphs. They can be split hierarchically into sections and subsections. OIDs are extended to identify these components by appending numbers, separated by periods, to a document's OID. When a book is read, its section hierarchy is visible as the table of contents (Figure 3). Chapters, sections, subsections, and pages are all implemented simply as &amp;ldquo;sections&amp;rdquo; within the document. In some collections documents do not have a hierarchical subsection structure, but are split into pages to permit browsing within a retrieved document.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The document structure is used for searchable indexes. There are three levels of index: &lt;i&gt;documents&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;sections&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;paragraphs&lt;/i&gt;, corresponding to the distinctions that GML makes&amp;mdash;the hierarchical structure is flattened for the purposes of creating these indexes. Indexes can be of text, or metadata, or any combination. Thus you can create a searchable index of section titles, and/or authors, and/or document descriptions, as well as the document text.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;698&quot; height=&quot;698&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word033.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 4&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Browsing titles in the HDL&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Updating existing collections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Updating an existing collection with new files in the same format is easy. For example, the raw material for the HDL is supplied in the form of HTML files marked up with &amp;lt;&amp;lt;TOC&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to split books into sections and subsections, and &amp;lt;&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;&amp;gt; tags to indicate where an image is to be inserted. For each book in the library there is a directory that contains a single HTML file representing the book, and separate files containing the associated images. An accompanying spreadsheet file contains the classification hierarchy; this is converted to a simple file format (using Excel's &lt;i&gt;Save As&lt;/i&gt; command).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Since the collection exists, its directory is already set up with subdirectories &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt;, and the &lt;i&gt;etc&lt;/i&gt; directory will contain a suitable collection configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The updating procedure&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To update a collection, the new raw material is placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, in whatever form it is available. Then the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked, which converts the files into GML using the specified plugins. Old material for which GML files have previously been created is not re-imported. Then the &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process is invoked to build the requisite indexes for the collection. Finally, the contents of the &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory are moved into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory, and the new version of the collection automatically becomes live.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This procedure may seem cumbersome. But all the steps are necessary for efficient operation with large collections. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; process could be performed on the fly during the building operation&amp;mdash;but because building indexes is a multipass operation, the often lengthy importing would be repeated several times. The &lt;i&gt;build&lt;/i&gt; process can take considerable time&amp;mdash;a day or two, for very large collections. Consequently, the results are placed in the &lt;i&gt;building&lt;/i&gt; directory so that, if the collection already exists, it will continue to be served to users in its old form throughout the building operation.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Active users of the collection will not be disturbed when the new version becomes live&amp;mdash;they will probably not even notice. The persistent OIDs ensure that interactions remain coherent&amp;mdash;users who are examining the results of a query or browse operation will still retrieve the expected documents&amp;mdash;and if a search is actually in progress when the change takes place the program detects the resulting file-structure inconsistency and automatically and transparently re-executes the query, this time on the new version of the collection. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;How it works&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The original material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory may be in any format, and plugins are required to process each format type. The plugins that a collection uses must be specified in the collection configuration file. The &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; program reads the list of plugins and passes each document to each plugin in order until it finds one that can process it. When updating an existing collection, all plugins necessary to process new material should already have been specified in the configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The building step creates the indexes for both searching and browsing. The MG software is generally used to do the searching (Witten &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1999), and the &lt;i&gt;mgbuild&lt;/i&gt; module is automatically invoked to create each of the indexes that is required. For example, the Humanity Development Library has three indexes, one for entire books, one for chapters, and one for section titles. Subdirectories of the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; directory are created for each of these indexes.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;92.93%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;4&quot; rows=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+creator
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+maintainer
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+public
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+True
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+indexes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+defaultindex
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+plugins
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GMLPlug TEXTPlug ArcPlug RecPlug
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+classify
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;generic text collection&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(a)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;label&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;92.93%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;4&quot; rows=&quot;17&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+creator
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+1
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+maintainer 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+davidb@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+public 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+True
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+4
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+indexes
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text document:From
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+5
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+defaultindex
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+document:text
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+6
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+plugins
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GMLPlug EMAILPlug ArcPlug RecPlug
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+7
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+8
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+classify
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+AZList metadata=Title
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+9
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+classify
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+DateList
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+10
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+11
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionname    &amp;quot;Email messages&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+12
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+.document:text    &amp;quot;documents&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+collectionmeta
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+.document:From    &amp;quot;email senders&amp;quot; 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+14
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+format
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+QueryResults /
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+16
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;6.36%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(b)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;19.69%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;64.87%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[link][icon][/link]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Title]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;[Author]&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;9.08%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+17
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;label&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 5: Collection configuration files (a) generic, (b) for an email collection&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+MG also compresses the text of the collection; and the image files are linked into the &lt;i&gt;index&lt;/i&gt; subdirectory. Now none of the material in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directories is needed to run the collection and can be removed from the file system (though they would be needed if the collection were rebuilt).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Associated with each collection is a database stored in GDBM (Gnu database manager) format. This contains an entry for each document, giving its OID, its internal MG document number, and metadata such as title. Information for each of the browsing indexes, which appear as buttons on the Greenstone search/browse bar, is also extracted during the building process and stored in the database. A &amp;ldquo;classifier&amp;rdquo; program is required for each browsing index to extract the appropriate information from GML documents. Like plugins, classifiers are written on an &lt;i&gt;ad hoc&lt;/i&gt; basis for the particular information required, and where possible reused from one collection to another.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The building program creates the indexes based on whatever appears in the &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; directory. The first plugin specified by all collections is one that processes GML files, and so if &lt;i&gt;archives&lt;/i&gt; contains imported files they will be processed correctly. If it contains material in the original format, that will be converted using the appropriate plugin. Thus the import process is optional.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GML is designed to be fast and easy to parse, an important requirement when millions of documents are to be processed. Something as simple as requiring tags to be lower-case, for example, yields a substantial speed-up. In certain circumstances, however, it might be preferable to use a standardized format such as XML. This is straightforward to implement_just write an XML plugin_although we have not done so ourselves. Given the transitory nature of the imported data, to date, we have found GML a satisfactory and beneficial format.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Creating new collections&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Building new collections from scratch is only slightly different from updating an existing collection. The key new requirement is creating a collection configuration file, and a software utility is provided to help. Two pieces of information are required for this: the name of the directory that the collection will use (into which the source data and other files will eventually be placed), and a contact e-mail address for use if any problems are encountered by the software once the collection is up and running. The utility creates files and directories within the newly-named directory to support a generic collection of plain text documents. With suitable data placed in the &lt;i&gt;import&lt;/i&gt; directory, building the collection at this point will yield a document-level searchable index of all the text and a browsable list of &amp;ldquo;titles&amp;rdquo; (defined in this case to be the document filenames).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To enhance the functionality and presentation&amp;mdash; something anything but the most trivial collection will require&amp;mdash;the configuration file must be edited. For a collection sourced from documents in an already supported data format, presented in a similar fashion to an existing collection, the amount of editing is minimal. Importing new data formats and browsing metadata in ways not currently supported are more complex activities that require programming skills.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;698&quot; height=&quot;698&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word034.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 6&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Searching bookmarked Web pages&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Modifying the configuration file&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 5b shows simple alterations to the generic configuration file in Figure 5a that was generated by the new-collection utility. &lt;i&gt;TEXTPlug&lt;/i&gt; is replaced with &lt;i&gt;EMAILPlug&lt;/i&gt; (line 7) which reads email files and extracts metadata (&lt;i&gt;From&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;To&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Date&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Subject&lt;/i&gt;) from them. A classifier for dates is added (line 10) to make the collection browsable chronologically. The default presentation of search results is overridden (line 17) to display both the title of the message (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Title&lt;/i&gt;) and its sender (i.e. Dublin Core &lt;i&gt;Author&lt;/i&gt;). Elements in square brackets, such as &lt;i&gt;[Title]&lt;/i&gt;, are replaced by the metadata associated with a particular document. The built-in term &lt;i&gt;[icon]&lt;/i&gt; produces a suitable image that represents the document (such as a book icon or page icon), and the &lt;i&gt;[link]&amp;hellip;[/link]&lt;/i&gt; construct forms a hyperlink to the complete document. Anything else in the format statement, which in this case is solely table-cell tags in HTML, is passed through to the page being displayed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+As this example shows, creating a new collection that stays within the bounds of the library's established capabilities falls within the capability of many computer users&amp;mdash;for instance, computer-trained librarians. Extending Greenstone to handle new document formats and browse metadata in new ways is more challenging.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Writing new plugins and classifiers&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Extensibility  is  obtained through  plugins  and  classifiers.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+These are modules of code that can be slotted into the system to enhance its capabilities. Plugins parse documents, extracting the text and metadata to be indexed. Classifiers control how metadata is brought together to form browsable data structures. Both are specified in an object-oriented framework using inheritance to minimize the amount of code written.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A plugin must specify three things: what file formats it can handle, how they should be parsed, and whether the plugin is recursive. File formats are normally determined using regular expression matching on the filename. For example, the HTML plugin accepts all files that end in &lt;i&gt;.htm&lt;/i&gt;, .&lt;i&gt;html&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;.HTM&lt;/i&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;.HTML&lt;/i&gt;. (It is quite possible, however, to write plugins that &amp;ldquo;look inside&amp;rdquo; the file as well.) For other files, the plugin returns &lt;i&gt;undefined&lt;/i&gt; and the file is passed to the next plugin in the collection's configuration file (e.g. Figure 5 line 7). If it can, the plugin parses the file and returns the number of documents processed. This involves extracting text and metadata and adding it to the library's content through calls to &lt;i&gt;add text&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;add metadata&lt;/i&gt;. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Some plugins (&amp;ldquo;recursive&amp;rdquo; ones) add extra files into the stream of data processed during the building phase by artificially reactivating the list of plugins. This is how directory hierarchies are traversed. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Plugins are small modules of code that are easy to write. We monitored the time it took to develop a new one that was different to any we had produced so far. We chose to make as an example a collection of HTML bookmark files, the motivation being to produce a convenient way of searching and browsing one's bookmarked Web pages. Figure 6 shows a user searching for bookmarked pages about &lt;i&gt;music&lt;/i&gt;. The new plugin took under an hour to write, and was 160 lines long (ignoring blank lines and comments)&amp;mdash;about the average length of existing plugins.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Classifiers are more general than plugins because they work on GML-format data. For example, any plugin that generates date metadata in accordance with the Dublin core can request the collection to be browsable chronologically by specifying the &lt;i&gt;DateList&lt;/i&gt; classifier in the collection's configuration file (Figure 7). Classifiers are more elaborate than most plugins, but new ones are seldom required. The average length of existing classifiers is 230 lines. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Classifiers must specify three things: an initialization routine, how individual documents are classified, and the final browsable data structure. Initialization takes care of any options specified in the configuration file (such as &lt;i&gt;metadata=Title &lt;/i&gt;on line 9 of Figure 5b). Classifying individual documents is an iterative process: for each one, a call to &lt;i&gt;document-classify&lt;/i&gt; is made. On presentation of the document's OID, the necessary metadata is located and used to control where the document is added to the browsable data structure being constructed. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once all documents have been added, a request is made for the completed data structure. Some classifiers return the data structure directly; others transform the data structure before it is returned. For example, the &lt;i&gt;AZList&lt;/i&gt; classifier divides the alphabetically sorted list of metadata into separate pages of about the same size and returns the alphabetic ranges for each one (Figure 4).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;698&quot; height=&quot;698&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word035.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Figure 7&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;: Browsing a newspaper collection by date&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Overview of related work&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Two projects that provide substantial open source digital library software are Dienst (Lagoze and Fielding, 1998) and Harvest (Bowman &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1994). The origins of Dienst (&lt;i&gt;www.cs.cornell.edu/cdlrg&lt;/i&gt;) stretch back to 1992. The term has come to represent three entities: a conceptual architecture for distributed digital libraries; an open protocol for service communication; and a software system that implements the protocol. To date, five sample digital libraries have been built using this technology. They manifest themselves in two forms: technical reports and primary source documents.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Best known is NCSTRL, the Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library project (&lt;i&gt;www.ncstrl.org&lt;/i&gt;). This collection facilitates searching by title, author and abstract, and browsing by year and author, across a distributed network of document repositories. Documents can (where supported) be delivered in various formats such as PostScript, a thumbnail overview of the pages, and a GIF image of a particular page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The &lt;i&gt;Making of America&lt;/i&gt; resource is an example of a collection based around primary sources_in this case American social history, 1830â1900. It has a different &amp;ldquo;look and feel&amp;rdquo; to NCSTRL, being strongly oriented toward browsing rather than searching. A user navigates their way through a hierarchical structure of hyperlinks to reach a book of interest. The book itself is a series of scanned images: delivery options include going directly to a page number, next and previous page buttons, and displaying a particular page at different resolutions. A text version of the page is also available upon which a searching option is also provided.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Started in 1994, Harvest is also a long-running research project. It provides an efficient means of gathering source data from the Internet and distributing indexing information over the Internet. This is accomplished through five components: &lt;i&gt;gatherer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;broker&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;indexer&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;replicator&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;cache&lt;/i&gt;. The first three are central to creating, updating and searching a collection; the last two help to improve performance over the Internet through transparent mirroring and caching techniques.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The system is configurable and customizable. While searching is most commonly implemented using Glimpse (&lt;i&gt;glimpse.cs.arizona.edu&lt;/i&gt;), in principle any search engine that supports incremental updates and Boolean combinations of attribute-based queries can be used. It is possible to control what type of documents are gathered during creation and updating, and how the query interface looks and is laid out.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sample collections cited by the developers include 21,000 computer science technical reports and 7,000 home pages. Other examples include a sizable collection of agriculture-related electronic journals and magazines called &amp;ldquo;tomato-juice&amp;rdquo; (accessed through &lt;i&gt;hegel.lib.ncsu.edu&lt;/i&gt;) and a full-text index of library-related electronic serials (&lt;i&gt;sunsite.berkeley.edu/IndexMorganagus&lt;/i&gt;). Harvest is also often used to index Web sites (for example &lt;i&gt;www.middlebury.edu&lt;/i&gt;).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Comparing Greenstone with Dienst and Harvest, there are both similarities and differences. All provide substantial digital library systems, hence common themes recur, but they are driven by projects with different aims. Harvest, for instance, was not conceived as a digital library project at all, but by virtue of its selective document gathering process it can be classed (and is used) as one. While it provides sophisticated search options, it lacks the complementary service of browsing. Furthermore it adds no structure or order to the documents collected, relying on whatever structures are present in the site that they were gathered from. A proven strength of the design is its flexibility through configuration and customization_an element also present in Greenstone.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Dienst_best exemplified through the NCSTRL work_supports searching and browsing, like Greenstone. Both use open protocols. Differences include a high reliance in Dienst on user-supplied information when a document is added, and a smaller range of document types supported&amp;mdash;although Dienst does include a document model that should, over time, allow this to expand with relative ease.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.24mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There are also commercial systems that provide similar digital library services to those described. However, since corporate culture instills proprietary attitudes there is little opportunity for advancement through a shared collaborative effort. Consequently they are not reviewed here.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Conclusions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone is a comprehensive software system for creating digital library collections. It builds data structures for searching and browsing from the material provided, rather than relying on any hand-crafting. The process is controlled by a configuration file, and once a collection exists new material can be added completely automatically. Browsing is based on Dublin Core metadata.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+New collections can be developed easily, particularly if they resemble existing ones. Extensibility is achieved through software &amp;ldquo;plugins&amp;rdquo; that can be written to accommodate documents, and metadata, in different formats. Standard plugins exist for many document types; new ones are easily written. Browsing is controlled by &amp;ldquo;classifiers&amp;rdquo; that process metadata into browsing structures (by date, alphabetical, hierarchical, etc).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+However, the most powerful support for extensibility is achieved not by technical means but by making the source code freely available under the Gnu public license. Only through an international cooperative effort will digital library software become sufficiently comprehensive to meet the world's needs with the richness and flexibility that users deserve.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.50mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Acknowledgments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 3.819444mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We gratefully acknowledge all those who have worked on the Greenstone software, and all members of the New Zealand Digital Library project for their enthusiasm and ideas.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.49mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Akscyn, R.M. and Witten, I.H. (1998) &amp;ldquo;Report on First Summit on International Cooperation on Digital Libraries.&amp;rdquo; ks.com/idla-wp-oct98.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Bowman, C.M., Danzig, P.B., Manber, U., and Schwartz, M.F. &amp;ldquo;Scalable Internet resource discovery: Research problems and approaches&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;Communications of the ACM,&lt;/i&gt; Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 98â107, 1994.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Fox, E. (1998) &amp;ldquo;Digital library definitions.&amp;rdquo; ei.cs.vt.edu/~fox/dlib/def.html.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Humanity Libraries (1998) &lt;i&gt;Humanity Development Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Global Help Project, Antwerp, Belgium.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Lagoze, C. and Fielding, D &amp;ldquo;Defining Collections in Distributed Digital Libraries&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;D-Lib Magazine&lt;/i&gt;, Nov. 1998.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PAHO (1999) &lt;i&gt;Virtual Disaster Library&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by the Pan-American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+McNab, R.J., Witten, I.H. and Boddie, S.J. (1998) &amp;ldquo;A distributed digital library architecture incorporating different index styles.&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;Proc IEEE Advances in Digital Libraries&lt;/i&gt;, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 36-45.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Nevill-Manning, C.G., Reed, T., and Witten, I.H. (1998) &amp;ldquo;Extracting text from PostScript&amp;rdquo; &lt;i&gt;Software&amp;mdash;Practice and Experience&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 481-491; April.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;9&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+UNESCO (1999) &lt;i&gt;SAHEL point DOC: Anthologie du dÃ©veloppement au Sahel&lt;/i&gt;. CD-ROM produced by UNESCO, Paris, France.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;10&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+UNU (1998) &lt;i&gt;Collection on critical global issues.&lt;/i&gt; CD-ROM produced by the United Nations University Press, Tokyo, Japan.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;11&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;References&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.04mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Witten, I.H., Moffat, A. and Bell, T. (1999) &lt;i&gt;Managing Gigabytes: compressing and indexing documents and images&lt;/i&gt;, Morgan Kaufmann, second edition.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Footer&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 2.74mm 0.00mm 17.26mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -17.26mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASHeaa2/a12e0809.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASHeaa2/a12e0809.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASHeaa2/a12e0809.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,5438 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">How to build your own digital library with Greenstone</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215328_1/word05.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215328_1/word05.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/word05.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215328_1/word05.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">word05.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">word05.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">word05.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">488960</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">word05</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Ian H. Witten</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Stefan J. Boddie</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">GREENSTONE DIGITAL LIBRARY INSTALLERâS GUIDE</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHeaa2a12e080949673150f3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215329</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHeaa2/a12e0809.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word050.wmf:unknown:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word051.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word052.png:image/png:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word053.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word054.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word055.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word056.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word057.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word058.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">word059.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 8.33mm 39.06mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGray&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;0x08 graphic&quot; src=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGray&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;GREENSTONE DIGITAL LIBRARY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGray&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;INSTALLER'S GUIDE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ian H. Witten and Stefan Boddie&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Department of Computer Science&lt;br&gt;University of Waikato, New Zealand&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone is a suite of software for building and distributing digital library collections. It provides a new way of organizing information and publishing it on the Internet or on CD-ROM. Greenstone is produced by the New Zealand Digital Library Project at the University of Waikato, and developed and distributed in cooperation with UNESCO and the Human Info NGO. It is open-source software, available from &lt;i&gt;http://greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt; under the terms of the G&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;nu&lt;/span&gt; General Public License.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 51.68mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.94mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;We want to ensure that this software works well for you. Please report any problems to &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;greenstone@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;About this manual&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This document explains how to install Greenstone so that you can run it on your own computer. It also describes how to obtain associated software that is freely available&amp;mdash;the Apache Webserver and Perl. We have striven to make the installation procedure as simple as it possibly can be.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The software runs on different platforms, and in different configurations. Consequently there are many issues that affect (or might affect) the installation procedure. Section 1 mentions some questions that you will need to consider before installing Greenstone. Section 2 details the installation procedure for all the different versions; you need only read the part that relates to your operating system. Section 3 describes the demonstration digital library collections that are included in the distribution. Section 4 explains how to set up common webservers, Apache and Microsoft PWS/IIS, to work with Greenstone. Section 5 describes various Greenstone configuration options, and Section 6 shows how to make a personalized home page for your digital library installation. Finally, an Appendix lists pieces of associated software and how to obtain them.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Companion documents&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The complete set of Greenstone documents include five volumes:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library Installer's Guide &lt;i&gt;(this document)&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library User's Guide
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library Developer's Guide
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library: From Paper to Collection
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Digital Library: Using the Organizer
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Plain Text&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acknowledgements&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone software is a collaborative effort between many people. Rodger McNab and Stefan Boddie are the principal architects and implementors.  Contributions have been made by David Bainbridge, George Buchanan, Hong Chen, Michael Dewsnip, Katherine Don, Elke Duncker, Carl Gutwin, Geoff Holmes, Dana McKay, John McPherson, Craig Nevill-Manning, Dynal Patel, Gordon Paynter, Bernhard Pfahringer, Todd Reed, Bill Rogers, John Thompson, and Stuart Yeates. Other members of the New Zealand Digital Library project provided advice and inspiration in the design of the system: Mark Apperley, Sally Jo Cunningham, Matt Jones, Steve Jones, Te Taka Keegan, Michel Loots, Malika Mahoui, Gary Marsden, Dave Nichols and Lloyd Smith. We would also like to acknowledge all those who have contributed to the GNU-licensed packages included in this distribution: &lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;MG, GDBM, PDFTOHTML, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;PERL, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;WGET, WVWARE &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;and&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt; XLHTML.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOA&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Contents&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;About this manual&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;br&gt;Versions of Greenstone&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone software runs on different platforms, and in different configurations, as summarized in Figure 1.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm -9.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: White; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;576&quot; height=&quot;19&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word050.wmf&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img alt=&quot;0x08 graphic&quot; src=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Figure 1  The different options for Windows and Unix versions of Greenstone
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There are many issues that affect (or might affect) the installation procedure. Before reading on, you should consider these questions: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Are you using Windows or Unix? 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;7&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If Windows, are you using Windows 3.1/3.11 or a more recent version? Although you can view collections on 3.1/3.11 machines, and serve other computers on the same network, you cannot build new collections. The full Greenstone software runs on 95/98/Me, and NT/2000. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If Unix, are you using Linux or another version of Unix? For Linux, a binary version of the complete system is provided which is easy to install. For other types of Unix you will have to install the source code and compile it. This may require you to install some additional software on your machine. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;9&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If Windows NT/2000 or Unix, can you log in as the system &amp;ldquo;administrator&amp;rdquo; or &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo;? This may be required to configure a webserver appropriately for Greenstone. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;10&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Do you want the source code? If you are using Windows or Linux, you can just install binaries. But you may want the source code as well&amp;mdash;it's in the Greenstone distribution. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;11&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Do you want to build new digital library collections? If so, you need to have Perl, which is freely available for both Windows and Unix. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;12&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Is your computer running a webserver? The Greenstone software comes with a Windows webserver. However, if you are already running a Web server, you may want to stay with it. For Unix, you need to run a webserver. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;13&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Do you know how to reconfigure your webserver? If you don't use the Greenstone webserver, you will have to reconfigure your existing one slightly to recognize the Greenstone software.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2&lt;br&gt;The Installation Procedure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Versions of Greenstone are available for both Windows and Unix, as binaries and in source code form. The Greenstone user interface uses a Web browser: Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer (version 4.0 or greater in both cases) are both suitable. In case you don't already have a Web browser, Windows versions of Netscape are provided on the CD-ROM.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.1Windows&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you are a Unix user, please skip ahead to Section 2.2. For Windows users, if you want just a simple, straightforward installation, go through the following &amp;ldquo;simple installation&amp;rdquo; procedure. The Greenstone system occupies about 40 Mb of disk space.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you choose anything other than the default setup, you will have to decide whether you want to install the binary code or the source code. If in doubt, choose the binary code. The installation procedure is the same for both. The following sections tell you more about the options you will be presented with. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When you've finished installation you should skip ahead to Section 2.3.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Simple installation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To install the Windows version from the CD-ROM, insert the disk into the drive (e.g. into &lt;i&gt;D:&lt;/i&gt;). If the installation procedure does not start automatically after about 20 seconds, click on the &lt;i&gt;Start&lt;/i&gt; menu, select &lt;i&gt;Run&lt;/i&gt; and type &lt;i&gt;D:/setup.exe&lt;/i&gt;, where &amp;ldquo;&lt;i&gt;D&lt;/i&gt;&amp;rdquo; is the letter that identifies your CD-ROM drive. For Windows 3.1, select &lt;i&gt;Run&lt;/i&gt; from the &amp;ldquo;File manager&amp;rdquo; and type &lt;i&gt;D:/Windows/win3.1/setup.exe&lt;/i&gt;. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+For the simplest installation, just accept the default at each point by clicking the &lt;i&gt;Next&lt;/i&gt; button. That's all you need to do! Greenstone is installed in the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once installation is complete, to start your Greenstone system click on the &lt;i&gt;Start&lt;/i&gt; button, open the &lt;i&gt;Program &lt;/i&gt;menu, and select &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library&lt;/i&gt;. This brings up a dialogue box: just click &lt;i&gt;Enter Library. &lt;/i&gt;This automatically starts your Internet browser and loads the Greenstone Digital Library home page, which should look something like the example in Figure 2. You enter the Greenstone Demo collection by clicking on its icon. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;2&quot; rows=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 2&lt;br&gt;Your Greenstone home page
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;669&quot; height=&quot;555&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word051.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Windows binaries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There are two separate Windows binary programs on the CD-ROM: the &lt;i&gt;Local Library&lt;/i&gt; and the &lt;i&gt;Web Library&lt;/i&gt;. The default installation described above selects the Local Library version. We strongly recommend that you use this version. The Web Library, which is much harder to set up, is only necessary if you already run a web server and want to use it for Greenstone. Despite its modest name, the Local Library offers a complete, self-contained, web-serving capability.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Local Library.&lt;/b&gt; This enables any Windows computer to serve pre-built Greenstone collections. The Greenstone Demo collection will automatically be installed; you can also install the other collections on the CD-ROM (Section 3). The Local Library software is the same as that used on CD-ROMs produced by the Greenstone system. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Local Library is intended for use on standalone computers or computers that do not already have webserver software. It contains a small built-in webserver so that other computers on the same network can also access the library. (However, the webserver has limited configurability.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Local Library software automatically determines whether your computer has network software installed or is connected to a network. It operates correctly under any combinations of these conditions. However, there are two possible problems that may be encountered. Greenstone may
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;14&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+cause an unwanted telephone dialup operation;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;15&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+fail to run because network software is installed, but installed incorrectly. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A restricted version of the Local Library is supplied which is intended for use in these situations. The restricted version only works with Netscape (not Internet Explorer). When you invoke the Local Library version of Greenstone, the dialogue box contains a button that allows you to use the restricted version instead. Unless the above problems arise, you should always use the standard version. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Web Library&lt;/b&gt;. This enables any computer with an existing webserver to serve pre-built Greenstone collections. As with the Local Library above, the Greenstone Demo collection will automatically be installed. You can also install the other collections on the CD-ROM (see Section 3). 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Web Library differs from the Local Library because it is intended for computers that already have webserver software. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run the Web Library, you also need
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;16&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Webserver software. One possibility is Apache (see Appendix). 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;17&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;The Collector&lt;/b&gt;. This component, which is included in both the Local Library and the Web Library, allows you to build collections containing material of your choice.  (You will not be able to use the Collector on a Windows 3.1/3.11 machine.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Windows webserver configuration (Web Library version only)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An advantage of the Local Library version of Greenstone is that it runs &amp;ldquo;out of the box&amp;rdquo; and does not require any special configuration. For the Web Library version, however, you will have to make some adjustments to your webserver setup. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you already have a webserver, some small changes have to be made to its configuration to make your Greenstone installation operate. The install script explains what these are for the Apache webserver&amp;mdash;see Section 4.2 for instructions for configuring the PWS and IIS webservers. You may need help from a system administrator to reconfigure an existing webserver&amp;mdash;they should be able to understand the instructions printed by the install script. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you do not already have a webserver, you will have to install one. (See the Appendix for information on the Apache webserver.) Then you will have to configure it appropriately. Section 4 gives a detailed account of the parts of a webserver installation that affect Greenstone, and how they need to be altered. It comes down to including half a dozen or so lines in a configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Windows source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone source code occupies 50 Mb of disk space, but to compile it you will need about 90 Mb. To compile the source on Windows you need 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;18&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Microsoft Visual C++ compiler. (We are currently sorting out some minor problems in compiling Greenstone with various Windows ports of GNU GCC.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(You do not need GDBM, the Gnu database manager, because it is included in the Greenstone source distribution.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+It is unlikely that you will be able to compile Greenstone on a Windows 3.1/3.11 machine. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In the event that you recompile Greenstone and wish to use the recompiled version to create CD-ROMs, you should note that code produced by recent versions of the Visual C++ compiler does not run under Windows 3.1/3.11, although there is no problem with later Windows systems (95, 98, Me, NT, 2000). If you want your CD-ROMs to operate on early Windows machines, you will need a different version of the compiler. Moreover, Greenstone uses STL, the C++ standard template library, and although these compilers sometimes come with STL, the provided version does not always work properly. Hence to recompile Greenstone in such a way that it produces CD-ROMs that work on early versions of Windows, you need 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;19&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Microsoft Visual C++ compiler, Version 4.0 or 4.2. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+An external version of STL, the C++ standard template library. STL is packaged with Greenstone for use with these compiler versions.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Note that the Windows installation procedure does not attempt to compile Greenstone for you if you choose to install the source code. For platform- and compiler-specific instructions on compiling Greenstone, see the &lt;i&gt;Install.txt &lt;/i&gt;document which is placed in the top-level Greenstone directory (&lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; by default) during the installation procedure. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.2Unix&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This section is written for Unix users. (Windows users should skip ahead to Section 2.3.) You need to choose whether to install the binary code or the source code. The binary code occupies about 50 Mb of disk space; the source code requires about 160 Mb to compile.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Unix binaries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The binary code requires an Intel x86-based Linux distribution which includes ELF binary support. Distributions that meet these requirements include: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;21&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+RedHat 5.1 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;22&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+SuSE Linux 6.1 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;23&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Debian 2.1 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Slackware 4.0 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+More recent versions of these distributions should also work. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You will need a webserver: we recommend Apache. We also strongly recommend you to install your webserver &lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt; installing Greenstone&amp;mdash;this will make it much easier to answer the questions that are asked during the Greenstone installation procedure. If you want to build new digital library collections, you will also need Perl if this is not already on your system. To check, open a terminal window, type &lt;i&gt;perl -v&lt;/i&gt;, and see if a message appears specifying, amongst other things, the version number. For most versions of Linux, Perl is installed by default. The Appendix gives information on how to obtain Apache and Perl. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Unix source&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The source code is the same for Unix as for Windows. It has been compiled and tested on Linux, Solaris, and Macintosh OS/X; it should be a fairly routine matter to port it to other flavors of Unix. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To compile the Greenstone source code on Unix, you need 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;25&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GCC, the Gnu C++ compiler. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;26&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 6.25mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GDBM, the Gnu database manager. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run the Greenstone software, you also need a Web server and Perl, as described above under &lt;i&gt;Unix binaries&lt;/i&gt;. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Unix installation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To install the Unix version from the CD-ROM, insert the disk into the drive, and type 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.08mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+mount /cdrommount the CD-ROM device (this command may differ from one system to another; for example on OS/X you &lt;i&gt;cd&lt;/i&gt; to the &lt;i&gt;/Volumes&lt;/i&gt; directory and then to the appropriate subdirectory for the CD-ROM) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.44mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.07mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+cd /cdromchange directory to the CD-ROM's top level 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.44mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.07mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+cd Unixchange directory to where the Unix install script resides 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.44mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.07mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+sh Install.shbegin the installation process (an explicit &lt;i&gt;sh&lt;/i&gt; is used because many installations forbid you to execute programs directly from CD-ROM)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The final command begins an interactive dialogue which requests the information that is needed to install Greenstone on your system, and gives detailed feedback on what is happening. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The installation procedure begins by asking you which directory to install Greenstone into. The first file placed there is the &amp;ldquo;uninstall&amp;rdquo; program that cleans up any partial installation, should you encounter problems or terminate the installation prematurely. Next you choose whether you want to install binaries or source code. You are then asked some questions about your webserver setup. You need to have a valid cgi executable directory (normally called &amp;ldquo;cgi-bin&amp;rdquo; on Unix systems); you can either create a new one or use your existing one. If you create a new one, you will need to enter this information in your webserver's configuration file. In either case you need to enter the web address of the cgi directory. The installation dialogue will guide you through all these choices. It is important to set the file permissions correctly on certain directories, and you are prompted for the necessary information. Finally, you are prompted for a password for the &amp;ldquo;administrator&amp;rdquo; user &lt;i&gt;admin&lt;/i&gt;. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+By default, all Greenstone software is installed in the directory &lt;i&gt;/usr/local/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; if it is the root user who is doing the installation, and into the directory ~&lt;i&gt;/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; otherwise (where &amp;ldquo;~&amp;rdquo; is the user's home directory).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Installing the binaries takes just a few minutes, enough time for you to answer the appropriate questions. If you install the source code, the installation script will compile it, which takes from ten minutes to an hour or so, depending on the speed of your processor. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To uninstall the software, type 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.08mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+cd ~/gsdlor &lt;i&gt;/usr/local/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; if it was the root user who installed Greenstone 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 66.44mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -27.07mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+sh Uninstall.sh
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+During the installation procedure you will be asked whether you want to install any Greenstone collections. The Greenstone Demo collection is installed automatically; other collections on the CD-ROM are described in Section 3. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Unix webserver configuration&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you already have a webserver, some small changes will have to be made to its configuration to make your Greenstone installation operate. The install script explains what these are. You will probably need help from your system administrator to reconfigure the webserver&amp;mdash;he or she should be able to understand the instructions output by the install script. For your convenience, the output of the install script is written to a file called INSTALL_RECORD in the directory into which you installed Greenstone.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you do not already have a webserver, you will have to install one. The Appendix gives information on Apache. Then you will have to configure it appropriately. Section 4 gives a detailed account of the parts of an Apache webserver installation that affect Greenstone, and how they need to be altered. It comes down to including half a dozen or so lines in a configuration file. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You do not need to be the Unix &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; user to go through the installation procedure above. When it comes to configuring an existing Apache server, however, you may need &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; privileges&amp;mdash;it all depends on how Apache is set up. If you install Apache yourself, you can do it as a user without &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; privileges. If you need to work your way around an uncooperative system administrator, you can always install a second Apache webserver on your computer&amp;mdash;even if one exists already.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.3How to find Greenstone&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Local library (Windows only)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you are using the Local Library, simply run the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone&lt;/i&gt; program from the &lt;i&gt;Start&lt;/i&gt; menu. This automatically opens a dialog box that starts your Internet browser and loads the Greenstone Digital Library home page. The Greenstone Demo collection should be accessible from this page.   The dialog box contais a&lt;i&gt; File&lt;/i&gt; menu item that allows you to change the default browser used by Greenstone.  It doesn't matter whether you use Netscape or Internet Explorer, except that if you are running on Windows 2000, we recommend that you use Internet Explorer.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Web library (Windows and Unix)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you are using the Web Library, once you have installed the software and configured the webserver, use this URL to enter your Greenstone system: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;bulleted list&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -2.47mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Demo collection should be accessible from this page. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Collector&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A link to the Collector is provided on the digital library home page. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Administration&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A link to the Administration pages is provided on the digital library home page. The &amp;ldquo;administrator&amp;rdquo; user is called &lt;i&gt;admin&lt;/i&gt;, with a password that you specified during the installation process. The administrator is authorized to add new users, and to build collections.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.4The Greenstone Librarian Interface (GLI)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Librarian Interface (GLI) is a tool to assist you with building digital libraries using Greenstone. It gives you access to Greenstone's collection-building functionality from an easy-to-use &amp;ldquo;point and click&amp;rdquo; interface.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GLI is installed automatically with all distributions of Greenstone. It is placed in the subdirectory &lt;i&gt;gli&lt;/i&gt; of the top-level Greenstone directory (&lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/gli&lt;/i&gt; by default). Note that it runs in conjunction with Greenstone and will not work properly unless it is placed in a subdirectory of your Greenstone installation. If you have downloaded one of the Greenstone distributions, this will be the case.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To use the GLI, your computer needs to have the Java Runtime Environment. If it doesn't, the installer will offer to install a version that is included on the CD-ROM.  On Unix, you will also need to ensure that Perl is installed (for Windows, Perl is already included in the Greenstone software). Please report any problems you have running or using the Librarian Interface to &lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;greenstone@cs.waikato.ac.nz&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Running under Windows &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run GLI under Windows, browse to the &lt;i&gt;gli&lt;/i&gt; folder in your Greenstone installation (e.g. using Windows Explorer), and double-click on the file called &lt;i&gt;gli.bat&lt;/i&gt;. This file checks that Greenstone, the Java Runtime Environment, and Perl are all installed, and starts the Greenstone Librarian Interface.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Running under Unix &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run GLI under Unix, change to the &lt;i&gt;gli &lt;/i&gt;directory in your Greenstone installation, then run the &lt;i&gt;gli.sh&lt;/i&gt; script. This script checks that Greenstone, the Java Runtime Environment, and Perl are all installed and on your search path, and starts the Greenstone Librarian Interface.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Getting help&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Librarian Interface has extensive on-line help facilities. You get help by clicking the &lt;i&gt;Help&lt;/i&gt; button at the top right of the screen. This opens up the text to a section that relates to what you are doing&amp;mdash;which of the GLI panels you are on. You can click around the help text to learn what you need to know. Use it.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Compiling the Greenstone Librarian Interface&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you have downloaded the Greenstone source distribution, you will have the Java source code of the Librarian Interface. To compile it, your computer needs to have a &lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Java Development Kit&lt;/font&gt;. The Appendix gives information on how to obtain this. To compile the source code, run the &lt;i&gt;makegli.bat&lt;/i&gt; (Windows) or &lt;i&gt;makegli.sh&lt;/i&gt; (Unix) files. Once compiled, you can run GLI as described above.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.5Testing and troubleshooting&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To test Greenstone, point your Web browser at the Greenstone home page and explore the Demo collection and any other collections that you have installed. Don't worry&amp;mdash;you can't break anything. Click liberally: most images that appear on the screen are clickable. If you hold the mouse stationary over an image, most browsers will soon pop up a message that tells you what will happen if you click. Experiment! Choose common words like &amp;ldquo;the&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;and&amp;rdquo; to search for&amp;mdash;that should evoke some responses, and nothing will break. For more information, see the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library User's Guide&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Troubleshooting &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;3&quot; rows=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Problem&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Try this&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;Local Library (Windows only)&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I start Greenstone my computer asks me to dial up my Internet Service Provider.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Push the &lt;i&gt;Cancel&lt;/i&gt; button in the dialog box. This usually solves the problem.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I start Greenstone my computer &lt;i&gt;still&lt;/i&gt; asks me to dial up my Internet Service Provider.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Choose the &amp;ldquo;Restricted version&amp;rdquo; when you run Greenstone. This version only works with Netscape.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I point my browser at the digital library, it can't find that page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Check your Internet Proxy settings and turn proxies off (use &lt;i&gt;Edit preferences&lt;/i&gt; on Netscape or &lt;i&gt;Internet options&lt;/i&gt; on Explorer).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Collector seems to be working very slowly!
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Are you using Netscape under Windows 2000? If so, try using Internet Explorer instead&amp;mdash;on Windows 2000 (only) there seems to be some incompatibility with Netscape.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;3&quot; rows=&quot;8&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Problem&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Try this&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;Web Library (Windows and Unix)&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I start Apache, it quits immediately.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Add a &lt;i&gt;ServerName localhost&lt;/i&gt; directive to the Apache configuration file (see Section 4.1).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I point my browser at the digital library, it displays garbage&amp;mdash;a binary file.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Check the &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive in the Apache configuration file, making sure it comes before the &lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; directive (see Sections 4.2 and 4.3).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+I get the Greenstone home page (Figure 2), but the Demo collection icon does not appear.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Run the program &lt;i&gt;library&lt;/i&gt; (in the cgi-bin directory) from the DOS (or shell) prompt to generate debugging information that will help you locate the problem.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;Both versions&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When I point my browser at the digital library, it can't find that page.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Try using 127.0.0.1 in place of &lt;i&gt;localhost&lt;/i&gt;. This reserved IP number is defined to be a &amp;ldquo;loopback&amp;rdquo; to your local computer.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+My browser complains that it can't find &lt;i&gt;main.cfg&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Check that the Greenstone files exist and are world-readable. If you are using the Web library, try running the &lt;i&gt;library&lt;/i&gt; program from the command line. If it runs OK, the problem is with file permissions (see Section 5.1). If not, the &lt;i&gt;gsdlhome&lt;/i&gt; variable is probably set incorrectly in the &lt;i&gt;gsdlsite.cfg&lt;/i&gt; configuration file (see Section 5.2).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+I'm having trouble using the Collector.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Read the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library User's Guide&lt;/i&gt;, Section 3.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;25.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;28.57%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+I've added a new user but they can't seem to log in.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;46.42%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Check that the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/etc&lt;/i&gt; and all its contents are globally writeable (see Section 5.1).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.6To learn more&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To learn more about the innards of your Greenstone installation, consult the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library Developer's Guide&lt;/i&gt;. It includes (for example) details of the directory structure that has been created, and information about how to configure your Greenstone site.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3&lt;br&gt;Greenstone Collections&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Several demonstration Greenstone collections are included on the CD-ROM. If you have Web access, many others can be downloaded, in either pre-built or unbuilt form, from the New Zealand Digital Library Project website (&lt;i&gt;nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt;). 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Greenstone Demo collection is a small subset of the Humanity Development Library (HDL), a polished collection. It illustrates that relatively rich browsing capabilities can be provided (so long as suitable metadata is available). It is included automatically when the software is installed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 34.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone also comes with some well-documented example collections whose &amp;ldquo;about&amp;rdquo; page describes how they are constructed. They demonstrate various capabilities of Greenstone. The install dialogue will ask you whether you want to include them in your Greenstone installation; the approximate amount of disk space needed for each collection is shown below. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;3&quot; rows=&quot;12&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;demo&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Demo&lt;br&gt;(7Â Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A small subset of the HDL. If you clone this collection, the full facilities will only appear if your new files provide appropriate metadata information.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;dls-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Development Library Subset collection &lt;br&gt;(150 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Like the Greenstone Demo, this is a subset of the HDL&amp;mdash;but much larger.  It contains 250 publications&amp;mdash;books, reports and magazines&amp;mdash;in various areas of human development (the full HDL contains 1,230 publications). It has the same structure as the Greenstone Demo. It's fairly complex, and if you're just starting out you might prefer to look at some other collections first (e.g. &lt;i&gt;MSWord and PDF demonstration&lt;/i&gt;, the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Archives&lt;/i&gt;, or the &lt;i&gt;Simple image collection&lt;/i&gt;).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;wrdpdf-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+MSWord and PDF demonstration &lt;br&gt;(4 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This contains a few documents in PDF, MSWord, RTF, and Postscript formats, demonstrating the ability to build collections from documents in different formats. The collection configuration file is very simple.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;gsarch-e &lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone Archives collection &lt;br&gt;(5 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+A collection of email messages from the Greenstone mailing list archives, this uses the Email plugin, which parses files in email formats. The collection configuration file is very simple.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;cltbib-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Bibliography collection &lt;br&gt;(7 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+With about 4,000 bibliography entries, this collection incorporates a form-based search interface that allows fielded searching. It is fairly complex.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;cltext-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Bibliography supplement &lt;br&gt;(1 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This tiny collection of 10 bibliography entries illustrates the &amp;quot;supercollection&amp;quot; facility which searches several collections together, seamlessly. It operates together with the &lt;i&gt;Bibliography&lt;/i&gt; collection, and its configuration file is almost the same.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;MARC-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+MARC example &lt;br&gt;(1 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Based on some MARC records from the Library of Congress, this is a simple collection (and does not allow form-based searching).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;oai-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+OAI demo collection &lt;br&gt;(18 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Using the Open Archive Protocol and the &lt;i&gt;Import-From&lt;/i&gt; feature, this retrieves metadata from an archive and builds a collection from the records. In this case they are images, so both the OAI and Image plugins are used.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;image-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Simple image collection &lt;br&gt;(1 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;figure&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This very basic image collection contains no text and no explicit metadata&amp;mdash;which makes it rather unrealistic. The configuration file is about as simple as you can get.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;authen-e&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Formatting and authentication demo &lt;br&gt;(8 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+With the same material as the original Greenstone demo collection, this shows off two independent features: non-standard document formatting, and controlled access to the documents via user authentication.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;garish&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Garish version of demo collection &lt;br&gt;(8 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This collection also contains the same material as the Greenstone demo. Its appearance has been altered to show how the pages generated can be set out differently. It relies on a non-standard macro file that is supplied with Greenstone.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;isis-e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;24.25%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+CDS/ISIS example (1 Mb)
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;51.50%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This collection is built from a CDS/ISIS database of about 150 bibliography entries. It uses the ISISPlug plugin, which reads the standard ISIS .mst and .fdt files and converts them to Greenstone metadata.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4&lt;br&gt;Setting up the Webserver&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+In this section we describe how to set up your webserver to work with Greenstone. Note that all this is unnecessary when using the Windows Local Library, because this software works &amp;ldquo;out of the box&amp;rdquo; and does not require a webserver.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+We discuss both the Apache webserver, which is freely available for both Windows and Unix (see the Appendix for details) and Microsoft's Personal Web Server (PWS) and Internet Information Services (IIS) webserver. PWS is the standard Microsoft server for Windows 95/98; IIS is the standard webserver for Windows 2000 and the forthcoming Windows XP; Windows NT can use either. The Apache description applies equally to the Windows Web Library and Unix versions (though we use Windows-style terminology and pathnames); the PWS/IIS section applies only to the Windows Web Library. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Once you have installed your webserver, the next step is to install Greenstone. We will assume that during the install procedure you have taken the default action for each stage by clicking on the &lt;i&gt;Next&lt;/i&gt; button. The result is that the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; is created and the Web Library binary is stored there, along with some supporting files. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All webservers use the special URL &amp;ldquo;localhost&amp;rdquo; to denote the computer that the webserver is running on. Thus when you install a webserver, you can get at your &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; documents by typing the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost&lt;/i&gt; into a browser. If your computer has a domain name set up, this is used instead of localhost to identify your computer from remote sites. Thus on the New Zealand Digital Library's computer, &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;http://localhost&lt;/i&gt; are equivalent. If you type &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt; on your computer you will get the New Zealand Digital Library webserver, whereas if you type &lt;i&gt;http://localhost&lt;/i&gt; you will get your own computer's webserver. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.1The Apache web server&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Apache webserver is usually installed in &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache&lt;/i&gt; and is configured so that the cgi-bin directory is in the subdirectory &lt;i&gt;/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; and the document root is the subdirectory &lt;i&gt;/htdocs&lt;/i&gt;. It is reconfigured by editing the configuration file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/conf/httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;. This is a text file: it's quite easy to read it to see how things are set up. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Depending on how your computer's networking software is set up, you may have to add this line to Apache's &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt; configuration file: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ServerName localhost
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If this line is not included, the system attempts to find your server's name. However, there are bugs in some versions of Windows that cause this to fail. In this case, Apache will exit immediately when you start it up. It does display an error message, but it is immediately erased and you probably can't read it. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Setting up the Greenstone cgi-bin directory&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Cgi-bin is a directory from which the webserver treats documents as executable programs. Apache's &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive is used to create a cgi-bin directory. Note that this directive can make any directory a cgi executable directory&amp;mdash;it doesn't have to be called &amp;ldquo;cgi-bin&amp;rdquo;! Conversely, a directory called &amp;ldquo;cgi-bin&amp;rdquo; isn't special unless &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; has been applied to it. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When installed, Apache has a cgi-bin directory of &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;. This means that if presented with the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/cgi-bin/hello&lt;/i&gt;, the webserver will attempt to execute a file called &lt;i&gt;hello&lt;/i&gt; from within the above directory. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+There is one Greenstone program, which is called &amp;ldquo;library.exe&amp;rdquo;, that needs to be executed by the webserver; it in turn reads a file called the Greenstone site configuration file, or &amp;ldquo;gsdlsite.cfg&amp;rdquo;, which needs to be located in the same directory. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The best way of arranging this is to use Apache's &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive to create a new cgi-bin directory. Here's the excerpt from Apache's &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt; configuration file that adds &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; as an additional cgi-bin directory: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ScriptAlias /gsdl/cgi-bin/ &amp;quot;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin/&amp;quot; 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;Directory C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Options None
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  AllowOverride None 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/Directory&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+(It's a curious fact that Apache configuration files use forward slashes in place of standard Windows backslashes.) 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This means that any URLs of the form &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; ... will be sought in the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;, and executed by the web server. For example, if presented with the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/cgi-bin/hello&lt;/i&gt;, the web server will attempt to retrieve the file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin/hello&lt;/i&gt; and execute it. However, the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/cgi-bin/hello&lt;/i&gt; looks in Apache's regular &lt;i&gt;cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; directory for the file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;/hello&lt;/i&gt; and executes it, just as it did before. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The document root directory&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The document root directory is the root of your webserver's directory structure. When installed, Apache has a document root &lt;i&gt;of C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/htdocs&lt;/i&gt;. This means that if presented with the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/hello.html&lt;/i&gt;, the webserver will attempt to retrieve a file called &lt;i&gt;hello.html&lt;/i&gt; from within the above directory. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Several files within Greenstone need to be read by the webserver. The simplest way to arrange this is to use the &lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; directive, which is just like &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; except that it applies to ordinary web pages, not cgi scripts. Insert these lines into your Apache configuration file, after the &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive, to add &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; as an additional place to look for documents.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alias /gsdl/ &amp;quot;C:/Program Files/gsdl/&amp;quot; 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;Directory C:/Program Files/gsdl&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  AllowOverride None
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Order allow,deny
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Allow from all 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/Directory&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This means that any URLs that match the first argument of Alias (gsdl) are sought as files in the place corresponding to the second argument. In other words, URLs of the form &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/&lt;/i&gt; ... will be sought as files in the directory &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;. For example, if presented with the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/hello.html&lt;/i&gt;, the webserver will attempt to retrieve the file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/hello.html&lt;/i&gt;. However, the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/hello.html&lt;/i&gt; looks in the regular &lt;i&gt;htdocs&lt;/i&gt; directory for the file &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/htdocs/hello.html&lt;/i&gt;, just as it did before. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Be sure to add the &lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; directive after the &lt;i&gt;ScriptAlias&lt;/i&gt; directive. Instructing Apache to alias &lt;i&gt;/gsdl &lt;/i&gt;before&lt;i&gt; /gsdl/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt; would match the URL &lt;i&gt;/gsdl/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt; against the Alias directive rather than the ScriptAlias, and it would be interpreted as a request for a document rather than the result of executing a program. The outcome would be to &amp;ldquo;display&amp;rdquo; the binary program file as a page in the Web browser, instead of executing it.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SubsectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Security&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You should be aware that if the web library version of Greenstone is set up as instructed above, anyone will be allowed to download any file in the &lt;i&gt;gsdl&lt;/i&gt; directory structure. This includes the index files and source documents of any collections you make, the user database, usage logs, etc.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If you are concerned about this, you can easily tighten up your webserver configuration to improve security. For the Apache webserver, put these lines into the configuration file instead of those given in the previous subsection:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Alias /gsdl/ &amp;quot;C:/Program Files/gsdl/&amp;quot;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;Directory &amp;quot;C:/Program Files/gsdl&amp;quot;&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Order allow,deny
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  Deny from all
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  &amp;lt;FilesMatch
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;quot;/.(gif|jpe?g|png|css|mov|mpeg|ps|pdf|doc|rtf|jar|class)$&amp;quot;&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    Order allow,deny
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    Allow from all
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+  &amp;lt;/FilesMatch&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;code line&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/Directory&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This means that only files whose extensions match the regular expression in the &lt;i&gt;FilesMatch&lt;/i&gt; line may be downloaded.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.2The PWS and IIS webservers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Although neither PWS nor IIS is installed by default on current Windows systems, they can easily be installed using the &amp;ldquo;Add/Remove programs&amp;rdquo; control panel. If they are not already on your Windows distribution CD-ROM you will have to download them from the Microsoft web site (&lt;i&gt;www.microsoft.com&lt;/i&gt;).
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The setup procedure for Greenstone is identical for both PWS and IIS. Invoke the Personal Web Manager and perform the following actions.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Select &lt;i&gt;Advanced&lt;/i&gt; to get the &lt;i&gt;Advanced Options&lt;/i&gt; screen.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Select &lt;i&gt;Home&lt;/i&gt; and click &lt;i&gt;Add&lt;/i&gt;. Fill out the fields as follows:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Directory&lt;/i&gt; field:&lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; field:&lt;i&gt;gsdl&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Access permissions:&lt;i&gt;Read&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Application permissions:&lt;i&gt;None&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Click &lt;i&gt;OK&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This makes Greenstone files accessible to the webserver. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Back in &lt;i&gt;Advanced Options&lt;/i&gt;, select &lt;i&gt;gsdl&lt;/i&gt; and click &lt;i&gt;Add&lt;/i&gt;. Fill out the fields as follows:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Directory&lt;/i&gt; field:&lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;/cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;Alias&lt;/i&gt; field:&lt;i&gt;cgi-bin&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Access permissions:&lt;i&gt;None&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Application permissions:&lt;i&gt;Execute&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 49.22mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Click &lt;i&gt;OK&lt;/i&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This allows the Greenstone program &lt;i&gt;library.exe&lt;/i&gt; to be executed by the webserver.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ol type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Go to the URL &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Note: you need to specify the &lt;i&gt;.exe&lt;/i&gt; file extension with PWS and IIS.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 41.84mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5&lt;br&gt;Configuring your Site&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+For Greenstone to work properly, access permissions for certain files must be set up appropriately. Also, there is a configuration file associated with each Greenstone site. The install procedure creates a generic configuration file based on your installation choices; however its contents can be tailored to cope with different situations. This section explains both of these issues. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.1File permissions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+This section is irrelevant for Windows 95/98, because these systems don't identify the owners of files. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+On Windows NT, 2000 and Unix systems, cgi scripts don't run as normal users, because users can't be identified over the Web. Instead, they run as the user who started up the webserver program (on Windows systems), or as a special user (commonly called &lt;i&gt;nobody &lt;/i&gt;on Unix systems). Because of this, all files and directories within &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; need to be globally readable (or at least readable by the cgi-script user, perhaps &amp;ldquo;&lt;i&gt;nobody&lt;/i&gt;&amp;rdquo;). To test whether file permissions are set up correctly, run the program &lt;i&gt;library.exe&lt;/i&gt; from the command line. If the files are in the right places but the permissions are set incorrectly, it will run from the command line&amp;mdash;that is, when &lt;i&gt;you&lt;/i&gt; execute it&amp;mdash;but not from a browser&amp;mdash;that is, when the &amp;ldquo;&lt;i&gt;nobody&lt;/i&gt;&amp;rdquo; user executes it. Another test is to log in as another user to see if the file permissions are specific to your original user account. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To work through a Web browser, all the Greenstone directories must be globally readable. Also, the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/etc&lt;/i&gt; directory and all its contents must be globally &lt;i&gt;writable&lt;/i&gt;. This is the directory into which the library program writes the usage log, error and initialization logs, and various user databases. If you're reluctant to make this directory globally writable, you can set permissions so that just the files &lt;i&gt;errout.txt&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;initout.txt&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;key.db&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;users.db&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;history.db&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;usage.txt&lt;/i&gt; are writable by the cgi user. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If file permissions are not set up correctly for &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/etc&lt;/i&gt;, you may find that user authentication and search history do not work, and that no usage log (&lt;i&gt;usage.txt&lt;/i&gt;) is generated. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.2The gsdlsite.cfg configuration file&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The install procedure creates a generic Greenstone site configuration file based on your installation choices. For our installation this file is &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/cgi-bin/gsdlsite.cfg&lt;/i&gt; and its content is: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# Site configuration file for Greenstone. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# Lines begining with 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# are comments. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# This file should be placed in the same directory as your library 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# executable file. it should be edited to suit your site.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# points to the GSDLHOME directory 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+gsdlhome  &amp;ldquo;C:/Program Files/gsdl&amp;rdquo;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# this is the http address of GSDLHOME 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# if your webservers DocumentRoot is set to $GSDLHOME 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# then httpprefix can be commented out
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+httpprefix /gsdl
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# this is the http address of the directory which 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# contains the images for the interface. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+httpimg   /gsdl/images
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# should contain the http address of this cgi script. This 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# is not needed if the http server sets the environment variable 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# SCRIPT_NAME 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+#gwcgi    /cgi-bin/library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# maxrequests is the most requests a fastcgi process 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# will serve before it exits. This can be set to a 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# low figure (like 1) while debugging and then set 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# to a high figure (like 10000) when everything is 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# working well. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+#maxrequests 10000
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You can customise your installation by editing this file, although you will probably not need to do so. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The &lt;i&gt;gsdlhome&lt;/i&gt; line simply points to the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; directory. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;httpprefix&lt;/i&gt; is the web address of the directory that Greenstone is installed in. We explained earlier how to create an alias so that URLs of the form &lt;i&gt;http://localhost/gsdl/&lt;/i&gt; ... are sought in the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt; directory. Putting a line &lt;i&gt;httpprefix /gsdl&lt;/i&gt; into the &lt;i&gt;gsdlsite&lt;/i&gt; configuration file establishes the same convention for the Greenstone software. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;httpimg&lt;/i&gt; is the web address of the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl/images&lt;/i&gt; directory, which contains all the gif images used in the interface. In any standard Greenstone installation this will always be &lt;i&gt;httpprefix/images&lt;/i&gt;, and the line in the file above is left untouched. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;gwcgi&lt;/i&gt; is the web address of the library cgi program. This is not required by most webservers (including Apache), and should remain commented out. Don't uncomment it unless you're sure you need to, because that may introduce problems. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;maxrequests&lt;/i&gt; is only used by versions of Greenstone that are compiled with the &amp;ldquo;fast-cgi&amp;rdquo; option on. The standard binary distribution does not include this option because not all webservers are configured to support it. Fastcgi speeds up cgi executions by keeping the main executable in memory between invocations of the software, rather than loading it in from disk each time a web page is requested from the Greenstone software. The trade-off is the amount of memory used, which can grow the longer the program remains in memory. Once &lt;i&gt;maxrequests&lt;/i&gt; pages have been generated, the cgi program quits, thereby freeing any accumulated memory. To respond to the next request for a Web page, the cgi program is read in from disk again, and a new cycle of page requests is begun. Most installations use the standard cgi protocol, which means that &lt;i&gt;maxrequests&lt;/i&gt; can be safely ignored. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6&lt;br&gt;Personalizing your Installation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Probably the first thing you will want to do once your Greenstone installation is up and running is personalize the home page. The file that generates the Greenstone home page is called &lt;i&gt;home.dm&lt;/i&gt;, and is located in the &lt;i&gt;macros&lt;/i&gt; subdirectory of the directory into which you installed Greenstone. (The default for Windows systems is &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/gsdl&lt;/i&gt;.) This is a plain text file that you will have to edit to create a new home page. Instead of editing it, we recommend creating a new file, say &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt;. This will be like &lt;i&gt;home.dm&lt;/i&gt; but will define &amp;ldquo;package home&amp;rdquo;&amp;mdash;which is the bit that does the actual work&amp;mdash;in a different way.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+When you make a different home page, there must be some way of linking in to the digital library pages so that you can search and browse the collections on your system. The solution that Greenstone adopts is to use &amp;ldquo;macros&amp;rdquo;. That's why the home-page file is called &amp;ldquo;.dm&amp;rdquo; and not &amp;ldquo;.html&amp;rdquo;&amp;mdash;it's a &amp;ldquo;macro&amp;rdquo; file rather than a regular &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; file. But don't quail: the macro file basically contains just &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt;, sprinkled with a few mystical incantantations which are explained below. The macro language is a powerful facility, and only a small part of it is described below&amp;mdash;see the &lt;i&gt;Greenstone Digital Library Developer's Guide&lt;/i&gt; for more information.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.1Example&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 3 shows an example of a new digital library home page. Each of the &amp;ldquo;Click here&amp;rdquo; links takes you to the appropriate Greenstone facility. This page was generated by the file called &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; shown in Figure 4.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You can use Figure 4 as a template for creating your own specialized Greenstone home page. Basically, it defines a macro called &lt;i&gt;content&lt;/i&gt;. Inside the curly braces is ordinary &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt;. You could insert additional text, along with any &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; formatting commands, to put the content that you &lt;br&gt;want to see on the page. The text is regular &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt;; if you want you can include hyperlinks and use all the other facilities that &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; provides.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;table width=&quot;100.00%25&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cols=&quot;2&quot; rows=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 3&lt;br&gt;Your own Greenstone home page
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;img width=&quot;666&quot; height=&quot;384&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word052.png&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Figure 4&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; used to create Figure 3
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+package home
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+_content_ {
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;h2&amp;gt;Your own Greenstone home page&amp;lt;/h2&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;ul&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;table&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr valign=top&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Search page for the demo collection&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httpquery_&amp;amp;c=demo&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;quot;About&amp;quot; page for the demo collection&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppageabout_&amp;amp;c=demo&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Preferences page for the demo collection&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagepref_&amp;amp;c=demo&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Home page&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagehome_&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Help page&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagehelp_&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;Administration page&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagestatus_&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&amp;lt;td&amp;gt;The Collector&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+    &amp;lt;td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;_httppagecollector_&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/td&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/tr&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/table&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&amp;lt;/ul&amp;gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+}
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# if you hate the squirly green bar down the left-hand side of the 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# page, uncomment these lines:
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot; 
+border: thin none Black;
+
+ padding: 0.00mm 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+# _header_ { 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+#          }
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;26.01%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;White&quot; width=&quot;73.99%25&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
+
+&lt;/tr&gt;
+
+&lt;/table&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To make your new home page link in with other digital library pages, you need to use an appropriate magic spell. In this macro language, magic spells are words flanked by underscores. You can see these in Figure 4. For example, &lt;i&gt;_httppagehome_&lt;/i&gt; takes you to the home page, &lt;i&gt;_httppagehelp_&lt;/i&gt; to the help page, and so on. In some cases you need to include a collection name. For example, &lt;i&gt;_httpquery_&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;amp;c=demo&lt;/i&gt; specifies the search page for the demo collection; for other collections you should replace &lt;i&gt;demo&lt;/i&gt; by the appropriate collection name.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The definition of the macro called &lt;i&gt;_content_ &lt;/i&gt;is plain &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt;. Any standard &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; code may be placed within a macro definition. However, the special characters `{`, `}', `/', and `_' must be escaped with a backslash to prevent them from being processed by the macro language interpreter. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Note that the &lt;i&gt;_content_ &lt;/i&gt;macro definition does not contain any &lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:lowercase&quot;&gt;html&lt;/span&gt; header or footer. If you want to change the header or footer of your home page, you should define &lt;i&gt;_header_&lt;/i&gt; and/or &lt;i&gt;_footer_&lt;/i&gt; macros, adding them to the &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; file in the form 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+_macroname_ { 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ ...
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+} 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+For example, the squirly green bar down the left-hand side of Greenstone pages is defined in the &lt;i&gt;_header_ &lt;/i&gt;macro, and making this macro null will remove it, as indicated at the end of Figure 4.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.2How to make it work&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You have to tell Greenstone about the new home page &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt;. The system reads in the macro files that are specified in the main configuration file &lt;i&gt;main.cfg&lt;/i&gt;, so if you create a new one you must include it there. Name clashes are handled sensibly: the most recent definition takes precedence. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Thus to make the Greenstone digital library software use the home page in Figure 3 instead of the default, first put the &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; file in Figure 4 into the &lt;i&gt;macros&lt;/i&gt; directory. Then edit the &lt;i&gt;main.cfg &lt;/i&gt;configuration file to replace &lt;i&gt;home.dm&lt;/i&gt; with &lt;i&gt;yourhome.dm&lt;/i&gt; in the list of macro files that are loaded at startup. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.3Redirecting a URL to Greenstone&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+You may want to redirect a more convenient URL to your Greenstone cgi program. For example, on our system the URL &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org&lt;/i&gt; (which is shorthand for &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org/index.html)&lt;/i&gt; is redirected to &lt;i&gt;http://nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt;. The Apache webserver accomplishes this with the &lt;i&gt;Redirect&lt;/i&gt; directive. Along with other directives, this goes into the &lt;i&gt;C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache/conf/httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt; configuration file. To redirect the URL &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com&lt;/i&gt; to &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt;, put this line into &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;: 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Redirect /index.html http://www.yourserver.com/cgi-bin/library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Then you will reach your digital library system directly from the URL &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com&lt;/i&gt;. Instead, if you wanted a URL like &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com/greenstone&lt;/i&gt; to be redirected to &lt;i&gt;http://www.yourserver.com/cgi-bin/library&lt;/i&gt;, include in the &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt; file 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Preformatted&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 39.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Redirect /greenstone http://www.yourserver.com/cgi-bin/library
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+If your computer doesn't have a domain name (like the &amp;ldquo;www.yourserver.com&amp;rdquo; above), just replace &lt;i&gt;www.yourserver.com&lt;/i&gt; by &lt;i&gt;localhost&lt;/i&gt; in the lines above. So long as the browser is running on the same machine as the webserver&amp;mdash;which it surely is if your computer doesn't have a domain name&amp;mdash;this has the same effect as the above redirections. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Instead of putting redirect directives into the file &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;, you can equally well put them into a file called &lt;i&gt;.htaccess&lt;/i&gt; within your server's document root directory. In fact, doing so has two advantages. First, changes to &lt;i&gt;.htaccess&lt;/i&gt; take effect immediately, whereas you have to restart the Apache webserver to see the effect of changes to &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;. Second, on Unix systems you usually have to be logged in as the &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; user to edit &lt;i&gt;httpd.conf&lt;/i&gt;, whereas you don't to edit &lt;i&gt;.htaccess&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;ChapterTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;AppendixTitle&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12.50mm 0.00mm 12.50mm 43.75mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Appendix&lt;br&gt;Associated Software&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Here is how to obtain the software packages mentioned above. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.1Apache Webserver&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To run any version of Greenstone apart from the Windows Local Library version, you need an external webserver. Many installations, particularly larger ones, will already have a webserver. If you are using Linux, Apache may be on your installation disk but may not have been selected during the installation procedure. The Apache Webserver from &lt;i&gt;www.apache.org&lt;/i&gt; is free, and easy to install. 
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.2Perl&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Greenstone uses the Perl language when building collections. For Windows, Perl is already included in the Greenstone software.  Most Unix systems already have Perl installed, but if not, source code and binaries for a wide range of Unix platforms are freely available at &lt;i&gt;www.perl.com&lt;/i&gt;. Perl version 5.0 or higher is needed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.3GCC&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The Unix version of Greenstone compiles under the Gnu C++ compiler, GCC. Greenstone makes extensive use of the C++ standard template library (we've found it to be broken on some older versions of GCC; please tell us if you have STL problems). Note that this version of Greenstone does not compile under GCC 3.0.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.4GDBM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+All versions of Greenstone use the Gnu Database Manager, GDBM. It is supplied with all Windows versions of Greenstone and installed automatically during the installation procedure. Linux systems already have GDBM, so we do not provide it for Linux. Most other Unix systems have it, but if necessary you can download it from &lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.gnu.org&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;www.gnu.org&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.5Java runtime environment&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+To use the Greenstone Librarian Interface, you need a suitable version of the Java Runtime Environment. If you don't already have this, a suitable version is included on the CD-ROM, or you can download the latest version from &lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fjava.sun.com%2fj2se%2fdownloads.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;http://java.sun.com/j2se/downloads.html&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;. Version 1.4.0 or higher is needed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;SectionHeading&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 7.38mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -7.38mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.6Java compiler&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;To compile the source code of the Greenstone Librarian Interface, you must first install a Java Development Kit. You can download the J2SE Software Development Kit from &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fjava.sun.com%2fj2se%2fdownloads.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;http://java.sun.com/j2se/downloads.html&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;DarkGreen&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;. Version 1.4.0 or higher is needed.
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ii APPENDIX B&amp;mdash;GLOSSARY OF TERMS
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+APPENDIX B&amp;mdash;GLOSSARY OF TERMS iii
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Footer&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Greenstone gsdl-2.50&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;March&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt; 2004&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Footer&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+iv CONTENTS
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+v
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word053.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Footer&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2 VERSIONS OF GREENSTONE
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+2
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word054.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+12 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+INSTALLATION PROCEDURE 13
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word055.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+16 GREENSTONE COLLECTIONS
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+GREENSTONE COLLECTIONS 15
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word056.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+22 SETTING UP THE WEBSERVER
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+SETTING UP THE WEBSERVER 21
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -4.91mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word057.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+26 CONFIGURING YOUR SITE
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+CONFIGURING YOUR SITE 25
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+30 PERSONALIZING YOUR INSTALLATION
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PERSONALIZING YOUR INSTALLATION 29
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word058.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+32 ASSOCIATED SOFTWARE
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+PERSONALIZING YOUR INSTALLATION 33
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: right; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Header&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -4.91mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;i&gt;greenstone.org&lt;/i&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;1491&quot; height=&quot;77&quot; alt=&quot;0x01 graphic&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/word059.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 14.06mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -14.06mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Caption&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 14.06mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -14.06mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Only &amp;ldquo;Administrators&amp;rdquo; can install software
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+NT/2000
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+3.x
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Serves collections but no building
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Binaries available for all versions
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Windows
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Windows or Unix?
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Other
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Sun Solaris or Macintosh OS/X
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Linux
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Untested
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Source code tested
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Source code tested, binaries available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Full version available
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+May need &amp;ldquo;root&amp;rdquo; login to install
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Unix
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+95/98/Me
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 34.46mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASHeaa2/a32e0805.dir/doc.xml
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASHeaa2/a32e0805.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/HASHeaa2/a32e0805.dir/doc.xml	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,1106 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
+<Archive>
+<Section>
+  <Description>
+    <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="GENERATOR">wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Title">Evolving Tool Support for Digital Librarians</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215329/word06.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://research/ak19/gs2-svn-22Aug2013/collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/tmp/1395215329/word06.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/word06.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlconvertedfilename">tmp/1395215329/word06.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="OrigSource">word06.html</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Source">word06.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="SourceFile">word06.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Plugin">WordPlugin</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileSize">65536</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FilenameRoot">word06</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="FileFormat">Word</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srcicon">_icondoc_</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclink_file">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="srclinkFile">doc.doc</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">Michael B. Twidale</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Creator">David M. Nichols</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="dc.Title">COMPUTATIONAL SENSE: THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE EDUCATION OF DIGITAL LIBRARIANS</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="Identifier">HASHeaa2a32e080549673150f3</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodified">1395214929</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1395215329</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140319</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASHeaa2/a32e0805.dir</Metadata>
+    <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">doc.doc:application/msword:</Metadata>
+  </Description>
+  <Content>
+
+&lt;!--Section Begins--&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Working Paper Series
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+ISSN 1170-487X
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;COMPUTATIONAL SENSE: THE ROLE OF&lt;br&gt;TECHNOLOGY IN THE EDUCATION OF DIGITAL LIBRARIANS&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Michael B. Twidale and David M. Nichols&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Working Paper:  10/2006
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+October 2006
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Â© 2006 Michael B. Twidale and David M. Nichols
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Department of Computer Science
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+The University of Waikato
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Private Bag 3105
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+Hamilton, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Table of Contents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 8.33mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;TOC 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6.25mm 0.00mm 4.17mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Blue&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm -1.39mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm -1.39mm 0.00mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Computational Sense:&lt;br&gt; the role of technology in the education of digital librarians&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Michael B. Twidale&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt; &amp;amp; David M. Nichols&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Graduate School of Library and Information Science &lt;br&gt;University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+twidale@uiuc.edu
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Department of Computer Science, University of Waikato&lt;br&gt; Hamilton, New Zealand
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;margin: 2.08mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: center; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+dmn@cs.waikato.ac.nz
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;NTRODUCTION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;The rapid progress of digital library technology from research to implementation has created a force for change in the curricula of library schools. The education of future librarians has always had to adapt to new technologies but the pace, complexity and implications of digital libraries pose considerable challenges. In this article we explore how we might successfully blend elements of computer science and library science to produce effective educational experiences for the digital librarians of tomorrow. We first outline the background to current digital librarian education and then propose the concept of &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;computational sense&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; as an appropriate meeting point for these two disciplines.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;DIGITAL LIBRARIANS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;There is an ongoing discussion on what it means to be a digital librarian (Coleman, 2005; Marion, 2001; Mostafa et al, 2006; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Pomerantz et al, 2006)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. It is similar to being a traditional librarian in terms of ethos and applicability of core guiding theories, including access, cataloguing, collection development and teaching people both search skills and general information literacy. It can be viewed as simply integrating one set of digital information resou&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;rces into a set of access servic&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;es provided around a pre-existing set of paper-based resources. However it also requires additional technical skills, extending the librarian's role into new areas. For example, DL creation can be more akin to publishing than collection development, involving aspects of editing, revision and aligning to data and metadata standards.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;The topic of digital librarianship is subject to rapid change (Pomerantz et al, 2006), as it is partially defined by the availability and functionality of appropriate software. The ease of building a digital library or an institutional repository has been radically changed over the past decade by the emergence of software such as Greenstone (W&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;itten &amp;amp; Bainbridge, 2003) and DS&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;pace (Tansley et al, 2005). For example, the courses presented in library schools are often based around similar material presented in tutorials at digital library conferences. Education based around digital library software inevitably brings with it techniques and concepts from computer science; especially as most of these courses combine theory and practice (Ma, Clegg, &amp;amp; O'Brien, 2006) Issues that can cause problems for library students vary from the basic (such as selecting the appropriate software version, downloading and installing) to advanced topics involving customization and extensibility (Nichols et al, 2006).&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;COMPUTATIONAL SENSE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;As libraries have become more computerised, librarians have had to learn more and more about computer systems, file formats and web servers. Over time, commodity software can hide away certain levels of complexity as a basic infrastructure is develop&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;ed&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. But innovative computer applications will always require a degree of explicit support and tinkering. For example, the Greenstone software development team has, over several years, developed a variety of tools to abstract away from technical details to simplify the tasks of creating and maintaining digital collections. Despite this work the experiences of using digital library software can still be disconcerting for some students (Nichols et al, 2006). This state of affairs is more a reflection on the state-of-the-art in content management systems than a criticism of any particular software applications.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;From the perspective of software developers the power of digital library software derives from the flexibility of computer programming languages. Indeed, the Greenstone digital library suite embeds programming language constructs into its customization features; providing considerable flexibility for collection design but at the expense of learnability (Nichols et al, 2005). A practical example is the nature of conditional statements in Greenstone macros, which:&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;have a unique syntax (rather than re-using an existing language such as JavaScript or PHP)&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;have a different syntax to conditional statements in Greenstone formatting statements&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;have no error checking at design time (such as the red underlining of spell checkers or Visual Studio)&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: -6.25mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;have no integrated documentation (such as found in modern programming development environments)&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 12.50mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;At one level it is simple to say that these can be corrected through more software development. The larger question is whether this is the right direction for systems that are to be used in digital librarian education. The resulting system would be very similar to an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) of the sort regularly used by computer science students and programmers the world over. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;This raises the question: should future librarians be forced to become programmers in order to graduate? We believe that digital librarians should not have to become programmers but that they &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;do&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; need to acquire a fluency with information technology beyond &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;that of &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;a traditional MLS degree. We coin the term &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;computational sense&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; to describe this level of fluency. It covers a range of issues that remain in flux and are clearly open for debate. We &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;outline a&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; few of them below for illustration.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Comfort and fluency with computational systems&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Of course a digital librarian should be comfortable in using the latest technologies available. However, although necessary we do not believe this is sufficient for librarians to be able to take active roles in exploiting the potential of a rapidly changing set of technologies.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Metacognitive skills in learning about new computational resources&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Possessing training in a technology is insufficient because technologies change so rapidly. New versions of applications contain new functionalities, new interfaces and hence new possibilities for how they might be used. New applications become available to complement or replace existing applications. Online resources and computational services can enhance or disrupt what users expect or want to be able to do with existing resources. Patrons' changing reactions to library catalogues in the light of their experiences with Amazon and Google are just one indicator of this.  Consequently, practising librarians need to be able to learn about the latest versions, applications and new ways of combining applications quickly and maybe without formal training. This can be done, but probably requires the teaching of the metacognitive skills that can facilitate more efficient and effective learning both by individuals and communities within and across organisations.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Fluency in incremental tailoring and combining of applications for evolving needs &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Even if they do not directly program new digital library applications, librarians are likely to be involved directly or indirectly in the installation and use of those applications, which invariably involves tailoring work. Modern applications typically come with a host of options, and the defaults are often less than ideal. Making a resource useful and usable in a particular context typically involves a range of tailoring activities ranging from selecting between options, choosing modules to install, including or linking the application to the resources it will use or provide, integrating the software with other applications or provisions and `skinning' the interface to create an integrated, consistent and coherent look and feel for end users as part of a focus on usability. All these require varying levels of technical expertise. They also require the ability to interact productively with others, both stakeholders with far less technical skill, and also technical experts, lacking local knowledge of use-in-context. Although somewhat daunting-sounding this information intermediary role is one firmly within the bounds of the ethos of traditional librarianship (Erlich and Cash, 1994).&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;A sense of applications as ongoing co-designed artefacts rather than technological givens&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Computational sense &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;should include&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; an understanding and an expectation that digital librarians be involved not just in the selection, analysis, and facilitation of learning and use of computational artefacts, but that they should also be involved in the &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;design&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; of those artefacts. At the very least it should empower digital librarians to take a more direct role in larger-scale design processes. Applications should not be taken as technological givens, to be coped with by them and in their information intermediary role in helping others to learn and use. Rather these applications need to be regarded as provisional, changing and amenable to change by librarians. In many existing cases this still might not actually be feasible, but we believe that it is worth considering what it would take to give more librarians the skills necessary to not merely critique inadequate systems but to get involved in actually improving them. Design does not necessarily require programming. As noted above, tailoring is one aspect of design, but there are others. As well as in-house design, there are various approaches to wider involvement in larger co-design processes, including participatory design (Kyng and Mathiassen, 1997) and the involvement of lead users (von Hippel, 2005) as well as open source software development. Modern systems are frequently in the process of near-continual re-design as new versions and modules are released, which at least raises the possibility of greater involvement by people with appropriate skills&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;A sense of the feasibility of potential design options  &lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;To be fully involved in ongoing co-design, it is very helpful to have a good sense of what is feasible in current systems development and what is not. A qualitative sense of the relative costs of different design options is also helpful as the design space is collectively explored. Typically computer science students are expected to acquire these rich qualitative skills just by lots of practice. They are rarely explicitly taught. We speculate that it might be possible to teach these skills of judgement without requiring considerable practical programming experience. If so, it would allow digital librarians to engage in far more productive interactions both with vendors and systems development teams, as advocates for stakeholders and use-in-context as different functionalities and possibilities are uncovered. If you don't have a sense of what it is reasonable to ask for, you are inclined to select just from the options on offer. All design involves trade-offs and compromises, but when these are done in ignorance of whole categories of costs, benefits, and opportunities, truly innovative design possibilities are overlooked.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 2&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;b&gt;Spreadsheets as a guiding metaphor&lt;/b&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;To illustrate our vision, we use an example from an earlier round of technological innovation coinciding with the advent of the personal computer in the 1980s. Prior to that time, people who wanted to do mathematical calculations on computers (including scientists and financial experts) would have had to write a program in a language such as FORTRAN, or commission someone else to do it for them. This was for many daunting or &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;prohibitively &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;expensive in terms of money, opportunity cost or effort-risk-reward calculations. With the advent of the early spreadsheet programs on PCs, many people started using them because they were far easier to both learn and use than programming to achieve basic numerical calculations. Although intended for accounting calculations, the ease of learning and use encouraged innovation and appropriation by many others with needs to manipulate numbers. Nevertheless, spreadsheets were not completely trivial to use. One needed basic numeracy to be able to use them productively and not generate nonsense - what we might call a numerical sense. One just did not need to know how to program in FORTRAN. Ability to program certainly helped in avoiding certain classic errors, and was essential for more complex calculations that either the spreadsheet software of the day could not manage or where the programming of macros was needed. But programming ceased to be a &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;prerequisite&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; and the skills of sophisticated spreadsheet use, planning, design and debugging could be taught to people who had not first learned to program. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;In a similar manner, we believe that it is possible to extract some of the skills traditionally acquired (explicitly but more often implicitly) from long experience of programming, and teach these to librarians under the label of computational sense. In so doing we can widen the number of people able to productively engage with information technologies, just as spreadsheets widened the use of computers by numerate people far beyond the range of those willing to invest time in learning FORTRAN. This approach also challenges the developers of digital library software to produce tools as useful and useable as the spreadsheet.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;paragraph&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 9.84mm; text-align: left; line-height: 6.250000mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Computational sense extends beyond the notion of programming to encompass an ability to understand the broader notions of the capabilities of software and the socio-technical issues of usability, system deployment and maintenance. In this article we have proposed some characteristics of computational sense and how they might influence the design of the curriculum for digital librarians. In doing so we don't claim to have a complete list but simply to contribute a new perspective to the ongoing debate on the nature of digital librarianship. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li value=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Heading 1&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 4.17mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;EFERENCES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Coleman, A. (2005) Interdisciplinarity, interactivity, and interoperability for educating the digerati. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Education for Information&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; 23(4) 233-243.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Erlich, K. and Cash, D. (1994) Turning information into knowledge: information finding as a collaborative activity. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of Digital Libraries '94&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. College Station, TX. 119-125.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;von Hippel, E. (2005) &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Democratizing Innovation.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Kyng, M. and Mathiassen, L. (1997) (eds.) &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Computers and Design in Context&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Ma, Y., Clegg, W., and O'Brien, A. (2006) Digital library education: the current status. In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL'06)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. ACM Press, New York, NY, 165-174. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Marion, L. (2001). Digital librarian, cybrarian, or librarian with specialized skills: Who will staff digital libraries? In H. Thompson (Ed.), &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Crossing the Divide: Proceedings of the Tenth National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Chicago, IL: American Library Association. 143-149.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Mostafa, J., Brancolini, K., Smith, L.C. and Mischo, W. (2005) Developing a digital library education program. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL'05)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;, 427. ACM Press.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Nichols, D. M., Bainbridge, D., Downie, J. S., and Twidale, M. B. (2006). Learning by building digital libraries. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL'06).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; ACM Press, New York, NY, 185-186 &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Nichols, D. M., Bainbridge, D., Marsden, G., Patel, D., Cunningham, S. J., Thompson, J., Boddie, S. J. and Witten, I. H. (2005) Evolving tool support for digital librarians. Theng, Y.-L. and Foo, S. (eds), In &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Design and Usability of Digital Libraries: Case Studies in the Asia Pacific&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;, 171-189. Information Science Publishing, London.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Pomerantz, J., Wildemuth, B. M., Yang, S., and Fox, E. A. (2006) Curriculum development for digital libraries. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL'06).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt; ACM Press, New York, NY, 175-184. &lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Tansley, R., Smith, M. and Walker, J.H. (2005) The DSpace open source digital asset management system: challenges and opportunities. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL 2005)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. LNCS 3652. Springer.242-253.&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;Witten, I.H. and Bainbridge, D. (2003). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;How to Build a Digital Library&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Normal&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.00mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;div name=&quot;Body Text First Indent&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.00mm 0.00mm 2.08mm 0.00mm;  padding: 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm 0.00mm; &quot;&gt; 
+
+&lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 4.91mm; text-align: left; line-height: 4.166667mm; color: Black; background-color: White; &quot;&gt;
+&lt;font color=&quot;Black&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--Section Ends--&gt;
+
+
+
+&lt;!--
+&lt;hr&gt;
+&lt;address&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/wvSmall.gif&quot; height=31 width=47
+align=left border=0 alt=&quot;wvWare&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fvalidator.w3.org%2fcheck%2freferer&quot;&gt;&lt;img
+src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/vh40.gif&quot; height=31 width=88
+align=right border=0 alt=&quot;Valid HTML 4.0!&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
+Document created with &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwvware.sourceforge.net&quot;&gt;wvWare/wvWare version 1.2.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
+&lt;/address&gt;
+--&gt;
+
+
+</Content>
+</Section>
+</Archive>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/archives/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8bbe6da0374b413b1b355c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A comprehensive open-source digital library software system</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applications for Bibliometric Research in the Emerging Digital Libraries</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH079154443e2ecce7bb4208</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2992e081949673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A comprehensive open-source digital library software system</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa29d2e081149673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>GREENSTONE DIGITAL LIBRARY INSTALLERâS GUIDE</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2a12e080949673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>COMPUTATIONAL SENSE: THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE EDUCATION OF DIGITAL LIBRARIANS</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2a32e080549673150f3</link>
+</item>
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/index/build.cfg
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/index/build.cfg	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+builddate	1395215331
+buildtype	mgpp
+earliestdatestamp	1395215326
+indexfieldmap	text->TX	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title->TI	dc.Creator->CR
+indexfields	text	dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title	dc.Creator
+indexlevels	Doc
+indexmap	text;dc.Title,ex.dc.Title,Title;dc.Creator;->idx
+indexstem	Word-PDF-Formatting
+infodbtype	gdbm
+levelmap	document->Doc
+maxnumeric	4
+numbytes	717786
+numdocs	8
+numsections	8
+stemindexes	7
+textlevel	Sec
Index: /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/index/rss-items.rdf
===================================================================
--- /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
+++ /other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Word-PDF-Formatting/index/rss-items.rdf	(revision 28933)
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH8bbe6da0374b413b1b355c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A comprehensive open-source digital library software system</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH1a9cea0f239f754007681b</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Applications for Bibliometric Research in the Emerging Digital Libraries</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH019c5dca7f5bb781460a6b9c</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASH079154443e2ecce7bb4208</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title></title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2992e081949673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>Greenstone: A comprehensive open-source digital library software system</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa29d2e081149673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>GREENSTONE DIGITAL LIBRARY INSTALLERâS GUIDE</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2a12e080949673150f3</link>
+</item>
+<item>
+   <title>COMPUTATIONAL SENSE: THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE EDUCATION OF DIGITAL LIBRARIANS</title>
+   <link>_httpdomainHtmlsafe__httpcollection_/document/HASHeaa2a32e080549673150f3</link>
+</item>
